Patent Publication Number: US-9844814-B2

Title: Superhard tool tip, method for making same and tool comprising same

Description:
BACKGROUND 
     Embodiments of the invention relate generally to a superhard tip for a rotary machine tool, and more particularly, but not exclusively, for a twist drill or an end mill; to methods for making same and tools comprising same. 
     Examples of superhard materials are polycrystalline diamond (PCD) material and polycrystalline cubic boron nitride (PCBN) material. PCD material comprises a mass of substantially inter-grown diamond grains and PCBN material comprises cubic boron nitride (cBN) particles within a matrix comprising metal and/or ceramic material. PCD and PCBN may be made by subjecting aggregated masses of diamond grains or cBN grains, respectively, to an ultra-high pressure of at least about 5.5 GPa and temperature of at least about 1,250 degrees centigrade. 
     U.S. Pat. No. 4,762,445 discloses a composite sintered twist drill that is particularly suited for helically fluted twist drills larger than approximately 3.17 mm in diameter. The hardest material, which may comprise diamond, is located in narrow veins at the leading edges and across the mid line of the drill tip. 
     There is a need to provide an alternative superhard tip for a rotary machine tool. 
     SUMMARY 
     Viewed from a first aspect, there can be provided a superhard tip (or simply “tip”) for a rotary machine tool, for example a twist drill or end mill, comprising a superhard structure joined to a cemented carbide substrate by means of at least one intermediate layer disposed between the superhard structure and the cemented carbide substrate, the intermediate layer comprising grains of superhard material, such as synthetic or natural diamond, or cubic boron nitride (cBN), and grains of a metal carbide material dispersed in a metal binder material. 
     Viewed from a second aspect, there can be provided a blank body (also referred to as superhard blank body) for a tip (or “superhard tip”) for a rotary machine tool, comprising a superhard structure joined to a cemented carbide substrate by means of at least one intermediate layer disposed between the superhard structure and the cemented carbide substrate, the intermediate layer comprising grains of superhard material, such as synthetic or natural diamond, or cubic boron nitride (cBN), and grains of a metal carbide material dispersed in a metal binder material. 
     Viewed from a third aspect, there can be provided a rotary machine tool comprising a tip (or “superhard tip”), the tip comprising a superhard structure joined to a cemented carbide substrate by means of an intermediate layer disposed between the superhard structure and the cemented carbide substrate, the intermediate layer comprising grains of superhard material, such as synthetic or natural diamond, or cubic boron nitride (cBN), and grains of a metal carbide material dispersed in a metal binder material. 
     Viewed from a fourth aspect, there can be provided a method of making a tip as claimed in any one of the preceding claims, the method including providing a blank body comprising a superhard structure joined to a cemented carbide substrate by means of an intermediate layer disposed between the superhard structure and the cemented carbide substrate, the intermediate layer comprising grains of superhard material and grains of a metal carbide material; and removing material from the blank body to form cutting edges. 
     Viewed from a fifth aspect, there can be provided a method of machining a body, particularly but not exclusively by drilling or milling, the body comprising titanium (Ti), carbon fibre-reinforced polymer (CFRP) material, or both Ti and CFRP material, using a rotary machine tool comprising a tip (or “superhard”), the tip comprising a PCD structure joined to a cemented carbide substrate by means of an intermediate layer disposed between the superhard structure and the cemented carbide substrate, the intermediate layer comprising grains of superhard material, such as synthetic or natural diamond, or cubic boron nitride (cBN), and grains of a metal carbide material dispersed in a metal binder material. 
     Viewed from a sixth aspect, there can be provided a tip for an ball-nose end mill for machining a body, the body particularly but not exclusively comprising cast iron, grey and high strength irons, hardened tool steel or a superalloy material such as a Cr—Ni superalloy material, the tip comprising a PCBN structure joined to a cemented carbide substrate by means of an intermediate layer disposed between the superhard structure and the cemented carbide substrate, the intermediate layer comprising grains of superhard material, such as synthetic or natural diamond, or cubic boron nitride (cBN), and grains of a metal carbide material dispersed in a metal binder material. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF INTRODUCTION TO THE DRAWINGS 
       Non-limiting arrangements of tips, blank bodies for tips and tools will now be described with reference to the accompanying drawings, of which, 
         FIG. 1  shows a schematic perspective view of an example blank body. 
         FIG. 2A  shows a schematic perspective view of an example blank body. 
         FIG. 2B  shows a schematic cross section view of an example blank body. 
         FIG. 3  shows a schematic cross section view of an example blank body. 
         FIG. 4  shows a schematic cross section view of an example blank body. 
         FIG. 5  shows a schematic cross section view of an example blank body. 
         FIG. 6  shows a schematic perspective view of an example tip for a twist drill. 
         FIG. 7  shows a schematic perspective view of an example twist drill. 
         FIG. 8A  shows a schematic side view of an end portion of an example twist drill. 
         FIG. 8B  shows a schematic top view of the twist drill illustrated in  FIG. 8A , viewed end-on. 
     
