Patent Publication Number: US-9416425-B2

Title: Assay for determining a molecular risk assessment of a complex polymicrobial sample suspected to contain an EHEC

Description:
RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     The present application is a U.S. National Phase Application of International Application No. PCT/IB2010/053631 (filed Aug. 11, 2010) which claims priority to European Application No. 09290621.3 (filed Aug. 11, 2009) which are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety. 
     SEQUENCE LISTING SUBMISSION VIA EFS-WEB 
     A computer readable text file, entitled “045636-5183_SequenceListing.txt,” created on or about Feb. 10, 2012, with a file size of about 15 kb contains the sequence listing for this application and is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. 
     Since the early 1980s, Shiga toxin-producing  Escherichia coli  (STEC) have emerged as a major cause of food-borne infections (Karmali et al. 1983, Riley et al. 1983). STEC can cause diarrhea in humans and some STEC strains may cause life-threatening diseases such as Hemorrhagic Colitis (HC) and Haemolytic Uraemic Syndrome (HUS). According to their human pathogenicity the latter strains were also designated as enterohaemorrhagic  E. coli  (EHEC) (Levine 1987, Nataro and Kaper 1998). Numerous cases of HC and HUS have been attributed to EHEC serotype O157:H7 strains, but it has now been recognized that other serotypes of STEC belong to the EHEC group. A STEC seropathotype classification (from A to E) based upon the serotype association with human epidemics, HUS and diarrhea has been developed as an aid to assess the clinical and public health risks associated with non-O157 EHEC and STEC strains (Karmali et al. 2003). Recent data from Enter-Net, a global surveillance consortium of 35 countries that tracks enteric infectious diseases, showed that the number of human diseases caused by non-O157 STEC and EHEC increased globally by 60.5% between 2000 and 2005, while at the same time the number of cases linked to EHEC O157 increased by only 13% (Anonymous 2005). Among the top five of non-O157 EHEC serotypes most frequently implicated in hemorrhagic diseases in 2005, 80% belong to seropathotype B and 20% belong to seropathotype C (Anonymous 2005). None belong to the less-virulent STEC seropathotypes D and E, suggesting that selection for highly virulent strains is currently taking place. 
     The production of Shiga toxin by EHEC is the primary virulence trait responsible for HUS, but many  E. coli  non-O157:H7 strains that produce Shiga toxin do not cause HUS. Identification of human virulent STEC by unique detection of stx genes may be misleading since not all STEC strains are clinically significant to humans (EFSA 2007). In addition, to produce one or both types of Shiga toxins, typical EHEC strains harbour a genomic island, called the “locus of enterocyte effacement” (LEE). This locus was first identified in enteropathogenic  E. coli  (EPEC), predominant cause of infant diarrhea in developing countries. The LEE carries genes encoding functions for bacterial colonization of the gut and for destruction of the intestinal mucosa thus contributing to the disease process (Nataro and Kaper 1998). The LEE encoded eae-gene product intimin is directly involved in attaching and effacing (A/E) process and serves as an indicator for the A/E function in the bacteria (Zhang et al. 2002). Considerable heterogeneity has been identified among the DNA sequences of the eae genes, especially in their 3′-end region, which has led to the classification of at least 21 intimin subtypes. Among these, the eae-γ subtype has commonly been found in EHEC O157:H7 and O145:H28, whereas eae-β, eae-ε and eae-θ subtypes have commonly been detected in EHEC O26:H11, O103:H2, and O111:H8 respectively (Oswald et al. 2000; Tarr and Whittam 2002). 
     The LEE includes regulatory elements, a type III secretion system (TTSS), secreted effector proteins, and their cognate chaperon (Elliott et al. 1998, Perna et al. 1998). In addition to the intimin, most of the typical EHEC strains harbour the plasmid encoded enterohaemolysin (ehxA) which is considered as an associated virulence factor (Nataro and Kaper 1998). However, the LEE and the enterohaemolysin are not found in all STEC causing HC and HUS and the corresponding strains were designated as atypical EHEC (Nataro and Kaper 1998). Atypical EHEC are less frequently involved in hemorrhagic diseases than typical EHEC, but are a frequent cause of diarrhea, indicating additional virulence determinants play a role in the pathogenicity (Brooks et al. 2005, Eklund et al. 2001). 
     Virulence in bacterial pathogens is modulated by the acquisition of mobile genetic elements such as genomic islands (Lawrence 2005). One class of genomic islands, called pathogenicity islands (PAIS) constitute a flexible gene pool contributing to pathogen evolution and virulence potential and can be used as a genetic signature of new and emerging pathogens. A huge number of type III effectors which are encoded by PAIS outside the LEE have been described in EHEC and in enteropathogenic  E. coli  (EPEC) strains. 
     Techniques exist to determine the presence of a STEC contamination in a sample by for instance detecting the presence of the stx1/stx2 genes and the eae gene (Loukiadis et al. 2006). But as explained above the genetic basis of STEC pathogenicity is a lot more complex than the presence or absence of one or both of these genes. In a complex sample, which may comprise a mixture of strains, the presence of the stx1/2 genes and the LEE is also not always indicative of the presence of an EHEC in this sample. 
     Therefore no reliable tests exist at the present time to screen a complex poly-microbial sample (e.g. food, fecal, environmental samples) for the presence of EHEC. Given that some EHEC strains can cause very serious health problems in humans, workers using existing methods must discard a sample whenever a STEC strain is detected therein; even though it is likely this STEC does not pose a threat to human health. Existing methods therefore result in a large amount of wastage due to lack of discrimination between non-pathogenic STEC strains and EHEC strains. 
     In addition due to the nature of the samples being tested, these can comprise a number of diverse bacterial strains each comprising a different complement of genes and hence each presenting a different possible level of pathogenicity. 
     Therefore a more complex and nuanced assay is required to allow a more complete molecular risk assessment to be performed upon a sample suspected of comprising a STEC, this new assay should be able to determine the risk posed/pathogenicity of a particular contaminating STEC strain. This assay should also because of its increased complexity allow the identification of known virulent EHEC strains which cannot at the present time be routinely identified in a sample. 
     In accordance with a first aspect of the present invention, there is provided a process to perform a molecular risk assessment (MRA) upon a sample suspected to contain a Shiga toxin-encoding  Escherichia coli  (STEC), comprising the steps: 
     contacting said sample or DNA isolated therefrom with a pair of primers derived from the following target genes:
         stx1;   stx2; and at least one of the following target genes:   eae;   espK;       

     wherein said process is characterised in that it also comprises contacting said sample or DNA isolated therefrom with a pair of primers derived from the following target genes:
         nleB;   nleH1-2;   nleE;   ent/espL2;       

     and detecting the presence or the absence of an amplification product for each of said target genes. 
     This process allows a detailed molecular risk assessment to be made upon a sample suspected of containing a STEC contaminant and in this risk assessment a worker can identify which of the panel of selected target genes the contaminant comprises and from this determine whether this contaminant pose a threat to human health or not. In particular this process may be used to determine whether or not a STEC strain is an EHEC strain. The inventors have shown that the presence of all these target genes in a strain correlates with the strain being an EHEC strain. 
     The stx1 and stx2 genes encode the shiga toxins and their presence is therefore essential for pathogenicity. The eae gene (intimin) is encoded by the LEE genomic island and is therefore a useful marker for this genomic island which is known to be associated with typical EHEC strains and with EPEC strains. The inventors have also established that some nle genes or alleles of these genes and the espK gene (Z1829) are linked to EHEC strains and can therefore be used in place of or in addition to eae. 
     Some EHEC and EPEC strains also share other genomic islands in addition to the LEE which encode various effector proteins. These non-LEE encoded effector proteins are encoded by large panel of nle genes which are more or less associated with the virulence of  E. coli.    
     Consequently, the presence just one of the genes stx1, stx2, eae, espK and a selected nle gene such as nleB, does not provide sufficient information to definitively predict the presence of an EHEC in a complex poly-microbial sample (e.g. food or fecal samples). As a number of foods which are not contaminated by EHEC comprise bacteria with at least one of these genes, they can&#39;t be use by themselves as a marker of EHEC. However, when the minimum complement according to this first aspect of the present invention is present in the same sample this can be used as a reliable predictor of virulence as demonstrated below. 
     Given the fact that it is not realistic to get a unique marker of EHEC strains as has been achieved for other pathogenic bacteria such as  Salmonella  spp., the inventors have developed and refined a process based on the detection of selected targets to screen poly-microbial samples (e.g. food, fecal, environmental samples). This process is based on a multi-parametric approach based on the detection of stx1/2 and eae (and/or espK) together with at least the following genes: ent/espL2, nleB, nleE and nleH1-2. 
     The nle genes can be derived from different mobile genetic elements, including genomic islands. The inventors focused their efforts on the detection of the genes of two genomic islands: the OI#122 genes ent/espL2 (Z4326), nleB (Z4328), nleE (Z4329) and the OI#71 genes: nleF (Z6020), nleH1-2 (Z6021), nleA (Z6024). They found that the OI#122 genes ent/espL2 (Z4326), nleB (Z4328), nleE (Z4329) and the OI#71gene nleH1-2 (Z6021) (names in brackets are unique Genbank identifiers), were closely associated with typical EHEC strains and with some EPEC strains. 
     This process therefore allows a worker to routinely determine firstly whether or not a sample comprises a STEC contaminant and secondly allows a worker to determine whether or not this STEC strain is likely to be an EHEC strain. 
     All the steps of this process can be performed at the same time using for instance a series of amplification reactions or a multiplex amplification reaction. By way of example, a multiplex amplification reaction based on the GeneDisc® system has been used by the inventors. The GeneDisc® system is a recent innovation in the field of DNA amplification using GeneSystems® PCR technology (Beutin et al. 2009) which allows the simultaneous detection of multiple targets in reaction microchambers preloaded with the reagents necessary for detecting and quantifying the required targets (Beutin et al. 2009, Yaradou et al. 2007). 
     Alternatively the steps can be performed at different times. For instance a sample can be initially analysed for the presence of the stx1, stx2 and eae and/or espK genes. If the results of this reaction are positive the sample can then be analysed for the presence of the remaining virulence determinants nleB, nleH1-2, nleE and ent/espL2 and a MRA made using both sets of results. 
     In the present invention any set of suitable primers may be used to amplify a target gene so as to produce a detectable amplification product. Most normally this will be a pair of primers separated by a number of base pair from each other in the target gene. However a single primer may be used if this leads to a detectable amplification product or alternatively more than two primers may be used to amplify one or more of the target genes. All such variations are encompassed by the present invention. 
     In particular the present invention provides a process to perform a MRA upon a sample suspected to contain a EHEC, comprising the steps: 
     contacting said sample or DNA isolated therefrom with a pair of primers derived from the following target genes:
         stx1, using at least one primer defined by SEQ ID NO: 1 or SEQ ID NO: 2, or a fragment of at least fifteen nucleotides thereof;   stx2 using at least one primer defined by SEQ ID NO: 1 or SEQ ID NO: 2, or a fragment of at least fifteen nucleotides thereof; and at least one of the following target genes:   eae using at least one primer defined by SEQ ID NO: 7 or SEQ ID NO: 8, or a fragment of at least fifteen nucleotides thereof;   espK using at least one primer defined by SEQ ID NO: 82 or SEQ ID NO: 83, or a fragment of at least fifteen nucleotides thereof;       

     wherein said process is characterised in that it also comprises contacting said sample or DNA isolated therefrom with a pair of primers derived from the following target genes:
         nleB using at least one primer defined by SEQ ID NO: 16, SEQ ID NO: 17, SEQ ID NO: 79 or SEQ ID NO: 80 or a fragment of at least fifteen nucleotides thereof;   nleH1-2 using at least one primer defined by SEQ ID NO: 25 or SEQ ID NO: 26, or a fragment of at least fifteen nucleotides thereof;   nleE using at least one primer defined by SEQ ID NO: 19 or SEQ ID NO: 20, or a fragment of at least fifteen nucleotides thereof;   ent/espL2 using at least one primer defined by SEQ ID NO: 13 or SEQ ID NO: 14, or a fragment of at least fifteen nucleotides thereof;       

     and detecting the presence or the absence of an amplification product for each of said target genes. 
     The inventors have found that this process can be used to identify a wide range of O157 EHEC strains as well as other pathogenic EHEC strains of different serotypes for instance O103, O111, O26, O145, O5, O55, O45, O118, O121, O123, O165, O172, O15. All eae-negative STEC stains were also negative for the set of nle genes investigated in this study. In contrast, nle genes were present in typical EHEC, including the new emerging serotypes. Atypical EHEC i.e. O91:H21 and O113:H21 known to rarely cause outbreaks and being of low incidence (EFSA 2007) tested negative for the nle genes. 
     The inventors have therefore shown that the simultaneous detection of the Shiga-toxins (stx1 and stx2), intimin (eae), together with some non-LEE effectors genes belonging to genomic O-island OI#71 and the module 2 of OI#122 provide a thorough approach for molecular risk assessment of STEC virulence. 
     In particular the process also comprises contacting said sample or DNA isolated therefrom with a pair of primers derived from at least one of the following target genes:
         ehxA using at least one primer defined by SEQ ID NO: 10 or SEQ ID NO: 11, or a fragment of at least fifteen nucleotides thereof;   nleF using at least one primer defined by SEQ ID NO: 22 or SEQ ID NO: 23, or a fragment of at least fifteen nucleotides thereof;   nleA using at least one primer defined by SEQ ID NO: 28 or SEQ ID NO: 29, or a fragment of at least fifteen nucleotides thereof.       

     The ehxA gene is present upon the plasmid pO157 frequently found in EHEC strains. The genes nleF (Z6020) and nleA (Z6024) issued from O-Island 71 PAI were unequally distributed in EHEC isolates and their prevalence was respectively of 72.76% and 79% that is much lower than the prevalence of nleH1-2 (Z6021) which was found to be absent in only one strain O26:H11 among the various strains tested by the inventors. 
     The amplification products according to the present invention can be generated using any suitable DNA amplification technique such as PCR either in simplex or multiplex forms, using any of the various natural or engineered enzymes available for this purpose. Alternative methods such as nucleic acid sequence-based amplification (NASBA), branched DNA, strand displacement amplification and the loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) method (Compton 1991, Chang 1991, Walker et al. 1992, Notomi et al. 2000) could also be used to generate the amplification products. 
     In particular the amplification products, when present, are detected using a degenerate probe defined by the following sequence for each target gene:
         stx1, SEQ ID NO: 3, or a fragment of at least fifteen nucleotides thereof;   stx2, SEQ ID NO: 6, or a fragment of at least fifteen nucleotides thereof;   eae, SEQ ID NO: 9, or a fragment of at least fifteen nucleotides thereof;   espK, SEQ ID NO: 84, or a fragment of at least fifteen nucleotides thereof;   ehxA, SEQ ID NO: 12, or a fragment of at least fifteen nucleotides thereof;   nleF, SEQ ID NO: 24, or a fragment of at least fifteen nucleotides thereof;   nleB, SEQ ID NO: 18 or SEQ ID NO: 81, or a fragment of at least fifteen nucleotides thereof;   nleH1-2, SEQ ID NO: 27, or a fragment of at least fifteen nucleotides thereof;   nleE, SEQ ID NO: 21, or a fragment of at least fifteen nucleotides thereof;   nleA, SEQ ID NO: 30, or a fragment of at least fifteen nucleotides thereof;   ent/espL2, SEQ ID NO: 15, or a fragment of at least fifteen nucleotides thereof.       

