Patent Publication Number: US-2012045887-A1

Title: Compositions of doped, co-doped and tri-doped semiconductor materials

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION(S) 
     This application is a divisional application of U.S. application Ser. No. 11/910,504, which is a U.S. National Phase of PCT/US2007/063330, which claims priority to U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/779,089, filed on Mar. 3, 2006, the disclosures of all of the foregoing applications are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. 
    
    
     STATEMENT REGARDING FEDERALLY-SPONSORED RESEARCH 
     This work was partially funded by the Department of Energy (DE-FG07-06IDI4724), and the United States government has, therefore, certain rights to the present invention. 
    
    
     TECHNICAL FIELD 
     The present disclosure is related to semiconductor materials for radiation detectors. 
     BACKGROUND 
     The selection of materials for radiation detector applications is governed by fundamental physical properties of the materials. It is desirable that the material should exhibit high electrical resistivity and an excellent ability to transport charge carriers generated by external radiation. Materials that allow an applied electric field to extend through the whole volume of the crystal (i.e., full depletion) are also preferred. None of these properties can be found in high-purity and intrinsic (i.e., undoped) cadmium-zinc-tellurium (Cd 1-x Zn x Te (0≦x≦1)) grown by known methods. 
     High-purity intrinsic CdZnTe compounds typically show low electrical resistivity due to intrinsic or native defects. It is believed that such defects can include cadmium (Cd) vacancies in tellurium (Te) rich growth conditions or cadmium interstitials in cadmium rich growth conditions. In addition, an intrinsic defect of Te antisite complexes forming, often in large concentrations, a deep electronic level at the middle of the band gap. This intrinsic defect can prevent full depletion of the device when the defect is present in significant concentrations. 
     Unknown impurities and/or other native defects can also render the intrinsic CdZnTe compounds to have strong carrier trapping tendencies, thereby deteriorating a radiation detector&#39;s performance When impurities, native defects, and their associations are incorporated in an uncontrolled manner, the properties of the CdZnTe compounds can vary from growth to growth and exhibit strong spatial variations within the ingots. Accordingly, there is a need for a compensation scheme that have result in CdZnTe compounds with improved carrier transport properties and depletion characteristics. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         FIG. 1  is an electric field versus peak centroid diagram of a semiconductor material prepared in accordance with an embodiment of the disclosure. 
         FIG. 2  is a set of Gamma spectroscopy measurement diagram of semiconductor materials prepared in accordance with an embodiment of the disclosure. 
         FIG. 3  is a set of electron mobility diagram of semiconductor materials prepared in accordance with an embodiment of the disclosure. 
         FIG. 4  is a set of spatial resistivity diagram of a semiconductor material prepared in accordance with an embodiment of the disclosure. 
         FIG. 5  is a set of Gamma spectroscopy measurements of semiconductor materials prepared in accordance with another embodiment of the disclosure. 
         FIG. 6  is an electron mobility diagram of a semiconductor material prepared in accordance with another embodiment of the disclosure. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     A. Semiconductor Material 
     The present disclosure describes materials, compositions, and methods for preparing a bulk II-VI type semiconductor material containing CdTe, CdZnTe, CdZnSe or CdZnTeSe crystals (collectively referred to herein as CZT). The CZT material may be used in manufacturing solid state, elementary or matrix detectors for detection of gamma or X-ray radiations. It will be appreciated that several of the details set forth below are provided to describe the following embodiments in a manner sufficient to enable a person skilled in the relevant art to make and use the disclosed embodiments. Several of the details and advantages described below, however, may not be necessary to practice certain embodiments of the invention. Additionally, the invention can include other embodiments that are within the scope of the claims but are not described in detail with respect to  FIGS. 1-6  and attached Appendices A-B. 
     In one embodiment, the CZT material includes a bulk II-VI type semiconductor material, a first dopant selected from Group III and/or Group VII of the periodic table, and a rare earth metal. The bulk II-VI type semiconductor material can include elements of Group II (e.g., Cd, Zn) and Group VI (e.g., Te, Se) of the periodic table. For example, the bulk II-VI type semiconductor material can include Cd and Zn, with Zn having a concentration of between about 0 and about 20%. When Zn has a concentration of 20%, 1 out of every 5 Cd sites is occupied by a Zn atom. The bulk II-VI type semiconductor material can also include Te and Se, with Se having a concentration of between about 0 and 2%. When Se has a concentration of 2%, 1 out of every 50 Te sites is occupied by a Se atom. The bulk II-VI type semiconductor material can have a Group VI element to Group II element ratio between about 0.9 and about 1.1. 
     The first dopant can include a Group III element including boron (B), aluminum (Al), gallium (Ga), indium (In), and thallium (TI). The Group III element can have a concentration of about 10 to 10,000 parts per billion (ppb). The first dopant can also include a Group VII element including fluorine (F), chlorine (Cl), bromine (Br), and iodine (I). The Group VII element can have a concentration of at least 10 ppb (e.g., about 10 to about 10,000 ppb). 
     The second dopant can include a rare earth metal including cerium (Ce), praseodymium (Pr), neodymium (Nd), promethium (Pm), samarium (Sm), europium (Eu), gadolinium (Gd), terbium (Tb), dysprosium (Dy), holmium (Ho), erbium (Er), thulium (Tm), ytterbium (Yb), and lutetium (Lu). The rare earth element can have a concentration of at least 10 ppb (e.g., about 10 to about 400,000 ppb). In a particular embodiment, the second dopant includes Er having a concentration of about 15,000 ppb to about 400,000 ppb. In another particular embodiment, the second dopant includes Er having a concentration of about 15,000 ppb to about 300,000 ppb. In a further particular embodiment, the CZT material includes cadmium, zinc, and tellurium with aluminum as the first dopant and erbium as the second dopant. The aluminum has a concentration of about 10 to about 10,000 ppb, and the erbium has a concentration of about 10 to about 400,000 ppb. 
     B. Compensation Scheme 
     The present disclosure also describes co-doping (use of two doping elements) or triple doping (use of three doping elements in parallel) compensation schemes for at least partially remedy the intrinsic defects of a high-purity CZT material. The first and second dopants can be selected and introduced to the bulk II-VI type semiconductor material in a controlled way and in quantities appropriate to a particular growth method to reliably produce useful extrinsic (i.e., doped) CZT materials with improved resistivity (semi-insulating) and depletion characteristics. 
     Embodiments of the compensation schemes can enable the use of individual dopants to achieve full compensation and excellent charge transport in the CZT materials. The first dopant can be an impurity selected from elements in Group III and/or Group VII of the periodic table. The selected first dopant can provide donors and makes A-centers. The second dopant (e.g., a rare earth element) can passivate the intrinsic deep level defects to enable full depletion of the devices. Optionally, a third element can be used as a deep level dopant that secures full electrical compensation to control the resistivity. 
     Embodiments of this arrangement at least reduces the adverse effects of the common single doping schemes on the carrier transport properties of the CZT materials through the use of large concentrations of compensating doping elements. It is believed that the high concentration of dopants in the single-dopant schemes mask the effects of the intrinsic deep level defects without passivating them, thereby causing incomplete depletion of the detectors and space charge build up during operation of the device and the collapse of the internal electric field in the radiation detector, commonly called as polarization. 
