Patent Publication Number: US-8541003-B2

Title: Vectors expressing SARS immunogens, compositions containing such vectors or expression products thereof, methods and assays for making and using

Description:
RELATED APPLICATIONS/INCORPORATION BY REFERENCE 
     This application claims priority from U.S. Provisional Application Nos. 60/480,118 filed Jun. 20, 2003 and 60/554,742 filed Mar. 19, 2004. Each of the above applications, together with each document cited therein, and each of the documents referenced or cited in documents cited therein, are hereby incorporated herein by reference. Additionally, each document cited in this text (“application cited documents”) and each document cited or referenced in each of the application cited documents, and any manufacturer&#39;s specifications, data sheets, descriptions, product literature, instructions and the like for any products mentioned herein or in herein cited documents or in documents cited in herein cited documents, is hereby incorporated herein by reference. None of the documents incorporated by reference into this text is admitted to be prior art with respect to the present invention, but, documents incorporated by reference into this text may be employed in the practice of the invention. 
    
    
     SEQUENCE LISTING 
     The instant application contains a Sequence Listing which has been submitted in ASCII format via EFS-Web and is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. Said ASCII copy, created on Nov. 16, 2011, is named 43122238.txt and is 156,110 bytes in size. 
     FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
     The invention relates to SARS (severe acute respiratory syndrome virus, a coronavirus) immunogens, antigens, or epitopes, nucleic acid molecules encoding such immunogens, antigens, or epitopes, vectors containing such nucleic acid molecules, e.g., viral vectors such as baculovirus vectors, DNA vectors, such as DNA plasmid vectors, e.g., DNA plasmids that express a nucleic acid molecule in a mammalian cell, uses for such immunogens, antigens or epitopes and vectors, e.g., as an active component immunogenic, immunological or vaccine compositions, or to generate antibodies, such as monoclonal antibodies, and methods for making, and using such immunogens, antigens or epitopes, vectors, antibodies, including in methods for eliciting an immunological or immunogenic or vaccine response, as well as in assays or diagnostic kits or methods. The invention also involves the seamless fusion of sequences in a plasmid or vector, e.g., a sequence encoding a leader sequence and a sequence encoding a protein, epitope or immunogen or antigen. 
     BACKGROUND 
     SARS—or severe acute respiratory syndrome—is a respiratory disease. Main symptoms include fever, dry cough, headache, shortness of breath and difficulty of breathing. Many of those infected develop viral pneumonia resulting in infection of the lower respiratory tract. SARS is highly contagious, and is spread by droplets caused by coughing or sneezing or through other methods such as fecal contamination. WHO estimates that SARS is fatal in around 10-15% of all cases. As of May 28, 2003, 8,240 cases were identified worldwide and 745 people died (Source: World Health Organization). Among the elderly, specifically those patients 60 years or older, there is a 43% fatality rate. (Stohr, 2003). Currently, there is no specific treatment for SARS, nor is there a reliable diagnostic test to date. 
     Recently Koch&#39;s postulates were fulfilled for associating the SARS coronavirus with the SARS disease (Fouchier, Kuiken et al. 2003). Fouchier et al. described proof from experimental infection of cynomolgus macaques, that the SARS-associated virus (SCV) is indeed the aetiological agent of the disease. Earlier, other groups had already described the isolation of SCV from diseased hosts and cultivation of the SCV in host cells (Drosten, Gunther et al. 2003; Ksiazek, Erdman et al. 2003). 
     Coronaviruses infect a variety of livestock, poultry and companion animals. Coronaviruses are spherical, enveloped viruses, ranging from 160-180 nm in diameter and containing a positive-stranded RNA genome. With their genome of approximately 30,000 bases, they are considered the largest of the known RNA viruses. Like influenza viruses they have the ability to genetically recombine with other members of the coronavirus family. Coronavirus is infamous for being a cause of the common cold. 
     The morphology of the Coronavirus is shown in  FIG. 10  and a schematic picture is shown in  FIG. 11 . 
     SARS, caused by a coronavirus, has become a problem. This is evidenced by the following: SARS has been demonstrated to grow in VERO (green African monkey kidney) cells and has been found in mammalian species, e.g., civet cat and racoon-dog, and such factors indicate that the virus will remain active for the indefinite future and may increase in virulence. 
     SARS immunogens, antigens, or epitopes, nucleic acid molecules encoding such immunogens, antigens, or epitopes, vectors containing such nucleic acid molecules, uses for such immunogens, antigens or epitopes and vectors, e.g., as an active component immunogenic, immunological or vaccine compositions, or to generate antibodies, such as monoclonal antibodies, and methods for making, and using such immunogens, antigens or epitopes, vectors, antibodies, including in methods for eliciting an immunological or immunogenic or vaccine response, as well as in assays or diagnostic kits or methods, would be useful in addressing SARS. 
     OBJECTS/SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     An object of the invention can be to clone and express, purify, scale-up, characterize and produce coronavirus, e.g., SARS, proteins, such as the S-protein, e.g., SARS S protein, for instance, using the baculovirus expression vector system; advantageously, the proteins, such as SARS S protein, are useful in immunogenic, immunological or vaccine compositions, or to generate monoclonal antibodies that are useful in kits, tests, methods or assays (e.g., diagnostics). The S protein can be full length or truncated or a fusion. And, the invention also can have as an object providing seamless joining of nucleic acid molecules. Furthermore, the invention provides combination compositions, e.g., compositions that contain and/or express one or more SARS antigens, epitopes or immunogens, and one or more antigens, epitopes or immunogens of another pathogen, such as influenza, e.g., influenza HA and/or NA. The invention further envisions compositions that contain and/or express one or more SARS antigens, epitopes or immunogens from more than one isolate, e.g., at least two isolates, such as three or more isolates, advantageously three isolates. On this point, as an influenza vaccine contains and/or expresses one or more HA and/or NA antigens, epitopes or immunogens, such as three HA and/or NA antigens, epitopes or immunogens, e.g., from different strains, such as those chosen by the WHO, in a combination composition, it is advantageous to likewise contain and/or express one or more HA and/or NA antigens, epitopes or immunogens; and, even further, it may be advantageous for the composition to contain and/or express a SARS protein from more than one isolate, such as at least two isolates, e.g., three or more isolates, for instance three isolates. And as to SARS antigens, epitopes or immunogens, while any or all of S, S1, S2, M, N and E or portions(s) thereof are envisioned by the invention, S, such as full length S is considered advantageous. 
     It is noted that in this disclosure, terms such as “comprises”, “comprised”, “comprising”, “contains”, “containing” and the like can have the meaning attributed to them in U.S. Patent law; e.g., they can mean “includes”, “included”, “including” and the like. Terms such as “consisting essentially of” and “consists essentially of” have the meaning attributed to them in U.S. Patent law, e.g., they allow for the inclusion of additional ingredients or steps that do not detract from the novel or basic characteristics of the invention, i.e., they exclude additional unrecited ingredients or steps that detract from novel or basic characteristics of the invention, and they exclude ingredients or steps of the prior art, such as documents in the art that are cited herein or are incorporated by reference herein, especially as it is a goal of this document to define embodiments that are patentable, e.g., novel, nonobvious, inventive, over the prior art, e.g., over documents cited herein or incorporated by reference herein. And, the terms “consists of” and “consisting of” have the meaning ascribed to them in U.S. Patent law; namely, that these terms are closed ended. 
     Other aspects of the invention are described in or are obvious from (and within the ambit of the invention) the following disclosure. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       The following Detailed Description, given by way of example, but not intended to limit the invention to any specific embodiments described, may be understood in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, incorporated herein by reference, in which: 
         FIGS. 1A ,  1 B show an amino acid sequence for the SARS S protein and a nucleotide sequences encoding a SARS S protein with restriction sites and primers for cloning indicated (SEQ ID Nos: 1 and 2) (see also  FIG. 7 ); 
         FIGS. 2A ,  2 B show a nucleotide sequence encoding the SARS S ORF; ATG, AGT and TAA in bold (SEQ ID NO: 3); 
         FIG. 3  shows a nucleotide sequence encoding SARS E protein (SEQ ID NO: 4); 
         FIG. 4  shows a SARS E protein amino acid sequence (SEQ ID NO: 5); 
         FIG. 5  shows a nucleotide sequence encoding SARS M protein (SEQ ID NO: 6); 
         FIG. 6A  shows a SARS M protein amino acid sequence (SEQ ID NO: 7); 
         FIG. 6B  shows a nucleic acid sequence encoding SARS N protein (SEQ ID NO: 8); 
         FIG. 6C  shows an amino acid sequence for SARS N protein (SEQ ID NO: 9); 
         FIG. 7  shows primers for cloning of SARS S ORF: primer 2165 (SEQ ID NO: 10); primer 2166 (SEQ ID NO: 11); primer 2167 (SEQ ID NO: 12); primer 2168 (SEQ ID NO: 13); primer 2169 (SEQ ID NO: 14); primer 2170 (SEQ ID NO: 15); primer 2171 (SEQ ID NO: 16) (see also  FIG. 1 ); 
         FIG. 8  shows a restriction map of the SARS S ORF; 
         FIG. 9  shows a schematic strategy for preparing a baculovirus (BEVS or BV) expression vector; 
         FIG. 10  shows coronavirus particles; the coronavirus particles are irregularly-shaped, ˜60-220 nm in diameter, with an outer envelope bearing distinctive, ‘club-shaped’ peplomers (˜20 nm long×10 nm at wide distal end); this ‘crown-like’ appearance (Latin, corona) gives the family its name; the center of the particle appears amorphous in negatively stained EM preps, the nucleocapsid being in a loosely wound rather disordered state; 
         FIG. 11  shows a schematic representation of the SARS coronavirus; the envelope carries two glycoproteins: S—Spike glycoprotein: receptor binding, cell fusion, major antigen (180-200 kDa) and M—Membrane glycoprotein: transmembrane—budding and envelope formation (30-35 kDa); in a few types, there is a third glycoprotein: HE—Haemagglutinin-esterase (65-70 kDa), this protein has not been identified in the coronavirus associated with SARS (Ruan et al., 2003); the genome is associated with a basic phosphoprotein, N; 
         FIGS. 12A , B, C, D and E show schematic overviews of S-protein production processes. 
         FIGS. 13A-F  show sequence alignments of canine enteric coronavirus (SEQ ID NO: 17), canine coronavirus (SEQ ID NO: 18), feline coronavirus (SEQ ID NO: 19), feline infectious peritonitis virus (SEQ ID NO: 20), porcine transmissible gastro coronavirus (SEQ ID NO: 21), porcine respiratory coronavirus (SEQ ID NO: 22), human coronavirus (SEQ ID NO: 23), porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (SEQ ID NO: 24), bovine coronavirus (SEQ ID NO: 25), SARS coronavirus (SEQ ID NO: 26), and avian infectious bronchitis virus (SEQ ID NO: 27). 
         FIG. 14  is a schematic presentation of the three generated constructs. 
         FIG. 15  is a picture of a gel. 
         FIG. 16  is a picture of a gel. 
         FIG. 17  is a picture of a gel. 
         FIG. 18  is a picture of a Western Blot. 
         FIG. 19  is picture of a Western Blot. 
         FIG. 20  is a picture of a Western Blot. 
         FIG. 21  is a picture of two Western Blots. 
         FIG. 22  is a picture of two Western Blots. 
         FIG. 23  is picture of a gel and a Western Blot. 
         FIG. 24  is a picture of a gel. 
         FIG. 25  is a picture of a gel. 
         FIG. 26  is a picture of a gel. 
         FIG. 27  is a picture of a gel. 
         FIG. 28  is a picture of a gel. 
         FIG. 29  is a picture of a gel. 
         FIG. 30  is a picture of a gel. 
         FIG. 31  is a picture of a gel. 
         FIG. 32  are pictures of gels and Western Blots. 
         FIG. 33  is a picture of a gel and Western Blot showing SEC fraction 17 blotted with Imgenex peptide antibody corresponding to a.a. #288-305 (542). 
         FIG. 34  is a picture of a gel and Western Blot. 
         FIG. 35  is a picture of a gel and Western Blot. 
         FIG. 36  is a picture of a gel and Western Blot. 
         FIG. 37  is a picture of a gel and Western Blot. 
         FIG. 38  is a picture of a gel and Western Blot. 
         FIG. 39  is a picture of a Western Blot. 
         FIG. 40  is a picture of a Western Blot. 
         FIG. 41  is a picture of a Western Blot. 
         FIG. 42  is a picture of a Western Blot. 
         FIG. 43  is a picture of a Western Blot. 
         FIG. 44  is a picture of a gel. 
         FIG. 45  is a picture of a Western Blot. 
         FIG. 46  is a picture of a Western Blot. 
         FIG. 47  is a picture of a gel and a Western Blot. 
         FIG. 48  is a picture of a gel and a Western Blot. 
         FIG. 49  is a picture of a gel. 
         FIG. 50  is a picture of a gel and a Western Blot. 
         FIG. 51  is a picture of a gel and a Western Blot. 
         FIG. 52  is a picture of a gel and a Western Blot. 
         FIG. 53  is a picture of a gel and a Western Blot. 
         FIG. 54  is a picture of a gel and a Western Blot. 
         FIG. 55  is a picture of a gel. 
         FIG. 56  is a picture of a gel and a Western Blot. 
         FIG. 57  is a picture of a gel and a Western Blot. 
         FIG. 58  is a picture of a gel and a Western Blot. 
         FIG. 59  is a picture of a gel and Western Blots. 
         FIG. 60  is a bar graph. 
         FIG. 61  is a bar graph. 
         FIG. 62  is a picture of a gel. 
         FIG. 63  is a picture of a gel and a Western Blot. 
         FIG. 64  is a picture of a gel and a Western Blot. 
         FIG. 65  is a picture of a gel and a Western Blot. 
         FIG. 66  is a picture of a gel and a Western Blot. 
         FIG. 67  is a picture of a gel and a Western Blot. 
         FIG. 68  is a picture of two gels. 
         FIG. 69  is a picture of two gels. 
         FIG. 70  is a picture of a gel. 
         FIG. 71  is a bar graph. 
         FIG. 72  is a line chart. 
         FIG. 73  is a bar graph. 
         FIG. 74  is a line chart. 
         FIG. 75  is a bar graph. 
         FIG. 76  is a line chart. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     As discussed above, this invention relates to SARS (severe acute respiratory syndrome virus, a coronavirus) immunogens, antigens, or epitopes, nucleic acid molecules encoding such immunogens, antigens, or epitopes, vectors containing such nucleic acid molecules, e.g., viral vectors such as baculovirus vectors, DNA vectors, such as DNA plasmid vectors, e.g., DNA plasmids that express a nucleic acid molecule in a mammalian cell, uses for such immunogens, antigens or epitopes and vectors, e.g., as an active component immunogenic, immunological or vaccine compositions, or to generate antibodies, such as monoclonal antibodies, and methods for making, and using such immunogens, antigens or epitopes, vectors, antibodies, including in methods for eliciting an immunological or immunogenic or vaccine response, as well as in assays or diagnostic kits or methods. 
       FIGS. 1A ,  1 B,  2 A,  2 B,  3 - 6 C (SEQ ID Nos: 1-9) provide nucleic acid sequences encoding SARS immunogens, antigens or epitopes, and amino acid sequences for such immunogens, antigens or epitopes.  FIGS. 7 and 8  (SEQ ID Nos: 10-16) provide primers for cloning SARS S ORF, as well as a restriction map for the SARS S ORF.  FIGS. 10 and 11  provide information on the SARS coronavirus.  FIG. 9  provides a schematic for preparing a BEVS expression vector that can contain one or more of the nucleic acid molecules encoding SARS immunogens, antigens or epitopes,  FIG. 12  provides a protein purification strategy, e.g., as to SARS S; and,  FIG. 13  (SEQ ID Nos: 17-27) provides a sequence alignment. Thus, through the figures, the description provides that to which the invention relates, and the reader is invited to view the figures in conjunction with the herein discussion. 
     Applicants received passage #3 of SARS CoV 3200300841 in Trizol LS Reagent from the CDC (Dr Erdman, Acting Chief, Respiratory Virus Section, CDC/NCID/DVRD/REVB). This virus was prepared from culture batch 809940 that had a titer of 4 log on plaque assay. Lysate from this culture was added to TRIzol reagent and 1 ml was received by Applicants. The Applicants used this lysate to isolate RNA and produce cDNA. This cDNA was then used to prepare a recombinant expression vectors, e.g., viral expression vectors, DNA plasmid expression vectors, advantageously a baculovirus expression vector for the gene construct by co-transfection of insect cells with the baculovirus transfer plasmid and a baculovirus  Autographa californica  Nuclear Polyhedrosis Virus (AcNPV) parent vector. During this process, the gene was transferred into the baculovirus genome via homologous recombination such that the S-protein is under the control of the highly expressed AcNPV polyhedrin promoter. Recombinant viruses are identified by plaque assay, isolated and purified. Cloning is being done in such a way as to preserve the exact S-protein amino-acid sequence. The protein can be expressed with a baculovirus signal peptide (see, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 6,245,532, as well as for general methods involving expression in recombinant baculovirus). 
     A recombinant AcNPV-S-protein baculovirus virus bank is prepared by infection of serum-free insect cells (see, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 6,103,526) and harvest of the supernatant media containing high titers of infectious baculoviruses. See, e.g., PCT Publication WO 00/46354 regarding apparatus and methods for high density growth of cells, including cells infected with recombinant virus such as baculovirus. 
     The expression of the recombinant S-protein is analyzed by SDS-PAGE/Coomassie Blue staining and Western blot analyses. 
     The titer of the virus stock is determined and this virus stock is used to produce a 10 L cell pellet. This pellet can be used for purification. 
     Full-length S-protein can be secreted from insect cells and be attached to the surface of the cell membrane. Using mild detergent conditions the S-protein is solubilized. The protein is then purified to eliminate contaminating proteins and nucleic acids by using column chromatography. 
     N-terminal sequencing confirms that it is an authentic, full-length antigen. In addition, biological activity of the S-protein may be assessed based on its ability to agglutinate mice red blood cells. As described above, recombinant virus from a single viral plaque is propagated through several passages at a low multiplicity of infection to generate a large quantity of inoculum and stored in aliquots in liquid nitrogen as the working virus bank (WVB). The WVB is tested for freedom from bacteria, fungi and other adventitious agents, including contaminating wild type or other recombinant baculoviruses. Identity is confirmed by Southern blot analysis of the insert from purified baculovirus DNA and by Western blot analysis of the recombinant protein produced in infected insect cells. 
     As to truncated S-protein, Applicants&#39; truncated forms of the S-protein can lack the cytoplasmic and trans-membrane portion of the S-protein, e.g., comprise, consist essentially of or consist of, the S1 or S2 region. Applicants&#39; constructs include a construct encoding an S-protein that contains a his-tag to facilitate purification development. It appears the S protein may be expressed as a trimer. Moreover, M and/or N and/or E proteins, or portions thereof, are expressed in accordance with the invention. 
     Identity tests include SDS-PAGE and Western blot analysis and, amino acid analysis and N-terminal sequencing. These confirm an authentic, full-length antigen. A test of sterility can be done in accordance with 21 CFR 610.12. A test for purity can be done in accordance with 21 CFR 610.13 and this measures the purity of the S-protein antigen and measure for the presence of pyrogenic substances. A measure of the amount of S-protein antigen present in the bulk material is done using a standard chemical assay for protein and used to calculate the dilution required for the final container fill. 
     The S protein is a candidate antigen for coronavirus vaccines since it induces virus neutralizing (VN) antibodies. The S protein (spike glycoprotein, a surface protein) appears to be a major antigen of SARS and is key to infection through ACE2 receptor binding. In addition the haemagglutinin-esterase (HE) protein has been described to stimulate the production of VN and HE inhibiting antibodies (Saif 1993), however this protein is not present in SCV. Also, the M protein was described to induce antibodies that neutralize virus in the presence of complement (Saif 1993). Antigenic specificity of the virion can be determined by neutralization tests (S and HE), or complement fixation tests (M). Protective immunity is induced in the form of complement independent neutralizing antibodies. 
     The full length gene encoding the S-protein including various fragments from the transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV) were cloned and expressed in baculovirus vectors. Piglets were immunized with cells infected with the recombinant viruses and it was shown that the amino terminal half of the S protein, containing all four major antigenic sites (A, B, C and D), induced VN antibody titers (Tuboly, Nagy et al. 1994). Soluble truncated S-proteins from human coronavirus HCoV-229E by using baculovirus expression vectors can be produced and the receptor-binding domain of the spike glycoprotein in the N-terminal 547 amino acids of the full length gene can be identified and located (Bonavia, Zelus et al. 2003). 
     In the case of feline infectious peritonitis virus (FIPV) vaccination with the S-protein cloned and expressed in vaccinia virus vectors has been implicated in antibody-mediated enhancement of the virus infection (Vennema, de Groot et al. 1990; Vennema, de Groot et al. 1990; Klepfer, Reed et al. 1995). In addition, similar phenomena was reported after immunization of cats against FIV with inactivated or live FIP virus (Scott 1987). Specific antigenic sites of the S-protein were reported to be involved in this antibody-dependent enhancement (Corapi, Darteil et al. 1995). 
