Patent Publication Number: US-9900866-B2

Title: Peer-to-peer device identification and cognitive communication

Description:
CLAIM OF PRIORITY UNDER 35 U.S.C. §119 
     The present application for patent is a continuation of Non-Provisional application Ser. No. 12/479,466, filed Jun. 5, 2009, which claims priority to Provisional Application No. 61/080,071 entitled “COGNITIVE PEER-TO-PEER COMMUNICATION” filed Jul. 11, 2008, and assigned to the assignee hereof. This application incorporates by reference the entireties of those applications. 
    
    
     BACKGROUND 
     Field 
     The following description relates generally to wireless communications, and more particularly to identifying and peer-to-peer communicating with devices. 
     Background 
     Wireless communication systems are widely deployed to provide various types of communication content such as, for example, voice, data, and so on. Typical wireless communication systems may be multiple-access systems capable of supporting communication with multiple users by sharing available system resources (e.g., bandwidth, transmit power, . . . ). Examples of such multiple-access systems may include code division multiple access (CDMA) systems, time division multiple access (TDMA) systems, frequency division multiple access (FDMA) systems, orthogonal frequency division multiple access (OFDMA) systems, and the like. Additionally, the systems can conform to specifications such as third generation partnership project (3GPP), 3GPP long term evolution (LTE), ultra mobile broadband (UMB), and/or multi-carrier wireless specifications such as evolution data optimized (EV-DO), one or more revisions thereof, etc. 
     Generally, wireless multiple-access communication systems may simultaneously support communication for multiple mobile devices. Each mobile device may communicate with one or more access points (e.g., base stations) via transmissions on forward and reverse links. The forward link (or downlink) refers to the communication link from access points to mobile devices, and the reverse link (or uplink) refers to the communication link from mobile devices to access points. Further, communications between mobile devices and access points may be established via single-input single-output (SISO) systems, multiple-input single-output (MISO) systems, multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) systems, and so forth. In addition, mobile devices can communicate with other mobile devices (and/or access points with other access points) in peer-to-peer wireless network configurations. 
     Peer-to-peer communication has multiple implementations. For example, in a cellular network, resources can be reserved in the cellular network frequency spectrum to facilitate direct peer-to-peer communications. In addition, cognitive radios have been developed where peer-to-peer (or other) devices can communicate over frequency spectrums traditionally reserved for a given technology by becoming secondary users of the spectrums. For example, since frequency modulation (FM) radio in a given area does not typically utilize the entire spectrum reserved for FM radio, cognitive radios can communicate over the unutilized resources in that area. In this regard, cognitive radios should not interfere with communication between primary users of the spectrum, and thus can determine resources in use by primary users before attempting to communicate with other cognitive radios. 
     SUMMARY 
     The following presents a simplified summary of one or more aspects in order to provide a basic understanding of such aspects. This summary is not an extensive overview of all contemplated aspects, and is intended to neither identify key or critical elements of all aspects nor delineate the scope of any or all aspects. Its sole purpose is to present some concepts of one or more aspects in a simplified form as a prelude to the more detailed description that is presented later. 
     In accordance with one or more aspects and corresponding disclosure thereof, various aspects are described in connection with facilitating identifying neighboring peer-to-peer communication devices and opportunistically communicating with the devices. In particular, a cognitive peer-to-peer device can listen to downlink assignments from an access point or other wireless network entity and identify other active devices based at least in part on correlating the downlink assignments with uplink transmissions from the active devices to the access point or other wireless network entity. In addition, the cognitive peer-to-peer device can communicate directly with the identified devices over the cellular frequency spectrum by utilizing a portion of transmission power to communicate with the identified devices while using a remaining portion of the transmission power to re-transmit the decoded uplink transmissions (e.g., used to previously identify the devices or other received uplink transmissions) to the access point. In this regard, the cognitive peer-to-peer device can additionally act as a relay in re-transmission periods while peer-to-peer communicating with other neighboring devices. 
     According to related aspects, a method is provided that includes receiving a downlink assignment from a serving device in a wireless network and obtaining an uplink transmission sent from a served device in the wireless network over resources specified in the downlink assignment. The method further includes identifying the served device based at least in part on one or more aspects of the uplink transmission. 
     Another aspect relates to a wireless communications apparatus. The wireless communications apparatus can include at least one processor configured to obtain a resource assignment transmitted by an access point for a mobile device and receive an uplink transmission from the mobile device to the access point over a portion of resources in the resource assignment. The at least one processor is further configured to identify the mobile device based at least in part on one or more aspects of the uplink transmission. The wireless communications apparatus also comprises a memory coupled to the at least one processor. 
     Yet another aspect relates to an apparatus that includes means for receiving a downlink assignment from a serving device in a wireless network and means for receiving an uplink transmission related to the downlink assignment sent from a served device in the wireless network. The apparatus further includes means for identifying the served device based at least in part on the uplink transmission. 
     Still another aspect relates to a computer program product, which can have a computer-readable medium including code for causing at least one computer to receive a downlink assignment from a serving device in a wireless network. The computer-readable medium can also comprise code for causing the at least one computer to obtain an uplink transmission sent from a served device in the wireless network over resources specified in the downlink assignment. Moreover, the computer-readable medium can comprise code for causing the at least one computer to identify the served device based at least in part on one or more aspects of the uplink transmission. 
     Moreover, an additional aspect relates to an apparatus. The apparatus can include a downlink assignment detection component that receives a downlink assignment from a serving device in a wireless network and an uplink transmission analysis component that receives an uplink transmission related to the downlink assignment sent from a served device in the wireless network. The apparatus further includes a device identification component that identifies the served device based at least in part on the uplink transmission. 
     According to other aspects, a method is provided that includes receiving a transmission from a wireless device communicating in a wireless network. The method further includes re-transmitting the transmission to a related access point in a time slot using a portion of an available transmission power and communicating with a peer-to-peer device in the time slot using a remaining portion of the available transmission power. 
     Another aspect relates to a wireless communications apparatus. The wireless communications apparatus can include at least one processor configured to obtain an uplink transmission from a mobile device and re-transmit the uplink transmission to a related access point using a portion of available transmission power. The at least one processor is further configured to transmit data to a peer-to-peer device using a remaining portion of the available transmission power. The wireless communications apparatus also comprises a memory coupled to the at least one processor. 
     Yet another aspect relates to an apparatus that includes means for receiving a transmission from a wireless device communicating in a wireless network and means for re-transmitting the transmission to a related serving device in a time slot using a portion of an available transmission power. The apparatus further includes means for communicating with a peer-to-peer device in the time slot using a remaining portion of the available transmission power. 