     In one embodiment, a particular compensation scheme can include selecting a first dopant having an element from Group III and/or Group VI of the periodic table to improve resistivity of the CZT materials. Without being bound by theory, it is believed that undoped CZT materials can vary in resistivity due to native defects, such as cadmium vacancies, dislocations, and intrinsic deep level defects incorporated to the material during crystal growth. Some of these crystal defects can be ionized at ambient temperature to provide a supply of free charge carriers (electrons or holes) resulting in low-resistivity. It is believed that a Group III and/or Group VII element can occupy the sites normally occupied by elements from Group II or Group VI in the CZT material, and so vacancies, antisites, and/or other defects can be reduced. For example, Group III elements (e.g., Al, In) and/or Group VII elements (e.g., Cl, Br) can combine with the cadmium vacancies to form impurity-vacancy pairs commonly known and referred to as A-centers. In this process, the energy level of the cadmium vacancy defect can be shifted to the lower energy level of the A center. The lower energy level reduces the residency time of charge carriers (holes) at the defect and improves the carrier transport property of the CZT material. 
     However, the CZT materials doped with an element of Group III and/or Group VII typically cannot achieve full depletion in operation because other Group II related intrinsic defects can result in charge trapping. For example, formation of deep level defects from intrinsic or native defects in sufficient concentrations can produce crystals that cannot be fully depleted by an external bias voltage. As a result, the charge transport properties of the CZT material is reduced. Thus, selecting a second dopant to provide new carrier pathways through the CZT material and/or through structural perturbation of the Group II related defects can reduce such charge trapping. 
     The second dopant can be selected to include a rare earth metal element based on whether the formation energy (e.g., enthalpy and/or entropy of formation) of a Group II and/or Group VI element and the rare earth metal is above a threshold. In a particular example, Er is selected as the second dopant because Er can react with Te to form Er—Te complexes. The reaction can have a large heat of formation, and Er can irreversibly combine with Te while in a liquid phase, the product of which may form solid domains that can remain intact during subsequent cooling to be integrated into the bulk CZT material. It is believed that this interaction can decrease the frequency of intrinsic defects related to the Group VI element in the CZT material. 
     The second dopant (e.g., Er) can have a concentration of at least 10 atomic parts per billion. In some embodiments, the Er concentration can be about 10,000 to about 400,000 atomic parts per billion. In further embodiments, the Er can have a molar concentration that is generally similar to that of tellurium in the CZT material. Surprisingly, such high doping levels can limit the spatial variations within grown ingots. 
     Typically, conventional techniques do not use such a high doping concentration because a number of factors pose practical limitations on the useful range of dopant concentrations. Major factors include both solubility and utility provided by any given dopant element. It is believed that there are limits to the solubility of an element within a liquefied mixture of Group II and Group VI elements. The limited solubility in turn restricts the potential dopant range. Additionally, the maximum and minimum dopant levels that can provide useful materials can vary with the specific electronic properties of the dopant. In particular, for dopants that impart positive or beneficial properties to the material (e.g., to increase resistivity or charge carrier transport ability), there is typically a doping level over which the dopant begins to impart adverse effects on the utility of the material. Generally, once a doping level exceeds this critical value, the dopant will act as charge trap and diminish the charge carrier transport ability of the material. With these restrictions, doping practice common to the art typically utilizes doping levels of between 10-10,000 ppb to avoid degradation of the desired material properties. 
     One expected advantage of several embodiments of the compensation scheme is the improved accuracy in predicting whether incorporating a particular second dopant would yield a useful material. Conventional techniques for selecting the second dopant generally involve a comparison of the electronic properties between the selected second dopant and the Group II and/or Group VI elements in the CZT material. Typically, the second dopant is selected to pin the Fermi level at a midpoint between the energy levels of the valance band and the conduction band. However, such a technique does not provide adequate information relating to the resulting solid state electronic properties and the interaction between the second dopant and the Group II and Group VI elements. As a result, in many cases, there is little information available for accurate prediction of whether incorporating the second dopant would yield a useful material. Thus, the selection criterion based on formation energy discussed above can at least provide a general guide for choosing a second dopant that might yield useful materials. 
     Materials with full depletion have optimal charge transport properties. Specifically, fully depleted materials can transport both “holes” (positive charges) and “electrons” (negative charges). This property enables a more rapid equilibration of charges after the perturbation of charge associated with the detection of a photon. The net result is a material with a rapid refresh rate, which allows for said material to be applied as a detector in applications requiring a rapid, repetitive detection (e.g. medical imaging and time resolved imaging). 
     Compensating for Group VI element related defects and larger volume defects such as precipitates and inclusions utilizing the compensation schemes can limit the spatial variations within grown ingots. With fewer defects, a larger active area can be realized to enable applications that require larger detectors. Moreover, dopant combinations that minimize group II related defects and provide full depletion have particular utility in devices that have a large detector size and a high detection rate requirement. Specific examples include gamma and/or X-ray imaging methods (e.g., Computed Tomography). 
     During preparation of a charge, in accordance with some embodiments, a few degrees of freedom are allowed in the progression of runs and include the quantity and type of the dopant. Small concentrations of chosen binary (or tertiary) dopants are added to the growth. To ensure the dopants are uniformly spread throughout the ingot, the melted charge, in one embodiment, goes through a quick freeze and a re-melt step before the actual growth starts to stop element segregation and to increase solubility. The results of the prepared charges are reflected in the examples below. 
     EXAMPLES 
     Example 1 
     Crystal Growth of Doped Materials 
     The charge, which contains Cd and/or Zn, Te and/or Se, and one or more dopants from group III and/or VI and/or a rare earth element, was loaded into a crucible in an argon filled glove bag. The crucible and charge were then placed in an ampoule and sealed under vacuum at less than 10-7 Torr with a quartz end cap. Ingots were grown under vacuum or with a partial pressure of an inert gas. The preparation of the charge was done in a glove bag or clean room conditions to reduce residual impurities. For low pressure growth methods, the crucible was then placed into a quartz ampoule and connected to a vacuum system. The air was evacuated from the ampoule and a partial pressure of an inert gas or a mixture of gases was supplied to the ampoule and then sealed shut by a torch. For high pressure growth techniques, up to 100 atmospheres was used to decrease charge loss, and the ampoule may be optional. In other embodiments, this procedure may be varied. 
     The setup of the ampoule can limit vapor transport that occurs during the growth. The over pressure of molten CZT allows for vapor transport to condense at the coldest region within the ampoule, resulting in material lost from the ingot. The majority of the charge loss was deposited at the tip and shoulder regions of the ampoule outside of the crucible. Four crystal growth runs were done using different positions of the end cap to affect the open volume. The crystal growth setup was listed in Table 1. In the 1 st  growth run, the end cap was positioned approximately 4 inches from the end of the crucible. In the 2 nd  run, a lid constructed from the same material as the crucible was placed on the crucible and the end cap was positioned at the same approximate distance of 4 inches away from the crucible. During the 3 rd  run, a lid was placed and the end cap was positioned much closer, approximately 1 inch from the end of the crucible. In the 4 th  run the ampoule was backfilled with a partial pressure of an inert gas, and a lid for the crucible and the end cap were positioned approximately 1 inch from the lid. 
     Example 2 
     Materials Characterization 
     The 1 st  run had a charge loss of 11.0%; the addition of the lid in the 2 nd  run slightly decreased the charge loss to 9.0%. The 3 rd  run greatly improved reduction of the loss to 4.2%. In the 4 th  run the ampoule had been backfilled with a partial pressure. This back filling step was done with the lid and end cap positioned approximately 1 inch from the crucible. This process further decreased the charge loss to 0.5%, as shown in Table 1. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 1 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Crystal growth setup 
               
