Patent Publication Number: US-11648995-B2

Title: Control of a transporter based on attitude

Description:
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This application is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 15/150,723 filed May 10, 2016, which is a divisional of U.S. application Ser. No. 14/589,116 filed Jan. 5, 2015, now U.S. Pat. No. 9,545,963, which is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 13/908,587 filed Jun. 3, 2013, now U.S. Pat. No. 8,925,657, which is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 11/691,903 filed Mar. 27, 2007, now U.S. Pat. No. 8,453,768, which is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 10/617,598, filed Jul. 11, 2003, now U.S. Pat. No. 7,210,544, which claims priority from U.S. provisional patent application Ser. No. 60/395,589, filed Jul. 12, 2002, each of which is hereby incorporated by reference herein in its entirety. 
    
    
     TECHNICAL FIELD 
     The present invention pertains to transporters and methods for transporting a load, which may be a living subject, and more particularly to controlling motion of a transporter. 
     BACKGROUND ART 
     A wide range of vehicles having a motorized drive arrangement are known for conveying various subjects, either for purposive locomotion or for recreational purposes. 
     The means used to command the motorized drive arrangement of these vehicles varies greatly. For example, an operator may manipulate an accelerator pedal to control forward motion of an automobile, while steering is typically performed using a steering wheel. Or the motion of a sporting vehicle may be controlled by rocking a foot board upon which a user is balanced towards the front or rear to mechanically move a throttle cable, as described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,790,548 (Francken). Based on the operator&#39;s physical attributes for example, or the transporter&#39;s intended functionality, alternative methods for controlling motion of a transporter may be desirable. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     In a first embodiment of the invention there is provided a transporter for transporting a load over a surface. The transporter includes a support platform for supporting the load. The support platform is characterized by a fore-aft axis, a lateral axis, and an orientation with respect to the surface, the orientation referred to as an attitude. At least one ground-contacting element, which is driven by a motorized drive arrangement, is coupled to the support platform in such a manner that the attitude of the support platform is capable of variation. A sensor module generates a signal characterizing the attitude of the support platform. Based on the attitude, a controller commands the motorized drive arrangement. 
     In accordance with related embodiments of the invention, one or more ground-contacting elements may be flexibly coupled to the support platform in such a manner that the attitude of the support platform is capable of variation based on a position of a center of mass of the load relative to the at least one ground-contacting element. The sensor module may include at least one distance sensor for measuring a distance characteristic of the attitude of the platform. The distance sensor may be selected from the group of distance sensors consisting of an ultrasonic distance sensor, an acoustic distance sensor, a radar distance sensor, optical distance sensor, and a contact sensor, such as a whisker(s). The at least one distance sensor may sense the distance between a fiducial point on the platform and a position on the surface disposed at a specified angle with respect to the support platform. In other embodiments, the transporter may include a first component that remains in a substantially fixed vertical position relative to the surface, wherein the at least one distance sensor senses the distance between a fiducial point on the platform and the first component. One or more ground contacting elements may include a wheel having an axle, and the first component is fixed relative to the axle. Alternatively, and not meant to be limiting, one or more ground contacting elements may include a wheel supported by a frame, and the first component is fixed relative to the frame. 
     In accordance with other related embodiments of the invention, the attitude of the support platform is capable of variation based at least on a signal generated by a remote control device. The transporter may include a powered strut coupled to the platform, the powered strut capable of varying the attitude of the support platform based at least on the signal generated by the remote control device. The transporter may further include a user interface, wherein the attitude of the support platform is capable of variation based on a signal generated by the user interface. The controller may command motion of the transporter in the fore-aft plane and/or the lateral plane. 
     In accordance with another embodiment of the invention, a method for controlling a transporter having a support platform for supporting a load is presented. The support platform is characterized by an attitude with respect to the surface. The transporter includes at least one ground contacting elements flexibly coupled to the support platform in such a manner that the attitude of the platform is capable of variation. The transporter also includes a motorized drive arrangement for driving the at least one ground contacting elements. The method includes generating a signal characterizing an attitude of the support platform. The motorized drive arrangement is commanded based at least on the attitude. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       The foregoing features of the invention will be more readily understood by reference to the following detailed description, taken with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which: 
         FIG.  1    depicts one embodiment of a human transporter, lacking a distinct user input device, to which the present invention may advantageously be applied; 
         FIG.  2    is a side view of a transporter, in accordance with one embodiment of the invention; 
         FIG.  3    is an expanded side view of a transporter, in accordance with one embodiment of the invention; 
         FIG.  4    is a side view of a transporter, in accordance with one embodiment of the invention; and 
         FIG.  5    is a block diagram of a controller of a transporter, in accordance with one embodiment of the invention. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF SPECIFIC EMBODIMENTS 
     In accordance with one embodiment of the invention,  FIG.  1    shows a transporter,  1  lacking a distinct input device, to which the present invention may advantageously be applied. Transporter  1  is described in detail in U.S. Pat. No. 6,302,230, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. Transporter  1  includes a support platform  11  for supporting a load, which may be a living subject  9 , over the ground or other surface, such as a floor, which may be referred to herein generally as “ground”. A subject, for example, may stand or sit on support platform  11 . Attached to support platform  11  may be a handlebar  12  that can be gripped when riding transporter  1 . 
     One or more ground-contacting elements  2 ,  7  provide contact between support platform  11  and the ground. Ground-contacting elements  2 ,  7  may include, but are not limited to, arcuate members, tracks, treads, and wheels (hereinafter the term “wheel” will be used in the specification to refer to any such ground-contacting element without limitation). While the transporter  1  depicted in  FIG.  1    lacks stability in its operating position unless subject to controlled balancing, the application of the present invention is specifically not limited to transporters of that sort and embodiments of the present invention may advantageously be applied to statically stable transporters as well. 
