Patent Publication Number: US-2022219725-A1

Title: Navigating an autonomous vehicle through an intersection

Description:
TECHNICAL FIELD 
     The disclosed technologies are directed to navigating an autonomous vehicle through an intersection. Specifically, the disclosed technologies are directed to navigating, based on topological information about an intersection and context information about a candidate trajectory through the intersection, an autonomous vehicle through the intersection. 
     BACKGROUND 
     A task of planning a trajectory for an autonomous vehicle to move from an origination point to a destination point can require more information than a comparable task of planning a trajectory for a conventional vehicle using a turn-by-turn navigation system. Additional information required by the task of planning the trajectory for an autonomous vehicle can include, for example, location information at a degree of precision for a specific lane of a road, information about expected objects (e.g., traffic) along the trajectory, information to determine predicted trajectories for actual objects detected along the trajectory, and the like. Often, the task of planning the trajectory for an autonomous vehicle can include determining a selection of a trajectory from a set of candidate trajectories. 
     SUMMARY 
     An autonomous vehicle can be navigated through an intersection. Topological information about the intersection can be obtained. The topological information can include, for example, a count of a number of lanes on roads associated with the intersection, information about an entrance point to the intersection, or information about an exit point from the intersection. Based on the topological information, context information about a candidate trajectory through the intersection can be obtained. For example, the context information can be based on a current time or information about a position of an object with respect to the topological information. Based on the context information, an existence of an advantage to change an actual trajectory of the autonomous vehicle can be determined. In response to a determination of the existence of the advantage, a change to the actual trajectory of the autonomous vehicle can be caused to occur. 
     In a first alternative implementation, the topological information can be obtained by: (1) receiving, from a sensor disposed on one or more of the autonomous vehicle or another object, information about the intersection and (2) determining, based on the information about the intersection, the topological information. Additionally, the topological information, having been determined, can be stored in a memory. The memory can be disposed in one or more of the autonomous vehicle or a cloud computing platform. 
     In a second alternative implementation, the topological information can be obtained by retrieving the topological information from a memory. The memory can be disposed in one or more of the autonomous vehicle or a cloud computing platform. In a variation, the topological information can further be obtained by: (1) receiving, from a sensor disposed on at least one of the autonomous vehicle or another object, additional information about the intersection; (2) determining, based on the additional information about the intersection, additional topological information; and (3) revising the topological information to incorporate the additional topological information. Additionally, in this variation, the topological information, having been revised, can be stored in a memory. Again, the memory can be disposed in one or more of the autonomous vehicle or a cloud computing platform. 
     In a third alternative implementation, the context information can be obtained by retrieving the context information from a memory. The memory can be disposed in one or more of the autonomous vehicle or a cloud computing platform. Additionally, for example, the memory can also store the topological information. 
     In a fourth alternative implementation, the context information can be obtained by determining the context information. In a realization of the fourth alternative implementation, the context information can be determined by: (1) obtaining a position of an object within a threshold distance to the autonomous vehicle and (2) determining information about the position of the object with respect to the topological information. In a specific realization, the position of the object can be obtained by receiving, from a sensor disposed on one or more of the autonomous vehicle or another object, the position of the object. Additionally, in the realization, a trajectory of the object can be determined. Additionally, the context information, having been obtained, can be stored in a memory. The memory can be disposed in one or more of the autonomous vehicle or a cloud computing platform. Additionally, for example, the memory can also store the topological information. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       The accompanying drawings, which are incorporated in and constitute a part of the specification, illustrate various systems, methods, and other embodiments of the disclosure. It will be appreciated that the illustrated element boundaries (e.g., boxes, groups of boxes, or other shapes) in the figures represent one embodiment of the boundaries. In some embodiments, one element may be designed as multiple elements or multiple elements may be designed as one element. In some embodiments, an element shown as an internal component of another element may be implemented as an external component and vice versa. Furthermore, elements may not be drawn to scale. 
         FIG. 1  is a diagram that illustrates an example of an environment for navigating an autonomous vehicle through an intersection, according to the disclosed technologies. 
         FIG. 2  is a flow diagram that illustrates an example of a method that is associated with navigating an autonomous vehicle through an intersection, according to the disclosed technologies. 
         FIG. 3  is a block diagram that illustrates an example of a system for navigating an autonomous vehicle through an intersection, according to the disclosed technologies. 
         FIG. 4  includes a block diagram that illustrates an example of elements disposed on a vehicle, according to the disclosed technologies. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     A specific task of planning a trajectory for an autonomous vehicle to navigate through an intersection can require more information than a general task of planning a trajectory for the autonomous vehicle to move from an origination point to a destination point. For example, not only can location information be at a degree of precision for a specific lane of a road, but also additional information about the specific lane (e.g., vehicles are allowed to make left turns or to go straight, vehicles are allowed only to go straight, etc.), topological information about the intersection (e.g., a count of a number of lanes on roads associated with the intersection, information about an entrance point to the intersection, information about an exit point from the intersection, etc.), or both can be required. For example, information to determine predicted trajectories for actual objects detected along the trajectory of the autonomous vehicle can require that several predicted trajectories be determined to allow for possible changes in paths of travel of the actual objects as they navigate through the intersection. For example, determining a selection of a trajectory, for the autonomous vehicle, from a set of candidate trajectories can require that a determination of the selection be based on the additional information about the specific lane, the topological information about the intersection, the several predicted trajectories for the actual objects detected, etc. 
     The disclosed technologies are directed to navigating an autonomous vehicle through an intersection. Topological information about the intersection can be obtained. The topological information can include, for example, a count of a number of lanes on roads associated with the intersection, information about an entrance point to the intersection, information about an exit point from the intersection, or the like. The intersection can be, for example, a conventional intersection of two roads, an intersection of more than two roads, a roundabout, a traffic circle, or the like. Based on the topological information, context information about a candidate trajectory through the intersection can be obtained. The context information can include, for example, a current time (e.g., Tuesday at 10:00 am), information about a position of an object with respect to the topological information in which the object can be within a threshold distance of the autonomous vehicle (e.g., (1) another vehicle is in front of the autonomous vehicle in a lane in which vehicles are allowed to make left turns or to go straight and, on Tuesdays at 10:00 am, 70 percent of vehicles in this lane make left turns and (2) vehicles in a lane to the right of the lane in which the autonomous vehicle is currently located are allowed only to go straight), or the like. Based on the context information, an existence of an advantage to change an actual trajectory of the autonomous vehicle can be determined (e.g., the desired trajectory for the autonomous vehicle is to go straight and being in the lane to the right of the lane in which the autonomous vehicle is currently located may allow the autonomous vehicle to go straight without a need to wait for the other vehicle in front of the autonomous vehicle possibly to make a left turn). In response to a determination of the existence of the advantage, a change to the actual trajectory of the autonomous vehicle can be caused to occur. 
