Patent Publication Number: US-2013234128-A1

Title: Organic semiconductor device

Description:
TECHNICAL FIELD 
     The present invention relates to a semiconductor device using an organic semiconductor material. In detail, the present invention relates to a thin-film transistor including an organic semiconductor film, an organic semiconductor device including combination of a plurality of thin-film transistors, an organic semiconductor device array including an array of organic thin-film transistors, a liquid crystal display device, and an organic electroluminescence display device. 
     This application claims priority based on Japanese Patent Application No. 2010-259221 filed Nov. 19, 2010, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference. 
     BACKGROUND ART 
     There have been known thin-film transistors composed of inorganic semiconductor materials, such as silicon-based materials, for example, amorphous silicon and polysilicon, and the like. On the other hand, organic thin-film transistors using organic semiconductor materials have recently attracted attention. Organic thin-film transistors can be generally manufactured even by a simple manufacturing method, for example, a printing method, and reduction in manufacturing cost and manufacture of large-area devices can be easily attempted. Organic semiconductor devices including such organic thin-film transistors are expected to be applied to so-called flexible electronics devices in each of which elements and integrated circuits are formed on a flexible substrate. Examples of the flexible electronics devices include a flexible display, a solar cell, a radio frequency identification (RFID) tags, and the like. 
     The organic thin-film transistors are roughly classified into low-molecular organic thin-film transistors and high-molecular organic thin-film transistors according to the main organic semiconductor materials used. The low-molecular organic thin-film transistors are mainly manufactured by a vacuum deposition method. The high-molecular organic thin-film transistors are mainly manufactured by a printing method. 
     In a thin-film transistor, a drain current Id flowing between source and drain electrodes can be generally represented by formula (1) below. In the formula (1), C ox  represents gate capacitance [F/m 3 ], μ represents electron field-effect mobility [cm 2 /Vs], V g  represents a gate voltage [V], V th  represents a threshold voltage [V], L represents a channel length [μm], and W represents a channel width [μm]. 
     
       
         
           
             
               
                 
                   
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     The electron field-effect mobility μ is a parameter depending on a semiconductor material. The electron field-effect mobility of inorganic thin-film transistors is about 0.3 [cm 2 /Vs] to several hundreds [cm 2 /Vs]. The electron field-effect mobility of organic thin-film transistors is reported to be in a wide range of 10 −3  [cm 2 /Vs] to 1.0 [cm 2 /Vs] or more. Therefore, organic thin-film transistors generally have lower electron field-effect mobility than that of inorganic thin-film transistors and are thus expected to be improved in performance for realizing the flexible electronics devices and the like. In view of an attempt to improve performance of organic thin-film transistors, improvement in characteristics by design of element structures is investigated in combination with improvement in characteristics by development of organic semiconductor materials. In order to increase a drain current by designing an element structure, as seen from the formula (1), it is effective to decrease the channel length L and increase the channel width W. 
     A structure known as a general thin-film transistor structure is a so-called planar-type structure. The planar-type structure includes a semiconductor film held between source and drain electrodes in a direction parallel to a substrate surface, a gate insulating film laminated on the semiconductor film in a direction perpendicular to the substrate surface, and a gate electrode which applies an electric field to the semiconductor film through the gate insulating film. The channel length L in the planar-type structure is restricted by the pattern precision of a manufacturing process, process resistance of organic semiconductors, etc. In these situations, the channel length L in the planar-type structure is generally set to several μm to several tens μm and cannot be easily greatly reduced. In addition, in the planar-type structure, a planar element size increases as the channel width W increases, and thus the channel width W cannot be easily increased while the size of an element is decreased. 
     In contrast to the planar-type structure, a vertical-type structure in which a channel length L can be easily reduced is proposed in, for example, Patent Literatures 1 to 3 etc. The vertical-type structure includes a laminate in which a source electrode, a semiconductor film, and a drain electrode are laminated in a direction perpendicular to a substrate surface, a gate electrode provided at a distance from the laminate in a direction parallel to the substrate surface, and a gate insulating film sandwiched between the laminate and the gate electrode. The vertical-type structure has a channel length L equivalent to the thickness of the semiconductor film, and thus the channel length L can be more easily reduced than in the planar-type structure. 
     Patent Literature 3 employs a structure in which a gate electrode is disposed to circularly surround the periphery of a laminate including a source electrode, a semiconductor film, and a drain electrode which are laminated with each other. In the structure of Patent Literature 3, the peripheral length of the laminate corresponds to the channel width W, and thus the channel width W can be more easily increased than in the planar-type structure. 
     CITATION LIST 
     Patent Literature 
     
         
         PTL 1: Japanese Unexamined Patent Application Publication No. 2003-110110 
         PTL 2: Japanese Unexamined Patent Application Publication No. 2003-31816 
         PTL 3: Japanese Unexamined Patent Application Publication No. 2005-167164 
       
    
     SUMMARY OF INVENTION 
     Technical Problem 
     The vertical-type structure has the following problems. Patent Literatures 1 to 3 disclose a structure in which a source electrode and a drain electrode face each other with an organic semiconductor film disposed therebetween. Therefore, a parasitic capacitance corresponding to the area of the overlapping electrodes increases as the thickness of the organic semiconductor film decreases. Also, in Patent Literatures 1 to 3, as the thickness of the organic semiconductor film decreases, a so-called leakage current or the like flowing between the source electrode and the drain electrode more easily occurs regardless of control of the gate voltage. An increase in the parasitic capacitance and an increase in the leakage current may interfere with application of an organic thin-film transistor to a device or the like. 
     Although the channel width W in the structure of Patent Literature 3 can be easily increased, the yield or the like is likely to be decreased as described below. Patent Literature 3 requires a structure in which wiring is drawn to the outside of the gate electrode because the gate electrode surrounds the periphery of the laminate. That is, one of the wiring from the laminate and the gate electrode crosses over the other, thereby easily causing a failure of disconnection of the electrode or wiring by step difference of an underlying base. 
     The present invention has been achieved in consideration of the above-mentioned situations, and an object of the present invention is to make it easy to shorten the channel length and increase the channel width in an organic thin-film transistor and to improve the yield of the organic thin-film transistor. 
     Solution to Problem 
     According to a first embodiment of the present invention, an organic semiconductor device includes a laminate provided in a predetermined region of a substrate and including a first electrode, an organic semiconductor film, and a second electrode which are laminated with each other so that the organic semiconductor film is placed between the first electrode and the second electrode, a first wiring portion provided in a region adjacent to a portion of the periphery of the predetermined region so as to be electrically connected to the first electrode, a second wiring portion provided in the adjacent region so as to be electrically connected to the second electrode, a gate electrode extending to be bent along the periphery of the predetermined region excluding the adjacent region, and a gate insulating film provided between at least the laminate and the gate electrode. 
     In the organic semiconductor device according to the first embodiment, the area of the first electrode may be different from the area of the second electrode. 
     In the organic semiconductor device according to the first embodiment, the area of a portion of the first electrode which overlaps the organic semiconductor film in the lamination direction of the laminate may be different from the area of a portion of the second electrode which overlaps the organic semiconductor film in the lamination direction of the laminate. 
     In the organic semiconductor device according to the first embodiment, the organic semiconductor film may be made of an n-type semiconductor material or a p-type semiconductor material. 
     The organic semiconductor device according to the first embodiment may include the organic semiconductor film partially formed as a first organic semiconductor film on the first electrode, the second electrode formed on the first organic semiconductor film, a second organic semiconductor film provided on the first electrode within a region different from the first organic semiconductor film, a third electrode provided on the second organic semiconductor film, and a third wiring portion provided in the adjacent region so as to be electrically connected to the third electrode, wherein one of the first organic semiconductor film and the second organic semiconductor film may be made of an n-type semiconductor material, and the other may be made of a p-type semiconductor material. 
     In the organic semiconductor device according to the first embodiment, the organic semiconductor film contains a plurality of organic molecules which are chemically bonded to each other in association with molecular axis alignment due to development of π-conjugation in a direction from one of a pair of the electrodes laminated with the organic semiconductor film to the other. 
     In the organic semiconductor device according to the first embodiment, the predetermined region has a substantially rectangular shape, and the gate electrode may be provided to surround three sides of the predetermined region without surrounding at least a portion of one side except the three sides of the predetermined region. 
     According to a second embodiment of the present invention, an organic semiconductor device array includes an array of a plurality of organic semiconductor devices according to the first embodiment. 
     According to a third embodiment of the present invention, a liquid crystal display device includes at least one of the organic semiconductor device according to the first embodiment and the organic semiconductor device array according to the second embodiment. 
     According to a fourth embodiment of the present invention, an organic electroluminescence display device includes at least one of the organic semiconductor device according to the first embodiment and the organic semiconductor device array according to the second embodiment. 
     Advantageous Effects of Invention 
     According to the present invention, it is possible to easily shorten the channel length and increase the channel width in an organic thin-film transistor and to improve the yield of the organic thin-film transistor. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS 
         FIG. 1  is a plan view of an organic semiconductor device according to a first embodiment. 
         FIG. 2  is a cross-sectional view take along line A-A′ in  FIG. 1 . 
         FIG. 3  is a cross-sectional view take along line B-B′ in  FIG. 1 . 
         FIG. 4  is a cross-sectional view take along line C-C′ in  FIG. 1 . 
         FIG. 5  is a plan view and cross sectional view showing manufacturing steps of a method for manufacturing the organic semiconductor device according to the first embodiment. 
         FIG. 6  is a plan view and cross sectional view showing manufacturing steps subsequent to  FIG. 5 . 
         FIG. 7  is a plan view and cross sectional view showing manufacturing steps subsequent to  FIG. 6 . 
         FIG. 8  is a plan view and cross sectional view showing manufacturing steps subsequent to  FIG. 7 . 
         FIG. 9  is a plan view and cross sectional view showing manufacturing steps subsequent to  FIG. 8 . 
         FIG. 10  is a cross-sectional view of an organic semiconductor device according to modified example 1. 
         FIG. 11  is a plan view of an organic semiconductor device according to modified example 2. 
         FIG. 12  is a cross-sectional view take along line D-D′ in  FIG. 11 . 
         FIG. 13  is a plan view of an organic semiconductor device according to modified example 3. 
