Patent Publication Number: US-2015074033-A1

Title: Crowdsourced electronic documents review and scoring

Description:
BACKGROUND 
     1. Technical Field 
     The embodiments herein generally relate to document evaluation, and more particularly to crowdsourced electronic document review and scoring. 
     2. Description of the Related Art 
     Many organizations give financial aids and rewards such as grants, etc. for valuable ideas. However, in many cases, the organizations are not always sure about how to choose the most valuable ideas out of a set of innumerable ideas submitted for evaluation. This makes the evaluation process difficult by these organizations. 
     Therefore, there is a need for a method and system for electronic documents review and scoring for facilitating the organizations in choosing the most valuable ideas and calculating financial rewards accordingly. 
     SUMMARY 
     An embodiment herein provides a system for facilitating an expertise driven review and scoring of electronic documents in a crowdsourced environment. The system includes a server computer, a memory circuit and a processing circuit. The memory circuit stores a plurality of common profiles associated with a plurality of crowdsourced experts, and further stores a plurality of federated profiles associated with each of the common profiles. The federated and common profiles are created based on a plurality of federated sources distributed across a crowdsourced network. The processing circuit is coupled to the memory circuit and includes or is coupled to a credentialing engine to allow a plurality of crowdsourced respondents to respond to the federated profiles associated with each of the plurality of experts and credential the plurality of experts. The credentialing of each of the federated profiles associated with an expert of the plurality of experts contribute to credentialing of an entire common profile of the expert upon collation of the credentialed federated profiles. The credentialing of each of the federated profiles associated with an expert of the plurality of experts contribute to credentialing of an entire common profile of the expert upon collation of the credentialed federated profiles. A crowdsourcing index is associated with the credentialing indicative of a degree of crowdsourcing such that the degree of crowdsourcing non-linearly affects the degree of credentialing that is indicative through the crowdsourcing index. The system further includes an expert scoring module. The expert scoring module determines a set of attributes for the experts, the set of attributes including one or more of the crowdsourced credentialed expertise determined based on the credentialing of the federated and common profiles of the experts by the respondents, reputation of the expert indicative of a trust of a relevant community on the expert, and officiality indicative of a position or a designation of the expert in a relevant job. Each of the attributes are assigned varying weights. The expert scoring module further determines an aggregate score of an expert based on the one or more attributes in association with the assigned weights. The system further includes a document reviewing and scoring engine coupled to the processing circuit to receive review comments along with a document rating by each of the crowdsourced experts for an electronic document. A facility to review and score the electronic document is provided to the experts with a defined threshold of the aggregate score as minimum criteria. The document review and scoring module further associates an aggregate score to the electronic document based on aggregation of the review ratings by the crowdsourced experts and the aggregate scores of each of the crowdsourced experts based on the set of attributes including one or more of the credentialed expertise, reputation of the expert, and the officiality. 
     An embodiment herein provides a method for facilitating an expertise driven review and scoring of electronic documents in a crowdsourced environment. The method includes receiving a document for reviewing and scoring by a plurality of crowdsourced experts. The method further includes determining a set of expert attributes including one or more of crowdsourced credentialing, officiality, and reputation, wherein the reputation is indicative of a trust of a relevant community on the expert, and the officiality is indicative of a position or a designation of the expert in a relevant job and the credentialed expertise is indicative of degree of credentialing of an expert federated and common profiles by crowdsourced respondents. The method further includes determining an aggregate score of an expert based on the one or more attributes. The method further includes receiving review comments along with a document rating by each of the crowdsourced experts. The method further includes associating an aggregate score to the electronic document based on an aggregation of the review ratings by the crowdsourced experts and the aggregate scores of each of the crowdsourced experts based on the set of attributes including one or more of the credentialed expertise, reputation of the expert, and the officiality. 
     An embodiment herein provides a program storage device readable by computer, and comprising a program of instructions executable by the computer to perform a method for performing an expertise driven review and scoring of electronic documents in a crowdsourced environment. The method includes receiving a document for reviewing and scoring by a plurality of crowdsourced experts. The method further includes determining a set of expert attributes including one or more of crowdsourced credentialing, officiality, and reputation, wherein the reputation is indicative of a trust of a relevant community on the expert, and the officiality is indicative of a position or a designation of the expert in a relevant job and the credentialed expertise is indicative of degree of credentialing of an expert federated and common profiles by crowdsourced respondents. The method further includes determining an aggregate score of an expert based on the one or more attributes. The method further includes receiving review comments along with a document rating by each of the crowdsourced experts. The method further includes associating an aggregate score to the electronic document based on an aggregation of the review ratings by the crowdsourced experts and the aggregate scores of each of the crowdsourced experts based on the set of attributes including one or more of the credentialed expertise, reputation of the expert, and the officiality. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       The features of the disclosed embodiments may become apparent from the following detailed description taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings showing illustrative embodiments herein, in which: 
         FIG. 1  illustrates generally, but not by way of limitation, an exemplary ecosystem in which various embodiments may operate; 
         FIG. 2  illustrates an exemplary operating environment including a system for crowdsourced credentialing of experts; 
         FIG. 3  illustrates a credentialing system, in accordance with an embodiment; 
         FIG. 4  illustrates another embodiment of the credentialing system of  FIG. 3 ; 
         FIG. 5  illustrates a method flow chart for facilitating crowdsourced and multi-level credentialing over the network; 
         FIG. 6  illustrates an exemplary expert scoring module, in accordance with an embodiment; 
         FIG. 7  illustrates a document scoring module in accordance with an exemplary embodiment; 
         FIG. 8  illustrates a method flow diagram for performing an expertise driven review and scoring of electronic documents in a crowdsourced environment; and 
         FIG. 9  illustrates generally, but not by the way of limitation, a computer system that may be used in accordance with the embodiments herein. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     The embodiments herein and the various features and advantageous details thereof are explained more fully with reference to the non-limiting embodiments that are illustrated in the accompanying drawings and detailed in the following description. Descriptions of well-known components are omitted so as to not unnecessarily obscure the embodiments herein. The examples used herein are intended merely to facilitate an understanding of ways in which the embodiments herein may be practiced and to further enable those of skill in the art to practice the embodiments herein. Accordingly, the examples should not be construed as limiting the scope of the embodiments herein. 
     In the following detailed description, reference is made to the accompanying drawings which form a part hereof, and in which is shown by way of illustration specific embodiments in which the embodiments herein may be practiced. These embodiments, which are also referred to herein as “examples,” are described in sufficient detail to enable those skilled in the art to practice the embodiments herein, and it is to be understood that the embodiments may be combined, or that other embodiments may be utilized and that structural, logical, and electrical changes may be made without departing from the scope of the embodiments herein. 
       FIG. 1  illustrates generally but not by the way of limitation, among other things, an exemplary ecosystem  100  in which various embodiments may operate. The ecosystem  100  may facilitate implementation of an expertise driven review and scoring system (also referred to as electronic document review and scoring system, EDRS)  102  of electronic documents in a crowdsourced network  106 . The ecosystem  100  may include a server computer  108  connected to the electronic document review and scoring (EDRS) system  102 . The EDRS system  102  may include an expert attributes assessment engine  110 , an expert scoring module  112 , and a document scoring module  114 . The ecosystem  100  may further include a processing circuit  116  coupled to the EDRS system  102 . The ecosystem  100  may further include a memory circuit  118  coupled to the processing circuit  116 . 
     In an embodiment, the ecosystem  100  facilitates crowdsourced document review and scoring electronically by a plurality of crowdsourced experts or reviewers. The plurality of reviewers may be shortlisted based on a set of attributes in order to define assessment and evaluation criteria for the documents that results in associating a final score to the documents. The attributes may be defined and considered by the expert attributes engine  110 . The attributes may include for example, crowdsourced credentialing, crowdsourcing index, officialty, reputation, and the like without limitations. The crowdsourced credentialing may be indicative of a degree of credentialing by a plurality of respondents, for example it may be indicative of a score obtained by the expert or reviewer on the basis of credentialing of the expert or an expert profile by a plurality of respondents. The crowdsourcing index may be indicative of the level of crowdsourcing that is the number of respondents credentialing the expert. In an embodiment, the effect of crowdsourcing index for an expert may bear a non-linear relationship of number of respondents credentialing an expert with a score of an expert thus obtained. For example, the relationship can be exponential. The officiality may be indicative of a position held by an expert at an organization. The reputation may be indicative of how much an organization or a community trusts an expert. 
     In examples, each of the attributes may be assigned specific weights. The process of assignment of weights to the attributes of the experts may depend on parameters for example, including without limitations, document type, document complexity, experts profiles, location country of the expert, significance and objectives of review and scoring, and the like. In an example, the highest weight is assigned to officiality, then to credentialed expertise, then to reputation, and so on. 
     The expert scoring module  112  may facilitate cumulative scoring of an expert based on the defined attributes and assessment of the expert on each of the defined attributes as performed by the attributes engine  110 . For example, the scoring module  112  may associate a score to an expert based on cumulative ranking of an expert for each of the attributes with a consideration of the respective weightages for the attributes. The expert scoring module  112  may include various sub modules or engines that may facilitate in evaluation of an expert&#39;s score based each of the respective attributes. For example, as will be discussed later, the expert scoring module may include a credentialing system, reputation assessment engine, officiality engine, and the like. 
     The document scoring module  114  associates a score to the document based on an associated cumulative score based on respective scores of the crowdsourced reviewers/experts as determined by the expert scoring module  112 . The cumulative score determined from the respective scores of the plurality of crowdsourced experts may factor in the effect of crowdsourcing by using the expert crowdsourcing index that may result in a non linear effect on the final cumulative score. In an embodiment, the crowdsourcing index may be defined statistically for various number of experts reviewing a document. For example, within a range of 1-20, a crowdsourcing index  1  may be used as a multiplier for considering the crowdsourcing impact. For a range of 21-40, a crowdsourcing index of 1.2 may be used. For a range of 41-60, a crowdsourcing index of 1.5 may be used. In other examples, the crowdsourcing index may be determined dynamically with an increase in the effect with each added crowdsourced expert in the review process. In such cases, a mathematical relationship may be defined for determining the crowdsourcing index. The relationship may for example be an exponential increase in the value of the crowdsourcing index with an increase in the number of experts included in the review process. 
