Patent Publication Number: US-2023157065-A1

Title: Display apparatus and vehicle comprising the same

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION 
     This application claims priority to and benefit of Korean Patent Application No. 10-2021-0156518 filed on Nov. 15, 2021 in the Republic of Korea, the entire contents of which are hereby expressly incorporated by reference into the present application. 
     BACKGROUND OF THE DISCLOSURE 
     Technical Field 
     The present disclosure relates to a display apparatus, and more particularly, to a display apparatus having a viewing-angle control function. 
     Description of Related Art 
     Recently, as the world enters the information age, a display that visually expresses an electrical information signal has developed rapidly. In response thereto, various display apparatuses providing excellent performance, thinness, light weight, and low power consumption have been developed. 
     Specific examples of such a display apparatus include a liquid crystal display apparatus (LCD), an organic light-emitting display apparatus (OLED), and a quantum dot display apparatus. 
     A self-luminous display apparatus such as the organic light-emitting display apparatus is being considered as competitive applications in order to achieve compactness and vivid color display without requiring a separate light source. 
     Recently, the organic light-emitting display apparatus has been used as means for vehicle information display. In this regard, the organic light-emitting display apparatus can be used as a dashboard in front of a driver. Furthermore, the organic light-emitting display apparatus can be mounted on a center fascia and thus can be used as a center information display (CID). Further, the organic light-emitting display apparatus can be mounted on a dashboard in front of the passenger and thus can be used as AID (ambient information display). 
     The organic light-emitting display apparatus that can be utilized in this way has a self light-emitting element in each sub-pixel. The self light-emitting element can include two electrodes facing each other and a light emitting layer disposed between the two electrodes facing each other. In such a device, electrons and holes move into the light emitting layer and recombine with each other to emit light. 
     An organic light-emitting element is a self-luminous element using a thin light-emitting layer between electrodes, and can be embodied as a thin-film. Further, the apparatus is implemented without a separate light source, such that the apparatus can be implemented as a flexible, bendable, and foldable display apparatus, and thus can be designed in various forms. 
     In the center information display or the ambient information display, several information images can be displayed simultaneously in divided display areas, respectively. For example, an information image used for driving a vehicle such as a navigation image as well as an image for a passenger such as a moving image can be displayed together. In addition, in recent years, a member with a viewing-angle control function can be attached to the display panel to prevent an image intended for the passenger from being visible to the driver or preventing an image intended for the driver from being visible to the passenger. This scheme can be applied to vehicles as well as indoor/outdoor information display apparatuses having a large screen. 
     However, the viewing-angle adjustment member can be vulnerable to external impact or moisture penetration. The viewing-angle adjustment member is a separate structure other than the display panel. For example, a louver mold can be disposed in the viewing-angle adjustment member so as to partition an electrophoretic ink or an electrochromic pattern. A side sealing portion that protects the louver mold and the electrophoretic ink from an outside can be disposed. When the side sealing portion is cracked or damaged by an external force, external moisture can penetrate therein and thus a concentration of the electrophoretic ink can be lowered or the electrophoretic ink can flow to the outside, resulting in loss of viewing-angle control ability. Therefore, the side sealing portion can contribute to being one of relevant factors in durability of the viewing-angle adjustment member. Thus, the side sealing portion with a sufficient thickness and a sufficient area can cover a side face of the viewing-angle adjustment member to protect the electrophoretic ink and the louver mold. 
     However, as generations in the development of the display apparatus have progressed, a user has gradually preferred a bezel-less or bezel-free design in which a display area is full sized when viewing a screen. For this reason, a size of the side sealing portion of the viewing-angle adjustment member needs to be reduced for the bezel-less or bezel-free design. A structure in which an outer sealing portion of the viewing-angle adjustment member attached to the display panel is formed in the viewing-angle adjustment member for the bezel-less or bezel-free design can be proposed. Specifically, a partitioning wall or a dam can be formed in the viewing-angle adjustment member, and then a sealing agent can be applied and cured on one face of the partitioning wall, thereby protecting the viewing-angle adjustment member from the outside. 
     However, during a process of filling the sealing portion of the viewing-angle adjustment member with the sealing agent, the side sealing portion of the viewing-angle adjustment member can be damaged due to an increase in a pressure of the sealing agent. 
     Moreover, under development of the display apparatus, a reduction of a process time used for production thereof has been recognized as a relevant factor for productivity improvement and profit improvement and thus has been continuously managed. The reduction of the process time can be a relevant factor for productivity improvement of additional members such as modules or optical layers for additional functional improvement of not only the display panel but also the display apparatus. A manufacturing time of the viewing-angle adjustment member and a process time of attaching the member to the display panel can also be relevant factors. In particular, a need to reduce a time needed for application and curing of the sealing agent of the viewing-angle adjustment member to increase production efficiency has been raised. 
     SUMMARY OF THE DISCLOSURE 
     The present disclosure is intended to achieve the above purposes or address the needs associated with the related art. A technical purpose of the disclose is to provide a display apparatus in which the pressure of the sealing agent applied to the sealing portion of the viewing-angle adjustment member is lowered to minimize a size of the outer sealing portion of the viewing-angle adjustment member. 
     Further, a technical purpose of the disclosure is to shorten the application time of the sealing agent of the viewing-angle adjustment member to improve workability thereof. 
     Thus, a technical purpose of the disclosure is to achieve a fast work speed and remarkably reduce occurrence of defects, regardless of a size or a shape of a display apparatus to which the viewing-angle adjustment member is to be attached. 
     Purposes of the present disclosure are not limited to the above-mentioned purpose. Other purposes and advantages of the present disclosure that are not mentioned can be understood based on following descriptions, and can be more clearly understood based on embodiments of the present disclosure. Further, it will be easily understood that the purposes and advantages of the present disclosure can be realized using means shown in the claims and combinations thereof. 
     A display apparatus according to an embodiment of the present disclosure includes a display panel, a polarizing film, a viewing-angle adjustment member, and a touch panel disposed on a top face of the display panel, and a heat dissipation plate attached to a bottom face of the display panel, wherein the viewing-angle adjustment member can include a first electrode film, a second electrode film, and an electrochromic zone and an electrochromic pattern disposed between the first electrode film and the second electrode film. 
     A display apparatus according to an embodiment of the present disclosure includes a display panel, a polarizing film, a viewing-angle adjustment member, and a touch panel disposed on the top face of the display panel, wherein the viewing-angle adjustment member can include a first electrode film, a second electrode film, a first dam and a second dam disposed between the first electrode film and the second electrode film, and an electrochromic zone and an electrochromic pattern between the first electrode film and the second electrode film. 
     Specific details of other embodiments are included in the detailed description and drawings. 
     The display apparatus according to an embodiment of the present disclosure can provide a display apparatus having a bezel-less or bezel-free shape in which a size of an outer sealing portion of the viewing-angle adjustment member corresponding to a plurality of users is minimized. 