     In particular the process further comprises performing a negative amplification control and/or an inhibition control; 
     and detecting the presence or the absence of an amplification product from said reactions. 
     In processes which concern aspects of human health, it is desirable as far as possible to ensure the results of the assay are as accurate and dependable as possible. In order to do this the assay may comprise a number of internal and external controls to ensure that the results of the assay are representative of the true contents of the sample. Therefore the present process may comprise a negative amplification control to ensure any detected products are true positives and also the process may comprise an inhibition control to ensure that the DNA from the sample is able to be amplified and hence that no false negatives are generated. 
     In addition to these types of internal experimental controls, the process may also be performed a number of times and the results pooled so as to achieve a more representative result. 
     In particular the probes are labelled with at least one fluorescent label. 
     Non-limiting examples of suitable fluorescent labels include 6-carboxylfluorescein (FAM), tetrachloro-6-carboxyfluorescein (TET), 6-carboxy-X-rhodamine (ROX). Non-limitative examples of suitable quenchers for labelling dual-labelled probes include 6-carboxy-tetramethyl-rhodamine (TAMRA), DABCYL, Non-Fluorescent Quenchers such as quenchers of the Black Hole Quencher family (BHQ), or including a minor groove binder group (MGB). 
     In particular wherein the amplification products are generated using a multiplex amplification reaction. 
     Alternatively the amplification products are generated using a series of independent/simplex amplification reactions. 
     In particular wherein the amplification reactions are performed in a macroarray. 
     In accordance with the present patent application a macroarray is used to describe a preformed structure such as a substrate upon which a number of DNA primers have been spotted, these primers being those described according to the various aspects of the present invention. Such a macroarray therefore allows the routine performance of one or more of the detection assays described herein. A preferred macroarray is the GeneDisc system described herein. 
     The inventors preferred means for performing the process is a GeneDisc array which allows the simultaneous testing of the genes encoding Shiga toxins 1 and 2 (stx1 and stx2), intimins (eae), enterohaemolysin (ehxA) and six different nle genes derived from genomic islands OI#71 and OI#122 (module 2). 
     The EHEC associated virulence determinants were reliably detected with the GeneDisc assay, presenting it as a suitable detection tool for routine diagnostics. In contrast to many other diagnostic tests, the results are obtained without need for special laboratory equipment and for specifically trained personnel and the assay is performed in a very short time. Such a low density macro-array would represent thus an innovative and efficient molecular risk assessment tool for routine monitoring of STEC isolates and for identification of classical and new emerging EHEC strains. 
     In particular wherein the amplification reaction is a real time PCR reaction. Real time PCR, also called quantitative real time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) or kinetic polymerase chain reaction, is used to amplify and simultaneously quantify a targeted DNA molecule. It enables both detection and quantification (as absolute number of copies or relative amount when normalized to DNA input or additional normalizing genes) of a specific sequence in a DNA sample. The procedure follows the general principle of polymerase chain reaction; its key feature is that the amplified DNA is quantified as it accumulates in the reaction in real time after each amplification cycle (Mackay 2007). Two common methods of quantification are the use of fluorescent dyes that intercalate with double-strand DNA, and modified DNA oligonucleotide probes that fluoresce when hybridized with a complementary DNA (Mackay 2007). 
     A preferred RT-PCR method uses the GeneDisc system as outlined below. 
     According to a further aspect of the present invention there is provided a process to perform a molecular risk assessment upon a STEC strain, wherein said process is characterised in that it also comprises contacting said sample or DNA isolated therefrom with a pair of primers derived from at least one of the following target genes:
         nleB using at least one primer defined by SEQ ID NO: 16, SEQ ID NO: 17, SEQ ID NO: 79 or SEQ ID NO: 80 or a fragment of at least fifteen nucleotides thereof;   nleH1-2 using at least one primer defined by SEQ ID NO: 25 or SEQ ID NO: 26, or a fragment of at least fifteen nucleotides thereof;   nleE using at least one primer defined by SEQ ID NO: 19 or SEQ ID NO: 20, or a fragment of at least fifteen nucleotides thereof;   ent/espL2 using at least one primer defined by SEQ ID NO: 13 or SEQ ID NO: 14, or a fragment of at least fifteen nucleotides thereof;       

     and detecting the presence or the absence of an amplification product for each of said target genes. 
     In addition to the specified primers, other primers to the specified target genes can also be used and are encompassed by this aspect of the present invention. 
     The present invention therefore also provides a process to perform a molecular risk assessment upon a sample known to comprise a STEC strain. Wherein the presence of the listed target genes indicates the STEC strain is likely to be an EHEC strain and hence hazardous to human health. 
     According to a further aspect of the present invention there is provided a method to predict the serotype of a STEC strain based upon the pattern of nle genes present in a sample. This method comprises the steps of: 
     contacting said sample or DNA isolated therefrom with a pair of primers derived from the following target genes:
         nleB using at least one primer defined by SEQ ID NO: 16, SEQ ID NO: 17, SEQ ID NO: 79 or SEQ ID NO: 80 or a fragment of at least fifteen nucleotides thereof;   nleH1-2 using at least one primer defined by SEQ ID NO: 25 or SEQ ID NO: 26, or a fragment of at least fifteen nucleotides thereof;   nleE using at least one primer defined by SEQ ID NO: 19 or SEQ ID NO: 20, or a fragment of at least fifteen nucleotides thereof;   ent/espL2 using at least one primer defined by SEQ ID NO: 13 or SEQ ID NO: 14, or a fragment of at least fifteen nucleotides thereof;   nleF using at least one primer defined by SEQ ID NO: 22 or SEQ ID NO: 23, or a fragment of at least fifteen nucleotides thereof;   nleA using at least one primer defined by SEQ ID NO: 28 or SEQ ID NO: 29, or a fragment of at least fifteen nucleotides thereof;       

     and detecting the presence or the absence of an amplification product for each of said target genes. 
     The inventors have found that the pattern of nle genes present in a strain differs between different strains and hence can be used to distinguish between different EHEC strains. 
     One characteristic nle pattern [ent/espL2, nleB, nleE, nleF, nleH1-2, nleA] was found associated with EHEC O157:[H7], O111:[H8], O26:[H11], O103:[H25], O118:[H16], O121:[H19], O5:[H NM ], O55:[H7], O123:[H11], O172:[H25], and O165:[H25] strains. Interestingly, sorbitol-fermenting (SF) O157:[H NM ], stx2 strains and O-rough: [H7] (stx2, eae-gamma) strains, that were previously identified as positive for the rfbE O157  gene showed the same typical virulence profile. 
     This approach can also be used to identify a number of new emerging EHEC strains that were recently reported as severe human pathogens. One of these is the EHEC O103:H25 type strain, responsible for a foodborne outbreak of HUS in Norway in 2006 (Schimmer et al. 2008), which had the same nle profile as EHEC O157:[H7], that is [ent/espL2, nleB, nleE, nleF, nleH1-2, nleA]. 
     Another emerging EHEC type O5:H NM  strain isolated from beef, dairy products and human patients with HC (McLean et al. 2005) shows the same nle pattern [ent/espL2, nleB, nleE, nleF, nleH1-2, nleA]. Interestingly, EHEC O118:H16/H NM  currently emerging as a new highly virulent STEC type in Europe (Maidhof et al. 2002) shows this same nle pattern [en/espL2, nleB, nleE, nleF, nleH1-2, nleA] that is characteristic for EHEC O157:H7 and most of the typical EHEC strains tested. 
     Based on the PCR tests described in accordance with the invention, the inventors have found that not all EHEC possess a complete (all six nle target genes listed above) nle pattern. EHEC strains of serotypes O103:H2, O145:H28 showed a second characteristic nle pattern with positive signals for only [ent/espL2, nleB, nleE, nleH1-2] by using the primers and probes described in the invention. Using other primers or probes to detect the same genes may result in a totally different pattern. Thus, Creuzburg and Schmidt (2007) using different primers report the detection of nleA in some O103:H2 strains. They also report the existence of 11 different nleA variants in  E. coli  strains showing that the nleA like the other nle genes is likely genetically variable. 
     By using the primers and probes of the invention, other newly emerging EHEC O15:H2 and O45:H2, which are highly virulent clones involved in HUS, were found to possess the same nle pattern [ent/espL2, nleB, nleE, nleH1-2] as EHEC O103:H2 and O145:H28 strains. 
     The overall results indicate that EHEC constitute a heterogeneous group sharing a common core of nle virulence determinants but also harbour many variable nle genes that are strain and/or serotype specific, probably reflecting adaptation of these strains to different host or environmental niche. It is noteworthy that the presence in the same strain of a core of virulence determinants [eae, ent/espL2, nleB, nleE, and nleH1-2] is a strong signature of a pathogenic EHEC that can cause human morbidity and mortality. The inventors have shown that these virulence factors are found in all typical EHEC and also in new emerging EHEC types in Europe and North-America e.g. O5:H NM  (McLean et al. 2005), O15:H2 (Starr et al. 1998), O118:H16 (Maidhof et al. 2002), O121:H19 (Brooks et al. 2005). 
     In particular therefore wherein the nle pattern is: 
     [ent/espL2, nleB, nleE, nleF, nleH1-2, nleA], the EHEC strain is likely to belong to the group comprising: EHEC O157:[H7], O111:[H8], O26:[H11], O118:[H16], O121:[H19], O5:[HNM], O55:[H7], O123:[H11], O172:[H25], O165:[H25], O157:[H NM ], O103:[H25], O5:[H NM ], O118:[H16/H NM ]; or 
     [ent/espL2, nleB, nleE, nleH1-2], the EHEC strain is likely to belong to the group comprising: EHEC O103:[H2], O145:[H28], O15:[H2] and O45:[H2]. 
     In addition a number of stx-negative, eae-positive  E. coli  strains belong to EHEC associated serotypes which resemble EHEC strains according to their eae-genotypes and their nle-gene pattern. It seems likely that these strains represent remnants of EHEC strains that have lost their stx genes. Thus, the nle-genotyping assay could be helpful to detect remnants of EHEC in HUS-patients which were reported to excrete frequently EHEC that have lost their stx-genes with their faeces (Bielaszewska et al. 2007). The nle genes, in different distributions, were also detected in some EPEC strains (O113:H6, O127:H6, O128:H2, O156:H8, O55:H6, O55:H7, O84:H2 and O86:H40). Contrary to the results reported by Creuzburg and Schmidt (2007), the EPEC strain E2348169 (O127:H6) was tested positive for the nleA (Z6024) in our study. The fact that these EPEC strains carry multiple types of nle genes is a clear indication of the role these effectors might play in EPEC induced diarrhea in infants. These nle genes were absent in Enterobacteriaceae species that are frequently isolated from human feces and in fecal  E. coli  that represent the stool flora of healthy infants. That is another evidence that nle virulotyping is suitable for a rapid characterization of highly virulent Stx-positive  E. coli  strains. 
     In accordance with a further aspect of the present invention there is provided a kit for the detection of shiga toxin producing organisms, comprising at least a set of primers for the target genes:
         nleB;   nleH1-2;   nleE;   ent/espL2;       

     and optionally a set of probes as to detect the amplification products for each target gene. 
     In accordance with a further aspect of the present invention there is provided an isolated nucleic acid molecule consisting of the amplification product resulting from a process according to the present invention. 
     In accordance with a second aspect of the present invention there is provided a process to perform a molecular risk assessment (MRA) upon a sample suspected to contain a Shiga toxin-encoding  Escherichia coli  (STEC), comprising the steps: 
     a) contacting said sample or DNA isolated therefrom with a pair of primers derived from the following target genes:
         stx1;   stx2; and at least one of the following target genes:   eae;   espK;       

     and with a pair of primers derived from at least one of the following target genes:
         nleB;   nleH1-2;   nleE;   ent/espL2;       

     and detecting the presence or the absence of an amplification product for each of said target genes; and if the amplification products are detected then: 
     b) contacting said sample or DNA isolated therefrom with one or more pairs of primers derived from the eae target gene and determining the eae subtype. 
     In accordance with a preferred aspect of the present invention in step a) the presence of the genes stx1, stx2, eae or espk and either nleB or ent/espL2 is determined. 
     In accordance with a further preferred aspect of the present invention the presence of the specific nleB2 allele of the nleB gene is detected in this assay using at least one primer selected from the group SEQ ID NO: 79 or SEQ ID NO: 80 or a fragment of at least fifteen nucleotides thereof. The product of such an amplification reaction being detected using a probe consisting of SEQ ID NO: 81 or a fragment of at least 15 nucleotides thereof. The inventors have in particular established a link between the presence of the nleB2 allele and the host strain being an EHEC rather than a EPEC. 
     The eae gene encodes a number of distinct subtypes of which currently 21 are known and a smaller number are routinely found in samples. These eae genotypes can be routinely distinguished on the basis of their sequence using a PCR reaction (Nielsen and Andersen 2003), as well as by other means such as sequencing, southern hybridisation and other types of amplification reaction. 
     In accordance with a further aspect of the present invention in the step b), the eae subtypes eae γ, eae β, eae θ, and eae ε are detected. 
     According to a further aspect of the present invention the eae subtype is determined by a method which comprises the steps of: 
     contacting said sample or DNA isolated therefrom with a pair of primers derived from the following target genes:
         eae γ using at least one primer defined by SEQ ID NO: 52 or SEQ ID NO: 53, or a fragment of at least fifteen nucleotides thereof;   eae β using at least one primer defined by SEQ ID NO: 49 or SEQ ID NO: 50 or a fragment of at least fifteen nucleotides thereof;   eae θ using at least one primer defined by SEQ ID NO: 64 or SEQ ID NO: 65, or a fragment of at least fifteen nucleotides thereof;   eae ε using at least one primer defined by SEQ ID NO: 58 or SEQ ID NO: 59, or a fragment of at least fifteen nucleotides thereof;       

