Patent Publication Number: US-7222292-B2

Title: Methods and systems for dynamically creating user interfaces

Description:
RELATED APPLICATIONS 
   This application is a continuation of and claims priority to U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/620,744 entitled “Methods and Systems for Dynamically Creating User Interfaces” filed Jul. 20, 2000 now U.S. Pat. No. 6,920,607, to Ali et al., the disclosure of which is incorporated by reference herein. 
   U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/620,744 claims priority from U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 60/170,958, filed Dec. 15, 1999, the disclosure of which is incorporated by reference herein. 

   TECHNICAL FIELD 
   This invention relates to the systems and methods for implementing an extensible, dynamically created user interface. Specifically, the presentation of a control panel user interface for a computing system&#39;s settings and controls is dynamically created using Web-based technology. 
   BACKGROUND 
   Access to a computing system&#39;s settings and controls are typically presented to a user via a collection of individual user interactive applications collected for presentation within a control panel user interface. The computing system&#39;s settings and controls are coded with a programmable means for user interaction at the user interface. 
     FIG. 1  shows a computing system  100  having a conventional control panel user interface. Computing device  100  has a display  110  and a base  112 . The base  112  contains memory  114  that stores systems applications  116  and  118 (A 1 -A N ). 
   A user interface (UI)  120  is shown displayed on the computing device display  110 . In  FIG. 1 , the UI  120  is embodied as the control panel  130  in the familiar “Windows”-based operating system from Microsoft Corporation. Control panel  130  presents a user with a multitude of selectable application control icons  132 (I 1 -I N ) that expose both simple and complex system configuration settings and controls at the same level. Each application icon  132  is independently associated with a system application  118  within the computing device memory  114  (e.g., icon I 1  is the independent UI associated with application A 1 , and so forth). 
   The presentation of control panel  130  is controlled by system application  116 . Each systems application  118  is associated with the presentation of a control panel UI, and is also integrated with the presentation of the control panel  130  in conjunction with the control panel system application  116 . 
   From a user standpoint, multiple unrelated system control panels make it difficult for a user to locate a system setting or control that he or she wants to change. Furthermore, related settings and controls are separated into different control panels, causing a user to have to search the various control panels to accomplish a set of related settings and control tasks. 
   Accordingly, there is a need for control panel UIs that enables a user to easily navigate a computing system&#39;s settings and controls. Additionally, there is a need for an extensible UI presentation technique that enables a developer to easily design, modify, and replace control panel UIs. 
   New computing display and data presentation techniques have developed as a result of the Internet and the fast-paced technological advancements in computing and user interaction. One such presentation and display technology utilized by developers of Internet Web pages is Hypertext Markup Language (HTML) in conjunction with Extensible Markup Language (XML). Many readers will be familiar with HTML and XML. However, to provide additional background, the following discussion presents an overview of the conventional HTML and XML technologies. 
   Hypertext Markup Language 
   Hypertext Markup Language (HTML) is a display language for presenting data to an end user in a visual presentation. Internet Web pages are commonly written in HTML and may include text, images, sound, video, active code, and so forth. Data binding is an aspect of Dynamic HTML (DHTML) that allows processing individual items of data from an information source into an HTML display, thus allowing HTML to be used as a template for displaying the data, while creating an extensible and interactive Web page. DHTML allows a developer to individually manipulate any HTML page element at any time. 
   Making simple updates to an HTML page, such as changing the color of text after a Web page has been rendered for display, typically requires reloading the entire page to account for the one desired change. With DHTML, however, every element within the page is independently dynamic and an individual element (text or graphics) can be changed without having to reload the entire page. 
   Extensible Markup Language 
   Extensible Markup Language (XML) is a meta-markup language that provides a format for describing structured data. XML is similar to HTML in that it is a tag-based language. By virtue of its tag-based nature, XML defines a strict tree structure or hierarchy. XML is a derivative of Standard Generalized Markup Language (SGML) that provides a uniform method for describing and exchanging structured data in an open, text-based format. XML utilizes the concepts of elements and namespaces. Compared to HTML, which is a display-oriented markup language, XML is a general purpose language for representing structured data without including information that describes how to format the data for display. 
   Internet Web-based data viewing is typically enabled via XML data that is stored on a server at an Internet site. The XML data is transferred to a client device upon request and rendered for viewing with HTML. An XML document does not by itself specify whether or how its data should be displayed. The XML data is merely the factual information to be displayed. 
   An unique attribute of utilizing XML structured data is that the data is separated from the HTML presentation to a user. While HTML specifies how to display data in an Internet browser, XML only defines the content data to be displayed. HTML utilizes tags to specify how an Internet browser will display the data (i.e., bold or italic). In XML, tags are only used to describe the data (i.e., a title name), and not to specify how the data will be displayed. To describe how the data will be presented, XML references a separate application or stylesheet. 
   Extensible Stylesheet Language 
   Extensible Stylesheet Language (XSL) provides both the semantic and structural independence for presenting the content of XML data. A style sheet contains a template of the desired structure for data presentation, and identifies the data in an XML source document to insert into the template. Thus, the XML data is separated from the presentation, allowing both the grammar and the structure of the XML source document to be independent of the presentation language and the structure. 
   XSL style sheets contain instructions for presenting the data in an XML document in a format such as HTML. XML enables data to be processed and displayed by applying different stylesheets and applications while separating the data from the presentation and the process. The separation of the data from the presentation allows for a seamless integration of data from diverse sources. This further allows data encoded in XML to be easily exchanged on-line and delivered over the Internet to a client device. 
     FIG. 2  shows the components for transforming XML-based data into an HTML display using XSL. The HTML presentation system  200  includes an Internet server  202  and a requesting client device  204 . The Internet server  202  includes XML data  210 , an XSL template  212 , and an XSL processor  214 . The XML data  210  is processed with the XSL template file  212  at the XSL processor  214  to generate and present an HTML document  216  at the client device  204 . 
   XML Structure 
   XML “elements” are structural constructs that consist of a start tag, an end or close tag, and the information or content that is contained between the tags. A “start tag” is formatted as “&lt;tagname&gt;” and an “end tag” is formatted as “&lt;/tagname&gt;”. In an XML document, start and end tags can be nested within other start and end tags. All elements that occur within a particular element must have their start and end tags occur before the end tag of that particular element. This defines a strict tree-like structure. Each element forms a node in this tree, and potentially has “child” or “branch” nodes. The child nodes represent any XML elements that occur between the start and end tags of the “parent” node. 
   Namespaces in XML structured data qualify element names in a recognizable manner to avoid conflicts between elements with the same name. Namespaces ensure that element names do not conflict, and they clarify who defined which term. They do not give instructions on how to process the elements, but simply keep the names straight. Thus, XML namespaces convey meaningful information by associating a descriptive namespace with a tag name. 
   Within an XML document, namespace declarations occur as attributes of start tags. Namespace declarations are of the form “xmlns:[prefix]=[uri]”. A namespace declaration indicates that the XML document contains element names that are defined within a specified namespace or schema. A “prefix” is an arbitrary designation that will be used later in the XML document as an indication that an element name is a member of the namespace declared by a universal resource indicator (uri). The prefix is valid only within the context of the specific XML document. A uri is either a path to a document describing a specific namespace or schema, or a globally unique identifier of a specific namespace or schema. A uri is valid across all XML documents. Namespace declarations are “inherited”, which means that a namespace declaration applies to the element in which it was declared as well as to all elements contained within that element. 
   Namespace inheritance within an XML document allows non-qualified names to use “default” namespaces. Default namespaces are explicitly declared as attributes of start tags. Default namespace declarations are of the form “xmlns=[uri]”. Note that the declaration of a default namespace is equivalent to the declaration of a non-default namespace but the prefix is omitted. A namespace specification within an XML document is said to have a “scope” which includes all child nodes beneath the namespace specification. 
   An example of XML code follows: 
   
