Patent Publication Number: US-2023155086-A1

Title: Light emitting diode package

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION 
     This application is based on and claims priority under 35 U.S.C. § 119 to Korean Patent Application No. 10-2021-0158037, filed on Nov. 16, 2021, in the Korean Intellectual Property Office, the disclosure of which is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety. 
     BACKGROUND 
     1. Field 
     Embodiments relate to a light emitting diode (LED) package. 
     2. Description of the Related Art 
     LED chips and LED packages including LED chips may have various advantages such as a low power consumption, high brightness, and a long lifespan, and gradually their application as light sources has expanded. An example of using LED packages as a light source may include their use as headlights of a vehicle. 
     SUMMARY 
     The embodiments may be realized by providing a light-emitting diode (LED) package including a substrate including an insulating material; upper pads on an upper surface of the substrate; a side surface molding layer covering the upper surface of the substrate and side surfaces of the upper pads; an LED chip on the upper surface of the substrate and electrically connected to the upper pads; a fluorescent layer on the LED chip; and a reflection molding layer on the substrate and covering the LED chip, the reflection molding layer including white silicon, wherein the reflection molding layer exposes a portion of side surfaces of the fluorescent layer. 
     The embodiments may be realized by providing a light-emitting diode (LED) package including a substrate; lower pads on a lower surface of the substrate; upper pads on an upper surface of the substrate; an LED chip on the upper surface of the substrate and electrically connected to the upper pads; a fluorescent layer on the LED chip; a reflection molding layer on the substrate and covering the LED chip, the reflection molding layer including white silicon; and a side surface molding layer covering a portion of the upper surface of the substrate, side surfaces of the upper pads, and side surfaces of the lower pads, the side surface molding layer including a cup portion horizontally surrounding the LED chip, the fluorescent layer, and the reflection molding layer, wherein an upper surface of the cup portion is farther from the substrate in a vertical direction than an upper surface of the fluorescent layer is from the substrate in the vertical direction, and an internal surface of the side surface molding layer that faces the LED chip is outwardly inclined with respect to the upper surface of the substrate. 
     The embodiments may be realized by providing a light-emitting diode (LED) package including a substrate including aluminum oxide; upper pads on an upper surface of the substrate; an LED chip on the upper surface of the substrate and electrically connected to the upper pads; a fluorescent layer on the LED chip, the fluorescent layer including phosphor-in-glass (PiG); a side surface molding layer covering a portion of the upper surface of the substrate and side surfaces of the upper pads, the side surface molding layer including a cup portion horizontally surrounding the LED chip and the fluorescent layer; and a reflection molding layer covering the LED chip and inside surfaces of the cup portion of the side surface molding layer, the reflection molding layer exposing at least a portion of side surfaces of the fluorescent layer, wherein an upper surface of the reflection molding layer is inclined with respect to the upper surface of the substrate such that the inclined upper surface of the reflection molding layer has a structure in which a portion of the upper surface of the reflection molding layer distal to the LED chip is farther from the upper surface of the substrate in a vertical direction than a portion of the upper surface of the reflection molding layer proximate to the LED chip is from the upper surface of the substrate in the vertical direction. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       Features will be apparent to those of skill in the art by describing in detail exemplary embodiments with reference to the attached drawings in which: 
         FIGS.  1 A through  1 C  are perspective views of a light-emitting diode (LED) package according to example embodiments; 
         FIG.  2 A  is a top view of an LED package according to an example embodiment; 
         FIG.  2 B  is a side view of an LED package according to an example embodiment; 
         FIG.  2 C  is a bottom view of an LED package according to an example embodiment; 
         FIG.  2 D  is a cross-sectional view taken along line I-I′ in  FIG.  1 A ; 
         FIGS.  3 A and  3 B  are perspective views of an LED package according to other example embodiments; 
         FIG.  3 C  is a side view of the LED package of  FIG.  3 A ; 
         FIG.  4 A  is a perspective view of an LED package according to another example embodiment; 
         FIG.  4 B  is a side view of the LED package of  FIG.  4 A ; 
         FIG.  5 A  is a perspective view of an LED package according to another example embodiment; 
         FIG.  5 B  is a side view of the LED package of  FIG.  5 A ; 
         FIG.  6 A  is a perspective view of an LED package according to an example embodiment; 
         FIG.  6 B  is a top view of an LED package according to an example embodiment; 
         FIG.  6 C  is a side view of an LED package according to an example embodiment; 
         FIG.  6 D  is a cross-sectional view taken along line in  FIG.  6 A ; 
         FIG.  7 A  is a cross-sectional view of an LED package according to an example embodiment; 
         FIG.  7 B  is a cross-sectional view of an LED package according to an example embodiment; 
         FIG.  8    is a flowchart of a method of fabricating an LED package, according to an example embodiment; and 
         FIGS.  9 A through  9 E  are cross-sectional views of stages in a method of fabricating an LED package, according to example embodiments. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
       FIGS.  1 A through  1 C  are perspective views of a light emitting diode (LED) package  100  according to example embodiments. 
       FIG.  1 A  illustrates the LED package  100 ,  FIG.  1 B  illustrates the LED package  100 , in which a fluorescent layer  150  and a reflection molding layer  160  are omitted, and  FIG.  1 C  illustrates a substrate  111 , upper pads  112  and  113 , and lower pads  114 ,  115 , and  116 . 
       FIG.  2 A  is a top view of the LED package  100  according to an example embodiment. 
       FIG.  2 B  is a side view of the LED package  100  according to an example embodiment. 
       FIG.  2 C  is a bottom view of the LED package  100  according to an example embodiment. 
       FIG.  2 D  is a cross-sectional view taken along line I-I′ in  FIG.  1   . 