     Still another aspect relates to a computer program product, which can have a computer-readable medium including code for causing at least one computer to receive a transmission from a wireless device communicating in a wireless network. The computer-readable medium can also comprise code for causing the at least one computer to re-transmit the transmission to a related access point in a time slot using a portion of an available transmission power. Moreover, the computer-readable medium can comprise code for causing the at least one computer to communicate with a peer-to-peer device in the time slot using a remaining portion of the available transmission power. 
     Moreover, an additional aspect relates to an apparatus. The apparatus can include an uplink transmission analysis component that receives a transmission from a wireless device communicating in a wireless network and a device re-transmission component that re-transmits the transmission to a related serving device in a time slot using a portion of an available transmission power. The apparatus further includes a peer-to-peer communication component that transmits data to a peer-to-peer device in the time slot using a remaining portion of the available transmission power. 
     To the accomplishment of the foregoing and related ends, the one or more aspects comprise the features hereinafter fully described and particularly pointed out in the claims. The following description and the annexed drawings set forth in detail certain illustrative features of the one or more aspects. These features are indicative, however, of but a few of the various ways in which the principles of various aspects may be employed and this description is intended to include all such aspects and their equivalents. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         FIG. 1  is an illustration of a wireless communication system in accordance with various aspects set forth herein. 
         FIG. 2  is an illustration of an example communications apparatus for employment within a wireless communications environment. 
         FIG. 3  is an illustration of an example wireless communications system that effectuates identifying network devices and cognitive peer-to-peer communication. 
         FIG. 4  is an illustration of an example system that facilitates cognitive peer-to-peer communication. 
         FIG. 5  is an illustration of an example methodology that identifies neighboring devices in a wireless network. 
         FIG. 6  is an illustration of an example methodology that provides cognitive peer-to-peer communication in a wireless network. 
         FIG. 7  is an illustration of an example wireless network device that identifies neighboring wireless network devices. 
         FIG. 8  is an illustration of an example wireless network environment that can be employed in conjunction with the various systems and methods described herein. 
         FIG. 9  is an illustration of an example system that identifies devices in a wireless network based on transmissions therefrom. 
         FIG. 10  is an illustration of an example system that communicates with devices over utilized portions of a frequency spectrum. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     Various aspects are now described with reference to the drawings. In the following description, for purposes of explanation, numerous specific details are set forth in order to provide a thorough understanding of one or more aspects. It may be evident, however, that such aspect(s) may be practiced without these specific details. 
     As used in this application, the terms “component,” “module,” “system” and the like are intended to include a computer-related entity, such as but not limited to hardware, firmware, a combination of hardware and software, software, or software in execution. For example, a component may be, but is not limited to being, a process running on a processor, a processor, an object, an executable, a thread of execution, a program, and/or a computer. By way of illustration, both an application running on a computing device and the computing device can be a component. One or more components can reside within a process and/or thread of execution and a component may be localized on one computer and/or distributed between two or more computers. In addition, these components can execute from various computer readable media having various data structures stored thereon. The components may communicate by way of local and/or remote processes such as in accordance with a signal having one or more data packets, such as data from one component interacting with another component in a local system, distributed system, and/or across a network such as the Internet with other systems by way of the signal. 
     Furthermore, various aspects are described herein in connection with a terminal, which can be a wired terminal or a wireless terminal. A terminal can also be called a system, device, subscriber unit, subscriber station, mobile station, mobile, mobile device, remote station, remote terminal, access terminal, user terminal, terminal, communication device, user agent, user device, or user equipment (UE). A wireless terminal may be a cellular telephone, a satellite phone, a cordless telephone, a Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) phone, a wireless local loop (WLL) station, a personal digital assistant (PDA), a handheld device having wireless connection capability, a computing device, or other processing devices connected to a wireless modem. Moreover, various aspects are described herein in connection with a base station. A base station may be utilized for communicating with wireless terminal(s) and may also be referred to as an access point, a Node B, or some other terminology. In addition, a wireless communications apparatus can refer to a terminal, access point, or substantially any device that communicates in a wireless network. 
     Moreover, the term “or” is intended to mean an inclusive “or” rather than an exclusive “or.” That is, unless specified otherwise, or clear from the context, the phrase “X employs A or B” is intended to mean any of the natural inclusive permutations. That is, the phrase “X employs A or B” is satisfied by any of the following instances: X employs A; X employs B; or X employs both A and B. In addition, the articles “a” and “an” as used in this application and the appended claims should generally be construed to mean “one or more” unless specified otherwise or clear from the context to be directed to a singular form. 
     The techniques described herein may be used for various wireless communication systems such as CDMA, TDMA, FDMA, OFDMA, SC-FDMA and other systems. The terms “system” and “network” are often used interchangeably. A CDMA system may implement a radio technology such as Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (UTRA), cdma2000, etc. UTRA includes Wideband-CDMA (W-CDMA) and other variants of CDMA. Further, cdma2000 covers IS-2000, IS-95 and IS-856 standards. A TDMA system may implement a radio technology such as Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM). An OFDMA system may implement a radio technology such as Evolved UTRA (E-UTRA), Ultra Mobile Broadband (UMB), IEEE 802.11 (Wi-Fi), IEEE 802.16 (WiMAX), IEEE 802.20, Flash-OFDM, etc. UTRA and E-UTRA are part of Universal Mobile Telecommunication System (UMTS). 3GPP Long Term Evolution (LTE) is a release of UMTS that uses E-UTRA, which employs OFDMA on the downlink and SC-FDMA on the uplink. UTRA, E-UTRA, UMTS, LTE and GSM are described in documents from an organization named “3rd Generation Partnership Project” (3GPP). Additionally, cdma2000 and UMB are described in documents from an organization named “3rd Generation Partnership Project 2” (3GPP2). Further, such wireless communication systems may additionally include peer-to-peer (e.g., mobile-to-mobile) ad hoc network systems often using unpaired unlicensed spectrums, 802.xx wireless LAN, BLUETOOTH and any other short- or long-range, wireless communication techniques. 
     Various aspects or features will be presented in terms of systems that may include a number of devices, components, modules, and the like. It is to be understood and appreciated that the various systems may include additional devices, components, modules, etc. and/or may not include all of the devices, components, modules etc. discussed in connection with the figures. A combination of these approaches may also be used. 