     However, Paoletti in U.S. Pat. No. 5,858,373 reports the utility of attenuated vectors, e.g., NYVAC, ALVAC, expressing FIPV antigens, e.g., S, S1, S2, S3, M, N, M+N. Accordingly, it is believed that the alleged issue of enhancement of virus infection may be due to the nature of the vector employed in previous studies or may be unique to cats. Thus, the present invention envisions an attenuated or non-replicating vector (in mammalian cells), such as a DNA plasmid, MVA, ALVAC, NYVAC, or a baculovirus that employs a mammalian promoter such as a CMV promoter or an SV40 promoter, for expressing one or more SARS proteins, such as S and/or S1 and/or S2 and/or E and/or M and/or N in vivo. Documents cited herein may be consulted for the construction and use of such a vector. But generally, the teachings in the Paoletti 373 patent may be employed in constructing and using poxvirus, e.g., MVA ALVAC and NYVAC SARS vectors; and the teachings in Audonnet U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,228,846 and 6,159,477 may be relied upon for DNA plasmid teachings that can be employed in constructing and using DNA plasmids that contain and express in vivo SARS proteins. Generally, a plasmid for a vaccine or immunological composition can comprise DNA encoding an antigen (e.g., SARS S, S1, S2, E, M, N or combinations thereof) operatively linked to regulatory sequences which control expression or expression and secretion of the antigen from a host cell, e.g., a mammalian cell; for instance, from upstream to downstream, DNA for a promoter, such as a mammalian virus promoter (e.g., a CMV promoter such as an hCMV or mCMV promoter, e.g., an early-intermediate promoter, or an SV40 promoter—see documents cited or incorporated herein for useful promoters), DNA for a eukaryotic leader peptide for secretion (e.g., for tissue plasminogen activator—see documents cited or incorporated herein for useful leader peptides), DNA for the antigen (SARS S and/or S1 and/or S2 and/or E and/or M), and DNA encoding a terminator (e.g., the 3′ UTR transcriptional terminator from the gene encoding Bovine Growth Hormone or bGH polyA—see documents cited or incorporated herein). A composition can contain more than one plasmid or vector, whereby each vector contains and expresses a different SARS protein or antigen or epitope. Mention is also made of Wasmoen U.S. Pat. No. 5,849,303, and Dale U.S. Pat. No. 5,811,104, whose text may be useful. There may be no cleavage of the SARS S-protein contrary to the coronaviruses that belong to group 1, such that full length S may be more advantageous than S1 and S2—either expressed by plasmid, vector or recombinant virus preparations or in subunit preparations. 
     Furthermore, the invention envisions compositions, e.g., immunogenic, immunological or vaccine compositions, containing, consisting essentially of or consisting of one or more isolated SARS antigens, immunogens or epitopes, e.g., one or more of S, S1, S2, E, M, N, such as N1 such as combinations thereof, S or S1 and/or S+E and/or M and/or N such as N1. 
     Even further still, the invention envisions compositions that contain SARS proteins and/or vectors and/or plasmids expressing SARS proteins from more than one isolate, e.g., from two or more isolates, such as from three different isolates. Advantageously, compositions contain S proteins or portions thereof, e.g., S1 or S2, from three different isolates, or vectors or plasmids that express such S proteins or portions thereof from three different isolates. Isolates should be selected so as to maximize the immunogenic response to the composition. 
     Compositions in forms for various administration routes are envisioned by the invention. The effective dosage and route of administration are determined by known factors, such as age, sex, weight of the patient or subject and other screening procedures which are known and do not require undue experimentation. Dosages of each active agent (antigen, immunogen or epitope) can be as in herein cited or incorporated by reference documents and/or can range from one or a few to a few hundred or thousand micrograms, e.g., 1 μg to 1 mg. Recombinants or vectors can be administered in a suitable amount to obtain in vivo expression corresponding to the dosages described herein and/or in herein cited documents. For instance, suitable ranges for viral suspensions can be determined empirically. The viral vector or recombinant in the invention can be administered to a subject or patient or infected or transfected into cells in an amount of about at least 10 3  pfu; more preferably about 10 4  pfu to about 10 10  pfu, e.g., about 10 5  pfu to about 10 9  pfu, for instance about 10 6  pfu to about 10 8  pfu, per dose, e.g. of about 2 ml. And, if more than one gene product is expressed by more than one recombinant, each recombinant can be administered in these amounts; or, each recombinant can be administered such that there is, in combination, a sum of recombinants comprising these amounts. In plasmid compositions employed in the invention, dosages can be as described in documents cited herein or as described herein. For instance, suitable quantities of each plasmid DNA in plasmid compositions can be 1 μg to 2 mg, preferably 50 μg to 1 mg. Documents cited herein regarding DNA plasmid vectors may be consulted by the skilled artisan to ascertain other suitable dosages for DNA plasmid vector compositions of the invention, without undue experimentation. However, the dosage of the composition(s), concentration of components therein and timing of administering the composition(s), which elicit a suitable immunologenic response, can be determined by methods such as by antibody titrations of sera, e.g., by ELISA and/or seroneutralization assay analysis and/or by vaccination challenge evaluation in test animals. Such determinations do not require undue experimentation from the knowledge of the skilled artisan, this disclosure and the documents cited herein. And, the time for sequential administrations (as sequential administrations of compositions of the invention are envisioned by this disclosure, e.g., wherein the same or different compositions are administered sequentially, such as in a prime-boost regimen; for instance, a vector can be administered and thereafter an isolated protein composition or vice versa) can be likewise ascertained with methods ascertainable from this disclosure, and the knowledge in the art, without undue experimentation. Indeed, as to subunit preparations, it is advantageous to administer two doses, each averaging about 50 micrograms of the SARS protein. 
     In addition, the invention envisions combination or cocktail compositions; that is, compositions that contain antigens or epitopes or immunogens of other pathogens, such as influenza, e.g., influenza HA, NA or M2 or portions thereof and/or contain vectors or plasmids or recombinants that express additional antigens or epitopes or immunogens of other pathogens, such as influenza, e.g., influenza HA or NA or M2. An advantageous composition can contain one or more SARS proteins, for instance, S proteins or portions thereof, e.g., S1, S2 or an epitope thereof, e.g., from different isolates, such as three different isolates, as discussed above, and influenza HA and/or NA or epitopic portions thereof, e.g., influenza HA or portions thereof from one or more strains such as from three strains and/or NA or portions thereof from one or more strains such as from three strains (e.g., influenza strains selected by WHO as they do annually for the annual trivalent influenza vaccine). The amount of HA and NA in such a combination composition can be as in herein cited documents, as well as in available influenza vaccine preparations. Likewise, a vector or plasmid or recombinant virus composition can express in vivo such SARS and influenza proteins. In this fashion, SARS and influenza may be addressed in the same preparation, especially as SARS may, like influenza, call for annual administration or immunization or vaccination. And, of course, inventive compositions can contain all of M, S, N and E of SARS, e.g., from different isolates, such as from three or four different isolates, alone, or in further combination with other antigens, epitopes, or immunogens of other pathogens, such as influenza HA and/or NA and/or M2 as herein discussed, and/or vector(s), plasmid(s) and/or recombinant virus(es) that express such SARS and/or other antigens, epitopes or immunogens, e.g., influenza HA and/or NA and/or M2 (such as from one or two or three or four or more different strains), in vivo. Further, proteosomes may be utilized in the vaccines of the present invention, including through methods described by Jones et al. (Jones, Allard et al. 2003). 
     Such combination compositions can be administered in forms employed for anti-influenza preparations, e.g., by injection, intranasally (mucosally), etc. and as herein described for herein compositions and as in documents cited and incorporated herein by reference. 
     Additionally or alternatively, the additional antigen, epitope or immunogen—either present in the composition and/or expressed by a vector in a composition of the invention can be from Pneumonia, e.g.,  Streptococcus pneumonia , such as PspA, PspC or any of the 23 antigens or epitopes typically used in an anti-pneumonia preparation; see, e.g., U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,500,613, 6,232,116, 6,231,870, 6,042,838, 6,027,734, 6,004,802, 5,997,882, 5,980,909, 5,965,400, 5,965,141, 5,955,089, 5,871,943, 5,856,170, 5,804,193, 5,753,463, 5,476,929 and documents cited therein. The pneumococcal antigen, epitope or immunogen can be present or expressed as in documents cited herein or incorporated herein by reference or as in known preparations; and, such combination compositions can be administered in forms employed for anti-pneumonia preparations, e.g., by injection, intranasally (mucosally), orally, etc. and as herein described for herein compositions and as in document cited and incorporated herein by reference. Compositions of the invention may be used for parenteral or mucosal administration, preferably by intradermal or intramuscular routes. When mucosal administration is used, it is possible to use oral, nasal, or ocular routes. Topical administration is also envisioned by the invention; see, e.g., Tang U.S. Pat. No. 6,348,540 and U.S. PATENT APPLICATION NO. 20030045492, and U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,910,306 and 5,980,898, whose text may be consulted for the topical administration of vector or plasmid compositions, as well as for compositions containing immunogen(s), antigen(s) or epitope(s). 
     In such compositions the immunogen(s), antigen(s) or epitope(s), or the vector or plasmid may be in a mixture with a suitable carrier, diluent, or excipient such as sterile water, physiological saline, glucose or the like, and/or with an adjuvant. The compositions can also be lyophilized or frozen. The compositions can contain auxiliary substances such as pH buffering agents, adjuvants, preservatives, polymer excipients used for mucosal routes, and the like, depending upon the route of administration and the preparation desired. Standard texts, such as “REMINGTON&#39;S PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCE” (Gennaro 1985), “HAND BOOK OF PHARMACEUTICAL EXCIPIENTS” (Rowe, Sheskey et al. 2003), incorporated herein by reference, may be consulted to prepare suitable preparations, without undue experimentation. Suitable dosages can also be based upon the text herein and documents cited herein. 
     Adjuvants are substances that enhance the immune response to immunogens. 
     Insect cells or fractions thereof may be an adjuvant; see, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 6,224,882. Thus, while a purity of 90% or greater than 90% such as 95% or greater than 95% is desired, a “self-adjuvanting” composition that contains insect cells or fractions thereof may also be employed. 
     Adjuvants, can include aluminum hydroxide and aluminum phosphate, saponins e.g., Quil A, water-in-oil emulsion, oil-in-water emulsion, water-in-oil-in-water emulsion. The emulsion can be based in particular on light liquid paraffin oil (European Pharmacopea type); isoprenoid oil such as squalane or squalene; oil resulting from the oligomerization of alkenes, in particular of isobutene or decene; esters of acids or of alcohols containing a linear alkyl group, more particularly plant oils, ethyl oleate, propylene glycol di(caprylate/caprate), glyceryl tri(caprylate/caprate) or propylene glycol dioleate; esters of branched fatty acids or alcohols, in particular isostearic acid esters. The oil is used in combination with emulsifiers to form the emulsion. The emulsifiers are preferably nonionic surfactants, in particular esters of sorbitan, of mannide (e.g. anhydromannitol oleate), of glycerol, of polyglycerol, of propylene glycol and of oleic, isostearic, ricinoleic or hydroxystearic acid, which are optionally ethoxylated, and polyoxypropylene-polyoxyethylene copolymer blocks, in particular the Pluronic® products, especially L121 (Hunter. 1995). For example, it is possible to use the SPT emulsion described on page 147 of (Powell, Newman et al. 1995), and the emulsion MF59 described on page 183 of this same book. For instance, the adjuvant-containing composition is prepared in the following way: 67% v/v of aqueous phase comprising the immunogen are emulsified in 2.3% w/v of anhydromannitol oleate, 2.6% w/v of oleic acid ethoxylated with 11 EO (ethylene oxide) and 28.1% v/v of light liquid paraffin oil (European Pharmacopea type) with the aid of an emulsifying turbomixer. An alternative method for preparing the emulsion consists in emulsifying, by passages through a high-pressure homogenizer, a mixture of 5% w/v squalane, 2.5% w/v Pluronic® L121, 0.2% w/v of an ester of oleic acid and of anhydrosorbitol ethoxylated with 20 EO, 92.3% v/v of the aqueous phase comprising the immunogen. 
     It is also possible to formulate with synthetic polymers (e.g., homo- and copolymers of lactic and glycolic acid, which have been used to produce microspheres that encapsulate immunogens (Eldridge, Staas et al. 1991), e.g., biodegradable microspheres), with cytokines such as IL-2 and IL-12 (see, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 5,334,379), and GMCSF (granulocyte macrophage-colony stimulating factor; see, generally, U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,602,007, 4,999,291 and 5,641,663, see also Clark and Grant (Clark and Kamen 1987; Grant and Heel 1992), inter alia. Certain adjuvants can be expressed in vivo with immunogen(s) and/or epitope(s); e.g., cytokines, GMCSF. 
     A further instance of an adjuvant is a compound chosen from the polymers of acrylic or methacrylic acid and the copolymers of maleic anhydride and alkenyl derivative. Advantageous adjuvant compounds are the polymers of acrylic or methacrylic acid which are cross-linked, especially with polyalkenyl ethers of sugars or polyalcohols. These compounds are known by the term carbomer (Pharmeuropa 1996). Persons skilled in the art can also refer to U.S. Pat. No. 2,909,462 (incorporated herein by reference) which describes such acrylic polymers cross-linked with a polyhydroxylated compound having at least 3 hydroxyl groups, preferably not more than 8, the hydrogen atoms of at least three hydroxyls being replaced by unsaturated aliphatic radicals having at least 2 carbon atoms. The preferred radicals are those containing from 2 to 4 carbon atoms, e.g. vinyls, allyls and other ethylenically unsaturated groups. The unsaturated radicals may themselves contain other substituents, such as methyl. The products sold under the name Carbopol (BF Goodrich, Ohio, USA) are particularly appropriate. They are cross-linked with an allyl sucrose or with allyl pentaerythritol. Among then, there may be mentioned Carbopol 974P, 934P and 971P. Among the copolymers of maleic anhydride and alkenyl derivative, the copolymers EMA (Monsanto) which are copolymers of maleic anhydride and ethylene, linear or cross-linked, for example cross-linked with divinyl ether, are preferred. Reference may be made to (Regelson, Kuhar et al. 1960), incorporated herein by reference. The dissolution of these polymers in water leads to an acid solution that is neutralized, preferably to physiological pH, in order to give the adjuvant solution into which the immunogenic, immunological or vaccine composition itself is incorporated. The carboxyl groups of the polymer are then partly in COO −  form. Preferably, a solution of adjuvant according to the invention, especially of carbomer, is prepared in distilled water, preferably in the presence of sodium chloride, the solution obtained being at acidic pH. This stock solution is diluted by adding it to the desired quantity (for obtaining the desired final concentration), or a substantial part thereof, of water charged with NaCl, preferably physiological saline (NaCl 9 g/l) all at once in several portions with concomitant or subsequent neutralization (pH 7.3 to 7.4), preferably with NaOH. This solution at physiological pH is used as it is for mixing with the vaccine, which may be especially stored in freeze-dried, liquid or frozen form. The polymer concentration in the final vaccine composition can be 0.01% to 2% w/v, e.g., 0.06 to 1% w/v, such as 0.1 to 0.6% w/v. 
     DNA or DNA plasmid formulations can be formulated with or inside cationic lipids; and, as to cationic lipids, as well as adjuvants, mention is also made of Loosmore U.S. Patent Application 2003/0104008. 
     In addition, as previously mentioned, insect cells or fractions thereof may be an adjuvant; see, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 6,224,882. Thus, while a purity of 90% or greater than 90% such as 95% or greater than 95% is desired, a “self-adjuvanting” composition that contains insect cells or fractions thereof may also be employed. 
     From this disclosure and the knowledge in the art, the skilled artisan can select a suitable adjuvant, if desired, and the amount thereof to employ in an immunological, immunogenic or vaccine composition according to the invention, without undue experimentation. 
     Oral or mucosal administration of SARS proteins or epitopes or vectors containing and/or expressing or compositions containing SARS proteins or vectors expressing them (either alone or also containing or expressing antigens, epitopes or immunogens of other antigens) are also envisioned by the instant invention. Such compositions can be formulated as in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,500,613, 6,232,116, 6,231,870, 6,042,838, 6,027,734, 6,004,802 and documents cited therein. Generally, oral administration compositions may containing a flavor, such as a pharmaceutically acceptable flavor, or may be in food or bait, e.g., if for use in the wild or with animals, or small children. The mucosal administration preferably is effected intranasally, e.g., to the olfactory mucosa; and thus the composition may be administered via an aerosol, e.g., via an aerosolizer. The intranasal administration also may provide protection to the host against pulmonary infection as well as protection to the host against an infection starting as a pulmonary infection. However, the mucosal administration can also involve respiratory mucosa, gingival mucosa or alveolar mucosa. Thus, the administration can be perlingual or sublingual or into the mouth or respiratory tract; but intranasal administration is preferred. Compositions of the invention, especially for nasal administration, are conveniently provided as isotonic aqueous solutions, suspensions or viscous compositions which may be buffered to a selected pH. The viscous compositions may be in the form of gels, lotions, ointments, creams and the like and will typically contain a sufficient amount of a thickening agent so that the viscosity is from about 2,500 to 6,500 cps, although more viscous compositions, even up to 10,000 cps may be employed. Viscous compositions have a viscosity preferably of 2,500 to 5,000 cps, since above that range they become more difficult to administer. Liquid sprays and drops are normally easier to prepare than gels and other viscous compositions. Additionally, they are somewhat more convenient to administer, especially in multi-dose situations. Viscous compositions, on the other hand can be formulated within the appropriate viscosity range to provide longer contact periods with mucosa, such as the nasal mucosa. Viscosity of the compositions may be maintained at the selected level using a pharmaceutically acceptable thickening agent. Methylcellulose is preferred because it is readily and economically available and is easy to work with. Other suitable thickening agents include, for example, xanthan gum, carboxymethyl cellulose, hydroxypropl cellulose, carbomer, and the like. The preferred concentration of the thickener will depend upon the agent selected. The important point is to use an amount which will achieve the selected viscosity. Viscous compositions are normally prepared from solutions by the addition of such thickening agents. Compositions within the scope of this invention can contain a humectant to inhibit drying of the mucous membrane and to prevent irritation. Any of a variety of pharmaceutically acceptable humectants can be employed including, for example sorbitol, propylene glycol or glycerol. As with the thickeners, the concentration will vary with the selected agent, although the presence or absence of these agents, or their concentration, is not an essential feature of the invention. Enhanced absorption across the mucosal and especially nasal membrane can be accomplished employing a pharmaceutically acceptable surfactant. Typically useful surfactants for compositions include polyoxyethylene derivatives of fatty acid partial esters of sorbitol anhydrides such as Tween 80, Polyoxyl 40 Stearate, Polyoxyethylene 50 Stearate and Octoxynol. The usual concentration is from 1% to 10% based on the total weight. A pharmaceutically acceptable preservative can be employed to increase the shelf-life of the compositions. Benzyl alcohol may be suitable, although a variety of preservatives including, for example, Parabens, thimerosal, chlorobutanol, or bezalkonium chloride may also be employed. A suitable concentration of the preservative will be from 0.02% to 2% based on the total weight although there may be appreciable variation depending upon the agent selected immunogenic compositions including vaccines may be prepared as inhalables, sprays and the like (e.g., nasal spray, aerosol spray or pump spray and the like), e.g., as liquid solutions or emulsions, etc. Aerosol spray preparations can be in a pressurized container with a suitable propellant such as a hydrocarbon propellant. Pump spray dispensers can dispense a metered dose or a dose having a particular particle or droplet size. Pump spray dispensers are commercially available, e.g., from Valois of America, Inc., Connecticut. Nasal spray dispensers are commonly fabricated from a flexible material such as plastic and cause a spray to dispense in response to being squeezed. Anti-inflammatories, such as “Vanceril” are commercially available in oral and nasal aerosol form for mucosal administration; the anti-inflammatory “Vancerase” is commercially available in a pump-spray dispenser for nasal administration; cold remedies such as “Dristan” are commercially available in nasal spray (squeeze) dispensers (so that the reader is aware that aerosol, pump and squeeze dispensers are known and available); and, even anti-influenza vaccines are provided in forms for nasal administration, e.g., via an aerosol or aerosolizer (by MedImume), and the compositions of the instant invention may be analogous dispensed. 