         FIG. 14  is a cross-sectional view take along line E-E′ in  FIG. 13 . 
         FIG. 15  is a plan view of an organic semiconductor device according to a second embodiment. 
         FIG. 16  is a cross-sectional view take along line F-F′ in  FIG. 15 . 
         FIG. 17  is an explanatory view illustrating an example of π-conjugated organic molecules. 
         FIG. 18A  is a cross-sectional view showing manufacturing steps of a method for manufacturing the organic semiconductor device according to the second embodiment. 
         FIG. 18B  is a cross-sectional view showing manufacturing steps subsequent to  FIG. 18A . 
         FIG. 18C  is a cross-sectional view showing manufacturing steps subsequent to  FIG. 18B . 
         FIG. 18D  is a cross-sectional view showing manufacturing steps subsequent to  FIG. 18C . 
         FIG. 19  is a plan view of an organic semiconductor device according to a third embodiment. 
         FIG. 20  is a cross-sectional view take along line G-G′ in  FIG. 19 . 
         FIG. 21  is an equivalent circuit diagram of the organic semiconductor device according to the third embodiment. 
         FIG. 22  is a plan view and cross-sectional view showing manufacturing steps of a method for manufacturing the organic semiconductor device according to the third embodiment. 
         FIG. 23  is a plan view and cross-sectional view subsequent to  FIG. 22 . 
         FIG. 24  is a plan view and cross-sectional view subsequent to  FIG. 23 . 
         FIG. 25  is a plan view and cross-sectional view subsequent to  FIG. 24 . 
         FIG. 26  is a plan view and cross-sectional view subsequent to  FIG. 25 . 
         FIG. 27  is a plan view of an organic semiconductor device according to modified example 4. 
         FIG. 28  is a cross-sectional view take along line H-H′ in  FIG. 27 . 
         FIG. 29  is a plan view of an organic semiconductor device array according to a fourth embodiment. 
         FIG. 30  is a plan view of an organic semiconductor device according to the fourth embodiment. 
         FIG. 31  is a cross-sectional view take along line J-J′ in  FIG. 30 . 
         FIG. 32  is a cross-sectional view take along line K-K′ in  FIG. 30 . 
         FIG. 33A  is a plan view of a constituent element of the organic semiconductor device according to the fourth embodiment. 
         FIG. 33B  is a plan view of a constituent element of the organic semiconductor device according to the fourth embodiment. 
         FIG. 33C  is a plan view of a constituent element of the organic semiconductor device according to the fourth embodiment. 
         FIG. 34  is a plan view of an organic semiconductor device in an organic semiconductor device array of a liquid crystal display device according to a fifth embodiment. 
         FIG. 35  is a cross-sectional view take along line L-L′ in  FIG. 34 . 
         FIG. 36  is a cross-sectional view take along line M-M′ in  FIG. 34 . 
         FIG. 37  is a plan view of an organic semiconductor device in an organic semiconductor device array of an organic electroluminescence display device according to a sixth embodiment. 
         FIG. 38  is an equivalent circuit diagram of the organic semiconductor device according to the sixth embodiment. 
         FIG. 39A  is a plan view of a constituent element of the organic semiconductor device according to the sixth embodiment. 
         FIG. 39B  is a plan view of a constituent element of the organic semiconductor device according to the sixth embodiment. 
         FIG. 39C  is a plan view of a constituent element of the organic semiconductor device according to the sixth embodiment. 
         FIG. 39D  is a plan view of a constituent element of the organic semiconductor device according to the sixth embodiment. 
         FIG. 39E  is a plan view of a constituent element of the organic semiconductor device according to the sixth embodiment. 
         FIG. 39F  is a plan view of a constituent element of the organic semiconductor device according to the sixth embodiment. 
     
    
    
     DESCRIPTION OF EMBODIMENTS 
     Although embodiments of the present invention are described below with reference to the drawings, the present invention is not limited to these embodiments. In the embodiments and modified examples described below, the same constituent element is denoted by the same reference numeral, and duplicated description may be omitted. Requirements described in the embodiments or modified examples below can be appropriately combined. 
     First Embodiment 
     A first embodiment is described.  FIG. 1  is a plan view of an organic semiconductor device according to the first embodiment.  FIG. 2  is a cross-sectional view take along line A-A′ in  FIG. 1 .  FIG. 3  is a cross-sectional view take along line B-B′ in  FIG. 1 .  FIG. 4  is a cross-sectional view take along line C-C′ in  FIG. 1 .  FIGS. 5 to 9  are process views showing an example a method for manufacturing the organic semiconductor device according to the first embodiment.  FIGS. 5 to 9  each show a process plan view (view on the left) and a process cross-sectional view (view on the right) taken along a one-dot chain line in the process plan view. 
     An organic semiconductor device SD 1  according to the first embodiment includes a substrate (hereinafter referred to as an “insulating substrate  1 ”), a vertical-type structure organic thin-film transistor TR 1 , a first wiring portion  11 , and a second wiring portion  12 . The organic thin-film transistor TR 1 , the first wiring portion  11 , and the second wiring portion  12  are formed on a substrate surface  1   a  of the insulating substrate  1 . The first wiring portion  11  and the second wiring portion  12  are electrically connected to the organic thin-film transistor TR 1 . 
     The insulating substrate  1  has insulation properties at least on the substrate surface  1   a  thereof. The insulating substrate  1  is a substrate made of an insulating material, for example, a glass substrate, a resin substrate, or the like. The insulating substrate  1  may be a substrate which is composed of a conductive material such as aluminum, stainless steel, or the like, or a semiconductor material such as silicon, and which has an insulating film formed on at least one of the sides. The insulating substrate  1  may be a plate-shaped member or a foil-shaped member. The insulating substrate  1  may be a substrate having flexibility. 
     The organic thin-film transistor TR 1  includes a gate electrode  2 , a laminate  9 , and a gate insulating film  5 . The laminate  9  has a first electrode  6 , an organic semiconductor film  7 , and a second electrode  8  which are laminated in a direction normal to the substrate surface  1   a.    
     The gate electrode  2  is disposed outside a predetermined region  3  (first region) of the substrate surface  1   a  and adjacent to the outer periphery of the predetermined region  3 . The laminate  9  is disposed inside the predetermined region  3  at a distance, which corresponds to the thickness of the gate insulating film  5 , from the gate electrode  2  surrounding the outer periphery of the predetermined region  3 . The gate insulating film  5  is provided at least between the inner peripheral surface  2   a  of the gate electrode  2  and the laminate  9  in a direction parallel to the substrate surface  1   a.    
     In this embodiment, the predetermined region  3  is the region surrounded by the gate electrode  2 . In this embodiment, the shape of the predetermined region  3  is a substantially rectangular shape. The substantially rectangular shape is a rectangular shape or a rounded rectangular shape. The shape of the predetermined region  3  may be any one of a polygonal shape, a polygonal shape rounded at the corners thereof, and a shape having a linear or curved contour, such as a circular shape, an elliptical shape, an oval shape, or the like. 
     The gate electrode  2  is disposed to surround a portion of the outer periphery of the laminate  9 . The gate electrode  2  extends to be bent along the outer periphery of the predetermined region  3  in a direction parallel to the substrate surface  1   a  of the insulating substrate  1 . At least a portion of the gate electrode  2  may curvedly extend in a direction parallel to the substrate surface  1   a  of the insulating substrate  1 . 
     As shown in  FIG. 5 , the gate electrode  2  according to the embodiment is provided around the predetermined region  3  except in a region (notch portion  4 , second region) adjacent to a portion of the outer periphery of the predetermined region  3 . The gate electrode  2  according to the embodiment has a shape having the notch portion  4  provided in a portion of a frame in the circumferential direction. Both ends of the gate electrode  2  according to the embodiment face each other with the notch portion  4  disposed therebetween, the notch portion  4  being a region where the gate electrode  2  is not formed. In the embodiment, the region where the gate electrode  2  is formed is a strip-shaped region having a predetermined width in the outward direction from the outer periphery of the predetermined region  3 . The gate electrode  2  according to the embodiment has a shape in which the notch portion  4  is provided in one of the sides of a substantially rectangular frame. The notch portion  4  is provided to connect the inner side (predetermined region  3 ) of the inner peripheral surface  2   a  of the gate electrode  2  with the outside of the outer peripheral surface  2   b  of the gate electrode  2 . 
     The gate electrode  2  is composed of a conductive material. Examples of a material which forms the gate electrode  2  include a metallic material, an oxide conductive material, an organic conductive material, a semiconductor material containing a high concentration of impurity, and the like. Examples of the metallic material include elemental metals such as gold, silver, platinum, copper, aluminum, tantalum, titanium, and the like, alloys containing these elemental metals, and the like. Examples of the oxide conductive material include indium tin oxide (ITO), indium gallium zinc oxide (IGZO), zinc oxide, and the like. Examples of the organic conductive material include poly(ethylenedioxythiophene)-polystyrenesulfonate (PEDOT:PSS), and the like. Examples of the semiconductor material containing a high concentration of impurity include polysilicon containing a high concentration of impurity such as phosphorus, boron, or the like. 
     Examples of a method for forming the gate electrode  2  include first to third methods described below. The first method is a method of forming a conductive film by, for example, a vacuum deposition method, a sputtering method, or the like, and then patterning the conductive film to a desired shape using a photolithography method and an etching method. The second method is a method using a mask deposition method of depositing a formation material through a mask having an aperture with a desired electrode shape. The third method is a method of selectively applying a formation material prepared as a liquid by ink jet printing or screen printing, and then solidifying the liquid formation material. The liquid formation material is, for example, a solution containing the organic conductive material, a dispersion containing fine particles of the metallic material (e.g., silver) dispersed therein, or the like. 
     The gate insulating film  5  is provided at least between the inner peripheral surface  2   a  of the gate electrode  2  and the laminate  9  in a direction parallel to the substrate surface  1   a . The gate insulating film  5  is placed between the gate electrode  2  and the laminate  9  so as to be in contact with them in a direction parallel to the substrate surface  1   a . In the embodiment, the gate insulating film  5  is provided over almost the entire region of the substrate surface  1   a  so as to cover the gate electrode  2 . The laminate  9  is provided on the gate insulating film  5  so as to be disposed inside the predetermined region  3 . 
