Patent Publication Number: US-2021186224-A1

Title: Temperature-Regulating Mattress

Description:
REFERENCE TO PRIOR APPLICATIONS 
     This application is a continuation-in-part of U.S. application Ser. No. 16/390,194 filed on Apr. 22, 2019, which itself claims the benefit of: 
     1) U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 62/661,623 filed on Apr. 23, 2018; 
     2) U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 62/686,653 filed on Jun. 18, 2018; 
     3) U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 62/738,782 filed on Sep. 28, 2018; 
     4) U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 62/753,032 filed on Oct. 30, 2018; and 
     5) U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 62/808,299 filed on Feb. 21, 2019; 
     This application also claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 62/966,018 filed on Jan. 26, 2020, and of U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 62/993,687 filed on Mar. 23, 2020. Each of the applications identified above is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety. 
    
    
     FIELD OF THE DISCLOSURE 
     The present disclosure relates generally to an improved mattress system with an ability to provide a dynamic responsive environment for its user or users. 
     BACKGROUND 
     The majority of people experience disruptions to their sleep due to temperature problems at least a few nights a month. Existing solutions (such as air conditioning, ceiling fans, room heaters, open windows and the like) are not effective for temperature regulation during sleep. There is therefore a need for an improved method to provide a comfortable sleeping experience by dynamically maintaining the proper temperature during the sleep cycle. 
     SUMMARY 
     A temperature-regulating mattress system provides dynamic adjustment of temperature throughout a user&#39;s sleep cycle to maximize the quality of the user&#39;s sleep, Features of the system may include: (a) heating and cooling temperature regulation (with dynamic custom profiles that control humidity and are dual-zone); (b) smart controls (with remotes and apps that learn from users to optimize settings and work with smart home products such as Alexa and interactive lighting systems); (c) comfort (with a mattress that provide the necessary support for its users); and (d) sensors used for temperature and humidity estimation algorithms, control mechanism, and additional inferences from those sensors (pose, enrichment of biometric sensing data, etc.). 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES 
       The accompanying figures, where like reference numerals refer to identical or functionally similar elements throughout the separate views, together with the detailed description below, are incorporated in and form part of the specification, and serve to further illustrate embodiments of concepts that include the claimed invention and explain various principles and advantages of those embodiments. 
         FIG. 1A  shows a functional diagram of the temperature-regulating mattress system. 
         FIG. 1B  shows a block diagram of the temperature-regulating mattress system. 
         FIG. 2  shows a thermal diagram of the temperature-regulating mattress system. 
         FIG. 3  shows a temperature-regulating mattress system having integrated sensors. 
         FIG. 4A  shows a wireless communication path diagram of a temperature-regulating mattress system. 
         FIG. 4B  shows a wireless communication path diagram of an app controlling a mattress system. 
         FIGS. 5, 6, 7 and 8  show exploded views of a temperature-regulating mattress system. 
         FIGS. 9,10 and 11  show cross-sections of a temperature-regulating mattress system. 
         FIG. 12  shows a schematic of a sensor. 
         FIG. 13  shows a cross-section of a temperature-regulating mattress system with integrated sensors. 
         FIG. 14  shows sensors embedded in a comfort layer. 
         FIG. 15  shows sensors embedded in tethered layers. 
         FIG. 16  shows sensors embedded in a mattress cover. 
         FIG. 17  shows assembly of a cover over a mattress system. 
         FIG. 18A  shows an exploded view of a mattress cover. 
         FIG. 18B  shows an exploded view of a base cover. 
         FIG. 19  shows a detailed view of a seams within the mattress cover and base cover. 
         FIG. 20  shows further detail of the bottom cover of a temperature-regulating mattress system. 
         FIGS. 21 and 22  show schematics of an integrated mattress base. 
         FIGS. 23, 24A and 24B  show schematics of a modular mattress base. 
         FIGS. 25 and 26  show schematics of a mattress base layer. 
         FIG. 27  shows internal wiring of a base layer. 
         FIG. 28  shows external wiring of a base layer. 
         FIGS. 29A and 29B  show schematics of an adjustable base layer. 
         FIGS. 29C and 29D  show hinges in an adjustable base layer. 
         FIG. 29E  shows a folded base layer. 
         FIGS. 30A, 30B, 31 and 32  show schematics of an integrated airbox. 
         FIGS. 33A, 33B, 34 and 35  show schematics of a modular airbox. 
         FIG. 36  shows a cross-section of a mattress system showing air delivery channels. 
         FIGS. 37 and 38  show a schematic of air distribution patterns in a mattress system. 
         FIGS. 39A, 39B, 39C, 39D, 39E and 39F  show various methods for sealing surface of holes or slots in a mattress. 
         FIGS. 40A, 40B and 40C  show configurations to improve airflow in a mattress system. 
         FIG. 41A  shows a schematic of a remote for a mattress system. 
         FIG. 41B  shows a cross-section and  FIG. 41C  shows an exploded views of the remote in  FIG. 41A . 
         FIGS. 42, 43, 44 and 45  show schematics of alternative remotes for mattress system. 
         FIGS. 46A, 46B, and 46C  show various additional embodiments of holes or slots in a mattress. 
         FIGS. 47A and 47B  show various additional embodiments of holes or slots in a mattress. 
         FIGS. 48A and 48B  show various additional embodiments of holes or slots in a mattress. 
         FIGS. 49A and 49B  show various additional embodiments of holes or slots in a mattress. 
         FIGS. 50A and 50B  show various additional embodiments of holes or slots in a mattress. 
         FIG. 51  shows views of a mattress system using inserts with holes or slots. 
         FIGS. 52A, 52B, 52C, 52D, 52E, and 52F  show various embodiments of the inserts in  FIG. 51 . 
         FIG. 53  shows another embodiment of a mattress system using inserts with holes or slots. 
         FIG. 54  shows an embodiment of a mattress system using inserts for forming holes or slots. 
         FIG. 55  shows another embodiment of a mattress system with holes or slots. 
         FIG. 56  shows another embodiment of a mattress system with holes or slots. 
         FIGS. 57A, 57B, 57C, and 57D  show an embodiment of a seven-layer mattress system that uses tubular inserts. 
         FIGS. 58A, 58B, and 58C  show cross-sectional views of another set of embodiments of a mattress system with holes or slots. 
         FIGS. 59A, 59B, and 59C  show cross-sectional views of another set of embodiments of a mattress system using molded insert. 
         FIGS. 60A and 60B  show cross-sectional views of a set of embodiments of a mattress system using die cut inserts. 
         FIGS. 61A, 61B, and 61C  show cross-sectional views of a set of mattress system embodiments having drilled holes. 
     
    
    
     Skilled artisans will appreciate that elements in the figures are illustrated for simplicity and clarity and have not necessarily been drawn to scale. For example, the dimensions of some of the elements in the figures may be exaggerated relative to other elements to help to improve understanding of embodiments of the present invention. 
     The apparatus and method components have been represented where appropriate by conventional symbols in the drawings, showing only those specific details that are pertinent to understanding the embodiments of the present invention so as not to obscure the disclosure with details that will be clear to those of ordinary skill in the art having the benefit of the description herein. 
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     I. Introduction 
     Devices and algorithm for determining and controlling temperature experienced by users under blankets in bedding may be deployed. Sensors positioned at the mattress surface are used in conjunction with a controls model for bedding to estimate and control user experienced temperature, humidity, and position on the bed. This includes devices being used for temperature and humidity estimation algorithms, control mechanism, and additional inferences from those sensors (pose, enrichment of biometric sensing data). 
     A variety of approaches may be used to sense temperature, humidity, and body pose at the surface of a mattress. Considered here are wireless surface sensors, as well as wired sensors and smart fabrics. A wireless surface sensor consists of a battery, antenna, temperature and humidity sensors, and a capacitive sensor. The surface sensor measures temperature and humidity using sensor mounted under metal grill. It uses the metal of the grill for capacitive sensing of human presence above the sensor, as well as for improved thermal contact to the sensed environment. It broadcasts temperature, humidity, capacitive presence (sensor payload) to controller at regular interval. 
     Surface sensors may be placed on a mattress or in holes on surface of mattress under mattress cover and fitted sheet. 
     Surface temperature, humidity, or presence sensors may also be implemented as a wired solution, or with smart fabrics. 
     A temperature control unit receives data (wired or wirelessly) from surface sensors, as well as from sensors measuring ambient air temperature and humidity. Based on this data received, the temperature control unit can control the amount and temperature of air added to the user&#39;s experienced temperature (blanket microclimate). The technology could apply to other methods of heating user&#39;s experienced temperature, including heated fabrics or foam. 
     Temperature and humidity directly measured from the surface sensor devices is not the same as what the user in the blanket microclimate is experiencing. Depending on blanket types, how well the blanket covers the mattress, how much heat or humidity the user is generating, and ambient conditions, temperature measured at the mattress surface may vary as much as 5-7° C. from the user-experienced temperature. 
     To estimate the user-experienced temperature, a temperature control unit estimates various thermal parameters of the bed. The device maintains a model of the bedding environment and continuously calibrates itself to best estimate the value of these various thermal resistances and capacitances. By estimating the value of these thermal parameters, the model can maintain an estimate of the user&#39;s experienced temperature. The device maintains a state-space model of the mattress and uses parameter identification techniques to estimate bedding parameters. 
     Mattresses that accommodate two users can incorporate airflow or heat flow across two zones of the mattress into their models for control to control two separate zones of user experienced temperatures. 
     Processing on data from surface sensors that allows system to estimate user&#39;s poses on the bed, which can be used to inform other algorithms and enrich other sensing data. The sensor knows when a body is in direct contact and can reject or adjust temperature readings as needed based on this information. 
     Smart bed, heating and cooling bed, use with algorithms that can incorporate temperature user experiences in bed, user pose on bed to improve readings of other signals from users, and for controlling temperature precisely enough to improve sleep. 
     The key physics being taking advantage of is that dynamics of the bed thermal system are governed by a set of differential equations with parameters corresponding to the amount of heat added by the user, the thermal resistance of the blanket (such as, is it thick or thin). Since it is known what heat is being input to the system from our temperature control unit, it is possible to use the shape of the heating or cooling curves measured at the surface sensors to estimate the parameters of the differential equations. The differential equation-based model of the system may be used to control its temperature. 
     Based on the model&#39;s prediction of the microclimate temperature, the control algorithm adjusts heat and blower parameters to achieve a tight degree of temperature control (within a degree or so), which is required to provide precise comfort profiles through the night that might improve a user&#39;s sleep. 
     The control algorithm is also able to consistently update the parameters it&#39;s measuring about the state of the bed through the night to account for user&#39;s disruption of blankets, introduction of ambient air into the microclimate, or other changes to the environment that might occur overnight. In this way, the control algorithm is robust to the way the user sleeps. 
     The surface sensors also measure humidity. The control algorithm estimates offset between surface measured humidity and user experienced humidity, and uses that information to help control humidity to within a comfortable band for the user. 
     The surface sensors also measure capacitive presence above them. If a sleeper is above the surface sensor, the capacitive presence may be used to reject the temperature measured by this sensor (offset by the user&#39;s body temperature in this case). 
