Patent Publication Number: US-2015078837-A1

Title: Post tensioned foundations, apparatus and associated methods

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     The present application is a divisional application of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/592,223 filed Aug. 22, 2012, which claims the benefit under 35 U.S.C. §119(e) to U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 61/526,192 filed Aug. 22, 2011, the entire disclosures each of which are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety. 
    
    
     FIELD 
     Described herein are post tensioned foundations that can be used in a variety of soil conditions. Apparatus and associated methods of installing the foundations are provided. 
     BACKGROUND 
     A goal in construction can be to reduce costs, labor requirements, material complexity and the like while attaining an improved final product. Further, in light of growing environmental concerns, construction methods that reduce global impact and are sustainable have become as important as, if not more important, than reducing costs. 
     Currently, most shallow foundations utilize designs requiring manufactured materials, such as concrete and steel, that are expensive, and in the case of steel piers, not immediately available to the job site. Both the foundation design and construction process can be costly and cumbersome due to a myriad of factors such as material and transportation costs, soil preparation, excavation, disposal costs, and time constraints stemming from specifications, manufacturing, and delivery impacts required for needed materials. 
     Also, in many cases, the soil beneath and around the current shallow foundation systems require conditioning and/or densification prior to construction. This ground improvement procedure can be very costly and time consuming. In cases where concrete foundations are specified, the existing soil must be excavated and disposed of prior to concrete placement. Additionally, once decommissioned, current shallow foundation systems require excavation, disassembly, disposal, and decommissioned site soil replacement and/or re-vegetation which may have a negative effect on the environment. 
     As such, there is a need in the construction art for shallow foundations that are cheaper than present methods, use readily available materials, and reduce the environmental impact of the construction project both during and after decommission and removal. 
     SUMMARY 
     Generally described herein are post tensioned foundation systems, methods of installing them, and apparatus used to install them. The post tensioned foundations described can be useful for anchoring light to medium weight structures and are cost effective, save time and/or are sustainable. 
     Also described are post tensioned foundation installation systems comprising: 
     a mandrel including a first end and a second end, the first end including a compaction element and the second end including a power tool attachment section; a transversal rod guide conduit originating at the compaction element and terminating at or before the power tool attachment point; and an outer skin defining an aggregate feed cavity, wherein the outer skin includes at least one aggregate port. 
     Post tensioned foundation installation systems can include a casing having a hollow body with an interior diameter, a first end and a second end including at least one aggregate feed port; a mandrel comprising a gravel chute, a compaction element or striking sledge, a force transfer foot, and an outer diameter that fits within the interior diameter of the casing; and a transversal rod guide conduit at a reaction plate. The mandrel can also include a power tool attachment point at its second end. 
     Further described are post tensioned foundation installation devices comprising a mandrel including a casing or outer skin having a first end and a second end, the first end including a portion to attach a compaction element and the second end including a portion to attach a drive adapter. The compaction element can be attached to the first end with a male or female connection. Within the mandrel can be a transversal rod guide originating at the first end, extending through the mandrel, and held in place by at least one transversal rod guide support. Casing can include an aggregate feed cavity and at least one aggregate port therein to allow delivery of aggregate out the sides of the mandrel. The mandrel can further include an elongated body portion located within the casing. In some embodiments, the casing can be removed from the mandrel. 
     A post tensioned foundation installation device or system can further include a tension rod assembly having a tensioning rod and a reaction plate. In other embodiments, the tension rod can be housed within the transversal rod guide and the bottom reaction plate can rest against the compaction element. In some embodiments, a reaction plate can be flat or conical, and threaded or not threaded. In some embodiments, the tensioning rod is threaded, and in others it is not. 
     In other embodiments, the compaction element can include at least one torque transfer element (e.g., a pin) and the reaction plate can have another torque transfer element (e.g., a pin recess) that weds with the other joining element. The opposite can also be true. 
     Also described herein are methods of installing post tensioned foundations comprising the steps: a. filling a feed cavity associated with the post tensioned foundation installation device that is driven and rotated to a depth with at least one type of aggregate; b. leaving a bottom reaction plate attached to a tensioning rod at the depth; c. moving the post tensioned foundation installation device upward to a predetermined height thereby creating a void and releasing the at least one type of aggregate into the void while rotating the post tensioned foundation installation device until a specified amount of aggregate is deposited around the perimeter of a mandrel or minimum torque requirements are exceeded; d. compacting the at least one type of aggregate within the void thereby creating compacted aggregate; and e. securing a top plate to the tensioning rod over the compacted aggregate. 
     In some embodiments, the post foundation installation device can be rotated without being axially driven. In other words, the post foundation installation device can be rotated in place. 
     In one embodiment, post tensioned foundation installation devices are described comprising: a mandrel with an elongated body having a first end and a second end, the first end including a compaction element and the second end including a power tool attachment section. The elongated body can include a transversal rod guide conduit originating at the compaction element and terminating at or before the power tool attachment point. Also, an outer skin or casing can surround at least a portion of the elongated body portion or can form the elongated body portion and can define an aggregate feed cavity, wherein the aggregate feed cavity comprises at least one opening at the compaction element. Also, one or more aggregate feed port can be located on or in outer skin or casing. 
     In other embodiments, the tension rod assembly can be housed within the transverse rod guide and the reaction plate can rest against the compaction element. 
     In some embodiments, the methods further comprise filling any remaining void with at least one type of soil and compacting said at least one type of soil before the placing step. In another embodiment, the securing step uses a nut threaded on the tensioning rod. In still another embodiment, steps c and d are preformed simultaneously. In other embodiments, the top reaction plate is formed of precast concrete, GFRP, plastic, recycled materials, nylon, metal, composites, polymers, or any strong, non-compressible, and semi-ductile composite material known in the art. 
     Also described herein are post tensioned foundations comprising a power driven and rotated reaction plate anchored to a tensioning rod buried within the earth; a column of compacted aggregate on top of the power driven reaction plate; compacted conditioned soil on top of the column of compacted aggregate; a top plate on top of the compacted conditioned soil; and an anchoring nut associated with the tensioning rod and on top of the top plate. The post foundation systems can further comprise a belled compacted aggregate segment at the bottom of the post foundation. Further still, the post foundation systems can further comprise at least one additional belled portion of compacted aggregate. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         FIG. 1A  illustrates a general post tensioned foundation according to the present description.  FIG. 1B  illustrates another general post tensioned foundation according to the present description. 
         FIG. 2  illustrates an example rod and flat reaction plate assembly. 
         FIGS. 3A and 3B  illustrate an example rod and conical reaction plate assembly. 
         FIGS. 4A-O  illustrate an example mandrel.  FIG. 4A  is a perspective view. 
