Patent Publication Number: US-11651658-B2

Title: Wager market creation and management

Description:
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 16/268,919 filed Feb. 6, 2019, which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/470,222 filed Aug. 27, 2014 (now U.S. Pat. No. 10,223,871 issued on Mar. 5, 2019), which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/611,602 filed Sep. 12, 2012 (now U.S. Pat. No. 8,821,269 issued on Sep. 2, 2014), which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/258,297 filed Oct. 24, 2008 (now U.S. Pat. No. 8,342,966 issued on Jan. 1, 2013), which are hereby incorporated by reference herein in their entireties. 
    
    
     FIELD OF INVENTION 
     This invention relates to systems and methods for enabling users to wager on an outcome of an event. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES 
         FIG.  1    depicts a system according to at least one embodiment of the systems disclosed herein; 
         FIG.  2    depicts a system according to at least one embodiment of the systems disclosed herein; 
         FIG.  3    depicts a flow diagram according to at least one embodiment of the methods disclosed herein; 
         FIGS.  4 A and  4 B  depict exemplary gaming tables for use in at least one embodiment of the methods and systems disclosed herein; 
         FIGS.  5 A- 5 C  depict exemplary interface screens for use in at least one embodiment of the methods and systems disclosed herein; 
         FIG.  6    depicts exemplary referee animation images for use in at least one embodiment of the methods and systems disclosed herein; 
         FIG.  7    depicts an exemplary interface screen for use in at least one embodiment of the methods and systems disclosed herein; 
         FIG.  8    depicts an exemplary interface screen for use in at least one embodiment of the methods and systems disclosed herein; 
         FIG.  9    depicts an exemplary interface screen for use in at least one embodiment of the methods and systems disclosed herein; and 
         FIG.  10    depicts an exemplary interface screen for use in at least one embodiment of the methods and systems disclosed herein. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     The following sections I-XI provide a guide to interpreting the present application. 
     I. Terms 
     The term “product” means any machine, manufacture and/or composition of matter, unless expressly specified otherwise. 
     The term “process” means any process, algorithm, method or the like, unless expressly specified otherwise. 
     Each process (whether called a method, algorithm or otherwise) inherently includes one or more steps, and therefore all references to a “step” or “steps” of a process have an inherent antecedent basis in the mere recitation of the term ‘process’ or a like term. Accordingly, any reference in a claim to a ‘step’ or ‘steps’ of a process has sufficient antecedent basis. 
     The term “invention” and the like mean “the one or more inventions disclosed in this application”, unless expressly specified otherwise. 
     The terms “an embodiment”, “embodiment”, “embodiments”, “the embodiment”, “the embodiments”, “one or more embodiments”, “some embodiments”, “certain embodiments”, “one embodiment”, “another embodiment” and the like mean “one or more (but not all) embodiments of the disclosed invention(s)”, unless expressly specified otherwise. 
     The term “variation” of an invention means an embodiment of the invention, unless expressly specified otherwise. 
     A reference to “another embodiment” in describing an embodiment does not imply that the referenced embodiment is mutually exclusive with another embodiment (e.g., an embodiment described before the referenced embodiment), unless expressly specified otherwise. 
     The terms “including”, “comprising” and variations thereof mean “including but not limited to”, unless expressly specified otherwise. 
     The terms “a”, “an” and “the” mean “one or more”, unless expressly specified otherwise. 
     The term “plurality” means “two or more”, unless expressly specified otherwise. 
     The term “herein” means “in the present application, including anything which may be incorporated by reference”, unless expressly specified otherwise. 
     The phrase “at least one of”, when such phrase modifies a plurality of things (such as an enumerated list of things) means any combination of one or more of those things, unless expressly specified otherwise. For example, the phrase “at least one of a widget, a car and a wheel” means either (i) a widget, (ii) a car, (iii) a wheel, (iv) a widget and a car, (v) a widget and a wheel, (vi) a car and a wheel, or (vii) a widget, a car and a wheel. The phrase “at least one of”, when such phrase modifies a plurality of things does not mean “one of” each of the plurality of things. 
     Numerical terms such as “one”, “two”, etc. when used as cardinal numbers to indicate quantity of something (e.g., one widget, two widgets), mean the quantity indicated by that numerical term, but do not mean at least the quantity indicated by that numerical term. For example, the phrase “one widget” does not mean “at least one widget”, and therefore the phrase “one widget” does not cover, e.g., two widgets. 
     The phrase “based on” does not mean “based only on”, unless expressly specified otherwise. In other words, the phrase “based on” describes both “based only on” and “based at least on”. The phrase “based at least on” is equivalent to the phrase “based at least in part on”. 
     The term “represent” and like terms are not exclusive, unless expressly specified otherwise. For example, the term “represents” does not mean “represents only”, unless expressly specified otherwise. In other words, the phrase “the data represents a credit card number” describes both “the data represents only a credit card number” and “the data represents a credit card number and the data also represents something else”. 
     The term “whereby” is used herein only to precede a clause or other set of words that express only the intended result, objective or consequence of something that is previously and explicitly recited. Thus, when the term “whereby” is used in a claim, the clause or other words that the term “whereby” modifies do not establish specific further limitations of the claim or otherwise restricts the meaning or scope of the claim. 
     The term “e.g.” and like terms mean “for example”, and thus does not limit the term or phrase it explains. For example, in the sentence “the computer sends data (e.g., instructions, a data structure) over the Internet”, the term “e.g.” explains that “instructions” are an example of “data” that the computer may send over the Internet, and also explains that “a data structure” is an example of “data” that the computer may send over the Internet. However, both “instructions” and “a data structure” are merely examples of “data”, and other things besides “instructions” and “a data structure” can be “data”. 
     The term “respective” and like terms mean “taken individually”. Thus if two or more things have “respective” characteristics, then each such thing has its own characteristic, and these characteristics can be different from each other but need not be. For example, the phrase “each of two machines has a respective function” means that the first such machine has a function and the second such machine has a function as well. The function of the first machine may or may not be the same as the function of the second machine. 
     The term “i.e.” and like terms mean “that is”, and thus limits the term or phrase it explains. For example, in the sentence “the computer sends data (i.e., instructions) over the Internet”, the term “i.e.” explains that “instructions” are the “data” that the computer sends over the Internet. 
     Any given numerical range shall include whole and fractions of numbers within the range. For example, the range “1 to 10” shall be interpreted to specifically include whole numbers between 1 and 10 (e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, . . . 9) and non-whole numbers (e.g., 1.1, 1.2, . . . 1.9). 
     Where two or more terms or phrases are synonymous (e.g., because of an explicit statement that the terms or phrases are synonymous), instances of one such term/phrase does not mean instances of another such term/phrase must have a different meaning. For example, where a statement renders the meaning of “including” to be synonymous with “including but not limited to”, the mere usage of the phrase “including but not limited to” does not mean that the term “including” means something other than “including but not limited to”. 
     II. Determining 
     The term “determining” and grammatical variants thereof (e.g., to determine a price, determining a value, determine an object which meets a certain criterion) is used in an extremely broad sense. The term “determining” encompasses a wide variety of actions and therefore “determining” can include calculating, computing, processing, deriving, investigating, looking up (e.g., looking up in a table, a database or another data structure), ascertaining and the like. Also, “determining” can include receiving (e.g., receiving information), accessing (e.g., accessing data in a memory) and the like. Also, “determining” can include resolving, selecting, choosing, establishing, and the like. 
     The term “determining” does not imply certainty or absolute precision, and therefore “determining” can include estimating, extrapolating, predicting, guessing and the like. 
     The term “determining” does not imply that mathematical processing must be performed, and does not imply that numerical methods must be used, and does not imply that an algorithm or process is used. 
     The term “determining” does not imply that any particular device must be used. For example, a computer need not necessarily perform the determining. 
     III. Forms of Sentences 
     Where a limitation of a first claim would cover one of a feature as well as more than one of a feature (e.g., a limitation such as “at least one widget” covers one widget as well as more than one widget), and where in a second claim that depends on the first claim, the second claim uses a definite article “the” to refer to the limitation (e.g., “the widget”), this does not imply that the first claim covers only one of the feature, and this does not imply that the second claim covers only one of the feature (e.g., “the widget” can cover both one widget and more than one widget). 
     When an ordinal number (such as “first”, “second”, “third” and so on) is used as an adjective before a term, that ordinal number is used (unless expressly specified otherwise) merely to indicate a particular feature, such as to distinguish that particular feature from another feature that is described by the same term or by a similar term. For example, a “first widget” may be so named merely to distinguish it from, e.g., a “second widget”. Thus, the mere usage of the ordinal numbers “first” and “second” before the term “widget” does not indicate any other relationship between the two widgets, and likewise does not indicate any other characteristics of either or both widgets. For example, the mere usage of the ordinal numbers “first” and “second” before the term “widget” (1) does not indicate that either widget comes before or after any other in order or location; (2) does not indicate that either widget occurs or acts before or after any other in time; and (3) does not indicate that either widget ranks above or below any other, as in importance or quality. In addition, the mere usage of ordinal numbers does not define a numerical limit to the features identified with the ordinal numbers. For example, the mere usage of the ordinal numbers “first” and “second” before the term “widget” does not indicate that there must be no more than two widgets. 
     When a single device, article or other product is described herein, more than one device/article (whether or not they cooperate) may alternatively be used in place of the single device/article that is described. Accordingly, the functionality that is described as being possessed by a device may alternatively be possessed by more than one device/article (whether or not they cooperate). 
     Similarly, where more than one device, article or other product is described herein (whether or not they cooperate), a single device/article may alternatively be used in place of the more than one device or article that is described. For example, a plurality of computer-based devices may be substituted with a single computer-based device. Accordingly, the various functionality that is described as being possessed by more than one device or article may alternatively be possessed by a single device/article. 
     The functionality and/or the features of a single device that is described may be alternatively embodied by one or more other devices which are described but are not explicitly described as having such functionality/features. Thus, other embodiments need not include the described device itself, but rather can include the one or more other devices which would, in those other embodiments, have such functionality/features. 