    
    
     The same references refer to the same general features in all of the drawings. 
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     Certain terms as used herein are briefly explained below. 
     As used herein, “superhard” or ultra-hard material has Vickers hardness of at least 25 GPa. Synthetic and natural diamond, polycrystalline diamond (PCD), cubic boron nitride (cBN) and polycrystalline cBN (PCBN) material are examples of superhard materials. Synthetic diamond, which is also called man-made diamond, is diamond material that has been manufactured. A polycrystalline superhard structure comprises a sintered mass of superhard grains, a substantial fraction of which may be directly, or coherently, bonded to neighbouring grains. A PCD structure comprises or consists essentially of PCD material and a PCBN structure comprises or consists essentially of PCBN material. 
     Polycrystalline diamond (PCD) material comprises a mass (an aggregation of a plurality) of diamond grains, a substantial portion of which are directly inter-bonded with each other and in which the content of diamond is at least about 80 volume percent of the material. Interstices between the diamond grains may be at least partly filled with a binder material comprising catalyst material for synthetic diamond, or they may be substantially empty. A catalyst material for synthetic diamond is capable of promoting the growth of synthetic diamond grains and or the direct inter-growth of synthetic or natural diamond grains at a temperature and pressure at which synthetic or natural diamond is thermodynamically stable. Examples of catalyst materials for diamond are Fe, Ni, Co and Mn, and certain alloys including these. Superhard structures comprising PCD material may comprise at least a region from which catalyst material has been removed from the interstices, leaving interstitial voids between the diamond grains. PCD structures having at least a significant region from which catalyst material for diamond has been depleted, or in which catalyst material is in a form that is relatively less active as a catalyst, may be described as thermally stable PCD. 
     PCBN material comprises grains of cubic boron nitride (cBN) dispersed within a matrix comprising metal or ceramic material. For example, PCBN material may comprise at least about 60 volume percent cBN grains dispersed in a binder matrix material comprising a Ti-containing compound, such as titanium carbonitride and/or an Al-containing compound, such as aluminium nitride, and/or compounds containing metal such as Co and/or W. Some versions (or “grades”) of PCBN material may comprise at least about 80 volume percent or even at least about 85 volume percent cBN grains. 
     A machine tool is a powered mechanical device, which may be used to manufacture components comprising materials such as metal, composite material, wood or polymers by machining. Machining is the selective removal of material from a body, which may be called a workpiece. A rotary machine tool comprises a cutter element, for example a drill bit, which rotates about its own axis in use. A tipped tool or insert is one in which the cutting edge is formed by a cutter tip comprised of a different material from that of the rest of the tool or insert, the tip typically being brazed or clamped onto a tool body. A tip for a machine tool may be produced by processing a blank body to form it into a configuration for a tip. A rake face of a machine tool is the surface or surfaces over which chips flow when the tool is used to remove material from a body, the rake face directing the flow of newly formed chips. Chips are the pieces of a workpiece removed from a work surface of the workpiece by a machine tool in use. A cutting edge of a tip is the edge of a rake face intended to perform cutting of a body. 
     A twist drill is a fluted tipped drill for drilling holes into workpieces, particularly workpieces comprising metals, wood and plastics, by means of a rotational shear cutting action. A twist drill can be described generally as a rotary end cutting tool having one or more cutting faces or lips, and also one or more helical or straight flutes for conveying the chip from a hole being drilled. A “flute” is a recessed portion of a rotary machine tool for conveying chips away from a cutting edge as the tool rotates in use. Other rotary machine tools, such as taps, ball-nose end mills and straight end mills (also referred to as slot-drills) may have up to six or more cutting edges and flutes. Flutes may have the form of grooves that appear generally semi-circular in cross section. While some drills contain straight flutes, extending parallel to the axis of the tool, most twist drills comprise helical flutes configured subject to design considerations such as the desired rake angle of the cutting edge, the ease of chip evacuation and the stiffness of the drill. 
     A twist drill may comprise two or more flutes, one for each cutting edge at a working end of the drill. Cutting edges may act to shear the work material into more easily removable chips and may be comprised in the point of the drill, which may also comprise a chisel edge located between the cutting edges. In the simplest drills, the chisel edge geometry may be determined by the thickness of the web, which is the portion of material that separates the flutes. As the web portion of a drill does not cut work material, but rather extrudes it outwardly from the centre line towards the cutting edges, its length may be minimised by forming notches at the intersection between the flutes and the drill point surface. The design of the drill point, particularly the web and notch arrangement, may influence the degree to which the drill rotates concentrically about a guiding mechanism for the axis of rotation. The “cylindrical land” of a twist drill is the peripheral portion of the body of the drill between adjacent flutes. The cylindrical land of the drill may be configured to provide clearance between the drill body and the surface of the hole being produced. It may also help guide the drill on a trajectory. 
     A twist drill would typically be held in a chuck, collet or other mechanical coupling device which is mounted on a precision spindle. In use, it is rotated about its own axis of rotation and may be linearly translated such that the drill advances through a workpiece, expelling the waste metal in the form of chips or swarf. 
     Examples of tips, blank bodies for tips and tools comprising tips will now be described with reference to  FIG. 1  to  FIG. 8B . 