     
       
         
             
           
             
                 
             
           
          
             
               &lt;trans:orders xmlns:person=“http://www.schemas.organization/people” 
             
             
                   xmlns:dsig=“http://www.dsig.org” 
             
             
                   xmlns:trans=“http://www.schemas.org/transactions”&gt; 
             
             
                 &lt;trans:order&gt; 
             
             
                   &lt;trans:sold-to&gt; 
             
             
                     &lt;person:name&gt; 
             
             
                       &lt;person:last-name&gt;Layman&lt;/person:last-name&gt; 
             
             
                       &lt;person:first-name&gt;Andrew&lt;/person:first-name&gt; 
             
             
                     &lt;/person:name&gt; 
             
             
                   &lt;/trans:sold-to&gt; 
             
             
                   &lt;trans:sold-on&gt;1997-03-17&lt;/trans:sold-on&gt; 
             
             
                   &lt;dsig:digital-signature&gt;1234567890&lt;/dsig:digital-signature&gt; 
             
             
                 &lt;/trans:order&gt; 
             
             
               &lt;/trans:orders&gt; 
             
             
                 
             
          
         
       
     
   
   This code includes three XML namespace declarations that are each designated with “xmlns”. The declarations include a prefix (e.g. “person”, “trans”, and “dsig”) and the expanded namespace to which each prefix refers (e.g. “http://www.schemas.org/people”, “http://www.schemas.org/transactions”, and “http://www.dsig.org”, respectively). This code tells any reader that if an element name begins with “dsig” its meaning is defined by the “http://www.dsig.org” namespace. Similarly, elements beginning with the “person” prefix have meanings defined by the “http://www.schemas.org/people” namespace and elements beginning with the “trans” prefix have meanings defined by the “http://www.schemas.org/transactions” namespace. 
   It is important to note that another XML document that incorporated elements from any of the namespaces included in this sample might declare prefixes that are different from those used in this example. As noted earlier, prefixes are arbitrarily defined by the document&#39;s author and have meaning only within the context of the specific element of the specific document in which they are declared. Tags from multiple namespaces can be mixed to accommodate data coming from multiple sources. With namespaces, two elements can exist in the same XML-based document, but can refer back to two different schemas, uniquely qualifying their semantics. 
   XML Schemas 
   XML accommodates an infinite number of database schemas and elements referenced in one XML document can be defined in different schemas. XML schema are typically implemented within a Web browser such as Internet Explorer from Microsoft Corporation to provide support for coinciding sub-sets of XML data. An XML schema specifies the structure of an XML document and the constraints on the document&#39;s content. 
   Specifically, a schema defines the elements that can appear within an XML document and the attributes that can be associated with an element. While defining the structure of an XML document, a schema also defines which elements are child elements of others, the sequence in which the child elements can appear, and the number of child elements. A schema further defines whether an element is empty or can include text, as well as defining default values for attributes. Overall, a schema is utilized to validate the content of an XML document and to determine whether an XML document is a valid instance of the grammar expressed by the schema. 
   Within each schema, a “dictionary” of element names is defined. The dictionary of element names defined by a schema is referred to as a “namespace.” Within an XML document, element names are qualified by namespace identifiers. When qualified by a namespace identifier, a tag name appears in the form “[namespace]:[tagname]”. This model enables the same element name to appear in multiple schemas, or namespaces, and for instances of these duplicate element names to appear in the same XML document without colliding. Start tags can declare an arbitrary number of “attributes” which declare “property values” associated with the element being declared. Attributes are declared within the start tag using the form “&lt;[tagname] [attribute1], [attribute2] . . . , [attributeN]&gt;”, where attribute1 through attributeN are declarations of an arbitrary number of tag attributes. Each attribute declaration is of the form “[attributeName]=[attributeValue]” where each attribute is identified by a unique name followed by an “=” character, followed by the value of the attribute. 
   A schema is primarily the formal specification of the elements and attributes allowed within a particular class of XML document, and the schema specifies how those elements and attributes are related to each other. Elements and attributes are defined in an XML schema document by specifying an &lt;ElementType . . . &gt; and &lt;AttributeType . . . &gt;, respectively. These provide the definition and type of the element or attribute. An instance of an element or an attribute is declared using &lt;element . . . &gt; or &lt;attribute . . . &gt; tags. An example of an XML schema is shown following: 
   