     Further, according to the embodiments of the present disclosure, damage to the sealing portion that may occur when manufacturing the viewing-angle adjustment member can be minimized, thereby improving durability of the apparatus. Specifically, a pressure of the sealing agent applied to the sealing portion can be optimized, thereby reducing damage to the sealing dam. Moreover, the process time of the sealing portion of the viewing-angle adjustment member can be minimized to enable the sealing agent application in a short time. 
     In the display apparatus according to an embodiment of the present disclosure, the viewing-angle adjustment member corresponding to irregular or various display apparatus in addition to a general display apparatus of a rectangular shape can be efficiently manufactured, thereby reducing the defect thereof. 
     Effects of the present disclosure are not limited to the above-mentioned effects, and other effects as not mentioned will be clearly understood by those skilled in the art from following descriptions. 
     The purposes, solutions, and effects of the disclosure as described above does not specify essential features of claims. Thus, the scope of claims is not limited by the purposes, solutions, and effects of the disclosure as described above. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS 
       The present invention will become more fully understood from the detailed description given hereinbelow and the accompanying drawings which are given by way of illustration only, and thus are not limitative of the present invention. 
         FIG.  1    is a plan view showing a front face of a display apparatus according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. 
         FIG.  2    is an exploded perspective view showing components of the display apparatus of  FIG.  1   . 
         FIG.  3    is a cross-sectional view showing a cross section of a display panel of the display apparatus in  FIG.  1   . 
         FIG.  4 A  to  FIG.  4 C  are views of a viewing-angle control process of a viewing-angle adjustment member according to an embodiment of the present disclosure based on modes. 
         FIG.  5 A  and  FIG.  5 B  are respectively a perspective view and a cross-sectional view showing an application process of a sealing agent of the viewing-angle adjustment member according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. 
         FIG.  6 A  and  FIG.  6 B  are respectively a perspective view and a cross-sectional view showing an application process of a sealing agent of the viewing-angle adjustment member according to another embodiment of the present disclosure. 
         FIG.  7 A  and  FIG.  7 B  are respectively a perspective view and a cross-sectional view showing an application process of a sealing agent of the viewing-angle adjustment member according to further another embodiment of the present disclosure. 
         FIG.  8    is a sectional view of a sealing portion showing a case where the sealing portion of the viewing-angle adjustment member has been damaged. 
         FIGS.  9 A and  9 B  show defects that may occur in the viewing-angle adjustment member due to damage to the sealing portion of  FIG.  8   . 
         FIGS.  10 A and  10 B  show other defects that may occur in the viewing-angle adjustment member due to breakage of the sealing portion of  FIG.  8   . 
         FIG.  11    shows various types of viewing-angle adjustment members corresponding to various types of display apparatus, and arrangements of sealing agent injection holes corresponding thereto, according to an embodiments of the present disclosure. 
         FIG.  12    is a view showing an inside of a vehicle to which a display apparatus to which an embodiment of the present disclosure is applied. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTIONS OF THE EMBODIMENTS 
     Advantages and features of the present disclosure, and how to achieve them will become apparent with reference to the embodiments described below in detail in conjunction with the accompanying drawings. However, the present disclosure is not limited to the embodiments as disclosed below, but will be implemented in a variety of different forms. Only these embodiments make the present disclosure complete, and are provided to fully inform those having common knowledge in the technical field to which the present disclosure belongs of a scope of the disclosure. The scope of the present disclosure is only defined by the scope of the claims. 
     A shape, a size, a ratio, an angle, a number, etc. disclosed in the drawings for illustrating embodiments of the present disclosure are exemplary, and the present disclosure is not limited thereto. The same reference numerals refer to the same elements herein. Further, in describing the present disclosure, when it is determined that a detailed description of a related known element can unnecessarily obscure gist of the present disclosure, the detailed description thereof may be omitted or may be provided briefly. As used herein, the singular forms “a” and “an” are intended to include the plural forms as well, unless the context clearly indicates otherwise. It will be further understood that the terms “comprises”, “comprising”, “includes”, and “including” when used in this specification, specify the presence of the stated features, integers, operations, elements, and/or components, but do not preclude the presence or addition of one or more other features, integers, operations, elements, components, and/or portions thereof. 
     In interpreting a numerical value, the value is interpreted as including an error range unless there is no separate explicit description thereof. 
     It will be understood that when an element or layer is referred to as being “connected to”, or “coupled to” another element or layer, it can be directly on, connected to, or coupled to the other element or layer, or one or more intervening elements or layers can be present. In addition, it will also be understood that when an element or layer is referred to as being “between” two elements or layers, it can be the only element or layer between the two elements or layers, or one or more intervening elements or layers can also be present. In addition, it will also be understood that when a first element or layer is referred to as being present “on” or “beneath” a second element or layer, the first element can be disposed directly on or beneath the second element or can be disposed indirectly on or beneath the second element with a third element or layer being disposed between the first and second elements or layers. 
     Further, as used herein, when a layer, film, region, plate, or the like is disposed “on” or “on a top” of another layer, film, region, plate, or the like, the former can directly contact the latter or still another layer, film, region, plate, or the like can be disposed between the former and the latter. As used herein, when a layer, film, region, plate, or the like is directly disposed “on” or “on a top” of another layer, film, region, plate, or the like, the former directly contacts the latter and still another layer, film, region, plate, or the like is not disposed between the former and the latter. Further, as used herein, when a layer, film, region, plate, or the like is disposed “below” or “under” another layer, film, region, plate, or the like, the former can directly contact the latter or still another layer, film, region, plate, or the like can be disposed between the former and the latter. As used herein, when a layer, film, region, plate, or the like is directly disposed “below” or “under” another layer, film, region, plate, or the like, the former directly contacts the latter and still another layer, film, region, plate, or the like is not disposed between the former and the latter. 
     In descriptions of temporal relationships, for example, temporal precedent relationships between two events such as “after”, “subsequent to”, “before”, etc., another event can occur therebetween unless “directly after”, “directly subsequent” or “directly before” is indicated. 
     It will be understood that, although the terms “first”, “second”, “third”, and so on can be used herein to describe various elements, components, regions, layers and/or sections, these elements, components, regions, layers and/or sections should not be limited by these terms. These terms are used to distinguish one element, component, region, layer or section from another element, component, region, layer or section. Thus, a first element, component, region, layer or section described below could be termed a second element, component, region, layer or section, without departing from the spirit and scope of the present disclosure. 
     The features of the various embodiments of the present disclosure can be partially or entirely combined with each other, and can be technically associated with each other or operate with each other. The embodiments can be implemented independently of each other and can be implemented together in an association relationship. 
