Patent Publication Number: US-2013234863-A1

Title: Method and apparatus for mobile metering

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This application claims priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 61/608,461 filed Mar. 8, 2012, which is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety. 
    
    
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     1. Field of the Invention 
     Embodiments of the present invention generally related to meter reading and maintenance and, more particularly, to a method and apparatus for mobile metering. 
     2. Description of the Related Art 
     In the utility delivery space, there have been numerous advances in technology with respect to efforts to provide improved methods and systems for monitoring and controlling the delivery and use of a commodity by various utilities (e.g., electricity, water, gas, etc). By way of specific example, smart grid systems, including advanced metering infrastructures (“AMIs”) and the like have been developed that incorporate smart meters or existing meters retrofitted with modules that include at least a radio, configurable microprocessor, and storage capacity. These meters are configured to communicate using predetermined protocols with other nodes such as other meters and WAN/NAN access points (i.e., collectors, bridges, mesh gates) in the smart grid across what is commonly referred to as a neighborhood area network (“NAN”). 
     A smart grid system may be employed to monitor commodity delivery by a utility, such as by reporting meter readings of commodity delivery to back-end systems. For example, meters within the smart grid may determine if delivery of power is occurring or if there is a power outage, and may report power readings or an outage condition to the back-end server. A more detailed description of an exemplary smart grid system configuration and the various communications processes implemented across the smart grid are described in at least U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/554,135, titled “System and Method for Implementing Mesh Network Communications Using a Mesh Network Protocol,” published Mar. 11, 2010, which is commonly assigned and incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. 
     In some rural areas, deployment of a full mesh network system is not cost effective, as mesh devices may be located at extreme distances from each other and may not be able to use a fixed communication point to access a back-end server. Nevertheless, regulators may require utilities to extend the same level of service, including time-of-use billing and access to usage information, to customers in these remote areas as they do to customers in more urban areas who do have a fixed communication point to access the back-end server. Additionally, it is desirable that meters in such remote areas, referred to herein as “white space meters” provide the same diagnostic and maintenance capabilities as meters that are in more urban areas. 
     Currently, in order to read white space meters, a mobile device is required to connect with each white space meter to perform meter reads. This is inefficient and often difficult do to the remote locations typically associated with the white space meters. 
     There is thus a need in the art for methods and systems allowing the deployment of mesh network systems in ultra rural areas at acceptable costs. Such systems should provide support for a full spectrum of meter management functions including but not limited to meter reads, meter maintenance and mesh network communication diagnostics. Such systems and methods should have the ability to read individual meters as well as small clusters of meters and should be adapted to be mobile or otherwise capable of being transported across potentially large distances. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     A method and apparatus for mobile metering substantially as shown in and/or described in connection with at least one of the figures, as set forth more completely in the claims. 
     These and other features and advantages of the present disclosure may be appreciated from a review of the following detailed description of the present disclosure, along with the accompanying figures in which like reference numerals refer to like parts throughout. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES 
         FIG. 1  depicts an environment comprising white space meters, according to some embodiments of the invention; 
         FIG. 2  depicts a system for performing mobile metering according to some embodiments of the invention; and 
         FIG. 3  depicts a flow diagram of a method for mobile metering as performed by the drive-by meter application of  FIG. 1 , according to some embodiments of the invention. 
     
    
    
     While the method and apparatus is described herein by way of example for several embodiments and illustrative drawings, those skilled in the art will recognize that the method and apparatus for mobile metering is not limited to the embodiments or drawings described. It should be understood, that the drawings and detailed description thereto are not intended to limit embodiments to the particular form disclosed. Rather, the intention is to cover all modifications, equivalents and alternatives falling within the spirit and scope of the method and apparatus for mobile metering defined by the appended claims. Any headings used herein are for organizational purposes only and are not meant to limit the scope of the description or the claims. As used herein, the word “may” is used in a permissive sense (i.e., meaning having the potential to), rather than the mandatory sense (i.e., meaning must). Similarly, the words “include”, “including”, and “includes” mean including, but not limited to. As used herein, the words “process”, “processed” or “processing” are not meant to be limiting and are used to describe any modification or manipulation of digital content including, but not limited to converting digital content from a first format to a second format, merging digital content from a plurality of sources into a single target, copying, cutting or pasting digital content from a first file to a second file, and the like. Additionally, the words “meter read data” include not only usage data read by a meter, but also other data, such as diagnostic and maintenance data, by way of non-limiting example. 