     Referring to  FIGS.  1 A through  2 D , the LED package  100  may generate light based on an external power. Light generated by the LED package  100  may have a wavelength of a visible ray band. In an implementation, the LED package  100  may include a light source of a lighting device. 
     The LED package  100  may have a roughly cuboid shape. The LED package  100  may include two surfaces substantially vertical to an X direction, two surfaces substantially vertical to a Y direction, and two surfaces substantially vertical to a Z direction. 
     The X direction and the Y direction may include two directions substantially in parallel with an upper surface  111 U of a substrate  111 , and the Z direction may include a direction substantially vertical to the upper surface  111 U of the substrate  111 . The X direction, the Y direction, and the Z direction may be substantially vertical to each other. 
     The LED package  100  may include a substrate  111 , the upper pads  112  and  113 , the lower pads  114 ,  115 , and  116 , an LED chip  120 , a Zener diode  131 , wirings  135  and  136 , a side surface molding layer  140 , a fluorescent layer  150 , and a reflection molding layer  160 . 
     In an implementation, the substrate  111  may include an insulating material. In an implementation, the substrate  111  may include aluminum oxide. In an implementation, the substrate  111  may include Al 2 O 3 . In an implementation, by providing the substrate  111  including aluminum oxide, a fabricating cost of the LED package  100  may be reduced. 
     In an implementation, the substrate  111  may also include aluminum nitride. In an implementation, the substrate  111  may include AlN. 
     In an implementation, the substrate  111  may have a flat plate shape. In an implementation, the substrate  111  may include the upper surface  111 U and a lower surface  111 B, which include substantially flat surfaces. The substrate  111  may include a first side surface  111 S 1  between the upper surface  111 U and the lower surface  111 B, a second side surface  111 S 2 , a third side surface  111 S 3 , and a fourth side surface  111 S 4 . The first and third side surfaces  111 S 1  and  111 S 3  may be vertical to the X direction, and the second and fourth side surfaces  111 S 2  and  111 S 4  may be vertical to the Y direction. 
     In an implementation, a Z direction thickness Z 1  of the substrate  111  may be in a range of 0.1 mm to 0.2 mm. In an implementation, the Z direction thickness Z 1  of the substrate  111  may be equal to or greater than about 0.11 mm. In an implementation, the Z direction thickness Z 1  of the substrate  111  may be equal to or greater than about 0.12 mm. In an implementation, the Z direction thickness Z 1  of the substrate  111  may be equal to or greater than about 0.13 mm. In an implementation, the Z direction thickness Z 1  of the substrate  111  may be equal to or greater than about 0.14 mm. In an implementation, the Z direction thickness Z 1  of the substrate  111  may be equal to or greater than about 0.15 mm. In an implementation, the Z direction thickness Z 1  of the substrate  111  may be equal to or greater than about 0.16 mm. In an implementation, the Z direction thickness Z 1  of the substrate  111  may be equal to or greater than about 0.17 mm. In an implementation, the Z direction thickness Z 1  of the substrate  111  may be equal to or greater than about 0.18 mm. In an implementation, the Z direction thickness Z 1  of the substrate  111  may be equal to or greater than about 0.19 mm. 
     In an implementation, by providing the substrate  111  with the Z direction thickness Z 1  equal to or greater than about 0.1 mm, mechanical rigidity of the substrate  111  may be prevented from being extremely weakened. 
     In an implementation, by maintaining the Z direction thickness Z 1  of the substrate  111  including a material having a relatively low thermal conductivity to be as equal to or less than about 0.2 mm, a thermal resistance increase of the LED package  100  may be prevented, and accordingly, heat dissipation efficiency of the LED package  100  may be enhanced. In addition, by reducing lengths of electrical paths between the upper pads  112  and  113  and lower pads  114  and  115 , respectively, a driving voltage of the LED package  100  may be reduced. Furthermore, due to thickness reduction of the substrate  111 , solder stress occurring on a printed circuit board in a process of mounting the LED package  100  may be mitigated. 
     In an implementation, a Z direction thickness Z 2  of the upper pads  112  and  113  may be in a range of 0.06 mm to 0.15 mm. In an implementation, the Z direction thickness Z 2  of the upper pads  112  and  113  may be equal to or greater than about 0.07 mm. In an implementation, the Z direction thickness Z 2  of the upper pads  112  and  113  may be equal to or less than about 0.14 mm. In an implementation, the Z direction thickness Z 2  of the upper pads  112  and  113  may be equal to or less than about 0.13 mm. In an implementation, the Z direction thickness Z 2  of the upper pads  112  and  113  may be equal to or less than about 0.12 mm. In an implementation, the Z direction thickness Z 2  of the upper pads  112  and  113  may be equal to or less than about 0.11 mm. In an implementation, the Z direction thickness Z 2  of the upper pads  112  and  113  may be equal to or less than about 0.10 mm. In an implementation, the Z direction thickness Z 2  of the upper pads  112  and  113  may be equal to or less than about 0.09 mm. In an implementation, the Z direction thickness Z 2  of the upper pads  112  and  113  may be equal to or less than about 0.08 mm. 
     In an implementation, by providing the upper pads  112  and  113  having the Z direction thickness Z 2  equal to or greater than 0.06 mm, cracks in the side surface molding layer  140 , which could otherwise occur when a thickness of a portion of the side surface molding layer  140  arranged between the upper pads  112  and  113  is extremely thin, may be prevented. In addition, because relative thickness ratios of the upper pads  112  and  113  with respect to the substrate  111  are sufficiently large, equivalent thermal resistance of the entirety of the substrate  111  and the upper pads  112  and  113  may be reduced. 
     In an implementation, by providing the upper pads  112  and  113  having the Z direction thickness Z 2  equal to or less than about 0.15 mm, the thickness of the LED package  100  may be prevented from being extremely large, and fabricating cost of the LED package  100  may be reduced. 