     In descriptions of temporal relationships, for example, temporal precedent relationships between two events such as “after”, “subsequent to”, “before”, etc., another event can occur therebetween unless “directly after”, “directly subsequent” or “directly before” is indicated. The features of the various embodiments of the present disclosure can be partially or entirely combined with each other, and can be technically associated with each other or operate with each other. The embodiments can be implemented independently of each other and can be implemented together in an association relationship. Spatially relative terms, such as “beneath,” “below,” “lower,” “under,” “above,” “upper,” and the like, can be used herein for ease of explanation to describe one element or feature&#39;s relationship to another element or feature as illustrated in the figures. It will be understood that the spatially relative terms are intended to encompass different orientations of the apparatus in use or in operation, in addition to the orientation depicted in the figures. For example, when the apparatus in the drawings can be turned over, elements described as “below” or “beneath” or “under” other elements or features would then be oriented “above” the other elements or features. Thus, the example terms “below” and “under” can encompass both an orientation of above and below. The apparatus can be otherwise oriented for example, rotated 90 degrees or at other orientations, and the spatially relative descriptors used herein should be interpreted accordingly. 
     Unless otherwise defined, all terms including technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this inventive concept belongs. It will be further understood that terms, such as those defined in commonly used dictionaries, should be interpreted as having a meaning that is consistent with their meaning in the context of the relevant art and will not be interpreted in an idealized or overly formal sense unless expressly so defined herein. 
     As used herein, the term “display apparatus” can include, in a narrow sense, a display apparatus including a liquid crystal module (LCM), an organic light-emitting diode (OLED) module, or a quantum dot (QD) module including a display panel and a driver for driving the display panel. Moreover, the display apparatus can include, in a broad sense, a laptop computer, a television, a computer monitor, an automotive apparatus or an equipment display for a vehicle, a set electronic apparatus, a set apparatus or a set apparatus including a complete product or a final product including the LCM, the OLED module, or the QD module. 
     Therefore, the display apparatus in accordance with the present disclosure can include, in the narrow sense, a display apparatus itself including, for example, the LCM, the OLED module, QD module, etc., and can include, in a broad sense, the set apparatus as an application product or an end-user apparatus including a complete product or a final product including the LCM, the OLED module, or the QD module. 
     Moreover, in some cases, the LCM, OLED module, or QD module composed of the display panel and the driver can be expressed as “display apparatus” in a narrow sense. The electronic apparatus as a complete product including the LCM, OLED module or QD module can be expressed as “set apparatus” in a broad sense. For example, the display apparatus in the narrow sense can include a display panel such as a liquid crystal panel, an organic light-emitting display panel, or a quantum dot display panel, and a source PCB as a controller for driving the display panel. The set apparatus in the broad sense can include a display panel such as a liquid crystal panel, an organic light-emitting display panel, or a quantum dot display panel, a source PCB as a controller for driving the display panel, and a set PCB as a set controller that is electrically connected to the source PCB and controls the set apparatus. 
     As used herein, the display panel can be of any type of the display panels such as a liquid crystal display panel, an organic light emitting diode (OLED) display panel, a quantum dot (QD) display panel, and an electroluminescent display panel, etc. The display panel used in the disclosure can be not limited to a specific display panel including a flexible substrate for the OLED display panel and an underlying back plate support structure and having a bendable bezel. Moreover, the display panel used in the display apparatus according to an embodiment of the present disclosure is not limited by a shape or a size of the display panel. 
     More specifically, when the display panel is embodied as the organic light emitting diode (OLED) display panel, the display panel can include a plurality of gate lines and data lines, and pixels respectively formed in areas where the gate lines and the data lines intersect with each other. Moreover, the display panel can be configured to include an array including a thin-film transistor as an element for selectively applying a voltage to each pixel, an organic light-emitting element layer on the array, and an encapsulation substrate or an encapsulation layer disposed on the array to cover the organic light-emitting element layer. The encapsulation layer protects the thin-film transistor and the organic light-emitting element layer from external impact, and can prevent moisture or oxygen from penetrating into the organic light-emitting element layer. Moreover, the light emitting layer formed on the array can include an inorganic light emitting layer, for example, a nano-sized material layer, or a quantum dot. Further, all components of each display apparatus according to all embodiments of the present disclosure are operatively coupled and configured. 
       FIG.  1    is a plan view showing a front face of a display apparatus  10  according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. 
     Referring to  FIG.  1   , the display apparatus  10  represents a display apparatus  10  for a vehicle in which a dashboard area for a driver and a center fascia where various information such as navigation are displayed are integrally formed with each other. However, the disclosure is not necessarily limited thereto. For example, the display apparatus of an embodiment of the present disclosure can be applied to a display apparatus or TV that is disposed indoors and outdoors to provide commercial advertisements or various information. Further, a shape of the display apparatus  10  can conform to various shapes according to purposes and uses of products widely used for vehicles or indoors and outdoors. 
       FIG.  2    is an exploded perspective view showing components of the display apparatus  10  according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. Based on a back face of the display apparatus  10 , a heat dissipation plate  200  embodied as an aluminum plate, a back plate  300 , a display panel  100 , a polarizing film  400 , a viewing-angle adjustment member  500 , a touch panel  600 , and a cover glass  700  can be stacked in this order. In this way, the display apparatus  10  can be manufactured. However, a stack order thereof is not necessarily limited thereto. For example, the polarizing film  400  can be disposed on a top face of the viewing-angle adjustment member  500  and the touch panel  600  to shield external light in a more reliable manner. 
     Referring to  FIG.  2   , the heat dissipation plate  200  can configured to dissipate and disperse heat generated from the display panel  100 . For example, the heat dissipation plate  200  can be made of metal. Due to the nature of the metal, the heat dissipation plate  200  can be harder than the display panel  100  and can have high thermal conductivity. When a screen of the display apparatus  10  operates for a long time or a temperature of the display panel  100  rises due to an external temperature rise, a problem related to an operation of the display screen can occur. In order to prevent the operation failure of the display screen, heat dissipation is an important factor. Thus, aluminum or copper plates can be used as the material of the heat dissipation plate  200 . 
     The back plate  300  having a function of supporting the display panel  100  can be disposed on a top face of the heat dissipation plate  200 . The back plate  300  can play a role to prevent the display panel  100  from being deformed or damaged during a manufacturing process as the display panel  100  includes a flexible substrate. The back plate  300  can be made of a light and transparent material such as polyethylene terephthalate (PET), or the like. 
     The display panel  100  can be disposed on a top face of the back plate  300 , and the polarizing film  400  can be disposed on a top face of the display panel  100 . The display panel  100  will be described in detail in  FIG.  3   . The polarizing film  400  controls incidence and reflection of external light on and from the display panel  100  to allow the display screen to be visible to the user even outdoors. 
     When the viewing-angle adjustment member  500  is disposed on a top face of the polarizing film  400 , a light portion of having a specific viewing-angle of screen light generated from the display panel  100  can pass therethrough and a remaining portion thereof can be blocked therewith. A function of the viewing-angle adjustment member  500  will be described in detail in  FIGS.  4 A to  4 C . 
     The touch panel  600  and the cover glass  700  can be disposed on a top face of the viewing-angle adjustment member  500 . The touch panel  600  can be built into the display panel  100 . However, in this embodiment, a configuration in which a separate touch panel  600  is disposed is be taken by way of example. The cover glass  700  as the topmost layer can protect the display panel  100 , the viewing-angle adjustment member  500  and the touch panel  600 . 
