Patent Publication Number: US-9835228-B2

Title: Advanced methods and designs for balancing a stranded termination assembly

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCES TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This non-provisional patent application claims the benefit of an earlier-filed provisional application. The first provisional application was assigned Ser. No. 61/984,830. It listed the same inventor. 
    
    
     STATEMENT REGARDING FEDERALLY SPONSORED RESEARCH OR DEVELOPMENT 
     Not Applicable. 
     MICROFICHE APPENDIX 
     Not Applicable 
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     1. Field of the Invention 
     This invention relates to the field of tensile strength members such as multi-stranded synthetic cables. More specifically, the invention comprises devices and methods for balancing the load carried by a synthetic cable among its constituent strands. 
     2. Description of the Related Art 
     A cable must generally be provided with one or more end connections in order to be useful. The end connections allow the cable to carry and transmit a useful load. An end connection may be a simple device—such as a large hook—employed to connect the cable to an anchoring point. Larger synthetic cables typically include multiple constituent strands. It is preferable to attach an individual connective device to each strand. Such a connective device is referred to in this disclosure as a “strand termination.” Multiple strand terminations are connected together somehow to create a unified cable end connection. The unified cable end connection is referred to in this disclosure as an “overall cable termination.” 
     For small cables simple end-fittings work fairly well. For larger cables, however, more complicated end-fittings are needed in order to produce acceptable break strength. This is particularly true for large, multi-stranded cables made of synthetic filaments (having diameters of 20 mm or more).  FIG. 1  shows a cable  10  made from advanced high-strength synthetic filaments. Some terminology used in the construction of cables will benefit the reader&#39;s understanding, though it is important to know that the terminology varies within the industry. For purposes of this patent application, the smallest individual component of the cable is known as a “filament.” A filament is often created by an extrusion process (though others are used). Many filaments are grouped together to create a strand  12 . The filaments are braided and/or twisted together using a variety of known techniques in order to create a cohesive strand. There may also be sub-groups of filaments within each strand. As the overall cable size gets larger, more and more layers of filament organization will typically be added. The strands  12  are typically braided and/or twisted together to form cable  10 . In other examples the strands may be purely parallel and encased in individual surrounding jackets. In still other examples the strands may be arranged in a “cable lay” pattern that is well known in the fabrication of wire ropes. 
     Many different materials are used for the filaments in a synthetic cable. These include DYNEEMA, SPECTRA, TECHNORA, TWARON, KEVLAR, VECTRAN, PBO, carbon fiber, nano-tubes, and glass fiber (among many others). In general the individual filaments have a thickness that is less than that of human hair. The filaments are very strong in tension, but they are not very rigid. They also tend to have low surface friction. These facts make such synthetic filaments difficult to handle during the process of adding a termination and difficult to organize. The present invention is particularly applicable to terminations made of such high-strength synthetic filaments, for reasons which will be explained in the descriptive text to follow. While the invention could in theory be applied to older cable technologies—such as wire rope—it likely would offer little advantage and the additional time and expense of implementing the invention would not be worthwhile. Thus, the invention is not really applicable to wire rope and other similar cables made of very stiff elements. 
     The cable shown in  FIG. 1  is a well-known exemplary construction made by braiding or otherwise interrelating twelve strands together. Polyester ropes using this construction are known to have an external diameter up to about 6 inches (see specification MIL-R-24750). Even larger polyester ropes are made by constricting parallel sub-ropes in a braided-strand jacket. 
     When a cable has non-parallel strands the interrelationship between the strands becomes quite complex. The overall cable has a central axis. Each individual strand is on average running parallel to the cable&#39;s central axis. However, at any given point along the cable&#39;s length, no individual strand is parallel to the cable&#39;s central axis. When such a cable is loaded, the individual strands move and shift. The cable “clinches” together and strand-to-strand friction becomes a significant component of the cable&#39;s performance. When a large amount of tension is applied to such a cable in its initial post-manufacturing state, if is known for the cable&#39;s diameter to shrink by up to 30%. The individual strands must slip over one another and settle into a stable configuration. 
     It is important for the overall strength of most cables—the 12-strand configuration of  FIG. 1  being a good example—that the overall load be shared equally among the constituent strands. For a 12-strand construction, the ideal result is that each strand carries exactly 1/12 of the total load. Other cables may have a desired non-equal tension distribution, such as a cable having some relatively large strands and other relatively small strands. However, in all cases, it is preferable to have a “target” distribution of tension among the constituent strands and to provide a system that meets this target distribution. 
     High-strength synthetic filaments have very little surface friction and strands made of these filaments also have very little surface friction. Thus, it is possible for one individual strand to “slip” with respect to neighboring strands. A strand that slips tends to “unload” itself and shift the load it was carrying to its neighbors. This is obviously an undesirable result. 
     In order to add an overall cable termination to an end of a multi-stranded synthetic cable, each individual strand must be cut to length and have a strand termination added (It is not essential that all strands in the cable undergo this process but in most embodiments all strands will be involved). The cutting and terminating processes are inherently imperfect. The result will generally be that some terminated strands will wind up being longer than desired while others will wind up being shorter then desired. If a tensile load is placed on the cable with no accommodation for these manufacturing tolerances, the relatively “short” strands will be loaded first and they will carry more load than the relatively long strands. 
