Patent Publication Number: US-10790886-B2

Title: Transmission apparatus and transmission method

Description:
TECHNICAL FIELD 
     The present disclosure relates to a transmission apparatus and a transmission method for performing communication using multi-antenna. 
     BACKGROUND ART 
     In a line of sight (LOS) environment where direct waves are dominant, examples of a communication method using multi-antenna include a communication method called multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO). This is a method described in NPTL 1 as a transmission method for obtaining good reception quality. 
       FIG. 17  is a diagram illustrating one example of a configuration of a transmission apparatus described in NPTL 1, based on the digital video broadcasting-next generation handheld (DVB-NGH) standard when a number of transmission antennas is two and a number of transmission modulated signals (transmission streams) is two. In the transmission apparatus, data  003  encoded by encoder  002  is divided by divider  004  into data  005 A and data  005 B. Data  005 A undergoes an interleaving process by interleaver  004 A and a mapping process by mapper  006 A. Similarly, data  005 B undergoes the interleaving process by interleaver  004 B and the mapping process by mapper  006 B. Weight combiners  008 A and  008 B receive mapped signals  007 A and  007 B, perform weighting on the signals, and generate weighted signals  009 A and  016 B, respectively. Weighted signal  016 B then undergoes phase change. Then, wireless units  010 A and  010 B perform, for example, processes such as a process related to orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM), frequency conversion, and amplification. Then transmission signal  011 A is transmitted from antenna  012 A, and transmission signal  011 B is transmitted from antenna  012 B. 
     CITATION LIST 
     Non-Patent Literatures 
     NPTL 1: “MIMO for DVB-NGH, the next generation mobile TV broadcasting,” IEEE Commun. Mag., vol. 57, no. 7, pp. 130-137, July 2013. 
     NPTL 2: “Standard conformable antenna diversity techniques for OFDM and its application to the DVB-T system,” IEEE GIobecom 2001, pp. 3100-3105, November 2001. 
     NPTL 3: IEEE P802.11n (D3.00) Draft STANDARD for Information Technology-Telecommunications and information exchange between systems-Local and metropolitan area networks-Specific requirements-Part 11: Wireless LAN Medium Access Control (MAC) and Physical Layer (PHY) specifications, 2007. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     However, in the conventional configuration, a case of transmitting a single-stream signal is not taken into consideration. Therefore, details of a transmission method for improving reception quality of single-stream data have not been studied. 
     The present disclosure relates to a transmission apparatus and a transmission method for transmitting a single-stream signal and a multiple-stream signal together even when a multi-carrier transmission scheme such as the OFDM scheme is used. One aspect of the present disclosure can improve reception quality of single-stream data and improve reception quality of multiple-stream data in a propagation environment including line-of sight (LOS). 
     A transmission apparatus according to the present disclosure includes: a weight combiner that performs a precoding process on a first baseband signal and a second baseband signal to generate a first precoding signal and a second precoding signal; a first pilot inserter that inserts a pilot signal into the first precoding signal; a first phase changer that performs phase change on the second precoding signal; a second pilot inserter that inserts a pilot signal into the phase changed second precoding signal output by the first phase changer; and a second phase changer that further performs phase change on the phase-changed second precoding signal with the pilot signal inserted by the second pilot inserter. 
     A transmission method according to the present disclosure includes: performing a precoding process on a first baseband signal and a second baseband signal to generate a first precoding signal and a second precoding signal; inserting a pilot signal into the first precoding signal; performing phase change on the second precoding signal; inserting a pilot signal into the phase changed second precoding signal that undergoes the phase change; and further performing phase change on the phase-changed second precoding signal with the pilot signal inserted. 
     Note that these comprehensive or specific aspects may be implemented using a system, a method, an integrated circuit, a computer program, or a recording medium, and these comprehensive or specific aspects may be implemented using any combination of a system, a apparatus, a method, an integrated circuit, a computer program, and a recording medium. 
     The transmission apparatus of the present disclosure can improve reception quality of single-stream data and improve reception quality of multiple-stream data in a propagation environment including line-of sight (LOS). 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS 
         FIG. 1  is a diagram illustrating one exemplary configuration of a transmission apparatus according to the present exemplary embodiment. 
         FIG. 2  is a diagram illustrating one exemplary configuration of a signal processor of  FIG. 1 . 
         FIG. 3  is a diagram illustrating one exemplary configuration of a wireless unit of  FIG. 1 . 
         FIG. 4  is a diagram illustrating one exemplary frame structure of a transmission signal of  FIG. 1 . 
         FIG. 5  is a diagram illustrating one exemplary frame structure of the transmission signal of  FIG. 1 . 
         FIG. 6  is a diagram illustrating one exemplary configuration of a part regarding control information generation of  FIG. 2 . 
         FIG. 7  is a diagram illustrating one exemplary configuration of an antenna unit of  FIG. 1 . 
         FIG. 8  is a diagram illustrating one exemplary configuration of a reception apparatus according to the present exemplary embodiment. 
         FIG. 9  is a diagram illustrating a diagram illustrating a relationship between the transmission apparatus and the reception apparatus. 
         FIG. 10  is a diagram illustrating one exemplary configuration of an antenna unit of  FIG. 8 . 
         FIG. 11  is a diagram illustrating a part of the frame of  FIG. 5 . 
         FIG. 12  is a diagram illustrating an exemplary modulation method to be used by a mapper of  FIG. 1 . 
         FIG. 13  is a diagram illustrating one exemplary frame structure of the transmission signal of  FIG. 1 . 
         FIG. 14  is a diagram illustrating one exemplary frame structure of the transmission signal of  FIG. 1 . 
         FIG. 15  is a diagram illustrating one exemplary configuration when cyclic delay diversity (CCD) is used. 
         FIG. 16  is a diagram illustrating one exemplary carrier arrangement when OFDM is used. 
         FIG. 17  is a diagram illustrating one exemplary configuration of the transmission apparatus based on the DVB-NGH standard. 
         FIG. 18  is a diagram illustrating one exemplary configuration of the signal processor of  FIG. 1 . 
         FIG. 19  is a diagram illustrating one exemplary configuration of the signal processor of  FIG. 1 . 
         FIG. 20  is a diagram illustrating one exemplary configuration of the signal processor of  FIG. 1 . 
         FIG. 21  is a diagram illustrating one exemplary configuration of the signal processor of  FIG. 1 . 
         FIG. 22  is a diagram illustrating one exemplary configuration of the signal processor of  FIG. 1 . 
         FIG. 23  is a diagram illustrating one exemplary configuration of a base station. 
         FIG. 24  is a diagram illustrating one exemplary configuration of a terminal. 
         FIG. 25  is a diagram illustrating an exemplary frame structure of a modulated signal. 
         FIG. 26  is a diagram illustrating one exemplary communication between the base station and the terminal. 
         FIG. 27  is a diagram illustrating one exemplary communication between the base station and the terminal. 
         FIG. 28  is a diagram illustrating one exemplary configuration of the signal processor of  FIG. 1 . 
         FIG. 29  is a diagram illustrating one exemplary configuration of the signal processor of  FIG. 1 . 
         FIG. 30  is a diagram illustrating one exemplary configuration of the signal processor of  FIG. 1 . 
         FIG. 31  is a diagram illustrating one exemplary configuration of the signal processor of  FIG. 1 . 
         FIG. 32  is a diagram illustrating one exemplary configuration of the signal processor of  FIG. 1 . 
         FIG. 33  is a diagram illustrating one exemplary configuration of the signal processor of  FIG. 1 . 
         FIG. 34  is a diagram illustrating one exemplary structure of a region in which a data symbol of  FIG. 25  is transmitted. 
         FIG. 35  is a diagram illustrating one exemplary structure of a preamble of  FIG. 25 . 
         FIG. 36  is a diagram illustrating one exemplary structure of short training field (STF) and channel estimation field (CEF). 
         FIG. 37  is a diagram illustrating another exemplary structure of STF and CEF. 
         FIG. 38  is a diagram illustrating an exemplary spectrum when phase change is not performed. 
         FIG. 39  is a diagram illustrating an exemplary spectrum when phase change is performed. 
         FIG. 40  is a diagram illustrating one exemplary frame structure of the modulated signal of  FIG. 1 . 
         FIG. 41  is a diagram illustrating one exemplary frame structure of the modulated signal of  FIG. 1 . 
         FIG. 42  is a diagram illustrating one exemplary frame structure of the modulated signal of  FIG. 1 . 
         FIG. 43  is a diagram illustrating one exemplary frame structure of the modulated signal of  FIG. 1 . 
         FIG. 44  is a diagram illustrating one exemplary configuration of the signal processor of  FIG. 1 . 
         FIG. 45  is a diagram illustrating one exemplary configuration of the signal processor of  FIG. 1 . 
         FIG. 46  is a diagram illustrating one exemplary configuration of the signal processor of  FIG. 1 . 
         FIG. 47  is a diagram illustrating one exemplary configuration of the signal processor of  FIG. 1 . 
         FIG. 48  is a diagram illustrating one exemplary configuration of the signal processor of  FIG. 1 . 
         FIG. 49  is a diagram illustrating one exemplary configuration of the signal processor of  FIG. 1 . 
         FIG. 50  is a diagram illustrating one exemplary configuration of the signal processor of  FIG. 1 . 
         FIG. 51  is a diagram illustrating one exemplary configuration of the signal processor of  FIG. 1 . 
         FIG. 52  is a diagram illustrating one exemplary configuration of the signal processor of  FIG. 1 . 
         FIG. 53  is a diagram illustrating one exemplary configuration of the signal processor of  FIG. 1 . 
         FIG. 54  is a diagram illustrating one exemplary configuration of the signal processor of  FIG. 1 . 
         FIG. 55  is a diagram illustrating one exemplary configuration of the signal processor of  FIG. 1 . 
         FIG. 56  is a diagram illustrating one exemplary configuration of the signal processor of  FIG. 1 . 
         FIG. 57  is a diagram illustrating one exemplary configuration of the signal processor of  FIG. 1 . 
         FIG. 58  is a diagram illustrating one exemplary configuration of the signal processor of  FIG. 1 . 
         FIG. 59  is a diagram illustrating one exemplary configuration of the signal processor of  FIG. 1 . 
         FIG. 60  is a diagram illustrating one exemplary configuration of a first signal processor. 
         FIG. 61  is a diagram illustrating one exemplary configuration of a second signal processor. 
     
    
    
     DESCRIPTION OF EMBODIMENTS 
     Exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure will be described in detail below with reference to the drawings. 
     First Exemplary Embodiment 
     A transmission method, a transmission apparatus, a reception method, and a reception apparatus of the present exemplary embodiment will be described in detail. 
       FIG. 1  is a diagram illustrating one exemplary configuration of the transmission apparatus such as a base station, an access point, and a broadcasting station according to the present exemplary embodiment. Error correction encoding  102  receives data  101  and control signal  100 , performs error correction encoding based on information about an error correction code included in control signal  100  (e.g., information about the error correction code, code length (block length), coding rate), and then outputs encoded data  103 . Note that error correction encoder  102  may include an interleaver, and if error correction encoder  102  includes an interleaver, the error correction encoder  102  may rearrange data after encoding and output encoded data  103 . 
     Mapper  104  receives encoded data  103  and control signal  100 , performs mapping according to a modulation scheme based on information about a modulated signal included in control signal  100 , and then outputs mapped signal (baseband signal)  105 _ 1  and mapped signal (baseband signal)  105 _ 2 . Note that mapper  104  generates mapped signal  105 _ 1  by using a first series and generates mapped signal  105 _ 2  by using a second series. At this time, it is assumed that the first series differs from the second series. 
     Signal processor  106  receives mapped signals  105 _ 1  and  105 _ 2 , signal group  110 , and control signal  100 , performs signal processing based on control signal  100 , and then outputs signal-processed signals  106 _A and  106 _B. At this time, signal-processed signal  106 _A is represented as u1(i), and signal-processed signal  106 _B is represented as u2(i) (i is a symbol number, and for example, i is an integer equal to or greater than 0). Note that the signal processing will be described later with reference to  FIG. 2 . 
     Wireless unit  107 _A receives signal-processed signal  106 _A and control signal  100 , performs processing on signal-processed signal  106 _A based on control signal  100 , and then outputs transmission signal  108 _A. Then, transmission signal  108 _A is output as a radio wave from antenna unit # A ( 109 _A). 
     Similarly, wireless unit  107 _B receives signal-processed signal  106 _B and control signal  100 , performs processing on signal-processed signal  106 _B based on control signal  100 , and then outputs transmission signal  108 _B. Then, transmission signal  108 _B is output as a radio wave from antenna unit # B ( 109 _B). 
     Antenna unit # A ( 109 _A) receives control signal  100 . At this time, antenna unit # A performs processing on transmission signal  108 _A based on control signal  100  and then outputs the processed signal as a radio wave. However, antenna unit # A ( 109 _A) does not necessarily receive control signal  100 . 
     Similarly, antenna unit # B ( 109 _B) receives control signal  100 . At this time, antenna unit # B performs processing on transmission signal  108 _B based on control signal  100  and then outputs a radio wave. However, antenna unit # B ( 109 _B) does not necessarily receive control signal  100 . 
     Note that control signal  100  may be generated based on information transmitted from a apparatus serving as a communication partner of the apparatus illustrated in  FIG. 1 . Alternatively, the apparatus of  FIG. 1  may include an input unit and control signal  100  may be generated based on information input from the input unit. 
       FIG. 2  is a diagram illustrating one exemplary configuration of signal processor  106  in  FIG. 1 . Weight combiner (precoder)  203  receives mapped signal  201 A (corresponding to mapped signal  105 _ 1  of  FIG. 1 ), mapped signal  201 B (corresponding to mapped signal  105 _ 2  of  FIG. 1 ), and control signal  200  (corresponding to control signal  100  of  FIG. 1 ). Weight combiner (precoder)  203  performs weighting (precoding) based on control signal  200 , and then outputs weighted signal  204 A and weighted signal  204 B. At this time, mapped signal  201 A is represented as s1(t), mapped signal  201 B as s2(t), weighted signal  204 A as z1(t), and weighted signal  204 B as z2′(t). Note that t is time as one example. It is assumed that s1(t), s2(t), z1(t), and z2′(t) are defined as complex numbers (hence may be real numbers). 
     Weight combiner (precoder)  203  performs the following calculation. 
     
       
         
           
             
               
                 
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     Then, phase changer  205 B receives weighted signal  204 B and control signal  200 . Based on control signal  200 , phase changer  205 B performs phase change on weighted signal  204 B and then outputs phase-changed signal  206 B. Note that phase-changed signal  206 B is represented as z2(t), and z2(t) is defined as a complex number (z2(t) may be a real number). 
     A specific operation of phase changer  205 B will be described. For example, phase changer  205 B performs phase change of y(i) on z2′(i). Therefore, z2(i) can be represented as z2(i)=y(i)×z2′(i) (i is a symbol number (i is an integer equal to or greater than 0)). 
     For example, a phase change value is set as follows (N is an integer equal to or greater than 2, and N is a phase change cycle). If N is set as an odd number equal to or greater than 3, data reception quality may improve. 
     
       
         
           
             
               
                 
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     At this time, z1(i) and z2(i) can be represented by the following formula. 
     
       
         
           
             
               
                 
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                     ( 
                     8 
                     ) 
                   
                 
               
             
             
               
                 
                   [ 
                   
                     Formula 
                     ⁢ 
                     
                         
                     
                     ⁢ 
                     9 
                   
                   ] 
                 
               
               
                 
                     
                 
               
             
             
               
                 
                   
                     F 
                     = 
                     
                       ( 
                       
                         
                           
                             
                               β 
                               × 
                               α 
                               × 
                               
                                 e 
                                 
                                   j 
                                   ⁢ 
                                   
                                       
                                   
                                   ⁢ 
                                   0 
                                 
                               
                             
                           
                           
                             
                               β 
                               × 
                               
                                 e 
                                 
                                   j 
                                   ⁢ 
                                   
                                       
                                   
                                   ⁢ 
                                   π 
                                 
                               
                             
                           
                         
                         
                           
                             
                               β 
                               × 
                               
                                 e 
                                 
                                   j 
                                   ⁢ 
                                   
                                       
                                   
                                   ⁢ 
                                   0 
                                 
                               
                             
                           
                           
                             
                               β 
                               × 
                               α 
                               × 
                               
                                 e 
                                 
                                   j 
                                   ⁢ 
                                   
                                       
                                   
                                   ⁢ 
                                   0 
                                 
                               
                             
                           
                         
                       
                       ) 
                     
                   
                   ⁢ 
                   
                     
 
                   
                   ⁢ 
                   or 
                 
               
               
                 
                   Formula 
                   ⁢ 
                   
                       
                   
                   ⁢ 
                   
                     ( 
                     9 
                     ) 
                   
                 
               
             
             
               
                 
                   [ 
                   
                     Formula 
                     ⁢ 
                     
                         
                     
                     ⁢ 
                     10 
                   
                   ] 
                 
               
               
                 
                     
                 
               
             
             
               
                 
                   
                     F 
                     = 
                     
                       
                         1 
                         
                           
                             
                               α 
                               2 
                             
                             + 
                             1 
                           
                         
                       
                       ⁢ 
                       
                         ( 
                         
                           
                             
                               
                                 α 
                                 × 
                                 
                                   e 
                                   
                                     j 
                                     ⁢ 
                                     
                                         
                                     
                                     ⁢ 
                                     0 
                                   
                                 
                               
                             
                             
                               
                                 e 
                                 
                                   j 
                                   ⁢ 
                                   
                                       
                                   
                                   ⁢ 
                                   π 
                                 
                               
                             
                           
                           
                             
                               
                                 e 
                                 
                                   j 
                                   ⁢ 
                                   
                                       
                                   
                                   ⁢ 
                                   0 
                                 
                               
                             
                             
                               
                                 α 
                                 × 
                                 
                                   e 
                                   
                                     j 
                                     ⁢ 
                                     
                                         
                                     
                                     ⁢ 
                                     0 
                                   
                                 
                               
                             
                           
                         
                         ) 
                       
                     
                   
                   ⁢ 
                   
                     
 
                   
                   ⁢ 
                   or 
                 
               
               
                 
                   Formula 
                   ⁢ 
                   
                       
                   
                   ⁢ 
                   
                     ( 
                     10 
                     ) 
                   
                 
               
             
             
               
                 
                   [ 
                   
                     Formula 
                     ⁢ 
                     
                         
                     
                     ⁢ 
                     11 
                   
                   ] 
                 
               
               
                 
                     
                 
               
             
             
               
                 
                   
                     F 
                     = 
                     
                       ( 
                       
                         
                           
                             
                               β 
                               × 
                               α 
                               × 
                               
                                 e 
                                 
                                   j 
                                   ⁢ 
                                   
                                       
                                   
                                   ⁢ 
                                   0 
                                 
                               
                             
                           
                           
                             
                               β 
                               × 
                               
                                 e 
                                 
                                   j 
                                   ⁢ 
                                   
                                       
                                   
                                   ⁢ 
                                   0 
                                 
                               
                             
                           
                         
                         
                           
                             
                               β 
                               × 
                               
                                 e 
                                 
                                   j 
                                   ⁢ 
                                   
                                       
                                   
                                   ⁢ 
                                   0 
                                 
                               
                             
                           
                           
                             
                               β 
                               × 
                               α 
                               × 
                               
                                 e 
                                 
                                   j 
                                   ⁢ 
                                   
                                       
                                   
                                   ⁢ 
                                   π 
                                 
                               
                             
                           
                         
                       
                       ) 
                     
                   
                   ⁢ 
                   
                     
 
                   
                   ⁢ 
                   or 
                 
               
               
                 
                   Formula 
                   ⁢ 
                   
                       
                   
                   ⁢ 
                   
                     ( 
                     11 
                     ) 
                   
                 
               
             
             
               
                 
                   [ 
                   
                     Formula 
                     ⁢ 
                     
                         
                     
                     ⁢ 
                     12 
                   
                   ] 
                 
               
               
                 
                     
                 
               
             
             
               
                 
                   F 
                   = 
                   
                     
                       1 
                       
                         
                           
                             α 
                             2 
                           
                           + 
                           1 
                         
                       
                     
                     ⁢ 
                     
                       ( 
                       
                         
                           
                             
                               α 
                               × 
                               
                                 e 
                                 
                                   j 
                                   ⁢ 
                                   
                                       
                                   
                                   ⁢ 
                                   0 
                                 
                               
                             
                           
                           
                             
                               e 
                               
                                 j 
                                 ⁢ 
                                 
                                     
                                 
                                 ⁢ 
                                 0 
                               
                             
                           
                         
                         
                           
                             
                               e 
                               
                                 j 
                                 ⁢ 
                                 
                                     
                                 
                                 ⁢ 
                                 0 
                               
                             
                           
                           
                             
                               α 
                               × 
                               
                                 e 
                                 
                                   j 
                                   ⁢ 
                                   
                                       
                                   
                                   ⁢ 
                                   π 
                                 
                               
                             
                           
                         
                       
                       ) 
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                 
                   Formula 
                   ⁢ 
                   
                       
                   
                   ⁢ 
                   
                     ( 
                     12 
                     ) 
                   
                 
               
             
           
         
       
     
     Note that in formulas (5) to (12), α may be a real number or an imaginary number, and β may be a real number or an imaginary number. However, α is not 0 (zero). β is also not 0 (zero). 
     or 
     
       
         
           
             
               
                 
                   [ 
                   
                     Formula 
                     ⁢ 
                     
                         
                     
                     ⁢ 
                     13 
                   
                   ] 
                 
               
               
                 
                     
                 
               
             
             
               
                 
                   
                     F 
                     = 
                     
                       ( 
                       
                         
                           
                             
                               β 
                               × 
                               cos 
                               ⁢ 
                               
                                   
                               
                               ⁢ 
                               θ 
                             
                           
                           
                             
                               β 
                               × 
                               sin 
                               ⁢ 
                               
                                   
                               
                               ⁢ 
                               θ 
                             
                           
                         
                         
                           
                             
                               β 
                               × 
                               sin 
                               ⁢ 
                               
                                   
                               
                               ⁢ 
                               θ 
                             
                           
                           
                             
                               
                                 - 
                                 β 
                               
                               × 
                               cos 
                               ⁢ 
                               
                                   
                               
                               ⁢ 
                               θ 
                             
                           
                         
                       
                       ) 
                     
                   
                   ⁢ 
                   
                     
 
                   
                   ⁢ 
                   or 
                 
               
               
                 
                   Formula 
                   ⁢ 
                   
                       
                   
                   ⁢ 
                   
                     ( 
                     13 
                     ) 
                   
                 
               
             
             
               
                 
                   [ 
                   
                     Formula 
                     ⁢ 
                     
                         
                     
                     ⁢ 
                     14 
                   
                   ] 
                 
               
               
                 
                     
                 
               
             
             
               
                 
                   
                     F 
                     = 
                     
                       ( 
                       
                         
                           
                             
                               cos 
                               ⁢ 
                               
                                   
                               
                               ⁢ 
                               θ 
                             
                           
                           
                             
                               sin 
                               ⁢ 
                               
                                   
                               
                               ⁢ 
                               θ 
                             
                           
                         
                         
                           
                             
                               sin 
                               ⁢ 
                               
                                   
                               
                               ⁢ 
                               θ 
                             
                           
                           
                             
                               
                                 - 
                                 cos 
                               
                               ⁢ 
                               
                                   
                               
                               ⁢ 
                               θ 
                             
                           
                         
                       
                       ) 
                     
                   
                   ⁢ 
                   
                     
 
                   
                   ⁢ 
                   or 
                 
               
               
                 
                   Formula 
                   ⁢ 
                   
                       
                   
                   ⁢ 
                   
                     ( 
                     14 
                     ) 
                   
                 
               
             
             
               
                 
                   [ 
                   
                     Formula 
                     ⁢ 
                     
                         
                     
                     ⁢ 
                     15 
                   
                   ] 
                 
               
               
                 
                     
                 
               
             
             
               
                 
                   
                     F 
                     = 
                     
                       ( 
                       
                         
                           
                             
                               β 
                               × 
                               cos 
                               ⁢ 
                               
                                   
                               
                               ⁢ 
                               θ 
                             
                           
                           
                             
                               
                                 - 
                                 β 
                               
                               × 
                               sin 
                               ⁢ 
                               
                                   
                               
                               ⁢ 
                               θ 
                             
                           
                         
                         
                           
                             
                               β 
                               × 
                               sin 
                               ⁢ 
                               
                                   
                               
                               ⁢ 
                               θ 
                             
                           
                           
                             
                               β 
                               × 
                               cos 
                               ⁢ 
                               
                                   
                               
                               ⁢ 
                               θ 
                             
                           
                         
                       
                       ) 
                     
                   
                   ⁢ 
                   
                     
 
                   
                   ⁢ 
                   or 
                 
               
               
                 
                   Formula 
                   ⁢ 
                   
                       
                   
                   ⁢ 
                   
                     ( 
                     15 
                     ) 
                   
                 
               
             
             
               
                 
                   [ 
                   
                     Formula 
                     ⁢ 
                     
                         
                     
                     ⁢ 
                     16 
                   
                   ] 
                 
               
               
                 
                     
                 
               
             
             
               
                 
                   
                     F 
                     = 
                     
                       ( 
                       
                         
                           
                             
                               cos 
                               ⁢ 
                               
                                   
                               
                               ⁢ 
                               θ 
                             
                           
                           
                             
                               
                                 - 
                                 sin 
                               
                               ⁢ 
                               
                                   
                               
                               ⁢ 
                               θ 
                             
                           
                         
                         
                           
                             
                               sin 
                               ⁢ 
                               
                                   
                               
                               ⁢ 
                               θ 
                             
                           
                           
                             
                               cos 
                               ⁢ 
                               
                                   
                               
                               ⁢ 
                               θ 
                             
                           
                         
                       
                       ) 
                     
                   
                   ⁢ 
                   
                     
 
                   
                   ⁢ 
                   or 
                 
               
               
                 
                   Formula 
                   ⁢ 
                   
                       
                   
                   ⁢ 
                   
                     ( 
                     16 
                     ) 
                   
                 
               
             
             
               
                 
                   [ 
                   
                     Formula 
                     ⁢ 
                     
                         
                     
                     ⁢ 
                     17 
                   
                   ] 
                 
               
               
                 
                     
                 
               
             
             
               
                 
                   
                     F 
                     = 
                     
                       ( 
                       
                         
                           
                             
                               β 
                               × 
                               sin 
                               ⁢ 
                               
                                   
                               
                               ⁢ 
                               θ 
                             
                           
                           
                             
                               
                                 - 
                                 β 
                               
                               × 
                               cos 
                               ⁢ 
                               
                                   
                               
                               ⁢ 
                               θ 
                             
                           
                         
                         
                           
                             
                               β 
                               × 
                               cos 
                               ⁢ 
                               
                                   
                               
                               ⁢ 
                               θ 
                             
                           
                           
                             
                               β 
                               × 
                               sin 
                               ⁢ 
                               
                                   
                               
                               ⁢ 
                               θ 
                             
                           
                         
                       
                       ) 
                     
                   
                   ⁢ 
                   
                     
 
                   
                   ⁢ 
                   or 
                 
               
               
                 
                   Formula 
                   ⁢ 
                   
                       
                   
                   ⁢ 
                   
                     ( 
                     17 
                     ) 
                   
                 
               
             
             
               
                 
                   [ 
                   
                     Formula 
                     ⁢ 
                     
                         
                     
                     ⁢ 
                     18 
                   
                   ] 
                 
               
               
                 
                     
                 
               
             
             
               
                 
                   
                     F 
                     = 
                     
                       ( 
                       
                         
                           
                             
                               sin 
                               ⁢ 
                               
                                   
                               
                               ⁢ 
                               θ 
                             
                           
                           
                             
                               
                                 - 
                                 cos 
                               
                               ⁢ 
                               
                                   
                               
                               ⁢ 
                               θ 
                             
                           
                         
                         
                           
                             
                               cos 
                               ⁢ 
                               
                                   
                               
                               ⁢ 
                               θ 
                             
                           
                           
                             
                               sin 
                               ⁢ 
                               
                                   
                               
                               ⁢ 
                               θ 
                             
                           
                         
                       
                       ) 
                     
                   
                   ⁢ 
                   
                     
 
                   
                   ⁢ 
                   or 
                 
               
               
                 
                   Formula 
                   ⁢ 
                   
                       
                   
                   ⁢ 
                   
                     ( 
                     18 
                     ) 
                   
                 
               
             
             
               
                 
                   [ 
                   
                     Formula 
                     ⁢ 
                     
                         
                     
                     ⁢ 
                     19 
                   
                   ] 
                 
               
               
                 
                     
                 
               
             
             
               
                 
                   
                     F 
                     = 
                     
                       ( 
                       
                         
                           
                             
                               β 
                               × 
                               sin 
                               ⁢ 
                               
                                   
                               
                               ⁢ 
                               θ 
                             
                           
                           
                             
                               β 
                               × 
                               cos 
                               ⁢ 
                               
                                   
                               
                               ⁢ 
                               θ 
                             
                           
                         
                         
                           
                             
                               β 
                               × 
                               cos 
                               ⁢ 
                               
                                   
                               
                               ⁢ 
                               θ 
                             
                           
                           
                             
                               
                                 - 
                                 β 
                               
                               × 
                               sin 
                               ⁢ 
                               
                                   
                               
                               ⁢ 
                               θ 
                             
                           
                         
                       
                       ) 
                     
                   
                   ⁢ 
                   
                     
 
                   
                   ⁢ 
                   or 
                 
               
               
                 
                   Formula 
                   ⁢ 
                   
                       
                   
                   ⁢ 
                   
                     ( 
                     19 
                     ) 
                   
                 
               
             
             
               
                 
                   [ 
                   
                     Formula 
                     ⁢ 
                     
                         
                     
                     ⁢ 
                     20 
                   
                   ] 
                 
               
               
                 
                     
                 
               
             
             
               
                 
                   F 
                   = 
                   
                     ( 
                     
                       
                         
                           
                             sin 
                             ⁢ 
                             
                                 
                             
                             ⁢ 
                             θ 
                           
                         
                         
                           
                             cos 
                             ⁢ 
                             
                                 
                             
                             ⁢ 
                             θ 
                           
                         
                       
                       
                         
                           
                             cos 
                             ⁢ 
                             
                                 
                             
                             ⁢ 
                             θ 
                           
                         
                         
                           
                             
                               - 
                               sin 
                             
                             ⁢ 
                             
                                 
                             
                             ⁢ 
                             θ 
                           
                         
                       
                     
                     ) 
                   
                 
               
               
                 
                   Formula 
                   ⁢ 
                   
                       
                   
                   ⁢ 
                   
                     ( 
                     20 
                     ) 
                   
                 
               
             
           
         
       
     
     Note that in formulas (13), (15), (17), and (19), β may be a real number or an imaginary number. However, β is not 0 (zero) (θ is a real number). 
     or 
     
       
         
           
             
               
                 
                   [ 
                   
                     Formula 
                     ⁢ 
                     
                         
                     
                     ⁢ 
                     21 
                   
                   ] 
                 
               
               
                 
                     
                 
               
             
             
               
                 
                   
                     
                       F 
                       ⁡ 
                       
                         ( 
                         i 
                         ) 
                       
                     
                     = 
                     
                       ( 
                       
                         
                           
                             
                               β 
                               × 
                               
                                 e 
                                 
                                   j 
                                   ⁢ 
                                   
                                       
                                   
                                   ⁢ 
                                   
                                     
                                       θ 
                                       11 
                                     
                                     ⁡ 
                                     
                                       ( 
                                       i 
                                       ) 
                                     
                                   
                                 
                               
                             
                           
                           
                             
                               β 
                               × 
                               α 
                               × 
                               
                                 e 
                                 
                                   j 
                                   ⁡ 
                                   
                                     ( 
                                     
                                       
                                         
                                           θ 
                                           11 
                                         
                                         ⁡ 
                                         
                                           ( 
                                           i 
                                           ) 
                                         
                                       
                                       + 
                                       λ 
                                     
                                     ) 
                                   
                                 
                               
                             
                           
                         
                         
                           
                             
                               β 
                               × 
                               α 
                               × 
                               
                                 e 
                                 
                                   j 
                                   ⁢ 
                                   
                                       
                                   
                                   ⁢ 
                                   
                                     
                                       θ 
                                       21 
                                     
                                     ⁡ 
                                     
                                       ( 
                                       i 
                                       ) 
                                     
                                   
                                 
                               
                             
                           
                           
                             
                               β 
                               × 
                               
                                 e 
                                 
                                   j 
                                   ⁡ 
                                   
                                     ( 
                                     
                                       
                                         
                                           θ 
                                           21 
                                         
                                         ⁡ 
                                         
                                           ( 
                                           i 
                                           ) 
                                         
                                       
                                       + 
                                       λ 
                                       + 
                                       π 
                                     
                                     ) 
                                   
                                 
                               
                             
                           
                         
                       
                       ) 
                     
                   
                   ⁢ 
                   
                     
 
                   
                   ⁢ 
                   or 
                 
               
               
                 
                   Formula 
                   ⁢ 
                   
                       
                   
                   ⁢ 
                   
                     ( 
                     21 
                     ) 
                   
                 
               
             
             
               
                 
                   [ 
                   
                     Formula 
                     ⁢ 
                     
                         
                     
                     ⁢ 
                     22 
                   
                   ] 
                 
               
               
                 
                     
                 
               
             
             
               
                 
                   
                     
                       F 
                       ⁡ 
                       
                         ( 
                         i 
                         ) 
                       
                     
                     = 
                     
                       
                         1 
                         
                           
                             
                               α 
                               2 
                             
                             + 
                             1 
                           
                         
                       
                       ⁢ 
                       
                         ( 
                         
                           
                             
                               
                                 e 
                                 
                                   j 
                                   ⁢ 
                                   
                                       
                                   
                                   ⁢ 
                                   
                                     
                                       θ 
                                       11 
                                     
                                     ⁡ 
                                     
                                       ( 
                                       i 
                                       ) 
                                     
                                   
                                 
                               
                             
                             
                               
                                 α 
                                 × 
                                 
                                   e 
                                   
                                     j 
                                     ⁡ 
                                     
                                       ( 
                                       
                                         
                                           
                                             θ 
                                             11 
                                           
                                           ⁡ 
                                           
                                             ( 
                                             i 
                                             ) 
                                           
                                         
                                         + 
                                         λ 
                                       
                                       ) 
                                     
                                   
                                 
                               
                             
                           
                           
                             
                               
                                 α 
                                 × 
                                 
                                   e 
                                   
                                     j 
                                     ⁢ 
                                     
                                         
                                     
                                     ⁢ 
                                     
                                       
                                         θ 
                                         21 
                                       
                                       ⁡ 
                                       
                                         ( 
                                         i 
                                         ) 
                                       
                                     
                                   
                                 
                               
                             
                             
                               
                                 e 
                                 
                                   j 
                                   ⁢ 
                                   
                                       
                                   
                                   ⁢ 
                                   
                                     ( 
                                     
                                       
                                         
                                           θ 
                                           21 
                                         
                                         ⁡ 
                                         
                                           ( 
                                           i 
                                           ) 
                                         
                                       
                                       + 
                                       λ 
                                       + 
                                       π 
                                     
                                     ) 
                                   
                                 
                               
                             
                           
                         
                         ) 
                       
                     
                   
                   ⁢ 
                   
                     
 
                   
                   ⁢ 
                   or 
                 
               
               
                 
                   Formula 
                   ⁢ 
                   
                       
                   
                   ⁢ 
                   
                     ( 
                     22 
                     ) 
                   
                 
               
             
             
               
                 
                   [ 
                   
                     Formula 
                     ⁢ 
                     
                         
                     
                     ⁢ 
                     23 
                   
                   ] 
                 
               
               
                 
                     
                 
               
             
             
               
                 
                   
                     
                       F 
                       ⁡ 
                       
                         ( 
                         i 
                         ) 
                       
                     
                     = 
                     
                       ( 
                       
                         
                           
                             
                               β 
                               × 
                               α 
                               × 
                               
                                 e 
                                 
                                   j 
                                   ⁢ 
                                   
                                       
                                   
                                   ⁢ 
                                   
                                     
                                       θ 
                                       21 
                                     
                                     ⁡ 
                                     
                                       ( 
                                       i 
                                       ) 
                                     
                                   
                                 
                               
                             
                           
                           
                             
                               β 
                               × 
                               
                                 e 
                                 
                                   j 
                                   ⁡ 
                                   
                                     ( 
                                     
                                       
                                         
                                           θ 
                                           21 
                                         
                                         ⁡ 
                                         
                                           ( 
                                           i 
                                           ) 
                                         
                                       
                                       + 
                                       λ 
                                       + 
                                       π 
                                     
                                     ) 
                                   
                                 
                               
                             
                           
                         
                         
                           
                             
                               β 
                               × 
                               
                                 e 
                                 
                                   j 
                                   ⁢ 
                                   
                                       
                                   
                                   ⁢ 
                                   
                                     
                                       θ 
                                       11 
                                     
                                     ⁡ 
                                     
                                       ( 
                                       i 
                                       ) 
                                     
                                   
                                 
                               
                             
                           
                           
                             
                               β 
                               × 
                               α 
                               × 
                               
                                 e 
                                 
                                   j 
                                   ⁡ 
                                   
                                     ( 
                                     
                                       
                                         
                                           θ 
                                           11 
                                         
                                         ⁡ 
                                         
                                           ( 
                                           i 
                                           ) 
                                         
                                       
                                       + 
                                       λ 
                                     
                                     ) 
                                   
                                 
                               
                             
                           
                         
                       
                       ) 
                     
                   
                   ⁢ 
                   
                     
 
                   
                   ⁢ 
                   or 
                 
               
               
                 
                   Formula 
                   ⁢ 
                   
                       
                   
                   ⁢ 
                   
                     ( 
                     23 
                     ) 
                   
                 
               
             
             
               
                 
                   [ 
                   
                     Formula 
                     ⁢ 
                     
                         
                     
                     ⁢ 
                     24 
                   
                   ] 
                 
               
               
                 
                     
                 
               
             
             
               
                 
                   
                     
                       F 
                       ⁡ 
                       
                         ( 
                         i 
                         ) 
                       
                     
                     = 
                     
                       
                         1 
                         
                           
                             
                               α 
                               2 
                             
                             + 
                             1 
                           
                         
                       
                       ⁢ 
                       
                         ( 
                         
                           
                             
                               
                                 α 
                                 × 
                                 
                                   e 
                                   
                                     j 
                                     ⁢ 
                                     
                                         
                                     
                                     ⁢ 
                                     
                                       
                                         θ 
                                         21 
                                       
                                       ⁡ 
                                       
                                         ( 
                                         i 
                                         ) 
                                       
                                     
                                   
                                 
                               
                             
                             
                               
                                 e 
                                 
                                   j 
                                   ⁡ 
                                   
                                     ( 
                                     
                                       
                                         
                                           θ 
                                           21 
                                         
                                         ⁡ 
                                         
                                           ( 
                                           i 
                                           ) 
                                         
                                       
                                       + 
                                       λ 
                                       + 
                                       π 
                                     
                                     ) 
                                   
                                 
                               
                             
                           
                           
                             
                               
                                 e 
                                 
                                   j 
                                   ⁢ 
                                   
                                       
                                   
                                   ⁢ 
                                   
                                     
                                       θ 
                                       11 
                                     
                                     ⁡ 
                                     
                                       ( 
                                       i 
                                       ) 
                                     
                                   
                                 
                               
                             
                             
                               
                                 α 
                                 × 
                                 
                                   e 
                                   
                                     j 
                                     ⁡ 
                                     
                                       ( 
                                       
                                         
                                           
                                             θ 
                                             11 
                                           
                                           ⁡ 
                                           
                                             ( 
                                             i 
                                             ) 
                                           
                                         
                                         + 
                                         λ 
                                       
                                       ) 
                                     
                                   
                                 
                               
                             
                           
                         
                         ) 
                       
                     
                   
                   ⁢ 
                   
                     
 
                   
                   ⁢ 
                   or 
                 
               
               
                 
                   Formula 
                   ⁢ 
                   
                       
                   
                   ⁢ 
                   
                     ( 
                     24 
                     ) 
                   
                 
               
             
             
               
                 
                   [ 
                   
                     Formula 
                     ⁢ 
                     
                         
                     
                     ⁢ 
                     25 
                   
                   ] 
                 
               
               
                 
                     
                 
               
             
             
               
                 
                   
                     
                       F 
                       ⁡ 
                       
                         ( 
                         i 
                         ) 
                       
                     
                     = 
                     
                       ( 
                       
                         
                           
                             
                               β 
                               × 
                               
                                 e 
                                 
                                   j 
                                   ⁢ 
                                   
                                       
                                   
                                   ⁢ 
                                   
                                     θ 
                                     11 
                                   
                                 
                               
                             
                           
                           
                             
                               β 
                               × 
                               α 
                               × 
                               
                                 e 
                                 
                                   j 
                                   ⁡ 
                                   
                                     ( 
                                     
                                       
                                         θ 
                                         11 
                                       
                                       + 
                                       
                                         λ 
                                         ⁡ 
                                         
                                           ( 
                                           i 
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     or 
     However, θ 11 (i), θ 21 (i), and λ(i) are functions of i (symbol number) (real numbers), λ is for example a fixed value (real number) (is not necessarily a fixed value), α may be a real number or an imaginary number, and β may be a real number or an imaginary number. However, α is not 0 (zero). β is also not 0 (zero). θ 11  and θ 21  are real numbers. 
     In addition, it is possible to implement each exemplary embodiment of the present specification even by using precoding matrices other than these matrices. 
     or 
     
       
         
           
             
               
                 
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     Note that β of formulas (34) and (36) may be a real number or an imaginary number. However, β is also not 0 (zero). 
     Inserter  207 A receives weighted signal  204 A, pilot symbol signal (pa(t)) (t: time) ( 251 A), preamble signal  252 , control information symbol signal  253 , and control signal  200 . Based on information about a frame structure included in control signal  200 , inserter  207 A outputs baseband signal  208 A based on the frame structure. 
     Similarly, inserter  207 B receives phase-changed signal  206 B, pilot symbol signal (pb(t)) ( 251 B), preamble signal  252 , control information symbol signal  253 , and control signal  200 . Based on the information about the frame structure included in control signal  200 , inserter  207 B outputs baseband signal  208 B based on the frame structure. 
     Phase changer  209 B receives baseband signal  208 B and control signal  200 , performs phase change on baseband signal  208 B based on control signal  200 , and then outputs phase-changed signal  210 B. Baseband signal  208 B is a function of symbol number i (i is an integer equal to or greater than 0) and is represented as x′(i). Then, phase-changed signal  210 B (x(i)) can be represented as x(i)=e j×ε(i) ×x′(i) (j is an imaginary unit). 
     Note that as will be described later, an operation of phase changer  209 B may be cyclic delay diversity (CDD) (cyclic shift diversity (CSD)) described in NPTL 2 and NPTL 3. Phase changer  209 B is characterized by performing phase change on symbols in a frequency axis direction. Phase changer  209 B performs phase change on data symbols, pilot symbols, control information symbols, and the like. 
       FIG. 3  is one exemplary configuration of wireless units  107 _A and  107 _B of  FIG. 1 . Serial parallel converter  302  receives signal  301  and control signal  300  (corresponding to control signal  100  of  FIG. 1 ), performs serial parallel conversion based on control signal  300 , and then outputs serial-parallel-converted signal  303 . 
     Inverse Fourier transformer  304  receives serial-parallel-converted signal  303  and control signal  300 , performs inverse Fourier transform (for example, inverse fast Fourier transform (IFFT)) based on control signal  300 , and then outputs inverse-Fourier-transformed signal  305 . 
     Processor  306  receives inverse-Fourier-transformed signal  305  and control signal  300 , performs processes such as frequency conversion and amplification based on control signal  300 , and then outputs modulated signal  307 . 
     For example, when signal  301  is signal-processed signal  106 _A of  FIG. 1 , modulated signal  307  corresponds to transmission signal  108 _A of  FIG. 1 . Meanwhile, when signal  301  is signal-processed signal  106 _B of  FIG. 1 , modulated signal  307  corresponds to transmission signal  108 _B of  FIG. 1 . 
       FIG. 4  is a frame structure of transmission signal  108 _A of  FIG. 1 . In  FIG. 4 , a horizontal axis represents a frequency (carrier), and a vertical axis represents time. Since the multi-carrier transmission scheme such as OFDM is used, symbols are present in a carrier direction.  FIG. 4  illustrates symbols of carrier  1  to carrier  36 . Also,  FIG. 4  illustrates symbols from time $1 to time $11. 
     Reference numeral  401  of  FIG. 4  represents a pilot symbol (pilot signal  251 A of  FIG. 2  (corresponding to pa(t))),  402  represents a data symbol, and  403  represents another symbol. At this time, the pilot symbol is, for example, a phase shift keying (PSK) symbol, a symbol for the reception apparatus that receives this frame to perform channel estimation (estimation of propagation path fluctuation), frequency offset and phase fluctuation estimation. For example, the transmission apparatus of  FIG. 1  and the reception apparatus that receives the frame of  FIG. 4  preferably share a method for transmitting the pilot symbol. 
     Meanwhile, mapped signal  201 A (mapped signal  105 _ 1  of  FIG. 1 ) is named “stream # 1 ”, and mapped signal  201 B (mapped signal  105 _ 2  of  FIG. 1 ) is named “stream # 2 ”. Note that this point is also the same in the following description. 
     Data symbol  402  is a symbol corresponding to baseband signal  208 A generated by signal processing according to  FIG. 2 . Therefore, data symbol  402  is one of “a symbol including both a symbol of “stream # 1 ” and a symbol of “stream # 2 ””, “the symbol of “stream # 1 ”, and “the symbol of “stream # 2 ””. This is determined by a structure of a precoding matrix used by weight combiner  203 . 
     The other symbol  403  is a symbol corresponding to preamble signal  242  and control information symbol signal  253  in  FIG. 2 . However, the other symbol may include symbols other than the preamble and the control information symbol. At this time, the preamble may transmit data (for control), and includes a symbol for signal detection, a symbol for performing frequency synchronization and time synchronization, a symbol for channel estimation (symbol for estimating propagation path fluctuation) and other symbols. The control information symbol is a symbol including control information for the reception apparatus that has received the frame of  FIG. 4  to implement demodulation and decoding of the data symbol. 
     For example, carriers  1  to  36  at time $1 to time $4 in  FIG. 4  are the other symbol  403 . Carriers  1  to  11  at time $5 are data symbol  402 . Thereafter, carrier  12  at time $5 is pilot symbol  401 , carriers  13  to  23  at time $5 are data symbol  402 , carrier  24  at time $5 is pilot symbol  401 , . . . , carriers  1  and  2  at time $6 are data symbol  402 , carrier  3  at time $6 is pilot symbol  401 , . . . , carrier  30  at time $11 is pilot symbol  401 , and carriers  31  to  36  at time $11 are data symbol  402 . 
       FIG. 5  is a frame structure of transmission signal  108 _B of  FIG. 1 . In  FIG. 5 , a horizontal axis represents a frequency (carrier), and a vertical axis represents time. Since the multi-carrier transmission scheme such as OFDM is used, symbols are present in a carrier direction.  FIG. 5  illustrates symbols of carrier  1  to carrier  36 . Also,  FIG. 5  illustrates symbols from time $1 to time $11. 
     Reference numeral  501  of  FIG. 5  represents a pilot symbol (pilot signal  251 B of  FIG. 2  (corresponding to pb(t))),  502  represents a data symbol, and  503  represents another symbol. At this time, the pilot symbol is, for example, a PSK symbol, a symbol for the reception apparatus that receives this frame to perform channel estimation (estimation of propagation path fluctuation), frequency offset and phase fluctuation estimation. For example, the transmission apparatus of  FIG. 1  and the reception apparatus that receives the frame of  FIG. 5  preferably share a method for transmitting the pilot symbol. 
     Data symbol  502  is a symbol corresponding to baseband signal  208 B generated by signal processing according to  FIG. 2 . Therefore, data symbol  502  is one of “a symbol including both a symbol of “stream # 1 ” and a symbol of “stream # 2 ””, “the symbol of “stream # 1 ””, and “the symbol of “stream # 2 ””. This is determined by a structure of a precoding matrix used by weight combiner  203 . 
     The other symbol  503  is a symbol corresponding to preamble signal  252  and control information symbol signal  253  in  FIG. 2 . However, the other symbol may include symbols other than the preamble and the control information symbol. At this time, the preamble may transmit data (for control), and includes a symbol for signal detection, a symbol for performing frequency synchronization and time synchronization, a symbol for channel estimation (symbol for estimating propagation path fluctuation) and other symbols. The control information symbol is a symbol including control information for the reception apparatus that has received the frame of  FIG. 5  to implement demodulation and decoding of the data symbol. 
     For example, carriers  1  to  36  at time $1 to time $4 in  FIG. 5  are the other symbol  403 . Carriers  1  to  11  at time $5 are data symbol  402 . Thereafter, carrier  12  at time $5 is pilot symbol  401 , carriers  13  to  23  at time $5 are data symbol  402 , carrier  24  at time $5 is pilot symbol  401 , . . . , carriers  1  and  2  at time $6 are data symbol  402 , carrier  3  at time $6 is pilot symbol  401 , . . . , carrier  30  at time $11 is pilot symbol  401 , and carriers  31  to  36  at time $11 are data symbol  402 . 
     When a symbol is present at carrier A and time $B of  FIG. 4  and when a symbol is present at carrier A and time $B of  FIG. 5 , the symbol at carrier A and time $B of  FIG. 4  and the symbol at carrier A and time $B of  FIG. 5  are transmitted at the same time and the same frequency. Note that the frame structure is not limited to the frame structures in  FIGS. 4 and 5 , and  FIGS. 4 and 5  are merely examples of the frame structure. 
     The other symbols in  FIGS. 4 and 5  are symbols corresponding to “preamble signal  252  and control information symbol signal  253  in  FIG. 2 ”. Therefore, the other symbol  503  of  FIG. 5  at the same time and the same frequency (same carrier) as the other symbol  403  of  FIG. 4  transmits the same data (same control information) when the control information is transmitted. 
     Note that it is assumed that the reception apparatus simultaneously receives the frame of  FIG. 4  and the frame of  FIG. 5 , but even by receiving only the frame of  FIG. 4  or only the frame of  FIG. 5 , the reception apparatus can obtain the data transmitted by the transmission apparatus. 
       FIG. 6  is a diagram illustrating one exemplary configuration of a part regarding control information generation for generating control information symbol signal  253  of  FIG. 2 . 
     Control information mapper  602  receives data  601  regarding control information and control signal  600 , performs mapping on data  601  regarding the control information by a modulation method based on control signal  600 , and then outputs control-information-mapped signal  603 . Note that control-information-mapped signal  603  corresponds to control information symbol signal  253  of  FIG. 2 . 
       FIG. 7  is a diagram illustrating one exemplary configuration of antenna unit # A ( 109 _A) and antenna unit # B ( 109 _B) of  FIG. 1 . This is an example in which antenna unit # A ( 109 _A) and antenna unit # B ( 109 _B) each include a plurality of antennas. 
     Divider  702  receives and divides transmission signal  701  to output transmission signals  703 _ 1 ,  703 _ 2 ,  703 _ 3 , and  703 _ 4 . 
     Multiplier  704 _ 1  receives transmission signal  703 _ 1  and control signal  700 , multiplies transmission signal  703 _ 1  by a multiplication coefficient based on information about the multiplication coefficient included in control signal  700 , and then outputs multiplied signal  705 _ 1 . Multiplied signal  705 _ 1  is output as a radio wave from antenna  706 _ 1 . 
     When transmission signal  703 _ 1  is Tx1(t) (t: time) and the multiplication coefficient is W1 (W1 can be defined as a complex number and hence may be a real number), multiplied signal  705 _ 1  is represented as Tx1(t)×W1. 
     Multiplier  704 _ 2  receives transmission signal  703 _ 2  and control signal  700 , multiplies transmission signal  703 _ 2  by a multiplication coefficient based on information about the multiplication coefficient included in control signal  700 , and then outputs multiplied signal  705 _ 2 . Multiplied signal  705 _ 2  is output as a radio wave from antenna  706 _ 2 . 
     When transmission signal  703 _ 2  is Tx2(t) and the multiplication coefficient is W2 (W2 can be defined as a complex number and hence may be a real number), multiplied signal  705 _ 2  is represented as Tx2(t)×W2. 
     Multiplier  704 _ 3  receives transmission signal  703 _ 3  and control signal  700 , multiplies transmission signal  703 _ 3  by a multiplication coefficient based on information about the multiplication coefficient included in control signal  700 , and then outputs multiplied signal  705 _ 3 . Multiplied signal  705 _ 3  is output as a radio wave from antenna  706 _ 3 . 
     When transmission signal  703 _ 3  is Tx3(t) and the multiplication coefficient is W3 (W3 can be defined as a complex number and hence may be a real number), multiplied signal  705 _ 3  is represented as Tx3(t)×W3. 
     Multiplier  704 _ 4  receives transmission signal  703 _ 4  and control signal  700 , multiplies transmission signal  703 _ 4  by a multiplication coefficient based on information about the multiplication coefficient included in control signal  700 , and then outputs multiplied signal  705 _ 4 . Multiplied signal  705 _ 4  is output as a radio wave from antenna  706 _ 4 . 
     When transmission signal  703 _ 4  is Tx4(t) and the multiplication coefficient is W4 (W4 can be defined as a complex number and hence may be a real number), multiplied signal  705 _ 4  is represented as Tx4(t)×W4. 
     Note that “an absolute value of W1, an absolute value of W2, an absolute value of W3, and an absolute value of W4 may be equal to each other”. This corresponds to phase change being performed. Of course, the absolute value of W1, the absolute value of W2, the absolute value of W3, and the absolute value of W4 are not necessarily equal to each other. 
     Also, in  FIG. 7 , an example in which the antenna unit includes four antennas (and four multipliers) has been described, but a number of antennas is not limited to four, and the antenna unit is required at least to include two or more antennas. 
     When the configuration of antenna unit # A ( 109 _A) of  FIG. 1  is as illustrated in  FIG. 7 , transmission signal  701  corresponds to transmission signal  108 _A of  FIG. 1 . Also, when the configuration of antenna unit # B ( 109 _B) of  FIG. 1  is as illustrated in  FIG. 7 , transmission signal  701  corresponds to transmission signal  108 _B of  FIG. 1 . However, antenna unit # A ( 109 _A) and antenna unit # B ( 109 _B) do not need to be configured as illustrated in  FIG. 7 . As described above, the antenna units do not need to receive control signal  100 . 
       FIG. 8  is a diagram illustrating one exemplary configuration of the reception apparatus that receives a modulated signal of, for example, the transmission signal of the frame structure of  FIG. 4 or 5  transmitted by the transmission apparatus of  FIG. 1 . 
     Wireless unit  803 X receives reception signal  802 X received by antenna unit # X ( 801 X), performs processes such as frequency conversion and Fourier transform, and outputs baseband signal  804 X. 
     Similarly, wireless unit  803 Y receives reception signal  802 Y received by antenna unit # Y ( 801 Y), performs processes such as frequency conversion and Fourier transform, and outputs baseband signal  804 Y. 
     Note that although  FIG. 8  illustrates the configuration in which antenna unit # X ( 801 X) and antenna unit # Y ( 801 Y) each receive control signal  810 , antenna unit # X ( 801 X) and antenna unit # Y ( 801 Y) do not necessarily receive control signal  810  in the configuration. An operation when control signal  810  is present as an input will be described in detail later. 
     Meanwhile,  FIG. 9  is a diagram illustrating a relationship between the transmission apparatus and the reception apparatus. Antennas  901 _ 1  and  901 _ 2  of  FIG. 9  are transmission antennas, and antenna  901 _ 1  of  FIG. 9  corresponds to antenna unit # A ( 109 _A) of  FIG. 1 . Antenna  901 _ 2  of  FIG. 9  corresponds to antenna unit # B ( 109 _B) of  FIG. 1 . 
     Antennas  902 _ 1  and  902 _ 2  of  FIG. 9  are reception antennas, and antenna  902 _ 1  of  FIG. 9  corresponds to antenna unit # X ( 801 X) of  FIG. 8 . Antenna  902 _ 2  of  FIG. 9  corresponds to antenna unit # Y ( 801 Y) of  FIG. 8 . 
     As illustrated in  FIG. 9 , a signal transmitted from transmission antenna  901 _ 1  is u1(i), a signal transmitted from transmission antenna  901 _ 2  is u2(i), a signal received by reception antenna  902 _ 1  is r1(i), and a signal received by reception antenna  902 _ 2  is r2(i). Note that i denotes a symbol number, and for example, i is an integer equal to or greater than 0. 
     Then, a propagation coefficient from transmission antenna  901 _ 1  to reception antenna  902 _ 1  is h11(i), a propagation coefficient from transmission antenna  901 _ 1  to reception antenna  902 _ 2  is h21(i), a propagation coefficient from transmission antenna  901 _ 2  to reception antenna  902 _ 1  is h12(i), and a propagation coefficient from transmission antenna  901 _ 2  to reception antenna  902 _ 2  is h22(i). Then, the following relational expression holds true. 
     
       
         
           
             
               
                 
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     Note that n1(i) and n2(i) are noise. 
     Channel estimator  805 _ 1  of modulated signal u1 of  FIG. 8  receives baseband signal  804 X, estimates the channel of modulated signal u1, that is, estimates h11(i) of formula (37) by using the preamble and/or the pilot symbol in  FIGS. 4 and 5 , and outputs channel estimation signal  806 _ 1 . 
     Channel estimator  805 _ 2  of modulated signal u2 receives baseband signal  804 X, estimates the channel of modulated signal u2, that is, estimates h12(i) of formula (37) by using the preamble and/or the pilot symbol in  FIGS. 4 and 5 , and outputs channel estimation signal  806 _ 2 . 
     Channel estimator  807 _ 1  of modulated signal u1 receives baseband signal  804 Y, estimates the channel of modulated signal u1, that is, estimates h21(i) of formula (37) by using the preamble and/or the pilot symbol in  FIGS. 4 and 5 , and outputs channel estimation signal  808 _ 1 . 
     Channel estimator  807 _ 2  of modulated signal u2 receives baseband signal  804 Y, estimates the channel of modulated signal woo2, that is, estimates h22(i) of formula (37) by using the preamble and/or the pilot symbol in  FIGS. 4 and 5 , and outputs channel estimation signal  808 _ 2 . 
     Control information decoder  809  receives baseband signals  804 X and  804 Y, demodulates and decodes control information included in “the other symbol” in  FIGS. 4 and 5 , and outputs control signal  810  including the control information. 
     Signal processor  811  receives channel estimation signals  806 _ 1 ,  806 _ 2 ,  808 _ 1 , and  808 _ 2 , baseband signals  804 X and  804 Y, and control signal  810 . Signal processor  811  performs demodulation and decoding by using a relationship of formula (37) and based on the control information in control signal  810  (for example, information about the modulation scheme and the error correction code related scheme), and outputs reception data  812 . 
     Note that control signal  810  is not necessarily generated by the method as illustrated in  FIG. 8 . For example, control signal  810  of  FIG. 8  may be generated based on information transmitted by a apparatus serving as a communication partner of the apparatus illustrated in  FIG. 8  ( FIG. 1 ). Alternatively, the apparatus of  FIG. 8  may include an input unit and control signal  810  may be generated based on information input from the input unit. 
       FIG. 10  is a diagram illustrating one exemplary configuration of antenna unit # X ( 801 X) and antenna unit # Y ( 801 Y) of  FIG. 8 . This is an example in which antenna unit # X ( 801 X) and antenna unit # Y ( 801 Y) each include a plurality of antennas. 
     Multiplier  1003 _ 1  receives reception signal  1002 _ 1  received by antenna  1001 _ 1  and control signal  1000 , multiplies reception signal  1002 _ 1  by a multiplication coefficient based on information about the multiplication coefficient included in control signal  1000 , and then outputs multiplied signal  1004 _ 1 . 
     When reception signal  1002 _ 1  is Rx1(t) (t: time) and the multiplication coefficient is D1 (D1 can be defined as a complex number and hence may be a real number), multiplied signal  1004 _ 1  is represented as Rx1(t)×D1. 
     Multiplier  1003 _ 2  receives reception signal  1002 _ 2  received by antenna  1001 _ 2  and control signal  1000 , multiplies reception signal  1002 _ 2  by a multiplication coefficient based on information about the multiplication coefficient included in control signal  1000 , and then outputs multiplied signal  1004 _ 2 . 
     When reception signal  1002 _ 2  is Rx2(t) and the multiplication coefficient is D2 (D2 can be defined as a complex number and hence may be a real number), multiplied signal  1004 _ 2  is represented as Rx2(t)×D2. 
     Multiplier  1003 _ 3  receives reception signal  1002 _ 3  received by antenna  1001 _ 3  and control signal  1000 , multiplies reception signal  1002 _ 3  by a multiplication coefficient based on information about the multiplication coefficient included in control signal  1000 , and then outputs multiplied signal  1004 _ 3 . 
     When reception signal  1002 _ 3  is Rx3(t) and the multiplication coefficient is D3 (D3 can be defined as a complex number and hence may be a real number), multiplied signal  1004 _ 3  is represented as Rx3(t)×D3. 
     Multiplier  1003 _ 4  receives reception signal  1002 _ 4  received by antenna  1001 _ 4  and control signal  1000 , multiplies reception signal  1002 _ 4  by a multiplication coefficient based on information about the multiplication coefficient included in control signal  1000 , and then outputs multiplied signal  1004 _ 4 . 
     When reception signal  1002 _ 4  is Rx4(t) and the multiplication coefficient is D4 (D4 can be defined as a complex number and hence may be a real number), multiplied signal  1004 _ 4  is represented as Rx4(t)×D4. 
     Combiner  1005  receives multiplied signals  1004 _ 1 ,  1004 _ 2 ,  1004 _ 3 , and  1004 _ 4 , combines multiplied signals  1004 _ 1 ,  1004 _ 2 ,  1004 _ 3 , and  1004 _ 4 , and then outputs combined signal  1006 . Note that combined signal  1006  is represented as Rx1(t)×D1+Rx2(t)×D2+Rx3(t)×D3+Rx4(t)×D4. 
     In  FIG. 10 , an example in which the antenna unit includes four antennas (and four multipliers) has been described, but the number of antennas is not limited to four, and the antenna unit is required at least to include two or more antennas. 
     When the configuration of antenna unit # X ( 801 X) of  FIG. 8  is as illustrated in  FIG. 10 , reception signal  802 X corresponds to combined signal  1006  of  FIG. 10 , and control signal  710  corresponds to control signal  1000  of  FIG. 10 . Also, when the configuration of antenna unit # Y ( 801 Y) of  FIG. 8  is as illustrated in  FIG. 10 , reception signal  802 Y corresponds to combined signal  1006  of  FIG. 10 , and control signal  710  corresponds to control signal  1000  of  FIG. 10 . However, antenna unit # X ( 801 X) and antenna unit # Y ( 801 Y) are not necessarily configured as illustrated in  FIG. 10 . As described above, the antenna units do not necessarily receive control signal  710 . 
     Note that control signal  800  may be generated based on information transmitted by a apparatus serving as a communication partner. Alternatively, the apparatus may include an input unit and control signal  800  may be generated based on information input from the input unit. 
     Next, characteristics of signal processor  106  of the transmission apparatus illustrated in  FIG. 1  into which phase changer  205 B and phase changer  209 B are inserted as illustrated in  FIG. 2 , and advantageous effects thereof will be described. 
     As described with reference to  FIGS. 4 and 5 , phase changer  205 B performs precoding (weighting) on mapped signal s1(i) ( 201 A) (i is a symbol number and is an integer equal to or greater than 0) obtained by performing mapping using the first series, and mapped signal s2(i) ( 201 B) obtained by performing mapping using the second series. Phase changer  205 B performs phase change on one of obtained weighted signals  204 A and  204 B. Then, weighted signal  204 A and phase-changed signal  206 B are transmitted at the same frequency and at the same time. Therefore, in  FIGS. 4 and 5 , phase change is performed on data symbol  502  of  FIG. 5 . In  FIG. 2 , since phase changer  205 B performs phase change on weighted signal  204 B, phase change is performed on data symbol  502  of  FIG. 5 . When phase change is performed on weighted signal  204 A, phase change is performed on data symbol  402  of  FIG. 4 . This point will be described later. 
     For example,  FIG. 11  is a diagram illustrating carriers  1  to  5  and time $4 to $6 extracted from the frame of  FIG. 5 . Note that as in  FIG. 5 , reference numeral  501  represents a pilot symbol, reference numeral  502  represents a data symbol, and reference numeral  503  represents the other symbol. 
     As described above, in the symbols illustrated in  FIG. 11 , phase changer  205 B performs phase change on the data symbol of (carrier  1 , time $5), the data symbol of (carrier  2 , time $5), the data symbol of (carrier  3 , time $5), the data symbol of (carrier  4 , time $5), the data symbol of (carrier  5 , time $5), the data symbol of (carrier  1 , time $6), the data symbol of (carrier  2 , time $6), the data symbol of (carrier  4 , time $6), and the data symbol of (carrier  5 , time $6). 
     Therefore, in the symbols illustrated in  FIG. 11 , the phase change value of the data symbol of (carrier  1 , time $5) is “e j×δ15(i) ”, the phase change value of the data symbol of (carrier  2 , time $5) is “e j×δ25(i) ”, the phase change value of the data symbol of (carrier  3 , time $5) is “e j×δ35(i)” , the phase change value of the data symbol of (carrier  4 , time $5) is “e j×δ45(i)” , the phase change value of the data symbol of (carrier  5 , time $5) is “e j×δ55(i)” , the phase change value of the data symbol of (carrier  1 , time $6) is “e j×δ16(i)” , the phase change value of the data symbol of (carrier  2 , time $6) is “e j×δ26(i)” , the phase change value of the data symbol of (carrier  4 , time $6) is “e j×δ46(i)” , and the phase change value of the data symbol of (carrier  5 , time $6) is “e j×δ56(i) ”. 
     Meanwhile, in the symbols illustrated in  FIG. 11 , phase changer  205 B does not perform phase change on the other symbol of (carrier  1 , time $4), the other symbol of (carrier  2 , time $4), the other symbol of (carrier  3 , time $4), the other symbol of (carrier  4 , time $4), the other symbol of (carrier  5 , time $4), or the pilot symbol of (carrier  3 , time $6). 
     This point is a characteristic point of phase changer  205 B. Note that as illustrated in  FIG. 4 , data carriers are arranged at “the same carrier and the same time” as the symbols to be subjected to phase change in  FIG. 11 , including the data symbol of (carrier  1 , time $5), the data symbol of (carrier  2 , time $5), the data symbol of (carrier  3 , time $5), the data symbol of (carrier  4 , time $5), the data symbol of (carrier  5 , time $5), the data symbol of (carrier  1 , time $6), the data symbol of (carrier  2 , time $6), the data symbol of (carrier  4 , time $6), and the data symbol of (carrier  5 , time $6). That is, in  FIG. 4 , (carrier  1 , time $5) is a data symbol, (carrier  2 , time $5) is a data symbol, (carrier  3 , time $5) is a data symbol, (carrier  4 , time $5) is a data symbol, (carrier  5 , time $5) is a data symbol, (carrier  1 , time $6) is a data symbol, (carrier  2 , time $6) is a data symbol, (carrier  4 , time $6) is a data symbol, and (carrier  5 , time $6) is a data symbol. That is, phase changer  205 B performs phase change on the data symbols performing MIMO transmission (transmitting multiple streams). 
     Note that examples of phase change to be performed on data symbols by phase changer  205 B include a method for performing periodical phase change (phase change cycle N) on the data symbols by formula (2). However, the method for performing phase change on data symbols is not limited to this method. 
     Doing this will improve data reception quality in the data symbol reception apparatus performing MIMO transmission (transmitting multiple streams) in an environment where direct waves are dominant, particularly in the LOS environment. This point will be described. 
     For example, it is assumed that the modulation scheme to be used by mapper  104  of  FIG. 1  is quadrature phase shift keying (QPSK). Mapped signal  201 A in  FIG. 2  is a QPSK signal, and mapped signal  201 B is also a QPSK signal. That is, two QPSK streams are transmitted. Then, signal processor  811  of  FIG. 8  obtains, for example, 16 candidate signal points by using channel estimation signals  806 _ 1  and  806 _ 2 . QPSK allows transmission of two bits, and a total of four bits can be transmitted by two streams. Therefore, 2 4 =16 candidate signal points are present. Note that other 16 candidate signal points are obtained using channel estimation signals  808 _ 1  and  808 _ 2 , which however will be described in a similar way; therefore, the following description will be made focusing on the 16 candidate signal points obtained using channel estimation signals  806 _ 1  and  806 _ 2 . 
       FIG. 12  is a diagram illustrating one example of this state. In both  FIGS. 12(A) and 12(B) , a horizontal axis is in-phase I and a vertical axis is quadrature Q, and 16 candidate signal points are present on the in-phase quadrature (IQ) plane. One of the 16 candidate signal points is the signal point transmitted by the transmission apparatus. Therefore, these are called “16 candidate signal points”. 
     In an environment where direct waves are dominant, particularly in the LOS environment, the following cases are considered. 
     First Case: 
     Consider a case where phase changer  205 B of  FIG. 2  is not present (that is, a case where phase change by phase changer  205 B of  FIG. 2  is not performed). 
     In the “first case”, since phase change is not performed, there is a possibility of falling into the state as illustrated in  FIG. 12(A) . When falling into the state of  FIG. 12(A) , since there are portions where the signal points are dense (distance between the signal points are short) such as “signal points  1201  and  1202 ”, “signal points  1203 ,  1204 ,  1205  and  1206 ”, and “signal points  1207  and  1208 ”, data reception quality may deteriorate in the reception apparatus of  FIG. 8 . 
     To overcome this problem, phase changer  205 B is inserted in  FIG. 2 . Insertion of phase changer  205 B will lead to a mixture of the symbol numbers where the signal points are dense (distance between signal points is short) as illustrated in  FIG. 12(A) , and the symbol numbers where “distance between signal points is long” as illustrated in  FIG. 12(B) , depending on symbol number i. Introduction of an error correction code for this state will provide high error correction capability and allow the reception apparatus of  FIG. 8  to obtain high data reception quality. 
     Note that in  FIG. 2 , phase changer  205 B of  FIG. 2  does not perform phase change on “pilot symbols and preambles” for performing channel estimation for demodulating (detecting) data symbols such as pilot symbols and preambles. This makes it possible to implement in data symbols “a mixture of the symbol numbers where the signal points are dense (distance between signal points is short) as illustrated in  FIG. 12(A) , and the symbol numbers where “distance between signal points is long” as illustrated in  FIG. 12(B) , depending on symbol number i″. 
     However, even when phase changer  205 B of  FIG. 2  performs phase change on “pilot symbols and preambles” for performing channel estimation for demodulating (detecting) data symbols such as pilot symbols and preambles, it may be possible “to implement in data symbols “a mixture of the symbol numbers where the signal points are dense (distance between signal points is short) as illustrated in  FIG. 12(A) , and the symbol numbers where “distance between signal points is long” as illustrated in  FIG. 12(B) , depending on symbol number i″″. In this case, phase change needs to be performed through addition of some condition to the pilot symbol and preamble. For example, a method for providing a rule different from a phase change rule for data symbols and “performing phase change on pilot symbols and/or preambles” is considered. As an example, there is a method for periodically performing phase change of a cycle N on data symbols, and for periodically performing phase change of a cycle M on pilot symbols and/or preambles (N and M are each an integer equal to or greater than 2). 
     As described earlier, phase changer  209 B receives baseband signal  208 B and control signal  200 , performs phase change on baseband signal  208 B based on control signal  200 , and outputs phase-changed signal  210 B. Baseband signal  208 B is a function of symbol number i (i is an integer equal to or greater than 0) and is represented as x′(i). Then, phase-changed signal  210 B (x(i)) can be represented as x(i)=e j×ε(i) ×x′(i) (j is an imaginary unit). The operation of phase changer  209 B may be cyclic delay diversity (CDD) (cyclic shift diversity (CSD)) described in NPTL 2 and NPTL 3. Phase changer  209 B is characterized by performing phase change on symbols in a frequency axis direction. For example, phase change is performed on symbols such as data symbols, pilot symbols, and control information symbols. Therefore, in this case, target symbols of symbol number i are symbols such as data symbols, pilot symbols, control information symbols, and preambles (the other symbols). In the case of  FIG. 2 , phase changer  209 B, which performs phase change on baseband signal  208 B, performs phase change on each symbol illustrated in  FIG. 5 . When performing phase change on baseband signal  208 A of  FIG. 2 , phase changer  209 B performs phase change on each symbol illustrated in  FIG. 4 . This point will be described later. 
     Therefore, in the frame of  FIG. 5 , phase changer  209 B of  FIG. 2  performs phase change on all the symbols of carriers  1  to  36  and time $1 (in this case, all the symbols are the other symbol  503 ). 
     Similarly, 
     “phase changer  209 B of  FIG. 2  performs phase change on all the symbols of carriers  1  to  36  and time $2 (in this case, all the symbols are the other symbol  503 )”, 
     “phase changer  209 B of  FIG. 2  performs phase change on all the symbols of carriers  1  to  36  and time $3 (in this case, all the symbols are the other symbol  503 )”, 
     “phase changer  209 B of  FIG. 2  performs phase change on all the symbols of carriers  1  to  36  and time $4 (in this case, all the symbols are the other symbol  503 )”, 
     “phase changer  209 B of  FIG. 2  performs phase change on all the symbols of carriers  1  to  36  and time $5 (in this case, all the symbols are pilot symbol  501  or data symbol  502 )”, 
     “phase changer  209 B of  FIG. 2  performs phase change on all the symbols of carriers  1  to  36  and time $6 (in this case, all the symbols are pilot symbol  501  or data symbol  502 )”, 
     “phase changer  209 B of  FIG. 2  performs phase change on all the symbols of carriers  1  to  36  and time $7 (in this case, all the symbols are pilot symbol  501  or data symbol  502 )”, 
     “phase changer  209 B of  FIG. 2  performs phase change on all the symbols of carriers  1  to  36  and time $8 (in this case, all the symbols are pilot symbol  501  or data symbol  502 )”, 
     “phase changer  209 B of  FIG. 2  performs phase change on all the symbols of carriers  1  to  36  and time $9 (in this case, all the symbols are pilot symbol  501  or data symbol  502 )”, 
     “phase changer  209 B of  FIG. 2  performs phase change on all the symbols of carriers  1  to  36  and time $10 (in this case, all the symbols are pilot symbol  501  or data symbol  502 )”, and 
     “phase changer  209 B of  FIG. 2  performs phase change on all the symbols of carriers  1  to  36  and time $11 (in this case, all the symbols are pilot symbol  501  or data symbol  502 )”. 
     . . . 
       FIG. 13  is a diagram illustrating a frame structure different from  FIG. 4  of transmission signal  108 _A of  FIG. 1 . In  FIG. 13 , those operating in the same way as in  FIG. 4  are denoted with the same reference numerals. In  FIG. 13 , a horizontal axis represents a frequency (carrier), and a vertical axis represents time. As in  FIG. 4 , since a multi-carrier transmission scheme such as OFDM is used, symbols are present in a carrier direction.  FIG. 13  illustrates symbols of carrier  1  to carrier  36 , as in  FIG. 4 . Also,  FIG. 13  illustrates symbols of time $1 to time $11, as in  FIG. 4 . 
     In  FIG. 13 , null symbol  1301  is inserted in addition to pilot symbol  401  (pilot signal  251 A of  FIG. 2  (corresponding to pa(t))), data symbol  402 , and the other symbol  403 . 
     It is assumed that null symbol  1301  has an in-phase component I of zero (0) and a quadrature component Q of zero (0). Note that although this is called “null symbol” here, this is not limited to this naming method. 
     In  FIG. 13 , the null symbols are inserted at carrier  19 . Note that a method for inserting the null symbols is not limited to the structure illustrated in  FIG. 13 . For example, the null symbols may be inserted at a specified time, the null symbols may be inserted in a specified frequency and time domain, the null symbols may be inserted consecutively in a time/frequency domain, or the null symbols may be discretely inserted in a time/frequency domain. 
       FIG. 14  is a diagram illustrating a frame structure different from  FIG. 5  of transmission signal  108 _B of  FIG. 1 . In  FIG. 14 , those operating in the same way as in  FIG. 5  are denoted with the same reference numerals. In  FIG. 14 , a horizontal axis represents a frequency (carrier), and a vertical axis represents time. As in  FIG. 5 , since the multi-carrier transmission scheme such as OFDM is used, symbols are present in a carrier direction.  FIG. 14  illustrates symbols of carrier  1  to carrier  36 , as in  FIG. 5 . Also,  FIG. 14  illustrates symbols of time $1 to time $11, as in  FIG. 5 . 
     In  FIG. 14 , null symbol  1301  is inserted in addition to pilot symbol  501  (pilot signal  251 B of  FIG. 2  (corresponding to pb(t))), data symbol  502 , and the other symbol  503 . 
     It is assumed that null symbol  1301  has an in-phase component I of zero (0) and a quadrature component Q of zero (0). Note that although this is called “null symbol” here, this is not limited to this naming method. 
     In  FIG. 14 , the null symbols are inserted at carrier  19 . Note that a method for inserting the null symbols is not limited to the structure illustrated in  FIG. 14 . For example, the null symbols may be inserted at a specified time, the null symbols may be inserted in a specified frequency and time domain, the null symbols may be inserted consecutively in a time/frequency domain, or the null symbols may be discretely inserted in a time/frequency domain. 
     When a symbol is present at carrier A and time $B of  FIG. 13  and when a symbol is present at carrier A and time $B of  FIG. 14 , the symbol at carrier A and time $B of  FIG. 13  and the symbol at carrier A and time $B of  FIG. 14  are transmitted at the same time and the same frequency. Note that the frame structures of  FIGS. 13 and 14  are merely examples. 
     The other symbols in  FIGS. 13 and 14  are symbols corresponding to “preamble signal  252  and control information symbol signal  253  in  FIG. 2 ”. Therefore, the other symbol  503  of  FIG. 14  at the same time and the same frequency (same carrier) as the other symbol  403  of  FIG. 13  transmits the same data (same control information) when the control information is transmitted. 
     Note that it is assumed that the reception apparatus simultaneously receives the frame of  FIG. 13  and the frame of  FIG. 14 , but even by receiving only the frame of  FIG. 13  or only the frame of  FIG. 14 , the reception apparatus can obtain data transmitted by the transmission apparatus. 
     Phase changer  209 B receives baseband signal  208 B and control signal  200 , performs phase change on baseband signal  208 B based on control signal  200 , and then outputs phase-changed signal  210 B. Baseband signal  208 B is a function of symbol symbol number i (i is an integer equal to or greater than 0) and is represented as x′(i). Then, phase-changed signal  210 B (x(i)) can be represented as x(i)=e j×ε(i) ×x′(i) (j is an imaginary unit). The operation of phase changer  209 B may be cyclic delay diversity (CDD) (cyclic shift diversity (CSD)) described in NPTL 2 and NPTL 3. Phase changer  209 B is characterized by performing phase change on symbols in a frequency axis direction. For example, phase change is performed on symbols such as data symbols, pilot symbols, and control information symbols. At this time, the null symbol can also be considered as a phase change target. Therefore, in this case, target symbols of symbol number i are symbols such as data symbols, pilot symbols, control information symbols, preambles (the other symbols) and null symbols. However, even if phase change is performed on the null symbol, the signal before the phase change and the signal after the phase change are the same (in-phase component I is zero (0) and quadrature component Q is zero (0)). Therefore, it can be interpreted that the null symbol is not the phase change target. In the case of  FIG. 2 , phase changer  209 B, which performs phase change on baseband signal  208 B, performs phase change on each symbol illustrated in  FIG. 14 . When performing phase change on baseband signal  208 A of  FIG. 2 , phase changer  209 B performs phase change on each symbol illustrated in  FIG. 13 . This point will be described later. 
     Therefore, in the frame of  FIG. 14 , phase changer  209 B of  FIG. 2  performs phase change on all the symbols of carriers  1  to  36  and time $1 (in this case, all the symbols are the other symbol  503 ). However, the handling of phase change of null symbol  1301  is as described above. 
     Similarly, 
     “phase changer  209 B of  FIG. 2  performs phase change on all the symbols of carriers  1  to  36  and time $2 (in this case, all the symbols are the other symbol  503 ). However, the handling of phase change of null symbol  1301  is as described above”. 
     “Phase changer  209 B of  FIG. 2  performs phase change on all the symbols of carriers  1  to  36  and time $3 (in this case, all the symbols are the other symbol  503 ). However, the handling of phase change of null symbol  1301  is as described above”. 
     “Phase changer  209 B of  FIG. 2  performs phase change on all the symbols of carriers  1  to  36  and time $4 (in this case, all the symbols are the other symbol  503 ). However, the handling of phase change of null symbol  1301  is as described above”. 
     “Phase changer  209 B of  FIG. 2  performs phase change on all the symbols of carriers  1  to  36  and time $5 (in this case, all the symbols are pilot symbol  501  or data symbol  502 ). However, the handling of phase change of null symbol  1301  is as described above”. 
     “Phase changer  209 B of  FIG. 2  performs phase change on all the symbols of carriers  1  to  36  and time $6 (in this case, all the symbols are pilot symbol  501  or data symbol  502 ). However, the handling of phase change of null symbol  1301  is as described above”. 
     “Phase changer  209 B of  FIG. 2  performs phase change on all the symbols of carriers  1  to  36  and time $7 (in this case, all the symbols are pilot symbol  501  or data symbol  502 ). However, the handling of phase change of null symbol  1301  is as described above”. 
     “Phase changer  209 B of  FIG. 2  performs phase change on all the symbols of carriers  1  to  36  and time $8 (in this case, all the symbols are pilot symbol  501  or data symbol  502 ). However, the handling of phase change of null symbol  1301  is as described above”. 
     “Phase changer  209 B of  FIG. 2  performs phase change on all the symbols of carriers  1  to  36  and time $9 (in this case, all the symbols are pilot symbol  501  or data symbol  502 ). However, the handling of phase change of null symbol  1301  is as described above”. 
     “Phase changer  209 B of  FIG. 2  performs phase change on all the symbols of carriers  1  to  36  and time $10 (in this case, all the symbols are pilot symbol  501  or data symbol  502 ). However, the handling of phase change of null symbol  1301  is as described above”. 
     “Phase changer  209 B of  FIG. 2  performs phase change on all the symbols of carriers  1  to  36  and time $11 (in this case, all the symbols are pilot symbol  501  or data symbol  502 ). However, the handling of phase change of null symbol  1301  is as described above”. 
     . . . 
     The phase change value in phase changer  209 B is represented as Ω(i). Baseband signal  208 B is x′(i), and phase-changed signal  210 B is x(i). Therefore, x(i)=Ω(i)×x′(i) holds true. 
     For example, the phase change value is set as follows. Q is an integer equal to or greater than 2, and Q is a phase change cycle. 
     
