Patent Publication Number: US-7225199-B1

Title: Normalizing and classifying locale-specific information

Description:
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION 
     This application is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/892,204 entitled “Method and Apparatus for Normalizing and Converting Structured Content”, filed on Jun. 26, 2001, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,986,104 which claims priority from U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 60/214,090 entitled “Business Information Localization System”, filed on Jun. 26, 2000, both of which are incorporated herein by reference. 
    
    
     FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention relates in general to machine transformation of information from one semantic environment to another and, especially, to transformation of locale-specific information. The invention facilitates, among other things, electronic information searches across semantic boundaries based on a structure for normalizing and classifying locale-specific terms. 
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     In a number of contexts, there are potential communication difficulties due to different semantic environments between the source and target data systems for a given communication. Such semantic environments may differ with respect to linguistics and/or syntax. In this regard, linguistic differences may be due to the use of different languages or, within a single language, due to terminology, proprietary names, abbreviations, idiosyncratic phrasings or structures and other matter that is specific to a location, region, business entity or unit, trade, organization or the like (collectively “locale”). Also within the purview of linguistic differences for present purposes are different currencies, different units of weights and measures and other systematic differences. Syntax relates to the phrasing, ordering and organization of terms as well as grammatic and other rules relating thereto. It will be appreciated that difficulties relating to different semantic environments may be experienced in international communications, interregional communications, interdisciplinary communications, or even in communications between companies within the same field and country or between units of a single enterprise. Increased globalization has heightened the need for machine-based tools to assist in transformation of information, i.e., manipulation of information with respect to linguistics, syntax and other semantic variations. 
     Today, such transformation is largely a service industry. A number of companies specialize in helping companies operate in the global marketplace. Among other things, these companies employ translators and other consultants to develop forms, catalogs, product listings, invoices and other business information (collectively, “business content”) for specific languages as well as assisting in the handling of incoming business content from different source languages or countries. Such services have been indispensable for some businesses, but are labor intensive and expensive. Moreover, the associated processes may entail significant delays in information processing or, as a practical matter, have limited capacity for handling information, both of which can be unacceptable in certain business environments. In short, manual transformation does not scale well. Moreover, such transformation has had limited applicability to more open ended problems such as electronic information searches across semantic boundaries outside of the business-to-business context. 
     A number of machine translation tools have been developed to assist in language translation. The simplest of these tools attempt to literally translate a given input from a source language into a target language on a word-by-word basis. Specifically, content is input into such a system, the language pair (source-target) is defined, and the literally translated content is output. Such literal translation is rarely accurate. For example, the term “butterfly valve” is unlikely to be understood when literally translated from English to a desired target language. 
     More sophisticated machine translation tools attempt to translate word strings or sentences so that certain ambiguities can be resolved based on context. These tools are sometimes used as a starting point for human or manual translation or are used for “gisting”, which is simply getting the gist of the content. However, they tend to be highly inaccurate even when applied for their primary purpose which is to translate standard text written in common language and in complete sentences conforming to standard rules of syntax. 
     Such tools are especially inadequate for use in transforming business content. Such content often is loaded with industry specific technical terms and jargon, standard and ad hoc abbreviations and misspellings, and often has little or no structure or syntax in its native form. Moreover, the structure of such business content is often composed of short item descriptions. Such descriptions are linguistically defined as a “noun phrase”. A noun phrase has one overriding characteristic; it has no verb. The tendency of machine translation systems to try to create sentences produces unintended results when applied to noun phrases. For example, the term “walking shoe” may translate to a shoe that walks. Thus, machine translation tools, though helpful for certain tasks, are generally inadequate for a variety of transformation applications including many practical business content applications as well as information searches outside of business content applications. 
     To summarize, from a practical viewpoint relative to certain applications, it is fair to state that conventional machine translation does not work and manual translation does not scale. The result is that the free flow of information between locales or semantic environments is significantly impeded and the potential benefits of globalization are far from fully realized. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention is directed to a computer-based tool and associated methodology for transforming electronic information so as to facilitate communications between different semantic environments and access to information across semantic boundaries. In a preferred implementation, the invention is applicable with respect to a wide variety of content including sentences, word strings, noun phrases, and abbreviations and can even handle misspellings and idiosyncratic or proprietary descriptors. The invention can also manage content with little or no predefined syntax as well as content conforming to standard syntactic rules. Moreover, the system of the present invention allows for substantially real-time transformation of content and handles bandwidth or content throughputs that support a broad range of practical applications. The invention is applicable to structured content such as business forms or product descriptions as well as to more open content such as information searches outside of a business context. In such applications, the invention provides a system for semantic transformation that works and scales. 
     The invention has particular application with respect to transformation and searching of both business content and non-business content. For the reasons noted above, transformation and searching of business content presents special challenges. At the same time the need for better access to business content and business content transformation is expanding. It has been recognized that business content is generally characterized by a high degree of structure and reusable “chunks” of content. Such chunks generally represent a core idea, attribute or value related to the business content and may be represented by a character, number, alphanumeric string, word, phrase or the like. Moreover, this content can generally be classified relative to a taxonomy defining relationships between terms or items, for example, via a hierarchy such as of family (e.g., hardware), genus (e.g., connectors), species (e.g., bolts), subspecies (e.g., hexagonal), etc. 
     Non-business content, though typically less structured, is also amenable to normalization and classification. With regard to normalization, terms or chunks with similar potential meanings including standard synonyms, colloquialisms, specialized jargon and the like can be standardized to facilitate a variety of transformation and searching functions. Moreover, such chunks of information can be classified relative to taxonomies defined for various subject matters of interest to further facilitate such transformation and searching functions. Thus, the present invention takes advantage of the noted characteristics to provide a framework by which locale-specific content can be standardized and classified as intermediate steps in the process for transforming the content from a source semantic environment to a target semantic environment and/or searching for information using locale-specific content. Such standardization may encompass linguistics and syntax as well as any other matters that facilitate transformation. The result is that content having little or no syntax is supplied with a standardized syntax that facilitates understanding, the total volume of unique chunks requiring transformation is reduced, ambiguities are resolved and accuracy is commensurately increased and, in general, substantially real-time communication across semantic boundaries is realized. Such classification further serves to resolve ambiguities and facilitate transformation as well as allowing for more efficient searching. For example, the word “butterfly” of the term “butterfly valve” when properly chunked, standardized and associated with tags of identifying a classification relationship, is unlikely to be mishandled. Thus, the system of the present invention does not assume that the input is fixed or static, but recognizes that the input can be made more amenable to transformation and searching, and that such preprocessing is an important key to more fully realizing the potential benefits of globalization. 
     According to one aspect of the present invention, a method and corresponding apparatus are provided for transforming content from a first semantic environment to a second semantic environment by first converting the input data into an intermediate form. The associated method includes the steps of: providing a computer-based device; using the device to access input content reflecting the first semantic environment and convert at least a portion of the input content into a third semantic environment, thereby defining a converted content; and using the converted content in transforming a communication between a first user system operating in the first semantic environment and a second user system operating in the second semantic environment. 
     In the context of electronic commerce, the input content may be business content such as a parts listing, invoice, order form, catalogue or the like. This input content may be expressed in the internal terminology and syntax (if any) of the source business. In one implementation, this business content is converted into a standardized content reflecting standardized terminology and syntax. The resulting standardized content has a minimized (reduced) set of content chunks for translation or other transformation and a defined syntax for assisting in transformation. The intermediate, converted content is thus readily amenable to transformation. For example, the processed data chunks may be manually or automatically translated using the defined syntax to enable rapid and accurate translation of business documents across language boundaries. 
     The conversion process is preferably conducted based on a knowledge base developed from analysis of a quantity of information reflecting the first semantic environment. For example, this quantity of information may be supplied as a database of business content received from a business enterprise in its native form. This information is then intelligently parsed into chunks by a subject matter expert using the computer-based tool. The resulting chunks, which may be words, phrases, abbreviations or other semantic elements, can then be mapped to standardized semantic elements. In general, the set of standardized elements will be smaller than the set of source elements due to redundancy of designations, misspellings, format variations and the like within the source content. Moreover, as noted above, business content is generally characterized by a high level of reusable chunks. Consequently, the “transformation matrix” or set of mapping rules is considerably compressed in relation to that which would be required for direct transformation from the first semantic environment to the second. The converted semantic elements can then be assembled in accordance with the defined syntax to create a converted content that is readily amenable to manual or at least partially automated translation. 
     According to another aspect of the present invention, a computer-based device is provided for use in efficiently developing a standardized semantic environment corresponding to a source semantic environment. The associated method includes the steps of: accessing a database of information reflecting a source semantic environment; using the computer-based device to parse at least a portion of the database into a set of source semantic elements and identify individual elements for potential processing; using the device to select one of the source elements and map it to a standardized semantic element; and iteratively selecting and processing additional source elements until a desired portion of the source elements are mapped to standardized elements. 
     In order to allow for more efficient processing, the computer-based device may perform a statistical or other analysis of the source database to identify how many times or how often individual elements are present, or may otherwise provide information for use in prioritizing elements for mapping to the standardized lexicon. Additionally, the device may identify what appear to be variations for expressing the same or related information to facilitate the mapping process. Such mapping may be accomplished by associating a source element with a standardized element such that, during transformation, appropriate code can be executed to replace the source element with the associated standardized element. Architecturally, this may involve establishing corresponding tables of a relational database, defining a corresponding XML tagging structure and/or establishing other definitions and logic for handling structured data. It will be appreciated that the “standardization” process need not conform to any industry, syntactic, lexicographic or other preexisting standard, but may merely denote an internal standard for mapping of elements. Such a standard may be based in whole or in part on a preexisting standard or may be uniquely defined relative to the source semantic environment. In any case, once thus configured, the system can accurately transform not only known or recognized elements, but also new elements based on the developed knowledge base. 
     The mapping process may be graphically represented on a user interface. The interface preferably displays, on one or more screens (simultaneously or sequentially), information representing source content and a workspace for defining standardized elements relative to source elements. In one implementation, as source elements are mapped to standardized elements, corresponding status information is graphically shown relative to the source content, e.g., by highlighting or otherwise identifying those source elements that have been mapped and/or remain to be mapped. In this manner, an operator can readily select further elements for mapping, determine where he is in the mapping process and determine that the mapping process is complete, e.g., that all or a sufficient portion of the source content has been mapped. The mapping process thus enables an operator to maximize effective mapping for a given time that is available for mapping and allows an operator to define a custom transformation “dictionary” that includes a minimized number of standardized terms that are defined relative to source elements in their native form. 
     According to another aspect of the present invention, contextual information is added to source content prior to transformation to assist in the transformation process. The associated method includes the steps of: obtaining source information in a first form reflecting a first semantic environment; using a computer-based device to generate processed information that includes first content corresponding the source information and second content, provided by the computer-based device, regarding a context of a portion of the first content; and converting the processed information into a second form reflecting a second semantic environment. 
     The second content may be provided in the form of tags or other context cues that serve to schematize the source information. For example, the second content may be useful in defining phrase boundaries, resolving linguistic ambiguities and/or defining family relationships between source chunks. The result is an information added input for transformation that increases the accuracy and efficiency of the transformation. 
     According to a further aspect of the present invention, an engine is provided for transforming certain content of electronic transmissions between semantic environments. First, a communication is established for transmission between first and second user systems associated with first and second semantic environments, respectively, and transmission of the communication is initiated. For example, a business form may be selected, filled out and addressed. The engine then receives the communication and, in substantially real-time, transforms the content relative to the source semantic environment, thereby providing transformed content. Finally, the transmission is completed by conveying the transformed content between the user systems. 
     The engine may be embodied in a variety of different architectures. For example, the engine may be associated with the transmitting user system relative to the communication under consideration, the receiving user system, or at a remote site, e.g., a dedicated transformation gateway. Also, the transformed content may be fully transformed between the first and second semantic environments by the engine, or may be transformed from one of the first and second semantic environments to an intermediate form, e.g., reflecting a standardized semantic environment and/or neutral language. In the latter case, further manual and/or automated processing may be performed in connection with the receiving user system. In either case, such substantially real-time transformation of electronic content marks a significant step towards realizing the ideal of globalization. 
     According to a still further aspect of the present invention, information is processed using a structure for normalization and classification of locale-specific content. A computer-based processing tool is used to access a communication between first and second data systems, where the first data system operates in a first semantic environment defined by at least one of linguistics and syntax specific to that environment. The processing tool converts at least one term of the communication between the first semantic environment and a second semantic environment and associates a classification with the converted or unconverted term. The classification identifies the term as belonging to the same class as certain other terms based on a shared characteristic, for example, a related meaning (e.g., a synonym or conceptually related term), a common lineage within a taxonomy system (e.g., an industry-standard product categorization system, entity organization chart, scientific or linguistic framework, etc.), or the like. 
     The classification is then used to process the communication. In this regard, the communication may be directed to and/or received from the first semantic environment. For example, a communication, such as a search query, may be transmitted from the first semantic environment and include locale-specific information such as abbreviations, proprietary names, colloquial terminology, or the like. Such a term in the query may first be normalized or cleaned such that the term is converted to a standardized or otherwise defined lexicon. This may involve syntax conversion, linguistic conversion and/or language translation. The converted or unconverted term is classified and the associated classification is used to identify information responsive to the query. 
     Conversely, the communication may be directed to the first semantic environment as by an individual or business consumer seeking product information from a company information system. In such a case, a term may be converted from an external form of the second semantic environment to the first semantic environment. For example, a term of the communication (e.g., 10 mm hexagonal Allen nut) may be converted to an internal product identifier (name, number, description of the like, e.g., hex nut-A), of the company. The converted or unconverted term is associated with a classification (e.g., metric fasteners) and the classification is used to process the communication (e.g., by constructing a menu, page or screen with product options of potential interest). 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       For a more complete understanding of the present invention and further advantages thereof, reference is now made to the following detailed description taken in conjunction with the drawings, in which: 
         FIG. 1  is a monitor screen shot illustrating a process for developing replacement rules in accordance with the present invention; 