     and detecting the presence or the absence of an amplification product for each of said target genes. 
     These reactions could in particular be real time PCR reactions in which case probes for amplification products of each of eae γ, eae β, eae θ and eae ε could be detected using probes defined by SEQ ID NO: 54 for eae γ, SEQ ID NO: 51 for eae β, SEQ ID NO: 66 for eae θ and SEQ ID NO: 60 for eae c. 
     In addition the detection of other eae subtypes is also encompassed by the present invention such as eae α and eae ζ using at least one primer defined by SEQ ID NO: 46 or SEQ ID NO: 47, or a fragment of at least fifteen nucleotides thereof for eae α and/or using at least one primer defined by SEQ ID NO: 61 or SEQ ID NO: 62, or a fragment of at least fifteen nucleotides thereof for eae ζ. 
     Again such detection reactions are preferably realtime PCR reactions in which case probes defined by SEQ ID NO: 48 for eae α and SEQ ID NO: 63 for eae ζ, could be used respectively. 
     The inventors have found there to be a correlation between the subtype of the eae gene and certain seropathotypes (or serogroups) in EHEC strains. The presence therefore of the stx1/2 and eae genes and selected nle gene(s) (e.g. nleB) together with a certain eae subtype and serotype is strongly indicative that the tested sample comprises an EHEC strain. 
     In accordance with the present invention a serogroup or seropathotype is a group of bacteria containing a common antigen. 
     Although a STEC may belong to one of a number of serogroups, those most firmly associated with severe human disease, such as EHEC strains, generally belong to the serogroups O157:[H7], O111:[H8], O26:[H11], EHEC O103:[H2], O145:[H28] (EFSA, 2007). The genes which correspond to these serogroups are rfbE (0157), wbdl (O111), wzx (026), ihp1 (0145) and wzx (0103). 
     It is possible to test a strain for the presence of one or more of the antigens which define these serogroups and therefore in accordance with a further aspect of the preset invention the process according to this second aspect of the present invention further comprises contacting said sample or DNA isolated therefrom with a pair of primers derived from the following target genes:
         rfbE (0157);   wbdl (0111);   wzx (026);   ihp1 (0145);   wzx (0103).       

     According to a further aspect of the present invention the serotype is determined by a method which comprises the steps of: 
     contacting said sample or DNA isolated therefrom with a pair of primers derived from the following target genes:
         rfbE (O157) using at least one primer defined by SEQ ID NO: 31 or SEQ ID NO: 32, or a fragment of at least fifteen nucleotides thereof;   wbdl (O111) using at least one primer defined by SEQ ID NO: 34 or SEQ ID NO: 35, or a fragment of at least fifteen nucleotides thereof;   wzw (O26) using at least one primer defined by SEQ ID NO: 37 or SEQ ID NO: 38, or a fragment of at least fifteen nucleotides thereof;   Ihp1 (O145) using at least one primer defined by SEQ ID NO: 40 or SEQ ID NO: 41, or a fragment of at least fifteen nucleotides thereof;   wzx (O103) using at least one primer defined by SEQ ID NO: 43 or SEQ ID NO: 44, or a fragment of at least fifteen nucleotides thereof;       

     and detecting the presence or the absence of an amplification product for each of said target genes. 
     These reactions could in particular be real time PCR reactions in which case probes for amplification products of each of rfbE (0157), wbdl (O111), wzx (026), ihp1 (0145) and wzx (0103) could be detected using probes defined by SEQ ID NO: 33 for rfbE (0157), SEQ ID NO: 36 for wbdl (O111), SEQ ID NO: 39 for wzx (026), SEQ ID NO: 42 for Ihp1 (O145) and SEQ ID NO: 45 for wzx (O103). 
     It is also possible to detect other serotypes such as O118:[H16], O121:[H19], O5:[HNM], O55:[H7], O123:[H11], O172:[H25], O165:[H25], O157:[H NM ], O103:[H25], O5:[H NM ], O118:[H16/H NM ], O15:[H2] and O45:[H2] and the detection of one or more of these serotypes is also encompased by the present patent application. 
     According to a further aspect of the present invention the serotype is determined by a method which comprises the steps of: 
     contacting said sample or DNA isolated therefrom with a pair of primers derived from the following target genes:
         wzx (O121) using at least one primer defined by SEQ ID NO: 67 or SEQ ID NO: 68, or a fragment of at least fifteen nucleotides thereof;   wzy (O118) using at least one primer defined by SEQ ID NO: 70 or SEQ ID NO: 71, or a fragment of at least fifteen nucleotides thereof;   wzx (O45) using at least one primer defined by SEQ ID NO: 73 or SEQ ID NO: 74, or a fragment of at least fifteen nucleotides thereof;   wbgN (O55) using at least one primer defined by SEQ ID NO: 76 or SEQ ID NO: 77, or a fragment of at least fifteen nucleotides thereof;       

     and detecting the presence or the absence of an amplification product for each of said target genes. 
     These reactions could in particular be real time PCR reactions in which case probes for amplification products of each wzx (O121); wzy (O118); wzx (O45); wbgN (O55) could be detected using probes defined by SEQ ID NO: 69 for wzx (O121), SEQ ID NO: 72 for wzx (O118), SEQ ID NO: 75 for wzx (O45), SEQ ID NO: 78 for wbgN (O55). 
     Therefore in accordance with a preferred embodiment of this second aspect of the present invention there is provided an assay comprising the steps: 
     a) contacting said sample or DNA isolated therefrom with a pair of primers derived from the following target genes:
         stx1;   stx2;   eae;   espK;   nleB or ent/espL2;   rfbE (0157);       

     and detecting the presence or the absence of an amplification product for each of said target genes; and if the amplification products are detected then: 
     b) contacting said sample or DNA isolated therefrom with one or more pairs of primers derived from the following target genes and/or eae subtype:
         eae γ;   eae β;   eae θ;   eae ε;   wbdl (O111);   wzx (026);   ihp1 (0145);   wzx (0103).       

     There will now be described by way of example a specific mode contemplated by the Inventors. In the following description numerous specific details are set forth in order to provide a thorough understanding. It will be apparent however, to one skilled in the art, that the present invention may be practiced without limitation to these specific details. In other instances, well known methods and structures have not been described so as not to unnecessarily obscure the description. 
    
    
     EXAMPLE 1 
     Materials and Methods 
     Principle of the GeneDisc Array 
     The principle of the GeneDisc array (GeneSystems, Bruz, France) has been previously reported (Beutin et al. 2009). It is based on real-time PCR applications of multiple targets in a plastic reaction tray engraved with reaction microchambers preloaded with desiccated PCR primers and TaqMan® probes labeled either with the reporter dye 6-FAM (490-520 nm) or ROX (580-620 nm). 
     Properties of the GeneDisc Array Developed in this Study 
     The “virulotyping GeneDisc” is designed for simultaneous examination of six different samples, each being tested for ten EHEC specific gene targets, and together with negative and inhibition controls. It has the following settings: microwell 1) negative PCR control (6-FAM label) and PCR inhibition control (ROX-label), microwell 2) stx2 (FAM) and stx1 (ROX), microwell 3) ent/espL2 (FAM) and nleF (ROX), microwell 4) nleB (FAM) and nleH1-2 (ROX), microwell 5) nleE (FAM) and nleA (ROX), and microwell 6) ehxA (FAM) and eae (ROX). 
     For further experiments on eae subtype detection and serotype detection the following settings were used in experiment 1: microwell 1) O157 (FAM) and stx1+stx2 (ROX); microwell 2) nleB (FAM) and eae (ROX); microwell 3) negative control (FAM and inhibition control (ROX). In experiment 2: microwell 1) eaeγ (FAM) and O113 (ROX); microwell 2) O26 (FAM) and O111 (ROX); microwell 3) O145 (FAM) and eaeβ (ROX); microwell 4) eaeθ (FAM) and eaeε (ROX); microwell 5) negative control (FAM) and inhibition control (ROX). 
     The oligonucleotide primers and gene probes used in the GeneDisc are described in Table 1. Primers and probes used for detecting stx1, stx2, eae and ehxA were described previously (Nielsen and Andersen 2003, Perelle et al. 2004) and were evaluated in the “VTEC Screening” GeneDisc in a recent study (Beutin et al. 2009). All oligonucleotides were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Quentin Fallavier, France). GeneDisc spotting and manufacturing were performed by GeneSystems (Bruz, France). 
     In Table 1 the sequence of oligonucleotides Y is (C, T), S is (C, G), W is (A, T), R is (A, G), M is (A, C). K is (G, T); H is (A,T,C); and D is (G,A,T); FAM=6-carboxylfluorescein; ROX=carboxy-X-rhodamine; probe=either FAM or ROX; BHQ=Black Hole Quencher. * complementary strand; a: gene encoding Shiga-toxin 1; b: gene encoding Shiga-toxin 2; c: gene encoding intimin; d: gene encoding enteroharemolysin; e: gene encoding the “putative non LEE effector ent/espL2”; f: gene encoding the “putative non LEE effector B”; g: gene encoding the “putative non LEE effector E”; h: gene encoding the “putative non LEE effector F”; I: gene encoding the “putative non LEE effector H1-2”; gene encoding the “putative non LEE effector A”. 
     Bacterial Strains Investigated with the GeneDisc Array 
     Strains of  E. coli  and other Enterobacteriaceae that were investigated for their virulence gene content with the “virulotyping GeneDisc” were from the collection of the National Reference Laboratory for  E. coli  at the Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR) in Berlin, Germany; and from the French Food Safety Agency (AFSSA) in Maisons-Alfort, France. For evaluation we used STEC reference strains and eae-positive “Attaching and Effacing  E. coli ” (AEEC) that were previously characterized for their stx- and eae-genotypes (Beutin et al. 2007, Kozub-Witkowski et al. 2008). For reference strains of EHEC O-groups O26, O103, O111, O145 and O157 we used strains previously identified by serotyping of their O- and H-antigens and by fliC genotyping (Beutin et al. 2004). The characteristics and origin of EHEC reference strains H19 (O26:H11), PMK5 (O103:H2), CL37 (O111:[H8]), CB7874 (O145:[H28]) and EDL933 (O157:H7) that served as reference had been described in other publications (Beutin et al. 2004, Oswald et al. 2000, Tarr and Whittam 2002). The reference STEC strain EDL933 (O157:H7) and EPEC strain E2348/69 (O127:H6) were used as positive controls for testing the complete set of nle genes i.e. ent/espL2 (Z4326), nleB (Z4328), nleE (Z4329), nleF (Z6020), nleH1-2 (Z6021) and nleA (Z6024). Strain C600 ( E. coli  K-12) was taken as a negative control for all genes investigated in this work (Beutin et al. 2007). In addition, 68 enterobacteriaceal strains ( C. sakasaki, Yersinia, Escherichia, Salmonella, Shigella, Citrobacter, Hafnia, Kebsiella, Proteus ) that were characterized by standard methods (Ewing 1986) were used for evaluation of the GeneDisc array. Except for  S. dysenteriae  type 1 (stx1), the  S. sonnei  strain CB7888 (stx1) (Beutin et al. 2007) and the  Citrobacter rodentium  strain 10835 (eae), all other Enterobacteriacae isolates were negative for stx- and eae-genes. For examination, bacteria were cultured to single colonies on Luria-Broth Plates and grown overnight at 37° C. A small aliquot of the colony corresponding to approx. 2×10 6  bacteria was either DNA extracted using the InstaGene matrix (Bio-Rad Laboratories, Marnes La Coquette, France) or directly dissolved in 200 μl sterile water and vortexed thoroughly. 36 μl of the resuspended bacteria or DNA extracts were tested by the GeneDisc array. 
     EXAMPLE 2 
     Results 
     Association of eae-Types, ehxA Gene and nle Genes with Typical and Atypical EHEC Strains: 
     250 EHEC strains including typical EHEC (n=178), atypical EHEC (n=26), and new emerging EHEC strains (n=46) as well as stx-negative strains belonging to the same serotype as the EHEC strains (n=65) were investigated with the virulotyping GeneDisc array (Tables 2, 3 and 4). All EHEC strains were tested positive for either stx1 and/or stx2 genes giving a total concordance with data previously published (Beutin et al. 2004, Beutin et al. 2009, Fach et al. 2001, Perelle et al. 2004). Eae genes were detected in the strains belonging to the classical EHEC groups O26, O103, O111, O145 and O157 as well as in emerging EHEC type O5, O15, O45, O55, O118, O121, O123, O165, and O172 strains. Only one EHEC O103:H2 strain tested negative with the eae genes (Table 2). 
     Eae-genes were absent in all other STEC investigated including atypical EHEC O91:H21 and O113:H21, the latter are frequently isolated from food and from human patients (Werber et al. 2008). Remarkably, all eae-negative STEC as well as the atypical EHEC stains were also negative for the set of nle genes investigated in this study (Table 4). 
     In Table 4, the following abbreviations are used: EHEC is enterohaemorrhagic  E. coli ; STEC is Shiga toxin-producing  E. coli ; ETEC is enterotoxigenic  E. coli ; FEC is  E. coli  isolated from feces of healthy children, EC is  E. coli.    
     nle genes encoded by islands OI#71 and OI#122 were present in typical EHEC strains including the new emerging serotypes. One characteristic pattern of nle genes (ent/espL2, nleB, nleE, nleF, nleH1-2 and nleA) was found in EHEC strains belonging to serotypes O157:[H7], O111:[H8], O26:[H11], O103:H25, O118:[H16], O121:[H19], O5:NM, O55:H7, O123:H11, O172:H25, and O165:H25 (Table 2). Among the 76 EHEC O157:[H7] strains, six were sorbitol-fermenting (SF) O157:H NM , stx2 strains, these showed the same nle pattern as the non-SF O157:[H7] strains. Two O-rough: [H7] (stx2, eae-gamma) strains, previously identified as positive for the rfbE O157  gene had the same nle pattern as serologically typable O157:[H7] strains. 
     Another type of nle pattern was found with EHEC strains belonging to serotypes O103:H2, O145:[H28], O45:H2, and O15:H2 strains. These were positive for all nle-genes investigated except for OI#71 encoded genes nleA and nleF (Table 2). Our results indicate that typical EHEC strains are highly conserved for the distribution of nle-genes and point to an association of eae-genotype, nle-pattern and serotype. Exceptions were rarely observed, such as absence of the nleH1-2 gene in one of the 34 examined EHEC O26:H11 strains (Table 2). Most (93.25%) of the typical EHEC strains were positive for the plasmid located ehxA gene encoding enterohemolysin, this marker was also present in 87% of new emerging EHEC, 73% of the atypical EHEC and in 42.66% of the other STEC strains investigated in this study. 
     Identification and Characterization of stx-Negative Strains Resembling EHEC for Serotype and Other Properties: 
     It was previously reported that EHEC strains can lose their stx-gene spontaneously during infection and upon subculturing (Friedrich et al. 2007). We were interested to investigate Stx-negative, eae-positive  E. coli  strains belonging to EHEC associated serotypes for their similarity with EHEC strains in regard to their eae-genotypes and their nle-genes. The results obtained with 65 strains are presented in Table 3. The inventors could identify three stx-negative O157:[H7], ten O26:[H11], one O103:[H2], three O121:[H19], one O121:[H-], four O55:H7 and one O15:H2 strains that showed similar eae-genotypes and nle patterns as stx-producing EHEC belonging to the same serotypes (Table 3). It seems likely that these strains represent remnants of EHEC strains belonging to these serotypes that have lost their stx-genes. In contrast, a group of fourteen O157 strains with non H7-flagellae (H NT , H16, H2, H26, H27, H39, H45) was different from EHEC O157:H7 not only by their H-types but also by the eae-genotypes and absence of most nle genes investigated, except nleH1-2 and nleA. 
     EHEC O111:[H8] strains were usually positive for eae-theta and for all OI#71 and OI#122 encoded nle genes. Only one of 24 strains was negative with nleF (Table 2). Two single stx-negative O111:H11 strains (eae-beta) showed the same nle profile as EHEC O111:[H8] indicating that transfer of pathogenicity islands might have occurred between different pathogroups of  E. coli . Interestingly, EPEC O111:H2 strains that cause gastroenteritis in infants were found different from EHEC O111:[H8], by their H-type, and by absence of OI#71 encoded nleF and nleA genes (Table 3). An EPEC O111:H19 strain (eae-eta) was even more distant from EHEC O111:[H8] since it carried none of the nle genes. 
     EHEC O145:[H28] strains are characterized by possession of the complete set of OI#122 module 2 encoded nle genes ent, nleB and nleE (Table 2). Interestingly, these genes were absent in two stx-negative O145:[H28] strains which resemble O145:[H28] EHEC for all other traits that were investigated (Table 3). It is possible that these strains are remnants of EHEC O145:[H28] which have lost their six genes and the OI#122 PAI. All EPEC O145 strains (O145:H34, O145:H4 and O145:Hr) differed significantly from EHEC O145:[H28] as they do not possess any nle gene and encode other eae-genotypes. 
     In the group of O103:H2 strains, the rabbit EPEC strain E22 was similar to all EHEC O103:H2 strains for the set of nle genes but differed by the eae-beta subtype as EHEC O103:H2 encode eae-epsilon. In contrast, the EHEC O103:H25 strain which caused an outbreak of HUS in Norway in 2006 (Schimmer et al. 2008) was found different from the classical EHEC O103:H2 clone by its H-type, eae-type and the set of nle genes. 
     We additionally investigated representatives of classical EPEC groups. The EPEC O55:H7 strain was similar for its eae-genotype and nle-genes to EHEC O157:[H7] strains. All nle genes investigated were also present in EPEC O127:H6, strain E2348/69. EPEC O84:H2 harbored all nle genes except nleE. EPEC O156:H8 was negative only for the OI#71 nleF and nleA genes. EPEC O128:H2 and O113:H6 were only positive for nleH and lacked the OI#122 module 2 associated nle genes. EPEC O55:H6 also lacked the OI#122 module 2 associated nle genes but carried nleH and nleF. In contrast EPEC O86:H40 carried the OI#122 module 2 encoded nle genes but none of those located on OI#71 (Table 3). Some other EPEC strains (O125:H6, O126:H6, O51, and O76:H51) did not possess any nle gene and usually encoded eae-alpha genotype. These findings pointed to significant differences between EPEC and EHEC strains, not only for their serotypes, but also for their LEE and non LEE associated effectors. 
     Identification and Characterisation of eae- and nle-Negative Strains. 
     Numerous types of STEC are isolated from animals and food but only 5% of these are positive for an eae-gene or belong to the typical EHEC serogroups O26, O103, O111, O145 and O157 (Beutin et al. 2007). Some of the eae-negative STEC strains are known to cause diarrhea in humans but are rarely involved in hemorrhagic diseases such as HC and HUS (Beutin et al. 2004, Friedrich et al. 2007, Werber et al. 2008). We were interested to investigate representative strains of the eae-negative STEC types that are frequently isolated from food (O8, O91, O100, O113, O146, O128 and O174). A total of 150 STEC strains that were isolated from food, animals and humans as well as 29 fecal  E. coli  isolates from healthy children (FEC) were investigated with the virulotyping GeneDisc. The results are summarized in Table 4. None of the eae-negative STEC strains or of the FEC from healthy infants was positive for any of the nle genes, pointing to a close association between presence of the LEE and OI#122 and OI#71 encoded nle genes. 
     In order to examine the possible spread of the OI#122 and OI#71 encoded nle genes to other Enterobacteriaceae we have investigated 68 strains of bacteria comprising  Escherichia, Cronobacter, Yersinia, Salmonella, Shigella, Citrobacter, Hafnia, Kebsiella  and  Proteus  species. Except for the two strains of  S. dysenteriae  type 1 (stx1), the  S. sonnei  strain CB7888 (stx1) and the  Citrobacter rodentium  strain CB10835 (eae, nleE, nleA) (data not shown), all other Enterobacteriacae isolates were confirmed negative for the genes stx1 and/or stx2, eae, ehxA and for the nle genes (Table 4). In summary, these results show that the virulotyping array which combines the detection of the nle genes in association with the stx and eae genotypes is a suitable tool for a rapid identification of human virulent EHEC strains belonging to known and new emerging serotypes in samples which may contain other STEC, EPEC, other Enterobacteriaceae and human fecal  E. coli  flora. 
     A Molecular Risk Assessment Approach for Screening EHEC in Complex Matrices Based Upon a Multifaceted Analysis of eae Subtype and Serotype: 
     As explained above EHEC are an important existing and emerging group of foodborne pathogens representing a serious threat to food safety. No single genetic marker is known whose detection indicates the presence of EHEC in a complex poly-microbial sample (e.g. food or fecal samples) in a similar way to assays for other common microbial food contaminants such as  Salmonella  spp. Consequently, the rapid and simultaneous detection of several genetic markers in a multi-parametric assay is the most well-suited approach to the rapid screening of samples as a means to perform a molecular risk assessment which in turns allows more the resources needed to further study the suspect strain for instance by means of serotype specific enrichment culture. 
     The inventors have developed a first assay set out above based upon the detection of a minimum complement of genes, which is indicative that a STEC strain may also be an EHEC strain. 
     This assay can be further elaborated by also determining the subtype of the eae gene present in the sample. 
     The inventors have established that when the stx1/2, eae genes and at least one of the nle (ent/espL2, nleB, nleE, nleH1-2) genes is detected and when in a second step one of the specific eae subtypes, eae-γ, eae-β, eae-ε and eae-θ, are also detected; this can be used to predict the serotype of the EHEC strain (this of course can be further verified by detecting the presence of the gene underlying the serotype). 
     These correlations between eae subtype and serotype are as follows:
         EHEC O157:H7 and O145:H28 are suspected in particular when eae-γ, ent/espL2, nleB, nleE, and nleH1-2 are detected.   EHEC O103:H2 is suspected in particular when eae-ε, ent/espL2, nleB, nleE, and nleH1-2 are detected.   EHEC O26:H11 is suspected when eae-β, ent/espL2, nleB, nleE, and nleH1-2 are detected.   EHEC O111 is H11 is suspected when eae-θ, ent/espL2, nleB, nleE, and nleH1-2 are detected.       

