Patent Publication Number: US-10317139-B2

Title: Method and apparatus for processing process-environment-sensitive material

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION 
     This application claims priority to U.S. Provisional Application No. 61/888,540, filed Oct. 9, 2013. 
    
    
     BACKGROUND 
     Ceramic material, glass material and other high temperature-resistance materials can provide desirable properties for use in relatively severe operating environments, such as in gas turbine engines. Often, such materials are used in composites, such as fiber-reinforced ceramic or glass matrix composites. These composites can be fabricated using chemical vapor infiltration or polymer infiltration/pyrolysis, for example, which involve cyclic infiltration of a fiber structure with a material that forms the matrix. The composites must be formed to near full density to achieve the desired properties. However, known processing techniques require very long periods of time to achieve the desired density, which increases fabrication costs beyond practical limits and prevents the use of composites. 
     SUMMARY 
     A method for continuous thermal processing of process-environment-sensitive material according to an example of the present disclosure includes serially moving a plurality of dies through a series of interconnected chambers that are selectively sealable from each other, wherein through the series of interconnected chambers, each of the dies (a) is introduced into a controlled gas environment, (b) each of the dies is introduced into a controlled temperature environment, (c) a process-environment-sensitive material is pressurized in each of the dies, and (d) each of the dies is cooled. 
     In a further embodiment of any of the foregoing embodiments, step (c) includes pressurizing a preform in each of the dies, the preform including the process-environment-sensitive material in a fiber structure. 
     In a further embodiment of any of the foregoing embodiments, step (c) includes pressurizing a material reservoir containing a melt of the process-environment-sensitive material to transfer the melt from the material reservoir into the die. 
     In a further embodiment of any of the foregoing embodiments, step (c) includes actuating a plurality of retainer elements to immobilize the die. 
     In a further embodiment of any of the foregoing embodiments, step (c) includes actuating a ram to pressurize the die. 
     In a further embodiment of any of the foregoing embodiments, step (b) includes heating the process-environment-sensitive material in the die above a flow temperature of the material. 
     In a further embodiment of any of the foregoing embodiments, step (a) includes establishing one of a vacuum environment or an inert process gas environment with respect to reactivity with the process-environment-sensitive material. 
     In a further embodiment of any of the foregoing embodiments, including moving the dies between at least two of the interconnected chambers using a gas cushion. 
     In a further embodiment of any of the foregoing embodiments, including moving the dies between the interconnected chambers using at least one of a pull or push rod. 
     A method for processing a process-environment-sensitive material according to an example of the present disclosure includes moving a die serially through a series of interconnected chambers that are selectively sealable from each other, wherein through the series of interconnected chambers: (a) in a first one of the interconnected chambers, introducing the die into a controlled gas environment, (b) in a second one of the interconnected chambers, introducing the die into a controlled temperature environment, (c) in a third one of the interconnected chambers, pressurizing a process-environment-sensitive material in the die, and (d) in a fourth one of the interconnected chambers, cooling the die. 
     In a further embodiment of any of the foregoing embodiments, the first one of the interconnected chambers is a smallest one of the interconnected chambers. 
     In a further embodiment of any of the foregoing embodiments, the process-environment-sensitive material is a glass-based material. 
     An apparatus for processing of a process-environment-sensitive material according to an example of the present disclosure includes a series of interconnected chambers that are selectively sealable from each other. A first one of the interconnected chambers is configured to establish a controlled gas environment therein. A second one of the interconnected chambers is configured to establish a controlled temperature environment therein. A third one of the interconnected chambers is configured to pressurize a process-environment-sensitive material, and a fourth one of the interconnected chambers is configured to cool the process-environment-sensitive material. 
     In a further embodiment of any of the foregoing embodiments, the first one of the interconnected chambers includes a gas environment control device, the second one of the interconnected chambers includes a heater, the third one of the interconnected chambers includes a pressure actuator, and the fourth one of the interconnected chambers includes a cooling gas control device. 
     In a further embodiment of any of the foregoing embodiments, further comprising a controller configured to control sealing between the interconnected chambers, control the controlled gas environment, control the controlled temperature environment, control the pressurizing of the process-environment-sensitive material, and control the cooling of the process-environment-sensitive material. 