     With respect to the invention involving truncated SARS proteins or epitopes of SARS proteins, one can determine a suitable truncated SARS protein or epitope from the herein disclosure and knowledge in the art, without undue experimentation, with the following additionally provided: An immune response is generated, in general, as follows: T cells recognize proteins only when the protein has been cleaved into smaller peptides and is presented in a complex called the “major histocompatibility complex” (MHC) located on another cell&#39;s surface. There are two classes of MHC complexes—class I and class II, and each class is made up of many different alleles. Different patients have different types of MHC complex alleles; they are said to have a “different HLA type”. 
     Class I MHC complexes are found on virtually every cell and present peptides from proteins produced inside the cell. Thus, Class I MHC complexes are useful for killing cells that have been infected by viruses or which have become cancerous as the result of expression of an oncogene. T cells that have a protein called CD4 on their surface bind to the MHC class I cells and secrete lymphokines. The lymphokines stimulate a response; cells arrive and kill the viral infected cell. 
     Class II MHC complexes are found only on antigen-presenting cells and are used to present peptides from circulating pathogens which have been endocytosed by the antigen-presenting cells. T cells which have a protein called CD8 bind to the MHC class II cells and kill the cell by exocytosis of lytic granules. 
     Some guidelines in determining whether a protein contains epitopes of interest which stimulate a T cell response include: Peptide length—the peptide should be at least 8 or 9 amino acids long to fit into the MHC class I complex and at least 13-25 amino acids long to fit into a class II MCH complex. This length is a minimum for the peptide to bind to the MHC complex. It is preferred for the peptides to be longer than these lengths because cells may cut the expressed peptides. The peptide should contain an appropriate anchor motif which enables it to bind to the various class I or class II molecules with high enough specificity to generate an immune response (Engelhard 1994; Bocchia, Wentworth et al. 1995). This can be done, without undue experimentation, by comparing the sequence of the protein of interest with published structures of peptides associated with the MHC molecules. Protein epitopes recognized by T cell receptors are peptides generated by enzymatic degradation of the protein molecule and are presented on the cell surface in association with class I or class II MHC molecules. 
     Further, the skilled artisan can ascertain an epitope of interest by comparing the protein sequence with sequences listed in the protein data base. Regions of the protein which share little or no homology are better choices for being an epitope of that protein and are therefore useful in a vaccine or immunological composition. Regions which share great homology with widely found sequences present in vital cells should be avoided. Thus, as to S, S1, S2, E, N and M of SARS, the skilled artisan can compare these proteins with similar proteins of other coronaviruses and employ regions of dissimilarity in the SARS proteins as epitopic regions. In this regard, as an Example, attached is  FIG. 13  showing an alignment. 
     Even further, another method is simply to generate or express portions of a protein of interest, generate monoclonal antibodies to those portions of the protein of interest, and then ascertain whether those antibodies inhibit growth in vitro of the pathogen from which the protein was derived. The skilled artisan can use the other guidelines set forth in this disclosure and in the art for generating or expressing portions of a protein of interest for analysis as to whether antibodies thereto inhibit growth in vitro. 
     For example, the skilled artisan can generate portions of a protein of interest by: selecting 8 to 9 or 13 to 25 amino acid length portions of the protein, selecting hydrophilic regions, selecting portions shown to bind from X-ray data of the antigen (full length)-antibody complex, selecting regions which differ in sequence from other proteins, selecting potential HLA anchor binding motifs, or any combination of these methods or other methods known in the art. 
     Epitopes recognized by antibodies are expressed on the surface of a protein. To determine the regions of a protein most likely to stimulate an antibody response one skilled in the art can preferably perform an epitope map, using the general methods described above, or other mapping methods known in the art. 
     Accordingly, no undue experimentation is needed to determine an epitope of a SARS protein. 
     Full length SARS proteins, or truncated portions of SARS proteins, such as epitopes, may be expressed as fusion proteins. Typically the fusion partner (portion of the fusion protein that is fused with the epitope or truncated or full length SARS protein) enhances secretion and/or immunogenicity. As mentioned, the baculovirus signal sequence may be fused with a SARS protein to enhance secretion. There are also several methods described for chemical or enzymatic cleavage of the fusion protein that provide efficient strategies to obtain the desired peptide (see, e.g., U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,143,872, 6,451,769. Frequently employed fusion systems are the Staphylococcal protein A fusion system and the synthetic ZZ variant which have IgG affinity and have been used for the generation of antibodies against short peptides, the glutathione S-transferase fusion system, the Beta-galactosidase fusion system, and the trpE fusion system. Several of these systems are commercially available as kits, including vectors, purification components and detailed instructions. In brief, the method to obtain short defined epitopes involves the synthesis of the corresponding oligodeoxynucleotide with appropriate termini to facilitate introduction, in translational frame with the fusion partner, into the desired expression vector. One can employ the lipidation  B. burgdorferi  OspA in fusion with a SARS protein or truncated portion thereof or epitope thereof to enhance immunogenicity. Likewise, a T-cell epitope can be fused to a SARS protein or truncated portion thereof or epitope thereof to enhance immunogenicity. Fusion proteins can have all or a portion of a SARS protein, such as S or S1 or S2 or an epitopic region of S protein, or M or E or a portion thereof, and all or a portion of influenza hemagglutinin or neuraminidase, or M2 or an epitopic portion thereof as a fusion partner or a fusion partner as recited in U.S. Pat. No. 5,858,369 or other patents cited herein. 
     Compositions of the invention can elicit an immunological, immunogenic or protective immune response. An immunogenic (or immunological) composition elicits an immunological response—local or systemic. A vaccine composition elicits a local or systemic protective response. The terms “immunological composition” and “immunogenic composition” include a “vaccine composition” (as the two former terms can be protective compositions). The immune response can be used to obtain antibodies, including monoclonal antibodies. Monoclonal antibodies are immunoglobulin produced by hybridoma cells. A monoclonal antibody reacts with a single antigenic determinant and provides greater specificity than a conventional, serum-derived antibody. Furthermore, screening a large number of monoclonal antibodies makes it possible to select an individual antibody with desired specificity, avidity and isotype. Hybridoma cell lines provide a constant, inexpensive source of chemically identical antibodies and preparations of such antibodies can be easily standardized. Methods for producing monoclonal antibodies are well known to those of ordinary skill in the art, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 4,196,265, incorporated herein by reference. Uses of monoclonal antibodies are known. One such use is in diagnostic methods, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 4,376,110, incorporated herein by reference. Monoclonal antibodies have also been used to recover materials by immunoadsorption chromatography, e.g. (Milstein 1980), incorporated herein by reference. Monoclonal antibodies against a SARS protein, e.g., S, 51, or S2, are useful in kits, tests, methods or assays for diagnosis or determining the presence of SARS or its causative agent in a sample such as sera or body fluid or secretion or excretion. 
     Monoclonal antibodies can be prepared using hybridoma technology (Kohler and Milstein 1975; Kohler, Howe et al. 1976; Kohler and Milstein 1976; Hammerling 1981). In general, such procedures involve immunizing an animal (preferably a mouse) with, a SARS antigen, epitope or immunogen, for example SARS M, N, E, S, such as S protein, or, more preferably, with a cell that expresses such an antigen, epitope or immunogen. Suitable cells can be recognized by their capacity to bind to an antibody against a SARS protein. Such cells may be cultured in any suitable tissue culture medium; however, it is preferable to culture cells in Earle&#39;s modified Eagle&#39;s medium supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (inactivated at about 56° C.), and supplemented with about 10 μg/1 of nonessential amino acids, about 1,000 U/ml of penicillin, and about 100 μg/ml of streptomycin. The splenocytes of such mice are extracted and fused with a suitable myeloma cell line. Any suitable myeloma cell line may be employed in accordance with the present invention; however, it is preferable to employ the parent myeloma cell line (SP2O), available from the American Type Culture Collection, Manassas, Va. After fusion, the resulting hybridoma cells are selectively maintained in HAT medium, and then cloned by limiting dilution as described by Wands and colleagues (Wands and Zurawski 1981). The hybridoma cells obtained through such a selection are then assayed to identify clones which secrete antibodies capable of binding the antigen of interest. 
     Alternatively, additional antibodies capable of binding to the SARS antigen, epitope or immunogen, for example, SARS S protein, can be produced in a two-step procedure through the use of anti-idiotypic antibodies. Such a method makes use of the fact that antibodies are themselves antigens, and that, therefore, it is possible to obtain an antibody which binds to a second antibody. In accordance with this method, protein-specific antibodies are used to immunize an animal, preferably a mouse. The splenocytes of such an animal are then used to produce hybridoma cells, and the hybridoma cells are screened to identify clones, which produce an antibody, whose ability to bind to the protein-specific antibody can be blocked by the protein antigen. Such antibodies comprise anti-idiotypic antibodies to the specific antibody and can be used to immunize an animal to induce formation of further protein-specific antibodies. 
     It will be appreciated that Fab and F(ab′)2 and other fragments of the antibodies of the present invention may be used in the manner of antibodies of the invention. 
     Thus, the invention involves a method for determining the presence of SARS in a sample comprising contacting that sample with a monoclonal antibody specific to a SARS protein, such as SARS S, S1, S2, E, N, or M, advantageously S, S1 or S2, more advantageously S, and detecting the presence of binding to the monoclonal antibody. The monoclonal can be labeled for detecting the binding. 
     In the practice of the invention, the full length S-protein is considered advantageous as it induces VN antibodies, but also it is noted that that truncated forms of the S-protein may be employed as they have similar capabilities. The baculovirus expression vector system (BEVS) is advantageous for the production of the S-protein (Tuboly, Nagy et al. 1994; Bonavia, Zelus et al. 2003). 
     Baculoviruses can be used as highly efficient eukaryotic expression vectors for the production of recombinant proteins in cultured insect cells (Summers and Smith 1987). Baculoviruses are DNA viruses in the family Baculoviridae and have a narrow host-range limited primarily to Lepidopteran species of insects (butterflies and moths). The  Autographa  californica Nuclear Polyhedrosis Virus (AcNPV), the prototype strain of baculovirus, replicates efficiently in susceptible cultured insect cells. AcNPV has a double-stranded closed circular DNA genome of about 130,000 base pairs and is well characterized with regard to host range, molecular biology, and genetics. 
     Baculoviruses form large protein crystalline occlusions within the nucleus of infected cells. A single polypeptide termed polyhedrin accounts for approximately 95% of the protein mass of these occlusion bodies. The gene for polyhedrin is present as a single copy in the AcNPV viral genome. Because the polyhedrin gene is not essential for virus replication in cultured cells, it can be readily modified to express foreign genes (Smith 1983). Recombinant baculoviruses that express foreign genes are constructed by way of homologous recombination between baculovirus genomic DNA and chimeric plasmids containing the gene sequence of interest. Recombinant viruses can be detected by virtue of their distinct plaque morphology; plaques derived from viruses containing the polyhedrin gene have a cloudy appearance, and plaques derived from recombinant viruses in which the polyhedrin gene has been replaced by a foreign gene are clear. 
     The general scheme for construction of a recombinant baculovirus for expression of a foreign protein is shown in  FIG. 9 . Coding sequences from a foreign gene are inserted into a plasmid known as a baculovirus transfer plasmid using standard cloning techniques. The transfer plasmid contains the polyhedrin promoter upstream of a multiple cloning site, bounded by sequences naturally flanking the polyhedrin locus in AcNPV. The transfer plasmid is co-transfected with baculovirus genomic DNA that has been linearized with an enzyme that removes the polyhedrin gene and removes part of an essential gene downstream of the polyhedrin locus, rendering the genomic DNA non-infectious. 
     The transfer plasmid contains the portion of the essential gene removed by linearization of the genomic DNA; thus, homologous recombination between the transfer plasmid and the linearized genomic DNA rescues the virus. The efficiency of recovery of recombinant viruses versus non-recombinants is nearly 100%. This process results in plaques that are nearly homogeneous, eliminating the need for multiple rounds of plaque purification. Because the original baculovirus genomic DNA before linearization contains the polyhedrin gene, non-recombinant virus plaques (which are cloudy) can be distinguished from plaques due to recombinant viruses (clear plaques). 
     The baculovirus expression vector system (BEVS) provides an excellent method for the development of the ideal subunit vaccine, immunogenic or immunological composition for a variety of reasons. Baculovirus expression of recombinant proteins is produced in approximately eight weeks. This is especially critical during when there is a pandemic threat. Baculoviruses are safe by virtue of their narrow host range, which is restricted to a few taxonomically related insect species. They have not been observed to replicate in mammalian cells (Hartig, Chapman et al. 1989; Hartig, Cardon et al. 1991). Additionally, very few organisms are known to be able to replicate in both insect cells and mammalian cells, reducing the possibility of adventitious agent contamination in batches of vaccine prepared from proteins purified from insect cell cultures. Finally, because the insects infected by baculoviruses are non-biting, humans generally do not have pre-existing immunity to insect cell proteins which could cause an allergic reaction to trace amounts of insect cell proteins in the vaccine preparation. 
     Baculovirus-expressed proteins appear to be correctly folded and processed in virtually all of cases, even when the protein is fairly large. This is not the case with proteins expressed in prokaryotic and lower eukaryotic systems. Additionally, insect cells are capable of many of the post-translational modifications that occur in mammalian cells, such as glycosylation, phosphorylation, acylation, and amidation. Glycosylation in insect cells appears to employ similar mechanisms as those used in mammalian cells in that the same residues of a particular protein are modified in each. Although the carbohydrate moieties added to proteins in insect cells appear to be less complex than those on their mammalian cell-expressed counterparts, the immunogenicity of insect cell-expressed and mammalian cell-expressed glycoproteins appear to be equivalent. Finally, baculovirus-expressed proteins usually self-assemble into the higher-order structures normally assumed by the natural proteins. 
     An element of the BEVS system is the extremely high activity of the polyhedrin promoter, which drives the expression of a foreign gene inserted downstream. (Although for expression in mammalian cells, this promoter can be substituted with a promoter from a mammalian virus, such as an SV40 promoter or a CMV promoter, e.g., CMV-EI, such as hCMV-EI or mCMV-EI; see also U.S. Pat. No. 6,156,567 with respect to truncated CMV promoters.) The highest levels reported using baculovirus expression vectors is 25%-50% of the total cellular protein, corresponding to approximately 11 grams of protein per liter of insect cells. Yields of foreign proteins in the BEVS system, however, are typically 10 mg-500 mg per liter. In the cases where different eukaryotic expression systems have been compared, the BEVS system has usually outperformed the other expression systems in overall protein production. Although proteins normally expressed in mammalian cells are predicted to be produced, but not completely, more authentically in mammalian systems, the expression levels in these systems is typically far lower than in baculovirus systems. Thus, proteins can be produced with the BEVS system at significantly lower cost while maintaining the key elements of authentic structure. 
     In particularly advantageous embodiments, restriction enzymes that cut at a distance from the recognized restriction site are used to prepare a vector, e.g., the transfer vector for producing a recombinant virus, such as a recombinant poxvirus or baculovirus; and, this technique is general to vector preparation methods and the general use of this technique is considered an additional aspect of the invention. For instance, in the technique of homologous recombination, a vector, e.g., plasmid, is prepared. This vector can contain exogenous nucleic acid molecule(s) to be within the recombinant virus to be produced and is typically used to transfect a cell which is also infected or transfected with suitable virus, such that within the cell a recombination or crossing-over event occurs to produce the virus containing exogenous nucleic acid molecule(s). The invention envisions preparing a vector, e.g., plasmid, with a restriction site; cutting the vector at a distance from the restriction site by an enzyme that so cuts (a cut at a distance enzyme), whereby the restriction site is excised from the vector and the vector has a unique sticky end; in a separate reaction, performing a polymerase chain reaction or other amplification reaction whereby the restriction site is part of the amplification product of the reaction; digesting the amplification product with a distance cutting restriction enzyme (type II), whereby the amplification product has a unique sticky end; and, ligating the vector having the unique sticky end and the amplification product having the unique sticky end. In this fashion, extraneous intervening nucleic acid molecules may be avoided. For instance, this technique is useful for joining a nucleic acid molecule encoding a leader sequence, such as the coding sequence for the aforementioned baculovirus leader sequence, to a nucleic acid molecule encoding an antigen, epitope or immunogen, e.g., SARS S, S1, S2, E, M, N, combinations thereof, or epitopes thereof. The use of such a distance cutter enzyme in this fashion is not believed to have been heretofore disclosed or suggested. Such an enzyme is known as Sap1 and is commercially available. In the case of the SARS S protein coding sequences, Applicants used both PCR amplification and unique and non-obvious solutions to specific problems. For instance, as to the SARS S it was useful to employ the SapI type II restriction enzyme. This allowed the cloning of the desired sequences into the vector of choice (e.g., pPSC12—a baculovirus transfer vector available from Protein Sciences Corporation) without the addition of a single nucleotide. Most cloning strategies involve the addition of restriction sites, and the consequent nucleotides making up the restriction site at the 5′ and 3′ ends of the desired sequences. Use of SapI avoids this. In addition, the desired SARS S DNA sequences contain two naturally occurring SapI recognition sites within them. Thus, in order to use SapI on the extreme ends, the DNA sequences were divided into sub-fragments that either contained the SapI sites (in the middle) or did not (near the ends) and later assembled into the complete desired sequence. Thus, the use of this “seamless” procedure on the SARS S protein was especially inventive. 
     The invention is further described by, and a better understanding of the present invention and of its many advantages will be had from, the following examples, given by way of illustration. 
     EXAMPLES 
     Example 1 
     Cloning of SARS S-Protein Encoding Sequences into Baculovirus Transfer Plasmids 