     One approach to reducing this problem is to make the application of a tensile load to each strand individually adjustable. In order to achieve this goal a tension-applying apparatus may be applied to each strand termination individually. Looking again at  FIG. 1 , the reader will note how the strands on the free end of cable  10  have been unbraided so that they are individually accessible. 
       FIG. 2  shows a section view through a strand termination  30  that has been added to the free end of an individual strand  12 . The prior art approaches to adding a termination are explained in detail in commonly-owned U.S. Pat. Nos. 7,237,336, 7,669,294, 8,048,357, 8,236,219, and 8,371,015, which are hereby incorporated by reference. These prior patents generally concern potted terminations, but as discussed previously the invention applies to all types of termination. 
       FIG. 2  shows a sectional view through the components used to create the termination. The reader will note that anchor  18  includes an expanding cavity  20  that expands as one proceeds from the portion of the anchor facing the length of cable (the “proximal” end, which is the bottom end in the orientation of the view) toward the portion of the anchor facing in the opposite direction (the “distal” end, which is the top end in the orientation of the view). The expanding cavity in this example is a linear taper between two straight portions—all joined by fillets. Differing wall profiles may be used to create a wide variety of expanding cavities. 
     The end portion of strand  12  is potted into the expanding cavity in order to lock anchor  18  to strand  12 . The filaments of the strand are splayed apart and infused with liquid potting compound (either before or after being placed within expanding cavity  22 ). The liquid potting compound may be added by a variety of methods, including: (1) “painting” or otherwise wetting the filaments with potting compound and then sliding the anchor into position over the painted filaments, (2) positioning the splayed filaments in the cavity and then pouring in potting compound, (3) pre-wetting the filaments in a separate mold designed to wet the filaments, and (4) injecting pressurized potting compound into the cavity. However the potting compound is introduced, the splayed filaments remain within cavity  20  while the potting compound hardens. Once it has hardened the result is a mechanical interlock between the filament-reinforced “plug” (contained in potted region  22 ) of solid material and the cavity. Tension applied to the cable will thereby be transmitted to the strand. 
     The potting compound used is typically a high-strength resin. However, the term “potting compound” as used in this description means any substance which transitions from a liquid to a solid over time. 
     Potting is only one approach known in the art. Other common examples include “spike-and-cone” or “spike-and-barrel” designs, compression or friction fittings, composite-connections, capstan wrapping, etc. The most common approach is wrapping a length of filaments around an eye on the end of the strand and splicing a length of the strand back into itself—typically referred to as a “spliced eye.” The present invention is applicable to any method of creating a termination on the end of a synthetic filament tensile member. Although potted examples are shown in these descriptions the invention is not limited to that approach, and the reader should understand the term “strand termination” to broadly encompass all methods of attaching a device to the end of a strand. 
       FIG. 2  shows additional components that are added to facilitate the gathering of multiple strands into a single, load-transferring element. In the example shown, loading stud  24  has been connected to anchor  18  via threaded engagement  28 . Loading stud  24  includes male thread  26  over a significant length (The threads are shown schematically but are not actually depicted for purposes of visual clarity). This threaded stud allows the completed assembly to be attached to other things to ultimately create an overall cable termination. 
     The use of a threaded stud is a “high-end” example. In other instances the anchor will simply be a cylinder with a load-bearing flange facing downward in the orientation of  FIG. 2 . The connection between the cylinder and another object could then be placing the load-bearing flange against another surface. 
       FIG. 3  shows the cable after an identical (in this example) strand termination  30  has been added to the end of each strand  12 . The reader will observe how a length of each strand is preferably unbraided from the cable structure so that a free length exists proximate the termination. This allows each strand to be manipulated so that it may be attached to another device. A separate device or devices is used to aggregate all the individual strands and strand terminations to a unified load-transferring assembly. This unified assembly will be referred to as an “overall cable termination” in order to distinguish it from the individual “strand terminations” applied to each strand. The design of the strand terminations, the overall cable termination, and the unifying devices employed to create the overall cable termination, can take on many and various forms. The present invention is applicable to all of these forms. 
     As stated previously, it is ideal for each strand within a cable assembly to carry an equal percentage of the total load (other than for cables designed to distribute the load unequally). However, when a cable made of synthetic filaments is first terminated and loaded, the manufacturing tolerances will generally cause some strands to shift or “slip” relative to others—thereby altering the proportional load sharing that was intended. The present invention loads the cable in a controlled and carefully designed manner resulting in a reduction in misalignments and a more evenly distributed load among the cable&#39;s constituent strands. 
     Throughout this disclosure cables will be used as an example of a tensile strength member. However the invention should not be viewed as being limited to cables. The term “tensile strength member” or “tensile member” encompasses cables and sub-components of cables such as strands. The invention also encompasses non-cable structures intended to carry loads in tension. 
     Likewise, the term “anchor” should be viewed broadly to encompass virtually anything that can be attached to a strand or cable. The anchor would ordinarily include some features facilitating attachment—such as a hook or threads. 
     BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE PRESENT INVENTION 
     The present invention comprises devices and methods for loading a cable in order to create a desired distribution of the load among the cable&#39;s constituent strands. Strand terminations are applied to many—and possibly all of—the cable&#39;s strands. The ultimate goal is to connect the strand terminations to a collector in order to create an overall cable termination. The relationship between each strand termination and the collector is allowed to “float” using the inventive process while the cable is tensioned and an appropriate spatial relationship between each strand tensioner and the collector is determined. One the appropriate relationship is found, it is configured to be repeatable (such as by locking the strand termination in place or by recording its position for later application to the same or similar collector). 
