Patent Publication Number: US-2023137908-A1

Title: Touchless flushing systems and methods

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED PATENT APPLICATIONS 
     This application is Continuation of U.S. Pat. Application No. 14/070288 filed Nov. 1, 2013, which claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 61/722019, filed Nov. 2, 2012, and U.S. Provisional Application No. 61/761623, filed Feb. 6, 2013, the entire disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference. 
    
    
     SUMMARY 
     One embodiment of the present disclosure is a touchless actuation (i.e., touchless flush) system for a toilet. The system includes a touchless sensor, a motor assembly, and a processing circuit. The processing circuit may be configured to receive a signal from the touchless sensor and to detect an object within a detection region based on the signal from the sensor. The processing circuit may be further configured to activate the motor assembly when an object is detected. The motor assembly may be configured to actuate flushing of the toilet when activated by the processing circuit Advantageously, the touchless actuation system may be completely concealed within a closed reservoir for the toilet with the touchless sensor lacking an optical path to the detection region. 
     In some embodiments, the touchless sensor is a projected capacitive sensor. The projected capacitive sensor may project an electromagnetic field through a surface of the closed reservoir, defining a detection region outside the reservoir. In some embodiments, the surface of the closed reservoir may be a lid of the reservoir. In such an example, the detection region may be defined above the lid of the reservoir. In other embodiments, the projected capacitive sensor may be located to project an electromagnetic field through a different surface of the closed reservoir (e.g., a side). 
     The processing circuit may be configured to detect the presence of an object (e.g., an electromagnetic field-absorbing object or an electrically conductive object) within the detection region and activate the motor assembly when said object is detected. The detected object may be a hand or forearm of a user and the user may actuate flushing of the toilet by moving his or her hand into the detection region without touching the toilet, the reservoir, or the actuation system. The processing circuit may be configured to monitor a time since the motor assembly has been activated and prevent reactivation of the motor assembly if the time is within a time threshold 
     The touchless actuation system may further include a housing within which the sensor, the motor assembly, and the processing circuit are contained and a positioning bracket for adjustably attaching to the housing and positioning the actuation system within the reservoir. In some embodiments, the positioning bracket may adjust the position of the actuation system relative to an upper surface of the reservoir. 
     In some embodiments, the touchless actuation system further includes a wheel assembly coupled to the motor assembly and configured to rotate when the motor assembly is activated. The wheel assembly may connect to a chain attached to a flushing mechanism within the reservoir, and rotation of the wheel assembly may cause the chain to actuate the flushing mechanism. In some embodiments, the chain may be directly attached to a flush valve such as a flapper, a canister seal covering an outlet of the reservoir, or a valve ball. 
     In some embodiments, the processing circuit may detect when the wheel assembly has completed one full rotation and deactivate the motor assembly when one full rotation is detected. For example, the touchless actuation system may include a reed switch coupled to the processing circuit, and a magnet located at an edge of the wheel assembly may activate the reed switch when the wheel assembly has completed one full rotation. The processing circuit may employ a motor control topology that ensures repeatable positional control of the wheel assembly For example, the processing circuit may be configured to actively break the motor assembly by shorting electrical leads of the motor assembly. 
     In some embodiments, the wheel assembly may be replaced with a rotatable lever or arm coupled to the motor assembly and configured to rotate when the motor assembly is activated. The lever or arm may connect to a chain attached to a flushing mechanism within the reservoir, and rotation of the lever or arm may cause the chain to actuate the flushing mechanism. In some embodiments, the chain may be directly attached to a flush valve such as a flapper, a canister seal covering an outlet of the reservoir, or a valve ball 
     The touchless actuation system may further include a power supply coupled to the motor assembly, and the processing circuit may activate the motor assembly by providing the motor assembly with an electric current from the power supply The processing circuit may be configured to monitor the electric current provided to the motor assembly or a torque exerted by the motor assembly and initiate one or more safety precautions if the current exceeds a current threshold or the torque exceeds a torque threshold. The safety precautions may include deactivating the motor assembly, limiting the electric current provided to the motor assembly, limiting the torque exerted by the motor assembly, and activating a warning indicator In some embodiments, the power supply may include one or more batteries, and the processing circuit may activate a warning indicator (e.g., provided by a small speaker, provided by an LED, etc.) when the batteries require replacement. 
     In some embodiments, the processing circuit may estimate a gesture performed by a user and initiate one or more supplemental actions based on the estimated gesture. The supplemental actions may include initiating a short flush, initiating a long flush, dispensing a deodorant, and initiating a cleaning process. 
     In some embodiments, the touchless actuation system may further include one or more additional touchless sensors and the processing circuit may be configured to distinguish between different gestures based on a plurality of signals received from the sensors. In some embodiments, the processing circuit may include a radio receiver. In addition to the touchless actuation driven by a capacitive sensor, the system may be configured to activate the motor assembly based on a radio signal received by the radio receiver. 
     Another implementation of the present disclosure is a touchless actuation system for a toilet including a first touchless sensor, a motor assembly, and a processing circuit The first touchless sensor lacks an optical path to the detection region. The processing circuit is configured to receive a first signal from the first touchless sensor and to detect an object within a detection region based on the first signal. The processing circuit is further configured to activate the motor assembly upon detecting the object and the motor assembly is configured to actuate flushing of the toilet when activated by the processing circuit 
     In some embodiments, the first touchless sensor is one of a projected capacitive sensor and a microwave sensor. In some embodiments, the actuation system is completely concealed within a closed reservoir for the toilet. In some embodiments, the first touchless sensor is electrically shorted to the motor assembly. In other embodiments, the first touchless sensor is electrically shorted to water contained within the toilet reservoir. 
     In some embodiments, the touchless actuation system further includes a second touchless sensor. In such embodiments, the processing circuit is further configured to receive a second signal from the second touchless sensor. The first and second signals include measurement values and time values The processing circuit is further configured to determine whether the first measurement value exceeds a first threshold and whether the second measurement value exceeds a second threshold. The processing circuit compares a difference between the first time value and the second time value with a time threshold in response to the first measurement value exceeding the first threshold and the second measurement value exceeding the second threshold. Then, the processing circuit may determine whether an object is detected within the detection region based on the comparison. 
     In some embodiments, the actuation system is completely concealed within a closed toilet reservoir. The touchless sensor may be a projected capacitive sensor or a microwave sensor. The touchless sensor may be a projected capacitive sensor configured to project an electromagnetic field through a surface of a closed reservoir, wherein the electromagnetic field defines a detection region outside the reservoir. The surface of the closed reservoir may be a lid of the reservoir. The detection region may be defined above the lid of the reservoir. 
     In some embodiments, the processing circuit is configured to detect the presence of an object within the detection region and to activate the motor assembly when said object is detected. The object may be an electromagnetic field-absorbing object or an electrically conductive object. The object may also be a hand or forearm of a user. The user flushes the toilet by moving said hand or forearm into the detection region without touching the toilet, the reservoir, or the actuation system. 
     In some embodiments, the processing circuit is configured to monitor a time since the motor assembly has been activated and prevent reactivation of the motor assembly if the time is within a time threshold. 
     In some embodiments, a positioning bracket is configured to adjustably attach to the housing and position the actuation system within the reservoir. The positioning bracket is configured to adjust the position of the actuation system relative to an upper surface of the reservoir 
     In some embodiments, a wheel assembly is coupled to the motor assembly and configured to rotate when the motor assembly is activated. The wheel assembly is configured to couple to a chain attached to a flushing mechanism within the reservoir, wherein rotation of the wheel assembly causes the chain to actuate the flushing mechanism. The chain may be directly attached to a flush valve covering an outlet of the reservoir. In some embodiments, the flush valve is a flapper or canister seal. 
     In some embodiments, the processing circuit is configured to detect when the wheel assembly has completed one full rotation and deactivate the motor assembly when one full rotation is detected A reed switch may be coupled to the processing circuit, wherein a magnet in the wheel assembly activates the reed switch when the wheel assembly has completed one full rotation. The processing circuit may be configured to actively break the motor assembly when the reed switch is activated. Actively breaking the motor includes shorting electrical leads to the motor assembly. The processing circuit may be configured to bring the motor assembly to a desired rotational position, wherein the processing circuit uses a motor control topology to ensure repeatable positional control. 
     In some embodiments, a lever or arm is coupled to the motor assembly and rotates when the motor assembly is activated. The lever or arm may be configured to couple to a chain attached to a flushing mechanism within the reservoir, wherein rotation of the lever or arm causes the chain to actuate the flushing mechanism 
     In some embodiments, a power supply is coupled to the motor assembly, wherein the processing circuit activates the motor assembly by providing the motor assembly with an electric current from the power supply. The processing circuit monitors the electric current provided to the motor assembly or a torque exerted by the motor assembly and initiates one or more safety precautions if the current exceeds a current threshold or the torque exceeds a torque threshold. The safety precautions may include deactivating the motor assembly, limiting the electric current provided to the motor assembly, limiting the torque exerted by the motor assembly, and/or activating a warning indicator. The power supply includes one or more batteries. The batteries may be “C” batteries, “AA” batteries, nine-volt batteries, twelve-volt batteries, or rechargeable batteries. The batteries may be a combination of those listed. In some embodiments, the processing circuit is configured to activate a warning indicator when the batteries require replacement. 