     Applicants obtained passage #3 of SARS CoV 3200300841 in Trizol LS Reagent from Dr Erdman, Acting Chief, Respiratory Virus Section, CDC/NCID/DVRD/REVB. This virus was prepared from culture batch 809940 that had a titer of 4 log 10  on plaque assay. Lysate from this culture was added to TRIzol reagent and 1 ml was received. RNA was isolated from the lysate obtained from CDC according to TRIzol instruction provided by CDC. This RNA preparation was used to produce cDNA using a Titan kit (Roche) following manufacturers instructions. The sequence for the S-gene was obtained from Genbank Accession number AY274119 nt 21493-25259. Because of the large size of the S-gene and the presence of certain internal restriction sites, Applicants decided to clone the S-protein in three pieces. The front end cloned directly into the Baculovirus transfer vector pPSC12 (available from Protein Sciences Corporation) using primers 2179 and 2167 (Front: nt 40-750); see,  FIGS. 1 and 7 . The MiddleBack part (nt 750-3768) is cloned using primers 2168 and 2171 in an  E. coli  pUC18 vector; see  FIGS. 1 and 7 . Specifically, the 5′ portion of the S ORF was PCR amplified using primers O-2179 and O-2167 and cloned into pPSC12 to give construct D3215. The longer 3′ portion of the S OFR (MiddleBack) was PCR amplified using primers O-2168 and O-2171 and cloned into pUC18 to give D3157. After sequencing to confirm their identities, the MiddleBack portion of the S ORF in D3157 was subcloned behind the Front portion in D3215 using the PstI restriction site within the ORF and the KpnI site of the polylinker to yield D3217. In addition the complete S-gene is cloned into a baculovirus transfer vector. As to the tripartite cloning strategy, various parts are thereafter assembled to form the complete S ORF. A restriction map of the S-ORF is shown in  FIG. 8  and the primers used for cloning purposes are listed in  FIG. 7 . Various clones that were correct based on restriction enzyme patterns were submitted for sequence analyses and clone D3215 was identified to contain the correct 5′ end of the S-ORF. Clone D3157 was identified to have correct middle and back sequence of the S-ORF. 
     Assembly of Front and MiddleBack part: Clone D3215 was digested with KpnI and PstI and used as a vector. Clone 3157 was also digested with KpnI and PstI and used as an insert. Using the full-length clone with the established correct DNA sequence, the truncated versions are produced, wherein the cytoplasmic and transmembrane portions of the S-protein are deleted. The transmembrane domain is located at the 3′ end of the ORF. In one construct there is a precise deletion of the transmembrane and cytoplasmic domain using site-directed mutagenesis. The other truncated construct is produced by deleting the BglI 3′ end of the S-ORF. In addition, using this clone, a his-tagged version of the S-protein is produced to facilitate purification development. 
     The immunogenic epitopes and receptor binding domains of other coronavirus S-proteins have been shown to be contained in the first 600 amino acids, all of which is encoded by both truncated constructs. Both truncated constructs are secreted and may be expressed at higher levels than the non-secreted full length version of the S-protein. Truncated molecules may fold correctly. 
     The resulting chimeric plasmids consist of the polyhedrin promoter followed by ATG start signal, 61 kDa signal sequence and the complete S-protein or truncated coding sequences, a polyadenylation site, and flanking baculovirus sequences. 
     Resulting clones D3216 and D3217 were submitted for sequence analysis. Both sequences were confirmed to have the correct complete S-protein coding sequence. Clone D3217 was selected for further processing (cell culture and site directed mutagenesis to generate the deletion constructs, shown in  FIG. 14 .) 
     Site-directed mutagenesis was used to create both the S Δ transmembrane &amp; cytoplasmic (S ΔTM &amp; cyto) construct and the more truncated version of the S-protein (S Δ Back) in PSC12. Two isolates of the S Δ Back and one isolate of the S ΔTM &amp; cyto clones were submitted for sequence analysis. 
     The cloning and sequences of all three SARS constructs has been completed. To facilitate the purification of the S-protein pPSC12 vector was constructed using site directed mutagenesis to allow His6 tagging of insert. 
     All three constructs (full length, Δ TM/cyto and Δ A Back) of the S-variants were also cloned into the into pBAD/H is B vector ( E. coli  expression vector) for expression of N-terminal His6 tagged versions of these proteins in  E. coli . The purified tagged protein was used for raising polyclonal antibodies to SARS S-protein. 
     The arabinose promoter system was selected because it is reported to have very little leakage when uninduced. This is important because of the potential toxicity of SARS S-protein. Another advantage of this vector is that SARS S gene is fused downstream of a His6 tag and an enterokinase cleavage site for later removal of the tag. Clones containing all 3 versions were identified and their identity was confirmed by sequencing. 
     Example 2 
     Protein Expression 
     The techniques used for generating, isolating and scaling up recombinant baculoviruses have been refined over the past fifteen years at Protein Sciences Corporation, and have been used to produce over 1,000 recombinant viruses; see, e.g., patents assigned to Protein Sciences Corporation cited herein. Linearized parental  Augotgraphica californica  Nuclear Polyhedrosis vaccine (AcNPV) DNA and transfer plasmid containing the S-protein encoding gene are mixed, co-precipitated with calcium chloride, and Sf9 insect cells are transfected as described (Summers and Smith, 1987). Recombinant viruses are identified by their plaque morphology and several are plaque-purified and used to infect 5-ml cultures of Sf9 cells in T-flasks. The infected cells are screened for expression of recombinant protein using SDS-polyacrylamide gels and Western blotting. Passage 1 recombinant viruses are scaled up in the serum-free expresSF+® cells (insect cells that can grow in serum free media available from Protein Sciences Corporation) and all subsequent scale-up and production are done in this serum-free cell line. 
     Cell culture material for purification was developed using one of two approaches: fast track, which omits the plaque purification; or standard, which includes the plaque purification. Using the fast track approach, a P3 virus stock was generated using the full length S-gene containing transfer vector, D3217. The insect cells from this P3 stock were generally considered well infected (based on microscopic observation and SDS-PAGE, see  FIG. 16 ). A separate P2 was also generated from D3217 using the standard method. Analysis of the P2 showed a clear P10 baculovirus-protein band indicating that the cells were well infected ( FIG. 15 ). 
     Example 3 
     Fermentation: A Series of Expression Time Courses were Performed Using Medium Scale Fermentations 
     SDS gels and Western blots from these fermentations are used to determine the harvest time which maximizes production of high-quality the S-protein. Very late in infection, cellular lysis can lead to accumulation of cellular and viral proteases. This can result in proteolytic degradation of susceptible proteins. In addition, the multiplicity of infection (MOI) can affect the kinetics of expression. In general, use of a minimal MOI to avoid the production of defective and mutant baculoviruses is advantageous. All of these factors are taken into account in defining optimal infection and harvest conditions. 
     An optimization experiment was performed using 50 ml spinners at 28° C. to test two different MOI (1 and 3) and to evaluate the optimum harvesting time (from 48 to 120 hpi). The Coomassie blue gel results, as shown in  FIG. 17 , suggest that the infection was good, as confirmed by P10 or lower bands (see lanes 2-9). Two Western blots were prepared and shipped to Hong Kong for incubation with acute and convalescent serum. The Western blot (FIG.  18 —convalescent serum) did not show any band near 188 KD for the 48 hpi sample, however, it showed a typical band around 28 KD. Lanes 4 and 8 (72 and 120 hpi samples, respectively) showed faint double bands at ˜160 in addition to the other bands above 62 and at 28 KD. These lower bands appeared not to be specific, since they are also present in the negative control lane (see blot,  FIG. 19 , lane 15). Similar results were obtained with the 72 hpi-harvested 10 L and the solubilized pellets&#39; samples (see lanes 11 and 12). These samples were also positive using convalescent serum on the first blot, see  FIG. 20 . It appears that the proteins that react with the acute serum represent a non-specific signal see blot,  FIG. 19 , lane 15. 
     The virus stock (purified virus) recombinant D3217.1a full length S-protein was used to run an additional fermentation using a regular procedure (harvested 72 hours post infections (hpi)). Pellets of this fermentation were used for further purification development. 
     The purified recombinant viruses of the two deletion constructs D3227 (=SARS S ΔBack) and D3252 (=SARS S ΔTM/cyto) were scaled up to P1, P2 and P3, using the presence of the viral p10 band as an indication for good infection. Two 0.5 L fermentations were performed in the presence of leupeptin (1 ug/ml) and harvested at 72 hpi. 
     His-tagged truncated S-protein D3519 (ΔTM/cyto) and his-tagged truncated S-protein D3527 (Aback) were both scaled up to P2 and will be scaled to P3 later if we decide to proceed with these his-tag deletion constructs. 
     Construct D3252 (truncated clone of S-protein, ΔTM/Cyto) showed promising expression, and was secreted, therefore a 10 L fermentation at 28° C. was performed. Leupeptin was added at 48 hpi. The fermentation was harvested 72 hpi (see  FIG. 45 ). 
     The sequenced constructed clone for C-terminal his-tagged S protein (full length) D3540 was scaled up to P3, after it was shown that the DNA sequence was indeed correct. This P3 was used to infect a 10 L fermenter, incubated at 28° C. and harvested 72 hpi. The cell viability was 50% and morphological features of complete infection were observed at time of harvest. Both pellet and supernatant were saved for purification. Protease inhibitor and leupeptin were added to the infected culture at 2 μg/ml at 48 hpi (see  FIG. 46 ) 
     A 45 L fermentation was performed for construct D3252 (truncated clone of S-protein, ΔTM/Cyto). Leupeptin was added 48 hpi and the bioreactor was harvested 72 hpi. 
     A 500 mL culture was co-infected with the full-length S containing recombinant baculovirus and the M gene containing baculovirus. Another 500 mL culture was co-infected with the full-length S containing recombinant baculovirus and the E gene containing baculovirus. A third 500 mL culture was co-infected with the full-length S containing recombinant baculovirus, the M gene containing baculovirus and the E gene containing baculovirus. 
     The constructed clones for C-terminal his-tagged S-protein (full length) D3445, S-protein (ΔTM/cyto) D3456, D3457 and D3461 and truncated S-protein (ΔBack) D3468, D3477 and D3481 were transfected and all purified recombinant viruses were scaled up after receiving sequence analysis results. 
     In order to avoid formation of aggregated expressed protein, the temperature of the fermentation was lowered to room temperature (˜23° C.) after infection of the insect cell culture with the purified virus stock of full length S-protein D3217.1a. The progress of the infection and the viability of the infected cells were observed over the total time of fermentation. Ninety six hours post infection, microscopic observation confirmed that cells were infected; however the infection was not complete (viability measurement was ˜90%). Two liters were harvested and stored for purification development. At the end of the 7 th  day (168 hpi), the culture was harvested and pellets of this fermentation were used for further purification. Infection and viability of the culture did not progress much further than when harvested at 96 hpi. Results are shown in  FIG. 21  (using IMG-541 and 542 SARS spike antibody, respectively). It was concluded that the full length S-protein is indeed produced at 23° C. The optimum harvest time and temperature were selected based on purification results. 
     The correctly sequenced constructed clones for C-terminal his-tagged S-protein (full length) D3540, S-protein (Δ TM/cyto) D3519 and truncated S-protein (Δ back) D3527 were all transfected. Purified recombinant viruses for both truncated constructs and the full S-protein, his-tagged construct D3540, were scaled up to P1. 
     A Western Blot for the P3 master virus bank of the two deletion constructs D3227.1a (SARS S Δ Back) and D3252.2a (SARS Δ TM/cyto), harvested after 72 hpi and ran at 28° C., was performed using antibody IMG-541 and 542 (see lanes 7, 8, 9 and 10 in  FIG. 22 , blot #100703_d6 and 100703_d7 respectively). A 0.5 L fermentation was performed for each clone and supernatants of this fermentation were used for further purification development. Lanes 3-6 contained samples from full length S-protein virus stocks (D3217.1a) prepared under various conditions. Both deletion constructs showed expression. In both cases the protein appears to be partly secreted. 
     Samples from all the full length S-protein baculovirus construct (D3217.1a) were used in 10 and 2 L fermentations performed at 28° C., performed at various times. The results were examined in gel/blot #101003_d3 ( FIG. 23 ). It was concluded that the expression levels appear to be comparable at various time points, and expression at 120 hpi appears to be the best. 
     A further time course study was performed with ΔTM D3252.2A. The experiment was performed in 2 L fermenter with a starting cell density of 2.5×10^6 cell/ml and viability of 98%. The cell culture was infected with the recombinant virus at MOI of 1.0. Protease inhibitor (Leupeptin) was added at 48 hpi. Samples were taken at different time points, 48, 54, 60 and 72 hpi. Viability of the withdrawn samples are shown in the table in  FIG. 63 . SDS-Page and western blots were performed for all samples, as also shown in  FIG. 63 . 
     It was determined that degradation products were present through out the fermentation. A more quantitative method was needed to determine what the most optimal harvest time would be. Current tests indicate that harvesting the cultures at 60 hours post infection may be more optimal. 
     Example 4 
     Purification: The Schematics Presented in FIGS.  12 A-E Show the Purification Development Approach 
     SARS Full Length S Protein 
     Schematic Overview of S-Protein Production Process: 
     Upstream processing. This work is initiated as soon as cell pellets or culture supernatants are available from larger-scale (0.5-10 L) fermentations. Since the S-protein contains a trans-membrane domain, it is anticipated that the full length protein is associated to the cells. That is, the S-protein forms particles. The cell pellets are washed to remove undesired contaminants and mild detergent conditions are employed to solubilize the S-protein. The truncated S-proteins are secreted and therefore pellet wash and solubilization steps are omitted in their purification processes. Tangential flow filtration is then used to remove both large and small contaminants. 
     Initial Column Chromatography. The purpose of this step is to remove DNA and partially purify the soluble S-protein. This is accomplished by either binding the protein to a CM column or flowing it thru a DEAE column. Applicants advantageously make use of the relatively low pI of the S-protein (theoretical pI=5.56) in this step, for example the protein is likely to bind to DEAE when buffer of neutral pH are used. Ideally, the recombinant S-protein is present in a buffer compatible with the next step in the process. 
     Purification. The S-protein contains a trans-membrane domain, and based on this characteristic, hydrophobic interaction column chromatography leads to purification. The S-protein is a large protein (130-140 kDa) and therefore size chromatography may be employed to obtain purity beyond 95%. Finally, the S-protein contains many glycosylation sites and therefore lentil lectin can be used to obtain significant purification (95% or 95+%) as well. 
     The S-protein of SARS is secreted in the baculovirus expression vector system (BEVS). The molecular weight of the soluble secreted S-protein is 140,000 and this is exploited by the use of a dual filtration system that effectively eliminates all proteins below 100,000 and greater than 300,000. A 75% purification of contaminating proteins is obtained before any chromatography is done. 
     Final chromatographic step. If the elution buffer necessary to obtain required purity levels on the previous column is not compatible with formulation and/or parenteral use, a final polishing column is employed. This step removes any undesirable reagents and transfers the protein into a neutral buffered saline solution suitable for reagent formulation. 
     The pI of the S-protein is 5.56, so at neutral pH an anion exchange column is used to bind and elute the S-protein. A final polishing hydrophobic interaction column that exploits the highly hydrophobic C-terminus of the S-protein is used to achieve final purity. 
     The S-protein is dialyzed into PBS and has a final purity of &gt;95%. Importantly, the highly pure S-protein retains its immunogenicity and hence its utility. 
     Purification by Lentil Lectin Column: 
     Concurrent purifications using negative control pellets (derived from a fermentation of a different recombinant Baculovirus) were performed. Based on the pI and the hydrophobic C terminus, it was anticipated that at neutral pH and 1% detergent the protein could be extracted and bound to an anion exchange column. The gel in  FIG. 24  represents this initial extraction of a 1 L 72 hpi pellet in 20 mM PO4 pH 7.0 with 1% Tergitol and applied to a 25 ml Q column. 
     The 0.3, 0.5 and 1 M elutions were pooled and applied to a 10 ml Lentil Lectin column. S-protein was expected to bind because of the 18 putative glycosolation sites. Additionally, the flow through (ft) from the Q column was also loaded on the same LL column after the Q column elutions. The column was eluted with 0.5M methylpyranoside in 20 mM PO4 ( FIG. 25 ). The eluted fractions 5, 6, 7 and 10, 11, 12 were concentrated separately in an Amicon centricon spin concentrator from 6 ml to 200 ul ( FIG. 26 ). 
     These higher protein bands were not observed in the negative control sample, and were therefore thought to comprise the full length S-protein. The product shown in lane 2 was included on a blot to be probed with human anti-SARS sera. However, this protein did not appear to be the S-protein since it did not react with the convalescent serum (see  FIG. 20 ). 
     It was therefore decided to utilize the size of the protein and the characteristic that the protein is thought to be heavily glycosylated in order to purify the protein. Additionally, the solubilization strategy was changed. The addition of BME and 0.5M NaCl was intended to reduce ionic interactions and break aggregation between between cysteines. Also, the use of BME should increase the solubility of the S-protein, while the use of TFF (Tangential Flow Filtration) from Millipore decreased the total protein loaded on the first column. 
     2 L of a 72 HPI cell pellet was solubilized in 2 L of 20 mM PO4 pH 7.0, 1% Tergitol, 0.5M NaCl and 0.1% B-ME. This was polytroned and spun. The 2 L supernatant was reduced using a 100 kDa molecular weight cutoff TFF filter and diafiltered using the same buffer minus the tergitol in order to reduce detergent buildup. A final 400 ml retentate was applied to a 40 ml LL column equilibrated with 20 mM PO4 pH 7.0 0.5M NaCl. The column was eluted with the same buffer and 1M methyl-pyranoside ( FIG. 27 ). 
     The LL fractions were pooled and concentrated to 6 ml and loaded on to a 500 ml S200 SEC. The column was equilibrated with PBS (20 mM PO4 pH 7.4, 0.15M NaCl) and the 6 ml fraction was loaded. 
     This gel was blotted and tested with anti-SARS sera from Hong Kong ( FIG. 28 ) using reducing conditions. Included on this blot was the pellet of the solubilization (Lane 13) and a re-extraction of the initial pellet (Lane 14) in order to determine if the S-protein is soluble using these conditions. A negative control was also included to determine the extent of baculovirus infected insect cells background (Lane 15). The column was run in PBS as opposed to 20 mM PO4+1M NaCl as previously. 
     Lanes 8, 9 and 10 of the Western Blot ( FIG. 19 ) show a positive signal at the expected size when reacted with the convalescent serum. Although the protein does not react with the acute serum, it appears that the protein is solubilized using the above-described conditions. 
     The purity of this product was estimated to be 20% with a major contaminant co-eluting with the S-protein from the Lentil Lectin column. Size exclusion chromatography under reducing conditions and high ionic strength were tried to separate these two proteins, however resolution was not achieved. The S-protein and the major contaminant behaved as an aggregate. 
     An upstream purification method (solubilization of material using 1% tergitol followed by elution from a LL column) was initially used at scale to purify the protein of interest and to generate sufficient material for anion, cation and hic (hydrophobic interaction column) chromatography. Using various column chromatography methods at different pHs could possibly reveal a way to separate the S-protein from its aggregated partners.  FIG. 29  represents the processing of a 1 L cell pellet. 
     The cell pellets from the Tergitol extracted material were also re-extracted with 8M urea to potentially increase recovery yields, since the S-protein was still partly present after the Tergitol extraction. 
     The pellet was dissolved in 50 mM Tris pH 8.5, 8M urea. After all material was dissolved, the extract was diluted 4× to a final urea concentration of 2M. This material was applied to a LL column (see  FIG. 30 ). The 62 kDa contaminant band seems to be less prevalent in the eluted fractions when the pellet is re-extracted. It was interesting to note that lectin was also eluting from this column (see protein band at 21 kDa). 
     Various additives, derived from Bondos and Bicknell (Bondos and Bicknell 2003) were used to break up the aggregation between the S-protein and the 62 kDa contaminant, which was believed to be gp64, the major baculovirus envelope protein. A representative agent from each category was tested. Each of the following components: 0.2M MgSO4, 0.1M CaCl2, 0.1M MgCl2, 1% glycine and 1M sucrose, was added to a LL pool and concentrated to a minimum volume using a 100 kDa molecular weight cutoff centricon column from Millipore. Both the retentate (retained on the membrane) and the filtrate were subjected to SDS-PAGE. The presence of the 62 kDa protein in the filtrate was used to determine a possible anti-aggregation effect. The negative control (no additive) is shown in Lanes 4 and 5 of  FIG. 31 . All additives displayed some anti aggregation effects when compared to the negative control, with glycine being the best. Consequently, in subsequent development 0.1M glycine was incorporated in buffers. 
     As shown in  FIG. 47 , the full length S protein is present along with gp64. It shows strong response with the CDC and IMG-542 antibody. 
     Another attempt was made to disrupt the aggregation using 50 mM DTT and 6 M urea. Fraction 2 from above was centriconed and diafiltered into buffer containing 6M urea. A Sephacryl S-500 high resolution column was packed and loaded (gel and blot in  FIG. 48 ).  FIG. 48  shows that the aggregation between the 2 molecules is still intact even under high Urea and DTT concentrations. 