       FIG. 1  is a diagram that illustrates an example of an environment  100  for navigating an autonomous vehicle through an intersection  102 , according to the disclosed technologies. For example, the intersection  102  can be of a first road  104  and a second road  106 . For example, the first road  104  can be disposed along a line of longitude and the second road  106  can be disposed along a line of latitude. For example: (1) a north entrance point  108  to the intersection  102  can include a left lane  108   a  and a right lane  108   b ; (2) a north exit point  110  from the intersection  102  can include a left lane  110   a  and a right lane  110   b ; (3) an east entrance point  112  to the intersection  102  can include a left lane  112   a  and a right lane  112   b ; (4) an east exit point  114  from the intersection  102  can include a left lane  114   a  and a right lane  114   b ; (5) a south entrance point  116  to the intersection  102  can include a left lane  116   a , a center lane  116   b , and a right lane  116   c ; (6) a south exit point  118  from the intersection  102  can include a left lane  118   a , a center lane  118   b , and a right lane  118   c ; (7) a west entrance point  120  to the intersection  102  can include a left lane  120   a  and a right lane  120   b ; and (8) a west exit point  122  from the intersection  102  can include a left lane  122   a  and a right lane  122   b . For example, from the left lane  116   a , an actual trajectory of an autonomous vehicle can be along: (1) a first candidate trajectory  116   a - 1  to the left lane  122   a , (2) a second candidate trajectory  116   a - 2  to the right lane  122   b , or (3) a third candidate trajectory  116   a - 3  to the left lane  110   a . For example, from the center lane  116   b , an actual trajectory of an autonomous vehicle can be along: (1) a first candidate trajectory  116   b - 1  to the left lane  110   a  or (2) a second candidate trajectory  116   b - 2  to the right lane  110   b . For example, from the right lane  116   c , an actual trajectory of an autonomous vehicle can be along: (1) a first candidate trajectory  116   c - 1  to the right lane  110   b , (2) a second candidate trajectory  116   c - 2  to the left lane  114   a , or (3) a third candidate trajectory  116   c - 3  to the right lane  114   b.    
     For example, the environment  100  can include a warehouse  124  located east of the first road  104 , north of the intersection  102 . For example, the first road  104 , north of the intersection  102 , can include a median  126 . For example, the intersection  102  can include a post and beam cantilever  128  that can support a first traffic light  130 , a second traffic light  132 , a third traffic light  134 , a first sensor  136 , and a first wireless communications device  138 . For example, in the environment  100  there can be a semi-trailer truck  140 , a first vehicle  142 , a second vehicle  144 , a third vehicle  146 , a first autonomous vehicle  148 , and a second autonomous vehicle  150 . For example, the first autonomous vehicle  148  can have a first processor  152 , a first memory  154 , a second sensor  156 , and a second wireless communications device  158 . For example, the second autonomous vehicle  150  can have a second processor  160 , a second memory  162 , a third sensor  164 , and a third wireless communications device  166 . For example, the environment  100  can include a cloud computing platform  168 . For example, the cloud computing platform  168  can include a third processor  170 , a third memory  172 , and a fourth wireless communications device  174 . 
       FIG. 2  is a flow diagram that illustrates an example of a method  200  that is associated with navigating an autonomous vehicle through an intersection, according to the disclosed technologies. 
     In the method  200 , at an operation  202 , a processor can determine that a location of the autonomous vehicle is within a threshold distance to the intersection. For example, the threshold distance can be 100 meters. 
     At an operation  204 , the processor can obtain topological information about the intersection. The topological information can include, for example, one or more of a count of a number of lanes on roads associated with the intersection, information about an entrance point to the intersection, or information about an exit point from the intersection. For example, with reference to  FIG. 1 , the topological information can include that the south entrance point  116  to the intersection  102  includes the left lane  116   a , the center lane  116   b , and the right lane  116   c . For example, the topological information can further include, at a first time (e.g., an earlier date), that: (1) in the left lane  116   a , vehicles are allowed to make left turns or to go straight (LS); (2) in the center lane  116   b , vehicles are allowed only to go straight (SO); and (3) in the right lane  116   c , vehicles are allowed to make right turns or to go straight (RS). This can be expressed as a first pattern: LS/SO/RS. For example, the topological information can further include, at a second time (e.g., a later date), that: (1) in the left lane  116   a , vehicles are allowed only to make left turns (LO); (2) in the center lane  116   b , vehicles are allowed to make left turns or to go straight (LS); and (3) in the right lane  116   c , vehicles are allowed to make right turns or to go straight (RS). This can be expressed as a second pattern: LO/LS/RS. In this manner, in these examples, permissible trajectories for vehicles in the left lane  116   a  and in the center lane  116   b  at the second time (e.g., the later date) are different from permissible trajectories for vehicles in the left lane  116   a  and in the center lane  116   b  at the first time (e.g., the earlier date). 
     In a first alternative implementation, the topological information can be obtained by: (1) receiving, from a sensor disposed on one or more of the autonomous vehicle or another object, information about the intersection and (2) determining, based on the information about the intersection, the topological information. For example, the sensor can include one or more of the second sensor  156  of the first autonomous vehicle  148  or the first sensor  136  supported by the post and beam cantilever  128 . For example, the first processor  152  of the first autonomous vehicle  148  can receive, from the second sensor  156  of the first autonomous vehicle  148 , a position of the second vehicle  144  and a position of the third vehicle  146 . For example, the first processor  152  can determine, based on the position of the second vehicle  144  and the position of the third vehicle  146 , a location of the left lane  116   a  and a location of the right lane  116   c . Additionally, in the first alternative implementation, the topological information, having been determined, can be stored in a memory. The memory can be disposed in one or more of the autonomous vehicle or a cloud computing platform. For example, the memory can include one or more of the first memory  154  of the first autonomous vehicle  148  or the third memory  172  of the cloud computing platform  168 . 
     In a second alternative implementation, the topological information can be obtained by retrieving the topological information from a memory. The memory can be disposed in one or more of the autonomous vehicle or a cloud computing platform. For example, the memory can include one or more of the first memory  154  of the first autonomous vehicle  148  or the third memory  172  of the cloud computing platform  168 . For example, the first processor  152  of the first autonomous vehicle  148  can retrieve, from the third memory  172 , that the south entrance point  116  to the intersection  102  includes the left lane  116   a , the center lane  116   b , and the right lane  116   c . In a variation of the second alternative implementation, the topological information can further be obtained by: (1) receiving, from a sensor disposed on at least one of the autonomous vehicle or another object, additional information about the intersection; (2) determining, based on the additional information about the intersection, additional topological information; and (3) revising the topological information to incorporate the additional topological information. For example, the sensor can include one or more of the second sensor  156  of the first autonomous vehicle  148  or the first sensor  136  supported by the post and beam cantilever  128 . For example, the first processor  152  of the first autonomous vehicle  148  can receive, from the first sensor  136 , that the first traffic light  130  produces: (1) a first signal that indicates that vehicles are allowed to go in any direction and (2) a second signal that indicates that vehicles are allowed only to make left turns. The first processor  152  can determine, based on this information, that: (1) in the left lane  116   a , vehicles are allowed to make left turns or to go straight (LS); (2) in the center lane  116   b , vehicles are allowed only to go straight (SO); and (3) in the right lane  116   c , vehicles are allowed to make right turns or to go straight (RS) (i.e., the first pattern: LS/SO/RS). The first processor  152  can revise the topological information to include this additional topological information. Additionally, in this variation, the topological information, having been revised, can be stored in a memory. The memory can be disposed in one or more of the autonomous vehicle or a cloud computing platform. For example, the memory can include one or more of the first memory  154  of the first autonomous vehicle  148  or the third memory  172  of the cloud computing platform  168 . 
