Patent Publication Number: US-2010128297-A1

Title: On-demand in-time manufacturing of image-based products

Description:
This application is a continuation of and claims priority to commonly assigned pending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/058,068 filed Feb. 15, 2005 by Redd, et al., titled “Image Printing for Multiple Recipients”. U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/058,068 claims priority to commonly assigned U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/627,393, filed Jul. 25, 2003, commonly assigned U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/450,899, filed Nov. 29, 1999, and U.S. Provisional Patent Applications 60/151,533 (filed Aug. 31, 1999), 60/159,372 (filed Oct. 14, 1999), and 60/167,675 (filed Nov. 24, 1999). The disclosures of these related applications are incorporated herein by reference. 
    
    
     TECHNICAL FIELD 
     This application relates to automated systems and processes for on-demand and in-time manufacturing of image-based products. 
     BACKGROUND 
     Traditionally, conventional photo-finishing processes operate in a “linear” manner in which an ordered set of prints are produced from a linear, ordered set of negative images (i.e., a strip of exposed and developed film). For example, in a conventional photo-finishing process, a set of negative images are developed from an exposed film. Typically, the negative images are arranged on the developed film (referred to as a “negative”) in an ordered, linear set. For example, a negative  130  is shown in  FIG. 1  with a set of negative images  132  arranged sequentially on the film. After the negative has been produced in the developing step, prints are printed using the negative. 
     Modern film-processing laboratories are designed to process large reels of film. Each large reel of film is constructed by splicing together several (e.g., around 100 or more) units of film that are received from several customers. Conventional automated printing equipment, however, typically can only associate one set of processing parameters (such as finish, size, and number of copies) with each reel of film that is being processed. As a result, each print produced from the same reel of film is produced with the same processing parameters. For example, as shown in  FIG. 1 , such conventional automated printing equipment can produce a set  134  of prints in which each print in the set  134  is intended for the same recipient  136  and is printed once as a 4″×6″ print with a glossy finish. In a separate processing run in which different processing parameters are entered (e.g., in a subsequent pass of the same reel of film through the automated printing equipment), a second set  138  of prints can be produced from the negative  130  in which each print in the set  138  is intended for the same recipient  140  and is printed three times as a 4″×6″ print with a matte finish. In yet another separate processing run in which different processing parameters are entered, a third set  142  of prints can be produced from the negative  130  in which each print in the set  142  is intended for the same recipient  144  and is printed once as a 5″×7″ print with a glossy finish. 
     Because conventional automated photo-finishing equipment and techniques typically require that each print produced from the same film be produced with the same processing parameters, conventional film-processing labs typically require their customers to choose a single set of processing parameters that will be applied to all the prints to be generated from a given unit of film. In other words, although conventional photo-processing labs allow customers to order “double prints” (i.e., two copies of each image on a unit of film), the customers typically are not able to specify separate processing parameters for the two sets of prints. For example, the customer is not able to specify that one of the sets of prints is to be printed as 4″×6″, glossy prints for the customer&#39;s parents and that the other set of prints is to be printed as 5″×7″, matte prints for the customer. Instead, the customer typically only can specify one set of processing parameters for both sets of prints (e.g., 4″×6″, glossy prints for the customer). Also, customers typically are not allowed to specify processing parameters on a per-image basis (e.g., customers cannot select certain images to be printed twice while the rest of the images in the unit of film are to be printed once or not all). Therefore, if a customer would like to get two prints of certain images within a unit of film, the customer typically has to order two prints of every image in the unit of film. Likewise, the customer typically is unable to specify that only certain images in the unit of film are to be printed; instead, the customer will have to order, and pay for, prints of all the images in a given unit of film. 
     Moreover, information about the images in a given reel of film (e.g., processing parameters, which customer is associated with a particular group of images, etc.) typically is not indicated on the negative film itself. Thus, a technician in the lab cannot detect errors (e.g., the use of incorrect processing parameters, the association of an incorrect customer with a group of images, etc.) using only the film; instead, other ways of keeping track of such information must be used. Typically, bar codes or other records are kept with each reel of film during processing to indicate which customer&#39;s order is associated with that reel. For example, the tape that is used to splice a unit of film onto the reel of film typically includes a bar code that is used to associate a customer with the unit of film. Also, typically these bar codes or other records must be maintained in a precise order so that the prints produced from the reel of film can be associated with the proper customer. If the bar codes or other records are misplaced or somehow get out of order, the prints produced from the reel of film may be associated with the incorrect customer. 
     After the film has been developed and the prints have been printed, the negatives are cut into strips, typically from about 5 to 7 inches in length, and are returned to the customer along with the prints. If the user wishes to have additional prints (often referred to as “reprints”) made, the customer can take the strips of negatives to a photo-finishing lab and request that particular reprints be made from the negative strips. Typically, when ordering reprints, the customer can specify some of the processing parameters (e.g., finish, number of copies, and size) on a per-image basis. However, typically all reprints ordered from a single set of negative strips must be intended for the same recipient (i.e., the customer ordering the reprints). Also, many customers find it inconvenient to keep track of all of their negatives; indeed, customers often lose the negative strips. 
     Typically, after receiving negative strips from a customer, a lab technician tapes the negative strips to a punch tape, which acts as a carrier for the negative strips. The technician must manually identify each negative image in the negative strip from which a reprint is to be created and punch a set of punches in the punch tape next to each of the identified negative images specifying the particular processing parameters designated by the customer. The punch tape (with the negative strips taped to it) then is run through reprint equipment, which produces the specified prints based on the punches. Such conventional processes used by labs to create reprints from negative strips, however, are labor intensive and prone to error. 
     One increasingly popular alternative to conventional, film-based photography is digital photography. A digital camera  108 , shown in  FIG. 2 , enables users to take pictures (i.e., images), which are saved in memory (not shown) within the digital camera  108  in a digital (electronic) format. After taking and storing the images, the user can connect the digital camera  108  to a computer system  100  in order to upload the digital images to the computer&#39;s disk drive or other non-volatile memory  110 . Once the digital images are uploaded to the computer system  100 , the user can erase the digital images from the memory of the digital camera  108  so that the user can take and store additional images using the digital camera  108 . 
     The computer system  100  typically includes a hardware setup for executing software that allows a user to perform tasks such as communicating with other computer users, accessing various computer resources, and viewing, creating, or otherwise manipulating electronic content—that is, any combination of text, images, movies, music or other sounds, animations, 3D virtual worlds, and links to other objects. The system includes various input/output (I/O) devices (mouse  103 , keyboard  105 , display  107 ) in addition to the digital camera  108  and a general purpose computer  100  having a central processor unit (CPU)  121 , an I/O unit  117  and a memory  109  that stores data and various programs such as an operating system  111 , and one or more application programs  113 . The computer system  100  also typically includes non-volatile memory  110  (e.g., flash RAM, a hard disk drive, and/or a floppy disk or other removable storage media) and a communications card or device  123  (e.g., a modem or network adapter) for exchanging data with a network  127  via a communications link  125  (e.g., a telephone line). 
     In addition to taking digital pictures with a digital camera  108 , users can obtain digital images, for example, of film-based prints from a traditional camera, by sending an exposed film into a photo-finishing service, which develops the film to make prints and then scans the prints or negatives to generate digital image files. The digital image files then can be transmitted back to the user by e-mail or on a CD-ROM, diskette, or other removable storage medium. 
     In any event, once the digital images are stored on the computer  100 , a user can perform various operations on them. For example, an image viewer application can be used to view the images or a photo editor application can be used to touch-up or otherwise modify the images. In addition, an electronic messaging (e.g., e-mail) application can be used to transmit the digital images to other users. 
     In addition to viewing the digital images on the computer display  107 , users often desire to have hard copies (physical prints) made of digital images. Such hard copies can be generated locally by the user using output devices such an inkjet printer or a dye sublimation printer. In addition, users can transmit digital images (e.g., either over a computer network or by using a physical storage medium such as a floppy disk) to a photo-finishing service, which can make hard copies of the digital images and send them (e.g., by U.S. Mail or courier service) back to the user. 
       FIGS. 3A-3F  show a sequence of screen shots that a user might encounter when transmitting digital images to a photo-finishing service to have hard copies (prints) made of the images. In  FIG. 3A , the user first encounters a contact information window  200  in which the user must enter several items of contact information such as first and last names  202 ,  204 , address  206 , city  208 , state  210 , country  210 , phone  214 , fax  216 , and e-mail address  218 . This information typically is required by the photo-finishing service for purposes of billing and shipping. 
     After the user has entered the required information, the user presses the “Next” button  220  to arrive at the next screen—an image selection window  222  as shown in  FIGS. 3B and 3C . In the image selection window  222 , the user designates the specific images of which hard copies are to be made. The digital images either can be selected from among the images stored on the user&#39;s computer by clicking the “Select Image . . . ” button  230  or they can be acquired from a digital camera or scanner attached to the user&#39;s computer by clicking the “Acquire Image . . . ” button  232 . Once selected, the images can be viewed and/or cropped by clicking on the “View/Crop” button  234 . 
     The user can designate the hard copy format and other parameters (e.g., size, number of copies, paper type) on a per-image basis. That is, for each selected image, the user must specify the hard copy format and other parameters by selecting or entering the desired options using drop-down list  224  and text box  226 . This approach requires the user to go through the option selection process multiples times in order to order multiple images. The selected images and their associated parameters are shown in display area  228 . Typically, each order for prints must meet a minimum order amount  223  (e.g., five dollars). 
     After the images and their respective hard copy parameters have been selected, the user clicks the Next button  236  and a shipping and payment information window  238  is presented. In this window  238 , the user selects a desired shipping method from drop-down list  240  and specifies a method of payment and associated verification information in text boxes  242 ,  244 ,  246  and  248 . 
     After this information has been provided, the user clicks the Next button  250  and is presented with an order confirmation window as shown in  FIG. 3E . The order verification window  250  allows the user to view and confirm the order including the images selected and their respective parameters in display area  252 , as well as the price of the order  254 . If the user is satisfied with the order, the user clicks the Finish button  256  to complete the order. 
     Upon completing the order, the images are uploaded to the photo-finishing service as indicated by the upload window  258  in  FIG. 3F . Once the images are uploaded, the photo-finishing service arranges to have prints made of the selected images and to have the prints mailed to the recipient and address specified in the contact information window  200 . If the user desires to have prints of the same (or different) images sent to another person (e.g., a family member or friend), the user typically must repeat the entire order generating process represented by  FIGS. 3A-3F . Generally, repeating the ordering process to send prints to another person involves entering a considerable amount of redundant information, meeting the minimum order amount for each order, and incurring separate charges on the user&#39;s credit card (or other financial instrument). 
     The present inventors recognized that it would be advantageous to take a single multiple-recipient order for image prints, break it down into sub-orders corresponding to a single recipient, break down each sub-order into printable units (referred to as “sub-batches”) having matching processing parameters, and scheduling and printing the sub-batches on automated printing equipment in an optimized manner. 
     SUMMARY 
     Implementations may include various combinations of the following features. 
     In one aspect, a method of backprinting image prints includes receiving an order specifying one or more recipients and, for each specified recipient, a set of one or more images associated with that recipient. The method may also include, for each recipient specified by the order, separating the images associated with the recipient into at least one printable unit of images and, for each printable unit, printing each image in the printable unit on a first side of an image print. The method further may include backprinting on the other side of one or more of the image prints. 
