Patent Publication Number: US-9889502-B2

Title: Insulation enclosure with a radiant barrier

Description:
BACKGROUND 
     The present disclosure is related to oilfield tools and, more particularly, to an insulation enclosure with a radiant barrier that helps control the thermal profile of drill bits during manufacture. 
     Rotary drill bits are often used to drill oil and gas wells, geothermal wells, and water wells. One type of rotary drill bit is a fixed-cutter drill bit having a bit body comprising matrix and reinforcement materials, i.e., a “matrix drill bit” as referred to herein. Matrix drill bits usually include cutting elements or inserts positioned at selected locations on the exterior of the matrix bit body. Fluid flow passageways are formed within the matrix bit body to allow communication of drilling fluids from associated surface drilling equipment through a drill string or drill pipe attached to the matrix bit body. The drilling fluids lubricate the cutting elements on the matrix drill bit. 
     Matrix drill bits are typically manufactured by placing powder material into a mold and infiltrating the powder material with a binder material, such as a metallic alloy. The various features of the resulting matrix drill bit, such as blades, cutter pockets, and/or fluid-flow passageways, may be provided by shaping the mold cavity and/or by positioning temporary displacement material within interior portions of the mold cavity. A preformed bit blank (or steel shank) may be placed within the mold cavity to provide reinforcement for the matrix bit body and to allow attachment of the resulting matrix drill bit with a drill string. A quantity of matrix reinforcement material (typically in powder form) may then be placed within the mold cavity with a quantity of the binder material. 
     The mold is then placed within a furnace and the temperature of the mold is increased to a desired temperature to allow the binder (e.g., metallic alloy) to liquefy and infiltrate the matrix reinforcement material. The furnace typically maintains this desired temperature to the point that the infiltration process is deemed complete, such as when a specific location in the bit reaches a certain temperature. Once the designated process time or temperature has been reached, the mold containing the infiltrated matrix bit is removed from the furnace. As the mold is removed from the furnace, the mold begins to rapidly lose heat to its surrounding environment via heat transfer, such as radiation and/or convection in all directions, including both radially from a bit axis and axially parallel with the bit axis. Upon cooling, the infiltrated binder (e.g., metallic alloy) solidifies and incorporates the matrix reinforcement material to form a metal-matrix composite bit body and also binds the bit body to the bit blank to form the resulting matrix drill bit. 
     Typically, cooling begins at the periphery of the infiltrated matrix and continues inwardly, with the center of the bit body cooling at the slowest rate. Thus, even after the surfaces of the infiltrated matrix of the bit body have cooled, a pool of molten material may remain in the center of the bit body. As the molten material cools, there is a tendency for shrinkage that could result in voids forming within the bit body unless molten material is able to continuously backfill such voids. In some cases, for instance, one or more intermediate regions within the bit body may solidify prior to adjacent regions and thereby stop the flow of molten material to locations where shrinkage porosity is developing. In other cases, shrinkage porosity may result in poor metallurgical bonding at the interface between the bit blank and the molten materials, which can result in the formation of cracks within the bit body that can be difficult or impossible to inspect. When such bonding defects are present and/or detected, the drill bit is often scrapped during or following manufacturing or the lifespan of the drill bit may be dramatically reduced. If these defects are not detected and the drill bit is used in a job at a well site, the bit can fail and/or cause damage to the well including loss of rig time. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       The following figures are included to illustrate certain aspects of the present disclosure, and should not be viewed as exclusive embodiments. The subject matter disclosed is capable of considerable modifications, alterations, combinations, and equivalents in form and function, without departing from the scope of this disclosure. 
         FIG. 1  illustrates an exemplary fixed-cutter drill bit that may be fabricated in accordance with the principles of the present disclosure. 
         FIGS. 2A-2C  illustrate progressive schematic diagrams of an exemplary method of fabricating a drill bit, in accordance with the principles of the present disclosure. 
         FIG. 3  illustrates a cross-sectional side view of an exemplary insulation enclosure, according to one or more embodiments. 
         FIG. 4  illustrates a cross-sectional side view of another exemplary insulation enclosure, according to one or more embodiments. 
         FIG. 5  illustrates a cross-sectional side view of another exemplary insulation enclosure, according to one or more embodiments. 
         FIG. 6  illustrates a cross-sectional side view of another exemplary insulation enclosure, according to one or more embodiments. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     The present disclosure is related to oilfield tools and, more particularly, to an insulation enclosure with a radiant barrier that helps control the thermal profile of drill bits during manufacture. 
     According to embodiments of the present disclosure, one or more radiant heat barriers may be positioned or arranged within an insulation enclosure to reflect and/or redirect at least a portion of the thermal energy radiated from a mold back toward the mold, and thereby slow the cooling process of the molten contents positioned within the mold. As a result, a more controlled cooling process for the mold may be achieved and the directional solidification of the molten contents within the mold, such as a drill bit or the like, may be optimized. Through directional solidification, any potential defects (e.g., voids) may be formed at higher and/or more outward positions of the mold where they can be machined off later during finishing operations. 
       FIG. 1  illustrates a perspective view of an example of a fixed-cutter drill bit  100  that may be fabricated in accordance with the principles of the present disclosure. As illustrated, the fixed-cutter drill bit  100  (hereafter “the drill bit  100 ”) may include or otherwise define a plurality of cutter blades  102  arranged along the circumference of a bit head  104 . The bit head  104  is connected to a shank  106  to form a bit body  108 . The shank  106  may be connected to the bit head  104  by welding, such as using laser arc welding that results in the formation of a weld  110  around a weld groove  112 . The shank  106  may further include or otherwise be connected to a threaded pin  114 , such as an American Petroleum Institute (API) drill pipe thread. 
     In the depicted example, the drill bit  100  includes five cutter blades  102 , in which multiple pockets or recesses  116  (also referred to as “sockets” and/or “receptacles”) are formed. Cutting elements  118 , otherwise known as inserts, may be fixedly installed within each recess  116 . This can be done, for example, by brazing each cutting element  118  into a corresponding recess  116 . As the drill bit  100  is rotated in use, the cutting elements  118  engage the rock and underlying earthen materials, to dig, scrape or grind away the material of the formation being penetrated. 