         FIG. 2  is a monitor screen shot illustrating a process for developing ordering rules in accordance with the present invention; 
         FIG. 3  is a schematic diagram of the NorTran Server components of a SOLx system in accordance with the present invention; 
         FIG. 4  is a flowchart providing an overview of SOLx system configuration in accordance with the present invention; 
         FIGS. 5-10  are demonstrative monitor screen shots illustrating normalization and translation processes in accordance with the present invention; 
         FIG. 11  is a flowchart of a normalization configuration process in accordance with the present invention; 
         FIG. 12  is a flowchart of a translation configuration process in accordance with the present invention; 
         FIG. 13  is an illustration of a graphical desktop implementation for monitoring the configuration process in accordance with the present invention; 
         FIG. 14  illustrates various network environment alternatives for implementation of the present invention; 
         FIG. 15  illustrates a conventional network/web interface; 
         FIG. 16  illustrates a network interface for the SOLx system in accordance with the present invention; 
         FIG. 17  illustrates a component level structure of the SOLx system in accordance with the present invention; 
         FIG. 18  illustrates a component diagram of an N-Gram Analyzer of the SOLx system in accordance with the present invention; 
         FIG. 19  illustrates a taxonomy related to the area of mechanics in accordance with the present invention; 
         FIG. 20  is a flowchart illustrating a process for constructing a database in accordance with the present invention; and 
         FIG. 21  is a flowchart illustrating a process for searching a database in accordance with the present invention. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     The present invention relates to a computer-based tool for facilitating substantially real-time transformation of electronic communications. As noted above, the invention is useful in a variety of contexts, including transformation of business as well as non-business content and also including transformation of content across language boundaries as well as within a single language environment. In the following description, the invention is described in connection with the transformation of business content from a source language to a target language using a Structured Object Localization expert (SOLx) system. The invention is further described in connection with classification of terminology for enhanced processing of electronic communications in a business or non-business context. Such applications serve to fully illustrate various aspects of the invention. It will be appreciated, however, that the invention is not limited to such applications. 
     In addition, in order to facilitate a more complete understanding of the present invention and its advantages over conventional machine translation systems, the following description includes considerable discussion of grammar rules and other linguistic formalities. It shall be appreciated that, to a significant degree, these formalities are developed and implemented with the assistance of the SOLx system. Indeed, a primary advantage of the SOLx system is that it is intended for use by subject matter experts not linguistic experts. Moreover, the SOLx system can handle source data in its native form and does not require substantial database revision within the source system. The SOLx system thereby converts many service industry transformation tasks into tools that can be addressed by in-house personnel or substantially automatically by the SOLx system. 
     The following description is generally divided into two sections. First, certain subjects relevant to the configuration of SOLx are described. This includes a discussion of configuration objectives as well as the normalization classification and translation processes. Then, the structure of SOLx is described, including a discussion of network environment alternatives as well as the components involved in configuration and run-time operation. 
     A. System Configuration 
     1. Introduction—Configuration Challenges 
     The present invention addresses various shortcomings of manual translation and conventional machine translation, especially in the context of handling business content. In the former regard, the present invention is largely automated and is scalable to meet the needs of a broad variety of applications. 
     In the latter regard, there are a number of problems associated with typical business content that interfere with good functioning of a conventional machine translation system. These include out-of-vocabulary (OOV) words that are not really OOV and covert phrase boundaries. When a word to be translated is not in the machine translation system&#39;s dictionary, that word is said to be OOV. Often, words that actually are in the dictionary in some form are not translated because they are not in the dictionary in the same form in which they appear in the data under consideration. For example, particular data may contain many instances of the string “PRNTD CRCT BRD”, and the dictionary may contain the entry “PRINTED CIRCUIT BOARD,” but since the machine translation system cannot recognize that “PRNTD CRCT BRD” is a form of “PRINTED CIRCUIT BOARD” (even though this may be apparent to a human), the machine translation system fails to translate the term “PRNTD CRCT BRD”. The SOLx tool set of the present invention helps turn these “false OOV” terms into terms that the machine translation system can recognize. 
     Conventional language processing systems also have trouble telling which words in a string of words are more closely connected than other sets of words. For example, humans reading a string of words like Acetic Acid Glass Bottle may have no trouble telling that there&#39;s no such thing as “acid glass,” or that the word Glass goes together with the word Bottle and describes the material from which the bottle is made. Language processing systems typically have difficulty finding just such groupings of words within a string of words. For example, a language processing system may analyze the string Acetic Acid Glass Bottle as follows: 
     i) Acetic and Acid go together to form a phrase 
     ii) Acetic Acid and Glass go together to form a phrase 
     iii) Acetic Acid Glass and Bottle go together to form a phrase 
     The first item of the analysis is correct, but the remaining two are not, and they can lead to an incorrect analysis of the item description as a whole. This faulty analysis may lead to an incorrect translation. The actual boundaries between phrases in data are known as phrase boundaries. Phrase boundaries are often covert—that is, not visibly marked. The SOLx tool of the present invention, as described in detail below, prepares data for translation by finding and marking phrase boundaries in the data. For example, it marks phrase boundaries in the string Acetic Acid Glass Bottle as follows: 
     Acetic Acid|Glass Bottle 
     This simple processing step—simple for a human, difficult for a language processing system—helps the machine translation system deduce the correct subgroupings of words within the input data, and allows it to produce the proper translation. 
     The present invention is based, in part, on the recognition that some content, including business content, often is not easily searchable or analyzable unless a schema is constructed to represent the content. There are a number of issues that a computational system must address to do this correctly. These include: deducing the “core” item; finding the attributes of the item; and finding the values of those attributes. As noted above, conventional language processing systems have trouble telling which words in a string of words are more closely connected than other sets of words. They also have difficulty determining which word or words in the string represent the “core,” or most central, concept in the string. For example, humans reading a string of words like Acetic Acid Glass Bottle in a catalogue of laboratory supplies may have no trouble telling that the item that is being sold is acetic acid, and that Glass Bottle just describes the container in which it is packaged. For conventional language processing systems, this is not a simple task. As noted above, a conventional language processing system may identify a number of possible word groupings, some of which are incorrect. Such a language processing system may deduce, for example, that the item that is being sold is a bottle, and that the bottle is made of “acetic acid glass.” Obviously, this analysis leads to a faulty representation of bottles (and of acetic acid) in a schema and, therefore, is of little assistance in building an electronic catalogue system. 
     In addition to finding the “core” of an item description, it is also useful to find the groups of words that describe that item. In the following description, the terms by which an item can be described are termed its attributes, and the contents or quantity of an attribute is termed its value. Finding attributes and their values is as difficult for a language processing system as is finding the “core” of an item description. For instance, in the string Acetic Acid Glass Bottle, one attribute of the core item is the package in which it is distributed. The value of this attribute is Glass Bottle. It may also be deemed that one attribute of the core item is the kind of container in which it is distributed. The value of this attribute would be Bottle. One can readily imagine other container types, such as Drum, Bucket, etc., in which acetic acid could be distributed. It happens that the kind of container attribute itself has an attribute that describes the material that the container is made of. The value of this attribute is Glass. Conventional natural language processing systems have trouble determining these sorts of relationships. Continuing with the example above, a conventional language processing system may analyze the string Acetic Acid Glass Bottle as follows: 
     Acetic and Acid go together to describe Glass 
     Acetic Acid and Glass go together to describe Bottle 
     This language processing system correctly deduced that Acetic and Acid go together. It incorrectly concluded that Acetic Acid go together to form the value of some attribute that describes a kind of Glass, and also incorrectly concluded that Acetic Acid Glass go together to give the value of some attribute that describes the bottle in question. 
     The SOLx system of the present invention, as described in detail below, allows a user to provide guidance to its own natural language processing system in deducing which sets of words go together to describe values. It also adds one very important functionality that conventional natural language processing systems cannot perform without human guidance. The SOLx system allows you to guide it to match values with specific attribute types. The combination of (1) finding core items, and (2) finding attributes and their values, allows the SOLx system to build useful schemas. As discussed above, covert phrase boundaries interfere with good translation. Schema deduction contributes to preparation of data for machine translation in a very straightforward way: the labels that are inserted at the boundaries between attributes correspond directly to phrase boundaries. In addition to identifying core items and attributes, it is useful to classify an item. In the example above, either or both of the core item (acetic acid) and its attributes (glass, bottle and glass bottle) may be associated with classifications. Conveniently, this may be performed after phrase boundaries have been inserted and core items and attributes have been defined. For example, acetic acid may be identified by a taxonomy where acetic acid belongs to the class aqueous solutions, which belongs to the class industrial chemicals and so on. Glass bottle may be identified by a taxonomy where glass bottle (as well as bucket, drum, etc.) belong to the family aqueous solution containers, which in turn belongs to the family packaging and so on. These relationships may be incorporated into the structure of a schema, e.g., in the form of grandparent, parent, sibling, child, grandchild, etc. tags in the case of a hierarchical taxonomy. Such classifications may assist in translation, e.g., by resolving ambiguities, and allow for additional functionality, e.g., improve searching for related items. 
     The next section describes a number of objectives of the SOLx system configuration process. All of these objectives relate to manipulating data from its native from to a form more amenable for translation or other localization, i.e., performing an initial transformation to an intermediate form. 
     2. Configuration Objectives 
     Based on the foregoing, it will be appreciated that the SOLx configuration process has a number of objectives, including solving OOVs and solving covert phrase boundaries based on identification of core items, attribute/value pairs and classification. Additional objectives, as discussed below, relate to taking advantage of reusable content chunks and resolving ambiguities. Many of these objectives are addressed automatically, or are partially automated, by the various SOLx tools described below. The following discussion will facilitate a more complete understanding of the internal functionality of these tools as described below. 
     False OOV words and true OOV words can be discovered at two stages in the translation process: before translation, and after translation. Potential OOV words can be found before translation through use of a Candidate Search Engine as described in detail below. OOV words can be identified after translation through analysis of the translated output. If a word appears in data under analysis in more than one form, the Candidate Search Engine considers the possibility that only one of those forms exists in the machine translation system&#39;s dictionary. Specifically, the Candidate Search Engine offers two ways to find words that appear in more than one form prior to submitting data for translation: the full/abbreviated search option; and the case variant search option. Once words have been identified that appear in more than one form, a SOLx operator can force them to appear in just one form through the use of vocabulary adjustment rules. 
     In this regard, the full/abbreviated search may output pairs of abbreviations and words. Each pair represents a potential false OOV term where it is likely that the unabbreviated form is in-vocabulary. Alternatively, the full/abbreviated search may output both pairs of words and unpaired abbreviations. In this case, abbreviations that are output paired with an unabbreviated word are potentially false OOV words, where the full form is likely in-vocabulary. Abbreviations that are output without a corresponding full form may be true OOV words. The machine translation dictionary may therefore be consulted to see if it includes such abbreviations. Similarly, some entries in a machine translation dictionary may be case sensitive. To address this issue, the SOLx system may implement a case variant search that outputs pairs, triplets, etc. of forms that are composed of the same letters, but appear with different variations of case. The documentation for a given machine translation system can then be consulted to learn which case variant is most likely to be in-vocabulary. To determine if a word is falsely OOV, words that are suspected to be OOV can be compared with the set of words in the machine translation dictionary. There are three steps to this procedure: 1) for each word that you suspect is falsely OOV, prepare a list of other forms that that word could take; 2) check the dictionary to see if it contains the suspected false OOV form; 3) check the dictionary to see if it contains one of the other forms of the word that you have identified. If the dictionary does not contain the suspected false OOV word and does contain one of the other forms of the word, then that word is falsely OOV and the SOLx operator can force it to appear in the “in-vocabulary” form in the input data as discussed below. Generally, this is accomplished through the use of a vocabulary adjustment rule. The vocabulary adjustment rule converts the false OOV form to the in-vocabulary form. The process for writing such rules is discussed in detail below. 
     Problems related to covert phrase boundaries appear as problems of translation. Thus, a problem related to covert phrase boundaries may initially be recognized when a translator/translation evaluator finds related errors in the translated text. A useful objective, then, is to identify these problems as problems related to covert phrase boundaries, rather than as problems with other sources. For example, a translation evaluator may describe problems related to covert phrase boundaries as problems related to some word or words modifying the wrong word or words. Problems related to potential covert phrase boundaries can also be identified via statistical analysis. As discussed below, the SOLx system includes a statistical tool called the N-gram analyzer (NGA) that analyzes databases to determine, among other things, what terms appear most commonly and which terms appear in proximity to one another. A mistranslated phrase identified in the quality control analysis (described below in relation to the TQE module) which has a low NGA probability for the transition between two or more pairs of words suggests a covert phrase boundary. Problems related to covert phrase boundaries can also be addressed through modifying a schematic representation of the data under analysis. In this regard, if a covert phrase boundary problem is identified, it is often a result of attribute rules that failed to identify an attribute. This can be resolved by modifying the schema to include an appropriate attribute rule. If a schema has not yet been produced for the data, a schema can be constructed at this time. Once a categorization or attribute rule has been constructed for a phrase that the translator/translation evaluator has identified as poorly translated, then the original text can be re-translated. If the result is a well-translated phrase, the problem has been identified as one of a covert phrase boundary and the operator may consider constructing more labeling rules for the data under analysis. Covert phrase boundary problems can be addressed by building a schema, and then running the schematized data through a SOLx process that inserts a phrase boundary at the location of every labeling/tagging rule. 
     The core item of a typical business content description is the item that is being sold/described. An item description often consists of its core item and some terms that describe its various attributes. For example, in the item description Black and Decker ⅜″ drill with accessories, the item that is being described is a drill. The words or phrases Black and Decker, ⅜″, and with accessories all give us additional information about the core item, but do not represent the core item itself. The core item in an item description can generally be found by answering the question, what is the item that is being sold or described here? For example, in the item description Black and Decker ⅜″ drill with accessories, the item that is being described is a drill. The words or phrases Black and Decker, ⅜″, and with accessories all indicate something about the core item, but do not represent the core item itself. 
     A subject matter expert (SME) configuring SOLx for a particular application can leverage his domain-specific knowledge by listing the attributes of core items before beginning work with SOLx, and by listing the values of attributes before beginning work with SOLx. Both classification rules and attribute rules can then be prepared before manipulating data with the SOLx system. Domain-specific knowledge can also be leveraged by recognizing core items and attributes and their values during configuration of the SOLx system and writing rules for them as they appear. As the SME works with the data within the SOLx system, he can write rules for the data as the need appears. The Candidate Search Engine can also be used to perform a collocation search that outputs pairs of words that form collocations. If one of those words represents a core item, then the other word may represent an attribute, a value, or (in some sense) both. Attribute-value pairs can also be identified based on a semantic category search implemented by the SOLx system. The semantic category search outputs groups of item descriptions that share words belonging to a specific semantic category. Words from a specific semantic category that appear in similar item descriptions may represent a value, an attribute, or (in some sense) both. 
     Business content is generally characterized by a high degree of structure that facilitates writing phrasing rules and allows for efficient reuse of content “chunks.” As discussed above, much content relating to product descriptions and other structured content is not free-flowing sentences, but is an abbreviated structure called a ‘noun phrase’. Noun phrases are typically composed of mixtures of nouns (N), adjectives (A), and occasionally prepositions (P). The mixtures of nouns and adjectives may be nested. The following are some simple examples: 
                                 TABLE 1                  A   N       Ceramic insulator       N   N       Distribution panel       A   A   N   Large metallic object       A   N   N   Variable speed drill       N   A   N   Plastic coated plate       N   N   N   Nine pin connector       N   P   N   Angle of entry                    
Adjective phrases also exist mixed with adverbs (Av). Table 2 lists some examples.
 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
               