     In a further embodiment of any of the foregoing embodiments, the interconnected chambers are non-linearly arranged. 
     In a further embodiment of any of the foregoing embodiments, further comprising a die configured to be moved serially through the interconnected chambers, the die including a support plate having a plurality of grooves on a bottom surface thereof. 
     In a further embodiment of any of the foregoing embodiments, at least one of the interconnected chambers includes a perforated support surface and a pressurized gas source connected thereto, the perforated support surface and pressurized gas source operable to provide a gas cushion. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       The various features and advantages of the present disclosure will become apparent to those skilled in the art from the following detailed description. The drawings that accompany the detailed description can be briefly described as follows. 
         FIG. 1  illustrates an example apparatus for processing a process-environment-sensitive material. 
         FIG. 2  illustrates a side view of the first two of the chambers of the apparatus of  FIG. 1 . 
         FIG. 3  illustrates a side view of the second and third chambers of the apparatus of  FIG. 1 . 
         FIG. 4  illustrates a side view of an alternative third chamber of the apparatus of  FIG. 1 . 
         FIG. 5  illustrates a side view of the third and fourth chambers of the apparatus of  FIG. 1 . 
         FIG. 6  illustrates a side view of the fourth and fifth chambers of the apparatus of  FIG. 1 . 
         FIG. 7  illustrates a support plate that can be used in any or all of the chambers of  FIG. 1  to move, or facilitate movement, of a die. 
         FIG. 8  illustrates the support plate of  FIG. 7  in an activated state providing a gas cushion for the die to ride on. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
       FIG. 1  schematically illustrates an example apparatus  20  that can be used in conjunction with a method for processing, or continuously thermally processing, process-environment-sensitive materials in a relatively rapid manner. A process-environment-sensitive material (hereafter “material”) is a material that is formed into a desired article geometry at high temperatures in a controlled environment, such as under vacuum and/or inert cover gas (e.g., argon). Such materials require high temperatures to enable formation and consolidation into the desired geometry and a controlled environment to manage reactions that can undesirably alter the chemistry of the material. 
     In non-limiting examples, the material can be a ceramic-based material, a glass-based material or a combination of a ceramic/glass-based material. One example includes silicon carbide fiber reinforced ceramic-glass matrix materials. The ceramic-glass matrix can be borosilicate glass or lithium-aluminosilicate glass-ceramic with boron or barium magnesium aluminosilicate glass-ceramic, for example. The fibers can include silicon carbide, alumina, aluminosilicate, or carbon. Fibers can be coated with a fiber-matrix interface layer, such as carbon or boron nitride layers. These and other process-environment-sensitive materials can be rapidly processed into an article using the apparatus  20 . Such articles can include, but are not limited to, gas turbine engine articles, such as shrouds, combustor liners of components, turbine support rings, seals and acoustic tiles. 
     The apparatus  20  includes a series of interconnected chambers  22 , represented individually at  22   a ,  22   b ,  22   c ,  22   d  and  22   e . The chambers  22  are selectively sealable from each other, and each chamber  22  defines an interior  24  in which a particular process step or function is conducted to ultimately form the material into an end-use or near net article. By comparison, conducting multiple steps or function in a single chambers leads to long processing times that can be prohibitively expensive. By using the interconnected chambers  22  and discrete processing steps or functions in each of the chambers  22 , the individual chambers  22  can be adapted for more optimally conducting the specific processing step or function, as well as serial processing of the material. 
     The apparatus  20  includes a plurality of seals  26  between adjacent connected chambers  22 . Each seal  26 , such as a gate seal, is moveable by an actuator (not shown) between a closed position and an open position. In the open position, the interiors  24  of the adjacent chambers  22  are open to each other, and the in the closed position the interiors of the adjacent chambers  24  are sealed from each other. The chambers  22  can be sized according to the articles that are to be fabricated. The term “interconnected” means that each of the chambers  22  is open or can be opened to at least one other chamber  22  such that a die  28  can be moved between the chambers  22  without removing the die from the chambers  22 . 
     The chambers  22  are arranged serially to process a material in the die  28 , or in a series of dies  28 , in order, from first chamber  22   a , to second chamber  22   b , to third chamber  22   c , to fourth chamber  22   d  and, optionally, to fifth chamber  22   e . The chambers  22  each serve a different function in the processing of the material, and each chamber  22  is thus configured for the functionality that it serves. Moreover, if processing a series of dies, the chambers  22  can be operated simultaneously, which reduces the overall processing time, and thus cost. 
