Patent Publication Number: US-2021190348-A1

Title: Detection of hvac equipment wired to a thermostat

Description:
BACKGROUND 
     The present disclosure pertains to detection of connections or non-connection of components and particularly to connections of loads such as those of equipment associated with heating and cooling. 
     SUMMARY 
     The disclosure describes a system for detection of equipment connections to a thermostat. The thermostat may have one or more terminals with a one-to-one connection to one or more loads respectively of heating, ventilation and/or air conditioning equipment, and one or more terminals with a one-to-one connection to electrical power. One or more detectors may be connected one-to-one to each of the one or more terminals, respectively, for connection to the one or more loads, and the one or more connections to the electrical power. Each detector may be connected to a processor. Each detector may be configured to provide a signal to the processor relative to a corresponding terminal indicating a status of a connection of the terminal to a load or to the electrical power. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING 
         FIG. 1A  is a schematic of a first circuit associated with a thermostat illustrating a principle of detection; 
         FIG. 1B  is a diagram of waveforms corresponding to the OFF state of the circuit in  FIG. 1A ; 
         FIG. 1C  is a schematic of a circuit associated with a thermostat illustrating a principle of detection; 
         FIG. 1D  is a diagram of waveforms corresponding to the OFF state of the circuit in  FIG. 1C ; 
         FIG. 2A  is a diagram of circuitry associated with thermostat in an OFF state; 
         FIG. 2B  is a diagram of waveforms corresponding to the circuit of  FIG. 2A ; 
         FIG. 3A  is a diagram of circuitry associated with thermostat in a heat on state; 
         FIG. 3B  is a diagram  66  of waveforms corresponding to the circuit of  FIG. 3A ; 
         FIG. 4A  is a diagram of circuitry associated with thermostat in a heat-on state but without a signal from terminal  47  going anywhere; 
         FIG. 4B  is a diagram of waveforms corresponding to the circuit of  FIG. 4A ; 
         FIG. 5A  is a diagram of circuitry associated with thermostat in an off state with a reversed heat transformer winding; 
         FIG. 5B  is a diagram of waveforms corresponding to the circuit of  FIG. 5A ; 
         FIG. 6  is a diagram of nomenclature for a conventional thermostat, and that for a thermostat of a heat pump; 
         FIG. 7A  is a table of check-offs for a thermostat having a single transformer configuration or a dual in phase transformer configuration; 
         FIG. 7B  is a table similar to the table of  FIG. 7A  except that the check-offs may be for a dual transformer configuration heat transformer with a reversed winding orientation; 
         FIG. 7C  is a table asking questions like those for tables of  FIGS. 7A and 7B , but only for after power up, off state, for a dual transformer configuration, where an R wire from a transformer is accidently miss-wired to a W-O/B terminal. 
         FIG. 8A  is a diagram of waveforms where loads are not energized, with a transformer configuration; 
         FIG. 8B  is a diagram of waveforms where loads are not energized, having a heat pump fail signal, with transformer configuration; 
         FIG. 8C  is a diagram of waveforms where loads are not energized, with a transformer configuration; 
         FIG. 8D  is a diagram of waveforms, where the loads are not energized, having a heat pump fail signal, with transformer configuration; 
         FIG. 9A  is a diagram of waveforms where loads are not energized, with transformer configuration; 
         FIG. 9B  is a diagram of waveforms, where the loads are not energized, having a heat pump fail signal with transformer configuration; 
         FIG. 10  is a diagram of a heat pump load connected to an input of detector and an input of another detector that has Zener diode may be connected in series with the input of detector; 
         FIG. 11A  is a diagram of detector configuration based on detection of an AC voltage on individual output terminals and comparison of a phase of the detected voltages with a phase of a reference; and 
         FIG. 11B  is a diagram of a configuration with various loads connectable individually to numerous detectors including detectors for a heat pump along with a Zener diode input to a latter detector. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     The present system and approach may incorporate one or more processors, computers, controllers, user interfaces, wireless and/or wire connections, and/or the like, in an implementation described and/or shown herein. 
