Patent Publication Number: US-10781527-B2

Title: Methods and apparatus for controlling delivery of cross flowing and impinging electrolyte during electroplating

Description:
BACKGROUND 
     The disclosed embodiments relate to methods and apparatus for controlling electrolyte hydrodynamics during electroplating. More particularly, methods and apparatus described herein are particularly useful for plating metals onto semiconductor wafer substrates, such as through resist plating of small microbumping features (e.g., copper, nickel, tin and tin alloy solders) having widths less than, e.g., about 50 μm, and copper through silicon via (TSV) features. 
     Electrochemical deposition is now poised to fill a commercial need for sophisticated packaging and multichip interconnection technologies known generally and colloquially as wafer level packaging (WLP) and through silicon via (TSV) electrical connection technology. These technologies present their own very significant challenges due in part to the generally larger feature sizes (compared to Front End of Line (FEOL) interconnects) and high aspect ratios. 
     Depending on the type and application of the packaging features (e.g., through chip connecting TSV, interconnection redistribution wiring, or chip to board or chip bonding, such as flip-chip pillars), plated features are usually, in current technology, greater than about 2 micrometers and are typically about 5-100 micrometers in their principal dimension (for example, copper pillars may be about 50 micrometers). For some on-chip structures such as power busses, the feature to be plated may be larger than 100 micrometers. The aspect ratios of the WLP features are typically about 1:1 (height to width) or lower, though they can range as high as perhaps about 2:1 or so, while TSV structures can have very high aspect ratios (e.g., in the neighborhood of about 20:1). 
     SUMMARY 
     Certain embodiments herein relate to methods and apparatus for electroplating material onto a substrate. Typically, the substrate is a semiconductor wafer. 
     In one aspect of the embodiments herein, an electroplating apparatus is provided, the apparatus including: (a) a plating chamber configured to contain an electrolyte and an anode while electroplating metal onto a substrate, the substrate being substantially planar; (b) a substrate holder configured to support the substrate such that a plating face of the substrate is immersed in the electrolyte and separated from the anode during plating; (c) an ionically resistive element adapted to provide ionic transport through the ionically resistive element during electroplating, where the ionically resistive element includes a plate that is at least about coextensive with the substrate and a plurality of through-holes formed in the plate; (d) an ionically resistive element manifold positioned below the ionically resistive element, where during electroplating electrolyte passes from the ionically resistive element manifold, through the through-holes in the ionically resistive element; (e) a cross flow manifold positioned above the ionically resistive element and below the plating face of the substrate, when the substrate is present in the substrate holder; (f) a side inlet for introducing electrolyte to the cross flow manifold; (g) a side outlet for receiving electrolyte flowing in the cross flow manifold, where the side inlet and side outlet are positioned proximate azimuthally opposing perimeter locations on the plating face of the substrate during electroplating, and where the side inlet and side outlet are adapted to generate cross-flowing electrolyte in the cross flow manifold during electroplating; and (h) a three way valve that controls delivery of electrolyte to each of (i) the side inlet and (ii) the ionically resistive element manifold. 
     In some embodiments, the apparatus further includes a controller configured to switch the three way valve during electroplating to provide at least a first flow pattern and a second flow pattern while electroplating on the substrate. The second flow pattern may provide a relatively greater degree of impinging electrolyte at the plating face of the substrate, as compared to the first flow pattern. In a number of cases, the three valve way permits independent control over delivery of electrolyte to the side inlet and to the ionically resistive element manifold. 
     In certain implementations, the apparatus further includes a controller configured to switch the three way valve during electroplating to provide at least a first plating regime and a second plating regime while electroplating on the substrate, where during the first plating regime, a first flow pattern is provided, where during the second plating regime, a second flow pattern and a third flow pattern are cyclically provided, and where the second flow pattern provides a relatively greater degree of impinging electrolyte on the plating face of the substrate, as compared to the first flow pattern. In some such cases, the controller is configured to operate the three way valve such that (i) the first flow pattern delivers electrolyte to both the side inlet and to the ionically resistive element manifold, and (ii) the second flow pattern delivers electrolyte to the ionically resistive element manifold, but not to the side inlet. In some cases, the controller is configured to operate the three way valve such that the first flow pattern and second flow pattern each deliver electrolyte to both the side inlet and to the ionically resistive element manifold, where a flow of electrolyte to the side inlet is relatively greater in the first flow pattern compared to the second flow pattern, and where a flow of electrolyte to the ionically resistive element manifold is relatively greater in the second flow pattern compared to the first flow pattern. 
     In some embodiments, the three way valve controls delivery of electrolyte to the side inlet and to the ionically resistive element manifold in a non-independent manner such that when a flow of electrolyte to the side inlet increases, a flow of electrolyte to the ionically resistive element manifold decreases, and vice versa. 
     In various implementations, the ionically resistive element includes a plurality of ribs on an upper surface of the ionically resistive element, the ribs being linear and extending across the cross flow manifold. In some such implementations, the apparatus further includes a plurality of electrolyte jets formed in the ribs on the ionically resistive element. The electrolyte delivered to the plurality of electrolyte jets may be electrically isolated from the anode in some cases. In some embodiments, the apparatus further includes a membrane frame for supporting a membrane that separates the anode from the substrate during electroplating, where the membrane frame defines a bottom surface of the ionically resistive element manifold, the apparatus further including an electrolyte conduit formed in the membrane frame and in the ionically resistive element, where the electrolyte conduit provides electrolyte to the plurality of electrolyte jets. A second three way valve may be provided in some cases. The second three way valve may control delivery of electrolyte to the ionically resistive element manifold and to the electrolyte conduit formed in the membrane frame and in the ionically resistive element. 
     In a further aspect of the embodiments herein, an electroplating apparatus is provided, the apparatus including: (a) a plating chamber configured to contain an electrolyte and an anode while electroplating metal onto a substrate, the substrate being substantially planar; (b) a substrate holder configured to support the substrate such that a plating face of the substrate is immersed in the electrolyte and separated from the anode during plating; (c) an ionically resistive element adapted to provide ionic transport through the ionically resistive element during electroplating, where the ionically resistive element includes: a plate that is at least about coextensive with the substrate, a plurality of through-holes formed in the plate, and a plurality of ribs on a top surface of the plate, where at least some of the ribs include electrolyte jets that deliver electrolyte toward the plating face of the substrate during electroplating, where the electrolyte delivered through the electrolyte jets is electrically isolated from the anode; (d) an ionically resistive element manifold positioned below the ionically resistive element, where during electroplating electrolyte passes from the ionically resistive element manifold, through the through-holes in the ionically resistive element; (e) a cross flow manifold positioned above the ionically resistive element and below the plating face of the substrate, when the substrate is present in the substrate holder; (f) a side inlet for introducing electrolyte to the cross flow manifold; and (g) a side outlet for receiving electrolyte flowing in the cross flow manifold, where the side inlet and side outlet are positioned proximate azimuthally opposing perimeter locations on the plating face of the substrate during electroplating, and where the side inlet and side outlet are adapted to generate cross-flowing electrolyte in the cross flow manifold during electroplating. 
     In some implementations, the ribs are linear and are oriented such that their longest dimension is parallel to a direction between the side inlet and side outlet. In some other implementations, the ribs are linear and are oriented such that their longest dimension is perpendicular to a direction between the side inlet and side outlet. The apparatus may further include a first three way valve that controls delivery of electrolyte to both (i) the electrolyte jets, and (ii) the ionically resistive element manifold. The apparatus may also include a second three way valve that controls delivery of electrolyte to both (i) the side inlet, and (ii) the first three way valve. 