     Generally, the chambers  22  are constructed of materials, such as stainless steel, that are suitable to withstand the processing conditions. Depending on the needs of a particular implementation, the chambers  22  can include cooling features, such as a water cooling system that conveys water through the walls of one or more of chambers  22 . Additionally, again depending on the needs of a particular implementation, one or more of the chambers  22  can include one or more ports that permit evacuation of the chambers  22  and/or the introduction of process gas into the chambers  22 . The chambers  22  can also include one or more mechanisms for moving the dies  28  through the apparatus  20 . Such mechanisms will be described in further detail below. 
     In this example, chamber  22   a  serves as a loading chamber, chamber  22   b  serves as a preheat chamber, chamber  22   c  serves as a pressurization chamber, chamber  22   d  serves as a cooling chamber, and chamber  22   e  serves as an unloading chamber. The unloading chamber  22   e  can be optional from the standpoint that chamber  22   d  can serve the dual purpose of cooling and unloading, though use of the chamber  22   e  can reduce processing time. 
     The chamber  22   a  serves as a loading chamber for initially receiving the die  28  into the apparatus  20 . The chambers  22   a / 22   b  are also shown in schematic side view in  FIG. 2 , in which the die  28  is supported on, and moveable along, a support plate  28   a . The die  28  may or may not already contain the material, or a precursor thereof. In one example, a preform of the material within a fiber structure is in the die  28  and will later be pressed into a consolidated form. Alternatively, the preform can be a fiber structure in the die  28 , and the material is later infiltrated into the fiber structure to a consolidated form. 
     Once loaded, the chamber  22   a  is sealed from the surrounding environment and other chambers  22 , and a controlled gas environment is established in the interior  24  of the chamber  22   a . To this and other ends, the apparatus  20  can also include a controller  30  that is in communication with the seals  26 , mechanisms for moving the die and, as will be described in further detail below, heating and process gas environment control devices. The controller can be configured to control all operational aspects of the apparatus  20 , though some aspects can alternatively be controlled manually. The controller  30  can include hardware, such as a microprocessor and memory, software or both. 
     In this example, the chamber  22   a  includes at least one port  32  and a gas environment control device  31   a , such as a valve, by which the environment within the interior  24  can be controlled. For example, the interior  24  of the chamber  22   a  is connected through the port  32  and gas environment control device  31   a  to a vacuum pump  34  and/or pressurized gas source  36 . The gas environment control device  31   a , by command of the controller  30 , controls evacuation of, and process gas flow in, the chamber  22   a . Thus, for a given process having a predefined controlled gas environment, the controller  30  can purge the interior  24  of the chamber  22   a  of air, evacuate the interior  24  to a desired pressure and/or provide an inert process cover gas to a desired pressure. The chamber  22   a  thus provides the controlled gas environment prior the application of heat, which could otherwise cause undesired reactions in the material or degrade the die  28  or other structures of the chamber  22   a , particularly if the die  28  is graphite. Generally, the interior  24  of the chamber  22   a  is at ambient or near ambient temperature that is below a temperature that causes reaction of the material or that can degrade the die  28  in the presence of air. As shown, chambers  22   b ,  22   c  and  22   d  also include ports  32  and gas environment control devices  31   a.    
     The chamber  22   a  can be configured to rapidly achieve the controlled gas environment. For example, the chamber has relatively smooth interior wall surfaces and is free of heating elements and furnace insulation that could otherwise absorb gas a slow purging or evacuation. The chamber  22   a  also can be smaller than one or more of the other chambers  22 . In some examples, the chamber  22   a  is the smallest of the chambers  22 , to enable rapid management of the controlled gas environment. 