     In a preferred embodiment, a strand tensioner is provided for each individual strand termination. Tension is applied to the cable through the strand tensioners. Tension may be individually adjusted for each strand (up or down) in order to achieve a predetermined apportionment of the overall load. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE SEVERAL VIEWS OF THE DRAWINGS 
         FIG. 1  is an elevation view, showing the braided structure of an exemplary 12-strand cable. 
         FIG. 2  is a sectional sectional view, showing a termination created on the end of a single cable strand. 
         FIG. 3  is a perspective view, showing 12 terminations attached to 12 strands in an exemplary cable. 
         FIG. 4  is a perspective view, Showing a collector used to assemble the 12 terminations of  FIG. 3 . 
         FIG. 5  is a sectional perspective view, showing an exemplary attachment between a termination and a collector. 
         FIG. 6  is a perspective view, showing all 12 terminations attached to the collector. 
         FIG. 7  is a perspective view, showing a particular type of strand tensioner. 
         FIG. 8  is a side elevation view, showing an assembly used to apply loads to all the strands in a cable assembly in a controlled fashion. 
         FIG. 9  is a plot of strand displacement and applied tension over time. 
         FIG. 10  is a plot of strand displacement and applied tension over time. 
         FIG. 11  is a plot of strand displacement and applied tension over time. 
         FIG. 12  is a plot of strand displacement over time for multiple strands. 
         FIG. 13  is a side elevation view, showing an assembly used to apply loads to all the strands in a cable assembly in a controlled fashion. 
         FIG. 14  is a detailed perspective view, showing a rotation-limiting feature. 
         FIG. 15  is a detailed perspective view, showing an alternate embodiment for a strand tensioner. 
         FIG. 16  is a detailed perspective view, showing an alternate embodiment for a strand tensioner. 
         FIG. 17  is a sectional elevation view, showing the use of a load cell to monitor individual strand loading. 
     
    
    
     REFERENCE NUMERALS IN THE DRAWINGS 
     
         
         
           
               10  cable 
               12  strand 
               18  anchor 
               20  cavity 
               22  potted region 
               24  loading stud 
               26  male thread 
               28  threaded engagement 
               30  termination 
               34  collector 
               36  loading flange 
               38  receiver 
               40  nut 
               42  washer 
               44  hemi bearing 
               46  opening 
               48  coupler 
               50  strand tensioner 
               52  cylinder 
               54  mount 
               56  rod 
               58  fixture 
               60  pressure controller/sensor 
               62  process controller 
               64  fixture 
               66  space frame 
               68  collector brace 
               70  primary load fixture 
               72  hydraulic cylinder 
               74  attachment 
               76  boss 
               78  hole 
               80  lock wire 
               82  cross hole 
               84  castellated nut 
               86  notch 
               88  strand tensioner 
               90  telescoping clevis 
               92  flat 
               94  load cell 
               96  wiring 
           
         
       
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
       FIG. 4  shows an exemplary device used to gather all the strands into a unified whole and thereby create an overall cable termination. Collector  34  includes twelve receivers  38 , each of which is configured to connect to a single strand termination (In other embodiments a receiver may be configured to connect to multiple strand terminations). Collector  34  typically includes some type of load-transferring feature designed to transfer a load from the collector to some external element. Loading flange  36  is a simple example of a load-transferring feature. The collector in this example is very simplistic and is unlikely to represent a design that would actually be used. However, it does serve well to clearly illustrate the inventive features. 
       FIG. 5  shows an exemplary connection between a termination on a strand and the collector. Loading stud  24  is passed through opening  46  and through receiver  38  in collector  34 . Receiver  38  includes a hemispherical concave portion sized to accept hemi bearing  44 . Hemi bearing  44  and receiver  38  form a ball-and-socket connection that allows the termination to rotate with respect to collector  34 . This is a sophisticated type of connection that won&#39;t be included in many embodiments. Many embodiments will simply use a washer bearing against a flat surface on collector  34 . Still other embodiments won&#39;t use a threaded stud and will instead simply mate two surfaces together to make the connection. 
     Nut  40  can be selectively tightened on loading stud  24  (the threads are not shown in the view) in order to urge washer  42  against hemi bearing  44  and hemi bearing  44  against receiver  38 . To apply the inventive method, collector  34  is ordinarily placed in a loading fixture that holds it in position. The far end of the cable to which the strand belongs is likewise held in place (such as by winding it around a capstan or some other means, such as applying an overall cable termination to the far end). A substantial tensile load is then applied to the cable as a whole. Those skilled in the art will then appreciate that by tightening or loosening nut  40  a user can fine tune the tension on the particular strand to which loading stud  24  is attached (as well as its position with respect to collector  34 ). The ball-and-socket connection in this embodiment allows the strand termination to align itself with the strand during this process. 
       FIG. 6  shows an assembly of collector  34  and all twelve strands. The reader will observe that twelve loading studs  24  are in position and a nut  40  is connected to each stud (The loading studs  24  shown in  FIG. 6  are longer than depicted in  FIG. 5  in order to give an additional range of adjustment. Also—the threads on the exterior surface of the loading studs are again omitted for purposes of visual clarity). This view illustrates the advantage of including a ball-and-socket connection in some of the embodiments. As each strand emerges from the cable&#39;s braided construction it assumes a particular angle with respect to the collector. Some diverge more than others, and the ball-and-socket connection accommodates this divergence. Of course, one could carefully determine a fixed angle to use for each strand. However, this is difficult as cable construction varies even within the same braiding scheme. 