     The gate insulating film  5  is composed of, for example, an inorganic insulating film or an organic insulating film. Examples of a material which forms the inorganic insulating film include silicon oxide (SiO 2 ), silicon nitride (SiN x ), aluminum oxide (Al 2 O 3 ), tantalum oxide (Ta 2 O 5 ), and the like. Examples of a material which forms the organic insulating film include polyimide (PI), polyvinylphenol (PVP), and the like. The gate insulating film  5  may contain a self-assembled monolayer composed of an insulating molecule having an aliphatic hydrocarbon (alkyl chain) with insulation. The capacitance (gate capacitance) of a portion sandwiched between the gate electrode  2  and the laminate  9  increases as the dielectric constant of the gate insulating film  5  increases. The threshold voltage of a vertical organic thin-film transistor can be more decreased with increases in the gate capacitance. A gate insulating film composed of aluminum oxide or tantalum oxide has a higher dielectric constant than that of a gate insulating film composed of one of the above-described other formation materials. 
     Examples of a method for forming the gate insulating film  5  include a vacuum deposition method, a sputtering method, a printing method, a coating method, a surface modification method, a surface oxidation method, and the like. Examples of the printing method or the coating method include spin coating, ink jet printing, screen printing, insulating film transfer, and the like. The surface modification method is a method of surface-modifying a gate electrode or the like by chemical reaction using insulating organic molecules. The surface oxidation method is a method of oxidizing a surface of the gate electrode  2 , for example, made of a metal such as aluminum, tantalum, or the like, by an anodic oxidation method, to form an oxidized portion as the gate insulating film. 
     In the embodiment, the first electrode  6  is provided on the gate insulating film  5  so as to be in contact with the gate insulating film  5 . As shown in  FIG. 7 , the first electrode  6  according to the embodiment has a substantially rectangular shape. In the embodiment, the outer peripheral surface  6   a  of the first electrode  6  and the inner peripheral surface  2   a  of the gate electrode  2  face each other with the gate insulating film  5  disposed therebetween within a range where the outer peripheral surface  6   a  of the first electrode  6  and the inner peripheral surface  2   a  of the gate electrode  2  face each other as shown in a cross-sectional view of  FIG. 7 . The first electrode  6  can be formed by appropriately utilizing the formation material and the formation method described above for the gate electrode  2 . 
     In the embodiment, the organic semiconductor film  7  is provided on the first electrode  6  so as to be in contact with the first electrode  6 . The outer peripheral surface  7   a  of the organic semiconductor film  7  and the inner peripheral surface  2   a  of the gate electrode  2  face each other with the gate insulating film  5  disposed therebetween. The gate electrode  2  can apply an electric field to the organic semiconductor film  7  through the gate insulating film  5 . As shown in  FIG. 8 , the organic semiconductor film  7  according to the embodiment is provided on the outer edge portion of the first electrode  6 . In the embodiment, the top of a central portion of the first electrode  6  is a region on which the organic semiconductor film  7  is not formed. As shown in  FIGS. 4 and 8 , the organic semiconductor film  7  according to the embodiment is provided to extend from the top of the first electrode  6  to the top of the gate insulating film  5  outside the first electrode  6 . 
     In general, organic semiconductor films are roughly classified into p-type and n-type semiconductors according to difference in carriers conducted in the films. Examples of p-type organic semiconductors containing holes as carriers include polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon materials such as pentacene, anthracene, and rubrene, derivatives such as 6,13-bis(triisopropylsilylethynyl)pentacene (TIPS-pentacene) represented by chemical formula (2) below, phthalocyanines, heterocyclic conjugated materials such as oligothiophene and derivatives thereof, and polymeric materials such as poly-3-hexylthiophene (P3HT) represented by chemical formula (3) below and polyparaphenylene (PPV). 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     Examples of n-type organic semiconductor materials containing electrons as carriers include carbon-based materials such as fullerene (C60), carbon nanotubes, and the like, and materials having electron-attracting terminal substituents, for example, perfluorinated phthalocyanine represented by chemical formula (4) below, perfluorinated pentacene represented by chemical formula (5) below, and the like. 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     Also, as an organic semiconductor film, an organic molecular film or laminated film can be used, in which aromatic molecules, thiophene oligomers, or the like, which have a π-conjugated system, are aligned in a carrier conduction direction connecting the first electrode  6  and the second electrode  8  shown in  FIG. 2 . The use of such a material facilitates the movement of carriers between the first electrode  6  and the second electrode  8  through the organic semiconductor film, and thereby improvement in mobility and drain current can be expected. 
     The organic semiconductor film can be formed using a method such as a vacuum deposition method, a coating method using spin coating, a printing method using an ink jet apparatus, a film transfer apparatus, or the like. An aligned organic molecular film, for example, a Langmuir-Blodgett film (LB film), a self-assembled monolayer using organic semiconductor molecules, or the like, can be formed on a substrate directly or indirectly through film transfer. 
     As shown in  FIGS. 1 and 2 , the second electrode  8  according to this embodiment is provided on the organic semiconductor film  7  so as to be in contact with the organic semiconductor film  7 . That is, the organic semiconductor film  7  is placed between the first electrode  6  and the second electrode  8  in the lamination direction of the laminate  9 . The second electrode  8  according to this embodiment is provided on the outer edge of the first electrode  6 . In the embodiment, the top of a central portion of the first electrode  6  is a region where the second electrode  8  is not formed. That is, the area of the first electrode  6  is larger than the area of the second electrode  8 . The area of a region where the first electrode  6  and the second electro  8  overlap each other in the lamination direction of the laminate  9  is smaller than a larger one (here, the area of the first electrode  6 ) among the areas of the first electrode  6  and the second electrode  8 . The second electrode  8  can be formed appropriately using the formation material and formation method described for the gate electrode  2 . 
     The first wiring portion  11  is electrically connected to the first electrode  6 . In the embodiment, the first wiring portion  11  is formed integrally using the same formation material as the first electrode  6 . In the embodiment, in a film (hereinafter referred to as a “first conductive film”) constituting the first electrode  6  and the first wiring portion  11 , a portion inside the predetermined region  3  is the first electrode  6 , and a portion outside the predetermined region  3  is the first wiring portion  11 . The first wiring portion  11  is disposed so as not to cross the gate electrode  2 . The first wiring portion  11  is provided to extend to the outside of the predetermined region  3  through the notch portion  4 . 
     The second wiring portion  12  is electrically connected to the second electrode  8 . In the embodiment, the second wiring portion  12  is formed integrally using the same formation material as the second electrode  8 . In the embodiment, in a film (hereinafter referred to as a “second conductive film”) constituting the second electrode  8  and the second wiring portion  12 , a portion inside the predetermined region  3  is the second electrode  8 , and a portion outside the predetermined region  3  is the second wiring portion  12 . Both the second electrode  8  and the second wiring portion  12  are disposed so as not to cross the gate electrode  2 . In the embodiment, the second wiring portion  12  is disposed so as not to overlap the first wiring portion  11  in a direction normal to the substrate surface  1   a . The second wiring portion  12  is provided to extend on a portion of the organic semiconductor film  7 , which is provided outside the predetermined region  3 , to the outside of the predetermined region  3  through the notch portion  4 . 
     The first wiring portion  11  may be composed of a film formed separately from the first electrode  6 . In this case, the first wiring portion  11  may be provided to extend from the outside to the inside of the predetermined region  3  and to be in contact with the first electrode  6 . The second wiring portion  12  may be composed of a film formed separately from the second electrode  8 . In this case, the second wiring portion  12  may be provided to extend from the outside to the inside of the predetermined region  3  and to be in contact with the second electrode  8 . The first wiring portion  11  and the second wiring portion  12  can be formed appropriately using the formation material and formation method described for the gate electrode  2 . 
     Next, an example of a method for manufacturing the organic semiconductor device according to the first embodiment is described, but the application scope of the embodiment is not limited to the manufacturing method described below. 
     As shown in  FIG. 5 , the manufacturing method of this example includes a step of forming the gate electrode  2  on the insulating substrate  1  using the above-described conductive material. In this example, the insulating substrate  1  is a glass substrate. The gate electrode  2  of this example is composed of an alloy containing 99% by weight of aluminum and 1% by weight of silicon and has a thickness of about 300 nm. The gate electrode  2  of this example is formed by depositing the alloy over substantially the entire region of the substrate surface  1   a  of the insulating substrate  1  by a sputtering method and then patterning the resultant film using a photolithography method and an etching method. The patterning is performed so that the gate electrode  2  has a shape in which the notch portion  4  is provided in a circumferential portion of a frame. 
     As shown in  FIG. 6 , the manufacturing method of this example includes a step of forming the gate insulating film  5  to cover the surface of the gate electrode  2 . The gate insulating film  5  of this example is composed of silicon oxide (SiO 2 ) and has a thickness of about 100 nm. The gate insulating film  5  of this example is formed by depositing silicon oxide to cover the surface of the gate electrode  2  and substantially the entire region of the substrate surface  1   a  of the insulating substrate  1  by a sputtering method. 
     As shown in  FIG. 7 , the manufacturing method of this example includes a step of forming the first conductive film on the insulating substrate  1  on which the gate insulating film  5  has been formed, the first conductive film including the first electrode  6  and the first wiring portion  11  electrically connected to the first electrode  6 . The first electrode  6  is formed inside the predetermined region  3  so as to be in contact with a portion of the gate insulating film  5 , which covers the inner peripheral surface  2   a  of the gate electrode  2 . The first wiring portion  11  is formed to continue from the first electrode  6  and extend to the outside of the gate electrode  2  through the notch portion  4 . 
     The first electrode  6  and the first wiring portion  11  of this example each have a first layer formed on the gate insulating film  5  and a second layer formed on the first layer. A material which forms the first layer is selected from, for example, materials having higher adhesion to the gate insulating film  5  than the formation material of the second layer. A material which forms the second layer is selected from, for example, materials having higher dielectric constant than the formation material of the first layer. The thickness of the second layer is determined to, for example, a value larger than the thickness of the first layer. 