     In an implementation, a Z direction thickness Z 3  of the lower pads  114 ,  115 , and  116  may be in a range of 0.06 mm to 0.15 mm. In an implementation, the Z direction thickness Z 3  of the lower pads  114 ,  115 , and  116  may be equal to or greater than about 0.07 mm. In an implementation, the Z direction thickness Z 3  of the lower pads  114 ,  115 , and  116  may be equal to or less than about 0.14 mm. In an implementation, the Z direction thickness Z 3  of the lower pads  114 ,  115 , and  116  may be equal to or less than about 0.13 mm. In an implementation, the Z direction thickness Z 3  of the lower pads  114 ,  115 , and  116  may be equal to or less than about 0.12 mm. In an implementation, the Z direction thickness Z 3  of the lower pads  114 ,  115 , and  116  may be equal to or less than about 0.11 mm. In an implementation, the Z direction thickness Z 3  of the lower pads  114 ,  115 , and  116  may be equal to or less than about 0.10 mm. In an implementation, the Z direction thickness Z 3  of the lower pads  114 ,  115 , and  116  may be equal to or less than about 0.09 mm. In an implementation, the Z direction thickness Z 3  of the lower pads  114 ,  115 , and  116  may be equal to or less than about 0.08 mm. 
     In an implementation, by providing the lower pads  114 ,  115 , and  116  having the Z direction thickness Z 3  equal to or greater than about 0.06 mm, cracks in the side surface molding layer  140 , which could otherwise occur when the thickness of the side surface molding layer  140  arranged between the lower pads  114 ,  115 , and  116  is extremely small, may be prevented. In addition, by maintaining a relative thickness ratio of the lower pads  114 ,  115 , and  116  with respect to the substrate  111  to be sufficiently large, equivalent thermal resistance of the entirety of the substrate  111  and the lower pads  114 ,  115 , and  116  may be reduced. 
     In an implementation, by providing the lower pads  114 ,  115 , and  116  having the Z direction thickness Z 3  equal to or less than about 0.15 mm, the thickness of the LED package  100  may be prevented from being extremely large, and fabricating cost of the LED package  100  may be reduced. 
     A planar shape of the substrate  111 , e.g., shapes of the upper surface  111 U and the lower surface  111 B may have a chamfered rectangular shape. In an implementation, the planar shape of the substrate  111 , e.g., the shapes of the upper surface  111 U and the lower surface  111 B may have a rectangular shape, in which corner portions thereof are removed (e.g., a rectangle in which corners thereof are recessed). In an implementation, the planar shape of the substrate  111 , e.g., the shapes of the upper surface  111 U and the lower surface  111 B may have a cross shape. In an implementation, the substrate  111  may have a rectangular planar shape, in which a corner portion between the first side surface  111 S 1  and the second side surface  111 S 2 , a corner portion between the second side surface  111 S 2  and the third side surface  111 S 3 , a corner portion between the third side surface  111 S 3  and the fourth side surface  111 S 4 , and a corner portion between the fourth side surface  111 S 4  and the first side surface  111 S 1  are removed or recessed. The corner portions of the substrate  111  may be removed to provide paths for forming the side surface molding layer  140  in a molding process of fabricating the LED package  100 . 
     The upper pads  112  and  113  and the lower pads  114 ,  115 , and  116  may include a conductive material. In an implementation, the upper pads  112  and  113  and the lower pads  114 ,  115 , and  116  may include a metal. In an implementation, the upper pads  112  and  113  and the lower pads  114 ,  115 , and  116  may include copper (Cu). 
     The upper pads  112  and  113  may be on the upper surface  111 U of the substrate  111 , and the lower pads  114 ,  115 , and  116  may be under or on the lower surface  111 B of the substrate  111 . In an implementation, through vias penetrating the substrate  111  may connect the upper pad  112  to the lower pad  114 , and connect the upper pad  113  to the lower pad  115 . When the LED package  100  is mounted in a printed circuit board such as a lighting device, the lower pads  114  and  115  may be electrically connected to the printed circuit board. 
     The lower pad  116  may be insulated from the upper pads  112  and  113 . The lower pad  116  may be configured to be electrically floating. The lower pad  116  may include a heat conductive pad for dissipating heat generated by the LED package  100 . 
     The LED chip  120  may be mounted on the substrate  111 . The LED chip  120  may be electrically connected to the upper pads  112  and  113 . An anode of the LED chip  120  may be connected to the upper pad  112 , and a cathode of the LED chip  120  may be connected to the upper pad  113 . Accordingly, the upper pads  112  and  113  and the lower pads  114  and  115  may provide a path for providing a driving power to the LED chip  120 . 
     The cathode of the LED chip  120  may be on a lower surface  120 B of the LED chip  120 . The cathode of the LED chip  120  may form a eutectic bonding with the upper pad  113 , or may be connected to the upper pad  113  by using a soldering process. The anode of the LED chip  120  may be formed on an upper surface  120 U of the LED chip  120 . The anode of the LED chip  120  may be connected to the upper pad  112  via the wirings  135 . 
     According to an embodiment, the anode and the cathode may be on the upper surface  120 U of the LED chip  120 , and the anode and the cathode may be respectively attached to the upper pads  112  and  113  via the wirings  135 . In an implementation, each of the anode and the cathode may be on the lower surface  120 B of the LED chip  120 , and the anode and the cathode may be respectively connected to the upper pads  112  and  113  by using any one of an eutectic bonding process and a soldering process. 
     The LED chip  120  may include a semiconductor layer of a first conductivity type, an active layer, and a semiconductor layer of a second conductivity type. In an implementation, a semiconductor layer of a first conductivity type may include monocrystalline nitride having a combination of Al x In y Ga 1-x-y N (0≤x≤1, 0≤y≤1, 0≤x+y≤1). A semiconductor layer of a first conductivity type may include a semiconductor, on which n-type impurities are doped. In an implementation, a semiconductor layer of a first conductivity type may include gallium nitride (GaN), on which Si or the like is doped. 
