Patent Publication Number: US-2010108262-A1

Title: Apparatus for in-situ substrate processing

Description:
PRIORITY CLAIM 
     This divisional application claims priority under 37 CFR 1.53(b) of and claims the benefit under 35 U.S.C. §120 to a commonly assigned patent application entitled “Methods and Apparatus for in-situ substrate processing” by Hwang et al., Attorney Docket Number P1452/LMRX-P093, application Ser. No. 11/608,738 filed on Dec. 8, 2006, all of which is incorporated herein by reference. 
    
    
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     In the processing of a substrate, e.g., a semiconductor substrate or a glass panel such as one utilized in flat panel display manufacturing, plasma is often employed. As part of the processing of a substrate, for example, the substrate is divided into a plurality of dies, or rectangular areas, each of which will become an integrated circuit. The substrate is then processed in a series of steps in which materials are selectively removed (etching) and/or deposited (deposition) in order to form electrical components thereon. 
     In an example plasma process, a substrate is coated with a thin film of hardened emulsion (i.e., such as a photoresist mask) prior to etching. Areas of the hardened emulsion are then selectively removed, causing components of the underlying layer to become exposed. The substrate is then placed in a plasma processing chamber on a substrate support structure comprising a mono-polar or bi-polar electrode, called a chuck or pedestal. Appropriate etchant source are then flowed into the chamber and struck to form a plasma to etch exposed areas of the substrate. 
     Referring now to  FIG. 1 , a simplified diagram of a capacitively coupled plasma processing system is shown. In a common configuration, the plasma processing chamber may comprise a bottom piece  150  located in the lower chamber, and a detachable top piece  152  located in the upper chamber. A first RF generator  134  (source RF generator  134 ) generates a plasma  110  as well as controls the plasma density, while a second RF generator  138  (bias RF generator) that generates bias RF is commonly utilized to control the DC bias and the ion bombardment energy. 
     Further coupled to source RF generator  134  and bias RF generator  138  may be a matching network  136  that attempts to match the impedances of the RF power sources to that of plasma  110 . Furthermore, a pump  111  is commonly utilized to evacuate the ambient atmosphere from a plasma processing chamber  102  (formed by the bottom piece  150  and the detachable top piece  152 ) in order to achieve the required pressure to sustain plasma  110 . 
     Generally, an appropriate set of gases (input gases) is flowed into chamber  102  through showerhead/grounded electrode  109  from gas distribution system  122  to shut off valve  123  located in the lower chamber. In general, in order to achieve a substantially uniform enchant gas distribution across the surface of a substrate, a showerhead/grounded electrode  109 , with a perforated or porous planar surface, is generally utilized. Gas distribution system  122  commonly comprises compressed gas cylinders containing plasma processing gases (e.g., C 4 F 8 , C 4 F 6 , CHF 3 , CH 2 F 3 , CF 4 , HBr, CH 3 F, C 2 F 4 , N 2 , O 2 , Ar, Xe, He, H 2 , NH 3 , SF 6 , BCl 3 , Cl 2 , WF 6 , etc). These plasma gases may be subsequently ionized to form plasma  110 , in order to process (e.g., etch or deposit) exposed areas of substrate  114 , such as a semiconductor substrate or a glass pane, positioned with edge ring  115  on an electrostatic chuck  116 , which also serves as a powered electrode. 
     In addition, some type of cooling system  140  may be coupled to the chuck in order to achieve thermal equilibrium once the plasma is ignited. Cooling system  140  usually comprises a chiller that pumps a coolant through cavities in within the chuck, and helium gas pressurizes the small gap between chuck  116  and substrate  114 . In addition to removing the generated heat, the helium gas also allows cooling system  140  to rapidly control heat dissipation. That is, increasing helium pressure subsequently also increases the heat transfer rate. Most plasma processing systems are also controlled by sophisticated computers comprising software programs. In a typical operating environment, manufacturing process parameters (e.g., voltage, gas flow mix, gas flow rate, pressure, etc.) are generally configured for a particular plasma processing system and a specific recipe. 
     In a common substrate manufacturing method, known as dual damascene, dielectric layers are electrically connected by a conductive plug filling a via hole. Generally, an opening is formed in a dielectric layer, usually lined with a barrier material (e.g., SiCN, SiC, SiON, Si 3 N 4 , etc.), and then subsequently filled with a conductive material (e.g., aluminum (Al), copper (Cu), etc.) that allows electrical contact between two sets of conductive patterns, thereby establishing electrical contact between two active regions on the substrate, such as a source/drain region. Excess conductive material on the surface of the dielectric layer is typically removed by chemical mechanical polishing (CMP). A blanket layer of silicon nitride is then deposited to cap the copper. 