     Returning to  FIG. 2 , at an operation  206 , the processor can obtain, based on the topological information, context information about a candidate trajectory through the intersection. For example, the context information can be based on one or more of a current time or information about a position of an object with respect to the topological information. The object can be within a threshold distance to the autonomous vehicle. For example, the threshold distance to the autonomous vehicle can be 300 meters. For example, the context information can be based on historical information related to the intersection and vehicles that have navigated through the intersection. 
     With reference to  FIG. 1 , in a first example, the second processor  160  of the second autonomous vehicle  150  can obtain, based on the topological information, context information that: (1) the current time is Tuesday at 10:00 am; (2) the second vehicle  144  is in front of the second autonomous vehicle  150  in the left lane  116   a ; (3) in the left lane  116   a , vehicles are allowed to make left turns or to go straight (LS) (e.g., the first pattern: LS/SO/RS); (4) on Tuesdays at 10:00 am, 70 percent of vehicles in the left lane  116   a  make left turns; and (5) in the center lane  116   b , vehicles are allowed only to go straight (SO) (e.g., the first pattern: LS/SO/RS). 
     In a second example, the first processor  152  of the first autonomous vehicle  148  can obtain, based on the topological information, context information that: (1) the second vehicle  144  is in the left lane  116   a ; (2) in the left lane  116   a , vehicles are allowed only to make left turns (LO) (e.g., the second pattern: LO/LS/RS); and (3) the actual trajectory of 50 percent of vehicles in the left lane  116   a  is along the second candidate trajectory  116   a - 2  to the right lane  122   b  (rather than along the first candidate trajectory  116   a - 1  to the left lane  122   a ). 
     In a third example, the first processor  152  of the first autonomous vehicle  148  can obtain, based on the topological information, context information that: (1) the warehouse  124  is located east of the first road  104 , north of the intersection  102 ; (2) the first road  104 , north of the intersection  102 , includes the median  126 ; (3) the semi-trailer truck  140  is in the left lane  108   a ; and (4) 20 percent of the time in which a semi-trailer truck  140  is in the left lane  108   a , the semi-trailer truck  140  makes a U-turn to the right lane  110   b.    
     In a third alternative implementation, the context information can be obtained by retrieving the context information from a memory. The memory can be disposed in one or more of the autonomous vehicle or a cloud computing platform. Additionally, for example, the memory can also store the topological information. 
     In a fourth example, the first processor  152  of the first autonomous vehicle  148  can have retrieved, from the first memory  154  of the first autonomous vehicle  148 , that the topological information about the south entrance point  116  to the intersection  102  includes the first pattern (i.e., LS/SO/RS). Next, the first processor  152  can receive, from the first sensor  136  supported by the post and beam cantilever  128 , that: (1) the first traffic light  130  produces a signal that indicates that vehicles are allowed only to make left turns and (2) the second traffic light  132  produces: (a) a first signal that indicates that vehicles are allowed to go in any direction and (b) a second signal that indicates that vehicles are allowed only to make left turns. The first processor  152  can determine, based on this information, that: (1) in the left lane  116   a , vehicles are allowed only to make left turns (LO); (2) in the center lane  116   b , vehicles are allowed to make left turns or to go straight (LS); and (3) in the right lane  116   c , vehicles are allowed to make right turns or to go straight (RS) (i.e., the second pattern: LO/LS/RS). The first processor  152  can revise the topological information to include this additional topological information. However, because the context information stored in the first memory  154  may be based on the topological information associated with the first pattern (i.e., LS/SO/RS), the first processor  152  can cause, in response to the revision to the topological information, context information associated with an intersection that has the second pattern (i.e., LO/LS/RS) to be retrieved from the third memory  172  of the cloud computing platform  168 . 
     In a fourth alternative implementation, the context information can be obtained by determining the context information. In a realization of the fourth alternative implementation, the context information can be determined by: (1) obtaining a position of an object within a threshold distance to the autonomous vehicle and (2) determining information about the position of the object with respect to the topological information. In a specific realization, the position of the object can be obtained by receiving, from a sensor disposed on one or more of the autonomous vehicle or another object, the position of the object. For example, the threshold distance to the autonomous vehicle can be 300 meters. Additionally, in the realization, a trajectory of the object can be determined. Additionally, in the fourth alternative implementation, the context information, having been obtained, can be stored in a memory. The memory can be disposed in one or more of the autonomous vehicle or a cloud computing platform. Additionally, for example, the memory can also store the topological information. 
     In a fifth example, the first processor  152  of the first autonomous vehicle  148  can have obtained that the topological information about the south entrance point  116  to the intersection  102  includes the second pattern (i.e., LO/LS/RS). The first processor  152  can receive, from the second sensor  156  of the first autonomous vehicle  148  or the first sensor  136  supported by the post and beam cantilever  128 , the position of the first vehicle  142 . The first processor  152  can determine that the first vehicle  142  is in the right lane  108   b,  100 meters from the north entrance point  108  to the intersection  102 . Additionally, the first processor  152  can determine that the trajectory of first vehicle  142  is a southbound path of travel at a speed of 100 kilometers per hour. Additionally, the context information, having been obtained, can be stored in one or more of the first memory  154  of the first autonomous vehicle  148  or the third memory  172  of the cloud computing platform  168 . 
     Returning to  FIG. 2 , at an operation  208 , the processor can determine, based on the context information, an existence of an advantage to change an actual trajectory of the autonomous vehicle. 
