Patent Publication Number: US-10323010-B2

Title: Methods of chemical synthesis of substituted 10H-phenothiazine-3,7-diamine compounds

Description:
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     The present application is a national stage entry of International Patent Application no. PCT/EP2016/067302, filed Jan. 20, 2016, which claims priority to United Kingdom Patent Application No. 1512678.2, filed Jul. 20, 2015, each of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. 
     RELATED APPLICATION 
     This application is related to United Kingdom patent application number 1512678.2 filed 20 Jul. 2015, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. 
     TECHNICAL FIELD 
     The present invention pertains generally to the field of chemical synthesis, and more particularly to methods of chemical synthesis which include the step of preparing a substituted 10H-phenothiazine-3,7-diamine compound of Formula (1) by a step of selective alkylation by reductive amination, in which the corresponding unsubstituted diamine of Formula (4) is reacted with aldehyde/ketone, under reductive amination conditions. The present invention also relates to such methods which incorporate additional subsequent and/or preceding steps, for example, to prepare compounds of Formulae (2) and (3) from compounds of Formula (1), and to prepare compounds of Formula (4) from, for example, compounds of Formulae (5), (6), (7), (8), and (9). See, e.g.,  FIG. 1 . Compounds of Formula (1), Formula (2), and Formula (3) are useful, for example, in the treatment of diseases of protein aggregation, such as Alzheimer&#39;s disease. 
     BACKGROUND 
     A number of publications are cited herein in order to more fully describe and disclose the invention and the state of the art to which the invention pertains. Each of these references is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety into the present disclosure, to the same extent as if each individual reference was specifically and individually indicated to be incorporated by reference. 
     Throughout this specification, including the claims which follow, unless the context requires otherwise, the word “comprise,” and variations such as “comprises” and “comprising,” will be understood to imply the inclusion of a stated integer or step or group of integers or steps but not the exclusion of any other integer or step or group of integers or steps. 
     It must be noted that, as used in the specification and the appended claims, the singular forms “a,” “an,” and “the” include plural referents unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. Thus, for example, reference to “a pharmaceutical carrier” includes mixtures of two or more such carriers, and the like. 
     Ranges are often expressed herein as from “about” one particular value, and/or to “about” another particular value. When such a range is expressed, another embodiment includes from the one particular value and/or to the other particular value. Similarly, when values are expressed as approximations, by the use of the antecedent “about,” it will be understood that the particular value forms another embodiment. 
     This disclosure includes information that may be useful in understanding the present invention. It is not an admission that any of the information provided herein is prior art or relevant to the presently claimed invention, or that any publication specifically or implicitly referenced is prior art. 
     Any sub-titles herein are included for convenience only, and are not to be construed as limiting the disclosure in any way. 
     Dementia 
     Conditions of dementia are frequently characterised by a progressive accumulation of intracellular and/or extracellular deposits of proteinaceous structures such as β-amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) in the brains of affected patients. The appearance of these lesions largely correlates with pathological neurofibrillary degeneration and brain atrophy, as well as with cognitive impairment (see, e.g., Mukaetova-Ladinska et al., 2000). In Alzheimer&#39;s disease, both neuritic plaques and NFTs contain paired helical filaments (PHFs), of which a major constituent is the microtubule-associated protein tau (see, e.g., Wischik et al., 1988a). Plaques also contain extracellular β-amyloid fibrils derived from the abnormal processing of amyloid precursor protein (APP) (see, e.g., Kang et al., 1987). An article (Wischik et al., 2001) discusses in detail the putative role of tau protein in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative dementias. Loss of the normal form of tau, accumulation of pathological PHFs, and loss of synapses in the mid-frontal cortex all correlate with associated cognitive impairment. Furthermore, loss of synapses and loss of pyramidal cells both correlate with morphometric measures of tau-reactive neurofibrillary pathology, which parallels, at a molecular level, an almost total redistribution of the tau protein pool from a soluble to a polymerised form (i.e., PHFs) in Alzheimer&#39;s disease (see, e.g., Mukaetova-Ladinska et al., 1993). 
     Tau exists in alternatively-spliced isoforms, which contain three or four copies of a repeat sequence corresponding to the microtubule-binding domain (see, e.g., Goedert et al., 1989a; Goedert et al., 1989b). Tau in PHFs is proteolytically processed to a core domain (see, e.g., Wischik et al., 1988a; Wischik et al., 1988b; Novak et al., 1993) which is composed of a phase-shifted version of the repeat domain; only three repeats are involved in the stable tau-tau interaction (see, e.g., Jakes et al., 1991). Once formed, PHF-like tau aggregates act as seeds for the further capture and provide a template for proteolytic processing of full-length tau protein (see, e.g., Wischik et al., 1996a). 
     The phase shift which is observed in the repeat domain of tau incorporated into PHFs suggests that the repeat domain undergoes an induced conformational change during incorporation into the filament. During the onset of AD, it is envisaged that this conformational change could be initiated by the binding of tau to a pathological substrate, such as damaged or mutated membrane proteins (see, e.g., Wischik et al., 1997). 
     In the course of their formation and accumulation, PHFs first assemble to form amorphous aggregates within the cytoplasm, probably from early tau oligomers which become truncated prior to, or in the course of, PHF assembly (see, e.g., Mena et al., 1995; Mena et al., 1996). These filaments then go on to form classical intracellular NFTs. In this state, the PHFs consist of a core of truncated tau and a fuzzy outer coat containing full-length tau (see, e.g., Wischik et al., 1996a). The assembly process is exponential, consuming the cellular pool of normal functional tau and inducing new tau synthesis to make up the deficit (see, e.g., Lai et al., 1995). Eventually, functional impairment of the neurone progresses to the point of cell death, leaving behind an extracellular NFT. Cell death is highly correlated with the number of extracellular NFTs (see, e.g., Wischik et al., 2001). As tangles are extruded into the extracellular space, there is progressive loss of the fuzzy outer coat of the PHFs with corresponding loss of N-terminal tau immunoreactivity, but preservation of tau immunoreactivity associated with the PHF core (see, e.g., Bondareff et al., 1994). 
     Methylthioninium Chloride (MTC) 
     Methythioninium Chloride (MTC) (also known as Methylene blue (MB); methylthionine chloride; tetramethylthionine chloride; 3,7-bis(dimethylamino) phenothiazin-5-ium chloride; C.I. Basic Blue 9; tetramethylthionine chloride; 3,7-bis(dimethylamino) phenazathionium chloride; Swiss blue; C.I. 52015; C.I. Solvent Blue 8; aniline violet; and Urolene Blue®) is a low molecular weight (319.86), water soluble, tricyclic organic compound of the following formula: 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     MTC is a well known phenothiazine dye and redox indicator and has also been used as an optical probe of biophysical systems, as an intercalator in nanoporous materials, as a redox mediator, and in photoelectrochromic imaging. 
     MTC and other diaminophenothiazines have been described as inhibitors of protein aggregation in diseases in which proteins aggregate pathologically. 
     In particular, diaminophenothiazines including MTC have been shown to inhibit tau protein aggregation and to disrupt the structure of PHFs, and reverse the proteolytic stability of the PHF core (see, e.g., Wischik et al., 1996b). Such compounds were disclosed for use in the treatment or prophylaxis of various diseases, including Alzheimer&#39;s disease. 
     Wischik et al., 2007a discloses certain specific diaminophenothiazine compounds related to MTC which are useful as drugs, for example in the treatment of Alzheimer&#39;s disease. 
     Additionally, Schweiger et al., 2005, discusses radiolabelled phenothiazines, and their use in diagnosis and therapy, for example, of tauopathies. 
     MTC has also been disclosed for other medical uses. For example it is currently used to treat methemoglobinemia (a condition that occurs when the blood cannot deliver oxygen where it is needed in the body). MTC is also used as a medical dye (for example, to stain certain parts of the body before or during surgery); a diagnostic (for example, as an indicator dye to detect certain compounds present in urine); a mild urinary antiseptic; a stimulant to mucous surfaces; a treatment and preventative for kidney stones; and in the diagnosis and treatment of melanoma. 
     MTC has been used to treat malaria, either singly (see, e.g., Guttmann and Ehrlich, 1891) or in combination with chloroquine (see, e.g., Schirmer et al., 2003; Rengelshausen et al., 2004). 
     MTC (under the name Virostat®, from Bioenvision Inc., New York) has also shown potent viricidal activity in vitro. Specifically Virostat® is effective against viruses such as HIV and West Nile Virus in laboratory tests. Virostat® is also currently in clinical trials for the treatment of chronic Hepatitis C, a viral infection of the liver. The virus, HCV, is a major cause of acute hepatitis and chronic liver disease, including cirrhosis and liver cancer. 
     MTC, when combined with light, can also prevent the replication of nucleic acid (DNA or RNA). Plasma, platelets and red blood cells do not contain nuclear DNA or RNA. When MTC is introduced into the blood components, it crosses bacterial cell walls or viral membrane then moves into the interior of the nucleic acid structure. When activated with light, the compound then binds to the nucleic acid of the viral or bacterial pathogen, preventing replication of the DNA or RNA. Because MTC can inactivate pathogens, it has the potential to reduce the risk of transmission of pathogens that would remain undetected by testing. 
     Oral and parenteral formulations of MTC have been commercially available in the United States, usually under the name Urolene Blue®. 
     Leuco Methylthioninium (LMT) 
     MTC, a phenothiazin-5-ium salt, may be considered to be an “oxidized form” in relation to the corresponding 10H-phenothiazine compound, N,N,N′,N′-tetramethyl-10H-phenothiazine-3,7-diamine (“Leuco methylthionine”, LMT), which may be considered to be a “reduced form”: 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     The “reduced form” (or “leuco form”), LMT, is known to be unstable and can be readily and rapidly oxidized to give the corresponding “oxidized” form, e.g., MTC. 
     It has been shown that human erythrocytes sequentially reduce and take up MTC; that MTC itself is not taken up by the cells; that it is the reduced form of MTC that crosses the cell membrane; that the rate of uptake is enzyme dependent; and that both MTC and reduced MTC are concentrated in cells (LMT, once inside the cell oxidises to MT+ and an equilibrium is established). See, e.g., May et al., 2004. 
     MTC and similar drugs are taken up in the gut and enter the bloodstream. Unabsorbed drug percolates down the alimentary canal, to the distal gut. One important undesired side-effect is the effect of the unabsorbed drug in the distal gut, for example, sensitisation of the distal gut and/or antimicrobial effects of the unabsorbed drug on flora in the distal gut, both leading to diarrhoea. Therefore, it is desirable to minimize the amount of drug that percolates to the distal gut. By increasing the drug&#39;s uptake in the gut (i.e., by increasing the drug&#39;s bioavailability), dosage may be reduced, and the undesired side-effects, such as diarrhoea, may be ameliorated. Since it is the reduced form of MTC that is taken up by cells, it may be desirable to administer the reduced form to patients. This may also reduce reliance on the rate limiting step of enzymatic reduction. 
     Wischik et al., 2002 describes the use of reduced forms of certain diaminophenothiazines for the treatment of protein aggregating diseases, primarily tauopathies. 
     Wischik et al., 2007b describes certain 10H-phenothiazine-3,7-diaminium salts, effective as drugs or pro-drugs for the treatment of diseases including Alzheimer&#39;s disease. These compounds are also in the “reduced” or “leuco” form when considered in respect of MTC. Among the examples described therein are the di-HCl salt (LMT.2HCl), the di-HBr salt (LMT.2HBr), and the di-HI salt (LMT.2HI). 
     Wischik et al., 2012 describe further 10H-phenothiazine-3,7-diaminium salts, including certain sulfonate salts, effective as drugs or pro-drugs for the treatment of diseases including Alzheimer&#39;s disease. Among the examples described therein are the di-mesylate salt (LMT.2MsOH; LMTM), the di-edisylate salt (LMT.2EsOH), the di-tosylate salt (LMT.2TsOH), the di-benzenesulfonate salt (LMT.2BSA), the ethanedisulfonate salt (LMT.EDSA), the propanedisulfonate salt (LMT.PDSA), and the naphth-1,7-di-sulfonate salt (LMT.NDSA). 
     Galey et al., 2010, describes certain 10H-phenothiazine-2,8-diamine compounds of the following formula which allegedly have biocidal activity and are useful in the agro-food industry and in the treatment of effluent. The document describes methods for preparing the 10H-phenothiazine-2,8-diamine compounds using a step of cross-coupling of anilines and halo benzenes followed by sulphur insertion and phenothiazine ring formation. According to the general teaching provided therein, the substituents on the pendant amino groups (i.e., —R 2a , —R 2b , —R 8a , —R 8b ) may be present throughout synthesis (i.e., may be present before cross-coupling and phenothiazine ring formation) or may be added later, after phenothiazine ring formation, by alkylation, reductive amination, or acylation. However, in all of the worked examples, only the first method was used; that is, the substituents on the pendant amino groups, if present, were already attached before the cross-coupling reaction was carried out. Despite the lack of worked examples, and without any supporting evidence, the authors appear to allege that the proposed addition of substituents on the pendant amino groups after phenothiazine ring formation, according to the second method, would be selective for the pendant amino groups over the ring nitrogen that forms part of the phenothiazine ring (see, e.g., paragraph [0182] therein). 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     Booth et al., 2001, describes methods of preparing a range of tricyclic compounds of the following formula which allegedly have anti-viral activity. A small number of compounds were prepared using “singleton synthesis” and characterised; however, none of these compounds is a phenothiazine. See, e.g., pages 98-101 therein. A large number of compounds were prepared using “combinatorial chemistry synthesis” by reductive amination of a suitable amine using an aldehyde/ketone and sodium triacetoxyborohydride. See, e.g., pages 10-15 therein. The combinatorial products were characterised by mass spectrometry only, and chemical structures were tentatively assigned accordingly, without further supporting evidence. No yields were reported. Of the 458 compounds listed on pages 21-35 therein and the 446 compounds shown in the table at pages 36-98 therein, only 20 compounds are phenothiazines (i.e., Examples 88, 89, 324, and 415-431). However, each one is a 10H-phenothiazine-2-amine, and not a 10H-phenothiazine-3,7-diamine. 
                         
Improved Methods of Synthesis
 
     It is generally desirable that chemical compounds which are intended to be used as pharmaceuticals are provided in a form that is sufficiently free of undesired impurities. This is especially true for chemical compounds that are intended to be used as part of long-term therapy, for example, daily administration for a period of months or years (or, indeed, indefinitely). 
     The presence of even relatively small amounts of certain undesirable impurities can render a chemical compound unacceptable for use in therapy, for example, accordingly the specifications set by national regulatory bodies (e.g., the US Food and Drug Administration, the European Medicines Agency, etc.). 
     Among the many undesired impurities are certain metals, including especially chromium (Cr). It is often extremely difficult to remove these metal impurities from a chemical compound that has been prepared by a method of chemical synthesis which used them. 
     For example, a method of chemical synthesis which employs, as an oxidizing agent, a chromium compound (e.g., chromate, CrO 4   2− ; dichromate, Cr 2 O 7   2− ) often yields a product with residual chromium, which cannot easily (or at all) be reduced to acceptable levels. 
     As discussed above, thioninium salts (such as MTC), thionines (such as LMT), and thionine di-salts (such as LMT.2EsOH) have utility in the long-term treatment of chronic conditions (such as Alzheimer&#39;s disease) and accordingly must be provided in a form with extremely low metal (including, e.g., chromium) content. 
     Such compounds are conventionally prepared by methods of chemical synthesis which involve one or more oxidation steps which use chromium-based oxidizing agents. Consequently, the resulting product must undergo substantial purification in order to reduce the chromium content to acceptable levels. 
     Accordingly, there is a need for alternative methods of chemical synthesis of such thionine/thioninium compounds which avoid the need to use such metal-based (e.g., chromium-based) oxidizing agents. 
     The inventors have identified such methods, which are described herein. For example, thionine compounds of Formula (1) (such as LMT), thionine di-salt compounds of Formula (2) (such as LMT.2EsOH), and thioninium compounds of Formula (3) (such as MTC) can be prepared by methods which avoid the use of chromium oxidizing agents. 
     More specifically, the methods described herein include a step of preparing a substituted 10H-phenothiazine-3,7-diamine compound of Formula (1) by a step of selective alkylation by reductive amination, in which the corresponding unsubstituted diamine of Formula (4) is reacted with aldehyde/ketone, under reductive amination conditions. 
     Surprisingly and unexpectedly, the alkylation by reductive amination is selective, that is, the alkylation is selective for the pendant amino groups at the 3- and 7-positions in compounds of Formula (4), as compared to the bridging amino group at the 10-position in compounds of Formula (4). Surprisingly and unexpectedly, alkylation by reductive amination preferentially occurs at the pendant amino groups at the 3- and 7-positions, even to the point of di-alkylation at both of those positions, with little or no alkylation occurring at the bridging amino group at the 10-position. 
     Consequently (and surprisingly and unexpectedly), compounds of Formula (1) can be obtained in good yield without the use of chromium oxidizing agents, and thus without the need for further purification to remove residual chromium. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention relates to methods for the chemical synthesis which include the step of preparing a substituted 10H-phenothiazine-3,7-diamine compound of Formula (1) by a step of selective alkylation by reductive amination, in which the corresponding unsubstituted diamine of Formula (4) is reacted with aldehyde/ketone, under reductive amination conditions. 
     Accordingly, one aspect of the invention is a method of chemical synthesis of a compound of Formula (1): 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     comprising the step of:
         reductive amination, in which a compound of Formula (4):       

                         
is reacted with aldehyde/ketone and a reductive amination agent, under reductive amination conditions,
 
to give the corresponding compound of Formula (1),
 
wherein a carbonyl group, (O═)C&lt;, of the aldehyde/ketone gives rise to a corresponding nitrogen substituent, −CH&lt;;
 
wherein:
         R 1A  is independently a substituent with one point of attachment, wherein the attachment is via a —CH&lt; group; and   R 1B  is independently H or a substituent with one point of attachment, wherein the attachment is via a —CH&lt; group;   or   R 1A  and R 1B , taken together, form a substituent with two points of attachment, wherein each of the attachments is via a —CH&lt; group;   R 2A  is independently a substituent with one point of attachment, wherein the attachment is via a —CH&lt; group; and   R 2B  is independently H or a substituent with one point of attachment, wherein the attachment is via a —CH&lt; group;   or   R 2A  and R 2B , taken together, form a substituent with two points of attachment, wherein each of the attachments is via a —CH&lt; group;
 
and wherein:
   R 3  is independently —H, —R T3 , —R T3H , —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, —OH, —OR T3 , —NH 2 , —NHR T3 , —NR T3   2 , pyrrolidino, piperidino, morpholino, —C(═O)OH, or —C(═O)OR T3 ; wherein each —R T3  is a C 1-10 alkyl group and R T3 H is a C 1-10 haloalkyl group; and   R 4  is independently —H, —R T4 , —R T4H , —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, —OH, —OR T4 , —NH 2 , —NHR T4 , —NR T4   2 , pyrrolidino, piperidino, morpholino, —C(═O)OH, or —C(═O)OR T4 ; wherein each —R T4  is a C 1-10 alkyl group and R T4 H is a C 1-10 haloalkyl group;
 
and wherein:
       

     R 5  is independently —H, —R T5 , —R T5H , —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, —OH, —OR T5 , —NH 2 , —NHR T5 , —NR T5   2 , pyrrolidino, piperidino, morpholino, —C(═O)OH, or —C(═O)OR T5 ; wherein each —R T5  is a C 1-10 alkyl group and R T5 H is a C 1-10 haloalkyl group; and 
     R 6  is independently —H, —R T6 , —R T6H , —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, —OH, —OR T6 , —NH 2 , —NHR T6 , —NR T6   2 , pyrrolidino, piperidino, morpholino, —C(═O)OH, or —C(═O)OR T6 ; wherein each —R T6  is a C 1-10 alkyl group and R T6 H is a C 1-10 haloalkyl group; 
     and wherein: 
     R 7  is independently —H, —R T7 , —R T71-1 , —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, —OH, —OR T7 , —NH 2 , —NHR T7 , —NR T7   2 , pyrrolidino, piperidino, morpholino, —C(═O)OH, or —C(═O)OR T7 ; wherein each —R T7  is a C 1-10 alkyl group and R T7 H is a C 1-10 haloalkyl group; and 
     R 8  is independently —H, —R T8 , —R T8H , —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, —OH, —OR T8 , —NH 2 , —NHR T8 , —NR T8   2 , pyrrolidino, piperidino, morpholino, —C(═O)OH, or —C(═O)OR T8 ; wherein each —R T8  is a C 1-10 alkyl group and R T8 H is a C 1-10 haloalkyl group. 
     The present invention also relates to such methods which incorporate additional subsequent and/or preceding steps, for example, to prepare compounds of Formulae (2) and (3) from compounds of Formula (1), and to prepare compounds of Formula (4) from, for example, compounds of Formulae (5), (6), (7), (8), and (9). See, e.g.,  FIG. 1 . 
     Another aspect of the present invention pertains to a compound of Formula (1), Formula (2), or Formula (3), as described herein, which is obtained by a method of synthesis as described herein, or a method comprising a method of synthesis as described herein. 
     Another aspect of the present invention pertains to a compound of Formula (1), Formula (2), or Formula (3), as described herein, which is obtainable by a method of synthesis as described herein, or a method comprising a method of synthesis as described herein. 
     Another aspect of the present invention pertains to novel intermediates, as described herein, which are suitable for use in the methods of synthesis described herein. 
     Another aspect of the present invention pertains to the use of such novel intermediates, as described herein, in the methods of synthesis described herein. 
     Another aspect of the invention pertains to a composition (e.g., a pharmaceutical composition) comprising a compound of Formula (1), Formula (2), or Formula (3), as described herein, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or diluent. 
     Another aspect of the invention pertains to a method of preparing a composition (e.g., a pharmaceutical composition) comprising the step of mixing a compound of Formula (1), Formula (2), or Formula (3), as described herein, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or diluent. 
     Another aspect of the present invention pertains to a compound of Formula (1), Formula (2), or Formula (3), as described herein, for use in medicine, for example, for use in treatment or prophylaxis, for example, for use in treatment or prophylaxis of a disorder (e.g., a disease), as described herein. 
     Another aspect of the present invention pertains to use of a compound of Formula (1), Formula (2), or Formula (3), as described herein, in the manufacture of a medicament, for example, for use in a method of treatment or prophylaxis, for example, for use in a method of treatment or prophylaxis of a disorder (e.g., a disease), as described herein. 
     Another aspect of the present invention pertains to a method of treatment or prophylaxis, for example, a method of treatment or prophylaxis of a disorder (e.g., a disease), as described herein, comprising administering to a subject in need of treatment a therapeutically-effective amount of a compound of Formula (1), Formula (2), or Formula (3), as described herein, preferably in the form of a pharmaceutical composition. 
     As will be appreciated by one of skill in the art, features and preferred embodiments of one aspect of the invention will also pertain to other aspects of the invention. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         FIG. 1  shows the chemical synthetic routes described herein, in which a compound of Formula (1) is prepared from the corresponding compound of Formula (4); in which a compound of Formula (4) is prepared from the corresponding compound of Formula (5); in which a compound of Formula (5) is prepared from the corresponding compound of Formula (6); in which a compound of Formula (4) is prepared from the corresponding compound of Formula (7); in which a compound of Formula (7) is prepared from the corresponding compounds of Formulae (8) and (9); in which a compound of Formula (2) is prepared from the corresponding compound of Formula (1); and in which a compound of Formula (3) is prepared from the corresponding compound of Formula (1). 
         FIG. 2  shows the crystallographic structure of the 3,7-dinitro-10H-phenothiazine (DMSO solvate), as described in Method 3 below. 
         FIG. 3  is a graph of hydrogen uptake (%), vessel temperature (° C.), and vessel pressure (bar) versus time (hours) for the reaction in which the nitro groups of 3,7-dinitro-10H-phenothiazine (DNP) are reduced, and the resulting amino groups are selectively alkylated, as described in Method 4 below. 
         FIG. 4  is a graph of hydrogen uptake (%) and vessel temperature (° C.) versus time (hours) for the reaction in which the nitro groups of 3,7-dinitro-10H-phenothiazine (DNP) are reduced, and the resulting amino groups are selectively alkylated, as described in Method 6 below. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
     Compounds 
     The present invention relates generally to methods of chemical synthesis, and more particularly, to methods of chemical synthesis of compounds of Formula (1), Formula (2), and Formula (3). Compounds of Formula (1), Formula (2), and Formula (3) are useful, for example, in the treatment of diseases of protein aggregation, such as Alzheimer&#39;s disease. 
                         
The Groups R 1A  and R 1B  
 
     In the compounds described herein:
         R 1A  is independently a substituent with one point of attachment, wherein the attachment is via a —CH&lt; group; and   R 1B  is independently H or a substituent with one point of attachment, wherein the attachment is via a —CH&lt; group;   or   R 1A  and R 1B , taken together, form a substituent with two points of attachment, wherein each of the attachments is via a —CH&lt; group.       

     For example, when R 1A  is —CH 3 , it may be denoted —CH(H) 2 , where the leading CH forms the point of attachment, —CH&lt;. 
     Similarly, when R 1A  is —CH 2 CH 3 , it may be denoted —CH(CH 3 )(H), where the leading CH forms the point of attachment, —CH&lt;. 
     Similarly, when R 1A  is cyclohexyl, it may be denoted —CH[—(CH 2 ) 5 —], where the leading CH forms the point of attachment, —CH&lt;. 
     Similarly, when R 1A  is benzyl (i.e., —CH 2 -phenyl), it may be denoted —CH(phenyl)(H), where the leading CH forms the point of attachment, —CH&lt;. 
     Similarly, when R 1A  and R 1B , taken together, form butylene (i.e., —(CH 2 ) 4 —), it may be denoted —CH(H)(—CH 2 CH 2 —)CH(H)—, where the leading and following CH groups form the points of attachment, —CH&lt; and &gt;CH—. 
     In one embodiment:
         R 1A  is —CH(R 1AX )(R 1AY ); and   R 1B  is independently —H or —CH(R 1BX )(R 1BY ); or   R 1A  and R 1B , taken together, form —CH 2 —R 1AB —CH 2 —;
 
wherein:
   R 1AX  is independently —H, C 1-10 alkyl, C 3-6 cycloalkyl, or C 6-10 carboaryl; and   R 1AY  is independently —H, C 1-10 alkyl, C 3-6 cycloalkyl, or C 6-10 carboaryl; or   R 1AX  and R 1AY , taken together, form C 4-6 alkylene;
 
and wherein:
   R 1BX  is independently —H, C 1-10 alkyl, C 3-6 cycloalkyl, or C 6-10 carboaryl; and   R 1BY  is independently —H, C 1-10 alkyl, C 3-6 cycloalkyl, or C 6-10 carboaryl; or   R 1BX  and R 1BY , taken together, form C 4-6 alkylene;
 
and wherein:
   R 1AB  is C 2-4 alkylene;
 
wherein:
   each C 6-10  carboaryl is optionally substituted with one or more groups selected from: —R S1 , —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, —OH, —OR S1 , —NH 2 , —NHR S1 , —NR S1   2 , pyrrolidino, piperidino, morpholino, —C(═O)OH, and —C(═O)OR S1 ; wherein each —R S1  is a C 1-4 alkyl group.
 
