Patent Publication Number: US-10320426-B2

Title: Apparatus for transmitting and receiving a signal and method of transmitting and receiving a signal

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/305,974 filed Jun. 6, 2014, now allowed, which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/145,778, filed on Jul. 21, 2011, now U.S. Patent No. 8,787,497, issued on Jul. 22, 2014, which is the National Stage filing under 35 U.S.C. 371 of International App. No. PCT/KR2009/004123, filed on Jul. 23, 2009 which claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 61/152,224, filed on Feb. 12, 2009, the contents of all hereby incorporated by reference herein in their entirety. 
    
    
     TECHNICAL FIELD 
     The present invention relates to a method for transmitting and receiving a signal and an apparatus for transmitting and receiving a signal, and more particularly, to a method for transmitting and receiving a signal and an apparatus for transmitting and receiving a signal, which are capable of improving data transmission efficiency. 
     BACKGROUND ART 
     As a digital broadcasting technology has been developed, users have received a high definition (HD) moving image. With continuous development of a compression algorithm and high performance of hardware, a better environment will be provided to the users in the future. A digital television (DTV) system can receive a digital broadcasting signal and provide a variety of supplementary services to users as well as a video signal and an audio signal. 
     Digital Video Broadcasting (DVB)-C2 is the third specification to join DVB s family of second generation transmission systems. Developed in 1994, today DVB-C is deployed in more than 50 million cable tuners worldwide. In line with the other DVB second generation systems, DVB-C2 uses a combination of Low-density parity-check (LDPC) and BCH codes. This powerful Forward Error correction (FEC) provides about 5 dB improvement of carrier-to-noise ratio over DVB-C. Appropriate bit-interleaving schemes optimize the overall robustness of the FEC system. Extended by a header, these frames are called Physical Layer Pipes (PLP). One or more of these PLPs are multiplexed into a data slice. Two dimensional interleaving (in the time and frequency domains) is applied to each slice enabling the receiver to eliminate the impact of burst impairments and frequency selective interference such as single frequency ingress. 
     With the development of these digital broadcasting technologies, a requirement for a service such as a video signal and an audio signal increased and the size of data desired by users or the number of broadcasting channels gradually increased. 
     DISCLOSURE OF INVENTION 
     Technical Problem 
     Accordingly, the present invention is directed to a method for transmitting and receiving a signal and an apparatus for transmitting and receiving a signal that substantially obviate one or more problems due to limitations and disadvantages of the related art. 
     Technical Solution 
     An object of the present invention is to provide a method for transmitting and receiving a signal and an apparatus for transmitting and receiving a signal, which are capable of improving data transmission efficiency. 
     Another object of the present invention is to provide a method for transmitting and receiving a signal and an apparatus for transmitting and receiving a signal, which are capable of improving error correction capability of bits configuring a service. 
     Additional advantages, objects, and features of the invention will be set forth in part in the description which follows and in part will become apparent to those having ordinary skill in the art upon examination of the following. The objectives and other advantages of the invention may be realized and attained by the structure particularly pointed out in the written description and claims hereof as well as the appended drawings. 
     To achieve the objects, the present invention provides a transmitter for transmitting broadcasting data to a receiver, the transmitter comprising: a first BCH encoder configured to BCH encode Layer  1  signaling data; a first LDPC encoder configured to LDPC encode the BCH-encoded Layer  1  signaling data to generate at least one LDPC parity bit; a puncturing means configured to perform puncturing on the generated LDPC parity bit; a first bit interleaver configured to bit interleave the LDPC-encoded Layer  1  signaling data and the punctured LDPC paritybit; and a first QAM mapper configured to demultiplex the bit interleaved Layer  1  signaling data into cell words and map the cell words into constellation values, wherein the transmitter is configured to process the Layer  1  signaling data, the Layer  1  signaling data having Program Specific Information (PSI) and Service Information (SI) reprocessing information for each Physical Layer Pipe (PLP), the PSI/SI reprocessing information indicating whether or not a PSI/SI reprocessing has been performed. 
     Yet another embodiment of the present invention provides a receiver for processing broadcasting data, the receiver comprising: a QAM demapper configured to demap constellation values corresponding to Layer  1  signaling data into cell words and to multiplex the demapped cell words into the Layer  1  signaling data; a bit deinterleaver configured to bit-deinterleave the multiplexed Layer  1  signaling data and at least one LDPC parity bit; a de-puncturing means configured to perform de-puncturing on the LDPC parity bit; a LDPC decoder configured to LDPC-decode the Layer  1  signaling data and the de-punctured LDPC parity bit; and a BCH decoder configured to BCH-decode the LDPC-decoded Layer  1  signaling data and the de-punctured LDPC parity bit, wherein the receiver is configured to process Layer  1  signaling data, the L 1  signaling data having Program Specific Information (PSI) and Service Information (SI) reprocessing information for each Physical Layer Pipe (PLP), the PSI/SI reprocessing information indicating whether or not a PSI/SI reprocessing has been performed. 
     Yet another embodiment of the present invention provides a method of transmitting broadcasting data to a receiver, the method comprising: BCH encoding L 1  signaling data; LDPC-encoding the BCH-encoded Layer  1  signaling data to generate at least one LDPC parity bit; performing puncturing on the generated LDPC parity bit; bit interleaving the LDPC-encoded Layer  1  signaling data and the punctured LDPC parity bit; and demultiplexing the bit interleaved Layer  1  signaling data into cell words and mapping the cell words into constellation values by means of a QAM mapping method, wherein the Layer  1  signaling data have Program Specific Information (PSI) and Service Information (SI) reprocessing information for each Physical Layer Pipe (PLP), the PSI/SI reprocessing information indicating whether or not a PSI/SI reprocessing has been performed. 
     Yet another embodiment of the present invention provides a method of receiving broadcasting data, the method comprising: demapping constellation values corresponding to Layer  1  signaling data into cell words; multiplexing the demapped cell words into the Layer  1  signaling data; bit-deinterleaving the multiplexed L 1  signaling data and at least one LDPC parity bit; performing de-puncturing on the LDPC parity bit; LDPC-decoding the Layer  1  signaling data and the de-punctured LDPC parity bit; and BCH-decoding the LDPC-decoded Layer  1  signaling data and the de-punctured LDPC parity bit, wherein the Layer  1  signaling data include Program Specific Information (PST) and Service Information (SI) reprocessing information for each Physical Layer Pipe (PLP), the PSI/SI reprocessing information indicating whether or not a PSI/SI reprocessing has been performed. 
     Advantageous Effects 
     According to the present invention, it is possible to provide a receiver for processing broadcasting data, the receiver comprising: a QAM demapper configured to demap constellation values corresponding to Layer  1  signaling data into cell words and to multiplex the demapped cell words into the Layer  1  signaling data; a bit deinterleaver configured to bit-deinterleave the multiplexed Layer  1  signaling data and at least one LDPC parity bit; a de-puncturing means configured to perform de-puncturing on the LDPC parity bit; a LDPC decoder configured to LDPC-decode the Layer  1  signaling data and the de-punctured LDPC parity bit; and a BCH decoder configured to BCH-decode the LDPC-decoded Layer  1  signaling data and the de-punctured LDPC parity bit, wherein the receiver is configured to process Layer  1  signaling data, the L 1  signaling data having Program Specific Information (PSI) and Service Information (SI) reprocessing information for each Physical Layer Pipe (PLP), the PSI/SI reprocessing information indicating whether or not a PSI/SI reprocessing has been performed. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS 
       The accompanying drawings, which are included to provide a further understanding of the invention and are incorporated in and constitute a part of this application, illustrate embodiment(s) of the invention and together with the description serve to explain the principle of the invention. In the drawings: 
         FIG. 1  is an example of digital transmission system. 
         FIG. 2  is an example of an input processor. 
         FIG. 3  is an information that can be included in Base band (BB). 
         FIG. 4  is an example of BICM module. 
         FIG. 5  is an example of shortened/punctured encoder. 
         FIG. 6  is an example of applying various constellations. 
         FIG. 7  is another example of cases where compatibility between conventional systems is considered. 
         FIG. 8  is a frame structure which comprises preamble for L 1  signaling and data symbol for PLP data. 
         FIG. 9  is an example of frame builder. 
         FIG. 10  is an example of pilot inserting module  404  shown in  FIG. 4 . 
         FIG. 11  is a structure of SP. 
         FIG. 12  is a new SP structure or Pilot Pattern (PP 5 ). 
         FIG. 13  is a suggested PP 5 ′ structure. 
         FIG. 14  is a relationship between data symbol and preamble. 
         FIG. 15  is another relationship between data symbol and preamble. 
         FIG. 16  is an example of cable channel delay profile. 
         FIG. 17  is scattered pilot structure that uses z=56 and z=112. 
         FIG. 18  is an example of modulator based on OFDM. 
         FIG. 19  is an example of preamble structure. 
         FIG. 20  is an example of Preamble decoding. 
         FIG. 21  is a process for designing more optimized preamble. 
         FIG. 22  is another example of preamble structure 
         FIG. 23  is another example of Preamble decoding. 
         FIG. 24  is an example of Preamble structure. 
         FIG. 25  is an example of L 1  decoding. 
         FIG. 26  is an example of analog processor. 
         FIG. 27  is an example of digital receiver system. 
         FIG. 28  is an example of analog processor used at receiver. 
         FIG. 29  is an example of demodulator. 
         FIG. 30  is an example of frame parser. 
         FIG. 31  is an example of BICM demodulator. 
         FIG. 32  is an example of LDPC decoding using shortening/puncturing. 
         FIG. 33  is an example of output processor. 
         FIG. 34  is an example of L 1  block repetition rate of 8 MHz. 
         FIG. 35  is an example of L 1  block repetition rate of 8 MHz. 
         FIG. 36  is a new L 1  block repetition rate of 7.61 MHz. 
         FIG. 37  is an example of L 1  signaling which is transmitted in frame header. 
         FIG. 38  is preamble and L 1  Structure simulation result. 
         FIG. 39  is an example of symbol interleaver. 
         FIG. 40  is an example of an L 1  block transmission. 
         FIG. 41  is another example of L 1  signaling transmitted within a frame header. 
         FIG. 42  is an example of frequency or time interleaving/deinterleaving. 
         FIG. 43  is a table analyzing overhead of L 1  signaling which is transmitted in FECFRAME header at ModCod Header Inserting module  307  on data path of BICM module shown in  FIG. 3 . 
         FIG. 44  is showing a structure for FECFRAME header for minimizing overhead. 
         FIG. 45  is showing a bit error rate (BER) performance of the aforementioned L 1  protection. 
         FIG. 46  is showing examples of a transmission frame and FEC frame structure. 
         FIG. 47  is showing an example of L 1  signaling. 
         FIG. 48  is showing an example of L 1 -pre signaling. 
         FIG. 49  is showing a structure of L 1  signaling block. 
         FIG. 50  is showing an L 1  time interleaving. 
         FIG. 51  is showing an example of extracting modulation and code information. 
         FIG. 52  is showing another example of L 1 -pre signaling. 
         FIG. 53  is showing an example of scheduling of L 1  signaling block that is transmitted in preamble. 
         FIG. 54  is showing an example of L 1 -pre signaling where power boosting is considered. 
         FIG. 55  is showing an example of L 1  signaling. 
         FIG. 56  is showing another example of extracting modulation and code information. 
         FIG. 57  is showing another example of extracting modulation and code information. 
         FIG. 58  is showing an example of L 1 -pre synchronization. 
         FIG. 59  is showing an example of L 1 -pre signaling. 
         FIG. 60  is showing an example of L 1  signaling. 
         FIG. 61  is showing an example of L 1  signalling path. 
         FIG. 62  is another example of L 1  signaling transmitted within a frame header. 
         FIG. 63  is another example of L 1  signaling transmitted within a frame header. 
         FIG. 64  is another example of L 1  signaling transmitted within a frame header. 
         FIG. 65  is showing an example of L 1  signaling. 
         FIG. 66  is an example of symbol interleaver. 
         FIG. 67  is showing an interleaving performance of time interleaver of  FIG. 66 . 
         FIG. 68  is an example of symbol interleaver. 
         FIG. 69  is showing an interleaving performance of time interleaver of  FIG. 68 . 
         FIG. 70  is an example of symbol deinterleaver. 
         FIG. 71  is another example of time interleaving. 
         FIG. 72  is a result of interleaving using method shown in  FIG. 71 . 
         FIG. 73  is an example of addressing method of  FIG. 72 . 
         FIG. 74  is another example of L 1  time interleaving. 
         FIG. 75  is an example of symbol deinterleaver. 
         FIG. 76  is another example of deinterleaver. 
         FIG. 77  is an example of symbol deinterleaver. 
         FIG. 78  is an example of row and column addresses for time deinterleaving. 
         FIG. 79  shows an example of general block interleaving in a data symbol domain where pilots are not used. 
         FIG. 80  is an example of an OFDM transmitter which uses data slices. 
         FIG. 81  is an example of an OFDM receiver which uses data slice. 
         FIG. 82  is an example of time interleaver and an example of time deinterleaver. 
         FIG. 83  is an example of forming OFDM symbols. 
         FIG. 84  is an example of a Time Interleaver (TI). 
         FIG. 85  is an example of a Time Interleaver (TI). 
         FIG. 86  is an example of a preamble structure at a transmitter and an example of a process at a receiver. 
         FIG. 87  is an example of a process at a receiver to obtain L 1 _XFEC_FRAME from preamble. 
         FIG. 88  is an example of a preamble structure at a transmitter and an example of a process at a receiver. 
         FIG. 89  is an example of a Time Interleaver (TI). 
         FIG. 90  is an example of an OFDM transmitter using data slices. 
         FIG. 91  is an example of an OFDM receiver using data slices. 
         FIG. 92  is an example of a Time Interleaver (TI). 
         FIG. 93  is an example of a Time De-Interleaver (TDI). 
         FIG. 94  is an example of a Time Interleaver (TI). 
         FIG. 95  is an example of preamble time interleaving and deinterleaving flow. 
         FIG. 96  is a Time Interleaving depth parameter in L 1  header signaling. 
         FIG. 97  is an example of an L 1  header signaling, L 1  structure, and a padding method. 
         FIG. 98  is an example of L 1  signaling. 
         FIG. 99  is an example of dslice_ti_depth. 
         FIG. 100  is an example of dslice_type. 
         FIG. 101  is an example of plp_type. 
         FIG. 102  is an example of Plp_payload_type. 
         FIG. 103  is an example of Plp_modcod. 
         FIG. 104  is an example of GI. 
         FIG. 105  is an example of PAPR. 
         FIG. 106  is an example of L 1  signaling. 
         FIG. 107  is an example of plp_type. 
         FIG. 108  is an example of L 1  signaling. 
         FIG. 109  is an example of an L 1  header signaling, L 1  structure, and a padding method. 
         FIG. 110  is an example of L 1  signaling. 
         FIG. 111  is showing examples of fields of L 1  signaling. 
         FIG. 112  is an example of L 1  signaling. 
         FIG. 113  is an example of plp_type. 
         FIG. 114  is an example of L 1  signaling and L 2  signaling for normal and bundled PLP types. 
         FIG. 115  is an example of L 1  and L 2  decoding action flow of a conventional DVB-C2 receiver with 8 MHz single tuner. 
         FIG. 116  is an example of L 1  and L 2  decoding action flow of a premium DVB-C2 receiver with multiple tuners or a wideband single tuner. 
         FIG. 117  is an example of an L 2  signalling for C 2 . 
         FIG. 118  is an example of duration of the active OFDM symbol. 
         FIG. 119  is an example of guard interval values. 
         FIG. 120  is an example of L 1  block time interleaving. 
     
    
    
     BEST MODE FOR CARRYING OUT THE INVENTION 
       FIG. 98  is an example of L 1  signaling. 
     Mode for the Invention 
     Reference will now be made in detail to the preferred embodiments of the present invention, examples of which are illustrated in the accompanying drawings. Wherever possible, the same reference numbers will be used throughout the drawings to refer to the same or like pans. 
     In the following description, the term “Service” is indicative of either broadcast contents which can be transmitted/received by the signal transmission/reception apparatus. 
       FIG. 1  shows an example of digital transmission system according to an embodiment of the present invention. Inputs can comprise a number of MPEG-TS streams or GSE (General Stream Encapsulation) streams. An input processor  101  can add transmission parameters to input stream and perform scheduling for a BICM module  102 . The BICM module  102  can add redundancy and interleave data for transmission channel error correction. A frame builder  103  can build frames by adding physical layer signaling information and pilots. A modulator  104  can perform modulation on input symbols in efficient methods. An analog processor  105  can perform various processes for converting input digital signals into output analog signals. 
       FIG. 2  shows an example of an input processor. Input MPEG-TS or GSE stream can be transformed by input preprocessor into a total of n streams which will be independently processed. Each of those streams can be either a complete TS frame which includes multiple service components or a minimum TS frame which includes service component (i.e., video or audio). In addition, each of those streams can be a GSE stream which transmits either multiple services or a single service. 
     Input interface  202 - 1  can allocate a number of input bits equal to the maximum data field capacity of a Baseband (BB) frame. A padding may be inserted to complete the LDPC/BCH code block capacity. The input stream synchronizer  203 - 1  can provide a mechanism to regenerate, in the receiver, the clock of the Transport Stream (or packetized Generic Stream), in order to guarantee end-to-end constant bit rates and delay. 
     In order to allow the Transport Stream recombining without requiring additional memory in the receiver, the input Transport Streams are delayed by delay compensator  204 - 1 ˜n considering interleaving parameters of the data PLPs in a group and the corresponding common PLP. Null packet deleting module  205 - 1 ˜n can increase transmission efficiency by removing inserted null packet for a case of VBR (variable bit rate) service. Cyclic Redundancy Check (CRC) encoder modules  206 - 1 ˜n can add CRC parity to increase transmission reliability of BB frame. BB header insert ( 207 - 1 ˜n) modules can add BB frame header at a beginning portion of BB frame. Information that can be included in BB header is shown in  FIG. 3 . 