     The memory circuit  118  stores a plurality of common profiles associated with a plurality of crowdsourced experts. The memory circuit  118  further stores a plurality of federated profiles associated with each of the common profiles. In an example, the federated and common profiles are created based on a plurality of federated sources distributed across the crowdsourced network  106 . The federated and common profiles will be discussed later. 
     The processing circuit  116  includes various processing components and is capable of performing processing tasks for aggregating profiles, federating common profiles, scoring and rating experts, assessing review of the documents, scoring of the documents and various other tasks as discussed throughout this document. In an example, the processing circuit  116  may include or be coupled to the expert attributes engine  110 , expert scoring module  112  and document scoring module  114  for performing these and various other tasks. 
       FIG. 2 , with reference to  FIG. 1 , illustrates generally, but not by the way of limitation, among other things, an exemplary operating environment for crowdsourced credentialing of the experts. The environment includes a plurality of experts  202   a - 202   d  (together referred to as  202 ) and a plurality of respondents  204   a - 204   c  (together referred to as  204 ) connected in a crowdsourced network  106 . A credentialing system  206  is connected with the network  106  and is accessible by the experts  202  and the respondents  204  through the network  106  using for example a web-based interface or portal (not shown in  FIG. 2 ). 
     The network  106  can employ a wireline or a wired communication channel or both. The wireless communications network may include for example, but not limited to, a digital cellular network, such as Global System for Mobile Telecommunications (GSM) network, Personal Communication System (PCS) network, or any other wireless communications network. The wire line communications network may include for example, but not limited to, a Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN), proprietary local and long distance communications network, or any other wire line communications network. In addition, the network  106  may include for example, digital data networks, such as one or more local area networks (LANS), one or more wide area networks (WANS), or both LANS and WANS to allow interaction with the credentialing system  206 . One or more networks may be included in the crowdsourced network  106  and may include both public networks such as the Internet, and private networks and may utilize any networking technology and protocol, such as Ethernet, Token Ring, Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP), or the like to allow interaction with the credentialing system  206 . 
     The experts  202  can include one or more of a physician, doctor, surgeon, healthcare expert, any other healthcare professional, or any other professional or expert from other industry such as energy, financial, transportation, logistics, and numerous other industries. The respondents  204  may include one or more of a physician, doctor, surgeon, healthcare expert, any other healthcare professional or healthcare organization such as a hospital, or any other professional or expert from other industry such as energy, financial, transportation, logistics, and numerous other industries, or any other person who may be interested in credentialing or accreditation process of the experts  202  or may be any person related to the experts  202  and who may provide a trusted response or comment on information about the experts  202  such as qualifications, work history and the like. A plurality of industry related or other agencies such as hospitals, nursing centers, research institutes, financial companies, financial agencies, transportation agencies, energy related agencies, and others or hiring agencies or placement agencies may also access the system  206  to receive credentialing or verification services provided by the system  206  for the plurality of experts  202 . In such embodiments, the system  206  may provide the services to such agencies based on credentialing of the information of the experts  202  obtained by the respondents  204 . 
     The experts  202  and respondents  204  may be connected with, for example, any type of electronic data processing system or communication device or a client device connected to the communications network. Examples of such an electronic data processing system or client device may include personal computer systems, such as desktop or laptop computers, workstation computer systems, server computer systems, networks of computer systems, personal digital assistants (PDAs), wireless communications devices, portable devices, or any other electronic data processing system. The client devices or data processing systems can include hardware/software computing devices capable of computational tasks associated with profile creation, modification, verification, and presentation and the like as will be discussed later. These tasks can be performed through stand alone application, via Web browser graphical user interface (GUI), or via a Rich Internet Interface (RII). An embodiment herein may be implemented as computer software incorporated as part of an online social networking system. The credentialing system  206  can operate with the client device using a Windows, Macintosh, UNIX, Linux or other operating system equipped with a Web browser application, or other Web-enabled device capable of connecting to the crowdsourced network  106 . 
     The credentialing system  206  provides a technical capability and a federation model such that profiles of the experts  202  may be created including details about the experts  202  and stored in the system  206 . The details may include demographic information, personal information, educational background, work history or any other similar information. These profiles can be shared with the plurality of respondents  204  and experts  202  based on set standards and preferences and rules to implement a federated exchange capability wherein distinct portions of the profiles can be credentialed or accredited or verified and shared or exchanged with the experts  202  or respondents  204  in a federated manner. The system  206  further provides a credentialing and verification and accreditation capability such that profiles of each of the experts  202  may be credentialed or verified or accredited by any other expert or the respondents  204  for the use of the credentialed profiles by other experts  202  or an agency or organization such that the entire credentialed information or profiles available and credentialed through federated sources is accessible at a single location from the system  206 . In some embodiments, the system  206  further provides a capability to create a federated model of the profiles such that the federated segments or portions or profiles, as will be discussed later in detail, may be verified or credentialed distinctly by distinct federated respondents  204  in the crowdsourced network  106  such that the crowdsourcing increases the level of trust and authenticity and reliability of the credentialing and credentialed information due to cumulative effect of several federated verifications by the crowdsourced respondents  204  for the same segments of the profiles. 
     The credentialing system  206  as shown includes a federated profile manager  208 , a segmenting or federation engine  210 , and a certification engine  212  discussed below in detail. 
     The federated profile manager  208  is configured to receive information for profile creation from the plurality of experts  202 . The federated profile manager  208  is responsible for maintaining the information thus received from the experts  202  and modify it as per updates from the experts  202 . The federated profile manager  208  is configured to be linked to several sources of information that have experts&#39; presence such as for example their social networks including social networking websites, their educational institutions, work environments and the like. The federated profile manager  208  collects information from a plurality of sources for each of the experts  202  and collates the records and information in the form of a single common profile of each of the experts  202  that are associated with and communicate with the system  206 . The profile manager  208 , for example may collect information from federated sources such as Linkedin, Myspace, About.Me, education institutions, workstations, and the like. The common profile maintained by the system  206  may be viewable by the experts  202 , respondents  204 , relevant organizations, or any other persons or entities associated with or subscribed to the system  206 . In some embodiments, the federated profile manager  208  may automatically retrieve the profile information from the social networks. In other embodiments, the federated profile manager  208  may maintain information that is submitted by the experts  202  voluntarily. 
     The federated profile manager  208  may allow the experts  202  to maintain their profiles in the system  206  and protect the information in their profiles and their attention from inappropriate access, and makes their personal profiles connectable. The credentialing system  206  may further enable the profiles and information therein as searchable by the experts  202  and the respondents  204 . In doing so, the experts  202  may use a web-based interface to access the user interface or portal of the system  206 . The experts  202  can then create their profiles and update profile information using the user interface after an initial registration process. To register, the experts  202  may complete a registration page and enter a valid email address as a unique identifier, and a private password. The experts  202  may then set up their profiles and enter the information. The profile describes the user&#39;s background, experience, current and prior interests, capabilities, positions and titles, skills, values, projects, goals, employing organizations, working stations etc. The experts  202  can add contacts by entering contact and relationship information, and profile information for the contact, or a link to the contact&#39;s own profile on the system  206 . The contact information may also be automatically uploaded or extracted from other sources such as an electronic address book, and authorized by the experts  202  for use in the credentialing system  206 . The experts  202  may not want their address book integrated in the system  206 . In this case, the experts&#39; address book would be uploaded, but not integrated into the credentialing system  106  and possibly hidden from others. The profiles and contact information may be stored in either a central database or in distributed databases. For example, the system  206  may include or be coupled to a profiles database  214  that may store the information pertinent to the profiles of the experts  202 . 
     In some embodiments, once an expert  202   a  joins the network  106  and subscribes with the credentialing system  206 , the information included in the profiles is ready for credentialing, verification, accreditation, or any other such purpose. The entire profiles can thus be credentialed or verified by the system  206  from the plurality of crowdsourced respondents  204  such that the crowdsourced respondents  204  can verify the profiles and credential them. The credentialing may also determine the profiles as accurate or inaccurate, trustable or non-trustable, authentic or unauthentic, fraud or genuine etc. 
     In other embodiments, once the plurality of experts  202  joins the network  106 , the profiles are segmented into distinct portions or segments referred to as federated profiles by the federation or segmenting engine  210 . The segmenting engine  210  is configured to receive the common profiles from the profile manager  208  and segment them into the federated portions or segments or profiles. In an example, the federation engine  210  fragments a common profile of an expert into a plurality of federated profiles based on commonalities in content of the federated profiles. The federated profiles are treated as distinct profiles for the purpose of credentialing separately by the crowdsourced respondents  204 . For example, a common profile P of the professional expert  202   a  may include the following details: 
     Name: Amir A. 
     Age: 38 years 
     Sex: Male 
     Location: Texas, US 
     Education: B.S in Computer Science from Purdue University (1995)
         M.S. in Computer Science from Purdue University (1997)   M.B.A. in Strategic Management (2005) from Kellogg School of Management   PhD, Competitive Strategies (2011) from Kellogg School of Management Certifications and Awards:   Certification by Microsoft   Certification of Proficiency in Networking Technologies   Best Student award in 1994 by Purdue University       