     With reference to  FIG. 1 , in the first example, if: (1) the desired trajectory of the second autonomous vehicle  150  is to go straight; (2) the current time is Tuesday at 10:00 am; (3) the second vehicle  144  is in front of the second autonomous vehicle  150  in the left lane  116   a ; (4) in the left lane  116   a , vehicles are allowed to make left turns or to go straight (LS) (e.g., the first pattern: LS/SO/RS); (5) on Tuesdays at 10:00 am, 70 percent of vehicles in the left lane  116   a  make left turns; and (6) in the center lane  116   b , vehicles are allowed only to go straight (SO) (e.g., the first pattern: LS/SO/RS), then the second processor  160  of the second autonomous vehicle  150  can determine the existence of an advantage to change the actual trajectory of the second autonomous vehicle  150  to have a path of travel to the center lane  116   b , which may allow the second autonomous vehicle  150  to go straight without a need to wait for the second vehicle  144  possibly to make a left turn. Additionally or alternatively, the second autonomous vehicle  150  may be able to communicate, via the third wireless communications device  166 , with the second vehicle  144  to determine if the second vehicle  144  intends to make a left turn or to go straight. Additionally, the second processor  160  may obtain, from one or more of the third sensor  164  or the first sensor  136  supported by the post and beam cantilever  128 , information to confirm that the center lane  116   b  will remain free of objects long enough for the second autonomous vehicle  150  to change the actual trajectory of the second autonomous vehicle  150  to have the path of travel to the center lane  116   b.    
     In the second and fourth examples, if: (1) the desired trajectory of the first autonomous vehicle  148  is to make a left turn to the right lane  122   b ; (2) the second vehicle  144  is in the left lane  116   a ; (3) in the left lane  116   a , vehicles are allowed only to make left turns (LO) (e.g., the second pattern: LO/LS/RS); and (4) the actual trajectory of 50 percent of vehicles in the left lane  116   a  is along the second candidate trajectory  116   a - 2  to the right lane  122   b  (rather than along the first candidate trajectory  116   a - 1  to the left lane  122   a ), then the first processor  152  of the first autonomous vehicle  148  can determine the existence of an advantage to change the actual trajectory of the first autonomous vehicle  148  to delay a commencement of the left turn until the first processor  152  can determine whether the actual trajectory of the second vehicle  144  will be along the first candidate trajectory  116   a - 1  to the left lane  122   a  or along the second candidate trajectory  116   a - 2  to the right lane  122   b . Additionally or alternatively, the first autonomous vehicle  148  may be able to communicate, via the second wireless communications device  158 , with the second vehicle  144  to determine if the second vehicle  144  intends to make a left turn along the first candidate trajectory  116   a - 1  to the left lane  122   a  or along the second candidate trajectory  116   a - 2  to the right lane  122   b.    
     In the third example, if: (1) the desired trajectory of the first autonomous vehicle  148  is to go straight to the left lane  110   a ; (2) the warehouse  124  is located east of the first road  104 , north of the intersection  102 ; (3) the first road  104 , north of the intersection  102 , includes the median  126 ; (4) the semi-trailer truck  140  is in the left lane  108   a ; and (5) 20 percent of the time in which a semi-trailer truck  140  is in the left lane  108   a , the semi-trailer truck  140  makes a U-turn to the right lane  110   b , then the first processor  152  of the first autonomous vehicle  148  can determine a lack of the existence of an advantage to change the actual trajectory of the first autonomous vehicle  148  because the percent of the time in which a semi-trailer truck  140  in the left lane  108   a  makes a U-turn to the right lane  110   b  is sufficiently low that the first autonomous vehicle  148  can operate in a reactive manner and use the second sensor  156  of the first autonomous vehicle  148  to avoid a collision with the semi-trailer truck  140 . Additionally or alternatively, the first autonomous vehicle  148  may be able to communicate, via the second wireless communications device  158 , with the semi-trailer truck  140  to determine if the semi-trailer truck  140  intends to make a U-turn to the right lane  110   b.    
     In the fifth example, if: (1) the desired trajectory of the first autonomous vehicle  148  is to make a left turn to the right lane  122   b ; (2) the topological information about the south entrance point  116  to the intersection  102  includes the second pattern (i.e., LO/LS/RS); (3) the first vehicle  142  is in the right lane  108   b,  100 meters from the north entrance point  108  to the intersection  102 ; and (4) the trajectory of first vehicle  142  is a southbound path of travel at a speed of 100 kilometers per hour, then the first processor  152  of the first autonomous vehicle  148  can determine the existence of an advantage to change the actual trajectory of the first autonomous vehicle  148  to delay a commencement of the left turn until the first vehicle  142  has passed through the intersection  102 . Additionally or alternatively, the first autonomous vehicle  148  may be able to communicate, via the second wireless communications device  158 , with the first vehicle  142  to determine if the first vehicle  142  intends to stop at the north entrance point  108  to the intersection of if the first vehicle  142  intends to change its speed. 
     Returning to  FIG. 2 , at an operation  210 , the processor can cause, in response to a determination of the existence of the advantage, a change to the actual trajectory of the autonomous vehicle to occur. The change to the actual trajectory can include one or more of a change to a path of travel of the autonomous vehicle or a change to a speed of the autonomous vehicle. 
     With reference to  FIG. 1 , in the first example, the second processor  160  of the second autonomous vehicle  150  can cause the second autonomous vehicle  150  to change the actual trajectory of the second autonomous vehicle  150  to have the path of travel to the center lane  116   b . In the second, fourth, and fifth examples, the first processor  152  of the first autonomous vehicle  148  can cause the first autonomous vehicle  148  to delay the commencement of the left turn. 
       FIG. 3  is a block diagram that illustrates an example of a system  300  for navigating an autonomous vehicle through an intersection, according to the disclosed technologies. The system  300  can include, for example, a processor  302  and a memory  304 . The memory  304  can be communicably coupled to the processor  302 . The memory can store, for example, a topological information module  306 , a context information module  308 , and a trajectory control module  310 . 
     For example, the topological information module  306  can include instructions that function to control the processor  302  to obtain topological information about the intersection. The topological information can include, for example, one or more of a count of a number of lanes on roads associated with the intersection, information about an entrance point to the intersection, or information about an exit point from the intersection. 
     In a first alternative implementation, the instructions of the topological information module  306  can function to control the processor  302  to: (1) receive, from a sensor disposed on one or more of the autonomous vehicle or another object, information about the intersection and (2) determine, based on the information about the intersection, the topological information. For example, the system  300  can further include a data store  312 . The data store  312  can be communicably coupled to the processor  302 . The topological information, having been determined, the instructions of the topological information module  306  can function to control the processor  302  to store the topological information in the data store  312 . Additionally or alternatively, for example, the memory  304  can further store a communications module  314 . The topological information, having been determined, the communications module  314  can include instructions that function to control the processor  302  to transmit the topological information to a cloud computing platform. 
