Patent Publication Number: US-8122198-B2

Title: Modified machine architecture with partial memory updating

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This is a divisional application under 35 USC 121 of U.S. Application Ser. No. 11/583,958, filed Oct. 18, 2006, entitled “Modified Machine Architecture With Partial Memory Updating,” now U.S. Pat. No. 7,660,960, issued Feb. 9, 2010; and which claims benefit to U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/730,543, entitled “Modified Machine Architecture with Partial Memory Updating,” filed Oct. 25, 2005; hereby incorporated by reference. 
    
    
     FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention relates to computing and, in particular, to the simultaneous operation of a plurality of computers interconnected via a communications network. 
     BACKGROUND ART 
     International Patent Application No. PCT/AU2005/000580 published under WO 2005/103926 (to which U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/111,946 and published under No. 2005-0262313 corresponds) in the name of the present applicant, discloses how different portions of an application program written to execute on only a single computer can be operated substantially simultaneously on a corresponding different one of a plurality of computers. That simultaneous operation has not been commercially used as of the priority date of the present application. International Patent Application Nos. PCT/AU2005/001641 to which U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/259,885 entitled: “Computer Architecture Method of Operation for Multi-Computer Distributed Processing and Co-ordinated Memory and Asset Handling” corresponds and PCT/AU2006/000532 in the name of the present applicant and unpublished as at the priority date of the present application, also disclose further details. The contents of each of the abovementioned prior application(s) are hereby incorporated into the present application by cross reference for all purposes. 
     Briefly stated, the abovementioned patent specifications disclose that at least one application program written to be operated on only a single computer can be simultaneously operated on a number of computers each with independent local memory. The memory locations required for the operation of that program are replicated in the independent local memory of each computer. On each occasion on which the application program writes new data to any replicated memory location, that new data is transmitted and stored at each corresponding memory location of each computer. Thus apart from the possibility of transmission delays, each computer has a local memory the contents of which are substantially identical to the local memory of each other computer and are updated to remain so. Since all application programs, in general, read data much more frequently than they cause new data to be written, the abovementioned arrangement enables very substantial advantages in computing speed to be achieved. In particular, the stratagem enables two or more commodity computers interconnected by a commodity communications network to be operated simultaneously running under the application program written to be executed on only a single computer. 
     In many situations, the above-mentioned arrangements work satisfactorily. This applies particularly where the programmer is aware that there may be updating delays and so can adjust the flow of the program to account for this. However, there are situations in which the use of stale contents or values instead of the latest content can create problems. 
     The genesis of the present invention is a desire to increase of the speed of operation of the multiple computer system by reducing the volume of data which requires to be updated. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     In accordance with a first aspect of the present invention there is disclosed a method of selecting independent memory locations to be substantially simultaneously updated in a multiple computer environment in which different portions of at least one application program written to execute on only a single computer are executed substantially simultaneously each on a corresponding different one of said multiple computers, said method comprising the steps of: 
     (i) selecting a first group of memory locations each of which is replicated on each said computer, 
     (ii) ignoring a second group of memory locations each of which is present only in the specific one of said computers in which each said second group memory location is physically located, 
     (iii) promoting from said second group any memory location to which a memory location in said first group begins to refer, 
     (iv) replicating the said promoted second group location in all other ones of said computers other than the one in which it was physically located when in said second group, 
     (v) assigning said replicated promoted second group locations to said first group, and 
     (vi) substantially simultaneously updating said first group locations of the other ones of said computers with any changes made to a first group location of any one of said computers. 
     In accordance with a second aspect of the present invention there is disclosed a multiple computer system in which different portions of at least one application program written to execute on only a single computer execute substantially simultaneously each on a corresponding one of a plurality of computers, each of which has an independent local memory and all of which are interconnected by a communications network, wherein memory locations present in said local memories are categorized into two groups, a first group of memory locations each of which is replicated on each said computer, and a second group of memory locations each of which is present only in the specific one of said computers in which each said second group memory location is physically present, said system comprising memory updating means to update via said communications network any changes made to a memory location of said first group in one computer to all other corresponding memory locations of said other computers, and promotion means to promote from said second group to said first group any memory location of said second group which, as a result of execution of said application program, is now referred top by a memory location of said first group. 
     In accordance with a third aspect of the present invention there is disclosed a single computer adapted to co-operate with at least one other computer in order to carry out the above method or form the above computer system. 
     In accordance with a fourth aspect of the present invention there is disclosed a computer program product comprising a set of program instructions stored in a storage medium and operable to permit a plurality of computers to carry out the above defined method. 
     In accordance with a fifth aspect of the present invention there is disclosed a plurality of computers interconnected via a communications network and operable to ensure carrying out of the above described method. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       Preferred embodiments of the present invention will now be described with reference to the drawings in which: 
         FIG. 1A  is a schematic illustration of a prior art computer arranged to operate JAVA code and thereby constitute a single JAVA virtual machine, 
         FIG. 1B  is a drawing similar to  FIG. 1A  but illustrating the initial loading of code, 
         FIG. 1C  illustrates the interconnection of a multiplicity of computers each being a JAVA virtual machine to form a multiple computer system, 
         FIG. 2  schematically illustrates “n” application running computers to which at least one additional server machine X is connected as a server, 
         FIG. 3  is a schematic map of the memory locations in all the multiple machines showing memory locations including classes and objects, 
         FIG. 4  is a table showing the various memory locations of  FIG. 3  and their ability to be reached, 
         FIG. 5  is a map similar to  FIG. 3  and showing the consequence of memory location X pointing to memory location A, 
         FIG. 6  is the reachability table corresponding to  FIG. 5 , 
         FIG. 7  is a map similar to  FIG. 3  and showing memory location A pointing to new memory location K, 
         FIG. 8  is the reachability table corresponding to  FIG. 7 , 
         FIG. 9  is a map similar to  FIG. 7  but showing the consequence of memory location X pointing to memory location A, 
         FIG. 10  is the reachability table corresponding to  FIG. 9 , 
         FIGS. 11-14  illustrate multiple reachability tables respectively corresponding to the individual reachability tables of  FIGS. 4 ,  6 ,  8  and  10 , 
         FIG. 15  illustrates a further memory change, 
         FIGS. 16 and 17  respectively illustrate the single and multiple reachability tables corresponding to the memory changes of  FIG. 15 , 
         FIG. 18  illustrates another memory change, 
         FIGS. 19 and 20  respectively illustrate the single and multiple reachability tables corresponding to the memory changes of  FIG. 19 , 
         FIG. 21  illustrates a still further memory change, 
         FIGS. 22 and 23  respectively illustrate the single and multiple reachability tables corresponding to the memory changes of  FIG. 21 , 
         FIG. 24  illustrates yet another memory change, and 
         FIGS. 25 and 26  respectively illustrate the single and multiple reachability tables corresponding to the memory changes of  FIG. 24 . 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     The embodiments will be described with reference to the JAVA language, however, it will be apparent to those skilled in the art that the invention is not limited to this language and, in particular can be used with other languages (including procedural, declarative and object oriented languages) including the MICROSOFT.NET platform and architecture (Visual Basic, Visual C, and Visual C++, and Visual C#), FORTRAN, C, C++, COBOL, BASIC and the like. 
