Patent Publication Number: US-2023144227-A1

Title: Positioning measurement derivation based on a decoded physical downlink channel and corresponding measurement latency

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     The present Application for Patent claims priority under 35 U. S.C. § 119 to Greek Patent Application No. 20200100286, entitled “POSITIONING MEASUREMENT DERIVATION BASED ON A DECODED PHYSICAL DOWNLINK CHANNEL AND CORRESPONDING MEASUREMENT LATENCY,” filed May 28, 2020, which is assigned to the assignee hereof and expressly incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. 
     BACKGROUND OF THE DISCLOSURE 
     1. Field of the Disclosure 
     Aspects of the disclosure relate generally to wireless communications. 
     2. Description of the Related Art 
     Wireless communication systems have developed through various generations, including a first-generation analog wireless phone service (1G), a second-generation (2G) digital wireless phone service (including interim 2.5G and 2.75G networks), a third-generation (3G) high speed data, Internet-capable wireless service and a fourth-generation (4G) service (e.g., Long Term Evolution (LTE) or WiMax). There are presently many different types of wireless communication systems in use, including cellular and personal communications service (PCS) systems. Examples of known cellular systems include the cellular analog advanced mobile phone system (AMPS), and digital cellular systems based on code division multiple access (CDMA), frequency division multiple access (FDMA), time division multiple access (TDMA), the Global System for Mobile communications (GSM), etc. 
     A fifth generation (5G) wireless standard, referred to as New Radio (NR), calls for higher data transfer speeds, greater numbers of connections, and better coverage, among other improvements. The 5G standard, according to the Next Generation Mobile Networks Alliance, is designed to provide data rates of several tens of megabits per second to each of tens of thousands of users, with 1 gigabit per second to tens of workers on an office floor. Several hundreds of thousands of simultaneous connections should be supported in order to support large sensor deployments. Consequently, the spectral efficiency of 5G mobile communications should be significantly enhanced compared to the current 4G standard. Furthermore, signaling efficiencies should be enhanced and latency should be substantially reduced compared to current standards. 
     SUMMARY 
     The following presents a simplified summary relating to one or more aspects disclosed herein. Thus, the following summary should not be considered an extensive overview relating to all contemplated aspects, nor should the following summary be considered to identify key or critical elements relating to all contemplated aspects or to delineate the scope associated with any particular aspect. Accordingly, the following summary has the sole purpose to present certain concepts relating to one or more aspects relating to the mechanisms disclosed herein in a simplified form to precede the detailed description presented below. 
     In an aspect, a method of wireless positioning performed by a user equipment (UE) includes receiving a demodulation reference signal (DMRS) and a physical downlink shared channel (PDSCH) associated with the DMRS, the DMRS and the PDSCH spanning a plurality of symbols of a slot, decoding the PDSCH, performing a positioning measurement based on the DMRS and the decoded PDSCH, and reporting, to a location server, the positioning measurement or location information derived at least based on the positioning measurement. 
     In an aspect, a UE includes a memory, at least one transceiver, and at least one processor communicatively coupled to the memory and the at least one transceiver, the at least one processor configured to: receive, via the at least one transceiver, a DMRS and a PDSCH associated with the DMRS, the DMRS and the PDSCH spanning a plurality of symbols of a slot, decode the PDSCH, perform a positioning measurement based on the DMRS and the decoded PDSCH, and cause the at least one transceiver to report, to a location server, the positioning measurement or location information derived at least based on the positioning measurement. 
     In an aspect, a UE includes means for receiving a DMRS and a PDSCH associated with the DMRS, the DMRS and the PDSCH spanning a plurality of symbols of a slot, means for decoding the PDSCH, means for performing a positioning measurement based on the DMRS and the decoded PDSCH, and means for reporting, to a location server, the positioning measurement or location information derived at least based on the positioning measurement. 
     In an aspect, a non-transitory computer-readable medium storing computer-executable instructions includes computer-executable instructions comprising at least one instruction instructing a UE to receive a DMRS and a PDSCH associated with the DMRS, the DMRS and the PDSCH spanning a plurality of symbols of a slot, at least one instruction instructing the UE to decode the PDSCH, at least one instruction instructing the UE to perform a positioning measurement based on the DMRS and the decoded PDSCH, and at least one instruction instructing the UE to report, to a location server, the positioning measurement or location information derived at least based on the positioning measurement. 
     Other objects and advantages associated with the aspects disclosed herein will be apparent to those skilled in the art based on the accompanying drawings and detailed description. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       The accompanying drawings are presented to aid in the description of various aspects of the disclosure and are provided solely for illustration of the aspects and not limitation thereof. 
         FIG.  1    illustrates an example wireless communications system, according to aspects of the disclosure. 
         FIGS.  2 A and  2 B  illustrate example wireless network structures, according to aspects of the disclosure. 
         FIGS.  3 A,  3 B, and  3 C  are simplified block diagrams of several sample aspects of components that may be employed in a user equipment (UE), a base station, and a network entity, respectively, and configured to support communications as taught herein. 
         FIGS.  4 A and  4 B  illustrate user plane and control plane protocol stacks, according to aspects of the disclosure. 
         FIG.  5    is a diagram illustrating an example frame structure, according to aspects of the disclosure. 
         FIG.  6    is a diagram illustrating various downlink channels within an example downlink slot, according to aspects of the disclosure. 
         FIG.  7    is a diagram illustrating an example uplink frame structure, according to aspects of the disclosure. 
         FIG.  8    is a diagram illustrating various uplink channels within an example uplink slot, according to aspects of the disclosure. 
         FIG.  9 A  illustrates a single-downlink control information (DCI)-based multi-transmission-reception point (TRP) architecture and a multi-DCI-based multi-TRP architecture, according to aspects of the disclosure. 
         FIG.  9 B  illustrates a portion of the protocol stack in a multi-TRP scenario from the perspective of a UE, according to aspects of the disclosure. 
         FIG.  10    is a diagram of an example grouping of control resource sets (CORESETs) based on the parameter “CORESETPoolIndex,” according to aspects of the disclosure. 
         FIG.  11    illustrates an example method of wireless positioning, according to aspects of the disclosure. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     Aspects of the disclosure are provided in the following description and related drawings directed to various examples provided for illustration purposes. Alternate aspects may be devised without departing from the scope of the disclosure. Additionally, well-known elements of the disclosure will not be described in detail or will be omitted so as not to obscure the relevant details of the disclosure. 
     The words “exemplary” and/or “example” are used herein to mean “serving as an example, instance, or illustration.” Any aspect described herein as “exemplary” and/or “example” is not necessarily to be construed as preferred or advantageous over other aspects. Likewise, the term “aspects of the disclosure” does not require that all aspects of the disclosure include the discussed feature, advantage or mode of operation. 
     Those of skill in the art will appreciate that the information and signals described below may be represented using any of a variety of different technologies and techniques. For example, data, instructions, commands, information, signals, bits, symbols, and chips that may be referenced throughout the description below may be represented by voltages, currents, electromagnetic waves, magnetic fields or particles, optical fields or particles, or any combination thereof, depending in part on the particular application, in part on the desired design, in part on the corresponding technology, etc. 
     Further, many aspects are described in terms of sequences of actions to be performed by, for example, elements of a computing device. It will be recognized that various actions described herein can be performed by specific circuits (e.g., application specific integrated circuits (ASICs)), by program instructions being executed by one or more processors, or by a combination of both. Additionally, the sequence(s) of actions described herein can be considered to be embodied entirely within any form of non-transitory computer-readable storage medium having stored therein a corresponding set of computer instructions that, upon execution, would cause or instruct an associated processor of a device to perform the functionality described herein. Thus, the various aspects of the disclosure may be embodied in a number of different forms, all of which have been contemplated to be within the scope of the claimed subject matter. In addition, for each of the aspects described herein, the corresponding form of any such aspects may be described herein as, for example, “logic configured to” perform the described action. 
     As used herein, the terms “user equipment” (UE) and “base station” are not intended to be specific or otherwise limited to any particular radio access technology (RAT), unless otherwise noted. In general, a UE may be any wireless communication device (e.g., a mobile phone, router, tablet computer, laptop computer, consumer asset locating device, wearable (e.g., smartwatch, glasses, augmented reality (AR)/virtual reality (VR) headset, etc.), vehicle (e.g., automobile, motorcycle, bicycle, etc.), Internet of Things (IoT) device, etc.) used by a user to communicate over a wireless communications network. A UE may be mobile or may (e.g., at certain times) be stationary, and may communicate with a radio access network (RAN). As used herein, the term “UE” may be referred to interchangeably as an “access terminal” or “AT,” a “client device,” a “wireless device,” a “subscriber device,” a “subscriber terminal,” a “subscriber station,” a “user terminal” or “UT,” a “mobile device,” a “mobile terminal,” a “mobile station,” or variations thereof. Generally, UEs can communicate with a core network via a RAN, and through the core network the UEs can be connected with external networks such as the Internet and with other UEs. Of course, other mechanisms of connecting to the core network and/or the Internet are also possible for the UEs, such as over wired access networks, wireless local area network (WLAN) networks (e.g., based on the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) 802.11 specification, etc.) and so on. 
     A base station may operate according to one of several RATs in communication with UEs depending on the network in which it is deployed, and may be alternatively referred to as an access point (AP), a network node, a NodeB, an evolved NodeB (eNB), a next generation eNB (ng-eNB), a New Radio (NR) Node B (also referred to as a gNB or gNodeB), etc. A base station may be used primarily to support wireless access by UEs, including supporting data, voice, and/or signaling connections for the supported UEs. In some systems a base station may provide purely edge node signaling functions while in other systems it may provide additional control and/or network management functions. A communication link through which UEs can send signals to a base station is called an uplink (UL) channel (e.g., a reverse traffic channel, a reverse control channel, an access channel, etc.). A communication link through which the base station can send signals to UEs is called a downlink (DL) or forward link channel (e.g., a paging channel, a control channel, a broadcast channel, a forward traffic channel, etc.). As used herein the term traffic channel (TCH) can refer to either an uplink/reverse or downlink/forward traffic channel. 
     The term “base station” may refer to a single physical transmission-reception point (TRP) or to multiple physical TRPs that may or may not be co-located. For example, where the term “base station” refers to a single physical TRP, the physical TRP may be an antenna of the base station corresponding to a cell (or several cell sectors) of the base station. Where the term “base station” refers to multiple co-located physical TRPs, the physical TRPs may be an array of antennas (e.g., as in a multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) system or where the base station employs beamforming) of the base station. Where the term “base station” refers to multiple non-co-located physical TRPs, the physical TRPs may be a distributed antenna system (DAS) (a network of spatially separated antennas connected to a common source via a transport medium) or a remote radio head (RRH) (a remote base station connected to a serving base station). Alternatively, the non-co-located physical TRPs may be the serving base station receiving the measurement report from the UE and a neighbor base station whose reference radio frequency (RF) signals the UE is measuring. Because a TRP is the point from which a base station transmits and receives wireless signals, as used herein, references to transmission from or reception at a base station are to be understood as referring to a particular TRP of the base station. 
     In some implementations that support positioning of UEs, a base station may not support wireless access by UEs (e.g., may not support data, voice, and/or signaling connections for UEs), but may instead transmit reference signals to UEs to be measured by the UEs, and/or may receive and measure signals transmitted by the UEs. Such a base station may be referred to as a positioning beacon (e.g., when transmitting signals to UEs) and/or as a location measurement unit (e.g., when receiving and measuring signals from UEs). 
     An “RF signal” comprises an electromagnetic wave of a given frequency that transports information through the space between a transmitter and a receiver. As used herein, a transmitter may transmit a single “RF signal” or multiple “RF signals” to a receiver. However, the receiver may receive multiple “RF signals” corresponding to each transmitted RF signal due to the propagation characteristics of RF signals through multipath channels. The same transmitted RF signal on different paths between the transmitter and receiver may be referred to as a “multipath” RF signal. As used herein, an RF signal may also be referred to as a “wireless signal” or simply a “signal” where it is clear from the context that the term “signal” refers to a wireless signal or an RF signal. 
       FIG.  1    illustrates an example wireless communications system  100 , according to aspects of the disclosure. The wireless communications system  100  (which may also be referred to as a wireless wide area network (WWAN)) may include various base stations  102  (labeled “BS”) and various UEs  104 . The base stations  102  may include macro cell base stations (high power cellular base stations) and/or small cell base stations (low power cellular base stations). In an aspect, the macro cell base stations may include eNBs and/or ng-eNBs where the wireless communications system  100  corresponds to an LTE network, or gNBs where the wireless communications system  100  corresponds to a NR network, or a combination of both, and the small cell base stations may include femtocells, picocells, microcells, etc. 
     The base stations  102  may collectively form a RAN and interface with a core network  170  (e.g., an evolved packet core (EPC) or a 5G core (5GC)) through backhaul links  122 , and through the core network  170  to one or more location servers  172  (e.g., a location management function (LMF) or a secure user plane location (SUPL) location platform (SLP)). The location server(s)  172  may be part of core network  170  or may be external to core network  170 . In addition to other functions, the base stations  102  may perform functions that relate to one or more of transferring user data, radio channel ciphering and deciphering, integrity protection, header compression, mobility control functions (e.g., handover, dual connectivity), inter-cell interference coordination, connection setup and release, load balancing, distribution for non-access stratum (NAS) messages, NAS node selection, synchronization, RAN sharing, multimedia broadcast multicast service (MBMS), subscriber and equipment trace, RAN information management (RIM), paging, positioning, and delivery of warning messages. The base stations  102  may communicate with each other directly or indirectly (e.g., through the EPC/5GC) over backhaul links  134 , which may be wired or wireless. 
     The base stations  102  may wirelessly communicate with the UEs  104 . Each of the base stations  102  may provide communication coverage for a respective geographic coverage area  110 . In an aspect, one or more cells may be supported by a base station  102  in each geographic coverage area  110 . A “cell” is a logical communication entity used for communication with a base station (e.g., over some frequency resource, referred to as a carrier frequency, component carrier, carrier, band, or the like), and may be associated with an identifier (e.g., a physical cell identifier (PCI), an enhanced cell identifier (ECI), a virtual cell identifier (VCI), a cell global identifier (CGI), etc.) for distinguishing cells operating via the same or a different carrier frequency. In some cases, different cells may be configured according to different protocol types (e.g., machine-type communication (MTC), narrowband IoT (NB-IoT), enhanced mobile broadband (eMBB), or others) that may provide access for different types of UEs. Because a cell is supported by a specific base station, the term “cell” may refer to either or both of the logical communication entity and the base station that supports it, depending on the context. In addition, because a TRP is typically the physical transmission point of a cell, the terms “cell” and “TRP” may be used interchangeably. In some cases, the term “cell” may also refer to a geographic coverage area of a base station (e.g., a sector), insofar as a carrier frequency can be detected and used for communication within some portion of geographic coverage areas  110 . 
     While neighboring macro cell base station  102  geographic coverage areas  110  may partially overlap (e.g., in a handover region), some of the geographic coverage areas  110  may be substantially overlapped by a larger geographic coverage area  110 . For example, a small cell base station  102 ′ (labeled “SC” for “small cell”) may have a geographic coverage area  110 ′ that substantially overlaps with the geographic coverage area  110  of one or more macro cell base stations  102 . A network that includes both small cell and macro cell base stations may be known as a heterogeneous network. A heterogeneous network may also include home eNBs (HeNBs), which may provide service to a restricted group known as a closed subscriber group (CSG). 