     In one further example, the chamber  22   a  is operated by the following steps: 
     1. The entrance door is opened. 
     2. A graphite die containing a fiber preform/matrix material is inserted into the loading chamber. 
     3. The entrance door is closed. 
     4. A vacuum is pumped on the chamber to remove the air. 
     5. The chamber is backfilled with inert gas, i.e. argon. 
     6. The exit door is opened and moving rod is used to push the die into the preheat chamber. 
     7. The exit door is closed. 
     8. A vacuum is pumped on the chamber to remove the argon. 
     9. The chamber is backfilled with air. 
     Upon establishment of the controlled gas environment, the die  28  is then moved into the next chamber, here chamber  22   b , which serves as a preheating chamber. In this regard, the seal  26  between chambers  22   a  and  22   b  is opened and the movement mechanism used to move the die  28  into the chamber  22   b , where it is support on, and moveable along, a support plate  28   b . For example, the movement mechanism is an actuated pull or push rod, represented at  38 , which slides the die  28  from chamber  22   a  into chamber  22   b . As shown, chambers  22   b  and  22   d  also include pull or push rods  38 . 
     In this example, chamber  22   b  serves as a preheating chamber to establish a desired controlled temperature environment for the die  28 . To this end, the chamber  22   b  includes a heater  40 . The heater  40  can include graphite heating elements, but is not limited to such types. The controlled temperature environment can be a target process temperature for the material to be formed in the die  28 . Further, the die  28  can be soaked in the chamber  22   b  at the target process temperature for a desired amount of time to ensure that the die  28  and/or material or precursor thereof, if already in the die  28 , reaches the target process temperature. In one example where the die  28  contains the preform of the fiber structure and material, the temperature is a temperature at which the matrix material has mobility to flow among the fibers of the fiber structure. This can be a softening temperature of the material or a temperature at which the material is liquid or semi-solid. 
     The interior  24  of the chamber  22   b  can have the same controlled gas environment as in the interior  24  of the chamber  22   a . Thus, upon opening the seal  26  between the chamber  22   a  and  22   b , there is negligible sacrifice, if any, of the controlled gas environment of either chamber  22   a / 22   b . Thus, minimal time is needed to re-establish the controlled environments within the chambers  22   a / 22   b  as dies  28  are serially processed. 
     Once the controlled temperature environment is established in chamber  22   b , the die  28  is moved into the third chamber  22   c . In this regard, the seal  26  is opened and the pull or push rod  38  is used to move the die  28  into the chamber  22   c , where it is supported on, and moveable along, a support plate  28   c . The chambers  22   b / 22   c  are shown in schematic side view in  FIG. 3 . 
     In one example, the chamber  22   b  is a double walled stainless steel construction with continuous water cooling. The heater  40  includes graphite heating elements and porous carbon fiber insulation to retain the heat. The typical temperature range in the chamber  22   b  is 1200° C. to 1600° C., although other temperatures could be used depending on the material being processed. Argon can be purged through the chamber  22   b  to maintain an inert environment in order to prevent oxidation of the carbon materials. An example argon pressure inside the chamber  22   b  is 0.035 kg/cm2 (0.5 psi) and it can be designed not to exceed 0.14 kg/cm2 (2 psi). Optionally, carbon monoxide can be provided around any carbon materials, or other readily degraded materials, to reduce degradation. 
     In one further example, the chamber  22   b  is operated by the following steps: 
     1. The preheat chamber is heated to the desired temperature. 
     2. The die containing the fiber preform/matrix material is moved from the loading chamber into the preheat chamber and the entrance door is closed. 
     3. The die soaks in the chamber until it reaches the desired temperature. 
     4. Once the die is at the desired temperature, the exit door is opened and the moving rod is used to push the die into the pressurization consolidation chamber. 
     5. The exit door is closed. 
     The chamber  22   c  serves as a pressurization chamber. The interior  24  of the chamber  22   c  can have the same controlled gas environment as in the interior  24  of the chamber  22   b . Thus, upon opening the seal  26  between the chamber  22   b  and  22   c , there is negligible sacrifice, if any, of the controlled gas environment of either chamber  22   b / 22   c . Thus, minimal time is needed to re-establish the controlled environments within the chambers  22   b / 22   c  as dies  28  are serially processed. 
     The type of pressure used depends upon the type of process that the chamber  22   c  is configured to carry out. For example, the pressurization can be hot pressing or, alternatively, transfer pressing. In this example, the chamber  22   c  is configured for hot pressing and includes retainer elements  42  and a pressure actuator  44 . The retainer elements  42  can be rods that can be actuated to engage the die  28  on several sides to immobilize the die  28 . The retainer elements  42  keep the various parts of the die  28  compressed in the circumferential direction while at the same time being able to adjust to differential thermal growth as the die  28  is heated and cooled. 
