Patent Publication Number: US-2022226343-A1

Title: 3-amino-4-[4-[4 (dimethylcarbamoyl) phenyl]-1,4-diazepan-1-yl]thieno[2,3-b]pyridine-2-carboxamide for use in cancer therapy and formulations comprising the same

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This application claims the benefit of priority to U.S. Provisional Application 62/850,983, filed May 21, 2019, the content of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. 
    
    
     BACKGROUND 
     CDK8 and CDK19, two closely related transcription-regulating kinases, have become a burgeoning novel cancer drug target (Philip, S. et al.,  J Med Chem  2018, 61, 5073-5092). In particular, CDK8/19 inhibitors were shown to be efficacious in castration-refractory prostate cancer (CRPC) (Chen, Roninson, U.S. Pat. No. 9,636,342), in acute myeloid leukemia (Pelish et al., Nature. 2015 Oct. 8; 526(7572):273-276. doi: 10.1038/nature14904), in hepatic metastases of colon cancer (Liang et al., Cancer Res. 2018 Dec. 1; 78(23):6594-6606. doi: 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-18-1583), in estrogen receptor-positive breast cancer when combined with anti-estrogens (McDermott et al., Oncotarget. 2017 Feb. 21; 8(8):12558-12575. doi: 10.18632/oncotarget.14894), and in HER2-positive breast cancer when combined with HER2-targeting agents (McDermott et al., International Patent Pub. No. WO 2016/018511). Higher CDK8 expression was associated with shorter survival in breast and ovarian cancers (Porter, D. C., et al.,  Proc Natl Acad Sci USA  2012, 109, 13799-804). CDK8 has also shown tumor promoting-activities in melanoma (Kapoor, A. et al.,  Nature  2010, 468, 1105-1109) and pancreatic cancer (Xu, W., et al.,  Cancer Lett  2015, 356, 613-627). Furthermore, CDK8/19 inhibitors prevent the induction of genes that promote metastasis and drug resistance in cancer cells of different tumor types, treated with conventional DNA-damaging chemotherapeutic agents or radiation (Porter, D. C., et al.,  Proc Natl Acad Sci USA  2012, 109, 13799-804). In vivo administration of a CDK8/19 inhibitor also improved the effect of a chemotherapeutic drug doxorubicin in a lung cancer model (Porter et al., ibid.), indicating the utility of CDK8/19 inhibitors for the treatment of different cancers when combined with a variety of DNA-damaging agents. 
     Aside from cancer, CDK8/19 inhibitors show promise in inflammation-associated diseases (US Patent Pub. No. 2014/0309224 to Porter, D. C.; Johnannessen, L., et al.,  Nat Chem Biol  2017, 13, 1102-1108); cardiovascular diseases (Hall, D., et al.,  JCI Insight  2017, 2; International Patent Pub. No. WO 2016/100782 to Roninson, I. B.); ribosomopathies; conditions characterized by reduced number of hematopoietic stem cells and/or progenitor cells; and bone anabolic disorders (International Patent Pub. No. WO 2017/076968 to Flygare, J. and Amirhosseini, M, et al.,  J Cell Physiol.  2019 Feb. 21) 
     A number of CDK8/19 inhibitors have been reported (Philip et al., J Med Chem. 2018 Jun. 28; 61(12):5073-5092. doi: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.7b00901). These include certain quinazoline-based compounds developed by some of the instant inventors that are highly selective for CDK8/19, such as SNX2-1-53 (a.k.a. Senexin A) (Porter, D. C., et al.,  Proc Natl Acad Sci USA  2012, 109, 13799-804; U.S. Pat. No. 8,598,344 to Porter, D. C.) and SNX2-1-165 (a.k.a. Senexin B) (U.S. Pat. No. 9,321,737 to Roninson, I. B.), as well as highly CDK8/19-selective quinoline-based compounds [U.S. Patent Appl. Nos. 62/720,774 and 62/720,776]. Other CDK8/19 inhibitors have been reported recently (Hatcher, J. M. et al., ACS Med Chem Lett 2018, 9, 540-545; Nakamura, A. et al., Oncotarget 2018, 9, 13474-13487; Han, X., et al., Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2017, 27, 4488-4492). 
     Thienopyridines are a class of compounds having a bicyclic aromatic ring. Various thienopyridines have been disclosed, including in U.S. Pat. No. 6,964,956, U.S. Patent Pub. 2007/0219234, WO 2017/076968, and Saito, K. et al.,  Bioorg Med Chem  2013, 21, 1628-42. Exemplary thienopyridines are shown in  FIG. 1 , including 3-amino-4-(4-(4 (dimethylcarbamoyl) phenyl)-1,4-diazepan-1-yl)thieno[2,3-b]pyridine-2-carboxamide (15u). U.S. Pat. No. 6,964,956 discloses several thienopyridines that inhibit the IKB kinase (IKK) complex. Saito and U.S. Patent Pub. 2007/021923 disclosed several thienopyridines having potential bone anabolic activity. Compound 15w was shown to have the highest bone anabolic activity in a cell-based assay and kinome profiling also showed 15w to be a selective inhibitor of CDK8 and CDK19 (WO 2017/076968 and Amirhosseini et al.,  J Cell Physiol.  2019 Feb. 21). Despite 15w showing high bone anabolic activity in vitro, 15w had poor pharmacokinetics (PK). 
     None of the CDK8/19 inhibitors have yet demonstrated clinical efficacy, which is determined not only by the ability of a compound to inhibit CDK8/19 but its pharmacokinetics (PK). 
     BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     Disclosed herein are methods for treating subjects with cancer and compositions used for accomplishing the same. One aspect of the invention is a method for treatment of a subject having a cancer, the method comprising administering a therapeutically effective amount of a compound or a pharmaceutical composition comprising the compound to the subject, wherein the compound is 3-amino-4-(4-(4 (dimethylcarbamoyl) phenyl)-1,4-diazepan-1-yl)thieno[2,3-b]pyridine-2-carboxamide, a deuterated analogue thereof, a salt of any of the forgoing, or a solvate of any of the forgoing. In some embodiments, the cancer is a prostate cancer, a leukemia, a breast cancer, colon cancer, ovarian cancer, pancreatic cancer, or melanoma. 
     In certain embodiments, the cancer is a prostate cancer, suitably a castration refractory prostate cancer or a prostate cancer is resistant to an androgen deprivation therapy. In some embodiments, the compound is administered to a subject currently undergoing androgen deprivation therapy. In some embodiments, the compound is administered to a subject that has undergone androgen deprivation therapy 
     In some embodiments, the cancer is a leukemia, suitably an acute myeloid leukemia. 
     In some embodiments, the cancer is a breast cancer, suitably a metastatic breast cancer. 
     In some embodiments, the subject is administered a liquid formulation having a compound concentration greater than or equal to 1.0 mg/mL. Suitably the liquid formulation is a solution or an emulsion. In certain embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition comprises a pharmaceutically acceptable oxygenated carrier, excipient, or diluent. In particular embodiments, the pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, excipient, or diluent comprises a hydroxyl group, a carbonyl group, an ether group, a carboxyl, or any combination thereof. 
     Another aspect of the invention is a pharmaceutical composition comprising a liquid formulation. The liquid formulation comprises a therapeutically effective amount of a compound, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, excipient, or diluent, wherein the compound is 3-amino-4-(4-(4 (dimethylcarbamoyl) phenyl)-1,4-diazepan-1-yl)thieno[2,3-b]pyridine-2-carboxamide, a deuterated analogue thereof, a salt of any of the forgoing, or a solvate of any of the forgoing. The Liquid formulation may have a compound concentration greater than or equal to 1.0 mg/mL. Suitably the liquid formulation is a solution or an emulsion. In certain embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition comprises a pharmaceutically acceptable oxygenated carrier, excipient, or diluent. In particular embodiments, the pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, excipient, or diluent comprises a hydroxyl group, a carbonyl group, an ether group, a carboxyl, or any combination thereof. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       Non-limiting embodiments of the present invention will be described by way of example with reference to the accompanying figures, which are schematic and are not intended to be drawn to scale. In the figures, each identical or nearly identical component illustrated is typically represented by a single numeral. For purposes of clarity, not every component is labeled in every figure, nor is every component of each embodiment of the invention shown where illustration is not necessary to allow those of ordinary skill in the art to understand the invention. 
         FIG. 1  shows the structures of six thienopyridines. 
         FIGS. 2A and 2B  show the effects of different concentrations of 15u ( FIG. 2A ) and 15w ( FIG. 2B ) in the NFκB reporter assay in parental and CDK8/19 double-knockout reporter cells. 
         FIG. 2C  compares the IC50 values for different thienopyridines measured in the NFκB reporter assay in a parental 293-derived reporter cell line to the cell-based activity values measured for the same compounds by Saito (2013) based on their effect on alkaline phosphatase (ALPase) in the mouse bone marrow stromal cell line ST2. 
         FIGS. 3A-3D  shows the PK profiles and calculated parameters in male FVB mice for 15k ( FIG. 3A ), 15v ( FIG. 3B ), 15u ( FIG. 3C ), and Senexin B (SnxB) ( FIG. 3D ) administered to mice intravenously (i.v.) at 0.5 mg/kg of each compound. 
         FIGS. 4A-4E  shows the PK curves and calculated parameters for 15k ( FIG. 4A ), 15v ( FIG. 4B ), 15u ( FIG. 4C ), 15w ( FIG. 4D ), and Senexin B (SnxB) ( FIG. 4E ), administered to male FVB mice orally at 1 mg/kg of each compound. 
         FIGS. 5A and 5B  show the PK curves and calculated parameters for a mixture of 15u ( FIG. 5A ) and 15w ( FIG. 5B ), administered to female CD1 mice at 30 mg/kg of each compound. 
         FIGS. 6A-6C  shows the effects of different concentrations of thienopyridine derivatives 15u ( FIG. 6A ) and 15w ( FIG. 6B ) as well as Senexin B ( FIG. 6C ) on PSA expression in cell culture supernatant of a CRPC cell line C4-2. 
         FIGS. 6D-6F  shows the effect of a mixture of 15u and 15w on PSA serum protein fold-change ( FIG. 6D ) and tumor-sample PSA mRNA expression ( FIG. 6E  and  FIG. 6F ) in male NSG mice bearing C4-2 xenografts after 4 days treatment at 30 mg/kg q.d. of each compound. 
         FIG. 7A  shows the effect of 15u on xenograft tumor growth of CRPC cell line 22rv1 (P-value style: (*) 0.05-0.01; (**) 0.01-0.001; (***) &lt;0.001). 
         FIG. 7B  shows the weight of tumors at the end of the same study. 
         FIG. 7C  shows body weight changes of control and 15u-treated mice in the same study. 
         FIGS. 8A-8B  compare the tumor volume ( FIG. 8A ) and the fold change in body weight ( FIG. 8B ) observed in castrated Ncr/Nu male mice that received three dosing regimens of 15u (in Suspension 1 Vehicle): 50 mg/kg once a day (50-QD), 25 mg/kg twice a day (25-BID), and 50 mg/kg twice a day (50-BID). 
         FIG. 8C  compares the tumor volume observed in individual mice (represented as different colors) that were treated with vehicle twice a day (left panel) and mice that were treated with 50 mg/kg of 15u twice a day (right panel). 
         FIG. 8D  compares the tumor volume in mice treated with vehicle once a day (Veh, QD), 133 mg/kg Senexin B once a day (SnxB, 133-QD), or 66 mg/kg Senexin B twice a day (SnxB 66-BID). 
         FIG. 9A  examines the effect of the combination of either Senexin B (SnxB) or 15u with enzalutamide (Enza) on MYC-CAP-CR cell growth in androgen-containing media. 
         FIG. 9B  shows a the results of clonogenic assays comparing the effects of treatment with DMSO (top left) 1 μM Senexin B (SnxB) (top middle), 1 μM 15u (top right), 5 μM enzalutamide (Enza) (bottom left), a combination of 1 μM Senexin B and 5 μM enzalutamide (Enza) (bottom middle), and a combination of 1 μM 15u and 5 μM enzalutamide (Enza) (bottom right). The right panel shows the results as photographs of the tissue culture plates and the left panel shows the results as a bar graph. 
         FIGS. 9C-9D  compare the volume ( FIG. 9C ) and weight ( FIG. 9D ) of MYC-CaP-CR tumors growing subcutaneously in intact (uncastrated) FVB male mice during treatment with vehicle (veh), 15u, enzalutamide (Enza), or a combination of 15u and enzalutamide (Comb). 
         FIG. 10A  shows immunoblotting analysis of CDK8 protein expression in murine 4T1 TNBC cells and their derivative expressing CDK8 shRNA. 
         FIG. 10B  shows the weights of the primary tumors formed by parental and CDK8 knockdown 4T1 cells. 
         FIG. 10C  shows the survival of mice after the removal of the primary tumors formed by parental and CDK8 knockdown 4T1 cells. 
         FIG. 10D  shows primary tumor volume formed by parental 4T1 cells in the groups of mice that were subsequently treated with vehicle or 15u (25 mg/kg, bid). 
         FIG. 10E  shows the survival of mice treated with vehicle or 15u (25 mg/kg, bid) after the removal of the primary tumors. 
         FIG. 10F  shows primary tumor weights formed by parental 4T1 cells in the groups of mice that were subsequently treated with vehicle or Senexin B (50 mg/kg qd+350 ppm SnxB-medicated chow). 
         FIG. 10G  shows the survival of mice treated with vehicle or Senexin B (50 mg/kg qd+350 ppm SnxB-medicated chow) after the removal of the primary tumors. 
         FIG. 11A  shows the effect of various concentrations of 15u and Senexin B on the growth of luciferase-expressing MV4-11 cells, as detected by bioluminescence imaging. 
         FIGS. 11B-11D  compares tumor growth in mice injected with 2×10 6  luciferase-expressing MV4-11 cells following treatment with vehicle by gavage, 30 mg/kg of 15u suspended in vehicle by gavage twice a day, and medicated chow containing 15u at 1 g/kg.  FIG. 11B  shows in vivo bioluminescence images of treated mice.  FIG. 11C  shows a line graph of bioluminescent signal as total flux in photons per second (p/s).  FIG. 11D  shows a survival curve of treated mice. 
         FIG. 12A-12D  show pharmacokinetic (PK) profiles of 15u administered in several vehicles.  FIG. 12A  compares PK profiles of 15u in Suspension Vehicle 1 and Liquid formulation 1 given orally to male FVB mice at 50 mg/kg.  FIG. 12B  compares PK profiles of 15u in Suspension Vehicle 1, Suspension Vehicle 2 and Liquid formulation 2 given orally to male CD-1 mice at 30 mg/kg.  FIG. 12C  compares PK profiles of Suspension Vehicle 1 and Liquid formulation 2 given orally to male rats at 30 mg/kg.  FIG. 12D  shows the PK profile of 15u in Liquid formulation 2 given orally to male Cynomolgus monkeys at 25 mg/kg. 
         FIG. 13  shows the PK profiles of deuterated 15u_D6 and non-deuterated 15u administered to female CD-1 mice at 30 mg/kg of each compound. 
         FIG. 14A  examines the effect of the combination of either Senexin B (SnxB) or 15u with enzalutamide (Enza) on MYC-CAP-CR cell growth in androgen-containing media. The top panel shows effect on cell growth as a function of the Enza concentration. The middle panel shows the effect on cell growth as a function of concentration of SnxB. The lower panel shows the effect on cell growth as a function of 15u concentration. 
         FIG. 14B  shows the results of clonogenic assays comparing the effects of treatment with DMSO, 1 μM Senexin B (SnxB), 1 μM 15u, 5 μM enzalutamide (Enza)), a combination of 1 μM Senexin B and 5 μM enzalutamide (Enza), and a combination of 1 μM 15u and 5 μM enzalutamide (Enza). 
         FIGS. 14C and 14D  compare the volume ( FIG. 14C ) and weight ( FIG. 14D ) of MYC-CaP-CR tumors growing subcutaneously in intact (uncastrated) FVB male mice during treatment with vehicle (veh), 15u, enzalutamide (Enza), or a combination of 15u and enzalutamide (Comb). 
         FIGS. 15A-15C  demonstrate the effect of 15u on in vivo growth of MDA-MB-468 triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) xenografts.  FIG. 15A  is a graph showing the dynamics of tumor volumes in control and 15u-treated mice. ***: p&lt;0.02.  FIG. 15B  is a bar graph showing the final tumor weights after treatment.  FIG. 15C  is a graph showing the dynamics of mouse body weights in vehicle and 15u treated mice over time. 
         FIGS. 16A and 16B  demonstrate the maximum tolerated dose (MTD) of 15u in CD-1 mice.  FIG. 16A  shows the dynamics of body weight in male and female CD-1 mice treated with 15u in solution formulation by gavage twice daily (b.i.d.) at different doses for 2 weeks.  FIG. 16B  show the dynamics of body weight in male and female CD-1 mice treated with 15u via medicated diet at different dose strengths for 4-5 weeks. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
     Disclosed herein are methods for treating cancers with 3-amino-4-(4-(4 (dimethylcarbamoyl) phenyl)-1,4-diazepan-1-yl)thieno[2,3-b]pyridine-2-carboxamide (15u), deuterated analogues thereof, such as 3-amino-4-(4-(4-(bis(methyl-d3)carbamoyl)phenyl)-1,4-diazepan-1-yl)thieno[2,3-b]pyridine-2-carboxamide (15u_D6), and pharmaceutical compositions comprising the same. 15u and 15u_D6 selectively inhibits kinases CDK8 and CDK19. The inhibition of each of these kinases is beneficial for the treatment of cancers such as prostate, leukemia, breast, colon, ovarian, pancreatic, or melanoma. 