       FIG.  3    is a cross-sectional view of an area taken along I-I′ of  FIG.  1    as a display area. 
     Referring to  FIG.  3   , the display panel  100  has an example structure composed of two planarization layers. In the display panel  100 , a semiconductor layer  102 , a gate electrode  104 , and source and drain electrodes  106  and  108  constituting a thin-film transistor, and an anode electrode  112 , an organic light-emitting layer  114 , and a cathode electrode  116  are disposed on a substrate  101 . 
     The substrate  101  can be a glass or plastic substrate. 
     When the substrate is embodied as the plastic substrate, the substrate can be made of a polyimide-based or polycarbonate-based material so as to have flexibility. In particular, polyimide can be applied to a high-temperature process, and is able to be coated, and thus can be often used as a material of the plastic substrate. 
     The buffer layer  130  acts as a functional layer to protect electrodes/wires from impurities such as alkali ions leaking from the substrate  101  or underlying layers. The buffer layer can be made of silicon oxide (SiO x ), silicon nitride (SiN x ), or can be composed of multiple layers made thereof. The buffer layer  130  can include a multi buffer layer  131  and/or an active buffer layer  132 . The multi buffer layer  131  can be formed by alternately stacking a silicon nitride (SiN x ) layer and a silicon oxide (SiO x ) layer, and can delay diffusion of moisture and/or oxygen penetrating into the substrate  101 . The active buffer layer  132  protects the semiconductor layer  102  of the transistor and prevents various types of defects from the substrate  101  from invading the layers above the buffer layer. The active buffer layer  132  can be made of, for example, amorphous silicon (a-Si). 
     The thin-film transistor can have a form in which the semiconductor layer  102 , the gate insulating film  103 , the gate electrode  104 , an interlayer insulating film  105 , and the source and drain electrodes  106  and  108  are sequentially disposed. The semiconductor layer  102  is disposed on the buffer layer  130 . The semiconductor layer  102  can be made of polysilicon (p-Si). In this case, a predetermined area thereof can be doped with impurities. Further, the semiconductor layer  102  can be made of amorphous silicon (a-Si), or can be made of various organic semiconductor materials such as pentacene. Alternatively, the semiconductor layer  102  can be made of oxide. The gate insulating film  103  can be made of an insulating inorganic material such as silicon oxide (SiO x ) or silicon nitride (SiN x ), or can be made of an insulating organic material. The gate electrode  104  can be made of each of various conductive materials, for example, magnesium (Mg), aluminum (Al), nickel (Ni), chromium (Cr), molybdenum (Mo), tungsten (W), gold (Au), or an alloy thereof. 
     The interlayer insulating film  105  can be made of an insulating material such as silicon oxide (SiO x ) or silicon nitride (SiN x ), or can be made of an insulating organic material. Selectively removing the interlayer insulating film  105  and the gate insulating film  103  can allow a contact hole through which the source and drain areas are exposed to be formed. 
     Each of the source and drain electrodes  106  and  108  can be formed in a form of a single layer or multiple layers and can be made of an electrode material and can be disposed on the interlayer insulating film  105 . If necessary, a passivation layer composed of an inorganic insulating material can cover the source and drain electrodes  106  and  108 . 
     A first planarization layer  107 - 1  can be disposed on the thin-film transistor. The first planarization layer  107 - 1  protects the thin-film transistor, etc. and has a planarized top face. The first planarization layer  107 - 1  can be composed of various types of forms and can be made of at least one of acryl-based resin, epoxy resin, phenolic resin, polyamide-based resin, polyimide-based resin, unsaturated polyester-based resin, polyphenylene-based resin, and polyphenylenesulfide-based resin. However, the disclosure is not limited thereto. 
     Various metal layers serving as wires/electrodes can be disposed on the first planarization layer  107 - 1 . 
     A second planarization layer  107 - 2  is disposed on top of the first planarization layer  107 - 1 . The configuration that there are the two planarization layers is due to increase in the number of various signal wirings as the display apparatus  100  evolves toward a higher resolution. Therefore, it is difficult to arrange all the wiring in a single layer while securing a minimum spacing therebetween. Thus, an additional layer is required. Due to this additional layer, for example, the second planarization layer, a space for the wiring can be secured, thus making a wire/electrode layout design easier. Further, when a dielectric material is used as a material of each of the planarization layers  107 - 1  and  107 - 2 , a metal layer can be disposed between the planarization layers  107 - 1  and  107 - 2  for the purpose of generating a capacitance. 
     The organic light-emitting element can have a structure in which the anode electrode  112 , the organic light-emitting layer  114 , and the cathode electrode  116  are sequentially disposed. For example, the organic light-emitting element can include the anode electrode  112  formed on the planarization layer  107 , the organic light-emitting layer  114  disposed on the anode electrode  112 , and the cathode electrode  116  disposed on the organic light-emitting layer  114 . 
     The anode electrode  112  can be electrically connected to a drain electrode  108  of a driving thin-film transistor via a connection electrode. When the organic light-emitting display apparatus  100  is of a top emission type, the anode electrode  112  can be made of an opaque conductive material with high reflectivity. For example, the anode electrode  112  can be made of silver (Ag), aluminum (Al), gold (Au), molybdenum (Mo), tungsten (W), chromium (Cr), or an alloy thereof. The connection electrode can be made of the same material as that of each of the source and drain electrodes  106  and  108 . 
     A bank  110  is formed in a remaining area except for a light-emitting area. Accordingly, the bank  110  has a bank hole defined therein exposing the anode electrode  112  corresponding to the light-emitting area. The bank  110  can be made of an inorganic insulating material such as silicon nitride (SiN x ), silicon oxide (SiO x ), or an organic insulating material such as BCB, acryl-based resin or imide-based resin. 
     The organic light-emitting layer  114  is disposed on the anode electrode  112  exposed through the bank hole of the bank  110 . The organic light-emitting layer  114  can include a light emitting layer, an electron injection layer, an electron transport layer, a hole transport layer, a hole injection layer, and the like. 
     The cathode electrode  116  is disposed on the organic light-emitting layer  114 . When the display apparatus  100  is of the top emission type, the cathode electrode  116  can be made of a transparent conductive material such as indium tin oxide (ITO) or indium zinc oxide (IZO), such that the light generated from the organic light-emitting layer  114  emits through the cathode electrode  116  upwardly. 
     An encapsulation layer  120  is disposed on the cathode electrode  116 . The encapsulation layer  120  prevents penetration of oxygen and moisture from the outside in order to prevent oxidation of the light-emitting material and the electrode material. When the organic light-emitting element is exposed to moisture or oxygen, pixel shrinkage in which the light-emitting area is reduced can occur or dark spots in the light-emitting area can appear. The encapsulation layer can be composed of an inorganic film made of glass, metal, aluminum oxide (AlO x ) or silicon (Si)-based material, or can have a structure in which an organic film and an inorganic film are alternately stacked. The inorganic film plays a role in blocking penetration of moisture or oxygen, while the organic film plays a role in planarization of a surface of the inorganic film. A reason why the encapsulation layer is formed as a thin-film layer composed of multi-layers is to make a movement path of moisture or oxygen longer and more complicated than those in case of a single layer, thus preventing moisture/oxygen from invading to the organic light-emitting element. 