     An alternative purification process was also utilized wherein the cell pellet was solubilized using 1% Triton-X-100. The solubilized material was subsequently loaded onto a Ni-column. The eluted material, which had a purity of approximately 70%, was then loaded onto a lentil lectin column and the eluted material has a purity of greater than 90%. The estimated yield is approximately 2 mg/l. As an alternative to the lentil lectil column, we are currently testing the DEAE IEX column, which has shown promise in the deltaTM S protein purification.  FIG. 49  depicts a gel of the full length his-tagged S-protein. 
     Recently two peptide antibodies became available from Imgenex. The 542 antibody was raised against amino acids 288-303 and the 541 antibody against amino acids 19-35. The SEC fraction 17 (S17) which blotted positive using the convalescent sera from Hong Kong was used to test these sera. The S17 was run and blotted in a reduced and nonreduced format ( FIGS. 32 and 35 ). The non reduced SDS-PAGE shows no evidence of the 62 kDa contaminant. The 542 antibody reacts weakly, if at all, with non-reduced S17. 
     Further analysis was done to compare the response of antibodies IMG541, IMG542 and CDC using a protein sample (5864C), which was prepared as follows: the pellet was solubilized using 1% tergitol in the absence of BME, followed by lentil lectin chromatography and stringent column washes prior to column elution. Subsequently this material was bound to hydroxyl-apatite and eluted. Samples were loaded using non-reducing buffer and regular sample loading buffer. Three blots were prepared and each blot was incubated with an antibody. Results are shown in  FIGS. 41-44 : 
     The unglycosylated SARS full-length S-protein has a predicted molecular weight of approximately 139 kDa. The predicted molecular weight of the glycosylated full length S-protein is expected to be around 160 KDa. None of the bands that were present using the CDC antibody raised against SARS in humans were located in that molecular weight range described above. The most abundant bands represent the gp64 baculovirus protein, this runs at around 180 kDa under non-reduced conditions, and at around 60 kDa under reducing conditions. The IMG antibody 541 cross reacts very strongly with the gp64 protein and will therefore not be used for further Western Blot analysis. 
     Two protein samples were submitted to the Keck Facility at Yale University for N-terminal analysis. The S17 protein sample initially found to be immunoreactive with anitsera in Hong Kong and later with antibody from Imgenex was submitted (see lanes 6 and 11 in gel/blot 090303_d2,  FIG. 34 ). When analyzed under non-reducing conditions, the two characteristic bands disappear and a new higher molecular weight band is formed (see  FIG. 34 ) suggesting that the S-protein is composed of two fragments joined by a disulfide bridge. The second sample submitted for N-terminal analysis consisted primarily of a 60 kD band on a reducing page gel (see lane 13 in gel/blot 090303_d2,  FIG. 34 ) that is not immunoreactive with the Imgenex antibody (IMG-542). This protein species is a suspected co-migrating contaminant of baculovirus or insect cell origin that also binds to Lentil Lectin resin. This sample also contained a minor gel band that is highly reactive with the antibody. The complete separation of the S-protein and its degradation products from the proposed 60 kDa contaminant using lentil lectin chromatography was not possible. Both samples were submitted as acetone washed precipitates with expected analysis to give results on the majority contributors. 
     Following the discovery that the full length S-protein breaks down under reducing conditions into two different size fragments of 60 and 150 kDa an experiment was performed to identify what would happen if β-ME was excluded from the process. 
     2 L of the fermentation performed at 23° C. and harvested at 168 HPI was solubilized in 20 mM PO 4  and 1% Tergitol. The sample was polytroned for 2 minutes and centrifuged at 4.5 k for 30 minutes. The supernatant was concentrated using TFF with a 100 kDa molecular weight cut-off filter and diafiltered with 20 mM PO4 buffer. A final volume of 350 ml was loaded on a pre-equilibrated 40 ml LL column and eluted with 10 mM PO4, 50% ethylene glycol, and 0.5 M methylpyranoside (see  FIG. 35 ). 
     The yield increased when compared to the LL column that was extracted using reducing conditions. The band at 180 also reacted with the 541 antibody along with higher molecular weight forms. 
     Fractions 4-14 were concentrated to 6 ml from 120 ml and loaded to a 600 ml S200 SEC column (see  FIG. 36 ). 
     The full length S-protein was present in the first peak off the SEC column. The protein eluted with lower molecular weight products. It appeared that some of these were reacting in the blot and may represent S breakdown products. The other major band that appeared in the applied sample at 60-62 kDa (Lanes 3, 4) eluted 15 tubes away from the main peak. Again, this may represent a mixture of S breakdown and viral protein that are the same weight. An interesting note was the increase in Lane 4 of the blot when compared to lane 3; apparently the concentration led to an increase of reactive 62 kDa protein. 
     The experiments were repeated with the exact same results. The main S fractions were pooled and analyzed in reducing and non-reducing formats ( FIG. 37 ). The final process yield appears greater when (3-ME was omitted from the extraction. 
     SARS ΔTM S Protein Purification 
     N-Terminal Sequencing of Partially Purified SARS ΔTM S Protein. 
     The ΔTM S protein sample was prepared as follows. One liter supernatant from a 10 L fermentation (102103, 72 hpi, 28° C.) was directly applied to a lentil lectin column at pH 7.4. The ΔTM S protein was eluted from the lentil lectin then flowed through a cation exchange column (CM) at pH 7.4. The CM flow-through was processed over a DEAE anion exchange column at pH 7.4. The ΔTM S bound to the column and eluted midway through a linear 20 CV gradient up to 250 mM NaCl. An ˜150 kD band in the Q fractions is reactive with CDC antibody and IMG 542 antibody (see lanes 9-13 in gel/blot of  FIG. 50 ). The Q fraction #12 (see lane 9 in gel/blot of  FIG. 50 ) was transferred to a PVDF membrane for N-terminal analysis. 
     The N-terminal sequencing permitted the tentative assignment as follows: X1-D-L-D-R-X2-X3-T-X4-D where X1 was probably S, X2 was probably either a silent residue (e.g. Cys or glycoslyated/phosphorylated S/T) or L, X3 was probably T and X4 may have been F. The assignments from the more intense signals as well as the more uncertain assignments match the expected N-terminus of mature S protein cleaved after the PSC chitinase signal sequence (SDLDRCTTFDDV). 
     Purification of ΔTM S Protein from Fermentation Supernatant (D3252.2a, 72 hpi, 28° C.) 
     Supernatant was directly loaded onto lentil lectin column (1 liter/40 mL column) equilibrated in 20 mM Tris/0.5 M NaCl pH 7.7. The 0.5 M NaCl is used to remove non-specific binding contaminants. After washing to baseline with the same buffer, the column was washed with 20 mM Tris pH 7.5 to lower conductivity and then eluted with 1 M N-methyl-α-D mannopyrannoside in 20 mM Tris pH 7.5. Some S protein flows-through the column (see lane 3 in gel/blot of  FIG. 51 ). Flow-through was not observed using this same column for identical 1 L material and processing under similar conditions. Sample flow-through may be attributed to including the NaCl wash which was not initially performed by TEK or it may be due to the repeated use of this particular column. At least half of the material was bound and eluted into 6-25 mL fractions (see lanes 6-10 in gel/blot of  FIG. 51 ). The fractions were pooled and processed over an anion exchange Q column. 
     A 30 mL Q column equilibrated in 20 mM Tris pH 7.5 was loaded with the pooled lentil lectin eluate and was step eluted with 50 mM, 75 mM, 100 mM, 150 mM, 200 mM, 250 mM, 300 mM, 500 mM NaCl. The material bound to the column with no evidence of ΔTM/S protein in the flow-through or wash (see lanes 2-4 gel/blot of  FIG. 52 ). Degradation products of S are removed with 75 mM NaCl (lanes 8-9) and 100 mM NaCl (lanes 10-11). The bulk of the ΔTM S protein elutes with 150 mM NaCl (see lanes 12-14 of gel in  FIG. 52 ). Additional ΔTM S protein and a lower MW protein elute with 500 mM NaCl (see lanes 9 and 11 gel in  FIG. 53 ). The bulk elution at 150 mM NaCl was pooled (see lane 13 gel of  FIG. 53 ) and dialyzed into 10 mM Na phosphate pH 7.4. The material will be combined with product from additional runs. Concentration of the dilute protein samples will be attempted using a small Q column followed by size exclusion chromatography to remove lower molecular weight contaminants. The estimated yield from BCA assay is 0.5 mgs/L. Yields around 1 mg/L are expected if the flow-through loss on the lentil lectin column is avoided. 
     In an alternative purification scheme, the ΔTM S protein was purified from a 10 L fermentation. A schematic overview of this process is shown in  FIG. 12C . The resulting purified protein is shown in  FIG. 54 . The resulting product was provided for mice immunogenicity studies. 
     Purification of the ΔTM S protein from 45 L fermentation has been performed. Briefly the material was centrifuged and the supernatant was pH-adjusted to a pH of 8, followed by another centrifugation (this step removes non-protein material and certain protein contaminants). Subsequently the material was concentrated 8 times prior to storage at −20° C. Three liters of the concentrated material were then applied to a 750 mL Cation (UnosphereS) column. The ΔTM S protein flows through this column (FT). The FT was applied to a 250 mL anion (Q) column and eluted using 150 mM NaCl. The DEAF column was too small, since approx. 65% of the material flows through this column. 
     The total amount of protein purified from the 45 L fermentation was approximately 10 mg. The product showed degradation following concentration and contained high levels of endotoxin. A technique was used as described by Liu et al. (Liu, Tobias et al. 1997) based on TX-114 phase separation and ion-exchange chromatography to remove endotoxin, however this resulted in major losses. 
     The TFF concentration step resulted in major losses and therefore was omitted this step in the subsequent 10 L purification. As a result of this process change the protein did not bind to the Q column anymore. A schematic overview of the changed process is shown in  FIG. 12D . 
     The delta TM harvested was pH adjusted to 7.4 using 1M Tris, pH=8.0. The supernatant was then centrifuged at 4500 rpm for 30 min. Subsequently the supernatant was loaded on a 500 ml S-column, linked to 500 ml Q-column. Most of the delta-TM protein unexpectedly flowed thru both columns. 
     The flow thru was loaded to 50 ml LL column. The LL elution fractions looked good and were stirred cell concentrated to 100 mls. During concentration precipitation problems occurred and the product was dialyzed 100 mls into PBS. 
     The product yield from the FT was approx. 10-12 mgs from this 10 L fermentation. The endotoxin content in end product was high. Endotoxins were removed using Triton-X treatment. 
     The 2-3 mgs delta TM that did bind to bind to the Q column was eluted in 100 mM NaCl and processed over LL also contained high endotoxins. 
     A later preparation of delta TM was harvested and was pH adjusted to 7.4 using 1M Tris, pH=8.0. The supernatant was then centrifuged @ 4500 rpm for 30 min. Subsequently the supernatant was loaded on a 500 ml S-column, linked to 500 ml DEAE column. Again most delta-TM protein flowed thru both columns. 
     The flow thru was loaded to 50 ml LL column. The LL elution fractions looked good and were dialyzed into PBS prior to stirred cell concentration to 100 mls. 
     The product yield from the FT was now 15-20 mgs and no delta TM in was found in the 100 mM or 150 mM elution from the DEAE column. Endotoxin content was still high but lower than the previous purification run. This material was used to formulate the product for the mouse immunogenicity study (see Example 10). 
     Process Optimization 
     The above process was further optimized using material from the initial 3 L concentrate. Part of the ΔTM S protein did not bind to the Q column as anticipated. Therefore, this flow thru (referred to as 1&amp;2) were processed over a larger Q, using similar elution conditions (fplc 5888), the eluate was then further processed on LL, again using similar elution conditions (fplc 5889). The fractions containing the ΔTM S protein were pooled, concentrated and processed over the SEC column (fplc 5890). The results are shown in  FIG. 55  below: 
     Fractions 31-35 gave a purity of approximately 70-80%. 
     Subsequently, flow thru 3 was processed using the same Q column (fplc 5891, however now the column elution was changed using a step elution from 0.15M NaCl to 50 mM NaCl, 100 mM NaCl and then 150 mM NaCl (one column volume of each molarity). The results are shown in  FIG. 56 . 
     The 100 mM eluate fractions do not react with the Sars Ab, whereas the 150 mM fractions do react with the antibody (In  FIG. 56 , note the blot is reverse to the gel). The 150 mM fractions were then pooled and loaded to the same LL (fplc run 5892). The elution was now changed from 0.5M sugar to 0.1M (fractions 1-5), 0.2M (fractions 6-10), 0.3M (fractions 11-15), 0.4M (fractions 16-20), 0.5M (fraction 21-24) sugar using two column volumes of each molarity. The results are shown in  FIG. 57 . 
     Fractions 10-24 reacted with the Sars Ab, whereas fractions 1-9 did not (011404-d5blot). Fractions 12-24 were pooled, concentrated and dialyzed using an amicon system to a volume of 8 mls. A gel/blot of this material is shown in  FIG. 58 . This material has a purity of greater than 90% and all visible bands in the gel react with the Sars Ab, suggesting that the SEC step can be removed from the process. 
     Optimization studies were continued by introducing a filtration step with or without pH adjustment to the purification. 2 L of fresh supernatant was filtered thru a 0.2 um filter. The pH was not adjusted, and the supernatant was loaded to linked UNO-S and DEAE columns. The flow thru from 5907 was loaded on a 50 ml new LL column. LL eluted the same as in past experiments. Fractions were pooled and dialyzed into PBS overnight. The material was then concentrated by stirred celled to 30 mls. The material contained more fragments than that which was used for the mouse study because certain side fractions were included in the pool. See  FIG. 64 . All bands were recognized by the Ab. Loading 0.5 ug protein results in 70% intact with the remaining portion comprising fragments. 
     The total protein concentration yielded by this purification was 271 ug/ml, with a yield per liter of approximately 4 mg. The material had an endotoxin level of 80 EU/ml. 
     The study showed that the introduction of the filtration step and use of fresh resin improved endotoxin content. Omitting the pH adjustment and concentration step led to better overall process yields. 
     The experiment was repeated, with the second run providing material that was identical to that used in the mouse study as far as intact to fragment ratio (results are shown in  FIG. 65 ). The second run had a protein concentration of 494 ug/ml and a yield per liter of approximately 3.5 mg/L. Low endotoxin levels were observed in this sample. The similar results between the two runs demonstrate that the results are reproducible. 
     The third run of the non-PH adjusted supernatant proceeded as expected. The purity and yield results were about the same as the previous two runs. Final yield numbers were difficult o compare as this pool was split and run over a Q Sepharose column. A gel and blot of the resulting material is in  FIG. 66 . Endotoxin numbers were less than 40 for the preconcentrate and less than 320 for the concentrate. These results show that the Q column appears to be an alternative for stirred cell concentration. 
     Further optimization studies were performed by altering the purification technique by using reduced column sizes in order to prepare the process for large scale manufacturing and to determine required column sizes. UNO S and DEAF columns were scaled down from 500 mls to 100 mls. LL columns were reduced from 50 mls to 7.5 mls and instead of stirred cell concentration a 5 ml Q Sepharose column was used. The gel and blot of the resulting material is shown in  FIG. 67 . The results showed that it is feasible to reduce the column sizes while maintaining the purity of final product. The results show that there appear to be fewer fragments when using the Q Sepharose columns in place of stirred cell concentration. A flow chart that represents this process is shown in  FIG. 12E . 
     Further analysis will include repeating this modified process with 1 L of the original concentrate. The procedure will include the use of a larger S/Q column using step elution (100 mM/150 mM elution). The eluate would be applied to LL using various (0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5M) sugar elutions. 
     Extraction Study 
     Experiments were performed to improve the extraction of the S-protein from insect cells. Previous experiments have shown that 0.1% tergitol removed significant levels of contaminating proteins leaving the S-protein associated with the cell pellet. In addition, additives such as betaine and glycerol may increase the extraction efficiency of tergitol at 0.1-1.0%. Using the fermentation culture grown at 23° C., 168 hpi harvest (lot #100303), a series of extraction experiments were performed. The pellet was initially washed with 20 mM Tris, 0.1% Tergitol pH 8.47 and then divided into equally aliquots. The aliquots were centrifuged and the 0.1% Tergitol supernatants were pooled. The resulting aliquots/pellets were re-extracted with 1.0% Tergitol with and without additives (10% glycerol, 0.4 M Betaine, 0.5 M NaCl). Based on the gel and blot (see  FIG. 38 ), complete protein extraction of the pellets was achieved with the initial wash step using 0.1% tergitol (lane 1, 188 SN1). This result may be attributed to the different conditions of this recent fermentation (lower temperature, late harvest). The high ratio of the cell pellet weight to the re-suspension volume (50×) may also have improved extraction efficiency when using with lower amounts of detergent. 
     Example 5 
     Assay Development 
     The S-protein has been described to possess hemagglutinating activity (Schultze, Gross et al. 1991). Protein Sciences has developed a hemagglutination assay for its influenza program and Applicants modified this method to measure the bio-activity of the S-protein because appropriate biological activity indicates correct folding. 
     It has been previously described that the S-protein from various Coronaviruses can agglutinate red blood cells by the interaction of the S-protein on the virus with sialic acid on the surface of the cells. Hemagglutination assays are done essentially as described by Rosen (Rosen 1968). Fresh chicken RBCs are washed with phosphate buffered saline (PBS) and suspended as a 0.5% solution in PBS. 50 p. 1 of washed RBCs are added to each well in U-bottom 96-well microtiter plates. Sample is serially diluted in PBS and 50 μl of each dilution is added to each well. The plates are covered and incubated at room temperature for 30 minutes and then scored for agglutination. One HA unit is defined as the dilution at which 50% of the cells agglutinate. The assay is being performed using both chicken and mouse red blood cells. 
     Example 6 
     Manufacturing 
     Preparation of Working Virus Bank (WVB). The virus inoculum used in S-protein production is derived from separate Working Virus Banks (WVB). As described above, recombinant virus from a single viral plaque is propagated through several passages at a low multiplicity of infection to generate a large quantity of inoculum and stored in aliquots in liquid nitrogen as the WVB. 
     The Working Virus Bank is tested for freedom from bacteria, fungi and other adventitious agents, including contaminating wild type or other recombinant baculoviruses. Identity is confirmed by Southern blot analysis of the insert from purified baculovirus DNA, and by Western blot analysis of the recombinant protein produced in infected insect cells. To maintain the genetic stability of the recombinant baculovirus used for protein production, the Working Virus Bank (WVB) is prepared by thawing out one aliquot and propagating it for a limited number of passages at a low multiplicity of infection (equal or less than 1 plaque-forming-unit (pfu)/cell). 
     In order to prepare a MVB a culture was infected with a low MOI (usually of 0.1) and the culture is harvested 72 hpi. The WVB P3 was frozen and stored in the manufacturing area and will be used for future process development and manufacturing use. The blot for the FL S-protein (D3217.1a) unexpectedly showed the presence of full length S-protein in the supernatant ( FIG. 39 ). 
     Because of the presence of the full length S protein in the supernatant of the virus bank, an additional 2 L fermentation was performed. The progress of the infection, viability of the infected cells, protein expression of FL S-protein D3217.1a and stability of the produced protein (as a result of adding leupeptin more than one time and at higher concentration) was monitored and measured over total time of fermentation of 72 hpi. The fermentation was performed in 2 L bioreactor. Twenty-four hours after infection, leupeptin was added to the culture in concentration of 2 μg/ml (=double the previously used concentration). At 48 hpi, samples were taken, viability was measured (82%) and 0.5 L was harvested and both pellets and supernatant were stored @ −20° C. for purification. Protease inhibitor, leupeptin was added again @ 48 hpi at 2 μg/ml. Seventy hours post infection (hpi), the culture was harvested. The cell viability at time of harvest was 55%. Microscopic observation confirmed that cells were well infected.  FIG. 40  describes the expression progress. 
     Qualify Working Virus Banks. 
     The WVB is qualified by testing for titer and sterility. The cell line used for fermentation is checked for sterility on a continuous basis. In addition the fermentation is checked for sterility at the time of infection and harvest, and the crude sample (either infected cells or spent culture media, for intracellular and secreted proteins, respectively). Intermediate in-process samples from the various steps of the purification process and a sample of the bulk product are analyzed on SDS-polyacrylamide gels and Western blots to ensure that the recovery process performed as expected. 
     Final Bulk Lot Testing. 
     Tests are performed on each bulk antigen batch including assays for total protein, identity, purity, DNA contamination, process contaminants, and freedom from mycoplasma and adventitious agents. The methods and release specifications for all tests are provided in the following table. Bulk Lot Sterility testing is performed in accordance with the methods described in 21 C.F.R. §610.12 and the USP sections listed therein. 
     Release Testing and Specifications for Bulk Protein 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Tests 
                 Method 
                 Acceptance Criteria 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                 Bulk sterility 
                 CFR 610.12 
                 No growth observed 
               