     An active layer may be on a semiconductor layer of a first conductivity type. An active layer may emit light, that has certain energy by using a recombination process of electrons and holes. In an implementation, an active layer may include a multiple quantum well (MQW) structure, in which quantum well layers and quantum barrier layers are alternately stacked. In this case, a thickness of each of the quantum well layers and the quantum barrier layers may be in a range of 3 nm to 10 nm. In an implementation, the MQW structure may include a multiple stacked structure of indium gallium nitride (InGaN) and GaN. In an implementation, an active layer may have a single quantum well (SQW) structure. 
     A semiconductor material layer of a second conductivity type may include monocrystalline nitride having a combination of Al x In y Ga 1-x-y N (0≤x≤1, 0≤y≤1, 0≤x+y≤1). P-type impurities may include, e.g., magnesium (Mg). 
     A cathode of the Zener diode  131  may be electrically connected to the upper pad  112 , and an anode of the Zener diode  131  may be electrically connected to the upper pad  113 . The cathode of the Zener diode  131  may be connected to the upper pad  112  via the wirings  136 , and the anode of the Zener diode  131  may be connected to the upper pad  113  by using any one of a soldering process or a eutectic bonding process. 
     The Zener diode  131  may be connected in parallel with the LED chip  120 . The cathode of the Zener diode  131  may be substantially cut off from the anode of the LED chip  120 , and the anode of the Zener diode  131  may be substantially cut off from the cathode of the LED chip  120 . The Zener diode  131  may help prevent damage to the LED chip  120  due to a reverse direction current and electrostatic discharge (ESD). 
     In an implementation, the side surface molding layer  140  may include an insulating material. The side surface molding layer  140  may include silicone molding compound (SMC). 
     In an implementation, the side surface molding layer  140  may cover the upper surface  111 U of the substrate  111 , side surfaces of each of the upper pads  112  and  113 , and side surfaces of each of the lower pads  114 ,  115 , and  116 . In an implementation, the side surface molding layer  140  may not cover an upper surface of each of the upper pads  112  and  113 , and a lower surface of each of the lower pads  114 ,  115 , and  116 . In an implementation, the side surface molding layer  140  may be spaced apart from the upper surfaces of the upper pads  112  and  113  and the lower surfaces of the lower pads  114 ,  115 , and  116 . 
     In an implementation, a Z direction thickness of a portion of the side surface molding layer  140  between the upper pads  112  and  113  may be substantially equal to the Z direction thickness Z 2  of the upper pads  112  and  113 . In an implementation, a Z direction thickness of a portion of the side surface molding layer  140  between the lower pads  114 ,  115 , and  116  may be substantially equal to the Z direction thickness Z 3  of the lower pads  114 ,  115 , and  116 . 
     In an implementation, the side surface molding layer  140  may not cover the first through fourth side surfaces  111 S 1 ,  111 S 2 ,  111 S 3 , and  111 S 4  of the substrate  111 . In an implementation, the side surface molding layer  140  may expose the first through fourth side surfaces  111 S 1 ,  111 S 2 ,  111 S 3 , and  111 S 4  of the substrate  111 . In an implementation, the side surface molding layer  140  may be spaced apart from the first through fourth side surfaces  111 S 1 ,  111 S 2 ,  111 S 3 , and  111 S 4  of the substrate  111 . In an implementation, an outer side surface  140 E of the side surface molding layer  140  may be coplanar with the first through fourth side surfaces  111 S 1 ,  111 S 2 ,  111 S 3 , and  111 S 4  of the substrate  111 . 
     In an implementation, the side surface molding layer  140  may include a cup portion  140 C horizontally surrounding the LED chip  120  and the fluorescent layer  150 . In an implementation, an upper surface  140 CU of the cup portion  140 C of the side surface molding layer  140  may be spaced farther apart from the substrate  111  than an upper surface  150 U of the fluorescent layer  150 . An internal surface  140 CI of the cup portion  140 C of the side surface molding layer  140  may be slanted or inclined in a direction away from the LED chip  120  (e.g., outwardly). 
     The fluorescent layer  150  may be on the LED chip  120 . The fluorescent layer  150  may cover a light transmitting layer of the LED chip  120 . In an implementation, the fluorescent layer  150  may help reduce a color distribution of light generated by the LED chip  120 . 
     The fluorescent layer  150  may include, e.g., phosphor-in-glass (PiG). PiG may include a mixture of transparent glass and ceramic phosphor. PiG may have higher heat resistance and chemical resistance than other phosphor layers. Accordingly, the fluorescent layer  150  including PiG may help enhance reliability of the LED package  100  used in an environment exposed to a high temperature and moisture due to a high output of the LED chip  120 . 
     The reflection molding layer  160  may fill a portion of a space defined by the cup portion  140 C of the side surface molding layer  140 . Accordingly, the reflection molding layer  160  may be horizontally surrounded by the cup portion  140 C of the side surface molding layer  140 . The reflection molding layer  160  may include an insulating material. The reflection molding layer  160  may include white silicon and titanium nitride (TiN) particles embedded in white silicon. The reflection molding layer  160  may reflect light generated by the LED chip  120 , and enhance light extraction efficiency of the LED package  100 . 
     In an implementation, an upper surface  160 U of the reflection molding layer  160  may be slanted or inclined with respect to the upper surface  111 U of the substrate  111 . In an implementation, the upper surface  160 U of the reflection molding layer  160  may be slanted to be lower (e.g., closer to the substrate  111  in the Z direction), when the upper surface  160 U of the reflection molding layer  160  is horizontally closer in a direction from the cup portion  140 C of the side surface molding layer  140  toward the fluorescent layer  150  (e.g., a central part of the reflection molding layer  160  may be closer to the substrate  111  in the Z direction than edge parts thereof). In an implementation, the upper surface  160 U of the reflection molding layer  160  may be higher when the upper surface  160 U of the reflection molding layer  160  is closer in a direction from the LED chip  120  toward the cup portion  140 C of the side surface molding layer  140 . 