     In a first realization of a second alternative implementation, the system  300  can further include the data store  312 . The data store  312  can be communicably coupled to the processor  302 . For example, the instructions of the topological information module  306  can function to control the processor  302  to retrieve the topological information from the data store  312 . In a variation of the second alternative implementation, the instructions of the topological information module  306  can function to control the processor  302  to: (1) receive, from a sensor disposed on at least one of the autonomous vehicle or another object, additional information about the intersection; (2) determine, based on the additional information about the intersection, additional topological information; and (3) revise the topological information to incorporate the additional topological information. Additionally, in this variation, for example, the topological information, having been revised, the instructions of the topological information module  306  can function to control the processor  302  to store the topological information in the data store  312 . Additionally or alternatively, in this variation, for example, the memory  304  can further store the communications module  314 . The topological information, having been revised, the communications module  314  can include instructions that function to control the processor  302  to transmit the topological information to a cloud computing platform. 
     In a second realization of the second alternative implementation, the memory  304  can further store the communications module  314 . The communications module  314  can include instructions that function to control the processor  302  to receive the topological information from a cloud computing platform. The instructions of the topological information module  306  can function to control the processor  302  to cause the communications module  314  to receive the topological information from the cloud computing platform. For example, the instructions of the topological information module  306  can function to control the processor  302  to: (1) receive, from a sensor disposed on at least one of the autonomous vehicle or another object, additional information about the intersection; (2) determine, based on the additional information about the intersection, additional topological information; and (3) revise the topological information to incorporate the additional topological information. Additionally, for example, the system  300  can further include the data store  312 . The data store  312  can be communicably coupled to the processor  302 . The topological information, having been revised, the instructions of the topological information module  306  can function to control the processor  302  to store the topological information in the data store  312 . Additionally or alternatively, for example, the topological information, having been revised, the instructions of the communications module  314  can function to control the processor  302  to transmit the topological information to the cloud computing platform. 
     For example, the context information module  308  can include instructions that function to control the processor  302  to obtain, based on the topological information, context information about a candidate trajectory through the intersection. For example, the context information can be based on one or more of a current time or information about a position of an object with respect to the topological information. The object can be within a threshold distance to the autonomous vehicle. The threshold distance to the autonomous vehicle can be 300 meters. 
     In a first realization of a third alternative implementation, the system  300  can further include the data store  312 . The data store  312  can be communicably coupled to the processor  302 . For example, the instructions of the context information module  308  can function to control the processor  302  to retrieve the context information from the data store  312 . Additionally, for example, the data store  312  can also store the topological information. 
     In a second realization of the third alternative implementation, the memory  304  can further store the communications module  314 . The communications module  314  can include instructions that function to control the processor  302  to receive the context information from a cloud computing platform. For example, the instructions of the context information module  308  can function to control the processor  302  to cause the communications module  314  to receive the context information from the cloud computing platform. Additionally, for example, the cloud computing platform can also store the topological information. 
     In a fourth alternative implementation, the instructions of the context information module  308  can function to control the processor  302  to determine the context information. In a realization of the fourth alternative implementation, the instructions of the context information module  308  can function to control the processor  302  to: (1) obtain a position of an object within a threshold distance to the autonomous vehicle and (2) determine information about the position of the object with respect to the topological information. In a specific realization, the instructions of the context information module  308  can function to control the processor  302  to receive, from a sensor disposed on one or more of the autonomous vehicle or another object, the position of the object. For example, the threshold distance to the autonomous vehicle is 300 meters. Additionally, in the realization, the instructions of the context information module  308  can function to control the processor  302  to determine a trajectory of the object. Additionally, in the fourth alternative implementation, the system  300  can further include the data store  312 . The data store  312  can be communicably coupled to the processor  302 . For example, the context information, having been obtained, the instructions of the context information module  308  can function to control the processor  302  to store the context information in the data store  312 . Additionally, for example, the data store  312  can also store the topological information. Additionally or alternatively, in the fourth alternative implementation, the memory  304  can further store the communications module  314 . The context information, having been obtained, the communications module  314  can include instructions that function to control the processor  302  to transmit the context information to the cloud computing platform. Additionally, for example, the cloud computing platform can also store the topological information. 
     For example, the trajectory control module  310  can include instructions that function to control the processor  302  to: (1) determine, based on the context information, an existence of an advantage to change an actual trajectory of the autonomous vehicle and (2) cause, in response to a determination of the existence of the advantage, a change to the actual trajectory of the autonomous vehicle to occur. The change to the actual trajectory can include one or more of a change to a path of travel of the autonomous vehicle or a change to a speed of the autonomous vehicle. 
     Additionally, the memory  304  can further store, for example, a localization module  316 . The localization module  316  can include instructions that function to control the processor  302  to determine that a location of the autonomous vehicle is within a threshold distance to the intersection. For example, the threshold distance can be 100 meters. 
       FIG. 4  includes a block diagram that illustrates an example of elements disposed on a vehicle  400 , according to the disclosed technologies. As used herein, a “vehicle” can be any form of powered transport. In one or more implementations, the vehicle  400  can be an automobile. While arrangements described herein are with respect to automobiles, one of skill in the art understands, in light of the description herein, that embodiments are not limited to automobiles. 
     In some embodiments, the vehicle  400  can be configured to switch selectively between an autonomous mode, one or more semi-autonomous operational modes, and/or a manual mode. Such switching can be implemented in a suitable manner, now known or later developed. As used herein, “manual mode” can refer that all of or a majority of the navigation and/or maneuvering of the vehicle  400  is performed according to inputs received from a user (e.g., human driver). In one or more arrangements, the vehicle  400  can be a conventional vehicle that is configured to operate in only a manual mode. 
     In one or more embodiments, the vehicle  400  can be an autonomous vehicle. As used herein, “autonomous vehicle” can refer to a vehicle that operates in an autonomous mode. As used herein, “autonomous mode” can refer to navigating and/or maneuvering the vehicle  400  along a travel route using one or more computing systems to control the vehicle  400  with minimal or no input from a human driver. In one or more embodiments, the vehicle  400  can be highly automated or completely automated. In one embodiment, the vehicle  400  can be configured with one or more semi-autonomous operational modes in which one or more computing systems perform a portion of the navigation and/or maneuvering of the vehicle along a travel route, and a vehicle operator (i.e., driver) provides inputs to the vehicle  400  to perform a portion of the navigation and/or maneuvering of the vehicle  400  along a travel route. 
     The vehicle  400  can include various elements. The vehicle  400  can have any combination of the various elements illustrated in  FIG. 4 . In various embodiments, it may not be necessary for the vehicle  400  to include all of the elements illustrated in  FIG. 4 . Furthermore, the vehicle  400  can have elements in addition to those illustrated in  FIG. 4 . While the various elements are illustrated in  FIG. 4  as being located within the vehicle  400 , one or more of these elements can be located external to the vehicle  400 . Furthermore, the elements illustrated may be physically separated by large distances. For example, as described, one or more components of the disclosed system can be implemented within the vehicle  400  while other components of the system can be implemented within a cloud-computing environment, as described below. For example, the elements can include one or more processors  410 , one or more data stores  415 , a sensor system  420 , an input system  430 , an output system  435 , vehicle systems  440 , one or more actuators  450 , one or more autonomous driving modules  460 , a communications system  470 , and the system  300  for navigating an autonomous vehicle through an intersection. 