     In a further aspect of the embodiments herein, a method of electroplating is provided. The method involves providing a substrate to any of the apparatus described herein, and electroplating material onto the substrate. Any variety of flow patterns and flow regimes may be used, as described herein. 
     These and other features will be described below with reference to the associated drawings. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         FIG. 1A  illustrates an electroplating apparatus that utilizes a combination of cross flow and impinging flow on the substrate surface during electroplating. 
         FIG. 1B  shows the flow of electrolyte through the electroplating apparatus shown in  FIG. 1A . 
         FIGS. 2A-2C  illustrate modeling results related to flow of electrolyte within a cross flow manifold, near a plating face of a substrate. 
         FIG. 3A  depicts an electroplating apparatus having a three way valve for delivering electrolyte to a side inlet and to an ionically resistive element manifold. 
         FIG. 3B  is a simplified view of cross flowing electrolyte within a cross flow manifold, and  FIG. 3C  is a simplified view of impinging electrolyte that passes through an ionically resistive element. 
         FIG. 4A  is a simplified view of an electroplating apparatus similar to the one shown in  FIG. 3A , with the addition of an electrolyte conduit and a plurality of electrolyte jets that deliver electrolyte near a surface of a substrate. 
         FIGS. 4B-4H  illustrate close-up views of an ionically resistive element having electrolyte jets formed therein, with electrolyte being delivered through the electrolyte jets ( FIGS. 4B and 4E ), through the through-holes in the ionically resistive element ( FIGS. 4C, 4F ), through both the electrolyte jets and the through-holes ( FIGS. 4D, 4G ), and through the side inlet ( FIG. 4H ). 
         FIG. 4I  shows a close-up top-down view of an ionically resistive element having electrolyte jets formed therein, where the electrolyte jets are formed in ribs on the ionically resistive element. 
         FIG. 4J  shows a cross-sectional view of a portion of an ionically resistive element having electrolyte jets formed therein. 
         FIGS. 4K-4M  show top-down views of differently shaped electrolyte jets that may be used according to certain embodiments. 
         FIGS. 4N and 4O  depict top down ( FIG. 4N ) and cross-sectional ( FIG. 4O ) views of an ionically resistive element that has ribs that include a plurality of electrolyte jets, showing the flow of electrolyte into the electrolyte jets. 
         FIGS. 5A and 5B  illustrate top-down views of ionically resistive elements having ribs thereon, where the ribs are oriented perpendicular to the direction of cross flowing electrolyte ( FIG. 5A ), or where the ribs are oriented parallel to the direction of cross flowing electrolyte ( FIG. 5B ). 
         FIG. 6  depicts a simplified view of a multi-tool electroplating apparatus according to certain embodiments. 
         FIGS. 7A and 7B  present flowcharts for methods of electroplating material onto a substrate according to various embodiments. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     In this application, the terms “semiconductor wafer,” “wafer,” “substrate,” “wafer substrate,” and “partially fabricated integrated circuit” are used interchangeably. One of ordinary skill in the art would understand that the term “partially fabricated integrated circuit” can refer to a silicon wafer during any of many stages of integrated circuit fabrication thereon. A wafer or substrate used in the semiconductor device industry typically has a diameter of 200 mm, or 300 mm, or 450 mm. Further, the terms “electrolyte,” “plating bath,” “bath,” and “plating solution” are used interchangeably. The following detailed description assumes the embodiments are implemented on a wafer. However, the embodiments are not so limited. The work piece may be of various shapes, sizes, and materials. In addition to semiconductor wafers, other work pieces that may take advantage of the disclosed embodiments include various articles such as printed circuit boards, magnetic recording media, magnetic recording sensors, mirrors, optical elements, micro-mechanical devices and the like. 
     In the following description, numerous specific details are set forth in order to provide a thorough understanding of the presented embodiments. The disclosed embodiments may be practiced without some or all of these specific details. In other instances, well-known process operations have not been described in detail to not unnecessarily obscure the disclosed embodiments. While the disclosed embodiments will be described in conjunction with the specific embodiments, it will be understood that it is not intended to limit the disclosed embodiments. 
     Described herein are apparatus and methods for electroplating one or more metals onto a substrate. Embodiments are described generally where the substrate is a semiconductor wafer; however the embodiments are not so limited. 
       FIGS. 1A and 1B  depict simplified cross-sectional views of an electroplating apparatus.  FIG. 1B  includes arrows showing the flow of electrolyte during electroplating in various embodiments.  FIG. 1A  depicts an electroplating cell  101 , with substrate  102  positioned in a substrate holder  103 . Substrate holder  103  is often referred to as a cup, and it may support the substrate  102  at its periphery. An anode  104  is positioned near the bottom of the electroplating cell  101 . The anode  104  is separated from the substrate  102  by a membrane  105 , which is supported by a membrane frame  106 . Membrane frame  106  is sometimes referred to as an anode chamber membrane frame, as it defines the top of the anode chamber housing the anode. Further, the anode  104  is separated from the substrate  102  by an ionically resistive element  107 . The ionically resistive element  107  includes openings that allow electrolyte to travel through the ionically resistive element  107  to impinge upon the substrate  102 . A front side insert  108  is positioned above the ionically resistive element  107 , proximate the periphery of the substrate  102 . The front side insert  108  may be ring-shaped, and may be azimuthally non-uniform, as shown. The front side insert  108  is sometimes also referred to as a cross flow confinement ring. 
     An anode chamber  112  is below the membrane  105 , and is where the anode  104  is located. An ionically resistive element manifold  111  is above the membrane  105  and below the ionically resistive element  107 . An irrigation flute  116  delivers catholyte to the ionically resistive element manifold  111 , and may act to irrigate the membrane  105  during electroplating. In this example, the irrigation flute  116  is fed by electrolyte that passes through catholyte inlet  118 . A cross flow manifold  110  is above the ionically resistive element  107  and below the substrate  102 . The height of the cross flow manifold is considered to be the distance between the substrate  102  and the plane of the ionically resistive element  107  (excluding the ribs  115  on the upper surface of the ionically resistive element  107 , if present). In some cases, the cross flow manifold may have a height between about 1 mm-4 mm, or between about 0.5 mm-15 mm. The cross flow manifold  110  is defined on its sides by the front side insert  108 , which acts to contain the cross flowing electrolyte within the cross flow manifold  110 . A side inlet  113  to the cross flow manifold  110  is provided azimuthally opposite a side outlet  114  to the cross flow manifold  110 . The side inlet  113  and side outlet  114  may be formed, at least partially, by the front side insert  108 . As shown by the arrows in  FIG. 1B , electrolyte travels from the catholyte inlet  118 , through the side inlet  113 , into the cross flow manifold  110 , and out the side outlet  114 . In addition, electrolyte may travel through one or more inlets to the ionically resistive element manifold  111  (e.g., inlets in irrigation flute  116  and/or other inlets), into the ionically resistive element manifold  111 , through the openings in the ionically resistive element  107 , into the cross flow manifold  110 , and out the side outlet  114 . After passing through the side outlet  114 , the electrolyte spills over weir wall  109 . The electrolyte may be recovered and recycled. 
     In certain embodiments, the ionically resistive element  107  approximates a nearly constant and uniform current source in the proximity of the substrate (cathode) and, as such, may be referred to as a high resistance virtual anode (HRVA) or channeled ionically resistive element (CIRP) in some contexts. Normally, the ionically resistive element  107  is placed in close proximity with respect to the wafer. In contrast, an anode in the same close-proximity to the substrate would be significantly less apt to supply a nearly constant current to the wafer, but would merely support a constant potential plane at the anode metal surface, thereby allowing the current to be greatest where the net resistance from the anode plane to the terminus (e.g., to peripheral contact points on the wafer) is smaller. So while the ionically resistive element  107  has been referred to as a high-resistance virtual anode (HRVA), this does not imply that electrochemically the two are interchangeable. Under certain operational conditions, the ionically resistive element  107  would more closely approximate and perhaps be better described as a virtual uniform current source, with nearly constant current being sourced from across the upper plane of the ionically resistive element  107 . 
