Patent Publication Number: US-11663889-B2

Title: Detecting tampering in assets and authenticating authorized users

Description:
RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This application claims priority to U.S. Patent Application Ser. No. 63/029,675, titled “Tamper Detecting Disposable Covert Tape”, filed May 25, 2020, and to U.S. Patent Application Ser. No. 63/085,992, titled “Detecting Tampering in Assets and Authenticating Authorized Users,” filed Sep. 30, 2020, each of which are incorporated herein in their entirety by reference. 
    
    
     BACKGROUND 
     In asset management, assets often contain sensitive, private, or other information or materials that are not meant to be accessed, except by authorized users. Additionally, businesses such as airports, hospitals, and the like may include wards, rooms, storage areas or storage containers, or buildings that contain sensitive or private information or materials that is not meant to be accessed by authorized users. Unauthorized access to assets or areas is considered to be a tampering event. It is valuable in asset and business management to determine when and where tampering events occur. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     In an embodiment, a method for a wireless sensing system receives sensor data from a sensor associated with an asset. The sensor data represents a tampering event of the asset. The wireless sensing system determines whether the tampering event was authorized. The wireless sensing system determines whether the tampering event occurred at an authorized area. In response to one or both of: (1) the tampering event being unauthorized, and (2) the tampering event being performed within an unauthorized area, the wireless sensing system transmits a notification of the tampering event to a mobile device wirelessly connected to the wireless sensing system. 
     In an embodiment, a server is associated with a wireless sensing system that has a network of wireless nodes, that includes at least one processor and one memory communicatively coupled with the at least one processor, and stores machine-readable instructions that, when executed by the processor, cause the processor to receive a signal from a recently-activated wireless node of the network of wireless nodes at the server. The processor further adds an identifier of the recently-activated tape node to indicate that the recently-activated wireless node has joined the network of wireless nodes to a database, according to a classification of the tape node. 
     In an embodiment, a method for operating a wireless sensing system includes a first tape node attached to a first parcel. The first tape node has a first type of wireless communication interface and a second type of wireless communication interface that has a longer range than the first type of wireless communication interface. A second tape node is capable of communicating with the first tape node. A server establishes a wireless communication connection with the second type of wireless communication interface of the first tape node. The server designates the first tape node as a master node of the second tape node. 
     In an embodiment, a wireless sensing system has a primary electronic logging device (ELD) and a secondary ELD. The secondary ELD includes at least one processor and a memory communicatively coupled with the at least one processor and stores machine-readable instructions that, when executed by the processor, cause the processor to receive tape node data from a tape node associated with an asset proximate to the secondary ELD, the tape node data representing a tampering event performed on the asset. The processor compares the tape node data to a list of predetermined events, stored within the memory. The list of predetermined events includes one or more predetermined events and corresponding elements of tape node data associated with each of the one or more predetermined events. The processor determines, based on the comparison, that the tampering event does not match a predetermined event within the list of predetermined events. The processor executes, in response to the determination that the tampering event does not match a predetermined event, a particular contingency plan, based on the tampering event. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES 
         FIG.  1 A  is a diagrammatic view of a segment of an example adhesive tape platform dispensed from a roll used to detect tampering of an asset, according to an embodiment. 
         FIG.  1 B  is a diagrammatic top view of a portion of the segment of the example adhesive tape platform shown in  FIG.  1 A . 
         FIG.  2    is a diagrammatic view of an example of an envelope carrying a segment of an example adhesive tape platform dispensed from a backing sheet, according to an embodiment. 
         FIG.  3    is a schematic view of an example segment of an adhesive tape platform, according to an embodiment. 
         FIG.  4    is a diagrammatic top view of a length of an example adhesive tape platform, according to an embodiment. 
         FIGS.  5 A- 5 C  show diagrammatic cross-sectional side views of portions of different respective adhesive tape platforms, according to an embodiment. 
         FIG.  6    is a diagrammatic view of an example of a network environment supporting communications with segments of an adhesive tape platform, according to an embodiment. 
         FIG.  7    is a diagrammatic view of a hierarchical communications network including an adhesive tape platform, according to an embodiment. 
         FIG.  8    is a flow diagram of a method of creating the hierarchical communications network, according to an embodiment. 
         FIGS.  9 A- 9 E  are diagrammatic views showing example use cases for a distributed agent operating system, according to an embodiment. 
         FIG.  10 A-B  are diagrammatic top views of a length of an example tracking adhesive tape product, according to an embodiment. 
         FIG.  11 A- 11 C  show example illustrations of adhesive tape platform affixed to assets configured to detect tampering events and to authenticate authorized users, according to an embodiment. 
         FIG.  12    is a flow diagram of one example method for detecting tampering by a segment of an adhesive tape platform, according to an embodiment. 
         FIG.  13    is a schematic diagram a segment of an adhesive tape platform that communicates with one or more network services, during transportation, according to an embodiment. 
         FIG.  14    is a block diagram of a set of example tractor management modules in an example of a primary electronic logging device (ELD), according to an embodiment. 
         FIG.  15    is a flow diagram of an example method for responding to an events, that was detected by a node, associated with assets in a logistic facility, according to an embodiment. 
         FIG.  16    is flow diagram of an example method for determining compatibility between a primary electric logging device and a secondary logging device that is in wireless communication with nodes, according to an embodiment. 
         FIG.  17    is a schematic view of example method of resolving an event detected by the adhesive tape node and relayed to the secondary electronic device, according to an embodiment. 
         FIG.  18    is an example of a safe zone where the adhesive tape node may determine to lower some functionality to save battery life, according to an embodiment. 
         FIG.  19    is a block diagram of an example computer apparatus, according to an embodiment. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE EMBODIMENTS 
     In the following description, like reference numbers are used to identify like elements. Furthermore, the drawings are intended to illustrate major features of exemplary embodiments in a diagrammatic manner. The drawings are not intended to depict every feature of actual embodiments nor relative dimensions of the depicted elements, and are not drawn to scale. 
     As used herein, the term “or” refers an inclusive “or” rather than an exclusive “or.” In addition, the articles “a” and “an” as used in the specification and claims mean “one or more” unless specified otherwise or clear from the context to refer the singular form. 
     The terms “wireless node” or “tape node” may be used interchangeably in certain contexts, and refer to an adhesive tape platform or a segment thereof that is equipped with sensor, processor, memory, energy source/harvesting mechanism, and wireless communications functionality, where the adhesive product has a variety of different form factors, including a multilayer roll or a sheet that includes a plurality of divisible adhesive segments. Once deployed, each tape node or wireless node can function, for example, as an adhesive tape, label, sticker, decal, or the like, and as a wireless communications device. A “peripheral” tape node or wireless node, also referred to as an outer node, leaf node, or terminal node, refers to a node that does not have any child nodes. 
     In certain contexts, the terms “wireless sensing system,” “hierarchical communications network,” “distributed agent operating system,” and the like are used interchangeably herein to refer to a system or network of wireless nodes. 
     An adhesive tape platform includes a plurality of segments that may be separated from the adhesive product (e.g., by cutting, tearing, peeling, or the like) and adhesively attached to a variety of different surfaces to inconspicuously implement any of a wide variety of different wireless communications-based network communications and transducing (e.g., sensing, actuating, etc.) applications. Examples of such applications include event detection applications, monitoring applications, security applications, notification applications, and tracking applications, including inventory tracking, package tracking, person tracking, animal (e.g., pet) tracking, manufactured parts tracking, and vehicle tracking. In example embodiments, each segment of an adhesive tape platform is equipped with an energy source, wireless communication functionality, transducing functionality (e.g., sensor and energy harvesting functionality), and processing functionality that enable the segment to perform one or more transducing functions and report the results to a remote server or other computer system directly or through a network of tapes. The components of the adhesive tape platform are encapsulated within a flexible adhesive structure that protects the components from damage while maintaining the flexibility needed to function as an adhesive tape (e.g., duct tape or a label) for use in various applications and workflows. In addition to single function applications, example embodiments also include multiple transducers (e.g., sensing and/or actuating transducers) that extend the utility of the platform by, for example, providing supplemental information and functionality relating characteristics of the state and/or environment of, for example, an article, object, vehicle, or person, over time. 
     Systems and processes for fabricating flexible multifunction adhesive tape platforms in efficient and low-cost ways also are described in US Patent Application Publication No. US-2018-0165568-A1. For example, in addition to using roll-to-roll and/or sheet-to-sheet manufacturing techniques, the fabrication systems and processes are configured to optimize the placement and integration of components within the flexible adhesive structure to achieve high flexibility and ruggedness. These fabrication systems and processes are able to create useful and reliable adhesive tape platforms that can provide local sensing, wireless transmitting, and positioning functionalities. Such functionality together with the low cost of production is expected to encourage the ubiquitous deployment of adhesive tape platform segments and thereby alleviate at least some of the problems arising from gaps in conventional infrastructure coverage that prevent continuous monitoring, event detection, security, tracking, and other logistics applications across heterogeneous environments. 
       FIG.  1 A  shows an asset  10  that is sealed for shipment using an example adhesive tape platform  12  that includes embedded components of a wireless transducing circuit  14  (collectively referred to herein as a “tape node”). In this example, a segment  13  of the adhesive tape platform  12  is dispensed from a roll  16  and affixed to the asset  10 . The adhesive tape platform  12  includes an adhesive side  18  and a non-adhesive side  20 . The adhesive tape platform  12  may be dispensed from the roll  16  in the same way as any conventional packing tape, shipping tape, or duct tape. For example, the adhesive tape platform  12  may be dispensed from the roll  16  by hand, laid across the seam where the two top flaps of the asset  10  meet, and cut to a suitable length either by hand or using a cutting instrument (e.g., scissors or an automated or manual tape dispenser). Examples of such tapes include tapes having non-adhesive sides  20  that carry one or more coatings or layers (e.g., colored, light reflective, light absorbing, and/or light emitting coatings or layers). 
     Referring to  FIG.  1 B , in some examples, the non-adhesive side  20  of the length of the adhesive tape platform  12  includes writing or other markings that convey instructions, warnings, or other information to a person or machine (e.g., a bar code reader), or may simply be decorative and/or entertaining. For example, different types of adhesive tape platforms may be marked with distinctive colorations to distinguish one type of adhesive tape platform from another. In the illustrated example, the length of the adhesive tape platform  12  includes a two-dimensional bar code  22  (e.g., a QR Code), written instructions  24  (i.e., “Cut Here”), and an associated cut line  26  that indicates where the user should cut the adhesive tape platform  12 . The written instructions  24  and the cut line  26  typically are printed or otherwise marked on the top non-adhesive side  20  of the adhesive tape platform  12  during manufacture. The two-dimensional bar code  22 , on the other hand, may be marked on the non-adhesive side  20  of the adhesive tape platform  12  during the manufacture of the adhesive tape platform  12  or, alternatively, may be marked on the non-adhesive side  20  of the adhesive tape platform  12  as needed using, for example, a printer or other marking device. 
     In order to avoid damage to the functionality of the segments of the adhesive tape platform  12 , the cut lines  26  typically demarcate the boundaries between adjacent segments at locations that are free of any active components of the wireless transducing circuit  14 . The spacing between the wireless transducing circuit  14  and the cut lines  26  may vary depending on the intended communication, transducing and/or adhesive taping application. In the example illustrated in  FIG.  1 A , the length of the adhesive tape platform  12  that is dispensed to seal the asset  10  corresponds to a single segment of the adhesive tape platform  12 . In other examples, the length of the adhesive tape platform  12  needed to seal an asset or otherwise serve the adhesive function for which the adhesive tape platform  12  is being applied may include multiple segments  13  of the adhesive tape platform  12 , one or more of which segments  13  may be activated upon cutting the length of the adhesive tape platform  12  from the roll  16  and/or applying the length of the adhesive tape platform to the asset  10 . 
     In some examples, the transducing circuit  14  that are embedded in one or more segments  13  of the adhesive tape platform  12  are activated when the adhesive tape platform  12  is cut along the cut line  26 . In these examples, the adhesive tape platform  12  includes one or more embedded energy sources (e.g., thin film batteries, which may be printed, or conventional cell batteries, such as conventional watch style batteries, rechargeable batteries, or other energy storage device, such as a super capacitor or charge pump) that supply power to the transducing circuit  14  in one or more segments of the adhesive tape platform  12  in response to being separated from the adhesive tape platform  12  (e.g., along the cut line  26 ). 
     In some examples, each segment  13  of the adhesive tape platform  12  includes its own respective energy source including energy harvesting elements that can harvest energy from the environment. In some of these examples, each energy source is configured to only supply power to the components in its respective adhesive tape platform segment regardless of the number of contiguous segments  13  that are in a given length of the adhesive tape platform  12 . In other examples, when a given length of the adhesive tape platform  12  includes multiple segments  13 , the energy sources in the respective segments  13  are configured to supply power to the transducing circuit  14  in all of the segments  13  in the given length of the adhesive tape platform  12 . In some of these examples, the energy sources are connected in parallel and concurrently activated to power the transducing circuit  14  in all of the segments  13  at the same time. In other examples, the energy sources are connected in parallel and alternately activated to power the transducing circuit  14  in respective ones of the adhesive tape platform segments  13  at different time periods, which may or may not overlap. 
       FIG.  2    shows an example adhesive tape platform  30  that includes a set of adhesive tape platform segments  32  each of which includes a respective set of embedded wireless transducing circuit components  34 , and a backing sheet  36  with a release coating that prevents the adhesive segments  32  from adhering strongly to the backing sheet  36 . Each adhesive tape platform segment  32  includes an adhesive side facing the backing sheet  36 , and an opposing non-adhesive side  40 . In this example, a particular segment  32  of the adhesive tape platform  30  has been removed from the backing sheet  36  and affixed to an envelope  44 . Each segment  32  of the adhesive tape platform  30  can be removed from the backing sheet  36  in the same way that adhesive labels can be removed from a conventional sheet of adhesive labels (e.g., by manually peeling a segment  32  from the backing sheet  36 ). In general, the non-adhesive side  40  of the segment  32  may include any type of writing, markings, decorative designs, or other ornamentation. In the illustrated example, the non-adhesive side  40  of the segment  32  includes writing or other markings that correspond to a destination address for the envelope  44 . The envelope  44  also includes a return address  46  and, optionally, a postage stamp or mark  48 . 
     In some examples, segments of the adhesive tape platform  12  are deployed by a human operator. The human operator may be equipped with a mobile phone or other device that allows the operator to authenticate and initialize the adhesive tape platform  12 . In addition, the operator can take a picture of a parcel including the adhesive tape platform and any barcodes associated with the parcel and, thereby, create a persistent record that links the adhesive tape platform  12  to the parcel. In addition, the human operator typically will send the picture to a network service and/or transmit the picture to the adhesive tape platform  12  for storage in a memory component of the adhesive tape platform  12 . 
     In some examples, the wireless transducing circuit components  34  that are embedded in a segment  32  of the adhesive tape platform  12  are activated when the segment  32  is removed from the backing sheet  36 . In some of these examples, each segment  32  includes an embedded capacitive sensing system that can sense a change in capacitance when the segment  32  is removed from the backing sheet  36 . As explained in detail below, a segment  32  of the adhesive tape platform  30  includes one or more embedded energy sources (e.g., thin film batteries, common disk-shaped cell batteries, or rechargeable batteries or other energy storage devices, such as a super capacitor or charge pump) that can be configured to supply power to the wireless transducing circuit components  34  in the segment  32  in response to the detection of a change in capacitance between the segment  32  and the backing sheet  36  as a result of removing the segment  32  from the backing sheet  36 . 