     The first layer of this example is composed of chromium and has a thickness of about 3 nm. The second layer of this example is composed of gold and has a thickness of about 80 nm. The first layer of this example is formed using a metal mask having an aperture with a shape corresponding to the first electrode  1  plus first wiring portion  11  to be formed. The first layer of this example is formed by depositing chromium on the gate insulating film  5  by a vacuum deposition method through the metal mask which is aligned with the insulating substrate  1 . The second layer of this example is formed by depositing gold on the first layer by a vacuum deposition method through the metal mask which is kept in alignment with the insulating substrate  1 . 
     As shown in  FIG. 8 , the manufacturing method of this example includes a step of forming the organic semiconductor film  7  on the outer edge portion of the first electrode  6 . The organic semiconductor film  7  of this example is formed to be continued from a portion of the upper surface of the first electrode  6  and the upper surface of the first wiring portion  11 . The organic semiconductor film  7  of this example is formed to be in contact with a portion of the gate insulating film  5  which covers the inner peripheral surface  2   a  of the gate electrode  2 . The organic semiconductor film  7  of this example is composed of a p-type organic semiconductor material and has a thickness of about 60 nm. The organic semiconductor film  7  of this example is formed using a metal mask having an aperture with the same shape as the organic semiconductor film  7 . The organic semiconductor film  7  of this example is formed by depositing pentacene on the first electrode  6  by a vacuum deposition method through the metal mask aligned with the insulating substrate  1  on which the first electrode  6  has been formed. 
     As shown in  FIG. 9 , the manufacturing method of this example includes a step of forming the second electrode  8  and the second wiring portion  12  so that they fit on the organic semiconductor film  7 . The second electrode  6  is formed inside the predetermined region  3  so as to be in contact with a portion of the gate insulating film  5  which covers the inner peripheral surface  2   a  of the gate electrode  2 . The second wiring portion  12  is formed to continue from the second electrode  8  and to extend to the outside of the gate electrode  2  through the notch portion  4 . 
     The second electrode  8  and the second wiring portion  12  of this example are composed of gold and have a thickness of about 80 nm. The second electrode  8  of this example is formed by depositing gold on the organic semiconductor film  7  by a vacuum deposition method through the metal mask used for forming the organic semiconductor film  7  and kept in alignment with the insulating substrate  1 . That is, in this example, the shape corresponding to the second electrode  8  plus the second wiring portion  12  is substantially the same as the shape of the organic semiconductor film  7 . 
     As described above, the organic thin-film transistor TR 1  according to the first embodiment is formed, and the organic semiconductor device SD 1  including the organic thin-film transistor TR 1  is manufactured. 
     In the above-described organic semiconductor device SD 1 , for example, when the first electrode  6  and the second electrode  8  are considered as a source electrode and a drain electrode, respectively, of a general thin-film transistor, a gate voltage corresponding to the threshold voltage of the organic thin-film transistor TR 1  and a drain voltage are applied to the gate electrode  2  and the second electrode  8 , respectively, with the first electrode  6  being grounded, to inject carriers into the organic semiconductor film  7  from the first electrode  6 , thereby forming a channel layer connecting the first electrode  6  and the second electrode  8  in an interface between the organic semiconductor film  7  and the gate insulating film  5 . As a result, the organic thin-film transistor TR 1  is turned on. In this state, the drain voltage is applied between the first electrode  6  and the second electrode  8 , and thus a drain current flows to the organic semiconductor film  7  through the channel layer. As shown in the above-described formula (1), a theoretical drain current is inversely proportional to the channel length L and proportional to the channel width W. 
     The channel length L of the organic thin-film transistor TR 1  corresponds to the thickness of the organic semiconductor film  7  and thus can be easily shortened. For example, the channel length L in a planar-type structure depends on patterning process accuracy, and the like, and in an organic thin-film transistor using an organic semiconductor having weak process resistance, the channel length L is about several to several tens μm. On the other hand, the thickness of the organic semiconductor film  7  can be set to about several tens to several hundreds nm by, for example, controlling the deposition time. Therefore, in the organic thin-film transistor TR 1  according to the embodiment, the channel length L can be easily shortened to about 1/10 to 1/1000 as compared with the planar-type structure. Also, the channel width W of the organic thin-film transistor TR 1  corresponds to the length of a portion where the organic semiconductor film  7  and the inner peripheral surface  2   a  of the gate electrode  2  face each other in a direction parallel to the substrate surface  1   a  of the insulating substrate  1 . Since the gate electrode  2  extends to be bent in a direction parallel to the substrate surface  1   a  of the insulating substrate  1 , the channel width W of the organic thin-film transistor TR 1  can be easily increased. As described above, in the organic thin-film transistor TR 1  according to the embodiment, the drain current can be easily increased. 
     The gate electrode  2  according to the embodiment is provided to surround the outer periphery of the laminate  9  except in a portion corresponding to the notch portion  4 . In addition, the first wiring portion  11  and the second wiring portion  12  are drawn out to the outside of the gate electrode  2  through the notch portion  4 . Therefore, the gate electrode  2  does not cross any one of the first electrode  6 , the first wiring portion  11 , the second electrode  8 , and the second wiring portion  12 . Therefore, the occurrence of wiring disconnection or the like in an overlap portion due to a step difference of an underlying base can be suppressed as compared with a structure having an overlap portion between a gate electrode and wiring or a gate electrode and an electrode. As a result, the organic semiconductor device SD 1  according to the embodiment is capable of suppressing a decrease in yield. 
     In the embodiment, the area of the first electrode  6  is different from the area of the second electrode  8 . The area of a region where the first electrode  6  and the second electrode  8  overlap each other in the lamination direction of the laminate  6  is smaller than a larger one among the areas of the first electrode  6  and the second electrode  8 . As the area of a region where the first electrode  6  and the second electrode  8  overlap each other decreases, a leakage current and parasitic capacitance between the first electrode  6  and the second electrode  8  decrease. Therefore, in an organic thin-film transistor TR 1  according to the embodiment, a leakage current and parasitic capacitance can be decreased. 
     The gate insulating film  5  according to the embodiment is formed over substantially the entire region of the substrate surface  1   a  of the insulating substrate  1  so as to continuously cover substantially the entire region of the upper surface and side surface of the gate electrode  2 . In addition, the laminate  9  is formed on the gate insulating film  5 . Therefore, the occurrence of a defect, due to the formation of short-circuiting between a portion of the laminate  9  and the gate electrode  2  can be suppressed. Further, fine pattern formation process of the gate insulating film  5  is not needed. 
     The organic semiconductor film  7  according to the embodiment is also formed below the second wiring portion  12  drawn out from the second electrode  8 . Therefore, a step difference of an underlying base below a portion in which wiring is electrically drawn out by the second wiring portion  12  from the second electrode  8  corresponds to the thickness of the first electrode  6 , thereby reducing the occurrence of wiring disconnection or the like. In addition, in the above-described example of the manufacturing method, the second conductive film constituting the second electrode  8  and the second wiring portion  12  is formed in succession to the formation of the organic semiconductor film  7  while the mask used for forming the organic semiconductor film  7  is kept in alignment with the insulating substrate  1 . Therefore, the occurrence of lamination shift between the organic semiconductor film  7  and the second conductive film can be suppressed. Also, in the above-described example of the manufacturing method, the step of aligning another mask different from the mask for forming the organic semiconductor film  7  can be omitted as compared with a method for forming the second conductive film using the other mask, thereby improving the manufacturing efficiency of the organic semiconductor device SD 1 . 
     Next, modified examples 1 to 3 are described.  FIG. 10  is a cross-sectional view of an organic semiconductor device according to the modified example 1.  FIG. 10  shows a section taken along a line corresponding to line C-C′ in  FIG. 1 . The organic semiconductor film  7  of the modified example 1 is provided to extend from the top of the first electrode  6  to the top of the gate insulating film  5  outside the first electrode  6 . The second conductive film is provided to extend from the top of a portion of the organic semiconductor film  7 , which is provided to extend to the outside of the first electrode  6 , to the top of the gate insulating film  5  outside the organic semiconductor film  7 . 
     In addition, a step difference corresponding to the total thickness of the first electrode  6  and the organic semiconductor film  7  is present between the upper surface of the gate insulating film  5  and the upper surface of the organic semiconductor film  7  on the first electrode  6 . In the modified example 1, the second conductive film crosses over a step difference corresponding to the thickness of the first electrode  6  near the edge of the first electrode  6  and also crosses over a step difference corresponding to the thickness of the organic semiconductor film  7  near the edge of the organic semiconductor film  7 . Thus, each of the steps which the second conductive film crosses over is a divided part of the step difference from the upper surface of the organic semiconductor film  7  on the first electrode  6  to the upper surface of the gate insulating film  5 . Therefore, the second conductive film does not cross over a large step at a time, and thus the occurrence of wiring disconnection or the like can be reduced. 
       FIG. 11  is a plan view of an organic semiconductor device according to the modified example 2.  FIG. 12  is a cross-sectional view taken along line D-D′ in  FIG. 11 . An organic semiconductor device SD 2  shown in  FIGS. 11 and 12  includes an insulating substrate  1 , an organic thin-film transistor TR 2 , a first wiring portion  11 , and a second wiring portion  12 . In the modified example 2, the area of the first electrode  6  is larger than the area of the second electrode  8 . In the modified example 2, the organic semiconductor film  7  is continued from a region where the first electrode  6  and the second electrode  8  overlap each other in the lamination direction of the laminate  9  to a region surrounded by that region. In the upper surface of the organic semiconductor film  7 , the outer edge portion adjacent to the notch portion  4  is a region where the second conductive film constituting the second electrode  8  and the second wiring portion  12  are formed. In the upper surface of the organic semiconductor film  7 , a region inside the outer edge portion is a region where the second conductive film is not formed. 
     In the organic thin-film transistor TR 2  according to the modified example 2, the area of the first electrode  6  and the area of the second electrode  8  within the predetermined region  3  are different, and thus the area of a region where the first electrode  6  and the second electrode  8  overlap each other in the lamination direction of the laminate  9  can be decreased. Therefore, the organic thin-film transistor TR 2  is capable of decreasing a leakage current and parasitic capacitance. In addition, the organic semiconductor film  7  is also formed inside the region where the first electrode  6  and the second electrode  8  overlap each other in the lamination direction of the laminate  9 , thereby causing little defect formed by short-circuiting between the second electrode  8  and the first electrode  6 . 