     The surface sensor capacitive presence measurements may be used to estimate the pose of the user on the bed. This pose may be used to inform other algorithms in the device. For example, if there is a contactless heart monitoring system operating concurrently with the temperature and humidity control algorithm, pose sensing on the bed might help separate two user&#39;s heartbeats by assessing what relative strength of signal to expect from each user at various locations. 
     Further, devices and algorithm are described herein for introducing temperature interventions to improve sleep onset, depth, and wake inertia by measuring biometric signals, including heart rate, breathing rate, brain activity, motion, and/or temperature. Various temperature interventions are controlled, in part, by biometric sensors and algorithms estimating the user&#39;s state (for instance core body temperature, sleep stage) to provide the optimal temperature at the optimal time (comfort profile). Over time, the algorithm can learn what comfort profiles improve sleep onset, sleep depth, and wake inertia for a particular user. 
     Smart mattress control user experienced temperature in blanket microclimate (possibly with independent control of chest and feet), and measures motion, heart rate and respiration rate, amongst other biometric signals. Measurements of these various biometric signals can be through ballistocardiography performed from under-mattress, in-mattress, or in-mattress-cover, or through smart fabrics, wearables, radar, camera, or other sensing mechanisms. 
     Core body temperature reduction has been shown to be important to the onset and depth of sleep. Sleep stage has been shown to be important to the body&#39;s thermal regulation ability. For instance, during REM sleep, the body isn&#39;t able to thermoregulate. Various thermal interventions (changes to user&#39;s experienced temperature under the blankets) can be used to manipulate core body temperature and enhance sleep. 
     The algorithms use biometric sensing data (motion, heart rate, and respiration rate) to estimate core body temperature and sleep stage. Temperature interventions are adjusted real-time based on the sensor and algorithm outputs. 
     By manipulating user&#39;s experienced temperature (through foot warming, skin warming, and other temperature profiles), the device can use the sensor and algorithm output to confirm that its temperature therapy is helping the user drop and maintain a low core body temperature through the night. Temperature therapy can be adjusted based on biometric feedback to do this. Wakes might be predicted by observing motion, heart rate, or sleep stage. Temperature profiles can be adjusted during the night to prevent those wakes or lull the user back to sleep once they awake. 
     Algorithms may control temperature experienced by a user in order to reduce sleep latency (fall asleep faster), stay asleep longer (fewer wakeups), sleep more deeply (more REM+Slow Wave Sleep), and nudge users into a shallower phase of sleep in time for their desired wakeup time. 
     The algorithm may run on an ecosystem of products that provide lighting, temperature, sound, and other therapies to improve sleep dynamically—they respond to sensors that are also distributed in the ecosystem. Sensors in the ecosystem measure experienced temperature and humidity, light exposure, heart rate, respiration rate, and other signals. 
     Algorithms can tune lighting, temperature, sound, and other therapies based on sleep quality observed from sensed data. 
     Smart bed, heating and cooling bed, use with algorithms that can incorporate temperature user experiences in bed, Helping normal users with thermoregulation to help them sleep, helping users with circulation problems (obesity, diabetes, etc.) and other sleep issues with thermoregulation to help them sleep, use of other ecosystem products (temperature, light, sound control before, during, and after sleep) to improve sleep with biometric sensing in the mattress as a feedback mechanism to tailor therapies. 
     The present devices may use independent temperature control at the torso and feet through the night to try to improve sleep. A naive temperature profile delivered by a control device might provide warmth as the user is falling asleep, cool the user while they&#39;re asleep to prevent night-time wakes, and warm the user up before wakeup. 
     The algorithm uses biometrics data to improve on this naive temperature control profile. Application of a temperature profile (heating feet, for instance) is intended to aid the body&#39;s normal thermoregulatory process during the night. This includes cooling down core body temperature during sleep onset, maintaining lowered core body temperature through the night, and increasing core body temperature before wake. 
     There is evidence that poor thermoregulation is implicated in poor sleep for diabetics, the obese, patients who suffer from Raynaud&#39;s disorder, and other circulatory and sleep issues. There is evidence that normal sleepers thermoregulatory process can be impacted by food and alcohol consumption before bed, or by hormonal cycles. Users whose thermoregulatory function is changed may need a temperature intervention to assist in falling asleep, staying asleep and waking up. 
     This thermoregulatory process can be tracked by watching a user&#39;s heart rate. As core body temperature decreases at the beginning of the night and increases at the end of the night (corresponding to metabolism rate decrease and increase), heart rate also increases and decreases. Heart rate data can be used to measure the impact of the temperature intervention and to adjust the temperature accordingly in real time. 
     Sleep staging data teased out from heart rate, respiration rate, motion, EEG, or eye movement detection can be used to assess quality or depth of sleep night for night, and use machine learning to optimize sleeping temperatures per user. 
     To help users fall asleep, foot warming or other temperature profiles may be used. In real time, the profiles watch their heart rate to make sure it is dropping as expected (corresponding to core body temperature decline). 
     Once the heart rate, respiration rate, and motion tracker detect that the user has fallen asleep, the next phase of temperature therapy begins. 
     While the user is asleep, the heart rate, respiration rate, and motion are used to predict when a user may wake up during the night. The same foot warming or other falling-asleep therapy applied to the user to help lull them back to sleep can be used. 
     Temperature profiles during the night that increase slow wave and REM sleep may be used. The algorithm measures how much slow wave and REM sleep was experienced per night and optimize sleep temperature profile night for night to increase this deeper sleep. 
     Finally, the heart rate may be used to track increasing core body temperature through full body warming in the time before the user has to wake up. The sleep stage is monitored to ensure the user is nudged out of deep or slow wave sleep. 
     This same concept of tracking heart rate, respiration rate, and motion through the night, tying them to core body temperature and sleep stage through the night, and tuning interventions like temperature during the night, can be applied to all products intended to help sleep. This includes light therapy, sound masking, and various mattress and blanket product choices (firmness, ergonomics, thermal and humidity performance of bedding). All of these products can be adjusted to improve sleep depth and quality, with biometric sensing as a feedback mechanism. 
     Biometric and other data that might be relevant as a marker for sleep quality (phone use, light exposure, diet, alcohol consumption) can be collected from an ecosystem of sleep sensors, as well. Interventions from a sleep ecosystem could include (in additional to temperature, light, and sound interventions) sleep coaching, diet recommendations, bedding recommendations. In this way a platform for sleep might be created amongst a wide variety of devices and data sources. 
     While various embodiments discussed herein show wireless and wired functionality in specific areas, any wired connection may function via a wireless connection and vice versa. In addition, any discussion of Bluetooth may include any other wireless protocol (including Wi-Fi), whether existing now or in the future. Further, any Bluetooth (or other wireless) node shown herein may operate as either a master or slave as appropriate. 
     In addition, the mattresses discussed herein may be of any size, including without limitation: twin, full, queen, king, California king and extra-long (of any size). 
     In addition, for a 2-user mattress, the features described herein may be independently adjusted to provide different experiences for each user. 
     Turning to a more detailed description, the various features of this temperature-regulating mattress may be classified into seven overall categories: System, Sensor, Cover, Base, Airbox, Airflow and Remote. Each will be discussed in turn. 
     II. System 
     The scope and functionality of the temperature-regulating mattress system taken in the aggregate is described herein. 
     Turning to  FIG. 1A , shown us a functional diagram of the temperature-regulating mattress system  100 . A legend  112  shows the various parts of this system: processor, radio/comms, input/sensor, output/actuator, remote, comfort layer and base layer. 
     A main board  108  comprises a system microcontroller unit (MCU) that provides overall governance of the system and communicates with other components through a Wi-Fi or Bluetooth radio. Two high voltage control boards  110  (HVCBs) comprise a control MCU that provides governance of the control boards and connects to the system MCU. The control MCU also interfaces with a plurality of relative humidity (RHT) sensors and current and voltage (I/V) sensing systems associated with either a heater or a fan. Two biometric sensors  102  comprise a biometric sensor and a biometric MCU that provides governance of the biometric sensor and connects to the system MCU. A plurality of surface sensors  104  comprise a sensors MCU that provides governance of a plurality of RHT sensors and presence sensors. Two remote systems  106  comprise a remote MCU that provides governance of the remote and communicates with the rest of the system via a Bluetooth radio. The remote MCU has inputs comprising a proximity sensor, button, rotary encoder and light sensor. The remote MCU outputs to a haptic actuator and a LED controller that drives LEDs. 
     Turning to  FIG. 1B , shown is a block diagram of the temperature-regulating mattress system  150 . A mattress  156  coordinates via Bluetooth with two mobile devices  152   a ,  152   b , a cloud platform/backed  154  and two remotes  158   a ,  158   b.    
     Although these figures show specific numbers of devices and specific types of radio communication, any number of devices and radio communication types may be used. 
     Turning to  FIG. 2 , shown is a thermal model  200  the temperature-regulating mattress system. At the top of the thermal model  200  is the atmosphere  205  followed by the resistance/capacitance a of blanket  210 . This combined with the heat added by a user comprises a microclimate  240  that sits above the mattress and below the blanket. Additional resistance/capacitance  215  of the cover and fitted sheet below the user is associated with a temperature control unit  220  (airbox). Surface sensors  230  sit in between the matter and mattress cover. 
     The capacitor/resistor pair  225  models the thermal relationship between the airbox (temperature control unit  220 ) and the location of the surface sensors  230 . In other words, how is the temperature of air coming out of the airbox affecting the temperature at the surface sensors due to convection/conduction/radiation between them? 
     The capacitor/resistor pair  235  models the thermal relationship between the temperature in the micro-climate (air under the covers that the user is in) and the temperature at the surface sensors (which are separated from the micro-climate by several layers of fabric, and therefore do not read the micro-climate temperature directly). Determining the parameters for these interfaces (e.g. how much does the temperature change between the two environments, or in other words how much thermal resistance is there between them) enables a good estimate of the micro-climate temperature from the temperature measured at the location of the surface sensors. 
     Turning to  FIG. 3 , shows a temperature-regulating mattress system having integrated sensors  300 . This comprises a mattress  308  having a hidden base layer  310  on the bottom and a transparent mattress cover  311  on the top. Surface sensors  304   a - 304   h  and ventilation cuts  306   a - 306   d  are incorporated within the mattress  308 . The surface sensors  304   a - 304   h  may include temperature, humidity and user presence sensors that are integrated into the mattress cover and are designed to be roll-packed. The ventilation cuts  306   a - 306   d  cut through the comfort layer near the torso and fee to allow air to distribute through the mattress. 
     The hidden base layer  310  is hidden by a fabric cap on a comfort layer and may be of any relevant size and shape. The transparent mattress cover  311  may have varying levels of opacity. 
     Turning to  FIG. 4A , shown is a wireless communication path diagram  400  of a temperature-regulating mattress system. The mattress  422  is divided into two parts, side A  410   a  and side B  410   b . Two consoles/remotes/user input devices  405   a ,  405   b  communicate with an electronics module  412  via Bluetooth. The electronics module  412  communicates through the cloud to wirelessly store and retrieve temperature profiles  450 . The electronics module  412  may include fans, heaters, coolers, printed circuit boards and may be removable for servicing. 