       
         
           
             
               
                 
                   [ 
                   
                     Formula 
                     ⁢ 
                     
                         
                     
                     ⁢ 
                     38 
                   
                   ] 
                 
               
               
                 
                     
                 
               
             
             
               
                 
                   
                     Ω 
                     ⁡ 
                     
                       ( 
                       i 
                       ) 
                     
                   
                   = 
                   
                     e 
                     
                       j 
                       ⁢ 
                       
                           
                       
                       ⁢ 
                       
                         
                           2 
                           × 
                           π 
                           × 
                           i 
                         
                         Q 
                       
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                 
                   Formula 
                   ⁢ 
                   
                       
                   
                   ⁢ 
                   
                     ( 
                     38 
                     ) 
                   
                 
               
             
           
         
       
     
     j is an imaginary unit. However, formula (38) is merely an example and the phase change value is not limited to this formula. 
     For example, Ω(i) may be set to perform phase change so as to have the cycle Q. 
     Furthermore, for example, in  FIGS. 5 and 14 , the same phase change value may be provided to the same carrier, and the phase change value may be set for each carrier. For example, this will be as follows.
         For carrier  1  in  FIGS. 5 and 14 , regardless of time, the phase change value is as follows.
 
[Formula 39]
 
 e   j×0×π   Formula (39)
   For carrier  2  in  FIGS. 5 and 14 , regardless of time, the phase change value is as follows.       

     
       
         
           
             
               
                 
                   [ 
                   
                     Formula 
                     ⁢ 
                     
                         
                     
                     ⁢ 
                     40 
                   
                   ] 
                 
               
               
                 
                     
                 
               
             
             
               
                 
                   e 
                   
                     j 
                     ⁢ 
                     
                         
                     
                     ⁢ 
                     
                       
                         1 
                         × 
                         π 
                       
                       6 
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                 
                   Formula 
                   ⁢ 
                   
                       
                   
                   ⁢ 
                   
                     ( 
                     40 
                     ) 
                   
                 
               
             
           
         
       
         
         
           
             For carrier  3  in  FIGS. 5 and 14 , regardless of time, the phase change value is as follows. 
           
         
       
    
     
       
         
           
             
               
                 
                   [ 
                   
                     Formula 
                     ⁢ 
                     
                         
                     
                     ⁢ 
                     41 
                   
                   ] 
                 
               
               
                 
                     
                 
               
             
             
               
                 
                   e 
                   
                     j 
                     ⁢ 
                     
                         
                     
                     ⁢ 
                     
                       
                         2 
                         × 
                         π 
                       
                       6 
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                 
                   Formula 
                   ⁢ 
                   
                       
                   
                   ⁢ 
                   
                     ( 
                     41 
                     ) 
                   
                 
               
             
           
         
       
         
         
           
             For carrier  4  in  FIGS. 5 and 14 , regardless of time, the phase change value is as follows. 
           
         
       
    
     
       
         
           
             
               
                 
                   [ 
                   
                     Formula 
                     ⁢ 
                     
                         
                     
                     ⁢ 
                     42 
                   
                   ] 
                 
               
               
                 
                     
                 
               
             
             
               
                 
                   e 
                   
                     j 
                     ⁢ 
                     
                         
                     
                     ⁢ 
                     
                       
                         3 
                         × 
                         π 
                       
                       6 
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                 
                   Formula 
                   ⁢ 
                   
                       
                   
                   ⁢ 
                   
                     ( 
                     42 
                     ) 
                   
                 
               
             
           
         
       
     
     Operation examples of phase changer  209 B of  FIG. 2  have been described above. 
     Advantageous effects that can be obtained by phase changer  209 B of  FIG. 2  will be described. 
     It is assumed that the control information symbol is included in the other symbols  403  and  503  of “the frames of  FIGS. 4 and 5 ” or “the frames of  FIGS. 13 and 14 ”. As described earlier, when transmitting the control information, the other symbol  503  of  FIG. 5  at the same time and the same frequency (same carrier) as the other symbol  403  transmits the same data (same control information). 
     Here, consider the following cases. 
     Case 2: 
     The control information symbol is transmitted using one of antenna unit # A ( 109 _A) and antenna unit # B ( 109 _B) of  FIG. 1 . 
     When transmission is performed as in “case 2”, since the number of antennas that transmit the control information symbol is 1, a gain of space diversity is smaller than in a case of “transmitting the control information symbol using both antenna unit # A ( 109 _A) and antenna unit # B ( 109 _B)”, and thus data reception quality deteriorates even if the reception apparatus of  FIG. 8  performs reception in “case 2”. Therefore, in terms of improvement in data reception quality, it is preferable “to transmit the control information symbol using both “antenna unit # A ( 109 _A) and antenna unit # B ( 109 _B)”. 
     Case 3: 
     The control information symbol is transmitted using both of antenna unit # A ( 109 _A) and antenna unit # B ( 109 _B) of  FIG. 1 . However, phase changer  209 B in  FIG. 2  does not perform phase change. 
     When transmission is performed as in “case 3”, since the modulated signal transmitted from antenna unit # A  109 _A is the same as the modulated signal transmitted from antenna unit # B  109 _B (or there is a specified phase shift), depending on a radio wave propagation environment, the reception apparatus of  FIG. 8  may have a very poor reception signal and both of the modulated signals may be affected by the same multipath. This will cause a problem that data reception quality deteriorates in the reception apparatus of  FIG. 8 . 
     To alleviate this problem, phase changer  209 B is provided in  FIG. 2 . This enables phase change in a time or frequency direction, allowing the reception apparatus of  FIG. 8  to reduce the possibility of a poor reception signal. Also, it is likely that there is a difference between an influence of the multipath received by the modulated signal transmitted from antenna unit # A  109 _A and an influence of the multipath received by the modulated signal transmitted from antenna unit # B  109 _B. Therefore, it is likely that a diversity gain is obtained, whereby data reception quality improves in the reception apparatus of  FIG. 8 . 
     For the above reason, phase changer  209 B is provided in  FIG. 2  to perform phase change. 
     The other symbol  403  and the other symbol  503  include, other than the control information symbol, for example, a symbol for signal detection, a symbol for performing frequency synchronization and time synchronization, and a symbol for channel estimation (symbol for estimating propagation path fluctuation) for demodulating and decoding the control information symbol. In addition, “the frames of  FIGS. 4 and 5 ” or “the frames of  FIGS. 13 and 14 ” include pilot symbols  401  and  501 . Using these symbols will make it possible to demodulate and decode the control information symbol more accurately. 
     In “the frames of  FIGS. 4 and 5 ” or “the frames of  FIGS. 13 and 14 ”, data symbol  402  and data symbol  502  transmit multiple streams (perform MIMO transmission) by using the same frequency (band) and the same time. Demodulating these data symbols requires to use the symbol for signal detection, the symbol for frequency synchronization and time synchronization, and the symbol for channel estimation (symbol for estimating propagation path fluctuation) included in the other symbol  403  and the other symbol  503 . 
     At this time, as described above, phase changer  209 B performs phase change on “the symbol for signal detection, the symbol for frequency synchronization and time synchronization, and the symbol for channel estimation (symbol for estimating propagation path fluctuation) included in the other symbol  403  and the other symbol  503 ”. 
     Under such circumstances, if this process is not reflected in data symbol  402  and data symbol  502  (in data symbol  502  for the case described above), when the reception apparatus demodulates and decodes data symbol  402  and data symbol  502 , it is necessary to perform demodulation and decoding reflecting the process for the phase change performed by phase changer  209 B, and the process is likely to be complicated. This is because phase changer  209 B performs phase change on “the symbol for signal detection, the symbol for frequency synchronization and time synchronization, and the symbol for channel estimation (symbol for estimating propagation path fluctuation) included in the other symbol  403  and the other symbol  503 ”. 
     However, as illustrated in  FIG. 2 , when phase changer  209 B performs phase change on data symbol  402  and data symbol  502  (on data symbol  502  for the case described above), there is an advantage that the reception apparatus can (easily) demodulate and decode data symbol  402  and data symbol  502  by using the channel estimation signal (propagation path fluctuation estimation signal) estimated using “the symbol for signal detection, the symbol for frequency synchronization and time synchronization, and the symbol for channel estimation (symbol for estimating propagation path fluctuation) included in the other symbol  403  and the other symbol  503 ”. 
     In addition, as illustrated in  FIG. 2 , when phase changer  209 B performs phase change on data symbol  402  and data symbol  502  (on data symbol  502  for the case described above), it is possible to reduce an influence of a sharp drop in electric field intensity in a frequency axis in the multipath. This may improve data reception quality of data symbol  402  and data symbol  502 . 
     Thus, a characteristic point is that “the target symbol on which phase changer  205 B performs phase change” is different from “the target symbol on which phase changer  209 B performs phase change”. 
     As described above, phase changer  205 B of  FIG. 2  performing phase change can improve data reception quality of data symbol  402  and data symbol  502  in the reception apparatus, particularly in the LOS environment. Furthermore, phase changer  209 B of  FIG. 2  performing phase change will improve, for example, reception quality of the control information symbol included in “the frames of  FIGS. 4 and 5 ” or “the frames of  FIGS. 13 and 14 ” in the reception apparatus. Phase changer  209 B of  FIG. 2  performing phase change will also simplify demodulation and decoding operations of data symbol  402  and data symbol  502 . 
     Note that phase changer  205 B of  FIG. 2  performing phase change can improve data reception quality of data symbol  402  and data symbol  502  in the reception apparatus, particularly in the LOS environment. Furthermore, phase changer  209 B of  FIG. 2  performing phase change on data symbol  402  and data symbol  502  will improve reception quality of data symbol  402  and data symbol  502 . 
     Note that  FIG. 2  illustrates the configuration in which phase changer  209 B is provided in a downstream stage of inserter  207 B to perform phase change on baseband signal  208 B; however, the configuration for obtaining both the effect of the phase change by phase changer  205 B and the effect of the phase change by phase changer  209 B is not limited to the configuration illustrated in  FIG. 2 . For example, this configuration may be modified as follows. That is, phase changer  209 B may be removed from the configuration of  FIG. 2 , baseband signal  208 B output from inserter  207 B may be signal-processed signal  106 _B, phase changer  209 A that performs the same operation as the operation of phase changer  209 B may be added to a downstream stage of inserter  207 A, and phase-changed signal  210 A produced after phase change on baseband signal  208 A by phase changer  209 A may be signal-processed signal  106 _A. Even with such a configuration, as in the case of  FIG. 2 , phase changer  205 B of  FIG. 2  performing phase change will improve data reception quality of data symbol  402  and data symbol  502  in the reception apparatus, particularly in the LOS environment. Furthermore, phase changer  209 A performing phase change on data symbol  402  and data symbol  502  will improve reception quality of data symbol  402  and data symbol  502 . 
     Furthermore, this can improve reception quality of the control information symbol included in “the frames of  FIGS. 4 and 5 ” or “the frames of  FIGS. 13 and 14 ” in the reception apparatus. 
     Supplementary 1 
     In the first exemplary embodiment and the like, it has been described that the operation of “phase changer B” may be CDD (CSD) described in NPTL 2 and NPTL 3. This point will be supplemented. 
       FIG. 15  is a diagram illustrating the configuration when CDD (CSD) is used. Reference numeral  1501  is a modulated signal when cyclic delay is not performed and is represented as X[n]. 
     Cyclic delay unit  1502 _ 1  receives modulated signal  1501 , performs a cyclic delay process, and outputs cyclic-delay-processed signal  1503 _ 1 . When cyclic-delay-processed signal  1503 _ 1  is X1[n], X1[n] is represented by the following formula.
 
[Formula 43]
 
 X 1[ n ]= X [( n−δ 1)mod  N ]  Formula (43)
 
     Note that δ1 is a cyclic delay amount (δ1 is a real number), X[n] includes N symbols (N is an integer equal to or greater than 2), and therefore n is an integer between 0 and N−1 inclusive. 
     Cyclic delay unit  1502 _M receives modulated signal  1501 , performs the cyclic delay process, and outputs cyclic-delay-processed signal  1503 _M. When cyclic-delay-processed signal  1503 _M is XM[n], XM[n] is represented by the following formula.
 
[Formula 44]
 
 XM [ n ]= X [( n−δM )mod  N ]  Formula (44)
 
     Note that δM is a cyclic delay amount (δM is a real number), X[n] includes N symbols (N is an integer equal to or greater than 2), and therefore n is an integer between 0 and N−1 inclusive. 
     Therefore, cyclic delay unit  1502 _i (i is an integer between 1 and M inclusive (M is an integer equal to or greater than 1)) receives modulated signal  1501 , performs the cyclic delay process, and outputs cyclic-delay-processed signal  1503 _ i . When cyclic-delay-processed signal  1503 _ i  is Xi[n], Xi[n] is represented by the following formula.
 
[Formula 45]
 
 Xi [ n ]= X [( n−δi )mod  N ]  Formula (45)
 
     Note that δi is a cyclic delay amount (δi is a real number), X[n] includes N symbols (N is an integer equal to or greater than 2), and therefore n is an integer between 0 and N−1 inclusive. 
     Then, cyclic-delay-processed signal  1503 _ i  is transmitted from antenna i. Therefore, cyclic-delay-processed signal  1503 _ 1 , . . . , cyclic-delay-processed signal  1503 _M are transmitted from different antennas. 
     This can provide a diversity effect by cyclic delay (in particular, this can reduce an adverse effect of a delay wave), and improve data reception quality in the reception apparatus. 
     For example, phase changer  209 B of  FIG. 2  may be replaced with the cyclic delay unit illustrated in  FIG. 15 , and phase changer  209 B may operate in the same manner as the cyclic delay unit. 
     Therefore, phase changer  209 B of  FIG. 2  provides the cyclic delay amount δ (δ is a real number), and an input signal of phase changer  209 B is represented as Y[n]. When an output signal of phase changer  209 B is represented as Z[n], Z[n] is represented by the following formula.
 
[Formula 46]
 
 Z [ n ]= Y [( n −δ)mod  N ]  Formula (46)
 
     Note that Y[n] includes N symbols (N is an integer equal to or greater than 2), and therefore n is an integer between 0 and N−1 inclusive. 
     Next, a relationship between the cyclic delay amount and the phase change will be described. 
     For example, consider a case where CDD (CSD) is applied to OFDM. Note that carrier arrangement when OFDM is used is as illustrated in  FIG. 16 . 
     In  FIG. 16 , reference numeral  1601  is a symbol, a horizontal axis is a frequency (carrier number), and carriers are arranged in ascending order from low frequencies to high frequencies. Therefore, when the carrier with the lowest frequency is “carrier  1 ”, this is followed by “carrier  2 ” “carrier  3 ” “carrier  4 ” . . . . 
     For example, phase changer  209 B of  FIG. 2  provides cyclic delay amount T. Then, phase change value Ω[i] at “carrier i” is represented as follows.
 
[Formula 47]
 
Ω[ i ]= e   j×μ×i   Formula (47)
 
     Note that μ is a value that can be obtained from the cyclic delay amount, fast Fourier transform (FFT) size, and the like. 
     When the baseband signal at “carrier i” and time t before phase change (before cyclic delay process) is v′[i][t], signal v[i][t] at “carrier i” and time t after phase change can be represented as v[i][t]=Ω[i]×v′[i][t]. 
     Supplementary 2 
     Of course, a combination of a plurality of exemplary embodiments and other information described in this specification may be performed. 
     Each exemplary embodiment and other information are merely examples. For example, even when “modulation scheme, error correction coding scheme (error correction code, code length, coding rate, and the like to be used), control information, and the like” are exemplified, or another “modulation scheme, error correction coding scheme (error correction code, code length, coding rate, and the like to be used), control information, and the like” are applied, each exemplary embodiment can be performed with the same configuration. 
     Regarding the modulation scheme, even when a modulation scheme other than the modulation scheme described in this specification is used, the exemplary embodiments and other information described in this specification can be implemented. For example, amplitude phase shift keying (APSK) (e.g., 16APSK, 64APSK, 128APSK, 256APSK, 1024APSK, 4096APSK, and the like), pulse amplitude modulation (PAM) (e.g., 4PAM, 8PAM, 16PAM, 64PAM, 128PAM, 256PAM, 1024PAM, 4096PAM, and the like), phase shift keying (PSK) (e.g., BPSK, QPSK, 8PSK, 16PSK, 64PSK, 128PSK, 256PSK, 1024PSK, 4096PSK, and the like), and quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) (e.g., 4QAM, 8QAM, 16QAM, 64QAM, 128QAM, 256QAM, 1024QAM, 4096QAM, and the like) may be applied. In each modulation scheme, uniform mapping and nonuniform mapping may be used. 
     A method for arranging signal points such as 2, 4, 8, 16, 64, 128, 256, and 1024 signal points in an I-Q plane (modulation scheme having signal points such as 2, 4, 8, 16, 64, 128, 256, and 1024 signal points) is not limited to the method for arranging the signal points of the modulation scheme described in this specification. Therefore, a function of outputting in-phase components and quadrature components based on a plurality of bits is a function of the mapper, and thereafter, performing precoding and phase change is one effective function of the present disclosure. 
     When “∀” or “∃” is present in this specification, “∀” represents a universal quantifier, and “∃” represents an existential quantifier. 
     When there is a complex plane in this specification, for example, a unit of phase, such as argument, is “radian”. 
     When a complex plane is used, the complex plane can be displayed in a polar form as a display of complex numbers in polar coordinates. When a point (a, b) on the complex plane corresponds to a complex number z=a+jb (both a and b are real numbers and j is an imaginary unit), if this point is represented as [r, θ] in polar coordinates, a=r×cos θ, b=r×sin θ and formula (48) hold true.
 
[Formula 48]
 
 r =√{square root over ( a   2   +b   2 )}  Formula (48)
 
     r is an absolute value of z (r=|z|), and θ is an argument. z=a+jb is represented as r×e jθ . 
     In this specification, the reception apparatus and the antenna of the terminal may be configured separately. For example, the reception apparatus includes an interface for receiving a signal received by the antenna or a signal obtained by performing frequency conversion on the signal received by the antenna through a cable, and the reception apparatus performs subsequent processing. 
     Data or information obtained by the reception apparatus is thereafter converted into video and sound, and displayed on a display (monitor), or the sound is output from a speaker. Furthermore, the data or information obtained by the reception apparatus may undergo signal processing regarding video and sound (signal processing is not necessarily performed). Then, the data or information may be output from an RCA terminal (video terminal, sound terminal), universal serial bus (USB), high-definition multimedia interface (HDMI) (registered trademark), digital terminal, and the like provided in the reception apparatus. 
     In this specification, for example, communication and broadcasting apparatuses such as a broadcasting station, a base station, an access point, a terminal, and a mobile phone are considered to include the transmission apparatus. At this time, communication apparatuses such as a television, a radio, a terminal, a personal computer, a mobile phone, an access point, and a base station are considered to include the reception apparatus. Also, it is considered that the transmission apparatus and the reception apparatus in the present disclosure are apparatuses having a communication function, and that the apparatus is in such a form that the apparatus can be connected to an apparatus for executing an application such as a television, a radio, a personal computer, and a mobile phone by understanding some kind of interface. 
     Also, according to the present exemplary embodiment, symbols other than the data symbol, such as, for example, the pilot symbol (preamble, unique word, postamble, reference symbol, and the like), and the control information symbol may be arranged in the frame in any way. Here, some symbols are named the pilot symbol and the symbol for control information, but any naming method can be used, and a function itself is important. 
     The pilot symbol is, for example, a symbol modulated using PSK modulation known by a receiver and a transmitter (or, by synchronization, a receiver may be able to know the symbol transmitted by a transmitter). Using this symbol, the receiver performs frequency synchronization, time synchronization, channel estimation (of each modulated signal) (estimation of channel state information (CSI)), detection of a signal, and the like. 
     The symbol for control information is a symbol for transmitting information that needs to be transmitted to a communication partner in order to implement communication other than data (such as application) (for example, modulation scheme, error correction coding scheme, and coding rate of error correction coding scheme used for communication, setting information in upper layers, and the like). 
     Note that the present disclosure is not limited to each exemplary embodiment, and various modifications can be made for implementation. For example, each exemplary embodiment describes a case of implementation as a communication apparatus, but the present disclosure is not limited to this case, and it is also possible to perform this communication method as software. 
     Also, a precoding switching method in a method for transmitting two modulated signals from two antennas has been described above, but this is not restrictive. The present disclosure can be implemented similarly by a method for performing precoding on four mapped signals, generating four modulated signals, and transmitting the signals from four antennas, that is, by a method for performing precoding on N mapped signals, generating N modulated signals, and transmitting the signals from N antennas, and similarly by a precoding switching method for changing precoding weight (matrix). 
     In this specification, terms such as “precoding” and “precoding weight” are used, but a naming method itself may be any method. In the present disclosure, the signal processing itself is important. 
     Different pieces of data may be transmitted or the same data may be transmitted by streams s1(t) and s2(t). 
     In both of the transmission antenna of the transmission apparatus and the reception antenna of the reception apparatus, one antenna illustrated in the drawings may include a plurality of antennas. 
     The transmission apparatus needs to notify the reception apparatus of the transmission method (MIMO, SISO, space-time block code, interleave scheme), modulation scheme, and error correction coding scheme. This is omitted depending on the exemplary embodiment. This is present in the frame transmitted by the transmission apparatus. By obtaining this, the reception apparatus changes the operation. 
     Note that, for example, a program for performing the communication method described above may be stored in advance in a read only memory (ROM), and the program may be executed by a central processor unit (CPU). 
     Furthermore, the program for performing the communication method may be stored in a computer readable storage medium, the program stored in the storage medium may be recorded in a random access memory (RAM) of a computer to cause the computer to operate according to the program. 
     Also, each configuration such as each exemplary embodiment described above may be implemented as a large scale integration (LSI), which is typically an integrated circuit. These may be individually integrated into one chip, or may be integrated into one chip so as to include all the configurations or part of configurations of each exemplary embodiment. Here, LSI is mentioned, but this chip may be called an integrated circuit (IC), system LSI, super LSI, or ultra LSI, depending on a degree of integration. Also, a method for circuit integration is not limited to LSI, and circuit integration may be implemented using a dedicated circuit or a general-purpose processor. A field programmable gate array (FPGA), which is programmable after manufacture of an LSI, or a reconfigurable processor, in which connections or settings of circuit cells within the LSI are reconfigurable, may be used. 
     Furthermore, if advanced semiconductor technologies or other related technologies yield a circuit integration technology that can substitute for LSI, the functional blocks may of course be integrated using such a technology. Adaptation of the biotechnology may be possible. 
     The present disclosure can be widely applied to radio systems that transmit different modulated signals from a plurality of antennas. Also, the present disclosure can be applied to a case where MIMO transmission is performed in a wired communication system having a plurality of transmission places (for example, a power line communication (PLC) system, an optical communication system, and a digital subscriber line (DSL) system). 
     Second Exemplary Embodiment 
     The present exemplary embodiment will describe a method for implementing a configuration different from the configuration of  FIG. 2  in the first exemplary embodiment. 
       FIG. 1  is a diagram illustrating one exemplary configuration of a transmission apparatus such as, for example, a base station, an access point, and a broadcasting station according to the present exemplary embodiment. Details have been described in the first exemplary embodiment, and thus description thereof will be omitted. 
     Signal processor  106  receives mapped signals  105 _ 1  and  105 _ 2 , signal group  110 , and control signal  100 , performs signal processing based on control signal  100 , and then outputs signal-processed signals  106 _A and  106 _B. At this time, signal-processed signal  106 _A is represented as u1(i), and signal-processed signal  106 _B is represented as u2(i) (i is a symbol number, and for example, i is an integer equal to or greater than 0). Note that details of the signal processing will be described with reference to  FIG. 18 . 
       FIG. 18  is a diagram illustrating one example in a configuration of signal processor  106  in  FIG. 1 . Weight combiner (precoder)  203  receives mapped signal  201 A (corresponding to mapped signal  105 _ 1  of  FIG. 1 ), mapped signal  201 B (corresponding to mapped signal  105 _ 2  of  FIG. 1 ), and control signal  200  (corresponding to control signal  100  of  FIG. 1 ). Weight combiner (precoder)  203  performs weighting (precoding) based on control signal  200 , and then outputs weighted signal  204 A and weighted signal  204 B. At this time, mapped signal  201 A is represented as s1(t), mapped signal  201 B as s2(t), weighted signal  204 A as z1(t), and weighted signal  204 B as z2′(t). Note that t is time as one example. It is assumed that s1(t), s2(t), z1(t), and z2′(t) are defined as complex numbers (hence may be real numbers). 
     Here, each signal is handled as a function of time, but each signal may be a function of “frequency (carrier number)” or a function of “time and frequency”. Alternatively, each signal may be a function of “symbol number”. This point also applies to the first exemplary embodiment. 
     Weight combiner (precoder)  203  performs calculation of formula (1). 
     Then, phase changer  205 B receives weighted signal  204 B and control signal  200 . Based on control signal  200 , phase changer  205 B performs phase change on weighted signal  204 B and then outputs phase-changed signal  206 B. Note that phase-changed signal  206 B is represented as z2(t), and z2(t) is defined as a complex number (z2(t) may be a real number). 
     A specific operation of phase changer  205 B will be described. For example, phase changer  205 B performs phase change of y(i) on z2′(i). Therefore, z2(i) can be represented as z2(i)=y(i)×z2′(i) (i is a symbol number (i is an integer equal to or greater than 0)). 
     For example, a phase change value is set by formula (2). N is an integer equal to or greater than 2, and N is a phase change cycle. If N is set as an odd number equal to or greater than 3, data reception quality may improve. However, formula (2) is merely an example and the phase change value is not limited to this formula. Therefore, it is assumed that the phase change value y(i) is represented as y(i)=e j×δ(i) . 
     At this time, z1(i) and z2(i) can be represented by formula (3). Note that δ(i) is a real number. z1(i) and z2(i) are transmitted from the transmission apparatus at the same time and at the same frequency (same frequency band). In formula (3), the phase change value is not limited to formula (2), and for example, a method for periodically or regularly changing the phase can be considered. 
     As described in the first exemplary embodiment, formulas (5) to (36) and the like are considered as a (precoding) matrix in formulas (1) and (3). However, the precoding matrix is not limited to these formulas. This also applies to the first exemplary embodiment. 
     Inserter  207 A receives weighted signal  204 A, pilot symbol signal (pa(t)) (t: time) ( 251 A), preamble signal  252 , control information symbol signal  253 , and control signal  200 . Based on information about a frame structure included in control signal  200 , inserter  207 A outputs baseband signal  208 A based on the frame structure. 
     Similarly, inserter  207 B receives phase-changed signal  206 B, pilot symbol signal (pb(t)) ( 251 B), preamble signal  252 , control information symbol signal  253 , and control signal  200 . Based on the information about the frame structure included in control signal  200 , inserter  207 B outputs baseband signal  208 B based on the frame structure. 
     Phase changer  209 A receives baseband signal  208 A and control signal  200 , performs phase change on baseband signal  208 A based on control signal  200 , and then outputs phase-changed signal  210 A. Baseband signal  208 A is a function of symbol number i (i is an integer equal to or greater than 0) and is represented as x′(i). Then, phase-changed signal  210 A (x(i)) can be represented as x(i)=e j×ε(i) ×x′(i) (j is an imaginary unit). 
     Note that as described in the first exemplary embodiment, an operation of phase changer  209 A may be cyclic delay diversity (CDD) (cyclic shift diversity (CSD)) described in NPTL 2 and NPTL 3. Phase changer  209 A is characterized by performing phase change on the symbols present in a frequency axis direction (performing phase change on data symbols, pilot symbols, control information symbols, and other symbols). 
       FIG. 3  is a diagram illustrating one exemplary configuration of wireless units  107 _A and  107 _B of  FIG. 1 . Details have been described in the first exemplary embodiment, and thus description thereof will be omitted. 
       FIG. 4  is a diagram illustrating the frame structure of transmission signal  108 _A of  FIG. 1 . Details have been described in the first exemplary embodiment, and thus description thereof will be omitted. 
       FIG. 5  is a diagram illustrating the frame structure of transmission signal  108 _B of  FIG. 1 . Details have been described in the first exemplary embodiment, and thus description thereof will be omitted. 
     When a symbol is present at carrier A and time $B of  FIG. 4  and when a symbol is present at carrier A and time $B of  FIG. 5 , the symbol at carrier A and time $B of  FIG. 4  and the symbol at carrier A and time $B of  FIG. 5  are transmitted at the same time and the same frequency. Note that the frame structure is not limited to the frame structures in  FIGS. 4 and 5 , and  FIGS. 4 and 5  are merely examples of the frame structure. 
     The other symbols in  FIGS. 4 and 5  are symbols corresponding to “preamble signal  252  and control information symbol signal  253  in  FIG. 2 ”. Therefore, the other symbol  503  of  FIG. 5  at the same time and the same frequency (same carrier) as the other symbol  403  of  FIG. 4  transmits the same data (same control information) when the control information is transmitted. 
     Note that it is assumed that the reception apparatus simultaneously receives the frame of  FIG. 4  and the frame of  FIG. 5 , but even by receiving only the frame of  FIG. 4  or only the frame of  FIG. 5 , the reception apparatus can obtain the data transmitted by the transmission apparatus. 
       FIG. 6  is a diagram illustrating one exemplary configuration of a part regarding control information generation for generating control information signal  253  of  FIG. 2 . Details have been described in the first exemplary embodiment, and thus description thereof will be omitted. 
       FIG. 7  is a diagram illustrating one exemplary configuration of antenna unit # A ( 109 _A) and antenna unit # B ( 109 _B) of  FIG. 1 . This is an example in which antenna unit # A ( 109 _A) and antenna unit # B ( 109 _B) each include a plurality of antennas. Details of  FIG. 7  have been described in the first exemplary embodiment, and thus description thereof will be omitted. 
       FIG. 8  is a diagram illustrating one exemplary configuration of the reception apparatus that receives a modulated signal of, for example, the transmission signal of the frame structure of  FIG. 4 or 5  transmitted by the transmission apparatus of  FIG. 1 . Details have been described in the first exemplary embodiment, and thus description thereof will be omitted. 
       FIG. 10  is a diagram illustrating one exemplary configuration of antenna unit # X ( 801 X) and antenna unit # Y ( 801 Y) of  FIG. 8 . This is an example in which antenna unit # X ( 801 X) and antenna unit # Y ( 801 Y) each include a plurality of antennas. Details of  FIG. 10  have been described in the first exemplary embodiment, and thus description thereof will be omitted. 
     Next, as illustrated in  FIG. 18 , phase changer  205 B and phase changer  209 A are inserted into signal processor  106  of the transmission apparatus illustrated in  FIG. 1 . Features and advantageous effects thereof will be described. 
     As described with reference to  FIGS. 4 and 5 , phase changer  205 B performs precoding (weighting) on mapped signal s1(i) ( 201 A) (i is a symbol number and is an integer equal to or greater than 0) obtained by performing mapping using the first series, and mapped signal s2(i) ( 201 B) obtained by performing mapping using the second series. Phase changer  205 B performs phase change on one of obtained weighted signals  204 A and  204 B. Then, weighted signal  204 A and phase-changed signal  206 B are transmitted at the same frequency and at the same time. Therefore, in  FIGS. 4 and 5 , phase change is performed on data symbol  502  of  FIG. 5 . In  FIG. 18 , phase changer  205 , which performs phase change on weighted signal  204 B, performs phase change on data symbol  502  of  FIG. 5 . When phase change is performed on weighted signal  204 A, phase change is performed on data symbol  402  of  FIG. 4 . This point will be described later. 
     For example,  FIG. 11  is a diagram illustrating carriers  1  to  5  and time $4 to $6 extracted from the frame of  FIG. 5 . Note that as in  FIG. 5 , reference numeral  501  represents a pilot symbol, reference numeral  502  represents a data symbol, and reference numeral  503  represents the other symbol. 
     As described above, in the symbols illustrated in  FIG. 11 , phase changer  205 B performs phase change on the data symbol of (carrier  1 , time $5), the data symbol of (carrier  2 , time $5), the data symbol of (carrier  3 , time $5), the data symbol of (carrier  4 , time $5), the data symbol of (carrier  5 , time $5), the data symbol of (carrier  1 , time $6), the data symbol of (carrier  2 , time $6), the data symbol of (carrier  4 , time $6), and the data symbol of (carrier  5 , time $6). 
     Therefore, in the symbols illustrated in  FIG. 11 , the phase change value of the data symbol of (carrier  1 , time $5) is “e j×δ15(i) ”, the phase change value of the data symbol of (carrier  2 , time $5) is “e j×δ25(i) ”, the phase change value of the data symbol of (carrier  3 , time $5) is “e j×δ35(i) ”, the phase change value of the data symbol of (carrier  4 , time $5) is “e j×δ45(i)” , the phase change value of the data symbol of (carrier  5 , time $5) is “e j×δ55(i)” , the phase change value of the data symbol of (carrier  1 , time $6) is “e j×δ16(i) ”, the phase change value of the data symbol of (carrier  2 , time $6) is “e j×δ26(i) ”, the phase change value of the data symbol of (carrier  4 , time $6) is “e j×δ46(i) ”, and the phase change value of the data symbol of (carrier  5 , time $6) is “e j×δ56(i) ”. 
     Meanwhile, in the symbols illustrated in  FIG. 11 , phase changer  205 B does not perform phase change on the other symbol of (carrier  1 , time $4), the other symbol of (carrier  2 , time $4), the other symbol of (carrier  3 , time $4), the other symbol of (carrier  4 , time $4), the other symbol of (carrier  5 , time $4), or the pilot symbol of (carrier  3 , time $6). 
     This point is a characteristic point of phase changer  205 B. Note that as illustrated in  FIG. 4 , data carriers are arranged at “the same carrier and the same time” as the symbols to be subjected to phase change in  FIG. 11 , including the data symbol of (carrier  1 , time $5), the data symbol of (carrier  2 , time $5), the data symbol of (carrier  3 , time $5), the data symbol of (carrier  4 , time $5), the data symbol of (carrier  5 , time $5), the data symbol of (carrier  1 , time $6), the data symbol of (carrier  2 , time $6), the data symbol of (carrier  4 , time $6), and the data symbol of (carrier  5 , time $6). That is, in  FIG. 4 , (carrier  1 , time $5) is a data symbol, (carrier  2 , time $5) is a data symbol, (carrier  3 , time $5) is a data symbol, (carrier  4 , time $5) is a data symbol, (carrier  5 , time $5) is a data symbol, (carrier  1 , time $6) is a data symbol, (carrier  2 , time $6) is a data symbol, (carrier  4 , time $6) is a data symbol, and (carrier  5 , time $6) is a data symbol. That is, phase changer  205 B performs phase change on the data symbols performing MIMO transmission (transmitting multiple streams). 
     Note that examples of phase change to be performed on data symbols by phase changer  205 B include a method for performing periodical phase change (phase change cycle N) on the data symbols by formula (2). However, the method for performing phase change on data symbols is not limited to this method. 
     Doing this will improve reception quality in the data symbol reception apparatus performing MIMO transmission (transmitting multiple streams) in an environment where direct waves are dominant, particularly in the LOS environment. This point will be described. 
     For example, it is assumed that the modulation scheme to be used by mapper  104  of  FIG. 1  is quadrature phase shift keying (QPSK). Mapped signal  201 A of  FIG. 18  is a QPSK signal, and mapped signal  201 B is also a QPSK signal. That is, two QPSK streams are transmitted. Then, signal processor  811  of  FIG. 8  obtains, for example, 16 candidate signal points by using channel estimation signals  806 _ 1  and  806 _ 2 . QPSK allows transmission of two bits, and a total of four bits can be transmitted by two streams. Therefore, 2 4 =16 candidate signal points are present. Note that other 16 candidate signal points are obtained using channel estimation signals  808 _ 1  and  808 _ 2 , which however will be described in a similar way; therefore, the following description will be made focusing on the 16 candidate signal points obtained using channel estimation signals  806 _ 1  and  806 _ 2 . 
       FIG. 12  is a diagram illustrating one example of this state. In both  FIGS. 12(A) and 12(B) , a horizontal axis is in-phase I and a vertical axis is quadrature Q, and 16 candidate signal points are present on the in-phase quadrature (IQ) plane. One of the 16 candidate signal points is the signal point transmitted by the transmission apparatus. Therefore, these are called “16 candidate signal points”. 
     In an environment where direct waves are dominant, particularly in the LOS environment, 
     First Case: 
     Consider a case where phase changer  205 B of  FIG. 18  is not present (that is, a case where phase changer  205 B of  FIG. 18  does not perform phase change). 
     In the “first case”, since phase change is not performed, there is a possibility of falling into the state as illustrated in  FIG. 12(A) . When falling into the state of  FIG. 12(A) , since there are portions where the signal points are dense (distance between the signal points are short) such as “signal points  1201  and  1202 ”, “signal points  1203 ,  1204 ,  1205  and  1206 ”, and “signal points  1207  and  1208 ”, data reception quality may deteriorate in the reception apparatus of  FIG. 8 . 
     To overcome this problem, phase changer  205 B is inserted in  FIG. 18 . Insertion of phase changer  205 B will lead to a mixture of the symbol numbers where the signal points are dense (distance between signal points is short) as illustrated in  FIG. 12(A) , and the symbol numbers where “distance between signal points is long” as illustrated in  FIG. 12(B) , depending on symbol number i. Introduction of an error correction code for this state will provide high error correction capability and allow the reception apparatus of  FIG. 8  to obtain high data reception quality. 
     Note that in  FIG. 18 , phase changer  205 B of  FIG. 18  does not perform phase change on “pilot symbols and preambles” for performing channel estimation for demodulating (detecting) data symbols such as pilot symbols and preambles. This makes it possible to implement in data symbols “a mixture of the symbol numbers where the signal points are dense (distance between signal points is short) as illustrated in  FIG. 12(A) , and the symbol numbers where “distance between signal points is long” as illustrated in  FIG. 12(B) , depending on symbol number i″. 
     However, even when phase changer  205 B of  FIG. 18  performs phase change on “pilot symbols and preambles” for performing channel estimation for demodulating (detecting) data symbols such as pilot symbols and preambles, this may “make it possible to implement in data symbols “a mixture of the symbol numbers where the signal points are dense (distance between signal points is short) as illustrated in  FIG. 12(A) , and the symbol numbers where “distance between signal points is long” as illustrated in  FIG. 12(B) , depending on symbol number i″″. In this case, phase change needs to be performed through addition of some condition to the pilot symbol and preamble. For example, a method for providing a rule different from a phase change rule for data symbols and “performing phase change on pilot symbols and/or preambles” is considered. As an example, there is a method for periodically performing phase change of a cycle N on data symbols, and for periodically performing phase change of a cycle M on pilot symbols and/or preambles (N and M are each an integer equal to or greater than 2). 
     As described above, phase changer  209 A receives baseband signal  208 A and control signal  200 , performs phase change on baseband signal  208 A based on control signal  200 , and then outputs phase-changed signal  210 A. Baseband signal  208 A is a function of symbol number i (i is an integer equal to or greater than 0) and is represented as x′(i). Then, phase-changed signal  210 A (x(i)) can be represented as x(i)=e j×ε(i) ×x′(i) (j is an imaginary unit). The operation of phase changer  209 A may be cyclic delay diversity (CDD) (cyclic shift diversity (CSD)) described in NPTL 2 and NPTL 3. Phase changer  209 A is characterized by performing phase change on the symbols present in the frequency axis direction (performing phase change on symbols such as data symbols, pilot symbols, and control information symbols. Therefore, in this case, target symbols of symbol number i are symbols such as data symbols, pilot symbols, control information symbols, and preambles (the other symbols). In the case of  FIG. 18 , phase changer  209 A, which performs phase change on baseband signal  208 A, performs phase change on each symbol illustrated in  FIG. 4 . 
     Therefore, in the frame of  FIG. 4 , phase changer  209 A of  FIG. 18  performs phase change on all the symbols of carriers  1  to  36  and time $1 (in this case, all the symbols are the other symbol  403 ). 
     Similarly, 
     “phase changer  209 A of  FIG. 18  performs phase change on all the symbols of carriers  1  to  36  and time $2 (in this case, all the symbols are the other symbol  403 )”, 
     “phase changer  209 A of  FIG. 18  performs phase change on all the symbols of carriers  1  to  36  and time $3 (in this case, all the symbols are the other symbol  403 )”, 
     “phase changer  209 A of  FIG. 18  performs phase change on all the symbols of carriers  1  to  36  and time $4 (in this case, all the symbols are the other symbol  403 )”, 
     “phase changer  209 A of  FIG. 18  performs phase change on all the symbols of carriers  1  to  36  and time $5 (in this case, all the symbols are pilot symbol  401  or data symbol  402 )”, 
     “phase changer  209 A of  FIG. 18  performs phase change on all the symbols of carriers  1  to  36  and time $6 (in this case, all the symbols are pilot symbol  401  or data symbol  402 )”, 
     “phase changer  209 A of  FIG. 18  performs phase change on all the symbols of carriers  1  to  36  and time $7 (in this case, all the symbols are pilot symbol  401  or data symbol  402 )”, 
     “phase changer  209 A of  FIG. 18  performs phase change on all the symbols of carriers  1  to  36  and time $8 (in this case, all the symbols are pilot symbol  401  or data symbol  402 )”, 
     “phase changer  209 A of  FIG. 18  performs phase change on all the symbols of carriers  1  to  36  and time $9 (in this case, all the symbols are pilot symbol  401  or data symbol  402 )”, 
     “phase changer  209 A of  FIG. 18  performs phase change on all the symbols of carriers  1  to  36  and time $10 (in this case, all the symbols are pilot symbol  401  or data symbol  402 )”, and 
     “phase changer  209 A of  FIG. 18  performs phase change on all the symbols of carriers  1  to  36  and time $11 (in this case, all the symbols are pilot symbol  401  or data symbol  402 )”. 
     . . . 
       FIG. 13  is a diagram illustrating the frame structure of transmission signal  108 _A of  FIG. 1  different from  FIG. 4 . Details have been described in the first exemplary embodiment, and thus description thereof will be omitted. 
       FIG. 14  is a diagram illustrating the frame structure of transmission signal  108 _B of  FIG. 1  different from  FIG. 5 . Details have been described in the first exemplary embodiment, and thus description thereof will be omitted. 
     When a symbol is present at carrier A and time $B of  FIG. 13  and when a symbol is present at carrier A and time $B of  FIG. 14 , the symbol at carrier A and time $B of  FIG. 13  and the symbol at carrier A and time $B of  FIG. 14  are transmitted at the same time and the same frequency. Note that the frame structures of  FIGS. 13 and 14  are merely examples. 
     The other symbols in  FIGS. 13 and 14  are symbols corresponding to “preamble signal  252  and control information symbol signal  253  in  FIG. 18 ”. Therefore, the other symbol  503  of  FIG. 14  at the same time and the same frequency (same carrier) as the other symbol  403  of  FIG. 13  transmits the same data (same control information) when the control information is transmitted. 
     Note that it is assumed that the reception apparatus simultaneously receives the frame of  FIG. 13  and the frame of  FIG. 14 , but even by receiving only the frame of  FIG. 13  or only the frame of  FIG. 14 , the reception apparatus can obtain data transmitted by the transmission apparatus. 
     Phase changer  209 A receives baseband signal  208 A and control signal  200 , performs phase change on baseband signal  208 A based on control signal  200 , and then outputs phase-changed signal  210 A. Baseband signal  208 A is a function of symbol symbol number i (i is an integer equal to or greater than 0) and is represented as x′(i). Then, phase-changed signal  210 A (x(i)) can be represented as x(i)=e j×ε(i) ×x′(i) (j is an imaginary unit). The operation of phase changer  209 A may be cyclic delay diversity (CDD) (cyclic shift diversity (CSD)) described in NPTL 2 and NPTL 3. Phase changer  209 A is characterized by performing phase change on symbols in a frequency axis direction. For example, phase change is performed on symbols such as data symbols, pilot symbols, and control information symbols. At this time, the null symbol can also be considered as a phase change target. Therefore, in this case, target symbols of symbol number i are symbols such as data symbols, pilot symbols, control information symbols, preambles (the other symbols) and null symbols. However, even if phase change is performed on the null symbol, the signal before the phase change and the signal after the phase change are the same (in-phase component I is zero (0) and quadrature component Q is zero (0)). Therefore, it can be interpreted that the null symbol is not the phase change target. In the case of  FIG. 18 , phase changer  209 A, which performs phase change on baseband signal  208 A, performs phase change on each symbol illustrated in  FIG. 13 . 
     Therefore, in the frame of  FIG. 13 , phase changer  209 A of  FIG. 18  performs phase change on all the symbols of carriers  1  to  36  and time $1 (in this case, all the symbols are the other symbol  403 ). However, the handling of phase change of null symbol  1301  is as described above. 
     Similarly, 
     “phase changer  209 A of  FIG. 18  performs phase change on all the symbols of carriers  1  to  36  and time $2 (in this case, all the symbols are the other symbol  403 ). However, the handling of phase change of null symbol  1301  is as described above”. 
     “Phase changer  209 A of  FIG. 18  performs phase change on all the symbols of carriers  1  to  36  and time $3 (in this case, all the symbols are the other symbol  403 ). However, the handling of phase change of null symbol  1301  is as described above”. 
     “Phase changer  209 A of  FIG. 18  performs phase change on all the symbols of carriers  1  to  36  and time $4 (in this case, all the symbols are the other symbol  403 ). However, the handling of phase change of null symbol  1301  is as described above”. 
     “Phase changer  209 A of  FIG. 18  performs phase change on all the symbols of carriers  1  to  36  and time $5 (in this case, all the symbols are pilot symbol  401  or data symbol  402 ). However, the handling of phase change of null symbol  1301  is as described above”. 
     “Phase changer  209 A of  FIG. 18  performs phase change on all the symbols of carriers  1  to  36  and time $6 (in this case, all the symbols are pilot symbol  401  or data symbol  402 ). However, the handling of phase change of null symbol  1301  is as described above”. 
     “Phase changer  209 A of  FIG. 18  performs phase change on all the symbols of carriers  1  to  36  and time $7 (in this case, all the symbols are pilot symbol  401  or data symbol  402 ). However, the handling of phase change of null symbol  1301  is as described above”. 
     “Phase changer  209 A of  FIG. 18  performs phase change on all the symbols of carriers  1  to  36  and time $8 (in this case, all the symbols are pilot symbol  401  or data symbol  402 ). However, the handling of phase change of null symbol  1301  is as described above”. 
     “Phase changer  209 A of  FIG. 18  performs phase change on all the symbols of carriers  1  to  36  and time $9 (in this case, all the symbols are pilot symbol  401  or data symbol  402 ). However, the handling of phase change of null symbol  1301  is as described above”. 
     “Phase changer  209 A of  FIG. 18  performs phase change on all the symbols of carriers  1  to  36  and time $10 (in this case, all the symbols are pilot symbol  401  or data symbol  402 ). However, the handling of phase change of null symbol  1301  is as described above”. 
     “Phase changer  209 A of  FIG. 18  performs phase change on all the symbols of carriers  1  to  36  and time $11 (in this case, all the symbols are pilot symbol  401  or data symbol  402 ). However, the handling of phase change of null symbol  1301  is as described above”. 
     . . . 
     The phase change value in phase changer  209 A is represented as Ω(i). Baseband signal  208 A is x′(i), and phase-changed signal  210 A is x(i). Therefore, x(i)=Ω(i)×x′(i) holds true. 
     For example, the phase change value is set by formula (38). Q is an integer equal to or greater than 2, and Q is a phase change cycle. j is an imaginary unit. However, formula (38) is merely an example and the phase change value is not limited to this formula. 
     For example, Ω(i) may be set to perform phase change so as to have the cycle Q. 
     Furthermore, for example, in  FIGS. 4 and 13 , the same phase change value may be provided to the same carrier, and the phase change value may be set for each carrier. For example, this will be as follows.
         For carrier  1  in  FIGS. 4 and 13 , regardless of time, the phase change value is formula (39).   For carrier  2  in  FIGS. 4 and 13 , regardless of time, the phase change value is formula (40).   For carrier  3  in  FIGS. 4 and 13 , regardless of time, the phase change value is formula (41).   For carrier  4  in  FIGS. 4 and 13 , regardless of time, the phase change value is formula (42).
 
. . .
       

     Operation examples of phase changer  209 A of  FIG. 18  have been described above. 
     Advantageous effects that can be obtained by phase changer  209 A of  FIG. 18  will be described. 
     It is assumed that the control information symbol is included in the other symbols  403  and  503  of “the frames of  FIGS. 4 and 5 ” or “the frames of  FIGS. 13 and 14 ”. As described earlier, when transmitting the control information, the other symbol  503  of  FIG. 5  at the same time and the same frequency (same carrier) as the other symbol  403  transmits the same data (same control information). 
     Here, consider the following cases. 
     Case 2: 
     The control information symbol is transmitted using one of antenna unit # A ( 109 _A) and antenna unit # B ( 109 _B) of  FIG. 1 . 
     When transmission is performed as in “case 2”, since the number of antennas that transmit the control information symbol is 1, a gain of space diversity is smaller than in a case of “transmitting the control information symbol using both antenna unit # A ( 109 _A) and antenna unit # B ( 109 _B)”, and thus data reception quality deteriorates even if the reception apparatus of  FIG. 8  performs reception in “case 2”. Therefore, in terms of improvement in data reception quality, it is preferable “to transmit the control information symbol using both “antenna unit # A ( 109 _A) and antenna unit # B ( 109 _B)”. 
     Case 3: 
     The control information symbol is transmitted using both of antenna unit # A ( 109 _A) and antenna unit # B ( 109 _B) of  FIG. 1 . However, phase changer  209 A in  FIG. 18  does not perform phase change. 
     When transmission is performed as in “case 3”, since the modulated signal transmitted from antenna unit # A  109 _A is the same as the modulated signal transmitted from antenna unit # B  109 _B (or there is a specified phase shift), depending on a radio wave propagation environment, the reception apparatus of  FIG. 8  may have a very poor reception signal and both of the modulated signals may be affected by the same multipath. This will cause a problem that data reception quality deteriorates in the reception apparatus of  FIG. 8 . 
     To alleviate this problem, phase changer  209 A is provided in  FIG. 18 . This enables phase change in a time or frequency direction, allowing the reception apparatus of  FIG. 8  to reduce the possibility of a poor reception signal. Also, it is likely that there is a difference between an influence of the multipath received by the modulated signal transmitted from antenna unit # A  109 _A and an influence of the multipath received by the modulated signal transmitted from antenna unit # B  109 _B. Therefore, it is likely that a diversity gain is obtained, whereby data reception quality improves in the reception apparatus of  FIG. 8 . 
     For the above reason, phase changer  209 A is provided in  FIG. 18  to perform phase change. 
     The other symbol  403  and the other symbol  503  include, other than the control information symbol, for example, a symbol for signal detection, a symbol for performing frequency synchronization and time synchronization, and a symbol for channel estimation (symbol for estimating propagation path fluctuation) for demodulating and decoding the control information symbol. In addition, “the frames of  FIGS. 4 and 5 ” or “the frames of  FIGS. 13 and 14 ” include pilot symbols  401  and  501 . Using these symbols will make it possible to demodulate and decode the control information symbol more accurately. 
     In “the frames of  FIGS. 4 and 5 ” or “the frames of  FIGS. 13 and 14 ”, data symbol  402  and data symbol  502  transmit multiple streams (perform MIMO transmission) by using the same frequency (band) and the same time. Demodulating these data symbols requires to use the symbol for signal detection, the symbol for frequency synchronization and time synchronization, and the symbol for channel estimation (symbol for estimating propagation path fluctuation) included in the other symbol  403  and the other symbol  503 . 
     At this time, as described above, phase changer  209 A performs phase change on “the symbol for signal detection, the symbol for frequency synchronization and time synchronization, and the symbol for channel estimation (symbol for estimating propagation path fluctuation) included in the other symbol  403  and the other symbol  503 ”. 
     Under such circumstances, if this process is not reflected in data symbol  402  and data symbol  502  (in data symbol  402  for the case described above), when the reception apparatus demodulates and decodes data symbol  402  and data symbol  502 , it is necessary to perform demodulation and decoding reflecting the process for the phase change performed by phase changer  209 A, and the process is likely to be complicated. This is because phase changer  209 A performs phase change on “the symbol for signal detection, the symbol for frequency synchronization and time synchronization, and the symbol for channel estimation (symbol for estimating propagation path fluctuation) included in the other symbol  403  and the other symbol  503 ”. 
     However, as illustrated in  FIG. 18 , when phase changer  209 A performs phase change on data symbol  402  and data symbol  502  (on data symbol  402  for the case described above), there is an advantage that the reception apparatus can (easily) demodulate and decode data symbol  402  and data symbol  502  by using the channel estimation signal (propagation path fluctuation estimation signal) estimated using “the symbol for signal detection, the symbol for frequency synchronization and time synchronization, and the symbol for channel estimation (symbol for estimating propagation path fluctuation) included in the other symbol  403  and the other symbol  503 ”. 
     In addition, as illustrated in  FIG. 18 , when phase changer  209 A performs phase change on data symbol  402  and data symbol  502  (on data symbol  402  for the case described above), it is possible to reduce an influence of a sharp drop in electric field intensity in a frequency axis in the multipath. This may improve data reception quality of data symbol  402  and data symbol  502 . 
     Thus, a characteristic point is that “the target symbol on which phase changer  205 B performs phase change” is different from “the target symbol on which phase changer  209 A performs phase change”. 
     As described above, phase changer  205 B of  FIG. 18  performing phase change will improve data reception quality of data symbol  402  and data symbol  502  in the reception apparatus, particularly in the LOS environment. Furthermore, phase changer  209 A of  FIG. 18  performing phase change will improve, for example, reception quality of the control information symbol included in “the frames of  FIGS. 4 and 5 ” or “the frames of  FIGS. 13 and 14 ” in the reception apparatus. Phase changer  209 A of  FIG. 18  performing phase change will also simplify demodulation and decoding operations of data symbol  402  and data symbol  502 . 
     Note that phase changer  205 B of  FIG. 18  performing phase change will improve data reception quality of data symbol  402  and data symbol  502  in the reception apparatus, particularly in the LOS environment. Furthermore, phase changer  209 A of  FIG. 18  performing phase change on data symbol  402  and data symbol  502  will improve reception quality of data symbol  402  and data symbol  502 . 
     Note that Q in formula (38) may be an integer equal to or less than −2, and at this time, the phase change cycle is the absolute value of Q. This point can also be applied to the first exemplary embodiment. 
     Third Exemplary Embodiment 
     The present exemplary embodiment will describe a method for implementing a configuration different from the configuration of  FIG. 2  in the first exemplary embodiment. 
       FIG. 1  is a diagram illustrating one exemplary configuration of a transmission apparatus such as, for example, a base station, an access point, and a broadcasting station according to the present exemplary embodiment. Details have been described in the first exemplary embodiment, and thus description thereof will be omitted. 
     Signal processor  106  receives mapped signals  105 _ 1  and  105 _ 2 , signal group  110 , and control signal  100 , performs signal processing based on control signal  100 , and then outputs signal-processed signals  106 _A and  106 _B. At this time, signal-processed signal  106 _A is represented as u1(i), and signal-processed signal  106 _B is represented as u2(i) (i is a symbol number, and for example, i is an integer equal to or greater than 0). Note that details of the signal processing will be described with reference to  FIG. 19 . 
       FIG. 19  is a diagram illustrating one example in a configuration of signal processor  106  in  FIG. 1 . Weight combiner (precoder)  203  receives mapped signal  201 A (corresponding to mapped signal  105 _ 1  of  FIG. 1 ), mapped signal  201 B (corresponding to mapped signal  105 _ 2  of  FIG. 1 ), and control signal  200  (corresponding to control signal  100  of  FIG. 1 ). Weight combiner (precoder)  203  performs weighting (precoding) based on control signal  200 , and then outputs weighted signal  204 A and weighted signal  204 B. At this time, mapped signal  201 A is represented as s1(t), mapped signal  201 B as s2(t), weighted signal  204 A as z1(t), and weighted signal  204 B as z2′(t). Note that t is time as one example. It is assumed that s1(t), s2(t), z1(t), and z2′(t) are defined as complex numbers (hence may be real numbers). 
     Here, each signal is handled as a function of time, but each signal may be a function of “frequency (carrier number)” or a function of “time and frequency”. Alternatively, each signal may be a function of “symbol number”. This point also applies to the first exemplary embodiment. 
     Weight combiner (precoder)  203  performs calculation of formula (1). 
     Then, phase changer  205 B receives weighted signal  204 B and control signal  200 . Based on control signal  200 , phase changer  205 B performs phase change on weighted signal  204 B and then outputs phase-changed signal  206 B. Note that phase-changed signal  206 B is represented as z2(t), and z2(t) is defined as a complex number (z2(t) may be a real number). 
     A specific operation of phase changer  205 B will be described. For example, phase changer  205 B performs phase change of y(i) on z2′(i). Therefore, z2(i) can be represented as z2(i)=y(i)×z2′(i) (i is a symbol number (i is an integer equal to or greater than 0)). 
     For example, a phase change value is set by formula (2). N is an integer equal to or greater than 2, and N is a phase change cycle. If N is set as an odd number equal to or greater than 3, data reception quality may improve. However, formula (2) is merely an example and the phase change value is not limited to this formula. Therefore, it is assumed that the phase change value y(i) is represented as y(i)=e j×δ(i) . 
     At this time, z1(i) and z2(i) can be represented by formula (3). Note that δ(i) is a real number. z1(i) and z2(i) are transmitted from the transmission apparatus at the same time and at the same frequency (same frequency band). In formula (3), the phase change value is not limited to formula (2), and for example, a method for periodically or regularly changing the phase can be considered. 
     As described in the first exemplary embodiment, formulas (5) to (36) and the like are considered as a (precoding) matrix in formulas (1) and (3). However, the precoding matrix is not limited to these formulas. This also applies to the first exemplary embodiment. 
     Inserter  207 A receives weighted signal  204 A, pilot symbol signal (pa(t)) (t: time) ( 251 A), preamble signal  252 , control information symbol signal  253 , and control signal  200 . Based on information about a frame structure included in control signal  200 , inserter  207 A outputs baseband signal  208 A based on the frame structure. 
     Similarly, inserter  207 B receives phase-changed signal  206 B, pilot symbol signal (pb(t)) ( 251 B), preamble signal  252 , control information symbol signal  253 , and control signal  200 . Based on the information about the frame structure included in control signal  200 , inserter  207 B outputs baseband signal  208 B based on the frame structure. 
     Phase changer  209 A receives baseband signal  208 A and control signal  200 , performs phase change on baseband signal  208 A based on control signal  200 , and then outputs phase-changed signal  210 A. Baseband signal  208 A is a function of symbol number i (i is an integer equal to or greater than 0) and is represented as x′(i). Then, phase-changed signal  210 A (x(i)) can be represented as x(i)=e j×ε(i) ×x′(i) (j is an imaginary unit). 
     Note that as described in the first exemplary embodiment, an operation of phase changer  209 A may be cyclic delay diversity (CDD) (cyclic shift diversity (CSD)) described in NPTL 2 and NPTL 3. Phase changer  209 A is characterized by performing phase change on symbols in a frequency axis direction. For example, phase change is performed on symbols such as data symbols, pilot symbols, and control information symbols. 
     Phase changer  209 B receives baseband signal  208 B and control signal  200 , performs phase change on baseband signal  208 B based on control signal  200 , and then outputs phase-changed signal  210 B. Baseband signal  208 B is a function of symbol number i (i is an integer equal to or greater than 0) and is represented as y′(i). Then, phase-changed signal  210 B (y(i)) can be represented as y(i)=e j×τ(i) ×y′(i) (j is an imaginary unit). 
     Note that as described in the first exemplary embodiment, an operation of phase changer  209 B may be cyclic delay diversity (CDD) (cyclic shift diversity (CSD)) described in NPTL 2 and NPTL 3. Phase changer  209 B is characterized by performing phase change on symbols in a frequency axis direction. For example, phase change is performed on symbols such as data symbols, pilot symbols, and control information symbols. 
     A characteristic point here is that the phase change method using ε(i) is different from the phase change method using τ(i). Alternatively, the characteristic point here is that a value of the cyclic delay amount of cyclic delay diversity (CDD) (cyclic shift diversity (CSD)) set by phase changer  209 A is different from a value of the cyclic delay amount of cyclic delay diversity (CDD) (cyclic shift diversity (CSD)) set by phase changer  209 B. 
       FIG. 3  is a diagram illustrating one exemplary configuration of wireless units  107 _A and  107 _B of  FIG. 1 . Details have been described in the first exemplary embodiment, and thus description thereof will be omitted. 
       FIG. 4  is a diagram illustrating the frame structure of transmission signal  108 _A of  FIG. 1 . Details have been described in the first exemplary embodiment, and thus description thereof will be omitted. 
       FIG. 5  is a diagram illustrating the frame structure of transmission signal  108 _B of  FIG. 1 . Details have been described in the first exemplary embodiment, and thus description thereof will be omitted. 
     When a symbol is present at carrier A and time $B of  FIG. 4  and when a symbol is present at carrier A and time $B of  FIG. 5 , the symbol at carrier A and time $B of  FIG. 4  and the symbol at carrier A and time $B of  FIG. 5  are transmitted at the same time and the same frequency. Note that the frame structure is not limited to the frame structures in  FIGS. 4 and 5 , and  FIGS. 4 and 5  are merely examples of the frame structure. 
     The other symbols in  FIGS. 4 and 5  are symbols corresponding to “preamble signal  252  and control information symbol signal  253  in  FIG. 2 ”. Therefore, the other symbol  503  of  FIG. 5  at the same time and the same frequency (same carrier) as the other symbol  403  of  FIG. 4  transmits the same data (same control information) when the control information is transmitted. 
     Note that it is assumed that the reception apparatus simultaneously receives the frame of  FIG. 4  and the frame of  FIG. 5 , but even by receiving only the frame of  FIG. 4  or only the frame of  FIG. 5 , the reception apparatus can obtain the data transmitted by the transmission apparatus. 
       FIG. 6  is a diagram illustrating one exemplary configuration of a part regarding control information generation for generating control information signal  253  of  FIG. 2 . Details have been described in the first exemplary embodiment, and thus description thereof will be omitted. 
       FIG. 7  is a diagram illustrating one exemplary configuration of antenna unit # A ( 109 _A) and antenna unit # B ( 109 _B) of  FIG. 1  (an example in which antenna unit # A ( 109 _A) and antenna unit # B ( 109 _B) each include a plurality of antennas). Details have been described in the first exemplary embodiment, and thus description thereof will be omitted. 
       FIG. 8  is a diagram illustrating one exemplary configuration of the reception apparatus that receives a modulated signal of, for example, the transmission signal of the frame structure of  FIG. 4 or 5  transmitted by the transmission apparatus of  FIG. 1 . Details have been described in the first exemplary embodiment, and thus description thereof will be omitted. 
       FIG. 10  is a diagram illustrating one exemplary configuration of antenna unit # X ( 801 X) and antenna unit # Y ( 801 Y) of  FIG. 8 . (This is an example in which antenna unit # X ( 801 X) and antenna unit # Y ( 801 Y) each include a plurality of antennas.) Details of  FIG. 10  have been described in the first exemplary embodiment, and thus description thereof will be omitted. 
     Next, as illustrated in  FIG. 19 , phase changer  205 B and phase changers  209 A and  209 B are inserted into signal processor  106  of the transmission apparatus illustrated in  FIG. 1 . Features and advantageous effects thereof will be described. 
     As described with reference to  FIGS. 4 and 5 , phase changer  205 B performs precoding (weighting) on mapped signal s1(i) ( 201 A) (i is a symbol number and is an integer equal to or greater than 0) obtained by performing mapping using the first series, and mapped signal s2(i) ( 201 B) obtained by performing mapping using the second series. Phase changer  205 B performs phase change on one of obtained weighted signals  204 A and  204 B. Then, weighted signal  204 A and phase-changed signal  206 B are transmitted at the same frequency and at the same time. Therefore, in  FIGS. 4 and 5 , phase change is performed on data symbol  502  of  FIG. 5 . In the case of  FIG. 19 , phase changer  205 , which performs phase change on weighted signal  204 B, performs phase change on data symbol  502  of  FIG. 5 . When phase change is performed on weighted signal  204 A, phase change is performed on data symbol  402  of  FIG. 4 . This point will be described later. 
     For example,  FIG. 11  is a diagram illustrating carriers  1  to  5  and time $4 to $6 extracted from the frame of  FIG. 5 . Note that as in  FIG. 5 , reference numeral  501  represents a pilot symbol, reference numeral  502  represents a data symbol, and reference numeral  503  represents the other symbol. 
     As described above, in the symbols illustrated in  FIG. 11 , phase changer  205 B performs phase change on the data symbol of (carrier  1 , time $5), the data symbol of (carrier  2 , time $5), the data symbol of (carrier  3 , time $5), the data symbol of (carrier  4 , time $5), the data symbol of (carrier  5 , time $5), the data symbol of (carrier  1 , time $6), the data symbol of (carrier  2 , time $6), the data symbol of (carrier  4 , time $6), and the data symbol of (carrier  5 , time $6). 
     Therefore, in the symbols illustrated in  FIG. 11 , the phase change value of the data symbol of (carrier  1 , time $5) is “e j×δ15(i) ”, the phase change value of the data symbol of (carrier  2 , time $5) is “e j×δ25(i) ”, the phase change value of the data symbol of (carrier  3 , time $5) is “e j×δ35(i) ”, the phase change value of the data symbol of (carrier  4 , time $5) is “e j×δ45(i) ”, the phase change value of the data symbol of (carrier  5 , time $5) is “e j×δ55(i) ”, the phase change value of the data symbol of (carrier  1 , time $6) is “e j×δ16(i) ”, the phase change value of the data symbol of (carrier  2 , time $6) is “e j×δ26(i) ”, the phase change value of the data symbol of (carrier  4 , time $6) is “e j×δ46(i) ”, and the phase change value of the data symbol of (carrier  5 , time $6) is “e j×δ56(i) ”. 
     Meanwhile, in the symbols illustrated in  FIG. 11 , phase changer  205 B does not perform phase change on the other symbol of (carrier  1 , time $4), the other symbol of (carrier  2 , time $4), the other symbol of (carrier  3 , time $4), the other symbol of (carrier  4 , time $4), the other symbol of (carrier  5 , time $4), or the pilot symbol of (carrier  3 , time $6). 
     This point is a characteristic point of phase changer  205 B. Note that as illustrated in  FIG. 4 , data carriers are arranged at “the same carrier and the same time” as the symbols to be subjected to phase change in  FIG. 11 , including the data symbol of (carrier  1 , time $5), the data symbol of (carrier  2 , time $5), the data symbol of (carrier  3 , time $5), the data symbol of (carrier  4 , time $5), the data symbol of (carrier  5 , time $5), the data symbol of (carrier  1 , time $6), the data symbol of (carrier  2 , time $6), the data symbol of (carrier  4 , time $6), and the data symbol of (carrier  5 , time $6). That is, in  FIG. 4 , (carrier  1 , time $5) is a data symbol, (carrier  2 , time $5) is a data symbol, (carrier  3 , time $5) is a data symbol, (carrier  4 , time $5) is a data symbol, (carrier  5 , time $5) is a data symbol, (carrier  1 , time $6) is a data symbol, (carrier  2 , time $6) is a data symbol, (carrier  4 , time $6) is a data symbol, and (carrier  5 , time $6) is a data symbol. That is, phase changer  205 B performs phase change on the data symbols performing MIMO transmission (transmitting multiple streams). 
     Note that examples of phase change to be performed on data symbols by phase changer  205 B include a method for performing periodical phase change (phase change cycle N) on the data symbols by formula (2). However, the method for performing phase change on data symbols is not limited to this method. 
     Doing this will improve data reception quality in the data symbol reception apparatus performing MIMO transmission (transmitting multiple streams) in an environment where direct waves are dominant, particularly in the LOS environment. This point will be described. 
     For example, it is assumed that the modulation scheme to be used by mapper  104  of  FIG. 1  is quadrature phase shift keying (QPSK). Mapped signal  201 A of  FIG. 19  is a QPSK signal, and mapped signal  201 B is also a QPSK signal. That is, two QPSK streams are transmitted. Then, signal processor  811  of  FIG. 8  obtains, for example, 16 candidate signal points by using channel estimation signals  806 _ 1  and  806 _ 2 . QPSK allows transmission of two bits, and a total of four bits can be transmitted by two streams. Therefore, 2 4 =16 candidate signal points are present. Note that other 16 candidate signal points are obtained using channel estimation signals  808 _ 1  and  808 _ 2 , which however will be described in a similar way; therefore, the following description will be made focusing on the 16 candidate signal points obtained using channel estimation signals  806 _ 1  and  806 _ 2 . 
       FIG. 12  is a diagram illustrating one example of this state. In both  FIGS. 12(A) and 12(B) , a horizontal axis is in-phase I and a vertical axis is quadrature Q, and 16 candidate signal points are present on the in-phase quadrature (IQ) plane. One of the 16 candidate signal points is the signal point transmitted by the transmission apparatus. Therefore, these are called “16 candidate signal points”. 
     In an environment where direct waves are dominant, particularly in the LOS environment, 
     First Case: 
     Consider a case where phase changer  205 B of  FIG. 19  is not present (that is, a case where phase changer  205 B of  FIG. 19  does not perform phase change). 
     In the “first case”, since phase change is not performed, there is a possibility of falling into the state as illustrated in  FIG. 12(A) . When falling into the state of  FIG. 12(A) , since there are portions where the signal points are dense (distance between the signal points are short) such as “signal points  1201  and  1202 ”, “signal points  1203 ,  1204 ,  1205  and  1206 ”, and “signal points  1207  and  1208 ”, data reception quality may deteriorate in the reception apparatus of  FIG. 8 . 
     To overcome this problem, phase changer  205 B is inserted in  FIG. 19 . Insertion of phase changer  205 B will lead to a mixture of the symbol numbers where the signal points are dense (distance between signal points is short) as illustrated in  FIG. 12(A) , and the symbol numbers where “distance between signal points is long” as illustrated in  FIG. 12(B) , depending on symbol number i. Introduction of an error correction code for this state will provide high error correction capability and allow the reception apparatus of  FIG. 8  to obtain high data reception quality. 
     Note that in  FIG. 19 , phase changer  205 B of  FIG. 19  does not perform phase change on “pilot symbols and preambles” for performing channel estimation for demodulating (detecting) data symbols such as pilot symbols and preambles. This makes it possible to implement in data symbols “a mixture of the symbol numbers where the signal points are dense (distance between signal points is short) as illustrated in  FIG. 12(A) , and the symbol numbers where “distance between signal points is long” as illustrated in  FIG. 12(B) , depending on symbol number i″. 
     However, even when phase changer  205 B of  FIG. 19  performs phase change on “pilot symbols and preambles” for performing channel estimation for demodulating (detecting) data symbols such as pilot symbols and preambles, this may “make it possible to implement in data symbols “a mixture of the symbol numbers where the signal points are dense (distance between signal points is short) as illustrated in  FIG. 12(A) , and the symbol numbers where “distance between signal points is long” as illustrated in  FIG. 12(B) , depending on symbol number i″″. In this case, phase change needs to be performed through addition of some condition to the pilot symbol and preamble. For example, a method for providing a rule different from a phase change rule for data symbols and “performing phase change on pilot symbols and/or preambles” is considered. As an example, there is a method for periodically performing phase change of a cycle N on data symbols, and for periodically performing phase change of a cycle M on pilot symbols and/or preambles (N and M are each an integer equal to or greater than 2). 
     As described above, phase changer  209 A receives baseband signal  208 A and control signal  200 , performs phase change on baseband signal  208 A based on control signal  200 , and then outputs phase-changed signal  210 A. Baseband signal  208 A is a function of symbol number i (i is an integer equal to or greater than 0) and is represented as x′(i). Then, phase-changed signal  210 A (x(i)) can be represented as x(i)=e j×ε(i) ×x′(i) (j is an imaginary unit). The operation of phase changer  209 A may be cyclic delay diversity (CDD) (cyclic shift diversity (CSD)) described in NPTL 2 and NPTL 3. Phase changer  209 A is characterized by performing phase change on symbols in a frequency axis direction. For example, phase change is performed on symbols such as data symbols, pilot symbols, and control information symbols. Therefore, in this case, target symbols of symbol number i are symbols such as data symbols, pilot symbols, control information symbols, and preambles (the other symbols). In  FIG. 19 , phase changer  209 A, which performs phase change on baseband signal  208 A, performs phase change on each symbol illustrated in  FIG. 4 . 
     Therefore, in the frame of  FIG. 4 , phase changer  209 A of  FIG. 19  performs phase change on all the symbols of carriers  1  to  36  and time $1 (in this case, all the symbols are the other symbol  403 ). 
     Similarly, 
     “phase changer  209 A of  FIG. 19  performs phase change on all the symbols of carriers  1  to  36  and time $2 (in this case, all the symbols are the other symbol  403 )”, 
     “phase changer  209 A of  FIG. 19  performs phase change on all the symbols of carriers  1  to  36  and time $3 (in this case, all the symbols are the other symbol  403 )”, 
     “phase changer  209 A of  FIG. 19  performs phase change on all the symbols of carriers  1  to  36  and time $4 (in this case, all the symbols are the other symbol  403 )”, 
     “phase changer  209 A of  FIG. 19  performs phase change on all the symbols of carriers  1  to  36  and time $5 (in this case, all the symbols are pilot symbol  401  or data symbol  402 )”, 
     “phase changer  209 A of  FIG. 19  performs phase change on all the symbols of carriers  1  to  36  and time $6 (in this case, all the symbols are pilot symbol  401  or data symbol  402 )”, 
     “phase changer  209 A of  FIG. 19  performs phase change on all the symbols of carriers  1  to  36  and time $7 (in this case, all the symbols are pilot symbol  401  or data symbol  402 )”, 
     “phase changer  209 A of  FIG. 19  performs phase change on all the symbols of carriers  1  to  36  and time $8 (in this case, all the symbols are pilot symbol  401  or data symbol  402 )”, 
     “phase changer  209 A of  FIG. 19  performs phase change on all the symbols of carriers  1  to  36  and time $9 (in this case, all the symbols are pilot symbol  401  or data symbol  402 )”, 
     “phase changer  209 A of  FIG. 19  performs phase change on all the symbols of carriers  1  to  36  and time $10 (in this case, all the symbols are pilot symbol  401  or data symbol  402 )”, and 
     “phase changer  209 A of  FIG. 19  performs phase change on all the symbols of carriers  1  to  36  and time $11 (in this case, all the symbols are pilot symbol  401  or data symbol  402 )”. 
     . . . 
     As described earlier, phase changer  209 B receives baseband signal  208 B and control signal  200 , performs phase change on baseband signal  208 B based on control signal  200 , and outputs phase-changed signal  210 B. Baseband signal  208 B is a function of symbol number i (i is an integer equal to or greater than 0) and is represented as y′(i). Then, phase-changed signal  210 B (y(i)) can be represented as y(i)=e j×τ(i) ×y′(i) (j is an imaginary unit). The operation of phase changer  209 B may be cyclic delay diversity (CDD) (cyclic shift diversity (CSD)) described in NPTL 2 and NPTL 3. Phase changer  209 B is characterized by performing phase change on symbols in a frequency axis direction. For example, phase change is performed on symbols such as data symbols, pilot symbols, and control information symbols. Therefore, in this case, target symbols of symbol number i are symbols such as data symbols, pilot symbols, control information symbols, and preambles (the other symbols). In the case of  FIG. 19 , phase changer  209 B, which performs phase change on baseband signal  208 B, performs phase change on each symbol illustrated in  FIG. 5 . 
     Therefore, in the frame of  FIG. 5 , phase changer  209 B of  FIG. 19  performs phase change on all the symbols of carriers  1  to  36  and time $1 (in this case, all the symbols are the other symbol  503 ). 
     Similarly, 
     “phase changer  209 B of  FIG. 19  performs phase change on all the symbols of carriers  1  to  36  and time $2 (in this case, all the symbols are the other symbol  503 )”, 
     “phase changer  209 B of  FIG. 19  performs phase change on all the symbols of carriers  1  to  36  and time $3 (in this case, all the symbols are the other symbol  503 )”, 
     “phase changer  209 B of  FIG. 19  performs phase change on all the symbols of carriers  1  to  36  and time $4 (in this case, all the symbols are the other symbol  503 )”, 
     “phase changer  209 B of  FIG. 19  performs phase change on all the symbols of carriers  1  to  36  and time $5 (in this case, all the symbols are pilot symbol  501  or data symbol  502 )”, 
     “phase changer  209 B of  FIG. 19  performs phase change on all the symbols of carriers  1  to  36  and time $6 (in this case, all the symbols are pilot symbol  501  or data symbol  502 )”, 
     “phase changer  209 B of  FIG. 19  performs phase change on all the symbols of carriers  1  to  36  and time $7 (in this case, all the symbols are pilot symbol  501  or data symbol  502 )”, 
     “phase changer  209 B of  FIG. 19  performs phase change on all the symbols of carriers  1  to  36  and time $8 (in this case, all the symbols are pilot symbol  501  or data symbol  502 )”, 
     “phase changer  209 B of  FIG. 19  performs phase change on all the symbols of carriers  1  to  36  and time $9 (in this case, all the symbols are pilot symbol  501  or data symbol  502 )”, 
     “phase changer  209 B of  FIG. 19  performs phase change on all the symbols of carriers  1  to  36  and time $10 (in this case, all the symbols are pilot symbol  501  or data symbol  502 )”, and 
     “phase changer  209 B of  FIG. 19  performs phase change on all the symbols of carriers  1  to  36  and time $11 (in this case, all the symbols are pilot symbol  501  or data symbol  502 )”. 
       FIG. 13  is a diagram illustrating the frame structure of transmission signal  108 _A of  FIG. 1  different from  FIG. 4 . Details have been described in the first exemplary embodiment, and thus description thereof will be omitted. 
       FIG. 14  is a diagram illustrating the frame structure of transmission signal  108 _B of  FIG. 1  different from  FIG. 5 . Details have been described in the first exemplary embodiment, and thus description thereof will be omitted. 
     When a symbol is present at carrier A and time $B of  FIG. 13  and when a symbol is present at carrier A and time $B of  FIG. 14 , the symbol at carrier A and time $B of  FIG. 13  and the symbol at carrier A and time $B of  FIG. 14  are transmitted at the same time and the same frequency. Note that the frame structures of  FIGS. 13 and 14  are merely examples. 
     The other symbols in  FIGS. 13 and 14  are symbols corresponding to “preamble signal  252  and control information symbol signal  253  in  FIG. 19 ”. Therefore, the other symbol  503  of  FIG. 14  at the same time and the same frequency (same carrier) as the other symbol  403  of  FIG. 13  transmits the same data (same control information) when the control information is transmitted. 
     Note that it is assumed that the reception apparatus simultaneously receives the frame of  FIG. 13  and the frame of  FIG. 14 , but even by receiving only the frame of  FIG. 13  or only the frame of  FIG. 14 , the reception apparatus can obtain data transmitted by the transmission apparatus. 
     Phase changer  209 A receives baseband signal  208 A and control signal  200 , performs phase change on baseband signal  208 A based on control signal  200 , and then outputs phase-changed signal  210 A. Baseband signal  208 A is a function of symbol symbol number i (i is an integer equal to or greater than 0) and is represented as x′(i). Then, phase-changed signal  210 A (x(i)) can be represented as x(i)=e j×ε(i) ×x′(i) (j is an imaginary unit). The operation of phase changer  209 A may be cyclic delay diversity (CDD) (cyclic shift diversity (CSD)) described in NPTL 2 and NPTL 3. Phase changer  209 A is characterized by performing phase change on symbols in a frequency axis direction. For example, phase change is performed on symbols such as data symbols, pilot symbols, and control information symbols. At this time, the null symbol can also be considered as a phase change target. Therefore, in this case, target symbols of symbol number i are symbols such as data symbols, pilot symbols, control information symbols, preambles (the other symbols) and null symbols. However, even if phase change is performed on the null symbol, the signal before the phase change and the signal after the phase change are the same (in-phase component I is zero (0) and quadrature component Q is zero (0)). Therefore, it can be interpreted that the null symbol is not the phase change target. In  FIG. 19 , phase changer  209 A, which performs phase change on baseband signal  208 A, performs phase change on each symbol illustrated in  FIG. 13 . 
     Therefore, in the frame of  FIG. 13 , phase changer  209 A of  FIG. 19  performs phase change on all the symbols of carriers  1  to  36  and time $1 (in this case, all the symbols are the other symbol  403 ). However, the handling of phase change of null symbol  1301  is as described above. 
     Similarly, 
     “phase changer  209 A of  FIG. 19  performs phase change on all the symbols of carriers  1  to  36  and time $2 (in this case, all the symbols are the other symbol  403 ). However, the handling of phase change of null symbol  1301  is as described above”. 
     “Phase changer  209 A of  FIG. 19  performs phase change on all the symbols of carriers  1  to  36  and time $3 (in this case, all the symbols are the other symbol  403 ). However, the handling of phase change of null symbol  1301  is as described above”. 
     “Phase changer  209 A of  FIG. 19  performs phase change on all the symbols of carriers  1  to  36  and time $4 (in this case, all the symbols are the other symbol  403 ). However, the handling of phase change of null symbol  1301  is as described above”. 
     “Phase changer  209 A of  FIG. 19  performs phase change on all the symbols of carriers  1  to  36  and time $5 (in this case, all the symbols are pilot symbol  401  or data symbol  402 ). However, the handling of phase change of null symbol  1301  is as described above”. 
     “Phase changer  209 A of  FIG. 19  performs phase change on all the symbols of carriers  1  to  36  and time $6 (in this case, all the symbols are pilot symbol  401  or data symbol  402 ). However, the handling of phase change of null symbol  1301  is as described above”. 
     “Phase changer  209 A of  FIG. 19  performs phase change on all the symbols of carriers  1  to  36  and time $7 (in this case, all the symbols are pilot symbol  401  or data symbol  402 ). However, the handling of phase change of null symbol  1301  is as described above”. 
     “Phase changer  209 A of  FIG. 19  performs phase change on all the symbols of carriers  1  to  36  and time $8 (in this case, all the symbols are pilot symbol  401  or data symbol  402 ). However, the handling of phase change of null symbol  1301  is as described above”. 
     “Phase changer  209 A of  FIG. 19  performs phase change on all the symbols of carriers  1  to  36  and time $9 (in this case, all the symbols are pilot symbol  401  or data symbol  402 ). However, the handling of phase change of null symbol  1301  is as described above”. 
     “Phase changer  209 A of  FIG. 19  performs phase change on all the symbols of carriers  1  to  36  and time $10 (in this case, all the symbols are pilot symbol  401  or data symbol  402 ). However, the handling of phase change of null symbol  1301  is as described above”. 
     “Phase changer  209 A of  FIG. 19  performs phase change on all the symbols of carriers  1  to  36  and time $11 (in this case, all the symbols are pilot symbol  401  or data symbol  402 ). However, the handling of phase change of null symbol  1301  is as described above”. 
     . . . 
     The phase change value in phase changer  209 A is represented as Ω(i). Baseband signal  208 A is x′(i), and phase-changed signal  210 A is x(i). Therefore, x(i)=Ω(i)×x′(i) holds true. 
     For example, the phase change value is set by formula (38). Q is an integer equal to or greater than 2, and Q is a phase change cycle. j is an imaginary unit. However, formula (38) is merely an example and the phase change value is not limited to this formula. 
     For example, Ω(i) may be set to perform phase change so as to have the cycle Q. 
     Furthermore, for example, in  FIGS. 4 and 13 , the same phase change value may be provided to the same carrier, and the phase change value may be set for each carrier. For example, this will be as follows.
         For carrier  1  in  FIGS. 4 and 13 , regardless of time, the phase change value is formula (39).   For carrier  2  in  FIGS. 4 and 13 , regardless of time, the phase change value is formula (40).   For carrier  3  in  FIGS. 4 and 13 , regardless of time, the phase change value is formula (41).   For carrier  4  in  FIGS. 4 and 13 , regardless of time, the phase change value is formula (42).
 
