Patent Publication Number: US-2020298721-A1

Title: Control device and computer-readable storage medium

Description:
The contents of the following Japanese patent application are incorporated herein by reference: Japanese Patent Application 2019-052111 filed on Mar. 20, 2019. 
     BACKGROUND 
     1. Technical Field 
     The present invention relates to a control device and a computer-readable storage medium. 
     2. Related Art 
     A power management device is known, for receiving an instruction of selecting any mode of a first mode of supplying in preference an outside of a mobile object with generated power of the power generator and a second mode of charging in preference the generated power of the power generator into an electricity storage device; and changing a supply destination of the generated power of the power generator according to the instruction (refer to, for example, Patent Literature 1 below and so on). 
     REFERENCES IN THE PRIOR ART 
     Patent Literatures 
     [Patent Literature 1] Japanese Unexamined Patent Application Publication No. 2015-216836
     [Patent Literature 2] Japanese Patent No. 5395764   

     SUMMARY 
     Technical Problem 
     Conventionally, there has been a problem that information for a user to determine whether enabling a vehicle to transmit and receive power between the vehicle and a power grid is not sufficient. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         FIG. 1  schematically illustrates a basic configuration of a power transmission and reception system  100 . 
         FIG. 2  schematically illustrates a functional configuration of a management server  40 . 
         FIG. 3  illustrates in a form of table an example of traveling record information of a vehicle  30 . 
         FIG. 4  illustrates in a form of table an example of power transmission and reception performance information. 
         FIG. 5  illustrates in a form of table an example of connection status information. 
         FIG. 6  illustrates in a form of table an example of power trading information. 
         FIG. 7  illustrates in a form of table an example of weather information. 
         FIG. 8  illustrates in a form of table an example of event information. 
         FIG. 9  illustrates an example of a screen  900  for displaying power transmission and reception information on a map displayed on a user terminal  82 . 
         FIG. 10  illustrates an example of a screen  1000  for displaying a predicted consideration value on the day. 
         FIG. 11  is a flow chart illustrating processes for a management server  40  to generate predicted power transmission and reception information. 
         FIG. 12  illustrates an example of a screen  1200  displayed when a user  80  searches for a destination by keyword searching. 
         FIG. 13  illustrates an example of a computer  2000  in which a plurality of embodiments of the present invention may be entirely or partially embodied. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
     While the following describes the present invention through embodiments of the invention, the below embodiments do not limit the invention according to the claims. Also, not all the combinations of features described in the embodiments are essential for solutions of the invention. Note that, in the drawings, identical or similar portions are given identical reference numerals, and repeated descriptions may be omitted. 
       FIG. 1  schematically illustrates a basic configuration of a power transmission and reception system  100 . The power transmission and reception system  100  is a system for performing V2G (Vehicle-to-Grid) that a power aggregator interchanges power between a vehicle and a power grid, for example, using a battery included in the vehicle. The power transmission and reception system  100  has a function to effectively inform a user that it is in a place where the power transmission and reception between the vehicle and the power grid is possible. Note that performing by the vehicle at least any of releasing power to the power grid and receiving power from the power grid is referred to as V2G. 
     The power transmission and reception system  100  includes: a plurality of vehicles including a vehicle  30   a  and a vehicle  30   b ; a stationary battery  14 ; a plurality of charging and discharging facilities  20 ; a management server  40 ; power generating facility  12 ; and a plurality of user terminals including a user terminal  82   a  and a user terminal  82   b.    
     A user  80   a  and a user  80   b  are users of the power transmission and reception system  100 . In particular, the user  80   a  is a user of the vehicle  30   a , and the user  80   b  is a user of the vehicle  30   b . Note that a user of a vehicle may be any person associated with the vehicle, such as the owner of the vehicle or a family member of the owner. In this embodiment, respective users of the user  80   a  and the user  80   b  may be collectively referred to as “user  80 ”. 
     The user terminal  82   a  is a communication terminal for the user  80   a  to use. The user terminal  82   b  is a communication terminal for the user  80   b  to use. A plurality of user terminals including the user terminal  82   a  and the user terminal  82   b  may be collectively referred to as “user terminal  82 ”. 
     The user terminal  82  may be, for example, a mobile terminal, a personal computer, vehicle navigation device, or the like. The mobile terminal can be exemplified as a mobile phone, a smartphone, a PDA, a tablet, a notebook computer, a laptop computer, a wearable computer, etc. 
     The vehicle  30   a  includes a battery  32   a . The vehicle  30   b  includes a battery  32   b . In this embodiment, a plurality of vehicles including the vehicle  30   a  and the vehicle  30   b  may be collectively referred to as “vehicle  30 ”. Also, a plurality of batteries including the battery  32   a  and the battery  32   b  may be collectively referred to as “battery  32 ”. The battery  32  may be a various secondary batteries, such as a lithium-ion battery or a nickel-hydrogen battery. 
     Note that the battery  32  is an example of an electric power source for driving of the vehicle  30 . The electric power source for driving includes an electric power source generating electric energy to be provided to a power source of the vehicle  30  by consuming fuel, like a fuel-cell etc. The fuel may be hydrocarbon fuel such as hydrogen, gasoline, light oil, and natural gas, alcohol fuel, or the like. The electric power source for driving may be any electric power source that can generate electric energy to be provided to the power source of the vehicle  30 . 
     The vehicle  30  is an example of transport equipment. The vehicle  30  is a vehicle equipped with a power source driven by electric energy, for example, an electric vehicle, a fuel-cell vehicle (FCV), etc. The electric vehicle includes a battery electric vehicle (BEV) and a hybrid vehicle or plug-in hybrid electric vehicle (PHEV) with an internal-combustion engine providing at least a part of driving power. In this embodiment, the vehicle  30  is an electric vehicle with the battery  32  as an electric power source for driving. In a form of adopting the battery as the electric power source for driving, discharge of the battery corresponds to releasing energy from the electric power source for driving, and charge of the battery corresponds to storing energy into the electric power source for driving. 
     The management server  40  is capable to communicate with the vehicle  30 , the stationary battery  14 , and the user terminal  82  through a communication network. The management server  40  is also capable to communicate with a power trading server  50  through the communication network. The communication network may include a transmission channel for a wired communication or a wireless communication. The communication network may include a communication system including the internet, the P2P network, a dedicated line, the VPN, a power line communication line, a mobile phone line, and the like. 