     Based on the input of the console/remotes/user input devices  405   a ,  405   b  and the temperature profiles  450 , the electronics module  412  interfaces with foot sensor groups  410   a ,  410   b  and torso sensor groups  408   a ,  408   b . Each of the sensor groups communicates via Bluetooth with the appropriate temperature, relative humidity and pressure sensors. The sensors also may measure movement, presence, heart rate and breathing rate. 
     Although this  FIG. 4A  shows a wireless system, one or more portions of the system may be wired. Additional sensors may be placed within the mattress  422  as warranted. And although the electronics module  412  is shown at the foot of the bed  422 , airboxes may be integrated in the foot and torso portions of the bed  422  (or other portions). 
     Turning to  FIG. 4B , shown is a wireless communication path diagram of an app controlling a mattress system  4600 . Comfort profile storage  4622  interfaces with cloud storage  4650 , a remote  4604 , an onboarding portal  4632  and a feedback portal  4634  and a mattress hub  4630 . 
     The onboarding portal  4632  is designed to collect data about the user before the user goes to sleep. The data may include the user&#39;s gender, age, weight, sleep pattern, sleep location, desired temperature, desired relative humidity and the like. The onboarding portal  4632  may be used to control sleep parameters through the sleeping process. The remote  4604  may also be used during the sleep period to adjust sleep parameters through the sleep process. The advantage of the remote  4604  over the outboarding portal  4632  is that the remote  4604  only requires simple actions such as a push, twist or gesture to control the sleep parameters. This allows the user to easily and quietly adjust parameters throughout the sleep period without having to boot up an onboarding portal  4632  on a phone, tablet or other portable device. 
     At the end of a sleep period, a user may use a feedback portal  4634  to report on the quality of sleep, the temperature, the humidity and other parameters during the sleep period. This data is reported to the comfort profile storage  4622  to update the user profiles as appropriate. 
     The hub  4630  may also interface wirelessly with sensor groups  4605 ,  4606  having temperature, relative humidity and pressure sensors. The hub  4630  may interface with heaters  4612  and fans  4614  in the mattress system and their related exhaust temperature and humidity sensors  4610 . 
     Although both onboarding portal  4632  and feedback portal  4634  are shown routing through cloud, one or both of portals may connect directly to a mattress control main board via Bluetooth/Wi-Fi/wireless or wired connection. 
       FIGS. 5, 6, 7 and 8  show exploded views of a temperature-regulating mattress system. 
     Turning to  FIG. 5 , shown is an exploded views of a temperature-regulating mattress system  500 . On the left is an unexploded mattress view. On the right side, an exploded view shows a comfort layer  510  on the top, followed by comfort layer stiffness adjusters  512 , followed by a base layer  514 . The comfort layer stiffness adjusters  512  may be flexible structures made from foam, rubber, gel or other flexible materials. They may also be air permeable to aid in air distribution. The base may form protrusions from air paths between the mattress and bed frame or foundation. 
     Sandwiched between the comfort layer  510  and the base layer  514  is an electronics module  516 . The electronics module  516  may include fans, heaters, printed circuit boards and may be removable for servicing. 
     A side view of a cross-section of a mattress system shows the electronics module  516  and an air distribution system  518  for distributing the air throughout the mattress. The system may be either incorporated into foam as molded or cut channels or a separately molded part that is inserted into a cavity under the comfort layers. 
     Turning to  FIG. 6 , shown are various views of a temperature-regulating mattress system  600 . On the left is a complete mattress view  604   a  with the air intake module  606   a  jutting out. On the top right, the complete mattress view  604   b  is shown with the combined electronics module  608   a  and air intake module  606   d . This may include fans, heaters, printed circuit boards and may be removable for servicing. 
     On the middle right and bottom right shown is a semi-transparent mattress in a perspective view  604   c  and side view  604   d  with the combined electronics module  608   b ,  608   c  and air intake module  606   b ,  606   c  in its place on the bottom of the mattress  604   c ,  604   d.    
     The views also show comfort and diffusion materials  610   a ,  610   b  along with a distribution layer  612  below those materials. The comfort and diffusion materials  610   a ,  610   b  may be air permeable materials diffuses and distributes air delivered by the distribution layer  612 . The distribution layer  612  may be either incorporated into foam as molded or cut channels or a separate part that is inserted into cavity under comfort layers. 
     Turning to  FIG. 7 , shown are various views of a temperature-regulating mattress system  700 . On the left is a complete mattress with a comfort cover top  705  and an air permeable cover top  708 . On the bottom shown is the placement of electronics module  714 . 
     This may include fans, heaters, printed circuit boards and may be removable for servicing. 
     On the right shown is the placement of air intake  712  and diffusion materials  710  that may be air permeable material that diffuses and distributes air. 
     Turning to  FIG. 8 , shown is a complete mattress exploded view  800 . The top layer is a cover top  802 , followed by a series of comfort layers  804 , followed by a distribution layer  806 , followed by an intake layer  808  and followed by a cover bottom  812 . Installed on the intake layer  808  are electronic modules  810  that may include fans, heaters, printed circuit boards and may be removable for servicing. 
     The cover top  802  may be comfortable and air permeable. The distribution layer  806  may be either incorporated into foam as molded or cut channels or, alternatively, be a separate part that is inserted into a cavity under comfort layers. The intake layer  808  may be about 2 inches in height and consist of flexible, structural impermeable materials with air channels. The cover bottom  812  may have air permeability and be durable. 
       FIGS. 9,10 and 11  show cross-sections of a temperature-regulating mattress system. 
     Turning to  FIG. 9 , shown is a mattress cross-section first embodiment  900  consisting of a comfort layer cross-section  901  and a base layer cross-section  951 . The comfort layer cross-section  901  includes a mattress cover top panel  905  over a top panel foam insert  906  that are joined at a stitch seam  908 . On the side is a mattress cover outer border  910  and a mattress cover inner border  912  that are joined with the base via a mattress cover to base cover zipper  920 . On the top are embedded surface sensors  903  and surface sensor patches  904 . 
     The comfort layer  901  is partially surrounded by a mattress fire sock  914 . A mattress cover zipper  916  secures a mattress cover base panel  918  and a mattress cover to base cover zipper  820 . A surface sensor plug  926  provides power to the system. 
     Within the mattress itself are foam comfort layers  924  with an embedded ergonomic gel matrix  922 . Cut vertically through the mattress are air-impermeable surfaces  902  for air passage. 
     The base layer  951  cross-section includes a base top panel  958  and a base cover zipper  960  that secures a base cover border  962 . A mattress cover to base cover zipper  966  secures a base cover base panel  968 . On the top is a biometric sensor  956 . On the side is a surface sensor socket  952 . On the bottom is an AC power socket  972  and AC power cord  970 . 
     Across the base layer cross-section  951  are a series of expanded polypropylene (EPP) segments  976 . A torso airbox  974  and feet air box  984  are integrated within the EPP segments  976 . Each airbox includes a fan  978   a ,  978   b  and a heater  980   a ,  980   b . Air ducts  982   a ,  982   b  allow air to circulate throughout the height of the base layer  951 . 
     The EPP Segments  976  shown in this figure and elsewhere in the application consist of expanded polypropylene chosen because of its lightweight and strong properties. It may be easily molded in various shapes including molding including nuts that for screws to be inserted thereto. These segments may also comprise expanded polyethylene (EPE) expanded polystyrene (EPS) and be injection molded, blow molded, rotationally molded, pressure formed or vacuum formed. 
     Turning to  FIG. 10 , shown is a mattress cross-section second embodiment  1000  consisting of a comfort layer cross-section  1001  and a base layer cross-section  1051 . The comfort layer cross-section  1001  includes a mattress cover outer top panel  1005  over a top panel foam insert  1007  that are joined at a stitch seam  1008 . On the side is a mattress cover outer border  1011  and a mattress cover inner border  1012  held together by an inner cover to outer cover snap  1010 . The mattress cover inner border  1012  is also the mattress cover inner top panel  1006  at the top of the mattress. 
     On the top are embedded surface sensors  1003  and surface sensor patches  1004 . 
     The comfort layer  1001  is partially surrounded by a mattress fire sock  1014 . A mattress cover zipper  1016  secures a mattress cover base panel  1018  and a mattress cover to base cover zipper  1020 . A surface sensor plug  1026  provides power to the system. 
     Within the mattress itself are foam comfort layers  1024  with an embedded ergonomic gel matrix  1022 . Cut vertically through the mattress are air-impermeable surfaces  1002  for air passage. 
     The base layer  1051  cross-section includes a base top panel  1058  and a base cover zipper  1060  that secures a base cover border  1062 . A mattress cover to base cover zipper  1066  secures a base cover base panel  1068 . On the top is a biometric sensor  1056 . On the side is a surface sensor socket  1052 . On the bottom is an AC power socket  1072  and AC power cord  1070 . 
     Across the base layer cross-section  1051  are a series of expanded polypropylene (EPP) segments  1076 . A torso airbox  1074  and torso air box  1084  are integrated within the EPP segments  1076 . Each airbox includes a fan  1078   a ,  1078   b  and a heater  1080   a ,  1080   b . Air ducts  1082   a ,  1082   b  allow air to circulate throughout the height of the base layer  1051 . 
     Turning to  FIG. 11 , shown is a mattress cross-section third embodiment  1100  consisting of a comfort layer  1101  cross-section, an airbox layer  1106  cross-section, an intake layer  1103  cross-section and an adjustable base  1104  cross-section. The adjustable base may be folded about the gaps shown. 
     The comfort layer  1101  may be about 11.5 inches comprises a plurality of temperature, humidity, motion sensors  1102   a - 1102   e  below the mattress cover and is surrounded by a comfort layer fire sock  1122 . On the top is a comfort layer cover  1120  and within are comfort foam layers  1124 . Vertical sealed inside surfaces  1110  allow for air distribution through the comfort layer  1101  while prevented lateral airflow. 
     The airbox layer  1106  may be 2 inches and includes a biometric sensor  1112 , and  2  airboxes  1130   a ,  1130   b  (one torso, one foot, each having a heater and fan that are not shown) surrounded by an airbox chassis  1128   a ,  1128   b . The biometric sensor  1112  may measure heart rate, breathing rate and presence sensing. 
     Between each airbox chassis  1128 ,  1128   b  and the airbox cover  1126   a ,  1126   b  is thermoformed foam  1118   a ,  1118   b . Also incorporated are temperature and humidity sensor downstream of the heater  1114   a ,  1114   b  and temperature and humidity sensor upstream of the fan  1116   a ,  1116   b.    
     The intake layer  1103  may be about 2 inches comprises intake layer foam  1132  and surrounded by an intake layer fire sock  1134 . 
     III. Sensors 
     The scope and functionality of sensors within a temperature-regulating mattress system is described herein. Such sensors may measure one or more of the following: temperature, (relative) humidity, pressure/presence, movement, presence, heart rate, breathing rate and other biometric parameters. 
     Turning to  FIG. 12 , shown is a schematic of a wireless sensor system  1200 . Within the system, there is a metal grille  1205  over electronics for temperature and humidity sensing  1210  powered by a battery  1220 . The sensor system  1200  communicates wirelessly via an antenna  1230 . 
     Turning to  FIG. 13 , shown is a cross-section of a temperature-regulating mattress system  1300  with various integrated or embedded sensors. 