     Specifically, the encapsulation layer  120  can include a first inorganic insulating film  121 , an organic insulating film  122 , and a second inorganic insulating film  123 . The first inorganic insulating film  121 , the organic insulating film  122 , and the second inorganic insulating film  123  can be sequentially disposed. 
     A barrier film  140  is disposed on the encapsulation layer  120  so as to encapsulate an entirety of the substrate  101  and the organic light-emitting element. The barrier film  140  can be embodied as a phase retardation film or an optically isotropic film. When the barrier film has optically isotropic properties, the incident light on the barrier film transmits therethrough without phase delay. Further, an organic film or an inorganic film can be further disposed on a top or bottom face of the barrier film. The organic or inorganic film formed on the top or bottom face of the barrier film serves to block the penetration of external moisture or oxygen. 
     An adhesive layer  145  can be disposed between the barrier film  140  and the encapsulation layer  120 . The adhesive layer  145  adheres the encapsulation layer  120  and the barrier film  140  to each other. The adhesive layer  145  can be made of a heat-curable adhesive or a naturally-curable adhesive. For example, the adhesive layer  145  can be made of a material such as B-PSA (Barrier pressure sensitive adhesive). A touch panel (film), a polarizing film, a top cover, etc. can be further disposed on the barrier film  140 . 
       FIG.  4 A  to  FIG.  4 C  illustrate an operation method of the viewing-angle adjustment member  500  based on modes. 
     Referring to  FIG.  4 A , a partitioning wall  503 , an electrochromic zone  504 , and an electrochromic pattern  505  that are components of the viewing-angle adjustment member  500  can be disposed between a first electrode film  501  and a second electrode film  502  as components of the viewing-angle adjustment member  500 . The partitioning wall  503  functions to partition the electrochromic zone  504 . The electrochromic pattern  505  is disposed in the electrochromic zone  504 . Thus, a distribution area of the electrochromic pattern  505  can be determined based on an electrical signal between the first electrode film  501  and the second electrode film  502 . Each of the first electrode film  501  and the second electrode film  502  can be formed by depositing a transparent electrode made of, for example, ITO (Indium Tin Oxide) on one face of the substrate and can have a polarity based on an external electrical signal applied thereto. The substrate of each of the first electrode film  501  and the second electrode film  502  can be made of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) which is transparent and has excellent durability. 
     A distribution area of the electrochromic pattern  505  in the electrochromic zone  504  can increase or decrease based on a polarity of electricity applied to between the first electrode film  501  and the second electrode film  502 . Referring to  FIG.  4 A , when the electrochromic pattern  505  is evenly distributed in the electrochromic zone  504 , the pattern functions as a light blocking wall and allows the light generated from the display panel  100  to travel only in a straight line. The electrochromic pattern  505  can be made of an opaque material, and can be made of a carbon material, such as ink containing a large amount of carbon black, and thus can absorb light. A mode in which the light generated from the display panel  100  travels only in a straight line can be referred to as a privacy mode. The electrochromic pattern  505  can behave in a manner varying based on an electrical signal. In the privacy mode, a negative current can be applied to the viewing-angle adjustment member  500  via the first electrode film  501  and the second electrode film  502 . When the negative current is applied thereto, the electrochromic pattern  505  is evenly distributed in the electrochromic zone  504  to preventing the light generated from the display panel  100  from spreading beyond a certain angle. 
     Referring to  FIG.  4 B , the electrochromic pattern  505  of the viewing-angle adjustment member  500  can be distributed to a vertical middle level of the electrochromic zone  504 , and a portion of the electrochromic zone  504  close to the display panel  100  as a light source may not be filled with the electrochromic pattern  505 . This can be referred to as a switching mode. The switching mode can refer to a mode at which the mode of the viewing-angle adjustment member  500  switches from the privacy mode to a sharing mode which will be described in  FIG.  4 C . However, the disclosure is not necessarily limited thereto. When the switching mode as an intermediate mode between the privacy mode and the sharing mode is selected, the screen can be dimly visible to a user in a side viewing-angle of the display apparatus  10 . While the negative current is applied to the viewing-angle adjustment member  500  to achieve the privacy mode, the switching mode can be achieved by setting the current value to zero. In the switching mode, a portion of light can spread at a certain angle in contrast to the privacy mode. 
     Referring to  FIG.  4 C , the electrochromic pattern  505  of the viewing-angle adjustment member  500  is distributed only in a top portion of the electrochromic zone  504 , and a significant portion thereof can be free of the electrochromic pattern  505 . This state can be referred to the sharing mode. Specifically, light generated from the display panel  100  can travel at various angles while the viewing-angle is not limited. Thus, multiple users can view the same screen in the sharing mode. 
       FIG.  5 A  and  FIG.  5 B  are diagrams showing a first embodiment of injecting a sealing agent  540  into a sealing portion  530  of the viewing-angle adjustment member  500 . Although a cross-section of one side is shown to illustrate a process in which the sealing agent  540  is injected into the sealing portion  530 , said one side is completely sealed in a real product, so that the sealing agent  540  or the electrochromic pattern  505  does not leak out of the viewing-angle adjustment member  500 . 
     Referring to  FIG.  5 A , the viewing-angle adjustment member  500  has the partitioning wall  503  and an electrochromic zone  504  in an inner region thereof. The first electrode film  501  and the second electrode film  502  are respectively disposed on a top and a bottom of the partitioning wall  503 , so that the viewing-angle adjustment member  500  is be able to operate. A first dam  510  and a second dam  520  are arranged by a regular spacing and are disposed outside of the partitioning wall  503  and the electrochromic zone  504 . The sealing agent  540  is injected into the sealing portion  530  formed between the first dam  510  and the second dam  520  to seal the sealing portion. In the first embodiment, about two injection holes  550  are formed in the second electrode film  502  such that the sealing agent  540  is injected through the holes  550  from a sealing agent injection nozzle  800 . The injected sealing agent  540  flows along an outer edge of the viewing-angle adjustment member  500  and completely surrounds the viewing-angle adjustment member  500 , and is cured for encapsulation thereof. Since the first embodiment only needs to form a minimum number of injection holes  550  in the second electrode film  502 , process preparation can be easy and defects that can occur while forming the injection holes  550  in the second electrode film  502  can be reduced. 
       FIG.  5 B  is a cross-sectional view showing a fluid resistance based on a movement direction of fluid when the sealing agent  540  is injected into the sealing portion  530  of the viewing-angle adjustment member  500  based on a cutting line II-II′ of  FIG.  5 A  in the first embodiment. 