     This description may provide one or more illustrative and specific examples or ways of implementing the present system and approach. There may be numerous other examples or ways of implementing the system and approach. 
     Providing the installer or user the status of voltage on HVAC wires may allow easier troubleshooting of wiring problems, or other problems with the HVAC equipment. The wire-sensing (e.g., voltage sensing, current sensing, etc.) on HVAC components described herein may provide a unique approach of achieving wire-sensing by a means of a single component, solid-state, AC load switch that provides a voltage which is related to AC voltage on the wires and/or the presence of a load with an AC voltage on the other side of the load. 
     Wire connection problems may be a significant field issue. By sensing the connection integrity, one may correctly diagnose wire installation issues as well as connection failure issues. This approach may reduce false failures and increase customer 
     Hardware-software detection of HVAC equipment hardwired to a thermostat, HVAC equipment may be hardwired to a thermostat or to some remote interface and directly driven by relays from the thermostat (or the interface). Wires from individual equipment like some heaters, air conditioners, humidifiers, and so on, may be connected to terminals in the thermostat (e.g., interface). An installation of the bundle of wires to the terminal may be confusing and so there can be a risk of incorrect wiring. If the thermostat (e.g., interface) is capable of recognizing which terminals of the thermostat are hardwired with equipment, then an installer may be notified as to which equipment is properly connected to the thermostat (e.g., notified about a number of heat/cool stages, and so forth), and on the other hand, may be notified if something is not connected or is mis-wired. Such equipment detection reduce time needed to install a thermostat when compared to instances where the thermostat does not perform a wire-check. 
     Further, wire-checks or detections may be periodically repeated. In some cases, periodic wire-checks may also detect an unreliable or failing connection between a thermostat and the equipment (e.g., an improperly tightened screw in a terminal of the thermostat). 
     Equipment and/or wire detection may be based on detection of an AC voltage on individual output terminals and comparison of a phase of the detected voltages on an individual terminal with a phase of a voltage of a reference signal (e.g., an AC voltage on a powering terminal (RC) as shown in  FIG. 11A ). Detecting AC voltage on a terminal and comparing a phase of the detected AC voltage to a phase of a voltage of a reference signal may allow a processor implemented in circuitry to detect one or more situations in a system including the equipment. When configured with the described detecting and comparing concept, the processor implemented in circuitry may be able to identify if a piece of equipment is connected or is not connected to a corresponding terminal; if an RH wire (from a second transformer winding) is mis-wired to one or more output terminals; and/or if an AC voltage is coming from a piece of equipment. 
     The wire and equipment detection configuration may include voltage limiters with a half-wave rectification to detect wires and/or equipment connected to terminals of a thermostat and/or when wires and/or equipment are not connected to terminals of the thermostat. If no AC voltage is detected on an output terminal of the thermostat, processor implemented in circuitry may determine, with a software (SW) algorithm, that equipment is not connected to the output terminal of the thermostat. If an AC voltage is detected on the output terminal of the thermostat and a phase of the AC voltage is shifted 180 degrees relative to a voltage of a related reference signal, then the processor implemented in circuitry, with the SW algorithm, may recognize a that equipment and/or a wire (e.g., a load) is connected to the terminal of thermostat because a voltage from a C terminal (e.g., which may be tied with second transformer winding ends) passes through an equipment load impedance on its way to the terminal of the thermostat. While a load may be energized by a thermostat (e.g., a relay in thermostat connects an RH or RC with some of the output terminals), then a detected voltage on that terminal may immediately change its phase from 180 degrees to 0 degrees. 