     
       
         
             
             
           
             
                 
                 
             
           
          
             
                 
               &lt;?xml version=“1.0”?&gt; 
             
             
                 
               &lt;Schema xmlns=“schemas-microsoft-com:XML-data”&gt; 
             
             
                 
                 &lt;ElementType name=“title” /&gt; 
             
             
                 
                 &lt;ElementType name=“author” /&gt; 
             
             
                 
                 &lt;ElementType name=“pages” /&gt; 
             
             
                 
                 &lt;ElementType name=“book” model=“closed”&gt; 
             
             
                 
                   &lt;element type=“title” /&gt; 
             
             
                 
                   &lt;element type=“author” /&gt; 
             
             
                 
                   &lt;element type=“pages” /&gt; 
             
             
                 
                   &lt;AttributeType name=“copyright” /&gt; 
             
             
                 
                   &lt;attribute type=“copyright” /&gt; 
             
             
                 
                 &lt;/ElementType&gt; 
             
             
                 
               &lt;/Schema&gt; 
             
             
                 
                 
             
          
         
       
     
   
   In this example, there are four &lt;ElementType&gt; defining elements: “title,” “author,” “pages,” and “book.” Within the ElementType for “book,” the content model for a book can be declared. Each book contains “title,” “author,” and “pages” elements using the &lt;element&gt; with a type attribute that references the ElementType. An &lt;AttributeType&gt; for the copyright attribute can also be defined and then its usage declared using the &lt;attribute&gt; element with a type attribute that references its definition. 
   The definition of the copyright attribute is contained within the ElementType for “book.” Attribute definitions are distinct from ElementType definitions in that they can be declared within the scope of an ElementType, allowing different element types to declare attributes of the same name but with potentially different meaning. &lt;AttributeType&gt; elements can be declared globally by placing them outside of the context of an ElementType. In this way, multiple elements can share the definition of a common attribute without having to redeclare the AttributeType within each ElementType. 
   SUMMARY 
   Methods and systems for dynamically creating user interfaces are described herein. 
   In an implementations, a data presentation system utilizes independent data file(s) as a way to define user interfaces (UIs) that are extensible, easy to redesign, and to update. The data presentation system separates a computing system&#39;s settings applications from the user interface (UI) used to set the system settings. This allows a UI to be dynamically modified simply by changing the description of the UI in the independent data file(s). 
   The system architecture includes a namespace navigation architecture that allows developers to access a computing system&#39;s settings and controls without having to know the details of the corresponding system files. System files&#39; details include the system files&#39; physical location, file permissions, and file names. Utilizing a namespace navigation architecture, one can simply refer to a system setting or control and navigate directly to it. This is essentially creating a URL (universal resource locator) to navigate and organize system resources. 
   In one implementation, the data presentation system dynamically generates a Hypertext Markup Language (HTML) user interface. The HTML user interface is generated with independent Extensible Markup Language (XML) data files containing data that defines the UI. The XML data files also contain namespace reference links to secondary and independent data files containing data that further defines the UI. The data presentation system renders the HTML user interface for display, incorporating the data from both the XML data files and from the secondary data files, by invoking the XML data files only. 

   
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
     The same numbers are used throughout the drawings to reference like features and components. 
       FIG. 1  is a block diagram that illustrates a computing device displaying a user interface. 
       FIG. 2  is a block diagram that illustrates an Internet server providing data for presentation on an Internet browser at a client device. 
       FIG. 3  is a block diagram of an exemplary computing device. 
       FIGS. 4A ,  4 B,  4 C, and  4 D are block diagrams illustrating an exemplary data presentation system that is implemented by the computing device shown in  FIG. 3 . 
       FIG. 5  is a flow diagram that describes steps in an exemplary data presentation method. 
       FIG. 6  is a diagram illustrating the structure of a control panel hierarchy. 
       FIG. 7A  illustrates an exemplary control panel user interface. 
       FIG. 7B  illustrates a control panel user interface accessible via the control panel user interface illustrated in  FIG. 7A . 
       FIG. 8A  illustrates an exemplary control panel user interface. 
       FIG. 8B  illustrates a control panel user interface accessible via the control panel user interface illustrated in  FIG. 8A . 
   

   DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
   The data presentation system and methods described herein separates a displayable user interface from a computing system&#39;s applications and the system&#39;s settings and controls that define the presentation of the user interface. By utilizing independent data files, a user interface (UI) can be dynamically modified simply by changing the description of the UI in the independent data files. Thus, the UI is extensible, easy to redesign, update, or extend. 
   The data presentation system utilizes Internet Web-based technology on an independent computing device to dynamically generate a displayable document. Dynamically displaying a Hypertext Markup Language (HTML) document generated with Extensible Markup Language (XML) data facilitates incorporating secondary and independent document defining data into the document when displayed. 
   Exemplary Computing Device 
     FIG. 3  illustrates an example of an independent computing device  300  that can be used to implement the components of a data presentation system. Computing device  300  includes one or more processors or processing units  302 , a system memory  304 , and a bus  306  that couples the various system components including the system memory  304  to processors  302 . The bus  306  represents one or more of any of several types of bus structures, including a memory bus or memory controller, a peripheral bus, an accelerated graphics port, and a processor or local bus using any of a variety of bus architectures. The system memory  304  includes read only memory (ROM)  308  and random access memory (RAM)  310 . A basic input/output system (BIOS)  312 , containing the basic routines that help to transfer information between elements within the computing device  300  is stored in ROM  308 . 
   Computing device  300  further includes a hard drive  314  for reading from and writing to one or more hard disks (not shown). Some computing devices can include a magnetic disk drive  316  for reading from and writing to a removable magnetic disk  318 , and an optical disk drive  320  for reading from or writing to a removable optical disk  322  such as a CD ROM or other optical media. The hard drive  314 , magnetic disk drive  316 , and optical disk drive  320  are connected to the bus  306  by a hard disk drive interface  324 , a magnetic disk drive interface  326 , and a optical drive interface  328 , respectively. Alternatively, the hard drive  314 , magnetic disk drive  316 , and optical disk drive  320  can be connected to the bus  306  by a SCSI interface (not shown). 
   The drives and their associated computer-readable media provide nonvolatile storage of computer-readable instructions, data structures, program modules and other data for computing device  300 . Although the exemplary environment described herein employs a hard disk  314 , a removable magnetic disk  318 , and a removable optical disk  322 , it should be appreciated by those skilled in the art that other types of computer-readable media which can store data that is accessible by a computer, such as magnetic cassettes, flash memory cards, digital video disks, random access memories (RAMs), read only memories (ROMs), and the like, may also be used in the exemplary operating environment. 
   A number of program modules may be stored on ROM  308 , RAM  310 , the hard disk  314 , magnetic disk  318 , or optical disk  322 , including an operating system  330 , one or more application programs  332 , other program modules  334 , and program data  336 . In some computing devices  300 , a user might enter commands and information into the computing device  300  through input devices such as a keyboard  338  and a pointing device  340 . Other input devices (not shown) may include a microphone, joystick, game pad, satellite dish, scanner, or the like. In some instances, however, a computing device might not have these types of input devices. These and other input devices are connected to the processing unit  302  through an interface  342  that is coupled to the bus  306 . In some computing devices  300 , a monitor  344  or other type of display device might also be connected to the bus  306  via an interface, such as a video adapter  346 . Some devices, however, do not have these types of display devices. In addition to the monitor  344 , computing devices  300  might include other peripheral output devices (not shown) such as speakers and printers. 
   Generally, the data processors of computing device  300  are programmed by means of instructions stored at different times in the various computer-readable storage media of the computer. Programs and operating systems are typically distributed, for example, on floppy disks or CD-ROMs. From there, they are installed or loaded into the secondary memory of a computing device  300 . At execution, they are loaded at least partially into the computing device&#39;s primary electronic memory. The computing devices described herein include these and other various types of computer-readable storage media when such media contain instructions or programs for implementing the steps described below in conjunction with a microprocessor or other data processor. The service system also includes the computing device itself when programmed according to the methods and techniques described below. 
   For purposes of illustration, programs and other executable program components such as the operating system are illustrated herein as discrete blocks, although it is recognized that such programs and components reside at various times in different storage components of the computing device  300 , and are executed by the data processor(s) of the computer. 
   Data Presentation System 
     FIGS. 4A and 4B  show the components of a data presentation system  400  implemented at the computing device  300  of  FIG. 3 . Computing device  300  has a processor  302 , a system memory  304  (or other memory such as a hard disk, a removable magnetic disk, and/or a removable optical disk as shown in  FIG. 3 ), and a display  344 . The memory  304  retains XML schema  410 , an XSL template  412 , XML data  414 , and a mouse control panel file  416  located in memory  304  at a file space location c:\winnt\system32\main.cpl. The mouse control panel file  416  contains mouse control panel UI settings and controls. 
   The processor  302  is shown executing an application  418  and a browser  420 . In response to the execution of application  418 , browser  420  loads the XML data  414  and checks the data file against XML schema  410  to ensure that the XML data  414  is a valid representation of the schema&#39;s specified content. The browser  420  then processes the XML data  414  with the XSL template  412  at an XSL processor  422  located within browser  420  to render a DHTML document  424  on the display  344 . An example of an XSL processor  422  is a dynamically linked library named MSXML.DLL available in the Internet Explorer browser from Microsoft Corporation. A dynamically linked library (DLL) is a binary file that acts as a shared library of functions that can be used simultaneously by multiple applications. DLLs are used for a variety of reasons, primarily for either sharing common code between different executable files or breaking an application into separate components, thus allowing for easy upgrades of the application. 