     In a complex sample the unique presence of nle genes is not always indicative of the presence of an EHEC in this sample. It may result for example of the presence of EPEC or  Citrobacter rodentium  which have also the nle genes. In comparison the, the simultaneous detection of the genes stx (stx1, stx2), eae (in particular subtypes γ, β, ε and θ) together with at least one of the nle genes (ent/espL2, nleB, nleE, nleH1-2) is a much more clear signature of virulence and a strong signal of EHEC contamination. 
     The inventors have also developed a further two step process to determine the risk presented by any  E. coli  spp. present in a sample and in particular to determine whether the sample comprises an EHEC strain. 
     In a first step, the presence of the stx1/2 and eae genes is determined as well as at least one of the ent/espL2, NleB, NleE and NleH1-2. This first step can be performed using the oligonucleotides described in Table 1 below. 
     This first step allows a worker to determine if the sample comprises at least the essential genes for an EHEC strain. If one or more of these genes is not present the sample can be considered as presenting a low risk and hence does not need to be studied further. 
     If all these genes are present, the sample does present a risk and a second step is then performed in which at least the eae subtype (such as eae-γ, eae-β, eae-ε and eae-θ) and the presence of one or more serotype genes (such as serotypes O157, O103, O26, O111, O145) is also determined. 
     With this combined set of data, a worker can determine whether the sample potentially comprises an EHEC strain and hence needs to be removed from the supply chain (in the case of a food sample) and/or retained for further study. 
     Based on the invention, the following multi-parametric approach allows the reliable screening of EHEC in complex samples. 
     The correlations that the inventors have found are summarised below in Tables 2 and 5. 
     The inventors have also tested a number of other less frequently observed serotypes from emerging EHEC strains (in total 46 strains) and have found further correlations between eae subtype and nle gene complement with these other serotypes, see Tables 2 and 6. 
     In accordance with this aspect of the invention the inventors provide a two step process as follows: 
     a) contacting the sample or DNA isolated therefrom with a pair of primers derived from the following target genes:
         stx1;   stx2;   eae;   nleB or ent/espL2;   rfbE (0157);       

     and detecting the presence or the absence of an amplification product for each of the target genes; and if the amplification products are detected then: 
     b) contacting the sample or DNA isolated therefrom with one or more pairs of primers derived from the following target genes and/or eae subtype:
         eae γ;   eae β;   eae θ;   eae ε;   wbdl (O111);   wzx (026);   ihp1 (0145);   wzx (0103);       

     and detecting the presence or the absence of an amplification product for each of the target genes. 
     The data from this assay can be compared with the correlations between eae subtype and serotype, in a strain which also comprises the essential virulence genes (e.g. stx1/2, eae and nleB or ent/espL2) and an informed and reproducible decision can be made about the risk that the sample poses. 
     The Presence of EHEC- and EPEC-Associated Genetic Markers in Strains of  E. coli  and Association with nleB Alleles 
     A set of  E. coli  strains, all characterized as stx-negative and eae-positive were further analyzed for the presence of the genes espK and nleB and these were compared with a number of EHEC strains which were stx-positive and eae-positive. 
     The nleB gene was found to be diverse and different alleles exist. The inventors therefore selected two sets of primers and probes, identifying two different nleB alleles which were found unequally distributed in EPEC and EHEC strains (Table 7). 
     Remarkably, all EHEC strains tested positive for both nleB and nleB2 genotypes as well as for espK. Only very few EPEC strains, which differ clearly in their serogroups from typical EHEC strains, harbor the complete set of [nleB, nleB2 and espK] genetic markers. 
     The other EPEC strains which divided into several groups based upon their nleB genotype and the presence of the espK gene were never found positive for the complete set of [nleB, nleB2 and espK]. 
     Interestingly, some EPEC strains lack the nleB2 gene sequence or had an nleB2 sequence significantly different so that they were not detected with the PCR test specific for nleB2. Also, some EPEC strains gave a very weak signal with the nleB2 PCR test, indicating the presence in these strains of an nleB2 gene sequence variant. (In regards to the high Ct value generated with the PCR test described in the invention with some EPEC strains, such strains were reported as nleB2-negative in the Table 7). 
     In accordance with the present invention the Ct (cycle threshold) is defined as the number of cycles required for the fluorescent signal to cross the threshold (i.e. exceeds background level). Ct levels are inversely proportional to the amount of target nucleic acid in the sample (i.e. the lower the Ct level the greater the amount of target nucleic acid in the sample and/or conversely the high Ct value generated with the PCR test described in the invention with some EPEC strains either indicates a low amount of target DNA or an inefficient replicative phase in the PCR reaction). 
     As a consequence of the above, detection of the nleB2 gene sequence was mainly restricted to EHEC O157, O145, O103, O111, O26 and O121. Therefore the detection of this specific sequence in a strain or in a poly-microbial sample correlates with the presence of EHEC of the Top 5 and to a limited number of EPEC strains (see Table 7). 
     The detection of the nleB2 and espK gene sequences in the same  E. coli  strain or in the same sample reinforces the EHEC predictive value (see Table 7). The restriction of these two sequences in EHEC and in a very limited number of non EHEC strains is a great value as part of a molecular risk assessment for EHEC strains. 
     The genes stx1, stx2, eae, nleB and espK when detected by themselves are not sufficient to predict the presence of EHEC in a complex poly-microbial sample (e.g. food or fecal samples). In food samples (such as dairy products, beef) the detection of one of these genes taken individually is not enough to suspect that a sample is contaminated by an EHEC strain. This is because a number of foods, which are not contaminated by EHEC, carry one or more  E. coli  spp that do comprise at least one of these genes, they cannot therefore be used by themselves as a selective marker for the detection of an EHEC. However, when all these genes are detected or associated in the same sample they can be used as a signature of virulence as demonstrated by the data presented herein. 
     Also based upon the data presented in Table 7, to further enhance the molecular risk assessment methods the detection of the eae gene can be advantageously replaced or supplemented with the detection of the espK gene. In addition detection of the nleB gene could be advantageously detected based on the nleB2 sequence. Both these elaborations of the molecular risk assessment according to the present invention increase the level of information provided by the assessment and so allow a more robust assessment of the risk associated with a sample to be made. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 1 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Primers and probes preloaded in the GeneDisc. 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Target 
                   
                 Location 
                 GenBank 
                   
               
               
                 gene 
                 Forward primer, reverse primer and 
                 within 
                 accession 
                   
               
               
                 sequence 
                 probe sequences (5′-3′) 
                 sequence 
                 number 
                 Reference 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 stx1 a   
                 TTT GTY ACT GTS ACA GCW GAA GCY  
                 878-906 
                 M16625 
                 (Perelle  
               
               
                   
                 TTA CG   
                   
                   
                 et al.  
               