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF EMBODIMENTS 
     Embodiments of the present invention comprise a mobile metering tool, hereafter referred to as a field device that acts as a mobile access point for a local mesh network comprised of white space meters. Due to the geographic location of the white space meters, they are unable to connect to a network, however, the white space meters are able to connect with other white space meters that are within range. The field device may therefore, connect with a single white space meter and route instructions through the single white space meter to the other white space meters, in order to perform tasks on the other white space meters that are within range of the single white space meter. All data collected in response to the task is stored on the field device. When all tasks are completed for the white space meters in the local mesh network, the field device may be brought to a second group of white space meters (i.e., a second local mesh network) and while connected to one white space meter in the group, perform tasks on one or more white space meters in the group. If all tasks are complete on all white space meters, the field device may be brought within range of a neighborhood access network (NAN), where it may transmit the data through the network to a server, or the field device may be brought to the server and transmit the data directly to the server. 
     The embodiments provide for the field device receiving a task list comprising at least one task that is to be performed on at least one white space meter. A white space meter is a meter that cannot access a network because of its geographic distance from the network. A task list may comprise an item to perform, for example, a meter read on meter ABC and a meter read on meter XYZ. Prior to performing the tasks on the task list, the field device application performs a clock synchronization on the field device. Clock synchronization may be performed using any clock synchronization known in the art, such as network time protocol (NTP). In addition to meter reads, tasks may include a clock synchronization on the meter, a firmware upgrade, a configuration upgrade, a key update, a diagnostic check, and the like. As each task is performed, the success or failure of the task is recorded on the field device. A clock sync task is automatically performed on each meter after a meter read is performed. However, if a meter is not scheduled for a meter read, a clock sync task may be on the task list for the meter in order for the field device to synchronize the meter&#39;s clock. 
     After performing tasks on a specific meter, a user of the field device may optionally add notes regarding the meter that may be useful at the time a task is performed on the meter in the future. For example, a note may be added to “beware of the dog” or provide assistance with finding the location of the meter. All of the tasks for a particular meter are performed before the field device performs tasks on a next meter. 
     Although white space meters are geographically remote and cannot connect to a network, the white space meters that are within range of one another can communicate with each other and route and share data through and among one another. For example, a group of white space meters may be located on a mountain, with a first white space meter near a roadway and additional white space meters further up the mountain. It may not be difficult to drive the field device to the first white space meter, however access to the white space meters further up the mountain may only be reachable on foot. Because the white space meters create a local mesh network, the meters further up the mountain are able to route data through the other white space meters on the mountain and down to the first white space meter near the roadway, where the data may then be transmitted to and stored on the field device. The white space meters may be considered nodes of a local mesh network, wherein the meters are configured to route data between nodes within the local mesh, and the field device may be thought of as a mobile access point that collects the data from the local mesh network and transports it within range of a network that can transfer the data to a server. 
     In some embodiments, a collector is located in an accessible location where it is within range of one white space meter in a group of white space meters (i.e., a local mesh network). The collector may routinely store meter read data from all of the white space meters within the local mesh. A collector may be a dedicated hub or it may be any designated white space meter within the local mesh. When a field device is within range of the collector, the field device may collect the meter read data and store the data on the field device. 
     In some embodiments, where the collector is a white space meter within the local mesh, the field device may then connect to the collector and query the collector in order to determine what other white space meters can be reached through the collector. In response to the query, a list of white space meters may be displayed on the field device. A white space meter may be selected from the list. The field device may then send information through the collector to perform a task on the selected white space meter. If the collector is within range of the selected white space meter, the collector sends the information directly to the white space meter and receives status information or data resulting from the task. In the event that the collector is not within range of the selected white space meter, the information is routed through the local mesh network until it reaches the selected white space meter. The status information or data resulting from the task is routed back through the local mesh network to the collector, where it may be read directly by the field device. All tasks for the white space meters connected to the collector may be performed through the collector. 
     The field device may then move to a next group of white space meters that make up their own local mesh network to perform tasks in the next group through a collector for the next group. 
     When all tasks on the task list are completed for all meters on the task list, the field device uploads the data to a server. The data may include the meter read data, the success or failure of each task, any notes added regarding the meter, and the like. 
     In one embodiment, a mobile metering tool may be employed in a disaster recovery scenario. For example, the tool may be used to read meters that would normally report meter information via a mesh network node, but that are temporarily not able to do so (e.g., due to a network problem). The metering tool may thus be employed as an “insurance” policy to allow utilities to read meters even when there is a problem, such as, when the communication network is inoperative. 