             
               
                 TABLE 2 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                 Av 
                 A 
                   
                 Manually operable 
               
               
                 N 
                 A 
                   
                 Color coded 
               
               
                 N 
                 N 
                 A 
                 Carbon fiber reinforced 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     The noun phrase four-strand color-coded twisted-pair telephone wire has the pattern NNNAANNN. It is grouped as (four N  strand N ) N  (color N  coded A ) A  (twisted A  pair N ) N  telephones wire N . Another way to look at this item is an object-attribute list. The primary word or object is wire; of use type telephone; strand type twisted-pair, color property color-coded, and strand number type is four-stranded. The structure is N 1 AN 2 N 3 N 4 . With this type of compound grouping, each group is essentially independent of any other group. Hence, the translation within each group is performed as an independent phrase and then linked by relatively simple linguistic rules. 
     For example, regroup N 1 AN 2 N 3 N 4  as NN 3 N 4  where N=N 1 AN 2 . In Spanish this can be translated as NN 3 N 4 →N 4  ‘de’ N 3  ‘de’ {N} where {N} means the translated version of N, and → means translated as. In Spanish, it would be N 1 AN 2 →N 2 A ‘de’ N 1 . The phrase then translates as N 1 AN 2 N 3 N 4 →N 4  ‘de’ N 3  ‘de’ N 2 A ‘de’ N 1 . 
     In addition to defining simple rule sets for associating translated components of noun phrases, there is another factor that leads to the feasibility of automatically translating large component databases. This additional observation is that very few terms are used in creating these databases. For example, databases have been analyzed that have 70,000 part descriptions, yet are made up of only 4,000 words or tokens. Further, individual phrases are used hundreds of times. In other words, if the individual component pieces or “chunks” are translated, and there are simple rules for relating theses chunks, then the translation of large parts of the content, in principle, is straightforward. The SOLx system includes tools as discussed in more detail below for identifying reusable chunks, developing rules for translation and storing translated terms/chunks for facilitating substantially real-time transformation of electronic content. 
     Another objective of the configuration process is enabling SOLx to resolve certain ambiguities. Ambiguity exists when a language processing system does not know which of two or more possible analyses of a text string is the correct one. There are two kinds of ambiguity in item descriptions: lexical ambiguity and structural ambiguity. When properly configured, the SOLx system can often resolve both kinds of ambiguity. 
     Lexical ambiguity occurs when a language processing system does not know which of two or more meanings to assign to a word. For example, the abbreviation mil can have many meanings, including million, millimeter, military, and Milwaukee. In a million-item database of tools and construction materials, it may occur with all four meanings. In translation, lexical ambiguity leads to the problem of the wrong word being used to translate a word in your input. To translate your material, it is useful to expand the abbreviation to each of its different full forms in the appropriate contexts. The user can enable the SOLx system to do this by writing labeling rules that distinguish the different contexts from each other. For example, mil might appear with the meaning million in the context of a weight, with the meaning millimeter in the context of a length, with the meaning military in the context of a specification type (as in the phrase MIL SPEC), and with the meaning Milwaukee in the context of brand of a tool. You then write vocabulary adjustment rules to convert the string mil into the appropriate full form in each individual context. In schematization, resolving lexical ambiguity involves a number of issues, including identification of the core item in an item description; identification of values for attributes; and assignment of values to proper attributes. 
     Lexical ambiguity may also be resolved by reference to an associated classification. The classification may be specific to the ambiguous term or a related term, e.g., another term in the same noun phrase. Thus, for example, the ambiguous abbreviation “mil” may be resolved by 1) noting that it forms an attribute of an object-attribute list, 2) identifying the associated object (e.g., drill), 3) identifying a classification of the object (e.g., power tool), and 4) applying a rule set for that classification to select a meaning for the term (e.g., mil—Milwaukee). These relationships may be defined by the schema. 
     Structural ambiguity occurs when a language processing system does not know which of two or more labeling rules to use to group together sets of words within an item description. This most commonly affects attribute rules and may require further nesting of parent/child tag relationships for proper resolution. Again, a related classification may assist in resolving structural ambiguity. 
     3. Configuration Processes 
     a. Normalization 
     As the foregoing discussion suggests, the various configuration objectives (e.g., resolving false OOVs, identifying covert phrase boundaries, taking advantage of reusable chunks and resolving ambiguities) can be addressed in accordance with the present invention by transforming input data from its native form into an intermediate form that is more amenable to translation or other localization/transformation. The corresponding process, which is a primary purpose of SOLx system configuration, is termed “normalization.” Once normalized, the data will include standardized terminology in place of idiosyncratic terms, will reflect various grammar and other rules that assist in further processing, and will include tags that provide context including classification information for resolving ambiguities and otherwise promoting proper transformation. The associated processes are executed using the Normalization Workbench of the SOLx system, as will be described below. There are two kinds of rules developed using the Normalization Workbench: grammatical rules, and normalization rules. The purpose of a grammatical rule is to group together and label a section of text. The purpose of a normalization rule is to cause a labeled section of text to undergo some change. Although these rules are discussed in detail below in order to provide a more complete understanding of the present invention, it will be appreciated that these rules are, to a large extent, developed and implemented internally by the various SOLx tools. Accordingly, SOLx operators need not have linguistics expertise to realize the associated advantages. 
     i) Normalization Rules 
     The Normalization Workbench offers a number different kinds of normalization rules relating to terminology including: replacement rules, joining rules, and ordering rules. Replacement rules allow the replacement of one kind of text with another kind of text. Different kinds of replacement rules allow the user to control the level of specificity of these replacements. Joining rules allow the user to specify how separated elements should be joined together in the final output. Ordering rules allow the user to specify how different parts of a description should be ordered relative to each other. 
     With regard to replacement rules, data might contain instances of the word centimeter written four different ways—as cm, as cm., as c.m., and as centimeter—and the user might want to ensure that it always appears as centimeter. The Normalization Workbench implements two different kinds of replacement rules: unguided replacement, and guided replacement. The rule type that is most easily applicable to a particular environment can be selected. Unguided replacement rules allow the user to name a tag/category type, and specify a text string to be used to replace any text that is under that tag. Guided replacement rules allow the user to name a tag/category type, and specify specific text strings to be used to replace specific text strings that are under that tag. Within the Normalization Workbench logic, the format of unguided replacement rules may be, for example: 
     [category_type]=&gt;‘what to replace its text with’ 
     For instance, the following rule says to find any[foot] category label, and replace the text that it tags with the word feet: 
     [foot]=&gt;‘feet’ 
     If that rule was run against the following input, 
     Steel piping 6[foot] foot long 
     Steel piping 3[foot] feet long 
     it would produce the following output: 
     Steel piping 6[foot] feet long 
     Steel piping 3[foot] feet long 
     The second line is unchanged; in the first line, foot has been changed to feet. 
     Guided replacement rules allow the user to name a tag/category type, and specify specific text strings to be used to replace specific text strings that are under that tag. This is done by listing a set of possible content strings in which the normalization engine should “look up” the appropriate replacement. The format of these rules is: 
     [category_type]:: lookup 
     ‘text to replace’=&gt;‘text to replace it with’ 
     ‘other text to replace’=&gt;‘text to replace it with’ 
     ‘more text to replace’=&gt;‘text to replace it with’ 
     end lookup 
     For instance, the following rule says to find any [length_metric] label. If you see mm, mm., m.m., or m. m. beneath it, then replace it with millimeter. If you see cm, cm., c.m., or c. m. beneath it, then replace it with centimeter: 
     [length_metric]:: lookup 
     ‘mm’=&gt;‘millimeter’ 
     ‘mm.’=&gt;‘millimeter’ 
     ‘m.m.’=&gt;‘millimeter’ 
     ‘m.m.’=&gt;‘millimeter’ 
     ‘cm’=&gt;‘centimeter’ 
     ‘cm.’=&gt;‘centimeter’ 
     ‘c.m.’=&gt;‘centimeter’ 
     ‘c. m.’=&gt;‘centimeter’ 
     end lookup 
     If that rule was run against the following input 
     Stainless steel scalpel handle, [length_metric] (5 mm) 
     [length_metric] (5 mm) disposable plastic scalpel handle 
     it would produce the following output: 
     Stainless steel scalpel handle, [length_metric] (5 millimeter) 
     [length_metric] (5 millimeter) disposable plastic scalpel handle 
     From the user&#39;s perspective, such replacement rules may be implemented via a simple user interface such as shown in  FIG. 1 .  FIG. 1  shows a user interface screen  100  including a left pane  102  and a right pane  104 . The left pane  102  displays the grammar rules that are currently in use. The rules are shown graphically, including alternative expressions (in this case) as well as rule relationships and categories. Many alternative expressions or candidates therefor are automatically recognized by the workbench and presented to the user. The right pane  104  reflects the process to update or add a text replacement rule. In operation, a grammar rule is selected in the left pane  102 . All text that can be recognized by the rule appears in the left column of the table  106  in the right pane  104 . The SME then has the option to unconditionally replace all text with the string from the right column of the table  106  or may conditionally enter a replacement string. Although not shown in each case below, similar interfaces allow for easy development and implementation of the various rules discussed herein. It will be appreciated that “liter” and “ounce” together with their variants thus are members of the class “volume” and the left pane  102  graphically depicts a portion of a taxonomy associated with a schema. 
     Joining rules allow the user to specify how separated elements should be joined together in the final output. Joining rules can be used to re-join elements that were separated during the process of assigning category labels. The user can also use joining rules to combine separate elements to form single delimited fields. 
     Some elements that were originally adjacent in the input may have become separated in the process of assigning them category labels, and it may be desired to re-join them in the output. For example, the catheter tip configuration JL4 will appear as[catheter_tip_configuration] (J L 4) after its category label is assigned. However, the customary way to write this configuration is with all three of its elements adjacent to each other. Joining rules allow the user to join them together again. 
     The user may wish the members of a particular category to form a single, delimited field. For instance, you might want the contents of the category label [litter_box] (plastic hi-impact scratch-resistant) to appear as plastic, hi-impact, scratch-resistant in order to conserve space in your data description field. Joining rules allow the user to join these elements together and to specify that a comma be used as the delimiting symbol. 
     The format of these rules is: 
     [category_label]:: join with ‘delimiter’ 
     The delimiter can be absent, in which case the elements are joined immediately adjacent to each other. For example, numbers emerge from the category labeler with spaces between them, so that the number twelve looks like this: 
     [real] (12) 
     A standard normalization rule file supplied with the Normalization Workbench contains the following joining rule: 
     [real]:: join with‘ ’ 
     This rule causes the numbers to be joined to each other without an intervening space, producing the following output: 
     [real] (12) 
     The following rule states that any content that appears with the category label 
     [litter_box] should be joined together with commas: 
     [litter_box]:: join with ‘,’ 
     If that rule was run against the following input, 
     [litter_box] (plastic hi-impact dog-repellant) 
     [litter_box] (enamel shatter-resistant) 
     it would produce the following output: 
     [litter_box] (plastic, hi-impact, dog-repellant) 
     [litter_box] (enamel, shatter-resistant) 
     Ordering rules allow the user to specify how different parts of a description should be ordered relative to each other. For instance, input data might contain catheter descriptions that always contain a catheter size and a catheter type, but in varying orders—sometimes with the catheter size before the catheter type, and sometimes with the catheter type before the catheter size: 
     [catheter] ([catheter_size] (8Fr)[catheter_type] (JL4)[item] (catheter) 
     [catheter] ([catheter_type)] (JL5)[catheter_size] (8Fr)[item] (catheter)) 
     The user might prefer that these always occur in a consistent order, with the catheter size coming first and the catheter type coming second. Ordering rules allow you to enforce this ordering consistently. 
     The internal format of ordering rules is generally somewhat more complicated than that of the other types of rules. Ordering rules generally have three parts. Beginning with a simple example: 
     [catheter]/[catheter_type] [catheter_size]=&gt;($2 $1) 
     The first part of the rule, shown in bold below, specifies that this rule should only be applied to the contents of a[catheter] category label: 
     [catheter]/[catheter_type] [catheter_size]=&gt;($2 $1) 
     The second part of the rule, shown in bold below, specifies which labeled elements are to have their orders changed: 
     [catheter] [catheter_type] [catheter_size]=&gt;($2 $1) 
     Each of those elements is assigned a number, which is written in the format $number in the third part of the rule. The third part of the rule, shown in bold below, specifies the order in which those elements should appear in the output: 
     [catheter]/[catheter_type] [catheter_size]=&gt;($2 $1) 
     The order $2 $1 indicates that the element which was originally second (i.e., $2) should be first (since it appears in the leftmost position in the third part of the rule), while the element which was originally first (i.e., $1) should be second (since it appears in the second position from the left in the third part of the rule). Ordering rules can appear with any number of elements. For example, this rule refers to a category label that contains four elements. The rule switches the position of the first and third elements of its input, while keeping its second and fourth elements in their original positions:
 
[resistor]/[resistance] [tolerance] [wattage] [manufacturer]=&gt;($3 $2 $1 $4)
 