     The Examples that follow demonstrate the suitability of these compounds for the preparation of pharmaceutical compositions having surprisingly high pharmacokinetics and for in vivo treatment of subjects suffering from cancer. Intravenous and oral administration of 15u and a deuterated analogue, 15u_D6, demonstrate surprising good PK. 15u has a high AUC and very slow clearance, as the average serum concentration of 15u at a late time point (8 hrs) was 64.4% of C max . The deuterated analogue 15u_D6 also had a high AUC, which is comparable to or better than 15u. The compounds disclosed herein also specifically inhibit kinases CDK8 and CDK19. For example, compounds 15u and 15u_D6 demonstrated high specificity for these kinase targets. The compounds disclosed herein demonstrate the ability to treat or inhibit the progression of various cancers. For example, the compounds disclosed herein have shown in vivo efficacy against prostate cancer, breast cancer, and leukemia. Because the compounds disclosed herein possess favorable PK, in vivo activity against several different cancers, together with favorable kinome profiles, the compounds are effective CDK8/19 inhibitors for the treatment of cancers linked to CDK8/19 activity. 
     Methods of Treatment 
     The compositions described are useful for treating a subject. As used herein, the terms “treating” or “to treat” each mean to alleviate symptoms, eliminate the causation of resultant symptoms either on a temporary or permanent basis, and/or to prevent or slow the appearance or to reverse the progression or severity of resultant symptoms of the named disease or disorder. As such, the methods disclosed herein encompass both therapeutic and prophylactic administration. 
     As used herein, a “subject” may be interchangeable with “patient” or “individual” and means an animal, which may be a human or non-human animal, in need of treatment. A “subject in need of treatment” may include a subject having a disease, disorder, or condition that is responsive to therapy with 15u, a deuterated analogue thereof (e.g., 15u_D6), a salt of any of the forgoing, or a solvate of any of the forgoing. For example, a “subject in need of treatment” may include a subject having a CDK8/19-associated disease such as cancer, including prostate cancer, leukemia, breast cancer, colon cancer, ovarian cancer, pancreatic cancer, or melanoma. A CDK8/19-associated disease, disorder, or condition includes any disease, disorder, or condition for which the subject may be treated by the inhibition of CDK8 or CDK19. 
     As used herein the term “effective amount” refers to the amount or dose of the compound, upon single or multiple dose administration to the subject, which provides the desired effect in the subject under diagnosis or treatment. The disclosed methods may include administering an effective amount of the disclosed compounds (e.g., as present in a pharmaceutical composition) for treating a CDK8/19-associated disease. 
     An effective amount can be readily determined by the attending diagnostician, as one skilled in the art, by the use of known techniques and by observing results obtained under analogous circumstances. In determining the effective amount or dose of compound administered, a number of factors can be considered by the attending diagnostician, such as: the species of the subject; its size, age, and general health; the degree of involvement or the severity of the disease or disorder involved; the response of the individual subject; the particular compound administered; the mode of administration; the bioavailability characteristics of the preparation administered; the dose regimen selected; the use of concomitant medication; and other relevant circumstances. 
     A typical daily dose may contain from about 0.01 mg/kg to about 100 mg/kg (such as from about 0.05 mg/kg to about 50 mg/kg and/or from about 0.1 mg/kg to about 25 mg/kg) of the compound used in the present method of treatment. 
     Compositions can be formulated in a unit dosage form, each dosage containing from about 1 to about 500 mg of the compound individually or in a single unit dosage form, such as from about 5 to about 300 mg, from about 10 to about 100 mg, and/or about 25 mg. The term “unit dosage form” refers to a physically discrete unit suitable as unitary dosages for a patient, each unit containing a predetermined quantity of active material calculated to produce the desired therapeutic effect, in association with a suitable pharmaceutical carrier, diluent, or excipient. 
     In some embodiments, the CDK8/19-associated disease is a prostate cancer, suitably a castration refractory prostate cancer or a prostate cancer resistant to an androgen deprivation therapy. As used herein, “castration refractory prostate cancer” or “castrate-resistant prostate cancer” or “CRPC” is a prostate cancer that keeps growing even when the amount of testosterone in the body is reduced to very low levels. Many early-stage prostate cancers need substantially normal levels of testosterone to grow, whereas CRPC does not. 
     Androgen deprivation therapy (or androgen suppression therapy) is a prostate cancer hormone therapy. Androgen deprivation therapy may include a treatment to lower androgen levels, such as surgical or chemical castration, or a treatment to inhibit the activity of cancer-promoting activity of androgens. Lowering androgen levels or inhibiting androgen activity may result in slowing of the growth of the prostate tumor, and in some cases shrinkage of the tumor. Suitably treatments to inhibit the activity of cancer-promoting androgens include the administration of anti-androgens, which may bind to an androgen receptor. Anti-androgens include, without limitation, cyproterone acetate, megestrol acetate, chlormadinone acetate, spironolactone, oxendolone, flutamide, bicalutamide, nilutamide, topilutamide, enzalutamide, abiraterone, or apalutamide. 
     The presently disclosed methods may be useful for treating subjects who are unresponsive to androgen deprivation therapy. Some prostate cancers, such as CRPC, may not respond to or become resistant to androgen deprivation therapy. As demonstrated in the Examples, 15u is effective in suppressing prostate tumor growth of CRPC. As a result, 15u may be administered to a subject having previously undergone an androgen deprivation therapy or to those subjects unresponsive to androgen deprivation therapy. 
     The presently disclosed methods may also be useful for treating subjects currently undergoing androgen deprivation therapy. As demonstrated in the Examples, 15u is effective in suppressing prostate tumor growth of CRPC when co-administered with an anti-androgen. As a result, 15u may be administered to a subject currently undergoing androgen deprivation therapy. 
     In some embodiments, the CDK8/19-associated disease is a leukemia, suitably an acute myeloid leukemia. 
     In some embodiments, the CDK8/19-associated disease is a breast cancer, suitably a metastatic breast cancer or a triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC). 
     Pharmaceutical Compositions 
     The compounds utilized in the methods disclosed herein may be formulated as pharmaceutical compositions that include: (a) a therapeutically effective amount of one or more compounds as disclosed herein; and (b) one or more pharmaceutically acceptable carriers, excipients, or diluents. Suitably the compound is 3-amino-4-(4-(4 (dimethylcarbamoyl) phenyl)-1,4-diazepan-1-yl)thieno[2,3-b]pyridine-2-carboxamide, a deuterated analogue thereof, a salt of any of the forgoing, or a solvate of any of the forgoing. Deuterated analogues include, without limitation, 3-amino-4-(4-(4-(bis(methyl-d3)carbamoyl)phenyl)-1,4-diazepan-1-yl)thieno[2,3-b]pyridine-2-carboxamide (15u_D6), 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     The pharmaceutical composition may include the compound in a range of about 0.1 to 2000 mg (preferably about 0.5 to 500 mg, and more preferably about 1 to 100 mg). The pharmaceutical composition may be administered to provide the compound at a daily dose of about 0.1 to 100 mg/kg body weight (preferably about 0.5 to 20 mg/kg body weight, more preferably about 0.1 to 10 mg/kg body weight). In some embodiments, after the pharmaceutical composition is administered to a patient (e.g., after about 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6 hours post-administration), the concentration of the compound at the site of action is about 1 nM to 100 μM. 
     The compounds utilized in the methods disclosed herein may be formulated as a pharmaceutical composition in solid or liquid dosage form, although any pharmaceutically acceptable dosage form can be utilized. Exemplary solid dosage forms include, but are not limited to, tablets, capsules, sachets, lozenges, powders, pills, or granules, and the solid dosage form can be, for example, a fast melt dosage form, controlled release dosage form, lyophilized dosage form, delayed release dosage form, extended release dosage form, pulsatile release dosage form, mixed immediate release and controlled release dosage form, or a combination thereof. 
     Liquid dosage forms or formulations include homogeneous liquid formulations such as solutions or heterogeneous liquid formulations such as emulsions. As used herein, a “solution” is a liquid phase comprising more than one substances and an “emulsion” is a fluid colloidal system in which liquid droplets and/or liquid crystals are dispersed in a liquid. Emulsions may comprise micelles or liposomes dispersed in a colloid. A “micelle” is an aggregate or supramolecular assembly of surfactants that exist in equilibrium with the molecules or ions from which they are formed. A “liposome” is an aggregate or supramolecular assembly comprising at least one bilayer. For either homogeneous or heterogeneous liquid formulations, the compound is part of a liquid phase. For the avoidance of doubt, liquid formulations do not include suspensions. A “suspension” is a liquid in which solid compound particles are dispersed. 
     In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition is a liquid formulation having a compound concentration greater than or equal to 1.0 mg/mL. Suitably, the liquid formulation may have a compound concentration greater than 2.0 mg/mL, 3.0 mg/mL, 4.0 mg/mL, 5.0 mg/mL, 6.0 mg/mL, 7.0 mg/mL, 8.0 mg/mL, 9.0 mg/mL, 10.0 mg/mL, 11.0 mg/mL, 12.0 mg/mL, 13.0 mg/mL, 14.0 mg/mL, 15.0 mg/mL, 16.0 mg/mL, 17.0 mg/mL, 18.0 mg/mL, or 19.0 mg/mL. In certain embodiments, the liquid formulation may have a compound concentration less than or equal to 50.0 mg/mL, 40.0 mg/mL, 30.0 mg/mL, or 20.0 mg/mL. In particular embodiments, the liquid formulation has a compound concentration greater than or equal to any one of 1.0 mg/mL, 2.0 mg/mL, 3.0 mg/mL, 4.0 mg/mL, 5.0 mg/mL, 6.0 mg/mL, 7.0 mg/mL, 8.0 mg/mL, 9.0 mg/mL, 10.0 mg/mL, 11.0 mg/mL, 12.0 mg/mL, 13.0 mg/mL, 14.0 mg/mL, 15.0 mg/mL, 16.0 mg/mL, 17.0 mg/mL, 18.0 mg/mL, or 19.0 mg/mL and less than or equal to any one of 50.0 mg/mL, 40.0 mg/mL, 30.0 mg/mL, or 20.0 mg/mL. 
     In some embodiments, the liquid formulation comprises a pharmaceutically acceptable oxygenated carrier, excipient, or diluent. Suitably the oxygenated carrier, excipient, or diluent comprises a hydroxyl group, a carbonyl group, an ether group, a carboxyl, or any combination thereof. The oxygenated carrier, excipient, or diluent may comprise two or more ether groups. In some embodiments, the oxygenated carrier, excipient, or diluent is a polyethoxylated carrier, excipient, or diluent. Exemplary oxygenated carriers, excipients, or diluents of this type include, without limitation, polyethylene glycols, such as PEG-300, PEG-400, PEG-600, Vitamin E TPGS; polyethoxylated sorbitans, such as polysorbates like Tween®-80; or polyethoxylated carboxylic acids, such as polyoxyethylated 12-hydroxystearic acid (Solutol®). The oxygenated carrier, excipient, or diluent may comprise two or more hydroxyl groups. Exemplary oxygenated carriers, excipients, or diluents or this type include, without limitation, carboxymethyl cellulose, polyethoxylated sorbitans, such as polysorbates like Tween®-80; polyethoxylated carboxylic acids, such as polyoxyethylated 12-hydroxystearic acid (Solutol®); sorbitan esters, such as Span-20; glycols, such as propylene glycol; or sugar alcohols, such as glycerol. 
     As demonstrated in the Examples, the liquid formulations having a higher concentration of compound in a liquid phase have superior PK in in vivo testing. As a result, for certain applications solutions and/or emulsions are preferred over suspensions. In some embodiments, the administration of a pharmaceutical composition described herein in the form of a solution or an emulsion results in a measured AUC greater than a pharmaceutical composition in the form of a suspension comprising the same therapeutically effective amount of the compound suspended within the suspension or a solid comprising the same therapeutically effective amount of the compound. In some embodiments, the administration of a pharmaceutical composition described herein in the form of a solution or an emulsion results in a measured t 1/2  greater than a pharmaceutical composition in the form of a suspension comprising the same therapeutically effective amount of the compound suspended within the suspension or a solid comprising the same therapeutically effective amount of the compound. 
     The compounds utilized in the methods disclosed herein may be formulated as a pharmaceutical composition that includes a carrier. For example, the carrier may be selected from the group consisting of proteins, carbohydrates, sugar, talc, magnesium stearate, cellulose, calcium carbonate, and starch-gelatin paste. 
     The compounds utilized in the methods disclosed herein may be formulated as a pharmaceutical composition that includes one or more binding agents, filling agents, lubricating agents, suspending agents, sweeteners, flavoring agents, preservatives, buffers, wetting agents, disintegrants, and effervescent agents. Filling agents may include lactose monohydrate, lactose anhydrous, and various starches; examples of binding agents are various celluloses and crosslinked polyvinylpyrrolidone, microcrystalline cellulose, such as Avicel® PH101 and Avicel® PH102, microcrystalline cellulose, and silicified microcrystalline cellulose (ProSolv SMCC™). Suitable lubricants, including agents that act on the flowability of the powder to be compressed, may include colloidal silicon dioxide, such as Aerosil® 200, talc, stearic acid, magnesium stearate, calcium stearate, and silica gel. Examples of sweeteners may include any natural or artificial sweetener, such as sucrose, xylitol, sodium saccharin, cyclamate, aspartame, and acesulfame. Examples of flavoring agents are Magnasweet® (trademark of MAFCO), bubble gum flavor, and fruit flavors, and the like. Examples of preservatives may include potassium sorbate, methylparaben, propylparaben, benzoic acid and its salts, other esters of parahydroxybenzoic acid such as butylparaben, alcohols such as ethyl or benzyl alcohol, phenolic compounds such as phenol, or quaternary compounds such as benzalkonium chloride. 
     Suitable diluents may include pharmaceutically acceptable inert fillers, such as microcrystalline cellulose, lactose, dibasic calcium phosphate, saccharides, and mixtures of any of the foregoing. Examples of diluents include microcrystalline cellulose, such as Avicel® PH101 and Avicel® PH102; lactose such as lactose monohydrate, lactose anhydrous, and Pharmatose® DCL21; dibasic calcium phosphate such as Emcompress®; mannitol; starch; sorbitol; sucrose; and glucose. 
     Suitable disintegrants include lightly crosslinked polyvinyl pyrrolidone, corn starch, potato starch, maize starch, and modified starches, croscarmellose sodium, cross-povidone, sodium starch glycolate, and mixtures thereof. 
     Examples of effervescent agents are effervescent couples such as an organic acid and a carbonate or bicarbonate. Suitable organic acids include, for example, citric, tartaric, malic, fumaric, adipic, succinic, and alginic acids and anhydrides and acid salts. Suitable carbonates and bicarbonates include, for example, sodium carbonate, sodium bicarbonate, potassium carbonate, potassium bicarbonate, magnesium carbonate, sodium glycine carbonate, L-lysine carbonate, and arginine carbonate. Alternatively, only the sodium bicarbonate component of the effervescent couple may be present. 
     The compounds utilized in the methods disclosed herein may be formulated as a pharmaceutical composition for delivery via any suitable route. For example, the pharmaceutical composition may be administered via oral, intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, topical, and pulmonary route. Examples of pharmaceutical compositions for oral administration include capsules, syrups, concentrates, powders and granules. 
     The compounds utilized in the methods disclosed herein may be administered in conventional dosage forms prepared by combining the active ingredient with standard pharmaceutical carriers or diluents according to conventional procedures well known in the art. These procedures may involve mixing, granulating and compressing or dissolving the ingredients as appropriate to the desired preparation. 
     Pharmaceutical compositions comprising the compounds may be adapted for administration by any appropriate route, for example by the oral (including buccal or sublingual), rectal, nasal, topical (including buccal, sublingual or transdermal), vaginal or parenteral (including subcutaneous, intramuscular, intravenous or intradermal) route. Such formulations may be prepared by any method known in the art of pharmacy, for example by bringing into association the active ingredient with the carrier(s) or excipient(s). 