“N-Monosubstituted”:
       

     In one embodiment:
         R 1A  is —CH(R 1AX )(R 1AY ); and   R 1B  is —H.
 
“N,N-Disubstituted”:
       

     In one embodiment:
         R 1A  is —CH(R 1AX )(R 1AY ); and   R 1B  is —CH(R 1BX )(R 1BY ); or   R 1A  and R 1B , taken together, form —CH 2 —R 1AB —CH 2 —.       

     In one embodiment:
         R 1A  is —CH(R 1AX )(R 1AY ); and   R 1B  is —CH(R 1BX )(R 1BY ).       

     In one embodiment, R 1A  and R 1B  are the same. 
     For example, when R 1A  and R 1B  are both -Me, the group —NR 1A R 1B  (in Formula (1) and Formula (3)) is —NMe 2  and the group —N(H + )R 1A R 1B  (in Formula (2)) is —N(H + )Me 2 . 
     In one embodiment, R 1A  and R 1B  are different. 
     For example, when R 1A  is -iPr and R 1B  is —H, the group —NR 1A R 1B  (in Formula (1) and Formula (3)) is —N(iPr)H and the group —N(H+)R 1A R 1B  (in Formula (2)) is —N(H + )(iPr)H. 
     “N,N-Disubstituted, Ring-Forming”: 
     In one embodiment:
         R 1A  and R 1B , taken together, form —CH 2 —R 1AB —CH 2 —.
 
The Groups R 2A  and R 2B  
       

     In the compounds described herein:
         R 2A  is independently a substituent with one point of attachment, wherein the attachment is via a —CH&lt; group; and   R 2B  is independently H or a substituent with one point of attachment, wherein the attachment is via a —CH&lt; group;   or   R 2A  and R 2B , taken together, form a substituent with two points of attachment,
 
wherein each of the attachments is via a —CH&lt; group.
       

     In one embodiment:
         R 2A  is —CH(R 2AX )(R 2AY ); and   R 2B  is independently —H or —CH(R 2BX )(R 2BY ); or   R 2A  and R 2B , taken together, form —CH 2 —R 2AB —CH 2 —;
 
wherein:
   R 2AX  is independently —H, C 1-10 alkyl, C 3-6 cycloalkyl, or C 6-10 carboaryl; and   R 2AY  is independently —H, C 1-10 alkyl, C 3-6 cycloalkyl, or C 6-10 carboaryl; or   R 2AX  and R 2AY , taken together, form C 4-6 alkylene;
 
and wherein:
   R 2BX  is independently —H, C 1-10 alkyl, C 3-6 cycloalkyl, or C 6-10 carboaryl; and   R 2BY  is independently —H, C 1-10 alkyl, C 3-6 cycloalkyl, or C 6-10 carboaryl; or   R 2BX  and R 2BY , taken together, form C 4-6 alkylene;
 
and wherein:
   R 2AB  is C 2-4 alkylene;
 
wherein:
   each C 6-10 carboaryl is optionally substituted with one or more groups selected from: —R S1 , —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, —OH, —OR S1 , —NH 2 , —NHR S1 , —NR S1   2 , pyrrolidino, piperidino, morpholino, —C(═O)OH, and —C(═O)OR S1 ; wherein each —R S1  is a C 1-4 alkyl group.
 
“N-Monosubstituted”:
       

     In one embodiment:
         R 2A  is —CH(R 2AX )(R 2AY ); and   R 2B  is —H.
 
“N,N-Disubstituted”:
       

     In one embodiment:
         R 2A  is —CH(R 2AX )(R 2AY ); and   R 2B  is —CH(R 2BX )(R 2BY ); or   R 2A  and R 2B , taken together, form —CH 2 —R 2AB —CH 2 —.       

     In one embodiment:
         R 2A  is —CH(R 2AX )(R 2AY ); and   R 2B  is —CH(R 2BX )(R 2BY ).       

     In one embodiment, R 2A  and R 2B  are the same. 
     In one embodiment, R 2A  and R 2B  are different. 
     “N,N-Disubstituted, Ring-Forming”: 
     In one embodiment:
         R 2A  and R 2B , taken together, form —CH 2 —R 2AB —CH 2 —.
 
The Groups —NR 1A R 1B  and —NR 2A R 2B  
       

     In one embodiment, —NR 1A R 1B  and —NR 2A R 2B  are the same. 
     For example, when:
         R 1AX  is —H; R 1AY  is —H; (i.e., from formaldehyde)   R 1BX  is —H; R 1BY  is —H; (i.e., from formaldehyde)   R 2AX  is —H; R 2AY  is —H; (i.e., from formaldehyde)   R 2BX  is —H; R 2BY  is —H; (i.e., from formaldehyde)
 
then:
   R 1A  is —CH(R 1AX )(R 1AY ) is —CH 3 ; (i.e., from formaldehyde)   R 1B  is —CH(R 1BX )(R 1BY ) is —CH 3 ; (i.e., from formaldehyde)   R 2A  is —CH(R 2AX )(R 2AY ) is —CH 3 ; (i.e., from formaldehyde)   R 2B  is —CH(R 2BX )(R 2BY ) is —CH 3 ; (i.e., from formaldehyde)
 
and then:
   —NR 1A R 1B  is —N(CH 3 ) 2 ; and   —NR 2A R 2B  is —N(CH 3 ) 2 .       

     For example, when:
         R 1AX  is —CH 3 ; R 1AY  is —CH 3 ; (i.e., from acetone)   R 1B  is —H;   R 2AX  is —CH 3 ; R 2AY  is —CH 3 ; (i.e., from acetone)   R 2B  is —H;
 
then:
   R 1A  is —CH(R 1AX )(R 1AY ) is —CH(CH 3 ) 2 ; (i.e., from acetone)   R 1B  is —H;   R 2A  is —CH(R 2AX )(R 2AY ) is —CH(CH 3 ) 2 ; (i.e., from acetone)   R 2B  is —H;
 
and then:
   —NR 1A R 1B  is —N(iPr)H; and   —NR 2A R 2B  is —N(iPr)H.       

     In one embodiment, —NR 1A R 1B  and —NR 2A R 2B  are different. 
     The Groups R 1AX  and R 1AY    
     In one embodiment:
         R 1AX  is independently —H, C 1-10 alkyl, C 3-6 cycloalkyl, or C 6-10 carboaryl; and   R 1AY  is independently —H, C 1-10 alkyl, C 3-6 cycloalkyl, or C 6-10 carboaryl; or   R 1AX  and R 1AY , taken together, form C 4-6 alkylene;
 
wherein:
   each C 6-10 carboaryl is optionally substituted with one or more groups selected from: —R S1 , —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, —OH, —OR S1 , —NH 2 , —NHR S1 , —NR S1   2 , pyrrolidino, piperidino, morpholino, —C(═O)OH, and —C(═O)OR S1 ; wherein each —R S1  is a C 1-4 alkyl group.       

     In one embodiment:
         R 1AX  is independently —H, C 1-6 alkyl, C 3-6 cycloalkyl, or C 6-10 carboaryl; and   R 1AY  is independently —H, C 1-6 alkyl, C 3-6 cycloalkyl, or C 6-10 carboaryl; or   R 1AX  and R 1AY , taken together, form C 4-6 alkylene.       

     In one embodiment:
         R 1AX  is independently —H, C 1-4 alkyl, C 5-6 cycloalkyl, or phenyl; and   R 1AY  is independently —H, C 1-4 alkyl, C 5-6 cycloalkyl, or phenyl; or   R 1AX  and R 1AY , taken together, form C 4-6 alkylene.       

     In one embodiment:
         R 1AX  is independently —H, C 1-4 alkyl or phenyl; and   R 1AY  is independently —H, C 1-4 alkyl or phenyl; or   R 1AX  and R 1AY , taken together, form C 4-6 alkylene.       

     In one embodiment:
         R 1AX  is independently —H or C 1-4 alkyl; and   R 1AY  is independently —H or C 1-4 alkyl; or   R 1AX  and R 1AY , taken together, form C 4-6 alkylene.       

     In one embodiment:
         R 1AX  is independently —H or C 1-4 alkyl; and   R 1AY  is independently —H or C 1-4 alkyl.
 
“CH— Unsubstituted” (i.e., from formaldehyde):
       

     In one embodiment:
         R 1AX  is —H.       

     R 1AY  is —H. 
     In this embodiment, R 1AX  is —H and R 1AY  is —H, and so R 1A  is —CH(R 1AX )(R 1AY ) is —CH 3  (from formaldehyde, HC(═O)H). 
     “CH-Monosubstituted” (i.e., from other aldehydes): 
     In one embodiment:
         R 1AX  is independently C 1-10 alkyl, C 3-6 cycloalkyl, or C 6-10 carboaryl; and   R 1AY  is —H;
 
wherein:
   C 6-10 carboaryl is optionally substituted with one or more groups selected from: —R S1 , —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, —OH, —OR S1 , —NH 2 , —NHR S1 , —NR S1   2 , pyrrolidino, piperidino, morpholino, —C(═O)OH, and —C(═O)OR S1 ; wherein each —R S1  is a C 1-4 alkyl group.       

     In one embodiment:
         R 1AX  is independently C 1-6 alkyl, C 3-6 cycloalkyl, or C 6-10 carboaryl; and   R 1AY  is —H.       

     In one embodiment:
         R 1AX  is independently C 1-4 alkyl, C 5-6 cycloalkyl, or phenyl; and   R 1AY  is —H.       

     In one embodiment:
         R 1AX  is independently C 1-4 alkyl or phenyl; and   R 1AY  is —H.       

     In one embodiment:
         R 1AX  is C 1-4 alkyl; and   R 1AY  is —H.       

     For example, in one embodiment, R 1AX  is -Me and R 1AY  is —H, and so R 1A  is —CH(R 1AX )(R 1AY ) is —CH 2 CH 3  (from acetaldehyde, CH 3 C(═O)H). 
     “CH-Disubstituted” (i.e., from ketones): 
     In one embodiment:
         R 1AX  is independently C 1-10 alkyl, C 3-6 cycloalkyl, or C 6-10 carboaryl; and   R 1AY  is independently C 1-10 alkyl, C 3-6 cycloalkyl, or C 6-10 carboaryl; or   R 1AX  and R 1AY , taken together, form C 4-6 alkylene;
 
wherein:
   each C 6-10 carboaryl is optionally substituted with one or more groups selected from: —R S1 , —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, —OH, —OR S1 , —NH 2 , —NHR S1 , —NR S1   2 , pyrrolidino, piperidino, morpholino, —C(═O)OH, and —C(═O)OR S1 ; wherein each —R S1  is a C 1-4 alkyl group.       

     In one embodiment:
         R 1AX  is independently C 1-6 alkyl, C 3-6 cycloalkyl, or C 6-10 carboaryl; and   R 1AY  is independently C 1-6 alkyl, C 3-6 cycloalkyl, or C 6-10 carboaryl; or   R 1AX  and R 1AY , taken together, form C 4-6 alkylene.       

     In one embodiment:
         R 1AX  is independently C 1-4 alkyl, C 5-6 cycloalkyl, or phenyl; and   R 1AY  is independently C 1-4 alkyl, C 5-6 cycloalkyl, or phenyl; or   R 1AX  and R 1AY , taken together, form C 4-6 alkylene.       

     In one embodiment:
         R 1AX  is independently C 1-4 alkyl or phenyl; and   R 1AY  is independently C 1-4 alkyl or phenyl; or   R 1AX  and R 1AY , taken together, form C 4-6 alkylene.       

     In one embodiment:
         R 1AX  is C 1-4 alkyl; and   R 1AY  is C 1-4 alkyl; or   R 1AX  and R 1AY , taken together, form C 4-6 alkylene.       

     In one embodiment:
         R 1AX  is C 1-4 alkyl; and   R 1AY  is C 1-4 alkyl.       

     For example, in one embodiment, R 1AX  is -Me and R 1AY  is -Me, and so R 1A  is —CH(R 1AX )(R 1AY ) is —CH(CH 3 ) 2  (from acetone, CH 3 C(═O)CH 3 ). 
     “CH-Disubstituted, Ring-Forming” (i.e., from cyclic ketones): 
     In one embodiment:
         R 1AX  and R 1AY , taken together, form C 4-6 alkylene.       

     For example, in one embodiment, R 1AX  and R 1AY , taken together, form —(CH 2 ) 5 —, and so R 1A  is —CH(R 1AX )(R 1AY ) is —CH[—(CH 2 ) 5 —], that is, cyclohexyl (from cyclohexanone). 
     The Groups R 1BX  and R 1BY    
     In one embodiment:
         R 1BX , if present, is independently —H, C 1-10 alkyl, C 3-6 cycloalkyl, or C 6-10 carboaryl; and   R 1BY , if present, is independently —H, C 1-10 alkyl, C 3-6 cycloalkyl, or C 6-10 carboaryl; or   R 1BX  and R 1BY , if present, taken together, form C 4-6 alkylene;
 
wherein:
   each C 6-10 carboaryl is optionally substituted with one or more groups selected from: —R S1 , —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, —OH, —OR S1 , —NH 2 , —NHR S1 , —NR 12 , pyrrolidino, piperidino, morpholino, —C(═O)OH, and —C(═O)OR S1 ; wherein each —R S1  is a C 1-4 alkyl group.       

     In one embodiment:
         R 1BX , if present, is independently —H, C 1-6 alkyl, C 3-6 cycloalkyl, or C 6-10 carboaryl; and   R 1BY , if present, is independently —H, C 1-6 alkyl, C 3-6 cycloalkyl, or C 6-10 carboaryl; or   R 1BX  and R 1BY , if present, taken together, form C 4-6 alkylene;       

     In one embodiment:
         R 1BX , if present, is independently —H, C 1-4 alkyl, C 5-6 cycloalkyl, or phenyl; and   R 1BY , if present, is independently —H, C 1-4 alkyl, C 5-6 cycloalkyl, or phenyl; or   R 1BX  and R 1BY , if present, taken together, form C 4-6 alkylene.       

     In one embodiment:
         R 1BX , if present, is independently —H, C 1-4 alkyl, or phenyl; and   R 1BY , if present, is independently —H, C 1-4 alkyl, or phenyl; or   R 1BX  and R 1BY , if present, taken together, form C 4-6 alkylene.       

     In one embodiment:
         R 1BX , if present, is independently —H or C 1-4 alkyl; and   R 1BY , if present, is independently —H or C 1-4 alkyl; or   R 1BX  and R 1BY , if present, taken together, form C 4-6 alkylene.       

     In one embodiment:
         R 1BX , if present, is independently —H or C 1-4 alkyl; and   R 1BY , if present, is independently —H or C 1-4 alkyl.
 
“CH-Unsubstituted” (i.e., from formaldehyde):
       

     In one embodiment:
         R 1BX  is —H.   R 1BY  is —H.       

     In this embodiment, R 1BX  is —H and R 1BY  is —H, and so R 1B  is —CH(R 1BX )(R 1BY ) is —CH 3  (from formaldehyde, HC(═O)H). 
     “CH-Monosubstituted” (i.e., from other aldehydes): 
     In one embodiment:
         R 1BX , if present, is independently C 1-10 alkyl, C 3-6 cycloalkyl, or C 6-10 carboaryl; and   R 1BY , if present, is —H;
 
wherein:
   C 6-10 carboaryl is optionally substituted with one or more groups selected from: —R S1 , —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, —OH, —OR S1 , —NH 2 , —NHR S1 , —NR S1   2 , pyrrolidino, piperidino, morpholino, —C(═O)OH, and —C(═O)OR S1 ; wherein each —R S1  is a C 1-4 alkyl group.       

     In one embodiment:
         R 1BX , if present, is independently C 1-6 alkyl, C 3-6 cycloalkyl, or C 6-10 carboaryl; and   R 1BY , if present, is —H;       

     In one embodiment:
         R 1BX , if present, is independently C 1-4 alkyl, C 5-6 cycloalkyl, or phenyl; and   R 1BY , if present, is —H.       

     In one embodiment:
         R 1BX , if present, is independently C 1-4 alkyl or phenyl; and   R 1BY , if present, is —H.       

     In one embodiment:
         R 1BX , if present, is C 1-4 alkyl; and   R 1BY , if present, is —H.       

     For example, in one embodiment, R 1BX  is -Me and R 1BY  is —H, and so R 1B  is —CH(R 1BX )(R 1BY ) is —CH 2 CH 3  (from acetaldehyde, CH 3 C(═O)H). 
     “CH-Disubstituted” (i.e., from ketones): 
     In one embodiment:
         R 1BX , if present, is independently C 1-10 alkyl, C 3-6 cycloalkyl, or C 6-10 carboaryl; and   R 1BY , if present, is independently C 1-10 alkyl, C 3-6 cycloalkyl, or C 6-10 carboaryl; or   R 1BX  and R 1BY , if present, taken together, form C 4-6 alkylene;
 
wherein:
   each C 6-10 carboaryl is optionally substituted with one or more groups selected from: —R S1 , —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, —OH, —OR S1 , —NH 2 , —NHR S1 , —NR S1   2 , pyrrolidino, piperidino, morpholino, —C(═O)OH, and —C(═O)OR S1 ; wherein each —R S1  is a C 1-4 alkyl group.       

     In one embodiment:
         R 1BX , if present, is independently C 1-6 alkyl, C 3-6 cycloalkyl, or C 6-10 carboaryl; and   R 1BY , if present, is independently C 1-6 alkyl, C 3-6 cycloalkyl, or C 6-10 carboaryl; or   R 1BX  and R 1BY , if present, taken together, form C 4-6 alkylene;       

     In one embodiment:
         R 1BX , if present, is independently C 1-4 alkyl, C 5-6 cycloalkyl, or phenyl; and   R 1BY , if present, is independently C 1-4 alkyl, C 5-6 cycloalkyl, or phenyl; or   R 1BX  and R 1BY , if present, taken together, form C 4-6 alkylene.       

     In one embodiment:
         R 1BX , if present, is independently C 1-4 alkyl or phenyl; and   R 1BY , if present, is independently C 1-4 alkyl or phenyl; or   R 1BX  and R 1BY , if present, taken together, form C 4-6 alkylene.       

     In one embodiment:
         R 1BX , if present, is C 1-4 alkyl; and   R 1BY , if present, is C 1-4 alkyl; or   R 1BX  and R 1BY , if present, taken together, form C 4-6 alkylene.       

     In one embodiment:
         R 1BX , if present, is C 1-4 alkyl; and   R 1BY , if present, is C 1-4 alkyl.       

     For example, in one embodiment, R 1BX  is -Me and R 1BY  is -Me, and so R 1B  is —CH(R 1BX )(R 1BY ) is —CH(CH 3 ) 2  (from acetone, CH 3 C(═O)CH 3 ). 
     “CH-Disubstituted, Ring-Forming” (i.e., from cyclic ketones): 
     In one embodiment:
         R 1BX  and R 1BY , taken together, form C 4-6 alkylene.       

     For example, in one embodiment, R 1BX  and R 1BY , taken together, form —(CH 2 ) 5 —, and so R 1B  is —CH(R 1BX )(R 1BY ) is —CH[—(CH 2 ) 5 —], that is, cyclohexyl (from cyclohexanone). 
     The Group R 1AB    
     In one embodiment, R 1AB  is C 2-4 alkylene. 
     In one embodiment, R 1AB  is C 3-4 alkylene. 
     In one embodiment, R 1AB  is C 2 alkylene. 
     In one embodiment, R 1AB  is C 3 alkylene. 
     In one embodiment, R 1AB  is C 4 alkylene. 
     In one embodiment, R 1AB  is linear C 2-4 alkylene. 
     In one embodiment, R 1AB  is linear C 3-4 alkylene. 
     In one embodiment, R 1AB  is linear C 2 alkylene (i.e. —(CH 2 ) 2 —). 
     In one embodiment, R 1AB  is linear C 3 alkylene (i.e. —(CH 2 ) 3 —). 
     In one embodiment, R 1AB  is linear C 4 alkylene (i.e. —(CH 2 ) 4 —). 
     For example, in one embodiment, R 1A  and R 1B , taken together, form —CH 2 —R 1AB —CH 2 —; and R 1AB  is —(CH 2 ) 3 —; and so R 1A  and R 1B , taken together, form —(CH 2 ) 5 —; and so the group —NR 1A R 1B  is piperidino (from the di-aldehyde, glutaraldehyde). 
     The Groups R 2AX  and R 2AY    
     In one embodiment:
         R 2AX  is independently —H, C 1-10 alkyl, C 3-6 cycloalkyl, or C 6-10 carboaryl; and   R 2AY  is independently —H, C 1-10 alkyl, C 3-6 cycloalkyl, or C 6-10 carboaryl; or   R 2AX  and R 2AY , taken together, form C 4-6 alkylene;
 
wherein:
   each C 6-10 carboaryl is optionally substituted with one or more groups selected from: —R S2 , —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, —OH, —OR S2 , —NH 2 , —NHR S2 , —NR S2   2 , pyrrolidino, piperidino, morpholino, —C(═O)OH, and —C(═O)OR S2 ; wherein each —R S2  is a C 1-4 alkyl group.       

     In one embodiment:
         R 2AX  is independently —H, C 1-6 alkyl, C 3-6 cycloalkyl, or C 6-10 carboaryl; and   R 2AY  is independently —H, C 1-6 alkyl, C 3-6 cycloalkyl, or C 6-10 carboaryl; or   R 2AX  and R 2AY , taken together, form C 4-6 alkylene.       

     In one embodiment:
         R 2AX  is independently —H, C 1-4 alkyl, C 5-6 cycloalkyl, or phenyl; and   R 2AY  is independently —H, C 1-4 alkyl, C 5-6 cycloalkyl, or phenyl; or   R 2AX  and R 2AY , taken together, form C 4-6 alkylene.       

     In one embodiment:
         R 2AX  is independently —H, C 1-4 alkyl or phenyl; and   R 2AY  is independently —H, C 1-4 alkyl or phenyl; or   R 2AX  and R 2AY , taken together, form C 4-6 alkylene.       

     In one embodiment:
         R 2AX  is independently —H or C 1-4 alkyl; and   R 2AY  is independently —H or C 1-4 alkyl; or   R 2AX  and R 2AY , taken together, form C 4-6 alkylene.       

     In one embodiment:
         R 2AX  is independently —H or C 1-4 alkyl; and   R 2AY  is independently —H or C 1-4 alkyl.
 
“CH-Unsubstituted” (i.e., from formaldehyde):
       

     In one embodiment:
         R 2AX  is —H.   R 2AY  is —H.       

     In this embodiment, R 2AX  is —H and R 2AY  is —H, and so R 2A  is —CH(R 2AX )(R 2AY ) is —CH 3  (from formaldehyde, HC(═O)H). 
     “CH-Monosubstituted” (i.e., from other aldehydes): 
     In one embodiment:
         R 2AX  is independently C 1-10 alkyl, C 3-6 cycloalkyl, or C 6-10 carboaryl; and   R 2AY  is —H;
 
wherein:
   C 6-10 carboaryl is optionally substituted with one or more groups selected from: —R S , —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, —OH, —OR S2 , —NH 2 , —NHR S2 , —NR S2   2 , pyrrolidino, piperidino, morpholino, —C(═O)OH, and —C(═O)OR S2 ; wherein each —R S2  is a C 1-4 alkyl group.       

     In one embodiment:
         R 2AX  is independently C 1-6 alkyl, C 3-6 cycloalkyl, or C 6-10 carboaryl; and   R 2AY  is —H.       

     In one embodiment:
         R 2AX  is independently C 1-4 alkyl, C 5-6 cycloalkyl, or phenyl; and   R 2AY  is —H.       

     In one embodiment:
         R 2AX  is independently C 1-4 alkyl or phenyl; and   R 2AY  is —H.       

     In one embodiment:
         R 2AX  is C 1-4 alkyl; and   R 2AY  is —H.       

     For example, in one embodiment, R 2AX  is -Me and R 2AY  is —H, and so R 2A  is —CH(R 2AX )(R 2AY ) is —CH 2 CH 3  (from acetaldehyde, CH 3 C(═O)H). 
     “CH-Disubstituted” (i.e., from ketones): 
     In one embodiment:
         R 2AX  is independently C 1-10 alkyl, C 3-6 cycloalkyl, or C 6-10 carboaryl; and   R 2AY  is independently C 1-10 alkyl, C 3-6 cycloalkyl, or C 6-10 carboaryl; or   R 2AX  and R 2AY , taken together, form C 4-6 alkylene;
 
wherein:
   each C 6-10 carboaryl is optionally substituted with one or more groups selected from: —R S2 , —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, —OH, —OR S2 , —NH 2 , —NHR S2 , —NR S2   2 , pyrrolidino, piperidino, morpholino, —C(═O)OH, and —C(═O)OR S2 ; wherein each —R S2  is a C 1-4 alkyl group.       

     In one embodiment:
         R 2AX  is independently C 1-6 alkyl, C 3-6 cycloalkyl, or C 6-10 carboaryl; and   R 2AY  is independently C 1-6 alkyl, C 3-6 cycloalkyl, or C 6-10 carboaryl; or   R 2AX  and R 2AY , taken together, form C 4-6 alkylene.       

     In one embodiment:
         R 2AX  is independently C 1-4 alkyl, C 5-6 cycloalkyl, or phenyl; and   R 2AY  is independently C 1-4 alkyl, C 5-6 cycloalkyl, or phenyl; or   R 2AX  and R 2AY , taken together, form C 4-6 alkylene.       