     Referring now to  FIG. 1 , a wireless communication system  100  is illustrated in accordance with various embodiments presented herein. System  100  comprises a base station  102  that can include multiple antenna groups. For example, one antenna group can include antennas  104  and  106 , another group can comprise antennas  108  and  110 , and an additional group can include antennas  112  and  114 . Two antennas are illustrated for each antenna group; however, more or fewer antennas can be utilized for each group. Base station  102  can additionally include a transmitter chain and a receiver chain, each of which can in turn comprise a plurality of components associated with signal transmission and reception (e.g., processors, modulators, multiplexers, demodulators, demultiplexers, antennas, etc.), as will be appreciated by one skilled in the art. 
     Base station  102  can communicate with one or more mobile devices such as mobile device  116  and mobile device  122 ; however, it is to be appreciated that base station  102  can communicate with substantially any number of mobile devices similar to mobile devices  116  and  122 . Mobile devices  116  and  122  can be, for example, cellular phones, smart phones, laptops, handheld communication devices, handheld computing devices, satellite radios, global positioning systems, PDAs, and/or any other suitable device for communicating over wireless communication system  100 . As depicted, mobile device  116  is in communication with antennas  112  and  114 , where antennas  112  and  114  transmit information to mobile device  116  over a forward link  118  and receive information from mobile device  116  over a reverse link  120 . Moreover, mobile device  122  is in communication with antennas  104  and  106 , where antennas  104  and  106  transmit information to mobile device  122  over a forward link  124  and receive information from mobile device  122  over a reverse link  126 . In a frequency division duplex (FDD) system, forward link  118  can utilize a different frequency band than that used by reverse link  120 , and forward link  124  can employ a different frequency band than that employed by reverse link  126 , for example. Further, in a time division duplex (TDD) system, forward link  118  and reverse link  120  can utilize a common frequency band and forward link  124  and reverse link  126  can utilize a common frequency band. 
     Each group of antennas and/or the area in which they are designated to communicate can be referred to as a sector of base station  102 . For example, antenna groups can be designed to communicate to mobile devices in a sector of the areas covered by base station  102 . In communication over forward links  118  and  124 , the transmitting antennas of base station  102  can utilize beamforming to improve signal-to-noise ratio of forward links  118  and  124  for mobile devices  116  and  122 . Also, while base station  102  utilizes beamforming to transmit to mobile devices  116  and  122  scattered randomly through an associated coverage, mobile devices in neighboring cells can be subject to less interference as compared to a base station transmitting through a single antenna to all its mobile devices. Moreover, mobile devices  116  and  122  can communicate directly with one another using a peer-to-peer or ad hoc technology (not shown). 
     According to an example, system  100  can be a multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) communication system. Further, system  100  can utilize substantially any type of duplexing technique to divide communication channels (e.g., forward link, reverse link, . . . ) such as FDD, FDM, TDD, TDM, CDM, and the like. In addition, communication channels can be orthogonalized to allow simultaneous communication with multiple devices over the channels; in one example, OFDM can be utilized in this regard. Thus, the channels can be divided into portions of frequency over a period of time. In addition, frames can be defined as the portions of frequency over a collection of time periods; thus, for example, a frame can comprise a number of OFDM symbols. The base station  102  can communicate to the mobile devices  116  and  122  over the channels, which can be created for various types of data. For example, channels can be created for communicating various types of general communication data, control data (e.g., quality information for other channels, acknowledgement indicators for data received over channels, interference information, reference signals, etc.), and/or the like. 
     In an example, a cognitive peer-to-peer device  128  is also provided. The cognitive peer-to-peer device  128  can be another mobile device, access point, other device, etc., that communicates with the mobile device  116  and/or other devices (not shown). In one example, the cognitive peer-to-peer device  128  can be an independently powered device in a home or business, for example, that provides communication services in conjunction with or as an alternative to base station  102 . In addition, the cognitive peer-to-peer device  128  can identify neighboring devices. In an example, the cognitive peer-to-peer device  128  can receive or otherwise listen to downlink assignments from the base station  102  to the mobile devices  116  and  122 . The cognitive peer-to-peer device  128  can also receive or otherwise listen to uplink transmissions from the mobile devices  116  and  122  over resources in the downlink assignments to identify the mobile devices  116  and  122  (e.g., based on information within the uplink transmissions). This can be done for an initial transmission by the mobile device  116 , for example, even though the base station  102  may require re-transmission since the cognitive peer-to-peer device  128  may be geographically nearer to the mobile device  116  (e.g., the mobile device  116  has improved signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) at the cognitive peer-to-peer device  128 ). 
     According to another example, the mobile device  116  can communicate with the base station  102  using a re-transmission scheme (such as hybrid automatic repeat/request (H-ARQ) and/or the like). In this example, the cognitive peer-to-peer device  128  can receive an uplink transmission from the mobile device  116  to the base station  102 , as described, to identify the mobile device  116  and/or receive a subsequent transmission. Where re-transmission is required (e.g., the base station  102  indicates that it did not properly receive the transmission), the mobile device  116  can re-transmit to the base station  102 . In addition, the cognitive peer-to-peer device  128  can also re-transmit on behalf of the mobile device  116  acting as a relay amplifying the signal from the mobile device  116 . In one example, the cognitive peer-to-peer device  128  can utilize a portion of available transmission power to re-transmit to the base station. In this example, the cognitive peer-to-peer device  128  can also utilize a remaining portion of the available transmission power to perform peer-to-peer communication with the mobile device  116  or another peer-to-peer device (not shown). Thus, the peer-to-peer communication from the cognitive peer-to-peer device  128  can interfere with base station  102 /mobile device  116  communication, but the cognitive peer-to-peer device  128  can mitigate the interference by additionally boosting the mobile device  116  re-transmission signal to the base station  102 , as described. 
     In addition, though not shown, the cognitive peer-to-peer device  128  can provide similar functionality for downlink transmissions/re-transmissions from the base station  102 . Moreover, the cognitive peer-to-peer device  128  can be employed for existing peer-to-peer communication providing similar functionality; indeed, the cognitive peer-to-peer device  128  can identify devices and provide cognitive transmission during re-transmission in substantially any wireless network configuration. Once devices are identified, the cognitive peer-to-peer device  128  can provide the identity to an interface or a disparate network component, in one example. 
     Turning to  FIG. 2 , illustrated is a communications apparatus  200  for employment within a wireless communications environment. The communications apparatus  200  can be a mobile device, access point, a portion thereof, a cognitive radio that can be present in the mobile device, access point, etc., or substantially any communications apparatus in a wireless network. The communications apparatus  200  includes a downlink assignment detection component  202  that can receive downlink assignments, which can be transmitted between an access point (not shown) and mobile device (not shown) or substantially any communicating devices, an uplink transmission analysis component  204  that can obtain and evaluate uplink transmissions over resources in the downlink assignments, and a device identification component  206  that can determine a device identity based at least in part on the uplink transmissions. 