               
                 
                   Mycoplasma 
                 
                 Indicator cell/DNA stain 
                 No  mycoplasma  detected 
               
               
                 Viruses 
                 Co-cultivation, 3 cell 
                 No viruses detected 
               
               
                   
                 types 
                   
               
               
                 Identity 
                 SDS-PAGE 
                 130 kDa mol. Wt. 
               
               
                   
                 Western Blot 
                 Positive against specific  
               
               
                   
                   
                 anti-antisera 
               
               
                 Purity 
                 Scanning densitometry 
                 &gt;90% advantageously &gt;95% 
               
               
                 Endotoxins 
                   Limulus  Amebocyte 
                 Less than 10 EU/ml 
               
               
                   
                 Lysate Assay 
                   
               
               
                 Protein 
                 Modified Lowry 
                 Test and report 
               
               
                 concentration 
                 (BCA; Pierce) 
                   
               
               
                 Protein activity 
                 Agglutination assay 
                 Activity observed 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Example 7 
     Quality Control 
     Tests are being performed using a study protocol to establish the stability of the concentrated and non-concentrated material at two different temperatures (−20° C. and 2-8° C.). The results of the study to date show that the concentrated material appears to be more stable when stored at −20° C. The non-concentrated material appears to be similar independent of storage temperature. 
     A further stability study was performed to establish the optimal storage time of SARS ΔTM culture supernatant. Samples of SARS ΔTM culture supernatant were stored as either TFF concentrated or unconcentrated at either 4° C. or −20° C. The culture was harvested and samples were tested. The data is currently under evaluation with a densitometer. 
     All blots were processed using the same antibody (IMG 542). Qualitatively, it can be concluded that the unconcentrated SARS ΔTM culture supernatant is stable at either 4° C. or −20° C. for up to two months (see  FIG. 68 ).  FIG. 68  shows time points of unconcentrated SARS ΔTM culture supernatant stored at 4° C. versus −20° C. Western blots were also performed of unconcentrated SARS ΔTM culture supernatant stored at 4° C. versus −20° C. Qualitatively, no change in degradation or band signal was detected within 2 months of storage when compared to the T=0 sample. A decrease in intensity of the protein band beyond two months of storage was observed. 
     The concentrated SARS ΔTM culture supernatant was stable at 4° C. for up to 1 week (see  FIG. 69 ), although an additional band appears on the blot at approximately 100 kD at the first time point tested (see band in  FIG. 69 ). It should be noted, however, that the concentrated culture supernatant stored at 4° C. became contaminated during the study. It is possible that the contamination led to the rapid degradation at 4° C.  FIG. 69  shows time points of concentrated SARS ΔTM culture supernatant stored at 4° C. Western blots were also performed of concentrated SARS ΔTM culture supernatant stored at 4° C. Qualitatively, the protein was fairly stable in the concentrated culture supernatant when stored at 4° C. for up to 1 week, with the exception of the appearance of an additional ˜100 kD band. The protein was almost completely degraded beyond this time. 
     The concentrated SARS ΔTM culture supernatant was stable at −20° C. for up to 2 months (see  FIG. 70 ).  FIG. 70  shows time points of concentrated SARS ΔTM culture supernatant stored at −20° C. A Western blot was also performed of concentrated SARS ΔTM culture supernatant stored at −20° C. Qualitatively, no change in degradation or band signal was detected within 2 months of storage when compared to the T=0 sample. A band at approximately 100 kD may have started to appear or could be varying on the blot from an inconsistent transfer. 
     Example 8 
     Production of Polyclonal Sera for the SARS S Protein 
     The ΔTM S protein was produced using the bacterial expression system pBAD/H is (Invitrogen) and the  E. coli  strain LMG194. The target protein was extracted from the cell pellet and purified over a Ni-chelating column. A significant level of protein degradation was reported. In addition, significant losses were encountered in the concentration of the final product using the Centriprep concentrators. 
     The polyclonal antibody service included the purchase of 1 specific pathogen-free rabbit (animal #V610) for antibody production. A pre-immunization bleed was performed. Thus far two immunizations have been performed and two post-immunization small volume bleeds have been received at PSC (see Table below). Four additional immunizations are scheduled. Two more small volume bleeds and a final terminal bleed pool (40-70 mLs) are expected. 
     The 2 nd  immunization bleed has been used to probe western blots of the 45 L ΔTM S protein purification process. Western blots have been performed at 1:1000 and 1:10,000 dilutions for 2 hours and 45 minutes, respectively, using the primary antibody. The secondary antibody (rabbit IgG) is used at 1:1000 for 1 hour (see gel and blots in  FIG. 59 ). The 1:10,000 dilution of the 2 nd  immunization bleed provides a reasonable blot signal. The blot incubation time may be extended to 1-2 hours for improved signal. Using the 1:10,000 dilution, the 2 nd  immunization bleed should provide sufficient material for at least 1,000 more blots. 
     Three mg of the ΔTM S protein was provided for mouse immunogenicity studies. Preliminary data reported indicate that good serum ELISA titers and virus neutralization titers were obtained when immunizing mice by IM route with Alum. Two doses were used in this study. 
     Example 9 
     Animal Testing 
     This study was blinded by the Center for Disease Control. 
     The test materials for this study were truncated S protein (Delta TM) and full length his-tagged S protein (histag). Routine safety precautions were followed, and additional routine safety precautions were followed as needed. 
     The test materials were stored frozen (20° C.). All materials were stored as specified by the supplier and documented. 
     All quantities of test materials that were dispensed were documented. The test material dose formulations were prepared and shipped in separate vials—one vial per dose level per immunization time point. On each dosing day, the prepared dose vials were thawed prior to dosing. 
     Male and female (nulliparous, non-pregnant) CD1, VAF/Plus, mice were purchased from Charles River Laboratories for this study. Animals weighed approximately 16-18 grams (specified purchase weight range) and were approximately four weeks of age upon arrival. Mice are frequently used in immunological studies; in particular for hypersensitivity reactions and a large amount of background data are available, rendering the mouse a suitable candidate for this study. The mice were housed up to six per cage in plastic solid-bottom cages with hardwood chip bedding. Animal rooms and cages were cleaned and sanitized prior to the study start and cages were changed as needed thereafter. This was done in accordance with accepted animal care practice. 
     Animal rooms were lighted with fluorescent lights and maintained on a 12-hr light/dark cycle. To the maximum extent possible, room temperature was maintained at approximately 18-26° C. and relative humidity at approximately 30-70% in accordance with the National Research Council&#39;s, “Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals”, 1996. Room temperature and relative humidity values were recorded daily. 
     Certified Rodent Diet [e.g., Purina Rodent Diet 5002 (PMI Nutrition International, Brentwood, Mo.)] was available ad libitum. An analysis of each feed lot was provided by the manufacturer and maintained with facility records. No known contaminants were present in the diet that would have adversely impacted the integrity of the study. City of Chicago tap water was provided ad libitum via an automatic drinking water distribution system or in water bottles. Fresh water (bottles) was provided at least twice weekly. Water analytical reports were maintained. 
     Animals selected for the study received a permanent identification number by ear mark or ear punch. Individual cage cards also identified the test animals by animal number and study group. The identifying numbers assigned were unique within the study. 
     The test material was administered to mice by IM injection according to the study design shown below. The animals were weighed and assigned to treatment groups using a constrained random process such that all groups tested were comparable in pretest body weight, and the weight variation of each animal used did not exceed ±20% of the mean weight. The animals received 50 μl of the dose formulation containing graded doses of test material. On the days specified, animals were euthanized and sera was collected. Sera was shipped for analysis by ELISA and serum neutralization assay. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 Day 1 
                 Day 15 
                 Day 30 
                 Day 45 
                 Day 60 
                 Day 75 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Group 
                 Dose Level 
                 Dose 1 
                 S 
                 Dose 2 
                 S 
                 Dose 3 
                 S 
                 Dose 4 
                 S 
                 S 
                 S 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 1 
                  3 μg 
                 40 
                 — 
                 32 
                 8 
                 24 
                 8 
                 16 
                 8 
                 8 
                 8 
               