     Referring to  FIG.  5 B , the first electrode film  501  and the second electrode film  502  can define a space of the sealing portion  530 . The injection hole  550  is formed in the second electrode film  502 . As the sealing agent  540  is injected through the injection hole  550  from the sealing agent injection nozzle  800  to the space, the sealing agent  540  can move in a direction from a left side to a right side of the sealing portion  530 . In this regard, based on a fluid pressure loss formula, a flow rate of the sealing agent can vary based on a length of the fluid channel, a coefficient of friction loss, and a diameter of the fluid channel. An arrow opposite to a direction of the fluid movement in the sealing portion  530  indicates a magnitude and a direction of resistance to inhibit the movement of the fluid. In the embodiment as shown in  FIG.  5 A , it is only shown that the injection hole  550  is formed in the second electrode film  502 , however, the injection hole  550  can be formed in the first electrode film  501 . 
     Specifically, it can be identified that the larger the length of the fluid channel, and the greater the frictional force of the fluid channel, the greater a pressure loss of the fluid. Further, the greater the diameter of the fluid channel, the smaller the pressure loss of the fluid. 
     Referring to  FIG.  5 B , a plurality of arrows indicates that a small and uniform fluid resistance is applied to an area {circle around (1)} near to the injection hole  550 . It can be identified that referring to an area {circle around (2)} to an area {circle around (3)}, the fluid resistance increases as the movement distance of the arrow increases in an area adjacent to each of the first electrode layer  101  and the second electrode layer  102  as the sealing agent  540  gradually moves to the right. This can be understood as an increase in the resistance of the fluid adjacent to the first electrode layer  101  and the second electrode layer  102  due to a friction coefficient of each of the first electrode layer  101  and the second electrode layer  102 . When the sealing agent  540  moves to an area {circle around (4)}, the fluid resistance at a vertical center level as well as in the area adjacent to each of the first electrode layer  101  and the second electrode layer  102  can increase due to a large length of the fluid channel. This can mean that a resistance of air in the sealing portion  530  becomes greater than a pressure of the sealing agent  540  in the sealing agent injection nozzle  800  as the fluid movement distance increases. To cope with this increase in the fluid resistance, a scheme of increasing an injection pressure of the sealing agent  540  in the sealing agent injection nozzle  800  can be utilized. 
     &lt;Formula of Fluid Pressure Loss&gt; 
     
       
         
           
             
               Δ 
               ⁢ 
               
                 P 
                 L 
               
             
             = 
             
               
                 f 
                 ⁢ 
                 ℓ 
                 ⁢ 
                 
                   u 
                   2 
                 
                 ⁢ 
                 r 
               
               
                 2 
                 ⁢ 
                 gD 
               
             
           
         
       
     
     ΔP: friction loss pressure (kgf/m 2 ), f: friction loss coefficient, l: fluid channel (pipe) length, u: flow velocity, g: gravitational acceleration (m/sec 2 ), D: fluid channel (pipe) diameter, r: fluid specific weight (kgf/m 3 ) 
       FIG.  6 A  and  FIG.  6 B  are views showing a second embodiment of injecting the sealing agent  540  into the sealing portion  530  of the viewing-angle adjustment member  500 . Although a cross-section is shown in which one side is cut to show the process in which the sealing agent  540  is injected into the sealing portion  530 , the one side is completely sealed in the actual product, so that the sealing agent  540  or the electrochromic pattern  505  does not leak. 
     Referring to  FIG.  6 A , the partitioning wall  503 , the electrochromic zone  504 , the first dam  510 , the second dam  520 , the first electrode film  501  and the second electrode film  502  can be included in the viewing-angle adjustment member  500  as shown in  FIG.  5 A . Unlike the first embodiment of  FIG.  5 A , in the second embodiment, a plurality of injection holes  550  can be arranged in the second electrode film  502 . In the second embodiment, the plurality of injection holes  550  can be defined in the second electrode film  502  so that when the sealing agent  540  is injected, air from the sealing portion  530  can escape through the holes. Thus, the sealing agent  540  can spread toward the sealing portion  530  more easily. Further, the plurality of injection holes  550  can be formed in the second electrode film  502 . Thus, while the sealing agent injection nozzle  800  moves across the injection holes  550 , the nozzle can inject the sealing agent  540  into the sealing portion  530  through the injection holes  550  several times. 
     Referring to  FIG.  6 A , an example in which the sealing agent  540  from the sealing agent injection nozzle  800  has been injected into a corner of the viewing-angle adjustment member  500  is shown. A corner of the viewing-angle adjustment member  500  can refer to a point where outer edge lines of the first electrode film  501  and the second electrode film  502  constituting the viewing-angle adjustment member  500  meet with each other at an angle of at least an acute angle or larger. A reason why the sealing agent  540  is injected into each of the corners of the viewing-angle adjustment member  500  is that the sealing portion  530  is bent at each of the corners, and thus, a traveling direction of the sealing agent  540  is bent, and the fluid as the sealing agent does not flow and is stagnant. When the sealing agent  540  does not flow well, the sealing agent  540  may not fill a local area. To cope with this situation, it is necessary for the sealing agent injection nozzle  800  to inject the sealing agent  540  at a higher pressure. However, when the sealing agent is injected through the injection hole  550  formed in the corner as in the second embodiment, the stagnation of the sealing agent  540  can be prevented without increasing the pressure of the sealing agent injection nozzle  800 . A single sealing agent injection nozzle  800  can move across the holes. Alternatively, a sealing agent injection apparatus can include several injection nozzles  800  to inject the sealing agent through the plurality of injection holes  550  at once. 
       FIG.  6 B  is a cross-sectional view showing a fluid resistance based on the movement direction of the fluid when the sealing agent  540  is injected into the sealing portion  530  of the viewing-angle adjustment member  500  based on a cut line of  FIG.  6 A  in the second embodiment. 
     Referring to  FIG.  6 B , the first electrode film  501  and the second electrode film  502  can define a space of the sealing portion  530 . The injection hole  550  is formed in the second electrode film  502 . As the sealing agent  540  is injected from the sealing agent injection nozzle  800 , the sealing agent  540  can move in a direction—from the left to the right of the sealing portion  530 . In this regard, based on the fluid pressure loss formula, the flow rate of the sealing agent can vary based on the length of the fluid channel, the coefficient of friction loss, and the diameter of the fluid channel. An arrow opposite to a direction of the fluid movement in the sealing portion  530  indicates a magnitude and a direction of resistance to inhibit the movement of the fluid. 
     Specifically, it can be identified that the larger the length of the fluid channel, and the greater the frictional force of the fluid channel, the greater a pressure loss of the fluid. Further, the greater the diameter of the fluid channel, the smaller the pressure loss of the fluid. Referring to  FIG.  6 B , a plurality of arrows indicates that a small and uniform fluid resistance is applied to an area {circle around (1)} near to the injection hole  550 . Referring to an area {circle around (2)} to an area {circle around (3)}, the fluid resistance that is, the size of the arrow can increase as the sealing agent  540  gradually moves to the right. However, it can be identified that the air inside the sealing portion  530  can escape through the additional holes, such that the increase in the resistance is insignificant, compared to the first embodiment. For example, in the second embodiment, the injection hole  550  formed in the second electrode film  502  can have a function of injecting the sealing agent  540  and a function of discharging the air out of the sealing portion  530 . When the fluid moves to an area {circle around (4)}, a phenomenon in which the fluid resistance increases in the area adjacent to each of the first electrode film  501  and the second electrode film  502  can occur. 