     IV. Disclosed Examples and Terminology are not Limiting 
     Neither the Title (set forth at the beginning of the first page of the present application) nor the Abstract (set forth at the end of the present application) is to be taken as limiting in any way as the scope of the disclosed invention(s), is to be used in interpreting the meaning of any claim or is to be used in limiting the scope of any claim. An Abstract has been included in this application merely because an Abstract is required under 37 C.F.R. § 1.72(b). 
     The title of the present application and headings of sections provided in the present application are for convenience only, and are not to be taken as limiting the disclosure in any way. 
     Numerous embodiments are described in the present application, and are presented for illustrative purposes only. The described embodiments are not, and are not intended to be, limiting in any sense. The presently disclosed invention(s) are widely applicable to numerous embodiments, as is readily apparent from the disclosure. One of ordinary skill in the art will recognize that the disclosed invention(s) may be practiced with various modifications and alterations, such as structural, logical, software, and electrical modifications. Although particular features of the disclosed invention(s) may be described with reference to one or more particular embodiments and/or drawings, it should be understood that such features are not limited to usage in the one or more particular embodiments or drawings with reference to which they are described, unless expressly specified otherwise. 
     Though an embodiment may be disclosed as including several features, other embodiments of the invention may include fewer than all such features. Thus, for example, a claim may be directed to less than the entire set of features in a disclosed embodiment, and such claim would not include features beyond those features that the claim expressly recites. 
     No embodiment of method steps or product elements described in the present application constitutes the invention claimed herein, or is essential to the invention claimed herein, or is coextensive with the invention claimed herein, except where it is either expressly stated to be so in this specification or expressly recited in a claim. 
     The preambles of the claims that follow recite purposes, benefits and possible uses of the claimed invention only and do not limit the claimed invention. 
     The present disclosure is not a literal description of all embodiments of the invention(s). Also, the present disclosure is not a listing of features of the invention(s) which must be present in all embodiments. 
     All disclosed embodiment are not necessarily covered by the claims (even including all pending, amended, issued and canceled claims). In addition, an embodiment may be (but need not necessarily be) covered by several claims. Accordingly, where a claim (regardless of whether pending, amended, issued or canceled) is directed to a particular embodiment, such is not evidence that the scope of other claims do not also cover that embodiment. 
     Devices that are described as in communication with each other need not be in continuous communication with each other, unless expressly specified otherwise. On the contrary, such devices need only transmit to each other as necessary or desirable, and may actually refrain from exchanging data most of the time. For example, a machine in communication with another machine via the Internet may not transmit data to the other machine for long period of time (e.g. weeks at a time). In addition, devices that are in communication with each other may communicate directly or indirectly through one or more intermediaries. 
     A description of an embodiment with several components or features does not imply that all or even any of such components/features are required. On the contrary, a variety of optional components are described to illustrate the wide variety of possible embodiments of the present invention(s). Unless otherwise specified explicitly, no component/feature is essential or required. 
     Although process steps, algorithms or the like may be described or claimed in a particular sequential order, such processes may be configured to work in different orders. In other words, any sequence or order of steps that may be explicitly described or claimed does not necessarily indicate a requirement that the steps be performed in that order. The steps of processes described herein may be performed in any order possible. Further, some steps may be performed simultaneously despite being described or implied as occurring non-simultaneously (e.g., because one step is described after the other step). Moreover, the illustration of a process by its depiction in a drawing does not imply that the illustrated process is exclusive of other variations and modifications thereto, does not imply that the illustrated process or any of its steps are necessary to the invention(s), and does not imply that the illustrated process is preferred. 
     Although a process may be described as including a plurality of steps, that does not imply that all or any of the steps are preferred, essential or required. Various other embodiments within the scope of the described invention(s) include other processes that omit some or all of the described steps. Unless otherwise specified explicitly, no step is essential or required. 
     Although a process may be described singly or without reference to other products or methods, in an embodiment the process may interact with other products or methods. For example, such interaction may include linking one business model to another business model. Such interaction may be provided to enhance the flexibility or desirability of the process. 
     Although a product may be described as including a plurality of components, aspects, qualities, characteristics and/or features, that does not indicate that any or all of the plurality are preferred, essential or required. Various other embodiments within the scope of the described invention(s) include other products that omit some or all of the described plurality. 
     An enumerated list of items (which may or may not be numbered) does not imply that any or all of the items are mutually exclusive, unless expressly specified otherwise. Likewise, an enumerated list of items (which may or may not be numbered) does not imply that any or all of the items are comprehensive of any category, unless expressly specified otherwise. For example, the enumerated list “a computer, a laptop, a PDA” does not imply that any or all of the three items of that list are mutually exclusive and does not imply that any or all of the three items of that list are comprehensive of any category. 
     An enumerated list of items (which may or may not be numbered) does not imply that any or all of the items are equivalent to each other or readily substituted for each other. 
     All embodiments are illustrative, and do not imply that the invention or any embodiments were made or performed, as the case may be. 
     V. Computing 
     It will be readily apparent to one of ordinary skill in the art that the various processes described herein may be implemented by, e.g., appropriately programmed general purpose computers, special purpose computers and computing devices. Typically a processor (e.g., one or more microprocessors, one or more microcontrollers, one or more digital signal processors) will receive instructions (e.g., from a memory or like device), and execute those instructions, thereby performing one or more processes defined by those instructions. Instructions may be embodied in, e.g., one or more computer programs, one or more scripts. 
     A “processor” means one or more microprocessors, central processing units (CPUs), computing devices, microcontrollers, digital signal processors, or like devices or any combination thereof, regardless of the architecture (e.g., chip-level multiprocessing/multi-core, RISC, CISC, Microprocessor without Interlocked Pipeline Stages, pipelining configuration, simultaneous multithreading). 
     Thus a description of a process is likewise a description of an apparatus for performing the process. The apparatus that performs the process can include, e.g., a processor and those input devices and output devices that are appropriate to perform the process. 
     Further, programs that implement such methods (as well as other types of data) may be stored and transmitted using a variety of media (e.g., computer readable media) in a number of manners. In some embodiments, hard-wired circuitry or custom hardware may be used in place of, or in combination with, some or all of the software instructions that can implement the processes of various embodiments. Thus, various combinations of hardware and software may be used instead of software only. 
     The term “computer-readable medium” refers to any medium, a plurality of the same, or a combination of different media, that participate in providing data (e.g., instructions, data structures) which may be read by a computer, a processor or a like device. Such a medium may take many forms, including but not limited to, non-volatile media, volatile media, and transmission media. Non-volatile media include, for example, optical or magnetic disks and other persistent memory. Volatile media include dynamic random access memory (DRAM), which typically constitutes the main memory. Transmission media include coaxial cables, copper wire and fiber optics, including the wires that comprise a system bus coupled to the processor. Transmission media may include or convey acoustic waves, light waves and electromagnetic emissions, such as those generated during radio frequency (RF) and infrared (IR) data communications. Common forms of computer-readable media include, for example, a floppy disk, a flexible disk, hard disk, magnetic tape, any other magnetic medium, a CD-ROM, DVD, any other optical medium, punch cards, paper tape, any other physical medium with patterns of holes, a RAM, a PROM, an EPROM, a FLASH-EEPROM, any other memory chip or cartridge, a carrier wave as described hereinafter, or any other medium from which a computer can read. 
     Various forms of computer readable media may be involved in carrying data (e.g. sequences of instructions) to a processor. For example, data may be (i) delivered from RAM to a processor; (ii) carried over a wireless transmission medium; (iii) formatted and/or transmitted according to numerous formats, standards or protocols, such as Ethernet (or IEEE 802.3), SAP, ATP, Bluetooth□, and TCP/IP, TDMA, CDMA, and 3G; and/or (iv) encrypted to ensure privacy or prevent fraud in any of a variety of ways well known in the art. 
     Thus a description of a process is likewise a description of a computer-readable medium storing a program for performing the process. The computer-readable medium can store (in any appropriate format) those program elements which are appropriate to perform the method. 
     Just as the description of various steps in a process does not indicate that all the described steps are required, embodiments of an apparatus include a computer/computing device operable to perform some (but not necessarily all) of the described process. 
     Likewise, just as the description of various steps in a process does not indicate that all the described steps are required, embodiments of a computer-readable medium storing a program or data structure include a computer-readable medium storing a program that, when executed, can cause a processor to perform some (but not necessarily all) of the described process. 
     Where databases are described, it will be understood by one of ordinary skill in the art that (i) alternative database structures to those described may be readily employed, and (ii) other memory structures besides databases may be readily employed. Any illustrations or descriptions of any sample databases presented herein are illustrative arrangements for stored representations of information. Any number of other arrangements may be employed besides those suggested by, e.g., tables illustrated in drawings or elsewhere. Similarly, any illustrated entries of the databases represent exemplary information only; one of ordinary skill in the art will understand that the number and content of the entries can be different from those described herein. Further, despite any depiction of the databases as tables, other formats (including relational databases, object-based models and/or distributed databases) could be used to store and manipulate the data types described herein. Likewise, object methods or behaviors of a database can be used to implement various processes, such as the described herein. In addition, the databases may, in a known manner, be stored locally or remotely from a device which accesses data in such a database. 
     Various embodiments can be configured to work in a network environment including a computer that is in communication (e.g., via a communications network) with one or more devices. The computer may communicate with the devices directly or indirectly, via any wired or wireless medium (e.g. the Internet, LAN, WAN or Ethernet, Token Ring, a telephone line, a cable line, a radio channel, an optical communications line, commercial on-line service providers, bulletin board systems, a satellite communications link, a combination of any of the above). Each of the devices may themselves comprise computers or other computing devices, such as those based on the Intel® Pentium® or Centrino™ processor, that are adapted to communicate with the computer. Any number and type of devices may be in communication with the computer. 