     The ionically resistive element  107  contains micro size (typically less than 0.04″) through-holes that are spatially and ionically isolated from each other and do not form interconnecting channels within the body of ionically resistive element, in many but not all implementations. Such through-holes are often referred to as non-communicating through-holes. They typically extend in one dimension, often, but not necessarily, normal to the plated surface of the wafer (in some embodiments the non-communicating holes are at an angle with respect to the wafer which is generally parallel to the ionically resistive element front surface). Often the through-holes are parallel to one another. Often the holes are arranged in a square array. Other times the layout is in an offset spiral pattern. These through-holes are distinct from 3-D porous networks, where the channels extend in three dimensions and form interconnecting pore structures, because the through-holes restructure both ionic current flow and (in certain cases) fluid flow parallel to the surface therein, and straighten the path of both current and fluid flow towards the wafer surface. However, in certain embodiments, such a porous plate, having an interconnected network of pores, may be used as the ionically resistive element. When the distance from the plate&#39;s top surface to the wafer is small (e.g., a gap of about 1/10 the size of the wafer radius, for example less than about 5 mm), divergence of both current flow and fluid flow is locally restricted, imparted and aligned with the ionically resistive element channels. 
     One example ionically resistive element  107  is a disc made of a solid, non-porous dielectric material that is ionically and electrically resistive. The material is also chemically stable in the plating solution of use. In certain cases the ionically resistive element  107  is made of a ceramic material (e.g., aluminum oxide, stannic oxide, titanium oxide, or mixtures of metal oxides) or a plastic material (e.g., polyethylene, polypropylene, polyvinylidene difluoride (PVDF), polytetrafluoroethylene, polysulphone, polyvinyl chloride (PVC), polycarbonate, and the like), having between about 6,000-12,000 non-communicating through-holes. The ionically resistive element  107 , in many embodiments, is substantially coextensive with the wafer (e.g., the ionically resistive element  107  has a diameter of about 300 mm when used with a 300 mm wafer) and resides in close proximity to the wafer, e.g., just below the wafer in a wafer-facing-down electroplating apparatus. Preferably, the plated surface of the wafer resides within about 10 mm, more preferably within about 5 mm of the closest ionically resistive element surface. To this end, the top surface of the ionically resistive element  107  may be flat or substantially flat. Often, both the top and bottom surfaces of the ionically resistive element  107  are flat or substantially flat. In a number of embodiments, however, the top surface of the ionically resistive element  107  includes a series of linear ribs, as described further below. 
     As above, the overall ionic and flow resistance of the plate  107  is dependent on the thickness of the plate and both the overall porosity (fraction of area available for flow through the plate) and the size/diameter of the holes. Plates of lower porosities will have higher impinging flow velocities and ionic resistances. Comparing plates of the same porosity, one having smaller diameter 1-D holes (and therefore a larger number of 1-D holes) will have a more micro-uniform distribution of current on the wafer because there are more individual current sources, which act more as point sources that can spread over the same gap, and will also have a higher total pressure drop (high viscous flow resistance). 
     In some cases, about 1-10% of the ionically resistive element  107  is open area through which ionic current can pass (and through which electrolyte can pass if there is no other element blocking the openings). In particular embodiments, about 2-5% the ionically resistive element  107  is open area. In a specific example, the open area of the ionically resistive element  107  is about 3.2% and the effective total open cross sectional area is about 23 cm 2 . In some embodiments, non-communicating holes formed in the ionically resistive element  107  have a diameter of about 0.01 to 0.08 inches. In some cases, the holes have a diameter of about 0.02 to 0.03 inches, or between about 0.03-0.06 inches. In various embodiments the holes have a diameter that is at most about 0.2 times the gap distance between the ionically resistive element  107  and the wafer. The holes are generally circular in cross section, but need not be. Further, to ease construction, all holes in the ionically resistive element  107  may have the same diameter. However this need not be the case, and both the individual size and local density of holes may vary over the ionically resistive element surface as specific requirements may dictate. 
     The ionically resistive element  107  shown in  FIGS. 1A and 1B  includes a series of linear ribs  115  that extend into/out of the page. The ribs  115  are sometimes referred to as protuberances. The ribs  115  are positioned on the top surface of the ionically resistive element  107 , and in many cases they are oriented such that their length (e.g., their longest dimension) is perpendicular to the direction of cross flowing electrolyte. In a particular embodiment discussed further below, the ribs  115  may be oriented such that their length is parallel to the direction of cross flowing electrolyte. The ribs  115  affect the fluid flow and current distribution within the cross flow manifold  110 . For instance, the cross flow of electrolyte is largely confined to the area above the top surface of the ribs  115 , creating a high rate of electrolyte cross flow in this area. In the regions between adjacent ribs  115 , current delivered upward through the ionically resistive element  107  is redistributed, becoming more uniform, before it is delivered to the substrate surface. 
     In  FIGS. 1A and 1B , the direction of cross flowing electrolyte is left-to-right (e.g., from the side inlet  113  to the side outlet  114 ), and the ribs  115  are oriented such that their lengths extend into/out of the page. In certain embodiments, the ribs  115  may have a width (measured left-to-right in  FIG. 1A ) between about 0.5 mm-1.5 mm, or between about 0.25 mm-10 mm. The ribs  115  may have a height (measured up-down in  FIG. 1A ) between about 1.5 mm-3.0 mm, or between about 0.25 mm-7.0 mm. The ribs  115  may have a height to width aspect ratio (height/width) between about 5/1-2/1, or between about 7/1-1/7. The ribs  115  may have a pitch between about 10 mm-30 mm, or between about 5 mm-150 mm. The ribs  115  may have variable lengths (measured into/out of the page in  FIG. 1A ) that extend across the face of the ionically resistive element  107 . The distance between the upper surface of the ribs  115  and the surface of the substrate  102  may be between about 1 mm-4 mm, or between about 0.5 mm-15 mm. The ribs  115  may be provided over an area that is about coextensive with the substrate, as shown in  FIGS. 1A and 1B . The channels/openings in the ionically resistive element  107  may be positioned between adjacent ribs  115 , or they may extend through the ribs  115  (in other words, the ribs  115  may or may not be channeled). In some other embodiments, the ionically resistive element  107  may have an upper surface that is flat (e.g., does not include the ribs  115 ). The electroplating apparatus shown in  FIGS. 1A and 1B , including the ionically resistive element with ribs thereon, is further discussed in U.S. Pat. No. 9,523,155, titled “ENHANCEMENT OF ELECTROLYTE HYDRODYNAMICS FOR EFFICIENT MASS TRANSFER DURING ELECTROPLATING,” which is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety. 
     The apparatus may include various additional elements as needed for a particular application. In some cases, an edge flow element may be provided proximate the periphery of the substrate, within the cross flow manifold. The edge flow element may be shaped and positioned to promote a high degree of electrolyte flow (e.g., cross flow) near the edges of the substrate. The edge flow element may be ring-shaped or arc-shaped in certain embodiments, and may be azimuthally uniform or non-uniform. Edge flow elements are further discussed in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/924,124, filed Oct. 27, 2015, and titled “EDGE FLOW ELEMENT FOR ELECTROPLATING APPARATUS,” which is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety. 