       FIG. 1  shows an example of a blank body  10  for a tip for a twist drill (not shown), comprising a superhard structure  12  joined to a cemented carbide substrate  14  by means of an intermediate layer  16  disposed between the superhard structure  12  and the cemented carbide substrate  14 . The intermediate layer  16  comprises grains of synthetic diamond and grains of WC dispersed in a metal binder material comprising Co. 
       FIG. 2A  and  FIG. 2B  illustrate an example of a superhard blank body  10 , in which the superhard structure  12  is joined to the cemented carbide substrate  14  by means of three intermediate layers  161 ,  162 ,  163  disposed between the superhard structure  12  and the cemented carbide substrate  14 . Each of the three intermediate layers  161 ,  162 ,  163  comprises different respective compositions of diamond grains, metal carbide grains and metal binder. In these examples, a working end of each blank body  10  has a generally rounded cone shape having a rounded apex  121 , and the cemented carbide substrate  14  has a generally cylindrical form having a proximate  141  and a distal end  143 , the proximate end  141  being a working end and the distal end  143  being an attachment end, and a side surface  142  connects the proximate  141  and distal  143  ends. At least part of the working end  141  may have a substantially conical, frusto-conical shape or rounded conical shape, for example a spherically rounded conical shape. The longitudinal thickness T of the superhard structure  12  is not necessarily the same throughout the structure and in the example illustrated in  FIG. 2B , the longitudinal thickness T of the superhard structure  12  is greater adjacent a cutting edge than it is at the apex. 
       FIG. 3 ,  FIG. 4  and  FIG. 5  illustrate further examples of blank bodies  10 , in which the superhard structure  12  is joined to the cemented carbide substrate  14  by means of two intermediate layers  161  and  162 , disposed between the superhard structure  12  and the cemented carbide substrate  14 . Each of the three intermediate layers  161 ,  162 , comprises different respective compositions of diamond grains, metal carbide grains and metal binder. In  FIG. 3 , a working end of the blank body  10  has a generally rounded (or “blunted”) cone shape having a rounded apex  121 . In  FIG. 4 , a working end of the blank body  10  has a generally domed shape and the interfaces between the superhard structures  12 , the intermediate layers  161 ,  162  and the substrate  14  have the general form of a dome surrounded by an annular ledge. In  FIG. 5 , a working end of the blank body  10  has a generally domed shape and the interfaces between the superhard structure  12 , the intermediate layers  161 ,  162  and the substrate  14  have the general outline domes. 
     Tips having a generally domed shape may be particularly useful for ball-nose end mills. A ball-nose end mill may be used to manufacture articles having arcuate concave features, such as extrusion moulds for injection moulding or components of constant velocity (CV) joints for automobiles. A rounded or domed tip comprising PCBN material disclosed may be useful for ball-nose end mills for machining a body comprising cast iron, grey and high strength irons, hardened tool steel or a superalloy material such as a Cr—Ni superalloy material. 
     With reference to  FIG. 6 , an example of a superhard tip  20  for a twist drill bit (not shown) comprises a superhard structure  12  formed with cutter faces  22  and joined to a cemented carbide substrate  14  by means of three intermediate layers  161 ,  162  and  163  disposed between the superhard structure  12  and the cemented carbide substrate  14 , the intermediate layers  161 ,  162 ,  163  comprising grains of a superhard material and grains of a metal carbide material dispersed in a metal binder. Flutes  24  are formed into the superhard structure  12  and the cemented carbide substrate  14 . Peripheral sides of the superhard structure  12  define cylindrical lands  18  connecting the flutes  24 . 
     As illustrated by  FIG. 7 , an example twist drill  40  may comprise a drill shaft  42  having a flute  44 , and a superhard tip  20  joined to an end  46  of the drill shaft  42 . The drill shaft  42  defines a longitudinal axis L. 
     With reference to  FIG. 8A  and  FIG. 8B , an example twist drill (only part of which is shown) comprises a drill shaft  42  comprising at least two flutes  44  (only one of which is visible in  FIG. 8A ) and a superhard tip  20  joined to the drill shaft at a proximate end  46  of the drill shaft  42 .  FIG. 8B  shows an end-on, or top view of the superhard tip in the direction T indicated in  FIG. 8A . The superhard tip  20  comprises two flutes  24  configured to match the flutes  44  of the shaft  42  at the end  46 , and defines two cutting edges  26 , each associated with a respective flute  24 . In this particular example, the superhard structure  12  defines a chisel edge  28 . The superhard tip  20  comprises a superhard layer  12  joined to a cemented carbide substrate  14  by means of an intermediate layer  16  disposed between the superhard structure  12  and the cemented carbide substrate  14 , the intermediate layer  16  comprising grains of diamond and grains of a metal carbide material dispersed in a metal binder. Peripheral sides of the superhard structure  12  define cylindrical lands  18  connecting the flutes  24 . In one version (not illustrated) of the example, at least part of the peripheral sides of the superhard structure may narrow to define a peripheral edge (or at least a relatively thin peripheral land), the peripheral edge portion and the peripheral surface portion in combination connecting adjacent flutes formed in the superhard tip. 
     