     A Merger/slicer module  208  can perform BB frame slicing from each PLP, merging BB frames from multiple PLPs, and scheduling each BB frame within a transmission frame. Therefore, the merger/slicer module  208  can output L 1  signaling information which relates to allocation of PLP in frame. Lastly, a BB scrambler module  209  can randomize input bitstreams to minimize correlation between bits within bitstreams. The modules in shadow in  FIG. 2  are modules used when transmission system uses a single PLP, the other modules in  FIG. 2  are modules used when the transmission device uses multiple PLPs. 
       FIG. 4  shows an embodiment of BICM module according to the present invention.  FIG. 4 a    shows a BICM for a data path and  FIG. 4 b    shows a BICM for L 1  signaling path. 
     Referring to  FIG. 4 a   , an outer coder  301  and an inner coder  303  can add redundancy to input bitstreams for error correction. An outer interleaver  302  and an inner interleaver  304  can interleave bits to prevent burst error. The Outer interleaver  302  can be omitted if the BICM is specifically for DVB-C2. A bit demux  305  can control reliability of each bit output from the inner interleaver  304 . A symbol mapper  306  can map input bitstreams into symbol streams. At this time, it is possible to use any of a conventional QAM, an MQAM which uses the aforementioned BRGC for performance improvement, an NU-QAM which uses Non-uniform modulation, or an NU-MQAM which uses Non-uniform modulation applied BRGC for performance improvement. To construct a system which is more robust against noise, combinations of modulations using MQAM and/or NU-MQAM depending on the code rate of the error correction code and the constellation capacity can be considered. At this time, the Symbol mapper  306  can use a proper constellation according to the code rate and constellation capacity.  FIG. 6  shows an example of such combinations. 
     Case  1  shows an example of using only NU-MQAM at low code rate for simplified system implementation. Case  2  shows an example of using optimized constellation at each code rate. The transmitter can send information about the code rate of the error correction code and the constellation capacity to the receiver such that the receiver can use an appropriate constellation.  FIG. 7  shows another example of cases where compatibility between conventional systems is considered. In addition to the examples, further combinations for optimizing the system are possible. 
     The ModCod Header inserting module  307  shown in  FIG. 4  can take Adaptive coding and modulation (ACM)/Variable coding and modulation (VCM) feedback information and add parameter information used in coding and modulation to a FEC block as header. The Modulation type/Coderate (ModCod) header can include the following information:
         FEC type (1 bits)—long or short LDPC   Coderate (3 bits)   Modulation (3 bits)—up-to 64K QAM   PLP identifier (8 bits)       

     The Symbol interleaver  308  can perform interleaving in symbol domain to obtain additional interleaving effects. Similar processes performed on data path can be performed on L 1  signaling path but with possibly different parameters  301 - 1 ˜ 308 - 1 . At this point, a shortened/punctured coder  303 - 1  can be used for inner code. 
       FIG. 5  shows an example of LDPC encoding using shortening/puncturing. Shortening process can be performed on input blocks which have less bits than a required number of bits for LDPC encoding as many zero bits required for LDPC encoding can be padded by the zero padding module  301   c . Zero Padded input bitstreams can have parity bits through LDPC encoder  302   c . At this time, for bitstreams that correspond to original bitstreams, zeros can be removed ( 303   c ) and for parity bitstreams, puncturing can be performed according to code-rates by the parity puncturing module  304   c . These processed information bitstreams and parity bitstreams can be multiplexed into original sequences and outputted by the Mux  305   c.    
       FIG. 8  shows a frame structure which comprises preamble for L 1  signaling and data symbol for PLP data. It can be seen that preamble and data symbols are cyclically generated, using one frame as a unit. Data symbols comprise PLP type  0  which is transmitted using a fixed modulation/coding and PLP type  1  which is transmitted using a variable modulation/coding. For PLP type  0 , information such as modulation, FEC type, and FEC code rate are transmitted in preamble (see  FIG. 9  for Frame header inserting module  401 ). For PLP type  1 , corresponding information can be transmitted in FEC block header of a data symbol (see  FIG. 3  for ModCod header inserting module  307 ). By the separation of PLP types, ModCod overhead can be reduced by 3˜4% from a total transmission rate, for PLP type  0  which is transmitted at a fixed bit rate. At a receiver, for fixed modulation/coding PLP of PLP type  0 . Frame header remover r 401  shown in  FIG. 30  can extract information on Modulation and FEC code rate and provide the extracted information to a BICM decoding module. For variable modulation/coding PLP of PLP type  1 , ModCod extractor r 307 , r 307 - 1  shown in  FIG. 31  can extract and provide the parameters necessary for BICM decoding. 
       FIG. 9  shows an example of a frame builder. A frame header inserting module  401  can form a frame from input symbol streams and can add frame header at front of each transmitted frame. The frame header can include the following information:
         Number of bonded channels (4 bits)   Guard interval (2 bits)   PAPR (2 bits)   Pilot pattern (2 bits)   Digital System identification (16 bits)   Frame identification (16 bits)   Frame length (16 bits)—number of Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) symbols per frame   Superframe length (16 bits)—number of frames per superframe   number of PLPs (8 bits)   for each PLP       

     PLP identification (8 bits) 
     Channel bonding id (4 bits) 
     PLP start (9 bits) 
     PLP type (2 bits)—common PLP or others 
     PLP payload type (5 bits) 
     MC type (1 bit)-fixed/variable modulation &amp; coding 
     if MC type=fixed modulation &amp; coding 
     FEC type (1 bits)-long or short LDPC 
     Coderate (3 bits) 
     Modulation (3 bits)-up-to 64K QAM 
     end if: 
     Number of notch channels (2 bits) 
     for each notch 
     Notch start (9 bits) 
     Notch width (9 bits) 
     end for; 
     PLP width (9 bits)-max number of FEC blocks of PLP 
     PLP time interleaving type (2 bits.) 
     end for;
         CRC-32 (32 bits)       

     Channel bonding environment is assumed for L 1  information transmitted in Frame header and data that correspond to each data slice is defined as PLP. Therefore, information such as PLP identifier, channel bonding identifier, and PIP start address are required for each channel used in bonding. One embodiment of this invention suggests transmitting ModCod field in FEC frame header if PLP type supports variable modulation/coding and transmitting ModCod field in Frame header if PLP type supports fixed modulation/coding to reduce signaling overhead. In addition, if a Notch band exists for each PLP, by transmitting the start address of the Notch and its width, decoding corresponding carriers at the receiver can become unnecessary. 
       FIG. 10  shows an example of Pilot Pattern (PP5) applied in a channel bonding environment. As shown, if SP positions are coincident with preamble pilot positions, irregular pilot structure can occur. 
       FIG. 10 a    shows an example of pilot inserting module  404  as shown in  FIG. 9 . As represented in  FIG. 10 a   , if a single frequency band (for example, 8 MHz) is used, the available bandwidth is 7.61 MHz, but if multiple frequency bands are bonded, guard bands can be removed, thus, frequency efficiency can increase greatly.  FIG. 10 b    is an example of preamble inserting module  504  as shown in  FIG. 18  that is transmitted at the front part of the frame and even with channel bonding, the preamble has repetition rate of 7.61 MHz, which is bandwidth of L 1  block. This is a structure considering the bandwidth of a tuner which performs initial channel scanning. 
     Pilot Patterns exist for both Preamble and Data Symbols. For data symbol, scattered pilot (SP) patterns can be used. Pilot Pattern (PP5) and Pilot Pattern (PP7) of T2 can be good candidates for frequency-only interpolation. PP5 has x=12, y=4, z=48 for GI= 1/64 and PP7 has x=24, y=4, z=96 for GI= 1/128. Additional time-interpolation is also possible for a better channel estimation. Pilot patterns for preamble can cover all possible pilot positions for initial channel acquisition. In addition, preamble pilot positions should be coincident with SP positions and a single pilot pattern for both the preamble and the SP is desired. Preamble pilots could also be used for time-interpolation and every preamble could have an identical pilot pattern. These requirements are important for C2 detection in scanning and necessary for frequency offset estimation with scrambling sequence correlation. In a channel bonding environment, the coincidence in pilot positions should also be kept for channel bonding because irregular pilot structure may degrade interpolation performance. 
     In detail, if a distance  7  between scattered pilots (SPs) in an OFDM symbol is 48 and if a distance y between SPs corresponding to a specific SP carrier along the time axis is 4, an effective distance x after time interpolation becomes 12. This is when a guard interval (GI) fraction is 1/64. If GI fraction is 1/128, x=24, y=4, and z=96 can be used. If channel bonding is used, SP positions can be made coincident with preamble pilot positions by generating non-continuous points in scattered pilot structure. 
     At this time, preamble pilot positions can be coincident with every SP positions of data symbol. When channel bonding is used, data slice where a service is transmitted, can be determined regardless of 8 MHz bandwidth granularity. However, for reducing overhead for data slice addressing, transmission starting from SP position and ending at SP position can be chosen. 
     When a receiver receives such SPs, if necessary, channel estimation (r 501 ) shown in  FIG. 29  can perform time interpolation to obtain pilots shown in dotted lines in  FIG. 10  and perform frequency interpolation. At this time, for non-continuous points of which intervals are designated as &#39; 32  in  FIG. 10 a   , either performing interpolations on left and right separately or performing interpolations on only one side then performing interpolation on the other side by using the already interpolated pilot positions of which interval is 12 as a reference point can be implemented. At this time, data slice width can vary within 7.61 MHz, thus, a receiver can minimize power consumption by performing channel estimation and decoding only necessary subcarriers. 
       FIG. 11  shows another example of PP5 applied in channel bonding environment or a structure of SP for maintaining effective distance x as 12 to avoid irregular SP structure shown in  FIG. 10  when channel bonding is used. As shown, if SP distance is kept consistent in case of channel bonding, there will be no problem in frequency interpolation but pilot positions between data symbol and preamble may not be coincident. In other words, this structure does not require additional channel estimation for an irregular SP structure, however, SP positions used in channel bonding and preamble pilot positions become different for each channel. 
       FIG. 12  shows a new SP structure or PP5 to provide a solution to the two problems aforementioned in channel bonding environment. Specifically, a pilot distance of x=16 can solve those problems. To preserve pilot density or to maintain the same overhead, a PP5′ can have x=16, y=3, z=48 for GI= 1/64 and a PP7′ can have x=16, y=6, z=96 for GI= 1/128. Frequency-only interpolation capability can still be maintained. Pilot positions are depicted in  FIG. 12  for comparison with PP5 structure. 
       FIG. 13  shows an example of a new SP Pattern or PP5 structure in channel bonding environment. As shown in  FIG. 46 , whether either single channel or channel bonding is used, an effective pilot distance x=16 can be provided. In addition, because SP positions can be made coincident with preamble pilot positions, channel estimation deterioration caused by SP irregularity or non-coincident SP positions can be avoided. In other words, no irregular SP position exists for freq-interpolator and coincidence between preamble and SP positions is provided. 
     Consequently, the proposed new SP patterns can be advantageous in that single SP pattern can be used for both single and bonded channel; no irregular pilot structure can be caused, thus a good channel estimation is possible: both preamble and SP pilot positions can be kept coincident; pilot density can be kept the same as for PP5 and PP7 respectively; and Frequency-only interpolation capability can also be preserved. 
     In addition, the preamble structure can meet the requirements such as preamble pilot positions should cover all possible SP positions for initial channel acquisition; maximum number of carriers should be 3409 (7.61 MHz) for initial scanning; exactly same pilot patterns and scrambling sequence should be used for C2 detection; and no detection-specific preamble like P1 in T2 is required. 
     In terms of relation with frame structure, data slice position granularity may be modified to 16 carriers rather than 12, thus, less position addressing overhead can occur and no other problem regarding data slice condition, Null slot condition etc can be expected. 
     Therefore, at channel estimation module r 501  of  FIG. 62 , pilots in every preamble can be used when time interpolation of SP of data symbol is performed. Therefore, channel acquisition and channel estimation at the frame boundaries can be improved. 
     Now, regarding requirements related to the preamble and the pilot structure, there is consensus in that positions of preamble pilots and SPs should coincide regardless of channel bonding; the number of total carriers in L 1  block should be dividable by pilot distance to avoid irregular structure at band edge; L 1  blocks should be repeated in frequency domain; and L 1  blocks should always be decodable in arbitrary tuner window position. Additional requirements would be that pilot positions and patterns should be repeated by period of 8 MHz; correct carrier frequency offset should be estimated without channel bonding knowledge; and L 1  decoding (re-ordering) is impossible before the frequency offset is compensated. 
       FIG. 14  shows a relationship between data symbol and preamble when preamble structures as shown in  FIG. 19  and  FIG. 20  are used. L 1  block can be repeated by period of 6 MHz. For L 1  decoding, both frequency offset and Preamble shift pattern should be found. L 1  decoding is not possible in arbitrary tuner position without channel bonding information and a receiver cannot differentiate between preamble shift value and frequency offset. 
     Thus, a receiver, specifically for Frame header remover (r 401 ) shown in  FIG. 30  to perform L 1  signal decoding, channel bonding structure needs to be obtained. Because preamble shift amount expected at two vertically shadowed regions in  FIG. 30  is known, time/freq synchronizer r 505  in  FIG. 29  can estimate carrier frequency offset. Based on the estimation, L 1  signaling path r 308 - 1 ˜r 301 - 1  in  FIG. 31  can decode L 1  block. 
       FIG. 15  shows a relationship between data symbol and preamble when the preamble structure as shown in  FIG. 22  is used. L 1  block can be repeated by period of 8 MHz. For L 1  decoding, only frequency offset needs to be found and channel bonding knowledge may not be required. Frequency offset can be easily estimated by using known Pseudo Random Binary Sequence (PRBS) sequence. As shown in  FIG. 48 , preamble and data symbols are aligned, thus, additional sync search can become unnecessary. Therefore, for a receiver, specifically for the Frame header remover r 401  shown in  FIG. 63 , it is possible that only correlation peak with pilot scrambling sequence needs to be obtained to perform L 1  signal decoding. The time/freq synchronizer r 505  in  FIG. 29  can estimate carrier frequency offset from peak position. 
       FIG. 16  shows an example of cable channel delay profile. 
     From the point of view of pilot design, current GI already over-protects delay spread of cable channel. In the worst case, redesigning the channel model can be an option. To repeat the pattern exactly every 8 MHz, the pilot distance should be a divisor of 3584 carriers (z=32 or 56). A pilot density of z=32 can increase pilot overhead, thus, z=56 can be chosen. Slightly less delay coverage may not be an important in cable channel. For example, it can be 8 μs for PP5′ and 4 μs for PP7′ compared to 9.3 μs (PP5) and 4.7 μs (PP7). Meaningful delays can be covered by both pilot patterns even in a worst case. For preamble pilot position, no more than all SP positions in data symbol are necessary. 
     If the −40 dB delay path can be ignored, actual delay spread can become 2.5 us, 1/64 GI=7 μs, or 1/128 GI=3.5 μs. This shows that pilot distance parameter, z=56 can be a good enough value. In addition, z=56 can be a convenient value for structuring pilot pattern that enables preamble structure shown in  FIG. 48 . 
       FIG. 17  shows scattered pilot structure that uses z=56 and z=112 which is constructed at pilot inserting module  404  in  FIG. 42 . PP5′ (x=14, y=4, z=56) and PP7′ (x=28, y=4, z=112) are proposed. Edge carriers could be inserted for closing edge. 
     As shown in  FIG. 50 , pilots are aligned at 8 MHz from each edge of the band, every pilot position and pilot structure can be repeated every 8 MHz. Thus, this structure can support the preamble structure shown in  FIG. 48 . In addition, a common pilot structure between preamble and data symbols can be used. Therefore, channel estimation module r 501  in  FIG. 29  can perform channel estimation using interpolation on preamble and data symbols because no irregular pilot pattern can occur, regardless of window position which is decided by data slice locations. At this time, using only frequency interpolation can be enough to compensate channel distortion from delay spread. If time interpolation is performed additionally, more accurate channel estimation can be performed. 
     Consequently, in the new proposed pilot pattern, pilot position and pattern can be repeated based on a period of 8 MHz. A single pilot pattern can be used for both preamble and data symbols. L 1  decoding can always be possible without channel bonding knowledge. In addition, the proposed pilot pattern may not affect commonality with T2 because the same pilot strategy of scattered pilot pattern can be used: T2 already uses 8 different pilot patterns: and no significant receiver complexity can be increased by modified pilot patterns. For a pilot scrambling sequence, the period of PRBS can be 2047 (m-sequence); PRBS generation can be reset every 8 MHz, of which the period is 3584; pilot repetition rate of 56 can be also co-prime with 2047; and no PAPR issue can be expected. 
       FIG. 18  shows an example of a modulator based on OFDM. Input symbol streams can be transformed into time domain by IFFT module  501 . If necessary, peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) can be reduced at PAPR reducing module  502 . For PAPR methods, Active constellation extension (ACE) or tone reservation can be used. GI inserting module  503  can copy a last part of effective OFDM symbol to fill guard interval in a form of cyclic prefix. 
     Preamble inserting module  504  can insert preamble at the front of each transmitted frame such that a receiver can detect digital signal, frame and acquire time/freq offset acquisition. At this time, the preamble signal can perform physical layer signaling such as FFT size (3 bits) and Guard interval size (3 bits). The Preamble inserting module  504  can be omitted if the modulator is specifically for DVB-C2. 
       FIG. 19  shows an example of a preamble structure for channel bonding, generated at preamble inserting module  504  in  FIG. 51 . One complete L 1  block should be “always decodable” in any arbitrary 7.61 MHz tuning window position and no loss of L 1  signaling regardless of tuner window position should occur. As shown, L 1  blocks can be repeated in frequency domain by period of 6 MHz. Data symbol can be channel bonded for every 8 MHz. If, for L 1  decoding, a receiver uses a tuner such as the tuner r 603  represented in  FIG. 28  which uses a bandwidth of 7.61 MHz, the Frame header remover r 401  in  FIG. 30  needs to rearrange the received cyclic shifted L 1  block ( FIG. 20 ) to its original form. This rearrangement is possible because L 1  block is repeated for every 6 MHz block. 