     In one embodiment:
         R 2AX  is independently C 1-4 alkyl or phenyl; and   R 2AY  is independently C 1-4 alkyl or phenyl; or   R 2AX  and R 2AY , taken together, form C 4-6 alkylene.       

     In one embodiment:
         R 2AX  is C 1-4 alkyl; and   R 2AY  is C 1-4 alkyl; or   R 2AX  and R 2AY , taken together, form C 4-6 alkylene.       

     In one embodiment:
         R 2AX  is C 1-4 alkyl; and   R 2AY  is C 1-4 alkyl.       

     For example, in one embodiment, R 2AX  is -Me and R 2AY  is -Me, and so R 2A  is —CH(R 2AX )(R 2AY ) is —CH(CH 3 ) 2  (from acetone, CH 3 C(═O)CH 3 ). 
     “CH-Disubstituted, Ring-Forming” (i.e., from cyclic ketones): 
     In one embodiment:
         R 2AX  and R 2AY , taken together, form C 4-6 alkylene.       

     For example, in one embodiment, R 2AX  and R 2AY , taken together, form —(CH 2 ) 5 —, and so R 2A  is —CH(R 2AX )(R 2AY ) is —CH[—(CH 2 ) 5 —], that is, cyclohexyl (from cyclohexanone). 
     The Groups R 2BX  and R 2BY    
     In one embodiment:
         R 2BX , if present, is independently —H, C 1-10 alkyl, C 3-6 cycloalkyl, or C 6-10 carboaryl; and   R 2BY , if present, is independently —H, C 1-10 alkyl, C 3-6 cycloalkyl, or C 6-10 carboaryl; or   R 2BX  and R 2BY , if present, taken together, form C 4-6 alkylene;
 
wherein:
   each C 6-10 carboaryl is optionally substituted with one or more groups selected from: —R S2 , —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, —OH, —OR S2 , —NH 2 , —NHR S2 , —NR S2   2 , pyrrolidino, piperidino, morpholino, —C(═O)OH, and —C(═O)OR S2 ; wherein each —R 2  is a C 1-4 alkyl group.       

     In one embodiment:
         R 2BX , if present, is independently —H, C 1-6 alkyl, C 3-6 cycloalkyl, or C 6-10 carboaryl; and   R 2BY , if present, is independently —H, C 1-6 alkyl, C 3-6 cycloalkyl, or C 6-10 carboaryl; or   R 2BX  and R 2BY , if present, taken together, form C 4-6 alkylene;       

     In one embodiment:
         R 2BX , if present, is independently —H, C 1-4 alkyl, C 5-6 cycloalkyl, or phenyl; and   R 2BY , if present, is independently —H, C 1-4 alkyl, C 5-6 cycloalkyl, or phenyl; or   R 2BX  and R 2BY , if present, taken together, form C 4-6 alkylene.       

     In one embodiment:
         R 2BX , if present, is independently —H, C 1-4 alkyl, or phenyl; and   R 2BY , if present, is independently —H, C 1-4 alkyl, or phenyl; or   R 2BX  and R 2BY , if present, taken together, form C 4-6 alkylene.       

     In one embodiment:
         R 2BX , if present, is independently —H or C 1-4 alkyl; and   R 2BY , if present, is independently —H or C 1-4 alkyl; or   R 2BX  and R 2BY , if present, taken together, form C 4-6 alkylene.       

     In one embodiment:
         R 2BX , if present, is independently —H or C 1-4 alkyl; and   R 2BY , if present, is independently —H or C 1-4 alkyl.
 
“CH-Unsubstituted” (i.e., from formaldehyde):
       

     In one embodiment:
         R 2BX  is —H.       

     R 2BY  is —H. 
     In this embodiment, R 2BX  is —H and R 2BY  is —H, and so R 2B  is —CH(R 2BX )(R 2BY ) is —CH 3  (from formaldehyde, HC(═O)H). 
     “CH-Monosubstituted” (i.e., from other aldehydes): 
     In one embodiment:
         R 2BX , if present, is independently C 1-10 alkyl, C 3-6 cycloalkyl, or C 6-10 carboaryl; and   R 2BY , if present, is —H;
 
wherein:
   C 6-10 carboaryl is optionally substituted with one or more groups selected from: —R S , —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, —OH, —OR S2 , —NH 2 , —NHR S2 , —NR S2   2 , pyrrolidino, piperidino, morpholino, —C(═O)OH, and —C(═O)OR S2 ; wherein each —R S2  is a C 1-4 alkyl group.       

     In one embodiment:
         R 2BX , if present, is independently C 1-6 alkyl, C 3-6 cycloalkyl, or C 6-10 carboaryl; and   R 2BY , if present, is —H;       

     In one embodiment:
         R 2BX , if present, is independently C 1-4 alkyl, C 5-6 cycloalkyl, or phenyl; and   R 2BY , if present, is —H.       

     In one embodiment:
         R 2BX , if present, is independently C 1-4 alkyl or phenyl; and   R 2BY , if present, is —H.       

     In one embodiment:
         R 2BX , if present, is C 1-4 alkyl; and   R 2BY , if present, is —H.       

     For example, in one embodiment, R 2BX  is -Me and R 2BY  is —H, and so R 2B  is —CH(R 2BX )(R 2BY ) is —CH 2 CH 3  (from acetaldehyde, CH 3 C(═O)H). 
     “CH-Disubstituted” (i.e., from ketones): 
     In one embodiment:
         R 2BX , if present, is independently C 1-10 alkyl, C 3-6 cycloalkyl, or C 6-10 carboaryl; and   R 2BY , if present, is independently C 1-10 alkyl, C 3-6 cycloalkyl, or C 6-10 carboaryl; or   R 2BX  and R 2BY , if present, taken together, form C 4-6 alkylene;
 
wherein:
   each C 6-10 carboaryl is optionally substituted with one or more groups selected from: —R S2 , —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, —OH, —OR S2 , —NH 2 , —NHR S2 , —NR S2   2 , pyrrolidino, piperidino, morpholino, —C(═O)OH, and —C(═O)OR S2 ; wherein each —R S2  is a C 1-4 alkyl group.       

     In one embodiment:
         R 2BX , if present, is independently C 1-6 alkyl, C 3-6 cycloalkyl, or C 6-10 carboaryl; and   R 2BY , if present, is independently C 1-6 alkyl, C 3-6 cycloalkyl, or C 6-10 carboaryl; or   R 2BX  and R 2BY , if present, taken together, form C 4-6 alkylene;       

     In one embodiment:
         R 2BX , if present, is independently C 1-4 alkyl, C 5-6 cycloalkyl, or phenyl; and   R 2BY , if present, is independently C 1-4 alkyl, C 5-6 cycloalkyl, or phenyl; or   R 2BX  and R 2BY , if present, taken together, form C 4-6 alkylene.       

     In one embodiment:
         R 2BX , if present, is independently C 1-4 alkyl or phenyl; and   R 2BY , if present, is independently C 1-4 alkyl or phenyl; or   R 2BX  and R 2BY , if present, taken together, form C 4-6 alkylene.       

     In one embodiment:
         R 2BX , if present, is C 1-4 alkyl; and   R 2BY , if present, is C 1-4 alkyl; or   R 2BX  and R 2BY , if present, taken together, form C 4-6 alkylene.       

     In one embodiment:
         R 2BX , if present, is C 1-4 alkyl; and   R 2BY , if present, is C 1-4 alkyl.       

     For example, in one embodiment, R 2BX  is -Me and R 2BY  is -Me, and so R 2B  is —CH(R 2BX )(R 2BY ) is —CH(CH 3 ) 2  (from acetone, CH 3 C(═O)CH 3 ). 
     “CH-Disubstituted, Ring-Forming” (i.e., from cyclic ketones): 
     In one embodiment:
         R 2BX  and R 2BY , taken together, form C 4-6 alkylene.       

     For example, in one embodiment, R 2BX  and R 2BY , taken together, form —(CH 2 ) 5 —, and so R 2B  is —CH(R 2BX )(R 2BY ) is —CH[—(CH 2 ) 5 —], that is, cyclohexyl (from cyclohexanone). 
     The Group R 2AB    
     In one embodiment, R 2AB  is C 2-4 alkylene. 
     In one embodiment, R 2AB  is C 3-4 alkylene. 
     In one embodiment, R 2AB  is C 2 alkylene. 
     In one embodiment, R 2AB  is C 3 alkylene. 
     In one embodiment, R 2AB  is C 4 alkylene. 
     In one embodiment, R 2AB  is linear C 2-4 alkylene. 
     In one embodiment, R 2AB  is linear C 3-4 alkylene. 
     In one embodiment, R 2AB  is linear C 2 alkylene (i.e. —(CH 2 ) 2 —). 
     In one embodiment, R 2AB  is linear C 3 alkylene (i.e. —(CH 2 ) 3 —). 
     In one embodiment, R 2AB  is linear C 4 alkylene (i.e. —(CH 2 ) 4 —). 
     For example, in one embodiment, R 2A  and R 2B , taken together, form —CH 2 —R 2AB —CH 2 —; and R 2AB  is —(CH 2 ) 3 —; and so R 2A  and R 2B , taken together, form —(CH 2 ) 5 —; and so the group —NR 2A R 2B  is piperidino (from the di-aldehyde, glutaraldehyde). 
     The Groups R 1A , R 1B , R 2A  and R 2B    
     In one embodiment:
         R 1A  and R 2A  are the same; and   R 1B  and R 2B  are the same.       

     In one embodiment:
         R 1A  and R 2A  are the same;   R 1B  and R 2B  are the same; and   R 1A  and R 1B  are the same.       

     In one embodiment:
         R 1A  and R 2A  are the same; and   R 1B  and R 2B  are the same; but   R 1A  and R 1B  are different.       

     Some Preferred Embodiments 
     “N,N-Disubstituted, Same Substituents”: 
     In one embodiment:
         R 1A  is -Me and R 1B  is -Me (and, accordingly, —NR 1A R 1B  is —NMe 2 );   R 2A  is -Me and R 2B  is -Me (and, accordingly, —NR 2A R 2B  is —NMe 2 ).       

     In one embodiment:
         R 1A  is -Et and R 1B  is -Et (and, accordingly, —NR 1A R 1B  is -NEt 2 );   R 2A  is -Et and R 2B  is -Et (and, accordingly, —NR 2A R 2B  is -NEt 2 ).       

     In one embodiment:
         R 1A  is -nPr and R 1B  is -nPr (and, accordingly, —NR 1A R 1B  is —N(nPr) 2 ); R 2A  is -nPr and R 2B  is -nPr (and, accordingly, —NR 2A R 2B  is —N(nPr) 2 ).       

     In one embodiment:
         R 1A  is -nBu and R 1B  is -nBu (and, accordingly, —NR 1A R 1B  is —N(nBu) 2 ); R 2A  is -nBu and R 2B  is -nBu (and, accordingly, —NR 2A R 2B  is —N(nBu) 2 ).
 
“N-Monosubstituted”:
       

     In one embodiment:
         R 1A  is -iPr and R 1B  is —H (and, accordingly, —NR 1A R 1B  is —N(iPr)H);   R 2A  is -iPr and R 2B  is —H (and, accordingly, —NR 2A R 2B  is —N(iPr)H).       

     In one embodiment:
         R 1A  is -iBu and R 1B  is —H (and, accordingly, —NR 1A R 1B  is —N(iBu)H);   R 2A  is -iBu and R 2B  is —H (and, accordingly, —NR 2A R 2B  is —N(iBu)H).       

     In one embodiment:
         R 1A  is cyclopentyl and R 1B  is —H (and, accordingly, —NR 1A R 1B  is —N(cyclopentyl)H);   R 2A  is cyclopentyl and R 2B  is —H (and, accordingly, —NR 2A R 2B  is —N(cyclopentyl)H).       

     In one embodiment:
         R 1A  is cyclohexyl and R 1B  is —H (and, accordingly, —NR 1A R 1B  is —N(cyclohexyl)H);   R 2A  is cyclohexyl and R 2B  is —H (and, accordingly, —NR 2A R 2B  is —N(cyclohexyl)H).
 
“N,N-Disubstituted, Different Substituents”:
       

     In one embodiment:
         R 1A  is -iPr and R 1B  is -Me (and, accordingly, —NR 1A R 1B  is —N(iPr)(Me));   R 2A  is -iPr and R 2B  is -Me (and, accordingly, —NR 2A R 2B  is —N(iPr)(Me)).       

     In one embodiment:
         R 1A  is -iPr and R 1B  is -Et (and, accordingly, —NR 1A R 1B  is —N(iPr)(Et));   R 2A  is -iPr and R 2B  is -Et (and, accordingly, —NR 2A R 2B  is —N(iPr)(Et)).       

     In one embodiment:
         R 1A  is -iPr and R 1B  is -nPr (and, accordingly, —NR 1A R 1B  is —N(iPr)(nPr));   R 2A  is -iPr and R 2B  is -nPr (and, accordingly, —NR 2A R 2B  is —N(iPr)(nPr)).       

     In one embodiment:
         R 1A  is -iPr and R 1B  is -nBu (and, accordingly, —NR 1A R 1B  is —N(iPr)(nBu));   R 2A  is -iPr and R 2B  is -nBu (and, accordingly, —NR 2A R 2B  is —N(iPr)(nBu)).       

     In one embodiment:
         R 1A  is -iBu and R 1B  is -Me (and, accordingly, —NR 1A R 1B  is —N(iBu)(Me));   R 2A  is -iBu and R 2B  is -Me (and, accordingly, —NR 2A R 2B  is —N(iBu)(Me)).       

     In one embodiment:
         R 1A  is -iBu and R 1B  is -Et (and, accordingly, —NR 1A R 1B  is —N(iBu)(Et));   R 2A  is -iBu and R 2B  is -Et (and, accordingly, —NR 2A R 2B  is —N(iBu)(Et)).       

     In one embodiment:
         R 1A  is -iBu and R 1B  is -nPr (and, accordingly, —NR 1A R 1B  is —N(iBu)(nPr));   R 2A  is -iBu and R 2B  is -nPr (and, accordingly, —NR 2A R 2B  is —N(iBu)(nPr)).       

     In one embodiment:
         R 1A  is -iBu and R 1B  is -nBu (and, accordingly, —NR 1A R 1B  is —N(iBu)(nBu));   R 2A  is -iBu and R 2B  is -nBu (and, accordingly, —NR 2A R 2B  is —N(iBu)(nBu)).
 
“Disubstituted, Ring Forming”:
       

     In one embodiment:
         R 1A  and R 1B  together form —(CH 2 ) 4 — (and, accordingly, —NR 1A R 1B  is pyrrolidino);   R 2A  and R 2B  together form —(CH 2 ) 4 — (and, accordingly, —NR 2A R 2B  is pyrrolidino).       

     In one embodiment:
         R 1A  and R 1B  together form —(CH 2 ) 5 — (and, accordingly, —NR 1A R 1B  is piperidino);   R 2A  and R 2B  together form —(CH 2 ) 5 — (and, accordingly, —NR 2A R 2B  is piperidino).       

     In one embodiment:
         R 1A  and R 1B  together form —(CH 2 ) 6 — (and, accordingly, —NR 1A R 1B  is azepano);   R 2A  and R 2B  together form —(CH 2 ) 6 — (and, accordingly, —NR 2A R 2B  is azepano).
 
The Groups R 3  and R 4  
       

     In the compounds described herein:
         R 3  is independently —H, —R T3 , —R T3H , —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, —OH, —OR T3 , —NH 2 , —NHR T3 , —NR T3   2 , pyrrolidino, piperidino, morpholino, —C(═O)OH, or —C(═O)OR T3 ; wherein each —R T3  is a C 1-10 alkyl group and R T3H  is a C 1-10 haloalkyl group; and   R 4  is independently —H, —R T4 , —R T4H , —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, —OH, —OR T4 , —NH 2 , —NHR T4 , —NR T4   2 , pyrrolidino, piperidino, morpholino, —C(═O)OH, or —C(═O)OR T4 ; wherein each —R T4  is a C 1-10 alkyl group and R T4H  is a C 1-10 haloalkyl group.       

     In one embodiment:
         R 3  is independently H, C 1-10 alkyl, or C 1-10 haloalkyl; and   R 4  is independently H, C 1-10 alkyl, or C 1-10 haloalkyl.       

     In one embodiment:
         R 3  is independently H, C 1-6 alkyl, or C 1-6 haloalkyl; and   R 4  is independently H, C 1-6 alkyl, or C 1-6 haloalkyl.       

     In one embodiment:
         R 3  is independently H, C 1-4 alkyl, or C 1-4 haloalkyl; and   R 4  is independently H, C 1-4 alkyl, or C 1-4 haloalkyl.       

     In one embodiment:
         R 3  is independently H or C 1-4 alkyl; and   R 4  is independently H or C 1-4 alkyl.       

     In one embodiment:
         R 3  is independently H; and   R 4  is independently H.       

     In one embodiment:
         R 3  is independently C 1-4 alkyl; and   R 4  is independently C 1-4 alkyl.       

     In one embodiment, R 3  and R 4  are the same. 
     In one embodiment, R 3  and R 4  are different. 
     In one embodiment, R 3  and R 4  are both —H. 
     In one embodiment, R 3  and R 4  are both -Me. 
     In one embodiment, R 3  and R 4  are both -Et. 
     In one embodiment, R 3  and R 4  are both —CF 3 . 
     The Groups R 5  and R 6    
     In the compounds described herein:
         R 5  is independently —H, —R T5 , —R T5H , —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, —OH, —OR T5 , —NH 2 , —NHR T5 , —NR T5   2 , pyrrolidino, piperidino, morpholino, —C(═O)OH, or —C(═O)OR T5 ; wherein each —R T5  is a C 1-10 alkyl group and R T5H  is a C 1-10 haloalkyl group; and   R 6  is independently —H, —R T6 , —R T6H , —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, —OH, —OR T6 , —NH 2 , —NHR T6 , —NR T6   2 , pyrrolidino, piperidino, morpholino, —C(═O)OH, or —C(═O)OR T6 ; wherein each —R T6  is a C 1-10 alkyl group and R T6H  is a C 1-10 haloalkyl group.       

     In one embodiment:
         R 5  is independently H, C 1-10 alkyl, or C 1-10 haloalkyl; and   R 6  is independently H, C 1-10 alkyl, or C 1-10 haloalkyl.       

     In one embodiment:
         R 5  is independently H, C 1-6 alkyl, or C 1-6 haloalkyl; and   R 6  is independently H, C 1-6 alkyl, or C 1-6 haloalkyl.       

     In one embodiment:
         R 5  is independently H, C 1-4 alkyl, or C 1-4 haloalkyl; and   R 6  is independently H, C 1-4 alkyl, or C 1-4 haloalkyl.       

     In one embodiment:
         R 5  is independently H or C 1-4 alkyl; and   R 6  is independently H or C 1-4 alkyl.       

     In one embodiment:
         R 5  is independently H; and   R 6  is independently H.       

     In one embodiment:
         R 5  is independently C 1-4 alkyl; and   R 6  is independently C 1-4 alkyl.       

     In one embodiment, R 5  and R 6  are the same. 
     In one embodiment, R 5  and R 6  are different. 
     In one embodiment, R 5  and R 6  are both —H. 
     In one embodiment, R 5  and R 6  are both -Me. 
     In one embodiment, R 5  and R 6  are both -Et. 
     In one embodiment, R 5  and R 6  are both —CF 3 . 
     The Groups R 7  and R 8    
     In the compounds described herein: 
     
         
         
           
             R 7  is independently —H, —R T7 , —R T7H , —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, —OH, —OR T7 , —NH 2 , —NHR T7 , —NR T7   2 , pyrrolidino, piperidino, morpholino, —C(═O)OH, or —C(═O)OR T7 ; wherein each —R T7  is a C 1-10 alkyl group and R T7H  is a C 1-10 haloalkyl group; and 
             R 8  is independently —H, —R T8 , —R T8H , —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, —OH, —OR T8 , —NH 2 , —NHR T8 , —NR T8   2 , pyrrolidino, piperidino, morpholino, —C(═O)OH, or —C(═O)OR T8 ; wherein each —R T8  is a C 1-10 alkyl group and R T8H  is a C 1-10 haloalkyl group. 
           
         
       
    
     In one embodiment:
         R 7  is independently H, C 1-10 alkyl, or C 1-10 haloalkyl; and   R 8  is independently H, C 1-10 alkyl, or C 1-10 haloalkyl.       

     In one embodiment:
         R 7  is independently H, C 1-6 alkyl, or C 1-6 haloalkyl; and   R 8  is independently H, C 1-6 alkyl, or C 1-6 haloalkyl.       

     In one embodiment:
         R 7  is independently H, C 1-4 alkyl, or C 1-4 haloalkyl; and   R 8  is independently H, C 1-4 alkyl, or C 1-4 haloalkyl.       

     In one embodiment:
         R 7  is independently H or C 1-4 alkyl; and   R 8  is independently H or C 1-4 alkyl.       

     In one embodiment:
         R 7  is independently H; and   R 8  is independently H.       

     In one embodiment:
         R 7  is independently C 1-4 alkyl; and   R 8  is independently C 1-4 alkyl.       

     In one embodiment, R 7  and R 8  are the same. 
     In one embodiment, R 7  and R 8  are different. 
     In one embodiment, R 7  and R 8  are both —H. 
     In one embodiment, R 7  and R 8  are both -Me. 
     In one embodiment, R 7  and R 8  are both -Et. 
     In one embodiment, R 7  and R 8  are both —CF 3 . 
     The Groups X 1(−)  and X 2(−)    
     The groups X 1(−)  and X 2(−)  are anionic counterions (e.g., pharmaceutically acceptable anionic counterions) in compounds of Formula (2). 
     The groups X 1(−)  and X 2(−)  may be two separate singly-charged anions (e.g., pharmaceutically acceptable anions), which may be the same or different. 
     In an example of such an embodiment, each of X 1(−)  and X 2(−)  is Cl − . 
     Alternatively, the groups X 1(−)  and X 2(−)  together form one doubly-charged anion (e.g., pharmaceutically acceptable anion). 
     In an example of such an embodiment, X 1(−)  and X 2(−)  together form SO 4   2− . 
     In the compounds described herein:
         each of X 1(−)  and X 2(−)  is independently a singly-charged anion; or   X 1(−)  and X 2(−) , taken together, form a doubly-charged anion.       

     In one embodiment, each of X 1(−)  and X 2(−)  is independently a singly-charged anion. 
     In one embodiment, each of X 1(−)  and X 2(−)  is independently a singly-charged anion, and X 1(−)  and X 2(−)  are the same. 
     In one embodiment, each of X 1(−)  and X 2(−)  is independently a singly-charged anion, and X 1(−)  and X 2(−)  are different (e.g., a “mixed salt”). 
     In one embodiment, X 1(−)  and X 2(−) , taken together, form a doubly-charged anion. 
     In one embodiment, each of X 1(−)  and X 2(−) , or X 1(−)  and X 2(−)  taken together, are pharmaceutically acceptable ions, and resulting compounds of Formula (2) are pharmaceutically acceptable salts. 
     Examples of suitable anions include:
         inorganic anions derived from the following inorganic acids: hydrofluoric, hydrochloric, hydrobromic, hydroiodic, sulfuric, sulfurous, nitric, nitrous, phosphoric, and phosphorous; and   organic anions derived from the following organic acids: 2-acetyoxybenzoic, acetic, ascorbic, aspartic, benzoic, benzenesulfonic, camphorsulfonic, cinnamic, citric, edetic, ethanedisulfonic, ethanesulfonic, formic, fumaric, glucoheptonic, gluconic, glucuronic, galacturonic, glutamic, glycolic, hydroxymaleic, hydroxynaphthalene carboxylic, isethionic, lactic, lactobionic, lauric, maleic, malic, methanesulfonic, mucic, naphthalenesulfonic, naphthalenedisulfonic, oleic, oxalic, palmitic, pamoic, pantothenic, para-toluenesulfonic, phenylacetic, phenylsulfonic, propanedisulfonic, propionic, pyruvic, salicylic, stearic, succinic, sulfanilic, tartaric, toluenesulfonic, and valeric.       

     In one embodiment:
         X 1(−)  is independently F − , Cl − , Br − , NO 3 —, NO 2 —, or R X1 SO 3   − ; and   X 2(−)  is independently F − , Cl − , Br − , NO 3 —, NO 2 —, or R X2 SO 3   − ; or   X 1(−)  and X 2(−) , taken together, form SO 4   2−  or R Y (SO 3 ) 2   2− ;
 
wherein:
   R X1  is independently C 1-10 alkyl, C 1-10 haloalkyl, C 3-6 cycloalkyl, or C 6-10 carboaryl;   R X2  is independently C 1-10 alkyl, C 1-10 haloalkyl, C 3-6 cycloalkyl, or C 6-10 carboaryl; and   R Y  is independently C 1-6 alkylene or C 6-10 carboarylene;
 
wherein:
   each C 3-6 cycloalkyl, each C 6-10 carboaryl, and each C 6-10 carboarylene is optionally substituted with one or more C 1-4 alkyl groups.       

     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 1 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Examples of R X1 /R X2 /R X3   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                 R X1 /R X2 /R X3   
                 Corresponding Anion 
                 Corresponding Acid 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 —Me 
                 MeSO 3   − (mesylate) 
                 methanesulfonic acid (MsOH) 
               
               
                 —Et 
                 EtSO 3   − (esylate) 
                 ethanesulfonic acid (EsOH) 
               
               
                 phenyl 
                 (Phenyl)SO 3   −   
                 benzenesulfonic acid (BSA) 
               
               
                 tolyl 
                 (Tolyl)SO 3   −   
                 p-toluenesulfonic acid (TsOH) 
               
               
                 naphthyl 
                 (Naphthyl)SO 3   −   
                 naphthalenesulfonic acid (NSA) 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     In one embodiment: 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 2 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Examples of R Y   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                 R Y   
                 Corresponding Anion 
                 Corresponding Acid 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 —CH 2 CH 2 — 
                 —O 3 SCH 2 CH 2 SO 3 — 
                 ethanedisulfonic  
               
               
                   
                   
                 acid (EDSA) 
               
               
                 —CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 — 
                 —O 3 SCH 2 CH 2 CH 2 SO 3 — 
                 propanedisulfonic  
               
               
                   
                   
                 acid (PDSA) 
               
               
                 naphthalene-di-yl 
                 —O 3 S(naphthalene-di-yl)SO 3 — 
                 naphthalenedisulfonic  
               
               
                   
                   
                 acid (NDSA) 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
         
         
           
             X 1(−)  is independently F − , Cl − , Br − , NO 3 —, NO 2 —, or R X1 SO 3   − ; and 
             X 2(−)  is independently F − , Cl − , Br − , NO 3 —, NO 2 —, or R X2 SO 3   − . 
           