     It is known in the prior art to provide a single computer or machine (produced by any one of various manufacturers and having an operating system (or equivalent control software or other mechanism) operating in any one of various different languages) utilizing the particular language of the application by creating a virtual machine as illustrated in  FIG. 1A . 
     The code and data and virtual machine configuration or arrangement of  FIG. 1A  takes the form of the application code  50  written in the JAVA language and executing within the JAVA virtual machine  61 . Thus where the intended language of the application is the language JAVA, a JAVA virtual machine is used which is able to operate code in JAVA irrespective of the machine manufacturer and internal details of the computer or machine. For further details, see “The JAVA Virtual Machine Specification” 2 nd  Edition by T. Lindholm and F. Yellin of Sun Microsystems Inc of the USA which is incorporated herein by reference. 
     This conventional art arrangement of  FIG. 1A  is modified in accordance with embodiments of the present invention by the provision of an additional facility which is conveniently termed a “distributed run time” or a “distributed run time system” DRT  71  and as seen in  FIG. 1B . 
     In  FIGS. 1B and 1C , the application code  50  is loaded onto the Java Virtual Machine(s) M 1 , M 2 , . . . Mn in cooperation with the distributed runtime system  71 , through the loading procedure indicated by arrow  75  or  75 A or  75 B. As used herein the terms “distributed runtime” and the “distributed run time system” are essentially synonymous, and by means of illustration but not limitation are generally understood to include library code and processes which support software written in a particular language running on a particular platform. Additionally, a distributed runtime system may also include library code and processes which support software written in a particular language running within a particular distributed computing environment. A runtime system (whether a distributed runtime system or not) typically deals with the details of the interface between the program and the operating system such as system calls, program start-up and termination, and memory management. For purposes of background, a conventional Distributed Computing Environment (DCE) (that does not provide the capabilities of the inventive distributed run time or distributed run time system  71  used in the preferred embodiments of the present invention) is available from the Open Software Foundation. This Distributed Computing Environment (DCE) performs a form of computer-to-computer communication for software running on the machines, but among its many limitations, it is not able to implement the desired modification or communication operations. Among its functions and operations the preferred DRT  71  coordinates the particular communications between the plurality of machines M 1 , M 2  . . . Mn. Moreover, the preferred distributed runtime  71  comes into operation during the loading procedure indicated by arrow  75 A or  75 B of the JAVA application  50  on each JAVA virtual machine  72  or machines JVM# 1 , JVM# 2 , . . . JVM#n of  FIG. 1C . It will be appreciated in light of the description provided herein that although many examples and descriptions are provided relative to the JAVA language and JAVA virtual machines so that the reader may get the benefit of specific examples, the invention is not restricted to either the JAVA language or JAVA virtual machines, or to any other language, virtual machine, machine or operating environment. 
       FIG. 1C  shows in modified form the arrangement of the JAVA virtual machines, each as illustrated in  FIG. 1B . It will be apparent that again the same application code  50  is loaded onto each machine M 1 , M 2  . . . Mn. However, the communications between each machine M 1 , M 2  . . . Mn are as indicated by arrows  83 , and although physically routed through the machine hardware, are advantageously controlled by the individual DRT&#39;s  71 / 1  . . .  71 / n  within each machine. Thus, in practice this may be conceptionalised as the DRT&#39;s  71 / 1 , . . .  71 / n  communicating with each other via the network or other communications link  53  rather than the machines M 1 , M 2  . . . Mn communicating directly themselves or with each other. Contemplated and included are either this direct communication between machines M 1 , M 2  . . . Mn or DRT&#39;s  71 / 1 ,  71 / 2  . . .  71 / n  or a combination of such communications. The preferred DRT  71  provides communication that is transport, protocol, and link independent. 
     The one common application program or application code  50  and its executable version (with likely modification) is simultaneously or concurrently executing across the plurality of computers or machines M 1 , M 2  . . . Mn. The application program  50  is written to execute on a single machine or computer (or to operate on the multiple computer system of the abovementioned patent applications which emulate single computer operation). Essentially the modified structure is to replicate an identical memory structure and contents on each of the individual machines. 
     The term “common application program” is to be understood to mean an application program or application program code written to operate on a single machine, and loaded and/or executed in whole or in part on each one of the plurality of computers or machines M 1 , M 2  . . . Mn, or optionally on each one of some subset of the plurality of computers or machines M 1 , M 2  . . . Mn. Put somewhat differently, there is a common application program represented in application code  50 . This is either a single copy or a plurality of identical copies each individually modified to generate a modified copy or version of the application program or program code. Each copy or instance is then prepared for execution on the corresponding machine. At the point after they are modified they are common in the sense that they perform similar operations and operate consistently and coherently with each other. It will be appreciated that a plurality of computers, machines, information appliances, or the like implementing embodiments of the invention may optionally be connected to or coupled with other computers, machines, information appliances, or the like that do not implement embodiments of the invention. 
     The same application program  50  (such as for example a parallel merge sort, or a computational fluid dynamics application or a data mining application) is run on each machine, but the executable code of that application program is modified on each machine as necessary such that each executing instance (copy or replica) on each machine coordinates its local operations on that particular machine with the operations of the respective instances (or copies or replicas) on the other machines such that they function together in a consistent, coherent and coordinated manner and give the appearance of being one global instance of the application (i.e. a “meta-application”). 