       FIG. 13  is a plan view of an organic semiconductor device according to the modified example 3.  FIG. 14  is a cross-sectional view taken along line E-E′ in  FIG. 13 . An organic semiconductor device SD 3  shown in  FIGS. 13 and 14  includes an insulating substrate  1 , an organic thin-film transistor TR 3 , a first wiring portion  11 , and a second wiring portion  12 . 
     In the modified example 3, the area of the first electrode  6  is larger than the area of the second electrode  8 . In the modified example 3, the upper surface of a central portion of the first electrode  6  is a region where the organic semiconductor film  7  is not formed. In the modified example 3, the upper surface of the organic semiconductor film  7  includes a region where the second electrode  8  is not formed. In the organic thin-film transistor TR 3  according to the modified example 3, the area of the first electrode  6  is different from the area of the second electrode  8  within the predetermined region  3 , and thus the area of a region where the first electrode  6  and the second electrode  8  overlap each other in the lamination direction of the laminate  9  can be decreased. Therefore, the organic thin-film transistor TR 3  is capable of decreasing a leakage current and parasitic capacitance. Further, the organic semiconductor film  7  is formed with a larger area than that of the second electrode  8  formed thereon so as to include the region where the second electrode  8  is not formed, thereby causing little defect of short-circuiting between the second electrode  8  and the first electrode  6  like in the modified example 2. 
     Second Embodiment 
     Next, a second embodiment is described.  FIG. 15  is a plan view of an organic semiconductor device according to the second embodiment.  FIG. 16  is a cross-sectional view take along line F-F′ in  FIG. 15 .  FIG. 17  is an explanatory view illustrating an example of π-conjugated organic molecules. 
     An organic semiconductor device SD 4  shown in  FIGS. 15 and 16  includes an insulating substrate  1 , an organic thin-film transistor TR 4 , a first wiring portion  11 , and a second wiring portion  12 . An organic semiconductor film  7  of the organic thin-film transistor TR 4  contains π-conjugated molecules aligned in a direction connecting the first electrode  6  and the second electrode  8 . In detail, an organic molecular layer having a structure in which organic molecules  14  are bonded to each other through chemical bond  15  is formed on the first electrode  6  formed on the gate insulating film  5 . As shown in  FIG. 17 , the organic molecules  14  according to the embodiment have a structure in which functional group X and functional group Y for forming the chemical bonds  15  are provided at both ends of organic molecule Z having functionality. 
     The organic molecule Z is a π-conjugated molecule showing semiconductor properties. Examples of the organic molecule Z include π-conjugated molecules such as 6-membered ring compounds, e.g., stilbene represented by formula (6) below, benzene represented by formula (7) below, biphenyl represented by formula (8) below, bispyridylethylene represented by formula (10) below, pyridine represented by formula (11) below, bipyridine represented by formula (12) below, and the like; 5-membered ring compounds, e.g., thiophene represented by formula (9) below, oxadiazole represented by formula (13), triazole, and the like; and oligomers thereof. When the organic molecule Z is benzene or pyridine, the functional group X and the functional group Y are preferably positioned at the 1- and 4-positions; when the organic molecule Z is stilbene, biphenyl, bispyridylethylene, or bipyridine, the 4- and 4′-positions; and when the organic molecule Z is thiophene, oxadiazole, or triazole, the 2- and 5-positions. 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     Examples of the functional group X and the functional group Y to be combined with the organic molecule Z include a silane coupling group (—SiR′ 3 ), a phosphonic acid group (—POR″ 2 ), a phosphate carboxyl group (—COR″), a sulfonic acid group (—SO 3 R″), an amino group (—NH 2 ), an isocyanate group (—NCO), a thiol group (—SH), a nitrile group (—CN), and the like. Any one of R&#39;s is —OMe, —OEt, or —Cl. Any one of R″s is —OH or —Cl. 
     Examples of the chemical bonds  15  formed by the functional group X and the functional group Y, e.g., examples of a chemical bond with the first electrode  6 , include a thiol bond, a siloxane bond, a phosphate bond, an ester bond, a sulfonate bond, a sulfide bond, and the like. Examples of a bond between the organic molecules  14  include an amide bond, an imine bond, an imide bond, a urethane bond, a urea bond, and the like. 
     These organic molecules  14  are repeatedly bonded to each other through the chemical bonds  15  in a direction from the first electrode  6  to the second electrode  8 . That is, the organic semiconductor film  7  has a structure in which the π-conjugated organic molecules  14  are aligned in a direction from the first electrode  6  to the second electrode  8 . 
     Next, an example of a method for manufacturing the organic semiconductor device according to the second embodiment is described, but the application scope of the embodiment is not limited to a manufacturing method described below.  FIGS. 18A to 18D  are process cross-sectional views showing an example of the method for manufacturing the organic semiconductor device according to the second embodiment. 
     The manufacturing method of this example includes a step of forming the gate electrode  2  on the insulating substrate  1 , a step of forming the gate insulating film  5  to cover the surface of the gate electrode  2 , and a step of forming the first conductive film, which includes the first electrode  6  and the first wiring portion  11  electrically connected to the first electrode  6 , on the insulating substrate  1  on which the gate insulating film  5  has been formed. The steps of the manufacturing method described in the first embodiment can be applied to these steps. The gate electrode  2  of this example is composed of aluminum. The gate insulating film  5  of this example is composed of silicon oxide. The first conductive film (the first electrode  6  and the first wiring portion  11 ) of this example is composed of gold and has a thickness of about 60 nm. The first conductive film of this example is formed by, for example, a mask vacuum deposition method. 
     The manufacturing method of this example further includes a step of forming the organic semiconductor film  7  on the first conductive film. In this example, the organic semiconductor film  7  is formed by using two or more types of organic molecules each having the functional group X, the functional group Y, and the organic molecule Z. The functional group X of a first organic molecule may be the same as or different from the functional group Y of the first organic molecule. The first organic molecule is selected so as to suppress reaction between the functional group X of the first organic molecule and the functional group Y of the first organic molecule under predetermined conditions. The functional group X of a second organic molecule may be the same as or different from the functional group Y of the second organic molecule. The second organic molecule is selected so as to allow reaction between the functional group X or the functional group Y of the first organic molecule and the functional group X or the functional group Y of the second organic molecule to proceed under predetermined conditions. 
     The organic semiconductor film  7  of this example is formed by using four types of organic molecules. A first organic molecule  70  of this example is 4-aminobenzenethiol represented by formula (14) below. 4-Aminobenzenethiol contains a thiol group (—SH) as the functional group X, an amino group (—NH 2 ) as the functional group Y, and a benzene ring as the organic molecule Z. A second organic molecule  71  of this example is terephthalaldehyde represented by formula (16) below. Terephthalaldehyde contains aldehyde groups (—CHO) as the functional group X and the functional group Y, and a benzene ring as the organic molecule Z. A third organic molecule  72  of this example is stilbenediamine having amino groups at both ends of a stilbene skeleton as shown in formula 15 below. A fourth organic molecule  73  of this example is aniline shown in formula 17 below. 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     In order to form the organic semiconductor film  7  of this example, first, as shown in  FIG. 18A , a self-assembled monolayer (first layer) composed of the first organic molecule  70  is formed on the surface of the first electrode  6 . In this example, a methanol solution (concentration of 1 mM) of 4-aminobenzenethiol is prepared, and the insulating substrate  1  on which the first electrode  6  has been formed is immersed in the solution at room temperature for 24 hours. In this example, the thiol group of the first organic molecule  70  is bonded to the surface (gold) of the first electrode  6  to form the first layer. In this example, after reaction of the thiol group with the surface of the first electrode  6 , the insulating substrate  1  pulled up from the solution is washed with methanol to remove excessive 4-aminobenzenethiol molecules not bonded to the surface of the first electrode  6 . As a result, the surface of the first electrode  6  is coated with 4-aminobenzenethiol. In addition, the amino group opposite to the thiol group is exposed in the surface of the first layer on the side opposite to the first electrode  6 . 
     In the above-described step, the materials of the constituent elements and the first organic molecule are selected so that, other than the first electrode  6 , the constituent elements exposed to the solution do not react with the functional group X and the functional group Y of the first organic molecule, thereby permitting the formation of a self-assembled monolayer only on the surface of the first electrode  6 . In this example, 4-aminobenzenethiol hardly reacts with both the gate electrode  2  composed of aluminum and the gate insulating film  5  composed of silicon oxide. 
     Then, as shown in  FIG. 18B , the second organic molecule  71  is reacted with the surface (amino group) of the first layer to form a self-assembled monolayer (second layer) composed of the second organic molecule  71 . In this example, an ethanol solution (concentration of 1 mM) of terephthalaldehyde is prepared, and the insulating substrate  1  on which the first layer has been formed is immersed in the solution at room temperature for 12 hours under stirring of the solution. In this example, the amino group of the first layer reacts with the aldehyde group of the second organic molecule  71  to form the second layer through an imine bond. In this example, after reaction of the amino group with the aldehyde group, the insulating substrate  1  pulled up from the solution is washed with ethanol to remove terephthalaldehyde not chemically bonded to the first layer. As a result, the surface of the first layer is coated with terephthalaldehyde. In addition, the aldehyde group is exposed in the surface of the second layer on the side opposite to the first layer. In addition, terephthalaldehyde hardly reacts with both the gate electrode  2  composed of aluminum and the gate insulating film  5  composed of silicon oxide, thereby forming the second layer substantially only on the first layer. 