     Non-image information (e.g., an image number associated with the image, a printable unit number associated with the printable unit from which the image print was printed, an order number associated with the order from which the image print was printed, reorder information such as a telephone number and/or a universal resource locator for a website from which prints can be reordered, a bar code, and a message) may be backprinted on at least one image print. A bar code backprinted on the image print may encode an audio message, the image number associated with the image, and/or the printable unit number associated with the printable unit from which the image print was printed. A message backprinted on image print may have been received from a user. Also, the method may include backprinting a first message (e.g., a first message received from a user) on the other side of one or more image prints associated with a first recipient and backprinting another message, different from the first message, (e.g., another message received from a user) on the other side of one or more image prints associated with another recipient. The message backprinted on an image print may include, for example, the name of the photographer who took the image, the date the image was taken, the date the image was printed, a copyright notice, language describing any legal restrictions on using the image, and an advertisement. 
     The method may also include, prior to backprinting, inverting the image print, aligning the inverted image print, and reducing curling of the image print (e.g., using suction). The method may further include, for each recipient, separating the images associated with the recipient into one or more sub-orders. Also, separating the images associated with the recipient into at least one printable unit of images may include, for each sub-order, separating the images associated with the sub-order into one or more sub-batches where each sub-batch represents a printable unit. 
     In another aspect, a backprinting system may include a front-end computer sub-system for receiving an order specifying one or more recipients and, for each specified recipient, a set of one or more images associated with that recipient. The system also may include a scheduler, in communication with the front-end computer sub-system and the plurality of printers, that, for each recipient specified by the order, separates the images associated with the recipient into at least one printable unit of images. The system may further include one or more printers, in communication with the scheduler, for printing each image in a printable unit on a first side of an image print. Moreover, the system may include one or more backprinters, each backprinter receiving one or more image prints from at least one of the one or more printers and backprinting on the other side of the one or more image prints. Each backprinter may backprint non-image information on the one or more image prints. 
     The non-image information may include an image number associated with the image, a printable unit number associated with the printable unit from which the image print was printed, an order number associated with the order from which the image print was printed, reorder information (e.g., a telephone number and/or a universal resource locator for a website from which prints can be reordered), a bar code (e.g., a bar code encoding an audio message, the image number associated with the image, and/or the printable unit number associated with the printable unit from which the image print was printed), and a message. 
     The front-end computer sub-system may receives a message that is backprinted on an image print from a user. Also, each backprinter may backprint a first message (e.g., a message received from a user) on the other side of one or more image prints associated with a first recipient and may backprint another message, different from the first message, (e.g., a message received from a user) on the other side of one or more image prints associated with a second recipient. The message may include the name of the photographer who took the image, the date the image was taken, the date the image was printed, a copyright notice, language describing any legal restrictions on using the image, and an advertisement. 
     The system may include an inverter that inverts the image print prior to backprinting, an alignment device that aligns the inverted image print prior to backprinting, and curl reduction equipment that reduces curling of the image print prior to backprinting (e.g., a vacuum table that uses suction to reduce curling of the image print). The scheduler may further include scheduler software embodied in a computer-readable medium comprising instructions for causing the scheduler to separate the images associated with the recipient into one or more sub-orders. The scheduler software may further include instructions for causing the scheduler, for each sub-order, to separate the images associated with the sub-order into one or more sub-batches, each sub-batch representing a printable unit. 
     In another aspect, a method of backprinting an image may include receiving backprinting information from a user, printing an image on a first side of an image print, and backprinting the backprinting information on the other side of one or more of the image prints. The method may also include receiving an image from a user. 
     The backprinting information may include non-image information such as an image number associated with the image, a printable unit number associated with the printable unit from which the image print was printed, an order number associated with the order from which the image print was printed, reorder information (e.g., a telephone number and/or a universal resource locator for a website from which prints can be reordered), a bar code (e.g., a bar code that encodes one or more of the following: an audio message, the image number associated with the image, and the printable unit number associated with the printable unit from which the image print was printed), and a message (e.g., a message including the name of the photographer who took the image, the date the image was taken, the date the image was printed, a copyright notice, language describing any legal restrictions on using the image, and/or an advertisement). The user from which the backprinting information is received may be different from the user from which the image is received. The method may also include, prior to backprinting, inverting the image print, aligning the inverted image, and reducing curling of the image (e.g., using suction). 
     In another aspect, a backprinting system may include a front-end computer sub-system for receiving an image and backprinting information from a user. The system may also include a printer in communication with the front-end computer sub-system for printing the image on a first side of an image print. The system further may include a backprinter that receives one or more image prints from the printer and backprints the backprinting information on the other side of the one or more image prints. The backprinting information may include information generated by the backprinting system. 
     Also, the backprinting information may include non-image information (e.g., an image number associated with the image, a printable unit number associated with the printable unit from which the image print was printed, an order number associated with the order from which the image print was printed, reorder information, a bar code, and a message). The reorder information may include a telephone number and/or a universal resource locator for a website from which prints can be reordered. The message may include the name of the photographer who took the image, the date the image was taken, the date the image was printed, a copyright notice, language describing any legal restrictions on using the image, and an advertisement. The non-image information may optionally include a bar code that encodes an audio message, the image number associated with the image, and/or the printable unit number associated with the printable unit from which the image print was printed. 
     The system may also include an inverter that inverts the image print prior to backprinting, an alignment device that aligns the inverted image print prior to backprinting, and curl reduction equipment that reduces curling of the image print prior to backprinting (e.g., a vacuum table that uses suction to reduce curling of the image print). 
     In another aspect, an article of manufacture may include an image print medium having a scanable symbol (e.g., encoding user-input information) embodied on the back of the image print. The scanable symbol may cause a scanner to decode information encoded in the scanable symbol when the scanable symbol is scanned by the scanner. The scanner may decode any user-input information encoded in the scanable symbol. For example, the scanable symbol may be a bar code that causes a bar code reader to decode information encoded in the bar code. The bar code may encode an audio message (e.g., a user-input audio message) that causes the bar code reader to play the audio message when the bar code reader scans the bar code. The bar code may also encode a number associated with the article of manufacture, which causes the scanner to identify the article of manufacturer by decoding the number. 
     One or more of the following advantages may be provided. The systems and techniques described here provide an efficient mechanism for printing images in an optimized manner. An order of images to be printed can be divided into one or more printable units of images that can be separately scheduled for printing. By dividing an order into printable units of images, the separate printable units can be printed in a non-linear manner in order to use more efficiently available printing resources. For example, a single multiple-recipient order can be divided into sub-orders corresponding to a single recipient; then, each sub-order can be divided into sub-batches, which correspond to separate printable units. Sub-batches from different sub-orders and different orders can be sorted and combined into a batch for printing on the available printing resources. 
     In addition, such sub-batches or other printable units can be scheduled for printing according to a global scheduling algorithm in which orders to be printed during a given unit of time (e.g., a work shift) are divided into sub-orders and sub-batches at the beginning of the shift. Then, batches are assembled from the sub-batches and scheduled for printing during the shift so as to optimize the use of printing resources over the course of the shift. Also, an immediate or just-in-time scheduling algorithm can be used in which orders are received and divided into sub-orders and sub-batches periodically over the course of a shift; batches are assembled and assigned to printers periodically during the shift based on the sub-batches and printers that are currently available when the batch is assembled. 
     Also, the systems and techniques described here provide mechanisms for providing improved control and tracking of the image printing process. For example, a low resolution camera can be used to capture low-resolution data that can be used to perform image print verification checks (i.e., checks of the ordering of the image prints) and quality checks (i.e., checks of the image quality of the image prints). Moreover, bar code readers can be used to read bar codes printed on destination identifier prints and/or the backs of image prints in order to identify when sub-batches and image prints have been printed, backprinted, binned, and/or shipped. 
     Moreover, photo-sensors positioned along a print line can be used to develop timing data that can be used for the detection of error conditions in the print line. For example, timing data can be used to develop a line profile that identifies how long it should take a given image print to pass the various photo sensors and a batch profile that identifies how long it should take successive image prints to pass a given photo sensor. The timing data can be used to detect conditions such as paper jams and for process control. 
     Additionally, a print line can be provided that is fully automated (i.e., does not require an operator to perform any of the line processing functions) from the point the images are uploaded by a user until the packaged image prints are placed in a shipping bin for shipping to the specified recipients. For example, an automated insertion system can be used to automatically insert fully processed image prints into packaging material, seal the packaging material, and/or sort the packaged image prints into appropriate shipping bins. 
     Furthermore, the state of each image print that is to be generated from an order can also be tracked so as to provide more precise tracking and error recovery. For example, the states that are tracked for each image print to be generated from an order can include an “Entered” state indicating that the image from which the image print is to be generated has been included in an order but has not yet been sent to a print lab or print line for printing, a “Processing” state indicating that the image from which the image print is to be generated has been sent to a print lab or print line for printing, a “Binned” state indicating that the image print has been printed and binned, and a “Shipped” state indicating that the image print has been shipped. The states also can include a “Stored” state indicating that the image print has been stored, e.g., for consolidation with other image prints. The multiple states can be used to track the image prints as they are being printed and to recover from errors in the printing process. For example, if an error occurs during the processing of a given batch, image prints from the batch that are in the Processing state when the error occurred still need to be printed after the error has been removed while any image prints from the batch that are in the Binned state or Shipped state when the error occurred need not be printed again once the error is removed from the print line. As a result, the amount of rework required to recover from errors can be reduced. 
     Also, backprinting information (e.g., non-image information) can be backprinted on the back of an image print. The information backprinted on the back of an image print can be used, for example, in the print lab to identify and/or track individual image prints as well as the sub-batches, batches, sub-orders, and orders with which the image prints are associated. Also, the backprinted information can be used to convey additional information to a recipient of the image print (e.g., a user-input message, advertisement, where reprints can be ordered, and/or tracking information such as an image number and/or sub-order or order number). The backprinting information can also be used to encode an audio message (e.g., an audio message provided by the photographer or other user) in a bar code that the recipient of the image print can decode to listen to the audio message. 
     The details of one or more embodiments are set forth in the accompanying drawings and in the description below. Other features, objects, and advantages of the invention will become apparent from the description and drawings, and from the claims. 
    
    
     
       DRAWING DESCRIPTIONS 
         FIG. 1  is diagram illustrating a linear process of printing images. 
         FIG. 2  is a block diagram showing a typical computer architecture. 
         FIGS. 3A-3F  show a series of typical display windows that a user might encounter when ordering image prints online. 
         FIG. 4A  is a block diagram of a system for making and distributing image prints. 
         FIG. 4B  is a diagram illustrating a non-linear workflow for instantiating multiple instances of images and re-arranging them into sub-orders. 
         FIG. 5  is a flowchart of distributing image prints to multiple destinations. 
         FIG. 6  is a flowchart of a process of fulfilling customer orders using a non-linear workflow model. 
         FIG. 7  is an example of a destination identifier print 
         FIG. 8  is an example backprinted image print. 
         FIG. 9  is a block diagram of a print lab system. 
         FIG. 10  is block diagram of lab equipment and personnel that can be used in the print lab system of  FIG. 9 . 
         FIG. 11  is a block diagram of a print verification and quality control equipment that can be used in the print lab system of  FIG. 9 . 
         FIG. 12  is a block diagram of a roll-to-roll type printer system that can be used in the print lab system of  FIG. 9 . 
         FIGS. 13A-B  are schematic diagrams of a chute inverter that can be used in the print lab system of  FIG. 9 . 
         FIG. 14  is schematic diagram of a skew conveyor that can be used in the print lab system of  FIG. 9 . 