     Pharmaceutical compositions adapted for oral administration may be presented as discrete units such as capsules or tablets; powders or granules; solutions or suspensions in aqueous or non-aqueous liquids; edible foams or whips; or oil-in-water liquid emulsions or water-in-oil liquid emulsions. 
     Pharmaceutical compositions adapted for transdermal administration may be presented as discrete patches intended to remain in intimate contact with the epidermis of the recipient for a prolonged period of time. For example, the active ingredient may be delivered from the patch by iontophoresis. 
     Pharmaceutical compositions adapted for topical administration may be formulated as ointments, creams, suspensions, lotions, powders, solutions, pastes, gels, impregnated dressings, sprays, aerosols or oils and may contain appropriate conventional additives such as preservatives, solvents to assist drug penetration and emollients in ointments and creams. 
     For applications to the eye or other external tissues, for example the mouth and skin, the pharmaceutical compositions are preferably applied as a topical ointment or cream. When formulated in an ointment, the compound may be employed with either a paraffinic or a water-miscible ointment base. Alternatively, the compound may be formulated in a cream with an oil-in-water cream base or a water-in-oil base. Pharmaceutical compositions adapted for topical administration to the eye include eye drops where the active ingredient is dissolved or suspended in a suitable carrier, especially an aqueous solvent. 
     Pharmaceutical compositions adapted for topical administration in the mouth include lozenges, pastilles and mouth washes. 
     Pharmaceutical compositions adapted for rectal administration may be presented as suppositories or enemas. 
     Pharmaceutical compositions adapted for nasal administration where the carrier is a solid include a coarse powder having a particle size (e.g., in the range 20 to 500 microns) which is administered in the manner in which snuff is taken (i.e., by rapid inhalation through the nasal passage from a container of the powder held close up to the nose). Suitable formulations where the carrier is a liquid, for administration as a nasal spray or as nasal drops, include aqueous or oil solutions of the active ingredient. 
     Pharmaceutical compositions adapted for administration by inhalation include fine particle dusts or mists which may be generated by means of various types of metered dose pressurized aerosols, nebulizers or insufflators. 
     Pharmaceutical compositions adapted for vaginal administration may be presented as pessaries, tampons, creams, gels, pastes, foams or spray formulations. 
     Pharmaceutical compositions adapted for parenteral administration include aqueous and non-aqueous sterile injection solutions which may contain anti-oxidants, buffers, bacteriostats and solutes which render the formulation isotonic with the blood of the intended recipient; and aqueous and non-aqueous sterile suspensions which may include suspending agents and thickening agents. The formulations may be presented in unit-dose or multi-dose containers, for example sealed ampoules and vials, and may be stored in a freeze-dried (lyophilized) condition requiring only the addition of the sterile liquid carrier, for example water for injections, immediately prior to use. Extemporaneous injection solutions and suspensions may be prepared from sterile powders, granules and tablets. 
     Tablets and capsules for oral administration may be in unit dose presentation form, and may contain conventional excipients such as binding agents, for example syrup, acacia, gelatin, sorbitol, tragacanth, or polyvinylpyrrolidone; fillers, for example lactose, sugar, maize-starch, calcium phosphate, sorbitol or glycine; tabletting lubricants, for example magnesium stearate, talc, polyethylene glycol or silica; disintegrants, for example potato starch; or acceptable wetting agents such as sodium lauryl sulphate. The tablets may be coated according to methods well known in normal pharmaceutical practice. Oral liquid preparations may be in the form of, for example, aqueous or oily suspensions, solutions, emulsions, syrups or elixirs, or may be presented as a dry product for reconstitution with water or other suitable vehicle before use. Such liquid preparations may contain conventional additives, such as suspending agents, for example sorbitol, methyl cellulose, glucose syrup, gelatin, hydroxyethyl cellulose, carboxymethyl cellulose, aluminium stearate gel or hydrogenated edible fats, emulsifying agents, for example lecithin, sorbitan monooleate, or acacia; non-aqueous vehicles (which may include edible oils), for example almond oil, oily esters such as glycerine, propylene glycol, or ethyl alcohol; preservatives, for example methyl or propyl p-hydroxybenzoate or sorbic acid, and, if desired, conventional flavoring or coloring agents. 
     The compounds employed in the compositions and methods disclosed herein may be administered as pharmaceutical compositions and, therefore, pharmaceutical compositions incorporating the compounds are considered to be embodiments of the compositions disclosed herein. Such compositions may take any physical form which is pharmaceutically acceptable; illustratively, they can be orally administered pharmaceutical compositions. Such pharmaceutical compositions contain an effective amount of a disclosed compound, which effective amount is related to the daily dose of the compound to be administered. Each dosage unit may contain the daily dose of a given compound or each dosage unit may contain a fraction of the daily dose, such as one-half or one-third of the dose. The amount of each compound to be contained in each dosage unit can depend, in part, on the identity of the particular compound chosen for the therapy and other factors, such as the indication for which it is given. The pharmaceutical compositions disclosed herein may be formulated so as to provide quick, sustained, or delayed release of the active ingredient after administration to the patient by employing well known procedures. 
     The compounds for use according to the methods of disclosed herein may be administered as a single compound or a combination of compounds. For example, a compound that treats cancer activity may be administered as a single compound or in combination with another compound that treats cancer or that has a different pharmacological activity. 
     As indicated above, pharmaceutically acceptable salts of the compounds are contemplated and also may be utilized in the disclosed methods. The term “pharmaceutically acceptable salt” as used herein, refers to salts of the compounds which are substantially non-toxic to living organisms. Typical pharmaceutically acceptable salts include those salts prepared by reaction of the compounds as disclosed herein with a pharmaceutically acceptable mineral or organic acid or an organic or inorganic base. Such salts are known as acid addition and base addition salts. It will be appreciated by the skilled reader that most or all of the compounds as disclosed herein are capable of forming salts and that the salt forms of pharmaceuticals are commonly used, often because they are more readily crystallized and purified than are the free acids or bases. 
     Acids commonly employed to form acid addition salts may include inorganic acids such as hydrochloric acid, hydrobromic acid, hydroiodic acid, sulfuric acid, phosphoric acid, and the like, and organic acids such as p-toluenesulfonic, methanesulfonic acid, oxalic acid, p-bromophenylsulfonic acid, carbonic acid, succinic acid, citric acid, benzoic acid, acetic acid, and the like. Examples of suitable pharmaceutically acceptable salts may include the sulfate, pyrosulfate, bisulfate, sulfite, bisulfate, phosphate, monohydrogenphosphate, dihydrogenphosphate, metaphosphate, pyrophosphate, bromide, iodide, acetate, propionate, decanoate, caprylate, acrylate, formate, hydrochloride, dihydrochloride, isobutyrate, caproate, heptanoate, propiolate, oxalate, malonate, succinate, suberate, sebacate, fumarate, maleat-, butyne-. 1,4-dioate, hexyne-1,6-dioate, benzoate, chlorobenzoate, methylbenzoate, hydroxybenzoate, methoxybenzoate, phthalate, xylenesulfonate, phenylacetate, phenylpropionate, phenylbutyrate, citrate, lactate, alpha-hydroxybutyrate, glycolate, tartrate, methanesulfonate, propanesulfonate, naphthalene-1-sulfonate, naphthalene-2-sulfonate, mandelate, and the like. 
     Base addition salts include those derived from inorganic bases, such as ammonium or alkali or alkaline earth metal hydroxides, carbonates, bicarbonates, and the like. Bases useful in preparing such salts include sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, ammonium hydroxide, potassium carbonate, sodium carbonate, sodium bicarbonate, potassium bicarbonate, calcium hydroxide, calcium carbonate, and the like. 
     The particular counter-ion forming a part of any salt of a compound disclosed herein is may not be critical to the activity of the compound, so long as the salt as a whole is pharmacologically acceptable and as long as the counterion does not contribute undesired qualities to the salt as a whole. Undesired qualities may include undesirably solubility or toxicity. 
     Pharmaceutically acceptable esters and amides of the compounds can also be employed in the compositions and methods disclosed herein. Examples of suitable esters include alkyl, aryl, and aralkyl esters, such as methyl esters, ethyl esters, propyl esters, dodecyl esters, benzyl esters, and the like. Examples of suitable amides include unsubstituted amides, monosubstituted amides, and disubstituted amides, such as methyl amide, dimethyl amide, methyl ethyl amide, and the like. 
     In addition, the methods disclosed herein may be practiced using solvate forms of the compounds or salts, esters, and/or amides, thereof. A “solvate” means a molecular complex comprising the compound of the invention and one or more pharmaceutically acceptable solvent molecules. Solvate forms may include ethanol solvates, hydrates, and the like. 
     Methods of Inhibiting CDK8 or CDK19 
     The compositions described are useful for inhibiting CDK8 and/or CDK19. As used herein, “inhibiting CDK8” or “inhibiting CDK19” means to inhibit the activity of CDK8 or CDK19, respectively, by any suitable mechanism, including competitive binding. The method of inhibiting CDK8 and/or CDK19 may comprise contacting any of the compounds or compositions described herein with CDK8 or CDK19. The extent of inhibition may be measured by the assays taught in the Examples in this Specification, including assay conditions employed by the service providers utilized herein. Results of these assays are commonly expressed herein as percent of control (POC), with the control being no compound being present. Alternatively, the results may be expressed as IC50. In some embodiments, the POC is less than 35%, suitably less than 30%, 25%, 20%, 15%, 10%, 5%, or 1% for an effective amount of any of the compounds of compositions described herein. In some embodiments, the IC50 is less than 2000 nM, 1500 nM, 1000 nM, 750 nM, 500 nM, 250 nM, 200 nM 150 nM, 100 nM, 75 nM, 50, nM, 40 nM, 30 nM, or 25 nM. 
     In some embodiments, the compounds and compositions disclosed herein specifically inhibit CDK8 or CDK19. As used herein, a compound or composition that “specifically inhibits CDK8” or “specifically inhibits CDK19” is a compound or composition that inhibits one or more CDK8 or CDK19, respectively, to a greater extent than it inhibits certain other CDKs. In some embodiments, such compounds further inhibit CDK8 and/or CDK19 to a greater extent than CDK2, CDK3, CDK4, CDK5, CDK7, CDK9, CDK11A, CDK11B, CDK13, CDK14, CDK15, CDK16, CDK17, CDK18, CDKL1, CDKL3, or CDKL5. In preferred embodiments, such greater extent is at least 2-fold more, or at least 3-fold more, than CDK2, CDK3, CDK4, CDK5, CDK7, CDK9, CDK11A, CDK11B, CDK13, CDK14, CDK15, CDK16, CDK17, CDK18, CDKL1, CDKL3, or CDKL5. 
     Miscellaneous 
     Unless otherwise specified or indicated by context, the terms “a”, “an”, and “the” mean “one or more.” For example, “a molecule” should be interpreted to mean “one or more molecules.” 
     As used herein, “about”, “approximately,” “substantially,” and “significantly” will be understood by persons of ordinary skill in the art and will vary to some extent on the context in which they are used. If there are uses of the term which are not clear to persons of ordinary skill in the art given the context in which it is used, “about” and “approximately” will mean plus or minus ≤10% of the particular term and “substantially” and “significantly” will mean plus or minus &gt;10% of the particular term. 
     As used herein, the terms “include” and “including” have the same meaning as the terms “comprise” and “comprising.” The terms “comprise” and “comprising” should be interpreted as being “open” transitional terms that permit the inclusion of additional components further to those components recited in the claims. The terms “consist” and “consisting of” should be interpreted as being “closed” transitional terms that do not permit the inclusion additional components other than the components recited in the claims. The term “consisting essentially of” should be interpreted to be partially closed and allowing the inclusion only of additional components that do not fundamentally alter the nature of the claimed subject matter. 
     All methods described herein can be performed in any suitable order unless otherwise indicated herein or otherwise clearly contradicted by context. The use of any and all examples, or exemplary language (e.g., “such as”) provided herein, is intended merely to better illuminate the invention and does not pose a limitation on the scope of the invention unless otherwise claimed. No language in the specification should be construed as indicating any non-claimed element as essential to the practice of the invention. 
     All references, including publications, patent applications, and patents, cited herein are hereby incorporated by reference to the same extent as if each reference were individually and specifically indicated to be incorporated by reference and were set forth in its entirety herein. 
     Preferred aspects of this invention are described herein, including the best mode known to the inventors for carrying out the invention. Variations of those preferred aspects may become apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art upon reading the foregoing description. The inventors expect a person having ordinary skill in the art to employ such variations as appropriate, and the inventors intend for the invention to be practiced otherwise than as specifically described herein. Accordingly, this invention includes all modifications and equivalents of the subject matter recited in the claims appended hereto as permitted by applicable law. Moreover, any combination of the above-described elements in all possible variations thereof is encompassed by the invention unless otherwise indicated herein or otherwise clearly contradicted by context. 
     EXAMPLES 
     Example 1. Thienopyridine Derivatives Inhibit CDK8/19 Activity in a Cell-Based Assay 
       FIG. 1  shows the structures of six thienopyridine derivatives of (Saito, 2013) that were synthesized and tested. 
     We have used a cell-based assay to measure the inhibition of CDK8/19 activity by thienopyridine derivatives. This assay, based on the role of CDK8/19 in NFκB-driven transcription (Chen, 2017), measures the effects of CDK8/19 on the expression of firefly luciferase reporter from a NFκB-dependent promoter in 293 cells. Lentiviral vector pHAGE-NFKB-TA-LUC-UBC-dTomato-W (Addgene #49335) was introduced into 293 cells and a clonal cell line showing the strongest induction of luciferase expression upon TNFα treatment was established and used as the reporter cell line. As a control for CDK8/19 dependence of NFκB inhibition, we have also introduced the same reporter construct into 293 cells with CRISPR/CAS9 knockout of both CDK8 and CDK19. 
       FIGS. 2A and 2B  show the effects of different concentrations of 15u and 15w on NFκB reporter activity in parental 293 and in CDK8/19 deficient (double-knockout) reporter cells. While these compounds inhibited the reporter induction at IC50 values of 10 and 4 nM, respectively, they had no effect on NFκB activation in CDK8/19-deficient cells, demonstrating that the inhibitory effects of both compounds depend on the presence of CDK8/19 and not on other determinants of NFκB activity, such as IKK. 
       FIG. 2C  and Table 1 compares the IC50 values for different thienopyridines measured in the NFκB reporter assay in parental 293-derived reporter cell line to the cell-based activity values measured for the same compounds by Saito (2013) based on their effect on alkaline phosphatase (ALPase), an indicator of differentiation to osteoblasts in the mouse bone marrow stromal cell line ST2. The latter effects are expressed as EC 200 , a concentration that enhances ALPase activity to 200% of control. The IC50 values in the CDK8/19 NFkB assay are very strongly correlated with ALPase EC 200  values ( FIG. 2B ), indicating that the ALPase effect is most likely mediated through CDK8/19 inhibition. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 1 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Comparison of ALP and NFκB activity 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 ALP activity Assay 
                 NFκB activity Assay 
               