     In an embodiment, a server computer or centralized authority may not be necessary or desirable. For example, the present invention may, in an embodiment, be practiced on one or more devices without a central authority. In such an embodiment, any functions described herein as performed by the server computer or data described as stored on the server computer may instead be performed by or stored on one or more such devices. 
     Where a process is described, in an embodiment the process may operate without any user intervention. In another embodiment, the process includes some human intervention (e.g., a step is performed by or with the assistance of a human). 
     VI. Continuing Applications 
     The present disclosure provides, to one of ordinary skill in the art, an enabling description of several embodiments and/or inventions. Some of these embodiments and/or inventions may not be claimed in the present application, but may nevertheless be claimed in one or more continuing applications that claim the benefit of priority of the present application. 
     Applicants intend to file additional applications to pursue patents for subject matter that has been disclosed and enabled but not claimed in the present application. 
     VII. 35 U.S.C. § 112, Paragraph 6 
     In a claim, a limitation of the claim which includes the phrase “means for” or the phrase “step for” means that 35 U.S.C. § 112, paragraph 6, applies to that limitation. 
     In a claim, a limitation of the claim which does not include the phrase “means for” or the phrase “step for” means that 35 U.S.C. § 112, paragraph 6 does not apply to that limitation, regardless of whether that limitation recites a function without recitation of structure, material or acts for performing that function. For example, in a claim, the mere use of the phrase “step of” or the phrase “steps of” in referring to one or more steps of the claim or of another claim does not mean that 35 U.S.C. § 112, paragraph 6, applies to that step(s). 
     With respect to a means or a step for performing a specified function in accordance with 35 U.S.C. § 112, paragraph 6, the corresponding structure, material or acts described in the specification, and equivalents thereof, may perform additional functions as well as the specified function. 
     Computers, processors, computing devices and like products are structures that can perform a wide variety of functions. Such products can be operable to perform a specified function by executing one or more programs, such as a program stored in a memory device of that product or in a memory device which that product accesses. Unless expressly specified otherwise, such a program need not be based on any particular algorithm, such as any particular algorithm that might be disclosed in the present application. It is well known to one of ordinary skill in the art that a specified function may be implemented via different algorithms, and any of a number of different algorithms would be a mere design choice for carrying out the specified function. 
     Therefore, with respect to a means or a step for performing a specified function in accordance with 35 U.S.C. § 112, paragraph 6, structure corresponding to a specified function includes any product programmed to perform the specified function. Such structure includes programmed products which perform the function, regardless of whether such product is programmed with (i) a disclosed algorithm for performing the function, (ii) an algorithm that is similar to a disclosed algorithm, or (iii) a different algorithm for performing the function. 
     Where there is recited a means for performing a function that is a method, one structure for performing this method includes a computing device (e.g., a general purpose computer) that is programmed and/or configured with appropriate hardware to perform that function. 
     Also included is a computing device (e.g., a general purpose computer) that is programmed and/or configured with appropriate hardware to perform that function via other algorithms as would be understood by one of ordinary skill in the art. 
     VIII. Disclaimer 
     Numerous references to a particular embodiment do not indicate a disclaimer or disavowal of additional, different embodiments, and similarly references to the description of embodiments which all include a particular feature do not indicate a disclaimer or disavowal of embodiments which do not include that particular feature. A clear disclaimer or disavowal in the present application shall be prefaced by the phrase “does not include” or by the phrase “cannot perform”. 
     IX. Incorporation By Reference 
     Any patent, patent application or other document referred to herein is incorporated by reference into this patent application as part of the present disclosure, but only for purposes of written description and enablement in accordance with 35 U.S.C. § 112, paragraph 1, and should in no way be used to limit, define, or otherwise construe any term of the present application, unless without such incorporation by reference, no ordinary meaning would have been ascertainable by a person of ordinary skill in the art. Such person of ordinary skill in the art need not have been in any way limited by any embodiments provided in the reference 
     Any incorporation by reference does not, in and of itself, imply any endorsement of, ratification of or acquiescence in any statements, opinions, arguments or characterizations contained in any incorporated patent, patent application or other document, unless explicitly specified otherwise in this patent application. 
     X. Prosecution History 
     In interpreting the present application (which includes the claims), one of ordinary skill in the art shall refer to the prosecution history of the present application, but not to the prosecution history of any other patent or patent application, regardless of whether there are other patent applications that are considered related to the present application, and regardless of whether there are other patent applications that share a claim of priority with the present application. 
     XI. Other Definitions 
     An “actual future state” is an actual state of a performance parameter as observed at a time after the performance parameter was observed to be in its initial state. It should be appreciated that if a performance parameter does not change over a certain period of time, its initial state at the beginning of that period may be the same as its actual future state at the end of the time period. 
     The term “automatically” refers to an action that occurs without human intervention, e.g., an action that is caused by a computer processor in response to a predefined stimulus, condition, or set of conditions. 
     A “game time duration” means a period of time in a game, such as an inning, a quarter, a half, a tennis set, a period, and a round. 
     A “live event” means a game, election, or other event that takes place in real time and has a start time, a duration, and an end time. A live event such as a football game may not have a predetermined start time and end time, e.g., because the game may start late or go into overtime. However, a live event for purposes of this application has an officially recognized start time and end time. For instance, a football game may officially begin on the first kickoff and end when the time in the fourth quarter runs out. Similarly, an election may begin when the first polls open, and it may end when the last poll closes or when a candidate concedes the election. 
     “Performance parameter” means a metric that measures a performance by one or more persons or things during a live event. A performance parameter may comprise any variable related to a performance that can change during the performance. A performance parameter of a sporting event may comprise, for example: a score, a number of points, a number of yards, a number of runs in an inning, a number of runs in a game, a number of home runs, a number of base hits, a number of doubles, a number of triples, a number of errors, a number of aces, a number of golf strokes by a player on a hole, a number of golf strokes by a player on a plurality of holes, a number of three-pointers, and a number of rebounds. A performance parameter of an election may comprise a number of votes or electoral votes, number of counties won, number of precincts reporting, etc. 
     The term “real time,” when used in connection with an event or occurrence, means that the event or occurrence occurs at the same time as or at substantially the same time as the occurrence of an associated reference event. For instance, receiving and displaying video footage of an event (such as a kickoff of a football game) in “real time” means that the footage is received and displayed at substantially the same time as the event is taking place, as in a traditional “live broadcast” of a sporting event. It should be understood that there are often very small delays between an occurrence and a “real time” display of the occurrence. For instance, it takes a very small amount of time to process a video signal, transmit it to a broadcast tower, transmit it to a receiver, decode the transmission, and display it at a display device. In spite of the slight delay, such a display is still in “real time.” It may also take a small amount of time for a reporter or announcer at the game to provide a running audio or text commentary. Similarly, live comedy shows often incorporate a two-second delay to enable sensors to edit any offensive material prior to broadcast. 
     In contrast, a longer delay between events might enable opportunistic gamblers to exploit the timing difference to their advantage. For instance, if a gaming operator allowed bets up until the “beginning” of a boxing broadcast that lagged twenty seconds behind the real boxing match and a boxer scored a knockout after two seconds, then an opportunistic gambler at the match might exploit this delay by placing a large bet on the winner before the bets closed. However, such a delayed broadcast would not be considered in “real time” in the present application. In the context of the gaming systems described herein, the difference in time between a reference event and a corresponding “real time” display or other event must be small enough that, for purposes of an associated gaming system that intends to prevent cheating, it would be impossible to place bets that would exploit the time difference to the bettor&#39;s unfair advantage. Thus, text and audio reports or commentary about an event (e.g., prepared by a reporter or announcer) may occur in “real time” if they meet this standard within the operation of the gaming system. 
     “State” means the condition of a person or thing (such as an event), or a characteristic of a person or thing, at a specific time or time period. A state of a game at any given time may be defined (at least in part) by such metrics as the score, the players on the field and their respective locations, time left in play, batting order, number of balls and strikes for a given batter and pitcher, etc. 
     “State information” means information about the state of a person or thing (such as an event). State information may comprise a video broadcast of an event, a running commentary of an event, a data feed describing occurrences of an event, etc. 
     “Initial state” means a state of a person, thing, or event before an occurrence or specific type of occurrence. For instance, an initial state of an at-bat may be “zero balls, zero strikes.” An “end” of an initial state refers to the time just before the initial state changes, e.g., the time just before the first pitch in the at-bat. 
     “Possible future state” means one or more states that may occur at a future time (e.g., at a future time of an event). For example, the possible future states of an at-bat may be the possible outcomes of the at-bat: hit (single, double, triple, home run), walk, and strike-out. Possible future state may also be referred to as a possible outcome, e.g., associated with a performance parameter. 
     Detailed Description of Exemplary Embodiments 
     Traditional gambling systems enable users to bet on the outcome of a game, e.g., which team will win, and by how much. Gaming operators try to determine accurate probabilities for each game outcome (e.g., win, loss, and point spread) so that they can offer competitive odds to potential bettors who may bet on each outcome. The probabilities (and odds) are typically determined prior to the start of the game based on information existing prior to the game, such as historical data related to each team, player, and coaching staff, ratings and opinions of professionals such as sportswriters and other coaches, and other public and proprietary information related to the game. For instance, some gaming operators use complicated proprietary computer algorithms to determine odds based on pre-existing statistical information and other information. 
     In effect, odds are a gaming operator&#39;s “price” to bettors for wagering on a specific outcome (wherein higher odds translate to a lower price for the bettor). When there are a plurality of gaming operators offering odds on a particular outcome to a plurality of bettors, the gaming operators compete with one another to offer a competitive price that will attract bettors who seek the highest payout for their betting dollar. Thus, gaming operators may determine odds based in part on the odds offered by competing gaming operators. Betting behavior can also affect odds. For instance, a high demand for bets that the Chicago Cubs will win their next game against the Phillies may drive up the effective price for that bet. Accordingly, as in other competitive marketplaces, odds determinations often reflect a “market price” for each game outcome, as gaming operators adjust their odds based on the market. The effective market price can change over time as the betting market changes and new relevant information is disclosed, such as an injury of a key Cubs pitcher a day before the game. Notably, amounts wagered by losers on one side of the bet can be used to fund the payout to winners on the other side of the bet. Thus, in large betting markets where there are many bettors on each side of a bet, gaming operators may adjust their odds in an effort to balance the potential payouts on either side of the bet. 