     There are generally two commonly utilized approaches for manufacturing dual damascene substrates: via-first and trench-first. In one example of the via-first methodology, the substrate is first coated with photoresist, and then the vias are lithographically patterned. Next, an anisotropic etch cuts through the surface cap material, etches down through the low-k layer of the substrate, and stops on the barrier material, just above the underlying metal layer. Next, the via photoresist layer is stripped, the trench photoresist applied, and lithographically patterned. Typically, some of the photoresist may remain in the bottom of the via, or the via may be covered by an organic ARC plug, in order to prevent the lower portion via from being over-etched during the trench etch process. A second anisotropic etch then cuts through the surface cap material and etches the low-k material down to a desired depth. The second anisotropic etch forms the trench. The photoresist is then stripped, and the barrier material at the bottom of the via is opened with a very soft, low-energy etch that will not cause the underlying copper to sputter into the via. As described above, the trench and via are filled with a conductive material (e.g., aluminum (Al), Copper (Cu), etc.) and polished by chemical mechanical polishing (CMP). 
     An alternate methodology is trench-first. In one example, the substrate is coated with photoresist, and a trench lithographic pattern is applied. An anisotropic dry etch then cuts through a surface hard mask (e.g., SiCN, SiC, SiON, Si 3 N 4 , etc.) followed by stripping the photoresist. Another photoresist is applied over a trench hard mask, and then the vias are lithographically patterned. A second anisotropic etch then cuts through a cap layer and partially etches down into the low-k material. The second anisotropic etch forms partial vias. The photoresist is then stripped for trench etch over the vias with the trench hard mask. The trench etch then cuts through the cap layer and partially etches the low-k material down to desired depth. The second anisotropic etch also clears via holes at the same time, stopping on the final barrier material located at the bottom of the via. The final barrier material may then be opened with a special etch. 
     For example, a common via—first process generally may involve alternating between etch and deposition processes, performed on different plasma processing systems. To facilitate discussion,  FIG. 2  illustrates a partially simplified set of example prior-art dual-damascene process steps, in which an idealized cross-sectional view of a layer stack is shown. In the discussions that follow, terms such as “above” and “below,” which may be employed herein to discuss the spatial relationship among the layers, may, but need not always, denote a direct contact between the layers involved. It should be noted that other additional layers above, below, or between the layers shown may be present. Further, not all of the shown layers need necessarily be present and some or all may be substituted by other different layers. 
     A partially etched substrate is shown at step (a). At the bottom of the layer stack, there is shown a metal layer  210 , commonly aluminum or copper. Above the first metal layer is commonly metal barrier layer  212  (e.g., SiCN, SiC, SiON, Si 3 N 4 , etc.) that is commonly about 500 Å in thickness. Metal barrier layer  212  generally provides an etch stop when etching the low-k material immediately above. Above the metal barrier layer  212 , there may be disposed an intermediate dielectric (IMD) layer  214  formed of a low-k material, e.g., one of SiCN, SiOC, BLACK DIAMOND™ supplied by Applied Materials, Inc. (www.appliedmaterials.com), CORAL™ supplied by Novellus Systems, inc. (www.novellus.com), TEOS, etc., that is commonly about 3.2 kÅ in thickness. Above the IMD layer  214 , there may be placed a cap layer  216  (e.g., SiCN, SiOC, BLACK DIAMOND™, CORAL™, TEOS, etc.) that is commonly about 500 Å in thickness. Above cap layer  216 , there may be disposed a trench mask layer  218  (e.g., TiN, SiN, TaN, etc.) that is commonly about 300 Å. Above trench mask layer  218  may be another barrier layer  220  (e.g. PEOX, etc.) that is commonly about 300 Å. Above barrier layer  220  may be a BARC layer  222  that is commonly about 1.1 kÅ. Finally above BARC layer  222  is photoresist layer  224 , patterned with via  226 , and is commonly about 2.8 kÅ in thickness. 
     The substrate is transferred to a plasma processing etch chamber  202  (e.g., Lam Research 2300 Exelan™, etc.). At step (b), via  226  is etched down to metal barrier layer  212 . At step (c), photoresist layer  224  and BARC layer  222  are removed (stripped). The substrate is then transferred to a cleaning chamber (not shown) and then to a photoresist deposition chamber  204 . In general, the substrate must be cleaned when transported transport between manufacturing stations. 
     During the etch process, it is not uncommon for polymer byproducts to form on the top and bottom of a substrate. In general, polymers that form on the substrate during the etch process are organic and may be composed of Carbon (C), Oxygen (O), Nitrogen (N), and/or Fluorine (F). However, as successive polymer layers are deposited as the result of several different etch processes, organic bonds that are normally strong and adhesive will eventually weaken and peel or flake off, often onto another substrate during transport. For example, substrates are commonly moved in sets between plasma processing systems via substantially clean containers, often called cassettes. As a higher positioned substrate is repositioned in the container, a portion of a polymer layer may fall on a lower substrate where dies are present, potentially affecting device yield. Hence, it is advantageous to minimize the number of times a substrate must be transported. 