               
                   
                 EC200 (nM) 
                 IC50 (nM) 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 15k 
                 138.8 
                 50.6 
               
               
                   
                 15q 
                 115.4 
                 43.1 
               
               
                   
                 15n 
                 88.1 
                 37.8 
               
               
                   
                 15u 
                 31.9 
                 10.3 
               
               
                   
                 15v 
                 54.2 
                 23.1 
               
               
                   
                 15w 
                 6.6 
                 4.1 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Example 2. Kinome Profiling of Thienopyridine Derivatives 
     Table 2 shows the kinome profile of 15u_D6 and 15u as measured via the KINOMEscan™ site-directed competition binding assay at 2000 nM concentration. Compounds that bind the kinase active site and directly (sterically) or indirectly (allosterically) prevent kinase binding to the immobilized ligand, will reduce the amount of kinase captured on the solid support. Conversely, test molecules that do not bind the kinase have no effect on the amount of kinase captured on the solid support. Screening “hits” are identified by measuring the amount of kinase captured in test versus control samples by using a quantitative, precise and ultra-sensitive qPCR method that detects the associated DNA label. In a similar manner, dissociation constants (Kds) for test compound-kinase interactions are calculated by measuring the amount of kinase captured on the solid support as a function of the test compound concentration. A detailed description of the assay technology may be found in Fabian, M. A. et al. A small molecule-kinase interaction map for clinical kinase inhibitors. Nat. Biotechnol. 23, 329-336 (2005). 
     Percent Control (% Ctrl). The compounds were screened at a 10 nM concentration, and results for primary screen binding interactions are reported as “% Ctrl” or “POC”, where lower numbers indicate stronger hits in the matrix. % Ctrl is defined as (eqn 1): 
       % Ctrl=100×( TS−C POS)/( C NEG− C POS)  (eqn 1)
 
     where TS is the test compound signal, CPOS is the positive control signal (0% Ctrl), CNEG is the DMSO negative control (100% Ctrl). 
     Results. Table 2 compares the results of kinome profiling between 15u and 15u_D6. Both 15u and 15u_D6 are highly selective for CDK8 and CDK19. Although 15u_D6 showed somewhat greater inhibition for most of the off-target kinases, the effect of 15u_D6 on CDK8 and CDK19 was much greater than the effect of 15u. The % Ctrl of 15u for CDK8 and CDK19 are 2.6 and 13, respectively. The % Ctrl of 15u_D6 for CDK8 and CDK19 are 0.25 and 0, respectively. Hence, the structural difference between 15u and 15u_D6 results in a major difference in target selectivity. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 2 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 ScanMAX panel of 15u and 15u_D6 at 2000 nM. 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                   
                 15u 
                 15u_D6 
               
               
                   
                 Entrez Gene Symbol 
                 (% Ctrl) 
                 (% Ctrl) 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 AAK1 
                 94 
                 90 
               
               
                   
                 ABL1(E255K)-phosphorylated 
                 100 
                 82 
               
               
                   
                 ABL1(F317I)-nonphosphorylated 
                 100 
                 93 
               
               
                   
                 ABL1(F317I)-phosphorylated 
                 88 
                 84 
               
               
                   
                 ABL1(F317L)-nonphosphorylated 
                 99 
                 100 
               
               
                   
                 ABL1(F317L)-phosphorylated 
                 97 
                 82 
               
               
                   
                 ABL1(H396P)-nonphosphorylated 
                 100 
                 76 
               
               
                   
                 ABL1(H396P)-phosphorylated 
                 94 
                 77 
               
               
                   
                 ABL1(M351T)-phosphorylated 
                 100 
                 77 
               
               
                   
                 ABL1(Q252H)-nonphosphorylated 
                 94 
                 83 
               
               
                   
                 ABL1(Q252H)-phosphorylated 
                 94 
                 75 
               
               
                   
                 ABL1(T315I)-nonphosphorylated 
                 100 
                 85 
               
               
                   
                 ABL1(T315I)-phosphorylated 
                 90 
                 78 
               
               
                   
                 ABL1(Y253F)-phosphorylated 
                 100 
                 81 
               
               
                   
                 ABL1-nonphosphorylated 
                 95 
                 78 
               
               
                   
                 ABL1-phosphorylated 
                 90 
                 77 
               
               
                   
                 ABL2 
                 85 
                 91 
               
               
                   
                 ACVR1 
                 100 
                 100 
               
               
                   
                 ACVR1B 
                 100 
                 99 
               
               
                   
                 ACVR2A 
                 95 
                 92 
               
               
                   
                 ACVR2B 
                 100 
                 86 
               
               
                   
                 ACVRL1 
                 99 
                 100 
               
               
                   
                 ADCK3 
                 90 
                 100 
               
               
                   
                 ADCK4 
                 95 
                 83 
               
               
                   
                 AKT1 
                 100 
                 100 
               
               
                   
                 AKT2 
                 86 
                 99 
               
               
                   
                 AKT3 
                 97 
                 100 
               
               
                   
                 ALK 
                 81 
                 78 
               
               
                   
                 ALK(C1156Y) 
                 100 
                 78 
               
               
                   
                 ALK(L1196M) 
                 96 
                 92 
               
               
                   
                 AMPK-alpha1 
                 100 
                 100 
               
               
                   
                 AMPK-alpha2 
                 80 
                 95 
               
               
                   
                 ANKK1 
                 100 
                 91 
               
               
                   
                 ARK5 
                 57 
                 77 
               
               
                   
                 ASK1 
                 100 
                 100 
               
               
                   
                 ASK2 
                 90 
                 88 
               
               
                   
                 AURKA 
                 98 
                 99 
               
               
                   
                 AURKB 
                 91 
                 90 
               
               
                   
                 AURKC 
                 100 
                 100 
               
               
                   
                 AXL 
                 99 
                 96 
               
               
                   
                 BIKE 
                 100 
                 96 
               
               
                   
                 BLK 
                 100 
                 92 
               
               
                   
                 BMPR1A 
                 100 
                 100 
               
               
                   
                 BMPR1B 
                 100 
                 62 
               
               
                   
                 BMPR2 
                 79 
                 88 
               
               
                   
                 BMX 
                 93 
                 100 
               
               
                   
                 BRAF 
                 100 
                 96 
               
               
                   
                 BRAF(V600E) 
                 100 
                 84 
               
               
                   
                 BRK 
                 100 
                 99 
               
               
                   
                 BRSK1 
                 86 
                 97 
               
               
                   
                 BRSK2 
                 100 
                 100 
               
               
                   
                 BTK 
                 81 
                 77 
               
               
                   
                 BUB1 
                 88 
                 80 
               
               
                   
                 CAMK1 
                 83 
                 95 
               
               
                   
                 CAMK1B 
                 100 
                 70 
               
               
                   
                 CAMK1D 
                 87 
                 93 
               
               
                   
                 CAMK1G 
                 99 
                 99 
               
               
                   
                 CAMK2A 
                 90 
                 100 
               
               
                   
                 CAMK2B 
                 92 
                 87 
               
               
                   
                 CAMK2D 
                 99 
                 92 
               
               
                   
                 CAMK2G 
                 100 
                 100 
               
               
                   
                 CAMK4 
                 96 
                 79 
               
               
                   
                 CAMKK1 
                 96 
                 100 
               
               
                   
                 CAMKK2 
                 100 
                 87 
               
               
                   
                 CASK 
                 71 
                 96 
               
               
                   
                 CDC2L1 
                 63 
                 100 
               
               
                   
                 CDC2L2 
                 100 
                 100 
               
               
                   
                 CDC2L5 
                 71 
                 80 
               
               
                   
                 CDK11 (CDK19) 
                 13 
                 0 
               
               
                   
                 CDK2 
                 100 
                 99 
               
               
                   
                 CDK3 
                 92 
                 97 
               
               
                   
                 CDK4 
                 73 
                 71 
               
               
                   
                 CDK4-cyclinD1 
                 94 
                 96 
               
               
                   
                 CDK4-cyclinD3 
                 95 
                 97 
               
               
                   
                 CDK5 
                 84 
                 94 
               
               
                   
                 CDK7 
                 100 
                 78 
               
               
                   
                 CDK8 
                 2.6 
                 0.25 
               
               
                   
                 CDK9 
                 66 
                 100 
               
               
                   
                 CDKL1 
                 100 
                 92 
               
               
                   
                 CDKL2 
                 86 
                 96 
               
               
                   
                 CDKL3 
                 100 
                 100 
               
               
                   
                 CDKL5 
                 100 
                 84 
               
               
                   
                 CHEK1 
                 94 
                 100 
               
               
                   
                 CHEK2 
                 92 
                 92 
               
               
                   
                 CIT 
                 51 
                 65 
               
               
                   
                 CLK1 
                 88 
                 68 
               
               
                   
                 CLK2 
                 75 
                 83 
               
               
                   
                 CLK3 
                 100 
                 95 
               
               
                   
                 CLK4 
                 59 
                 66 
               
               
                   
                 CSF1R 
                 98 
                 95 
               
               
                   
                 CSF1R-autoinhibited 
                 88 
                 83 
               
               
                   
                 CSK 
                 86 
                 92 
               
               
                   
                 CSNK1A1 
                 33 
                 12 
               
               
                   
                 CSNK1A1L 
                 67 
                 37 
               
               
                   
                 CSNK1D 
                 20 
                 22 
               
               
                   
                 CSNK1E 
                 25 
                 12 
               
               
                   
                 CSNK1G1 
                 90 
                 80 
               
               
                   
                 CSNK1G2 
                 77 
                 69 
               
               
                   
                 CSNK1G3 
                 95 
                 80 
               
               
                   
                 CSNK2A1 
                 100 
                 59 
               
               
                   
                 CSNK2A2 
                 92 
                 100 
               
               
                   
                 CTK 
                 92 
                 100 
               
               
                   
                 DAPK1 
                 92 
                 88 
               
               
                   
                 DAPK2 
                 75 
                 85 
               
               
                   
                 DAPK3 
                 81 
                 83 
               
               
                   
                 DCAMKL1 
                 100 
                 89 
               
               
                   
                 DCAMKL2 
                 100 
                 100 
               
               
                   
                 DCAMKL3 
                 91 
                 100 
               
               
                   
                 DDR1 
                 82 
                 90 
               
               
                   
                 DDR2 
                 80 
                 52 
               
               
                   
                 DLK 
                 93 
                 89 
               
               
                   
                 DMPK 
                 97 
                 97 
               
               
                   
                 DMPK2 
                 93 
                 94 
               
               
                   
                 DRAK1 
                 100 
                 100 
               
               
                   
                 DRAK2 
                 100 
                 87 
               
               
                   
                 DYRK1A 
                 50 
                 22 
               
               
                   
                 DYRK1B 
                 69 
                 100 
               
               
                   
                 DYRK2 
                 100 
                 97 
               
               
                   
                 EGFR 
                 100 
                 87 
               
               
                   
                 EGFR(E746-A750del) 
                 100 
                 100 
               
               
                   
                 EGFR(G719C) 
                 97 
                 100 
               
               
                   
                 EGFR(G719S) 
                 100 
                 100 
               
               
                   