       FIG.  7 A  and  FIG.  7 B  are views showing a third embodiment of injecting the sealing agent  540  into the sealing portion  530  of the viewing-angle adjustment member  500 . Although a cross-section is shown in which one side is cut to show the process in which the sealing agent  540  is injected into the sealing portion  530 , the one side is completely sealed in the actual product, so that the sealing agent  540  or the electrochromic pattern  505  does not leak. 
     Referring to  FIG.  7 A , the partitioning wall  503 , the electrochromic zone  504 , the first dam  510 , the second dam  520 , the first electrode film  501  and the second electrode film  502  can be included in the viewing-angle adjustment member  500  as shown in  FIG.  5 A  and  FIG.  6 A . Unlike the first embodiment of  FIG.  5 A , in the third embodiment, a plurality of injection holes  550  can be arranged in the second electrode film  502 . In the third embodiment, the plurality of injection holes  550  can be defined in the second electrode film  502  so that when the sealing agent  540  is injected, air from the sealing portion  530  can escape through the holes. Thus, the sealing agent  540  can spread toward the sealing portion  530  more easily. Further, the plurality of injection holes  550  can be formed in the second electrode film  502 . Thus, while the sealing agent injection nozzle  800  moves across the injection holes  550 , the nozzle can inject the sealing agent  540  into the sealing portion  530  through the injection holes  550  several times. Referring to  FIG.  6 A , the sealing agent  540  from the sealing agent injection nozzle  800  has been injected into a corner of the viewing-angle adjustment member  500 . However, in the third embodiment of  FIG.  7 A , the nozzle  800  can sequentially apply the sealing agent  540  to all of the injection holes  550 . 
     Referring to  FIG.  7 A , it is shown that while the sealing agent injection nozzle  800  moves in one direction, the nozzle sequentially injects the sealing agent  540  into the injection holes  550  formed in a top face of the second electrode film  502  of the viewing-angle adjustment member  500 . A reason why the sealing agent  540  is injected into each of the plurality of injection holes  550  formed in the viewing-angle adjustment member  500  is that in consideration of a length of the sealing portion  530  and a surface friction loss in terms of the fluid pressure loss, the fluid pressure loss can be minimized when the sealing agent  540  is injected into each of the injection holes  550 . The sealing agent injection apparatus can move one sealing agent injection nozzle  800  so as to sequentially inject the sealing agent into all of the holes  550 . Alternatively, the sealing agent injection apparatus can include the plurality of sealing agent injection nozzles  800 , such that the sealing agent  540  can be injected into all of the injection holes  550  at the same time. 
       FIG.  7 B  is a cross-sectional view showing the fluid resistance based on the movement direction of the fluid when the sealing agent  540  is injected into the sealing portion  530  of the viewing-angle adjustment member  500  based on a cut line IV-IV′ of  FIG.  7 A  in the third embodiment. 
     Referring to  FIG.  7 B , the first electrode film  501  and the second electrode film  502  can define a space of the sealing portion  530 . The injection hole  550  is formed in the second electrode film  502 . As the sealing agent  540  is injected from the sealing agent injection nozzle  800 , the sealing agent  540  can move in a direction—from the left to the right of the sealing portion  530 . In this regard, based on the fluid pressure loss formula, the flow rate of the sealing agent can vary based on the length of the fluid channel, the coefficient of friction loss, and the diameter of the fluid channel. An arrow opposite to a direction of the fluid movement in the sealing portion  530  indicates a magnitude and a direction of resistance to inhibit the movement of the fluid. 
     Unlike the first and second embodiments, the sealing agent injection nozzle  800  can inject the sealing agent  540  into all of the plurality of injection holes  550  while the sealing agent injection nozzle  800  moves across all of the plurality of injection holes  550 , so that the resistance of the fluid channel can be minimized. 
     Specifically, it can be identified that the larger the length of the fluid channel, and the greater the frictional force of the fluid channel, the greater a pressure loss of the fluid. Further, the greater the diameter of the fluid channel, the smaller the pressure loss of the fluid. Referring to  FIG.  7 B , a plurality of arrows indicates that a small and uniform fluid resistance is applied to an area {circle around (1)} near to the injection hole  550 . The fluid resistance can increase by a small amount in the area {circle around (2)}. However, since the sealing agent injection nozzle  800  has moved to the injection hole  550  near the area {circle around (2)}, and injects the sealing agent  540  thereto, the fluid resistance can be minimized again in the area {circle around (3)}. In this regard, the fluid resistance in the area {circle around (3)} can be similar to the fluid resistance in the area {circle around (1)}. In the third embodiment, the fluid pressure loss of the sealing portion  530  can be kept constant without large fluctuation across different zones. Thus, the sealing agent  540  can be evenly injected into an entirety of the sealing portion  530 . When the sealing agent  540  flows well into the sealing portion  530  due to the continuous injection of the sealing agent  540  from the sealing agent injection nozzle  800  through the plurality of injection holes  550 , an unfilled amount of the sealing agent can be reduced. Thus, there is no need to increase the injection pressure of the sealing agent injection nozzle  800 . This can prevent damage to the outer walls of the sealing portion  530 , the first dam  510 , and the second dam  520 . 
       FIG.  8    shows damage to the first dam  510  and the second dam  520  that can occur when the sealing agent  540  is injected into the sealing portion  530  of the viewing-angle adjustment member  500 . 
     Referring to  FIG.  8   , the injection hole  550  is formed in the viewing-angle adjustment member  500 .  FIG.  8    shows a cross-section of the sealing agent injection nozzle  800  while the sealing agent  540  is injected into the injection hole  550 . When the sealing agent  540  does not sufficiently flow in the sealing portion  530  and the pressure loss occurs, an injection pressure of the sealing agent  540  in the sealing agent injection nozzle  800  should be increased. The increase in the injection pressure of the sealing agent injection nozzle  800  increases a pressure in a structure near the injection hole  550 , such that the first dam  510  constituting the sealing portion  530  is damaged. Thus, the sealing agent  540  leaks out. The second dam  520  can break and thus invade the partitioning wall  503 , thereby causing a defect in which a structure of the partitioning wall  503  is broken. 
       FIGS.  9 A and  9 B  show defects due to the breakage of the first dam  510  and the second dam  520  which can occur when the sealing agent  540  is injected into the sealing portion  530  of the viewing-angle adjustment member  500 . 
     Referring to  FIG.  9 A , when the second dam  502  of the sealing portion  530  is broken to cause the breakage of the partitioning wall  503 , cracks can occur due to the breakage of the partitioning wall  503 . Thus, a portion of the electrochromic pattern  505  can leak out of the viewing-angle adjustment member  500 . 