               
                 All growths have the same ratio Te/(Cd + Zn) = 1.033 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Run 
                 1 st   
                 2 nd   
                 3 rd   
                 4 th   
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Crucible 
                 GLC 
                 GLC 
                 GLC 
                 PYC 
               
               
                 Ampoule pressure 
                 10 −7  Torr 
                 10 −7  Torr 
                 10 −7  Torr 
                 &lt;200 Torr Ar 
               
               
                 End cap position 
                 4 inches 
                 4 inches 
                 1 inch 
                 1 inch 
               
               
                 Lid 
                 No 
                 Yes 
                 Yes 
                 Yes 
               
               
                 Charge loss 
                 11.0% 
                 9.0% 
                 4.2% 
                 1.5% 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Each ingot was cut vertically through the center for characterization and sample preparation. Samples from each ingot were cut using a diamond wire saw. Then each sample was prepared by polishing with alumina powder and/or etching in a bromine methanol solution to remove saw damage. Finally they were sputtered with gold planar contacts. Many variations on the specific dimensions of the material cross section, the arrangement and composition of the contacts can be implemented here. One skilled in the art can tailor these particular aspects of the solid state detection element for use in a specific manifestation of radiation detection instruments. Table 2 gives the average values from samples made from each ingot. The conductivity type of each ingot has been confirmed by thermoelectric effect spectroscopy (TEES). The Bulk Resistivity of each sample was determined by applying voltages from −1 to 1 volts. The μτ products for electrons were determined by 0.5 μec shaping with a  241 Am source. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 2 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Properties of 5 ingots 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                   
                   
                   57 Co  
                   
               
               
                   
                 Conduc- 
                 Bulk  
                 122 keV 
                 μτ for  
               
               
                 Growth 
                 tivity 
                 Resistivity Ave. 
                 resolution 
                 electrons Ave. 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 GLC 1 
                 p-type 
                 1.7 × 10 10  Ohm*cm 
                 No  
                 No response 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 response 
                   
               
               
                 GLC 3 
                 n-type 
                 1.0 × 10 10  Ohm*cm 
                 15.8 keV  
                 6.80 × 10 −5  cm 2 /V 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 12.9% 
                   
               
               
                 PBN 
                 p-type 
                 2.2 × 10 7  Ohm*cm 
                 No  
                 No response 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 response 
                   
               
               
                 PYC 1 
                 n-type 
                 1.0 × 10 10  Ohm*cm 
                 19.5 keV  
                 2.59 × 10 −4  cm 2 /V 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 16.0% 
                   
               
               
                 PYC 4 
                 n-type 
                 2.0 × 10 10  Ohm*cm 
                 11.6 keV  
                 2.68 × 10 −4  cm 2 /V 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                  9.5% 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Samples were also placed in a Multi Channel Analyzer (MCA) to check response to incident radiation. No pulse processing or post processing was used to enhance the energy resolution. The pulser resolution averaged 2.4% for the  57 Co spectra and was 1.2% for the  137 Cs spectra. The first ingot to have a significant response to ionizing radiation was GLC 3. The two ingots grown in PBN were high purity, but low resistivity, p-type, that shows no response to ionizing radiation. According to the GDMS analysis the group III dopant does not seem as soluble in CZT when using the PBN crucible. All PBN growths had lower than intended doping levels. All samples that show any significant response to incident radiation have been from n-type growths with group III doping. 
     The  57 Co isotope was used to analyze the response of the detectors at room temperature. The x-rays from this source display the mobility and lifetimes of both electron and hole carriers. GLC 3 has good energy resolution at the 122 keV peak, however, the 14 keV peak was not observed, indicating that the sample was not completely active. The peak position of the 122 keV energy was low in channel numbers, showing the λτ of both the holes and electrons were similar for this resolution at this channel number. The λτ product for the electrons was not high enough to resolve the 14 keV peak, making the sample not fully active through the 1.9 mm detector thickness. The GLC 3 spectrum for the  137 Cs source, displays the 662 keV peak was not sharp in resolution, but high in counts because of the large hole λτ. PYC 1 and 4 122 keV peak position were higher in channel number, but not equal λτs. The hole tailing in both spectra indicates that the hole λτ was lower than the electron&#39;s. PYC 4 has high resolution and the best λτ for electrons. λτ products have been determined by the Hecht relation as follows: 
     
       
         
           
             Q 
             = 
             
               
                 Q 
                 O 
               
               * 
               
                 
                   μ 
                    
                   
                       
                   
                    
                   τ 
                   * 
                   E 
                 
                 Th 
               
               * 
               
                 ( 
                 
                   1 
                   - 
                   
                     exp 
                      
                     
                       ( 
                       
                         
                           - 
                           Th 
                         
                         
                           μτ 
                           * 
                           E 
                         
                       
                       ) 
                     
                   
                 
                 ) 
               
             
           
         
       
     
     Q was the charge collection (peak centroid), Q O  was the maximum collectible charge, λτ was the mobility*lifetime, E was the applied electric field; Th was the thickness of the sample.
 
For electron characterization, a  241 Am source was positioned facing the cathode end of the detector. Plotting the peak centroid position of the 59.5 keV line on the y-axis, and the applied electric field on the x, the Hecht relation was fitted to equation 1. The λτ product for electrons can be determined and shown, in  FIG. 1  for growth PYC 4. A shaping constant of 0.5 μseconds was used for simplicity of keeping all measurements consistent. By simply increasing the shaping constant, λτ can be increased.
 
     Physical Characterization of the Material, Where Er Was Co-Dopant 
     CZT undoped has a low resistivity caused primarily by defects including the cadmium vacancy. A group III dopant was intended to compensate this defect and likely would increase the resistivity of the material. This compensation technique creates an A-center. However this compensation alone does not produce intrinsic characteristics or fully active regions of the material. The introduction of a second dopant, Erbium, does compensate remaining defects creating a fully active material. ( FIGS. 3-6  and Table 7) This combination of dopants results in high resistivity, and large charge carrier mobility and lifetimes. The properties of large electron and hole mobility and lifetimes throughout the bulk of the material create fully active material, suitable for solid state radiation detectors. Elemental compositions as measured by glow discharge mass spectrometry are provided in Appendix B. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 3 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 7 crystal growths co-doping with erbium. 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 μτ PRODUCT 
                 Resistivity 
               
               
                   
                 Er (ppb) 
                 Al (ppb) 
                 Cl (ppb) 
                 (0.5 shaping) 
                 (Ω*cm) 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 460 
                 2200 
                 — 
                 2.60E−04 
                 2.38E+10 
               
               
                   
                 600 
                 2400 
                 — 
                 1.80E−04 
                 2.45E+10 
               
               
                   
                 260 
                 4200 
                 100 
                 1.50E−04 
                 1.78E+10 
               
               
                   
                 330 
                 2400 
                 — 
                 4.95E−05 
                 1.22E+10 
               
               
                   
                 220,000 
                 2500 
                 — 
                 2.91E−04 
                 1.76E+10 
               
               
                   
                 392,000 
                 2400 
                 — 
                 1.34E−04 
                 1.19E+10 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 μτ was the product of μ = mobility and τ = lifetime. The product of these two properties was a common method to quantify the material. The larger the μτ number the better the charge carrier mobilityand lifetimes are. Fully active material has large μτ values (~1.0 × 10 −3  cm 2 /V). 
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Tellurium inclusions and precipitates can be the most common and detrimental bulk defects in CdTe and CdZnTe materials. These kinds of inclusions can create charge trapping and degradation in detector performance. It was believed that higher temperature gradients across the melt during growth can limit the tellurium precipitates that usually occur along grains boundaries. Tellurium inclusions are opaque under infrared, whereas the bulk material is transparent. Thus infrared microscopy was used on the samples and wafers cut from ingots to map and monitor these inclusions in the material. 
     Gamma spectroscopy was performed on all samples cut from grown ingots. Numerous samples have a resolution and efficiency similar to the commercially available CdZnTe detectors. Four examples are shown in  FIG. 2 . 
     Electron mobility multiplied by the lifetime of the charge carrier was calculated from grown samples. The product was calculated by fitting applied bias voltage versus the 59.5 keV x-ray peak from the  241 Am source.  FIG. 3  shows results from two ingots. 
     Trapping levels associated with Cadmium vacancies, tellurium anti-sites and their complexes were identified using thermo-electrical effect spectroscopy in CdTe and CdZnTe crystals grown by the vertical and high pressure Bridgman techniques. The corresponding thermal ionization energies, which were extracted using initial rise and/or variable heating rate methods and first principles calculations are at E 1 =0.09±0.01, E 2 =0.12 ±0.01 eV, E 3 =0.18±0.01 eV, E 4 =0.23±0.01 eV, E 5 =0.36±0.01 eV, E 6 =0.79±0.08 eV, E 7 =0.39±0.01 eV, and E 8 =0.31±0.01 eV. Based on the first principles method calculation of transition energies (thermal ionization energies), purity data from glow discharge mass spectroscopy, and growth conditions of the crystals trapping levels have been determined. 
     Trapping levels were identified at E 2  and E 4  with the first and second ionized state of the isolated cadmium vacancy, E 1  and E 3  to the first and second ionized state to cadmium vacancy-isoelectronic oxygen complex. Other levels assigned were E 5  with tellurium antisite-divacancy, E 6  with tellurium anti-site-single vacancy complex, E 7  with tellurium antisite-cadmium vacancy-donor in the cadmium site complex and E 8  with tellurium antisite-cadmium vacancy. The latter complex acts as a donor. 
     From the foregoing, it will be appreciated that specific embodiments of the invention have been described herein for purposes of illustration, but that various modifications may be made without deviating from the scope of the invention. Aspects of the invention described in the context of particular embodiments may be combined or eliminated in other embodiments. While advantages associated with certain embodiments of the invention have been described in the context of those embodiments, other embodiments may also exhibit such advantages, and not all embodiments need necessarily exhibit such advantages to fall within the scope of the invention. The following examples reflect further embodiments of the invention. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 APPENDIX A 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Summary of Crystal Growth (CG) Conditions and Material Compositions Associated With Selected CG&#39;s 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 GROWTH 
                 CG1 
                 CG2 
                 CG3 
                 CG4 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Charge 
                 Honeywell 
                 Honeywell 
                 Honeywell 
                 Honeywell 
               