     In some embodiments, the processing circuit is configured to estimate a gesture performed by a user and initiate one or more supplemental actions based on the estimated gesture. The supplemental actions may include initiating a short flush, initiating a long flush, dispensing a deodorant, and initiating a cleaning process. In some embodiments, one or more additional touchless sensors may be used. The processing circuit estimates the gesture based on a plurality of signals received from the sensors. In some embodiments, the processing circuit includes a radio receiver and is configured to activate the motor assembly based on a radio signal received by the radio receiver. 
     In some embodiments, the touchless actuation system for a toilet includes a projected capacitive sensor, a motor assembly, and a processing circuit configured to receive a signal from the sensor and activate the motor assembly based on the signal. The motor assembly is configured to actuate flushing of the toilet when activated by the processing circuit. The actuation system is completely concealed behind an optically opaque surface. The projected capacitive sensor is configured to project an electromagnetic field through the opaque surface such that the electromagnetic field defines a detection region on a side of the surface opposite the sensor. The projected capacitive sensor is located within a closed reservoir for the toilet and lacks an optical path to the detection region. 
     In some embodiments, the touchless actuation system for a toilet includes a first touchless sensor, a motor assembly, and a processing circuit configured to receive a first signal from the first touchless sensor. The processing circuit detects an object within a detection region based on the first signal. The first touchless sensor lacks an optical path to the detection region. The processing circuit is configured to activate the motor assembly upon detecting the object, and the motor assembly is configured to actuate flushing of the toilet when activated by the processing circuit. The first touchless sensor may be a projected capacitive sensor or a microwave sensor. The first touchless sensor may be electrically shorted to the motor assembly. The first touchless sensor may be electrically shorted to water contained within a reservoir for the toilet. The actuation system is completely concealed within a closed reservoir for the toilet. The system also includes a second touchless sensor. The processing circuit is configured to receive a second signal from the second touchless sensor. The first signal includes a first measurement value and a first time value, and the second signal includes a second measurement value and a second time value. The processing circuit determines whether the first measurement value exceeds a first threshold and whether the second measurement value exceeds a second threshold. The processing circuit compares a difference between the first time value and the second time value with a time threshold in response to the first measurement value exceeding the first threshold and the second measurement value exceeding the second threshold. The processing circuit determines whether an object is detected within the detection region based on the comparison. 
     Another embodiment relates to a touchless actuation system for a toilet. The system includes a first touchless sensor, a motor assembly and a processing circuit. The processing circuit is configured to receive a first signal from the first touchless sensor and to detect an object within a detection region based on the first signal. The first touchless sensor lacks an optical path to the detection region. The processing circuit is configured to activate the motor assembly upon detecting the object and wherein the motor assembly is configured to actuate flushing of the toilet when activated by the processing circuit. The first touchless sensor is one of a projected capacitive sensor and a microwave sensor. The actuation system is completely concealed within a closed reservoir for the toilet. The first touchless sensor is electrically shorted to the motor assembly. The first touchless sensor is electrically shorted to water contained within a reservoir for the toilet. The system may further include a second touchless sensor. The processing circuit is configured to receive a second signal from the second touchless sensor. The first signal includes a first measurement value and a first time value. The second signal includes a second measurement value and a second time value. The processing circuit is further configured to determine whether the first measurement value exceeds a first threshold and whether the second measurement value exceeds a second threshold. The processing circuit is also configured to compare a difference between the first time value and the second time value with a time threshold in response to the first measurement value exceeding the first threshold and the second measurement value exceeding the second threshold. The processing circuit is also configured to determine whether an object is detected within the detection region based on the comparison. 
     The foregoing is a summary and thus by necessity contains simplifications, generalizations, and omissions of detail. Consequently, those skilled in the art will appreciate that the summary is illustrative only and is not intended to be in any way limiting. Other aspects, inventive features, and advantages of the devices and/or processes described herein, as defined solely by the claims, will become apparent in the detailed description set forth herein and taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         FIG.  1 A  is a drawing illustrating a perspective view of a touchless actuation system contained within a housing including a cover and a positioning bracket, according to an exemplary embodiment. 
         FIG.  1 B  shows an alternate embodiment of the touchless actuation system of  FIG.  1 A , according to an exemplary embodiment. 
         FIG.  2 A  is a drawing illustrating a perspective view of the housing in greater detail, according to an exemplary embodiment. 
         FIG.  2 B  shows an alternate embodiment of the housing of  FIG.  2 A , according to an exemplary embodiment 
         FIG.  3 A  is a drawing illustrating a perspective view of the cover in greater detail, according to an exemplary embodiment. 
         FIG.  3 B  shows an alternate embodiment of the cover of  FIG.  3 A , according to an exemplary embodiment. 
         FIG.  3 C  shows an additional embodiment of the cover of  FIG.  3 A , according to an exemplary embodiment 
         FIG.  4 A  is a drawing illustrating a perspective view of the positioning bracket in greater detail, according to an exemplary embodiment. 
         FIG.  4 B  shows an alternate embodiment of the positioning bracket of  FIG.  4 A , according to an exemplary embodiment. 
         FIG.  5 A  is a drawing illustrating the connection between the housing of  FIG.  2 A  and the positioning bracket of  FIG.  4 A , according to an exemplary embodiment. 
         FIG.  5 B  is a drawing illustrating the connection between the housing of  FIG.  2 B  and the positioning bracket of  FIG.  4 B , according to an exemplary embodiment. 
         FIG.  6 A  is a drawing illustrating the positioning bracket of  FIG.  4 A  hanging from a side wall of a toilet reservoir and positioning the touchless actuation system of  FIG.  1 A  within the reservoir, according to an exemplary embodiment. 
         FIG.  6 B  is a drawing illustrating the positioning bracket of  FIG.  4 B  hanging from a side wall of a toilet reservoir and positioning the touchless actuation system of  FIG.  1 B  within the reservoir, according to an exemplary embodiment. 
         FIG.  7 A  is a block diagram showing the electrical connections and communication paths between components of the touchless actuation system, according to an exemplary embodiment. 
         FIG.  7 B  is a drawing showing multiple sensors of the touchless actuation system positioned within a toilet reservoir, according to an exemplary embodiment. 
         FIG.  7 C  is a flowchart of a process for interpreting input signals received from the multiple sensors shown in  FIG.  7 B  and determining whether to actuate flushing based on the received signals, according to an exemplary embodiment 
         FIG.  7 D  is a flowchart of a process for interpreting input signals received by multiple sensors and determine an action to take based on an estimated user gesture. 
         FIG.  8    is a drawing illustrating a perspective view of a wheel assembly used to actuate flushing of the toilet, according to an exemplary embodiment. 
         FIG.  9 A  is a drawing of the touchless actuation system of  FIG.  1 A  with the cover open showing the internal components, according to an exemplary embodiment. 
         FIG.  9 B  is a drawing illustrating an exploded view of the touchless actuation system of  FIG.  1 B , according to an exemplary embodiment. 
         FIG.  9 C  is a drawing of the touchless activation system of  FIG.  1 A  with the cover open showing the internal components, according to an additional embodiment. 
         FIG.  10 A  illustrates a first alternate configuration of a touchless actuation system using an alternate mounting bracket and electronics configuration, according to an exemplary embodiment. 
         FIG.  10 B  illustrates the alternative configuration of  FIG.  10 A  from a side view and without an exploded view 
         FIG.  10 C  illustrates the alternative configuration of  FIG.  10 A  without a reservoir. 
         FIG.  10 D  illustrates the alternative configuration of  FIG.  10 A  with attention on the interior of housing and the components therein 
         FIG.  11 A  illustrates a second alternate configuration of a touchless actuation system using a pivoting sensor body supported by a hollow stem coupled to an existing flush valve, according to an exemplary embodiment. 
         FIG.  11 B  illustrates the alternative configuration of  FIG.  11 A  showing the pivoting sensor body. 
         FIG.  11 C  illustrates the alternative configuration of  FIG.  11 A  with an internal view of the system. 
         FIG.  11 D  illustrates the alternative configuration of  FIG.  11 A  relative to a toilet reservoir. 
         FIG.  11 E  illustrates the alternative configuration of  FIG.  11 A  positioned within a toilet reservoir with an overhead view. 
         FIG.  12 A  illustrates a third alternate configuration of a touchless actuation system using a compact sensor package supported by an existing fill valve in the reservoir, according to an exemplary embodiment. 
         FIG.  12 B  illustrates the alternative configuration of  FIG.  12 A  with a view showing the components within the housing. 
         FIG.  12 C  illustrates the alternative configuration of  FIG.  12 A  with an internal view of the housing and as the system is positioned within the reservoir. 
         FIG.  12 D  illustrates the postioing within the reservoir of the alternative configuration depicted in  FIG.  12 A . 
         FIG.  12 E  illustrates the positioning within the reservoir of the alternative configuration depicted in  FIG.  12 A  according to an isometric view. 
         FIG.  13 A  illustrates a fourth alternate configuration of a touchless actuation system in which the sensor electronics package is vertically rotatable, according to an exemplary embodiment. 
         FIG.  13 B  illustrates the alternative configuration of  FIG.  13 A  with the sensor body positioned to create a detection region above the lid of the reservoir. 