       FIG. 2  shows an example of a user interface screen  200  that may be used to develop and implement an ordering rule. The screen  200  includes a left pane  202  and a right pane  204 . The left pane  202  displays the grammar rules that are currently in use—in this case, ordering rules for container size—as well as various structural productions under each rule. The right pane  204  reflects the process to update or add structural reorganization to the rule. In operation, a structural rule is selected using the left pane  202 . The right pane  204  can then be used to develop or modify the rule. In this case, the elements or “nodes” can be reordered by simple drag-and-drop process. Nodes may also be added or deleted using simple mouse or keypad commands. 
     Ordering rules are very powerful, and have other uses besides order-changing per se. Other uses for ordering rules include the deletion of unwanted material, and the addition of desired material. 
     To use an ordering rule to delete material, the undesired material can be omitted from the third part of the rule. For example, the following rule causes the deletion of the second element from the product description: 
     [notebook]/[item] [academic_field] [purpose]=&gt;($1 $3) 
     If that rule was run against the following input, 
     [notebook] ([item] (notebook)[academic_field] (linguistics)[purpose] (fieldwork) 
     [notebook] ([item] (notebook)[academic_field] (sociology)[purpose] (fieldwork) 
     it would produce the following output: 
     [notebook] ([item] (notebook)[purpose] (fieldwork) 
     [notebook] ([item] (notebook)[purpose] (fieldwork) 
     To use an ordering rule to add desired material, the desired material can be added to the third part of the rule in the desired position relative to the other elements. For example, the following rule causes the string [real_cnx]‘-’ to be added to the product description: 
     [real]/(integer] [fraction])=&gt;($1 [real_cnx]‘-’$2) 
     If that rule was run against the following input, 
     [real] ( 11/2) 
     [real] ( 15/8) 
     it would produce the following output: 
     [real] (1[real_cnx] (−) ½) 
     [real] (1[real_cnx] (−) ⅝) After final processing, this converts the confusing 1½ and 1⅝ to 1½ (“one and a half”) and 1⅝ (“one and five eighths”). 
     In addition to the foregoing normalization rules relating to terminology, the SOLx system also involves normalization rules relating to context cues, including classification and phrasing. The rules that the SOLx system uses to identify contexts and determine the location and boundaries of attribute/value pairs fall into three categories: categorization rules, attribute rules, and analysis rules. Categorization rules and attribute rules together form a class of rules known as labeling/tagging rules. labeling/tagging rules cause the insertion of labels/tags in the output text when the user requests parsed or labeled/tagged texts. They form the structure of the schema in a schematization task, and they become phrase boundaries in a machine translation task. Analysis rules do not cause the insertion of labels/tags in the output. They are inserted temporarily by the SOLx system during the processing of input, and are deleted from the output before it is displayed. 
     Although analysis tags are not displayed in the output (SOLx can allow the user to view them if the data is processed in a defined interactive mode), they are very important to the process of determining contexts for vocabulary adjustment rules and for determining where labels/tags should be inserted. The analysis process is discussed in more detail below. 
     ii. Grammar Rules 
     The various rules described above for establishing normalized content are based on grammar rules developed for a particular application. The process for developing grammar rules is set forth in the following discussion. Again, it will be appreciated that the SOLx tools guide an SME through the development of these rules and the SME need not have any expertise in this regard. There are generally two approaches to writing grammar rules, known as “bottom up” and “top down.” Bottom-up approaches to writing grammar rules begin by looking for the smallest identifiable units in the text and proceed by building up to larger units made up of cohesive sets of the smaller units. Top-down approaches to writing grammar rules begin by identifying the largest units in the text, and proceed by identifying the smaller cohesive units of which they are made. 
     Consider the following data for an example of building grammar rules from the bottom up. It consists of typical descriptions of various catheters used in invasive cardiology: 
     8Fr. JR4 Cordis 
     8 Fr. JR5 Cordis 
     8Fr JL4 catheter, Cordis, 6/box 
     8Fr pigtail 6/box 
     8 French pigtail catheter, 135 degree 
     8Fr Sones catheter, reusable 
     4Fr. LC angioplasty catheter with guidewire and peelaway sheath 
     Each of these descriptions includes some indication of the (diametric) size of the catheter, shown in bold text below: 
     8Fr. JR4 Cordis 
     8 Fr. JR5 Cordis 
     8Fr JL4 catheter, Cordis, 6/box 
     8Fr pigtail 6/box 
     8 French pigtail catheter, 135 degree 
     8Fr Sones catheter, reusable 
     4Fr. LC angioplasty catheter with guidewire and peelaway sheath 
     One can make two very broad generalizations about these indications of catheter size: all of them include a digit, and the digits all seem to be integers. 
     One can further make two weaker generalizations about these indications of catheter size: all of them include either the letters Fr, or the word French; and if they include the letters Fr, those two letters may or may not be followed by a period. A subject matter expert (SME) operating the SOLx system will know that Fr, Fr., and French are all tokens of the same thing: some indicator of the unit of catheter size. Having noted these various forms in the data, a first rule can be written. It will take the form x can appear as w, y, or z, and this rule will describe the different ways that x can appear in the data under analysis.
 
The basic fact that the rule is intended to capture is French can appear as Fr, as Fr., or as French.
 
In the grammar rules formalism, that fact may be indicated like this:
 
[French]
 
     (Fr) 
     (Fr.) 
     (French) 
     [French] is the name assigned to the category of “things that can be forms of the word that expresses the unit of size of catheters” and could just as well have been called [catheter_size_unit], or [Fr], or [french]. The important thing is to give the category a label that is meaningful to the user.
 
(Fr), (Fr.), and (French) are the forms that a thing that belongs to the category [French] can take. Although the exact name for the category [French] is not important, it matters much more how these “rule contents” are written. For example, the forms may be case sensitive. That is, (Fr) and (fr) are different forms. If your rule contains the form (Fr), but not the form (fr), then if there is a description like this:
 
8 fr cordis catheter
 
The fr in the description will not be recognized as expressing a unit of catheter size. Similarly, if your rule contained the form (fr), but not the form (Fr), then Fr would not be recognized. “Upper-case” and “lower-case” distinctions may also matter in this part of a rule.
 
     Returning to the list of descriptions above, a third generalization can be made: all of the indications of catheter size include an integer followed by the unit of catheter size. 
     This suggests another rule, of the form all x consist of the sequence a followed by b. The basic fact that the rule is intended to capture is: all indications of catheter size consist of a number followed by some form of the category [French]. 
     In the grammar rules formalism, that fact may be indicated like this: 
     &gt;[catheter_size] 
     ([real] [French]) 
     [catheter_size] is the name assigned to the category of “groups of words that can indicate the size of a catheter;” and could just as well have been called [size], or [catheterSize], or [sizeOfACatheter]. The important thing is to give the category a label that is meaningful to the user.
 
([real] [French]) is the part of the rule that describes the things that make up a [catheter_size]—that is, something that belongs to the category of things that can be [French], and something that belongs to the categories of things that can be [real]—and what order they have to appear in—in this case, the [real] first, followed by the [French]. In this part of the rule, exactly how things are written is important.
 
In this rule, the user is able to make use of the rule for [French] that was defined earlier. Similarly, the user is able to make use of the [real] rule for numbers that can generally be supplied as a standard rule with the Normalization Workbench. Rules can make reference to other rules. Furthermore, rules do not have to be defined in the same file to be used together, as long as the parser reads in the file in which they are defined.
 
     So far this example has involved a set of rules that allows description of the size of every catheter in a list of descriptions. The SME working with this data might then want to write a set of rules for describing the various catheter types in the list. Up to this point, this example has started with the smallest units of text that could be identified (the different forms of [French]) and worked up from there (to the [catheter_size] category). Now, the SME may have an idea of a higher-level description (i.e., catheter type), but no lower-level descriptions to build it up out of; in this case, the SME may start at the top, and think his way down through a set of rules. 
     The SME can see that each of these descriptions includes some indication of the type of the catheter, shown in bold text below: 
     8Fr. JR4 Cordis 
     8 Fr. JR5 Cordis 
     8Fr JL4 catheter, Cordis, 6/box 
     8Fr pigtail 6/box 
     8 French pigtail catheter, 135 degree 
     8Fr Sones catheter, reusable 
     4Fr. angioplasty catheter with guidewire and peelaway sheath 
     He is aware that a catheter type can be described in one of two ways: by the tip configuration of the catheter, and by the purpose of the catheter. So, the SME may write a rule that captures the fact that catheter types can be identified by tip configuration or by catheter purpose.
 
In the grammar rules formalism, that fact may be indicated like this:
 
&gt;[catheter_type]
 
     ([catheter_tip_configuration]) 
     ([catheter_purpose]) 
     This involves a rule for describing tip configuration, and a rule for identifying a catheter&#39;s purpose. 
     Starting with tip configuration, the SME knows that catheter tip configurations can be described in two ways: 1) by a combination of the inventor&#39;s name, an indication of which blood vessel the catheter is meant to engage, and by an indication of the length of the curve at the catheter tip; or 2) by the inventor&#39;s name alone. 
     The SME can write a rule that indicates these two possibilities in this way: 
     [catheter_tip configuration] 
     ([inventor] [coronary_artery] [curve_size]) 
     ([inventor]) 
     In this rule, [catheter_tip_configuration] is the category label; ([inventor] [coronary_artery] [curve_size]) and ([inventor]) are the two forms that things that belong to this category can take. In order to use these rules, the SME will need to write rules for [inventor], [coronary_artery], and [curve_size]. The SME knows that in all of these cases, the possible forms that something that belongs to one of these categories can take are very limited, and can be listed, similarly to the various forms of [French]:
 
[inventor]
 
     (J) 
     (Sones) 
     [coronary_artery] 
     (L) 
     (R) 
     [curve_size] 
     (3.5) 
     (4) 
     (5) 
     With these rules, the SME has a complete description of the [catheter_tip_configuration] category. Recall that the SME is writing a [catheter_tip_configuration] rule because there are two ways that a catheter type can be identified: by the configuration of the catheter&#39;s tip, and by the catheter&#39;s purpose. The SME has the [catheter_tip_configuration] rule written now and just needs a rule that captures descriptions of a catheter&#39;s purpose. 
     The SME is aware that (at least in this limited data set) a catheter&#39;s purpose can be directly indicated, e.g. by the word angioplasty, or can be inferred from something else—in this case, the catheter&#39;s shape, as in pigtail. So, the SME writes a rule that captures the fact that catheter purpose can be identified by purpose indicators or by catheter shape. 
     In the grammar rules formalism, that fact can be indicated like this: 
     [catheter_purpose] 
     ([catheter_purpose_indicator]) 
     ([catheter_shape]) 
     The SME needs a rule for describing catheter purpose, and a rule for describing catheter shape. Both of these can be simple in this example: 
     [catheter_purpose_indicator] 
     (angioplasty) 
     [catheter_shape] 
     (pigtail) 
     With this, a complete set of rules is provided for describing catheter type, from the “top” (i.e., the [catheter_type] rule) “down” (i.e., to the rules for [inventor], [coronary_artery], [curve_size], [catheter_purpose], and [catheter_shape]). 
     “Top-down” and “bottom-up” approaches to writing grammar rules are both effective, and an SME should use whichever is most comfortable or efficient for a particular data set. The bottom-up approach is generally easier to troubleshoot; the top-down approach is more intuitive for some people. A grammar writer can use some combination of both approaches simultaneously. 
     Grammar rules include a special type of rule called a wanker. Wankers are rules for category labels that should appear in the output of the token normalization process. In one implementation, wankers are written similarly to other rules, except that their category label starts with the symbol &gt;. For example, in the preceding discussion, we wrote the following wanker rules: 
     &gt;[catheter_size] 
     ([real] [French])&gt; 
     [catheter_type] 
     ([catheter_tip_configuration]) 
     ([catheter_purpose]) 
     Other rules do not have this symbol preceding the category label, and are not wankers. 
     Chunks of text that have been described by a wanker rule will be tagged in the output of the token normalization process. For example, with the rule set that we have defined so far, including the two wankers, we would see output like the following: 
     [catheter_size] (8Fr.) [catheter_type] (JR4) Cordis 
     [catheter_size] (8 Fr.) [catheter_type] (JR5) Cordis 
     [catheter_size] (8Fr)[catheter_type] (JL4) catheter, Cordis, 6/box 
     [catheter_size] (8Fr)[catheter_type] (pigtail) 6/box 
     [catheter_size] (8 French)[catheter_type] (pigtail) catheter, 135 degree 
     [catheter_size] (8Fr)[catheter_type] (Sones) catheter, reusable 
     [catheter_size] (4Fr.) LC [catheter_type] (angioplasty) catheter with guidewire and peelaway sheath 
     Although the other rules are used in this example to define the wanker rules, and to recognize their various forms in the input text, since the other rules are not wankers, their category labels do not appear in the output If at some point it is desired to make one or more of those other rules&#39; category labels to appear in the output, the SME or other operator can cause them to do so by converting those rules to wankers. 
     Besides category labels, the foregoing example included two kinds of things in rules. First, the example included rules that contained other category labels. These “other” category labels are identifiable in the example by the fact that they are always enclosed in square brackets, e.g. 
     [catheter_purpose] 
     ([catheter_purpose_indicator]) 
     ([catheter_shape]) 
     The example also included rules that contained strings of text that had to be written exactly the way that they would appear in the input. These strings are identifiable by the fact that they are directly enclosed by parentheses, e.g. 
     [French] 
     (Fr) 
     (Fr.) 
     (French) 
     There is a third kind of thing that can be used in a rule. These things, called regular expressions, allow the user to specify approximately what a description will look like. Regular expressions can be recognized by the facts that, unlike the other kinds of rule contents, they are not enclosed by parentheses, and they are immediately enclosed by “forward slashes.” 
     Regular expressions in rules look like this: 
     [angiography_catheter_french_size] 
     /7|8/ 
     [rocket_engine_size] 
     /^X\d{2}/ 
     [naval_vessel_hull_number] 
     A\w+\d+/ 
     Although the foregoing example illustrated specific implementations of specific rules, it will be appreciated that a virtually endless variety of specialized rules may be provided in accordance with the present invention. The SOLx system of the present invention consists of many components, as will be described below. One of these components is the Natural Language Engine module, or NLE. The NLE module evaluates each item description in data under analysis by means of rules that describe the ways in which core items and their attributes can appear in the data. The exact (machine-readable) format that these rules take can vary depending upon the application involved and computing environment. For present purposes, it is sufficient to realize that these rules express relationships like the following (stated in relation to the drill example discussed above):
         Descriptions of a drill include the manufacturer&#39;s name, the drill size, and may also include a list of accessories and whether or not it is battery powered.   A drill&#39;s size may be three eighths of an inch or one half inch       