     A user lies on the mattress  1340  along the dashed line  1325  with bedding  1310  above and a sheet  1330  and mattress protector  1335  below. Sensors may be integrated or embedded in all parts of the system, including at foot sensor  1320 , a top-of-sheet sensor  1345 , an under-sheet sensor  1350  and an embedded sensor  1355 . Single or multiple sensors per user may be used. 
     Turning to  FIG. 14 , shown are sensors embedded in a comfort layer mattress system  1400 . 
     A series of sensors are wired into comfort layer at the foot  1410   a  and the torso  1410   b . Wires  1420  run through the mattress system  1400  that are installed in the comfort layer before the cover is installed. The wires  1420  then are directed to a connector  1430  that interfaces with the base  1440 . The power of the base layer  1440  may also power the sensors  1410   a ,  1410   b  via the connector  1430  and wires  1420 . 
     Turning to  FIG. 15 , shown are sensors embedded in tethered layers mattress system  1500 . A sensor band  1510  wraps around a comfort layer  1515  and is secured  1520  to the base layer  1525 . The sensor band  1510  may include multiple sensors of various functions and includes an electric connection when secured  1520  so that the power of the base layer  1525  may also power the sensor band  1510 . 
     The sensor band  1510  is covered with sheeting by the user. 
     There may also be wider bands or multiple bands in this system. Or the band footprint may extend to any part of the mattress and have multiple cutouts. 
     Turning to  FIG. 16 , shown are sensors embedded in a cover mattress system  1600 . 
     A series of sensors are wired into the cover layer  1615  at the foot  1610   a  and the torso  1610   b . The cover layer  1615  is designed to be placed over the comfort layer  1640 . Wires  1650  run through the cover layer  1615 . The wires  1615  are directed to a connector wire  1620  that terminates at a snap connector  1623  that interfaces with the base  1625 . The power of the base layer  1625  may also power the sensors  1610   a ,  1610   b  via the connector  1620  and wires  1650 . 
     IV. Cover 
     The scope and functionality of covers within a temperature-regulating mattress system is described herein. The cover may consist of any suitable materials, including latex, memory foam, polyester blends, feathers, wool, cotton, flannel, silk and bamboo. Connecting systems such as zippers may be replaced by any other connector such hook and loop fasteners (Velcro®), snaps, tape and the like. 
     Turning to  FIG. 17 , shown is an assembly of a cover over a mattress system  1700 . A mattress core  1710  is shown separated from a base  1720 . After being zipped, an assembled mattress core plus base  1730  is shown. 
     Turning to  FIG. 18A , shown is an exploded view  1800  of a mattress cover. Shown staring from the top is a top panel  1802 , a foam insert  1804 , an inner border  1806 , a bottom panel  1808  and an outer border  1810   
     Turning to  FIG. 18B , shown shows an exploded view  1850  of a base cover. Shown starting from the top is a top panel  1852 , a border  1854  and a bottom panel  1856 . 
     Turning to  FIG. 19 , shown is a detailed view of a seams within a mattress system  1900  with a cover mattress layer  1990  having lower zipper teeth  1985  and a cover base layer  1992  having upper zipper teeth  1983 . 
     On the top shown is a mattress cover outer border  1902  and a mattress cover inner border  1906 . In the top inset shown is a mattress cover top panel  1908 , an optional top panel foam insert  1910 , a mattress cover outer border  1902  and a mattress cover inner border  1906  all joined together by stitching  1930 . 
     On the bottom shown is a base cover border  1904 . In the bottom inset shown is a mattress cover outer border  1902  and an interchangeable reverse coil zipper  1980   a  joined together by stitching  1957 . Also shown is a base cover mesh fabric  1960  and an interchangeable reverse coil zipper  1980   b  joined together by stitching  1955 . Also shown is lower zipper teeth  1985  and upper zipper teeth  1983  joined together by stitching  1956  and zipper  1975 . This zipper  1975  is designed to join the cover mattress layer  1990  and a cover base layer  1992 . 
     Turning to  FIG. 20  shown is further detail of the bottom cover of a temperature-regulating mattress system. On left side, shown is a spacer fabric sample  1   2050 , a spacer fabric sample  2   2054 , a fabric diagram  2052  and a spacer fabric sample  3   2056 . The fabric diagram  2502  shows a front surface, a back surface and spacer yarn in between the front surface and back surface. 
     On the right side, shown is a mattress cross section detail system  2000 . Shown is a cover top  2010  that may be comfortable and air permeable and a cover bottom  2025 . The cover top  2010  and cover bottom  2025  surround comfort layers  2015  (that may be about 10 inches in height) and an intake layer  2020 . The intake layer  2020  may be about 2 inches in height and have a flexible impermeable structure with air channels on the perimeter side  2060   a  and bottom  2060   b ,  2060   c ,  2060   d ,  2060   e.    
     Airflow through the air channels  2060   a ,  2060   b ,  2060   c ,  2060   d ,  2060   e  are enabled because the cover bottom  2025  may be constructed from spacer fabric or similar material (as shown on the left side of  FIG. 20 ). This fabric allows air to move freely through the cover bottom  2025  in both the perpendicular and parallel directions. In particular, airflow moves through the fabric parallel to the surface when the underside and vertical sides of the mattress are blocked by bedframe and bedding. 
     V. Base 
     The scope and functionality of bases within a temperature-regulating mattress system is described herein. The base may include components integrated within the base structure or modular components affixed to the base structure (or a combination of the two). 
       FIGS. 21 and 22  show schematics of an integrated base. 
       FIG. 21  shows a schematic of an integrated base  2100  have a mattress  2110  and a base  2120  powered by wire  2140 . Air distribution may take place in the mattress  2110 . Biometric sensors  2130  may be integrated within the base  2120 . Such sensors may include hear rate/breathing rate/presence sensing and other biometrics. 
     Also shown is an integrated torso module  2150   a  and an integrated foot module  2150   b . These modules  2150   a ,  2150   b  may jut out from base  2120  because of the airboxes contained therein or may be level with the base  2120 . The base  2120  may include electronics, fans, heaters and air intake apparatuses. 
     Turning to  FIG. 22 , shown is a base system detail  2200  with foam panels  2210 , a fabric hinge  2220 , thermoformed foam  2230  and permeable fabrics  2240   a ,  2240   b . As will be shown below, the fabric hinge will allow the base  2120  to be folded in various combinations. 
       FIGS. 23, 24A and 24B  show schematics of a modular base. 
     Turning to  FIG. 23 , shown is a schematic of a modular base system  2300 . 
     Temperature, humidity and motion sensors  2302   a - 2302   f  are incorporated below the mattress cover within the mattress  2306 . Modules  2304   a ,  2304   b  (each of which is split into 2 parts) that at least contain airboxes (not shown) are installed on the base  2310 . 
     Biometric sensors  2308  may be integrated within the base  2310 . Such sensors may include hear rate/breathing rate/presence sensing and other biometrics. 
     The modules  2304   a ,  2304   b  are normally assembled by the end user and connected to the base  2310  electrically. This may produce better packaging solutions with smaller boxes. 
     Turning to  FIG. 24A , shown is a modular base system detail  2400  without the module installed. Shown is a permeable fabric  2420  and a thermoformed tray  2430  with a power cable storage  2410 . 
     Turning to  FIG. 24B , shown is a modular base system detail  2400  with the module  2480  installed. Shown is a permeable fabric  2470   a ,  2470   b  and a power connection  2460 . 
     The system is designed so that the module  2480  is snapped into a thermoformed tray  2430  where the power cable located in the power cable storage  2410  is connected to the power connection  2460 . This provides power to the module  2480 . Similar setups for 3 other modules (not shown) may be implemented. 
     Turning to  FIG. 25 , shown is a schematic of a base layer with cover  2500 . The fabric cover  2510  (shown as transparent) may be of any suitable material that is either opaque, translucent or transparent. This allows the base layer components to be contained in a fabric shell. The fabric cover  2510  may be permeable so as to allow air to be distributed to holes in the mattress installed above the base layer (not shown). A segmented structure  2530  comprising several segments that allow the base layer to fold for shipment and flex for compatibility with adjustable bases. 
     Turning to  FIG. 26 , shown is a schematic of a base layer without a cover  2600 . A biometric sensor track  2610  is inlaid to measure dynamic sleeping profiles for the mattress user, including measuring breathing rate, heart rate and movement throughout the night. Five rigid panels  2650   a ,  2650   b ,  2650   c ,  2650   d ,  2650   e  are installed over five molded EPP segments  2640   a ,  2640   b ,  2640   c ,  2640   d ,  2640   e . This segmented structure comprising several segments allows the base layer to fold for shipment and flex for compatibility with adjustable bases. 
     A torso airbox system  2602   b  is installed within rigid panel  2650   c  flush with the top of the base layer. Ramps  2630   c ,  2630   d  are carved out of the rigid panel  2650   c  to allow for airflow. In the alternative, the torso airbox system  2602   b  may include integrated ramps on the left and right to allow for airflow. 
     A foot airbox system  2602   a  is installed within rigid panel  2650   e  flush with the top of the base layer. Ramps  2630   a ,  2630   b  are carved out of the rigid panel  2650   e  to allow for airflow. In the alternative, the foot airbox system  2602   a  may include integrated ramps on the left and right to allow for airflow. 
     Turning to  FIG. 27 , shown is an internal wiring schematic of a base layer  2700 . Within the base layer  2700  are a wiring system  2710  that connects (among other possible devices) a biometric sensor strip  2720 , a torso airbox  2730 , a feet airbox  2740  and a surface sensor interconnect  2750 . The torso airbox  2730  and feet airbox  2740  each include two fans on the side and an electrical component in the middle to control operation of the airboxes  2730 ,  2740 . The surface sensor interconnect  2750  interfaces with other sensors throughout the mattress system to providing inputs to the airboxes  2730 ,  2740  and transmit outputs from the biometric sensor strip  2720 . 
     Turning to  FIG. 28 , shown are five external wiring schematics within a base layer. 
     Schematic  12810  shows a wiring system sourced on the side of the foot of the mattress. A top view, side flat view and side folded view are shown. 
     Schematic  2   2820  shows a wiring system sourced on the bottom of the middle of the mattress. A top view, side flat view and side folded view are shown. 
     Schematic  3   2830  shows a wiring system sourced on the top of the middle of the mattress. A top view, side flat view and side folded view are shown. 
     Schematic  4   2840  shows a wiring system sourced on the bottom of the head of the mattress. A top view, side flat view and side folded view are shown. 
     Schematic  5   2850  shows a wiring system sourced on the top of the head of the mattress. A top view, side flat view and side folded view are shown. 
     The foregoing schemes may be adjusted such that the wiring is sourced at any other position within the mattress. 
     Turning to  FIG. 29A , shown are various schematics of an adjustable base layer and its associated mattress. Making the base layer adjustable allows the mattress system to be formed into various configurations for additional user comfort and for easier shipping. 
     On the top left, shown is an articulating mattress system  2910  with four segments in the base layer to allow for such articulation. On the bottom left, shown is an internal view of the same articulating mattress system  2920  with four segments: head (the widest segment), torso (including an airbox), legs and feet (including an airbox). On the top right, shown is an overhead schematic view of the same articulating mattress system  2930  with the same four segments. On the bottom right, the same articulating mattress system  2940  with the same four segments is set in an exemplary configuration. Here, the head segment is set at a 116-degree angle from the torso segment, the torso segment is set at a 142-degree angle from the legs section and the legs section is set at a 142-degree angle from the feet section. 