         FIG. 4B  is a perspective view with a portion of outer skin removed.  FIG. 4C  is a cross-section.  FIG. 4D  is a side view of the mandrel with the outer skin removed.  FIG. 4E  is a cross-section of the mandrel without the outer skin.  FIG. 4F  illustrates an example force transfer apparatus.  FIG. 4G  illustrates an outer skin.  FIG. 4H  illustrates a perspective view of a compaction element.  FIG. 4I  is a top view of the top portion of the compaction element of  FIG. 4H .  FIG. 4J  is a bottom view of the top portion of the compaction element of  FIG. 4H .  FIG. 4K  is a cross-section of the compaction element of  FIG. 4H .  FIG. 4L  is a top view of the bottom portion of the compaction element of  FIG. 4H .  FIG. 4M  is a bottom view of the bottom portion of the compaction element of  FIG. 4H .  FIG. 4N  is a top view of an alternate bottom portion of the compaction element of  FIG. 4H .  FIG. 4O  is a bottom view of an alternate bottom portion of the compaction element of  FIG. 4H . 
         FIGS. 5A-O  illustrate an example mandrel.  FIG. 5A  is a perspective view.  FIG. 5B  is an exploded perspective view.  FIG. 5C  is a side view.  FIG. 5D  is a top view and  5 E is a bottom view.  FIGS. 5F-N  illustrate various cross-sectional views.  FIG. 5O  is a bottom perspective view of a casing. 
         FIGS. 6A-H  illustrate another exemplary mandrel.  FIG. 6A  is a partially exploded side view of the mandrel.  FIG. 6B  is a cross section of the mandrel in  FIG. 6A .  FIGS. 6C-H  are cross-sectional and different direct views of the mandrel of  FIG. 6A  as outlined in  FIG. 6B . 
         FIGS. 7A-I  illustrate an exemplary foundation installation method according to the present description. 
         FIGS. 8A-M  illustrate another exemplary temporary cased foundation installation method according to the present description using another mandrel device. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     Described herein generally are post tensioned foundations which can support light weight structures in a variety of soil conditions. Apparatus and methods of installing the post tensioned foundation are also described. 
     The post tensioned foundations can be referred to as post tensioned shallow gravel columns (PTSGC) or light load (L 2 ) foundations and can be foundation systems generally designed to support light to medium weight structures. The foundations can consist of a reaction plate and rod assembly, at least one type of compacted aggregate, and a surface mounted tensioning and lateral resisting plate. When these elements are combined and pre-stressed, a monolithic foundation system is created able to resist pullout, compressive and lateral forces. 
     The foundations described herein can be used to support light to medium loads such as solar panels, solar panel support apparatus, street lights, playground equipment, telephone/electric poles, street signs, fence posts, flag poles, and the like. 
     The foundations can be installed using a tool called a mandrel that has been designed to drive and/or rotate the reaction plate and rod assembly into the ground, fill the void with aggregate during mandrel extraction, and then compact the newly placed aggregate column thereby expanding the aggregate into the surrounding soil. The mandrels described herein can be used with or without a separate sleeve or casing. 
     Most current shallow foundation designs use concrete footings or some other type of earth embedded high strength pier to anchor and support above ground structures. Under some conditions which include wind and seismic loading, the structural requirements of a foundation system must be engineered to resist compressive, tensile, and lateral loads. These multiple requirements place large structural demands on current foundation elements which in most cases are satisfied by the predominant use of concrete and steel in the design. These materials are characterized as: dense (having large mass to volume ratio), stiff (ability to resist high applied force with little deformation), strong (having an ability to withstand an applied stress without failure), costly to produce, transport, and usually require removal at the end of their lifecycle. 
     Foundation methods generally rely on the soil&#39;s bearing capacity and/or friction to obtain their resistive capacity, yet they must be designed to not exceed the soils strength or bearing capacity. This relationship/interaction between the structure&#39;s foundation (spread footing or pier) and the soil can lead to very costly foundation designs due to the fact that the foundation materials must scale up in size and strength to compensate for the soil&#39;s inability to resist loads. For example, weaker soils require larger and stronger foundation elements to “spread out” the loads over a larger soil bearing area. All of the above requirements result in generally expensive and sometimes cost prohibitive foundations. 
     In contrast, the post tensioned foundations of the present description can be simplified and structurally efficient designs that incorporate readily available, light, and inexpensive materials which can be assembled using installation processes, tooling, and equipment yielding significant benefits when compared to existing engineering and construction practice. Cost, schedule, and environmental advantages are the result of a combination of design technique, material selection, and installation equipment, tooling, and processes. The effective use of the foundation&#39;s structural elements combined with the installation method can result in superior soil-structure interaction producing a more efficient foundation system when compared to current foundation systems. 
     The presently described pier foundation can be effectively and efficiently installed in many different types of existing soils and does not require the in situ soil to be improved or excavated prior to the installation of the foundation systems. Thus, the present foundations, systems, methods and apparatus can provide a reduced price, increased construction speed, and/or environmental advantage compared to current foundation systems. The construction methods of the present foundations and systems simultaneously densify the surrounding soil, improving the structural capacity of the pier itself, at the same time that the pier construction is occurring. This concurrent combination of ground improvement and pier construction can yield high design and/or construction efficiencies. Finally, once a site is decommissioned, the foundation&#39;s design and construction materials facilitate site dismantling with virtually no impact to the environment, making it a sustainable technology. 
     As illustrated in  FIG. 1 , post tensioned foundation system  100  generally includes a reaction plate  102  anchored to tensioning rod  104 . Reaction plate  102  and tensioning rod  104  can be installed into the earth by driving, rotation or both. A column of aggregate  106  is compacted on top of reaction plate  102 . Optionally, atop aggregate  106  is conditioned soil  108  compacted thereon. Tensioning rod  104  has first end  110  anchored to reaction plate  102  and second end  112  sticking out beyond ground level  114 . Top plate  116  is rested on top of the column (now compacted) and anchoring device  118  is used to hold top plate  116  in place thereby preserving the tension within post tensioned foundation system  100 . In some embodiments, the system does not include conditioned soil  108 . Rather, column of aggregate  106  can extend from reaction plate  102  to top plate  116 . 
     In other embodiments, the overall shape of the foundation may vary. For example, some foundations can have a bell shape at the bottom while others might not. Also, some may have bulges along the body or top and others might not. 
     In an alternate embodiment, top plate  116  is placed directly on top of aggregate  106 . In some embodiments, as illustrated in  FIG. 1 , the top of conditioned soil  108  is below ground level  114 . Yet in other embodiments, the top of conditioned soil  108  is at about ground level  114 . Top plate  116  can be formed of any strong, non-compressible, and/or semi-ductile composite material. Example material used to form top plate  116  can be precast concrete, steel, GFRP, plastic, nylon, HDPE, recycled materials, or a combination thereof. The material used can be dependent on cost, strength, corrosion, weight, sustainability, and/or service life. 