     The copies or replicas of the same or substantially the same application codes, are each loaded onto a corresponding one of the interoperating and connected machines or computers. As the characteristics of each machine or computer may differ, the application code  50  may be modified before loading, or during the loading process, or with some disadvantages after the loading process, to provide a customization or modification of the application code on each machine. Some dissimilarity between the programs or application codes on the different machines may be permitted so long as the other requirements for interoperability, consistency, and coherency as described herein can be maintained. As it will become apparent hereafter, each of the machines M 1 , M 2  . . . Mn and thus all of the machines M 1 , M 2  . . . Mn have the same or substantially the same application code  50 , usually with a modification that may be machine specific. 
     Before the loading of, or during the loading of, or at any time preceding the execution of, the application code  50  (or the relevant portion thereof) on each machine M 1 , M 2  . . . Mn, each application code  50  is modified by a corresponding modifier  51  according to the same rules (or substantially the same rules since minor optimizing changes are permitted within each modifier  51 / 1 ,  51 / 2  . . .  51 / n ). 
     Each of the machines M 1 , M 2  . . . Mn operates with the same (or substantially the same or similar) modifier  51  (in some embodiments implemented as a distributed run time or DRT 71  and in other embodiments implemented as an adjunct to the application code and data  50 , and also able to be implemented within the JAVA virtual machine itself). Thus all of the machines M 1 , M 2  . . . Mn have the same (or substantially the same or similar) modifier  51  for each modification required. A different modification, for example, may be required for memory management and replication, for initialization, for finalization, and/or for synchronization (though not all of these modification types may be required for all embodiments). 
     There are alternative implementations of the modifier  51  and the distributed run time  71 . For example, as indicated by broken lines in  FIG. 1C , the modifier  51  may be implemented as a component of or within the distributed run time  71 , and therefore the DRT  71  may implement the functions and operations of the modifier  51 . Alternatively, the function and operation of the modifier  51  may be implemented outside of the structure, software, firmware, or other means used to implement the DRT  71  such as within the code and data  50 , or within the JAVA virtual machine itself. In one embodiment, both the modifier  51  and DRT  71  are implemented or written in a single piece of computer program code that provides the functions of the DRT and modifier. In this case the modifier function and structure is, in practice, subsumed into the DRT. Independent of how it is implemented, the modifier function and structure is responsible for modifying the executable code of the application code program, and the distributed run time function and structure is responsible for implementing communications between and among the computers or machines. The communications functionality in one embodiment is implemented via an intermediary protocol layer within the computer program code of the DRT on each machine. The DRT can, for example, implement a communications stack in the JAVA language and use the Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) to provide for communications or talking between the machines. These functions or operations may be implemented in a variety of ways, and it will be appreciated in light of the description provided herein that exactly how these functions or operations are implemented or divided between structural and/or procedural elements, or between computer program code or data structures, is not important or crucial to the invention. 
     However, in the arrangement illustrated in  FIG. 1C , a plurality of individual computers or machines M 1 , M 2  . . . Mn are provided, each of which are interconnected via a communications network  53  or other communications link. Each individual computer or machine is provided with a corresponding modifier  51 . Each individual computer is also provided with a communications port which connects to the communications network. The communications network  53  or path can be any electronic signalling, data, or digital communications network or path and is preferably a slow speed, and thus low cost, communications path, such as a network connection over the Internet or any common networking configurations including ETHERNET or INFINIBAND and extensions and improvements, thereto. Preferably, the computers are provided with one or more known communications ports (such as CISCO Power Connect 5224 Switches) which connect with the communications network  53 . 
     As a consequence of the above described arrangement, if each of the machines M 1 , M 2 , . . . , Mn has, say, an internal or local memory capability of 10 MB, then the total memory available to the application code  50  in its entirety is not, as one might expect, the number of machines (n) times 10 MB. Nor is it the additive combination of the internal memory capability of all n machines. Instead it is either 10 MB, or some number greater than 10 MB but less than n×10 MB. In the situation where the internal memory capacities of the machines are different, which is permissible, then in the case where the internal memory in one machine is smaller than the internal memory capability of at least one other of the machines, then the size of the smallest memory of any of the machines may be used as the maximum memory capacity of the machines when such memory (or a portion thereof) is to be treated as ‘common’ memory (i.e. similar equivalent memory on each of the machines M 1  . . . Mn) or otherwise used to execute the common application code. 
     However, even though the manner that the internal memory of each machine is treated may initially appear to be a possible constraint on performance, how this results in improved operation and performance will become apparent hereafter. Naturally, each machine M 1 , M 2  . . . Mn has a private (i.e. ‘non-common’) internal memory capability. The private internal memory capability of the machines M 1 , M 2 , . . . , Mn are normally approximately equal but need not be. For example, when a multiple computer system is implemented or organized using existing computers, machines, or information appliances, owned or operated by different entities, the internal memory capabilities may be quite different. On the other hand, if a new multiple computer system is being implemented, each machine or computer is preferably selected to have an identical internal memory capability, but this need not be so. 
     It is to be understood that the independent local memory of each machine represents only that part of the machine&#39;s total memory which is allocated to that portion of the application program running on that machine. Thus, other memory will be occupied by the machine&#39;s operating system and other computational tasks unrelated to the application program  50 . 
     Non-commercial operation of a prototype multiple computer system indicates that not every machine or computer in the system utilises or needs to refer to (e.g. have a local replica of) every possible memory location. As a consequence, it is possible to operate a multiple computer system without the local memory of each machine being identical to every other machine, so long as the local memory of each machine is sufficient for the operation of that machine. That is to say, provided a particular machine does not need to refer to (for example have a local replica of) some specific memory locations, then it does not matter that those specific memory locations are not replicated in that particular machine. 
     It may also be advantageous to select the amounts of internal memory in each machine to achieve a desired performance level in each machine and across a constellation or network of connected or coupled plurality of machines, computers, or information appliances M 1 , M 2 , . . . , Mn. Having described these internal and common memory considerations, it will be apparent in light of the description provided herein that the amount of memory that can be common between machines is not a limitation. 