     The power grid  10  may include transmission system or a distribution system of the power system and a distribution network of a power grid. The vehicle  30 , the stationary battery  14 , the charging and discharging facility  20 , and the power generating facility  12  are connected to the power grid  10 . The power grid  10  may be provided for each region. The power grid  10  may be a micro-grid. The power grid  10  may be any scale of distribution network connecting power equipment consuming power and an electric power source. For example, the power grid  10  may be a distribution network provided to any facility such as a commercial facility  150 . The power grid  10  may be provided for each building. The charging and discharging facility  20 , the stationary battery  14 , and the power generating facility  12  are capable of performing power transmission and reception between the power grids  10 . The charging and discharging facility  20  is an example of a power transmission and reception facility for performing power transmission and reception between the vehicle  30  and the power grid  10 . 
     The power generating facility  12  is managed by an electric power company or the like. The charging and discharging facility  20  includes, for example, a charging and discharging device installed in a house and a charging and discharging stand installed in an apartment building, a parking area of a building or the commercial facility  150 , a public space, or the like. 
     The vehicle  30  is connected to the charging and discharging facility  20  through a charging and discharging cable  22 . That is, the vehicle  30  is connected to the power grid  10  through the charging and discharging cable  22  and the charging and discharging facility  20 . The vehicle  30  performs power transmission and reception between the battery  32  and the power grid  10  through the charging and discharging facility  20 . For example, the vehicle  30  releases power obtained by discharging the battery  32  to the power grid  10  through the charging and discharging cable  22  and the charging and discharging facility  20 . Also, the vehicle  30  charges the battery  32  by power supplied from the power grid  10  through the charging and discharging cable  22  and the charging and discharging facility  20 . Note that power transmission and reception to and from the power grid  10  may be referred to as “power transmission and reception with the power grid  10 ” etc. Also, to enable the vehicle  30  to transmit and receive power to and from the power grid  10  by connecting the vehicle  30  to the charging and discharging facility  20 , and so on, may be referred to as “V2G connection”, etc. 
     The stationary battery  14  is managed by the power aggregator. The battery  32  in the vehicle  30  forms a virtual power plant with the stationary battery  14 . The management server  40  is managed by the power aggregator. The management server  40  controls power transmission and reception between the battery  32  and the power grid  10 , and between the stationary battery  14  and the power grid  10 . 
     The management server  40  performs power trading by bidding in a wholesale power market. The power trading server  50  is managed by an operator of the wholesale power market. The management server  40  bids for the power trading server  50  in time units of 30-minute as one time frame. The management server  40  discharges based on a contract result, the battery  32  and the stationary battery  14  in each time frame to supply power to the power grid  10 . 
     For example, the management server  40 , discharge, according to the contract quantity for bidding of the power aggregator in the wholesale power market, the battery  32  and the stationary battery  14  to supply, to the power grid  10 , the released power from the battery  32  and the stationary battery  14 . Also, the management server  40  controls charging and discharging of the battery  32  and the stationary battery  14  in a range of adjusting capability contracted for the bid of the power aggregator in a demand and supply adjustment market, to adjust the power supply and demand in the power grid  10 . For example, the management server  40  controls charging and discharging of the battery  32  and the stationary battery  14 , according to, from power transmission and distribution operators and retail electricity suppliers, an up demand response (up DR), a down demand response (down DR), and an up-and-down demand response (up-and-down DR). 
     Specifically, according to the up DR and by controlling at least one of the vehicle  30  and the charging and discharging facility  20 , the management server  40  causes the battery  32  in the vehicle  30  to be charged with power received from the power grid  10  through the charging and discharging facility  20 . Also, according to the down DR and by controlling at least one of the vehicle  30  and the charging and discharging facility  20 , the management server  40  reduces the charging amount of the battery  32  in the vehicle  30  or discharges the battery  32  in the vehicle  30 , to reduce, as a whole, the power transmission amount from the power grid  10  to the vehicle  30  or to release power obtained by discharging the battery  32  towards the power grid  10  through the charging and discharging facility  20 . 
     In this embodiment, the management server  40  notifies the user  80  of information indicating a consideration value given to another user  80  by performing the V2G connection in past. For example, when the user  80   a  and the vehicle  30   a  were located in the south of A prefecture during the time zone between 15:00 and 16:00 on August 30, and the vehicle  30   a  was not in the V2G connection during that time zone, “10p/hour” is notified on the next day as a consideration value obtained assuming that the vehicle  30   a  was in the V2G connection during that time zone. “10p” is a performance value of a consideration value per unit time obtained by another user  80  if vehicle was in the V2G connection during that time zone. This enables the user  80  to know that the user  80  should have obtained high profit if the user  80  had performed the V2G connection between 15:00 and 16:00 on the previous day. 
     Also, like notification information to the user  80   b  shown in  FIG. 1 , “8p” is notified the user  80   b  located in the north of A prefecture, as a predicted consideration value per unit time obtained when the V2G connection is performed in the north of A prefecture between 15:00 and 17:00 on the day. At the time, if the weather information on August 24 of the same day in the previous week is similar to the weather information on the day, the management server  40  obtains the consideration value per unit time of “7p” that was given to another user  80  who connected to the power grid  10  on August 24, then to notify it as a performance value of the consideration value. This enables the user  80   b  to know to have possibilities to obtain high profit by performing the V2G connection between 15:00 and 17:00 today. 
     In this way, the management server  40  notifies the user  80  of performance information of a consideration value obtained when the V2G connection is performed. By repeatedly receiving this notification, the user  80  can learn what weather condition or time zone leads to high consideration value. This enables the user  80  to be prompted to perform the V2G connection when power demand by the V2G is high. This leads to being easy for the power aggregator to secure capacity capable of transmitting and receiving power between the vehicle  30  and the power grid  10 . In turn, this contributes to stabilizing power supply and demand in the power grid  10 . 
     Note that, in this embodiment, the consideration value given to the user  80  when the V2G connection has performed is represented as a unit that is a percentage of a reference capacity of the battery  32 . The reference capacity may be a fixed value uniformly defined across all the users  80 . The reference capacity may be defined for each user  80  or for each vehicle  30 . For example, the reference capacity may be the full-charged capacity of each battery  32  in the vehicles  30 . When the remaining capacity of the battery  32  increases by performing the V2G connection, the consideration value is a percentage of the increased remaining capacity to the reference capacity. When the user  80  is given monetary compensation by connecting the vehicle  30  to the power grid  10 , the consideration value is a value obtained by dividing the amount of monetary compensation by a charging unit price of the battery  32 . When the remaining capacity of the battery  32  decreases by performing the V2G connection while the user  80  is given the monetary compensation, the consideration value is a value obtained by subtracting a percentage of the decreased remaining capacity to the reference capacity from the value obtained by dividing the amount of monetary compensation by the charging unit price of the battery  32 . 