     A virtual ground potential, which is created by a bridge rectifier, may be powered from RC and C terminals and one of the bridge outputs (e.g., GND, which may be tied to a ground of all electronic circuits including all terminal detectors). This configuration may lead to why the detectors are able to “see” the AC voltage on both ends of the transformer winding (RC and C). This configuration may allow the phase detection concept discussed above to be utilize in thermostats (e.g., interfaces) powered through a bridge rectifier. If a half-wave rectifier is used, a GND may be directly connected to a C terminal and a different detection principle may be utilized. 
     Some thermostat and heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) equipment configurations may use a so-called dual transformer configuration where a system of a thermostat and connected loads (e.g., HVAC equipment), may be powered from two transformers. In that case, first ends of the windings may be tied together and connected to a C terminal and second ends may be connected to the RH and RC terminals. If the windings of both transformers have a same orientation, then the voltage waveforms on the RC and RH terminals may have the same phase and the whole system can work in a way similar to when only a single transformer is used and the RH and RC terminals are tied together. 
     A specific situation may occur when winding orientations of both transformers are not the same. For example, a voltage on the RH terminal may have a reversed phase, and a voltage waveform of the voltage on the RH terminal may not have a positive half-wave character. Circuitry may create the voltage waveform of the voltage on the RH terminal by a superposition of a sine wave and positive half-wave signals that may result in an asymmetrical AC waveform, where positive half-waves have a two-times higher level than negative waveforms (V(RC) waveform). The described situation may result in a case were a detecting circuit may detect a same phase for C and for RH terminals. As a result, the detecting circuit may have an ability to recognize a connected load, but does not necessarily have an ability to recognize whether the load is energized or not. In some cases, it may not matter because the thermostat may “know” when it is energizing a load and when it is not the load and information from a detector about a load state (e.g., where the state may be the load is energized or the load is not energized, and/or one or more other suitable states) may be redundant. 
     However, there may be instances when the windings of the two transformers are not the same. In a first example, the thermostat may not be able to detect a heat pump alert. In a second example, the thermostat may not be able to detect a miss-wired RH terminal to some of the output terminals. As such, in a case of reversed transformer windings (e.g., winding orientations of both transformers are not the same), the system may be capable of detecting only the connected equipment and the reversed winding. But still, an installer may be informed that the detection does not necessarily cover some specific states because of a reversed winding. 
     The present system may have a software component. A stack level may be that of sensors, that is, a hardware device with some embedded software for measuring/detecting and transmitting data (e.g., temperature, pressure, motion). The software type may be embedded, that is, the software may run in a device/unit (e.g., firmware). 
     Preliminary wire sensing requirements may incorporate: detection of equipment wired to thermostat after thermostat&#39;s power up; terminal loads: W-O/B, W 2 -AUX, E, Y, Y2, G, L, (R, RC); Heat-pump failure alert signal detection capability; Proper functionality ensured also in case of mis-wiring one of the transformers (one of them may have a reversed winding) (e.g., such as one of the transformers  80  depicted in  FIG. 11A ); and a thermostat (e.g., such as a thermostat  90  depicted in  FIG. 11A ) powered through a bridge rectifier (e.g., such as the circuit  96  depicted in  FIG. 11A ). 
     Exceptions may incorporate the following. Universal (U) terminal detection is not necessarily required; and proper functionality if a second transformer does not have its C wire connected together with a powering transformer&#39;s C wire which is inserted in a C terminal. 
     Wire and/or equipment detection at a thermostat may occur in one or more additional or alternative manner to that described above. In one example, wire and/or equipment detection using simple zero cross detectors may involve an OFF state: W_DET pulses phase shifted by R_DET pulses. In the OFF state the detection is possible if the phases are compared. An ON state may have W_DET pulses in phase with R_DET pulses. 
     In dual transformer configurations, if phases of both transformers are detected and a smart software phase analyzer is implemented, then a reliable functionality may be ensured. In such cases, a heat-pump fail signal may be detected by a particular technique using two detectors. 