     inch may be written as inch or as ″ 
     If inch is written as ″, then it may be written with or without a space between the numbers ⅜ or ½ and the ″ 
     The NLE checks each line of the data individually to see if any of the rules seem to apply to that line. If a rule seems to apply, then the NLE inserts a label/tag and marks which string of words that rule seemed to apply to. For example, for the set of rules listed above, then in the item description Black and Decker ⅜″ drill with accessories, the NLE module would notice that ⅜″ might be a drill size, and would mark it as such. If the user is running the NLE in interactive mode, he may observe something like this in the output: 
     [drill_size] (⅜″) 
     In addition to the rules listed above, a complete set of rules for describing the ways that item descriptions for/of drills and their attributes would also include rules for manufacturers&#39; names, accessory lists, and whether or not the drill is battery powered. If the user writes such a set of rules, then in the item description Black and Decker ⅜″ drill with accessories, the NLE module will notice and label/tag the following attributes of the description: 
     [manufacturer_name] (Black and Decker) 
     [drill_size] (⅜″) 
     The performance of the rules can be analyzed in two stages. First, determine whether or not the rules operate adequately. Second, if it is identified that rules that do not operate adequately, determine why they do not operate adequately. 
     For translations, the performance of the rules can be determined by evaluating the adequacy of the translations in the output text. For schematization, the performance of the rules can be determined by evaluating the adequacy of the schema that is suggested by running the rule set. For any rule type, if a rule has been identified that does not perform adequately, it can be determined why it does not operate adequately by operating the NLE component in interactive mode with output to the screen. 
     For tagging rules, test data set can be analyzed to determine if: every item that should be labeled/tagged has been labeled/tagged and any item that should not have been labeled/tagged has been labeled/tagged in error. 
     In order to evaluate the rules in this way, the test data set must include both items that should be labeled/tagged, and items that should not be tagged. 
     Vocabulary adjustment rules operate on data that has been processed by tagging/tagging rules, so troubleshooting the performance of vocabulary adjustment rules requires attention to the operation of tagging/tagging rules, as well as to the operation of the vocabulary adjustment rules themselves. 
     In general, the data set selected to evaluate the performance of the rules should include: examples of different types of core items, and for each type of core item, examples with different sets of attributes and/or attribute values. 
     b. Processing 
     1. Searching 
     Normalization facilitates a variety of further processing options. One important type of processing is translation as noted above and further described below. However, other types of processing in addition to or instead of translation are enhanced by normalization including database and network searching, document location and retrieval, interest/personality matching, information aggregation for research/analysis, etc. 
     For purposes of illustration, a database and network searching application will now be described. In many cases, it is desirable to allow for searching across semantic boundaries. For example, a potential individual or business consumer may desire to access company product descriptions or listings that may be characterized by abbreviations and other terms, as well as syntax, that are unique to the company or otherwise insufficiently standardized to enable easy access. Additionally, submitting queries for searching information via a network (e.g., LAN, WAN, proprietary or open) is subject to considerable lexicographic uncertainty, even within a single language environment, which uncertainty expands geometrically in the context of multiple languages. It is common for a searcher to submit queries that attempt to encompass a range of synonyms or conceptually related terms when attempting to obtain complete search results. However, this requires significant knowledge and skill and is often impractical, especially in a multi-language environment. Moreover, in some cases, a searcher, such as a consumer without specialized knowledge regarding a search area, may be insufficiently knowledgeable regarding a taxonomy or classification structure of the subject matter of interest to execute certain search strategies for identifying information of interest through a process of progressively narrowing the scope of responsive information based on conceptual/class relationships. 
     It will be observed that the left panel  102  of  FIG. 1  graphically depicts a portion of a taxonomy where, for example, the units of measure “liter” and “ounce”, as well as variants thereof, are subclasses of the class “volume.” Thus, for example, a searcher entering a query including the term “ounce” (or “oz”) may access responsive information for a database or the like including the term “oz” or (“ounce”). Moreover, metric equivalent items, e.g., including the term “ml,” may be retrieved in response to the query based on tags commonly linking the search term and the responsive item to the class “volume.” In these cases, both normalization (oz=ounce) and classification (&lt;_volume&lt;&lt;ounce&gt;&gt;liter&gt;&gt;_&gt;) (where the markings &lt; &gt;and &lt;&lt; &gt;&gt;indicate parent-child tag relationships) are used to enhance the search functionality. Such normalization may involve normalizing a locale-specific search term and/or normalizing terms in a searched database to a normalized form. It will be appreciated that the normalized (or unnormalized) terms may be translated from one language to another, as disclosed herein, to provide a further degree of search functionality. 
     Moreover, such normalization and classification assisted searches are not limited to the context of product descriptions but may extend to the entirety of any language. In this regard,  FIG. 19  illustrates a taxonomy  1900  related to the area of mechanics that may be used in connection with research related to small aircraft runway accidents attributed to following in the wake of larger aircraft. Terms  1902  represent alternative terms that may be normalized by an SME using the present invention, such as an administrator of a government crash investigation database, to the normalized terms  1904 , namely, “vorticity” and “wake.” These terms  1904  may be associated with a parent classification  1906  (“wingtip vortices”) which in turn is associated with a grandparent classification  1908  (“aerodynamic causes”) and so on. In this context, normalization allows for mapping of a range of colloquial or scientific search terms into predefined taxonomy, or for tagging of documents including such terms relative to the taxonomy. The taxonomy can then be used to resolve, lexicographic ambiguities and to retrieve relevant documents. 
       FIG. 20  is a flowchart illustrating a process  2000  for constructing a database for enhanced searching using normalization and classification. The illustrated process  2000  is initiated by establishing ( 2002 ) a taxonomy for the relevant subject matter. This may be performed by an SME and will generally involve dividing the subject matter into conceptual categories and subcategories that collectively define the subject matter. In many cases, such categories may be defined by reference materials or industry standards. The SME may also establish ( 2004 ) normalization rules, as discussed above, for normalizing a variety of terms or phrases into a smaller number of normalized terms. For example, this may involve surveying a collection or database of documents to identify sets of corresponding terms, abbreviations and other variants. It will be appreciated that the taxonomy and normalization rules may be supplemented and revised over time based on experience to enhance operation of the system. 
     Once the initial taxonomy and normalization rules have been established, a document to be stored is received ( 2004 ) and parsed ( 2006 ) into appropriate chunks, e.g., words or phrases. Normalization rules are then applied ( 2008 ) to map the chunks into normalized expressions. Depending on the application, the document may be revised to reflect the normalized expressions, or the normalized expressions may merely be used for processing purposes. In any case, the normalized expressions are then used to define ( 2010 ) a taxonomic lineage (e.g., wingtip vortices, aerodynamic causes, etc.) for the subject term and to apply ( 2012 ) corresponding tags. The tagged document ( 2014 ) is then stored and the tags can be used to retrieve, print, display, transmit, etc., the document or a portion thereof. For example, the database may be searched based on classification or a term of a query may be normalized and the normalized term may be associated with a classification to identify responsive documents. 
     The SOLx paradigm is to use translators to translate repeatable complex terms and phrases, and translation rules to link these phrases together. It uses the best of both manual and machine translation. The SOLx system uses computer technology for repetitive or straightforward applications, and uses people for the complex or special-case situations. The NorTran (Normalization/Translation) server is designed to support this paradigm.  FIG. 3  represents a high-level architecture of the NorTran platform  300 . Each module is discussed below as it relates to the normalization/classification process. A more detailed description is provided below in connection with the overall SOLx schematic diagram description for configuration and run-time operation. 
     The GUI  302  is the interface between the subject matter expert (SME) or human translator (HT) and the core modules of the NorTran server. Through this interface, SMEs and HTs define the filters for content chunking, classification access dictionaries, create the terms and phrases dictionaries, and monitor and edit the translated content. 
     This N-Gram  304  filter for the N-gram analysis defines the parameters used in the N-gram program. The N-gram program is the key statistical tool for identifying the key reoccurring terms and phrases of the original content. 
     The N-Gram and other statistical tools module  306  is a set of parsing and statistical tools that analyze the original content for significant terms and phrases. The tools parse for the importance of two or more words or tokens as defined by the filter settings. The output is a sorted list of terms with the estimated probabilities of the importance of the term in the totality of the content. The goal is to aggregate the largest re-usable chunks and have them directly classified and translated. 
     The chunking classification assembly and grammar rules set  308  relates the pieces from one language to another. For example, as discussed earlier, two noun phrases N 1 N 2  are mapped in Spanish as N 2  ‘de’ N 1 . Rules may need to be added or existing ones modified by the translator. The rules are used by the translation engine with the dictionaries and the original content (or the normalized content) to reassemble the content in its translated form. 
     The rules/grammar base language pairs and translation engine  310  constitute a somewhat specialized machine translation (MT) system. The translation engine portion of this system may utilize any of various commercially available translation tools with appropriate configuration of its dictionaries. 
     Given that the translation process is not an exact science and that round trip processes (translations from A to B to A) rarely work, a statistical evaluation is likely the best automatic tool to assess the acceptability of the translations. The Translation Accuracy Analyzer  312  assesses words not translated, heuristics for similar content, baseline analysis from human translation and other criteria. 
     The chunking and translation editor  314  functions much like a translator&#39;s workbench. This tool has access to the original content; helps the SME create normalized content if required; the normalized content and dictionaries help the translator create the translated terms and phase dictionary, and when that repository is created, helps the translator fill in any missing terms in the translation of the original content. A representation of the chunking functionality of this editor is shown in the example in Table 3. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
                 TABLE 3 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Original Content 
                 Normalized Terms 
                 Freq 
                 Chunk No. 
                 Chunked Orig Cont 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Round Baker (A) Poland 
                 Emile Henry 
                 6 
                 1 
                 7-A-6 
               
               
                 Round Baker with Handles (B) Poland 
                 Oval Baker  
                 6 
                 2 
                 7-18-B-6 
               
               
                 Oval Baker (C) Red E. Henry 
                 Lasagna Baker 
                 4 
                 3 
                 2-C-15-1 
               
               
                 Oval Baker (D) Polish Pottery 
                 Polish Pottery 
                 4 
                 4 
                 2-D-5 
               
               
                 Oval Baker (E) Red, Emile Henry 
                 Poland 
                 2 
                 5 
                 2-E-15-1 
               
               
                 Oval Baker (F) Polish Pottery 
                 Round Baker 
                 2 
                 6 
                 2-F-5 
               
               
                 Oval Baker (G) Polish Pottery 
                 Baker Chicken Shaped 
                 1 
                 7 
                 2-G-5 
               
               
                 Oval Baker Polish Pottery (H) 
                 Baker Deep Dish SIGNITURE 
                 1 
                 8 
                 2-5-H 
               
               
                 Lasagna Baker (I) Emile Henry Cobalt 
                 Baker with cover/handles 
                 1 
                 9 
                 4-I-1-13 
               
               
                 Lasagna Baker (I) Emile Henry Green 
                 Baker Rectangular 
                 1 
                 10 
                 4-I-1-14 
               
               
                 Lasagna Baker (I) Emile Henry Red 
                 Ceramic 
                 1 
                 11 
                 4-I-1-15 
               
               
                 Lasagna Baker (I) Emile Henry Yellow 
                 Cobalt 
                 1 
                 12 
                 4-I-1-17 
               
               
                 Baker Chicken Shaped (J) 
                 green 
                 1 
                 13 
                 8-J 
               
               
                 Baker Deep Dish SIGNATURE (K) 
                 red 
                 1 
                 14 
                 9-K 
               
               
                 Baker Rectangular (L) White Ceramic 
                 Signature 
                 1 
                 15 
                 11-L-18-12 
               
               
                 Baker with cover/handles Polish Pottery 
                 yellow 
                 1 
                 16 
                 10-5 
               
               
                   
                 white 
                 1 
                 17 
               
               
                   
                 with Handles 
                 1 
                 18 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     The first column lists the original content from a parts list of cooking dishes. The term (A) etc. are dimensional measurements that are not relevant to the discussion. The second column lists the chunked terms from an N-gram analysis; the third column lists the frequency of each term in the original Content set. The fourth column is the number associated with the chunk terms in column 2. The fifth column is the representation of the first column in terms of the sequence of chunked content. Although not shown, a classification lineage is also associated with each chunk to assist in translation, e.g., by resolving ambiguities. 
     If the translation of each chunk is stored in another column, and translation rules exist for reassembling the chunks, then the content is translated. It could be listed in another column that would have a direct match or link to the original content. Table 4 lists the normalized and translated normalized content. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
             
               
                 TABLE 4 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Normalized Terms 
                 Spanish Translation 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                 Emile Henry 
                 Emile Henry 
               
               
                 Oval Baker 
                 Molde de Hornear Ovalado 
               
               
                 Lasagna Baker 
                 Molde de Hornear para Lasagna 
               
               
                 Polish Pottery 
                 Alfareria Polaca 
               
               
                 Poland 
                 Polonia (if Country), Poland (if brandname) 
               
               
                 Round Baker 
                 Molde de Hornear Redondo 
               
               
                 Baker Chicken-Shaped 
                 Molde de Hornear en Forma de Pollo 
               
               
                 Baker Deep Dish 
                 Molde de Hornear Plato Profundo SIGNATURE 
               
               
                 SIGNITURE 
               
               
                 Baker with 
                 Molde de Hornear con Tapa/Asas 
               
               
                 cover/handles 
               
               
                 Baker Rectangular 
                 Molde de Hornear Rectangular 
               
               
                 Ceramic 
                 Alfareria 
               
               
                 cobalt 
                 Cobalto 
               
               
                 green 
                 Verde 
               
               
                 red 
                 Rojo 
               
               
                 Signature 
                 SIGNATURE (brandname) FIRMA 
               
               
                   
                 (not brand name) 
               
               
                 yellow 
                 Amarillo 
               
               
                 white 
                 Blanco 
               
               
                 with Handles 
                 Con Asas 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Finally, Table 5 shows the Original Content and the Translated Content that is created by assembling the Translated Normalized Terms in Table 4 according to the Chunked Original Content sequence in Table 3. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
             
               
                 TABLE 5 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Original Content 
                 Translated Content 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                 Round Baker (A) Poland 
                 Molde de Hornear Redondo (A) 
               
               
                   
                 Polonia 
               
               
                 Round Baker with Handles (B) Poland 
                 Molde de Hornear Redondo Con 
               
               
                   
                 Asas (B) Polonia 
               
               
                 Oval Baker (C) Red Emile Henry 
                 Molde de Hornear Ovalado Rojo 
               
               
                   
                 Emile Henry 
               
               
                 Oval Baker (D) Polish Pottery 
                 Molde de Hornear Ovalado (D) 
               
               
                   
                 Alfareria Polaca 
               
               
                 Oval Baker (E) Red, Emile Henry 
                 Molde de Hornear Ovalado (E) 
               