     According to an example, the downlink assignment detection component  202  can monitor a frequency band utilized by one or more primary users, such as a cellular network band. The downlink assignment detection component  202  can receive, for example, a downlink assignment over the band, which can be transmitted by one device (e.g., a serving device) to grant resources to another device (e.g., a served device). The downlink assignment detection component  202  can decode the downlink assignment to determine the granted resources. Subsequently, uplink transmission analysis component  204  can receive uplink transmissions over the resources granted in the downlink assignment and evaluate the uplink transmissions to determine information about the device. In addition, the device identification component  206  can discern an identity of the device based on an identifier in one or more of the uplink transmissions. 
     In another example, the device identification component  206  can identify the device based on one or more aspects of the uplink transmissions, such as a hopping pattern, scrambling code, and/or the like. In any case, once the device is identified, the communications apparatus  200  can perform other functions based on the identity of the device, such as associate a location of the device with the device identifier, communicate with the device, act as a relay in re-transmitting one or more of the uplink transmissions on behalf of and/or in conjunction with the device, etc. In one example, the device identification component  206  can send the device identity to an interface or other network component (e.g., a disparate communications apparatus, an upstream component, a mobile device, an access point, etc.). 
     Now referring to  FIG. 3 , illustrated is a wireless communications system  300  that facilitates identifying devices in a wireless network and peer-to-peer communicating with the identified devices. Cognitive radio  302  can be an independent device in a wireless network (e.g., a powered terminal at a home or office), present within a mobile device, access point, and/or the like, etc. Wireless devices  304  and  306  can be mobile devices (including not only independently powered devices, but also modems, for example), base stations, and/or portions thereof, or substantially any wireless device. Access point  308  can be a base station, femtocell access point, picocell access point, relay node, and/or the like. Moreover, system  300  can be a MIMO system and/or can conform to one or more wireless network system specifications (e.g., EV-DO, 3GPP, 3GPP2, 3GPP LTE, WiMAX, etc.) and can comprise additional components to facilitate communication between the cognitive radio  302 , wireless devices  304  and  306 , and/or the access point  308 . 
     Cognitive radio  302  can include a downlink assignment detection component that receives one or more downlink assignments related to a device, an uplink transmission analysis component  204  that listens for and receives transmissions from devices over resources related to the downlink assignments, a device identification component  206  that can identify devices based at least in part on the uplink transmissions, a device re-transmission component that re-transmits the uplink transmission to a serving device to provide relay functionality, and a peer-to-peer communication component that transmits data to and receives data from one or more additional devices. In addition, wireless devices  304  and  306  can include peer-to-peer communication components  314  that can transmit and receive to/from other peer-to-peer devices, such as each other and/or cognitive radio  302 . 
     According to an example, the wireless device  304  can communicate with access point  308  to receive access to a wireless network. In this regard, the access point  308  can assign resources to the wireless device  304  over which communications can be received from and transmitted to the wireless device  304 . The downlink assignment detection component  202  can receive resource assignments transmitted to the wireless device  304  by the access point  308  to detect when uplink transmissions are to occur. Subsequently, as described, the uplink transmission analysis component  204  can obtain and decode transmissions from the wireless device  304  to the access point  308  over the assigned resources. The device identification component  206  can determine a parameter identifying the wireless device  304  based at least in part on one or more aspects of the uplink transmissions, such as an identifier stored in the transmission, a hopping or scrambling pattern, and/or the like. 
     Additionally, the cognitive radio  302  can utilize the device identity (and the uplink transmission) to perform peer-to-peer communication with the device. For example, the device re-transmission component  310  can utilize partial transmission power at the cognitive radio  302  to re-transmit the uplink transmission to the access point  308 , along with the wireless device  304 , where the access point  308  non-acknowledges receipt of the transmission. With the remaining transmission power, the peer-to-peer communication component  312  can transmit peer-to-peer communications to the wireless device  304  and/or wireless device  306 . The peer-to-peer communication component  314  at the wireless device  304  and/or wireless device  306  can receive the peer-to-peer communication. It is to be appreciated that the device re-transmission component  310  can determine to re-transmit the uplink transmission in a re-transmission time slot based on the uplink transmission component  204  or other component additionally receiving a re-transmission request or notification from the access point  308  (e.g., such as an ARQ non-acknowledgement received over a control channel between the access point  308  and wireless device  304 ). 
     In addition, the peer-to-peer communication component  314  of the wireless device  304  and/or wireless device  306  can transmit peer-to-peer data to the cognitive radio  302  in a similar regard, for example, such that it can transmit at partial power along with a re-transmission to the access point  308 , where it knows the device re-transmission component  310  will also be re-transmitting for the wireless device  304  and/or  306  to the access point  308 . Moreover, in another example, the wireless device  304  and/or  306  can detect the cognitive radio  302  based on a transmitted identification signal. In this example, the wireless device  304  and/or  306  can indicate its presence to the cognitive radio  302 , as well as its resource assignment(s) for instance. Similarly, the uplink transmission analysis component  204  can receive uplink transmissions, and the device re-transmission component  310  can act as a relay in re-transmitting the uplink transmissions while the peer-to-peer communication component  312  transmits and/or receives peer-to-peer communications to/from the wireless device  304  and/or  306 , as described previously. 
     Also, in one example, if the cognitive radio  302  is close enough to the wireless device  304  and/or  306 , the uplink transmission analysis component  204  can decode a message in the transmission before the transmission is complete. In this example, the device re-transmissions component  310  can additionally boost the original transmission by immediately transmitting the message to the access point  308  until the wireless device  304  completes its transmission. Additionally, it is to be appreciated that the wireless devices  304  and/or  306  can include components of the cognitive radio  302  to facilitate device detection and/or peer-to-peer transmission dividing with re-transmission of other signals, for example, as described above. 
     As described, the cognitive radio  302  can interfere with communication between the wireless devices  304  and/or  306  and access point  308 , but it makes up for the interference by acting as a relay using a portion of the transmission power. In one example, the wireless device  304  and access point  308  can be primary communicators over the frequency spectrum. In this regard, the cognitive radio  302  and the wireless device  304  and/or  306  can be secondary for communicating over the frequency spectrum. The device re-transmission component  310  and peer-to-peer communication component  312  can utilize a linear superposition coding strategy to transmit the re-transmission using a portion of power and the peer-to-peer communication using the remaining portion, in one example. 