               
                 Excess Te Te/ 
                 1.0018 
                 1.018 
                 1.018 
                 1.018 
               
               
                 (Cd + Zn) 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Dopants ppb 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Crucible 
                 Glassy Carbon #1 
                 GlyC #2 
                 GlyC #3 
                 GlyC #4 
               
               
                 Lid 
                 none 
                 none 
                 none 
                 none 
               
               
                 Partial Pressure 
                 vacuum 
                 vacuum 
                 vacuum 
                 vacuum 
               
               
                 N or P Type 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Ave. Resistivity 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 57Co response 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Ave. μτ electrons 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 IMPURITIES ppb 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Li 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 B 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 C 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 N 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 O 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Na 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Mg 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Al 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Si 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 P 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 S 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Cl 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 K 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Ca 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Ti 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 V 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Cr 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Fe 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Ni 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Cu 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Ge 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 As 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Se 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Nb 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Sn 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Er 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Pt 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Pb 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Total 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Total w/o Dopants 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Average: 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Zn % 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 GROWTH 
                 CG1 
                 CG2 
                 CG3 
                 CG4 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 GROWTH 
                 CG5 
                 CG6 
                 CG7 
                 CG8 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Charge 
                 1191 grams 
                 1199 grams 
                 1199 grams 
                 1071 grams 
               
               
                 Excess Te Te/ 
                 1.018 
                 1.033 
                 1.033 
                 1.033 
               
               
                 (Cd + Zn) 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Dopants ppb 
                 Al, Pb, V 1500, 1000, 500 
                 Al, Pb, V 1500, 1000, 500 
                 Al, Pb, V 1500, 1000, 500 
                 Al, Pb, V 1500, 1000, 500 
               
               
                 Crucible 
                 GlyC #5 
                 GlyC #6 
                 GlyC #7 
                 GlyC #7 
               
               
                 Lid 
                 none 
                 none 
                 None 
                 yes 
               
               
                 Partial Pressure 
                 vacuum 
                 vacuum 
                 vacuum 
                 vacuum ×10 − 7 torr 
               
               
                 N or P Type 
                   
                 P-type 
                 P-type 
                 P-type 
               
               
                 Ave. Resistivity 
                   
                 1.7E10 Ohm*cm 
                 1.2E9 Ohm*cm 
                 1.8E9 Ohm*cm 
               
               
                 57Co response 
                 N/A 
                 poor 
                 N/A 
                 N/A 
               
               
                 Ave. μτ electrons 
                 N/A 
                 N/A 
                 N/A 
                 N/A 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 IMPURITIES ppb 
                 Tip 
                 Mid 
                 Heel 
                 Tip 
                 Mid 
                 Heel 
                 Tip 
                 Mid 
                 Heel 
                 Tip 
                 Mid 
                 Heel 
               
               
                 Li 
                 5 
                 7 
                 25 
                 6 
                 5 
                 9 
                 5 
                 0 
                 12 
                 0 
                 10 
                 24 
               
               
                 B 
                 1 
                 24 
                 6 
                   
                 34 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 C 
                 100 
                 7500 
                 380 
                 100 
                 210 
                 42 
                 300 
                 230 
                 22 
                 1600 
                 65 
                 1200 
               
               
                 N 
                 15 
                 50 
                 25 
                 30 
                 29 
                 16 
                 10 
                 15 
                 5 
                 35 
                 4 
                 40 
               
               
                 O 
                 370 
                 690 
                 130 
                 120 
                 1000 
                 44 
                 83 
                 140 
                 30 
                 1300 
                 55 
                 140 
               
               
                 Na 
                 55 
                 13000 
                 65 
                 20 
                 550 
                 67 
                 17 
                 16 
                 20 
                 110 
                 11 
                 82 
               
               
                 Mg 
                 990 
                 660 
                 120 
                 40 
                 78 
                 70 
                 36 
                 44 
                 300 
                 660 
                 54 
                 150 
               
               
                 Al 
                 140 
                 11000 
                 13000 
                 2000 
                 57000 
                 5400 
                 120 
                 160 
                 1500 
                 20000 
                 1400 
                 4000 
               
               
                 Si 
                 800 
                 1100 
                 29 
                 93 
                 740 
                 39 
                 170 
                 129 
                 0.7 
                 1700 
                 49 
                 1300 
               
               
                 P 
                 2 
                 11 
                 2 
                 4 
                 7 
                 2 
                   
                   
                   
                 14 
                 7 
                 10 
               
               
                 S 
                 97 
                 450 
                 660 
                 350 
                 540 
                 300 
                 130 
                 0 
                 510 
                 520 
                 400 
                 450 
               
               
                 Cl 
                 40 
                 2 
                 75 
                 90 
                 100 
                 52 
                 28 
                 77 
                 70 
                 250 
                 120 
                 86 
               
               
                 K 
                 8 
                 180 
                 10 
                   
                 63 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Ca 
                 12 
                 3400 
                 33 
                 74 
                 170 
                 120 
                   
                   
                   
                 220 
                 0 
                 200 
               
               
                 Ti 
                 5 
                 380 
                 4 
                 24 
                 14 
                 8 
                 1 
                 0.6 
                 0.3 
                 270 
                 28 
                 28 
               
               
                 V 
                 140 
                 130 
                 2400 
                 3700 
                 8300 
                 1800 
                 120 
                 120 
                 85 
                 1800 
                 180 
                 26 
               
               
                 Cr 
                 18 
                 5 
                 18 
                 6 
                 16 
                 10 
                 20 
                 8 
                 24 
                 29 
                 30 
                 78 
               
               
                 Fe 
                 10 
                 10 
                 10 
                 82 
                 50 
                 140 
                 50 
                 62 
                 210 
                 150 
                 78 
                 240 
               
               
                 Ni 
                 320 
                 380 
                 640 
                   
                   
                   
                 0 
                 0 
                 4 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Cu 
                 1 
                 0.5 
                 1 
                   
                 21 
                 15 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Ge 
                 12 
                 64 
                 18 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 As 
                 8 
                 32 
                 72 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Se 
                 1 
                 38 
                 11 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Nb 
                 0.3 
                 10 
                 1 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Sn 
                 20 
                 15 
                 15 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Er 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Pt 
                 4 
                 5 
                 7 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 160 
                 0 
                 2100 
               
               
                 Pb 
                 340 
                 1500 
                 170 
                 300 
                 420 
                 180 
                 40 
                 34 
                 23 
                 1000 
                 160 
                 1700 
               