         FIG. 15A  is a schematic diagram of a properly aligned image print as it passes the sensor of  FIG. 14 . 
         FIG. 15B  is an example of a signal that is produced as result of the image print of  FIG. 15A . 
         FIG. 15C  is a schematic diagram of a misaligned image print as it passes the sensor of  FIG. 14 . 
         FIG. 15D  is an example of a signal that is produced as a result of the image print of  FIG. 15C . 
         FIG. 16  is a schematic diagram of binning equipment that can be used in the print lab system of  FIG. 9 . 
         FIG. 17  is a perspective diagram of the bin shown in  FIG. 16 . 
         FIG. 18  is a block diagram of packaging, shipping, and storage equipment that can be used in the print lab system of  FIG. 9   
         FIG. 19  is perspective diagram of a storage rack that can be used in the print lab system of  FIG. 9 . 
         FIG. 20  is block diagram of an automated insertion system that can be used in the print lab system of  FIG. 9 . 
         FIG. 21  is state diagram showing of states that are tracked in the print lab system of  FIG. 9 . 
         FIG. 22  is a perspective diagram of an inverter that can be used in the print lab system of  FIG. 9 . 
         FIG. 23  is a side view of the inverter of  FIG. 22 . 
         FIG. 24  is a perspective view of an inverter that can be used in the print lab system of  FIG. 9 . 
         FIG. 25  is a side view of the inverter of  FIG. 24 . 
         FIG. 26  is a schematic diagram illustrating the operation of the inverter of  FIG. 24 . 
     
    
    
     Like reference numbers and designations in the various drawings indicate like elements. 
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
       FIG. 4A  is a block diagram of one deployment of a print generation and distribution system  300 . In general, the system of  FIG. 4A  enables users to transmit images to a photo-finisher and then order prints of those images to be sent to one or more recipients. In  FIG. 4A , one or more customers  302 - 304  communicate with the system  300  over a wide area network  310  such as the Internet. In one embodiment, the system  300  stores digital images that have been submitted by the customers  302 - 304  over the Internet for subsequent printing and delivery to designated recipients. 
     The system  300  has a web front-end computer system  320  that is connected to the network  310 . The web front-end computer system  320  receives customer input or requests from the network  310  and communicates the received information to an image archive database  330 . The image archive database  330  captures images submitted by the customers  302 - 304  and archives these images for rapid retrieval when needed. The information stored in the image archive database  330  in turn is provided to a print laboratory system  340  for generating high resolution, high quality photographic prints. The output from the print lab system  340  in turn is provided to a distribution system  350  that delivers the physical prints to the customers  302 - 304  and/or to their respective designated recipients. Further details on the print generation and distribution system are provided in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/428,871, filed Oct. 27, 1999, and entitled “Multi-Tier Data Storage System,” which is incorporated by reference. 
     Although the print lab system  340  and the distribution system  350  are represented as separate boxes in  FIG. 4A , in various implementations they can be integrated in whole or in part. For example, the print lab system  340  can be designed to generate prints in a manner and/or in an order that readily facilitates physical shipment of the prints to their respective ultimate destinations. (As used herein, “destination” is used to include a shipping address, for example, a post office address for an enterprise or an individual, and/or a name of a specific individual or group of individuals residing at a given shipping address.) In one implementation, a single print order received at the web front-end  320  could be divided into sub-orders, each of which corresponds to a set of prints to be generated and delivered to a separate destination address and/or intended recipient. Then, for each order, the print lab system  340  could create multiple instances of images and rearrange them as needed to build the constituent sub-orders. Each sub-order then is sent to the printing system to generate a separate run of prints for the recipient associated with the sub-order under consideration. 
     In general, this process of instantiating multiple image instances and re-ordering those instances as appropriate to build sub-orders represents a non-linear workflow model which, among other advantages, enables a user, through a single print order (delimited, for example, by a single transaction sequence and/or a single credit or debit card charge), to specify multiple different recipients, each of whom can receive his or her own personalized set of prints in which each can be generated according to customizable parameters (e.g., size, number of copies, finish, personal message, etc.). In addition, the non-linear workflow can cause a dramatic increase in the efficiency and/or speed with which prints can be generated and distributed to one or more recipients. 
       FIG. 4B  illustrates an example of a non-linear workflow in which sub-orders are generated from a print order specifying multiple recipients. In this example, assume that a user places an order  352  for prints (for example, by creating associations between images and recipients) identifying three different recipients A, B, and C, each of whom is to receive a set of prints selected from images 1-10. In this example, assume that Recipient A is to receive prints of Images 1, 2, 4 and 8 (Recipient A&#39;s image associations are indicated by solid lines), Recipient B is to receive prints of images 1, 7 and 9 (Recipient B&#39;s image associations are indicated by dashed lines) and Recipient C is to receive prints of Images 1, 2 and 7 (Recipient C&#39;s image associations are indicated by dotted lines). The images 1, 2, 4, 7, 8, and 9 in print order  352  are then instantiated and re-organized as appropriate to generate, or build, three separate sub-orders  354 ,  356 ,  358 —one for each of the three different recipients A, B, C, respectively. Each of these sub-orders in turn is sent to the printing system to generate a contiguous run of prints for the associated recipient. 
     According to this example, Image 1 would be instantiated three times, once for each of the three different print sub-orders  354 ,  356 , and  358  in which it is included (that is, each of Recipients A, B, and C is to receive a print of Image 1). Similarly, Image 2 would be instantiated twice (one instance for Recipient A&#39;s sub-order  354  and another instance for Recipient C&#39;s sub-order  358 ), as would Image 7 (one instance for Recipient B&#39;s sub-order  356  and another instance for Recipient C&#39;s sub-order  358 ). Each of the remaining images (4, 8 and 9) would be instantiated only once because in each case the image is being printed for, and sent to, only a single recipient (equivalently, is part of a single sub-order). As the images are instantiated according to the various sub-orders for which they are required, the image instances are inserted into a sub-order sequence, which when completely built, can be sent to the printer to generate a corresponding run of prints. 
     In one implementation, a sub-order requires only a single instance of each image to be sent to the printer even if multiple copies (and/or prints of varying sizes and/or finishes) of the image are to be printed. This is because the printer can be instructed by a control system to print multiple copies of a single image on an individual image basis. Alternatively, if the system designer found it desirable to do so, a sub-order could include multiple instances of an image, one instance for each different copy of that image to be printed. Although this generally would result in larger sub-orders that required more memory and/or storage space, it could potentially simplify the print generation control process. However, if a sub-order requests that a given image be image processed in two or more different ways before printing (e.g., specifying that one copy of the image be processed by applying a soft-focus filter to the image and that another copy of the same image be processed without applying the soft-focus filter), then the sub-order should include multiple, different instances of the image. 
     Typically each run of prints (corresponding to a separate sub-order) is preceded (or followed) by a destination identifier, for example, a print that includes the name and address of the intended recipient for the run under consideration. This destination identifier separates adjacent runs and provides a convenient delimiter and/or address label to allow the distribution system  350  to package up runs of prints quickly and efficiently and to initiate delivery of them to their respective intended recipients. 
       FIG. 5  is a flowchart of a process that allows a user to transmit images to a photo-finisher and then order prints of those images to be sent to one or more recipients. In general, the print generation and multi-recipient distribution process of  FIG. 5  is oriented to an image, or set of images, of which a user desires to distribute prints to a group of one or more recipients. That is, a user&#39;s print order is delimited by a set of images selected by the user and not by the number or location of recipients to receive the prints. 
     Before the user can order prints, the user&#39;s images first are transmitted to the photo-finisher (step  400 ). Such transmission of images can be accomplished in any of several different manners. For example, if the images have been generated with a digital camera or any of various computer software (e.g., a graphics program such as Adobe Photoshop) or hardware devices (e.g., scanner), then the user has the option of transmitting the digital image files to the photo-finisher&#39;s host computer, for example, over a computer network such as the Internet. Any available protocol (FTP, HTTP, etc.) or electronic communication application (e.g., e-mail, special-purpose software provided by the photo-finisher) could be used for this purpose. 
     Alternatively, the digital images first could be stored on a physical storage medium (a floppy disk, a read/write CD-ROM, a Flash memory card, etc.) and then sent to the photo-finisher&#39;s place of business by U.S. mail or overnight courier. The photo-finisher then could read the images from the storage medium and return it to the user, potentially in the same package as the user&#39;s print order. In addition, the photo-finisher could load data or programs for the user&#39;s benefit onto the storage medium before returning it to the user. For example, the photo-finisher could load the storage medium with image viewing or editing software to allow the user to better manage images. The photo-finisher also could load calibration or control data onto the storage medium, which the user could load onto his or her computer to be able to view the images, or print them on a local printer, with improved color accuracy. Alternatively, or in addition, if the storage medium was, for example, a FLASH memory card of the type used in certain models of digital cameras card (e.g., SmartMedia™ or CompactFlash™), then the photo-finisher could load control data or driver programs on to the FLASH memory card that, when loaded into the digital camera, would modify its behavior, for example, to enhance color accuracy or other performance characteristics. Typically, storing data on a FLASH memory card in this manner to modify digital camera behavior would require cooperation from, and/or a business arrangement with, one or more digital camera manufacturers. 
     If the images originate from physical photographic media (e.g., exposed film, previously processed negatives, prints), then the user could send the desired items to the photo-finisher, which would, for example, develop the exposed film and scan the resulting prints or negatives to produce corresponding digital image files. The capability to handle physical photographic media enables, for example, a user to send a collection of old prints and/or negatives to the photo-finisher, which could then scan the photographic media to generate digital images. 
     Another alternative for transmitting a user&#39;s images to the photo-finisher involves the use of a public entry terminal (also referred to variously as a “digital drop-box,” a “point-of-sale (POS) station” and/or a “kiosk”). A public entry terminal essentially is a special-purpose computer system that is made publicly available (e.g., in a shopping mall, video arcade, supermarket, drug store, post office, etc.) and which is designed to capture users&#39; image data. The public entry terminal typically would be in communication with the photofinisher&#39;s host system, for example, over the Internet, a virtual private network or dedicated telephone line, and could transmit images captured from users to the photo-finisher&#39;s facility to have prints made. 
     For example, a public entry terminal placed at a drug store could have a slot that accepts removable storage media, such as a FLASH memory card. On insertion, the public entry terminal could read image files from the inserted storage medium. Alternatively, or in addition, the public terminal could include one or more data ports (e.g., a USB or SCSI port) through which users could upload images to the public terminal directly from their digital cameras. The uploaded image files could be displayed on a monitor to the user, who could then select images of which prints are desired, specify print parameters, and designate recipients for the prints. In addition, the public entry terminal could include application software or utilities that allow users to edit images as desired, for example, to resize or crop images, to change an image&#39;s orientation, to remove redeye, to modify the color characteristics, etc. In any event, after the user had uploaded his or her images and has specified the images to be printed and their respective intended recipients, the public entry terminal could formulate a corresponding order and forward it on the photo-finisher&#39;s host system to initiate fulfillment. 
     Such a public terminal also could include a scanner for creating digital image files by scanning a user&#39;s prints or negatives. After the digital image files had been generated, the user could proceed to view, manipulate and/or order prints in the manners described above. The public entry terminal potentially also could support various electronic payment and authorization mechanisms, for example, a credit or debit card reader in communication with a payment authorization center, to enable users to pay for their prints at the time of ordering. 