     The upper surface  140 CU of the cup portion  140 C of the side surface molding layer  140  may be spaced farther apart from the substrate  111  than the upper surface  150 U of the fluorescent layer  150  (e.g., in the Z direction), it is possible to form an upper surface slant of the upper surface  160 U of the reflection molding layer  160  so that the upper surface  160 U of the reflection molding layer  160  is higher closer to the cup portion  140 C of the side surface molding layer  140 . 
     In an implementation, the reflection molding layer  160  may cover the upper pads  112  and  113 , the LED chip  120 , the Zener diode  131 , and the wirings  135  and  136 . In an implementation, the reflection molding layer  160  may cover a portion of upper surfaces of the upper pads  112  and  113 , portions of side surfaces and the upper surface  120 U of the LED chip  120 . 
     In an implementation, the reflection molding layer  160  may expose (e.g., may not cover) the upper surface  150 U of the fluorescent layer  150 . In an implementation, the reflection molding layer  160  may be spaced apart from the upper surface  150 U of the fluorescent layer  150 . 
     In an implementation, the reflection molding layer  160  may partially cover a side surface  150 S of the fluorescent layer  150 . In an implementation, the reflection molding layer  160  may cover a lower portion of the side surface  150 S of the fluorescent layer  150  (e.g., proximate to the substrate  111  in the Z direction), and expose an upper portion of the side surface  150 S of the fluorescent layer  150  (e.g., distal to the substrate  111  in the Z direction). In an implementation, the reflection molding layer  160  may contact (e.g., directly contact) the lower portion of the side surface  150 S of the fluorescent layer  150 . 
     In an implementation, the reflection molding layer  160  may expose a portion of the side surface  150 S of the fluorescent layer  150 . In an implementation, the reflection molding layer  160  may be spaced apart from a portion of the side surface  150 S of the fluorescent layer  150 . 
     In an implementation, a height  150 EH of a portion exposed by the side surface  150 S of the fluorescent layer  150  (e.g., a portion not covered by the reflection molding layer  160 ) may be in a range of 0.1% to 100% of a height  150 H of the fluorescent layer  150  (as measured in the Z direction). In an implementation, when the height  150 EH is about 100% of the height  150 H of the fluorescent layer  150 , the reflection molding layer  160  may not cover any of the side surfaces  150 S of the fluorescent layer  150 , and the side surface  150 S of the fluorescent layer  150  may be entirely exposed. 
     In an implementation, the height  150 EH may be equal to or greater than about 5% of the height  150 H. In an implementation, the height  150 EH may be equal to or greater than about 10% of the height  150 H. In an implementation, the height  150 EH may be equal to or greater than about 15% of the height  150 H. In an implementation, the height  150 EH may be equal to or greater than about 20% of the height  150 H. In an implementation, the height  150 EH may be equal to or greater than about 25% of the height  150 H. In an implementation, the height  150 EH may be equal to or greater than about 30% of the height  150 H. In an implementation, the height  150 EH may be equal to or greater than about 35% of the height  150 H. In an implementation, the height  150 EH may be equal to or greater than about 40% of the height  150 H. In an implementation, the height  150 EH may be equal to or greater than 45% of the height  150 H. In an implementation, the height  150 EH may be equal to or greater than about 50% of the height  150 H. 
     In an implementation, the height  150 EH may be equal to or less than about 95% of the height  150 H. In an implementation, the height  150 EH may be equal to or less than about 90% of the height  150 H. In an implementation, the height  150 EH may be equal to or less than about 85% of the height  150 H. In an implementation, the height  150 EH may be equal to or less than about 80% of the height  150 H. In an implementation, the height  150 EH may be equal to or less than about 75% of the height  150 H. In an implementation, the height  150 EH may be equal to or less than about 70% of the height  150 H. In an implementation, the height  150 EH may be equal to or less than about 65% of the height  150 H. In an implementation, the height  150 EH may be equal to or less than about 60% of the height  150 H. In an implementation, the height  150 EH may be equal to or less than about 55% of the height  150 H. 
     In an implementation, a height  150 CH of a portion, covered by the reflection molding layer  160 , of the side surface  150 S of the fluorescent layer  150  may be in a range of 0% to 99.9% of the height  150 CH of the fluorescent layer  150 . 
     In an implementation, the height  150 CH may be equal to or greater than about 5% of the height  150 H. In an implementation, the height  150 CH may be equal to or greater than about 10% of the height  150 H. In an implementation, the height  150 CH may be equal to or greater than about 15% of the height  150 H. In an implementation, the height  150 CH may be equal to or greater than about 20% of the height  150 H. In an implementation, the height  150 CH may be equal to or greater than about 25% of the height  150 H. In an implementation, the height  150 CH may be equal to or greater than about 30% of the height  150 H. In an implementation, the height  150 CH may be equal to or greater than about 35% of the height  150 H. In an implementation, the height  150 CH may be equal to or greater than about 40% of the height  150 H. In an implementation, the height  150 CH may be equal to or greater than about 45% of the height  150 H. 
     In an implementation, the height  150 CH may be equal to or less than about 95% of the height  150 H. In an implementation, the height  150 CH may be equal to or less than about 90% of the height  150 H. In an implementation, the height  150 CH may be equal to or less than about 85% of the height  150 H. In an implementation, the height  150 CH may be equal to or less than about 80% of the height  150 H. In an implementation, the height  150 CH may be equal to or less than about 75% of the height  150 H. In an implementation, the height  150 CH may be equal to or less than about 70% of the height  150 H. In an implementation, the height  150 CH may be equal to or less than about 65% of the height  150 H. In an implementation, the height  150 CH may be equal to or less than about 60% of the height  150 H. In an implementation, the height  150 CH may be equal to or less than about 55% of the height  150 H. In an implementation, the height  150 CH may be equal to or less than about 50% of the height  150 H. 