               
                 Total 
                 3514 
                 40644 
                 17927 
                 7039 
                 69347 
                 8314 
                 1130 
                 1036 
                 2816 
                 29818 
                 2651 
                 11854 
               
               
                 Total w/o Dopants 
                 2894 
                 28014 
                 2357 
                 1039 
                 3627 
                 934 
                 850 
                 722 
                 1208 
                 7018 
                 911 
                 6128 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Average: 
                 11088.26667 
                 1866.666667 
                 926.5333333 
                 4685.666667 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Zn % 
                 1.9 
                 3.1 
                 6.2 
                 2.3 
                 3.7 
                 2.5 
                 2.1 
                 3.9 
                 6.7 
                 6.1 
                 3.0 
                 2.6 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 GROWTH 
                 CG5 
                 CG6 
                 CG7 
                 CG8 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 GROWTH 
                 CG10 
                 CG11 
                 CG12 
                 CG13 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Charge 
                 1070 grams 
                   
                 1071 grams 
                 665 grams 
               
               
                 Excess Te Te/ 
                 1.033 
                   
                 1.033 
                 1.033 
               
               
                 (Cd + Zn) 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Dopants ppb 
                 Al, Pb, Sn 500, 300, 100 
                 Al, Pb, Ge 500, 400, 200 
                 Al, Pb, Ge 500, 400, 300 
                 Al, Pb, Fe 1000, 500, 500 
               
               
                 Crucible 
                 GlyC #7 
                 GlyC #8 
                 GlyC #9 
                 PBN #1 
               
               
                 Lid 
                 yes 
                 yes 
                 yes 
                 yes + snap ring 
               
               
                 Partial Pressure 
                 vacuum 7.8 × 10 − 7 torr 
                 vacuum 3.8 × 10 − 8 torr 
                 vacuum 9.3 × 10 − 8 torr 
                 vacuum 3.8 × 10 − 8 torr 
               
               
                 N or P Type 
                 N-type + P-type 
                   
                 N-type 
                 P-type 
               
               
                 Ave. Resistivity 
                 1.0E10 Ohm*cm 
                   
                 1.0E10 Ohm*cm 
                 3.9E5 Ohm*cm 
               
               
                 57Co response 
                 two peaks 
                   
                 two peaks 
                 N/A 
               
               
                 Ave. μτ electrons 
                 6.8E−5 cm2/V 
                   
                 4.7E−-5 cm2/V 
                 N/A 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 IMPURITIES ppb 
                 Tip 
                 Mid 
                 Heel 
                   
                 Tip 
                 Mid 
                 Heel 
                 Tip 
                 Mid 
                 Heel 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Li 
                 5 
                 5 
                 3 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 B 
                 0 
                 0 
                 100 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 C 
                 140 
                 110 
                 30 
                   
                 890 
                 120 
                 680 
                 490 
                 720 
                 580 
               
               
                 N 
                 31 
                 35 
                 60 
                   
                 14 
                 15 
                 10 
                 310 
                 130 
                 140 
               
               
                 O 
                 110 
                 100 
                 80 
                   
                 440 
                 80 
                 330 
                 420 
                 380 
                 410 
               
               
                 Na 
                 5 
                 0 
                 3 
                   
                 4 
                 13 
                 8 
                 0 
                 15 
                 15 
               
               
                 Mg 
                 110 
                 69 
                 60 
                   
                 59 
                 50 
                 50 
                 55 
                 42 
                 84 
               
               
                 Al 
                 1200 
                 1500 
                 1600 
                   
                 290 
                 680 
                 1500 
                 150 
                 48 
                 53 
               
               
                 Si 
                 6 
                 24 
                 3 
                   
                 8 
                 0 
                 0 
                 170 
                 34 
                 210 
               
               
                 P 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 S 
                 230 
                 260 
                 300 
                   
                 190 
                 240 
                 420 
                 200 
                 270 
                 460 
               
               
                 Cl 
                 22 
                 35 
                 37 
                   
                 13 
                 9 
                 27 
                 19 
                 27 
                 50 
               
               
                 K 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Ca 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Ti 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 11 
                 2 
                 34 
               
               
                 V 
                 2 
                 0.4 
                 0.3 
                   
                 5 
                 5 
                 4 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Cr 
                 14 
                 0 
                 4 
                   
                 30 
                 13 
                 15 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Fe 
                 52 
                 53 
                 120 
                   
                 63 
                 83 
                 450 
                 150 
                 220 
                 490 
               
               
                 Ni 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Cu 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Ge 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 &lt;50 
                 &lt;35 
                 &lt;40 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 As 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Se 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Nb 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Sn 
                 &lt;20 
                 &lt;15 
                 &lt;18 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Er 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Pt 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Pb 
                 6 
                 8 
                 4 
                   
                 3 
                 5 
                 0 
                 14 
                 7 
                 88 
               
               
                 Total 
                 1933 
                 2199 
                 2404 
                   
                 2009 
                 1313 
                 3494 
                 1989 
                 1895 
                 2614 
               
               
                 Total w/o Dopants 
                 727 
                 691 
                 800 
                   
                 1716 
                 628 
                 1994 
                 1675 
                 1620 
                 1983 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Average: 
                 739.5666667 
                   
                 1446 
                 1759.333333 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Zn % 
                 5.0 
                 4.4 
                 3.7 
                   
                 3.4 
                 3.4 
                 3.2 
                 4.7 
                 3.8 
                 3.5 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 GROWTH 
                 CG10 
                 CG11 
                 CG12 
                 CG13 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 GROWTH 
                 CG14 
                 CG15 
                 CG16 
                 CG16a 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Charge 
                 665 grams 
                 887 grams 
                 887 grams 
                 887 grams 
               
               
                 Excess Te Te/ 
                 1.033 
                 1.033 
                   
                 1.033 
               
               
                 (Cd + Zn) 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Dopants ppb 
                 Al, Pb, Fe 2000, 500, 500 
                 Al, Pb, Fe 1500, 300, 500 
                 Al, Pb, Ge 1000, 1000, 500 
                 Al, Pb, Ge 1000, 1000, 500 
               
               
                 Crucible 
                 PBN #1 
                 PyC #1 
                 PyC #1 
                 PyC #1 
               
               
                 Lid 
                 yes #2 + 2 snap rings 
                 yes 
                 yes 
                 yes 
               
               
                 Partial Pressure 
                 vacuum 5.0 × 10 − 8 torr 
                 90 mtorr Ar 
                 90 mtorr Ar 
                 vacuum 1.4 × 10 − 7 torr 
               
               
                 N or P Type 
                 P-type 
                 N-type 
                   
                 P-type 
               
               
                 Ave. Resistivity 
                 2.2E7 Ohm*cm 
                 1.03E10 Ohm*cm 
                   
                 1.0E8 Ohm*cm 
               
               
                 57Co response 
                 poor 
                 three peaks 
                   
                 N/A 
               
               
                 Ave. μτ electrons 
                 N/A 
                 2.6E−4 cm2/V 
                   
                 N/A 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 IMPURITIES ppb 
                 Tip 
                 Mid 
                 Heel 
                 Tip 
                 Mid 
                 Heel 
                   
                 Tip 
                 Mid 
                 Heel 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Li 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 B 
                 66 
                 29 
                 0 
                 5 
                 0 
                 0 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 C 
                 300 
                 720 
                 200 
                 570 
                 95 
                 300 
                   
                 20 
                 1000 
                 360 
               
               
                 N 
                 36 
                 34 
                 15 
                 60 
                 15 
                 20 
                   
                 5 
                 47 
                 29 
               
               
                 O 
                 530 
                 500 
                 110 
                 370 
                 60 
                 170 
                   
                 32 
                 1100 
                 300 
               
               
                 Na 
                 8 
                 43 
                 24 
                 11 
                 8 
                 13 
                   
                 5 
                 15 
                 21 
               
               
                 Mg 
                 130 
                 40 
                 89 
                 45 
                 40 
                 46 
                   