     During drilling operations, drilling fluid (commonly referred to as “mud”) can be pumped downhole through a drill string (not shown) coupled to the drill bit  100  at the threaded pin  114 . The drilling fluid circulates through and out of the drill bit  100  at one or more nozzles  120  positioned in nozzle openings  122  defined in the bit head  104 . Formed between each adjacent pair of cutter blades  102  are junk slots  124 , along which cuttings, downhole debris, formation fluids, drilling fluid, etc., may pass and circulate back to the well surface within an annulus formed between exterior portions of the drill string and the interior of the wellbore being drilled (not expressly shown). 
       FIGS. 2A-2C  are schematic diagrams that sequentially illustrate an example method of fabricating a drill bit, such as the drill bit  100  of  FIG. 1 , in accordance with the principles of the present disclosure. In  FIG. 2A , a mold  200  is placed within a furnace  202 . While not specifically depicted in  FIGS. 2A-2C , the mold  200  may include and otherwise contain all the necessary materials and component parts required to produce a drill bit including, but not limited to, reinforcement materials, a binder material, displacement materials, a bit blank, etc. 
     For some applications, two or more different types of matrix reinforcement materials or powders may be positioned in the mold  200 . Examples of such matrix reinforcement materials may include, but are not limited to, tungsten carbide, monotungsten carbide (WC), ditungsten carbide (W 2 C), macrocrystalline tungsten carbide, other metal carbides, metal borides, metal oxides, metal nitrides, natural and synthetic diamond, and polycrystalline diamond (PCD). Examples of other metal carbides may include, but are not limited to, titanium carbide and tantalum carbide, and various mixtures of such materials may also be used. Various binder (infiltration) materials that may be used include, but are not limited to, metallic alloys of copper (Cu), nickel (Ni), manganese (Mn), lead (Pb), tin (Sn), cobalt (Co) and silver (Ag). Phosphorous (P) may sometimes also be added in small quantities to reduce the melting temperature range of infiltration materials positioned in the mold  200 . Various mixtures of such metallic alloys may also be used as the binder material. 
     The temperature of the mold  200  and its contents are elevated within the furnace  202  until the binder liquefies and is able to infiltrate the matrix material. Once a specified location in the mold  200  reaches a certain temperature in the furnace  202 , or the mold  200  is otherwise maintained at a particular temperature within the furnace  202  for a predetermined amount of time, the mold  200  is then removed from the furnace  202 . Upon being removed from the furnace  202 , the mold  200  immediately begins to lose heat by radiating thermal energy to its surroundings while heat is also convected away by cold air from outside the furnace  202 . In some cases, as depicted in  FIG. 2B , the mold  200  may be transported to and set down upon a thermal heat sink  206 . The radiative and convective heat losses from the mold  200  to the environment continue until an insulation enclosure  208  is lowered around the mold  200 . 
     The insulation enclosure  208  may be a rigid shell or structure used to insulate the mold  200  and thereby slow the cooling process. In some cases, the insulation enclosure  208  may include a hook  210  attached to a top surface thereof. The hook  210  may provide an attachment location, such as for a lifting member, whereby the insulation enclosure  208  may be grasped and/or otherwise attached to for transport. For instance, a chain or wire  212  may be coupled to the hook  210  to lift and move the insulation enclosure  208 , as illustrated. In other cases, a mandrel or other type of manipulator (not shown) may grasp onto the hook  210  to move the insulation enclosure  208  to a desired location. 
     In some embodiments, the insulation enclosure  208  may include an outer frame  214 , an inner frame  216 , and insulation material  218  positioned between the outer and inner frames  214 ,  216 . In some embodiments, both the outer frame  214  and the inner frame  216  may be made of rolled steel and shaped (i.e., bent, welded, etc.) into the general shape, design, and/or configuration of the insulation enclosure  208 . In other embodiments, the inner frame  216  may be a metal wire mesh that holds the insulation material  218  between the outer frame  214  and the inner frame  216 . The insulation material  218  may be selected from a variety of insulative materials, such as those discussed below. In at least one embodiment, the insulation material  218  may be a ceramic fiber blanket, such as INSWOOL® or the like. 
     As depicted in  FIG. 2C , the insulation enclosure  208  may enclose the mold  200  such that thermal energy radiating from the mold  200  is dramatically reduced from the top and sides of the mold  200  and is instead directed substantially downward and otherwise toward/into the thermal heat sink  206  or back towards the mold  200 . In the illustrated embodiment, the thermal heat sink  206  is a cooling plate designed to circulate a fluid (e.g., water) at a reduced temperature relative to the mold  200  (i.e., at or near ambient) to draw thermal energy from the mold  200  and into the circulating fluid, and thereby reduce the temperature of the mold  200 . In other embodiments, however, the thermal heat sink  206  may be any type of cooling device or heat exchanger configured to encourage heat transfer from the bottom  220  of the mold  200  to the thermal heat sink  206 . In yet other embodiments, the thermal heat sink  206  may be any stable or rigid surface that may support the mold  200 , and preferably having a high thermal capacity, such as a concrete slab or flooring. 
     Accordingly, once the insulation enclosure  208  is arranged about the mold  200  and the thermal heat sink  206  is operational, the majority of the thermal energy is transferred away from the mold  200  through the bottom  220  of the mold  200  and into the thermal heat sink  206 . This controlled cooling of the mold  200  and its contents (i.e., the matrix drill bit) allows a user to regulate or control the thermal profile of the mold  200  to a certain extent and may result in directional solidification of the molten contents of the drill bit positioned within the mold  200 , where axial solidification of the drill bit dominates its radial solidification. Within the mold  200 , the face of the drill bit (i.e., the end of the drill bit that includes the cutters) may be positioned at the bottom  220  of the mold  200  and otherwise adjacent the thermal heat sink  206  while the shank  106  ( FIG. 1 ) may be positioned adjacent the top of the mold  200 . As a result, the drill bit may be cooled axially upward, from the cutters  118  ( FIG. 1 ) toward the shank  106  ( FIG. 1 ). Such directional solidification (from the bottom up) may prove advantageous in reducing the occurrence of voids due to shrinkage porosity, cracks at the interface between the bit blank and the molten materials, and nozzle cracks. 