         FIG.  13 C  illustrates the alternative configuration of  FIG.  13 A  with the sensor body positioned to create a detection region along one side of the reservoir. 
         FIG.  13 D  illustrates a cutaway view of the alternative configuration of  FIG.  13 A . 
         FIG.  13 E  illustrates the components within the housing of the alternative configuration of  FIG.  13 A . 
         FIG.  13 F  illustrates a top view of an embodiment of a touchless activation system in relation to a toilet reservoir, according to an exemplary embodiment 
         FIG.  13 G  illustrates a side view of an embodiment of a touchless activation system in relation to a toilet reservoir, according to an exemplary embodiment. 
         FIG.  13 H  illustrates a top view of the opaque lid of an embodiment of a touchless activation system in relation to a toilet reservoir, according to an exemplary embodiment. 
         FIG.  13 I  illustrates an isometric view of the opaque reservoir of an embodiment of a touchless activation system in relation to a toilet reservoir, according to an exemplary embodiment. 
         FIG.  13 J  illustrates a side view of an embodiment of a touchless activation system in relation to a toilet reservoir, according to an exemplary embodiment. 
         FIG.  14    is a drawing illustrating a variety of optional sensor locations, according to varying exemplary embodiments 
         FIG.  15    is a flowchart illustrating how a toilet may be retrofit with an improved touchless flushing system embodiment. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     Before discussing further details of the touchless actuation system and/or the components thereof, it should be noted that references to “front,” “back,” “rear,” “upward,” “downward,” “inner,” “outer,” “right,” and “left” in this description are merely used to identify the various elements as they are oriented in the FIGURES. These terms are not meant to limit the element which they describe, as the various elements may be oriented differently in various applications. 
     It should further be noted that, for purposes of this disclosure, the term “coupled” means the joining of two members directly or indirectly to one another. Such joining may be stationary in nature or moveable in nature and/or such joining may allow for the flow of fluids, electricity, electrical signals, or other types of signals or communication between the two members. Such joining may be achieved with the two members or the two members and any additional intermediate members being integrally formed as a single unitary body with one another or with the two members or the two members and any additional intermediate members being attached to one another. Such joining may be permanent in nature or alternatively may be removable or releasable in nature 
     Referring generally to the FIGURES, a touchless actuation system for a toilet is shown, according to various exemplary embodiments. The touchless actuation system may be contained within a protective housing and mounted within a closed toilet reservoir. The protective housing may encapsulate a touchless sensor, a motor assembly, and a power supply. The touchless sensor may be a projected capacitive sensor, a microwave sensor, an electromagnetic sensor, or another type of sensor capable of detecting an object without requiring an optical path (e.g., a line of sight) between the sensor and the object. 
     The touchless sensor may project an electromagnetic field or microwave emission through an optically opaque surface of the reservoir and into a detection region outside the reservoir. In some embodiments, the detection region may be above the reservoir lid. Upon detecting an object in the detection region, the touchless actuation system may activate the motor assembly, thereby causing a wheel assembly to rotate. The wheel assembly may be connected to a flush valve (e.g., a valve ball, “flapper” or canister-style valve) within the reservoir via a chain or other coupling link. Rotation of the wheel assembly may open the flush valve and result in actuation (eg., flushing) of the toilet. 
     In some implementations, the touchless actuation system may be mounted within the reservoir via a positioning bracket. The positioning bracket may be configured to fit over an upper edge of a vertical reservoir surface (e.g, a front surface, a back surface, a side surface, etc.). The positioning bracket may attach to the housing for securing the touchless actuation system within the closed reservoir. The positioning bracket may be configured to attach to the housing at a variety of different locations for controlling the vertical position of the touchless sensor. For example, it may be advantageous to position the sensor as close as possible to the reservoir lid. The adaptability of the positioning bracket may facilitate implementation of the touchless actuation system in toilets having a variety of lid thicknesses. 
     After mounting the touchless actuation system within the reservoir, an optically opaque lid may be placed over the reservoir, thereby concealing the touchless actuation system from view. Advantageously, the touchless actuation system may be entirely contained within the closed reservoir All components, including all moving components (eg., the wheel assembly, the motor assembly), the power supply, and the touchless sensor, may be completely hidden from view. A user may flush the toilet by waving his or her hand over the reservoir lid. The touchless actuation system may detect the user’s hand above the lid without requiring an optical path between the sensor and the detection region. 
     Referring now to  FIG.  1 A , a touchless actuation system  100  is shown, according to an exemplary embodiment. System  100  is shown to include a housing  102 , a cover  104 , a wheel assembly  150 , and a positioning bracket  180 . Housing  102  may be closed on one end by cover  104 . Housing  102  and cover  104  may form an enclosure for system  100  and protect the electrical components of system  100  from external sources of damage or contamination (e.g, water damage, physical damage, chemical damage, etc.). In some embodiments, housing  102  and cover  104  may be water-resistant or waterproof, thereby facilitating the implementation of system  100  in a humid environment. For example, system  100  may be positioned within a toilet reservoir and/or submerged in water either partially or completely. Positioning bracket  180  may attach to housing  102  for securing system  100  within the reservoir and to a vertical reservoir surface. Wheel assembly  150  may link system  100  with a flush valve at the bottom of the reservoir. In some embodiments, a chain or other coupling device may attach to wheel assembly  150  and to the flush valve. Rotation of wheel assembly  150  may pull on the chain and open the flush valve, thereby actuating flushing of the toilet. 
       FIG.  1 B  shows an alternate embodiment of system  100 . This embodiment illustrates that additional housing and bracket designs and/or shapes may be used with system  100 . Housing  102  is elongated in comparison to the embodiment shown in  FIG.  1 A . The dimensions of housing  102  may be altered to accommodate design or aesthetic choices as illustrated in this embodiment. With reference to  FIG.  1 B , housing  102  has two circular pegs. Bracket  180  has slots configured to accept the circular pegs. The slots prevent rotation of housing  102  relative to bracket  180 . The slots further allow housing  102  to be positioned at various heights relative to bracket  180   
     Referring now to  FIG.  2 A , housing  102  is shown in greater detail, according to an exemplary embodiment. Housing  102  is shown to include a shell  101 , a cover axle  103 , a positioning peg  105 , a port  107 , and a seal channel  108 . Shell  101  may form an outer surface of housing  102  having an opening on one end thereof. In some embodiments, shell  101  may be made of a polymeric material such as acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS), high density polyethylene (HDPE), or another polymeric or elastomeric material. In other embodiments, shell  101  may be made of metals, ceramics, or any other suitable material. Shell  101  may contain at least some of the electrical or mechanical components of system  100  and protect such components from external sources of damage or contamination. 
     Cover axle  103  may provide an axial link between housing  102  and cover  104 . Cover axle  103  may define an axis about which cover  104  rotates between an open position and a closed position. In some embodiments, cover axle  103  may be a rod or bar offset from an upper edge of shell  101  Cover axle  103  may extend longitudinally between a first end and a second end, each of which may be attached to shell  101 . In other embodiments, cover axle  103  may be a hinge, pivot joint, or other type of bearing providing a rotatable linkage between housing  102  and cover  104 . 
     Peg  105  is shown as a horizontal extrusion, extending outward from a side surface of shell  101 . Peg  105  may be configured to fit into a corresponding slot in positioning bracket  180  for attaching housing  102  to positioning bracket  180 . In some embodiments, peg  105  may prevent housing  102  from rotating relative to positioning bracket  180 . For example, peg  105  may be a slender rectangular extrusion configured to fit into a rectangular slot in positioning bracket  180 . The rectangularity of peg  105  may prevent the rotation of housing  102  relative to positioning bracket  180 . In other embodiments, a plurality of pegs  105  may extend from shell  101 . The plurality of pegs  105  may prevent rotation between housing  102  and positioning bracket  180  by linking such components in multiple locations. In some embodiments, peg  105  may fit into one of several available slots located at various heights along positioning bracket  180 . By selecting a particular slot into which peg  105  is inserted, one can adjust the height of housing  102  relative to positioning bracket  180  This adjustability may facilitate the installation of system  100  at various heights inside a toilet reservoir and provide improved sensing potential. 
     Still referring to  FIG.  2 A , housing  102  is shown to include a port  107  Port  107  may be a hole, bore, slot, channel, or other opening through which a solid object may extend. In an exemplary embodiment, port  107  may allow a physical, mechanical, or other connection between a motor assembly contained within housing  102  and an actuation mechanism external to housing  102  (e.g., a traditional “flapper,” a canister-style seal, valve ball, etc.). For example, a shaft or axle may extend through port  107  and connect the motor assembly within housing  102  to wheel assembly  150 . Activating the motor assembly may cause wheel assembly  150  to rotate, thereby triggering the actuation mechanism. Port  107  may include a seal, a bearing, or other intermediate component to facilitate operation of the motor assembly and/or to protect system  100  from external sources of damage or contamination which may include water in the toilet reservoir. 
     In some embodiments, housing  102  further includes a seal channel  108  along an outer perimeter of the opening in shell  101 . Seal channel  108  may be an indentation into which a perimeter seal may be inserted. The perimeter seal may provide a water-resistant or waterproof barrier between shell  101  and cover  104  when cover  104  is in the closed position. 