       FIG. 8A  is a diagram of waveforms  81  where loads are not energized, with a transformer configuration  85 .  FIG. 8B  is a diagram of waveforms  82  where loads are not energized, having a heat pump fail signal, with transformer configuration  85 .  FIG. 8C  is a diagram of waveforms  83  where loads are not energized, with a transformer configuration  86 .  FIG. 8D  is a diagram of waveforms  84 , where the loads are not energized, having a heat pump fail signal, with transformer configuration  86 . 
     In a dual transformer configuration, a heat pump fail detector may be noted. If a second transformer is wired in reverse, then a pulse signal from a zero cross detector at an L terminal of the thermostat may have a same phase regardless of whether the heat-pump is transmitting the heat-pump fail alert or not (see the V(L_PULSES) waveforms. As such, the detector may be able to detect an occurrence of the heat pump equipment, but may not be able to recognize the heat pump fail alert. In some cases, the lack of ability to recognize the heat pump fail alert may be caused by non-symmetrical AC voltage on an RC terminal referenced to a GND. 
       FIG. 9A  is a diagram of waveforms  87  where loads are not energized, with transformer configuration  86 .  FIG. 9B  is a diagram of waveforms  88 , where the loads are not energized, having a heat pump fail signal with transformer configuration  86 . A waveform  202  may have the positive half-waves two times higher than negative half-waves. 
       FIG. 10  is a diagram of a heat pump  89  (e.g., a load) connected to an input  91  of a thermostat (not shown in  FIG. 10 ) (e.g., an input of a detector) and an input  92  of the thermostat(e.g., an input of a detector, where the inputs  91 ,  92  may be utilized to detect a presence of equipment and/or wires. A Zener diode  93  may be connected in series with the input  92  of the thermostat. 
     Again in a dual transformer configuration, a heat pump fail detector may be noted. If an additional zero-cross with an approximately  43  volt Zener shifter (e.g., the Zener diode  93  in  FIG. 11 ) is utilized, then one may be able to detect the heat-pump fail alert in virtually all cases (e.g., with transformers in phase and with windings in a same orientation or with a reversed transformer phase with windings in different orientations). The shifted detector of the thermostat may provide an auxiliary pulse signal V(L-SPEC_PULSES) that allows for detection of the heat-pump alert. 
     A system with a full configuration may need ten or different number of detectors plus at least one Zener diode  93 . There may be input/output (I/O) requirements (for the system) with one GPIO with a maskable interrupt option and nine standard GPIO&#39;s. 
       FIG. 11B  is a diagram of a configuration  94  with loads  99  (W O/B, W 2 -AUX, E, Y, Y2, G and L) connectable, respectively, to ten detectors  98  including the noted detectors  91  and  92  along with Zener diode  93 . A circuit  95  may be used for virtually all detectors  98  in configuration  94 , including detectors  91  and  92 . Circuit  96  is a bridge full-wave rectifier for DC power (VDD), with a filter capacitor and voltage regulator, for detectors  98  and microcontroller  97 . Microcontroller  97  may represent a non-limiting example of one or more processors. 
     Functional tests may be performed. Pulse waveform shapes and phases may be captured on a real prototype wired to a thermostat and compared with the PC simulations. Real behavior may correlate with simulations. There may be stress tests such as terminal ring-wave experimental tests, and ESD (belly up) experimental tests. Balancing may be performed. 
     Benefits of the present system may include simple passive circuitry, very low cost components, and reliability with a dual transformer configuration. 
     If C wires are connected together, an issue in some cases may be resolvable by a special resistor connected between terminals R and RC. But in that case, a winding orientation should be same to avoid heat generation on that resistor. 
     If functionality using a separated C wire is needed, one may connect an additional resistor between R and RC terminals which injects an AC voltage referenced to a thermostat&#39;s ground to the second transformer&#39;s loop. Then the detection may work for both loops independently whether the second C is connected to a thermostat or not. In this case, however, it may not be possible to detect a heat-pump alert. 