     However they are transmitted, after the photo-finisher is in possession of the user&#39;s digital images, the photo-finisher can make them available to the user online, for example, by hosting the images on a webpage at which the user can view and access the images using a browser application (step  402 ). The user accesses the photo-finisher&#39;s website to designate which of the images should be printed, parameters relating to printing (e.g., finish, size, number of copies), and one or more recipients to whom the prints are to be sent. 
     In addition to hosting the user&#39;s images on a webpage, the photo-finisher also can store the images in an archive (e.g., a database management system (DBMS)) so that the user, and/or others given authorization by the user, can access them at any time in the future. Such access might be desired to order additional prints or simply to be able to share an online photo album among specified users. With regard to the former (ordering additional prints), each print could be encoded on its back or front with a print re-order number that uniquely identifies the print and/or the particular recipient of the print. Such a print re-order number could be used by a print recipient to order additional copies of the print. For example, by maintaining an automatic telephone response system at the photofinisher&#39;s facility, a print recipient could call a toll-free telephone number (also potentially printed on the print) associated with the automatic response system and punch in the unique re-order number for the print of which an additional copy is desired. Optionally, the user also could key in appropriate information using the telephone keypad to specify parameters for the re-ordered print (e.g., size, number of copies, finish). If no such optional print parameters were entered by the recipient, a default condition could be to use the parameters of the original print copy received by that recipient. In any event, the automatic response system could use the entered unique re-order number to generate an order for the particular print identified by the re-order number and then have the print delivered to the recipient identified by the re-order number. 
     With regard to access to an online photo album, such a historical image archive would provide a valuable asset to users because, unlike some other data types, the value of image data generally increases with time. In addition, maintaining an online archive of a user&#39;s images allows the user to access the images regardless of the user&#39;s location, and frees the user from having to use lots of disk space or other storage capacity to store the images locally. 
     After the user&#39;s images have reached the photo-finisher and have been made available online, the user can place an order with the photo-finisher (step  404 ). One way to place an order is by having the user view the images online, for example, with a browser and selectively designate which images should be printed. The user also will specify one or more recipients to whom prints should be distributed and, further, print parameters for each of the individual recipients, for example, not only parameters such as the size, number of copies and print finish, but potentially also custom messages to be printed on the back or front of a print. As used herein, the term “print” refers to any physical manifestation, or process for generating a physical manifestation, of graphical information. This includes of course photographic prints, but also any other item to which graphical information can be imparted, for example, greeting or holiday cards, books, calendars, playing cards, T-shirts, coffee mugs, mouse pads, key-chains, or any other type of gift or novelty item. Further details on how to allow a user to place an order are provided in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/436,704, filed Nov. 9, 1999, and entitled “Distributing Images to Multiple Recipients,” which is incorporated by reference and from which priority is claimed. 
     After the prints, recipients and respective parameters have been specified, the user&#39;s order is fulfilled by making prints of the designated images and distributing them to the specified recipients (step  406 ). In general, fulfillment can be accomplished either by the photo-finisher itself or by another entity or company in cooperation with the photo-finisher. Potentially, the photo-finisher could have business arrangements with two or more different fulfillment companies, which could be dispersed geographically (at various locations around the country or world) to minimize shipping costs, labor costs and/or delivery time. Alternatively, or in addition, different fulfillment companies could be used which have different areas of expertise or production capability. For example, one fulfillment company could specialize in making standard photographic prints, another fulfillment company could specialize in printing greeting cards, yet another fulfillment company could specialize in generating T-shirts, and so on. 
     Distribution and delivery of the prints to recipients could be accomplished by any of various techniques. For example, standard U.S. Mail or courier services (e.g., Federal Express or UPS) could be employed. Alternatively, the photo-finisher could have a business arrangement with various other service or delivery companies to deliver print orders along with other regularly scheduled deliveries. For example, the photo-finisher could have a business arrangement with a delivery or service company (e.g., Webvan, an online grocer in the San Francisco Bay area, or Streamline, Inc., a goods/services/convenience portal head-quartered in the Boston area) in which the prints for a particular recipient would be generated on the delivery/service company&#39;s premises and then delivered either alone or along with that recipient&#39;s order of other goods/services. 
       FIG. 6  is a flowchart of a process  500  of fulfilling customer orders using a non-linear workflow model. The orders are received in step  502 . For example, orders that have been input by users (e.g., via the web front-end computer system  320 ) can be stored in a database (e.g., an orders database  602  shown in  FIG. 9 ). When the photo-finisher (also referred to herein as a “print lab”) is available to make prints, the photo-finisher can request that one or more user orders be transmitted to the photo-finisher (e.g., from the orders database  602 ), which then receives the transmitted orders. 
     In step  504 , an ordering or sequence of the images for printing (referred to as a “print ordering”) is generated. In other words, the images received from the user as a part of the order are rearranged (and later printed) in an order that is suitable and/or optimized for printing the images on a particular print line at a particular print lab. Thus, the images are not necessarily printed in the same order in which they were captured and/or supplied to the system by the user. 
     For example, the received orders can be separated (either physically or logically) into sub-orders, each of which corresponds to a set of prints (or other physical manifestation) to be generated and delivered to a separate destination address and/or intended recipient. The sub-orders can then be separated (either physically or logically) into printable units (also referred to as “sub-batches”). Each sub-batch corresponds to a set of prints that can be generated on the same printer (or other device for preparing a physical manifestation of a particular image) without having to manually reconfigure the printer (e.g., to produce prints of a different size) while the sub-batch is printing. Separating an order into sub-orders and sub-batches results in a print ordering in which each image for a given sub-batch is arranged (either physically or logically) together so that the images in a given sub-batch can be printed successively on the same printer without having to manually reconfigure the print while the sub-batch is printing. In other words, each image in a given printable unit (or sub-batch) has print parameters (e.g., size, finish, etc.) that are similar enough to the print parameters specified for the other images in the same printable unit so that the entire printable unit can be printed without having to manually reconfigure the printer while the printable unit is printing (referred to herein as “continuously printing” the printable unit). For example, one image from a given printable unit can specify that one copy of the image should be printed, while another copy from the same printable can specify that two copies of that image should be printed; however, because printers typically do not need to be manually reconfigured to print differing numbers of copies of an image, the fact that these two images specify that different number of copies of the respective images should be printed would not prevent these two images from being included in the same printable unit. 
     Moreover, batches (also referred to as “runs”) can be assembled (either physically or logically) from the sub-batches. A batch can contain sub-batches from different orders, all of the sub-batches in a given batch being able to be printed on the same printer without having to manually reconfigure the printer while the batch is printing. The batches are assembled and a printer is designated for the batch based on, for example, the availability and capabilities (e.g., print size, finish, capacity, etc.) of the printers. Also, the assembly of batches and designation of printers for each batch can be done using a “global” scheduling algorithm in which a group of orders that are to be printed in a given period of time (e.g., in a particular work shift) are received and separated into sub-orders and sub-batches at the beginning of the shift; then, the batches are assembled and the printers are designated for each batch so that the batches are printed efficiently (or according to some criterion other than efficiency) using the available printers. 
     Alternatively, or in addition, an “immediate” scheduling algorithm can be used to assemble batches and select printers. In an immediate scheduling algorithm, orders are received at the print lab and separated into sub-orders and sub-batches periodically throughout a given shift. Batches are assembled and assigned to printers periodically during the shift based on the sub-batches and printers that are currently available when the batch is assembled. In any event, after a printer has been designated for a batch, the batch can be queued for printing (e.g., in a queue maintained by a line controller associated with the designated printer). 
     In step  506 , each image in the order is image processed. Image processing may include correcting any errors or other undesirable artifacts resulting from the capture of the image or performing other image processing based on information related to the input device used to capture the image. Also, image processing may include calibrating and/or optimizing the image for printing on a particular printer or other output device that will be used to create a print and/or may include performing other image processing based on information related to the printer or other output device. 
     Image processing that does not depend on which type of printer or other output device will ultimately be used need only be performed once for each image in the order regardless of the number of times that the image ultimately will be printed. For example, if an image is to be printed for more than one recipient (e.g., if an image is included in more than one sub-order), such printer-independent processing activities need only be performed once for that image. Also, if a given image is to be printed multiple times on the same type of printer with the same print parameters, those image processing activities that are dependent on which type of printer and/or printer parameters ultimately will be used need only be performed once for that image and need not be performed for each of the multiple times that the image is to be printed on the same type of printer with the same print parameters. 
     Moreover, if the orders are separated into sub-orders and sub-batches as described above, then during image processing a destination identifier image can be created for each sub-batch based on information contained in the sub-batch. The destination identifier image is included in each sub-batch so that a destination identifier print will be printed when the images in that sub-batch are printed. Preferably, the destination identifier image is inserted into the sub-batch so that a destination identifier print will be printed before and/or after the other prints in the sub-batch are printed. By printing the destination identifier print before and/or after the other prints in the sub-batch, the destination identifier print can be used to delimit the various sub-batches within a batch. 
     An example of a destination identifier print  900  (which is printed from a destination identifier image that is created and inserted into a sub-batch) is shown in  FIG. 7 . A destination identifier image from which the destination identifier print  900  can be printed can include data for generating one or more of the following: a message  902  (e.g., a user-specified message or advertisement), thumbnail index  903  including thumbnail images  509 ,  511 ,  513 , and  516 - 518  of the images included in the sub-batch, reordering information  908 , bar code  910  (encoding, for example, shipping or billing information and/or manufacturing process information used to maintain quality control during print generation), and an address field  906  displaying the recipient&#39;s address. In one embodiment, the address field  906  is printed in a specified size and at a specified location so that it will be visible through a windowed envelope. Accordingly, the address field  906  not only serves as an identifier that can be used by the fulfillment enterprise for processing and handling this recipient&#39;s prints, but it also serves as the address label used by the shipper or courier for delivering the prints. In other embodiments, the destination identifier  900  can include virtually any other items of information that might prove useful to the recipient, the fulfillment enterprise, and/or the delivery service. Although the foregoing describes the destination identifier image as being created after the batches have been assembled, it is to be understood that the destination identifier images can be created any time prior to printing. For example, the destination identifier images can be created after the sub-orders are sub-divided into sub-batches. 
     In step  508 , each image is instantiated (e.g., by creating a separate copy of data such as control and/or image data for that image) as needed for printing. For example, if desirable, a given image that is to be printed for multiple recipients can be instantiated at least once for each of the multiple recipients (e.g., for each sub-order and/or for each sub-batch). In addition, or alternatively, if the printer on which a given image is to be printed can operate in a more efficient manner (or if it is otherwise desirable to do so), an image that is to be printed multiple times on given printer can be instantiated once for each time that the image is to be printed. 
     In step  510 , each image is printed (or a physical manifestation of each image is otherwise created) in accordance with the print ordering. The printing operation includes printing or otherwise generating a physical representation of the image (e.g., printing the image on the front side of an image print). Printing can also include printing or otherwise including non-image information (e.g., bar codes, identification numbers, messages, advertisements, reorder information, etc.) on one or more of the prints or other physical manifestations of the image. The non-image information can be used for controlling and monitoring the printing, packaging, and/or shipping of the image and/or can be used to impart predetermined information to the recipient of the image. For example, as shown in  FIG. 8 , non-image information may be printed on the back (i.e., non-image side) of an image print  920  and may include a unique identification number  922  for the image from which the print was made (i.e., an “image ID” number), a unique order identification number  924  (which may encode recipient information), reorder information  926  such as a phone number  928  and/or a URL  930  for a website from which prints can be reordered, a bar code  932  (encoding, for example, an audio message or processing data), and/or a user specified message  934 . Also, a different user specified message  934  can be printed for different recipients (e.g., one message can be printed for the person who took the image and other messages can be specified for the other recipients). In addition, the non-image information may include the name of the photographer who took the image, the date the image was taken, the date the image was printed, a copyright notice, and language describing any legal restrictions on using the image. 