     The ball-and-socket connection should properly be viewed as one example among many possible connection types. The reader is referred to commonly-owned U.S. Pat. No. 8,371,015 for additional examples regarding the application of an attachment to a sub-component of a larger cable. 
     The term “collector” in this context should be viewed broadly as anything that is used to collect a tensile load from two or more strand terminations. It may be a unified piece as shown but may also be an assembly of multiple pieces. Further, a “stand-in” collector may be used to pre-load the cable and adjust each of the strand terminations (as described subsequently) and the strand terminations may ultimately be connected to an entirely different collector. 
     It is not common for a user to take an assembly for a large cable such as shown in  FIG. 6  and place it into service without pre-loading the assembly and testing it. It is important to pre-load the assembly to settle the strands and other components into a stable configuration before the cable is placed into service. In this context it is desirable to know a particular cable&#39;s maximum working load in the service environment it is destined to enter. The pre-load process might apply a tension to the cable that is equal to 100% or even as much as 150% of the expected maximum working load. 
     While most large cables are pre-loaded as a whole, the present invention seeks to pre-load the cable at the strand level and manipulate the strand termination to collector connections in order to create a desired apportionment of the overall load among the constituent strands. Without careful preloading a large cable assembly will very likely have an uneven distribution of load to each individual strand. The inventive process significantly reduces this phenomenon. 
     One could use the configuration of  FIG. 6  to progressively tighten all twelve nuts and thereby place an initial load on the cable. Such a process would be unlikely to produce an optimal result, however. The present invention obtains advantages by individually applying tension to the strands in a large, multi-stranded cable. 
       FIG. 13  shows an exemplary apparatus that can be used to apply the desired pre-load to a cable. Fixture  58  holds collector  34  in place via collector brace  68 . This fixture includes a central passage through which cable  10  freely passes. The far end of cable  10  (not shown) must be held statically, such as by winding it around a capstan or providing a second collector on the far end. 
     Collector  34  is held within fixture  58  during the tensioning process. Significantly, however, it is not generally used to apply any tension to the cable strands during the pre-loading process. During the process, each individual strand termination is allowed to float with respect to collector  34 . Tension to the cable is actually applied directly through the strand terminations themselves (as will be described subsequently). As tension is applied, the inventive components operate to apportion the overall load among the individual strands in a predetermined arrangement (usually this will be an equal load applied to each strand but there are exceptions). Once the desired pre-load is applied and the strand terminations are adjusted to achieve the desired load apportionment, then the relationship between each strand termination and the collector is established (such as by locking the strand termination to the collector in the desired position or by recording the desired position so that it can later be reestablished). 
     In the embodiment of  FIG. 13 , collector  34 , fixture  58 , space frames  66 , fixture  64 , and all the connected components move in unison. This entire assembly may slide within a larger frame or otherwise be stabilized. 
     In this exemplary apparatus one or more hydraulic cylinders  72  connect primary load fixture  70  to attachment  74  on the moving assembly. The right side of the one or more hydraulic cylinders  72  (in the orientation of the view) is fixed to a substantial and stationary anchor point. When the one or more hydraulic cylinders  72  are activated, the moving assembly (along with collector  34 ) is urged to the right in the view. This action applies tension to cable  10  (since the far end of the cable is held). 
     The frame structures shown are preferably very stout so that a large tensile load may be applied. For some cables it may be desirable to provide a tensile load of 1 million pounds or more. 
     Simply applying a defined pre-load using a common “pull” for the entire cable will rarely produce a desired apportionment of the overall load among the cable&#39;s constituent strands. One reason for this fact is that it is virtually impossible for all the strands of the cable to have exactly the designed length. Returning to  FIG. 3 , the reader will recall that each individual strand must be cut to length and have a strand termination added to its free end. The manufacturing tolerances of both the cutting operation and the termination operator can only go so far. Some of the strands will wind up being shorter than designed and others will wind up being longer than designed. Of course, when the cable is initially placed under tension, the shorter strands will carry most of the load and the longer strands may in fact carry very little. For this reason, it is desirable to be able to adjust the position of each of the strand terminations with respect to the collector. 
     Looking now at  FIG. 6 , the reader will recall that the preferred connections between each strand termination and the collector include an adjustment feature. The adjustment feature in the embodiment of  FIG. 6  is the nut  40  placed on each loading stud  24 . These nuts can be tightened manually to provide the desired adjustment. There are many other ways to adjust the spatial relationship between a strand termination and the collector. However the adjustment is made, it is desirable to automate the process of apportioning the load among the various strands. 
     Returning now to  FIG. 13 , the reader will observe that each loading stud on each individual strand is attached to a strand tensioner  50 . All the strand tensioners are attached to fixture  64 . Thus, when the moving assembly is moved to the right under the force imparted by the one or more hydraulic cylinders  72 , it is the strand tensioners ( 50 ) (in this particular embodiment) that actually apply the tension to the cable. The loading stud on each strand passes through the collector but should not transfer any significant forces to the collector. Instead, the loading stud is attached to its respective strand tensioner  50 . 