     Referring now to  FIG.  2 B , an alternate embodiment of housing  102  is shown. In  FIG.  2 B , cover axle  103  is shown as two disjoined axle segments. Each axle segment is shown independently connected to shell  101 . Additionally,  FIG.  2 B  shows peg  105  as a pair of circular pegs rather than a single rectangular peg (as shown in  FIG.  2 A ). Pegs  105  and axle segments  103  may be on a same side or different side of housing  102 . Housing  102  may be elongated, as depicted, or otherwise altered to accommodate design or aesthetic choices 
     Referring now to  FIG.  3 A , cover  104  is shown in greater detail, according to an exemplary embodiment. Cover  104  may be configured to fit over the opening in housing  102 , thereby forming an enclosure within which various electrical components of system  100  may be contained. Cover  104  may protect system  100  from external sources of damage (e.g., water damage, pollution, physical damage, chemical damage, electromagnetic radiation) as well as internal sources of damage (e.g., excessive heat generation, electrical damage, etc.). Cover  104  is shown to include hinges  111  and a clip  109 . 
     Hinges  111  are shown extending from an edge of cover  104 . Hinges  111  may be used to couple cover  104  (e.g, releasably or permanently) to cover axle  103 . The coupling between hinges  111  and cover axle  103  may define an axis about which cover  104  may rotate between an open position and a closed position. Clip  109  may hold, lock, or otherwise secure cover  104  in the closed position by engaging an edge of housing  102 . In some embodiments, clip  109  may be configured to maintain a desired pressure or clamping force between housing  102  and cover  104  when cover  104  is in the closed position The clamping force may ensure that housing  102  and cover  104  provide a water-resistant or waterproof and/or contamination proof barrier around the other components of system  100   
       FIG.  3 B  shows an alternate embodiment of cover  104 . This alternate embodiment may allow for use of cover  104  with housing  102  wherein housing  102  has two disjoined cover axles  103 . The disjoined cover axles  103  form an axis about which cover  104  rotates. Cover  104  rotates between an open and closed position. With cover  104  in the closed position, this embodiment may provide a water resistant or waterproof and/or contaminant proof barrier around system  100   
       FIG.  3 C  shows a further embodiment of cover  104 . Clip  109  extends further out from cover  104  to allow for easier manipulation and a location for labeling. Additionally, clip  109  may hold, lock, or otherwise secure cover  104  in the closed position by engaging a protruding structure of housing  102 . 
     Referring now to  FIG.  4 A , positioning bracket  180  is shown in greater detail, according to an exemplary embodiment. Positioning bracket  180  is shown to include a plurality of positioning slots  182 . Slots  182  may be configured to receive positioning peg  105  for attaching positioning bracket  180  to housing  102 . Each of slots  182  is shown to include a wide portion  183  and a narrow portion  184 . Peg  105  may be inserted into wide portion  183  and then moved horizontally into narrow portion  184 . The plurality of slots  182  are shown arranged horizontally at various heights along positioning bracket  180  Each of slots  182  may be positioned at different heights. The plurality of heights associated with slots  182  may be used to adjust the position of housing  102  relative to positioning bracket  180  Positioning bracket  180  may be configured to operate with a plurality of pegs  105 . 
     In some embodiments, positioning bracket  180  may have a shape which allows housing  102  to be secured, positioned, oriented, or attached to a variety of surfaces, ledges, and/or irregularly shaped objects. For example, positioning bracket  180  may have a “U-shaped” slot  186 . Slot  186  may be configured to fit over an upper edge of a toilet reservoir wall (e.g., a front wall, a rear wall, a side wall, etc.). Similarly, positioning bracket  180  may include flange  187  to help secure positioning bracket  180  and aid in its positioning on an upper edge of a toilet reservoir. In other embodiments, positioning bracket  180  may extend between two or more reservoir wall segments in a bridged configuration 
     Referring now to  FIG.  4 B , an alternate embodiment of positioning bracket  180  is shown. In  FIG.  4 B , slots  182  are shown as pairs of slots rather than a single slot for each height increment. The pairs of slots may be configured to receive the pairs of circular pegs  105  shown in  FIG.  2 B  Positioning bracket  180  is shown without flange  187  Flange  187  may be excluded from some embodiments of bracket  180  for design or aesthetic rationales (e.g. to improve ease of bracket installation, limit the profile of the bracket in instalations with limited space, provide clean and/or straight lines, etc.). 
     Referring now to  FIG.  5 A , positioning bracket  180  is shown attached to housing  102 , according to an exemplary embodiment. In the illustrated configuration, peg  105  is shown inserted into the lowest of slots  182 . This configuration may be used for positioning housing  102  at a relatively low position within the toilet reservoir (e.g., closer to the bottom of the reservoir). The illustrated configuration may be used to adapt to a toilet with a relatively thick reservoir lid. To adjust the vertical position of housing  102 , peg  105  may be inserted into a different slot  182 . For example, peg  105  may be removed from the lowest of slots  182  and inserted into one of the higher slots. This adjustability may facilitate the installation of housing  102  at various heights within a toilet reservoir and/or adapt to a variety of reservoir lid thicknesses. 
       FIG.  5 B  shows the positioning bracket  180  of  FIG.  4 B  attached to the housing  102  of  FIG.  2 B . Bracket  180  has slots configured to accept round pegs. Bracket  180  is further configured to allow housing  102  to be positioned at different heights relative to bracket  180 . 
     In some embodiments, positioning bracket  180  may be of a type other than is shown in  FIGS.  4 A and  4 B  Positioning bracket  180  may be located entirely within the reservoir Positioning bracket  180  may be attached to an inner surface of the reservoir with suction cups or adhesives For example, the positioning bracket may be attached to the lid of the reservoir with adhesive thereby allowing the projected capacitive sensor to be adjusted. In some embodiments the positioning bracket may be a tripod. The positioning bracket may be free standing on the reservoir or may be secured to other components in the reservoir such as the fill valve For example, the positioning bracket could be a tripod with one leg secured to the fill valve with brackets or bands. The positioning bracket may also be secured to the reservoir with adhesives or suction cups. The positioning bracket may have any number of legs. In some embodiments, the positioning bracket may be a truss supported by more or more legs. The positioning bracket may also be a platform supported by an interference fit with two or more walls of the reservoir. This positioning bracket would have openings for the equipment located in the reservoir such as the fill valve. A platform based positioning bracket would have the advantage of not requiring supporting legs, adhesives, or suction cups and would be located entirely within the reservoir 
     In some embodiments, positioning bracket  180  may be used to position a single component of system  100  rather than all the components and housing  102 . The positioning bracket may also be used to position a group or subset of the components of the system. For example, the positioning bracket may position the projected capacitive sensor and processing circuit. Continuing the example, the motor assembly, wheel assembly, and power supply may be located on the fill valve In some embodiments, multiple positioning brackets may be used for a variety of components of system  100 . For example, one positioning bracket may hold the projected capacitive sensor near the lid of the reservoir with a second positioning bracket securing the motor assembly, processing circuit, wheel assembly, and power supply near the flush valve. The components may be connected wirelessly or with wires. 
     Referring now to  FIG.  6 A , positioning bracket  180  is shown mounted on a rear wall  192  of a toilet reservoir  190 , according to an exemplary embodiment. U-shaped slot  186  is shown inserted over an upper edge of rear wall  192 , securing system  100  within reservoir  190 . A reservoir lid (not shown) may be placed over the top of reservoir  190 , completely concealing system  100  within reservoir  190 . Advantageously, as it may be desirable to locate system  100  as close as possible to the reservoir lid, positioning slots  182  may allow the vertical position of system  100  to be adjusted. A close placement of system  100  to the reservoir lid may assist in detecting an object in a detection region above the reservoir lid. 
       FIG.  6 B  shows the system  100  of  FIG.  1 B  ounted on a rear wall of a toilet reservoir. The shape of housing  102  may be altered so that housing  102  fits within a toilet reservoir. Housing  102  may have altered dimensions to fit one particular model of toilet reservoir. In some embodiments, housing  102  may be configured to have dimensions which allow the housing to fit multiple toilet reservoirs. The dimensions of housing  102  may be optimized to allow housing  102  to fit the widest range of toilet reservoirs possible or a range subset of toilet reservoir designs. Positioning bracket  180  may be selected from alternative embodiments to provide the desired height adjustment and position of housing  102  within the toilet resevoir. 
     Referring now to  FIG.  7 A , a block diagram of system  100  is shown, according to an exemplary embodiment System  100  is shown to include a sensor  110 , a processing circuit  120  including a processor  122  and memory  124 , a power supply  130 , and a motor assembly  140 . System  100  is further shown to include a wheel assembly  150 , a reed switch  160 , and a communications interface  170   
     In operation, sensor  110  may produce a signal indicating the presence of an object (e.g., a user’s hand or forearm) within a detection region and transmit the signal to processing circuit  120  Processing circuit  120  may respond by activating motor assembly  140 , thereby causing wheel assembly  150  to rotate. Wheel assembly  150  may be coupled to a flush valve (e.g., a flapper, a canister-style seal, etc.) via a linking chain or other coupling mechanism such that rotation of wheel assembly  150  actuates flushing of the toilet (e.g., by lifting the flapper or seal covering a water outlet at the bottom of the reservoir). 