     Work Experience:
         ABC: 1997-2003   SDF: 2003-2005   XCV: 2011—now       

     For the purpose of simplicity of description, only some specific details are included as an example in the above profile, however several other details may also be included without limitations. The segmenting engine  210  may be configured to segment the profile into distinct federated profiles. For example, in some embodiments, the above common profile may be segmented by the segmenting engine  210  into several federated profiles as below: 
     Segment 1: First Name—Amir 
     Segment 2: Lat Name—A. 
     Segment 3: Middle Name—Null 
     Segment 4: Sex—Male 
     Segment 5: Location (Area)—Texas 
     Segment 6: Location (Country)—US 
     Segment 7: Education—B.S. 
     Segment 8: B.S. in year—1995 
     Segment 9: Education—M.S. 
     Segment 10: M.S. in year—1997 
     Segment 11: B.S. from University/Institute—Purdue University 
     Segment 12: M.S. from University/Institute—Purdue University 
     Segment 13: Education—M.B.A 
     Segment 14: MBA from university/institute—Kellogg School of Management 
     Segment 15: MBA in year—2005 
     Segment 16: MBA specialization—Strategic Management 
     Segment 17: Education—PhD 
     Segment 18: PhD from University/Institute—Kellogg School of Management 
     Segment 19: PhD in year—2011 
     Segment 20: PhD work—Competitive Strategies 
     Segment 21: Certification—by Microsoft 
     Segment 22: Certification of proficiency 
     Segment 23: Certificate of Proficiency in stream—Networking Technologies 
     Segment 24: Award: Best Student 
     Segment 25: Award of Best Student received in year—1994 
     Segment 26: Awarded by—Purdue University 
     Segment 27: Work Experience—ABC 
     Segment 28: ABC tenure begins in—1997 
     Segment 29: ABC tenure ends in—2003 
     Segment 30: Work Experience—SDF 
     Segment 31: SDF tenure begins in—2003 
     Segment 32: SDF tenure ends in—2005 
     Segment 33: Work Experience—XCV 
     Segment 34: XCV tenure begins in—2011 
     Segment 35: XCV tenure ends in—continuing now 
     As discussed above, a single common profile is segmented by the segmenting engine  210  in thirty-five discrete federated profiles that are distinct in one or the other ways. In accordance with various embodiments, the segmenting engine  210  can be configured to segment a common profile in as many discrete federated profiles as possible. Therefore, the entire information contained in a common profile is segmented into several discrete federated profiles. For example, the above discussed common profile is converted into thirty-five such federated profiles. Upon segmenting, the federated profiles may be communicated to the federated profile manager  208 . Thus, the federated profile manager  208  stores common profiles as well as federated profiles associated with the professionals or experts  202  in the profiles database  214 . 
     The segmenting engine  210  may include hardware and software components capable of computational tasks associated with segmenting of the common profiles into the federated profiles. Once segmented by the segmenting engine  210 , the federated profile manager  208  may further classify the federated profiles or segments into groups of federated profiles for the same experts  202  so that the groups may include similar federated profiles based on certain parameters. For example, the work experience related federated profiles segments  27 ,  30 , and  33  that define different companies where an expert was employed and is employed may be grouped together do define another type of profile referred to herein as a sub-profile. Similarly, various other groups may be formed to create various other sub-profiles based on several possible combinations of the federated profiles or segments or profile portions. The credentialing system  206  thus can facilitate maintaining of the common profiles, sub-profiles and the federated profiles for the same experts thus providing a three level profile management facility. It must be appreciated that this document uses the term portion, segment and federated profile interchangeably without limitations. 
     The credentialing system  206  further includes the certification engine  212  coupled to the segmentation engine  210  and the federated profile manager  208 . The certification engine  212  is configured to allow the plurality of crowdsourced respondents  204  to respond to the segmented and classified profiles associated with the plurality of experts  202  and credential them. The credentialing of each of the segmented portions or federated profiles associated with an expert  202   a  of the plurality of experts  202  contributes to credentialing of the entire profile of the expert  202   a  upon collation of the credentialed portions. For example, the exemplary profile as discussed above includes thirty-five segments. The credentialing of each of the segments influences overall credentialing of the entire common profile. Therefore, if all the thirty-five segments are credentialed and verified as correct by one or more respondents  204 , a trust may be associated about the profile information and the information may be considered as true or authentic. As more and more persons or respondents from the plurality of crowdsourced respondents  204  verify the information in the federated profiles, the trust associated with the respective segments increases. Further, the crowdsourcing index may be associated to indicate and factor in the level of crowdsourcing. In an example, the crowdsourcing index may bear a non-linear such as exponential relationship with the number of respondents crowdsourcing an expert. Therefore, the degree of reliability and trust may increase non-linearly as more and more respondents credential an expert. Therefore, the crowdsourcing may facilitate in credentialing more accurately and with a higher reliability of the federated profiles than that credentialed from only a few sources. Further, the overall accuracy of the common profile may be determined based on a cumulative effect of accuracy of each of the federated profiles. For example, if the first ten of the segments from the above common profile are verified and the remaining twenty-five segments are not verified due to no response from the respondents  204 , this may not yield an overall high accuracy of the common profile and may still require credentialing and verification of the remaining segments but may be considered as acceptable to a certain extent. On the contrary, if the remaining twenty-five segments are rejected and verified as wrong information by the respondents  204 , the overall common profile may be considered as inaccurate. Further, since the discrete federated profiles associated with an expert  202   a  are credentialed from the plurality of crowdsourced respondents  204 , there may be a high level of accuracy in the credentialing and the credentialing may be considered as highly authentic and reliable. 
     The certification engine  212  is adapted certify the stored federated profiles relating to the experts  202  such as physicians or other industry experts such as financials experts etc who must have their credentials verified for use by various agencies or for use in for example by the experts  202  themselves during filling and submission of forms to various companies for such as hiring purposes or other purposes or document review processes. The credentialing information related to a particular expert  202   a  desiring to use the embodiments herein is initially input in the form of a common profile and then segmented and credentialed separately for each of the federated profiles through the crowdsourced network of the plurality of respondents  204 . Therefore, the credentialing information when credentialed for each of the federated profiles is more accurate and valid and acceptable than the common profile verified in entirety where special attention may not be paid to every record of the common profile. Secondly, the degree of acceptance of credentialing information is much higher through crowdsourcing than for a single verification by a single source. Therefore, according to some embodiments herein, number of sources credentialing a particular federated profile may be associated with each of the segments to indicate a level of accuracy of the credentialing information. For example, if a federated profile is credentialed and verified by eighteen sources in the network, it may be considered as highly acceptable. Also, the relevant information about credentialing such as who credentialed, when credentialed may also be associated with each credentialing of each of the segments so that an authenticity may be judged by associating an overall impact of the federated profiles&#39; credentialing, number of times credentialed, and trust factor about the source who verified and relevance about the time when verified. Therefore, in such embodiments, a multi-scaled and cumulative score may be determined and multi-scaled and cumulative credentialing may be done based on the multi-scaled cumulative score determined. Further, since a single federated profile may be verified by the plurality of crowdsourced respondents  204 , therefore the credentialing system  206  may determine an extent of inconsistency between several credentialing by several different respondents  204  for the same federated profile. In this manner, the system  206  may be configured to determine an index of inconsistency depending on distribution of differences across several credentialing by the several respondents  204 . The credentialing system  206  may be configured to generate a map indicating extent and coverage of inconsistencies among the several responses and credentialing for the same federated profiles. The map together with the inconsistency index may facilitate in determination of a level of trust in the overall credentialing of the same federated profile. This process may be repeated for each of the federated profiles for a common profile of an expert such as  202   a  and thus may determine an overall index of inconsistency and overall distribution map and overall trust factor for the common profile. 
     In some embodiments, various organizations or agencies such as for example document reviewing and inventions or ideas evaluation agencies may use the credentialing information, index of inconsistency, and distribution map as obtained from the system  206 . The credentialing information may include information such as who verified or credentialed, when verified, how many times verified, how many different and unique verifications, trust factor associated with each verification based on such as a respondent&#39;s relationship with an expert such as  202   a  or any other factor, and other similar information. In some embodiments, the credentialing information may be used by the experts  202  themselves so that they can use the credentialing information as a proof of expertise and submit it along with various application forms to companies, hiring agencies, firms, healthcare centers, hospitals or any other agency or organization belonging to various energy sectors. Various types of information such as demographic, personal work history, educational information, affiliation with hospitals or institutes etc. can be credentialed. The credentialed information may include such as person&#39;s name, address, practice specialties, appointment status, associations, credentials (including educational background, internships, and residency programs), state licensing information, malpractice liability insurance information, and personal and professional references. This entire information may be stored in the profiles database  214  maintained by the federated profile manager  208 . 
     In some embodiments, the certification engine  212  may be coupled to or may include a profiles certification database  216 . The profiles certification database  216  may include the credentialing information as discussed above. In some embodiments, the profiles certification database  216  may be included within the profiles database  214  only, and thus a single database may include memory spaces for storing the profiles information and the certification or credentialing information. 
     In some embodiments, in creating the common profile and uploading profile information in the database, a separate application form may be completed for each professional participating in and using the benefits of the system  206 . The information in the application form may be preferably provided to the profiles database  214 , which may store experts&#39; profile information using the system  206 . The information may be stored as a series of logically organized experts&#39; profiles and may be extracted as necessary during segmentation by the segmenting engine  210 . In some embodiments, the process of segmenting may be initiated by the segmenting engine  210  automatically as and when new information is added or updated. In case the past information is modified, the segmentation task is performed again to update the federated profiles and perform credentialing of the updated federated profiles once again. In such cases, only relevant credentialing may be needed to be revised depending on the updates instead of rejecting the entire past federated profiles and credentialing information associated with them. 
       FIG. 3 , with reference to  FIGS. 1 and 2 , illustrates the credentialing system  206  in accordance with an embodiment. As shown, the system  206  may include a profile management server  302  and a profile certification server  304 . The profile management server  302  includes a profile information collection module  306 , the federated profile manager  208 , and the profile segmenting engine  210 . 
     The profile information collection module  306  may be configured to generate information about the plurality of experts  202 . In some embodiments, the profile information collection module  306  can be disposed separately from the federated profile manager  208 ; while in other embodiments it can be included in or coupled to the federated profile manager  208 . The profile information pertaining to profiles of the plurality of experts  202  can be generated by distributing application forms through a graphical user interface accessible by the experts  202  such that the experts  202  can fill the forms and submit with the system  206 . The information can be transformed in the form of profiles by the federated profile manager  208 . The segmenting engine  210  may then use the profiles information and perform the task of segmenting of the common profiles into the federated profiles associated with each of the experts  202 . 
     The profile certification server  304  may be communicatively coupled to or included in the profile management server  302 . The profile certification server  304  may include the certification engine  212 , a segment rating engine  308 , and a profile rating engine  310 . The certification engine  212  may further include a segment certification engine  312  and a profile certification engine  314 . 
     The segment certification engine  312  may be configured to facilitate credentialing or certification of the federated profiles associated with the common profiles associated with each of the experts  202 . The segment certification engine  312  is configured to allow the plurality of crowdsourced respondents  204  to respond to the federated profiles associated with the common profiles of the plurality of experts  202  and credential them. The credentialing of each of the federated profiles associated with the common profiles of each of the experts  202  contributes to credentialing of the entire common profile of the experts  202  upon collation of the credentialed federated profiles. As more and more persons or respondents from the plurality of crowdsourced respondents  204  verify the information in the federated profiles, the trust associated with credentialing of the respective federated profiles increases. Therefore, the crowdsourcing may allow credentialing of the federated profiles to a higher degree of accuracy and reliability. Since the discrete federated profiles associated with an expert  202  are credentialed from the plurality of crowdsourced respondents  204 , the credentialing defines a high level of accuracy and may be considered as highly authentic and reliable and acceptable by third parties or agencies. Moreover, the crowdsourcing index may be associated to factor in the effect of crowdsourced credentialing as discussed above. 