                 90 
                 80 
                 81 
               
               
                 Al 
                 210 
                 170 
                 630 
                 4400 
                 3100 
                 2100 
                   
                 23 
                 13 
                 0 
               
               
                 Si 
                 61 
                 8 
                 62 
                 150 
                 9 
                 8 
                   
                 15 
                 13 
                 3 
               
               
                 P 
                 0 
                 3 
                 3 
                 13 
                 8 
                 0 
                   
                 9 
                 18 
                 7 
               
               
                 S 
                 98 
                 390 
                 420 
                 300 
                 240 
                 200 
                   
                 220 
                 420 
                 320 
               
               
                 Cl 
                   
                   
                   
                 460 
                 240 
                 73 
                   
                 34 
                 380 
                 110 
               
               
                 K 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Ca 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Ti 
                 27 
                 0.8 
                 77 
                 1 
                 0 
                 0 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 V 
                   
                   
                   
                 0.7 
                 0.6 
                 0 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Cr 
                 0 
                 5 
                 4 
                 0 
                 10 
                 0 
                   
                 0 
                 9 
                 5 
               
               
                 Fe 
                 390 
                 400 
                 630 
                 1900 
                 820 
                 720 
                   
                 100 
                 240 
                 120 
               
               
                 Ni 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Cu 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Ge 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 &lt;25 
                 35 
                 &lt;25 
               
               
                 As 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Se 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Nb 
                 21 
                 0.5 
                 110 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Sn 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Er 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Pt 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Pb 
                 64 
                 11 
                 170 
                 0 
                 24 
                 7 
                   
                 24 
                 48 
                 20 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Total 
                 1941 
                 2354 
                 2544 
                 8286 
                 4670 
                 3657 
                   
                 577 
                 3418 
                 1376 
               
               
                 Total w/o Dopants 
                 1277 
                 1773 
                 1114 
                 1986 
                 726 
                 830 
                   
                 530 
                 3322 
                 1356 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Average: 
                 1388.1 
                 1180.433333 
                   
                 1736 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Zn % 
                 6.0 
                 3.5 
                 3.4 
                 2.8 
                 2.6 
                 3.1 
                   
                 3.0 
                 3.2 
                 3.1 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 GROWTH 
                 CG14 
                 CG15 
                 CG16 
                 CG16a 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 GROWTH 
                 CG18 
                 CG19 
                 CG20 
                 CG21 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Charge 
                 887 grams 
                 887 grams 
                 887 grams 
                 887 grams 
               
               
                 Excess Te Te 
                 1.033 
                 1.033 
                 1.033 
                 1.033 
               
               
                 (Cd + Zn) 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Dopants ppb 
                 Al, 0.1% Pb, Fe  
                 Al, Pb  
                 Al, Fe  
                 Al, Pb, Ge  
               
               
                   
                 1000, 0.1%, 300 
                 1000, 3000 
                 1000, 300 
                 1000, 15000, 300 
               
               
                 Crucible 
                 PyC #2 
                 PyC #1 
                 PyC #1 
                 PyC #2 
               
               
                 Lid 
                 yes 
                 yes 
                 yes 
                 yes 
               
               
                 Partial Pressure 
                 0.05 atm Ar/1% Hy 
                 0.1 atm Ar/1% Hy 
                 0.19 atm Ar/1% Hy 
                 0.16 atm Ar/1% Hy 
               
               
                 N or P Type 
                 N-type 
                 N-type 
                 N-type 
                 P-type 
               
               
                 Ave. Resistivity 
                 1.5E9 Ohm*cm 
                 1.63E10 Ohm*cm 
                 2E10 Ohm*cm 
                 1E9 Ohm*cm 
               
               
                 57Co response 
                 N/A 
                 one peak 
                 discriminator grade 
                 N/A 
               
               
                 Ave. μτ electrons 
                 N/A 
                 2.8E−4 cm2/V 
                 2.7E−4 cm2/V 
                 N/A 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 IMPURITIES ppb 
                 Tip 
                 Mid 
                 Heel 
                 Tip 
                 Mid 
                 Heel 
                 Tip 
                 Mid 
                 Heel 
                 Tip 
                 Mid 
                 Heel 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Li 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 17 
                 0 
                 6 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 B 
                   
                   
                   
                 0 
                 300 
                 0 
                 65 
                 100 
                 0 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 C 
                 17 
                 43 
                 100 
                 130 
                 21 
                 49 
                 738 
                 220 
                 160 
                 460 
                 170 
                 150 
               
               
                 N 
                 4 
                 7 
                 12 
                 9 
                 10 
                 5 
                 49 
                 35 
                 10 
                 4 
                 5 
                 5 
               
               
                 O 
                 50 
                 120 
                 110 
                 120 
                 160 
                 79 
                 550 
                 200 
                 140 
                 380 
                 170 
                 100 
               
               
                 Na 
                 12 
                 11 
                 11 
                 15 
                 14 
                 17 
                 20 
                 16 
                 9 
                 6 
                 5 
                 7 
               
               
                 Mg 
                 54 
                 52 
                 40 
                 16 
                 15 
                 62 
                 0 
                 16 
                 29 
                 28 
                 16 
                 15 
               
               
                 Al 
                 880 
                 1400 
                 2300 
                 110 
                 1200 
                 1800 
                 0 
                 1500 
                 7600 
                 560 
                 590 
                 1200 
               
               
                 Si 
                 57 
                 37 
                 0 
                 28 
                 11 
                 50 
                 8 
                 0 
                 15 
                 20 
                 5 
                 3 
               
               
                 P 
                   
                   
                   
                 4 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 9 
                 0 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 S 
                   
                   
                   
                 75 
                 150 
                 70 
                 0 
                 35 
                 70 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Cl 
                 3 
                 12 
                 0 
                 28 
                 120 
                 110 
                 17 
                 75 
                 29 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 K 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Ca 
                 0 
                 0 
                 40 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Ti 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 V 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Cr 
                   
                   
                   
                 3 
                 4 
                 5 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Fe 
                 580 
                 630 
                 720 
                 0 
                 52 
                 66 
                 &lt;5 
                 250 
                 560 
                 49 
                 38 
                 62 
               
               
                 Ni 
                   
                   
                   
                 0 
                 6 
                 0 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Cu 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Ge 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 67 
                 65 
                 44 
               
               
                 As 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Se 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 61 
                 0 
                 0 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Nb 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Sn 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Er 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Pt 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Pb 
                 120 m 
                 73 m 
                 220 m 
                 58 
                 75 
                 150 
                   
                   
                   
                 980 
                 790 
                 510 
               
               
                 Total 
                   
                   
                   
                 596 
                 2138 
                 2463 
                 1525 
                 2456 
                 8628 
                 2554 
                 1854 
                 2096 
               
               
                 Total w/o Dopants 
                 197 
                 282 
                 313 
                 428 
                 863 
                 513 
                 1525 
                 956 
                 1028 
                 947 
                 409 
                 342 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Average: 
                 264 
                 601.3333333 
                 1169.666667 
                 566 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Zn % 
                 6.0 
                 5.0 
                 6.0 
                 4.7 
                 5.8 
                 3.0 
                 0.8 
                 3.2 
                 2.4 
                 5.1 
                 3.9 
                 4.8 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 GROWTH 
                 CG18 
                 CG19 
                 CG20 
                 CG21 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 GROWTH 
                 CG22 
                 CG23 
                 CG24 
                 CG25 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Charge 
                 882 grams 
                 882 grams 
                 883 grams 
                 883 grams 
               
               
                 Excess Te Te/ 
                 1.023 
                 1.023 
                 1.025 
                 1.025 
               
               
                 (Cd + Zn) 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Dopants ppb 
                 Al, Pb 1000, 3000 
                 Al, Fe 1000, 300 
                 Al, Er 2000, 15000 
                 Al, Pb 1500, 15000 
               
               
                 Crucible 
                 PyC #2 
                 PyC #1 
                 PyC #1 
                 PyC #2 
               