               
                   
                 Rojo, Emile Henry 
               
               
                 Oval Baker (F) Polish Pottery 
                 Molde de Hornear Ovalado (F) 
               
               
                   
                 Alfareria Polaca 
               
               
                 Oval Baker (G) Polish Pottery 
                 Molde de Hornear Ovalado (G) 
               
               
                   
                 Alfareria Polaca 
               
               
                 Oval Baker Polish Pottery (H) 
                 Molde de Hornear Ovalado 
               
               
                   
                 Alfareria Polaca (H) 
               
               
                 Lasagna Baker (I) Emile Henry Cobalt 
                 Molde de Hornear para Lasagna 
               
               
                   
                 (I) Emile Henry Cobalto 
               
               
                 Lasagna Baker (I) Emile Henry Green 
                 Molde de Hornear para Lasagna 
               
               
                   
                 (I) Emile Henry Verde 
               
               
                 Lasagna Baker (I) Emile Henry Red 
                 Molde de Hornear para Lasagna 
               
               
                   
                 (I) Emile Henry Rojo 
               
               
                 Lasagna Baker (I) Emile Henry Yellow 
                 Molde de Hornear para Lasagna 
               
               
                   
                 (I) Emile Henry Amarillo 
               
               
                 Baker Chicken Shaped (J) 
                 Molde de Hornear en Forma de 
               
               
                   
                 Pollo (J) 
               
               
                 Baker Deep Dish SIGNATURE (K) 
                 Molde de Hornear Plato Pro- 
               
               
                   
                 fundo SIGNATURE (K) 
               
               
                 Baker Rectangular (L) White Ceramic 
                 Molde de Hornear Rectangular 
               
               
                   
                 (L) Blanco Alfareria 
               
               
                 Baker with cover/handles Polish Pottery 
                 Molde de Hornear con Tapa/ 
               
               
                   
                 Asas Alfareria Polaca 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     This example shows that when appropriately “chunked,” machine translation grammar knowledge for noun phrases can be minimized. However, it cannot be eliminated entirely. 
     Referring to  FIG. 3 , the Normalized Special Terms and Phrases repository  316  contains chunked content that is in a form that supports manual translation. It is free of unusual acronyms, misspellings, and strived for consistency. In Table 3 for example, Emile Henry was also listed as E. Henry. Terms usage is maximized. 
     The Special Terms and Phrases Translation Dictionary repository  318  is the translated normalized terms and phrases content. It is the specialty dictionary for the client content. 
     Other translation dictionaries  320  may be any of various commercially available dictionary tools and/or SOLx developed databases. They may be general terms dictionaries, industry specific, SOLx acquired content, or any other knowledge that helps automate the process. 
     One of the tenets of the SOLx process is that the original content need not be altered. Certainly, there are advantages to make the content as internally consistent as possible, and to define some form of structure or syntax to make translations easier and more accurate. However, there are situations where a firm&#39;s IT department does not want the original content modified in any way. Taking advantage of the benefits of normalized content, but without actually modifying the original, SOLx uses a set of meta or non-persistent stores so that the translations are based on the normalized meta content  322 . Tags reflecting classification information may also be kept here. 
     The above discussion suggests a number of processes that may be implemented for the automatic translation of large databases of structured content. One implementation of these processes is illustrated in the flowchart of  FIG. 4  and is summarized below. It will be appreciated that these processes and the ordering thereof can be modified. 
     First, the firm&#39;s IT organization extracts  400  the content from their IT systems-ideally with a part number or other unique key. As discussed above, one of the key SOLx features is that the client need not restructure or alter the original content in their IT databases. However, there are reasons to do so. In particular, restructuring benefits localization efforts by reducing the translation set up time and improving the translation accuracy. One of these modifications is to adopt a ‘normalized’ or fixed syntactic, semantic, and grammatical description of each content entry. 
     Next, software tools identify ( 402 ) the most important terms and phrases. Nearest neighbor, filtered N-gram, and other analysis tools identify the most used and important phrases and terms in the content. The content is analyzed one description or item at a time and re-usable chunks are extracted. 
     Subject matter experts then “internationalize” ( 404 ) the important terms and phrases. These experts “translate” the abbreviations and acronyms, correct misspellings and in general redefine and terms that would be ambiguous for translation. This is a list of normalized terms and phrases. It references the original list of important terms and phrases. The SMEs also associate such terms and phrases with a classification lineage. 
     Translators can then translate ( 406 ) the internationalized important terms and phrases. This translated content forms a dictionary of specialty terms and phrases. In essence, this translated content corresponds to the important and re-usable chunks. Depending on the translation engine used, the translator may need to specify the gender alternatives, plural forms, and other language specific information for the special terms and phrases dictionary. Referring again to an example discussed above, translators would probably supply the translation for (four-strand), (color-coded), (twisted-pair), telephone, and wire. This assumes that each term was used repeatedly. Any other entry that uses (color-coded) or wire would use the pre-translated term. 
     Other dictionaries for general words and even industry specific nomenclature can then be consulted ( 408 ) as available. This same approach could be used for the creation of general dictionaries. However, for purposes of this discussion it is assumed that they already exist. 
     Next, language specific rules are used to define ( 410 ) the assembly of translated content pieces. The types of rules described above define the way the pre-translated chunks are reassembled. If, in any one description, the grammatical structure is believed to be more complicated than the pre-defined rule set, then the phrase is translated in its entirety. 
     The original content (on a per item basis) is then mapped ( 412 ) against the dictionaries. Here, the line item content is parsed and the dictionaries are searched for the appropriate chunked and more general terms (content chunks to translated chunks). Ideally, all terms in the dictionaries map to a single-line item in the content database, i.e. a single product description. This is the first function of the translation engine. The classification information may be used to assist in this mapping and to resolve ambiguities. 
     A software translation engine then assembles ( 414 ) the translated pieces against the language rules. Input into the translation engine includes the original content, the translation or assembly rules, and the translated pieces. A translation tool will enable a translator to monitor the process and directly intercede if required. This could include adding a new chunk to the specialty terms database, or overriding the standard terms dictionaries. 
     A statistically based software tool assesses ( 416 ) the potential accuracy of the translated item. One of the difficulties of translation is that when something is translated from one language to another and then retranslated back to the first, the original content is rarely reproduced. Ideally, one hopes it is close, but rarely will it be exact. The reason for this is there is not a direct inverse in language translation. Each language pair has a circle of ‘confusion’ or acceptability. In other words, there is a propagation of error in the translation process. Short of looking at every translated phrase, the best than can be hoped for in an overall sense is a statistical evaluation. 
     Translators may re-edit ( 418 ) the translated content as required. Since the content is stored in a database that is indexed to the original content on an entry-by-entry basis, any entry may be edited and restored if this process leads to an unsatisfactory translation. 
     Although not explicitly described, there are terms such as proper nouns, trade names, special terms, etc., that are never translated. The identification of these invariant terms would be identified in the above process. Similarly, converted entries such as metrics would be handled through a metrics conversion process. 
     The process thus discussed uses both human and machine translation in a different way than traditionally employed. This process, with the correct software systems in place should generate much of the accuracy associated with manual translation. Further, this process should function without manual intervention once sufficient content has been pre-translated. 
     The various configuration processes are further illustrated by the screenshots of  FIGS. 5-10 . Although these figures depict screenshots, it will be appreciated that these figures would not be part of the user interface as seen by an SME or other operator. Rather, these screenshots are presented here for purposes of illustration and the associated functionality would, to a significant extent, be implemented transparently. These screenshots show the general processing of source content. The steps are importing the data, normalizing the data based on a set of grammars and rules produced by the SME using the NTW user interface, then analysis of the content to find phrases that need to be translated, building a translation dictionary containing the discovered phrases, translation of the normalized content, and finally, estimation of the quality of the translated content. 
     The first step, as illustrated in  FIG. 5  is to import the source structured content file. This will be a flat set file with the proper character encoding, e.g., UTF-8. There will generally be one item description per line. Some basic formatting of the input may be done at this point. 
       FIG. 6  shows normalized form of the content on the right and the original content (as imported above) on the left. What is not shown here are the grammars and rules used to perform the normalization. The form of the grammars and rules and how to created them are described above. 
     In this example, various forms of the word resistor that appear on the original content, for example “RES” or RESS” have been normalized to the form “resistor”. The same is true for “W” being transformed to “watt” and “MW” to “milliwatt”. Separation was added between text items, for example, “¼W” is now “¼ watt” or “75 OHM” is now “75 ohm”. Punctuation can also be added or removed, for example, “RES, 35.7” is now “resistor 35.7”. Not shown in the screenshot: the order of the text can also be standardized by the normalization rules. For example, if the user always want a resistor description to of the form:
         resistor &lt;ohms rating&gt;&lt;tolerance&gt;&lt;watts rating&gt;
 
the normalization rules can enforce this standard form, and the normalized content would reflect this structure.
       