     Reaction plate  102  can have a flat shape as illustrated. However, in some embodiments, a reaction plate can have a conical shape  120  or any other shape that can be used to achieve a foundation as described. 
     In one embodiment, the systems described herein can be designed to transfer tension, compression, and lateral loads from an above ground structure directly to the in situ soil. The pier is built with top and bottom reaction plates, a rod that connects the plates together, and at least one compacted aggregate in between the two plates that transfers loads to the soil. In order to bind the soil-gravel matrix together, compressive (normal) force created by pre-stressing the top and bottom plates sandwich the aggregate between the top and bottom reaction plates as they are cinched together using the tensioning rod and bolts. The above ground compressive loads are transferred from the above ground structural elements to the in situ soil through the rod, top reaction plate, and the gravel with some of the load transferring down the rod to the bottom reaction plate and compacted aggregate pier tip. Tensile loads are transferred through the rod which is connected to the bottom reaction plate. This entire assembly transfers its loads through aggregate  106  and then to the surrounding soil via skin friction. The tensile load can be resisted by the weight of the column, the weight of the soil in failure wedge  122  outlined by failure plane  124 , 124 ′ as seen in  FIG. 1 , and/or soil shear strength (cohesion and inter-particle friction). 
     The load capacity of the systems described herein can be dependent on the density and strength of the surrounding soil and the skin friction developed between the pier and the soil. Therefore, a combination of aggregate materials and in situ soil densification and compaction techniques improve the pier&#39;s surrounding soil load bearing capacity, expand the pier&#39;s base (belling), and simultaneously compact and densify the aggregate column increasing the pier&#39;s load capacity. These efficiencies are achieved using inexpensive structural and geotechnical materials. The systems can further be constructed, for example, using a “drifter” mounted on a 100 kW drill rig that provides both rotational and compactive forces to densify the soil, install and retract the mandrel, displace the gravel into the side wall and densify the aggregate. 
     In one example embodiment, the surface area of the reaction plate can vary from about 10 to about 150 square inches and be comprised of a square, round, or hexagonal shape. The bottom of the plate could be flat, rounded, or conically shaped. Reaction plates according to the present description can be made of steel, plastic, nylon, recycled materials, or any other strong and ductile composite material known in the art. 
     The reaction plate&#39;s ground engaging surface can be smooth or formed with a spiral configuration to facilitate insertion with rotational force. The reaction plate&#39;s inner aggregate facing surface can be smooth, or have specially designed torque transfer elements used to transfer the rotational force supplied from a mandrel to the reaction plate during installation. Torque transfer elements can include pins or other protrusions as well as voids or other features that can associate the pins, protrusion, or voids in the joining element. 
     The reaction plate and rod assembly can be made of corrosive or non-corrosive materials and could be joined by welding, screwing, adhesive, compression, or a combination of some or all of the above. The rod can be threaded or smooth, made of steel, glass fiber reinforced polymer (GFRP), or other high tensile strength materials. 
     For example, in one embodiment, tension rod assembly  200  as illustrated in  FIG. 2  includes both reaction plate  202  and tensioning rod  204 . Reaction plate  202  is flat in shape and held in place by nut  206 . In this embodiment, tensioning rod is threaded and as such, nut  206  is threaded into first end  208  of tensioning rod  204 . A top plate (not illustrated) is placed through tensioning rod  204  and a nut (not illustrated) is threaded onto tensioning rod  204  near second end  210 . 
     In an alternate embodiment, as illustrated in  FIGS. 3A and 3B , tension rod assembly  300  includes both reaction plate  302  and tensioning rod  304 . Here reaction plate  302  is conical in shape and includes threads  306  to aid in rotationally inserting the reaction plate and compacting the column perimeter soil. Tensioning rod assembly  300  can be rotated during installation in the direction of threads  306  or against the direction of threads  306 . When rotated in the same direction as the threads, the threads help pull the mandrel into the ground. When rotated in the opposite direction of the threads, the threads displace soil away from the cone permitting the crowd force to advance the tooling. Tensioning rod  304  can be threaded and reaction plate  302  can simply screw onto tensioning rod  304  through a threaded mounting hole  308 . Reaction plate  302  can have one or more first type of torque transfer element  310  on its flat face  312  to accommodate a second type of torque transfer element from a mandrel. Like tension rod assembly  200 , tensioning rod  304  accommodates a top plate (not illustrated) at end  314  placed through tensioning rod  304  and a nut (not illustrated) is threaded onto tensioning rod  304  to hold top plate in place near second end  314 . 
     At least one type of aggregate, soil and/or sand can be used in the post tensioned foundations described herein. Aggregate can be natural or recycled and can include a binder material consisting of concrete, asphalt, polymer, or combination of one or all. Both size and shape of an aggregate can play a role in a particular foundation design. In one embodiment, the aggregate can have an average diameter of about 1/16 in, ⅛ in, about ¼ in, about ⅜ in, about ½ in, about ⅝ in, about ¾ in, about ⅞ in, about 1 in, between about 1/16 in and about 1 inch, between about ½ in and about 1 in, between about 1/16 in and about ½ in, or between about ⅛ in and about ¾ in. In a preferred embodiment, the diameter is about ⅜ inch. In another embodiment, the aggregate can be pea shaped or in other words smooth or can have a rugged surface. An exemplary rugged surface aggregate is crushed gravel. Soil and/or sand can include finely ground material having an average diameter of about 1/16 mm, ⅛ mm, about ¼ mm, about ⅜ mm, about ½ mm, about ⅝ mm, about ¾ mm, about ⅞ mm, about 1 mm, about 1.5 mm, about 2 mm, between about 1/16 mm and about 2 mm, between about ½ mm and about 1 mm, between about 1/16 mm and about ½ mm, or between about ⅛ mm and about ¾ mm. 
     The top plate, also referred to as the top tensioning and lateral load resisting plate, can have various physical characteristics depending on a foundation design. A plate&#39;s surface area can vary from about 10 square inches to about 300 square inches. The plate can have a square or round shape and can have a flat, rounded, or conical cross section. The plate can be made of precast concrete, but can also be made of steel, GFRP, plastic, nylon, recycled materials, or any strong, non-compressible, and semi-ductile composite material known in the art. 
     The tensioning and lateral load resisting plate can have a smooth surface or rough surface with a high coefficient of friction facing the soil in order to maximize lateral load transfer to the soil and foundation thru soil interaction. The top plate can be made of corrosive or non-corrosive materials and could be joined to the tensioning rod by welding, bolting, screwing, adhesive, compression, or a combination of some or all of the above. In one preferred embodiment, the top plate is held to the tensioning rod using a nut threaded onto the tensioning rod. 