     In general, the substrates are chemically cleaned using a combination of wet and dry processes. Wet processes generally involve placing the substrate in a tank (e.g., quartz, plastic, etc.) or on a spinning turntable, with a combination of solvents and acids (e.g., H 2 SO 4 , H 2 O 2 , NH 4 OH, HF, etc.) in order to remove organic and inorganic contaminant residues, respectively, and is usually followed by deionized (DI) water rinse and spine dry processes. Frequently, megasonics is utilized to enhance the cleaning efficiency of wet cleaning processes. Megasonics refers to a transducer mounted in the bottom of the tank that generates high power acoustic energy waves. This additional energy generally aids in removing particles from the substrate surface. Common examples of substrate spin process platforms with megasonic functionality include products supplied by SEZ Holding Ltd. (www.sez.com), Akrion, inc. (www.akrion.com), and Semitool, inc. (www.semitool.com). 
     For example, a common cleaning method called SC-1 (Standard Clean Solution #1) includes placing the substrate in a tank (e.g., quartz, plastic, etc.) or on a spinning turntable with a mixture of ammonium hydroxide (NH 4 OH), hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ), and DI water (H 2 O). A typical concentration ratio for the mix is 1:1:5 for NH 4 OH:H 2 O 2 :H 2 O, although recently ratios as low as 0.05:1:5 have been utilized for better cleaning performance. SC-1 may be effective at removing organic contaminants from the surface of the substrate by continually oxidizing and then etching the surface of the substrate, thereby dissolving the contaminants into solution. It is typically operated in the temperature range of 50-70° C. 
     Another commonly utilized cleaning method called SC-2 (Standard Clean Solution #2) includes placing the substrate in a quartz or plastic tank with a mixture of hydrochloric acid (HCl), hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ), and DI water (H 2 O). A typical concentration ratio for the mix is 1:1:5 for HCl:H 2 O 2 :H 2 O. In general, SC-2 solution is optimized for removing metal contaminants from the substrate surface, and usually follows the SC-1. Like the SC-1, it removes metals by continually oxidizing and then etching the surface of the wafer, thereby dissolving the contaminants into solution. It is typically operated in the temperature range of 50-70° C. 
     In addition, dry cleaning methods are also utilized. In general, dry cleaning is the process of removing contaminants from the substrate surface in the gas-phase. Removal of contaminants may be driven by either conversion of contaminant into volatile compound through chemical reaction, “knocking” the contaminant off the substrate surface via momentum transfer, or lift-off of the contaminant during slight etching of contaminated surface. 
     After the substrate is cleaned, it is transported to photoresist deposition chamber  204 . In general, the substrate is placed on a spindle with a vacuum chuck that can hold the substrate during a high-speed rotation. Liquid photoresist is applied on the substrate surface, and the centrifugal force from the substrate rotation spreads the liquid over the whole substrate. The photoresist thickness is related to both viscosity and spin rate. That is, the greater the viscosity, the thicker the photoresist layer, whereas the greater the spin rate, the thinner the photoresist layer. The photoresist layer is then baked and exposed to UV radiation in order to convert it into a tough adhesive film over the surface of the substrate. 
     The substrate is then transferred to another plasma processing etch chamber  206 . Generally, the photoresist is partially etched, leaving only a portion in via  226  to prepare the substrate for the subsequently metal barrier layer  212  etch. In a process commonly known as PREB (photoresist etch back), an O 2  chemistry is commonly utilized in order to etch the photoresist back to a particular level. Here, that level is a point between the top and bottom of the via. Consequently, in order to prevent all of the photoresist from being removed, as would commonly be the case after a typical etch procedure is completed, the photoresist removal process must generally be attenuated. 
     One method of attenuating O 2  chemistry, and hence controlling etch rate, may be the addition of a substantial amount of inert gases to the gas mixture. That is, as the volume of inert gas, such as argon, increases in the plasma processing chamber, a greater number of oxygen ions may collide and exchange energy with the inert gas molecules, absorbing thermal energy away from the substrate surface and hence reducing the photoresist etch rate. 
     Another method of attenuating O 2  chemistry may be to pre-coat the plasma processing chamber with a material that has an affinity to the etchant in order to reduce the effective amount of etchant radicals in the plasma, and thus optimize the photoresist etch rate. For example, pre-coating the chamber with Cl 2  may reduce the effective amount of oxygen radicals in the plasma that are available to etch the photoresist. In general, the greater the amount of pre-coat material, the fewer the number of available oxygen radicals available to the etching process. 
     However, the plasma processing chamber utilized for PREB may not be optimized for multiple consecutive process steps (e.g., PREB, trench etch, photoresist strip, etc.) that may require different process chemistries and chamber conditions. For example, in a typical etch chamber, it may be difficult to optimize the distribution of O 2,  in combination with the inert gases, across the surface of the substrate. However, as the plasma etches away the photoresist, areas on the substrate with a higher topography take longer to etch than areas with lower topography, creating non-uniform photo resist profiles among the trenches or vias as the case may be. In addition, the outer edge of the substrate may collect more electrons than the center (hence increasing the corresponding etch rate) since the edge is closer to the plasma potential. Hence it may be advantageous to asymmetrically distribute O 2  across the surface of the substrate to insure a substantially uniform etch rate. 