     In one or more arrangements, the one or more processors  410  can be a main processor of the vehicle  400 . For example, the one or more processors  410  can be an electronic control unit (ECU). For example, functions and/or operations of the processor  302  (illustrated in  FIG. 3 ) can be realized by the one or more processors  410 . 
     The one or more data stores  415  can store, for example, one or more types of data. For example, functions and/or operations of the memory  304  and/or the data store  312  (illustrated in  FIG. 3 ) can be realized by the one or more data stores  415 . The one or more data store  415  can include volatile memory and/or non-volatile memory. Examples of suitable memory for the one or more data stores  415  can include Random-Access Memory (RAM), flash memory, Read-Only Memory (ROM), Programmable Read-Only Memory (PROM), Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory (EPROM), Electrically Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory (EEPROM), registers, magnetic disks, optical disks, hard drives, any other suitable storage medium, or any combination thereof. The one or more data stores  415  can be a component of the one or more processors  410 . Additionally or alternatively, the one or more data stores  415  can be operatively connected to the one or more processors  410  for use thereby. As used herein, “operatively connected” can include direct or indirect connections, including connections without direct physical contact. As used herein, a statement that a component can be “configured to” perform an operation can be understood to mean that the component requires no structural alterations, but merely needs to be placed into an operational state (e.g., be provided with electrical power, have an underlying operating system running, etc.) in order to perform the operation. 
     In one or more arrangements, the one or more data stores  415  can store map data  416 . The map data  416  can include maps of one or more geographic areas. In some instances, the map data  416  can include information or data on roads, traffic control devices, road markings, structures, features, and/or landmarks in the one or more geographic areas. The map data  416  can be in any suitable form. In some instances, the map data  416  can include aerial views of an area. In some instances, the map data  416  can include ground views of an area, including 360-degree ground views. The map data  416  can include measurements, dimensions, distances, and/or information for one or more items included in the map data  416  and/or relative to other items included in the map data  416 . The map data  416  can include a digital map with information about road geometry. The map data  416  can be high quality and/or highly detailed. 
     In one or more arrangements, the map data  416  can include one or more terrain maps  417 . The one or more terrain maps  417  can include information about the ground, terrain, roads, surfaces, and/or other features of one or more geographic areas. The one or more terrain maps  417  can include elevation data of the one or more geographic areas. The map data  416  can be high quality and/or highly detailed. The one or more terrain maps  417  can define one or more ground surfaces, which can include paved roads, unpaved roads, land, and other things that define a ground surface. 
     In one or more arrangements, the map data  416  can include one or more static obstacle maps  418 . The one or more static obstacle maps  418  can include information about one or more static obstacles located within one or more geographic areas. A “static obstacle” can be a physical object whose position does not change (or does not substantially change) over a period of time and/or whose size does not change (or does not substantially change) over a period of time. Examples of static obstacles can include trees, buildings, curbs, fences, railings, medians, utility poles, statues, monuments, signs, benches, furniture, mailboxes, large rocks, and hills. The static obstacles can be objects that extend above ground level. The one or more static obstacles included in the one or more static obstacle maps  418  can have location data, size data, dimension data, material data, and/or other data associated with them. The one or more static obstacle maps  418  can include measurements, dimensions, distances, and/or information for one or more static obstacles. The one or more static obstacle maps  418  can be high quality and/or highly detailed. The one or more static obstacle maps  418  can be updated to reflect changes within a mapped area. 
     In one or more arrangements, the one or more data stores  415  can store sensor data  419 . As used herein, “sensor data” can refer to any information about the sensors with which the vehicle  400  can be equipped including the capabilities of and other information about such sensors. The sensor data  419  can relate to one or more sensors of the sensor system  420 . For example, in one or more arrangements, the sensor data  419  can include information about one or more lidar sensors  424  of the sensor system  420 . 
     In some arrangements, at least a portion of the map data  416  and/or the sensor data  419  can be located in one or more data stores  415  that are located onboard the vehicle  400 . Alternatively or additionally, at least a portion of the map data  416  and/or the sensor data  419  can be located in one or more data stores  415  that are located remotely from the vehicle  400 . 
     The sensor system  420  can include one or more sensors. As used herein, a “sensor” can refer to any device, component, and/or system that can detect and/or sense something. The one or more sensors can be configured to detect and/or sense in real-time. As used herein, the term “real-time” can refer to a level of processing responsiveness that is perceived by a user or system to be sufficiently immediate for a particular process or determination to be made, or that enables the processor to keep pace with some external process. 
     In arrangements in which the sensor system  420  includes a plurality of sensors, the sensors can work independently from each other. Alternatively, two or more of the sensors can work in combination with each other. In such a case, the two or more sensors can form a sensor network. The sensor system  420  and/or the one or more sensors can be operatively connected to the one or more processors  410 , the one or more data stores  415 , and/or another element of the vehicle  400  (including any of the elements illustrated in  FIG. 4 ). The sensor system  420  can acquire data of at least a portion of the external environment of the vehicle  400  (e.g., nearby vehicles). The sensor system  420  can include any suitable type of sensor. Various examples of different types of sensors are described herein. However, one of skill in the art understands that the embodiments are not limited to the particular sensors described herein. 
     The sensor system  420  can include one or more vehicle sensors  421 . The one or more vehicle sensors  421  can detect, determine, and/or sense information about the vehicle  400  itself. In one or more arrangements, the one or more vehicle sensors  421  can be configured to detect and/or sense position and orientation changes of the vehicle  400  such as, for example, based on inertial acceleration. In one or more arrangements, the one or more vehicle sensors  421  can include one or more accelerometers, one or more gyroscopes, an inertial measurement unit (IMU), a dead-reckoning system, a global navigation satellite system (GNSS), a global positioning system (GPS), a navigation system  447 , and/or other suitable sensors. The one or more vehicle sensors  421  can be configured to detect and/or sense one or more characteristics of the vehicle  400 . In one or more arrangements, the one or more vehicle sensors  421  can include a speedometer to determine a current speed of the vehicle  400 . 
     Alternatively or additionally, the sensor system  420  can include one or more environment sensors  422  configured to acquire and/or sense driving environment data. As used herein, “driving environment data” can include data or information about the external environment in which a vehicle is located or one or more portions thereof. For example, the one or more environment sensors  422  can be configured to detect, quantify, and/or sense obstacles in at least a portion of the external environment of the vehicle  400  and/or information/data about such obstacles. Such obstacles may be stationary objects and/or dynamic objects. The one or more environment sensors  422  can be configured to detect, measure, quantify, and/or sense other things in the external environment of the vehicle  400  such as, for example, lane markers, signs, traffic lights, traffic signs, lane lines, crosswalks, curbs proximate the vehicle  400 , off-road objects, etc. 