     The segment certification engine  312  is adapted to certify the stored federated profiles relating to the experts  202  who must have their credentials verified. According to some embodiments herein, number of sources credentialing a particular federated profile may be associated with each of the segments to indicate a level of accuracy of the credentialing information. Also, the relevant information about credentialing such as who credentialed, when credentialed may also be associated with each credentialing of each of the federated profiles so that an authenticity may be judged by associating an overall impact of the federated profiles&#39; credentialing, number of times credentialed, and trust factor about the source who verified and relevance about the source and time when verified. Therefore, in such embodiments, a multi-scaled and cumulative score may be determined and multi-scaled and cumulative credentialing may be done based on the multi-scaled cumulative score determined. 
     The information pertaining to credentialing of the individual federated profiles of a particular common profile associated with an expert such as  202   a  may influence an overall credentialing of the common profile. For example, individual credentialing of the federated segments may contribute to the overall common profile credentialing such that the credentialing of the overall common profile may depend on each of the federated profiles&#39; credentialing with a weightage attached to each credentialing of the federated profiles. The collated contribution considering weightage effect of each credentialing finally decides credentialing of the overall common profile. The task of credentialing the overall common profile associated with an expert such as  202   a  may be performed by the profile certification engine  314 . For example, the profile certification engine  314  may facilitate credentialing of the profile in entirety based on the collated effect of credentialing of the federated profiles associated with the common profile of an expert such as  202   a . The profile certification engine  314  may receive information pertinent to credentialing of each of the federated profiles associated with a common profile and then associate the defined weightages to each of the federated profiles and perform cumulative credentialing of the common profile. In an embodiment, the weghtages may be determined based on parameters defined by a service provider who operates the system  206 . In such embodiments, the weightages may be defined based on for example past experiences or current understanding about significance of accuracy of credentialing for different segments. For example, the accuracy of credentialing may be more important for work history than information pertinent to hobbies of a professional when applying for a job. Therefore, the objective use of the credentialing information may influence determination of the weightages and hence the overall credentialing. Therefore, a score indicative of the influence of the objective may be associated for the credentialing purposes in some embodiments. In some embodiments, the weightages may be defined by an agency requiring the credentialing information. Therefore, in such cases, the profile certification engine  314  may perform credentialing of the common profile in a custom defined manner and also in association with the objective score. 
     The profile certification server  304  further includes the segment rating engine  308 . The segment rating engine  308  is configured to associate a rating to each of the credentialed federated profiles based on credentialing from the crowdsourced plurality of respondents  204  and depending on a level of accuracy and trust associated with the credentialing of the federated profiles. The rating may depend on who credentialed a federated profile, when was a profile credentialed, how many times a profile was credentialed, how many unique credentials are done, relevance of respondents  204  credentialing the federated profile, relationship of the respondents  204  with the expert such as  202   a  of the credentialed federated profile, and the like. 
     The profile certification server  304  may further include the profile rating engine  310 . The profile rating engine  310  is configured to associate a rating to an entire profile based on credentialing of each of the federated profiles and ratings associated with each of the federated profiles as determined by the segment rating engine  208  cumulatively. 
     The profile management server  302  is coupled to the profiles database  214  to store information pertinent to the profiles of the plurality of experts  202 . The profiles database  214  may be coupled to the federated profile manager  208  such that the federated profile manager  208  maintains the information stored in the profiles database  214 . 
     The profile certification server  304  may be coupled to the profiles certification database  216 . The profiles certification database  216  is configured to store information pertinent to credentialing such as certification status of the federated or common profiles associated with the plurality of experts  202 . For example, the certification status may include one or more of verified segment, verified profile, pending verification, verification in progress, segment rejected as incorrect, profile rejected as incorrect and the like. The profiles certification database  216  may be coupled to the profiles database  214  and the certification engine  212 . 
     The profile certification server  304  may be coupled to the certified profiles database  312 . The certified profiles database  312  may further be coupled to the profiles certification database  216 . The certified profiles database  216  may be configured to store profiles that have been verified by the certification engine  212 . An entity or agency may be allowed a direct access to the certified profiles database  316  based on preferences and rules defined for the entity or the agency. The entity may be one of a medical entity such as a hospital, nursing center, doctor, physician, healthcare unit, and government healthcare department, or an entity belonging to other industry such as financial sector, energy, transportation and the like or any other third party or agency. The certified profile or credential database  316  may further store information pertinent to one or more of work history, education, and personal demographics, affiliations to hospitals or other institutes etc of one or more experts  202  corresponding to one or more of verified profiles. 
     The profiles database  214 , profiles certification database  216 , and the certified profiles database  312  may be coupled to a profiles sources database  314 . The profile sources database  314  may include information about a plurality of sources in the crowdsourced network  106  that are linked to the federated profiles associated with the plurality of the experts  202 , and information about a plurality of sources who responds to the federated profiles for credentialing. For example, in the crowdsourced network  106 , the plurality of respondents  204  may credential the federated profiles and thus the profiles sources database  314  may store their details, their names, other information, their relevance and relationship with the experts  202  associated with the federated profiles they credential and time of credentialing, and location of original credentialing or any other such information pertinent to the credentialing sources etc. 
       FIG. 4 , with reference to  FIGS. 1 ,  2 , and  3 , illustrates another embodiment of the credentialing system  206 . The credentialing system  206  may include the profile management server  302  and the profile certification server  304  as discussed above. The system  206  may further include an auto-validation engine  402  coupled to the profile certification server  304  and the profile management server  302 . The auto-validation engine  402  is further communicatively linked to a social networking platform  404 . The social network platform  404  hosts information related to one or more of the experts  202 . For example, the social networking platform  404  may host social profiles of the experts  202  where the experts  202  may store and update their personal, professional or other such details or may communicate in a social network with friends, relatives, family members, or other such networking contacts. 
     The auto-validation engine  402  is configured to further certify the credentialing of the federated profiles that is performed by the certification engine  212 . The second level certification by the auto-validation engine  404  is performed by using the information about the one or more experts  202  from the social networking platform  404 . For example, an expert such as  202   a  may be associated with a social networking website such as a Linkedin or Facebook. The expert  202   a  may maintain a separate profile for each such social networking website. The credentialing of the expert  202   a  for specific federated profiles may thus be further verified by using the information obtained from the social networking profiles. 
     In an embodiment, the credentialing by the respondents  204  is used to associate a rating and define a level of trust for the federated profiles and the common profiles. The further verification based on the information obtained from the social profiles of the experts  202  may further associate another rating or score to the federated profiles such that a level of trust about the plurality of experts  202  and their federated and common profiles may be determined based on a cumulative effect of credentialing and the auto validation of the federated profiles and the common profiles. The cumulative score determined based on individual scores from the auto validation and the credentialing by the respondents  204  may define a net rating and overall credentialing of the federated profiles and the common profiles. The federated profiles and the common profiles in association with the information pertinent to the credentialing and the auto-validation may thus be used or accessed by agencies or organizations or various entities or agencies to determine a level of trust in the credentialed information; i.e., the credentialed federated and thus common profiles. 
     The auto-validation engine  402  may include application programming interfaces (APIs)  406 , a social networking engine  408 , and a profile updating module  410 . 
     The social networking engine  408  is coupled to one or more social networking server  412 . The social network engine  408 , which may be controlled by the social network server  412 , is configured to process a request of the credentialing system  206  for retrieving social profiles information and verifying the credentialed federated and common profiles by using the information obtained from the social profiles. The social networking engine  408  is communicatively coupled to the social networking platform  404  through the social network server  412  to allow interfacing of the system  206  with the social networking service or platform  404 . The social network server  412  may provide a programmatic web interface via the network  106  for accessing the social profiles by the system  206 . In some embodiments, the social networking server  412  may store social data related to the one or more experts  202  obtained from the social profiles hosted by the social networking platform  404  to integrate the social data with the credentialed federated profiles for further verification or updating of the credentialing by auto-validation. 
     The social networking engine  408  may utilize the APIs  406  etc to allow verification of the federated segments associated with the plurality of experts  202  based on the information contained in the social profiles of each of the experts  202  maintained by the social networking platform  404 . In an embodiment, the social profiles maintained by the social networking platform  404  are distinct from the federated or common profiles of the professionals or experts  202  maintained by the federated profile manager  208 . The APIs  406  further allow the auto-validation to determine an extent of mapping between the information contained in the two distinct profiles maintained by the federated profile manager  208  and the social networking platform  404 . The social networking platform  404  may include several social networking sources. The social networking sources may include without limitations social networking websites, educational institutions, employers&#39; databases etc. For example, an expert such as  202   a  may be associated with one or more of such or other similar social networking sources in the social networking platform  404 . The APIs  406  are adapted to link each of the federated profiles to one or more such distinct sources of the social networking platform  404  such that a unique identifier is maintained that associate a distinct source of the social networking platform  404  to a federated profile. 
     The profile updating module  410  is configured to update or modify the profiles based on further verification of the federated profiles after auto-validation. For example even after the credentialing by the respondents  204 , the auto-validation may demand to modify the federated profiles which the profiles updating module  410  may do, in some cases after seeking permissions from the experts  202 . The profile updating module  410  may be communicatively coupled to the profile management server  302  so as the federated profile manager  208  to store and maintain the modified federated and common profiles. 
     The social networking platform  404  may include for example one or more social networking sources. The sources may be such as social networking websites, educational institutions, employers&#39; databases or portals or platforms, hiring agencies&#39; portals, and other such sources of creating a socially aware network. Some examples of social networking websites are without limitations Linkedin, MySpace, About Me, etc. 
     A service provider may deploy the credentialing system  206  and provide credentialing services to various organizations or agencies that can be a hiring agency, recruitment and selection or placement department or agency, document or inventions or ideas reviewing and scoring and evaluation agencies, an entity such as a hospital or a medical institute, research organization education institute, transportation company, energy department, financial institution and the like. The organizations such as document or inventions or ideas reviewing and scoring and evaluation organizations can deploy these systems in-house for evaluation of ideas or documents. An expert such as  202   a  may submit his profile details to the service provider that may be stored in the system  206 . The service provider may obtain verifications and credentialing of the profile details or other information provided by the expert  202   a  and may store the information pertinent to the credentialing of the information of the expert  202   a . The service provider may utilize a crowdsourced network  106  of people including such as the respondent  204   a  or authorizer  204   a  who may be any other expert or any of the respondents  204 . The service provider, expert  202   a  and the respondent or authorizer  204   a  may connect with one another over the network  106  through a web-based graphical user interface that may serve as a portal for interconnection. The portal or interface may provide a subscription section through which the entities such as the expert  202   a , agency, or the respondent/authorizer  204   a  may associate them with the credentialing system  206 . Different sections may be provided for each to the expert  202   a , respondent  204   a , and agency. Upon subscription, the expert  202   a  may be allowed to submit his details to the system  206  and/or create a profile. 