     In addition, it is important to maintain substantially clean chamber conditions to minimize chamber memory effects and to maintain repeatable results between successive substrates. Since fully removing PREB contaminant deposits may be time consuming in many plasma processing systems, the plasma processing chamber is generally cleaned only when particle contamination levels reach unacceptable levels. However, it is often difficult to determine exactly when process conditions change beyond established parameters. There is generally no effective way to determine if a plasma process has moved outside of established parameters in-situ, without first initially processing and then subsequently testing partially manufacturing substrates. That is, after a batch of substrates has been processed, a sample substrate is removed from the batch and tested. Hence, in order to maximize the length of time between required cleanings, a dedicated plasma processing chamber is often preferred for a PREB process. Often, in order to maximize capital investment, older machines may be dedicated to specific tasks or processes, such as PREB. 
     After the PREB process is completed, the substrate may again be cleaned (not shown) as previously described, then transported to a plasma etch chamber  208  where barrier layer  220  (e.g. PEOX, etc.) may be removed, and metal barrier layer  212  may be etched. Initially, at step (f), barrier layer  220  is removed. In general, the remaining photoresist  228  after the previous PREB step shields metal barrier layer  212  from the plasma as barrier  220  is removed. That is, a portion of photoresist  228  is etched instead of metal barrier layer  212  etched. Next, in step (g), the remaining photoresist is removed (stripped) as previously described. Finally, metal barrier layer  212  is etched. In general, a liner removal process (LRM) may be utilized to etch metal barrier layer  212 . 
     However, it is often advantageous in the processing of a substrate to combine as many steps as processing during a single processing session (i.e., in-situ) in order to minimize the handling of each substrate, and hence to improve yield, to improve the overall production throughput, to help minimize the amount of plasma processing chambers required, and to minimize substrate defects caused during substrate transport. 
     SUMMARY 
     An embodiment of the present invention relates to a plasma processing system for processing a substrate. The plasma processing system may include a gas distribution system. The plasma processing system may also include a gas flow control assembly coupled to the gas distribution system and configured to control a set of input gases provided by the gas distribution system. The plasma processing system may further include a first set of nozzles coupled to the gas flow control assembly and configured to supply a first set of gases for processing a first portion of the substrate. The plasma processing system may further include a second set of nozzles coupled to the gas flow control assembly and configured to supply a second set of gases for processing a second portion of the substrate. The first set of gases may represent a first portion of the set of input gases, and the second set of gases may represent a second portion of the set of input gases. A flow rate of the first set of gases may be different from a flow rate of the second set of gases. 
     The above summary relates to only one of the many embodiments of the invention disclosed herein and is not intended to limit the scope of the invention, which is set forth in the claims herein. These and other features of the present invention will be described in more detail below in the detailed description of the invention and in conjunction with the following figures. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       The present invention is illustrated by way of example, and not by way of limitation, in the figures of the accompanying drawings and in which like reference numerals refer to similar elements and in which: 
         FIG. 1  shows a simplified diagram of a capacitively coupled plasma processing system. 
         FIG. 2  shows a partial simplified set of example prior-art dual-damascene process steps, in which an idealized cross-sectional view of the layer stack is shown. 
         FIG. 3  shows a partial simplified set of dual-damascene process steps in which a PREB processing step has been combined with a metal layer barrier etch processing step in an enhanced plasma processing chamber, according to one or more embodiments of the invention. 
         FIG. 4  shows a simplified diagram of an enhanced capacitively coupled plasma processing system with a top electrode temperature control system and differential plasma gas injection, according to one or more embodiments of the invention. 
         FIG. 5  shows a simplified cross-sectional view of the temperature control system of  FIG. 4 , according to one or more embodiments of the invention; 
         FIG. 6  shows a partial magnified cross-sectional representation of the temperature control system of  FIG. 5 , according to one or more embodiments of the invention. 
         FIG. 7  shows an illustrative top view representation of a temperature control device, according to one or more embodiments of the present invention. 
         FIG. 8  shows a simplified diagram of a gas flow control assembly for a multi-zone showerhead/grounded electrode in a plasma processing system, according to one or more embodiments of the invention. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     The present invention will now be described in detail with reference to a few preferred embodiments thereof as illustrated in the accompanying drawings. In the following description, numerous specific details are set forth in order to provide a thorough understanding of the present invention. It will be apparent, however, to one skilled in the art, that the present invention may be practiced without some or all of these specific details. In other instances, well known process steps and/or structures have not been described in detail in order to not unnecessarily obscure the present invention. 
     While not wishing to be bound by theory, it is believed by the inventors herein that a PREB processing step may be combined with a metal layer barrier etch processing step in an enhanced a plasma processing chamber. In an embodiment, the enhanced plasma processing chamber may be part of the Lam Research 2300 Exelan™ Flex plasma processing system supplied by Lam Research Corporation (www.lamrc.com). 