     In some embodiments, sensor  110  is a projected capacitive sensor. Sensor  110  may use projected capacitive technology to detect the presence of an electromagnetic field-absorbing object within a detection region near sensor  110 . For example, sensor  110  may include an electrode, a plate, or other conductive or semi-conductive object defining one half of a capacitor. Sensor  110  may project an electromagnetic field into the detection region from the electrode and produce a signal indicating a capacitance relative to ground. An electromagnetic field-absorbing object (e.g, a hand, forearm, or other body part of a user) within the detection region may effectively form the second half of the capacitor such that movement of the object toward or away from sensor  110  changes the measured capacitance 
     In some embodiments, sensor  110  may be electrically shorted (e.g, grounded, connected, linked, etc.) to one or more objects within the toilet reservoir. For example, the electrode or plate defining one half of the capacitor may be shorted to a side face of motor assembly  140 , wheel assembly  150 , or housing  102 . Connecting sensor  110  to such components may increase the detection region (i.e., the sensing field) of sensor  110  by using the shorted components as additional surfaces for the capacitor half. Advantageously, such an increase in the sensing field may reduce or eliminate the effect of a change in the water level within the toilet reservoir on the signal produced by sensor  110  (e.g., by allowing sensor  110  to “see” the water at all times). In some embodiments, sensor  110  may be shorted (eg., electrically connected, grounded, etc.) to the water within the reservoir, thereby preventing an increase or decrease in the water level from affecting the measured capacitance. 
     Advantageously, the use of projected capacitive technology in system  100  eliminates the need for an optical path or line of sight between sensor  110  and the detection region. The electromagnetic field produced by sensor  110  may penetrate the vitreous or other material comprising the reservoir lid, thereby allowing sensor  110  to “see through” the optically opaque structures of the reservoir. In other embodiments, sensor  110  may be a microwave sensor, a magnetic sensor, or other type of sensor capable of detecting the presence of an object without requiring an optical path thereto. By eliminating the need for an optical path between sensor  110  and the detection region, sensor  110  may be completely concealed within an optically opaque reservoir (e.g, without providing a sensor window or hole in the reservoir body). This advantage may assist in retrofitting existing toilets with system  100  without requiring the replacement or modification of any existing components (e.g, replacing the reservoir lid, drilling a hole in the reservoir, replacing the handle, etc.). 
     In some embodiments, system  100  may be located outside the reservoir. For example, system  100  may be used in conjunction with “in-wall” tanks and may be installed within a solid or opaque wall adjacent to the in-wall tank. Optionally, system  100  may be installed within a ceiling, floor, cabinet, or other structure in proximity to the toilet. In some embodiments, an optical path may exist between sensor  110  and the detection region. However, an optical path is not required. 
     In some embodiments, the sensor of system  100  may be located in a position remote from the remaining components of system  100  (eg. power supply, motor assembly, processing circuit). In some embodiments, the sensor is located in the reservoir positioned by the positioning bracket while the processing circuit and power supply are located outside the reservoir. The sensor may be connected wirelessly or with wires to the processing circuit. The processing circuit may be located on the portion of the positing bracket extending outside of the reservoir, in a cabinet, in a wall, or in any other location. The motor assembly may be connected to the processing circuit wirelessly or with wires. The motor assembly is also connected to a power supply. In some embodiments, the power supply may be located outside the reservoir and connected to the motor assembly located in the reservoir. The motor assembly and the projected capacitive sensor may be separate from one another yet both are still located in the reservoir For example, the projected capacitive sensor may be located on the portion of the positioning bracket inside the reservoir, and the motor assembly may be located on fill valve. 
     In some embodiments, all the components of system  100  may be located in the reservoir but may not be located within a single housing  102 . Multiple housings may be used with each component located in its own housing or some components sharing a housing. For example, the projected capacitive sensor may be located near the lid of the reservoir, either held in place with a positioning bracket or attached directly to the lid of the reservoir (e.g. with adhesive, suction cups, etc.) Continuing the example, the motor assembly may be located on the fill valve with the power supply and processing circuit resting on the bottom of the reservoir. The components may be connected wirelessly or with wires. Other positions are possible for each component including attached to reservoir surfaces (e.g. with adhesive, with suction cups, etc.), to the fill valve, to the flush valve, or to a positioning bracket of any type. 
     Still referring to  FIG.  7 A , system  100  may further include a processing circuit  120 . Processing circuit  120  may be part of an electronics package configured to operate and control sensor  110  and motor assembly  140 . Processing circuit  120  may include a printed circuit board (PCB) having a processor  122  and memory  124  contained therein. Processor  122  may be implemented as a general purpose processor, an application specific integrated circuit (ASIC), one or more field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs), a group of processing components, or other suitable electronic processing components 
     Memory  124  may include one or more devices (e.g., RAM, ROM, Flash memory, hard disk storage, etc.) for storing data and/or computer code for completing and/or facilitating the various processes, layers, and modules described in the present disclosure. Memory  124  may comprise volatile memory or non-volatile memory Memory  124  may include database components, object code components, script components, or any other type of information structure for supporting the various activities and information structures described in the present disclosure. According to an exemplary embodiment, the memory  124  is communicably connected to the processor  122  and includes computer instructions for executing (e.g., the processor  122 ) one or more processes described herein. 
     In some embodiments, processing circuit  120  may be communicably connected to sensor  110  and motor assembly  140 . Processing circuit  120  may interpret a signal produced by sensor  110  and determine whether to activate motor assembly  140  based on said signal. In some embodiments, processing circuit  120  may be configured to monitor a time since motor assembly  140  was last activated. Upon receiving a detection signal from sensor  110 , processing circuit  120  may compare the time since motor assembly  140  was last activated with a time threshold. Processing circuit  120  may prevent reactivation of motor assembly  140  if the time since the most recent previous activation is less than the time threshold. The time threshold may prevent re-flushing of the toilet until a sufficient time has elapsed to allow the reservoir to refill. 
     Still referring to  FIG.  7 A , system  100  may further include a motor assembly  140  Motor assembly  140  may be a general purpose electric motor (e.g, a brushed DC motor) configured to rotate a shaft in response to an electric current. The shaft of the motor may extend through port  107  in shell  101  and may connect to an actuation mechanism outside housing  102  Motor assembly  140  may be configured to accept an alternating current or a direct current and may include a voltage converter or an AC/DC converter. Motor assembly  140  may include a current-limited or torque-limited motor to prevent damage to system  100  in the event that rotation is blocked. In other embodiments, motor assembly  140  may include a clutch or other torque-sensitive component configured to allow slippage between the motor shaft and an electromagnetic rotor within the motor if the output torque exceeds a threshold value. Motor assembly  140  may include a stepper motor, brushed DC motor, brushless DC motor, AC induction motor, etc. Motor assembly  140  may further include a gearbox The gearbox may provide a mechanical connection between wheel assembly  150  and the motor. The gearbox may, in conjunction with the motor, provide an amount of torque sufficient to rotate wheel assembly  150 . The amount of torque may be selected through variations in either the motor or gearbox or a combination of the two. The amount of torque may be optimized for specific applications through this selection process. The gearbox may also be selected to ensure that the torque does not exceed a torque threshold. 
     In some embodiments, processing circuit  120  may be configured to monitor the torque exerted by motor assembly  140  or the electric current provided to motor assembly  140 . Processing circuit  120  may be configured to initiate one or more safety precautions if the electric current exceeds a current threshold or the torque exceeds a torque threshold The safety precautions may include deactivating motor assembly  140 , limiting the electric current provided to motor assembly  140 , limiting the torque exerted by motor assembly  140 , and/or activating a warning indicator (e g., a piezoelectric speaker, an LED or other light, etc). 
     Still referring to  FIG.  7 A , system  100  may further include a power supply  130 . Power supply  130  may provide power to motor assembly  140  as well as the other electronic components of system  100 . In some embodiments, processing circuit  120  may determine whether to deliver power to motor assembly  140  from power supply  130  based on the signal received from sensor  110 . Power supply  130  may include batteries (e.g., “AA” batteries, “C” batteries, nine volt batteries, twelve volt batteries, rechargeable batteries, etc.) contained within housing  102 . In some embodiments, processing circuit  120  may be configured to activate a warning indicator (e.g., a piezoelectric speaker, an LED or other light, etc.) to inform a user that the batteries require replacement or that another error has occurred (e.g., stuck motor, non-responsive sensor, etc). In some embodiments, power supply  130  may include a power converter (e.g., a voltage converter, an AC/DC converter, etc.). In some embodiments, power supply  130  may receive power from a power source external to housing  102  (e.g. an electric outlet connected to a traditional power grid) In other embodiments, the power source (eg., batteries) is contained within housing  102 . 