     The communication links  120  between the base stations  102  and the UEs  104  may include uplink (also referred to as reverse link) transmissions from a UE  104  to a base station  102  and/or downlink (DL) (also referred to as forward link) transmissions from a base station  102  to a UE  104 . The communication links  120  may use MIMO antenna technology, including spatial multiplexing, beamforming, and/or transmit diversity. The communication links  120  may be through one or more carrier frequencies. Allocation of carriers may be asymmetric with respect to downlink and uplink (e.g., more or less carriers may be allocated for downlink than for uplink). 
     The wireless communications system  100  may further include a wireless local area network (WLAN) access point (AP)  150  in communication with WLAN stations (STAs)  152  via communication links  154  in an unlicensed frequency spectrum (e.g., 5 GHz). When communicating in an unlicensed frequency spectrum, the WLAN STAs  152  and/or the WLAN AP  150  may perform a clear channel assessment (CCA) or listen before talk (LBT) procedure prior to communicating in order to determine whether the channel is available. 
     The small cell base station  102 ′ may operate in a licensed and/or an unlicensed frequency spectrum. When operating in an unlicensed frequency spectrum, the small cell base station  102 ′ may employ LTE or NR technology and use the same 5 GHz unlicensed frequency spectrum as used by the WLAN AP  150 . The small cell base station  102 ′, employing LTE/5G in an unlicensed frequency spectrum, may boost coverage to and/or increase capacity of the access network. NR in unlicensed spectrum may be referred to as NR-U. LTE in an unlicensed spectrum may be referred to as LTE-U, licensed assisted access (LAA), or MulteFire. 
     The wireless communications system  100  may further include a millimeter wave (mmW) base station  180  that may operate in mmW frequencies and/or near mmW frequencies in communication with a UE  182 . Extremely high frequency (EHF) is part of the RF in the electromagnetic spectrum. EHF has a range of 30 GHz to 300 GHz and a wavelength between 1 millimeter and 10 millimeters. Radio waves in this band may be referred to as a millimeter wave. Near mmW may extend down to a frequency of 3 GHz with a wavelength of 100 millimeters. The super high frequency (SHF) band extends between 3 GHz and 30 GHz, also referred to as centimeter wave. Communications using the mmW/near mmW radio frequency band have high path loss and a relatively short range. The mmW base station  180  and the UE  182  may utilize beamforming (transmit and/or receive) over a mmW communication link  184  to compensate for the extremely high path loss and short range. Further, it will be appreciated that in alternative configurations, one or more base stations  102  may also transmit using mmW or near mmW and beamforming. Accordingly, it will be appreciated that the foregoing illustrations are merely examples and should not be construed to limit the various aspects disclosed herein. 
     Transmit beamforming is a technique for focusing an RF signal in a specific direction. Traditionally, when a network node (e.g., a base station) broadcasts an RF signal, it broadcasts the signal in all directions (omni-directionally). With transmit beamforming, the network node determines where a given target device (e.g., a UE) is located (relative to the transmitting network node) and projects a stronger downlink RF signal in that specific direction, thereby providing a faster (in terms of data rate) and stronger RF signal for the receiving device(s). To change the directionality of the RF signal when transmitting, a network node can control the phase and relative amplitude of the RF signal at each of the one or more transmitters that are broadcasting the RF signal. For example, a network node may use an array of antennas (referred to as a “phased array” or an “antenna array”) that creates a beam of RF waves that can be “steered” to point in different directions, without actually moving the antennas. Specifically, the RF current from the transmitter is fed to the individual antennas with the correct phase relationship so that the radio waves from the separate antennas add together to increase the radiation in a desired direction, while cancelling to suppress radiation in undesired directions. 
     Transmit beams may be quasi-co-located, meaning that they appear to the receiver (e.g., a UE) as having the same parameters, regardless of whether or not the transmitting antennas of the network node themselves are physically co-located. In NR, there are four types of quasi-co-location (QCL) relations. Specifically, a QCL relation of a given type means that certain parameters about a second reference RF signal on a second beam can be derived from information about a source reference RF signal on a source beam. Thus, if the source reference RF signal is QCL Type A, the receiver can use the source reference RF signal to estimate the Doppler shift, Doppler spread, average delay, and delay spread of a second reference RF signal transmitted on the same channel. If the source reference RF signal is QCL Type B, the receiver can use the source reference RF signal to estimate the Doppler shift and Doppler spread of a second reference RF signal transmitted on the same channel. If the source reference RF signal is QCL Type C, the receiver can use the source reference RF signal to estimate the Doppler shift and average delay of a second reference RF signal transmitted on the same channel. If the source reference RF signal is QCL Type D, the receiver can use the source reference RF signal to estimate the spatial receive parameter of a second reference RF signal transmitted on the same channel. 
     In receive beamforming, the receiver uses a receive beam to amplify RF signals detected on a given channel. For example, the receiver can increase the gain setting and/or adjust the phase setting of an array of antennas in a particular direction to amplify (e.g., to increase the gain level of) the RF signals received from that direction. Thus, when a receiver is said to beamform in a certain direction, it means the beam gain in that direction is high relative to the beam gain along other directions, or the beam gain in that direction is the highest compared to the beam gain in that direction of all other receive beams available to the receiver. This results in a stronger received signal strength (e.g., reference signal received power (RSRP), reference signal received quality (RSRQ), signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio (SINR), etc.) of the RF signals received from that direction. 
     Transmit and receive beams may be spatially related. A spatial relation means that parameters for a second beam (e.g., a transmit or receive beam) for a second reference signal can be derived from information about a first beam (e.g., a receive beam or a transmit beam) for a first reference signal. For example, a UE may use a particular receive beam to receive a reference downlink reference signal (e.g., synchronization signal block (SSB)) from a base station. The UE can then form a transmit beam for sending an uplink reference signal (e.g., sounding reference signal (SRS)) to that base station based on the parameters of the receive beam. 
     Note that a “downlink” beam may be either a transmit beam or a receive beam, depending on the entity forming it. For example, if a base station is forming the downlink beam to transmit a reference signal to a UE, the downlink beam is a transmit beam. If the UE is forming the downlink beam, however, it is a receive beam to receive the downlink reference signal. Similarly, an “uplink” beam may be either a transmit beam or a receive beam, depending on the entity forming it. For example, if a base station is forming the uplink beam, it is an uplink receive beam, and if a UE is forming the uplink beam, it is an uplink transmit beam. 
     In 5G, the frequency spectrum in which wireless nodes (e.g., base stations  102 / 180 , UEs  104 / 182 ) operate is divided into multiple frequency ranges, FR 1  (from 450 to 6000 MHz), FR 2  (from 24250 to 52600 MHz), FR 3  (above 52600 MHz), and FR 4  (between FR 1  and FR 2 ). mmW frequency bands generally include the FR 2 , FR 3 , and FR 4  frequency ranges. As such, the terms “mmW” and “FR 2 ” or “FR 3 ” or “FR 4 ” may generally be used interchangeably. 
     In a multi-carrier system, such as 5G, one of the carrier frequencies is referred to as the “primary carrier” or “anchor carrier” or “primary serving cell” or “PCell,” and the remaining carrier frequencies are referred to as “secondary carriers” or “secondary serving cells” or “SCells.” In carrier aggregation, the anchor carrier is the carrier operating on the primary frequency (e.g., FR 1 ) utilized by a UE  104 / 182  and the cell in which the UE  104 / 182  either performs the initial radio resource control (RRC) connection establishment procedure or initiates the RRC connection re-establishment procedure. The primary carrier carries all common and UE-specific control channels, and may be a carrier in a licensed frequency (however, this is not always the case). A secondary carrier is a carrier operating on a second frequency (e.g., FR 2 ) that may be configured once the RRC connection is established between the UE  104  and the anchor carrier and that may be used to provide additional radio resources. In some cases, the secondary carrier may be a carrier in an unlicensed frequency. The secondary carrier may contain only necessary signaling information and signals, for example, those that are UE-specific may not be present in the secondary carrier, since both primary uplink and downlink carriers are typically UE-specific. This means that different UEs  104 / 182  in a cell may have different downlink primary carriers. The same is true for the uplink primary carriers. The network is able to change the primary carrier of any UE  104 / 182  at any time. This is done, for example, to balance the load on different carriers. Because a “serving cell” (whether a PCell or an SCell) corresponds to a carrier frequency/component carrier over which some base station is communicating, the term “cell,” “serving cell,” “component carrier,” “carrier frequency,” and the like can be used interchangeably. 
     For example, still referring to  FIG.  1   , one of the frequencies utilized by the macro cell base stations  102  may be an anchor carrier (or “PCell”) and other frequencies utilized by the macro cell base stations  102  and/or the mmW base station  180  may be secondary carriers (“SCells”). The simultaneous transmission and/or reception of multiple carriers enables the UE  104 / 182  to significantly increase its data transmission and/or reception rates. For example, two 20 MHz aggregated carriers in a multi-carrier system would theoretically lead to a two-fold increase in data rate (i.e., 40 MHz), compared to that attained by a single 20 MHz carrier. 
     The wireless communications system  100  may further include a UE  164  that may communicate with a macro cell base station  102  over a communication link  120  and/or the mmW base station  180  over a mmW communication link  184 . For example, the macro cell base station  102  may support a PCell and one or more SCells for the UE  164  and the mmW base station  180  may support one or more SCells for the UE  164 . 
     In the example of  FIG.  1   , any of the illustrated UEs (shown in  FIG.  1    as a single UE  104  for simplicity) may receive signals  124  from one or more Earth orbiting space vehicles (SVs)  112  (e.g., satellites). In an aspect, the SVs  112  may be part of a satellite positioning system that a UE  104  can use as an independent source of location information. A satellite positioning system typically includes a system of transmitters (e.g., SVs  112 ) positioned to enable receivers (e.g., UEs  104 ) to determine their location on or above the Earth based, at least in part, on positioning signals (e.g., signals  124 ) received from the transmitters. Such a transmitter typically transmits a signal marked with a repeating pseudo-random noise (PN) code of a set number of chips. While typically located in SVs  112 , transmitters may sometimes be located on ground-based control stations, base stations  102 , and/or other UEs  104 . A UE  104  may include one or more dedicated receivers specifically designed to receive signals  124  for deriving geo location information from the SVs  112 . 
     In a satellite positioning system, the use of signals  124  can be augmented by various satellite-based augmentation systems (SBAS) that may be associated with or otherwise enabled for use with one or more global and/or regional navigation satellite systems. For example an SBAS may include an augmentation system(s) that provides integrity information, differential corrections, etc., such as the Wide Area Augmentation System (WAAS), the European Geostationary Navigation Overlay Service (EGNOS), the Multi-functional Satellite Augmentation System (MSAS), the Global Positioning System (GPS) Aided Geo Augmented Navigation or GPS and Geo Augmented Navigation system (GAGAN), and/or the like. Thus, as used herein, a satellite positioning system may include any combination of one or more global and/or regional navigation satellites associated with such one or more satellite positioning systems. 
     In an aspect, SVs  112  may additionally or alternatively be part of one or more non-terrestrial networks (NTNs). In an NTN, an SV  112  is connected to an earth station (also referred to as a ground station, NTN gateway, or gateway), which in turn is connected to an element in a 5G network, such as a modified base station  102  (without a terrestrial antenna) or a network node in a 5GC. This element would in turn provide access to other elements in the 5G network and ultimately to entities external to the 5G network, such as Internet web servers and other user devices. In that way, a UE  104  may receive communication signals (e.g., signals  124 ) from an SV  112  instead of, or in addition to, communication signals from a terrestrial base station  102 . 
     The wireless communications system  100  may further include one or more UEs, such as UE  190 , that connects indirectly to one or more communication networks via one or more device-to-device (D2D) peer-to-peer (P2P) links (referred to as “sidelinks”). In the example of  FIG.  1   , UE  190  has a D2D P2P link  192  with one of the UEs  104  connected to one of the base stations  102  (e.g., through which UE  190  may indirectly obtain cellular connectivity) and a D2D P2P link  194  with WLAN STA  152  connected to the WLAN AP  150  (through which UE  190  may indirectly obtain WLAN-based Internet connectivity). In an example, the D2D P2P links  192  and  194  may be supported with any well-known D2D RAT, such as LTE Direct (LTE-D), WiFi Direct (WiFi-D), Bluetooth®, and so on. 
       FIG.  2 A  illustrates an example wireless network structure  200 . For example, a 5GC  210  (also referred to as a Next Generation Core (NGC)) can be viewed functionally as control plane (C-plane) functions  214  (e.g., UE registration, authentication, network access, gateway selection, etc.) and user plane (U-plane) functions  212 , (e.g., UE gateway function, access to data networks, IP routing, etc.) which operate cooperatively to form the core network. User plane interface (NG-U)  213  and control plane interface (NG-C)  215  connect the gNB  222  to the 5GC  210  and specifically to the user plane functions  212  and control plane functions  214 , respectively. In an additional configuration, an ng-eNB  224  may also be connected to the 5GC  210  via NG-C  215  to the control plane functions  214  and NG-U  213  to user plane functions  212 . Further, ng-eNB  224  may directly communicate with gNB  222  via a backhaul connection  223 . In some configurations, a Next Generation RAN (NG-RAN)  220  may have one or more gNBs  222 , while other configurations include one or more of both ng-eNBs  224  and gNBs  222 . Either (or both) gNB  222  or ng-eNB  224  may communicate with one or more UEs  204  (e.g., any of the UEs described herein). 
     Another optional aspect may include a location server  230 , which may be in communication with the 5GC  210  to provide location assistance for UE(s)  204 . The location server  230  can be implemented as a plurality of separate servers (e.g., physically separate servers, different software modules on a single server, different software modules spread across multiple physical servers, etc.), or alternately may each correspond to a single server. The location server  230  can be configured to support one or more location services for UEs  204  that can connect to the location server  230  via the core network, 5GC  210 , and/or via the Internet (not illustrated). Further, the location server  230  may be integrated into a component of the core network, or alternatively may be external to the core network (e.g., a third party server, such as an original equipment manufacturer (OEM) server or service server). 
       FIG.  2 B  illustrates another example wireless network structure  250 . A 5GC  260  (which may correspond to 5GC  210  in  FIG.  2 A ) can be viewed functionally as control plane functions, provided by an access and mobility management function (AMF)  264 , and user plane functions, provided by a user plane function (UPF)  262 , which operate cooperatively to form the core network (i.e., 5GC  260 ). The functions of the AMF  264  include registration management, connection management, reachability management, mobility management, lawful interception, transport for session management (SM) messages between one or more UEs  204  (e.g., any of the UEs described herein) and a session management function (SMF)  266 , transparent proxy services for routing SM messages, access authentication and access authorization, transport for short message service (SMS) messages between the UE  204  and the short message service function (SMSF) (not shown), and security anchor functionality (SEAF). The AMF  264  also interacts with an authentication server function (AUSF) (not shown) and the UE  204 , and receives the intermediate key that was established as a result of the UE  204  authentication process. In the case of authentication based on a UMTS (universal mobile telecommunications system) subscriber identity module (USIM), the AMF  264  retrieves the security material from the AUSF. The functions of the AMF  264  also include security context management (SCM). The SCM receives a key from the SEAF that it uses to derive access-network specific keys. The functionality of the AMF  264  also includes location services management for regulatory services, transport for location services messages between the UE  204  and a location management function (LMF)  270  (which acts as a location server  230 ), transport for location services messages between the NG-RAN  220  and the LMF  270 , evolved packet system (EPS) bearer identifier allocation for interworking with the EPS, and UE  204  mobility event notification. In addition, the AMF  264  also supports functionalities for non-3GPP (Third Generation Partnership Project) access networks. 