       FIG. 7  shows an exemplary strand tensioner  50 . This particular strand tensioner includes a hydraulic cylinder  52  with an extending/retracting rod  56 . Coupler  48  is provided on the free end of the rod. The coupler in this example includes a female threaded hole configured to engage an individual loading stud  24 . The coupler is threaded over the loading stud and a rotation-limiting device is then preferably applied. Exemplary rotation-limiting devices include a jam nut, a cross-pin, and aviation safety wire. The term “coupler” should be read broadly to include any device able to transmit tension from a strand tensioner to a strand termination, and may include hooks, brackets, and many other types of devices. 
     The rotation limiting device prevents rotation between coupler  48  and loading stud  24  once the coupler is firmly attached to the loading stud. It is also preferable to limit rotation between rod  56  and cylinder  52 . A key way may be used to rotationally lock the rod and cylinder together. Mount  54  is provided to attach strand tensioner  50  to an external frame. One or more pivots may be provided on mount  54  so that the angle of strand tensioner  50  may be made adjustable. Appropriate hydraulic connections are provided so that hydraulic pressure may be used to extend and retract rod  56 —if desired. 
     In a preferred embodiment, strand tensioners  50  could be viewed as “passive” devices. In this embodiment, the hydraulic lines leading from each strand tensioner  50  are fed into a common, pressurized reservoir. The reservoir can be contained within pressure controller/sensor  60  (see  FIG. 13 ). Returning to  FIG. 7 , the hydraulic cylinders within each strand tensioner  50  are double-acting cylinders for this example. The piston within each of these double-acting cylinders is preferably placed near the mid-point of its range of travel (midway between the two illustrated fluid ports). 
     One could “plumb” the cylinders in different ways. Those skilled in the an will know that double-acting hydraulic cylinders typically have two hydraulic ports—one on each extreme of the piston&#39;s range of travel. The port that is used for the “retract” stroke (causing the rod to retract into the cylinder) is generally located near the rod end of the hydraulic cylinder. All the hydraulic lines leading from the retract ports in this example are connected to a common, pressurized hydraulic reservoir. 
     Returning to  FIG. 13 , when the one or more hydraulic cylinders  72  are pressurized to begin moving the fixture  64  and the strand tensioners  50  to the right (in the orientation of  FIG. 13 ), the tension on the cable tends to pull the rods out of the hydraulic cylinders in the strand tensioners  50 . This motion pressurizes the retract port on each of the cylinders within strand tensioners  50 . In this embodiment, of course, all the retract ports are connected to a common, pressurized hydraulic reservoir. As a result, the same pressure winds up being applied to each retract port. 
     The result is that the tension being applied to each individual strand most be equalized and the motion of the rods within the strand tensioners  50  ensures that this is the case without the need for any sophisticated active control. A simple operational example will make this point clear. One of the strands in the assembly will draw taut first and this fact will cause the rod in the strand tensioner attached to that particular strand to start moving out of its cylinder. This will displace hydraulic fluid within that strand tensioner and cause that hydraulic fluid to be expelled out the retract port on the particular strand tensioner. The common reservoir is pressurized, so expelling fluid from one cylinder causes the same volume of fluid to be discharged into the other cylinders. As a result, the rods in the other strand tensioners  50  actually retract a small distance until their attached strands draw taut. 
     Similar “equalization” displacements take place among all twelve strand tensioners  50 . Some rods will extend outward through a small displacement stroke, other rods will retract through a small displacement stroke, and likely still others will not move much at all. This is why it is a good idea to start the process with the pistons in the hydraulic cylinders within the strand tensioners near the middle of their range of travel, rather than at an extreme. The result is that by moving fixture  64  through a small displacement all strand tensioners  50  wind up with an equal amount of internal pressure in the hydraulic cylinders and all the connected strands wind up with the same amount of tension. 
     Returning now to  FIG. 7 , displacement sensor  64  may be provided to monitor the motion of the rod during the tensioning process. The tension actually being applied can be monitored by monitoring the hydraulic pressure applied to the cylinder. 
     Returning now to  FIG. 13 , some exemplary operations of the components will be described. This example is applying tension to a 12-strand cable. Thus, fixture  64  must provide mounting attachment points for twelve strand tensioners  50 . As may be seen, each strand tensioner is preferably mounted so that it will be parallel to the strand termination it will be connected to. Fixture  64  preferably includes features allowing the mounting position of each stand tensioner to be adjusted as desired, though some embodiments may include fixed positions. The result in this example is a radial pattern of diverging strand tensioners. Several space frames  66  are positioned to keep fixtures  58  and  64  in position so that the substantial tensile forces applied to the strands do not distort the assembly. 
     In some embodiments the strand tensioners may be remotely located, with the connection to the strand terminations being made with cables passing over pulleys. Other embodiments might use levers or other remote-mounting mechanisms. Thus, the construction shown is properly viewed as exemplary. 
     Pressure controller/sensor  60  provides hydraulic pressure to each of the twelve strand tensioners. In many instances the same pressure will be fed to all tensioners, since this will ultimately produce a uniform tension among the strands. If a common pressure is desired, the prior example of simply plumbing all the retract ports on all the cylinders within strand tensioners  50  to a common, pressurized reservoir may be used. However, in other instances it will be desirable to vary the pressure applied to each tensioner. Thus, pressure controller  60  may be configured to independently apply pressure to each cylinder and to monitor and maintain a selected pressure for each cylinder. This may be desirable for cable lay constructions, where a higher tension may be applied to the inner strands than the outer strands. 