         
       
    
     In one embodiment:
         X 1(−)  is independently F − , Cl − , Br − , or R X1 SO 3   − ; and   X 2(−)  is independently F − , Cl − , Br − , or R X2 SO 3 .       

     In one embodiment:
         X 1(−)  is independently F − , Cl − , or Br − ; and   X 2(−)  is independently F − , Cl − , or Br − .       

     In one embodiment:
         X 1(−)  is independently R X1 SO 3   − ; and   X 2(−)  is independently R X2 SO 3   − .       

     In one embodiment:
         X 1(−)  and X 2(−) , taken together, form SO 4   2−  or R Y (SO 3 ) 2   2− .       

     In one embodiment:
         X 1(−)  and X 2(−) , taken together, form R Y (SO 3 ) 2   2− .
 
The Groups R X1 , R X2 , and R Y  
       

     In one embodiment:
         R X1 , if present, is independently C 1-10 alkyl, C 1-10 haloalkyl, C 3-6 cycloalkyl, or C 6-10 carboaryl;   R X2 , if present, is independently C 1-10 alkyl, C 1-10 haloalkyl, C 3-6 cycloalkyl, or C 6-10 carboaryl; and   R Y , if present, is independently C 1-6 alkylene or C 6-10 carboarylene;
 
wherein:
   each C 3-6 cycloalkyl, each C 6-10 carboaryl, and each C 6-10 carboarylene is optionally substituted with one or more C 1-4 alkyl groups.       

     In one embodiment:
         R X1 , if present, is independently C 1-6 alkyl, C 1-6 haloalkyl, C 3-6 cycloalkyl, or C 6-10 carboaryl;   R X2 , if present, is independently C 1-6 alkyl, C 1-6 haloalkyl, C 3-6 cycloalkyl, or C 6-10 carboaryl; and   R Y , if present, is independently C 1-6 alkylene or C 6-10 carboarylene;
 
wherein:
   each C 3-6 cycloalkyl, each C 6-10 carboaryl, and each C 6-10 carboarylene is optionally substituted with one or more C 1-4 alkyl groups.       

     In one embodiment:
         R X1 , if present, is independently C 1-4 alkyl, C 1-4 haloalkyl, C 3-6 cycloalkyl, or C 6-10 carboaryl;   R X2 , if present, is independently C 1-4 alkyl, C 1-4 haloalkyl, C 3-6 cycloalkyl, or C 6-10 carboaryl; and   R Y , if present, is independently C 1-6 alkylene or C 6-10 carboarylene;
 
wherein:
   each C 3-6 cycloalkyl, each C 6-10 carboaryl, and each C 6-10 carboarylene is optionally substituted with one or more C 1-4 alkyl groups.       

     In one embodiment:
         R X1 , if present, is independently C 1-4 alkyl, C 3-6 cycloalkyl, or C 6-10 carboaryl;   R X2 , if present, is independently C 1-4 alkyl, C 3-6 cycloalkyl, or C 6-10 carboaryl; and   R Y , if present, is independently C 1-6 alkylene or C 6-10 carboarylene;
 
wherein:
   each C 3-6 cycloalkyl, each C 6-10 carboaryl, and each C 6-10 carboarylene is optionally substituted with one or more C 1-4 alkyl groups.       

     In one embodiment:
         R X1 , if present, is independently -Me, -Et, phenyl, tolyl, or naphthyl;   R X2 , if present, is independently -Me, -Et, phenyl, tolyl, or naphthyl; and   R Y , if present, is independently —(CH 2 ) 2 —, —(CH 2 ) 3 —, phenylene, or naphthalene-di-yl.       

     In one embodiment:
         X 1(−) , if present, is independently F − ; and X 2(−) , if present, is independently F − .       

     In one embodiment:
         X 1(−) , if present, is independently Cl − ; and   X 2(−) , if present, is independently Cl − .       

     In one embodiment:
         X 1(−) , if present, is independently Br − ; and   X 2(−) , if present, is independently Br − .       

     In one embodiment:
         X 1(−) , if present, is independently MeSO 3   − ; and   X 2(−) , if present, is independently MeSO 3   − .       

     In one embodiment:
         X 1(−) , if present, is independently EtSO 3   − ; and   X 2(−) , if present, is independently EtSO 3 .       

     In one embodiment:
         X 1(−) , if present, is independently (phenyl)SO 3   − ; and   X 2(−) , if present, is independently (phenyl)SO 3 .       

     In one embodiment:
         X 1(−) , if present, is independently (tolyl)SO 3   − ; and   X 2(−) , if present, is independently (tolyl)SO 3 .       

     In one embodiment:
         X 1(−) , if present, is independently (naphthyl)SO 3   − ; and   X 2(−) , if present, is independently (naphthyl)SO 3   − .       

     In one embodiment:
         X 1(−)  and X 2(−) , if present, taken together, form R Y (SO 3 ) 2   2− ; and   R Y  is —(CH 2 ) 2 —.       

     In one embodiment:
         X 1(−)  and X 2(−) , if present, taken together, form R Y (SO 3 ) 2   2− ; and   R Y  is —(CH 2 ) 3 —.       

     In one embodiment:
         X 1(−)  and X 2(−) , if present, taken together, form R Y (SO 3 ) 2   2− ; and   R Y  is phenylene (e.g., 1,4-phenylene).       

     In one embodiment:
         X 1(−)  and X 2(−) , if present, taken together, form R Y (SO 3 ) 2   2− ; and   R Y  is naphthalene-di-yl (e.g., naphthalene-1,5-di-yl; naphthalene-1,8-di-yl).
 
The Group X 3(−)  
       

     The group X 3(−)  is an anionic counterion (e.g., pharmaceutically acceptable anionic counterion) in compounds of Formula (3). 
     The group X 3(−)  may be a singly-charged anion (e.g., pharmaceutically acceptable anion). 
     In an example of such an embodiment, X 3(−)  is Cl − . 
     Alternatively, the group X 3(−)  may be a multiply-charged (e.g., doubly-charged) anion (e.g., pharmaceutically acceptable anion). In such cases, the molar ratio of the thioninium cation to the counter anion is a corresponding multiple. 
     In an example of such an embodiment, X 3(−)  is SO 4   2−  (and the molar ratio of thioninium cation to counter anion is 2, or equivalently, the molar ratio of counter anion to thioninium cation is 0.5). 
     In the compounds described herein, X 3(−)  is an anion (e.g., a pharmaceutically acceptable anion), corresponding to an acid. 
     In one embodiment, X 3(−)  is independently a single-charged anion (e.g., pharmaceutically acceptable anion), corresponding to an acid, HX 3 . 
     In one embodiment, X 3(−)  is independently a doubly-charged anion (e.g., pharmaceutically acceptable anion), corresponding to an acid, H 2 X 3 . 
     Examples of suitable anions include:
         inorganic anions derived from the following inorganic acids: hydrofluoric, hydrochloric, hydrobromic, hydroiodic, sulfuric, sulfurous, nitric, nitrous, phosphoric, and phosphorous; and   organic anions derived from the following organic acids: 2-acetyoxybenzoic, acetic, ascorbic, aspartic, benzoic, benzenesulfonic, camphorsulfonic, cinnamic, citric, edetic, ethanedisulfonic, ethanesulfonic, formic, fumaric, glucoheptonic, gluconic, glucuronic, galacturonic, glutamic, glycolic, hydroxymaleic, hydroxynaphthalene carboxylic, isethionic, lactic, lactobionic, lauric, maleic, malic, methanesulfonic, mucic, naphthalenesulfonic, naphthalenedisulfonic, oleic, oxalic, palmitic, pamoic, pantothenic, para-toluenesulfonic, phenylacetic, phenylsulfonic, propanedisulfonic, propionic, pyruvic, salicylic, stearic, succinic, sulfanilic, tartaric, toluenesulfonic, and valeric.       

     In one embodiment:
         X 3(−) , if present, is independently F − , Cl − , Br − , NO 3   − , NO 2   − , or R X3 SO 3   − ;
 
wherein:
   R X3  is independently C 1-10 alkyl, C 1-10 -haloalkyl, C 3-6 cycloalkyl, or C 6-10 carboaryl;
 
wherein:
   C 3-6 cycloalkyl and C 6-10 carboaryl are optionally substituted with one or more C 1-4 alkyl groups.       

     In one embodiment, X 3(−) , if present, is independently F − , Cl − , Br − , or R X3 SO 3   − . 
     In one embodiment, X 3(−) , if present, is independently F − , Cl − , Br − . 
     In one embodiment, X 3(−) , if present, is independently F. 
     In one embodiment, X 3(−) , if present, is independently Cl − . 
     In one embodiment, X 3(−) , if present, is independently Br − . 
     In one embodiment, X 3(−) , if present, is independently R X3 SO 3   − . 
     In one embodiment, R X3 , if present, is independently C 1-6 alkyl, C 1-6 haloalkyl, C 3-6 cycloalkyl, or C 6-10 carboaryl; wherein C 3-6 cycloalkyl and C 6-10 carboaryl are optionally substituted with one or more C 1-4 alkyl groups. 
     In one embodiment, R X3 , if present, is independently C 1-4 alkyl, C 1-4 haloalkyl, C 3-6 cycloalkyl, or C 6-10 carboaryl; wherein C 3-6 cycloalkyl and C 6-10 carboaryl are optionally substituted with one or more C 1-4 alkyl groups. 
     In one embodiment, R X3 , if present, is independently C 1-4 alkyl, C 3-6 cycloalkyl, or C 6-10 carboaryl; wherein C 3-6 cycloalkyl and C 6-10 carboaryl are optionally substituted with one or more C 1-4 alkyl groups. 
     In one embodiment, R X3 , if present, is independently C 1-4 alkyl or C 6-10 carboaryl; wherein C 6-10 carboaryl is optionally substituted with one or more C 1-4 alkyl groups. 
     In one embodiment, R X3 , if present, is independently -Me, -Et, phenyl, tolyl, or naphthyl; In one embodiment, X 3(−) , if present, is independently MeSO 3   − . 
     In one embodiment, X 3(−) , if present, is independently EtSO 3 . 
     In one embodiment, X 3(−) , if present, is independently (phenyl)SO 3   − . 
     In one embodiment, X 3(−) , if present, is independently (tolyl)SO 3   − . 
     In one embodiment, X 3(−) , if present, is independently (naphthyl)SO 3   − . 
     In one embodiment, X 3(−) , if present, is independently (naphth-1-yl)SO 3   − . 
     In one embodiment, X 3(−) , if present, is independently (naphth-2-yl)SO 3 . 
     Alkyl Groups 
     In one embodiment, the or each C 1-10 alkyl is C 1-6 alkyl. 
     In one embodiment, the or each C 1-10 alkyl is C 1-4 alkyl. 
     In one embodiment, the or each C 1-6 alkyl is C 1-4 alkyl. 
     In one embodiment, the or each alkyl (e.g., C 1-10 alkyl, C 1-6 alkyl, C 1-4 alkyl) is independently: -Me, -Et, -nPr, -iPr, -nBu, or -iBu. 
     In one embodiment, the or each alkyl (e.g., C 1-10 alkyl, C 1-6 alkyl, C 1-4 alkyl) is independently: -Me, -Et, -nPr, or -iPr. 
     In one embodiment, the or each alkyl (e.g., C 1-10 alkyl, C 1-6 alkyl, C 1-4 alkyl) is independently: -Me or -Et. 
     In one embodiment, the or each alkyl (e.g., C 1-10 alkyl, C 1-6 alkyl, C 1-4 alkyl) is -Me. 
     In one embodiment, the or each alkyl (e.g., C 1-10 alkyl, C 1-6 alkyl, C 1-4 alkyl) is -Et. 
     In one embodiment, the or each alkyl (e.g., C 1-10 alkyl, C 1-6 alkyl, C 1-4 alkyl) is -nPr. 
     In one embodiment, the or each alkyl (e.g., C 1-10 alkyl, C 1-6 alkyl, C 1-4 alkyl) is -iPr. 
     In one embodiment, the or each alkyl (e.g., C 1-10 alkyl, C 1-6 alkyl, C 1-4 alkyl) is -nBu. 
     In one embodiment, the or each alkyl (e.g., C 1-10 alkyl, C 1-6 alkyl, C 1-4 alkyl) is -iBu. 
     Haloalkyl Groups 
     For the avoidance of doubt, the term “haloalkyl” (e.g., C 1-10 haloalkyl, C 1-6 haloalkyl, C 1-4 haloalkyl), as used herein, relates to an alkyl group (e.g., a C 1-10 alkyl group, a C 1-6 alkyl group, a C 1-4 alkyl group) in which each of one or more hydrogen atoms has been replaced with a halogen atom, typically the same halogen atom. 
     In one embodiment, the or each C 1-4 haloalkyl is —CF 3 , —CH 2 CF 3 , or —CH 2 CH 2 F. 
     In one embodiment, the or each C 1-4 haloalkyl is —CF 3 . 
     Cycloalkyl Groups 
     In one embodiment, the or each C 3-6 cycloalkyl is C 5-6 cycloalkyl. 
     In one embodiment, the or each C 3-6 cycloalkyl is cyclopropyl. 
     In one embodiment, the or each C 3-6 cycloalkyl is cyclobutyl. 
     In one embodiment, the or each cycloalkyl (e.g., C 3-6 cycloalkyl, C 5-6 cycloalkyl) is cyclopentyl. 
     In one embodiment, the or each cycloalkyl (e.g., C 3-6 cycloalkyl, C 5-6 cycloalkyl) is cyclohexyl. 
     Alkylene Groups 
     For the avoidance of doubt, the term “alkylene” is used herein in the conventional sense to refer to a substituent which is derived from an alkane, and which has two points of attachment, wherein each attachment is via a carbon atom, and is provided by the removal of a hydrogen atom. For example, for the alkane methane (i.e., CH 4 ), the corresponding alkyl group is methyl (i.e., —CH 3 ), and the corresponding alkylene group is methylene (i.e., —CH 2 —). 
     In one embodiment, the or each C 1-6 alkylene is C 1-4 alkylene. 
     In one embodiment, the or each C 1-6 alkylene is C 2-4 alkylene. 
     In one embodiment, the or each C 1-6 alkylene is C 4-6 alkylene. 
     In one embodiment, the or each C 1-6 alkylene is linear C 1-4 alkylene. 
     In one embodiment, the or each C 1-6 alkylene is linear C 2-4 alkylene. 
     In one embodiment, the or each C 1-6 alkylene is linear C 4-6 alkylene. 
     In one embodiment, the or each C 4-6 alkylene is linear C 4 alkylene (i.e., —(CH 2 ) 4 —). 
     In one embodiment, the or each C 4-6 alkylene is linear C 5 alkylene (i.e., —(CH 2 ) 5 —). 
     In one embodiment, the or each C 4-6 alkylene is linear C 6 alkylene (i.e., —(CH 2 ) 6 —). 
     In one embodiment, the or each alkylene (e.g., C 1-6 alkylene, C 1-4 alkylene) is methylene (i.e., —CH 2 —). 
     In one embodiment, the or each alkylene (e.g., C 1-6 alkylene, C 1-4 alkylene, C 2-4 alkylene) is ethylene (i.e., —(CH 2 ) 2 —). 
     In one embodiment, the or each alkylene (e.g., C 1-6 alkylene, C 1-4 alkylene, C 2-4 alkylene) is propylene (i.e., —(CH 2 ) 3 —). 
     In one embodiment, the or each alkylene (e.g., C 1-6 alkylene, C 1-4 alkylene, C 2-4 alkylene, C 4-6 alkylene) is butylene (i.e., —(CH 2 ) 4 —). 
     In one embodiment, the or each alkylene (e.g., C 1-6 alkylene, C 4-6 alkylene) is pentylene (i.e., —(CH 2 ) 5 —). 
     In one embodiment, the or each alkylene (e.g., C 1-6 alkylene, C 4-6 alkylene) is hexylene (i.e., —(CH 2 ) 6 —). 
     Carboaryl Groups 
     In one embodiment, the or each C 6-10 carboaryl is phenyl or naphthyl. 
     In one embodiment, the or each C 6-10 carboaryl is phenyl. 
     In one embodiment, the or each C 6-10 carboaryl is unsubstituted. 
     Methods of Synthesis 
     Selective Alkylation by Reductive Amination 
     The methods of synthesis proceed via a step of selective alkylation by reductive amination, in which a compound of Formula (4): 
                         
is reacted with aldehyde/ketone and a reductive amination agent, under reductive amination conditions, to give the corresponding compound of Formula (1):
 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     In the reductive amination reaction, a carbonyl group, (O═)C&lt;, of the aldehyde/ketone gives rise to a corresponding nitrogen substituent, —CH&lt;. Accordingly, any suitable aldehyde/ketone may be used, to give rises to the corresponding nitrogen substituent attached via a —CH&lt; group. 
     For the avoidance of doubt, the term “aldehyde/ketone”, as used herein, denotes an aldehyde, a ketone, a mixture of aldehydes, a mixture of ketones, or a mixture of aldehydes and ketones. 
     Also for the avoidance of doubt, the term “aldehyde”, as used herein, is intended to encompass both monomeric aldehyde and polymeric aldehyde, unless otherwise specified. For example, formaldehyde, H—C(═O)—H, is monomeric, and a corresponding polymeric aldehyde is paraformaldehyde, HO—[CH 2 —O]n-H. Accordingly, unless otherwise specified a reference to formaldehyde is intended to encompass polymeric formaldehyde, e.g., paraformaldehyde. Similarly, acetaldehyde, CH 3 —C(═O)—H, is monomeric, and corresponding polymeric aldehydes include a cyclic trimer (paraldehyde), a cylic tetramer (metaldehyde), and more generally polyacetaldehyde, HO—[CH(CH 3 )—O]n-H. Accordingly, unless otherwise specified a reference to acetaldehyde is intended to encompass polymeric acetaldehyde, e.g., paraldehyde, metaldehyde, polyacetaldehyde, etc. 
     Surprisingly and unexpectedly, the alkylation by reductive amination is selective, that is, the alkylation is selective for the pendant amino groups at the 3- and 7-positions in compounds of Formula (4), as compared to the bridging amino group at the 10-position in compounds of Formula (4). Surprisingly and unexpectedly, alkylation by reductive amination preferentially occurs at the pendant amino groups at the 3- and 7-positions, even to the point of di-alkylation at both of those positions, with little or no alkylation occurring at the bridging amino group at the 10-position. 
     Possible Mechanisms 
     Without wishing to be bound to any particular theory, possible mechanisms for the selective alkylation by reductive amination are illustrated in the following schemes. 
     A possible mechanism for the first selective alkylation by reductive amination is shown in the following scheme, in which a first aldehyde or ketone, R 1AX —C(═O)—R 1AY , is used for a first alkylation, to give R 1A  as —CH(R 1AX )(R 1AY ). 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     This first selective alkylation by reductive amination may be abbreviated as shown in the following scheme, in which a first aldehyde or ketone, R 1AX —C(═O)—R 1AY , is used for a first alkylation, to give R 1A  as —CH(R 1AX )(R 1AY ). 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     A similar second selective alkylation by reductive amination may be abbreviated as shown in the following scheme, in which a second aldehyde or ketone, R 2AX —C(═O)—R 2AY , is used for a second alkylation, to give R 2A  as —CH(R 2AX )(R 2AY ) 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     It is possible to stop here, and obtain “N-monosubstituted” compounds (i.e., wherein each of R 1B  and R 2B  is —H). Alternatively, the process may be continued as described below. 
     If the process is to be continued, as described below, and if R 1B  and/or R 2B  are to be different from R 1A  and/or R 2A , then it may be necessary to do the sterically larger groups “first” (as R 1A  and/or R 2A ) and the sterically smaller groups “second” (as R 1B  and/or R 2B ). Also, it may be desirable to isolate the N-monosubstituted compound before further reaction. 
     A similar third selective alkylation by reductive amination may be abbreviated as shown in the following scheme, in which a third aldehyde or ketone, R 1BX —C(═O)—R 1BY , is used for a third alkylation, to give R 1B  as —CH(R 1BX )(R 1BY ) 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     A similar fourth selective alkylation by reductive amination may be abbreviated as shown in the following scheme, in which a fourth aldehyde or ketone, R 2BX —C(═O)—R 2BY , is used for a fourth alkylation, to give R 2B  as —CH(R 2BX )(R 2BY ). 
                         
The Aldehyde/Ketone
 
     Again, in the reductive amination reaction, a carbonyl group, (O═)C&lt;, of the aldehyde/ketone gives rise to a corresponding nitrogen substituent, —CH&lt;. Accordingly, any suitable aldehyde/ketone may be used. 
     Again, for the avoidance of doubt, the term “aldehyde/ketone”, as used herein, denotes an aldehyde, a ketone, a mixture of aldehydes, a mixture of ketones, or a mixture of aldehydes and ketones. 
     Again, for the avoidance of doubt, the term “aldehyde”, as used herein, is intended to encompass both monomeric aldehyde and polymeric aldehyde, unless otherwise specified. 
     For example, formaldehyde, H—C(═O)—H, is monomeric, and a corresponding polymeric aldehyde is paraformaldehyde, HO—[CH 2 —O]n-H. Accordingly, unless otherwise specified a reference to formaldehyde is intended to encompass polymeric formaldehyde, e.g., paraformaldehyde. Similarly, acetaldehyde, CH 3 —C(═O)—H, is monomeric, and corresponding polymeric aldehydes include a cyclic trimer (paraldehyde), a cylic tetramer (metaldehyde), and more generally polyacetaldehyde, HO—[CH(CH 3 )—O]n-H. Accordingly, unless otherwise specified a reference to acetaldehyde is intended to encompass polymeric acetaldehyde, e.g., paraldehyde, metaldehyde, polyacetaldehyde, etc. 
     In one embodiment, the aldehyde is monomeric aldehyde. 
     In one embodiment, the aldehyde is polymeric aldehyde (e.g., paraformaldehyde, paraldehyde, metaldehyde, polyacetaldehyde, etc.). 
     If a particular nitrogen substituent (i.e., R 1A , R 1B , R 2A , R 2B ) is wanted, then the corresponding aldehyde or ketone is used. 
     For example, if R 1A  is to be —CH 3  (i.e., —CH(H)(H)), then formaldehyde (HC(═O)H) is used. 
     Similarly, if R 1A  is to be -Et (i.e., —CH(H)(CH 3 )), then acetaldehyde (HC(═O)CH 3 ) is used. 
     Similarly, if R 1A  is to be -iPr (i.e., —CH(CH 3 ) 2 ), then acetone (CH 3 C(═O)CH 3 ) is used. 
     Similarly, if R 1A  is to be cyclohexyl (i.e., —CH[—(CH 2 ) 5 —]), then cyclohexanone (i.e., (O═)C[—(CH 2 ) 5 —]), is used. 
     Similarly, if R 1A  and R 1B , taken together, are to form —(CH 2 ) 5 — (i.e., —CH(H)—(CH 2 ) 3 —CH(H)—), so that —NR 1A R 1B  is piperidino, then glutaraldehyde ((O═)CH—(CH 2 ) 3 —CH(═O)) is used. 
     For example, in one embodiment, a compound of Formula (4a): 
                         
is reacted with formaldehyde (e.g., provided as formaldehyde, paraformaldehyde, etc.), under reductive amination conditions, to give the corresponding compound of Formula (1a):
 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     In this embodiment:
         R 1A  is —CH 3  (i.e., —CH(H)(H), that is, a substituent attached via a —CH&lt; group);   R 1B  is —CH 3  (i.e., —CH(H)(H), that is, a substituent attached via a —CH&lt; group);   R 2A  is —CH 3  (i.e., —CH(H)(H), that is, a substituent attached via a —CH&lt; group); and   R 2B  is —CH 3  (i.e., —CH(H)(H), that is, a substituent attached via a —CH&lt; group);
 
and the aldehyde/ketone is H—C(═O)—H (i.e., (O═)C&lt;, i.e., (O═)C(H)(H));
 
or more specifically:
   R 1A  is —CH(R 1AX )(R 1AY ), and is —CH 3 ;   R 1B  is —CH(R 1BX )(R 1BY ), and is —CH 3 ;   R 2A  is —CH(R 2AX )(R 2AY ), and is —CH 3 ; and   R 2B  is —CH(R 2BX )(R 2BY ), and is —CH 3 ;
 
and the aldehyde/ketone is H—C(═O)—H:
   R 1AX —C(═O)—R 1AY , where R 1AX  and R 1AY  are both —H;   R 1BX —C(═O)—R 1BY , where R 1BX  and R 1BY  are both —H;   R 2AX —C(═O)—R 2AY , where R 2AX  and R 2A  are both —H; and   R 2BX —C(═O)—R 2BY , where R 2BX  and R 2BY  are both —H.       

     Similarly, in one embodiment, a compound of the following formula: 
                         
is reacted with a mixture of acetone and formaldehyde (e.g., provided as formaldehyde, paraformaldehyde, etc.), under reductive amination conditions, to give the corresponding compound of the following formula:
 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     In this embodiment:
         R 1A  is —CH(R 1AX )(R 1AY ), and is —CH(CH 3 ) 2 ;   R 1B  is —CH(R 1BX )(R 1BY ), and is —CH 3 ;   R 2A  is —CH(R 2AX )(R 2AY ), and is —CH(CH 3 ) 2 ; and   R 2B  is —CH(R 2BX )(R 2BY ), and is —CH 3 ;
 
and the aldehyde/ketone is a mixture of CH 3 —C(═O)—CH 3  and H—C(═O)—H:
   R 1AX —C(═O)—R 1AY , where R 1AX  and R 1AY  are both —CH 3 ;   R 1BX —C(═O)—R 1BY , where R 1BX  and R 1BY  are both —H;   R 2AX —C(═O)—R 2AY , where R 2AX  and R 2AY  are both —CH 3 ; and   R 2BX —C(═O)—R 2BY , where R 2BX  and R 2BY  are both —H.       