     Functions of the UPF  262  include acting as an anchor point for intra-/inter-RAT mobility (when applicable), acting as an external protocol data unit (PDU) session point of interconnect to a data network (not shown), providing packet routing and forwarding, packet inspection, user plane policy rule enforcement (e.g., gating, redirection, traffic steering), lawful interception (user plane collection), traffic usage reporting, quality of service (QoS) handling for the user plane (e.g., uplink/ downlink rate enforcement, reflective QoS marking in the downlink), uplink traffic verification (service data flow (SDF) to QoS flow mapping), transport level packet marking in the uplink and downlink, downlink packet buffering and downlink data notification triggering, and sending and forwarding of one or more “end markers” to the source RAN node. The UPF  262  may also support transfer of location services messages over a user plane between the UE  204  and a location server, such as an SLP  272 . 
     The functions of the SMF  266  include session management, UE Internet protocol (IP) address allocation and management, selection and control of user plane functions, configuration of traffic steering at the UPF  262  to route traffic to the proper destination, control of part of policy enforcement and QoS, and downlink data notification. The interface over which the SMF  266  communicates with the AMF  264  is referred to as the N 11  interface. 
     Another optional aspect may include an LMF  270 , which may be in communication with the 5GC  260  to provide location assistance for UEs  204 . The LMF  270  can be implemented as a plurality of separate servers (e.g., physically separate servers, different software modules on a single server, different software modules spread across multiple physical servers, etc.), or alternately may each correspond to a single server. The LMF  270  can be configured to support one or more location services for UEs  204  that can connect to the LMF  270  via the core network, 5GC  260 , and/or via the Internet (not illustrated). The SLP  272  may support similar functions to the LMF  270 , but whereas the LMF  270  may communicate with the AMF  264 , NG-RAN  220 , and UEs  204  over a control plane (e.g., using interfaces and protocols intended to convey signaling messages and not voice or data), the SLP  272  may communicate with UEs  204  and external clients (not shown in  FIG.  2 B ) over a user plane (e.g., using protocols intended to carry voice and/or data like the transmission control protocol (TCP) and/or IP). 
     User plane interface  263  and control plane interface  265  connect the 5GC  260 , and specifically the UPF  262  and AMF  264 , respectively, to one or more gNBs  222  and/or ng-eNBs  224  in the NG-RAN  220 . The interface between gNB(s)  222  and/or ng-eNB(s)  224  and the AMF  264  is referred to as the “N 2 ” interface, and the interface between gNB(s)  222  and/or ng-eNB(s)  224  and the UPF  262  is referred to as the “N 3 ” interface. The gNB(s)  222  and/or ng-eNB(s)  224  of the NG-RAN  220  may communicate directly with each other via backhaul connections  223 , referred to as the “Xn-C” interface. One or more of gNBs  222  and/or ng-eNBs  224  may communicate with one or more UEs  204  over a wireless interface, referred to as the “Uu” interface. 
     The functionality of a gNB  222  is divided between a gNB central unit (gNB-CU)  226  and one or more gNB distributed units (gNB-DUs)  228 . The interface  232  between the gNB-CU  226  and the one or more gNB-DUs  228  is referred to as the “F 1 ” interface. A gNB-CU  226  is a logical node that includes the base station functions of transferring user data, mobility control, radio access network sharing, positioning, session management, and the like, except for those functions allocated exclusively to the gNB-DU(s)  228 . More specifically, the gNB-CU  226  hosts the radio resource control (RRC), service data adaptation protocol (SDAP), and packet data convergence protocol (PDCP) protocols of the gNB  222 . A gNB-DU  228  is a logical node that hosts the radio link control (RLC), medium access control (MAC), and physical (PHY) layers of the gNB  222 . Its operation is controlled by the gNB-CU  226 . One gNB-DU  228  can support one or more cells, and one cell is supported by only one gNB-DU  228 . Thus, a UE  204  communicates with the gNB-CU  226  via the RRC, SDAP, and PDCP layers and with a gNB-DU  228  via the RLC, MAC, and PHY layers. 
       FIGS.  3 A,  3 B, and  3 C  illustrate several example components (represented by corresponding blocks) that may be incorporated into a UE  302  (which may correspond to any of the UEs described herein), a base station  304  (which may correspond to any of the base stations described herein), and a network entity  306  (which may correspond to or embody any of the network functions described herein, including the location server  230  and the LMF  270 , or alternatively may be independent from the NG-RAN  220  and/or 5GC  210 / 260  infrastructure depicted in  FIGS.  2 A and  2 B , such as a private network) to support the file transmission operations as taught herein. It will be appreciated that these components may be implemented in different types of apparatuses in different implementations (e.g., in an ASIC, in a system-on-chip (SoC), etc.). The illustrated components may also be incorporated into other apparatuses in a communication system. For example, other apparatuses in a system may include components similar to those described to provide similar functionality. Also, a given apparatus may contain one or more of the components. For example, an apparatus may include multiple transceiver components that enable the apparatus to operate on multiple carriers and/or communicate via different technologies. 
     The UE  302  and the base station  304  each include one or more wireless wide area network (WWAN) transceivers  310  and  350 , respectively, providing means for communicating (e.g., means for transmitting, means for receiving, means for measuring, means for tuning, means for refraining from transmitting, etc.) via one or more wireless communication networks (not shown), such as an NR network, an LTE network, a GSM network, and/or the like. The WWAN transceivers  310  and  350  may each be connected to one or more antennas  316  and  356 , respectively, for communicating with other network nodes, such as other UEs, access points, base stations (e.g., eNBs, gNBs), etc., via at least one designated RAT (e.g., NR, LTE, GSM, etc.) over a wireless communication medium of interest (e.g., some set of time/frequency resources in a particular frequency spectrum). The WWAN transceivers  310  and  350  may be variously configured for transmitting and encoding signals  318  and  358  (e.g., messages, indications, information, and so on), respectively, and, conversely, for receiving and decoding signals  318  and  358  (e.g., messages, indications, information, pilots, and so on), respectively, in accordance with the designated RAT. Specifically, the WWAN transceivers  310  and  350  include one or more transmitters  314  and  354 , respectively, for transmitting and encoding signals  318  and  358 , respectively, and one or more receivers  312  and  352 , respectively, for receiving and decoding signals  318  and  358 , respectively. 
     The UE  302  and the base station  304  each also include, at least in some cases, one or more short-range wireless transceivers  320  and  360 , respectively. The short-range wireless transceivers  320  and  360  may be connected to one or more antennas  326  and  366 , respectively, and provide means for communicating (e.g., means for transmitting, means for receiving, means for measuring, means for tuning, means for refraining from transmitting, etc.) with other network nodes, such as other UEs, access points, base stations, etc., via at least one designated RAT (e.g., WiFi, LTE-D, Bluetooth®, Zigbee®, Z-Wave®, PC5, dedicated short-range communications (DSRC), wireless access for vehicular environments (WAVE), near-field communication (NFC), etc.) over a wireless communication medium of interest. The short-range wireless transceivers  320  and  360  may be variously configured for transmitting and encoding signals  328  and  368  (e.g., messages, indications, information, and so on), respectively, and, conversely, for receiving and decoding signals  328  and  368  (e.g., messages, indications, information, pilots, and so on), respectively, in accordance with the designated RAT. Specifically, the short-range wireless transceivers  320  and  360  include one or more transmitters  324  and  364 , respectively, for transmitting and encoding signals  328  and  368 , respectively, and one or more receivers  322  and  362 , respectively, for receiving and decoding signals  328  and  368 , respectively. As specific examples, the short-range wireless transceivers  320  and  360  may be WiFi transceivers, Bluetooth® transceivers, Zigbee® and/or Z-Wave® transceivers, NFC transceivers, or vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) and/or vehicle-to-everything (V2X) transceivers. 
     The UE  302  and the base station  304  also include, at least in some cases, satellite signal receivers  330  and  370 . The satellite signal receivers  330  and  370  may be connected to one or more antennas  336  and  376 , respectively, and may provide means for receiving and/or measuring satellite positioning/communication signals  338  and  378 , respectively. Where the satellite signal receivers  330  and  370  are satellite positioning system receivers, the satellite positioning/communication signals  338  and  378  may be global positioning system (GPS) signals, global navigation satellite system (GLONASS) signals, Galileo signals, Beidou signals, Indian Regional Navigation Satellite System (NAVIC), Quasi-Zenith Satellite System (QZSS), etc. Where the satellite signal receivers  330  and  370  are non-terrestrial network (NTN) receivers, the satellite positioning/communication signals  338  and  378  may be communication signals (e.g., carrying control and/or user data) originating from a 5G network. The satellite signal receivers  330  and  370  may comprise any suitable hardware and/or software for receiving and processing satellite positioning/communication signals  338  and  378 , respectively. The satellite signal receivers  330  and  370  may request information and operations as appropriate from the other systems, and, at least in some cases, perform calculations to determine locations of the UE  302  and the base station  304 , respectively, using measurements obtained by any suitable satellite positioning system algorithm. 
     The base station  304  and the network entity  306  each include one or more network transceivers  380  and  390 , respectively, providing means for communicating (e.g., means for transmitting, means for receiving, etc.) with other network entities (e.g., other base stations  304 , other network entities  306 ). For example, the base station  304  may employ the one or more network transceivers  380  to communicate with other base stations  304  or network entities  306  over one or more wired or wireless backhaul links. As another example, the network entity  306  may employ the one or more network transceivers  390  to communicate with one or more base station  304  over one or more wired or wireless backhaul links, or with other network entities  306  over one or more wired or wireless core network interfaces. 
     A transceiver may be configured to communicate over a wired or wireless link. A transceiver (whether a wired transceiver or a wireless transceiver) includes transmitter circuitry (e.g., transmitters  314 ,  324 ,  354 ,  364 ) and receiver circuitry (e.g., receivers  312 ,  322 ,  352 ,  362 ). A transceiver may be an integrated device (e.g., embodying transmitter circuitry and receiver circuitry in a single device) in some implementations, may comprise separate transmitter circuitry and separate receiver circuitry in some implementations, or may be embodied in other ways in other implementations. The transmitter circuitry and receiver circuitry of a wired transceiver (e.g., network transceivers  380  and  390  in some implementations) may be coupled to one or more wired network interface ports. Wireless transmitter circuitry (e.g., transmitters  314 ,  324 ,  354 ,  364 ) may include or be coupled to a plurality of antennas (e.g., antennas  316 ,  326 ,  356 ,  366 ), such as an antenna array, that permits the respective apparatus (e.g., UE  302 , base station  304 ) to perform transmit “beamforming,” as described herein. Similarly, wireless receiver circuitry (e.g., receivers  312 ,  322 ,  352 ,  362 ) may include or be coupled to a plurality of antennas (e.g., antennas  316 ,  326 ,  356 ,  366 ), such as an antenna array, that permits the respective apparatus (e.g., UE  302 , base station  304 ) to perform receive beamforming, as described herein. In an aspect, the transmitter circuitry and receiver circuitry may share the same plurality of antennas (e.g., antennas  316 ,  326 ,  356 ,  366 ), such that the respective apparatus can only receive or transmit at a given time, not both at the same time. A wireless transceiver (e.g., WWAN transceivers  310  and  350 , short-range wireless transceivers  320  and  360 ) may also include a network listen module (NLM) or the like for performing various measurements. 
     As used herein, the various wireless transceivers (e.g., transceivers  310 ,  320 ,  350 , and  360 , and network transceivers  380  and  390  in some implementations) and wired transceivers (e.g., network transceivers  380  and  390  in some implementations) may generally be characterized as “a transceiver,” “at least one transceiver,” or “one or more transceivers.” As such, whether a particular transceiver is a wired or wireless transceiver may be inferred from the type of communication performed. For example, backhaul communication between network devices or servers will generally relate to signaling via a wired transceiver, whereas wireless communication between a UE (e.g., UE  302 ) and a base station (e.g., base station  304 ) will generally relate to signaling via a wireless transceiver. 
     The UE  302 , the base station  304 , and the network entity  306  also include other components that may be used in conjunction with the operations as disclosed herein. The UE  302 , the base station  304 , and the network entity  306  include one or more processors  332 ,  384 , and  394 , respectively, for providing functionality relating to, for example, wireless communication, and for providing other processing functionality. The processors  332 ,  384 , and  394  may therefore provide means for processing, such as means for determining, means for calculating, means for receiving, means for transmitting, means for indicating, etc. In an aspect, the processors  332 ,  384 , and  394  may include, for example, one or more general purpose processors, multi-core processors, central processing units (CPUs), ASICs, digital signal processors (DSPs), field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs), other programmable logic devices or processing circuitry, or various combinations thereof. 
     The UE  302 , the base station  304 , and the network entity  306  include memory circuitry implementing memories  340 ,  386 , and  396  (e.g., each including a memory device), respectively, for maintaining information (e.g., information indicative of reserved resources, thresholds, parameters, and so on). The memories  340 ,  386 , and  396  may therefore provide means for storing, means for retrieving, means for maintaining, etc. In some cases, the UE  302 , the base station  304 , and the network entity  306  may include positioning component  342 ,  388 , and  398 , respectively. The positioning component  342 ,  388 , and  398  may be hardware circuits that are part of or coupled to the processors  332 ,  384 , and  394 , respectively, that, when executed, cause the UE  302 , the base station  304 , and the network entity  306  to perform the functionality described herein. In other aspects, the positioning component  342 ,  388 , and  398  may be external to the processors  332 ,  384 , and  394  (e.g., part of a modem processing system, integrated with another processing system, etc.). Alternatively, the positioning component  342 ,  388 , and  398  may be memory modules stored in the memories  340 ,  386 , and  396 , respectively, that, when executed by the processors  332 ,  384 , and  394  (or a modem processing system, another processing system, etc.), cause the UE  302 , the base station  304 , and the network entity  306  to perform the functionality described herein.  FIG.  3 A  illustrates possible locations of the positioning component  342 , which may be, for example, part of the one or more WWAN transceivers  310 , the memory  340 , the one or more processors  332 , or any combination thereof, or may be a standalone component.  FIG.  3 B  illustrates possible locations of the positioning component  388 , which may be, for example, part of the one or more WWAN transceivers  350 , the memory  386 , the one or more processors  384 , or any combination thereof, or may be a standalone component.  FIG.  3 C  illustrates possible locations of the positioning component  398 , which may be, for example, part of the one or more network transceivers  390 , the memory  396 , the one or more processors  394 , or any combination thereof, or may be a standalone component. 
     The UE  302  may include one or more sensors  344  coupled to the one or more processors  332  to provide means for sensing or detecting movement and/or orientation information that is independent of motion data derived from signals received by the one or more WWAN transceivers  310 , the one or more short-range wireless transceivers  320 , and/or the satellite signal receiver  330 . By way of example, the sensor(s)  344  may include an accelerometer (e.g., a micro-electrical mechanical systems (MEMS) device), a gyroscope, a geomagnetic sensor (e.g., a compass), an altimeter (e.g., a barometric pressure altimeter), and/or any other type of movement detection sensor. Moreover, the sensor(s)  344  may include a plurality of different types of devices and combine their outputs in order to provide motion information. For example, the sensor(s)  344  may use a combination of a multi-axis accelerometer and orientation sensors to provide the ability to compute positions in two-dimensional (2D) and/or three-dimensional (3D) coordinate systems. 
     In addition, the UE  302  includes a user interface  346  providing means for providing indications (e.g., audible and/or visual indications) to a user and/or for receiving user input (e.g., upon user actuation of a sensing device such a keypad, a touch screen, a microphone, and so on). Although not shown, the base station  304  and the network entity  306  may also include user interfaces. 
     Referring to the one or more processors  384  in more detail, in the downlink, IP packets from the network entity  306  may be provided to the processor  384 . The one or more processors  384  may implement functionality for an RRC layer, a packet data convergence protocol (PDCP) layer, a radio link control (RLC) layer, and a medium access control (MAC) layer. The one or more processors  384  may provide RRC layer functionality associated with broadcasting of system information (e.g., master information block (MIB), system information blocks (SIBs)), RRC connection control (e.g., RRC connection paging, RRC connection establishment, RRC connection modification, and RRC connection release), inter-RAT mobility, and measurement configuration for UE measurement reporting; PDCP layer functionality associated with header compression/decompression, security (ciphering, deciphering, integrity protection, integrity verification), and handover support functions; RLC layer functionality associated with the transfer of upper layer PDUs, error correction through automatic repeat request (ARQ), concatenation, segmentation, and reassembly of RLC service data units (SDUs), re-segmentation of RLC data PDUs, and reordering of RLC data PDUs; and MAC layer functionality associated with mapping between logical channels and transport channels, scheduling information reporting, error correction, priority handling, and logical channel prioritization. 