     While  FIG. 1  depicts a fixed-cutter drill bit  100  and  FIGS. 2A-2C  discuss the production of a generalized drill bit within the mold  200 , the principles of the present disclosure are equally applicable to any type of oilfield drill bit or cutting tool including, but not limited to, fixed-angle drill bits, roller-cone drill bits, coring drill bits, bi-center drill bits, impregnated drill bits, reamers, stabilizers, hole openers, cutters, cutting elements, and the like. Moreover, it will be appreciated that the principles of the present disclosure may further apply to fabricating other types of tools and/or components formed, at least in part, through the use of molds. For example, the teachings of the present disclosure may also be applicable, but not limited to, non-retrievable drilling components, aluminum drill bit bodies associated with casing drilling of wellbores, drill-string stabilizers, cones for roller-cone drill bits, models for forging dies used to fabricate support arms for roller-cone drill bits, arms for fixed reamers, arms for expandable reamers, internal components associated with expandable reamers, sleeves attached to an uphole end of a rotary drill bit, rotary steering tools, logging-while-drilling tools, measurement-while-drilling tools, side-wall coring tools, fishing spears, washover tools, rotors, stators and/or housings for downhole drilling motors, blades and housings for downhole turbines, and other downhole tools having complex configurations and/or asymmetric geometries associated with forming a wellbore. 
     Radiant heat flux from the mold  200  once removed from the furnace  202  is proportional to the difference between its temperature raised to the fourth power and the temperature of its immediate surroundings raised to the fourth power (temperature measured in an absolute scale, such as Kelvin). For example, a mold  200  may exit the furnace  202  at a temperature in the 1800° F. to 2500° F. range (1255K to 1644K) and immediately radiate thermal energy to the room-temperature surroundings (approximately 293K) at a high rate. Moreover, once the insulation enclosure  208  is lowered over the mold  200 , thermal energy continues to radiate from the mold  200  at a high rate until the temperature of the insulation enclosure  208  is elevated to at or near the temperature of the mold  200 . Such high rates of thermal energy being radiated from the mold  200  may accelerate cooling and thereby adversely affect the cooling process of the molten contents within the mold  200 . 
     According to the present disclosure, a radiant barrier may be placed within the insulation enclosure  208  to redirect at least a portion of the thermal energy radiated from the mold  200  back toward the mold  200  and thereby slow the cooling process of the molten contents positioned therein. As a result, a more controlled cooling process for the mold  200  may be achieved and the directional solidification of the molten contents within the mold  200  (e.g., a drill bit) may be optimized. Through directional solidification, any potential defects (e.g., voids) may be more effectively pushed or otherwise urged toward the top regions of the mold  200  where they can be machined off later during finishing operations. 
       FIG. 3  illustrates a cross-sectional side view of an exemplary insulation enclosure  300  set upon the thermal heat sink  206 , according to one or more embodiments. The insulation enclosure  300  may be similar in some respects to the insulation enclosure  208  of  FIGS. 2B and 2C  and therefore may be best understood with reference thereto, where like numerals indicate like elements or components not described again. The insulation enclosure  300  may include a support structure  306  that defines or otherwise provides the general shape and configuration of the insulation enclosure  300 . The support structure  306  may be an open-ended cylindrical structure having a top end  302   a  and bottom end  302   b . The bottom end  302   b  may be open or otherwise define an opening  304  configured to receive the mold  200  within the interior of the support structure  306  as the insulation enclosure  300  is lowered around the mold  200 . The top end  302   a  may be closed and provide the hook  210  on its outer surface, as described above. 
     In some embodiments, as illustrated, the support structure  306  may include the outer frame  214  and the inner frame  216 , as generally described above, and which may be collectively referred to herein as the support structure  306 . In other embodiments, however, the outer frame  214  may be omitted and the support structure  306  may be formed of only the inner frame  216 , without departing from the scope of the present disclosure. 
     The support structure  306 , including one or both of the outer and inner frames  214 ,  216 , may be made of any rigid material including, but not limited to, metals, ceramics (e.g., a molded ceramic substrate), composite materials, combinations thereof, and the like. In at least one embodiment, the support structure  306 , including one or both of the outer and inner frames  214 ,  216 , may be a metal mesh. The support structure  306  may exhibit any suitable horizontal cross-sectional shape that will accommodate the general shape of the mold  200  including, but not limited to, circular, ovular, polygonal, polygonal with rounded corners, or any hybrid thereof. In some embodiments, the support structure  306  may exhibit different horizontal cross-sectional shapes and/or sizes at different locations along the height of the insulation enclosure  300 . 
     In some embodiments, as illustrated, the insulation enclosure  300  may further include insulation material  308  supported by the support structure  306 . The insulation material  308  may generally extend between the top and bottom ends  302   a,b  of the support structure  306  and also across the top end  302   a  of the support structure  306 , thereby substantially surrounding or encapsulating the mold  200  with the insulation material  308 . The insulation material  308  may be supported by the support structure  306  via various configurations of the insulation enclosure  300 . For instance, as depicted in the illustrated embodiment, the outer and inner frames  214 ,  216  may cooperatively define a cavity  310 , and the cavity  310  may be configured to receive and otherwise house the insulation material  308  therein. In some embodiments, as illustrated, the support structure  306  may further include a footing  312  at the bottom end  302   b  of the insulation enclosure  300  that extends between the outer and inner frames  214 ,  216 . The footing  312  may serve as a support for the insulation material  308 , and may prove especially useful when the insulation material  308  includes stackable and/or individual component insulative materials that may be stacked atop one another within the cavity  310 . 
     In other embodiments, however, as indicated above, the outer frame  214  may be omitted from the insulation enclosure  300  and the insulation material  308  may alternatively be coupled to the inner frame  216  and/or otherwise supported by the footing  312 . In yet other embodiments, the inner frame  216  may be omitted from the insulation enclosure  300  and the insulation material  308  may alternatively be coupled to the outer frame  214  and/or otherwise supported by the footing  312 , without departing from the scope of the disclosure. 
     The insulation material  308  may be similar to the insulation material  218  of  FIGS. 2B and 2C  and may include, but is not limited to, ceramics (e.g., oxides, carbides, borides, nitrides, and silicides that may be crystalline, non-crystalline, or semi-crystalline), polymers, insulating metal composites, carbons, nanocomposites, foams, fluids (e.g., air), any composite thereof, or any combination thereof. The insulation material  308  may further include, but is not limited to, materials in the form of beads, particulates, flakes, fibers, wools, woven fabrics, bulked fabrics, sheets, bricks, stones, blocks, cast shapes, molded shapes, foams, sprayed insulation, and the like, any hybrid thereof, or any combination thereof. Accordingly, examples of suitable materials that may be used as the insulation material  308  may include, but are not limited to, ceramics, ceramic fibers, ceramic fabrics, ceramic wools, ceramic beads, ceramic blocks, moldable ceramics, woven ceramics, cast ceramics, fire bricks, carbon fibers, graphite blocks, shaped graphite blocks, polymer beads, polymer fibers, polymer fabrics, nanocomposites, fluids in a jacket, metal fabrics, metal foams, metal wools, metal castings, metal forgings, and the like, any composite thereof, or any combination thereof. 