     In some embodiments, some or all of the plurality of individual computers or machines can be contained within a single housing or chassis (such as so-called “blade servers” manufactured by Hewlett-Packard Development Company, Intel Corporation, IBM Corporation and others) or the multiple processors (eg symmetric multiple processors or SMPs) or multiple core processors (eg dual core processors and chip multithreading processors) manufactured by Intel, AMD, or others, or implemented on a single printed circuit board or even within a single chip or chip set. Similarly, also included are computers or machines having multiple cores, multiple CPU&#39;s or other processing logic. 
     When implemented in a non-JAVA language or application code environment, the generalized platform, and/or virtual machine and/or machine and/or runtime system is able to operate application code  50  in the language(s) (possibly including for example, but not limited to any one or more of source-code languages, intermediate-code languages, object-code languages, machine-code languages, and any other code languages) of that platform and/or virtual machine and/or machine and/or runtime system environment, and utilize the platform, and/or virtual machine and/or machine and/or runtime system and/or language architecture irrespective of the machine or processor manufacturer and the internal details of the machine. It will also be appreciated that the platform and/or runtime system can include virtual machine and non-virtual machine software and/or firmware architectures, as well as hardware and direct hardware coded applications and implementations. 
     For a more general set of virtual machine or abstract machine environments, and for current and future computers and/or computing machines and/or information appliances or processing systems, and that may not utilize or require utilization of either classes and/or objects, the inventive structure, method and computer program and computer program product are still applicable. Examples of computers and/or computing machines that do not utilize either classes and/or objects include for example, the x86 computer architecture manufactured by Intel Corporation and others, the SPARC computer architecture manufactured by Sun Microsystems, Inc and others, the Power PC computer architecture manufactured by International Business Machines Corporation and others, and the personal computer products made by Apple Computer, Inc., and others. 
     For these types of computers, computing machines, information appliances, and the virtual machine or virtual computing environments implemented thereon that do not utilize the idea of classes or objects, may be generalized for example to include primitive data types (such as integer data types, floating point data types, long data types, double data types, string data types, character data types and Boolean data types), structured data types (such as arrays and records), derived types, or other code or data structures of procedural languages or other languages and environments such as functions, pointers, components, modules, structures, reference and unions. These structures and procedures when applied in combination when required, maintain a computing environment where memory locations, address ranges, objects, classes, assets, resources, or any other procedural or structural aspect of a computer or computing environment are where required created, maintained, operated, and deactivated or deleted in a coordinated, coherent, and consistent manner across the plurality of individual machines M 1 , M 2  . . . Mn. 
     This analysis or scrutiny of the application code  50  can take place either prior to loading the application program code  50 , or during the application program code  50  loading procedure, or even after the application program code  50  loading procedure (or some combination of these). It may be likened to an instrumentation, program transformation, translation, or compilation procedure in that the application code can be instrumented with additional instructions, and/or otherwise modified by meaning-preserving program manipulations, and/or optionally translated from an input code language to a different code language (such as for example from source-code language or intermediate-code language to object-code language or machine-code language). In this connection it is understood that the term compilation normally or conventionally involves a change in code or language, for example, from source code to object code or from one language to another language. However, in the present instance the term “compilation” (and its grammatical equivalents) is not so restricted and can also include or embrace modifications within the same code or language. For example, the compilation and its equivalents are understood to encompass both ordinary compilation (such as for example by way of illustration but not limitation, from source-code to object code), and compilation from source-code to source-code, as well as compilation from object-code to object code, and any altered combinations therein. It is also inclusive of so-called “intermediary-code languages” which are a form of “pseudo object-code”. 
     By way of illustration and not limitation, in one embodiment, the analysis or scrutiny of the application code  50  takes place during the loading of the application program code such as by the operating system reading the application code  50  from the hard disk or other storage device, medium or source and copying it into memory and preparing to begin execution of the application program code. In another embodiment, in a JAVA virtual machine, the analysis or scrutiny may take place during the class loading procedure of the java.lang.ClassLoader.loadClass method (e.g. “java.lang.ClassLoader.loadClass( )”). 
     Alternatively, or additionally, the analysis or scrutiny of the application code  50  (or of a portion of the application code) may take place even after the application program code loading procedure, such as after the operating system has loaded the application code into memory, or optionally even after execution of the relevant corresponding portion of the application program code has started, such as for example after the JAVA virtual machine has loaded the application code into the virtual machine via the “java.lang.ClassLoader.loadClass( )” method and optionally commenced execution. 
     Persons skilled in the computing arts will be aware of various possible techniques that may be used in the modification of computer code, including but not limited to instrumentation, program transformation, translation, or compilation means and/or methods. 
     One such technique is to make the modification(s) to the application code, without a preceding or consequential change of the language of the application code. Another such technique is to convert the original code (for example, JAVA language source-code) into an intermediate representation (or intermediate-code language, or pseudo code), such as JAVA byte code. Once this conversion takes place the modification is made to the byte code and then the conversion may be reversed. This gives the desired result of modified JAVA code. 
     A further possible technique is to convert the application program to machine code, either directly from source-code or via the abovementioned intermediate language or through some other intermediate means. Then the machine code is modified before being loaded and executed. A still further such technique is to convert the original code to an intermediate representation, which is thus modified and subsequently converted into machine code. 
     The present invention encompasses all such modification routes and also a combination of two, three or even more, of such routes. 
     The DRT  71  or other code modifying means is responsible for creating or replicating a memory structure and contents on each of the individual machines M 1 , M 2  . . . Mn that permits the plurality of machines to interoperate. In some embodiments this replicated memory structure will be identical. Whilst in other embodiments this memory structure will have portions that are identical and other portions that are not. In still other embodiments the memory structures are different only in format or storage conventions such as Big Endian or Little Endian formats or conventions. 
     These structures and procedures when applied in combination when required, maintain a computing environment where the memory locations, address ranges, objects, classes, assets, resources, or any other procedural or structural aspect of a computer or computing environment are where required created, maintained, operated, and deactivated or deleted in a coordinated, coherent, and consistent manner across the plurality of individual machines M, M 2  . . . Mn. 