     As previously described, PREB processing generally uses attenuated O 2  chemistry in order to etch the photoresist back to a particular level. For example, a substantial amount of inert gases may be added to the gas mixture in order to reduce the etch rate. In addition, the plasma processing chamber may be pre-coated with a material that has an affinity to the etchant in order to reduce the effective amount of etchant radicals in the plasma, and thus optimize the etch rate. For example, pre-coating the chamber with a material to which oxygen has an affinity, such as Cl 2 , will reduce the effective amount of oxygen radicals in the plasma that are available to etch the photoresist. In general, the greater the amount of pre-coat material, the fewer the number of available oxygen radicals available to the etching process. Conventionally, a dedicated plasma processing chamber may generally be utilized because of contamination or process control concerns. 
     In an advantageous manner, an enhanced plasma processing system may be configured with at least one of a top electrode temperature control system and differential plasma gas injection in order to both attenuate the O 2  etch process and to minimize contamination. 
     In an embodiment, the enhanced plasma processing system may execute a waferless auto clean process in order to substantially remove PREB contaminants, allowing process conditions to remain within established parameters during successive processing steps of a substrate. In addition, since the enhanced plasma processing system substantially removes most of the PREB contaminants, the required time between chamber cleanings is substantially maintained or improved. 
     One or more embodiments of the present invention involve a plasma processing system for processing a substrate. The plasma processing system may include a gas distribution system (i.e. a gas supply). The plasma processing system may also include a gas flow control assembly coupled to the gas distribution system and configured to control a set of input gases supplied by the gas distribution system. The set of input gases includes at least one gas. The plasma processing system may further include a first set of nozzles coupled to the gas flow control assembly and configured to supply a first set of gases for processing a first portion of the substrate. The first set of gases may represent a first portion of the set of input gases. The plasma processing system may further include a second set of nozzles coupled to the gas flow control assembly and configured to supply a second set of gases for processing a second portion of the substrate. The second set of gases may represent a second portion of the set of input gases. A flow rate of the first set of gases may be different from a flow rate of the second set of gases. 
     In one or more embodiments, the first portion of the substrate may represent a center zone of the substrate, the second portion of the substrate may represent an edge zone of the substrate, and the flow rate of the first set of gases may be higher than the flow rate of the second set of gases. 
     In one or more embodiments, the plasma processing system may further include a temperature control system coupled to an upper chamber of the plasma processing system. The temperature control system including a heating unit configured to heat an electrode disposed inside the upper chamber. 
     With the electrode being heated during processing the substrate, the amount of contaminants (e.g., polymer byproducts) that attach to the substrate, the electrode, and walls of the plasma processing chamber may be effectively reduced, and therefore the amount of contaminants that are evacuated by a pump may be effectively increased. Accordingly, contamination of substrates positioned under the substrate may be reduced, and therefore time, efforts, and costs associated with cleaning substrates may be reduced. Further, contamination of the electrode may be reduced, and therefore the frequency of replacing or cleaning electrodes and associated costs may be reduced. The electrode may represent a showerhead. Further, contamination of the plasma processing chamber may be reduced, and therefore the substrate may be processed with more process steps in the same plasma processing chamber without being moved to a different plasma processing chamber. Advantageously, productivity and efficiency may be improved, and costs may be reduced in processing substrates. 
     One or more embodiments of the present invention involve a method for processing a substrate that includes a barrier layer and deposited photoresist. The method may include supplying and ionizing a first set of gases to partially etch the deposited photoresist at a first portion of the substrate in a plasma processing chamber. The method may also include supplying and ionizing a second set of gases to partially etch the deposited photoresist at a second portion of the substrate in the plasma processing chamber. The method may further include removing the barrier layer in the same plasma processing chamber. 
     In one or more embodiments, the method may further include heating an electrode of the plasma processing system. The electrode may represent a showerhead for delivering at least one of the first set of gases and the second set of gases into the plasma processing chamber. 
     One or more embodiments of the present invention involve a method for processing a substrate in a plasma processing system. The method includes heating an electrode of the plasma processing system to reduce a processing rate of the substrate. 
     The features and advantages of the present invention may be better understood with reference to the figures and discussions that follow. 
     Referring now to  FIG. 3 , a partial simplified set of dual-damascene process steps is shown, in which a PREB processing step has been combined with a metal layer barrier etch processing step in an enhanced plasma processing chamber, according to one or more embodiments of the invention. 
     A partially etched substrate is shown at step (a). At the bottom of the layer stack, there is shown a metal layer  310 , commonly aluminum or copper. Above the first metal layer is commonly metal barrier layer  312  (e.g., SiCN, SiC, SiON, Si 3 N 4 , etc.) that is commonly about 500 Å in thickness. Above the metal barrier layer  312 , there may be disposed an intermediate dielectric (IMD) layer  314  that is formed of a material comprising a low-k material (e.g., SiCN, SiOC, BLACK DIAMOND™, CORAL™, TEOS, etc.) and is commonly about 3.2 kÅ in thickness. Above the IMD layer  314 , there may be placed a cap layer  316  (e.g., SiCN, SiOC, BLACK DIAMOND™, CORAL™, TEOS, etc.) that is commonly about 500 Å in thickness. Above cap layer  316 , there may be disposed a trench mask layer  318  (e.g., TiN, SiN, TaN, etc.) that is commonly about 300 Å. Above trench mask layer  318  may be another barrier layer  320  (e.g. PEOX, etc.) that is commonly about 300 Å. Above barrier layer  320  may be a BARC layer  322  that is commonly about 1.1 kÅ. Finally above BARC layer  322  may be photoresist layer  324 , patterned with via  326 , and is commonly about 2.8 kÅ in thickness. 