       FIG. 21  shows a process for designing a more optimized preamble. The preamble structure of  FIG. 19  uses only 6 MHz of total tuner bandwidth 7.61 MHz for L 1  decoding. In terms of spectrum efficiency, tuner bandwidth of 7.61 MHz is not fully utilized. Therefore, there can be further optimization in spectrum efficiency. 
       FIG. 22  shows another example of preamble structure or preamble symbols structure for full spectrum efficiency, generated at Frame Header Inserting module  401  in  FIG. 42 . Just like data symbol, L 1  blocks can be repeated in frequency domain by period of 8 MHz. One complete L 1  block is still “always decodable” in any arbitrary 7.61 MHz tuning window position. After tuning, the 7.61 MHz data can be regarded as a virtually punctured code. Having exactly the same bandwidth for both the preamble and data symbols and exactly the same pilot structure for both the preamble and data symbols can maximize spectrum efficiency. Other features such as cyclic shifted property and not sending L 1  block in case of no data slice can be kept unchanged. In other words, the bandwidth of preamble symbols can be identical with the bandwidth of data symbols or, as shown in  FIG. 57 , the bandwidth of the preamble symbols can be the bandwidth of the tuner (here, it&#39;s 7.61 MHz). The tuner bandwidth can be defined as a bandwidth that corresponds to a number of total active carriers when a single channel is used. That is, the bandwidth of the preamble symbol can correspond to the number of total active carriers (here, it&#39;s 7.61 MHz). 
       FIG. 23  shows a virtually punctured code. The 7.61 MHz data among the 8 MHz L 1  block can be considered as punctured coded. When a tuner r 603  shown in  FIG. 28  uses 7.61 MHz bandwidth for L 1  decoding, Frame header remover r 401  in  FIG. 30  needs to rearrange received, cyclic shifted L 1  block into original form as shown in  FIG. 56 . At this time, L 1  decoding is performed using the entire bandwidth of the tuner. Once the L 1  block is rearranged, a spectrum of the rearranged L 1  block can have a blank region within the spectrum as shown in upper right side of  FIG. 23  because an original size of L 1  block is 8 MHz bandwidth. 
     Once the blank region is zero padded, either after deinterleaving in symbol domain by the freq. deinterleaver r 403  in  FIG. 30  or by the symbol deinterleaver r 308 - 1  in  FIG. 31  or after deinterleaving in bit domain by the symbol demapper r 306 - 1 , bit mux r 305 - 1 , and inner deinterleaver r 304 - 1  in  FIG. 31 , the block can have a form which appears to be punctured as shown in lower right side of  FIG. 23 . 
     This L 1  block can be decoded at the punctured/shortened decoding module r 303 - 1  in  FIG. 31 . By using these preamble structure, the entire tuner bandwidth can be utilized, thus spectrum efficiency and coding gain can be increased. In addition, an identical bandwidth and pilot structure can be used for the preamble and data symbols. 
     In addition, if the preamble bandwidth or the preamble symbols bandwidth is set as a tuner bandwidth as shown in  FIG. 25 , (it&#39;s 7.61 MHz in the example), a complete L 1  block can be obtained after rearrangement even without puncturing. In other words, for a frame having preamble symbols, wherein the preamble symbols have at least one layer  1  (L 1 ) block, it can be said, the L 1  block has 3408 active subcarriers and the 3408 active subcarriers correspond to 7.61 MHz of 8 MHz Radio Frequency (RF) band. 
     Thus, spectrum efficiency and L 1  decoding performance can be maximized. In other words, at a receiver, decoding can be performed at punctured/shortened decoding module block r 303 - 1  in  FIG. 31 , after performing only deinterleaving in the symbol domain. 
     Consequently, the proposed new preamble structure can be advantageous in that it s fully compatible with previously used preamble except that the bandwidth is different; L 1  blocks are repeated by period of 8 MHz; L 1  block can be always decodable regardless of tuner window position; Full tuner bandwidth can be used for L 1  decoding; maximum spectrum efficiency can guarantee more coding gain; incomplete L 1  block can be considered as punctured coded; simple and same pilot structure can be used for both preamble and data; and identical bandwidth can be used for both preamble and data. 
       FIG. 26  shows an example of an analog processor. A DAC ( 601 ) can convert digital signal input into analog signal. After transmission frequency bandwidth is up-converted at up-converter  602  and analog filtered signal through analog filter  603  can be transmitted. 
       FIG. 27  shows an example of a digital receiver system according to an embodiment of the present invention. Received signal is converted into digital signal at an analog processor r 105 . A demodulator r 104  can convert the signal into data in frequency domain. A frame parser r 103  can remove pilots and headers and enable selection of service information that needs to be decoded. A BICM demodulator r 102  can correct errors in the transmission channel. An output processor r 101  can restore the originally transmitted service stream and timing information. 
       FIG. 28  shows an example of analog processor used at the receiver. A Tuner/AGC (Auto gain controller) module r 603  can select desired frequency bandwidth from received signal. A down converter r 602  can restore baseband. An ADC r 601  can convert analog signal into digital signal. 
       FIG. 29  shows an example of demodulator. A frame detector r 506  can detect the preamble, check if a corresponding digital signal exists, and detect a start of a frame. A time/freq synchronizer r 505  can perform synchronization in time and frequency domains. At this time, for time domain synchronization, a guard interval correlation can be used. For frequency domain synchronization, correlation can be used or offset can be estimated from phase information of a subcarrier that is transmitted in the frequency domain. A preamble remover r 504  can remove preamble from the front of detected frame. A GI remover r 503  can remove guard interval. A FFT module r 501  can transform signal in the time domain into signal in the frequency domain. A channel estimation/equalization module r 501  can compensate errors by estimating distortion in transmission channel using pilot symbol. The Preamble remover r 504  can be omitted if the demodulator is specifically for DVB-C2. 
       FIG. 30  shows an example of frame parser. A pilot remove (r 404 ) can remove pilot symbol. A frequency deinterleaver r 403  can perform deinterleaving in the frequency domain. An OFDM symbol merger r 402  can restore data frame from symbol streams transmitted in OFDM symbols. A frame header remover r 401  can extract physical layer signaling from header of each transmitted frame and remove header. Extracted information can be used as parameters for following processes in the receiver. 
       FIG. 31  shows an example of a BICM demodulator.  FIG. 31 a    shows a data path and  FIG. 31 b    shows a L 1  signaling path. A symbol deinterleaver r 308  can perform deinterleaving in the symbol domain. A ModCod extractor r 307  can extract ModCod parameters from front of each BB frame and make the parameters available for following adaptive/variable demodulation and decoding processes. A Symbol demapper r 306  can demap input symbol streams into bit Log-Likelyhood Ratio (LLR) streams. The Output bit LLR streams can be calculated by using a constellation used in a Symbol mapper  306  of the transmitter as reference point. At this point, when the aforementioned MQAM or NU-MQAM is used, by calculating both I axis and Q axis when calculating bit nearest from MSB and by calculating either I axis or Q axis when calculating the rest bits, an efficient symbol demapper can be implemented. This method can be applied to, for example, Approximate LLR, Exact LLR, or Hard decision. 
     When an optimized constellation according to constellation capacity and code rate of error correction code at the Symbol mapper  306  of the transmitter is used, the Symbol demapper r 306  of the receiver can obtain a constellation using the code rate and constellation capacity information transmitted from the transmitter. The bit mux r 305  of the receiver can perform an inverse function of the bit demux  305  of the transmitter. The Inner deinterleaver r 304  and outer deinterleaver r 302  of the receiver can perform inverse functions of the inner interleaver ( 304 ) and outer interleaver  302  of the transmitter, respectively to get the bitstream in its original sequence. The outer deinterleaver r 302  can be omitted if the BICM demodulator is specifically for DVB-C2. 
     The inner decoder r 303  and outer decoder r 301  of the receiver can perform corresponding decoding processes to the inner coder  303  and outer coder  301  of the transmitter, respectively, to correct errs in the transmission channel. Similar processes performed on data path can be performed on L 1  signaling path, but with different parameters r 308 - 1 ˜r 301 - 1 . At this point, as explained in the preamble part, a shortened/punctured coding module r 303 - 1  can be used for L 1  signal decoding. 
       FIG. 32  shows an example of LDPC decoding using shortening/puncturing module r 303 - 1 . A demux r 301   a  can separately output information part and parity part of systematic code from input bit streams. For the information part, a zero padding module r 302   a  can perform zero padding according to a number of input bit streams of LDPC decoder, and for the parity part, input bit streams for the LDPC decoder can be generated by de-puncturing the punctured part at the parity depuncturing module r 303   a . LDPC decoding by the module r 304   a  can be performed on generated bit streams, and zeros in information part can be removed by the zero remover r 305   a  and outputted. 
       FIG. 33  shows an example of output processor. A BB descrambler r 209  can restore scrambled bit streams at the transmitter. A Splitter r 208  can restore BB frames that correspond to multiple PLP that are multiplexed and transmitted from the transmitter according to PIP path. For each PLP path, a BB header removers r 207 - 1 ˜n can remove the header that is transmitted at the front of the BB frame. A CRC decoder r 206 - 1 ˜n can perform CRC decoding and make reliable BB frames available for selection. A Null packet inserting module r 205 - 1 ˜n can restore null packets which were removed for higher transmission efficiency in their original location. A Delay recovering module r 204 - 1 ˜n can restore a delay that exists between each PLP path. 
     An output clock recovering module r 203 - 1 ˜n can restore the original timing of the service stream from timing information transmitted from the input stream synchronizer  203 - 1 ˜n. An output interface module r 202 - 1 ˜n can restore data in TS/GS packet from input bit streams that are sliced in BB frame. An output postprocessor r 201 - 1 ˜n can restore multiple TS/GS streams into a complete TS/GS stream, if necessary. The shaded blocks shown in  FIG. 33  represent modules that can be used when a single PLP is processed at a time and the rest of the blocks represent modules that can be used when multiple PLPs are processed at the same time. 
     Preamble pilot patterns were carefully designed to avoid PAPR increase, thus, whether L 1  repetition rate may increase PAPR needs to be considered. The number of L 1  information bits varies dynamically according to the channel bonding, the number of PLPs, etc. In detail, it is necessary to consider things such as fixed L 1  block size may introduce unnecessary overhead; L 1  signaling should be protected more strongly than data symbols; and time interleaving of L 1  block can improve robustness over channel impairment such as impulsive noise need. 
     For a L 1  block repetition rate of 8 MHz, as shown in  FIG. 34 , full spectrum efficiency (26.8% BW increase) is exhibited with virtual puncturing but the PAPR may be increased since L 1  bandwidth is the same as that of the data symbols. For the repetition rate of 8 MHz, 4K-FFT DVB-T2 frequency interleaving can be used for commonality and the same pattern can repeat itself at a 8 MHz period after interleaving. 
     For a L 1  block repetition rate of 6 MHz, as shown in  FIG. 35 , reduced spectrum efficiency can be exhibited with no virtual puncturing. A similar problem of PAPR as for the 8 MHz case can occur since the L 1  and data symbol bandwidths share LCM=24 MHz. For the repetition rate of 6 MHz, 4K-FFT DVB-T2 frequency interleaving can be used for commonality and the same pattern can repeat itself at a period of 24 MHz after interleaving. 
       FIG. 36  shows a new L 1  block repetition rate of 7.61 MHz or full tuner bandwidth. A full spectrum efficiency (26.8% BW increase) can be obtained with no virtual puncturing. There can be no PAPR issue since L 1  and data symbol bandwidths share LCM=1704 MHz. For the repetition rate of 7.61 MHz, 4K-FFT DVB-T2 frequency interleaving can be used for commonality and the same pattern can repeat itself by period of about 1704 MHz after interleaving. 
       FIG. 37  is an example of L 1  signaling which is transmitted in the frame header. Each information in L 1  signaling can be transmitted to the receiver and can be used as a decoding parameter. Especially, the information can be used in L 1  signal path shown in  FIG. 31  and PLPs can be transmitted in each data slice. An increased robustness for each PLP can be obtained. 
       FIG. 39  is an example of a symbol interleaver  308 - 1  as shown in L 1  signaling path in  FIG. 4  and also can be an example of its corresponding symbol deinterleaver r 308 - 1  as shown in L 1  signaling path in  FIG. 31 . Blocks with tilted lines represent L 1  blocks and solid blocks represent data carriers. L 1  blocks can be transmitted not only within a single preamble, but also can be transmitted within multiple OFDM blocks. Depending on a size of L 1  block, the size of the interleaving block can vary. In other words, num_L 1 _sym and L 1  span can be different from each other. To minimize unnecessary overhead, data can be transmitted within the rest of the carriers of the OFDM symbols where the L 1  block is transmitted. At this point, full spectrum efficiency can be guaranteed because the repeating cycle of L 1  block is still a full tuner bandwidth. In  FIG. 39 , the numbers in blocks with tilted lines represent the bit order within a single LDPC block. 
     Consequently, when bits are written in an interleaving memory in the row direction according to a symbol index as shown in  FIG. 72  and read in the column direction according to a carrier index, a block interleaving effect can be obtained. In other words, one LDPC block can be interleaved in the time domain and the frequency domain and then can be transmitted. Num_L 1 _sym can be a predetermined value, for example, a number between 2˜4 can be set as a number of OFDM symbols. At this point, to increase the granularity of the L 1  block size, a punctured/shortened LDPC code having a minimum length of the codeword can be used for L 1  protection. 
       FIG. 40  is an example of an L 1  block transmission.  FIG. 40  illustrates  FIG. 39  in frame domain. As shown on the left side of  FIG. 40 , L 1  blocks can be spanning in full tuner bandwidth or as shown on the right side of  FIG. 40 , L 1  blocks can be partially spanned and the rest of the carriers can be used for data carrier. In either case, it can be seen that the repetition rate of L 1  block can be identical to a full tuner bandwidth. In addition, for OFDM symbols which uses L 1  signaling including preamble, only symbol interleaving can be performed while not allowing data transmission in that OFDM symbols. Consequently, for OFDM symbol used for L 1  signaling, a receiver can decode L 1  by performing deinterleaving without data decoding. At this point, the L 1  block can transmit L 1  signaling of current frame or L 1  signaling of a subsequent frame. At the receiver side, L 1  parameters decoded from L 1  signaling decoding path shown in  FIG. 31  can be used for decoding process for data path from frame parser of subsequent frame. 
     In summary, at a transmitter, interleaving blocks of L 1  region can be performed by writing blocks to a memory in a row direction and reading the written blocks from the memory in a column direction. At a receiver, deinterleaving blocks of L 1  region can be performed by writing blocks to a memory in a column direction and reading the written blocks from the memory in a row direction. The reading and writing directions of transmitter and receiver can be interchanged. 
     When simulation is performed with assumptions such as CR=½ for L 1  protection and for T2 commonality; 16-QAM symbol mapping; pilot density of 6 in the Preamble; number of short LDPC implies required amount of puncturing/shortening are made, results or conclusions such as only preamble for L 1  transmission may not be sufficient; the number of OFDM symbols depends on the amount of L 1  block size; shortest LDPC codeword (e.g. 192 bits information) among shortened/punctured code may be used for flexibility and fine granularity; and Padding may be added if required with negligible overhead, can be obtained. The result is summarized in  FIG. 38 . 
     Consequently, for a L 1  block repetition rate, full tuner bandwidth with no virtual puncturing can be a good solution and still no PAPR issue can arise with full spectrum efficiency. For L 1  signaling, efficient signaling structure can allow maximum configuration in an environment of 8 channels bonding, 32 notches, 256 data slices, and 256 PLPs. For L 1  block structure, flexible L 1  signaling can be implemented according to L 1  block size. Time interleaving can be performed for better robustness for T 2  commonality. Less overhead can allow data transmission in preamble. 
     Block interleaving of L 1  block can be performed for better robustness. The interleaving can be performed with fixed pre-defined number of L 1  symbols (num_L 1 _sym) and a number of carriers spanned by L 1  as a parameter (L 1 _span). The same technique is used for P 2  preamble interleaving in DVB-T2. 
     L 1  block of variable size can be used. Size can be adaptable to the amount of L 1  signaling bits, resulting in a reduced overhead. Full spectrum efficiency can be obtained with no PAPR issue. Less than 7.61 MHz repetition can mean that more redundancy can be sent but unused. No PAPR issue can arise because of 7.61 MHz repetition rate for L 1  block. 
       FIG. 41  is another example of L 1  signaling transmitted within a frame header.  FIG. 41  is different from  FIG. 37  in that the L 1 _span field having 12 bits it is divided into two fields. In other words, the L 1 _span field is divided into a L 1 _column having 9 bits and a L 1 _row having 3 bits. The L 1 _column represents the carrier index that L 1  spans. Because data slice starts and ends at every 12 carriers, which is the pilot density, the 12 bits of overhead can be reduced by 3 bits to reach 9 bits. 
     L 1 _row represents the number of OFDM symbols where L 1  is spanning when time interleaving is applied. Consequently, time interleaving can be performed within an area of L 1 _columns multiplied by L 1 _rows. Alternatively, a total size of L 1  blocks can be transmitted such that L 1 _span shown in  FIG. 37  can be used when time interleaving is not performed. For such a case, L 1  block size is 11,776×2 bits in the example, thus 15 bits is enough. Consequently, the L 1 _span field can be made up of 15 bits. 
       FIG. 42  is an example of frequency or time interleaving/deinterleaving.  FIG. 42  shows a part of a whole transmission frame.  FIG. 42  also shows bonding of multiple 8 MHz bandwidths. A frame can consist of a preamble which transmits L 1  blocks and a data symbol which transmits data. The different kinds of data symbols represent data slices for different services. As shown in  FIG. 42 , the preamble transmits L 1  blocks for every 7.61 MHz. 
     For the preamble, frequency or time interleaving is performed within L 1  blocks and not performed between L 1  blocks. That is, for the preamble, it can be said that interleaving is performed at L 1  block level. This allows decoding the L 1  blocks by transmitting L 1  blocks within a tuner window bandwidth even when the tuner window has moved to a random location within a channel bonding system. 