               
                   
                 CCC CAG TTC ARW GTR AGR TCM ACR  
                  983-1008 
                   
                 2004) 
               
               
                   
                 TC * 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 ROX- CTG GAT GAT CTC AGT GGG    
                 941-971 
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 CGT TCT TAT GTA A -BHQ 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
               
               
                 stx2 b   
                 TTT GTY ACT GTS ACA GCW GAA GCY  
                 785-813 
                 X07865 
                 (Perelle  
               
               
                   
                 TTAC G 
                   
                   
                 et al.  
               
               
                   
                 CCC CAG TTC ARW GTR AGR TCM ACR  
                 887-912 
                   
                 2004) 
               
               
                   
                 TC * 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 FAM- TCG TCA GGC ACT GTC TGA  
                 838-864 
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 AAC TGC TCC -BHQ 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
               
               
                 eae c   
                 CAT TGA TCA GGA TTT TTC TGG TGA  
                 899-924 
                 Z11541 
                 (Nielsen  
               
               
                   
                 TA 
                   
                   
                 and 
               
               
                   
                 CTC ATG CGG AAA TAG CCG TTA * 
                  979-1000 
                   
                 Andersen 
               
               
                   
                 ROX- AT AGT CTC GCC AGT ATT CGC   
                 936-966 
                   
                 2003) 
               
               
                   
                 CAC CAA TAC -BHQ * 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
               
               
                 ehxA d   
                 GTG TCA GTA GGG AAG CGA ACA 
                 41832-41852 
                 AF074613 
                 This  
               
               
                   
                 ATC ATG TTT TCC GCC AAT G * 
                 41939-41957 
                   
                 study 
               
               
                   
                 FAM- CGT GAT TTT GAA TTC AGA   
                 41868-41893 
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 ACC GGT GG -BHQ 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
               
               
                 ent/espL2 e   
                 TCC TGG ATT ATT TTC TGC ATT TCA 
                 3929758-3929781 
                 AE005174 
                 This  
               
               
                   
                 ACT ATT GCC AAG TAC GCC ACA A* 
                 3929833-3929812 
                   
                 study 
               
               
                   
                 FAM-AAT GGT CAT GCA GAC GCA ATA   
                 3929783-3929811 
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 AAG GCA TA-BHQ 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
               
               
                 nleB f   
                 CAT GTT GAA GGC TGG AAS TTT GT 
                 3931502-3931524 
                 AE005174 
                 This  
               
               
                   
                 CCG CTA CAG GGC GAT ATG TT* 
                 3931573-3931554 
                   
                 study 
               
               
                   
                 FAM-ACA GAG ACG GGA AAA ACT GGA  
                 3931527-3931552 
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 TGC CA-BHQ 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
               
               
                 nleE g   
                 AGA AGC GTT TGA ACC TAT TTC CA 
                 3932207-3932229 
                 AE005174 
                 This  
               
               
                   
                 TTG GGC GTT TTC CGG ATA T* 
                 3932289-3932271 
                   
                 study 
               
               
                   
                 FAM-AGC CAG TAC ACC GGA AGG AAG   
                 3932237-3932261 
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 CTG G-BHQ 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
               
               
                 nleF h   
                 TGA GGT GAG AAA TGA AAA TAC TGA  
                 2281256-2281231 
                 AE005174 
                 This  
               
               
                   
                 TG* 
                   
                   
                 study 
               
               
                   
                 CTA TCC CTG TCC TCT ATC GTC  
                 2281182-2281206 
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 ATTC 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 ROX-TGT CGG AGC GCT GAG GGC  
                 2281226-2281208 
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 G-BHQ* 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
               
               
                 nleH1-2 i   
                 ACA AGA GAA AGT CAT AGT GGT TG 
                 2282298-2282276 
                 AE005174 
                 This  
               
               
                   
                 AAT CTC YCC CTT AGG CCA TCC  
                 2282230-2282252 
                   
                 study 
               
               
                   
                 CA* 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 ROX-TTT ACT AAT CTG TTG CAC  
                 2282274-2282254 
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 AGG-BHQ 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
               
               
                 nleA j   
                 AGA TAA CYC TAA TAC TAA ATA  
                 2285138-2285162 
                 AE005174 
                 This  
               
               
                   
                 TGC C 
                   
                   
                 study 
               
               
                   
                 GCC CAA CCA TTG CRC CGA TAT  
                 2285274-2285250 
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 GAG G* 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 ROX-TTC TTA CCA ATG CTG CCG CAA  
                 2285164-2285190 
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 ATG CGC BHQ 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
               
               
                 rfbE (O157) 
                 TTTCACACRRARRGGATGGTCTCAA 
                 348-372 
                 AF163329 
                 This  
               
               
                   
                 CGATGAGTTTATCTGCAAGGTGAT 
                 412-435 
                   
                 Study 
               
               
                   
                 Probe- 
                 381-410 
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 AGGACCGCAGAGGAAAGAGAGGAATTAAGG 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
               
               
                 wbdl (O111) 
                 CGAGGCAACACATTATATAGTGCTTT 
                 3464-3489 
                 AF078736 
                 This  
               
               
                   
                 TTTTTGAATAGTTATGAACATCTTGTTTAGC 
                 3579-3609 
                   
                 Study 
               
               
                   
                 Probe- 
                 3519-3548 
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 TTGAATCTCCCAGATGATCAACATCGTGAA 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
               
               
                 wzw (O26) 
                 CGCGACGGCAGCGAAAATT 
                 5648-5666 
                 AF529080 
                 This  
               
               
                   
                 AGCAGGCTTTTATATTCTCCAACTTT 
                 5757-5782 
                   
                 Study 
               
               
                   
                 Probe- 
                 5692-5724 
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 CCCCGTTAAATCAATACTATTTCACGAGGTTGA 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Ihp1 (O145) 
                 CGATAATATTTACCCCACCAGTACAG 
                 1383-1408 
                 AF531429 
                 This  
               
               
                   
                 GCCGCCGCAATGCTT 
                 1500-1514 
                   
                 Study 
               
               
                   
                 Probe- 
                 1472-1498 
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 CCGCCATTCAGAATGCACACAATATCG 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
               
               
                 wzx (O103) 
                 CAAGGTGATTACGAAAATGCATGT 
                 4299-4323 
                 AY532664 
                 This  
               
               
                   
                 GAAAAAAGCACCCCCGTACTTAT 
                 4397-4375 
                   
                 Study 
               
               
                   
                 Probe-CATAGCCTGTTGTTTTAT 
                 4356-4373 
                   
                   
               
               
                   
               
               
                 wzx (O121) 
                 TGG TCT CTT AGA CTT AGG GC 
                 6849-6868 
                 AY208937 
                 This  
               
               
                   
                 TTA GCA ATT TTC TGT AGT CCA  
                 6924-6946 
                   
                 Study 
               
               
                   
                 GC 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Probe-TCC AAC AAT TGG TCG TGA   
                 6873-6899 
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 AAC AGC TCG 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
               
               
                 wzy (O118) 
                 ATA TTT GCA CGA TTT ACA GAT  
                 4396-4418 
                 DQ990684 
                 This  
               
               
                   
                 GT 
                   
                   
                 Study 
               
               
                   
                 AAA ATA TGA AGC AAA ATA ACA  
                 4500-4523 
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 GCC 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Probe-ATA TTA TTG ATA CCA GTA  
                 4435-4470 
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 ATA CTT AAA ATC TCT TCC 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
               
               
                 wzx (O45) 
                 TAC GTC TGG CTG CAG GG 
                 7445-7461 
                 AY771223 
                 This  
               
               
                   
                 ACT TGC AGC AAA AAA TCC CC 
                 7490-7509 
                   
                 Study 
               
               
                   
                 Probe- 
                 7465-7487 
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 TTC GTT GCG TTG TGC ATG GTG GC 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
               
               
                 wbgN (O55) 
                 TGT AAT TCG ATG CAC CAA TTC AG 
                 8851-8873 
                 AF461121 
                 This  
               
               
                   
                 CGC TTC GAC GTT CGA TAC ATA A 
                 8899-8920 
                   
                 Study 
               
               
                   
                 Probe- 
                 8876-8896 
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 TCC GTG CAT ATA CGC CGC GGA 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
               
               
                 eaeα 
                 GAT ACG AAT GGC TAT GCC AAA G 
                 2459-2482 
                 M58154 
                 (Nielsen  
               
               
                   
                 CAT CGC TAA CAC GGG CAC TA 
                 2775-2554 
                   
                 and 
               
               
                   
                 Probe- 
                 2541-2511 
                   
                 Andersen 
               
               
                   
                 A ACA TCG ACA ACT CCA GGA AAA  
                   
                   
                 2003) 
               
               
                   
                 TCA CTC GT 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
               
               
                 eaeβ 
                 GGT GAT AAT CAG AGT GCG ACA  
                 3167-3191 
                 U600002 
                 (Nielsen  
               
               
                   
                 TAC A 
                   
                   
                 and 
               
               
                   
                 GGC ATC AAA ATA CGT AAC TCG  
                 3259-3234 
                   
                 Andersen 
               
               
                   
                 AGT AT 
                   
                   
                 2003) 
               
               
                   
                 Probe- 
                 3227-3199 
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 CCA CAG CAA TTA CAA TAC TAC  
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 CCG GTG CA 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
               
               
                 eaeγ 
                 GAC TGT TAG TGC GAC AGT CAG 
                 2267-2291 
                 Z11541 
                 (Nielsen  
               
               
                   
                 TGA 
                   
                   
                 and 
               
               
                   
                 TTG TTG TCA ATT TTC AGT TCA  
                 2350-2325 
                   
                 Andersen 
               
               
                   
                 TCA AA 
                   
                   
                 2003) 
               
               
                   
                 Probe- 
                 2319-2294 
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 TGA CCT CAG TCG CTT TAA CCT   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 CAG CC 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
               
               
                 eaeδ 
                 CAT TAT CCG GTG AAG AAG TGA  
                  98-123 
                 Y13112 
                 (Nielsen  
               
               
                   
                 CTT T 
                   
                   
                 and 
               
               
                   
                 CAT AAC CAC TCT GAT CGG TCG  
                 181-158 
                   
                 Andersen 
               
               
                   
                 TTA 
                   
                   
                 2003) 
               
               
                   
                 Probe-  
                 157-128 
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 CTT TAG TTT TAT CCA ATG CCC  
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 CAA AAT CCG 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
               
               
                 eaeε 
                 ATA CCC AAA TTG TGA AAA CGG  
                 2528-2551 
                 AF116899 
                 (Nielsen  
               
               
                   
                 ATA 
                   
                   
                 and 
               
               
                   
                 CAC TAA CAA CAG CAT TAC CTG  
                 2611-2588 
                   
                 Andersen 
               
               
                   
                 CAA 
                   
                   
                 2003) 
               
               
                   
                 Probe- 
                 2585-2556 
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 CCA GAT GTC AGT TTT ACC GTA   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 GCC CTA CCA 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
               
               
                 eaeζ 
                 GAT GTC AAA GCA CCT GAA GTT  
                 2224-2247 
                 AF449417 
                 (Nielsen  
               
               
                   
                 GAA 
                   
                   
                 and 
               
               
                   
                 CCC TTT GAT TCC AGT TCC TAC  
                 2310-2288 
                   
                 Andersen 
               
               
                   
                 AA 
                   
                   
                 2003) 
               
               
                   
                 Probe- 
                 2249-2276 
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 TCT TCA CCC CAC TTG CTA TTG 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 ATG ACG G 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
               
               
                 eaeθ 
                 TGT TAA AGC ACC TGA GGT TAC  
                 5776-5802 
                 AF025311 
                 (Nielsen  
               
               
                   
                 ATT TT 
                   
                   
                 and 
               
               
                   
                 TCA CCA GTA ACG TTC TTA CCA  
                 5859-5835 
                   
                 Andersen 
               
               
                   
                 AGA A 
                   
                   
                 2003) 
               
               
                   
                 Probe-  
                 5832-5802 
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 TCA ACC TTG TTG TCA ATT TTC  
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 AGT CCA TCA 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
               
               
                 nleB-2 
                 TATYCTCTGGAACCTATTGATGAAAA 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 CCTTTTTCGTATCGCTCTGGCC 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 TTGCTTCAAACCACTGAAAAAGAATAGGG G 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
               
               
                 EspK 
                 ATTGTAACTGATGTTATTTCGTTTGG 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 GRCATCAAAAGCGAAATCACACC 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 CAGATACTCAATATCACAATCTTTGATATATAAACGACC 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 2 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Virulotyping of the eae and nle genes in EHEC strains 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Number 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Serotype 
                 tested 
                 ehxA 
                 eae 
                 ent/espL2 
                 nleB 
                 nleE 
                 nleF 
                 NleH1-2 
                 nleA 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Or[157]:H7, 
                 68 a,b,c   
                 ehxA 
                 gamma 
                 ent/espL2 
                 nleB 
                 nleE 
                 nleF 
                 nleH1-2 
                 nleA 
               
               
                 O157:[H7]* 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 O157:[H7] 
                  6 a,b,c   
                 ehxA 
                 gamma 
                 ent/espL2 
                 nleB 
                 nleE 
                 — 
                 nleH1-2 
                 nleA 
               
               
                 O157:[H7] 
                  2 a   
                 ehxA 
                 gamma 
                 ent/espL2 
                 nleB 
                 nleE 
                 — 
                 nleH1-2 
                 — 
               
               
                 O103:H2 
                 23 a,b,c   
                 ehxA 
                 epsilon 
                 ent/espL2 
                 nleB 
                 nleE 
                 — 
                 nleH1-2 
                 — 
               
               
                 O103:H2 
                  2 a,c   
                 — 
                 epsilon 
                 ent/espL2 
                 nleB 
                 nleE 
                 — 
                 nleH1-2 
                 — 
               
               
                 O103:[H2] 
                  1 
                 ehxA 
                 — 
                 ent/espL2 
                 nleB 
                 nleE 
                 — 
                 nleH1-2 
                 — 
               
               
                 O111:[H8] 
                 20 a,c   
                 ehxA 
                 theta 
                 ent/espL2 
                 nleB 
                 nleE 
                 nleF 
                 nleH1-2 
                 nleA 
               
               
                 O111:[H-] 
                  2 a   
                 ehxA 
                 theta 
                 ent/espL2 
                 nleB 
                 nleE 
                 nleF 
                 nleH1-2 
                 nleA 
               
               
                 O111:H8 
                  1 a   
                 — 
                 theta 
                 ent/espL2 
                 nleB 
                 nleE 
                 nleF 
                 nleH1-2 
                 nleA 
               