     Similarly, in one embodiment, a compound of the following formula: 
                         
is reacted with acetone, under reductive amination conditions, to give the corresponding compound of the following formula:
 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     In this embodiment:
         R 1A  is —CH(CH 3 ) 2  (i.e., —CH(CH 3 )(CH 3 ), that is, a substituent attached via a —CH&lt; group);   R 1B  is —H;   R 2A  is —CH(CH 3 ) 2  (i.e., —CH(CH 3 )(CH 3 ), that is, a substituent attached via a —CH&lt; group);   R 2B  is —H;
 
and the aldehyde/ketone is CH 3 —C(═O)—CH 3  (i.e., (O═)C&lt;, i.e., (O═)C(CH 3 )(CH 3 );
 
or more specifically:
   R 1A  is —CH(R 1AX )(R 1AY ), and is —CH(CH 3 ) 2 ;   R 1B  is —H;   R 2A  is —CH(R 2AX )(R 2AY ), and is —CH(CH 3 ) 2 ; and   R 2B  is —H;
 
and the aldehyde/ketone is CH 3 —C(═O)—CH 3 :
   R 1AX —C(═O)—R 1AY , where R 1AX  and R 1AY  are both —CH 3 ; and   R 2AX —C(═O)—R 2AY , where R 2AX  and R 2A  are both —CH 3 .       

     Similarly, in one embodiment, a compound of the following formula: 
                         
is reacted with cyclohexanone, under reductive amination conditions, to give the corresponding compound of the following formula:
 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     In this embodiment:
         R 1A  is —CH[—(CH 2 ) 5 —] (i.e., cyclohexyl), that is, a substituent attached via a —CH&lt; group);   R 1B  is —H;   R 2A  is —CH[—(CH 2 ) 5 —] (i.e., cyclohexyl), that is, a substituent attached via a —CH&lt; group);   R 2B  is —H;
 
and the aldehyde/ketone is cyclohexanone (i.e., (O═)C&lt;, i.e., (O═)C[—(CH 2 ) 5 —];
 
or more specifically:
   R 1A  is —CH(R 1AX )(R 1AY ), and is —CH[—(CH 2 ) 5 —];   R 1B  is —H;   R 2A  is —CH(R 2AX )(R 2AY ), and is —CH[—(CH 2 ) 5 —]; and   R 2B  is —H;
 
and the aldehyde/ketone is cyclohexanone (i.e., (O═)C[—(CH 2 ) 5 —]):
   R 1AX —C(═O)—R 1AY , where R 1AX  and R 1AY , taken together, form C 5 alkylene; and   R 2AX —C(═O)—R 2AY , where R 2AX  and R 2AY , taken together, form C 5 alkylene.       

     Similarly, in one embodiment, a compound of the following formula: 
                         
is reacted with glutaraldehyde ((O═)CH—(CH 2 ) 3 —CH(═O)), under reductive amination conditions, to give the corresponding compound of the following formula:
 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     In this embodiment:
         R 1A  and R 1B , taken together, form —(CH 2 ) 5 —, that is, a substituent with two points of attachment, wherein each of the attachments is via a —CH&lt; group; and   R 2A  and R 2B , taken together, form —(CH 2 ) 5 —, that is, a substituent with two points of attachment, wherein each of the attachments is via a —CH&lt; group; the aldehyde/ketone is glutaraldehyde (i.e., (O═)CH—(CH 2 ) 3 —CH(═O));
 
or more specifically:
   R 1A  and R 1B , taken together, form —CH 2 —R 1AB —CH 2 —;   R 1AB  is —(CH 2 ) 3 —;   R 2A  and R 2B , taken together, form —CH 2 —R 2AB —CH 2 —;   R 2AB  is —(CH 2 ) 3 —;
 
and the aldehyde/ketone is glutaraldehyde (i.e., (O═)CH—(CH 2 ) 3 —CH(═O)):
   (O═)CH—R 1AB —CH(═O), where R 1AB  is —(CH 2 ) 3 —; and   (O═)CH—R 2AB —CH(═O), where R 2AB  is —(CH 2 ) 3 —.
 
Aldehyde/Ketone: Some Examples
       

     In one embodiment: 
     if (a): 
     
         
         
           
             R 1A  is —CH(R 1AX )(R 1AY ); and 
             R 1B  is independently —H or —CH(R 1BX )(R 1BY ); 
             R 2A  is —CH(R 2AX )(R 2AY ); and 
             R 2B  is independently —H or —CH(R 2BX )(R 2BY );
 
then the aldehyde/ketone comprises:
 
             R 1AX —C(═O)—R 1AY , and 
             R 2AX —C(═O)—R 2AY ;
 
and further if R 1B  is other than —H, then the aldehyde/ketone further comprises:
 
             R 1BX —C(═O)—R 1BY ;
 
and further if R 2B  is other than —H, then the aldehyde/ketone further comprises:
 
             R 2BX —C(═O)—R 2BY ;
 
and if (b):
 
             R 1A  and R 1B , taken together, form —CH 2 —R 1AB —CH 2 —; and 
             R 2A  and R 2B , taken together, form —CH 2 —R 2AB —CH 2 —;
 
then the aldehyde/ketone comprises:
 
             (O═)CH—R 1AB —CH(═O); and 
             (O═)CH—R 2AB —CH(═O). 
           
         
       
    
     In one embodiment:
         R 1AX —C(═O)—R 1AY  is the same as R 2AX —C(═O)—R 2AY      (and consequently R 1A  and R 2A  are the same).       

     In one embodiment:
         neither R 1B  nor R 2B  is —H   (and consequently the aldehyde/ketone further comprises   R 1BX —C(═O)—R 1BY  and R 2BX —C(═O)—R 2BY ); and   R 1BX —C(═O)—R 1BY  is the same as R 2BX —C(═O)—R 2BY      (and consequently R 1B  and R 2B  are the same).
 
“N,N-Disubstituted, Same Substituents” (neither R 1B  nor R 2B  is —H):
       

     In one embodiment:
         R 1AX —C(═O)—R 1AY  is the same as R 2AX —C(═O)—R 2AY      (and consequently R 1A  and R 2A  are the same);   neither R 1B  nor R 2B  is —H   (and consequently the aldehyde/ketone further comprises   R 1BX —C(═O)—R 1BY  and R 2BX —C(═O)—R 2BY );   R 1BX —C(═O)—R 1BY  is the same as R 2BX —C(═O)—R 2BY      (and consequently R 1B  and R 2B  are the same); and   R 1AX —C(═O)—R 1AY  is the same as R 1BX —C(═O)—R 1BY      (and consequently R 1A  and R 2A  and R 1B  and R 2B  are all the same).       

     In an example of such an embodiment:
         R 1AX —C(═O)—R 1AY  and R 2AX —C(═O)—R 2A Y are H—C(═O)—H (i.e., formaldehyde);   R 1BX —C(═O)—R 1BY  and R 2BX —C(═O)—R 2B Y are H—C(═O)—H (i.e., formaldehyde);   R 1A  and R 2A  are -Me; and   R 1B  and R 2B  are -Me.
 
“N,N-Disubstituted, Different Substituents” (neither R 1B  nor R 2B  is —H):
       

     In one embodiment:
         R 1AX —C(═O)—R 1AY  is the same as R 2AX —C(═O)—R 2AY      (and consequently R 1A  and R 2A  are the same);   neither R 1B  nor R 2B  is —H   (and consequently the aldehyde/ketone further comprises   R 1BX —C(═O)—R 1BY  and R 2BX —C(═O)—R 2BY );   R 1BX —C(═O)—R 1BY  is the same as R 2BX —C(═O)—R 2BY      (and consequently R 1B  and R 2B  are the same); but   R 1AX —C(═O)—R 1AY  is different from R 1BX —C(═O)—R 1BY      (and consequently R 1A  and R 1B  are different).       

     In an example of such an embodiment:
         R 1AX —C(═O)—R 1AY  and R 2AX —C(═O)—R 2A Y are CH 3 —C(═O)—CH 3  (i.e., acetone);   R 1BX —C(═O)—R 1BY  and R 2BX —C(═O)—R 2B Y are H—C(═O)—H (i.e., formaldehyde);   R 1A  and R 2A  are -iPr (i.e., —CH(CH 3 )(CH 3 )); and   R 1B  and R 2B  are -Me.
 
“N-Monosubstituted” (R 1B  and R 2B  are both —H):
       

     In one embodiment:
         R 1AX —C(═O)—R 1AY  is the same as R 2AX —C(═O)—R 2AY      (and consequently R 1A  and R 2A  are the same); and   both R 1B  and R 2B  is —H   (and consequently the aldehyde/ketone does not further comprise   R 1BX —C(═O)—R 1BY  and R 2BX —C(═O)—R 2BY ).       

     In an example of such an embodiment:
         R 1AX —C(═O)—R 1AY  and R 2AX —C(═O)—R 2A Y are CH 3 —C(═O)—CH 3  (i.e., acetone);   R 1BX —C(═O)—R 1BY  and R 2BX —C(═O)—R 2BY  are absent;   R 1A  and R 2A  are -iPr (i.e., —CH(CH 3 ) 2 ); and   R 1B  and R 2B  are —H.       

     Examples of suitable aldehydes and ketones are shown in the following tables. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 3 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Examples of Suitable Aldehydes (*) 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                 Aldehyde 
                 Formula, (O═)C&lt; 
                 Resulting Group,  
               
               
                   
                 (O═)C(H)(R P ) 
                 —CH&lt; 
               
               
                   
                   
                 —CH(H)(R P ) 
               
               
                 Formaldehyde 
                 (O═)CH—H 
                 —CH 3   
               
               
                 (methanal) 
                   
                   
               
               
                 Acetaldehyde 
                 (O═)CH—CH 3   
                 —CH 2 CH 3   
               
               
                 (ethanal) 
                   
                   
               
               
                 Propionaldehyde 
                 (O═)CH—CH 2 CH 3   
                 —CH 2 CH 2 CH 3   
               
               
                 (propanal) 
                   
                   
               
               
                 Butyraldehyde 
                 (O═)CH—CH 2 CH 2 CH 3   
                 —CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 3   
               
               
                 (butanal) 
                   
                   
               
               
                 Benzaldehyde 
                 (O═)CH-phenyl 
                 —CH 2 -phenyl 
               
               
                 (phenylmethanal) 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 (*) In monomeric or polymeric form, as discussed herein. 
               
            
           
         
       
     
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 4 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Examples of Suitable Ketones 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                 Ketone 
                 Formula, (O═)C &lt; 
                 Resulting Group, —CH &lt; 
               
               
                   
                 R P —C(═O)—R Q   
                 —CH(R P )(R Q ) 
               
               
                 Acetone 
                 CH 3 —C(═O)—CH 3   
                 —CH(CH 3 ) 2   
               
               
                 Butan-2-one 
                 CH 3 —CH 2 —C(═O)—CH 3   
                 —CH(CH 3 )(CH 2 CH 3 ) 
               
               
                 Acetophenone 
                 CH 3 —C(═O)—phenyl 
                 —CH(CH 3 )(phenyl) 
               
               
                 Cyclopentanone 
                 (O═)C[—(CH 2 ) 4 —] 
                 cyclopentyl 
               
               
                 Cyclohexanone 
                 (O═)C[—(CH 2 ) 5 —] 
                 cyclohexyl 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 5 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Examples of Suitable Dialdehydes(*) 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                 Aldehyde 
                 Formula 
                 Resulting Group 
               
               
                   
                 (O═)CH—R PQ —CH(═O) 
                 —CH 2 —(—R PQ —)—CH 2 — 
               
               
                 Succinaldehyde 
                 (O═)CH—(CH 2 ) 2 —CH(═O) 
                 —(CH 2 ) 4 — 
               
               
                   
                   
                 (giving pyrrolidino) 
               
               
                 Glutaraldehyde 
                 (O═)CH—(CH 2 ) 3 —CH(═O) 
                 —(CH 2 ) 5 — 
               
               
                   
                   
                 (giving piperidino) 
               
               
                 Adipaldehyde 
                 (O═)CH—(CH 2 ) 4 —CH(═O) 
                 —(CH 2 ) 6 — 
               
               
                   
                   
                 (giving azepano) 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 (*)In monomeric or polymeric form, as discussed herein. 
               
            
           
         
       
     
     A range of different combinations of R 1A , R 1B , R 2A  and R 2B  can be obtained by using the corresponding aldehyde(s) and/or ketone(s). Examples of some suitable combinations are listed in the following table. 
                     TABLE 6                  Examples of Some Combinations of Aldehyde(s) (*) and/or Ketone(s)                             R 1A     R 1B     R 1AX —C(═O)—R 1AY     R 1BX —C(═O)—R 1BY         R 2A     R 2B     R 2AX —C(═O)—R 2AY     R 2BX —C(═O)—R 2BY                 —Me   —Me   formaldehyde   formaldehyde       —Et   —Et   acetaldehyde   acetaldehyde       —nPr   —nPr   propionaldehyde   propionaldehyde       —nBu   —nBu   butyraldehyde   butyraldehyde       —iPr   —H   acetone   (none)       —iPr   —Me   acetone   formaldehyde       —iPr   —Et   acetone   acetaldehyde       —iPr   —nPr   acetone   propionaldehyde       —iPr   —nBu   acetone   butyraldehyde       —iBu   —H   butan-2-one   (none)       —iBu   —Me   butan-2-one   formaldehyde       —iBu   —Et   butan-2-one   acetaldehyde       —iBu   —nPr   butan-2-one   propionaldehyde       —iBu   —nBu   butan-2-one   butyraldehyde       cyclopentyl   —H   cyclopentanone   (none)       cyclohexyl   —H   cyclohexanone   (none)               (*)In monomeric or polymeric form, as discussed herein.            
Selective Alkylation by Reductive Amination: Reaction Conditions
 
     Again, the methods of synthesis proceed via a step of selective alkylation by reductive amination, in which a compound of Formula (4): 
                         
is reacted with a desired aldehyde/ketone and a reductive amination agent, under reductive amination conditions, to give the corresponding compound of Formula (1):
 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     The amount of aldehyde/ketone depends upon the degree of alkylation sought and whether or not a particular aldehyde or ketone is a mono-aldehyde/ketone or di-aldehyde/ketone. In principle, one equivalent of aldehyde/ketone (more specifically, one equivalent of aldehyde/ketone group) is required for each nitrogen substituent (i.e., for each of R 1A , R 1B R 2A , and R 2B , when other than hydrogen). 
     For example, when each of R 1A , R 1B , R 2A , and R 2B  is -Me (from formaldehyde), then about 4 equivalents of formaldehyde is required (e.g., provided as formaldehyde, paraformaldehyde, etc.). 
     Similarly, when R 1A  and R 2A  are -iPr (from acetone) and R 1B  and R 2B  are —H, then about 2 equivalents of acetone are required. 
     Similarly, when R 1A  and R 1B , taken together, form —(CH 2 ) 5 — (from the di-aldehyde glutaraldehyde, and R 2A  and R 2B , taken together, form —(CH 2 ) 5 — (from the di-aldehyde glutaraldehyde, then about 2 equivalents of glutaraldehyde are required. 
     An example of a suitable reductive amination agent is hydrogen, for example, gaseous hydrogen. 
     Typically, a suitable feedstock of gaseous hydrogen is supplied. Any suitable pressure may be used, for example, from about 1 to about 20 bar, for example, from about 1 to about 6 bar, for example, from about 2 to about 4 bar. 
     Corresponding suitable reductive amination conditions may, for example, include the presence of a suitable hydrogenation catalyst. 
     Typically, the catalyst is present in a catalytic amount, e.g., less than about 0.1 equivalents, e.g., from about 0.00001 to about 0.1 equivalents, e.g., from about 0.0001 to about 0.05 equivalents. For example, in the worked examples shown below, approximately 0.013 equivalents was used. 
     The hydrogenation catalyst may be a homogenous or heterogeneous catalyst. Examples of suitable heterogeneous catalysts include heterogeneous palladium, platinum, ruthenium, and nickel catalysts. Examples of suitable homogenous catalysts include iron, ruthenium, osmium, rhodium, iridium, and nickel catalysts. 
     For example, a suitable heterogeneous catalyst is a palladium-based hydrogenation catalyst, for example, “palladium on carbon” (usually denoted Pd(C)), for example, 5% (w/w) Pd(C). 
     A corresponding example of suitable reductive amination conditions is a relatively high pressure of hydrogen gas, in the presence of a suitable hydrogenation catalyst, for example, a palladium-based hydrogenation catalyst, for example, “palladium on carbon” (usually denoted Pd(C)), for example, 5% (w/w) Pd(C). 
     Any suitable reaction temperature may be used. The temperature may be, for example, from about 20° C. to about 100° C. (or reflux temperature), from example, about 90° C. 
     Any suitable reaction time may be used, in accordance with the other reaction conditions. The reaction time may be, for example, from about 30 minutes to about 1 week, for example, from about 1 hour to about 96 hours, for example, from about 2 hour to about 48 hours. 
     For example, a compound of Formula (4), a catalytic amount of Pd(C) catalyst, the required aldehyde/ketone (for example, paraformaldehyde), and a suitable solvent (for example, N,N-dimethylformamide) are added to a suitable pressure vessel, and the vessel pressurized with gaseous hydrogen to a suitable pressure, for example, about 4 bar. The reaction mixture may then be stirred, for example, at about 90° C., for example, for about 2 to 48 hours. The vessel is then vented, and the solution filtered to remove the catalyst, to give the product in solution in the filtrate. If desired, the product can then be precipitated, filtered, dried, and purified. Alternatively, the solution can be used for subsequent reaction. 
     Worked examples of similar methods are shown below. 
     Another example of a suitable reductive amination agent is a hydride, for example, sodium cyanoborohydride, sodium triacetoxyborohydride, and sodium borohydride. 
     For example, the compound of Formula (4), a hydride, the required aldehyde/ketone, a suitable solvent (for example, N,N-dimethylformamide) and a carboxylic acid (for example, acetic acid) are added to a suitable vessel. The mixture may be stirred, for example, at 40° C., for example, for about 2 to 24 hours. If desired, the product can then be precipitated, filtered, dried, and purified. Alternatively, the solution can be used for subsequent reaction. 
     Another example of a suitable reductive amination agent is a transfer hydrogenation reagent, for example, decaborane. 
     Corresponding suitable reductive amination conditions may, for example, include the presence of a suitable hydrogenation catalyst. 
     Typically, the catalyst is present in a catalytic amount, e.g., less than about 0.1 equivalents, e.g., from about 0.00001 to about 0.1 equivalents, e.g., from about 0.0001 to about 0.05 equivalents. For example, in the worked examples shown below, approximately 0.013 equivalents was used. 
     The hydrogenation catalyst may be a homogenous or heterogeneous catalyst. Examples of suitable heterogeneous catalysts include heterogeneous palladium, platinum, ruthenium, and nickel catalysts. Examples of suitable homogenous catalysts include iron, ruthenium, osmium, rhodium, iridium, and nickel catalysts. 
     For example, a suitable heterogeneous catalyst is a palladium-based hydrogenation catalyst, for example, “palladium on carbon” (usually denoted Pd(C)), for example, 5% (w/w) Pd(C). 
     Any suitable reaction temperature may be used. The temperature may be, for example, from about 20° C. to about 100° C. (or reflux temperature), from example, about 90° C. It may be that the reaction is carried out at more than one temperature, for example, by reflux for an initial period followed by room temperature for a second period. It may be that the reflux period reduces an oxidised compound of Formula (7) to the corresponding compound of Formula (4). 
     Any suitable reaction time may be used, in accordance with the other reaction conditions. The reaction time may be, for example, from about 30 minutes to about 1 week, for example, from about 1 hour to about 96 hours, for example, from about 2 hours to about 48 hours. For example, a compound of Formula (4), a catalytic amount of Pd(C) catalyst, the required aldehyde/ketone (for example, acetone), a transfer hydrogenation agent (for example, decaborane) a suitable solvent (for example, methanol) and optionally an acid (for example, glacial acetic acid) are added to a suitable vessel. The reaction mixture may then be stirred and heated, for example, at about 90° C., for example, for about 30 minutes to 2 hours. The reaction may be cooled, for example to 25° C., and left to stir, for example for about 1 to 10 hours. The solution may then be filtered (for example, filtered through Celite) to remove the catalyst, to give the product in solution in the filtrate. If desired, the product can then be isolated, for example by precipitation, filtration, trituration or evaporation of solvent. Alternatively, the solution can be used for subsequent reaction. 
     It may be that the reaction is carried out in a single step starting from a compound of Formula (7) which is reduced under the reaction conditions to a compound of Formula (4). The compound of Formula (4) formed in situ then undergoes the reductive amination to provide the compound of Formula (1). It may be that the reflux period or heating period reduces the compound of Formula (7). 
     Worked examples of similar methods are shown below. Similar methods are described, for example, in Jung et al., 2003, Tetrahedron, Vol. 59, pp. 10331-10338. 
     Preceding Steps: Formation of Unsubstituted Diamine Compound 
     The methods of synthesis may include preceding steps for the formation of the corresponding unsubstituted diamine compound. 
     In one embodiment, in a step of nitro reduction, a compound of Formula (5): 
                         
is reacted with a nitro reducing agent, under nitro reducing conditions, to give the corresponding compound of Formula (4):
 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     An example of a suitable nitro reducing agent is hydrogen, for example, gaseous hydrogen. 
     Typically, a suitable feedstock of gaseous hydrogen is supplied. Any suitable pressure may be used, for example, from about 1 to about 20 bar, for example, from about 1 to about 6 bar, for example, from about 2 to about 4 bar. 
     Corresponding suitable nitro reducing conditions may, for example, include the presence of a suitable hydrogenation catalyst. 
     Typically, the catalyst is present in a catalytic amount, e.g., less than about 0.1 equivalents, e.g., from about 0.00001 to about 0.1 equivalents, e.g., from about 0.0001 to about 0.05 equivalents. For example, in the worked examples shown below, approximately 0.013 equivalents was used. 
     The hydrogenation catalyst may be a homogenous or heterogeneous catalyst. Examples of suitable heterogeneous catalysts include heterogeneous palladium, platinum, ruthenium, and nickel catalysts. Examples of suitable homogenous catalysts include iron, ruthenium, osmium, rhodium, iridium, and nickel catalysts. 
     For example, a suitable heterogeneous catalyst is a palladium-based hydrogenation catalyst, for example, “palladium on carbon” (usually denoted Pd(C)), for example, 5% (w/w) Pd(C). 
     A corresponding example of suitable nitro reducing conditions is a relatively high pressure of hydrogen gas, in the presence of a suitable hydrogenation catalyst, for example, a palladium-based hydrogenation catalyst, for example, “palladium on carbon” (usually denoted Pd(C)), for example, 5% (w/w) Pd(C). 
     Any suitable reaction temperature may be used. The temperature may be, for example, from about 20° C. to about 100° C. (or reflux temperature), for example, about 90° C. 
     Any suitable reaction time may be used, in accordance with the other reaction conditions. The reaction time may be, for example, from about 5 minutes to about 1 day, for example, from about 5 minutes to about 6 hours, for example, from about 10 minutes to about 120 minutes. 
     For example, the compound of Formula (5), a catalytic amount of Pd(C) catalyst, and a suitable solvent (for example, N,N-dimethylformamide) may be added to a suitable pressure vessel, and the vessel pressurized with gaseous hydrogen to a suitable pressure, for example, about 4 bar. The reaction mixture may then be stirred, for example, at ambient temperature, for example, for about 10 to about 120 minutes. The vessel may then be vented, and the product collected and purified if desired. 
     A worked example of a similar method is shown below. 
     If desired, the step of nitro reduction and the step of selective alkylation by reductive amination may be performed in sequence, without intervening steps of isolating and/or purifiying the unsubstituted amine (e.g., in a “one pot” process). 
     In one embodiment, in a further preceding step of nitration, a compound of Formula (6): 
                         
is reacted with a nitration agent, under nitration conditions, to give the corresponding compound of Formula (5):
 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     An example of a suitable nitration agent is sodium nitrite (NaNO 2 ). 
     Typically, the nitration agent is present in large excess, e.g., more than about 5 equivalents, e.g., from about 5 to about 10 equivalents, e.g., from about 6 to about 6.5 equivalents. 
     Corresponding suitable nitration conditions may, for example, include the presence of an acid, such as acetic acid. 
     Typically, the acid is present in large excess, e.g., more than about 5 equivalents, e.g., from about 5 to about 30 equivalents, e.g., from about 10 to about 20 equivalents. 
     The reaction may be carried out in a suitable solvent, which may be a mixture of solvents. Examples of suitable solvents include, for example, acetonitrile, dimethylsulfoxide, tetrahydrofuran, N,N-dimethylformamide, acetone, methyl tert-butyl ether, and sulfolane, which may be used alone or in combination. 
     Any suitable reaction temperature may be used. The temperature may be, for example, from about 20° C. to about 100° C. (or reflux temperature), for example, ambient temperature. 
     Any suitable reaction time may be used, in accordance with the other reaction conditions. The reaction time may be, for example, from about 30 minutes to about 2 days, for example, from about 1 hour to about 24 hours. 
     For example, the compound of Formula (6), an excess of NaNO 2  (for example, about 5 to 10 equivalents, for example, about 6 to 6.5 equivalents) and solvent may be combined in a suitable vessel, and an excess of acetic acid (for example, about 5 to 30 equivalents, for example, about 10 to 20 equivalents) added (for example, dropwise, for example, over about an hour). The reaction mixture may then be stirred, for example, at ambient temperature, for example, for about 1 to 24 hours. The reaction mixture may then be stirred, for example, at about reflux temperature, for example, for about 1 to 24 hours. The reaction mixture may then be cooled, and the product collected by filtration. 
     A worked example of a similar method is shown below. 
     Similar methods are described, for example, in Tomilin et al., 1996 and Fiedelei, 1994. 
     Preceding Steps: Formation of Unsubstituted Diamine Compound 
     Alternatively, the unsubstituted diamine compound may be prepared by reducing the corresponding oxidized compound. 
     In one embodiment, in a step of thionine reduction, a compound of Formula (7): 
                         