     The profile information may be publicly visible in some embodiments or may be made visible to the specific respondent  204   a  by the service provider for credentialing purposes and receiving responses from the respondent  204   a  about the expert  202   a . The profile information may be credentialed and verified in entirety or in segments as discussed above and may be stored in the system  206 . The agency may thus know accreditation or credentialing about the expert  202   a  by visiting the portal through a separate section defined for such agencies. Therefore, through the web-based portal or interface, the agency may be facilitated to collect credentialing information and the authenticity about the expert&#39;s profiles and other information by visiting the single centralized system  206  and may not need to verify the details of the profiles from several sources such as workplaces, educational institutes etc. Further, since the server  108  performs credentialing from a crowdsourced network of experts  202 , therefore, the accuracy of the credentialing and authenticity and reliability of the profiles&#39; information may be higher and the agency can rely on the information with a greater degree of trust and reliability. Further, since the profile information is segmented into the federated profiles, therefore, the credentialing may be more specific to each of the information details contained in the federated profiles and the agency may easily know which information is verified and which is not or which may be pending for verification. In some embodiments, the agency may also know who verified a particular federated profile, when was a particular federated profile verified, and how many unique verifications are done for a specific federated profile. Therefore, with all these features provided through the present system  206 , the credentialing may be made easier, quicker, trustable, reliable, accurate, and manageable. 
       FIG. 5 , with reference to  FIGS. 1 through 4 , illustrates a method flow chart for facilitating crowdsourced and multi-level credentialing over the network for use of multi-level credentialed information through the crowdsourced network  106 . The method may include receiving the profile information from the plurality of crowdsourced experts  202  at step  502 . The information may include demographic, personal, educational, work history related or other types of details. The method may also include collating the information and creating a common profile specific for each of the experts  202 . In other embodiments, the submission of the information by the experts  202  may be performed in an automated and defined way through a web interface such that a profile is automatically created upon submission of the information and/or subscription with the credentialing system  206 . The method may further include segmenting the common profile associated with each of the plurality of experts  202  into a plurality of federated profiles at step  504 , such that one set of federated profiles is created from a common profile associated with an expert such as  202   a . Therefore, two types of profiles: a common profile and federated profiles are maintained by the system  206 . The method may further include allowing the federated profiles to be made available in public such that the federated profiles may be viewed by the crowdsourced plurality of respondents  204  or other experts  202 . The method may further include receiving responses from the plurality of crowdsourced respondents  204  for the federated profiles at step  506 . The responses may define credentialing of the federated profiles. For example, the system  206  may allow the respondents  204  to credential the information contained in the federated profiles. The more times the verifications or credentialing done by the respondents  204  uniquely, the more accurate and reliable the credentialing of the federated profiles is. 
     The responses may define certification or credentialing of information contained in the federated profiles and the common profiles. The credentialing may be associated with each of the federated profiles individually and may conclude in either verified as correct or verified as wrong. Further, the crowdsourced credentialing facilitates the certification of each of the federated profiles by one or more respondents  204  so as to cumulate an effect of the certification at multiple levels defined by each respondent. For example, the certification may be done at a first level when a first respondent such as  204   a  certifies a particular federated profile. The second level certification may be done when another new respondent  204   b  credentials or verifies the same federated profiles. Similarly, multi-level certification, or credentialing may be performed. The cumulated effect of the certification allows to associate a cumulative segment rating or cumulative federated profile rating to each of the federated profiles associated with each of the experts  202 . The responses associated with each of the federated profiles are associated with attributes defining the source and the respondent certifying the federated profiles, and a date of certification by the respondent. It must be appreciated that the terms certification, verification, and credentialing are interchangeably used in the document without any limitations. The method may further include associating a rating to the federated and common profiles after credentialing of the profiles by the respondents  204 . The method and system allows the multi-level credentialing by executing the crowdsourced credentialing process and also by performing credentialing of the federated profiles as well as the common profiles. 
     In some embodiments, the method may further include auto-validating the response or the credentialing done by the plurality of respondents  204  to further certify the information provided by the respondents  204  for each of the federated profiles at step  508 . The auto-validation can be performed through one or more sources of the social networking platform  404  that associates an expert such as  202   a  through a social networking profile of the expert  202   a . The method may further include either refining the federated profile rating for each of the federated profiles or associating a separate rating based on a mapping of each of the federated profiles with the social networking profile at step  510 . The method may further include facilitating an access by the plurality of entities to retrieve the responses identifying credentialing and certification and the refined or associated rating through the web-based portal operating in the crowdsourced network at step  512 . The agencies may thus retrieve credentialed information from the service provider through the system  206  and may not need to individually verify the information about an expert from several sources. 
     In some embodiments, the method of auto-validating may include automatically searching from a social networking database associated with the social networking sources to verify information about each of the federated profiles. In response to the detection of a mismatch between the searched information and the federated profile, the method may further include suggesting a federated profile update. The method may further include suggesting the social networking profile update to the social networking platform  404 . In this manner the service provider may find an opportunity to collaborate with the social networking sources and may continually exchange any update on information from one another such that a credentialing process may flow either sides from both the service provider and the social networking sources. 
     In some embodiments, the respondents may include one or more of profile owners and other experts or other persons. 
     In some embodiments, the method may include using the plurality of application programming interfaces (APIs)  406  to allow verification of information associated with each of the federated profiles of the plurality of experts  202  from the social profiles of the professionals or experts  202  maintained by the social networking platform  404 . The APIs  406  may be adapted to link each of the federated profiles to one or more distinct sources of the social networking platform  404  such that a unique identifier is maintained that associate a distinct source of the social networking platform  404  to the respective federated profile. 
     In accordance with an embodiment herein, the system  206  may be configured to perform social crowdsourced credentialing of certified professionals  202 . 
     In accordance with an embodiment herein, the professionals or experts  202  may be accredited or credentialed by the system  206  as required before working in practice locations such a hospitals or other industry location. 
     In some embodiments, the credentialed expertise of experts may be used for the purposes of evaluation and review and scoring of documents. The document can include without limitations text, media, and other type of digital content or portions and fragments of text, media, or other type of digital content. For example, in an embodiment, the review and scoring and commenting based on the various attributes can be done for an entire document, media, or other types of digital content. In some embodiments, the review and scoring and commenting based on the various attributes can be done for a portion of an entire document, media, or other types of digital content. 
     In accordance with an embodiment herein, the system  206  is configured to create the federated profiles and/or federated credentialing databases that may allow multiple parties such as respondents  204  to crowdsource and socially credential the professionals  202 . 
     In accordance with an embodiment herein, the system  206  may be configured to facilitate disintermediating of credentialing services by for example allowing practices, hospitals, etc. to share each others&#39; credentialing through the social, crowdsourced approach. The system  206  can allow creation of the profiles by the experts  202 . 
     The system  206  is configured to provide a capability or a federation model that may facilitate creating of profiles. These profiles can be exchanged and credentialing information may also be exchanged between various agencies or other parties. In an embodiment, the credentialing system  206  may allow credentialing to be performed amongst specific agencies so that for example if hospital A (first agency or respondent) trusts hospital B (second agency or respondent), and the first agency credential a first part of the profile of a professional and the second agency credential a second part of the profile, then both these agencies may together create a more accurate profile with the use of the system  206  than created independently by sharing the credentialing information known to them individually in the form of responses to the originally created profile. The original profile that is created by the experts  202  serves as the common profile. The profile may then be segmented into federated profiles such that each of the agencies may credential at least one of the federated profiles. Upon thus credentialing, the agencies may share the credentialed federated profiles such that an overall and more accurate accreditation of the originally created profile may be performed by the system  100 . The system  100  may also consider the trust factor among the various credentialing parties or agencies or respondents  204 . For example, in the example above the first agency may identify that the second agency is a trusted source and therefore any profile credentialed by the second agency may be acceptable by the first agency. Therefore, the agencies  110  amongst themselves can together collaboratively perform credentialing and accreditation by deploying the system  100  internally, in some embodiments, without using a service from a third party service provider. 
     In an embodiment, the system  206  may allow the respondents  204  to disagree with one another. For example, a single federated profile may be credentialed by one respondent in one manner while the same profile may be credentialed by another respondent in another manner such that the way of credentialing by the second respondent may or may not be contradicting with the way the first respondent credential the same federated profile. Therefore, in such cases, the system  206  may allow to associate a degree of disagreement between the two or more credentialing patterns offered by the two or more respondents  404 . The associated metrics or degrees or disagreement may be used by an expert such as  202   a  or any agency to determine a level of trust for a particular credentialing with respect to a particular federated or a common profile of an expert such as  202   a . The credentialing responses from both or more of such respondents  204  may be viewable in the system  206 . 
     In accordance with an embodiment, the system  206  may allow a profile owner who may be an expert such as  202   a  to dispute the way credentialing is performed by the one or more respondents of  204  with respect to his federated or common profile. The profile owner who can be any one of the experts  202  may offer his remarks through the system  206  which can be viewable by others. Based on such remarks by the profile owner, the system  206  may update, or modify or delete or retain as such the credentialing inputs from the respondents  204 . 
     In some embodiments, the system  206  may define desirable standards for code of conduct by the crowdsourced respondents. In cases of breach of the standards by any of the respondents  204 , the system  206  may either invalidate enrollment of the respondents  204  with the system  206  and/or may delete credentialing information provided by such respondents  204  and/or may issue a warning. In cases of subsequent breaches, the system  206  may permanently block such respondents  204  from credentialing any of the professionals or experts associated with the system  206 . In an embodiment, the system  206  may therefore be configured to facilitate crowdsourced credentialing in association with the set standards of credentialing. The certification engine  212  may allow the plurality of respondents  204  to respond to the federated profiles associated with the professionals  202  and credential them only when the set standards of conduct are met. In cases of breach of the standards, the certification engine  212  may record details for the respondents  204  and use it as an input in future processing of the credentialing by the same respondents  204 . 
     In some embodiments, the system  206  may further facilitate tracking of experts&#39; code of conduct or their ethical breaches etc. For example, the system  206  may be configured to associate the profiles of the experts  202  with information pertinent to the code of conduct, ethical lapses, past ethical behavior, recently known ethical lapses and other such information about the experts  202 . The information may be collected from various sources or may be reported by any other relevant or reliable expert or person or any member of the crowdsourced network  106  or any member subscribed with the system  206  and the like. Such ethical lapses may be updated in the fragmented and common profiles of the experts  202 . In some embodiments, the already credentialed profiles may also be changed or updated based on such ethical information. For example, credentialing information of a doctor as an expert who is credentialed through the system  206  by one or more respondents  204  may be invalidated upon finding of ethical lapses. In such cases, the profile may be directly updated so as to state the new ethical lapses in the profile or the profile may be considered as not credentialed at all, thus withdrawing prior credentials or the profile may be modified in any other manner so as to explicitly report the new lapses in the profile and update it accordingly. 