     Note that in this embodiment, power transmission and reception means that power transmission and reception occurs from at least one of the vehicle  30  and the power grid  10  to another. For example, power transmission and reception may mean releasing power from the vehicle  30  towards the power grid  10 . Also, power transmission and reception may mean that power transmission from the power grid  10  towards the vehicle  30  is performed. Note that in a case where the vehicle  30  releases power through the charging and discharging device installed at a power consumer side such as the home of the user, when consumption power at the power consumer side is larger than power released from the vehicle  30 , a net power supply to the power grid  10  does not occur at a connection point between the power consumer side and the power grid  10 , and the power supply amount from the connection point to the power consumer side may merely decrease. Even in this case, seen from the power grid  10 , it can be considered that power transmission and reception to and from outside of the power grid  10  occurred. Thus, in this embodiment, it does not matter whether or not the power grid  10  receives a net power from a specific connection point between the power grid  10  and the vehicle  30  in power transmission and reception with the power grid  10  in the case that the vehicle  30  releases power. 
       FIG. 2  schematically illustrates a functional configuration of the management server  40 . The management server  40  includes a processing unit  42 , a storage unit  48 , and communication unit  46 . 
     The processing unit  42  is implemented by the processing device including a processor. The storage unit  48  is implemented by a non-volatile memory device. The processing unit  42  performs various processes by using information stored in the storage unit  48 . 
     The communication unit  46  is responsible for communicating between the vehicle  30 , the stationary battery  14 , the user terminal  82 , and the power trading server  50 . Information that the communication unit  46  receives from the vehicle  30 , the stationary battery  14 , the user terminal  82  and the power trading server  50  is supplied to the processing unit  42 . Also, information to be transmitted to the vehicle  30 , the stationary battery  14 , the user terminal  82 , and the power trading server  50  is generated by the processing unit  42  and transmitted via the communication unit  46 . 
     The management server  40  serves as a control device. The management server  40  may be a system implemented by a single information processing device or may be a system implemented by a plurality of information processing devices. 
     The processing unit  42  includes a notification control unit  220 , an area identification unit  240 , a consideration value control unit  270 , a power transmission and reception control unit  280 , and demand information obtaining unit  290 . The storage unit  48  includes a vehicle information storage unit  282 , a user information storage unit  284 , a demand information storage unit  286 , and an environmental information storage unit  288 . 
     The area identification unit  240  identifies a behavioral area of the user  80  associated with the vehicle  30  with electric power source for driving. For example, the area identification unit  240  may identify the behavioral area based on at least any of traveling records of the vehicle  30 , destination information specified by the user  80 , preference information of the user  80 , keyword information inputted by the user  80 , a position of the user  80  or the vehicle  30 , and a home location of the user  80 . 
     The traveling record information of the vehicle  30  may be stored in the vehicle information storage unit  282 , in association with the identification information of the vehicle  30 . The preference information of the user  80  may be stored in the user information storage unit  284 , in association with the identification information of the user  80 . The preference information of the user  80  may be pre-registered by the user  80 . The preference information of the user  80  may be dynamically generated based on records of the keyword information inputted by the user  80 . The preference information of the user  80  may be a keyword itself. The area identification unit  240  may identify, as the behavioral area of the user  80 , an area associated with a keyword as preference information of the user  80 . 
     The notification control unit  220  makes the user  80  notified power transmission and reception information that indicates performances of power transmission and reception performed in past between the vehicle  30  associated with another user  80  in the behavioral area and the power grid  10 . The power transmission and reception information may include information that indicates a value of the power transmission and reception. The power transmission and reception information may include information that indicates a period when the power transmission and reception were performed. Note that power transmission and reception record information between the power grid  10  and the vehicle  30  may be stored in the vehicle information storage unit  282 . The notification control unit  220  may obtain the power transmission and reception information based on the power transmission and reception record information to be stored in the vehicle information storage unit  282 . 
     The notification control unit  220  may make the user  80  notified on condition that the value of the power transmission and reception is higher than a predetermined value. The notification control unit  220  may make the user  80  notified, on condition that, during a period when the user  80  did not enable the vehicle  30  to perform the power transmission and reception to and from the power grid  10 , the value of the power transmission and reception in an area where the vehicle  30  was located is higher than the predetermined value. 
     The information indicating the value of the power transmission and reception may be information indicating a consideration value provided to another user  80  or the vehicle  30  associated with another user  80  for having performed the power transmission and reception. Information indicating the value of the power transmission and reception information may be information indicating an excess or deficiency, to the power demand amount of the power grid  10 , of the quantity of the vehicle  30  connected so as to be capable of transmitting and receiving power to and from the power grid  10 . The information indicating the value of the power transmission and reception may be information indicating the connection status, to the power demand amount of the power grid  10 , of the vehicle  30  connected so as to be capable of transmitting and receiving power to and from the power grid  10 . The information indicating the value of the power transmission and reception may be information indicating a ratio, to the power demand amount of the power grid  10 , of a total number of the vehicles  30  that was capable of transmitting and receiving power to and from the power grid  10 . The information indicating the value of the power transmission and reception may be information indicating a ratio, to the power demand amount of the power grid  10 , of a total value of the amount of power capable of being transmitted and received to and from the power grid  10  by the vehicle  30  that was capable of transmitting and receiving power to and from the power grid  10 . Note that information indicating a consideration value by using information indicating a consideration value provided to the user  80  or the vehicle  30  associated with another user  80  may be stored being included in the power transmission and reception record information to be stored in the vehicle information storage unit  282 . Also, the power demand amount of the power grid  10 , the number of vehicles  30  that were capable of transmitting and receiving power to and from the power grid  10 , and the information indicating the amount of power capable of transmitting and receiving power between the vehicles  30  and the power grid  10  may be stored in the demand information storage unit  286 . 
     The notification control unit  220  may make the power transmission and reception information displayed on the user terminal  82  used by the user  80  along with a position on the map of the behavioral area in which the power transmission and reception were performed. For example, when the user terminal  82  is a vehicle navigation device of the vehicle  30 , the notification control unit  220  may make an object indicating power transmission and reception information overlaid and displayed on the map displayed on the screen of the vehicle navigation device. 
     The environmental information storage unit  288  of the storage unit  48  stores the environmental information of the behavioral area when the power transmission and reception were performed. The environmental information of the behavioral area when the power transmission and reception were performed includes information indicating at least any of weather in the behavioral area when the power transmission and reception were performed and an event held in the behavioral area when the power transmission and reception were performed. 
     The value determination unit  250  determines a value in performing power transmission and reception between the vehicle  30  associated with the user  80 , currently or in future, in the behavioral area and the power grid  10 , based on the environmental information of the behavioral area when the power transmission and reception were performed and the environmental information, currently or in future, in the behavioral area. The notification control unit  220  may make the user  80  notified the information indicating a value determined by the value determination unit  250 . The notification control unit  220  may make the user  80  notified the information indicating the power transmission and reception information and the value, on condition that the value determined by the value determination unit  250  is higher than the predetermined value. 