     A tool used to drive the reaction plate, compact/densify in situ soil, deliver the aggregate, compact the aggregate and optionally compact conditioned soil is a mandrel. An exemplary mandrel  400  is illustrated in  FIGS. 4A-O . Mandrel  400  includes an elongated body portion  402  having first end  404  and second end  406 . First end  404  includes a force transfer surface  438  and second end  406  includes a power tool attachment section  410  which can be male or female. Compaction element  408  is attached to first end  404  with a male or female connection and rests against force transfer surface  438 . Within elongated body portion is transversal rod guide  412  originating at compaction surface  408  and extending through the elongated body  402 . Elongated body portion  402  can include a striking sledge portion  460 . Mandrel  400  further includes an outer skin  416  attached to elongated body portion  402  and surrounding at least a portion of elongated body portion  402 . In one embodiment, outer skin  416  circumferentially surrounds all of elongated body portion  402  and can extend from first end  418  adjacent to compaction element  408  to second end  420  near power tool attachment section  410  as illustrated. In some embodiments, first end  418  of outer skin  416  can aid in compaction. In other embodiments, first end  418  of outer skin  416  may not aid in compaction. 
     Outer skin  416  can be attached to elongated body portion  402  using at least one stiffener spacer  422 . In some embodiments, two or more stiffener spacers are located in tiers. For example, mandrel  400  includes first tier  424  and second tier  426 . Each tier can have two or more stiffener spacers, preferably four. In other embodiments, tiers can be spaced to evenly distribute a load. For example, one tier can include three stiffener spacers and a second tier positioned 120 degrees offset the first tier and half way down the first tier can contain three stiffener spacers. 
     An aggregate feed cavity  428  is defined between elongated body portion  402  and outer skin  416  wherein feed cavity  428  comprises at least one opening  430  at compaction element  408 . The size  432  of the at least one opening is dependent on the size, surface consistency and the like of the aggregate used. Further, size  432  can be adjusted, for example, to accommodate different sized or shaped aggregate as needed for a particular soil type by attaching a different compaction element  408  that has the appropriate seized opening  430  for the aggregate size used to construct the pier. 
     To use a mandrel to drive a reaction plate into the earth, a tension rod assembly including a reaction plate attached to a tensioning rod is inserted into transversal rod guide  412 . When the tensioning rod assembly is fully inserted into the transversal rod guide  412 , the reaction plate can rest against compaction element  408 . Further, as discussed above, compaction element  408  can include one or more torque pins or recesses for torque pins on the reaction plate. 
     First end  418  includes at least one gravel or aggregate port  440 . In some embodiments, first end  418  includes three aggregate ports. Elongated body portion  402  fits within outer skin  416  and includes aggregate feed cavity  428 , cricket  434 , curved compaction element  436 , force transfer surface  438 , and compaction element  408 . 
     As torque is applied to the mandrel, a normal force can be generated at curved compaction element  436  that displaces aggregate into the side wall of a column. The torque can increase as the rotationally induced inter-particle friction creates additional aggregate drag and increasing column wall soil densification as the aggregate column diameter expands into the surrounding soil. Then, once pre-stated minimum torque thresholds are exceeded, the casing and mandrel are incrementally withdrawn to continue a belling process at the next elevation. As the tool is raised, aggregate can fill the created void below via aggregate port  430  which can then be compacted using drill equipment&#39;s crowd and hammer forces. Such a process will be explained in greater detail below. 
     Compaction Element  408  is comprised of first compaction foot  442  and second compaction foot  444 . First compaction foot  442  can have the aggregate chute  430  sloped in where it is closer to the outside at the top of first compaction foot  442  and closer to the inside (or rod guide conduit) at the bottom. Other embodiments can have an aggregate chute  430  that goes straight through the first compaction foot  442 . Second compaction foot  444  can have a tapered outside perimeter  446  with angle  448  from the horizontal to increase the soil compaction against the side wall of the column. The aggregate chute  430 , at the bottom of the second compaction foot  444 , can be tapered  452  away from the direction of rotation in order to push the aggregate out without crushing it. Other embodiments can be used for the second compaction foot depending on the soil and aggregate type. For example, the second compaction foot  450  can be comprised of an outer first ring  451  that can have a flat or tapered outer perimeter  452 . A smaller diameter void  430  is then formed by an interior circular “washer” element  454  formed inside the middle of the first ring  451  creating a continuous round chute  430  for dispensing aggregate. 
     In each embodiment, above, first compaction feet and second compaction feet can be formed as a single piece or a separate pieces that can be welded together or joined during assembly. In one embodiment, a first compaction foot and a second compaction foot can be shaped out of a single piece of metal (e.g., steel) by an appropriate tool (e.g., milling tool). 
     Another installation system  500  is illustrated in  FIGS. 5A-0 . System  500  includes top surface  502  and bottom face  504 . Compaction generally occurs at and adjacent to bottom face  504 . Mandrel casing  506 , as illustrated in  FIG. 5O , surrounds striking sledge  508 . Casing  506  includes a generally cylindrical shape with a hollow interior  510 , a first side  512  and a second side  514 . Casing can have a thickness of about ⅛ inch, ¼ inch, ½ inch ¾ inch, or 1 inch. 
     Casing  506  can be attached to striking sledge  508  using at least one stiffener spacer  530 . In some embodiments, two or more stiffener spacers are located in tiers. In other embodiments, tiers can be spaced to evenly distribute a load. For example, one upper tier can include three or four evenly spaced stiffener spacers and a second tier offsetting the first tier and positioned below the first tier can contain three or four stiffener spacers. Second side  514  includes at least one gravel or aggregate port  516 . In some embodiments, second side  514  includes three or four aggregate ports. Striking sledge fits within hollow interior  510  and includes stem coupling  518  (which can be male or female), aggregate chute  520 , cricket  522 , triangular compaction element  524 , and axial compaction element  526  which can be attached with a male or female connection (not illustrated) including tension rod conduit  528 . 
     As torque is applied to the mandrel, a normal force can be generated at the compaction element  524  that displaces aggregate into the side wall of a column. The torque can increase as the rotationally induced inter-particle friction creates additional aggregate drag and increasing column wall soil densification as the aggregate column diameter expands into the surrounding soil. Then, the casing and mandrel are incrementally withdrawn to continue pier wall densification at the next elevation. As the tool is raised, aggregate can fill the created void below via aggregate chute  520  which can then be compacted using drill equipment&#39;s crowd and hammer forces. 
     Another exemplary mandrel  600  is illustrated in  FIGS. 6A-H . Mandrel  600  includes a casing  614  having a first end  602  and second end  604 . First end  602  can include a portion to attach compaction element  606  and second end  604  can include a portion to attach drive adapter  616 . Drive adapter  616  can include power tool attachment section  608  which can be male or female. Compaction element  606  is attached to first end  602  with a male or female connection and can rest against it. Within mandrel  600  is transversal rod guide  610  originating at first end  602 , extending through the mandrel  600 , and held in place by at least one transversal rod guide support  612 . Mandrel  600  further includes an outer skin or casing  614 . In one embodiment, casing  614  circumferentially surrounds all of transversal rod guide  610  and can extend from first end  602  adjacent to compaction element  606  to second end  604  near power tool attachment section  608  as illustrated. In some embodiments, first end  602  can aid in compaction by transferring force from drive adapter  616  located at second end  604  to compaction element  606 . 