     Therefore the terminology “one”, “single”, and “common” application code or program includes the situation where all machines M 1 , M 2  . . . Mn are operating or executing the same program or code and not different (and unrelated) programs, in other words copies or replicas of same or substantially the same application code are loaded onto each of the interoperating and connected machines or computers. 
     In conventional arrangements utilising distributed software, memory access from one machine&#39;s software to memory physically located on another machine typically takes place via the network interconnecting the machines. Thus, the local memory of each machine is able to be accessed by any other machine and can therefore cannot be said to be independent. However, because the read and/or write memory access to memory physically located on another computer require the use of the slow network interconnecting the computers, in these configurations such memory accesses can result in substantial delays in memory read/write processing operations, potentially of the order of 10 6 -10 7  cycles of the central processing unit of the machine (given contemporary processor speeds). Ultimately this delay is dependent upon numerous factors, such as for example, the speed, bandwidth, and/or latency of the communication network. This in large part accounts for the diminished performance of the multiple interconnected machines in the prior art arrangement. 
     However, in the present arrangement all reading of memory locations or data is satisfied locally because a current value of all (or some subset of all) memory locations is stored on the machine carrying out the processing which generates the demand to read memory. 
     Similarly, all writing of memory locations or data is satisfied locally because a current value of all (or some subset of all) memory locations is stored on the machine carrying out the processing which generates the demand to write to memory. 
     Such local memory read and write processing operation can typically be satisfied within 10 2 -10 3  cycles of the central processing unit. Thus, in practice there is substantially less waiting for memory accesses which involves and/or writes. Also, the local memory of each machine is not able to be accessed by any other machine and can therefore be said to be independent. 
     The invention is transport, network, and communications path independent, and does not depend on how the communication between machines or DRTs takes place. In one embodiment, even electronic mail (email) exchanges between machines or DRTs may suffice for the communications. 
     In connection with the above, it will be seen from  FIG. 2  that there are a number of machines M 1 , M 2 , . . . Mn, “n” being an integer greater than or equal to two, on which the application program  50  of  FIG. 1  is being run substantially simultaneously. These machines are allocated a number 1, 2, 3, . . . etc. in a hierarchical order. This order is normally looped or closed so that whilst machines  2  and  3  are hierarchically adjacent, so too are machines “n” and 1. There is preferably a further machine X which is provided to enable various housekeeping functions to be carried out, such as acting as a lock server. In particular, the further machine X can be a low value machine, and much less expensive than the other machines which can have desirable attributes such as processor speed. Furthermore, an additional low value machine (X+1) is preferably available to provide redundancy in case machine X should fail. Where two such server machines X and X+1 are provided, they are preferably, for reasons of simplicity, operated as dual machines in a cluster configuration. Machines X and X+1 could be operated as a multiple computer system in accordance with the present invention, if desired. However, this would result in generally undesirable complexity. If the machine X is not provided then its functions, such as housekeeping functions, are provided by one, or some, or all of the other machines. 
     The abovementioned incorporated by reference specifications disclose a system in which corresponding memory locations can be updated to ensure that the contents of each local memory are substantially identical, apart from a transmission delay. However, as the number of machines increases and the complexity of the applications program also increase, so the volume of data required to be transmitted over the communications network  53  also increases. 
     In order to overcome this problem, in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention, the memory locations which potentially require updating are divided into at least two categories. The first category consists of those memory locations which are accessible by any two or more of the multiple machines and thus should be continuously updated. The second category consists of those memory locations which are accessible only by the local machine where the memory location is physically located. For these memory locations it is undesirable to, firstly, replicate the contents of that memory location on all the other machines, and secondly, to continue to update the contents of the replicated memory locations each time that the original local memory contents change. Memory locations which fall into the two categories are easily able to be distinguished by whether or not there is a pointer pointing to the memory location concerned. There are several mechanisms, or modes, whereby this categorisation and data transfer can take place. 
     Turning now to  FIG. 3 , each of the multiple machines M 1 , M 2  . . . Mn (other than any server machine X if present) has its memory locations schematically illustrated. For machine M 1  there is a class X 1  and an object B. For machine M 2  there is a class X 2  which is the same as for machine M 1 , and an object D. For machine Mn there is the same class Xn and two objects A and E. The contents of the memory location X are the same for each of the machines and each machine is able to both read from, and write to, memory location X. For this reason, the boundary of memory location X is indicated with a double line. 
     Preferably, it is convenient for the server machine X of  FIG. 2 , to maintain a table listing each memory location and the machines which are able to access each memory location in the table. Such a table is said to be a reachability table and is illustrated in  FIG. 4 . The first row in the table of  FIG. 4  deals with memory location A which is only able to be accessed by machine Mn. The second row in the table of  FIG. 4  deals with memory location B which is only able to be accessed by machine M 1 . Similarly, object D is only able to be accessed by machine M 2  and object E is only able to be accessed by machine Mn. However, the class X is able to be accessed by all of the machines M 1 , M 2  and Mn. 
     In the multi-machine environment described above, in the event that the content of class X is changed by being written to by one of the machines, then it is necessary to transmit that change in content via the network  53  to all the other machines. However, since the objects A, B, D and E are each are only able to be accessed by a single machine, there is little point in either creating or updating the contents of these memory locations since they are only able to be accessed by their local machine. 
     If now during the processing carried out by a particular machine, say machine Mn, the class Xn needs to refer to the object A, then class Xn is said to point to object A. This is indicated in  FIG. 5  by an arrow pointing from class Xn to object A. The change in status of object A means that it is now able to be accessed or referenced by all the other machines. For this reason in  FIG. 5  it is named object An, is bounded by double lines, and is reproduced in each of the other machines as object A 1 , A 2 , etc. Furthermore, an arrow points from each corresponding class X 1 , X 2 , etc to the corresponding referred object A 1 , A 2 , etc. As a result of this change of status of object A, the first row of the reachability table of  FIG. 4  is amended as illustrated in  FIG. 6  so as to indicate that object A is now able to be reached by the machines M 1 , M 2  and Mn. The server machine X of  FIG. 2  uses the amended reachability table of  FIG. 6  to ensure that the contents of object A, if amended by one machine, are transmitted via the network  3  to all the other machines. 