     Process controller  62  preferably receives information regarding the translation of each cable strand (via an input such as displacement sensor  64 ) and the tension applied to each strand. Strand tension may be derived from the pressure applied to each strand tensioner or via some other source—such as a load cell or strain gage placed on the strand termination or on the strand tensioner. 
     In a representative pre-load operation, pressure would be applied to one or more hydraulic cylinders  72  to pull the slack out of the cable and apply increasing tension. Hydraulic pressure will then be created within the strand tensioners  50  as the load is transferred from fixture  64  to cable  10 . In a simple version, a slow “ramp up” of even hydraulic pressure could be applied by the one or more hydraulic cylinders  72 . If the overall concept is to apply a balanced load among all the strands, then applying uniform pressure to all the cylinders will cause some loading studs  24  to be pulled further through collector  34  than others (since the longer strands will still have more slack needing to be pulled out, in this example). 
     Once a uniform tension in all strands has been achieved and the desired total tension has been achieved, the relative position between each strand termination and the collector should be locked in place so that the strands don&#39;t shift significantly when the pre-load is removed. Any suitable locking mechanism can be used. For the example of  FIG. 6 , one would simply apply a uniform amount of torque to each of the nuts  40  while the strand tensioners  50  maintain tension on the strands. 
     More generally, the invention seeks to preserve the proper spatial relationship between each strand termination and the collector, so that the proper relationship can be recreated when the cable is put into use. One way to preserve this relationship is mechanically locking the strand terminations in the position determined to be correct during the preloading process. There are certainly other ways, however. One could, for example, accurately measure and record the spatial relationship between each strand termination and the collector without mechanically locking the strand terminations in position. Later, the correct spatial relationship would be recreated by adjusting each strand termination until it repeated the previously taken measurements. This could be done with the same collector used in the pre-load process. It could also be done with another substitute collector. For example, the collector used in the pre-load process might be a modular assembly intended only for the taking of accurate measurements and not for field use. It might be equipped with expensive position sensors that one would not wish to install in the field. 
     As stated previously, cables using synthetic filaments tend to have relatively little surface friction. Thus, if one does not load a stranded termination carefully it is possible for one strand to slip relative to the others in a direction that is roughly parallel to the cable&#39;s central axis (a “longitudinal slip”). Once such a slip occurs it is difficult to detect and in many instances impossible or impractical to correct. As an example, a particular cable might be 100 meters in length. A longitudinal slip can occur anywhere along the cable&#39;s length where there is an imbalance in tension. Such a slip is not generally an issue within the cable itself. However, a slip near one of the cable&#39;s terminated ends can be a significant problem. The slip produces a localized disturbance in the cable&#39;s structure. This will nearly always cause a weakness at the point of the slip and an overall reduction in the cable&#39;s breaking strength. Even if one balances the strand tensions at the ends of the cable after such a slip, the internal disturbance in the cable&#39;s structure will compromise its performance. Perhaps more significantly, the compromise in performance may not be detectable without actually testing the cable to the breaking point. 
     So long as the strands are initially loaded in a controlled manner, holding the tension on the individual strands reasonably even, the region where the strands transition from the free cable structure to the collector should stay reasonably balanced. The goal is primarily the prevention of a slip. The approach is to carefully control and regulate the tension applied to each individual strand so that no significant imbalance occurs. In the absence of an imbalance a slip is unlikely. 
     In an open-loop embodiment of the inventive process, one can apply a stepped increase in tension. For example, one may apply a tensile load of 1% of the anticipated ultimate break strength, check for the tension of the strands, then move up to a 5% load, recheck, then move up to a 10% load, and so on. Automated strand adjustment can allow for continuous tension to be maintained on the cable. 
     Consistency and repeatability are very important in the cable industry—particularly where the cables carry large loads. The present invention seeks to pre-load the cable and adjust each strand termination to the appropriate spatial relationship with the collector without producing a longitudinal slip. In a closed-loop embodiment strand tension and/or position can be monitored and fed to a process controller that automatically adjusts the tension applied to each strand. The loading process is preferably modified in real time in the event that unwanted slippage is detected. 
     The reader should understand that some minimal slippage is inherent in the preloading process. It can likely never be eliminated altogether. But, it is possible by using the present invention to eliminate large-scale damaging slips. One approach is to simultaneously apply tension through all twelve of the loading studs shown in  FIG. 6  and to apply that tension in a controlled fashion. 
     It is generally important to control the rotation of the strand during loading. Since the strand itself almost always has some type of twisted construction (such as braided or wound) rotation is highly related to tension. Thus, it is preferable to apply tension to a strand without allowing it to rotate. Further, once the tensioning process is complete, it is preferable to limit rotation between the strand and the collector. Otherwise the strand may “unwind” itself. 
     In an exemplary implementation of the closed-loop embodiment, a strand tensioner  50  (as described previously) is provided for each stand in a cable.  FIG. 13  illustrates one possible fixturing arrangement. The reader will recall that collector  34  is simply held in place during the tensioning process. The strands pass through the collector but should not transfer any significant forces to the collector as the strand tensioners go to work. Process controller  62  preferably receives information regarding the translation of each cable strand (via an input such as displacement sensor  64 ) and the tension applied to each strand. Strand tension may be derived from the pressure applied to each hydraulic cylinder or via some other source—such as a load cell or stain gage placed on the strand termination or on the strand tensioner. 