       FIG. 6 , with reference to  FIGS. 1 through 5 , illustrates an expert scoring module  112  in accordance with an embodiment herein. The expert scoring module  112  determines a set of attributes for the experts  202 . In an embodiment, the expert scoring module  112  may be coupled to or may include the expert attributes engine  110  for determining the set of attributes for the experts  202 . The set of attributes of the experts  202  may include the crowdsourced credentialed expertise determined by the credentialing system or engine  206  based on the credentialing of the federated and common profiles of the experts  202  by the respondents  204  as discussed above in conjunction with various figures. An extent of the credentialed expertise of the experts  202  by a plurality of crowdsourced respondents  204  determines an extent of credentialed expertise and capability of the experts  202  for review of defined documents for which the credentialed expertise is sought as an attribute. The credentialed expertise defines a non-linear and dynamic parameter of scoring the experts  202  for review of the documents based on the crowdsourcing, in some embodiments. 
     In an embodiment, the set of attributes for an expert such as  202   a  may include reputation of the expert  202   a  indicative of a trust of a relevant community on the expert  202   a . The scoring module  112  may include or be coupled to a reputation assessment engine  602  that determines reputation of the experts  202  that indicate trust of relevant communities on the experts  202 . In an example, reputation can be assessed based on experts&#39; interaction with others on expert networking sites, information exchange platforms, and other knowledge interaction platforms. For example, an expert  202   a  may interact with a community including other experts in a relevant field for example medical equipment design through a knowledge platform. The interaction may be of the type of posting questions relevant to the field of medical equipment design, submitting answers to such questions posted by others, reviewing answers posted by others in response to such questions. Any such interaction may lead to building or loosing of reputation of an expert  202   a  who interacts. The ways of building or loosing of the reputation, together referred to as reputation assessment may be defined by the reputation assessment engine  602 . The reputation assessment engine  602  may for example evaluate and assess reputation of an expert  202   a  based on quality of the questions posted by him, quality of the answers posted by him in response to questions posted by others, or quality of review performed by the expert  202   a  for answers submitted by others. The reputation in such cases may be assessed by calculating number of positive votes from others in the community, number of negative votes in the community, neutral votes in the community to any kind of interactions by the expert  202   a . In an embodiment, any positive vote (for example a like comment or remark or vote) for a question posted by the expert  202   a  may earn him 10 points of reputation, and any negative vote (such as any dislike remark, comment or vote) may cause the expert to lose 10 points from the reputation. In an embodiment, any positive vote on an answer posted by the expert may earn him 20 points and any negative vote on such an answer may cause him to lose 20 points. In an embodiment, any positive vote on a review of an answer by the expert may earn him 25 points and any negative vote by others in the community on such a review may cause him to lose 25 points. In other embodiments, various other ways of assessment of the reputation may be defined without limitations. In an example, the reputation of an expert  202   a  may be tied to a relevant field or a relevant community by the reputation assessment engine. For example, the reputation assessment engine  602  may allocate a reputation of 50 in the area or community of medical equipments design but the same expert  202   a  may be allocated a reputation of −20 in the field or community of medical devices programming. The reputation may be defined as positive value points as well as negative value points—the positive points defining a degree of increasing trust by the community, and the negative points defining a decreasing trust by the community. 
     In an example, the extent of trust of trust may be identified through voting. For example, votes can be posted in integral or fractional numbers such as +3, +3.5, −2, −4.2, and the like. In this way, a net summation of all the votings weighted with reputation assessment parameters (such as mentioned above) that define how much reputation points are earned or lost with each interaction, may result in the reputation of an expert  202   a  for a particular field or community. 
     Once the reputation assessment engine  602  evaluates reputation of an expert  202   a  for a particular field or community (which is same as or similar to the field of the document under review), the document scoring module  112  may use the reputation of the expert  202   a  for determining score of the document by using the reputation as an expert attribute. In such cases, experts  202  and reputations of experts  202  that are from the same or similar fields or communities as that of the documents under review are considered only so as to establish trust and authority of the experts  202  by the relevant communities and use it as an indicator for validity and authenticity of documents review and scoring after aggregation of reputations from various such experts  202 . 
     In some embodiments, the reputation assessment engine  602  may also be capable of aggregating various discrete reputations from individual crowdsourced experts  202  so as to determine an aggregate reputation for a group of crowdsourced experts  202  used in evaluation, reviewing and scoring of a document. The aggregate score may be a net equivalent score that can be associated with the crowdsourced experts  202  to indicate the reputation of the entire crowdsourced community of the experts  202  contributing toward document review and scoring. 
     In an embodiment, the reputation can be determined by querying internal corporate databases, when users are internal, and from the number of past performance records based on previous projects. 
     The set of attributes may include officiality indicative of a position or a designation of an expert  202   a  in a relevant job. The scoring module  112  may include or be coupled to an officiality engine  604  that determines officiality of the experts  202 . In an example, different hierarchical positions as an indicator of officiality may be associated with specific ratings that may be used to associate an officiality score to an expert  202   a . The officiality engine  604  may determine such officiality scores for individual crowdsourced experts  202 . In some embodiments, the officiality engine  604  may also be capable of determining an aggregate officiality score for a crowdsourced community of the experts  202  that contribute to review and scoring of the document. The aggregate score may be a net equivalent score that can be associated with the crowdsourced experts  202  as a group to indicate the officiality of the entire crowdsourced community of experts  202  contributing toward document review and scoring. In the context of the embodiments herein, officiality refers to a qualitative and/or quantitative evaluation assessment of the crowdsourced community of experts  202 . This legitimizes the score provided by the experts  202 . 
     In an embodiment, the attributes are assigned varying weights by a weight module  606 . The information about assigned weights of the attributes for the experts relevant for a particular document review and scoring may be stored in the memory circuit  118  and retrieved by the weight module  606  as and when the document is reviewed and scored by the scoring module  112  and the experts  202  are needed for the review and scoring. In an example, the weight module  606  identifies a degree of relevance and significance of an expert attribute with the electronic document to be reviewed and accordingly assign a weight to each of the attributes of the experts based on the identified degree of significance. In an example, the credentialed expertise is weighed as the highest by the weight module  606  followed by the officiality, and the attribute of reputation is weighed as the lowest by the weight module among the three exemplary attributes. 
     In addition to expertise, officiality, and reputation, other attributes may include without limitations such as geographical presence that is indicative of spatial relationships such as to indicate if a person has lived in a particular area for a while for a defined time, spousal or family or close relationships with other experts, and the like. For example, knowing an expert and having a good relationship with him may be an attribute. 
     In an example, the weight module  606  is adapted to dynamically change weights and weight assignment based on the type of the document to be reviewed. This could be based on document type and content of the document. For example, the weight assignment may be based on complexity of technology of the document content. The weight module  606  may define content parameters that may influence weight assignment process and accordingly dynamically associate weights to the attributes for considering experts  202  for the document scoring and reviewing process. In an example, the weight module  606  can dynamically associate weights for not only review of the entire document but also intra-document federated sections also. For example, a first set of weights may be defined and associated to various experts attributes for review of a first section of a document and a second set of weights different from the first set of weights may be defined and associated to a second section of the document. For example, in the first set of weights, the credentialed expertise may be weighted highest while the reputation may be weighed highest in the second set of weights. 
     In some embodiments, the expert scoring module  112  determines an aggregate score of an expert  202   a  based on the one or more attributes including credentialed expertise, officiality, and reputation, in association with the assigned weights for the attributes. The expert score defines a rating for the expert that is indicative of expert suitability for review and scoring of a particular document for which the expert  202   a  is sought. 
       FIG. 7 , with reference to  FIGS. 1 through 6 , illustrates a document scoring module  114  in accordance with an exemplary embodiment herein. The document scoring module  114  receives review comments along with a document rating by each of the crowdsourced experts  202  for an electronic document. In an example, a facility of the document reviewing and scoring may be provided only to those experts  202  who possess a defined threshold of the aggregate score as minimum criteria. The document scoring module  114  associates an aggregate score to the electronic document based on aggregation of the review ratings by the crowdsourced experts  202  and the aggregate scores of each of the crowdsourced experts based  202  on the set of attributes including one or more of the credentialed expertise, reputation of the expert, and the officiality. In an embodiment, the document scores by a plurality of crowdsourced experts  202  may be done based on an affect of crowdsourcing index that may bear a non-linear relationship with the crowdsourcing score. The crowdsourcing index may be associated with the credentialing process or credentialed expertise and may be indicative of a degree of crowdsourcing such that the degree of crowdsourcing non-linearly affects the degree of credentialing that is indicative through the crowdsourcing index. In some embodiments, the crowdsourcing index may be defined in a manner similar to the crowdsourcing index defined for the experts credentialing, as discussed above. 
     Therefore, the embodiments herein provide a multi-level crowdsourcing—based and calculated document score derived through the use of a non-linearly relational parameter defining a non-linear relationship of the multi-level crowdsourcing on the experts score and the documents score in the respective discrete levels of the multi-level crowdsourcing. In an embodiment, the multi-level crowdsourcing may include two levels of crowdsourcing wherein the first level includes credentialing of an expert  202   a  by a plurality of crowdsourced respondents  202  and the second level includes scoring of an electronic document by the crowdsourced credentialed experts  202  that show at least a minimum threshold aggregate expert score derived from the first level of crowdsourcing. 
     In some embodiments, the document scoring module  114  includes a document aggregate score assessment engine  702 , comment analysis module  704 , comment aggregator  706 , semantics and analytics engine  708 , and document classification/tagging module  710 . 
     In some embodiments, the document aggregate score assessment engine  702  determines an aggregate score of the document based on individual scores of the document from individual crowdsourced experts  202 . The document aggregate score assessment engine  702  may also utilize a non-linear crowdsourcing index for determining the aggregate score. The comment analysis module  704  may analyze review comments posted by the experts  202  while reviewing the documents. The comments serve as a learning and knowledge repository in evaluating the document in detail. The aggregate score of the document may thus be associated with a subjective comment section for use by second level reviewers etc. The comment analysis module  704  may be coupled to or may include the comment aggregator  706 . The comment aggregator  706  may collate comments from various individual experts  202 . For example, the comment aggregator  706  may collate similar types of comments together. The comment aggregator  706  and comment analysis module  704  may be coupled to the semantics and analytics engine  708  that facilitates comments classification, collation, and analysis by implementing various semantics, analytics, and learning algorithms, functions, tools, programs and the like. The semantics engine  708  infers logical consequences from the review comments. The semantics engine  708  utilizes semantics and learning tools to determine intent and contextual meaning of terms as they appear in content of the review comments to generate more relevant results. The document classification/tagging module  710  may determine a relevant category or taxonomy class and accordingly tag the document for the classified category. The category may be decided based on for example defined classes, based on technology areas and sub areas, based on reviews, based on value of content and the like. 
     In an example, various empirical relations such as mentioned below without limitations may be used to determine the aggregate document score based on individual attributes of the crowdsourced experts  202 , scores of the crowdsourced experts  202 , document scores by individual experts  202 , aggregation of the experts scores, aggregation of the attributes scores, aggregation of the document&#39;s individual scores, multi-level crowdsourcing index, and aggregation of multiple multi-level crowdsourcing indices. 
     In accordance with some embodiments as discussed above, the aggregate score of an expert (AES) for one or more attributes may be determined based on an empirical relation. An exemplary empirical relation may be as follows: 
       AES= EW 1+ RW 2+ OW 3 
     Above, ‘E’ represents credentialed expertise, ‘R’ represents reputation, and ‘O’ represents officiality, and W1, W2, W3 represent weightage of the credentialed expertise, reputation, and officiality respectively. In other embodiments, other similar empirical or non-empirical relationships with modifications may be considered without limitations. 
     In accordance with some embodiments as discussed above, the credentialing engine may evaluate the credentialed expertise (E) for the expert based on an empirical relation. In an example, the empirical relation can be as follows: 
         E =( P   F11   +P   F12   + . . . +P   F1N ) X ( P   F21   +P   F22   + . . . P   F2N ) X . . . X ( P   FZ1   +P   FZ2   + . . . +P   FZN ) 
     Above, 
     P F11  represents credentialed federated profile score for a first federated profile of a first expert by a first respondent,
 