       FIGS. 7 and 8  illustrate a further modification. Here object A in machine Mn, as a result of the processing carried out by machine Mn, now points to a new object K. As a consequence, it is now necessary for an additional row to be inserted into the reachability table as illustrated in  FIG. 8 . This new row illustrates that object K is only able to be accessed by machine Mn. 
     Under these circumstances, if the modification previously described above in relation to  FIG. 5 , takes place, then the situation illustrated in  FIG. 9  arises. Since class Xn now points to object An, as before object A is replicated in each of the other machines. However, since object An itself points to object K, it is necessary for each of the objects K to be replicated in each of the other machines. This gives rise to objects K 1 , K 2 , . . . Kn. Furthermore, each of these objects is accessible by all machines and consequently these objects are indicated by double lines in  FIG. 9 . The corresponding changes to the reachability table are indicated in  FIG. 10  where an object K is now indicated as being accessible by all machines. 
     The abovementioned detailed description refers to memory locations, however, it is equally applicable to structures, assets or resources (which in JAVA are termed classes or objects). These will have already been allocated a (global) name or tag which can be used globally by all machines (since it is understood that the local memory structure of different machines may be different). Thus, the local or actual name allocated to a specific memory location in one machine may well be different from the local name allocated to the corresponding memory location in another machine. This global name allocation preferably happens during a compilation process at loading when the classes or objects are originally initialized. This is most conveniently done via a table maintained by the server machine X. This table can also include the reachability data. 
     It will be apparent to those skilled in the computing arts that the reachability data enables structures, assets or resources (ie memory locations) to be divided into two categories or classes. The first category consists of those locations which are able to be accessed by all machines. It is necessary that write actions carried out in respect of such memory locations be distributed to all machines so that all corresponding memory locations have the same content (except for delays due to transmission of updating data). However, in respect of the second category, since these memory locations are only accessible by the local machine, write actions to these memory locations need not be distributed to all the other machines, nor need there be corresponding memory locations on the other machines. As a consequence of this categorisation, a substantial volume of data is not required to be transmitted from one machine to the others and so the volume of traffic on the network  53  is substantially reduced. 
     In the foregoing description, a single reachability table is provided which is located in, and maintained by, the server machine X. However, it is also possible for the computer system to be operated without a server machine X in which case it is desirable for each machine to operate its own reachability table.  FIGS. 11-14  illustrate individual reachability tables for the individual machines in the circumstances corresponding to  FIGS. 4 ,  6 ,  8  and  10  respectively. 
     Thus, in  FIG. 11  the table for machine M 1  has a row for class X and a row for object B. Similarly, the table for machine M 2  has a row for class X and a row for object D. However, the table for machine Mn has three rows, one for class X, and one for each of objects A and E. When the change illustrated by comparison of  FIGS. 3 and 5  takes place, since class Xn now refers to object An, and thus all the other classes X 1 , X 2 , etc must now refer to corresponding objects A 1 , A 2 , etc. so all machines must now include a row in their reachability table for object A. This is the situation illustrated in  FIG. 12 . The other machines are said to inherit the table entry for object A. 
     Machine Mn can determine that object A requires replication across the other machines by consulting the table entry for class X on machine Mn. In the situation illustrated, machine Mn makes a positive determination for replication by comparing the table entries for object A and class X. If the table entry for object A includes all machines in the table entry for class X, then machine Mn can correctly determine that object A does not need to be further replicated on any other machines. Additionally, no table entries need to be added to, or updated on, other machines. Alternatively, if the table entry of object A does not include the full set of machines in the table entry of class X then machine Mn updates the table entry for object A to include the set of machines listed in the table entry for class X, and additionally instructs all machines listed in the new table entry for object A to update their local tables for object A with the set of machines listed in the new table entry for object A on machine Mn. Finally, for the set of machines which were not already present in the table entry for object A on machine Mn prior to the inheritance of the set of machines of class X on machine Mn, machine Mn instructs those machines (ie machines M 1  and M 2 ) to add a local table entry for object A and create local replicas in memory of object A and associated references to class X. 
     Similarly, with reference to  FIG. 7  when the additional object K is created by machine Mn, so an additional row for object K is created in the reachability table for machine Mn as illustrated in  FIG. 13  as machines M 1  and M 2  do not have a local replica of object K and, as shown in  FIG. 7 , neither do they have a table entry for objects A and K. As illustrated in  FIG. 9 , the assignment of a reference of object A to class X requires that object A inherits the table entries of class X. However, in addition, as object A in turn references object K, object K must also indirectly inherit the table entry of class X by inheriting the newly updated table entry of object A (including now the inherited values of the table entry for class X). In accordance with the updating of table entries for objects A and K on machine Mn, machine Mn instructs all machines listed in the table entry for objects A and K to update their local tables, and further instructs all machines not originally present in the table entries of objects A and K respectively to create local replicas of objects A and K. The resulting tables for the individual machines are illustrated in  FIG. 14 . 
     A further example is illustrated in  FIG. 15 . Here an object designated A 1  and A 2  is shared on machines M 1  and M 2  but is not present on machine Mn. This is indicated in the table entries for object A in  FIGS. 16 and 17  which respectively show the single reachability table utilised by the server machine X or the multiple reachability tables utilised by the individual machines. As illustrated in  FIG. 18 , machine M 2  during processing of the applications program assigns a reference of object D to object A. As a consequence, the DRT  71 / 2  examines the table entries for objects D and A on machine M 2 . This interrogation of the table determines that the table entry for object D does not include all machines in the set of machines listed in the table entry for object A. Therefore, the table entry for object D on machine M 2  is updated to include the machines of the table entry for object A not already present in the table entry for object D, which in this instance is the additional machine M 1 . In accordance with this operation, machine M 2  instructs machine M 1  to create a table entry for object D consisting of the machines listed in the now updated table entry for object D on machine M 2 , and create a local replica of object D. The resultant changes for a single reachability table, and for multiple reachability tables, are illustrated in  FIGS. 19 and 20  respectively. 