       FIG.  3    shows a block diagram of the components of an example wireless transducing circuit  70  that includes a number of communication systems  72 ,  74 . Example communication systems  72 ,  74  include a GPS system that includes a GPS receiver circuit  82  (e.g., a receiver integrated circuit) and a GPS antenna  84 , and one or more wireless communication systems each of which includes a respective transceiver circuit  86  (e.g., a transceiver integrated circuit) and a respective antenna  88 . Example wireless communication systems include a cellular communication system (e.g., GSM/GPRS), a Wi-Fi communication system, an RF communication system (e.g., LoRa), a Bluetooth communication system (e.g., a Bluetooth Low Energy system), a Z-wave communication system, and a ZigBee communication system. The wireless transducing circuit  70  also includes a processor  90  (e.g., a microcontroller or microprocessor), one or more energy storage devices  92  (e.g., non-rechargeable or rechargeable printed flexible battery, conventional single or multiple cell battery, and/or a super capacitor or charge pump), one or more transducers  94  (e.g., sensors and/or actuators, and, optionally, one or more energy harvesting transducer components). In some examples, the conventional single or multiple cell battery may be a watch style disk or button cell battery that is associated electrical connection apparatus (e.g., a metal clip) that electrically connects the electrodes of the battery to contact pads on the flexible circuit  116 . 
     Examples of sensing transducers  94  include a capacitive sensor, an altimeter, a gyroscope, an accelerometer, a temperature sensor, a strain sensor, a pressure sensor, a piezoelectric sensor, a weight sensor, an optical or light sensor (e.g., a photodiode or a camera), an acoustic or sound sensor (e.g., a microphone), a smoke detector, a radioactivity sensor, a chemical sensor (e.g., an explosives detector), a biosensor (e.g., a blood glucose biosensor, odor detectors, antibody based pathogen, food, and water contaminant and toxin detectors, DNA detectors, microbial detectors, pregnancy detectors, and ozone detectors), a magnetic sensor, an electromagnetic field sensor, and a humidity sensor. Examples of actuating (e.g., energy emitting) transducers  94  include light emitting components (e.g., light emitting diodes and displays), electro-acoustic transducers (e.g., audio speakers), electric motors, and thermal radiators (e.g., an electrical resistor or a thermoelectric cooler). 
     In some examples, the wireless transducing circuit  70  includes a memory  96  for storing data, including, e.g., profile data, state data, event data, sensor data, localization data, security data, and one or more unique identifiers (ID)  98  associated with the wireless transducing circuit  70 , such as a product ID, a type ID number (TIN), and a media access control (MAC) ID, and control code  99 . In some examples, the memory  96  may be incorporated into one or more of the processor  90  or transducers  94  or may be a separate component that is integrated in the wireless transducing circuit  70  as shown in  FIG.  3   . The control code typically is implemented as programmatic functions or program modules that control the operation of the wireless transducing circuit  70 , including a tape node communication manager that manages the manner and timing of tape node communications, a tape node power manager that manages power consumption, and a tape node connection manager that controls whether connections with other tape nodes are secure connections or unsecure connections, and a tape node storage manager that securely manages the local data storage on the node. The tape node connection manager ensures the level of security required by the end application and supports various encryption mechanisms. The tape node power manager and tape communication manager work together to optimize the battery consumption for data communication. In some examples, execution of the control code by the different types of tape nodes described herein may result in the performance of similar or different functions. In some examples, the example wireless transducing circuit  70  may be a peripheral wireless network node, as described herein. 
       FIG.  4    is a top view of a portion of an example flexible adhesive tape platform  100  that shows a first tape node  102  (the first tape node may be a first segment of the adhesive tape platform  100 ) and a portion of a second tape node  104  (the second tape node may be a second segment of the adhesive tape platform  100 ). Each segment  102 ,  104  of the flexible adhesive tape platform  100  includes a respective set  106 ,  108  of the components of the wireless transducing circuit  70 . The segments  102 ,  104  and their respective sets of components  106 ,  108  typically are identical and configured in the same way. In some other embodiments, however, the segments  102 ,  104  and/or their respective sets of components  106 ,  108  are different and/or configured in different ways. For example, in some examples, different sets of the segments of the flexible adhesive tape platform  100  have different sets or configurations of tracking and/or transducing components that are designed and/or optimized for different applications, or different sets of segments of the flexible adhesive tape platform may have different ornamentations (e.g., markings on the exterior surface of the platform) and/or different (e.g., alternating) lengths. 
     An example method of fabricating the adhesive tape platform  100  (see  FIG.  4   ) according to a roll-to-roll fabrication process is described in connection with FIGS. 6, 7A, and 7B of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/842,861, filed Dec. 14, 2017, the entirety of which is incorporated herein by reference. 
     The instant specification describes an example system of adhesive tape platforms (also referred to herein as “tape nodes”) that can be used to implement a low-cost wireless network infrastructure for performing monitoring, tracking, and other logistic functions relating to, for example, parcels, persons, tools, equipment and other physical assets and objects. The example system includes a set of three different types of tape nodes that have different respective functionalities and different respective cover markings that visually distinguish the different tape node types from one another. In one non-limiting example, the covers of the different tape node types are marked with different colors (e.g., white, green, and black). In the illustrated examples, the different tape node types are distinguishable from one another by their respective wireless communications capabilities and their respective sensing capabilities. 
       FIG.  5 A  shows a cross-sectional side view of a portion of an example segment  102  of the flexible adhesive tape platform  100  that includes a respective set of the components of the wireless transducing circuit  106  corresponding to the first tape node type (i.e., white). The flexible adhesive tape platform segment  102  includes an adhesive layer  112 , an optional flexible substrate  110 , and an optional adhesive layer  114  on the bottom surface of the flexible substrate  110 . If the bottom adhesive layer  114  is present, a release liner (not shown) may be (weakly) adhered to the bottom surface of the adhesive layer  114 . In some examples, the adhesive layer  114  includes an adhesive (e.g., an acrylic foam adhesive) that has a high bond strength that is sufficient to prevent removal of the adhesive segment  102  from a surface on which the adhesive layer  114  is adhered without destroying the physical or mechanical integrity of the adhesive segment  102  and/or one or more of its constituent components. In some examples, the optional flexible substrate  110  is implemented as a prefabricated adhesive tape that includes the adhesive layers  112 ,  114  and the optional release liner. In other examples, the adhesive layers  112 ,  114  are applied to the top and bottom surfaces of the flexible substrate  110  during the fabrication of the adhesive tape platform  100 . The adhesive layer  112  bonds the flexible substrate  110  to a bottom surface of a flexible circuit  116 , that includes one or more wiring layers (not shown) that connect the processor  90 , a low power wireless communication interface  81  (e.g., a Zigbee, Bluetooth® Low Energy (BLE) interface, or other low power communication interface), a timer circuit  83 , transducers and/or energy harvesting component(s)  94  (if present), the memory  96 , and other components in a device layer  122  to each other and to the energy storage component  92  and, thereby, enable the transducing, tracking and other functionalities of the flexible adhesive tape platform segment  102 . The low power wireless communication interface  81  typically includes one or more of the antennas  84 ,  88  and one or more of the wireless circuits  82 ,  86 . 
       FIG.  5 B  shows a cross-sectional side view of a portion of an example segment  103  of the flexible adhesive tape platform  100  that includes a respective set of the components of the wireless transducing circuit  106  corresponding to the second tape node type (i.e., green). In this example, the flexible adhesive tape platform segment  103  differs from the segment  102  shown in  FIG.  5 A  by the inclusion of a medium power communication interface  85  (e.g., a LoRa interface) in addition to the low power communications interface that is present in the first tape node type (i.e., white). The medium power communication interface has longer communication range than the low power communication interface. In some examples, one or more other components of the flexible adhesive tape platform segment  103  differ, for example, in functionality or capacity (e.g., larger energy source). 
       FIG.  5 C  shows a cross-sectional side view of a portion of an example tape node  105  of the flexible adhesive tape platform  100  that includes a respective set of the components of the wireless transducing circuit  106  corresponding to the third tape node type (i.e., black). In this example, the flexible adhesive tape platform segment  105  includes a high-power communications interface  87  (e.g., a cellular interface; e.g., GSM/GPRS) and an optional medium and/or low power communications interface  85 . The high-power communication range provides global coverage to available infrastructure (e.g. the cellular network). In some examples, one or more other components of the flexible adhesive tape node  105  differ, for example, in functionality or capacity (e.g., larger energy source). 
       FIGS.  5 A- 5 C  show examples in which the flexible cover  128  of the flexible adhesive tape platform  100  includes one or more interfacial regions  129  positioned over one or more of the transducers  94 . In examples, one or more of the interfacial regions  129  have features, properties, compositions, dimensions, and/or characteristics that are designed to improve the operating performance of the platform  100  for specific applications. In some examples, the flexible adhesive tape platform  100  includes multiple interfacial regions  129  over respective transducers  94 , which may be the same or different depending on the target applications. Example interfacial regions include an opening, an optically transparent window, and/or a membrane located in the interfacial region  129  of the flexible cover  128  that is positioned over the one or more transducers and/or energy harvesting components  94 . Additional details regarding the structure and operation of example interfacial regions  129  are described in U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/680,716, filed Jun. 5, 2018, and U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/670,712, filed May 11, 2018. 
     In some examples, a flexible polymer layer  124  encapsulates the device layer  122  and thereby reduces the risk of damage that may result from the intrusion of contaminants and/or liquids (e.g., water) into the device layer  122 . The flexible polymer layer  124  also planarizes the device layer  122 . This facilitates optional stacking of additional layers on the device layer  122  and also distributes forces generated in, on, or across the adhesive tape platform segment  102  so as to reduce potentially damaging asymmetric stresses that might be caused by the application of bending, torqueing, pressing, or other forces that may be applied to the flexible adhesive tape platform segment  102  during use. In the illustrated example, a flexible cover  128  is bonded to the planarizing polymer 124 by an adhesive layer (not shown). 
     The flexible cover  128  and the flexible substrate  110  may have the same or different compositions depending on the intended application. In some examples, one or both of the flexible cover  128  and the flexible substrate  110  include flexible film layers and/or paper substrates, where the film layers may have reflective surfaces or reflective surface coatings. Example compositions for the flexible film layers include polymer films, such as polyester, polyimide, polyethylene terephthalate (PET), and other plastics. The optional adhesive layer on the bottom surface of the flexible cover  128  and the adhesive layers  112 ,  114  on the top and bottom surfaces of the flexible substrate  110  typically include a pressure-sensitive adhesive (e.g., a silicon-based adhesive). In some examples, the adhesive layers are applied to the flexible cover  128  and the flexible substrate  110  during manufacture of the adhesive tape platform  100  (e.g., during a roll-to-roll or sheet-to-sheet fabrication process). In other examples, the flexible cover  128  may be implemented by a prefabricated single-sided pressure-sensitive adhesive tape and the flexible substrate  110  may be implemented by a prefabricated double-sided pressure sensitive adhesive tape; both kinds of tape may be readily incorporated into a roll-to-roll or sheet-to-sheet fabrication process. In some examples, the flexible polymer layer  124  is composed of a flexible epoxy (e.g., silicone). 
     In some examples, the energy storage device  92  is a flexible battery that includes a printed electrochemical cell, which includes a planar arrangement of an anode and a cathode and battery contact pads. In some examples, the flexible battery may include lithium-ion cells or nickel-cadmium electro-chemical cells. The flexible battery typically is formed by a process that includes printing or laminating the electro-chemical cells on a flexible substrate (e.g., a polymer film layer). In some examples, other components may be integrated on the same substrate as the flexible battery. For example, the low power wireless communication interface  81  and/or the processor(s)  90  may be integrated on the flexible battery substrate. In some examples, one or more of such components also (e.g., the flexible antennas and the flexible interconnect circuits) may be printed on the flexible battery substrate. 
     In some examples, the flexible circuit  116  is formed on a flexible substrate by printing, etching, or laminating circuit patterns on the flexible substrate. In some examples, the flexible circuit  116  is implemented by one or more of a single-sided flex circuit, a double access or back bared flex circuit, a sculpted flex circuit, a double-sided flex circuit, a multi-layer flex circuit, a rigid flex circuit, and a polymer thick film flex circuit. A single-sided flexible circuit has a single conductor layer made of, for example, a metal or conductive (e.g., metal filled) polymer on a flexible dielectric film. A double access or back bared flexible circuit has a single conductor layer but is processed so as to allow access to selected features of the conductor pattern from both sides. A sculpted flex circuit is formed using a multi-step etching process that produces a flex circuit that has finished copper conductors that vary in thickness along their respective lengths. A multilayer flex circuit has three of more layers of conductors, where the layers typically are interconnected using plated through holes. Rigid flex circuits are a hybrid construction of flex circuit consisting of rigid and flexible substrates that are laminated together into a single structure, where the layers typically are electrically interconnected via plated through holes. In polymer thick film (PTF) flex circuits, the circuit conductors are printed onto a polymer base film, where there may be a single conductor layer or multiple conductor layers that are insulated from one another by respective printed insulating layers. 
     In the example flexible adhesive tape platform segments  102 ,  103 ,  105  shown in  FIGS.  5 A- 5 C , the flexible circuit  116  is a single access flex circuit that interconnects the components of the adhesive tape platform on a single side of the flexible circuit  116 . In other examples, the flexible circuit  116  is a double access flex circuit that includes a front-side conductive pattern that interconnects the low power communications interface  81 , the timer circuit  83 , the processor  90 , the one or more transducers  94  (if present), and the memory  96 , and allows through-hole access (not shown) to a back-side conductive pattern that is connected to the flexible battery (not shown). In these examples, the front-side conductive pattern of the flexible circuit  116  connects the communications circuits  82 ,  86  (e.g., receivers, transmitters, and transceivers, with respect to  FIG.  3   ) to their respective antennas  84 ,  88  (with respect to  FIG.  3   ) and to the processor  90 , and also connects the processor  90  to the one or more transducers  94  and the memory  96 . The backside conductive pattern connects the active electronics (e.g., the processor  90 , the communications circuits  82 ,  86  (with respect to  FIG.  3   ) and the transducers) on the front-side of the flexible circuit  116  to the electrodes of the flexible battery (not shown) via one or more through holes in the substrate of the flexible circuit  116 . 
     Depending on the target application, the wireless transducing circuits  70  are distributed across the flexible adhesive tape platform  100  according to a specified sampling density, which is the number of wireless transducing circuits  70  for a given unit size (e.g., length or area) of the flexible adhesive tape platform  100 . In some examples, a set of multiple flexible adhesive tape platforms  100  are provided that include different respective sampling densities in order to seal different asset sizes with a desired number of wireless transducing circuits  70 . In particular, the number of wireless transducing circuits per asset size is given by the product of the sampling density specified for the adhesive tape platform and the respective size of the adhesive tape platform  100  needed to seal the asset. This allows an automated packaging system to select the appropriate type of flexible adhesive tape platform  100  to use for sealing a given asset with the desired redundancy (if any) in the number of wireless transducer circuits  70 . In some example applications (e.g., shipping low value goods), only one wireless transducing circuit  70  is used per asset, whereas in other applications (e.g., shipping high value goods) multiple wireless transducing circuits  70  are used per asset. Thus, a flexible adhesive tape platform  100  with a lower sampling density of wireless transducing circuits  70  can be used for the former application, and a flexible adhesive tape platform  100  with a higher sampling density of wireless transducing circuits  70  can be used for the latter application. In some examples, the flexible adhesive tape platforms  100  are color-coded or otherwise marked to indicate the respective sampling densities with which the wireless transducing circuits  70  are distributed across the different types of adhesive tape platforms  100 . 