     In yet another embodiment, the mobile metering tool may support field operations to diagnose meter and/or communication issues. 
     The inventive systems and methods described herein may provide support for a full spectrum of meter management functions, including but not limited to meter reads, meter maintenance, and/or mesh network communication diagnostics. In certain embodiments, an inventive mobile metering tool may be configured to read individual meters and/or a cluster of meters. 
     Various embodiments of a method and apparatus for mobile metering are described. In the following detailed description, numerous specific details are set forth to provide a thorough understanding of claimed subject matter. However, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that claimed subject matter may be practiced without these specific details. In other instances, methods, apparatuses or systems that would be known by one of ordinary skill have not been described in detail so as not to obscure claimed subject matter. 
     Some portions of the detailed description that follow are presented in terms of algorithms or symbolic representations of operations on binary digital signals stored within a memory of a specific apparatus or special purpose computing device or platform. In the context of this particular specification, the term specific apparatus or the like includes a general-purpose computer once it is programmed to perform particular functions pursuant to instructions from program software. Algorithmic descriptions or symbolic representations are examples of techniques used by those of ordinary skill in the signal processing or related arts to convey the substance of their work to others skilled in the art. An algorithm is here, and is generally, considered to be a self-consistent sequence of operations or similar signal processing leading to a desired result. In this context, operations or processing involve physical manipulation of physical quantities. Typically, although not necessarily, such quantities may take the form of electrical or magnetic signals capable of being stored, transferred, combined, compared or otherwise manipulated. It has proven convenient at times, principally for reasons of common usage, to refer to such signals as bits, data, values, elements, symbols, characters, terms, numbers, numerals or the like. It should be understood, however, that all of these or similar terms are to be associated with appropriate physical quantities and are merely convenient labels. Unless specifically stated otherwise, as apparent from the following discussion, it is appreciated that throughout this specification discussions utilizing terms such as “processing,” “computing,” “calculating,” “determining” or the like refer to actions or processes of a specific apparatus, such as a special purpose computer or a similar special purpose electronic computing device. In the context of this specification, therefore, a special purpose computer or a similar special purpose electronic computing device is capable of manipulating or transforming signals, typically represented as physical electronic or magnetic quantities within memories, registers, or other information storage devices, transmission devices, or display devices of the special purpose computer or similar special purpose electronic computing device. 
       FIG. 1  depicts an environment  100  comprising white space meters, according to some embodiments of the invention. The environment  100  comprises a mesh network A  101 . Mesh network A  101  may include a mesh gate A  102  and a plurality of meters  104 ,  106 ,  108 ,  110 ,  112 , and  114 . A mesh gate may also be referred to as a NAN-WAN gate or an access point. The mesh gate A  102  may communicate with a server  118  over a wide area network (WAN)  116 . Optionally, a mesh gate B  120  and a mesh network B  122  may also communicate with the server over the WAN  116 . In one exemplary embodiment, the server  118  is known as a “head end server” (HES). The meters  104 ,  106 ,  108 ,  110 ,  112 , and  114  may communicate with the mesh gate A  102  directly or through other meters within the mesh network A  101 . 
     Meters  194 ,  196 ,  198  are a group of meters referred to as a white space meters. Meters  194 ,  196 ,  198  are located in a geographic location that does not have access to a mesh network (i.e., in white space) and therefore cannot connect with a mesh gate to reach the server  118 . In some embodiments, a collector  192  is within range of one or more of the white space meters  194 ,  196 ,  198 . The collector  192  collects meter read data for the group of white space meters. In some embodiments, the collector  192  is a meter within the group of white space meters. The white space meters  194 ,  196 , and  198  act as a local mesh network. Each meter  194 ,  196 ,  198  within the group of white space meters is within range of at least one other meter in the local mesh and data may be routed through a white space meter in order to read another white space meter within range. A field device may collect data and perform maintenance on the group of meters by accessing the collector and routing all information through the collector to the other meters in the group of meters (i.e., local mesh). 
       FIG. 2  is a block diagram of a system  200  for mobile metering, according to one or more embodiments. The system  200  comprises a mobile communication device  201  including a field device  202  and a Universal Serial Bus (USB) radio  204  connected to the field device  202 , as well as a server  206 , and one or more meters  208 . USB radio  204  provides bi-directional communication capability. 