     A further example is illustrated in  FIG. 21  in which the addition of a reference to object A assigned to class X is executed by machine M 1 . As a consequence, the tables for class X and object A are consulted to determine if object A is changing its reachability state. If the table entries for object A include all machines in the table entry for class X, then no additional action is taken. If, however, as is the case in  FIG. 21  class X includes machines in its table entry not included in the table entry for object A, then a reachability change is taking place. In accordance with this change, machine M 1  updates the entry for class X. Furthermore, machine M 1  instructs all other machines to add and/or update their table entry for object A to be the same as the now updated table entry for object A on machine M 1 . In accordance with this operation, any machine which was not already present in the table entry for object A is instructed to add that table entry for object A and create a replica in local memory of object A (which in this instance it is only required in machine Mn). However, machine M 1  also knows that object A in turn references object D, and so object D has to inherit the reachability change of object A. Consequently, the table entry for object D is updated to include all machines listed in the now updated table entry of object A. 
     In addition to the above, machine M 1  also instructs all machines not previously included in the table entry of object D (which in this instance is only machine Mn), to add a table entry for object D with a value equal to the now updated table entry value on machine M 1 , and create a replica in local memory of object D. Furthermore, machine M 1  instructs all other machines (which in this instance is only machine M 2 ) to update the table entry for object D with the new table entry value updated on machine M 1 . The single reachability table and multiple reachability tables which reflect these changes are illustrated in  FIGS. 22 and 23  respectively. 
     Turning now to  FIG. 24 , the position illustrated in  FIG. 18  is modified by class X of machine M 1  being assigned a reference to object D. In association with this event, the reachability tables of object D and class X are examined by the DRT  71 / 1  for the possibility of a reachability change having occurred. Consequently, the table entries for object D and class X are compared and if the table entry for object D includes all machines listed in the table entry of class X, then no additional action is required to be taken. Alternatively, if the table entry for object D does not include all machines listed in the table entry for class X then a reachability change has taken place and consequential action is required. 
     As indicated in  FIG. 24 , machine M 1  determines that object D has undergone a reachability change. Consequently, machine M 1  firstly updates its table entry for object D to include all machines in the table entry for class X. For each new machine not previously in the set of machines of the table entry for object D, machine M 1  instructs each such machine to add a local table entry for object D equal to the now updated machine entry for object D on machine M 1 , and create a replica in local memory of object D. For each other machine, machine M 1  also instructs the other machine to update its table entry for object D to be equal to the table entry for object D in machine M 1 . The single reachability table and multiple reachability tables which reflect these changes are respectively illustrated in  FIGS. 25 and 26 . 
     The foregoing describes only some embodiments of the present invention and modifications, obvious to those skilled in the art, can be made thereto without departing from the scope of the present invention. For example, the tables of  FIGS. 4 ,  6 ,  8  and  10  all show a row corresponding to each memory location. In practice, for those memory locations such as D and E which are only accessible by their local machine, it is not necessary to have a row in the table at all. Instead, such a row is only created if the memory location becomes accessible by one or more other machines. Similarly, reference to JAVA includes both the JAVA language and also JAVA platform and architecture. 
     In all described instances of modification, where the application code  50  is modified before, or during loading, or even after loading but before execution of the unmodified application code has commenced, it is to be understood that the modified application code is loaded in place of, and executed in place of, the unmodified application code subsequently to the modifications being performed. 
     Alternatively, in the instances where modification takes place after loading and after execution of the unmodified application code has commenced, it is to be understood that the unmodified application code may either be replaced with the modified application code in whole, corresponding to the modifications being performed, or alternatively, the unmodified application code may be replaced in part or incrementally as the modifications are performed incrementally on the executing unmodified application code. Regardless of which such modification routes are used, the modifications subsequent to being performed execute in place of the unmodified application code. 
     It is advantageous to use a global identifier is as a form of ‘meta-name’ or ‘meta-identity’ for all the similar equivalent local objects (or classes, or assets or resources or the like) on each one of the plurality of machines M 1 , M 2  . . . Mn. For example, rather than having to keep track of each unique local name or identity of each similar equivalent local object on each machine of the plurality of similar equivalent objects, one may instead define or use a global name corresponding to the plurality of similar equivalent objects on each machine (e.g. “globalname7787”), and with the understanding that each machine relates the global name to a specific local name or object (e.g. “globalname7787” corresponds to object “localobject456” on machine M 1 , and “globalname7787” corresponds to object “localobject885” on machine M 2 , and “globalname7787” corresponds to object “localobject111” on machine M 3 , and so forth). 
     It will also be apparent to those skilled in the art in light of the detailed description provided herein that in a table or list or other data structure created by each DRT  71  when initially recording or creating the list of all, or some subset of all objects (e.g. memory locations or fields), for each such recorded object on each machine M 1 , M 2  . . . Mn there is a name or identity which is common or similar on each of the machines M 1 , M 2  . . . Mn. However, in the individual machines the local object corresponding to a given name or identity will or may vary over time since each machine may, and generally will, store memory values or contents at different memory locations according to its own internal processes. Thus the table, or list, or other data structure in each of the DRTs will have, in general, different local memory locations corresponding to a single memory name or identity, but each global “memory name” or identity will have the same “memory value or content” stored in the different local memory locations. So for each global name there will be a family of corresponding independent local memory locations with one family member in each of the computers. Although the local memory name may differ, the asset, object, location etc has essentially the same content or value. So the family is coherent. 
     The term “table” or “tabulation” as used herein is intended to embrace any list or organised data structure of whatever format and within which data can be stored and read out in an ordered fashion. 
     It will also be apparent to those skilled in the art in light of the description provided herein that the abovementioned modification of the application program code  50  during loading can be accomplished in many ways or by a variety of means. These ways or means include, but are not limited to at least the following five ways and variations or combinations of these five, including by: 
     (i) re-compilation at loading, 
     (ii) a pre-compilation procedure prior to loading, 
     (iii) compilation prior to loading, 
     (iv) “just-in-time” compilation(s), or 
     (v) re-compilation after loading (but, for example, before execution of the relevant or corresponding application code in a distributed environment). 
     Traditionally the term “compilation” implies a change in code or language, for example, from source to object code or one language to another. Clearly the use of the term “compilation” (and its grammatical equivalents) in the present specification is not so restricted and can also include or embrace modifications within the same code or language. 