     Turning to  FIG. 4 , an example system  400  is shown that facilitates cognitive peer-to-peer communication in a wireless network. A primary radio  402  is shown that communicates with a primary receiver  404 , shown by signal  410 . In addition, a cognitive radio  406  is provided that communicates with a secondary receiver  408 , shown by signal  412 . As described, cognitive radio  406  transmissions can interfere with transmissions received at the primary receiver  404  (e.g., transmissions from the primary radio  402 ), shown by interference  414 . In addition, the secondary receiver  408  can experience interference from the primary radio  402 , shown by interference  416 . To mitigate this interference at  414  and/or  416 , as described, the cognitive radio  406  can transmit to the secondary receiver  408  while relaying transmissions from the primary radio  402  to the primary receiver  404 . To facilitate such relaying, as described, the cognitive radio  406  can identify the primary radio  402  by detecting downlink resource assignments from the primary receiver  404  and evaluating uplink transmissions sent by the primary radio  402  to the primary receiver  404  over the resource assignments. In addition, it is to be appreciated that the primary radio  402  and secondary receiver  408  can be the same device, as described. 
     According to an example, the power utilized to transmit peer-to-peer communications and/or to relay a signal from the primary radio  402  at the cognitive radio  406  can be calculated. There can be additive noise at the primary receiver  404  and the secondary receiver  408  caused by the multiple transmissions. For the primary receiver  404 , this can be denoted as vector {tilde over (Z)} p   n :=({tilde over (Z)} p,1 , {tilde over (Z)} p,2 , . . . , {tilde over (Z)} p,n ) for n symbol times, where {tilde over (Z)} p  indicates the additive noise level at the primary receiver  404 . Similarly, additive noise at the secondary receiver  408  is indicated as vector {tilde over (Z)} s   n :=({tilde over (Z)} s,1 , {tilde over (Z)} s,2 , . . . , {tilde over (Z)} s,n ). The additive noise in both cases can be assumed independently and identically distributed across the n symbol times, in one example. In addition, the primary radio  402  can have a message m p ε{0, 1, . . . , 2 nR     P   } intended for the primary receiver  404  where R p  is the rate at which the primary radio  402  is transmitting. The cognitive radio  406  can have a message m c ε{0, 1, . . . , 2 nR     c   } intended for the secondary receiver  408  (where R c  is the rate at which the cognitive radio  406  is transmitting) as well as the message m p , when acting also as a relay. The signals transmitted by the primary radio  402  and cognitive radio  406  can be respectively denoted as signal vectors {tilde over (X)} p   n  and {tilde over (X)} c   n . 
     The average power transmitted by the signals can be constrained as {tilde over (P)} p  and {tilde over (P)} c  respectively such that:
 
∥ {tilde over (X)}   p   n ∥ 2   ≦n{tilde over (P)}   p   ,∥{tilde over (X)}   c   n ∥ 2   ≦n{tilde over (P)}   c .
 
     In addition, received SNRs of the signals at the primary receiver  404  and the secondary receiver  408  can be respectively represented as p 2 {tilde over (P)} p /N p  and c 2 {tilde over (P)} c /N s , where p is the quality of signal  410 , c is the quality of signal  412 , N p  is the noise variance of signal  410 , and N c  is the noise variance of signal  412 . Moreover, the interference  414  received at the primary receiver can be denoted f 2 {tilde over (P)} c /N p , where f is the quality of interference  414 , and the interference  416  at the secondary receiver  408  can be denoted as g 2 {tilde over (P)} p /N s , where g is the quality of interference  416 . 
     In this regard, the linear superposition coding strategy for the cognitive radio  406 , which refers to the ability to use a portion of transmission power for relaying an uplink transmission from the primary radio  402  and another portion to transmit a peer-to-peer signal, as described, can be represented as vector: 
                 X   c   n     =         X   ^     c   n     +         α   ⁢       P   c       P   p           ⁢     X   p   n           ,         
where {circumflex over (X)} c   n  is the signal vector containing the message for the cognitive receiver and a is a tunable constant. The Gaussian noise at the secondary receiver  408  has power N s /|c| 2 . Additionally, the discrete-time base-band signal received at the primary receiver  404  at time sample m can be expressed as:
 
                   Y   p     ⁡     [   m   ]       =         pX   p     ⁡     [   m   ]       +     f   ⁢       α   ⁢       P   c       P   p           ⁢       X   p     ⁡     [     m   -     l   c       ]         +       Z   total     ⁡     [   m   ]           ,         
where Z total [m]=f{circumflex over (X)}[m−l c ]+Z p [m] is the aggregate noise and l c  accounts for delay incurred while the cognitive radio  406  listens and decodes the codeword from the primary radio  402  before transmitting its own signal. This equation essentially describes a time-invariant two-tap intersymbol interference (ISI) channel for the primary transmission signal  410 , hence a Rake receiver can be utilized (in the case the primary system uses direct-sequence spread-spectrum) or transmit-receive architectures such as OFDM to extract both a diversity gain of two and a power gain of |p| 2 {tilde over (P)} p +|f| 2 αP c  at the primary receiver  404 . Given αε[0,1], the rates achievable by the primary radio  402  and cognitive radio  406  using such a scheme can be given by:
 
     
       
         
           
             
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     To avoid causing interference to the primary receiver  404 , the following equation, thus, should be satisfied: 
                          p        2     ⁢     P   p       +            f        2     ⁢   α   ⁢           ⁢     P   c             N   p     +            f        2     ⁢     (     1   -   α     )     ⁢     P   c           =                p        2     ⁢     P   p         N   p       .           
If the cognitive radio  406  tunes parameter a such that
 
               α   =              p        2     ⁢       P   p     /     N   p           1   +            p        2     ⁢       P   p     /     N   p               ,         
this condition will be satisfied, hence R p =R* p . The formula above confirms that if the primary system is operating at high SNR, the cognitive radio  406  should not interfere with it (e.g., α should be close to one).
 
     According to the above formulas, to design the optimal α, the cognitive radio  406  needs to know the received SNR of the primary transmission at the primary receiver  404 : |p| 2 P p /N p . If the primary system uses a capacity achieving additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) channel code and the cognitive radio  406  knows this (e.g., through configuration, specification, etc.), the cognitive radio  406  can compute an estimate of this received SNR since it knows the rate at which the primary user is communicating, R p . This estimate can simply be given by e R     p   −1. Thus, an immediate benefit of the described is that the primary receiver  404  need not feed-back the parameters f and p; rather the cognitive radio can perform completely autonomously, in one example. 