     The transmitter  354  and the receiver  352  may implement Layer-1 (L1) functionality associated with various signal processing functions. Layer-1, which includes a physical (PHY) layer, may include error detection on the transport channels, forward error correction (FEC) coding/decoding of the transport channels, interleaving, rate matching, mapping onto physical channels, modulation/demodulation of physical channels, and MIMO antenna processing. The transmitter  354  handles mapping to signal constellations based on various modulation schemes (e.g., binary phase-shift keying (BPSK), quadrature phase-shift keying (QPSK), M-phase-shift keying (M-PSK), M-quadrature amplitude modulation (M-QAM)). The coded and modulated symbols may then be split into parallel streams. Each stream may then be mapped to an orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) subcarrier, multiplexed with a reference signal (e.g., pilot) in the time and/or frequency domain, and then combined together using an inverse fast Fourier transform (IFFT) to produce a physical channel carrying a time domain OFDM symbol stream. The OFDM symbol stream is spatially precoded to produce multiple spatial streams. Channel estimates from a channel estimator may be used to determine the coding and modulation scheme, as well as for spatial processing. The channel estimate may be derived from a reference signal and/or channel condition feedback transmitted by the UE  302 . Each spatial stream may then be provided to one or more different antennas  356 . The transmitter  354  may modulate an RF carrier with a respective spatial stream for transmission. 
     At the UE  302 , the receiver  312  receives a signal through its respective antenna(s)  316 . The receiver  312  recovers information modulated onto an RF carrier and provides the information to the one or more processors  332 . The transmitter  314  and the receiver  312  implement Layer-1 functionality associated with various signal processing functions. The receiver  312  may perform spatial processing on the information to recover any spatial streams destined for the UE  302 . If multiple spatial streams are destined for the UE  302 , they may be combined by the receiver  312  into a single OFDM symbol stream. The receiver  312  then converts the OFDM symbol stream from the time-domain to the frequency domain using a fast Fourier transform (FFT). The frequency domain signal comprises a separate OFDM symbol stream for each subcarrier of the OFDM signal. The symbols on each subcarrier, and the reference signal, are recovered and demodulated by determining the most likely signal constellation points transmitted by the base station  304 . These soft decisions may be based on channel estimates computed by a channel estimator. The soft decisions are then decoded and de-interleaved to recover the data and control signals that were originally transmitted by the base station  304  on the physical channel. The data and control signals are then provided to the one or more processors  332 , which implements Layer-3 (L3) and Layer-2 (L2) functionality. 
     In the uplink, the one or more processors  332  provides demultiplexing between transport and logical channels, packet reassembly, deciphering, header decompression, and control signal processing to recover IP packets from the core network. The one or more processors  332  are also responsible for error detection. 
     Similar to the functionality described in connection with the downlink transmission by the base station  304 , the one or more processors  332  provides RRC layer functionality associated with system information (e.g., MIB, SIBS) acquisition, RRC connections, and measurement reporting; PDCP layer functionality associated with header compression/decompression, and security (ciphering, deciphering, integrity protection, integrity verification); RLC layer functionality associated with the transfer of upper layer PDUs, error correction through ARQ, concatenation, segmentation, and reassembly of RLC SDUs, re-segmentation of RLC data PDUs, and reordering of RLC data PDUs; and MAC layer functionality associated with mapping between logical channels and transport channels, multiplexing of MAC SDUs onto transport blocks (TBs), demultiplexing of MAC SDUs from TBs, scheduling information reporting, error correction through hybrid automatic repeat request (HARM), priority handling, and logical channel prioritization. 
     Channel estimates derived by the channel estimator from a reference signal or feedback transmitted by the base station  304  may be used by the transmitter  314  to select the appropriate coding and modulation schemes, and to facilitate spatial processing. The spatial streams generated by the transmitter  314  may be provided to different antenna(s)  316 . The transmitter  314  may modulate an RF carrier with a respective spatial stream for transmission. 
     The uplink transmission is processed at the base station  304  in a manner similar to that described in connection with the receiver function at the UE  302 . The receiver  352  receives a signal through its respective antenna(s)  356 . The receiver  352  recovers information modulated onto an RF carrier and provides the information to the one or more processors  384 . 
     In the uplink, the one or more processors  384  provides demultiplexing between transport and logical channels, packet reassembly, deciphering, header decompression, control signal processing to recover IP packets from the UE  302 . IP packets from the one or more processors  384  may be provided to the core network. The one or more processors  384  are also responsible for error detection. 
     For convenience, the UE  302 , the base station  304 , and/or the network entity  306  are shown in  FIGS.  3 A,  3 B, and  3 C  as including various components that may be configured according to the various examples described herein. It will be appreciated, however, that the illustrated components may have different functionality in different designs. In particular, various components in  FIGS.  3 A to  3 C  are optional in alternative configurations and the various aspects include configurations that may vary due to design choice, costs, use of the device, or other considerations. For example, in case of  FIG.  3 A , a particular implementation of UE  302  may omit the WWAN transceiver(s)  310  (e.g., a wearable device or tablet computer or PC or laptop may have Wi-Fi and/or Bluetooth capability without cellular capability), or may omit the short-range wireless transceiver(s)  320  (e.g., cellular-only, etc.), or may omit the satellite signal receiver  330 , or may omit the sensor(s)  344 , and so on. In another example, in case of  FIG.  3 B , a particular implementation of the base station  304  may omit the WWAN transceiver(s)  350  (e.g., a Wi-Fi “hotspot” access point without cellular capability), or may omit the short-range wireless transceiver(s)  360  (e.g., cellular-only, etc.), or may omit the satellite receiver  370 , and so on. For brevity, illustration of the various alternative configurations is not provided herein, but would be readily understandable to one skilled in the art. 
     The various components of the UE  302 , the base station  304 , and the network entity  306  may be communicatively coupled to each other over data buses  334 ,  382 , and  392 , respectively. In an aspect, the data buses  334 ,  382 , and  392  may form, or be part of, a communication interface of the UE  302 , the base station  304 , and the network entity  306 , respectively. For example, where different logical entities are embodied in the same device (e.g., gNB and location server functionality incorporated into the same base station  304 ), the data buses  334 ,  382 , and  392  may provide communication between them. 
     The components of  FIGS.  3 A,  3 B, and  3 C  may be implemented in various ways. In some implementations, the components of  FIGS.  3 A,  3 B, and  3 C  may be implemented in one or more circuits such as, for example, one or more processors and/or one or more ASICs (which may include one or more processors). Here, each circuit may use and/or incorporate at least one memory component for storing information or executable code used by the circuit to provide this functionality. For example, some or all of the functionality represented by blocks  310  to  346  may be implemented by processor and memory component(s) of the UE  302  (e.g., by execution of appropriate code and/or by appropriate configuration of processor components). Similarly, some or all of the functionality represented by blocks  350  to  388  may be implemented by processor and memory component(s) of the base station  304  (e.g., by execution of appropriate code and/or by appropriate configuration of processor components). Also, some or all of the functionality represented by blocks  390  to  398  may be implemented by processor and memory component(s) of the network entity  306  (e.g., by execution of appropriate code and/or by appropriate configuration of processor components). For simplicity, various operations, acts, and/or functions are described herein as being performed “by a UE,” “by a base station,” “by a network entity,” etc. However, as will be appreciated, such operations, acts, and/or functions may actually be performed by specific components or combinations of components of the UE  302 , base station  304 , network entity  306 , etc., such as the processors  332 ,  384 ,  394 , the transceivers  310 ,  320 ,  350 , and  360 , the memories  340 ,  386 , and  396 , the positioning component  342 ,  388 , and  398 , etc. 
     In some designs, the network entity  306  may be implemented as a core network component. In other designs, the network entity  306  may be distinct from a network operator or operation of the cellular network infrastructure (e.g., NG RAN  220  and/or 5GC  210 / 260 ). For example, the network entity  306  may be a component of a private network that may be configured to communicate with the UE  302  via the base station  304  or independently from the base station  304  (e.g., over a non-cellular communication link, such as WiFi). 
       FIG.  4 A  illustrates a user plane protocol stack, according to aspects of the disclosure. As illustrated in  FIG.  4 A , a UE  404  and a base station  402  (which may correspond to any of the UEs and base stations, respectively, described herein) implement, from highest layer to lowest, a service data adaptation protocol (SDAP) layer  410 , a packet data convergence protocol (PDCP) layer  415 , a radio link control (RLC) layer  420 , a medium access control (MAC) layer  425 , and a physical (PHY) layer  430 . Particular instances of a protocol layer are referred to as protocol “entities.” As such, the terms “protocol layer” and “protocol entity” may be used interchangeably. 
     As illustrated by the double-arrow lines in  FIG.  4 A , each layer of the protocol stack implemented by the UE  404  communicates with the same layer of the base station  402 , and vice versa. The two corresponding protocol layers/entities of the UE  404  and the base station  402  are referred to as “peers,” “peer entities,” and the like. Collectively, the SDAP layer  410 , the PDCP layer  415 , the RLC layer  420 , and the MAC layer  425  are referred to as “Layer 2” or “L2.” The PHY layer  430  is referred to as “Layer 1” or “L1.” 
       FIG.  4 B  illustrates a control plane protocol stack, according to aspects of the disclosure. In addition to the PDCP layer  415 , the RLC layer  420 , the MAC layer  425 , and the PHY layer  430 , the UE  404  and the base station  402  also implement a radio resource control (RRC) layer  445 . Further, the UE  404  and an AMF  406  implement a non-access stratum (NAS) layer  440 . 
     The RLC layer  420  supports three transmission modes for packets: transparent mode (TM), unacknowledged mode (UM), and acknowledged mode (AM). In TM mode, there is no RLC header, no segmentation/reassembly, and no feedback (i.e., no acknowledgment (ACK) or negative acknowledgment (NACK)). In addition, there is buffering at the transmitter only. In UM mode, there is an RLC header, buffering at both the transmitter and the receiver, and segmentation/reassembly, but no feedback (i.e., a data transmission does not require any reception response (e.g., ACK/NACK) from the receiver). In AM mode, there is an RLC header, buffering at both the transmitter and the receiver, segmentation/reassembly, and feedback (i.e., a data transmission requires a reception response (e.g., ACK/NACK) from the receiver). Each of these modes can be used to both transmit and receive data. In TM and UM modes, a separate RLC entity is used for transmission and reception, whereas in AM mode, a single RLC entity performs both transmission and reception. Note that each logical channel uses a specific RLC mode. That is, the RLC configuration is per logical channel with no dependency on numerologies and/or transmission time interval (TTI) duration (i.e., the duration of a transmission on the radio link). Specifically, the broadcast control channel (BCCH), paging control channel (PCCH), and common control channel (CCCH) use TM mode only, the dedicated control channel (DCCH) uses AM mode only, and the dedicated traffic channel (DTCH) uses UM or AM mode. Whether the DTCH uses UM or AM is determined by RRC messaging. 
     The main services and functions of the RLC layer  420  depend on the transmission mode and include transfer of upper layer protocol data units (PDUs), sequence numbering independent of the one in the PDCP layer  415 , error correction through automatic repeat request (ARQ), segmentation and re-segmentation, reassembly of service data units (SDUs), RLC SDU discard, and RLC re-establishment. The ARQ functionality provides error correction in AM mode, and has the following characteristics: ARQ retransmissions of RLC PDUs or RLC PDU segments based on RLC status reports, polling for an RLC status report when needed by RLC, and RLC receiver triggering of an RLC status report after detection of a missing RLC PDU or RLC PDU segment. 
     The main services and functions of the PDCP layer  415  for the user plane include sequence numbering, header compression and decompression (for robust header compression (ROHC)), transfer of user data, reordering and duplicate detection (if in-order delivery to layers above the PDCP layer  415  is required), PDCP PDU routing (in case of split bearers), retransmission of PDCP SDUs, ciphering and deciphering, PDCP SDU discard, PDCP re-establishment and data recovery for RLC AM, and duplication of PDCP PDUs. The main services and functions of the PDCP layer  415  for the control plane include ciphering, deciphering, and integrity protection, transfer of control plane data, and duplication of PDCP PDUs. 
     The SDAP layer  410  is an access stratum (AS) layer, the main services and functions of which include mapping between a quality of service (QoS) flow and a data radio bearer and marking QoS flow identifier in both downlink and uplink packets. A single protocol entity of SDAP is configured for each individual PDU session. 
     The main services and functions of the RRC layer  445  include broadcast of system information related to AS and NAS, paging initiated by the 5GC (e.g., NGC  210  or  260 ) or RAN (e.g., New RAN  220 ), establishment, maintenance, and release of an RRC connection between the UE and RAN, security functions including key management, establishment, configuration, maintenance, and release of signaling radio bearers (SRBs) and data radio bearers (DRBs), mobility functions (including handover, UE cell selection and reselection and control of cell selection and reselection, context transfer at handover), QoS management functions, UE measurement reporting and control of the reporting, and NAS message transfer to/from the NAS from/to the UE. 
     The NAS layer  440  is the highest stratum of the control plane between the UE  404  and the AMF  406  at the radio interface. The main functions of the protocols that are part of the NAS layer  440  are the support of mobility of the UE  404  and the support of session management procedures to establish and maintain Internet protocol (IP) connectivity between the UE  404  and the packet data network (PDN). The NAS layer  440  performs evolved packet system (EPS) bearer management, authentication, EPS connection management (ECM)-IDLE mobility handling, paging origination in ECM-IDLE, and security control. 
     Various frame structures may be used to support downlink and uplink transmissions between network nodes (e.g., base stations and UEs).  FIG.  5    is a diagram  500  illustrating an example frame structure, according to aspects of the disclosure. Other wireless communications technologies may have different frame structures and/or different channels. 
     LTE, and in some cases NR, utilizes OFDM on the downlink and single-carrier frequency division multiplexing (SC-FDM) on the uplink. Unlike LTE, however, NR has an option to use OFDM on the uplink as well. OFDM and SC-FDM partition the system bandwidth into multiple (K) orthogonal subcarriers, which are also commonly referred to as tones, bins, etc. Each subcarrier may be modulated with data. In general, modulation symbols are sent in the frequency domain with OFDM and in the time domain with SC-FDM. The spacing between adjacent subcarriers may be fixed, and the total number of subcarriers (K) may be dependent on the system bandwidth. For example, the spacing of the subcarriers may be 15 kilohertz (kHz) and the minimum resource allocation (resource block) may be 12 subcarriers (or 180 kHz). Consequently, the nominal FFT size may be equal to 128, 256, 512, 1024, or 2048 for system bandwidth of 1.25, 2.5, 5, 10, or 20 megahertz (MHz), respectively. The system bandwidth may also be partitioned into subbands. For example, a subband may cover 1.08 MHz (i.e., 6 resource blocks), and there may be 1, 2, 4, 8, or 16 subbands for system bandwidth of 1.25, 2.5, 5, 10, or 20 MHz, respectively. 
     LTE supports a single numerology (subcarrier spacing (SCS), symbol length, etc.). In contrast, NR may support multiple numerologies (μ), for example, subcarrier spacings of 15 kHz (v 0 ), 30 kHz (μ=1), 60 kHz (μ=2), 120 kHz (μ=3), and 240 kHz (μ=4) or greater may be available. In each subcarrier spacing, there are 14 symbols per slot. For 15 kHz SCS (μ=0), there is one slot per subframe, 10 slots per frame, the slot duration is 1 millisecond (ms), the symbol duration is 66.7 microseconds (μs), and the maximum nominal system bandwidth (in MHz) with a 4K FFT size is 50. For 30 kHz SCS (μ=1), there are two slots per subframe, 20 slots per frame, the slot duration is 0.5 ms, the symbol duration is 33.3 μs, and the maximum nominal system bandwidth (in MHz) with a 4K FFT size is 100. For 60 kHz SCS (μ=2), there are four slots per subframe, 40 slots per frame, the slot duration is 0.25 ms, the symbol duration is 16.7 μs, and the maximum nominal system bandwidth (in MHz) with a 4K FFT size is 200. For 120 kHz SCS (μ=3), there are eight slots per subframe, 80 slots per frame, the slot duration is 0.125 ms, the symbol duration is 8.33 μs, and the maximum nominal system bandwidth (in MHz) with a 4K FFT size is 400. For 240 kHz SCS (μ=4), there are 16 slots per subframe, 160 slots per frame, the slot duration is 0.0625 ms, the symbol duration is 4.17 μs, and the maximum nominal system bandwidth (in MHz) with a 4K FFT size is 800. 