   In  FIG. 4A , application  418  invokes XML data  414  that contains a namespace navigation link  426  to the mouse control panel file  416  located in memory  304  at c:\winnt\system32\main.cpl. The browser  420  processes the XML data  414  with the XSL template  412  at the XSL processor  422  to render the DHTML document  424  that forms a mouse control panel UI on the display  344 . The DHTML document  424  forming the mouse control panel UI incorporates the mouse control panel settings and controls located in mouse control panel file  416 . 
     FIG. 4A  demonstrates that a DHTML document  424  is created for display and incorporates data from the file  416  by simply invoking the XML data  414  that contains the namespace navigation link  426  to the file  416 . Namespace navigation link  426 , /controlpanel/hardware/mouse, is a reference link of navigable nodes that is part of a namespace navigation architecture that describes a system&#39;s settings and controls using simple, descriptive, and easy to understand terminology. It is not clear from the file path, c:\winnt\system32\main.cpl, that this points to a mouse control panel file  416 . The namespace navigation link  426 , however, provides a user with an intuitive understanding that a mouse control panel file can be accessed via the namespace path, /controlpanel/hardware/mouse. 
   A particular advantage of utilizing a namespace navigation architecture is that it provides a consistent and understandable interface means for application developers and independent software vendors (ISVs) to use and invoke a particular system&#39;s settings and controls. In the illustrated example of  FIG. 4A , an application developer desiring to display a user interface with mouse settings and controls would not have to know the specific file location for the mouse control panel file  416  in memory  304  to include the settings and controls in a mouse control panel user interface (e.g., DHTML document  424 ). 
   The namespace navigation architecture allows developers and ISVs to access a computing system&#39;s settings and controls without having to know the details of the corresponding system files. System files&#39; details include the system files&#39; physical location, file permissions, and even file names. By referencing the namespace navigation architecture (i.e., the reference link  426 , /controlpanel/hardware/mouse), one can refer to a data file (i.e., mouse control panel file  416 ) containing user interface settings and controls and navigate directly to it without having to know the file specific details. This is essentially creating a URL (universal resource locator) to navigate system resources. 
   In  FIG. 4B , a new mouse control panel file  428  supersedes the previous mouse control panel file  416  and is located in memory  304  at a file space location c:\winnt\system32\mouse.cpl. The new file  428  contains new mouse control panel UI settings and controls that application  418  incorporates into the mouse control panel UI, DHTML document  424 . 
   If application  418  had originally directly referenced the previous file  416 , application  418  would have to be reprogrammed to invoke the new mouse control panel file  428  at the new location in memory  304 . The ramifications of relocating data from an existing file to a new file at a new location in memory during data and application development, and during upgrades, are compounded for each application and system component referencing an existing file. 
   In contrast, according to the data presentation system described herein, the only change needed from a development standpoint is a simple text edit in XML data  414  so that the namespace hierarchy link  426  now references the new mouse control panel file  428 . Developing the new mouse control panel file  428  and relocating the file to a new location in memory  304  does not require any reprogramming of application  418 , or of any other proprietary or third party applications invoking the XML data  414 . 
   In the implementation, the XML data  414  is configured and stored in a manner that describes a namespace according to the specified content in the XML schema  410 . All nodes in a namespace have a single parent node, except for the root node which does not have a parent node. Thus, the hierarchy of a namespace reference link is described through the physical structure of the XML data document itself. The purpose of the namespace navigation architecture illustrated in  FIGS. 4A and 4B  is to derive the contents of a displayable user interface with a simple navigation hierarchy. 
   One advantage of the described architecture is that XML schemas and XML data files are extensible and can be easily modified. A developer can add elements and attributes to a schema document and/or data file to support a particular user interface presentation. Utilizing XML, XSL, and DHTML allows a displayable UI to appear more like a Web page and further allows the incorporation of Web-like controls with which Internet users are already intuitively familiar. In addition, the UI can be rendered with dynamically generated help text, tooltips, and the like. 
     FIGS. 4C and 4D  illustrate the extensibility of utilizing a namespace navigation architecture to invoke independent XML data files to define a UI. In  FIG. 4C , Application  430  executes on processor  302  and has a namespace reference link  432  to XML data file  434  located in memory  304  at a file space location c:\winnt\system32\main.cpl. The XML data file  434  contains mouse control panel UI settings and controls. 
   When the application  430  is executed on processor  302 , browser  420  processes the XML data  434  with the XSL template  412  at the XSL processor  422  to render a DHTML mouse control panel UI document  424  on display  344 . The DHTML document  424  forming the mouse control panel UI incorporates the mouse control panel settings and controls located in the XML data file  434 . 
     FIG. 4D  illustrates that the XML data file  434  has been replaced with a new XML data file  436  which is located in memory  304  at location c:\winnt\system32\mouse.cpl. This new memory location differs from the file space location of the now superseded XML data file  434 . When the application  430  is again executed on processor  302 , the browser  420  processes the XML data  436  with the XSL template  412  at the XSL processor  422  to render a new DHTML mouse control panel UI document  438  on display  344 . 
   The example illustrated in  FIGS. 4C and 4D  shows that a designer or systems programmer can dynamically modify a UI simply by changing the description of the UI in the XML data file that defines the UI. The example also shows that the abstraction of a system&#39;s settings and controls into a namespace navigation architecture eliminates the need for application and systems programmers to have to hard-code file space locations into software applications. Specifically, application  430  is able to call a data file containing the mouse control panel settings and controls with the namespace reference link  432  even after the XML data is modified and after the data file is moved to a new location in memory  304  ( FIG. 4C  to  FIG. 4D ). 
     FIG. 5  shows a method for generating and rendering data with the data presentation system shown in  FIGS. 4A-4B . The method is implemented, and the steps are performed, in software. At step  500 , an application executing on a computing device processor invokes an XML data file and a browser. The XML data file references and incorporates other independent data file(s). 