     In some cases, the apparatus may include a sealing member for temporarily sealing the cross flow manifold. The sealing member may be ring-shaped or arc-shaped, and may be positioned proximate the edges of the cross flow manifold. A ring-shaped sealing member may seal the entire cross flow manifold, while an arc-shaped sealing member may seal a portion of the cross flow manifold (in some cases leaving the side outlet open). During electroplating, the sealing member may be repeatedly engaged and disengaged to seal and unseal the cross flow manifold. The sealing member may be engaged and disengaged by moving the substrate holder, ionically resistive element, front side insert, or other portion of the apparatus that engages with the sealing member. Sealing members and methods of modulating cross flow are further discussed in the following U.S. Patent Applications, each of which is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety: U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/225,716, filed Aug. 1, 2016, and titled “DYNAMIC MODULATION OF CROSS FLOW MANIFOLD DURING ELECTROPLATING”; and U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/161,081, filed May 20, 2016, and titled “DYNAMIC MODULATION OF CROSS FLOW MANIFOLD DURING ELECTROPLATING.” 
     In various embodiments, one or more electrolyte jet may be provided to deliver additional electrolyte above the ionically resistive element. The electrolyte jet may deliver electrolyte proximate a periphery of the substrate, or at a location that is closer to the center of the substrate, or both. The electrolyte jet may be oriented in any position, and may deliver cross flowing electrolyte, impinging electrolyte, or a combination thereof. Electrolyte jets are further described in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/455,011, filed Mar. 9, 2017, and titled “ELECTROPLATING APPARATUS AND METHODS UTILIZING INDEPENDENT CONTROL OF IMPINGING ELECTROLYTE,” which is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety. 
     One advantage of the apparatus shown in  FIGS. 1A and 1B  is that it establishes two different types of flow over the substrate surface. Electrolyte that travels up through the ionically resistive element  107  impinges upon the surface of the substrate, and electrolyte that cross-flows through the cross flow manifold  110  shears over the surface of the substrate. These two flows combine to provide high quality plating results. However, it has been found that under certain conditions, the cross flowing electrolyte effectively swamps out the effect of the impinging electrolyte. This may be a result of relatively high cross flow within the cross flow manifold  110 , as compared to the flow of electrolyte into the ionically resistive element manifold  111  and through the ionically resistive element  107 . 
     One technique to combat this problem involves delivering electrolyte to different portions of the apparatus at different times, thereby establishing different flows over the substrate at different times over the course of plating the substrate. For instance, the apparatus may periodically or intermittently switch between (a) a first flow pattern that delivers cross flowing electrolyte to the substrate surface, e.g., with electrolyte primarily originating from the side inlet  113 , and (b) a second flow pattern that delivers impinging electrolyte to the substrate surface, e.g., with electrolyte primarily originating from the ionically resistive element manifold  111  and traveling through the ionically resistive element  107 . Each flow pattern may provide some degree of cross flowing electrolyte, as well as some degree of impinging electrolyte. However, when considering the combined electrolyte flow delivered through the side inlet  113  and through the ionically resistive element  107  from the ionically resistive element manifold  111 , the first flow pattern has a higher proportion of the flow being delivered through the side inlet  113 , while the second flow pattern has a higher proportion of the flow being delivered from the ionically resistive element manifold  111 . 
     In some cases, the different flow patterns may be used to achieve a desired composition in the electrodeposited material. The degree of electrolyte convection can affect the degree to which certain metals are incorporated into the electrodeposited material. For instance, silver can be incorporated in electrodeposited material (e.g., copper-silver or tin-silver alloys) more easily where there is a relatively high degree of convection. As such, the methods described herein may be used in applications where it is desired to incorporate and maintain a relatively high amount of silver in the deposited material. In these or other cases, the different flow patterns may be used to provide hydrodynamic conditions that are tailored based on the shape of the feature at any given time during electroplating. For instance, one flow pattern or set of flow patterns may be used when the feature has a high aspect ratio, and another flow pattern or set of flow patterns may be used when the feature is more filled, and thus has a lower aspect ratio. In some embodiments, the flow patterns may be chosen to achieve a relatively uniform composition (e.g., degree of silver (or other metal)) in the deposited material over the course of deposition (e.g., such that material deposited deep into the feature has a composition that is uniform with later-deposited material that is shallower in the feature). Examples are described below. 
       FIGS. 2A-2C  illustrate modeling results showing different flow patterns that can be achieved in the cross flow manifold  110  near the surface of the substrate  102 . The substrate  102  includes features  119  formed therein. The features  119  are recessed into the surface of the substrate  102 . The arrows represent fluid velocity vectors.  FIG. 2A  depicts the flow pattern achieved when electrolyte is delivered to the cross flow manifold  110  from the ionically resistive element manifold  111 , through the ionically resistive element  107 , with little or no electrolyte being delivered through the side inlet  113 . In this case, there is substantial electrolyte flow impinging on the surface of the substrate. By contrast,  FIG. 2C  depicts the flow pattern achieved when electrolyte is delivered to the cross flow manifold  110  from the side inlet  113 , with little or no electrolyte being delivered through the ionically resistive element manifold  111 /ionically resistive element  107 . In this case, there is substantial electrolyte cross flow over the surface of the substrate, with essentially no impinging flow.  FIG. 2B  depicts the flow pattern achieved when electrolyte is delivered to the cross flow manifold  110  through both the side inlet  113  and through the ionically resistive element manifold  111 /ionically resistive element  107 . In various embodiments, it is advantageous to utilize two or more of the flow patterns in  FIGS. 2A-2C  over the course of electroplating a single substrate. 
       FIG. 3A  illustrates an electroplating apparatus similar to the one shown in  FIGS. 1A and 1B , and for the sake of brevity only the differences will be discussed. In  FIG. 3A , the apparatus includes a three way valve  120  that affects how electrolyte is delivered within the apparatus. The three way valve  120  includes at least valves  120   a  and  120   b . When valve  120   a  is open, electrolyte passes from catholyte inlet  118 , through valve  120   a , through the side inlet  113 , through the cross flow manifold  110  (where the electrolyte flows over the surface of the substrate in a shearing manner), out the side outlet  114 , and over weir wall  109 . When valve  120   b  is open, electrolyte passes from catholyte inlet  118 , through valve  120   b , through the irrigation flute  116 , into the ionically resistive element manifold  111 , through the ionically resistive element  107 , into the cross flow manifold  110  (where the electrolyte impinges upon the surface of the substrate), out the side outlet  114 , and over weir wall  109 . Valves  120   a  and  120   b  may be controlled independently or in tandem. 
       FIG. 3B  shows the general flow pattern achieved within the cross flow manifold  110  when valve  120   a  is open and valve  120   b  is closed. When this is the case, the electrolyte flow at the substrate surface is primarily cross flowing electrolyte. There is relatively little impinging flow on the substrate surface, because little or no electrolyte is being delivered to the ionically resistive element manifold  111  and through the ionically resistive element  107 . By contrast,  FIG. 3C  shows the flow pattern achieved when valve  120   a  is closed and valve  120   b  is open. When this is the case, the electrolyte flow at the substrate surface is primarily impinging electrolyte. There is relatively little cross flow on the substrate surface, because little or no electrolyte is being delivered through the side inlet  113 . 