     The substrate is transferred to a plasma processing etch chamber  302  (e.g., Lam Research 2300 EXELAN™, etc. supplied by Lam Research Corporation). At step (b), via  326  is etched down to metal barrier layer  312 . At step (c), photoresist layer  324  and BARC layer  322  are removed. The substrate is then transferred to a cleaning chamber (not shown) and then to a photoresist deposition chamber  304 . The substrate may be cleaned when being transported between manufacturing stations. In general, the substrates may be chemically cleaned using one or more of wet and dry processes (e.g., SC-1, SC-2, megasonics, dry cleaning, etc.) or a combination thereof. After the substrate is cleaned, it is transported to photoresist deposition chamber  304 . 
     However, unlike prior-art methods, the substrate may then be transferred to an enhanced plasma processing chamber  308  in order to execute both the PREB processing step at step (e) and the metal layer barrier etch processing step at step (f), without an additional cleaning step before step (f). At step (e), the PREB process, photoresist  328  is partially removed, leaving only a portion in via  326  in order to prepare the substrate for the subsequently metal barrier layer  312 . In one or more embodiments, at step (e), enhanced plasma processing chamber  308  is heated such that a substantial amount of contaminants (e.g., polymer byproducts) produced at step (e) are evacuated by a pump coupled to plasma processing chamber  308  without contaminating plasma processing chamber  308 . Accordingly, plasma processing chamber  308  may be in a desirable condition for step (f), and the substrate may not need to be transferred to a different plasma processing chamber. After the PREB process is completed, barrier layer  320  is removed at step (f) in the same enhanced plasma processing chamber  308 . Next, in step (g), the remaining photoresist is removed as previously described. Finally, metal barrier layer  312  is etched at step (h). 
     Referring now to  FIG. 4 , a simplified diagram of an enhanced capacitively coupled plasma processing system with a top electrode temperature control system and differential plasma gas injection is shown, according to one or more embodiments of the invention. The enhanced plasma processing chamber may comprise a bottom piece  450  located in the lower chamber, and a detachable top piece  452  and a temperature control system  453  at least partially located in top piece  452 . 
     In one or more embodiments, temperature control system  453  may include a heating unit and a cooling unit (or a heating and cooling unit) and may be coupled to an upper chamber  482  of the plasma processing system. The heating and cooling unit may serve to transport heat into or away from upper chamber  282  through the same thermal interface. In one or more embodiments, temperature control system  453  may include a heating and cooling unit that is coupled via a latching mechanism to an outer surface of upper chamber  482 . In one or more embodiments, the latching mechanism may include a clamp assembly. In one or more embodiments, the clamp assembly is integrated directly into the heating and cooling unit. 
     In one or more embodiments, a first RF generator  434  (source RF generator  434 ) generates the plasma as well as controls the plasma density, while a second RF generator  438  (bias RF generator  438 ) generates bias RF and is commonly utilized to control the DC bias and the ion bombardment energy. A matching network  436  may be coupled to source RF generator  434  and to bias RF generator  438  and may be configured to match the impedances of the RF power sources to that of plasma  440 . Furthermore, pump  411  may be utilized to evacuate the ambient atmosphere from plasma processing chamber  402  in order to achieve the required pressure to sustain plasma  440 . Pump  411  also may be configured to evacuate contaminants from plasma processing chamber  402 . 
     In one or more embodiments, an appropriate set of gases is flowed into chamber  402  from gas distribution system  422  to shut off valve  423  located in the lower chamber. Unlike commonly configured plasma processing chambers, showerhead/grounded electrode  409  may comprise different sets or zones of independently controlled nozzles (e.g., in order to optimize the substrate uniformity). Showerhead/grounded electrode  409  may be connected to a gas flow control assembly  425 , which may be located near upper chamber  482  and which may be coupled to shut off valve  423 . 
     In one or more embodiments, the zones on a multi-zone showerhead/grounded electrode comprise a center set of nozzles principally introducing a first set of plasma gases (process gases) into the center of the plasma for etching a first zone (e.g., center zone) of substrate  444 , and an edge set of nozzles principally injecting a second set of plasma gases (process gases) into the remaining part of the plasma for etching a second zone (e.g., edge zone) of substrate  444 . Advantageously, the flow rates of the first set of plasma gases and the second set of plasma gases may be controlled such that substrate  444  may be etched in a uniform manner. The flow rates may be different. In one or more embodiments, the flow rate of the first set of plasma gases may be higher than the flow rate of the second set of plasma gases. 