     In the closed-loop embodiments, process controller  62  ideally includes a processor running a control program. This allows a prescribed “ramp up” of strand tension. However, the process need not be a fixed one but is more preferably an adaptive process that changes according to the sensor values.  FIGS. 9-12  illustrate several examples of operation for the device of  FIG. 8 . The reader should bear in mind, however, that the operational configurations are virtually limitless and so the examples provided should not be viewed as limiting. 
       FIG. 9  shows an example where tension is steadily raised on all strands at the same time (though only a single strand is plotted). The upper plot shows the linear displacement of the termination affixed to “Strand 1.” The lower plot shows the tension applied to the same “Strand 1.” 
     The first part of the curve is non-linear and represents the initial removal of stack. Once the slack is removed, displacement is roughly a linear function of applied tension. This continues up through Point A. At point A, Strand 1 experiences a significant longitudinal slip. The rate of displacement suddenly increases in a non-linear fashion. At the same instant the tension applied actually falls (Point A′ on the lower plot). The decrease in tension results from the fact that the strand-to-strand friction has transitioned from a static mode to a dynamic mode. 
     The substantial slip continues until Point B, when Strand 1 stops slipping with respect to its neighbors and resumes elastic elongation. At this point the tension in Strand 1 also returns to a linear relationship (Point B′ in the lower plot).  FIG. 9  represents an “open loop” scenario where tension is ramped up at a fixed rate and no slip detection is included. 
     However, it may be possible to detect and prevent significant longitudinal slips using the information available in  FIG. 9 . The slope of the displacement curve (dy/dx) should remain fairly constant in the absence of a significant slip. By monitoring the rate of change of this slope d 2 y/dx 2 ) the control system can detect a sudden slope increase—which strongly suggests the onset of a slip. 
       FIG. 10  illustrates this scenario. At Point A in the upper plot process controller  62  detects the onset of a potentially damaging slip. The controller immediately reduces the applied tension on Strand 1 (see lower plot) so that a smooth displacement is maintained. Tension continues to be ramped up on the other strands within the cable. The increase in tension on the other strands will tend to “re-clench” the previously slipping Strand 1 (recall the complex braided structure shown in  FIG. 1 ). 
     Once the controller determines that the slip is under control (such as by monitoring the rate of change of the displacement plot slope, among other methods) tension on Strand 1 is ramped back up (shown as Points B and B′). A normal increase is then continued unless another slip is detected. 
     In some instances a slip may occur so quickly that the tensioning apparatus cannot respond rapidly enough. In those cases the best approach will be to regulate the tension applied to each strand in such a fashion as to prevent the slip to begin with. If the displacement sensors then detect a slip, this information may still be useful because it informs the operator that the cable contains a significant defect and it may no longer be possible to use it in its intended application. 
     Of course, there are many tension-increasing profiles that are non-linear. In some cable constructions it is advantageous to pulse the application of tension.  FIG. 11  shows a plot depicting this type of “ramp up.” Again, the plot shows only one strand in a 12-strand cable, but the plots for the other eleven strands would be similar (in the absence of a slip). Slack is removed and tension is ramped up until Point A. Tension is then stepped down to a low level and a low-tension interval (from Point A to Point B) is maintained so that the cable structure can stabilize. 
     At Point B tension is again applied and increased. Another “rest” interval commences at Point C and continues to Point D. This process continues until a desired amount of pre-load has been applied to the cable. 
       FIG. 12  shows a combined plot of displacement versus time for ail twelve strands in a 12-strand braided cable. The process controller typically measures and compares the values for all the cable strands as the tensioning process proceeds. Another effective slip detection method is to “scan” for one strand passing too far outside the average for all the strands. In the plot of  FIG. 12  one strand (Strand 3) has experienced a substantial longitudinal slip and its displacement has suddenly progressed rapidly beyond that of the other strands. When this condition is detected the controller can reduce the tension on Strand 3 and allow the cable to stabilize as the tension on the other strands is increased. 
       FIG. 8  shows a simplified alternate tensioning fixture. In this embodiment fixture  58  and fixture  64  are stationary. Tension is applied to the far end of the cable using another fixture, or some other means such as by rotating a capstan around which the cable is wound. As described for the embodiment of  FIG. 13 , the tension on the individual strands is regulated and adjusted using the individual strand tensioners  50 . It may be regulated via connecting them to a common, pressurized reservoir, or via an active control approach. 
     Of course, other automated tensioners could be substituted for the hydraulic cylinder shown in  FIG. 7 .  FIGS. 15 and 16  show one embodiment for such as device. Strand tensioner  88  slips over nut  40 . An electrically-activated gear drive within strand tensioner  88  engages and turns nut  40  while the stand tensioner  88  remains in the position shown. 
     It is preferable to secure loading stud  24  so that it does not turn with the nut. A pair of opposing flats  92  are provided on loading stud  24 . Telescoping clevis  90  is part of strand tensioner  88 . This component includes a clevis notch sized to engage the two flats on the loading stud.  FIG. 16  shows telescoping clevis  90  in an activated state. It engages the two flats  92  and prevents the rotation of loading stud  24 . In this configuration, the gear drive within strand tensioner  88  rotates nut  44  and thereby increases or decreases the tension on the strand to which loading stud  24  is attached. The control of strand tensioner  88  may be manual. On the other hand, strand tension  88  may be substituted for strand tensioner  50  in the embodiment of  FIG. 13 . In that case, strand tensioner  88  could be controlled by process controller  62 . 