     However, odds determinations often do not reflect a consensus “market price,” e.g., when there are a limited number of market participants or there is insufficient time for the market to assimilate new relevant information into a stable market price. For example, some gaming operators allow users to bet on performance parameters within a game, such as whether a particular player will strike out in a particular at-bat in a baseball game. The betting market is typically opened manually immediately prior to the in-game event, and the odds are often determined manually “on the fly.” Even if another gaming operator offered a similar bet, the quick timing of such a bet may prevent gaming operators and bettors from comparing the different odds offered. In these circumstances, the gaming operator attempts to offer odds without the benefit of competitive betting market based entirely on the operator&#39;s best assessment of the probabilities of the various outcomes. 
     Gaming operators can face many challenges in offering bets on these types of in-game events as compared to typical “market price” bets on the winner of a game. It takes time and labor to identify a potential in-game betting market (e.g., a market for betting on the outcome of a specific at-bat), determine accurate probabilities and odds for each outcome, offer the odds to bettors, take bets, determine an outcome, and then pay the winners. Because traditional systems require many of these actions to be performed manually “on the fly,” limited manpower effectively limits the number and extent of in-game wager opportunities a gaming operator can offer. Bets on an in-game event often require a calculation of probabilities and odds in a very short time frame. It can be more difficult to calculate an accurate probability of an in-game outcome when new relevant information becomes available during the game, such as an injury to a quarterback. Inaccurate odds can lead to unnecessarily high prices (and therefore fewer bettors) or unnecessarily low prices (which translates to unnecessarily high payouts to winners). 
     According to various embodiments of the present invention, a system may enable users to bet on in-game events, such as whether a particular baseball player strikes out in a particular at-bat. The system may automatically receive general game information (e.g., team names, player rosters, start time, etc.) from a data feed or other source. From the same data source (or another source), the system may also automatically receive a stream of real-time game information, such as elapsed time, batting line-up, runs scored, errors on a play, pitch information (strike, ball, foul), etc. 
     Odds for each event, such as a strike-out, may be calculated based on an odds database and algorithm stored on the system. The algorithm may use information from the real sport (such as a player&#39;s batting average), and may be updated based on in-game events. (E.g., if Barry Bonds strikes out four times with the same pitcher, his odds of getting a hit off that pitcher may decrease.) 
     As soon as a specific gambling event is completed (e.g., as soon as Barry Bonds finishes his at-bat by striking out or hitting a home run), the system settles the bets placed on that betting event. At the same time (or another time), the system may open the betting for another event (e.g., the next at-bat). In one embodiment, a human operator clears the bets after each event. For example, the human gaming agent may select “strike out” immediately after Barry Bonds strikes out. This operation may cause the system to immediately settle all the bets on the present Barry Bonds at-bat and also open bets for the next betting event (e.g., the outcome of the next batter&#39;s at-bat). In other embodiments, the system may use automated information (e.g., a data feed) to determine event outcomes (like a strike-out) in real time. In some embodiments, human gaming agents may assist with error correction to ensure that the system identifies correct outcomes and resolves all bets properly. 
     Users may place bets and otherwise interact with the system and other users via an interface such as a gaming table or mobile touch-screen gaming device, which may be configured to display a live TV feed of an event such as a baseball game with an optional touch-sensitive betting interface overlay. In one embodiment, when Barry Bonds steps up to the plate, a user may touch the image of Barry Bonds (or other image or icon) to trigger the betting interface overlay that enables the user to select and place a specific bet concerning Barry&#39;s at-bat. To bet that Barry will get a single, the user may touch an image of first base (or provide another appropriate input). 
     Various embodiments of the system may enable gambling on many different types of outcomes within a single game or other event, such as whether a particular runner steals a particular base, the number of runs scored in an inning, whether a pitcher throws a ball or strike on a given pitch, etc. The system may open and close each betting event based on the start and finish time of that particular event. The system can also be applied to a variety of sports as well as other events, such as elections (e.g., whether Barack Obama will win New Hampshire in the upcoming 2008 presidential election). It should be appreciated that various embodiments of the invention may manage many different betting markets at simultaneous or overlapping times. Each betting market may be opened, closed, and resolved based on the terms of that specific betting market, independently of other betting markets. 
     Thus, various embodiments of the invention may comprise a system that monitors real game events in real-time in order to accomplish the following, for example: 
     (1) identify a specific in-game event (e.g., an at-bat) and the possible outcomes of the event (e.g., base hit or strike-out), e.g., based on streaming game information received in real time; 
     (2) determine probabilities and odds for the potential outcomes; 
     (3) create a market for placing wagers on the in-game event (such as a wager for a particular at-bat), and open the market so that players can place bets; 
     (4) identify the outcome in the real game (e.g., strike-out); 
     (5) settle the bets based on the outcome (e.g., pay any winners); and 
     (6) identify additional events and possible outcomes, and open betting markets for those events (e.g., the next at-bat). Of course, the timing of various markets may overlap; e.g., a bet on a specific at-bat may overlap in time with a bet on the number of runs in an inning. 
     In accordance with at least one exemplary embodiment, a stream of state information of an event such as a live sporting event is received in real time. A computer processor determines an initial state and a plurality of possible future states for each of a plurality of performance parameters of the event based on the state information. A probability of occurrence is calculated for at least one of the plurality of possible future states for each of the performance parameters based on historical data related to each performance parameter. The plurality of possible future states may be mutually exclusive from one another. During an initial state of the first performance parameter, a signal operative to open a first market for betting on the at least one of the plurality of possible future states is transmitted. The first market incorporates odds based on the calculated probability of occurrence. After transmitting the signal operative to open the first market, an end of the initial state is determined. After transmitting the signal operative to open the first market and before the end of the initial state, a signal operative to close the first market is transmitted. After transmitting the signal operative to close the first market, an outcome of the first performance parameter based on the received stream of state information is determined. A signal operative to resolve one or more payouts of the first market is transmitted. The signal indicates the outcome of the first performance parameter. Based on the outcome of the first performance parameter, a signal operative to update probabilities for a plurality of possible future states for a plurality of second betting markets is transmitted. In another embodiment, a processor capable of performing these actions is provided. The processor is comprised in an apparatus comprising a processor and a memory, in which the memory stores instructions which, when executed by the processor, direct the processor to perform the steps. 
       FIG.  1   . Exemplary System for Offering and Managing Wagers 
     Some embodiments of the present invention provide systems and methods for arranging and/or displaying output elements at a network site. 
     Server  2  may comprise one or more processors, computers, computer systems, computer networks, and or computer databases. Server  2  may comprise modules  18 - 64 . Server  2  may also comprise one or more databases, such as databases  80 . Server  2  may communicate with users  10 . For instance, server  2  may communicate with a user  10  computer, such as a browser of a user computer, e.g., over the internet. 
     Modules  18 - 48  may comprise one or more processors, computers, computer systems, and/or computer networks. 
     Databases  80  may comprise one or more processors, computers, computer systems, computer networks, and/or computer databases configured to store information. Each of databases  80  may communicate with server  2  and modules  18 - 64 . For instance, server  2  and modules  18 - 48  may store information in databases  80  and may also use information stored in databases  80 . 
       FIG.  1 A  depicts a system  100  for offering and managing wagers. 
     The system  100  may comprise one or more servers  2  coupled to one or more databases  80 , one or more data providers  8   a - 8   n , one or more end users  10   a - 10   n , and one or more gaming agents  12 . The data providers  8   a - 8   n , users  10 , gaming agents  12 , and server  2  may each communicate with each other. Users  10  may also communicate with other users  10 , e.g., to propose a wager against another user  10 . 
     Users  10   a - 10   n  may comprise one or more persons who receive wager opportunities, propose wagers, and/or make wagers via agents  12  and/or server  2 . Users  10  may provide or receive information related to an event or one or more wagers associated therewith. For instance, a user  10  may comprise a gambler who receives information about an event, such as real-time information about a sporting event. Users  10  may interact with gaming agents  12 , server  2 , and/or other users  10  to create and place wagers (and to receive offers to place a wager) regarding one or more performance parameters associated with an event, such as the number of runs scored in an inning of a baseball game. As used in this application, users  10   a - 10   n  may also refer to a user&#39;s interface to other system  100  components (like server  2 ), such as a user&#39;s PDA or computer or a program running on a user&#39;s computer such as a computer web browser like Internet Explorer™, which may communicate with data providers  8 , gaming agents  12 , and/or server  2 . 
     Data provider(s)  8  may comprise any person, processor, information service, or other entity that publishes or otherwise provides information concerning an event or performance parameter to server  2 , users  10 , and/or gaming agents  12 . For example, a data provider  8  may comprise a data feed, sports announcer, event secretary or record-keeper, data service, website, or other source of information relevant to an in-game event. The information may comprise current information about an event or sport, including but not limited to information about: one or more players, coaches, a team roster, current weather conditions, and occurrences in the event (such as the outcome of a specific at-bat). The data may also comprise historical information about people or other entities associated with an event, and any other information that is related to an event. In some embodiments, the data may include information that may be relevant to a probability of an outcome of a performance parameter within the event. In some embodiments, the data may include information that may be of interest to a user  10  watching the event. 
     Data provider  8  may provide event and/or wager-related information in real time, as information first becomes available to the general public, or at another time after an event. Data provider  8  may provide such information in any one or more of a variety of forms and means such as video (e.g., a sporting event broadcast), audio (radio broadcast), text (e.g., the words of a radio broadcast in text form), or other data that conveys information concerning the event. Data may be provided at a variety of different timings. In some embodiments, data may be provided in periodically, continuously, or continually, e.g., via a data feed (e.g., a stream of data that includes real time updates of event information, such as a running commentary of a game in text or audio format). In some embodiments, data may be provided after an event. 