     Another very valuable result of the normalization step can be to create a schematic representation of the content. In the phrase analysis step, as illustrated, the user is looking for the phrases in the now normalized content that still need to be translated to the target language. The purpose of Phrase Analysis, and in fact, the next several steps, is to create a translation dictionary that will be used by machine translation. The value in creating the translation dictionary is that only the phrases need translation not the complete body of text, thus providing a huge savings in time and cost to translate. The Phrase Analyzer only shows us here the phrases that it does not already have a translation for. Some of these phrases We do not want to translate, which leads us to the next step. 
     In the filter phrases step as shown in  FIG. 7 , an SME reviews this phrase data and determines which phrases should be translated. Once the SME has determined which phrases to translate, then a professional translator and/or machine tool translates the phrases ( FIGS. 8-9 ) from the source language, here English, to the target language, here Spanish, using any associated classification information. A SOLx user interface could be used to translate the phrases, or the phrases are sent out to a professional translator as a text file for translation. The translated text is returned as a text file and loaded into SOLx. The translated phrases become the translation dictionary that is then used by the machine translation system. 
     The machine translation system uses the translation dictionary created above as the source for domain specific vocabulary. By providing the domain specific vocabulary in the form of the translation dictionary, the SOLx system greatly increases the quality of the output from the machine translation system. 
     The SOLx system can also then provide an estimation of the quality of the translation result ( FIG. 10 ). Good translations would then be loaded into the run-time localization system for use in the source system architecture. Bad translations would be used to improve the normalization grammars and rules, or the translation dictionary. The grammars, rules, and translation dictionary form a model of the content. Once the model of the content is complete, a very high level of translations are of good quality. 
     Particular implementations of the above described configuration processes can be summarized by reference to the flowcharts of  FIGS. 11-12 . Specifically,  FIG. 11  summarizes the steps of an exemplary normalization configuration process and  FIG. 12  summarizes an exemplary translation configuration process. 
     Referring first to  FIG. 11 , a new SOLx normalization process ( 1000 ) is initiated by importing ( 1102 ) the content of a source database or portion thereof to be normalized and selecting a quantify of text from a source database. For example, a sample of 100 item descriptions may be selected from the source content “denoted content.txt file.” A text editor may be used to select the 100 lines. These 100 lines are then saved to a file named samplecontent.txt for purposes of this discussion. 
     The core items in the samplecontent.txt file are then found ( 1104 ) using the Candidate Search Engine, for example, by running a words-in-common search. Next, attribute/value information is found ( 1106 ) in the samplecontent.txt file using the Candidate Search Engine by running collocation and semantic category searches as described above. Once the attributes/values have been identified, the SOLx system can be used to write ( 1108 ) attribute rules. The formalism for writing such rules has been discussed above. It is noted that the SOLx system performs much of this work for the user and simple user interfaces can be provided to enable “writing” of these rules without specialized linguistic or detailed code-writing skills. The SOLx system can also be used at this point to write ( 1110 ) categorization or classification rules. As noted above, such categorization rules are useful in defining a context for avoiding or resolving ambiguities in the transformation process. Finally, the coverage of the data set can be analyzed ( 1112 ) to ensure satisfactory run time performance. It will be appreciated that the configuration process yields a tool that can not only translate those “chunks” that were processed during configuration, but can also successfully translate new items based on the knowledge base acquired and developed during configuration. The translation process is summarized below. 
     Referring to  FIG. 12 , the translation process  1200  is initiated by acquiring ( 1202 ) the total set of item descriptions that you want to translate as a flat file, with a single item description per line. For purposes of the present discussion, it is assumed that the item descriptions are in a file with the name of content.txt. A text editor may be used to setup an associated project configuration file. 
     Next, a sample of 100 item descriptions is selected ( 1204 ) from the content.txt file. A text editor may be used to select the 100 lines. These 100 lines to a file named samplecontent.txt. 
     The translation process continues with finding ( 1206 ) candidates for vocabulary adjustment rules in the samplecontent.txt file using the Candidate Search Engine. The Candidate Search Engine may implement a case variant search and full/abbreviated variant search, as well as a classification analysis, at this point in the process. The resulting information can be used to write vocabulary adjustment rules. Vocabulary adjustment rules may be written to convert abbreviated forms to their full forms 
     Next, candidates for labeling/tagging rules are found ( 1208 ) in the sample/content.txt file using the Candidate Search Engine. Labeling/tagging rules may be written to convert semantic category and collocation forms. Attribute rules can then be written ( 1210 ) following the steps set forth in the previous flowchart. 
     Vocabulary adjustment rules are then run ( 1212 ) using the Natural Language Engine against the original content. Finally, the coverage of the data set can be analyzed ( 1214 ) evaluating performance of your vocabulary adjustment rules and evaluating performance of your attribute rules. At this point, if the proper coverage is being achieved by the vocabulary adjustment rules, then the process proceeds to building ( 1216 ) a domain-specific dictionary. Otherwise, a new set of 100 item descriptions can be selected for analysis and the intervening steps are repeated. 
     To build a domain specific dictionary, the SME can run a translation dictionary creation utility. This runs using the rule files created above as input, and produces the initial translation dictionary file. This translation dictionary file contains the words and phrases that were found in the rules. The words and phrases found in the translation dictionary file can then be manually and/or machine translated ( 1218 ). This involves extracting a list of all word types using a text editor and then translating the normalized forms manually or through a machine tool such as SYSTRAN. The translated forms can then be inserted into the dictionary file that was previously output. 
     Next, the SME can run ( 1220 ) the machine translation module, run the repair module, and run the TQE module. The file outputs from TQE are reviewed ( 1222 ) to determine whether the translation results are acceptable. The acceptable translated content can be loaded ( 1224 ) into the Localized Content Server (LCS), if desired. The remainder of the translated content can be analyzed ( 1226 ) to determine what changes to make to the normalization and translation knowledge bases in order to improve the quality of the translation. Words and phrases that should be deleted during the translation process can be deleted ( 1228 ) and part-of-speech labels can be added, if needed. The SME can then create ( 1230 ) a file containing the translated words in the source and target languages. Once all of the content is found to be acceptable, the systems is fully trained. The good translated content is then loaded into the LCS. 
     It has been found that it is useful to provide graphical feedback during normalization to assist the SME in monitoring progress. Any appropriate user interface may be provided in this regard.  FIG. 13  shows an example of such an interface. As shown, the graphical desktop  1300  is divided into multiple work spaces, in this case, including workspaces  1302 ,  1304  and  1306 . One workspace  1302  presents the source file content that is in process, e.g., being normalized and translated. A second area  1304 , in this example, functions as the normalization workbench interface and is used to perform the various configuration processes such as replacing various abbreviations and expressions with standardized terms or, in the illustrated example, defining a parse tree. Additional workspaces such as workspace  1306  may be provided for accessing other tools such as the Candidate Search Engine which can identify terms for normalization or, as shown, allow for selection of rules. In the illustrated example, normalized terms are highlighted relative to the displayed source file in workspace  1302  on a currently updated basis. In this manner, the SME can readily determine when all or enough of the source file has been normalized. 
     In a traditional e-business environment, this translation process essentially is offline. It becomes real-time and online when new content is added to the system. In this case, assuming well-developed special-purpose dictionaries and linguistic information already exists, the process can proceed in an automatic fashion. Content, once translated is stored in a specially indexed look-up database. This database functions as a memory translation repository. With this type of storage environment, the translated content can be scaled to virtually any size and be directly accessed in the e-business process. The associated architecture for supporting both configuration and run-time operation is discussed below. 
     B. SOLx Architecture 
     1. Network Architecture Options 
     The SOLx system operates in two distinct modes. The “off-line” mode is used to capture knowledge from the SME/translator and knowledge about the intended transformation of the content. This collectively defines a knowledge base. The off-line mode includes implementation of the configuration and translation processes described above. Once the knowledge base has been constructed, the SOLx system can be used in a file in/file out manner to transform content. 
     The SOLx system may be implemented in a variety of business-to-business (B2B) or other frameworks, including those shown in  FIG. 14 . Here the Source  1402 , the firm that controls the original content  1404 , can be interfaced with three types of content processors  1406 . The SOLx system  1400  can interface at three levels: with a Local Platform  1408  (associated with the source  1402 ), with a Target Platform  1410  (associated with a target to whom the communication is addressed or is otherwise consumed by) and with a Global Platform  1412  (separate from the source  1402  and target  1408 ). 
     A primary B2B model of the present invention focuses on a Source/Seller managing all transformation/localization. The Seller will communicate with other Integration Servers (such as WebMethods) and bare applications in a “Point to Point” fashion, therefore, all locales and data are registered and all localization is done on the seller side. However, all or some of the localization may be managed by the buyer or on a third party platform such as the global platform. 
     Another model, which may be implemented using the global server, would allow two SOLx B2B-enabled servers to communicate in a neutral environment, e.g. English. Therefore, a Spanish and a Japanese system can communicate in English by configuring and registering the local communication in SOLx B2B. 
     A third model would include a local seller communicating directly (via HTTP) with the SOLx B2B enabled Buyer. 
     2. Network Interface 
     Previously, it was discussed how structured content is localized. The next requirement is to rapidly access this content. If there are ongoing requests to access a particular piece of localized content, it may be inefficient to continually translate the original entry. The issues, of course, are speed and potentially quality assurance. One solution is to store the translated content along with links to the original with a very fast retrieval mechanism for accessing the translated content. This is implemented by the SOLx Globalization Server. 
     The SOLx Globalization server consists of two major components (1) the Document Processing Engine and (2) the Translated Content Server (TCS). The Document Processing Engine is a WebMethods plug-compatible application that manages and dispenses localized content through XML-tagged business objects. The TCS contains language-paired content that is accessed through a cached database. This architecture assures very high-speed access to translated content. 
     This server uses a hash index on the translated content cross-indexed with the original part number or a hash index on the equivalent original content, if there is not a unique part number. A direct link between the original and translated content via the part number (or hash entry) assures retrieval of the correct entry. The indexing scheme also guarantees very fast retrieval times. The process of adding a new localized item to the repository consists of creating the hash index, link to the original item, and its inclusion into the repository. The TCS will store data in Unicode format. 
     The TCS can be used in a standalone mode where content can be accessed by the SKU or part number of the original item, or through text searches of either the original content or its translated variant. If the hashed index of the translated content is known. It, of course, can be assessed that way. Additionally, the TCS will support SQL style queries through the standard Oracle SQL query tools. 
     The Document Processing Engine is the software component of the Globalization Server that allows localized content in the TCS to be integrated into typical B2B Web environments and system-to-system transactions. XML is rapidly replacing EDI as the standard protocol for Web-based B2B system-to-system communication. There are a number of core technologies often call “adaptors” or “integration servers” that translate ERP content, structures, and formats, from one system environment to another. WebMethods is one such adaptor but any such technology may be employed. 
       FIG. 15  shows a conventional web system  1500  where, the WebMethods integration server  1502  takes as input an SAP-formatted content called an IDOC  1504  from a source back office  1501  via API  1503  and converts it into an XML-formatted document  1506  for transmission over the Web  1508  via optional application server  1510  and HTTP servers  1512  to some other receiver such as a Target back office  1510  or other ERP system. The document  1506  may be transmitted to Target back office  1514  via HTTP servers  1516  and an integration server  1518 . 
       FIG. 16  shows the modification of such a system that allows the TCS  1600  containing translated content to be accessed in a Web environment. In this figure, original content from the source system  1602  is translated by the NorTran Server  1604  and passed to a TCS repository  1606 . A transaction request, whether requested from a foreign system or the source system  1602 , will pass into the TCS  1600  through the Document Processing Engine  1608 . From there, a communication can be transmitted across the Web  1610  via integration server adaptors  1612 , an integration server  1614 , an optional application server  1616  and HTTP servers  1618 . 
     3. SOLx Component Structure 
       FIG. 17  depicts the major components of one implementation of the SOLx system  1700  and the SOLx normalization/classification processes as discussed above. The NorTran Workbench/Server  1702  is that component of the SOLx system  1700  that, under the control of a SME/translator  1704 , creates normalized/translated content. The SOLx Server  1708  is responsible for the delivery of content either as previously cached content or as content that is created from the real-time application of the knowledge bases under control of various SOLx engines. 
     The initial step in either a normalization or translation process is to access legacy content  1710  that is associated with the firms&#39; various legacy systems  1712 . The legacy content  1710  may be provided as level 1 commerce data consisting of short descriptive phrases delivered as flat file structures that are used as input into the NorTran Workbench  1702 . 
     There are a number of external product and part classification schemas  1714 , both proprietary and public. These schemas  1714  relate one class of part in terms of a larger or more general family, a taxonomy of parts for example. These schemas  1714  define the attributes that differentiate one part class from another. For example, in bolts, head style is an attribute for various types of heads such as hex, fillister, Phillips, etc. Using this knowledge in the development of the grammar rules will drastically shorten the time to normalize large quantities of data. Further, it provides a reference to identify many of the synonyms and abbreviations that are used to describe the content. 
     The NorTran Workbench (NTW)  1702  is used to learn the structure and vocabulary of the content. The NTW user interface  1716  allows the SME  1704  to quickly provide the system  1700  with knowledge about the content. This knowledge is captured in the form of content parsing grammars, normalization rules, and the translation dictionary. As the SME  1704  “trains” the system  1700  in this manner, he can test to see how much of the content is understood based on the knowledge acquired so far. Once the structure and vocabulary are well understood, in other words an acceptable coverage has been gained, then NTW  1702  is used to normalize and translate large quantities of content. 
     Thus, one purpose of NTW  1702  is to allow SMEs  1704  to use a visual tool to specify rules for parsing domain data and rules for writing out parsed data in a normalized form. The NTW  1702  allows the SME  1704  to choose data samples from the main domain data, then to select a line at a time from that sample. Using visual tools such as drag and drop, and connecting items on a screen to establish relationships, the SME  1704  can build up parse rules that tell the Natural Language Engine (NLE)  1718  how to parse the domain data. The SME  1704  can then use visual tools to create rules to specify how the parsed data will be assembled for output—whether the data should be reordered, how particular groups of words should be represented, and so on. The NTW  1702  is tightly integrated with the NLE  1718 . While the NTW  1702  allows the user to easily create, see, and edit parse rules and normalization rules, the NLE  1718  creates and stores grammars from these rules. 
     Although content parsing grammars, normalization rules, and context tokens constitute the core knowledge created by the SME  1704  using the system  1700 , the GUI  1716  does not require the SME  1704  to have any background in computational linguistic, natural language processing or other abstract language skill whatsoever. The content SME  1704  must understand what the content really is, and translators must be technical translators. A “butterfly valve” in French does not translate to the French words for butterfly and valve. 
     The CSE  1720  is a system initially not under GUI  1716  control that identifies terms and small text strings that repeat often throughout the data set and are good candidates for the initial normalization process. 
     One purpose of this component is to address issues of scale in finding candidates for grammar and normalization rules. The SOLx system  1700  provides components and processes that allow the SME  1704  to incorporate the knowledge that he already has into the process of writing rules. However, some domains and data sets are so large and complex that they require normalization of things other than those that the SME  1704  is already aware of. Manually discovering these things in a large data set is time-consuming and tedious. The CSE  1720  allows automatic application of the “rules of thumb” and other heuristic techniques that data analysts apply in finding candidates for rule writing. 
     The CSE component works through the programmatic application of heuristic techniques for the identification of rule candidates. These heuristics were developed from applying knowledge elicitation techniques to two experienced grammar writers. The component is given a body of input data, applies heuristics to that data, and returns a set of rule candidates. 
     The N-Gram Analysis (NGA) lexical based tool  1722  identifies word and string patterns that reoccur in the content. It identifies single and two and higher word phrases that repeat throughout the data set. It is one of the core technologies in the CSE  1720 . It is also used to identify those key phrases that should be translated after the content has been normalized. 
     The N-Gram Analysis tool  1722  consists of a basic statistical engine, and a dictionary, upon which a series of application engines rely. The applications are a chunker, a tagger, and a device that recognizes the structure in structured text.  FIG. 18  shows the relationships between these layers. 
     One purpose of the base N-Gram Analyzer component  1800  is to contribute to the discovery of the structure in structured text. That structure appears on multiple levels, and each layer of the architecture works on a different level. The levels from the bottom up are “words”, “terms”, “usage”, and “dimensions of schema”. The following example shows the structure of a typical product description. 
     acetone amber glass bottle, assay &gt;99.5% color (alpha)&lt;11 
     The word-level of structure is a list of the tokens in the order of their appearance. The word “acetone” is first, then the word “amber”, and so forth. 
     The terminology-level of structure is a list of the groups of words that act like a single word. Another way of describing terminology is to say that a group of words is a term when it names a standard concept for the people who work in the subject matter. In the example, “acetone”, “amber glass”, and “color (alpha)” are probably terms. 
     The next two levels of structure connect the words and terms to the goal of understanding the product description. The SOLx system approximates that goal with a schema for understanding. When the SOLx system operates on product description texts, the schema has a simple form that repeats across many kinds of products. The schema for product descriptions looks like a table. 
                                             Product   Where Used   Color   Quantity/Package   . . .                  pliers   non sterile   black   1   . . .       forceps   sterile   silver   6   . . .       paint   exterior   red   1   . . .       . . .   . . .   . . .   . . .   . . .                    
Each column of the table is a property that characterizes a product. Each row of the table is a different product. In the cells of the row are the particular values of each property for that product. Different columns may be possible for different kinds of products. This report refers to the columns as “dimensions” of the schema. For other subject matter, the schema may have other forms. This fragment does not consider those other forms.
 