. . .
       

     Operation examples of phase changer  209 A of  FIG. 19  have been described above. 
     Phase changer  209 B receives baseband signal  208 B and control signal  200 , performs phase change on baseband signal  208 B based on control signal  200 , and then outputs phase-changed signal  210 B. Baseband signal  208 B is a function of symbol symbol number i (i is an integer equal to or greater than 0) and is represented as y′(i). Then, phase-changed signal  210 B (y(i)) can be represented as y(i)=e j×τ(i) ×y′(i) (j is an imaginary unit). The operation of phase changer  209 B may be cyclic delay diversity (CDD) (cyclic shift diversity (CSD)) described in NPTL 2 and NPTL 3. Phase changer  209 B is characterized by performing phase change on symbols in a frequency axis direction. For example, phase change is performed on symbols such as data symbols, pilot symbols, and control information symbols. At this time, the null symbol can also be considered as a phase change target. Therefore, in this case, target symbols of symbol number i are symbols such as data symbols, pilot symbols, control information symbols, preambles (the other symbols) and null symbols. However, even if phase change is performed on the null symbol, the signal before the phase change and the signal after the phase change are the same (in-phase component I is zero (0) and quadrature component Q is zero (0)). Therefore, it can be interpreted that the null symbol is not the phase change target. In the case of  FIG. 19 , phase changer  209 B, which performs phase change on baseband signal  208 B, performs phase change on each symbol illustrated in  FIG. 14 . 
     Therefore, in the frame of  FIG. 14 , phase changer  209 B of  FIG. 19  performs phase change on all the symbols of carriers  1  to  36  and time $1 (in this case, all the symbols are the other symbol  503 ). However, the handling of phase change of null symbol  1301  is as described above. 
     Similarly, 
     “phase changer  209 B of  FIG. 19  performs phase change on all the symbols of carriers  1  to  36  and time $2 (in this case, all the symbols are the other symbol  503 ). However, the handling of phase change of null symbol  1301  is as described above”. 
     “Phase changer  209 B of  FIG. 19  performs phase change on all the symbols of carriers  1  to  36  and time $3 (in this case, all the symbols are the other symbol  503 ). However, the handling of phase change of null symbol  1301  is as described above”. 
     “Phase changer  209 B of  FIG. 19  performs phase change on all the symbols of carriers  1  to  36  and time $4 (in this case, all the symbols are the other symbol  503 ). However, the handling of phase change of null symbol  1301  is as described above”. 
     “Phase changer  209 B of  FIG. 19  performs phase change on all the symbols of carriers  1  to  36  and time $5 (in this case, all the symbols are pilot symbol  501  or data symbol  502 ). However, the handling of phase change of null symbol  1301  is as described above”. 
     “Phase changer  209 B of  FIG. 19  performs phase change on all the symbols of carriers  1  to  36  and time $6 (in this case, all the symbols are pilot symbol  501  or data symbol  502 ). However, the handling of phase change of null symbol  1301  is as described above”. 
     “Phase changer  209 B of  FIG. 19  performs phase change on all the symbols of carriers  1  to  36  and time $7 (in this case, all the symbols are pilot symbol  501  or data symbol  502 ). However, the handling of phase change of null symbol  1301  is as described above”. 
     “Phase changer  209 B of  FIG. 19  performs phase change on all the symbols of carriers  1  to  36  and time $8 (in this case, all the symbols are pilot symbol  501  or data symbol  502 ). However, the handling of phase change of null symbol  1301  is as described above”. 
     “Phase changer  209 B of  FIG. 19  performs phase change on all the symbols of carriers  1  to  36  and time $9 (in this case, all the symbols are pilot symbol  501  or data symbol  502 ). However, the handling of phase change of null symbol  1301  is as described above”. 
     “Phase changer  209 B of  FIG. 19  performs phase change on all the symbols of carriers  1  to  36  and time $10 (in this case, all the symbols are pilot symbol  501  or data symbol  502 ). However, the handling of phase change of null symbol  1301  is as described above”. 
     “Phase changer  209 B of  FIG. 19  performs phase change on all the symbols of carriers  1  to  36  and time $11 (in this case, all the symbols are pilot symbol  501  or data symbol  502 ). However, the handling of phase change of null symbol  1301  is as described above”. 
     . . . 
     The phase change value in phase changer  209 B is represented as Ω(i). Baseband signal  208 B is y′(i), and phase-changed signal  210 B is y(i). Therefore, y(i)=Δ(i)×y′(i) holds true. 
     For example, the phase change value is set as follows. R is an integer equal to or greater than 2, and R is a phase change cycle. Note that the values of Q and R in formula (38) are preferably different from each other. 
     
       
         
           
             
               
                 
                   [ 
                   
                     Formula 
                     ⁢ 
                     
                         
                     
                     ⁢ 
                     49 
                   
                   ] 
                 
               
               
                 
                     
                 
               
             
             
               
                 
                   
                     Δ 
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     j is an imaginary unit. However, formula (49) is merely an example and the phase change value is not limited to this formula. 
     For example, Δ(i) may be set to perform phase change so as to have the cycle R. 
     Note that the phase change method differs between phase changer  209 A and phase changer  209 B. For example, the cycle may be the same or different. 
     Furthermore, for example, in  FIGS. 5 and 14 , the same phase change value may be provided to the same carrier, and the phase change value may be set for each carrier. For example, this will be as follows.
         For carrier  1  in  FIGS. 5 and 14 , regardless of time, the phase change value is formula (39).   For carrier  2  in  FIGS. 5 and 14 , regardless of time, the phase change value is formula (40).   For carrier  3  in  FIGS. 5 and 14 , regardless of time, the phase change value is formula (41).   For carrier  4  in  FIGS. 5 and 14 , regardless of time, the phase change value is formula (42).
 
. . .
       

     Although the phase change values are described as formulas (39), (40), (41) and (42), the phase change method differs between phase changer  209 A and phase changer  209 B. 
     Operation examples of phase changer  209 B of  FIG. 19  have been described above. 
     Advantageous effects that can be obtained by phase changers  209 A and  209 B of  FIG. 19  will be described. 
     It is assumed that the control information symbol is included in the other symbols  403  and  503  of “the frames of  FIGS. 4 and 5 ” or “the frames of  FIGS. 13 and 14 ”. As described earlier, when transmitting the control information, the other symbol  503  of  FIG. 5  at the same time and the same frequency (same carrier) as the other symbol  403  transmits the same data (same control information). 
     Here, consider the following cases. 
     Case 2: 
     The control information symbol is transmitted using one of antenna unit # A ( 109 _A) and antenna unit # B ( 109 _B) of  FIG. 1 . 
     When transmission is performed as in “case 2”, since the number of antennas that transmit the control information symbol is 1, a gain of space diversity is smaller than in a case of “transmitting the control information symbol using both antenna unit # A ( 109 _A) and antenna unit # B ( 109 _B)”, and thus data reception quality deteriorates even if the reception apparatus of  FIG. 8  performs reception in “case 2”. Therefore, in terms of improvement in data reception quality, it is preferable “to transmit the control information symbol using both “antenna unit # A ( 109 _A) and antenna unit # B ( 109 _B)”. 
     Case 3: 
     The control information symbol is transmitted using both of antenna unit # A ( 109 _A) and antenna unit # B ( 109 _B) of  FIG. 1 . However, phase changers  209 A and  209 B in  FIG. 19  do not perform phase change. 
     When transmission is performed as in “case 3”, since the modulated signal transmitted from antenna unit # A  109 _A is the same as the modulated signal transmitted from antenna unit # B  109 _B (or there is a specified phase shift), depending on a radio wave propagation environment, the reception apparatus of  FIG. 8  may have a very poor reception signal and both of the modulated signals may be affected by the same multipath. This will cause a problem that data reception quality deteriorates in the reception apparatus of  FIG. 8 . 
     To mitigate this problem, phase changers  209 A and  209 B are provided in  FIG. 19 . This enables phase change in a time or frequency direction, allowing the reception apparatus of  FIG. 8  to reduce the possibility of a poor reception signal. Also, it is likely that there is a difference between an influence of the multipath received by the modulated signal transmitted from antenna unit # A  109 _A and an influence of the multipath received by the modulated signal transmitted from antenna unit # B  109 _B. Therefore, it is likely that a diversity gain is obtained, whereby data reception quality improves in the reception apparatus of  FIG. 8 . 
     For the above reason, phase changers  209 A and  209 B are provided in  FIG. 19  to perform phase change. 
     The other symbol  403  and the other symbol  503  include, other than the control information symbol, for example, a symbol for signal detection, a symbol for performing frequency synchronization and time synchronization, and a symbol for channel estimation (symbol for estimating propagation path fluctuation) for demodulating and decoding the control information symbol. In addition, “the frames of  FIGS. 4 and 5 ” or “the frames of  FIGS. 13 and 14 ” include pilot symbols  401  and  501 . Using these symbols will make it possible to demodulate and decode the control information symbol more accurately. 
     In “the frames of  FIGS. 4 and 5 ” or “the frames of  FIGS. 13 and 14 ”, data symbol  402  and data symbol  502  transmit multiple streams (perform MIMO transmission) by using the same frequency (band) and the same time. Demodulating these data symbols requires to use the symbol for signal detection, the symbol for frequency synchronization and time synchronization, and the symbol for channel estimation (symbol for estimating propagation path fluctuation) included in the other symbol  403  and the other symbol  503 . 
     At this time, as described above, phase changers  209 A and  209 B perform phase change on “the symbol for signal detection, the symbol for frequency synchronization and time synchronization, and the symbol for channel estimation (symbol for estimating propagation path fluctuation) included in the other symbol  403  and the other symbol  503 ”. 
     Under such circumstances, if this process is not reflected in data symbol  402  and data symbol  502 , when the reception apparatus demodulates and decodes data symbol  402  and data symbol  502 , it is necessary to perform demodulation and decoding reflecting the process for the phase change performed by phase changers  209 A and  209 B, and the process is likely to be complicated. This is because phase changers  209 A and  209 B perform phase change on “the symbol for signal detection, the symbol for frequency synchronization and time synchronization, and the symbol for channel estimation (symbol for estimating propagation path fluctuation) included in the other symbol  403  and the other symbol  503 ”. 
     However, as illustrated in  FIG. 19 , when phase changers  209 A and  209 B perform phase change on data symbol  402  and data symbol  502 , there is an advantage that the reception apparatus can (easily) demodulate and decode data symbol  402  and data symbol  502  by using the channel estimation signal (propagation path fluctuation estimation signal) estimated using “the symbol for signal detection, the symbol for frequency synchronization and time synchronization, and the symbol for channel estimation (symbol for estimating propagation path fluctuation) included in the other symbol  403  and the other symbol  503 ”. 
     In addition, as illustrated in  FIG. 19 , when phase changer  209 A and  209 B perform phase change on data symbol  402  and data symbol  502 , it is possible to reduce an influence of a sharp drop in electric field intensity in a frequency axis in the multipath. This may improve data reception quality of data symbol  402  and data symbol  502 . 
     Thus, a characteristic point is that “the target symbol on which phase changer  205 B performs phase change” is different from “the target symbol on which phase changers  209 A and  209 B perform phase change”. 
     As described above, phase changer  205 B of  FIG. 19  performing phase change can improve data reception quality of data symbol  402  and data symbol  502  in the reception apparatus, particularly in the LOS environment. Furthermore, phase changers  209 A and  209 B of  FIG. 19  performing phase change will improve, for example, reception quality of the control information symbol included in “the frames of  FIGS. 4 and 5 ” or “the frames of  FIGS. 13 and 14 ” in the reception apparatus. Phase changers  209 A and  209 B of  FIG. 19  performing phase change will also simplify demodulation and decoding operations of data symbol  402  and data symbol  502 . 
     Note that phase changer  205 B of  FIG. 19  performing phase change can improve data reception quality of data symbol  402  and data symbol  502  in the reception apparatus, particularly in the LOS environment. Furthermore, phase changers  209 A and  209 B of  FIG. 19  performing phase change on data symbol  402  and data symbol  502  improves reception quality of data symbol  402  and data symbol  502 . 
     Note that Q in formula (38) may be an integer equal to or less than −2, and at this time, the phase change cycle is the absolute value of Q. This point can also be applied to the first exemplary embodiment. 
     R in formula (49) may be an integer equal to or less than −2, and at this time, the phase change cycle is the absolute value of R. 
     Also, when the information described in supplementary 1 is considered, the cyclic delay amount set by phase changer  209 A and the cyclic delay amount set by phase changer  209 B preferably have different values. 
     Fourth Exemplary Embodiment 
     The present exemplary embodiment will describe a method for implementing a configuration different from the configuration of  FIG. 2  in the first exemplary embodiment. 
       FIG. 1  is a diagram illustrating one exemplary configuration of a transmission apparatus such as, for example, a base station, an access point, and a broadcasting station according to the present exemplary embodiment. Details have been described in the first exemplary embodiment, and thus description thereof will be omitted. 
     Signal processor  106  receives mapped signals  105 _ 1  and  105 _ 2 , signal group  110 , and control signal  100 , performs signal processing based on control signal  100 , and then outputs signal-processed signals  106 _A and  106 _B. At this time, signal-processed signal  106 _A is represented as u1(i), and signal-processed signal  106 _B is represented as u2(i) (i is a symbol number, and for example, i is an integer equal to or greater than 0). Note that details of the signal processing will be described with reference to  FIG. 20 . 
       FIG. 20  is a diagram illustrating one example in a configuration of signal processor  106  in  FIG. 1 . Weight combiner (precoder)  203  receives mapped signal  201 A (corresponding to mapped signal  105 _ 1  of  FIG. 1 ), mapped signal  201 B (corresponding to mapped signal  105 _ 2  of  FIG. 1 ), and control signal  200  (corresponding to control signal  100  of  FIG. 1 ). Weight combiner (precoder)  203  performs weighting (precoding) based on control signal  200 , and then outputs weighted signal  204 A and weighted signal  204 B. At this time, mapped signal  201 A is represented as s1(t), mapped signal  201 B as s2(t), weighted signal  204 A as z1′(t), and weighted signal  204 B as z2′(t). Note that t is time as one example. It is assumed that s1(t), s2(t), z1′(t), and z2′(t) are defined as complex numbers (hence may be real numbers). 
     Here, each signal is handled as a function of time, but each signal may be a function of “frequency (carrier number)” or a function of “time and frequency”. Alternatively, each signal may be a function of “symbol number”. This point also applies to the first exemplary embodiment. 
     Weight combiner (precoder)  203  performs the following calculation. 
     
       
         
           
             
               
                 
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     Then, phase changer  205 A receives weighted signal  204 A and control signal  200 . Based on control signal  200 , phase changer  205 A performs phase change on weighted signal  204 A and then outputs phase-changed signal  206 A. Note that phase-changed signal  206 A is represented as z1(t), and z1(t) is defined as a complex number (z1(t) may be a real number). 
     A specific operation of phase changer  205 A will be described. For example, phase changer  205 A performs phase change of w(i) on z1′(i). Therefore, z1(i) can be represented as z1(i)=w(i)×z1′(i) (i is a symbol number (i is an integer equal to or greater than 0)). 
     For example, the phase change value is set as follows. 
     
       
         
           
             
               
                 
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     M is an integer equal to or greater than 2, and M is a phase change cycle. If M is set as an odd number equal to or greater than 3, data reception quality may improve. However, formula (51) is merely an example and the phase change value is not limited to this formula. Therefore, it is assumed that the phase change value w(i) is represented as w(i)=e j×λ(i) . 
     Then, phase changer  205 B receives weighted signal  204 B and control signal  200 . Based on control signal  200 , phase changer  205 B performs phase change on weighted signal  204 B and then outputs phase-changed signal  206 B. Note that phase-changed signal  206 B is represented as z2(t), and z2(t) is defined as a complex number (z2(t) may be a real number). 
     A specific operation of phase changer  205 B will be described. For example, phase changer  205 B performs phase change of y(i) on z2′(i). Therefore, z2(i) can be represented as z2(i)=y(i)×z2′(i) (i is a symbol number (i is an integer equal to or greater than 0)). 
     For example, a phase change value is set by formula (2). N is an integer equal to or greater than 2, and N is a phase change cycle. N≠M. If N is set as an odd number equal to or greater than 3, data reception quality may improve. However, formula (2) is merely an example and the phase change value is not limited to this formula. Therefore, it is assumed that the phase change value y(i) is represented as y(i)=e j×δ(i) . 
     At this time, z1(i) and z2(i) can be represented by the following formula. 
     
       
         
           
             
               
                 
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     Note that δ(i) and λ(i) are real numbers. z1(i) and z2(i) are transmitted from the transmission apparatus at the same time and at the same frequency (same frequency band). In formula (52), the phase change value is not limited to formula (2) and formula (52), and for example, a method for periodically or regularly changing the phase can be considered. 
     As described in the first exemplary embodiment, formulas (5) to (36) and the like are considered as a (precoding) matrix in formulas (50) and (52). However, the precoding matrix is not limited to these formulas. This also applies to the first exemplary embodiment. 
     Inserter  207 A receives weighted signal  204 A, pilot symbol signal (pa(t)) (t: time) ( 251 A), preamble signal  252 , control information symbol signal  253 , and control signal  200 . Based on information about a frame structure included in control signal  200 , inserter  207 A outputs baseband signal  208 A based on the frame structure. 
     Similarly, inserter  207 B receives phase-changed signal  206 B, pilot symbol signal (pb(t)) ( 251 B), preamble signal  252 , control information symbol signal  253 , and control signal  200 . Based on the information about the frame structure included in control signal  200 , inserter  207 B outputs baseband signal  208 B based on the frame structure. 
     Phase changer  209 B receives baseband signal  208 B and control signal  200 , performs phase change on baseband signal  208 B based on control signal  200 , and then outputs phase-changed signal  210 B. Baseband signal  208 B is a function of symbol number i (i is an integer equal to or greater than 0) and is represented as x′(i). Then, phase-changed signal  210 B (x(i)) can be represented as x(i)=e j×ε(i) ×x′(i) (j is an imaginary unit). 
     Note that as described in the first exemplary embodiment, an operation of phase changer  209 B may be cyclic delay diversity (CDD) (cyclic shift diversity (CSD)) described in NPTL 2 and NPTL 3. Phase changer  209 B is characterized by performing phase change on symbols in a frequency axis direction. For example, phase change is performed on symbols such as data symbols, pilot symbols, and control information symbols. 
       FIG. 3  is a diagram illustrating one exemplary configuration of wireless units  107 _A and  107 _B of  FIG. 1 . Details have been described in the first exemplary embodiment, and thus description thereof will be omitted. 
       FIG. 4  is a diagram illustrating the frame structure of transmission signal  108 _A of  FIG. 1 . Details have been described in the first exemplary embodiment, and thus description thereof will be omitted. 
       FIG. 5  is a diagram illustrating the frame structure of transmission signal  108 _B of  FIG. 1 . Details have been described in the first exemplary embodiment, and thus description thereof will be omitted. 
     When a symbol is present at carrier A and time $B of  FIG. 4  and when a symbol is present at carrier A and time $B of  FIG. 5 , the symbol at carrier A and time $B of  FIG. 4  and the symbol at carrier A and time $B of  FIG. 5  are transmitted at the same time and the same frequency. Note that the frame structure is not limited to the frame structures in  FIGS. 4 and 5 , and  FIGS. 4 and 5  are merely examples of the frame structure. 
     The other symbols in  FIGS. 4 and 5  are symbols corresponding to “preamble signal  252  and control information symbol signal  253  in  FIG. 2 ”. Therefore, the other symbol  503  of  FIG. 5  at the same time and the same frequency (same carrier) as the other symbol  403  of  FIG. 4  transmits the same data (same control information) when the control information is transmitted. 
     Note that it is assumed that the reception apparatus simultaneously receives the frame of  FIG. 4  and the frame of  FIG. 5 , but even by receiving only the frame of  FIG. 4  or only the frame of  FIG. 5 , the reception apparatus can obtain the data transmitted by the transmission apparatus. 
       FIG. 6  is a diagram illustrating one exemplary configuration of a part regarding control information generation for generating control information signal  253  of  FIG. 2 . Details have been described in the first exemplary embodiment, and thus description thereof will be omitted. 
       FIG. 7  is a diagram illustrating one exemplary configuration of antenna unit # A ( 109 _A) and antenna unit # B ( 109 _B) of  FIG. 1  (an example in which antenna unit # A ( 109 _A) and antenna unit # B ( 109 _B) each include a plurality of antennas). Details have been described in the first exemplary embodiment, and thus description thereof will be omitted. 
       FIG. 8  is a diagram illustrating one exemplary configuration of the reception apparatus that receives a modulated signal of, for example, the transmission signal of the frame structure of  FIG. 4 or 5  transmitted by the transmission apparatus of  FIG. 1 . Details have been described in the first exemplary embodiment, and thus description thereof will be omitted. 
       FIG. 10  is a diagram illustrating one exemplary configuration of antenna unit # X ( 801 X) and antenna unit # Y ( 801 Y) of  FIG. 8 . This is an example in which antenna unit # X ( 801 X) and antenna unit # Y ( 801 Y) each include a plurality of antennas. Details of  FIG. 10  have been described in the first exemplary embodiment, and thus description thereof will be omitted. 
     Next, as illustrated in  FIG. 20 , phase changers  205 A and  205 B and phase changer  209 A are inserted into signal processor  106  of the transmission apparatus illustrated in  FIG. 1 . Features and advantageous effects thereof will be described. 
     As described with reference to  FIGS. 4 and 5 , phase changers  205 A and  205 B perform precoding (weighting) on mapped signal s1(i) ( 201 A) (i is a symbol number and is an integer equal to or greater than 0) obtained by performing mapping using the first series, and mapped signal s2(i) ( 201 B) obtained by performing mapping using the second series. Phase changers  205 A and  205 B perform phase change on obtained weighted signals  204 A and  204 B. Then, phase-changed signal  206 A and phase-changed signal  206 B are transmitted at the same frequency and the same time. Therefore, in  FIGS. 4 and 5 , phase change is performed on data symbol  402  of  FIG. 4  and data symbol  502  of  FIG. 5 . 
     For example,  FIG. 11  is a diagram illustrating carriers  1  to  5  and time $4 to $6 extracted from the frame of  FIG. 4 . Note that as in  FIG. 4 , reference numeral  401  represents a pilot symbol, reference numeral  402  represents a data symbol, and reference numeral  403  represents the other symbol. 
     As described above, in the symbols illustrated in  FIG. 11 , phase changer  205 A performs phase change on the data symbol of (carrier  1 , time $5), the data symbol of (carrier  2 , time $5), the data symbol of (carrier  3 , time $5), the data symbol of (carrier  4 , time $5), the data symbol of (carrier  5 , time $5), the data symbol of (carrier  1 , time $6), the data symbol of (carrier  2 , time $6), the data symbol of (carrier  4 , time $6), and the data symbol of (carrier  5 , time $6). 
     Therefore, in the symbols illustrated in  FIG. 11 , the phase change value of the data symbol of (carrier  1 , time $5) is “e j×λ15(i) , the phase change value of the data symbol of (carrier  2 , time $5) is “e j×λ25(i) , the phase change value of the data symbol of (carrier  3 , time $5) is “e j×λ35(i)” , the phase change value of the data symbol of (carrier  4 , time $5) is “e j×λ45(i)” , the phase change value of the data symbol of (carrier  5 , time $5) is “e j×λ55(i)” , the phase change value of the data symbol of (carrier  1 , time $6) is “e j×λ16(i) , the phase change value of the data symbol of (carrier  2 , time $6) is “e j×λ26(i)” , the phase change value of the data symbol of (carrier  4 , time $6) is “e j×λ46(i)” , and the phase change value of the data symbol of (carrier  5 , time $6) is “e j×λ56(i)” . 
     Meanwhile, in the symbols illustrated in  FIG. 11 , phase changer  205 A does not perform phase change on the other symbol of (carrier  1 , time $4), the other symbol of (carrier  2 , time $4), the other symbol of (carrier  3 , time $4), the other symbol of (carrier  4 , time $4), the other symbol of (carrier  5 , time $4), or the pilot symbol of (carrier  3 , time $6). 
     This point is a characteristic point of phase changer  205 A. Note that as illustrated in  FIG. 4 , data carriers are arranged at “the same carrier and the same time” as the symbols to be subjected to phase change in  FIG. 11 , including the data symbol of (carrier  1 , time $5), the data symbol of (carrier  2 , time $5), the data symbol of (carrier  3 , time $5), the data symbol of (carrier  4 , time $5), the data symbol of (carrier  5 , time $5), the data symbol of (carrier  1 , time $6), the data symbol of (carrier  2 , time $6), the data symbol of (carrier  4 , time $6), and the data symbol of (carrier  5 , time $6). That is, in  FIG. 4 , (carrier  1 , time $5) is a data symbol, (carrier  2 , time $5) is a data symbol, (carrier  3 , time $5) is a data symbol, (carrier  4 , time $5) is a data symbol, (carrier  5 , time $5) is a data symbol, (carrier  1 , time $6) is a data symbol, (carrier  2 , time $6) is a data symbol, (carrier  4 , time $6) is a data symbol, and (carrier  5 , time $6) is a data symbol. That is, phase changer  205 A performs phase change on the data symbols performing MIMO transmission (transmitting multiple streams). 
     Note that examples of phase change to be performed on data symbols by phase changer  205 A include a method for performing periodical phase change (phase change cycle N) on the data symbols by formula (50). However, the method for performing phase change on data symbols is not limited to this method. 
     For example,  FIG. 11  is a diagram illustrating carriers  1  to  5  and time $4 to $6 extracted from the frame of  FIG. 5 . Note that as in  FIG. 5 , reference numeral  501  represents a pilot symbol, reference numeral  502  represents a data symbol, and reference numeral  503  represents the other symbol. 
     As described above, in the symbols illustrated in  FIG. 11 , phase changer  205 B performs phase change on the data symbol of (carrier  1 , time $5), the data symbol of (carrier  2 , time $5), the data symbol of (carrier  3 , time $5), the data symbol of (carrier  4 , time $5), the data symbol of (carrier  5 , time $5), the data symbol of (carrier  1 , time $6), the data symbol of (carrier  2 , time $6), the data symbol of (carrier  4 , time $6), and the data symbol of (carrier  5 , time $6). 
     Therefore, in the symbols illustrated in  FIG. 11 , the phase change value of the data symbol of (carrier  1 , time $5) is “e j×δ15(i) , the phase change value of the data symbol of (carrier  2 , time $5) is “e j×δ25(i)” , the phase change value of the data symbol of (carrier  3 , time $5) is “e j×δ35(i)” , the phase change value of the data symbol of (carrier  4 , time $5) is “e j×δ45(i)” , the phase change value of the data symbol of (carrier  5 , time $5) is “e j×δ55(i)” , the phase change value of the data symbol of (carrier  1 , time $6) is “e j×δ16(i) , the phase change value of the data symbol of (carrier  2 , time $6) is “e j×δ26(i)” , the phase change value of the data symbol of (carrier  4 , time $6) is “e j×δ46(i)” , and the phase change value of the data symbol of (carrier  5 , time $6) is “e j×δ56(i)” . 
     Meanwhile, in the symbols illustrated in  FIG. 11 , phase changer  205 B does not perform phase change on the other symbol of (carrier  1 , time $4), the other symbol of (carrier  2 , time $4), the other symbol of (carrier  3 , time $4), the other symbol of (carrier  4 , time $4), the other symbol of (carrier  5 , time $4), or the pilot symbol of (carrier  3 , time $6). 
     This point is a characteristic point of phase changer  205 B. Note that as illustrated in  FIG. 4 , data carriers are arranged at “the same carrier and the same time” as the symbols to be subjected to phase change in  FIG. 11 , including the data symbol of (carrier  1 , time $5), the data symbol of (carrier  2 , time $5), the data symbol of (carrier  3 , time $5), the data symbol of (carrier  4 , time $5), the data symbol of (carrier  5 , time $5), the data symbol of (carrier  1 , time $6), the data symbol of (carrier  2 , time $6), the data symbol of (carrier  4 , time $6), and the data symbol of (carrier  5 , time $6). That is, in  FIG. 4 , (carrier  1 , time $5) is a data symbol, (carrier  2 , time $5) is a data symbol, (carrier  3 , time $5) is a data symbol, (carrier  4 , time $5) is a data symbol, (carrier  5 , time $5) is a data symbol, (carrier  1 , time $6) is a data symbol, (carrier  2 , time $6) is a data symbol, (carrier  4 , time $6) is a data symbol, and (carrier  5 , time $6) is a data symbol. That is, phase changer  205 B performs phase change on the data symbols performing MIMO transmission (transmitting multiple streams). 
     Note that examples of phase change to be performed on data symbols by phase changer  205 B include a method for performing periodical phase change (phase change cycle N) on the data symbols by formula (2). However, the method for performing phase change on data symbols is not limited to this method. 
     Doing this will improve reception quality in the data symbol reception apparatus performing MIMO transmission (transmitting multiple streams) in an environment where direct waves are dominant, particularly in the LOS environment. This point will be described. 
     For example, it is assumed that the modulation scheme to be used by mapper  104  of  FIG. 1  is quadrature phase shift keying (QPSK). Mapped signal  201 A of  FIG. 18  is a QPSK signal, and mapped signal  201 B is also a QPSK signal. That is, two QPSK streams are transmitted. Then, signal processor  811  of  FIG. 8  obtains, for example, 16 candidate signal points by using channel estimation signals  806 _ 1  and  806 _ 2 . QPSK allows transmission of two bits, and a total of four bits can be transmitted by two streams. Therefore, 2 4 =16 candidate signal points are present. Note that other 16 candidate signal points are obtained using channel estimation signals  808 _ 1  and  808 _ 2 , which however will be described in a similar way; therefore, the following description will be made focusing on the 16 candidate signal points obtained using channel estimation signals  806 _ 1  and  806 _ 2 . 
       FIG. 12  is a diagram illustrating one example of this state. In both  FIGS. 12(A) and 12(B) , a horizontal axis is in-phase I and a vertical axis is quadrature Q, and 16 candidate signal points are present on the in-phase quadrature (IQ) plane. One of the 16 candidate signal points is the signal point transmitted by the transmission apparatus. Therefore, these are called “16 candidate signal points”. 
     In an environment where direct waves are dominant, particularly in the LOS environment, 
     First Case: 
     Consider a case where phase changers  205 A and  205 B of  FIG. 20  are not present (that is, a case where phase change by phase changers  205 A and  205 B of  FIG. 20  is not performed). 
     In the “first case”, since phase change is not performed, there is a possibility of falling into the state as illustrated in  FIG. 12(A) . When falling into the state of  FIG. 12(A) , since there are portions where the signal points are dense (distance between the signal points are short) such as “signal points  1201  and  1202 ”, “signal points  1203 ,  1204 ,  1205  and  1206 ”, and “signal points  1207  and  1208 ”, data reception quality may deteriorate in the reception apparatus of  FIG. 8 . 
     To overcome this problem, phase changers  205 A and  205 B are inserted in FIG.  20 . Insertion of phase changers  205 A and  205 B will lead to a mixture of the symbol numbers where the signal points are dense (distance between the signal points is short) as illustrated in  FIG. 12(A) , and the symbol numbers where “distance between the signal points is long” as illustrated in  FIG. 12(B) , depending on symbol number i. Introduction of an error correction code for this state will provide high error correction capability and allow the reception apparatus of  FIG. 8  to obtain high data reception quality. 
     Note that in  FIG. 20 , phase changers  205 A and  205 B of  FIG. 20  do not perform phase change on “pilot symbols and preambles” for performing channel estimation for demodulating (detecting) data symbols such as pilot symbols and preambles. This makes it possible to implement in data symbols “a mixture of the symbol numbers where the signal points are dense (distance between signal points is short) as illustrated in  FIG. 12(A) , and the symbol numbers where “distance between signal points is long” as illustrated in  FIG. 12(B) , depending on symbol number i″. 
     However, even when phase changers  205 A and  205 B of  FIG. 20  perform phase change on “pilot symbols and preambles” for performing channel estimation for demodulating (detecting) data symbols such as pilot symbols and preambles, this may “make it possible to implement in data symbols “a mixture of the symbol numbers where the signal points are dense (distance between signal points is short) as illustrated in  FIG. 12(A) , and the symbol numbers where “distance between signal points is long” as illustrated in  FIG. 12(B) , depending on symbol number i″″. In this case, phase change needs to be performed through addition of some condition to the pilot symbol and preamble. For example, a method for providing a rule different from a phase change rule for data symbols and “performing phase change on pilot symbols and/or preambles” is considered. As an example, there is a method for periodically performing phase change of a cycle N on data symbols, and for periodically performing phase change of a cycle M on pilot symbols and/or preambles (N and M are each an integer equal to or greater than 2). 
     As described earlier, phase changer  209 B receives baseband signal  208 B and control signal  200 , performs phase change on baseband signal  208 B based on control signal  200 , and outputs phase-changed signal  210 B. Baseband signal  208 B is a function of symbol number i (i is an integer equal to or greater than 0) and is represented as x′(i). Then, phase-changed signal  210 B (x(i)) can be represented as x(i)=e j×ε(i) ×x′(i) (j is an imaginary unit). The operation of phase changer  209 B may be cyclic delay diversity (CDD) (cyclic shift diversity (CSD)) described in NPTL 2 and NPTL 3. Phase changer  209 B is characterized by performing phase change on symbols in a frequency axis direction. For example, phase change is performed on symbols such as data symbols, pilot symbols, and control information symbols. Therefore, in this case, target symbols of symbol number i are symbols such as data symbols, pilot symbols, control information symbols, and preambles (the other symbols). In the case of  FIG. 20 , phase changer  209 B, which performs phase change on baseband signal  208 B, performs phase change on each symbol illustrated in  FIG. 5 . 
     Therefore, in the frame of  FIG. 5 , phase changer  209 B of  FIG. 20  performs phase change on all the symbols of carriers  1  to  36  and time $1 (in this case, all the symbols are the other symbol  503 ). 
     Similarly, 
     “phase changer  209 B of  FIG. 20  performs phase change on all the symbols of carriers  1  to  36  and time $2 (in this case, all the symbols are the other symbol  503 )”, 
     “phase changer  209 B of  FIG. 20  performs phase change on all the symbols of carriers  1  to  36  and time $3 (in this case, all the symbols are the other symbol  503 )”, 
     “phase changer  209 B of  FIG. 20  performs phase change on all the symbols of carriers  1  to  36  and time $4 (in this case, all the symbols are the other symbol  503 )”, 
     “phase changer  209 B of  FIG. 20  performs phase change on all the symbols of carriers  1  to  36  and time $5 (in this case, all the symbols are pilot symbol  501  or data symbol  502 )”, 
     “phase changer  209 B of  FIG. 20  performs phase change on all the symbols of carriers  1  to  36  and time $6 (in this case, all the symbols are pilot symbol  501  or data symbol  502 )”, 
     “phase changer  209 B of  FIG. 20  performs phase change on all the symbols of carriers  1  to  36  and time $7 (in this case, all the symbols are pilot symbol  501  or data symbol  502 )”, 
     “phase changer  209 B of  FIG. 20  performs phase change on all the symbols of carriers  1  to  36  and time $8 (in this case, all the symbols are pilot symbol  501  or data symbol  502 )”, 
     “phase changer  209 B of  FIG. 20  performs phase change on all the symbols of carriers  1  to  36  and time $9 (in this case, all the symbols are pilot symbol  501  or data symbol  502 )”, 
     “phase changer  209 B of  FIG. 20  performs phase change on all the symbols of carriers  1  to  36  and time $10 (in this case, all the symbols are pilot symbol  501  or data symbol  502 )”, and 
     “phase changer  209 B of  FIG. 20  performs phase change on all the symbols of carriers  1  to  36  and time $11 (in this case, all the symbols are pilot symbol  501  or data symbol  502 )”. 
     . . . 
       FIG. 13  is a diagram illustrating the frame structure of transmission signal  108 _A of  FIG. 1  different from  FIG. 4 . Details have been described in the first exemplary embodiment, and thus description thereof will be omitted. 
       FIG. 14  is a diagram illustrating the frame structure of transmission signal  108 _B of  FIG. 1  different from  FIG. 5 . Details have been described in the first exemplary embodiment, and thus description thereof will be omitted. 
     When a symbol is present at carrier A and time $B of  FIG. 13  and when a symbol is present at carrier A and time $B of  FIG. 14 , the symbol at carrier A and time $B of  FIG. 13  and the symbol at carrier A and time $B of  FIG. 14  are transmitted at the same time and the same frequency. Note that the frame structures of  FIGS. 13 and 14  are merely examples. 
     The other symbols in  FIGS. 13 and 14  are symbols corresponding to “preamble signal  252  and control information symbol signal  253  in  FIG. 20 ”. Therefore, the other symbol  503  of  FIG. 14  at the same time and the same frequency (same carrier) as the other symbol  403  of  FIG. 13  transmits the same data (same control information) when the control information is transmitted. 
     Note that it is assumed that the reception apparatus simultaneously receives the frame of  FIG. 13  and the frame of  FIG. 14 , but even by receiving only the frame of  FIG. 13  or only the frame of  FIG. 14 , the reception apparatus can obtain data transmitted by the transmission apparatus. 
     Phase changer  209 B receives baseband signal  208 B and control signal  200 , performs phase change on baseband signal  208 B based on control signal  200 , and then outputs phase-changed signal  210 B. Baseband signal  208 B is a function of symbol symbol number i (i is an integer equal to or greater than 0) and is represented as x′(i). Then, phase-changed signal  210 B (x(i)) can be represented as x(i)=e j×ε(i) ×x′(i) (j is an imaginary unit). The operation of phase changer  209 B may be cyclic delay diversity (CDD) (cyclic shift diversity (CSD)) described in NPTL 2 and NPTL 3. Phase changer  209 B is characterized by performing phase change on symbols in a frequency axis direction. For example, phase change is performed on symbols such as data symbols, pilot symbols, and control information symbols. At this time, the null symbol can also be considered as a phase change target. Therefore, in this case, target symbols of symbol number i are symbols such as data symbols, pilot symbols, control information symbols, preambles (the other symbols) and null symbols. However, even if phase change is performed on the null symbol, the signal before the phase change and the signal after the phase change are the same (in-phase component I is zero (0) and quadrature component Q is zero (0)). Therefore, it can be interpreted that the null symbol is not the phase change target. In the case of  FIG. 20 , phase changer  209 B, which performs phase change on baseband signal  208 B, performs phase change on each symbol illustrated in  FIG. 14 . 
     Therefore, in the frame of  FIG. 14 , phase changer  209 B of  FIG. 20  performs phase change on all the symbols of carriers  1  to  36  and time $1 (in this case, all the symbols are the other symbol  503 ). However, the handling of phase change of null symbol  1301  is as described above. 
     Similarly, 
     “phase changer  209 B of  FIG. 20  performs phase change on all the symbols of carriers  1  to  36  and time $2 (in this case, all the symbols are the other symbol  503 ). However, the handling of phase change of null symbol  1301  is as described above”. 
     “Phase changer  209 B of  FIG. 20  performs phase change on all the symbols of carriers  1  to  36  and time $3 (in this case, all the symbols are the other symbol  503 ). However, the handling of phase change of null symbol  1301  is as described above”. 
     “Phase changer  209 B of  FIG. 20  performs phase change on all the symbols of carriers  1  to  36  and time $4 (in this case, all the symbols are the other symbol  503 ). However, the handling of phase change of null symbol  1301  is as described above”. 
     “Phase changer  209 B of  FIG. 20  performs phase change on all the symbols of carriers  1  to  36  and time $5 (in this case, all the symbols are pilot symbol  501  or data symbol  502 ). However, the handling of phase change of null symbol  1301  is as described above”. 
     “Phase changer  209 B of  FIG. 20  performs phase change on all the symbols of carriers  1  to  36  and time $6 (in this case, all the symbols are pilot symbol  501  or data symbol  502 ). However, the handling of phase change of null symbol  1301  is as described above”. 
     “Phase changer  209 B of  FIG. 20  performs phase change on all the symbols of carriers  1  to  36  and time $7 (in this case, all the symbols are pilot symbol  501  or data symbol  502 ). However, the handling of phase change of null symbol  1301  is as described above”. 
     “Phase changer  209 B of  FIG. 20  performs phase change on all the symbols of carriers  1  to  36  and time $8 (in this case, all the symbols are pilot symbol  501  or data symbol  502 ). However, the handling of phase change of null symbol  1301  is as described above”. 
     “Phase changer  209 B of  FIG. 20  performs phase change on all the symbols of carriers  1  to  36  and time $9 (in this case, all the symbols are pilot symbol  501  or data symbol  502 ). However, the handling of phase change of null symbol  1301  is as described above”. 
     “Phase changer  209 B of  FIG. 20  performs phase change on all the symbols of carriers  1  to  36  and time $10 (in this case, all the symbols are pilot symbol  501  or data symbol  502 ). However, the handling of phase change of null symbol  1301  is as described above”. 
     “Phase changer  209 B of  FIG. 20  performs phase change on all the symbols of carriers  1  to  36  and time $11 (in this case, all the symbols are pilot symbol  501  or data symbol  502 ). However, the handling of phase change of null symbol  1301  is as described above”. 
     . . . 
     The phase change value in phase changer  209 B is represented as Ω(i). Baseband signal  208 B is x′(i), and phase-changed signal  210 B is x(i). Therefore, x(i)=Ω(i)×x′(i) holds true. For example, the phase change value is set by formula (38). Q is an integer equal to or greater than 2, and Q is a phase change cycle. j is an imaginary unit. However, formula (38) is merely an example and the phase change value is not limited to this formula. 
     For example, Ω(i) may be set to perform phase change so as to have the cycle Q. 
     Furthermore, for example, in  FIGS. 5 and 14 , the same phase change value may be provided to the same carrier, and the phase change value may be set for each carrier. For example, this will be as follows.
         For carrier  1  in  FIGS. 5 and 14 , regardless of time, the phase change value is formula (39).   For carrier  2  in  FIGS. 5 and 14 , regardless of time, the phase change value is formula (40).   For carrier  3  in  FIGS. 5 and 14 , regardless of time, the phase change value is formula (41).   For carrier  4  in  FIGS. 5 and 14 , regardless of time, the phase change value is formula (42).
 
. . .
       

     Operation examples of phase changer  209 B of  FIG. 20  have been described above. 
     Advantageous effects that can be obtained by phase changer  209 B in  FIG. 20  will be described. 
     It is assumed that the control information symbol is included in the other symbols  403  and  503  of “the frames of  FIGS. 4 and 5 ” or “the frames of  FIGS. 13 and 14 ”. As described earlier, when transmitting the control information, the other symbol  503  of  FIG. 5  at the same time and the same frequency (same carrier) as the other symbol  403  transmits the same data (same control information). 
     Here, consider the following cases. 
     Case 2: 
     The control information symbol is transmitted using one of antenna unit # A ( 109 _A) and antenna unit # B ( 109 _B) of  FIG. 1 . 
     When transmission is performed as in “case 2”, since the number of antennas that transmit the control information symbol is 1, a gain of space diversity is smaller than in a case of “transmitting the control information symbol using both antenna unit # A ( 109 _A) and antenna unit # B ( 109 _B)”, and thus data reception quality deteriorates even if the reception apparatus of  FIG. 8  performs reception in “case 2”. Therefore, in terms of improvement in data reception quality, it is preferable “to transmit the control information symbol using both “antenna unit # A ( 109 _A) and antenna unit # B ( 109 _B)”. 
     Case 3: 
     The control information symbol is transmitted using both of antenna unit # A ( 109 _A) and antenna unit # B ( 109 _B) of  FIG. 1 . However, phase changer  209 B in  FIG. 20  does not perform phase change. 
     When transmission is performed as in “case 3”, since the modulated signal transmitted from antenna unit # A  109 _A is the same as the modulated signal transmitted from antenna unit # B  109 _B (or there is a specified phase shift), depending on a radio wave propagation environment, the reception apparatus of  FIG. 8  may have a very poor reception signal and both of the modulated signals may be affected by the same multipath. This will cause a problem that data reception quality deteriorates in the reception apparatus of  FIG. 8 . 
     To alleviate this problem, phase changer  209 B is provided in  FIG. 20 . This enables phase change in a time or frequency direction, allowing the reception apparatus of  FIG. 8  to reduce the possibility of a poor reception signal. Also, it is likely that there is a difference between an influence of the multipath received by the modulated signal transmitted from antenna unit # A  109 _A and an influence of the multipath received by the modulated signal transmitted from antenna unit # B  109 _B. Therefore, it is likely that a diversity gain is obtained, whereby data reception quality improves in the reception apparatus of  FIG. 8 . 
     For the above reason, phase changer  209 B is provided in  FIG. 20  to perform phase change. 
     The other symbol  403  and the other symbol  503  include, other than the control information symbol, for example, a symbol for signal detection, a symbol for performing frequency synchronization and time synchronization, and a symbol for channel estimation (symbol for estimating propagation path fluctuation) for demodulating and decoding the control information symbol. In addition, “the frames of  FIGS. 4 and 5 ” or “the frames of  FIGS. 13 and 14 ” include pilot symbols  401  and  501 . Using these symbols will make it possible to demodulate and decode the control information symbol more accurately. 
     In “the frames of  FIGS. 4 and 5 ” or “the frames of  FIGS. 13 and 14 ”, data symbol  402  and data symbol  502  transmit multiple streams (perform MIMO transmission) by using the same frequency (band) and the same time. Demodulating these data symbols requires to use the symbol for signal detection, the symbol for frequency synchronization and time synchronization, and the symbol for channel estimation (symbol for estimating propagation path fluctuation) included in the other symbol  403  and the other symbol  503 . 
     At this time, as described above, phase changer  209 B performs phase change on “the symbol for signal detection, the symbol for frequency synchronization and time synchronization, and the symbol for channel estimation (symbol for estimating propagation path fluctuation) included in the other symbol  403  and the other symbol  503 ”. 
     Under such circumstances, if this process is not reflected in data symbol  402  and data symbol  502  (in data symbol  502  for the case described above), when the reception apparatus demodulates and decodes data symbol  402  and data symbol  502 , it is necessary to perform demodulation and decoding reflecting the process for the phase change performed by phase changer  209 B, and the process is likely to be complicated. This is because phase changer  209 B performs phase change on “the symbol for signal detection, the symbol for frequency synchronization and time synchronization, and the symbol for channel estimation (symbol for estimating propagation path fluctuation) included in the other symbol  403  and the other symbol  503 ”. 
     However, as illustrated in  FIG. 20 , when phase changer  209 B performs phase change on data symbol  402  and data symbol  502  (on data symbol  502  for the case described above), there is an advantage that the reception apparatus can (easily) demodulate and decode data symbol  402  and data symbol  502  by using the channel estimation signal (propagation path fluctuation estimation signal) estimated using “the symbol for signal detection, the symbol for frequency synchronization and time synchronization, and the symbol for channel estimation (symbol for estimating propagation path fluctuation) included in the other symbol  403  and the other symbol  503 ”. 
     In addition, as illustrated in  FIG. 20 , when phase changer  209 B performs phase change on data symbol  402  and data symbol  502  (on data symbol  502  for the case described above), it is possible to reduce an influence of a sharp drop in electric field intensity in a frequency axis in the multipath. This may improve data reception quality of data symbol  402  and data symbol  502 . 
     Thus, a characteristic point is that “the target symbol on which phase changers  205 A and  205 B perform phase change” is different from “the target symbol on which phase changer  209 B performs phase change”. 
     As described above, phase changers  205 A and  205 B of  FIG. 20  performing phase change will improve data reception quality of data symbol  402  and data symbol  502  in the reception apparatus, particularly in the LOS environment. Furthermore, phase changer  209 B of  FIG. 20  performing phase change will improve, for example, reception quality of the control information symbol included in “the frames of  FIGS. 4 and 5 ” or “the frames of  FIGS. 13 and 14 ” in the reception apparatus. Phase changer  209 B of  FIG. 20  performing phase change will also simplify demodulation and decoding operations of data symbol  402  and data symbol  502 . 
     Note that phase changers  205 A and  205 B of  FIG. 20  performing phase change can improve data reception quality of data symbol  402  and data symbol  502  in the reception apparatus, particularly in the LOS environment. Furthermore, phase changer  209 B of  FIG. 20  performing phase change on data symbol  402  and data symbol  502  improves reception quality of data symbol  402  and data symbol  502 . 
     Note that Q in formula (38) may be an integer equal to or less than −2, and at this time, the phase change cycle is the absolute value of Q. This point can also be applied to the first exemplary embodiment. 
     Fifth Exemplary Embodiment 
     The present exemplary embodiment will describe a method for implementing a configuration different from the configuration of  FIG. 2  in the first exemplary embodiment. 
       FIG. 1  is a diagram illustrating one exemplary configuration of a transmission apparatus such as, for example, a base station, an access point, and a broadcasting station according to the present exemplary embodiment. Details have been described in the first exemplary embodiment, and thus description thereof will be omitted. 
     Signal processor  106  receives mapped signals  105 _ 1  and  105 _ 2 , signal group  110 , and control signal  100 , performs signal processing based on control signal  100 , and then outputs signal-processed signals  106 _A and  106 _B. At this time, signal-processed signal  106 _A is represented as u1(i), and signal-processed signal  106 _B is represented as u2(i) (i is a symbol number, for example, i is an integer equal to or greater than 0). Note that details of the signal processing will be described with reference to  FIG. 21 . 
       FIG. 21  is a diagram illustrating one example in a configuration of signal processor  106  in  FIG. 1 . Weight combiner (precoder)  203  receives mapped signal  201 A (corresponding to mapped signal  105 _ 1  of  FIG. 1 ), mapped signal  201 B (corresponding to mapped signal  105 _ 2  of  FIG. 1 ), and control signal  200  (corresponding to control signal  100  of  FIG. 1 ). Weight combiner (precoder)  203  performs weighting (precoding) based on control signal  200 , and then outputs weighted signal  204 A and weighted signal  204 B. At this time, mapped signal  201 A is represented as s1(t), mapped signal  201 B as s2(t), weighted signal  204 A as z1′(t), and weighted signal  204 B as z2′(t). Note that t is time as one example. It is assumed that s1(t), s2(t), z1′(t), and z2′(t) are defined as complex numbers (hence may be real numbers). 
     Here, each signal is handled as a function of time, but each signal may be a function of “frequency (carrier number)” or a function of “time and frequency”. Alternatively, each signal may be a function of “symbol number”. This point also applies to the first exemplary embodiment. 
     Weight combiner (precoder)  203  performs calculation of formula (49). 
     Then, phase changer  205 A receives weighted signal  204 A and control signal  200 . Based on control signal  200 , phase changer  205 A performs phase change on weighted signal  204 A and then outputs phase-changed signal  206 A. Note that phase-changed signal  206 A is represented as z1(t), and z1(t) is defined as a complex number (z1(t) may be a real number). 
     A specific operation of phase changer  205 A will be described. For example, phase changer  205 A performs phase change of w(i) on z1′(i). Therefore, z1(i) can be represented as z1(i)=w(i)×z1′(i) (i is a symbol number (i is an integer equal to or greater than 0)). 
     For example, a phase change value is set by formula (50). 
     M is an integer equal to or greater than 2, and M is a phase change cycle. If M is set as an odd number equal to or greater than 3, data reception quality may improve. However, formula (50) is merely an example and the phase change value is not limited to this formula. Therefore, it is assumed that the phase change value w(i) is represented as w(i)=e j×λ(i) . 
     Then, phase changer  205 B receives weighted signal  204 B and control signal  200 . Based on control signal  200 , phase changer  205 B performs phase change on weighted signal  204 B and then outputs phase-changed signal  206 B. Note that phase-changed signal  206 B is represented as z2(t), and z2(t) is defined as a complex number (z2(t) may be a real number). 
     A specific operation of phase changer  205 B will be described. For example, phase changer  205 B performs phase change of y(i) on z2′(i). Therefore, z2(i) can be represented as z2(i)=y(i)×z2′(i) (i is a symbol number (i is an integer equal to or greater than 0)). 
     For example, a phase change value is set by formula (2). N is an integer equal to or greater than 2, and N is a phase change cycle. N≠M. If N is set as an odd number equal to or greater than 3, data reception quality may improve. However, formula (2) is merely an example and the phase change value is not limited to this formula. Therefore, it is assumed that the phase change value y(i) is represented as y(i)=e j×δ(i) . 
     At this time, z1(i) and z2(i) can be represented by formula (51). 
     Note that δ(i) and λ(i) are real numbers. z1(i) and z2(i) are transmitted from the transmission apparatus at the same time and at the same frequency (same frequency band). In formula (51), the phase change value is not limited to formula (2) and formula (51), and for example, a method for periodically or regularly changing the phase can be considered. 
     As described in the first exemplary embodiment, formulas (5) to (36) and the like are considered as a (precoding) matrix in formulas (49) and (51). However, the precoding matrix is not limited to these formulas. This also applies to the first exemplary embodiment. 
     Inserter  207 A receives weighted signal  204 A, pilot symbol signal (pa(t)) (t: time) ( 251 A), preamble signal  252 , control information symbol signal  253 , and control signal  200 . Based on information about a frame structure included in control signal  200 , inserter  207 A outputs baseband signal  208 A based on the frame structure. 
     Similarly, inserter  207 B receives phase-changed signal  206 B, pilot symbol signal (pb(t)) ( 251 B), preamble signal  252 , control information symbol signal  253 , and control signal  200 . Based on the information about the frame structure included in control signal  200 , inserter  207 B outputs baseband signal  208 B based on the frame structure. 
     Phase changer  209 B receives baseband signal  208 B and control signal  200 , performs phase change on baseband signal  208 B based on control signal  200 , and then outputs phase-changed signal  210 B. Baseband signal  208 B is a function of symbol number i (i is an integer equal to or greater than 0) and is represented as x′(i). Then, phase-changed signal  210 B (x(i)) can be represented as x(i)=e j×ε(i) ×x′(i) (j is an imaginary unit). 
     Note that as described in the first exemplary embodiment, an operation of phase changer  209 B may be cyclic delay diversity (CDD) (cyclic shift diversity (CSD)) described in NPTL 2 and NPTL 3. Phase changer  209 B is characterized by performing phase change on symbols in a frequency axis direction. For example, phase change is performed on symbols such as data symbols, pilot symbols, and control information symbols. 
       FIG. 3  is a diagram illustrating one exemplary configuration of wireless units  107 _A and  107 _B of  FIG. 1 . Details have been described in the first exemplary embodiment, and thus description thereof will be omitted. 
       FIG. 4  is a diagram illustrating the frame structure of transmission signal  108 _A of  FIG. 1 . Details have been described in the first exemplary embodiment, and thus description thereof will be omitted. 
       FIG. 5  is a diagram illustrating the frame structure of transmission signal  108 _B of  FIG. 1 . Details have been described in the first exemplary embodiment, and thus description thereof will be omitted. 
     When a symbol is present at carrier A and time $B of  FIG. 4  and when a symbol is present at carrier A and time $B of  FIG. 5 , the symbol at carrier A and time $B of  FIG. 4  and the symbol at carrier A and time $B of  FIG. 5  are transmitted at the same time and the same frequency. Note that the frame structure is not limited to the frame structures in  FIGS. 4 and 5 , and  FIGS. 4 and 5  are merely examples of the frame structure. 
     The other symbols in  FIGS. 4 and 5  are symbols corresponding to “preamble signal  252  and control information symbol signal  253  in  FIG. 2 ”. Therefore, the other symbol  503  of  FIG. 5  at the same time and the same frequency (same carrier) as the other symbol  403  of  FIG. 4  transmits the same data (same control information) when the control information is transmitted. 
     Note that it is assumed that the reception apparatus simultaneously receives the frame of  FIG. 4  and the frame of  FIG. 5 , but even by receiving only the frame of  FIG. 4  or only the frame of  FIG. 5 , the reception apparatus can obtain the data transmitted by the transmission apparatus. 
       FIG. 6  is a diagram illustrating one exemplary configuration of a part regarding control information generation for generating control information signal  253  of  FIG. 2 . Details have been described in the first exemplary embodiment, and thus description thereof will be omitted. 
       FIG. 7  is a diagram illustrating one exemplary configuration of antenna unit # A ( 109 _A) and antenna unit # B ( 109 _B) of  FIG. 1 . This is an example in which antenna unit # A ( 109 _A) and antenna unit # B ( 109 _B) each include a plurality of antennas. Details of  FIG. 7  have been described in the first exemplary embodiment, and thus description thereof will be omitted. 
       FIG. 8  is a diagram illustrating one exemplary configuration of the reception apparatus that receives a modulated signal of, for example, the transmission signal of the frame structure of  FIG. 4 or 5  transmitted by the transmission apparatus of  FIG. 1 . Details have been described in the first exemplary embodiment, and thus description thereof will be omitted. 
       FIG. 10  is a diagram illustrating one exemplary configuration of antenna unit # X ( 801 X) and antenna unit # Y ( 801 Y) of  FIG. 8 . This is an example in which antenna unit # X ( 801 X) and antenna unit # Y ( 801 Y) each include a plurality of antennas. Details of  FIG. 10  have been described in the first exemplary embodiment, and thus description thereof will be omitted. 
     Next, as illustrated in  FIG. 21 , phase changers  205 A and  205 B and phase changer  209 B are inserted into signal processor  106  of the transmission apparatus illustrated in  FIG. 1 . Features and advantageous effects thereof will be described. 
     As described with reference to  FIGS. 4 and 5 , phase changers  205 A and  205 B perform precoding (weighting) on mapped signal s1(i) ( 201 A) (i is a symbol number and is an integer equal to or greater than 0) obtained by performing mapping using the first series, and mapped signal s2(i) ( 201 B) obtained by performing mapping using the second series. Phase changers  205 A and  205 B perform phase change on obtained weighted signals  204 A and  204 B. Then, phase-changed signal  206 A and phase-changed signal  206 B are transmitted at the same frequency and the same time. Therefore, in  FIGS. 4 and 5 , phase change is performed on data symbol  402  of  FIG. 4  and data symbol  502  of  FIG. 5 . 
     For example,  FIG. 11  is a diagram illustrating carriers  1  to  5  and time $4 to $6 extracted from the frame of  FIG. 4 . Note that as in  FIG. 4 , reference numeral  401  represents a pilot symbol, reference numeral  402  represents a data symbol, and reference numeral  403  represents the other symbol. 
     As described above, in the symbols illustrated in  FIG. 11 , phase changer  205 A performs phase change on the data symbol of (carrier  1 , time $5), the data symbol of (carrier  2 , time $5), the data symbol of (carrier  3 , time $5), the data symbol of (carrier  4 , time $5), the data symbol of (carrier  5 , time $5), the data symbol of (carrier  1 , time $6), the data symbol of (carrier  2 , time $6), the data symbol of (carrier  4 , time $6), and the data symbol of (carrier  5 , time $6). 
     Therefore, in the symbols illustrated in  FIG. 11 , the phase change value of the data symbol of (carrier  1 , time $5) is “e j×λ15(i) , the phase change value of the data symbol of (carrier  2 , time $5) is “e j×λ25(i)” , the phase change value of the data symbol of (carrier  3 , time $5) is “e j×λ35(i)” , the phase change value of the data symbol of (carrier  4 , time $5) is “e j×λ45(i)” , the phase change value of the data symbol of (carrier  5 , time $5) is “e j×λ55(i)” , the phase change value of the data symbol of (carrier  1 , time $6) is “e j×λ16(i) , the phase change value of the data symbol of (carrier  2 , time $6) is “e j×λ26(i)” , the phase change value of the data symbol of (carrier  4 , time $6) is “e j×λ46(i)” , and the phase change value of the data symbol of (carrier  5 , time $6) is “e j×λ56(i)” . 
     Meanwhile, in the symbols illustrated in  FIG. 11 , phase changer  205 A does not perform phase change on the other symbol of (carrier  1 , time $4), the other symbol of (carrier  2 , time $4), the other symbol of (carrier  3 , time $4), the other symbol of (carrier  4 , time $4), the other symbol of (carrier  5 , time $4), or the pilot symbol of (carrier  3 , time $6). 
     This point is a characteristic point of phase changer  205 A. Note that as illustrated in  FIG. 4 , data carriers are arranged at “the same carrier and the same time” as the symbols to be subjected to phase change in  FIG. 11 , including the data symbol of (carrier  1 , time $5), the data symbol of (carrier  2 , time $5), the data symbol of (carrier  3 , time $5), the data symbol of (carrier  4 , time $5), the data symbol of (carrier  5 , time $5), the data symbol of (carrier  1 , time $6), the data symbol of (carrier  2 , time $6), the data symbol of (carrier  4 , time $6), and the data symbol of (carrier  5 , time $6). That is, in  FIG. 4 , (carrier  1 , time $5) is a data symbol, (carrier  2 , time $5) is a data symbol, (carrier  3 , time $5) is a data symbol, (carrier  4 , time $5) is a data symbol, (carrier  5 , time $5) is a data symbol, (carrier  1 , time $6) is a data symbol, (carrier  2 , time $6) is a data symbol, (carrier  4 , time $6) is a data symbol, and (carrier  5 , time $6) is a data symbol. That is, phase changer  205 A performs phase change on the data symbols performing MIMO transmission (transmitting multiple streams). 
     Note that examples of phase change to be performed on data symbols by phase changer  205 A include a method for performing periodical phase change (phase change cycle N) on the data symbols by formula (50). However, the method for performing phase change on data symbols is not limited to this method. 
     For example,  FIG. 11  is a diagram illustrating carriers  1  to  5  and time $4 to $6 extracted from the frame of  FIG. 5 . Note that as in  FIG. 5 , reference numeral  501  represents a pilot symbol, reference numeral  502  represents a data symbol, and reference numeral  503  represents the other symbol. 
     As described above, in the symbols illustrated in  FIG. 11 , phase changer  205 B performs phase change on the data symbol of (carrier  1 , time $5), the data symbol of (carrier  2 , time $5), the data symbol of (carrier  3 , time $5), the data symbol of (carrier  4 , time $5), the data symbol of (carrier  5 , time $5), the data symbol of (carrier  1 , time $6), the data symbol of (carrier  2 , time $6), the data symbol of (carrier  4 , time $6), and the data symbol of (carrier  5 , time $6). 
     Therefore, in the symbols illustrated in  FIG. 11 , the phase change value of the data symbol of (carrier  1 , time $5) is “e j×δ15(i) , the phase change value of the data symbol of (carrier  2 , time $5) is “e j×δ25(i)” , the phase change value of the data symbol of (carrier  3 , time $5) is “e j×δ35(i)” , the phase change value of the data symbol of (carrier  4 , time $5) is “e j×δ45(i)” , the phase change value of the data symbol of (carrier  5 , time $5) is “e j×δ55(i) , the phase change value of the data symbol of (carrier  1 , time $6) is “e j×δ16(i)” , the phase change value of the data symbol of (carrier  2 , time $6) is “e j×δ26(i)” , the phase change value of the data symbol of (carrier  4 , time $6) is “e j×δ46(i)” , and the phase change value of the data symbol of (carrier  5 , time $6) is “e j×δ56(i)” . 
     Meanwhile, in the symbols illustrated in  FIG. 11 , phase changer  205 B does not perform phase change on the other symbol of (carrier  1 , time $4), the other symbol of (carrier  2 , time $4), the other symbol of (carrier  3 , time $4), the other symbol of (carrier  4 , time $4), the other symbol of (carrier  5 , time $4), or the pilot symbol of (carrier  3 , time $6). 
     This point is a characteristic point of phase changer  205 B. Note that as illustrated in  FIG. 4 , data carriers are arranged at “the same carrier and the same time” as the symbols to be subjected to phase change in  FIG. 11 , including the data symbol of (carrier  1 , time $5), the data symbol of (carrier  2 , time $5), the data symbol of (carrier  3 , time $5), the data symbol of (carrier  4 , time $5), the data symbol of (carrier  5 , time $5), the data symbol of (carrier  1 , time $6), the data symbol of (carrier  2 , time $6), the data symbol of (carrier  4 , time $6), and the data symbol of (carrier  5 , time $6). That is, in  FIG. 4 , (carrier  1 , time $5) is a data symbol, (carrier  2 , time $5) is a data symbol, (carrier  3 , time $5) is a data symbol, (carrier  4 , time $5) is a data symbol, (carrier  5 , time $5) is a data symbol, (carrier  1 , time $6) is a data symbol, (carrier  2 , time $6) is a data symbol, (carrier  4 , time $6) is a data symbol, and (carrier  5 , time $6) is a data symbol. That is, phase changer  205 B performs phase change on the data symbols performing MIMO transmission (transmitting multiple streams). 
     Note that examples of phase change to be performed on data symbols by phase changer  205 B include a method for performing periodical phase change (phase change cycle N) on the data symbols by formula (2). However, the method for performing phase change on data symbols is not limited to this method. 
     Doing this will improve data reception quality in the data symbol reception apparatus performing MIMO transmission (transmitting multiple streams) in an environment where direct waves are dominant, particularly in the LOS environment. This point will be described. 
     For example, it is assumed that the modulation scheme to be used by mapper  104  of  FIG. 1  is quadrature phase shift keying (QPSK). Mapped signal  201 A of  FIG. 18  is a QPSK signal, and mapped signal  201 B is also a QPSK signal. That is, two QPSK streams are transmitted. Then, signal processor  811  of  FIG. 8  obtains, for example, 16 candidate signal points by using channel estimation signals  806 _ 1  and  806 _ 2 . QPSK allows transmission of two bits, and a total of four bits can be transmitted by two streams. Therefore, 2 4 =16 candidate signal points are present. Note that other 16 candidate signal points are obtained using channel estimation signals  808 _ 1  and  808 _ 2 , which however will be described in a similar way; therefore, the following description will be made focusing on the 16 candidate signal points obtained using channel estimation signals  806 _ 1  and  806 _ 2 . 
       FIG. 12  is a diagram illustrating one example of this state. In both  FIGS. 12(A)  and  12 (B), a horizontal axis is in-phase I and a vertical axis is quadrature Q, and 16 candidate signal points are present on the in-phase quadrature (IQ) plane. One of the 16 candidate signal points is the signal point transmitted by the transmission apparatus. Therefore, these are called “16 candidate signal points”. 
     In an environment where direct waves are dominant, particularly in the LOS environment, 
     First Case: 
     Consider a case where phase changers  205 A and  205 B of  FIG. 21  are not present (that is, a case where phase change by phase changers  205 A and  205 B of  FIG. 21  is not performed). 
     In the “first case”, since phase change is not performed, there is a possibility of falling into the state as illustrated in  FIG. 12(A) . When falling into the state of  FIG. 12(A) , since there are portions where the signal points are dense (distance between the signal points are short) such as “signal points  1201  and  1202 ”, “signal points  1203 ,  1204 ,  1205  and  1206 ”, and “signal points  1207  and  1208 ”, data reception quality may deteriorate in the reception apparatus of  FIG. 8 . 
     To overcome this problem, phase changers  205 A and  205 B are inserted in  FIG. 21 . Insertion of phase changers  205 A and  205 B will lead to a mixture of the symbol numbers where the signal points are dense (distance between the signal points is short) as illustrated in  FIG. 12(A) , and the symbol numbers where “distance between the signal points is long” as illustrated in  FIG. 12(B) , depending on symbol number i. Introduction of an error correction code for this state will provide high error correction capability and allow the reception apparatus of  FIG. 8  to obtain high data reception quality. 
     Note that in  FIG. 21 , phase changers  205 A and  205 B of  FIG. 21  do not perform phase change on “pilot symbols and preambles” for performing channel estimation for demodulating (detecting) data symbols such as pilot symbols and preambles. This makes it possible to implement in data symbols “a mixture of the symbol numbers where the signal points are dense (distance between signal points is short) as illustrated in  FIG. 12(A) , and the symbol numbers where “distance between signal points is long” as illustrated in  FIG. 12(B) , depending on symbol number i″. 
     However, even when phase changers  205 A and  205 B of  FIG. 21  perform phase change on “pilot symbols and preambles” for performing channel estimation for demodulating (detecting) data symbols such as pilot symbols and preambles, this may “make it possible to implement in data symbols “a mixture of the symbol numbers where the signal points are dense (distance between signal points is short) as illustrated in  FIG. 12(A) , and the symbol numbers where “distance between signal points is long” as illustrated in  FIG. 12(B) , depending on symbol number i″″. In this case, phase change needs to be performed through addition of some condition to the pilot symbol and preamble. For example, a method for providing a rule different from a phase change rule for data symbols and “performing phase change on pilot symbols and/or preambles” is considered. As an example, there is a method for periodically performing phase change of a cycle N on data symbols, and for periodically performing phase change of a cycle M on pilot symbols and/or preambles (N and M are each an integer equal to or greater than 2). 
     As described above, phase changer  209 A receives baseband signal  208 A and control signal  200 , performs phase change on baseband signal  208 A based on control signal  200 , and then outputs phase-changed signal  210 A. Baseband signal  208 A is a function of symbol number i (i is an integer equal to or greater than 0) and is represented as x′(i). Then, phase-changed signal  210 A (x(i)) can be represented as x(i)=e j×ε(i) ×x′(i) (j is an imaginary unit). The operation of phase changer  209 A may be cyclic delay diversity (CDD) (cyclic shift diversity (CSD)) described in NPTL 2 and NPTL 3. Phase changer  209 A is characterized by performing phase change on symbols in a frequency axis direction. For example, phase change is performed on symbols such as data symbols, pilot symbols, and control information symbols. Therefore, in this case, target symbols of symbol number i are symbols such as data symbols, pilot symbols, control information symbols, and preambles (the other symbols). In the case of  FIG. 21 , phase changer  209 A, which performs phase change on baseband signal  208 A, performs phase change on each symbol illustrated in  FIG. 4 . 
     Therefore, in the frame of  FIG. 4 , phase changer  209 A of  FIG. 21  performs phase change on all the symbols of carriers  1  to  36  and time $1 (in this case, all the symbols are the other symbol  403 ). 
     Similarly, 
     “phase changer  209 A of  FIG. 21  performs phase change on all the symbols of carriers  1  to  36  and time $2 (in this case, all the symbols are the other symbol  403 )”, 
     “phase changer  209 A of  FIG. 21  performs phase change on all the symbols of carriers  1  to  36  and time $3 (in this case, all the symbols are the other symbol  403 )”, 
     “phase changer  209 A of  FIG. 21  performs phase change on all the symbols of carriers  1  to  36  and time $4 (in this case, all the symbols are the other symbol  403 )”, 
     “phase changer  209 A of  FIG. 21  performs phase change on all the symbols of carriers  1  to  36  and time $5 (in this case, all the symbols are pilot symbol  401  or data symbol  402 )”, 
     “phase changer  209 A of  FIG. 21  performs phase change on all the symbols of carriers  1  to  36  and time $6 (in this case, all the symbols are pilot symbol  401  or data symbol  402 )”, 
     “phase changer  209 A of  FIG. 21  performs phase change on all the symbols of carriers  1  to  36  and time $7 (in this case, all the symbols are pilot symbol  401  or data symbol  402 )”, 
     “phase changer  209 A of  FIG. 21  performs phase change on all the symbols of carriers  1  to  36  and time $8 (in this case, all the symbols are pilot symbol  401  or data symbol  402 )”, 
     “phase changer  209 A of  FIG. 21  performs phase change on all the symbols of carriers  1  to  36  and time $9 (in this case, all the symbols are pilot symbol  401  or data symbol  402 )”, 
     “phase changer  209 A of  FIG. 21  performs phase change on all the symbols of carriers  1  to  36  and time $10 (in this case, all the symbols are pilot symbol  401  or data symbol  402 )”, and 
     “phase changer  209 A of  FIG. 21  performs phase change on all the symbols of carriers  1  to  36  and time $11 (in this case, all the symbols are pilot symbol  401  or data symbol  402 )”. 
     . . . 
       FIG. 13  is a diagram illustrating the frame structure of transmission signal  108 _A of  FIG. 1  different from  FIG. 4 . Details have been described in the first exemplary embodiment, and thus description thereof will be omitted. 
       FIG. 14  is a diagram illustrating the frame structure of transmission signal  108 _B of  FIG. 1  different from  FIG. 5 . Details have been described in the first exemplary embodiment, and thus description thereof will be omitted. 
     When a symbol is present at carrier A and time $B of  FIG. 13  and when a symbol is present at carrier A and time $B of  FIG. 14 , the symbol at carrier A and time $B of  FIG. 13  and the symbol at carrier A and time $B of  FIG. 14  are transmitted at the same time and the same frequency. Note that the frame structures of  FIGS. 13 and 14  are merely examples. 
     The other symbols in  FIGS. 13 and 14  are symbols corresponding to “preamble signal  252  and control information symbol signal  253  in  FIG. 21 ”. Therefore, the other symbol  503  of  FIG. 14  at the same time and the same frequency (same carrier) as the other symbol  403  of  FIG. 13  transmits the same data (same control information) when the control information is transmitted. 
     Note that it is assumed that the reception apparatus simultaneously receives the frame of  FIG. 13  and the frame of  FIG. 14 , but even by receiving only the frame of  FIG. 13  or only the frame of  FIG. 14 , the reception apparatus can obtain data transmitted by the transmission apparatus. 
     Phase changer  209 A receives baseband signal  208 A and control signal  200 , performs phase change on baseband signal  208 A based on control signal  200 , and then outputs phase-changed signal  210 A. Baseband signal  208 A is a function of symbol symbol number i (i is an integer equal to or greater than 0) and is represented as x′(i). Then, phase-changed signal  210 A (x(i)) can be represented as x(i)=e j×ε(i) ×x′(i) (j is an imaginary unit). The operation of phase changer  209 A may be cyclic delay diversity (CDD) (cyclic shift diversity (CSD)) described in NPTL 2 and NPTL 3. Phase changer  209 A is characterized by performing phase change on symbols in a frequency axis direction. For example, phase change is performed on symbols such as data symbols, pilot symbols, and control information symbols. At this time, the null symbol can also be considered as a phase change target. Therefore, in this case, target symbols of symbol number i are symbols such as data symbols, pilot symbols, control information symbols, preambles (the other symbols) and null symbols. However, even if phase change is performed on the null symbol, the signal before the phase change and the signal after the phase change are the same (in-phase component I is zero (0) and quadrature component Q is zero (0)). Therefore, it can be interpreted that the null symbol is not the phase change target. In the case of  FIG. 21 , phase changer  209 A, which performs phase change on baseband signal  208 A, performs phase change on each symbol illustrated in  FIG. 13 . 
     Therefore, in the frame of  FIG. 13 , phase changer  209 A of  FIG. 21  performs phase change on all the symbols of carriers  1  to  36  and time $1 (in this case, all the symbols are the other symbol  403 ). However, the handling of phase change of null symbol  1301  is as described above. 
     Similarly, 
     “phase changer  209 A of  FIG. 21  performs phase change on all the symbols of carriers  1  to  36  and time $2 (in this case, all the symbols are the other symbol  403 ). However, the handling of phase change of null symbol  1301  is as described above”. 
     “Phase changer  209 A of  FIG. 21  performs phase change on all the symbols of carriers  1  to  36  and time $3 (in this case, all the symbols are the other symbol  403 ). However, the handling of phase change of null symbol  1301  is as described above”. 
     “Phase changer  209 A of  FIG. 21  performs phase change on all the symbols of carriers  1  to  36  and time $4 (in this case, all the symbols are the other symbol  403 ). However, the handling of phase change of null symbol  1301  is as described above”. 
     “Phase changer  209 A of  FIG. 21  performs phase change on all the symbols of carriers  1  to  36  and time $5 (in this case, all the symbols are pilot symbol  401  or data symbol  402 ). However, the handling of phase change of null symbol  1301  is as described above”. 
     “Phase changer  209 A of  FIG. 21  performs phase change on all the symbols of carriers  1  to  36  and time $6 (in this case, all the symbols are pilot symbol  401  or data symbol  402 ). However, the handling of phase change of null symbol  1301  is as described above”. 
     “Phase changer  209 A of  FIG. 21  performs phase change on all the symbols of carriers  1  to  36  and time $7 (in this case, all the symbols are pilot symbol  401  or data symbol  402 ). However, the handling of phase change of null symbol  1301  is as described above”. 
     “Phase changer  209 A of  FIG. 21  performs phase change on all the symbols of carriers  1  to  36  and time $8 (in this case, all the symbols are pilot symbol  401  or data symbol  402 ). However, the handling of phase change of null symbol  1301  is as described above”. 
     “Phase changer  209 A of  FIG. 21  performs phase change on all the symbols of carriers  1  to  36  and time $9 (in this case, all the symbols are pilot symbol  401  or data symbol  402 ). However, the handling of phase change of null symbol  1301  is as described above”. 
     “Phase changer  209 A of  FIG. 21  performs phase change on all the symbols of carriers  1  to  36  and time $10 (in this case, all the symbols are pilot symbol  401  or data symbol  402 ). However, the handling of phase change of null symbol  1301  is as described above”. 
     “Phase changer  209 A of  FIG. 21  performs phase change on all the symbols of carriers  1  to  36  and time $11 (in this case, all the symbols are pilot symbol  401  or data symbol  402 ). However, the handling of phase change of null symbol  1301  is as described above”. 
     . . . 
     The phase change value in phase changer  209 A is represented as Ω(i). Baseband signal  208 A is x′(i), and phase-changed signal  210 A is x(i). Therefore, x(i)=Ω(i)×x′(i) holds true. 
     For example, the phase change value is set by formula (38). Q is an integer equal to or greater than 2, and Q is a phase change cycle. j is an imaginary unit. However, formula (38) is merely an example and the phase change value is not limited to this formula. 
     For example, Ω(i) may be set to perform phase change so as to have the cycle Q. 
     Furthermore, for example, in  FIGS. 4 and 13 , the same phase change value may be provided to the same carrier, and the phase change value may be set for each carrier. For example, this will be as follows.
         For carrier  1  in  FIGS. 4 and 13 , regardless of time, the phase change value is formula (39).   For carrier  2  in  FIGS. 4 and 13 , regardless of time, the phase change value is formula (40).   For carrier  3  in  FIGS. 4 and 13 , regardless of time, the phase change value is formula (41).   For carrier  4  in  FIGS. 4 and 13 , regardless of time, the phase change value is formula (42).
 