     The pressure actuator  44  can be a ram that is actuatable to press the die  28 . The ram can be actuated by hydraulic, pneumatic or other type of actuation, to press and hold the die at a controlled pressure for a desired amount of time until the die  28  cools to a predetermined temperature to ensure that the material is sufficiently rigid to avoid spring-back. In the case where the preform of a fiber structure and the matrix material is already in the die  28 , the applied pressure and temperature achieved in the chamber  22   b  causes the material to move to open, void areas in the preform between the fibers, thus consolidating the preform. 
       FIG. 4  shows an alternative chamber  122   c  that can be used in place of the chamber  22   c  in the apparatus  20 . The chamber  122   a  is configured for transfer pressing. In this example, the chamber  122   c  includes a material reservoir  150  containing a melt  152  of the material. Here, a ram  144  is actuated to pressurize the melt  152 , causing the melt to flow, as represented at F, into the die  28 . The die can contain a fiber structure such that the melt infiltrates the fibers to form a consolidated article. Optionally, the chamber  122   c , or chamber  22   c , can include a heater  140 , to control the temperature within the chambers  22   c / 122   c.    
     The chamber  22   c / 122   c  can be a double walled stainless steel construction with continuous water cooling. Optionally, the chamber  22   c / 122   c  can include a heater having graphite heating elements and porous carbon fiber insulation to retain the heat. The typical temperature range in the chamber  22   c  or  122   c  is 1200° C. to 1600° C., although other temperatures could be used. The specific temperature will depend on the material being processed. Argon can be purged through the chamber  22   c / 122   c  to maintain an inert atmosphere in order to prevent oxidation of any carbon materials. A typical argon pressure inside the chamber  22   c / 122   c  can be 0.035 kg/cm2 (0.5 psi) and it can be designed not to exceed 0.14 kg/cm2 (2 psi). Optionally, carbon monoxide can be provided around any carbon materials, or other degradation-sensitive materials, to reduce degradation. 
     In one further example, the chamber  22   c  is operated by the following steps: 
     1. If not already at temperature, the chamber is heated to the desired temperature. 
     2. The graphite die containing the fiber preform/matrix material is moved from the preheat chamber from the pressurization consolidation chamber and the entrance door is closed. 
     3. The “die retaining rods” are actuated to circumferentially retain the die. 
     4. The die soaks in the chamber until it reaches the desired temperature, if not already at temperature. 
     5. The ram applies pressure to consolidate the fiber and glass into a dense composite. 
     6. The heater, if used, is shut off. 
     7. The pressure is maintained on the composite until the composite temperature is below 500° C. or other predetermined temperature to ensure that the glass or other material is sufficiently rigid to prevent fiber spring-back, which could result in composite delamination. 
     8. Once the die reaches the predetermined temperature and the pressure is removed, the “die retaining rods” are withdrawn. 
     9. The exit door is opened and the die is moved into the cooling chamber. 
     10. The exit door is closed. 
     In one further example, the chamber  122   c  is operated by the following steps: 
     1. If not already at temperature, the chamber is heated to the desired temperature. 
     2. The graphite die containing the fiber preform is moved from the preheat chamber from the pressurization consolidation chamber and the entrance door is closed. 
     3. The “die retaining rods” are actuated to circumferentially retain the die. 
     4. The graphite die soaks in the chamber until it reaches the desired temperature. 
     5. The ram&#39;s downward motion is initiated with control of the ram travel rate so that glass is forced to flow from a glass reservoir into a fiber preform at a controlled rate. 
     6. When the pressure on the ram reaches the desired pressure (e.g., 1,000 ksi), the ram switches from ram travel control to pressure control. 
     7. The heat is shut off. 
     8. The pressure is maintained on the composite until the composite temperature is below 500° C. or other predefined temperature to ensure that the glass is sufficiently rigid to prevent fiber spring-back, which could result in composite delamination. 
     9. Once the die reaches 500° C. or other predetermined temperature, the pressure is removed and the “die retaining rods” are withdrawn. 