                 EGFR(L747-E749del, A750P) 
                 99 
                 100 
               
               
                   
                 EGFR(L747-S752del, P753S) 
                 99 
                 100 
               
               
                   
                 EGFR(L747-T751del, Sins) 
                 87 
                 100 
               
               
                   
                 EGFR(L858R) 
                 99 
                 93 
               
               
                   
                 EGFR(L858R, T790M) 
                 100 
                 87 
               
               
                   
                 EGFR(L861Q) 
                 78 
                 100 
               
               
                   
                 EGFR(S752-I759del) 
                 86 
                 100 
               
               
                   
                 EGFR(T790M) 
                 98 
                 87 
               
               
                   
                 EIF2AK1 
                 93 
                 78 
               
               
                   
                 EPHA1 
                 92 
                 95 
               
               
                   
                 EPHA2 
                 95 
                 100 
               
               
                   
                 EPHA3 
                 100 
                 87 
               
               
                   
                 EPHA4 
                 100 
                 100 
               
               
                   
                 EPHA5 
                 89 
                 96 
               
               
                   
                 EPHA6 
                 100 
                 100 
               
               
                   
                 EPHA7 
                 92 
                 81 
               
               
                   
                 EPHA8 
                 94 
                 83 
               
               
                   
                 EPHB1 
                 88 
                 88 
               
               
                   
                 EPHB2 
                 99 
                 95 
               
               
                   
                 EPHB3 
                 96 
                 94 
               
               
                   
                 EPHB4 
                 100 
                 100 
               
               
                   
                 EPHB6 
                 95 
                 89 
               
               
                   
                 ERBB2 
                 100 
                 89 
               
               
                   
                 ERBB3 
                 100 
                 88 
               
               
                   
                 ERBB4 
                 85 
                 100 
               
               
                   
                 ERK1 
                 100 
                 97 
               
               
                   
                 ERK2 
                 78 
                 92 
               
               
                   
                 ERK3 
                 88 
                 94 
               
               
                   
                 ERK4 
                 72 
                 100 
               
               
                   
                 ERK5 
                 59 
                 98 
               
               
                   
                 ERK8 
                 98 
                 99 
               
               
                   
                 ERN1 
                 100 
                 80 
               
               
                   
                 FAK 
                 100 
                 96 
               
               
                   
                 FER 
                 99 
                 100 
               
               
                   
                 FES 
                 100 
                 100 
               
               
                   
                 FGFR1 
                 98 
                 92 
               
               
                   
                 FGFR2 
                 99 
                 98 
               
               
                   
                 FGFR3 
                 98 
                 99 
               
               
                   
                 FGFR3(G697C) 
                 95 
                 100 
               
               
                   
                 FGFR4 
                 100 
                 96 
               
               
                   
                 FGR 
                 100 
                 100 
               
               
                   
                 FLT1 
                 100 
                 100 
               
               
                   
                 FLT3 
                 94 
                 86 
               
               
                   
                 FLT3(D835H) 
                 63 
                 76 
               
               
                   
                 FLT3(D835V) 
                 33 
                 14 
               
               
                   
                 FLT3(D835Y) 
                 46 
                 100 
               
               
                   
                 FLT3(ITD) 
                 82 
                 72 
               
               
                   
                 FLT3(ITD, D835V) 
                 41 
                 34 
               
               
                   
                 FLT3(ITD, F691L) 
                 95 
                 75 
               
               
                   
                 FLT3(K663Q) 
                 96 
                 91 
               
               
                   
                 FLT3(N841I) 
                 90 
                 86 
               
               
                   
                 FLT3(R834Q) 
                 100 
                 68 
               
               
                   
                 FLT3-autoinhibited 
                 72 
                 77 
               
               
                   
                 FLT4 
                 92 
                 98 
               
               
                   
                 FRK 
                 100 
                 97 
               
               
                   
                 FYN 
                 99 
                 97 
               
               
                   
                 GAK 
                 88 
                 94 
               
               
                   
                 GCN2(Kin.Dom.2, S808G) 
                 73 
                 88 
               
               
                   
                 GRK1 
                 98 
                 81 
               
               
                   
                 GRK2 
                 88 
                 70 
               
               
                   
                 GRK3 
                 99 
                 87 
               
               
                   
                 GRK4 
                 62 
                 98 
               
               
                   
                 GRK7 
                 100 
                 92 
               
               
                   
                 GSK3A 
                 31 
                 34 
               
               
                   
                 GSK3B 
                 79 
                 77 
               
               
                   
                 HASPIN 
                 20 
                 8.9 
               
               
                   
                 HCK 
                 96 
                 96 
               
               
                   
                 HIPK1 
                 86 
                 71 
               
               
                   
                 HIPK2 
                 100 
                 81 
               
               
                   
                 HIPK3 
                 77 
                 81 
               
               
                   
                 HIPK4 
                 100 
                 100 
               
               
                   
                 HPK1 
                 98 
                 100 
               
               
                   
                 HUNK 
                 99 
                 100 
               
               
                   
                 ICK 
                 84 
                 66 
               
               
                   
                 IGF1R 
                 92 
                 91 
               
               
                   
                 IKK-alpha 
                 77 
                 90 
               
               
                   
                 IKK-beta 
                 89 
                 71 
               
               
                   
                 IKK-epsilon 
                 100 
                 100 
               
               
                   
                 INSR 
                 97 
                 80 
               
               
                   
                 INSRR 
                 99 
                 89 
               
               
                   
                 IRAK1 
                 94 
                 84 
               
               
                   
                 IRAK3 
                 93 
                 89 
               
               
                   
                 IRAK4 
                 89 
                 78 
               
               
                   
                 ITK 
                 88 
                 87 
               
               
                   
                 JAK1(JH1domain-catalytic) 
                 57 
                 82 
               
               
                   
                 JAK1(JH2domain-pseudokinase) 
                 89 
                 89 
               
               
                   
                 JAK2(JH1domain-catalytic) 
                 100 
                 93 
               
               
                   
                 JAK3(JH1domain-catalytic) 
                 83 
                 80 
               
               
                   
                 JNK1 
                 68 
                 30 
               
               
                   
                 JNK2 
                 99 
                 54 
               
               
                   
                 JNK3 
                 91 
                 44 
               
               
                   
                 KIT 
                 95 
                 95 
               
               
                   
                 KIT(A829P) 
                 97 
                 51 
               
               
                   
                 KIT(D816H) 
                 91 
                 66 
               
               
                   
                 KIT(D816V) 
                 93 
                 79 
               
               
                   
                 KIT(L576P) 
                 96 
                 75 
               
               
                   
                 KIT(V559D) 
                 98 
                 91 
               
               
                   
                 KIT(V559D, T670I) 
                 100 
                 96 
               
               
                   
                 KIT(V559D, V654A) 
                 100 
                 100 
               
               
                   
                 KIT-autoinhibited 
                 90 
                 90 
               
               
                   
                 LATS1 
                 89 
                 97 
               
               
                   
                 LATS2 
                 94 
                 31 
               
               
                   
                 LCK 
                 91 
                 100 
               
               
                   
                 LIMK1 
                 100 
                 100 
               
               
                   
                 LIMK2 
                 91 
                 98 
               
               
                   
                 LKB1 
                 100 
                 87 
               
               
                   
                 LOK 
                 84 
                 69 
               
               
                   
                 LRRK2 
                 94 
                 70 
               
               
                   
                 LRRK2(G2019S) 
                 90 
                 76 
               
               
                   
                 LTK 
                 90 
                 77 
               
               
                   
                 LYN 
                 100 
                 98 
               
               
                   
                 LZK 
                 100 
                 87 
               
               
                   
                 MAK 
                 100 
                 91 
               
               
                   
                 MAP3K1 
                 84 
                 90 
               
               
                   
                 MAP3K15 
                 97 
                 92 
               
               
                   
                 MAP3K2 
                 98 
                 86 
               
               
                   
                 MAP3K3 
                 100 
                 72 
               
               
                   
                 MAP3K4 
                 90 
                 100 
               
               
                   
                 MAP4K2 
                 84 
                 66 
               
               
                   
                 MAP4K3 
                 91 
                 95 
               
               
                   
                 MAP4K4 
                 100 
                 93 
               
               
                   
                 MAP4K5 
                 100 
                 97 
               
               
                   
                 MAPKAPK2 
                 91 
                 99 
               
               
                   
                 MAPKAPK5 
                 100 
                 64 
               
               
                   
                 MARK1 
                 100 
                 100 
               
               
                   
                 MARK2 
                 100 
                 96 
               
               
                   
                 MARK3 
                 98 
                 100 
               
               
                   
                 MARK4 
                 100 
                 98 
               
               
                   
                 MAST1 
                 92 
                 92 
               
               
                   
                 MEK1 
                 93 
                 83 
               
               
                   
                 MEK2 
                 88 
                 82 
               
               
                   
                 MEK3 
                 68 
                 47 
               
               
                   
                 MEK4 
                 69 
                 74 
               
               
                   
                 MEK5 
                 86 
                 65 
               
               
                   
                 MEK6 
                 100 
                 96 
               
               
                   
                 MELK 
                 75 
                 84 
               
               
                   
                 MERTK 
                 89 
                 100 
               
               
                   
                 MET 
                 99 
                 92 
               
               
                   
                 MET(M1250T) 
                 100 
                 96 
               
               
                   
                 MET(Y1235D) 
                 100 
                 100 
               
               
                   
                 MINK 
                 100 
                 87 
               
               
                   
                 MKK7 
                 100 
                 85 
               
               
                   
                 MKNK1 
                 94 
                 79 
               
               
                   
                 MKNK2 
                 83 
                 69 
               
               
                   
                 MLCK 
                 96 
                 100 
               
               
                   
                 MLK1 
                 95 
                 92 
               
               
                   
                 MLK2 
                 100 
                 95 
               
               
                   
                 MLK3 
                 99 
                 100 
               
               
                   
                 MRCKA 
                 94 
                 100 
               
               
                   
                 MRCKB 
                 96 
                 100 
               
               
                   
                 MST1 
                 100 
                 98 
               
               
                   
                 MST1R 
                 97 
                 99 
               
               
                   
                 MST2 
                 100 
                 84 
               
               
                   
                 MST3 
                 97 
                 84 
               
               
                   
                 MST4 
                 95 
                 89 
               
               
                   
                 MTOR 
                 88 
                 97 
               
               
                   
                 MUSK 
                 94 
                 82 
               
               
                   
                 MYLK 
                 74 
                 71 
               
               
                   
                 MYLK2 
                 100 
                 100 
               
               
                   
                 MYLK4 
                 100 
                 94 
               
               
                   
                 MYO3A 
                 100 
                 100 
               
               
                   
                 MYO3B 
                 87 
                 100 
               
               
                   
                 NDR1 
                 100 
                 80 
               
               
                   
                 NDR2 
                 99 
                 36 
               
               
                   
                 NEK1 
                 80 
                 96 
               
               
                   
                 NEK10 
                 93 
                 61 
               
               
                   
                 NEK11 
                 90 
                 86 
               
               
                   
                 NEK2 
                 95 
                 95 
               
               
                   
                 NEK3 
                 100 
                 76 
               
               
                   
                 NEK4 
                 100 
                 95 
               
               
                   
                 NEK5 
                 94 
                 100 
               
               
                   
                 NEK6 
                 92 
                 100 
               
               
                   
                 NEK7 
                 100 
                 86 
               
               
                   
                 NEK9 
                 100 
                 89 
               
               
                   
                 NIK 
                 100 
                 97 
               
               
                   
                 NIM1 
                 56 
                 78 
               
               
                   
                 NLK 
                 98 
                 98 
               
               
                   
                 OSR1 
                 100 
                 88 
               
               
                   
                 p38-alpha 
                 93 
                 99 
               
               
                   
                 p38-beta 
                 100 
                 97 
               
               
                   
                 p38-delta 
                 96 
                 97 
               
               
                   
                 p38-gamma 
                 98 
                 100 
               
               
                   
                 PAK1 
                 96 
                 92 
               
               
                   
                 PAK2 
                 91 
                 94 
               
               
                   
                 PAK3 
                 80 
                 40 
               
               
                   
                 PAK4 
                 87 
                 100 
               
               
                   
                 PAK6 
                 82 
                 99 
               
               
                   
                 PAK7 
                 100 
                 80 
               
               
                   
                 PCTK1 
                 92 
                 64 
               
               
                   
                 PCTK2 
                 62 
                 100 
               
               
                   
                 PCTK3 
                 100 
                 100 
               
               
                   
                 PDGFRA 
                 70 
                 65 
               
               
                   
                 PDGFRB 
                 100 
                 93 
               
               
                   
                 PDPK1 
                 100 
                 96 
               
               
                   
                 PFCDPK1( P. falciparum ) 
                 94 
                 61 
               
               
                   
                 PFPK5( P. falciparum ) 
                 68 
                 67 
               
               
                   
                 PFTAIRE2 
                 100 
                 80 
               
               
                   
                 PFTK1 
                 96 
                 100 
               
               
                   
                 PHKG1 
                 94 
                 97 
               
               
                   
                 PHKG2 
                 86 
                 83 
               
               
                   
                 PIK3C2B 
                 89 
                 87 
               
               
                   
                 PIK3C2G 
                 94 
                 82 
               
               
                   
                 PIK3CA 
                 100 
                 79 
               
               
                   
                 PIK3CA(C420R) 
                 100 
                 86 
               
               
                   
                 PIK3CA(E542K) 
                 92 
                 74 
               
               
                   
                 PIK3CA(E545A) 
                 100 
                 92 
               
               
                   
                 PIK3CA(E545K) 
                 96 
                 91 
               
               
                   
                 PIK3CA(H1047L) 
                 94 
                 80 
               
               
                   
                 PIK3CA(H1047Y) 
                 79 
                 100 
               
               
                   
                 PIK3CA(I800L) 
                 97 
                 74 
               
               
                   
                 PIK3CA(M1043I) 
                 96 
                 95 
               
               
                   
                 PIK3CA(Q546K) 
                 66 
                 72 
               
               
                   
                 PIK3CB 
                 100 
                 95 
               
               
                   
                 PIK3CD 
                 94 
                 71 
               
               
                   
                 PIK3CG 
                 79 
                 76 
               
               
                   
                 PIK4CB 
                 65 
                 33 
               
               
                   
                 PIKFYVE 
                 91 
                 98 
               
               
                   
                 PIM1 
                 88 
                 100 
               
               
                   
                 PIM2 
                 85 
                 89 
               
               
                   
                 PIM3 
                 89 
                 98 
               
               
                   
                 PIP5K1A 
                 100 
                 100 
               
               
                   
                 PIP5K1C 
                 64 
                 25 
               
               
                   
                 PIP5K2B 
                 92 
                 95 
               
               
                   
                 PIP5K2C 
                 80 
                 64 
               
               
                   
                 PKAC-alpha 
                 95 
                 100 
               
               
                   
                 PKAC-beta 
                 83 
                 100 
               
               
                   