               
                 Lid 
                 yes 
                 yes 
                 yes 
                 yes 
               
               
                 Partial Pressure 
                 0.256 atm Ar/1% Hy 
                 0.263 atm Ar/1% Hy 
                 0.105 atm Ar/1% Hy 
                 0.1 atm Ar/1% Hy 
               
               
                 N or P Type 
                 P-type 
                 N-type 
                 N-type 
                   
               
               
                 Ave. Resistivity 
                 5E7 Ohm*cm 
                 1.5E10 Ohm*cm 
                 1.8E10 Ohm*cm 
                 1.6E10 Ohm*cm 
               
               
                 57Co response 
                 N/A 
                 three peaks 
                 discriminator grade 
                 two peaks 
               
               
                 Ave. μτ electrons 
                 N/A 
                 1.7E−4 cm2/V 
                 2.8E−4 cm2/V 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 IMPURITIES ppb 
                 Tip 
                 Mid 
                 Heel 
                 Tip 
                 Mid 
                 Heel 
                 Tip 
                 Mid 
                 Heel 
                 Tip 
                 Mid 
                 Heel 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Li 
                 0 
                 4 
                 4 
                 4 
                 0 
                 11 
                   
                   
                   
                 0 
                 0 
                 9 
               
               
                 B 
                   
                   
                   
                 120 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 130 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 C 
                 210 
                 58 
                 90 
                 25 
                 30 
                 7 
                 79 
                 26 
                 15 
                 77 
                 18 
                 19 
               
               
                 N 
                 24 
                 11 
                 8 
                 35 
                 20 
                 4 
                 20 
                 20 
                 10 
                 50 
                 18 
                 15 
               
               
                 O 
                 160 
                 36 
                 52 
                 45 
                 65 
                 45 
                 95 
                 55 
                 30 
                 180 
                 110 
                 55 
               
               
                 Na 
                 18 
                 19 
                 13 
                 12 
                 6 
                 13 
                 9 
                 12 
                 18 
                 3 
                 0 
                 17 
               
               
                 Mg 
                 15 
                 18 
                 23 
                 13 
                 21 
                 22 
                 14 
                 21 
                 26 
                 32 
                 24 
                 33 
               
               
                 Al 
                 2300 
                 5000 
                 4300 
                 490 
                 360 
                 740 
                 2100 
                 5400 
                 18000 
                 830 
                 2300 
                 8100 
               
               
                 Si 
                 27 
                 0 
                 5 
                 20 
                 21 
                 19 
                 160 
                 13 
                 10 
                 10 
                 4 
                 6 
               
               
                 P 
                 22 
                 12 
                 5 
                 6 
                 0 
                 0 
                   
                   
                   
                 2 
                 0 
                 0 
               
               
                 S 
                 130 
                 80 
                 41 
                 70 
                 40 
                 0 
                 68 
                 110 
                 150 
                 44 
                 44 
                 57 
               
               
                 Cl 
                 130 
                 50 
                 56 
                 26 
                 23 
                 35 
                 23 
                 43 
                 44 
                 24 
                 20 
                 35 
               
               
                 K 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Ca 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Ti 
                 6 
                 0 
                 0 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 V 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Cr 
                 0 
                 6 
                 0 
                   
                   
                   
                 6 
                 0 
                 0 
                 14 
                 6 
                 7 
               
               
                 Fe 
                   
                   
                   
                 360 
                 970 
                 940 
                 51 
                 37 
                 130 
                 63 
                 83 
                 240 
               
               
                 Ni 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Cu 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 0 
                 0 
                 90 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Ge 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 As 
                   
                   
                   
                 0 
                 8 
                 0 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Se 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Nb 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Sn 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Er 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 5400 
                 7600 
                 9800 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Pt 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Pb 
                 80 
                 85 
                 72 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 390 
                 400 
                 940 
               
               
                 Total 
                 3122 
                 5379 
                 4669 
                 1226 
                 1564 
                 1836 
                 8025 
                 13337 
                 28453 
                 1719 
                 3027 
                 9533 
               
               
                 Total w/o Dopants 
                 822 
                 379 
                 369 
                 376 
                 234 
                 156 
                 525 
                 337 
                 653 
                 499 
                 327 
                 493 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Average: 
                 523.3333333 
                 255.3333333 
                 505 
                 439.6666667 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Zn % 
                 3.0 
                 2.9 
                 3.1 
                 3.5 
                 6.2 
                 4.0 
                 3.3 
                 3.0 
                 2.4 
                 4.6 
                 4.2 
                 3.3 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 GROWTH 
                 CG22 
                 CG23 
                 CG24 
                 CG25 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 GROWTH 
                 CG26 
                 CG27 
                 CG28 
                 CG29 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Charge 
                 883 grams 
                 883.5 grams 
                 770 grams 
                 880.47 grams 
               
               
                 Excess Te Te/ 
                 1.025 
                 1.025 
                 1.018 
                 1.018 
               
               
                 (Cd + Zn) 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Dopants ppb 
                 Al, Er 1500, 1500 
                 Al, Er 1500, 1500 
                 Al, Er 1500, 1500 
                 Al, Er 1500, 1500 
               
               
                 Crucible 
                 PyC #1 
                 PyC #2 
                 PBN #1 
                 PyC #2 
               
               
                 Lid 
                 yes 
                 yes 
                 yes #3 slit, 2 snap rinqs 
                 yes 
               
               
                 Partial Pressure 
                 0.105 atm Ar/1% Hy 
                 0.1 atm Ar/2% Hy 
                 0.24 atm Ar/2% Hy 
                 0.25 atm Ar/2% Hy 
               
               
                 N or P Type 
                   
                 N-type 
                   
                   
               
               
                 Ave. Resistivity 
                 1.6E10 Ohm*cm 
                 1.0E10 Ohm*cm 
                 2.0E6 Ohm*cm 
                 3.0E10 Ohm*cm 
               
               
                 57Co response 
                 discriminator grade 
                 discriminator grade 
                 N/A 
                 discriminator grade 
               
               
                 Ave. μτ electrons 
                 1.94E−4 cm2/v 
                 2.0E−4 cm2/V 
                 N/A 
                 2.75E−4 cm2/V 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 IMPURITIES ppb 
                 Tip 
                 Mid 
                 Heel 
                 Tip 
                 Mid 
                 Heel 
                 Tip 
                 Mid 
                 Heel 
                 Tip 
                 Mid 
                 Heel 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Li 
                 5 
                 0 
                 5 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 8 
                   
                 4 
                   
                   
               
               
                 B 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 980 
                   
                   
                   
                 9 
                   
               
               
                 C 
                 250 
                 260 
                 750 
                 230 
                 290 
                 240 
                 130 
                 110 
                 160 
                 86 
                 26 
                 100 
               
               
                 N 
                 49 
                 30 
                 30 
                 70 
                 37 
                 63 
                 80 
                 30 
                 26 
                 37 
                 19 
                 21 
               
               
                 O 
                 900 
                 300 
                 630 
                 250 
                 320 
                 590 
                 250 
                 160 
                 130 
                 160 
                 50 
                 200 
               
               
                 Na 
                 200 
                 37 
                 17 
                 21 
                 7 
                 20 
                 21 
                 25 
                 24 
                 5 
                   
                   
               
               
                 Mg 
                 20 
                 18 
                 23 
                 19 
                 38 
                 33 
                 14 
                 26 
                 44 
                 61 
                 34 
                 31 
               
               
                 Al 
                 2200 
                 2400 
                 4200 
                 1000 
                 2600 
                 3700 
                 160 
                 270 
                 250 
                 2300 
                 12000 
                 7500 
               
               
                 Si 
                 78 
                 5 
                 16 
                 6 
                 21 
                 32 
                 25 
                 7 
                 7 
                 5 
                 63 
                 22 
               
               
                 P 
                 7 
                 3 
                 0 
                 7 
                   
                   
                 5 
                   
                   
                 2 
                 7 
                   
               
               