In some example tips, the thickness of the intermediate layer or combined thickness of more than one layer may be at least about 0.1 mm, since a layer or layers substantially thinner than this may not be effective. The mean content of superhard grains in the intermediate layer or layers may be at least about 10 weight percent of the composition of the intermediate layer. The intermediate layer or layers may comprise at least about 30 volume percent and at most about 80 volume percent diamond grains; or the intermediate layer or layers may comprise at least about 10 volume percent and at most about 50 volume percent cBN grains. If the diamond content of an intermediate layer is substantially greater than about 80 volume percent, the diamond grains are likely to inter-grow, resulting in the formation of PCD material. If the mean content of diamond grains is substantially less than about 30 weight percent, the properties of the intermediate layer may not provide an effective transition from those of the superhard material to those of cemented carbide material. If the cBN content of an intermediate layer is substantially greater than about 50 volume percent or substantially less than about 10 weight percent, the properties of the intermediate layer may not provide an effective transition from those of the superhard material to those of cemented carbide material. In particular, where the superhard structure consists of PCBN material comprising less than about 80 volume percent cBN and the intermediate layer or layers comprise cBN grains, a lower content of the cBN grains may suffice than in the case where the superhard structure consists of PCD material and the superhard grains in the intermediate layer or layers are diamond grains. The gradation of properties between the superhard structure and the substrate may be enhanced if the mean content of metal binder material in the intermediate layer(s) is not substantially greater than that in the cemented carbide substrate. The intermediate layer or layers may contain both cBN grains and diamond grains. 
     In one example arrangement, a tip may comprise a PCD structure and at least three intermediate layers, each having a different content of diamond grains (and consequently different contents of carbide grains and metal binder material). In another example, there may be at least one intermediate layer in which the content of diamond grains changes more gradually through the layer. The diamond content in the intermediate layer or layers may increase from the interface with the cemented carbide substrate toward the interface with the superhard structure. In one arrangement, there may be a substantially continuous gradation from cemented carbide material to PCD material. 
     Drill tips disclosed herein may have the aspect of relative simplicity and reduced cost of manufacture as a result of reduced number of steps required. A reason for this may be that the superhard structure may be integrally formed with the substrate rather than provided pre-sintered and then attached to the substrate. The approach of providing a unitary and integrally formed superhard blank body and then processing it to form a tip for a rotary tool is likely to allow more complex point and cutting edge configurations to be provided relatively efficiently. However, a trade-off between relative simplicity of manufacture on the one hand, and robustness in use on the other might be expected. 
     Rotary machine tools such as drill bits having PCD tips may be used to machine bodies comprising Ti or CFRP, of combinations of Ti and CFRP. A rotary machine tool tip is likely to experience high shear stress acting against the cutting structure in use. The shear stress is likely to be more severe where the body being drilled comprises very strong material, such as Ti or CFRP, or both. In superhard drill tips in which the superhard structure defining the cutting edge is present as a vein embedded within a cemented carbide body, the mass of cemented carbide behind the superhard structure would be likely to support it and reduce the likelihood of, or even prevent the superhard structure being sheared off by the shear stress. In superhard tips in which the superhard structure is provided as a layer or cap bonded to a cemented carbide substrate, there may be a greater risk of the superhard being sheared off, or at least a part of the superhard structure breaking off and becoming detached from the substrate in use. The provision of a superhard grain-containing intermediate layer as disclosed herein may have the aspect of reducing this risk and enhancing the robustness of the tip, albeit with a relatively minor trade-off of some degree of acceptable complexity. 
     The drilling of hard-to-machine workpieces comprising, for example comprising Ti or CFRP or both, is likely to result in a relatively high rate of wear of the drill tip and it may be more efficient to use a tip material having as high wear resistance as possible. While PCD material in general is understood to have a high abrasive wear resistance, different grades of PCD have may have different wear resistances. Different grades of PCD may have different structural and compositional characteristics, such as different diamond content, different size distributions of diamond grains and different content of catalyst material within interstices between diamond grains. In general, it would be expected that the abrasive wear resistance would be greater for higher content of diamond and consequently lower content of catalyst material, such as cobalt. Unfortunately, such grades are expected to be more vulnerable to de-lamination from a cemented carbide substrate. 
     Drill bits may be reconditioned from time to time in order to extend their working life. This may be done by grinding the tip, which would require the removal of some material from the tip. Commercially viable PCD-tipped drill bits may need to be re-ground three to four times, with the about 0.5 mm being removed form the surface each time. Where the PCD structure has the general form of a layer joined to a cemented carbide substrate, it may therefore need to be at least about 2.5 mm or at least about 3 mm thick. Such a relatively thick layer of PCD would be expected to increase the risk of de-lamination, likely owing to the difference in thermal properties such as coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) between PCD material and cemented carbide material. 
     De-lamination of pieces of PCD material from a drill in use may be a serious problem, since the piece is likely to be lodged deep in the hole being drilled and difficult to remove owing to the extremely high hardness of the PCD. This may result in loss of the part being manufactured, which may be relatively costly. 
     The occurrence of burrs in Ti and delamination defects in CFRP may be reduced by configuring the PCD cutting edge to have a positive or at least neutral cutting geometry, which would be expected to reduce the axial forces on the body (and on the PCD tip). On the other hand, a negative cutting geometry arrangement would be expected to result in a more stable cutting edge less prone to breakage, but the quality of the cut edge on the body would be expected to be worse. 
     While wishing not to be bound by a particular theory, the use of at least one intermediate layer comprising a sufficient content of diamond grains may result in improved distribution or reduction of stress between the superhard structure and the substrate. The inclusion of grains of the same superhard material as comprised in the superhard structure may have the aspect that the thermal and mechanical properties of the superhard structure and intermediate layer are better matched, resulting in a more gradual transition in properties between the superhard structure and the substrate. This aspect may be enhanced by the provision of more than one intermediate layer. 