                 PKMYT1 
                 91 
                 94 
               
               
                   
                 PKN1 
                 96 
                 100 
               
               
                   
                 PKN2 
                 100 
                 100 
               
               
                   
                 PKNB( M. tuberculosis ) 
                 100 
                 90 
               
               
                   
                 PLK1 
                 95 
                 89 
               
               
                   
                 PLK2 
                 100 
                 86 
               
               
                   
                 PLK3 
                 86 
                 90 
               
               
                   
                 PLK4 
                 95 
                 92 
               
               
                   
                 PRKCD 
                 100 
                 92 
               
               
                   
                 PRKCE 
                 93 
                 97 
               
               
                   
                 PRKCH 
                 80 
                 96 
               
               
                   
                 PRKCI 
                 100 
                 100 
               
               
                   
                 PRKCQ 
                 90 
                 87 
               
               
                   
                 PRKD1 
                 88 
                 92 
               
               
                   
                 PRKD2 
                 56 
                 90 
               
               
                   
                 PRKD3 
                 94 
                 100 
               
               
                   
                 PRKG1 
                 88 
                 100 
               
               
                   
                 PRKG2 
                 98 
                 90 
               
               
                   
                 PRKR 
                 100 
                 100 
               
               
                   
                 PRKX 
                 94 
                 95 
               
               
                   
                 PRP4 
                 100 
                 88 
               
               
                   
                 PYK2 
                 97 
                 84 
               
               
                   
                 QSK 
                 89 
                 97 
               
               
                   
                 RAF1 
                 97 
                 100 
               
               
                   
                 RET 
                 93 
                 86 
               
               
                   
                 RET(M918T) 
                 98 
                 98 
               
               
                   
                 RET(V804L) 
                 100 
                 100 
               
               
                   
                 RET(V804M) 
                 100 
                 100 
               
               
                   
                 RIOK1 
                 100 
                 100 
               
               
                   
                 RIOK2 
                 35 
                 3.9 
               
               
                   
                 RIOK3 
                 100 
                 95 
               
               
                   
                 RIPK1 
                 99 
                 100 
               
               
                   
                 RIPK2 
                 100 
                 93 
               
               
                   
                 RIPK4 
                 89 
                 68 
               
               
                   
                 RIPK5 
                 100 
                 72 
               
               
                   
                 ROCK1 
                 77 
                 67 
               
               
                   
                 ROCK2 
                 100 
                 80 
               
               
                   
                 ROS1 
                 95 
                 100 
               
               
                   
                 RPS6KA4(Kin.Dom.1-N-terminal) 
                 96 
                 100 
               
               
                   
                 RPS6KA4(Kin.Dom.2-C-terminal) 
                 100 
                 74 
               
               
                   
                 RPS6KA5(Kin.Dom.1-N-terminal) 
                 75 
                 100 
               
               
                   
                 RPS6KA5(Kin.Dom.2-C-terminal) 
                 95 
                 100 
               
               
                   
                 RSK1(Kin.Dom.1-N-terminal) 
                 98 
                 96 
               
               
                   
                 RSK1(Kin.Dom.2-C-terminal) 
                 100 
                 86 
               
               
                   
                 RSK2(Kin.Dom.1-N-terminal) 
                 90 
                 64 
               
               
                   
                 RSK2(Kin.Dom.2-C-terminal) 
                 94 
                 92 
               
               
                   
                 RSK3(Kin.Dom.1-N-terminal) 
                 99 
                 77 
               
               
                   
                 RSK3(Kin.Dom.2-C-terminal) 
                 100 
                 89 
               
               
                   
                 RSK4(Kin.Dom.1-N-terminal) 
                 78 
                 80 
               
               
                   
                 RSK4(Kin.Dom.2-C-terminal) 
                 94 
                 79 
               
               
                   
                 S6K1 
                 95 
                 89 
               
               
                   
                 SBK1 
                 100 
                 83 
               
               
                   
                 SGK 
                 86 
                 83 
               
               
                   
                 SgK110 
                 95 
                 100 
               
               
                   
                 SGK2 
                 100 
                 81 
               
               
                   
                 SGK3 
                 79 
                 80 
               
               
                   
                 SIK 
                 84 
                 79 
               
               
                   
                 SIK2 
                 96 
                 100 
               
               
                   
                 SLK 
                 56 
                 54 
               
               
                   
                 SNARK 
                 100 
                 78 
               
               
                   
                 SNRK 
                 100 
                 75 
               
               
                   
                 SRC 
                 100 
                 96 
               
               
                   
                 SRMS 
                 81 
                 93 
               
               
                   
                 SRPK1 
                 100 
                 97 
               
               
                   
                 SRPK2 
                 93 
                 100 
               
               
                   
                 SRPK3 
                 65 
                 96 
               
               
                   
                 STK16 
                 80 
                 87 
               
               
                   
                 STK33 
                 100 
                 100 
               
               
                   
                 STK35 
                 87 
                 93 
               
               
                   
                 STK36 
                 100 
                 100 
               
               
                   
                 STK39 
                 93 
                 94 
               
               
                   
                 SYK 
                 95 
                 100 
               
               
                   
                 TAK1 
                 93 
                 62 
               
               
                   
                 TAOK1 
                 100 
                 73 
               
               
                   
                 TAOK2 
                 92 
                 93 
               
               
                   
                 TAOK3 
                 98 
                 73 
               
               
                   
                 TBK1 
                 99 
                 97 
               
               
                   
                 TEC 
                 91 
                 81 
               
               
                   
                 TESK1 
                 83 
                 100 
               
               
                   
                 TGFBR1 
                 100 
                 100 
               
               
                   
                 TGFBR2 
                 100 
                 100 
               
               
                   
                 TIE1 
                 90 
                 96 
               
               
                   
                 TIE2 
                 72 
                 100 
               
               
                   
                 TLK1 
                 97 
                 85 
               
               
                   
                 TLK2 
                 100 
                 97 
               
               
                   
                 TNIK 
                 100 
                 91 
               
               
                   
                 TNK1 
                 100 
                 100 
               
               
                   
                 TNK2 
                 100 
                 100 
               
               
                   
                 TNNI3K 
                 100 
                 100 
               
               
                   
                 TRKA 
                 93 
                 78 
               
               
                   
                 TRKB 
                 88 
                 78 
               
               
                   
                 TRKC 
                 91 
                 85 
               
               
                   
                 TRPM6 
                 100 
                 80 
               
               
                   
                 TSSK1B 
                 80 
                 99 
               
               
                   
                 TSSK3 
                 93 
                 100 
               
               
                   
                 TTK 
                 83 
                 80 
               
               
                   
                 TXK 
                 93 
                 100 
               
               
                   
                 TYK2(JH1domain-catalytic) 
                 95 
                 82 
               
               
                   
                 TYK2(JH2domain-pseudokinase) 
                 73 
                 59 
               
               
                   
                 TYRO3 
                 100 
                 100 
               
               
                   
                 ULK1 
                 96 
                 72 
               
               
                   
                 ULK2 
                 90 
                 83 
               
               
                   
                 ULK3 
                 96 
                 79 
               
               
                   
                 VEGFR2 
                 67 
                 84 
               
               
                   
                 VPS34 
                 85 
                 65 
               
               
                   
                 VRK2 
                 84 
                 56 
               
               
                   
                 WEE1 
                 100 
                 88 
               
               
                   
                 WEE2 
                 97 
                 88 
               
               
                   
                 WNK1 
                 100 
                 93 
               
               
                   
                 WNK2 
                 96 
                 94 
               
               
                   
                 WNK3 
                 97 
                 100 
               
               
                   
                 WNK4 
                 60 
                 98 
               
               
                   
                 YANK1 
                 89 
                 97 
               
               
                   
                 YANK2 
                 89 
                 84 
               
               
                   
                 YANK3 
                 81 
                 97 
               
               
                   
                 YES 
                 99 
                 100 
               
               
                   
                 YSK1 
                 76 
                 98 
               
               
                   
                 YSK4 
                 74 
                 53 
               
               
                   
                 ZAK 
                 94 
                 100 
               
               
                   
                 ZAP70 
                 95 
                 87 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     The effects on all the kinases that showed &gt;65% inhibition by 2,000 nM 15u in this screen (CDK8, CDK19, RIOK2, CSNK1A1, CSNK1E, SCNK1D, HASPIN, GSK3A) were then further investigated by measuring Kd values of 15u in the DiscoverX assay. The K d  assays were carried out in duplicates and the results are presented in Table 3. This table also shows the results of Kd determination for 15w versus CDK8, CDK19 and RIOK2. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 3 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 K d  values for 15u and 15w in Kd Elect binding 
               
               
                 assays with susceptible kinases. 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Compound 
                 DiscoveRx 
                 Entrez 
                 K d   
               
               
                   
                 Name 
                 Gene Symbol 
                 Gene Symbol 
                 (nM) 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 15u 
                 CDK11 
                 CDK19 
                 65 
               
               
                   
                 15u 
                 CDK8 
                 CDK8 
                 78 
               
               
                   
                 15u 
                 RIOK2 
                 RIOK2 
                 240 
               
               
                   
                 15u 
                 CSNK1A1 
                 CSNK1A1 
                 230 
               
               
                   
                 15u 
                 CSNK1D 
                 CSNK1D 
                 860 
               
               
                   
                 15u 
                 CSNK1E 
                 CSNK1E 
                 280 
               
               
                   
                 15u 
                 HASPIN 
                 GSG2 
                 1100 
               
               
                   
                 15u 
                 GSK3A 
                 GSK3A 
                 5600 
               
               
                   
                 15w 
                 CDK11 
                 CDK19 
                 18 
               
               
                   
                 15w 
                 CDK8 
                 CDK8 
                 55 
               
               
                   
                 15w 
                 RIOK2 
                 RIOK2 
                 130 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Notably, the CDK8 and CDK19 K d  values for 15u and 15w are almost an order of magnitude higher than their IC50 values for CDK8/19 inhibition in a cell-based assay ( FIGS. 2A and 2B ), indicating that the competition for ATP analog binding does not fully reflect the inhibitory activity of these compounds. The principal other kinases inhibited by 15u with K d  values less than 4 times higher than for CDK8 are RIOK2 (also strongly inhibited by 15w), CSNK1A1 and CSNK1E (not tested for 15w). 
     Remarkably, the reported evidence suggests that the inhibition of these three kinases may be beneficial rather than detrimental for cancer treatment. Thus RIOK2, an atypical kinase regulating ribosomal biogenesis was identified as the target of a compound that selectively inhibited growth of prostate cancer cell lines carrying an oncogenic gene fusion that activates ERG gene in many prostate cancers. The same RIOK2-binding compound had only minimal effect on normal prostate or endothelial cells or ERG-negative tumor cell lines (Mohamed, A A et al., Cancer Res. 2018 Jul. 1; 78(13):3659-3671. doi: 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-17-2949). CSNK1A1 has been implicated as an oncogenic factor in a variety of leukemias and solid tumors (Mannis, S. et al. J Hematol Oncol. 2017 Oct. 2; 10(1):157. doi: 10.1186/s13045-017-0529-5; Richter, J. et al., BMC Cancer. 2018 Feb. 6; 18(1):140. doi: 10.1186/s12885-018-4019-0) and CSNK1A1 inhibitors synergized with lysosomotropic agents to inhibit growth and promote tumor cell death in KRAS-driven cancers (Cheong, J. K. et al., J Clin Invest. 2015 April; 125(4):1401-18. doi: 10.1172/JCI78018). CSNK1E inhibition was reported to have selective antiproliferative activity in several types of tumor cells (Yang, W S, et al., Genome Biol. 2008; 9(6):R92. doi: 10.1186/gb-2008-9-6-r92; Kim, S. Y. et al., PLoS One. 2010 Feb. 1; 5(2):e8979. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0008979; Toyoshima, M., et al., Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2012 Jun. 12; 109(24):9545-50. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1121119109; Varghese, R. T., et al., Sci Rep. 2018 Sep. 11; 8(1):13621. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-31864-x.) Hence, 15u has unexpected activities for cancer therapy in addition to CDK8/19 inhibition. 
     Example 3. Pharmacokinetics of Thienopyridine Derivatives 
     To measure mouse pharmacokinetics (PK), thienopyridine derivatives were dissolved in 5% dextrose and administered to male FVB mice at different dosing conditions; blood samples were collected at different time points and compound concentrations in the serum were measured by LC/MS/MS. 
       FIGS. 3A-3D  and Table 4 show the PK curves and calculated parameters for 15k, 15v, 15u, and Senexin B, which were mixed and administered to mice intravenously (i.v.) at 0.5 mg/kg of each compound. In this assay, 15u showed the highest and 15k the lowest availability i.v., as indicated by the values of Area Under the Curve (AUC) and Elimination half-time (t 1/2 ). 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 4 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Comparison of pharmacokinetics of 15k, 
               
               
                 15v, and 15u administered intravenously 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 15k 
                 15v 
                 15u 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 C 0  (ng/mL) 
                 118 
                 204 
                 251 
               
               
                   
                 V d  (L/kg) 
                 4.23 
                 2.45 
                 1.99 
               
               
                   
                 Elimination rate (hr −1 ) 
                 2.78 
                 2.39 
                 1.98 
               
               
                   
                 t 1/2  (hr) 
                 0.25 
                 0.29 
                 0.35 
               
               
                   
                 AUC (ng*hr/mL) 
                 32.14 
                 64.30 
                 91.40 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
       FIGS. 4A-4C  and Table 5 shows the PK curves and calculated parameters for the same mixture of 15k, 15v, and 15u, administered orally (by gavage) at 1 mg/kg of each compound. In a separate study shown in  FIG. 4D , 15w was also administered orally at 1 mg/kg.  FIG. 4E  shows the PK curve for Senexin B administered orally at 1 mg/kg. In these assays, 15u showed by far the highest availability (AUC value), followed by 15w, 15v and 15k. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 5 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Comparison of pharmacokinetics of 15k, 
               
               
                 15v, 15u, and 15w administered orally 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 15k 
                 15v 
                 15u 
                 15w 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 C max  (ng/mL) 
                 6.7 
                 7.3 
                 35.1 
                 35.0 
               
               
                   
                 t 1/2  (hr) 
                 0.86 
                 1.24 
                 2.01 
                 0.62 
               
               
                   
                 AUC (ng*hr/mL) 
                 9.15 
                 29.61 
                 100.46 
                 36.7 
               
               
                   