     Suitable materials that may be used as the insulation material  308  may be capable of maintaining the mold  200  at temperatures ranging from a lower limit of about −200° C. (−325° F.), −100° C. (−150° F.), 0° C. (32° F.), 150° C. (300° F.), 175° C. (350° F.), 260° C. (500° F.), 400° C. (750° F.), 480° C. (900° F.), or 535° C. (1000° F.) to an upper limit of about 870° C. (1600° F.), 815° C. (1500° F.), 705° C. (1300° F.), 535° C. (1000° F.), 260° C. (500° F.), 0° C. (32° F.), or −100° C. (−150° F.), wherein the temperature may range from any lower limit to any upper limit and encompass any subset therebetween. Moreover, suitable materials that may be used as the insulation material  308  may be able to withstand temperatures ranging from a lower limit of about −200° C. (−325° F.), −100° C. (−150° F.), 0° C. (32° F.), 150° C. (300° F.), 260° C. (500° F.), 400° C. (750° F.), or 535° C. (1000° F.) to an upper limit of about 870° C. (1600° F.), 815° C. (1500° F.), 705° C. (1300° F.), 535° C. (1000° F.), 0° C. (32° F.), or −100° C. (−150° F.), wherein the temperature may range from any lower limit to any upper limit and encompass any subset therebetween. Those skilled in the art will readily appreciate that the insulation material  308  may be appropriately chosen for the particular application and temperature to be maintained within the insulation enclosure  300 . 
     The insulation enclosure  300  may further include a radiant barrier  314  positioned within the interior of the support structure  306 . The radiant barrier  314  may interpose the mold  200  and the support structure and may be configured to redirect thermal energy radiated from the mold  200  back towards the mold  200 . As will be appreciated, redirecting radiated thermal energy back towards the mold  200  may help slow the cooling process of the mold  200 , and thereby help control the thermal profile of the mold  200  for directional solidification of its molten contents (e.g., a drill bit). 
     In at least one embodiment, as illustrated, the radiant barrier  314  may be an open-ended cylindrical structure having one or more sidewalls  316  that define a barrier opening  318  and a cap  320  that joins the sidewalls  316  at or near the top end  302   a  of the support structure  306 . In some embodiments, the shape and configuration of the sidewalls  316  and the cap  320  may generally conform to the shape and configuration of the interior of the support structure  306 . Accordingly, the radiant barrier  314  may be configured to receive the mold  200  through the barrier opening  318  as the insulation enclosure  300  is lowered over the mold  200 . 
     In some embodiments, the radiant barrier  314  may be a free-standing structure separate from the insulation enclosure  300 . In other embodiments, however, the radiant barrier  314  may be coupled to the inner surface(s) of the support structure  306  (e.g., the inner frame  216 ) at one or more discrete locations. As will be appreciated, it may prove advantageous to couple the radiant barrier  314  to the support structure  306  at a minimal number of points or locations to prevent conductive heat losses from the radiant barrier  314  outward to the support structure  306  (e.g., the inner frame  216 ). In some embodiments, for example, the radiant barrier  314  may be coupled to the support structure  306  using one or more mechanical fasteners  322  (four shown), such as bolts, screws, pins, any combination thereof, or the like. In other embodiments, or in addition thereto, the radiant barrier  314  may be permanently attached to the support structure  306  at one or more discrete locations by a process such as welding, brazing, or diffusion bonding, without departing from the scope of the disclosure. Accordingly, the radiant barrier  314  may provide minimal structural support to the insulation enclosure  300 . 
     In the illustrated embodiment, the radiant barrier  314  may include a front surface  324   a  and a back surface  324   b . The front surface  324   a  may be arranged such that it faces the mold  200  within the insulation enclosure  300 , and the back surface  324   b  may be arranged such that it faces the support structure  306  (e.g., the inner frame  216 ). The radiant barrier  314  may be made of materials that allow the front surface  324   a  to have a high radiosity (J) and, therefore, be able to substantially redirect thermal energy radiated from the mold  200  back towards the mold  200 . The radiosity of a surface is a measure of its effectiveness at projecting radiant energy and is defined as the sum of the emissive power of a surface (E) and reflected incident radiation (ρ*G), where reflectivity is denoted as p and G represents incident radiation (or irradiation). The emissive power of a surface is defined as the emissive power of a blackbody surface (E b ) scaled by the emissivity of the surface (ε). The absorptivity of a surface is defined as the incident radiation that is not reflected (α=1−ρ). It then follows that the radiosity encompasses the energy emitted by a surface due to its temperature and radiant energy that is reflected: 3=ε*E b +(1−α)*G. A high radiosity can be achieved with a suitable combination of high emissivity (ε) and/or low absorptivity (α), or a suitably low α/ε ratio. The back surface  324   b  may be prepared such that it exhibits low radiosity, which can be achieved with a suitable combination of low emissivity and/or high absorptivity, or a suitably high α/ε ratio. The back surface  324   b  may also be suitably insulated. 
     Suitable materials for the radiant barrier  314  include, but are not limited to, ceramics and metals, which may include certain surface preparations or coatings. Suitable ceramics may include aluminum oxide, aluminum nitride, silicon carbide, silicon nitride, quartz, titanium carbide, titanium nitride, borides, carbides, nitrides, and oxides. Suitable metals may include iron, chromium, copper, carbon steel, maraging steel, stainless steel, microalloyed steel, low alloy steel, molybdenum, nickel, platinum, silver, gold, tantalum, tungsten, titanium, aluminum, cobalt, rhenium, osmium, palladium, iridium, rhodium, ruthenium, manganese, niobium, vanadium, zirconium, hafnium, any derivative thereof, or any alloy based on these metals. 
     Suitable surface preparations may include oxidizing, or any suitable method to modify the surface roughness, such as machining, polishing, grinding, honing, lapping, or blasting. In some embodiments, the emissivity of the front surface  324   a  may further be enhanced by polishing the front surface  324   a  so that a highly reflective surface results. 