   In response to executing the application, the browser loads a base DHTML document, an XSL template, the XML data, and the referenced data at step  502 . The base DHTML document initiates the browser to load the XSL template and the XML data file and then generates a DHTML document from the XML data using the XSL template. At step  504 , the browser verifies that the data format is a valid representation of an XML schema&#39;s specified content. At step  506 , after verifying the data format, the browser processes the XML data and the referenced data with the XSL template. A resultant DHTML document is rendered at a computing device display at step  508 . The resultant DHTML document incorporates the XML data invoked by the application at the initial step  500  and incorporates the data referenced by the XML data file. 
   Control Panel Hierarchy 
     FIG. 6  illustrates an overall structure of a control panel hierarchy  600 . The control panel pages are DHTML documents rendered with the data presentation system shown in  FIGS. 4A-4B . Navigation pages  602  and  604  have prompts, integrated help features, and selectable namespace navigation links to groups of system settings and controls at task pages  606  and  608 . Task pages  606  and  608  have selectable namespace navigation links to facilitate a user when changing aspects of a computing device&#39;s system settings and controls, to include system operation and display presentation. 
   A home page  610  is also a navigation page from which a user can select a namespace navigational link to a task page  612 . A home page  610  is a user starting point for a group of closely related system&#39;s settings and/or controls. A home page generally contains only namespace navigation links to individual settings or controls on a task page. Furthermore, a home page also includes status content to inform a user of the system status, a current setting, or other content associated with the particular system setting and/or control on a particular home page. 
   By organizing related settings and controls together on control panel pages  602  through  612  in the control panel hierarchy  600  according to usability factors, and using control-orientated terminology, a user intuitively understands the system&#39;s settings and the associated controls. The organization of the control panel hierarchy  600  allows for cross-linking and multiple control panel page access to system settings and the associated controls wherever a user might look for a particular setting and/or control. Because each setting and control is written as an individual ActiveX control embedded in a DHTML page, the same setting and/or control can easily be made available at multiple logical control panel pages. 
   Help features are integrated at the control panel pages to present help information that is contextually related to the particular control panel page currently rendered for display. A search for a particular help topic generates selectable links that direct a user to the appropriate setting task on a particular control panel page. 
   Control Panel User Interface 
     FIGS. 7A and 7B  illustrate examples of a DHTML document generated by the data presentation system  400  shown in  FIGS. 4A-4D . Control panel navigation pages  602  and  604  are shown having selectable namespace navigation links  700  and  702 . Control Panel navigation page  604  ( FIG. 7B ) also shows selectable namespace sub-navigation links  704 . Each selectable navigation link  700 ,  702 , and  704  is a node link in a namespace that is generated dynamically. A namespace is a hierarchy of nodes similar to that of a URL (universal resource locator) and each node in a namespace is similar to an element in the URL path. A node is identified by its “ID” which is simply the name of the displayed selectable navigation link on the control panel pages  602  and  604 . 
   The root node of a namespace navigation link is the ID of the navigation link. In  FIG. 7A , the root node of the namespace for control panel  602  is ID=“ControlPanel”. Any node in the namespace architecture (e.g., selectable links  700 ,  702 , and  704 ) is uniquely identified by its full path name from the root node. Node link  706  in  FIG. 7A  is identified by the path name “/ControlPanel/Settings/AppearanceThemes”. Node link  702  in  FIG. 7B  is identified by the path name “/ControlPanel/Settings/AppearanceThemes/Themes”. 
     FIG. 7A  shows that specific node link  706 , which identifies namespace node “/ControlPanel/Settings/AppearanceThemes”, navigates through the namespace architecture to render Control Panel page  604  ( FIG. 7B ) at a computing device display as indicated by arrow  708 .  FIG. 7A  also shows that node link  710 , which identifies node “/ControlPanel/Settings/AccountsParentalControls”, navigates through the namespace architecture to initiate rendering Control Panel page  610  ( FIG. 8A ) at a computing device display as indicated by arrow  712 . 
     FIGS. 8A and 8B  illustrate examples of a DHTML document generated by the data presentation system  400  shown in  FIGS. 4A-4D .  FIG. 8A  illustrates control panel home page  610  in the control panel hierarchy  600 . The home page  610  is shown having two individual setting namespace node links  800  and  802  to task pages. Home page  610  also shows status content  804  to inform a user of the current account settings. Selecting node link  802  (i.e., “Change name”) navigates through the namespace architecture to render control panel task page  612  ( FIG. 8B ) at a computing device display as indicated by arrow  806 . 
     FIG. 8B  illustrates a control panel task page  612 . The user interface has a primary area  810  (the right-side pane) and a secondary area  812  (the left-side pane). The primary area  810  is a DHTML page dynamically created using source HTML or independent XML data and hosting ActiveX controls, some of which are exposed through “Windows”-brand Management Instrumentation (WMI). The presentation system  400  hosts the DHTML page and uses the source HTML or independent XML data to construct the secondary area  812 . The secondary area  812  displays help content  814  that is selectable by a user. The primary area  810  is presented to assist a user in completing a particular task. The primary area  810  displays a dynamically generated task  816 , “Type a new account name”, that is a link within the namespace navigation architecture. The primary area  810  also presents the user with confirmation buttons  818 , “Change Name” and “Cancel”, to either enact or cancel a setting change. 
   Some “Windows”—brand control panels that exist in the Win32 user interface format are more beneficial to a user in the current format than they would be if presented in the DHTML format. In such a case, a Win32 control panel can be incorporated into the control panel hierarchy  600  ( FIG. 6 ) for access by a user. In addition, third party control panel user interfaces can be incorporated into the control panel hierarchy  600 . 
   Control Panel XML Schema Document 
   The following XML schema (i.e., item  410  in  FIG. 4A-4D ) defines the namespace for Control Panel and specifies the elements and attributes allowed for the control panel pages illustrated in  FIGS. 7A-7B  and  8 A- 8 B in the control panel hierarchy  600  shown in  FIG. 6 . Each Control Panel namespace node in the schema  410  is represented by a CPNS node (control panel namespace node) element in an XML data document (i.e., item  414  in  FIGS. 4A-4D ). 
   