     Casing  614  as described can be attached to transversal rod guide  610  using at least one transversal rod guide support  612 . In some embodiments, two or more transversal rod guide supports are located in tiers. 
     An annulus aggregate cavity  618  is defined between transversal rod guide  610  and casing  614  wherein annulus aggregate cavity  618  includes at least one port  620  at compaction element  606 . The size of the at least one port is dependent on the size, surface consistency and the like of the aggregate used. Further, the size can be adjusted, for example, to accommodate different sized or shaped aggregate as needed for a particular soil type by attaching a different compaction element  606  that has the appropriate seized port  620  for the aggregate size used to construct the pier. 
     To use mandrel  600  to drive a reaction plate into the earth, a tension rod assembly including conical reaction plate  622  with threaded mounting hole  308  permits screwed attachment to tensioning rod  304  which is then inserted into transversal rod guide  610 . When the tensioning rod assembly is fully inserted into the transversal rod guide  610 , the interior  628  of conical reaction plate  622  can rest against the exterior  632  of compaction element  606 . The driving or axial force of the mandrel  600  can be transferred from the compaction element  606  face  636  to the conical reaction plate  622  drive surface  627 . Further, conical reaction plate  622  can include one or more wings  624  formed from cuts  630  in the plate. The wings  624  can allow the upper diameter  626  to expand as aggregate and compaction element  606  are driven into interior  628  of conical reaction plate  622  thereby deforming the wings. Deformed wings can provide increased resisting force preventing tensile extraction of tensioning rod assembly  200  or  300  once installed. 
     Compaction Element  606  can have aggregate port  620  on sloped face  632 . Also, compaction element  606  can have port  634  on face  636  to allow tensioning rod  304  traverse it. Compaction element  606  can further be threaded onto casing  614 . Compaction element  606  can have any shape that allows aggregate compaction and aggregate feed there through. 
     Further, in order to retain aggregate within annulus aggregate cavity  618  until release is needed through aggregate port  620 , conical reaction plate  622  can include one or more torque transfer elements  638  that can match the opening shape of aggregate port  620 . Torque transfer elements  638  can prevent premature aggregate release when conical reaction plate  622  is fitted against compaction element  606 . 
     Mandrel  600  can further include at least one interior compaction element. An interior compaction element can be attached to transversal rod guide  610  and casing  614 . The interior compaction elements  642  and/or  644  can assist in compacting aggregate against the side wall of a column as aggregate is pushed out during mandrel rotation of at least one side aggregate port  640  in casing  614 . Also, interior compaction elements can prevent aggregate from traveling back up annulus aggregate cavity  618  during compaction. Interior compaction elements can be curved to further aid in torque induced lateral aggregate compaction and prevention of aggregate reverse flow back up into the mandrel during axial compaction. Such a curve can also be downward in a spiral configuration. In one embodiment, mandrel  600  includes one, two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, ten, eleven, twelve, or more interior compaction elements which may or may not be curved. Each interior compaction element can be matched up with a side aggregate port  640  and/or be at a different elevation within the mandrel. As such, casing can include one, two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, ten, eleven, twelve, or more aggregate ports in it. In another embodiment, mandrel includes at least first curved compaction element  642  and second curved compaction element  644 . 
     As torque is applied to the mandrel, a normal force can be generated at curved compaction elements that displace aggregate into the side wall of a column. The torque can increase as the rotationally induced inter-particle friction creates additional aggregate drag and increasing column wall soil densification as the aggregate column diameter expands into the surrounding soil. Then, once pre-stated minimum torque thresholds are exceeded, the mandrel can be incrementally withdrawn to continue the process at a next elevation. As the tool is raised, aggregate can fill the created void below via aggregate port  620  which can then be compacted using drill equipment&#39;s crowd and hammer forces. 
     Aggregate can be fed into annulus aggregate cavity  618  through aggregate fill port  646  in casing  614 . Aggregate fill port  646  can be located anywhere on mandrel  600  that allows proper foundation installation while still allowing the cavity to be filled with aggregate. In one embodiment, aggregate fill port  646  can be located near second end of mandrel  600 . In another embodiment, aggregate fill port  646  can be located in drive adapter  616 . 
     Further described herein are methods of installing post tensioned foundations and foundation systems. The methods generally can be more cost effective, less labor intensive, faster, and/or provide a better end product when anchoring light to medium weight structures using the present foundations and foundation systems. 
     The first step in constructing a post tensioned foundation system as described can be to attach a mandrel as described herein to a hydraulic hammer arm of a heavy construction vehicle. The mandrel is positioned such that the power tool attachment section engages the hydraulic hammer. The mandrel is secured to the hammer using appropriate fixing methods known in the art. In other embodiments, the mandrel can be equipped with a connection/disconnection contraption such as a socketed male/female threaded connection that attaches (e.g., quickly and/or easily) and detaches from the hammer for interchanging of different sized mandrels for different post tensioned foundation load needs or differing soil types on a construction site. 
     A first example method of installing a foundation according to the present description using a mandrel as described herein is illustrated in  FIGS. 7A-I . Referring to  FIG. 7A , mandrel  702  is fitted with a tensioning rod assembly including a tension rod  704  and reaction plate  706  as described herein. Mandrel  702  can include a solid or ridged coupling device for temporarily mating with a hydraulically powered drill head assembly commonly referred to as a drifter, capable of providing both rotational  718  and compressive  736  forces to the tooling. The tension rod and reaction plate assembly is loaded into the transverse rod guide  708  within the mandrel  702 . For this example, tension rod  704  is threaded and the reaction plate  706  is conical in shape with threads. Reaction plate  706  further includes two torque transfer elements that wed with torque transfer elements in the compaction element of the mandrel. 
     Next, a location  710  in the earth where the post tensioned foundation is to be installed is chosen. Generally, engineers and architects have plotted strategic locations for the foundation, but if they have not, locations can be chosen on site and appropriate mandrel sizes can be used based on the soil conditions. Once location  710  has been determined for a post tensioned foundation, reaction plate  706  on top of mandrel&#39;s compaction surface  712  is engaged with location  710  and the hammer is activated thereby pounding reaction plate  706  into the earth. Mandrel  702  is attached to a hammer arm of an appropriate machine. 
     Referring now to  FIG. 7B , as mandrel  702  and hence reaction plate  706  is driven farther into in situ soil  714 , downward force  716  is used and can also be accompanied with rotational force  718 . However, rotational force  718  may not be needed in all cases. Further, as the apparatus is driven further into in situ soil  714 , compacted soil  720  is created around the apparatus. This compacted soil aids in improving the soil and aggregate column&#39;s stressed state within the completed post tensioned foundation. When a desired depth  722  is reached, the hammer is deactivated. 