       FIG. 17  illustrates a substitute sensing method that could be used for virtually any embodiment. In this version, the conventional washer between nut  40  and collector  34  has been replaced by load cell  94 . This load cell is provided with wiring  96  to connect it to a remote sensor monitor or possibly the process controller itself. Using this load cell the tension on each strand may be monitored. The wired connection could be replaced by a wireless one having an internal battery with enough energy to last through the preloading process. It could even be made rechargeable in order to be useful for load monitoring in the field. 
     Those skilled in the art will appreciate that many other devices and methods could be used in place of the embodiments described. For example: 
     1. The displacement sensor on the hydraulic cylinders could be replaced by an optical system that uses light to measure the displacement of each loading stud; 
     2. The pressure sensors in the hydraulic system could be replaced with direct load sensors—such as load cells or strain gages; 
     3. The threaded connection between the strand tensioner and the loading stud could be replaced with a different type of connection; and 
     4. Poised hydraulic force could be applied to the tensioning process rather than a smooth “ramp up.” 
     Once a controlled and monitored pre-load has been applied to the cable. It is desirable to stabilize the position of the strand terminations with respect to the collector. Obviously the cable is not useful while locked into the fixture of  FIG. 8 . One way to transition to the completed product is to hold the final tension within the fixture of  FIG. 13  and advance nuts  40  to a tightened position with a specified amount of torque. Once a suitable balance is achieved, the geometric relationship between the strand terminations and the collector is preferably secured so that the “relaxation” of the cable won&#39;t allow disorganization to resume. There are many, many ways to secure this geometric relationship.  FIG. 14  depicts another way this could be done. Castellated nut  84  is used in the place of a conventional nut. The castellated nut is tightened against collector  34  to secure loading stud  24  in place. Two proximate bosses  76  with associated holes  78  are provided on collector  34 . Once the castellated nut is in position, lock wire  80  is passed around one boss, through a suitable cross hole  82  in loading stud  24  (and through two of the notches  86  on the castellated nut) and around the other boss. Using such a device the rotation of the loading stud is limited and the rotation of the castellated nut is limited. 
     The strand tensioners are then released and the cable can be removed from the fixture and prepared for use. The nuts may be secured in position using other device such as a cottar key, tack welding, or any other suitable method. If desired, the protruding length of loading stud  24  can be removed at that time. 
     The tightening of the nuts may be done by automated machinery, since it is generally undesirable for a human operator to come near the collector assembly while the strand tensioners are maintaining tension. The amount of force applied is such that a component failure could produce a dangerous condition. 
     Returning to  FIG. 7 , those skilled in the art will realize that other components could be used in the place of the threaded engagement between nut  40  and loading stud  24 . Once the final tension is applied, a shim of suitable thickness could be placed between a portion of the loading stud and the collector. It is also desirable in some circumstances to clamp the collector from the underside (in the perspective of  FIG. 5 ). A separate shim or fastener can be used for this purpose. Clamping from both sides minimizes the motion of the termination with respect to the collector after the pre-load has been applied. In still other examples some portion of the strand termination may be tack welded to the collector. 
     The invention thus described is applicable to any large synthetic cable. It is perhaps most useful for construction where the constituent strands interact in a significant way. This includes cables having a braided construction, or cable lay construction. It also includes cables made using simple helical twists, as well as other constructions. Such cables are said to have an interwoven structure. However, the load-balancing aspects of the invention are potentially useful for all synthetic cables, including those with a purely parallel construction built with parallel strands encased in a wound external jacket. 
     The invention is also applicable to virtually any defined tensioning plan. The example of  FIGS. 10 and 11  are only two among the virtually endless possibilities. Many of the inventive embodiments monitor the amount of tension being applied in the cable through indirect means. An example of this is using the pressure applied to the hydraulic cylinder in the example of  FIG. 8 . One may easily calculate the applied tension by knowing the pressure. On the other hand, one may simply use pressure as a good proxy for applied tension and base the controlling algorithms directly on pressure. Process controller  62  preferably includes a processor running software that can accommodate these and other variations. 
     Once the desired strand loading plan has been achieved in the fixture, the appropriate spatial relationship between each of the strand terminations and the collector has been established. The term “spatial relationship” will be understood to mean the relative position of a strand termination with respect to the collector. In some instances this may be a single linear dimension. Looking at the example of  FIG. 6 , if one omits a ball-and-socket connection and simply passes the loading studs  24  through holes in the collector  34 , then adjusting the nuts  40  will adjust one linear dimension. In other examples, however, there may be more than one degree of freedom involved. 
     Many other variations are possible, including: 
     1. The “strand tensioner” could assume many forms other than those examples given; 
     2. The connections between the strand tensioners and the strand terminations could assume many other forms; 
     3. The collector could be an assembly of multiple pieces that are not joined until the cable is put into use; and 
     4. The tension monitoring for each strand could be via a wireless transmission from a load cell mounted in each receiver. 
     Although the preceding description contains significant detail, it should not be construed as limiting the scope of the invention but rather as providing illustrations of the preferred embodiments of the invention. Those skilled in the an will be able to devise many other embodiments that carry out the present invention. Thus, the language used in the claims shall define the invention rather than the specific embodiments provided.