     The foregoing system may have a different number of layers capable of being articulated in angles ranging from above 0 degrees to 180 degrees. 
     Turning to  FIG. 29B , shown is a partially exploded view of schematic of a base of an articulating mattress system  2950 . The schematic shows five segments joined together with sixteen hinges  2975  shown in an exploded view. The first, second and fourth segments  2942   a ,  2942   b ,  2942   c  include no visible electronic parts. The third segment  2951   a  includes an integrated torso airbox system  2947   a  and the fifth segment  2951   b  includes an integrated feet airbox system  2947   b . The entire system is powered via a power cord  2971  and an internal wiring system (not shown). 
     Turning to  FIG. 29C , shown is a detail view of an adjustable base layer hinge  2990 . On the left side, an overhead view shows the hinge  2975  (which may be the same hinge as in  FIG. 29B ) joining two segments  2924   a ,  2924   b  together. The cross section of hinge  2975  and the two segments  2924   a ,  2924   b  at line A-A is shown on the right side. Here it can be seen that the hinge  2975  flexibly joins the two segments  2924   a ,  2924   b  because the hinge  2975  includes two circular protrusions  2976   a ,  2976   b  that snap into two circular receptacles  2980   a ,  2980   b . The circular receptables  2980   a ,  2980   b  may be carved out of the material that comprises the two segments  2924   a ,  2924   b  such that the circular protrusions  2976   a ,  2976   b  remain ensconced in the two segments  2924   a ,  2924   b  at any angle the two segments  2924   a ,  2924   b  may be set. These angles may include those shown in  FIG. 29A . 
     Turning to  FIG. 29D , shown is a detail view of another adjustable base layer hinge. A side view  2901  shows a double hinge  2904   a ,  2904   b  ensconced within two segments  2903   a ,  2903   b . A top view  2902  shows the same double hinge  2904   a ,  2904   b  ensconced within two segments  2903   a ,  2903   b . The advantage of this embodiment is that the hinge structure is reinforced in both directions so that flexibility of the two segments  2903   a ,  2903   b  to bend in both directions is enhanced. 
     Turning to  FIG. 29E , shown is a foldable base layer system  2991 . A folded base layer  2995  shows five segments folded on top of one another on a bed frame  2993 . The folded nature of these five segments may be accomplished by using the hinges shown in either  FIG. 29C or 29D . 
     VI. Airbox 
     The scope and functionality of airboxes within a temperature-regulating mattress system is described herein. The airboxes may include components integrated within the base structure or modular components affixed to the base structure (or a combination of the two). 
     The general function of an airbox in the base layer is the selective use of a fan and a heater to generate heated air or cooled air that will be forcefully blown into areas of the mattress installed above the base layer. Although positive temperature coefficient (PTC) heaters are shown in this section, any suitable convection heater or thermoelectric heater may be substituted. 
     In addition, an airbox may be used without the heater for delivery of air at the ambient air temperature. In addition, an airbox may be used with a cooler for delivery air cooler than the ambient air temperature. In addition, an airbox may be coupled with a humidifier or dehumidifier to adjust the relative humidity of the delivered air. 
     In general, airboxes may be installed in the center of the base layer (to provide air to the torso area of a mattress user) and at the bottom of the base layer (to provide air to the feet area of a mattress user). 
       FIGS. 30A, 30B, 31 and 32  show schematics of an airbox that is integrated into the base layer. 
     Turning to  FIG. 30A , shown is top view of an integrated airbox  3000  with air exhausts  3002   a ,  3002   b  that may output warmed air. The air exhausts  3002   a ,  3002   b  include ramps that allow for enhanced air distribution to the rest of the mattress. 
     Turning to  FIG. 30B , shown is bottom view of an integrated airbox  3050  with air inlets  3004   a ,  3004   b . The air inlets  3004   a ,  3004   b  may draw ambient air for possible heating and further distribution with the mattress system. 
     Turning to  FIG. 31 , shown is a cross-section view of an integrated airbox  3100 . The ducting/enclosure top  3105  covers a first blower  3110   a  and a PTC heater  3115   a  pair and a second blower  3110   b  and a PTC heater pair  3115   b , both of which are installed on an enclosure bottom  3125 . Also included is logic board and wiring  3120  that controls the power and operation of each of the blower/PTC heater pairs  3110   a ,  3115   a ,  3110   b ,  3115   b.    
     Turning to  FIG. 32 , shown is an integrated airbox system  3200 . Intake airflow  3245  enters a blower  3220 , proceeds to a heater  3210  and then is outputted via lateral airflow  3250  and upward airflow  3260 . Downstream sensors  3230  and upstream sensors  3240  may measure temperature and humidity of the passing air (where downstream and upstream means downstream and upstream from the blower  3220  and heater  3210 ). This data can be passed to the rest of the mattress system to keep the mattress environment comfortable for the user. 
       FIGS. 33A, 33B, 34 and 35  show schematics of a modular airbox that is affixed to the base layer. 
     Turning to  FIG. 33A , shown is top view of a modular airbox  3300  with air exhausts  3310   a ,  3310   b  that may output warmed air. 
     Turning to  FIG. 33B , shown is bottom view of a modular airbox  3350  with air inlets  3355   a ,  3355   b . The air inlets  3355   a ,  3355   b  may draw ambient air for possible heating and further distribution with the mattress system. 
     Turning to  FIG. 34 , shown is an exploded view of a modular airbox  3400 . The exterior comprises a ducting/enclosure mounting frame  3410 , endcaps  3405   a ,  3405   b  and an enclosure  3440 . The interior comprises a first blower  3402   a  and a PTC heater  3404   a  pair and a second blower  3402   b  and a PTC heater pair  3404   b  and a logic board and wiring  3450  that controls the power and operation of each of the blower/PTC heater pairs  3402   a ,  3402   b ,  3404   a ,  3404   b.    
     Turning to  FIG. 35 , shown is an integrated airbox system  3500 . Intake airflow  3520  enters a blower  3504 , proceeds to a heater  3502  and then is outputted via lateral airflow  3510  and upward airflow  3530  though the holes on top of the airbox. Downstream sensors  3550  and upstream sensors  3560  may measure temperature and humidity of the passing air (where downstream and upstream means downstream and upstream from the blower  3504  and heater  3502 ). This data can be passed to the rest of the mattress system to keep the mattress environment comfortable for the user. 
     Turning to  FIG. 36  shows a cross-section of a mattress system  3600  having air delivery channels. Here, the air entry  3630  passes through holes in the base or through a vertical perimeter or through body of spacer fabric. The air then passes through the electronics module  3640 . The outputted air passes through distribution ducts  3610  then exits the mattress via a series of vertical exhausts  3620 . The volume of the distribution ducts  3610  may vary along its length to affect air distribution patterns across the surface area of the mattress. The electronics module  3640  may include a blower, heater and sensors on one or more printed circuit boards (PCBs). There may be two or more electronics modules  3640  in the mattress system  3600 . The electronics module  3640  may be removable for servicing and upgrades. 
       FIGS. 37 and 38  show different air distribution patterns for air exiting a mattress. Turning to  FIG. 37 , shown is a schematic of air distribution patterns in a mattress system  3710  that primarily provide torso and feet airflow through the mattress top. Turning to  FIG. 38 , shown is a schematic of air distribution patterns in a mattress system  3720  that primarily provides airflow throughout the entirety of the mattress top. 
     VII. Airflow 
     The scope and functionality of devices that improve airflow within a temperature-regulating mattress system is described herein. 
       FIGS. 39A, 39B, 39C, 39D, 39E and 39F  show various methods for sealing surface of holes or slots in a mattress cut through the foam comfort layers. Sealed holes prevent the fluid flow horizontally into the foam through the walls of the cutout or from the underside. These methods may be combined in a mattress system. (The pointers in  FIGS. 39A-39F  are shown on the right side of the slots, they may equally apply to the left side of the slots.) 
     Turning to  FIG. 39A  (liquid sealant solution), shown is a sealant system  3900  with foam comfort layers  3902  adjacent to dried sealant on the side  3904   a  and bottom  3904   b . These sealants dry to form an impermeable skin (made from, for example, gel, silicon, rubber or adhesive). The sealant may be poured in the hole or sprayed using a nozzle. 
     Turning to  FIG. 39B  (molded/self-skinning solution), shown is a sealant system  3910  with foam comfort layers  3912  adjacent to an impermeable foam on the side  3914   a  and bottom  3914   b . Here the, impermeable foam may be created in the hole by the comfort foam layers  3912  poured sequentially into the mold. The surfaces touching the side and bottom self-skin creating an impermeable surface. 
     Turning to  FIG. 39C  (molded/insert), shown is a sealant system  3920  with foam comfort layers  3922  adjacent to a single impermeable foam insert  3924 . Here the, impermeable foam insert  3924  may be molded from self-skinning or a pneumatic foam is assembled into the comfort layers  3922  using adhesive. 
     Turning to  FIG. 39D  (flexible insert), shown is a sealant system  3930  with foam comfort layers  3932  adjacent to a flexible tube  3934 . Here a thin-walled flexible tube  3934  is inserted into the hole and is held into place by friction and/or adhesive. The hole may be expanded during insertion to aid in installation. Possible flexible tube  3934  materials include gel, silicone, rubber, latex, polymers or a flexible duct hose. 
     Turning to  FIG. 39E  (flexible insert with flange), shown is a sealant system  3940  with foam comfort layers  3942  adjacent to a flexible tube with flange  3944 . Here a thin-walled flexible tube with flange  3944  is inserted into the hole and is held into place by friction and/or adhesive. The hole may be expanded during insertion to aid in installation. Possible flexible tube with flange  3944  materials include gel, silicone, rubber, latex, polymers or a flexible duct hose. The flange  3946  adds impermeability to the underside of the mattress. 
     Turning to  FIG. 39F  (encapsulated spring insert), shown is a sealant system  3950  with foam comfort layers  3952  adjacent to a low stiffness coil spring  3954 . The low stiffness coil spring  3954  is encapsulated in a sealant such as: an impenetrable polyethylene pocket or sleeve; over-molded rubber; pneumatic foam; or a flexible duct hose. The spring holds the hole open while providing minimal vertical stiffness. 
     Turning to  FIG. 46A  (flexible insert), shown is a sealant system  4630  with foam comfort layers  4632  adjacent to a flexible tube  4634 . Here, a thin-walled flexible tube  4634  is inserted into the angled hole and is held into place by friction and/or adhesive. The hole may be expanded during insertion to aid in installation. Possible flexible tube  4634  materials include gel, silicone, rubber, latex, polymers or a flexible duct hose. 
     Turning to  FIG. 46B  (flexible insert with flange), shown is a sealant system  4640  with foam comfort layers  4642  adjacent to a flexible tube with a flange  4644 , where the flange portion is identified by reference numeral  4646 . Here, a thin-walled flexible tube with flange  4644  is inserted into the angled hole and is held into place by friction and/or adhesive. The hole may be expanded during insertion to aid in installation. Possible flexible tube with flange  4644  materials include gel, silicone, rubber, latex, polymers or a flexible duct hose. The flange  4646  adds impermeability to the underside of the mattress. 