     10. The exit door is opened and the die is moved into the cooling chamber. 
     11. The exit door is closed. 
     After processing in the chamber  22   c  or  122   c , the die  28  is moved into the fourth chamber  22   d . In this regard, the seal  26  is opened and the pull or push rod  38  is used to move the die  28  into the chamber  22   d , where it is supported on, and moveable along, a support plate  28   d . The chambers  22   c / 22   d  are shown in schematic side view in  FIG. 5 . As shown in  FIG. 5 , the dies  28  are maintained at a constant height within the chambers  22   c  and  22   d.    
     The chamber  22   d  serves as a cooling chamber to cool the die  28  and material, now formed into the article, to a desired temperature. In this regard, the temperature in the interior  24  of the chamber  22   d  is controlled to provide a desired cooling rate and/or to cool the die  28  and/or article to a desired temperature. Relatively cool argon or other inert process cover gas can be conveyed through the interior  24  to carry heat away from the die  28 . Once a suitable temperature of the die  28  is reached, the die  28  can be unloaded from the apparatus  20  or moved to the fifth chamber  22   e  for unloading. 
     The chamber  22   d  can be a double walled stainless steel construction with continuous water cooling. Optionally, the chamber  22   d  can be lined with porous carbon fiber insulation to protect the walls. Argon can be purged through the chamber  22   d  to maintain an inert atmosphere in order to prevent oxidation of any carbon materials. A typical argon pressure inside the chamber  22   d  can be 0.035 kg/cm2 (0.5 psi) and it can be designed not to exceed 0.14 kg/cm2 (2 psi). 
     In one further example, the chamber  22   d  is operated by the following steps: 
     1. The graphite die containing the fiber preform/matrix material is moved from the pressurization chamber into the cooling chamber. 
     2. The entrance door is closed. 
     3. The graphite die is cooled. 
     4. Once the die is at a desired temperature (e.g., below 200° C.), open the exit door and use the die moving rod to push the die into the unloading chamber. 
     5. The exit door is closed. 
     If used, the chamber  22   e  serves as an unloading chamber. In this regard, the seal  26  is opened and the pull or push rod  38  is used to move the die  28  into the chamber  22   e , where it is supported on, and moveable along, a support plate  28   e . The chambers  22   c / 22   d  are shown in schematic side view in  FIG. 6 . Similar to the chamber  22   a , the chamber  22   e  includes at least one port  32  and a gas environment control device  31   a  by which the environment within the interior  24  can be controlled. The interior  24  of the chamber  22   e  can have the same controlled gas environment as in the interior  24  of the chamber  22   d . Thus, upon opening the seal  26  between the chamber  22   d  and  22   e , there is negligible sacrifice, if any, of the controlled gas environment of either chamber  22   d / 22   e . Thus, minimal time is needed to re-establish the controlled environments within the chambers  22   d / 22   e  as dies  28  are serially processed. 
     In one example, the chamber  22   e  is a double walled stainless steel construction with continuous water cooling. The chamber  22   e  can be configured to rapidly achieve a controlled gas environment. For example, the chamber has relatively smooth interior wall surfaces, with rubber o-rings at the exit and entrance doors, and is free of heating elements and furnace insulation that could otherwise absorb gas a slow purging or evacuation. The chamber  22   e  also can be smaller than one or more of the other chambers  22 . In some examples, the chamber  22   e  is the smallest of the chambers  22 , to enable rapid management of the controlled gas environment and/or temperature controlled environment. 
     In one further example, the chamber  22   e  is operated by the following steps: 
     1. Evacuate the unloading chamber and backfill with argon. 
     2. Open the entrance door and use the die moving rod to push the die from the cooling chamber into the unloading chamber. 
     3. Close the entrance door. 
     4. Pump a vacuum on the chamber to remove the argon. 
     5. Backfill with air. 
     6. Open the exit door and remove the graphite die containing the consolidated article. 
     As shown in  FIG. 1 , the chambers  22  are non-linearly arranged. Here, chambers  22   b ,  22   c  and  22   d  are arranged linearly, and chambers  22   a  and  22   e  are arranged laterally of chambers  22   b ,  22   c  and  22   d . Alternatively, chamber  22   a , chamber  22   b  or both could be arranged to the other lateral side of the chambers  22   b ,  22   c  and  22   d . The non-linear arrangement enables use of the push or pull rods  38 , or other movement mechanisms. By comparison, if the chamber  22   a  were arranged to the left of chamber  22   b  in  FIG. 1 , the chamber  22   a  would interfere with the push or pull rod  38  of chamber  22   b . By arranging the chambers  22   a  and  22   e  lateral to the chambers  22   b ,  22   c  and  22   d , the chambers  22   a  and  22   e  do not interfere with the positioning of the push or pull rods  38 . 