     In some embodiments, data provider  8  may provide to server  2  (and/or agents  12  and/or users  10 ) a video broadcast of an event comprising a plurality of different camera angles. Server  2 , agents  12 , and/or users  10  may then select among the different camera angles for viewing. For instance, a user  10  may select to view three different camera angles of a football game—one focusing on a quarterback, one from behind the defense, and one a top-down view—from among ten different camera angles, including one camera filming the commentators. Data provider  8  may also provide processed data, such as video simulations of an event (e.g., a movement of “X&#39;s” and “O&#39;s” representing to show the movement of offensive and defensive players of a football game during a particular play). 
     Gaming agents  12  may comprise one or more persons who process, facilitate, manage, provide, update, or otherwise interact with information associated with an event or one or more wagers associated with the event. For example, gaming agents  12  may comprise one or more croupiers, dealers, casino employees, server  2  administrators, or other personnel 
     The server  2  may comprise a computer, server, hub, central processor, or other entity in a network, or other processor. The server  2  may comprise input and output devices for communicating with other various system  100  elements. 
     In some embodiments, the server  2  may be comprised in an end user&#39;s computer  10 , e.g., as a toolbar in a user&#39;s web browser or another program running on the user&#39;s computer. 
     The server  2  may comprise a plurality of modules, such as module  18 . Each module may comprise a processor as well as input and output devices for communicating with other modules, databases, and other system elements. 
     A database  80  may be coupled to the server  2 . The database  80  may comprise a plurality of databases as described below. Databases  80  may store information about users, elements, and other information. 
     The modules may function separately or in various combinations. While the modules are shown within a single server, the modules may also operate among several servers. The modules may communicate with a plurality of databases, which may also function collectively or separately. 
     The modules of server  2  may store, access and otherwise interact with various sources of data, including external data, databases and other inputs. 
     Probability Module  18  may determine a probability of occurrence for one or more future states of a performance parameter. Probability module  18  may determine a probability of occurrence based on performance information, such as information about a team or player&#39;s historical performance prior to the event. For instance, probabilities may be determined based on factors such as a player&#39;s performance in at least one of the following performance categories: batting average, points scored, yards run, number of carries, runs batted in (RBIs), bases stolen, home runs, pass completion percentage, on base percentage, total bases per at bat, number of errors, number of aces, double fault percentage, free throw percentage, number of rebounds, handicap, number of golf strokes, and a number of strike-outs. Probabilities may also be determined based on current performance information, such as information about a player&#39;s performance during the live event. 
     Probability module  18  may also update one or more probabilities based on information that becomes available during an event. In some embodiments, the information may be updated in real time or substantially real time. For instance, a probability associated with a particular outcome of a performance parameter (such as the outcome of an at-bat) may be determined based on information relevant to the parameter existing prior to the event (e.g., a batter&#39;s historical batting average prior to a baseball game) and then updated based on a information relevant to the parameter that occurs during the live event (e.g., a batter&#39;s batting performance of a particular at-bat during the game). Probability module  18  may update probabilities associated with a number of different performance parameters and outcomes based on current game information. 
     Probabilities for various possible outcomes (and the corresponding odds of those outcomes) may be updated in real time. Accordingly, a single occurrence during an event (such as an injury to a quarterback) may trigger a change in the odds for a number of existing betting market outcomes, such as the number of passing yards, running yards, and points for that quarterback; the team&#39;s chances of winning; the number of points in any subsequent quarters; the number of total interceptions in the game; etc. In this sense, important occurrences in an event can have a “ripple effect” that affects one or more betting markets. 
     Probability module  18  may use algorithms that enable quick calculation and modification of probabilities of outcomes (and accordingly the calculation of their corresponding odds). 
     Odds module  20  may determine odds, e.g., based on probabilities determined by probability module  18 . Odds module  20  may adjust odds over time. Accordingly, the odds for a given bet may change during the “betting window” (i.e., the time between the opening and the closing of a betting market wherein bettors may bet on a given outcome). Odds module  20  may determine or adjust odds based on various factors, such as the number and amount of bets on a particular outcome of set of outcomes; a “cut”, percentage, or other fee to be paid to another party such as a casino or “the house;” other “mark-ups”; the market for a particular bet; and other factors. For example, odds may be adjusted in a similar manner and for similar reasons that odds are adjusted over time for a particular bet at a popular Las Vegas casino on a specific team to win the Super Bowl. 
     Amounts wagered on a losing bet can be used to pay payouts to a winning bet. Accordingly, in some embodiments, odds module  20  may adjust odds for one outcome based on the amount wagered on the outcome to ensure that payouts for that outcome can be satisfied if it becomes the winning outcome. Accordingly, where there are only two possible outcomes (e.g., win or lose), and there are many large bets on one outcome (win) and a small number of small bets on the other (loss), then the odds may be adjusted for future bets (or prior bets) to try to minimize the exposure of payouts for a win outcome. Improved odds for a loss bet may attract more bettors to bet on loss, which would help minimize the exposure to the “win” payout. 
     User communication module  22  may communicate with users  10 . User communication module  22  may output to users via a communication device and receive inputs from users via a communication device. Communication devices may include cell phones, PDAs, computers, GPS devices, touch-sensitive displays, video game consoles, video game input devices such as controllers, electronic displays at a casino table, touch-sensitive displays, mouse, keyboard, image-recognition devices, and other devices. 
     In some embodiments, users  10  may maintain an account with an entity associated with a gaming server  2 , and communication module  22  may require users to log in before accessing the account. The account may store and manage user bets in a manner similar to how an online brokerage account manages investments. 
     User-User communication module  24  may enable users to communicate with one another, e.g., to suggest bets to one another. For instance, user-user communication module may comprise a communication system that enables or facilitates enabling a user  10   a  to communicate with another user  10   b  via phone, text messaging, email, wireless communication, wireless gaming device, or other devices and systems for communicating. In some embodiments, a user  10  may suggest a bet to another user (e.g., one user may propose to bet on one outcome if another user bets on an outcome contrary to that outcome, e.g., one user bets a win while another bets a loss), and user-user communication module may publish the proposed bet to one or more other users, e.g., by displaying a bet proposal at a communication device such as a gaming table. 
     Data provider module  26  may communicate with one or more data providers  8 , e.g., to obtain information about an event. For instance, data providers  8  may provide information about an event to server  2  via a data feed. 
     State identification module  28  may identify or otherwise define a state of an event. The state may comprise a particular status of a game, e.g., the players on the field, the count of the pitch, the inning, and other information. 
     State identification module  28  may also update the state of an event based on event information received from data providers  8 . For instance, module  28  may receive event information such as a video stream of an event or a text play-by-play of an event. State identification module  28  may process the event information. For instance, state identification module  28  may process video or other image information to determine information about the state of an event such as a game, e.g., the location of a football at the end of a play when a referee signals the end of the play, whether a football carrier crossed a first down marker, whether a player stepped out of bounds, whether a ball hit by a batter was hit out of the park within the “fair” territory, whether a tennis ball hits the net or lands in “out” territory, etc. Accordingly, state identification module may automatically determine information related to performance parameters and outcomes, e.g., whether a batter was struck out or whether a quarterback threw an interception. 
     In some embodiments, state identification module  28  may reconcile identified states with another source of information related to an event. For instance, in some embodiments, a gaming agent  12  may interact with state identification module  28  to define states, correct any errors in automatically determined states, and provide additional event information. For instance, a gaming agent may note that a flag was called on a play after state identification module  28  determines that a touchdown was scored during the play. In some embodiments, module  28  may reconcile information determined about a state with an “official” source of state information. For instance, an official umpire who referees a game may be an “official” source of information, such that a call made by a referee concerning whether a ball was a ball may be controlling regardless of whether module  28  determines that a ball crossed a batter&#39;s strike zone. Accordingly, module  28  may interact with the umpire to determine official “calls” in the game, and this information may be used to update the event&#39;s state. In some embodiments, referees may enter state information (such as “ball” or “strike”) on a device that communicates directly with module  28  so that module  28  may update state information accurately. 
     Information about states may be communicated to users  10  and/or agents  12 . It may also be used to determine initial states and possible outcomes of a performance parameter, and to determine or update probabilities associated with the outcomes. 
     In some embodiments, state identification module  28  may identify event states and state changes (such as betting outcomes) automatically. For instance, state identification module  28  may analyze one or more sources of data to automatically identify an event state, such as an outcome of a betting event. For instance, state identification module  28  may use a variety of sources to determine and/or confirm that a tennis player has scored a point, such as image processing software that analyzes a live video feed of the match; “play-by-play” information from a data feed; and a website that outputs the score of a game in substantially real-time. 
     State identification module  28  may analyze a video feed of a live tennis match to identify whether a tennis ball landed “in” or “out” on a player&#39;s side of the court. State identification module  28  may also review “play-by-play” information from a data feed indicating that a tennis point has been scored by the player. 
     In some embodiments, a human operator may determine the outcome of a betting event. For instance, the human operator may watch the live event (e.g., live in person or via live television broadcast). In some embodiments, a human operator may determine the outcome of a betting event and then cause the system to settle bets based on the determined outcome. In this way, the bettors will have immediate feedback. 
     Parameter creation module  30  may create and define performance parameters or performance parameter-related data and metrics for measuring a performance parameter at a given time (e.g., how many yards a running back has gained so far in a given football game by the end of the third quarter). Parameter creation module  30  may also enable users to specify a performance parameter. For instance, a user may specify a performance parameter based on any variables of an event. While some performance parameters, such as total yards of a running back in a given game, are often tracked by many third parties, user-specified performance parameters may be performance parameters that are not typically tracked by traditional casinos. Some examples include: the average stride of a particular running back; the number of times a ball is passed during a particular possession of a basketball team; the number of times a tennis racquet touches the ground during a match; etc. 
     Parameter tracking module  32  may track a particular performance parameter (e.g., number of points scored) throughout an event, e.g., based on data received from data providers  8 . 