     Support platform  11  may be flexibly coupled to the wheels  2 ,  7  by various means known in the art, for example, a pivot mechanism, springs, or pneumatic pistons. In other embodiments, the wheels  2 ,  7  may have some compliance and serve the function of a spring. For purposes of the present description, platform  11  may be characterized by a fore-aft axis, a lateral axis, and an orientation with respect to the surface, which is referred to herein as an attitude. The fore-aft axis, X-X, is perpendicular to the wheel axis, while the lateral axis, Y-Y, is parallel to the axis of the wheels. Directions parallel to the axes X-X and Y-Y are called the fore-aft and lateral directions respectively. 
     Referring now to  FIG.  2   , which shows a transporter  10  in accordance with one embodiment of the invention, the attitude of support platform  11  may, for example, be capable of variation based on a position of a center of mass of the load relative to one or more wheels  13 ,  14 . Alternatively, transporter  10  may include a power strut or other mechanism capable of altering the attitude of the support platform  11 . The power strut may be controlled by a user interface located on transporter  10 , such as a joystick or a rotatable potentiometer located on handlebar  12 . In other embodiments, the power strut may also be controlled by a remote control device, such as, but not limited to, an infrared or radio controlled remote control device. 
     The motion of transporter  10  is based, at least in part, on the attitude of the support platform  11 . To determine the attitude of the support platform  11 , transporter  10  includes a sensor module. Sensor module may include at least one distance sensor  17 ,  18  for measuring a distance characteristic of the attitude of the support platform  11 . The distance measured may be, for example, the distance between a fiducial point on the support platform  11  and a surface  19 , or alternatively, another component on transporter  10 . A plurality of distances measured by the sensor module may be combined to generate at least one signal characteristic of the platform attitude. 
     Attitude/distance sensor may be one of many sensor types, such as, for example, an ultrasonic, optical, acoustic or radar sensor wherein a signal generated by a source is reflected back by a surface to a sensor receiver. The distance from the sensor to the surface can then be calculated based on the time (or phase) difference between when the signal was generated and when the reflected signal was received. Triangulation may be performed. In other embodiments, distance sensor can be a contact sensor(s) such as, without limitation, a whisker(s). For example, a plurality of whiskers, each having a predetermined length may be utilized, with distance determined based on which whisker bends or is otherwise activated when making contact with the surface. A single whisker may be utilized with distance determined based, at least on part, on the bending angle of the whisker. 
     Referring to  FIG.  2   , distance sensors  17 ,  18  sense the distance between a fiducial point on the platform and a position on the surface that is disposed at a specified angle  3 ,  4 , with respect to the support platform. First distance sensor  17  is located at the front (fore) of platform  11  and senses a first distance  5  between platform  11  and surface  19 . 
     Second distance sensor  17  is located at the back (aft) of platform  11  and senses a second distance  6  between platform  11  and surface  19 . By comparing distances  5  and  6 , a signal indicative of an attitude of the platform  11 , and more specifically, the inclination of the platform  11  in the fore-aft plane with respect to the surface  19 , can be determined. 
     In another embodiment, at least one distance sensor  22  may sense the distance between a fiducial point on the transporter platform  11  and a first component  23  that remains in a substantially fixed vertical position relative to the surface  19 , as shown in the expanded view of a transporter in  FIG.  3   . First component  23  may be, for example, a wheel axle  23  or a frame used to support the at least one wheel  14 . In various embodiments, first component  23  may include a reflector for reflecting the signal generated by distance sensor  22 . 
       FIG.  4    shows a transporter  60  that includes a first support platform  69  and a second support platform  61 , in accordance with one embodiment of the invention. At least one wheel  63  and  64  provides contact between the first support platform  69  and the ground. Second support platform  61  is coupled to the first support platform  69  such that the second support platform  61  can tilt in the fore-aft plane based, for example, on a position of a center of mass of the loaded second support platform  61 . Second support platform  61  may be tiltably attached to the first support platform  69  using, without limitation, springs  65  and  66  and/or a pivot mechanism  68 . Similar to above-described embodiments, based on the tilting of the second support platform  61 , at least one sensor  67  and  70  generates a signal indicative of the attitude of the second support platform  61 . Attached to the first support platform  69  or second support platform  61  may be a handlebar  62  that can be gripped while operating the transporter  60 . 
     A controller receives the signal characteristic of the attitude from the sensor module. Based at least on this signal, the controller implements a control algorithm to command a motorized drive arrangement so as to drive the at least one wheel. The controller may also respond to commands from other operator interfaces, such as a joystick or dial attached, for example, to handlebar. 
       FIG.  5    shows a controller  30  for controlling the motorized drive of the transporter, in accordance with one embodiment of the invention. Controller  30  receives an input characteristic of platform attitude from sensor module  34 . Based at least on the input from the sensor module, controller  30  commands at least one motorized drive  35 ,  36 . Controller  30  also interfaces with a user interface  31  and a wheel rotation sensor  33 . 
     User interface  31  may include, among other things, controls for turning the controller  30  on or off. When the controller  30  is turned off, the at least one wheel of the transporter may be free to move, such that the transporter acts as a typical push scooter. User interface  31  may also control a locking mechanism  32  for locking the at least one wheel. 
     The controller  30  includes a control algorithm to determine the amount of torque to be applied to the at least one wheel based on the sensed attitude of the support platform. The control algorithm may be configured either in design of the system or in real time, on the basis of current operating mode and operating conditions as well as preferences of the user. Controller may implement the control algorithm by using a control loop. The operation of control loops is well known in the art of electromechanical engineering and is outlined, for example, in Fraser &amp; Milne, Electro-Mechanical Engineering, IEEE Press (1994), particularly in Chapter 11, “Principles of Continuous Control” which is incorporated herein by reference. 
     As an example, and not meant to be limiting, the control algorithm may take the form:
 