     PCD structures comprising PCD material may be made by sintering together an aggregated plurality of diamond grains in the presence of a catalyst material for diamond, for example cobalt, at a pressure and temperature at which the diamond is thermodynamically more stable than graphite. The pressure may be at least about 5 GPa and the temperature may be at least about 1,250 degrees centigrade. In some versions, the pressure may be greater than 6.0 GPa, greater than 7.0 GPa or even least about 8 GPa. The diamond grains may be sintered on a cemented carbide substrate, resulting in a composite compact comprising a PCD structure bonded to the substrate. The substrate may contain a catalyst material such as cobalt and may provide a source of the catalyst material, which may infiltrate among the diamond grains when in the molten state at the pressure and temperature for sintering the PCD material. In one method of making a tip, a pre-composite assembly comprising a precursor sheet or sheets for the intermediate layer or layers interposed between an aggregated plurality of diamond grains and a cemented carbide substrate may be constructed. The pre-cursor assembly may then be subjected to a pressure of at least about 5.5 GPa and a temperature of at least about 1,250 degrees centigrade to sinter the diamond grains and form a unitary body comprising PCD material joined to the substrate via at least one intermediate layer. The unitary body may then be processed by grinding, for example, to produce a blank body suitable for further processing to make a tip for a rotary machine tool. A PCD blank body may be processed by a method including electro-discharge machining (EDM) and grinding to form flutes and cutting faces of the tip. 
     In the example method described above, precursor sheets for intermediate layers may comprise diamond grains, carbide grains and metal powder held together by means of a binder material. An example method for making a layered PCD element includes providing tape cast sheets, each sheet comprising a plurality of diamond grains bonded together by a binder, such as a water-based organic binder, and stacking the sheets on top of one another and on top of a support body. Different sheets comprising diamond grains having different size distributions, diamond content and additives may be selectively stacked to achieve a desired structure. The sheets may be made by a method known in the art, such as extrusion or tape casting methods, wherein slurry comprising diamond grains and a binder material is laid onto a surface and allowed to dry. Other methods for making diamond-bearing sheets may also be used, such as described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,766,394 and 6,446,740 may be used. Alternative methods for depositing diamond-bearing layers include spraying methods, such as thermal spraying. 
     When sintering an aggregated mass of diamond grains together to form PCD material, solvent/catalyst material may be introduced to the aggregated mass in various ways. One way includes depositing metal oxide onto the surfaces of a plurality of diamond grains by means of precipitation from an aqueous solution prior to forming their consolidation into an aggregated mass. Such methods are disclosed in PCT publications numbers WO2006/032984 and also WO2007/110770. Another way includes preparing or providing metal alloy including a catalyst material for diamond in powder form and blending the powder with the plurality of diamond grains prior to their consolidation into an aggregated mass. The blending may be carried out by means of a ball mill. Other additives may be blended into the aggregated mass. The aggregated mass of diamond grains, including any solvent/catalyst material particles or additive material particles that may have been introduced, may be formed into an unbonded or loosely bonded structure, which may be placed onto a cemented carbide substrate. The cemented carbide substrate may contain a source of catalyst material for diamond, such as cobalt. The assembly comprising the aggregated mass of grains and the substrate may be encapsulated in a capsule suitable for an ultra-high pressure furnace apparatus and subjecting the capsule to a pressure of greater than 6 GPa. Various kinds of ultra-high pressure apparatus are known and can be used, including belt, torroidal, cubic and tetragonal multi-anvil systems. The temperature of the capsule should be high enough for the catalyst material to melt and low enough to avoid substantial conversion of diamond to graphite. The time should be long enough for sintering to be completed but as short as possible to maximise productivity and reduce costs. 
     The following clauses are offered as further descriptions of blank bodies, tips, rotary machine tools, method of using rotary machine tools and method of making tips.
     1. A tip (also referred to herein as a superhard tip) for a rotary machine tool, comprising a superhard structure joined to a cemented carbide substrate by means of an intermediate layer disposed between the superhard structure and the cemented carbide substrate, the intermediate layer comprising grains of superhard material, such as diamond or cBN, and grains of a metal carbide material, such as tungsten carbide (WC) dispersed in a metal binder material, which may comprise cobalt (Co).   2. The tip of clause 1, comprising at least two flutes, a peripheral side of the superhard structure defining a cylindrical land connecting the flutes.   3. The tip of clause 1 or clause 2, for a twist drill or an end mill.   4. The tip of any of the preceding clauses, in which the superhard structure defines a chisel edge between cutting edges.   5. The tip of any of the preceding clauses, in which the superhard structure defines a flank surface.   6. The tip of any of the preceding clauses, in which the superhard structure comprises or consists of polycrystalline diamond (PCD) material.   7. The tip of any of the preceding clauses, in which the superhard structure comprises or consists of PCD material comprising at least about 85 volume percent or at least about 88 volume percent diamond.   8. The tip of any of the preceding clauses, in which the superhard structure comprises PCD material comprising at most about 10 volume percent metal catalyst material for diamond.   9. The tip of any of clauses 1 to 5, in which the superhard structure comprises or consists of PCBN material.   