     Betting market module  34  may create a betting market for a performance parameter. For instance, betting market module  34  may identify a performance parameter that can have a plurality of possible future states. Once the performance parameter and possible future states are identified, betting market module  34  may enable users to place one or more bets on the possible future states based on odds determined by probability module  18 . Betting market module  34  may open and close the market based on state information. 
     For instance, betting market module  34  may open the market at or during an initial state, and then close the market at the end of an initial state. An initial state may comprise a time before a performance parameter has changed to one or more possible future states. For example, module  34  may open a market for betting on a particular at-bat when the batter is “on deck” (i.e., when the preceding batter is currently at bat). Module  34  may close the betting market before the first pitch to the particular batter. In some embodiments, module  34  may keep the betting market open for a longer period, e.g., until a specific one of the possible future states is achieved. For instance, module  34  may enable users to continue to bet on an at-bat during the at-bat until the batter walks, gets a hit, strikes (or fouls) out, or the at-bat otherwise ends. 
     In some embodiments, probability module  18  and odds module  20  may update the probabilities and odds for the various outcomes as new state information becomes available while the market is open. For instance, in an at-bat market that stays open during the at-bat, if the first two pitches are strikes, the probability that the batter will strike out may increase significantly, and odds for a strike-out (and the other possible outcomes) may be recalculated accordingly. 
     Market module  34  may also determine an actual future state and resolve any bets based on the actual future state. For instance, market module may determine that a batter struck out, and therefore calculate and pay the appropriate payout to bettors who bet on strike out, and notify bettors who bet on a home run that they lost the bet. 
     A gaming agent  12  may interact with market module  34  to verify an actual future state (e.g., to verify that a batter actually struck out). For instance, agent  12  may double check a determination of an actual state by module  34  before bets are paid out. 
     Create-a-metric module  36  may enable users  10  to create a performance parameter. For instance, a user  10  may create a performance parameter, and the server  2  may identify future possible states for the performance parameter and odds associated with each possible state. Then the user  10  may place a wager on one or more of the possible future states. 
     Database  80  may comprise a plurality of databases for storing information related to an event, one or more users  10 , one or more data providers  8 , one or more gaming agents  12 , and one or more betting markets. Probability Database may store probability information related to an event, such as information relating to the probability of a future occurrence. 
     Create-a-metric Database may store event and performance data (for multiple events), as well as categories of performance data. Information in the database may be used to enable users to create a metric, e.g., for wagering. 
     As shown in  FIG.  2   , a system  200  that accomplishes the same functions as that of system  100  of  FIG.  1    may comprise two different servers  2 , i.e., a front end server  2   a  and a back end server  2   b . The front end server  2   a  may interact with users  10  and gaming agents  12  to provide event-related information and receive bets. The back-end server  2   b  may determine event states, performance parameters, and outcomes. In some embodiments, the back-end server  2   b  may be ignorant of any bets or other interactions with users  10 . 
     For example, as a back-end system, server  2   b  may be configured to receive a stream of state information of a live sporting event in real time (or another time). The server  2   b  may determining by a computer processor an initial state and a plurality of possible future states of a first performance parameter of the live sporting event based on the stream of state information. After a beginning of the game and before the start of the event, the server  2   b  may calculate a probability of occurrence for at least one of the plurality of possible future states of the first performance parameter based on historical data related to the first performance parameter, the plurality of possible future states being mutually exclusive from one another. The server  2   b  may transmit, during an initial state of the first performance parameter, a signal operative to enable server  2   a  to open a first market for betting on the at least one of the plurality of possible future states, the first market comprising betting odds based on the calculated probability of occurrence. After transmitting the signal operative to open the first market, server  2   b  may determine an end of the initial state. Before the end of the initial state, server  2   b  may transmit a signal operative to close the first market. After transmitting the signal operative to close the first market, server  2   b  may determine an outcome of the first performance parameter based on the received stream of state information. The server  2   b  may transmit a signal operative to resolve one or more payouts of the first market, the signal indicative of the outcome of the first performance parameter. 
     In some embodiments, the act of calculating a probability of occurrence for at least one of the plurality of possible future states may comprise calculating a probability of occurrence for the at least one of the plurality of possible future states of the first performance parameter based on prior historical data related to the first performance parameter existing prior to a beginning of the live sporting event. 
     In some embodiments, the server  2   b  may also determine current historical data about the first performance parameter based on at least a portion of the stream of state information received after a beginning of the live sporting event, wherein the current historical data does not exist prior to the beginning of the live sporting event. The act of calculating a probability of occurrence for the at least one of the plurality of possible future states may comprise calculating a probability of occurrence for the at least one of the plurality of possible future states of the performance parameter based on the prior historical data and the current historical data. 
     In some embodiments, the server  2   b  may determine current historical data about the first performance parameter based on at least a portion of the stream of state information received after a beginning of the live sporting event, wherein the current historical data does not exist prior to a beginning of the live sporting event. Server  2   b  may re-calculate the probability of occurrence for the at least one of the plurality of possible future states based on the current historical data. Server  2   b  may transmit a signal operative to update the odds used in the first market based on the re-calculated probability of occurrence. 
     In some embodiments, server  2   b  may also re-calculate a probability of occurrence for at least one possible future state of a second performance parameter based on the current historical data. The server  2   b  may transmit a signal operative to update betting odds used in a second market for betting on the second performance parameter based on the re-calculated probability of occurrence for the at least one possible future state of the second performance parameter. 
     In some embodiments, server  2   b  may determine by a computer processor an initial state and a plurality of possible future states of a second performance parameter of the live sporting event based on the state information. Server  2   b  may calculate a second probability of occurrence for at least one of the plurality of possible future states of the second performance parameter based on historical data related to the second performance parameter. The plurality of possible future states may be mutually exclusive from one another. The server  2   b  may transmit, during an initial state of the second performance parameter, a signal operative to open a second market for betting on the at least one of the plurality of possible future states of the second performance parameter, the second market using odds based on the second probability of occurrence. After transmitting the signal operative to open the second market, server  2   b  may determine an end of the initial state of the second performance parameter. After transmitting the signal operative to open the second market and before the end of the initial state of the second performance parameter, server  2   b  may transmit a signal operative to close the second market. After transmitting the signal operative to close the second market, server  2   b  may determine an outcome of the second performance parameter based on the received stream of state information. Server  2   b  may transmit a signal operative to resolve one or more payouts of the second market, the signal indicative of the outcome of the first performance parameter. 
     In some embodiments, server  2   b  may also determine current historical data related to both the first and second performance parameters based on at least a portion of the stream of state information received after a beginning of the live sporting event. In some embodiments, the probability of occurrence for the at least one of the plurality of possible future states of the first performance parameter and the probability of occurrence for the at least one of the plurality of possible future states of the second performance parameter are calculated based on the current historical data. 
       FIG.  3   . Exemplary Method of In-Game Wagering. 
     It should be appreciated that the system of this invention may be used to manage bets for any type of event having a plurality of possible outcomes, such as an election, a sporting event, or an event occurring within another event (such as an at-bat in a baseball game, or a competition for the electoral votes of a particular state in a U.S. presidential election). For example, the system may be used to manage bets in any of the following types of competitions, as well as any other competition or sport: a racquet sport (such as tennis, squash, or badminton), baseball, softball, cricket, surfing, football, soccer, basketball, hockey, gymnastics, skating, golf, running, swimming, skiing, biking, rugby, polo, water polo, bowling, dancing, billiards, shooting, a track and field competition, horse racing, dog racing, automobile racing, motorcycle racing, boat racing, fishing, boxing, a martial art competition, a mixed martial arts competition (such as Ultimate Fighting Championship), a casino game, a card game, chess, and falconry. 
     In block  305 , the system may receive pre-event information about an event. For instance, the system may receive from a data feed information about two teams playing in a game, such as a team roster, batting line-up (baseball), starting offensive line (football), an injury report for any potentially injured players, a game start time, and other information. The information may be downloaded or otherwise received from any source, such as a league or team website, press release, ESPN™, or other source of event information. 
     In block  310 , the pre-event game information may be outputted to one or more users, e.g., via radio or television broadcast or over the internet. The game information, such as live video footage of a sporting event, may be displayed to the user at a television or computer monitor, radio, mobile phone, or other output device. In some embodiments, the information may be displayed on a device capable of receiving user inputs, such as a touch-sensitive display device. The display device may be operable to accept user inputs, e.g., by selecting from among various betting options on a touch-sensitive display. 
     In block  315 , the system may receive information about the event during the event. For instance, the system may receive a data feed or a live broadcast. 
     In block  320 , game information may be output to one or more users, e.g., via radio or television broadcast or over the internet. This information may be output to users  10  and agents  12 . For instance, the game information, such as live video footage of a sporting event, may be displayed to the user at a television or computer monitor, radio, mobile phone, or other output device. In some embodiments, the information may be displayed on a device capable of receiving user inputs, such as a touch-sensitive display device. The display device may be operable to accept user inputs, e.g., by selecting from among various betting options on a touch-sensitive display. 
     In block  325 , a user  10  may define a performance parameter. The performance parameter may be created based on performance categories, variables, metrics, and other event or performance information provided by the system. 
     For instance, a user  10  may define the performance parameter “length of average running stride of Lebron James starting in the third quarter.” The system may track this performance parameter, e.g., by measuring each running stride of Lebron James while he is on the court during the third quarter. The system may enable users to bet on this parameter. For example, the system may enable users to bet on whether his running stride is more than five feet or less than five feet. At the end of the third quarter, the system may calculate the average stride of Lebron James and resolve the bets accordingly. 
     In block  330 , the system may determine state information relating to a performance parameter (e.g., a user-created performance parameter or a pre-defined performance parameter), e.g., based on information received about the event. The state information may comprise any status or historical information about the event. For instance, based on a real-time data feed of a sporting event, the system may determine whether a sporting event has begun, the score, time remaining, balls and strikes of a specific batter, which players are currently on the field, at time 0 a specific sporting event has not started. 