is reacted with a thionine reducing agent, under thionine reducing conditions, to give the corresponding compound of Formula (4):
 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     An example of a suitable thionine reducing agent is hydrogen, for example, gaseous hydrogen. 
     Typically, a suitable feedstock of gaseous hydrogen is supplied. Any suitable pressure may be used, for example, from about 1 to about 20 bar, for example, from about 1 to about 6 bar, for example, from about 2 to about 4 bar. 
     Corresponding suitable thionine reducing conditions may, for example, include the presence of a suitable hydrogenation catalyst. 
     Typically, the catalyst is present in a catalytic amount, e.g., less than about 0.1 equivalents, e.g., from about 0.00001 to about 0.1 equivalents, e.g., from about 0.0001 to about 0.05 equivalents. For example, in the worked examples shown below, approximately 0.013 equivalents was used. 
     The hydrogenation catalyst may be a homogenous or heterogeneous catalyst. Examples of suitable heterogeneous catalysts include heterogeneous palladium, platinum, ruthenium, and nickel catalysts. Examples of suitable homogenous catalysts include iron, ruthenium, osmium, rhodium, iridium, and nickel catalysts. 
     For example, a suitable heterogeneous catalyst is a palladium-based hydrogenation catalyst, for example, “palladium on carbon” (usually denoted Pd(C)), for example, 5% (w/w) Pd(C). 
     A corresponding example of suitable thionine reducing conditions is a relatively high pressure of hydrogen gas, in the presence of a suitable hydrogenation catalyst, for example, a palladium-based hydrogenation catalyst, for example, “palladium on carbon” (usually denoted Pd(C)), for example, 5% (w/w) Pd(C). 
     Any suitable reaction temperature may be used. The temperature may be, for example, from about 20° C. to about 100° C. (or reflux temperature), for example, ambient temperature. 
     Any suitable reaction time may be used, in accordance with the other reaction conditions. The reaction time may be, for example, from about 5 minutes to about 1 day, for example, from about 5 minutes to about 6 hours, for example, from about 10 minutes to about 120 minutes. 
     For example, the compound of Formula (7), a catalytic amount of Pd(C) catalyst, and a suitable solvent (for example, N,N-dimethylformamide) may be added to a suitable pressure vessel, and the vessel pressurized with gaseous hydrogen to a suitable pressure, for example, about 4 bar. The reaction mixture may then be stirred, for example, at ambient temperature, for example, for about 10 to 120 minutes. The vessel may then be vented, and the product collected and purified if desired. 
     Similar methods are described, for example, in Wildes et al., 1978 and Epstein et al., 1941. 
     Another example of a suitable thionine reducing agent is a transfer hydrogenation reagent, for example, decaborane. 
     Corresponding suitable thionine reducing conditions may, for example, include the presence of a suitable hydrogenation catalyst. 
     Typically, the catalyst is present in a catalytic amount, e.g., less than about 0.1 equivalents, e.g., from about 0.00001 to about 0.1 equivalents, e.g., from about 0.0001 to about 0.05 equivalents. For example, in the worked examples shown below, approximately 0.013 equivalents was used. 
     The hydrogenation catalyst may be a homogenous or heterogeneous catalyst. Examples of suitable heterogeneous catalysts include heterogeneous palladium, platinum, ruthenium, and nickel catalysts. Examples of suitable homogenous catalysts include iron, ruthenium, osmium, rhodium, iridium, and nickel catalysts. 
     For example, a suitable heterogeneous catalyst is a palladium-based hydrogenation catalyst, for example, “palladium on carbon” (usually denoted Pd(C)), for example, 5% (w/w) Pd(C). 
     Any suitable reaction temperature may be used. The temperature may be, for example, from about 20° C. to about 100° C. (or reflux temperature), from example, about 90° C. It may be that the reaction is carried out at more than one temperature, for example, by reflux for an initial period followed by room temperature for a second period. 
     Any suitable reaction time may be used, in accordance with the other reaction conditions. The reaction time may be, for example, from about 30 minutes to about 1 week, for example, from about 1 hour to about 96 hours, for example, from about 2 hours to about 48 hours. 
     For example, a compound of Formula (7), a catalytic amount of Pd(C) catalyst, a transfer hydrogenation agent (for example, decaborane) a suitable solvent (for example, methanol) and optionally an acid (for example, glacial acetic acid) are added to a suitable vessel. The reaction mixture may then be stirred and heated, for example, at about 90° C., for example, for about 30 minutes to 2 hours. The solution may then be filtered (for example, filtered through Celite) to remove the catalyst, to give the product in solution in the filtrate. If desired, the product can then be isolated, for example by precipitation, filtration, trituration or evaporation of solvent. Alternatively, the solution can be used for subsequent reaction. 
     Similar methods are described, for example, in Jung et al., 2003, Tetrahedron, Vol. 59, pp. 10331-10338. 
     If desired, the step of thionine reduction and the step of selective alkylation by reductive amination may be performed in sequence, without intervening steps of isolating and/or purifiying the unsubstituted amine (e.g., in a “one pot” process). 
     It may be that a reaction is carried out in a single step to produce a compound of Formula (1) from a compound of Formula (7). The compound of Formula (7) may be reduced under thioinin reducing conditions to a compound of Formula (4). The compound of Formula (4) formed in situ then undergoes the reductive amination to provide the compound of Formula (1). It may be that the reducing agents for the reductive amination and the thionine reduction are the same, for example, both reactions may use a transfer hydrogenation reagent (e.g. decaborane) in the presence of a suitable hydrogenation catalyst (e.g. palladium on carbon). 
     It may be that a reflux period or heating period is used to reduce the compound of Formula (7). 
     For example, a compound of Formula (7), a catalytic amount of Pd(C) catalyst, the required aldehyde/ketone (for example, acetone), a transfer hydrogenation agent (for example, decaborane) a suitable solvent (for example, methanol) and optionally an acid (for example, glacial acetic acid) are added to a suitable vessel. The reaction mixture may then be stirred and heated, for example, at about 90° C., for example, for about 30 minutes to 2 hours. This heating step may be used to reduce the compound of Formula (7) to the corresponding compound of Formula (4). The reaction may be cooled, for example to 25° C., and left to stir, for example for about 1 to 10 hours. The solution may then be filtered (for example, filtered through Celite) to remove the catalyst, to give the product of Formula (1) in solution in the filtrate. If desired, the product can then be isolated, for example by precipitation, filtration, trituration or evaporation of solvent. Alternatively, the solution can be used for subsequent reaction. 
     The term ‘thionine’ is sometimes written as ‘thionin’. For example, in Examples 8 to 12 below ‘thionin acetate’ is used as a starting material. ‘Thionin acetate’ is ‘thionine acetate’; the spelling used in the Examples reflects the spelling on the label of the starting material used. 
     In one embodiment, in a further preceding step of ring formation, compounds of Formula (8) and Formula (9): 
                         
are reacted with an oxidizing agent and a sulfide, under ring forming conditions, to give the corresponding compound of Formula (7):
 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     An example of a suitable oxidizing agent is Fe(III) chloride (FeCl 3 ), typically provided as the hexahydrate, FeCl 3 .6H 2 O. 
     Typically, the oxidizing agent is present in large excess, e.g., more than about 6 equivalents, e.g., from about 6 to about 10 equivalents, e.g., from about 6.6 to about 8.0 equivalents. 
     Examples of a suitable sulfide include H 2 S or Na 2 S. 
     Typically, the sulfide is present in excess, e.g., more than about 1 equivalent, e.g., from about 1 to about 10 equivalents. 
     Corresponding suitable oxidizing conditions may, for example, include the presence of an acid, e.g., aqueous strong acid, e.g., aqueous hydrochloric acid. 
     Typically, the acid is present in excess, e.g., more than about 50 equivalents, e.g., from about 50 to about 60 equivalents, e.g., about 54 equivalents. 
     Any suitable reaction temperature may be used. The temperature may be, for example, from about 2° C. to about 15° C., for example, about 5° C. 
     Any suitable reaction time may be used, in accordance with the other reaction conditions. The reaction time may be, for example, from about 60 minutes to about 5 hours, for example, from about 1 hours to about 2 hours. 
     Similar methods are described, for example, in Michaelis et al., 1940. 
     Subsequent Steps: Conversion to Di-Salt 
     The methods of synthesis may include a subsequent step of di-salt formation, in which a compound of Formula (1): 
                         
is dissolved in solvent and reacted with the desired acid, under salt forming conditions, to give the corresponding compound of Formula (2):
 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     Typically, the acid is present in excess, e.g., more than about 2.0 equivalents, e.g., from about 2.0 to about 3.0 equivalents, e.g., about 2.2 equivalents. 
     Any suitable solvent may be used, for example toluene, methanol, or a mixture thereof. 
     Suitable salt forming conditions may, for example, include cooling the reaction mixture (to cause precipitation), optionally with the addition of an anti-solvent. 
     Any suitable cooling temperature may be used. For example, the cooling may be to a temperature below ambient temperature, for example, a temperature less than about 15° C., for example, a temperature less than about 10° C., for example, a temperature of about 5° C. 
     Any suitable anti-solvent may be used, for example, ethanol, ethyl acetate, methyl acetate, or a mixture thereof. 
     For example, the compound of Formula (1), a small excess (for example, 2.2 equivalents) of the required acid (e.g., methanesulfonic acid), and suitable solvent (for example, a mixture of methanol and toluene) are combined and cooled, for example, to 5° C. A suitable anti-solvent (e.g., ethanol) may be added to promote precipitation. The precipitated product may then be collected, for example, by filtration, and washed, dried, and purified (e.g., by recrystallization), if desired. 
     A worked example of a similar method is shown below. 
     Similar methods are described, for example, in Marshall et al., 2012. 
     Subsequent Steps: Conversion to Oxidized Form 
     Alternatively, the methods of synthesis may include a subsequent step of thiazine oxidation, in which a compound of Formula (1): 
                         
is reacted with an oxidizing agent and an acid, under oxidizing conditions, to give the corresponding compound of Formula (3):
 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     An example of a suitable oxidizing agent is Fe(III) chloride (FeCl 3 ), typically provided as the hexahydrate, FeCl 3 .6H 2 O. 
     Typically, the oxidizing agent is present in excess, e.g., more than about 2.0 equivalents, e.g., from about 2.0 to about 10 equivalents, e.g., from about 2.0 to about 3 equivalents, e.g., about 2.1 equivalents. 
     An example of a suitable acid is a strong aqueous strong acid, for example, aqueous hydrochloric acid. 
     Typically, the acid is present in excess, e.g., more than about 2.0 equivalents, e.g., from about 2.0 to about 3.0 equivalents, e.g., about 2.2 equivalents. 
     Any suitable reaction temperature may be used. The temperature may be, for example, from about 1° C. to about 15° C., from example, about 5° C. 
     Any suitable reaction time may be used, in accordance with the other reaction conditions. The reaction time may be, for example, from about 5 minutes to about 2 days, for example, from about 1 hours to about 3 hours. 
     For example, the compound of Formula (1) and an excess (for example, 2.2 equivalents) of the required acid (e.g., hydrochloric acid) is added to a suitable solvent (for example, N,N-dimethylformamide) and cooled, for example, to 5° C. A slight excess of two equivalents (for example, 2.1 equivalents) of iron (III) chloride is added (for example, as an aqueous solution of FeCl 3 .6H 2 O), for example, dropwise, for example, over about 30 minutes. After the addition, the reaction mixture is then stirred, for example, for about 1 to 12 hours, for example, at 5° C. The precipitated product may then be collected, for example, by filtration, and washed, dried, and purified (e.g., by recrystallization), if desired. 
     A worked example of a similar method is shown below. 
     Similar methods are described, for example, in Wischik et al., 2008. 
     Combinations 
     It is appreciated that certain features of the invention, which are, for clarity, described in the context of separate embodiments, may also be provided in combination in a single embodiment. Conversely, various features of the invention, which are, for brevity, described in the context of a single embodiment, may also be provided separately or in any suitable sub-combination. All combinations of the embodiments pertaining to the chemical groups represented by variables (e.g., R 1A , R 1A1 , R 1A2 , R 1B , R 1B1 , R 1B2 , R 1AB , R 2A , R 2A1 , R 2A2 , R 2B , R 2B1 , R 2B2 , R 2AB , R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , R 6 , R 7 , R 8 , X 1(−) , X 2(−) , X 3(−) , R X1 , R X2 , R X3 , R Y , etc.) are specifically embraced by the present invention and are disclosed herein just as if each and every combination was individually and explicitly disclosed, to the extent that such combinations embrace compounds that are stable compounds (i.e., compounds that can be isolated, characterised, and tested). In addition, all sub-combinations of the chemical groups listed in the embodiments describing such variables are also specifically embraced by the present invention and are disclosed herein just as if each and every such sub-combination of chemical groups was individually and explicitly disclosed herein. 
     Chemical Synthesis 
     Methods for the chemical synthesis of compounds of the present invention are described herein. These methods may be modified and/or adapted in known ways in order to facilitate the synthesis of additional compounds within the scope of the present invention. 
     Descriptions of general laboratory methods and procedures, useful in the methods of synthesis described herein, are provided in  Vogel&#39;s Textbook of Practical Organic Chemistry,  5 th Edition,  1989, (Editors: Furniss, Hannaford, Smith, and Tatchell) (published by Longmann, UK). 
     Compositions 
     One aspect of the present invention pertains to a composition (e.g., a pharmaceutical composition) comprising a compound of Formula (1), Formula (2), or Formula (3), as described herein, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, diluent, or excipient. 
     Another aspect of the present invention pertains to a method of preparing a composition (e.g., a pharmaceutical composition) comprising mixing a compound of Formula (1), Formula (2), or Formula (3), as described herein, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, diluent, or excipient. 
     Uses 
     The compounds of Formula (1), Formula (2), and Formula (3), as described herein, are useful in medicine (e.g., therapy), for example, in treatment or prophylaxis. 
     Use in Methods of Therapy 
     One aspect of the present invention pertains to a compound of Formula (1), Formula (2), or Formula (3), as described herein, for use in medicine, for example, for use in treatment or prophylaxis, for example, for use in treatment or prophylaxis of a disorder (e.g., a disease), as described herein. 
     Use in the Manufacture of Medicaments 
     One aspect of the present invention pertains to use of a compound of Formula (1), Formula (2), or Formula (3), as described herein, in the manufacture of a medicament, for example, for use in a method of treatment or prophylaxis, for example, for use in a method of treatment or prophylaxis of a disorder (e.g., a disease), as described herein. 
     In one embodiment, the medicament comprises the compound of Formula (1), Formula (2), or Formula (3). 
     Methods of Treatment 
     One aspect of the present invention pertains to a method of treatment or prophylaxis, for example, a method of treatment or prophylaxis of a disorder (e.g., a disease), as described herein, comprising administering to a subject in need of treatment a therapeutically-effective amount of a compound of Formula (1), Formula (2), or Formula (3), as described herein, preferably in the form of a pharmaceutical composition. 
     Disorders Treated 
     In one embodiment, the disorder is a disease of protein aggregation. 
     In one embodiment, the disorder is a tauopathy. 
     In one embodiment, the disorder is Alzheimer&#39;s disease (AD), Pick&#39;s disease, progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP), frontotemporal dementia (FTD), FTD with parkinsonism linked to chromosome 17 (FTDP 17), frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD) syndromes; disinhibition-dementia-parkinsonism-amyotrophy complex (DDPAC), pallido-ponto-nigral degeneration (PPND), amyotropic lateral sclerosis (ALS), Guam-ALS syndrome, pallido nigro luysian degeneration (PNLD), cortico-basal degeneration (CBD), dementia with argyrophilic grains (AgD), dementia pugilistica (DP) or chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE), Down&#39;s syndrome (DS), dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB), subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE), mild cognitive impairment (MCI), Niemann-Pick disease, type C (NPC), Sanfilippo syndrome type B (or mucopolysaccharidosis III B (MPS III B)), myotonic dystrophies (DM), DM1 or DM2, or Huntington&#39;s disease (HD). 
     In one embodiment, the disorder is Alzheimer&#39;s disease. 
     In one embodiment, the disorder is Parkinson&#39;s disease. 
     In one embodiment, the disorder is PSP, ALS, or FTLD. 
     In one embodiment, the disorder is Huntington&#39;s disease. 
     In one embodiment, the disorder is Huntington&#39;s disease or another polyglutamine disorder, such as spinal bulbar muscular atrophy (Kennedy disease), dentatorubropallidoluysian atrophy, or spinocerebellar ataxias. 
     In one embodiment, the disorder is mild cognitive impairment (MCI). 
     In one embodiment, the disorder is skin cancer. 
     In one embodiment, the disorder is melanoma. 
     In one embodiment, the disorder is a bacterial, viral, or protozoal disease condition. 
     In one embodiment, the disorder is a viral disease condition. 
     In one embodiment, the disorder is Hepatitis C, HIV, or West Nile Virus (WNV) infection. 
     In one embodiment, the disorder is a protozoan disease. 
     In one embodiment, the disorder is malaria. 
     Treatment 
     The term “treatment,” as used herein in the context of treating a disorder, pertains generally to treatment of a human or an animal (e.g., in veterinary applications), in which some desired therapeutic effect is achieved, for example, the inhibition of the progress of the disorder, and includes a reduction in the rate of progress, a halt in the rate of progress, alleviation of symptoms of the disorder, amelioration of the disorder, and cure of the disorder. Treatment as a prophylactic measure (i.e., prophylaxis) is also included. For example, use with patients who have not yet developed the disorder, but who are at risk of developing the disorder, is encompassed by the term “treatment.” 
     The term “therapeutically-effective amount,” as used herein, pertains to that amount of a compound, or a material, composition or dosage form comprising a compound, which is effective for producing some desired therapeutic effect, commensurate with a reasonable benefit/risk ratio, when administered in accordance with a desired treatment regimen. 
     Combination Therapies 
     The term “treatment” includes combination treatments and therapies, in which two or more treatments or therapies are combined, for example, sequentially or simultaneously. For example, the compounds described herein may also be used in combination therapies, e.g., in conjunction with other agents. 
     The particular combination would be at the discretion of the physician who would select dosages using his common general knowledge and dosing regimens known to a skilled practitioner. 
     The agents (i.e., the compound of Formula (1), Formula (2), or Formula (3), plus one or more other agents) may be administered simultaneously or sequentially, and may be administered in individually varying dose schedules and via different routes. 
     The agents (i.e., the compound of Formula (1), Formula (2), or Formula (3), plus one or more other agents) may be formulated together in a single dosage form, or alternatively, the individual agents may be formulated separately and presented together in the form of a kit, optionally with instructions for their use. 
     Kits 
     One aspect of the invention pertains to a kit comprising (a) a compound of Formula (1), Formula (2), or Formula (3), as described herein, or a composition comprising a compound of Formula (1), Formula (2), or Formula (3), as described herein, e.g., preferably provided in a suitable container and/or with suitable packaging; and (b) instructions for use, e.g., written instructions on how to administer the compound or composition. 
     The written instructions may also include a list of indications for which the active ingredient is a suitable treatment. 
     Routes of Administration 
     The compound of Formula (1), Formula (2), or Formula (3), or pharmaceutical composition comprising the compound, may be administered to a subject by any convenient route of administration. Typically, the compound is administered orally or intravenously. 
     The Subject/Patient 
     The subject/patient may be a mammal, a placental mammal, a marsupial (e.g., kangaroo, wombat), a rodent (e.g., a guinea pig, a hamster, a rat, a mouse), murine (e.g., a mouse), a lagomorph (e.g., a rabbit), avian (e.g., a bird), canine (e.g., a dog), feline (e.g., a cat), equine (e.g., a horse), porcine (e.g., a pig), ovine (e.g., a sheep), bovine (e.g., a cow), a primate, simian (e.g., a monkey or ape), a monkey (e.g., marmoset, baboon), an ape (e.g., gorilla, chimpanzee, orangutang, gibbon), or a human. 
     In one preferred embodiment, the subject/patient is a human. 
     Formulations 
     While it is possible for a compound of Formula (1), Formula (2), or Formula (3) to be administered alone, it is preferable to present it as a pharmaceutical formulation (e.g., composition, preparation, medicament) comprising at least one compound, as described herein, together with one or more other pharmaceutically acceptable ingredients well-known to those skilled in the art, including pharmaceutically acceptable carriers, diluents, excipients, adjuvants, fillers, buffers, preservatives, anti-oxidants, lubricants, stabilisers, solubilisers, surfactants (e.g., wetting agents), masking agents, colouring agents, flavouring agents, and sweetening agents. If formulated as discrete units (e.g., tablets, etc.), each unit contains a predetermined amount (dosage) of the compound. The formulation may further comprise other active agents, for example, other therapeutic or prophylactic agents. 
     Suitable carriers, diluents, excipients, etc. can be found in standard pharmaceutical texts. See, for example,  Handbook of Pharmaceutical Additives,  2nd Edition (eds. M. Ash and I. Ash), 2001 (Synapse Information Resources, Inc., Endicott, N.Y., USA),  Reminqton&#39;s Pharmaceutical Sciences,  20th edition, pub. Lippincott, Williams &amp; Wilkins, 2000; and  Handbook of Pharmaceutical Excipients,  5th edition, 2005. 
     The term “pharmaceutically acceptable,” as used herein, pertains to compounds, ingredients, materials, compositions, dosage forms, etc., which are, within the scope of sound medical judgment, suitable for use in contact with the tissues of the subject in question (e.g., human) without excessive toxicity, irritation, allergic response, or other problem or complication, commensurate with a reasonable benefit/risk ratio. Each carrier, diluent, excipient, etc. must also be “acceptable” in the sense of being compatible with the other ingredients of the formulation. 
     The formulations may be prepared by any methods well known in the art of pharmacy. Such methods include the step of bringing into association the compound with a carrier which constitutes one or more accessory ingredients. In general, the formulations are prepared by uniformly and intimately bringing into association the compound with carriers (e.g., liquid carriers, finely divided solid carrier, etc.), and then shaping the product, if necessary. 
     The formulation may be prepared to provide for rapid or slow release; immediate, delayed, timed, or sustained release; or a combination thereof. 
     Formulations suitable for oral administration (e.g., by ingestion) include liquids, solutions (e.g., aqueous, non-aqueous), suspensions (e.g., aqueous, non-aqueous), emulsions (e.g., oil-in-water, water-in-oil), elixirs, syrups, electuaries, tablets, granules, powders, capsules, cachets, pills, ampoules, boluses. 
     Tablets may be made by conventional means, e.g., compression or moulding, optionally with one or more accessory ingredients. Compressed tablets may be prepared by compressing in a suitable machine the compound in a free-flowing form such as a powder or granules, optionally mixed with one or more binders (e.g., povidone, gelatin, acacia, sorbitol, tragacanth, hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose); fillers or diluents (e.g., lactose, microcrystalline cellulose, calcium hydrogen phosphate); lubricants (e.g., magnesium stearate, talc, silica); disintegrants (e.g., sodium starch glycolate, cross-linked povidone, cross-linked sodium carboxymethyl cellulose); surface-active or dispersing or wetting agents (e.g., sodium lauryl sulfate); preservatives (e.g., methyl p-hydroxybenzoate, propyl p-hydroxybenzoate, sorbic acid); flavours, flavour enhancing agents, and sweeteners. Moulded tablets may be made by moulding in a suitable machine a mixture of the powdered compound moistened with an inert liquid diluent. The tablets may optionally be coated or scored and may be formulated so as to provide slow or controlled release of the compound therein using, for example, hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose in varying proportions to provide the desired release profile. Tablets may optionally be provided with a coating, for example, to affect release, for example an enteric coating, to provide release in parts of the gut other than the stomach. 
     Formulations suitable for parenteral administration (e.g., by injection), include aqueous or non-aqueous, isotonic, pyrogen-free, sterile liquids (e.g., solutions, suspensions), in which the compound is dissolved, suspended, or otherwise provided (e.g., in a liposome or other microparticulate). Such liquids may additionally contain other pharmaceutically acceptable ingredients, such as anti-oxidants, buffers, preservatives, stabilisers, bacteriostats, suspending agents, thickening agents, and solutes which render the formulation isotonic with the blood (or other relevant bodily fluid) of the intended recipient. Examples of excipients include, for example, water, alcohols, polyols, glycerol, vegetable oils, and the like. Examples of suitable isotonic carriers for use in such formulations include Sodium Chloride Injection, Ringer&#39;s Solution, or Lactated Ringer&#39;s Injection. Typically, the concentration of the compound in the liquid is from about 1 ng/ml to about 10 μg/ml, for example from about 10 ng/ml to about 1 μg/ml. The formulations may be presented in unit-dose or multi-dose sealed containers, for example, ampoules and vials, and may be stored in a freeze-dried (lyophilised) condition requiring only the addition of the sterile liquid carrier, for example water for injections, immediately prior to use. Extemporaneous injection solutions and suspensions may be prepared from sterile powders, granules, and tablets. 
     Dosage 
     It will be appreciated by one of skill in the art that appropriate dosages of the compound of Formula (1), Formula (2), or Formula (3), and compositions comprising the compound can vary from patient to patient. Determining the optimal dosage will generally involve the balancing of the level of therapeutic benefit against any risk or deleterious side effects. The selected dosage level will depend on a variety of factors including the activity of the particular compound, the route of administration, the time of administration, the rate of excretion of the compound, the duration of the treatment, other drugs, compounds, and/or materials used in combination, the severity of the disorder, and the species, sex, age, weight, condition, general health, and prior medical history of the patient. The amount of compound and route of administration will ultimately be at the discretion of the physician, veterinarian, or clinician, although generally the dosage will be selected to achieve local concentrations at the site of action which achieve the desired effect without causing substantial harmful or deleterious side-effects. 
     Administration can be effected in one dose, continuously or intermittently (e.g., in divided doses at appropriate intervals) throughout the course of treatment. Methods of determining the most effective means and dosage of administration are well-known to those of skill in the art and will vary with the formulation used for therapy, the purpose of the therapy, the target cell(s) being treated, and the subject being treated. Single or multiple administrations can be carried out with the dose level and pattern being selected by the treating physician, veterinarian, or clinician. 
     Examples of Some Preferred Formulations 
     A preferred formulation is a dosage unit (e.g., a pharmaceutical tablet or capsule) comprising 20 to 300 mg of a compound of Formula (1), Formula (2), or Formula (3), as described herein; and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, diluent, or excipient. 
     In some embodiments, the dosage unit is a tablet. 
     In some embodiments, the dosage unit is a capsule. 
     In some embodiments, said capsules are gelatine capsules. 
     In some embodiments, said capsules are HPMC (hydroxypropylmethylcellulose) capsules. 
     In some embodiments, the amount is from about 30 to about 300 mg. 
     In some embodiments, the lower value is about 60 mg. 
     In some embodiments, the lower value is about 100 mg. 
     In some embodiments, the higher value is about 150 mg. 
     In some embodiments, the higher value is about 200 mg. 
     In some embodiments, the higher value is about 250 mg. 
     In some embodiments, the amount is about 30 mg. 
     In some embodiments, the amount is about 60 mg. 
     In some embodiments, the amount is about 100 mg. 
     In some embodiments, the amount is about 150 mg. 
     In some embodiments, the amount is about 200 mg. 
     In some embodiments, the amount is about 250 mg. 
     In some embodiments, the amount is about 300 mg. 
     The dosage amounts as set out above may refer to the amount of the compound itself or may refer to the amount of free base equivalent contained in the dosage unit. Both of these alternatives are specifically and explicitly disclosed by the present disclosure. 
     In some embodiments, the pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, diluent, or excipient is or comprises one or both of a glyceride (e.g., Gelucire 44/14 ®; lauroyl macrogol-32 glycerides PhEur, USP) and colloidal silicon dioxide (e.g., 2% Aerosil 200 ®; Colliodal Silicon Dioxide PhEur, USP). 
     EXAMPLES 
     The following worked examples are provided solely to illustrate the present invention and are not intended to limit the scope of the invention, as described herein. 
     Method 1 
     Synthesis of 3,7-Dinitro-10H-phenothiazine (“DNP”) 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     General Method A: Phenothiazine (1 equivalent), sodium nitrite (NaNO 2 , 6.0-6.5 equivalents) and initial solvent(s) (see table below; 8-14 volumes) were added to a multi-necked round bottom flask. Glacial acetic acid (CH 3 COOH, 2.9-6.0 volumes) was added drop-wise over the course of 45-60 minutes at ambient temperature (RT). The reaction mixture was stirred at ambient temperature for up to 22 hours depending upon the solvent(s) used. The mixture was then heated to reflux (or 100° C. if the boiling point of the solvent was above this temperature) and stirred for 3-19 hours depending upon the solvent(s) used. The mixture was cooled to ambient temperature and filtered using a Buchner funnel to give the crude product. The crude solid was washed with hot water (5×5 volumes) to remove the water soluble impurities, followed by washing with methanol (2×2 volumes). The solid was oven dried at 55° C. until a constant mass was reached to give the product as a purple/brown solid. 
     As used herein, a “volume” of liquid (e.g., solvent) is calculated as follows: 1 volume of solvent is equal to 1 ml of solvent for every 1 g of material. For example, in Batch B1 below, 14 ml of acetonitrile were used per gram of phenothiazine. 
     In Batch B1 below, 25 g of phenothiazine, 56.27 g of sodium nitrite, 350 ml of acetonitrile, and 75 ml of acetic acid were used. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 7 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Reaction Conditions for DNP Synthesis 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 DNP 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Batch 
                   