     Returning to the example, the next level of structure is the usage level. That level classifies each word or term according to the dimension of the schema that it can describe. In the example, “acetone” is a “chemical”; “amber glass” is a material; “bottle” is a “product”; and so forth. The following tagged text shows the usage level of structure of the example in detail. 
     [chemical] (acetone) [material] (amber glass)[product] (bottle) [,](,) 
     [measurement] (assay) [&gt;] (&gt;)[number] (99) [.] (.)[number] (5) 
     [unit_of_measure] (%) [measurement] (color (alpha)) [&lt;] (&lt;) [number] (11) 
     The top level of structure that SOLx considers for translation consists of the dimensions of the schema. At that level, grammatical sequences of words describe features of the product in some dimensions that are relevant to that product. In the example, “acetone” describes the dimension “product”; “amber glass bottle” describes a “container of product”; and so forth. The following doubly tagged text shows the dimension-level of structure for the example, without identifying the dimensions. 
     [schema]([chemical](acetone)) 
     [schema]([material](amber glass)[product] (bottle) [,] (,)) 
     [schema]([measurement](assay)[&gt;] (&gt;) [number](99) [.](.[) [number](5) 
     [unit_of_measure](%)) 
     [schema]([measurement](color (alpha)) [&lt;](&lt;) [number](11)) 
     Given the structure above, it is possible to insert commas into the original text of the example, making it more readable. The following text shows the example with commas inserted. 
     acetone, amber glass bottle, assay &gt;99.5%, color (alpha)&lt;11 
     This model of the structure of text makes it possible to translate more accurately. 
     The discovery of structure by N-Gram Analysis is parallel to the discovery of structure by parsing in the Natural Language Engine. The two components are complementary, because each can serve where the other is weak. For example, in the example above, the NLE parser could discover the structure of the decimal number, “[number] (99.5)”, saving NGA the task of modeling the grammar of decimal fractions. The statistical model of grammar in NGA can make it unnecessary for human experts to write extensive grammars for NLE to extract a diverse larger-scale grammar. By balancing the expenditure of effort in NGA and NLE, people can minimize the work necessary to analyze the structure of texts. 
     One of the basic parts of the NGA component  1800  is a statistical modeler, which provides the name for the whole component. The statistical idea is to count the sequences of words in a body of text in order to measure the odds that a particular word appears after a particular sequence. In mathematical terms, the statistical modeler computes the conditional probability of word n, given words 1 through n−1: P(w n |w 1 , . . . w n−1 ). 
     Using that statistical information about a body of text, it is possible to make reasonable guesses about the structure of text. The first approximation of a reasonable guess is to assume that the most likely structure is also the structure that the author of the text intended. That assumption is easily incorrect, given the variety of human authors, but it is a good starting place for further improvement. 
     The next improvement toward recognizing the intent of the author is to add some specific information about the subject matter. The dictionary component  1802  captures that kind of information at the levels of words, terms, and usage. Two sources may provide that information. First, a human expert could add words and terms to the dictionary, indicating their usage. Second, the NLE component could tag the text, using its grammar rules, and the NGA component adds the phrases inside the tags to the dictionary, using the name of the tag to indicate the usage. 
     The information in the dictionary complements the information in the statistical model by providing a better interpretation of text when the statistical assumption is inappropriate. The statistical model acts as a fallback analysis when the dictionary does not contain information about particular words and phrases. 
     The chunker  1804  combines the information in the dictionary  1802  and the information in the statistical model to partition a body of texts into phrases. Partitioning is an approximation of parsing that sacrifices some of the details of parsing in order to execute without the grammar rules that parsing requires. The chunker  1804  attempts to optimize the partitions so each cell is likely to contain a useful phrase. One part of that optimization uses the dictionary to identify function words and excludes phrases that would cut off grammatical structures that involve the function words. 
     The chunker can detect new terms for the dictionary in the form of cells of partitions that contain phrases that are not already in the dictionary. The output of the chunker is a list of cells that it used to partition the body of text. 
     The tagger  1806  is an enhanced form of the chunker that reports the partitions instead of the cells in the partitions. When a phrase in a cell of a partition appears in the dictionary, and the dictionary entry has the usage of the phrase, the tagger prints the phrase with the usage for a tag. Otherwise, the tagger prints the phrase without a tag. The result is text tagged with the usage of the phrases. 
     The structurer  1808  uses the statistical modeler to determine how to divide the text into dimensions of the schema, without requiring a person to write grammar rules. The training data for the structurer&#39;s statistical model is a set of tagged texts with explicit “walls” between the dimensions of the schema. The structurer trains by using the N-Gram Analyzer  1800  to compute the conditional probabilities of the walls in the training data. The structurer  1808  operates by first tagging a body of text and then placing walls into the tagged text where they are most probable. 
     Referring again to  FIG. 17 , the candidate heuristics are a series of knowledge bases, much like pre-defined templates that kick-start the normalization process. They are intended to address pieces of content that pervade user content. Items such as units of measure, power consumption, colors, capacities, etc. will be developed and semantic categories  1724  are developed. 
     The spell checker  1726  is a conventional module added to SOLx to increase the effectiveness of the normalization. 
     The Grammar &amp; Rules Editor (GRE)  1728  is a text-editing environment that uses many Unix like tools for creation of rules and grammars for describing the content. It can always be used in a “fall-back” situation, but will rarely be necessary when the GUI  1716  is available. 
     The Taxonomy, Schemas, &amp; Grammar Rules module  1730  is the output from either the GRE  1728  or the GUI  1716 . It consists of a set of ASCII files that are the input into the natural language parsing engine (NLE)  1718 . 
     On initialization, the NLE  1718  reads a set of grammar and normalization rules from the file system or some other persistent storage medium and compiles them into a set of Rule objects employed by the runtime tokenizer and parser and a set of NormRule objects employed by the normalizer. Once initialized the NLE  1718  will parse and normalize input text one line at a time or may instead process a text input file in batch mode, generating a text output file in the desired form. 
     Configuration and initialization generally requires that a configuration file be specified. The configuration file enumerates the contents of the NLE knowledge base, providing a list of all files containing format, grammar, and normalization rules. 
     NLE  1718  works in three steps: tokenization, parsing, and normalization. First, the input text is tokenized into one or more candidate token sequences. Tokenization is based on what sequences of tokens may occur in any top-level phrase parsed by the grammar. Tokens must be delineated by white space unless one or more of such tokens are represented as regular expressions in the grammar, in which case the tokens may be contiguous, undelineated by white space. Tokenization may yield ambiguous results, i.e., identical strings that may be parsed by more than one grammar rule. The parser resolves such ambiguities. 
     The parser is a modified top-down chart parser. Standard chart parsers assume that the input text is already tokenized, scanning the string of tokens and classify each according to its part-of-speech or semantic category. This parser omits the scanning operation, replacing it with the prior tokenization step. Like other chart parsers, it recursively predicts those constituents and child constituents that may occur per the grammar rules and tries to match such constituents against tokens that have been extracted from the input string. Unlike the prototypical chart parser, it is unconstrained where phrases may begin and end, how often they may occur in an input string, or some of the input text might be unable to be parsed. It generates all possible parses that occur, starting at any arbitrary white space delineated point in the input text, and compares all possible parse sequences, selecting the best scoring alternative and generating a parse tree for each. If more than one parse sequence achieves the best score, both parse trees are extracted from the chart and retained. Others are ignored. 
     Output of the chart parser and the scoring algorithm is the set of alternative high scoring parse trees. Each parse tree object includes methods for transforming itself according to a knowledge base of normalization rules. Each parse tree object may also emit a String corresponding to text contained by the parse tree or such a String together with a string tag. Most such transformation or emission methods traverse the parse tree in post-order, being applied to a parse tree&#39;s children first, then being applied to the tree itself. For example, a toString( ) method collects the results of toString( ) for each child and only then concatenates them, returning the parse tree&#39;s String representation. Thus, normalization and output is accomplished as a set of traversal methods inherent in each parse tree. Normalization includes parse tree transformation and traversal methods for replacing or reordering children (rewrite rules), for unconditional or lookup table based text replacement, for decimal punctuation changes, for joining constituents together with specified delimiters or without white space, and for changing tag labels. 
     The Trial Parsed Content  1734  is a set of test samples of either tagged or untagged normalized content. This sample corresponds to a set of rules and grammars that have been parsed. Trial parsed content is the output of a statistical sample of the original input data. When a sequence of content samples parses to a constant level of unparsed input, then the set if grammars and rules are likely to be sufficiently complete that the entire data may be successfully parsed with a minimum of ambiguities and unparsed components. It is part of the interactive process to build grammars and rules for the normalization of content. 
     A complete tested grammar and rule set  1736  corresponding to the full unambiguous tagging of content is the goal of the normalization process. It insures that all ambiguous terms or phrases such as Mil that could be either a trade name abbreviation for Milwaukee or an abbreviation for Military have been defined in a larger context. This set  1736  is then given as input to the NLE Parsing Engine  1738  that computes the final normalized content, and is listed in the figure as Taxonomy Tagged Normalized Content  1732 . 
     The custom translation dictionary  1740  is a collection of words and phrases that are first identified through the grammar rule creation process and passed to an external technical translator. This content is returned and is entered into one of the custom dictionaries associated with the machine translation process. There are standard formats that translators typically use for sending translated content. 
     The MTS  1742  may be any of various conventional machine translation products that given a set of custom dictionaries as well as its standard ones, a string of text in one language, produces a string of test in the desired language. Current languages supported by one such product marked under the name SYSTRAN include: French, Portuguese, English, German, Greek, Spanish, Italian, simplified Chinese, Japanese, and Korean. Output from the MTS is a Translated Content file  1744 . 
     The one purpose of the Machine Translation Server  1742  is to translate structured texts, such as product descriptions. The state of the art in commercial machine translation is too weak for many practical applications. The MTS component  1742  increases the number of applications of machine translation by wrapping a standard machine translation product in a process that simplifies its task. The simplification that MTS provides comes from its ability to recognize the structure of texts to be translated. The MTS decomposes the text to be translated into its structural constituents, and then applies machine translation to the constituents, where the translation problem is simpler. This approach sacrifices the fidelity of references between constituents in order to translate the individual constituents correctly. For example, adjective inflections could disagree with the gender of their objects, if they occur in different constituents. The compromise results in adequate quality for many new applications in electronic commerce. Future releases of the software will address this issue, because the compromise is driven by expedience. 
     The conditioning component of MTS  1742  uses the NGA component to recognize the structure of each text to be translated. It prepares the texts for translation in a way that exploits the ability of the machine translation system to operate on batches of texts. For example, SYSTRAN can interpret lists of texts delimited by new-lines, given a parameter stating that the document it receives is a parts list. Within each line of text, SYSTRAN can often translate independently between commas, so the conditioning component inserts commas between dimensions of the schema if they are not already present. The conditioning component may completely withhold a dimension from machine translation, if it has a complete translation of that dimension in its dictionary. 
     The machine translation component provides a consistent interface for a variety of machine translation software products, in order to allow coverage of language pairs. 
     The repair component is a simple automated text editor that removes unnecessary words, such as articles, from SYSTRAN&#39;s Spanish translations of product descriptions. In general, this component will correct for small-scale stylistic variations among machine translation tools. 
     The Translation Quality Estimation Analyzer (TQA)  1746  merges the structural information from conditioning with the translations from repair, producing a list of translation pairs. If any phrases bypassed machine translation, this merging process gets their translations from the dictionary. 
     After merging, translation quality estimation places each translation pair into one of three categories. The “good” category contains pairs whose source and target texts have acceptable grammar, and the content of the source and target texts agrees. A pair in the “bad” category has a source text with recognizable grammar, but its target grammar is unacceptable or the content of the source text disagrees with the content of the target text. The “ugly” category contains pairs whose source grammar is unfamiliar. 
     The feedback loop extracts linguistic knowledge from a person. The person examines the “bad” and “ugly” pairs and takes one of the following actions. The person may define words and terms in the dictionary, indicating their usage. The person may define grammar rules for the NLE component in order to tag some part of the text. The person may correct the translation pair (if it requires correction), and place it into the set of examples for training the translation quality estimation models. The person may take the source text, mark it with walls between dimensions of the schema, and place it into the set of examples for training the structure model. An appropriate graphical user interface will make the first and last actions implicit in the third action, so a person will only have to decide whether to write grammars or to correct examples. 
     The translation quality estimation component uses two models from the N-Gram Analyzer that represent the grammar of the source and target texts. The translation quality estimation component also uses a content model that is partially statistical and partially the dictionary. The two parts overlap in their ability to represent the correspondence in content between source and target texts. The dictionary can represent exact correspondences between words and terms. The statistical model can recognize words that occur in one language, but are unnecessary in the other, and other inexact correspondences. 
     It is well known that the accuracy of machine translations based on standard glossaries are only sufficient to get the gist of the translation. There are no metrics associated with the level of accuracy of any particular translation. The TQA  1746  attempts to define a measure of accuracy for any single translation. The basis for the accuracy estimate is a statistical overlap between the translated content at the individual phrase level, and prior translations that have been manually evaluated. 
     The Normalized Content  1748  and/or Translated Content  1706  can next be cached in the Normalized Content Server and Localized Content Server (LCS)  1752 , respectively. This cached data is made available through the SOLx Server  1708 . 
     The LCS  1752  is a fast lookup translation cache. There are two parts to the LCS  1752 : an API that is called by Java clients (such as a JSP server process) to retrieve translations, and an user interface  1754  that allows the user  1756  to manage and maintain translations in the LCS database  1752 . 
     As well as being the translation memory foundation of the SOLx system  1700 , the LCS  1752  is also intended to be used as a standalone product that can be integrated into legacy customer servers to provide translation lookups. 
     The LCS  1752  takes as input source language text, the source locale, and the target locale. The output from LCS  1752  is the target text, if available in the cache, which represents the translation from the source text and source locale, into the target locale. The LCS  1752  is loaded ahead of run-time with translations produced by the SOLx system  1700 . The cache is stored in a relational database. 
     The SOLx Server  1708  provides the customer with a mechanism for run-time access to the previously cached, normalized and translated data. The SOLx Server  1708  also uses a pipeline processing mechanism that not only permits access to the cached data, but also allows true on-the-fly processing of previously unprocessed content. When the SOLx Server encounters content that has not been cached, it then performs the normalization and/or translation on the fly. The existing knowledge base of the content structure and vocabulary is used to do the on-the-fly processing. 
     Additionally, the NCS and LCS user interface  1754  provides a way for SMEs  1756  to search and use normalized  1748  and translated  1706  data. The NCS and LCS data is tied back to the original ERP information via the customer&#39;s external key information, typically an item part number. 
     As shown in  FIG. 1700 , the primary NorTran Workbench engines are also used in the SOLx Server  1708 . These include: N-Gram Analyzer  1722 , Machine Translation Server  1742 , Natural Language Engine  1718 , Candidate Search Engine  1720 , and Translation Quality Analyzer  1746 . The SOLx server  1708  also uses the grammar rules  1754  and custom and standard glossaries  1756  from the Workbench  1702 . Integration of the SOLx server  1708  for managing communication between the source/legacy system  1712  and targets via the Web  1758  is managed by an integration server  1758  and a workflow control system  1760 . 
       FIG. 21  is a flowchart illustrating a process  2100  for searching a database or network using normalization and classification as discussed above. The process  2100  is initiated by establishing ( 2102 ) a taxonomy and establishing ( 2104 ) normalization rules as discussed above. For example, the taxonomy may define a subject matter area in the case of a specialized search engine or a substantial portion of a language for a more generalized tool. Once the taxonomy and normalization rules have been initially established, a query is received ( 2106 ) and parsed ( 2108 ) into chunks. The chunks are then normalized ( 2110 ) and classified ( 2112 ) using the normalization rules and taxonomy. The classification information may be associated with the chunks via tags, e.g., XML tags. 
     At this point, the normalized chunks may be translated ( 2114   a - c ) to facilitate multi-language searching. One or more research engines are then used ( 2116   a - c ) to perform term searches using the normalized chunks and the classification information. Preferably, documents that are searched have also been processed using compatible normalization rules and a corresponding taxonomy as discussed above such that responsive documents can be retrieved based on a term match and/or a tag match. However, the illustrated process  2100  may be advantageously used even in connection with searching unprocessed documents, e.g., by using the normalized chunks and/or terms associated with the classification to perform a conventional term search. The responsive documents may then be normalized and classified ( 2118   a - c ) and translated ( 2120   a - c ). Finally, the search results are compiled ( 2122 ) for presentation to the searcher. It will be appreciated that normalization and classification of the search query thus facilitates more structured searching of information in a database or network including in a multi-language environment. Normalization and classification also assist in translation. 
     While various embodiments of the present invention have been described in detail, it is apparent that further modifications and adaptations of the invention will occur to those skilled in the art. However, it is to be expressly understood that such modifications and adaptations are within the spirit and scope of the present invention.