     The demand information obtaining unit  290  obtains information indicating power demand in the power grid  10 . The information indicating power demand may include the information indicating the power demand amount in the power grid  10 , information indicating power supply amount from the power generating facility  12 , information indicating demand-and-supply balance of power in the power grid  10 , and the like. The information indicating the power demand may include information indicating an adjusting capability in the power grid  10 . 
     The contract quantity in the power trading described above is an example of information indicating the power demand. The information indicating the power demand may be a contract price in the power trading, or a contract category showing whether it is a buying contract or a selling contract. Also, the information indicating the power demand may be information indicating a real-time imbalance quantity between supply and demand in the power grid  10 , or may be information indicating a predicted value of an imbalance quantity between supply and demand in future. The information indicating the power demand may be information indicating a real-time consumption power amount of the power consumer of the power grid  10  or indicating a predicted value of the consumption power. As the information indicating the power demand, not only the amount of power itself, but also a variety of information directly or indirectly impacting the power demand, such as temperature information, humidity information, weather information, event information, and the like are applicable. 
     Note that the power trading market may exemplified as the day-ahead market, the intra-day market, the power demand and supply balancing market, and the like. As trading forms of the power trading, a variety of trading forms other than the trading form of these power trading markets are applicable. 
     The power transmission and reception control unit  280  makes the vehicle  30  perform the power transmission and reception to and from the power grid  10 , depending on power demand in the power grid  10 . The power transmission and reception control unit  280  communicates with the ECU of the vehicle  30  to sequentially obtain information on possibility of power transmission and reception indicating whether the vehicle  30  is connected to the charging and discharging facility  20  capable of performing power transmission and reception to and from the power grid  10 . When it is possible for the vehicle  30  to perform the power transmission and reception to and from power grid  10 , the power transmission and reception control unit  280  instruct the ECU included in the vehicle  30  to charge and discharge the battery  32 , depending on power demand obtained by the demand information obtaining unit  290 . The ECU of the vehicle  30 , according to the instruction from the power transmission and reception control unit  280 , communicates with the charging and discharging facility  20 , and controls a power converter of the vehicle  30  to charge the battery  32  through the charging and discharging facility  20  or release power obtained by discharging the battery  32 . Note that the power transmission and reception control unit  280  may sequentially obtain, from the ECU of the vehicle  30 , information indicating: an amount of input power from the charging and discharging facility  20  to the power converter in charging the battery  32 ; an amount of output power from the power converter to the charging and discharging facility  20  in discharging the battery  32 ; and the SOC (State of Charging) of the battery  32 . The power transmission and reception control unit  280  may control the power transmission and reception between the vehicle  30  and the power grid  10 , based on the information obtained from the ECU of the vehicle  30 . 
     The consideration value control unit  270  generates consideration value information indicating a consideration value given to the user  80  of the vehicle  30  if the vehicle  30  and the charging and discharging facility  20  are connected. The consideration value information indicates the consideration value against a fact that the vehicle  30  and the charging and discharging facility  20  are connected. The consideration value information may be information indicating a monetary value. The consideration value information, for example, may be a point or the like. 
     According to the management server  40 , information for determining whether the user  80  connects the vehicle  30  to the charging and discharging facility  20  can be provided to the user  80 . This enables user  80  to connect the vehicle  30  to the charging and discharging facility  20  in an effective time zone, for example, a time zone when there are lots of power selling demand and power purchase demand, etc. 
     Note that at least a part of the function of the management server  40  described in this embodiment may be implemented by a combination between the management server  40  and the ECU of the vehicle  30 . For example, a function of at least a part of a process performed by the management server  40  in this embodiment may be performed by the ECU of the vehicle  30 . For example, at least a part of processes performed by the demand information obtaining unit  290 , the power transmission and reception control unit  280 , the consideration value control unit  270 , the area identification unit  240 , the value determination unit  250 , and notification control unit  220  may be performed by the ECU of the vehicle  30 . 
       FIG. 3  illustrates in a form of table an example of traveling record information of a vehicle  30 . The traveling record information is stored in the vehicle information storage unit  282 . The traveling record information associates a vehicle ID, a date and time, a vehicle position, the SOC, and a vehicle state with each other. 
     In the vehicle ID, identification information of the vehicle  30  is stored. In the date and time, a time or a time period when vehicle data including the vehicle position, the SOC, and the vehicle state were obtained by the ECU of the vehicle  30  is stored. In the vehicle position, positional information indicating a position of the vehicle  30  is stored. The positional information may be any information capable of identifying the position of the vehicle  30 , such as identification information of the charging and discharging facility  20  connected by the vehicle  30 , and information indicating whether the vehicle  30  is located at home, in addition to geographical information such as latitude and longitude information. 
     In the SOC, an SOC of the battery  32  is stored. In the vehicle state, a state of the vehicle  30  is stored. The state of the vehicle  30  may include stop, travelling start, travelling, charging start, charging, charging complete, and the like. The management server  40  may sequentially receive the vehicle data obtained by the ECU of the vehicle  30  from the ECU of the vehicle  30  to generate traveling record information based on the received vehicle data. 
     In the management server  40 , the area identification unit  240  identifies a traveling area where the vehicle  30  frequently traveled in past, based on the traveling record information. The area identification unit  240  identifies that traveling area as one of behavioral areas of the user  80  associated with the vehicle  30 . 
       FIG. 4  illustrates in a form of table an example of power transmission and reception record information. The power transmission and reception record information is stored in the vehicle information storage unit  282 . The power transmission and reception record information associates the vehicle ID, a connection destination ID, a connection period, the SOC, an amount of power transmission and reception, and a consideration value with each other. 
     In the vehicle ID, identification information of the vehicle  30  is stored. In the connection destination ID, identification information of the charging and discharging facility  20  is stored. In the SOC, information indicating an SOC of the battery  32  when the vehicle  30  is connected to the charging and discharging facility  20  is stored. 
     In the connection period, information indicating a period in which the vehicle  30  had been connected to the charging and discharging facility  20  is stored. The starting day and time of the connection period may be a date and time when the power transmission and reception control unit  280  becomes capable of controlling charge and discharge of the battery  32  after the charging and discharging cable  22  is fitted to the vehicle  30  and the charging and discharging facility  20 . The ending day and time of the connection period may be an ending day and time of a period when the vehicle  30  had been connected to the charging and discharging facility  20  through the charging and discharging cable  22 . In the ending day and time of the connection period, a date and time when the power cable was removed from at least one of the vehicle  30  and the charging and discharging facility  20  may be stored. The ending day and time of the connection period may be identified based on the information on possibility of power transmission and reception periodically transmitted from the charging and discharging ECU of the vehicle  30  to the management server  40 . In the connection ending time, a date and time when it became impossible for the power transmission and reception control unit  280  to control charge and discharge of the battery  32  may be stored. 