     Referring to  FIG.  9 B , a portion of the electrochromic zone  504  can become an empty space due to leakage of the electrochromic pattern  505  due to the cracks in the partitioning wall  503  in  FIG.  9 A . Thus, the viewing-angle adjustment member  500  can lose the viewing-angle blocking function of the light emitting from the display panel  100 , thereby causing a defect in the privacy mode. 
       FIGS.  10 A and  10 B  show other defects that can occur in the viewing-angle adjustment member due to breakage of the sealing portion of  FIG.  8   .  FIGS.  10 A and  10 B  show the defect based on the breakage of the first dam  510  and the second dam  520  that can occur when the sealing agent  540  is injected into the sealing portion  530  of the viewing-angle adjustment member  500 . 
     Referring to  FIG.  10 A , when the second dam  502  of the sealing portion  530  is damaged, the partitioning wall  503  can be also broken and thus, the cracks can occur therein. Thus, the external moisture penetrates into the electrochromic zone  504  due to the cracks, thereby reducing a concentration of the electrochromic pattern  505 . When the concentration of the electrochromic pattern  505  is lowered, control accuracy of the electrochromic pattern  505  is lowered in a process of switching from the privacy mode to the switching mode to the sharing mode. This mode switching failure can result in loss of the viewing-angle control ability. 
     Referring to  FIG.  10 B , when external moisture penetrates into the pattern  505  due to cracks in the partitioning wall  503  in  FIG.  10 A , the concentration of the electrochromic pattern  540  is biased to one side or the concentration thereof is reduced. Thus, when an electric signal is applied to between the first electrode film  501  and the second electrode film  502  for the mode switching, the viewing-angle adjustment member  500  may not perform the switching operation in a reliable manner. For example, a phenomenon in which the switching from the sharing mode to the privacy mode may or may not occur. This mode switching failure can result in loss of the viewing-angle control ability. 
       FIG.  11    shows shapes of the viewing-angle adjustment member  500  corresponding to various types of display apparatus  10 , and injection holes  550  corresponding thereto according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. 
     Referring to  FIG.  11   , when the injection holes  550  are disposed in positions corresponding to corners in a corresponding manner to the arrangements of the injection holes  550  in  FIG.  5 A  to  FIG.  7 A  as described above according to the various embodiments of the present disclosure, an operation failure of the viewing-angle adjustment member  500  due to the dam damage and other issues discussed referring to  FIGS.  8  to  10 B  can be addressed or prevented effectively regardless of the shape of the display apparatus  10 . 
       FIG.  12    is a diagram showing a structure in which a display apparatus to which an embodiment of the present disclosure is applied is disposed on a vehicle. 
     The display apparatus  10  having the viewing-angle adjustment member  500  can be inserted into or can be mounted on the dashboard or the center fascia of the vehicle. Thus, the driver and the passenger can utilize an infotainment system together or individually. 
     A display apparatus according to an embodiment of the present disclosure can be described as follows. 
     A first aspect of the present disclosure provides a display apparatus including a display panel, a polarizing film disposed on a top face of the display panel, a viewing-angle adjustment member disposed on a top face of the polarizing film, a touch panel disposed on a top face of the viewing-angle adjustment member, and a heat dissipation plate attached to a bottom face of the display panel, wherein the viewing-angle adjustment member includes a first electrode film, a second electrode film, and an electrochromic zone disposed between the first electrode film and the second electrode film, wherein an electrochromic pattern is disposed in the electrochromic zone. 
     In one implementation of the first aspect, the viewing-angle adjustment member further includes a first dam and a second dam disposed between the first electrode film and the second electrode film. 
     In one implementation of the first aspect, the first dam is closer to an outermost edge of the viewing-angle adjustment member than the second dam is, wherein the first dam and the second dam are spaced apart from each other to define a sealing portion therebetween. 
     In one implementation of the first aspect, at least one injection hole is formed in the first electrode film or the second electrode film. 
     In one implementation of the first aspect, the injection hole is formed at a position corresponding to a position of the sealing portion. 
     In one implementation of the first aspect, the sealing agent is filled into the sealing portion through the injection hole. 
     In one implementation of the first aspect, the injection hole is disposed adjacent to a corner at which outer edge lines of the first electrode film or the second electrode film meet each other. 
     In one implementation of the first aspect, each of the first electrode film and the second electrode film includes a substrate and a transparent electrode disposed on at least one face of the substrate. 
     In one implementation of the first aspect, the electrochromic pattern includes a carbon material. 
     In one implementation of the first aspect, a distribution area of the electrochromic pattern across the electrochromic zone increases or decreases based on a polarity of electricity applied to between the first electrode film and the second electrode film. 
     A second aspect of the present disclosure provides a display apparatus including a display panel, a polarizing film disposed on a top face of the display panel, a viewing-angle adjustment member disposed on a top face of the polarizing film, and a touch panel disposed on a top face of the viewing-angle adjustment member, wherein the viewing-angle adjustment member includes a first electrode film, a second electrode film, a first dam and a second dam disposed between the first electrode film and the second electrode film, and an electrochromic zone disposed between the first electrode film and the second electrode film, wherein an electrochromic pattern is disposed in the electrochromic zone. 
     In one implementation of the second aspect, the first dam is closer to an outermost edge of the viewing-angle adjustment member than the second dam is, wherein the first dam and the second dam are spaced apart from each other to define a sealing portion therebetween. 
     In one implementation of the second aspect, at least one injection hole is formed in the first electrode film or the second electrode film. 
     In one implementation of the second aspect, the injection hole is formed at a position corresponding to a position of the sealing portion. 
     In one implementation of the second aspect, the sealing agent is filled into the sealing portion through the injection hole. 
     In one implementation of the second aspect, the at least one injection hole is disposed adjacent to a corner at which outer edge lines of the first electrode film or the second electrode film meet each other. 
     In one implementation of the second aspect, each of the first electrode film and the second electrode film includes a substrate and a transparent electrode disposed on at least one face of the substrate. 
     In one implementation of the second aspect, the electrochromic pattern includes a carbon material. 
     In one implementation of the second aspect, a distribution area of the electrochromic pattern across the electrochromic zone increases or decreases based on a polarity of electricity applied to between the first electrode film and the second electrode film. 
     The features, the structures, the effects, etc. as described in the examples of the present application as described above are included in at least one example of the present disclosure, and are not necessarily limited to only one example. Furthermore, the features, the structures, the effects, etc. illustrated in at least one example of the present disclosure can be combined with each other or modified in other examples by those of ordinary skill in the art to which the present application belongs. Therefore, the combinations and the modifications should be interpreted as being included in the scope of the present disclosure. 
     The present disclosure as described above is not limited to the above-described embodiments and the accompanying drawings. It will be apparent to those of ordinary skill in the technical field to which the present disclosure belongs that various substitutions, modifications and changes can be made within the scope not departing from the technical ideas of the present disclosure. Therefore, the scope of the present disclosure is indicated by the following claims, and all changes or modifications derived from the meaning and scope of the claims and their equivalent concepts should be construed as being included in the scope of the present disclosure.