     In the example of  FIG.  5   , a numerology of 15 kHz is used. Thus, in the time domain, a 10 ms frame is divided into 10 equally sized subframes of 1 ms each, and each subframe includes one time slot. In  FIG.  5   , time is represented horizontally (on the X axis) with time increasing from left to right, while frequency is represented vertically (on the Y axis) with frequency increasing (or decreasing) from bottom to top. 
     A resource grid may be used to represent time slots, each time slot including one or more time-concurrent resource blocks (RBs) (also referred to as physical RBs (PRBs)) in the frequency domain. The resource grid is further divided into multiple resource elements (REs). An RE may correspond to one symbol length in the time domain and one subcarrier in the frequency domain. In the numerology of  FIG.  5   , for a normal cyclic prefix, an RB may contain 12 consecutive subcarriers in the frequency domain and seven consecutive symbols in the time domain, for a total of 84 REs. For an extended cyclic prefix, an RB may contain 12 consecutive subcarriers in the frequency domain and six consecutive symbols in the time domain, for a total of 72 REs. The number of bits carried by each RE depends on the modulation scheme. 
     Some of the REs may carry reference (pilot) signals (RS). The reference signals may include positioning reference signals (PRS), tracking reference signals (TRS), phase tracking reference signals (PTRS), cell-specific reference signals (CRS), channel state information reference signals (CSI-RS), demodulation reference signals (DMRS), primary synchronization signals (PSS), secondary synchronization signals (SSS), synchronization signal blocks (SSBs), sounding reference signals (SRS), etc., depending on whether the illustrated frame structure is used for uplink or downlink communication.  FIG.  5    illustrates example locations of REs carrying reference signals (labeled “R”). 
     A collection of resource elements (REs) that are used for transmission of PRS is referred to as a “PRS resource.” The collection of resource elements can span multiple PRBs in the frequency domain and ‘N’ (such as 1 or more) consecutive symbol(s) within a slot in the time domain. In a given OFDM symbol in the time domain, a PRS resource occupies consecutive PRBs in the frequency domain. 
     The transmission of a PRS resource within a given PRB has a particular comb size (also referred to as the “comb density”). A comb size ‘N’ represents the subcarrier spacing (or frequency/tone spacing) within each symbol of a PRS resource configuration. Specifically, for a comb size ‘N,’ PRS are transmitted in every Nth subcarrier of a symbol of a PRB. For example, for comb-4, for each symbol of the PRS resource configuration, REs corresponding to every fourth subcarrier (such as subcarriers 0, 4, 8) are used to transmit PRS of the PRS resource. Currently, comb sizes of comb-2, comb-4, comb-6, and comb-12 are supported for DL-PRS.  FIG.  5    illustrates an example PRS resource configuration for comb-6 (which spans six symbols). That is, the locations of the shaded REs (labeled “R”) indicate a comb-6 PRS resource configuration. 
     Currently, a DL-PRS resource may span 2, 4, 6, or 12 consecutive symbols within a slot with a fully frequency-domain staggered pattern. A DL-PRS resource can be configured in any higher layer configured downlink or flexible (FL) symbol of a slot. There may be a constant energy per resource element (EPRE) for all REs of a given DL-PRS resource. The following are the frequency offsets from symbol to symbol for comb sizes 2, 4, 6, and 12 over 2, 4, 6, and 12 symbols. 2-symbol comb-2: {0, 1}; 4-symbol comb-2: {0, 1, 0, 1}; 6-symbol comb-2: {0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1}; 12-symbol comb-2: {0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1 }; 4-symbol comb-4: {0, 2, 1, 3}; 12-symbol comb-4: {0, 2, 1, 3, 0, 2, 1, 3, 0, 2, 1, 3}; 6-symbol comb-6: {0, 3, 1, 4, 2, 5}; 12-symbol comb-6: {0, 3, 1, 4, 2, 5, 0, 3, 1, 4, 2, 5}; and 12-symbol comb-12: {0, 6, 3, 9, 1, 7, 4, 10, 2, 8, 5, 11}. 
     A “PRS resource set” is a set of PRS resources used for the transmission of PRS signals, where each PRS resource has a PRS resource ID. In addition, the PRS resources in a PRS resource set are associated with the same TRP. A PRS resource set is identified by a PRS resource set ID and is associated with a particular TRP (identified by a TRP ID). In addition, the PRS resources in a PRS resource set have the same periodicity, a common muting pattern configuration, and the same repetition factor (such as “PRS-ResourceRepetitionFactor”) across slots. The periodicity is the time from the first repetition of the first PRS resource of a first PRS instance to the same first repetition of the same first PRS resource of the next PRS instance. The periodicity may have a length selected from 2{circumflex over ( )}*{4, 5, 8, 10, 16, 20, 32, 40, 64, 80, 160, 320, 640, 1280, 2560, 5120, 10240} slots, with μ=0, 1, 2, 3. The repetition factor may have a length selected from {1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 16, 32} slots. 
     A PRS resource ID in a PRS resource set is associated with a single beam (or beam ID) transmitted from a single TRP (where a TRP may transmit one or more beams). That is, each PRS resource of a PRS resource set may be transmitted on a different beam, and as such, a “PRS resource,” or simply “resource,” also can be referred to as a “beam.” Note that this does not have any implications on whether the TRPs and the beams on which PRS are transmitted are known to the UE. 
     A “PRS instance” or “PRS occasion” is one instance of a periodically repeated time window (such as a group of one or more consecutive slots) where PRS are expected to be transmitted. A PRS occasion also may be referred to as a “PRS positioning occasion,” a “PRS positioning instance, a “positioning occasion,” “a positioning instance,” a “positioning repetition,” or simply an “occasion,” an “instance,” or a “repetition.” 
     A “positioning frequency layer” (also referred to simply as a “frequency layer”) is a collection of one or more PRS resource sets across one or more TRPs that have the same values for certain parameters. Specifically, the collection of PRS resource sets has the same subcarrier spacing and cyclic prefix (CP) type (meaning all numerologies supported for the physical downlink shared channel (PDSCH) are also supported for PRS), the same Point A, the same value of the downlink PRS bandwidth, the same start PRB (and center frequency), and the same comb-size. The Point A parameter takes the value of the parameter “ARFCN-ValueNR” (where “ARFCN” stands for “absolute radio-frequency channel number”) and is an identifier/code that specifies a pair of physical radio channel used for transmission and reception. The downlink PRS bandwidth may have a granularity of four PRBs, with a minimum of 24 PRBs and a maximum of 272 PRBs. Currently, up to four frequency layers have been defined, and up to two PRS resource sets may be configured per TRP per frequency layer. 
     The concept of a frequency layer is somewhat like the concept of component carriers and bandwidth parts (BWPs), but different in that component carriers and BWPs are used by one base station (or a macro cell base station and a small cell base station) to transmit data channels, while frequency layers are used by several (usually three or more) base stations to transmit PRS. A UE may indicate the number of frequency layers it can support when it sends the network its positioning capabilities, such as during an LTE positioning protocol (LPP) session. For example, a UE may indicate whether it can support one or four positioning frequency layers. 
     Note that the terms “positioning reference signal” and “PRS” generally refer to specific reference signals that are used for positioning in NR and LTE systems. However, as used herein, the terms “positioning reference signal” and “PRS” may also refer to any type of reference signal that can be used for positioning, such as but not limited to, PRS as defined in LTE and NR, TRS, PTRS, CRS, CSI-RS, DMRS, PSS, SSS, SSB, SRS, UL-PRS, etc. In addition, the terms “positioning reference signal” and “PRS” may refer to downlink or uplink positioning reference signals, unless otherwise indicated by the context. If needed to further distinguish the type of PRS, a downlink positioning reference signal may be referred to as a “DL-PRS,” and an uplink positioning reference signal (e.g., an SRS-for-positioning, PTRS) may be referred to as an “UL-PRS.” In addition, for signals that may be transmitted in both the uplink and downlink (e.g., DMRS, PTRS), the signals may be prepended with “UL” or “DL” to distinguish the direction. For example, “UL-DMRS” may be differentiated from “DL-DMRS.” 
       FIG.  6    is a diagram  600  illustrating various downlink channels within an example downlink slot. In  FIG.  6   , time is represented horizontally (on the X axis) with time increasing from left to right, while frequency is represented vertically (on the Y axis) with frequency increasing (or decreasing) from bottom to top. In the example of  FIG.  6   , a numerology of 15 kHz is used. Thus, in the time domain, the illustrated slot is one millisecond (ms) in length, divided into 14 symbols. 
     In NR, the channel bandwidth, or system bandwidth, is divided into multiple bandwidth parts (BWPs). A BWP is a contiguous set of RBs selected from a contiguous subset of the common RBs for a given numerology on a given carrier. Generally, a maximum of four BWPs can be specified in the downlink and uplink. That is, a UE can be configured with up to four BWPs on the downlink, and up to four BWPs on the uplink. Only one BWP (uplink or downlink) may be active at a given time, meaning the UE may only receive or transmit over one BWP at a time. On the downlink, the bandwidth of each BWP should be equal to or greater than the bandwidth of the SSB, but it may or may not contain the SSB. 
     Referring to  FIG.  6   , a primary synchronization signal (PSS) is used by a UE to determine subframe/symbol timing and a physical layer identity. A secondary synchronization signal (SSS) is used by a UE to determine a physical layer cell identity group number and radio frame timing. Based on the physical layer identity and the physical layer cell identity group number, the UE can determine a PCI. Based on the PCI, the UE can determine the locations of the aforementioned DL-RS. The physical broadcast channel (PBCH), which carries a master information block (MIB), may be logically grouped with the PSS and SSS to form an SSB (also referred to as an SS/PBCH). The MIB provides a number of RBs in the downlink system bandwidth and a system frame number (SFN). The physical downlink shared channel (PDSCH) carries user data, broadcast system information not transmitted through the PBCH, such as system information blocks (SIBs), and paging messages. 
     The physical downlink control channel (PDCCH) carries downlink control information (DCI) within one or more control channel elements (CCEs), each CCE including one or more RE group (REG) bundles (which may span multiple symbols in the time domain), each REG bundle including one or more REGs, each REG corresponding to 12 resource elements (one resource block) in the frequency domain and one OFDM symbol in the time domain. The set of physical resources used to carry the PDCCH/DCI is referred to in NR as the control resource set (CORESET). In NR, a PDCCH is confined to a single CORESET and is transmitted with its own DMRS. This enables UE-specific beamforming for the PDCCH. 
     In the example of  FIG.  6   , there is one CORESET per BWP, and the CORESET spans three symbols (although it may be only one or two symbols) in the time domain. Unlike LTE control channels, which occupy the entire system bandwidth, in NR, PDCCH channels are localized to a specific region in the frequency domain (i.e., a CORESET). Thus, the frequency component of the PDCCH shown in  FIG.  6 B  is illustrated as less than a single BWP in the frequency domain. Note that although the illustrated CORESET is contiguous in the frequency domain, it need not be. In addition, the CORESET may span less than three symbols in the time domain. 
     The DCI within the PDCCH carries information about uplink resource allocation (persistent and non-persistent) and descriptions about downlink data transmitted to the UE, referred to as uplink and downlink grants, respectively. More specifically, the DCI indicates the resources scheduled for the downlink data channel (e.g., PDSCH) and the uplink data channel (e.g., physical uplink shared channel (PUSCH)). Multiple (e.g., up to eight) DCIs can be configured in the PDCCH, and these DCIs can have one of multiple formats. For example, there are different DCI formats for uplink scheduling, for downlink scheduling, for uplink transmit power control (TPC), etc. A PDCCH may be transported by 1, 2, 4, 8, or 16 CCEs in order to accommodate different DCI payload sizes or coding rates. 
     The following are the currently supported DCI formats. Format 0-0: fallback for scheduling of PUSCH; Format 0-1: non-fallback for scheduling of PUSCH; Format 1-0: fallback for scheduling of PDSCH; Format 1-1: non-fallback for scheduling of PDSCH; Format 2-0: notifying a group of UEs of the slot format; Format 2-1: notifying a group of UEs of the PRB(s) and OFDM symbol(s) where the UEs may assume no transmissions are intended for the UEs; Format 2-2: transmission of TPC commands for PUCCH and PUSCH; and Format 2-3: transmission of a group of SRS requests and TPC commands for SRS transmissions. Note that a fallback format is a default scheduling option that has non-configurable fields and supports basic NR operations. In contrast, a non-fallback format is flexible to accommodate NR features. 
     As will be appreciated, a UE needs to be able to demodulate (also referred to as “decode”) the PDCCH in order to read the DCI, and thereby to obtain the scheduling of resources allocated to the UE on the PDSCH and PUSCH. If the UE fails to demodulate the PDCCH, then the UE will not know the locations of the PDSCH resources and it will keep attempting to demodulate the PDCCH using a different set of PDCCH candidates in subsequent PDCCH monitoring occasions. If the UE fails to demodulate the PDCCH after some number of attempts, the UE declares a radio link failure (RLF). To overcome PDCCH demodulation issues, search spaces are configured for efficient PDCCH detection and demodulation. 
     Generally, a UE does not attempt to demodulate each and very PDCCH candidate that may be scheduled in a slot. To reduce restrictions on the PDCCH scheduler, and at the same time to reduce the number of blind demodulation attempts by the UE, search spaces are configured. Search spaces are indicated by a set of contiguous CCEs that the UE is supposed to monitor for scheduling assignments/grants relating to a certain component carrier. There are two types of search spaces used for the PDCCH to control each component carrier, a common search space (CSS) and a UE-specific search space (USS). 
     A common search space is shared across all UEs, and a UE-specific search space is used per UE (i.e., a UE-specific search space is specific to a specific UE). For a common search space, a DCI cyclic redundancy check (CRC) is scrambled with a system information radio network temporary identifier (SI-RNTI), random access RNTI (RA-RNTI), temporary cell RNTI (TC-RNTI), paging RNTI (P-RNTI), interruption RNTI (INT-RNTI), slot format indication RNTI (SFI-RNTI), TPC-PUCCH-RNTI, TPC-PUSCH-RNTI, TPC-SRS-RNTI, cell RNTI (C-RNTI), or configured scheduling RNTI (CS-RNTI) for all common procedures. For a UE-specific search space, a DCI CRC is scrambled with a C-RNTI or CS-RNTI, as these are specifically targeted to individual UE. 
     A UE demodulates the PDCCH using the four UE-specific search space aggregation levels (1, 2, 4, and 8) and the two common search space aggregation levels (4 and 8). Specifically, for the UE-specific search spaces, aggregation level ‘1’ has six PDCCH candidates per slot and a size of six CCEs. Aggregation level ‘2’ has six PDCCH candidates per slot and a size of 12 CCEs. Aggregation level ‘4’ has two PDCCH candidates per slot and a size of eight CCEs. Aggregation level ‘8’ has two PDCCH candidates per slot and a size of 16 CCEs. For the common search spaces, aggregation level ‘4’ has four PDCCH candidates per slot and a size of 16 CCEs. Aggregation level ‘8’ has two PDCCH candidates per slot and a size of 16 CCEs.Each search space comprises a group of consecutive CCEs that could be allocated to a PDCCH, referred to as a PDCCH candidate. A UE demodulates all of the PDCCH candidates in these two search spaces (USS and CSS) to discover the DCI for that UE. For example, the UE may demodulate the DCI to obtain the scheduled uplink grant information on the PUSCH and the downlink resources on the PDSCH. Note that the aggregation level is the number of 
     REs of a CORESET that carry a PDCCH DCI message, and is expressed in terms of CCEs. There is a one-to-one mapping between the aggregation level and the number of CCEs per aggregation level. That is, for aggregation level ‘4,’ there are four CCEs. Thus, as shown above, if the aggregation level is ‘4’ and the number of PDCCH candidates in a slot is ‘2,’ then the size of the search space is ‘8’ (i.e., 4×2=8). 
       FIG.  7    is a diagram  700  illustrating an example uplink frame structure. In  FIG.  7   , time is represented horizontally (on the X axis) with time increasing from left to right, while frequency is represented vertically (on the Y axis) with frequency increasing (or decreasing) from bottom to top. In the example of  FIG.  7   , a numerology of 15 kHz is used. 
     As illustrated in  FIG.  7   , some of the REs (labeled “R”) carry demodulation reference signals (DMRS) for channel estimation at the receiver (e.g., a base station, another UE, etc.). A UE may additionally transmit SRS in, for example, the last symbol of a slot. The SRS may have a comb structure, and a UE may transmit SRS on one of the combs. In the example of  FIG.  7   , the illustrated SRS is comb-2 over one symbol. The SRS may be used by a base station to obtain the channel state information (CSI) for each UE. CSI describes how an RF signal propagates from the UE to the base station and represents the combined effect of scattering, fading, and power decay with distance. The system uses the SRS for resource scheduling, link adaptation, massive MIMO, beam management, etc. 
     Currently, an SRS resource may span 1, 2, 4, 8, or 12 consecutive symbols within a slot with a comb size of comb-2, comb-4, or comb-8. The following are the frequency offsets from symbol to symbol for the SRS comb patterns that are currently supported. 1-symbol comb-2: {0}; 2-symbol comb-2: {0, 1}; 4-symbol comb-2: {0, 1, 0, 1}; 4-symbol comb-4: {0, 2, 1, 3}; 8-symbol comb-4: {0, 2, 1, 3, 0, 2, 1, 3}; 12-symbol comb-4: {0, 2, 1, 3, 0, 2, 1, 3, 0, 2, 1, 3}; 4-symbol comb-8: {0, 4, 2, 6}; 8-symbol comb-8: {0, 4, 2, 6, 1, 5, 3, 7}; and 12-symbol comb-8: {0, 4, 2, 6, 1, 5, 3, 7, 0, 4, 2, 6}. 
     A collection of resource elements that are used for transmission of SRS is referred to as an “SRS resource,” and may be identified by the parameter “SRS-ResourceId.” The collection of resource elements can span multiple PRBs in the frequency domain and N (e.g., one or more) consecutive symbol(s) within a slot in the time domain. In a given OFDM symbol, an SRS resource occupies consecutive PRBs. An “SRS resource set” is a set of SRS resources used for the transmission of SRS signals, and is identified by an SRS resource set ID (“SRS-ResourceSetId”). 