     In various implementations, the three way valve  120  is operated during electroplating to establish different flow patterns over the course of plating a single substrate. In one example, the three way valve  120  is operated to cyclically change between the flow pattern shown in  FIG. 3B  and the flow pattern shown in  FIG. 3C , during at least a portion of the electroplating process. In this case, valve  120   a  is open when valve  120   b  is closed, and vice versa. In another embodiment, valve  120   a  remains open over the course of electroplating, while valve  120   b  opens and closes over the course of electroplating. In another embodiment, valve  120   b  remains open over the course of electroplating, while valve  120   a  opens and closes over the course of electroplating. In another embodiment, valve  120   a  and valve  120   b  each remain open over the course of electroplating, with one or both of the valves partially closing and re-opening over the course of electroplating. Partially closing a valve reduces, but does not stop, the flow of electrolyte through the valve. 
     Table 1 provides various examples of different types of flow patterns that can be established by controlling valves  120   a  and  120   b . Generally, the degree of cross flow is determined by the position of valve  120   a , which controls the flow of electrolyte delivered to the side inlet  113 . The degree of impinging flow is determined by (a) the position of the valve  120   b , which controls the flow of electrolyte delivered to the irrigation flute  116 , and also by (b) the position of the valve  120   a . The degree of impinging flow is affected by the position of valve  120   a  because a high degree of cross flowing electrolyte delivered through the side inlet  113  can act to swamp out the impinging electrolyte delivered through the ionically resistive element  107 . Conversely, a high degree of cross flow can be maintained even where there is substantial impinging flow. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
               
             
               
                 TABLE 1 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Flow 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Pattern 
                 Valve 120a 
                 Valve 120b 
                 Description 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                 1 
                 Fully Open 
                 Closed 
                 High cross flow with little or no 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 impinging flow 
               
               
                 2 
                 Partly Open 
                 Closed 
                 Moderate cross flow with little 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 or no impinging flow 
               
               
                 3 
                 Fully Open 
                 Partly Open 
                 High cross flow with low 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 impinging flow 
               
               
                 4 
                 Partly Open 
                 Partly Open 
                 Moderate cross flow with 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 low impinging flow 
               
               
                 5 
                 Closed 
                 Partly Open 
                 Little or no cross flow with 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 moderate impinging flow 
               
               
                 6 
                 Fully Open 
                 Fully Open 
                 High cross flow with moderate 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 impinging flow 
               
               
                 7 
                 Partly Open 
                 Fully Open 
                 Moderate cross flow with 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 moderate impinging flow 
               
               
                 8 
                 Closed 
                 Fully Open 
                 Little or no cross flow with high 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 impinging flow 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     The three way valve  120  may be operated during electroplating to periodically or intermittently switch between any two or more of the flow patterns described herein. 
       FIG. 4A  illustrates an electroplating apparatus similar to the one shown in  FIG. 3A , and for the sake of brevity only the differences will be discussed. The apparatus of  FIG. 4A  includes an electrolyte conduit  122  that delivers electrolyte to a plurality of electrolyte jets  125  that are formed in the ribs  115  of the ionically resistive element  107 . While the ribs  115  shown in  FIG. 4A  are wider and farther apart compared to those in  FIG. 3A , this is done for the sake of illustrating the electrolyte jets  125 . In another embodiment, electrolyte jets  125  may be formed in ribs  115  that are thinner and closer together, similar to those shown in  FIG. 3A . 
     In  FIG. 4A , the electrolyte conduit  122  is formed in the membrane frame  106  and in the ionically resistive element  107 . The electrolyte conduit  122  is in fluid communication with fluid junction  123 . Fluid junction  123  receives electrolyte when valve  120   b  is open. In some cases, fluid junction  123  includes its own valve (e.g., a three way valve, not shown) similar to valve  120 . In other cases, this valve may be omitted, as shown in  FIG. 4A . When a valve is included at fluid junction  123 , it can be used to independently control delivery of electrolyte to the electrolyte conduit  122  and to the irrigation flute  116 . 
     The electrolyte jets  125  deliver impinging electrolyte to the surface of the substrate. One advantage of the electrolyte jets  125  is that they deliver electrolyte very close to the substrate surface, due to the proximity of the top surface of the ribs  115  to the surface of the substrate  102 . In this example, the electrolyte jets  125  deliver electrolyte significantly closer to the surface of the substrate compared to the other openings in the ionically resistive element (e.g., openings on the non-raised/non-ribbed planar portion of the ionically resistive element  107 ). As a result, it is easier to ensure that impinging electrolyte reaches the surface of the substrate  102 , without being overcome/swamped out by cross flowing electrolyte in the cross flow manifold  110 . 
     Another advantage of providing electrolyte jets  125  as shown in  FIG. 4A  is that the electrolyte jets  125  deliver electrolyte that is electrically isolated from the anode  104 . By contrast, electrolyte originating from the ionically resistive element manifold  111 , delivered through the ionically resistive element  107 , is in electrical communication with the anode  104 . By including electrolyte jets  125  that deliver electrolyte that is electrically isolated from the anode, the electrolyte flow and current distribution within the apparatus can each be optimized. Similarly, the inclusion of a valve at an appropriate location (e.g., a location that affects delivery of electrolyte to both the electrolyte conduit  122  and to the ionically resistive element manifold  111 , e.g., at fluid junction  123 ) enables fine control over the degree and timing of electrolyte flow and current distribution at the surface of the substrate over the course of electroplating. 
       FIGS. 4B-4D  illustrate close-up perspective views of ionically resistive elements  107  having linear ribs  115  formed thereon, where the ribs  115  are adapted to form electrolyte jets  125 . In each case, the ionically resistive element  107  includes two types of openings: (1) through-holes  126  and (2) electrolyte jets  125 . The through-holes  126  allow electrolyte to travel from the ionically resistive element manifold  111 , through the ionically resistive element  107 , into the cross flow manifold  110 . The through-holes  126  may also be referred to as channels or pores. The through-holes  126  provide electrolyte that is in electrical communication with the anode  104 , while the electrolyte jets  125  provide electrolyte that is not in electrical communication with the anode  104 . In  FIG. 4B , the electrolyte is delivered through the electrolyte jets  125 , but not through the through-holes  126 . This can be accomplished by ensuring that valve  120   b  is open, while a valve (not shown) at fluid junction  123  allows electrolyte to pass into the electrolyte conduit  122 , but not into irrigation flute  116 . As a result, the electrolyte delivered into the cross flow manifold  110  is substantially electrically isolated from the anode  104  (although it is understood that some electrolyte in electrical communication with the anode  104  may leak through the ionically resistive element  107  into the cross flow manifold  110 , even when electrolyte is not actively delivered to the ionically resistive element manifold  111 ). In  FIG. 4C , the electrolyte is delivered through through-holes  126 , but not through electrolyte jets  125 . This can be accomplished by ensuring that valve  120   b  is open, while the valve (not shown) at fluid junction  123  allows electrolyte to pass into the irrigation flute  116 , but not into electrolyte conduit  122 . In  FIG. 4D , electrolyte is delivered into the cross flow manifold  110  through both the electrolyte jets  125  and the through-holes  126 . This can be accomplished by ensuring that valve  120   b  is open, and either (a) no valve is provided at fluid junction  123 , or (b) a valve (not shown) at fluid junction  123  is open to allow electrolyte to pass into both electrolyte conduit  122  and irrigation flute  116 . 
       FIGS. 4E-4G  illustrate cross-sectional views of ionically resistive elements  107  as shown in  FIGS. 4A-4D .  FIG. 4E  depicts the flow of electrolyte through the electrolyte jets  125 , similar to  FIG. 4B .  FIG. 4F  shows the flow of electrolyte through the through-holes  126 , similar to  FIG. 4C .  FIG. 4G  shows the flow of electrolyte through both the electrolyte jets  125  and the through-holes  126 , similar to  FIG. 4D .  FIG. 4H  illustrates the flow of electrolyte through the cross flow manifold  110  where the electrolyte flow originates as cross flow from the side inlet  113 . It is understood that these flows may be combined as desired for a particular application. 