                 Bioavailability (F %) 
                 14% 
                 23% 
                 55% 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Oral PK was also determined at higher dosages, approximating the expected therapeutic doses, for a mixture of the two most active compounds, 15w and 15u, administered to female CD1 mice at 30 mg/kg of each compound in 0.5% carboxylmethyl cellulose. The results shown in  FIGS. 5A and 5B  demonstrate that 15u (but not 15w) shows excellent PK, with high AUC (5 times higher than the AUC of 15w) and very slow clearance, as the average serum concentration of 15u at the latest timepoint (8 hrs) was 64.4% of C max  (vs. 11.5% for 15w). 
     This PK analysis demonstrated that 15u, alone of the tested thienopyridine derivatives, demonstrated highly appealing PK properties, with very high bioavailability and stability after oral administration. 
     Example 4. In Vivo Effects of 15u in Castration-Refractory Prostate Cancer 
     CDK8/19 inhibition decreases the expression of certain androgen-receptor (AR) inducible genes including PSA, the most common marker of prostate cancer, and the growth of castration-refractory prostate cancers (CRPC).  FIGS. 6A-6C  show the effects of different concentrations of three CDK8/19 inhibitors, thienopyridine derivatives 15u and 15w, and Senexin B, on PSA expression in cell culture supernatant of a CRPC cell line C4-2 after 4-day treatment in FBS-supplemented regular media. All 3 inhibitors suppressed PSA expression, with IC 50  values of 28 nM for 15u, 15 nM for 15w and 255 nM for Senexin B. The in vivo effect of a mixture of 15u and 15w (the same mixture used for PK studies in Example 3), on PSA expression by C4-2 cells was analyzed after treatment of male NSG mice bearing C4-2 xenografts (grouped based on initial serum PSA level) for 4 days at 30 mg/kg administered orally daily for 4 days. Both the PSA protein levels in the serum and PSA mRNA levels in the tumor were strongly decreased by treatment with the mixture of 15u and 15w ( FIGS. 6D-6F ). Given the drastically different PK of 15u and 15w (Example 3), it appears likely that the effect on PSA was mediated by 15u. 
     In another in vivo study, CRPC cell line 22rv1, expressing AR-V7 variant androgen receptor found in many anti-androgen-resistant clinical CRPCs, was grown as a xenograft in castrated male nude (NcrNu) mice. When the tumors reached average size of 150-200 mm 3 , mice were randomized into two groups (n=13) and treated either with vehicle (0.5% carboxylmethyl cellulose) control or with 50 mg/kg 15u, given orally daily. As shown in  FIG. 7A , 15u treatment strongly suppressed the tumor growth, as also demonstrated by the weight of tumors at the end of the study ( FIG. 7B ). Notably, 15u treatment showed no apparent adverse effects and no diminution of mouse body weight ( FIG. 7C ). 
     The 22rv1 study in castrated Ncr/Nu male mice described above was repeated over a longer term using three dosing regimens of 15u (all in in 5% carboxylmethyl cellulose): (i) 50 mg/kg once a day, (ii) 25 mg/kg twice a day, and (iii) 50 mg/kg twice a day. As shown in  FIG. 8A , all three regimens drastically inhibited 22rv1 tumor growth over the long term, with 50 mg/kg doses giving the strongest effect. When the tumor growth is analyzed in individual mice, it can be seen that the initial slowdown of tumor growth upon 15u administration was followed by shrinkage of some of the tumors ( FIG. 8B ). Importantly, 15u treatment showed no apparent toxicity and no diminution in mouse body weight relative to vehicle control over the 38-day period ( FIG. 8C ). Another (less potent) CDK8/19 inhibitor, Senexin B, also significantly inhibited 22rv1 growth in castrated mice ( FIG. 8D ) but the effect of Senexin B was much weaker than the effect of 15u. 
     Example 5. In Vivo Effects of Treatment with Combined 15u and Enzalutamide in Castration-Refractory Prostate Cancer 
     The combinatorial effects of 15u and anti-androgen enzalutamide in CRPC were analyzed in a murine MYC-Cap-CR model. MYC-CaP-CR cells (Ellis L. et al., 2012. Prostate 72(6):587-591) were selected for castration resistance from genetically engineered MYC-CaP cells that express MYC from an AR-responsive promoter (Watson P A, et al., 2005. Cancer Res 65(24):11565-11571). Castration resistance in these cells is associated with the overexpression of full-length AR rather than an AR variant, such as AR-V7 in 22rv1 (Olson B M, et al., 2017. Cancer immunology research 5(12):1074-1085). In a short-term cell proliferation assay, CDK8/19 inhibitors Senexin B and 15u showed little effect on MYC-CAP-CR cell growth in androgen-containing media, whereas enzalutamide paradoxically stimulated the growth of these cells ( FIG. 9A ). However, when enzalutamide was combined with either CDK8/19 inhibitor, MYC-CAP-CR cell growth was strongly inhibited ( FIG. 9A ), indicating that CDK8/19 inhibition may overcome enzalutamide resistance. In a long-term clonogenic assay, both Enzalutamide and CDK8/19 inhibitors decreased MYC-CaP-CR colony formation, and their combination produced an apparently synergistic effect ( FIG. 9B ). In vivo effects of 15u in combination with enzalutamide were tested in MYC-CaP-CR tumors growing subcutaneously in intact (uncastrated) FVB male mice. Both enzalutamide and 15u alone had a modest effect on tumor volume ( FIG. 9C ) and weight ( FIG. 9D ) when used alone, but their combination produced significant (p=0.02) tumor suppression. 
     These results suggest that 15u can be advantageously combined with enzalutamide (or other anti-androgens) in the treatment of CRPC. The strongest in vivo activity of 15u as a single agent in CRPC was observed in 22rv1 cells expressing AR-V7, suggesting that prostate cancers expressing AR-V7 and possibly other androgen-independent AR variants may be especially susceptible to CDK8/19 inhibition in vivo. 
     Example 6. Effects of 15u on Breast Cancer Metastasis 
     4T1 is a murine triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) cell line, which is highly metastatic to the lungs. The effect of CDK8 on lung metastasis in this model was demonstrated in the study shown in  FIG. 10A-C . CDK8-targeting shRNA was used to knock down CDK8 expression in 4T1 cells almost completely ( FIG. 10A ; these cells do not express detectable CDK19 protein). Parental and CDK8-knockdown 4T1 cells (n=10) were injected orthotopically in the mammary fat pad and the primary tumors were removed 17 days later. Following surgery, all the mice eventually died with lung metastases. The weights of the primary tumors showed no significant effect of CDK8 knockdown on tumor growth ( FIG. 10B ). However, the loss of CDK8 was associated with a strong increase in the survival of mice ( FIG. 10C ). 
     In a similar study, following the removal of the primary tumor, mice were separated into three groups ( FIG. 10D , n=8), which were then treated with vehicle (5% dextrose) or 15u (25 mg/kg, in 5% carboxylmethyl cellulose, oral, b.i.d.). 15u significantly increased mouse survival of the metastatic disease ( FIG. 10E ), with the effect similar to that of the CDK8 knockdown ( FIG. 10C ). 
     In another study with this model, tumors formed by parental 4T1 cells were removed and mice were randomized into two groups ( FIG. 10F , n=8), treated with Senexin B (administered in medicated food (350 ppm) in combination with one oral dose 50 mg/kg as described in (Liang, 2018)) or receiving control food and vehicle. Senexin B treatment provided a statistically significant but moderate increase in survival ( FIG. 10G ), weaker than the effect of 15u. 
     Example 7. Anti-leukemic effects of Thienopyridine Derivatives 
     The anti-leukemic properties of 15u were investigated in an acute myeloid leukemia (AML) cell line MV4-11, previously shown to be sensitive to CDK8/19 inhibition in vitro and in vivo (Pelish H E, et al., 2015. Nature 526(7572):273-276). The population of MV4-11 cells used for in vivo studies was made to express Luciferase and ZsGreen by lenviral infection with pHIV-Luc-ZsGreen, to enable leukemia growth analysis by bioluminescence imaging (BLI). The initial Luciferase-ZsGreen transduced cell population was sorted for ZsGreen positivity with fluorescence activated cell sorting. This MV4-11 cell population was tested for sensitivity to 15u. 15u strongly inhibited MV4-11 proliferation, and was deemed anti-proliferative with an IC50 value of 25 nM ( FIG. 11A ). 
     For in vivo studies, 7-week-old female NSG mice (Jackson Laboratories) were injected with 2×10 6  luciferase-expressing MV4-11 cells in the tail vein. Following engraftment, BLI was performed on the inoculated mice 5 days after cell inoculation. After BLI, the mice were sorted into two matching cohorts of 10 mice and one cohort of 5 mice. BLI detection was done with IVIS Lumina II Series Hardware for In-Vivo Imaging with optional XFOV lens and Living Image software. The IVIS setting for sorting mice into cohorts was set for high sensitivity: Bin 8, F1.2, 180 sec. Subsequent exposures (week 1-5) were set for increased resolution: Bin 4, F1.2, 120 sec. 
     Treatment was initiated on day 6 following cell-inoculation and continued for 23 days. Ten mice received Vehicle only (5% carboxylmethyl cellulose) by gavage (200 μl). Ten mice received 30 mg/kg 15u suspended in the Vehicle twice daily by gavage (200 μl). 5 mice were treated with medicated food (chow) containing 15u at 1 g/kg in a custom Teklad diet prepared by Envigo (Madison, Wis.). This diet matches the diet used for normal mouse feeding, with the exception of added dye and 15u. The control MV4-11 xenografted mice (Vehicle) developed a vigorous tumor population as detected by BLI ( FIG. 11B-11C ). The 15u gavage treatment group shows a remarkable response with a 94% growth inhibition of leukemia growth, p=0.001. The 15u chow treatment group shows an even more remarkable leukemia suppression with a 99.7% inhibition of leukemia growth, p=0.002. 
     Survival of the mice post treatment was monitored. As showing in  FIG. 11D , mice treated with 15u by oral gavage demonstrated superior survival rates. 
     In summary, the favorable PK of 15u (Example 3) and its in vivo activities (Examples 4-7), together with its favorable kinome profile (Example 2) indicate that 15u is more effective than other CDK8/19 inhibitors as a potential drug for the treatment of cancers linked to CDK8/19 activity. 
     Example 8. 15u has an Improved Pharmacokinetic Profile in a Liquid Formulation 
     15u has a poor water solubility of less than 0.01 mg/mL in aqueous solution at neutral pH. However, we have found that the amount of the compound in the liquid phase can be increased to 0.2 mg/mL in 5% DMSO, 20% HPBCD. In the in vivo efficacy studies described in Examples 4-7, 15u was prepared as a suspension (rather than a liquid formulation) in 0.5% carboxylmethyl cellulose (CMC, Suspension Vehicle 1). The solubility of 15u was also tested as a suspension in another vehicle: 5% DMSO, 1% CMC, 0.1% Tween-80 (Suspension Vehicle 2). However, we have now identified two entirely different liquid formulations in which 15u is in the liquid phase at acceptable concentrations for animal studies: 33% Propylene Glycol, 40% Glycerol, 20 mM Citrate, pH 2.1 (Liquid formulation 1) and 10% NMP, 10% Solutol, 80% PEG-400 (Liquid formulation 2). 15u is soluble in Liquid formulation 1 up to about 5 mg/mL and up to 20 mg/mL for Liquid formulation 2.  FIG. 12A  compares the pharmacokinetic (PK) profiles of 15u in Suspension Vehicle 1 and Liquid formulation 1 given orally (by gavage) to male FVB mice at 50 mg/kg. The calculated PK parameters for this assay are shown in Table 6. Liquid formulation 1 greatly improves the PK, increasing the AUC 2.3-fold and t 1/2  almost 2-fold. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 6 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Comparison of the pharmacokinetics of 15u in 
               
               
                 Suspension Vehicle 1 (Sus-V#1) and Liquid 
               
               
                 formulation 1 (LF-V#1) in male FVB mice 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 male FVB 
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Formulation 
                 Sus-V#1 
                 LF-V#1 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Dose (mg/kg) 
                 50 
                 50 
               
               
                   
                 Cmax (ng/mL) 
                 720 
                 1308 
               
               
                   
                 AUC (ng*hr/mL) 
                 3530 
                 8172 
               
               
                   
                 Bioavailability (F %) 
                 39% 
                 90% 
               
               
                   
                 Elimination rate k (hr{circumflex over ( )}−1) 
                 0.25 
                 0.13 
               
               
                   
                 t½ (hr) 
                 2.80 
                 5.37 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
       FIG. 12B  compares the PK profiles of 15u in Suspension Vehicle 1, Suspension Vehicle 2 and Liquid formulation 2, given by gavage to male CD-1 mice at 30 mg/kg. The calculated PK parameters for this assay are shown in Table 7. Solution 2 greatly improves the PK relative to both suspension vehicles, increasing the AUC 2-3-fold and t 1/2 ˜1.7-fold. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 7 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Comparison of the pharmacokinetics of 15u in Suspension 
               
               
                 Vehicle 1 (Sus-V#1), Suspension Vehicle 2 (Sus-V#2), 
               
               
                 and Liquid formulation 2 (LF-V#2) in male CD-I mice 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 male CD-I 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Formulation 
                 Sus-V#1 
                 Sus-V#2 
                 LF-V#2 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Dose (mg/kg) 
                 30 
                 30 
                 30 
               
               
                   
                 Cmax (ng/mL) 
                 356 
                 493 
                 772 
               
               
                   
                 AUC (ng*hr/mL) 
                 1439 
                 2132 
                 4228 
               
               
                   
                 Bioavailability (F %) 
                 26% 
                 39% 
                 77% 
               
               
                   
                 Elimination rate k (hr{circumflex over ( )}−1) 
                 0.37 
                 0.38 
                 0.22 
               