10. The tip of clause 9, in which the PCBN material comprises at least about 80 volume percent, or at least about 85 volume percent cBN grains dispersed in a binder matrix comprising Co, W and Al, and in which the cBN grains have mean size of at most about 5 microns or at most about 3 microns.   11. The tip of any of the preceding clauses, in which the superhard structure has a thickness (longitudinal thickness) of at least about 1 mm, at least about 2.5 mm or at least about 3 mm (at least at a cutting edge, for example).   12. The tip of any of the preceding clauses, in which the longitudinal thickness of the superhard structure is substantially not the same throughout the superhard structure.   13. The tip of any of the preceding clauses, in which the substrate has a proximate end and a distal end and the superhard structure, which may have the general form of a layer, covers substantially the entire proximate end, the distal end being attachable to a component, such as a drill shaft, for a rotary tool, such as a twist drill.   14. The tip of any of the preceding clauses, in which the superhard structure is joined to the cemented carbide substrate by means of at least two or at least three intermediate layers disposed between the superhard structure and the cemented carbide substrate, the intermediate layers comprising different relative contents of diamond grains, metal carbide grains and metal binder.   15. The tip of any of the preceding clauses, in which at least one intermediate layer has a thickness of at least about 0.1 mm.   16. The tip of any of the preceding clauses, in which at least one intermediate layer has a thickness of at most about 0.3 mm.   17. The tip of any of the preceding clauses, in which the intermediate layer comprises at least about 30 volume percent diamond and at most about 80 volume percent diamond grains, or at least about 10 volume percent cBN grains at most about 50 volume percent cBN grains.   18. A blank body for a tip (also referred to herein as a superhard tip) for a rotary machine tool, the blank body comprising a superhard structure joined to a cemented carbide substrate by means of an intermediate layer disposed between the superhard structure and the cemented carbide substrate, the intermediate layer comprising grains of superhard material, such as diamond or cBN, and grains of a metal carbide material, such as tungsten carbide (WC) dispersed in a metal binder material, which may comprise cobalt (Co).   19. The blank body of clause 18, in which the superhard structure comprises or consists of polycrystalline diamond (PCD) material.   20. The blank body of clause 18 or 19, in which the superhard structure comprises or consists of PCD material comprising at least about 85 volume percent diamond or at least about 88 volume percent diamond.   21. The blank body of any of clauses 18 to 20, in which the PCD material comprises at most about 10 volume percent metal catalyst material for diamond.   22. The blank body of any of clauses 18 to 21, in which the superhard structure comprises thermally stable PCD.   23. The blank body of clause 18, in which the superhard structure comprises or consists of PCBN material.   24. The blank body of clause 23, in which the PCBN material comprises at least about 80 volume percent, or at least about 85 volume percent cBN grains dispersed in a binder matrix comprising Co, W and Al, and in which the cBN grains have mean size of at most about 5 microns or at most about 3 microns.   25. The blank body of any of clauses 18 to 24, in which the substrate has a proximate end and a distal end and the superhard structure, which may have the general form of a layer, covers substantially the entire proximate end, the distal end being attachable to a component, such as a drill shaft, for a rotary tool, such as a twist drill.   26. The blank body of any of clauses 18 to 25, in which the superhard structure is joined to the cemented carbide substrate by means of at least two or at least three intermediate layers disposed between the superhard structure and the cemented carbide substrate, the intermediate layers comprising different compositions of diamond or cBN grains, metal carbide grains and metal binder.   27. The blank body of any of clauses 18 to 26, in which at least one intermediate layer has a thickness of at least about 0.1 mm.   28. The blank body of any of clauses 18 to 27, in which at least one intermediate layer has a thickness of at most about 0.3 mm.   29. The blank body of any clauses 18 to 28, in which the cemented carbide substrate has an elongate or generally cylindrical form having a proximate and a distal end, the proximate end being a working end and the distal end being an attachment end, a side surface connecting the proximate and distal ends; at least part of the working end having a substantially conical, frusto-conical shape or rounded conical shape, for example a spherically rounded conical shape, or a generally domed shape; the superhard structure being disposed adjacent the working end.   30. The blank body of any clauses 18 to 29, having an apex defined by the superhard structure and in which the longitudinal thickness of the superhard structure is greater adjacent a peripheral edge of the blank body than it is at the apex.   31. The blank body of any clauses 18 to 30, in which the superhard structure is in the general form of a cap.   32. The blank body of any of clauses 18 to 31, in which the combined thicknesses of the intermediate layers, or the thickness of the intermediate layer, as the case may be, is at least about 0.4 or at least about 0.6 mm.   33. The blank body of clause 18 or 32, in which the superhard structure has a thickness (longitudinal thickness) of at least about 1 mm, at least about 2.5 mm or at least about 3 mm (at least at a cutting edge, for example)   34. The blank body of any of clauses 18 to 33, comprising at least two or three intermediate layers, or a generally continuous gradation from cemented carbide material to the superhard structure.   35. A rotary machine tool comprising the superhard tip of any of clauses 1 to 17.   36. The rotary machine tool of clause 36, in which the superhard structure extends generally laterally from the longitudinal axis and defining a cutting edge.   37. A method of machining a body comprising titanium (Ti), carbon fibre-reinforced polymer (CFRP) material, or both Ti and CFRP, using the rotary machine tool of clause 35 or 36.   38. A method of making a tip for the rotary machine tool of clauses 35 or 36, the method including providing the blank body of any of clauses 18 to 34 and removing material from the blank body to form cutting edges.   39. The method of clause 38, including removing material from the blank body to form flutes.   