     In the amount of power transmission and reception, a net amount of power transmitted and received between the vehicle  30  and the charging and discharging facility  20  within a connection period is stored. The amount of power transmission and reception may be a value per 30-minute of the amount of power transmitted between the vehicle  30  and the charging and discharging facility  20 . Note that when the net power is supplied from the charging and discharging facility  20  to the vehicle  30 , a positive value is stored in the amount of power transmission and reception, while when the net power is supplied from the vehicle  30  to the charging and discharging facility  20 , a negative value is stored in the amount of power transmission and reception. 
     In the consideration value, information indicating a consideration value determined by the consideration value control unit  270  is stored. The consideration value given to the user  80  may be a total value of a pay-per-use consideration value given depending on the amount of power transmission and reception, and a basic consideration value given to the fact that the vehicle  30  has been connected to the charging and discharging facility  20 . Even if the power transmission and reception is not performed between the vehicle  30  and the power grid  10 , connecting the vehicle  30  to the charging and discharging facility  20  gives the basic consideration value to the user  80 . The consideration value given to the user  80  may be offset by a fee in charging the battery  32  of the vehicle  30  with the charging and discharging facility  20 . 
       FIG. 5  illustrates in a form of table an example of connection status information. The connection status information is stored in demand information storage unit  286 . In the connection status information, statistical information on the vehicle  30  being in the V2G connection is stored. The connection status information associates a period, the number of connected vehicles, power transmission capacity, and power reception capacity with each other. The connection status information is stored for each region. 
     In the period, a period when the number of connected vehicles and the maximum capacity were aggregated is stored. The period may be a period of one time frame that is a bid unit in the power trading. In the number of connected vehicles, the number of vehicles  30  connected to the charging and discharging facility  20  within the period is stored. When one vehicle  30  is connected to charging and discharging facility  20  across each period, the number of connected vehicles is counted as “one” in each period. When the vehicle is connected to the charging and discharging facility  20  only during a partial period within each period, a value obtained by dividing the time of the period when the vehicle is connected to the charging and discharging facility  20  by the time of each period is counted as the number of connected vehicles in each period. 
     In the power transmission capacity, a total value of capacity in which each vehicle  30  connected to the charging and discharging facility  20  is capable of transmitting power towards the charging and discharging facility  20  is stored. The power transmission capacity may be aggregated based on the lower capacity of the maximum power transmission capacity of the battery  32  and the maximum power transmission capacity from the charging and discharging facility  20  to the power grid  10 . When the charging and discharging facility  20  has no function of supplying power to the power grid  10 , the capacity of the vehicle  30  connected to that charging and discharging facility  20  is not included in the power reception capacity. Note that when the SOC of the battery  32  of the vehicle  30  is lower than a first reference value as a power transmission allowable condition, the capacity of that vehicle  30  is not included in the power transmission capacity. 
     In the power reception capacity, a total value of capacity in which each vehicle  30  connected to the charging and discharging facility  20  is capable of receiving power from the charging and discharging facility  20  is stored. The power reception capacity may be aggregated based on the lower capacity of the maximum power reception capacity of the battery  32  and the maximum power transmission capacity from the charging and discharging facility  20  to the battery  32 . Note that when the SOC of the battery  32  of the vehicle  30  is higher than a second reference value as a power reception allowable condition, the capacity of that vehicle  30  may not included in the power reception capacity. 
       FIG. 6  illustrates in a form of table an example of power trading information. The power trading information is stored in the demand information storage unit  286 . The power trading information associates the date, a merchandise number, a contract quantity, a total amount of selling bids, and a total amount of buying bids with each other. The power trading information is stored for each power trading market. For example, when the power trading is performed for each region in charge, the power trading information is stored for each region. 
     In the date, a date of a trading day is stored. In the merchandise number, an identification number of power merchandise to be traded is stored. In the contract quantity, a total value of amount of power contracted is stored. In the total amount of selling bids, a total value of each amount of power bidded to sell is stored. In the total amount of buying bids, a total value of each amount of power bidded to buy is stored. Note that when the bid is performed for each time frame of 30-minute, one power merchandise is set to one time frame. Thus, based on the merchandise number and the date, a period associated with a time frame can be identified. 
       FIG. 7  illustrates in a form of table an example of weather information. The weather information is stored in the environmental information storage unit  288 . The weather information associates the date and time, a region, weather, and temperature with each other. 
     In the date and time, a date and time when weather data including the region, the weather, and the temperature was obtained is stored. The weather data may be obtained, for example, every an hour. In the region, identification information identifying a region is stored. In the weather, identification information of a weather category is stored. In the temperature, a measured value of temperature is stored. 
       FIG. 8  illustrates in a form of table an example of event information. The event information is stored in the environmental information storage unit  288 . The event information associates an event date, an event venue, the number of visitors, and an event category with each other. 
     In the event date, a date or period when an event was held is stored. In the event venue, identification information of an event venue where an event was held is stored. In the number of visitors, the number of visitors to an event is stored. In the event category, identification information of an event category is stored. The event date, the event venue, and the number of visitors may be obtained from an operating company of the event, an organizer, or the like. Also, the event information includes information on an event to be held in future. In the number of visitors of the event to be held in future, a predicted value of the number of visitors may be stored. 
       FIG. 9  illustrates an example of a screen  900  displaying power transmission and reception information to the user terminal  82 . The screen  900  is displayed to the user terminal  82  by transmitting the power transmission and reception information to the user terminal  82  by the notification control unit  220  of the management server  40 . The notification control unit  220  transmits, for example, the power transmission and reception information on the previous day to the user terminal  82 . The user terminal  82  displays, at a predetermined time on the next day, the power transmission and reception information on the previous day. For example, the user terminal  82  may display, in the morning on the next day, the power transmission and reception information on the previous day. 
     The area identification unit  240  identifies the position of the vehicle  30 , the area where the vehicle  30  was located, the period when the vehicle  30  was located in that area, and the SOC of the battery  32 , based on the traveling record information on the previous day of the vehicle  30 . The notification control unit  220  obtains a consideration value given to another user  80  for each combination between an area identified by the area identification unit  240  and a target period, based on the power transmission and reception record information. 
     Specifically, the notification control unit  220  obtains the only data, of the data stored in the power transmission and reception record information, meeting all the following conditions: the connection period includes the target period, the consideration value is larger than or equal to the predetermined value, and data is associated with the SOC whose difference from the SOC of the battery  32  of the vehicle  30  is within a predetermined range. The notification control unit  220  determines a consideration value given to another user  80  and an SOC, by calculating an average of consideration values included in the obtained data and an average of SOCs, for each combination between an area identified by the area identification unit  240  and a target period. 