     In one potential implementation, audio samples from a user who is uploading images could be captured, digitized and encoded on the back of one or more image prints. For example, an audio encoder utility on the user&#39;s computer could record a voice message from the user (e.g., “Look at what your grandson is doing now”), associate the captured message with one or more images specified by the user, and then encode the message (e.g., in bar code form) and print it on the back of the corresponding image print. The print recipient could play back the message, and actually hear the image originator&#39;s voice, by using a bar code reader and voice message decoding software. Such a device could be sent to the print recipient along with the print order. 
     In step  512 , the prints or other physical manifestations of the images are then packaged and shipped to their intended recipients. For example, if the orders are separated into sub-orders and sub-batches from which batches are assembled, each sub-batch of prints is packaged and shipped to the recipients associated with that sub-batch. Multiple sub-batches from a given sub-order, which by definition have the same recipient, can be packaged and shipped together (e.g., to save on packing and shipping costs) and/or a sub-order&#39;s sub-batches can be packaged and shipped individually to the sub-batches&#39; respective recipients (e.g., to simplify the packaging and shipping process). 
     One embodiment of a system  600  in which the process  500  can be implemented is shown in  FIG. 9 . In the print lab system  600  shown in  FIG. 9 , each order includes control data and image data. The control data contains information such as print parameters (including print size, number of copies and print finish), user contact information, recipient information (including the shipping address of each recipient and the image IDs of each image associated with that recipient), payment information, and any special messages that are to be printed or encoded on any of the image prints included in the order. The image data includes the pixel data used to generate the image (e.g., JPEG data). In the embodiment shown in  FIG. 9 , the control data and the image data for each order are stored separately after originally being received from the user. The control data for each order is stored in an orders database  602 , while the image data for each order is stored in an image archive database  604 . It is to be understood, however, that at least some, if not all, of the control data can be stored with the image data (e.g., in the image archive database  604  or elsewhere) in either the orders database  602 , the image archive database  604 , or elsewhere, if the system designer found it desirable to do so. 
     The system  600  includes one or more print labs  606  (only one of which is shown in  FIG. 9 ). Each print lab is connected to the orders database  602  and the image archive database  604 . One or more print labs  606  can be physically located with or near the orders database  602  and the image archive database  604  so that the orders database  602  and the image archive database  604  can be connected over a relatively high-speed connection such as a local area network. In addition, or alternatively, one or more of the print labs  606  can be physically located apart from the orders database  602  and the image archive database  604  and/or apart from the other print labs  606 . In such a case, the print labs  606  can be connected to the orders database  602  and the image archive database  604  via a wide area computer network such as the Internet. 
     Each print lab  606  includes a scheduler  608 , an image cache  610  and one or more print lines  612  (only one print line  612  is shown in  FIG. 9 ). The scheduler  608  is connected to the orders database  606  (e.g., over the Internet) and is connected to the image cache  610  and to one or more line controllers  614  that are included in each of the print lines  612 . Each print line  612  also includes a queue  616  for storing batches or other printable units while they are waiting to be printed and line equipment  618  for image processing, printing, packaging and shipping images and the resulting image prints. The scheduler  608  is connected to the image cache  610  and the line controllers  614 , and the line controller  614  is connected to the queue  616  and the line equipment  618  using relatively high-speed, local connections (e.g., over a local area network). 
     The scheduler  608  request orders from the orders database  602 . In response, the orders database  602  sends orders to the scheduler  608  that can be printed on one or more of the print lines  612  included in the print lab  606 , if any such orders are available when the request is received by the orders database  602 . The scheduler  608  can employ, for example, a global scheduling algorithm in which a group of orders to be printed during a given period (e.g., a work shift) are scheduled at the beginning of the shift according to some scheduling criterion (e.g., to print the jobs in an efficient manner). When using such a global scheduling approach, the scheduler  608  polls each of the line controllers  614  in the print lab  606  to identify the capabilities and availability of each print line  612  in the print lab  606 . For example, the line controllers  614  can provide the scheduler  608  with such information as what types of prints the respective print lines  612  can produce (e.g., by specifying print sizes, finishes, etc.) in their current configurations, how many prints the respective print lines  612  can print during the shift (e.g., by specifying how much paper each print line  612  has and the rate at which the print line  612  can produce prints), and how many batches the respective print lines  612  currently have queued for printing. The scheduler  608  uses such information from the line controllers  614  to determine the print lab&#39;s capacity and capabilities during the shift. Such information is conveyed to the orders database  602 , which in response sends orders to the scheduler  608  for printing during that shift. 
     After receiving the orders from the orders database  602 , the scheduler  608  separates the orders into sub-orders and sub-batches. Then, the scheduler  608  assembles batches from the available sub-batches, assigns each batch to a print line  612  that has the capability, and is configured to, print the images in that batch, and arranges the batches for queuing based on the information supplied by the line controller  614 . For example, the scheduler  608  can assemble, assign, and queue the batches in order to enhance the efficiency with which the available print lines  612  are used. Then, each of the batches are queued with the designated print line  612  in the selected order for printing during the shift. 
     Alternatively, or in addition, the scheduler  608  can schedule print jobs using an immediate or “just-in-time” scheduling approach in which orders are requested from the orders database  602  and scheduled for printing as space becomes available on the print lines  612 . When operating in such a just-in-time mode, each line controller  614  sends capability and availability information for that line controller&#39;s print line  612  to the scheduler  608  when the line controller  614  determines that the print line  612  has space available in its queue  616 . The scheduler  608  checks if it can assemble an appropriate batch from any sub-batches currently stored in scheduler&#39;s pool of sub-batches. If it can, an appropriate batch is assembled from the sub-batches currently stored in the scheduler&#39;s pool and sent to the line controller  614 , which stores the batch in its queue  616 . If the scheduler  608  is unable to assemble an appropriate batch that can be printed on the available print line  612 , the scheduler  608  sends a message to the orders database  602  conveying the current capabilities and availability of all the print lines  612  in that scheduler&#39;s print lab  606 . The orders database  602  then sends orders that can be printed on the print lines  612  (preferably orders having at least one or more sub-batches that can be printed immediately on an available print line  612 ) to the scheduler  608 . After receiving any orders from the orders database  602 , the scheduler  608  separates the orders into sub-orders and sub-batches and stores the sub-batches in the scheduler&#39;s pool. Then, the scheduler  608  assembles batches that can be printed on the available print lines  612  from the pooled sub-batches and assigns each batch to a print line  612  that is available and capable of printing the images in that batch. Then, the batch is sent to the assigned print line  612  and stored in that print line&#39;s queue  616 . Any sub-batches that cannot be immediately printed on an available printer line  612  remain in the pool until they can be printed at a later time when a print line  612  capable of printing the sub-batches becomes available. 
     The image cache  610  is connected to the scheduler  608  and includes internal storage (e.g., a hard disk) for storing the image data of images that are queued in the print lines  612 . When the scheduler  608  receives an order from the orders database  602 , the scheduler  608  sends a message to the image cache  610  requesting that the image cache  610  cache the image data for the images included in that order. The image cache  610  checks its internal storage for the image data for the requested images. If the image data is not in its internal storage, the image cache  610  sends a message to the image archive database  604  requesting the image data for those images. In response, the image archive  604  sends the image data for the requested images to the image cache  610 , which stores the image data in its internal storage. When the image cache  610  has stored the image data for an image requested by the scheduler  608 , the image cache  610  sends a message to the scheduler  608  indicating that the image data for the requested image is stored in the image cache  610 . 
     Then, after the scheduler  608  queues a batch of images with a print line  612 , the scheduler  608  sends a message to the image cache  610  requesting that the image cache  610  send the image data for the images in the queued batch to the print line  612 . The image cache  610  sends the image data to the line equipment  618  (specifically, to an image processor  620  shown in  FIG. 10 ), which stores the image data in internal storage (e.g., on a hard disk drive) contained within the image processor  620 . The image processor  620  is connected to the image cache  610  and the components of the line equipment  618  shown in  FIG. 10  are connected to the line controller  614  although these connections are not illustrated in  FIG. 10 . The image data sent to the image processor  620  can be image processed immediately (i.e., before the batch with which the images are associated reaches the front of the queue  616 ) and/or the image data can be image processed just prior to sending the image data to a printer  622  (shown in  FIG. 10 ) for printing. For example, the line controller  614  can send the image processor  620  a message that includes the batch&#39;s control data and that requests that the images in the batch be image processed and sent to the printer  622 . Upon receiving such a message, the image processor  620  image processes the images in the batch (using the batch&#39;s control data) and then sends the images to the printer  622 . After sending each image to the printer  622 , the image processor  620  sends a message to the line controller  614  indicating that the image has been image processed and sent to the printer  622 . Alternatively, or in addition, the image processor  620  can send a message to the line controller  614  indicating that all the images in the batch have been image processed and sent to the printer  622 . 
     Alternatively, or in addition, the print lab  606  can be configured to operate without using an image cache  610 . For example, the image processor  620  can be connected to the image archive database  604  and the scheduler  608 , the line controller  614 , and/or the image processor  620  can be configured to send a message to the image archive database  604  requesting image data for the images that are to be printed. In response, the image archive database  604  would send the image data for the requested images to the image processor  620 . 
     The printer  622  prints the images, and the image prints are conveyed to the other line equipment  618  using any suitable conveyor mechanism (e.g., conveyor belts and rollers). A suitable printer  622  for use in the embodiment shown in  FIGS. 10-11  is a “digital minilab” that performs all the exposing, developing, and cutting operations necessary to print and cut image prints. One such suitable digital minilab printer is a Konica Digital Minilab Model No. QD-21 printer, commercially available from Konica Corporation. of Tokyo, Japan. It is to be understood, however, that the system  600  can be modified to work with other type of printers. For example, as shown in  FIG. 12 , the system  600  can be modified to work with a roll-to-roll type printer system  800  that includes a roll-to-roll printer  802  that exposes successive images onto successive portions of a roll of print paper. The roll of exposed paper is fed into a paper processor  804  that develops the exposed portions of the roll of print paper. The exposed and processed portions of the roll of print paper are then cut by a cutter  806  (e.g., a multi-cutter) into separate image prints having the desired dimensions. In addition, the roll-to-roll type printer system  800  can include a backprinter (not shown in  FIG. 12 ), for example, as an integral part of the roll-to-roll printer  802  or as a separate piece of equipment (e.g., positioned between the paper processor  804  and the cutter  806 ). 