     Various examples of sensors of the sensor system  420  are described herein. The example sensors may be part of the one or more vehicle sensors  421  and/or the one or more environment sensors  422 . However, one of skill in the art understands that the embodiments are not limited to the particular sensors described. 
     In one or more arrangement, the one or more environment sensors  422  can include one or more radar sensors  423 , one or more lidar sensors  424 , one or more sonar sensors  425 , and/or one more cameras  426 . In one or more arrangements, the one or more cameras  426  can be one or more high dynamic range (HDR) cameras or one or more infrared (IR) cameras. For example, the one or more cameras  426  can be used to record a reality of a state of an item of information that can appear in digital map. For example, functions and/or operations of the detection and ranging device  114  (illustrated in  FIGS. 1 and 2 ) can be realized by one of the one or more environment sensors  422 . 
     The input system  430  can include any device, component, system, element, arrangement, or groups thereof that enable information/data to be entered into a machine. The input system  430  can receive an input from a vehicle passenger (e.g., a driver or a passenger). The output system  435  can include any device, component, system, element, arrangement, or groups thereof that enable information/data to be presented to a vehicle passenger (e.g., a driver or a passenger). 
     Various examples of the one or more vehicle systems  440  are illustrated in  FIG. 4 . However, one of skill in the art understands that the vehicle  400  can include more, fewer, or different vehicle systems. Although particular vehicle systems can be separately defined, each or any of the systems or portions thereof may be otherwise combined or segregated via hardware and/or software within the vehicle  400 . For example, the one or more vehicle systems  440  can include a propulsion system  441 , a braking system  442 , a steering system  443 , a throttle system  444 , a transmission system  445 , a signaling system  446 , and/or the navigation system  447 . Each of these systems can include one or more devices, components, and/or a combination thereof, now known or later developed. 
     The navigation system  447  can include one or more devices, applications, and/or combinations thereof, now known or later developed, configured to determine the geographic location of the vehicle  400  and/or to determine a travel route for the vehicle  400 . The navigation system  447  can include one or more mapping applications to determine a travel route for the vehicle  400 . The navigation system  447  can include a global positioning system, a local positioning system, a geolocation system, and/or a combination thereof. 
     The one or more actuators  450  can be any element or combination of elements operable to modify, adjust, and/or alter one or more of the vehicle systems  440  or components thereof responsive to receiving signals or other inputs from the one or more processors  410  and/or the one or more autonomous driving modules  460 . Any suitable actuator can be used. For example, the one or more actuators  450  can include motors, pneumatic actuators, hydraulic pistons, relays, solenoids, and/or piezoelectric actuators. 
     The one or more processors  410  and/or the one or more autonomous driving modules  460  can be operatively connected to communicate with the various vehicle systems  440  and/or individual components thereof. For example, the one or more processors  410  and/or the one or more autonomous driving modules  460  can be in communication to send and/or receive information from the various vehicle systems  440  to control the movement, speed, maneuvering, heading, direction, etc. of the vehicle  400 . The one or more processors  410  and/or the one or more autonomous driving modules  460  may control some or all of these vehicle systems  440  and, thus, may be partially or fully autonomous. 
     The one or more processors  410  and/or the one or more autonomous driving modules  460  may be operable to control the navigation and/or maneuvering of the vehicle  400  by controlling one or more of the vehicle systems  440  and/or components thereof. For example, when operating in an autonomous mode, the one or more processors  410  and/or the one or more autonomous driving modules  460  can control the direction and/or speed of the vehicle  400 . The one or more processors  410  and/or the one or more autonomous driving modules  460  can cause the vehicle  400  to accelerate (e.g., by increasing the supply of fuel provided to the engine), decelerate (e.g., by decreasing the supply of fuel to the engine and/or by applying brakes) and/or change direction (e.g., by turning the front two wheels). As used herein, “cause” or “causing” can mean to make, force, compel, direct, command, instruct, and/or enable an event or action to occur or at least be in a state where such event or action may occur, either in a direct or indirect manner. The communications system  470  can include one or more receivers  471  and/or one or more transmitters  472 . The communications system  470  can receive and transmit one or more messages through one or more wireless communications channels. For example, the one or more wireless communications channels can be in accordance with the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) 802.11p standard to add wireless access in vehicular environments (WAVE) (the basis for Dedicated Short-Range Communications (DSRC)), the 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) Long-Term Evolution (LTE) Vehicle-to-Everything (V2X) (LTE-V2X) standard (including the LTE Uu interface between a mobile communication device and an Evolved Node B of the Universal Mobile Telecommunications System), the 3GPP fifth generation (5G) New Radio (NR) Vehicle-to-Everything (V2X) standard (including the 5G NR Uu interface), or the like. For example, the communications system  470  can include “connected car” technology. “Connected car” technology can include, for example, devices to exchange communications between a vehicle and other devices in a packet-switched network. Such other devices can include, for example, another vehicle (e.g., “Vehicle to Vehicle” (V2V) technology), roadside infrastructure (e.g., “Vehicle to Infrastructure” (V2I) technology), a cloud platform (e.g., “Vehicle to Cloud” (V2C) technology), a pedestrian (e.g., “Vehicle to Pedestrian” (V2P) technology), or a network (e.g., “Vehicle to Network” (V2N) technology. “Vehicle to Everything” (V2X) technology can integrate aspects of these individual communications technologies. 
     The vehicle  400  can include one or more modules, at least some of which are described herein. The modules can be implemented as computer-readable program code that, when executed by the one or more processors  410 , implement one or more of the various processes described herein. One or more of the modules can be a component of the one or more processors  410 . Alternatively or additionally, one or more of the modules can be executed on and/or distributed among other processing systems to which the one or more processors  410  can be operatively connected. The modules can include instructions (e.g., program logic) executable by the one or more processors  410 . Alternatively or additionally, the one or more data store  415  may contain such instructions. 
     In one or more arrangements, one or more of the modules described herein can include artificial or computational intelligence elements, e.g., neural network, fuzzy logic, or other machine learning algorithms. Further, in one or more arrangements, one or more of the modules can be distributed among a plurality of the modules described herein. In one or more arrangements, two or more of the modules described herein can be combined into a single module. 
     The vehicle  400  can include one or more autonomous driving modules  460 . The one or more autonomous driving modules  460  can be configured to receive data from the sensor system  420  and/or any other type of system capable of capturing information relating to the vehicle  400  and/or the external environment of the vehicle  400 . In one or more arrangements, the one or more autonomous driving modules  460  can use such data to generate one or more driving scene models. The one or more autonomous driving modules  460  can determine position and velocity of the vehicle  400 . The one or more autonomous driving modules  460  can determine the location of obstacles, obstacles, or other environmental features including traffic signs, trees, shrubs, neighboring vehicles, pedestrians, etc. 