     For decoding data symbol at a random tuner window bandwidth, interleaving between data slices should not occur. That is, for data slices, it can be said that interleaving is performed at data slice level. Consequently, frequency interleaving and time interleaving should be performed within a data slice. Therefore, a symbol interleaver  308  in a data path of a BICM module of transmitter as shown in  FIG. 4  can perform symbol interleaving for each data slice. A symbol interleaver  308 - 1  in an L 1  signal path can perform symbol interleaving for each L 1  block. 
     A frequency interleaver  403  shown in  FIG. 9  needs to perform interleaving on the preamble and data symbols separately. Specifically, for the preamble, frequency interleaving can be performed for each L 1  block and for data symbol, frequency interleaving can be performed for each data slice. At this point, time interleaving in data path or L 1  signal path may not be performed considering low latency mode. 
       FIG. 43  is a table analyzing overhead of L 1  signaling which is transmitted in a FECFRAME header at the ModCod Header Insert ( 307 ) on the data path of the BICM module as shown in  FIG. 37 . As seen in  FIG. 76 , for short LDPC block (size=16200), a maximum overhead of 3.3% can occur which may not be negligible. In the analysis, 45 symbols are assumed for FECFRAME protection and the preamble is a C 2  frame specific L 1  signaling and FECFRAME header is FECFRAME specific L 1  signaling i.e., Mod. Cod, and PLP identifier. 
     To reduce L 1  overhead, approaches according to two Data-slice types can be considered. For ACM/VCM type and multiple PLP casez, frame can be kept same as for the FECFRAME header. For ACM/VCM type and single PLP cases, the PLP identifier can be removed from the FECFRAME header, resulting in up to 1.8% overhead reduction. For CCM type and multiple PLP cases, the Mod/Cod field can be removed from the FECFRAME header, resulting in up to 1.5% overhead reduction. For CCM type and single PLP cases, no FECFRAME header is required, thus, up to 3.3% of overhead reduction can be obtained. 
     In a shortened L 1  signaling, either Mod/Cod (7 bits) or PLP identifier (8 bits) can be transmitted, but it can be too short to get any coding gain. However, it is possible not to require synchronization because PLPs can be aligned with the C 2  transmission frame; every ModCod of each PLP can be known from the preamble; and a simple calculation can enable synchronization with the specific FECFRAME. 
       FIG. 44  is showing a structure for a FECFRAME header for minimizing the overhead. In  FIG. 44 , the blocks with tilted lines and the FECFRAME Builder represent a detail block diagram of the ModCod Header Inserting module  307  on data path of the BICM module as shown in  FIG. 4 . The solid blocks represent an example of inner coding module  303 , inner interleaver  304 , bit demux  305 , and symbol mapper  306  on the data path of the BICM module as shown in  FIG. 4 . At this point, shortened L 1  signaling can be performed because CCM does not require a Mod/Cod field and single PLP does not require a PLP identifier. On this L 1  signal with a reduced number of bits, the L 1  signal can be repeated three times in the preamble and BPSK modulation can be performed, thus, a very robust signaling is possible. Finally, the ModCod Header Inserting module  307  can insert the generated header into each FEC frame.  FIG. 51  is showing an example of the ModCod extractor r 307  on the data path of BICM demod module shown in  FIG. 31 . 
     As shown in  FIG. 51 , the FECFR AME header can be parsed at the parser r 301   b , then symbols which transmit identical information in repeated symbols can be delayed, aligned, and then combined at Rake combining module r 302   b . Finally, when BPSK demodulation is performed at module r 303   b , received L 1  signal field can be restored and this restored L 1  signal field can be sent to the system controller to be used as parameters for decoding. Parsed FECFRAME can be sent to the symbol demapper. 
       FIG. 45  is showing a bit error rate (BER) performance of the aforementioned L 1  protection. It can be seen that about 4.8 dB of SNR gain is obtained through a three time repetition. Required SNR is 8.7 dB at BER=1E-11. 
       FIG. 46  is showing examples of transmission frame and FEC frame structures. The FEC frame structures shown on the upper right side of  FIG. 46  represent FECFRAME header inserted by the ModCod Header Inserting module  307  in  FIG. 4 . It can be seen that depending on various combinations of conditions i.e., CCM or ACM/VCM type and single or multiple PLP, different size of headers can be inserted. Or, no header can be inserted. Transmission frames formed according to data slice types and shown on the lower left side of  FIG. 46  can be formed by the Frame header inserting module  401  of the Frame builder as shown in  FIG. 9  and the merger/slicer  208  of the input processor shown in  FIG. 2 . At this point, the FECFRAME can be transmitted according to different types of data slice. Using this method, a maximum of 3.3% of overhead can be reduced. In the upper right side of the  FIG. 79 , four different types of structures are shown, but a skilled person in the art would understand that these are only examples, and any of these types or their combinations can be used for the data slice. 
     At the receiver side, the Frame header remover r 401  of the Frame parser module as shown in  FIG. 30  and the ModCod extractor r 307  of the BICM demod module shown in  FIG. 31  can extract a ModCod field parameter which is required for decoding. At this point, according to the data slice types of transmission frame parameters can be extracted. For example, for CCM type, parameters can be extracted from L 1  signaling which is transmitted in the preamble and for ACM/VCM type, parameters can be extracted from the FECFRAME header. 
     As shown in the upper right side of  FIG. 79 , the fecframe structure can be divided into two groups, in which the first group is the upper three frame structures with header and the second group is the last frame structure without header. 
       FIG. 47  is showing an example of L 1  signaling which can be transmitted within the preamble by the Frame header inserting module  401  of the Frame builder module shown in  FIG. 42 . This L 1  signaling is different from the previous L 1  signaling in that L 1  block size can be transmitted in bits (L 1 _size, 14 bits); turning on/off time interleaving on data slice is possible (dslice_time_intrlv, 1 bit); and by defining data slice type (dslice_type, 1 bit), L 1  signaling overhead is reduced. At this point, when the data slice type is CCM, the Mod/Cod field can be transmitted within the preamble rather than within the FECFRAME header (plp_mod (3 bits), plp_fec_type (1 bit), plp_cod (3 bits)). 
     At the receiver side, the shortened/punctured inner decoding module r 303 - 1  of the BICM demod as shown in  FIG. 31  can obtain the first LDPC block, which has a fixed L 1  block size, transmitted within the preamble, through decoding. The numbers and size of the rest of the LDPC blocks can also be obtained. 
     Time interleaving can be used when multiple OFDM symbols are needed for L 1  transmission or when there is a time-interleaved data slice. A flexible on/off of the time interleaving is possible with an interleaving flag. For preamble time interleaving, a time interleaving flag (1 bit) and a number of OFDM symbols interleaved (3 bits) may be required, thus, a total of 4 bits can be protected by a way similar to a shortened FECFRAME header. 
       FIG. 48  is showing an example of L 1 -pre signaling that can be performed at the ModCod Header Inserting module  307 - 1  on the data path of BICM module shown in  FIG. 4 . The blocks with tilted lines and Preamble Builder are examples of the ModCod Header Inserting module  307 - 1  on the L 1  signaling path of the BICM module shown in  FIG. 4 . The solid blocks are examples of the Frame header inserting module  401  of the Frame builder as shown in  FIG. 42 . 
     Also, the solid blocks can be examples of shortened/punctured inner coding module  303 - 1 , inner interleaver  304 - 1 , bit demux  305 - 1 , and symbol mapper  306 - 1  on L 1  signaling path of BICM module shown in  FIG. 4 . 
     As seen in  FIG. 48 , the L 1  signal that is transmitted in the preamble can be protected using shortened/punctured LDPC encoding. Related parameters can be inserted into the Header in a form of L 1 -pre signaling. At this point, only time interleaving parameters can be transmitted in the Header of the preamble. To ensure more robustness, a four times repetition can be performed. At the receiver side, to be able to decode the L 1  signal that is transmitted in the preamble, the ModCod extractor r 307 - 1  on the L 1  signaling path of BICM demod as shown in  FIG. 31  needs to use the decoding module shown in  FIG. 18 . At this point, because there is a four times repetition unlike the previous decoding FECFRAME header, a Rake receiving process which synchronizes the four times repeated symbols and adding the symbols, is required. 
       FIG. 49  shows a structure of L 1  the signaling block that is transmitted from the Frame header inserting module  401  of the Frame builder module as shown in  FIG. 42 . It is showing a case where no time interleaving is used in a preamble. As shown in  FIG. 49 , different kind of LDPC blocks can be transmitted in the order of the carriers. Once an OFDM symbol is formed and transmitted then a following OFDM symbol is formed and transmitted. For the last OFDM symbol to be transmitted, if there is any carrier left, that carriers can be used for data transmission or can be dummy padded. The example in  FIG. 49  shows a preamble that comprises three OFDM symbol. At a receiver side, for this non-interleaving case, the symbol deinterleaver r 308 - 1  on the L 1  signaling path of BICM demod as shown in  FIG. 31  can be skipped. 
       FIG. 50  shows a case where L 1  time interleaving is performed. As shown in  FIG. 50 , block interleaving can be performed in a fashion of forming an OFDM symbol for identical carrier indices then forming an OFDM symbols for the next carrier indices. As in the case where no interleaving is performed, if there is any carrier left, that carriers can be used for data transmission or can be dummy padded. At a receiver side, for this non-interleaving case, the symbol deinterleaver r 308 - 1  on the L 1  signaling path of the BICM demod shown in  FIG. 31  can perform block deinterleaving by reading LDPC blocks in increasing order of numbers of the LDPC blocks. 
     In addition, there can be at least two types of data slices. Data slice type  1  has dslice_type=0 in L 1  signaling fields. This type of data slice has no XFECFrame header and has its mod/cod values in L 1  signaling fields. Data slice type  2  has dslice_type=1 in L 1  signaling fields. This type of data slice has XFECFrame header and has its modl/cod values in XFECFrame header. 
     XFECFrame means XFEC(compleX Forward Error Correction)Frame and mod/cod means modulation type/coderate. 
     At a receiver, a frame parser can form a frame from demodulated signals. The frame has data symbols and the data symbols can have a first type of data slice which has an XFECFrame and an XFECFrame header and a second type of data slice which has XFECFrame without XFECFrame header. Also, a receiver can extract a field for indicating whether to perform time de-interleaving on the preamble symbols or not to perform time de-interleaving on the preamble symbols, from the L 1  of the preamble symbols. 
     At a transmitter, a frame builder can build a frame. Data symbols of the frame comprise a first type of data slice which has an XFECFrame and an XFECFrame header and a second type of data slice which has XFECFrame without XFECFrame header. In addition, a field for indicating whether to perform time interleaving on preamble symbols or not to perform time interleaving on preamble symbols can be inserted in L 1  of the preamble symbols. 
     Lastly, for shortened/punctured code for the Frame header inserting module  401  of the Frame builder shown in  FIG. 9 , a minimum size of codeword that can obtain coding gain can be determined and can be transmitted in a first LDPC block. In this manner, for the rest of LDPC block sizes can be obtained from that transmitted L 1  block size. 
       FIG. 52  is showing another example of L 1 -pre signaling that can be transmitted from ModCod Header Inserting module  307 - 1  on L 1  signaling path of BICM module shown in  FIG. 4 .  FIG. 52  is different from  FIG. 48  in that Header part protection mechanism has been modified. As seen in  FIG. 52 , L 1  block size information L 1 _size (14 bits) is not transmitted in L 1  block, but transmitted in Header. In the Header, time interleaving information of 4 bits can be transmitted too. For total of 18 bits of input, BCH ( 45 ,  18 ) code which outputs 45 bits are used and copied to the two paths and finally, QPSK mapped. For the Q-path, 1 bit cyclic shift can be performed for diversity gain and PRBS modulation according to sync word can be performed. Total of 45 QPSK symbols can be output from these 1/Q path inputs. At this point, if time interleaving depth is set as a number of preambles that is required to transmit L 1  block, L 1 _span (3 bits) that indicates time interleaving depth may not need to be transmitted. In other words, only time interleaving on/off flag (1 bit) can be transmitted. At a receiver side, by checking only a number of transmitted preambles, without using L 1 _span, time deinterleaving depth can be obtained. 
       FIG. 53  is showing an example of scheduling of L 1  signaling block that is transmitted in preamble. If a size of L 1  information that can be transmitted in a preamble is Nmax, when L 1  size is smaller than Nmax, one preamble can transmit the information. However, when L 1  size is bigger than Nmax, L 1  information can be equally divided such that the divided L 1  sub-block is smaller than Nmax, then the divided L 1  sub-block can be transmitted in a preamble. At this point, for a carrier that is not used because of L 1  information being smaller than Nmax, no data are transmitted. 
     Instead, as shown in  FIG. 55 , power of carriers where L 1  block are transmitted can be boosted up to maintain a total preamble signal power equal to data symbol power. Power boosting factor can be varied depending on transmitted L 1  size and a transmitter and a receiver can have a set value of this power boosting factor. For example, if only a half of total carriers are used, power boosting factor can be two. 
       FIG. 54  is showing an example of L 1 -pre signaling where power boosting is considered. When compared to  FIG. 52 , it can be seen that power of QPSK symbol can be boosted and sent to preamble builder. 
       FIG. 56  is showing another example of ModCod extractor r 307 - 1  on L 1  signaling path of BICM demod module shown in  FIG. 31 . From input preamble symbol, L 1  signaling FECFRAME can be output into symbol demapper and only header part can be decoded. 
     For input header symbol, QPSK demapping can be performed and Log-Likelihood Ratio (LLR) value can be obtained. For Q-path, PRBS demodulation according to sync word can be performed and a reverse process of the 1-bit cyclic shift can be performed for restoration. 
     These aligned two I/Q path values can be combined and SNR gain can be obtained. Output of hard decision can be input into BCH decoder. The BCH decoder can restore 18 bits of L 1 -pre from the input 45 bits. 
       FIG. 57  is showing a counterpart, ModCod extractor of a receiver. When compared to  FIG. 56 , power control can be performed on QPSK demapper input symbols to restore from power level boosted by transmitter to its original value. At this point, power control can be performed by considering a number of carriers used for L 1  signaling in a preamble and by taking an inverse of obtained power boosting factor of a transmitter. The power boosting factor sets preamble power and data symbol power identical to each other. 
       FIG. 58  is showing an example of L 1 -pre synchronization that can be performed at ModCod extractor r 307 - 1  on L 1  signaling path of BICM demodulation module shown in  FIG. 31 . This is a synchronizing process to obtain a start position of Header in a preamble. Input symbols can be QPSK demapped then for the output Q-path, an inverse of 1 bit cyclic shift can be performed and alignment can be performed. Two I/Q paths values can be multiplied and modulated values by L 1 -pre signaling can be demodulated. Thus, output of multiplier can express only PRBS which is a sync word. When the output is correlated with a known sequence PRBS, a correlation peak at Header can be obtained. Thus, a start position of Header in a preamble can be obtained. If necessary, power control which is performed to restore original power level, as in  FIG. 57 , can be performed on input of QPSK demapper. 
       FIG. 59  is showing another example of L 1  block header field which is sent to the Header Inserting module  307 - 1  on the L 1  signaling path of the BICM module as shown in  FIG. 4 .  FIG. 59  is different from  FIG. 52  in that L 1 _span which represents the time interleaving depth is reduced to 2 bits and reserved bits are increased by 1 bit. A receiver can obtain time interleaving parameter of L 1  block from the transmitted L 1 _span. 
       FIG. 60  is showing processes of equally dividing a L 1  block into as many portions as a number of preambles then inserting a header into each of the divided L 1  blocks and then assigning the header inserted L 1  blocks into a preamble. This can be performed when a time interleaving is performed with a number of preambles where the number of preambles is greater than a minimum number of preambles that is required for transmitting L 1  block. This can be performed at the L 1  block on the L 1  signaling path of the BICM module as shown in  FIG. 37 . The rest of the carriers, after transmitting L 1  blocks can have cyclic repetition patterns instead of being zero padded. 
       FIG. 61  is showing an example of the Symbol Demapper r 306 - 1  of the BICM demodulation module as shown in  FIG. 31 . For a case where L 1  FEC blocks are repeated as shown in  FIG. 60 , each starting point of L 1  FEC blocks can be aligned, combined at module r 301   f , and then QAM demapped at QAM demapper r 302   f  to obtain diversity gain and SNR gain. At this point, the combiner can include processes of aligning and adding each L, FEC block and dividing the added L 1  FEC block. For a case where only part of the last FEC block is repeated as shown in  FIG. 60 , only the repeated part can be divided into as many as a number of FEC block header and the other part can be divided by a value which is one less than a number of FEC block header. In other words, the dividing number corresponds to a number of carriers that is added to each carrier. 
       FIG. 65  is showing another example of L 1  block scheduling.  FIG. 65  is different from  FIG. 60  in that, instead of performing zero padding or repetition when L 1  blocks do not fill one OFDM symbol, OFDM symbol can be filled with parity redundancy by performing less puncturing on shortened/punctured code at the transmitter. In other words, when parity puncturing module  304   c  is performed at  FIG. 5 , the effective coderate can be determined according to the puncturing ratio, thus, by puncturing as less bits have to be zero padded, the effective coderate can be lowered and a better coding gain can be obtained. The Parity depuncturing module r 303   a  of a receiver as shown in  FIG. 32  can perform depuncturing considering the less punctured parity redundancy. At this point, because a receiver and a transmitter can have information of the total L 1  block size, the puncturing ratio can be calculated. 
       FIG. 62  is showing another example of L 1  signaling field.  FIG. 62  is different from  FIG. 41  in that, for a case where the data slice type is CCM, a start address (21 bits) of the PLP can be transmitted. This can enable FECFRAME of each PLP to form a transmission frame, without the FECFRAME being aligned with a start position of a transmission frame. Thus, padding overhead, which can occur when a data slice width is narrow, can be eliminated. A receiver, when a data slice type is CCM, can obtain ModCod information from the preamble at the L 1  signaling path of the BICM demod module as shown in  FIG. 31 , instead of obtaining it from FECFRAME header. In addition, even when a zapping occurs at a random location of transmission frame, FECFRAME synchronization can be performed without delay because the start address of PLP can be already obtained from the preamble. 
       FIG. 63  is showing another example of L 1  signaling fields which can reduce the PLP addressing overhead. 