     If the reflection molding layer  160  were to completely cover the side surfaces  150 S of the fluorescent layer  150 , a light emitting surface of the LED package  100  could be the same as an upper surface area of the fluorescent layer  150 . If the upper surface of the fluorescent layer  150  has an X direction length  150 X and a Y direction length  150 Y, and the side surface  150 S of the fluorescent layer  150  is completely covered by the reflection molding layer  160 , the light emitting surface (hereinafter, LES) of an LED package may be obtained by Formula 1 below. 
       LES=150 X· 150 Y    [Formula 1]
 
     In an implementation, the reflection molding layer  160  may partially expose the side surfaces  150 S of the fluorescent layer  150 , and the light generated by the LED chip  120  may be emitted more from the side surfaces  150 S exposed by the upper surface  150 U of the fluorescent layer  150 . The LES of the LED package  100  according to example embodiments may be obtained by Formula 2 below. 
       LES=150 X· 150 Y+ 2(150 X+ 150 Y )·150EH   [Formula 2]
 
     In an implementation, the LES of the LED package  100  may be increased, and accordingly, the LED package  100  having enhanced light extraction efficiency may be provided. 
     Light extraction efficiency of an LED package with the height  150 EH as about 40% of the height  150 H may be improved by approximately about 2% from light extraction efficiency of a comparative LED package, in which the height  150 EH is about 0% of the height  150 H (e.g., in which the side surfaces  150 S of the fluorescent layer  150  are completely covered by the reflection molding layer  160 ). 
       FIG.  3 A  is a perspective view of an LED package  101  according to another example embodiment. 
       FIG.  3 B  is a perspective view of a substrate  111 ′, the upper pads  112  and  113 , and the lower pads  115  and  116  of the LED package  101 . 
       FIG.  3 C  is a side view of the LED package  101  of  FIG.  3 A . 
     Referring to  FIGS.  3 A through  3 C , the LED package  101  may include the substrate  111 ′, the upper pads  112  and  113 , the lower pads (see  114 ,  115 , and  116  in  FIG.  2 C ), the LED chip (see  120  in  FIG.  2 D ), the Zener diode (see  131  in  FIG.  2 D ), the wirings (see  135  and  136  in  FIG.  2 D ), a side surface molding layer  140 ′, the fluorescent layer  150 , and the reflection molding layer  160 . 
     The upper pads  112  and  113 , the lower pads (see  114 ,  115 , and  116  in  FIG.  2 C ), the LED chip (refer to  120  in  FIG.  2 D ), the Zener diode (see  131  in  FIG.  2 D ), the wirings (see  135  and  136  in  FIG.  2 D ), the fluorescent layer  150 , and the reflection molding layer  160  are substantially the same as those described with reference to  FIGS.  1 A through  2 D , and thus, repeated descriptions thereof may be omitted. 
     The substrate  111 ′ may include an upper surface vertical to the Z direction, a lower surface vertical to the Z direction, a first side surface  111 S 1 ′ vertical to the X direction, a second side surface  111 S 2 ′ vertical to the Y direction, a third side surface  111 S 3 ′ vertical to the X direction, and a fourth side surface  111 S 4 ′ vertical to the Y direction. 
     The substrate  111 ′ may be generally similar to the substrate  111  described with reference to  FIGS.  1 A through  2 D , except for that recesses  111 R may be formed in the first through fourth side surfaces  111 S 1 ′,  111 S 2 ′,  111 S 3 ′, and  111 S 4 ′, and corner portions are not removed. 
     In an implementation, the recesses  111 R may be halves of circular holes (e.g., semicircular). In an implementation, the recesses  111 R may be formed by separating holes for injecting a molding material in a molding process for forming the side surface molding layer  140 ′ of the LED package  101 . 
     In an implementation, the first and second side surfaces  111 S 1 ′ and  111 S 2 ′ may include internal surfaces  111 S 1 I and  111 S 2 I, which define the recesses  111 R, respectively. In an implementation, the third and fourth side surfaces  111 S 3 ′ and  111 S 4 ′ may also include internal surfaces defining the recesses  111 R. In an implementation, a shape of each of the upper surface and the lower surface of the substrate  111 ′ may have a rectangular shape, in which concave portions thereof are formed on or at edges. 
     In an implementation, the side surface molding layer  140 ′ may be substantially the same as the side surface molding layer  140  described with reference to  FIGS.  1 A through  2 D , except for also filling the recesses  111 R so that the side surface molding layer  140 ′ is coplanar with the first through fourth side surfaces  111 S 1 ′,  111 S 2 ′,  111 S 3 ′, and  111 S 4 ′ of the substrate  111 ′. 
       FIG.  4 A  is a perspective view of an LED package  102  according to another example embodiment. 
       FIG.  4 B  is a side view of the LED package  102  of  FIG.  4 A . 
     Referring to  FIGS.  4 A and  4 B , the LED package  102  may include the substrate  111 ″, the upper pads (see  112  and  113  in  FIG.  1 C ), the lower pads (see  114 ,  115 , and  116  in  FIG.  2 C ), the LED chip (see  120  in  FIG.  2 D ), the Zener diode (see  131  in  FIG.  2 D ), the wirings (see  135  and  136  in  FIG.  2 D ), a side surface molding layer  141 , a lower molding layer  142 , the fluorescent layer  150 , and the reflection molding layer  160 . 