     Also, the notification control unit  220  obtains weather and temperature in the target period from the weather information. Also, the notification control unit  220  identifies whether the vehicle  30  had been connected to the power grid  10  during the target period, based on the traveling record information. The notification control unit  220  transmits to the user terminal  82  the power transmission and reception information including: the area identified by the area identification unit  240  and the target period; the position of the vehicle  30 ; the weather and the temperature; the state of connection to the power grid  10 ; the SOC of the battery  32 ; the average of consideration values given to another user  80 ; and the average of the SOC of the vehicle  30  of another user  80 . 
     The user terminal  82  displays the screen  900  based on the received power transmission and reception information. On the screen  900 , the following are overlaid and displayed on the map: an object  960  indicating a region, a date and time, weather, and temperature; objects  910  and  920  indicating areas where the consideration values were higher than the reference value; objects  930  and  940  indicating the consideration value and the SOC corresponding to each area; and an object  950  indicating the position of the vehicle  30  of the user  80 . 
     It can be seen from the screen  900  that the user  80  was in the region where the consideration value was high between 15:00 and 16:00 on the previous day, but did not connect the vehicle  30  with the V2G connection. Also, it can be seen that the consideration value was high in the area indicated by the objects  910  and  920  when the environment was as indicated by the object  960 . By repeatedly transmitting such power transmission and reception information to the user  80 , the user  80  can learn when and at what timing a high consideration value can be obtained by the V2G connection. 
     Note that, on the screen  900 , an object  990  is displayed, which receives an instruction making today&#39;s consideration value information displayed. When the object  990  is pushed, a screen displaying a predicted consideration value on the day is displayed. 
       FIG. 10  illustrates an example of a screen  1000  for displaying a predicted consideration value on the day. The screen  1000  is displayed on the user terminal  82 , by transmitting predicted consideration value information to the user terminal  82  by the management server  40 . The predicted consideration value information is transmitted from the management server  40  to the user terminal  82 , in response to receiving request information requesting to display the predicted consideration value on the day from the user terminal  82 . For example, the predicted consideration value information is transmitted from the management server  40  to the user terminal  82  when the object  990  on the screen  900  is pushed. 
     The predicted consideration value information includes a predicted period where the user  80  will stay within the area, a consideration value obtained by connecting the vehicle  30  to the power grid  10  during the period of stay, weather forecast information, and information indicating the SOC of the vehicle  30 . Also, the management server  40  transmits, along with the predicted consideration value information, power transmission and reception performance information in a corresponding period in past. The predicted consideration value information and the power transmission and reception performance information are described in reference to  FIG. 11 . 
     The user terminal  82  displays the screen  1000  based on the received predicted power transmission and reception information. The screen  1000  shows a screen when the user terminal  82  displays a navigation view of the vehicle  30 . On the screen  1000 , the following are overlaid and displayed on the map: an object  1050  indicating the current position of the vehicle  30 ; an object  1030  indication a destination; an object  1010  indicating an area including the destination; an object  1060  indicating an arrival time; an object  1070  indicating a predicted consideration value to be given to the user  80 ; and an object  1080  indicating a consideration value given to another user  80  in a corresponding period in past. The object  1070  includes a predicted consideration value per hour to be given when the user  80  connects the vehicle  30  to the power grid  10  during the period of staying in the destination. 
     The user  80  can know, from the screen  1000 , a predicted value of a consideration value to be obtained by performing the V2G connection within the period of staying in the destination area by the user  80 , and a performance value of a consideration value given to another user  80  in past. This enables the user  80  to determine whether high consideration value is obtained if the V2G connection is performed in having arrived at the destination. 
       FIG. 11  is a flow chart illustrating processes for a management server  40  to generate predicted power transmission and reception information and power transmission and reception performance information. The flow chart in  FIG. 11  is mainly performed by the processing unit  42  of the management server  40 . The processes of the flow chart in  FIG. 11  start, for example, when the management server  40  receives request information requesting to display a predicted consideration value on the day from the user terminal  82 . 
     In S 1102 , the area identification unit  240  identifies respective predicted values of the following: a destination area of the vehicle  30 , a predicted period of stay where the user  80  will stay in the destination, and the SOC on arrival of the battery  32 . For example, the area identification unit  240  identifies the destination area and the period of stay, based on the destination and the arrival time of the vehicle  30  included in the received request information from the user terminal  82  and data stored in the traveling record information. Also, the notification control unit  220  identifies the SOC on arrival of the battery  32 , based on the distance from the current position of the vehicle  30  to the destination area, the current SOC of the battery  32 , and electricity consumption information of the vehicle  30  calculated from the traveling record information. 
     In S 1104 , the value determination unit  250  obtains weather forecast information of the destination area during the period of stay. Also, the value determination unit  250  obtains event information of the destination area is past and on the day. In S 1106 , the value determination unit  250  identifies a past period when a degree of coincidence with the weather information and the event status in the destination area is high, based on the weather forecast information and the event information obtained in S 1104  and past weather information stored in the environmental information storage unit  288 . Note that, for the degree of coincidence with the event status, the degree of coincidence may be determined as high, when a kind of the event to be held is the same and a difference between the number of visitors in past and the predicted number of visitors is in the predetermined range. 
     In S 1108 , the value determination unit  250  obtains, of the data stored in the power reception performance information, data of the power transmission and reception performance information performed, in the destination area, between the power grid  10  and other vehicle  30  during a period corresponding to the period identified in S 1106 . At the time, the value determination unit  250  obtains only data that is associated with a SOC that the difference from the SOC identified in S 1102  is in the predetermined range. Then, the value determination unit  250  identifies a consideration value given in past, by calculating an average of the consideration values included in the obtained data. 
     In S 1110 , the value determination unit  250  obtains, based on the connection status information, in the destination area, the number of connected vehicles in period corresponding to the period identified in S 1106  and the power transmission capacity and the power reception capacity. Also, the value determination unit  250  obtains, based on the power trading information, in the destination area, a contract quantity corresponding to the period identified in S 1106  and information on the total amount of selling bids and the total amount of buying bids. 
     In S 1112 , the value determination unit  250  determines the predicted consideration value, based on the following: the past consideration value identified in S 1108 ; the number of connected vehicles, the power transmission capacity, and the power reception capacity obtained in S 1112 ; and the contract quantity, the total amount of selling bids, and the total amount of buying bids. For example, the value determination unit  250  determines, with respect to the past consideration value identified in S 1108 , the predicted consideration value by adjusting the consideration value based on the information obtained in S 1110 . For example, the value determination unit  250  makes the predicted consideration value higher as the number of connected vehicles is smaller. The value determination unit  250  makes the predicted consideration value higher as the power transmission capacity is smaller. The value determination unit  250  makes the predicted consideration value higher as the power reception capacity is smaller. The value determination unit  250  makes the predicted consideration value higher as the contract quantity is larger. Also, the value determination unit  250  makes the predicted consideration value higher as the total amount of buying bids of power is larger or as the total amount of selling bids is smaller. The value determination unit  250  may determine the amount of adjustment to the past consideration value, based on a ratio the total amount of buying bids and the total amount of selling bids of power. 