     Then, as shown in  FIG. 18C , the third organic molecule  72  is reacted with the surface (aldehyde group) of the second layer to form a self-assembled monolayer (third layer) composed of the third organic molecule  72 . In this example, an ethanol solution (concentration of 1 mM) of stilbenediamine is prepared, and the insulating substrate  1  on which the first layer has been formed is immersed in the solution at room temperature for 12 hours under stirring of the solution. In this example, the aldehyde group of the second layer is reacted with the amino group of the third organic molecule  72  to form the third layer through an imine bond. In this example, after reaction of the amino group with the aldehyde group, the insulating substrate  1  pulled up from the solution is washed with ethanol to remove stilbenediamine not chemically bonded to the second layer. As a result, the surface of the second layer is coated with stilbenediamine. In addition, the amino group is exposed in the surface of the third layer on the side opposite to the second layer. In addition, stilbenediamine hardly reacts with both the gate electrode  2  composed of aluminum and the gate insulating film  5  composed of silicon oxide, thereby forming the third layer substantially only on the second layer. In this example, a self-assembled monolayer (fourth layer, sixth layer, . . . ) composed of the second organic molecule  71  and a self-assembled monolayer (fifth layer, seventh layer, . . . ) composed of the third organic molecule  72  are alternately formed on the third layer  3  composed of the third organic molecule  72 . In this example, a self-assembled monolayer is repeatedly formed so that an aldehyde group is exposed in the outermost surface of the insulating substrate  1  on which the self-assembled monolayers have been formed and the total thickness of a plurality of self-assembled monolayers is a predetermined thickness. 
     Then, as shown in  FIG. 18D , the fourth organic molecule  73  is reacted with the outermost surface (aldehyde group) to form a self-assembled monolayer (eighth layer) composed of the fourth organic molecule  73 . In this example, an ethanol solution (concentration of 1 mM) of aniline is prepared, and the insulating substrate  1  on which the seventh layer has been formed is immersed in the solution at room temperature for 12 hours under stirring of the solution. In this example, the aldehyde group of the seventh layer is reacted with the amino group of the fourth organic molecule  73  to form the eighth layer through an imine bond. In this example, after reaction of the amino group with the aldehyde group, the insulating substrate  1  pulled up from the solution is washed with ethanol to remove aniline not chemically bonded to the second layer. As a result, the surface of the seventh layer is coated with aniline. In addition, the surface of the eighth layer on the side opposite to the seventh layer is terminated with a benzene ring. In addition, aniline hardly reacts with both the gate electrode  2  composed of aluminum and the gate insulating film  5  composed of silicon oxide, thereby forming the eighth layer substantially only on the seventh layer. 
     The total thickness of the organic semiconductor film  7  formed as described above is, for example, about 7.5 nm. In addition, the second electrode  8  composed of, for example, gold is formed on the organic semiconductor film  7  to form the organic thin-film transistor TR 4  of this example. The second electrode  8  of this example is formed by, for example, a mask vacuum deposition method. 
     As described in the first embodiment, the organic semiconductor device SD 4  of the second embodiment is capable of increasing a drain current, decreasing a parasitic capacitance and leakage current, and suppressing the occurrence of wiring disconnection due to a step difference. Also, in this embodiment, the organic semiconductor film  7  is composed of π-conjugated organic molecules which are aligned in a direction connecting the first electrode  6  and the second electrode  8  and are connected to each other through chemical bonds. In each of the π-conjugated organic molecules, π-conjugation extends along the molecular long axis, and thus the drain current can be further increased by aligning the molecular long axis with the thickness direction in which the drain current flows in a vertical thin-film transistor. Also, each of the organic molecules  14  is bonded to the surface of the first electrode  6  or another organic molecule through chemical bond. Therefore, it is possible to improve resistance to deterioration in the organic semiconductor film due to electromigration caused by electric field application or current conduction, the occurrence of defects such as disturbance of molecular alignment and the like. In addition, peeling of the film or the like little occurs due to stress, such as bending, deformation, or the like, and thus a flexible substrate such as a resin substrate with flexibility can be used as, for example, the insulating substrate  1 . 
     Third Embodiment 
     Next, a third embodiment is described.  FIG. 19  is a plan view of an organic semiconductor device according to the third embodiment.  FIG. 20  is a cross-sectional view take along line G-G′ in  FIG. 19 .  FIG. 21  is an equivalent circuit diagram of the organic semiconductor device according to the third embodiment.  FIGS. 22 to 26  are process views showing an example of a method for manufacturing the organic semiconductor device according to the third embodiment.  FIGS. 22 to 26  are each a process plan view (view on the left) and a process cross-sectional view (view on the right) taken along a one-dot chain line in the process plan view. 
     An organic semiconductor device SD 5  shown in  FIGS. 19 to 21  is a so-called CMOS circuit. The organic semiconductor device SD 5  includes an insulating substrate  21 , a first organic thin-film transistor TR 5 , a second organic thin-film transistor TR 6 , a first wiring portion  33 , a second wiring portion  34 , and a third wiring portion  35 . The insulating substrate  21  has at least one insulating surface (substrate surface). The insulating substrate  21  is a substrate properly selected from the substrates described in the first embodiment. The first organic thin-film transistor TR 5 , the second organic thin-film transistor TR 6 , the first wiring portion  33 , the second wiring portion  34 , and the third wiring portion  35  are formed on the insulating substrate  21 . The first wiring portion  33  is electrically connected to a first electrode  26  common to the first organic thin-film transistor TR 5  and the second organic thin-film transistor TR 6 . The second wiring portion  34  is electrically connected to a second electrode  29  of the first organic thin-film transistor TR 5 . The third wiring portion  35  is electrically connected to a third electrode  30  of the second organic thin-film transistor TR 6 . 
     The first organic thin-film transistor TR 5  includes a gate electrode  22 , a first laminate  31 , and a gate insulating film  25 . The first laminate  31  has the first electrode  26 , a first organic semiconductor film  27 , and the second electrode  29 , which are laminated with each other in a direction normal to the substrate surface of the insulating substrate  21 . The second organic thin-film transistor TR 6  includes the gate electrode  22 , a second laminate  32 , and the gate insulating film  25 . The second laminate  32  has the first electrode  26 , a second organic semiconductor film  28 , and the third electrode  30  which are laminated with each other in a direction normal to the substrate surface of the insulating substrate  21 . That is, in this embodiment, the gate electrode  22 , the gate insulating film  25 , and the first electrode  26  are common to the first organic thin-film transistor TR 5  and the second organic thin-film transistor TR 6 . 
     The first organic thin-film transistor TR 5  and the second organic thin-film transistor TR 6  have the common first electrode  26  and are thus electrically connected to each other. In the third embodiment, each of the electrodes, wirings, and gate insulating film can be formed by the same formation method using the same forming material as described in the first embodiment. 
     As shown in  FIG. 22 , the gate electrode  22  is disposed adjacent to the periphery of a predetermined region  23  and outside the predetermined region  23  on the insulating substrate  21 . The gate electrode  22  is provided around the predetermined region  23  except in a region (notch portion  24 ) adjacent a portion of the periphery of the predetermined region  23  so as to surround the predetermined region  23 . When a direction crossing a first direction (X direction in the drawing) in which the first laminate  31  and the second laminate  32  are arranged is regarded as a second direction (Y direction in the drawing), the notch portion  24  of the embodiment is disposed in the second direction with respect to the first laminate  31  and the second laminate  32 . The gate electrode  22  extends to be bent along the periphery of the predetermined region  23 . The gate electrode  22  according to this embodiment has the same shape as the gate electrode  22  described in the first embodiment. 
     As shown in  FIG. 20 , the first laminate  31  and the second laminate  32  are disposed inside the predetermined region  23  and apart at a distance corresponding to the thickness of the gate insulating film  25  from the outer periphery of the predetermined region  23 . The first laminate  31  and the second laminate  32  are arranged in the first direction (X direction in the drawing). The gate insulating film  25  is provided at least between the gate electrode  22  and the first laminate  31  and between the gate electrode  22  and the second laminate  32 . In this embodiment, the gate insulating film  25  is provided over substantially the entire region of one of the surfaces of the insulating substrate  1  so as to cover the gate electrode  22 . The first laminate  31  and the second laminate  32  are provided on the gate insulating film  25  so as to be disposed inside the predetermined region  23 . 
     In this embodiment, the first electrode  26  is provided on the gate insulating film  25  so as to be in contact with the gate insulating film  25 . The first electrode  26  according to this embodiment is continued over a region where the first laminate  31  is disposed and a region where the second laminate  32  is disposed. As shown in  FIG. 23 , the first electrode  26  extends to be bent long the inner periphery of the gate electrode  22 . In this embodiment, a central portion of the predetermined region  23  shown in  FIG. 22  is a region where the first electrode  26  is not formed. 
     The first wiring portion  33  is electrically connected to the first electrode  26 . In this embodiment, the first electrode  26  and the first wiring portion  33  are integrally formed using the same forming material. A first conductive film constituting the first electrode  26  and the first wiring portion  33  is provided to extend to the outside of the gate electrode  22  through the notch portion  24 . 
     One of the first organic semiconductor film  27  of the first organic thin-film transistor TR 5  and the second organic semiconductor film  28  of the second organic thin-film transistor TR 6  is composed of a n-type semiconductor material, and the other is composed of a p-type semiconductor material. The first organic semiconductor film  27  shown in  FIG. 24  is located on one (−X side) of the sides of the predetermined region  23  in the first direction. The first organic semiconductor film  27  projects from the first electrode  26  to a central portion of the predetermined region  23  and continues to the upper surface of the gate insulating film  25  outside the first electrode  26 . The second organic semiconductor film  28  shown in  FIG. 25  is located on the other side (+X side) of the predetermined region  23  in the first direction. The second organic semiconductor film  28  projects from the first electrode  26  to a central portion of the predetermined region  23  and continues to the top of the gate insulating film  25  outside the first electrode  26 . The first organic semiconductor film  27  and the second organic semiconductor film  28  are provided without being in contact with each other. The first organic semiconductor film  27  according to this embodiment has a portion projecting toward the second organic semiconductor film  28 . 
     As shown in  FIGS. 19 and 20 , the second electrode  29  of the first organic thin-film transistor TR 5  is provided on the first organic semiconductor film  27  to as to be in contact with the first organic semiconductor film  27 . That is, a portion of the first organic semiconductor film  27  is sandwiched between the first electrode  26  and the second electrode  29  in the lamination direction of the first laminate  31 . The second electrode  29  is provided over a region where the second electrode  29  overlaps the first electrode  26  in the laminate direction of the first laminate  31  and a portion of the first organic semiconductor film  27 , which projects outward from the first electrode  26 . In this embodiment, the second electrode  29  is formed in substantially the same planar region as the first organic semiconductor film  27 . In this embodiment, the area of contact between the first organic semiconductor film  27  and the second electrode  29  is larger than that between the first organic semiconductor film  27  and the first electrode  26 . Therefore, the area of the second electrode  29  is larger than the area of a region where the first electrode  26  and the third electrode  30  overlap each other in the lamination direction, i.e., the area of a portion substantially functioning as a first electrode for the first organic semiconductor film  27 . 