     The field device  202  is a type of computing device (e.g., a Personal Digital Assistant (PDA), a tablet, a Smartphone, and or the like), capable of connecting to the USB radio  204  via a USB connector  205  of the field device  202 . The field device comprises a CPU  210 , support circuits  212 , a user-interface  214 , and a memory  216 . The memory comprises an operating system  218 , a mobile metering application  220 , a task list  222 , and mobile metering data  224 . The CPU  210  may comprise one or more commercially available microprocessors or microcontrollers that facilitate data processing and storage. The various support circuits  212  facilitate the operation of the CPU  210  and include one or more clock circuits, power supplies, cache, input/output circuits, displays, and the like. The support circuits  212  are connected to the USB connector  205  for supporting devices connected to the USB connector  205 . The memory  216  comprises at least one of Read Only Memory (ROM), Random Access Memory (RAM), disk drive storage, optical storage, removable storage and/or the like. 
     The operating system  218  generally manages various computer resources (e.g., network resources, file processors, and/or the like). The operating system  216  is configured to execute operations on one or more hardware and/or software modules, such as Network Interface Cards (NICs), hard disks, virtualization layers, firewalls and/or the like. 
     The head end server (HES)  206  is a type of computing device (e.g., a laptop, a desktop, and/or the like). The HES  206  comprises a task list generator  230 , a task list  232 , received mobile metering data  234 , and reports  234 . In certain embodiments, the HES  206  may be a central processing system including one or more computing systems (i.e., one or more server computers). 
     Each meter in the plurality of meters  208  comprises a communication module  228 . Each meter in the plurality of meters is at least one of a smart meter or an existing meter retrofitted with modules that include at least a radio, configurable microprocessor and storage capacity. These meters are configured to communicate using predetermined protocols with other nodes such as other meters and WAN/NAN access points (i.e., collectors, bridges, mesh gates) in the smart grid across what is commonly referred to as a neighborhood area network (“NAN”). However, some of the meters  208  may be white space meters, meaning the meters are located in remote locations where traditional secure mesh communication across the NAN via communication module  228  is not possible (due to their remote location). 
     In such situations, the field device  202  is used in combination with the USB radio  204  or other external antenna, which may be attached to the field device  202  via the USB connector  205 , to provide communication between white space meters and the smart grid system. More specifically, together with the mobile metering application  220  installed on the field device  202 , the USB radio  204  provides connectivity between the field device  202  and groups of white space meters  208  which are located in remote locations. White space meters  208  are in a group if there is a path through which data may be routed such that each white space meter  240  can be reached, thus making each group of white space meters  208  a local mesh network. 
     In some embodiments, a white space meter  240  within a group of white space meters (i.e., the local mesh network)  208  may be designated as a collector. In other embodiments, any white space meter within the group of white space meters  208  may be dynamically selected to be the collector. The collector  240  is the white space meter within the group of white space meters (i.e., the local mesh network)  208  that communicates directly with the mobile metering application  220  via the communication module  242 . Thus, via the field device  202 , the mobile metering application  220  communicates with the communication module  242  within the group of meters (i.e., the local mesh network)  208  in order to perform tasks. In some embodiments, USB radio  204  provides bi-directional communication with the white space meters  240 . The field device  202  is able to communicate with many different types of meters  240 , including but not limited to energy-only, demand, and/or interval meters. 
     In some embodiments, the field device  202  may be in communication with a Global Positioning System (GPS) module (not shown), which may be either integral or separate to an automobile or integral with the field device  202 . Using the GPS module, the field device  202  may capture the GPS location from which a meter  208  is read at the time of meter data collection and may store and later upload such information to the HES  206 . 
     The HES  206  is configured to generate a task list  232  of meters  208  that must be visited for meter reads, diagnostic or meter maintenance purposes (e.g., firmware upgrades and/or configuration changes). The task list  232  comprises at least one meter  208  to be visited and one or more tasks that must be performed on the meter  208 . The HES  206  is configured to transmit the task list  232  to the field device  206  via the USB radio  204 . In some embodiments, the list of meters to be read may be provided by a billing system (not shown) based on a determination of, for example, a customer&#39;s billing cycle. 
     In one embodiment, the field device  202  may download meter-reading orders, and the clock of the field device  202  may be automatically synchronized with the network time. The field device  202  may be synchronized to an accurate and common time source (e.g., a network time protocol (NTP)). 