     Referring again to  FIG. 10 , the line equipment  618  also includes print verification and quality control equipment  624  for checking that the proper sub-batch and images are being printed in the proper order and that the images have the desired print quality. One example of a print verification and quality control equipment  624  that can be used with the system  600  is shown schematically in  FIG. 11 . (Each component shown in  FIG. 11  is connected to the line controller  614  in a conventional manner although no such connections are shown.) A barcode reader  626  is connected to the line controller  614  and receives prints that have been printed by the printer  622 . The bar code reader  626  reads a bar code printed on each destination identifier print that encodes a sub-batch identification number. For example, the sub-batch identification number can be a temporarily unique number. In other words, the sub-batch identification number can be a number that is unique over a given range of sub-batches, for example, a number produced by a six-digit counter that rolls over to 000000 after 999999 sub-batches have been processed. Use of a temporarily unique sub-batch identification numbers avoids the processing overhead that can be associated with the use of a permanently unique identification numbers (e.g., a shorter sub-batch identification number can be used). Preferably, the scheduler  608  generates the temporarily unique sub-batch number and includes it in the control data that is sent with each sub-batch to the line controller  614 . If a print other than a destination identifier print is received by the bar code reader  626 , the bar code reader  626  will not be able to read a bar code. Whether or not the bar code reader  626  is able to read a bar code and any sub-batch number read by the bar code reader  626  can be used to determine whether the proper sub-batch is being printed on the correct print line  612 , whether the sub-batches are being printed in the correct order, and whether the images prints and the destination identifier prints are being printed in the correct order. This determination can be made by the line controller  614  (e.g., by having the bar code reader  626  send the bar code information back to the line controller  614 ) or can be made by the bar code reader  626  and/or a micro controller connected to the bar code reader  626 . If an error is detected, error recovery processing can be initiated. For example, the print line  612  can be shut down and an operator alerted, or the errant sub-batch can be reprinted. 
     The print verification and quality control equipment  624  shown in  FIG. 11  also includes a low-resolution camera  628  that captures low-resolution image data of the printed image. The low-resolution image data captured from the image print can be used to determine if the image prints are being printed in the correct order and if the image prints have the desired print quality. For example, the image data from which an image print was printed can be downsampled or otherwise decimated to produce low resolution image data (i.e., the “expected” low-resolution data) that should correlate to the low resolution data captured by the low resolution camera  628  (i.e., the “actual low-resolution image data) after correcting (or otherwise accounting) for the type of printer that was used, and any shifting, skewing, and/or magnification or reduction of the image print during capture of the actual low resolution image data. Whether or not the actual low resolution image data correlates with the expected low-resolution image data can be determined in any number of conventional ways. For example, respective signatures for the actual low-resolution image data and the expected low-resolution data can be calculated (e.g., using the Haar and Daubechies D4 and D6 feature-recognition algorithms described in the book “Discovering Wavelets,” by Aboufadel and Schickler, published by Wiley-Interscience, which is hereby incorporated by reference) and compared. If the signatures match within a specified tolerance, the actual low-resolution image data is considered to be correlated with the expected low-resolution image data and the image print is considered to have been printed in the proper order. 
     In addition to verifying that the print images are being printed in the correct order (i.e., the “verification” check), the actual and expected low-resolution image data can be used to check the quality of the images being printed (i.e., the “quality” check). For example, after correcting or other accounting for the type of printer being used and any skewing, shifting, or scaling of the actual low-resolution image data, a pixel-by-pixel comparison of corresponding pixels in the actual and expected low-resolution image data can be performed. If a predetermined percentage of the pixels match (within a predetermined tolerance), than the image print is considered to have the desired image quality; if a predetermined percentage of the pixels do not match, then the image print is not considered to have the desired image quality and a error signal can be produced and sent to the line controller  614  and other line equipment  618  for initiating error recovery processing. 
     The downsampling of the original image data and/or the verification and quality comparisons can be performed by a processor associated with the low resolution camera  628  and/or can be performed by the line controller  614 . Also, it is to be understood that other image tests and comparisons can be performed on the actual and/or expected low-resolution data. Moreover, the verification and/or quality checks can occur later in the print generation process (e.g., the bar code reader  626  can be positioned downstream from an inverter  630 ). 
     Referring again to  FIG. 10 , after the quality and verification checks have been performed by the print verification and quality control equipment  624 , the image prints are inverted (i.e., are flipped over so that the non-image side of the image print is exposed) using an inverter  630 .  FIGS. 13A-B  show a chute inverter  700  that can be used in the system  600 . The chute inverter  700  has a C-shaped passageway  702  through which image prints travel and are flipped. As shown in  FIG. 13B , an image print  704  is printed by the printer  622  and is conveyed to the chute inverter  700  on a belt conveyor  701  with the image side of the image print  704  facing away from the belt conveyor  701 . When the image print reaches the end of the belt conveyor  701 , the image print  704  is rotated (e.g., by an arm  709  extending partially into the path of the image print  704 ) and falls off the end of the belt conveyor  701  into a slide  703 . The image print  704  slides down the slide  703  and enters the C-shaped passageway  702  at position  706 . A guide housing  705  is positioned near the opening of the C-shaped passageway  702  to help guide the image print  704  into the C-shaped passageway  702 . The image print  704  travels along the C-shaped passageway  702  so that the image print  704  exits the C-shaped passageway  702  at position  708  with its non-image side facing away from a belt conveyor  711 , which receives, orients, and conveys the image print  704  to a skew conveyor  710  (described below in connection with  FIG. 14 ). Preferably the outer surface of the slide  703  on which the image print  704  slides and the surfaces in the C-shaped passageway  702  are constructed from and/or covered with a material (e.g., paper or stainless steel) that reduces or inhibits the build up of a static charge that would cause the image print  704  to stick to the slide  703  or the C-shaped passageway  702 . 
       FIGS. 22-23  shows an alternative embodiment of an inverter  1000  that can be used in place of the chute inverter  700  and the slide  703  to receive an image print  704  from the belt conveyor  701 , invert the image print  704 , and deliver the image print  704  to the belt conveyor  711 . The inverter  1000  has a Y-shaped design that includes a back slide  1002  that is positioned at an oblique angle with respect to the belt conveyor  711 . The inverter  1000  also includes a front slide  1004  that is separated from the back slide  1002  by a passage  1006  through which an image print  704  can pass. The front slide  1004  is held in place by a pair of brackets  1008  (which are connected to side walls  1010 ) at an acute angle with respect to the belt conveyor  711 . When an image print  704  reaches the end of the belt conveyor  701  (not shown in  FIGS. 22-23 ), the image print  704  is rotated (e.g., by the arm  709  shown in  FIG. 13B ) and falls off the end of the belt conveyor  701  and onto front slide  1004  of the inverter  1000 . The image print  704  slides though the passage  1006  and into the back slide  1002 . The image print  704  slides down the back slide  1002  until the bottom edge of the image print  704  contacts the belt conveyor  711 . The belt conveyor  711  pulls the bottom edge of the image print  704  in the direction that the belt conveyor  711  moves, which causes the image print  704  to lay on the belt conveyor face down. As with the inverter  700 , it is preferable that the outer surfaces of the back slide  1002  and the front slide  1004  on which image prints slide are constructed from and/or covered with a material (e.g., paper or stainless steel) that reduces or inhibits the build up of a static charge that would cause the image print  704  to stick to the back slide  1002  or the front slide  1004 . 
     Again referring to  FIG. 10 , after the image prints have been inverted by the inverter  630 , the image prints are aligned by alignment equipment  632 . As shown in  FIG. 14 , a skew conveyor  710  can be used to align the image prints  704  after they have been inverted. The skew conveyor  710  includes an alignment wall  712  against which the image prints  704  are aligned. The image prints  704  are moved into alignment with the alignment wall  712  by multiple alignment rollers  714  that have their axes arranged at an oblique angle with respect to the alignment wall  712 . The angled orientation of the alignment rollers  714  causes the image prints  704  to move towards, and come into alignment with, the alignment wall  712 . The oblique angle is set so that an image print  704  can come into alignment with the alignment wall  712  before the image print  704  leaves the multiple alignment rollers  714  and passes onto the first of multiple perpendicular rollers  716 . An alignment sensor  718  is positioned beyond the perpendicular rollers  716  of the skew conveyor  710  (e.g., above a vacuum table  719  that is used as a part of the curl reduction equipment  635  described below). The alignment sensor  718  can be any sensor (e.g., an optical sensor) that detects the presence of an image print  704  under the sensor  718 . As shown in  FIG. 14 , the alignment sensor  718  is positioned near the alignment wall  712  (which can extend beyond the end of the skew conveyor  710  and over at least a portion of the vacuum table  719 ) so that the sensor  718  can detect when image prints  704  pass underneath it. 
       FIG. 15A  shows an image print  704  that is properly aligned with the alignment wall  712  as the image print  704  passes the sensor  718 . An example of a signal that is produced by the sensor  718  as the properly aligned image print  704  passes the sensor  718  is shown in  FIG. 15B . The sensor  718  produces a generally bi-level signal  720  in which the signal is at first signal level  722  (e.g., a low signal level) when the sensor  718  does not sense an image print  704  directly underneath the sensor  718  and is at second signal level  724  (e.g., a high signal level) when the sensor  718  senses that an image print  704  is directly beneath the sensor  718 . Therefore, when an image print  704  first passes underneath the sensor  718 , the signal  720  transitions from a low signal level to high signal level and when the image print  704  has moved along the conveyor  710  so that no part of the image print  704  is beneath the sensor  718 , the signal  720  transitions from a high level to a low signal level. 
       FIG. 15C  depicts an image print  704  that is misaligned with the alignment wall  712  as the image print  704  passes the sensor  718 . An example of a signal that is produced by the sensor  718  as the misaligned image print  704  passes the sensor  718  is shown in  FIG. 15D . As shown in  FIGS. 15C-D , when the image print  704  is misaligned with the alignment wall  712 , the resulting pulse  726  will not be as long as the pulse that otherwise would be produced if the image print was properly aligned with the alignment wall  712  (which is shown in  FIG. 15B ). Therefore, if the generated pulse width for a given image print  704  is not as long as the pulse width of a properly aligned image print  704 , the image print  704  is considered to be misaligned with the alignment wall  712 . The line controller  614  and/or a micro-controller associated with the alignment sensor  718  can store how long the pulse width (the “target” pulse width) of a properly aligned image print (for a given image print size) should be and compare the measured pulse width to the target pulse width and send an error message to line controller  614  and/or the other line equipment  618  if the measured pulse width is not (within a specified tolerance) as long as the target pulse width. The difference between the width of a pulse generated for a misaligned image print and the width of a pulse generated for a properly aligned image print is greater (i.e., such an alignment sensing approach is more sensitive to misalignment) the closer the alignment sensor  718  is positioned to the alignment wall  712 . Therefore, the sensitivity of such an approach can be increased by moving the sensor  718  closer to the alignment wall and decreased by moving the sensor  718  away from the alignment wall  712 . 
     Another inverter that can be used in the print lab  606  is shown in  FIGS. 24-26 . Inverter  950  includes a J-shaped arm having first and second walls  954  and  956 . First and second walls  954  and  956  are arranged parallel to one another with a gap  958  (shown in  FIG. 25 ) formed therebetween in which an image print can be received. Both the first and second walls  954  and  956  are joined at their respective proximal ends to opposing sides  962  and  964  of a bottom wall  960 . A guide  970  (shown in  FIGS. 24-25 ) is positioned at the bottom of the gap  958  adjacent the base wall  960  and has a groove  972  formed therein to receive the end of an image print inserted into the inverter  950 . Thus, an image print that is received by the inverter  950  will be aligned by the guide  970 . The guide  970  can also include one or more sensors  974  for sensing when the edge of an image print has been received and aligned by the guide  970 . Preferably, the bottom wall  960  is curved so as to match the image print&#39;s natural curvature (which tends to develop as the print dries) and to enhance the rigidity of the image print (e.g., as shown in  FIG. 24  side  962  of the bottom wall  960  can include a convex curvature and side  964  of the bottom wall  960  can include a concave curvature). Also, the first and second walls  954  and  956  preferably are formed so that their respective distal ends bow out in the longitudinal direction and are substantially non-curved (i.e., the respective distal edges of the first and second opposing side walls are substantially straight) in the transverse direction. 