       FIG. 64  is showing the numbers of QAM symbols that corresponds to a FECFRAME depending on the modulation types. At this point, a greatest common divisor of QAM symbol is 135, thus, an overhead of log 2(135)˜7 bits can be reduced. Thus,  FIG. 63  is different from  FIG. 62  in that a number of PLP_start field bits can be reduced from 21 bits to 14 bits. This is a result of considering 135 symbols as a single group and addressing the group. A receiver can obtain an OFDM carrier index where the PLP starts in a transmission frame after obtaining the PLP_start field value and multiplying it by 135. 
       FIG. 66  and  FIG. 68  show examples of symbol interleaver  308  which can time interleave data symbols which are sent from the ModCod Header Inserting module  307  on the data path of BICM module as shown in  FIG. 4 . 
       FIG. 66  is an example of Block interleaver for time interleaving which can operate on a data-slice basis. The row value means a number of payload cells in four of the OFDM symbols within one data-slice. Interleaving on OFDM symbol basis may not be possible because the number of cells may change between adjacent OFDM cells. The column value K means a time interleaving depth, which can be 1, 2, 4, 8, or 16 . . . . Signaling of K for each data-slice can be performed within the L 1  signaling. Frequency interleaver  403  as shown in  FIG. 9  can be performed prior to time interleaver  308  as shown in  FIG. 4 . 
       FIG. 67  shows an interleaving performance of the time interleaver as shown in  FIG. 66 . It is assumed that a column value is 2, a row value is 8, a data-slice width is 12 data cells, and that no continual pilots are in the data-slice. The top figure in  FIG. 67  is an OFDM symbol structure when time interleaving is not performed and the bottom figure is an OFDM symbol structure when time interleaving is performed. The black cells represent scattered pilot and the non-black cells represent data cells. The same kind of data cells represents an OFDM symbol. In  FIG. 100 , data cells that correspond to a single OFDM symbol are interleaved into two symbols. An interleaving memory that corresponds to eight OFDM symbols is used but the interleaving depth corresponds to only two OFDM symbols, thus, full interleaving depth is not obtained. 
       FIG. 68  is suggested for achieving full interleaving depth. In  FIG. 68 , the black cells represent scattered pilots and the non-black cells represent data cells. Time interleaver as shown in  FIG. 68  can be implemented in a form of block interleaver and can interleave data-slices. In  FIG. 68 , a number of column, K represents a data-slice width, a number of row, N represents time interleaving depth and the value, K can be random values i.e., K=1, 2, 3, . . . . The interleaving process includes writing data cell in a column twist fashion and reading in a column direction, excluding pilot positions. That is, it can be said that the interleaving is performed in a row-column twisted fashion. 
     In addition, at a transmitter, the cells which are read in a column twisted fashion of the interleaving memory correspond to a single OFDM symbol and the pilot positions of the OFDM symbols can be maintained while interleaving the cells. 
     Also, at a receiver, the cells which are read in a column twisted fashion of the de-interleaving memory correspond to a single OFDM symbol and the pilot positions of the OFDM symbols can be maintained while time de-interleaving the cells. 
       FIG. 69  shows time interleaving performance of  FIG. 68 . For comparison with  FIG. 66 , it is assumed that a number of row is 8, a data-slice width is 12 data cells, and that no continual pilots are in the data-slice. In  FIG. 69 , data cells correspond to a single OFDM symbol are interleaved into eight OFDM symbols. As shown in  FIG. 102 , an interleaving memory that corresponds to eight OFDM symbols is used and the resulting interleaving depth corresponds to eight OFDM symbols, thus, full interleaving depth is obtained. 
     The time interleaver as shown in  FIG. 68  can be advantageous in that full interleaving depth can be obtained using identical memory; interleaving depth can be flexible, as opposed to  FIG. 66 ; consequently, a length of transmission frame can be flexible too, i.e., rows need not be multiples of four. Additionally, the time interleaver used for data slice, can be identical to the interleaving method used for the preamble and also can have commonality with a digital transmission system which uses general OFDM. Specifically, the time interleaver  308  as shown in  FIG. 4  can be used before the frequency interleaver  403  as shown in  FIG. 9  is used. Regarding a receiver complexity, no additional memory can be required other than additional address control logic which can require very small complexity. 
       FIG. 70  shows a corresponding symbol deinterleaver (r 308 ) in a receiver. It can perform deinterleaving after receiving output from the Frame Header Remover r 401 . In the deinterleaving processes, compared to  FIG. 66 , the writing and reading processes of block interleaving are inverted. By using pilot position information, time deinterleaver can perform virtual deinterleaving by not writing to or reading from a pilot position in the interleaver memory and by writing to or reading from a data cell position in the interleaver memory. Deinterleaved information can be output into the ModCod Extractor r 307 . 
       FIG. 71  shows another example of time interleaving. Writing in diagonal direction and reading row-by-row can be performed. As in  FIG. 68 , interleaving is performed taking into account the pilot positions. Reading and writing is not performed for pilot positions but interleaving memory is accessed by considering only data cell positions. 
       FIG. 72  shows a result of interleaving using the method shown in  FIG. 71 . When compared to  FIG. 69 , cells with the same patterns are dispersed not only in time domain, but also in the frequency domain. In other words, full interleaving depth can be obtained in both time and frequency domains. 
       FIG. 75  shows a symbol deinterleaver r 308  of a corresponding receiver. The output of Frame Header Remover r 401  can be deinterleaved. When compared to  FIG. 66 , deinterleaving has switched the order of reading and writing. Time deinterleaver can use pilot position information to perform virtual deinterleaving such that no reading or writing is performed on pilot positions but so that reading or writing can be performed only on data cell positions. Deinterleaved data can be output into the ModCod Extractor r 307 . 
       FIG. 73  shows an example of the addressing method of  FIG. 72 . NT means time interleaving depth and ND means data slice width. It is assumed that a row value, N is 8, a data-slice width is 12 data cells, and no continual pilots are in data-slice.  FIG. 73  represents a method of generating addresses for writing data on a time interleaving memory, when a transmitter performs time interleaving. Addressing starts from a first address with Row Address (RA)=0 and Column Address (CA)=0. At each occurrence of addressing, RA and CA are incremented. For RA, a modulo operation with the OFDM symbols used in time interleaver can be performed. For CA, a modulo operation with a number of carriers that corresponds to a data slice width can be performed. RA can be incremented by 1 when carriers that correspond to a data slice are written on a memory. Writing on a memory can be performed only when a current address location is not a location of a pilot. If the current address location is a location of a pilot, only the address value can be increased. 
     In  FIG. 73 , a number of column, K represents the data-slice width, a number of row, N represents the time interleaving depth and the value, K can be a random values i.e., K=1, 2, 3, . . . . The interleaving process can include writing data cells in a column twist fashion and reading in column direction, excluding pilot positions. In other words, virtual interleaving memory can include pilot positions but pilot positions can be excluded in actual interleaving. 
       FIG. 76  shows deinterleaving, an inverse process of time interleaving as shown in  FIG. 71 . Writing row-by-row and reading in diagonal direction can restore cells in original sequences. 
     The addressing method used in a transmitter can be used in a receiver. Receiver can write received data on a time deinterleaver memory row-by-mw and can read the written data using generated address values and pilot location information which can be generated in a similar manner with that of a transmitter. As an alternative manner, generated address values and pilot information that were used for writing can be used for reading row-by-row. 
     These methods can be applied in a preamble that transmits L 1 . Because each OFDM symbol which comprises preamble can have pilots in identical locations, either interleaving referring to address values taking into account the pilot locations or interleaving referring to address values without taking into account the pilot locations can be performed. For the case of referring to address values without taking into account the pilot locations, the transmitter stores data in a time interleaving memory each time. For such a case, a size of memory required to perform interleaving/deinterleaving preambles at a receiver or a transmitter becomes identical to a number of payload cells existing in the OFDM symbols used for time interleaving. 
       FIG. 74  is another example of L 1  time interleaving. In this example, time interleaving can place carriers to all OFDM symbols while the carriers would all be located in a single OFDM symbol if no time interleaving was performed. For example, for data located in a first OFDM symbol, the first carrier of the first OFDM symbol will be located in its original location. The second carrier of the first OFDM symbol will be located in a second carrier index of the second OFDM symbol. In other words, i-th data carrier that is located in n-th OFDM symbol will be located in an i-th carrier index of (i+n) mod N th OFDM symbol, where i=0, 1, 2, . . . umber of carrier−1, n=0, 1, 2, . . . N−1, and N is a number of OFDM symbols used in L 1  time interleaving. In this L 1  time interleaving method, it can be said that interleaving for all the OFDM symbols are performed a twisted fashion as shown in  FIG. 107 . Even though pilot positions are not illustrated in  FIG. 107 , as mentioned above, interleaving can be applied to all the OFDM symbols including pilot symbols. That is, it can be said that interleaving can be performed for all the OFDM symbols without considering pilot positions or regardless of whether the OFDM symbols are pilot symbols or not. 
     If a size of a LDPC block used in L 1  is smaller than a size of a single OFDM symbol, the remaining carriers can have copies of parts of the LDPC block or can be zero padded. At this point, a same time interleaving as above can be performed. Similarly, in  FIG. 74 , a receiver can perform deinterleaving by storing all the blocks used in L 1  time interleaving in a memory and by reading the blocks in the order in which they have been interleaved, i.e., in order of numbers written in blocks shown in  FIG. 74 . 
     When a block interleaver as shown in  FIG. 73  is used, two buffers are used. Specifically, while one buffer is storing input symbols, previously input symbols can be read from the other buffer. Once these processes are performed for one symbol interleaving block, deinterleaving can be performed by switching order of reading and writing, to avoid memory access conflict. This “ping-pong” style deinterleaving can have a simple address generation logic. However, hardware complexity can be increased when using two symbol interleaving buffers. 
       FIG. 77  shows an example of a symbol deinterleaver r 308  or r 308 - 1  as shown in  FIG. 31 . This proposed embodiment of the invention can use only a single buffer to perform deinterleaving. Once an address value is generated by the address generation logic, the address value can be output from the buffer memory and in-placement operation can be performed by storing a symbol that is input into the same address. By these processes, a memory access conflict can be avoided while reading and writing. In addition, symbol deinterleaving can be performed using only a single buffer. Parameters can be defined to explain this address generation rule. As shown in  FIG. 73 , a number of rows of a deinterleaving memory can be defined as time interleaving depth, D and a number of columns of the deinterleaving memory can be defined as data slice width, W. Then the address generator can generate the following addresses. 
     i-th sample on j-th block, including pilot 
     i=0, 1, 2, . . . , N−1; 
     N=D*W; 
     Ci,j=i mod W; 
     Tw=((Ci,j nod D)*j) mod D; 
     Ri,j=((i div W)+Tw) mod D; 
     Li,j(1)=Ri,j*W+Ci,j; 
     Or 
     Li,j(2)=Ci,j*D+Ri,j: 
     The addresses include pilot positions, thus, input symbols are assumed to include pilot positions. If input symbols that include only data symbols need to be processed, additional control logic which skips the corresponding addresses can be required. At this point, i represents an input symbol index, j represents an input interleaving block index, and N=D*W represents an interleaving block length. Mod operation represents modulo operation which outputs remainder after division. Div operation represents division operation which outputs quotient after division. Ri,j and Ci,j represent row address and column address of i-th symbol input of j-th interleaving block, respectively. Tw represents column twisting value for addresses where symbols are located. In other words, each column can be considered as a buffer where independent twisting is performed according to Tw values. Li,j represents an address when single buffer is implemented in an one dimension sequential memory, not in two dimension. Li,j can have values from 0 to (N−1). Two different methods are possible. Li,j(1) is used when the memory matrix is connected row-by-row and Li,j(2) is used when the memory matrix is connected in column-by-column. 
       FIG. 78  shows an example of row and column addresses for time deinterleaving when D is 8 and W is 12. J starts from j=0 and for each j value, a first row can represent the row address and a second row can represent the column address.  FIG. 78  shows only addresses of the first 24 symbols. Each column index can be identical to the input symbol index i. 
       FIG. 80  shows an example of an OFDM transmitter using a data slice. As shown in  FIG. 80 , the transmitter can comprise a data PLP path, an L 1  signaling path, a frame builder, and an OFDM modulation part. The data PLP path is indicated by blocks with horizontal lines and vertical lines. The L 1  signaling path is indicated by blocks with tilted lines. Input processing modules  701 - 0 ,  701 -N,  701 -K, and  701 -M can comprise blocks and sequences of input interface module  202 - 1 , input stream synchronizer  203 - 1 , delay compensator  204 - 1 , null packet deleting module  205 - 1 , CRC encoder  206 - 1 . BB header inserting module  207 - 1 , and BB scrambler  209  performed for each PLP as shown in  FIG. 2 . FEC modules  702 - 0 ,  702 -N,  702 -K, and  702 -M can comprise blocks and sequences of outer coding module  301  and inner coding module  303  as shown in  FIG. 4 . An FEC module  702 -L 1  used on the L 1  path can comprise blocks and sequences of outer coding module  301 - 1  and shortened/punctured inner coding module  303 - 1  as shown in  FIG. 4 . L 1  signal module  700 -L 1  can generate L 1  information required to comprise a frame. 
     Bit interleaving modules  703 - 0 ,  703 -N.  703 -K, and  703 -M can comprise blocks and sequences of inner interleaver  304  and bit demux  305  as shown in  FIG. 37 . Bit interleaving module  703 -L 1  used on the L 1  path can comprise blocks and sequences of inner interleaving module  304 - 1  and bit demux  305 - 1  as shown in  FIG. 4 . Symbol mapper modules  704 - 0 ,  704 -N,  704 -K, and  704 -M can perform functions identical with the functions of the symbol mapper  306  shown in  FIG. 4 . The symbol mapper module  704 -L 1  used on L 1  path can perform functions identical with the functions of the symbol mapper  306 - 1  shown in  FIG. 4 . FEC header modules  705 - 0 ,  705 -N,  705 -K, and  705 -M can perform functions identical with the functions of the ModCod Header inserting module  307  shown in  FIG. 4 . FEC header module  705 -L 1  for the L 1  path can perform functions identical with the functions of the ModCod Header inserting module  307 - 1  shown in  FIG. 4 . 
     Data slice mapper modules  706 - 0  and  706 -K can schedule FEC blocks to corresponding data slices and can transmit the scheduled FEC blocks, where the FEC blocks correspond to PLPs that are assigned to each data slice. Preamble mapper  707 -L 1  can schedule L 1  signaling FEC blocks to preambles. L 1  signaling FEC blocks are transmitted in preambles. Time interleaver modules  708 - 0  and  708 -K can perform functions identical with the functions of the symbol interleaver  308  shown in  FIG. 4  which can interleave data slices. Time interleaver  708 -L 1  used on L 1  path can perform functions identical with the functions of the symbol interleaver  308 - 1  shown in  FIG. 4 . 
     Alternatively, time interleaver  708 -L 1  used on L 1  path can perform identical functions with symbol interleaver  308 - 1  shown in  FIG. 3 , but only on preamble symbols. 
     Frequency interleaver blocks  709 - 0  and  709 -K can perform frequency interleaving on data slices. Frequency interleaver  709 -L 1  used on L 1  path can perform frequency interleaving according to preamble bandwidth. 
     Pilot generating module  710  can generate pilots that are suitable for continuous pilot (CP), scattered pilot (SP), data slice edge, and preamble. A frame can be built from scheduling the data slice, preamble, and pilot at module  711 . The IFFT module  712  and GI inserting module  713  can perform functions identical with the functions of the IFFT module  501  and the GI inserting module  503  blocks shown in  FIG. 18 , respectively. Lastly, DAC  714  can convert digital signals into analog signals and the converted signals can be transmitted. 
       FIG. 81  shows an example of an OFDM receiver which uses data slice. In  FIG. 81 , tuner r 700  can perform the functions of the tuner/AGC r 603  and the functions of the down converter r 602  shown in  FIG. 61 . ADC r 701  can convert received analog signals into digital signals. Time/freq synchronizer r 702  can perform functions identical with the functions of the time/freq synchronizer r 505  shown in  FIG. 62 . Frame detector r 703  can perform functions identical with the functions of the frame detector r 506  shown in  FIG. 62 . 
     At this point, after time/frequency synchronization are performed, synchronization can be improved by using preamble in each frame that is sent from frame detector r 703  during tracking process. 
     GI remover r 704  and FFT module r 705  can perform functions identical with the functions of the GI remover r 503  and the FFT module r 502  shown in  FIG. 62 , respectively. 
     Channel estimator r 706  and channel EQ r 707  can perform a channel estimation part and a channel equalization part of the channel Est/Eq r 501  as shown in  FIG. 62 . Frame parser r 708  can output a data slice and preamble where services selected by a user are transmitted. Blocks indicated by tilted lines process a preamble. Blocks indicated by horizontal lines which can include common PLP, process data slices. Frequency deinterleaver r 709 -L 1  used on the L 1  path can perform frequency deinterleaving within the preamble bandwidth. Frequency deinterleaver r 709  used on the data slice path can perform frequency deinterleaving within data slice. FEC header decoding module r 712 -L 1 , time deinterleaver r 710 -L, and symbol demapper r 713 -L 1  used on the L 1  path can perform functions identical with the functions of the ModCod extractor r 307 - 1 , symbol deinterleaver r 308 - 1 , and symbol demapper r 306 - 1  shown in  FIG. 31 . 
     Bit deinterleaver r 714 -L 1  can comprise modules and sequences of bit demux r 305 - 1  and inner deinterleaver r 304 - 1  as shown in  FIG. 31 . FEC decoding module r 715 -L 1  can comprise modules and sequences of shortened/punctured inner coding module r 303 - 1  and outer decoding module r 301 - 1  shown in  FIG. 31 . At this point, the output of the L 1  path can be L 1  signaling information and can be sent to a system controller for restoring PLP data that are transmitted in data slices. 