     Where the cognitive radio  406  does not have information about |f| and perhaps cannot obtain |p| 2 P p /N p , the cognitive radio  406  can enter the spectrum of the primary by slowly ramping up its power P c  from 0 and decreasing α from 1 while simultaneously listening for an ARQ control signal from the primary receiver  404 . Once this signal is detected, the cognitive radio  406  can either slightly decrease P c  or increase α until the primary receiver  404  stops transmitting ARQ, in one example. 
     Referring to  FIGS. 5-6 , methodologies relating to identifying wireless network devices and performing cognitive peer-to-peer communications therewith are illustrated. While, for purposes of simplicity of explanation, the methodologies are shown and described as a series of acts, it is to be understood and appreciated that the methodologies are not limited by the order of acts, as some acts may, in accordance with one or more aspects, occur in different orders and/or concurrently with other acts from that shown and described herein. For example, those skilled in the art will understand and appreciate that a methodology could alternatively be represented as a series of interrelated states or events, such as in a state diagram. Moreover, not all illustrated acts may be required to implement a methodology in accordance with one or more aspects. 
     Turning to  FIG. 5 , an example methodology  500  that facilitates identifying neighboring devices in a wireless communications system is illustrated. At  502 , a downlink assignment can be received from an access point. As described, the assignment can be obtained over the air in a transmission to a related mobile device. The downlink assignment can comprise a set of resources that the mobile device can utilize to communicate with the access point. At  504 , an uplink transmission sent from a mobile device over resources specified in the assignment can be obtained; this can be a signal in a wireless network configuration. At  506 , the mobile device can be identified based at least in part on one or more aspects of the uplink transmission. Thus, for example, the signal can be decoded and an identifier included in the transmission can be determined. In another example, other aspects, such as a hopping or scrambling pattern of the signal, can be utilized to identify the mobile device, as described. 
     Referring to  FIG. 6 , an example methodology  600  is shown that facilitates cognitive peer-to-peer communication in an occupied frequency spectrum. At  602 , a transmission can be received from a mobile device. For example, the transmission can be obtained from resources granted to the mobile device by a related access point. In addition, the mobile device can communicate with the access point using a re-transmission technology, such as H-ARQ, so that transmissions not properly received at the access point can be re-transmitted. At  604 , the transmission received from the mobile device can be re-transmitted to a requesting access point using a portion of available power. The re-transmission can occur simultaneously with re-transmission from the mobile device, as described, boosting the signal from the mobile device. In this regard, a non-acknowledgement indicator can have been received from the access point. At  606 , a peer-to-peer device can be transmitted to using a remaining portion of the available power. Thus, the mobile device/access point communication is interfered; however, the interference is mitigated by relaying transmissions from the mobile device. In one example, as described, the peer-to-peer device can be the mobile device. 
     It will be appreciated that, in accordance with one or more aspects described herein, inferences can be made regarding correlating uplink transmissions to wireless devices, determining power to utilize in re-transmitting and/or peer-to-peer communicating, and/or the like. As used herein, the term to “infer” or “inference” refers generally to the process of reasoning about or inferring states of the system, environment, and/or user from a set of observations as captured via events and/or data. Inference can be employed to identify a specific context or action, or can generate a probability distribution over states, for example. The inference can be probabilistic—that is, the computation of a probability distribution over states of interest based on a consideration of data and events. Inference can also refer to techniques employed for composing higher-level events from a set of events and/or data. Such inference results in the construction of new events or actions from a set of observed events and/or stored event data, whether or not the events are correlated in close temporal proximity, and whether the events and data come from one or several event and data sources. 
       FIG. 7  is an illustration of a wireless network device  700  that facilitates identifying other devices in a wireless network. Wireless network device  700  can be a cognitive radio, mobile device, stationary communication device, access points, and/or substantially any device that communicates over a wireless frequency spectrum. Wireless network device  700  comprises a receiver  702  that receives one or more signals over one or more carriers from, for instance, a receive antenna (not shown), performs typical actions on (e.g., filters, amplifies, downconverts, etc.) the received signals, and digitizes the conditioned signals to obtain samples. Receiver  702  can comprise a demodulator  704  that can demodulate received symbols and provide them to a processor  706  for channel estimation. Processor  706  can be a processor dedicated to analyzing information received by receiver  702  and/or generating information for transmission by a transmitter  718 , a processor that controls one or more components of wireless network device  700 , and/or a processor that both analyzes information received by receiver  702 , generates information for transmission by transmitter  718 , and controls one or more components of wireless network device  700 . 
     Wireless network device  700  can additionally comprise memory  708  that is operatively coupled to processor  706  and that can store data to be transmitted, received data, information related to available channels, data associated with analyzed signal and/or interference strength, information related to an assigned channel, power, rate, or the like, and any other suitable information for estimating a channel and communicating via the channel. Memory  708  can additionally store protocols and/or algorithms associated with estimating and/or utilizing a channel (e.g., performance based, capacity based, etc.). 
     It will be appreciated that the data store (e.g., memory  708 ) described herein can be either volatile memory or nonvolatile memory, or can include both volatile and nonvolatile memory. By way of illustration, and not limitation, nonvolatile memory can include read only memory (ROM), programmable ROM (PROM), electrically programmable ROM (EPROM), electrically erasable PROM (EEPROM), or flash memory. Volatile memory can include random access memory (RAM), which acts as external cache memory. By way of illustration and not limitation, RAM is available in many forms such as synchronous RAM (SRAM), dynamic RAM (DRAM), synchronous DRAM (SDRAM), double data rate SDRAM (DDR SDRAM), enhanced SDRAM (ESDRAM), Synchlink DRAM (SLDRAM), and direct Rambus RAM (DRRAM). The memory  708  of the subject systems and methods is intended to comprise, without being limited to, these and any other suitable types of memory. 
     Processor  706  can further be operatively coupled to an assignment detection component  710  that can receive a resource assignment intended for a disparate wireless network device (not shown), a transmission analysis component  712  that can evaluate messages transmitted over the resources to an access point to determine the corresponding disparate wireless network device, and a device identification component  714  that can identify the disparate wireless network device based at least in part on one or more aspects of the transmission over the resources, as described. In addition, the wireless network device  700  can peer-to-peer communicate with the disparate wireless network device or another peer-to-peer device (not shown) using a portion of power available at the transmitter  718 . Concurrently, the transmitter  718  can re-transmit the evaluated message, where re-transmission is desired by the access point, in conjunction with the disparate wireless network device to act as a relay, as described. Although depicted as being separate from the processor  706 , it is to be appreciated that the demodulator  704 , assignment detection component  710 , transmission analysis component  712 , device identification component  714 , and/or modulator  716  can be part of the processor  706  or multiple processors (not shown). 