     As shown in  FIG. 26 , an image print  704  is conveyed to the inverter  950  by a conveyor  976  (e.g., a belt conveyor on which image prints are placed immediately after printing) with the image print  704  face-up (i.e., with the image side of the image print  704  facing away from the belt conveyor  976 ). The inverter  950  is initially in position  978  with the distal end of the J-shaped arm near the end of the conveyor  976 . As the image print  704  is conveyed off of the conveyor  976 , the image print  704  enters the inverter  950  and is aligned by the guide  970 . Once the sensors  974  sense that the image print  704  has been fully received and aligned, a rotation arm  980  (powered, e.g., by a conventional servo-motor, not shown, that is controlled using pulse-width modulation) rotates the inverter  950  to the position  982  (represented by dashed lines in  FIG. 26 ). The inverter  950  includes a rubber grip  984  (shown in  FIGS. 24-25 ) located on the inside surface of the first wall  954  that grips the image print  704  during rotation of the inverter  950  and that helps to prevent the image print  704  from backsliding when the image print  704  is being inserted into the inverter  950 . After rotating to position  982 , the distal portion of the image print  704  comes into contact with a vacuum table  986 , which pulls the image print  704  out of the inverter  950  and onto the vacuum table  986  with the image print  704  face down (i.e., with the image side of the image print  704  facing towards the vacuum table  986 ). Preferably the first wall  954  is longer than the second wall  956  so that the portion of the first wall  954  that extends past the second wall  956  can hold the image print  704  down while it is being removed from the inverter  950 . By using the inverter  950 , the image print  704  is both inverted and aligned for subsequent backprinting. Therefore, if the inverter  950  is used, separate alignment equipment need not be used. 
     Referring again to  FIG. 10 , after the image prints have been aligned by the alignment equipment  632 , the bar code printed on the face side (which faces down) of destination identifier prints is then read by a bar code reader  633 . For example, one of the perpendicular rollers  716  of the skew conveyor  710  (shown in  FIG. 14 ) can be removed so that the bar code reader  633  can be placed underneath the skew conveyor  710 . By placing the bar code reader  633  underneath the gap left by the removed perpendicular roller  716 , the bar code reader  633  can read the bar codes printed on the destination identifier prints through the gap as the destination identifier prints move off of the skew conveyor  710 . 
     After the prints pass by the bar code reader  633 , any curling in the image prints is reduced using curl-reduction equipment  635  (shown in  FIG. 10 ). The curl-reduction equipment  635  inhibits the natural curling of the image prints due to drying so that the image prints are flat during backprinting (described below). Preferably, the curl-reduction equipment  635  includes a vacuum table that flattens the image prints using suction as the image prints are conveyed to a backprinter  634  and during backprinting. During backprinting, the backprinter  634  prints non-image information onto the exposed back sides of the image prints. The backprinter  634  can be any type of printer (e.g., contact, laser, or inkjet printer); a suitable printer that can be used as the backprinter  634  is the 4S Plus model inkjet printer, which is commercially available from Imaje S.A., of Valence, France. 
     After backprinting, a bar code reader  636  reads any bar codes that have been printed as a part of the non-image information on the back side of the image prints in order to determine if the proper non-image information has been printed on the proper image prints. (The assumption being that if the bar code information was printed correctly, then the rest of the non-image information was printed correctly). This determination can be made by the line controller  614  (e.g., by having the bar code reader  636  send the bar code information back to the line controller  614 ) or can be made by the bar code reader  636  and/or a local controller processor connected to the bar code reader  636 . Alternatively, or in addition, a quality check as described above can be performed using a low-resolution camera to check that all the non-image information was printed correctly. 
     After the image prints have been backprinted and the bar code reader  636  has read any bar code information printed on the back side of the image prints, the image prints are conveyed to binning equipment  638 . As shown in  FIG. 16 , the image prints  730  are conveyed on a belt conveyor  732  to a bin  734 . When the image prints  730  reach the end of the belt conveyor  732 , the image prints fall into the bin  734  with their image sides (i.e., front sides) facing down. As shown in  FIGS. 16-17 , the bin  734  has a V-shaped bottom formed from first and second bottom walls  736  and  738 . The first and second walls are joined at a corner  740  and form a right angle. The first bottom wall  736  is inclined in both the pitch direction (i.e., it slopes from an upper transverse edge  737  to a lower transverse edge  739 ) and in the roll direction (i.e., it slopes from an upper side edge  741  to a lower side edge  743 ). A side wall  742  is joined to the first and second bottom walls  736  and  738  along the lower side edge  743 . The pitch incline of the first bottom wall  736  tends to cause the image prints to slide towards the lower transverse edge  739  and abut the second bottom wall  738  while the roll incline tends to cause the image prints to slide towards the lower side edge  743  and abut the side wall  742 . In this way, the pitch and roll inclines of the first bottom wall  736  cause the image prints to be stacked in the bin  734  with their bottom edges (i.e., the edges abutting the second bottom wall  738 ) and lower side edges (i.e., the edges abutting the side wall  742 ) properly aligned and registered so as to form a neat stack within the bin  734  that can be removed and packaged without additional shuffling to align the image prints. Preferably the bin  734  does not include a side wall opposite the side wall  742  and the first bottom wall  736  has a corner notch  746  formed therein so that an operator can easily access and grab the image prints stacked within the bin  734 . 
     As shown in  FIG. 16 , successive bins  734  can be positioned beneath the end of the belt conveyor  732  by a bin conveyor  750 . The bin  734  shown in  FIGS. 16-17  has a base  748  for placing the bin  734  on the bin conveyor  750 . Each time all the image prints for a sub-batch have been binned, the bin conveyor  750  is indexed (i.e., moved so that a new bin  734  is positioned beneath the end of the belt conveyor  732 ). 
     Referring again to  FIG. 10 , after the image prints have been binned, the image prints are packaged (box  640 ) and shipped (box  642 ). Packaging involves removing the image prints from the bin  734  (e.g., by having an operator grab the stack of image prints) and placing the image prints in appropriate packaging (e.g., an envelope having the correct size and postal/courier markings). The appropriate type of packaging can be identified for the operator removing the image prints from the bin  734  by having the operator use a bar code reader  758  (shown in FIG.  18 ) to read the bar code encoding the sub-batch number that is printed on the destination identifier print to identify what type of packing material should be used and what type of shipping method should be used. For example, the sub-batch number can include one or more digits (“shipping digits”) that indicate what type of packaging material and what type of shipping method should be used. The bar code reader  758  is connected (either directly or via a microcontroller and/or the line controller  614 ) to lights  760  (or other visual indicators) that are positioned above bins  762  of packaging material. The bar code reader  758  reads the shipping digits and illuminates one of the lights above the bin containing the packaging material that should be used for that particular sub-batch. The operator would then remove the packaging material from the bin associated with the illuminated light  760  and package the stack of image prints in that packaging material. Alternatively, or in addition, a display monitor could be used to display information indicating from which bin  762  the packaging material for the current sub-batch should be removed. The information displayed on the display monitor can be based on the information read by the bar code reader  758 . 
     Also, the sub-batch number read by the bar code reader  758  can be used to presort the packaged sub-batches for shipping. Sorting bins  764  can be used to sort the package sub-batches, for example, according to weight and/or ZIP code in order to reduce shipping costs. For each of the shipping methods that are used, a separate sorting bin  764  can be included for each weight class or ZIP code. The shipping digits for the sub-batch can indicate the shipping method to be used for the sub-batch, the weight (or the appropriate weight class) of the sub-batch (which, e.g., can be calculated by the scheduler  608 ) and/or the ZIP code to which the sub-batch is to be shipped. Then, when the sub-batch number is scanned, a light  760  above the sorting bin  764  that is associated with that sub-batch&#39;s shipping method and weight class or ZIP code is lit. An illuminated light  760  indicates to the operator that the packaged sub-batch should be inserted into the sorting bin  764  associated with the illuminated light  760 . 
     Instead of, or in addition to, including shipping digits in the sub-batch bar code number printed on the destination identifier print, the bar code reader  758  (or bar code microcontroller or the line controller  614 ) can store the control data for each sub-batch that is printed on the print line  612 . After reading the sub-batch number from the destination identifier print, the appropriate packaging material, shipping method, and sorting information can be determined from the stored control data. Moreover, instead of using a separate bar code reader  758 , the bar code reader  636  could be used to determine which packaging material and shipping method should used so that the operator would not have to read the bar code. 
     Also, the line equipment  618  can include equipment (box  641 ) for consolidating one or more sub-batches from the same sub-order so that the sub-batches can be packaged and shipped together. For example, two print lines  612  (e.g., one line printing 4″×6″ prints and the other line printing 5″×7″ prints) can be located in the print lab  606  so that a single operator can package and ship the image prints from both print lines  612 . The scheduler  608  and the line controllers  614  for each of the print lines  612  can be programmed to recognize when sub-batches from the same sub-order are being printed on the two adjacent print lines  612  and flag the sub-batches printed on both print lines  612  as being in the same sub-order. For example, a storage rack  767  (shown in  FIG. 19 ) having multiple cubby-holes  768  can be provided. Each cubby hole  768  has a separate light  770  associated with that cubby hole  768 . When the first sub-batch of the sub-order is printed on one of the print lines  612  and the sub-batch bar code printed on its destination identifier print is read by the bar code reader  758 , instead of lighting a light  760  over one of the packaging material bins  762  and one of the shipping bins  764 , a light  770  corresponding to one of the cubby holes  768  is illuminated, which indicates that the operator should place the image prints for that sub-batch in the cubby-hole  768  associated with the illuminated light  770  in order to wait for the other sub-batch to be printed on the other print line  612 . When the other sub-batch is printed and its sub-batch bar code number is read by that print line&#39;s bar code reader  758 , the light  770  associated with that cubby hole  768  is again illuminated. The operator would see that the indicated cubby-hole  768  already has image prints in it, which indicates that the operator should combine the two sub-batches. Also, a light  760  over one of the packaging material bins  762  and one of the shipping bins  764  could be illuminated in combination with light  770  in order to indicate what type of packaging material and shipping method should be used to package and ship the combined sub-batches. It is to be understood, however, that other storage and/or consolidation devices can be used (e.g., a storage rack can include, instead of lights  770 , a display monitor for displaying a cubby-hole number corresponding to a cubby hole in which a particular sub-batch is to be placed). 
     Referring again to  FIG. 10 , the line equipment  618  also includes photo-sensors along the print line  612  that sense when the image prints pass by each of the sensors. Photo-sensors  644 ,  646 ,  648 ,  650 , and  652 , respectively, are located in between the printer  622  and the verification and quality check equipment  624 , in between the verification and quality check equipment  624  and the inverter  630 , in between the inverter  630  and the alignment equipment  632 , in between the curl reduction equipment  635  and the backprinter  634 , and in between the bar code reader  636  and the binning equipment  638 . Each of the photo-sensors  644 ,  646 ,  648 ,  650 , and  652  (and the other sensors including the bar code readers  626 ,  636 , and  758  and alignment sensor  718 ) is attached to the line controller  614  via a separate interface card (not shown). Each interface card includes a micro-controller that is programmed to respond to an interrupt that is generated each time there is a level change in the signal generated by that interface card&#39;s photo-sensor (or each time a bar code is read in the case of the interface cards connected to the bar code readers  626 ,  636 , and  758 ). The micro-controller is programmed to capture various data associated with each level change and transmit a packet containing the data to the line controller  614 . For example, the micro-controller is programmed to capture the time at which the level change occurred, the state of the sensor after the level change (or the bar code that was read), an identification number associated with that sensor, a sequence number that is used by the line controller  614  to determine if it has missed any packets from that sensor, and a checksum. 