       FIG. 4I  illustrates a close-up top-down view of a portion of an ionically resistive element  107  as shown in  FIGS. 4A-4H . The electrolyte jets  125  are provided on ribs  115 , and through-holes  126  are provided on the non-ribbed planar portion of the ionically resistive element  107 . 
       FIG. 4J  depicts a close-up cross-sectional view of an ionically resistive element  107  as described in relation to  FIGS. 4A-4I . In this figure, chamber  128  is visible. Chamber  128  stretches along the length of the ionically resistive element  107 , parallel with the ribs  115 . In  FIG. 4J , chamber  128  extends into/out of the page. The chamber  128  may be fed by (or integral with) electrolyte conduit  122  or another source of electrolyte which is electrically isolated from the anode  104 . The chamber  128  delivers electrolyte to the electrolyte jets  125 . In one example, the chamber  128  may be formed by drilling, in which case floor  129  may be attached after drilling. In another example, the ionically resistive element  107  may be formed through  3 D printing techniques, in which case there is no need to drill chamber  128 . 
       FIGS. 4K-4M  depict top-down views of ribs  115  having differently shaped electrolyte jets  125  formed therein, as described in relation to  FIGS. 4A-4J . In  FIG. 4K , the electrolyte jets  125  are circular openings. In  FIG. 4L , the electrolyte jets  125  are ovular openings, with the longest dimension of the oval being parallel with the length/longest dimension of the rib  115 . In  FIG. 4M , the electrolyte jets  125  are rectangular openings, with the longest dimension of the rectangle being parallel with the length/longest dimension of the rib  115 . Other opening shapes and sizes may also be used for the electrolyte jet  125 . 
       FIGS. 4N and 4O  depict top down ( FIG. 4N ) and cross-sectional ( FIG. 4O ) views of an ionically resistive element  107  having ribs  115  that include electrolyte jets  125 . These figures depict how electrolyte is delivered to and within the ribs/electrolyte jets according to certain embodiments. For the sake of clarity, the through-holes extending through the thickness of the ionically resistive element  107  (which deliver electrolyte from the ionically resistive element manifold, through the ionically resistive element, into the cross flow manifold) are omitted. In this example, each rib  115  includes a chamber  128  that extends along the length of the rib  115 . A similar chamber  128  is shown extending into/out of the page in  FIG. 4J . The chamber  128  delivers electrolyte to the plurality of electrolyte jets  125 . In  FIGS. 4N and 4O , the chamber  128  in each rib  115  is fed electrolyte from first electrolyte jet inlets  130   a  and second electrolyte jet inlets  130   b . The first and second electrolyte jet inlets  130   a  and  130   b  are positioned on opposite ends of the ribs  115 . In a similar embodiment, one set of the electrolyte jet inlets  130   a  or  130   b  may be replaced with electrolyte jet outlets that receive excess electrolyte flowing in the ribs  115  and deliver it to another channel or region within the electroplating apparatus (e.g., to a channel that receives the excess electrolyte and immediately removes it from the plating chamber, or to the ionically resistive element manifold, or to the cross flow manifold, etc.). The various electrolyte jet inlets  130   a  and  130   b  may be fed from one or more common electrolyte jet inlet manifolds (not shown) similar to a manifold that feeds various individual inlets in the side inlet  113 . The electrolyte jet outlets, where used, may similarly feed to a connected manifold. The electrolyte jet inlet (and outlet) manifolds may be formed in the ionically resistive element  107 , or in another component such as a membrane frame, a front side insert, a back side insert, or another piece of hardware positioned near the periphery of the ionically resistive element  107 . 
     Various figures herein illustrate an ionically resistive element  107  having ribs  115  thereon, where the ribs are oriented such that their longest dimension (e.g., their length) is perpendicular to the direction of cross flowing electrolyte (e.g., perpendicular to the direction between the side inlet  113  and side outlet  114 ).  FIG. 5A  shows a top-down view of an ionically resistive element  107  with ribs  115  oriented in this manner. In some cases, the ribs  115  may be oriented differently. In the example shown in  FIG. 5B , the ribs  115  are oriented parallel to the direction of cross flowing electrolyte. One advantage of the orientation shown in  FIG. 5A  is that the electrolyte must pass over each of the ribs  115  as it travels from the side inlet  113  to the side outlet  114 . This achieves a high rate of electrolyte cross flow in the area above each rib  115 . One advantage of the orientation shown in  FIG. 5B  is that the cross flow is unobstructed in the channels formed between adjacent ribs  115 . Impinging flow can be delivered through electrolyte jets  125  (not shown in  FIG. 5A or 5B ) formed in the ribs  115 . As a substrate is rotated, each portion of the substrate experiences cyclic exposure to (a) cross-flowing electrolyte (e.g., when above/proximate a channel formed between adjacent ribs  115 ), and (b) impinging electrolyte (e.g., when above/proximate a rib  115 ). This cyclic exposure is particularly pronounced when the ribs  115  are aligned with the direction of cross flow. Any of the embodiments described herein can be modified such that the ribs are oriented as shown in  FIG. 5A . 
     Where an electrolyte conduit  122 /electrolyte jet  125  are provided in combination with a valve that controls fluid delivery to the electrolyte conduit  122  and to the ionically resistive element manifold  111  (e.g., a valve at fluid junction  123 ), the number of flow patterns that can be achieved in the apparatus is substantially increased. With reference to Table 1, each of the flow patterns shown in the table can be achieved, e.g., by ensuring that the valve at fluid junction  123  allows delivery of electrolyte to the irrigation flute  116 , but not to the electrolyte conduit  122 . In addition, each flow pattern shown in the table can be modified to provide different flow patterns by (a) ensuring that the valve at fluid junction  123  allows delivery of electrolyte into electrolyte conduit  122 , but not to irrigation flute  116 ; (b) ensuring that the valve at fluid junction  123  (if present) allows delivery of electrolyte into electrolyte conduit  122  and into irrigation flute  116 ; (c) partially opening the valve at fluid junction  123  to allow a reduced flow into either the electrolyte conduit  122  and/or irrigation flute  116 , etc. Many different flow patterns and combinations of flow patterns can be used. 
     While  FIGS. 3A and 4A  illustrate valve  120  at a particular location within the electroplating apparatus, it is understood that such a valve may be provided at another location, so long as the valve is able to control the flow of electrolyte both above the ionically resistive element (e.g., through the side inlet  113 ) and below the ionically resistive element (e.g., into the ionically resistive element manifold  111 , in some cases through the irrigation flute  116 ). Typically, the valve that controls these flows is located remote from the interior of the plating chamber. The location of valve  120  shown in  FIGS. 3A and 4A  is particularly useful because it is near both the side inlet  113  and the ionically resistive element manifold  111 . As such, when the settings are changed on valve  120  (or a valve positioned at fluid junction  123 , which is similarly near the relevant electrolyte flows), the electrolyte flows within the apparatus change very quickly. In cases where a relevant valve is positioned at a location that is farther away from the relevant portions of the apparatus, the electrolyte flows may respond more slowly to changes in the valve settings. 
     In some embodiments, it may be beneficial to favor one flow pattern or combination of flow patterns near the beginning of plating, and another flow pattern or combination of flow patterns near the end of plating. For example, recessed features having high aspect ratios may fill better under conditions where the electrolyte flow is dominated by cross flow, while recessed features having low aspect ratios may fill better under conditions where there is relatively greater impinging flow (e.g., such that the electrolyte flow is less dominated by cross flow). For at least these reasons, the optimal electrolyte flow pattern may change over the course of plating as the shape of the feature changes. 