     In S 1120 , The notification control unit  220  generates predicted consideration value information including the predicted consideration value determined in S 1112 , the period of stay and weather information in the destination area, and the SOC of the battery  32 . Also, the notification control unit  220  generates power transmission and reception performance information including the period identified in S 1106  and weather information in that period, the past consideration value identified in S 1108 , and the average of SOCs. In S 1122 , the predicted consideration value information and power transmission and reception performance information generated in S 1120  are transmitted to the user terminal  82 . 
     According to the process, the consideration value to be obtained by performing the V2G connection in the destination area by the user  80  and the performance value of the past consideration value can be accurately notified the user  80 . 
       FIG. 12  illustrates an example of a screen  1200  displayed when a user  80  searches for destinations by keyword searching. The screen  1200  is displayed when the user terminal  82  receives candidate site information from the management server  40 . The candidate site information is transmitted from the management server  40  to the user terminal  82 , in response to having performed a keyword searching by the user  80  in the user terminal  82 . 
     For example, when the user  80  input keywords, such as “walk, race, shopping”, into the user terminal  82  in determining destinations and waypoints to be visited in the weekend, the user terminal  82  transmits the inputted keywords to the management server  40 . The management server  40  is to: search for, based on the received keywords, one or more destination candidates on the basis of preference information of the user  80 ; generate the candidate site information including a predicted consideration value to be obtained in each candidate site, past consideration values indicating consideration values given in past, and privilege information available in each candidate site; and transmit it to the user terminal  82 . 
     Specifically, the area identification unit  240  identifies recommended candidate sites as a destinations or waypoints, based on the received keywords. For example, the area identification unit  240  extracts one or more candidate sites from among areas associated with the received keywords, taking account of the vehicle position referred from the traveling record information, and the preference information of the user stored in the user information storage unit  284 . Then, The management server  40  generates the predicted consideration value information and the power transmission and reception performance information on each candidate site by performing processes similar to ones from S 1102  to S 1120  in  FIG. 11 , and transmits them as candidate site information to the user terminal  82 . Note that the notification control unit  220  may transmit to the user terminal  82  only candidate site information on candidate sites whose predicted consideration values exceed the predetermined value. 
     The user terminal  82  displays the screen  1200  based on the received candidate site information. On the screen  1200 , the following are overlaid and displayed on the map information: objects  1210 ,  1   220 ,  1230 , and  1240  indicating positions of the candidate sites; and objects  1212 ,  1222   1232 , and  1242  indicating names, predicted consideration values, past consideration values, and privilege information of the respective candidate sites. 
     The user  80  can determine the destinations and waypoints from the screen  1200 , taking account of not only privileges obtained in the respective candidate sites but also further predicted consideration values obtained when the V2G connection is performed. For example, not only discount information available at the commercial facility  150  such as the shopping mall but also the predicted consideration values can be provided to the user  80 , so that it is possible to prompt the user  80  to go to a farther shopping mall than nearby stores that the user  80  regularly use. Also, even when the user  80  wants to go for a walk to a park, it is possible to prompt the user  80  to go to a farther park than the park where the user  80  regularly goes. Also, it is possible to prompt the user  80  to use the vehicle  30  to go to a place where the user  80  usually goes by train. In this way, the management server  40  provides the predicted consideration value information with the user  80 , so that the user  80  can select the destination and waypoint, also taking account of the consideration value information. 
     As described above, according to the power transmission and reception management system  100 , it is possible to notify the user  80  of; the performance information of the consideration value obtained in past by the V2G connection in the behavioral area of the user  80 ; and the predicted consideration value to be obtained when the V2G connection is performed in a future behavioral area of the user  80 . This enables the user  80  to be prompted to perform the V2G connection when power demand by the V2G is high. This enables the power aggregator to easily secure the capacity capable of transmitting and receiving power between vehicle  30  and the power grid  10 , thus to contribute to stabilizing power supply and demand in power grid  10 . 
       FIG. 13  illustrates an example of a computer  2000  in which a plurality of embodiments of the present invention may be entirely or partially embodied. A program installed in a computer  2000  can cause the computer  2000  to function as a device such as the management server  40  according to the embodiments or each unit of the device, to perform operations associated with the device or each unit of the device, and/or to perform processes according to the embodiments or steps of the processes. Such a program may be executed by a CPU  2012  in order to cause the computer  2000  to execute a specific operation associated with some or all of the blocks in the process procedure and the block diagram described in the specification. 
     The computer  2000  according to this embodiment includes the CPU  2012  and RAM  2014 , which are connected mutually by a host controller  2010 . The computer  2000  also includes a ROM  2026 , a flash memory  2024 , a communication interface  2022 , and an input/output chip  2040 . The ROM  2026 , the flash memory  2024 , the communication interface  2022  and the input/output chip  2040  are connected to the host controller  2010  via an input/output controller  2020 . 
     The CPU  2012  operates according to the program stored in the ROM  2026  and the RAM  2014 , thereby controlling each unit. 
     The communication interface  2022  communicates with other electronic devices via a network. The flash memory  2024  stores the program and data used by the CPU  2012  in the computer  2000 . The ROM  2026  stores a boot program or the like executed by the computer  2000  during activation, and/or a program depending on hardware of the computer  2000 . The input/output chip  2040  may also connect, to the input/output controller  2020 , a variety of input/output unit such as a keyboard, a mouse, and a monitor, via input/output ports such as a serial port, a parallel port, a keyboard port, a mouse port, a monitor port, a USB port, and HDMI (registered trademark) port. 
     The program is provided via a network or a computer-readable medium such as a CD-ROM, a DVD-ROM, or a memory card. The RAM  2014 , the ROM  2026 , or the flash memory  2024  is an example of the computer-readable medium. The program is installed in the flash memory  2024 , the RAM  2014  or the ROM  2026  and executed by the CPU  2012 . Information processing described in the program is read by the computer  2000 , thereby resulting in cooperation between the program and above-described various types of hardware resources. An device or method may be constituted by implementing the operations or processing on information according to the use of the computer  2000 . 
     For example, when communications are performed between the computer  2000  and external devices, the CPU  2012  may execute a communication program loaded in the RAM  2014 , and instruct the communication interface  2022  to execute communication processing on based on the processes written in the communication program. The communication interface  2022 , under the control of the CPU  2012 , reads out transmission data stored in a transmission buffer processing area provided in a recording medium such as the RAM  2014  and the flash memory  2024 , transmits the read transmission data to the network, and writes a reception data received from the network into a reception buffer processing area or the like provided on the recording medium. 