     
       
         
             
           
             
                 
             
           
          
             
               &lt;?xml version=“1.0”?&gt; 
             
             
               &lt;Schema name=“ms-ControlPanel” xmlns=“urn:schemas-microsoft-com:xml-data” 
             
             
                         xmlns:dt=“urn:schemas-microsoft-com:datatypes”&gt; 
             
          
         
         
             
             
          
             
                 
               &lt;!-- ID is the name of this node, no two siblings can have the same ID --&gt; 
             
             
                 
               &lt;AttributeType name=“ID” dt:type=“nmtoken” required=“yes”/&gt; 
             
             
                 
               &lt;!-- access permissions --&gt; 
             
             
                 
               &lt;AttributeType name=“PERMISSIONS” dt:type=“enumeration” 
             
          
         
         
             
             
          
             
                 
               dt:values=“owner child guest all”/&gt; 
             
          
         
         
             
             
          
             
                 
               &lt;!-- extensible implies that this node can have children nodes --&gt; 
             
             
                 
               &lt;AttributeType name=“EXTENSIBLE” dt:type=“enumeration” 
             
          
         
         
             
             
          
             
                 
               dt:values=“yes no”/&gt; 
             
          
         
         
             
             
          
             
                 
               &lt;!-- replaceable implies that this node can be replaced by another node --&gt; 
             
             
                 
               &lt;AttributeType name=“REPLACEABLE” dt:type=“enumeration” 
             
          
         
         
             
             
          
             
                 
               dt:values=“yes no”/&gt; 
             
          
         
         
             
             
          
             
                 
               &lt;!-- how many children of this node will be exposed in lists --&gt; 
             
             
                 
               &lt;AttributeType name=“NUMEXPOSED” dt:type=“int” dt:min=“0”/&gt; 
             
             
                 
               &lt;!-- priority amongst sibling nodes, 0 is lowest priority, 1 is highest --&gt; 
             
             
                 
               &lt;AttributeTypename=“PRIORITY” dt:type=“float” dt:min=“0.0” 
             
          
         
         
             
             
          
             
                 
               dt:max=“1.0”/&gt; 
             
          
         
         
             
             
          
             
                 
               &lt;!-- Extensions to the ControlPanel namespace can be made by specifying 
             
             
                 
               the MOUNTPATH attribute on a root CPNSNode in an XML file (A root 
             
             
                 
               CPNSNode is one which does not have another CPNSNode as its parent). 
             
             
                 
               The root CPNSNode is then attached as the child node of the node 
             
             
                 
               specified by the MOUNTPATH. MOUNTPATH attributes on a non-root 
             
             
                 
               CPNSNode are ignored. --&gt; 
             
          
         
         
             
             
             
          
             
                 
               &lt;AttributeTypename=“MOUNTPATH” 
               dt:type=“string” 
             
             
                 
               required=“yes”/&gt; 
             
          
         
         
             
             
          
             
                 
               &lt;!-- The following tag names are in sync with the command presentation 
             
             
                 
               schema tags. This is for convenience and to reflect the fact that these tags 
             
             
                 
               are used as is while generating the command presentation XML file. --&gt; 
             
          
         
         
             
             
             
          
             
                 
               &lt;ElementType name=“Title” 
               content=“textOnly”/&gt; 
             
             
                 
               &lt;ElementType name=“ShortTitle” 
               content=“textOnly”/&gt; 
             
             
                 
               &lt;ElementType name=“Description” 
               content=“textOnly”/&gt; 
             
             
                 
               &lt;ElementType name=“ToolTip” 
               content=“textOnly”/&gt; 
             
             
                 
               &lt;ElementType name=“Image” 
               content=“textOnly”/&gt; 
             
             
                 
               &lt;ElementType name=“Target” 
               content=“textOnly”/&gt; 
             
             
                 
               &lt;ElementType name=“SearchTarget” 
               content=“textOnly”/&gt; 
             
             
                 