     The field device  202  may be used by a field operator to perform the tasks on the task list  222  scheduled on a specific day. Generally, the field device  202  may interact with a single meter  208  or a group of meters  208  to collect meter-reading reports via the USB radio  204 . In one embodiment, the field device  202  may be programmed to collect all or a subset of reports from a meter  208 . For example, the field device  202  may retrieve only new data since a last read or may retrieve all meter reads stored on a given meter  208 . The field device  202  may also be used to force/reset reports and clear the status of a meter  208 . 
     In certain embodiments, the field device  202  may maintain a full audit trail of meter reads and maintenance, including which reports have been downloaded, whether the download was successful or failed and, if the download failed, any error messages associated with the download. A full audit trail of all the meter interaction, including error messages and log files, and such information may be synchronized with the HES  206  each time the field device  202  is synchronized with the HES  206 . 
     In one embodiment, the field device  202  may be able to perform one or more meter maintenance tasks required, including but not limited to, clock synchronization, firmware upgrades and/or configuration updates. For example, certain regulations require a meter clock to remain within 90 seconds of network time, and the tool may reset the clock to the appropriate network time each time the meter  208  is read. In addition, if a clock drift/error is detected, the field device  202  may record a note for the meter  208  such as “clock drift detected.” 
     Considering that the field device  202  may support meter reads as well as meter maintenance, and that the two areas may be supported by different people, the user interface (UI) of field device  202  may be intuitive and can be manipulated in such a way that only the relevant operations and data are available to a particular user. Moreover, the field device  202  may be able to cycle through its operations with minimal user interference under normal circumstances. 
     Once meter reports are collected, the field device  202  may be used to upload the mobile metering data  224  to the HES  206 , either wirelessly via USB radio  208  or via a wired connection using the USB connector  205 . 
       FIG. 3  depicts a flow diagram of a method  300  for mobile metering as performed by the mobile metering application  220  of  FIG. 2 , according to one or more embodiments. The method  300  receives a task list, accesses each meter on the task list, either directly or indirectly, in order to perform the specified task, and uploads the data generated from performing the tasks on the task list. 
     The method  300  starts at step  302  and proceeds to step  304 . At step  304 , the method  300  receives a task list. The task list is a list of meters that need to be visited and one or more tasks that must be performed on the meter during the visit. The tasks include meter reading, firmware upgrades, configuration updates, key updates, clock synchronization, diagnostics, and the like. Location information for a meter as well as driving instructions may be included with the task. In addition, notes may be included with a task regarding specific information about the meter, for example, “Beware of the dog.” In some embodiments, the meter reading tasks are generated separate from the meter management tasks and the tasks are combined into a task list before the task list is received by method  300 . 
     The method  300  proceeds to step  306 , where the method  300  synchronizes the clock on a field device that is performing the method  300 . The clock is synchronized with the network using clock synchronization known in the art, for example NTP. The clock on the field device is synchronized with the network so the field device can then synchronize a clock on a meter, should the clock sync task be required. 
     The method  300  proceeds to step  308 , where the method  300  accesses a first meter on the task list. The first meter on the task list may not be within range of the field device. However, another meter within the group of meters (i.e., the local mesh network) may be within range of the field device. The meter within range of the field device is hereafter referred to as the collector. The method  300  sends instructions to the collector to perform a task on the task list. The method  300  uses a USB transceiver attached to the field device to connect to the collector. The collector routes the instructions through the local mesh network of white space meters to the first meter on the task list. 
     The method  300  proceeds to step  310 , where the method  300  performs the task on the task list. The task may be a meter read task, a clock sync task, a firmware upgrade task, a configuration upgrade task, a key update task, a diagnostic task, and the like. 
     If the task is a meter read task, the method  300  accesses information contained within the task to determine whether to collect all or a subset of commodity usage from the meter. For example, the method  300  may retrieve only new data since a last meter read or may retrieve all meter reads stored on the given meter. If the task includes instructions to force/reset reports and clear the status of a meter, the method  300  executes these instructions as well. 
     After the method  300  performs the meter read task, the method  300  automatically performs a clock sync task to synchronize the clock on the meter with the network time as known by the clock of the field device. The clock of the field device was synchronized with the network in step  306  above. 