     Also, the CPU  2012  may cause all or required portions of a file or a database stored in the recording medium such as the flash memory  2024  to be read by the RAM  2014 , and perform various kinds of processes on the data on the RAM  2014 . The CPU  2012 , then, writes back the processed data into the recording medium. 
     Various types of programs and various types of information such as data, tables, and databases may be stored in the recording medium, and they may be performed information processing on. The CPU  2012  may perform, on the data read from the RAM  2014 , various kinds of processing including various kinds of operations, information processing, conditional judgments, conditional branching, unconditional branching, information searching/replacing and the like described in the specification and specified by an instruction sequence of the program, and writes back the result into the RAM  2014 . Also, the CPU  2012  may search for information in a file, a database, etc., in the recording medium. For example, when a plurality of entries each having an attribute value of a first attribute respectively associated with an attribute value of a second attribute is stored in the recording medium, the CPU  2012  may search for, from among the plurality of entries, an entry in which the attribute value of the first attribute is specified and that match with a condition, read the attribute value of the second attribute stored in the entry, and thereby obtain the attribute value of the second attribute associated with the first attribute meeting a predetermined condition. 
     The program or software module described above may be stored on the computer  2000  or in a computer-readable medium near the computer  2000 . The recording medium such as a hard disk or RAM provided in a server system connected to a dedicated communication network or the internet is available as a computer-readable medium. The program stored in the computer-readable medium may be provided to the computer  2000  via the network. 
     The program that is installed in the computer  2000  and that causes the computer  2000  to function as the management server  40  may act on the CPU  2012  etc. to cause the computer  2000  to function respectively as each unit of the management server  40 . Information processing described in the program functions as the notification control unit  220 , the area identification unit  240 , the value determination unit  250 , the consideration value control unit  270 , the power transmission and reception control unit  280 , the demand information obtaining unit  290 , etc. that are concrete means in which software and above-described various hardware resources cooperate by loaded into the computer  2000 . Then, by these concrete means, the distinctive management server  40  depending on the intended use is constructed by realizing operation or processing of information depending on the intended use of the computer  2000  in this embodiment. 
     A variety of embodiments have been described with reference to the block diagram and the like. In the block diagram, each block may represent (1) a step of a process in which an operation is performed, or (2) each unit of the device having a role of performing the operation. Specific steps and each unit may be implemented by a dedicated circuit, a programmable circuit provided along with a computer-readable instruction stored on a computer-readable medium, and/or a processor provided along with the computer-readable instruction stored on the computer-readable medium. The dedicated circuit may include a digital and/or analog hardware circuit, or may include an integrated circuit (IC) and/or a discrete circuit. The programmable circuit may include a reconfigurable hardware circuit including: logical AND, logical OR, exclusive OR (XOR), negative AND (NAND), negative OR (NOR), and other logical operation; and a memory element such as a flip-flop, a register, a field programmable gate array (FPGA), a programmable logic array (PLA); and so on. 
     The computer-readable medium may include any tangible device capable of storing an instruction executed by an appropriate device, so that the computer-readable medium having the instruction stored thereon constitutes at least a part of a product including the instruction that may be executed in order to result in a means for executing an operation specified by a processing procedure or a block diagram. Examples of the computer-readable medium may include an electronic storage medium, a magnetic storage medium, an optical storage medium, an electromagnetic storage medium, a semiconductor storage medium, etc. More specific examples of the computer-readable medium may include a floppy (registered trademark) disk, a diskette, a hard disk, a random access memory (RAM), a read-only memory (ROM), an erasable programmable read-only memory (EPROM or flash memory), an electrically erasable programmable read-only memory (EEPROM), a static random access memory (SRAM), a compact disc read-only memory (CD-ROM), a digital versatile disc (DVD), a Blu-ray (registered trademark) disc, a memory stick, an integrated circuit card, etc. 
     Computer-readable instructions may include any of source code or object code written in any combination of one or more programming languages including: assembler instructions, instruction-set-architecture (ISA) instructions, machine instructions, machine dependent instructions, microcode, firmware instructions, state-setting data; or object oriented programming languages such as Smalltalk, Java (registered trademark), C++, etc.; and conventional procedural programming languages such as the “C” programming language or similar programming languages. 
     Computer-readable instructions may be provided to a general-purpose computer, a special-purpose computer, or a processor or a programmable circuit of other programmable data processing device, locally or via a local area network (LAN), a wide area network (WAN) such as the internet, and computer-readable instructions may be executed in order to result in a means for executing operations specified by the described processing procedure or the block diagram. Examples of processors include computer processors, processing units, microprocessors, digital signal processors, controllers, microcontrollers, etc. 
     While the present invention has been described above with the embodiments, the technical scope of the invention is not limited to the scope according to the above described embodiments. It is apparent to persons skilled in the art that various alterations or improvements can be added to the above-described embodiments. Also, unless a technical contradiction occurs, the matters described in a specific embodiment can be applied to another embodiment. It is also apparent from the scope of the claims that the embodiments added with such alterations or improvements can be included in the technical scope of the invention. 
     The operations, procedures, steps, stages, and the like of each process performed by a device, system, program, and method shown in the claims, the specification, or drawings can be performed in any order as long as the order is not indicated by “prior to,” “before,” or the like and as long as the output from a previous process is not used in a later process. Even if the operation flow is described using phrases such as “first” or “next” in the claims, the specification, or drawings, it does not necessarily mean that the process must be performed in this order. 
     EXPLANATION OF REFERENCES 
       10 : power grid,  12 : power generating facility,  14 : stationary battery,  20 : charging and discharging facility,  22 : charging and discharging cable,  30 : vehicle,  32 : battery,  40 : management server,  42 : processing unit,  46 : communication unit,  48 : storage unit,  50 : power trading server,  80 : user,  82 : user terminal,  100 : power transmission and reception system,  150 : commercial facility,  220 : notification control unit,  240 : area identification unit,  250 : value determination unit,  270 : consideration value control unit,  280 : power transmission and reception control unit,  290 : demand information obtaining unit,  282 : vehicle information storage unit,  284 : user information storage unit,  286 : demand information storage unit,  288 : environmental information storage unit,  900 : screen,  910 ,  920 ,  930 ,  940 ,  950 ,  960 ,  990 : object,  1000 : screen,  1010 ,  1030 ,  1050 ,  1060 ,  1070 ,  1080 : object,  1200 : screen,  1210 ,  1212 ,  1220 ,  1222 ,  1230 ,  1232 ,  1240 ,  1242 : object,  2000 : computer,  2010 : host controller,  2012 : CPU,  2014 : RAM,  2020 : input/output controller,  2022 : communication interface,  2024 : flash memory,  2026 : ROM,  2040 : input/output chip