. . .
       

     Operation examples of phase changer  209 A of  FIG. 21  have been described above. 
     Advantageous effects that can be obtained by phase changer  209 A of  FIG. 21  will be described. 
     It is assumed that the control information symbol is included in the other symbols  403  and  503  of “the frames of  FIGS. 4 and 5 ” or “the frames of  FIGS. 13 and 14 ”. As described earlier, when transmitting the control information, the other symbol  503  of  FIG. 5  at the same time and the same frequency (same carrier) as the other symbol  403  transmits the same data (same control information). 
     Here, consider the following cases. 
     Case 2: 
     The control information symbol is transmitted using one of antenna unit # A ( 109 _A) and antenna unit # B ( 109 _B) of  FIG. 1 . 
     When transmission is performed as in “case 2”, since the number of antennas that transmit the control information symbol is 1, a gain of space diversity is smaller than in a case of “transmitting the control information symbol using both antenna unit # A ( 109 _A) and antenna unit # B ( 109 _B)”, and thus data reception quality deteriorates even if the reception apparatus of  FIG. 8  performs reception in “case 2”. Therefore, in terms of improvement in data reception quality, it is preferable “to transmit the control information symbol using both “antenna unit # A ( 109 _A) and antenna unit # B ( 109 _B)”. 
     Case 3: 
     The control information symbol is transmitted using both of antenna unit # A ( 109 _A) and antenna unit # B ( 109 _B) of  FIG. 1 . However, phase changer  209 A in  FIG. 21  does not perform phase change. 
     When transmission is performed as in “case 3”, since the modulated signal transmitted from antenna unit # A  109 _A is the same as the modulated signal transmitted from antenna unit # B  109 _B (or there is a specified phase shift), depending on a radio wave propagation environment, the reception apparatus of  FIG. 8  may have a very poor reception signal and both of the modulated signals may be affected by the same multipath. This will cause a problem that data reception quality deteriorates in the reception apparatus of  FIG. 8 . 
     To alleviate this problem, phase changer  209 A is provided in  FIG. 21 . This enables phase change in a time or frequency direction, allowing the reception apparatus of  FIG. 8  to reduce the possibility of a poor reception signal. Also, it is likely that there is a difference between an influence of the multipath received by the modulated signal transmitted from antenna unit # A  109 _A and an influence of the multipath received by the modulated signal transmitted from antenna unit # B  109 _B. Therefore, it is likely that a diversity gain is obtained, whereby data reception quality improves in the reception apparatus of  FIG. 8 . 
     For the above reason, phase changer  209 A is provided in  FIG. 21  to perform phase change. 
     The other symbol  403  and the other symbol  503  include, other than the control information symbol, for example, a symbol for signal detection, a symbol for performing frequency synchronization and time synchronization, and a symbol for channel estimation (symbol for estimating propagation path fluctuation) for demodulating and decoding the control information symbol. In addition, “the frames of  FIGS. 4 and 5 ” or “the frames of  FIGS. 13 and 14 ” include pilot symbols  401  and  501 . Using these symbols will make it possible to demodulate and decode the control information symbol more accurately. 
     In “the frames of  FIGS. 4 and 5 ” or “the frames of  FIGS. 13 and 14 ”, data symbol  402  and data symbol  502  transmit multiple streams (perform MIMO transmission) by using the same frequency (band) and the same time. Demodulating these data symbols requires to use the symbol for signal detection, the symbol for frequency synchronization and time synchronization, and the symbol for channel estimation (symbol for estimating propagation path fluctuation) included in the other symbol  403  and the other symbol  503 . 
     At this time, as described above, phase changer  209 A performs phase change on “the symbol for signal detection, the symbol for frequency synchronization and time synchronization, and the symbol for channel estimation (symbol for estimating propagation path fluctuation) included in the other symbol  403  and the other symbol  503 ”. 
     Under such circumstances, if this process is not reflected in data symbol  402  and data symbol  502  (in data symbol  402  for the case described above), when the reception apparatus demodulates and decodes data symbol  402  and data symbol  502 , it is necessary to perform demodulation and decoding reflecting the process for the phase change performed by phase changer  209 A, and the process is likely to be complicated. This is because phase changer  209 A performs phase change on “the symbol for signal detection, the symbol for frequency synchronization and time synchronization, and the symbol for channel estimation (symbol for estimating propagation path fluctuation) included in the other symbol  403  and the other symbol  503 ”. 
     However, as illustrated in  FIG. 21 , when phase changer  209 A performs phase change on data symbol  402  and data symbol  502  (on data symbol  402  for the case described above), there is an advantage that the reception apparatus can (easily) demodulate and decode data symbol  402  and data symbol  502  by using the channel estimation signal (propagation path fluctuation estimation signal) estimated using “the symbol for signal detection, the symbol for frequency synchronization and time synchronization, and the symbol for channel estimation (symbol for estimating propagation path fluctuation) included in the other symbol  403  and the other symbol  503 ”. 
     In addition, as illustrated in  FIG. 21 , when phase changer  209 A performs phase change on data symbol  402  and data symbol  502  (on data symbol  402  for the case described above), it is possible to reduce an influence of a sharp drop in electric field intensity in a frequency axis in the multipath. This may improve data reception quality of data symbol  402  and data symbol  502 . 
     Thus, a characteristic point is that “the target symbol on which phase changers  205 A and  205 B perform phase change” is different from “the target symbol on which phase changer  209 A performs phase change”. 
     As described above, phase changers  205 A and  205 B of  FIG. 21  performing phase change can improve data reception quality of data symbol  402  and data symbol  502  in the reception apparatus, particularly in the LOS environment. Furthermore, phase changer  209 A of  FIG. 21  performing phase change will improve, for example, reception quality of the control information symbol included in “the frames of  FIGS. 4 and 5 ” or “the frames of  FIGS. 13 and 14 ” in the reception apparatus. Phase changer  209 A of  FIG. 21  performing phase change will also simplify demodulation and decoding operations of data symbol  402  and data symbol  502 . 
     Note that phase changers  205 A and  205 B of  FIG. 21  performing phase change can improve data reception quality of data symbol  402  and data symbol  502  in the reception apparatus, particularly in the LOS environment. Furthermore, phase changer  209 A of  FIG. 21  performing phase change on data symbol  402  and data symbol  502  will improve reception quality of data symbol  402  and data symbol  502 . 
     Note that Q in formula (38) may be an integer equal to or less than −2, and at this time, the phase change cycle is the absolute value of Q. This point can also be applied to the first exemplary embodiment. 
     Sixth Exemplary Embodiment 
     The present exemplary embodiment will describe a method for implementing a configuration different from the configuration of  FIG. 2  in the first exemplary embodiment. 
       FIG. 1  is a diagram illustrating one exemplary configuration of a transmission apparatus such as, for example, a base station, an access point, and a broadcasting station according to the present exemplary embodiment. Details have been described in the first exemplary embodiment, and thus description thereof will be omitted. 
     Signal processor  106  receives mapped signals  105 _ 1  and  105 _ 2 , signal group  110 , and control signal  100 , performs signal processing based on control signal  100 , and then outputs signal-processed signals  106 _A and  106 _B. At this time, signal-processed signal  106 _A is represented as u1(i), and signal-processed signal  106 _B is represented as u2(i) (i is a symbol number, and for example, i is an integer equal to or greater than 0). Note that details of the signal processing will be described with reference to  FIG. 22 . 
       FIG. 22  is a diagram illustrating one example in a configuration of signal processor  106  in  FIG. 1 . Weight combiner (precoder)  203  receives mapped signal  201 A (corresponding to mapped signal  105 _ 1  of  FIG. 1 ), mapped signal  201 B (corresponding to mapped signal  105 _ 2  of  FIG. 1 ), and control signal  200  (corresponding to control signal  100  of  FIG. 1 ). Weight combiner (precoder)  203  performs weighting (precoding) based on control signal  200 , and then outputs weighted signal  204 A and weighted signal  204 B. At this time, mapped signal  201 A is represented as s1(t), mapped signal  201 B as s2(t), weighted signal  204 A as z1′(t), and weighted signal  204 B as z2′(t). Note that t is time as one example. It is assumed that s1(t), s2(t), z1′(t), and z2′(t) are defined as complex numbers (hence may be real numbers). 
     Here, each signal is handled as a function of time, but each signal may be a function of “frequency (carrier number)” or a function of “time and frequency”. Alternatively, each signal may be a function of “symbol number”. This point also applies to the first exemplary embodiment. 
     Weight combiner (precoder)  203  performs calculation of formula (49). 
     Then, phase changer  205 A receives weighted signal  204 A and control signal  200 . Based on control signal  200 , phase changer  205 A performs phase change on weighted signal  204 A and then outputs phase-changed signal  206 A. Note that phase-changed signal  206 A is represented as z1(t), and z1(t) is defined as a complex number (z1(t) may be a real number). 
     A specific operation of phase changer  205 A will be described. For example, phase changer  205 A performs phase change of w(i) on z1′(i). Therefore, z1(i) can be represented as z1(i)=w(i)×z1′(i) (i is a symbol number (i is an integer equal to or greater than 0)). 
     For example, a phase change value is set by formula (50). 
     M is an integer equal to or greater than 2, and M is a phase change cycle. If M is set as an odd number equal to or greater than 3, data reception quality may improve. However, formula (50) is merely an example and the phase change value is not limited to this formula. Therefore, it is assumed that the phase change value w(i) is represented as w(i)=e j×λ(i) . 
     Then, phase changer  205 B receives weighted signal  204 B and control signal  200 . Based on control signal  200 , phase changer  205 B performs phase change on weighted signal  204 B and then outputs phase-changed signal  206 B. Note that phase-changed signal  206 B is represented as z2(t), and z2(t) is defined as a complex number (z2(t) may be a real number). 
     A specific operation of phase changer  205 B will be described. For example, phase changer  205 B performs phase change of y(i) on z2′(i). Therefore, z2(i) can be represented as z2(i)=y(i)×z2′(i) (i is a symbol number (i is an integer equal to or greater than 0)). 
     For example, a phase change value is set by formula (2). N is an integer equal to or greater than 2, and N is a phase change cycle. N≠M. If N is set as an odd number equal to or greater than 3, data reception quality may improve. However, formula (2) is merely an example and the phase change value is not limited to this formula. Therefore, it is assumed that the phase change value y(i) is represented as y(i)=e j×δ(i) . 
     At this time, z1(i) and z2(i) can be represented by formula (51). 
     Note that δ(i) and λ(i) are real numbers. z1(i) and z2(i) are transmitted from the transmission apparatus at the same time and at the same frequency (same frequency band). In formula (51), the phase change value is not limited to formula (2) and formula (51), and for example, a method for periodically or regularly changing the phase can be considered. 
     As described in the first exemplary embodiment, formulas (5) to (36) and the like are considered as a (precoding) matrix in formulas (49) and (51). However, the precoding matrix is not limited to these formulas. This also applies to the first exemplary embodiment. 
     Inserter  207 A receives weighted signal  204 A, pilot symbol signal (pa(t)) (t: time) ( 251 A), preamble signal  252 , control information symbol signal  253 , and control signal  200 . Based on information about a frame structure included in control signal  200 , inserter  207 A outputs baseband signal  208 A based on the frame structure. 
     Similarly, inserter  207 B receives phase-changed signal  206 B, pilot symbol signal (pb(t)) ( 251 B), preamble signal  252 , control information symbol signal  253 , and control signal  200 . Based on the information about the frame structure included in control signal  200 , inserter  207 B outputs baseband signal  208 B based on the frame structure. 
     Phase changer  209 B receives baseband signal  208 B and control signal  200 , performs phase change on baseband signal  208 B based on control signal  200 , and then outputs phase-changed signal  210 B. Baseband signal  208 B is a function of symbol number i (i is an integer equal to or greater than 0) and is represented as x′(i). Then, phase-changed signal  210 B (x(i)) can be represented as x(i)=e j×ε(i) ×x′(i), (j is an imaginary unit). 
     Note that as described in the first exemplary embodiment, an operation of phase changer  209 B may be cyclic delay diversity (CDD) (cyclic shift diversity (CSD)) described in NPTL 2 and NPTL 3. Phase changer  209 B is characterized by performing phase change on symbols in a frequency axis direction. For example, phase change is performed on symbols such as data symbols, pilot symbols, and control information symbols. 
       FIG. 3  is a diagram illustrating one exemplary configuration of wireless units  107 _A and  107 _B of  FIG. 1 . Details have been described in the first exemplary embodiment, and thus description thereof will be omitted. 
       FIG. 4  is a diagram illustrating the frame structure of transmission signal  108 _A of  FIG. 1 . Details have been described in the first exemplary embodiment, and thus description thereof will be omitted. 
       FIG. 5  is a diagram illustrating the frame structure of transmission signal  108 _B of  FIG. 1 . Details have been described in the first exemplary embodiment, and thus description thereof will be omitted. 
     When a symbol is present at carrier A and time $B of  FIG. 4  and when a symbol is present at carrier A and time $B of  FIG. 5 , the symbol at carrier A and time $B of  FIG. 4  and the symbol at carrier A and time $B of  FIG. 5  are transmitted at the same time and the same frequency. Note that the frame structure is not limited to the frame structures in  FIGS. 4 and 5 , and  FIGS. 4 and 5  are merely examples of the frame structure. 
     The other symbols in  FIGS. 4 and 5  are symbols corresponding to “preamble signal  252  and control information symbol signal  253  in  FIG. 2 ”. Therefore, the other symbol  503  of  FIG. 5  at the same time and the same frequency (same carrier) as the other symbol  403  of  FIG. 4  transmits the same data (same control information) when the control information is transmitted. 
     Note that it is assumed that the reception apparatus simultaneously receives the frame of  FIG. 4  and the frame of  FIG. 5 , but even by receiving only the frame of  FIG. 4  or only the frame of  FIG. 5 , the reception apparatus can obtain the data transmitted by the transmission apparatus. 
       FIG. 6  is a diagram illustrating one exemplary configuration of a part regarding control information generation for generating control information signal  253  of  FIG. 2 . Details have been described in the first exemplary embodiment, and thus description thereof will be omitted. 
       FIG. 7  is a diagram illustrating one exemplary configuration of antenna unit # A ( 109 _A) and antenna unit # B ( 109 _B) of  FIG. 1  (an example in which antenna unit # A ( 109 _A) and antenna unit # B ( 109 _B) each include a plurality of antennas). Details have been described in the first exemplary embodiment, and thus description thereof will be omitted. 
       FIG. 8  is a diagram illustrating one exemplary configuration of the reception apparatus that receives a modulated signal of, for example, the transmission signal of the frame structure of  FIG. 4 or 5  transmitted by the transmission apparatus of  FIG. 1 . Details have been described in the first exemplary embodiment, and thus description thereof will be omitted. 
       FIG. 10  is a diagram illustrating one exemplary configuration of antenna unit # X ( 801 X) and antenna unit # Y ( 801 Y) of  FIG. 8 . This is an example in which antenna unit # X ( 801 X) and antenna unit # Y ( 801 Y) each include a plurality of antennas. Details of  FIG. 10  have been described in the first exemplary embodiment, and thus description thereof will be omitted. 
     Next, as illustrated in  FIG. 22 , phase changers  205 A and  205 B and phase changer  209 B are inserted into signal processor  106  of the transmission apparatus illustrated in  FIG. 1 . Features and advantageous effects thereof will be described. 
     As described with reference to  FIGS. 4 and 5 , phase changers  205 A and  205 B perform precoding (weighting) on mapped signal s1(i) ( 201 A) (i is a symbol number and is an integer equal to or greater than 0) obtained by performing mapping using the first series, and mapped signal s2(i) ( 201 B) obtained by performing mapping using the second series. Phase changers  205 A and  205 B perform phase change on obtained weighted signals  204 A and  204 B. Then, phase-changed signal  206 A and phase-changed signal  206 B are transmitted at the same frequency and the same time. Therefore, in  FIGS. 4 and 5 , phase change is performed on data symbol  402  of  FIG. 4  and data symbol  502  of  FIG. 5 . 
     For example,  FIG. 11  is a diagram illustrating carriers  1  to  5  and time $4 to $6 extracted from the frame of  FIG. 4 . Note that as in  FIG. 4 , reference numeral  401  represents a pilot symbol, reference numeral  402  represents a data symbol, and reference numeral  403  represents the other symbol. 
     As described above, in the symbols illustrated in  FIG. 11 , phase changer  205 A performs phase change on the data symbol of (carrier  1 , time $5), the data symbol of (carrier  2 , time $5), the data symbol of (carrier  3 , time $5), the data symbol of (carrier  4 , time $5), the data symbol of (carrier  5 , time $5), the data symbol of (carrier  1 , time $6), the data symbol of (carrier  2 , time $6), the data symbol of (carrier  4 , time $6), and the data symbol of (carrier  5 , time $6). 
     Therefore, in the symbols illustrated in  FIG. 11 , the phase change value of the data symbol of (carrier  1 , time $5) is “e j×λ15(i)” , the phase change value of the data symbol of (carrier  2 , time $5) is “e j×λ25(i)” , the phase change value of the data symbol of (carrier  3 , time $5) is “e j×λ35(i)” , the phase change value of the data symbol of (carrier  4 , time $5) is “e j×λ45(i)” , the phase change value of the data symbol of (carrier  5 , time $5) is “e j×λ55(i)” , the phase change value of the data symbol of (carrier  1 , time $6) is “e j×λ16(i) , the phase change value of the data symbol of (carrier  2 , time $6) is “e j×λ26(i)” , the phase change value of the data symbol of (carrier  4 , time $6) is “e j×λ46(i)” , and the phase change value of the data symbol of (carrier  5 , time $6) is “e j×λ56(i)” . 
     Meanwhile, in the symbols illustrated in  FIG. 11 , phase changer  205 A does not perform phase change on the other symbol of (carrier  1 , time $4), the other symbol of (carrier  2 , time $4), the other symbol of (carrier  3 , time $4), the other symbol of (carrier  4 , time $4), the other symbol of (carrier  5 , time $4), or the pilot symbol of (carrier  3 , time $6). 
     This point is a characteristic point of phase changer  205 A. Note that as illustrated in  FIG. 4 , data carriers are arranged at “the same carrier and the same time” as the symbols to be subjected to phase change in  FIG. 11 , including the data symbol of (carrier  1 , time $5), the data symbol of (carrier  2 , time $5), the data symbol of (carrier  3 , time $5), the data symbol of (carrier  4 , time $5), the data symbol of (carrier  5 , time $5), the data symbol of (carrier  1 , time $6), the data symbol of (carrier  2 , time $6), the data symbol of (carrier  4 , time $6), and the data symbol of (carrier  5 , time $6). That is, in  FIG. 4 , (carrier  1 , time $5) is a data symbol, (carrier  2 , time $5) is a data symbol, (carrier  3 , time $5) is a data symbol, (carrier  4 , time $5) is a data symbol, (carrier  5 , time $5) is a data symbol, (carrier  1 , time $6) is a data symbol, (carrier  2 , time $6) is a data symbol, (carrier  4 , time $6) is a data symbol, and (carrier  5 , time $6) is a data symbol. That is, phase changer  205 A performs phase change on the data symbols performing MIMO transmission (transmitting multiple streams). 
     Note that examples of phase change to be performed on data symbols by phase changer  205 A include a method for performing periodical phase change (phase change cycle N) on the data symbols by formula (50). However, the method for performing phase change on data symbols is not limited to this method. 
     For example,  FIG. 11  is a diagram illustrating carriers  1  to  5  and time $4 to $6 extracted from the frame of  FIG. 5 . Note that as in  FIG. 5 , reference numeral  501  represents a pilot symbol, reference numeral  502  represents a data symbol, and reference numeral  503  represents the other symbol. 
     As described above, in the symbols illustrated in  FIG. 11 , phase changer  205 B performs phase change on the data symbol of (carrier  1 , time $5), the data symbol of (carrier  2 , time $5), the data symbol of (carrier  3 , time $5), the data symbol of (carrier  4 , time $5), the data symbol of (carrier  5 , time $5), the data symbol of (carrier  1 , time $6), the data symbol of (carrier  2 , time $6), the data symbol of (carrier  4 , time $6), and the data symbol of (carrier  5 , time $6). 
     Therefore, in the symbols illustrated in  FIG. 11 , the phase change value of the data symbol of (carrier  1 , time $5) is “e j×δ15(i)” , the phase change value of the data symbol of (carrier  2 , time $5) is “e j×δ25(i)” , the phase change value of the data symbol of (carrier  3 , time $5) is “e j×δ35(i) , the phase change value of the data symbol of (carrier  4 , time $5) is “e j×δ45(i)” , the phase change value of the data symbol of (carrier  5 , time $5) is “e j×δ55(i)” , the phase change value of the data symbol of (carrier  1 , time $6) is “e j×δ16(i)” , the phase change value of the data symbol of (carrier  2 , time $6) is “e j×δ26(i)” , the phase change value of the data symbol of (carrier  4 , time $6) is “e j×δ46(i)” , and the phase change value of the data symbol of (carrier  5 , time $6) is “e j×δ56(i)” . 
     Meanwhile, in the symbols illustrated in  FIG. 11 , phase changer  205 B does not perform phase change on the other symbol of (carrier  1 , time $4), the other symbol of (carrier  2 , time $4), the other symbol of (carrier  3 , time $4), the other symbol of (carrier  4 , time $4), the other symbol of (carrier  5 , time $4), or the pilot symbol of (carrier  3 , time $6). 
     This point is a characteristic point of phase changer  205 B. Note that as illustrated in  FIG. 4 , data carriers are arranged at “the same carrier and the same time” as the symbols to be subjected to phase change in  FIG. 11 , including the data symbol of (carrier  1 , time $5), the data symbol of (carrier  2 , time $5), the data symbol of (carrier  3 , time $5), the data symbol of (carrier  4 , time $5), the data symbol of (carrier  5 , time $5), the data symbol of (carrier  1 , time $6), the data symbol of (carrier  2 , time $6), the data symbol of (carrier  4 , time $6), and the data symbol of (carrier  5 , time $6). That is, in  FIG. 4 , (carrier  1 , time $5) is a data symbol, (carrier  2 , time $5) is a data symbol, (carrier  3 , time $5) is a data symbol, (carrier  4 , time $5) is a data symbol, (carrier  5 , time $5) is a data symbol, (carrier  1 , time $6) is a data symbol, (carrier  2 , time $6) is a data symbol, (carrier  4 , time $6) is a data symbol, and (carrier  5 , time $6) is a data symbol. That is, phase changer  205 B performs phase change on the data symbols performing MIMO transmission (transmitting multiple streams). 
     Note that examples of phase change to be performed on data symbols by phase changer  205 B include a method for performing periodical phase change (phase change cycle N) on the data symbols by formula (2). However, the method for performing phase change on data symbols is not limited to this method. 
     Doing this will improve data reception quality in the data symbol reception apparatus performing MIMO transmission (transmitting multiple streams) in an environment where direct waves are dominant, particularly in the LOS environment. This point will be described. 
     For example, it is assumed that the modulation scheme to be used by mapper  104  of  FIG. 1  is quadrature phase shift keying (QPSK). Mapped signal  201 A of  FIG. 18  is a QPSK signal, and mapped signal  201 B is also a QPSK signal. That is, the transmission apparatus transmits two QPSK streams. Then, signal processor  811  of  FIG. 8  obtains, for example, 16 candidate signal points by using channel estimation signals  806 _ 1  and  806 _ 2 . QPSK allows transmission of two bits, and a total of four bits can be transmitted by two streams. Therefore, 2 4 =16 candidate signal points are present. Note that other 16 candidate signal points are obtained using channel estimation signals  808 _ 1  and  808 _ 2 , which however will be described in a similar way; therefore, the following description will be made focusing on the 16 candidate signal points obtained using channel estimation signals  806 _ 1  and  806 _ 2 . 
       FIG. 12  is a diagram illustrating one example of this state. In both  FIGS. 12(A) and 12(B) , a horizontal axis is in-phase I and a vertical axis is quadrature Q, and 16 candidate signal points are present on the in-phase quadrature (IQ) plane. One of the 16 candidate signal points is the signal point transmitted by the transmission apparatus. Therefore, these are called “16 candidate signal points”. 
     In an environment where direct waves are dominant, particularly in the LOS environment, 
     First Case: 
     Consider a case where phase changers  205 A and  205 B of  FIG. 22  are not present (that is, a case where phase change by phase changers  205 A and  205 B of  FIG. 22  is not performed). 
     In the “first case”, since phase change is not performed, there is a possibility of falling into the state as illustrated in  FIG. 12(A) . When falling into the state of  FIG. 12(A) , since there are portions where the signal points are dense (distance between the signal points are short) such as “signal points  1201  and  1202 ”, “signal points  1203 ,  1204 ,  1205  and  1206 ”, and “signal points  1207  and  1208 ”, data reception quality may deteriorate in the reception apparatus of  FIG. 8 . 
     To overcome this problem, phase changers  205 A and  205 B are inserted in  FIG. 22 . Insertion of phase changers  205 A and  205 B will lead to a mixture of the symbol numbers where the signal points are dense (distance between the signal points is short) as illustrated in  FIG. 12(A) , and the symbol numbers where “distance between the signal points is long” as illustrated in  FIG. 12(B) , depending on symbol number i. Introduction of an error correction code for this state will provide high error correction capability and allow the reception apparatus of  FIG. 8  to obtain high data reception quality. 
     Note that in  FIG. 22 , phase changers  205 A and  205 B of  FIG. 22  do not perform phase change on “pilot symbols and preambles” for performing channel estimation for demodulating (detecting) data symbols such as pilot symbols and preambles. This makes it possible to implement in data symbols “a mixture of the symbol numbers where the signal points are dense (distance between signal points is short) as illustrated in  FIG. 12(A) , and the symbol numbers where “distance between signal points is long” as illustrated in  FIG. 12(B) , depending on symbol number i″. 
     However, even when phase changers  205 A and  205 B of  FIG. 22  perform phase change on “pilot symbols and preambles” for performing channel estimation for demodulating (detecting) data symbols such as pilot symbols and preambles, this may “make it possible to implement in data symbols “a mixture of the symbol numbers where the signal points are dense (distance between signal points is short) as illustrated in  FIG. 12(A) , and the symbol numbers where “distance between signal points is long” as illustrated in  FIG. 12(B) , depending on symbol number i″″. In this case, phase change needs to be performed through addition of some condition to the pilot symbol and preamble. For example, a method for providing a rule different from a phase change rule for data symbols and “performing phase change on pilot symbols and/or preambles” is considered. As an example, there is a method for periodically performing phase change of a cycle N on data symbols, and for periodically performing phase change of a cycle M on pilot symbols and/or preambles (N and M are each an integer equal to or greater than 2). 
     As described above, phase changer  209 A receives baseband signal  208 A and control signal  200 , performs phase change on baseband signal  208 A based on control signal  200 , and then outputs phase-changed signal  210 A. Baseband signal  208 A is a function of symbol number i (i is an integer equal to or greater than 0) and is represented as x′(i). Then, phase-changed signal  210 A (x(i)) can be represented as x(i)=e j×ε(i) ×x′(i) (j is an imaginary unit). The operation of phase changer  209 A may be cyclic delay diversity (CDD) (cyclic shift diversity (CSD)) described in NPTL 2 and NPTL 3. Phase changer  209 A is characterized by performing phase change on symbols in a frequency axis direction. For example, phase change is performed on symbols such as data symbols, pilot symbols, and control information symbols. Therefore, in this case, target symbols of symbol number i are symbols such as data symbols, pilot symbols, control information symbols, and preambles (the other symbols). In the case of  FIG. 22 , phase changer  209 A, which performs phase change on baseband signal  208 A, performs phase change on each symbol illustrated in  FIG. 4 . 
     Therefore, in the frame of  FIG. 4 , phase changer  209 A of  FIG. 22  performs phase change on all the symbols of carriers  1  to  36  and time $1 (in this case, all the symbols are the other symbol  403 ). 
     Similarly, 
     “phase changer  209 A of  FIG. 22  performs phase change on all the symbols of carriers  1  to  36  and time $2 (in this case, all the symbols are the other symbol  403 )”, 
     “phase changer  209 A of  FIG. 22  performs phase change on all the symbols of carriers  1  to  36  and time $3 (in this case, all the symbols are the other symbol  403 )”, 
     “phase changer  209 A of  FIG. 22  performs phase change on all the symbols of carriers  1  to  36  and time $4 (in this case, all the symbols are the other symbol  403 )”, 
     “phase changer  209 A of  FIG. 22  performs phase change on all the symbols of carriers  1  to  36  and time $5 (in this case, all the symbols are pilot symbol  401  or data symbol  402 )”, 
     “phase changer  209 A of  FIG. 22  performs phase change on all the symbols of carriers  1  to  36  and time $6 (in this case, all the symbols are pilot symbol  401  or data symbol  402 )”, 
     “phase changer  209 A of  FIG. 22  performs phase change on all the symbols of carriers  1  to  36  and time $7 (in this case, all the symbols are pilot symbol  401  or data symbol  402 )”, 
     “phase changer  209 A of  FIG. 22  performs phase change on all the symbols of carriers  1  to  36  and time $8 (in this case, all the symbols are pilot symbol  401  or data symbol  402 )”, 
     “phase changer  209 A of  FIG. 22  performs phase change on all the symbols of carriers  1  to  36  and time $9 (in this case, all the symbols are pilot symbol  401  or data symbol  402 )”, 
     “phase changer  209 A of  FIG. 22  performs phase change on all the symbols of carriers  1  to  36  and time $10 (in this case, all the symbols are pilot symbol  401  or data symbol  402 )”, and 
     “phase changer  209 A of  FIG. 22  performs phase change on all the symbols of carriers  1  to  36  and time $11 (in this case, all the symbols are pilot symbol  401  or data symbol  402 )”. 
     . . . 
     As described earlier, phase changer  209 B receives baseband signal  208 B and control signal  200 , performs phase change on baseband signal  208 B based on control signal  200 , and outputs phase-changed signal  210 B. Baseband signal  208 B is a function of symbol number i (i is an integer equal to or greater than 0) and is represented as y′(i). Then, phase-changed signal  210 B (y(i)) can be represented as y(i)=e j×η(i) ×y′(i) (j is an imaginary unit). The operation of phase changer  209 B may be cyclic delay diversity (CDD) (cyclic shift diversity (CSD)) described in NPTL 2 and NPTL 3. Phase changer  209 B is characterized by performing phase change on symbols in a frequency axis direction. For example, phase change is performed on symbols such as data symbols, pilot symbols, and control information symbols. Therefore, in this case, target symbols of symbol number i are symbols such as data symbols, pilot symbols, control information symbols, and preambles (the other symbols). In  FIG. 22 , phase changer  209 B, which performs phase change on baseband signal  208 B, performs phase change on each symbol illustrated in  FIG. 5 . 
     Therefore, in the frame of  FIG. 5 , phase changer  209 B of  FIG. 22  performs phase change on all the symbols of carriers  1  to  36  and time $1 (in this case, all the symbols are the other symbol  503 ). 
     Similarly, 
     “phase changer  209 B of  FIG. 22  performs phase change on all the symbols of carriers  1  to  36  and time $2 (in this case, all the symbols are the other symbol  503 )”, 
     “phase changer  209 B of  FIG. 22  performs phase change on all the symbols of carriers  1  to  36  and time $3 (in this case, all the symbols are the other symbol  503 )”, 
     “phase changer  209 B of  FIG. 22  performs phase change on all the symbols of carriers  1  to  36  and time $4 (in this case, all the symbols are the other symbol  503 )”, 
     “phase changer  209 B of  FIG. 22  performs phase change on all the symbols of carriers  1  to  36  and time $5 (in this case, all the symbols are pilot symbol  501  or data symbol  502 )”, 
     “phase changer  209 B of  FIG. 22  performs phase change on all the symbols of carriers  1  to  36  and time $6 (in this case, all the symbols are pilot symbol  501  or data symbol  502 )”, 
     “phase changer  209 B of  FIG. 22  performs phase change on all the symbols of carriers  1  to  36  and time $7 (in this case, all the symbols are pilot symbol  501  or data symbol  502 )”, 
     “phase changer  209 B of  FIG. 22  performs phase change on all the symbols of carriers  1  to  36  and time $8 (in this case, all the symbols are pilot symbol  501  or data symbol  502 )”, 
     “phase changer  209 B of  FIG. 22  performs phase change on all the symbols of carriers  1  to  36  and time $9 (in this case, all the symbols are pilot symbol  501  or data symbol  502 )”, 
     “phase changer  209 B of  FIG. 22  performs phase change on all the symbols of carriers  1  to  36  and time $10 (in this case, all the symbols are pilot symbol  501  or data symbol  502 )”, and 
     “phase changer  209 B of  FIG. 22  performs phase change on all the symbols of carriers  1  to  36  and time $11 (in this case, all the symbols are pilot symbol  501  or data symbol  502 )”. 
       FIG. 13  is a diagram illustrating the frame structure of transmission signal  108 _A of  FIG. 1  different from  FIG. 4 . Details have been described in the first exemplary embodiment, and thus description thereof will be omitted. 
       FIG. 14  is a diagram illustrating the frame structure of transmission signal  108 _B of  FIG. 1  different from  FIG. 5 . Details have been described in the first exemplary embodiment, and thus description thereof will be omitted. 
     When a symbol is present at carrier A and time $B of  FIG. 13  and when a symbol is present at carrier A and time $B of  FIG. 14 , the symbol at carrier A and time $B of  FIG. 13  and the symbol at carrier A and time $B of  FIG. 14  are transmitted at the same time and the same frequency. Note that the frame structures of  FIGS. 13 and 14  are merely examples. 
     The other symbols in  FIGS. 13 and 14  are symbols corresponding to “preamble signal  252  and control information symbol signal  253  in  FIG. 22 ”. Therefore, the other symbol  503  of  FIG. 14  at the same time and the same frequency (same carrier) as the other symbol  403  of  FIG. 13  transmits the same data (same control information) when the control information is transmitted. 
     Note that it is assumed that the reception apparatus simultaneously receives the frame of  FIG. 13  and the frame of  FIG. 14 , but even by receiving only the frame of  FIG. 13  or only the frame of  FIG. 14 , the reception apparatus can obtain data transmitted by the transmission apparatus. 
     Phase changer  209 A receives baseband signal  208 A and control signal  200 , performs phase change on baseband signal  208 A based on control signal  200 , and then outputs phase-changed signal  210 A. Baseband signal  208 A is a function of symbol symbol number i (i is an integer equal to or greater than 0) and is represented as x′(i). Then, phase-changed signal  210 A (x(i)) can be represented as x(i)=e j×ε(i) ×x′(i) (j is an imaginary unit). The operation of phase changer  209 A may be cyclic delay diversity (CDD) (cyclic shift diversity (CSD)) described in NPTL 2 and NPTL 3. Phase changer  209 A is characterized by performing phase change on symbols in a frequency axis direction. For example, phase change is performed on symbols such as data symbols, pilot symbols, and control information symbols. At this time, the null symbol can also be considered as a phase change target. Therefore, in this case, target symbols of symbol number i are symbols such as data symbols, pilot symbols, control information symbols, preambles (the other symbols) and null symbols. However, even if phase change is performed on the null symbol, the signal before the phase change and the signal after the phase change are the same (in-phase component I is zero (0) and quadrature component Q is zero (0)). Therefore, it can be interpreted that the null symbol is not the phase change target. In  FIG. 22 , phase changer  209 A, which performs phase change on baseband signal  208 A, performs phase change on each symbol illustrated in  FIG. 13 . 
     Therefore, in the frame of  FIG. 13 , phase changer  209 A of  FIG. 22  performs phase change on all the symbols of carriers  1  to  36  and time $1 (in this case, all the symbols are the other symbol  403 ). However, the handling of phase change of null symbol  1301  is as described above. 
     Similarly, 
     “phase changer  209 A of  FIG. 22  performs phase change on all the symbols of carriers  1  to  36  and time $2 (in this case, all the symbols are the other symbol  403 ). However, the handling of phase change of null symbol  1301  is as described above”. 
     “Phase changer  209 A of  FIG. 22  performs phase change on all the symbols of carriers  1  to  36  and time $3 (in this case, all the symbols are the other symbol  403 ). However, the handling of phase change of null symbol  1301  is as described above”. 
     “Phase changer  209 A of  FIG. 22  performs phase change on all the symbols of carriers  1  to  36  and time $4 (in this case, all the symbols are the other symbol  403 ). However, the handling of phase change of null symbol  1301  is as described above”. 
     “Phase changer  209 A of  FIG. 22  performs phase change on all the symbols of carriers  1  to  36  and time $5 (in this case, all the symbols are pilot symbol  401  or data symbol  402 ). However, the handling of phase change of null symbol  1301  is as described above”. 
     “Phase changer  209 A of  FIG. 22  performs phase change on all the symbols of carriers  1  to  36  and time $6 (in this case, all the symbols are pilot symbol  401  or data symbol  402 ). However, the handling of phase change of null symbol  1301  is as described above”. 
     “Phase changer  209 A of  FIG. 22  performs phase change on all the symbols of carriers  1  to  36  and time $7 (in this case, all the symbols are pilot symbol  401  or data symbol  402 ). However, the handling of phase change of null symbol  1301  is as described above”. 
     “Phase changer  209 A of  FIG. 22  performs phase change on all the symbols of carriers  1  to  36  and time $8 (in this case, all the symbols are pilot symbol  401  or data symbol  402 ). However, the handling of phase change of null symbol  1301  is as described above”. 
     “Phase changer  209 A of  FIG. 22  performs phase change on all the symbols of carriers  1  to  36  and time $9 (in this case, all the symbols are pilot symbol  401  or data symbol  402 ). However, the handling of phase change of null symbol  1301  is as described above”. 
     “Phase changer  209 A of  FIG. 22  performs phase change on all the symbols of carriers  1  to  36  and time $10 (in this case, all the symbols are pilot symbol  401  or data symbol  402 ). However, the handling of phase change of null symbol  1301  is as described above”. 
     “Phase changer  209 A of  FIG. 22  performs phase change on all the symbols of carriers  1  to  36  and time $11 (in this case, all the symbols are pilot symbol  401  or data symbol  402 ). However, the handling of phase change of null symbol  1301  is as described above”. 
     . . . 
     The phase change value in phase changer  209 A is represented as Ω(i). Baseband signal  208 A is x′(i), and phase-changed signal  210 A is x(i). Therefore, x(i)=Ω(i)×x′(i) holds true. 
     For example, the phase change value is set by formula (38). Q is an integer equal to or greater than 2, and Q is a phase change cycle. j is an imaginary unit. However, formula (38) is merely an example and the phase change value is not limited to this formula. 
     For example, Ω(i) may be set to perform phase change so as to have the cycle Q. 
     Furthermore, for example, in  FIGS. 4 and 13 , the same phase change value may be provided to the same carrier, and the phase change value may be set for each carrier. For example, this will be as follows.
         For carrier  1  in  FIGS. 4 and 13 , regardless of time, the phase change value is formula (39).   For carrier  2  in  FIGS. 4 and 13 , regardless of time, the phase change value is formula (40).   For carrier  3  in  FIGS. 4 and 13 , regardless of time, the phase change value is formula (41).   For carrier  4  in  FIGS. 4 and 13 , regardless of time, the phase change value is formula (42).
 
. . .
       

     Operation examples of phase changer  209 A of  FIG. 22  have been described above. 
     Phase changer  209 B receives baseband signal  208 B and control signal  200 , performs phase change on baseband signal  208 B based on control signal  200 , and then outputs phase-changed signal  210 B. Baseband signal  208 B is a function of symbol symbol number i (i is an integer equal to or greater than 0) and is represented as y′(i). Then, phase-changed signal  210 B (x(i)) can be represented as y(i)=e j×η(i) ×y′(i) (j is an imaginary unit). The operation of phase changer  209 B may be cyclic delay diversity (CDD) (cyclic shift diversity (CSD)) described in NPTL 2 and NPTL 3. Phase changer  209 B is characterized by performing phase change on symbols in a frequency axis direction. For example, phase change is performed on symbols such as data symbols, pilot symbols, and control information symbols. At this time, the null symbol can also be considered as a phase change target. Therefore, in this case, target symbols of symbol number i are symbols such as data symbols, pilot symbols, control information symbols, preambles (the other symbols) and null symbols. However, even if phase change is performed on the null symbol, the signal before the phase change and the signal after the phase change are the same (in-phase component I is zero (0) and quadrature component Q is zero (0)). Therefore, it can be interpreted that the null symbol is not the phase change target. In the case of  FIG. 22 , phase changer  209 B, which performs phase change on baseband signal  208 B, performs phase change on each symbol illustrated in  FIG. 14 . 
     Therefore, in the frame of  FIG. 14 , phase changer  209 B of  FIG. 22  performs phase change on all the symbols of carriers  1  to  36  and time $1 (in this case, all the symbols are the other symbol  503 ). However, the handling of phase change of null symbol  1301  is as described above. 
     Similarly, 
     “phase changer  209 B of  FIG. 22  performs phase change on all the symbols of carriers  1  to  36  and time $2 (in this case, all the symbols are the other symbol  503 ). However, the handling of phase change of null symbol  1301  is as described above”. 
     “Phase changer  209 B of  FIG. 22  performs phase change on all the symbols of carriers  1  to  36  and time $3 (in this case, all the symbols are the other symbol  503 ). However, the handling of phase change of null symbol  1301  is as described above”. 
     “Phase changer  209 B of  FIG. 22  performs phase change on all the symbols of carriers  1  to  36  and time $4 (in this case, all the symbols are the other symbol  503 ). However, the handling of phase change of null symbol  1301  is as described above”. 
     “Phase changer  209 B of  FIG. 22  performs phase change on all the symbols of carriers  1  to  36  and time $5 (in this case, all the symbols are pilot symbol  501  or data symbol  502 ). However, the handling of phase change of null symbol  1301  is as described above”. 
     “Phase changer  209 B of  FIG. 22  performs phase change on all the symbols of carriers  1  to  36  and time $6 (in this case, all the symbols are pilot symbol  501  or data symbol  502 ). However, the handling of phase change of null symbol  1301  is as described above”. 
     “Phase changer  209 B of  FIG. 22  performs phase change on all the symbols of carriers  1  to  36  and time $7 (in this case, all the symbols are pilot symbol  501  or data symbol  502 ). However, the handling of phase change of null symbol  1301  is as described above”. 
     “Phase changer  209 B of  FIG. 22  performs phase change on all the symbols of carriers  1  to  36  and time $8 (in this case, all the symbols are pilot symbol  501  or data symbol  502 ). However, the handling of phase change of null symbol  1301  is as described above”. 
     “Phase changer  209 B of  FIG. 22  performs phase change on all the symbols of carriers  1  to  36  and time $9 (in this case, all the symbols are pilot symbol  501  or data symbol  502 ). However, the handling of phase change of null symbol  1301  is as described above”. 
     “Phase changer  209 B of  FIG. 22  performs phase change on all the symbols of carriers  1  to  36  and time $10 (in this case, all the symbols are pilot symbol  501  or data symbol  502 ). However, the handling of phase change of null symbol  1301  is as described above”. 
     “Phase changer  209 B of  FIG. 22  performs phase change on all the symbols of carriers  1  to  36  and time $11 (in this case, all the symbols are pilot symbol  501  or data symbol  502 ). However, the handling of phase change of null symbol  1301  is as described above”. 
     . . . 
     The phase change value in phase changer  209 B is represented as Δ(i). Baseband signal  208 B is y′(i), and phase-changed signal  210 B is y(i). Therefore, y(i)=Δ(i)×y′(i) holds true. 
     For example, the phase change value is set by formula (49). R is an integer equal to or greater than 2, and R is a phase change cycle. Note that the values of Q and R in formula (38) are preferably different from each other. 
     For example, Δ(i) may be set to perform phase change so as to have the cycle R. 
     Furthermore, for example, in  FIGS. 5 and 14 , the same phase change value may be provided to the same carrier, and the phase change value may be set for each carrier. For example, this will be as follows.
         For carrier  1  in  FIGS. 5 and 14 , regardless of time, the phase change value is formula (39).   For carrier  2  in  FIGS. 5 and 14 , regardless of time, the phase change value is formula (40).   For carrier  3  in  FIGS. 5 and 14 , regardless of time, the phase change value is formula (41).   For carrier  4  in  FIGS. 5 and 14 , regardless of time, the phase change value is formula (42).
 
. . .
       

     Operation examples of phase changer  209 B of  FIG. 20  have been described above. 
     Advantageous effects that can be obtained by phase changers  209 A and  209 B of  FIG. 22  will be described. 
     It is assumed that the control information symbol is included in the other symbols  403  and  503  of “the frames of  FIGS. 4 and 5 ” or “the frames of  FIGS. 13 and 14 ”. As described earlier, when transmitting the control information, the other symbol  503  of  FIG. 5  at the same time and the same frequency (same carrier) as the other symbol  403  transmits the same data (same control information). 
     Here, consider the following cases. 
     Case 2: 
     The control information symbol is transmitted using one of antenna unit # A ( 109 _A) and antenna unit # B ( 109 _B) of  FIG. 1 . 
     When transmission is performed as in “case 2”, since the number of antennas that transmit the control information symbol is 1, a gain of space diversity is smaller than in a case of “transmitting the control information symbol using both antenna unit # A ( 109 _A) and antenna unit # B ( 109 _B)”, and thus data reception quality deteriorates even if the reception apparatus of  FIG. 8  performs reception in “case 2”. Therefore, in terms of improvement in data reception quality, it is preferable “to transmit the control information symbol using both “antenna unit # A ( 109 _A) and antenna unit # B ( 109 _B)”. 
     Case 3: 
     The control information symbol is transmitted using both of antenna unit # A ( 109 _A) and antenna unit # B ( 109 _B) of  FIG. 1 . However, phase changers  209 A and  209 B in  FIG. 22  do not perform phase change. 
     When transmission is performed as in “case 3”, since the modulated signal transmitted from antenna unit # A  109 _A is the same as the modulated signal transmitted from antenna unit # B  109 _B (or there is a specified phase shift), depending on a radio wave propagation environment, the reception apparatus of  FIG. 8  may have a very poor reception signal and both of the modulated signals may be affected by the same multipath. This will cause a problem that data reception quality deteriorates in the reception apparatus of  FIG. 8 . 
     To alleviate this problem, phase changers  209 A and  209 B are provided in  FIG. 22 . This enables phase change in a time or frequency direction, allowing the reception apparatus of  FIG. 8  to reduce the possibility of a poor reception signal. Also, it is likely that there is a difference between an influence of the multipath received by the modulated signal transmitted from antenna unit # A  109 _A and an influence of the multipath received by the modulated signal transmitted from antenna unit # B  109 _B. Therefore, it is likely that a diversity gain is obtained, whereby data reception quality improves in the reception apparatus of  FIG. 8 . 
     For the above reason, phase changers  209 A and  209 B are provided in  FIG. 22  to perform phase change. 
     The other symbol  403  and the other symbol  503  include, other than the control information symbol, for example, a symbol for signal detection, a symbol for performing frequency synchronization and time synchronization, and a symbol for channel estimation (symbol for estimating propagation path fluctuation) for demodulating and decoding the control information symbol. In addition, “the frames of  FIGS. 4 and 5 ” or “the frames of  FIGS. 13 and 14 ” include pilot symbols  401  and  501 . Using these symbols will make it possible to demodulate and decode the control information symbol more accurately. 
     In “the frames of  FIGS. 4 and 5 ” or “the frames of  FIGS. 13 and 14 ”, data symbol  402  and data symbol  502  transmit multiple streams (perform MIMO transmission) by using the same frequency (band) and the same time. Demodulating these data symbols requires to use the symbol for signal detection, the symbol for frequency synchronization and time synchronization, and the symbol for channel estimation (symbol for estimating propagation path fluctuation) included in the other symbol  403  and the other symbol  503 . 
     At this time, as described above, phase changers  209 A and  209 B perform phase change on “the symbol for signal detection, the symbol for frequency synchronization and time synchronization, and the symbol for channel estimation (symbol for estimating propagation path fluctuation) included in the other symbol  403  and the other symbol  503 ”. 
     Under such circumstances, if this process is not reflected in data symbol  402  and data symbol  502  (in data symbol  402  for the case described above), when the reception apparatus demodulates and decodes data symbol  402  and data symbol  502 , it is necessary to perform demodulation and decoding reflecting the process for the phase change performed by phase changer  209 A, and the process is likely to be complicated. This is because phase changers  209 A and  209 B perform phase change on “the symbol for signal detection, the symbol for frequency synchronization and time synchronization, and the symbol for channel estimation (symbol for estimating propagation path fluctuation) included in the other symbol  403  and the other symbol  503 ”. 
     However, as illustrated in  FIG. 22 , when phase changers  209 A and  209 B perform phase change on data symbol  402  and data symbol  502 , there is an advantage that the reception apparatus can easily demodulate and decode data symbol  402  and data symbol  502  by using the channel estimation signal (propagation path fluctuation estimation signal) estimated using “the symbol for signal detection, the symbol for frequency synchronization and time synchronization, and the symbol for channel estimation (symbol for estimating propagation path fluctuation) included in the other symbol  403  and the other symbol  503 ”. 
     In addition, as illustrated in  FIG. 22 , when phase changer  209 A and  209 B perform phase change on data symbol  402  and data symbol  502 , it is possible to reduce an influence of a sharp drop in electric field intensity in a frequency axis in the multipath. This may improve data reception quality of data symbol  402  and data symbol  502 . 
     Thus, a characteristic point is that “the target symbol on which phase changers  205 A and  205 B perform phase change” is different from “the target symbol on which phase changers  209 A and  209 B perform phase change”. 
     As described above, phase changer  205 B of  FIG. 22  performing phase change will improve data reception quality of data symbol  402  and data symbol  502  in the reception apparatus, particularly in the LOS environment. Furthermore, phase changers  209 A and  209 B of  FIG. 22  performing phase change will improve, for example, reception quality of the control information symbol included in “the frames of  FIGS. 4 and 5 ” or “the frames of  FIGS. 13 and 14 ” in the reception apparatus. Phase changers  209 A and  209 B of  FIG. 22  performing phase change will also simplify demodulation and decoding operations of data symbol  402  and data symbol  502 . 
     Note that phase changers  205 A and  205 B of  FIG. 22  performing phase change will improve data reception quality of data symbol  402  and data symbol  502  in the reception apparatus, particularly in the LOS environment. Furthermore, phase changers  209 A and  209 B of  FIG. 22  performing phase change on data symbol  402  and data symbol  502  will improve reception quality of data symbol  402  and data symbol  502 . 
     Note that Q in formula (38) may be an integer equal to or less than −2, and at this time, the phase change cycle is the absolute value of Q. This point can also be applied to the first exemplary embodiment. 
     R in formula (49) may be an integer equal to or less than −2, and at this time, the phase change cycle is the absolute value of R. 
     Also, when the information described in supplementary 1 is considered, the cyclic delay amount set by phase changer  209 A and the cyclic delay amount set by phase changer  209 B preferably have different values. 
     Seventh Exemplary Embodiment 
     The present exemplary embodiment will describe an example of a communication system using a transmission method and a reception method described in the first to sixth exemplary embodiments. 
       FIG. 23  is a diagram illustrating one exemplary configuration of a base station (or an access point or the like) according to the present exemplary embodiment. 
     Transmission apparatus  2303  receives data  2301 , signal group  2302 , and control signal  2309 , generates a modulated signal according to data  2301  and signal group  2302 , and then transmits the modulated signal from an antenna. 
     At this time, one example of the configuration of transmission apparatus  2303  is, for example, as illustrated in  FIG. 1 . Data  2301  corresponds to  101  of  FIG. 1 . Signal group  2302  corresponds to  110  of  FIG. 1 . Control signal  2309  corresponds to  110  of  FIG. 1   
     Reception apparatus  2304  receives a modulated signal transmitted from a communication partner, for example, a terminal, performs signal processing, demodulation, and decoding on this modulated signal, and then outputs control information signal  2305  from the communication partner and reception data  2306 . 
     At this time, one example of the configuration of reception apparatus  2304  is, for example, as illustrated in  FIG. 8 . Reception data  2306  corresponds to  812  of  FIG. 8 . Control information signal  2305  from the communication partner corresponds to  810  of  FIG. 8 . 
     Control signal generator  2308  receives control information signal  2305  from the communication partner and setting signal  2307 . Based on these signals, control signal generator  2308  generates and outputs control signal  2309 . 
       FIG. 24  is a diagram illustrating one exemplary configuration of a terminal that is a communication partner of the base station of  FIG. 23 . 
     Transmission apparatus  2403  receives data  2401 , signal group  2402 , and control signal  2409 , generates a modulated signal according to data  2401  and signal group  2402 , and then transmits the modulated signal from an antenna. 
     At this time, one example of the configuration of transmission apparatus  2403  is, for example, as illustrated in  FIG. 1 . Data  2401  corresponds to  101  of  FIG. 1 . Signal group  2402  corresponds to  110  of  FIG. 1 . Control signal  2409  corresponds to  110  of  FIG. 1   
     Reception apparatus  2404  receives the modulated signal transmitted from the communication partner, for example, the base station, performs signal processing, demodulation, and decoding on this modulated signal, and then outputs control information signal  2405  from the communication partner and reception data  2406 . 
     At this time, one example of the configuration of reception apparatus  2404  is, for example, as illustrated in  FIG. 8 . Reception data  2406  corresponds to  812  of  FIG. 8 . Control information signal  2405  from the communication partner corresponds to  810  of  FIG. 8 . 
     Control signal generator  2408  receives control information signal  2305  from the communication partner and setting signal  2407 . Based on these information items, control signal generator  2408  generates and outputs control signal  2409 . 
       FIG. 25  is a diagram illustrating one exemplary frame structure of the modulated signal to be transmitted from the terminal of  FIG. 24 . A horizontal axis is time. Reference numeral  2501  is a preamble, a symbol for the communication partner (for example, base station) to perform signal detection, frequency synchronization, time synchronization, frequency offset estimation, and channel estimation. For example, reference number  2501  is a symbol of phase shift keying (PSK). In addition, reference numeral  2501  may include a training symbol for directivity control. Note that reference numeral  2501  is named a preamble, but may be named otherwise. 
     Reference numeral  2502  is a control information symbol, and reference numeral  2503  is a data symbol including data to be transmitted to the communication partner. 
     It is assumed that control information symbol  2502  includes, for example, information about a method for an error correction code used to generate data symbol  2503  (code length (block length), coding rate), information about a modulation scheme, control information for notifying the communication partner, and the like. 
     Note that  FIG. 25  is merely one example of the frame structure. The frame structure is not limited to this frame structure. The symbols illustrated in  FIG. 25  may include other symbols, for example, a pilot symbol and a reference symbol. In  FIG. 25 , a vertical axis may be added to indicate a frequency, and symbols may be present in the frequency axis direction (carrier direction). 
     One example of the frame structure to be transmitted by the base station of  FIG. 23  is, for example, as described with reference to  FIGS. 4, 5, 13, and 14 . Descriptions of details will be omitted here. Note that the other symbols  403  and  503  may include a training symbol for directivity control. Therefore, the present exemplary embodiment includes a case where the base station transmits a plurality of modulated signals by using a plurality of antennas. 
     In the communication system as described above, operations of the base station will be described in detail below. 
     Transmission apparatus  2303  of the base station of  FIG. 23  has the configuration of  FIG. 1 . Signal processor  106  of  FIG. 1  has the configuration of any one of  FIGS. 2, 18 to 22, and 28 to 33 . Note that  FIGS. 28 to 33  will be described later. At this time, operations of phase changers  205 A and  205 B may be switched according to a communication environment and setting conditions. The base station transmits the control information about the operations of phase changers  205 A and  205 B as part of the control information to be transmitted by the control information symbol of the other symbols  403  and  503  in the frame structure  FIGS. 4, 5, 13, and 14 . 
     At this time, the control information about the operations of phase changers  205 A and  205 B is assumed to be u0 and u1. Table 1 illustrates a relationship between [u0 u1] and phase changers  205 A and  205 B. Note that u0 and u1 are transmitted, for example, by the base station, as part of the control information symbols of the other symbols  403  and  503 . Then, the terminal obtains [u0 u1] included in the control information symbols of the other symbols  403  and  503 , is notified of the operations of phase changers  205 A and  205 B from [u0 u1], and demodulates and decodes the data symbol. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
             
               
                 TABLE 1 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 u0 u1 
                 Operation of phase changer 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                 00 
                 Not perform phase change 
               
               
                 01 
                 Change phase change value for 
               
               
                   
                 each symbol (periodically/regularly) 
               
               
                 10 
                 Perform phase change with 
               
               
                   
                 specified phase change value (set) 
               
               
                 11 
                 Reserve 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Table 1 is interpreted as follows.
         When the base station sets that “phase changers  205 A and  205 B do not perform phase change”, “u0=0, u1=0” is set. Therefore, phase changer  205 A outputs signal ( 206 A) without performing phase change on input signal ( 204 A). Similarly, phase changer  205 B outputs signal ( 206 B) without performing phase change on input signal ( 204 B).   When the base station sets that “phase changers  205 A and  205 B periodically/regularly perform phase change for each symbol”, “u0=0, u1=1” is set. Note that details of the method by which phase changers  205 A and  205 B periodically/regularly change phase change for each symbol are as described in the first to sixth exemplary embodiments, and thus descriptions of details will be omitted. In a case where signal processor  106  of  FIG. 1  has any of the configurations of  FIGS. 20 to 22 , “u0=0, u1=1” is set also for a case where “phase changer  205 A performs phase change periodically/regularly for each symbol, and phase changer  205 B does not perform phase change periodically/regularly for each symbol” and a case where” phase changer  205 A does not perform phase change periodically/regularly for each symbol, and phase changer  205 B performs phase change periodically/regularly for each symbol”.   When the base station sets that “phase changers  205 A and  205 B perform phase change with a specified phase change value”, “u0=1, u1=0” is set. Here, “performing phase change with a specified phase change value” will be described.       

     It is assumed that, for example, phase changer  205 A performs phase change with a specified phase change value. At this time, input signal ( 204 A) is z1(i) (i is a symbol number). Then, when “phase change is performed with a specified phase change value”, output signal ( 206 A) is represented as e jα ×z1(i) (α is a real number and a specified phase change value). At this time, amplitude may be changed, and in this case, output signal ( 206 A) is represented as A×e jα ×z1(i) (A is a real number). 
     Similarly, it is assumed that phase changer  206 A performs phase change with a specified phase change value. At this time, input signal ( 204 B) is z2(i) (i is a symbol number). Then, when “phase change is performed with a specified phase change value”, output signal ( 206 B) is represented as e jβ ×z2(i) (a is a real number and a specified phase change value). At this time, amplitude may be changed, and in this case, output signal ( 206 B) is represented as B×e jβ ×z2(i) (B is a real number). 
     Note that in a case where signal processor  106  of  FIG. 1  has any of the configurations of  FIGS. 20 to 22  and  FIGS. 31 to 33 , “u0=1, u1=0” is set also for a case where “phase changer  205 A performs phase change with a specified phase change value and phase changer  205 B does not perform phase change with a specified phase change value” and a case where “phase changer  205 A does not perform phase change with a specified phase change value and phase changer  205 B performs phase change with a specified phase change value”. 
     Next, an example of a method for setting “a specified phase change value” will be described. A first method and a second method will be described below. 
     First Method: 
     The base station transmits the training symbol. Then, the terminal serving as a communication partner transmits information about “the specified phase change value (set)” to the base station by using the training symbol. The base station performs phase change based on the information about “the specified phase change value (set)” obtained from the terminal. 
     Alternatively, the base station transmits the training symbol. Then, the terminal serving as a communication partner transmits information about a reception result of the training symbol (for example, information about a channel estimation value) to the base station. The base station obtains a preferred value of “the specified phase change value (set)” from “the information about the reception result of the training symbol” obtained from the terminal to perform phase change. 
     Note that the base station needs to notify the terminal of the information about the value of the set “specified phase change value (set)”. In this case, the base station transmits the information about the value of “the specified phase change value (set)” set by the base station with the control information symbol in the other symbols  403  and  503  in  FIGS. 4, 5, 13, and 14 . 
     An example of the first method will be described with reference to  FIG. 26 .  FIG. 26(A)  is a diagram illustrating the symbols transmitted by the base station on the time axis. A horizontal axis is time.  FIG. 26(B)  is a diagram illustrating the symbols transmitted by the terminal on the time axis. A horizontal axis is time. 
       FIG. 26  will be specifically described below. First, it is assumed that the terminal requests the base station to perform communication. 
     Then, the base station transmits at least training symbol  2601  for “estimating ‘the specified phase change value (set)’ to be used by the base station to transmit data symbol  2604 ”. Note that the terminal may perform other estimation using training symbol  2601 . For training symbol  2601 , for example, PSK modulation may be used. As in the case of the pilot symbol described in the first to sixth exemplary embodiments, the training symbol is transmitted from a plurality of antennas. 
     The terminal receives training symbol  2601  transmitted from the base station, calculates the preferred “specified phase change value (set)” to be performed by phase changer  205 A and/or phase changer  205 B included in the base station by using training symbol  2601 . The terminal transmits feedback information symbol  2602  including the calculated value. 
     The base station receives feedback information symbol  2602  transmitted from the terminal, demodulates and decodes this symbol, and obtains information about the preferred “specified phase change value (set)”. Based on this information, the phase change value (set) of the phase change to be performed by phase changer  205 A and/or phase changer  205 B of the base station is set. 
     Then, the base station transmits control information symbol  2603  and data symbol  2604 , and at least data symbol  2604  undergoes phase change with the set phase change value (set). 
     Note that in data symbol  2604 , as described in the first to sixth exemplary embodiments, the base station transmits a plurality of modulated signals from a plurality of antennas. However, unlike the first to sixth exemplary embodiments, phase changer  205 A and/or phase changer  205 B performs phase change with “the specified phase change value (set)” described above. 
     The frame structure of the base station and the terminal of  FIG. 26  is merely one example, and may include other symbols. Each symbol of training symbol  2601 , feedback information symbol  2602 , control information symbol  2603 , and data symbol  2604  may include other symbols such as, for example, the pilot symbol. Control information symbol  2603  includes information about the value of “the specified phase change value (set)” used when data symbol  2604  is transmitted. Obtaining this information enables the terminal to demodulate and decode data symbol  2604 . 
     As described in the first to sixth exemplary embodiments, for example, when the base station transmits the modulated signal in the frame structure as illustrated in  FIGS. 4, 5, 13, and 14 , the phase change by phase changer  205 A and/or phase changer  205 B described above with “the specified phase change value (set)” is performed on data symbols ( 402  and  502 ). The symbols to undergo phase change by phase changer  209 A and/or phase changer  209 B are “pilot symbols  401  and  501 ” and “the other symbols  403  and  503 ”, as described in the first to sixth exemplary embodiments. 
     However, even if phase changer  205 A and/or phase changer  205 B also performs phase change on “pilot symbols  401  and  501 ” and “the other symbols  403  and  503 ”, demodulation and decoding are possible. 
     The phrase “the specified phase change value (set)” has been used. In the case of  FIGS. 2, 18, 19, 31, 32, and 33 , phase changer  205 A is not present, whereas phase changer  205 B is present. Therefore, in this case, it is necessary to prepare the specified phase change value to be used by phase changer  205 B. Meanwhile, in the case of  FIGS. 20, 21, 22, 31, 32, and 33 , phase changer  205 A and phase changer  205 B are present. In this case, it is necessary to prepare specified phase change value # A to be used by phase changer  205 A and specified phase change value # B to be used by phase changer  205 B. Accordingly, the phrase “the specified phase change value (set)” has been used. 
     Second Method: 
     The base station starts transmission of a frame to the terminal. At that time, the base station sets the value of “the specified phase change value (set)”, for example, based on a value of random number, performs phase change with the specified phase change value, and transmits the modulated signal. 
     Subsequently, the terminal transmits information indicating failure to obtain the frame (or packet) to the base station, and the base station receives this information. 
     Then, for example, based on the value of random number, the base station sets (a set of) the value of “the specified phase change value (set)” and transmits the modulated signal. At this time, at least the data symbol including data of the frame (packet) that the terminal has failed to obtain is transmitted by the modulated signal that has undergone phase change based on the reset “specified phase change value (set)”. That is, when the base station transmits data of a first frame (packet) twice (or twice or more) by retransmission or the like, “the specified phase change value (set)” used for first transmission and “the specified phase change value (set)” used for second transmission are preferably different from each other. For retransmission, this makes it more likely that the terminal obtains the frame (or packet) by second transmission. 
     After that, when the base station obtains “information about failure to obtain the frame (or packet)” from the terminal, for example, based on the value of random number, the base station sets the value of “the specific change value (set)”. 
     Note that the base station needs to notify the terminal of the information about the value of the set “specified phase change value (set)”. In this case, the base station transmits the information about the value of “the specified phase change value (set)” set by the base station with the control information symbol in the other symbols  403  and  503  in  FIGS. 4, 5, 13, and 14 . 
     Note that, although the second method has described that “the base station sets the value of ‘the specified phase change value (set)’, for example, based on the value of random number,” the setting of “the specified phase change value (set)” is not limited to this method. As long as “the specified phase change value (set)” is newly set when “the specified phase change value (set)” is set, “the specified phase change value (set)” may be set by any method. 
     For example:
         “The specified phase change value (set)” is set based on a certain rule.   “The specified phase change value (set)” is set randomly.   “The specified phase change value (set)” is set based on information obtained from the communication partner.       