     The second wiring portion  34  is electrically connected to the second electrode  29 . In this embodiment, the second electrode  29  and the second wiring portion  34  are integrally formed using the same forming material. A second conductive film constituting the second electrode  29  and the second wiring portion  34  is provided to extend to the outside of the gate electrode  22  through the notch portion  24 . The second conductive film extends to the notch portion  24  from the upper surface of a portion of the first organic semiconductor film  27  which projects toward the second organic semiconductor film  28 . 
     As shown in  FIGS. 19 and 20 , the third electrode  30  of the second organic thin-film transistor TR 6  is provided on the second organic semiconductor film  28  so as to be in contact with the second organic semiconductor film  28 . That is, a portion of the second organic semiconductor film  28  is sandwiched between the first electrode  26  and the third electrode  30  in the lamination direction of the second laminate  32 . The third electrode  30  is provided over a region where the third electrode  30  overlaps the first electrode  26  in the laminate direction of the second laminate  32  and a portion of the second organic semiconductor film  28  which projects outward from the first electrode  26 . In this embodiment, the third electrode  30  is formed in substantially the same planar region as the second organic semiconductor film  28 . In this embodiment, the area of contact between the second organic semiconductor film  28  and the third electrode  30  is larger than that between the second organic semiconductor film  28  and the first electrode  26 . Therefore, the area of the third electrode  30  is larger than the area of an overlap region between the first electrode  26  and the second electrode  29  in the lamination direction, i.e., the area of a portion of the first electrode  26  substantially functioning as a first electrode for the second organic semiconductor film  28 . 
     The third wiring portion  35  is electrically connected to the third electrode  30 . In this embodiment, the third electrode  30  and the third wiring portion  35  are integrally formed using the same forming material. A third conductive film constituting the third electrode  30  and the third wiring portion  35  is provided to extend to the outside of the gate electrode  22  through the notch portion  24 . 
     Next, an example of a method for manufacturing the organic semiconductor device according to the third embodiment is described, but the application scope of the embodiment is not limited to the manufacturing method described below. 
     As shown in  FIG. 22 , in this example, the gate electrode  22  is formed on the insulating substrate  21 . The gate electrode  22  of this example is formed by forming a film having a thickness of about 300 nm by a sputtering method using as a target an alloy containing 99% by weight of aluminum and 1% by weight of silicon, and then patterning the film by a photolithography method and an etching method. Patterning is performed so that the gate electrode  22  surrounds the predetermined region  23  where the first laminate  31  and the second laminate  32  are formed except a region adjacent to the notch portion  24 . 
     Next, as shown in  FIG. 23 , the gate insulating film  25  is formed to cover the gate electrode  22 . The gate insulating film  25  can be formed by, for example, a sputtering method in the same manner as in the first embodiment. The gate insulating film  25  is composed of, for example, silicon oxide, and has a thickness of about 100 nm. Then, the first conductive film constituting the first electrode  26  and the first wiring portion  33  is formed on the gate insulating film  25 . The first electrode  26  can be formed by, for example, a mask vacuum deposition method in the same manner as in the first embodiment. In this example, under a condition in which a metal mask having an aperture with a shape corresponding to the first electrode  26  plus the first wiring portion  33  is aligned with the insulating substrate  21 , chromium is deposited to a thickness of 2 nm and then gold is deposited to a thickness of 80 nm through the metal mask to form the first conductive film having a chromium-gold two-layer structure. 
     Next, as shown in  FIG. 24 , the first organic semiconductor film  27  is formed over the first electrode  26  and a portion of the gate insulating film  25 , which is positioned outside the first electrode  26  within the predetermined region  23 . In this example, the first organic semiconductor film  27  is formed by depositing pentacene as a p-type organic semiconductor material to a thickness of about 60 nm through a metal mask. 
     Next, as shown in  FIG. 25 , the second organic semiconductor film  28  is formed over the first electrode  26  and a portion of the gate insulating film  25 , which is positioned outside the first electrode  26  within the predetermined region  23 . In this example, the second organic semiconductor film  28  is formed by depositing fullerene as a n-type organic semiconductor material to a thickness of about 60 nm through a metal mask. 
     Next, as shown in  FIG. 26 , the second electrode  29  is formed on the first organic semiconductor film  27 , and the third electrode  30  is formed on the second organic semiconductor film  28 . In this example, the second conductive film constituting the second electrode  29  and the second wiring portion  34  and the third conductive film constituting the third electrode  30  and the third wiring portion  35  are formed at a time. Specifically, under a condition in which a metal mask having an aperture with the same shape as the second conductive film and an aperture with the same shape as the third conductive film is aligned with the insulating substrate  21 , gold is deposited to a thickness of about 80 nm through the metal mask to form the second conductive film and the third conductive film composed of gold. 
     As described above, the first organic thin-film transistor TR 5  and the second organic thin-film transistor TR 6  of the third embodiment are formed, thereby manufacturing the organic semiconductor device SD 5  provided with these organic thin-film transistors. As described in the first embodiment, the organic semiconductor device SD 5  of the third embodiment is capable of increasing a drain current, decreasing a parasitic capacitance and leakage current, and suppressing the occurrence of wiring disconnection due to a step difference. 
     Next, the modified example 4 is described.  FIG. 27  is a plan view of an organic semiconductor device according to the modified example 4.  FIG. 28  is a cross-sectional view take along line H-H′ in  FIG. 27 . An organic semiconductor device SD 6  shown in  FIGS. 27 and 28  includes a first organic thin-film transistor TR 5  and a second organic thin-film transistor TR 6 . 
     In the modified example 4, a first electrode  26  is formed over substantially the entire region of a predetermined region  23 . A first organic semiconductor film  27  is located on one (−X side) of the sides in a direction (X direction) in which the first organic thin-film transistor TR 5  and the second organic thin-film transistor TR 6  are arranged. A second organic semiconductor film  28  is located on the other side (+X side) in the X direction. The second organic semiconductor film  28  is provided symmetrically with the first organic semiconductor film  27  with respect to a phantom line perpendicular the X direction. 
     A second electrode  29  included in a first laminate  31  of the first organic thin-film transistor TR 5  is partially provided on the first organic semiconductor film  27 . In this example, the second electrode  29  has a substantially C-shaped strip form. The second electrode  29  is provided inside a gate electrode  22  at a predetermined distance corresponding to the thickness of a gate insulating film  25  and extends to be bent along the gate electrode  22 . The area of a portion where the first organic semiconductor film  27  and the second electrode  29  overlap each other in the lamination direction of the first laminate  31  is smaller than the area of a portion where the first electrode  26  and the first organic semiconductor film  27  overlap each other in the lamination direction. That is, in the first laminate  31 , when focusing attention on a portion substantially functioning as an electrode for the first organic semiconductor film  27 , the area of the first electrode  26  is larger than the area of the second electrode  29 . 
     A third electrode  30  included in a second laminate  32  of the second organic thin-film transistor TR 6  is partially provided on the second organic semiconductor film  28 . In this example, the third electrode  30  has a substantially C-shaped strip form symmetrical with the second electrode  29  of the first organic thin-film transistor TR 5 . The third electrode  30  is apart at a predetermined distance corresponding to the thickness of the gate insulating film  25  from the inside of a gate electrode  22  and extends to be bent along the gate electrode  22 . The area of a portion where the second organic semiconductor film  28  and the third electrode  30  overlap each other in the lamination direction of the second laminate  32  is smaller than the area of a portion where the first electrode  26  and the second organic semiconductor film  28  overlap each other in the lamination direction. That is, in the second laminate  32 , when focusing attention on a portion substantially functioning as an electrode for the second organic semiconductor film  28 , the area of the first electrode  26  is larger than the area of the third electrode  30 . 
     In the modified example 4, in the first organic thin-film transistor TR 5 , the area of a portion of the first electrode  26  substantially functioning as an electrode is different from the area of a portion of the second electrode  29  substantially functioning as an electrode. Therefore, the first organic thin-film transistor TR 5  is capable of decreasing a leakage current and parasitic capacitance. For the same reason, the second organic thin-film transistor TR 6  is capable of decreasing a leakage current and parasitic capacitance. 
     Fourth Embodiment 
     Next, a fourth embodiment is described.  FIG. 29  is a plan view of an organic semiconductor device array according to the fourth embodiment.  FIG. 30  is a plan view of an organic semiconductor device according to the fourth embodiment.  FIG. 31  is a cross-sectional view take along line J-J′ in  FIG. 30 .  FIG. 32  is a cross-sectional view take along line K-K′ in  FIG. 30 .  FIGS. 33A to 33C  are plan views of respective constituent elements of the organic semiconductor device according to the fourth embodiment. 
     An organic semiconductor device array AM 1  shown in  FIG. 29  includes a plurality of organic semiconductor devices  42  arranged in a matrix pattern. Each of the organic semiconductor devices  42  is composed of the organic semiconductor device of any one of the above-described embodiments and modified examples. The organic semiconductor device array AM 1  can be employed in, for example, a liquid crystal display device, an organic electroluminescence display device, and the like. 
     The organic semiconductor device array AM 1  includes a plurality of gate wirings  40 , a plurality of source wirings  41 , and a plurality of pixel electrodes  43 . The plurality of gate wirings  40  have portions extending in parallel to each other. The plurality of source wirings  41  have portions perpendicular to the gate wirings  40  and extending in parallel to each other. The pixel electrodes  43  are provided in one-to-one correspondence with regions (hereinafter referred to as “pixel regions”) partitioned by the source wirings  40  and the source wirings  41 . The organic semiconductor devices  42  are disposed at the intersections between the gate wirings  40  and the source wirings  41 . The organic semiconductor devices  42  are provided in one-to-one correspondence with the pixel electrodes  43 . A plurality of the organic semiconductor devices  42  arranged in the extension direction (the Y direction in the drawing) of the gate wirings  40  are connected to the same gate wiring  40 . A plurality of the organic semiconductor devices  42  arranged in the extension direction (the X direction in the drawing) of the source wirings  41  are connected to the same source wiring  41 . 