     In one or more embodiments, gas flow control assembly  425 , comprising one or more of stainless steel conduits, valves, bypasses, and flow restrictions, provides the necessary gas flow adjustments at showerhead/grounded electrode  409 . These plasma gases may be subsequently ionized to form a plasma  440 , in order to process (e.g., etch or deposition) exposed areas of substrate  444 , such as a semiconductor substrate or a glass pane, positioned with edge ring  445  on an electrostatic chuck  416 , which also serves as a powered electrode. 
     One or more of the first set of plasma gases and the second set of plasma gases may include one or more of oxygen and inert gas. In an advantageous manner, heating the top electrode (showerhead/grounded electrode  409 ) may excite the plasma gases, increasing the number of collisions between oxygen ions and inert gas molecules potentially reducing the photoresist etch rate. Alternatively or additionally, referring to  FIG. 4 , heating showerhead/grounded electrode  409  may reduce the amount of contaminants that attach to one or more of substrate  444 , showerhead/grounded electrode  409 , top piece  452 , bottom piece  450 , and electrostatic chuck  416 . Accordingly, a substantial amount of contaminants may be evacuated from plasma processing chamber  402  by pump  411 . 
     Referring now to  FIG. 5 , a simplified cross-sectional view of temperature control system  453  of  FIG. 4  is shown, according to one or more embodiments of the invention. A cooling channel  502  is formed in thermally conductive body  506  to house cooling conduit  504 . Cooling channel  502  is a single circuitous channel having a path that doubles back on itself in order to average thermal loads over thermal body  506 . In this manner, warping of thermally conductive body  506  may be reduced. Cooling conduit  504  may carry a fluidic medium selected to efficiently conduct thermal energy away from upper chamber. Any number of cooling fluids may be utilized in accordance with the present invention. In one embodiment, water is utilized as the fluidic medium. Cooling conduit  504  may be attached with thermally conductive body  506  in any of a number of manners known in the art. In some embodiments, where more efficient cooling is required, cooling conduit  504  may be secured in the cooling channel  502  with a thermally conductive material such as a polymer resin for example. 
     Referring now to  FIG. 6 , a partial magnified cross-sectional representation of temperature control system  453  of  FIG. 5  is shown, according to one or more embodiments of the invention. In one or more embodiments of the present invention, a thermally conductive material  644  comprises one or more thermal interface layer. Thermally conductive material  644  may be utilized to improve the metal to metal contact between surfaces—in this example, between an upper chamber sidewall  612  and a dissipation band  648 . In one or more embodiments, thermally conductive material  644  may include a thermal pad. In one or more embodiments, thermally conductive material  644  may include thermal grease. Dissipation band  648  may comprise one or more thermal interface layers. In general, dissipation band  648  functions to distribute thermal loads evenly over the surface of thermally conductive body  506 . The dissipation of thermal loads by dissipation band  648  differs from conduction of thermal loads by thermally conductive material  644  in that dissipation is substantially radial with respect to interface layer surfaces whereas conduction is substantially perpendicular with respect to interface layer surfaces. Dissipation band  648  may be formed of material chosen from any of a number of suitable thermally dissipative materials well-known in the art. In one or more embodiments, dissipation band  648  is made of series 6000 aluminum. 
     A heater layer  650  also may comprise one or more thermal interface layers. In one embodiment, heater layer  650  may be a KAPTON® etched foil heater. The capacity of the heater is selected based upon the process demand parameters. Thermal barrier layer  652  also may comprise one or more thermal interface layers. A final layer (not shown) may be bonded to an outer surface of the thermally conductive body  506 . This final layer, in some embodiments, is a thermal arrestor. A thermal arrestor may insulate a thermal control device from ambient temperature changes thus resulting in better process control of the device. Each of the layers discussed may be bonded to each other using any thermally conductive adhesive well known in the art. In some embodiments, double sided thermal adhesive tape such as THERMATTACH® T412 from Chomerics (www.chomerics.com, a division of Parker Hannifin Corporation) may be utilized. Those skilled in the art will recognize that the layers illustrated may not be scale representations of actual embodiments. Rather, the layers are for illustrative purposes only. Material selection and design constraints will dictate layer sizing. 
     Referring to  FIG. 7 , an illustrative top view representation of temperature control device  453  is shown, according to one or more embodiments of the present invention. In one or more embodiments of the present invention, control device  453  may be characterized by its circular configuration. Mounting blocks  732  may be attached with each end of thermally conductive body  506 . Mounting blocks  732  may serve multiple functions. First, mounting blocks  732  may serve as attachment points for a clamping system  728  to secure temperature control device  453  to an upper chamber of a plasma processing apparatus. Clamping may be accomplished in any manner commonly known in the art. 
     In one or more embodiments, mounting blocks  732  may serve as attachment points for one or more of an inlet  720  and an outlet  724  of cooling conduit  502  (shown in  FIG. 5 ). At least one inlet  720  and one outlet  724  may be mounted on either of mounting blocks  732 . Any number of suitable fittings well known in the art may be utilized as attachment points for the cooling conduit. Handles  716  may be provided to assist in the handling of temperature control device  453 . Handles  716  may be thermally isolated from temperature control device  453  so as to reduce or eliminate thermal noise in the system. Additional handles may be added as required without departing from the present invention. A temperature sensing device is shown at  704 . Temperature sensing device  704  may be utilized to interlock a plasma control system in the event of an over-temperature condition. In one embodiment, a resistance temperature detector (RTD) may be utilized to sense temperature. A heater attachment point  708  may be connected with thermally conductive body  506 . Heater attachment point  708  may provide stress relief for heater layer and convenient access to the heater embedded in temperature control device  453 . Ideally, heater attachment point  708  is thermally isolated from temperature control device  453  so as not to introduce thermal noise into the system. 