       FIG. 8  shows an example wireless communication system  800 . The wireless communication system  800  depicts one base station  810  and one mobile device  850  for sake of brevity. However, it is to be appreciated that system  800  can include more than one base station and/or more than one mobile device, wherein additional base stations and/or mobile devices can be substantially similar or different from example base station  810  and mobile device  850  described below. In addition, it is to be appreciated that base station  810  and/or mobile device  850  can employ the systems ( FIGS. 1-4 and 7 ) and/or methods ( FIGS. 5-6 ) described herein to facilitate wireless communication there between. 
     At base station  810 , traffic data for a number of data streams is provided from a data source  812  to a transmit (TX) data processor  814 . According to an example, each data stream can be transmitted over a respective antenna. TX data processor  814  formats, codes, and interleaves the traffic data stream based on a particular coding scheme selected for that data stream to provide coded data. 
     The coded data for each data stream can be multiplexed with pilot data using orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) techniques. Additionally or alternatively, the pilot symbols can be frequency division multiplexed (FDM), time division multiplexed (TDM), or code division multiplexed (CDM). The pilot data is typically a known data pattern that is processed in a known manner and can be used at mobile device  850  to estimate channel response. The multiplexed pilot and coded data for each data stream can be modulated (e.g., symbol mapped) based on a particular modulation scheme (e.g., binary phase-shift keying (BPSK), quadrature phase-shift keying (QPSK), M-phase-shift keying (M-PSK), M-quadrature amplitude modulation (M-QAM), etc.) selected for that data stream to provide modulation symbols. The data rate, coding, and modulation for each data stream can be determined by instructions performed or provided by processor  830 . 
     The modulation symbols for the data streams can be provided to a TX MIMO processor  820 , which can further process the modulation symbols (e.g., for OFDM). TX MIMO processor  820  then provides N T  modulation symbol streams to N T  transmitters (TMTR)  822   a  through  822   t . In various aspects, TX MIMO processor  820  applies beamforming weights to the symbols of the data streams and to the antenna from which the symbol is being transmitted. 
     Each transmitter  822  receives and processes a respective symbol stream to provide one or more analog signals, and further conditions (e.g., amplifies, filters, and upconverts) the analog signals to provide a modulated signal suitable for transmission over the MIMO channel. Further, N T  modulated signals from transmitters  822   a  through  822   t  are transmitted from N T  antennas  824   a  through  824   t , respectively. 
     At mobile device  850 , the transmitted modulated signals are received by N R  antennas  852   a  through  852   r  and the received signal from each antenna  852  is provided to a respective receiver (RCVR)  854   a  through  854   r . Each receiver  854  conditions (e.g., filters, amplifies, and downconverts) a respective signal, digitizes the conditioned signal to provide samples, and further processes the samples to provide a corresponding “received” symbol stream. 
     An RX data processor  860  can receive and process the N R  received symbol streams from N R  receivers  854  based on a particular receiver processing technique to provide N T  “detected” symbol streams. RX data processor  860  can demodulate, deinterleave, and decode each detected symbol stream to recover the traffic data for the data stream. The processing by RX data processor  860  is complementary to that performed by TX MIMO processor  820  and TX data processor  814  at base station  810 . 
     A processor  870  can periodically determine which precoding matrix to utilize as discussed above. Further, processor  870  can formulate a reverse link message comprising a matrix index portion and a rank value portion. 
     The reverse link message can comprise various types of information regarding the communication link and/or the received data stream. The reverse link message can be processed by a TX data processor  838 , which also receives traffic data for a number of data streams from a data source  836 , modulated by a modulator  880 , conditioned by transmitters  854   a  through  854   r , and transmitted back to base station  810 . 
     At base station  810 , the modulated signals from mobile device  850  are received by antennas  824 , conditioned by receivers  822 , demodulated by a demodulator  840 , and processed by a RX data processor  842  to extract the reverse link message transmitted by mobile device  850 . Further, processor  830  can process the extracted message to determine which precoding matrix to use for determining the beamforming weights. 
     Processors  830  and  870  can direct (e.g., control, coordinate, manage, etc.) operation at base station  810  and mobile device  850 , respectively. Respective processors  830  and  870  can be associated with memory  832  and  872  that store program codes and data. Processors  830  and  870  can also perform computations to derive frequency and impulse response estimates for the uplink and downlink, respectively. 
     It is to be understood that the aspects described herein can be implemented in hardware, software, firmware, middleware, microcode, or any combination thereof. For a hardware implementation, the processing units can be implemented within one or more application specific integrated circuits (ASICs), digital signal processors (DSPs), digital signal processing devices (DSPDs), programmable logic devices (PLDs), field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs), processors, controllers, micro-controllers, microprocessors, other electronic units designed to perform the functions described herein, or a combination thereof. 
     When the aspects are implemented in software, firmware, middleware or microcode, program code or code segments, they can be stored in a machine-readable medium, such as a storage component. A code segment can represent a procedure, a function, a subprogram, a program, a routine, a subroutine, a module, a software package, a class, or any combination of instructions, data structures, or program statements. A code segment can be coupled to another code segment or a hardware circuit by passing and/or receiving information, data, arguments, parameters, or memory contents. Information, arguments, parameters, data, etc. can be passed, forwarded, or transmitted using any suitable means including memory sharing, message passing, token passing, network transmission, etc. 
     For a software implementation, the techniques described herein can be implemented with modules (e.g., procedures, functions, and so on) that perform the functions described herein. The software codes can be stored in memory units and executed by processors. The memory unit can be implemented within the processor or external to the processor, in which case it can be communicatively coupled to the processor via various means as is known in the art. 
     With reference to  FIG. 9 , illustrated is a system  900  that facilitates identifying devices in a wireless network and cognitively communicating therewith over a utilized portion of the frequency spectrum. For example, system  900  can reside at least partially within a base station, mobile device, cognitive radio, stationary device, etc. It is to be appreciated that system  900  is represented as including functional blocks, which can be functional blocks that represent functions implemented by a processor, software, or combination thereof (e.g., firmware). System  900  includes a logical grouping  902  of electrical components that can act in conjunction. For instance, logical grouping  902  can include an electrical component for receiving a downlink assignment from a serving device in a wireless network  904 . For example, the serving device can transmit the assignment to a served device to facilitate communicating therewith over a frequency spectrum of the wireless network. In addition, logical grouping  902  can include an electrical component for receiving an uplink transmission related to the downlink assignment sent from a served device in the wireless network  906 . The transmission can be sent over the assigned resources, in one example. 