     Next, as illustrated in  FIG. 7C , at least one type of aggregate  724  is fed into aggregate feed cavity  726  defined within mandrel  702 . The amount of aggregate  724  fed into aggregate feed cavity  726  can be a predetermined amount consistent with the void created by lifting the mandrel in the next step. The predetermined amount of aggregate is calculated based on the volume of void by lifting the mandrel a predetermined distance. 
     The tensioning rod assembly is then released from mandrel  702 . In other embodiments, aggregate  724  can be loaded into the aggregate feed cavity  726  before the tensioning rod assembly is installed in the ground. 
     Mandrel  702  can then be lifted  728  a predetermined distance  730  as illustrated in  FIG. 7D . As mandrel  702  is lifted, aggregate  724  from aggregate feed cavity  726  is dispensed through the annulus at compaction surface  712  as gravity pulls it down into void  732 , thereby filling it with aggregate  724 . The weight of the reaction plate and rod assembly and the weight of aggregate  724  and friction from compacted soil  720  can hold reaction plate  706  at desired depth  722 . Predetermined distance  730  may be dependent on such factors as available compaction force, soil type, aggregate size, aggregate shape, depth and/or volume of void, and the like. 
     Then, as illustrated in  FIG. 7E , in addition to rotation, the hammer is re-activated and aggregate  724  is compacted within void  732  using downward force  736  thereby compacting the aggregate and enhancing creation of the gravel bulb  738  whose normal force is resisted by compacted soil  720 . The re-activation of the hammer can be deployed for a predetermined amount of time dependent on such factors as soil type, applied hammer force, compaction surface  712  size and geometry, aggregate size, aggregate shape, depth and/or volume of void, and the like. 
     In  FIGS. 7F and 7G , the steps illustrated in  FIGS. 7C ,  7 D and  7 E are repeated. In  FIG. 7F , second load of aggregate  740  is loaded into aggregate feed cavity  726 . Then, mandrel  702  is raised, again, a predetermined distance. As mandrel  702  is raised  742 , second load of aggregate  740  from aggregate feed cavity  726  is dispensed through the aggregate ports at compaction surface  712  as gravity pulls it down into void  744  illustrated in  FIG. 7G , thereby filling it with second load of aggregate  740  on top of the already compacted aggregate  738  below. 
     Once second load of aggregate  740  has been fed into void  744 , again, the hammer is re-activated and second load of aggregate  740  is compacted within void  744  using downward force  746  thereby compacting second load of aggregate  740  on top of gravel bulb  738 . The steps illustrated in  FIGS. 7F and 7G  can be repeated as necessary to reach a desired height  748  of compacted aggregate illustrated in  FIG. 7H . 
     As an optional next step illustrated in  FIG. 7H , conditioned soil  750  can be poured either directly into remaining void  752  or can be fed through aggregate feed cavity  726 . This conditioned soil  750  can then be compacted using mandrel  702 , the hammer and downward force  754 . 
     Mandrel  702  can be a mandrel as described in  FIGS. 4A-O ,  FIGS. 5A-O , or  6 A-H. 
     Referring to  FIGS. 7H and 7I , top plate  756  can be placed either on top of compacted, conditioned soil  750  or directly on top of the compacted aggregate if the conditioned soil step is optionally skipped. Top plate  756  can have a hole in its center to accommodate tension rod  704  which may still extend out of the post tensioned foundation. Then, because tension rod  704  is threaded, a nut (or securing device if tension rod  704  is not threaded) is used to hold top plate  756  in place atop the post tensioned foundation. By bolting top plate  756  in place, the increased soil and aggregate stressed state of the post tensioned foundation can be preserved. 
     Another example system to install a foundation according to the present description is illustrated in  FIGS. 8A-M . The tools used can be attached to common machinery. First, a location can be chosen as described above. Tool  800  includes port  802 , casing  804 , stem  806 , displacement tool  810  and a mandrel  834 . As illustrated in  FIG. 8A , tool  800 , can be used perpendicular to soil  812  or at varying angles  814  or  816 . In some embodiments, each system described herein can be used or installed at different angles to accommodate terrain variations, load characteristics, above ground structure requirements and the like. For example, angles of about 5°, 10°, 15°, 20°, 30°, 40°, 50°, 60°, 70° or more can be utilized. 
     A conical shaped driving and displacement insertion tool can simultaneously displace, drive and screw the temporary casing into the ground displacing the soil to the outside of the pier resulting in densified soil and increasing the soil stress. 
     Once a desired depth is achieved, the driving and displacement insertion tool can be removed and the mandrel, bottom reaction plate and rod assembly are inserted into the casing. Then, the complete pier&#39;s supply of aggregate may be placed into the outer casing thereby charging the mandrel with aggregate. 
     The compaction process begins as the mandrel is hammered down into the aggregate previously placed at the toe of the pier compacting the pier&#39;s base and advancing the mandrel&#39;s side ports beyond the bottom of the stationary outer casing. Rotation of the mandrel is then commenced, initiating the pier sidewall compaction method accomplished through inter-particle friction created at the interface of the rotating aggregate with the stationary soil. This friction causes larger aggregate rock particles to decelerate. The advancing/rotating triangular compaction element then can force the aggregate out through the mandrel&#39;s horizontal ports into the yielding soil-grinding the aggregate into the pier&#39;s sidewall, expanding (or belling) the bottom of the pier. Once the pier&#39;s sidewalls are expanded and densified with the aggregate-soil composite, the mandrel and casing can be incrementally raised permitting some of the stored aggregate to fall out of the mandrel&#39;s force transfer foot bottom openings, filling the void left by the mandrel&#39;s retreat. The freshly placed aggregate is then engaged with the mandrel&#39;s force transfer foot and vectored compaction including both horizontal (lateral) and vertical (axial) aggregate compaction is achieved by application of axial compactive hammer force. 
     The method can rely on a torque induced normal force that pushes the gravel out of the discharge ports located on the side of the rotating mandrel as the particles engage with the soil surrounding the tool. As the aggregate layer builds up around the perimeter of the discharge ports, friction increases creating addition torque requirements on the system. Once specified torque requirements are achieved, the tool is raised permitting aggregate to exit through the base of the tool filling the void created by tool extraction. The tool is then reengaged with the aggregate (axial force) and compacted using the compaction mode. Axial force is created by a hydraulically driven hammering action (reciprocating piston) of a drifter. 
     The geotechnical stress state of the soil can be developed during column construction as the aggregate is compacted into the surrounding soil during simultaneous rotationally induced lateral compaction and vectored lateral and axial compaction created during the phased raising-filling-compaction process accomplished by the combination of a drifter and mandrel acting on the soil and aggregate matrix. 