               
                 2 
                  9 μg 
                 40 
                 — 
                 32 
                 8 
                 24 
                 8 
                 16 
                 8 
                 8 
                 8 
               
               
                 3 
                 9 μg-histag 
                 40 
                 — 
                 32 
                 8 
                 24 
                 8 
                 16 
                 8 
                 8 
                 8 
               
               
                 4 
                 27 μg 
                 40 
                 — 
                 32 
                 8 
                 24 
                 8 
                 16 
                 8 
                 8 
                 8 
               
               
                 5 
                 50 μg 
                 40 
                 — 
                 32 
                 8 
                 24 
                 8 
                 16 
                 8 
                 8 
                 8 
               
               
                 Control 
                 — 
                 NA 
                 8 
                 NA 
                 — 
                 NA 
                 4 
                 NA 
                 — 
                 4 
                 4 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Dose = number of mice dosed IM (50 μl) - half males, half females 
               
               
                 S = sacrificed for bleed - half males, half females 
               
               
                 NA = not applicable 
               
            
           
         
       
     
     The animals purchased for use in this study were held in quarantine for at least one week. During quarantine, the animals were observed at least once daily. At the conclusion of quarantine, the health status of the animals was reviewed by the Staff Veterinarian prior to release for testing. 
     Animals were weighed weekly and were observed daily for signs of toxicity and survival. All signs of altered behavior, changes in coat condition, unusual discharge of body fluid, lesions, or other relevant observations were recorded. Animals found dead were noted and disposed of without gross necropsy. Necropsy was not be performed on animals found dead or sacrificed in moribund condition. No tissues were preserved at animal termination. 
     Animals received a total of one, two, three or four 50 μl IM injections containing test material. Animals were immunized on study Days 1, 15, 30 and 45. A 0.5 cc plastic disposable sterile syringe and 27 g×½ inch needle were used to inject the dose formulations. Control animals were not dosed. 
     Mice were heavily anesthetized prior to bleeding and whole blood collected from the retro-orbital sinus, abdominal aorta or via cardiac puncture. Serum samples were collected by allowing the blood to clot, centrifugation at 1300×g for 20 minutes and removing the serum to appropriately labeled tubes. The sera was stored at approximately −20° C. until shipped following the Day 30 and Day 75 bleeds. The study animals were euthanized by exsanguination from the abdominal aorta following anesthetization with sodium pentobarbital or by CO 2  asphyxiation. 
     Body weights and weekly body weight gains were presented as mean and standard deviations of exposure groups at each time point. The log-transformed data was statistically analyzed for differences between treatment groups by analysis of variance (ANOVA) and, if appropriate, Dunnett&#39;s test or Tukey&#39;s HSD test. A P value of ≦0.05 was considered to be a significant difference. Clinical observations were summarized by incidence. 
     Example 10 
     ELISA Assay for Measurement of Antibody Levels in Mouse Sera 
     In order to measure the antibody levels in the mouse sera, an ELISA was developed using purified −TM as the source antigen on the plate, the polyclonal rabbit antibody, hrp conjugated secondary, and the Pico CLW ELISA detection kit from Pierce. A Perkin Elmer fluorimeter is used with the excitation lamp off. 
       FIGS. 60 and 61  are Excel graphs demonstrating that the system worked with the polyclonal rabbit sera. In  FIG. 60 , varying amounts of antigen are plated using a constant concentration of primary and secondary antibody (dilution 1:500).  FIG. 61  shows a titration of the rabbit polyclonal using 100 ng of −TM per well and 1:1000 dilution of secondary. The dilutions are 2 fold starting at 1:1000. 
     In a double-blind study, six groups of mice (five experimental groups, one control group) were immunized with varying doses of SARS S delta TM and the His-tagged full length S protein, as described in the table below. Mice were bled on days 1, 15, 30, 45, 60 and 75. 
     The working serum dilution was determined to be a 1:100 dilution based on pre-run experiments. Anti-S ΔTM antibody titer was determined for each sample with capture immunoassay, where 100 ng of S ΔTM was coated in each well of 96-well plate. After anti-S ΔTM antibodies were bound to S ΔTM, HRP-conjugated sheep anti-mouse antibody was used to produce specific signals (ECL). Results reported in  FIG. 71  are averages of both male and female subjects. Control 1 includes sera from 1 st  (red) and 30 th  (blue) bleed days, and control 2 are assay controls, including negative (PBS, red) and positive (rabbit anti-S ΔTM). All assays were run in duplicate on two plates. The study was not unblended until after all assays were completed and data was collected. 
     The graph in  FIG. 71  clearly showed that anti-SARS S, ΔTM or His-tagged full length, antibodies could be induced in a dose-dependent and boost-effective fashion. The results were producible on the duplicate plate. Further, the graph of  FIG. 75  also clearly depicts the elevation of antibody titer over time. 
     The His-tagged S protein used in the study (9 ug dose level) was re-measured for its concentration. The 9 ug was over-estimated due to interferences in the protein preparation, and the actual dose was more accurately reflected as approximately 2 ug. This new estimation is in line with the current study. Values from mice dosed with His-tagged full length S protein are less than those from mice with the 3 ug dose level, indicating that actual dose may be less than 3 ug. 
     Additional experiments were performed to validate the capture immunoassay used in the mouse study. 
     The optimal coating condition in the first part of SARS S immunogenicity study in mice (above), 100 ul of 1 ug/ml SARS S ΔTM, was determined with rabbit anti-His-tagged SARS ΔTM. The primary Ab (mouse sera) working dilution, 1:100, was based on a previous pilot experiment, where selected mouse sera were serially diluted and tested for SARS ΔTM binding. Two serum samples were selected for the current study. One was #111 (3 ug dose, 15 th  day bleed), representing the lower end of specific signal. The other was #196 (50 ug dose, 30 th  day bleed, the strongest signal in the mouse study), the higher end. Sera were serially diluted, starting with 1:100 dilution, and assays were run in duplicates on a plate with two coating conditions, 1 ug/ml and 2 ug/ml SARS S ΔTM. Results are shown in  FIG. 72 . 
     For #111, the signal was weak but detectable. Signals from dilutions were linear but at the lower end of the assay linear range. A 1:100 dilution apparently was the best choice for this sample and further dilution will jeopardize the quality of the assay. On the other hand, #196 showed a linear decrease of specific signals along with serial dilutions. A 1:100 dilution instead was at higher end of the titration. This dilution compromises both weak and strong specific signals. Therefore, the current study validated the assay conditions used in the immunogenicity study in mice. 
     Increasing coating concentration to 2 ug/ml improved the detection of the lower titer, but sera with higher titer must be further diluted in order to stay in the linear detection range. 
     Since two identical serum samples were tested on two different days, it allowed for the evaluation of the reproducibility of the capture immunoassay (see  FIG. 73 ). Results from two assays were reproducible. CV (StDev/Average) is about 10% for Day 1 due to the averaged result from two plates (also called inter-plate CV), while CV from Day 2 is less than 10%, benefiting from the average from the same plate (intra-plate CV). #111 had weak signals and was positioned in the lower end of the assay range. 
     Part II of the study included bleeds on days 45 th , 60 th , and 75 th . The total serum samples obtained including those from the bleeds on days 45, 60 and 75 are shown in the below table. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 Bleed Day 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Group 
                 Dose Level 
                 Sex 
                 1st 
                 15th 
                 30th 
                 45th 
                 60th 
                 75th 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Group 1 
                 3 μg S ΔTM 
                 Male 
                 0 
                 5 
                 3 
                 4 
                 4 
                 4 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Female 
                 0 
                 4 
                 4 
                 4 
                 4 
                 4 
               
               
                 Group 2 
                 9 μg S ÄTM 
                 Male 
                 0 
                 4 
                 4 
                 4 
                 4 
                 4 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Female 
                 0 
                 4 
                 4 
                 4 
                 4 
                 4 
               
               
                 Group 3 
                 3 μg His-S FL 
                 Male 
                 0 
                 4 
                 4 
                 4 
                 4 
                 4 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Female 
                 0 
                 4 
                 4 
                 4 
                 4 
                 4 
               
               
                 Group 4 
                 27 μg S ÄTM 
                 Male 
                 0 
                 4 
                 4 
                 4 
                 4 
                 4 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Female 
                 0 
                 4 
                 4 
                 4 
                 4 
                 4 
               
               
                 Group 5 
                 50 μg S ÄTM 
                 Male 
                 0 
                 4 
                 4 
                 4 
                 4 
                 4 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Female 
                 0 
                 4 
                 4 
                 4 
                 4 
                 4 
               
               
                 Control 
                 Naïve 
                 Male 
                 4 
                 0 
                 2 
                 0 
                 2 
                 2 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Female 
                 4 
                 0 
                 2 
                 0 
                 2 
                 2 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     All mice anti-SARS S protein sera were sent to CDC in Canada for virus neutralization studies. Virus neutralization tests of mice sera were performed following SOP. Sera were 2-fold serially diluted. For each dilution, 100 infectious units of virus were added. Virus neutralization occurred during incubation. The mixtures were used to inoculate Vero-E6 cells and cytopathic effect (CPE) was monitored. Results of unheated (Titre 1) and heated (56° C. for 30 minutes, Titre 2) sera are summarized in the following table. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
               
             
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
                   
                   
                 Bleed 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                   
                   
                 Day 15th 
                 Day 30th 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Virus 
                   
                   
                 Virus 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Immuno- 
                 neutralization 
                   
                 Immuno- 
                 neutralization 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 genicity 
                 Titre- 
                 Titre-2 
                   
                 genicity 
                   
                 Titre-2 
               
               
                   
                 Dose level 
                 Sex 
                 ID 
                 Titer 
                 1 
                 (56 C.) 
                 ID 
                 Titer 
                 Titre-1 
                 (56 C.) 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Group 1 
                 3 ug S ΔTM 
                 Male 
                  #1 
                 2,000 
                 &lt;10 
                 &lt;10 
                  #5 
                 16,000 
                 20 
                 20 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                  #2 
                 4,000 
                 &lt;10 
                 10 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                  #3 
                 2,000 
                 &lt;10 
                 &lt;10 
                  #7 
                 32,000 
                 80 
                 80 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                  #4 
                 1,000 
                 &lt;10 
                 &lt;10 
                  #8 
                 32,000 
                 40 
                 10 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                  #6 
                 8,000 
                 &lt;10 
                 &lt;10 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 Female 
                 #111 
                 16,000 
                 20 
                 40 
                 #115 
                 128,000 
                 320 
                 640 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 #112 
                 8,000 
                 &lt;10 
                 &lt;10 
                 #116 
                 64,000 
                 80 
                 80 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 #113 
                 2,000 
                 &lt;10 
                 &lt;10 
                 #117 
                 32,000 
                 80 
                 20 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 #114 
                 32,000 
                 20 
                 &lt;10 
                 #118 
                 64,000 
                 320 
                 160 
               
               
                   
                 Average 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Group 2 
                 9 ug S ΔTM 
                 Male 
                  #21 
                 2,000 
                 10 
                 &lt;10 
                  #25 
                 32,000 
                 320 
                 80 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                  #22 
                 4,000 
                 &lt;10 
                 &lt;10 
                  #26 
                 32,000 
                 160 
                 80 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                  #23 
                 4,000 
                 20 
                 10 
                  #27 
                 8,000 
                 20 
                 10 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                  #24 
                 4,000 
                 &lt;10 
                 10 
                  #28 
                 32,000 
                 160 
                 40 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Female 
                 #131 
                 32,000 
                 40 
                 20 
                 #135 
                 128,000 
                 320 
                 80 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 #132 
                 32,000 
                 10 
                 &lt;10 
                 #136 
                 128,000 
                 320 
                 160 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 #133 
                 16,000 
                 10 
                 20 
                 #137 
                 64,000 
                 160 
                 160 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 #134 
                 2,000 
                 &lt;10 
                 &lt;10 
                 #138 
                 64,000 
                 160 
                 80 
               
               
                   
                 Average 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Group 3 
                 “9” ug His-S 
                 Male 
                  #41 
                 &lt;1000 
                 &lt;10 
                 &lt;10 
                  #45 
                 2000 
                 10 
                 &lt;10 
               
               
                   
                 FL 
                   
                  #42 
                 1000 
                 &lt;10 
                 &lt;10 
                  #46 
                 64000 
                 160 
                 160 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                  #43 
                 1000 
                 &lt;10 
                 &lt;10 
                  #47 
                 16000 
                 10 
                 10 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                  #44 
                 &lt;1000 
                 &lt;10 
                 &lt;10 
                  #48 
                 32000 
                 80 
                 80 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Female 
                 #151 
                   
                 40 
                 20 
                 #155 
                   
                 40 
                 20 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 #152 
                   
                 10 
                 &lt;10 
                 #156 
                   
                 10 
                 &lt;10 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 #153 
                   
                 &lt;10 
                 10 
                 #157 
                   
                 40 
                 20 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 #154 
                   
                 &lt;10 
                 &lt;10 
                 #158 
                   
                 80 
                 80 
               
               
                   
                 Average 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Group 4 
                 27 ug S 
                 Male 
                  #61 
                   
                 10 
                 &lt;10 
                  #65 
                   
                 160 
                 40 
               
               
                   
                 ΔTM 
                   
                  #62 
                   
                 &lt;10 
                 &lt;10 
                  #66 
                   
                 160 
                 40 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                  #63 
                   
                 &lt;10 
                 &lt;10 
                  #67 
                   
                 160 
                 40 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                  #64 
                   
                 &lt;10 
                 &lt;10 
                  #68 
                   
                 160 
                 160 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Female 
                 #171 
                   
                 &lt;10 
                 &lt;10 
                 #175 
                   
                 320 
                 160 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 #172 
                   
                 &lt;10 
                 &lt;10 
                 #176 
                   
                 320 
                 160 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 #173 
                   
                   
                   
                 #177 
                   
                 160 
                 160 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 #174 
                   
                 20 
                 10 
                 #178 
                   
                 40 
                 80 
               
               
                   
                 Average 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Group 5 
                 50 ug S 
                 Male 
                  #81 
                   
                 10 
                 &lt;10 
                  #85 
                   
                 320 
                 80 
               
               
                   
                 ΔTM 
                   
                  #82 
                   
                 40 
                 10 
                  #86 
                   
                 80 
                 40 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                  #83 
                   
                 10 
                 10 
                  #87 
                   
                 320 
                 640 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                  #84 
                   
                 20 
                 &lt;10 
                  #88 
                   
                 320 
                 320 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Female 
                 #191 
                   
                 &lt;10 
                 &lt;10 
                 #195 
                   
                 320 
                 320 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 #192 
                   
                 40 
                 10 
                 #196 
                   
                 2560 
                 320 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 #193 
                   
                 20 
                 20 
                 #197 
                   
                 80 
                 80 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 #194 
                   
                 10 
                 20 
                 #198 
                   
                 80 
                 320 
               
               
                   
                 Average 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Control 
                 naive 
                 Male 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 #105 
                   
                 &lt;10 
                 &lt;10 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 #106 
                   
                 &lt;10 
                 &lt;10 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Female 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 #215 
                   
                 &lt;10 
                 &lt;10 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 #216 
                   
                 &lt;10 
                 &lt;10 
               
               
                   
                 Average 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                   
                   
                 Day 45th 
                 Day 60th 
                 Day 75th 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Immunogenicity 
                   
                 Immunogenicity 
                   
                 Immunogenicity 
               
               
                   