     “The specified phase change value (set)” may be set by any of these methods. 
     However, the method for setting “the specified phase change value (set)” is not limited to these methods. 
     An example of the second method will be described with reference to  FIG. 27 .  FIG. 27(A)  is a diagram illustrating the symbols transmitted by the base station on the time axis. A horizontal axis is time.  FIG. 27(B)  is a diagram illustrating the symbols transmitted by the terminal on the time axis. A horizontal axis is time. 
       FIG. 27  will be specifically described below. 
     First, for describing  FIG. 27 ,  FIGS. 28 to 33  will be described. 
     As one example of the configuration of signal processor  106  in  FIG. 1 , the configurations of  FIGS. 2 and 18 to 22  have been illustrated. Configurations of modifications thereof are illustrated in  FIGS. 28 to 33 . 
       FIG. 28  is an example in which phase changer  205 B is inserted before weight combiner  203  in the configuration of  FIG. 2 . Next, only a portion of the operation of  FIG. 28  different from  FIG. 2  will be described. 
     Phase changer  205 B receives mapped signal  201 B (s2(t)) and control signal  200 . Based on control signal  200 , phase changer  205 B performs phase change on mapped signal  201 B and then outputs phase-changed signal  2801 B. 
     For example, phase changer  205 B performs phase change of y(i) on s2(i). Therefore, when phase-changed signal  2801 B is s2′(i), this can be represented as s2′(i)=y(i)×s2(i) (i is a symbol number (i is an integer equal to or greater than 0)). Note that a method for giving y(i) is as described in the first exemplary embodiment. 
     Weight combiner  203  receives mapped signal  201 A (s1(i)), phase-changed signal  2801 B (s2′(i)), and control signal  200 . Based on control signal  200 , weight combiner  203  performs weighting (precoding) and outputs weighted signal  204 A and weighted signal  204 B. Specifically, weight combiner  203  multiplies a vector including mapped signal  201 A (s1(i)) and phase-changed signal  2801 B (s2′(i)) by a precoding matrix to obtain weighted signal  204 A and weighted signal  204 B. Note that a structure example of the precoding matrix is as described in the first exemplary embodiment. Subsequent description will be similar to the description in  FIG. 2 , and thus the description thereof will be omitted. 
       FIG. 29  is an example in which phase changer  205 B is inserted before weight combiner  203  in the configuration of  FIG. 18 . At this time, the operation of phase changer  205 B and the operation of weight combiner  203  have been described in the description of  FIG. 28 , and thus the description thereof will be omitted. Also, the operation after weight combiner  203  will be similar to the description in  FIG. 18 , and thus the description thereof will be omitted. 
       FIG. 30  is an example in which phase changer  205 B is inserted before weight combiner  203  in the configuration of  FIG. 19 . At this time, the operation of phase changer  205 B and the operation of weight combiner  203  have been described in the description of  FIG. 28 , and thus the description thereof will be omitted. Also, the operation after weight combiner  203  will be similar to the description in  FIG. 19 , and thus the description thereof will be omitted. 
       FIG. 31  is an example in which phase changer  205 A is inserted before weight combiner  203  and phase changer  205 B is inserted before weight combiner  203  in the configuration of  FIG. 20 . 
     Phase changer  205 A receives mapped signal  201 A (s1(t)) and control signal  200 . Based on control signal  200 , phase changer  205 A performs phase change on mapped signal  201 A and then outputs phase-changed signal  2801 A. 
     For example, phase changer  205 A performs phase change of w(i) on s1(i). Therefore, when phase-changed signal  2901 A is s1′(i), this can be represented as s1′(i)=w(i)×s1(i) (i is a symbol number (i is an integer equal to or greater than 0)). Note that a method for giving w(i) is as described in the first exemplary embodiment. 
     For example, phase changer  205 B performs phase change of y(i) on s2(i). Therefore, when phase-changed signal  2801 B is s2′(i), this can be represented as s2′(i)=y(i)×s2(i) (i is a symbol number (i is an integer equal to or greater than 0)). Note that a method for giving y(i) is as described in the first exemplary embodiment. 
     Weight combiner  203  receives phase-changed signal  2801 A (s1′(i)), phase-changed signal  2801 B (s2′(i)), and control signal  200 . Based on control signal  200 , weight combiner  203  performs weighting (precoding) and outputs weighted signal  204 A and weighted signal  204 B. Specifically, weight combiner  203  multiplies a vector including phase-changed signal  2801 A (s1′(i)) and phase-changed signal  2801 B (s2′(i)) by a precoding matrix to obtain weighted signal  204 A and weighted signal  204 B. Note that a structure example of the precoding matrix is as described in the first exemplary embodiment. Subsequent description will be similar to the description in  FIG. 20 , and thus the description thereof will be omitted. 
       FIG. 32  is an example in which phase changer  205 A is inserted before weight combiner  203  and phase changer  205 B is inserted before weight combiner  203  in the configuration of  FIG. 21 . At this time, the operation of phase changer  205 A, the operation of phase changer  205 B, and the operation of weight combiner  203  have been described in the description of  FIG. 31 , and thus the description thereof will be omitted. Also, the operation after weight combiner  203  will be similar to the description in  FIG. 21 , and thus the description thereof will be omitted. 
       FIG. 33  is an example in which phase changer  205 A is inserted before weight combiner  203  and phase changer  205 B is inserted before weighting  203  in the configuration of  FIG. 22 . At this time, the operation of phase changer  205 A, the operation of phase changer  205 B, and the operation of weight combiner  203  have been described in the description of  FIG. 31 , and thus the description thereof will be omitted. Also, the operation after weight combiner  203  will be similar to the description in  FIG. 22 , and thus the description thereof will be omitted. 
     It is assumed that in  FIG. 27 , the terminal requests the base station to perform communication. 
     Then, the base station determines the value of phase change to be performed by phase changer  205 A and/or phase changer  205 B as “a first specified phase change value (set)”, for example, by using a random number. Then, based on the determined “first specified phase change value (set)”, the base station performs phase change by phase changer  205 A and/or phase changer  205 B. At this time, it is assumed that information about “the first specified phase change value (set)” is included in control information symbol  2701 _ 1 . 
     The phrase “the first specified phase change value (set)” has been used. In the case of  FIGS. 2, 18, 19, 28, 29, and 30 , phase changer  205 A is not present, and phase changer  205 B is present. Therefore, in this case, it is necessary to prepare the first specified phase change value to be used by phase changer  205 B. Meanwhile, in the case of  FIGS. 20, 21, 22, 31, 32, and 33 , phase changer  205 A and phase changer  205 B are present. In this case, it is necessary to prepare first specified phase change value # A to be used by phase changer  205 A and first specified phase change value # B to be used by phase changer  205 B. Accordingly, the phrase “the first specified phase change value (set)” has been used. 
     The base station transmits control information symbol  2701 _ 1  and data symbol # 1  ( 2702 _ 1 ), and at least data symbol # 1  ( 2702 _ 1 ) undergoes phase change with the determined “first specified phase change value (set)”. 
     The terminal receives control information symbol  2701 _ 1  and data symbol # 1  ( 2702 _ 1 ) transmitted from the base station. Based on at least the information about “the first specified phase change value (set)” included in control information symbol  2701 _ 1 , the terminal demodulates and decodes data symbol # 1  ( 2702 _ 1 ). It is assumed that, as a result, the terminal determines that “data included in data symbol # 1  ( 2702 _ 1 ) has been obtained without errors”. Then, the terminal transmits, to the base station, terminal transmission symbol  2750 _ 1  including at least information that “the data included in data symbol # 1  ( 2702 _ 1 ) has been obtained without errors”. 
     The base station receives terminal transmission symbol  2750 _ 1  transmitted from the terminal. Based on at least the information that “the data included in data symbol # 1  ( 2702 _ 1 ) has been obtained without errors” included in terminal transmission symbol  2750 _ 1 , the base station determines that phase change (set) to be performed by phase changer  205 A and/or phase changer  205 B is “the first specified phase change value (set)”, as in a case of transmitting data symbol # 1  ( 2702 _ 1 ). Since “the data included in data symbol # 1  ( 2702 _ 1 ) has been obtained without errors”, the base station can determine that the terminal is likely to obtain the data without errors also when the base station transmits the next data symbol by using “the first specified phase change value (set)”. This is likely to allow the terminal to obtain high data reception quality. Then, based on the determined “first specified phase change value (set)”, the base station performs phase change by phase changer  205 A and/or phase changer  205 B. At this time, it is assumed that control information symbol  2701 _ 2  includes the information about “the first specified phase change value (set)”. 
     The base station transmits control information symbol  2701 _ 2  and data symbol # 2  ( 2702 _ 2 ), and at least data symbol # 2  ( 2702 _ 2 ) undergoes phase change with the determined “first specified phase change value (set)”. 
     The terminal receives control information symbol  2701 _ 2  and data symbol # 2  ( 2702 _ 2 ) transmitted from the base station. Based on at least the information about “the first specified phase change value (set)” included in control information symbol  2701 _ 2 , the terminal demodulates and decodes data symbol # 2  ( 2702 _ 2 ). It is assumed that, as a result, the terminal determines that “data included in data symbol # 2  ( 2702 _ 2 ) has not been obtained correctly”. Then, the terminal transmits, to the base station, terminal transmission symbol  2750 _ 2  including at least information that “the data included in data symbol # 2  ( 2702 _ 2 ) has not been obtained correctly”. 
     The base station receives terminal transmission symbol  2750 _ 2  transmitted from the terminal. Based on at least the information that “the data included in data symbol # 2  ( 2702 _ 2 ) has not been obtained correctly” included in terminal transmission symbol  2750 _ 2 , the base station determines to change the phase change to be performed by phase changer  205 A and/or phase changer  205 B from “the first specified phase change value (set)”. Since “the data included in data symbol # 2  ( 2702 _ 2 ) has not been obtained correctly”, the base station can determine that the terminal is likely to obtain the data without errors if the phase change value is changed from “the first specified phase change value (set)” when the base station transmits the next data symbol. This is likely to allow the terminal to obtain high data reception quality. Therefore, for example, the base station determines to change the phase change value (set) to be performed by phase changer  205 A and/or phase changer  205 B from “the first specified phase change value (set)” to “a second specified phase change value (set)” by using a random number. Then, based on the determined “second specified phase change value (set)”, the base station performs phase change by phase changer  205 A and/or phase changer  205 B. At this time, it is assumed that control information symbol  2701 _ 3  includes information about “the second specified phase change value (set)”. 
     The phrase “the second specified phase change value (set)” has been used. In the case of  FIGS. 2, 18, 19, 28, 29, and 30 , phase changer  205 A is not present, and phase changer  205 B is present. Therefore, in this case, it is necessary to prepare the second specified phase change value to be used by phase changer  205 B. Meanwhile, in the case of  FIGS. 20, 21, 22, 31, 32, and 33 , phase changer  205 A and phase changer  205 B are present. In this case, it is necessary to prepare second specified phase change value # A to be used by phase changer  205 A and second specified phase change value # B to be used by phase changer  205 B. Accordingly, the phrase “the second specified phase change value (set)” has been used. 
     The base station transmits control information symbol  2701 _ 3  and data symbol # 2  ( 2702 _ 2 - 1 ), and at least data symbol # 2  ( 2702 _ 2 - 1 ) undergoes phase change with the determined “second specified phase change value (set)”. 
     Note that in “data symbol # 2  ( 2702 _ 2 ) immediately after control information symbol  2701 _ 2 ” and “data symbol # 2  ( 2702 _ 2 - 1 ) immediately after control information symbol  2701 _ 3 ”, a modulation scheme of “data symbol # 2  ( 2702 _ 2 ) immediately after control information symbol  2701 _ 2 ” may be the same as or different from a modulation scheme of “data symbol # 2  ( 2702 _ 2 - 1 ) immediately after control information symbol  2701 _ 3 ”. 
     Also, “data symbol # 2  ( 2702 _ 2 - 1 ) immediately after control information symbol  2701 _ 3 ” includes all or part of data included in “data symbol # 2  ( 2702 _ 2 ) immediately after control information symbol  2701 _ 2 ”. This is because “data symbol # 2  ( 2702 _ 2 - 1 ) immediately after control information symbol  2701 _ 3 ” is a symbol for retransmission. 
     The terminal receives control information symbol  2701 - 3  and data symbol # 2  ( 2702 _ 2 ) transmitted from the base station. Based on at least the information about “the second specified phase change value (set)” included in control information symbol  2701 _ 3 , the terminal demodulates and decodes data symbol # 2  ( 2702 _ 2 - 1 ). It is assumed that, as a result, the terminal determines that “the data included in data symbol # 2  ( 2702 _ 2 - 1 ) has not been obtained correctly”. Then, the terminal transmits, to the base station, terminal transmission symbol  2750 _ 3  including at least information that “the data included in data symbol # 2  ( 2702 _ 2 - 1 ) has not been obtained correctly”. 
     The base station receives terminal transmission symbol  2750 _ 3  transmitted from the terminal. Based on at least the information that “the data included in data symbol # 2  ( 2702 _ 2 - 1 ) has not been obtained correctly” included in terminal transmission symbol  2750 _ 3 , the base station determines to change the phase change to be performed by phase changer A and phase changer B from “the second specified phase change value (set)”. Since “the data included in data symbol # 2  ( 2702 _ 2 - 1 ) has not been obtained correctly”, the base station can determine that the terminal is likely to obtain the data without errors if the phase change value is changed from “the second specified phase change value (set)” when the base station transmits the next data symbol. This is likely to allow the terminal to obtain high data reception quality. Therefore, for example, the base station changes the phase change value (set) to be performed by phase changer  205 A and/or phase changer  205 B from “the second specified phase change value (set)” to “a third specified phase change value (set)” by using a random number, and phase changer  205 A and/or phase changer  205 B performs phase change. At this time, it is assumed that control information symbol  2701 _ 4  includes information about “the third specified phase change value (set)”. 
     The phrase “the third specified phase change value (set)” has been used. In the case of  FIGS. 2, 18, 19, 28, 29, and 30 , phase changer  205 A is not present, and phase changer  205 B is present. Therefore, in this case, it is necessary to prepare the third specified phase change value to be used by phase changer  205 B. Meanwhile, in the case of  FIGS. 20, 21, 22, 31, 32, and 33 , phase changer  205 A and phase changer  205 B are present. In this case, it is necessary to prepare third specified phase change value # A to be used by phase changer  205 A and third specified phase change value # B to be used by phase changer  205 B. Accordingly, the phrase “the third specified phase change value (set)” has been used. 
     The base station transmits control information symbol  2701 _ 4  and data symbol # 2  ( 2702 _ 2 - 2 ), and at least data symbol # 2  ( 2702 _ 2 - 2 ) undergoes phase change with the determined “third specified phase change value (set)”. 
     Note that in “data symbol # 2  ( 2702 _ 2 - 1 ) immediately after control information symbol  2701 _ 3 ” and “data symbol # 2  ( 2702 _ 2 - 2 ) immediately after control information symbol  2701 _ 4 ”, a modulation scheme of “data symbol # 2  ( 2702 _ 2 - 1 ) immediately after control information symbol  2701 _ 3 ” may be the same as or different from a modulation scheme of “data symbol # 2  ( 2702 _ 2 - 2 ) immediately after control information symbol  2701 _ 4 ”. 
     Also, “data symbol # 2  ( 2702 _ 2 - 2 ) immediately after control information symbol  2701 _ 4 ” includes all or part of data included in “data symbol # 2  ( 2702 _ 2 - 1 ) immediately after control information symbol  2701 _ 3 ”. This is because “data symbol # 2  ( 2702 _ 2 - 2 ) immediately after control information symbol  2701 _ 4 ” is a symbol for retransmission. 
     The terminal receives control information symbol  2701 - 4  and data symbol # 2  ( 2702 _ 2 - 2 ) transmitted from the base station. Based on at least the information about “the third specified phase change value (set)” included in control information symbol  2701 _ 4 , the terminal demodulates and decodes data symbol # 2  ( 2702 _ 2 - 2 ). It is assumed that, as a result, the terminal determines that “the data included in data symbol # 2  ( 2702 _ 2 - 2 ) has been obtained without errors”. Then, the terminal transmits, to the base station, terminal transmission symbol  2750 _ 4  including at least information that “data included in data symbol # 2  ( 2702 _ 2 - 2 ) has been obtained without errors”. 
     The base station receives terminal transmission symbol  2750 _ 4  transmitted from the terminal. Based on at least the information that “the data included in data symbol # 2  ( 2702 - 2 ) has been obtained without errors” included in terminal transmission symbol  2750 _ 4 , the base station determines that phase change (set) to be performed by phase changer  205 A and/or phase changer  205 B is “the third specified phase change value (set)”, as in a case of transmitting data symbol # 2  ( 2702 _ 2 - 2 ). Since “the data included in data symbol # 2  ( 2702 _ 2 - 2 ) has been obtained without errors”, the base station can determine that the terminal is likely to obtain the data without errors also when the base station transmits the next data symbol by using “the third specified phase change value (set)”. This is likely to allow the terminal to obtain high data reception quality. Then, based on the determined “third specified phase change value (set)”, the base station performs phase change by phase changer  205 A and/or phase changer  205 B. At this time, it is assumed that control information symbol  2701 _ 5  includes information about “the third specified phase change value (set)”. 
     The base station transmits control information symbol  2701 _ 5  and data symbol # 3  ( 2702 _ 3 ), and at least data symbol # 3  ( 2702 _ 3 ) undergoes phase change with the determined “third specified phase change value (set)”. 
     The terminal receives control information symbol  2701 _ 5  and data symbol # 3  ( 2702 _ 3 ) transmitted from the base station. Based on at least the information about “the third specified phase change value (set)” included in control information symbol  2701 _ 5 , the terminal demodulates and decodes data symbol # 3  ( 2702 _ 3 ). It is assumed that, as a result, the terminal determines that “the data included in data symbol # 3  ( 2702 _ 3 ) has been obtained without errors”. Then, the terminal transmits, to the base station, terminal transmission symbol  2750 _ 5  including at least information that “data included in data symbol # 3  ( 2702 _ 3 ) has been obtained without errors”. 
     The base station receives terminal transmission symbol  2750 _ 5  transmitted from the terminal. Based on at least the information that “the data included in data symbol # 3  ( 2702 _ 3 ) has been obtained without errors” included in terminal transmission symbol  2750 _ 5 , the base station determines that phase change (set) to be performed by phase changer  205 A″ and/or phase changer  205 B is “the third specified phase change value (set)”, as in a case of transmitting data symbol # 3  ( 2702 _ 3 ). Since “the data included in data symbol # 3  ( 2702 _ 3 ) has been obtained without errors”, the base station can determine that the terminal is likely to obtain the data without errors also when the base station transmits the next data symbol by using “the third specified phase change value (set)”. This is likely to allow the terminal to obtain high data reception quality. Then, based on the determined “third specified phase change value (set)”, the base station performs phase change by phase changer  205 A and/or phase changer  205 B. At this time, it is assumed that control information symbol  2701 _ 6  includes information about “the third specified phase change value (set)”. 
     The base station transmits control information symbol  2701 _ 6  and data symbol # 4  ( 2702 _ 4 ), and at least data symbol # 4  ( 2702 _ 4 ) undergoes phase change with the determined “third specified phase change value (set)”. 
     The terminal receives control information symbol  2701 _ 6  and data symbol # 4  ( 2702 _ 4 ) transmitted from the base station. Based on at least the information about “the third specified phase change value (set)” included in control information symbol  2701 _ 6 , the terminal demodulates and decodes data symbol # 4  ( 2702 _ 4 ). It is assumed that, as a result, the terminal determines that “the data included in data symbol # 4  ( 2702 _ 4 ) has not been obtained correctly”. Then, the terminal transmits, to the base station, terminal transmission symbol  2750 _ 6  including at least information that “the data included in data symbol # 4  ( 2702 _ 4 ) has not been received correctly”. 
     The base station receives terminal transmission symbol  2750 _ 6  transmitted from the terminal. Based on at least the information that “the data included in data symbol # 4  ( 2702 _ 4 ) has not been obtained correctly” included in terminal transmission symbol  2750 _ 6 , the base station determines to change the phase change to be performed by phase changer  205 A and/or phase changer  205 B from “the third specified phase change value (set)”. Since “the data included in data symbol # 4  ( 2702 _ 4 ) has not been obtained correctly”, the base station can determine that the terminal is likely to obtain the data without errors if the phase change value is changed from “the third specified phase change value (set)” when the base station transmits the next data symbol. This is likely to allow the terminal to obtain high data reception quality. Therefore, for example, the base station determines to change the phase change value (set) to be performed by phase changer  205 A and/or phase changer  205 B from “the third specified phase change value (set)” to “a fourth specified phase change value (set)” by using a random number. Then, based on the determined “fourth specified phase change value (set)”, the base station performs phase change by phase changer  205 A and/or phase changer  205 B. At this time, it is assumed that control information symbol  2701 _ 7  includes information about “the fourth specified phase change value (set)”. 
     The phrase “the fourth specified phase change value (set)” has been used. In the case of  FIGS. 2, 18, 19, 28, 29, and 30 , phase changer  205 A is not present, and phase changer  205 B is present. Therefore, in this case, it is necessary to prepare the fourth specified phase change value to be used by phase changer  205 B. Meanwhile, in the case of  FIGS. 20, 21, 22, 31, 32, and 33 , phase changer  205 A and phase changer  205 B are present. In this case, it is necessary to prepare fourth specified phase change value # A to be used by phase changer  205 A and fourth specified phase change value # B to be used by phase changer  205 B. Accordingly, the phrase “the fourth specified phase change value (set)” has been used. 
     Note that in “data symbol # 4  ( 2702 _ 4 ) immediately after control information symbol  2701 _ 6 ” and “data symbol # 4  ( 2702 _ 4 - 1 ) immediately after control information symbol  2701 _ 7 ”, a modulation scheme of “data symbol # 4  ( 2702 _ 4 ) immediately after control information symbol  2701 _ 6 ” may be the same as or different from a modulation scheme of “data symbol # 4  ( 2702 _ 4 - 1 ) immediately after control information symbol  2701 _ 7 ”. 
     Also, “data symbol # 4  ( 2702 _ 4 - 1 ) immediately after control information symbol  2701 _ 7 ” includes all or part of data included in “data symbol # 4  ( 2702 _ 4 ) immediately after control information symbol  2701 _ 6 ”. This is because “data symbol # 4  ( 2702 _ 4 - 1 ) immediately after control information symbol  2701 _ 7 ” is a symbol for retransmission. 
     The terminal receives control information symbol  2701 - 7  and data symbol # 4  ( 2702 _ 4 - 1 ) transmitted from the base station. Based on at least the information about “the fourth specified phase change value (set)” included in control information symbol  2701 _ 7 , the terminal demodulates and decodes data symbol # 4  ( 2702 _ 4 - 1 ). 
     Note that in data symbol # 1  ( 2702 _ 1 ), data symbol # 2  ( 2702 _ 2 ), data symbol # 3  ( 2702 _ 3 ), and data symbol # 4  ( 2702 _ 4 ), as described in the first to sixth exemplary embodiments, the base station transmits a plurality of modulated signals from a plurality of antennas. However, unlike the first to sixth exemplary embodiments, phase changer  205 A and/or phase changer  205 B performs phase change with “the specified phase change value” described above. 
     The frame structure of the base station and the terminal of  FIG. 27  is merely one example, and may include other symbols. Each symbol of control information symbols  2701 _ 1 ,  2701 _ 2 ,  2701 _ 3 ,  2701 _ 4 ,  2701 _ 5 ,  2701 _ 6 , data symbol # 1  ( 2702 _ 1 ), data symbol # 2  ( 2702 _ 2 ), data symbol # 3  ( 2702 _ 3 ), and data symbol # 4  ( 2702 _ 4 ) may include other symbols such as, for example, the pilot symbol. Control information symbols  2701 _ 1 ,  2701 _ 2 ,  2701 _ 3 ,  2701 _ 4 ,  2701 _ 5 , and  2701 _ 6  include information about the value of “the specified phase change value” used when data symbol # 1  ( 2702 _ 1 ), data symbol # 2  ( 2702 _ 2 ), data symbol # 3  ( 2702 _ 3 ), and data symbol # 4  ( 2702 _ 4 ) are transmitted. By acquiring this information, the terminal can demodulate and decode data symbol # 1  ( 2702 _ 1 ), data symbol # 2  ( 2702 _ 2 ), data symbol # 3  ( 2702 _ 3 ), and data symbol # 4  ( 2702 _ 4 ). 
     Note that in the above description, the base station determines (a set of) the value of “the specified phase change value (set)” by using “a random number”. However, determination of the value of “the specified phase change value (set)” is not limited to this method. The base station may regularly change (the set of) the value of “the specified phase change value (set)”. The value of “the specified phase change value (set)” may be determined by any method. When it is necessary to change “the specified phase change value (set)”, it is required at least that (the set of) the value of “the specified phase change value (set)” is different between before and after the change. 
     As described in the first to sixth exemplary embodiments, for example, when the base station transmits the modulated signal in the frame structure as illustrated in  FIGS. 4, 5, 13, and 14 , the phase change by phase changer  205 A and/or phase changer  205 B with “the specified phase change value” described above is performed on data symbols ( 402  and  502 ). The symbols to undergo phase change by phase changer  209 A and/or phase changer  209 B are “pilot symbols  401  and  501 ” and “the other symbols  403  and  503 ”, as described in the first to sixth exemplary embodiments. 
     However, even if phase changer  205 A and/or phase changer  205 B also performs phase change on “pilot symbols  401  and  501 ” and “the other symbols  403  and  503 ”, demodulation and decoding are possible. 
     Even if this transmission method is performed alone, the method for “performing phase change with the specified phase change value” as described above allows the terminal to obtain high data reception quality. 
     Furthermore, as the configuration of signal processor  106  of  FIG. 1  in the transmission apparatus of the base station, the configurations of  FIGS. 2, 18 to 23, and 28 to 33  have been illustrated. However, phase change by phase changers  209 A and  209 B may be omitted, that is, phase changers  209 A and  209 B may be eliminated in  FIGS. 2, 18 to 23, and 28 to 33 . At this time, signal  208 A corresponds to signal  106 _A of  FIG. 1 , and signal  208 B corresponds to signal  106 _B of  FIG. 1 . 
     When [u0 u1] described above to control the operation of phase changers  205 A and  205 B included in the base station is set as [u0 u1]=[01] (u0=0, u1=1), that is, when phase changers  205 A and  205 B periodically/regularly perform phase change for each symbol, control information for setting the phase change to be specifically performed is assumed to be u2 and u3. Table 2 illustrates a relationship between [u2 u3] and the phase change to be specifically performed by phase changers  205 A and  205 B. (Note that u2 and u3 are transmitted by the base station, for example, as part of the control information symbols of the other symbols  403  and  503 . Then, the terminal obtains [u2 u3] included in the control information symbols of the other symbols  403  and  503 , is notified of the operations of phase changers  205 A and  205 B from [u2 u3], and demodulates and decodes the data symbols. The control information for “the specific phase change” is 2 bits, but a number of bits may be other than 2 bits.) 
     
       
         
           
               
               
             
               
                 TABLE 2 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 u2 u3 
                 Phase change method when [u0 u1] = [01] 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                 00 
                 Method 01_1 
               
               
                 01 
                 Method 01_2 
               
               
                 10 
                 Method 01_3 
               
               
                 11 
                 Method 01_4 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     A first example of interpretation of Table 2 is as follows.
         When [u0 u1]=[01](u0=0, u1=1), [u2 u3]=[00](u2=0, u3=0), in the base station, “phase changers  205 A and  205 B periodically/regularly perform phase change by method 01_1 for each symbol”.       

     Method 01_1: 
     It is assumed that a coefficient to be used for multiplication by phase changer  205 A performing phase change is y1(i) (i indicates a symbol number and is an integer equal to or greater than 0). At this time, y1(i) is represented as follows. 
     
       
         
           
             
               
                 
                   [ 
                   
                     Formula 
                     ⁢ 
                     
                         
                     
                     ⁢ 
                     53 
                   
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                     y 
                     ⁢ 
                     
                         
                     
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                       ( 
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     It is assumed that phase changer  205 B does not perform phase change.
         When [u0 u1]=[01](u0=0, u1=1), [u2 u3]=[01](u2=0, u3=1), in the base station, “phase changers  205 A and  205 B periodically/regularly perform phase change by method 01_2 for each symbol”.       

     Method 01_2: 
     It is assumed that phase changer  205 A does not perform phase change. 
     It is assumed that a coefficient to be used for multiplication by phase changer  205 B performing phase change is y2(i) (i indicates a symbol number and is an integer equal to or greater than 0). At this time, y2(i) is represented as follows. 
     
       
         
           
             
               
                 
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             When [u0 u1]=[01](u0=0, u1=1), [u2 u3]=[10](u2=1, u3=0), in the base station, “phase changers  205 A and  205 B periodically/regularly perform phase change by method 01_3 for each symbol”. 
           
         
       
    
     Method 01_3: 
     It is assumed that a coefficient to be used for multiplication by phase changer  205 A performing phase change is y1(i) (i indicates a symbol number and is an integer equal to or greater than 0). At this time, y1(i) is represented as follows. 
     
       
         
           
             
               
                 
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                     55 
                   
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     It is assumed that a coefficient to be used for multiplication by phase changer  205 B performing phase change is y2(i) (i indicates a symbol number and is an integer equal to or greater than 0). At this time, y2(i) is represented as follows. 
     
       
         
           
             
               
                 
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             When [u0 u1]=[01](u0=0, u1=1), [u2 u3]=[11](u2=1, u3=1), in the base station, “phase changers  205 A and  205 B periodically/regularly perform phase change by method 01_4 for each symbol”. 
           
         
       
    
     Method 01_4: 
     It is assumed that a coefficient to be used for multiplication by phase changer  205 A performing phase change is y1(i) (i indicates a symbol number and is an integer equal to or greater than 0). At this time, y1(i) is represented as follows. 
     
       
         
           
             
               
                 
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                           i 
                         
                         7 
                       
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                 
                   Formula 
                   ⁢ 
                   
                       
                   
                   ⁢ 
                   
                     ( 
                     57 
                     ) 
                   
                 
               
             
           
         
       
     
     It is assumed that a coefficient to be used for multiplication by phase changer  205 B performing phase change is y2(i) (i indicates a symbol number and is an integer equal to or greater than 0). At this time, y2(i) is represented as follows. 
     
       
         
           
             
               
                 
                   [ 
                   
                     Formula 
                     ⁢ 
                     
                         
                     
                     ⁢ 
                     58 
                   
                   ] 
                 
               
               
                 
                     
                 
               
             
             
               
                 
                   
                     y 
                     ⁢ 
                     
                         
                     
                     ⁢ 
                     2 
                     ⁢ 
                     
                       ( 
                       i 
                       ) 
                     
                   
                   = 
                   
                     e 
                     
                       j 
                       ⁢ 
                       
                           
                       
                       ⁢ 
                       
                         
                           2 
                           × 
                           π 
                           × 
                           i 
                         
                         9 
                       
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                 
                   Formula 
                   ⁢ 
                   
                       
                   
                   ⁢ 
                   
                     ( 
                     58 
                     ) 
                   
                 
               
             
           
         
       
     
     A second example of interpretation of Table 2 is as follows.
         When [u0 u1]=[01](u0=0, u1=1), [u2 u3]=[00](u2=0, u3=0), in the base station, “phase changers  205 A and  205 B periodically/regularly perform phase change by method 01_1 for each symbol”.       

     Method 01_1: 
     It is assumed that a coefficient to be used for multiplication by phase changer  205 A performing phase change is y1(i) (i indicates a symbol number and is an integer equal to or greater than 0). At this time, y1(i) is represented as follows. 
     
       
         
           
             
               
                 
                   [ 
                   
                     Formula 
                     ⁢ 
                     
                         
                     
                     ⁢ 
                     59 
                   
                   ] 
                 
               
               
                 
                     
                 
               
             
             
               
                 
                   
                     y 
                     ⁢ 
                     
                         
                     
                     ⁢ 
                     1 
                     ⁢ 
                     
                       ( 
                       i 
                       ) 
                     
                   
                   = 
                   
                     e 
                     
                       j 
                       ⁢ 
                       
                           
                       
                       ⁢ 
                       
                         
                           2 
                           × 
                           π 
                           × 
                           i 
                         
                         3 
                       
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                 
                   Formula 
                   ⁢ 
                   
                       
                   
                   ⁢ 
                   
                     ( 
                     59 
                     ) 
                   
                 
               
             
           
         
       
     
     It is assumed that phase changer  205 B does not perform phase change.
         When [u0 u1]=[01](u0=0, u1=1), [u2 u3]=[01](u2=0, u3=1), in the base station, “phase changers  205 A and  205 B periodically/regularly perform phase change by method 01_2 for each symbol”.       

     Method 01_2: 
     It is assumed that a coefficient to be used for multiplication by phase changer  205 A performing phase change is y1(i) (i indicates a symbol number and is an integer equal to or greater than 0). At this time, y1(i) is represented as follows. 
     
       
         
           
             
               
                 
                   [ 
                   
                     Formula 
                     ⁢ 
                     
                         
                     
                     ⁢ 
                     60 
                   
                   ] 
                 
               
               
                 
                     
                 
               
             
             
               
                 
                   
                     y 
                     ⁢ 
                     
                         
                     
                     ⁢ 
                     1 
                     ⁢ 
                     
                       ( 
                       i 
                       ) 
                     
                   
                   = 
                   
                     e 
                     
                       j 
                       ⁢ 
                       
                           
                       
                       ⁢ 
                       
                         
                           2 
                           × 
                           π 
                           × 
                           i 
                         
                         5 
                       
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                 
                   Formula 
                   ⁢ 
                   
                       
                   
                   ⁢ 
                   
                     ( 
                     60 
                     ) 
                   
                 
               
             
           
         
       
     
     It is assumed that phase changer  205 B does not perform phase change.
         When [u0 u1]=[01](u0=0, u1=1), [u2 u3]=[10](u2=1, u3=0), in the base station, “phase changers  205 A and  205 B periodically/regularly perform phase change by method 01_3 for each symbol”.       

     Method 01_3: 
     It is assumed that a coefficient to be used for multiplication by phase changer  205 A performing phase change is y1(i) (i indicates a symbol number and is an integer equal to or greater than 0). At this time, y1(i) is represented as follows. 
     
       
         
           
             
               
                 
                   [ 
                   
                     Formula 
                     ⁢ 
                     
                         
                     
                     ⁢ 
                     61 
                   
                   ] 
                 
               
               
                 
                     
                 
               
             
             
               
                 
                   
                     y 
                     ⁢ 
                     
                         
                     
                     ⁢ 
                     1 
                     ⁢ 
                     
                       ( 
                       i 
                       ) 
                     
                   
                   = 
                   
                     e 
                     
                       j 
                       ⁢ 
                       
                           
                       
                       ⁢ 
                       
                         
                           2 
                           × 
                           π 
                           × 
                           i 
                         
                         7 
                       
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                 
                   Formula 
                   ⁢ 
                   
                       
                   
                   ⁢ 
                   
                     ( 
                     61 
                     ) 
                   
                 
               
             
           
         
       
     
     It is assumed that phase changer  205 B does not perform phase change.
         When [u0 u1]=[01](u0=0, u1=1), [u2 u3]=[11](u2=1, u3=1), in the base station, “phase changers  205 A and  205 B periodically/regularly perform phase change by method 01_4 for each symbol”.       

     Method 01_4: 
     It is assumed that a coefficient to be used for multiplication by phase changer  205 A performing phase change is y1(i) (i indicates a symbol number and is an integer equal to or greater than 0). At this time, y1(i) is represented as follows. 
     
       
         
           
             
               
                 
                   [ 
                   
                     Formula 
                     ⁢ 
                     
                         
                     
                     ⁢ 
                     62 
                   
                   ] 
                 
               
               
                 
                     
                 
               
             
             
               
                 
                   
                     y 
                     ⁢ 
                     
                         
                     
                     ⁢ 
                     1 
                     ⁢ 
                     
                       ( 
                       i 
                       ) 
                     
                   
                   = 
                   
                     e 
                     
                       j 
                       ⁢ 
                       
                           
                       
                       ⁢ 
                       
                         
                           2 
                           × 
                           π 
                           × 
                           i 
                         
                         9 
                       
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                 
                   Formula 
                   ⁢ 
                   
                       
                   
                   ⁢ 
                   
                     ( 
                     62 
                     ) 
                   
                 
               
             
           
         
       
     
     It is assumed that phase changer  205 B does not perform phase change. 
     A third example of interpretation of Table 2 is as follows.
         When [u0 u1]=[01](u0=0, u1=1), [u2 u3]=[00](u2=0, u3=0), in the base station, “phase changers  205 A and  205 B periodically/regularly perform phase change by method 01_1 for each symbol”.       

     Method 01_1: 
     It is assumed that phase changer  205 A does not perform phase change. 
     It is assumed that a coefficient to be used for multiplication by phase changer  205 B performing phase change is y2(i) (i indicates a symbol number and is an integer equal to or greater than 0). At this time, y2(i) is represented as follows. 
     
       
         
           
             
               
                 
                   [ 
                   
                     Formula 
                     ⁢ 
                     
                         
                     
                     ⁢ 
                     63 
                   
                   ] 
                 
               
               
                 
                     
                 
               
             
             
               
                 
                   
                     y 
                     ⁢ 
                     
                         
                     
                     ⁢ 
                     2 
                     ⁢ 
                     
                       ( 
                       i 
                       ) 
                     
                   
                   = 
                   
                     e 
                     
                       j 
                       ⁢ 
                       
                           
                       
                       ⁢ 
                       
                         
                           2 
                           × 
                           π 
                           × 
                           i 
                         
                         3 
                       
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                 
                   Formula 
                   ⁢ 
                   
                       
                   
                   ⁢ 
                   
                     ( 
                     63 
                     ) 
                   
                 
               
             
           
         
       
         
         
           
             When [u0 u1]=[01](u0=0, u1=1), [u2 u3]=[01](u2=0, u3=1), in the base station, “phase changers  205 A and  205 B periodically/regularly perform phase change by method 01_2 for each symbol”. 
           
         
       
    
     Method 01_2: 
     It is assumed that phase changer  205 A does not perform phase change. 
     It is assumed that a coefficient to be used for multiplication by phase changer  205 B performing phase change is y2(i) (i indicates a symbol number and is an integer equal to or greater than 0). At this time, y2(i) is represented as follows. 
     
       
         
           
             
               
                 
                   [ 
                   
                     Formula 
                     ⁢ 
                     
                         
                     
                     ⁢ 
                     64 
                   
                   ] 
                 
               
               
                 
                     
                 
               
             
             
               
                 
                   
                     y 
                     ⁢ 
                     
                         
                     
                     ⁢ 
                     2 
                     ⁢ 
                     
                       ( 
                       i 
                       ) 
                     
                   
                   = 
                   
                     e 
                     
                       j 
                       ⁢ 
                       
                           
                       
                       ⁢ 
                       
                         
                           2 
                           × 
                           π 
                           × 
                           i 
                         
                         5 
                       
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                 
                   Formula 
                   ⁢ 
                   
                       
                   
                   ⁢ 
                   
                     ( 
                     64 
                     ) 
                   
                 
               
             
           
         
       
         
         
           
             When [u0 u1]=[01](u0=0, u1=1), [u2 u3]=[10](u2=1, u3=0), in the base station, “phase changers  205 A and  205 B periodically/regularly perform phase change by method 01_3 for each symbol”. 
           
         
       
    
     Method 01_3: 
     It is assumed that phase changer  205 A does not perform phase change. 
     It is assumed that a coefficient to be used for multiplication by phase changer  205 B performing phase change is y2(i) (i indicates a symbol number and is an integer equal to or greater than 0). At this time, y2(i) is represented as follows. 
     
       
         
           
             
               
                 
                   [ 
                   
                     Formula 
                     ⁢ 
                     
                         
                     
                     ⁢ 
                     65 
                   
                   ] 
                 
               
               
                 
                     
                 
               
             
             
               
                 
                   
                     y 
                     ⁢ 
                     
                         
                     
                     ⁢ 
                     2 
                     ⁢ 
                     
                       ( 
                       i 
                       ) 
                     
                   
                   = 
                   
                     e 
                     
                       j 
                       ⁢ 
                       
                           
                       
                       ⁢ 
                       
                         
                           2 
                           × 
                           π 
                           × 
                           i 
                         
                         7 
                       
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                 
                   Formula 
                   ⁢ 
                   
                       
                   
                   ⁢ 
                   
                     ( 
                     65 
                     ) 
                   
                 
               
             
           
         
       
         
         
           
             When [u0 u1]=[01](u0=0, u1=1), [u2 u3]=[11](u2=1, u3=1), in the base station, “phase changers  205 A and  205 B periodically/regularly perform phase change by method 01_4 for each symbol”. 
           
         
       
    
     Method 01_4: 
     It is assumed that phase changer  205 A does not perform phase change. 
     It is assumed that a coefficient to be used for multiplication by phase changer  205 B performing phase change is y2(i) (i indicates a symbol number and is an integer equal to or greater than 0). At this time, y2(i) is represented as follows. 
     
       
         
           
             
               
                 
                   [ 
                   
                     Formula 
                     ⁢ 
                     
                         
                     
                     ⁢ 
                     66 
                   
                   ] 
                 
               
               
                 
                     
                 
               
             
             
               
                 
                   
                     y 
                     ⁢ 
                     
                         
                     
                     ⁢ 
                     2 
                     ⁢ 
                     
                       ( 
                       i 
                       ) 
                     
                   
                   = 
                   
                     e 
                     
                       j 
                       ⁢ 
                       
                           
                       
                       ⁢ 
                       
                         
                           2 
                           × 
                           π 
                           × 
                           i 
                         
                         9 
                       
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                 
                   Formula 
                   ⁢ 
                   
                       
                   
                   ⁢ 
                   
                     ( 
                     66 
                     ) 
                   
                 
               
             
           
         
       
     
     A fourth example of interpretation of Table 2 is as follows.
         When [u0 u1]=[01](u0=0, u1=1), [u2 u3]=[00](u2=0, u3=0), in the base station, “phase changers  205 A and  205 B periodically/regularly perform phase change by method 01_1 for each symbol”.       

     Method 01_1: 
     It is assumed that a coefficient to be used for multiplication by phase changer  205 A performing phase change is y1(i) (i indicates a symbol number and is an integer equal to or greater than 0). At this time, y1(i) is represented as follows. 
     
       
         
           
             
               
                 
                   [ 
                   
                     Formula 
                     ⁢ 
                     
                         
                     
                     ⁢ 
                     67 
                   
                   ] 
                 
               
               
                 
                     
                 
               
             
             
               
                 
                   
                     y 
                     ⁢ 
                     
                         
                     
                     ⁢ 
                     1 
                     ⁢ 
                     
                       ( 
                       i 
                       ) 
                     
                   
                   = 
                   
                     e 
                     
                       j 
                       ⁢ 
                       
                           
                       
                       ⁢ 
                       
                         
                           2 
                           × 
                           π 
                           × 
                           i 
                         
                         5 
                       
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                 
                   Formula 
                   ⁢ 
                   
                       
                   
                   ⁢ 
                   
                     ( 
                     67 
                     ) 
                   
                 
               
             
           
         
       
     
     It is assumed that a coefficient to be used for multiplication by phase changer  205 B performing phase change is y2(i) (i indicates a symbol number and is an integer equal to or greater than 0). At this time, y2(i) is represented as follows. 
     
       
         
           
             
               
                 
                   [ 
                   
                     Formula 
                     ⁢ 
                     
                         
                     
                     ⁢ 
                     68 
                   
                   ] 
                 
               
               
                 
                     
                 
               
             
             
               
                 
                   
                     y 
                     ⁢ 
                     
                         
                     
                     ⁢ 
                     2 
                     ⁢ 
                     
                       ( 
                       i 
                       ) 
                     
                   
                   = 
                   
                     e 
                     
                       
                         - 
                         j 
                       
                       ⁢ 
                       
                           
                       
                       ⁢ 
                       
                         
                           2 
                           × 
                           π 
                           × 
                           i 
                         
                         3 
                       
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                 
                   Formula 
                   ⁢ 
                   
                       
                   
                   ⁢ 
                   
                     ( 
                     68 
                     ) 
                   
                 
               
             
           
         
       
         
         
           
             When [u0 u1]=[01](u0=0, u1=1), [u2 u3]=[01](u2=0, u3=1), in the base station, “phase changers  205 A and  205 B periodically/regularly perform phase change by method 01_2 for each symbol”. 
           
         
       
    
     Method 01_2: 
     It is assumed that a coefficient to be used for multiplication by phase changer  205 A performing phase change is y1(i) (i indicates a symbol number and is an integer equal to or greater than 0). At this time, y1(i) is represented as follows. 
     
       
         
           
             
               
                 
                   [ 
                   
                     Formula 
                     ⁢ 
                     
                         
                     
                     ⁢ 
                     69 
                   
                   ] 
                 
               
               
                 
                     
                 
               
             
             
               
                 
                   
                     y 
                     ⁢ 
                     
                         
                     
                     ⁢ 
                     1 
                     ⁢ 
                     
                       ( 
                       i 
                       ) 
                     
                   
                   = 
                   
                     e 
                     
                       j 
                       ⁢ 
                       
                           
                       
                       ⁢ 
                       
                         
                           2 
                           × 
                           π 
                           × 
                           i 
                         
                         7 
                       
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                 
                   Formula 
                   ⁢ 
                   
                       
                   
                   ⁢ 
                   
                     ( 
                     69 
                     ) 
                   
                 
               
             
           
         
       
     
     It is assumed that a coefficient to be used for multiplication by phase changer  205 B performing phase change is y2(i) (i indicates a symbol number and is an integer equal to or greater than 0). At this time, y2(i) is represented as follows. 
     
       
         
           
             
               
                 
                   [ 
                   
                     Formula 
                     ⁢ 
                     
                         
                     
                     ⁢ 
                     70 
                   
                   ] 
                 
               
               
                 
                     
                 
               
             
             
               
                 
                   
                     y 
                     ⁢ 
                     
                         
                     
                     ⁢ 
                     2 
                     ⁢ 
                     
                       ( 
                       i 
                       ) 
                     
                   
                   = 
                   
                     e 
                     
                       
                         - 
                         j 
                       
                       ⁢ 
                       
                           
                       
                       ⁢ 
                       
                         
                           2 
                           × 
                           π 
                           × 
                           i 
                         
                         3 
                       
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                 
                   Formula 
                   ⁢ 
                   
                       
                   
                   ⁢ 
                   
                     ( 
                     70 
                     ) 
                   
                 
               
             
           
         
       
         
         
           
             When [u0 u1]=[01](u0=0, u1=1), [u2 u3]=[10](u2=1, u3=0), in the base station, “phase changers  205 A and  205 B periodically/regularly perform phase change by method 01_3 for each symbol”. 
           
         
       
    
     Method 01_3: 
     It is assumed that a coefficient to be used for multiplication by phase changer  205 A performing phase change is y1(i) (i indicates a symbol number and is an integer equal to or greater than 0). At this time, y1(i) is represented as follows. 
     
       
         
           
             
               
                 
                   [ 
                   
                     Formula 
                     ⁢ 
                     
                         
                     
                     ⁢ 
                     71 
                   
                   ] 
                 
               
               
                 
                     
                 
               
             
             
               
                 
                   
                     y 
                     ⁢ 
                     
                         
                     
                     ⁢ 
                     1 
                     ⁢ 
                     
                       ( 
                       i 
                       ) 
                     
                   
                   = 
                   
                     e 
                     
                       j 
                       ⁢ 
                       
                           
                       
                       ⁢ 
                       
                         
                           2 
                           × 
                           π 
                           × 
                           i 
                         
                         7 
                       
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                 
                   Formula 
                   ⁢ 
                   
                       
                   
                   ⁢ 
                   
                     ( 
                     71 
                     ) 
                   
                 
               
             
           
         
       
     
     It is assumed that a coefficient to be used for multiplication by phase changer  205 B performing phase change is y2(i) (i indicates a symbol number and is an integer equal to or greater than 0). At this time, y2(i) is represented as follows. 
     
       
         
           
             
               
                 
                   [ 
                   
                     Formula 
                     ⁢ 
                     
                         
                     
                     ⁢ 
                     72 
                   
                   ] 
                 
               
               
                 
                     
                 
               
             
             
               
                 
                   
                     y 
                     ⁢ 
                     
                         
                     
                     ⁢ 
                     2 
                     ⁢ 
                     
                       ( 
                       i 
                       ) 
                     
                   
                   = 
                   
                     e 
                     
                       
                         - 
                         j 
                       
                       ⁢ 
                       
                           
                       
                       ⁢ 
                       
                         
                           2 
                           × 
                           π 
                           × 
                           i 
                         
                         5 
                       
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                 
                   Formula 
                   ⁢ 
                   
                       
                   
                   ⁢ 
                   
                     ( 
                     72 
                     ) 
                   
                 
               
             
           
         
       
         
         
           
             When [u0 u1]=[01](u0=0, u1=1), [u2 u3]=[11](u2=1, u3=1), in the base station, “phase changers  205 A and  205 B periodically/regularly perform phase change by method 01_4 for each symbol”. 
           
         
       
    
     Method 01_4: 
     It is assumed that a coefficient to be used for multiplication by phase changer  205 A performing phase change is y1(i) (i indicates a symbol number and is an integer equal to or greater than 0). At this time, y1(i) is represented as follows. 
     
       
         
           
             
               
                 
                   [ 
                   
                     Formula 
                     ⁢ 
                     
                         
                     
                     ⁢ 
                     73 
                   
                   ] 
                 
               
               
                 
                     
                 
               
             
             
               
                 
                   
                     y 
                     ⁢ 
                     
                         
                     
                     ⁢ 
                     1 
                     ⁢ 
                     
                       ( 
                       i 
                       ) 
                     
                   
                   = 
                   
                     e 
                     
                       j 
                       ⁢ 
                       
                           
                       
                       ⁢ 
                       
                         
                           2 
                           × 
                           π 
                           × 
                           i 
                         
                         9 
                       
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                 
                   Formula 
                   ⁢ 
                   
                       
                   
                   ⁢ 
                   
                     ( 
                     73 
                     ) 
                   
                 
               
             
           
         
       
     
     It is assumed that a coefficient to be used for multiplication by phase changer  205 B performing phase change is y2(i) (i indicates a symbol number and is an integer equal to or greater than 0). At this time, y2(i) is represented as follows. 
     
       
         
           
             
               
                 
                   [ 
                   
                     Formula 
                     ⁢ 
                     
                         
                     
                     ⁢ 
                     74 
                   
                   ] 
                 
               
               
                 
                     
                 
               
             
             
               
                 
                   
                     y 
                     ⁢ 
                     
                         
                     
                     ⁢ 
                     2 
                     ⁢ 
                     
                       ( 
                       i 
                       ) 
                     
                   
                   = 
                   
                     e 
                     
                       
                         - 
                         j 
                       
                       ⁢ 
                       
                           
                       
                       ⁢ 
                       
                         
                           2 
                           × 
                           π 
                           × 
                           i 
                         
                         5 
                       
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                 
                   Formula 
                   ⁢ 
                   
                       
                   
                   ⁢ 
                   
                     ( 
                     74 
                     ) 
                   
                 
               
             
           
         
       
     
     As described above, the first to fourth examples have been described, but the specific phase change method of phase changers  205 A and  205 B is not limited to these examples. 
     &lt;1&gt; Phase changer  205 A periodically/regularly performs phase change for each symbol. 
     &lt;2&gt; Phase changer  205 B periodically/regularly performs phase change for each symbol. 
     &lt;3&gt; Phase changers  205 A and  205 B periodically/regularly perform phase change for each symbol. 
     If any one or more methods of &lt;1&gt;, &lt;2&gt;, and &lt;3&gt; are specifically set with [u2 u3], the above description can be performed similarly. 
     When [u0 u1] described above to control the operation of phase changers  205 A and  205 B included in the base station is set as [u0 u1]=[10] (u0=1, u1=0), that is, when phase changers  205 A and  205 B perform phase change with the specified phase change value (set), control information for setting the phase change to be specifically performed is assumed to be u4 and u5. Table 3 illustrates a relationship between [u4 u5] and the phase change to be specifically performed by phase changers  205 A and  205 B. Note that u4 and u5 are, for example, transmitted by the base station as part of the control information symbols of the other symbols  403  and  503 . Then, the terminal obtains [u4 u5] included in the control information symbols of the other symbols  403  and  503 , is notified of the operations of phase changers  205 A and  205 B from [u4 u5], and demodulates and decodes the data symbols. The control information for “specific phase change” is 2 bits, but the number of bits may be other than 2 bits. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
             
               
                 TABLE 3 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 u4 u5 
                 Phase change method when [u0 u1] = [10] 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                 00 
                 Method 10_1 
               
               
                 01 
                 Method 10_2 
               
               
                 10 
                 Method 10_3 
               
               
                 11 
                 Method 10_4 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     A first example of interpretation of Table 3 is as follows.
         When [u0 u1]=[10](u0=1, u1=0), [u4 u5]=[00](u4=0, u5=0), in the base station, “phase changers  205 A and  205 B perform phase change with the specified phase change value (set) of the method 10_1”.       

     Method 10_1: 
     It is assumed that a coefficient to be used for multiplication by phase changer  205 A performing phase change is y1(i) (i indicates a symbol number and is an integer equal to or greater than 0). At this time, y1(i) is represented as follows (this is a fixed phase value regardless of the symbol number). 
     
       
         
           
             
               
                 
                   [ 
                   
                     Formula 
                     ⁢ 
                     
                         
                     
                     ⁢ 
                     75 
                   
                   ] 
                 
               
               
                 
                     
                 
               
             
             
               
                 
                   
                     y 
                     ⁢ 
                     
                         
                     
                     ⁢ 
                     1 
                     ⁢ 
                     
                       ( 
                       i 
                       ) 
                     
                   
                   = 
                   
                     e 
                     
                       j 
                       ⁢ 
                       
                           
                       
                       ⁢ 
                       
                         π 
                         4 
                       
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                 
                   Formula 
                   ⁢ 
                   
                       
                   
                   ⁢ 
                   
                     ( 
                     75 
                     ) 
                   
                 
               
             
           
         
       
     
     It is assumed that phase changer  205 B does not perform phase change.
         When [u0 u1]=[10](u0=1, u1=0), [u4 u5]=[01](u4=0, u5=1), in the base station, “phase changers  205 A and  205 B perform phase change with the specified phase change value (set) of the method 10_2”.       

     Method 10_2: 
     It is assumed that phase changer  205 A does not perform phase change. 
     It is assumed that a coefficient to be used for multiplication by phase changer  205 B performing phase change is y2(i) (i indicates a symbol number and is an integer equal to or greater than 0). At this time, y2(i) is represented as follows (this is a fixed phase value regardless of the symbol number). 
     
       
         
           
             
               
                 
                   [ 
                   
                     Formula 
                     ⁢ 
                     
                         
                     
                     ⁢ 
                     76 
                   
                   ] 
                 
               
               
                 
                     
                 
               
             
             
               
                 
                   
                     y 
                     ⁢ 
                     
                         
                     
                     ⁢ 
                     2 
                     ⁢ 
                     
                       ( 
                       i 
                       ) 
                     
                   
                   = 
                   
                     e 
                     
                       j 
                       ⁢ 
                       
                           
                       
                       ⁢ 
                       
                         π 
                         3 
                       
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                 
                   Formula 
                   ⁢ 
                   
                       
                   
                   ⁢ 
                   
                     ( 
                     76 
                     ) 
                   
                 
               
             
           
         
       
         
         
           
             When [u0 u1]=[10](u0=1, u1=0), [u4 u5]=[10](u4=1, u5=0), in the base station, “phase changers  205 A and  205 B perform phase change with the specified phase change value (set) of the method 10_3”. 
           
         
       
    
     Method 10_3: 
     It is assumed that a coefficient to be used for multiplication by phase changer  205 A performing phase change is y1(i) (i indicates a symbol number and is an integer equal to or greater than 0). At this time, y1(i) is represented as follows (this is a fixed phase value regardless of the symbol number). 
     
       
         
           
             
               
                 
                   [ 
                   
                     Formula 
                     ⁢ 
                     
                         
                     
                     ⁢ 
                     77 
                   
                   ] 
                 
               
               
                 
                     
                 
               
             
             
               
                 
                   
                     y 
                     ⁢ 
                     
                         
                     
                     ⁢ 
                     1 
                     ⁢ 
                     
                       ( 
                       i 
                       ) 
                     
                   
                   = 
                   
                     e 
                     
                       j 
                       ⁢ 
                       
                           
                       
                       ⁢ 
                       
                         π 
                         4 
                       
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                 
                   Formula 
                   ⁢ 
                   
                       
                   
                   ⁢ 
                   
                     ( 
                     77 
                     ) 
                   
                 
               
             
           
         
       
     
     It is assumed that a coefficient to be used for multiplication by phase changer  205 B performing phase change is y2(i) (i indicates a symbol number and is an integer equal to or greater than 0). At this time, y2(i) is represented as follows (this is a fixed phase value regardless of the symbol number). 
     
       
         
           
             
               
                 
                   [ 
                   
                     Formula 
                     ⁢ 
                     
                         
                     
                     ⁢ 
                     78 
                   
                   ] 
                 
               
               
                 
                     
                 
               
             
             
               
                 
                   
                     y 
                     ⁢ 
                     
                         
                     
                     ⁢ 
                     2 
                     ⁢ 
                     
                       ( 
                       i 
                       ) 
                     
                   
                   = 
                   
                     e 
                     
                       
                         - 
                         j 
                       
                       ⁢ 
                       
                           
                       
                       ⁢ 
                       
                         π 
                         8 
                       
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                 
                   Formula 
                   ⁢ 
                   
                       
                   
                   ⁢ 
                   
                     ( 
                     78 
                     ) 
                   
                 
               
             
           
         
       
         
         
           
             When [u0 u1]=[10](u0=1, u1=0), [u4 u5]=[11](u4=1, u5=1), in the base station, “phase changers  205 A and  205 B perform phase change with the specified phase change value (set) of the method 10_4”. 
           
         
       
    
     Method 10_4: 
     It is assumed that a coefficient to be used for multiplication by phase changer  205 A performing phase change is y1(i) (i indicates a symbol number and is an integer equal to or greater than 0). At this time, y1(i) is represented as follows (this is a fixed phase value regardless of the symbol number). 
     
       
         
           
             
               
                 
                   [ 
                   
                     Formula 
                     ⁢ 
                     
                         
                     
                     ⁢ 
                     79 
                   
                   ] 
                 
               
               
                 
                     
                 
               
             
             
               
                 
                   
                     y 
                     ⁢ 
                     
                         
                     
                     ⁢ 
                     1 
                     ⁢ 
                     
                       ( 
                       i 
                       ) 
                     
                   
                   = 
                   
                     e 
                     
                       
                         - 
                         j 
                       
                       ⁢ 
                       
                           
                       
                       ⁢ 
                       
                         
                           2 
                           × 
                           π 
                         
                         7 
                       
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                 
                   Formula 
                   ⁢ 
                   
                       
                   
                   ⁢ 
                   
                     ( 
                     79 
                     ) 
                   
                 
               
             
           
         
       
     
     It is assumed that a coefficient to be used for multiplication by phase changer  205 B performing phase change is y2(i) (i indicates a symbol number and is an integer equal to or greater than 0). At this time, y2(i) is represented as follows (this is a fixed phase value regardless of the symbol number). 
     
       
         
           
             
               
                 
                   [ 
                   
                     Formula 
                     ⁢ 
                     
                         
                     
                     ⁢ 
                     80 
                   
                   ] 
                 
               
               
                 
                     
                 
               
             
             
               
                 
                   
                     y 
                     ⁢ 
                     
                         
                     
                     ⁢ 
                     2 
                     ⁢ 
                     
                       ( 
                       i 
                       ) 
                     
                   
                   = 
                   
                     e 
                     
                       j 
                       ⁢ 
                       
                           
                       
                       ⁢ 
                       
                         
                           2 
                           × 
                           π 
                         
                         9 
                       
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                 
                   Formula 
                   ⁢ 
                   
                       
                   
                   ⁢ 
                   
                     ( 
                     80 
                     ) 
                   
                 
               
             
           
         
       
     
     A second example of interpretation of Table 3 is as follows.
         When [u0 u1]=[10](u0=1, u1=0), [u4 u5]=[00](u4=0, u5=0), in the base station, “phase changers  205 A and  205 B perform phase change with the specified phase change value (set) of the method 10_1”.       

     Method 10_1: 
     It is assumed that a coefficient to be used for multiplication by phase changer  205 A performing phase change is y1(i) (i indicates a symbol number and is an integer equal to or greater than 0). At this time, y1(i) is represented as follows (this is a fixed phase value regardless of the symbol number).
 
[Formula 81]
 
 y 1( i )= e   j0   Formula (81)
 
     For formula (81), phase changer  205 A does not perform phase. It is assumed that phase changer  205 B does not perform phase change.
         When [u0 u1]=[10](u0=1, u1=0), [u4 u5]=[01](u4=0, u5=1), in the base station, “phase changers  205 A and  205 B perform phase change with the specified phase change value (set) of the method 10_2”.       

     Method 10_2: 
     It is assumed that a coefficient to be used for multiplication by phase changer  205 A performing phase change is y1(i) (i indicates a symbol number and is an integer equal to or greater than 0). At this time, y1(i) is represented as follows (this is a fixed phase value regardless of the symbol number). 
     
       
         
           
             
               
                 
                   [ 
                   
                     Formula 
                     ⁢ 
                     
                         
                     
                     ⁢ 
                     82 
                   
                   ] 
                 
               
               
                 
                     
                 
               
             
             
               
                 
                   
                     y 
                     ⁢ 
                     
                         
                     
                     ⁢ 
                     1 
                     ⁢ 
                     
                       ( 
                       i 
                       ) 
                     
                   
                   = 
                   
                     e 
                     
                       j 
                       ⁢ 
                       
                           
                       
                       ⁢ 
                       
                         π 
                         8 
                       
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                 
                   Formula 
                   ⁢ 
                   
                       
                   
                   ⁢ 
                   
                     ( 
                     82 
                     ) 
                   
                 
               
             
           
         
       
     
     It is assumed that phase changer  205 B does not perform phase change.
         When [u0 u1]=[10](u0=1, u1=0), [u4 u5]=[10](u4=1, u5=0), in the base station, “phase changers  205 A and  205 B perform phase change with the specified phase change value (set) of the method 10_3”.       

     Method 10_3: 
     It is assumed that a coefficient to be used for multiplication by phase changer  205 A performing phase change is y1(i) (i indicates a symbol number and is an integer equal to or greater than 0). At this time, y1(i) is represented as follows (this is a fixed phase value regardless of the symbol number). 
     
       
         
           
             
               
                 
                   [ 
                   
                     Formula 
                     ⁢ 
                     
                         
                     
                     ⁢ 
                     83 
                   
                   ] 
                 
               
               
                 
                     
                 
               
             
             
               
                 
                   
                     y 
                     ⁢ 
                     
                         
                     
                     ⁢ 
                     1 
                     ⁢ 
                     
                       ( 
                       i 
                       ) 
                     
                   
                   = 
                   
                     e 
                     
                       j 
                       ⁢ 
                       
                           
                       
                       ⁢ 
                       
                         π 
                         4 
                       
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                 
                   Formula 
                   ⁢ 
                   
                       
                   
                   ⁢ 
                   
                     ( 
                     83 
                     ) 
                   
                 
               
             
           
         
       
     
     It is assumed that phase changer  205 B does not perform phase change.
         When [u0 u1]=[10](u0=1, u1=0), [u4 u5]=[11](u4=1, u5=1), in the base station, “phase changers  205 A and  205 B perform phase change with the specified phase change value (set) of the method 10_4”.       

     Method 10_4: 
     It is assumed that a coefficient to be used for multiplication by phase changer  205 A performing phase change is y1(i) (i indicates a symbol number and is an integer equal to or greater than 0). At this time, y1(i) is represented as follows (this is a fixed phase value regardless of the symbol number). 
     
       
         
           
             
               
                 
                   [ 
                   
                     Formula 
                     ⁢ 
                     
                         
                     
                     ⁢ 
                     84 
                   
                   ] 
                 
               
               
                 
                     
                 
               
             
             
               
                 
                   
                     y 
                     ⁢ 
                     
                         
                     
                     ⁢ 
                     1 
                     ⁢ 
                     
                       ( 
                       i 
                       ) 
                     
                   
                   = 
                   
                     e 
                     
                       j 
                       ⁢ 
                       
                           
                       
                       ⁢ 
                       
                         
                           3 
                           × 
                           π 
                         
                         8 
                       
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                 
                   Formula 
                   ⁢ 
                   
                       
                   
                   ⁢ 
                   
                     ( 
                     84 
                     ) 
                   
                 
               
             
           
         
       
     
     It is assumed that phase changer  205 B does not perform phase change. 
     A third example of interpretation of Table 3 is as follows.
         When [u0 u1]=[10](u0=1, u1=0), [u4 u5]=[00](u4=0, u5=0), in the base station, “phase changers  205 A and  205 B perform phase change with the specified phase change value (set) of the method 10_1”.       

     Method 10_1: 
     It is assumed that a coefficient to be used for multiplication by phase changer  205 B performing phase change is y2(i) (i indicates a symbol number and is an integer equal to or greater than 0). At this time, y2(i) is represented as follows (this is a fixed phase value regardless of the symbol number).
 
[Formula 85]
 
 y 2( i )= e   j0   Formula (85)
 
     For formula (85), phase changer  205 B does not perform phase. It is assumed that phase changer  205 A does not perform phase change.
         When [u0 u1]=[10](u0=1, u1=0), [u4 u5]=[01](u4=0, u5=1), in the base station, “phase changers  205 A and  205 B perform phase change with the specified phase change value (set) of the method 10_2”.       

     Method 10_2: 
     It is assumed that a coefficient to be used for multiplication by phase changer  205 B performing phase change is y2(i) (i indicates a symbol number and is an integer equal to or greater than 0). At this time, y2(i) is represented as follows (this is a fixed phase value regardless of the symbol number). 
     
       
         
           
             
               
                 
                   [ 
                   
                     Formula 
                     ⁢ 
                     
                         
                     
                     ⁢ 
                     86 
                   
                   ] 
                 
               
               
                 
                     
                 
               
             
             
               
                 
                   
                     y 
                     ⁢ 
                     
                         
                     
                     ⁢ 
                     2 
                     ⁢ 
                     
                       ( 
                       i 
                       ) 
                     
                   
                   = 
                   
                     e 
                     
                       j 
                       ⁢ 
                       
                           
                       
                       ⁢ 
                       
                         π 
                         8 
                       
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                 
                   Formula 
                   ⁢ 
                   
                       
                   
                   ⁢ 
                   
                     ( 
                     86 
                     ) 
                   
                 
               
             
           
         
       
     
     It is assumed that phase changer  205 A does not perform phase change.
         When [u0 u1]=[10](u0=1, u1=0), [u4 u5]=[10](u4=1, u5=0), in the base station, “phase changers  205 A and  205 B perform phase change with the specified phase change value (set) of the method 10_3”.       

     Method 10_3: 
     It is assumed that a coefficient to be used for multiplication by phase changer  205 B performing phase change is y2(i) (i indicates a symbol number and is an integer equal to or greater than 0). At this time, y2(i) is represented as follows (this is a fixed phase value regardless of the symbol number). 
     
       
         
           
             
               
                 
                   [ 
                   
                     Formula 
                     ⁢ 
                     
                         
                     
                     ⁢ 
                     87 
                   
                   ] 
                 
               
               
                 
                     
                 
               
             
             
               
                 
                   
                     y 
                     ⁢ 
                     
                         
                     
                     ⁢ 
                     2 
                     ⁢ 
                     
                       ( 
                       i 
                       ) 
                     
                   
                   = 
                   
                     e 
                     
                       j 
                       ⁢ 
                       
                           
                       
                       ⁢ 
                       
                         π 
                         4 
                       
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                 
                   Formula 
                   ⁢ 
                   
                       
                   
                   ⁢ 
                   
                     ( 
                     87 
                     ) 
                   
                 
               
             
           
         
       
     
     It is assumed that phase changer  205 A does not perform phase change.
         When [u0 u1]=[10](u0=1, u1=0), [u4 u5]=[11](u4=1, u5=1), in the base station, “phase changers  205 A and  205 B perform phase change with the specified phase change value (set) of the method 10_4”.       

     Method 10_4: 
     It is assumed that a coefficient to be used for multiplication by phase changer  205 B performing phase change is y2(i) (i indicates a symbol number and is an integer equal to or greater than 0). At this time, y2(i) is represented as follows (this is a fixed phase value regardless of the symbol number). 
     
       
         
           
             
               
                 
                   [ 
                   
                     Formula 
                     ⁢ 
                     
                         
                     
                     ⁢ 
                     88 
                   
                   ] 
                 
               
               
                 
                     
                 
               
             
             
               
                 
                   
                     y 
                     ⁢ 
                     
                         
                     
                     ⁢ 
                     2 
                     ⁢ 
                     
                       ( 
                       i 
                       ) 
                     
                   
                   = 
                   
                     e 
                     
                       j 
                       ⁢ 
                       
                           
                       
                       ⁢ 
                       
                         
                           3 
                           × 
                           π 
                         
                         8 
                       
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                 
                   Formula 
                   ⁢ 
                   
                       
                   
                   ⁢ 
                   
                     ( 
                     88 
                     ) 
                   
                 
               
             
           
         
       
     
     It is assumed that phase changer  205 A does not perform phase change. 
     A fourth example of interpretation of Table 3 is as follows.
         When [u0 u1]=[10](u0=1, u1=0), [u4 u5]=[00](u4=0, u5=0), in the base station, “phase changers  205 A and  205 B perform phase change with the specified phase change value (set) of the method 10_1”.       

     Method 10_1: 
     It is assumed that a coefficient to be used for multiplication by phase changer  205 A performing phase change is y1(i) (i indicates a symbol number and is an integer equal to or greater than 0). At this time, y1(i) is represented as follows (this is a fixed phase value regardless of the symbol number). 
     
       
         
           
             
               
                 
                   [ 
                   
                     Formula 
                     ⁢ 
                     
                         
                     
                     ⁢ 
                     89 
                   
                   ] 
                 
               
               
                 
                     
                 
               
             
             
               
                 
                   
                     y 
                     ⁢ 
                     
                         
                     
                     ⁢ 
                     1 
                     ⁢ 
                     
                       ( 
                       i 
                       ) 
                     
                   
                   = 
                   
                     e 
                     
                       j 
                       ⁢ 
                       
                           
                       
                       ⁢ 
                       
                         π 
                         8 
                       
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                 
                   Formula 
                   ⁢ 
                   
                       
                   
                   ⁢ 
                   
                     ( 
                     89 
                     ) 
                   
                 
               
             
           
         
       
     
     It is assumed that a coefficient to be used for multiplication by phase changer  205 B performing phase change is y2(i) (i indicates a symbol number and is an integer equal to or greater than 0). At this time, y2(i) is represented as follows (this is a fixed phase value regardless of the symbol number).
 
[Formula 90]
 
 y 2( i )= e   j0   Formula (90)
 
     For formula (90), phase changer  205 B does not perform phase.
         When [u0 u1]=[10](u0=1, u1=0), [u4 u5]=[01](u4=0, u5=1), in the base station, “phase changers  205 A and  205 B perform phase change with the specified phase change value (set) of the method 10_2”.       

     Method 10_2: 
     It is assumed that a coefficient to be used for multiplication by phase changer  205 A performing phase change is y1(i) (i indicates a symbol number and is an integer equal to or greater than 0). At this time, y1(i) is represented as follows (this is a fixed phase value regardless of the symbol number). 
     
       
         
           
             
               
                 
                   [ 
                   
                     Formula 
                     ⁢ 
                     
                         
                     
                     ⁢ 
                     91 
                   
                   ] 
                 
               
               
                 
                     
                 
               
             
             
               
                 
                   
                     y 
                     ⁢ 
                     
                         
                     
                     ⁢ 
                     1 
                     ⁢ 
                     
                       ( 
                       i 
                       ) 
                     
                   
                   = 
                   
                     e 
                     
                       j 
                       ⁢ 
                       
                           
                       
                       ⁢ 
                       
                         π 
                         8 
                       
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                 
                   Formula 
                   ⁢ 
                   
                       
                   
                   ⁢ 
                   
                     ( 
                     91 
                     ) 
                   
                 
               
             
           
         
       
     
     It is assumed that a coefficient to be used for multiplication by phase changer  205 B performing phase change is y2(i) (i indicates a symbol number and is an integer equal to or greater than 0). At this time, y2(i) is represented as follows (this is a fixed phase value regardless of the symbol number). 
     
       
         
           
             
               
                 
                   [ 
                   
                     Formula 
                     ⁢ 
                     
                         
                     
                     ⁢ 
                     92 
                   
                   ] 
                 
               
               
                 
                     
                 
               
             
             
               
                 
                   
                     y 
                     ⁢ 
                     
                         
                     
                     ⁢ 
                     2 
                     ⁢ 
                     
                       ( 
                       i 
                       ) 
                     
                   
                   = 
                   
                     e 
                     
                       
                         - 
                         j 
                       
                       ⁢ 
                       
                           
                       
                       ⁢ 
                       
                         π 
                         8 
                       
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                 
                   Formula 
                   ⁢ 
                   
                       
                   
                   ⁢ 
                   
                     ( 
                     92 
                     ) 
                   
                 
               
             
           
         
       
         
         
           
             When [u0 u1]=[10](u0=1, u1=0), [u4 u5]=[10](u4=1, u5=0), in the base station, “phase changers  205 A and  205 B perform phase change with the specified phase change value (set) of the method 10_3”. 
           
         
       
    
     Method 10_3: 
     It is assumed that a coefficient to be used for multiplication by phase changer  205 A performing phase change is y1(i) (i indicates a symbol number and is an integer equal to or greater than 0). At this time, y1(i) is represented as follows (this is a fixed phase value regardless of the symbol number). 
     
       
         
           
             
               
                 
                   [ 
                   
                     Formula 
                     ⁢ 
                     
                         
                     
                     ⁢ 
                     93 
                   
                   ] 
                 
               
               
                 
                     
                 
               
             
             
               
                 
                   
                     y 
                     ⁢ 
                     
                         
                     
                     ⁢ 
                     1 
                     ⁢ 
                     
                       ( 
                       i 
                       ) 
                     
                   
                   = 
                   
                     e 
                     
                       j 
                       ⁢ 
                       
                           
                       
                       ⁢ 
                       
                         π 
                         4 
                       
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                 
                   Formula 
                   ⁢ 
                   
                       
                   
                   ⁢ 
                   
                     ( 
                     93 
                     ) 
                   
                 
               
             
           
         
       
     
     It is assumed that a coefficient to be used for multiplication by phase changer  205 B performing phase change is y2(i) (i indicates a symbol number and is an integer equal to or greater than 0). At this time, y2(i) is represented as follows (this is a fixed phase value regardless of the symbol number). 
     
       
         
           
             
               
                 
                   [ 
                   
                     Formula 
                     ⁢ 
                     
                         
                     
                     ⁢ 
                     94 
                   
                   ] 
                 
               
               
                 
                     
                 
               
             
             
               
                 
                   
                     y 
                     ⁢ 
                     
                         
                     
                     ⁢ 
                     2 
                     ⁢ 
                     
                       ( 
                       i 
                       ) 
                     
                   
                   = 
                   
                     e 
                     
                       
                         - 
                         j 
                       
                       ⁢ 
                       
                           
                       
                       ⁢ 
                       
                         π 
                         8 
                       
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                 
                   Formula 
                   ⁢ 
                   
                       
                   
                   ⁢ 
                   
                     ( 
                     94 
                     ) 
                   
                 
               
             
           
         
       
         
         
           
             When [u0 u1]=[10](u0=1, u1=0), [u4 u5]=[11](u4=1, u5=1), in the base station, “phase changers  205 A and  205 B perform phase change with the specified phase change value (set) of the method 10_4”. 
           
         
       
    
     Method 10_4: 
     It is assumed that a coefficient to be used for multiplication by phase changer  205 A performing phase change is y1(i) (i indicates a symbol number and is an integer equal to or greater than 0). At this time, y1(i) is represented as follows (this is a fixed phase value regardless of the symbol number).
 
[Formula 95]
 
 y 1( i )= e   j0   Formula (95)
 
     For formula (95), phase changer  205 A does not perform phase. It is assumed that a coefficient to be used for multiplication by phase changer  205 B performing phase change is y2(i) (i indicates a symbol number and is an integer equal to or greater than 0). At this time, y2(i) is represented as follows (this is a fixed phase value regardless of the symbol number). 
     
       
         
           
             
               
                 
                   [ 
                   
                     Formula 
                     ⁢ 
                     
                         
                     
                     ⁢ 
                     96 
                   
                   ] 
                 
               
               
                 
                     
                 
               
             
             
               
                 
                   
                     y 
                     ⁢ 
                     
                         
                     
                     ⁢ 
                     2 
                     ⁢ 
                     
                       ( 
                       i 
                       ) 
                     
                   
                   = 
                   
                     e 
                     
                       
                         - 
                         j 
                       
                       ⁢ 
                       
                           
                       
                       ⁢ 
                       
                         π 
                         4 
                       
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                 
                   Formula 
                   ⁢ 
                   
                       
                   
                   ⁢ 
                   
                     ( 
                     96 
                     ) 
                   
                 
               
             
           
         
       
     
     As described above, the first to fourth examples have been described, but the specific phase change method of phase changers  205 A and  205 B is not limited to these examples. 
     &lt;4&gt; Phase changer  205 A performs phase change with a specified phase change value (set). 
     &lt;5&gt; Phase changer  205 B performs phase change with a specified phase change value (set). 
     &lt;6&gt; Phase changers  205 A and  205 B perform phase change with a specified phase change value (set). 
     If any one or more methods of &lt;4&gt;, &lt;5&gt;, and &lt;6&gt; are specifically set with [u4 u5], the above description can be performed similarly. 
     Also, it is possible to combine a method for periodically/regularly performing phase change for each symbol and a method for performing phase change with a specified phase change value, by phase changers  205 A and  205 B included in the base station. A mode of combining the method for periodically/regularly performing phase change for each symbol and the method for performing phase change with a specified phase change value by phase changers  205 A and  205 B is assigned to “Reserve” in Table 1, that is, [u0 u1]=[11] (u0=1, u1=1). 
     When [u0 u1] to control the operation of phase changers  205 A and  205 B included in the base station is set as [u0 u1]=[11] (u0=1, u1=1), that is, when the method by which phase changers  205 A and  205 B periodically/regularly perform phase change for each symbol and the method by which phase changers  205 A and  205 B perform phase change with a specified phase change value are mixed, control information for setting the phase change to be specifically performed is assumed to be u6 and u7. Table 4 illustrates a relationship between [u6 u7] and the phase change to be specifically performed by phase changers  205 A and  205 B. Note that u6 and u7 are transmitted by the base station, for example, as part of the control information symbols of the other symbols  403  and  503 . Then, the terminal obtains [u6 u7] included in the control information symbols of the other symbols  403  and  503 , is notified of the operations of phase changers  205 A and  205 B from [u6 u7], and demodulates and decodes the data symbols. The control information for “specific phase change” is 2 bits, but the number of bits may be other than 2 bits. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
             
               
                 TABLE 4 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 u6 u7 
                 Phase change method when [u0 u1] = [10] 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                 00 
                 Method 11_1 
               
               
                 01 
                 Method 11_2 
               
               
                 10 
                 Method 11_3 
               
               
                 11 
                 Method 11_4 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     A first example of interpretation of Table 4 is as follows.
         When [u0 u1]=[11](u0=1, u1=1), [u6 u7]=[00](u6=0, u7=0), in the base station, “phase changers  205 A and  205 B perform phase change combining the method for periodically/regularly performing phase change for each symbol and the method for performing phase change with a specified phase change value of method 11_1”.       

     Method 11_1: 
     It is assumed that a coefficient to be used for multiplication by phase changer  205 A performing phase change is y1(i) (i indicates a symbol number and is an integer equal to or greater than 0). At this time, y1(i) is represented as follows. 
     
       
         
           
             
               
                 
                   [ 
                   
                     Formula 
                     ⁢ 
                     
                         
                     
                     ⁢ 
                     97 
                   
                   ] 
                 
               
               
                 
                     
                 
               
             
             
               
                 
                   
                     y 
                     ⁢ 
                     
                         
                     
                     ⁢ 
                     1 
                     ⁢ 
                     
                       ( 
                       i 
                       ) 
                     
                   
                   = 
                   
                     e 
                     
                       j 
                       ⁢ 
                       
                           
                       
                       ⁢ 
                       
                         
                           2 
                           × 
                           π 
                           × 
                           t 
                         
                         9 
                       
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                 
                   Formula 
                   ⁢ 
                   
                       
                   
                   ⁢ 
                   
                     ( 
                     97 
                     ) 
                   
                 
               
             
           
         
       
     
     It is assumed that a coefficient to be used for multiplication by phase changer  205 B performing phase change is y2(i) (i indicates a symbol number and is an integer equal to or greater than 0). At this time, y2(i) is represented as follows.
 
[Formula 98]
 
 y 2( i )= e   j0   Formula (98)
         When [u0 u1]=[11](u0=1, u1=1), [u6 u7]=[01](u6=0, u7=1), in the base station, “phase changers  205 A and  205 B perform phase change combining the method for periodically/regularly performing phase change for each symbol and the method for performing phase change with a specified phase change value of method 11_2”.       

     Method 11_2: 
     It is assumed that a coefficient to be used for multiplication by phase changer  205 A performing phase change is y1(i) (i indicates a symbol number and is an integer equal to or greater than 0). At this time, y1(i) is represented as follows. 
     
       
         
           
             
               
                 
                   [ 
                   
                     Formula 
                     ⁢ 
                     
                         
                     
                     ⁢ 
                     99 
                   
                   ] 
                 
               
               
                 
                     
                 
               
             
             
               
                 
                   
                     y 
                     ⁢ 
                     
                         
                     
                     ⁢ 
                     1 
                     ⁢ 
                     
                       ( 
                       i 
                       ) 
                     
                   
                   = 
                   
                     e 
                     
                       j 
                       ⁢ 
                       
                         
                           2 
                           × 
                           π 
                           × 
                           i 
                         
                         9 
                       
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                 
                   Formula 
                   ⁢ 
                   
                       
                   
                   ⁢ 
                   
                     ( 
                     99 
                     ) 
                   
                 
               
             
           
         
       
     
     It is assumed that a coefficient to be used for multiplication by phase changer  205 B performing phase change is y2(i) (i indicates a symbol number and is an integer equal to or greater than 0). At this time, y2(i) is represented as follows. 
     
       
         
           
             
               
                 
                   [ 
                   
                     Formula 
                     ⁢ 
                     
                         
                     
                     ⁢ 
                     100 
                   
                   ] 
                 
               
               
                 
                     
                 
               
             
             
               
                 
                   
                     y 
                     ⁢ 
                     
                         
                     
                     ⁢ 
                     2 
                     ⁢ 
                     
                       ( 
                       i 
                       ) 
                     
                   
                   = 
                   
                     e 
                     
                       j 
                       ⁢ 
                       
                         π 
                         4 
                       
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                 
                   Formula 
                   ⁢ 
                   
                       
                   
                   ⁢ 
                   
                     ( 
                     100 
                     ) 
                   
                 
               
             
           
         
       
         
         
           
             When [u0 u1]=[11](u0=1, u1=1), [u6 u7]=[10](u6=1, u7=0), in the base station, “phase changers  205 A and  205 B perform phase change combining the method for periodically/regularly performing phase change for each symbol and the method for performing phase change with a specified phase change value of method 11_3”. 
           
         
       
    
     Method 11_3: 
     It is assumed that a coefficient to be used for multiplication by phase changer  205 A performing phase change is y1(i) (i indicates a symbol number and is an integer equal to or greater than 0). At this time, y1(i) is represented as follows.
 
[Formula 101]
 
 y 1( i )= e   j0   Formula (101)
 
     It is assumed that a coefficient to be used for multiplication by phase changer  205 B performing phase change is y2(i) (i indicates a symbol number and is an integer equal to or greater than 0). At this time, y2(i) is represented as follows. 
     
       
         
           
             
               
                 
                   [ 
                   
                     Formula 
                     ⁢ 
                     
                         
                     
                     ⁢ 
                     102 
                   
                   ] 
                 
               
               
                 
                     
                 
               
             
             
               
                 
                   
                     y 
                     ⁢ 
                     
                         
                     
                     ⁢ 
                     2 
                     ⁢ 
                     
                       ( 
                       i 
                       ) 
                     
                   
                   = 
                   
                     e 
                     
                       j 
                       ⁢ 
                       
                         
                           2 
                           × 
                           π 
                           × 
                           i 
                         
                         9 
                       
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                 
                   Formula 
                   ⁢ 
                   
                       
                   
                   ⁢ 
                   
                     ( 
                     102 
                     ) 
                   
                 
               
             
           
         
       
         
         
           
             When [u0 u1]=[11](u0=1, u1=1), [u6 u7]=[11](u6=1, u7=1), in the base station, “phase changers  205 A and  205 B perform phase change combining the method for periodically/regularly performing phase change for each symbol and the method for performing phase change with a specified phase change value of method 11_4”. 
           
         
       
    
     Method 11_4: 
     It is assumed that a coefficient to be used for multiplication by phase changer  205 A performing phase change is y1(i) (i indicates a symbol number and is an integer equal to or greater than 0). At this time, y1(i) is represented as follows. 
     
       
         
           
             
               
                 
                   [ 
                   
                     Formula 
                     ⁢ 
                     
                         
                     
                     ⁢ 
                     103 
                   
                   ] 
                 
               
               
                 
                     
                 
               
             
             
               
                 
                   
                     y 
                     ⁢ 
                     
                         
                     
                     ⁢ 
                     1 
                     ⁢ 
                     
                       ( 
                       i 
                       ) 
                     
                   
                   = 
                   
                     e 
                     
                       j 
                       ⁢ 
                       
                         π 
                         4 
                       
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                 
                   Formula 
                   ⁢ 
                   
                       
                   
                   ⁢ 
                   
                     ( 
                     103 
                     ) 
                   
                 
               
             
           
         
       
     
     It is assumed that a coefficient to be used for multiplication by phase changer  205 B performing phase change is y2(i) (i indicates a symbol number and is an integer equal to or greater than 0). At this time, y2(i) is represented as follows. 
     