     In block  335 , the system may identify a plurality of possible future states of the event. The end states may be mutually exclusive, and they may relate to a specific performance parameter or occurrence that happens during the event. 
     In block  340 , the system may identify one or more start times associated with a set of possible future states associated with the performance parameter. For instance, a start time of an at-bat may coincide with an end time of a prior at-bat. In some embodiments, start times may trigger the opening of a betting market. 
     In block  345 , the system may determine statistics associated with an outcome or type of outcome. For instance, the system may determine statistics associated with one or more performance parameters associated with a particular team or player (or other event entity), such as whether a particular player will get a single or a home run for a particular at-bat. 
     In block  350 , the system may determine probabilities and odds associated with one or more possible outcomes. In some embodiments, the probabilities may be received or calculated from a database of statistical information or probabilities. The database may be maintained by a third-party. 
     In some embodiments, the probabilities and odds may be calculated based on pre-existing information, such as a database of baseball statistics existing prior to a baseball game, as well as current information such as performance data of the baseball players during the baseball game. 
     The probabilities and odds may be updated as relevant event information is received. For instance, the probability that a quarterback will throw three touchdown passes in a particular game will decrease if the quarterback is injured. 
     In block  355 , a user  10  may request information relevant to a bet, e.g., from the system. For instance, the user  10  may request historical information, such as information about a player or team&#39;s past performance (e.g., with respect to a particular performance parameter like total yards) and/or current performance (e.g., performance during the current game). The user  10  may also request information about what bets are available and the odds for each. 
     In some embodiments, a user  10  may request information by selecting a particular player on a screen. For example, a user  10  may touch a video image of a pitcher to request information about the pitcher&#39;s pitching record. In some embodiments, a user  10  may select to bet that a pitcher will strike out a current batter by touching the image of the pitcher. 
     In block  360 , the system may provide betting information. For example, the system may output a betting overlay at a user display device. The overlay may display betting options such as the various possible outcomes for which the user may wager, the odds for each, probabilities or statistics relating to the various outcomes, and any other information that may be relevant to a user  10  bet. 
     In block  365 , a user may select a bet. For instance, the user may navigate a menu of betting options, e.g., on a touch-sensitive display, e.g., on a mobile phone. 
     In block  370 , the user  10  may place a bet associated with the performance parameter. For example, the user  10  may bet that a particular batter will strike out. 
     In block  375  the system may close bets for a particular event or betting market, e.g., after a start time for a particular in-game event. For instance, the system may close betting on a particular at-bat for Barry Bonds before Bonds steps up to the plate to receive the first pitch, or after Bonds steps up to the plate but before the pitcher begins to throw the first pitch to Bonds. 
     In some embodiments, the system may close bets automatically, i.e., without human intervention. In some embodiments, a human operator may close the bets. For instance, the human operator who is watching the event (e.g., live in person, or via TV broadcast with minimal time delay) may cause the system to close bets for a particular Bonds at-bat at a moment immediately before the pitcher throws the first pitch (or at another appropriate moment). In circumstances where the system does not receive information about an occurrence (such as Bonds stepping up to the plate) until after occurrence has taken place (e.g., due to 2-second delay in a television broadcast), a human operator may be in a better position to determine an optimal time for closing betting for an event (e.g., the last possible moment before the beginning of the event). 
     In some embodiments, the system may continue to allow bets on the event, but the betting options may change during the course of the event. For instance, the system may continuously or periodically update the odds relating to various outcomes based on current in-game information. For instance, the system may recalculate the odds of various at-bat outcomes after each pitch. For instance, the system may determine that the odds that Bonds strikes out increase after each strike, and the odds that he will get walked increase after each “ball.” 
     In block  380 , the system may receive real time information about the state of an event. The information may be received from any source of current event information, as discussed above. The real time event state information may comprise real time historical information about the event, such as information relating to the end result of an event (e.g., strike out), information that might affect probability of an outcome of an event (e.g., a mild injury to a quarterback), performance information (e.g., number of yards gained by a particular running back during a particular play), game time elapsed and remaining, and other event information. 
     In block  385 , the system may identify an outcome of an event, such as an event that is the subject of a bet. For instance, the system may determine an actual state among the possible future states. For instance, the system may determine that Barry Bonds struck out based on a source of event information. 
     The system may then resolve all bets related to the associated betting market. For example, the system may issue an appropriate payout to any winning betters and issue notifications to those who had losing bets. 
     In some embodiments, users  10  may keep a betting account that contains an amount for wagering. Users  10  may continue making bets until the account is depleted or otherwise unavailable for further bets. 
     It should be appreciated that the actions described in the above blocks are exemplary only, and need not be performed in the order presented here. Further, it is not necessary to accomplish all of the actions described in the blocks. Rather, any number of the blocks (e.g., four of the blocks or six of the blocks) may be accomplished, and in any order. 
       FIGS.  4 A and  4 B  depict exemplary gaming tables  401  and  402  for use in at least one embodiment of the methods and systems disclosed herein.  FIGS.  5 A- 5 C  depict exemplary interface screens for use in at least one embodiment of the methods and systems disclosed herein. It should be understood that the tables  401  and  402  may also be interfaces, and the interfaces  501 - 503  may also be tables. Accordingly, the general features of these tables  401 ,  402  and interfaces  501 - 503  may apply equally to each other. Notably, tables  401  and  402  and interfaces  501 - 503  display information to users  10  and enable users  10  to place bets. 
     The tables  401 ,  402  and interfaces  501 - 503  of  FIGS.  4 A- 5 C  may be located in a casino, a user&#39;s house or workplace, a stadium or other location associated with an event such as a live sporting event, or another location. In some embodiments, the tables and interfaces may be physical gaming tables that may facilitate making wagers associated with a specific live event. Although the exemplary tables and interfaces depicted in  FIGS.  4 A- 5 C  are configured to facilitate wagers associated with a sporting event such as a baseball, cricket, or football game, it should be understood that a gaming table of the present invention may be configured to facilitate bets associated with other sports and other events, such as elections. The gaming tables and interfaces may facilitate bets (e.g., for an event such as a baseball game or football game), e.g., in a manner similar to how a craps table at a casino facilitates wagering on dice rolls by one or more users. In some embodiments, the tables and interfaces may comprise an electronic display, such as a traditional computer monitor (e.g., a user&#39;s computer monitor). In some embodiments, the gaming tables and interfaces may comprise a touch-sensitive display and/or any other input and/or output devices. For example, a craps table at a casino may be replaced by a large, flat table that comprises a large touch-sensitive display. 
     It should be appreciated that the display may be configured to interact with one or more persons in a variety of ways, e.g., via touch, sound, and other inputs and outputs. Users  10  and gaming agents  12  (such as dealers or croupiers of a casino) may provide inputs at the table by a variety of means. For instance, users  10  and gaming agents  12  may interact with the touch-sensitive displays  401 ,  402  and  501 - 503  by touching selected portions of the display. The touch-sensitive display may recognize touch as well as other inputs, such as via mouse, keyboard, camera, etc. The display may detect motion (e.g., by processing images from a camera) and thereby identify instructions or other inputs from users  10  and gaming agents  12 . For instance, the display may detect hand signals that represent a certain type of bet, bet amount, or other instruction or update. In some embodiments, users  10  may place bets by touching the display to select a specific betting outcome and wager amount. The user  10  may select particular portions of the display or images on the display to indicate betting selection, e.g., by selecting a particular player and/or a location on the playing field to indicate a bet that a runner on first will get to third base during the next at-bat. 
     Referring to  FIGS.  4 A and  4 B , the tables  401  and  402  may display status and other information about a live event, e.g., to a user  10  or a group of users  10 . Information displayed on the gaming table may be updated, e.g., in real time. For a physical gaming table  401  similar to a craps table, the table may be updated when a gaming agent  12  manually changes status information, e.g., by manually changing a score displayed on the table. (However, the updated information may be transmitted to the gaming agent  12  automatically.) For an electronic display  401  or  402 , such information may be updated or otherwise changed automatically. 
     A dealing or croupier area  420  may be used by gaming agents  12 . The croupier area  420  may display information such as the current baseball inning (e.g., 5 th  inning) and team logos indicating the teams currently playing (e.g., the Phillies and the Cubs). In some embodiments, the croupier area may show the probabilities and/or odds that each team will win the game. The probabilities and odds may change over the course of the game based on game events, such as runs by either team. For instance, the chances that the Cubs will win if the Cubs are leading by four at the end of the sixth inning. 
     A “most runs” area  410  may show information about betting markets related to the number of runs by each team playing. An “inning errors” area  430  may show information about betting markets related to the number of errors made by either team during an inning. “Base status” areas  440 ,  480  may indicate information about the status of a base related to one or more betting markets, such as who is on a particular base, and whether the runner is advancing or has advanced. Runs area (e.g., area  450 ) may indicate information about betting markets related to the number of runs by a specific team. 
     For instance, areas  410 ,  430 ,  440 ,  450 ,  480  may display probabilities and odds offered for various bets, such as bets associated with how many runs will be scored by a particular team. For example, most runs are  410  may indicate that there is an 20% probability that the Cubs will score more runs than the Phillies in the next inning (or a current inning). Runs are  410  may also indicate that the payout odds are 3 to 1 for betting that the Cubs will score the most runs (i.e., that a bet of $1 will return $3 if the Cubs score the most runs that inning). As the number of runs by the Cubs and Phillies changes during the inning, the probabilities and odds may change. For instance, if the Phillies do not score any runs at the top of the inning and the Cubs have the bases loaded with no outs, the probability may change to 90% that the Cubs will score the most runs that inning (i.e., more than the Phillies zero runs), and the odds may change to reflect this. 
     As shown in  FIG.  4 B , a gaming table  402  may also be configured for American football or another sport. As shown on the table  402 , designated areas of the table enable users to place bets on either the Dallas Cowboys or the Green Bay Packers concerning which team will have the most running yards or passing yards in a present quarter, and whether a team currently on offense will get another first down before a change in possession. The table  402  also shows drive outcome status information. The drive outcome areas of the table  402  may alternatively (or in addition) used to place bets on a specified outcome, such as whether a particular team gets a field goal or touchdown. 