       FIG.  6    shows an example network communications environment  400  that includes a network  402  that supports communications between one or more network service servers  404  executing one or more applications of a network service  408 , mobile gateways  410 ,  412 , a stationary gateway  414 , and various types of tape nodes that are associated with various assets (e.g., parcels, equipment, tools, persons, and other things). In some examples, the network  402  includes one or more network communication systems and technologies, including any one or more of wide area networks, local area networks, public networks (e.g., the internet), private networks (e.g., intranets and extranets), wired networks, and wireless networks. For example, the network  402  includes communications infrastructure equipment, such as a geolocation satellite system of a wireless communication unit  416  (e.g., GPS, GLONASS, and NAVSTAR), cellular communication systems (e.g., GSM/GPRS), Wi-Fi communication systems, RF communication systems (e.g., LoRa), Bluetooth communication systems (e.g., a Bluetooth Low Energy system), Z-wave communication systems, and ZigBee communication systems. 
     In some examples, the one or more network service applications  406  leverage the above-mentioned communications technologies to create a hierarchical wireless network of tape nodes that improves asset management operations by reducing costs and improving efficiency in a wide range of processes, from asset packaging, asset transporting, asset tracking, asset condition monitoring, asset inventorying, and asset security verification. Communication across the network is secured by a variety of different security mechanisms. In the case of existing infrastructure, the communication uses the infrastructure security mechanisms. In case of communications among tapes nodes, the communication is secured through a custom security mechanism. In certain cases, tape nodes can also be configured to support block chain to protect the transmitted and stored data. 
     A set of tape nodes can be configured by the network service  408  to create hierarchical communications network. The hierarchy can be defined in terms of one or more factors, including functionality (e.g., wireless transmission range or power), role (e.g., master tape node vs. peripheral tape node), or cost (e.g., a tape node equipped with a cellular transceiver vs. a peripheral tape node equipped with a Bluetooth LE transceiver). Tape nodes can be assigned to different levels of a hierarchical network according to one or more of the above-mentioned factors. For example, the hierarchy can be defined in terms of communication range or power, where tape nodes with higher power or longer communication range transceivers are arranged at a higher level of the hierarchy than tape nodes with lower power or lower range transceivers. In another example, the hierarchy is defined in terms of role, where, e.g., a master tape node is programmed to bridge communications between a designated group of peripheral tape nodes and a gateway node or server node. The problem of finding an optimal hierarchical structure can be formulated as an optimization problem with battery capacity of nodes, power consumption in various modes of operation, desired latency, external environment, etc. and can be solved using modern optimization methods e.g. neural networks, artificial intelligence, and other machine learning computing systems that take expected and historical data to create an optimal solution and can create algorithms for modifying the system&#39;s behavior adaptively in the field. 
     The tape nodes may be deployed by automated equipment or manually. In this process, a tape node typically is separated from a roll or sheet and adhered to a parcel, or other stationary or mobile object (e.g., a structural element of a warehouse, or a vehicle, such as a delivery truck) or stationary object (e.g., a structural element of a building). This process activates the tape node and causes the tape node to communicate with the one or more network service servers  404  of the network service  408 . In this process, the tape node may communicate through one or more other tape nodes in the communication hierarchy. In this process, the one or more network service servers  404  executes the network service application  406  to programmatically configure tape nodes that are deployed in the environment  400 . In some examples, there are multiple classes or types of tape nodes, where each tape node class has a different respective set of functionalities and/or capacities. 
     In some examples, the one or more network service servers  404  communicate over the network  402  with one or more gateways that are configured to send, transmit, forward, or relay messages to the network  402  and activated tape nodes that are associated with respective assets and within communication range. Example gateways include mobile gateways  410 ,  412  and a stationary gateway  414 . In some examples, the mobile gateways  410 ,  412 , and the stationary gateway  414  are able to communicate with the network  402  and with designated sets or groups of tape nodes. 
     In some examples, the mobile gateway  412  is a vehicle (e.g., a delivery truck or other mobile hub) that includes a wireless communications unit  416  that is configured by the network service  408  to communicate with a designated set of tape nodes, including a peripheral tape node  418  in the form of a label that is adhered to an asset  420  contained within a parcel  421  (e.g., an envelope), and is further configured to communicate with the network service  408  over the network  402 . In some examples, the peripheral tape node  418  includes a lower power wireless communications interface of the type used in, e.g., tape node  102  (shown in  FIG.  5 A ), and the wireless communications unit  416  is implemented by a tape node (e.g., one of tape node  103  or tape node  105 , respectively shown in  FIGS.  5 B and  5 C  that includes a lower power communications interface for communicating with tape nodes within range of the mobile gateway  412  and a higher power communications interface for communicating with the network  402 . In this way, the tape node  418  and wireless communication unit  416  create a hierarchical wireless network of nodes for transmitting, forwarding, bridging, relaying, or otherwise communicating wireless messages to, between, or on behalf of the peripheral tape node  418  and the network service  408  in a power efficient and cost-effective way. 
     In some examples, the mobile gateway  410  is a mobile phone that is operated by a human operator and executes a client application  422  that is configured by the network service  408  to communicate with a designated set of tape nodes, including a master tape node  424  that is adhered to a parcel  426  (e.g., a box), and is further configured to communicate with the network service  408  over the network  402 . In the illustrated example, the parcel  426  contains a first parcel labeled or sealed by a tape node  428  and containing a first asset  430 , and a second parcel labeled or sealed by a tape node  432  and containing a second asset  434 . As explained in detail below, the master tape node  424  communicates with each of the peripheral tape nodes  428 ,  432  and communicates with the mobile gateway  410 ,  412  in accordance with a hierarchical wireless network of tape nodes. In some examples, each of the peripheral tape nodes  428 ,  432  includes a lower power wireless communications interface of the type used in, e.g., tape node  102  (shown in  FIG.  5 A ), and the master tape node  424  is implemented by a tape node (e.g., tape node  103 , shown in  FIG.  5 B ) that includes a lower power communications interface for communicating with the peripheral tape nodes  428 ,  432  contained within the parcel  426 , and a higher power communications interface for communicating with the mobile gateway  410 . The master tape node  424  is operable to relay wireless communications between the tape nodes  428 ,  432  contained within the parcel  426  and the mobile gateway  410 , and the mobile gateway  410  is operable to relay wireless communications between the master tape node  424  and the network service  408  over the wireless network  402 . In this way, the master tape node  424  and the peripheral tape nodes  428  and  432  create a hierarchical wireless network of nodes for transmitting, forwarding, relaying, or otherwise communicating wireless messages to, between, or on behalf of the peripheral tape nodes  428 ,  432  and the network service  408  in a power efficient and cost-effective way. 
     In some examples, the stationary gateway  414  is implemented by a server executing a server application that is configured by the network service  408  to communicate with a designated set  440  of tape nodes  442 ,  444 ,  446 ,  448  that are adhered to respective parcels containing respective assets  450 ,  452 ,  454 ,  456  on a pallet  458 . In other examples, the stationary gateway  414  is implemented by a tape node (e.g., one of tape node  103  or tape node  105 , respectively shown in  FIGS.  5 B and  5 C ) that is adhered to, for example, a wall, column, or other infrastructure component of the environment  400 , and includes a lower power communications interface for communicating with tape nodes within range of the stationary gateway  414  and a higher power communications interface for communicating with the network  402 . In one embodiment, each of the tape nodes  442 - 448  is a peripheral tape node and is configured by the network service  408  to communicate individually with the stationary gateway  414 , which relays communications from the tape nodes  442 - 448  to the network service  408  through the stationary gateway  414  and over the communications network  402 . In another embodiment, one of the tape nodes  442 - 448  at a time is configured as a master tape node that transmits, forwards, relays, or otherwise communicate wireless messages to, between, or on behalf of the other tape nodes on the pallet  458 . In this embodiment, the master tape node may be determined by the tape nodes  442 - 448  or designated by the network service  408 . In some examples, the tape node with the longest range or highest remaining power level is determined to be the master tape node. In some examples, when the power level of the current master tape node drops below a certain level (e.g., a fixed power threshold level or a threshold level relative to the power levels of one or more of the other tape nodes), another one of the tape nodes assumes the role of the master tape node. In some examples, a master tape node  459  is adhered to the pallet  458  and is configured to perform the role of a master node for the tape nodes  442 - 448 . In these ways, the tape nodes  442 - 448 ,  458  are configurable to create different hierarchical wireless networks of nodes for transmitting, forwarding, relaying, bridging, or otherwise communicating wireless messages with the network service  408  through the stationary gateway  414  and over the network  402  in a power-efficient and cost-effective way. 
     In the illustrated example, the stationary gateway  414  also is configured by the network service  408  to communicate with a designated set of tape nodes, including a master tape node  460  that is adhered to the inside of a door  462  of a shipping container  464 , and is further configured to communicate with the network service  408  over the network  402 . In the illustrated example, the shipping container  464  contains a number of parcels labeled or sealed by respective peripheral tape nodes  466  and containing respective assets. The master tape node  460  communicates with each of the peripheral tape nodes  466  and communicates with the stationary gateway  414  in accordance with a hierarchical wireless network of tape nodes. In some examples, each of the peripheral tape nodes  466  includes a lower power wireless communications interface of the type used in, e.g., tape node  102  (shown in  FIG.  5 A ), and the master tape node  460  is implemented by a tape node (e.g., tape node  103 , shown in  FIG.  5 B ) that includes a lower power communications interface for communicating with the peripheral tape nodes  466  contained within the shipping container  464 , and a higher power communications interface for communicating with the stationary gateway  414 . 
     In some examples, when the doors of the shipping container  464  are closed, the master tape node  460  is operable to communicate wirelessly with the peripheral tape nodes  466  contained within the shipping container  464 . In an example, the master tape node  460  is configured to collect sensor data from the peripheral tape nodes and, in some embodiments, process the collected data to generate, for example, one or more histograms from the collected data. When the doors of the shipping container  464  are open, the master tape node  460  is programmed to detect the door opening (e.g., with an accelerometer component of the master tape node  460 ) and, in addition to reporting the door opening event to the network service  408 , the master tape node  460  is further programmed to transmit the collected data and/or the processed data in one or more wireless messages to the stationary gateway  414 . The stationary gateway  414 , in turn, is operable to transmit the wireless messages received from the master tape node  460  to the network service  408  over the wireless network  402 . 
     Alternatively, in some examples, the stationary gateway  414  also is operable to perform operations on the data received from the master tape node  460  with the same type of data produced by the master tape node  460  based on sensor data collected from the tape nodes  442 - 448 . In this way, the master tape node  460  and the peripheral tape nodes  466  create a hierarchical wireless network of nodes for transmitting, forwarding, relaying, or otherwise communicating wireless messages to, between, or on behalf of the peripheral tape nodes  466  and the network service  408  in a power-efficient and cost-effective way. In some examples, the master tape node  460  may take inventory of all the peripheral tape nodes  466  and may further send an alert to each of the peripheral tape nodes  466  that tampering may have occurred. When a, e.g., client device (of an authorized user) or peripheral tape nodes  466  scan or interact with it, a flag may be raised to the client device. The flag may be relayed to a server (e.g., one or more network service servers  404 , with reference to  FIG.  6   ). Continuing the example, if a tampered-with-asset continues on its route for delivery to an end-customer, it can still be detected at a later checkpoint (e.g., the parcel delivery can be stopped/aborted later on, even if it accidentally slips through). 
     In an example of the embodiment shown in  FIG.  6   , there are three classes of tape nodes: a short-range tape node, a medium range tape node, and a long-range tape node, as respectively shown in  FIGS.  5 A- 5 C . The short-range tape nodes typically are adhered directly to parcels containing assets. In the illustrated example, the tape nodes  418 ,  428 ,  432 ,  442 - 448 ,  466  are short-range tape nodes. The short-range tape nodes typically communicate with a low power wireless communication protocol (e.g., Bluetooth LE, Zigbee, or Z-wave). The medium range tape nodes typically are adhered to objects (e.g., a parcel  426  and a shipping container  464 ) that are associated with multiple parcels that are separated from the medium range tape nodes by a barrier or a large distance. In the illustrated example, the tape nodes  424  and  460  are medium range tape nodes. The medium range tape nodes typically communicate with a medium power wireless communication protocol (e.g., LoRa or Wi-Fi). The long-range tape nodes typically are adhered to mobile or stationary infrastructure of the wireless communication environment  400 . 
     In the illustrated example, the mobile gateway tape node  412  and the stationary gateway  414  are long-range tape nodes. Wireless communication unit  416  is a long-range tape node and includes a lower power communications interface for communicating with tape nodes within range of the mobile gateway  412 . The long-range tape nodes (e.g., wireless communication unit  416 ) typically communicate with other nodes using a high-power wireless communication protocol (e.g., a cellular data communication protocol). In some examples, the mobile gateway tape node  436  is adhered to a mobile vehicle (e.g., a truck). In these examples, the mobile gateway  412  may be moved to different locations in the environment  400  to assist in connecting other tape nodes to the one or more network service servers  404 . In some examples, the stationary gateway  414  is a tape node that may be attached to a stationary structure (e.g., a wall) in the environment  400  with a known geographic location. In these examples, other tape nodes in the environment can determine their geographic location by querying the stationary gateway  414 . 
       FIG.  7    shows an example hierarchical wireless communications network of tape nodes  470 . In this example, the short-range tape node  472  and the medium range tape node  474  communicate with one another over their respective low power wireless communication interfaces  476 ,  478 . The medium range tape node  474  and the long-range tape node  480  communicate with one another over their respective medium power wireless communication interfaces  478 ,  482 . The long-range tape node  480  and the one or more network service servers  404  communicate with one another over the high-power communication interface  484 . In some examples, the low power communication interfaces  476 ,  478  establish wireless communications with one another in accordance with the Bluetooth LE protocol, the medium power communication interfaces  486 ,  482  establish wireless communications with one another in accordance with the LoRa communications protocol, and the high-power communication interface  484  establishes wireless communications with the one or more network service servers  404  in accordance with a cellular communications protocol. 
     In some examples, the different types of tape nodes are deployed at different levels in the communications hierarchy according to their respective communications ranges, with the long-range tape nodes generally at the top of the hierarchy, the medium range tape nodes generally in the middle of the hierarchy, and the short-range tape nodes generally at the bottom of the hierarchy. In some examples, the different types of tape nodes are implemented with different feature sets that are associated with component costs and operational costs that vary according to their respective levels in the hierarchy. This allows system administrators flexibility to optimize the deployment of the tape nodes to achieve various objectives, including cost minimization, asset tracking, asset localization, and power conservation. 
     In some examples, one or more network service servers  404  of the network service  408  designates a tape node at a higher level in a hierarchical communications network as a master node of a designated set of tape nodes at a lower level in the hierarchical communications network. For example, the designated master tape node may be adhered to a parcel (e.g., a box, pallet, or shipping container) that contains one or more tape nodes that are adhered to one or more packages containing respective assets. In order to conserve power, the tape nodes typically communicate according to a schedule promulgated by the one or more network service servers  404  of the network service  408 . The schedule usually dictates all aspects of the communication, including the times when particular tape nodes should communicate, the mode of communication, and the contents of the communication. In one example, the one or more network service servers  404  transmits programmatic Global Scheduling Description Language (GSDL) code to the master tape node and each of the lower-level tape nodes in the designated set. In this example, execution of the GSDL code causes each of the tape nodes in the designated set to connect to the master tape node at a different respective time that is specified in the GSDL code, and to communicate a respective set of one or more data packets of one or more specified types of information over the respective connection. In some examples, the master tape node simply forwards the data packets to the one or more network service servers  404 , either directly or indirectly through a gateway tape node (e.g., the long-range wireless communication unit  416  adhered to the mobile gateway  412  (which could be a vehicle, ship, plane, etc.) or the stationary gateway  414  is a long-range tape node adhered to an infrastructure component of the environment  400 ). In other examples, the master tape node processes the information contained in the received data packets and transmits the processed information to the one or more network service servers  404 . 