     Moreover, logical grouping  902  can include an electrical component for identifying the served device based at least in part on the uplink transmission  908 . As described, the device can be identified by an identifier in the transmission, a hopping or scrambling pattern utilized for the transmission, and/or one or more additional or alternative aspects of the transmission. Furthermore, logical grouping  902  can include an electrical component for re-transmitting the uplink transmission to the serving device during a re-transmission period upon receiving a re-transmission notification therefrom  910 . As described, the re-transmission notification can be received by listening on a control channel between the serving and served devices. Also, logical grouping  902  can further include an electrical component  912  for communicating with a peer-to-peer device during the re-transmission period splitting transmission power with the electrical component  910 . Thus, though peer-to-peer communication can interfere with serving/served device communication, the system  900  mitigates the interference by additionally relaying re-transmissions from the served device. Additionally, system  900  can include a memory  914  that retains instructions for executing functions associated with electrical components  904 ,  906 ,  908 ,  910 , and  912 . While shown as being external to memory  914 , it is to be understood that one or more of electrical components  904 ,  906 ,  908 ,  910 , and  912  can exist within memory  914 . 
     With reference to  FIG. 10 , illustrated is a system  1000  that cognitively communicates with devices in a wireless network over utilized resources. For example, system  1000  can reside at least partially within a base station, mobile device, cognitive radio, stationary device, etc. It is to be appreciated that system  1000  is represented as including functional blocks, which can be functional blocks that represent functions implemented by a processor, software, or combination thereof (e.g., firmware). System  1000  includes a logical grouping  1002  of electrical components that can act in conjunction. For instance, logical grouping  1002  can include an electrical component for receiving a transmission from a wireless device communicating in a wireless network  1004 . Furthermore, logical grouping  1002  can include an electrical component for re-transmitting the transmission to a related serving device in a time slot using a portion of transmission power  1006 . 
     Moreover, logical grouping  1002  can include an electrical component for communicating with a peer-to-peer device in the time slot using a remaining portion of transmission power  1008 . Thus, as described, peer-to-peer communication can occur while re-transmitting signals from a wireless device to mitigate interference from the peer-to-peer communication. In one example, the peer-to-peer device and the wireless device can be the same device. Additionally, system  1000  can include a memory  1010  that retains instructions for executing functions associated with electrical components  1004 ,  1006 , and  1008 . While shown as being external to memory  1010 , it is to be understood that one or more of electrical components  1004 ,  1006 , and  1008  can exist within memory  1010 . 
     The various illustrative logics, logical blocks, modules, and circuits described in connection with the embodiments disclosed herein may be implemented or performed with a general purpose processor, a digital signal processor (DSP), an application specific integrated circuit (ASIC), a field programmable gate array (FPGA) or other programmable logic device, discrete gate or transistor logic, discrete hardware components, or any combination thereof designed to perform the functions described herein. A general-purpose processor may be a microprocessor, but, in the alternative, the processor may be any conventional processor, controller, microcontroller, or state machine. A processor may also be implemented as a combination of computing devices, e.g., a combination of a DSP and a microprocessor, a plurality of microprocessors, one or more microprocessors in conjunction with a DSP core, or any other such configuration. Additionally, at least one processor may comprise one or more modules operable to perform one or more of the steps and/or actions described above. 
     Further, the steps and/or actions of a method or algorithm described in connection with the aspects disclosed herein may be embodied directly in hardware, in a software module executed by a processor, or in a combination of the two. A software module may reside in RAM memory, flash memory, ROM memory, EPROM memory, EEPROM memory, registers, a hard disk, a removable disk, a CD-ROM, or any other form of storage medium known in the art. An exemplary storage medium may be coupled to the processor, such that the processor can read information from, and write information to, the storage medium. In the alternative, the storage medium may be integral to the processor. Further, in some aspects, the processor and the storage medium may reside in an ASIC. Additionally, the ASIC may reside in a user terminal. In the alternative, the processor and the storage medium may reside as discrete components in a user terminal. Additionally, in some aspects, the steps and/or actions of a method or algorithm may reside as one or any combination or set of codes and/or instructions on a machine readable medium and/or computer readable medium, which may be incorporated into a computer program product. 
     In one or more aspects, the functions described may be implemented in hardware, software, firmware, or any combination thereof. If implemented in software, the functions may be stored or transmitted as one or more instructions or code on a computer-readable medium. Computer-readable media includes both computer storage media and communication media including any medium that facilitates transfer of a computer program from one place to another. A storage medium may be any available media that can be accessed by a computer. By way of example, and not limitation, such computer-readable media can comprise RAM, ROM, EEPROM, CD-ROM or other optical disk storage, magnetic disk storage or other magnetic storage devices, or any other medium that can be used to carry or store desired program code in the form of instructions or data structures and that can be accessed by a computer. Also, any connection may be termed a computer-readable medium. For example, if software is transmitted from a website, server, or other remote source using a coaxial cable, fiber optic cable, twisted pair, digital subscriber line (DSL), or wireless technologies such as infrared, radio, and microwave, then the coaxial cable, fiber optic cable, twisted pair, DSL, or wireless technologies such as infrared, radio, and microwave are included in the definition of medium. Disk and disc, as used herein, includes compact disc (CD), laser disc, optical disc, digital versatile disc (DVD), floppy disk and blu-ray disc where disks usually reproduce data magnetically, while discs usually reproduce data optically with lasers. Combinations of the above should also be included within the scope of computer-readable media. 
     While the foregoing disclosure discusses illustrative aspects and/or embodiments, it should be noted that various changes and modifications could be made herein without departing from the scope of the described aspects and/or embodiments as defined by the appended claims. Furthermore, although elements of the described aspects and/or embodiments may be described or claimed in the singular, the plural is contemplated unless limitation to the singular is explicitly stated. Additionally, all or a portion of any aspect and/or embodiment may be utilized with all or a portion of any other aspect and/or embodiment, unless stated otherwise. Furthermore, to the extent that the term “includes” is used in either the detailed description or the claims, such term is intended to be inclusive in a manner similar to the term “comprising” as “comprising” is interpreted when employed as a transitional word in a claim. Furthermore, although elements of the described aspects and/or aspects may be described or claimed in the singular, the plural is contemplated unless limitation to the singular is explicitly stated. Additionally, all or a portion of any aspect and/or embodiment may be utilized with all or a portion of any other aspect and/or embodiment, unless stated otherwise.