     Suitable coatings may include a metal coating (selected from the previous list of metals and applied via a suitable method, such as plating, spray deposition, chemical vapor deposition, plasma vapor deposition, etc.), a ceramic coating (selected from the previous list of ceramics and applied via a suitable method), or a paint (e.g., white for high reflectivity, black for high absorptivity). The application of a surface preparation or coating can provide important properties for a suitable radiant barrier, as properties such as radiosity, reflectivity, emissivity, and absorptivity are often strongly based on surface properties and conditions. For example, polished aluminum is reported to have the following solar radiative properties: α s =0.09, ε=0.03, and α s /ε=3.0. Providing a quartz overcoating or anodizing produce higher emissivities and lower α/ε ratios: ε=0.37, α s /ε=0.30 and ε=0.84, α s /ε=0.17, respectively, thereby promoting radiosity [Fundamentals of Heat and Mass Transfer, Fifth Edition, Frank P. Incropera and David P. DeWitt, 2002, p. 931]. Due to the strong dependence of radiosity, emissivity, absorptivity, and reflectivity on surface properties and characteristics, a radiant barrier can be designed such that its inner core is a structural member for a suitable coating applied to its surface. 
     As illustrated, the radiant barrier  314  may be coupled to the support structure  306  such that a gap  326  may be defined therebetween. In some embodiments, the gap  326  may be filled with insulation material, such as the insulation material  308 , and used to slow the rate of heat transfer through the insulation enclosure  300 . In other embodiments, however, the gap  326  may be filled with air, or another gas, or otherwise be open to the atmosphere, which may help form a secondary radiant barrier or layer of insulation that might further help slow the cooling of the mold  200  within the insulation enclosure  300 . 
     In yet other embodiments, or in addition thereto, a thermal barrier coating  328  may be applied to the back surface  324   b  of the radiant barrier  314  to further lower the rate of heat transfer through to the insulation enclosure  300 . The thermal barrier coating  328  may be applied to or otherwise positioned on the back surface  324   b  via a variety of processes or techniques including, but not limited to, electron beam physical vapor deposition, air plasma spray, high velocity oxygen fuel, electrostatic spray assisted vapor deposition, and direct vapor deposition. Accordingly, the thermal barrier coating  328  may advantageously lower the radiosity (e.g., emissivity) of the back surface  324   b  and/or lower the heat transfer through to the insulation enclosure  300 , thereby helping maintain heat in the radiant barrier  314 , so as to promote its ability to redirect thermal energy back at mold  200 . Suitable materials that may be used as the thermal barrier coating  328  include, but are not limited to, aluminum oxide, aluminum nitride, silicon carbide, silicon nitride, quartz, titanium carbide, titanium nitride, borides, carbides, nitrides, and oxides. In at least one embodiment, the thermal barrier coating  328  may alternatively (or in addition thereto) be applied to the support structure  306 , such as on the inner and/or outer surfaces of either of the outer and inner frames  214 ,  216 . 
       FIG. 4  illustrates a cross-sectional side view of another exemplary insulation enclosure  400 , according to one or more embodiments. The insulation enclosure  400  may be similar in some respects to the insulation enclosure  300  of  FIG. 3  and therefore may be best understood with reference thereto, where like numerals represent like elements not described again. Similar to the insulation enclosure  300  of  FIG. 3 , the insulation enclosure  400  may include the support structure  306 , including the outer and inner frames  214 ,  216 , and the insulation material  308  supported on the support structure  306 , as generally described above. 
     Unlike the insulation enclosure  300  of  FIG. 3 , however, the insulation enclosure  400  may include a first radiant barrier  402   a  and a second radiant barrier  402   b , each positioned within the interior of the support structure  306 . The first radiant barrier  402   a  may be substantially similar to the radiant barrier  314  of  FIG. 3 , and therefore will not be described again. The second radiant barrier  402   b , however, may interpose the first radiant barrier  402   a  and the support structure  306 . While the insulation enclosure  400  is depicted as including the first and second radiant barriers  402   a,b , those skilled in the art will readily appreciate that more than two radiant barriers  402   a,b  may be employed in the insulation enclosure  400 , without departing from the scope of the disclosure. Accordingly, the following description is for illustrative purposes only and should not be considered limiting to the present disclosure. 
     Similar to the first radiant barrier  402   a  (e.g., the radiant barrier  314  of  FIG. 3 ), the second radiant barrier  402   b  may be configured to redirect thermal energy radiated from the mold  200  back towards the mold  200 . More particularly, the second radiant barrier  402   b  may redirect thermal energy from the back surface  324   b  of the first radiant barrier  402   a  back towards the first radiant barrier  402   a , such that the first radiant barrier  402   a  may lose less thermal energy and/or redirect more thermal energy back towards mold  200 . Moreover, the second radiant barrier  402   b  may also be an open-ended cylindrical structure having one or more sidewalls  404  that define a second barrier opening  406  and a cap  408  that joins the sidewalls  404  at or near the top end  302   a  of the support structure  306 . The second radiant barrier  402   b  may be configured to receive the first radiant barrier  402   a , which, in turn, receives the mold  200  as the insulation enclosure  400  is lowered over the mold  200 . 
     As mentioned above, in some embodiments, the first radiant barrier  402   a  (e.g., the radiant barrier  314  of  FIG. 3 ) may be a free-standing structure. In other embodiments, however, the first radiant barrier  402   a  may be coupled to the second radiant barrier  402   b  at one or more discrete locations using, for example, the one or more mechanical fasteners  322  (e.g., bolts, screws, pins, etc.) or by permanently attaching the two components together at a minimal number of points by a process such as welding, brazing, or diffusion bonding. Similar to the first radiant barrier  402   a  (e.g., the radiant barrier  314  of  FIG. 3 ), the second radiant barrier  402   b  may, in some embodiments, also be a free-standing structure. In other embodiments, however, the second radiant barrier  402   b  may be coupled to the inner surface(s) of the support structure  306  (e.g., the inner frame  216 ) at one or more discrete locations, such as through the use of one or more additional mechanical fasteners  410  (e.g., bolts, screws, pins, etc.) or by permanently attaching the two components together at a minimal number of points by a process such as welding, brazing, or diffusion bonding. 