     Generally, a UE transmits SRS to enable the receiving base station (either the serving base station or a neighboring base station) to measure the channel quality between the UE and the base station. However, SRS can also be specifically configured as uplink positioning reference signals for uplink-based positioning procedures, such as uplink time difference of arrival (UL-TDOA), round-trip-time (RTT), uplink angle-of-arrival (UL-AoA), etc. As used herein, the term “SRS” may refer to SRS configured for channel quality measurements or SRS configured for positioning purposes. The former may be referred to herein as “SRS-for-communication” and/or the latter may be referred to as “SRS-for-positioning” when needed to distinguish the two types of SRS. 
     Several enhancements over the previous definition of SRS have been proposed for SRS-for-positioning (also referred to as “UL-PRS”), such as a new staggered pattern within an SRS resource (except for single-symbol/comb-2), a new comb type for SRS, new sequences for SRS, a higher number of SRS resource sets per component carrier, and a higher number of SRS resources per component carrier. In addition, the parameters “SpatialRelationInfo” and “PathLossReference” are to be configured based on a downlink reference signal or SSB from a neighboring TRP. Further still, one SRS resource may be transmitted outside the active BWP, and one SRS resource may span across multiple component carriers. Also, SRS may be configured in RRC connected state and only transmitted within an active BWP. Further, there may be no frequency hopping, no repetition factor, a single antenna port, and new lengths for SRS (e.g., 8 and 12 symbols). There also may be open-loop power control and not closed-loop power control, and comb-8 (i.e., an SRS transmitted every eighth subcarrier in the same symbol) may be used. Lastly, the UE may transmit through the same transmit beam from multiple SRS resources for UL-AoA. All of these are features that are additional to the current SRS framework, which is configured through RRC higher layer signaling (and potentially triggered or activated through MAC control element (MAC-CE) or DCI). 
       FIG.  8    is a diagram  800  illustrating various uplink channels within an example uplink slot. In  FIG.  8   , time is represented horizontally (on the X axis) with time increasing from left to right, while frequency is represented vertically (on the Y axis) with frequency increasing (or decreasing) from bottom to top. In the example of  FIG.  8   , a numerology of 15 kHz is used. Thus, in the time domain, the illustrated slot is one millisecond (ms) in length, divided into 14 symbols. 
     A random-access channel (RACH), also referred to as a physical random-access channel 
     (PRACH), may be within one or more slots within a frame based on the PRACH configuration. The PRACH may include six consecutive RB pairs within a slot. The PRACH allows the UE to perform initial system access and achieve uplink synchronization. A physical uplink control channel (PUCCH) may be located on edges of the uplink system bandwidth. The PUCCH carries uplink control information (UCI), such as scheduling requests, CSI reports, a channel quality indicator (CQI), a precoding matrix indicator (PMI), a rank indicator (RI), and HARQ ACK/NACK feedback. The physical uplink shared channel (PUSCH) carries data, and may additionally be used to carry a buffer status report (B SR), a power headroom report (PHR), and/or UCI. 
     NR supports a number of cellular network-based positioning technologies, including downlink-based, uplink-based, and downlink-and-uplink-based positioning methods. Downlink-based positioning methods include observed time difference of arrival (OTDOA) in LTE, downlink time difference of arrival (DL-TDOA) in NR, and downlink angle-of-departure (DL-AoD) in NR. In an OTDOA or DL-TDOA positioning procedure, a UE measures the differences between the times of arrival (ToAs) of reference signals (e.g., positioning reference signals (PRS)) received from pairs of base stations, referred to as reference signal time difference (RSTD) or time difference of arrival (TDOA) measurements, and reports them to a positioning entity. More specifically, the UE receives the identifiers (IDs) of a reference base station (e.g., a serving base station) and multiple non-reference base stations in assistance data. The UE then measures the RSTD between the reference base station and each of the non-reference base stations. Based on the known locations of the involved base stations and the RSTD measurements, the positioning entity can estimate the UE&#39;s location. 
     For DL-AoD positioning, the positioning entity uses a beam report from the UE of received signal strength measurements of multiple downlink transmit beams to determine the angle(s) between the UE and the transmitting base station(s). The positioning entity can then estimate the location of the UE based on the determined angle(s) and the known location(s) of the transmitting base station(s). 
     Uplink-based positioning methods include uplink time difference of arrival (UL-TDOA) and uplink angle-of-arrival (UL-AoA). UL-TDOA is similar to DL-TDOA, but is based on uplink reference signals (e.g., sounding reference signals (SRS)) transmitted by the UE. For UL-AoA positioning, one or more base stations measure the received signal strength of one or more uplink reference signals (e.g., SRS) received from a UE on one or more uplink receive beams. The positioning entity uses the signal strength measurements and the angle(s) of the receive beam(s) to determine the angle(s) between the UE and the base station(s). Based on the determined angle(s) and the known location(s) of the base station(s), the positioning entity can then estimate the location of the UE. 
     Downlink-and-uplink-based positioning methods include enhanced cell-ID (E-CID) positioning and multi-round-trip-time (RTT) positioning (also referred to as “multi-cell RTT”). In an RTT procedure, an initiator (a base station or a UE) transmits an RTT measurement signal (e.g., a PRS or SRS) to a responder (a UE or base station), which transmits an RTT response signal (e.g., an SRS or PRS) back to the initiator. The RTT response signal includes the difference between the ToA of the RTT measurement signal and the transmission time of the RTT response signal, referred to as the reception-to-transmission (Rx-Tx) time difference. The initiator calculates the difference between the transmission time of the RTT measurement signal and the ToA of the RTT response signal, referred to as the transmission-to-reception (Tx-Rx) time difference. The propagation time (also referred to as the “time of flight”) between the initiator and the responder can be calculated from the Tx-Rx and Rx-Tx time differences. Based on the propagation time and the known speed of light, the distance between the initiator and the responder can be determined. For multi-RTT positioning, a UE performs an RTT procedure with multiple base stations to enable its location to be determined (e.g., using multilateration) based on the known locations of the base stations. RTT and multi-RTT methods can be combined with other positioning techniques, such as UL-AoA and DL-AoD, to improve location accuracy. 
     The E-CID positioning method is based on radio resource management (RRM) measurements. In E-CID, the UE reports the serving cell ID, the timing advance (TA), and the identifiers, estimated timing, and signal strength of detected neighbor base stations. The location of the UE is then estimated based on this information and the known locations of the base station(s). 
     To assist positioning operations, a location server (e.g., location server  230 , LMF  270 , SLP  272 ) may provide assistance data to the UE. For example, the assistance data may include identifiers of the base stations (or the cells/TRPs of the base stations) from which to measure reference signals, the reference signal configuration parameters (e.g., the number of consecutive positioning subframes, periodicity of positioning subframes, muting sequence, frequency hopping sequence, reference signal identifier, reference signal bandwidth, etc.), and/or other parameters applicable to the particular positioning method. Alternatively, the assistance data may originate directly from the base stations themselves (e.g., in periodically broadcasted overhead messages, etc.). In some cases, the UE may be able to detect neighbor network nodes itself without the use of assistance data. 
     In the case of an OTDOA or DL-TDOA positioning procedure, the assistance data may further include an expected RSTD value and an associated uncertainty, or search window, around the expected RSTD. In some cases, the value range of the expected RSTD may be +/−500 microseconds (μs). In some cases, when any of the resources used for the positioning measurement are in FR 1 , the value range for the uncertainty of the expected RSTD may be +/−32 μs. In other cases, when all of the resources used for the positioning measurement(s) are in FR 2 , the value range for the uncertainty of the expected RSTD may be +/−8 μs. 
     A location estimate may be referred to by other names, such as a position estimate, location, position, position fix, fix, or the like. A location estimate may be geodetic and comprise coordinates (e.g., latitude, longitude, and possibly altitude) or may be civic and comprise a street address, postal address, or some other verbal description of a location. A location estimate may further be defined relative to some other known location or defined in absolute terms (e.g., using latitude, longitude, and possibly altitude). A location estimate may include an expected error or uncertainty (e.g., by including an area or volume within which the location is expected to be included with some specified or default level of confidence). 
     Because the location of a UE is calculated relative to the known locations of the TRPs transmitting the PRS the UE measures, PRS (and other downlink signals used as PRS) need to be associated with specific TRPs. However, in a multi-TRP scenario, the UE may not know from which of the multiple TRPs it is receiving a particular PRS. In a multi-TRP scenario, two or more TRPs provide joint scheduling, transmission, and reception for a UE. Multi-TRP operation is defined, from the UE&#39;s perspective, in a given serving cell (or component carrier). As such, the different TRPs may share the same PCI, and therefore, the PCI does not differentiate between the TRPs. Thus, there needs to be a way for the UE to differentiate between TRPs in a multi-TRP scenario. 
     Two modes for multi-TRP operation have been defined: single-DCI and multi-DCI. Single-DCI-based multi-TRP operation is applicable to cases where there is an ideal backhaul between the involved TRPs. An ideal backhaul requires highly detailed feedback (e.g., CSI) and close coordination between the involved TRPs. Single-DCI may employ different PDSCH schemes for robustness, such as spatial domain multiplexing (SDM), frequency division multiplexing (FDM), and/or time division multiplexing (TDM). 
     Multi-DCI-based multi-TRP operation is applicable to both ideal and non-ideal backhaul cases. In the case of a non-ideal backhaul, joint scheduling among the involved TRPs may not be feasible due to delay of the coordination of control signals and/or data packets among the different TRPs. Alternatively, or additionally, there may be limited backhaul capacity between the TRPs, resulting in a poor link adaptation (or performance loss). In multi-DCI-based multi-TRP operation, a carrier aggregation framework can be leveraged to treat different TRPs as different virtual component carriers from the perspective of the UE&#39;s capabilities. 
       FIG.  9 A  illustrates a single-DCI-based multi-TRP architecture  910  and a multi-DCI-based multi-TRP architecture  920 , according to aspects of the disclosure. As shown in  FIG.  9 A , a UE is in communication with two TRPs, labeled “TRP A” and “TRP B.” In the single-DCI-based multi-TRP architecture  910 , the UE receives the PDCCH (which carries DCI) from only one TRP (“TRP A”), but a PDSCH from both TRPs (“TRP A” and “TRP B”). In contrast, in the multi-DCI-based multi-TRP architecture  920 , the UE receives a PDCCH and a PDSCH from both TRPs. More specifically, DCI transmitted by the first TRP (“TRP A”) in a first PDCCH (labeled “PDCCH  1 ”) schedules a first PDSCH (labeled “PDSCH 1”), and DCI transmitted by the second TRP (“TRP B”) in a second PDCCH (labeled “PDCCH 2”) schedules a second PDSCH (labeled “PDSCH 2”). 
       FIG.  9 B  illustrates a portion of the protocol stack  950  in a multi-TRP scenario from the perspective of the UE, according to aspects of the disclosure. As shown in  FIG.  9 B , the multiple TRPs form a single serving cell (i.e., component carrier) for a UE. The UE perceives the multiple TRPs as having a single PDCP layer (e.g., PDCP layer  415 ), RLC layer (e.g., RLC layer  420 ), and MAC layer (e.g., MAC layer  425 ), but separate physical layers (e.g., PHY layer  430 ). The separate physical layers may have separate QCL sources (labeled “QCL 1” and “QCL 2”). The UE may treat the different physical layers (i.e., the physical transmissions from the different TRPs) as different component carriers and use carrier aggregation to combine them, as described above with reference to  FIG.  1   . 
     With specific reference to multi-DCI-based multi-TRP transmission, TRP differentiation at the UE side is based on the parameter “CORESETPoolIndex.” Each CORESET (there are currently a maximum of five CORESETs) can be configured with a value of “CORESETPoolIndex.” The value of “CORESETPoolIndex” can be ‘0’ or ‘1,’ which groups the five possible CORESETs into two groups. This is illustrated in  FIG.  10   . Specifically,  FIG.  10    is a diagram  1000  of an example grouping of CORESETs based on the parameter “CORESETPoolIndex,” according to aspects of the disclosure. As shown in  FIG.  10   , CORESETs with identifiers ‘1’ and ‘2’ are grouped together by “CORESETPoolIndex” ‘0,’ and CORESETs with identifiers ‘3’ and ‘4’ are grouped together by “CORESETPoolIndex” ‘1.’ 
     If a UE is configured by the higher layer parameter “PDCCH-Config” that contains two different values of “CORESETPoolIndex” in the CORESETs for the active BWP of a serving cell, it means that the UE is configured for multi-DCI-based multi-TRP operation. Other than this “CORESETPoolIndex” differentiation between TRPs, the fact that there are different TRPs is transparent to the UE. The “CORESETPoolIndex” of the CORESET in which a DCI is received may be used for different purposes, such as HARQ-ACK codebook construction and transmission, PDSCH scrambling, rate matching, etc. 
     In some cases, a UE can use the DMRS of a PDCCH and/or PDSCH to derive positioning measurements (e.g., ToA, RSTD, Rx-Tx time difference, etc.). In these cases, the UE needs an advance indication for which PDCCH and/or PDSCH is to be used as PRS. An indication is needed in advance because PRS processing may include steps not needed for regular processing, such as time-domain channel estimation or noise-tap-cleaning, determination of the first arriving path, AoA or AoD estimation, etc. 
     There are various techniques to reduce the number of indications used to indicate to a UE whether and which PDCCH and/or PDSCH (specifically, the DMRS of the PDSCCH and/or PDSCH) are to be used as PRS. For example, the serving base station could use RRC, MAC-CE, and/or DCI signaling to activate or deactivate a mode in which all PDCCH and/or PDSCH are treated as PRS. As another example, the PDCCH and/or PDSCH that are treated as PRS may be restricted to certain slots. 
     There are also various techniques to increase the number of indications used to indicate to a UE whether and which PDCCH and/or PDSCH (specifically, the DMRS of the PDSCCH and/or PDSCH) are to be used as PRS. For example, the DCI scheduling a PDSCH could include a “use as PRS” indication. For a multi-layer PDSCH, the “use as PRS” indication may be per-positioning frequency layer, which may be beneficial where different frequency layers have different spatial QCL. In addition, the presence of a “use as PRS” indication may be RRC-configurable and may be limited to non-fallback DCI. 
     Positioning measurements are currently reported through higher layer signaling, specifically, LPP and/or RRC (e.g., RRC layer  445 ). LPP is used point-to-point between a location server (e.g., location server  230 , LMF  270 , SLP  272 ) and a UE in order to position the UE using location related measurements obtained from one or more reference sources (e.g., TRPs, GPS, Bluetooth®, motion sensors, etc.). Such measurement reports (also referred to as positioning reports) may contain one or more ToA, TDOA, RSRP, or Rx-Tx time difference measurements, one or more AoA/AoD measurements, one or more multipath reports (e.g., per-path ToA, RSRP, AoA/AoD), one or more motion states (e.g., “walking,” “driving,” etc.) and trajectories of the UE, and/or one or more report quality indicators. 
     Performing a positioning method, from reference signal measurement to reporting the location estimate to an external client, involves some amount of time, or latency. First, there is the time needed to measure the positioning reference signal. Where the UE is measuring DL-PRS, this may be the span of the DL-PRS instance. From the perspective of the UE&#39;s physical layer, this step can be considered to take ‘X’ amount of time (e.g., ‘X’ milliseconds). Second, there is the time needed to process the reference signal to derive the desired positioning measurement and then transmit it over a PUSCH. From the perspective of the UE&#39;s physical layer, this step can be considered to take ‘Y’ amount of time (e.g., ‘Y’ milliseconds). Third, there is the time needed for the reception of the measurement at the positioning entity, the computation of the location estimate, and the transmission of the location estimate to the external client. From the perspective of the network, this step can be considered to take ‘Z’ amount of time (e.g., ‘Z’ milliseconds). The same latency stages apply to uplink positioning measurements as well (i.e., where a base station measures reference signals from a UE). 
     In some positioning scenarios, such as industrial IoT scenarios, it may be expected that ‘X’ plus ‘Y’ plus ‘Z’ will be less than or equal to 100 ms, or even 10 ms. However, using LPP and RRC to report positioning measurements may not be sufficient to meet such stringent latency requirements. As such, positioning measurements can be reported at Layer 1 (e.g., PHY layer  430 ) and/or Layer 2 (e.g., SDAP layer  410 , PDCP layer  415 , RLC layer  420 , and MAC layer  425 ). Layer 1 (L1) signaling may include UCI, and Layer 2 (L2) signaling may include MAC-CEs. Note that L1/L2 reporting reduces latency between the UE and the serving base station; the latency between the serving base station and the location server can be addressed by locating the location server in the RAN (e.g., as a component of the serving base station). 
     The positioning measurements for NR positioning methods (e.g., TDOA, RTT, AoD, etc.) that are reported via L1 and/or L2 signaling are generally measurements of reference signals, such as PRS, DMRS (e.g., of the PDCCH and/or PDSCH), TRS, etc. However, the present disclosure provides techniques for a UE to derive positioning measurements from a combination of the DMRS and the decoded PDSCH, not just the DMRS associated with the PDSCH. In addition, the present disclosure provides techniques to define the latency of reporting positioning measurements of the PDSCH. 
     Table 1 below shows the PDSCH processing time at the UE for PDSCH processing capability “1” for different numerologies (μ): 
     