     In addition to a particularly shaped mandrel foot used to apply both normal and lateral compactive forces, the system can rely on rotationally induced torque and inter-particle friction created by the surrounding soil and aggregate interface to force the aggregate laterally into the pier sidewalls thereby expanding the pier&#39;s diameter at the base. This increase in pier diameter at the base of the aggregate column increases the size of the failure wedge increasing the capacity of the pier in tension. 
     Further to the above explanation, as a first step in using tool  800  to install a pier as illustrated in  FIG. 8B , temporary casing  804  is driven into soil  812  at a predetermined angle (e.g., angle  814 ) using displacement tool  810 . Here, the angle can be 90° or perpendicular to soil  812 . Using the applied forces described above, the entire temporary casing  804  and tool  800  can be rotated  818  as the tool is advanced into the soil. As advanced, displacement tool  810  can create improved soil  820  or densified soil. As described above, tool  800  can be advanced and optionally rotated using an impact hammer attached to thread  822 . 
     Once desired depth  824  has been reached as illustrated in  FIG. 8C , stem  806  and displacement tool  810  are removed from casing  804 . Once stem  806  and displacement tool  810  are removed, as illustrated in  FIG. 8D , void  826  is created where the tip portion of displacement tool  810  previously resided. 
     Then, as illustrated in  FIG. 8E , aggregate  828  is added through port  802  to fill about the entirety of void  826 . Next, as illustrated in  FIG. 6F , tensioning rod  830  attached to reaction plate  832  are fitted into mandrel  834  which is inserted into the casing  804  and placed atop aggregate  828 . Mandrel  834  can be sized to fit within casing within about 1/16 inch, about ⅛ inch, about ¼, in about ½ inch, about ¾ inch, or about 1 inch. Again, similar to  FIG. 7G , additional aggregate can be added through port  802  to fill mandrel  834  and casing  804  up to port  802 . 
     The load capacity of a pier system described herein can be dependent on the density and strength of the surrounding soil, the skin friction developed between the pier and the soil, and the diameter of the pier. Therefore, a combination of aggregate materials and in situ soil densification and compaction techniques can improve the system&#39;s surrounding soil load bearing capacity, expand the pier&#39;s base (belling), and simultaneously compact and densify the aggregate column increasing the pier&#39;s load capacity. 
     Mandrel  834  coupled with the sequence of construction steps described herein can simultaneously push soil into the side wall of a column and compact aggregate and soil using both rotational and compactive (axial) forces. The piers can be constructed using: non-corrosive, structurally efficient, light weight, structural and geotechnical materials, specially designed and engineered drilling tools and temporary casings, and a hydraulically powered “drifter” mounted on a 100 kW tracked drill rig that can provide both rotational  840  and compactive  848  forces to the tools that densify the soil, install and retract the casing, and displace the gravel into the pier&#39;s side wall while constructing the pier. 
     Mandrel  834  can be a mandrel as described in  FIGS. 4A-O ,  FIGS. 5A-O , or  6 QA-H. 
     As torque is applied to the mandrel, a normal force can be generated at a compaction element (e.g., compaction elements  436 ,  524 , or  642 ) that displaces aggregate into the side wall of a column. The torque increases as the rotationally induced inter-particle friction creates additional aggregate drag and increasing column wall soil densification as the aggregate column diameter expands into the surrounding soil. Then, the casing and/or mandrel are incrementally withdrawn to continue the belling process at the next elevation. In one embodiment, the mandrel can be incrementally withdrawn once pre-stated minimum torque thresholds are exceeded. As the tool is raised, aggregate can fill the created void below via aggregate port which can then be compacted using drill equipment&#39;s crowd and hammer forces. Such a process will be explained in greater detail below. 
     As illustrated in  FIG. 8H , mandrel  834  is advanced using drilling equipment supplied crowd and hammer axial compactive force  848  to consolidate aggregate  828  at pier tip  836 . Once mandrel  834  has exposed its horizontal ports (e.g., horizontal ports  440 ,  516 , or  640 ) past the casing  804 , optional rotation  840  of mandrel  834  commences in addition to the hammer force. As more axial  848  and torque  840  induced forces are applied by mandrel  834  to the aggregate, the pier tip  836  can become bulbous in shape. 
     Mandrel  834  and casing  804  can then be concurrently lifted  842  in increments as illustrated in  FIG. 8I . These increments can be about 2 inches, about 4 inches, about 6 inches, about 8 inches, about 10 inches, about 12 inches, about 18 inches, about 24 inches, about 30 inches, about 36 inches or more. Optional rotation  840  can continue as mandrel  834  and casing  804  are lifted. Mandrel  834  is then reengaged with the aggregate  828  newly delivered to the void created as mandrel  834  and casing  804  are lifted. Subsequent lifts of mandrel  834  and casing  804  can be commenced followed by compaction and optional rotation forces. As is illustrated in  FIG. 8J , second bulbous shape  844  can be created as both horizontal force and vertical force are applied by mandrel  834 . 
     As illustrated in  FIG. 8K , once pier aggregate height reaches ground level  846 , compaction  848  of pier top is commenced. Again vertical hammering and optionally rotation are provided by mandrel  834 . As mandrel  834  is advanced out of casing  804 , a third bulb  850  can be created near ground level  846 . After compaction is complete, as illustrated in  FIG. 8L , mandrel  834  and casing  804  are removed  852  leaving tensioning rod  830  emanating from the surface. Tensioning rod  830  can optionally be threaded. 
     Second reaction plate  854 , as illustrated in  FIG. 8M , is then placed atop newly formed pier and secured using securing device  858 . Second reaction plate can be similar or the same as reaction plate reaction plate  832  or can be different. For example, second reaction plate  854  can be a plate or large diameter washer made of precast concrete, GFRP, plastic, recycled materials, nylon, metal, composite, polymer, or any other strong, non-compressible, and semi-ductile composite material known in the art and formed to disperse the loads as long as the pier&#39;s column strength and the soils stressed state remains intact. Securing device can be a nut that is threaded on tensioning rod  830 . In other embodiments, securing device can be welded or glued to tensioning rod  830 . 
     Optionally, the formation of a column as described herein can be accomplished using a belling tool. In such an embodiment, a separate belling tool is used to create a bell at the bottom of the column and an axial compaction mandrel is used to compact the aggregate and build the remainder of the column. The bell is a bottom portion that can have a wider diameter than the rest of the column. Once a casing and shoe assembly has been hammered and rotated to an appropriate depth, a belling tool is inserted and driven just below the shoe. The belling tool is opened using an offset drive shaft and it is rotated around the circumference using the drill stem. This process causes the soil to be pushed out laterally, thus compacting the surrounding pier wall and creating a bigger void. Next, the bell tool is removed and the void is filled with gravel and compacted by the mandrel as described above. 