     Similar to the first radiant barrier  402   a  (e.g., the radiant barrier  314  of  FIG. 3 ), the second radiant barrier  402   b  may include a front surface  412   a  and a back surface  412   b . The front surface  412   a  may be arranged such that it faces the back surface  324   b  of the first radiant barrier  402   a , and the back surface  412   b  may be arranged such that it faces the support structure  306  (e.g., the inner frame  216 ). The second radiant barrier  402   b  may be made of any of the materials noted above of which the first radiant barrier  402   a  (e.g., the radiant barrier  314  of  FIG. 3 ) may be made. Accordingly, the front surface  412   a  may be configured to have a high radiosity and otherwise be able to substantially redirect thermal energy radiated from the mold  200  back towards the mold  200 , as generally described above with reference to the front surface  324   a  of the radiant barrier  314  of  FIG. 3 . On the other hand, the back surface  412   b  may be prepared such that it exhibits low radiosity or insulating characteristics. In some embodiments, the radiosity of the front surface  412   a  may further be enhanced by polishing the front surface  412   a  so that a highly polished surface results. 
     As illustrated, the second radiant barrier  402   b  may be coupled to the support structure  306  such that a gap  414  may be defined therebetween. In some embodiments, the gap  414  may be filled with insulation material, such as the insulation material  308 , and used to slow the rate of heat transfer through the insulation enclosure  400 . In other embodiments, however, the gap  414  may be filled with air or another gas that may help form a layer of insulation that might further slow the cooling of the mold  200  within the insulation enclosure  400 . 
     In yet other embodiments, or in addition thereto, a thermal barrier coating  416  may be applied to the back surface  412   b  of the radiant barrier  402  to further lower the rate of heat transfer through to the insulation enclosure  400 . The thermal barrier coating  416  may be similar to the thermal barrier coating  328  of  FIG. 3  and, therefore, may advantageously lower the radiosity of the back surface  412   b  and/or lower the heat transfer through to the insulation enclosure  400 . In at least one embodiment, the thermal barrier coating  416  may alternatively (or in addition thereto) be applied to the support structure  306 , such as on the inner and/or outer surfaces of either of the outer and inner frames  214 ,  216 . 
       FIG. 5  illustrates a cross-sectional side view of another exemplary insulation enclosure  500 , according to one or more embodiments. The insulation enclosure  500  may be similar in some respects to the insulation enclosures  300  and  400  of  FIGS. 3 and 4 , respectively, and therefore may be best understood with reference thereto, where like numerals represent like elements not described again. Similar to the insulation enclosures  300 ,  400  of  FIGS. 3 and 4 , the insulation enclosure  500  may include the support structure  306 , including the outer and inner frames  214 ,  216 , and the insulation material  308  supported on the support structure  306 , as generally described above. Unlike the insulation enclosures  300 ,  400  of  FIGS. 3 and 4 , however, the insulation enclosure  500  may include a different type and/or configuration of radiant barrier used to redirect thermal energy radiated from the mold  200  back towards the mold  200 . 
     More particularly, the insulation enclosure  500  may include a radiant barrier  502  that provides an inner wall  504   a , an outer wall  504   b , and a sealed chamber  506  defined between the inner and outer walls  504   a,b . In some embodiments, however, the outer wall  504   b  may be omitted and the sealed chamber  506  may alternatively be defined between the inner wall  504   a  and the support structure  306  (e.g., the inner frame  216 ), without departing from the scope of the disclosure. In at least one embodiment, as illustrated, the inner wall  504   a  may be an open-ended cylindrical structure that defines a barrier opening  509  configured to receive the mold  200  as the insulation enclosure  500  is lowered over the mold  200 . 
     The inner and outer walls  504   a,b  may be made of a variety of materials capable of providing structure and rigidity to the sealed chamber  506 . Suitable materials for the inner and outer walls  504   a,b  include, but are not limited to, ceramics and metals. Suitable ceramics may include aluminum oxide, aluminum nitride, silicon carbide, silicon nitride, quartz, titanium carbide, titanium nitride, borides, carbides, nitrides, and oxides. Suitable metals may include iron, chromium, copper, carbon steel, maraging steel, stainless steel, microalloyed steel, low alloy steel, molybdenum, nickel, platinum, silver, gold, tantalum, tungsten, titanium, aluminum, cobalt, rhenium, osmium, palladium, iridium, rhodium, ruthenium, manganese, niobium, vanadium, zirconium, hafnium, any derivative thereof, or any alloy based on these metals. 
     In some embodiments, one or both of the inner and outer walls  504   a,b  may be similar to the radiant barrier  314  of  FIG. 3  and otherwise made of materials that allow the front surfaces of the inner and outer walls  504   a,b  (e.g., the surfaces facing the mold  200 ) to have a high radiosity and, therefore, be able to substantially redirect the radiated thermal energy back towards the mold  200 . Likewise, the back surfaces of the inner and outer walls  504   a,b  may be prepared such that each exhibits low radiosity or insulating properties. Moreover, in some embodiments, the radiosity of the front surfaces of one or both of the inner and outer walls  504   a,b  may further be enhanced by polishing the front surfaces so that a highly polished surface results. 
     In some embodiments, the radiant barrier  502  may be a free-standing structure, separate from the insulation enclosure  500 . In other embodiments, however, the radiant barrier  502  may be coupled to the inner surface(s) of the support structure  306  (e.g., the inner frame  216 ) at one or more discrete locations. In some embodiments, for example, the radiant barrier  502  may be coupled to the support structure  306  using the mechanical fasteners  322  (e.g., bolts, screws, pins, etc.), but may likewise (or in addition thereto) be permanently attached to the support structure  306  at one or more discrete locations by a process such as welding, brazing, or diffusion bonding, without departing from the scope of the disclosure. 
     The sealed chamber  506  may enclose a gas  508  therein and the gas  508  may be configured to act as an insulator for the insulation enclosure  500 . Suitable gases that may be sealed within the sealed chamber include, but are not limited to, air, argon, neon, helium, krypton, xenon, oxygen, carbon dioxide, methane, nitric oxide, nitrogen, nitrous oxide, trichlorofluoromethane (R-11), dichlorodifluoromethane (R-12), dichlorofluoromethane (R-21), difluoromonochloromethane (R-22), sulphur hexafluoride, or any combination thereof. The gas  508  may be used in the sealed chamber  506  as an insulator. 
     In some embodiments, the sealed chamber  506  may contain at least one connection to an exterior reservoir that heats the gas  508  to provide the radiant barrier  502  with a thermal energy reservoir. In this manner, a heated gas  508  may be used to fill the sealed chamber  506  once, or a heated gas  508  may continuously cycle gas through the sealed chamber  506  to provide a suitable thermal reservoir. In other embodiments, the gas  508  may be omitted from the sealed chamber  506  and a vacuum may alternatively be formed within the sealed chamber  506 . 