       
         
           
             
               
                 
                   [ 
                   
                     Formula 
                     ⁢ 
                     
                         
                     
                     ⁢ 
                     104 
                   
                   ] 
                 
               
               
                 
                     
                 
               
             
             
               
                 
                   
                     y 
                     ⁢ 
                     
                         
                     
                     ⁢ 
                     2 
                     ⁢ 
                     
                       ( 
                       i 
                       ) 
                     
                   
                   = 
                   
                     e 
                     
                       j 
                       ⁢ 
                       
                         
                           2 
                           × 
                           π 
                           × 
                           i 
                         
                         9 
                       
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                 
                   Formula 
                   ⁢ 
                   
                       
                   
                   ⁢ 
                   
                     ( 
                     104 
                     ) 
                   
                 
               
             
           
         
       
     
     A second example of interpretation of Table 4 is as follows.
         When [u0 u1]=[11](u0=1, u1=1), [u6 u7]=[00](u6=0, u7=0), in the base station, “phase changers  205 A and  205 B perform phase change combining the method for periodically/regularly performing phase change for each symbol and the method for performing phase change with a specified phase change value of method 11_1”.       

     Method 11_1: 
     It is assumed that a coefficient to be used for multiplication by phase changer  205 A performing phase change is y1(i) (i indicates a symbol number and is an integer equal to or greater than 0). At this time, y1(i) is represented as follows. 
     
       
         
           
             
               
                 
                   [ 
                   
                     Formula 
                     ⁢ 
                     
                         
                     
                     ⁢ 
                     105 
                   
                   ] 
                 
               
               
                 
                     
                 
               
             
             
               
                 
                   
                     y 
                     ⁢ 
                     
                         
                     
                     ⁢ 
                     1 
                     ⁢ 
                     
                       ( 
                       i 
                       ) 
                     
                   
                   = 
                   
                     e 
                     
                       j 
                       ⁢ 
                       
                         
                           2 
                           × 
                           π 
                           × 
                           i 
                         
                         9 
                       
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                 
                   Formula 
                   ⁢ 
                   
                       
                   
                   ⁢ 
                   
                     ( 
                     105 
                     ) 
                   
                 
               
             
           
         
       
     
     It is assumed that a coefficient to be used for multiplication by phase changer  205 B performing phase change is y2(i) (i indicates a symbol number and is an integer equal to or greater than 0). At this time, y2(i) is represented as follows.
 
[Formula 106]
 
 y 2( i )= e   j0   Formula (106)
         When [u0 u1]=[11](u0=1, u1=1), [u6 u7]=[01](u6=0, u7=1), in the base station, “phase changers  205 A and  205 B perform phase change combining the method for periodically/regularly performing phase change for each symbol and the method for performing phase change with a specified phase change value of method 11_2”.       

     Method 11_2: 
     It is assumed that a coefficient to be used for multiplication by phase changer  205 A performing phase change is y1(i) (i indicates a symbol number and is an integer equal to or greater than 0). At this time, y1(i) is represented as follows. 
     
       
         
           
             
               
                 
                   [ 
                   
                     Formula 
                     ⁢ 
                     
                         
                     
                     ⁢ 
                     107 
                   
                   ] 
                 
               
               
                 
                     
                 
               
             
             
               
                 
                   
                     y 
                     ⁢ 
                     
                         
                     
                     ⁢ 
                     1 
                     ⁢ 
                     
                       ( 
                       i 
                       ) 
                     
                   
                   = 
                   
                     e 
                     
                       j 
                       ⁢ 
                       
                         
                           2 
                           × 
                           π 
                           × 
                           i 
                         
                         9 
                       
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                 
                   Formula 
                   ⁢ 
                   
                       
                   
                   ⁢ 
                   
                     ( 
                     107 
                     ) 
                   
                 
               
             
           
         
       
     
     It is assumed that a coefficient to be used for multiplication by phase changer  205 B performing phase change is y2(i) (i indicates a symbol number and is an integer equal to or greater than 0). At this time, y2(i) is represented as follows. 
     
       
         
           
             
               
                 
                   [ 
                   
                     Formula 
                     ⁢ 
                     
                         
                     
                     ⁢ 
                     108 
                   
                   ] 
                 
               
               
                 
                     
                 
               
             
             
               
                 
                   
                     y 
                     ⁢ 
                     
                         
                     
                     ⁢ 
                     2 
                     ⁢ 
                     
                       ( 
                       i 
                       ) 
                     
                   
                   = 
                   
                     e 
                     
                       j 
                       ⁢ 
                       
                         π 
                         8 
                       
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                 
                   Formula 
                   ⁢ 
                   
                       
                   
                   ⁢ 
                   
                     ( 
                     108 
                     ) 
                   
                 
               
             
           
         
       
         
         
           
             When [u0 u1]=[11](u0=1, u1=1), [u6 u7]=[10](u6=1, u7=0), in the base station, “phase changers  205 A and  205 B perform phase change combining the method for periodically/regularly performing phase change for each symbol and the method for performing phase change with a specified phase change value of method 11_3”. 
           
         
       
    
     Method 11_3: 
     It is assumed that a coefficient to be used for multiplication by phase changer  205 A performing phase change is y1(i) (i indicates a symbol number and is an integer equal to or greater than 0). At this time, y1(i) is represented as follows. 
     
       
         
           
             
               
                 
                   [ 
                   
                     Formula 
                     ⁢ 
                     
                         
                     
                     ⁢ 
                     109 
                   
                   ] 
                 
               
               
                 
                     
                 
               
             
             
               
                 
                   
                     y 
                     ⁢ 
                     
                         
                     
                     ⁢ 
                     1 
                     ⁢ 
                     
                       ( 
                       i 
                       ) 
                     
                   
                   = 
                   
                     e 
                     
                       j 
                       ⁢ 
                       
                         
                           2 
                           × 
                           π 
                           × 
                           i 
                         
                         9 
                       
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                 
                   Formula 
                   ⁢ 
                   
                       
                   
                   ⁢ 
                   
                     ( 
                     109 
                     ) 
                   
                 
               
             
           
         
       
     
     It is assumed that a coefficient to be used for multiplication by phase changer  205 B performing phase change is y2(i) (i indicates a symbol number and is an integer equal to or greater than 0). At this time, y2(i) is represented as follows. 
     
       
         
           
             
               
                 
                   [ 
                   
                     Formula 
                     ⁢ 
                     
                         
                     
                     ⁢ 
                     110 
                   
                   ] 
                 
               
               
                 
                     
                 
               
             
             
               
                 
                   
                     y 
                     ⁢ 
                     
                         
                     
                     ⁢ 
                     2 
                     ⁢ 
                     
                       ( 
                       i 
                       ) 
                     
                   
                   = 
                   
                     e 
                     
                       j 
                       ⁢ 
                       
                         π 
                         4 
                       
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                 
                   Formula 
                   ⁢ 
                   
                       
                   
                   ⁢ 
                   
                     ( 
                     110 
                     ) 
                   
                 
               
             
           
         
       
         
         
           
             When [u0 u1]=[11](u0=1, u1=1), [u6 u7]=[11](u6=1, u7=1), in the base station, “phase changers  205 A and  205 B perform phase change combining the method for periodically/regularly performing phase change for each symbol and the method for performing phase change with a specified phase change value of method 11_4”. 
           
         
       
    
     Method 11_4: 
     It is assumed that a coefficient to be used for multiplication by phase changer  205 A performing phase change is y1(i) (i indicates a symbol number and is an integer equal to or greater than 0). At this time, y1(i) is represented as follows. 
     
       
         
           
             
               
                 
                   [ 
                   
                     Formula 
                     ⁢ 
                     
                         
                     
                     ⁢ 
                     111 
                   
                   ] 
                 
               
               
                 
                     
                 
               
             
             
               
                 
                   
                     y 
                     ⁢ 
                     
                         
                     
                     ⁢ 
                     1 
                     ⁢ 
                     
                       ( 
                       i 
                       ) 
                     
                   
                   = 
                   
                     e 
                     
                       j 
                       ⁢ 
                       
                         
                           2 
                           × 
                           π 
                           × 
                           i 
                         
                         9 
                       
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                 
                   Formula 
                   ⁢ 
                   
                       
                   
                   ⁢ 
                   
                     ( 
                     111 
                     ) 
                   
                 
               
             
           
         
       
     
     It is assumed that a coefficient to be used for multiplication by phase changer  205 B performing phase change is y2(i) (i indicates a symbol number and is an integer equal to or greater than 0). At this time, y2(i) is represented as follows. 
     
       
         
           
             
               
                 
                   [ 
                   
                     Formula 
                     ⁢ 
                     
                         
                     
                     ⁢ 
                     112 
                   
                   ] 
                 
               
               
                 
                     
                 
               
             
             
               
                 
                   
                     y 
                     ⁢ 
                     
                         
                     
                     ⁢ 
                     2 
                     ⁢ 
                     
                       ( 
                       i 
                       ) 
                     
                   
                   = 
                   
                     e 
                     
                       j 
                       ⁢ 
                       
                         
                           3 
                           × 
                           π 
                         
                         8 
                       
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                 
                   Formula 
                   ⁢ 
                   
                       
                   
                   ⁢ 
                   
                     ( 
                     112 
                     ) 
                   
                 
               
             
           
         
       
     
     A third example of interpretation of Table 4 is as follows.
         When [u0 u1]=[11](u0=1, u1=1), [u6 u7]=[00](u6=0, u7=0), in the base station, “phase changers  205 A and  205 B perform phase change combining the method for periodically/regularly performing phase change for each symbol and the method for performing phase change with a specified phase change value of method 11_1”.       

     Method 11_1: 
     It is assumed that a coefficient to be used for multiplication by phase changer  205 A performing phase change is y1(i) (i indicates a symbol number and is an integer equal to or greater than 0). At this time, y1(i) is represented as follows. 
     
       
         
           
             
               
                 
                   [ 
                   
                     Formula 
                     ⁢ 
                     
                         
                     
                     ⁢ 
                     113 
                   
                   ] 
                 
               
               
                 
                     
                 
               
             
             
               
                 
                   
                     y 
                     ⁢ 
                     
                         
                     
                     ⁢ 
                     1 
                     ⁢ 
                     
                       ( 
                       i 
                       ) 
                     
                   
                   = 
                   
                     e 
                     
                       j 
                       ⁢ 
                       
                         
                           2 
                           × 
                           π 
                           × 
                           i 
                         
                         3 
                       
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                 
                   Formula 
                   ⁢ 
                   
                       
                   
                   ⁢ 
                   
                     ( 
                     113 
                     ) 
                   
                 
               
             
           
         
       
     
     It is assumed that a coefficient to be used for multiplication by phase changer  205 B performing phase change is y2(i) (i indicates a symbol number and is an integer equal to or greater than 0). At this time, y2(i) is represented as follows. 
     
       
         
           
             
               
                 
                   [ 
                   
                     Formula 
                     ⁢ 
                     
                         
                     
                     ⁢ 
                     114 
                   
                   ] 
                 
               
               
                 
                     
                 
               
             
             
               
                 
                   
                     y 
                     ⁢ 
                     
                         
                     
                     ⁢ 
                     2 
                     ⁢ 
                     
                       ( 
                       i 
                       ) 
                     
                   
                   = 
                   
                     e 
                     
                       j 
                       ⁢ 
                       
                         π 
                         4 
                       
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                 
                   Formula 
                   ⁢ 
                   
                       
                   
                   ⁢ 
                   
                     ( 
                     114 
                     ) 
                   
                 
               
             
           
         
       
         
         
           
             When [u0 u1]=[11](u0=1, u1=1), [u6 u7]=[01](u6=0, u7=1), in the base station, “phase changers  205 A and  205 B perform phase change combining the method for periodically/regularly performing phase change for each symbol and the method for performing phase change with a specified phase change value of method 11_2”. 
           
         
       
    
     Method 11_2: 
     It is assumed that a coefficient to be used for multiplication by phase changer  205 A performing phase change is y1(i) (i indicates a symbol number and is an integer equal to or greater than 0). At this time, y1(i) is represented as follows. 
     
       
         
           
             
               
                 
                   [ 
                   
                     Formula 
                     ⁢ 
                     
                         
                     
                     ⁢ 
                     115 
                   
                   ] 
                 
               
               
                 
                     
                 
               
             
             
               
                 
                   
                     y 
                     ⁢ 
                     
                         
                     
                     ⁢ 
                     1 
                     ⁢ 
                     
                       ( 
                       i 
                       ) 
                     
                   
                   = 
                   
                     e 
                     
                       j 
                       ⁢ 
                       
                         
                           2 
                           × 
                           π 
                           × 
                           i 
                         
                         5 
                       
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                 
                   Formula 
                   ⁢ 
                   
                       
                   
                   ⁢ 
                   
                     ( 
                     115 
                     ) 
                   
                 
               
             
           
         
       
     
     It is assumed that a coefficient to be used for multiplication by phase changer  205 B performing phase change is y2(i) (i indicates a symbol number and is an integer equal to or greater than 0). At this time, y2(i) is represented as follows. 
     
       
         
           
             
               
                 
                   [ 
                   
                     Formula 
                     ⁢ 
                     
                         
                     
                     ⁢ 
                     116 
                   
                   ] 
                 
               
               
                 
                     
                 
               
             
             
               
                 
                   
                     y 
                     ⁢ 
                     
                         
                     
                     ⁢ 
                     2 
                     ⁢ 
                     
                       ( 
                       i 
                       ) 
                     
                   
                   = 
                   
                     e 
                     
                       j 
                       ⁢ 
                       
                         π 
                         4 
                       
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                 
                   Formula 
                   ⁢ 
                   
                       
                   
                   ⁢ 
                   
                     ( 
                     116 
                     ) 
                   
                 
               
             
           
         
       
         
         
           
             When [u0 u1]=[11](u0=1, u1=1), [u6 u7]=[10](u6=1, u7=0), in the base station, “phase changers  205 A and  205 B perform phase change combining the method for periodically/regularly performing phase change for each symbol and the method for performing phase change with a specified phase change value of method 11_3”. 
           
         
       
    
     Method 11_3: 
     It is assumed that a coefficient to be used for multiplication by phase changer  205 A performing phase change is y1(i) (i indicates a symbol number and is an integer equal to or greater than 0). At this time, y1(i) is represented as follows. 
     
       
         
           
             
               
                 
                   [ 
                   
                     Formula 
                     ⁢ 
                     
                         
                     
                     ⁢ 
                     117 
                   
                   ] 
                 
               
               
                 
                     
                 
               
             
             
               
                 
                   
                     y 
                     ⁢ 
                     
                         
                     
                     ⁢ 
                     1 
                     ⁢ 
                     
                       ( 
                       i 
                       ) 
                     
                   
                   = 
                   
                     e 
                     
                       j 
                       ⁢ 
                       
                         
                           2 
                           × 
                           π 
                           × 
                           i 
                         
                         7 
                       
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                 
                   Formula 
                   ⁢ 
                   
                       
                   
                   ⁢ 
                   
                     ( 
                     117 
                     ) 
                   
                 
               
             
           
         
       
     
     It is assumed that a coefficient to be used for multiplication by phase changer  205 B performing phase change is y2(i) (i indicates a symbol number and is an integer equal to or greater than 0). At this time, y2(i) is represented as follows. 
     
       
         
           
             
               
                 
                   [ 
                   
                     Formula 
                     ⁢ 
                     
                         
                     
                     ⁢ 
                     118 
                   
                   ] 
                 
               
               
                 
                     
                 
               
             
             
               
                 
                   
                     y 
                     ⁢ 
                     
                         
                     
                     ⁢ 
                     2 
                     ⁢ 
                     
                       ( 
                       i 
                       ) 
                     
                   
                   = 
                   
                     e 
                     
                       j 
                       ⁢ 
                       
                         π 
                         4 
                       
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                 
                   Formula 
                   ⁢ 
                   
                       
                   
                   ⁢ 
                   
                     ( 
                     118 
                     ) 
                   
                 
               
             
           
         
       
         
         
           
             When [u0 u1]=[11](u0=1, u1=1), [u6 u7]=[11](u6=1, u7=1), in the base station, “phase changers  205 A and  205 B perform phase change combining the method for periodically/regularly performing phase change for each symbol and the method for performing phase change with a specified phase change value of method 11_4”. 
           
         
       
    
     Method 11_4: 
     It is assumed that a coefficient to be used for multiplication by phase changer  205 A performing phase change is y1(i) (i indicates a symbol number and is an integer equal to or greater than 0). At this time, y1(i) is represented as follows. 
     
       
         
           
             
               
                 
                   [ 
                   
                     Formula 
                     ⁢ 
                     
                         
                     
                     ⁢ 
                     119 
                   
                   ] 
                 
               
               
                 
                     
                 
               
             
             
               
                 
                   
                     y 
                     ⁢ 
                     
                         
                     
                     ⁢ 
                     1 
                     ⁢ 
                     
                       ( 
                       i 
                       ) 
                     
                   
                   = 
                   
                     e 
                     
                       j 
                       ⁢ 
                       
                         
                           2 
                           × 
                           π 
                           × 
                           i 
                         
                         9 
                       
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                 
                   Formula 
                   ⁢ 
                   
                       
                   
                   ⁢ 
                   
                     ( 
                     119 
                     ) 
                   
                 
               
             
           
         
       
     
     It is assumed that a coefficient to be used for multiplication by phase changer  205 B performing phase change is y2(i) (i indicates a symbol number and is an integer equal to or greater than 0). At this time, y2(i) is represented as follows. 
     
       
         
           
             
               
                 
                   [ 
                   
                     Formula 
                     ⁢ 
                     
                         
                     
                     ⁢ 
                     120 
                   
                   ] 
                 
               
               
                 
                     
                 
               
             
             
               
                 
                   
                     y 
                     ⁢ 
                     
                         
                     
                     ⁢ 
                     2 
                     ⁢ 
                     
                       ( 
                       i 
                       ) 
                     
                   
                   = 
                   
                     e 
                     
                       j 
                       ⁢ 
                       
                         π 
                         4 
                       
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                 
                   Formula 
                   ⁢ 
                   
                       
                   
                   ⁢ 
                   
                     ( 
                     120 
                     ) 
                   
                 
               
             
           
         
       
     
     A fourth example of interpretation of Table 4 is as follows.
         When [u0 u1]=[11](u0=1, u1=1), [u6 u7]=[00](u6=0, u7=0), in the base station, “phase changers  205 A and  205 B perform phase change combining the method for periodically/regularly performing phase change for each symbol and the method for performing phase change with a specified phase change value of method 11_1”.       

     Method 11_1: 
     It is assumed that a coefficient to be used for multiplication by phase changer  205 A performing phase change is y1(i) (i indicates a symbol number and is an integer equal to or greater than 0). At this time, y1(i) is represented as follows.
 
[Formula 121]
 
 y 1( i )= e   j0   Formula (121)
 
     It is assumed that a coefficient to be used for multiplication by phase changer  205 B performing phase change is y2(i) (i indicates a symbol number and is an integer equal to or greater than 0). At this time, y2(i) is represented as follows. 
     
       
         
           
             
               
                 
                   [ 
                   
                     Formula 
                     ⁢ 
                     
                         
                     
                     ⁢ 
                     122 
                   
                   ] 
                 
               
               
                 
                     
                 
               
             
             
               
                 
                   
                     y 
                     ⁢ 
                     
                         
                     
                     ⁢ 
                     2 
                     ⁢ 
                     
                       ( 
                       i 
                       ) 
                     
                   
                   = 
                   
                     e 
                     
                       j 
                       ⁢ 
                       
                         
                           2 
                           × 
                           π 
                           × 
                           i 
                         
                         9 
                       
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                 
                   Formula 
                   ⁢ 
                   
                       
                   
                   ⁢ 
                   
                     ( 
                     122 
                     ) 
                   
                 
               
             
           
         
       
         
         
           
             When [u0 u1]=[11](u0=1, u1=1), [u6 u7]=[01](u6=0, u7=1), in the base station, “phase changers  205 A and  205 B perform phase change combining the method for periodically/regularly performing phase change for each symbol and the method for performing phase change with a specified phase change value of method 11_2”. 
           
         
       
    
     Method 11_2: 
     It is assumed that a coefficient to be used for multiplication by phase changer  205 A performing phase change is y1(i) (i indicates a symbol number and is an integer equal to or greater than 0). At this time, y1(i) is represented as follows. 
     
       
         
           
             
               
                 
                   [ 
                   
                     Formula 
                     ⁢ 
                     
                         
                     
                     ⁢ 
                     123 
                   
                   ] 
                 
               
               
                 
                     
                 
               
             
             
               
                 
                   
                     y 
                     ⁢ 
                     
                         
                     
                     ⁢ 
                     1 
                     ⁢ 
                     
                       ( 
                       i 
                       ) 
                     
                   
                   = 
                   
                     e 
                     
                       j 
                       ⁢ 
                       
                         π 
                         8 
                       
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                 
                   Formula 
                   ⁢ 
                   
                       
                   
                   ⁢ 
                   
                     ( 
                     123 
                     ) 
                   
                 
               
             
           
         
       
     
     It is assumed that a coefficient to be used for multiplication by phase changer  205 B performing phase change is y2(i) (i indicates a symbol number and is an integer equal to or greater than 0). At this time, y2(i) is represented as follows. 
     
       
         
           
             
               
                 
                   [ 
                   
                     Formula 
                     ⁢ 
                     
                         
                     
                     ⁢ 
                     124 
                   
                   ] 
                 
               
               
                 
                     
                 
               
             
             
               
                 
                   
                     y 
                     ⁢ 
                     
                         
                     
                     ⁢ 
                     2 
                     ⁢ 
                     
                       ( 
                       i 
                       ) 
                     
                   
                   = 
                   
                     e 
                     
                       j 
                       ⁢ 
                       
                         
                           2 
                           × 
                           π 
                           × 
                           i 
                         
                         9 
                       
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                 
                   Formula 
                   ⁢ 
                   
                       
                   
                   ⁢ 
                   
                     ( 
                     124 
                     ) 
                   
                 
               
             
           
         
       
         
         
           
             When [u0 u1]=[11](u0=1, u1=1), [u6 u7]=[10](u6=1, u7=0), in the base station, “phase changers  205 A and  205 B perform phase change combining the method for periodically/regularly performing phase change for each symbol and the method for performing phase change with a specified phase change value of method 11_3”. 
           
         
       
    
     Method 11_3: 
     It is assumed that a coefficient to be used for multiplication by phase changer  205 A performing phase change is y1(i) (i indicates a symbol number and is an integer equal to or greater than 0). At this time, y1(i) is represented as follows. 
     
       
         
           
             
               
                 
                   [ 
                   
                     Formula 
                     ⁢ 
                     
                         
                     
                     ⁢ 
                     125 
                   
                   ] 
                 
               
               
                 
                     
                 
               
             
             
               
                 
                   
                     y 
                     ⁢ 
                     
                         
                     
                     ⁢ 
                     1 
                     ⁢ 
                     
                       ( 
                       i 
                       ) 
                     
                   
                   = 
                   
                     e 
                     
                       j 
                       ⁢ 
                       
                         π 
                         4 
                       
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                 
                   Formula 
                   ⁢ 
                   
                       
                   
                   ⁢ 
                   
                     ( 
                     125 
                     ) 
                   
                 
               
             
           
         
       
     
     It is assumed that a coefficient to be used for multiplication by phase changer  205 B performing phase change is y2(i) (i indicates a symbol number and is an integer equal to or greater than 0). At this time, y2(i) is represented as follows. 
     
       
         
           
             
               
                 
                   [ 
                   
                     Formula 
                     ⁢ 
                     
                         
                     
                     ⁢ 
                     126 
                   
                   ] 
                 
               
               
                 
                     
                 
               
             
             
               
                 
                   
                     y 
                     ⁢ 
                     
                         
                     
                     ⁢ 
                     2 
                     ⁢ 
                     
                       ( 
                       i 
                       ) 
                     
                   
                   = 
                   
                     e 
                     
                       j 
                       ⁢ 
                       
                         
                           2 
                           × 
                           π 
                           × 
                           i 
                         
                         9 
                       
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                 
                   Formula 
                   ⁢ 
                   
                       
                   
                   ⁢ 
                   
                     ( 
                     126 
                     ) 
                   
                 
               
             
           
         
       
         
         
           
             When [u0 u1]=[11](u0=1, u1=1), [u6 u7]=[11](u6=1, u7=1), in the base station, “phase changers  205 A and  205 B perform phase change combining the method for periodically/regularly performing phase change for each symbol and the method for performing phase change with a specified phase change value of method 11_4”. 
           
         
       
    
     Method 11_4: 
     It is assumed that a coefficient to be used for multiplication by phase changer  205 A performing phase change is y1(i) (i indicates a symbol number and is an integer equal to or greater than 0). At this time, y1(i) is represented as follows. 
     
       
         
           
             
               
                 
                   [ 
                   
                     Formula 
                     ⁢ 
                     
                         
                     
                     ⁢ 
                     127 
                   
                   ] 
                 
               
               
                 
                     
                 
               
             
             
               
                 
                   
                     y 
                     ⁢ 
                     
                         
                     
                     ⁢ 
                     1 
                     ⁢ 
                     
                       ( 
                       i 
                       ) 
                     
                   
                   = 
                   
                     e 
                     
                       j 
                       ⁢ 
                       
                         
                           3 
                           × 
                           π 
                         
                         8 
                       
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                 
                   Formula 
                   ⁢ 
                   
                       
                   
                   ⁢ 
                   
                     ( 
                     127 
                     ) 
                   
                 
               
             
           
         
       
     
     It is assumed that a coefficient to be used for multiplication by phase changer  205 B performing phase change is y2(i) (i indicates a symbol number and is an integer equal to or greater than 0). At this time, y2(i) is represented as follows. 
     
       
         
           
             
               
                 
                   [ 
                   
                     Formula 
                     ⁢ 
                     
                         
                     
                     ⁢ 
                     128 
                   
                   ] 
                 
               
               
                 
                     
                 
               
             
             
               
                 
                   
                     y 
                     ⁢ 
                     
                         
                     
                     ⁢ 
                     2 
                     ⁢ 
                     
                       ( 
                       i 
                       ) 
                     
                   
                   = 
                   
                     e 
                     
                       j 
                       ⁢ 
                       
                         
                           2 
                           × 
                           π 
                           × 
                           i 
                         
                         9 
                       
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                 
                   Formula 
                   ⁢ 
                   
                       
                   
                   ⁢ 
                   
                     ( 
                     128 
                     ) 
                   
                 
               
             
           
         
       
     
     A fifth example of interpretation of Table 4 is as follows.
         When [u0 u1]=[11](u0=1, u1=1), [u6 u7]=[00](u6=0, u7=0), in the base station, “phase changers  205 A and  205 B perform phase change combining the method for periodically/regularly performing phase change for each symbol and the method for performing phase change with a specified phase change value of method 11_1”.       

     Method 11_1: 
     It is assumed that a coefficient to be used for multiplication by phase changer  205 A performing phase change is y1(i) (i indicates a symbol number and is an integer equal to or greater than 0). At this time, y1(i) is represented as follows. 
     
       
         
           
             
               
                 
                   [ 
                   
                     Formula 
                     ⁢ 
                     
                         
                     
                     ⁢ 
                     129 
                   
                   ] 
                 
               
               
                 
                     
                 
               
             
             
               
                 
                   
                     y 
                     ⁢ 
                     
                         
                     
                     ⁢ 
                     1 
                     ⁢ 
                     
                       ( 
                       i 
                       ) 
                     
                   
                   = 
                   
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                       j 
                       ⁢ 
                       
                         π 
                         4 
                       
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                 
                   Formula 
                   ⁢ 
                   
                       
                   
                   ⁢ 
                   
                     ( 
                     129 
                     ) 
                   
                 
               
             
           
         
       
     
     It is assumed that a coefficient to be used for multiplication by phase changer  205 B performing phase change is y2(i) (i indicates a symbol number and is an integer equal to or greater than 0). At this time, y2(i) is represented as follows. 
     
       
         
           
             
               
                 
                   [ 
                   
                     Formula 
                     ⁢ 
                     
                         
                     
                     ⁢ 
                     130 
                   
                   ] 
                 
               
               
                 
                     
                 
               
             
             
               
                 
                   
                     y 
                     ⁢ 
                     
                         
                     
                     ⁢ 
                     2 
                     ⁢ 
                     
                       ( 
                       i 
                       ) 
                     
                   
                   = 
                   
                     e 
                     
                       j 
                       ⁢ 
                       
                         
                           2 
                           × 
                           π 
                           × 
                           i 
                         
                         3 
                       
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                 
                   Formula 
                   ⁢ 
                   
                       
                   
                   ⁢ 
                   
                     ( 
                     130 
                     ) 
                   
                 
               
             
           
         
       
         
         
           
             When [u0 u1]=[11](u0=1, u1=1), [u6 u7]=[01](u6=0, u7=1), in the base station, “phase changers  205 A and  205 B perform phase change combining the method for periodically/regularly performing phase change for each symbol and the method for performing phase change with a specified phase change value of method 11_2”. 
           
         
       
    
     Method 11_2: 
     It is assumed that a coefficient to be used for multiplication by phase changer  205 A performing phase change is y1(i) (i indicates a symbol number and is an integer equal to or greater than 0). At this time, y1(i) is represented as follows. 
     
       
         
           
             
               
                 
                   [ 
                   
                     Formula 
                     ⁢ 
                     
                         
                     
                     ⁢ 
                     131 
                   
                   ] 
                 
               
               
                 
                     
                 
               
             
             
               
                 
                   
                     y 
                     ⁢ 
                     
                         
                     
                     ⁢ 
                     1 
                     ⁢ 
                     
                       ( 
                       i 
                       ) 
                     
                   
                   = 
                   
                     e 
                     
                       j 
                       ⁢ 
                       
                         π 
                         4 
                       
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                 
                   Formula 
                   ⁢ 
                   
                       
                   
                   ⁢ 
                   
                     ( 
                     131 
                     ) 
                   
                 
               
             
           
         
       
     
     It is assumed that a coefficient to be used for multiplication by phase changer  205 B performing phase change is y2(i) (i indicates a symbol number and is an integer equal to or greater than 0). At this time, y2(i) is represented as follows. 
     
       
         
           
             
               
                 
                   [ 
                   
                     Formula 
                     ⁢ 
                     
                         
                     
                     ⁢ 
                     132 
                   
                   ] 
                 
               
               
                 
                     
                 
               
             
             
               
                 
                   
                     y 
                     ⁢ 
                     
                         
                     
                     ⁢ 
                     2 
                     ⁢ 
                     
                       ( 
                       i 
                       ) 
                     
                   
                   = 
                   
                     e 
                     
                       j 
                       ⁢ 
                       
                         
                           2 
                           × 
                           π 
                           × 
                           i 
                         
                         5 
                       
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                 
                   Formula 
                   ⁢ 
                   
                       
                   
                   ⁢ 
                   
                     ( 
                     132 
                     ) 
                   
                 
               
             
           
         
       
         
         
           
             When [u0 u1]=[11](u0=1, u1=1), [u6 u7]=[10](u6=1, u7=0), in the base station, “phase changers  205 A and  205 B perform phase change combining the method for periodically/regularly performing phase change for each symbol and the method for performing phase change with a specified phase change value of method 11_3”. 
           
         
       
    
     Method 11_3: 
     It is assumed that a coefficient to be used for multiplication by phase changer  205 A performing phase change is y1(i) (i indicates a symbol number and is an integer equal to or greater than 0). At this time, y1(i) is represented as follows. 
     
       
         
           
             
               
                 
                   [ 
                   
                     Formula 
                     ⁢ 
                     
                         
                     
                     ⁢ 
                     133 
                   
                   ] 
                 
               
               
                 
                     
                 
               
             
             
               
                 
                   
                     y 
                     ⁢ 
                     
                         
                     
                     ⁢ 
                     1 
                     ⁢ 
                     
                       ( 
                       i 
                       ) 
                     
                   
                   = 
                   
                     e 
                     
                       j 
                       ⁢ 
                       
                         π 
                         4 
                       
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                 
                   Formula 
                   ⁢ 
                   
                       
                   
                   ⁢ 
                   
                     ( 
                     133 
                     ) 
                   
                 
               
             
           
         
       
     
     It is assumed that a coefficient to be used for multiplication by phase changer  205 B performing phase change is y2(i) (i indicates a symbol number and is an integer equal to or greater than 0). At this time, y2(i) is represented as follows. 
     
       
         
           
             
               
                 
                   [ 
                   
                     Formula 
                     ⁢ 
                     
                         
                     
                     ⁢ 
                     134 
                   
                   ] 
                 
               
               
                 
                     
                 
               
             
             
               
                 
                   
                     y 
                     ⁢ 
                     
                         
                     
                     ⁢ 
                     2 
                     ⁢ 
                     
                       ( 
                       i 
                       ) 
                     
                   
                   = 
                   
                     e 
                     
                       j 
                       ⁢ 
                       
                         
                           2 
                           × 
                           π 
                           × 
                           i 
                         
                         7 
                       
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                 
                   Formula 
                   ⁢ 
                   
                       
                   
                   ⁢ 
                   
                     ( 
                     134 
                     ) 
                   
                 
               
             
           
         
       
         
         
           
             When [u0 u1]=[11](u0=1, u1=1), [u6 u7]=[11](u6=1, u7=1), in the base station, “phase changers  205 A and  205 B perform phase change combining the method for periodically/regularly performing phase change for each symbol and the method for performing phase change with a specified phase change value of method 11_4”. 
           
         
       
    
     Method 11_4: 
     It is assumed that a coefficient to be used for multiplication by phase changer  205 A performing phase change is y1(i) (i indicates a symbol number and is an integer equal to or greater than 0). At this time, y1(i) is represented as follows. 
     
       
         
           
             
               
                 
                   [ 
                   
                     Formula 
                     ⁢ 
                     
                         
                     
                     ⁢ 
                     135 
                   
                   ] 
                 
               
               
                 
                     
                 
               
             
             
               
                 
                   
                     y 
                     ⁢ 
                     
                         
                     
                     ⁢ 
                     1 
                     ⁢ 
                     
                       ( 
                       i 
                       ) 
                     
                   
                   = 
                   
                     e 
                     
                       j 
                       ⁢ 
                       
                         π 
                         4 
                       
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                 
                   Formula 
                   ⁢ 
                   
                       
                   
                   ⁢ 
                   
                     ( 
                     135 
                     ) 
                   
                 
               
             
           
         
       
     
     It is assumed that a coefficient to be used for multiplication by phase changer  205 B performing phase change is y2(i) (i indicates a symbol number and is an integer equal to or greater than 0). At this time, y2(i) is represented as follows. 
     
       
         
           
             
               
                 
                   [ 
                   
                     Formula 
                     ⁢ 
                     
                         
                     
                     ⁢ 
                     136 
                   
                   ] 
                 
               
               
                 
                     
                 
               
             
             
               
                 
                   
                     y 
                     ⁢ 
                     
                         
                     
                     ⁢ 
                     2 
                     ⁢ 
                     
                       ( 
                       i 
                       ) 
                     
                   
                   = 
                   
                     e 
                     
                       j 
                       ⁢ 
                       
                         
                           2 
                           × 
                           π 
                           × 
                           i 
                         
                         9 
                       
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                 
                   Formula 
                   ⁢ 
                   
                       
                   
                   ⁢ 
                   
                     ( 
                     136 
                     ) 
                   
                 
               
             
           
         
       
     
     The first to fifth examples have been described above, but the specific phase change method of phase changers  205 A and  205 B is not limited to these examples. 
     &lt;7&gt; Phase changer  205 A periodically/regularly performs phase change for each symbol, whereas phase changer  205 B performs phase change with a specified phase change value (set). 
     &lt;8&gt; Phase changer  205 B performs phase change with a specified phase change value (set), whereas phase changer  205 B periodically/regularly performs phase change for each symbol. 
     &lt;3&gt; Phase changers  205 A and  205 B periodically/regularly perform phase change for each symbol. 
     If any one or more methods of &lt;7&gt; and &lt;8&gt; are specifically set with [u2 u3], the above description can be performed similarly. 
     Weight combiner  203  included in the base station may switch a weighting matrix. It is assumed that control information for setting the weighting matrix is u8 and u9. Table 5 illustrates a relationship between [u8 u9] and the weighting matrix to be specifically used by weight combiner  203 . Note that u8 and u9 are transmitted by the base station, for example, as part of the control information symbols of the other symbols  403  and  503 . Then, the terminal obtains [u8 u9] included in the control information symbols of the other symbols  403  and  503 , is notified of the operation of weight combiner  203  from [u8 u9], and demodulates and decodes the data symbol. The control information for designating “the specific weighting matrix” is 2 bits, but the number of bits may be other than 2 bits. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
             
               
                 TABLE 5 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 u8 u9 
                 Phase change method when [u0 u1] = [10] 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                 00 
                 Precoding using matrix 1 
               
               
                 01 
                 Precoding using matrix 2 
               
               
                 10 
                 Precoding using matrix 3 
               
               
                 11 
                 Determine precoding method based on information from 
               
               
                   
                 communication partner 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
         
         
           
             When [u8 u9]=[00](u8=0, u9=0), “weight combiner  203  of the base station performs precoding using matrix 1”. 
             When [u8 u9]=[01](u8=0, u9=1), “weight combiner  203  of the base station performs precoding using matrix 2”. 
             When [u8 u9]=[10](u8=1, u9=0), “weight combiner  203  of the base station performs precoding using matrix 3”. 
             When [u8 u9]=[11](u8=1, u9=1), “the base station obtains, for example, feedback information from a communication partner, based on the feedback information, weight combiner  203  of the base station obtains the precoding matrix to use, and performs precoding using the obtained (precoding) matrix”. 
           
         
       
    
     As described above, weight combiner  203  of the base station switches the precoding matrix to use. The terminal, which is a communication partner of the base station, can obtain u8 and u9 included in the control information symbol and demodulate and decode the data symbol based on u8 and u9. Doing this will allow a preferred precoding matrix to be set according to the communication condition such as the radio wave propagation environment. Therefore, the terminal can obtain high data reception quality. 
     Note that although a method for designation regarding phase changers  205 A and  205 B of the base station has been described as illustrated in Table 1, settings as illustrated in Table 6 instead of Table 1 may be made. 
     Transmission apparatus  2303  of the base station of  FIG. 23  has the configuration of  FIG. 1 . Signal processor  106  of  FIG. 1  has the configuration of any one of  FIGS. 2, 18 to 22, and 28 to 33 . At this time, operations of phase changers  205 A and  205 B may be switched according to a communication environment and setting conditions. The base station transmits the control information about the operations of phase changers  205 A and  205 B as part of the control information to be transmitted by the control information symbol of the other symbols  403  and  503  in the frame structure  FIGS. 4, 5, 13, and 14 . 
     At this time, control information about the operations of phase changers  205 A and  205 B is assumed to be u10. Table 6 illustrates a relationship between [u10] and phase changers  205 A and  205 B. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
             
               
                 TABLE 6 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 Operation of changing phase change value for each symbol 
               
               
                 u10 
                 (periodically/regularly) 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                 0 
                 OFF 
               
               
                 1 
                 ON 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Note that u10 is transmitted, for example, by the base station as part of the control information symbols of the other symbols  403  and  503 . Then, the terminal obtains [u10] included in the control information symbols of the other symbols  403  and  503 , is notified of the operations of phase changers  205 A and  205 B from [u10], and demodulates and decodes the data symbols. 
     Table 6 is interpreted as follows.
         When the base station sets that “phase changers  205 A and  205 B do not perform phase change”, “u10=0” is set. Therefore, phase changer  205 A outputs signal ( 206 A) without performing phase change on input signal ( 204 A). Similarly, phase changer  205 B outputs signal ( 206 B) without performing phase change on input signal ( 204 B).   When the base station sets that “phase changers  205 A and  205 B periodically/regularly perform phase change for each symbol”, “u10=1” is set. Note that details of the method by which phase changers  205 A and  205 B periodically/regularly change phase change for each symbol are as described in the first to sixth exemplary embodiments, and thus descriptions of details will be omitted. In a case where signal processor  106  of  FIG. 1  has any of the configurations of  FIGS. 20 to 22 , “u10=1” is set also for a case where “phase changer  205 A performs phase change periodically/regularly for each symbol, and phase changer  205 B does not perform phase change periodically/regularly for each symbol” and a case where “phase changer  205 A does not perform phase change periodically/regularly for each symbol, and phase changer  205 B performs phase change periodically/regularly for each symbol”.       

     As described above, the terminal can obtain high data reception quality by turning ON/OFF the phase change operation of phase changers  205 A and  205 B according to the communication condition such as the radio wave propagation environment. 
     Transmission apparatus  2303  of the base station of  FIG. 23  has the configuration of  FIG. 1 . Signal processor  106  of  FIG. 1  has the configuration of any one of  FIGS. 2, 18 to 22, and 28 to 33 . At this time, the operations of phase changers  209 A and  209 B may be switched according to the communication environment and setting conditions. The base station transmits the control information about the operations of phase changers  209 A and  209 B as part of the control information to be transmitted by the control information symbols of the other symbols  403  and  503  in the frame structure of  FIGS. 4, 5, 13, and 14 . 
     At this time, the control information about the operations of phase changers  209 A and  209 B is assumed to be u11. Table 7 illustrates a relationship between [u11] and phase changers  209 A and  209 B. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
             
               
                 TABLE 7 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 Phase change 
               
               
                 u11 
                 (or cyclic delay diversity) 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                 0 
                 OFF 
               
               
                 1 
                 ON 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Note that u11 is transmitted, for example, by the base station as part of the control information symbols of the other symbols  403  and  503 . Then, the terminal obtains [u11] included in the control information symbols of the other symbols  403  and  503 , is notified of the operations of phase changers  209 A and  209 B from [u11], and demodulates and decodes the data symbols. 
     Table 7 is interpreted as follows.
         When the base station sets that “phase changers  209 A and  209 B do not perform phase change”, “u11=0” is set. Therefore, phase changer  209 A outputs signal ( 210 A) without performing phase change on input signal ( 208 A). Similarly, phase changer  209 B outputs signal ( 210 B) without performing phase change on input signal ( 208 B).   When the base station sets that “phase changers  209 A and  209 B periodically/regularly perform phase change for each symbol (or, apply cyclic delay diversity)”, “u11=1” is set. Note that details of a method by which phase changers  209 A and  209 B periodically/regularly change phase change for each symbol are as described in the first to sixth exemplary embodiments, and thus descriptions of details will be omitted. In a case where signal processor  106  of  FIG. 1  has any of the configurations of  FIGS. 19 and 22 , “u11=1” is set also for a case where “phase changer  209 A performs phase change periodically/regularly for each symbol, and phase changer  209 B does not perform phase change periodically/regularly for each symbol” and a case where “phase changer  209 A does not perform phase change periodically/regularly for each symbol, and phase changer  209 B performs phase change periodically/regularly for each symbol”.       

     As described above, the terminal can obtain high data reception quality by turning ON/OFF the phase change operation of phase changers  209 A and  209 B according to the communication condition such as the radio wave propagation environment. 
     Next, one example of switching the operations of phase changers  205 A and  205 B as illustrated in Table 1 will be described. 
     For example, it is assumed that the base station and the terminal perform communication as illustrated in  FIG. 27 . Note that the communication based on  FIG. 27  has been described above, and thus part of the description will be omitted. 
     First, it is assumed that the terminal requests the base station to perform communication. 
     Then, the base station selects “perform phase change with a specified phase change value (set)” in Table 1. Phase changer  205 A and/or phase changer  205 B performs signal processing corresponding to “perform phase change with a specified phase change value (set)” and transmits data symbol # 1  ( 2702 _ 1 ). 
     The terminal receives control information symbol  2701 _ 1  and data symbol # 1  ( 2702 _ 1 ) transmitted from the base station. Based on the transmission method included in control information symbol  2701 _ 1 , the terminal demodulates and decodes data symbol # 1  ( 2702 _ 1 ). It is assumed that, as a result, the terminal determines that “data included in data symbol # 1  ( 2702 _ 1 ) has been obtained without errors”. Then, the terminal transmits, to the base station, terminal transmission symbol  2750 _ 1  including at least information that “the data included in data symbol # 1  ( 2702 _ 1 ) has been obtained without errors”. 
     The base station receives terminal transmission symbol  2750 _ 1  transmitted from the terminal. Based on at least the information that “data included in data symbol # 1  ( 2702 _ 1 ) has been obtained without errors” included in terminal transmission symbol  2750 _ 1 , the base station determines that phase change (set) to be performed by phase changer  205 A and/or phase changer  205 B is “perform phase change with a specified phase change value (set)”, as in a case of transmitting data symbol # 1  ( 2702 _ 1 ). Since “the data included in data symbol # 1  ( 2702 _ 1 ) has been obtained without errors”, the base station can determine that the terminal is likely to obtain the data without errors also when the base station transmits the next data symbol by using “perform phase change with a specified phase change value (set)”. This is likely to allow the terminal to obtain high data reception quality. Then, based on the determined “perform phase change with a specified phase change value (set)”, the base station performs phase change by phase changer  205 A and/or phase changer  205 B. 
     The base station transmits control information symbol  2701 _ 2  and data symbol # 2  ( 2702 _ 2 ), and at least data symbol # 2  ( 2702 _ 2 ) undergoes phase change with the determined “performing phase change with a specified phase change value (set)”. 
     The terminal receives control information symbol  2701 _ 2  and data symbol # 2  ( 2702 _ 2 ) transmitted from the base station. Based on information about the transmission method included in control information symbol  2701 _ 2 , the terminal demodulates and decodes data symbol # 2  ( 2702 _ 2 ). It is assumed that, as a result, the terminal determines that “data included in data symbol # 2  ( 2702 _ 2 ) has not been obtained correctly”. Then, the terminal transmits, to the base station, terminal transmission symbol  2750 _ 2  including at least information that “the data included in data symbol # 2  ( 2702 _ 2 ) has not been obtained correctly”. 
     The base station receives terminal transmission symbol  2750 _ 2  transmitted from the terminal. Based on at least the information that “the data included in data symbol # 2  ( 2702 _ 2 ) has not been obtained correctly” included in terminal transmission symbol  2750 _ 2 , the base station determines to change the phase change to be performed by phase changer  205 A and/or phase changer  205 B to “change the phase change value for each symbol (periodically/regularly)”. Since “the data included in data symbol # 2  ( 2702 _ 2 ) has not been obtained correctly”, the base station can determine that the data is likely to be obtained without errors if the phase change method is changed to “changing the phase change value for each symbol (periodically/regularly)” when the base station transmits the next data symbol. This is likely to allow the terminal to obtain high data reception quality. Therefore, based on “change the phase change value for each symbol (periodically/regularly)”, the base station performs phase change by phase changer  205 A and/or phase changer  205 B. At this time, the base station transmits control information symbol  2701 _ 3  and “data symbol # 2  ( 2702 _ 2 - 1 )”, and performs phase change at least on “data symbol # 2  ( 2702 _ 2 - 1 )” based on “change the phase change value for each symbol (periodically/regularly)”. 
     The terminal receives control information symbol  2701 _ 3  and data symbol # 2  ( 2702 _ 2 ) transmitted from the base station. Based on information about the transmission method included in control information symbol  2701 _ 3 , the terminal demodulates and decodes data symbol # 2  ( 2702 _ 2 - 1 ). It is assumed that, as a result, the terminal determines that “the data included in data symbol # 2  ( 2702 _ 2 - 1 ) has not been obtained correctly”. Then, the terminal transmits, to the base station, terminal transmission symbol  2750 _ 3  including at least information that “the data included in data symbol # 2  ( 2702 _ 2 - 1 ) has not been obtained correctly”. 
     The base station receives terminal transmission symbol  2750 _ 3  transmitted from the terminal. Based on at least the information that “the data included in data symbol # 2  ( 2702 _ 2 - 1 ) has not been obtained correctly” included in terminal transmission symbol  2750 _ 3 , the base station determines to set again the phase change to be performed by phase changers A and B to “change the phase change value for each symbol (periodically/regularly)”. Therefore, based on “change the phase change value for each symbol (periodically/regularly)”, the base station performs phase change by phase changer  205 A and/or phase changer  205 B. At this time, the base station transmits control information symbol  2701 _ 4  and “data symbol # 2  ( 2702 _ 2 - 2 )”, and performs phase change at least on “data symbol # 2  ( 2702 _ 2 - 2 )” based on “change the phase change value for each symbol (periodically/regularly)”. 
     The terminal receives control information symbol  2701 _ 4  and data symbol # 2  ( 2702 _ 2 - 2 ) transmitted from the base station. Based on information about the transmission method included in control information symbol  2701 _ 4 , the terminal demodulates and decodes data symbol # 2  ( 2702 _ 2 - 2 ). It is assumed that, as a result, the terminal determines that “the data included in data symbol # 2  ( 2702 _ 2 - 2 ) has been obtained without errors”. Then, the terminal transmits, to the base station, terminal transmission symbol  2750 _ 4  including at least information that “data included in data symbol # 2  ( 2702 _ 2 - 2 ) has been obtained without errors”. 
     The base station receives terminal transmission symbol  2750 _ 4  transmitted from the terminal. Based on at least the information that “data included in data symbol # 2  ( 2702 - 2 ) has been obtained without errors” included in terminal transmission symbol  2750 _ 4 , the base station determines that phase change (set) to be performed by phase changer  205 A and/or phase changer  205 B is “perform phase change with a specified phase change value (set)”. Then, based on “perform phase change with a specified phase change value (set)”, the base station performs phase change by phase changer  205 A and/or phase changer  205 B. 
     The base station transmits control information symbol  2701 _ 5  and data symbol # 3  ( 2702 _ 3 ), and at least data symbol # 3  ( 2702 _ 3 ) undergoes phase change based on “perform phase change with a specified phase change value (set)”. 
     The terminal receives control information symbol  2701 _ 5  and data symbol # 3  ( 2702 _ 3 ) transmitted from the base station. Based on information about the transmission method included in control information symbol  2701 _ 5 , the terminal demodulates and decodes data symbol # 3  ( 2702 _ 3 ). It is assumed that, as a result, the terminal determines that “the data included in data symbol # 3  ( 2702 _ 3 ) has been obtained without errors”. Then, the terminal transmits, to the base station, terminal transmission symbol  2750 _ 5  including at least information that “data included in data symbol # 3  ( 2702 _ 3 ) has been obtained without errors”. 
     The base station receives terminal transmission symbol  2750 _ 5  transmitted from the terminal. Based on at least the information that “the data included in data symbol # 3  ( 2702 _ 3 ) has been obtained without errors” included in terminal transmission symbol  2750 _ 5 , the base station determines the method to be performed by phase changer  205 A″ and/or phase changer  205 B to be the method for “performing phase change with a specified phase change value (set)”. Then, the base station transmits data symbol # 4  ( 2702 _ 4 ) based on “perform phase change with a specified phase change value (set)”. 
     The terminal receives control information symbol  2701 _ 6  and data symbol # 4  ( 2702 _ 4 ) transmitted from the base station. Based on information about the transmission method included in control information symbol  2701 _ 6 , the terminal demodulates and decodes data symbol # 4  ( 2702 _ 4 ). It is assumed that, as a result, the terminal determines that “the data included in data symbol # 4  ( 2702 _ 4 ) has not been obtained correctly”. Then, the terminal transmits, to the base station, terminal transmission symbol  2750 _ 6  including at least information that “the data included in data symbol # 4  ( 2702 _ 4 ) has not been received correctly”. 
     The base station receives terminal transmission symbol  2750 _ 6  transmitted from the terminal. Based on at least the information that “the data included in data symbol # 4  ( 2702 _ 4 ) has not been obtained correctly” included in terminal transmission symbol  2750 _ 6 , the base station determines to change the phase change to be performed by phase changer  205 A and/or phase changer  205 B to “change the phase change value for each symbol (periodically/regularly)”. Therefore, based on “change the phase change value for each symbol (periodically/regularly)”, the base station performs phase change by phase changer  205 A and/or phase changer  205 B. At this time, the base station transmits control information symbol  2701 _ 7  and “data symbol # 4  ( 2702 _ 4 - 1 )”, and performs phase change at least on “data symbol # 4  ( 2702 _ 4 - 1 )” based on “change the phase change value for each symbol (periodically/regularly)”. 
     The terminal receives control information symbol  2701 _ 7  and data symbol # 4  ( 2702 _ 4 - 1 ) transmitted from the base station. Based on information about the transmission method included in control information symbol  2701 _ 7 , the terminal demodulates and decodes data symbol # 4  ( 2702 _ 4 - 1 ). 
     Note that in data symbol # 1  ( 2702 _ 1 ), data symbol # 2  ( 2702 _ 2 ), data symbol # 3  ( 2702 _ 3 ), and data symbol # 4  ( 2702 _ 4 ), as described in the first to sixth exemplary embodiments, the base station transmits a plurality of modulated signals from a plurality of antennas. 
     The frame structure of the base station and the terminal of  FIG. 27  is merely one example, and may include other symbols. Each symbol of control information symbols  2701 _ 1 ,  2701 _ 2 ,  2701 _ 3 ,  2701 _ 4 ,  2701 _ 5 ,  2701 _ 6 , data symbol # 1  ( 2702 _ 1 ), data symbol # 2  ( 2702 _ 2 ), data symbol # 3  ( 2702 _ 3 ), and data symbol # 4  ( 2702 _ 4 ) may include other symbols such as, for example, the pilot symbol. Control information symbols  2701 _ 1 ,  2701 _ 2 ,  2701 _ 3 ,  2701 _ 4 ,  2701 _ 5 , and  2701 _ 6  include information about the value of “the specified phase change value” used when data symbol # 1  ( 2702 _ 1 ), data symbol # 2  ( 2702 _ 2 ), data symbol # 3  ( 2702 _ 3 ), and data symbol # 4  ( 2702 _ 4 ) are transmitted. By acquiring this information, the terminal can demodulate and decode data symbol # 1  ( 2702 _ 1 ), data symbol # 2  ( 2702 _ 2 ), data symbol # 3  ( 2702 _ 3 ), and data symbol # 4  ( 2702 _ 4 ). 
     Note that switching of the transmission method based on “Table 1” described in the present exemplary embodiment of the base station with reference to  FIG. 27  is not limited to the above description. The above description is only one example of the transmission method switching, and the transmission method switching based on “Table 1” may be performed more flexibly. 
     As described above, by switching the operations more flexibly according to the communication environment or the like by switching the transmission method, switching the phase change method, and switching ON/OFF the phase change operation, the reception apparatus, a communication partner, can improve data reception quality. 
     Note that a scheme for switching the precoding matrix may be assigned to Reserve with u0=1 and u1=1 in Table 1 of the present exemplary embodiment according to information from a communication partner or the like. That is, when an MIMO transmission scheme is selected, the base station may be able to select a scheme for selecting the precoding matrix based on the information from the communication partner. 
       FIGS. 28 to 33  have been described as the configuration of signal processor  106  of  FIG. 1  in the present exemplary embodiment. However, it is also possible to implement the first to sixth exemplary embodiments by applying  FIGS. 28 to 33  to signal processor  106  of  FIG. 1 . 
     Supplementary 3 
     The mapper described herein may switch the mapping method for each symbol, for example, regularly/periodically. For example, it is assumed that a modulation method having 16 signal points for 4-bit transmission is set as the modulation method on an in-phase quadrature (IQ) plane. At this time, placement of 16 signal points for transmitting 4 bits on the in-phase quadrature (IQ) plane may be switched for each symbol. 
     Also, in the first to sixth exemplary embodiments, a case where a multi-carrier scheme such as OFDM is applied has been described. However, it is also possible to similarly implement the first to sixth exemplary embodiments with a single carrier scheme. 
     Also, it is possible to similarly implement each exemplary embodiment of the present invention with a spread spectrum communication scheme. 
     Supplementary 4 
     In each exemplary embodiment disclosed herein, the configuration of the transmission apparatus has been described taking  FIG. 1  as an example, and the configuration of signal processor  106  of  FIG. 1  has been described taking  FIGS. 2, 18 to 22, and 28 to 33  as examples. However, the configuration of the transmission apparatus is not limited to the configuration described in  FIG. 1 , and the configuration of signal processor  106  is not limited to the configurations described in  FIGS. 2, 18 to 22 , and  28  to  33 . That is, if the transmission apparatus can generate the same signal as any one of signal-processed signals  106 _A and  106 _B described in each exemplary embodiment disclosed herein and can transmit the generated signal by using a plurality of antenna units, the transmission apparatus and signal processor  106  of the transmission apparatus may have any configurations. 
     Different configuration examples of the transmission apparatus and signal processor  106  of the transmission apparatus that satisfy such conditions will be described below. 
     As one example of the different configuration examples, mapper  104  of  FIG. 1  generates signals corresponding to weighted signals  204 A and  204 B in any one of  FIGS. 2, 18, 19, 20, 21, and 22  based on encoded data  103  and control signal  100  as mapped signals  105 _ 1  and  105 _ 2 . Signal processor  106  has a configuration with weight combiner  203  eliminated from any one of  FIGS. 2, 18, 19, 20, 21, and 22 . Mapped signal  105 _ 1  is input into phase changer  205 A or inserter  207 A. Mapped signal  105 _ 2  is input into phase changer  205 B or inserter  207 B. 
     As another example of the different configuration examples, when the weighting (precoding) process is represented by a (precoding) matrix F represented by formula (33) or (34), weight combiner  203  in  FIG. 2  outputs mapped signal  201 A as weighted signal  204 A, and outputs mapped signal  201 B as weighted signal  204 B, without performing signal processing for weighting on mapped signals  201 A and  201 B. In this case, based on control signal  200 , weight combiner  203  controls to switch between the process of (i) and the process of (ii): (i) perform signal processing for weighting to generate weighted signals  204 A and  204 B, (ii) output mapped signal  201 A as weighted signal  204 A, and output mapped signal  201 B as weighted signal  204 B, without performing signal processing for weighting. When only the process represented by the (precoding) matrix F of formula (33) or formula (34) is implemented as the weighting (precoding) process, weight combiner  203  may be omitted. 
     Thus, even with the different specific configurations of the transmission apparatus, if the same signal as any one of signal-processed signals  106 _A and  106 _B described in each exemplary embodiment disclosed herein is generated and transmitted using a plurality of antenna units, in the reception apparatus, in an environment where direct waves are dominant, particularly in the LOS environment, data reception quality of the data symbol performing MIMO transmission (transmitting multiple streams) improves in the reception apparatus. 
     Note that in signal processor  106  of  FIG. 1 , phase changers may be provided both before and after weight combiner  203 . Specifically, in a preceding stage of weight combiner  203 , signal processor  106  includes one or both of phase changer  205 A_ 1  for performing phase change on mapped signal  201 A to generate phase-changed signal  2801 A, and phase changer  205 B_ 1  for performing phase change on mapped signal  201 B to generate phase-changed signal  2801 B. Furthermore, in a preceding stage of inserters  207 A and  207 B, signal processor  106  includes one or both of phase changer  205 A_ 2  for performing phase change on weighted signal  204 A to generate phase-changed signal  206 A, and phase changer  205 B_ 2  for performing phase change on weighted signal  204 B to generate phase-changed signal  206 B. 
     Here, when signal processor  106  includes phase changer  205 A_ 1 , one input to weight combiner  203  is phase-changed signal  2801 A. When signal processor  106  does not include phase changer  205 A_ 1 , one input to weight combiner  203  is mapped signal  201 A. When signal processor  106  includes phase changer  205 B_ 1 , the other input to weight combiner  203  is phase-changed signal  2801 B. When signal processor  106  does not include phase changer  205 B_ 1 , the other input to weight combiner  203  is mapped signal  201 B. When signal processor  106  includes phase changer  205 A_ 2 , input to inserter  207 A is phase-changed signal  206 A. When signal processor  106  does not include phase changer  205 A_ 2 , input to inserter  207 A is weighted signal  204 A. When signal processor  106  includes phase changer  205 B_ 2 , input to inserter  207 B is phase-changed signal  206 B. When signal processor  106  does not include phase changer  205 B_ 2 , input to inserter  207 B is weighted signal  204 B. 
     Furthermore, the transmission apparatus of  FIG. 1  may include a second signal processor that performs another type of signal processing on signal-processed signals  106 _A and  106 _B, which are outputs from signal processor  106 . At this time, when two signals output from the second signal processor are second signal-processed signal A and second signal-processed signal B, wireless unit  107 _A receives second signal-processed signal A and performs a predetermined process, whereas wireless unit  107 _B receives second signal-processed signal B and performs a predetermined process. 
     Eighth Exemplary Embodiment 
     The present exemplary embodiment will describe one example of a phase changing method for regularly performing phase change in a communication system that performs transmission using a single carrier scheme. 
     A transmission apparatus according to the present exemplary embodiment has configurations of, for example,  FIGS. 1 and 17 . 
     According to the present exemplary embodiment, the transmission apparatus transmits, for example, a signal having a frame structure as illustrated in  FIG. 25 .  FIG. 34  is a diagram illustrating one example of a detailed structure of region  2503  in which a data symbol of  FIG. 25  is transmitted. Data region  3400  of  FIG. 34  corresponds to region  2503  of  FIG. 25  where the data symbol is transmitted. Data region  3400  includes a plurality of data blocks  3402  each having a length of 448 symbols, guard periods  3401  each having 64 symbols and placed before the respective data blocks, and a guard period placed following the last data block. 
     Here, in the guard period, for example, a 64-symbol signal generated using a complementary code sequence such as a 64-bit Golay sequence is transmitted. Note that using the Golay sequence for generating the guard period signal is merely one example. The transmission apparatus may generate the guard period signal by using any other sequence such as other complementary codes or orthogonal code sequences. Also, a number of bits is not limited to 64 bits. 
       FIG. 34  illustrates the structure of data region  3400  where a number of data blocks is three. However, the number of data blocks may be any number as long as the number is an integer equal to or greater than 1. A number of guard blocks varies with the number of data blocks. For example, the number of guard blocks is a number obtained by adding 1 to the number of data blocks. 
       FIG. 35  is a diagram illustrating one example of a detailed structure of preamble  2501  of  FIG. 25 . In  FIG. 35 , prinble  3500  corresponds to preamble  2501  of  FIG. 25 . Prinble  3500  includes short training field (STF)  3501  a reception apparatus can use for signal detection, frequency synchronization, time synchronization, and the like, and channel estimation field (CEF)  3502  that can be used for channel estimation. 
     In STF  3501 , the transmission apparatus repeatedly transmits, for example, a 128-symbol signal generated using the complementary code sequence such as a 128-bit Golay sequence by a predetermined number of times. After that, the transmission apparatus transmits a 128-symbol signal generated using a complementary code sequence such as a 128-bit Golay sequence obtained by inverting signs of + and −. 
     In CEF  3502 , the transmission apparatus transmits, for example, in a predetermined order, a plurality of 128-symbol signals generated using complementary code sequences such as a plurality of Golay sequences each having 128 bits and different from each other, and a complementary code sequence obtained by inverting the signs of + and − of the complementary code sequence. 
     Note that using the Golay sequence for generating the signals to be transmitted in STF  3501  and CEF  3502  is merely one example. The transmission apparatus may generate the signals by using any sequence such as other complementary codes or orthogonal code sequences. Also, the number of bits is not limited to the value described above. 
     Next, a phase change process to be performed by the transmission apparatus will be described. Here, first, description will be made of the phase change process to be performed by phase changer  205 B when the transmission apparatus has the configuration of  FIG. 1  and signal processor  106  of  FIG. 1  has any of the configurations of  FIGS. 2, 18, and 19 . 
     However, in  FIG. 2 , phase changer  209 B may perform phase change as described in the other exemplary embodiments or may omit phase change. Therefore, phase changer  209 B may be eliminated, and baseband signal  208 B based on the frame structure may correspond to  210 B. Similarly, in  FIG. 18 , phase changer  209 A may perform phase change as described in the other exemplary embodiments or may omit phase change. Therefore, phase changer  209 A may be eliminated, and baseband signal  208 A based on the frame structure may correspond to  210 A. Also, in  FIG. 19 , phase changers  209 A and  209 B may perform phase change as described in the other exemplary embodiments or may omit phase change. Therefore, phase changer  209 B may be eliminated, and baseband signal  208 B based on the frame structure may correspond to  210 B. Also, phase changer  209 A may be eliminated, and baseband signal  208 A based on the frame structure may correspond to  210 A. 
     The phase change process to be described below may be performed by phase changer  205 B when signal processor  106  has the configuration of  FIG. 20, 21 , or  22 , or when the transmission apparatus has the configuration of  FIG. 17 . The phase change process may be performed by phase changer  2801 B when signal processor  106  has the configuration of  FIG. 31, 32 , or  33 . 
     According to the present exemplary embodiment, phase changer  205 B performs the phase change process of a cycle N using N types of phase change values periodically in predetermined order. Here, as the cycle N of the phase change process, phase changer  205 B uses a value equal to or greater than 3 out of divisors of a number of data block symbols. According to the present exemplary embodiment, since the number of data block symbols is 448, phase changer  205 B performs the phase change process of any one of cycles 4, 7, 8, 14, 16, 28, 32, 56, 64, 112, 224, and 448. 
     Here, it is assumed that N types of phase change values and the switching order thereof in the phase change process to be performed by phase changer  205 B are represented by formula (2). In that case, in a first symbol, the value of phase change to be performed by phase changer  205 B is 0, and in second and subsequent symbols, the phase change value is a value obtained by adding 2π/N to the phase change value used in the previous symbol. However, the N types of phase change values and the switching order to be used by phase changer  205 B are not limited to this example. 
     This configuration allows the reception apparatus that receives a modulated signal transmitted from the above-described transmission apparatus to avoid a situation where reception conditions are stationary, in particular in the LOS environment, thereby improving data reception quality. 
     Note that phase changer  205 B may also perform the phase change process on the signal in the guard period. In this case, since a number of symbols in the guard period is 64, phase changer  205  uses any one of 4, 8, 16, and 32, which are values equal to or greater than 3 among divisors of 64, as the phase change cycle. Even if the transmission apparatus performs the phase change process without distinguishing the guard period and the data block, using this phase changing method allows the transmission apparatus to equate the magnitude of phase change to perform among the head symbol of each guard period and the head symbol of each data block. Therefore, without using information about the number of guard periods or data blocks transmitted before, the reception apparatus can determine the phase change value used on a transmission side, by using only information about the number of symbols from the heads of the guard period and the data block. As a result, the demodulation process of the reception apparatus can be facilitated. 
     In the above description, the transmission apparatus generates signal-processed signal  106 _A without performing the phase change process, and performs the phase change process of the cycle N with the phase change value represented by formula (2) to generate signal-processed signal  106 _B. Here, a case will be described in which the transmission apparatus uses a value of the divisor of the number of symbols in the guard period (equal to or greater than 2) as the value of the cycle N in the phase change process of phase changer  205 B. At this time, to generate signals in the guard period of each of signal-processed signals  106 _A and  106 _B, even if the transmission apparatus uses the same sequence (e.g., Golay sequence), the transmission apparatus can make the symbol string corresponding to the guard period of signal-processed signal  106 _A output from signal processor  106  orthogonal to the symbol string corresponding to the guard period of signal-processed signal  106 _B. Since this configuration allows the transmission apparatus to cause the signals in the guard period to be orthogonal to each other without using a plurality of orthogonal sequences or a plurality of complementary code sequences in order to generate the signals in the guard period, the reception apparatus can estimate transmission channel characteristics (channel fluctuation) for each of two transmission signals from the signals in the guard period. 
     Note that the method by which the transmission apparatus changes the phase change value is not limited to the method represented by formula (2). For example, the phase changer may perform the phase change process of the cycle N by periodically using N types of values different by 2π/N in a predetermined appropriate order as the phase change values. In order to generate the signals in the guard period of two signals transmitted simultaneously at the same frequency, this configuration also allows the transmission apparatus to cause the signals in the guard period to be orthogonal to each other without using a plurality of orthogonal sequences or a plurality of complementary code sequences. Therefore, the reception apparatus can estimate transmission channel characteristics (channel fluctuation) for each of the two transmission signals from the signals in the guard period. 
     Note that in preamble  3500 , the transmission apparatus does not perform the phase change process described above, for example, on either of signal-processed signals  106 _A and  106 _B. The transmission apparatus generates a signal to be used for estimating a transmission channel for MIMO, for example, by using orthogonal sequences orthogonal to each other or a plurality of complementary code sequences. Also, the signal to be used for estimating the transmission channel for MIMO may be transmitted in a region different from CEF  3502  of preamble  3500 . For example, after the control symbol, for example, a region may be provided in which a signal to be used for estimating the transmission channel for MIMO generated using the orthogonal sequences orthogonal to each other or the plurality of complementary code sequences is transmitted. 
     The above information is differently described as follows. 
     The transmission apparatus transmits modulated signal # X from transmission antenna # 1  and modulated signal # Y from transmission antenna # 2 . At this time, both of modulated signal # X and modulated signal # Y are single carrier signals. Then, the data symbol of modulated signal # X is transmitted together with a guard interval (GI) (named GI # X). Similarly, the data symbol of modulated signal # Y is transmitted together with GI (named GI # Y). The Golay sequence for generating the symbol of GI # X and the Golay sequence for generating the symbol of GI # Y are assumed to be the same (common). This will allow the circuit to be common to the transmission apparatus and the reception apparatus in parts related to the Golay sequence. When the transmission is performed as described above, the reception apparatus serving as a communication partner of the transmission apparatus cannot discriminate between GI # X and GI # Y. That is, it is difficult to demodulate modulated signal # X and modulated signal # Y. Therefore, to facilitate discrimination between GI # X and GI # Y, the reception apparatus performs phase change, for example, with one of GI # X and GI # Y. 
     Example 1) When phase change is performed regularly with GI # X, phase change is also performed regularly in a data symbol part of modulated signal # X. This will allow the phase changer to be common. 
     Example 2) When phase change is performed regularly with GI # Y, phase change is also performed regularly in a data symbol part of modulated signal # Y. This will allow the phase changer to be common. 
     Also, there may be a rule as described below. It is assumed that the first symbol in time in GI # X is GI # X (0) and the first symbol in time in GI # Y is GI # Y (0). 
     As in Example 1), when “phase change is performed regularly with GI # X, phase change is also performed regularly in the data symbol part of modulated signal # X”, the phase change value of GI # X (0) is a specified value, and thereafter regular phase change is performed. For example, at time  1 , “GI # X and the data symbol” are transmitted, and at time  2 , “GI # X and the data symbol” are transmitted. At this time, the phase change value of “GI # X (0)” of “GI # X” transmitted at time  1  is A radians, and “GI # X (0)” of “GI # X” transmitted at time  2  is also A radians. 
     As in Example 2), when “phase change is performed regularly with GI # Y, phase change is also performed regularly in the data symbol part of modulated signal # Y”, the phase change value of GI # Y (0) is a specified value, and thereafter regular phase change is performed. For example, at time  1 , “GI # Y and the data symbol” are transmitted, and at time  2 , “GI # Y and the data symbol” are transmitted. At this time, the phase change value of “GI # Y (0)” of “GI # Y” transmitted at time  1  is B radians, and “GI # Y (0)” of “GI # Y” transmitted at time  2  is also B radians. 
     Next, description will be made of the phase change process to be performed by phase changers  205 A and  205 B when the transmission apparatus has the configuration of  FIG. 1  and signal processor  106  of  FIG. 1  has the configuration of  FIG. 20, 21 , or  22 . However, the phase change process to be described below may be performed by phase changers  205 A and  205 B when the transmission apparatus has the configuration of  FIG. 17 . The phase change process may be performed by phase changers  2801 A and  2801 B when signal processor  106  has the configuration of  FIG. 31, 32 , or  33 . 
     The phase change process to be performed by phase changers  205 A and  205 B is represented by formula (52), and w(i) in formula (52) is represented by formula (137) below. 
     
       
         
           
             
               
                 
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     y(i) is represented by formula (2). 
     Phase changers  205 A and  205 B use the same value as the cycle N of the phase change process. Also, as the cycle N of the phase change process, phase changers  205 A and  205 B use a value equal to or greater than 3 out of divisors of the number of data block symbols. According to the present exemplary embodiment, since the number of data block symbols is 448, phase changers  205 A and  205 B perform the phase change process of any one of cycles 4, 7, 8, 14, 16, 28, 32, 56, 64, 112, 224, and 448. 
     However, the N types of phase change values and the switching order to be used by phase changers  205 A and  205 B are not limited to this example. 
     This configuration allows the reception apparatus that receives a modulated signal transmitted from the above-described transmission apparatus to avoid a situation where reception conditions are stationary, in particular in the LOS environment, thereby improving data reception quality. 
     Note that phase changers  205 A and  205 B may also perform the phase change process on the signal in the guard period. In this case, since the number of symbols in the guard period is 64, phase changers  205 A and  205 B use any one of 4, 8, 16, and 32, which are values equal to or greater than 3 among divisors of 64, as the phase change cycle. Even if the transmission apparatus performs the phase change process without distinguishing the guard period from the data block, using this phase changing method allows the transmission apparatus to make the value of phase change performed on a head symbol of each guard period identical to the value of phase change performed on a head symbol of each data block. Therefore, without using information about the number of guard periods or data blocks transmitted before, the reception apparatus can determine the phase change value used on a transmission side, by using only information about the number of symbols from the heads of the guard period and the data block. As a result, the demodulation process of the reception apparatus can be facilitated. 
     In the above description, the transmission apparatus performs the phase change process of the cycle N with the phase change value represented by formula (137) to generate signal-processed signal  106 _A, and performs the phase change process of the cycle N with the phase change value represented by formula (2) to generate signal-processed signal  106 _B. Here, a case will be described in which the transmission apparatus uses a value of divisor of the number of symbols in the guard period (equal to or greater than 2) as the value of the cycle N in the phase change process of phase changers  205 A and  205 B. At this time, to generate signals in the guard period of each of signal-processed signals  106 _A and  106 _B, even if the transmission apparatus uses the same sequence (e.g., Golay sequence), the transmission apparatus can make the symbol string corresponding to the guard period of signal-processed signal  106 _A output from signal processor  106  orthogonal to the symbol string corresponding to the guard period of signal-processed signal  106 _B. Since this configuration allows the transmission apparatus to cause the signals in the guard period to be orthogonal to each other without using a plurality of orthogonal sequences or a plurality of complementary code sequences in order to generate the signals in the guard period, the reception apparatus can estimate the transmission channel characteristics for each of the two transmission signals from the signals in the guard period. 
     Note that in the above description according to the present exemplary embodiment, signal processor  106  of  FIG. 1  has the configurations of  FIGS. 2, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 31, 32, and 33 . However, since the present exemplary embodiment uses the single carrier scheme and only one symbol is placed in a frequency axis direction, the phase change process by phase changers  209 A and  209 B may be omitted. In that case, the signal processor in the present exemplary embodiment has a configuration in which phase changers  209 A and  209 B are eliminated from  FIGS. 2, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 31, 32, and 33 . 
     However, phase changers  209 A and  209 B may perform the phase change process different from the phase change process described in the first exemplary embodiment and the like. Also, when the transmission apparatus transmits signals by performing channel bonding using a plurality of channels, the transmission apparatus may perform phase change using phase change values different for each channel. 
     Note that the present exemplary embodiment has described a case where the transmission apparatus transmits the 448-symbol data block and the 64-symbol signal of the guard period in the data region. However, the number of symbols in the data block and the guard period may be different values. 
     As one example where different values are used as the number of symbols in the data block and the guard period, a case will be described where the sum of the number of symbols in the data block and the number of symbols in the guard period is not a multiple of the cycle N of the phase change process. At this time, when the phase change process of the cycle N is continuously applied over the entire data region or a predetermined data unit transmitted in the data region (when the phase change process is performed without performing initialization of the phase change value in the entire data region or in the predetermined data unit transmitted in the data region), the phase change value in the head symbol of the head guard period of the data region is not equal to the phase change value in the head symbol of the next guard period. 
     The transmission apparatus may perform any phase change process, such as, for example, (1) periodically change the phase change value over the entire data region or a predetermined data unit transmitted in the data region (not perform initialization of the phase change value in the entire data region or in the predetermined data unit transmitted in the data region), (2) initialize the phase change value at the head of the guard period such that the phase change value applied to the head symbol of the guard period is always constant. 
     Also, when a plurality of schemes having different phase change value initialization conditions including the schemes (1) and (2) described above are switched and used, the transmission apparatus may transmit information indicating the phase change value initialization condition to use as the control symbol. At this time, the reception apparatus demodulates the data symbol based on the information indicating the initialization condition included in the received control information. Specifically, the reception apparatus determines the magnitude of the phase change used in each data symbol and demodulates the data symbol by using the information indicating the initialization condition and other information such as information indicating the phase change pattern if necessary included in the control information. 
     Next, as another example of the modulation scheme to be used by mapper  104  in  FIG. 1  or mappers  006 A and  006 B in  FIG. 17 , a mapping scheme involving phase rotation (or phase change) will be described by which one signal point is selected according to an input bit value from a constellation in which the phase has been changed by a predetermined phase change amount for each symbol. 
     As one example of the mapping scheme involving phase rotation to be performed by the mapper, π/2-BPSK will be described. When π/2-BPSK is used, the mapper generates one mapped signal (baseband signal) for each bit from the input bit string. Mapped signal (baseband signal) s k  that is k-th generated when π/2-BPSK is used is represented by formula X1 below. c k  is a value of the k-th bit of the input bit string and has a value of 0 or 1.
 
[Formula 138]
 
 s′   k =2 ·c   k −1  Formula (138)
 
[Formula 139]
 
 s   k   =s′   k   ·e   j·π·k/2   Formula (139)
 
     Note that s′ k  is identical to one example of the mapped signal (baseband signal) generated by BPSK without involving phase rotation (or phase change). When π/2-BPSK is used, the cycle of phase rotation (or phase change) is 4 because the phase of the constellation rotates (changes) by π/2 for each symbol. 
     As another example of the mapping scheme involving phase rotation to be performed by the mapper, π/2-QPSK will be described. When π/2-QPSK is used, the mapper generates one mapped signal (baseband signal) for each two bits from the input bit string. The mapped signal (baseband signal) s k  that is k-th generated when π/2-QPSK is used is represented by formula X2 below. c k  is a value of the k-th bit of the input bit string and has a value of 0 or 1. 
     