Torque Command to Wheel= K[θ+◯] 
         where K=gain   θ=support platform attitude, and   ◯=offset.       

     The support platform attitude, θ, may be in the form of an error term defined as the desired support platform attitude minus the measured support platform attitude. The gain, K, may be a predetermined constant, or may be entered/adjusted by the operator through user interface  31 . Responsiveness of the transporter to attitude changes can be governed by K. For example, if K is increased, a rider will perceive a stiffer response in that a small change in platform attitude will result in a large torque command. Offset, ◯, may be incorporated into the control algorithm to govern the torque applied to the motorized drive, either in addition to, or separate from, the direct effect of θ. Thus, for example, the user may provide an input by means of a user interface of any sort, the input being treated by the control system equivalently to a change, for example, in platform attitude. 
     Thus, referring back to  FIG.  2   , motion of the transporter  10  may be controlled by a subject changing the attitude of the platform  11 . This change in attitude is reflected by distances  5 ,  6  sensed by the sensor module. Depending on the control algorithm, an initial change in attitude, such that first distance  5  is less than second distance  6 , may result in positive torque being applied to one or more wheels  23 ,  24 , causing the wheels  23 ,  24  to move forward. Likewise, an initial change in the attitude, such that first distance  5  is greater than second distance  6  may result in a negative torque applied to one or more wheels  23 ,  24 , causing the wheels  23 ,  24  to move in the aft direction. If the subject then remains in his changed position on the platform such that the platform attitude remains the same, the motor will continue to torque at approximately the same rate. 
     In various embodiments of the invention, the sensor module may sense changes in platform attitude in addition to, or instead of inclination of support platform in the fore-aft plane. For example, sensor module may provide an attitude signal indicative of inclination of the support platform in the lateral plane relative to the surface. This may be accomplished by the use of two laterally disposed distance sensors. Changes in the angle of inclination of the support platform in the lateral plane can then be used either separately or in combination with other attitude changes to control motion of the transporter. For example, changes in the angle of inclination in the fore-aft plane can be used to control fore-aft motion, while changes in the angle of inclination in the lateral plane can be used to control steering of the transporter. 
     Steering may be accomplished in an embodiment having at least two laterally disposed wheels (i.e., a left and right wheel), by providing separate motors for left and right wheels. Torque desired for the left motor and the torque desired for the right motor can be calculated separately. Additionally, tracking both the left wheel motion and the right wheel motion permits adjustments to be made, as known to persons of ordinary skill in the control arts, to prevent unwanted turning of the vehicle and to account for performance variations between the two motors. 
     The described embodiments of the invention are intended to be merely exemplary and numerous variations and modifications will be apparent to those skilled in the art. All such variations and modifications are intended to be within the scope of the present invention as defined in the appended claims.