     Also, the micro-controller can be programmed to periodically send out a “ping” packet if no level-changes have occurred within a predetermined time period in order to let the line controller  614  know that the sensor and the interface card are operational. Sending the ping packets shortens the time required to detect failures in the sensors because the line controller knows that a properly functioning sensor sends out a ping packet at least once during every predetermined time period. So if no packet has been received from a given sensor for a period of time greater than the predetermined time period, the line controller  614  concludes that there may be a problem with that photo-sensor. Also, using ping packets allows a one-way communication path (from the sensor to the line controller  614 ) since the line controller  614  does not need to be able to send messages to the sensors in order to determine if the sensors are operational. 
     The line controller  614  and/or the interface cards can be configured to detect error conditions based on the information contained in the level-change packets. For example, the photo-sensors  644 ,  646 ,  648 ,  650 , and  652  can be used to establish a timing profile for the print line  612 . When the print line  612  is powered on, the image processor  620  generates a series of test destination identifier images that are printed by the line equipment  618 . How long it takes each of the test destination identifier prints to pass each of the photo-sensors  644 ,  646 ,  648 ,  650 , and  652  is determined by the line controller  614  using the message packets received from the photo-sensors  644 ,  646 ,  648 ,  650 , and  652  as the destination identifier prints make their way down the line equipment  618 . The line controller  614  calculates the average time it took each destination identifier print to make to each of the photo-sensors  644 ,  646 ,  648 ,  650 , and  652 . Based on this timing data, a timing profile for that print line  612  (referred to as the “line profile”) is created that sets forth how long it should take a print printed on the print line  612  to pass the various photo-sensors  644 ,  646 ,  648 ,  650 , and  652 . The line profile data for each of the photo-sensors  644 ,  646 ,  648 ,  650 , and  652  (i.e., how long it should take a given image print to get to a given photo-sensor) can be sent to the respective interface cards for the photo-sensors  644 ,  646 ,  648 ,  650 , and  652 . Then, when an image is sent to the printer  620 , the time that the image was sent to the printer is sent to interface cards associated with each of the photo-sensors  644 ,  646 ,  648 ,  650 , and  652  so that the interface cards can determine if a given print is taking too long to reach that photo-sensor, which may indicate that there is jam or other fault condition requiring attention. Also, line profile data can be used to detect and compensate for any drift (or other types of variation in processing parameters) that may be introduced into the print line  612  over time (e.g., due to equipment wear or variations in temperature). 
     In addition to, or instead of, using the photo-sensors  644 ,  646 ,  648 ,  650 , and  652  to generate a line profile, the photo-sensors  644 ,  646 ,  648 ,  650 , and  652  can be used to generate a “batch” profile indicative of the timing between successive image prints in a batch. In other words, the batch profile would indicate how long it should take after a given photo-sensor senses a first image print for that photo-sensor to sense the next image print in the batch. This batch profile can be created, for example, by measuring, at each of the photo-sensors  644 ,  646 ,  648 ,  650 , and  652 , the time between first sensing the destination identifier print and first sensing the first image print in the batch. The batch profile would then be the average of the measured time differences measured by each of the photo-sensors  644 ,  646 ,  648 ,  650 , and  652 . This batch profile could then be used for detecting detect error conditions in the print line  612  and/or for process control and optimization. 
     The last photo-sensor  652  in the print line  612  also can be used to determine when to index the bin conveyor  750 . The control data for the sub-batch that is currently being printed can be sent to the interface card associated with the last photo-sensor  652 ; the control data is used by the interface card to determine when the last image in that sub-batch has been sensed by the last photo-sensor  652 . For example, the interface card can count the number image prints that have been sensed by the last photo-sensor  652  in order to determine when the last image print for that sub-batch has been sensed. When the last image print has been sensed, the interface card can index the bin conveyor  750  after a suitable delay that allows the last image printed to be binned. Also, the network interface card associated with the last photo-sensor  652  (or other device that controls the indexing of the bin conveyor  750 ) can be programmed to index the bin conveyor  750  in a way that collects improperly printed image prints in a single bin for discarding by the operator when an error condition is detected. For example, the improperly printed image prints can be collected in the bin for the current sub-batch, in which case the entire sub-batch would be discarded, or the bin conveyor  750  can be indexed so that the improperly printed image prints are collected in a separate bin so that only the improperly printed image prints are discarded. The operator can be instructed to discard the improperly printed image prints in the bin by lighting a light  760  over a discard bin. Then, the improperly-printed images can be reprinted and/or other corrective measures taken such as combining the reprinted image prints with other image prints that were printed before the error occurred. 
     It is to be understood that  FIG. 10  shows but one possible implementation of line equipment and personnel  618  that is suitable for use in the system  600 ; other implementations can be used. For example, the binning, packaging, consolidation, and shipping equipment  638 ,  640 ,  641 , and  642  can be modified so that the packaging, consolidation, and shipping functions of the print lab system  600  are automated and do not require an operator to perform these line functions. An automated insertion system  850  that can be used in place of or in addition to the binning, packaging, consolidation, and shipping equipment  638 ,  640 ,  641 , and  642  is shown in  FIG. 20 . The automated insertion system  850  includes an insertion feeder  852  (e.g., an insertion feeder of the type commonly employed in automated mail processing systems) for receiving image prints after they have been printed and backprinted. For example, the insertion feeder  852  can be positioned at the end of the belt conveyor  732  shown in  FIG. 16  so as to receive the image prints as they come off of the belt conveyor  732 . The insertion feeder  852  can include a chute or slide on which the image prints slide from the belt conveyor  732  to an automatic inserter  854 . 
     Automatic inserter  854  automatically inserts the one or more image prints from a given sub-batch into the packaging material for that sub-batch. After insertion, an automated sealer  856  automatically seals the packaging material. After the image prints have been inserted into the packaging material and the packaging material has been sealed, the package of image prints can be sorted (e.g., by weight and/or ZIP code) into the proper shipping bin using a sorting chute  858 . One end of the sorting chute  858  receives the packaged sub-batch from the automated sealer  856 , while the other end of the sorting chute  858  is moved (e.g., by a conventional servo-motor apparatus) over the proper shipping bin for that packaged sub-batch; as a result, when the packaged sub-batch exits the sorting chute  858 , the packaged sub-batch falls into the proper shipping bin. Automated insertion and sealing equipment that is conventionally used in automated mail processing applications can be modified for use in the print line  612 . Although the components of the automated insertion system  850  are shown as separate components, it is to be understood that one or more of the components of the automated insertion system  850  can be combined. Moreover, it is to be understood that other automated insertion, sealing, and/or sorting techniques and/or equipment may be used in a print line  612 . By using the automated insertion system  850 , a print line can be provided that is fully automated (i.e., does not require an operator to perform any of the line processing functions) from the point the images are uploaded by a user until the packaged image prints are placed in a shipping bin for shipping to the specified recipients. 
       FIG. 21  is a state diagram showing states that are maintained by the orders database  602  to track the processing of each image print that is to be generated from an order. After an order is received from a user  2001 , all the image prints to be generated from the order enter an “Entered” state  2002  indicating that the images from which the image prints are to be generated are part of an order but have not yet been sent to a print lab for printing. Once the order has been sent to a print lab for printing, the image prints enter a “Processing” state  2004  indicating that the images from which the image prints are to be generated have been sent to a print lab for printing. After an image print has been printed and binned, the image print enters a “Binned” state  2006  indicating that the image print has been printed and binned. After each image print has been shipped, the image print enters a “Shipped” state  2008  indicating that the image print has been shipped. Also, if the image print is stored (e.g., in the storage rack  767 ) so that the image print can be combined for shipping with other image prints from the same sub-order, the image print enters a “Stored” state  2010  indicating that the image print has been stored. It is to be understood, however, that not all image prints will enter the Stored state  2010 . 
     The same states  2002 - 2010  also are maintained by the scheduler  608  for the image prints after the images from which the image prints are to be generated have been received by the scheduler  608 ; however, the image prints enter the Entered  2002  state after the images from which the image prints are to be generated have been received by the scheduler  608  (shown in parenthesis in  FIG. 21 ). Also, the Processing state  2004  is entered by image print when that image from which that image print is to be generated has been sent to a print line  612  for printing. Each image print in an order enters the Binned, Shipped, and Stored states  2006 ,  2008 , and  2010  when the image print has been binned, shipped, and stored, respectively. 
     The states  2002 - 2010  shown in  FIG. 21  can be used to track the image prints as they are being printed and to recover from errors in the printing process. For example, if an error occurs during the processing of a given batch, all image prints for the print line  612  having the error that are in the Processing state  2004  when the error occurs still need to be printed after the error has been removed from the print line  612 ; however, any image prints for that batch that are in the Binned state  2006 , Shipped state  2008 , and Stored state  2010  when the error occurs need not be printed again once the error is removed from the print line. 
     The techniques, methods, and systems described here may find applicability in any computing or processing environment in which users desire to order physical manifestations (e.g., prints) of digital content and have them distributed to one or more intended recipients. For example, these techniques could be applied to allow users to choose or develop a holiday (e.g., Christmas) card design online (including images and other graphics, personalized text, personalized signatures, and/or any type of computer-generated content) and then have physical copies of that design produced (e.g., actual paper-and-ink Christmas cards) and distributed automatically to everyone on the user&#39;s Christmas card list. This same concept could be applied to enable users to design physical post cards, wedding or party invitations, thank you cards, and the like and to have them produced and distributed. In the same vein, businesses could use these techniques to design targeted mailings (sets of targeted coupons, an advertisement made up of selected text and graphic components, etc.) and have them produced and distributed to specified recipients. 
     Various implementations of the systems and techniques described here may be realized in digital electronic circuitry, or in computer hardware, firmware, software, or in combinations thereof. A system or other apparatus that uses one or more of the techniques and methods described here may be implemented as a computer-readable storage medium, configured with a computer program, where the storage medium so configured causes a computer system to operate on input and/or generate output in a specific and predefined manner. Such a computer system may include one or more programmable processors that receive data and instructions from, and transmit data and instructions to, a data storage system, and suitable input and output devices. Each computer program may be implemented in a high-level procedural or object-oriented programming language, or in assembly or machine language if desired; and in any case, the language may be a compiled or interpreted language. Suitable processors include, by way of example, both general and special purpose microprocessors. 
     Generally, a processor will receive instructions and data from a read-only memory and/or a random access memory. Storage deices suitable for tangibly embodying computer instructions and data include all forms of non-volatile memory, including semiconductor memory devices, such as EPROM, EEPROM, and flash memory devices; magnetic disks such as internal hard disks and removable disks; magneto-optical disks; and CD-ROM disks. 
     These elements also can be found in a conventional desktop or workstation computer as well as other computers suitable for executing computer programs implementing the methods described here, which can be used in conjunction with any content viewing or manipulation software, or any other software capable of displaying portions of a larger body of content. Any of the foregoing may be supplemented by, or implemented in, specially designed ASICs (application specific integrated circuits). 
     A number of embodiments have been described. Nevertheless, it will be understood that various modifications may be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. For example, advantageous results still could be achieved if steps of the disclosed techniques were performed in a different order and/or if components in the disclosed systems were combined in a different manner and/or replaced or supplemented by other components. Accordingly, other embodiments are within the scope of the following claims.