     As illustrated, the radiant barrier  502  may be coupled to the support structure  306  such that a gap  510  is defined therebetween. In some embodiments, the gap  510  may be filled with insulation material, such as the insulation material  308 , and used to slow the rate of heat transfer through the insulation enclosure  500 . In other embodiments, however, the gap  510  may be filled with air or another gas that may help form a secondary radiant barrier that might further help redirect the radiated thermal energy back towards the mold  200  within the insulation enclosure  500 . 
     In yet other embodiments, or in addition thereto, a thermal barrier coating  328  may be applied to the back surface of the outer wall  504   b  within the gap  510  to further lower the rate of heat transfer through to the insulation enclosure  500 . The thermal barrier coating  328  may be positioned on the back surface of the outer wall  504   b  and exhibit a lower thermal conductivity than the radiant barrier  502 . Accordingly, the thermal barrier coating  328  may advantageously lower the radiosity of the back surface of the outer wall  504   b  and/or lower the heat transfer through to the insulation enclosure  500 . In at least one embodiment, the thermal barrier coating  328  may alternatively (or in addition thereto) be applied to the support structure  306 , such as on the inner and/or outer surfaces of either of the outer and inner frames  214 ,  216 . 
       FIG. 6  illustrates a cross-sectional side view of another exemplary insulation enclosure  600 , according to one or more embodiments. The insulation enclosure  600  may be similar in some respects to the insulation enclosure  300  of  FIG. 3  and therefore may be best understood with reference thereto, where like numerals represent like elements not described again. Similar to the insulation enclosure  300  the insulation enclosure  600  may include the support structure  306 , including the outer and inner frames  214 ,  216 , and the insulation material  308  supported on the support structure  306 , as generally described above. Moreover, the insulation enclosure  600  may further include the radiant barrier  314  positioned within the interior of the support structure  306 , as generally described above. 
     The radiant barrier  314  depicted in  FIG. 6 , however, may only partially enclose the mold  200  therein. More particularly, the length (i.e., height) of the sidewalls  316  of the radiant barrier  314  may be reduced such that the radiant barrier  314  does not interpose the mold  200  and the support structure  306  along a portion of the insulation enclosure  300  at or near the bottom end  302   b  of the support structure  306 . Removing the lower portion(s) of the sidewalls  316  may alter or otherwise vary one or more thermal properties of the insulation enclosure  600  in a longitudinal direction A, thereby yielding higher insulating properties in the topmost regions of the insulating can  300  and lower insulating properties in the bottommost regions. 
     Exemplary thermal properties that may be varied in the longitudinal direction A by removing a portion of the sidewalls  316  of the radiant barrier  314  include, but are not limited to, radiosity, reflectivity, emissivity, absorptivity, surface characteristics (e.g., roughness, coating, paint, etc.), R-value (insulative capacity), thermal conductivity, specific heat capacity, density, and thermal diffusivity. 
     As will be appreciated, instead of removing a portion of the sidewalls  316 , a similar effect may result by varying the materials and/or thermal properties of the radiant barrier  314  in the longitudinal direction A such that the radiant barrier  314  has a lower radiosity at or near the bottom end  302   b  of the structure  306  and has a higher radiosity at or near the top end  302   a . As a result, the rate of thermal energy loss through the insulation enclosure  600  may be graded in the longitudinal direction A, with most thermal energy being lost out of the bottommost region at or near the bottom end  302   b , which may facilitate a more controlled cooling process for the mold  200  and optimize the directional solidification of the molten contents within the mold  200 . Through directional solidification, any potential defects (e.g., voids) may be more effectively pushed or otherwise urged toward the top regions of the mold  200  where they can be machined off later during finishing operations. 
     While the insulation enclosures  300 ,  400 ,  500 , and  600  described herein each include a support structure  306  having outer and inner frames  214 ,  216  and insulation material  308  positioned therebetween, those skilled in the art will readily appreciate that variations of the support structure  306  are equally possible, without departing from the scope of the disclosure. For instance, in at least one embodiment, the radiant barrier used in a given insulation enclosure may be sufficiently effective such that the insulation material  308  supported by the support structure  306  may be omitted or otherwise reduced. Moreover, it will further be appreciated that the embodiments disclosed in all of  FIGS. 3-6  may be combined in any combination, in keeping within the scope of this disclosure. 
     Embodiments disclosed herein include: 
     A. An insulation enclosure that includes a support structure having at least an inner frame and providing a top end, a bottom end, and an opening defined in the bottom end for receiving a mold within an interior of the support structure, and a radiant barrier positioned within the interior of the support structure, the radiant barrier including a front surface arranged to face the mold and a back surface facing the support structure, wherein the radiant barrier interposes the mold and the support structure to redirect thermal energy radiated from the mold back towards the mold. 
     B. A method that includes removing a mold from a furnace, the mold having a top and a bottom, placing the mold on a thermal heat sink with the bottom adjacent the thermal heat sink, lowering an insulation enclosure around the mold, the insulation enclosure including a support structure having at least an inner frame and providing a top end, a bottom end, and an opening defined in the bottom end for receiving the mold within an interior of the support structure, the insulation enclosure further including a radiant barrier positioned within the interior of the support structure, and redirecting thermal energy radiated from the mold back towards the mold with the radiant barrier, the radiant barrier including a front surface arranged to face the mold and a back surface facing the support structure. 