               
                   
                 t½ (hr) 
                 1.90 
                 1.80 
                 3.18 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     We have also compared the PK of Suspension Vehicle 1 and Liquid formulation 2 in male Sprague Dawley rats, after oral administration at 30 mg/kg. The PK profiles in  FIG. 12C  show much better PK when 15u was given in solution, with AUC increasing &gt;3-fold. 
     The Liquid formulation 2 was used to determine the PK of 15u in a non-human primate, the Cynomolgus monkey. Male monkeys received the compound orally at 25 mg/kg. As shown in  FIG. 12D , the AUC values were ˜3 times higher than in mice receiving a similar dose, with t 1/2  of 6.9 hrs. Importantly, no adverse effects were observed in any of the monkeys receiving this high dose of 15u in the PK study. 
     The above results demonstrate that the PK of the hard-to-dissolve compound 15u is drastically increased when the compound is administered in a liquid formulation such as a solution or emulsion. Similar improvements in PK over a suspension formulation were obtained with two entirely different liquid vehicles, indicating that the PK surprisingly depends on the choice of formulation. 
     Example 9. Pharmacokinetics Profile of Deuterated Derivatives of 15u and 15w 
     To determine the PK of a deuterated derivative of 15u, eight to twelve-week-old female CD-1 mice were treated with 15u or 15u-D6 at 30 mg/kg. Blood samples (70˜100 μL) were collected into BD Microtainer blood collection tubes for serum separation at different time points (1, 2, 6, 8 hours post administration) with heparinized microhematocrit capillary tubes from retro-orbital veins of anesthetized animals. Serum samples were processed for LCMSMS to determine drug concentration using compound-specific MRMs (15u: 439-394; 15u-D6: 445-394). Drug concentrations were plotted against time points to generate PK curves with GraphPad software and AUCs (area under the curve) within the first eight hours after dosing were calculated with Excel Software to compare PK profiles of undeuterated and deuterated compounds. These PK studies indicate that replacing hydrogens of the dimethylamine group with deuterium (the D6 derivatives) slightly improved the PK for 15u ( FIG. 13 ). 
     Example 10. In Vivo Effects of Treatment with Combined 15u and Enzalutamide in Castration-Refractory Prostate Cancer 
     The combinatorial effects of 15u and anti-androgen enzalutamide in CRPC were analyzed in a murine MYC-Cap-CR model. MYC-CaP-CR cells (Ellis L. et al., 2012. Prostate 72(6):587-591) were selected for castration resistance from genetically engineered MYC-CaP cells that express MYC from an AR-responsive promoter (Watson P A, et al., 2005. Cancer Res 65(24):11565-11571). Castration resistance in these cells is associated with the overexpression of full-length AR rather than an AR variant, such as AR-V7 in 22rv1 (Olson B M, et al., 2017. Cancer immunology research 5(12):1074-1085). In a short-term cell proliferation assay, CDK8/19 inhibitors Senexin B and 15u showed little effect on MYC-CAP-CR cell growth in androgen-containing media, whereas enzalutamide paradoxically stimulated the growth of these cells ( FIG. 14A ). However, when enzalutamide was combined with either CDK8/19 inhibitor, MYC-CAP-CR cell growth was strongly inhibited ( FIG. 1114A ), indicating that CDK8/19 inhibition may overcome enzalutamide resistance. In a long-term clonogenic assay, both Enzalutamide and CDK8/19 inhibitors decreased MYC-CaP-CR colony formation, and their combination produced an apparently synergistic effect ( FIG. 14B ). In vivo effects of 15u in combination with enzalutamide were tested in MYC-CaP-CR tumors growing subcutaneously in intact (uncastrated) FVB male mice. Both enzalutamide and 15u alone had a modest effect on tumor volume ( FIG. 14C ) and weight ( FIG. 14D ) when used alone, but their combination produced significant (p=0.02) tumor suppression. 
     These results suggest that 15u can be advantageously combined with enzalutamide (or other anti-androgens) in the treatment of CRPC. The strongest in vivo activity of 15u as a single agent in CRPC was observed in 22rv1 cells expressing AR-V7, suggesting that prostate cancers expressing AR-V7 and possibly other androgen-independent AR variants may be especially susceptible to CDK8/19 inhibition in vivo. 
     Example 11. Effect of 15u on In Vivo Growth of MDA-MB-468 Triple-Negative Breast Cancer (TNBC) Xenografts 
     Human MDA-MB-468 triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) cells were found to be responsive to 15u and other CDK8/19 inhibitors upon long-term treatment in vitro. To evaluate the effect of CDK8/19 inhibition on in vivo growth of MDA-MB-468 xenografts, 1 million cells with 40% Matrigel (100 ml total volume) were injected s.c. into the right flanks of immunodeficient NSG female mice (9 weeks old). 11 days after inoculation, mice were randomized by tumor size into two groups (n=9), with the average tumor volume 115 mm 3  in each group. Mice in the first group (control) received regular diet and mice in the second group (treatment) received medicated diet containing 250 ppm 15u. 13 days after the start of treatment, medicated diet was supplemented with daily oral gavage providing 5 mg/kg 15u solution in the treatment group or with vehicle alone (control group). 37 days after the start of treatment, the gavage dose in the treatment group was increased to 8 mg/kg; treatment was continued for a total of 66 days. Tumor volumes were measured with calipers twice a week ( FIG. 15A ), showing a significant reduction in tumor volume in the 15u treatment group. At the end of the study, mice were euthanized, tumors dissected and weighed; tumor weights were significantly lower in the 15u treatment group ( FIG. 15B ). Mouse body weights ( FIG. 15C ) showed no detrimental effects of long-term 15u treatment. 
     Example 12. Determination of Maximum Tolerated Dose (MTD) of 15u in CD-1 Mice 
     To determine the maximum tolerated dose (MTD), 8-week-old male or female CD-1 mice were randomly assigned to different dose groups and treated with 15u at escalating doses through either oral gavage in solution or medicated food. In one MTD in vivo study, female CD-1 mice were treated with gavage twice a day (b.i.d.) providing 5, 10, 15, 30, 60 or 120 mg/kg of 15u and male CD-1 mice were treated with gavage b.i.d. providing 60 or 120 mg/kg for 14 days. No detrimental effects were observed in male mice of any treated groups (60 and 120 mg/kg b.i.d.) and female mice of the groups treated with 15u at doses up to 60 mg/kg b.i.d. ( FIG. 16A ). The highest dose (120 mg/kg b.i.d.) caused about 10% body weight loss in female mice after 7-10 days of treatment but no further deterioration was observed through the rest of the treatment period ( FIG. 16A ). 
     In another long-term MTD in vivo assay, groups of male and female CD-1 mice were fed regular diet (control) or 15u-medicated diet (500 ppm or 1000 ppm) for 4 or 5 weeks ( FIG. 16B ). The daily doses of 500 ppm and 1000 ppm groups were estimated to be about 50-100 mg/kg and 100-200 mg/kg, respectively, based on daily diet consumption. Only the highest dose (1000 ppm) caused significant weight loss (5-10%) in female mice during the first week while no further detrimental effects were observed for the rest of the treatment period. 
     Considering that maximal therapeutic effects can be achieved at 30 mg/kg daily dose in various mouse xenograft models, these two MTD assays suggested a high therapeutic index for 15u. 
     Example 13. Structure Activity Relationship 
     Table 8 summarizes the structure activity relationship for compositions described herein. To determine the inhibition potency, the NFκB Activity Assay (HEK238-NFκB-Luc Assay) as described in Example 1 and the MV4-11 assay (MV4-11-Luc Assay) as described in Example 7. To determine the PK, eight to twelve-week-old female CD-1 mice were treated with tested inhibitors at indicated doses (15˜30 mg/kg) through oral gavage in a solution formulation (10% N-Methyl-2-Pyrrolidone (NMP), 27% Propylene Glycol (PG), 63% polyethylene glycol 400 (PEG-400)). Blood samples (70-100 μL) were collected into BD Microtainer blood collection tubes for serum separation at different time points (1, 2, 6, 8 hours post administration) with heparinized microhematocrit capillary tubes from retro-orbital veins of anesthetized animals. Serum samples were processed for LCMSMS to determine drug concentration using compound-specific MRMs (15u: 439-394; 15u-D6: 445-394). Drug concentrations were plotted against time points to generate PK curves with GraphPad software and AUCs (area under the curve) within the first eight hours after dosing were calculated with Excel Software to compare PK profiles of different compounds. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 8 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Structure activity relationships 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Inhibition Potency 
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 HEK238-NFkB- 
                 MV4-11- 
                 Oral 
                 AUC 
               
               
                 Name 
                 Luc Assay 
                 Luc Assay 
                 PK dose 
                 (0-8 hr) 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 15u 
                 10.3 nM 
                 30 nM 
                 30 mg/kg 
                 6.6 μg*hr/mL 
               
               
                 15u_D6 
                  7.7 nM 
                   
                 30 mg/kg 
                 7.4 μg*hr/mL 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Example 14. Solubility of 15u 
     15u was added until saturated into ˜500 mg of individual excipient. The binary mixtures were incubated on a shaker with temperature control either at 25° C. or 40° C. for at least 48 hours. The mixtures were filtered with 0.45 μm filters to separate the solid and liquid portions. PLC was performed on the on the liquid portion to determine the maximum solubility. XRPD was performed on the collected solid to check polymorph change. 
     As shown in Table 9, 15u has no solubility in pure oils and had the highest solubility in various PEG and Vitamin E TPGS. 15u did not change crystallinity form in most of the excipients except for Vitamin E TPGS, Gelucire 44/14, and Transcultol. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 9 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Maximum solubility of 15u in individual excipients 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                   
                 Maximum 
                 XRPD 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Solubility 
                 Pattern 
               
               
                 Excipient 
                 Chemical Name 
                 (mg/g) 
                 (API = A) 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Sesame Oil 
                 N/A 
                 0.0 
                 A 
               
               
                 Olive Oil 
                 N/A 
                 0.0 
                 A 
               
               
                 Oleic Acid 
                 N/A 
                 0.8 
                 A 
               
               
                 Maisine CC 
                 Glyceryl Monolinoleate 
                 2.4 
                 A 
               
               
                 Peceol 
                 Glyceryl Monolinoleate 
                 2.5 
                 A 
               
               
                 Miglyol 
                 Medium Chain Triglycerides 
                 0.0 
                 A 
               
               
                 812N 
               
               
                 Labrafac 
                 Propylene Glycol Dicarylate/ 
                 0.0 
                 A 
               
               
                 PG 
                 Dicaprate 
               
               
                 Transcutol 
                 Diethylene Glycol Monoethyl 
                 3.4 
                 C 
               
               
                 HP 
                 Ether 
               
               
                 Capryol 90 
                 Propylene Glycol Monocaprylate, 
                 2.9 
                 A 
               
               
                   
                 Type II 
               
               
                 Span 80 
                 Sorbitan Monooleate 
                 1.4 
                 A 
               
               
                 Lecithin 
                 N/A 
                 1.9 
                 A 
               
               
                 Crodamol 
                 Caprylic/Capric Triglycerides 
                 5.5 
                 A 
               
               
                 GMCC SS 
               
               
                 Labrafil 
                 Linoleoyl Polyoxyl-6 Glycerides 
                 0.4 
                 A 
               
               
                 M2125CS 
               
               
                 Span 20 
                 Sorbitan Monolaurate 
                 8.0 
                 A 
               
               
                 Gelucire 
                 Lauroyl Polyoxyl-32 Glycerides 
                 3.4 
                 B 
               
               
                 44/14 
               
               
                 Labrasol 
                 Caprylocapryol Polyoxyl-8- 
                 5.4 
                 A 
               
               
                   
                 Glycerides 
               
               
                 Kolliphor 
                 Polyoxyl 35 Castor Oil 
                 1.3 
                 A 
               
               
                 EL 
               
               
                 Vitamin E 
                 DL-Alpha Tocopherol Polyeth- 
                 14.6 
                 B 
               
               
                 TPGS 
                 ylene Glycol 1000 Succinate 
               
               
                 Tween 80 
                 Polyoxyethylene (20) Sorbitan 
                 1.9 
                 A 
               
               
                   
                 Monooleate 
               
               
                 PEG 400 
                 Polyethylene Glycol 400 
                 11.8 
                 A 
               
               
                 PEG 300 
                 Polyethylene Glycol 300 
                 19.8 
                 A 
               
               
                 PEG 600 
                 Polyethylene Glycol 600 
                 18.3 
                 A 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Example 15. Synthesis of 3-amino-4-(4-(4-(dimethylcarbamoyl)phenyl)-1,4-diazepan-1-yl)thieno[2,3-b]pyridine-2-carboxamide (15u) 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     The solution of 4-bromo-N,N-dimethylbenzamide (1 eq) and tert-butyl 1,4-diazepane-1-carboxylate (1.2 eq) in t-BuOH and 1,4-dioxane was added with 2-Dicyclohexylphosphino-2′-(N,N-dimethylamino)biphenyl (0.15 eq), t-BuONa (1.4 eq) and Tris(dibenzylideneacetone)dipalladium (0.05 eq). The mixture was degassed and protected with nitrogen, then reflux for 1 h. After that, the mixture was cooled to r.t. and water was added, the mixture was extracted with EA, the organic layers were washed with brine and dried by Na 2 SO 4 , condensed and purified by flash column to get the tert-butyl 4-[4-[2-(dimethylamino)-2-oxo-ethyl]phenyl]-1,4-diazepane-1-carboxylate; the solution of tert-butyl 4-[4-[2-(dimethylamino)-2-oxo-ethyl]phenyl]-1,4-diazepane-1-carboxylate (1 eq) in DCM, then TFA (5 eq) was added and the mixture was stirred at r.t. for 3 h, after that, the mixture was condensed to remove the TFA and resulted the 2-(4-(1,4-diazepan-1-yl)phenyl)-N,N-dimethylacetamide which was used without further purification; the solution of 2-(4-(1,4-diazepan-1-yl)phenyl)-N,N-dimethylacetamide (1 eq) in acetonitrile was added with 2,4-dichloronicotinonitrile (1 eq) and DIPEA (2 eq). Then the mixture was stirred at 80° C. for overnight. After that, the mixture was cooled to r.t. and condensed, the mixture was then dissolved in DCM and water was added, the mixture was extracted with DCM, the organic layers were collected and washed with brine and dried by Na 2 SO 4 , condensed and purified by flash column to get the 2-(4-(4-(2-chloro-3-cyanopyridin-4-yl)-1,4-diazepan-1-yl)phenyl)-N,N-dimethylacetamide (yield 55%); the solution of 2-(4-(4-(2-chloro-3-cyanopyridin-4-yl)-1,4-diazepan-1-yl)phenyl)-N,N-dimethylacetamide (1 eq) in MeOH was added with MeONa (2 eq) and methyl thioglycolate (2 eq), then the mixture was stirred at 100° C. for overnight. After that, the mixture was cooled to r.t. and condensed and purified by flash column to get the methyl 3-amino-4-(4-(4-(2-(dimethylamino)-2-oxoethyl)phenyl)-1,4-diazepan-1-yl)thieno[2,3-b]pyridine-2-carboxylate (yield 72%); the solution of methyl 3-amino-4-(4-(4-(2-(dimethylamino)-2-oxoethyl)phenyl)-1,4-diazepan-1-yl)thieno[2,3-b]pyridine-2-carboxylate (1 eq) in THF and water, then LiOH (2 eq) was added and the mixture was stirred at 60° C. for overnight. After that, the mixture was cooled to r.t. and condensed and dissolved in DMF, then HATU (1.5 eq) and DIPEA (2 eq) were added and the mixture was stirred at r.t. for 15 min, then NH 4 OH (6 eq) was added to the above mixture and stirred at r.t. for another 2 h. After that, water was added and the mixture was extracted with DCM, the organic layers were combined and dried by Na 2 SO4, condensed and purified by flash column to get 3-amino-4-(4-(4-(dimethylcarbamoyl)phenyl)-1,4-diazepan-1-yl)thieno[2,3-b]pyridine-2-carboxamide. A light yellow solid was obtained. ESI-MS m/z: 439 ([M+H] + ). 
     Example 16. Synthesis of 3-amino-4-(4-(4-(bis(methyl-d3)carbamoyl)phenyl)-1,4-diazepan-1-yl)thieno[2,3-b]pyridine-2-carboxamide (15u_D6) 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     For the experimental procedure see 15u above. The synthesis of 15u_D6 was confirmed by analysis on a Waters HPLC-MS (LCA-232 SQ MS detector). Retention time was 21.40 minutes (5-95% TFA, 0.1% Formic acid) and the Parent Ion (M+1) observed at 445.1919 (ESI-MS m/z: 445 ([M+H] + )).