       
         
           
               
               
             
               
                   
                 TABLE 1 
               
             
            
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 PDSCH decoding time N 1  [symbols] 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                   
                 dmrs-AdditionalPosition ≠ 
               
               
                   
                 dmrs-AdditionalPosition = 
                 pos0 in DMRS-DownlinkConfig 
               
               
                   
                 pos0 in DMRS-DownlinkConfig in 
                 in either of dmrs-DownlinkForPDSCH- 
               
               
                   
                 both of dmrs-DownlinkForPDSCH- 
                 MappingTypeA, dmrs- 
               
               
                   
                 MappingTypeA, dmrs- 
                 DownlinkForPDSCH- 
               
               
                   
                 DownlinkForPDSCH- 
                 MappingTypeB or if the higher layer 
               
               
                 μ 
                 MappingTypeB 
                 parameter is not configured 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                 0 
                 8 
                 N 1, 0   
               
               
                 1 
                 10 
                 13 
               
               
                 2 
                 17 
                 20 
               
               
                 3 
                 20 
                 24 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Table 2 below shows the PDSCH processing time at the UE for PDSCH processing capability “2” for different numerologies (μ): 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
             
               
                   
                 TABLE 2 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 PDSCH decoding time N 1  [symbols] 
               
               
                   
                   
                 dmrs-AdditionalPosition = 
               
               
                   
                   
                 pos0 in DMRS-DownlinkConfig in both of 
               
               
                   
                   
                 dmrs-DownlinkForPDSCH-MappingTypeA, 
               
               
                   
                 μ 
                 dmrs-DownlinkForPDSCH-MappingTypeB 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 0 
                 3 
               
               
                   
                 1 
                 4.5 
               
               
                   