     In various examples, a substrate having high aspect ratio features formed therein is plated under two different plating regimes. Each plating regime may utilize one or more flow patterns described herein. During the first plating regime (e.g., toward the beginning of plating), one or more flow patterns are used, at least one of which provides a relatively high degree of cross flowing electrolyte. During the second plating regime (e.g., toward the end of plating), one or more flow patterns are used, at least one of which provides a relatively lower degree of cross flowing electrolyte and/or a relatively greater degree of impinging electrolyte (as compared to the flow patterns used in the first flow regime). 
       FIG. 7A  presents a flowchart for a method of electroplating a substrate. The method begins at operation  701 , where a substrate is immersed in electrolyte in an electroplating apparatus. The electroplating apparatus may be as shown in  FIG. 3A or 4A  in various embodiments. Next, at operation  703 , material is electroplated onto the substrate while flowing electrolyte according to a first flow pattern. The flow pattern is determined by the geometry of the electroplating apparatus and the various valve and pump settings that control delivery of electrolyte to the electroplating apparatus. With reference to  FIGS. 3A and 4A , the settings related to valve  120  and the settings related to a valve at fluid junction  123  (if present), are particularly relevant. After electroplating the material onto the substrate using the first flow pattern, the method continues at operation  705 , where the valve settings are altered and material is electroplated onto the substrate while flowing electrolyte according to a second flow pattern. The second flow pattern is different from the first flow pattern due to the changed valve settings. Both the first flow pattern and the second flow pattern can be any flow pattern described herein, with electrolyte being delivered from the catholyte inlet  118  to any one or more of (a) the side inlet  113 , (b) the ionically resistive element manifold  111 , e.g., through irrigation flute  116 , and (c) the electrolyte conduit  122 /electrolyte jets  125 . Increasing and/or decreasing any of these flows will change the flow pattern within the electroplating apparatus. In one example, the second flow pattern establishes a relatively greater degree of impinging flow at the substrate surface, and/or a relatively lower degree of cross flow at the substrate surface, compared to the first flow pattern. However, many combinations of flow patterns are possible. Next, at operation  707 , the substrate is removed from electrolyte. 
     In a similar example, operations  703  and  705  may be cycled such that the first and second flow patterns are cyclically established in the electroplating apparatus during electroplating. In another example, additional flow patterns (e.g., a third flow pattern, a fourth flow pattern, etc.) may be established after operation  705  and before operation  707 . 
       FIG. 7B  presents another flowchart for a method of electroplating a substrate. In this example, two different plating regimes are used. During each plating regime, one or more flow patterns may be established within the electroplating apparatus. Where two or more flow patterns are used during a single plating regime, the flow patterns may be cycled together during the plating regime. The method begins at operation  701 , where the substrate is immersed in electrolyte. Next, at operation  711  material is electroplated onto the substrate while flowing electrolyte according to a first plating regime. In order to accomplish operation  711 , a number of steps may be taken. First, at step  712  the valve settings are set or altered to establish the first flow pattern. With reference to  FIGS. 3A and 4A , the settings related to valve  120  and the settings related to a valve at fluid junction  123  (if present), are particularly relevant. Next, at step  714  it is determined whether flow pattern cycling is desired during the first plating regime. If no cycling is desired, the method continues with step  716 , where the first flow pattern is maintained until the end of the first plating regime. In cases where cycling is desired, the method continues with operation  718 , where the valve settings are altered to establish a second flow pattern. The first and second flow patterns are cycled together (e.g., by cycling the valve settings as needed) until the end of the first plating regime. 
     After the first plating regime is complete, the method continues at operation  719  by electroplating material onto the substrate while flowing electrolyte according to a second plating regime. In order to accomplish the second plating regime, a number of steps may be taken, similar to the first plating regime. At step  722 , the valve settings are altered to establish a third flow pattern. At step  724 , it is determined whether flow pattern cycling is desired during the second plating regime. If no cycling is desired, the method continues with step  726 , where the third flow pattern is maintained until the end of the second plating regime. In cases where cycling is desired, the method continues with operation  728 , where the valve settings are altered to establish a fourth flow pattern. The third and fourth flow patterns are cycled together (e.g., by cycling the valve settings as needed) until the end of the second plating regime. Next, at operation  707  the substrate is removed from the electrolyte. 
     While  FIG. 7B  shows only two plating regimes, any number of plating regimes may be used. Similarly, while  FIG. 7B  only shows up to two flow patterns during each plating regime, any number of flow patterns may be used during a single plating regime. 
     In cases where two or more flow patterns are used during a single plating regime, the flow patterns may switch repeatedly to cycle through the relevant flow patterns multiple times, as indicated by the arrows linking step  718  to step  712 , and linking step  728  to step  722 . In cases where the flow patterns are cycled within a single plating regime, the frequency at which the flow patterns are changed (e.g., the frequency at which one or more valves controlling the flow patterns are switched) may be between about 0.5-2 times per second, or between about 0.1-10 times per second. The duration spent in each flow pattern (e.g., the duration spent at each relevant set of valve settings) may be uniform or non-uniform, and may increase or decrease over time within a particular plating regime or between different plating regimes. In one example where a substrate is plated under a first plating regime that utilizes a first flow pattern, and then under a second plating regime that switches between a second flow pattern and a third flow pattern, the duration spent in each iteration of the second flow pattern may be shorter, longer, or the same duration spent in each iteration of the third flow pattern. The time at which one plating regime switches to another plating regime may be selected based on various characteristics including, but not limited to, the instant aspect ratio of the feature, the instant depth of the feature, the amount of charge or charge density passed to the substrate, etc. For instance, the process may switch from one plating regime to another when a threshold aspect ratio is reached, when a threshold feature depth is reached, when a threshold amount of charge or charge density is reached, etc. In one example, a first plating regime that provides relatively greater cross flow switches to a second plating regime that provides relatively greater impinging flow when the features on the substrate reach a threshold aspect ratio. 
     A particular example is described with reference to  FIG. 3A . In this example, the substrate  102  is plated under two different plating regimes. During the first plating regime toward the beginning of plating, the valve  120   a  is fully open such that a high degree of cross flow is achieved. The valve  120   b  controlling delivery of electrolyte to the ionically resistive element manifold  111  through the irrigation flute  116  may be fully open, partly open, or closed. The high degree of cross flow helps fill the high aspect ratio features on the substrate  102 . As the features are filled, their aspect ratio decreases, and it may be desirable to provide a greater degree of impinging flow. Thus, during the second plating regime toward the end of plating, the valve  120  is controlled to achieve a moderate or high degree of impinging flow, either constantly or periodically. For instance, during the second plating regime, the valve  120  may be controlled to achieve flow pattern  5  or  8  from Table 1 such that there is little or no cross flow and a moderate or high degree of impinging flow. In another example, during the second plating regime the valve  120  may be controlled to switch between (a) flow pattern  5  or  8  and (b) any of flow patterns  1 - 8 . In another example, the apparatus of  FIG. 4A  is used, and at least one flow pattern achieved during the second plating regime involves delivering electrolyte through the electrolyte jets  125 . 
     Electroplating Systems 
     The methods described herein may be performed by any suitable system/apparatus. A suitable apparatus includes hardware for accomplishing the process operations and a system controller having instructions for controlling process operations in accordance with the present embodiments. For example, in some embodiments, the hardware may include one or more process stations included in a process tool. 