     Turning to  FIG. 46C  (encapsulated spring insert), shown is a sealant system  4650  with foam comfort layers  4652  adjacent to a low stiffness coil spring  4654 . The low stiffness coil spring  4654  is encapsulated in a sealant such as: an impenetrable polyethylene pocket or sleeve; over-molded rubber; pneumatic foam; or a flexible duct hose. The encapsulated low stiffness coils spring  4654  is inserted into the angled hole. The spring holds the hole open while providing minimal vertical stiffness. 
       FIGS. 47A and 47B  show an additional embodiment of sealed vertical holes or slots in a mattress. Turning to  FIG. 47A  (sealant, or flexible insert with a flange and sealant), shown is a sealant system  4740  with foam comfort layers  4742  adjacent to a sealed vertical hole  4744 . The hole  4744  is sealed either by a sealant or via an insert as described above. The sealant system  4740  also includes flanges or sealant that extend across the top and bottom surfaces of the mattress, to extend the sealed areas around the hole(s). In the figure, the bottom flange or sealant is identified by reference numeral  4746  and the top flange or sealant is identified by reference numeral  4748 . When using, a thin-walled flexible tube, the tube is inserted into the hole and is held into place by friction and/or adhesive. The hole may be expanded during insertion to aid in installation. Possible flexible tube with flange materials include gel, silicone, rubber, latex, polymers or a flexible duct hose. The sealant or flange(s)  4746  and  4748  add impermeability to the underside and the top of the mattress, respectively. 
     Turning to  FIG. 47B  (sealant, or flexible insert with a flange and sealant), shown is a sealant system  4750  with foam comfort layers  4752  adjacent to a sealed angled hole  4754 . The hole  4744  is sealed either by a sealant or via an insert as described above. The sealant system  4750  also includes flanges or sealant that extend across the top and bottom surfaces of the mattress, to extend the sealed areas around the hole(s). In the figure, the bottom flange or sealant is identified by reference numeral  4756  and the top flange or sealant is identified by reference numeral  4758 . When using, a thin-walled flexible tube, the tube is inserted into the hole and is held into place by friction and/or adhesive. The hole may be expanded during insertion to aid in installation. Possible flexible tube with flange materials include gel, silicone, rubber, latex, polymers or a flexible duct hose. The sealant or flange(s)  4756  and  4758  add impermeability to the underside and the top of the mattress, respectively. 
       FIGS. 48A and 48B  show an additional embodiment of sealed vertical holes or slots in a mattress. Turning to  FIG. 48A  (a vertical insert), shown is a sealant system  4840  with foam comfort layers  4842  adjacent to a vertically oriented insert  4849 , which may be constructed from polymers rubber, fabric or foam, such as reticulated foam. The outer surface  4844  of the insert  4849  is made impermeable by an impermeable fabric, polymer, or applied flexible sealant. Alternatively, the insert  4849  is placed within the flexible impermeable tube, of the type described above. The sealant system  4840  may also include optional flanges or sealant that extend across the top and bottom surfaces of the mattress, to extend the sealed areas around the holes. In the figure, the bottom flange or sealant is identified by reference numeral  4846  and the top flange or sealant is identified by reference numeral  4848 . The sealant or flange(s)  4746  and  4748  add impermeability to the underside and the top of the mattress, respectively. 
     Turning to  FIG. 48B  (an angled insert), shown is a sealant system  4850  with foam comfort layers  4852  adjacent to an angularly oriented insert  4859 , which may be constructed from polymers rubber, fabric or foam, such as reticulated foam. The outer surface  4854  of the insert  4859  is made impermeable by an impermeable fabric, polymer, or applied flexible sealant. Alternatively, the insert  4859  is placed within the flexible impermeable tube, of the type described above. The sealant system  4850  may also include optional flanges or sealant that extend across the top and bottom surfaces of the mattress, to extend the sealed areas around the holes. In the figure, the bottom flange or sealant is identified by reference numeral  4856  and the top flange or sealant is identified by reference numeral  4858 . The sealant or flange(s)  4756  and  4758  add impermeability to the underside and the top of the mattress, respectively. 
       FIGS. 49A and 49B  show an additional embodiment of sealed vertical holes or slots in a mattress. Turning to  FIG. 49A  (a vertical insert or applied sealant, with an additional layer), shown is a sealant system  4940  with foam comfort layers  4942  adjacent to a vertically oriented insert  4944 , which may be constructed from polymers rubber, fabric, or foam, such as reticulated foam. The sealant system  4840  includes flanges or sealant that extend across the top and bottom surfaces of the foam comfort core layers, to extend the sealed areas around the holes. In the figure, the bottom flange or sealant is identified by reference numeral  4946  and the top flange or sealant is identified by reference numeral  4948 . Each of the flanges or sealant  4946  and  4948  is secured by an additional layer  4947  and  4949 , respectively, that is added to the top and/or bottom of the foam comfort core. The additional layer has holes in it to match the holes that run through the comfort core layers. The additional layer may be made from a permeable, semi-permeable, or impermeable material. 
     Turning to  FIG. 49B  (an angled insert or applied sealant, with an additional layer), shown is a sealant system  4950  with foam comfort layers  4952  adjacent to an angularly oriented insert  4954 , which may be constructed from polymers rubber, fabric, or foam, such as reticulated foam. The sealant system  4840  includes flanges or sealant that extend across the top and bottom surfaces of the foam comfort core layers, to extend the sealed areas around the holes. In the figure, the bottom flange or sealant is identified by reference numeral  4956  and the top flange or sealant is identified by reference numeral  4958 . Each of the flanges or sealant  4956  and  4958  is secured by an additional layer  4957  and  4959 , respectively, that is added to the top and/or bottom of the foam comfort core. The additional layer has holes in it to match the holes that run through the comfort core layers. The additional layer may be made from a permeable, semi-permeable, or impermeable material. 
       FIGS. 50A and 50B  show an additional embodiment of sealed vertical holes or slots in a mattress. Here, to maintain better support to a user, the holes through the foam comfort core layers are made relatively small. Turning to  FIG. 50A  (vertical insert or applied sealant with an additional layer), shown a sealant system  5040  with foam comfort layers  5042  adjacent to a vertically oriented insert  5044 . Flanges or sealant extend across the bottom face  5046  and the top face  5048  to extend the sealed areas around the hole(s). An additional top layer  5049  and an additional bottom layer  5047 , each having a hole of larger diameter then the hole through the comfort-core layers, are added to the top and bottom, respectively. Due to the larger hole diameter in these additional top and bottom layers, the area available to air passing through the hole at the top and bottom surfaces is larger than that of the hole through the foam comfort core layers  5042 . As a result, air passing through the fabric that is in contact with the top and bottom of the foam core layers has a larger area to pass through and therefore reduces resistance loss. 
     Turning to  FIG. 50B  (angular insert or applied sealant with an additional layer), shown a sealant system  5050  with foam comfort layers  5052  adjacent to an angularly oriented insert  5054 . Flanges or sealant extend across the bottom face  5056  and the bottom face  5048  to extend the sealed areas around the hole(s). An additional top layer  5059  and an additional bottom layer  5057 , each having a hole of larger diameter then the hole through the comfort-core layers, are added to the top and bottom, respectively. Due to the larger hole diameter in these additional top and bottom layers, the area available to air passing through the hole at the top and bottom surfaces is larger than that of the hole through the foam comfort layers  5052 . As a result, air passing through the fabric that is in contact with the top and bottom of the foam comfort layers has a larger area to pass through and therefore reduces resistance loss. 
       FIG. 51  shows the cross-section and top views of a mattress system using inserts with holes or slots. In this embodiment, the assembly  5100  includes comfort layers  5102  with two rows of openings  5104  (e.g., pill-shaped slots). Inserts  5106  with dual holes  5108  are located within the slotted openings  5104 . Note, the number of rows of slotted openings in the comfort layers and the number of holes  5108 , and their layout, in each insert  5106  could be varied. The inserts  5106 , which are assembled into the openings  5104 , may be formed from molded or machined pieces of foam that incorporate holes through them. The inserted pieces could be molded from self-skinning foam, or have their surfaces sealed in other ways, for example spraying with a liquid sealant. The holes in the inserts can be of various shape, sizes, and angles. For example, in some embodiments the angle could be such that one could see all the way down through the hole when looking from above the insert. In other embodiments, the angle could be large enough such that one could not see all the way down through the hole when looking from above the insert. 
       FIGS. 52A, 52B, 52C, 52D, 52E, and 52F  show various embodiments of the inserts in  FIG. 51 . Turning to  FIG. 52A , shown is an insert  5200  with two angularly running holes  5202  with sealed surfaces. The topmost portion of the figure shows a cross-section of the insert  5200 . The next portion down in the  FIG. 52A  depicts the insert from the bottom, along section A-A. Right below,  FIG. 52A  shows two side views of the insert  5200 , from different directions. Finally, the lowest portion of the figure depicts the view of the insert from the top. 
     Turning to  FIG. 52B , shown is a two-part insert  5220  having two angularly running holes  5222  with sealed surfaces. The two parts, constituting two halves of the insert, are joined together to form the insert. The topmost portion of the figure shows a cross-section of the insert  5220 . The next portion down in the  FIG. 52B  depicts one half of the insert, when viewed from the bottom. Right below,  FIG. 52A  shows two side views of the insert  5220 , from different directions. Right below that,  FIG. 52B  shows one half of the insert, viewed from the top. Finally, the lowest portion of the figure depicts the two halves of the insert joined together  5226 , forming the insert, viewed from the bottom. 
     Turning to  FIG. 52C , shown is an insert  5230  with two angularly running holes  5232  with sealed surfaces. The topmost portion of the figure shows a cross-section of the insert  5230 . As can be seen from the cross-sectional view, each hole changes its angle as it passes through the insert. The next portion down in the  FIG. 52C  depicts the insert from the bottom, along section A-A. Right below,  FIG. 52C  shows two side views of the insert  5230 , from different directions. Finally, the lowest portion of the figure depicts the view of the insert from the top. 
     Turning to  FIG. 52D , shown is a cross-sectional view of an insert  5240  with a single hole having a conical shape. Turning to  FIG. 52E , shown is a cross-sectional view of an insert  5250  with a single hole having a circular shape. Turning to  FIG. 52F , shown is a cross-sectional view of an insert  5260  with a single hole having a circular shape that is narrower than in  FIG. 52E , but that flares out at top and bottom of the insert. In each of the embodiments, the surfaces of the holes are sealed to prevent air loss. 
       FIG. 53  shows another embodiment of the mattress system using inserts with holes or slots. The upper portion of  FIG. 53  shows the top view of the mattress system and the lower portion of the figure shows a cross-sectional view of the mattress system along section A-A. From the top view, one can see the mattress system  5300  includes five sections,  5301   a ,  5301   b ,  5301   c ,  5301   d , and  5301   e . Sections  5301   b  and  5301   d  are molded or machined insert sections that are assembled in between the sections  5301   a ,  5301   c , and  5301   e  of regular foam comfort layers. The insert sections have holes running through them. These holes can have various shapes, e.g., circles, squares, rectangles, etc. and may be vertical or angled. The cross-sectional view of the mattress system at the bottom of  FIG. 53  shows an angular hole  5304  in the insert  5301   b  and also shows an angular hole  5306  in the insert  5301   d . The foam comfort layers are designated by reference numeral  5302 . 