     Non-limiting examples are described in more detail below. 
     Example 1 
     A PCD tip blank body for a twist drill bit, comprising a multi-modal PCD cap bonded to a cemented carbide substrate via three intermediate layers was made. 
     A pre-compact assembly was prepared by providing a housing having an internal shape at one end configured with the same general shape as the intended shape of the working surface of the PCD tip blank body, and assembling precursor layers for the PCD structure and intermediate layers, as well as a substrate body into the housing. 
     The substrate body was formed cobalt cemented tungsten carbide, comprising about 10 weight percent cobalt and WC grains having a mean size in the range from about 4 microns to about 6 microns. The substrate body comprised a proximate end and a distal end, the ends connected by a generally cylindrical side surface. The proximate end had a spherically blunted conical shape with a rounded apex having a radius of curvature of about 2.25 mm. 
     Each of the three precursor layers for the three respective intermediate layers, designated L 1 , L 2  and L 3 , was formed from a respective sheet, designated S 1 , S 2  and S 3 , comprising three different compositions of diamond and tungsten carbide grains. One of the sheets, designated S 1 , also comprises admixed cobalt in powder form. The compositions of the layers S 1 , S 2  and S 2  in weight percent are shown in table 1 below, excluding the organic binder. The sheets were formed by means of tape casting respective slurries comprising the diamond and tungsten carbide grains and an organic binder, and allowing the cast slurries to dry. The diamond grains had a multi-modal size distribution and a mean size in the range from about 5 microns to about 15 microns. Blank body foils F 1 , F 2  and F 3  were cut from respective sheets S 1 , S 2  and S 3  to dimensions suitable for assembling into the housing, and forming each foil to comply with the internal shape of the end of the housing. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
               