       FIG.  8    shows an example method of creating a hierarchical communications network. In accordance with this method, a first tape node is adhered to a first parcel in a set of associated parcels, the first tape node including a first type of wireless communication interface and a second type of wireless communication interface having a longer range than the first type of wireless communication interface ( FIG.  8   , block  490 ). A second tape node is adhered to a second parcel in the set, the second tape node including the first type of wireless communication interface, wherein the second tape node is operable to communicate with the first tape node over a wireless communication connection established between the first type of wireless communication interfaces of the first and second tape nodes ( FIG.  8   , block  492 ). An application executing on a computer system (e.g., the one or more network service servers  404  of a network service  408 ) establishes a wireless communication connection with the second type of wireless communication interface of the first tape node, and the application transmits programmatic code executable by the first tape node to function as a master tape node with respect to the second tape node ( FIG.  8   , block  494 ). 
     As used herein, the term “node” refers to both a tape node and a non-tape node unless the node is explicitly designated as a “tape node” or a “non-tape node.” In some embodiments, a non-tape node may have the same or similar communication, sensing, processing and other functionalities and capabilities as the tape nodes described herein, except without being integrated into a tape platform. In some embodiments, non-tape nodes can interact seamlessly with tape nodes. Each node is assigned a respective unique identifier. 
     Embodiments of the present disclosure further describe a distributed software operating system that is implemented by distributed hardware nodes executing intelligent agent software to perform various tasks or algorithms. In some embodiments, the operating system distributes functionalities (e.g., performing analytics on data or statistics collected or generated by nodes) geographically across multiple intelligent agents that are bound to logistic items (e.g., parcels, containers, packages, boxes, pallets, a loading dock, a door, a light switch, a vehicle such as a delivery truck, a shipping facility, a port, a hub, etc.). In addition, the operating system dynamically allocates the hierarchical roles (e.g., master and slave roles) that nodes perform over time in order to improve system performance, such as optimizing battery life across nodes, improving responsiveness, and achieving overall objectives. In some embodiments, optimization is achieved using a simulation environment for optimizing key performance indicators (PKIs). 
     In some embodiments, the nodes are programmed to operate individually or collectively as autonomous intelligent agents. In some embodiments, nodes are configured to communicate and coordinate actions and respond to events. In some embodiments, a node is characterized by its identity, its mission, and the services that it can provide to other nodes. A node&#39;s identity is defined by its capabilities (e.g., battery life, sensing capabilities, and communications interfaces). A node may be defined by the respective program code, instructions, or directives it receives from another node (e.g., a server or a master node) and the actions or tasks that it performs in accordance with that program code, instructions, or directives (e.g., sense temperature every hour and send temperature data to a master node to upload to a server). A node&#39;s services may be defined by the functions or tasks that it is permitted to perform for other nodes (e.g., retrieve temperature data from a peripheral node and send the received temperature data to the server). At least for certain tasks, once programmed and configured with their identities, missions, and services, nodes can communicate with one another and request services from and provide services to one another independently of the server. 
     Thus, in accordance with the runtime operating system every agent knows its objectives (programmed). Every agent knows which capabilities/resources it needs to fulfill objective. Every agent communicates with every other node in proximity to see if it can offer the capability. Examples include communicate data to the server, authorize going to lower-power level, temperature reading, send an alert to local hub, send location data, triangulate location, any boxes in same group that already completed group objectives. 
     Nodes can be associated with logistic items. Examples of a logistic item includes, for example, a package, a box, pallet, a container, a truck or other conveyance, infrastructure such as a door, a conveyor belt, a light switch, a road, or any other thing that can be tracked, monitored, sensed, etc. or that can transmit data concerning its state or environment. In some examples, a server or a master node may associate the unique node identifiers with the logistic items. 
     Communication paths between tape and/or non-tape nodes may be represented by a graph of edges between the corresponding logistic items (e.g., a storage unit, truck, or hub). In some embodiments, each node in the graph has a unique identifier. A set of connected edges between nodes is represented by a sequence of the node identifiers that defines a communication path between a set of nodes. 
     Referring to  FIG.  9 A , a node  520  (Node A) is associated with a package  522  (Package A). In some embodiments, the node  520  may be implemented as a tape node that is used to seal the package  522  or it may be implemented as a label node that is used to label the package  522 ; alternatively, the node  520  may be implemented as a non-tape node that is inserted within the package  522  or embedded in or otherwise attached to the interior or exterior of the package  522 . In the illustrated embodiment, the node  520  includes a low power communications interface  524  (e.g., a Bluetooth Low Energy communications interface). Another node  526  (Node B), which is associated with another package  530  (Package B), is similarly equipped with a compatible low power communications interface  528  (e.g., a Bluetooth Low Energy communications interface). 
     In an example scenario, in accordance with the programmatic code stored in its memory, node  526  (Node B) requires a connection to node  520  (Node A) to perform a task that involves checking the battery life of Node A. Initially, Node B is unconnected to any other nodes. In accordance with the programmatic code stored in its memory, Node B periodically broadcasts advertising packets into the surrounding area. When the other node  520  (Node A) is within range of Node B and is operating in a listening mode, Node A will extract the address of Node B and potentially other information (e.g., security information) from an advertising packet. If, according to its programmatic code, Node A determines that it is authorized to connect to Node B, Node A will attempt to pair with Node B. In this process, Node A and Node B determine each other&#39;s identities, capabilities, and services. For example, after successfully establishing a communication path  532  with Node A (e.g., a Bluetooth Low Energy formatted communication path), Node B determines Node A&#39;s identity information (e.g., master node), Node A&#39;s capabilities include reporting its current battery life, and Node A&#39;s services include transmitting its current battery life to other nodes. In response to a request from Node B, Node A transmits an indication of its current battery life to Node B. 
     Referring to  FIG.  9 B , a node  534  (Node C) is associated with a package  535  (Package C). In the illustrated embodiment, the Node C includes a low power communications interface  536  (e.g., a Bluetooth Low Energy communications interface), and a sensor  537  (e.g., a temperature sensor). Another node  538  (Node D), which is associated with another package  540  (Package D), is similarly equipped with a compatible low power communications interface  542  (e.g., a Bluetooth Low-Energy communications interface). 
     In an example scenario, in accordance with the programmatic code stored in its memory, Node D requires a connection to Node C to perform a task that involves checking the temperature in the vicinity of Node C. Initially, Node D is unconnected to any other nodes. In accordance with the programmatic code stored in its memory, Node D periodically broadcasts advertising packets in the surrounding area. When Node C is within range of Node D and is operating in a listening mode, Node C will extract the address of Node D and potentially other information (e.g., security information) from the advertising packet. If, according to its programmatic code, Node C determines that it is authorized to connect to Node D, Node C will attempt to pair with Node D. In this process, Node C and Node D determine each other&#39;s identities, capabilities, and services. For example, after successfully establishing a communication path  544  with Node C (e.g., a Bluetooth Low Energy formatted communication path), Node D determines Node C&#39;s identity information (e.g., a peripheral node), Node C&#39;s capabilities include retrieving temperature data, and Node C&#39;s services include transmitting temperature data to other nodes. In response to a request from Node D, Node C transmits its measured and/or locally processed temperature data to Node D. 
     Referring to  FIG.  9 C , a pallet  550  is associated with a master node  551  that includes a low-power communications interface  552 , a GPS receiver  554 , and a cellular communications interface  556 . In some embodiments, the master node  551  may be implemented as a tape node or a label node that is adhered to the pallet  550 . In other embodiments, the master node  551  may be implemented as a non-tape node that is inserted within the body of the pallet  550  or embedded in or otherwise attached to the interior or exterior of the pallet  550 . 
     The pallet  550  provides a structure for grouping and containing packages  559 ,  561 ,  563  each of which is associated with a respective peripheral node  558 ,  560 ,  562  (Node E, Node F, and Node G). Each of the peripheral nodes  558 ,  560 ,  562  includes a respective low power communications interface  564 ,  566 ,  568  (e.g., Bluetooth Low Energy communications interface). In the illustrated embodiment, each of the nodes E, F, G, and the master node  551  are connected to each of the other nodes over a respective low power communications path (shown by dashed lines). 
     In some embodiments, the packages  559 ,  561 ,  563  are grouped together because they are related. For example, the packages  559 ,  561 ,  563  may share the same shipping itinerary or a portion thereof. In an example scenario, the master pallet node  551  scans for advertising packets that are broadcasted from the peripheral nodes  558 ,  560 ,  562 . In some examples, the peripheral nodes broadcast advertising packets during respective scheduled broadcast intervals. The master node  551  can determine the presence of the packages  559 ,  561 ,  563  in the vicinity of the pallet  550  based on receipt of one or more advertising packets from each of the nodes E, F, and G. In some embodiments, in response to receipt of advertising packets broadcasted by the peripheral nodes  558 ,  560 ,  562 , the master node  551  transmits respective requests to the server to associate the master node  551  and the respective peripheral nodes  558 ,  560 ,  562 . In some examples, the master tape node requests authorization from the server to associate the master tape node and the peripheral tape nodes. If the corresponding packages  559 ,  561 ,  563  are intended to be grouped together (e.g., they share the same itinerary or certain segments of the same itinerary), the server authorizes the master node  551  to associate the peripheral nodes  558 ,  560 ,  562  with one another as a grouped set of packages. In some embodiments, the server registers the master node and peripheral tape node identifiers with a group identifier. The server also may associate each node ID with a respective physical label ID that is affixed to the respective package. 
     In some embodiments, after an initial set of packages is assigned to a multi package group, the master node  551  may identify another package arrives in the vicinity of the multi-package group. The master node may request authorization from the server to associate the other package with the existing multi-package group. If the server determines that the other package is intended to ship with the multi-package group, the server instructs the master node to merge one or more other packages with currently grouped set of packages. After all packages are grouped together, the server authorizes the multi-package group to ship. In some embodiments, this process may involve releasing the multi-package group from a containment area (e.g., customs holding area) in a shipment facility. 
     In some embodiments, the peripheral nodes  558 ,  560 ,  562  include environmental sensors for obtaining information regarding environmental conditions in the vicinity of the associated packages  559 ,  561 ,  563 . Examples of such environmental sensors include temperature sensors, humidity sensors, acceleration sensors, vibration sensors, shock sensors, pressure sensors, altitude sensors, light sensors, and orientation sensors. 
     In the illustrated embodiment, the master node  551  can determine its own location based on geolocation data transmitted by a satellite-based radio navigation system  570  (e.g., GPS, GLONASS, and NAVSTAR) and received by the GPS receiver  554  component of the master node  551 . In an alternative embodiment, the location of the master pallet node  551  can be determined using cellular based navigation techniques that use mobile communication technologies (e.g., GSM, GPRS, CDMA, etc.) to implement one or more cell-based localization techniques. After the master node  551  has ascertained its location, the distance of each of the packages  559 ,  561 ,  563  from the master node  551  can be estimated based on the average signal strength of the advertising packets that the master node  551  receives from the respective peripheral node. The master node  551  can then transmit its own location and the locations of the package nodes E, F, and G to a server over a cellular interface connection with a cellular network  572 . Other methods of determining the distance of each of the packages  559 ,  561 ,  563  from the master node  551 , such as Received Signal-Strength Index (RSSI) based indoor localization techniques, also may be used. 
     In some embodiments, after determining its own location and the locations of the peripheral nodes, the master node  551  reports the location data and the collected and optionally processed (e.g., either by the peripheral nodes peripheral nodes  558 ,  560 ,  562  or the master node  551 ) sensor data to a server over a cellular communication path  571  on a cellular network  572 . 
     In some examples, nodes are able to autonomously detect logistics execution errors if packages that are supposed to travel together no longer travel together and raise an alert. For example, a node (e.g., the master node  551  or one of the peripheral nodes  558 ,  560 ,  562 ) alerts the server when the node determines that a particular package  559  is being or has already been improperly separated from the group of packages. The node may determine that there has been an improper separation of the particular package  559  in a variety of ways. For example, the associated peripheral node  558  that is bound to the particular package  559  may include an accelerometer that generates a signal in response to movement of the package from the pallet. In accordance with its intelligent agent program code, the associated peripheral node  558  determines that the master node  551  has not disassociated the particular package  559  from the group and therefore broadcasts advertising packets to the master node, which causes the master node  551  to monitor the average signal strength of the advertising packets and, if the master node  551  determines that the signal strength is decreasing over time, the master node  551  will issue an alert either locally (e.g., through a speaker component of the master node  551 ) or to the server. 
     Referring to  FIG.  9 D , a truck  580  is configured as a mobile node or mobile hub that includes a cellular communications interface  582 , a medium-power communications interface  584 , and a low power communications interface  586 . The communications interfaces  580 - 586  may be implemented on one or more tape and non-tape nodes. In an illustrative scenario, the truck  580  visits a logistic storage facility, such as a warehouse  588 , to wirelessly obtain temperature data generated by temperature sensors in the medium range nodes  590 ,  592 ,  594 . The warehouse  588  contains nodes  590 ,  592 , and  594  that are associated with respective logistic containers  591 ,  593 ,  595 . In the illustrated embodiment, each node  590 - 594  is a medium range node that includes a respective medium power communications interface  596 ,  602 ,  608 , a respective low power communications interface  598 ,  604 ,  610  and one or more respective sensors  600 ,  606 ,  612 . In the illustrated embodiment, each of the package nodes  590 ,  592 ,  594  and the truck  580  is connected to each of the other ones of the package nodes through a respective medium power communications path (shown by dashed lines). In some embodiments, the medium power communications paths are LoRa formatted communication paths. 
     In some embodiments, the communications interfaces  584  and  586  (e.g., a LoRa communications interface and a Bluetooth Low Energy communications interface) on the node on the truck  580  is programmed to broadcast advertisement packets to establish connections with other network nodes within range of the truck node. A warehouse  588  includes medium range nodes  590 ,  592 ,  594  that are associated with respective logistic containers  591 ,  593 ,  595  (e.g., packages, boxes, pallets, and the like). When the truck node&#39;s low power interface  586  is within range of any of the medium range nodes  590 ,  592 ,  594  and one or more of the medium range nodes is operating in a listening mode, the medium range node will extract the address of truck node and potentially other information (e.g., security information) from the advertising packet. If, according to its programmatic code, the truck node determines that it is authorized to connect to one of the medium range nodes  590 ,  592 ,  594 , the truck node will attempt to pair with the medium range node. In this process, the truck node and the medium range node determine each other&#39;s identities, capabilities, and services. For example, after successfully establishing a communication path with the truck node (e.g., a Bluetooth Low Energy formatted communication path  614  or a LoRa formatted communication path  617 ), the truck node determines the identity information for the medium range node  590  (e.g., a peripheral node), the medium range node&#39;s capabilities include retrieving temperature data, and the medium range node&#39;s services include transmitting temperature data to other nodes. Depending of the size of the warehouse  588 , the truck  580  initially may communicate with the nodes  590 ,  592 ,  594  using a low power communications interface (e.g., Bluetooth Low Energy interface). If any of the anticipated nodes fails to respond to repeated broadcasts of advertising packets by the truck  580 , the truck  580  will try to communicate with the non-responsive nodes using a medium power communications interface (e.g., LoRa interface). In response to a request from the medium-power communication interface  584 , the medium range node  590  transmits an indication of its measured temperature data to the truck node. The truck node repeats the process for each of the other medium range nodes  592 ,  594  that generate temperature measurement data in the warehouse  588 . The truck node reports the collected (and optionally processed, either by the medium range nodes  590 ,  592 ,  594  or the truck node) temperature data to a server over a cellular communication path  616  with a cellular network  618 . 