     Time deinterleaver r 710  used on the data slice path can perform functions identical with the functions of the symbol deinterleaver r 308  shown in  FIG. 31 . Data slice parser r 711  can output user selected PLP from the data slices and, if necessary, common PLP associated with the user selected PLP. FEC header decoding module r 712 -C and r 712 -K can perform functions identical with the functions of the ModCod extractor r 307  shown in  FIG. 31 . Symbol demapper r 713 -C and r 713 -K can perform functions identical with the functions of the symbol demapper r 306  shown in  FIG. 31 . 
     Bit deinterleaver r 714 -C and r 714 -K can comprise blocks and sequences of bit demux r 305  and inner deinterleaver r 304  as shown in  FIG. 31 . FEC decoding module r 715 -C and r 715 -K can comprise blocks and sequences of inner decoding module r 303  and outer decoding module r 301  as shown in  FIG. 31 . Lastly, output processor r 716 -C and r 716 -K can comprise blocks and sequences of BB descrambler r 209 , BB header remover r 207 - 1 , CRC decoder r 206 - 1 , null packet inserting module r 205 - 1 , delay recover r 204 - 1 , output clock recovering module r 203 - 1 , and output interface module r 202 - 1  which are performed for each PLP in  FIG. 2 . If a common PLP is used, the common PLP and data PLP associated with the common PLP can be transmitted to a TS recombiner and can be transformed into a user selected PLP. 
     It should be noted from  FIG. 81 , that in a receiver, the blocks on the L 1  path are not symmetrically sequenced to a transmitter as opposed to the data path where the blocks are symmetrically positioned or in opposite sequence of a transmitter. In other words, for the data path, Frequency deinterleaver r 709 , Time deinterleaver r 710 , Data slice parser r 711 , and FEC header decoding module r 712 -C and r 712 -K are positioned. However, for the L 1  path, Frequency deinterleaver r 709 -L 1 , FEC header decoding module r 712 -L 1 , and time deinterleaver r 710 -L 1  are positioned. 
       FIG. 79  shows an example of general block interleaving in a data symbol domain where pilots are not used. As seen from the left figure, interleaving memory can be filled without black pilots. To form a rectangular memory, padding cells can be used if necessary. In the left figure, padding cells are indicated as cells with tilted lines. In the example, because one continual pilot can overlap with one kind of scattered pilot pattern, a total of three padding cells are required during four of OFDM symbol duration. Finally, n the middle figure, interleaved memory contents are shown. 
     As in the left figure of  FIG. 79 , either writing row-by-row and performing column twisting; or writing in a twisted fashion from the beginning, can be performed. Output of the interleaver can comprise reading row-by-row from memory. The output data that has been read can be placed as shown in the right figure when OFDM transmission is considered. At this time, for simplicity, frequency interleaving can be ignored. As seen in the figure, frequency diversity is not as high as that of  FIG. 73 , but is maintained at a similar level. Most of all, it can be advantageous in that the memory required to perform interleaving and deinterleaving can be optimized. In the example, memory size can be reduced from W*D to (W−1)*D. As the data slice width becomes bigger, the memory size can be further reduced. 
     For time deinterleaver inputs, a receiver should restore memory buffer contents in a form of the middle figure while considering padding cells. Basically, OFDM symbols can be read symbol-by-symbol and can be saved row-by-row. De-twisting corresponding to column twisting can then be performed. The output of the deinterleaver can be output in a form of reading row-by-mw from the memory of the left figure. In this fashion, when compared to the method shown in  FIG. 73 , pilot overhead can be minimized, and consequently interleaving/deinterleaving memory can be minimized. 
       FIG. 82  shows an example of a time interleaver  708 -L 1  for L 1  path of  FIG. 80 . As shown in the  FIG. 82 , time interleaving for the preamble where L 1  is transmitted, can include interleaving L 1  data cells, excluding pilots that are usually transmitted in the preamble. The interleaving method can include writing input data in a diagonal direction (solid lines) and reading the data row-by-row (dotted lines), using identical to methods which are shown in reference to  FIG. 73 . 
       FIG. 82  shows an example of a time deinterleaver r 712 -L 1  on the L 1  path as shown in  FIG. 81 . As shown in  FIG. 82 , for a preamble where L 1  is transmitted, deinterleaving L 1  data cell can be performed, excluding the pilots that are regularly transmitted in the preamble. The deinterleaving method can be identical to the method as shown in  FIG. 76  where input data are written row-by-row (solid lines) and read in a diagonal direction (dotted lines). The input data does not include any pilot, consequently, the output data has L 1  data cells that do not include pilot either. When a receiver uses a single buffer in a time deinterleaver for the preamble, the address generator structure that has a deinterleaver memory as shown in  FIG. 77  can be used. 
     Deinterleaving r 712 -L 1  can be performed using address operations as follows: 
     i-th sample on j-th block, including pilot 
     i=0, 1, 2, . . . , N−1; 
     N=D*W; 
     Ci,j=i mod W; 
     Tw=((Ci,j mod D)*j) mod D; 
     Ri,j=((i div W)+Tw) mod D; 
     Li,j(1)=Ri,j*W+Ci,j: 
     Or 
     Li,j(2)=Ci,j*D+Ri,j: 
     In the above operations, a length of a row, W is a length of a row of an interleaving memory as shown in  FIG. 82 . Column length, D is a preamble time interleaving depth, which is a number of OFDM symbols that are required for transmitting preambles. 
       FIG. 83  shows an example of forming OFDM symbols by scheduling pilots and input preambles from the frame builder  711  as shown in  FIG. 80 . Blank cells form a L 1  header which is an output signal of the FEC header  705 -L 1  on the L 1  path, as shown in  FIG. 80 . Grey cells represent continual pilots for the preamble which are generated by the pilot generating module  710  as shown in  FIG. 80 . Cells with patterns represent the L 1  signaling cells which are an output signal of the preamble mapper  707 -L 1  as shown in  FIG. 80 . The left figure represents OFDM symbols when time interleaving is off and the right figure represents OFDM symbols when time interleaving is on. L 1  header can be excluded from time interleaving because L 1  header transmits a L 1  signaling field length and a time interleaving on/off flag information. It is because the L 1  header is added before time interleaving. As aforementioned, time interleaving is performed excluding pilot cells. The remaining of L 1  data cells can be interleaved as shown in  FIG. 82 , then can be assigned to OFDM subcarriers. 
       FIG. 84  shows an example of a Time Interleavers  708 - 0 ˜ 708 -K that can interleave data symbols that are sent from Data Slice Mappers  706 - 0 ˜ 706 -K on data path of an OFDM transmitter using data slice shown in  FIG. 80 . Time interleaving can be performed for each data slice. Time interleaved symbols can be output into Frequency Interleavers  709 - 0 ˜ 709 -K. 
       FIG. 84  also shows an example of a simple time interleaver using a single buffer.  FIG. 84 a    shows a structure of OFDM symbols before Time interleaving. Blocks with same patterns represent same kind of OFDM symbols.  FIGS. 84 b  and 84 c    show a structure of OFDM symbols after Time interleaving. Time interleaving method can be divided into Type  1  and Type  2 . Each type can be performed alternatively for even symbols and odd symbols. A receiver can perform deinterleaving accordingly. One of reasons of alternatively using type  1  and type  2  is to reduce memory required at a receiver by using a single buffer during time deinterleaving. 
       FIG. 84 b    shows a time interleaving using interleaving type  1 . Input symbols can be written in downward diagonal direction and can be read in a row direction.  FIG. 84 c    shows a time interleaving using interleaving type  2 . Input symbols can be written in upward diagonal direction and can be read in a row direction. The difference between type  1  and type  2  is whether a direction of writing input symbol is upward or downward. The two methods are different in a manner of writing symbols, however the two methods are identical in terms of exhibiting full time interleaving depth and full frequency diversity. However, using these methods can cause a problem during synchronization at a receiver because of using two interleaving schemes. 
     There can be two possible solutions. First solution can be signaling 1 bit of an interleaving type of a first interleaver block that comes first after each preamble, through L 1  signaling of preamble. This method is performing a correct interleaving through signaling. Second solution can be forming a frame to have a length of an even number of interleaving blocks. Using this method, a first interleaving block of each frame can have an identical type, thus, interleaving block synchronization problem can be resolved. For example, synchronization issue can be resolved by applying type  1  interleaving to a first interleaving block and sequentially applying to next interleaving blocks within each frame, then ending a last interleaving block of each frame with type  2  interleaving. This method requires a frame to be composed of two interleaving blocks but can be advantageous in that no additional signaling is required as in the first method. 
       FIG. 89  shows a structure of a Time deinterleaver r 710  of a receiver shown in  FIG. 81 . Time De-interleaving can be performed on outputs of Frequency deinterleaver r 709 . Time de-interleaver of  FIG. 89  represents a de-interleaving scheme which is an inverse process of a time interleaving shown in  FIG. 84 . The de-interleaving, compared to  FIG. 84 , will have an opposite manner in reading and writing. In other words, type  1  deinterleaver can write input symbols in a row direction and can read the written symbols in downward diagonal direction. Type  2  deinterleaver can write input symbols in downward diagonal direction and can read the written symbols in a row direction. These methods can enable writing received symbols where symbols are previously read by making a direction of writing symbols of type  2  deinterleaver identical to a direction of reading symbols of type  1  deinterleaver. Thus, a receiver can perform deinterleaving using a single buffer. In addition, a simple implementation can be realized because of deinterleaving methods of type  1  and type  2  are performed by either writing and reading symbols in a diagonal direction or in a row direction. 
     However, using these methods can cause a problem in synchronization at a receiver because of using two interleaving schemes. For example, de-interleaving type  1  interleaved symbols in a type  2  manner can cause deterioration in performance. There can be two possible solutions. First solution can be determining a type of an interleaving block that comes after a preamble, using 1 bit of an interleaving type of a transmitted L 1  signaling part. Second solution can be performing deinterleaving using a type according to a first interleaving block within a frame, if a number of interleaving blocks within a frame is even number. De-interleaved symbol can be output into Data Slice Parser r 711 . 
       FIG. 85  shows an address generation logic that is identical with an address generation logic of a single buffer, when a block interleaver uses two memory buffers as in  FIG. 73 . The address generation logic can perform identical functions as functions shown in  FIG. 73 . By defining a time interleaving depth D as a number of rows of a deinterleaving memory and defining a data slice width W as a number of column, addresses shown in the  FIG. 85  can be generated by an address generator. The addresses can include pilot positions. To time interleave input symbols that include only data symbols, a control logic that can skip addresses may be required. Addresses used in interleaving preambles may not require pilot positions and interleaving can be performed using L 1  blocks. The i represents an index of an input symbol, N=D*W represents an interleaving block length. Ri and Ci represent a row address and a column address of an i-th input symbol, respectively. Tw represents a column twisting value or twisting parameter from an address where a symbol is located. L 1  represents addresses when one dimensional memory having a single buffer is implemented. Values of L 1  can be from 0 to (N−1). In this one dimensional memory, at least two methods are possible. Li( 1 ) is coupling a memory matrix row-by-row and Li( 2 ) is coupling a memory matrix column-by-column. A receiver can use the address generation logic in reading symbols during a de-interleaving. 
       FIG. 86  shows another example of a preamble. For a case when an OFDM symbol having a size of 4K-FFT is used in 7.61 MHz bandwidth and a sixth carrier within a OFDM symbol and carriers at both ends are used as pilots, a number of carriers that can be used in L 1  signaling can be assumed to be 2840. When multiple channels are bonded, multiple preamble bandwidths can exist. The number of carriers can change depending on a type of pilots to be used, an FFT size, a number of bonded channels, and others factors. If a size of an L 1 _XFEC_FRAME that includes L 1 _header (H) that is to be assigned to a single OFDM symbol and L 1  FEC block (L 1 _FEC 1 ) is smaller than a single OFDM symbol ( 5   w - a - 1 ), L 1 _XFEC_FRAME including L 1 _header can be repeated to fill a remaining part of the single OFDM symbol ( 5   w - a - 2 ). This is similar to preamble structure of  FIG. 60 . For a receiver to receive a data slice that is located in a certain bandwidth of bonded channels, a tuner window of the receiver can be located in a certain bandwidth. 
     If a tuner window of a receiver is located as  5   w - a - 3  of  FIG. 86 , an incorrect result can occur during merging repeated L 1 _XFEC_FRAMEs. Case  1  of  FIG. 86  can be such an example. A receiver finds L 1 _Header (H) to locate a start position of a L 1 _Header (H) within a tuner window, but the found L 1 _Header can be a header of a incomplete L 1 _XFEC_FRAME ( 5   w - a - 4 ). L 1  signaling information may not be obtained correctly if a length of L 1 _XFEC_FRAME is obtained based on that L 1 _Header and a rest of part ( 5   w - a - 5 ) is added to a start position of that L 1 _Header. To prevent such a case, a receiver may need additional operations to find a header of a complete L 1 _XFEC_FRAME.  FIG. 87  shows such operations. In the example, to find a header of a complete L 1 _XFEC_FRAME, if an incomplete L 1 _XFEC_FRAEM exists in a preamble, a receiver can use at least two L 1 _Headers to find a start location of L 1 _Header for merging L 1 _XFEC_FRAME. First, a receiver can find L 1 _Header from a preamble OFDM symbol ( 5   w - b - 1 ). Then using a length of an L 1 _XFEC_FRAME within the found L 1 _Header, the receiver can check if every L 1 _XFEC_FRAME within a current OFDM symbol is a complete block ( 5   w - b - 2 ). If it s not, the receiver can find another L 1 _Header from current preamble symbol ( 5   w - b - 3 ). From a calculated distance between a newly found L 1 _Header and a previous L 1 _Header, whether a certain L 1 _XFEC_FRAME is a complete block can be determined ( 5   w - b - 4 ). Then, an L 1 _Header of a complete L 1 _XFEC_FRAME can be used as a stating point for merging. Using the stating point, L 1 _XFEC_FRAME can be merged ( 5   w - b - 5 ). Using these processes, case  2  or correct merging shown in  FIG. 86  can be expected at a receiver. These processes can be performed at FEC Header Decoder r 712 -L 1  on L 1  signal path of  FIG. 81 . 
       FIG. 88  is an example of a preamble structure that can eliminate the aforementioned additional operations at a receiver. As opposed to the previous preamble structure, when a remaining part of an OFDM symbol is filled, only L 1 _FEC 1  of an L 1 _XFEC_FRAME, excluding L 1 _Header (H) can be repeatedly filled ( 5   w - c - 2 ). In this way, when a receiver finds a start position of a L 1 _Header (H) to merge L 1 _XFEC_FRAME, L 1 _Header of only complete L 1 _XFEC_FRAME can be found ( 5   w - c - 4 ), thus, without additional operations, L 1 _XFEC_FRAME can be merged using the found L 1 _Header. Therefore, processes such as ( 5   w - b - 2 ). ( 5   w - b - 3 ), and ( 5   w - b - 4 ) shown in  FIG. 87  can be eliminated at a receiver. These processes and counterpart processes of the processes can be performed at FEC Header Decoder  712 -L 1  on L 1  signal path of a receiver of  FIG. 81  and at FEC Header  705 -L 1  on L 1  signal path of a transmitter of  FIG. 80 . 
     Time deinterleaver r 712 -L 1  on L 1  path of a receiver of  FIG. 81  can de-interleave L 1  block cells or cells with patterns, excluding other cells such as preamble header and pilot cells. L 1  block cells are represented by cells with patterns as shown in  FIG. 83 .  FIG. 90  shows another example of an OFDM transmitter that uses data slices. This transmitter can have identical structure and can perform identical function with the transmitter of  FIG. 80 , except the added and modified blocks. The preamble mapper  1007 -L 1  can map L 1  blocks and L 1  block headers which are outputs from FEC header  705 -L 1  into preamble symbols used in a transmission frame. Specifically, L 1  block header can be repeated for each preamble and the L 1  block can be divided as many as a number of used preambles. Time interleaver  1008 -L 1  can interleave L 1  blocks that are divided into preambles. At this point, L 1  block header can be either included in interleaving or not included in interleaving. Whether the L 1  block header is included or not may not change a signal structure of an L 1  block header but it can change an order of interleaving and transmitting L 1  blocks. L 1 _XFEC repeater  1015 -L 1  can repeat the time interleaved L 1 _XFEC blocks within a preamble bandwidth. At this point, the L 1  block header can be either repeated within a preamble or not repeated within a preamble. 
       FIG. 91  shows another example of an OFDM receiver using data slices. This receiver has identical structure and can perform identical function with the receiver of  FIG. 81 , except the added and modified blocks. FEC header decoding module r 1012 -L 1  can synchronize L 1  headers within a preamble. If L 1  headers are repeated, L 1  headers can be combined to obtain an SNR gain. Then, FEC header decoding module r 712 -L 1  of  FIG. 81  can perform an FEC decoding. The synchronization process can give a location of a header by correlating sync word of a header and preambles. For frequency offsets of multiple of an integer, a correlation range can be determined from circular addressing. L 1 _XFEC combining module r 1017 -L 1  can combine L 1  XFEC blocks to obtain an SRN gain, when divided L 1  blocks are received within a preamble. Time deinterleaver r 1010 -L 1  can time de-interleave L 1  blocks within a preamble. Depending on whether L 1  block headers are time interleaved at a transmitter or not, L 1  block headers can be de-interleaved at a receiver accordingly. A deinterleaving order of L 1  blocks can be changed depending on whether L 1  block headers are time interleaved at a transmitter or not. For example, when time interleaving is ON as in  FIG. 83 , a location of the number  33  cell which is a first L 1  block cell within a first preamble, can change. In other words, when L 1  block headers are not included in an interleaving, interleaved signal having the locations of cells as shown in  FIG. 83  will be received. If L 1  block headers are included in an interleaving, a location of the number  33  cell needs to be changed to de-interleave cells that are interleaved diagonally, using a first cell of a first L 1  block header within a first preamble as a reference. L 1 _FEC merger r 1018 -L 1  can merge L 1  blocks that are divided into many preambles into a single L 1  block for FEC decoding. 
     With an additional 1 bit, PLP_type field of L 1  signaling fields that are transmitted in a preamble can have following values. 