               
                 O111:H8 
                  1 a   
                 — 
                 theta 
                 ent/espL2 
                 nleB 
                 nleE 
                 — 
                 nleH1-2 
                 nleA 
               
               
                 O26:[H11] 
                 21 a,b,c   
                 ehxA 
                 beta 
                 ent/espL2 
                 nleB 
                 nleE 
                 nleF 
                 nleH1-2 
                 nleA 
               
               
                 O26:[H11] 
                  7 a   
                 — 
                 beta 
                 ent/espL2 
                 nleB 
                 nleE 
                 nleF 
                 nleH1-2 
                 nleA 
               
               
                 O26:[H11] 
                  4 a,c   
                 ehxA 
                 beta 
                 ent/espL2 
                 nleB 
                 nleE 
                 — 
                 nleH1-2 
                 nleA 
               
               
                 O26:[H11] 
                  1 a   
                 — 
                 beta 
                 ent/espL2 
                 nleB 
                 nleE 
                 — 
                 nleH1-2 
                 nleA 
               
               
                 O26:H11 
                  1 a   
                 ehxA 
                 beta 
                 ent/espL2 
                 nleB 
                 nleE 
                 — 
                 — 
                 nleA 
               
               
                 O145:[H28] 
                 17 a,c   
                 ehxA 
                 gamma 
                 ent/espL2 
                 nleB 
                 nleE 
                 — 
                 nleH1-2 
                 — 
               
               
                 O145:H28 
                  1 a   
                 ehxA 
                 gamma 
                 ent/espL2 
                 nleB 
                 nleE 
                 — 
                 nleH1-2 
                 nleA 
               
               
                 O5:H- 
                 12 a,b   
                 ehxA 
                 beta 
                 ent/espL2 
                 nleB 
                 nleE 
                 nleF 
                 nleH1-2 
                 nleA 
               
               
                 O55:H7 
                  2 a,b   
                 — 
                 gamma 
                 ent/espL2 
                 nleB 
                 nleE 
                 nleF 
                 nleH1-2 
                 nleA 
               
               
                 O45:H2 
                  1 a   
                 ehxA 
                 epsilon 
                 ent/espL2 
                 nleB 
                 nleE 
                 — 
                 nleH1-2 
                 — 
               
               
                 O118:H16 
                 19 a,c   
                 ehxA 
                 beta 
                 ent/espL2 
                 nleB 
                 nleE 
                 nleF 
                 nleH1-2 
                 nleA 
               
               
                 O118:H16 
                  2 a   
                 — 
                 beta 
                 ent/espL2 
                 nleB 
                 nleE 
                 nleF 
                 nleH1-2 
                 nleA 
               
               
                 O121:H19 
                  4 a   
                 ehxA 
                 epsilon 
                 ent/espL2 
                 nleB 
                 nleE 
                 nleF 
                 nleH1-2 
                 nleA 
               
               
                 O123:H11 
                  1 a   
                 ehxA 
                 beta 
                 ent/espL2 
                 nleB 
                 nleE 
                 nleF 
                 nleH1-2 
                 nleA 
               
               
                 O165:H25 
                  1 a   
                 ehxA 
                 epsilon 
                 ent/espL2 
                 nleB 
                 nleE 
                 nleF 
                 nleH1-2 
                 nleA 
               
               
                 O172:[H25] 
                  1 a   
                 ehxA 
                 epsilon 
                 ent/espL2 
                 nleB 
                 nleE 
                 nleF 
                 nleH1-2 
                 nleA 
               
               
                 O15:H2 
                  1 a   
                 — 
                 beta 
                 ent/espL2 
                 nleB 
                 nleE 
                 — 
                 nleH1-2 
                 — 
               
               
                 O103:H25 
                  1 a   
                 ehxA 
                 theta 
                 ent/espL2 
                 nleB 
                 nleE 
                 nleF 
                 nleH1-2 
                 nleA 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 *six of these were SF O157:NM, and 2 were O-rough:[H7] positive for the rfbE O157  gene. 
               
               
                 [ ]: genotyping of the flic or rfb genes. 
               
               
                   a Clinical isolates; 
               
               
                   b Food isolates; 
               
               
                   c Animal/environment isolates. 
               
            
           
         
       
     
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 3 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Virulotyping of the eae and nle genes in stx-negative strains 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Serotype 
                 Number tested 
                 ehxA 
                 eae 
                 ent/espL2 
                 nleB 
                 nleE 
                 nleF 
                 NleH1-2 
                 nleA 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 O103:H2 
                 1 
                 ehxA 
                 epsilon 
                 ent/espL2 
                 nleB 
                 nleE 
                 — 
                 nleH1-2 
                 — 
               
               
                 O103:H2 
                  1* 
                 — 
                 beta 
                 ent/espL2 
                 nleB 
                 nleE 
                 — 
                 nleH1-2 
                 — 
               
               
                 O111:H11 
                 2 
                 ehxA 
                 beta 
                 ent/espL2 
                 nleB 
                 nleE 
                 nleF 
                 nleH1-2 
                 nleA 
               
               
                 O111:[H2] 
                 2 
                 — 
                 beta 
                 ent/espL2 
                 nleB 
                 nleE 
                 — 
                 nleH1-2 
                 — 
               
               
                 O111:NM 
                 1 
                 — 
                 beta 
                 ent/espL2 
                 nleB 
                 nleE 
                 — 
                 nleH1-2 
                 — 
               
               
                 O111:H19 
                 2 
                 — 
                 eta 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
               
               
                 O111:[H25] 
                 1 
                 — 
                 theta 
                 ent/espL2 
                 nleB 
                 nleE 
                 nleF 
                 nleH1-2 
                 nleA 
               
               
                 O145:[H28] 
                 2 
                 ehxA 
                 gamma 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 nleH1-2 
                 — 
               
               
                 O145:H34 
                 1 
                 — 
                 theta 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
               
               
                 O145:H4 
                 1 
                 — 
                 iota 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
               
               
                 O145:Hr 
                 1 
                 — 
                 iota 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
               
               
                 O26:[H11] 
                 7 
                 — 
                 beta 
                 ent/espL2 
                 nleB 
                 nleE 
                 nleF 
                 nleH1-2 
                 nleA 
               
               
                 O26:H11 
                 2 
                 ehxA 
                 beta 
                 ent/espL2 
                 nleB 
                 nleE 
                 nleF 
                 nleH1-2 
                 nleA 
               
               
                 O26:[H11] 
                 1 
                 ehxA 
                 beta 
                 ent/espL2 
                 nleB 
                 nleE 
                 — 
                 nleH1-2 
                 nleA 
               
               
                 O26:[H11] 
                 1 
                 — 
                 beta 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 nleF 
                 nleH1-2 
                 nleA 
               
               
                 O26:[H11] 
                 1 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 nleF 
                 nleH1-2 
                 nleA 
               
               
                 O157:H7 
                  1** 
                 ehxA 
                 gamma 
                 ent/espL2 
                 nleB 
                 nleE 
                 nleF 
                 nleH1-2 
                 nleA 
               
               
                 O157:[H7] 
                 2 
                 ehxA 
                 gamma 
                 ent/espL2 
                 nleB 
                 nleE 
                 — 
                 nleH1-2 
                 nleA 
               
               
                 O157:[HNT] 
                 1 
                 — 
                 beta 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 nleH1-2 
                 nleA 
               
               
                 O157:H16 
                 5 
                 — 
                 epsilon 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 nleH1-2 
                 nleA 
               
               
                 O157:H2 
                 1 
                 — 
                 tau 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 nleH1-2 
                 nleA 
               
               
                 O157:H26 
                 2 
                 — 
                 beta 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 nleH1-2 
                 nleA 
               
               
                 O157:H27 
                 1 
                 ehxA 
                 Non-typable 
                 — 
                 — 
                 nleE 
                 — 
                 — 
                 nleA 
               
               
                 O157:H39 
                 1 
                 ehxA 
                 kappa 
                 — 
                 — 
                 nleE 
                 — 
                 — 
                 nleA 
               
               
                 O157:H45 
                 2 
                 — 
                 alpha 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 nleF 
                 nleH1-2 
                 nleA 
               
               
                 O157:H45 
                 1 
                 — 
                 alpha 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 nleF 
                 nleH1-2 
                 — 
               
               
                 O15:H2 
                 1 
                 — 
                 beta 
                 ent/espL2 
                 nleB 
                 nleE 
                 — 
                 nleH1-2 
                 — 
               
               
                 O55:H7 
                 4 
                 — 
                 gamma 
                 ent/espL2 
                 nleB 
                 nleE 
                 nleF 
                 nleH1-2 
                 nleA 
               
               
                 O121:[H-] 
                 1 
                 — 
                 epsilon 
                 ent/espL2 
                 nleB 
                 nleE 
                 nleF 
                 nleH1-2 
                 nleA 
               
               
                 O121:H19 
                 3 
                 ehxA 
                 epsilon 
                 ent/espL2 
                 nleB 
                 nleE 
                 nleF 
                 nleH1-2 
                 nleA 
               
               
                 O121:H19 
                 1 
                 ehxA 
                 — 
                 ent/espL2 
                 nleB 
                 nleE 
                 nleF 
                 nleH1-2 
                 nleA 
               
               
                 O55:H6 
                 1 
                 — 
                 iota 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 nleF 
                 nleH1-2 
                 — 
               
               
                 O128:H2 
                 1 
                 — 
                 beta 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 nleH1-2 
                 — 
               
               
                 O113:H6 
                 1 
                 — 
                 beta 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 nleH1-2 
                 — 
               
               
                 O127:H6 
                   1*** 
                 — 
                 alpha 
                 ent/espL2 
                 nleB 
                 nleE 
                 nleF 
                 nleH1-2 
                 nleA 
               
               
                 O156:H8 
                 1 
                 — 
                 gamma 
                 ent/espL2 
                 nleB 
                 nleE 
                 — 
                 nleH1-2 
                 — 
               
               
                 O84:H2 
                 1 
                 ehxA 
                 zeta 
                 ent/espL2 
                 nleB 
                 — 
                 nleF 
                 nleH1-2 
                 nleA 
               
               
                 O86:H40 
                 1 
                 — 
                 theta 
                 ent/espL2 
                 nleB 
                 nleE 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
               
               
                 O125:H6 
                 1 
                 — 
                 alpha 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
               
               
                 O126:H6 
                 1 
                 — 
                 alpha 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
               
               
                 O51 
                 1 
                 — 
                 alpha 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
               
               
                 O76:H51 
                 1 
                 — 
                 gamma 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 *Reference RDEC strain E22. 
               
               
                 **Reference strain ATCC43888. 
               
               
                 ***Reference EPEC strain E2348/69. 
               
            
           
         
       
     
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 4 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Strains tested negative for the eae and nle genes. 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Serotype 
                 Number tested 
                   E. coli /others 
                 ehxA 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 O91:H21 
                 11 
                 Atypical EHEC 
                 ehxA 
               
               
                 O91:H21 
                 4 
                 Atypical EHEC 
                 — 
               
               
                 O113:H21 
                 8 
                 Atypical EHEC 
                 ehxA 
               