                 S 
                 200 
                 150 
                 260 
                 140 
                 110 
                 51 
                 120 
                 22 
                 240 
                 49 
                 100 
                 140 
               
               
                 Cl 
                 60 
                 30 
                 100 
                 53 
                 71 
                 50 
                 61 
                 20 
                 94 
                 7 
                 12 
                 79 
               
               
                 K 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Ca 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 130 
                   
                   
                 62 
                 45 
                 72 
                   
               
               
                 Ti 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 V 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Cr 
                 9 
                 4 
                 10 
                   
                   
                   
                 3 
                   
                 14 
                 5 
                 4 
                   
               
               
                 Fe 
                 120 
                 61 
                 150 
                   
                   
                 250 
                 87 
                 160 
                 260 
                 96 
                 96 
                 240 
               
               
                 Ni 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Cu 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 47 
                   
                   
                 56 
               
               
                 Ge 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 As 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Se 
                 20 
                 0 
                 10 
                   
                   
                 48 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Nb 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Sn 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Er 
                 460 
                 600 
                 260 
                 420 
                 630 
                 680 
                 5500 
                 330 
                 530 
                 720 
                 1700 
                 630 
               
               
                 Pt 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Pb 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Total 
                 4578 
                 3898 
                 6461 
                 2216 
                 4124 
                 5887 
                 7436 
                 1168 
                 1888 
                 3582 
                 14192 
                 9019 
               
               
                 Total w/o Dopants 
                 1918 
                 898 
                 2001 
                 796 
                 894 
                 1507 
                 1776 
                 568 
                 1108 
                 562 
                 492 
                 889 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Average: 
                 1605.666667 
                 1065.666667 
                 1150.666667 
                 647.6666667 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Zn % 
                 6.0 
                 3.2  
                 4.7 
                 3.8 
                 7.2 
                 5.5 
                 3.0 
                 4.6 
                 2.9 
                 3.8 
                 2.8 
                 3.6 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 GROWTH 
                 CG26 
                 CG27 
                 CG28 
                 CG29 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 GROWTH 
                 CG30 a &amp; b 
                 CG31 
                 CG32 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Charge 
                 883.59 
                 875.82 
                 875.82 
               
               
                 Excess Te Te/ 
                 1.025 
                 1.009 
                 1.009 
               
               
                 (Cd + Zn) 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Dopants ppb 
                 Al, Er 1500, 1500 
                 Al, Er 2000, 4500 
                 Al, Er 2000, 4500 
               
               
                 Crucible 
                 PyC #3 &amp; #5 
                 PyC #4 
                 PyC #3 
               
               
                 Lid 
                 yes 
                 yes 
                 yes 
               
               
                 Partial Pressure 
                 0.25 atm Ar/2% Hy 
                 0.25 atm Ar/2% Hy 
                 0.13 atm Ar/2% Hy p. trans 
               
               
                 N or P Type 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Ave. Resistivity 
                 2.0E10 Ohm*cm 
                 1.0E10 Ohm*cm 
                   
               
               
                 57Co response 
                 two peaks 
                 discriminator grade 
                   
               
               
                 Ave. μτ electrons 
                 3.5E4−cm2/V 
                 1.0E−3 cm2/V 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 IMPURITIES ppb 
                 Tip 
                 Mid 
                 Heel 
                 Tip 
                 Mid 
                 Heel 
                   
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Li 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 7 
                 62 
                   
               
               
                 B 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 C 
                 290 
                 120 
                 120 
                 470 
                 62 
                 21 
                   
               
               
                 N 
                 56 
                 67 
                 49 
                 34 
                 83 
                 6 
                   
               
               
                 O 
                 440 
                 230 
                 340 
                 390 
                 75 
                 33 
                   
               
               
                 Na 
                   
                 9 
                 12 
                 44 
                 50 
                 160 
                   
               
               
                 Mg 
                 56 
                 36 
                 51 
                 47 
                 28 
                 87 
                   
               
               
                 Al 
                 250 
                 690 
                 3500 
                 1400 
                 4400 
                 50000 
                   
               
               
                 Si 
                 12 
                 12 
                   
                   
                 11 
                 21 
                   
               
               
                 P 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 4 
                   
                   
               
               
                 S 
                   
                   
                 100 
                   
                   
                 100 
                   
               
               
                 Cl 
                 36 
                 320 
                 1400 
                 340 
                 1700 
                 5000 
                   
               
               
                 K 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Ca 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 100 
                   
               
               
                 Ti 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 V 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Cr 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Fe 
                 110 
                 110 
                 150 
                 100 
                 56 
                 130 
                   
               
               
                 Ni 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Cu 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 86 
                   
               
               
                 Ge 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 As 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Se 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Nb 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Sn 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Er 
                 310 
                 450 
                 440 
                 1900 
                 2400 
                 3700 
                   
               
               
                 Pt 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Pb 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Total 
                 1560 
                 2044 
                 6162 
                 4725 
                 8876 
                 59506 
                   
               
               
                 Total w/o Dopants 
                 1000 
                 904 
                 2222 
                 1425 
                 2076 
                 5806 
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Average: 
                 1375.333333 
                 3102.333333 
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Zn % 
                 7.8 
                 5.4 
                 6.0 
                 4.9 
                 3.7 
                 2.8 
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 GROWTH 
                 CG30 a &amp; b 
                 CG31 
                 CG32 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 GROWTH 
                 CG32a 
                 CG33a 
                 CG33b 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Charge 
                   
                 874.99 
                 872.9 + 0.21 Te 
               
               
                 Excess Te Te/ 
                 1.009 
                 1.0074 
                 1.0074 
               
               
                 (Cd + Zn) 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Dopants ppb 
                 Al, Er 2000, 4500 plus Al 2000 
                 Al, Er 2000, 10000 
                 Al, Er 2000, 10000 
               
               
                 Crucible 
                 PyC #5 
                 PyC #2 
                 PyC #6 
               
               
                 Lid 
                 yes 
                 yes 
                 yes 
               
               
                 Partial Pressure 
                 0.17 atm Ar/2% Hy 
                 0.14 atm Ar/2% Hy p. trans 
                 0.18 atm Ar/2% Hy 
               
               
                 N or P Type 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Ave. Resistivity 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 57Co response 
                   
                   
                 three peaks 
               
               
                 Ave. μτ electrons 
                   
                   
                 3.0E−3 cm2/V 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 IMPURITIES ppb 
                 Tip 
                 Mid 
                 Heel 
                   
                 Tip 
                 Mid 
                 Heel 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Li 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 7 
                 6 
                 13 
               
               
                 B 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 21 
               
               
                 C 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 12 
                 20 
                 940 
               
               
                 N 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 4 
                 4 
                 20 
               
               
                 O 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 20 
                 30 
                 620 
               
               
                 Na 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 10 
                 6 
                 5400 
               
               
                 Mg 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 29 
                 50 
                 990 
               
               
                 Al 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 320 
                 590 
                 1200 
               
               
                 Si 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 39 
                   
                 490 
               
               
                 P 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 6 
                   
                   
               
               
                 S 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 50 
                 24 
                 43 
               
               
                 Cl 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 350 
                 710 
                 400 
               
               
                 K 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Ca 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 340 
               
               
                 Ti 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 540 
               
               
                 V 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Cr 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 11 
               
               
                 Fe 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 50 
                 110 
                 330 
               
               
                 Ni 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 19 
               
               
                 Cu 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 40 
               
               
                 Ge 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 As 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Se 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Nb 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 730 
               
               
                 Sn 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Er 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 4000 
                 8700 
                 2500 
               
               
                 Pt 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Pb 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 4100 
               
               
                 Total 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 4897 
                 10250 
                 18747 
               
               
                 Total w/o Dopants 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 577 
                 960 
                 15047 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Average: 
                 0 
                   
                 5528 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Zn % 
                   
                   
                 3.5 
                 4.2 
                 4.5 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 GROWTH 
                 CG32a 
                 CG33a 
                 CG33b