     PLP_type=00 (common PLP) 
     PLP_type=01 (normal data PLP) 
     PLP_type=10 (de-multiplexed data PLP) 
     PLP_type=11 (reserved) 
     A normal data PLP represents a data PLP when a single service is transmitted in a single data slice. A de-multiplexed data PLP represents a data PLP when a single service is de-multiplexed into multiple data slices. When a user changes service, if L 1  signaling and L 2  signaling are stored at a receiver, waiting for an L 1  signaling information within a next frame can be eliminated. Therefore, a receiver can change services efficiently and a user can have benefit of less delay during a service change.  FIG. 95  shows signal structures of L 1  block that is transmitted in a preamble, for time interleaving flow and time de-interleaving flow. As seen in  FIG. 95 , interleaving and deinterleaving can be performed not on a whole preamble bandwidth, but on a divided L 1  block. 
       FIG. 96  is an example of an L 1  time interleaving field of signaling fields of L 1 , processed by FEC header  705 -L 1  on L 1  path shown in  FIG. 90 . As shown in  FIG. 96 , one bit or two bits can be used for time interleaving parameter. If one bit is used, interleaving is not performed when bit value is 0 and interleaving having depth of OFDM symbols used in preamble symbols can be performed when bit value is 1. If two bits are used, interleaving with interleaving depth of 0 or no interleaving is performed when bit value is 00 and interleaving having depth of OFDM symbols used in preamble symbols can be performed when bit value is 01. Interleaving having depth of four OFDM symbols can be performed when bit value is 10. Interleaving having depth of eight OFDM symbols can be performed when bit value is 11. 
     A receiver, specifically, FEC header decoder r 1012 -L 1  on L 1  path shown in  FIG. 91  can extract Time Interleaving (TI) parameters shown in  FIG. 96 . Using the parameters, Time de-interleaver r 1010 -L 1  can perform de-interleaving according to interleaving depth. Parameters that are transmitted in L 1  header are L 1  information size (15 bits), time interleaving parameter (maximum 2 bits), and CRC (max 2 bits). If Reed-Muller code RM (16, 32) is used for encoding L 1  header signaling field, because bits that can be transmitted are 16 bits, not enough number of bits exist.  FIG. 97  shows an example of L 1  signaling field that can be used for such a case. 
       FIG. 97  shows a processing performed at FEC header  705 -L 1  on L 1  path of  FIG. 90 . In  FIG. 97 a   , L 1 ( ) in the signaling fields column represents L 1  size and TI( ) represents size for time interleaving parameters. For the first case or when L 1  size (15 bits) and TI(bit) are transmitted, additional padding may not be necessary and substantial decoding performance of L 1  header can be obtained, however, because information whether to perform a time interleaving or not is transmitted, for a short L 1  block, interleaving effect cannot be obtained. 
     For the second case or when L 1  size is reduced to ⅛ of original size, transmitting information with numbers of bits such as L 1 (12 bits), TI(2 bits), and CRC(2 bits) becomes possible. Thus, for the second case, best L 1  decoding performance and time interleaving effect can be expected. However, the second case requires additional padding process to make L 1  size a multiple of eight if L 1  size is not a multiple of eight.  FIG. 97 b    represents padding method that can be performed at L 1  signal  700 -L 1  of  FIG. 90 . It shows that padding is located after L 1  block and covered with CRC encoding. Consequently, at a receiver. FEC decode BCH/LDPC r 715 -L 1  on L 1  path of  FIG. 91  can perform FEC decoding, then if there is no error when CRC field is checked, bit parsing according to L 1  signaling field can be performed, then a process defining rest of bits as padding or CRC32 and excluding the rest of bits from parameters is required. 
     For the third case or when L 1  size is expressed as a number of QAM mapped cells, not a number of bits, number of bits can be reduced. For the fourth case, L 1  size is expressed not as a size of a whole L 1  block, but as an L 1  size per each OFDM symbol. Thus, for a receiver to obtain a size of a whole L 1  block, multiplying size of L 1  block in a single OFDM symbol by a number of OFDM symbols used in preamble needs to be performed. In this case, actual L 1  size needs to exclude padding. 
     For the fifth case, by expressing L 1  block not as a number of bits but as a number of QAM mapped cells, more reduction in bits is possible. For the third through fifth cases, TI, CRC parameters, and a number of necessary padding bits are shown. For a case where L 1  block size is expressed as a number of cells, for a receiver to obtain L 1  size in bits, the receiver needs to multiply a number of bits where only cells are transmitted by a received L 1  size. In addition, a number of padding bits needs to be excluded. 
     The last case shows an increased total number of bits to 32 bits by using two RM code blocks in header. A total CRC fields become four bits because each RM code block needs two bits of CRC field. A receiver or FEC header decoder r 1012 -L 1  on L 1  path of  FIG. 91 , needs to obtain necessary parameters by performing FEC decoding on a total of two FEC blocks. Using the obtained parameters, a receiver, specifically time deinterleaver r 1010 -L 1  on L 1  path of  FIG. 91 , can determine whether to perform de-interleaving or not and can obtain a de-interleaving depth, if de-interleaving is determined to be performed. In addition, FEC decode BCH/LDPC r 715 -L 1  can obtain LDPC block length required to perform FEC decoding and shortening/puncturing parameters. Unnecessary padding fields required to send L 1  signal to a system controller can be removed. 
       FIG. 92  shows an example of a data slice Time Interleaving (TI). The TI process assumes all pilot positions are known. The TI can output only data cells, excluding pilots. Knowing pilot positions enables correct number of output cells for each OFDM symbol. Also, TI can be implemented by a single buffer at a receiver. 
       FIG. 93  shows an example of an efficient implementation of Time De-interleaver at a receiver.  FIG. 93 a    shows four different de-interleaving schemes according to an embodiment of the present invention.  FIG. 93 b    shows a single buffer which performs the de-interleaving.  FIG. 93 c    shows an exemplary scheme to address L 1  blocks in a 2D matrix or a 1D sequence. 
     As shown in  FIG. 93 a - c   , using a single buffer algorithm can be more efficient implementation of time de-interleaver. The algorithm can be characterized by reading output cells from memory first, then writing input cells where output cells are read. Diagonal addressing can be regarded as a circular addressing in each column. 
     More specifically, referring to  FIG. 93 a   , these four writing and reading method sequentially apply to the C2 frames which are received at a receiver. The first received frame at a receiver is written into the de-interleaver memory in  FIG. 93 b    in the way for the 0 th  block in  FIG. 93 a    and read out in the way for the 1 st  block. The second received frame is written into the de 0 interleaver memory in  FIG. 93 b    in the way for the 1 st  block and read out for the 2 nd  block. The third received frame is written into the de-interleaver memory in  FIG. 93 b    in the way for the 2 nd  block and read out in the way for the 3 rd  block. The fourth received frame is written into the de-interleaver memory in  FIG. 93 b    in the way for the 3 rd  block and read out in the way for the 0 th  block, and so on. That is, write and read out methods in  FIG. 93 a    can be sequentially and cyclically applied to the C2 frames which are received sequentially. 
     Time interleaving (TI) process can be performed on preambles as shown in  FIG. 94 . Pilot positions are periodical and easily removed and no interleaving is necessary for L 1  block header. It is because preamble header carries TI parameters and both interleaving and non-interleaving have same results due to repetition. Thus, only L 1  signaling cells are interleaved. Single buffer used in data slice TI can be applied. 
       FIG. 95  shows preamble Time Interleaving/Deinterleaving Flow. Interleaving can be performed within one L 1  block, instead of whole preamble. At a transmitter, as shown in  FIG. 128 a   , L 1  block can be encoded {circle around ( 1 )} then an interleaving can be performed within the L 1  block {circle around ( 2 )}, and the interleaved L 1  block can be repeated within a preamble. At a receiver, as shown in  FIG. 128 b   , from a received preamble {circle around ( 1 )}. L 1  block can be combined or synchronized and a single period of L 1  block can be obtained {circle around ( 2 )}, and the combined L 1  block can be de-interleaved {circle around ( 3 )}. 
       FIG. 96  shows a Time interleaving depth parameters in L 1  header signaling. For L 1  header structure, RM (16, 32) has 16 bits capacity. A maximum of 2 bits of CRC may improve RM BER performance. Required signaling fields of L 1  header are L 1 _info_size (15 bits) which can require maximum of 5 OFDM symbols and TI_depth (2 bits or 1 bit). However, a total of 18 or 19 bits exceed the capacity of L 1  header. 
       FIG. 97  shows an example of L 1  header signaling and a structure and a padding method. 
       FIG. 98  shows an example of an L 1  signaling transmitted in a frame header. L 1  signaling information can be used as decoding parameters at a receiver. Especially, modules on L 1  signal path of  FIG. 91  can perform L 1  signaling decoding and modules on PLP path of  FIG. 91  can use parameters, thus, services can be decoded. A receiver can obtain parameters of L 1  signaling from signals of L 1  path which are decoded according to an order of each field and field length. The followings explain meaning of each field and its use. A name of each field, a number of bits for each field, or an example of each field can be modified. 
     Num_chbon: This field indicates a number of channels used in a channel bonding. Using this field, a receiver can obtain a total bandwidth of used channels. Channel can have 6 MHz, 7 MHz. 8 MHz, or other values of bandwidth. 
     Num_dslice: This field indicates a number of data slices existing in a bonded channel. After L 1  signaling decoding, a receiver accesses a loop where information of data slices is contained, to obtain data slice information. Using this field, a receiver can obtain a size of the loop for decoding. 
     Num_notch: This field indicates a number of notch bands existing in a bonded channel. After L 1  signaling decoding, a receiver accesses a loop where information of notch band is contained, to obtain notch band information. Using this field, a receiver can obtain a size of the loop for decoding. 
     For each data slice, dslice_id, dslice_start, dslice_width, dslice_ti_depth, dslice_type, dslice_pwr_allocation, and PLP information can be transmitted in a preamble of a frame header. Data slice can be considered as a specific bandwidth which contains one or more PLPs. Services can be transmitted in the PLPs. A receiver needs to access data slice which contains a specific PLP, to decode a service. 
     Dslice_id: This field can be used for data slice identification. Each data slice in a bonded channel can have a unique value. When a receiver accesses one of PLPs to decode services, this field can be used for the receiver to differentiate a data slice where the PLP is located, from other data slices. 
     Dslice_start: This field indicates a start location of a data slice within a bonded channel. Using this field, a receiver can obtain a frequency where the data slice starts. In addition, tuning to access a data slice can be performed using this field. 
     Dslice_width: This field indicates a bandwidth of a data slice. Using this field, a receiver can obtain a size of a data slice. Especially, this field can be used in time-de-interleaving to enable decoding. Along with dslice_start field, a receiver can determine which frequency to decode from received RF signals. This process can be performed at Tuner r 700  of  FIG. 91 . Information such as dslice_start and dslice_width can be used as Tuner (r 700 ) control signal. 
     Dslice_ti_depth: This field indicates time-interleaver depth used on time interleaving data slices. Along with dslice_width, a receiver can obtain a width and a depth of a time-deinterleaver and can perform time de-interleaving.  FIG. 99  shows an example of a dslice_ti_depth. In the example, 1, 4, 8, or 16 of OFDM symbols are used in time-interleaving. This is performed at time de-interleaver r 710  of  FIG. 91 . Dslice_width and dslice_ti_depth can be used as control signal. 
     Dslice_type: This field indicates a type of a data slice. Type  1  data slice has a single PLP within it and the PLP is a CCM (constant coding and modulation) applied. Type  2  data slice represents all other kinds of data slices. Using this field, a receiver can perform decoding according to PLP. PLP of type  1  does not have FECFRAME header, thus a receiver does not look for FECFRAME header. For type  2 , a receiver looks for FECFRAME header of PLP to obtain MODCOD information.  FIG. 100  shows an example of dslice_type. Using this field, data slice parser r 711  of  FIG. 91  can control FEC header decoder r 712 - c, k.    
     Dslice_pwr_allocation: This field indicates a power of a data slice. Each data slice can have a different power from other data slices. It&#39;s for link adaption on cable system. A receiver can use this field to control power of received data slice. Tuner r 700  of  FIG. 91  can adjust signal gain using this field. 
     Num_plp: This field indicates a number of PLPs in a data slice. After L 1  signaling decoding, a receiver accesses a loop which includes PLP information. Using this field a receiver can obtain a size of the loop and decode PLPs. 
     For each PLP, plp_id, plp_type, PSI/SI reprocessing, plp_payload_type, plp_modcod, and plp_start_addr can be transmitted in a frame header (preamble). Each PLP can transmit one or more streams or packets such as TS and GSE. A receiver can obtain services by decoding PLPs where services are transmitted. 
     Plp_id: This field is a PLP identifier and has a unique value for each PLP in a bonded channel. Using this field, a receiver can access PLP where a service to decode exists. This field can serve an identical purpose with plp_id transmitted in a FECFRAME header. FEC Header decoder r 712 - c, k  of  FIG. 91  can access necessary PLP using this field. 
     Plp_type: This field indicates whether a PLP type is a common PLP or a data PLP. Using this field, a receiver can find common PLP and can obtain information required for decoding a TS packet from the common PLP. Further, the receiver can decode a TS packet within a data PLP.  FIG. 101  shows an example of plp_type. 
     PSI/SI reprocessing: This field indicates whether a PSI/SI of a received signal is re-processed or not. Using this field, a receiver can determine whether to refer PSI/SI of a specific service from a transmitted service. If a receiver cannot refer PSI/SI of a specific service from a transmitted service, PSI/SI that can be referred by a specific service can be transmitted through common PLP, for example. Using this information, a receiver can decode services. 
     Plp_payload_type: This field indicates type of payload data that PLP transmits. A receiver can use this field before decoding data within PLPs. If a receiver cannot decode specific type of data, decoding a PLP that contains that specific type of data can be prevented.  FIG. 102  shows an example of plp_payload_type. If a data slice has a single PLP and a CCM is applied to the data slice i.e., type  1  data slice, fields such as plp_modcod and plp_start_addr can be transmitted additionally. 
     Plp_modcod: This field indicates modulation type and FEC code rate used on PLP. Using this field, a receiver can perform QAM demodulation and FEC decoding.  FIG. 103  shows an example of plp_modcod. Those values shown in the figure can be used in modcod that is transmitted in a header of a FECFRAME. Symbol Demapper r 713 - c, k  and FEC Decode BCH/LDPC r 715 - c, k  of  FIG. 91  can use this field for decoding. 
     Plp_start_addr: This field indicates where a first FECFRAME of a PLP appears in a transmission frame. Using this field, a receiver can obtain a start location of FECFRAME and perform FEC decoding. Using this field, Data slice Parser r 711  of  FIG. 91  can synchronize FECFRAMEs for type  1  PLPs. For each notch band, information such as notch_start and notch_width can be transmitted in a frame header (preamble). 
     Notch_start: This field indicates a start location of a notch band. Notch_width: This field indicates a width of a notch band. Using notch_start and notch_width, a receiver can obtain a location and a size of a notch band within a bonded channel. In addition, a tuning location for a correct service decoding can be obtained and an existence of a service within a certain bandwidth can be checked. Tuner r 700  of  FIG. 91  can perform tuning using this information. 
     GI: This field indicates guard interval information used in a system. A receiver can obtain guard interval information using this field. Time/Freq Synchronizer r 702  and GI remover r 704  of  FIG. 91  can use this field.  FIG. 104  shows an example. 
     Num_data_symbols: This field indicates a number of data OFDM symbols, except preamble, used in a frame. A transmission frame length can be defined by this field. Using this field, a receiver can predict a location of a following preamble, thus, this field can be used for decoding L 1  signaling. Frame Parser r 708  of  FIG. 91  can use this field and predict OFDM symbols that are preamble and send signal to preamble decoding path. 
     Num_c2_frames: This field indicates a number of frames existing in a super frame. Using this field, a receiver can obtain a boundary of a super frame and can predict information repeated by each super frame. 
     Frame_idx: This field is a frame index and is reset for each super frame. Using this field, a receiver can obtain a current frame number and find a location of the current frame within a super frame. Using this field, Frame parser r 708  of  FIG. 91  can find out how many frames are ahead of a current frame in a super frame. Along with num_c2_frames, change occurring in a L 1  signaling can be predicted and L 1  decoding can be controlled. 
     PAPR: This field indicates whether a tone reservation to reduce a PAPR is used or not. Using this field, a receiver can process accordingly.  FIG. 105  shows an example. For example, if a tone reservation is used, a receiver can exclude carriers used in a tone reservation, from decoding. Specifically, Data slice parser r 711  of  FIG. 91  can use this field to exclude carriers from decoding. 
     Reserved: This field is additional bits reserved for future use. 
       FIG. 106  shows another example of L 1  signaling transmitted in a frame header. In  FIG. 106 , additionally added information to  FIG. 98  can make service decoding by a receiver more efficient. The following fields explain only the additional information. The other fields are same as the  FIG. 98 . 
     Network_id: This field indicates a network where transmitted signal belongs to. Using this field, a receiver can find out a current network. When a receiver tune to another network to find a service in the network, the receiver can process faster because using only L 1  decoding is enough to make decision whether the tuned network is a desired network or not. 
     C2_system_id: This field identifies a system where a transmitted signal belongs to. Using this field, a receiver can find out current system. When a receiver tune to another system to find a service in the system, the receiver can process faster because using only L 1  decoding is enough to make decision whether the tuned system is a desired system or not. 
     C2_signal_start_frequency: This field indicates a starting frequency of bonded channels. C2_signal_stop_frequency: This field indicates an end frequency of bonded channels. Using c2_signal_start_frequeny and c2_signal_stop_frequency. RF bandwidths of all data slices can be found by decoding L 1  of certain bandwidth within bonded channels. In addition, this field can be used to obtain a frequency shift amount required in synchronization of L 1 _XFEC_FRAMEs. L 1  XFEC Combiner r 1017 -L 1  of  FIG. 91  can use this field. In addition, when a receiver receives data slices located at both ends of a bonded channel, this field can be used to tune to an appropriate frequency. Tuner r 700  of  FIG. 91  can use this information. 