     Referring to  FIG.  9 E , a master node  630  is associated with a logistic item  632  (e.g., a package) and grouped together with other logistic items  634 ,  636  (e.g., packages) that are associated with respective peripheral nodes  638 ,  640 . The master node  630  includes a GPS receiver  642 , a medium power communications interface  644 , one or more sensors  646 , and a cellular communications interface  648 . Each of the peripheral nodes  638 ,  640  includes a respective medium power communications interface  650 ,  652  and one or more respective sensors  654 ,  656 . In the illustrated embodiment, the peripheral and master nodes are connected to one another other over respective pairwise communications paths (shown by dashed lines). In some embodiments, the nodes  630 ,  638 ,  640  communicate through respective LoRa communications interfaces over LoRa formatted communications paths  658 ,  660 ,  662 . 
     In the illustrated embodiment, the master and peripheral nodes  630 ,  638 ,  640  include environmental sensors for obtaining information regarding environmental conditions in the vicinity of the associated logistic items  632 ,  634 ,  636 . Examples of such environmental sensors include temperature sensors, humidity sensors, acceleration sensors, vibration sensors, shock sensors, pressure sensors, altitude sensors, light sensors, and orientation sensors. 
     In accordance with the programmatic code stored in its memory, the master node  630  periodically broadcasts advertising packets in the surrounding area. When the peripheral nodes  638 ,  640  are within range of master node  630 , and are operating in a listening mode, the peripheral nodes  638 ,  640  will extract the address of master node  630  and potentially other information (e.g., security information) from the advertising packets. If, according to their respective programmatic code, the peripheral nodes  638 ,  640  determine that they are authorized to connect to the master node  630 , the peripheral nodes  638 ,  640  will attempt to pair with the master node  630 . In this process, the peripheral nodes  638 ,  640  and the master node  630  determine each other&#39;s identities, capabilities, and services. For example, after successfully establishing a respective communication path  658 ,  660  with each of the peripheral nodes  638 ,  640  (e.g., a LoRa formatted communication path), the master node  630  determines certain information about the peripheral nodes  638 ,  640 , such as their identity information (e.g., peripheral nodes), their capabilities (e.g., measuring temperature data), and their services include transmitting temperature data to other nodes. 
     After establishing LoRa formatted communications paths  658 ,  660  with the peripheral nodes  638 ,  640 , the master node  630  transmits requests for the peripheral nodes  638 ,  640  to transmit their measured and/or locally processed temperature data to the master node  630 . 
     In the illustrated embodiment, the master node  630  can determine its own location based on geolocation data transmitted by a satellite-based radio navigation system  666  (e.g., GPS, GLONASS, and NAVSTAR) and received by the GPS receiver  642  component of the master node  630 . In an alternative embodiment, the location of the master node  630  can be determined using cellular based navigation techniques that use mobile communication technologies (e.g., GSM, GPRS, CDMA, etc.) to implement one or more cell-based localization techniques. After the master node  630  has ascertained its location, the distance of each of the logistic items  634 ,  636  from the master node  630  can be estimated based on the average signal strength of the advertising packets that the master node  630  receives from the respective peripheral node. The master node  630  can then transmit its own location and the locations of the package nodes H, J, and I to a server over a cellular interface connection with a cellular network  672 . Other methods of determining the distance of each of the logistic items  634 ,  636  from the master node  630 , such as Received Signal-Strength Index (RSSI) based indoor localization techniques, also may be used. 
     In some embodiments, after determining its own location and the locations of the peripheral nodes, the master node  630  reports the location data, the collected and optionally processed (e.g., either by the peripheral nodes peripheral nodes  638 ,  640  or the master node  630 ) sensor data to a server over a cellular communication path  670  on a cellular network  672 . 
     Referring to  FIG.  10 A , in some examples, each of one or more of the segments  270 ,  272  of a tracking adhesive product  274  includes a respective circuit  275  that delivers power from the respective energy source  276  to the respective tracking circuit  278  (e.g., a processor and one or more wireless communications circuits) in response to an event. In some of these examples, the wake circuit  275  is configured to transition from an off state to an on state when the voltage on the wake node  277  exceeds a threshold level, at which point the wake circuit transitions to an on-state to power-on the segment  270 . In the illustrated example, this occurs when the user separates the segment from the tracking adhesive product  274 , for example, by cutting across the tracking adhesive product  274  at a designated location (e.g., along a designated cut-line  280 ). In particular, in its initial, un-cut state, a minimal amount of current flows through the resistors R 1  and R 2 . As a result, the voltage on the wake node  277  remains below the threshold turn-on level. After the user cuts across the tracking adhesive product  274  along the designated cut-line  280 , the user creates an open circuit in the loop  282 , which pulls the voltage of the wake node above the threshold level and turns on the wake circuit  275 . As a result, the voltage across the energy source  276  will appear across the tracking circuit  278  and, thereby, turn on the segment  270 . In particular embodiments, the resistance value of resistor R 1  is greater than the resistance value of R 2 . In some examples, the resistance values of resistors R 1  and R 2  are selected based on the overall design of the adhesive product system (e.g., the target wake voltage level and a target leakage current). 
     In some examples, each of one or more of the segments of a tracking adhesive product includes a respective sensor and a respective wake circuit that delivers power from the respective energy source to the respective one or more components of the respective tracking circuit  278  in response to an output of the sensor. In some examples, the respective sensor is a strain sensor that produces a wake signal based on a change in strain in the respective segment. In some of these examples, the strain sensor is affixed to a tracking adhesive product and configured to detect the stretching of the tracking adhesive product segment as the segment is being peeled off a roll or a sheet of the tracking adhesive product. In some examples, the respective sensor is a capacitive sensor that produces a wake signal based on a change in capacitance in the respective segment. In some of these examples, the capacitive sensor is affixed to a tracking adhesive product and configured to detect the separation of the tracking adhesive product segment from a roll or a sheet of the tracking adhesive product. In some examples, the respective sensor is a flex sensor that produces a wake signal based on a change in curvature in the respective segment. In some of these examples, the flex sensor is affixed to a tracking adhesive product and configured to detect bending of the tracking adhesive product segment as the segment is being peeled off a roll or a sheet of the tracking adhesive product. In some examples, the respective sensor is a near field communications sensor that produces a wake signal based on a change in inductance in the respective segment. 
       FIG.  10 B  shows another example of a tracking adhesive product  294  that delivers power from the respective energy source  276  to the respective tracking circuit  278  (e.g., a processor and one or more wireless communications circuits) in response to an event. This example is similar in structure and operation as the tracking adhesive product  294  shown in  FIG.  13 A , except that the wake circuit  275  is replaced by a switch  296  that is configured to transition from an open state to a closed state when the voltage on the switch node  277  exceeds a threshold level. In the initial state of the tracking adhesive product  294 , the voltage on the switch node is below the threshold level as a result of the low current level flowing through the resistors R 1  and R 2 . After the user cuts across the tracking adhesive product  294  along the designated cut-line  280 , the user creates an open circuit in the loop  282 , which pulls up the voltage on the switch node above the threshold level to close the switch  296  and turn on the tracking circuit  278 . 
     A wireless sensing system includes a plurality of wireless nodes configured to detect tampering in assets. Tampering may include, but is not limited to, opening assets such as boxes, containers, storage, or doors, moving the asset without authorization, moving the asset to an unintended location, moving the asset in an unintended way, damaging the asset, shaking the asset in an unintended way, orienting an asset in a way that it is not meant to be oriented. In many cases, these actions may compromise the integrity or safety of assets. Wireless nodes associated with the asset are configured to detect a tampering event. In an embodiment, a tampering event is associated with an action, a time, and a location. In an embodiment, the wireless nodes communicate the tampering event to the wireless sensing system. The wireless sensing system is configured to provide a notification or alert to a user of the wireless sensing system. In some embodiments, a wireless node may directly transmit the notification or alert to the user. In other embodiments, a wireless node may include a display that indicates whether or not a tampering event has occurred (e.g., the display may be an indicator light or LED). 
     Alerts may be transmitted to server/cloud, other wireless nodes, a client device, or some combination thereof. For example, in an embodiment, a wireless node of the wireless sensing system captures sensor data, detects a tampering event, and transmits an alarm to a user of the wireless sensing system (e.g., without communicating with a server or cloud of the wireless sensing system). In another embodiment, a wireless node of the wireless sensing system captures sensor data and transmits the sensor data to a gateway, parent node (e.g., black tape), or client device. The gateway, parent node, or client device detects a tampering event based on the received sensor data and transmits an alarm to a user of the wireless sensing system. In another embodiment, the wireless node of the wireless sensing system captures sensor data, detects a tampering event, and transmits information describing the tampering event to a server or cloud of the wireless sensing system. The server or cloud of the wireless sensing system transmits an alarm to a user of the wireless sensing system. 
       FIG.  11 A  illustrates an example embodiment wherein an asset  1005  is associated with two wireless nodes  1010 A, B that detect each of the other wireless nodes by proximity, such that when a distance between the wireless nodes increases, an asset is considered to have been opened and a tampering event is recorded. For example, a first wireless node  1010 A communicates with a second wireless node  1010 B. The second wireless node  1010 B determines a distance between the second wireless node and the first wireless node  1010 A, e.g., based on signal strength of the received communication. Responsive to the distance being within a threshold (e.g., 6 in.), the second wireless node  1010 B determines that the asset has not been opened and that a tampering event has not occurred. 
     In the example of  FIG.  11 A , the asset  1005  is a sealed box. In other examples, the asset  1005  may be another type of package, a door to a building, storage container, safe, or the like. In other examples, thresholds may be less than or greater than the example shown in  FIG.  11 A  and may be configured by a user based on the asset type, dimension, or other associated factors. 
     In some embodiments, there may be a single tape node (e.g., tracking adhesive product  274 ,  294 , with respect to  FIGS.  10 A , B) across each of the two flaps of the asset  1005 , such that when the asset is opened, and the flaps are separated, a tear results in the circuitry of the tape node (e.g., designated cut-line  280  may be a designated tear line). This tearing may disable the tape node, alerting the server (e.g., server  404 ) or a master tape node (e.g., master tape node  424 ) that the asset has been opened and that a tampering event has occurred. In some embodiments, the tape node may, in response to the tear, determine that a tampering event has occurred. In some embodiments, there may be one or more tape nodes attached to the asset  1005  that include an accelerometer for when the flaps are opened, the accelerometer may detect the angular acceleration of the flaps opening. The tape node may determine the acceleration has satisfied a predetermined threshold and, from this, determine that a tampering event has occurred. 
     In some embodiments, there may be three or more tape nodes positioned on the asset  1005 , such that a server or the positioned tape nodes are able to triangulate the location of the tape nodes, with respect to each other, or the location of the asset. When one of the tape nodes are moved, such that the tape nodes are no longer able to establish a location of the asset  1005  or the other tape nodes, this may trigger the tape nodes, or a server, to determine that a tampering event has occurred. 
       FIG.  11 B  illustrates an example embodiment wherein an asset  1005  associated with two wireless nodes  1010 A′, B′ experiences a tampering event. The first wireless node  1010 A′ communicates with the second wireless node  1010 B′. The second wireless node  1010 B′ determines a distance between the second wireless node and the first wireless node  1010 A′. Responsive to the distance exceeding a threshold, the second wireless node  1010 B′ determines that the asset has been opened and that a tampering event has occurred. In an embodiment, the second wireless node  1010 B′ communicates to a mobile device of a user or to a gateway node that the tampering event has occurred to notify the user of the wireless sensing system. A notification of the tampering event may include an alarm, a location of the asset during the tampering event, and a time of the tampering event. In other embodiments, additional, fewer, or different information may be included in the notification. 
     In other embodiments, a wireless node comprises an orientation sensor and a tampering event is determined based on an asset being moved to or beyond a specified orientation or a range of orientations (e.g., turned upside down). The orientation of the asset may be determined by placing a wireless node (comprising an orientation sensor) on each of two or more different surfaces of the asset (e.g., opposite sides of the asset, if the asset has a shape corresponding to a polyhedron). 
     In other embodiments, a wireless node comprises a vibration sensor and a tampering event is determined based on sensor signals corresponding to tampering actions such as drilling through a portion of the asset, cutting through a portion of the asset, damaging a portion of the asset, denting a portion of the asset, striking the portion of an asset with a tool (e.g., hammer or crowbar), opening a portion of the asset (e.g., a lid, door, or cap), shaking the asset, other movement, or some combination thereof. In other embodiments, a wireless node adhered to the inside of an asset comprises a light sensor and a tampering event is determined responsive to the optical sensor detecting light (e.g., an asset being opened and exposed to natural or artificial light). In other embodiments, a wireless node comprises an acoustic sensor and a tampering event is determined responsive to noise levels exceeding a threshold amount. In other embodiments, a wireless node is adhered across an opening of an asset (e.g., across a lid of a box, across a doorway) or applied to an asset in such a way that tampering with the asset requires tearing or cutting the wireless node (e.g., applied across or around the handle of a lever), and a tampering event is determined responsive to the wireless node being torn or broken. In certain embodiments, tearing the wireless node results in a circuit of the wireless node being altered (e.g., an open circuit state, short circuit state, other alteration of the circuit), and the tearing of the wireless node is detected based on the alteration of the circuit. In other embodiments, tearing of the wireless node may be detected based on a functionality of the wireless node changing (e.g., the wireless node no longer transmits a signal to the sensing system). In other embodiments, a wireless node is placed on the interior of or adhered to an internal surface of a metal asset (e.g., a trailer or truck; a metal container; machinery), wherein connection between the wireless node within the metal asset and other nodes or gateways of the wireless sensing system outside of the metal asset is restricted within the metal asset (e.g., due to electromagnetic shielding), and a tampering event is determined responsive to a connection being re-established between the wireless node within the metal asset and other nodes or gateways of the wireless sensing system, indicating that a portion of the metal asset has been opened. In other embodiments, combinations of the above or other sensors may be used to identify tampering. 
     Waveforms or signatures of signals from sensors in a wireless node corresponding to an asset may correlate to specific tampering events. For example, drilling a hole in a portion of an asset may have a corresponding waveform that is sensed by a vibration sensor on a wireless node adhered to the asset. A tampering event may be detected by determining that a signal from the vibration sensor has a waveform corresponding to the drilling waveform. Signals from the sensors used to detect tampering events may be input to a trained machine learning model which classifies events based on input signals. For example, a waveform of vibrations measured by a vibration sensor over time may be input to a trained machine learning model which outputs whether or not the waveform corresponds to an occurrence of a tampering event. For example, the trained machine leaning model may differentiate between the vibration from a truck engine and tampering of the asset. The machine learning model may be trained using sensor signals from one or more wireless nodes. 