     Advantages of an additional resistor are simplicity and low cost. Concerns of the additional resistor may include prevention of heat generation in that the transformers must be wired properly (in phase) if both C wires are tied together. Also, to meet the properly phased transformer condition, there should be some user alert of improper installation which asks the user/installer to reconnect the transformer&#39;s winding as necessary. This may be unpleasant not only for DIY customers but also for contractors. If the second C is not connected to the thermostat, a heat-pump alert will not necessarily work. 
     Using the detectors with a resistor between R and C, the system may be able to work properly if the second C wire is unconnected. One may need to repair the transformer&#39;s wiring if non-phased transformers are detected. Heat pump failure detection may work properly with the additional resistor. 
       FIGS. 1A, 1B, 1C and 1D  illustrate a principle of detection with zero cross-detectors of a thermostat  30 . 
       FIG. 1A  is a schematic of a circuit associated with a thermostat  30  illustrating a principle of detection.  FIG. 1B  is a diagram  34  of waveforms corresponding to the OFF state of the circuit in  FIG. 1A . 
       FIG. 1C  is the circuit associated with thermostat  30 , with respect to the principle of detection. Signal  21  may go from terminal  22  through detector  24  to MCU  25 . MCU  25  may represent a non-limiting example of one or more processors. Also, signal  21  may go through closed switch  33  and detector  32  to MCU  25 . In an OFF state, W_DET pulses may be in phase with R_DET pulses.  FIG. 1D  is a diagram  36  of waveforms corresponding to the OFF state of the Circuit in  FIG. 1C . 
     As shown in  FIGS. 1A and 1B , a signal  21  from terminal  22  (R) from a dot-end transformer  23  through detector  24  to MCU  25 . Voltage VDD may be provided to MCU  25  and detectors  24  and  32  by a bridge full-wave rectifier  26  which is connected across terminals  22  and  27  (C) of transformer  23 . In an off state, W_DET pulses may be phase shifted by R DET pulses. A signal  28  may go from terminal  27  through equipment  29  through terminal  31  (W) and detector  32  to MCU  25 . In the OFF state, detection is possible if the phases are compared. For example, MCU  25  may compare a phase of signal  21  with a phase of signal  28 . A switch  33  connected between terminals  22  and  31  is open. 
       FIG. 2A  is a diagram of circuitry associated with thermostat  40  in an OFF state. A signal  41  may go from a terminal  42  (R_heat) through an RH terminal reference detector  43  as signal REF_RH to a terminal GPIO of microcontroller  44 . Microcontroller  44  may represent a non-limiting example of one or more processors. Terminal  42  may be connected to a dot end of a transformer  45  in heating equipment. A signal  46  may go from a terminal  47  (C) through a W load  48  (i.e., a driving input of heating equipment), through a terminal  49  (W) and a heat stage detector  51  on to a GPIO input of microcontroller  44  as signal  46  (W_DET). Terminal  47  may be connected to a non-dot end of transformer  45 . A switch  52  connected between terminals  42  and  49  may be open. 
     A signal  53  may go from a terminal  54  (R_cool) through an RC terminal reference detector  55  to a maskable INT terminal of microcontroller  44 . Terminal  54  may be connected to a dot end of a transformer  56  in air conditioning equipment. Terminal  47  may be connected to a non-dot end of transformer  56 . A bridge full-wave rectifier  57  may be connected across terminals  47  and  54  to provide DC power. 
     Signal  46  may go through a Y load  58  (i.e., a driving input of air conditioning equipment), through terminal  59  (Y) and a cool stage detector  61  on to a GPIO input of microcontroller  44  as signal  46  (Y_DET). A switch  62  connected between terminals  54  and  59  may be open.  FIG. 2B  is a diagram  64  of waveforms corresponding to the circuit of  FIG. 2A . 