               &lt;ElementType name=“SearchKey” 
               content=“textOnly”/&gt; 
             
             
                 
               &lt;!-- Control Panel specific tags --&gt; 
             
             
                 
               &lt;ElementType name=“Directive” 
               content=“textOnly”/&gt; 
             
             
                 
               &lt;ElementType name=“SeeAlso” 
               content=“textOnly”/&gt; 
             
             
                 
               &lt;ElementType name=“TellMeMore” 
               content=“textOnly”/&gt; 
             
             
                 
               &lt;ElementType name=“ContentHTML” 
               content=“textOnly”/&gt; 
             
             
                 
               &lt;!-- Control Panel Namespace node --&gt; 
             
             
                 
               &lt;ElementType name=“CPNSNode”&gt; 
             
          
         
         
             
             
             
          
             
                 
               &lt;attribute type=“ID”/&gt; 
                 
             
             
                 
               &lt;attribute type=“PERMISSIONS” 
               default=“all”/&gt; 
             
             
                 
               &lt;attribute type=“EXTENSIBLE” 
               default=“no”/&gt; 
             
             
                 
               &lt;attribute type=“REPLACEABLE” 
               default=“no”/&gt; 
             
             
                 
               &lt;element type=“Title” 
               minOccurs=“0” maxOccurs=“1”/&gt; 
             
             
                 
               &lt;element type=“ShortTitle” 
               minOccurs=“0” maxOccurs=“1”/&gt; 
             
             
                 
               &lt;element type=“Description” 
               minOccurs=“0” maxOccurs=“1”/&gt; 
             
             
                 
               &lt;element type=“Tooltip” 
               minOccurs=“0” maxOccurs=“1”/&gt; 
             
             
                 
               &lt;element type=“Image” 
               minOccurs=“0” maxOccurs=“1”/&gt; 
             
             
                 
               &lt;element type=“Target” 
               minOccurs=“0” maxOccurs=“1”/&gt; 
             
             
                 
               &lt;element type=“SearchTarget” 
               minOccurs=“0” maxOccurs=“1”/&gt; 
             
             
                 
               &lt;element type=“Directive” 
               minOccurs=“0” maxOccurs=“1”/&gt; 
             
             
                 
               &lt;element type=“ContentHTML” 
               minOccurs=“0” maxOccurs=“1”/&gt; 
             
             
                 
               &lt;element type=“CommandManifest” 
               minOccurs=“0” maxOccurs=“1”/&gt; 
             
             
                 
               &lt;element type=“SearchKey” 
               minOccurs=“0” maxOccurs=“*”/&gt; 
             
             
                 
               &lt;element type=“SeeAlso” 
               minOccurs=“0” maxOccurs=“*”/&gt; 
             
             
                 
               &lt;element type=“TellMeMore” 
               minOccurs=“0” maxOccurs=“*”/&gt; 
             
             
                 
               &lt;!-- Recursively include nodes --&gt; 
             
             
                 
               &lt;element type=“CPNSNode” 
               minOccurs=“0” maxOccurs=“*”/&gt; 
             
          
         
         
             
             
          
             
                 
               &lt;/ElementType&gt; 
             
             
                 
               &lt;!-- CPNSNode --&gt; 
             
          
         
         
             
          
             
               &lt;/Schema&gt; 
             
             
                 
             
          
         
       
     
   
   The attribute and element types specified in the XML schema document above are described following: 
   AttributeType “MOUNTPATH” defines an attribute on a root CPNSNode (control panel namespace node) in an XML file that can be utilized to specify an extension to the ControlPanel namespace. 
   Attribute type “ID” defines a control panel namespace identifier. 
   Attribute type “PERMISSIONS” defines access permission for the setting. The default value is (ALL), but some categories of users may be denied from changing certain system settings. 
   Attribute type “EXTENSIBLE” designates that the control panel namespace node will not have any children nodes. The default value is (NO) to define whether or not a 3rd party can add children to a particular node/branch of the taxonomy. 
   Attribute type “REPLACEABLE” designates that the control panel namespace node cannot be replaced by another node. The default value is (NO) to define whether or not a particular node/branch is completely replaceable in the future. 
   ElementType “Title” defines the name of the node, page, or branch that appears in the UI. 
   ElementType “ShortTitle” defines a shorter version of “Title”. 
   ElementType “Description” defines, in plain text, the function of a node. 
   ElementType “ToolTip” defines the ToolTip text for a node link to this page. 
   ElementType “Image” defines an image to be displayed on a page. 
   ElementType “Target” defines the navigation target or the command target for this node. 
   ElementType “SearchTarget” defines the page to navigate to for a search. 
   ElementType “SearchKey” defines keywords that describe the content of this page that are used in a search. 
   ElementType “Directive” defines UI text that tells the user what to do on this page. 
   ElementType “SeeAlso” defines links to related nodes and branches of the taxonomy. 
   ElementType “TellMeMore” defines links to help topics that are related to this node or branch. 
   ElementType “ContentHTML” defines the location of the actual HTML file which appears in the content pane. 
   ElementType “CPNSNode” defines the data as a control panel namespace node. 
   Element type “CommandManifest” defines the location of the file which defines the commands for this page. 
   Although embodiments of the data presentation system have been described in language specific to structural features and/or methods, it is to be understood that the subject of the appended claims is not necessarily limited to the specific features or methods described. Rather, the specific features and methods are disclosed as exemplary implementations of the methods and systems for dynamically creating user interfaces.