     Still referring to  FIG.  7 A , in some embodiments, system  100  may include a communications interface  170  Communications interface  170  may include wired or wireless interfaces (e.g., jacks, antennas, transmitters, receivers, transceivers, wire terminals, etc.) for conducting data communications between system  100  and external sources. In an exemplary embodiment, communications interface  170  may be a radio receiver. Communications interface  170  may be used as a supplemental trigger for actuating flushing in addition to the signal received via sensor  110 . For example, a user may transmit a signal (eg., via a remote control, a wired control panel, touch sensor, or any other input device) to communications interface  170 . The transmitted signal may be interpreted by processing circuit  120  and used as a basis for activating motor assembly  140 . In some embodiments, communications interface  170  may further be used to send a warning signal (e.g. that the batteries need to be replaced or another error has occurred) to an external sysyem 
     In some embodiments, system  100  may include two or more sensors  110 . Referring now to  FIG.  7 B , system  100  is shown to include a first sensor  110   a  and a second sensor  110   b , according to an exemplary embodiment. Sensors  110   a ,  110   b  may be a pair of projected capacitive sensors, a projected capacitive sensor and a different type of sensor (e.g., microwave, infrared, magnetic, etc.), or a pair of non-capacitive sensors. Each of sensors  110   a ,  110   b  may or may not require an optical path to the detection region In the illustrated embodiment, sensors  110   a ,  110   b  are shown positioned within a toilet reservoir  190 . Various other sensor positions may be used (e.g, adjacent to the reservoir; in the ceiling, floor, or wall near the toilet; in a cabinet, etc.). One or more sensors may be located outside a toilet reservoir. In some embodiments, sensor  110   a  is mounted on a first surface of the reservoir and sensor  110   b  is mounted on a second surface of the reservoir (e.g., via respective positioning brackets  180 , adhesive compounds, or other positioning devices). The mounting surfaces of the reservoir may be opposite surfaces (eg., left and right, front and back, top and bottom) or adjacent surfaces (e.g., front and left, front and right, right and back, etc.). Sensors may also be positioned on the underside of the reservoir lid. Sensors  110   a ,  110   b  may have overlapping or discrete detection regions. 
     Processing circuit  120  may determine whether to activate motor assembly  140  based on input received from both sensors  110   a ,  110   b . Advantageously, multiple sensors  110  may provide processing circuit  120  with the ability to detect a direction in which an object is moving through the detection region or regions. For example, sensors  110   a ,  110   b  may be proximity sensors, each producing a signal based on a distance between a detected object and the sensor. Processing circuit  120  may interpret the signals from sensors  110   a ,  110   b  and determine whether an object is closer to sensor  110   a  or sensor  110   b  based on the sensor signals. If an object is initially determined to be closer to sensor  110   a  and subsequently determined to be closer to sensor  110   b , processing circuit  120  may estimate that the object is moving through the detection region from a point nearer to sensor  110   a  to a point nearer to sensor  110   b . 
     In some embodiments, the sensors may detect and record a number of different parameters and values. Recoded values may include the speed at which the object is moving through the detection region, the duration of the object in the detection region, or the sequence in which the object enters multiple detection regions. These recorded values may be used to estimate various user gestures corresponding to different functions of the system. These functions may include short flushes, long flushes, raising or lowering the toilet seat or cover, dispensing deodorant, and initiating a cleaning cycle. 
     Multiple sensors  110  may assist processing circuit  120  in identifying and/or distinguishing various types of inputs received via sensors  110   a ,  110   b . For example, in some embodiments, processing circuit  120  may be configured to estimate a gesture performed by a user. The gesture may include waving a hand over the toilet reservoir (e.g., horizontally, vertically, diagonally, in circles, etc.). Multiple sensors  110  may provide processing circuit  120  with sufficient inputs to distinguish a “left-to-right” wave from a “right-to-left” wave. In some embodiments, processing circuit  120  may initiate one or more supplemental actions based on the estimated gesture. The supplemental actions may include initiating a low volume flush, initiating a high volume flush, dispensing a sanitizer or deodorant, initiating a cleaning process, raising or lowering a seat or lid, etc. 
     In some embodiments, a further sensor or sensors may be included to monitor the position of the toilet seat and/or cover A user gesture may be defined which lowers or raises the toilet seat and/or cover when the gesture is detected by one or more projected capacitive sensors. A single gesture may both raise and lower the seat and/or cover with the action being determined by the current state of the seat and/or cover. For example, a position sensor may determine that the toilet seat is in the down position. A user performing the appropriate gesture (e.g. a long pause over the sensor) would trigger the seat to raise. The same seat position sensor would now register the seat as being raised. When the user performs the same gesture again (e.g. a long pause over the sensor), the seat would be lowered 
     In some embodiments, gestures performed by the user may include “left-to-right” waves and “right-to-left” waves. Gestures performed by the user may also include vertical, diagonal, and circular movements of the user’s hand or forearm. In some embodiments gestures performed by the user may include a short pause over the sensor, a long pause over the sensor, or any number of pauses for determined lengths of time. For example, a user’s short pause over a sensor may correspond to activating the motor assembly for a short flush. A user’s long pause over a sensor may initiate a long flush. A still longer pause may initiate a cleaning cycle or deodorant release. The pause set of gestures may be used in embodiments with one or more sensors. 
     Multiple sensors  110  may also provide processing circuit  120  with sufficient inputs to distinguish a user gesture from various other factors which may potentially affect the signals received from sensors  110   a ,  110   b . For example, the water level in the toilet reservoir may affect the signals received from sensors  110   a ,  110   b . As the water level in the reservoir rises and falls (eg., due to filling the reservoir and flushing the toilet), the signals received from sensors  110   a ,  110   b  may increase or decrease. However, if the signals from both sensors  110   a ,  110   b  increase or decrease together (e.g., simultaneously, proportionally, etc.), processing circuit  120  may attribute such an increase or decrease to a change in the water level rather than a user gesture. In some embodiments, one sensor (e.g., sensor  110   a ) may be used to monitor the water level in the reservoir while another sensor (e.g, sensor  110   b ) may be used to detect a user input above the reservoir lid. Processing circuit  120  may use the input received from one sensor to calibrate or adjust the input received from another sensor to compensate for factors other than a user gesture which may affect the sensor signal. 
     Referring now to  FIG.  7 C , a flowchart of a process  700  for interpreting the signals received from multiple sensors (e.g., sensors  110   a ,  110   b ) is shown, according to an exemplary embodiment. Process  700  may be used by processing circuit  120  to identify or distinguish various inputs detected by sensors  110   a ,  110   b  and to initiate one or more actions (e.g., activating motor assembly  140 , initiating a low or high volume flush, etc.) based on such inputs. In some embodiments, process  700  may be used to distinguish a user gesture (e.g., waving a hand above the reservoir) from an increase or decrease of the water level inside the reservoir. Process  700  may be used to distinguish inputs from non-user intended input (e.g. a change in the electromagnetic field produced by the sensor not intended to flush the toilet). 
     Process  700  is shown to include receiving a first signal including a first time value t 1  and a first measurement value z 1  from a first sensor (step  702 ). The first sensor may be either of sensors  110   a ,  110   b  or a different sensor In some embodiments, the first sensor is a projected capacitive sensor, a microwave sensor, or another touchless sensor capable of detecting an object without requiring an optical path between the sensor and the detected object In other embodiments, the first sensor may be an infrared sensor, a visible light sensor, or other type of optical sensor. Measurement value z 1  may be a sensor reading indicating a distance between a detected object and the first sensor, a velocity of the detected object relative to the first sensor, or any other indicator of an object (e.g. a user’s hand or forearm or an electromagnetic field-absorbing object) moving into the first sensor’s detection region. Time value t 1  may be a data value indicating a time at which measurement value z 1  is measured. 
     Process  700  is further shown to include comparing measurement value z 1  with a first threshold value (step  704 ). The first threshold value may be a static value (e.g., specified by a user, stored in memory, etc.) or a dynamic value (e.g, adaptively determined based on a history of recent measurements, etc.) indicating a threshold for measurement value z 1 . A measurement value z 1  greater than the first threshold value may indicate that an object has moved into the detection region. However, a measurement value z, greater than the first threshold value may also be attributable to a change in the water level within the toilet reservoir If the first measurement value z 1  is not greater than the first threshold value, process  700  is shown to include repeating step  702 . 
     If the first measurement value z 1  is greater than the first threshold value, process  700  is shown to include receiving a second signal including a second time value t 2  and a second measurement value Z 2  from a second sensor (step  706 ). The second sensor may be either of sensors  110   a ,  110   b  or a different sensor. In some embodiments, the second sensor is a projected capacitive sensor, a microwave sensor, or another touchless sensor capable of detecting an object without requiring an optical path between the sensor and the detected object. In other embodiments, the second sensor may be an infrared sensor, a visible light sensor, or other type of optical sensor. Measurement value z 2  may be a sensor reading indicating a distance between a detected object and the second sensor, a velocity of the detected object relative to the second sensor, or any other indicator of an object (eg. a user’s hand or forearm or an electromagnetic field-absorbing object) moving into the second sensor’s detection region. Time value t 2  may be a data value indicating a time at which measurement value z 2  is measured. In some embodiments, step  702  and step  706  may be performed concurrently 
     Process  700  is further shown to include comparing measurement value Z 2  with a second threshold value (step  708 ). The second threshold value may be a static or dynamic threshold for the second measurement value z 2 .The second threshold value may be equal to the first threshold value, less than the first threshold value, or greater than the first threshold value A measurement value z 2  greater than the second threshold value may indicate that an object has moved into the detection region. However, a measurement value z 2  greater than the second threshold value may also be attributable to a change in the water level within the toilet reservoir. If the second measurement value z 2 is not greater than the second threshold value, process  700  is shown to include repeating step  706 . In some embodiments, step  704  and step  708  may be performed concurrently. 