     Each of the organic semiconductor devices  42  includes the gate wiring  40  functioning as a gate electrode, a gate insulating film  45 , and a laminate  48 . The laminate  48  includes the source wiring  41  functioning as a first electrode, an organic semiconductor film  46 , and a drain electrode  47  functioning as a second electrode. The laminate  48  is disposed near the intersection between the gate wiring  40  and the source wiring  41 . The gate wiring  40  has a branch portion disposed near the intersection between the gate wiring  40  and the source wiring  41 . The branch portion extends to be bent along the periphery of the laminate  48  excluding between the laminate  48  and the source wiring  41  adjacent to the laminate  48 . The gate insulating film  45  is provided at least between the laminate  48  and the gate wiring  40  adjacent to the laminate  48 . In this embodiment, the gate insulating film  45  is provided over substantially the entire region of the upper surface of an insulating substrate  44  to cover the gate wiring  40 . The laminate  48  and the source wiring  41  are provided on the gate insulating film  45 . 
     As shown in  FIGS. 30 and 33C , the source wiring  41  has a branch portion disposed near the intersection between the source wiring  41  and the gate wiring  40 . The branch portion functions as the first electrode of the organic semiconductor device  42 . As shown in  FIG. 33B , the organic semiconductor film  46  is provided in a substantially U-shaped strip form along the periphery of the branch portion of the source wiring  41 . That is, the top of the branch portion of the source wiring  41  includes a region where the organic semiconductor film  46  is not formed. As shown in  FIG. 33A , the drain electrode  47  is formed to fit on the organic semiconductor film  46 . The drain electrode  47  is electrically connected to the pixel electrode  43 . 
     In this embodiment, the area of a portion where the branch portion (first electrode) of the source wiring  41  and the drain electrode  47  overlap each other in the lamination direction of the laminate  48  is smaller than the area of the first electrode. The area of contact between the drain electrode (second electrode)  47  and the organic semiconductor film  46  is smaller than the area of contact between the branch portion (first electrode) of the source wiring  41  and the organic semiconductor film  46 . 
     In the organic semiconductor device array AM 1  of this embodiment, a driving circuit (driver) (not shown) line-sequentially applies a gate voltage to the plurality of gate wirings  40 . As a result, the plurality of organic semiconductor devices  42  arranged along the gate wiring  40  to which the gate voltage is applied are turned on. With the organic semiconductor device  42  turned on, a signal (voltage) waveform supplied to the source wiring  41  is inputted to the pixel electrodes  43  through the organic semiconductor films  46  and the drain electrodes  47 . The signal waveform inputted to the pixel electrodes  43  is used for displaying an image or the like. 
     The organic semiconductor device array AM 1  of the fourth embodiment includes the organic semiconductor devices of any one of the above-described embodiments or modified examples and is thus capable of increasing a drain current, improving yield, and decreasing a leakage current and parasitic capacitance. In addition, the organic semiconductor device array AM 1  of the fourth embodiment is capable of decreasing the area of the organic semiconductor device array AM 1  in each pixel as compared with the use of a planar-type structure exhibiting the same performance. Thus, for example, when the organic semiconductor device array AM 1  is applied to a display device, an effective area of pixels contributing to display, i.e., an aperture ratio, can be improved. 
     Fifth Embodiment 
     Next, a fifth embodiment is described.  FIG. 34  is a plan view of an organic semiconductor device in an organic semiconductor device array of a liquid crystal display device according to the fifth embodiment.  FIG. 35  is a cross-sectional view take along line L-L′ in  FIG. 34 .  FIG. 36  is a cross-sectional view take along line M-M′ in  FIG. 34 . 
     The liquid crystal display device of this embodiment includes the organic semiconductor device array AM 1  described in the fourth embodiment, a counter substrate  51 , a counter electrode  52 , an alignment film  53 , and a liquid crystal layer  54 . The counter substrate  51  is disposed opposite to the insulating substrate  44 . The insulating substrate  44  and the counter substrate  51  are bonded together with resin beads or the like (not shown) provided therebetween for maintaining a cell gap corresponding to the thickness of the liquid crystal layer  54 . The counter substrate  51  is a transparent substrate appropriately selected from the substrates which can be used as the insulating substrate described in the first embodiment. 
     The liquid crystal layer  54  is sealed between the insulating substrate  44  and the counter substrate  51 . The counter electrode  52  is disposed between the counter substrate  51  and the liquid crystal layer  54 . The counter electrode  52  can apply an electric field to the liquid crystal layer  54  between the counter electrode  52  and the pixel electrodes  43 . The alignment film  53  is disposed each of between the liquid crystal layer  54  and the counter substrate  51  and between the liquid crystal layer  54  and the pixel electrodes  43 . The alignment film  53  can align the liquid crystal layer  54 . The alignment film  53  between the liquid crystal layer  54  and the pixel electrodes  43  is provided to cover the pixel electrodes  43  and the organic thin film transistors. 
     The liquid crystal display device of this embodiment uses, as a substrate for active matrix drive, an organic semiconductor device array including the organic semiconductor devices of any one of the above-described embodiments and modified examples. Therefore, it is possible to improve an aperture ratio of pixels and realize a high-quality display. Since the organic thin-film transistor of this embodiment has decreased parasitic capacitance, thereby suppressing delay due to the parasitic capacitance when data is written on each pixel. Therefore, for example, when the number of pixels in the liquid crystal display device is increased or the screen is enlarged, display timing lag in the pixels in each frame is decreased, and thus a high-quality display can be realized. Also, the liquid crystal display device of this embodiment causes little defect such as wiring disconnection due to step differences in the organic thin-film transistors, and thus the yield can be improved. 
     Sixth Embodiment 
     Next, a sixth embodiment is described.  FIG. 37  is a plan view of an organic semiconductor device in an organic semiconductor device array of an organic electroluminescence display device according to the sixth embodiment.  FIG. 38  is an equivalent circuit diagram of the organic semiconductor device according to the sixth embodiment.  FIGS. 39A to 39F  are plan views of respective constituent elements of the organic semiconductor device according to the sixth embodiment. 
     The organic electroluminescence display device (hereinafter referred to as the “organic EL display device”) according to the sixth embodiment has a so-called 2T1C-type (2-transistor-1-capacitor) structure. The organic EL device of this embodiment has many pixels arranged in a two-dimensional form.  FIG. 37  shows a portion corresponding to one pixel. 
     The organic EL display device shown in  FIG. 37  includes a gate line  60 , a signal line  61 , a power supply line  62 , a switching transistor  63 , a driving transistor  64 , an organic EL element  65 , and a capacitor  66 . The signal line  61  and the power supply line  62  have portions extending in parallel to each other. The gate line  60  has a portion extending in parallel to the signal line  61  and the power supply line  62 . The gate line  60  can transmit a signal for selecting a pixel. The signal line  61  can transmit a signal indicating image data. The power supply line  62  can supply electric power to emit light from the organic EL element  65 . 
     The organic EL element  65  has a structure in which an organic light-emitting layer is disposed between a pair of electrodes. The organic EL element  65  can emit light from the light-emitting layer by energy of bonding of carriers (holes and electrons) supplied from the pair of electrodes. The switching transistor  63  can control on-off of the driving transistor  64  based on a signal transmitted from the gate line  60 . The driving transistor  64  can switch the supply of electric power from the power supply line  62  to the organic EL element  65 . The capacitor  66  can maintain the signal supplied to the organic EL element  65 . 
     The switching transistor  63  has a laminate including a first electrode branched from the signal line  61  shown in  FIG. 39C , an organic semiconductor film  80  shown in  FIG. 39B , and a second electrode  81  shown in  FIG. 39A , which are laminated with each other. The laminate of the switching transistor  63  is disposed near the intersection between the gate line  60  and the signal line  61 . The gate line  60  has a branch portion disposed near the intersection between the gate line  60  and the signal line  61 . The branch portion of the gate line  60  surrounds the periphery of the laminate of the switching transistor  63  excluding a portion of the periphery. 
     The driving transistor  64  has a laminate including a first electrode branched from the power supply line  62  shown in  FIG. 39D , an organic semiconductor film  83  shown in  FIG. 39E , and a second electrode  81  shown in  FIG. 39F , which are laminated with each other. The laminate of the driving transistor  64  is disposed near the intersection between the gate line  60  and the power supply line  62 . The second electrode  81  of the switching transistor  63  surrounds the periphery of the laminate of the driving transistor  64  excluding a portion of the periphery of the laminate. A portion of the second electrode  81  of the switching transistor  63  faces the branch portion branched from the power supply line  62  with a capacitor insulating film (not shown) disposed therebetween. The second electrode  84  of the driving transistor  64  is electrically connected to one (pixel electrode) of the pair of electrodes of the organic EL element  65 . 
     The organic EL display device of this embodiment includes the organic semiconductor device having the organic thin-film transistor of any one of the above-described embodiments and modified examples. Therefore, the organic EL display device of this embodiment can increase a drain current without decreasing a pixel aperture ratio as compared with the use of a thin-film transistor having a planar-type structure. Thus, the organic EL display device of this embodiment is capable of sufficiently supplying electric power necessary for emitting light to the organic EL element  65 , thereby achieving a high-luminance display. The organic EL display device of this embodiment causes little defect such as wiring disconnection due to a step difference in the organic thin-film transistor, thereby improving the yield. 
     INDUSTRIAL APPLICABILITY 
     An organic semiconductor device according to the present invention can be used in an image display device, an electronic device such as a RFID tag, and the like, which include organic thin-film transistors. 
     REFERENCE SIGNS LIST 
     
         
         
           
               1 ,  21  insulating substrate (substrate) 
               2 ,  25  gate electrode 
               3 ,  23  predetermined region (first region) 
               4 ,  24  notch portion (second region) 
               5 ,  25  gate insulating film 
               6 ,  26  first electrode 
               7  organic semiconductor film 
               8 ,  29  second electrode 
               9  laminate 
               11  first wiring portion 
               12  second wiring portion 
               27  first organic semiconductor film 
               28  second organic semiconductor film 
               30  third electrode 
               35  third wiring portion 
             SD 1  to SD 5  organic semiconductor device 
             TR 1  to TR 5  organic thin-film transistor