     The mandrels and, if used, temporary casings described herein can be sized appropriately for a particular application. For example, a foundation constructed in less dense organic material such as peat, a larger diameter mandrel (and accompanying casing) can be used to create a pier with equal bearing and tensile strengths as as a smaller diameter pier constructed in more dense material, wherein a smaller diameter mandrel and casing can be used. Mandrel diameters in general range from about 3 inches to about 10 inches, from about 4 inches to about 12 inches, from about 6 inches to about 18 inches, from about 18 inches to about 24 inches, from about 24 inches to about 30 inches or from about 30 inches to about 36 inches. In one embodiment, the diameter of the mandrel is about 8 inches. The length of a mandrel can determine the depth of a foundation. Lengths can range from about 12 inches to about 18 inches, from about 18 inches to about 24 inches, from about 24 inches to about 30 inches, from about 30 inches to about 36 inches, from about 36 inches to about 42 inches, from about 42 inches to about 48 inches, from about 48 inches to about 54 inches, from about 54 inches to about 60 inches, from about 60 inches to about 66 inches, from about 66 inches to about 72 inches, from about 72 inches to about 78 inches, from about 78 inches to about 84 inches, from about 84 inches to about 90 inches, from about 90 inches to about 96 inches, from about 96 inches to about 102 inches, from about 102 inches to about 108 inches, or more. 
     In some embodiments, the foundation systems described can be easily decommissioned and are environmentally sustainable. For example, the post tension system or tensioning rod assembly comprised of the plates (e.g., a top plate and a bottom plate) and rod assembly are the only manmade products that might require removal upon decommission. This simple task is in comparison to large concrete foundations commonly used including imbedded rebar. Also, the foundations described can be exhumed in a single step and he materials recycled, disposed of, or even in some cases the aggregate reused in re-compacting/filling the removed pier&#39;s void. 
     Further, in some embodiments, the foundation systems can be installed without the need for elaborate machinery or materials. Such an arrangement can increase simplicity while reducing time and cost of a project. Again, all that may be needed is aggregate sized for a particular application, a reaction plate, a tensioning rod, and a mandrel and, if used, a temporary casing and mandrel matched pair. This simplicity is in contrast to common methods which require complex machinery and delivery systems, large, non-reusable parts for each foundation (e.g. corrosion protected steel piers or reinforced concrete footings), material removal (e.g. exhumed soil by an auger), material processing stations, lengthy set times (e.g. with concrete), and the like. 
     The foundations described herein can be used to anchor light to medium weight structures. From a plain weight standpoint, each foundation can sustain a compressive weight load of about 100 lbs, about 500 lbs, about 1,000 lbs, about 1,500 lbs, about 2,000 lbs, about 2,500 lbs, about 3,000 lbs, about 3,500 lbs, about 4,000 lbs, about 4,500 lbs, about 5,000 lbs, about 5,500 lbs, about 6,000 lbs, about 6,500 lbs, about 7,000 lbs, about 7,500 lbs, about 8,000 lbs, about 8,500 lbs, about 9,000 lbs, about 9,500 lbs about 10,000 lbs, about 11,000, about 11,500, about 12,000, about 12,500, about 13,000, about 13,500, about 14,000, about 14,500, about 15,000, about 15,500, about 16,000, about 16,500, about 17,000, about 17,500, about 18,000, about 18,500, about 19,000, about 19,500, about 20,000, between about 10,000 lbs and about 20,000 lbs, between about 5,000 lbs and about 15,000 lbs, between about 15,000 lbs and about 20,000 lbs, between about 100 lbs and about 20,000 lbs, between about 500 lbs and about 15,000 lbs, between about 10,000 lbs and about 15,000 lbs, at least about 100 lbs, at least about 200 lbs, at least about 500 lbs, at least about 1,000 lbs, at least about 5,000 lbs, or at least about 10,000 lbs. This weight number can change depending on the size and shape of the mounted structure(s). For example, wind can have a bearing on larger surface area structures. A skilled artisan understands the structural needs and can vary weight requirements with structure size and shape. 
     Unless otherwise indicated, all numbers expressing quantities of ingredients, properties such as molecular weight, reaction conditions, and so forth used in the specification and claims are to be understood as being modified in all instances by the term “about.” Accordingly, unless indicated to the contrary, the numerical parameters set forth in the specification and attached claims are approximations that may vary depending upon the desired properties sought to be obtained by the present invention. At the very least, and not as an attempt to limit the application of the doctrine of equivalents to the scope of the claims, each numerical parameter should at least be construed in light of the number of reported significant digits and by applying ordinary rounding techniques. Notwithstanding that the numerical ranges and parameters setting forth the broad scope of the invention are approximations, the numerical values set forth in the specific examples are reported as precisely as possible. Any numerical value, however, inherently contains certain errors necessarily resulting from the standard deviation found in their respective testing measurements. 
     The terms “a,” “an,” “the” and similar referents used in the context of describing the invention (especially in the context of the following claims) are to be construed to cover both the singular and the plural, unless otherwise indicated herein or clearly contradicted by context. Recitation of ranges of values herein is merely intended to serve as a shorthand method of referring individually to each separate value falling within the range. Unless otherwise indicated herein, each individual value is incorporated into the specification as if it were individually recited herein. All methods described herein can be performed in any suitable order unless otherwise indicated herein or otherwise clearly contradicted by context. The use of any and all examples, or exemplary language (e.g., “such as”) provided herein is intended merely to better illuminate the invention and does not pose a limitation on the scope of the invention otherwise claimed. No language in the specification should be construed as indicating any non-claimed element essential to the practice of the invention. 
     Groupings of alternative elements or embodiments of the invention disclosed herein are not to be construed as limitations. Each group member may be referred to and claimed individually or in any combination with other members of the group or other elements found herein. It is anticipated that one or more members of a group may be included in, or deleted from, a group for reasons of convenience and/or patentability. When any such inclusion or deletion occurs, the specification is deemed to contain the group as modified thus fulfilling the written description of all Markush groups used in the appended claims. 
     Certain embodiments of this invention are described herein, including the best mode known to the inventors for carrying out the invention. Of course, variations on these described embodiments will become apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art upon reading the foregoing description. The inventor expects skilled artisans to employ such variations as appropriate, and the inventors intend for the invention to be practiced otherwise than specifically described herein. Accordingly, this invention includes all modifications and equivalents of the subject matter recited in the claims appended hereto as permitted by applicable law. Moreover, any combination of the above-described elements in all possible variations thereof is encompassed by the invention unless otherwise indicated herein or otherwise clearly contradicted by context. 
     In closing, it is to be understood that the embodiments of the invention disclosed herein are illustrative of the principles of the present invention. Other modifications that may be employed are within the scope of the invention. Thus, by way of example, but not of limitation, alternative configurations of the present invention may be utilized in accordance with the teachings herein. Accordingly, the present invention is not limited to that precisely as shown and described.