     If the second measurement value z 2  is greater than the second threshold value, process  700  is shown to include comparing the difference between time values t 1  and t 2  with a time threshold (step  710 ). The difference between time values t 1  and t 2  (e.g., 1 t  ―t 2 ) may indicate whether the first and second sensors have detected an object sequentially or concurrently. If t 1 ― t 2  exceeds the time threshold, it may be determined that the first and second sensors have detected an object sequentially (e.g., a hand waving horizontally above the reservoir lid) (step  712 ). If t 1  ― t 2  does not exceed the time threshold, it may be determined that the first and second sensors have detected an object concurrently (e.g., a water level uniformly increasing or decreasing within the reservoir) (step  714 ). Process  700  is shown to include activating the motor assembly if the detection is sequential (step  712 ) and not activating the motor assembly if the detection is concurrent (step  714 ). In some embodiments, the difference between t 1  and t 2  may be compared to the time threshold. It may then be determined, using processing circuit  120 , if a gesture performed by the user has occurred In some embodiments, process  700  may be repeated iteratively each time a measurement signal is received. 
     Referring now to  FIG.  7 D , a flowchart of a process  800  for interpreting the signals received from multiple sensors (eg., sensors  110   a ,  110   b ) is shown, according to an exemplary embodiment. Process  800  may be used by processing circuit  120  to identify or distinguish various inputs detected by sensors  110   a ,  110   b  and to initiate one or more actions (e.g, activating motor assembly  140 , initiating a low or high volume flush, etc.) based on such inputs. Measurement values z 1  and z 2  may be sensor readings indicating a distance between a detected object and the first sensor, a velocity of the detected object relative to the first sensor, or any other indicator of an object (eg. a user’s hand or forearm or an electromagnetic field-absorbing object) moving into the first sensor’s detection region. Time values 1, and t 2  may be data values indicating a time at which a measurement value is measured. In some embodiments, system  100  detects an object with a first projected capacitive sensor and a first time value t 1  and a first measurement value z 1  are recorded (step  802 ). The first measurement z 1  is compared to a first threshold value (step  804 ) The object is detected with a second projected capacitive sensor and a second time value t 2  and a second measurement value z 2  are recorded (step  806 ). The second measurement value is compared with a second threshold value (step  808 ). The difference between the first time value and the second time value is compared with a time threshold (step  810 ). It is determined if an object was detected within a detection region. An estimate of a user gesture is determined based on the time and measurement values (step  812 ). Depending on which gesture is estimated, a corresponding action is initiated (step  814 ). For example, if a “left-to-right” wave of the user’s had is estimated, a long flush may be imitated. If a “right-to-left” wave is estimated, a short flush may be initiated. In some embodiments, a high resolution detection scheme may be implemented with multiple projected capacitance sensors Gestures may be detected including movements horizontally, vertically, diagonally, in circles, etc. corresponding actions may include a low volume flush, initiating a high volume flush, dispensing a sanitizer or deodorant, initiating a cleaning process, raising or lowering a seat or lid, etc. 
     Referring now to  FIG.  8   , a detailed view of wheel assembly  150  is shown, according to an exemplary embodiment. Wheel assembly  150  is shown to include a circular disc  158  (i.e., a wheel), an axial connection  156 , a linking element  154 , and a magnet  152 . Circular disc  158  may be coupled to a shaft of motor assembly  140  via axial connection  156 . Wheel assembly  150  may be located outside of housing  102  and may be configured to rotate about axial connection  156  in response to processing circuit  120  activating motor assembly  140   
     Linking element  154  may be configured to attach to a flush valve (e.g., a flapper, canister-style seal, etc.) via a linking chain or other coupling means such that rotation of wheel assembly  150  actuates flushing of the toilet (e.g., by lifting the flapper or seal covering a water outlet at the bottom of the reservoir) In some embodiments, the link between linking element  154  and the flush valve may be a direct link (e.g., without additional intermediate components). Advantageously, a direct link wheel assembly  150  and the flush valve may assist in adapting system  100  for use with a variety of different toilet models having a plurality of reservoir configurations. In other words, a wide variety of existing toilets may be retrofit with system  100  to include a touchless flush feature. 
     In other embodiments, wheel assembly  150  may be replaced with a rotatable lever or arm coupled to a shaft of motor assembly  140 . The lever or arm may be configured to pivot in response to processing circuit  120  activating motor assembly  140 . The lever or arm may include a linking element analogous to linking element  154  configured to attach to a flush valve (e.g., a flapper, canister-style seal, etc.) via a linking chain or other coupling means such that pivoting of the lever or arm actuates flushing of the toilet (e.g., by lifting the flapper or seal covering a water outlet at the bottom of the reservoir). 
     Wheel assembly  150  is shown to further include a magnet  152 . Magnet  152  may be positioned on circular disc  158  such that rotation of wheel assembly  150  causes magnet  152  to rotate about axial connection  156 . In some embodiments, processing circuit  120  may be configured to detect when wheel assembly  150  has completed one full rotation and may deactivate motor assembly  140  when one full rotation is detected. Magnet  152  may assist processing circuit  120  in determining when wheel assembly  150  has completed one full rotation. For example, referring again to  FIG.  7 A , system  100  may include a reed switch  160  communicably connected to processing circuit  120 . Reed switch  160  may be included as a circuit component of processing circuit  120  or may communicate with processing circuit  120  from outside processing circuit  120 . Reed switch  160  may be positioned within housing  102  such that magnet  152  triggers reed switch  160  once wheel assembly  150  has completed one full rotation. 
     Processing circuit  120  may be configured to receive a signal from reed switch  160  and deactivate motor assembly  140  based on said signal. In some embodiments, motor assembly  140  may be allowed to drift into a desired rotational position. In other embodiments, processing circuit  120  may employ a motor control topology that ensures repeatable positional control. For example, processing circuit  120  may actively break motor assembly  140  by shorting electrical leads to motor assembly  140  when reed switch  160  is triggered by magnet  152 . The motor control topology may also include feedback loop control, back emf sensors, open loop control, embedded processors, integrated circuits, etc. Repeatable positional control may be used to ensure that motor assembly  140  and wheel assembly  150  are stopped in a desired position notwithstanding the possibility of a variable voltage delivered by power supply  130  (e.g., partially depleted batteries). In some embodiments, processing circuit  120  may be configured to activate motor assembly  140  such that the flush valve is maintained in the open position for a length of time estimated to ensure a complete flush of the toilet. Motor control topology may be employed to ensure a complete flush and avoid premature closing of the flush valve. In some embodiments processing circuit  120  may be configured to activate motor assembly  140  such that a full rotation of wheel assembly  150  occurs in an amount of time required to ensure that the flush valve is held open for an adequate amount of time. Processing circuit  120  may activate motor assembly  140  such that the rotational speed of wheel assembly  150  is slow or fast enough to achieve a complete flush. 
     In some embodiments, processing circuit  120  may be configured to rotate wheel assembly  150 , pause while the flush valve is held open, and return wheel assembly  150  to its initial position The pause may be based upon a fixed pause time value (eg. two seconds) or a programmed pause time value specific to the application, or otherwise determined by the user of system  100  (e.g. set by a signal received by communications interface  170 ). In some embodiments, the user of system  100  may select a pause time value by manipulating switches included in system  100 . For example, dipswitches or other switches may be configured to alter the pause time value 
     In some embodiments, a cam may be used to ensure the flush valve is held open for a determined pause time value. The pause time value may be altered by selecting cams of varying profiles. The pause time value may also be altered through a combination of the cam profile and the rotational speed of wheel assembly  150 . The rotational speed of wheel assembly  150  may be altered according to user input or be predetermined. 
     In some embodiments, a stepper motor may be used to control the rotation of wheel assembly  150 . The stepper motor may be used in conjunction with processing circuit  120  and/or motor control topology. The stepper motor may also be used in conjunction with a combination of user defined pause time values, predetermined pause time values, cams, etc. The stepper motor may achieve a desired rotational speed. The stepper motor may also be used to pause at a desired rotational position for a pause time value. 
     Referring now to  FIG.  9 A , an internal view of system  100  is shown, according to an exemplary embodiment Additional components of system  100  shown in  FIG.  9    include a power supply enclosure  132  for containing power supply  130  and a housing seal  106 . Power supply enclosure  132  may hold, support, or contain power supply  130  Power supply enclosure  132  may provide electric leads connecting power supply  130  with motor assembly  140 . In some embodiments, enclosure  132  may include a voltage converter, AC/DC converter, or other power processing component 
     Seal  106  may be a perimeter seal around the opening in shell  101 . In some embodiments, seal  106  may be configured to fit within channel  108  along an upper perimeter of housing  102  Seal  106  may assist housing  102  and cover  104  in providing a water-resistant or waterproof and/or contamination proof barrier when cover  104  is in the closed position. Seal  106  may prevent water from the toilet reservoir from leaking into housing  102  and potentially damaging the electric components of system  100 . 