                 2 
                 9 for FR1 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     In an aspect, when a UE is configured to derive a positioning measurement based on the DMRS of a PDSCH, the UE can also use the decoded PDSCH to derive the requested positioning measurement. That is, the UE can measure the combined DMRS and decoded PDSCH. In this case, the measurement reporting latency (i.e., the time needed to process the reference signal or physical channel to derive the requested positioning measurement and then transmit it over a PUSCH) may be different than the case that only the DMRS is used. More specifically, a UE can process the DMRS very quickly, as it generally has a comb-2 pattern (thereby spanning half the bandwidth of a PRB) over the first two symbols of a slot, whereas a PDSCH generally has a comb-1 pattern (thereby spanning the full bandwidth of a PRB) over the remaining 12 symbols of the slot. However, the PDSCH needs to be successfully decoded in order to be measured for positioning purposes. A benefit of using the decoded PDSCH in combination with the DMRS, however, is that the UE can use all 14 symbols of a slot and the entire bandwidth of a PRB as a reference signal for the positioning measurement, resulting in a more accurate positioning measurement than using the DMRS alone. 
     When using the decoded PDSCH to derive a requested positioning measurement, there are different ways to define the measurement reporting latency for a measurement derived using the decoded PDSCH. That is, there are different ways to define the amount of time from the UE receiving and/or decoding the PDSCH to the time the UE is expected to report the measurement. As a first option, the measurement reporting latency may be defined as ‘K’ symbols or slots after the UE has transmitted the ACK for the PDSCH. That is, the UE is expected to transmit the measurement of the decoded PDSCH less than or equal to ‘K’ symbols or slots after the UE transmitted the ACK for the PDSCH. The ACK indicates that the UE successfully decoded the PDSCH. 
     As a second option, the measurement reporting latency may be defined as ‘N’ plus ‘K’ symbols or slots after the UE has received the PDSCH. That is, the UE is expected to transmit the measurement of the decoded PDSCH less than or equal to ‘N’ plus ‘K’ symbols or slots after the UE received the PDSCH. In an aspect, ‘N’ may be the reported “PDSCH preparation time,” that is, the time the UE reports it will need to correctly decode the PDSCH. 
     As a third option, the measurement reporting latency may be defined as ‘K’ symbols or slots after the last retransmission of a PDSCH. That is, the UE is expected to transmit the measurement of the decoded PDSCH less than or equal to ‘K’ symbols or slots after receiving the last retransmission of the PDSCH. 
     As a fourth option, the measurement reporting latency may be defined as ‘K’ symbols or slots after the UE receives the PDCCH that scheduled the PDSCH. That is, the UE is expected to transmit the measurement of the decoded PDSCH less than or equal to ‘K’ symbols or slots after receiving the PDCCH that scheduled the PDSCH. 
     As a fifth option, the measurement reporting latency may be defined as a combination of the first four options. As a sixth option, the measurement reporting latency may be defined based on a reported UE capability. The value of ‘K’ may be specified in the applicable standard, configured by the network (e.g., the location server or serving base station), or specified by the UE as a capability. 
     In an aspect, the UE may report the requested positioning measurement twice, first using the DMRS of the PDSCH and second using the decoded PDSCH. The first positioning measurement may be a coarse measurement that can be reported quickly (due to the faster processing of the DMRS compared to the PDSCH), whereas the second measurement may be a finer (more accurate) measurement based on the longer duration and larger bandwidth of the PDSCH. The second measurement may be included in a second measurement report transmitted some number of symbols or slots after the first measurement is transmitted in a first measurement report. As an example, the second measurement report may be transmitted two slots after the first measurement report. In an aspect, the second measurement may be reported relative to (i.e., as a differential of) the first measurement. This provides the benefit of reducing the number of bits needed to report the more accurate measurement. 
     The PDSCH is made up of code blocks, which the UE checks using a cyclic redundancy check (CRC) to determine whether they were decoded correctly. Because the PDSCH is made up of code blocks, in an aspect, the UE can start measuring the PDCH after decoding one or more code blocks of the PDSCH but before successfully decoding and acknowledging the entire PDSCH. 
     The above-described positioning measurement reporting may only be applicable where the location server is located inside the RAN (e.g., as a component of the serving base station) and not in the core network. In addition, using both a DMRS and the associated PDSCH for positioning measurements may not be applicable when the precoding resource block group (PRG), a set of resource blocks over which the UE may assume a common precoding to be used, is for narrowband. That is, using both the DMRS and the decoded PDSCH for positioning measurements may only be applicable for wideband frequencies. 
     Positioning measurement reporting using a decoded PDSCH may only be applicable for different types of PDSCH. For example, the PDSCH may need to be a semipersistent (SPS) PDSCH, a PDSCH having a consecutive allocation in the frequency domain, a PDSCH with an allocation larger than a threshold, and/or a PDSCH that has virtual resource block-to-physical resource block (VRB-PRB) mapping disabled. 
     In an aspect, the accuracy requirement for positioning measurements derived from both a DMRS and the associated PDSCH may be the same as the accuracy requirement for positioning measurements derived from a DMRS only, provided the expected measurement latency is satisfied. That is, the accuracy requirement may be independent of whether the UE measures a DMRS only or a DMRS and the associated decoded PSCH, and the UE can choose which to measure provided it can meet the latency requirement for the positioning measurements. 
     Alternatively, there may be different accuracy requirements for processing only the DMRS and processing both the DMRS and the decoded PDSCH. That is, there may be one accuracy requirement if the UE is configured to measure only the DMRS and a different accuracy requirement if the UE is configured to measure both the DMRS and the decoded PDSCH. 
     In an aspect, the accuracy requirement may be provided/configured under the assumption that no PDSCH rate matching may result in a gap in frequency that is larger than a threshold. More specifically, a UE would be expected to meet specific accuracy requirements for the measurements derived using the PDSCH under some conditions (otherwise, if those conditions are not met, then the UE&#39;s measurements do not have to meet the requirements). One of these conditions may be that the PDSCH is not rate matched (in other words, all assigned PRBs contain PDSCH data, and there is not a region of the assignment in which the PDSCH is not mapped). Such a condition may be needed if the frequency gap is larger than a threshold. For example, if a UE is assigned 100 PRBs and the 90 PRBs in the center are rate matched, then there are only 10 PRBs available for the UE to derive positioning measurements. 
     In an aspect, the accuracy requirement may be set by the positioning entity (e.g., the location server or serving base station), the external client to which the location estimate will be reported, UE capability, or the applicable standard. Likewise, the latency requirement may be set by the positioning entity, the external client, UE capability, or the applicable standard. 
       FIG.  11    illustrates an example method  1100  of wireless positioning, according to aspects of the disclosure. In an aspect, the method  1100  may be performed by a UE (e.g., any of the UEs described herein). 
     At  1110 , the UE receives a DMRS and a PDSCH associated with the DMRS, the DMRS and the PDSCH spanning a plurality of symbols of a slot. For example, the DMRS may occupy (the first) two symbols of the slot and the PDSCH may occupy the remaining symbols of the slot. In an aspect, operation  1110  may be performed by the one or more WWAN transceivers  310 , the one or more processors  332 , memory  340 , and/or positioning component  342 , any or all of which may be considered means for performing this operation. 
     At  1120 , the UE decodes the PDSCH. In an aspect, operation  1120  may be performed by the one or more WWAN transceivers  310 , the one or more processors  332 , memory  340 , and/or positioning component  342 , any or all of which may be considered means for performing this operation. 
     At  1130 , the UE performs a positioning measurement based on the DMRS and the decoded PDSCH. In an aspect, operation  1130  may be performed by the one or more WWAN transceivers  310 , the one or more processors  332 , memory  340 , and/or positioning component  342 , any or all of which may be considered means for performing this operation. 
     At  1140 , the UE reports, to a location server (e.g., location server  230 , LMF  270 , SLP  272 ), the positioning measurement or location information derived at least based on the positioning measurement. The location information may be a location estimate of the UE (e.g., where the UE is the positioning entity) and/or a distance between the UE and a TRP from which the DMRS and PDSCH are received (e.g., as in a multi-RTT or AoA/AoD positioning session). In an aspect, operation  1140  may be performed by the one or more WWAN transceivers  310 , the one or more processors  332 , memory  340 , and/or positioning component  342 , any or all of which may be considered means for performing this operation. 
     As will be appreciated, a technical advantage of the method  1100  is reduced positioning latency. 
     In the detailed description above it can be seen that different features are grouped together in examples. This manner of disclosure should not be understood as an intention that the example clauses have more features than are explicitly mentioned in each clause. Rather, the various aspects of the disclosure may include fewer than all features of an individual example clause disclosed. Therefore, the following clauses should hereby be deemed to be incorporated in the description, wherein each clause by itself can stand as a separate example. Although each dependent clause can refer in the clauses to a specific combination with one of the other clauses, the aspect(s) of that dependent clause are not limited to the specific combination. It will be appreciated that other example clauses can also include a combination of the dependent clause aspect(s) with the subject matter of any other dependent clause or independent clause or a combination of any feature with other dependent and independent clauses. The various aspects disclosed herein expressly include these combinations, unless it is explicitly expressed or can be readily inferred that a specific combination is not intended (e.g., contradictory aspects, such as defining an element as both an insulator and a conductor). Furthermore, it is also intended that aspects of a clause can be included in any other independent clause, even if the clause is not directly dependent on the independent clause. 
     Implementation examples are described in the following numbered clauses: 
     Clause 1. A method of wireless communication performed by a user equipment (UE), comprising: receiving a demodulation reference signal (DMRS) and a physical downlink shared channel (PDSCH) associated with the DMRS, the DMRS and the PDSCH spanning a plurality of symbols of a slot; decoding the PDSCH; performing a positioning measurement of a combination of the DMRS and the decoded PDSCH; and reporting, to a location server, the positioning measurement of the combination of the DMRS and the decoded PDSCH or location information derived at least based on the positioning measurement of the combination of the DMRS and the decoded PDSCH. 
     Clause 2. The method of clause 1, wherein the UE performs the positioning measurement of the combination of the DMRS and the PDSCH based on a configuration to perform the positioning measurement of at least the DMRS. 
     Clause 3. The method of clause 2, wherein: the UE receives the configuration from the location server, the UE receives the configuration from a serving base station, or the configuration is specified in a wireless communications standard. 
     Clause 4. The method of any of clauses 1 to 3, wherein a measurement reporting latency for the positioning measurement or the location information derived at least based on the positioning measurement is defined as: an amount of time after the UE transmits an acknowledgment for the decoded PDSCH; an amount of time after the UE receives the PDSCH, an amount of time after the UE receives a physical downlink control channel (PDCCH) that scheduled the PDSCH, an amount of time after a last retransmission of the PDSCH, or any combination thereof. 
     Clause 5. The method of clause 4, wherein: the amount of time after the UE transmits the acknowledgment for the decoded PDSCH comprises ‘K’ symbols or slots, the amount of time after the UE receives the PDSCH comprises ‘K’ plus ‘N’ symbols or slots after the UE receives the PDSCH, where ‘N’ is a reported PDSCH preparation time, the amount of time after the UE receives the PDCCH that scheduled the PDSCH comprises ‘K’ symbols or slots, and the amount of time after the last retransmission of the PDSCH comprises ‘K’ symbols or slots after the last retransmission of the PDSCH. 
     Clause 6. The method of clause 5, wherein ‘K’ is received from a location server, received from a serving base station, based on UE capability, or specified in a wireless communications standard. 
     Clause 7. The method of any of clauses 1 to 6, wherein a measurement reporting latency for the positioning measurement or the location information derived at least based on the positioning measurement is defined based on UE capability. 
     Clause 8. The method of any of clauses 1 to 7, further comprising: performing a positioning measurement at least based on the DMRS before performing the positioning measurement based on the combination of the DMRS and the decoded PDSCH; and reporting the positioning measurement at least based on the DMRS or location information derived at least based on the positioning measurement at least based on the DMRS before reporting the positioning measurement of the combination of the DMRS and the decoded PDSCH or the location information derived at least based on the positioning measurement of the combination of the DMRS and the decoded PDSCH. 
     Clause 9. The method of clause 8, wherein the UE reports the positioning measurement at least based on the DMRS and the positioning measurement of the combination of the DMRS and the decoded PDSCH via low layer signaling. 
     Clause 10. The method of clause 9, wherein the low layer signaling comprises physical layer signaling or medium access control (MAC) signaling. 
     Clause 11. The method of clause 10, wherein: the physical layer signaling comprises uplink control information (UCI), and the MAC signaling comprises MAC control elements (MAC-CEs). 
     Clause 12. The method of any of clauses 8 to 11, wherein the positioning measurement of the combination of the DMRS and the decoded PDSCH is reported as a relative value compared to the positioning measurement of the DMRS. 
     Clause 13. The method of any of clauses 8 to 12, wherein the positioning measurement of the combination of the DMRS and the decoded PDSCH is more accurate than the positioning measurement of the DMRS. 
     Clause 14. The method of any of clauses 1 to 13, wherein the location server is a component of a serving base station. 
     Clause 15. The method of any of clauses 1 to 14, wherein the DMRS and the PDSCH are scheduled with a wideband precoding resource block group (PRG). 
     Clause 16. The method of any of clauses 1 to 15, wherein the PDSCH comprises: a semi-persistent PDSCH, a PDSCH with a consecutive allocation in a frequency domain, a PDSCH with an allocation in the frequency domain larger than a threshold, or a PDSCH that has virtual resource block-to-physical resource block (VRB-PRB) mapping disabled. 
     Clause 17. The method of any of clauses 1 to 16, wherein an accuracy requirement of the positioning measurement of the combination of the DMRS and the decoded PDSCH is the same as an accuracy requirement for the positioning measurement of the DMRS. 
     Clause 18. The method of any of clauses 1 to 16, wherein an accuracy requirement of the positioning measurement of the combination of the DMRS and the decoded PDSCH is different than an accuracy requirement for the positioning measurement of the DMRS. 
     Clause 19. The method of any of clauses 1 to 18, wherein: the PDSCH comprises a plurality of code blocks, the decoding comprises decoding a subset of the plurality of code blocks before decoding remaining code blocks of the plurality of code blocks, the performing comprises performing the positioning measurement of the subset of the plurality of code blocks before performing the positioning measurement of the remaining code blocks of the plurality of code blocks, and the reporting comprises reporting the positioning measurement of the subset of the plurality of code blocks before reporting the positioning measurement of the remaining code blocks of the plurality of code blocks. 
     Clause 20. The method of clause 19, further comprising: decoding the remaining code blocks of the plurality of code blocks, performing the positioning measurement of the remaining code blocks of the plurality of code blocks, and reporting the positioning measurement of the remaining code blocks of the plurality of code blocks. 
     Clause 21. The method of clause 20, wherein the positioning measurement of the remaining code blocks of the plurality of code blocks is reported as a relative value compared to the positioning measurement of the subset of the plurality of code blocks. 
     Clause 22. The method of any of clauses 1 to 21, wherein the positioning measurement of the combination of the DMRS and the decoded PDSCH comprises a time of arrival (ToA) measurement, a reference signal time difference (RSTD) measurement, or a reception-to-transmission (Rx-Tx) measurement, or a reference signal received power (RSRP) measurement, or a multi-path reporting measurement. 
     Clause 23. The method of any of clauses 1 to 22, wherein the location information comprises a location estimate of the UE, a distance between the UE and a transmission-reception point (TRP) from which the DMRS and PDSCH are received, or any combination thereof. 
     Clause 24. An apparatus comprising a memory, at least one transceiver, and at least one processor communicatively coupled to the memory and the at least one transceiver, the memory, the at least one transceiver, and the at least one processor configured to perform a method according to any of clauses 1 to 23. 
     Clause 25. An apparatus comprising means for performing a method according to any of clauses 1 to 23. 
     Clause 26. A non-transitory computer-readable medium storing computer-executable instructions, the computer-executable comprising at least one instruction for causing a computer or processor to perform a method according to any of clauses 1 to 23. 
     Additional implementation examples are described in the following numbered clauses: 
     Clause 1. A method of wireless communication performed by a user equipment (UE), comprising: receiving a demodulation reference signal (DMRS) and a physical downlink shared channel (PDSCH) associated with the DMRS, the DMRS and the PDSCH spanning a plurality of symbols of a slot; decoding the PDSCH; performing a positioning measurement based on the DMRS and the decoded PDSCH; and reporting, to a location server, the positioning measurement or location information derived at least based on the positioning measurement. 
     Clause 2. The method of clause 1, wherein the positioning measurement is performed based on a configuration to perform a positioning measurement of at least the DMRS. 
     Clause 3. The method of clause 2, wherein: the configuration is received from the location server, the configuration is received from a serving base station, or the configuration is specified in a wireless communications standard. 
     Clause 4. The method of any of clauses 1 to 3, wherein a measurement reporting latency for the positioning measurement or the location information derived at least based on the positioning measurement is defined as: an amount of time after an acknowledgment for the decoded PDSCH is transmitted; an amount of time after the PDSCH is received, an amount of time after a physical downlink control channel (PDCCH) that scheduled the PDSCH is received, an amount of time after a last retransmission of the PDSCH, or any combination thereof. 
     Clause 5. The method of clause 4, wherein: the amount of time after the acknowledgment for the decoded PDSCH is transmitted comprises K symbols or slots, the amount of time after the PDSCH is received comprises K plus N symbols or slots after the PDSCH is received, where N is a reported PDSCH preparation time, the amount of time after the PDCCH that scheduled the PDSCH is received comprises K symbols or slots, and the amount of time after the last retransmission of the PDSCH comprises K symbols or slots after the last retransmission of the PDSCH. 
     Clause 6. The method of clause 5, wherein K is received from a location server, received from a serving base station, based on UE capability, or specified in a wireless communications standard. 
     Clause 7. The method of any of clauses 1 to 6, wherein a measurement reporting latency for the positioning measurement or the location information derived at least based on the positioning measurement is defined based on UE capability. 
     Clause 8. The method of any of clauses 1 to 7, further comprising: performing a positioning measurement at least based on the DMRS before performing the positioning measurement based on the DMRS and the decoded PDSCH; and reporting the positioning measurement at least based on the DMRS or location information derived at least based on the positioning measurement at least based on the DMRS before reporting the positioning measurement based on the DMRS and the decoded PDSCH or the location information derived at least based on the positioning measurement based on the DMRS and the decoded PDSCH. 
     Clause 9. The method of clause 8, wherein the positioning measurement at least based on the DMRS and the positioning measurement based on the DMRS and the decoded PDSCH are reported via low layer signaling. 
     Clause 10. The method of clause 9, wherein the low layer signaling comprises physical layer signaling or medium access control (MAC) signaling. 
     Clause 11. The method of clause 10, wherein: the physical layer signaling comprises uplink control information (UCI), and the MAC signaling comprises MAC control elements (MAC-CEs). 
     Clause 12. The method of any of clauses 8 to 11, wherein the positioning measurement based on the DMRS and the decoded PDSCH is reported as a relative value compared to the positioning measurement at least based on the DMRS. 
     Clause 13. The method of any of clauses 8 to 12, wherein the positioning measurement based on the DMRS and the decoded PDSCH is more accurate than the positioning measurement at least based on the DMRS. 
     Clause 14. The method of any of clauses 1 to 13, wherein the DMRS and the PDSCH are scheduled with a wideband precoding resource block group (PRG). 
     Clause 15. The method of any of clauses 1 to 14, wherein the PDSCH comprises: a semi-persistent, or configured grant, PDSCH, a PDSCH with a consecutive allocation in a frequency domain, a PDSCH with an allocation in the frequency domain larger than a threshold, or a PDSCH that has virtual resource block-to-physical resource block (VRB-PRB) mapping disabled. 
     Clause 16. The method of any of clauses 1 to 15, wherein an accuracy requirement of the positioning measurement is the same as an accuracy requirement for a positioning measurement of the DMRS. 
     Clause 17. The method of any of clauses 1 to 15, wherein an accuracy requirement of the positioning measurement is different than an accuracy requirement for a positioning measurement of the DMRS. 
     Clause 18. The method of any of clauses 1 to 17, wherein: the PDSCH comprises a plurality of code blocks, decoding the PDSCH comprises decoding a subset of the plurality of code blocks before decoding remaining code blocks of the plurality of code blocks, performing the positioning measurement comprises performing the positioning measurement of the subset of the plurality of code blocks before performing the positioning measurement of the remaining code blocks of the plurality of code blocks, and reporting the positioning measurement comprises reporting the positioning measurement of the subset of the plurality of code blocks before reporting the positioning measurement of the remaining code blocks of the plurality of code blocks. 
     Clause 19. The method of clause 18, further comprising: decoding the remaining code blocks of the plurality of code blocks, performing the positioning measurement of the remaining code blocks of the plurality of code blocks, and reporting the positioning measurement of the remaining code blocks of the plurality of code blocks. 
     Clause 20. The method of clause 19, wherein the positioning measurement of the remaining code blocks of the plurality of code blocks is reported as a relative value compared to the positioning measurement of the subset of the plurality of code blocks. 
     Clause 21. The method of any of clauses 1 to 20, wherein the positioning measurement comprises a time of arrival (ToA) measurement, a reference signal time difference (RSTD) measurement, or a reception-to-transmission (Rx-Tx) measurement, or a reference signal received power (RSRP) measurement, or a multi-path reporting measurement. 
     Clause 22. The method of any of clauses 1 to 21, wherein the location information comprises a location estimate of the UE, a distance between the UE and a transmission-reception point (TRP) from which the DMRS and PDSCH are received, or any combination thereof. 
     Clause 23. An apparatus comprising a memory, at least one transceiver, and at least one processor communicatively coupled to the memory and the at least one transceiver, the at least one processor configured to perform a method in accordance with any of clauses 1 to 22. 
     Clause 24. An apparatus comprising means for performing a method in accordance with any of clauses 1 to 22. 
     Clause 25. A computer-readable medium storing computer-executable instructions, the computer-executable instructions comprising at least one instruction for causing an apparatus to perform a method in accordance with any of clauses 1 to 22. 
     Those of skill in the art will appreciate that information and signals may be represented using any of a variety of different technologies and techniques. For example, data, instructions, commands, information, signals, bits, symbols, and chips that may be referenced throughout the above description may be represented by voltages, currents, electromagnetic waves, magnetic fields or particles, optical fields or particles, or any combination thereof. 
     Further, those of skill in the art will appreciate that the various illustrative logical blocks, modules, circuits, and algorithm steps described in connection with the aspects disclosed herein may be implemented as electronic hardware, computer software, or combinations of both. To clearly illustrate this interchangeability of hardware and software, various illustrative components, blocks, modules, circuits, and steps have been described above generally in terms of their functionality. Whether such functionality is implemented as hardware or software depends upon the particular application and design constraints imposed on the overall system. Skilled artisans may implement the described functionality in varying ways for each particular application, but such implementation decisions should not be interpreted as causing a departure from the scope of the present disclosure. 
     The various illustrative logical blocks, modules, and circuits described in connection with the aspects disclosed herein may be implemented or performed with a general purpose processor, a digital signal processor (DSP), an ASIC, a field-programable gate array (FPGA), or other programmable logic device, discrete gate or transistor logic, discrete hardware components, or any combination thereof designed to perform the functions described herein. A general-purpose processor may be a microprocessor, but in the alternative, the processor may be any conventional processor, controller, microcontroller, or state machine. A processor may also be implemented as a combination of computing devices, for example, a combination of a DSP and a microprocessor, a plurality of microprocessors, one or more microprocessors in conjunction with a DSP core, or any other such configuration. 
     The methods, sequences and/or algorithms described in connection with the aspects disclosed herein may be embodied directly in hardware, in a software module executed by a processor, or in a combination of the two. A software module may reside in random access memory (RAM), flash memory, read-only memory (ROM), erasable programmable ROM (EPROM), electrically erasable programmable ROM (EEPROM), registers, hard disk, a removable disk, a CD-ROM, or any other form of storage medium known in the art. An example storage medium is coupled to the processor such that the processor can read information from, and write information to, the storage medium. In the alternative, the storage medium may be integral to the processor. The processor and the storage medium may reside in an ASIC. The ASIC may reside in a user terminal (e.g., UE). In the alternative, the processor and the storage medium may reside as discrete components in a user terminal. 
     In one or more example aspects, the functions described may be implemented in hardware, software, firmware, or any combination thereof. If implemented in software, the functions may be stored on or transmitted over as one or more instructions or code on a computer-readable medium. Computer-readable media includes both computer storage media and communication media including any medium that facilitates transfer of a computer program from one place to another. A storage media may be any available media that can be accessed by a computer. By way of example, and not limitation, such computer-readable media can comprise RAM, ROM, EEPROM, CD-ROM or other optical disk storage, magnetic disk storage or other magnetic storage devices, or any other medium that can be used to carry or store desired program code in the form of instructions or data structures and that can be accessed by a computer. Also, any connection is properly termed a computer-readable medium. For example, if the software is transmitted from a website, server, or other remote source using a coaxial cable, fiber optic cable, twisted pair, digital subscriber line (DSL), or wireless technologies such as infrared, radio, and microwave, then the coaxial cable, fiber optic cable, twisted pair, DSL, or wireless technologies such as infrared, radio, and microwave are included in the definition of medium. Disk and disc, as used herein, includes compact disc (CD), laser disc, optical disc, digital versatile disc (DVD), floppy disk and Blu-ray disc where disks usually reproduce data magnetically, while discs reproduce data optically with lasers. Combinations of the above should also be included within the scope of computer-readable media. 
     While the foregoing disclosure shows illustrative aspects of the disclosure, it should be noted that various changes and modifications could be made herein without departing from the scope of the disclosure as defined by the appended claims. The functions, steps and/or actions of the method claims in accordance with the aspects of the disclosure described herein need not be performed in any particular order. Furthermore, although elements of the disclosure may be described or claimed in the singular, the plural is contemplated unless limitation to the singular is explicitly stated.