                 Dose level 
                 Sex 
                 ID 
                 Titer 
                 ID 
                 Titer 
                 ID 
                 Titer 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Group 1 
                 3 ug S ΔTM 
                 Male 
                  #9 
                 64,000 
                  #13 
                 32,000 
                  #17 
                 32,000 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                  #10 
                 64,000 
                  #14 
                 128,000 
                  #18 
                 16,000 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                  #11 
                 32,000 
                  #15 
                 128,000 
                  #19 
                 256,000 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                  #12 
                 256,000 
                  #16 
                 64,000 
                  #20 
                 64,000 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Female 
                 #119 
                 256,000 
                 #123 
                 128,000 
                 #127 
                 128,000 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 #120 
                 128,000 
                 #124 
                 128,000 
                 #128 
                 256,000 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 #121 
                 512,000 
                 #125 
                 128,000 
                 #129 
                 128,000 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 #122 
                 512,000 
                 #126 
                 128,000 
                 #130 
                 128,000 
               
               
                   
                 Average 
                   
                   
                 228,000 
                   
                 108,000 
                   
                 126,000 
               
               
                 Group 2 
                 9 ug S ΔTM 
                 Male 
                  #29 
                 64,000 
                  #33 
                 64,000 
                  #37 
                 64,000 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                  #30 
                 128,000 
                  #34 
                 64,000 
                  #38 
                 128,000 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                  #31 
                 64,000 
                  #35 
                 128,000 
                  #39 
                 128,000 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                  #32 
                 128,000 
                  #36 
                 128,000 
                  #40 
                 32,000 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Female 
                 #139 
                 512,000 
                 #143 
                 64,000 
                 #147 
                 128,000 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 #140 
                 512,000 
                 #144 
                 128,000 
                 #148 
                 256,000 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 #141 
                 128,000 
                 #145 
                 256,000 
                 #149 
                 256,000 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 #142 
                 256,000 
                 #146 
                 64,000 
                 #150 
                 256,000 
               
               
                   
                 Average 
                   
                   
                 224,444 
                   
                 111,556 
                   
                 152,667 
               
               
                 Group 3 
                 “9” ug His-S FL 
                 Male 
                  #49 
                 256,000 
                  #53 
                 512,000 
                  #57 
                 512,000 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                  #50 
                 64,000 
                  #54 
                 512,000 
                  #58 
                 128,000 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                  #51 
                 64,000 
                  #55 
                 256,000 
                  #59 
                 32,000 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                  #52 
                 128,000 
                  #56 
                 64,000 
                  #60 
                 1,032,000 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Female 
                 #159 
                 1,032,000 
                 #163 
                 1,032,000 
                 #167 
                 256,000 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 #160 
                 32,000 
                 #164 
                 256,000 
                 #168 
                 32,000 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 #161 
                 64,000 
                 #165 
                 64,000 
                 #169 
                 1,032,000 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 #162 
                 1,032,000 
                 #166 
                 512,000 
                 #170 
                 256,000 
               
               
                   
                 Average 
                   
                   
                 321,827 
                   
                 368,840 
                   
                 381,407 
               
               
                 Group 4 
                 27 ug S ΔTM 
                 Male 
                  #69 
                 16,000 
                  #73 
                 128,000 
                  #77 
                 64,000 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                  #70 
                 128,000 
                  #74 
                 64,000 
                  #78 
                 512,000 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                  #71 
                 256,000 
                  #75 
                 256,000 
                  #79 
                 64,000 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                  #72 
                 32,000 
                  #76 
                 512,000 
                  #80 
                 512,000 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Female 
                 #179 
                 256,000 
                 #183 
                 256,000 
                 #187 
                 512,000 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 #180 
                 512,000 
                 #184 
                 512,000 
                 #188 
                 256,000 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 #181 
                 256,000 
                 #185 
                 512,000 
                 #189 
                 256,000 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 #182 
                 512,000 
                 #186 
                 512,000 
                 #190 
                 128,000 
               
               
                   
                 Average 
                   
                   
                 246,000 
                   
                 344,000 
                   
                 288,000 
               
               
                 Group 5 
                 50 ug S ΔTM 
                 Male 
                  #89 
                 256,000 
                  #93 
                 32,000 
                  #97 
                 512,000 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                  #90 
                 512,000 
                  #94 
                 512,000 
                  #98 
                 64,000 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                  #91 
                 128,000 
                  #95 
                 512,000 
                  #99 
                 64,000 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                  #92 
                 16,000 
                  #96 
                 64,000 
                 #100 
                 512,000 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Female 
                 #199 
                 2,048,000 
                 #203 
                 256,000 
                 #207 
                 512,000 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 #200 
                 128,000 
                 #204 
                 1,024,000 
                 #208 
                 128,000 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 #201 
                 1,024,000 
                 #205 
                 128,000 
                 #209 
                 256,000 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 #202 
                 1,024,000 
                 #206 
                 512,000 
                 #210 
                 512,000 
               
               
                   
                 Average 
                   
                   
                 642,000 
                   
                 380,000 
                   
                 320,000 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Note: for virus neutralization tests, red and black numbers are from tests 042104 and 051104, respectively 
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Results from this study showed that all the mice that received two doses had sera that neutralized SARS-CoV, while most of those that received one dose produced neutralization sera. This neutralization ability was clearly boost-effective. Results also demonstrated the general trend of dose dependency, though at dose levels beyond 9 ug a plateau was reached. 
     A subset of data was further analyzed for correlation. Since MFI values were obtained at 100-fold dilution for all the mice sera from their immunogenicity studies (see Example 11), both sets of data could be plotted in the same graph to look at their correlation. In  FIG. 74 , Y-axis represents Titre 1 of virus neutralization, while X-axis showed the MFI values of the same sera. All negatives (Titre 1&lt;10) and one outliner (Animal ID#25) were excluded. 
     With a sample size of 16, the graph showed a R2 value of 0.90, indicating a good correlation between two studies (see  FIG. 74 ). 
     Example 12 
     Biological Activity of SARS S Delta TM 
     MFI values were obtained with ACE2/S delta TM/rabbit α for varied SARS S delta TM concentrations with fixed primary anti-serum in a 1:50 dilution. Results are shown in  FIG. 76 , and indicate that the MFI values correlate well with the concentration of the sample, with a R2 value of 0.99. This result represents functional activity of the SARS S delta TM, and shows that the purified recombinant folded correctly. This also indicates that the SARS S delta TM is an appropriate antigen for a vaccine. 
     In summary, these studies have demonstrated recombinant SARS S proteins can elicit mice SARS-CoV-neutralizing sera in a dose dependent and boost-effective fashion. Furthermore, the vaccine appeared to be well tolerated during the studies. 
     Example 12 
     Formulation of SARS S ΔTM with Alhydrogel 
     SARS S delta TM was tested for binding with an adjuvant, Alhydrogel. A fixed amount of purified SARS S delta TM (after four columns), was mixed with varied amounts of Alhydrogel to make final Al(OH) 3  concentrations of 0.05%, 0.1%, 0.15%, and 0.2%. The mixtures were let sit on bench for one hour before being spun at 10,000 RPM, RT, for 10 minutes. The resulting supernatants were analyzed for SARS S delta TM concentrations. 
     Based on the protein concentrations in the supernatants, the amounts of SARS S delta TM in the pellets (presumably bound to Alhydrogel) were calculated. At 0.05%, 0.1%, 0.15%, and 0.2% of Al(OH) 3 , 96 ug, 61 ug, 46 ug, and 38 ug of SARS S delta TM bound for every mg of Al(OH) 3 . 
     It is known that divalent anions, such as phosphate group, particulate with Al(OH) 3 . Extensive studies have been performed to analyze how buffers interfere with particulation. By visual observation, the order of interference from strong to weak is as follows:
 
PBS&gt;TBS/Tris&gt;MES&gt;1% Acetic Acid=H 2 O
 
PBS kept its effect even diluted 20-fold. At this level, however, Tris/HCl was seen less effect.
 
     These observations were further investigated with BSA dissolved H 2 O, PBS, TBS, 100 mM, 50 mM, 20 mM, and 10 mM Tris-HCl, pH7.3. Due to interference with BCA, effects from BSA in 100 mM and 50 mM Tris couldn&#39;t be evaluated (BSA standards weren&#39;t prepared in either 100 mM or 50 mM Tris). At 0.1% Alhydrogel (equals 0.15% Al(OH) 3 ), 156 ug, 325 ug, 323 ug, and 326 ug BSA bound per mg Al(OH) 3  when diluted with PBS, 20 mM Tris, 10 mM Tris, and H 2 O, respectively. Except for BSA/PBS, nearly all the BSA (maxi-out) was bound with Al(OH) 3  in Tris or H 2 O. The actual binding capacity for BSA may be higher. In a separate experiment where Al(OH) 3  was maxed-out, as high as 500 ug BSA when diluted with H 2 O was bound per mg Al(OH) 3 . 
     These results indicate that SARS S delta TM in PBS could be particulated with Al(OH) 3 , but in a less efficient fashion, due to the interference of phosphate anion. If it is desired that SARS S delta TM particulate with Al(OH) 3 , it would likely be better for the SARS S delta TM to be in H 2 O or 10/20 mM Tris. 
     The invention is further described by the following numbered paragraphs: 
     1. An isolated SARS protein, or a vector, e.g., plasmid, recombinant virus, such as a recombinant baculovirus, that expresses such a protein in vivo and/or in vitro. 
     2. The isolated SARS protein of paragraph 1 that is expressed recombinantly expressed. 
     3. The isolated SARS protein of paragraph 2 that is expressed by a recombinant virus, or the vector of paragraph 1 that is a recombinant virus. 
     4. The isolated SARS protein of paragraph 2 that is expressed by a DNA plasmid or the vector of paragraph 1 that is a DNA plasmid. 
     5. The isolated SARS protein of paragraph 3 that is expressed by a recombinant baculovirus, or the virus of paragraph 3 that is a recombinant baculovirus. 
     6. The isolated SARS protein or vector expressing it of any of the preceding paragraphs wherein the protein is S, M, E or N, or an epitopic fragment thereof or combination thereof. 
     7. The isolated SARS protein or vector expressing it of paragraph 6 which is an S protein. 
     8. The isolated SARS protein or vector expressing it of paragraph 6 which is S1. 
     9. The isolated SARS protein or vector expressing it of paragraph 6 which is S2. 
     10. The isolated SARS protein or vector expressing it of paragraph 6 which is an immunogenic fragment of S. 
     11. The isolated SARS protein or vector expressing it of paragraph 10 which is an epitope of S. 
     12. The isolated SARS protein or vector expressing it of paragraph 6 which is an M protein. 
     13. The isolated SARS protein or vector expressing it of paragraph 6 which is an immunogenic fragment of M. 
     14. The isolated SARS protein or vector expressing it of paragraph 13 which is an epitope of M. 
     15. The isolated SARS protein or vector expressing it of paragraph 6 which is an N protein. 
     16. The isolated SARS protein or vector expressing it of paragraph 6 which is an immunogenic fragment of N. 
     17. The isolated SARS protein or vector expressing it of paragraph 10 which is an epitope of N. 
     18. The isolated SARS protein or vector expressing it of paragraph 6 which is an E protein. 
     19. The isolated SARS protein or vector expressing it of paragraph 6 which is an immunogenic fragment of E. 
     20. The isolated SARS protein or vector expressing it of paragraph 10 which is an epitope of E. 
     21. The isolated SARS protein or vector that expresses the protein of any of the preceding paragraphs produced by expression from a first vector, such a baculovirus prepared via a method of homologous recombination involving a second transfer vector, e.g., plasmid, which contains exogenous nucleic acid molecule(s) to be within the first vector, wherein the transfer vector, e.g., plasmid, is prepared having a restriction site; and the preparation of the transfer vector involves cutting the transfer vector at a distance from the restriction site by an enzyme that so cuts (a cut at a distance enzyme), whereby the restriction site is excised from the transfer vector and the transfer vector has a unique sticky end; in a separate reaction, performing a polymerase chain reaction or other amplification reaction whereby the restriction site is part of amplification product of the reaction; cutting the amplification product with the cut at a distance enzyme, whereby the amplification product has a unique sticky end; and, ligating the transfer vector having the unique sticky end and the amplification product having the unique sticky end, so that intervening nucleic acid molecules are avoided. 
     21. The SARS protein of any of the preceding paragraphs purified to at least 90% or greater than 90% or at least 95% or greater than 95%. 
     22. An immunogenic, immunological or vaccine composition containing, consisting essentially or consisting of a SARS protein or vector that expresses the SARS protein as in any of the preceding paragraphs. 
     23. The composition of paragraph 22 wherein the SARS protein is purified to at least 90% or greater than 90% or at least 95% or greater than 95%. 
     24. The composition of paragraph 22 or 23 including a carrier or diluent and/or adjuvant. 
     25. A method for eliciting an immunological response against SARS in a host susceptible to infection thereby comprising administering the composition of paragraph 22 or the protein or vector of any of the preceding paragraphs to the host. 
     26. The method of paragraph 25 wherein the administering is by injection, or orally, or mucosally, or topically. 
     27. An anti-SARS protein antibody elicited by the protein or vector of any of the preceding paragraphs. 
     28. The antibody of paragraph 27 which is specific to the S protein. 
     29. The antibody of paragraphs 27 or 28 which is a monoclonal antibody. 
     30. A diagnostic kit or assay comprising the monoclonal antibody of paragraph 29 or a protein of any of the preceding paragraphs. 
     31. A method for detecting SARS comprising detecting in a sample binding by an antigen to a monoclonal antibody of paragraph 29, or detecting binding of an antibody in the sample to a protein of any of the preceding paragraphs. 
     32. In an anti-influenza vaccine wherein the improvement comprises it containing or expressing a SARS protein as in any of the preceding paragraphs, or a vector as in any of the preceding paragraphs. 
     33. In an anti-pneumonia vaccine wherein the improvement comprises it containing or expressing a SARS protein as in any of the preceding paragraphs, or a vector as in any of the preceding paragraphs. 
     34. In an anti-influenza vaccine wherein the improvement comprises it containing or expressing a SARS protein as in any of the preceding paragraphs, or a vector as in any of the preceding paragraphs, and it containing or expressing a pneumoccocal protein. 
     35. In an anti-pneumococcal vaccine wherein the improvement comprises it containing or expressing a SARS protein as in any of the preceding paragraphs, or a vector as in any of the preceding paragraphs, and it containing or expressing an influenza protein. 
     36. A composition of any of the preceding paragraphs in an aerosolizer, or aerosol form or a pump spray dispenser, those aerosolizers, aerosol forms or pump spray dispenser intended for intranasal administration. 
     37. A composition of any of the preceding paragraphs wherein the SARS protein, present or expressed, is from more than one isolate, e.g., at least two or three isolates, such as three isolates. 
     38. A composition as in any of the preceding paragraphs wherein the influenza protein, expressed or present, is HA and/or NA and/or M2. 
     39. A composition as in any of the preceding paragraphs wherein the influenza protein, expressed or present, is from one or more, such as two or more, e.g., three, different influenza strains. 
     40. A kit for preparing a composition of any of the preceding paragraphs comprising (a) SARS protein(s) or vector(s) expressing SARS protein(s) in one or more containers, and/or (b) influenza protein(s) or vectors(s) expressing influenza protein(s) in one or more containers, and/or (c) pneumonia protein(s) or vector(s) expressing pneumonia protein(s) in one or more containers, wherein the kit optionally contains instructions for administration of the compositions and/or admixture of ingredients, and the containers are optionally in the same packaging. 
     41. A method for preparing a first vector, such a baculovirus, prepared via a method of homologous recombination involving a second transfer vector, e.g., plasmid, which contains exogenous nucleic acid molecule(s) to be within the first vector, wherein the transfer vector, e.g., plasmid, is prepared having a restriction site; and the preparation of the transfer vector involves cutting the transfer vector at a distance from the restriction site by an enzyme that so cuts (a cut at a distance enzyme), whereby the restriction site is excised from the transfer vector and the transfer vector has a unique sticky end; in a separate reaction, performing a polymerase chain reaction or other amplification reaction whereby the restriction site is part of amplification product of the reaction; cutting the amplification product with the cut at a distance enzyme, whereby the amplification product has a unique sticky end; and, ligating the transfer vector having the unique sticky end and the amplification product having the unique sticky end, so that intervening nucleic acid molecules are avoided. 
     42. The method of paragraph 41 wherein the method is for joining a nucleic acid molecule for a leader sequence to a nucleic acid molecule encoding a protein of interest. 
     43. The method of any of paragraphs wherein the enzyme is SapI. 
     44. An isolated protein or vector that expresses the protein produced by expression from a first vector, such a baculovirus prepared via a method of homologous recombination involving a second transfer vector, e.g., plasmid, which contains exogenous nucleic acid molecule(s) to be within the first vector, wherein the transfer vector, e.g., plasmid, is prepared having a restriction site; and the preparation of the transfer vector involves cutting the transfer vector at a distance from the restriction site by an enzyme that so cuts (a cut at a distance enzyme), whereby the restriction site is excised from the transfer vector and the transfer vector has a unique sticky end; in a separate reaction, performing a polymerase chain reaction or other amplification reaction whereby the restriction site is part of amplification product of the reaction; cutting the amplification product with the cut at a distance enzyme, whereby the amplification product has a unique sticky end; and, ligating the transfer vector having the unique sticky end and the amplification product having the unique sticky end, so that intervening nucleic acid molecules are avoided. 
     Having thus described in detail preferred embodiments of the present invention, it is to be understood that the invention defined by the appended claims is not to be limited by particular details set forth in the above description as many apparent variations thereof are possible without departing from the spirit or scope thereof. 
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         Bocchia, M., P. A. Wentworth, et al. (1995). “Specific binding of leukemia oncogene fusion protein peptides to HLA class I molecules.” Blood 85(10): 2680-4. 
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