P F12  represents credentialed federated profile score for the first federated profile of the first expert by a second respondent,
 
P F1N  represents credentialed federated profile score for the first federated profile of the first expert by an Nth respondent,
 
P F21  represents credentialed federated profile score for a second federated profile of the first expert by the first respondent,
 
P F22  represents credentialed federated profile score for the second federated profile of the first expert by the second respondent,
 
P F2N  represents credentialed federated profile score for the second federated profile of the first expert by the Nth respondent,
 
P FZ1  represents credentialed federated profile score for a Zth federated profile of the first expert by the first respondent,
 
P FZ2  represents credentialed federated profile score for the Zth federated profile of the first expert by the second respondent, and
 
P FZN  represents credentialed federated profile score for the Zth federated profile of the first expert by the Nth respondent.
 
     In an example, the empirical relation above considers profiles scores for entire federated profiles from 1 to Z. In an example, the empirical relation above considers all respondents  204  from 1 to N. In accordance with other embodiments, other similar empirical or non-empirical relationships with modifications may be considered without limitations. 
     In accordance with some embodiments as discussed above, the document reviewing and scoring engine  114  evaluates aggregate crowdsourced document score (ACDS) based on credentialed expertise and other attributes of the crowdsourced experts, based on an empirical relation. An exemplary relation can be as follows: 
       ACDS={( E   1   +E   2   +E   3   + . . . +E   X ) W   1 +( R   1   +R   2   +R   3+    . . . +R   X ) W   2 +( O   1   +O   2   +O   3   + . . . +O   X ) W   3 }( D   1   +D   2   +D   3   + . . . +D   X )CI 
     E 1 , E 2 , E 3 , . . . E X  represent respective credentialed expertise of X number of crowdsourced experts,
 
R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , . . . R X  represent respective reputation of the X number of crowdsourced experts,
 
O 1 , O 2 , O 3 , . . . O X  represent respective officiality of the X number of crowdsourced experts,
 
D 1 , D 2 , D 3  . . . D X  represent respective document scores earned by the X number of crowdsourced experts, and
 
CI represents Non-Linear Crowdsourcing Index.
 
In other embodiments, other similar empirical or non-empirical relationships with modifications may be considered without limitations.
 
     In some embodiments, the CI is defined non-linearly with integral ranges (R) of experts who credential the document. In an example, first five of the ranges can be as follows without limitations: 
     CI=1, when R=0-2 experts,
 
CI=1.2, when R=3-4 experts,
 
CI=1.5, when R=5-6 experts
 
CI=1.9, when R=7-8 experts, and
 
CI=2.5, when R=9-10 experts.
 