     The one or more autonomous driving modules  460  can be configured to receive and/or determine location information for obstacles within the external environment of the vehicle  400  for use by the one or more processors  410  and/or one or more of the modules described herein to estimate position and orientation of the vehicle  400 , vehicle position in global coordinates based on signals from a plurality of satellites, or any other data and/or signals that could be used to determine the current state of the vehicle  400  or determine the position of the vehicle  400  with respect to its environment for use in either creating a map or determining the position of the vehicle  400  in respect to map data. 
     The one or more autonomous driving modules  460  can be configured to determine one or more travel paths, current autonomous driving maneuvers for the vehicle  400 , future autonomous driving maneuvers and/or modifications to current autonomous driving maneuvers based on data acquired by the sensor system  420 , driving scene models, and/or data from any other suitable source such as determinations from the sensor data  419 . As used herein, “driving maneuver” can refer to one or more actions that affect the movement of a vehicle. Examples of driving maneuvers include: accelerating, decelerating, braking, turning, moving in a lateral direction of the vehicle  400 , changing travel lanes, merging into a travel lane, and/or reversing, just to name a few possibilities. The one or more autonomous driving modules  460  can be configured to implement determined driving maneuvers. The one or more autonomous driving modules  460  can cause, directly or indirectly, such autonomous driving maneuvers to be implemented. As used herein, “cause” or “causing” means to make, command, instruct, and/or enable an event or action to occur or at least be in a state where such event or action may occur, either in a direct or indirect manner. The one or more autonomous driving modules  460  can be configured to execute various vehicle functions and/or to transmit data to, receive data from, interact with, and/or control the vehicle  400  or one or more systems thereof (e.g., one or more of vehicle systems  440 ). For example, functions and/or operations of an automotive navigation system can be realized by the one or more autonomous driving modules  460 . 
     Detailed embodiments are disclosed herein. However, one of skill in the art understands, in light of the description herein, that the disclosed embodiments are intended only as examples. Therefore, specific structural and functional details disclosed herein are not to be interpreted as limiting, but merely as a basis for the claims and as a representative basis for teaching one of skill in the art to variously employ the aspects herein in virtually any appropriately detailed structure. Furthermore, the terms and phrases used herein are not intended to be limiting but rather to provide an understandable description of possible implementations. Various embodiments are illustrated in  FIGS. 2-4 , but the embodiments are not limited to the illustrated structure or application. 
     The flowchart and block diagrams in the figures illustrate the architecture, functionality, and operation of possible implementations of systems, methods, and computer program products according to various embodiments. In this regard, each block in flowcharts or block diagrams may represent a module, segment, or portion of code, which comprises one or more executable instructions for implementing the specified logical function(s). One of skill in the art understands, in light of the description herein, that, in some alternative implementations, the functions described in a block may occur out of the order depicted by the figures. For example, two blocks depicted in succession may, in fact, be executed substantially concurrently, or the blocks may be executed in the reverse order, depending upon the functionality involved. 
     The systems, components and/or processes described above can be realized in hardware or a combination of hardware and software and can be realized in a centralized fashion in one processing system or in a distributed fashion where different elements are spread across several interconnected processing systems. Any kind of processing system or another apparatus adapted for carrying out the methods described herein is suitable. A typical combination of hardware and software can be a processing system with computer-readable program code that, when loaded and executed, controls the processing system such that it carries out the methods described herein. The systems, components, and/or processes also can be embedded in a computer-readable storage, such as a computer program product or other data programs storage device, readable by a machine, tangibly embodying a program of instructions executable by the machine to perform methods and processes described herein. These elements also can be embedded in an application product that comprises all the features enabling the implementation of the methods described herein and that, when loaded in a processing system, is able to carry out these methods. 
     Furthermore, arrangements described herein may take the form of a computer program product embodied in one or more computer-readable media having computer-readable program code embodied, e.g., stored, thereon. Any combination of one or more computer-readable media may be utilized. The computer-readable medium may be a computer-readable signal medium or a computer-readable storage medium. As used herein, the phrase “computer-readable storage medium” means a non-transitory storage medium. A computer-readable storage medium may be, for example, but not limited to, an electronic, magnetic, optical, electromagnetic, infrared, or semiconductor system, apparatus, or device, or any suitable combination of the foregoing. More specific examples of the computer-readable storage medium would include, in a non-exhaustive list, the following: a portable computer diskette, a hard disk drive (HDD), a solid-state drive (SSD), a read-only memory (ROM), an erasable programmable read-only memory (EPROM or flash memory), a portable compact disc read-only memory (CD-ROM), a digital versatile disc (DVD), an optical storage device, a magnetic storage device, or any suitable combination of the foregoing. As used herein, a computer-readable storage medium may be any tangible medium that can contain or store a program for use by or in connection with an instruction execution system, apparatus, or device. 
     Generally, modules, as used herein, include routines, programs, objects, components, data structures, and so on that perform particular tasks or implement particular data types. In further aspects, a memory generally stores such modules. The memory associated with a module may be a buffer or may be cache embedded within a processor, a random-access memory (RAM), a ROM, a flash memory, or another suitable electronic storage medium. In still further aspects, a module as used herein, may be implemented as an application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC), a hardware component of a system on a chip (SoC), a programmable logic array (PLA), or another suitable hardware component that is embedded with a defined configuration set (e.g., instructions) for performing the disclosed functions. 
     Program code embodied on a computer-readable medium may be transmitted using any appropriate medium, including but not limited to wireless, wireline, optical fiber, cable, radio frequency (RF), etc., or any suitable combination of the foregoing. Computer program code for carrying out operations for aspects of the disclosed technologies may be written in any combination of one or more programming languages, including an object-oriented programming language such as Java™, Smalltalk, C++, or the like, and conventional procedural programming languages such as the “C” programming language or similar programming languages. The program code may execute entirely on a user&#39;s computer, partly on a user&#39;s computer, as a stand-alone software package, partly on a user&#39;s computer and partly on a remote computer, or entirely on a remote computer or server. In the latter scenario, the remote computer may be connected to the user&#39;s computer through any type of network, including a local area network (LAN) or a wide area network (WAN), or the connection may be made to an external computer (for example, through the Internet using an Internet Service Provider). 
     The terms “a” and “an,” as used herein, are defined as one or more than one. The term “plurality,” as used herein, is defined as two or more than two. The term “another,” as used herein, is defined as at least a second or more. The terms “including” and/or “having,” as used herein, are defined as comprising (i.e., open language). The phrase “at least one of . . . or . . . ” as used herein refers to and encompasses any and all possible combinations of one or more of the associated listed items. For example, the phrase “at least one of A, B, or C” includes A only, B only, C only, or any combination thereof (e.g., AB, AC, BC, or ABC). 
     Aspects herein can be embodied in other forms without departing from the spirit or essential attributes thereof. Accordingly, reference should be made to the following claims, rather than to the foregoing specification, as indicating the scope hereof.