     Plp_type: This field indicates whether a PLP is a common PLP, a normal data PLP, or a grouped data PLP. Using this field, a receiver can identify common PLP and can obtain information required for decoding TS packet from the common PLP, then can decode TS packet within a grouped data PLP. Here, the common PLP can be a PLP which contains data shared by multiple PLPs.  FIG. 107  shows an example of this field. Normal data PLP is a data PLP that does not have common PLP. In this case, a receiver does not need to find a common PLP. Common PLP or grouped PLP can transmit information such as plp_group_id. For the other types of PLP, more efficient transmission is possible because no additional information needs to be transmitted. 
     Plp_group_id: This field indicates a group where a current PLP belongs to. Grouped data PLP can transmit common TS parameters using common PLP. Using this field, if a currently decoded PLP is a grouped PLP, a receiver can find a necessary common PLP, obtain parameters required for TS packet of grouped PLP, and form a complete TS packet. 
     Reserved_ 1 /reserved_ 2 /reserved_ 3 : These fields are additional bits reserved for future use for a data slice loop, a PLP loop, and a transmission frame, respectively. 
       FIG. 108  shows another example of L 1  signaling transmitted in a frame header. Compared to  FIG. 106 , more optimized information can be transmitted, thus, less signaling overhead can occur. Accordingly, a receiver can decode services efficiently. Especially, modules on L 1  signal path of  FIG. 91  can perform L 1  signaling decoding and modules on PLP path of  FIG. 91  can use parameters, thus, services can be decoded. A receiver can obtain parameters of L 1  signaling from signals of L 1  path which are decoded according to an order of each field and field length. A name of each field, a number of bits for each field, or an example of each field can be modified. Descriptions of fields except dslice_width are identical to aforementioned descriptions of fields. A function of dslice_width according to an example is as follows. 
     Dslice_width: This field indicates a bandwidth of a data slice. Using this field, a receiver can obtain a size of a data slice. Especially, this field can be used in time-de-interleaving to enable decoding. Along with dslice_start field, a receiver can determine which frequency to decode from received RF signals. This process can be performed at Tuner r 700  of  FIG. 91 . Information such as dslice_start and dslice_width can be used as Tuner r 700  control signal. At this point, width of a data slice can be extended up to 64 MHz by using 12 bits for this dslice_width field. Using this field, a receiver can determine if a currently available tuner can decode current data slice. If a width of a data slice is bigger than a bandwidth of a legacy tuner of a receiver, to decode such a data slice, a receiver can use either at least two legacy tuners or a tuner with a large enough bandwidth. In the example, a granularity of values used in dslice_start, dslice_width, notch_start, and notch_width can be 12 OFDM carriers (cells). In other words, a receiver can find a location of an actual OFDM cell by multiplying transmitted values by 12. In the example, for a granularity of Plp_start_addr, one OFDM carrier (cell) can be used. In other words, a receiver can find out how many OFDM symbols and OFDM cells are ahead of a start location of a PLP within an OFDM symbol. Dslice_start and dslice_width can be used for this purpose. Data slice Parser r 711  of  FIG. 91  can perform such a process. 
       FIG. 109  shows an example of processing at FEC header  705 -L 1  on L 1  path of  FIG. 90 . A total of 16 bits can be transmitted in FEC header of a L 1  path. Fourteen bits can be allocated for L 1 _info_size. If L 1 _info_size has a value that is a half of actually transmitted L 1  block length, a receiver can multiply received L 1 _info_size by two and obtain actual length of L 1  block and start decoding L 1 . This obtained length of L 1  block is a length that includes padding. 
     For L 1  block that is determined to have no error though CRC check, a receiver can regard rest of bits after the L 1  decoding as padding. The last two bits, similar as in previous methods, can be used for indicating time interleaving depth of preambles. Preamble mapper  1007 -L 1  of  FIG. 90  can determine required OFDM symbols to transmit L 1  blocks. Afterwards, time interleaver  1008 -L 1  of  FIG. 90  can perform time interleaving. Using the time interleaving depth information and L 1 _info_size, a receiver can find out what size of L 1  block is transmitted in how many OFDM symbols. Combining, merging, and time-de-interleaving L 1  blocks can be performed at L 1  XFEC combiner  12417 -L 1 . L 1 _FEC Merger  12418 -L 1 , and Time de-interleaver  12410 -L 1  of  FIG. 91 , respectively. 
     At a receiver in  FIG. 91 , a length of an L 1  XFEC block within an OFDM symbol can be obtained by dividing a total L 1  block length by a number of OFDM symbols used in a preamble. The number of OFDM symbols can be obtained from a valued defined in ti_depth. L 1  XFEC combiner  12417 -L 1  of a receiver can obtain L 1  XFEC block. Then, Time de-interleaving  12410 -L 1  can be performed using ti_depth. Finally, L 1  XFEC blocks can be merged to obtain an L 1 _FEC block. After L 1 _FEC Merger  12418 -L 1 , bit De-interleaving r 714 -L 1 , and LDPC/BCH decoding r 715 -L 1 , L 1  block can be obtained. L 1 _info_size can be multiplied by two, L 1  block can be CRC checked, and L 1  can be decoded. Unnecessary padding can be disregarded. 
       FIG. 110  shows another example of L 1  signaling transmitted in a frame header. Compared to  FIG. 108 , numbers of bits for some fields are modified and some fields are added to improve an efficiency of service decoding by a receiver. Especially, modules on L 1  signal path of  FIG. 91  can perform L 1  signaling decoding and modules on PLP path of  FIG. 91  can use parameters, thus, services can be decoded. A receiver can obtain parameters of L 1  signaling from signals of L 1  path which are decoded according to an order of each field and field length. A name of each field, a number of bits for each field, or an example of each field can be modified. Except modified fields from previous figure, descriptions of fields are identical to aforementioned descriptions of fields. Reserved_ 1  , RESERVED_ 2 , Reserved_ 3  , and RESERVED_ 4  are fields reserved for future use. In the example, PLP_START can indicate identical information with aforementioned plp_start_addr. 
     L 1 _PART 2 _CHANGE_COUNTER indicates a number of frames from first frame to a frame that has a change in any of the L 1  signaling information, excluding change in PLP_START, from previous frames. That is, this field indicates the number of frames ahead where the configuration will change. Using this field, a receiver can skip decoding L 1  for each frame to get L 1  information. In other words, by using the value of L 1 _PART 2 _CHANGE_COUNTER, a receiver can determine which frame has a change in L 1  information from previous frames, thus, no L 1  decoding is performed for frames before a frame with change in L 1  occurs, then L 1  decoding can be performed for the frame that has change in L 1 . Thus, unnecessary operations can be skipped. Using this field, a receiver can avoid the redundant L 1  decoding operation. This value can be also calculated by a receiver with already decoded L 1  information. 
     If L 1 _PART 2 _CHANGE_COUNTER is 0, it means there has not been a change in L 1  for at least 256 (2^8, 8 is a number of bits used for L 1 _PART 2 _CHANGE_COUNTER) frames. In this one of best cases, a receiver needs to decode L 1  only every 51 seconds. This process can be performed at Frame Parser r 708  of  FIG. 91 . Frame Parser can determine if current preamble has a change in L 1  and can control subsequent processes on L 1  signal path. A receiver can calculate PLP_START for specific frame from already obtained PLP_START and PLP_MODCOD, without performing L 1  decoding to obtain PLP_START. 
       FIG. 111  shows examples of fields shown in  FIG. 110 . Blocks of a receiver can perform processes according to the values indicated by the fields in the examples. 
       FIG. 112  shows another example of L 1  signaling transmitted in a frame header. Compared to  FIG. 110 , some fields are modified and some fields are added to improve an efficiency of service decoding by a receiver. Especially, modules on L 1  signal path of  FIG. 91  can perform L 1  signaling decoding and modules on PLP path of  FIG. 91  can use parameters, thus, services can be decoded. A receiver can obtain parameters of L 1  signaling from signals of L 1  path which are decoded according to an order of each field and field length. A name of each field, a number of bits for each field, or an example of each field can be modified. Except modified fields from previous figure, descriptions of fields are identical to aforementioned descriptions of fields. 
     Descriptions of DSLICE_START, DSLICE_WIDTH, NOTCH_START, and NOTCH_WIDTH are identical with previous descriptions. However, signaling overhead can be minimized by signaling the fields with a minimum number of bits according to GI mode. Accordingly, it can be said that signaling of DSLICE_START, DSLICE_WIDTH, NOTCH_START, and NOTCH_WIDTH is based upon GI mode. L 1  information can be obtained from L 1  signal path of a receiver of  FIG. 91 . A system controller can determine a number of bits used for each field according to obtained GI value and can read the fields accordingly. GI value needs to be transmitted before other values. 
     Instead of DSLIC_START and DSLICE_WIDTH, 12 bits of tuning position which indicates an optimized location to obtain data slice and 11 bits of offset value from a tuning position to indicate a width of a data slice can be transmitted. Especially, by using 11 bits of offset value, data slices that occupy a maximum of 8 bonded channels can be signaled and a receiver that can receive such data slices can operate appropriately. A tuner r 700  of a receiver of  FIG. 91  can determine RF bandwidth using a tuning position and can obtain a width of a data slice using offset value, to serve a same purpose as the aforementioned DSLICE_WIDTH. 
     DSLICE_CONST_FLAG is a field for indicating whether a configuration of a specific data slice is maintained as a constant. Using this field obtained from an L 1  from a certain bandwidth, a receiver can determine if a specific data slice has a constant configuration, then the receiver can receive PLPs of the specific data slice without additional L 1  decoding. This kind of process can be useful for receiving data slice that is located in a bandwidth where L 1  decoding is not available. 
     DSLICE_NOTCH_FLAG is a field or a flag for indicating notch bands at both edges of a specific data slice. Most Significant Bit (MSB) can be used as an indicator for notch band neighboring at a low bandwidth and Least Significant Bit (LSB) can be used as an indicator for notch band neighboring at a high bandwidth. Using the field, when a receiver decodes a specific data slice, the receiver can take into account of a notch band by finding out changes in active carriers caused by continual pilots neighboring at both ends of a notch band. This information can also be obtained from notch information transmitted in NOTCH_START and NOTCH_WIDTH. Time De-interleaver r 710  of a receiver of  FIG. 91  can use the information to find location of active carriers and send data only corresponding to the active carriers, to a data slice parser. 
     For PLP_TYPE, one additional bit is added to  FIG. 110 .  FIG. 113  shows an example of PLP_TYPE of  FIG. 112 . A value indicating bundled data PLP can be transmitted. A large TS stream having a high data rate can be multiplexed into multiple PLPs. Bundled data PLP can be used for indicating PLPs where multiplexed streams are transmitted. For a legacy receiver which is unable to decode a specific PLP, this field can prevent the receiver from accessing the PLP, thus, a possible malfunction can be prevented. 
     Yet as an alternative method, if the aforementioned dslice_width is used along with dslice_start field and notch information, a receiver can determine which frequency to decode from received RF signals. This process can be performed at Tuner (r 700 ) of  FIG. 91 . Information such as dslice_start, dslice_width, notch_start, and notch_width can be used as Tuner r 700  control signal. Thus, obtaining a data slice and simultaneously tuning to an RF band where no L 1  decoding problems exist can become possible, by avoiding notch. 
     Regarding L 1  signaling of  FIG. 112 ,  FIG. 114  shows a relationship between L 1  signaling and L 2  signaling when a PLP is bundled type. In addition,  FIG. 114  also shows an action that can be taken by a receiver for such a case. TS 1  can be mapped into PLP 37  through c2dsd of L 2 . This TS 1  corresponds to a normal PLP of L 1 , thus, the PLP can be decoded by a normal receiver (single 8 MHz tuner) and a premium receiver (multiple tuner or wideband (&gt;8 MHz) tuner). TS 2  and TS 3  are mapped into PLP 39  and PLP 44  respectively, through c2dsd. These correspond to bundled PLP of L 1 , thus, these PLPs can be decoded by a premium receiver (multiple tuner or wideband (&gt;8 MHz) tuner) but not by a normal receiver (single 8 MHz tuner). Consequently, according to L 1  information, a receiver can check if corresponding TS is received or not. 
       FIG. 115  and  FIG. 116  are flowcharts describing L 1  decoding and L 2  decoding actions for bundle PLP type and normal PLP type in a normal receiver and a premium receiver, respectively.  FIG. 117  shows an example of c2_delivery_system_descriptor structure and syntax for L 2  signaling while taking into account of  FIG. 112 . This descriptor can map TS_id into plp_id as shown in  FIG. 114 . Bundle information can be processed in L 1 , thus, it needs not be signaled in L 2 . The variables shown in  FIG. 117  are described as follows. 
     Plp_id: This 8-bit field uniquely identifies a data PLP within a C2 System. 
     C2_system_id: This 16-bit field uniquely identifies a C2 system. The remaining part of this descriptor, immediately following the C2_system_id field is only present once per C2 system, because the parameters are uniquely applicable to all data slices carried over a particular C2 System. A presence or absence of that part can be derived from the descriptor length field. In the absence of the remaining part, this length equals 0x07, otherwise a larger value is assigned. 
     C2_System_tuning_frequency: This 32-bit field indicates a frequency value. The coding range can be from minimum 1 Hz (0x00000001) up to a maximum of 4, 294, 967, 295 Hz (0xFFFFFFFF). This data field can give a tuning frequency, where a complete Preamble is transmitted within the tuning window. Generally the C2_System_tuning_frequency is the center frequency of a C2_System, but it may deviate from the center frequency in case notches exist in this area. 
     Active_OFDM_symbol_duration: This 3-bit field indicates a duration of the active OFDM symbol. An example is shown in  FIG. 118 . 
     Guard_interval: This 3-bit field indicates a guard interval. An example is shown in  FIG. 119 . 
     In the previous examples of L 1  time interleaving/deinterleaving, for cases when TI_DEPTH is “10” or “11” Preamble mapper  1007 -L 1  of  FIG. 90  can evenly divide original L 1  block into four or eight sub-blocks. However, if a size of the sub-block is smaller than a minimum size required to perform an FEC encoding, the FEC encoding may not be performed appropriately. A possible solution can be setting a threshold. If a size of an L 1  block is smaller than a set threshold, L 1  block can be repeated for four or eight times for cases when TI_DEPTH is “10 or “11” If a size of an L 1  block is bigger than a set threshold, L 1  block can be evenly divided into four or eight sub-blocks. The threshold can be set as four or eight times of a minimum size required to perform an FEC encoding. 
     In addition, setting TI_DEPTH as “10” or “11” is for cases when time interleaving effect is not obtained because of a small L 1  block size. Thus, the threshold can be defined as a size of information bits that can be transmitted by a single preamble symbol. For example, if an identical L 1  FEC encoding with DVB-T2 is assumed, a threshold will be 4.772 bits. 
     For cases when TI_DEPTH is “10” or “11” using L 1  size information, TI depth, and a threshold value shared between a transmitter and a receiver, modules of a receiver, from FEC header decoder r 1012 -L 1  to L 1 _FEC_Merger r 1018 -L 1  of  FIG. 91  can determine a size of L 1  sub-block, combining, and merging the L 1  sub-blocks that are transmitted in an OFDM symbol of a preamble. 
     If an L 1  size is smaller than a threshold value, L 1 _FEC_Merger r 1018 -L 1  of  FIG. 91  does not need to merge divided sub-blocks because the original L 1  block is repeatedly transmitted according to a TI_DEPTH in four or eight OFDM symbols. However, if an L 1  size is bigger than a threshold value, because a number of symbols that is more than a number of OFDM symbols required to transmit L 1  block is used, FEC header decoder r 1012 -L 1  of  FIG. 91  can obtain a size of a sub-block using TI_DEPTH. Then, L 1 _FEC combiner r 1017 -L 1  can combine L 1  FEC blocks and time deinterleaver r 1010 -L 1  can perform de-interleaving. Finally, L 1 _FEC merger r 1018 -L 1  can merge L 1 _FEC blocks to restore original L 1  block. 
       FIG. 120  is showing another two examples of time interleaving that can be used on L 1  path of  FIG. 90 . As seen in the Time interleaving ON ( 1 ), interleaving can be only block interleaving. Compared to the method shown in  FIG. 83 , frequency interleaving performance may not be as good as the method shown in  FIG. 83 . However, for cases when TI_DEPTH is “10” or “11” without repeating or dividing L 1  blocks according to a threshold, L 1  blocks can be spread in a time direction regardless of L 1  block size then can be repeated in a preamble if there is a room in the preamble, thus, this method can be advantageous in that a control can be simplified. The interleaving can be performed by writing input symbol streams in a time direction and reading the written symbol streams in a frequency direction. Time deinterleaver r 1010 -L 1  on L 1  path of a receiver of  FIG. 91  can perform de-interleaving by writing input symbol streams in a frequency direction and reading the written symbol streams in a time direction. 
     A second example or the Time interleaving ON ( 2 ) of  FIG. 121  includes additional process to the Time interleaving ON ( 1 ), which is a circular-shifting in a row direction. By this process, in addition to advantages from the Time interleaving ON ( 1 ), an effect of spreading in a frequency domain can be obtained. Time deinterleaver r 1010 -L 1  on L 1  path of a receiver of  FIG. 91  needs to perform circularly re-shifting in a row direction before performing the process of the Time interleaving ON ( 1 ). 
     Using the suggested methods and devices, among others advantages it is possible to implement an efficient digital transmitter, receiver and structure of physical layer signaling. 
     By transmitting ModCod information in each BB frame header that is necessary for ACM/VCM and transmitting the rest of the physical layer signaling in a frame header, signaling overhead can be minimized. 
     Modified QAM for a more energy efficient transmission or a more noise-robust digital broadcasting system can be implemented. The system can include transmitter and receiver for each example disclosed and the combinations thereof. 
     An Improved Non-uniform QAM for a more energy efficient transmission or a more noise-robust digital broadcasting system can be implemented. A method of using code rate of error correction code of NU-MQAM and MQAM is also described. The system can include transmitter and receiver for each example disclosed and the combinations thereof. 
     The suggested L 1  signaling method can reduce overhead by 3˜4% by minimizing signaling overhead during channel bonding. 
     It will be apparent to those skilled in the art that various modifications and variations can be made in the present invention without departing from the invention.