     In an example, the CI may be calculated based on an empirical relationship that dynamically determines value of the CI with every integral change in number of expert credentialing the document. 
     The embodiments herein can employ other empirical and non empirical tools for expert scoring and document scoring and other such tasks as discussed above. Some embodiments herein use machine learning techniques for performing various tasks to allow crowdsourced learning for document scoring. 
     Some embodiments herein, as discussed above, may facilitate use of credentialed expertise and other attributes to perform crowdsourced document review and scoring that may then be able to be submitted to government agencies or other grant-based organizations. The embodiments herein may allow a crowd of credentialed experts to review ideas, proposals, etc. and give a common (anonymous or attributed) “score” for each section of the document through various means (rating, reading, discussions with others, etc.). The embodiments herein may provide several advantages such as for example it may facilitate running large meetings, or clustered meetings. The embodiments herein may facilitate handing of issues arising due to lack of in-person participation support. The embodiments herein may facilitate in conducting synchronous meetings, avoid several human touch points effectively, handle issues arising out of lack of support for on demand changes. The embodiments herein may facilitate overcoming several other issues and challenges that exist in conventional systems and methods such as dependency on a computer, lack of integration with other systems, less interactive with other members. The embodiments herein allow substantial increase in number of simultaneous meetings/applications/reviewers and supports clustered meetings. The embodiments herein provide support for both synchronous and asynchronous meetings. The embodiments herein can support hybrid meetings (in-person, web, audio and video). The embodiments herein can support manual/ad-hoc meetings. The embodiments herein can provide an improved communication among the members of the meeting. The embodiments herein can facilitate reducing pre and post meeting times by more automation. The embodiments herein allow increases in the number of participants that can score an application in less time. 
     The electronic document and review system of the embodiments herein enables secure asynchronous and synchronous meetings and collaboration between reviewers and government officials through web, audio, and video. The system automates recruiting and approval of experts to facilitate both anonymous and attributed reviews of grants applications. The system enables secure reviews that can be conducted on mobile devices such as tablets or traditional PCs. The system facilitates recording or archiving of records. The system enabled an automated customer care. The system enables human-less automated answering using knowledge base. The system enables connecting personnel to right support professionals. The system facilitates and enables asynchronous and synchronous meetings and collaboration between reviewers and government officials through web, audio, and video. The system provides easy integration with other systems. 
     In some embodiments, the document can include without limitations text, media, and other type of digital content or portions and fragments of text, media, or other type of digital content. For example, in an embodiment, the review and scoring and commenting based on the various attributes can be done for an entire document, media, or other types of digital content. In some embodiments, the review and scoring and commenting based on the various attributes can be done for portions of an entire document, media, or other types of digital content. In an embodiment, the document scoring module  114  can distribute (hand out) documents, document fragments, media, content or content fragments to the experts  202  based on the content of the documents and the experts&#39; attributes. That means that the scoring module  114  can understand who knows what and based on the content of documents it can distribute all or portions of the document to various experts  202 . 
     In accordance with some embodiments herein, the system, and various modules and engines in the system discussed above may facilitate interaction among various experts and entities within an organization, and across and outside an organization as well, without limitations. 
       FIG. 8 , with reference to  FIGS. 1 through 7 , illustrates a method flow diagram for performing an expertise driven review and scoring of electronic documents in a crowdsourced environment. The method includes receiving a document from a submitting party for reviewing and scoring by a plurality of crowdsourced experts  202 , at step  802 . The method may further include determining a set of expert attributes including one or more of crowdsourced credentialing, officiality, and reputation, and the like, at step  804 . The reputation is indicative of a trust of a relevant community on the expert, and the officiality is indicative of a position or a designation of the expert in a relevant job and the credentialed expertise is indicative of degree of credentialing of an expert&#39;s federated and common profiles by crowdsourced respondents. The methods of determining reputation, officiality, and credentialed expertise have been discussed above. The method may further include determining an aggregate score of an expert such as  202   a  based on the one or more attributes at step  806 . The procedure of determining the aggregate score has been discussed above in conjunction with various figures. The method may further include receiving review comments along with a document rating by each of the crowdsourced experts  202  at step  808 . The method may further include associating an aggregate score to the electronic document based on an aggregation of the review ratings by the crowdsourced experts  202  and the aggregate scores of each of the crowdsourced experts  202  based on the set of attributes including one or more of the credentialed expertise, reputation of the expert, and the officiality, at step  810 . In an example, the method may further include federating a common profile of an expert  202   a  into a plurality of federated profiles based on commonalities or distinctiveness in content of the federated profiles. The federated profiles are treated as distinct profiles for the purpose of credentialing separately by the crowdsourced respondents  204 . In an example, the method may also include identifying a degree of relevance and significance of an expert attribute with the electronic document to be reviewed and accordingly assign a weight to each of the attributes of the experts  202  based on the identified degree of significance. The method may include associating a crowdsourcing index with the credentialing. The crowdsourcing index is indicative of a degree of crowdsourcing such that the degree of crowdsourcing non-linearly affects the degree of credentialing or the credentialed expertise as discussed above in conjunction with various figures. 
     The embodiments herein may be embodied as a computer program product configured to include a pre-configured set of instructions, which when performed, can result in actions as stated in conjunction with the methods described above. In an example, the pre-configured set of instructions can be stored on a tangible non-transitory computer readable medium or a program storage device. In an example, the tangible non-transitory computer readable medium can be configured to include the set of instructions, which when performed by a device, can cause the device to perform acts similar to the ones described here. Embodiments herein may also include tangible and/or non-transitory computer-readable storage media for carrying or having computer executable instructions or data structures stored thereon. Such non-transitory computer readable storage media can be any available media that can be accessed by a general purpose or special purpose computer, including the functional design of any special purpose processor as discussed above. By way of example, and not limitation, such non-transitory computer-readable media can include RAM, ROM, EEPROM, CD-ROM or other optical disk storage, magnetic disk storage or other magnetic storage devices, or any other medium which can be used to carry or store desired program code means in the form of computer executable instructions, data structures, or processor chip design. When information is transferred or provided over a network or another communications connection (either hardwired, wireless, or combination thereof) to a computer, the computer properly views the connection as a computer-readable medium. Thus, any such connection is properly termed a computer-readable medium. Combinations of the above should also be included within the scope of the computer-readable media. 
     Computer-executable instructions include, for example, instructions and data which cause a general purpose computer, special purpose computer, or special purpose processing device to perform a certain function or group of functions. Computer-executable instructions also include program modules that are executed by computers in stand-alone or network environments. Generally, program modules include routines, programs, components, data structures, objects, and the functions inherent in the design of special-purpose processors, etc. that perform particular tasks or implement particular abstract data types. Computer executable instructions, associated data structures, and program modules represent examples of the program code means for executing steps of the methods disclosed herein. The particular sequence of such executable instructions or associated data structures represents examples of corresponding acts for implementing the functions described in such steps. 
     The techniques provided by the embodiments herein may be implemented on an integrated circuit chip (not shown). The chip design is created in a graphical computer programming language, and stored in a computer storage medium (such as a disk, tape, physical hard drive, or virtual hard drive such as in a storage access network). If the designer does not fabricate chips or the photolithographic masks used to fabricate chips, the designer transmits the resulting design by physical means (e.g., by providing a copy of the storage medium storing the design) or electronically (e.g., through the Internet) to such entities, directly or indirectly. The stored design is then converted into the appropriate format (e.g., GDSII) for the fabrication of photolithographic masks, which typically include multiple copies of the chip design in question that are to be formed on a wafer. The photolithographic masks are utilized to define areas of the wafer (and/or the layers thereon) to be etched or otherwise processed. 
     The resulting integrated circuit chips can be distributed by the fabricator in raw wafer form (that is, as a single wafer that has multiple unpackaged chips), as a bare die, or in a packaged form. In the latter case the chip is mounted in a single chip package (such as a plastic carrier, with leads that are affixed to a motherboard or other higher level carrier) or in a multichip package (such as a ceramic carrier that has either or both surface interconnections or buried interconnections). In any case the chip is then integrated with other chips, discrete circuit elements, and/or other signal processing devices as part of either (a) an intermediate product, such as a motherboard, or (b) an end product. The end product can be any product that includes integrated circuit chips, ranging from toys and other low-end applications to advanced computer products having a display, a keyboard or other input device, and a central processor. 
     The embodiments herein can include both hardware and software elements. The embodiments that are implemented in software include but are not limited to, firmware, resident software, microcode, etc. 
     Furthermore, the embodiments herein can take the form of a computer program product accessible from a computer-usable or computer-readable medium providing program code for use by or in connection with a computer or any instruction execution system. For the purposes of this description, a computer-usable or computer readable medium can be any apparatus that can comprise, store, communicate, propagate, or transport the program for use by or in connection with the instruction execution system, apparatus, or device. 
     The medium can be an electronic, magnetic, optical, electromagnetic, infrared, or semiconductor system (or apparatus or device) or a propagation medium. Examples of a computer-readable medium include a semiconductor or solid state memory, magnetic tape, a removable computer diskette, a random access memory (RAM), a read-only memory (ROM), a rigid magnetic disk and an optical disk. Current examples of optical disks include compact disk—read only memory (CD-ROM), compact disk—read/write (CD-R/W) and DVD. 
     A data processing system suitable for storing and/or executing program code will include at least one processor coupled directly or indirectly to memory elements through a system bus. The memory elements can include local memory employed during actual execution of the program code, bulk storage, and cache memories which provide temporary storage of at least some program code in order to reduce the number of times code must be retrieved from bulk storage during execution. 
     Input/output (I/O) devices (including but not limited to keyboards, displays, pointing devices, etc.) can be coupled to the system either directly or through intervening I/O controllers. Network adapters may also be coupled to the system to enable the data processing system to become coupled to other data processing systems or remote printers or storage devices through intervening private or public networks. Modems, cable modem and Ethernet cards are just a few of the currently available types of network adapters. 
     A representative hardware environment for practicing the embodiments herein is depicted in  FIG. 9 , with reference to  FIGS. 1 through 8 . This schematic drawing illustrates a hardware configuration of an information handling/computer system in accordance with the embodiments herein. The system comprises at least one processor or central processing unit (CPU)  10 . The CPUs  10  are interconnected via system bus  12  to various devices such as a random access memory (RAM)  14 , read-only memory (ROM)  16 , and an input/output (I/O) adapter  18 . The I/O adapter  18  can connect to peripheral devices, such as disk units  11  and tape drives  13 , or other program storage devices that are readable by the system. The system can read the inventive instructions on the program storage devices and follow these instructions to execute the methodology of the embodiments herein. The system further includes a user interface adapter  19  that connects a keyboard  15 , mouse  17 , speaker  24 , microphone  22 , and/or other user interface devices such as a touch screen device (not shown) to the bus  12  to gather user input. Additionally, a communication adapter  20  connects the bus  12  to a data processing network  25 , and a display adapter  21  connects the bus  12  to a display device  23  which may be embodied as an output device such as a monitor, printer, or transmitter, for example. 
     The foregoing description of the specific embodiments will so fully reveal the general nature of the embodiments herein that others can, by applying current knowledge, readily modify and/or adapt for various applications such specific embodiments without departing from the generic concept, and, therefore, such adaptations and modifications should and are intended to be comprehended within the meaning and range of equivalents of the disclosed embodiments. It is to be understood that the phraseology or terminology employed herein is for the purpose of description and not of limitation. Therefore, while the embodiments herein have been described in terms of preferred embodiments, those skilled in the art will recognize that the embodiments herein can be practiced with modification within the spirit and scope of the appended claims.