       FIG. 7  and  FIG. 8  show an alternative support plate  128   a  that can be used in any or all of the chambers  22  to move, or facilitate movement, of the die  28 . The support plate  128   a  includes a perforated support surface  160  through which a pressurized gas, such as argon, from a pressurized gas source  162  can be provided. In this example, the pressurized gas is provided into a manifold  166  in the support plate  128   a . Perforations  160   a  in the perforated support surface  160  open to the manifold  166  and to the top surface of the perforated support surface  160  and provide gas channels  190  therebetween. Each gas channel  90  has an inlet  192 A that receives pressurized gas from the manifold  166 , and an outlet  192 B that delivers pressurized gas to a moveable support plate  170 . Upon supply of the pressurized gas to the manifold  166 , the gas jets from the perforations  160   a . The jetted gas provides a gas cushion  176  for the moveable support plate  170 , and die  28 , to ride on. The gas can also be jetted during a pressurization hold step in chamber  22   c / 122   c , to facilitate cooling of the die  28 . Once the pressure is removed, the die  28  then floats on the gas cushion  176 . 
     In this example, the die  28  is supported on a moveable support plate  170  that has a plurality of grooves  172  on a bottom surface  174  thereof. The grooves  172  open to the perforations  160   a  and serve to cooperate with the gas cushion  176  to facilitate movement. For example, the perforations  160   a  are sloped relative to the plane of the perforated support surface  160  such that gas jets out from the perforations  160   a  at a sloped angle. The sloped angle urges the support plate  170 , and die  28 , to move on the gas cushion  176  in the direction of the slope. The gas pressure can be adjusted according to the mass of the moveable support plate  170  and die  28  so that the moveable support plate  170  and die  28  move substantially in the horizontal component of the sloped angle, while maintaining a constant or approximately constant vertical distance between the moveable support plate  170  and the perforated support surface  160 . 
     The grooves  172  can have a geometry that compliments the sloped angle to enhance movement on the gas cushion  176 . For example, the grooves  172  are slanted along a direction equivalent to or approximately equivalent to the sloped angle. In the illustrated example, the grooves  172  have a triangular cross-section, with a side, S, that is slanted in a direction equivalent to or approximately equivalent to the sloped angle. 
     The gas cushion  176  and jetting of the gas can be used as a sole movement mechanism to move the die  28  in the apparatus  20 . Alternatively, the gas cushion  176  and jetting of the gas can be used to facilitate movements in combination with one or more of the pull or push rods  38  or other movement mechanisms. For example, the gas cushion  176  and jetting reduce friction and thus reduce the amount of force needed to move the die  28 . 
     The apparatus  20  enables the continuous and rapid processing of process-environment-sensitive material. For example, a plurality of the dies  28  can be serially moved through the chambers  22  such that the dies  28  are simultaneously processed. That is, up to five dies  28  can be processed at once. The configuration of the apparatus  20  can also be adapted to various processing techniques, such as hot pressing and glass transfer molding. Moreover, the rapid processing times can improve properties of the final article by reducing the time that fibers, or other structures that can be degraded at high temperatures, of the article are exposed to high processing temperatures. 
     Although a combination of features is shown in the illustrated examples, not all of them need to be combined to realize the benefits of various embodiments of this disclosure. In other words, a system designed according to an embodiment of this disclosure will not necessarily include all of the features shown in any one of the Figures or all of the portions schematically shown in the Figures. Moreover, selected features of one example embodiment may be combined with selected features of other example embodiments. 
     The preceding description is exemplary rather than limiting in nature. Variations and modifications to the disclosed examples may become apparent to those skilled in the art that do not necessarily depart from the essence of this disclosure. The scope of legal protection given to this disclosure can only be determined by studying the following claims.