       FIG. 3A  is a diagram of circuitry associated with thermostat  40  in a heat on state. Signal  41  may go from terminal  42  (R_heat) through an RH terminal reference  43  as a signal REF_RH to a terminal GPIO of microcontroller  44 . Signal  41  may also go through a closed switch  52  to and through one of the heat stages detector  51  to a terminal GPIO as signal W_DET at microcontroller  44 . Signal  41  may also go to through terminal  49  (W) connected to a W load (i.e., a driving input of heating equipment). A terminal  42  may be connected to a dot-end of the transformer  45  (in heating equipment). 
     A signal  53  may go from a terminal  54  (R_cool) through an RC terminal reference detector  55  on as a signal RF_RC to terminal maskable INT input of microcontroller  44 . Terminal  54  may be connected to a dot end of transformer  56  (in air conditioning equipment). A signal  46  may go from terminal  47  (C) through a Y load  58  (i.e., a driving input of air conditioning equipment), and through one of the cool stage detector  61  to a GPIO terminal of microcontroller  44  as Y_DET signal. Terminal  47  may be connected to a non-dot end of transformer  56  and a non-dot end of transformer  45 . An open switch  62  may be connected between terminal  54  and terminal  59  (Y). A bridge full-wave rectifier  57  may be connected across terminal  54  and  47  to provide DC power (VDD).  FIG. 3B  is a diagram  66  of waveforms corresponding to the circuit of  FIG. 3A . 
     An alternative to the circuitry in  FIG. 4A  may be the switch  52  being opened and the switch  62  being closed. This may result in thermostat  40  to be in a cool on state. Switches  52  and  62  may be relay, mechanical, or solid-state operated. 
       FIG. 4A  is a diagram of circuitry associated with thermostat  40  in a heat-on state but without a signal  46  from terminal  47  going anywhere. Y load  58  (i.e., the driving input of air conditioning equipment) is not depicted in the circuitry of  FIG. 5A .  FIG. 4B  is a diagram  68  of waveforms corresponding to the circuit of  FIG. 4A . 
       FIG. 5A  is a diagram of circuitry associated with thermostat  40  in an off state with a reversed heat transformer  45  winding. This circuitry, except for the reversed transformer winding, is similar to the circuitry in the diagram of  FIG. 2A .  FIG. 5B  is a diagram  70  of waveforms corresponding to the circuit of  FIG. 5A . 
       FIG. 6  is a diagram of nomenclature for a conventional thermostat  71 , and that for a thermostat  71  of a heat pump. There may be variations of nomenclature among thermostats by different manufacturers. There may also be variations of colors for wires used to connect the thermostats. “G” may be green for a fan; “R” may be red for 24 VAC; “Y” may be yellow for a compressor or air conditioner; “W” may be white for heating; “C” may be blue or another color for a common for 24 VAC; “AUX/E” may be for auxiliary heat strips; “S” may be for a service light; “O/B” may be for a heat pump. A “2” after a letter may refer to auxiliary (e.g., aux) equipment or second stage activity. 
       FIG. 7A  is a table  75  of check-offs for a thermostat having a single transformer configuration (or a dual in phase transformer configuration). The table may ask questions about a wired load, energized load, detected pulses phase and interpretation. These questions may be asked for after power up, off state and for a later (e.g., call for heat). The terminals to loads observed may be RC, RH, Y, Y2, G, W-O/B, W2 AUX and E. 
       FIG. 7B  is a table  76  similar to the table of  FIG. 8A  except that the check-offs may be for a dual transformer configuration heat transformer with a reversed winding orientation. A “*” indication in table  76  may imply that if one of the transformers has reversed winding orientation, a detected phase is the same not only in an off state but also in an energized state (for loads powered from RH). 
       FIG. 7C  is a table  77  asking questions like those for tables  75  and  76 , but only for after power up, off state, for a dual transformer configuration, where an R wire from a transformer is accidently miss-wired to a W-O/B terminal. 
     In some cases, the tables  75 ,  76 ,  77  may be depicted on a user interface of a thermostat, a user interface of a thermostat installation tool, and/or a user interface of one or more other suitable electronic components. 