       FIG. 54  shows an embodiment of the mattress system  5400  using inserts for forming holes or slots in the system. The upper portion of  FIG. 54  shows the top view of the mattress system and the lower portion of the figure shows a cross-sectional view of the mattress system along section A-A. This embodiment differs from the embodiment in  FIG. 53  in that the molded or machined insert-sections  5402  and  5404  are assembled in cutouts in the regular foam comfort layers  5406 . Once installed, the inserts form one side of each hole. The cross-sectional view of the mattress system at the bottom of  FIG. 53  shows an angular hole formed by the combination of the insert  5404  and the comfort layers  5406 . These holes can have various shapes, e.g., circles, squares, rectangles, etc. and may be vertical or angled. Sealing may be achieved by employing a self-skinning molded foam for the insert, or by applying a liquid sealant to a permeable foam or foam layers. 
       FIG. 55  shows another embodiment of the mattress system  5500  with holes or slots. The upper portion of  FIG. 55  shows the top view of the mattress system and the lower portion of the figure shows a cross-sectional view of the mattress system along section A-A. From the top view, one can see the mattress system  5500  includes five sections,  5501   a ,  5501   b ,  5501   c ,  5501   d , and  5501   e , of comfort layers that are either cut along cut lines  5504  and separated or are formed along cut lines  5504 . The cut face(s) of each of the five sections, along the line(s)  5504 , is then sealed. Sealing may be achieved by, for example, applying liquid sealant to the cut faces, or laminating an impermeable membrane to the cut faces. The sections are then assembled together, forming sealed vertical or angled holes withing the mattress system  5500 . The holes can have various shapes, e.g., circles, squares, rectangles, triangular, etc. The cross-sectional view of the mattress system  5500  at the bottom of  FIG. 55  shows the angular holes formed in the comfort layers  5502 . 
       FIG. 56  shows another embodiment of a mattress system with vertical holes or slots. The left side of  FIG. 56  shows a cross-sectional view of the mattress system and the right side of the figure shows a top view of the mattress system. As can be seen from the cross-sectional view, the mattress system  5600  is composed of seven layers (labeled L 1  through L 7 ), with L 1  being the topmost layer and L 7  being the bottommost layer. The cross-sectional view also shows two holes  5602  and  5604  cut through the layers. Hole  5602  is located in the middle of the mattress (torso zone) and hole  5604  is located at the right end of the mattress (foot zone). In this embodiment, some of the mattress layers include multiple sections of different materials, having different densities and ILD characteristics, or may include similar materials having different characteristics. For example, the topmost (first) layer L 1  includes two sections, left and right. In one preferred embodiment, the left section could be hypersoft foam, labeled in the figure as L 1 A, and the left section could be viscoelastic foam, labeled as L 1 B. The third layer down, L 3 , for example, includes three sections (left, middle, and right). In one embodiment, the middle section could be hypersoft foam having one set of characteristics (labeled L 3 B), and the right and left sections could be hypersoft foam having another set of characteristics (labeled L 3 A). Some of the materials that may be used in the various layers include hypersoft foam, viscoelastic foam, high resiliency foam, convoluted foam, and rubber. 
     Looking at the top view of the mattress system  5600  (right side of  FIG. 56 ), one can see the two sections of the first layer L 1 . The top view also shows that the holes  5602  and  5604  have an oval slotted shape. Each row of holes running across the mattress is further divided into two groups (left and right), allowing the mattress system  5600  to accommodate two occupants. 
       FIGS. 57A, 57B, 57C, and 57D  show an embodiment of a seven-layer mattress system that uses tubular inserts.  FIG. 57A  shows a top view of the mattress system  5700 , with two rows of oval-shaped holes (slots)  5702  and  5704 .  FIG. 57B  shows a cross-sectional view of the mattress system  5700  along the line A-A in  FIG. 57A , illustrating the row of holes  5704  across the mattress.  FIG. 57C  shows a detailed view of the mattress system  5700  in area B of  FIG. 57B . Specifically,  FIG. 57C  shows two holes, one labeled  5704   a  and another labeled  5704   b , each passing through the seven layers of the mattress system  5700 . A plastic (or rubber) insert  5706  is placed in each hole. The insert includes flanges on top and bottom. Importantly, the flanges do not protrude all the way to the top and/or bottom of the mattress system  5700 . Instead, the top mattress layer covers up the upper flanges from the top and the bottom mattress layer covers up the lower flanges from the bottom. This way, the upper flange of each insert is secured between the first and second mattress layers and the lower flange of each insert is secured between the sixth and seventh mattress layers. Such a construction not only prevents the inserts from separating from the mattress layers, but also provides aesthetically pleasing design, as the insert flanges are not visible to the user. In the preferred embodiment, the inserts have an accordion type design, which allows them to contract and expand together with the mattress layers in response to the different forces applied to the mattress system  5700  by the occupants. 
       FIG. 57D  shows a cross-sectional view of the mattress system along the line C-C in  FIG. 57A . It depicts the inserts  5706  in the hole(s)  5702  in the middle of the mattress (torso zone) and in the hole(s)  5704  at one end of the mattress (foot section). Similar to the mattress system  5600  in  FIG. 56 , the cross-sectional view of mattress system  5700  in  FIG. 57D  shows the mattress layers having various sections of various materials. 
       FIGS. 58A, 58B, and 58C  show cross-sectional views of another set of embodiments of a mattress system with holes or slots. Similar to the mattress system  5600  in  FIG. 56 , the cross-sectional views in  FIGS. 58A, 58B, and 58C  show seven-layer mattress systems where some of the layers are composed of various sections of different material. 
     Turning to  FIG. 58A , shown is a cross-sectional view of a seven-layer mattress system  5800  with vertically placed rubber inserts  5802 . 
     Turning to  FIG. 58B , shown is a cross-sectional view of a seven-layer mattress system  5810  with rubber inserts  5814  placed in the holes  5816  and  5818  that are running at a slight angle. At the angle shown in  FIG. 58B , when looking straight down from above the insert  5814 , one can see all the way through the hole to the bottom of the mattress. 
     Turning to  FIG. 58C , shown is a cross-sectional view of a seven-layer mattress system  5820  with rubber inserts  5824  placed in the holes  5826  and  5828  that are running at a greater angle then the one in  FIG. 58B . At the angle shown in  FIG. 58C , when looking straight down from above the insert  5824 , one cannot see all the way through the hole to the bottom of the mattress. 
       FIGS. 59A, 59B, and 59C  show cross-sectional views of another set of embodiments of a mattress system with holes or slots. Similar to the mattress systems in  FIGS. 58A, 58B , and  58 C the cross-sectional views in  FIGS. 59A, 59B, and 59C  also show seven-layer mattress systems,  5900 ,  5910 , and  5920  respectively, where some of the layers are composed of various sections of different materials. In contrast to the embodiments in  FIGS. 58A, 58B, and 58C , however, the inserts  5902 ,  5912 , and  5922  in the  FIGS. 59A, 59B, and 59C , respectively, are molded pneumatic inserts that, when inserted, span layers two (L 2 ) through six (L 6 ) in both the torso and foot zones of the mattress system. The top and bottom layers (L 1  and L 7 ) have holes that line up with the holes in the inserts. In  FIG. 59A , the holes in the insert  5902  run vertically; in  FIG. 59B , the holes in the inserts  5912  run at a slight angle off vertical; and in  FIG. 59C , the holes in the inserts  5922  run at a greater angle off vertical, such that when looking straight down from above the insert, one cannot see all the way through the hole to the bottom of the mattress. Because the walls of each hole should be substantially impermeable to air, the inserts  5902 ,  5912 , and  5922  should either be made of substantially impermeable material, self-skinning foam, or have liquid sealant applied to them. 
       FIGS. 60A and 60B  show cross-sectional views of another set of embodiments of a mattress system with holes or slots. Similar to the mattress systems in  FIGS. 59A and 5B , the cross-sectional views in  FIGS. 60A and 60B  also show seven-layer mattress systems,  6000  and  6010  respectively, where some of the layers are composed of various sections of different materials. In contrast to the embodiments in  FIGS. 59A and 59B , however, the inserts  6002  and  6012  in the  FIGS. 60A and 60B , respectively, are pneumatic fabricated die cut inserts, which, when inserted, span layers two (L 2 ) through six (L 6 ) in both the torso and foot zones of the mattress system. The top and bottom layers (L 1  and L 7 ) have holes that line up with the holes in the inserts. In  FIG. 60A , the hole in the insert  6002  runs vertically; and in  FIG. 60B , the hole in the insert  6012  runs at an angle. Because each insert is made up of stacked, die cut material layers, the angularly running hole in the insert  6012  appears to have stepped edges. Because the walls of each hole should be substantially impermeable to air, the inserts  6002 , and  6012  should either be made of substantially impermeable material(s), self-skinning foam(s), or have liquid sealant applied to them. 
       FIGS. 61A, 61B, and 61C  show cross-sectional views of another set of embodiments of a mattress system with holes. Similar to the mattress systems in  FIGS. 59A, 58B, and 58C  the cross-sectional views in  FIGS. 61A, 61B, and 61C  also show seven-layer mattress systems,  6100 ,  6110 , and  6120  respectively, where some of the layers are composed of various sections of various materials. In contrast to the embodiments in  FIGS. 59A, 59B, and 59C , however, the mattress systems in the  FIGS. 59A, 59B, and 59C  include inserts drilled holes. In  FIG. 61A , the holes  6102  are drilled vertically; in  FIG. 61B , the holes are drilled at a slight angle off vertical; and in  FIG. 61C , the holes are drilled at a greater angle off vertical, such that when looking straight down from above a hole, one cannot see all the way through it to the bottom of the mattress. Because the walls of each hole should be substantially impermeable to air the material in the sections of the layers where the holes are locations should either be made of substantially impermeable material, self-skinning foam, or have liquid sealant applied to them. 
     Each of the methods of sealing the hole walls discussed above can be applied to holes that are angled along their axis, and of any cross-section, e.g., circular, elliptical, rectangular, square, etc. For example,  FIGS. 46A, 46B, and 46C , which correspond to  FIGS. 39D, 39E , and  39 F, respectively, show holes that are angled along their axis. 
     In addition, the various insert embodiments may be used interchangeably or in combinations to achieve the required airflow in the mattress. 
     As an example, the invented mattress may include a laterally extending comfort layer, which itself may include a plurality of layers, said comfort layer having a lower surface and an upper surface, said comfort layer comprising an opening extending through said comfort layer from the upper surface to the lower surface; a tubular insert positioned within the opening of said comfort layer and having an upper end and a lower end, said tubular insert having an air-impermeable peripheral wall extending between the upper end and the lower end of said tubular insert, said tubular insert further comprising a first air-impermeable flange located at one of the upper end and the lower end of said tubular insert and extending around the opening at one of the upper surface and the lower surface of said comfort layer; a laterally extending bottom layer joined to the lower surface of said comfort layer, said bottom layer having an aperture that is aligned with the opening at the lower surface of said comfort layer, the aperture being equal to or greater than the opening at the lower surface of said comfort layer; a laterally extending top layer joined to the upper surface of said comfort layer and having an aperture that is aligned with the opening at the upper surface of said comfort layer, the aperture being equal to or greater than the opening at the upper surface of said comfort layer; wherein one of said top layer and said bottom layer secures said first flange of said tubular insert to said comfort layer. The tubular insert may comprise a second air-impermeable flange located at the other one of the upper end and the lower end of said tubular insert, said second flange extending round the opening at the other one of the upper surface of said comfort layer and the lower surface of said comfort layer; and wherein the other one of said top layer and said bottom layer secures said second flange of said tubular insert to said comfort layer. 