     In some embodiments, a gaming table or interface may comprise a plurality of values (or ranges of values) of a performance parameter, e.g., arranged in one or more rows, columns, grids, or other arrangements. The values may comprise possible future values of the performance parameter. For instance, the values may comprise two sets of possible scores as measured at the end of a current quarter of a football game, one set of scores for each team. As in  FIGS.  4 A- 4 B , the gaming table may be configured to enable users  10  to place one or more bets associated with specific values. For instance, a user  10  may bet that by the end of the second quarter (or another time, such as the end of a game), the first team will have 7 points. Alternatively, or in addition, the user may bet that the team will have between 3 and 10 points. The user  10  may also bet that the other team will have 14 points (or between 10 and 17 points). In some embodiments, users may place a bet that one team will have a certain number (or range) of bets and another team will have another number (or range) of points, e.g., at a specific point in the game. 
     In some embodiments where the table or interface comprises a touch-sensitive display, users  10  may select to bet on a particular value (or range) by touching the intended value or range. For instance, a user  10  may touch “7 points” in a first column to indicate a score for a first team, “14 points” in a second column to indicate a score for a second team, select an amount for wager (e.g., by touching one or more images of one or more chips of varying colors and amounts), and then confirming the bet. 
     The gaming table may also display other information related to the values, such as probabilities and odds. The values and other information may be updated, e.g., in real time, e.g., based on current event information. For instance, various possible values may be disabled for betting purposes once the possible value becomes impossible. For example, once a team scores 14 points, an ending score of 7 (or any score or range from 0 to 13) becomes impossible, and these impossible scores may be removed from the table. In some embodiments, scores or ranges of scores may be arranged in ascending order in a column. As the actual score increases, impossible values may be removed from the top, the next highest values may move to the position of the removed score(s), and new higher values may be added at the bottom. 
       FIGS.  5 A- 5 C  depict exemplary interface screens for use in at least one embodiment of the methods and systems disclosed herein. In some embodiments, the interface screens may comprise a gaming table similar in form and/or function to that described for  FIG.  4   , e.g., a touch-sensitive display, computer display, or physical table at a casino. The interface  501  in  FIG.  5 A  may display information related to an event such as a game. The interface  501  may also display information related to one or more betting markets associated with the event, such as a betting market implemented using the interface  501 . 
     Interface  501  comprises a video  510 . The video  510  may comprise actual video footage of an event such as a baseball or (English) cricket game, such as a pitch from a pitcher to a batter. The video may comprise a video broadcast of the event received in real time. Alternatively, the video  510  may comprise a simulated animation of an event such as a pitch. In some embodiments, a user  10  may select different simulated (or real) camera angles of the event, rewind and replay the video. 
     In some embodiments, interface  501  may comprise multiple spaces for video  510 , e.g., for viewing several different video feeds simultaneously, either for the same event or different events. For instance, the multiple videos may be tracking different players in a golf tournament, or different golf holes that are being played simultaneously. In some embodiments, the multiple videos may track two different games (e.g., two different football games) that are playing at the same time. 
     In some embodiments, the video  501  may comprise video of an event as well as inputs (such as buttons, e.g., touch-sensitive images of buttons) that enable agents  12  and/or users  10  to provide information about the event. For example, an agent  12  (or user  10 ) may select a button next to a pitcher just before a first pitch in order to inform the server  2  (or confirm to the server  2 ) that an at-bat is about to begin. An agent  12  viewing several different videos of different events may provide information to server  2  and users  10  about betting markets (e.g., related to the state of an initial state, or the time an initial state begins or ends, or a possible or actual future state). 
     Score board  515  may display status information related to the event and/or status information related to one or more betting markets associated with the event, such as bets made via the interface  501 . For example, score board  515  may display game time information such as time remaining or the number of the inning, score information such as the score of a game or a particular inning, and other information about one or more game performance parameters. Ball-by-ball scoreboard  520  may display a score for each ball played, e.g., in a game of cricket. 
     Umpire animation  525  may comprise information about an action or decision of an umpire or referee, e.g., with respect to a particular foul, penalty, or other event. For example, umpire animation  525  may display an image or video animation of a referee making a particular call or taking a particular action. Exemplary referee images are shown in  FIG.  6   . 
     The bottom right area  530  shows betting options related to the minimum or maximum player/banker and tie/pairs. Betting chips  535  may be used to place bets and may be redeemable for a predetermined amount of cash (e.g., one red chip is redeemable for five dollars). Chips  535  may be purchased from a croupier or other gaming agent  12  from chip reservoir  550 . 
     In some embodiments, users  10  and gaming agents  12  may interact with the tables and interfaces as they would with a traditional casino table (like a craps table), e.g., by manually placing real game chips  535  to signify a particular bet and amount. In some embodiments, users  10  and gaming agents  12  may place bets electronically from a user account. In some embodiments, users  10  may place bets using “electronic chips” comprising a displayed image of one or more chips corresponding to their equivalent counterparts in a real casino. 
     Bet status information  540  may indicate whether a bet is active, pushed, or paid. One or more cards  545  may be used, either separately or in conjunction with gambling associated with an in-game event. Game history chart  555  may display numerical (e.g., score) or other information about a past or current game associated with the game for which betting is enabled at the interface. 
       FIGS.  5 B and  5 C  depict additional exemplary interface screens, which may be used in a manner similar to that described for  FIG.  5 A . As shown in  FIG.  5 B , buttons  580  may be selected to view or change a games menu, a user account, applicable rules, and service. Interface option buttons  590  enable users to select sounds, voiceovers (e.g., as opposed to text information). 
       FIG.  6    depicts exemplary referee animation images for use in at least one embodiment of the methods and systems disclosed herein, e.g., with respect to the English sporting game cricket. From left to right, the images in  FIG.  6    may refer to (1) a referee&#39;s normal stance (no penalty or foul); (2) no ball signal; (3) four runs signal; (4) wide ball signal; (5) six runs signal; and (6) out signal. 
       FIG.  7    depicts an exemplary interface screen  700  for use in at least one embodiment of the methods and systems disclosed herein. Screen  700  shows an interface for a game that integrates events from a live event. Here, the game may be of a game type similar to bingo, wherein users  10  win by matching in-game events (such as a strike-out, ball, strike, etc.) with corresponding panels from the board (that indicate strike-out, ball, strike, etc.). Winning conditions  710  may define a condition for winning the game, such as the need to obtain 12 panels in a row. Betting options  720  enable users  10  to place bets on a variety of outcomes of an at-bat such as ball, strike, hit (or other contact with ball), or other outcome. 
     In some embodiments, a user  10  may win different amounts by matching longer sequences of panels based on batters&#39; performance. The user  10  may select a sequence of pitches that would occur at the start of the next defined period. This period might be the next at bat, half innings, inning, etc. In some embodiments, the period may be chosen based on how quickly a user can enter the sequence. In some embodiments, the user  10  can choose to play more than one line (or sequence) at a time. Payouts may also be provided for diagonal sequences across the multiple lines. Such a payout would encourage the player to play more than one line. In some embodiments, a user “bingo card” may have a random sequence generated. 
       FIG.  8    depicts an exemplary interface screen  800  for use by a gaming agent  12  in at least one embodiment of the methods and systems disclosed herein. Agent interface  800  comprises game events  810  (e.g., specific scheduled sporting events) and game management options  820  (e.g., manage games, manual game update). Gaming agents may select a particular game (such as a Cubs vs. Phillies baseball game) and then select whether to manage it manually or automatically. If the agent  12  selects manual management, the agent  12  may need to update possible and actual outcomes manually. In some embodiments, agent  12  may determine or update probabilities manually. If the agent selects automatically, then the server  2  may update game information, e.g., via an automated data feed. 
       FIG.  9    depicts an exemplary interface screen  900  for use (e.g., by a user  10  and/or agent  12 ) in at least one embodiment of the methods and systems disclosed herein. Interface  900  comprises a scoreboard comprising status information about the game, such as the current score. Game options  920  enable users  10  and agents  12  to start a game management program that enables active betting markets associated with a particular game. When a user  10  or agent  12  selects control panel  930 , the interface  900  may enable users  10  or agents  12  to change settings associated with the game. Player selector  940  enables a user  10  or agent  12  to change the identify of a particular player (e.g., the pitcher or batter). As this information changes for each at-bat, the system may rely on an agent  12  to update this information. Base Occupied option  950  enables users  10  and/or agents  12  to indicate whether a runner is on base, and at which base. 
       FIG.  10    depicts an exemplary interface screen  1000  for use in at least one embodiment of the methods and systems disclosed herein. In some embodiments, the interface  1000  may be operated by server  2  and used by agents  12  to manage one or more gaming markets associated with an event. The interface  1000  may be comprised in a front-end component of server  2   a  in  FIG.  2   , which operates in conjunction with a back-end server  2   b . In some embodiments, interface  1000  may be used by users  10  to navigate gambling options and place bets for one or more performance parameters in one or more events. 
     Interface  1000  comprises game information area  1010 . Game action  1020  buttons enable agents  12  and/or users  10  to activate all bets, freeze all bets, refresh all bets, or end the game. Other options may be considered. Game bets  1030  may identify all active or potential bets available (or that will be available) to users  10 . Specific bets  1050  shows the current status of specific bets. Betting market information  1040  displays information about a specific betting market such as maximum win, stop loss amount, odds, and hold percentage. 
     In some embodiments, various devices and systems may be used to automatically identify and track in-game events, such as the relative positions of race participants at a specific time in (or throughout the duration of) a race. For example, the system described in U.S. application Ser. No. 10/604,451 by McCarthy et al. describes one exemplary system for identifying and tracking event information in real time or substantially real time, and for providing event information to users, e.g., via rendered animation. The disclosure of the Ser. No. 10/604,451 application is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.