                 NaNO 2   
                   
               
               
                 No. 
                 Solvent(s) 
                 (equiv.) 
                 Conditions 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 B1 
                 (initial) Acetonitrile (14.0) 
                 6.5 
                 RT (22 h)  
               
               
                   
                 (added) Acetic acid (3.0) 
                   
                 reflux (4 h)  
               
               
                   
                 (total 17.0) 
                   
                   
               
               
                 B2 
                 (initial) Dimethyl sulfoxide (10.0) 
                 6.0 
                 RT (4 h) 
               
               
                   
                 (added) Acetic acid (6.0) 
                   
                 reflux (15 h) 
               
               
                   
                 (total 16.0) 
                   
                   
               
               
                 B3 
                 (initial) Tetrahydrofuran (10.0) 
                 6.0 
                 RT (3 h) 
               
               
                   
                 (added) Acetic acid (6.0) 
                   
                 reflux (15 h) 
               
               
                   
                 (total 16.0) 
                   
                   
               
               
                 B4 
                 (initial) N,N-dimethylformamide (10.0) 
                 6.0 
                 RT (2 h) 
               
               
                   
                 (added) Acetic acid (6.0) 
                   
                 reflux (19 h) 
               
               
                   
                 (total 16.0) 
                   
                   
               
               
                 B5 
                 (initial) Acetone (10.0) 
                 6.0 
                 RT (2 h) 
               
               
                   
                 (added) Acetic acid (6.0) 
                   
                 reflux (15 h) 
               
               
                   
                 (total 16.0) 
                   
                   
               
               
                 B6 
                 (initial) Methyl tert-butyl ether (10.0) 
                 6.0 
                 RT (1 h) 
               
               
                   
                 (added) Acetic acid (6.0) 
                   
                 reflux (5 h) 
               
               
                   
                 (total 16.0) 
                   
                   
               
               
                 T1 
                 (initial) Acetonitrile (7.5) 
                 6.0 
                 RT (2 h) 
               
               
                   
                 (initial) Sulfolane (2.5) 
                   
                 reflux (3 h) 
               
               
                   
                 Acetic acid (6.0) 
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 (total 16.0) 
                   
                   
               
               
                 T2 
                 (initial) Acetonitrile (11.0) 
                 6.5 
                 RT (2 h) 
               
               
                   
                 (initial) Tetrahydrofuran (3.0) 
                   
                 reflux (2.5 h) 
               
               
                   
                 (added) Acetic acid (2.9) 
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 (total 16.9) 
                   
                   
               
               
                 T3 
                 (initial) Acetonitrile (7.5) 
                 6.0 
                 RT (2 h) 
               
               
                   
                 (initial) Dimethylsulfoxide (2.5) 
                   
                 reflux (3 h) 
               
               
                   
                 (added) Acetic acid (6.0) 
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 (total 16.0) 
                   
                   
               
               
                 T4 
                 (initial) Acetonitrile (8.0) 
                 6.0 
                 RT (2 h) 
               
               
                   
                 (initial) N,N-dimethylformamide (2.0) 
                   
                 reflux (3 h) 
               
               
                   
                 (added) Acetic acid (6.0) 
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 (total 16.0) 
                   
                   
               
               
                 T5 
                 (initial) Acetonitrile (4.0) 
                 6.5 
                 RT (2 h) 
               
               
                   
                 (initial) Acetone (4.0) 
                   
                 reflux (15 h) 
               
               
                   
                 (added) Acetic acid (3.5) 
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 (total 11.5) 
                   
                   
               
               
                 T6 
                 (initial) Acetone (10.0) 
                 6.0 
                 RT (3 h) 
               
               
                   
                 (initial) Tetrahydrofuran (2.0) 
                   
                 reflux (17 h) 
               
               
                   
                 (added) Acetic acid (6.0) 
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 (total 18.0) 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     The product of DNP Batch B1 was characterised as follows: 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 8 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Characterisation of DNP Product 
               
               
                 (DNP Batch B1) 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   1 H NMR (400 MHz, 
                 δ = 6.75 (d, J = 9.2, 2H), 7.79 (d, J = 2.8, 2H), 
               
               
                 DMSO-d 6 ) 
                 7.89 (dd, J = 2.8, 9.2, 2H), 10.12 (s, 1H) 
               
               
                 IR v max  (KBr) cm −1   
                 3331(s), 3101(m), 3095(m), 3067(m), 1605(m), 
               
               
                   
                 1564(m), 1504(m) 1482(s), 1311(s), 1272(s), 
               
               
                   
                 1126(s) 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Yield and purity of the crude product (as measured by HPLC) are summarised in Table 12 below. Yields are corrected for DNP purity. 
     As used herein, “HPLC % (a/a)” refers to “HPLC percent area by area”, and denotes the ratio of the area under the HPLC peak associated with the chemical species to the total area under all of the HPLC peaks observed, expressed as a percent. For example, “DNP % (a/a)” denotes the ratio of the area under the HPLC peak associated with DNP to the total area under all of the HPLC peaks observed, multiplied by 100. 
     Similarly, as used herein, “HPLC % (w/w)” refers to “HPLC percent weight by weight”, and denotes the ratio of the area under the HPLC peak compared with the area under the HPLC peak of a reference standard, expressed as a percent. For example, “LMTM % (w/w)” denotes the ratio of the area under the LMTM peak compared against the area under the peak of a LMTM reference standard of known concentration, multiplied by 100. 
     The HPLC parameters are summarised in the following tables. HPLC samples where prepared using 100 mL clear-glass volumetric flasks. In preparing solutions, 19-21 mg of sample were dissolved in 60 ml of tetrahydrofuran (THF), sonicated for 5 minutes, and then diluted to the graduation mark with hexane. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 9 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 HPLC Parameters for DNP 
               
               
                 System Parametrs 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                 HPLC system 
                 Agilent 1100 with DAD and data handling  
               
               
                   
                 capacity 
               
               
                 Column 
                 Agilent Rx-Sil, 250 × 4.6 mm, 5 μm 
               
               
                   
                 particle size 
               
               
                 Column Temperature 
                 25° C. 
               
               
                 Autosampler Temperature 
                 Ambient 
               
               
                 Mobile Phase 
                 A: Hexane, 95 % 
               
               
                   
                 B: THF 
               
               
                 Flow Rate 
                 1 mL/min 
               
               
                 Injection volume 
                 25 μL 
               
               
                 Stop time 
                 60 min 
               
               
                 Wavelength 
                 285 nm, slit width 4 nm 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 10 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 HPLC Parameters for DNP 
               
               
                 Solvent Gradient Parameters 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Time, min 
                 A, % 
                 B, % 
                 Flow, mL/min 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 0 
                 80 
                 20 
                 1 
               
               
                   
                 25 
                 70 
                 30 
                 1 
               
               
                   
                 30 
                 50 
                 50 
                 1 
               
               
                   
                 35 
                 50 
                 50 
                 1 
               
               
                   
                 40 
                 0 
                 100 
                 1 
               
               
                   
                 50 
                 0 
                 100 
                 1 
               
               
                   
                 51.0 
                 80 
                 20 
                 1 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 11 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Typical Retention Times for DNP Analysis 
               
               
                 (at 285 nm) 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Compound 
                 Retention Time (minutes) 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Phenothiazine 
                 5.47 
               
               
                   
                 T 3 NP 
                 5.72 
               
               
                   
                 T 4 NP 
                 7.23 
               
               
                   
                 MNP 
                 14.74 
               
               
                   
                 DNP 
                 33.84 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 12 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Yield and Impurities 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 DNP Batch No. 
                 Yield (%) 
                 HPLC (% a/a) 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 B1 
                 91 
                 DNP 
                 96.76 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 MNP 
                 1.03 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 T 3 NP 
                 1.48 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 Others 
                 0.73 
               
               
                   
                 B2 
                 72 
                 DNP 
                 90.75 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 MNP 
                 2.36 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 T 3 NP 
                 1.51 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 Others 
                 5.38 
               
               
                   
                 B3 
                 85 
                 DNP 
                 90.62 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 MNP 
                 5.69 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 T 3 NP 
                 0.58 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 Others 
                 3.11 
               
               
                   
                 B4 
                 79 
                 DNP 
                 85.90 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 MNP 
                 4.47 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 T 3 NP 
                 4.78 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 T 4 NP 
                 0.05 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 Others 
                 4.80 
               
               
                   
                 B5 
                 75 
                 DNP 
                 80.24 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 MNP 
                 15.67 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 Others 
                 4.09 
               
               
                   
                 B6 
                 69 
                 DNP 
                 74.63 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 MNP 
                 10.21 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 T 3 NP 
                 1.06 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 Others 
                 14.10 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 12 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Yield and Impurities 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 DNP Batch No. 
                 Yield (%) 
                 HPLC (% a/a) 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 T1 
                 90 
                 DNP 
                 94.76 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 MNP 
                 1.19 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 T 3 NP 
                 1.35 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 Others 
                 2.70 
               
               
                   
                 T2 
                 87 
                 DNP 
                 93.64 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 MNP 
                 4.23 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 Others 
                 2.13 
               
               
                   
                 T3 
                 86 
                 DNP 
                 92.31 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 MNP 
                 3.34 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 T 3 NP 
                 1.45 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 Others 
                 2.90 
               
               
                   
                 T4 
                 86 
                 DNP 
                 91.29 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 MNP 
                 4.84 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 T 3 NP 
                 0.53 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 Others 
                 3.34 
               
               
                   
                 T5 
                 86 
                 DNP 
                 91.20 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 MNP 
                 4.59 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 Others 
                 4.21 
               
               
                   
                 T6 
                 82 
                 DNP 
                 86.16 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 MNP 
                 10.24 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 T 3 NP 
                 0.26 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 Others 
                 3.34 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     The term “others” refers to all other compounds that are present, for which a specific value is not reported. 
     For reference, the chemical structures of DNP and the related impurities are shown in the following table. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 13 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Chemical Structure of DNP and Related Impurities 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                 3-nitro-10H-phenothiazine (MNP) 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 3,7-Dinitro-10H- phenothiazine (DNP) 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 1,3,7-trinitro-10H- phenothiazine (T 3 NP) 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 1,3,7,9-tetranitro-10H- phenothiazine (T 4 NP) 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Method 2 
     Recrystallisation of 3,7-Dinitro-10H-Phenothiazine (“DNP”) 
     General Method B: 3,7-dinitro-1 OH-phenothiazine (1.0 equivalent) and solvent (see table below; 5-10 volumes) were added to a round bottom flask. The mixture was heated to 100° C. and stirred at this temperature for 1-2 hours. After this time, the mixture was slowly cooled to ambient temperature (21-23° C.) and stirred at this temperature for 2-3 hours. The product was collected by filtration using a Buchner funnel and washed with solvent (2-3×2 volumes). After drying at 40-50° C. in a vacuum oven for 16 hours the product purity was determined by HPLC analysis. Yields in the table below are corrected for starting material and product purity. 
                     TABLE 14                  DNP Yield and HPLC Purity Following Recrystallisation                                         Sol-               Crude purity       vent               HPLC   Recrystallisation   vol-   Yield   Product purity       (% a/a)   Solvent   ume   (%)   HPLC (% a/a)                                                 DNP   89.23   Dimethyl sulfoxide   5.0   95   DNP   97.30       MNP    5.74               MNP   1.18       T 3 NP    1.75               T 3 NP   0.17       Others    3.28               Others   1.35       DNP   89.23   Dimethyl sulfoxide   10.0   91   DNP   98.27       MNP    5.74               MNP   0.34       T 3 NP    1.75               T 3 NP   0.08       Others    3.28               Others   1.31       DNP   92.31   N,N-dimethylacetamide   5.0   82   DNP   98.71       MNP    3.34               MNP   0.12       T 3 NP    1.45               Others   1.17       Others    2.90                           DNP   92.31   N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone   5.0   64   DNP   99.19       MNP    3.34               MNP   0.06       T 3 NP    1.45               Others   0.75       Others    2.90                           DNP   92.31   N,N-dimethylformamide   5.0   85   DNP   98.29       MNP    3.34               MNP   0.35       T 3 NP    1.45               T 3 NP   0.23       Others    2.90               Others   1.13                    
Again, the term “others” refers to all other compounds that are present, for which a specific value is not reported.
 
     Method 3 
     Crystal Structure Determination of 3,7-Dinitro-10H-Phenothiazine DMSO Solvate 
     Crystals were grown from a dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) solution of the recrystallized product above, and crystallographic analysis confirmed that the crystals were 3,7-dinitro-10H-phenothiazine as a DMSO solvate. 
       FIG. 2  shows the crystallographic structure of the 3,7-dinitro-10H-phenothiazine (DMSO solvate). 
     The crystal data and structure refinement for the DNP.DMSO solvate are as follows: 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 15 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Crystal Structure Data for DNP 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                 Identification code 
                 5750CM029_0m 
                   
               
               
                 Empirical formula 
                 C 14 H 13 N 3 O 5 S 2   
                   
               
               
                 Formula weight 
                 367.39 
                   
               
               
                 Temperature 
                 150(2)K 
                   
               
               
                 Wavelength 
                 0.71073 Å  
                   
               
               
                 Crystal system 
                 Monoclinic 
                   
               
               
                 Space group 
                 P2(1)/c 
                   
               
               
                 Unit cell dimensions 
                 a = 13.5398(11) Å 
                 α = 90° 
               
               
                   
                 b = 4.4722(4) Å   
                 β = 99.633(6)° 
               
               
                   
                 c = 25.2996(17) Å 
                 γ = 90° 
               
               
                 Volume 
                 1510.4(2) Å 3   
                   
               
               
                 Z 
                 4 
                   
               
               
                 Density (calculated) 
                  1.616 Mg/m 3   
                   
               
               
                 Absorption coefficient 
                 0.385 mm −1   
                   
               
               
                 F(000) 
                 760 
                   
               
               
                 Crystal size 
                 0.21 × 0.05 × 0.01 mm 3   
                   
               
               
                 Theta range for data collection 
                 1.53 to 27.41° 
                   
               
               
                 Index ranges 
                 −17 &lt;= h &lt;= 17, −5 &lt;= k &lt;= 4, −32 &lt;= l &lt;= 32 
                   
               
               
                 Reflections collected 
                 14697 
                   
               
               
                 Independent reflections 
                 3422 [R(int) = 0.1138] 
                   
               
               
                 Completeness to theta = 27.41° 
                 99.5% 
                   
               
               
                 Absorption correction 
                 Semi-empirical from equivalents 
                   
               
               
                 Max. and min. transmission 
                 0.9962 and 0.9235 
                   
               
               
                 Refinement method 
                 Full-matrix least-squares on F 2   
                   
               
               
                 Data/restraints/parameters 
                 3422/0/219 
                   
               
               
                 Goodness-of-fit on F 2   
                 1.000 
                   
               
               
                 Final R indices  
                 R1 = 0.0605, wR2 = 0.1448 
                   
               
               
                 [ I &gt; 2sigma(I)] 
                   
                   
               
               
                 R indices (all data) 
                 R1 = 0.1377, wR2 = 0.2084 
                   
               
               
                 Largest diff, peak and hole 
                 0.537 and −0.908 e · Å −3   
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Method 4 
     Synthesis of N,N,N′,N-tetramethyl-10H-phenothiazine-3,7-diaminium bis(methanesulfonate) (“LMTM”) 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     Part 1: To a 450 ml pressure vessel, fitted with an entrainment stirrer, thermometer, pressure gauge and connected to a pressure burette, was added 3,7-dinitro-10H-phenothiazine (DNP, 5.00 g, 17.28 mmol, 1 equivalent), palladium on carbon (5% (w/w) Pd, 58% (w/w) water, 1.15 g, 0.0131 equivalents), and N,N-dimethylformamide (150 ml). The pressure burette and vessel were then purged with hydrogen five times to 10 bar before the burette was pressurised with hydrogen to 20.4 bar and the vessel to 3.7 bar. The mixture was stirred (1500 rpm) at ambient temperature for 90 minutes (i.e., until the nitro group reduction was complete, as indicated by approximately 60% up-take of hydrogen). 
     Part 2: The vessel was vented and paraformaldehyde (H 2 CO, 97%, 2.08 g, 67.39 mmol, 3.9 equivalents) was added to the reaction mixture in one aliquot. The vessel was re-pressurised with hydrogen to 3.6 bar and heated to 90° C. while stirring at 1500 rpm. Progress of the reaction was monitored via hydrogen uptake, temperature, and pressure (see  FIG. 3 ). The reaction reached completion after approximately 16 hours (i.e., when the hydrogen up-take had reached approximately 100%, or had plateaued). After a further 8 hours (24 hours in total), the reaction mixture (a green solution) was cooled to 23° C., and the vessel vented. The catalyst was removed by filtration using a Buchner funnel (12 cm diameter) and the filtrate was collected in a round bottom flask. The catalyst was washed with N,N-dimethylformamide (2×15 ml) and the combined filtrate and washings were distilled to dryness under reduced pressure giving a purple solid. 
       FIG. 3  is a graph of hydrogen uptake (%), vessel temperature (° C.), and vessel pressure (bar) versus time (hours) for the reaction in which the nitro groups of 3,7-dinitro-10H-phenothiazine (DNP) are reduced, and the resulting amino groups are selectively alkylated. 
     Part 3: The round bottom flask containing the purple solid was purged with argon before toluene (3 ml), methanol (10 ml) and methane sulfonic acid (5.22 g, 38.02 mmol, 2.2 equivalents) were added. The resultant solution was cooled to 5° C. Ethanol (30 ml) was added drop-wise as an anti-solvent, which caused the product to precipitate as a green crystalline solid. The slurry was stirred at 5° C. for 2 hours and then filtered to give green crystals, which were washed with ethanol (4×10 ml, cooled to 5° C.) giving the product as yellow crystals, which were dried to constant weight in a 50° C. vacuum oven at 10 mm Hg (1333 kPa) (6.59 g, yield 80%). 
     The LMTM product was characterised as follows: 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 16 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Characterisation of LMTM Product 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   1 H NMR (300 MHz,  
                 δ = 2.72 (s, 6H), 3.22 (s, 12H), 7.23 (m, 4H), 6.77 
               
               
                 CD 3 OD) 
                 (dd, J = 6, 3 Hz, 2H) 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     The organic purity of the LMTM product was determined by HPLC analysis and the results are summarised in the following table. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 17 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 LMTM Purity by HPLC (% w/w) 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 LMTM (free base) 
                 93.69 
               
               
                   
                 Leuco Azure B Mesylate (free base) 
                 3.85 
               
               
                   
                 MTM (free base) 
                 0.58 
               
               
                   
                 Others 
                 1.88 
               
               
                   
                 Total 
                 100.00 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Again, the term “others” refers to all other compounds that are present, for which a specific value is not reported. 
     The HPLC parameters are summarised in the following tables. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 18 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 HPLC parameters for LMTM 
               
               
                 System Parametrs 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 HPLC system 
                 Agilent 1200 with DAD and data  
               
               
                   
                   
                 handling capacity 
               
               
                   
                 Column 
                 Agilent Zorbax SB-CN,  
               
               
                   
                   
                 50 × 4.6 mm, 3 μm particle size 
               
               
                   
                 Column Temperature 
                 10° C. 
               
               
                   
                 Autosampler Temperature 
                  5° C. 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Mobile Phase 
                 A:  
                 Degassed 0.1% v/v formic acid 
               
               
                   
                   
                 B:  
                 Degassed acetonitrile 
               
               
                   
                 Flow Rate 
                 1  
                 mL/min 
               
               
                   
                 Injection volume 
                 5  
                 μL 
               
               
                   
                 Stop time 
                 22.0  
                 min 
               
               
                   
                 Wavelength 
                 255  
                 nm, slit width 4 nm 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
                     TABLE 19                  HPLC parameters for LMTM       Solvent Gradient Parameters                                     Time, min   A, %   B, %   Flow, mL/min                                                 0   100   0   1           10   90   10   1           17   50   50   1           18   50   50   1           18.1   100   0   1           22   100   0   1                        
HPLC standards and samples were prepared as follows:
         Fresh LMTM reference material was used when preparing standards (for determination of retention times and quantification of samples).   50 mL amber-glass volumetric flasks used to prepare standards and samples.   Amber-glass vials filled as much as possible; using a volumetric pipette, the ideal volume was 1.85 mL (which allows for expansion upon chilling of solution).   All glassware pre-rinsed with 0.1% formic acid, oven-dried, and degassed with argon prior to use.   All eluents and diluent (0.1% formic acid) degassed thoroughly (at least 10 min of vigorous degassing), prior to use. For the diluent, degassed for 5 minutes once every hour during a sample run.   Samples were pre-weighed (about 42 mg) into flasks, and stoppered, prior to wetting.   Samples are not wetted more than 10 minutes prior to injection.   Ensure complete material dissolution prior to solution sampling. This was done by inverting the flask, rotating argon bubble around the bottom of the flask a number of times, checking for undissolved material, and then re-invert the solution to ensure thorough mixing.       

     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 20 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Typical Retention Times for LMTM Analysis 
               
               
                 (at 255 nm) 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Compound 
                 Retention time (minutes) 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Leuco Azure B Mesylate (free base) 
                 5.9 
               
               
                   
                 LMTM (free base) 
                 6.58 
               
               
                   
                 Azure B Mesylate (free base) 
                 14.10 
               
               
                   
                 MTM (free base) 
                 14.37 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     For reference, the chemical structures of LMTM and the related impurities are shown in the following table. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 21 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Chemical Structures of LMTM and Related Impurities 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                 N,N,N′,N′- tetramethyl-10H- phenothiazine- 3,7-diaminium bis(methanesulfonate) (LMTM) 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Methylthioninium methanesulphonate (MTM) 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Azure B Mesylate 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 N,N,N′-trimethyl-10H- phenothiazine- 3,7-diaminium bis(methanesulphonate) (Leuco Azure  B Mesylate) 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Method 5 
     “Two Pot” Synthesis of Methylthioninium Chloride (“MTC”) 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     Part 1: To a 450 ml pressure vessel, fitted with an entrainment stirrer, thermometer, pressure gauge and connected to a pressure burette, was added 3,7-dinitro-10H-phenothiazine (“DNP”, 5.00 g, 17.28 mmol, 1 equivalent), palladium on carbon (5% (w/w) Pd, 58% (w/w) water, 1.15 g, 0.0131 equivalents), and N,N-dimethylformamide (150 ml). The pressure burette and vessel were then purged with hydrogen five times to 15 bar before the burette was pressurised with hydrogen to 20.4 bar and the vessel to 3.7 bar. The mixture was stirred (1500 rpm) at ambient temperature for approximately 60 minutes (i.e., until the nitro group reduction was complete, as indicated by approximately 60% up-take of hydrogen). 
     Part 2: The vessel was vented and paraformaldehyde (H 2 CO, 95.6%, 2.28 g, 73 mmol, 4.2 equivalents) was added to the reaction mixture in one aliquot. The vessel was purged again with hydrogen, 5 times to 15 bar and re-pressurised with hydrogen to 3.6 bar and heated to 90° C. while stirring at 1500 rpm. Progress of the reaction was monitored via hydrogen uptake, temperature, and pressure. The reaction reached completion after approximately 16 hours (i.e., when the hydrogen up-take had reached approximately 100% or had plateaued). The reaction mixture (a green solution) was cooled to ambient temperature, and the vessel vented. The catalyst was removed by filtration using a Buchner funnel (12 cm diameter) and the filtrate was collected in a round bottom flask containing 32% hydrochloric acid (4.24 g, 37 mmol, 2.15 equivalents) that was submersed in an ice bath. The catalyst was washed with N,N-dimethylformamide (3×10 ml) and the filtrate and washings were combined. 
     Part 3: The combined filtrate and washings were cooled to 5° C. before iron (III) chloride hexahydrate (FeCl 3 .6H 2 O, 9.81 g, 36 mmol, 2.1 equivalents) dissolved in water (14 ml) was added drop-wise over 30 minutes. Once addition of the iron (III) chloride solution was complete, the reaction mixture was stirred for a further 2 hours at 5° C. The golden green needles that precipitated were collected by filtration using a Buchner funnel and were dried on the filter for 1 hour and then oven dried at 50° C. for 16 hours. The mass of product obtained was 3.88 g (Batch 1). The filtrate was stirred for a further 3 days at ambient temperature and gave a second crop of product (2.10 g) (Batch 2). The combined mass of product was 5.98 g. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 22 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Characterisation of “Two-Pot” MTC Product 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                   
                 MTC Batch 1A 
                 MTC Batch 1B 
               
               
                   
                   
                 (1st Crop) 
                 (2nd Crop) 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Weight loss  
                 20.91% 
                  2.99% 
               
               
                   
                 on drying 
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 (moisture 
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 balance) 
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   1 H NMR 
                 δ = 2.91 (s, 12H), 
                 δ = 2.84 (s, 12H),  
               
               
                   
                 (300 MHz,  
                 6.58 (s, 2H), 
                 6.52 (s, 2H), 
               
               
                   
                 D 2 O) 
                 6.81 (d, J = 9 Hz, 2H),  
                 6.73 (d, J = 9 Hz, 2H),  
               
               
                   
                   
                 7.06 (d, 
                 6.97 (d, 
               
               
                   
                   
                 J = 9 Hz, 2H) 
                 J = 9 Hz, 2H) 
               
               
                   
                 HPLC (w/w) 
                 77.98% 
                 43.63% 
               
               
                   
                 Yield of MTC 
                   56% 
                   17% 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     The organic purity of the MTC product was determined by HPLC analysis and the results are summarised in the following table. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 23 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 HPLC Purity of MTC Product 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 MTC Batch 1A 
                 MTC Batch 1B 
               
               
                   
                 (1st Crop) 
                 (2nd Crop) 
               
               
                   
                 % (a/a) 
                 % (a/a) 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                 MTC 
                 99.75 
                 77.12 
               
               
                 Azure B 
                 0.22 
                 0.72 
               
               
                 Azure A 
                 — 
                 0.19 
               
               
                 Azure C 
                 — 
                 — 
               
               
                 MVB 
                 — 
                 &lt;0.05 
               
               
                 MVB-CH 3   
                 — 
                 — 
               
               
                 sDMT 
                 — 
                 &lt;0.05 
               
               
                 Others 
                 0.03 
                 21.97 
               
               
                 Total 
                 100 
                 100 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     The term “others” refers to all other compounds that are present, for which a specific value is not reported. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 24 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 HPLC parameters for MTC 
               
               
                 System Parametrs 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 HPLC system 
                 Agilent 1200 with DAD and data  
               
               
                   
                   
                 handling capacity 
               
               
                   
                 Column 
                 Agilent Zorbax XDB-Phenyl, 150 × 4.6  
               
               
                   
                   
                 mm, 3 μm particle size 
               
               
                   
                 Column Temperature 
                 50° C. 
               