     As another example, the invented mattress system may include a plurality of laterally extending foam layers joined together, said plurality of foam layers having an upper surface and a lower surface, said plurality of foam layers further having at least one opening extending between the upper surface and the lower surface of said plurality of foam layers; an at least one foam insert positioned within said at least one opening, said at least one foam insert having an upper surface and a lower surface, said at least one foam insert further comprising a hole running from the upper surface of said at least one foam insert to the lower surface of said at least one foam insert; and a fan located below said plurality of foam layers, said fan configured to force air through the hole in said foam insert toward the upper surface of said foam insert; wherein the interior surface of said hole in the foam insert in air-impermeable; wherein the upper surface of said at least one foam insert is aligned with the upper surface of said plurality of laterally extending foam layers; and wherein the lower surface of said at least one foam insert is aligned with the lower surface of said plurality of laterally extending foam layers. The interior surface of the foam insert may be made air-impermeable due to self-skinning property of the foam insert, such as use of a foam having self-skinning property. Alternatively, the interior surface of the foam insert may be made air-impermeable by applying a sealant. 
     As another example, the invented mattress system may include a plurality of laterally extending foam layers joined together, said plurality of foam layers having an at least one opening therethrough, said opening located in a torso zone of said mattress; a foam insert positioned withing the opening, said foam insert comprising a hole therethrough for allowing airflow between a top surface of said mattress and a bottom surface of said mattress; wherein the interior surface of said hole in air-impermeable; and wherein said foam insert increases support in the torso zone of said mattress. 
     As a result, the invented insert not only functions to allow airflow from the bottom to the top of the mattress, but it also functions as a support element. Because the invented inserts may be placed in areas other than the torso zone of the mattress (e.g., foot section, hip section, shoulder section, head section, etc.), the present invention allows for mattress designs that are not only provide better temperature regulation but are optimized to provide increased support to a user human anatomy. The foam inserts disclosed above may not have any air holes but could be used merely for providing specific localized support in and across the various mattress zones. For example, foam inserts in the torso zone might provide greater support then the foam inserts in the foot zone. In addition, insert provided support could also vary across a single zone. 
     The invented foam insert may be formed by molding or by died cutting. For example, an insert including a plurality of die cut layers may have its hole created by a stacked combination of the holes die cut in each of the layers. In such a situation, if the insert hole is either slanted or has a cross-sectional area that varies from the bottom to the top of the insert, the interior surface of the resulting hole will have a stepped profile. 
       FIGS. 40A, 40B and 40C  show various constructions that improve airflow throughout a mattress system. They may be used singly or in combination. 
     Turning to  FIG. 40A , shown is a partial mattress system cross-section  3960  where a mattress  3961  includes a plurality of vertical cutouts  3962 . A specially formed EPP segment  3966  has a raised edge that increases the pressure around the duct outlet perimeter. This compresses the bottom foam layer  3963  and creates a better seal between the base layer and the mattress. Another portion of the EPP segment  3965  (partially shown) also compresses the bottom foam layer  3963 . The blower/heater combination  3964  may be inserted into the EPP segment as well to complete construction of the base layer interfacing with the mattress. 
     Turning to  FIG. 40B , shown is a partial mattress system cross-section  3970  with a frame  3972  installed at the bottom of the foam layers. As shown in the inset  3971  on the top left, the frame  3972  incorporates holes that lets air through from the base layer to the mattress layer. The holes in the frame  3972  may “match up” with the holes in the mattress. Alternatively, the frame  3972  may have only edges with an open middle. The frame edges  3974   a ,  3974   b  may consist of impermeable but flexible material (such as EPP) that solidifies the installation of the frame  3972  within the mattress. 
     One purpose of the frame  3972  is to create air space between the mattress cover  3973  and the underside of the foam  3975 . This increases area that the air can flow through the mattress cover  3973  which results in lower pressure drop and less losses in flow. 
     Turning to  FIG. 40C , shown is a partial mattress cross-section  3990  with a mattress having vertical air passages  3994   a ,  3994   b ,  3994   c ,  3994   d  taking air blown from airboxes  3992   a ,  3992   b  through ducts  3991   a ,  3991   b . Underneath the airboxes  3992   a ,  3992   b  and their related EPP segments (not shown) is a permeable base cover (also not shown) that allows the air to be drawn in by the airboxes  3992   a ,  3992   b . Surrounding the mattress on the top and the sides is a permeable mattress cover (not shown) that allows the air to be pushed out through the vertical air passages  3994   a ,  3994   b ,  3994   c ,  3994   d . In contrast, portions of the top of the base layer and the bottom of the mattress layer  3993   a ,  3993   b  and  3993   c  may be made of an impermeable material such as rubber having lamination. This material improves airflow throughout the mattress by maximizing the amount of air drawn in by the airboxes  3992   a ,  3992   b  actually passing through ducts  3991   a ,  3991   b.    
     VIII. Remote 
     The scope and functionality of remotes to allow the user to control features within a temperature-regulating mattress system is described herein. The purpose of these remotes includes allowing users to make real-time adjustments to mattress parameters without the user having to get out of bed. This is especially useful when the user wants to make an adjustment in the midst of a sleep cycle. 
     The properties of the remote discussed herein may be mixed and varied as needed to provide various functions for the mattress system. 
     In addition to these remotes, an app may be used to control similar features of the mattress in addition to providing an interface for more complex operations (such as those described above in  FIG. 4B ). 
     Turning to  FIG. 41A , shown is a schematic of a remote  4000  for a mattress system. The remote  4000  is generally puck-shaped and incorporates a full surface tactile button  4002  and is capable of recognizing gesture sensing  4004  performed on the remote  4000 . The remote  4000  is capable of rotations  4006  and has a haptic motor  4012 . Alight indicator  4010  is installed on the top of the remote  4000 . A gradient light indicator  4014  emanates from the bottom of the remote  4000 . Installed on the bottom of the remote  4000  is a reset button  4008  and LED  4016 . 
     Turning to  FIG. 41B , shown is a cross-section of the remote in  FIG. 41A  integrated with its base  4100  and a cross-section of the remote separated from its base  4110 . The rotating member  4112  is selectively separable and attachable from its base  4114  to allow for battery access. 
     Turning to  FIG. 41C , shown is an exploded view  4150  of the remote in  FIG. 41A . Moving from top to bottom, shown is a dial top  4152 , a linear resonant actuator/haptic motor  4154 , capacitive touch sensor  4156 , a PCB  4158 , a light pipe/diffuser  4160 , a battery housing  4162 , batteries  4164 , a rotating plate  4166 , a bearing  4168  and a base with rubber grip  4170 . 
     The PCB  4158  may contain an internal management unit, accelerometer or gyroscope. 
       FIGS. 42, 43, 44 and 45  show schematics of alternative remotes for mattress system. 
     Turning to  FIG. 42 , shown is a schematic of a log-shaped remote system  4200 . This log-shaped remote system  4200  includes a touch and press surface  4210 , an emanating light  4220  and a re-charging port door  4230 . 
     Turning to  FIG. 43 , shown is a schematic of a flip-over remote system  4300 . On the left, the remote  4310  is in profile mode. Here the profile mode may show the remote is in standby mode (represented by Z&#39;s in one color). A press on the remote  4320  may be used by a user to cycle between desired features and a twist of the remote  4330  may increase or decrease the temperature, airflow or other feature parameter. When activated the color of the Z&#39;s may change, telling the user that the status of the remote or parameter has changed. 
     The remote may be flipped  4340  to enter basic mode  4350 . Here a press may turn the remote on or off  4360  and a twist  4370  may activate or adjust various features in the mattress system. 
     Turning to  FIG. 44 , shown is a schematic of a bounce-back remote system  4400 . This remote is constructed so a left or right twist of the dial always springs back to the center. A press  4410  on the remote may start the system. A twist  4420  on the remote may adjust various system parameters. A double press  4430  on the remote may pause the system. Along press  4440  (such as 3 seconds) may turn the system off. 
     Turning to  FIG. 45 , shown is a remote horizontal gesture system  4510  and a remote vertical gesture system  4520  that may control features of a mattress system. The gesture sensing module in the remote detects mid-air horizontal and vertical gestures. 
     IX. Conclusion 
     In the foregoing specification, specific embodiments have been described. However, one of ordinary skill in the art appreciates that various modifications and changes can be made without departing from the scope of the invention as set forth in the claims below. Accordingly, the specification and figures are to be regarded in an illustrative rather than a restrictive sense, and all such modifications are intended to be included within the scope of present teachings. 
     The benefits, advantages, solutions to problems, and any element(s) that may cause any benefit, advantage, or solution to occur or become more pronounced are not to be construed as a critical, required, or essential features or elements of any or all the claims. The invention is defined solely by the appended claims including any amendments made during the pendency of this application and all equivalents of those claims as issued. 
     Moreover, in this document, relational terms such as first and second, top and bottom, and the like may be used solely to distinguish one entity or action from another entity or action without necessarily requiring or implying any actual such relationship or order between such entities or actions. The terms “comprises,” “comprising,” “has”, “having,” “includes”, “including,” “contains”, “containing” or any other variation thereof, are intended to cover a non-exclusive inclusion, such that a process, method, article, or apparatus that comprises, has, includes, contains a list of elements does not include only those elements but may include other elements not expressly listed or inherent to such process, method, article, or apparatus. An element proceeded by “comprises . . . a”, “has . . . a”, “includes . . . a”, “contains . . . a” does not, without more constraints, preclude the existence of additional identical elements in the process, method, article, or apparatus that comprises, has, includes, contains the element. The terms “a” and “an” are defined as one or more unless explicitly stated otherwise herein. The terms “substantially”, “essentially”, “approximately”, “about” or any other version thereof, are defined as being close to as understood by one of ordinary skill in the art. The term “coupled” as used herein is defined as connected, although not necessarily directly and not necessarily mechanically. A device or structure that is “configured” in a certain way is configured in at least that way but may also be configured in ways that are not listed. 
     The Abstract of the Disclosure is provided to allow the reader to quickly ascertain the nature of the technical disclosure. It is submitted with the understanding that it will not be used to interpret or limit the scope or meaning of the claims. In addition, in the foregoing Detailed Description, various features are grouped together in various embodiments for streamlining the disclosure. This method of disclosure is not to be interpreted as reflecting an intention that the claimed embodiments require more features than are expressly recited in each claim. Rather, as the following claims reflect, inventive subject matter lies in less than all features of a single disclosed embodiment. Thus, the following claims are hereby incorporated into the Detailed Description, with each claim standing on its own as a separately claimed subject matter.