     Each of embodiments A and B may have one or more of the following additional elements in any combination: Element 1: further comprising insulation material supported by the support structure, the insulation material being selected from the group consisting of ceramics, ceramic fibers, ceramic fabrics, ceramic wools, ceramic beads, ceramic blocks, moldable ceramics, woven ceramics, cast ceramics, fire bricks, carbon fibers, graphite blocks, shaped graphite blocks, polymer beads, polymer fibers, polymer fabrics, nanocomposites, fluids in a jacket, metal fabrics, metal foams, metal wools, metal castings, metal forgings, any composite thereof, and any combination thereof. Element 2: wherein the support structure further provides an outer frame and the insulation material is positioned within a cavity defined between the outer and inner frames. Element 3: wherein the support structure further provides a footing at the bottom end and the insulation material is at least partially supported by the footing. Element 4: wherein the radiant barrier is coupled to the inner frame using at least one of one or more mechanical fasteners and a permanent attachment. Element 5: wherein the front surface is a highly polished surface that increases a reflectivity of the front surface. Element 6: wherein the radiant barrier is made of a material selected from the group consisting of aluminum oxide, aluminum nitride, silicon carbide, silicon nitride, quartz, titanium carbide, titanium nitride, borides, carbides, nitrides, oxides, iron, chromium, copper, carbon steel, maraging steel, stainless steel, microalloyed steel, low alloy steel, molybdenum, nickel, platinum, silver, gold, tantalum, tungsten, titanium, aluminum, cobalt, rhenium, osmium, palladium, iridium, rhodium, ruthenium, manganese, niobium, vanadium, zirconium, hafnium, and any alloy based thereon. Element 7: wherein a gap is defined between the radiant barrier and the support structure, and wherein the gap is at least partially filled with an insulation material. Element 8: further comprising a thermal barrier coating applied to at least one of the back surface of the radiant barrier and the support structure. Element 9: further comprising a second radiant barrier positioned within the interior of the support structure and interposing the radiant barrier and the support structure. Element 10: wherein a first gap is defined between the radiant barrier and the second radiant barrier, and a second gap is defined between the second radiant barrier and the support structure, and wherein one or both of the first and second gaps is at least partially filled with an insulation material. Element 11: further comprising a thermal barrier coating applied to at least one of the back surface of the radiant barrier, a back surface of the second radiant barrier, and the support structure. Element 12: wherein the radiant barrier comprises an inner wall, an outer wall, and a sealed chamber defined between the inner and outer walls and containing a vacuum or a gas selected from the group consisting of air, argon, neon, helium, krypton, xenon, oxygen, carbon dioxide, methane, nitric oxide, nitrogen, nitrous oxide, sulphur hexafluoride, trichlorofluoromethane, dichlorodifluoromethane, dichlorofluoromethane, difluoromonochloromethane, and any combination thereof. Element 13: wherein the inner frame and the outer wall are the same. Element 14: wherein the radiant barrier has one or more sidewalls that extend at least partially between the top and bottom ends, and wherein a length of the one or more sidewalls is reduced such that the radiant barrier does not interpose the mold and the support structure at or near the bottom end. Element 15: wherein one or more thermal properties of the radiant barrier vary in a longitudinal direction between the bottom and top ends. Element 16: wherein the one or more thermal properties is radiosity, and wherein the front surface has a lower radiosity at or near the bottom end and a higher radiosity at or near the top end. 
     Element 17: further comprising insulating the mold with insulation material supported by the support structure, the insulation material being selected from the group consisting of ceramics, ceramic fibers, ceramic fabrics, ceramic wools, ceramic beads, ceramic blocks, moldable ceramics, woven ceramics, cast ceramics, fire bricks, carbon fibers, graphite blocks, shaped graphite blocks, polymer beads, polymer fibers, polymer fabrics, nanocomposites, fluids in a jacket, metal fabrics, metal foams, metal wools, metal castings, metal forgings, any composite thereof, and any combination thereof. Element 18: wherein a gap is defined between the radiant barrier and the support structure and the gap is at least partially filled with an insulation material, the method further comprising insulating the mold with the insulation material positioned within the gap. Element 19: wherein the insulation enclosure further includes a second radiant barrier positioned within the interior of the support structure and interposing the radiant barrier and the support structure, and wherein a first gap is defined between the radiant barrier and the second radiant barrier, and a second gap is defined between the second radiant barrier and the support structure, the method further comprising insulating the mold with insulation material positioned at least partially within at least one of the first and second gaps. Element 20: wherein the radiant barrier includes an inner wall, an outer wall, and a sealed chamber defined between the inner and outer walls and containing a vacuum or a gas, the method further comprising insulating the mold with the vacuum or the gas contained within the sealed chamber, the gas being selected from the group consisting of air, argon, neon, helium, krypton, xenon, oxygen, carbon dioxide, methane, nitric oxide, nitrogen, nitrous oxide, sulphur hexafluoride, trichlorofluoromethane, dichlorodifluoromethane, dichlorofluoromethane, difluoromonochloromethane, and any combination thereof. Element 21: wherein the radiant barrier exhibits one or more thermal properties, the method further comprising varying at least one of the one or more thermal properties in a longitudinal direction between the bottom and top ends. Element 22: further comprising drawing thermal energy from the bottom of the mold with the thermal heat sink. 
     Therefore, the disclosed systems and methods are well adapted to attain the ends and advantages mentioned as well as those that are inherent therein. The particular embodiments disclosed above are illustrative only, as the teachings of the present disclosure may be modified and practiced in different but equivalent manners apparent to those skilled in the art having the benefit of the teachings herein. Furthermore, no limitations are intended to the details of construction or design herein shown, other than as described in the claims below. It is therefore evident that the particular illustrative embodiments disclosed above may be altered, combined, or modified and all such variations are considered within the scope of the present disclosure. The systems and methods illustratively disclosed herein may suitably be practiced in the absence of any element that is not specifically disclosed herein and/or any optional element disclosed herein. While compositions and methods are described in terms of “comprising,” “containing,” or “including” various components or steps, the compositions and methods can also “consist essentially of” or “consist of” the various components and steps. All numbers and ranges disclosed above may vary by some amount. Whenever a numerical range with a lower limit and an upper limit is disclosed, any number and any included range falling within the range is specifically disclosed. In particular, every range of values (of the form, “from about a to about b,” or, equivalently, “from approximately a to b,” or, equivalently, “from approximately a-b”) disclosed herein is to be understood to set forth every number and range encompassed within the broader range of values. Also, the terms in the claims have their plain, ordinary meaning unless otherwise explicitly and clearly defined by the patentee. Moreover, the indefinite articles “a” or “an,” as used in the claims, are defined herein to mean one or more than one of the element that it introduces. If there is any conflict in the usages of a word or term in this specification and one or more patent or other documents that may be incorporated herein by reference, the definitions that are consistent with this specification should be adopted. 
     As used herein, the phrase “at least one of” preceding a series of items, with the terms “and” or “or” to separate any of the items, modifies the list as a whole, rather than each member of the list (i.e., each item). The phrase “at least one of” allows a meaning that includes at least one of any one of the items, and/or at least one of any combination of the items, and/or at least one of each of the items. By way of example, the phrases “at least one of A, B, and C” or “at least one of A, B, or C” each refer to only A, only B, or only C; any combination of A, B, and C; and/or at least one of each of A, B, and C.