     The wireless sensing system includes a plurality of wireless nodes further configured to authenticate authorized users and/or safe zones (e.g., an authorized area). Authorized users are, for example, employees or individuals authorized to access, open, or otherwise handle assets containing sensitive or private information or materials. For example, in an airport, border patrol personnel may be designated as authorized individuals that may open and inspect assets. Safe zones are areas in which assets may be accessed, opened, or otherwise handled. For example, an airport may designate a security area as a safe zone (e.g., an authorized area) wherein assets may be opened and handled for inspection purposes. 
       FIG.  11 C  illustrates an example embodiment wherein wireless nodes  1010 A″, B″ associated with assets  1005  communicate with wireless nodes or devices  1025  associated with a user  1020  to provide authentication. In the embodiment of  FIG.  11 C , a tampering event is detected by the wireless nodes  1010 A″ and  1010 B″ as discussed previously in conjunction with  FIG.  11 B . A wireless node  1010 B″ further receives a communication from a wireless node associated with an authorized user  1020  of the wireless sensing system or a device  1025  of a user  1020  of the wireless sensing system. The device  1025  may be a client device (e.g., a smartphone), a wireless node of the wireless sensing system, a wearable device (e.g., a smartwatch), a badge (e.g., that includes an RFID chip, Bluetooth, or NFC), another device, or some combination thereof. In an embodiment, the communication includes an authorization key, identification of the user  1020 , an encryption key, or another type of authorization information. Based on the received information, the wireless node  1010 B″ determines that the event is not a tampering event (e.g., is an official inspection of the asset  1005 ) and that the event should not cause an alert and/or should not be reported. In some embodiments, the device  1025  may notify the wireless nodes  1010 A″ and  1010 B″ that tampering may be “allowed” for a period of time (e.g., five or ten minutes) or for as long as the asset  1005  is within an authorized zone (e.g., the safe zone  1802 , with reference to  FIG.  18   ). 
     In other embodiments, devices  1025  may include local gateways associated with safe zones or locations, wireless nodes associated with wearable or portable smart devices (e.g., smart phones or watches), or other electronic devices. In another embodiment, devices  1025  may include gateways or black tapes adhered to trucks, trailers, other vehicles, or other transport containers including assets having wireless nodes. 
     In some embodiments, the wireless sensing system tracks and maintains information describing a line of custody, a history of authorized user interactions, a history of tampering events, and/or a history of movement and/or locations during transport. In an embodiment, the wireless sensing system transmits information to transit locations or end destinations of an asset prior to arrival of the asset at the transit locations or end destinations to provide, for example, authorization to handle and inspect the asset or other information associated with the asset. In some embodiments, the above information is included in a log. The log or a portion of the log may be transmitted to a client device, and a user may use the client device to inspect activity associated with the asset to determine if a tampering event has occurred. 
     According to some embodiments, a user (also referred to as a human operator, herein) of the wireless sensing system may locate an asset that has an associated wireless node using a client device, where a tampering event associated with the asset has been detected. The location of the asset may be displayed to the user on a user interface of the client device (e.g., the asset with the tampering event may be indicated on a map, floor plan, some other indicator of the asset&#39;s location, or some combination thereof). In some embodiments, the client device indicates the proximity of the user to the asset based on a signal strength of a connection with the wireless node associated with the asset. This way, the user may physically locate the asset that has been tampered with and manually inspect it upon receiving a notification of the tampering event. 
       FIG.  12    is a flow diagram of a method of detecting tampering in assets. A wireless node of a wireless sensing system detects a tampering event, wherein the tapering event comprises accessing or handling an asset ( FIG.  12   , block  1102 ). The wireless sensing system determines if the tampering event is performed by an authorized user ( FIG.  12   , block  1104 ). Responsive to the determination, the wireless sensing system stores information associated with the tampering event ( FIG.  12   , block  1106 ) and transmits the information describing the tampering event ( FIG.  12   , block  1108 ). In an embodiment, responsive to determining that the tampering event is not performed by an authorized user, the wireless sensing system transmits a notification to a user of the wireless sensing system to indicate that a tampering event has occurred. 
     In other embodiments, the method may include additional, fewer, or different steps, and the steps may be performed in a different order. In other embodiments, steps of the method may be performed by different components of the wireless sensing system. For example, in an embodiment, a wireless node of the wireless sensing system performs the detecting, the determining, the storing, and the transmitting. 
       FIG.  13    is a schematic diagram of an example vehicle  1310  (e.g., a semi-trailer truck) transporting a pallet  1312  of parcels  1314  containing goods or other things. In some embodiments, a tertiary wireless network node  1313  is fixed to the pallet  1312  and is configured to communicate wirelessly with the peripheral nodes  1340  that are attached to assets, and with the secondary electronic logging device  1322 . In this example, the vehicle  1310  is a semi-trailer truck that includes a tractor unit  1316  and a semi-trailer  1318  that carries freight loaded through doors  1319  and  1321 . In general, the vehicle  1310  may be any type of vehicle that can transport goods or other things from one place to another, including any type of motorcycle, car, truck, van, train, ship, or aircraft. In some embodiments, the peripheral nodes  1340  may be tracking adhesive products  274  or  294  (with reference to  FIGS.  10 A , B, respectively) or segment  13  (with reference to  FIG.  1 A , B), and may be tapped to the boxes containing assets and that are within the semi-trailer. 
     In the illustrated example, the tractor unit  1316  includes a primary electronic logging device  1320  (i.e., ELD 1, hereinafter may be referred to as primary ELD) and the semi-trailer  1318  includes a secondary electronic logging device  1322  (i.e., ELD 2, hereinafter may be referred to as secondary ELD). In some examples, the primary ELD  1320  and the secondary ELD  1322  each includes one or more of Cellular and GPS capability, wireless transceivers, processors, and memory devices storing programmatic instructions that enable wireless communications over multiple different wireless communications protocols and technologies across different power levels and ranges, such as, but not limited to, GSM, CDMA, Cellular, TDMA, WCDMA, EDGE, OFDM, GPRS, EV-DO, LTE, WiFi, LoRaWAN, Bluetooth LE, Z-wave, and Zigbee. The secondary ELD  1322  typically includes wireless communications interfaces that have lower power and shorter range than the communications interfaces in the primary ELD. The primary ELD  1320  and the secondary ELD  1322  have at least one communications interface (e.g., Bluetooth, LoRaWAN, and/or wired connection) in common so that they can communicate with one another. 
     In some embodiments, the primary ELD and the secondary ELD may be tracking adhesive products  274  or  294  (with reference to  FIGS.  10 A , B, respectively) or tape node segment  13  (with reference to  FIG.  1 A , B). Continuing this embodiment, the primary ELD and secondary ELD may have a higher storage capacity, battery, and processing power than the peripheral nodes  1340  attached to the assets. In some embodiments, the primary ELD and the secondary ELD may be mobile gateways (e.g., the mobile gateways  410 ,  412 , with reference to  FIG.  6   ). 
     In the illustrated example, the primary ELD  1320  (“ELD 1”) wirelessly communicates with a server  1324  of a first network service  1326  and server  1328  of a second network service  1330  over respective cellular connections  1332  with a cell tower gateway  1334  and over a communications network  1336 , which may be a private network or a public network (e.g., the Internet). Each of the network services  1326 ,  1330  includes respective ones of the network servers  1324 ,  1328  executing one or more applications and storing and retrieving data from respective data stores  1325 ,  1329 . The network services  1326 ,  1330  may be, for example, a driver performance assessment service and a logistics management service. 
     In the illustrated example, the primary ELD  1320  in the tractor unit  1316  typically communicates with the first and second network services  1326 ,  1330  over one or more high-power, long-range communications interfaces. In addition, the primary ELD  1320  wirelessly communicates with the secondary ELD  1322  (“ELD 2”) in the semi-trailer  1318  over a lower power, shorter-range wireless communications interface, such as LoRaWAN or Bluetooth LE. In some examples, the primary ELD  1320  also may communicate with the secondary ELD  1322  over a wired connection through a controller area network (CAN) bus system  1323 , which is a vehicle bus standard designed to allow microcontrollers and devices to communicate with each other in applications using a message-based protocol without a host computer. The CAN bus system  1323  also may connect the primary ELD  1320  to the communications interface of a cellular modem that is installed in some embodiments of the tractor unit  1316  of the vehicle  1310 , thereby enabling the primary ELD  1320  to share the cellular modem&#39;s existing cellular subscription service. 
     The parcels  1314  are associated with peripheral wireless network node devices that include wireless communications, processing, sensing, and data storage capabilities. In some examples, these peripheral wireless network node devices are implemented as wireless electronic tags that are carried in or otherwise attached to or integrated with the respective ones of the parcels  1314 . Other examples incorporate the wireless communications, processing, sensing, and data storage capabilities into a low-cost, multi-function adhesive tape platform  100  with a form factor that unobtrusively integrates the components useful for implementing a combination of different logistic functions and also is able to perform a useful ancillary function that otherwise would have to be performed with the attendant need for additional materials, labor, and expense. In some examples, the primary ELD  1320  and the secondary ELD  1322  are implemented as one or more segments of respective types of the adhesive tape platform described in US Patent Application Publication No. US-2018-0165568-A1, which was published on Jun. 14, 2018, and is incorporated in its entirety herein. 
     In an aspect, the adhesive tape platform is implemented as a collection of adhesive products that integrate wireless communications and sensing components within a flexible adhesive structure in a way that not only provides a cost-effective platform for interconnecting, optimizing, and protecting the components of the tracking system but also maintains the flexibility needed to function as an adhesive product that can be deployed seamlessly into various logistic applications and workflows, including person and object tracking applications, and asset management workflows such as manufacturing, storage, shipping, delivery, and other logistics associated with moving products and other physical objects, including logistics, sensing, tracking, positioning, warehousing, parking, safety, construction, event detection, road management and infrastructure, security, and healthcare. In some examples, the adhesive tape platforms are used in various aspects of logistics management, including sealing parcels, transporting parcels, tracking parcels, monitoring the conditions of parcels, inventorying parcels, and verifying package security. In these examples, the sealed parcels typically are transported from one location to another by truck, train, ship, or aircraft or within premises, e.g., warehouses by forklift, trolleys etc. 
       FIG.  14    is a block diagram of a set of example tractor management modules in an example of a primary electronic logging device (ELD)  1320  (with reference to  FIG.  13   ). The primary ELD  1320  includes a tractor management module  1450  that includes a vehicle status module  1452  and vehicle parameters  1454 . Further, the primary ELD  1320  includes an event detection module  1460 , a location tracker (GPS)  1470 , and a contingency optimization module  1492 . The primary ELD  1320  further includes a facility scan module  1474 , that includes a gateway module (e.g., cellular)  1476 , a gateway module (e.g., LoRaWAN)  1478 , a short-range module (Bluetooth)  1480 , and a logistic module  1482 . 
     The vehicle status module  1452  may include the vehicle parameters  1454 , that includes parameters of the vehicle, such as speed, background vibration from the engine or road, engine status, etc. The event detection module  1460  may collect data from the secondary ELD  1322  regarding detecting a tampering event, such as sensor data, such as vibration data, or any of the data discussed herein. The location tracker  1470  may track the location of the tractor  1316  (with reference to  FIG.  13   ). The contingency module  1492  may include a list of contingency plans that correspond to particular tampering events. Each contingency plan may include indicia of certain sensor data that corresponding to a particular type of tampering. When the secondary ELD or the primary ELD receive sensor data, from the peripheral nodes  1340  about a tampering event, the sensor data may be categorized and then compared to corresponding sensor data for each contingency plan in the list of contingency plans. The contingency module  1492  may select a particular contingency plan is the received sensor data and the stored sensor data for a particular contingency plan satisfy a threshold. The contingency module  1492  may then execute the particular contingency plan to address the tampering event. 
     The facility scan module  1474  may be in wireless communication with the peripheral wireless network nodes  1340 , collecting sensor data and scanning the trailer  1318  for indicia of a tampering event. The facility module  1474  may use gateway modules  1476 ,  1478 , and short-range module  1480  to wirelessly communicate with the peripheral wireless network nodes  1340 . The logistic schedule module  1482  may include a list of all assets and destinations for the assets, within the trailer  1318 . The primary ELD  1320  may consult the logistic schedule module  1480 , upon an occurrence of a tampering event, to determine that an asset should or shouldn&#39;t be tampered with. A further discussion of the set of example tractor management modules of the primary ELD  1320 , shown in  FIG.  14   , will be included in the discussion of  FIG.  15   . 
       FIG.  15    is a flow diagram of an example method for responding to a detection of a tampering event, by tape nodes, associated with assets in a logistic facility.  FIGS.  14  and  15    are best viewed together with the following description. As shown in  FIG.  15   , after scanning (e.g., periodically) the trailer  1318  (block  1584 ), the primary ELD  1320  stores and analyzes the scan results (block  1586 ). The scan results may confirm that all the parcels listed in the logistic schedule module  1482  ( FIG.  14   ) are in the trailer  1318 . Alternatively, the scan results may reveal the occurrence of one or more predefined events relating to the parcels listed in the logistic schedule module  1482 . For example, a “missing parcel” event occurs when a parcel listed in the logistic schedule module  1482  does not respond to a ping packet or is not in the trailer  1318 . A “misrouted parcel” event occurs when a parcel is loaded on the wrong vehicle. An “unfit parcel” event occurs when a parcel listed in the logistic schedule module  1482  is damaged or otherwise unfit for delivery to the end customer. An “improper joinder” event occurs when a parcel is incorrectly designated as part of a group of parcels. An “improper removal” event occurs when a parcel is improperly removed from a designated group. The logistics management network service  1330  may define other events as needed. 
     Based on the analysis of the stored scan results and the event definitions, the primary ELD  1320  on the tractor unit  1316  of the vehicle  1310  determines whether any of the predetermined events have been detected ( FIG.  15   , block  1588 ). 
     For each event that has been detected, the primary ELD  1320  determines whether or not the event can be resolved locally, without the intervention of the logistics management network service  1330  ( FIG.  15   , block  1590 ). In some examples, the primary ELD  1320  accesses a contingency optimization module  1492  (shown in  FIG.  14   ). In some examples, the contingency optimization module  1492  contains a set of programmatic instructions or rules for resolving events (i.e., a contingency plan) without the intervention of the logistics management network service  1330 . 
     For example, in response to the detection of a “missing parcel” event, the primary ELD  1320  logs the event type and other details relating to the event in memory and, based on a mapping between the “missing parcel” event type and the instructions contained in the contingency optimization module  1492 , the primary ELD  1320  executes the relevant instructions in the contingency optimization module  1492 . In some cases, the primary ELD  1320  may be instructed to re-broadcast ping packets to the peripheral wireless network node associated with the non-responsive parcel using a different (e.g., higher) power level and/or a different communications protocol in an attempt to resolve the event ( FIG.  15   , block  1594 ). 
     In another example, in response to a “misrouted parcel” event, the primary ELD  1320  logs the event type and other details relating to the event in memory and, based on a mapping between the “missing parcel” event type and the instructions contained in the contingency optimization module  1592 , the primary ELD  1320  executes the relevant instructions in the contingency optimization module  1492 . In some cases, the primary ELD  1320  may be instructed to broadcast across the trailer  1318  ping packets that include the identifier of the peripheral wireless network node associated with the parcel of the same type that was misrouted in an attempt to resolve the event ( FIG.  15   , block  1594 ). 