     The upper pads (see  112  and  113  in  FIG.  1 C ), the lower pads (see  114 ,  115 , and  116  in  FIG.  2 C ), the LED chip (see  120  in  FIG.  2 D ), the Zener diode (see  131  in  FIG.  2 D ), the wirings (see  135  and  136  in  FIG.  2 D ), the fluorescent layer  150 , and the reflection molding layer  160  may be substantially the same as those described with reference to  FIGS.  1 A through  2 D , and thus, repeated descriptions thereof may be omitted. 
     In an implementation, the side surface molding layer  141  may be substantially the same as a portion of the side surface molding layer  140  in  FIGS.  1 A through  2 D , which is on the upper surface  111 U of the substrate  111 . In an implementation, the lower molding layer  142  may be substantially the same as a portion of the side surface molding layer  140  in  FIGS.  1 A through  2 D , which is on the lower surface  111 B of the substrate  111 . 
     The substrate  111 ″ may, unlike the substrate  111  in  FIGS.  1 A through  2 D , not include removed corner portions. Accordingly, the side surface molding layer  141  may be separated from the lower molding layer  142 . The side surface molding layer  141  and the lower molding layer  142  may be spaced apart from each other (e.g., in the Z direction) with the substrate  111 ″ therebetween. Accordingly, outer side surfaces of the side surface molding layer  141  and the lower molding layer  142  may be coplanar with the first through fourth side surfaces  111 S 1 ″,  111 S 2 ″,  111 S 3 ″, and  111 S 4 ″. In an implementation, the side surface molding layer  141  and the lower molding layer  142  may be provided by using separate molding processes. 
       FIG.  5 A  is a perspective view of an LED package  103  according to another example embodiment. 
       FIG.  5 B  is a side view of the LED package  103  of  FIG.  5 A . 
     Referring to  FIGS.  5 A and  5 B , the LED package  103  may include the substrate  111 ″, the upper pads (see  112  and  113  in  FIG.  1 C ), the lower pads (see  114 ,  115 , and  116  in  FIG.  2 C ), the LED chip (see  120  in  FIG.  2 D ), the Zener diode (see  131  in  FIG.  2 D ), the wirings (see  135  and  136  in  FIG.  2 D ), a side surface molding layer  141 , the fluorescent layer  150 , and the reflection molding layer  160 . 
     The upper pads (see  112  and  113  in  FIG.  1 C ), the lower pads (see  114 ,  115 , and  116  in  FIG.  2 C ), the LED chip (see  120  in  FIG.  2 D ), the Zener diode (see  131  in  FIG.  2 D ), the wirings (see  135  and  136  in  FIG.  2 D ), the fluorescent layer  150 , and the reflection molding layer  160  may be substantially the same as those described with reference to  FIGS.  1 A through  2 D , and thus, repeated descriptions thereof may be omitted. 
     In an implementation, the substrate  111 ″ and the side surface molding layer  141  may be substantially the same as those described with reference to  FIGS.  4 A and  4 B . In an implementation, the LED package  103  may not include the lower molding layer  142 , and accordingly, the lower pads (see  114 ,  115 , and  116  in  FIG.  2 C ) may be exposed. 
       FIG.  6 A  is a perspective view of an LED package  104  according to another example embodiment. 
       FIG.  6 B  is a top view of the LED package  104  according to an example embodiment. 
       FIG.  6 C  is a side view of the LED package  104  according to an example embodiment. 
       FIG.  6 D  is a cross-sectional view taken along line II-II′ in  FIG.  6 A . 
     Referring to  FIGS.  6 A and  6 B , the LED package  104  may include the substrate  111 , the upper pads (see  112  and  113  in  FIG.  1 C ), the lower pads (see  114 ,  115 , and  116  in  FIG.  2 C ), the LED chip  120 , the Zener diode  131 , the wirings (see  135  and  136  in  FIG.  2 D ), the side surface molding layer  140 , the fluorescent layer  150 , the reflection molding layer  160 , and a cell lens  170 . 
     The substrate  111 , the upper pads (see  112  and  113  in  FIG.  1 C ), the lower pads (see  114 ,  115 , and  116  in  FIG.  2 C ), the LED chip  120 , the Zener diode  131 , the wirings (see  135  and  136  in  FIG.  2 D ), the side surface molding layer  140 , the fluorescent layer  150 , and the reflection molding layer  160  may be substantially the same as those described with reference to  FIGS.  1 A through  2 D , and thus, repeated descriptions thereof may be omitted. 
     In an implementation, the cell lens  170  may change light distribution characteristics of the LED package  100 . In an implementation, the cell lens  170  may help improve light extraction efficiency of the LED package  100 , by refracting light directed outside an intended orientation angle. In an implementation, light extraction efficiency of the LED package  104  may be improved by about 3% due to forming of the cell lens  170 . 
     In an implementation, the cell lens  170  may include a convex lens. In an implementation, the cell lens  170  may cover portions of the fluorescent layer  150  and the reflection molding layer  160 . In an implementation, the cell lens  170  may entirely cover the fluorescent layer  150 . In an implementation, an area of the cell lens  170  may be greater than an area of the fluorescent layer  150 . In an implementation, a light axis of the cell lens  170  may pass through a horizontal center of the fluorescent layer  150  (e.g., the center in the X direction and the Y direction). 
       FIG.  7 A  is a cross-sectional view of an LED package  105  according to an example embodiment, and illustrates a portion corresponding to  FIG.  6 D . 
     Referring to  FIG.  7 A , the LED package  105  may include the substrate  111 , the upper pads (see  112  and  113  in  FIG.  1 C ), the lower pads (see  114 ,  115 , and  116  in  FIG.  2 C ), the LED chip  120 , the Zener diode  131 , the wirings (see  135  and  136  in  FIG.  2 D ), the side surface molding layer  140 , the fluorescent layer  150 , the reflection molding layer  160 , and a cell lens  171 . 