     Still referring to  FIG.  9 A , in some embodiments, the PCB including processing circuit  120  may be located in cover  104 . Sensor  110 , reed switch  160 , and/or communications interface  170  may also be located in cover  104 . Motor assembly  140  and power supply enclosure  132  are shown positioned inside housing  102 . In some embodiments, electrical leads  126  (e.g., prongs, wires, terminals, adapters, springs, etc.) may connect the electrical components of system  100  located in cover  104  with motor assembly  140  and power supply  130 .  FIG.  9 B  shows an exploded view of the system  100  shown in  FIG.  1 B . Included in the exploded view are housing seal  106  which sits in housing channel  108  to help provide a water proof or water resistant and/or contaminant proof barrier for system  100 . O-ring  151  is used to provide the barrier for system  100  by forming a barrier in conjunction with wheel assembly  150  and port  107   FIG.  9 C  shows an internal view of an additional embodiment similar to the embodiment shown in  FIG.  9 A . 
     Referring now to  FIGS.  10 A-D , a first alternate configuration  200  of a touchless capacitive actuation system is shown, according to an exemplary embodiment. Configuration  200  may include a main package  201  including processing electronics  202 , a motor assembly  140  which may include a gearbox, and a power supply enclosure  132  within the main package The main package may be installed (e.g., mounted on a side wall) inside a toilet reservoir and may be completely concealed within the reservoir when a reservoir lid covers the reservoir. 
     Processing electronics  202  may include a processing circuit having a processor and memory as described in reference to  FIG.  7 A . The processing electronics may further include a projected capacitive sensor configured to protect an electromagnetic field through the reservoir and into a detection region outside the reservoir. The processing electronics may be configured to receive a signal from the sensor and activate the motor and gearbox based on said signal. Power supply enclosure  132  may supply power to the motor and gearbox and may use various types of batteries including AA, AAA, C, D, 12-volt, and 9-volt as power supply  130 . 
     Configuration  200  may further include a wheel assembly  150  coupled to a chain  203  which is directly connected to a flush valve  204 . The motor and gearbox may cause the wheel assembly to rotate when activated by the processing electronics, thereby lifting the flush valve via the chain The chain connected to the wheel assembly may supplement or replace another actuation mechanism such as a traditional handle, a solenoid, a lever, or another automatic flushing mechanism. 
     Referring now to  FIGS.  11 A-E , a second alternate configuration  300  of a touchless capacitive actuation system is shown, according to an exemplary embodiment. In configuration  300 , the main package  201  (e.g., a projected capacitive sensor, a processing circuit, and a motor assembly) may be located within a pivoting sensor body  205  The main package  201  may be supported by a hollow stem  206  which fits into a stem support element  207  coupled to the flush valve  204 . A power supply  130  (e.g., one or more batteries) may be located within the hollow stem  206  for supplying power to the main package. The sensor may be positioned on a side of the main package and may project an electromagnetic field into a detection region in front of the reservoir or to a side of a reservoir. The sensor direction may be adjusted via rotation of the pivoting sensor body  205 . The motor assembly  140  may be connected to a wheel assembly  150 . Rotation of the wheel assembly  150  may pull a chain  203  connected to a flush valve  204 , thereby actuating flushing of the toilet. 
     Referring now to  FIGS.  12 A-E  a third alternate configuration  400  of a touchless capacitive actuation system is shown, according to an exemplary embodiment. In configuration  400 , the main package  201  (e.g., a projected capacitive sensor, a processing circuit, and a motor assembly) is contained within a compact enclosure supported by an existing fill valve  401  within the reservoir. Advantageously, the compact design and minimal hardware of configuration  400  may be compatible with a large percentage of existing toilet models. Thereby existing toilets may work in conjunction with configuration  400 , or another embodiment referenced herein, to operate with a concealed touchless capacitive sensor. 
     Referring now to  FIGS.  13 A-E , a fourth alternate configuration  500  of a touchless capacitive actuation system is shown, according to an exemplary embodiment. In configuration  500 , the sensor electronics package (e.g., a projected capacitive sensor and a processing circuit) is contained within a pivoting sensor body  205 . The pivoting sensor body  205  may rotate about the main package  201  (e.g., the gearbox, motor, and power supply). The pivoting sensor body may allow the orientation of the sensor to be adjusted between a first position in which the sensor is oriented upward and a second position in which the sensor is oriented downward Advantageously, depending on the mounting position of the main package  201 , the detection region defined by the sensor may be customized to emanate from the reservoir in nearly any direction. In some embodiments, the pivoting sensor body may rotate about the main package at least 180 degrees. 
       FIGS.  13 F-J  shows an additional embodiment of system  100 , as placed within a toilet reservoir, from multiple views. System  100  is attached to the rear vertical surface of the reservoir with positioning bracket  180 . The detection region is located above the opaque lid of the reservoir The components of system  100  are hidden from view. 
     Referring now to  FIG.  14   , drawing  600  illustrates many possible sensor positions and orientations according to an exemplary embodiment. Drawing  600  depicts six sensor locations (e.g., locations  1 - 5 , and  10 ) in which the electromagnetic field projected by the projected capacitive sensor is directed upward through a lid of the reservoir. Drawing  600  also depicts four sensor locations (e.g., locations  6 - 9 ) in which the electromagnetic field projected by the projected capacitive sensor is directed horizontally through a front or side wall of the reservoir. 
     Now referring to  FIG.  15   , a flowchart is illustrated showing the process  1500  for retrofitting an existing toilet with an improved touchless flushing system embodiment. First a positioning bracket is attached inside a toilet reservoir (step  1502 ). A projected capacitive sensor, a motor assembly, and a processing circuit are placed within the toilet reservoir (step  1504 ). In some embodiments, the projected capacitive sensor, motor assembly, and processing circuit are within a housing attached to the positioning bracket In other embodiments, one or more components may be located apart from the others and connected to them. One or more components may be located outside the reservoir. At least the projected capacitive sensor is attached to the positioning bracket. The projected capacitive sensor (i.e housing sensor) is positioned relative to the positioning bracket to define a detection region in relation to the toilet reservoir The motor assembly is coupled to a flush valve (step  1506 ) The toilet reservoir is covered (step  1508 ). The projected capacitive sensor may lack an optical path to the detection region. An object is sensed in the detection region (step  1510 ). This step entails passing an object above through the desired detection zone. If the object is detected (step  1512 ) the motor assembly will be activated by the processing circuit (step  1518 ) and the toilet will be flushed in response to the signal from the projected capacitive sensor If the object passed through the desired detection zone in the “sense an object in desired detection region” step is not detected, the positioning of the projected capacitive sensor must be adjusted. In this case, the reservoir is uncovered (step  1514 ). Then, the sensor position is adjusted relative to the positioning bracket (step  1516 ). The reservoir is covered (step  1508 ). An object is passed through the desired detection region (step  1510 ) If the object is detected (step  1512 ), the motor assembly is activated by the processing circuit (step  1512 ). If the object is not detected, then the iteration begins again, and the sensor’s position relative to the positioning bracket is changed again 
     The construction and arrangement of the systems and methods as shown in the various exemplary embodiments are illustrative only. Although only a few embodiments have been described in detail in this disclosure, many modifications are possible (e.g., variations in sizes, dimensions, structures, shapes and proportions of the various elements, values of parameters, mounting arrangements, use of materials, colors, orientations, etc.). For example, the position of elements may be reversed or otherwise varied and the nature or number of discrete elements or positions may be altered or varied. Accordingly, all such modifications are intended to be included within the scope of the present disclosure. The order or sequence of any process or method steps may be varied or re-sequenced according to alternative embodiments Other substitutions, modifications, changes, and omissions may be made in the design, operating conditions and arrangement of the exemplary embodiments without departing from the scope of the present disclosure. 
     The present disclosure contemplates methods, systems and program products on any machine-readable media for accomplishing various operations. The embodiments of the present disclosure may be implemented using existing computer processors, or by a special purpose computer processor for an appropriate system, incorporated for this or another purpose, or by a hardwired system. Embodiments within the scope of the present disclosure include program products comprising machine-readable media for carrying or having machine-executable instructions or data structures stored thereon. Such machine-readable media can be any available media that can be accessed by a general purpose or special purpose computer or other machine with a processor. By way of example, such machine-readable media can comprise RAM, ROM, EPROM, EEPROM, CD-ROM or other optical disk storage, magnetic disk storage or other magnetic storage devices, or any other medium which can be used to carry or store desired program code in the form of machine-executable instructions or data structures and which can be accessed by a general purpose or special purpose computer or other machine with a processor. When information is transferred or provided over a network or another communications connection (either hardwired, wireless, or a combination of hardwired or wireless) to a machine, the machine properly views the connection as a machine-readable medium. Thus, any such connection is properly termed a machine-readable medium. Combinations of the above are also included within the scope of machine-readable media. Machine-executable instructions include, for example, instructions and data which cause a general purpose computer, special purpose computer, or special purpose processing machines to perform a certain function or group of functions 
     Although the figures show a specific order of method steps, the order of the steps may differ from what is depicted. Also two or more steps may be performed concurrently or with partial concurrence. Such variation will depend on the software and hardware systems chosen and on designer choice. All such variations are within the scope of the disclosure. Likewise, software implementations could be accomplished with standard programming techniques with rule based logic and other logic to accomplish the various connection steps, processing steps, comparison steps and decision steps.