     Those skilled in the computer and/or programming arts will be aware that when additional code or instructions is/are inserted into an existing code or instruction set to modify same, the existing code or instruction set may well require further modification (such as for example, by re-numbering of sequential instructions) so that offsets, branching, attributes, mark up and the like are properly handled or catered for. 
     Similarly, in the JAVA language memory locations include, for example, both fields and array types. The above description deals with fields and the changes required for array types are essentially the same mutatis mutandis. Also the present invention is equally applicable to similar programming languages (including procedural, declarative and object orientated languages) to JAVA including Microsoft.NET platform and architecture (Visual Basic, Visual C/C ++ , and C#) FORTRAN, C/C ++ , COBOL, BASIC etc. 
     The terms object and class used herein are derived from the JAVA environment and are intended to embrace similar terms derived from different environments such as dynamically linked libraries (DLL), or object code packages, or function unit or memory locations. 
     Various means are described relative to embodiments of the invention, including for example but not limited to lock means, distributed run time means, modifier or modifying means, and the like. In at least one embodiment of the invention, any one or each of these various means may be implemented by computer program code statements or instructions (possibly including by a plurality of computer program code statements or instructions) that execute within computer logic circuits, processors, ASICs, logic or electronic circuit hardware, microprocessors, microcontrollers or other logic to modify the operation of such logic or circuits to accomplish the recited operation or function. In another embodiment, any one or each of these various means may be implemented in firmware and in other embodiments such may be implemented in hardware. Furthermore, in at least one embodiment of the invention, any one or each of these various means may be implemented by a combination of computer program software, firmware, and/or hardware. 
     Any and each of the abovedescribed methods, procedures, and/or routines may advantageously be implemented as a computer program and/or computer program product stored on any tangible media or existing in electronic, signal, or digital form. Such computer program or computer program products comprising instructions separately and/or organized as modules, programs, subroutines, or in any other way for execution in processing logic such as in a processor or microprocessor of a computer, computing machine, or information appliance; the computer program or computer program products modifying the operation of the computer in which it executes or on a computer coupled with, connected to, or otherwise in signal communications with the computer on which the computer program or computer program product is present or executing. Such a computer program or computer program product modifies the operation and architectural structure of the computer, computing machine, and/or information appliance to alter the technical operation of the computer and realize the technical effects described herein. 
     The invention may therefore include a computer program product comprising a set of program instructions stored in a storage medium or existing electronically in any form and operable to permit a plurality of computers to carry out any of the methods, procedures, routines, or the like as described herein including in any of the claims. 
     Furthermore, the invention includes (but is not limited to) a plurality of computers, or a single computer adapted to interact with a plurality of computers, interconnected via a communication network or other communications link or path and each operable to substantially simultaneously or concurrently execute the same or a different portion of an application code written to operate on only a single computer on a corresponding different one of computers. The computers are programmed to carry out any of the methods, procedures, or routines described in the specification or set forth in any of the claims, on being loaded with a computer program product or upon subsequent instruction. Similarly, the invention also includes within its scope a single computer arranged to co-operate with like, or substantially similar, computers to form a multiple computer system 
     To summarise, there is provided a method of selecting independent memory locations to be substantially simultaneously updated in a multiple computer environment in which different portions of at least one application program written to execute on only a single computer are executed substantially simultaneously each on a corresponding different one of the multiple computers, the method comprising the steps of: 
     (i) selecting a first group of memory locations each of which is replicated on each the computer, 
     (ii) ignoring a second group of memory locations each of which is present only in the specific one of the computers in which each the second group memory location is physically located, 
     (iii) promoting from the second group any memory location to which a memory location in the first group begins to refer, 
     (iv) replicating the promoted second group location in all other ones of the computers other than the one in which it was physically located when in the second group, 
     (v) assigning the replicated promoted second group locations to the first group, and 
     (vi) substantially simultaneously updating the first group locations of the other ones of the computers with any changes made to a first group location of any one of the computers. 
     Preferably, the method includes the further step of: 
     (vii) promoting from the second group of memory locations any memory location or locations to which a promoted second group memory location itself refers, whereby a memory location referred to by a promoted memory location inherits the promotion of its referring memory location. 
     Preferably, the method includes the further step of: 
     (viii) maintaining a table listing the first group of memory locations. 
     Preferably, the method includes the further step of: 
     (ix) maintaining one the table for all the multiple computers on a further server computer. 
     Alternatively, the method includes the further step of: 
     (x) maintaining multiple the tables one in each of the multiple computers. 
     Preferably, the memory locations includes an asset, structure or resource. 
     A multiple computer system in which different portions of at least one application program written to execute on only a single computer execute substantially simultaneously each on a corresponding different one of a plurality of computers, each of which has an independent local memory and all of which are interconnected by a communications network, wherein memory locations present in the local memories are categorized into two groups, a first group of memory locations each of which is replicated on each the computer, and a second group of memory locations each of which is present only in the specific one of the computers in which each the second group memory location is physically present, the system comprising memory updating means to update via the communications network any changes made to a memory location of the first group in one computer to all other corresponding memory locations of the other computers, and promotion means to promote from the second group to the first group any memory location of the second group which, as a result of execution of the application program, is now referred top by a memory location of the first group. 
     Preferably, the promotion means includes an inheritance means operable to promote from the second group of memory locations any memory location or locations to which a promoted second group memory location itself refers. 
     Preferably, the promotion means includes a table listing the first group of memory locations. 
     Preferably, the system has one table for all the plurality of application program executing computers present in a further server computer. 
     Alternatively, the system has a plurality of tables, one in each of the plurality of application program executing computers. 
     Preferably, the memory locations include an asset, structure or resource. 
     Further, there is provided a computer program product comprising a set of program instructions stored in a storage medium and operable to permit a plurality of computers to carry out any of the above method(s). 
     Similarly, there is provided a plurality of computers interconnected via a communications network and operable to ensure carrying out of any of the above method(s). 
     Further, there is also provided a single computer adapted to co-operate with at least one other computer in order to carry out any of the above method(s) or form the above computer system(s). 
     The term “compromising” (and its grammatical variations) as used herein is used in the inclusive sense of “having” or “including” and not in the exclusive sense of “consisting only of”.