     The disclosure contemplates computer-readable storage media comprising instructions to cause a processor to perform any of the functions and techniques described herein. The computer-readable storage media may take the example form of any volatile, non-volatile, magnetic, optical, or electrical media, such as a RAM, ROM, NVRAM, EEPROM, or flash memory. The computer-readable storage media may be referred to as non-transitory. A computing device may also contain a more portable removable memory type to enable easy data transfer or offline data analysis. 
     The techniques described in this disclosure, including those attributed to MCU  25 , microcontroller  44 , MCU  97 , and various constituent components, may be implemented, at least in part, in hardware, software, firmware or any combination thereof. For example, various aspects of the techniques may be implemented within one or more processors, including one or more microprocessors, DSPs, ASICs, FPGAs, or any other equivalent integrated or discrete logic circuitry, as well as any combinations of such components. The term “processor” or “processing circuitry” may generally refer to any of the foregoing logic circuitry, alone or in combination with other logic circuitry, or any other equivalent circuitry. 
     As used herein, the term “circuitry” refers to an ASIC, an electronic circuit, a processor (shared, dedicated, or group) and memory that execute one or more software or firmware programs, a combinational logic circuit, or other suitable components that provide the described functionality. The term “processing circuitry” refers one or more processors distributed across one or more devices. For example, “processing circuitry” can include a single processor or multiple processors on a device. “Processing circuitry” can also include processors on multiple devices, wherein the operations described herein may be distributed across the processors and devices. 
     Such hardware, software, firmware may be implemented within the same device or within separate devices to support the various operations and functions described in this disclosure. For example, any of the techniques or processes described herein may be performed within one device or at least partially distributed amongst two or more devices. In addition, any of the described units, modules or components may be implemented together or separately as discrete but interoperable logic devices. Depiction of different features as modules or units is intended to highlight different functional aspects and does not necessarily imply that such modules or units must be realized by separate hardware or software components. Rather, functionality associated with one or more modules or units may be performed by separate hardware or software components, or integrated within common or separate hardware or software components. 
     The techniques described in this disclosure may also be embodied or encoded in an article of manufacture including a non-transitory computer-readable storage medium encoded with instructions. Instructions embedded or encoded in an article of manufacture including a non-transitory computer-readable storage medium encoded, may cause one or more programmable processors, or other processors, to implement one or more of the techniques described herein, such as when instructions included or encoded in the non-transitory computer-readable storage medium are executed by the one or more processors. Example non-transitory computer-readable storage media may include RAM, ROM, programmable ROM (PROM), EPROM, EEPROM, flash memory, a hard disk, a compact disc ROM (CD-ROM), a floppy disk, a cassette, magnetic media, optical media, or any other computer readable storage devices or tangible computer readable media. 
     In some examples, a computer-readable storage medium comprises non-transitory medium. The term “non-transitory” may indicate that the storage medium is not embodied in a carrier wave or a propagated signal. In certain examples, a non-transitory storage medium may store data that can, over time, change (e.g., in RANI or cache). Elements of devices and circuitry described herein, including, but not limited to, MCU  25 , microcontroller  44 , and MCU  97 , may be programmed with various forms of software. The one or more processors may be implemented at least in part as, or include, one or more executable applications, application modules, libraries, classes, methods, objects, routines, subroutines, firmware, and/or embedded code, for example. 
     Various examples of the disclosure have been described. Any combination of the described systems, operations, or functions is contemplated. These and other examples are within the scope of the following claims. 
     Any publication or patent document noted herein is hereby incorporated by reference to the same extent as if each individual publication or patent document was specifically and individually indicated to be incorporated by reference. 
     In the present specification, some of the matter may be of a hypothetical or prophetic nature although stated in another manner or tense. 
     Although the present system and/or approach has been described with respect to at least one illustrative example, many variations and modifications will become apparent to those skilled in the art upon reading the specification. It is therefore the intention that the appended claims be interpreted as broadly as possible in view of the related art to include all such variations and modifications.