     Benefits of heating the top electrode include increasing the number of collisions between oxygen ions and inert gas molecules in order to potentially reduce the photoresist etch rate. 
     Referring now to  FIG. 8 , a simplified diagram of a gas flow control assembly  425  (as shown in  FIG. 4 ) for a multi-zone showerhead/grounded electrode in a plasma processing system is shown, according to one or more embodiments of the invention. In an advantageous manner, the flow of a plasma gas may be individually adjusted between the center and the edge of the substrate. Generally, an appropriate set of gases is flowed into a plasma processing chamber (not shown) from gas distribution system  422  through gas flow control assembly  425  to showerhead/grounded electrode  409  located in the top piece  452 . Showerhead/grounded electrode  409  may comprise a set of independently controlled nozzles, a first set in a center zone and a second set in a perimeter or edge zone. These plasma processing gases may be subsequently ionized to form a plasma (not shown), in order to process exposed areas of a substrate (not shown). 
     Gas distribution system  422  may be coupled at junction A to main shut off valve  802  located in the lower chamber, which may in turn be coupled via junction B through conduit  808   a  to lower-to-upper chamber interface  807 . Lower-to-upper chamber interface  807  may allow top piece  450  (located in the upper chamber) to be safely removed from bottom piece  452  (located in the lower chamber) for cleaning and maintenance without damaging gas flow control assembly  425  and gas distribution system  422 . 
     Lower-to-upper chamber interface  807  may be coupled to junction C that forks between a conduit  816 , a bypass conduit  810  coupled to edge control valve  806  (second control valve  806 ) at junction F, and a bypass conduit  812  coupled to center control valve  804  (first control valve  804 ) at junction D. Conduit  816  is further coupled at junction  1  to restricted flow conduit  880  and restricted flow conduit  822 . 
     If edge control valve  806  and center control valve  804  are both closed, the plasma gas flow to both zones of showerhead/grounded electrode  409  may be substantially restricted. Opening one of the valves may tend to increase the plasma gas flow to the corresponding zone, whereas opening both of the valves may tend to substantially equalize the plasma gas flow between both zones. 
     Edge control valve  806  may be coupled to variable flow conduit  818  at junction G, which may in turn be coupled to the previously mentioned restricted flow conduit  880  at junction J. Likewise, center control valve  804  may be coupled to variable flow conduit  814  at junction E, which may in turn be coupled to the previously mentioned restricted flow conduit  822  at junction H. 
     Edge conduit  884  may be coupled, at junction K, to showerhead/grounded electrode  409 , while center conduit  886  may be coupled at, junction L, to showerhead/grounded electrode  409 , which feed gases into the plasma processing chamber (not shown). 
     Benefits of the gas flow control assembly include the ability to asymmetrically distribute O 2  across the surface of the substrate to insure a substantially uniform etch rate. 
     As can be appreciated from the foregoing, embodiments of the present invention may improve uniformity in processing substrates, thereby advantageously increasing yield. Further, embodiments of the present invention may reduce cleaning requirements and frequencies for substrates and plasma processing chambers, thereby increasing productivity and reducing costs. Further, in one or more embodiments, more processing steps, such as PREB and barrier layer removal, may be performed in the same plasma processing chamber without transporting the substrates to a different plasma processing chamber. Accordingly, the frequency of transporting the substrates is reduced. As a result, the likelihood of substrate contamination may be substantially reduced, and the processing may be substantially simplified. Advantageously, the yield may be further increased, the productivity may be further increased, and the costs may be further reduced. 
       100751  While this invention has been described in terms of several preferred embodiments, there are alterations, permutations, and equivalents which fall within the scope of this invention. For example, although the present invention has been described in connection with plasma processing systems from Lam Research Corp. (e.g., EXELAN™, EXELAN™ HP, EXELAN™ HPT, 2300 VERSYS™ STAR, etc.), other plasma processing systems may be utilized. This invention may also be utilized with substrates of various diameters (e.g., 200 mm, 300 mm, etc.). Also, photoresist plasma etchants comprising gases other than oxygen may be utilized. It should also be noted that there are many alternative ways of implementing the methods of the present invention. Furthermore, embodiments of the present invention may find utility in other applications. For example, although etching processes are discussed as examples, embodiments of the present invention may be applied in deposition processes. The abstract section is provided herein for convenience and, due to word count limitation, is accordingly written for reading convenience and should not be employed to limit the scope of the claims. It is therefore intended that the following appended claims be interpreted as including all such alterations, permutations, and equivalents as fall within the true spirit and scope of the present invention.