             
               
                   
                 TABLE 1 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Diamond 
                 WC 
                 Co 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 S1 
                 75 wt. % 
                 25 wt. % 
                 0 wt. % 
               
               
                   
                 S2 
                 50 wt. % 
                 50 wt. % 
                 0 wt. % 
               
               
                   
                 S3 
                 20 wt. % 
                 61 wt. % 
                 19 wt. %  
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     The pre-compact assembly was assembled by placing a precursor layer for the PCD structure into the housing in contact with the shaped internal end of the housing, placing foil F 1  against the PCD precursor layer, placing foil F 2  against F 1 , placing a foil F 3  against F 2 , and then placing the substrate body into the housing, pressing its proximate end against F 3 . 
     The pre-compact assembly was subjected to heat treatment in a vacuum to burn off substantially all of the organic binder and then assembled into a capsule for an ultra-high pressure furnace. The pre-compact assembly was subjected to a pressure of about 5.5 GPa and a temperature of about 1,350 degrees centigrade to sinter the PCD precursor structure to form a PCD end cap joined to the substrate body via three intermediate layers. 
     Example 2 
     A PCD tip blank body for a twist drill bit, comprising a multi-modal PCD cap bonded to a cemented carbide substrate via three intermediate layers was made similarly to that described in example 1, except that the content of Co in S 3  was higher, as shown in table 2. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
               
             
               
                   
                 TABLE 2 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Diamond 
                 WC 
                 Co 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 S1 
                 75 wt. % 
                 25 wt. % 
                 0 wt. % 
               
               
                   
                 S2 
                 50 wt. % 
                 50 wt. % 
                 0 wt. % 
               
               
                   
                 S3 
                 18 wt. % 
                 54 wt. % 
                 28 wt. %  
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Example 3 
     A PCBN tip blank body for a twist drill bit, comprising a PCBN structure in the general form of a layer bonded to a cemented carbide substrate via two intermediate layers was made. The blank body had a working end having a generally domed shape. 
     A pre-compact assembly was prepared by providing a housing having an internal shape at one end configured with the same general domed shape as the intended the working end of the blank body, and assembling precursor layers for the PCBN structure and intermediate layers, as well as a substrate body into the housing. 
     The substrate body consisted essentially of formed cobalt cemented tungsten carbide, comprising about 8 weight percent cobalt and WC grains having a mean size in the range from about 4 microns to about 6 microns. 
     Each of the two precursor layers for the two respective intermediate layers L 1  and L 2  was formed from a respective sheet S 1  and S 2 , comprising three different respective compositions of cBN and tungsten carbide grains, held together by means of an organic binder material. The compositions of the layers S 1  and S 2  in weight percent are shown in table 3 below, excluding the organic binder material. The sheets were formed by means of tape casting respective slurries comprising the cBN and tungsten carbide grains and the organic binder material, and allowing the cast slurries to dry. Foils F 1  and F 2  were cut from respective sheets S 1  and S 2 , to dimensions suitable for assembling into the housing. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
               
             
               
                   
                 TABLE 3 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 cBN 
                 WC 
                 Co 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 S1 
                 50 wt. % 
                 50 wt. % 
                 0 wt. % 
               
               
                   
                 S2 
                 25 wt. % 
                 75 wt. % 
                 0 wt. % 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     The pre-compact assembly was assembled by placing precursor material for the PCBN structure into the housing in contact with the shaped internal end of the housing, placing foil F 1  against the PCBN precursor layer, and placing foil F 2  against F 1 , and then placing the substrate body into the housing, pressing its proximate end against F 2 . The precursor material for the PCBN structure comprised a blend of cBN grains with Al powder, W powder and WC powder. 
     The pre-compact assembly was subjected to heat treatment in a vacuum to burn off substantially all of the organic binder and then assembled into a capsule for an ultra-high pressure furnace. The pre-compact assembly was subjected to a pressure of about 5 GPa and a temperature of about 1,400 degrees centigrade to sinter the PCBN precursor structure to form a PCBN end cap joined to the substrate body via two intermediate layers. The sintered PCBN structure comprised 85 volume percent cBN grains having a mean size of about 2 microns, dispersed within a binder matrix material comprising Co, W and Al. 
     Various example embodiments of superhard tips, blank bodies for tips and tools have been described above. Those skilled in the art will understand that changes and modifications may be made to those examples without departing from the spirit and scope of the claimed invention.