               
                 O113:H21 
                 3 
                 Atypical EHEC 
                 — 
               
               
                 O100:NM 
                 5 
                 STEC 
                 — 
               
               
                 O105:H18 
                 2 
                 STEC 
                 ehxA 
               
               
                 O109:H- 
                 1 
                 STEC 
                 ehxA 
               
               
                 O110 
                 2 
                 STEC 
                 — 
               
               
                 O111:H10 
                 1 
                 STEC 
                 — 
               
               
                 O113:H4 
                 10 
                 STEC 
                 ehxA 
               
               
                 O113:H4 
                 2 
                 STEC 
                 — 
               
               
                 O115:H18 
                 1 
                 STEC 
                 ehxA 
               
               
                 O116:H28 
                 1 
                 STEC 
                 ehxA 
               
               
                 O117 
                 2 
                 STEC 
                 — 
               
               
                 O118:H12 
                 3 
                 STEC 
                 — 
               
               
                 O125 
                 1 
                 STEC 
                 ehxA 
               
               
                 O126:H8 
                 1 
                 STEC 
                 — 
               
               
                 O128:H2 
                 1 
                 STEC 
                 ehxA 
               
               
                 O136 
                 3 
                 STEC 
                 — 
               
               
                 O138 
                 1 
                 STEC 
                 — 
               
               
                 O139:H1 
                 1 
                 STEC 
                 — 
               
               
                 O139:ND 
                 1 
                 STEC 
                 — 
               
               
                 O141:[H4] 
                 1 
                 STEC 
                 — 
               
               
                 O141:H2 
                 1 
                 STEC 
                 — 
               
               
                 O141ac 
                 1 
                 STEC 
                 — 
               
               
                 O145 
                 1 
                 STEC 
                 — 
               
               
                 O146:H28 
                 1 
                 STEC 
                 ehxA 
               
               
                 O146:H28 
                 4 
                 STEC 
                 — 
               
               
                 O146:H8 
                 1 
                 STEC 
                 — 
               
               
                 O147 
                 1 
                 STEC 
                 — 
               
               
                 O149:[H19] 
                 1 
                 STEC 
                 ehxA 
               
               
                 O15:H16 
                 1 
                 STEC 
                 — 
               
               
                 O168:H8 
                 1 
                 STEC 
                 — 
               
               
                 O171:H2 
                 1 
                 STEC 
                 — 
               
               
                 O174:H- 
                 1 
                 STEC 
                 — 
               
               
                 O174:H2 
                 5 
                 STEC 
                 ehxA 
               
               
                 O174:H21 
                 9 
                 STEC 
                 — 
               
               
                 O174:H8 
                 1 
                 STEC 
                 — 
               
               
                 O174:H8 
                 1 
                 STEC 
                 ehxA 
               
               
                 O178:H19 
                 2 
                 STEC 
                 ehxA 
               
               
                 O2:H27 
                 1 
                 STEC 
                 ehxA 
               
               
                 O21:NM 
                 2 
                 STEC 
                 ehxA 
               
               
                 O21:H21 
                 4 
                 STEC 
                 ehxA 
               
               
                 O22:H16 
                 2 
                 STEC 
                 — 
               
               
                 O22:H16 
                 2 
                 STEC 
                 ehxA 
               
               
                 O22:H8 
                 2 
                 STEC 
                 — 
               
               
                 O22:H8 
                 2 
                 STEC 
                 ehxA 
               
               
                 O22:Hr 
                 1 
                 STEC 
                 ehxA 
               
               
                 O23:H15 
                 1 
                 STEC 
                 ehxA 
               
               
                 O3 
                 2 
                 STEC 
                 ehxA 
               
               
                 O30:H12 
                 1 
                 STEC 
                 — 
               
               
                 O39:H48 
                 1 
                 STEC 
                 ehxA 
               
               
                 O40:H21 
                 1 
                 STEC 
                 ehxA 
               
               
                 O41:H7 
                 1 
                 STEC 
                 — 
               
               
                 O46:H38 
                 2 
                 STEC 
                 ehxA 
               
               
                 O48 
                 2 
                 STEC 
                 ehxA 
               
               
                 O5 
                 1 
                 STEC 
                 ehxA 
               
               
                 O53 
                 2 
                 STEC 
                 — 
               
               
                 O55:H19 
                 1 
                 STEC 
                 — 
               
               
                 O6 
                 8 
                 STEC 
                 — 
               
               
                 O6:H10 
                 1 
                 STEC 
                 ehxA 
               
               
                 O6:H4 
                 1 
                 STEC 
                 — 
               
               
                 O60 
                 1 
                 STEC 
                 — 
               
               
                 O74:H42 
                 1 
                 STEC 
                 ehxA 
               
               
                 O75:H8 
                 1 
                 STEC 
                 ehxA 
               
               
                 O76 
                 1 
                 STEC 
                 ehxA 
               
               
                 O76:H19 
                 1 
                 STEC 
                 ehxA 
               
               
                 O76:H19 
                 1 
                 STEC 
                 — 
               
               
                 O77 
                 2 
                 STEC 
                 ehxA 
               
               
                 O79 
                 1 
                 STEC 
                 ehxA 
               
               
                 O79:H48 
                 1 
                 STEC 
                 ehxA 
               
               
                 O8:H8 
                 2 
                 STEC 
                 — 
               
               
                 O8:H19 
                 4 
                 STEC 
                 — 
               
               
                 O8:H19 
                 1 
                 STEC 
                 ehxA 
               
               
                 O88:H25 
                 1 
                 STEC 
                 — 
               
               
                 O88 
                 1 
                 STEC 
                 ehxA 
               
               
                 O91 
                 1 
                 STEC 
                 ehxA 
               
               
                 O91 
                 5 
                 STEC 
                 — 
               
               
                 O91:H9 
                 1 
                 STEC 
                 ehxA 
               
               
                 O91:H10 
                 3 
                 STEC 
                 — 
               
               
                 O96:H19 
                 1 
                 STEC 
                 ehxA 
               
               
                 Or:H12 
                 1 
                 STEC 
                 — 
               
               
                 Or 
                 2 
                 STEC 
                 — 
               
               
                 Ox7:H16 
                 1 
                 STEC 
                 — 
               
               
                 Or:H16 
                 1 
                 STEC 
                 ehxA 
               
               
                 Or:H4 
                 1 
                 STEC 
                 — 
               
               
                 O26:H32 
                 1 
                 ETEC 
                 — 
               
               
                 O1:K1:NM 
                 1 
                 FEC 
                 — 
               
               
                 O11:NM 
                 1 
                 FEC 
                 — 
               
               
                 O121:H10 
                 2 
                 FEC 
                 — 
               
               
                 O125:H30 
                 1 
                 FEC 
                 — 
               
               
                 O127 
                 1 
                 FEC 
                 — 
               
               
                 O15:H1 
                 1 
                 FEC 
                 — 
               
               
                 O16:K1:NM 
                 1 
                 FEC 
                 — 
               
               
                 O17:H18 
                 1 
                 FEC 
                 — 
               
               
                 O18:K1:H7 
                 1 
                 FEC 
                 — 
               
               
                 O2:H1 
                 1 
                 FEC 
                 — 
               
               
                 O2:H6 
                 1 
                 FEC 
                 — 
               
               
                 O2:K1:H7 
                 1 
                 FEC 
                 — 
               
               
                 O2:NM 
                 1 
                 FEC 
                 — 
               
               
                 O21:H21 
                 1 
                 FEC 
                 — 
               
               
                 O25:K5 
                 1 
                 FEC 
                 — 
               
               
                 O4:H5 
                 4 
                 FEC 
                 — 
               
               
                 O45:K1:H1 
                 1 
                 FEC 
                 — 
               
               
                 O46:K1:H31 
                 1 
                 FEC 
                 — 
               
               
                 O6:K+:NM 
                 1 
                 FEC 
                 — 
               
               
                 O7:K1:NM 
                 1 
                 FEC 
                 — 
               
               
                 O75:K5:NM 
                 1 
                 FEC 
                 — 
               
               
                 O78:NM 
                 1 
                 FEC 
                 — 
               
               
                 O83:K1:H33 
                 1 
                 FEC 
                 — 
               
               
                 O86 
                 1 
                 FEC 
                 — 
               
               
                 Or:NM 
                 1 
                 FEC 
                 — 
               
               
                 O103:H8 
                 1 
                 EC 
                 — 
               
               
                 O111:H8 
                 1 
                 EC 
                 — 
               
               
                 O111:H10 
                 1 
                 EC 
                 — 
               
               
                 O111:H12 
                 1 
                 EC 
                 — 
               
               
                 O111:H21 
                 1 
                 EC 
                 — 
               
               
                 O113:NM 
                 1 
                 EC 
                 — 
               
               
                 O121:[H45] 
                 1 
                 EC 
                 — 
               
               
                 O132:H18 
                 1 
                 EC 
                 — 
               
               
                 O142 
                 2 
                 EC 
                 — 
               
               
                 O145 
                 2 
                 EC 
                 — 
               
               
                 O145:H2 
                 1 
                 EC 
                 — 
               
               
                 O153:H12 
                 1 
                 EC 
                 — 
               
               
                 O157, O157:[H7 neg] 
                 12 
                 EC 
                 — 
               
               
                 O157:H10 
                 1 
                 EC 
                 — 
               
               
                 O157:H12 
                 1 
                 EC 
                 — 
               
               
                 O157:H15 
                 1 
                 EC 
                 — 
               
               
                 O157:H16 
                 1 
                 EC 
                 — 
               
               
                 O157:H19 
                 1 
                 EC 
                 — 
               
               
                 O157:H25 
                 1 
                 EC 
                 — 
               
               
                 O157:H42 
                 1 
                 EC 
                 — 
               
               
                 O157:H43 
                 1 
                 EC 
                 — 
               
               
                 O2:H1 
                 1 
                 EC 
                 — 
               
               
                 O26:H21 
                 1 
                 EC 
                 — 
               
               
                 O55:H19 
                 1 
                 EC 
                 — 
               
               
                 O6:H4 
                 1 
                 EC 
                 — 
               
               
                 O62:H30 
                 2 
                 EC 
                 — 
               
               
                 O NT :H7 
                 1 
                 EC 
                 — 
               
               
                 O NT   
                 1 
                 EC 
                 — 
               
               
                 N/A 
                 7 
                   Salmonella  sp. 
                 — 
               
               
                 N/A 
                 1 
                 
                   Yersinia 
                 
                 — 
               
               
                 N/A 
                 3 
                 
                   Klebsiella 
                 
                 — 
               
               
                 N/A 
                 4 
                 
                   Proteus 
                 
                 — 
               
               
                 N/A 
                 1 
                 
                   Citrobacter 
                 
                 — 
               
               
                 N/A 
                 3 
                 
                   Hafnia 
                 
                 — 
               
               
                 N/A 
                 2 
                 
                   Shigella 
                 
                 — 
               
               
                 N/A 
                 1 
                 
                   C. sakasaki 
                 
                 — 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 5 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Percentage of EHEC Strains with specified nle gene complement and eae 
               
               
                 subtype for common EHEC serotypes. 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Serotype 
                 % of 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 (N o  strains 
                 strains 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 tested) 
                 tested 
                 eae 
                 ent/esp2 
                 nleB 
                 nleE 
                 nleF 
                 nleH1-2 
                 nleA 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 O157:H7 
                 89% 
                 γ 
                 ent/esp2 
                 nleB 
                 nleE 
                 nleF 
                 nleH1-2 
                 nleA 
               
               
                 (76) 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 8% 
                 γ 
                 ent/esp2 
                 nleB 
                 nleE 
                   
                 nleH1-2 
                 nleA 
               
               
                   
                 3% 
                 γ 
                 ent/esp2 
                 nleB 
                 nleE 
                   
                 nleH1-2 
                   
               
               
                 O103:H2 
                 92% 
                 ε 
                 ent/esp2 
                 nleB 
                 nleE 
                   
                 nleH1-2 
                   
               
               
                 (25) 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 8% 
                 ε 
                 ent/esp2 
                 nleB 
                 nleE 
                   
                 nleH1-2 
                   
               
               
                 O111:H8/H- 
                 92% 
                 θ 
                 ent/esp2 
                 nleB 
                 nleE 
                 nleF 
                 nleH1-2 
                 nleA 
               
               
                 (24) 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 4% 
                 θ 
                 ent/esp2 
                 nleB 
                 nleE 
                 nleF 
                 nleH1-2 
                 nleA 
               
               
                   
                 4% 
                 θ 
                 ent/esp2 
                 nleB 
                 nleE 
                   
                 nleH1-2 
                 nleA 
               
               
                 O26:H11 
                 62% 
                 β 
                 ent/esp2 
                 nleB 
                 nleE 
                 nleF 
                 nleH1-2 
                 nleA 
               
               
                 (34) 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 20% 
                 β 
                 ent/esp2 
                 nleB 
                 nleE 
                 nleF 
                 nleH1-2 
                 nleA 
               
               
                   
                 12% 
                 β 
                 ent/esp2 
                 nleB 
                 nleE 
                   
                 nleH1-2 
                 nleA 
               
               
                   
                 3% 
                 β 
                 ent/esp2 
                 nleB 
                 nleE 
                   
                 nleH1-2 
                   
               
               
                   
                 3% 
                 β 
                 ent/esp2 
                 nleB 
                 nleE 
                   
                   
                 nleA 
               
               
                 O145:H28 
                 94% 
                 γ 
                 ent/esp2 
                 nleB 
                 nleE 
                   
                 nleH1-2 
                   
               
               
                 (18) 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 6% 
                 γ 
                 ent/esp2 
                 nleB 
                 nleE 
                   
                 nleH1-2 
                 nleA 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 6 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 nle gene complement and eae subtype for 
               
               
                 uncommon EHEC serotypes. 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Serotype 
                 eae 
                 ent/esp2 
                 nleB 
                 nleE 
                 nleF 
                 nleH1-2 
                 nleA 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 O5:H- 
                 β 
                 ent/esp2 
                 nleB 
                 nleE 
                 nleF 
                 nleH1-2 
                 nleA 
               
               
                 O55:H7 
                 γ 
                 ent/esp2 
                 nleB 
                 nleE 
                   
                 nleH1-2 
                 nleA 
               
               
                 O45:H2 
                 ε 
                 ent/esp2 
                 nleB 
                 nleE 
                   
                 nleH1-2 
                   
               
               
                 O118:H16 
                 β 
                 ent/esp2 
                 nleB 
                 nleE 
                 nleF 
                 nleH1-2 
                 nleA 
               
               
                 O118:H16 
                 β 
                 ent/esp2 
                 nleB 
                 nleE 
                 nleF 
                 nleH1-2 
                 nleA 
               
               
                 O121:H19 
                 ε 
                 ent/esp2 
                 nleB 
                 nleE 
                 nleF 
                 nleH1-2 
                 nleA 
               
               
                 O123:H11 
                 β 
                 ent/esp2 
                 nleB 
                 nleE 
                 nleF 
                 nleH1-2 
                 nleA 
               
               
                 O165:H25 
                 ε 
                 ent/esp2 
                 nleB 
                 nleE 
                 nleF 
                 nleH1-2 
                 nleA 
               
               
                 O172:H25 
                 ε 
                 ent/esp2 
                 nleB 
                 nleE 
                 nleF 
                 nleH1-2 
                 nleA 
               
               
                 O15:H2 
                 β 
                 ent/esp2 
                 nleB 
                 nleE 
                   
                 nleH1-2 
                   
               
               
                 O103:H25 
                 θ 
                 ent/esp2 
                 nleB 
                 nleE 
                 nleF 
                 nleH1-2 
                 nleA 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 7 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Presence of EHEC- and EPEC-associated genetic markers in 
               
               
                   E. coli  strains and association with nleB alleles 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 stx 
                 eae 
                 espk 
                 nleB 
                 nleB2* 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Typical 
                 O103:H2/H- (n = 14) 
                 + 
                 + 
                 + 
                 + 
                 + 
               
               
                 EHEC 
                 O145:H28/H- (n = 12) 
                 + 
                 + 
                 + 
                 + 
                 + 
               
               
                   
                 O111:H8/H- (n = 14) 
                 + 
                 + 
                 + 
                 + 
                 + 
               
               
                   
                 O157:H7/H- (n = 50) 
                 + 
                 + 
                 + 
                 + 
                 + 
               
               
                   
                 O26:H11/H- (n = 30) 
                 + 
                 + 
                 + 
                 + 
                 + 
               
               
                   
                 O121:H19/H- (n = 6) 
                 + 
                 + 
                 + 
                 + 
                 + 
               
               
                 EPEC 
                 O100:H- (n = 1) 
                 − 
                 + 
                 + 
                 + 
                 + 
               
               
                   
                 O111:H11 (n = 2) 
                 − 
                 + 
                 + 
                 + 
                 + 
               
               
                   
                 O117:H25 (n = 1) 
                 − 
                 + 
                 + 
                 + 
                 + 
               
               
                   
                 O119:H8 (n = 2) 
                 − 
                 + 
                 + 
                 + 
                 + 
               
               
                   
                 O119:H25/H- (n = 2) 
                 − 
                 + 
                 + 
                 + 
                 + 
               
               
                   
                 O22?:H7 (n = 1) 
                 − 
                 + 
                 + 
                 + 
                 + 
               
               
                   
                 O76:H41 (n = 1) 
                 − 
                 + 
                 + 
                 + 
                 + 
               
               
                   
                 O76:H7 (n = 4) 
                 − 
                 + 
                 + 
                 + 
                 + 
               
               
                   
                 O80:H- (n = 3) 
                 − 
                 + 
                 + 
                 + 
                 + 
               
               
                   
                 O84:H- (n = 1) 
                 − 
                 + 
                 + 
                 + 
                 + 
               
               
                   
                 Ont:H2 (n = 2) 
                 − 
                 + 
                 + 
                 + 
                 + 
               
               
                 Typical 
                 O103:H2 (n = 1) 
                 − 
                 + 
                 + 
                 + 
                 − 
               
               
                 EPEC 
                 O114:H2 (n = 10) 
                 − 
                 + 
                 + 
                 + 
                 − 
               