     In another example, in response to the detection of an “unfit parcel” event resulting from exposure of a parcel to, for example, a temperature or an acceleration level greater than the respective threshold levels, the primary ELD  1320  executes the relevant instructions in the contingency optimization module  1492 . Based on the current geographic location of the vehicle  1310 , the location of the nearest replacement part, and the timing of the next scheduled delivery for the vehicle  1310 , the contingency optimization module  1492  instructs primary ELD  1320  to broadcast to the trailer  1318  ping packets that include one or more identifiers of replacement parcels of the same type of the unfit parcel in an attempt to resolve the event ( FIG.  15   , block  1594 ). The primary ELD  1320  may also instruct the vehicle&#39;s driver interface system to display instructions to turn back to the last facility visited and obtain the replacement part instead of continuing directly to the next facility. 
     If the event is not resolvable locally ( FIG.  15   , block  1590 ), the primary ELD  1320  transmits the relevant data relating to the detected event to the logistics management network service  1330  over a long-range (e.g., cellular) communications interface. The logistics management network service  1330  evaluates the event data ( FIG.  15   , block  1596 ) and resolves the event ( FIG.  15   , block  1598 ). In some examples, the logistics management network service  1330  executes a logistics optimization program that takes into account the current locations and costs of vehicles, facilities, and package contents, road and traffic conditions, costs of late or failed delivery, and other factors to determine a global optimal solution for resolving the event. 
     For example, in response to a “improper joinder” event, the primary ELD  1320  logs the event type and other details relating to the event in memory and, based on a mapping between the “improper joinder” event type and the instructions contained in the contingency optimization module  1492 , the primary ELD  1320  executes the relevant instructions in the contingency optimization module  1492 . In some cases, the primary ELD  1320  may be instructed to log information retrieved from the improperly joined wireless tape node and report the improper inclusion of the identified wireless tape node to the logistics management network service  1330  in an attempt to resolve the event ( FIG.  15   , block  1594 ). 
     In another example, in response to a “improper removal” event, the primary ELD  1320  logs the event type and other details relating to the event in memory and, based on a mapping between the “improper removal” event type and the instructions contained in the contingency optimization module  1492 , the primary ELD  1320  executes the relevant instructions in the contingency optimization module  1492 . In some cases, the primary ELD  1320  may be instructed to log information retrieved from the improperly removed wireless tape node and parcel, and report the improper removal of the identified wireless tape node to the logistics management network service  1330  in an attempt to resolve the event ( FIG.  15   , block  1598 ). In some embodiments, the primary ELD will report to the improper removal to a client device (e.g., an authorized smart phone of a delivery driver). 
     Referring to  FIG.  16   , a processor of the secondary ELD  1322  executes the tractor compatibility module (not shown) to communicate with the primary ELD  1320  in the tractor unit  1316 . In one example, to communicate with the primary ELD  1320 , the secondary ELD  1322  advertises its presence with a specific authentication identifier and credentials ( FIG.  16   , block  1610 ). When the primary ELD  1320  receives data from the secondary ELD  1322 , the primary ELD  1320  establishes a handshake with the secondary ELD  1322  on the corresponding advertisement channel ( FIG.  16   , block  1612 ). Then the primary ELD  1320  hands off communication with the secondary ELD  1322  to a data channel (e.g., a Bluetooth LE data channel). The primary ELD  1320  learns the secondary ELD&#39;s  1322  product identification number (PIN) and type identification number (TIN) of the secondary ELD  1322  ( FIG.  16   , block  1612 ) and transmits that information to the logistics management service  1330  to let it know that the primary ELD  1320  is communicating with the secondary ELD  1322  ( FIG.  16   , block  1614 ). 
     The secondary ELD  1320  executes the facility scan module  1474  and the logistic schedule module  1482  to perform wireless communications operations, including wirelessly identifying parcels and wirelessly determining the states of the parcels in the semi-trailer  1318 . In some examples, the facility scan module  1474  communicates with peripheral wireless network nodes that are associated with the parcels in the semi-trailer  1318  over a short-range communications interface (e.g., Bluetooth LE). 
     In some embodiments, the secondary ELD  1322  transmits trailer parameters and requirements to the primary ELD  1320  ( FIG.  16   , block  1616 ). The trailer parameters and requirements may be transmitted, e.g., in response to a request made by the primary ELD  1320 . In some embodiments, the primary ELD  1320  transmits tractor parameters and requirements to the secondary ELD  1322  ( FIG.  6   , block  1618 ). The trailer parameters and requirements may be transmitted from the primary ELD  1320  to the secondary ELD  1322 , e.g., in response to a request made by the secondary ELD  1322 . 
     As shown in  FIG.  16   , the primary ELD  1320  may determine whether the transmitted tractor parameters and requirements, as well as the transmitted trailer parameters and requirements, meet compatibility requirements ( FIG.  16   , decision block  1620 ). For example, the transmitted tractor and trailer parameters and requirements may be in the form of a numerical value or translated, by the primary ELD  1320 , to the form of a numerical value. The primary ELD  1320  may then compare both the transmitted tractor and trailer parameters and requirements to a compatibility threshold. And, if the compared values of the parameters satisfy a predetermined threshold, the primary ELD  1320  may determine that the transmitted parameters and requirements meet compatibility requirements (“yes”), ending the inquiry. 
     However, if the primary ELD  1320  determines that the, e.g., compared values of the parameters do not satisfy the predetermined threshold, and the compatibility requirements are not met (“no”), the secondary ELD  1322  may determine if the incompatibility may be resolved locally, without the intervention of the logistics management network service  1330  ( FIG.  13   , decision block  1622 ). In some examples, the secondary ELD  1322  accesses the contingency optimization module  1492  ( FIG.  14   ), which contains a set of programmatic instructions or rules for resolving events without the intervention of the logistics management network service  1330 . If the secondary ELD  1322  determines that the incompatibility may be resolved locally (“yes”), the inquiry may end. However, if the secondary ELD  1322  determines that the incompatibility may not be resolved locally (“no”), the secondary ELD  1322  may notify the logistics management network service  30  to resolve the incompatibility ( FIG.  16   , block  1628 ). 
       FIG.  17    shows an example method of detecting and responding to events involving assets in a trailer. The peripheral wireless network nodes (e.g., transducing circuit  70 , as described with respect to  FIG.  3   ) typically are associated with respective parcels in the semi-trailer  1318 . In some examples, the logistics management network service  1330  programs the logistic schedule module  1482  with programmatic code that is executed by the secondary ELD  1322  in the semi-trailer  1318  to scan peripheral wireless network nodes according to a fixed and/or a dynamic schedule. For example, the scheduled scan times may be one or a combination of irregular scan intervals, regular (e.g., periodic) intervals, and ad hoc intervals triggered, for example, by detected events. 
     In some examples, the secondary ELD  1322  executes the facility scan module  1474  to read the IDs of the peripheral wireless network nodes in the semi-trailer  1318  and also collect sensor data stored in the memories  96  of the peripheral wireless network nodes (e.g., the wireless transducing circuit  70 , as described with respect to  FIG.  3   ) in the semi-trailer  1318  ( FIG.  17   , block  1762 ). In some examples, the secondary ELD  1322  aggregates the collected sensor data by data type ( FIG.  17   , block  1764 ). 
     After scanning the semi-trailer  1318 , the secondary ELD  1322  stores and analyzes the scan results to detect events ( FIG.  17   , block  1766 ). Based on the analysis of the scan results and the event definitions, the secondary ELD processor in the semi-trailer  1318  of the vehicle  1310  determines whether any events have been detected. The scan results may confirm, for example, that all the parcels listed in the logistic schedule module  1482  are in the semi-trailer  1318 . Alternatively, the scan results may reveal that one or more predefined events relating to the parcels occurred. For example, a “missing parcel” event occurs when a parcel listed in the logistic schedule module  1482  does not respond to a ping packet broadcasted by the secondary ELD  1322  or when such a parcel is not in the semi-trailer  1318 . An “unfit parcel” event occurs, for example, when a parcel listed in the logistic schedule module  1482  is damaged or otherwise unfit for delivery to the end customer. For example, when a temperature sensor in a peripheral wireless network node associated with a parcel registers one or more temperature readings that exceed or fall below a specified threshold temperature over a specified period of time, the contents of that parcel will be designated as being unfit for delivery. Similarly, when an acceleration or shock sensor in a peripheral wireless network node (e.g., the wireless transducing circuit  70 , as described with respect to  FIG.  3   ) associated with a parcel registers one or more acceleration or shock levels that exceed the specified threshold acceleration or shock levels over a specified period of time, the contents of that parcel will be designated as being unfit for delivery. The logistics management network service  1330  may define other semi-trailer events as needed. 
     For each detected event ( FIG.  17   , block  1766 ), the secondary ELD  1322  stores the relevant data in memory ( FIG.  17   , block  1768 ) and reports the event to the primary ELD  1320  in the tractor unit  1316  ( FIG.  17   , block  1770 ). For each event that has been detected, the primary ELD  1320  determines whether or not the event can be resolved locally, without the intervention of the logistics management network service  1330  ( FIG.  17   , block  1772 ). In some examples, the primary ELD  1320  accesses the contingency optimization module  1492  ( FIG.  14   ), which contains a set of programmatic instructions or rules for resolving events without the intervention of the logistics management network service  1330 . 
     For example, in response to the detection of a “missing parcel” event, the primary ELD  1320  in the tractor unit  1316  logs the event type and other details relating to the event in memory and, based on a mapping between the “missing parcel” event type and the instructions contained in the contingency optimization module  1492 , the primary ELD  1320  executes the relevant instructions in the contingency optimization module  1492 . In some cases, the primary ELD  1320  may be instructed by the contingency optimization module  1492  to re-broadcast ping packets to the peripheral wireless network node associated with the non-responsive parcel using a different (e.g., higher) power level and/or a different communications protocol in an attempt to resolve the event ( FIG.  17   , block  1774 ). 
     In another example, in response to the detection of an “unfit parcel” event resulting from exposure to a temperature or an acceleration level greater than the respective threshold levels for these parameters, the primary ELD  1320  executes the relevant instructions in the contingency optimization module  1492 . Based on the current geographic location of the vehicle  1310 , the location of the nearest replacement part, and the timing of the next scheduled delivery for the vehicle  1310 , the primary ELD  1320  may be instructed to broadcast to the facility ping packets that include one or more identifiers associated with replacement parcels of the same type of the unfit parcel in an attempt to resolve the event ( FIG.  17   , block  1774 ). In another example, the primary ELD  1320  may instruct the vehicle&#39;s driver interface system to display instructions to turn back to the last facility visited and obtain the replacement items instead of directly continuing on to the next facility on the scheduled route. 
     If the event is not resolvable locally ( FIG.  17   , block  1772 ), the primary ELD  1320  transmits the relevant data relating to the detected event to the logistics management network service  1330  over a long-range (e.g., cellular) communications interface. The logistics management network service  1330  evaluates the event data ( FIG.  17   , block  1776 ) and resolves the event ( FIG.  17   , block  1778 ). In some examples, the logistics management network service  1330  executes a logistics optimization program that takes into account the current locations of vehicles and facilities, their respective contents, road and traffic conditions, and other resources to determine a global optimal solution for resolving the event. 
       FIG.  18    shows an example safe zone  1802  (e.g., an authorized area), where a container  1804  and one or more tape nodes  1806 , attached to packages, within the container  1804 . The tape nodes  1806  may determine they are located within the safe zone  1802  and reduce battery consumption by, e.g., disabling some functionality of the tape nodes  1806 . The tape nodes  1806  may disable their functionality because there may not be a need to actively collet sensor data and check for tampering because the tape nodes  1806  are located within a safe zone. For example, the tape node  1806  may temporarily, or at least until a time when the tape nodes are moved outside the safe zone  1802 , stop collecting sensor data. In some embodiments, the disabling of functionality may be due to privacy concerns of an owner of the safe zone not wanting the sensors collecting private or confidential information. 
     In some embodiments, the safe-zone  1802  may be a geo-fenced area that is determined according to map data of a specific area. Each of the tape nodes  1806 , master node (e.g., master node  424 ), or the server (e.g., server  404 ) may have preprogrammed instructions that include a perimeter outlining a safe-zone that defines the geo-fenced area. Upon entering the geo-fenced area, the tape nodes  1806  or master node (e.g., master node  424 ), e.g., may reference the map data against a current location of the tape nodes  1806  or master node (e.g., master node  424 ), and then disable some functionality while within the geo-fenced area. In some embodiments, the server (e.g., server  404 ) may determine, based on collecting the location data of the tape nodes  1806 , that the tape nodes  1806  are within the geo-fenced area by referencing the map data against the location data. In this embodiment, the server may instruct the tape nodes  1806  to disable some functionality until the server determines that the tape nodes  1806  have left the geo-fenced area. 
     In some embodiments, the tape nodes may disable some functionality in response to a safe time, that may be based on referencing a schedule log stored locally on any of the tape nodes  1806  or master node (e.g., master node  424 ). For example, the schedule log may list that the container  1804  (or an asset) is scheduled to arrive at a location on a first date and may enter a checkpoint, in route to the location, on a second date for a duration of time. The check point may be a secured area. The tape nodes  1806  or master node (e.g., master node  424 ) may reference the schedule log and determine that a current time is within the duration of time for the second date, and, in response, disable some functionality until the end of the time duration. In some embodiments, the server (e.g., server  404 ) may have a copy of the schedule log stored in a database (e.g., database  408 ) and may reference a current time against the schedule log. The server may determine that the current time is within the duration of time of the second date and may instruct the tape nodes  1806  or master node (e.g., master node  424 ) to disable some functionality until expiration of the time duration. 
       FIG.  19    shows an example embodiment of computer apparatus  1920  that, either alone or in combination with one or more other computing apparatus, is operable to implement one or more of the computer systems described in this specification. 
     The computer apparatus  1920  includes a processing unit  1922 , a system memory  1924 , and a system bus  1926  that couples the processing unit  1922  to the various components of the computer apparatus  1920 . The processing unit  1922  may include one or more data processors, each of which may be in the form of any one of various commercially available computer processors. The system memory  1924  includes one or more computer-readable media that typically are associated with a software application addressing space that defines the addresses that are available to software applications. The system memory  1924  may include a read only memory (ROM) that stores a basic input/output system (BIOS) that contains start-up routines for the computer apparatus  1920 , and a random-access memory (RAM). The system bus  1926  may be a memory bus, a peripheral bus, or a local bus, and may be compatible with any of a variety of bus protocols, including PCI, VESA, Microchannel, ISA, and EISA. The computer apparatus  1920  also includes a persistent storage memory  1928  (e.g., a hard drive, a floppy drive, a CD ROM drive, magnetic tape drives, flash memory devices, and digital video disks) that is connected to the system bus  1926  and contains one or more computer-readable media disks that provide non-volatile or persistent storage for data, data structures and computer-executable instructions. 
     A user may interact (e.g., input commands or data) with the computer apparatus  1920  using one or more input devices  1930  (e.g. one or more keyboards, computer mice, microphones, cameras, joysticks, physical motion sensors, and touch pads). Information may be presented through a graphical user interface (GUI) that is presented to the user on a display monitor  1932 , which is controlled by a display controller  1934 . The computer apparatus  1920  also may include other input/output hardware (e.g., peripheral output devices, such as speakers and a printer). The computer apparatus  1920  connects to other network nodes through a network adapter  1936  (also referred to as a “network interface card” or NIC). 
     A number of program modules may be stored in the system memory  1924 , including application programming interfaces  1938  (APIs), an operating system (OS)  1940  (e.g., the Windows® operating system available from Microsoft Corporation of Redmond, Wash. U.S.A.), software applications  1941  including one or more software applications programming the computer apparatus  1920  to perform one or more of the steps, tasks, operations, or processes of the positioning and/or tracking systems described herein, drivers  1942  (e.g., a GUI driver), network transport protocols  1944 , and data  1946  (e.g., input data, output data, program data, a registry, and configuration settings). 