     If the task is a firmware upgrade task, the task information contains a firmware image. The method  300  transmits the new firmware image to the meter. If the task is a configuration upgrade task, the task information contains a configuration file to execute against the meter network interface card (NIC). The configuration file contains changes to any device parameters that are to be modified. The method  300  transmits the configuration file to the meter where it is executed on the meter. If the task is a key update task, the task information contains a new security key for the meter, which the method  300  transmits to the meter. 
     The tasks discussed here are not meant to be limiting. Other embodiments of the present disclosure envision additional possible tasks that may be performed on the meter. 
     The method  300  proceeds to step  312 , where the method  300  records the outcome of the task. The method  300  routes data resulting from the task back to the collector where it may be transmitted to and stored on the field device. The method  300  stores the meter read data, as well as the success or failure of the tasks or instructions. In the event of a failure, the method  300  records any error messages received during execution of the task. 
     The method  300  proceeds to step  314 , where the method  300  determines whether there are any more tasks to be performed on the meter. If additional tasks must be performed on the meter, the method  300  proceeds to step  310 , where the method  300  iterates until at step  314 , the method  300  determines that all tasks have been performed on the meter, at which time the method  300  proceeds to step  316 . 
     Optionally, at step  316 , notes for the meter may be recorded. The method  300  provides a user interface where a user of the field device may enter notes regarding the meter. Notes may include, for example, a clarification of directions, a warning about an animal on the premises, and the like. 
     The method  300  proceeds to step  318 , where the method  300  determines whether there are any more meters within the local mesh network on which to perform tasks, on the task list. If the method  300  determines there are more meters, the method  300  proceeds to step  308  and iterates until all tasks for all meters within the local mesh network have been performed at which time the method  300  proceeds to step  320 . 
     At step  320 , the method  300  determines whether there any other groups of meters on which to perform tasks. If there are, the method  300  proceeds to step  308  and iterates through all of the meters in a next group of meters. However, is the method  300  determines that all tasks on the task list have been performed for all meters on the task list, the method  300  proceeds to step  322 . 
     At step  322 , the method  300  uploads all of the mobile metering data collected from performing the tasks to a server, where it may be used for reporting, etc. The method  300  proceeds to step  324  and ends. 
     The exemplary embodiments can relate to an apparatus for performing one or more of the functions described herein. This apparatus may be specially constructed for the required purposes, or it may comprise a general-purpose computer selectively activated or reconfigured by a computer program stored in the computer. Such a computer program may be stored in a machine (e.g., computer) readable storage medium, such as, but is not limited to, any type of disk including floppy disks, optical disks, CD-ROMs and magnetic-optical disks, read only memories (ROMs), random access memories (RAMs) erasable programmable ROMs (EPROMs), electrically erasable programmable ROMs (EEPROMs), magnetic or optical cards, or any type of media suitable for storing electronic instructions, and each coupled to a bus. 
     Some exemplary embodiments described herein are described as software executed on at least one processor, though it is understood that embodiments can be configured in other ways and retain functionality. The embodiments can be implemented on known devices such as a server, a personal computer, a special purpose computer, a programmed microprocessor or microcontroller and peripheral integrated circuit element(s), and ASIC or other integrated circuit, a digital signal processor, a hard-wired electronic or logic circuit such as a discrete element circuit, or the like. In general, any device capable of implementing the processes described herein can be used to implement the systems and techniques according to this invention. 
     It is to be appreciated that the various components of the technology can be located at distant portions of a distributed network and/or the internet, or within a dedicated secure, unsecured and/or encrypted system. Thus, it should be appreciated that the components of the system can be combined into one or more devices or co-located on a particular node of a distributed network, such as a telecommunications network. As will be appreciated from the description, and for reasons of computational efficiency, the components of the system can be arranged at any location within a distributed network without affecting the operation of the system. Moreover, the components could be embedded in a dedicated machine. 
     Furthermore, it should be appreciated that the various links connecting the elements for communication can be wired or wireless links, or any combination thereof, or any other known or later developed element(s) that is capable of supplying and/or communicating data to and from the connected elements. The terms determine, calculate and compute, and variations thereof, as used herein are used interchangeably and include any type of methodology, process, mathematical operation or technique. 
     The invention described and claimed herein is not to be limited in scope by the specific embodiments herein disclosed since these embodiments are intended as illustrations of several aspects of the invention. Any equivalent embodiments are intended to be within the scope of this invention. Indeed, various modifications of the invention in addition to those shown and described herein will become apparent to those skilled in the art from the foregoing description. Such modifications are also intended to fall within the scope of the appended claims. All publications cited herein are incorporated by reference in their entirety.