               
                   
                 O119:H2 (n = 1) 
                 − 
                 + 
                 + 
                 + 
                 − 
               
               
                   
                 O128:H- (n = 1) 
                 − 
                 + 
                 + 
                 + 
                 − 
               
               
                   
                 Ont:H2 (n = 1) 
                 − 
                 + 
                 + 
                 + 
                 − 
               
               
                 EPEC 
                 O111:H19 (n = 3) 
                 − 
                 + 
                 + 
                 − 
                 − 
               
               
                   
                 O111:H9 (n = 3) 
                 − 
                 + 
                 + 
                 − 
                 − 
               
               
                   
                 O115:H38 (n = 1) 
                 − 
                 + 
                 + 
                 − 
                 − 
               
               
                   
                 O119:H9 (n = 1) 
                 − 
                 + 
                 + 
                 − 
                 − 
               
               
                   
                 O145:H1 (n = 1) 
                 − 
                 + 
                 + 
                 − 
                 − 
               
               
                   
                 O145:H19 (n = 1) 
                 − 
                 + 
                 + 
                 − 
                 − 
               
               
                   
                 O145:H28 (n = 2) 
                 − 
                 + 
                 + 
                 − 
                 − 
               
               
                   
                 O157:H26 (n = 1) 
                 − 
                 + 
                 + 
                 − 
                 − 
               
               
                   
                 O28:H28 (n = 3) 
                 − 
                 + 
                 + 
                 − 
                 − 
               
               
                   
                 O49:H35/H10 (n = 1) 
                 − 
                 + 
                 + 
                 − 
                 − 
               
               
                   
                 Ont:H26 (n = 1) 
                 − 
                 + 
                 + 
                 − 
                 − 
               
               
                   
                 Ont:NM (n = 1) 
                 − 
                 + 
                 + 
                 − 
                 − 
               
               
                 EPEC 
                 O100:H25 (n = 1) 
                 − 
                 + 
                 − 
                 + 
                 + 
               
               
                   
                 O109?:H25 (n = 1) 
                 − 
                 + 
                 − 
                 + 
                 + 
               
               
                   
                 O111:H25 (n = 1) 
                 − 
                 + 
                 − 
                 + 
                 + 
               
               
                   
                 O117:H40b (n = 3) 
                 − 
                 + 
                 − 
                 + 
                 + 
               
               
                   
                 O118:H8a (n = 3) 
                 − 
                 + 
                 − 
                 + 
                 + 
               
               
                   
                 O119:H25 (n = 1) 
                 − 
                 + 
                 − 
                 + 
                 + 
               
               
                   
                 O127 (n = 4) 
                 − 
                 + 
                 − 
                 + 
                 + 
               
               
                   
                 O127:H40 (n = 3) 
                 − 
                 + 
                 − 
                 + 
                 + 
               
               
                   
                 O127:H8 (n = 1) 
                 − 
                 + 
                 − 
                 + 
                 + 
               
               
                   
                 O128:H2 (n = 1) 
                 − 
                 + 
                 − 
                 + 
                 + 
               
               
                   
                 O128:H8 (n = 1) 
                 − 
                 + 
                 − 
                 + 
                 + 
               
               
                   
                 O15:H11 (n = 1) 
                 − 
                 + 
                 − 
                 + 
                 + 
               
               
                   
                 O15:H2 (n = 2) 
                 − 
                 + 
                 − 
                 + 
                 + 
               
               
                   
                 O153:H14 (n = 1) 
                 − 
                 + 
                 − 
                 + 
                 + 
               
               
                   
                 O156:H8 (n = 1) 
                 − 
                 + 
                 − 
                 + 
                 + 
               
               
                   
                 O2:H40b (n = 1) 
                 − 
                 + 
                 − 
                 + 
                 + 
               
               
                   
                 O2:H8 (n = 1) 
                 − 
                 + 
                 − 
                 + 
                 + 
               
               
                   
                 O2:H- (n = 2) 
                 − 
                 + 
                 − 
                 + 
                 + 
               
               
                   
                 O21:H25 (n = 1) 
                 − 
                 + 
                 − 
                 + 
                 + 
               
               
                   
                 O26:H11/H- (n = 5) 
                 − 
                 + 
                 − 
                 + 
                 + 
               
               
                   
                 O3:H40b (n = 1) 
                 − 
                 + 
                 − 
                 + 
                 + 
               
               
                   
                 O3:H5 (n = 1) 
                 − 
                 + 
                 − 
                 + 
                 + 
               
               
                   
                 O3:H8a (n = 3) 
                 − 
                 + 
                 − 
                 + 
                 + 
               
               
                   
                 O45:H7 (n = 1) 
                 − 
                 + 
                 − 
                 + 
                 + 
               
               
                   
                 O55 (n = 2) 
                 − 
                 + 
                 − 
                 + 
                 + 
               
               
                   
                 O55:H7 (n = 15) 
                 − 
                 + 
                 − 
                 + 
                 + 
               
               
                   
                 O66:H8a (n = 1) 
                 − 
                 + 
                 − 
                 + 
                 + 
               
               
                   
                 O70:H11 (n = 5) 
                 − 
                 + 
                 − 
                 + 
                 + 
               
               
                   
                 O71:H40b (n = 1) 
                 − 
                 + 
                 − 
                 + 
                 + 
               
               
                   
                 O76:H7 (n = 1) 
                 − 
                 + 
                 − 
                 + 
                 + 
               
               
                   
                 O86:H11 (n = 2) 
                 − 
                 + 
                 − 
                 + 
                 + 
               
               
                   
                 ONT:H21 (n = 4) 
                 − 
                 + 
                 − 
                 + 
                 + 
               
               
                   
                 Orough/H40b (n = 2) 
                 − 
                 + 
                 − 
                 + 
                 + 
               
               
                   
                 Orough:H8a (n = 1) 
                 − 
                 + 
                 − 
                 + 
                 + 
               
               
                   
                 OX177:H11 (n = 2) 
                 − 
                 + 
                 − 
                 + 
                 + 
               
               
                 Typical 
                 O111:H2 (n = 17) 
                 − 
                 + 
                 − 
                 + 
                 − 
               
               
                 EPEC 
                 O111:H25 (n = 1) 
                 − 
                 + 
                 − 
                 + 
                 − 
               
               
                   
                 O119:H2 (n = 2) 
                 − 
                 + 
                 − 
                 + 
                 − 
               
               
                   
                 O126:H27 (n = 1) 
                 − 
                 + 
                 − 
                 + 
                 − 
               
               
                   
                 O127:H6 (n = 1) 
                 − 
                 + 
                 − 
                 + 
                 − 
               
               
                   
                 O128:H2 (n = 1) 
                 − 
                 + 
                 − 
                 + 
                 − 
               
               
                   
                 O55:H6 (n = 5) 
                 − 
                 + 
                 − 
                 + 
                 − 
               
               
                   
                 O119s:H2 (n = 1) 
                 − 
                 + 
                 − 
                 + 
                 − 
               
               
                   
                 O142:H6 (n = 3) 
                 − 
                 + 
                 − 
                 + 
                 − 
               
               
                   
                 Orough:H7 
                 − 
                 + 
                 − 
                 + 
                 − 
               
               
                 EPEC 
                 O102:H19 (n = 1) 
                 − 
                 + 
                 − 
                 − 
                 − 
               
               
                   
                 O103:H2 (n = 1) 
                 − 
                 + 
                 − 
                 − 
                 − 
               
               
                   
                 O108:H9 (n = 6) 
                 − 
                 + 
                 − 
                 − 
                 − 
               
               
                   
                 O111:H2 (n = 1) 
                 − 
                 + 
                 − 
                 − 
                 − 
               
               
                   
                 O113:H6 (n = 1) 
                 − 
                 + 
                 − 
                 − 
                 − 
               
               
                   
                 O114:H49 (n = 5) 
                 − 
                 + 
                 − 
                 − 
                 − 
               
               
                   
                 O115:H38 (n = 2) 
                 − 
                 + 
                 − 
                 − 
                 − 
               
               
                   
                 O118:H5 (n = 1) 
                 − 
                 + 
                 − 
                 − 
                 − 
               
               
                   
                 O119:H6 (n = 4) 
                 − 
                 + 
                 − 
                 − 
                 − 
               
               
                   
                 O119:NT (n = 1) 
                 − 
                 + 
                 − 
                 − 
                 − 
               
               
                   
                 O123/O4:H45 (n = 2) 
                 − 
                 + 
                 − 
                 − 
                 − 
               
               
                   
                 O123:H25 (n = 1) 
                 − 
                 + 
                 − 
                 − 
                 − 
               
               
                   
                 O125ac:H6 (n = 6) 
                 − 
                 + 
                 − 
                 − 
                 − 
               
               
                   
                 O126:H27 (n = 1) 
                 − 
                 + 
                 − 
                 − 
                 − 
               
               
                   
                 O127:H19 (n = 1) 
                 − 
                 + 
                 − 
                 − 
                 − 
               
               
                   
                 O127:H21 (n = 1) 
                 − 
                 + 
                 − 
                 − 
                 − 
               
               
                   
                 O128:H2 (n = 10) 
                 − 
                 + 
                 − 
                 − 
                 − 
               
               
                   
                 O142:H34 (n = 1) 
                 − 
                 + 
                 − 
                 − 
                 − 
               
               
                   
                 O145:H34 (n = 5) 
                 − 
                 + 
                 − 
                 − 
                 − 
               
               
                   
                 O150:H8 (n = 1) 
                 − 
                 + 
                 − 
                 − 
                 − 
               
               
                   
                 O157 (n = 2) 
                 − 
                 + 
                 − 
                 − 
                 − 
               
               
                   
                 O157:H16 (n = 4) 
                 − 
                 + 
                 − 
                 − 
                 − 
               
               
                   
                 O157:H45 (n = 1) 
                 − 
                 + 
                 − 
                 − 
                 − 
               
               
                   
                 O168:H-/? (n = 1) 
                 − 
                 + 
                 − 
                 − 
                 − 
               
               
                   
                 O177:H26 (n = 1) 
                 − 
                 + 
                 − 
                 − 
                 − 
               
               
                   
                 O26:H11 (n = 1) 
                 − 
                 + 
                 − 
                 − 
                 − 
               
               
                   
                 O28:H28 
                 − 
                 + 
                 − 
                 − 
                 − 
               
               
                   
                 O4:H16 (n = 1) 
                 − 
                 + 
                 − 
                 − 
                 − 
               
               
                   
                 O45:H9 (n = 1) 
                 − 
                 + 
                 − 
                 − 
                 − 
               
               
                   
                 O49:H10/H- (n = 2) 
                 − 
                 + 
                 − 
                 − 
                 − 
               
               
                   
                 O5:H- (n = 1) 
                 − 
                 + 
                 − 
                 − 
                 − 
               
               
                   
                 O5:H11 (n = 1) 
                 − 
                 + 
                 − 
                 − 
                 − 
               
               
                   
                 O51:H49 (n = 3) 
                 − 
                 + 
                 − 
                 − 
                 − 
               
               
                   
                 O55 (n = 1) 
                 − 
                 + 
                 − 
                 − 
                 − 
               
               
                   
                 O55:H37 (n = 1) 
                 − 
                 + 
                 − 
                 − 
                 − 
               
               
                   
                 O55:H7 (n = 1) 
                 − 
                 + 
                 − 
                 − 
                 − 
               
               
                   
                 O62:H9 (n = 1) 
                 − 
                 + 
                 − 
                 − 
                 − 
               
               
                   
                 O63:H-H6 (n = 2) 
                 − 
                 + 
                 − 
                 − 
                 − 
               
               
                   
                 O65:H-H25 (n = 1) 
                 − 
                 + 
                 − 
                 − 
                 − 
               
               
                   
                 O69:H2 (n = 1) 
                 − 
                 + 
                 − 
                 − 
                 − 
               
               
                   
                 O69:H16 (n = 2) 
                 − 
                 + 
                 − 
                 − 
                 − 
               
               
                   
                 O70/O86:H2 (n = 1) 
                 − 
                 + 
                 − 
                 − 
                 − 
               
               
                   
                 O86 (n = 2) 
                 − 
                 + 
                 − 
                 − 
                 − 
               
               
                   
                 O86:H34 (n = 2) 
                 − 
                 + 
                 − 
                 − 
                 − 
               
               
                   
                 O86:H8 (n = 4) 
                 − 
                 + 
                 − 
                 − 
                 − 
               
               
                   
                 O86:NT (n = 1) 
                 − 
                 + 
                 − 
                 − 
                 − 
               
               
                   
                 O88:H8a (n = 1) 
                 − 
                 + 
                 − 
                 − 
                 − 
               
               
                   
                 O9/O25:H10 (n = 1) 
                 − 
                 + 
                 − 
                 − 
                 − 
               
               
                   
                 OK8:H10 (n = 1) 
                 − 
                 + 
                 − 
                 − 
                 − 
               
               
                   
                 Ont:H11 (n = 1) 
                 − 
                 + 
                 − 
                 − 
                 − 
               
               
                   
                 Ont:H14 (n = 1) 
                 − 
                 + 
                 − 
                 − 
                 − 
               
               
                   
                 Ont:H2 (n = 3) 
                 − 
                 + 
                 − 
                 − 
                 − 
               
               
                   
                 Ont:H24 (n = 1) 
                 − 
                 + 
                 − 
                 − 
                 − 
               
               
                   
                 Ont:H40b (n = 1) 
                 − 
                 + 
                 − 
                 − 
                 − 
               
               
                   
                 Ont:H6 (n = 1) 
                 − 
                 + 
                 − 
                 − 
                 − 
               
               
                   
                 Ont:H7 (n = 1) 
                 − 
                 + 
                 − 
                 − 
                 − 
               
               
                   
                 Ont:Hrough (n = 1) 
                 − 
                 + 
                 − 
                 − 
                 − 
               
               
                   
                 Ont:H- (n = 1) 
                 − 
                 + 
                 − 
                 − 
                 − 
               
               
                   
                 Orough:H10 (n = 1) 
                 − 
                 + 
                 − 
                 − 
                 − 
               
               
                   
                 Orough:H6 (n = 1) 
                 − 
                 + 
                 − 
                 − 
                 − 
               
               
                   
                 Orough:H9 (n = 1) 
                 − 
                 + 
                 − 
                 − 
                 − 
               
               
                   
                 OX177:H6 (n = 1) 
                 − 
                 + 
                 − 
                 − 
                 − 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 *: “−” means PCR negative or high Ct values obtained with the nleB2 primers set. 
               
            
           
         
       
     
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