       FIG. 6  shows a schematic of a top view of an example electrodeposition apparatus. The electrodeposition apparatus  600  can include three separate electroplating modules  602 ,  604 , and  606 . The electrodeposition apparatus  600  can also include three separate modules  612 ,  614 , and  616  configured for various process operations. For example, in some embodiments, one or more of modules  612 ,  614 , and  616  may be a spin rinse drying (SRD) module. In other embodiments, one or more of the modules  612 ,  614 , and  616  may be post-electrofill modules (PEMs), each configured to perform a function, such as edge bevel removal, backside etching, and acid cleaning of substrates after they have been processed by one of the electroplating modules  602 ,  604 , and  606 . 
     The electrodeposition apparatus  600  includes a central electrodeposition chamber  624 . The central electrodeposition chamber  624  is a chamber that holds the chemical solution used as the electroplating solution in the electroplating modules  602 ,  604 , and  606 . The electrodeposition apparatus  600  also includes a dosing system  626  that may store and deliver additives for the electroplating solution. A chemical dilution module  622  may store and mix chemicals to be used as an etchant. A filtration and pumping unit  628  may filter the electroplating solution for the central electrodeposition chamber  624  and pump it to the electroplating modules. 
     A system controller  630  provides electronic and interface controls required to operate the electrodeposition apparatus  600 . The system controller  630  (which may include one or more physical or logical controllers) controls some or all of the properties of the electroplating apparatus  600 . 
     Signals for monitoring the process may be provided by analog and/or digital input connections of the system controller  630  from various process tool sensors. The signals for controlling the process may be output on the analog and digital output connections of the process tool. Non-limiting examples of process tool sensors that may be monitored include mass flow controllers, pressure sensors (such as manometers), thermocouples, optical position sensors, etc. Appropriately programmed feedback and control algorithms may be used with data from these sensors to maintain process conditions. 
     A hand-off tool  640  may select a substrate from a substrate cassette such as the cassette  642  or the cassette  644 . The cassettes  642  or  644  may be front opening unified pods (FOUPs). A FOUP is an enclosure designed to hold substrates securely and safely in a controlled environment and to allow the substrates to be removed for processing or measurement by tools equipped with appropriate load ports and robotic handling systems. The hand-off tool  640  may hold the substrate using a vacuum attachment or some other attaching mechanism. 
     The hand-off tool  640  may interface with a wafer handling station  632 , the cassettes  642  or  644 , a transfer station  650 , or an aligner  648 . From the transfer station  650 , a hand-off tool  646  may gain access to the substrate. The transfer station  650  may be a slot or a position from and to which hand-off tools  640  and  646  may pass substrates without going through the aligner  648 . In some embodiments, however, to ensure that a substrate is properly aligned on the hand-off tool  646  for precision delivery to an electroplating module, the hand-off tool  646  may align the substrate with an aligner  648 . The hand-off tool  646  may also deliver a substrate to one of the electroplating modules  602 ,  604 , or  606  or to one of the three separate modules  612 ,  614 , and  616  configured for various process operations. 
     An example of a process operation according to the methods described above may proceed as follows: (1) electrodeposit copper or another material onto a substrate in the electroplating module  604 ; (2) rinse and dry the substrate in SRD in module  612 ; and, (3) perform edge bevel removal in module  614 . 
     An apparatus configured to allow efficient cycling of substrates through sequential plating, rinsing, drying, and PEM process operations may be useful for implementations for use in a manufacturing environment. To accomplish this, the module  612  can be configured as a spin rinse dryer and an edge bevel removal chamber. With such a module  612 , the substrate would only need to be transported between the electroplating module  604  and the module  612  for the copper plating and EBR operations. In some embodiments the methods described herein will be implemented in a system which comprises an electroplating apparatus and a stepper. 
     System Controller 
     In some implementations, a controller is part of a system, which may be part of the above-described examples. Such systems can comprise semiconductor processing equipment, including a processing tool or tools, chamber or chambers, a platform or platforms for processing, and/or specific processing components (a wafer pedestal, a gas flow system, etc.). These systems may be integrated with electronics for controlling their operation before, during, and after processing of a semiconductor wafer or substrate. The electronics may be referred to as the “controller,” which may control various components or subparts of the system or systems. The controller, depending on the processing requirements and/or the type of system, may be programmed to control any of the processes disclosed herein, including the delivery of processing gases, temperature settings (e.g., heating and/or cooling), pressure settings, vacuum settings, power settings, radio frequency (RF) generator settings, RF matching circuit settings, frequency settings, flow rate settings, fluid delivery settings, positional and operation settings, wafer transfers into and out of a tool and other transfer tools and/or load locks connected to or interfaced with a specific system. 
     Broadly speaking, the controller may be defined as electronics having various integrated circuits, logic, memory, and/or software that receive instructions, issue instructions, control operation, enable cleaning operations, enable endpoint measurements, and the like. The integrated circuits may include chips in the form of firmware that store program instructions, digital signal processors (DSPs), chips defined as application specific integrated circuits (ASICs), and/or one or more microprocessors, or microcontrollers that execute program instructions (e.g., software). Program instructions may be instructions communicated to the controller in the form of various individual settings (or program files), defining operational parameters for carrying out a particular process on or for a semiconductor wafer or to a system. The operational parameters may, in some embodiments, be part of a recipe defined by process engineers to accomplish one or more processing steps during the fabrication of one or more layers, materials, metals, oxides, silicon, silicon dioxide, surfaces, circuits, and/or dies of a wafer. 
     The controller, in some implementations, may be a part of or coupled to a computer that is integrated with, coupled to the system, otherwise networked to the system, or a combination thereof. For example, the controller may be in the “cloud” or all or a part of a fab host computer system, which can allow for remote access of the wafer processing. The computer may enable remote access to the system to monitor current progress of fabrication operations, examine a history of past fabrication operations, examine trends or performance metrics from a plurality of fabrication operations, to change parameters of current processing, to set processing steps to follow a current processing, or to start a new process. In some examples, a remote computer (e.g. a server) can provide process recipes to a system over a network, which may include a local network or the Internet. The remote computer may include a user interface that enables entry or programming of parameters and/or settings, which are then communicated to the system from the remote computer. In some examples, the controller receives instructions in the form of data, which specify parameters for each of the processing steps to be performed during one or more operations. It should be understood that the parameters may be specific to the type of process to be performed and the type of tool that the controller is configured to interface with or control. Thus as described above, the controller may be distributed, such as by comprising one or more discrete controllers that are networked together and working towards a common purpose, such as the processes and controls described herein. An example of a distributed controller for such purposes would be one or more integrated circuits on a chamber in communication with one or more integrated circuits located remotely (such as at the platform level or as part of a remote computer) that combine to control a process on the chamber. 
     Without limitation, example systems may include a plasma etch chamber or module, a deposition chamber or module, a spin-rinse chamber or module, a metal plating chamber or module, a clean chamber or module, a bevel edge etch chamber or module, a physical vapor deposition (PVD) chamber or module, a chemical vapor deposition (CVD) chamber or module, an atomic layer deposition (ALD) chamber or module, an atomic layer etch (ALE) chamber or module, an ion implantation chamber or module, a track chamber or module, and any other semiconductor processing systems that may be associated or used in the fabrication and/or manufacturing of semiconductor wafers. 
     As noted above, depending on the process step or steps to be performed by the tool, the controller might communicate with one or more of other tool circuits or modules, other tool components, cluster tools, other tool interfaces, adjacent tools, neighboring tools, tools located throughout a factory, a main computer, another controller, or tools used in material transport that bring containers of wafers to and from tool locations and/or load ports in a semiconductor manufacturing factory.