     The substrate  111 , the upper pads (see  112  and  113  in  FIG.  1 C ), the lower pads (see  114 ,  115 , and  116  in  FIG.  2 C ), the LED chip  120 , the Zener diode  131 , the wirings (see  135  and  136  in  FIG.  2 D ), the side surface molding layer  140 , the fluorescent layer  150 , and the reflection molding layer  160  may be substantially the same as those described with reference to  FIGS.  1 A through  2 D , and thus, repeated descriptions thereof may be omitted. 
     In an implementation, the cell lens  171  may be similar to the cell lens  170  in  FIG.  6 D , but may cover only a portion of (e.g., the top surface of) the fluorescent layer  150 . In an implementation, the cell lens  171  may not cover the reflection molding layer  160 . In an implementation, the cell lens  171  may not vertically (e.g., in the Z direction) overlap the reflection molding layer  160 . In an implementation, an area of the cell lens  171  may be less than an area of the fluorescent layer  150 . 
       FIG.  7 B  is a cross-sectional view of an LED package  106  according to an example embodiment, and illustrates a portion corresponding to  FIG.  6 D . 
     Referring to  FIG.  7 B , the LED package  106  may include the substrate  111 , the upper pads (see  112  and  113  in  FIG.  1 C ), the lower pads (see  114 ,  115 , and  116  in  FIG.  2 C ), the LED chip  120 , the Zener diode  131 , the wirings (see  135  and  136  in  FIG.  2 D ), the side surface molding layer  140 , the fluorescent layer  150 , the reflection molding layer  160 , and a cell lens  172 . 
     The substrate  111 , the upper pads (see  112  and  113  in  FIG.  1 C ), the lower pads (see  114 ,  115 , and  116  in  FIG.  2 C ), the LED chip  120 , the Zener diode  131 , the wirings (see  135  and  136  in  FIG.  2 D ), the side surface molding layer  140 , the fluorescent layer  150 , and the reflection molding layer  160  may be substantially the same as those described with reference to  FIGS.  1 A through  2 D , and thus, repeated descriptions thereof may be omitted. 
     In an implementation, the cell lens  172  may be similar to the cell lens  170  in  FIG.  6 D , but may entirely cover the fluorescent layer  150  and the reflection molding layer  160 . 
       FIG.  8    is a flowchart of a method of fabricating an LED package, according to an example embodiment. 
       FIGS.  9 A through  9 E  are cross-sectional views for describing a method of fabricating an LED package, according to example embodiments. 
     Referring to  FIGS.  1 C,  8 , and  9 A , the upper pads  112  and  113  and the lower pads  114 ,  115 , and  116  may be formed on a substrate layer  111 L (P 10 ). The substrate layer  111 L may provide a base for forming the LED package (see  100  of  FIG.  1   ), before being separated. The substrate layer  111 L may include a large-area substrate for simultaneously fabricating a plurality of LED packages (see  100  of  FIG.  1   ). 
     Next, referring to  FIGS.  8  and  9 B , a side surface molding layer  140 L may be formed (P 20 ). In an implementation, the side surface molding layer  140 L may cover side surfaces of the upper pads (see  112  and  113  in  FIG.  1 C ) and expose the upper surfaces thereof, and may cover side surfaces of the lower pads (see  114 ,  115 , and  116  in  FIG.  1 C ) and expose the upper surfaces thereof. 
     The side surface molding layer  140 L may horizontally surround the upper pads (see  112  and  113  in  FIG.  1 C ), and may include a cup portion, which protrudes from the upper surface of the substrate layer  111 L with respect to the upper pads (see  112  and  113  in  FIG.  1 C ). The cup portion of the side surface molding layer  140 L may be for forming the cup portion  140 C of the side surface molding layer (see  140  in  FIG.  2 D ). 
     Referring to  FIGS.  1 B,  8 , and  9 C , the LED chip  120 , the Zener diode  131 , the wirings  135  and  136 , and the fluorescent layer  150  may be provided (P 30 ). In an implementation, the LED chip  120  and the Zener diode  131  may be provided by using surface mounting technique. 
     Referring to  FIGS.  8  and  9 D , the reflection molding layer  160  may be formed (P 40 ). The reflection molding layer  160  may fill a space defined by the cup portion of the side surface molding layer  140 L. The reflection molding layer  160  may be formed by using, e.g., a dispensing process or a dotting process using white silicon. In an implementation, by providing a small amount of white silicon as the upper surface of the reflection molding layer  160  approaches from the side surface molding layer  140 L to the fluorescent layer  150 , the upper surface of the reflection molding layer  160  may be slanted to be lower as the upper surface of the reflection molding layer  160  is closer to the fluorescent layer  150 . 
     Next, referring to  FIGS.  1 A,  8 , and  9 E , the LED package  100  may be individualized. In an implementation, by cutting the side surface molding layer  140 L and the substrate layer  111 L by using a blade BL, the LED packages  100  may be individualized. 
     By way of summation and review, when LED packages are used as a light source in a vehicle, reliability of light extraction efficiency and operation of the LED packages may be very important from the standpoint of safety and the like. In addition, LED packages used as a light source in a vehicle may operate with a higher output than other LED packages, and an efficient heat dissipation design thereof may be important. 
     One or more embodiments may provide a light-emitting diode (LED) package having improved light extraction efficiency and reliability. 
     Example embodiments have been disclosed herein, and although specific terms are employed, they are used and are to be interpreted in a generic and descriptive sense only and not for purpose of limitation. In some instances, as would be apparent to one of ordinary skill in the art as of the filing of the present application, features, characteristics, and/or elements described in connection with a particular embodiment may be used singly or in combination with features, characteristics, and/or elements described in connection with other embodiments unless otherwise specifically indicated. Accordingly, it will be understood by those of skill in the art that various changes in form and details may be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention as set forth in the following claims.