       
         
           
             
               
                 
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     Note that s′ k  is identical to one example of the mapped signal (baseband signal) generated by QPSK without involving phase rotation (or phase change). When π/2-QPSK is used, the cycle of phase rotation (or phase change) is 4 because the phase of the constellation rotates (changes) by π/2 for each symbol. 
     π/2-BPSK and π/2-QPSK have been described by way of example as the mapping scheme involving phase rotation (or phase change), but other mapping schemes may be used. For example, as the constellation to undergo phase rotation (or phase change), the mapper can use constellations such as amplitude phase shift keying (APSK) (e.g., 16APSK, 64APSK, 128APSK, 256APSK, 1024APSK, 4096APSK, and the like), pulse amplitude modulation (PAM) (e.g., 4PAM, 8PAM, 16PAM, 64PAM, 128PAM, 256PAM, 1024PAM, 4096PAM, and the like), phase shift keying (PSK) (e.g., BPSK, QPSK, 8PSK, 16PSK, 64PSK, 128PSK, 256PSK, 1024PSK, 4096PSK, and the like), and quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) (e.g., 4QAM, 8QAM, 16QAM, 64QAM, 128QAM, 256QAM, 1024QAM, 4096QAM, and the like). Also, as each mapping scheme described above, the mapper may perform mapping using any one of a uniform mapping constellation and a non-uniform mapping constellation. Also, as the cycle of phase rotation (or phase change), the mapper may use not only 4 used for π/2-BPSK or π/2-QPSK, but also any integer equal to or greater than 2, such as 8 and 16. 
     Next, the configuration of the reception apparatus according to the present exemplary embodiment will be described. The reception apparatus according to the present exemplary embodiment has, for example, the configuration of  FIG. 8 , receives the signal of the frame structure described so far, and demodulates the data symbol based on the control information transmitted in the control information symbol. 
     Meanwhile, for generating a GI symbol, mapping is performed on the Golay sequence to generate the symbol. At this time, examples of preferred modulation schemes for generating the GI symbol include π/2-BPSK (π/2 shift BPSK) and BPSK described above. However, the modulation scheme is not limited to these schemes, and the above-described modulation scheme may be used. 
     Note that although performing phase change on GI has been described above, phase change may also be performed on short training field (STF)  3501  and channel estimation field (CEF)  3502  that can be used for channel estimation described in  FIG. 35 . This point will be described below. 
     In the following case, phase change is also performed on STF  3501  and/or CEF  3502  described in  FIG. 35 .  FIG. 36  illustrates one example of the structure of STF  3501  and CEF  3502 . 
     STF  3501  includes 5120 bits, and includes a first Golay sequence including 128 bits (described as Ga  128  in  FIG. 36 ), and a second Golay sequence including 128 bits (described as Gb  128  in  FIG. 36 ). Note that, for example, π/2-BPSK (π/2 shift BPSK) is performed on the first Golay sequence (Ga  128 ) to generate 128 symbols, and, for example, π/2-BPSK (π/2 shift BPSK) is performed on the second Golay sequence (Gb  128 ) to generate 128 symbols. Note that, for example, for sequence Ga  4 ={1, 1, 1, 1}, −Ga  4 ={−1, −1, −1, −1}. Therefore, STF  3501  is a π/2-BPSK (π/2 shift BPSK) symbol of 5120 symbols. 
     CEF  3502  includes 1152 bits, and includes a fourth Golay sequence including 512 bits (described as GU  512  in  FIG. 36 ), a fifth Golay sequence including 512 bits (described as GV  512  in  FIG. 36 ), and a sixth Golay sequence including 128 bits (described as GV  128  in  FIG. 36 ). Note that, for example, π/2-BPSK (π/2 shift BPSK) is performed on the fourth Golay sequence (GU  512 ) to generate 512 symbols, and for example, π/2-BPSK (π/2 shift BPSK) is performed on the fifth Golay sequence (GV  512 ) to generate 512 symbols, and for example, π/2-BPSK (−/2 shift BPSK) is performed on the sixth Golay sequence (GV  128 ) to generate 128 symbols. Note that CEF  3502  is a π/2-BPSK (π/2 shift BPSK) symbol of 1152 symbols. 
     Phase changer  205 B may also perform the phase change process on STF  3501  and/or CEF  3502 . 
     Since STF  3501  is formed by bundling a plurality of 128-bit Golay sequences (128 symbols), phase changer  205  (phase changer  205 B) uses an integer larger than 4 out of divisors of 128, for example, one of 8, 16, 32, 64, 128 as the phase change cycle. To obtain an effect of reducing a peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) by using π/2 shift BPSK, the cycle needs be an integer larger than 4. 
     Note that as described above, in order for the transmission apparatus to perform the phase change process without distinguishing among the guard period, the data block, and STF  3501 ,  8 ,  16 , and  32  are preferred values as the phase change cycle. Even if the transmission apparatus performs the phase change process without distinguishing the guard period, the data block, and STF  3501 , this will allow the transmission apparatus to equate the magnitude of phase change to perform among the head symbol of each guard period, the head symbol of the data block, and the head symbol of STF  3501 . Therefore, without using information about the number of guard periods or data blocks transmitted before, the reception apparatus can determine the phase change value used on a transmission side, by using only information about the number of symbols from the heads of the guard period and the data block. As a result, the demodulation process of the reception apparatus can be facilitated. 
     Since CEF  3502  is formed by bundling the 128-bit Golay sequence (128 symbols) and 512-bit Golay sequence (512 symbols), phase changer  205  (phase changer  205 B) uses an integer larger than 4 out of common divisors of 512 and 128, for example, one of 8, 16, 32, 64, 128 as the phase change cycle. However, the 512-bit Golay sequence (512 symbols) can also be formed by combining four sets of 128 symbols corresponding to the 128-bit Golay sequences. At this time, phase changer  205  (phase changer  205 B) uses an integer larger than 4 out of divisors of 128, for example, one of 8, 16, 32, 64, and 128 as the phase change cycle. Note that to obtain an effect of reducing the peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) by using π/2 shift BPSK, the cycle needs be an integer larger than 4. 
     Note that as described above, in order for the transmission apparatus to perform the phase change process without distinguishing among the guard period, the data block, STF  3501 , and CEF  3502 ,  8 ,  16 , and  32  are preferred values as the phase change cycle. Even if the transmission apparatus performs the phase change process without distinguishing the guard period, the data block, STF  3501 , and CEF  3502 , this will allow the transmission apparatus to equate the magnitude of phase change to perform among the head symbol of each guard period, the head symbol of the data block, and the head symbol of STF  3501 . Therefore, without using information about the number of guard periods or data blocks transmitted before, the reception apparatus can determine the phase change value used on a transmission side, by using only information about the number of symbols from the heads of the guard period and the data block. As a result, the demodulation process of the reception apparatus can be facilitated. 
       FIG. 37  illustrates an example of the structure of STF  3501  and CEF  3502  different from  FIG. 36 . 
     STF  3501  includes 2176 bits, and includes the first Golay sequence including 128 bits (described as Ga  128  in  FIG. 37 ). Note that, for example, π/2-BPSK (π/2 shift BPSK) is performed on the first Golay sequence (Ga  128 ) to generate 128 symbols. Note that, for example, for sequence Ga  4 ={1, 1, 1, 1}, −Ga  4 ={−1, −1, −1, −1}. Therefore, STF  3501  is a π/2-BPSK (π/2 shift BPSK) symbol of 5120 symbols. 
     The structure of CEF  3502  is as described with reference to  FIG. 36 . 
     Phase changer  205 B may also perform the phase change process on STF  3501  and/or CEF  3502 . 
     Since STF  3501  is formed by bundling a plurality of 128-bit Golay sequences (128 symbols), phase changer  205  (phase changer  205 B) uses an integer larger than 4 out of divisors of 128, for example, one of 8, 16, 32, 64, 128 as the phase change cycle. To obtain an effect of reducing a peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) by using π/2 shift BPSK, the cycle needs be an integer larger than 4. 
     Note that as described above, in order for the transmission apparatus to perform the phase change process without distinguishing among the guard period, the data block, and STF  3501 ,  8 ,  16 , and  32  are preferred values as the phase change cycle. Even if the transmission apparatus performs the phase change process without distinguishing the guard period, the data block, and STF  3501 , this will allow the transmission apparatus to equate the magnitude of phase change to perform among the head symbol of each guard period, the head symbol of the data block, and the head symbol of STF  3501 . Therefore, without using information about the number of guard periods or data blocks transmitted before, the reception apparatus can determine the phase change value used on a transmission side, by using only information about the number of symbols from the heads of the guard period and the data block. As a result, the demodulation process of the reception apparatus can be facilitated. 
     Since CEF  3502  is formed by bundling the 128-bit Golay sequence (128 symbols) and 512-bit Golay sequence (512 symbols), phase changer  205  (phase changer  205 B) uses an integer larger than 4 out of common divisors of 512 and 128, for example, one of 8, 16, 32, 64, 128 as the phase change cycle. However, the 512-bit Golay sequence (512 symbols) can also be formed by combining four sets of 128 symbols corresponding to the 128-bit Golay sequences. At this time, phase changer  205  (phase changer  205 B) uses an integer larger than 4 out of divisors of 128, for example, one of 8, 16, 32, 64, and 128 as the phase change cycle. Note that to obtain an effect of reducing the peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) by using π/2 shift BPSK, the cycle needs be an integer larger than 4. 
     Note that as described above, in order for the transmission apparatus to perform the phase change process without distinguishing among the guard period, the data block, STF  3501 , and CEF  3502 ,  8 ,  16 , and  32  are preferred values as the phase change cycle. Even if the transmission apparatus performs the phase change process without distinguishing the guard period, the data block, STF  3501 , and CEF  3502 , this will allow the transmission apparatus to equate the magnitude of phase change to perform among the head symbol of each guard period, the head symbol of the data block, and the head symbol of STF  3501 . Therefore, without using information about the number of guard periods or data blocks transmitted before, the reception apparatus can determine the phase change value used on a transmission side, by using only information about the number of symbols from the heads of the guard period and the data block. As a result, the demodulation process of the reception apparatus can be facilitated. 
     In the above description, the transmission apparatus generates signal-processed signal  106 _A without performing the phase change process, and performs the phase change process of the cycle N with the phase change value represented by formula (2) to generate signal-processed signal  106 _B. Here, a case will be described in which the transmission apparatus uses a value of divisor of 128 symbols (equal to or greater than 2) corresponding to 128-bit Golay sequence constituting STF as the value of the cycle N in the phase change process of phase changer  205 B. At this time, to generate signals of STF  3501  of each of signal-processed signals  106 _A and  106 _B, even if the transmission apparatus uses the same sequence (e.g., Golay sequence), the transmission apparatus can make the 128-symbol symbol string corresponding to the Golay sequence of signal-processed signal  106 _A output from signal processor  106  orthogonal to the 128-symbol symbol string corresponding to the Golay sequence of signal-processed signal  106 _B. 
     Since this configuration allows the transmission apparatus to cause the signals in the Golay sequence sections to be orthogonal to each other without using a plurality of orthogonal sequences or a plurality of complementary code sequences in order to generate the signal of STF  3501 , the reception apparatus can estimate transmission channel characteristics (channel fluctuation) and the like (distortion component) for each of two transmission signals from the signal of each Golay sequence section. 
     Note that the method by which the transmission apparatus changes the phase change value is not limited to the method represented by formula (2). For example, the phase changer may perform the phase change process of the cycle N by periodically using N types of values different by 2π/N in a predetermined appropriate order as the phase change values. Since this configuration also allows the transmission apparatus to cause the signals in the Golay sequence sections to be orthogonal to each other without using a plurality of orthogonal sequences or a plurality of complementary code sequences in order to generate the STF  3501  signals of two signals transmitted simultaneously at the same frequency, the reception apparatus can estimate transmission channel characteristics (channel fluctuation) and the like (distortion component) of each of the two transmission signals from the signal of each Golay sequence section. 
     In the above description, the transmission apparatus generates signal-processed signal  106 _A without performing the phase change process, and performs the phase change process of the cycle N with the phase change value represented by formula (2) to generate signal-processed signal  106 _B. Here, a case will be described in which the transmission apparatus uses a value of a common divisor of 128 and 512 (equal to or greater than 2) as the value of the cycle N in the phase change process of phase changer  205 B because CEF includes 128 symbols corresponding to 128-bit Golay sequence and 512 symbols corresponding to 512-bit Golay sequence. However, 512 symbols corresponding to the 512-bit Golay sequence can also be formed by combining four sets of 128 symbols corresponding to the 128-bit Golay sequence. At this time, a divisor of 128 (equal to or greater than 2) is used as the value of the cycle N. At this time, to generate signals of CEF  3502  of each of signal-processed signals  106 _A and  106 _B, even if the transmission apparatus uses the same sequence (e.g., Golay sequence), the transmission apparatus can make 512-symbol or 128-symbol symbol string corresponding to the Golay sequence of signal-processed signal  106 _A output from signal processor  106  orthogonal to 512-symbol or 128-symbol symbol string corresponding to the Golay sequence of signal-processed signal  106 _B. 
     Since this configuration allows the transmission apparatus to cause the signals in the Golay sequence sections to be orthogonal to each other without using a plurality of orthogonal sequences or a plurality of complementary code sequences in order to generate the signal of CEF  3502 , the reception apparatus can estimate transmission channel characteristics (channel fluctuation) and the like (distortion component) for each of two transmission signals from the signal of each Golay sequence section. 
     Note that the method by which the transmission apparatus changes the phase change value is not limited to the method represented by formula (2). For example, the phase changer may perform the phase change process of the cycle N by periodically using N types of values different by 2π/N in a predetermined appropriate order as the phase change values. Since this configuration also allows the transmission apparatus to cause the signals in the Golay sequence sections to be orthogonal to each other without using a plurality of orthogonal sequences or a plurality of complementary code sequences in order to generate the signals of CEF  3502  of two signals transmitted simultaneously at the same frequency, the reception apparatus can estimate transmission channel characteristics (channel fluctuation) and the like (distortion component) of each of the two transmission signals from the signal of each Golay sequence section. 
     The above information is differently described as follows. 
     The transmission apparatus transmits modulated signal # X from transmission antenna # 1  and modulated signal # Y from transmission antenna # 2 . At this time, both of modulated signal # X and modulated signal # Y are single carrier signals. Then, the transmission apparatus transmits STF of modulated signal # X (named STF # X). Similarly, the transmission apparatus transmits STF of modulated signal # Y (named STF # Y). The Golay sequence for generating the symbol of STF # X and the Golay sequence for generating the symbol of STF # Y are assumed to be the same (common). This will allow the circuit to be common to the transmission apparatus and the reception apparatus in parts related to the Golay sequence. When the transmission is performed as described above, the reception apparatus serving as a communication partner of the transmission apparatus cannot discriminate between STF # X and STF # Y. That is, it is difficult to demodulate modulated signal # X and modulated signal # Y. Therefore, to facilitate discrimination between STF # X and STF # Y, the reception apparatus performs phase change, for example, with one of STF # X and STF # Y. 
     Example 3 
     When phase change is performed regularly with STF # X, phase change may also be performed regularly in a data symbol part of modulated signal # X. This may allow the phase changer to be common. 
     Example 4 
     When phase change is performed regularly with STF # Y, phase change may also be performed regularly in a data symbol part of modulated signal # Y. This may allow the phase changer to be common. 
     Also, there may be a rule as described below. The first symbol in time in STF # X is STF # X (0) and the first symbol in time in STF # Y is STF # Y (0). 
     As in Example 3), in a case where “when phase change is performed regularly with STF # X, phase change may also be performed regularly in the data symbol part of modulated signal # X”, the phase change value of STF # X (0) is a specified value, and thereafter regular phase change is performed. For example, at time  1 , “STF # X and the data symbol” are transmitted, and at time  2 , “STF # X and the data symbol” are transmitted. At this time, the phase change value of “STF # X (0)” of “STF # X” transmitted at time  1  is A radians, and “STF # X (0)” of “STF # X” transmitted at time  2  is also A radians. 
     As in Example 4), in a case where “when phase change is performed regularly with STF # Y, phase change may also be performed regularly in the data symbol part of modulated signal # Y”, the phase change value of STF # Y (0) is a specified value, and thereafter regular phase change is performed. For example, at time  1 , “STF # Y and the data symbol” are transmitted, and at time  2 , “STF # Y and the data symbol” are transmitted. At this time, the phase change value of “STF # Y (0)” of “STF # Y” transmitted at time  1  is B radians, and “STF # Y (0)” of “STF # Y” transmitted at time  2  is also B radians. 
     The transmission apparatus transmits modulated signal # X from transmission antenna # 1  and modulated signal # Y from transmission antenna # 2 . At this time, both of modulated signal # X and modulated signal # Y are single carrier signals. Then, the transmission apparatus transmits CEF of modulated signal # X (named CEF # X). Similarly, the transmission apparatus transmits CEF of modulated signal # Y (named CEF # Y). The Golay sequence for generating the symbol of CEF # X and the Golay sequence for generating the symbol of CEF # Y are assumed to be the same (common). This will allow the circuit to be common to the transmission apparatus and the reception apparatus in parts related to the Golay sequence. 
     When the transmission is performed as described above, the reception apparatus serving as a communication partner of the transmission apparatus cannot discriminate between CEF # X and CEF # Y. That is, it is difficult to demodulate modulated signal # X and modulated signal # Y. Therefore, to facilitate discrimination between CEF # X and CEF # Y, the reception apparatus performs phase change, for example, with one of CEF # X and CEF # Y. 
     Example 5 
     When phase change is performed regularly with CEF # X, phase change may also be performed regularly in a data symbol part of modulated signal # X. This may allow the phase changer to be common. 
     Example 6 
     When phase change is performed regularly with CEF # Y, phase change may also be performed regularly in a data symbol part of modulated signal # Y. This may allow the phase changer to be common. 
     Also, there may be a rule as described below. The first symbol in time in CEF # X is CEF # X (0) and the first symbol in time in CEF # Y is CEF # Y (0). 
     As in Example 5), in a case where “when phase change is performed regularly with CEF # X, phase change may also be performed regularly in the data symbol part of modulated signal # X”, the phase change value of CEF # X (0) is a specified value, and thereafter regular phase change is performed. For example, at time  1 , “CEF # X and the data symbol” are transmitted, and at time  2 , “CEF # X and the data symbol” are transmitted. At this time, the phase change value of “CEF # X (0)” of “CEF # X” transmitted at time  1  is A radians, and “CEF # X (0)” of “CEF # X” transmitted at time  2  is also A radians. 
     As in Example 6), in a case where “when phase change is performed regularly with CEF # Y, phase change may also be performed regularly in the data symbol part of modulated signal # Y”, the phase change value of CEF # Y (0) is a specified value, and thereafter regular phase change is performed. For example, at time  1 , “CEF # Y and the data symbol” are transmitted, and at time  2 , “CEF # Y and the data symbol” are transmitted. At this time, the phase change value of “CEF # Y (0)” of “CEF # Y” transmitted at time  1  is B radians, and “CEF # Y (0)” of “CEF # Y” transmitted at time  2  is also B radians. 
     Next, description will be made of the phase change process to be performed by phase changers  205 A and  205 B when the transmission apparatus has the configuration of  FIG. 1  and signal processor  106  of  FIG. 1  has the configuration of  FIG. 20, 21 , or  22 . However, the phase change process to be described below may be performed by phase changers  205 A and  205 B when the transmission apparatus has the configuration of  FIG. 17 . The phase change process may be performed by phase changers  2801 A and  2801 B when signal processor  106  has the configuration of  FIG. 31, 32 , or  33 . 
     The phase change process to be performed by phase changers  205 A and  205 B is represented by formula (52), w(i) in formula (52) is represented by formula (137), and y(i) is represented by formula (2). 
     Phase changers  205 A and  205 B use the same value as the cycle N of the phase change process. Also, as the cycle N of the phase change process, phase changers  205 A and  205 B use a value equal to or greater than 3 out of divisors of the number of data block symbols. According to the present exemplary embodiment, since the number of data block symbols is 448, phase changers  205 A and  205 B perform the phase change process of any one of cycles 4, 7, 8, 14, 16, 28, 32, 56, 64, 112, 224, and 448. 
     However, the N types of phase change values and the switching order to be used by phase changers  205 A and  205 B are not limited to this example. 
     This configuration allows the reception apparatus that receives a modulated signal transmitted from the above-described transmission apparatus to avoid a situation where reception conditions are stationary, in particular in the LOS environment, thereby improving data reception quality. 
     Note that phase changers  205 A and  205 B may perform the phase change process on the signals of STF  3501  and/or CEF  3502  of  FIGS. 35 and 36 . In this case, since the structure of STF  3501  and/or CEF  3502  is as described above, as the phase change cycle, the above-mentioned conditions are important. To satisfy the above conditions, to make the phase change cycle of STF  3501  and the phase change cycle of CEF  3502  common, to make the circuitry common, and to reduce the circuit scale, a divisor of 128 (however, an integer greater than 4) is preferably used. Furthermore, to make the above cycle common with the phase change cycle of the guard section, a divisor of 64 (however, an integer greater than 4) is preferably used. 
     As described above, when both of phase changers  205 A and  205 B perform phase change described above, PAPR of the modulated signal transmitted from each antenna can be made approximately the same, and in transmission and reception, the circuit scale for reducing the influence of PAPR can be reduced. 
     In the above description, the transmission apparatus performs the phase change process of the cycle N with the phase change value represented by formula (137) to generate signal-processed signal  106 _A, and performs the phase change process of the cycle N with the phase change value represented by formula (2) to generate signal-processed signal  106 _B. Here, a case will be described in which the transmission apparatus uses a value of divisor of the number of symbols in the guard period (equal to or greater than 2) as the value of the cycle N in the phase change process of phase changers  205 A and  205 B. At this time, to generate signals of STF and/or CEF of each of signal-processed signals  106 _A and  106 _B, even if the transmission apparatus uses the same sequence (e.g., Golay sequence), the transmission apparatus can make the symbol string corresponding to the Golay sequence of the same section of signal-processed signal  106 _A output from signal processor  106  orthogonal to the symbol string corresponding to the Golay sequence of signal-processed signal  106 _B. Since this configuration allows the transmission apparatus to cause the signals of STF and/or CEF to be orthogonal to each other without using a plurality of orthogonal sequences or a plurality of complementary code sequences in order to generate the signals of STF and/or CEF, the reception apparatus can estimate distortion such as transmission channel characteristics for each of two transmission signals from the signals of STF and/or CEF. 
     Note that in the above description according to the present exemplary embodiment, signal processor  106  of  FIG. 1  has the configurations of  FIGS. 2, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 31, 32, and 33 . However, since the present exemplary embodiment uses the single carrier scheme and only one symbol is placed in a frequency axis direction, the phase change process by phase changers  209 A and  209 B may be omitted. In that case, the signal processor in the present exemplary embodiment has a configuration in which phase changers  209 A and  209 B are eliminated from  FIGS. 2, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 31, 32, and 33 . 
     However, phase changers  209 A and  209 B may perform the phase change process different from the phase change process described in the first exemplary embodiment and the like. Also, when the transmission apparatus transmits signals by performing channel bonding using a plurality of channels, the transmission apparatus may perform phase change using phase change values different for each channel. 
     For the above-described transmission of the modulated signal of the transmission apparatus, the configuration of the reception apparatus serving as a communication partner will be described. The reception apparatus according to the present exemplary embodiment has, for example, the configuration of  FIG. 8 , receives the signal of the frame structure described so far, and demodulates the data symbol based on the control information transmitted in the control information symbol. Then, for example, channel estimators ( 805 _ 1 ,  805 _ 2 ,  807 _ 1 ,  807 _ 2 ) of the reception apparatus extract, for example, STF, CEF, and GI described above from the reception signal, and estimate channel fluctuation of each transmission antenna and each reception antenna (h11(i), h12(i), h21(i), h22(i) in  FIG. 9 ). Signal processor  811  demodulates data symbols using these channel fluctuation values. 
     Note that STF  3501  and CEF  3502  may be BPSK symbols. According to the present exemplary embodiment, phase change may be performed not on the data symbols but on STF  3501  and/or CEF  3502  and/or GI. In this case, effects described individually can be obtained. 
     The configurations of the symbols of STF  3501  and CEF  3502  are not limited to the examples of  FIGS. 36 and 37 . Even with other configurations, when phase change is performed on STF  3501  and CEF  3502 , the above-described effect can be obtained. 
     Note that an example has been described in which the Golay sequence for generating STF in modulated signal # X and the Golay sequence for generating STF in modulated signal # Y are the same. However, even if both are different, it is possible to implement the present exemplary embodiment. Also, an example has been described in which the Golay sequence for generating CEF in modulated signal # X and the Golay sequence for generating CEF in modulated signal # Y are the same. However, even if both are different, it is possible to implement the present exemplary embodiment. Furthermore, an example has been described in which the Golay sequence for generating GI in modulated signal # X and the Golay sequence for generating GI in modulated signal # Y are the same. However, even if both are different, it is possible to implement the present exemplary embodiment. 
     Ninth Exemplary Embodiment 
     The present exemplary embodiment will describe one example of a phase changing method for regularly performing phase change in a communication system that performs transmission using a single carrier scheme. 
     A transmission apparatus according to the present exemplary embodiment has configurations of, for example,  FIGS. 1 and 17 . 
     According to the present exemplary embodiment, the transmission apparatus transmits, for example, a signal having a frame structure as illustrated in  FIG. 25 .  FIG. 34  is a diagram illustrating one example of a detailed structure of region  2503  in which a data symbol of  FIG. 25  is transmitted. Data region  3400  of  FIG. 34  corresponds to region  2503  of  FIG. 25  where the data symbol is transmitted. Data region  3400  includes a plurality of data blocks  3402  each having a length of 448 symbols, guard periods  3401  each having 64 symbols and placed before the respective data blocks, and a guard period placed following the last data block. 
     Here, in the guard period, for example, a 64-symbol signal generated using a complementary code sequence such as a 64-bit Golay sequence is transmitted. Note that using the Golay sequence for generating the guard period signal is merely one example. The transmission apparatus may generate the guard period signal by using any other sequence such as other complementary codes or orthogonal code sequences. Also, a number of bits is not limited to 64 bits. 
       FIG. 34  illustrates the structure of data region  3400  where a number of data blocks is three. However, the number of data blocks may be any number as long as the number is an integer equal to or greater than 1. A number of guard blocks varies with the number of data blocks. For example, the number of guard blocks is a number obtained by adding 1 to the number of data blocks. 
       FIG. 35  is a diagram illustrating one example of a detailed structure of preamble  2501  of  FIG. 25 . In  FIG. 35 , preamble  3500  corresponds to preamble  2501  of  FIG. 25 . Preamble  3500  includes short training field (STF)  3501  a reception apparatus can use for signal detection, frequency synchronization, time synchronization, and the like, and channel estimation field (CEF)  3502  that can be used for channel estimation. 
     In STF  3501 , the transmission apparatus repeatedly transmits, for example, a 128-symbol signal generated using the complementary code sequence such as a 128-bit Golay sequence by a predetermined number of times. After that, the transmission apparatus transmits a 128-symbol signal generated using a complementary code sequence such as a 128-bit Golay sequence obtained by inverting signs of + and −. 
     In CEF  3502 , the transmission apparatus transmits, for example, in a predetermined order, a plurality of 128-symbol signals generated using complementary code sequences such as a plurality of Golay sequences each having 128 bits and different from each other, and a complementary code sequence obtained by inverting the signs of + and − of the complementary code sequence. 
     Note that using the Golay sequence for generating the signals to be transmitted in STF  3501  and CEF  3502  is merely one example. The transmission apparatus may generate the signals by using any sequence such as other complementary codes or orthogonal code sequences. Also, the number of bits is not limited to the value described above. 
     Next, a phase change process to be performed by the transmission apparatus will be described. Here, first, description will be made of the phase change process to be performed by phase changer  205 B when the transmission apparatus has the configuration of  FIG. 1  and signal processor  106  of  FIG. 1  has any of the configurations of  FIGS. 2, 18, and 19 . 
     However, in  FIG. 2 , phase changer  209 B may perform phase change as described in the other exemplary embodiments or may omit phase change. Therefore, phase changer  209 B may be eliminated, and baseband signal  208 B based on the frame structure may correspond to  210 B. Similarly, in  FIG. 18 , phase changer  209 A may perform phase change as described in the other exemplary embodiments or may omit phase change. Therefore, phase changer  209 A may be eliminated, and baseband signal  208 A based on the frame structure may correspond to  210 A. Also, in  FIG. 19 , phase changers  209 A and  209 B may perform phase change as described in the other exemplary embodiments or may omit phase change. Therefore, phase changer  209 B may be eliminated, and baseband signal  208 B based on the frame structure may correspond to  210 B. Also, phase changer  209 A may be eliminated, and baseband signal  208 A based on the frame structure may correspond to  210 A. 
     The phase change process to be described below may be performed by phase changer  205 B when signal processor  106  has the configuration of  FIG. 20, 21 , or  22 , or when the transmission apparatus has the configuration of  FIG. 17 . The phase change process may be performed by phase changer  2801 B when signal processor  106  has the configuration of  FIG. 31, 32 , or  33 . 
     According to the present exemplary embodiment, phase changer  205 B performs the phase change process of a cycle N using N types of phase change values periodically in predetermined order. Here, as the cycle N of the phase change process, phase changer  205 B uses a value equal to or greater than 3 out of divisors of a number of data block symbols. According to the present exemplary embodiment, since the number of data block symbols is 448, phase changer  205 B performs the phase change process of any one of cycles 4, 7, 8, 14, 16, 28, 32, 56, 64, 112, 224, and 448. 
     Also, as the cycle N of the phase change process, phase changer  205 B may use a divisor 2 of the number of data block symbols. 
     Here, it is assumed that N types of phase change values and the switching order thereof in the phase change process to be performed by phase changer  205 B are represented by formula (2). In that case, in a first symbol, the value of phase change to be performed by phase changer  205 B is 0, and in second and subsequent symbols, the phase change value is a value obtained by adding 2π/N to the phase change value used in the previous symbol. However, the N types of phase change values and the switching order to be used by phase changer  205 B are not limited to this example. 
     This configuration allows the reception apparatus that receives a modulated signal transmitted from the above-described transmission apparatus to avoid a situation where reception conditions are stationary, in particular in the LOS environment, thereby improving data reception quality. 
     Note that phase changer  205 B may also perform the phase change process on the signal in the guard period. In this case, since the number of symbols in the guard period is 64, phase changer  205 B uses any one of 4, 8, 16, and 32, which are values equal to or greater than 3 among divisors of 64, as the phase change cycle. Even if the transmission apparatus performs the phase change process without distinguishing the guard period and the data block, using this phase changing method allows the transmission apparatus to equate the magnitude of phase change to perform among the head symbol of each guard period and the head symbol of each data block. Therefore, without using information about the number of guard periods or data blocks transmitted before, the reception apparatus can determine the phase change value used on a transmission side, by using only information about the number of symbols from the heads of the guard period and the data block. As a result, the demodulation process of the reception apparatus can be facilitated. 
     Also, when phase changer  205 B also performs the phase change process on the signal in the guard period, since the number of symbols in the guard period is 64, phase changer  205 B may use 2 out of divisors of 64 as the phase change cycle. Even if the transmission apparatus performs the phase change process without distinguishing the guard period and the data block, using this phase changing method allows the transmission apparatus to equate the magnitude of phase change to perform among the head symbol of each guard period and the head symbol of each data block. Therefore, without using information about the number of guard periods or data blocks transmitted before, the reception apparatus can determine the phase change value used on a transmission side, by using only information about the number of symbols from the heads of the guard period and the data block. As a result, the demodulation process of the reception apparatus can be facilitated. 
     In the above description, the transmission apparatus generates signal-processed signal  106 _A without performing the phase change process, and performs the phase change process of the cycle N with the phase change value represented by formula (2) to generate signal-processed signal  106 _B. Here, a case will be described in which the transmission apparatus uses a value of the divisor of the number of symbols in the guard period (equal to or greater than 2) as the value of the cycle N in the phase change process of phase changer  205 B. At this time, to generate signals in the guard period of each of signal-processed signals  106 _A and  106 _B, even if the transmission apparatus uses the same sequence (e.g., Golay sequence), the transmission apparatus can make the symbol string corresponding to the guard period of signal-processed signal  106 _A output from signal processor  106  orthogonal to the symbol string corresponding to the guard period of signal-processed signal  106 _B. Since this configuration allows the transmission apparatus to cause the signals in the guard period to be orthogonal to each other without using a plurality of orthogonal sequences or a plurality of complementary code sequences in order to generate the signals in the guard period, the reception apparatus can estimate transmission channel characteristics (channel fluctuation) for each of two transmission signals from the signals in the guard period. 
     Note that the method by which the transmission apparatus changes the phase change value is not limited to the method represented by formula (2). For example, the phase changer may perform the phase change process of the cycle N by periodically using N types of values different by 2π/N in a predetermined appropriate order as the phase change values. In order to generate the signals in the guard period of two signals transmitted simultaneously at the same frequency, this configuration also allows the transmission apparatus to cause the signals in the guard period to be orthogonal to each other without using a plurality of orthogonal sequences or a plurality of complementary code sequences. Therefore, the reception apparatus can estimate transmission channel characteristics (channel fluctuation) for each of the two transmission signals from the signals in the guard period. 
     Note that in preamble  3500 , the transmission apparatus does not perform the phase change process described above, for example, on either of signal-processed signals  106 _A and  106 _B. The transmission apparatus generates a signal to be used for estimating a transmission channel for MIMO, for example, by using orthogonal sequences orthogonal to each other or a plurality of complementary code sequences. Also, the signal to be used for estimating the transmission channel for MIMO may be transmitted in a region different from CEF  3502  of preamble  3500 . For example, after the control symbol, for example, a region may be provided in which a signal to be used for estimating the transmission channel for MIMO generated using the orthogonal sequences orthogonal to each other or the plurality of complementary code sequences is transmitted. 
     The above information is differently described as follows. 
     The transmission apparatus transmits modulated signal # X from transmission antenna # 1  and modulated signal # Y from transmission antenna # 2 . At this time, both of modulated signal # X and modulated signal # Y are single carrier signals. Then, the data symbol of modulated signal # X is transmitted together with a guard interval (GI) (named GI # X). Similarly, the data symbol of modulated signal # Y is transmitted together with GI (named GI # Y). The Golay sequence for generating the symbol of GI # X and the Golay sequence for generating the symbol of GI # Y are assumed to be the same (common). This will allow the circuit to be common to the transmission apparatus and the reception apparatus in parts related to the Golay sequence. When the transmission is performed as described above, the reception apparatus serving as a communication partner of the transmission apparatus cannot discriminate between GI # X and GI # Y. That is, it is difficult to demodulate modulated signal # X and modulated signal # Y. Therefore, to facilitate discrimination between GI # X and GI # Y, the reception apparatus performs phase change, for example, with one of GI # X and GI # Y. 
     Example 1) When phase change is performed regularly with GI # X, phase change is also performed regularly in a data symbol part of modulated signal # X. This will allow the phase changer to be common. 
     Example 2) When phase change is performed regularly with GI # Y, phase change is also performed regularly in a data symbol part of modulated signal # Y. This will allow the phase changer to be common. 
     Also, there may be a rule as described below. 
     It is assumed that the first symbol in time in GI # X is GI # X (0) and the first symbol in time in GI # Y is GI # Y (0). 
     As in Example 1), when “phase change is performed regularly with GI # X, phase change is also performed regularly in the data symbol part of modulated signal # X”, the phase change value of GI # X (0) is a specified value, and thereafter regular phase change is performed. For example, at time  1 , “GI # X and the data symbol” are transmitted, and at time  2 , “GI # X and the data symbol” are transmitted. At this time, the phase change value of “GI # X (0)” of “GI # X” transmitted at time  1  is A radians, and “GI # X (0)” of “GI # X” transmitted at time  2  is also A radians. 
     As in Example 2), when “phase change is performed regularly with GI # Y, phase change is also performed regularly in the data symbol part of modulated signal # Y”, the phase change value of GI # Y (0) is a specified value, and thereafter regular phase change is performed. For example, at time  1 , “GI # Y and the data symbol” are transmitted, and at time  2 , “GI # Y and the data symbol” are transmitted. At this time, the phase change value of “GI # Y (0)” of “GI # Y” transmitted at time  1  is B radians, and “GI # Y (0)” of “GI # Y” transmitted at time  2  is also B radians. 
     Next, description will be made of the phase change process to be performed by phase changers  205 A and  205 B when the transmission apparatus has the configuration of  FIG. 1  and signal processor  106  of  FIG. 1  has the configuration of  FIG. 20, 21 , or  22 . However, the phase change process to be described below may be performed by phase changers  205 A and  205 B when the transmission apparatus has the configuration of  FIG. 17 . The phase change process may be performed by phase changers  2801 A and  2801 B when signal processor  106  has the configuration of  FIG. 31, 32 , or  33 . 
     The phase change process to be performed by phase changers  205 A and  205 B is represented by formula (52), and w(i) in formula (52) is represented by formula (137) below. Note that y(i) is represented by formula (2). 
     Phase changers  205 A and  205 B use the same value as the cycle N of the phase change process. Also, as the cycle N of the phase change process, phase changers  205 A and  205 B use a value equal to or greater than 3 out of divisors of the number of data block symbols. According to the present exemplary embodiment, since the number of data block symbols is 448, phase changers  205 A and  205 B perform the phase change process of any one of cycles 4, 7, 8, 14, 16, 28, 32, 56, 64, 112, 224, and 448. Also, phase changers  205 A and  205 B may perform the phase change process with the cycle of 2. 
     However, the N types of phase change values and the switching order to be used by phase changers  205 A and  205 B are not limited to this example. 
     This configuration allows the reception apparatus that receives a modulated signal transmitted from the above-described transmission apparatus to avoid a situation where reception conditions are stationary, in particular in the LOS environment, thereby improving data reception quality. 
     Note that phase changers  205 A and  205 B may also perform the phase change process on the signal in the guard period. In this case, since the number of symbols in the guard period is 64, phase changers  205 A and  205 B use any one of 4, 8, 16, and 32, which are values equal to or greater than 3 among divisors of 64, as the phase change cycle. Also, since the number of symbols in the guard period is 64, phase changers  205 A and  205 B may use 2, which is a divisor of 64, as the phase change cycle. Even if the transmission apparatus performs the phase change process without distinguishing the guard period from the data block, using this phase changing method allows the transmission apparatus to make the value of phase change performed on a head symbol of each guard period identical to the value of phase change performed on a head symbol of each data block. Therefore, without using information about the number of guard periods or data blocks transmitted before, the reception apparatus can determine the phase change value used on a transmission side, by using only information about the number of symbols from the heads of the guard period and the data block. As a result, the demodulation process of the reception apparatus can be facilitated. 
     In the above description, the transmission apparatus performs the phase change process of the cycle N with the phase change value represented by formula (137) to generate signal-processed signal  106 _A, and performs the phase change process of the cycle N with the phase change value represented by formula (2) to generate signal-processed signal  106 _B. Here, a case will be described in which the transmission apparatus uses a value of divisor of the number of symbols in the guard period (equal to or greater than 2) as the value of the cycle N in the phase change process of phase changers  205 A and  205 B. At this time, to generate signals in the guard period of each of signal-processed signals  106 _A and  106 _B, even if the transmission apparatus uses the same sequence (e.g., Golay sequence), the transmission apparatus can make the symbol string corresponding to the guard period of signal-processed signal  106 _A output from signal processor  106  orthogonal to the symbol string corresponding to the guard period of signal-processed signal  106 _B. Since this configuration allows the transmission apparatus to cause the signals in the guard period to be orthogonal to each other without using a plurality of orthogonal sequences or a plurality of complementary code sequences in order to generate the signals in the guard period, the reception apparatus can estimate the transmission channel characteristics for each of the two transmission signals from the signals in the guard period. 
     Note that in the above description according to the present exemplary embodiment, signal processor  106  of  FIG. 1  has the configurations of  FIGS. 2, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 31, 32, and 33 . However, since the present exemplary embodiment uses the single carrier scheme and only one symbol is placed in a frequency axis direction, the phase change process by phase changers  209 A and  209 B may be omitted. In that case, the signal processor in the present exemplary embodiment has a configuration in which phase changers  209 A and  209 B are eliminated from  FIGS. 2, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 31, 32, and 33 . 
     However, phase changers  209 A and  209 B may perform the phase change process different from the phase change process described in the first exemplary embodiment and the like. Also, when the transmission apparatus transmits signals by performing channel bonding using a plurality of channels, the transmission apparatus may perform phase change using phase change values different for each channel. 
     Note that the present exemplary embodiment has described a case where the transmission apparatus transmits the 448-symbol data block and the 64-symbol signal of the guard period in the data region. However, the number of symbols in the data block and the guard period may be different values. 
     As one example where different values are used as the number of symbols in the data block and the guard period, a case will be described where the sum of the number of symbols in the data block and the number of symbols in the guard period is not a multiple of the cycle N of the phase change process. At this time, when the phase change process of the cycle N is continuously applied over the entire data region or a predetermined data unit transmitted in the data region (when the phase change process is performed without performing initialization of the phase change value in the entire data region or in the predetermined data unit transmitted in the data region), the phase change value in the head symbol of the head guard period of the data region is not equal to the phase change value in the head symbol of the next guard period. 
     The transmission apparatus may perform any phase change process, such as, for example, (1) periodically change the phase change value over the entire data region or a predetermined data unit transmitted in the data region (not perform initialization of the phase change value in the entire data region or in the predetermined data unit transmitted in the data region), (2) initialize the phase change value at the head of the guard period such that the phase change value applied to the head symbol of the guard period is always constant. 
     Also, when a plurality of schemes having different phase change value initialization conditions including the schemes (1) and (2) described above are switched and used, the transmission apparatus may transmit information indicating the phase change value initialization condition to use as the control symbol. At this time, the reception apparatus demodulates the data symbol based on the information indicating the initialization condition included in the received control information. Specifically, the reception apparatus determines the magnitude of the phase change used in each data symbol and demodulates the data symbol by using the information indicating the initialization condition and other information such as information indicating the phase change pattern if necessary included in the control information. 
     Next, as another example of the modulation scheme to be used by mapper  104  in  FIG. 1  or mappers  006 A and  006 B in  FIG. 17 , a mapping scheme involving phase rotation (or phase change) will be described by which one signal point is selected according to an input bit value from a constellation in which the phase has been changed by a predetermined phase change amount for each symbol. 
     As one example of the mapping scheme involving phase rotation to be performed by the mapper, π/2 (shift)-BPSK will be described. When π/2 (shift)-BPSK is used, the mapper generates one mapped signal (baseband signal) for each bit from the input bit string. Mapped signal (baseband signal) s k  that is k-th generated when π/2 (shift)-BPSK is used is represented by formula X1 below. c k  is a value of the k-th bit of the input bit string and has a value of 0 or 1 (refer to formulas (138) and (139)). 
     Note that s′ k  is identical to one example of the mapped signal (baseband signal) generated by BPSK without involving phase rotation (or phase change). When π/2 (shift)-BPSK is used, the cycle of phase rotation (or phase change) is 4 because the phase of the constellation rotates (changes) by π/2 for each symbol. 
     As another example of the mapping scheme involving phase rotation to be performed by the mapper, π/2 (shift)-QPSK will be described. When π/2 (shift)-QPSK is used, the mapper generates one mapped signal (baseband signal) for each two bits from the input bit string. Mapped signal (baseband signal) s k  that is k-th generated when π/2 (shift)-QPSK is used is represented by formula X2 below. c k  is a value of the k-th bit of the input bit string and has a value of 0 or 1 (refer to formulas (140) and (141)). 
     Note that s′ k  is identical to one example of the mapped signal (baseband signal) generated by QPSK without involving phase rotation (or phase change). When π/2 (shift)-QPSK is used, the cycle of phase rotation (or phase change) is 4 because the phase of the constellation rotates (changes) by π/2 for each symbol. 
     π/2 (shift)-BPSK and π/2 (shift)-QPSK have been described by way of example as the mapping scheme involving phase rotation (or phase change), but other mapping schemes may be used. For example, as the constellation to undergo phase rotation (or phase change), the mapper can use constellations such as amplitude phase shift keying (APSK) (e.g., 16APSK, 64APSK, 128APSK, 256APSK, 1024APSK, 4096APSK, and the like), pulse amplitude modulation (PAM) (e.g., 4PAM, 8PAM, 16PAM, 64PAM, 128PAM, 256PAM, 1024PAM, 4096PAM, and the like), phase shift keying (PSK) (e.g., BPSK, QPSK, 8PSK, 16PSK, 64PSK, 128PSK, 256PSK, 1024PSK, 4096PSK, and the like), and quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) (e.g., 4QAM, 8QAM, 16QAM, 64QAM, 128QAM, 256QAM, 1024QAM, 4096QAM, and the like). Also, as each mapping scheme described above, the mapper may perform mapping using any one of a uniform mapping constellation and a non-uniform mapping constellation. Also, as the cycle of phase rotation (or phase change), the mapper may use not only 4 used for π/2 (shift)-BPSK or π/2 (shift)-QPSK, but also any integer equal to or greater than 2, such as 8 and 16. 
     Next, the configuration of the reception apparatus according to the present exemplary embodiment will be described. The reception apparatus according to the present exemplary embodiment has, for example, the configuration of  FIG. 8 , receives the signal of the frame structure described so far, and demodulates the data symbol based on the control information transmitted in the control information symbol. 
     Meanwhile, for generating a GI symbol, mapping is performed on the Golay sequence to generate the symbol. At this time, examples of preferred modulation schemes for generating the GI symbol include π/2 (shift)-BPSK (π/2 shift BPSK) and BPSK described above. However, the modulation scheme is not limited to these schemes, and the above-described modulation scheme may be used. 
     Note that although performing phase change on GI has been described above, phase change may also be performed on short training field (STF)  3501  and channel estimation field (CEF)  3502  that can be used for channel estimation described in  FIG. 35 . This point will be described below. 
     In the following case, phase change is also performed on STF  3501  and/or CEF  3502  described in  FIG. 35 .  FIG. 36  illustrates one example of the structure of STF  3501  and CEF  3502 . 
     STF  3501  includes 5120 bits, and includes a first Golay sequence including 128 bits (described as Ga  128  in  FIG. 36 ), and a second Golay sequence including 128 bits (described as Gb  128  in  FIG. 36 ). Note that, for example, π/2 (shift)-BPSK (π/2 shift BPSK) is performed on the first Golay sequence (Ga  128 ) to generate 128 symbols, and, for example, π/2 (shift)-BPSK (π/2 shift BPSK) is performed on the second Golay sequence (Gb  128 ) to generate 128 symbols. Note that, for example, for sequence Ga  4 ={1, 1, 1, 1}, −Ga  4 ={−1, −1, −1, −1}. Therefore, STF  3501  is a 5120-symbol π/2 (shift)-BPSK (π/2 shift BPSK) symbol. 
     CEF  3502  includes 1152 bits, and includes a fourth Golay sequence including 512 bits (described as GU  512  in  FIG. 36 ), a fifth Golay sequence including 512 bits (described as GV  512  in  FIG. 36 ), and a sixth Golay sequence including 128 bits (described as GV  128  in  FIG. 36 ). Note that, for example, π/2 (shift)-BPSK (π/2 shift BPSK) is performed on the fourth Golay sequence (GU  512 ) to generate 512 symbols, for example, π/2 (shift)-BPSK (π/2 shift BPSK) is performed on the fifth Golay sequence (GV  512 ) to generate 512 symbols, and for example, π/2 (shift)-BPSK (π/2 shift BPSK) is performed on the sixth Golay sequence (GV  128 ) to generate 128 symbols. Note that CEF  3502  is a 1152-symbol π/2 (shift)-BPSK (π/2 shift BPSK) symbol. 
     Phase changer  205 B may also perform the phase change process on STF  3501  and/or CEF  3502 . 
     Since STF  3501  is formed by bundling a plurality of 128-bit Golay sequences (128 symbols), phase changer  205 A (phase changer  205 B) uses an integer larger than 4 out of divisors of 128, for example, one of 8, 16, 32, 64, 128 as the phase change cycle. (To obtain an effect of reducing peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) by using π/2 shift BPSK, the cycle needs be an integer larger than 4.) Also, phase changer  205 A (phase changer  205 B) may use 2, which is a divisor of 128, as the phase change cycle. 
     Note that as described above, in order for the transmission apparatus to perform the phase change process without distinguishing among the guard period, the data block, and STF  3501 ,  8 ,  16 , and  32  are preferred values as the phase change cycle. Also, 2 is a preferred value as the phase change cycle. Even if the transmission apparatus performs the phase change process without distinguishing the guard period, the data block, and STF  3501 , this will allow the transmission apparatus to equate the magnitude of phase change to perform among the head symbol of each guard period, the head symbol of the data block, and the head symbol of STF  3501 . Therefore, without using information about the number of guard periods or data blocks transmitted before, the reception apparatus can determine the phase change value used on a transmission side, by using only information about the number of symbols from the heads of the guard period and the data block. As a result, the demodulation process of the reception apparatus can be facilitated. 
     Since CEF  3502  is formed by bundling the 128-bit Golay sequence (128 symbols) and the 512-bit Golay sequence (512 symbols), phase changer  205 A (phase changer  205 B) uses an integer larger than 4 out of common divisors of 512 and 128, for example, one of 8, 16, 32, 64, and 128 as the phase change cycle. Also, 2, which is a common divisor of 512 and 128, may be used as the phase change cycle. However, 512-bit Golay sequence (512 symbols) can also be constructed by combining four sets of 128 symbols corresponding to the 128-bit Golay sequence. At this time, phase changer  205 A (phase changer  205 B) uses an integer larger than 4 out of divisors of 128, for example, one of 8, 16, 32, 64, and 128 as the phase change cycle. Also, phase changer  205 A (phase changer  205 B) may use 2, which is a divisor of 128, as the phase change cycle. Note that to obtain an effect of reducing peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) by using π/2 shift BPSK, the cycle needs be an integer larger than 4. 
     Note that as described above, in order for the transmission apparatus to perform the phase change process without distinguishing among the guard period, the data block, STF  3501 , and CEF  3502 ,  8 ,  16 , and  32  are preferred values as the phase change cycle. Also, 2 is a preferred value as the phase change cycle. Even if the transmission apparatus performs the phase change process without distinguishing the guard period, the data block, STF  3501 , and CEF  3502 , this will allow the transmission apparatus to equate the magnitude of phase change to perform among the head symbol of each guard period, the head symbol of each data block, and the head symbol of STF  3501 . Therefore, without using information about the number of guard periods or data blocks transmitted before, the reception apparatus can determine the phase change value used on a transmission side, by using only information about the number of symbols from the heads of the guard period and the data block. As a result, the demodulation process of the reception apparatus can be facilitated. 
       FIG. 37  illustrates an example of the structure of STF  3501  and CEF  3502  different from  FIG. 36 . 
     STF  3501  includes 2176 bits, and includes the first Golay sequence including 128 bits (described as Ga  128  in  FIG. 37 ). Note that, for example, π/2 (shift)-BPSK (π/2 shift BPSK) is performed on the first Golay sequence (Ga  128 ) to generate 128 symbols. Note that, for example, for sequence Ga  4 ={1, 1, 1, 1}, −Ga  4 ={−1, −1, −1, −1}. Therefore, STF  3501  is a 5120-symbol π/2 (shift)-BPSK (π/2 shift BPSK) symbol. 
     The structure of CEF  3502  is as described with reference to  FIG. 36 . 
     Phase changer  205 B may also perform the phase change process on STF  3501  and/or CEF  3502 . 
     Since STF  3501  is formed by bundling a plurality of 128-bit Golay sequences (128 symbols), phase changer  205 A (phase changer  205 B) uses an integer larger than 4 out of divisors of 128, for example, one of 8, 16, 32, 64, 128 as the phase change cycle. Also, phase changer  205 A (phase changer  205 B) may use 2, which is a divisor of 128, as the phase change cycle. To obtain an effect of reducing a peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) by using π/2 shift BPSK, the cycle needs be an integer larger than 4. 
     Note that as described above, in order for the transmission apparatus to perform the phase change process without distinguishing among the guard period, the data block, and STF  3501 ,  8 ,  16 , and  32  are preferred values as the phase change cycle. In order for the transmission apparatus to perform the phase change process without distinguishing among the guard period, the data block, and STF  3501 , the phase change cycle may be 2. Even if the transmission apparatus performs the phase change process without distinguishing the guard period, the data block, and STF  3501 , this will allow the transmission apparatus to equate the magnitude of phase change to perform among the head symbol of each guard period, the head symbol of the data block, and the head symbol of STF  3501 . Therefore, without using information about the number of guard periods or data blocks transmitted before, the reception apparatus can determine the phase change value used on a transmission side, by using only information about the number of symbols from the heads of the guard period and the data block. As a result, the demodulation process of the reception apparatus can be facilitated. 
     Since CEF  3502  is formed by bundling the 128-bit Golay sequence (128 symbols) and the 512-bit Golay sequence (512 symbols), phase changer  205 A (phase changer  205 B) uses an integer larger than 4 out of common divisors of 512 and 128, for example, one of 8, 16, 32, 64, and 128 as the phase change cycle. The phase change cycle may be 2. However, 512-bit Golay sequence (512 symbols) can also be constructed by combining four sets of 128 symbols corresponding to the 128-bit Golay sequence. At this time, phase changer  205 A (phase changer  205 B) uses an integer larger than 4 out of divisors of 128, for example, one of 8, 16, 32, 64, and 128 as the phase change cycle. Also, as the phase change cycle, 2, which is a divisor of 128, may be used. Note that to obtain an effect of reducing the peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) by using π/2 shift BPSK, the cycle needs be an integer larger than 4. 
     Note that as described above, in order for the transmission apparatus to perform the phase change process without distinguishing among the guard period, the data block, STF  3501 , and CEF  3502 ,  8 ,  16 , and  32  are preferred values as the phase change cycle. Also, in order for the transmission apparatus to perform the phase change process without distinguishing among the guard period, the data block, STF  3501 , and CEF  3502 ,  2  is also a preferred value as the phase change cycle. Even if the transmission apparatus performs the phase change process without distinguishing the guard period, the data block, STF  3501 , and CEF  3502 , this will allow the transmission apparatus to equate the magnitude of phase change to perform among the head symbol of each guard period, the head symbol of each data block, and the head symbol of STF  3501 . Therefore, without using information about the number of guard periods or data blocks transmitted before, the reception apparatus can determine the phase change value used on a transmission side, by using only information about the number of symbols from the heads of the guard period and the data block. As a result, the demodulation process of the reception apparatus can be facilitated. 
     In the above description, the transmission apparatus generates signal-processed signal  106 _A without performing the phase change process, and performs the phase change process of the cycle N with the phase change value represented by formula (2) to generate signal-processed signal  106 _B. Here, a case will be described in which the transmission apparatus uses a value of divisor of 128 symbols (equal to or greater than 2) corresponding to 128-bit Golay sequence constituting STF as the value of the cycle N in the phase change process of phase changer  205 B. At this time, to generate signals of STF  3501  of each of signal-processed signals  106 _A and  106 _B, even if the transmission apparatus uses the same sequence (e.g., Golay sequence), the transmission apparatus can make the 128-symbol symbol string corresponding to the Golay sequence of signal-processed signal  106 _A output from signal processor  106  orthogonal to the 128-symbol symbol string corresponding to the Golay sequence of signal-processed signal  106 _B. 
     Since this configuration allows the transmission apparatus to cause the signals in the Golay sequence sections to be orthogonal to each other without using a plurality of orthogonal sequences or a plurality of complementary code sequences in order to generate the signal of STF  3501 , the reception apparatus can estimate transmission channel characteristics (channel fluctuation) and the like (distortion component) for each of two transmission signals from the signal of each Golay sequence section. 
     Note that the method by which the transmission apparatus changes the phase change value is not limited to the method represented by formula (2). For example, the phase changer may perform the phase change process of the cycle N by periodically using N types of values different by 2π/N in a predetermined appropriate order as the phase change values. Since this configuration also allows the transmission apparatus to cause the signals in the Golay sequence sections to be orthogonal to each other without using a plurality of orthogonal sequences or a plurality of complementary code sequences in order to generate the STF  3501  signals of two signals transmitted simultaneously at the same frequency, the reception apparatus can estimate transmission channel characteristics (channel fluctuation) and the like (distortion component) of each of the two transmission signals from the signal of each Golay sequence section. 
     In the above description, the transmission apparatus generates signal-processed signal  106 _A without performing the phase change process, and performs the phase change process of the cycle N with the phase change value represented by formula (2) to generate signal-processed signal  106 _B. Here, a case will be described in which the transmission apparatus uses a value of a common divisor of 128 and 512 (equal to or greater than 2) as the value of the cycle N in the phase change process of phase changer  205 B because CEF includes 128 symbols corresponding to 128-bit Golay sequence and 512 symbols corresponding to 512-bit Golay sequence. However, 512 symbols corresponding to the 512-bit Golay sequence can also be formed by combining four sets of 128 symbols corresponding to the 128-bit Golay sequence. At this time, a divisor of 128 (equal to or greater than 2) is used as the value of the cycle N. At this time, to generate signals of CEF  3502  of each of signal-processed signals  106 _A and  106 _B, even if the transmission apparatus uses the same sequence (e.g., Golay sequence), the transmission apparatus can make 512-symbol or 128-symbol symbol string corresponding to the Golay sequence of signal-processed signal  106 _A output from signal processor  106  orthogonal to 512-symbol or 128-symbol symbol string corresponding to the Golay sequence of signal-processed signal  106 _B. 
     Since this configuration allows the transmission apparatus to cause the signals in the Golay sequence sections to be orthogonal to each other without using a plurality of orthogonal sequences or a plurality of complementary code sequences in order to generate the signal of CEF  3502 , the reception apparatus can estimate transmission channel characteristics (channel fluctuation) and the like (distortion component) for each of two transmission signals from the signal of each Golay sequence section. 
     Note that the method by which the transmission apparatus changes the phase change value is not limited to the method represented by formula (2). For example, the phase changer may perform the phase change process of the cycle N by periodically using N types of values different by 2π/N in a predetermined appropriate order as the phase change values. Since this configuration also allows the transmission apparatus to cause the signals in the Golay sequence sections to be orthogonal to each other without using a plurality of orthogonal sequences or a plurality of complementary code sequences in order to generate the signals of CEF  3502  of two signals transmitted simultaneously at the same frequency, the reception apparatus can estimate transmission channel characteristics (channel fluctuation) and the like (distortion component) of each of the two transmission signals from the signal of each Golay sequence section. 
     The above information is differently described as follows. 
     The transmission apparatus transmits modulated signal # X from transmission antenna # 1  and modulated signal # Y from transmission antenna # 2 . At this time, both of modulated signal # X and modulated signal # Y are single carrier signals. Then, the transmission apparatus transmits STF of modulated signal # X (named STF # X). Similarly, the transmission apparatus transmits STF of modulated signal # Y (named STF # Y). The Golay sequence for generating the symbol of STF # X and the Golay sequence for generating the symbol of STF # Y are assumed to be the same (common). This will allow the circuit to be common to the transmission apparatus and the reception apparatus in parts related to the Golay sequence. When the transmission is performed as described above, the reception apparatus serving as a communication partner of the transmission apparatus cannot discriminate between STF # X and STF # Y. That is, it is difficult to demodulate modulated signal # X and modulated signal # Y. Therefore, to facilitate discrimination between STF # X and STF # Y, the reception apparatus performs phase change, for example, with one of STF # X and STF # Y. 
     Example 3 
     When phase change is performed regularly with STF # X, phase change may also be performed regularly in a data symbol part of modulated signal # X. This may allow the phase changer to be common. 
     Example 4 
     When phase change is performed regularly with STF # Y, phase change may also be performed regularly in a data symbol part of modulated signal # Y. This may allow the phase changer to be common. 
     Also, there may be a rule as described below. 
     The first symbol in time in STF # X is STF # X (0) and the first symbol in time in STF # Y is STF # Y (0). 
     As in Example 3), in a case where “when phase change is performed regularly with STF # X, phase change may also be performed regularly in the data symbol part of modulated signal # X”, the phase change value of STF # X (0) is a specified value, and thereafter regular phase change is performed. For example, at time  1 , “STF # X and the data symbol” are transmitted, and at time  2 , “STF # X and the data symbol” are transmitted. At this time, the phase change value of “STF # X (0)” of “STF # X” transmitted at time  1  is A radians, and “STF # X (0)” of “STF # X” transmitted at time  2  is also A radians. 
     As in Example 4), in a case where “when phase change is performed regularly with STF # Y, phase change may also be performed regularly in the data symbol part of modulated signal # Y”, the phase change value of STF # Y (0) is a specified value, and thereafter regular phase change is performed. For example, at time  1 , “STF # Y and the data symbol” are transmitted, and at time  2 , “STF # Y and the data symbol” are transmitted. At this time, the phase change value of “STF # Y (0)” of “STF # Y” transmitted at time  1  is B radians, and “STF # Y (0)” of “STF # Y” transmitted at time  2  is also B radians. 
     The transmission apparatus transmits modulated signal # X from transmission antenna # 1  and modulated signal # Y from transmission antenna # 2 . At this time, both of modulated signal # X and modulated signal # Y are single carrier signals. Then, the transmission apparatus transmits CEF of modulated signal # X (named CEF # X). Similarly, the transmission apparatus transmits CEF of modulated signal # Y (named CEF # Y). The Golay sequence for generating the symbol of CEF # X and the Golay sequence for generating the symbol of CEF # Y are assumed to be the same (common). This will allow the circuit to be common to the transmission apparatus and the reception apparatus in parts related to the Golay sequence. 
     When the transmission is performed as described above, the reception apparatus serving as a communication partner of the transmission apparatus cannot discriminate between CEF # X and CEF # Y. That is, it is difficult to demodulate modulated signal # X and modulated signal # Y. Therefore, to facilitate discrimination between CEF # X and CEF # Y, the reception apparatus performs phase change, for example, with one of CEF # X and CEF # Y. 
     Example 5 
     When phase change is performed regularly with CEF # X, phase change may also be performed regularly in a data symbol part of modulated signal # X. This may allow the phase changer to be common. 
     Example 6 
     When phase change is performed regularly with CEF # Y, phase change may also be performed regularly in a data symbol part of modulated signal # Y. This may allow the phase changer to be common. 
     Also, there may be a rule as described below. 
     The first symbol in time in CEF # X is CEF # X (0) and the first symbol in time in CEF # Y is CEF # Y (0). 
     As in Example 5), in a case where “when phase change is performed regularly with CEF # X, phase change may also be performed regularly in the data symbol part of modulated signal # X”, the phase change value of CEF # X (0) is a specified value, and thereafter regular phase change is performed. For example, at time  1 , “CEF # X and the data symbol” are transmitted, and at time  2 , “CEF # X and the data symbol” are transmitted. At this time, the phase change value of “CEF # X (0)” of “CEF # X” transmitted at time  1  is A radians, and “CEF # X (0)” of “CEF # X” transmitted at time  2  is also A radians. 
     As in Example 6), in a case where “when phase change is performed regularly with CEF # Y, phase change may also be performed regularly in the data symbol part of modulated signal # Y”, the phase change value of CEF # Y (0) is a specified value, and thereafter regular phase change is performed. For example, at time  1 , “CEF # Y and the data symbol” are transmitted, and at time  2 , “CEF # Y and the data symbol” are transmitted. At this time, the phase change value of “CEF # Y (0)” of “CEF # Y” transmitted at time  1  is B radians, and “CEF # Y (0)” of “CEF # Y” transmitted at time  2  is also B radians. 
     Next, description will be made of the phase change process to be performed by phase changers  205 A and  205 B when the transmission apparatus has the configuration of  FIG. 1  and signal processor  106  of  FIG. 1  has the configuration of  FIG. 20, 21 , or  22 . However, the phase change process to be described below may be performed by phase changers  205 A and  205 B when the transmission apparatus has the configuration of  FIG. 17 . The phase change process may be performed by phase changers  2801 A and  2801 B when signal processor  106  has the configuration of  FIG. 31, 32 , or  33 . 
     The phase change process to be performed by phase changers  205 A and  205 B is represented by formula (52), w(i) in formula (52) is represented by formula (137), and y(i) is represented by formula (2). 
     Phase changers  205 A and  205 B use the same value as the cycle N of the phase change process. Also, as the cycle N of the phase change process, phase changers  205 A and  205 B use a value equal to or greater than 3 out of divisors of the number of data block symbols. According to the present exemplary embodiment, since the number of data block symbols is 448, phase changers  205 A and  205 B perform the phase change process of any one of cycles 4, 7, 8, 14, 16, 28, 32, 56, 64, 112, 224, and 448. Also, as the cycle N of the phase change process, phase changers  205 A and  205 B may use 2, which is a divisor of the number of data block symbols. 
     However, the N types of phase change values and the switching order to be used by phase changers  205 A and  205 B are not limited to this example. 
     This configuration may allow the reception apparatus that receives the modulated signal transmitted from the above-described transmission apparatus to avoid a situation where reception conditions are stationary, in particular in the LOS environment, which may improve data reception quality. 
     Note that phase changers  205 A and  205 B may perform the phase change process on the signals of STF  3501  and/or CEF  3502  of  FIGS. 35 and 36 . In this case, since the structure of STF  3501  and/or CEF  3502  is as described above, as the phase change cycle, the above-mentioned conditions are important. To satisfy the above conditions, to make the phase change cycle of STF  3501  and the phase change cycle of CEF  3502  common, to make the circuitry common, and to reduce the circuit scale, a divisor of 128 (however, an integer greater than 4) (may be equal to or greater than 2) is preferably used. Furthermore, to make the above cycle common with the phase change cycle of the guard section, a divisor of 64 (however, an integer greater than 4) (may be equal to or greater than 2) is preferably used. 
     As described above, when both of phase changers  205 A and  205 B perform phase change described above, PAPR of the modulated signal transmitted from each antenna can be made approximately the same, and in transmission and reception, the circuit scale for reducing the influence of PAPR can be reduced. 
     In the above description, the transmission apparatus performs the phase change process of the cycle N with the phase change value represented by formula (137) to generate signal-processed signal  106 _A, and performs the phase change process of the cycle N with the phase change value represented by formula (2) to generate signal-processed signal  106 _B. Here, a case will be described in which the transmission apparatus uses a value of divisor of the number of symbols in the guard period (equal to or greater than 2) as the value of the cycle N in the phase change process of phase changers  205 A and  205 B. At this time, to generate signals of STF and/or CEF of each of signal-processed signals  106 _A and  106 _B, even if the transmission apparatus uses the same sequence (e.g., Golay sequence), the transmission apparatus can make the symbol string corresponding to the Golay sequence of the same section of signal-processed signal  106 _A output from signal processor  106  orthogonal to the symbol string corresponding to the Golay sequence of signal-processed signal  106 _B. Since this configuration allows the transmission apparatus to cause the signals of STF and/or CEF to be orthogonal to each other without using a plurality of orthogonal sequences or a plurality of complementary code sequences in order to generate the signals of STF and/or CEF, the reception apparatus can estimate distortion such as transmission channel characteristics for each of two transmission signals from the signals of STF and/or CEF. 
     Note that in the above description according to the present exemplary embodiment, signal processor  106  of  FIG. 1  has the configurations of  FIGS. 2, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 31, 32, and 33 . However, since the present exemplary embodiment uses the single carrier scheme and only one symbol is placed in a frequency axis direction, the phase change process by phase changers  209 A and  209 B may be omitted. In that case, the signal processor in the present exemplary embodiment has a configuration in which phase changers  209 A and  209 B are eliminated from  FIGS. 2, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 31, 32, and 33 . 
     However, phase changers  209 A and  209 B may perform the phase change process different from the phase change process described in the first exemplary embodiment and the like. Also, when the transmission apparatus transmits signals by performing channel bonding using a plurality of channels, the transmission apparatus may perform phase change using phase change values different for each channel. 
     For the above-described transmission of the modulated signal of the transmission apparatus, the configuration of the reception apparatus serving as a communication partner will be described. The reception apparatus according to the present exemplary embodiment has, for example, the configuration of  FIG. 8 , receives the signal of the frame structure described so far, and demodulates the data symbol based on the control information transmitted in the control information symbol. Then, for example, channel estimators ( 805 _ 1 ,  805 _ 2 ,  807 _ 1 ,  807 _ 2 ) of the reception apparatus extract, for example, STF, CEF, and GI described above from the reception signal, and estimate channel fluctuation of each transmission antenna and each reception antenna (h11(i), h12(i), h21(i), h22(i) in  FIG. 9 ). Signal processor  811  demodulates data symbols using these channel fluctuation values. 
     Note that STF  3501  and CEF  3502  may be BPSK symbols. According to the present exemplary embodiment, phase change may be performed not on the data symbols but on STF  3501  and/or CEF  3502  and/or GI. In this case, effects described individually can be obtained. 
     The configurations of the symbols of STF  3501  and CEF  3502  are not limited to the examples of  FIGS. 36 and 37 . Even with other configurations, when phase change is performed on STF  3501  and CEF  3502 , the above-described effect can be obtained. 
     Note that an example has been described in which the Golay sequence for generating STF in modulated signal # X and the Golay sequence for generating STF in modulated signal # Y are the same. However, even if both are different, it is possible to implement the present exemplary embodiment. Also, an example has been described in which the Golay sequence for generating CEF in modulated signal # X and the Golay sequence for generating CEF in modulated signal # Y are the same. However, even if both are different, it is possible to implement the present exemplary embodiment. Furthermore, an example has been described in which the Golay sequence for generating GI in modulated signal # X and the Golay sequence for generating GI in modulated signal # Y are the same. However, even if both are different, it is possible to implement the present exemplary embodiment. 
     Next, advantages when the phase change cycle is set at 2 will be described. 
     As in the description of the first exemplary embodiment, it is assumed that phase changer  205 B of  FIGS. 2, 18, and 19  performs phase change. The phase change value in phase changer  205 B of symbol number i is y(i). y(i) is represented by the following formula.
 
[Formula 142]
 
 y ( i )= e   jλ(i)   Formula (142)
 
     Consider a case where the phase change cycle is 2 and λ(i)−λ(i−1)=π radians is set. 
       FIG. 38  illustrates a spectrum with solid line  3801  of  FIG. 38  when phase change is not performed. Note that in  FIG. 38 , a horizontal axis represents a frequency and a vertical axis represents amplitude. 
     The spectrum when phase changer  205 B of  FIG. 2  sets λ(i)−λ(i−1)=π radians and performs phase change will be described. In  FIG. 38 , the spectrum obtained by shifting spectrum  3801  to the right is the spectrum formed by spectra  3802 _A and  3802 _B. Consider a spectrum formed by spectra  3802 _B and  3802 _A as in  FIG. 39  by shifting the spectrum of hatched  3802 _B to the left. This spectrum is the spectrum when λ(i)−λ(i−1)=π radians is set and phase changer  205 B performs phase change. 
     When transmission is made so as to be in such a situation and the propagation environment of the base station and the terminal serving as a communication partner is a multipath environment, an influence of multipath of transmission signal  108 A and an influence of multipath of transmission signal  108 B are different from each other, making it more likely that a space diversity effect can be obtained. The effect of space diversity decreases as λ(i)−λ(i−1) approaches 0. 
     Therefore, “λ(i)−λ(i−1) having a value close to π” is a preferred condition for obtaining the space diversity effect. 
     Note that supplementary description of the ninth exemplary embodiment will be provided in a tenth exemplary embodiment. 
     Tenth Exemplary Embodiment 
     The present exemplary embodiment will describe a configuration of a transmission apparatus for implementing phase change described in the eighth and ninth exemplary embodiments. 
       FIG. 1  is a diagram illustrating one exemplary configuration of the transmission apparatus according to the present exemplary embodiment. Note that since operations of  FIG. 1  have been described in other exemplary embodiments, description thereof will be omitted. However, in the present exemplary embodiment, the transmission apparatus of  FIG. 1  transmits a single carrier modulated signal from antenna unit # A ( 109 _A) and antenna unit # B ( 109 _B). 
       FIG. 40  is a diagram illustrating one exemplary frame structure of modulated signal  108 _A transmitted by antenna unit # A ( 109 _A) of  FIG. 1 .  FIG. 41  is a diagram illustrating one exemplary frame structure of modulated signal  108 _B transmitted by antenna unit # B ( 109 _B) of  FIG. 1 . 
     In  FIG. 40 , parts that operate as in the cases of  FIGS. 34 and 35  are denoted with the same reference numerals. Details have been described in the eighth and ninth exemplary embodiments, and thus description thereof will be omitted here. 
     In  FIG. 40 , a horizontal axis is time. 
     From time t 1  to time t 2 , the transmission apparatus transmits preamble  3500 . 
     From time t 3  to t 4 , the transmission apparatus transmits guard  3401  (guard symbol (symbol of GI)). 
     From time t 5  to time t 6 , the transmission apparatus transmits data block  3402  (data symbol). 
     From time t 7  to time t 8 , the transmission apparatus transmits guard  3401  (guard symbol (symbol of GI)). 
     From time t 9  to time t 10 , the transmission apparatus transmits data block  3402  (data symbol). 
     From time t 11  to time t 12 , the transmission apparatus transmits guard  3401  (guard symbol (symbol of GI)). 
     From time t 13  to time t 14 , the transmission apparatus transmits data block  3402  (data symbol). 
     In  FIG. 41 , parts that operate as in the cases of  FIGS. 34 and 35  are denoted with the same reference numerals. Details have been described in the eighth and ninth exemplary embodiments, and thus description thereof will be omitted here. 
     In  FIG. 41 , a horizontal axis is time. 
     From time t 1  to time t 2 , the transmission apparatus transmits preamble  3500 . 
     From time t 3  to time t 4 , the transmission apparatus transmits guard  3401  (guard symbol (symbol of GI)). 
     From time t 5  to time t 6 , the transmission apparatus transmits data block  3402  (data symbol). 
     From time t 7  to time t 8 , the transmission apparatus transmits guard  3401  (guard symbol (symbol of GI)). 
     From time t 9  to time t 10 , the transmission apparatus transmits data block  3402  (data symbol). 
     From time t 11  to time t 12 , the transmission apparatus transmits guard  3401  (guard symbol (symbol of GI)). 
     From time t 13  to time t 14 , the transmission apparatus transmits data block  3402  (data symbol). 
     Note that symbols in the same time section in  FIGS. 40 and 41  are transmitted using the same frequency and a plurality of antennas. 
       FIG. 42  is a diagram illustrating a second example of the frame structure of modulated signal  108 _A transmitted by antenna unit # A ( 109 _A) of  FIG. 1 .  FIG. 43  is a diagram illustrating a second example of the frame structure of modulated signal  108 _B transmitted by antenna unit # B ( 109 _B) of  FIG. 1 . 
     In  FIG. 42 , parts that operate as in the cases of  FIGS. 34 and 35  are denoted with the same reference numerals. Details have been described in the eighth and ninth exemplary embodiments, and thus description thereof will be omitted here. 
     In  FIG. 42 , a horizontal axis is time. 
     From time t 1  to time t 2 , the transmission apparatus transmits preamble  3500 . 
     From time t 3  to time t 4 , the transmission apparatus transmits data block  3402  (data symbol). 
     From time t 5  to time t 6 , the transmission apparatus transmits guard  3401  (guard symbol (symbol of GI)). 
     From time t 7  to time t 8 , the transmission apparatus transmits data block  3402  (data symbol). 
     From time t 9  to time t 10 , the transmission apparatus transmits guard  3401  (guard symbol (symbol of GI)). 
     From time t 11  to time t 12 , the transmission apparatus transmits data block  3402  (data symbol). 
     In  FIG. 43 , parts that operate as in the cases of  FIGS. 34 and 35  are denoted with the same reference numerals. Details have been described in the eighth and ninth exemplary embodiments, and thus description thereof will be omitted here. 
     In  FIG. 43 , a horizontal axis is time. 
     From time t 1  to time t 2 , the transmission apparatus transmits preamble  3500 . 
     From time t 3  to time t 4 , the transmission apparatus transmits data block  3402  (data symbol). 
     From time t 5  to time t 6 , the transmission apparatus transmits guard  3401  (guard symbol (symbol of GI)). 
     From time t 7  to time t 8 , the transmission apparatus transmits data block  3402  (data symbol). 
     From time t 9  to time t 10 , the transmission apparatus transmits guard  3401  (guard symbol (symbol of GI)). 
     From time t 11  to time t 12 , the transmission apparatus transmits data block  3402  (data symbol). 
     Note that symbols in the same time section in  FIGS. 42 and 43  are transmitted using the same frequency and a plurality of antennas. 
     Although the above description has been made by taking  FIGS. 40 to 43  as examples, the frame structure is not limited to these examples. Also, symbols other than symbols illustrated in  FIGS. 40 to 43  may be present. 
       FIG. 44  is a diagram illustrating the configuration of signal processor  106  of the transmission apparatus of  FIG. 1 . Parts that operate as in the case of  FIG. 2  are denoted with the same reference numerals. Details have been described in other exemplary embodiments, and thus description thereof will be omitted. In the following description, the frame structures of  FIGS. 40 and 41  are used as examples. At this time,  FIG. 40  is a frame structure of baseband signal  208 A based on the frame structure (signal-processed signal  106 _A of  FIG. 1 ), whereas  FIG. 41  is a frame structure of baseband signal  208 B based on the frame structure (signal-processed signal  106 _B of  FIG. 1 ). Note that the frame structure is not necessarily as shown in  FIGS. 40 and 41  but may be as shown in  FIGS. 42 and 43 . 
     Mapped signal  201 A in  FIG. 44  (corresponding to mapped signal  105 _ 1  in  FIG. 1 ) is a signal corresponding to data block  3402  of  FIG. 40 , whereas mapped signal  201 B (corresponding to mapped signal  105 _ 2  in  FIG. 1 ) is a signal corresponding to data block  3402  of  FIG. 41 . 
     Therefore, phase changer  205 B is a part that performs phase change on data block  3402 . 
     When the symbol number is i and input signal ( 204 B) of phase changer  205 B is I(i), output signal ( 206 B) O(i) of phase changer  205 B is represented by the following formula.
 
[Formula 143]
 
 O ( i )= e   jλ     D2     (i)   ×I ( i )  Formula (143)
 
     Note that I(i) and O(i) can be defined as complex numbers (may be real numbers), whereas λ D2 (i) is defined as a phase change value and is a real number. j is an imaginary unit. Note that λ D2 (i) may be defined as 0 radians or more and less than 2π radians. 
     Guard symbol (symbol of GI) signal  4401 A is a signal corresponding to guard  3401  in  FIG. 40 . 
     Guard symbol (symbol of GI) signal  4401 B is a signal corresponding to guard  3401  in  FIG. 41 . 
     Therefore, phase changer  4403 B is a section that performs phase change on guard  3401  in  FIG. 41  (guard symbol (symbol of GI)). 
     Phase changer  4403 B receives signal  4401 B of the guard symbol (GI symbol) and control signal  200 . Based on a signal related to the frame structure included in control signal  200 , phase changer  4403 B performs phase change on guard symbol (symbol of GI) signal  4401 B, and outputs phase-changed guard symbol (symbol of GI) signal  4404 B. 
     When the symbol number is i and input signal ( 4401 B) of phase changer  4403 B is I(i), output signal ( 4404 B)  0 ( i ) of phase changer  4403 B is represented by the following formula.
 
[Formula 144]
 
 O ( i )= e   jλ     G2     (t)   ×I ( i )  Formula (144)
 
     Note that I(i) and O(i) can be defined as complex numbers (may be real numbers), whereas λ G2 (i) is defined as a phase change value and is a real number. j is an imaginary unit. Note that λ G2 (i) may be defined as 0 radians or more and less than 2π radians. 
     From the description of the eighth and ninth exemplary embodiments, it is one important matter that the following formula holds. 
     