               
                   
                 Autosampler Temperature 
                  5° C. 
               
               
                   
                 Mobile Phase 
                 A: 0.1% v/v trifluoroacetic acid 
               
               
                   
                   
                 B: Acetonitrile 
               
               
                   
                 Flow Rate 
                  1.5 mL/min 
               
               
                   
                 Injection volume 
                   50 μL 
               
               
                   
                 Stop time 
                 25.0 min 
               
               
                   
                 Wavelength 
                 284 nm, slit width 4 nm 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
                     TABLE 25                  HPLC parameters for MTC       Solvent Gradient Parameters                                     Time, min   A, %   B, %   Flow, mL/min                                                 0   90   10   1.5           1   90   10   1.5           13   75   25   1.5           18   40   60   1.5           20   40   60   1.5           20.1   90   10   1.5           25   90   10   1.5                        
HPLC standards and samples were prepared as follows:
         Fresh MTC reference material always used when preparing MTC stock and LLOQ standards. Stock and LLOQ standards were used for determination of retention time and quantification.   25 and 100 mL amber-glass volumetric flasks used to prepare standards and samples.   Concentrated solutions were prepared using 34-38 mg of sample. The sample was dissolved in 50 mL of diluent (90:10, 0.1% TFA:acetonitrile), sonicated for 5 minutes, and then diluted to the graduation mark with diluent. Solutions were then allowed to stand for 1 hour prior to a 1:10 dilution.   For runs, 2 L of 0.1% TFA and 1 L of acetonitrile was used for the eluents.       

     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 26 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Typical Retention Times for MTC Analysis 
               
               
                 (at 255 nm) 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Compound 
                 Retention time (minutes) 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Thionine 
                 8.79 
               
               
                   
                 MVB-2CH 3   
                 9.00 
               
               
                   
                 MVB-CH 3   
                 10.34 
               
               
                   
                 Azure C 
                 10.93 
               
               
                   
                 MVB 
                 11.78 
               
               
                   
                 Azure A 
                 13.17 
               
               
                   
                 sDMT 
                 13.47 
               
               
                   
                 Azure B 
                 15.56 
               
               
                   
                 MTC 
                 16.53 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     For reference, the chemical structures of MTC and the related impurities are shown in the following table. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 27 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Chemical Structures of MTC and Related Impurities 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                 Methylthioninium  chloride (MTC) 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Azure A 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Azure B 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Azure C 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Methylene Violet  Bernthsen (MVB) 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 7-(methylamino)-3H- phenothiazine-3-one (MVB-CH 3 ) 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 7-amino-3H- phenothiazine-3-one (MVB-2CH 3 ) 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Thionine 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Symmetrical Dimethyl  Thionine (sDMT) 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Method 6 
     “One Pot” Synthesis of Methylthioninium Chloride (“MTC”) 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     Part 1: To a 450 ml pressure vessel, fitted with an entrainment stirrer, thermometer, pressure gauge and connected to a pressure burette, was added 3,7-dinitro-10H-phenothiazine (DNP, 15 g, 51.8 mmol, 1 equivalent), palladium on carbon (5% (w/w) Pd, 58% (w/w) water, 3.45 g, 0.0131 equivalents), paraformaldehyde (H 2 CO, 95.6%, 6.52 g, 207 mmol, 4.0 equivalents) and N,N-dimethylformamide (150 ml). The pressure burette and vessel were then purged with hydrogen five times to 15 bar before the burette was pressurised with hydrogen to 60.1 bar and the vessel to 3.8 bar. The mixture was stirred (1500 rpm) at ambient temperature for approximately 120 minutes (i.e., until the nitro group reduction was complete, as indicated by approximately 60% up-take of hydrogen). 
     Part 2: The reaction mixture was then heated to 90° C. while stirring at 1500 rpm. Progress of the reaction was monitored via hydrogen uptake and temperature (see  FIG. 4 ). The reaction reached completion after approximately 16 hours (i.e., when the hydrogen up-take had reached approximately 100%, or had plateaued). The reaction mixture (a green solution) was cooled to ambient temperature, and the vessel vented. The catalyst was removed by filtration using a Buchner funnel (12 cm diameter) and the filtrate was collected in a round bottom flask containing 32% hydrochloric acid (12.7 g, 111 mmol, 2.15 equivalents) that was submersed in an ice bath. The catalyst was washed with N,N-dimethylformamide (3×10 ml) and the filtrate and washings were combined. 
       FIG. 4  is a graph of hydrogen uptake (%) and vessel temperature (° C.) versus time (hours) for the reaction in which the nitro groups of 3,7-dinitro-10H-phenothiazine (DNP) are reduced, and the resulting amino groups are selectively alkylated. 
     Part 3: The combined filtrate and washings were cooled to 5° C. before iron (III) chloride hexahydrate (FeCl 3 .6H 2 O, 29.43 g, 109 mmol, 2.1 equivalents) dissolved in water (42 ml) was added drop-wise over 30 minutes. Once addition of the iron (III) chloride solution was complete, the reaction mixture was stirred for a further 2 hours at 5° C. The golden green needles that precipitated were collected by filtration using a Buchner funnel and were dried on the filter for 1 hour and then oven dried at 50° C. for 16 hours. The mass of product obtained was 15.66 g. 
     The MTC product was characterised as follows: 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 28 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Characterisation of “One-Pot” MTC Product 
               
               
                 MTC Batch 2 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                 Weight loss on drying 
                  8.52% 
               
               
                 (moisture balance) 
                   
               
               
                   1 H NMR 
                 δ = 3.00 (s, 12H), 6.68 (s, 2H), 6.91 (d,  
               
               
                 (300 MHz, D 2 O) 
                 J = 9 Hz, 2H), 7.18 (d, J = 9 Hz, 2H) 
               
               
                 IR v max  (cm −1 ) 
                 3305(b, H 2 O ‘Solvate’), 1592(s),  
               
               
                   
                 1485(m), 1389(s), 
               
               
                   
                 1329(s), 1169(m), 1130(m), 866(s) 
               
               
                 MS, m/z (ESI): 
                 [M + ] 284 
               
               
                 HPLC (a/a) 
                 98.15% 
               
               
                 HPLC (w/w) 
                 76.55% 
               
               
                 Accurate yield 
                   75% 
               
               
                 of MTC 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     The organic purity of the MTC product was determined by HPLC analysis and the results are summarised in the following table. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 29 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 HPLC Purity of “One-Pot” MTC Product 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                   
                 MTC Batch 2 
               
               
                   
                   
                 % (a/a) 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 MTC 
                 98.15 
               
               
                   
                 Azure B 
                 1.33 
               
               
                   
                 Azure A 
                 0.09 
               
               
                   
                 Azure C 
                 — 
               
               
                   
                 MVB 
                 — 
               
               
                   
                 MVB-CH 3   
                 — 
               
               
                   
                 sDMT 
                 0.11 
               
               
                   
                 Others 
                 0.32 
               
               
                   
                 Total 
                 100 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Additional batches were prepared using similar methods and characterised, as described in the following tables. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 30 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Characterisation of Additional Batches of “One-Pot”  
               
               
                 MTC Product 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 MTC 
                 MTC 
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Batch 3A 
                 Batch 3B 
                 MTC 
                 MTC 
               
               
                   
                 (1st Crop) 
                 (2nd Crop) 
                 Batch 4 
                 Batch 5 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 DMF wash  
                 30  
                 ml 
                 (*) 
                 30  
                 ml 
                 30  
                 ml 
               
               
                 volume 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Amount  
                 4.2  
                 eq. 
                 4.2  
                 eq. 
                 4.2  
                 eq. 
                 4.0  
                 eq. 
               
               
                 of CH 2 O 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Amount of  
                 0.0131  
                 eq. 
                 0.0131  
                 eq. 
                 0.0131  
                 eq. 
                 0.0066  
                 eq. 
               
               
                 catalyst 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Weight loss  
                  4.88% 
                  2.11% 
                  8.03% 
                  8.70% 
               
               
                 on drying 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 (moisture  
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 balance) 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 HPLC (a/a) 
                 99.63% 
                 99.65% 
                 98.09% 
                 99.06% 
               
               
                 HPLC (w/w) 
                 77.12% 
                 78.86% 
                 74.61% 
                 76.59% 
               
               
                 Accurate yield 
                   58% 
                    9% 
                   67% 
                   80% 
               
               
                 of MTC 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 (*) The second crop was not washed. 
               
            
           
         
       
     
     For MTC Batch 3A, a 2nd Crop was obtained by stirring the filtrate for 1 day at ambient temperature to give MTC Batch 3B. 
     The organic purity of the MTC product was determined by HPLC analysis and the results are summarised in the following table. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 31 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 HPLC Purity of MTC Product 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 MTC Batch 3A 
                 MCT Batch 3B 
               
               
                   
                 (1st Crop) 
                 (2nd Crop) 
               
               
                   
                 % (a/a) 
                 % (a/a) 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                 MTC 
                 99.63 
                 99.65 
               
               
                 Azure B 
                 0.29 
                 0.19 
               
               
                 Azure A 
                 &lt;0.05 
                 0.10 
               
               
                 Azure C 
                 — 
                 — 
               
               
                 MVB 
                 — 
                 — 
               
               
                 MVB-CH 3   
                 — 
                 — 
               
               
                 sDMT 
                 — 
                 — 
               
               
                 Others 
                 0.08 
                 0.06 
               
               
                 Total 
                 100 
                 100 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 32 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 HPLC Purity of MTC Product 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 MTC Batch 4 
                 MTC Batch 5 
               
               
                   
                 % (a/a) 
                 % (a/a) 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                 MTC 
                 98.09 
                 99.06 
               
               
                 Azure B 
                 1.0 
                 0.44 
               
               
                 Azure A 
                 0.19 
                 0.06 
               
               
                 Azure C 
                 — 
                 — 
               
               
                 MVB 
                 — 
                 &lt;0.05 
               
               
                 MVB-CH 3   
                 &lt;0.05 
                 — 
               
               
                 sDMT 
                 &lt;0.05 
                 &lt;0.05 
               
               
                 Others 
                 0.72 
                 0.44 
               
               
                 Total 
                 100 
                 100 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Method 7 
     Purification of Methylthioninium Chloride (“MTC”) by Recrystallisation 
     Methylthioninium chloride (MTC, 10 g, from Batch 2) and aqueous hydrochloric acid (120 ml) (prepared as 50 parts water and 1 part 32% hydrochloric acid) were added to a 250 ml round bottom flask. The mixture was heated to 70° C. and stirred until the solid dissolved. The solution was then cooled to approximately 22° C. and stirred for 16 hours. The golden green needles that precipitated were collected by filtration using a Buchner funnel and washed with aqueous hydrochloric acid (3×10 ml; as above) that had been cooled to 5° C. The crystals were dried on the filter for 2 hours before being oven dried at 50° C. for 2 hours to give 8.66 g of MTC as a golden green solid. 
     The purified and recrystallized MTC product was characterised as follows: 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 33 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Characterisation of Recrystallized MTC 
               
               
                 (MTC Batch 6) 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                 Weight loss  
                 10.68% 
               
               
                 on drying 
                   
               
               
                 (moisture  
                   
               
               
                 balance) 
                   
               
               
                   1 H NMR 
                 δ = 3.01 (s, 12H), 6.70 (s, 2H), 6.90-6.93 (d, J = 9 Hz, 
               
               
                 (300 MHz, D 2 O) 
                 2H), 7.18-7.21 (d, J = 9 Hz, 2H) 
               
               
                   13 C NMR 
                 δ = 40.49 (4C), 105.83 (2C), 118.11 (2C), 133.37 (2C), 
               
               
                 (75 MHz, D 2 O) 
                 133.66 (2C), 136.09 (2C), 152.84 (2C) 
               
               
                 IR v max  (cm −1 ) 
                 3339(b, H 2 O ‘Solvate’), 1594(s), 1489(m), 1391(s), 
               
               
                   
                 1333(s), 1170(m), 1142(m), 877(s) 
               
               
                 MS, m/z (ESI): 
                 [M + ] 284 
               
               
                 HPLC (a/a) 
                 99.01% 
               
               
                 HPLC (w/w) 
                 76.61% 
               
               
                 Yield of MTC 
                   87% 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     The organic purity of the purified and recrystallized MTC product was determined by HPLC analysis and the results are summarised in the following table. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 34 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 HPLC Purity of Crude and Recrystallized MTC 
               
               
                 (MTC Batches 2 and 6) 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                   
                 Purified and 
               
               
                   
                 Crude 
                 Recrystallized 
               
               
                   
                 (MTC Batch 2) 
                 (MTC Batch 6) 
               
               
                   
                 % (a/a) 
                 % (a/a) 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                 MTC 
                 98.15 
                 99.01 
               
               
                 Azure B 
                 1.33 
                 0.82 
               
               
                 Azure A 
                 0.09 
                 0.1 
               
               
                 Azure C 
                 — 
                 — 
               
               
                 MVB 
                 — 
                 — 
               
               
                 MVB-CH 3   
                 — 
                 — 
               
               
                 sDMT 
                 0.11 
                   
               
               
                 Others 
                 0.32 
                 0.07 
               
               
                 Total 
                 100 
                 100 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     A second batch of recrystallized MTC product was prepared using the same method. The weight loss on drying (moisture balance) was 21.54% and the accurate yield of MTC was 95%. The organic purity of crude and recrystallized MTC was determined by HPLC analysis and the results are summarised in the following table. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 35 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 HPLC Purity of Crude and Recrystallized MTC 
               
               
                 (Batch 4 and Batch 7) 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                   
                 Purified and 
               
               
                   
                 Crude 
                 Recrystallized 
               
               
                   
                 (MTC Batch 4) 
                 (MTC Batch 7) 
               
               
                   
                 % (a/a) 
                 % (a/a) 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                 MTC 
                 98.09 
                 98.42 
               
               
                 Azure B 
                 1.0 
                 1.14 
               
               
                 Azure A 
                 0.19 
                 0.24 
               
               
                 Azure C 
                 — 
                 &lt;0.05 
               
               
                 MVB 
                 — 
                 &lt;0.05 
               
               
                 MVB-CH 3   
                 &lt;0.05 
                 — 
               
               
                 sDMT 
                 &lt;0.05 
                 &lt;0.05 
               
               
                 Others 
                 0.72 
                 0.2 
               
               
                 Total 
                 100 
                 100 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Method 8 
     General Method for Reaction with Ketones 
     Thionin acetate (1 eq.) was dissolved in methanol (15 mL/mmol) under argon, and 5% palladium on carbon (0.01 eq.), glacial acetic acid (2 drops/mmol), and decaborane (0.3 eq.) were added. The mixture was heated at reflux for 30 minutes, and cooled to ambient temperature (around 20 to 25° C.). Ketone (2.2 eq.) and decaborane (0.4 eq.) were added, and the resultant mixture was stirred for 3 hours. The reaction mixture was treated with 32% aqueous hydrochloric acid (0.3 mL/mmol) and stirred for at least 3 hours before being filtered through Celite. The Celite was washed with methanol (3×10 mL), and the filtrate was evaporated to leave the crude product. If necessary, the crude product was purified. 
     Method 9 
     N,N′-di(butan-2-yl)-10H-phenothiazine-3,7-bis(aminium) Dichloride 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     N,N′-di(butan-2-yl)-10H-phenothiazine-3,7-bis(aminium) dichloride was prepared by the general procedure described in Method 8 above using butan-2-one. The crude product was suspended in boiling acetonitrile (40 mL) for 30 minutes, and the product was collected by evaporation of the solvent. The title compound was isolated as a green solid (537 mg, 69%). δ H  (400 MHz; CD 3 OD) 7.12 (2H, dd, J 8.5, 2.4, ArH), 7.07 (2H, d, J 2.3, ArH), 6.80 (2H, d, J 8.6, ArH), 3.44-3.52 (2H, m, CH), 1.79-1.90 (2H, m, CH 2 ), 1.52-1.65 (2H, m, CH 2 ), 1.29 (6H, d, J 6.6, CH 3 ), 1.02 (6H, t, J 7.5, CH 3 ). δ H (400 MHz; DMSO-d6) 10.81 (4H, bs, NH 2   + ), 9.23 (1H, bs, NH), 7.09-7.16 (4H, m, ArH), 6.80 (2H, d, J 6.8, ArH), 1.69-1.80 (2H, m, CH 2 ), 1.42-1.54 (2H, m, CH 2 ), 1.17 (6H, d, J 6.4, CH 3 ), 0.89 (6H, t, J 7.5, CH 3 ). δ c  (75 MHz; CD 3 OD) 144.4 (Ar), 129.4 (Ar), 124.5 (Ar), 122.6 (Ar), 120.2 (Ar), 116.4 (Ar), 62.0 (CH), 27.0 (CH 2 ), 16.0 (CH 3 ), 10.2 (CH 3 ). m/z (ESI) 340.1839 ([M] + . C 20 H 26 N 3 S requires 340.1847). 
     Method 10 
     N,N′-di(isopropyl)-10H-phenothiazine-3,7-bis(aminium) Dichloride 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     N,N′-di(isopropyl)-1 OH-phenothiazine-3,7-bis(aminium) dichloride was prepared by the general procedure described in Method 8 above using acetone. No further purification was required. The title compound was isolated as a green solid (649 mg, 83%). 
     δ H  (400 MHz; CD 3 OD) 7.10 (2H, dd, J 8.6, 2.4, ArH), 7.05 (2H, d, J 2.3, ArH), 6.80 (2H, d, J 8.6, ArH), 3.67 (2H, sept, J 6.5, CH), 1.34 (12H, d, J 6.5, CH 3 ). δ H  (400 MHz; DMSO-d6) 10.92 (4H, bs, NH 2 +), 9.31 (1H, bs, NH), 7.14-7.18 (4H, m, ArH), 6.82 (2H, d, J 8.3, ArH), 3.57 (2H, sept, J 6.5, CH), 1.23 (12H, d, J 6.5, CH 3 ). δ c  (75 MHz; CD 3 OD) 144.4 (Ar), 129.5 (Ar), 124.5 (Ar), 122.6 (Ar), 120.1 (Ar), 116.4 (Ar), 56.9 (CH), 19.20 (CH 3 ). m/z (ESI) 312.1532 ([M] + . C 18 H 22 N 3 S requires 312.1534). 
     Method 11 
     N,N′-di(cyclopentyl)-10H-phenothiazine-3,7-bis(aminium) Dichloride 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     N,N′-di(cyclopentyl)-10H-phenothiazine-3,7-bis(aminium) dichloride was prepared by the general procedure described in Method 8 above using cyclopentanone. The crude product was purified by dissolving in methanol (4.5 mL) and precipitating by adding acetone (18 mL). The product was collected by decanting the solvent, dissolving the residual solid in methanol, and evaporating the methanol. The title compound was isolated as a green solid (278 mg, 63%). 
     δ H (400 MHz; CD 3 OD) 7.14 (2H, dd, J 8.6, 2.4, ArH), 7.08 (2H, d, J 2.4, ArH), 6.79 (2H, d, J 8.6, ArH), 3.89 (2H, quin, J 7.0, CH), 1.97-2.07 (4H, m, CH 2 ), 1.81-1.90 (4H, m, CH 2 ), 1.65-1.80 (8H, m, CH 2 ). δ H (400 MHz; DMSO-d6) 10.99 (4H, bs, NH 2 +), 9.27 (1H, bs, NH), 7.13-7.20 (4H, m, ArH), 6.81 (2H, d, J 8.4, ArH), 3.78 (2H, quin, J 6.6, CH), 1.66-1.87 (12H, m, CH 2 ), 1.48-1.56 (4H, m, CH 2 ). δ c  (75 MHz; CD 3 OD) 144.4 (Ar), 130.7 (Ar), 124.0 (Ar), 122.1 (Ar), 120.2 (Ar), 116.5 (Ar), 65.4 (CH), 30.6 (CH 2 ), 25.0 (CH 2 ). m/z (ESI) 364.1841 ([M] + . C 22 H 26 N 3 S requires 364.1847). 
     Method 12 
     N,N′-di(cyclohexyl)-10H-phenothiazine-3,7-bis(aminium) Dichloride 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     N,N′-di(cyclohexyl)-10H-phenothiazine-3,7-bis(aminium) dichloride was prepared by the general procedure described in Method 8 above using cyclohexanone. The crude product was purified by dissolving in methanol (5.8 mL) and precipitating by adding acetone (23 mL). The product was collected by filtration, the collected solid was dissolved in methanol, and the methanol was evaporated. The title compound was isolated as a green solid (279 mg, 60%). 
     δ H (400 MHz; CD 3 OD) 7.10 (2H, dd, J 8.4, 2.4, ArH), 7.06 (2H, d, J 2.3, ArH), 6.79 (2H, d, J 8.4, ArH), 3.33-3.41 (2H, m, CH), 1.96-2.06 (4H, m, CH 2 ), 1.81-1.91 (4H, m, CH 2 ), 1.65-1.73 (2H, m, CH 2 ), 1.17-1.50 (10H, m, CH 2 ). δ H (400 MHz; DMSO-d6) 10.94 (4H, bs, NH 2 +), 9.27 (1H, bs, NH), 7.11-7.18 (4H, m, ArH), 6.81 (2H, d, J 8.3, ArH), 3.21-3.31 (2H, m, CH), 1.85-1.95 (4H, m, CH 2 ), 1.69-1.79 (4H, m, CH 2 ), 1.53-1.63 (2H, m, CH 2 ), 1.32-1.45 (4H, m, CH 2 ), 1.05-1.27 (6H, m, CH 2 ). δ c  (75 MHz; CD 3 OD) 144.4 (Ar), 129.0 (Ar), 124.5 (Ar), 122.6 (Ar), 120.1 (Ar), 116.4 (Ar), 63.1 (CH), 30.4 (CH 2 ), 25.6 (CH 2 ), 26.2 (CH 2 ). m/z (ESI) 392.2150 ([M] + . C 2-4 H 30 N 3 S requires 392.2160). 
     Method 13 
     3,7-bis(cyclohexylamino)phenothiazinium Chloride 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     N,N′-di(cyclohexyl)-1 OH-phenothiazine-3,7-bis(aminium) dichloride (211 mg, 0.45 mmol) was dissolved in methanol (5 mL) and cooled in an ice-bath. A solution of iron(III) chloride hexahydrate (243 mg, 0.90 mmol) in methanol (1 mL) was added dropwise to the reaction mixture. The solution was stirred in an ice bath for 45 mins. The reaction mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure and the crude product was dissolved in methanol (2 mL). The solution was diluted with water (20 mL) and loaded onto a reverse-phase silica column. The iron salts were eluted with 1M aqueous HCl, and the product was eluted with methanol. The methanol was evaporated to leave 3,7-bis(cyclohexylamino)phenothiazinium chloride (180 mg, 93%) as a dark blue solid. 
     δ H (300 MHz; CD 3 OD) 7.83 (2H, d, J 8.7, ArH), 7.20 (4H, br s, ArH), 3.64-3.76 (2H, m, CH, 2.05 (4H, d, J 10.5, CH 2 ), 1.86 (4H, d, J 10.5, CH 2 ), 1.73 (2H, d, J 12.4, CH 2 ), 1.25-1.60 (10H, m, CH 2 ). m/z (ESI) 392.2151 ([M] + . C 2-4 H 30 N 3 S requires 392.2160). 
     The foregoing has described the principles, preferred embodiments, and modes of operation of the present invention. However, the invention should not be construed as limited to the particular embodiments discussed. Instead, the above-described embodiments should be regarded as illustrative rather than restrictive. It should be appreciated that variations may be made in those embodiments by workers skilled in the art without departing from the scope of the present invention. 
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