     Examples of the subject matter described herein, including the disclosed systems, methods, processes, functional operations, and logic flows, can be implemented in data processing apparatus (e.g., computer hardware and digital electronic circuitry) operable to perform functions by operating on input and generating output. Examples of the subject matter described herein also can be tangibly embodied in software or firmware, as one or more sets of computer instructions encoded on one or more tangible non-transitory carrier media (e.g., a machine-readable storage device, substrate, or sequential access memory device) for execution by data processing apparatus. 
     The details of specific implementations described herein may be specific to particular embodiments of particular inventions and should not be construed as limitations on the scope of any claimed invention. For example, features that are described in connection with separate embodiments may also be incorporated into a single embodiment, and features that are described in connection with a single embodiment may also be implemented in multiple separate embodiments. In addition, the disclosure of steps, tasks, operations, or processes being performed in a particular order does not necessarily require that those steps, tasks, operations, or processes be performed in the particular order; instead, in some cases, one or more of the disclosed steps, tasks, operations, and processes may be performed in a different order or in accordance with a multi-tasking schedule or in parallel. 
     Changes may be made in the above methods and systems without departing from the scope hereof. It should thus be noted that the matter contained in the above description or shown in the accompanying drawings should be interpreted as illustrative and not in a limiting sense. The following claims are intended to cover all generic and specific features described herein, as well as all statements of the scope of the present method and system, which, as a matter of language, might be said to fall therebetween. 
     Combination of Features 
     The following embodiments are specifically contemplated, as well as any combinations of such embodiments that are compatible with one another: 
     (A1) A method for a wireless sensing system that receives sensor data from a sensor associated with an asset. The sensor data represents a tampering event of the asset. The wireless sensing system determines whether the tampering event was authorized. The wireless sensing system determines whether the tampering event occurred at an authorized area. In response to one or both of: (1) the tampering event being unauthorized, and (2) the tampering event being performed within an unauthorized area, the wireless sensing system transmits a notification of the tampering event to a mobile device wirelessly connected to the wireless sensing system. 
     (A2) In the embodiment denoted by (A1), the tampering event occurs within an area of a storage container. 
     (A3) In either of the embodiment denoted by (A1) or (A2), the wireless sensing system determines whether the tampering event is authorized. A node of the wireless sensing system attached to the asset communicates with a plurality of nodes attached to corresponding asset of a plurality of assets, the plurality of nodes tracking the plurality of assets. The node of the wireless sensing system receives inventory of the plurality of nodes. The node of the wireless sensing system transmits an alert to other nodes attached to other assets in the proximity of the asset. The alert causes the other nodes to set a flag indicative of the tampering each of the plurality of nodes. The alert is a notification that a tampering event may have occurred and includes an instruction for each of the plurality of nodes to store the alert as a flag. 
     (A4) In any of the embodiments denoted by (A1) through (A3), the stored alert, within each of the plurality of nodes, is scannable by a user device. 
     (A5) In any of the embodiments denoted by (A1) through (A4), the wireless sensing system determines whether the tampering event is authorized by communicating, by a node of the wireless sensing system, the node attached to the asset, with a user device associated with an authorized user. The node of the wireless sensing system receives an authorization key of the user device. 
     (A6) In any of the embodiments denoted by (A1) through (A5), the received sensor data for the tampering event is logged to a historical record of tampering records, each logged tampering event includes a set of corresponding sensor data. 
     (A7) In the embodiments denoted by (A1) through (A6), the user device is a smart phone, and the node of the wireless sensing system determines that the tampering event is authorized in response to receiving the authorization key of the user device. 
     (A8) In the embodiments denoted by (A1) through (A7), the user device is a badge that includes an RFID chip, the method further comprising: determining that the tampering event is authorized in response to receiving, by the node of the wireless sensing system, the authorization key of the user device. 
     (A9) In any of the embodiments denoted by (A3) through (A8), the node of the wireless sensing system receives from the user device, a wireless signal that sets a period of time that a tampering event shall not trigger the wireless sensing system. 
     (A10) In any of the embodiments denoted by (A1) through (A9), the wireless sensing system determines whether the tampering event occurred within an authorized area. The wireless sensing system receives, from a local node of the wireless sensing system that is attached to the asset, a current location of the asset. The wireless sensing system determines whether the current location of the asset is within the authorized area. 
     (A11) In any of the embodiments denoted by (A10), the local node of the wireless sensing system determines the current location of the asset is within the authorized area. The local node disables some functionality of the local node to save battery life of the node. 
     (A12) In any of the embodiments denoted by (A1) through (A11), the sensor data includes one or more of: vibration data, optical data, acoustic data, temperature data, orientation data, pressure data, altitude data, biometric data, humidity data, radioactivity data, and chemical data. 
     (A13) In any of the embodiments denoted by (A1) through (A12), the sensor includes a capacitive sensor, an altimeter, a gyroscope, an accelerometer, a temperature sensor, a strain sensor, a pressure sensor, a piezoelectric sensor, a weight sensor, an optical sensor, an acoustic sensor, a smoke detector, a radioactivity sensor, a chemical sensor, a biosensor, a magnetic sensor, an electromagnetic field sensor, and a humidity sensor. 
     (A14) In any of the embodiments denoted by (A1) through (A13), a wireless node of the wireless sensing system is attached to the asset. The receiving sensor data, the determining whether the tampering event was authorized, the determining whether the tampering event occurred at an authorized area, and the transmitting the notification of the tampering event to a device registered with the wireless sensing system, are all performed by the wireless node of the wireless sensing system. 
     (A15) In any of the embodiments denoted by (A1) through (A14), In some aspects, a server is associated with the wireless sensing system, and the receiving sensor data, the determining whether the tampering event was authorized, the determining whether the tampering event occurred at an authorized area, and the transmitting the notification of the tampering event to a device registered with the wireless sensing system, are all performed by a server of the wireless sensing system. 
     (B1) A wireless sensing system is associated with a wireless sensing system that has a network of wireless nodes, that includes at least one processor and one memory communicatively coupled with the at least one processor, and stores machine-readable instructions that, when executed by the processor, cause the processor to receive a signal from a recently-activated wireless node of the network of wireless nodes. The processor further adds an identifier of the recently-activated tape node to indicate that the recently-activated wireless node has joined the network of wireless nodes to a database, according to a classification of the tape node. 
     (B2) In any of the embodiments denoted by (B1), the wireless sensing receive, via the wireless sensing system, sensor data from a sensor associated with an asset, the sensor data representing a tampering event of the asset; determine whether the tampering event was authorized; determine whether the tampering event occurred within an authorized area; and in response to one or both of: (1) the tampering event is unauthorized, and (2) the tampering event is not performed within the authorized area, transmit a notification indicating the tampering event to a mobile device wirelessly connected to the wireless sensing system in response to one or both of: (1) the tampering event is unauthorized, and (2) the tampering event is not performed within the authorized area, transmit a notification indicating the tampering event to a mobile device wirelessly connected to the wireless sensing system. 
     (B3) In any of the embodiments denoted by (B1) through (B2), where the memory storing further machine-readable instructions that, when executed by the processor, further cause the processor to receive, via the wireless sensing system, sensor data from a sensor associated with an asset, the sensor data representing a tampering event of the asset. Determine whether the tampering event was authorized. Determine whether the tampering event occurred within an authorized area. In response to one or both of: (1) the tampering event is unauthorized, and (2) the tampering event is not performed within the authorized area, transmit a notification indicating the tampering event to a mobile device wirelessly connected to the wireless sensing system. 
     (B4) In any of the embodiments denoted by (B2) through (B3), the sensor includes a capacitive sensor, an altimeter, a gyroscope, an accelerometer, a temperature sensor, a strain sensor, a pressure sensor, a piezoelectric sensor, a weight sensor, an optical sensor, an acoustic sensor, a smoke detector, a radioactivity sensor, a chemical sensor, a biosensor, a magnetic sensor, an electromagnetic field sensor, and a humidity sensor. 
     (B5) In any of the embodiments denoted by (B2) through (B4), the sensor data includes one or more of: vibration data, optical data, acoustic data, temperature data, orientation data, pressure data, altitude data, biometric data, humidity data, radioactivity data, and chemical data. 
     (B6) In any of the embodiments denoted by (B1) through (B5), wherein determining whether the tampering event was authorized comprises further machine-readable instructions that, when executed by the processor, cause the processor to cause the node of the wireless sensing system to communicate with the node attached to the asset, with a user device associated with an authorized user. The node of the wireless sensing system receives an authorization key of the user device. 
     (B7) In any of the embodiments denoted by (B1) through (B6), the wireless sensing system determining whether the tampering event occurred within an authorized area includes the wireless sensing system and from a local node attached to the asset receiving a current location of the asset. The wireless sensing system determines whether the current location of the asset is within the authorized area. 
     (B8) In any of the embodiments denoted by (B1) through (B7), the receiving, the determining, and the transmitting are performed by a wireless node of the wireless sensing system. The memory storing further machine-readable instructions that, when executed by the processor, further causes the processor to store, by the wireless sensing system, information describing the tampering event. 
     (B9) In any of the embodiments denoted by (B1) through (B8), A wireless node of the network of wireless nodes is attached to the asset. The receiving sensor data, the determining whether the tampering event was authorized, the determining whether the tampering event occurred at an authorized area, and the transmitting the notification of the tampering event to a device registered with the wireless sensing system, are all performed by the wireless node. 
     (B10) In any of the embodiments denoted by (B1) through (B9), a classification defines a communication capability of the recently-activated tape node. The classification defines the communication capability of the one of a plurality of classifications each defining different communication capabilities of a wireless communication interface of each of the wireless nodes in the network of wireless nodes. 
     (C1) A method for operating a wireless sensing system that includes a first tape node attached to a first parcel. The first tape node has a first type of wireless communication interface and a second type of wireless communication interface that has a longer range than the first type of wireless communication interface. A second tape node is capable of communicating with the first tape node. A server establishes a wireless communication connection with the second type of wireless communication interface of the first tape node. The server designates the first tape node as a master node of the second tape node. 
     (C2) In any of the embodiments denoted by (C1), the wireless sensing system further includes a third tape node operable to communicate with the first tape node and the second tape node. A hierarchical structure for a communications network is created and includes at least the first, second, and third nodes which are defined by one or more factors. The first, second, and third nodes are assigned to various levels of the communications network based on a classification for each of the first, second, and third nodes, according to the one or more factors. 
     (C3) In any of the embodiments denoted by (C1) through (C2), creating the hierarchical structure of the communications network further includes utilizing one or more of a neural network, artificial intelligence method, and a machine learning computing systems. 
     (C4) In any of the embodiments denoted by (C1) through (C3), the second and third tape nodes are each attached to opposing doors of a storage container. One of the second and third tape nodes measures a change in distance between the second and third tape nodes. One of the second and third tape nodes transmits an alert that a tampering event is occurring, in response to the change in distance between the second and third tape nodes satisfying a threshold. 
     (C5) In any of the embodiments denoted by (C1) through (C4), the wireless sensing system further includes one or more sensors. The one or more sensors include a vibration sensor for detecting tampering that causes an increase of vibration compared to background vibration levels. 
     (D1) A wireless sensing system that has a primary electronic logging device (ELD) and a secondary ELD. The secondary ELD includes at least one processor and a memory communicatively coupled with the at least one processor and stores machine-readable instructions that, when executed by the processor, cause the processor to receive tape node data from a tape node associated with an asset proximate to the secondary ELD, the tape node data representing a tampering event performed on the asset. The processor compares the tape node data to a list of predetermined events, stored within the memory. The list of predetermined events includes one or more predetermined events and corresponding elements of tape node data associated with each of the one or more predetermined events. The processor determines, based on the comparison, that the tampering event does not match a predetermined event within the list of predetermined events. The processor executes, in response to the determination that the tampering event does not match a predetermined event, a particular contingency plan, based on the tampering event. 
     (D2) In any of the embodiments denoted by (D1), the memory further causes the secondary ELD to determine whether the tampering event can be resolved locally. 
     (D3) In any of the embodiments denoted by (D1) through (D2), the memory further causes the processor to retrieve, from a plurality of wireless nodes associated with the asset, data relating to the tampering event when the tampering event is not a predetermined event. The memory further causes the processor to broadcast data, according to the particular contingency plan, to the plurality of wireless nodes associated with the asset. The memory further causes the processor to transmit a notification, to the primary ELD of the wireless sensing system, to notify a management system of the wireless sensing system, the notification alerting the management system of the wireless sensing system that the tampering event has occurred. 
     (D4) In any of the embodiments denoted by (D1) through (D3), the wireless sensing system transmits the notification alerting an authorized user of the client device, to the client device. 
     (D5) In any of the embodiments denoted by (D1) through (D4), where the memory further causes the processor to transmit a request for assistance from the primary ELD. 
     (D6) In any of the embodiments denoted by (D1) through (D5), where the tampering event may be one of an improper asset, unfit asset, missing asset, and misrouted asset. 
     (D7) In any of the embodiments denoted by (D1) through (D6), where the primary ELD is proximate to the secondary ELD, both of which are within a same vehicle. 
     (D8) In any of the embodiments denoted by (D1) through (D7), where executing the contingency plan further includes the processor causing the secondary ELD to identify the contingency plan as a particular contingency plan, from a set of contingency plans, satisfying a threshold. Then compare the tampering event to a set of contingency plans stored in the memory. Then determine, based on the comparison of the tampering event with the contingency plan satisfying a threshold, a particular contingency plan. Then execute instructions contained within the particular contingency plan. 
     (D9) In any of the embodiments denoted by (D1) through (D8), where the wireless sensing system further includes a peripheral wireless network node that is associated with a missing asset. The missing asset is wirelessly connected to the secondary ELD and proximate to the asset. The tampering event is a missing asset, and the particular contingency plan includes instructions for wireless sensing system to re-broadcast ping packets to the peripheral wireless network node associated with the missing asset using a different communications protocol. 
     (D10) In any of the embodiments denoted by (D1) through (D9), where the tampering event cannot be resolved locally. The memory includes further computer-readable instructions that, when executed by the processor, further cause the secondary ELD to send the primary ELD a request for an outside contingency plan. 
     (D11) In any of the embodiments denoted by (D1) through (D10), where the primary ELD is the tape node designed to wirelessly communicate using Bluetooth, LoRa, Cellular, and GPS. 
     (D12) In any of the embodiments denoted by (D1) through (D11), where the primary ELD is another tape node than the tape node and the primary ELD has increased storage capacity, battery, and processing power than the tape node. 
     (D13) In any of the embodiments denoted by (D1) through (D12), where the tampering event occurred on a storage container. 
     The details of specific implementations described herein may be specific to particular embodiments of particular inventions and should not be construed as limitations on the scope of any claimed invention. For example, features that are described in connection with separate embodiments may also be incorporated into a single embodiment, and features that are described in connection with a single embodiment may also be implemented in multiple separate embodiments. In addition, the disclosure of steps, tasks, operations, or processes being performed in a particular order does not necessarily require that those steps, tasks, operations, or processes be performed in the particular order; instead, in some cases, one or more of the disclosed steps, tasks, operations, and processes may be performed in a different order or in accordance with a multi-tasking schedule or in parallel. 
     Changes may be made in the above methods and systems without departing from the scope hereof. It should thus be noted that the matter contained in the above description or shown in the accompanying drawings should be interpreted as illustrative and not in a limiting sense. The following claims are intended to cover all generic and specific features described herein, as well as all statements of the scope of the present method and system, which, as a matter of language, might be said to fall therebetween.