       
         
           
             
               
                 
                   [ 
                   
                     Formula 
                     ⁢ 
                     
                         
                     
                     ⁢ 
                     145 
                   
                   ] 
                 
               
               
                 
                     
                 
               
             
             
               
                 
                   
                     
                       
                         λ 
                         
                           G 
                           ⁢ 
                           
                               
                           
                           ⁢ 
                           2 
                         
                       
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                         ( 
                         i 
                         ) 
                       
                     
                     - 
                     
                       
                         λ 
                         
                           G 
                           ⁢ 
                           
                               
                           
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                         ( 
                         
                           i 
                           - 
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                         ) 
                       
                     
                   
                   = 
                   
                     
                       
                         
                           λ 
                           
                             D 
                             ⁢ 
                             
                                 
                             
                             ⁢ 
                             2 
                           
                         
                         ⁡ 
                         
                           ( 
                           i 
                           ) 
                         
                       
                       - 
                       
                         
                           λ 
                           
                             D 
                             ⁢ 
                             
                                 
                             
                             ⁢ 
                             2 
                           
                         
                         ⁡ 
                         
                           ( 
                           
                             i 
                             - 
                             1 
                           
                           ) 
                         
                       
                     
                     = 
                     K 
                   
                 
               
               
                 
                   Formula 
                   ⁢ 
                   
                       
                   
                   ⁢ 
                   
                     ( 
                     145 
                     ) 
                   
                 
               
             
           
         
       
     
     However, K is not 0 (zero). 
     As a result, the phase change cycle of data block  3402  of  FIG. 41  and the phase change cycle of guard  3401  of  FIG. 41  are the same. This point is as described in the eighth and ninth exemplary embodiments. 
     A relationship between the phase change cycle of data block  3402  of  FIG. 41  and the phase change cycle of guard  3401  of  FIG. 41  is not limited to this example, but may be as described in the eighth and ninth exemplary embodiments. 
     Signal  4402 A is a preamble signal, which is a signal corresponding to preamble  3500  of  FIG. 40 . Signal  4402 B is a preamble signal, which is a signal corresponding to preamble  3500  of  FIG. 41 . 
     Inserter  207 A receives precoded signal  204 A, guard symbol signal (symbol of GI)  4401 A, preamble signal  4402 A, and control signal  200 . Inserter  207 A outputs baseband signal  208 A based on the frame structure signal in control signal  200 , that is, on the frame structure of  FIG. 40 . 
     Inserter  207 B receives phase-changed signal  206 B, phase-changed guard symbol (symbol of GI) signal  4404 B, preamble signal  4402 B, and control signal  200 . Inserter  207 B outputs baseband signal  208 B based on the frame structure in control signal  200 , that is, on the frame structure of  FIG. 41 . 
       FIG. 45  is a diagram illustrating the configuration of signal processor  106  of the transmission apparatus of  FIG. 1 , different from  FIG. 44 . Parts that operate as in the cases of  FIGS. 2 and 44  are denoted with the same reference numerals. Detailed description thereof will be omitted. 
     Again, from the description of the eighth and ninth exemplary embodiments, it is important that formula (145) holds (however, K is not 0 (zero)). As a result, the phase change cycle of data block  3402  of  FIG. 41  and the phase change cycle of guard  3401  of  FIG. 41  are the same. This point is as described in the eighth and ninth exemplary embodiments. 
     A relationship between the phase change cycle of data block  3402  of  FIG. 41  and the phase change cycle of guard  3401  of  FIG. 41  is not limited to this example, but may be as described in the eighth and ninth exemplary embodiments. 
     Furthermore, in  FIG. 45 , phase changer  4405 B is present. Phase changer  4405 B is a section that performs phase change on preamble  3500  in  FIG. 41 . 
     Phase changer  4405 B receives preamble signal  4402 B and control signal  200 . Based on the signal related to the frame structure included in control signal  200 , phase changer  4405 B performs phase change on preamble  4402 B and outputs phase-changed preamble signal  4406 B. Note that the phase change cycle in the preamble is as described in the eighth and ninth exemplary embodiments. 
     Inserter  207 A receives precoded signal  204 A, guard symbol signal (symbol of GI)  4401 A, preamble signal  4402 A, and control signal  200 . Inserter  207 A outputs baseband signal  208 A based on the frame structure signal in control signal  200 , that is, on the frame structure of  FIG. 40 . 
     Inserter  207 B receives phase-changed signal  206 B, phase-changed guard symbol (symbol of GI) signal  4404 B, phase-changed preamble signal  4406 B, and control signal  200 . Inserter  207 B outputs baseband signal  208 B based on the frame structure in control signal  200 , that is, on the frame structure of  FIG. 41 . 
       FIG. 46  is a diagram illustrating the configuration of signal processor  106  of the transmission apparatus of  FIG. 1 , different from  FIGS. 44 and 45 . Parts that operate as in the cases of  FIGS. 2, 44, and 45  are denoted with the same reference numerals. Detailed description thereof will be omitted. 
     Again, from the description of the eighth and ninth exemplary embodiments, it is important that formula (145) holds (however, K is not 0 (zero)). As a result, the phase change cycle of data block  3402  of  FIG. 41  and the phase change cycle of guard  3401  of  FIG. 41  are the same. This point is as described in the eighth and ninth exemplary embodiments. 
     A relationship between the phase change cycle of data block  3402  of  FIG. 41  and the phase change cycle of guard  3401  of  FIG. 41  is not limited to this example, but may be as described in the eighth and ninth exemplary embodiments. 
     Furthermore, in  FIG. 46 , phase changer  4405 A is present. Phase changer  4405 A is a section that performs phase change on preamble  3500  in  FIG. 40 . 
     Phase changer  4405 A receives preamble signal  4402 A and control signal  200 . Based on the signal related to the frame structure included in control signal  200 , phase changer  4405 A performs phase change on preamble  4402 A and outputs phase-changed preamble signal  4406 A. Note that the phase change cycle in the preamble is as described in the eighth and ninth exemplary embodiments. 
     Inserter  207 A receives precoded signal  204 A, guard symbol signal (symbol of GI)  4401 A, phase-changed preamble signal  4406 A, and control signal  200 . Inserter  207 A outputs baseband signal  208 A based on the frame structure signal in control signal  200 , that is, on the frame structure of  FIG. 40 . 
     Inserter  207 B receives phase-changed signal  206 B, phase-changed guard symbol (symbol of GI) signal  4404 B, preamble signal  4402 B, and control signal  200 . Inserter  207 B outputs baseband signal  208 B based on the frame structure in control signal  200 , that is, on the frame structure of  FIG. 41 . 
       FIG. 47  is a diagram illustrating the configuration of signal processor  106  of the transmission apparatus of  FIG. 1 , different from  FIGS. 44 to 46 . Parts that operate as in the cases of  FIGS. 2 and 44 to 46  are denoted with the same reference numerals. Detailed description thereof will be omitted. 
     Again, from the description of the eighth and ninth exemplary embodiments, it is important that formula (145) holds (however, K is not 0 (zero)). As a result, the phase change cycle of data block  3402  of  FIG. 41  and the phase change cycle of guard  3401  of  FIG. 41  are the same. This point is as described in the eighth and ninth exemplary embodiments. 
     A relationship between the phase change cycle of data block  3402  of  FIG. 41  and the phase change cycle of guard  3401  of  FIG. 41  is not limited to this example, but may be as described in the eighth and ninth exemplary embodiments. 
     Furthermore, in  FIG. 47 , phase changer  4405 A is present. Phase changer  4405 A is a section that performs phase change on preamble  3500  in  FIG. 40 . 
     Phase changer  4405 A receives preamble signal  4402 A and control signal  200 . Based on the signal related to the frame structure included in control signal  200 , phase changer  4405 A performs phase change on preamble  4402 A and outputs phase-changed preamble signal  4406 A. Note that the phase change cycle in the preamble is as described in the eighth and ninth exemplary embodiments. 
     Furthermore, in  FIG. 47 , phase changer  4405 B is present. Phase changer  4405 B is a section that performs phase change on preamble  3500  in  FIG. 41 . 
     Phase changer  4405 B receives preamble signal  4402 B and control signal  200 . Based on the signal related to the frame structure included in control signal  200 , phase changer  4405 B performs phase change on preamble  4402 B and outputs phase-changed preamble signal  4406 B. Note that the phase change cycle in the preamble is as described in the eighth and ninth exemplary embodiments. 
     Inserter  207 A receives precoded signal  204 A, guard symbol signal (symbol of GI)  4401 A, phase-changed preamble signal  4406 A, and control signal  200 . Inserter  207 A outputs baseband signal  208 A based on the frame structure signal in control signal  200 , that is, on the frame structure of  FIG. 40 . 
     Inserter  207 B receives phase-changed signal  206 B, phase-changed guard symbol (symbol of GI) signal  4404 B, phase-changed preamble signal  4406 B, and control signal  200 . Inserter  207 B outputs baseband signal  208 B based on the frame structure in control signal  200 , that is, on the frame structure of  FIG. 41 . 
       FIG. 48  is a diagram illustrating the configuration of signal processor  106  of the transmission apparatus of  FIG. 1 . Parts that operate as in the cases of  FIGS. 2 and 44  to  47  are denoted with the same reference numerals and have already been described, and thus description thereof will be omitted. The following describes an example in which the frame structures of  FIGS. 40 and 41  are used. The frame structure is not necessarily as shown in  FIGS. 40 and 41  but may be as shown in  FIGS. 42 and 43 . At this time,  FIG. 40  is a frame structure of baseband signal  208 A based on the frame structure (signal-processed signal  106 _A of  FIG. 1 ), whereas  FIG. 41  is a frame structure of baseband signal  208 B based on the frame structure (signal-processed signal  106 _B of  FIG. 1 ). 
     Mapped signal  201 A in  FIG. 48  (corresponding to mapped signal  105 _ 1  in  FIG. 1 ) is a signal corresponding to data block  3402  of  FIG. 40 , whereas mapped signal  201 B (corresponding to mapped signal  105 _ 2  in  FIG. 1 ) is a signal corresponding to data block  3402  of  FIG. 41 . 
     Therefore, phase changer  205 A is a section that performs phase change on data block  3402  of  FIG. 40 , whereas phase changer  205 B is a section that performs phase change on data block  3402  of  FIG. 41 . 
     When the symbol number is i and input signal ( 204 A) of phase changer  205 A is I(i), output signal ( 206 A) O(i) of phase changer  205 A is represented by the following formula.
 
[Formula 146]
 
 O ( i )= e   jλ     D1     (i)   ×I ( i )  Formula (146)
 
     Note that I(i) and O(i) can be defined as complex numbers (may be real numbers), whereas λ D1 (i) is defined as a phase change value and is a real number. j is an imaginary unit. Note that λ D1 (i) may be defined as 0 radians or more and less than 2π radians. 
     When input signal ( 204 B) of phase changer  205 B is I(i), output signal ( 206 B) O(i) of phase changer  205 B is represented by formula (143). 
     Guard symbol (symbol of GI) signal  4401 A is a signal corresponding to guard  3401  in  FIG. 40 . 
     Guard symbol (symbol of GI) signal  4401 B is a signal corresponding to guard  3401  in  FIG. 41 . 
     Phase changer  4403 A receives guard symbol (symbol of GI) signal  4401 A and control signal  200 . Based on a signal related to the frame structure included in control signal  200 , phase changer  4403 A performs phase change on guard symbol (symbol of GI) signal  4401 A, and outputs phase-changed guard symbol (symbol of GI) signal  4404 A. 
     When the symbol number is i and input signal ( 4401 A) of phase changer  4403 A is I(i), output signal ( 4404 A) of phase changer  4403 A is represented by the following formula.
 
[Formula 147]
 
 O ( i )= e   jλ     G1     (i)   ×I ( i )  Formula (147)
 
     Note that I(i) and O(i) can be defined as complex numbers (may be real numbers), whereas λ G1 (i) is defined as a phase change value and is a real number. j is an imaginary unit. Note that λ G1 (i) may be defined as 0 radians or more and less than 2π radians. 
     When input signal ( 4401 B) of phase changer  4403 B is I(i), output signal ( 4404 B) O(i) of phase changer  4403 B is represented by formula (144). 
     As an example of the description of the ninth and ninth exemplary embodiments, it is one important matter that the following formula holds. 
     
       
         
           
             
               
                 
                   
                       
                   
                   ⁢ 
                   
                     [ 
                     
                       Formula 
                       ⁢ 
                       
                           
                       
                       ⁢ 
                       148 
                     
                     ] 
                   
                 
               
               
                 
                     
                 
               
             
             
               
                 
                   
                     
                       ( 
                       
                         
                           
                             λ 
                             
                               G 
                               ⁢ 
                               
                                   
                               
                               ⁢ 
                               2 
                             
                           
                           ⁡ 
                           
                             ( 
                             i 
                             ) 
                           
                         
                         - 
                         
                           
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                             ( 
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                               ⁢ 
                               
                                   
                               
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                               1 
                             
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                               ⁢ 
                               
                                   
                               
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                   = 
                   
                     
                       
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                                 D 
                                 ⁢ 
                                 
                                     
                                 
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                               ( 
                               i 
                               ) 
                             
                           
                           - 
                           
                             
                               λ 
                               
                                 D 
                                 ⁢ 
                                 
                                     
                                 
                                 ⁢ 
                                 1 
                               
                             
                             ⁡ 
                             
                               ( 
                               i 
                               ) 
                             
                           
                         
                         ) 
                       
                       - 
                       
                         ( 
                         
                           
                             
                               λ 
                               
                                 D 
                                 ⁢ 
                                 
                                     
                                 
                                 ⁢ 
                                 2 
                               
                             
                             ⁡ 
                             
                               ( 
                               
                                 i 
                                 - 
                                 1 
                               
                               ) 
                             
                           
                           - 
                           
                             
                               λ 
                               
                                 D 
                                 ⁢ 
                                 
                                     
                                 
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                             ⁡ 
                             
                               ( 
                               
                                 i 
                                 - 
                                 1 
                               
                               ) 
                             
                           
                         
                         ) 
                       
                     
                     = 
                     K 
                   
                 
               
               
                 
                   Formula 
                   ⁢ 
                   
                       
                   
                   ⁢ 
                   
                     ( 
                     148 
                     ) 
                   
                 
               
             
           
         
       
     
     However, K is not 0 (zero), and the following formula holds.
 
[Formula 149]
 
λ G1 (i)−λ G1 (i−1)≠0  Formula (149)
 
[Formula 150]
 
λ G2 (i)−λ G2 (i−1)≠0  Formula (150)
 
[Formula 151]
 
λ D1 (i)−λ D1 (i−1)≠0  Formula (151)
 
[Formula 152]
 
λ D2 (i)−λ D2 (i−1)≠0  Formula (152)
 
     As a result, the phase change cycle of data block  3402  of  FIG. 40  and the phase change cycle of guard  3401  of  FIG. 40  are the same. Also, the phase change cycle of data block  3402  of  FIG. 41  and the phase change cycle of guard  3401  of  FIG. 41  are the same. This point is as described in the eighth and ninth exemplary embodiments. 
     A relationship between the phase change cycle of data block  3402  of  FIG. 40  and the phase change cycle of guard  3401  of  FIG. 40  is not limited to this example, but may be as described in the eighth and ninth exemplary embodiments. Similarly, a relationship between the phase change cycle of data block  3402  of  FIG. 41  and the phase change cycle of guard  3401  of  FIG. 41  is not limited to this example, but may be as described in the eighth and ninth exemplary embodiments. 
     Signal  4402 A is a preamble signal, which is a signal corresponding to preamble  3500  of  FIG. 40 . Signal  4402 B is a preamble signal, which is a signal corresponding to preamble  3500  of  FIG. 41 . 
     Inserter  207 A receives phase-changed signal  206 A, phase-changed guard symbol (symbol of GI) signal  4404 A, preamble signal  4402 A, and control signal  200 . Inserter  207 A outputs baseband signal  208 A based on the frame structure in control signal  200 , that is, on the frame structure of  FIG. 40 . 
     Inserter  207 B receives phase-changed signal  206 B, phase-changed guard symbol (symbol of GI) signal  4404 B, preamble signal  4402 B, and control signal  200 . Inserter  207 B outputs baseband signal  208 B based on the frame structure in control signal  200 , that is, on the frame structure of  FIG. 41 . 
       FIG. 49  is a diagram illustrating the configuration of signal processor  106  of the transmission apparatus of  FIG. 1 , different from  FIGS. 44 to 48 . Parts that operate as in the cases of  FIGS. 2 and 44 to 48  are denoted with the same reference numerals and have already been described. Therefore, description thereof will be omitted. 
     Again, from the description of the eighth and ninth exemplary embodiments, it is important that formula (148) to formula (152) hold (however, K is not 0 (zero)). As a result, the phase change cycle of data block  3402  of  FIG. 41  and the phase change cycle of guard  3401  of  FIG. 41  are the same. This point is as described in the eighth and ninth exemplary embodiments. 
     A relationship between the phase change cycle of data block  3402  of  FIG. 40  and the phase change cycle of guard  3401  of  FIG. 40  is not limited to this example, but may be as described in the eighth and ninth exemplary embodiments. Similarly, a relationship between the phase change cycle of data block  3402  of  FIG. 41  and the phase change cycle of guard  3401  of  FIG. 41  is not limited to this example, but may be as described in the eighth and ninth exemplary embodiments. 
     Furthermore, in  FIG. 49 , phase changer  4405 B is present. Phase changer  4405 B is a section that performs phase change on preamble  3500  in  FIG. 41 . 
     Phase changer  4405 B receives preamble signal  4402 B and control signal  200 . Based on the signal related to the frame structure included in control signal  200 , phase changer  4405 B performs phase change on preamble  4402 B and outputs phase-changed preamble signal  4406 B. Note that the phase change cycle in the preamble is as described in the eighth and ninth exemplary embodiments. 
     Inserter  207 A receives phase-changed signal  206 A, phase-changed guard symbol (symbol of GI) signal  4404 A, preamble signal  4402 A, and control signal  200 . Inserter  207 A outputs baseband signal  208 A based on the frame structure in control signal  200 , that is, on the frame structure of  FIG. 40 . 
     Inserter  207 B receives phase-changed signal  206 B, phase-changed guard symbol (symbol of GI) signal  4404 B, phase-changed preamble signal  4406 B, and control signal  200 . Inserter  207 B outputs baseband signal  208 B based on the frame structure in control signal  200 , that is, on the frame structure of  FIG. 41 . 
       FIG. 50  is a diagram illustrating the configuration of signal processing  106  of the transmission apparatus of  FIG. 1 , different from  FIGS. 44 to 49 . Parts that operate as in the cases of  FIGS. 2 and 44 to 49  are denoted with the same reference numerals and have already been described. Therefore, description thereof will be omitted. 
     Again, from the description of the eighth and ninth exemplary embodiments, it is important that formula (148) to formula (152) hold (however, K is not 0 (zero)). As a result, the phase change cycle of data block  3402  of  FIG. 41  and the phase change cycle of guard  3401  of  FIG. 41  are the same. This point is as described in the eighth and ninth exemplary embodiments. 
     A relationship between the phase change cycle of data block  3402  of  FIG. 40  and the phase change cycle of guard  3401  of  FIG. 40  is not limited to this example, but may be as described in the eighth and ninth exemplary embodiments. Similarly, a relationship between the phase change cycle of data block  3402  of  FIG. 41  and the phase change cycle of guard  3401  of  FIG. 41  is not limited to this example, but may be as described in the eighth and ninth exemplary embodiments. 
     Furthermore, in  FIG. 50 , phase changer  4405 A is present. Phase changer  4405 A is a section that performs phase change on preamble  3500  in  FIG. 40 . 
     Phase changer  4405 A receives preamble signal  4402 A and control signal  200 . Based on the signal related to the frame structure included in control signal  200 , phase changer  4405 A performs phase change on preamble  4402 A and outputs phase-changed preamble signal  4406 A. Note that the phase change cycle in the preamble is as described in the eighth and ninth exemplary embodiments. 
     Inserter  207 A receives phase-changed signal  206 A, phase-changed guard symbol (symbol of GI) signal  4404 A, phase-changed preamble signal  4406 A, and control signal  200 . Inserter  207 A outputs baseband signal  208 A based on the frame structure in control signal  200 , that is, on the frame structure of  FIG. 40 . 
     Inserter  207 B receives phase-changed signal  206 B, phase-changed guard symbol (symbol of GI) signal  4404 B, preamble signal  4402 B, and control signal  200 . Inserter  207 B outputs baseband signal  208 B based on the frame structure in control signal  200 , that is, on the frame structure of  FIG. 41 . 
       FIG. 51  is a diagram illustrating the configuration of signal processor  106  of the transmission apparatus of  FIG. 1 , different from  FIGS. 44 to 50 . Parts that operate as in the cases of  FIGS. 2 and 44 to 50  are denoted with the same reference numerals and have already been described. Therefore, description thereof will be omitted. 
     Again, from the description of the eighth and ninth exemplary embodiments, it is important that formula (148) to formula (152) hold (however, K is not 0 (zero)). As a result, the phase change cycle of data block  3402  of  FIG. 41  and the phase change cycle of guard  3401  of  FIG. 41  are the same. This point is as described in the eighth and ninth exemplary embodiments. 
     A relationship between the phase change cycle of data block  3402  of  FIG. 40  and the phase change cycle of guard  3401  of  FIG. 40  is not limited to this example, but may be as described in the eighth and ninth exemplary embodiments. Similarly, a relationship between the phase change cycle of data block  3402  of  FIG. 41  and the phase change cycle of guard  3401  of  FIG. 41  is not limited to this example, but may be as described in the eighth and ninth exemplary embodiments. 
     Furthermore, in  FIG. 51 , phase changer  4405 A is present. Phase changer  4405 A is a section that performs phase change on preamble  3500  in  FIG. 40 . 
     Phase changer  4405 A receives preamble signal  4402 A and control signal  200 . Based on the signal related to the frame structure included in control signal  200 , phase changer  4405 A performs phase change on preamble  4402 A and outputs phase-changed preamble signal  4406 A. Note that the phase change cycle in the preamble is as described in the eighth and ninth exemplary embodiments. 
     Furthermore, in  FIG. 51 , phase changer  4405 B is present. Phase changer  4405 B is a section that performs phase change on preamble  3500  in  FIG. 41 . 
     Phase changer  4405 B receives preamble signal  4402 B and control signal  200 . Based on the signal related to the frame structure included in control signal  200 , phase changer  4405 B performs phase change on preamble  4402 B and outputs phase-changed preamble signal  4406 B. Note that the phase change cycle in the preamble is as described in the eighth and ninth exemplary embodiments. 
     Inserter  207 A receives phase-changed signal  206 A, phase-changed guard symbol (symbol of GI) signal  4404 A, phase-changed preamble signal  4406 A, and control signal  200 . Inserter  207 A outputs baseband signal  208 A based on the frame structure in control signal  200 , that is, on the frame structure of  FIG. 40 . 
     Inserter  207 B receives phase-changed signal  206 B, phase-changed guard symbol (symbol of GI) signal  4404 B, phase-changed preamble signal  4406 B, and control signal  200 . Inserter  207 B outputs baseband signal  208 B based on the frame structure in control signal  200 , that is, on the frame structure of  FIG. 41 . 
     The eighth and ninth exemplary embodiments have described a case where the phase change cycle is set at 2. Advantages thereof will be described. 
     When the configuration of signal processor  106  of the transmission apparatus of  FIG. 1  is as shown in  FIG. 44, 45, 46 , or  47 , it is assumed that K in formula (145) satisfies K=π radians. 
       FIG. 38  illustrates baseband signal  208 A based on the frame structure with practice  3801  of  FIG. 38 . Note that in  FIG. 38 , a horizontal axis represents a frequency and a vertical axis represents amplitude. 
     The spectrum of baseband signal  208 B based on the frame structure when K=π radians is set will be described. 
     In  FIG. 38 , the spectrum obtained by shifting spectrum  3801  to the right is the spectrum formed by  3802 _A and  3802 _B. Consider a spectrum formed by spectra  3802 _B and  3802 _A as in  FIG. 39  by shifting the spectrum of hatched  3802 _B to the left. This spectrum will be the spectrum of baseband signal  208 B based on the frame structure when K=π radians is set. 
     When transmission is made so as to be in such a situation and the propagation environment of the base station and the terminal serving as a communication partner is a multipath environment, an influence of multipath of transmission signal  108 A and an influence of multipath of transmission signal  108 B are different from each other, making it more likely that a space diversity effect can be obtained. The space diversity effect decreases as K approaches 0. Therefore, “K having a value close to π” is a preferred condition for obtaining the space diversity effect. 
     When the configuration of signal processor  106  of the transmission apparatus of  FIG. 1  is as shown in  FIG. 48, 49, 50 , or  51 , it is assumed that K in formula (148) satisfies K=π radians. However, formula (149) to formula (152) are satisfied. 
       FIG. 38  illustrates baseband signal  208 A based on the frame structure with solid line  3801  of  FIG. 38 . Note that in  FIG. 38 , a horizontal axis represents a frequency and a vertical axis represents amplitude. 
     The spectrum of baseband signal  208 B based on the frame structure when K=π radians is set will be described. 
     In  FIG. 38 , the spectrum obtained by shifting spectrum  3801  to the right is the spectrum formed by  3802 _A and  3802 _B. Consider a spectrum formed by spectra  3802 _B and  3802 _A as in  FIG. 39  by shifting the spectrum of hatched  3802 _B to the left. This spectrum will be the spectrum of baseband signal  208 B based on the frame structure when K=π radians is set. 
     When transmission is made so as to be in such a situation and the propagation environment of the base station and the terminal serving as a communication partner is a multipath environment, an influence of multipath of transmission signal  108 A and an influence of multipath of transmission signal  108 B are different from each other, making it more likely that a space diversity effect can be obtained. The space diversity effect decreases as K approaches 0. Therefore, “K having a value close to π” is a preferred condition for obtaining the space diversity effect. 
       FIG. 52  is a diagram illustrating the configuration of signal processor  106  of the transmission apparatus of  FIG. 1 , different from  FIG. 44 . Parts that operate as in the cases of  FIGS. 2 and 44  are denoted with the same reference numerals. Detailed description thereof will be omitted. 
     The configuration of  FIG. 52  differs from the configuration of  FIG. 44  in that switcher  220 B is provided. In response to a predetermined control signal, switcher  220 B switches whether to input mapped signal  201 B (corresponding to mapped signal  105 _ 2  in  FIG. 1 ) into weight combiner  203  (for example, ON/OFF setting of signal passage). Note that, in the present exemplary embodiment, a case where the setting of switcher  220 B is OFF may be read as a case where mapped signal  201 B is not present. Note that although not illustrated in  FIG. 52 , control signal  200  may be input into switcher  220 B. When control signal  200  is input, switcher  220 B may control ON/OFF of passage of signal  201 B described below by using control signal  200 . 
     When the setting of switcher  220 B is ON, mapped signal  201 B is input into weight combiner  203 . This case will be similar to  FIG. 44 . 
     Meanwhile when the setting of switcher  220 B is OFF, mapped signal  201 B is not input into weight combiner  203 . In this case, weight combiner  203  considers that, instead of mapped signal  201 B, mapped signal  201 A (corresponding to mapped signal  105 _ 1  in  FIG. 1 ) is input. Note that in this case, weight combiner  203  uses matrix F of formula (33) or (34). Note that when weight combiner  203  performs calculations using formula (33) or (34), weight combiner  203  may omit weighting, that is, may omit precoding calculations. In this case, signals  204 A and  204 B output from weight combiner  203  are the same signals. For example, signal  204 A is a signal corresponding to mapped signal  201 A, whereas signal  204 B is a signal corresponding to mapped signal  201 A. Note that in  FIG. 52 , when the setting of switcher  220 B is OFF, weight combiner  203  may be eliminated. 
     Phase changer  205 B may change the setting of the phase change cycle according to whether the setting of switcher  220 B is ON or OFF. For example, when the setting of switcher  220 B is ON, phase changer  205 B changes the setting of the phase change cycle to any cycle that satisfies requirements described in the eighth and ninth exemplary embodiments, whereas when the setting of switcher  220 B is OFF, phase changer  205 B changes the setting of the phase change cycle to “2”. However, the setting change of the phase change cycle according to whether the setting of switcher  220 B is ON or OFF is not limited to this example. The phase change cycle value when ON and the phase change cycle value when OFF may be values different from above. Furthermore, in any one of the cases where the setting of switcher  220 B is ON and OFF, phase changer  205 B may omit phase change. Note that when “phase change is not performed”, an output signal is generated and output without phase change on an input signal. 
     By setting the phase change cycle at “2” when the setting of switcher  220 B is OFF, precoded signal  204 A and signal  206 B obtained by performing phase change on precoded signal  204 B are the same signal with phase inverted. As described above, this will provide a high space diversity effect. 
     Note that like phase changer  205 B, phase changer  4403 B may also change the setting of the phase change cycle, and as described above, like phase changer  205 B, sometimes phase changer  4403 B may omit phase change. This allows inserter  207 B to insert guard symbol (symbol of GI) signal  4404 B that has undergone phase change at the same cycle as that of phase changer  205 B to output baseband signal  208 B based on the frame structure of  FIG. 41 . 
     Note that even when switcher  220 B is not provided, phase changer  205 B and phase changer  4403 B may change the setting of the phase change cycle as described above. For example, phase changer  205 B and phase changer  4403 B may change the setting of the phase change cycle to any cycle satisfying the requirements described in the eighth and ninth exemplary embodiments at a predetermined timing. However, the setting change of the phase change cycle of phase changer  4403 B is not limited to this example. That is, the phase change cycle value when the setting of switcher  220 B is ON and the phase change cycle value when the setting of switcher  220 B is OFF may be values different from above. 
       FIG. 53  is a diagram illustrating the configuration of signal processor  106  of the transmission apparatus of  FIG. 1 , different from  FIGS. 45 and 52 . Parts that operate as in the cases of  FIGS. 2, 45, and 52  are denoted with the same reference numerals. Detailed description thereof will be omitted. Note that although not illustrated in  FIG. 53 , control signal  200  may be input into switcher  220 B. When control signal  200  is input, switcher  220 B may control ON/OFF of passage of signal  201 B described below by using control signal  200 . 
       FIG. 53  is a diagram corresponding to a configuration in which switcher  220 B similar to that in  FIG. 52  is provided in the configuration of  FIG. 45 . In the configuration of  FIG. 53 , in addition to phase changers  205 B and  4403 B described in  FIG. 52 , phase changer  4405 B also changes the setting of the phase change cycle in the same manner as phase changer  205 B in accordance with the setting ON/OFF of switcher  220 B. 
     This allows inserter  207 B to insert preamble signal  4406 B and guard symbol (symbol of GI) signal  4404 B that have undergone phase change at the same cycle as that of phase changer  205 B to output baseband signal  208 B based on the frame structure of  FIG. 41 . 
       FIG. 54  is a diagram illustrating the configuration of signal processor  106  of the transmission apparatus of  FIG. 1 , different from  FIGS. 46 and 52 . Parts that operate as in the cases of  FIGS. 2, 46, and 52  are denoted with the same reference numerals. Detailed description thereof will be omitted. Note that although not illustrated in  FIG. 54 , control signal  200  may be input into switcher  220 B. When control signal  200  is input, switcher  220 B may control ON/OFF of passage of signal  201 B described below by using control signal  200 . 
       FIG. 54  is a diagram corresponding to a configuration in which switcher  220 B similar to that in  FIG. 52  is provided in the configuration of  FIG. 46 . In the configuration of  FIG. 54 , in addition to phase changers  205 B and  4403 B described in  FIG. 52 , phase changer  4405 A also changes the setting of the phase change cycle in the same manner as phase changer  205 B in accordance with the setting ON/OFF of switcher  220 B. 
     This allows inserter  207 A to insert preamble signal  4406 A that has undergone phase change at the same cycle as that of phase changer  205 B to output baseband signal  208 A based on the frame structure of  FIG. 40 . 
       FIG. 55  is a diagram illustrating the configuration of signal processor  106  of the transmission apparatus of  FIG. 1 , different from  FIGS. 47 and 52 to 54 . Parts that operate as in the cases of  FIGS. 2, 47, and 52 to 54  are denoted with the same reference numerals. Detailed description thereof will be omitted. Note that although not illustrated in  FIG. 55 , control signal  200  may be input into switcher  220 B. When control signal  200  is input, switcher  220 B may control ON/OFF of passage of signal  201 B described below by using control signal  200 . 
       FIG. 55  is a diagram corresponding to a configuration in which switcher  220 B similar to that in  FIG. 52  is provided in the configuration of  FIG. 47 . In the configuration of  FIG. 55 , in addition to phase changers  205 B and  4403 B described in  FIG. 52 , phase changer  4405 B described in  FIG. 53  and phase changer  4405 A described in  FIG. 54  also change the setting of the phase change cycle in the same manner as phase changer  205 B in accordance with the setting ON/OFF of switcher  220 B. 
     This allows inserter  207 A to insert preamble signal  4406 A that has undergone phase change at the same cycle as that of phase changer  205 B to output baseband signal  208 A based on the frame structure of  FIG. 40 . This also allows inserter  207 B to insert preamble signal  4406 B and guard symbol (symbol of GI) signal  4404 B that have undergone phase change at the same cycle as that of phase changer  205 B to output baseband signal  208 B based on the frame structure of  FIG. 41 . 
       FIG. 56  is a diagram illustrating the configuration of signal processor  106  of the transmission apparatus of  FIG. 1 , different from  FIG. 48 . Parts that operate as in the cases of  FIGS. 2 and 48  are denoted with the same reference numerals. Detailed description thereof will be omitted. 
     The configuration of  FIG. 56  differs from the configuration of  FIG. 48  in that switcher  220 B is provided. In response to a predetermined control signal, switcher  220 B switches whether to input mapped signal  201 B (corresponding to mapped signal  105 _ 2  in  FIG. 1 ) into weight combiner  203  (for example, signal ON/OFF). Note that, in the present exemplary embodiment, a case where the setting of switcher  220 B is OFF may be read as a case where mapped signal  201 B is not present. Note that although not illustrated in  FIG. 56 , control signal  200  may be input into switcher  220 B. When control signal  200  is input, switcher  220 B may control ON/OFF of passage of signal  201 B described below by using control signal  200 . 
     When the setting of switcher  220 B is ON, mapped signal  201 B is input into weight combiner  203 . This case will be similar to  FIG. 48 . 
     Meanwhile when the setting of switcher  220 B is OFF, mapped signal  201 B is not input into weight combiner  203 . In this case, weight combiner  203  considers that, instead of mapped signal  201 B, mapped signal  201 A (corresponding to mapped signal  105 _ 1  in  FIG. 1 ) is input. Note that in this case, weight combiner  203  uses matrix F of formula (33) or (34). Note that when weight combiner  203  performs calculations using formula (33) or (34), weight combiner  203  may omit weighting, that is, may omit precoding calculations. In this case, signals  204 A and  204 B output from weight combiner  203  are the same signals. For example, signal  204 A is a signal corresponding to mapped signal  201 A, whereas signal  204 B is a signal corresponding to mapped signal  201 A. Note that in  FIG. 56 , when the setting of switcher  220 B is OFF, weight combiner  203  may be eliminated. 
     Phase changers  205 A and  205 B may change the setting of the phase change cycle according to whether the setting of switcher  220 B is ON or OFF. For example, when the setting of switcher  220 B is ON, phase changers  205 A and  205 B change the setting of the phase change cycle to any cycle that satisfies requirements described in the eighth and ninth exemplary embodiments, and when the setting of switcher  220 B is OFF, phase changers  205 A and  205 B change the setting of the phase change cycle to “2”. However, the setting change of the phase change cycle of phase changers  205 A and  205 B is not limited to this example. That is, the phase change cycle value when the setting of switcher  220 B is ON and the phase change cycle value when the setting of switcher  220 B is OFF may be values different from above. Note that in the above description, regardless of whether the setting of switcher  220 B is ON or OFF, the same value is set in the value of the phase change cycle of phase changer  205 A and the value of the phase change cycle of phase changer  205 B. However, in both of the cases or one of the cases where the setting of switcher  220 B is ON and OFF, values different from each other may be set for the value of the phase change cycle of phase changer  205 A and the value of the phase change cycle of phase changer  205 B. Furthermore, in any one of the cases where the setting of switcher  220 B is ON and OFF, one of phase changers  205 A and  205 B may omit phase change. Alternatively, in any one of the cases where the setting of switcher  220 B is ON and OFF, both of phase changers  205 A and  205 B may omit phase change. Note that when “phase change is not performed”, an output signal is generated and output without phase change on an input signal. 
     By setting the phase change cycle at “2” when switcher  220 B is OFF, signal  206 A that has undergone phase change by phase changer  205 A and signal  206 B that has undergone phase change by phase changer  205 B are the same signal with phase inverted. This will provide a high space diversity effect. 
     Note that phase changers  4403 A and  4403 B may also change the setting of the phase change cycle in the same manner as phase changers  205 A and  205 B. This allows inserter  207 A to insert guard symbol (symbol of GI) signal  4404 A that has undergone phase change at the same cycle as that of phase changer  205 A to output baseband signal  208 A based on the frame structure of  FIG. 40 . This also allows inserter  207 B to insert guard symbol (symbol of GI) signal  4404 B that has undergone phase change at the same cycle as that of phase changer  205 B to output baseband signal  208 B based on the frame structure of  FIG. 41 . 
     Note that even when switcher  220 B is not provided, phase changers  205 A and  205 B and phase changers  4403 A and  4403 B may change the setting of the phase change cycle as described above. For example, phase changers  205 A and  205 B and phase changers  4403 A and  4403 B may change the setting of the phase change cycle to any cycle satisfying the requirements described in the eighth and ninth exemplary embodiments at a predetermined timing. However, the setting change of the phase change cycle of phase changers  4403 A and  4403 B is not limited to this example. That is, the phase change cycle value when the setting of switcher  220 B is ON and the phase change cycle value when the setting of switcher  220 B is OFF may be values different from above. Furthermore, in any one of the cases where the setting of switcher  220 B is ON and OFF, one of phase changers  4403 A and  4403 B may omit phase change. Alternatively, in any one of the cases where the setting of switcher  220 B is ON and OFF, both of phase changers  4403 A and  4403 B may omit phase change. Note that when “phase change is not performed”, an output signal is generated and output without phase change on an input signal. 
       FIG. 57  is a diagram illustrating the configuration of signal processor  106  of the transmission apparatus of  FIG. 1 , different from  FIGS. 49 and 56 . Parts that operate as in the cases of  FIGS. 2, 49, and 56  are denoted with the same reference numerals. Detailed description thereof will be omitted. Note that although not illustrated in  FIG. 57 , control signal  200  may be input into switcher  220 B. When control signal  200  is input, switcher  220 B may control ON/OFF of passage of signal  201 B described below by using control signal  200 . 
       FIG. 57  is a diagram corresponding to a configuration in which switcher  220 B similar to that in  FIG. 56  is provided in the configuration of  FIG. 49 . In the configuration of  FIG. 57 , in addition to phase changers  205 A,  205 B,  4403 A, and  4403 B described in  FIG. 56 , phase changer  4405 B also changes the setting of the phase change cycle in the same manner as phase changer  205 B in accordance with the setting ON/OFF of switcher  220 B. Note that as described in the configuration of  FIG. 56 , also in  FIG. 57 , regardless of whether the setting of switcher  220 B is ON or OFF, the same value is set for the values of the phase change cycle of phase changers  205 A and  205 B. However, in both of the cases or one of the cases where the setting of switcher  220 B is ON and OFF, values different from each other may be set for the value of the phase change cycle of phase changer  205 A and the value of the phase change cycle of phase changer  205 B. Also, for phase changers  4403 A and  4403 B, regardless of whether the setting of switcher  220 B is ON or OFF, the same value is set for the value of the phase change cycle. However, in both of the cases or one of the cases where the setting of switcher  220 B is ON and OFF, values different from each other may be set for the value of the phase change cycle of phase changer  4403 A and the value of the phase change cycle of phase changer  4403 B. Furthermore, in any one of the cases where the setting of switcher  220 B is ON and OFF, one of phase changers  205 A and  205 B may omit phase change. Alternatively, in any one of the cases where the setting of switcher  220 B is ON and OFF, both of phase changers  205 A and  205 B may omit phase change. In addition, in any one of the cases where the setting of switcher  220 B is ON and OFF, one of phase changers  4403 A and  4403 B may omit phase change. Alternatively, in any one of the cases where the setting of switcher  220 B is ON and OFF, both of phase changers  4403 A and  4403 B may omit phase change. Note that when “phase change is not performed”, an output signal is generated and output without phase change on an input signal. 
     This allows inserter  207 B to insert preamble signal  4406 B and the guard symbol (symbol of GI) signal  4404 B that have undergone phase change at the same cycle as that of phase changers  205 A and  205 B to output baseband signal  208 B based on the frame structure of  FIG. 41 . 
       FIG. 58  is a diagram illustrating the configuration of signal processor  106  of the transmission apparatus of  FIG. 1 , different from  FIGS. 50 and 56 . Parts that operate as in the cases of  FIGS. 2, 50, and 56  are denoted with the same reference numerals. Detailed description thereof will be omitted. Note that although not illustrated in  FIG. 58 , control signal  200  may be input into switcher  220 B. When control signal  200  is input, switcher  220 B may control ON/OFF of passage of signal  201 B described below by using control signal  200 . 
       FIG. 58  is a diagram corresponding to a configuration in which switcher  220 B similar to that in  FIG. 56  is provided in the configuration of  FIG. 50 . In the configuration of  FIG. 58 , in addition to phase changers  205 A,  205 B,  4403 A, and  4403 B described in  FIG. 56 , phase changer  4405 A also changes the setting of the phase change cycle in the same manner as phase changer  205 A in accordance with the setting ON/OFF of switcher  220 B. Note that as described in the configuration of  FIG. 56 , also in  FIG. 58 , regardless of whether the setting of switcher  220 B is ON or OFF, the same value is set for the values of the phase change cycle of phase changers  205 A and  205 B. However, in both of the cases or one of the cases where the setting of switcher  220 B is ON and OFF, values different from each other may be set for the value of the phase change cycle of phase changer  205 A and the value of the phase change cycle of phase changer  205 B. Also, for phase changers  4403 A and  4403 B, regardless of whether the setting of switcher  220 B is ON or OFF, the same value is set for the value of the phase change cycle. However, in both of the cases or one of the cases where the setting of switcher  220 B is ON and OFF, values different from each other may be set for the value of the phase change cycle of phase changer  4403 A and the value of the phase change cycle of phase changer  4403 B. Furthermore, in any one of the cases where the setting of switcher  220 B is ON and OFF, one of phase changers  205 A and  205 B may omit phase change. Alternatively, in any one of the cases where the setting of switcher  220 B is ON and OFF, both of phase changers  205 A and  205 B may omit phase change. In addition, in any one of the cases where the setting of switcher  220 B is ON and OFF, one of phase changers  4403 A and  4403 B may omit phase change. Alternatively, in any one of the cases where the setting of switcher  220 B is ON and OFF, both of phase changers  4403 A and  4403 B may omit phase change. Note that when “phase change is not performed”, an output signal is generated and output without phase change on an input signal. 
     This allows inserter  207 A to insert preamble signal  4406 A and guard symbol (symbol of GI) signal  4404 A that have undergone phase change at the same cycle as that of phase changers  205 A and  205 B to output baseband signal  208 A based on the frame structure of  FIG. 40 . 
       FIG. 59  is a diagram illustrating the configuration of signal processor  106  of the transmission apparatus of  FIG. 1 , different from  FIGS. 51 and 56 to 58 . Parts that operate as in the cases of  FIGS. 2, 51, and 56 to 58  are denoted with the same reference numerals. Detailed description thereof will be omitted. Note that although not illustrated in  FIG. 59 , control signal  200  may be input into switcher  220 B. When control signal  200  is input, switcher  220 B may control ON/OFF of passage of signal  201 B described below by using control signal  200 . 
       FIG. 59  is a diagram corresponding to a configuration in which switcher  220 B similar to that in  FIG. 56  is provided in the configuration of  FIG. 51 . In the configuration of  FIG. 59 , in addition to phase changers  205 A,  205 B,  4403 A, and  4403 B described in  FIG. 56 , phase changer  4405 B described in  FIG. 57  and phase changer  4405 A described in  FIG. 58  also change the setting of the phase change cycle in the same manner as phase changers  205 A and  205 B in accordance with the setting ON/OFF of switcher  220 B. Note that as described in the configuration of  FIG. 56 , also in  FIG. 59 , regardless of whether the setting of switcher  220 B is ON or OFF, the same value is set for the value of the phase change cycle of phase changers  205 A and  205 B. However, in both of the cases or one of the cases where the setting of switcher  220 B is ON and OFF, values different from each other may be set for the value of the phase change cycle of phase changer  205 A and the value of the phase change cycle of phase changer  205 B. Also, for phase changers  4403 A and  4403 B, regardless of whether the setting of switcher  220 B is ON or OFF, the same value is set for the value of the phase change cycle. However, in both of the cases or one of the cases where the setting of switcher  220 B is ON and OFF, values different from each other may be set for the value of the phase change cycle of phase changer  4403 A and the value of the phase change cycle of phase changer  4403 B. Furthermore, for phase changers  4405 A and  4405 B, regardless of whether the setting of switcher  220 B is ON or OFF, the same value is set for the value of the phase change cycle. However, in both of the cases or one of the cases where the setting of switcher  220 B is ON and OFF, values different from each other may be set for the value of the phase change cycle of phase changer  4405 A and the value of the phase change cycle of phase changer  4405 B. Furthermore, in any one of the cases where the setting of switcher  220 B is ON and OFF, one of phase changers  205 A and  205 B may omit phase change. Alternatively, in any one of the cases where the setting of switcher  220 B is ON and OFF, both of phase changers  205 A and  205 B may omit phase change. In addition, in any one of the cases where the setting of switcher  220 B is ON and OFF, one of phase changers  4403 A and  4403 B may omit phase change. Alternatively, in any one of the cases where the setting of switcher  220 B is ON and OFF, both of phase changers  4403 A and  4403 B may omit phase change. In addition, in any one of the cases where the setting of switcher  220 B is ON and OFF, one of phase changers  4405 A and  4405 B may omit phase change. Alternatively, in any one of the cases where the setting of switcher  220 B is ON and OFF, both of phase changers  4405 A and  4405 B may omit phase change. Note that when “phase change is not performed”, an output signal is generated and output without phase change on an input signal. 
     This allows inserter  207 A to insert preamble signal  4406 A and guard symbol (symbol of GI) signal  4404 A that have undergone phase change at the same cycle as that of phase changers  205 A and  205 B to output baseband signal  208 A based on the frame structure of  FIG. 40 . This also allows inserter  207 B to insert preamble signal  4406 B and guard symbol (symbol of GI) signal  4404 B that have undergone phase change at the same cycle as that of phase changer  205 B to output baseband signal  208 B based on the frame structure of  FIG. 41 . 
     As described above, implementing the present exemplary embodiment makes it possible to obtain the advantageous effects described in the eighth and ninth exemplary embodiments. 
     Eleventh Exemplary Embodiment 
     In exemplary embodiments such as the first exemplary embodiment, for example, in  FIGS. 2, 18 to 22, and 44 to 59 , configurations have been described in which weight combiner  203 , phase changer  205 A, and/or phase changer  205 B are present. The following will describe a configuration method for obtaining good reception quality in an environment where direct waves are dominant and an environment where multipath or the like is present. 
     First, as in  FIGS. 2, 18, 19, 44 to 47, 52 to 55  and the like, a phase change method when weight combiner  203  and phase changer  205 B are present will be described. 
     For example, as described in the first exemplary embodiment, it is assumed that a phase change value in phase changer  205 B is y(i). Details are as described in the first exemplary embodiment. Note that i is a symbol number, and for example, i is an integer equal to or greater than 0. 
     For example, as described in the first exemplary embodiment, it is assumed that the phase change value y(i) is a cycle of N, and N values are prepared as the phase change values. Note that N is an integer equal to or greater than 2. Then, for example, Phase [0], Phase [1], Phase [2], Phase [3], . . . , Phase [N−2], and Phase [N−1] are prepared as the N values. That is, the N values are represented by Phase [k], and k is an integer between 0 and N−1 inclusive. Phase [k] is a real number between 0 radians and 2π radians inclusive. x is an integer between 0 and N−1 inclusive, y is an integer between 0 and N−1 inclusive, and x≠y. Phase [x]≠Phase [y] holds for all x and y satisfying these conditions. Note that a method for setting the phase change value y(i) assuming the cycle N is as described in other exemplary embodiments of this specification. Then, M values are extracted from Phase [0], Phase [1], Phase [2], Phase [3], . . . , Phase [N−2], and Phase [N−1]. These M values are represented as Phase_1 [0], Phase_1 [1], Phase_1 [2], . . . , Phase_ 1  [M−2], and Phase_1 [M−1]. That is, the M values are represented by Phase_1 [k], and k is an integer between 0 and M−1 inclusive. Note that M is an integer less than N and equal to or greater than 2. 
     At this time, the phase change value y(i) has any one value of Phase_1 [0], Phase_1 [1], Phase_1 [2], . . . , Phase_1 [M−2], and Phase_1 [M−1]. Phase_1 [0], Phase_1 [1], Phase_1 [2], . . . , Phase_1 [M−2], and Phase_1 [M−1] are each used at least once as the phase change value y(i). 
     For example, as one example thereof, there is a method in which the cycle of the phase change value y(i) is M. At this time, the following formula holds true.
 
[Formula 153]
 
 y ( i=x+y×M )=Phase_1[ x ]  Formula (153)
 
     Note that x is an integer between 0 and M−1 inclusive. y is an integer equal to or greater than 0. 
     Furthermore, as in  FIG. 2  and the like, weight combiner  203  and phase changer  205 B may individually perform a weighting process and a phase change process. The process of weight combiner  203  and the process of phase changer  205 B may be performed by first signal processor  6000  as in  FIG. 60 . Note that in  FIG. 60 , parts operating in the same way as in  FIG. 2  are denoted with the same reference numerals. 
     For example, in formula (3), when a matrix for weighting is F and a matrix about phase change is P, matrix W (=P×F) is prepared in advance. Then, first signal processor  6000  of  FIG. 60  may generate signals  204 A and  206 B by using matrix W and signals  201 A (s1(t)) and  201 B (s2(t)). 
     Phase changers  209 B,  209 A,  4403 B,  4403 A,  4405 B, and  4405 A in  FIGS. 2, 18, 19, 44 to 47, and 52 to 55  may perform or may omit signal processing of phase change. 
     As described above, in an environment where direct waves are dominant and multipath or the like is present due to the space diversity effect, setting the phase change value y(i) will make it more likely that the reception apparatus can obtain good reception quality. Furthermore, reducing a number of possible values of the phase change value y(i) as described above will make it more likely that a circuit scale of a transmission apparatus and the reception apparatus is reduced while an influence on data reception quality is reduced. 
     Next, as in  FIGS. 20 to 22, 48 to 51, 56 to 59 , and the like, description will be made of a phase change method when weight combiner  203  and phase changers  205 A and  205 B are present. 
     As described in other exemplary embodiments, it is assumed that the phase change value in phase changer  205 B is given by y(i). Details are as described in the first exemplary embodiment. Note that i is a symbol number, and for example, i is an integer equal to or greater than 0. 
     For example, it is assumed that the phase change value y(i) is a cycle of Nb, and Nb values are prepared as the phase change values. Note that Nb is an integer equal to or greater than 2. Then, for example, as the Nb values, Phase_b [0], Phase_b [1], Phase_b [2], Phase_b [3], . . . , Phase_b [Nb−2], and Phase_b [Nb−1] are prepared. That is, the Nb values are represented by Phase_b [k], and k is an integer between 0 and Nb−1 inclusive. Phase_b [k] is a real number between 0 radians and 2π radians inclusive. x is an integer between 0 and Nb−1 inclusive, y is an integer between 0 and Nb−1 inclusive, and x≠y. Phase_b [x]≠Phase_b [y] holds for all x and y satisfying these conditions. Note that a method for setting the phase change value y(i) assuming the cycle Nb is as described in other exemplary embodiments of this specification. Then, Mb values are extracted from Phase_b [0], Phase_b [1], Phase_b [2], Phase_b [3], . . . , Phase_b [Nb−2], and Phase_b [Nb−1]. These Mb values are represented as Phase_1 [0], Phase_1 [1], Phase_1 [2], . . . , Phase_1 [Mb−2], and Phase_1 [Mb−1]. That is, the Mb values are represented by Phase_1 [k], and k is an integer between 0 and Mb−1 inclusive. Note that Mb is an integer less than Nb and equal to or greater than 2. 
     At this time, the phase change value y(i) has either value of Phase_1 [0], Phase_1 [1], Phase_1 [2], . . . , Phase_1 [Mb−2], and Phase_1 [Mb−1]. Phase_1 [0], Phase_1 [1], Phase_1 [2], . . . , Phase_1 [Mb−2], and Phase_1 [Mb−1] are each used at least once as the phase change value y(i). 
     For example, as one example thereof, there is a method in which the cycle of the phase change value y(i) is Mb. At this time, the following holds true.
 
[Formula 154]
 
 y ( i=x+y×Mb )=Phase_1[ x ]  Formula (154)
 
     Note that x is an integer between 0 and Mb−1 inclusive. y is an integer equal to or greater than 0. 
     As described in other exemplary embodiments, it is assumed that the phase change value in phase changer  205 A is w(i). Note that i is a symbol number, and for example, i is an integer equal to or greater than 0. For example, it is assumed that the phase change value(i) is a cycle of Na, and Na values are prepared as the phase change values. Note that Na is an integer equal to or greater than 2. Then, for example, as the Na values, Phase_a [0], Phase_a [1], Phase_a [2], Phase_a [3], . . . , Phase_a [Na−2], and Phase_a [Na−1] are prepared. That is, the Na values are represented by Phase_a [k], and k is an integer between 0 and Na−1 inclusive. Phase_a [k] is a real number between 0 radians and 2π radians inclusive. x is an integer between 0 and Na−1 inclusive, y is an integer between 0 and Na−1 inclusive, and x≠y. Phase_a [x]≠Phase_a [y] holds for all x and y satisfying these conditions. Note that a method for setting the phase change value w(i) assuming the cycle Na is as described in other exemplary embodiments of this specification. Ma values are extracted from Phase_a [0], Phase_a [1], Phase_a [2], Phase_a [3], . . . , Phase_a [Na−2], and Phase_a [Na−1]. These Ma values are represented as Phase_2 [0], Phase_2 [1], Phase_2 [2], . . . , Phase_2 [Ma−2], and Phase_2 [Ma−1]. That is, the Ma values are represented by Phase_2 [k], and k is an integer between 0 and Ma−1 inclusive. Note that Ma is an integer less than Na and equal to or greater than 2. 
     At this time, the phase change value w(i) has either value of Phase_2 [0], Phase_2 [1], Phase_2 [2], . . . , Phase_2 [Ma−2], and Phase_2 [Ma−1]. Phase_2 [0], Phase_2 [1], Phase_2 [2], . . . , Phase_2 [Ma−2], and Phase_2 [Ma−1] are each used at least once as the phase change value w(i). 
     For example, as one example thereof, there is a method in which the cycle of the phase change value w(i) is Ma. At this time, the following holds true.
 
[Formula 155]
 
 w ( i=x+y×Ma )=Phase_2[ z ]  Formula (155)
 
     Note that x is an integer between 0 and Ma−1 inclusive. y is an integer equal to or greater than 0. 
     Furthermore, as in  FIG. 20  and the like, weight combiner  203  and phase changers  205 A and  205 B may individually perform the weighting process and the phase change process. The process of weight combiner  203  and the process of phase changers  205 A and  205 B may be performed by second signal processor  6100  as in  FIG. 61 . Note that in  FIG. 61 , parts operating in the same way as in  FIGS. 2 and 20  are denoted with the same reference numerals. 
     For example, in formula (52), when a matrix for weighting is F and a matrix about phase change is P, matrix W (=P×F) is prepared in advance. Then, second signal processor  6100  of  FIG. 61  may generate signals  206 A and  206 B by using matrix W and signals  201 A (s1(t)) and  201 B (s2(t)). 
     Phase changers  209 B,  209 A,  4403 B,  4403 A,  4405 B, and  4405 A in  FIGS. 20 to 22, 48 to 51, and 56 to 59  may perform or may omit signal processing of phase change. 
     Na and Nb may be the same value or different values. Ma and Mb may be the same value or different values. 
     As described above, in an environment where direct waves are dominant and multipath or the like is present due to the space diversity effect, setting the phase change value y(i) and the phase change value w(i) will make it more likely that the reception apparatus can obtain good reception quality. Furthermore, reducing a number of possible values of the phase change value y(i) as described above will make it more likely that a circuit scale of a transmission apparatus and the reception apparatus is reduced while an influence on data reception quality is reduced. 
     Note that it is likely that the present exemplary embodiment is effective when applied to the phase change method described in other exemplary embodiments of this specification. However, the present exemplary embodiment can be similarly implemented even if applied to other phase change methods. 
     Twelfth Exemplary Embodiment 
     The present exemplary embodiment will describe a phase change method when weight combiner  203  and phase changer  205 B are present as in  FIGS. 2, 18, 19, 44 to 47, 52 to 55 , and the like. 
     For example, as described in the exemplary embodiment, it is assumed that a phase change value in phase changer  205 B is given by y(i). Details are as described in the first exemplary embodiment. Note that i is a symbol number, and for example, i is an integer equal to or greater than 0. 
     For example, it is assumed that the phase change value y(i) is a cycle of N. Note that N is an integer equal to or greater than 2. As the N values, Phase [0], Phase [1], Phase [2], Phase [3], . . . , Phase [N−2], and Phase [N−1] are prepared. That is, the N values are represented by Phase [k], and k is an integer between 0 and N−1 inclusive. Phase [k] is a real number between 0 radians and 2π radians inclusive. x is an integer between 0 and N−1 inclusive, y is an integer between 0 and N−1 inclusive, and x≠y. Phase [x]≠Phase [y] holds for all x and y satisfying these conditions. At this time, Phase [k] is represented by the following formula. Note that k is an integer between 0 and N−1 inclusive. 
     
       
         
           
             
               
                 
                   [ 
                   
                     Formula 
                     ⁢ 
                     
                         
                     
                     ⁢ 
                     156 
                   
                   ] 
                 
               
               
                 
                     
                 
               
             
             
               
                 
                   
                     Phase 
                     ⁡ 
                     
                       [ 
                       k 
                       ] 
                     
                   
                   = 
                   
                     
                       
                         k 
                         ⁢ 
                         
                             
                         
                         ⁢ 
                         π 
                       
                       N 
                     
                     ⁢ 
                     RADIAN 
                   
                 
               
               
                 
                   Formula 
                   ⁢ 
                   
                       
                   
                   ⁢ 
                   
                     ( 
                     156 
                     ) 
                   
                 
               
             
           
         
       
     
     Then, Phase [0], Phase [1], Phase [2], Phase [3], . . . , Phase [N−2], and Phase [N−1] are used to obtain the cycle N of the phase change value y(i). To obtain the cycle N, Phase [0], Phase [1], Phase [2], Phase [3], . . . , Phase [N−2], and Phase [N−1] may be arranged in any way. Note that to obtain the cycle N, for example, the following holds.
 
[Formula 157]
 
 y ( i=x+y×N )= y ( i=x +( y+ 1)× N )  Formula (157)
 
     Note that x is an integer between 0 and N−1 inclusive, and y is an integer equal to or greater than 0. For all x and y satisfying these conditions, formula (157) holds. 
     Note that as in  FIG. 2  and the like, weight combiner  203  and phase changer  205 B may individually perform the weighting process and the phase change process. The process of weight combiner  203  and the process of phase changer  205 B may be performed by first signal processor  6000  as in  FIG. 60 . Note that in  FIG. 60 , parts operating in the same way as in  FIG. 2  are denoted with the same reference numerals. 
     For example, in formula (3), when a matrix for weighting is F and a matrix about phase change is P, matrix W (=P×F) is prepared in advance. Then, first signal processor  6000  of  FIG. 60  may generate signals  204 A and  206 B by using matrix W and signals  201 A (s1(t)) and  201 B (s2(t)). 
     Phase changers  209 B,  209 A,  4403 B,  4403 A,  4405 B, and  4405 A in  FIGS. 2, 18, 19, 44 to 47, and 52 to 55  may perform or may omit signal processing of phase change. 
     As described above, in an environment where direct waves are dominant and multipath or the like is present due to the space diversity effect, setting the phase change value y(i) will make it more likely that the reception apparatus can obtain good reception quality. Furthermore, limiting a number of possible values of the phase change value y(i) as described above will make it more likely that a circuit scale of a transmission apparatus and the reception apparatus is reduced while an influence on data reception quality is reduced. 
     Next, as in  FIGS. 20 to 22, 48 to 51, 56 to 59 , and the like, description will be made of a phase change method when weight combiner  203  and phase changers  205 A and  205 B are present. 
     As described in other exemplary embodiments, it is assumed that the phase change value in phase changer  205 B is given by y(i). Details are as described in the first exemplary embodiment. Note that i is a symbol number, and for example, i is an integer equal to or greater than 0. 
     For example, it is assumed that the phase change value y(i) is a cycle of Nb. Note that Nb is an integer equal to or greater than 2. As the Nb values, Phase_b [0], Phase_b [1], Phase_b [2], Phase_b [3], . . . , Phase_b [Nb−2], and Phase_b [Nb−1] are prepared. That is, the Nb values are represented by Phase_b [k], and k is an integer between 0 and Nb−1 inclusive. Phase_b [k] is a real number between 0 radians and 2π radians inclusive. x is an integer between 0 and Nb−1 inclusive, y is an integer between 0 and Nb−1 inclusive, and x≠y. Phase_b [x]≠Phase_b [y] holds for all x and y satisfying these conditions. At this time, Phase_b [k] is represented by the following formula. Note that k is an integer between 0 and Nb−1 inclusive. 
     
       
         
           
             
               
                 
                   [ 
                   
                     Formula 
                     ⁢ 
                     
                         
                     
                     ⁢ 
                     158 
                   
                   ] 
                 
               
               
                 
                     
                 
               
             
             
               
                 
                   
                     
                       Phase 
                       ⁢ 
                       _b 
                     
                     ⁡ 
                     
                       [ 
                       k 
                       ] 
                     
                   
                   = 
                   
                     
                       
                         k 
                         ⁢ 
                         
                             
                         
                         ⁢ 
                         π 
                       
                       Nb 
                     
                     ⁢ 
                     RADIAN 
                   
                 
               
               
                 
                   Formula 
                   ⁢ 
                   
                       
                   
                   ⁢ 
                   
                     ( 
                     158 
                     ) 
                   
                 
               
             
           
         
       
     
     Then, Phase_b [0], Phase_b [1], Phase_b [2], Phase_b [3], . . . , Phase_b [Nb−2], and Phase_b [Nb−1] are used to obtain the cycle Nb of the phase change value y(i). To obtain the cycle Nb, Phase_b [0], Phase_b [1], Phase_b [2], Phase_b [3], . . . , Phase_b [Nb−2], and Phase_b [Nb−1] may be arranged in any way. Note that to obtain the cycle Nb, for example, the following holds.
 
[Formula 159]
 
 y ( i=x+y×Nb )= y ( i=x +( y+ 1)× Nb )  Formula (159)
 
     Note that x is an integer between 0 and Nb−1 inclusive, and y is an integer equal to or greater than 0. For all x and y satisfying these conditions, formula (159) holds. 
     As described in other exemplary embodiments, it is assumed that the phase change value in phase changer  205 A is w(i). Note that i is a symbol number, and for example, i is an integer equal to or greater than 0. For example, it is assumed that the phase change value w(i) is a cycle of Na. Note that Na is an integer equal to or greater than 2. As the Na values, Phase_a [0], Phase_a [1], Phase_a [2], Phase_a [3], . . . , Phase_a [Na−2], and Phase_a [Na−1] are prepared. That is, the Na values are represented by Phase_a [k], and k is an integer between 0 and Na−1 inclusive. Phase_a [k] is a real number between 0 radians and 2π radians inclusive. x is an integer between 0 and Na−1 inclusive, y is an integer between 0 and Na−1 inclusive, and x≠y. Phase_a [x]≠Phase_a [y] holds for all x and y satisfying these conditions. At this time, Phase_a [k] is represented by the following formula. Note that k is an integer between 0 and Na−1 inclusive. 
     
       
         
           
             
               
                 
                   [ 
                   
                     Formula 
                     ⁢ 
                     
                         
                     
                     ⁢ 
                     160 
                   
                   ] 
                 
               
               
                 
                     
                 
               
             
             
               
                 
                   
                     Phase_a 
                     ⁡ 
                     
                       [ 
                       k 
                       ] 
                     
                   
                   = 
                   
                     
                       
                         k 
                         ⁢ 
                         
                             
                         
                         ⁢ 
                         π 
                       
                       Na 
                     
                     ⁢ 
                     RADIAN 
                   
                 
               
               
                 
                   Formula 
                   ⁢ 
                   
                       
                   
                   ⁢ 
                   
                     ( 
                     160 
                     ) 
                   
                 
               
             
           
         
       
     
     Then, Phase_a [0], Phase_a [1], Phase_a [2], Phase_a [3], . . . , Phase_a [Na−2], and Phase_a [Na−1] are used to obtain the cycle Na of the phase change value w(i). To obtain the cycle Na, Phase_a [0], Phase_a [1], Phase_a [2], Phase_a [3], . . . , Phase_a [Na−2], and Phase_a [Na−1] may be arranged in any way. Note that to obtain the cycle Na, for example, the following holds.
 
[Formula 161]
 
 w ( i=x+y×Na )= w ( i=x +( y+ 1)× Na )  Formula (161)
 
     Note that x is an integer between 0 and Na−1 inclusive, and y is an integer equal to or greater than 0. For all x and y satisfying these conditions, formula (161) holds. 
     Note that as in  FIG. 20  and the like, weight combiner  203  and phase changers  205 A and  205 B may individually perform the weighting process and the phase change process. The process of weight combiner  203  and the process of phase changers  205 A and  205 B may be performed by second signal processor  6100  as in  FIG. 61 . Note that in  FIG. 61 , parts operating in the same way as in  FIGS. 2 and 20  are denoted with the same reference numerals. 
     For example, in formula (52), when a matrix for weighting is F and a matrix about phase change is P, matrix W (=P×F) is prepared in advance. Then, second signal processor  6100  of  FIG. 61  may generate signals  206 A and  206 B by using matrix W and signals  201 A (s1(t)) and  201 B (s2(t)). 
     Phase changers  209 B,  209 A,  4403 B,  4403 A,  4405 B, and  4405 A in  FIGS. 20 to 22, 48 to 51, and 56 to 59  may perform or may omit signal processing of phase change. 
     Na and Nb may be the same value or different values. 
     As described above, in an environment where direct waves are dominant and multipath or the like is present due to the space diversity effect, setting the phase change value y(i) and the phase change value w(i) will make it more likely that the reception apparatus can obtain good reception quality. Furthermore, limiting the number of possible values of the phase change value y(i) and the phase change value w(i) as described above will make it more likely that the circuit scale of the transmission apparatus and the reception apparatus is reduced while the influence on data reception quality is reduced. 
     Note that it is likely that the present exemplary embodiment is effective when applied to the phase change method described in other exemplary embodiments of this specification. However, the present exemplary embodiment can be similarly implemented even if applied to other phase change methods. 
     Of course, the present exemplary embodiment and the eleventh exemplary embodiment may be combined for implementation. That is, M phase change values may be extracted from formula (156). Mb phase change values may be extracted from formula (158), and Ma phase change values may be extracted from formula (160). 
     Thirteenth Exemplary Embodiment 
     The present exemplary embodiment will describe a phase change method when weight combiner  203  and phase changer  205 B are present as in  FIGS. 2, 18, 19, 44  to  47 ,  52  to  55 , and the like. 
     For example, as described in the exemplary embodiment, it is assumed that a phase change value in phase changer  205 B is y(i). Details are as described in the first exemplary embodiment. Note that i is a symbol number, and for example, i is an integer equal to or greater than 0. 
     For example, it is assumed that the phase change value y(i) is a cycle of N. Note that N is an integer equal to or greater than 2. As the N values, Phase [0], Phase [1], Phase [2], Phase [3], . . . , Phase [N−2], and Phase [N−1] are prepared. That is, the N values are represented by Phase [k], and k is an integer between 0 and N−1 inclusive. Phase [k] is a real number between 0 radians and 2π radians inclusive. x is an integer between 0 and N−1 inclusive, y is an integer between 0 and N−1 inclusive, and x≠y. Phase [x]≠Phase [y] holds for all x and y satisfying these conditions. At this time, Phase [k] is represented by the following formula. Note that k is an integer between 0 and N−1 inclusive. 
     
       
         
           
             
               
                 
                   [ 
                   
                     Formula 
                     ⁢ 
                     
                         
                     
                     ⁢ 
                     162 
                   
                   ] 
                 
               
               
                 
                     
                 
               
             
             
               
                 
                   
                     Phase 
                     ⁡ 
                     
                       [ 
                       k 
                       ] 
                     
                   
                   = 
                   
                     
                       
                         k 
                         × 
                         2 
                         × 
                         
                             
                         
                         ⁢ 
                         π 
                       
                       N 
                     
                     ⁢ 
                     RADIAN 
                   
                 
               
               
                 
                   Formula 
                   ⁢ 
                   
                       
                   
                   ⁢ 
                   
                     ( 
                     162 
                     ) 
                   
                 
               
             
           
         
       
     
     Then, Phase [0], Phase [1], Phase [2], Phase [3], . . . , Phase [N−2], and Phase [N−1] are used to obtain the cycle N of the phase change value y(i). To obtain the cycle N, Phase [0], Phase [1], Phase [2], Phase [3], . . . , Phase [N−2], and Phase [N−1] may be arranged in any way. Note that to obtain the cycle N, for example, the following holds.
 
[Formula 163]
 
 y ( i=x+y×N )= y ( i=x +( y+ 1)× N )  Formula (163)
 
     Note that x is an integer between 0 and N−1 inclusive, and y is an integer equal to or greater than 0. For all x and y satisfying these conditions, formula (163) holds. 
     Note that as in  FIG. 2  and the like, weight combiner  203  and phase changer  205 B may individually perform the weighting process and the phase change process. The process of weight combiner  203  and the process of phase changer  205 B may be performed by first signal processor  6000  as in  FIG. 60 . Note that in  FIG. 60 , parts operating in the same way as in  FIG. 2  are denoted with the same reference numerals. 
     For example, in formula (3), when a matrix for weighting is F and a matrix about phase change is P, matrix W (=P×F) is prepared in advance. Then, first signal processor  6000  of  FIG. 60  may generate signals  204 A and  206 B by using matrix W and signals  201 A (s1(t)) and  201 B (s2(t)). 
     Phase changers  209 B,  209 A,  4403 B,  4403 A,  4405 B, and  4405 A in  FIGS. 2, 18, 19, 44 to 47, and 52 to 55  may perform or may omit signal processing of phase change. 
     As described above, by setting the phase change value y(i), possible values of the phase change value y(i) are uniformly present on a complex plane from a viewpoint of phase, providing a space diversity effect. In an environment where direct waves are dominant and multipath or the like is present, this will make it more likely that the reception apparatus can obtain good reception quality. 
     Next, as in  FIGS. 20 to 22, 48 to 51, 56 to 59 , and the like, description will be made of a phase change method when weight combiner  203  and phase changers  205 A and  205 B are present. 
     As described in other exemplary embodiments, it is assumed that the phase change value in phase changer  205 B is y(i). Details are as described in the first exemplary embodiment. Note that i is a symbol number, and for example, i is an integer equal to or greater than 0. 
     For example, it is assumed that the phase change value y(i) is a cycle of Nb. Note that Nb is an integer equal to or greater than 2. As the Nb values, Phase_b [0], Phase_b [1], Phase_b [2], Phase_b [3], . . . , Phase_b [Nb−2], and Phase_b [Nb−1] are prepared. That is, the Nb values are represented by Phase_b [k], and k is an integer between 0 and Nb−1 inclusive. Phase_b [k] is a real number between 0 radians and 2π radians inclusive. x is an integer between 0 and Nb−1 inclusive, y is an integer between 0 and Nb−1 inclusive, and x≠y. Phase_b [x]≠Phase_b [y] holds for all x and y satisfying these conditions. At this time, Phase_b [k] is represented by the following formula. Note that k is an integer between 0 and Nb−1 inclusive. 
     
       
         
           
             
               
                 
                   [ 
                   
                     Formula 
                     ⁢ 
                     
                         
                     
                     ⁢ 
                     164 
                   
                   ] 
                 
               
               
                 
                     
                 
               
             
             
               
                 
                   
                     Phase_b 
                     ⁡ 
                     
                       [ 
                       k 
                       ] 
                     
                   
                   = 
                   
                     
                       
                         k 
                         ⁢ 
                         
                             
                         
                         × 
                         2 
                         × 
                         π 
                       
                       Nb 
                     
                     ⁢ 
                     RADIAN 
                   
                 
               
               
                 
                   Formula 
                   ⁢ 
                   
                       
                   
                   ⁢ 
                   
                     ( 
                     164 
                     ) 
                   
                 
               
             
           
         
       
     
     Then, Phase_b [0], Phase_b [1], Phase_b [2], Phase_b [3], . . . , Phase_b [Nb−2], and Phase_b [Nb−1] are used to obtain the cycle Nb of the phase change value y(i). To obtain the cycle Nb, Phase_b [0], Phase_b [1], Phase_b [2], Phase_b [3], . . . , Phase_b [Nb−2], and Phase_b [Nb−1] may be arranged in any way. Note that to obtain the cycle Nb, for example, the following holds.
 
[Formula 165]
 
 y ( i=x+y×Nb )= y ( i=x +( y+ 1)× Nb )  Formula (165)
 
     Note that x is an integer between 0 and Nb−1 inclusive, and y is an integer equal to or greater than 0. For all x and y satisfying these conditions, formula (165) holds. 
     As described in other exemplary embodiments, it is assumed that the phase change value in phase changer  205 A is w(i). Note that i is a symbol number, and for example, i is an integer equal to or greater than 0. For example, it is assumed that the phase change value w(i) is a cycle of Na. Note that Na is an integer equal to or greater than 2. As the Na values, Phase_a [0], Phase_a [1], Phase_a [2], Phase_a [3], . . . , Phase_a [Na−2], and Phase_a [Na−1] are prepared. That is, the Na values are represented by Phase_a [k], and k is an integer between 0 and Na−1 inclusive. Phase_a [k] is a real number between 0 radians and 2π radians inclusive. x is an integer between 0 and Na−1 inclusive, y is an integer between 0 and Na−1 inclusive, and x≠y. Phase_a [x]≠Phase_a [y] holds for all x and y satisfying these conditions. At this time, Phase_a [k] is represented by the following formula. Note that k is an integer between 0 and Na−1 inclusive. 
     
       
         
           
             
               
                 
                   [ 
                   
                     Formula 
                     ⁢ 
                     
                         
                     
                     ⁢ 
                     166 
                   
                   ] 
                 
               
               
                 
                     
                 
               
             
             
               
                 
                   
                     Phase_a 
                     ⁡ 
                     
                       [ 
                       k 
                       ] 
                     
                   
                   = 
                   
                     
                       
                         k 
                         × 
                         2 
                         × 
                         
                             
                         
                         ⁢ 
                         π 
                       
                       Na 
                     
                     ⁢ 
                     RADIAN 
                   
                 
               
               
                 
                   Formula 
                   ⁢ 
                   
                       
                   
                   ⁢ 
                   
                     ( 
                     166 
                     ) 
                   
                 
               
             
           
         
       
     
     Then, Phase_a [0], Phase_a [1], Phase_a [2], Phase_a [3], . . . , Phase_a [Na−2], and Phase_a [Na−1] are used to obtain the cycle Na of the phase change value w(i). To obtain the cycle Na, Phase_a [0], Phase_a [1], Phase_a [2], Phase_a [3], . . . , Phase_a [Na−2], and Phase_a [Na−1] may be arranged in any way. Note that to obtain the cycle Na, for example, the following holds.
 
[Formula 167]
 
 w ( i=x+y×Na )= w ( i=x +( y+ 1)× Na )  Formula (167)
 
     Note that x is an integer between 0 and Na−1 inclusive, and y is an integer equal to or greater than 0. For all x and y satisfying these conditions, formula (167) holds. 
     Note that as in  FIG. 20  and the like, weight combiner  203  and phase changers  205 A and  205 B may individually perform the weighting process and the phase change process. The process of weight combiner  203  and the process of phase changers  205 A and  205 B may be performed by second signal processor  6100  as in  FIG. 61 . Note that in  FIG. 61 , parts operating in the same way as in  FIGS. 2 and 20  are denoted with the same reference numerals. 
     For example, in formula (52), when a matrix for weighting is F and a matrix about phase change is P, matrix W (=P×F) is prepared in advance. Then, second signal processor  6100  of  FIG. 61  may generate signals  206 A and  206 B by using matrix W and signals  201 A (s1(t)) and  201 B (s2(t)). 
     Phase changers  209 B,  209 A,  4403 B,  4403 A,  4405 B, and  4405 A in  FIGS. 20 to 22, 48 to 51, and 56 to 59  may perform or may omit signal processing of phase change. 
     Na and Nb may be the same value or different values. 
     As described above, by setting the phase change value y(i) and the phase change value w(i), possible values of the phase change value y(i) and the phase change value w(i) are uniformly present on a complex plane from a viewpoint of phase, providing a space diversity effect. In an environment where direct waves are dominant and multipath or the like is present, this will make it more likely that the reception apparatus can obtain good reception quality. 
     Note that it is likely that the present exemplary embodiment is effective when applied to the phase change method described in other exemplary embodiments of this specification. However, the present exemplary embodiment can be similarly implemented even if applied to other phase change methods. 
     Of course, the present exemplary embodiment and the eleventh exemplary embodiment may be combined for implementation. That is, M phase change values may be extracted from formula (162). Mb phase change values may be extracted from formula (164), and Ma phase change values may be extracted from formula (166). 
     Supplementary 5 
     Regarding the modulation scheme, even when a modulation scheme other than the modulation scheme described in this specification is used, the exemplary embodiments and other information described in this specification can be implemented. For example, non-uniform (NU)-QAM, π/2 shift BPSK, π/4 shift QPSK, and a PSK scheme in which the phase of a certain value is shifted, and the like may be used. 
     Phase changers  209 A,  209 B,  4403 A,  4403 B,  4405 A, and  4405 B may be cyclic delay diversity (CDD) and cyclic shift diversity (CSD). 
     Supplementary 6 
     The present disclosure has described that, for example, in  FIGS. 2, 18 to 22, 28 to 33, and 44 to 61 , mapped signal s1(t) and mapped signal s2(t) transmit data different from each other, but the present disclosure is not limited to this example. That is, mapped signal s1(t) and mapped signal s2(t) may transmit the same data. For example, when symbol number i=a (a is an integer equal to or greater than 0, for example), mapped signal s1(i=a) and mapped signal s2(i=a) may transmit the same data. 
     Note that the method by which mapped signal s1(i=a) and mapped signal s2(i=a) transmit the same data is not limited to the above scheme. For example, mapped signal s1(i=a) and mapped signal s2(i=b) may transmit the same data (b is an integer equal to or greater than 0, and a≠b). Furthermore, the first data sequence may be transmitted using a plurality of symbols s1(i), and the same data as the first data sequence may be transmitted using a plurality of symbols s2(i). 
     INDUSTRIAL APPLICABILITY 
     The present disclosure can be widely applied to communication systems that transmit modulated signals from a plurality of antennas. 
     REFERENCE MARKS IN THE DRAWINGS 
       102  error correction encoder 
       104  mapper 
       106  signal processor 
       107 A,  107 B wireless unit 
       109 A,  109 B antenna unit