Patent Publication Number: US-2022229053-A1

Title: Interferometer optic material and related methods

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     The present application claims priority to U.S. Provisional Application No. 63/138,824 filed Jan. 19, 2021, the content of which is incorporated herein in its entirety. 
    
    
     BACKGROUND 
     Pathological and chemical contamination is a problem for all industries. With an increase in understanding of global pandemics, public awareness of the presence of pathogens and harmful chemicals in, on, or around the body of mammals have become grave concerns. There also exists a need for high throughput, efficient in vitro diagnostic systems that can provide medical professionals and members of the public with information pertaining to qualitative and quantitative detection data for a variety of pathogens in a single test sample. The ability to do this through cost effective, scalable, and efficient interferometric methods have been elusive. This novel approach addresses these issues while ensuring that the optic material can be deployed and manufactured. 
     SUMMARY 
     An interferometric chip is provided. The interferometric chip includes a substrate having one or more waveguide channels having a sensing layer thereon, the sensing layer adapted to bind or otherwise be selectively disturbed by one or more analytes. According to one embodiment, the interferometric chip includes at least two waveguide channels coated with the sensing layer and at least two waveguide channels not coated with the sensing layer. According to one embodiment, the interferometric chip includes a blocking coating. According to one embodiment, the interferometric chip includes a marker such as a colorant, a cut edge, an etching, an affixed label, and any combination thereof. According to one embodiment, the substrate includes or is manufactured from at least one optical material. According to one embodiment, the sensing layer includes one or more proteins, enzymes, aptamers, peptides, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, lipids, or monomers and polymers, or whole cell microorganisms suitable for binding one or more analytes. According to one embodiment, the one or more waveguide channels each include a different sensing layer to allow the system to detect different analytes on each waveguide flow channel. According to one embodiment, the one or more waveguide flow channels exhibits a length of from about 1.0 mm to about 20 mm. According to one embodiment, the one or more waveguide flow channels exhibits a width of from about 0.1 mm to about 0.3 mm. According to one embodiment, the one or more waveguide flow channels exhibits a depth of from about 0.0001 mm to about 0.0010 mm. 
     According to one aspect, a method of manufacturing an interferometric chip is provided. According to one embodiment, the method of manufacturing an interferometric chip includes one or more of the steps of:
         providing a substrate comprising an optical material;   creating one or more waveguide channels on or within the substrate;   coating the one or more waveguide channels with a sensing layer to form an interferometric chip; and   introducing a marker to the chip. According to one embodiment, the marker is a colorant, a cut edge, an etching, an affixed label, and any combination thereof. According to one embodiment, the step of coating the chip with a sensing layer is performed via a technique such as micro-dripping, wick threading, inkjet printing, additive manufacturing, gravure printing, aerosol jet printing, spin-coating, dip-coating, silk screen application, felt marker application, and micro paintbrush application. According to one embodiment, the micro-dripping utilizes one or more micro-pumps and, optionally, one or more nozzles in liquid communication with the one or more micro-pumps. According to one embodiment, the method of manufacturing an interferometric chip includes the step of applying a waveguide channel coating to the one or more waveguide channels. According to one embodiment, the waveguide channel coating includes at least one metal oxide or metal dioxide.       

    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         FIG. 1  illustrates a perspective view of one embodiment of a handheld interferometric system as provided herein. 
         FIG. 2A  illustrates a front view of one embodiment of a handheld interferometric system as provided herein. 
         FIG. 2B  illustrates a rear view of one embodiment of a handheld interferometric system as provided herein. 
         FIG. 3A  illustrates a cross-sectional view of an interferometric chip that may be integrated into a cartridge system as provided herein. 
         FIG. 3B  illustrates a bottom view of a flow cell wafer having a serpentine shaped detection microchannel. 
         FIG. 3C  illustrates a top view of a chip illustrating the movement of an light signal through the chip. 
         FIG. 4  illustrates a side view of one embodiment of an optical assembly typically found in the handheld interferometric system of  FIG. 1 . 
         FIG. 5A  illustrates a cross-sectional view of the optical assembly of  FIG. 4 . 
         FIG. 5B  illustrates an alignment means according to one embodiment. 
         FIG. 5C  illustrates an embodiment of a top view of the optical assembly and alignment means. 
         FIG. 6  illustrates the cross-sectional view of the optical assembly of  FIG. 5A  with one embodiment of a cartridge system inserted in the optical assembly. 
         FIG. 7  illustrates a top view of the optical assembly of  FIG. 5A  with one embodiment of a cartridge system inserted in the optical assembly. 
         FIG. 8A  illustrates a view of the top surface of one embodiment of a single-use cartridge system. 
         FIG. 8B  illustrates a view of the bottom surface of one embodiment of a single-use cartridge system. 
         FIG. 8C  illustrates a view of the back surface of one embodiment of a single-use cartridge system. 
         FIG. 8D  illustrates a view of the front surface of one embodiment of a single-use cartridge system. 
         FIG. 8E  illustrates view of one side surface of one embodiment of a single-use cartridge system. 
         FIG. 8F  illustrates a cross-section view (looking downward) of a one embodiment of a single-use cartridge system along the horizontal line of  FIG. 8E . 
         FIG. 9A  illustrates a view of the top surface of one embodiment of a multi-use cartridge system. 
         FIG. 9B  illustrates a view of the bottom surface of one embodiment of a multi-use cartridge system. 
         FIG. 9C  illustrates a view of the back surface of one embodiment of a multi-use cartridge system. 
         FIG. 9D  illustrates a view of the front surface of one embodiment of a multi-use cartridge system. 
         FIG. 9E  illustrates a side surface view of one embodiment of a multi-use cartridge system. 
         FIG. 9F  illustrates a cross-section view (looking downward) of one embodiment of a multi-use cartridge system along the horizontal line of  FIG. 9E . 
         FIG. 10  illustrates a perspective view of an alternative single-use cartridge system. 
         FIG. 11  illustrates a method of detecting and quantifying the level of analyte in a test sample composition. 
         FIG. 12A  illustrates a quantification and monitoring system for analytes within an aqueous target sample from a rinse sink. 
         FIG. 12B  illustrates a quantification and monitoring system for analytes within an aqueous target sample from a suction line. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     One or more aspects and embodiments may be incorporated in a different embodiment although not specifically described. That is, all aspects and embodiments can be combined in any way or combination. When referring to the compounds disclosed herein, the following terms have the following meanings unless indicated otherwise. The following definitions are meant to clarify, but not limit, the terms defined. If a particular term used herein is not specifically defined, such term should not be considered indefinite. Rather, terms are used within their accepted meanings. 
     Definitions 
     As used herein, the term “portable” refers to the capability of the interferometric systems described herein to be transported or otherwise carried to a target sample location for use according to the methods provided herein. 
     As used herein, the term “chemical” refers to a form of matter, natural or synthetic, having constant chemical composition. 
     As used herein, the term “biological materials” refer to microorganisms, biomarkers, RNA, DNA, antigens or any portion thereof, antibodies or any portion thereof, viruses, viral proteins, metabolites, other proteins, or prions. Biological materials may be beneficial or pathogenic and may be dead or alive. 
     As used herein, the term “analyte” refers to a substance that is detected, identified, measured or any combination thereof by the systems provided herein. The analyte includes any solid, liquid, or gas affecting (positively or negatively) an environment of interest. The analyte can be beneficial or deleterious. The analyte includes, but is not limited to, chemicals as well as biological materials. The analyte may be biological materials or chemical. A chemical analyte may include but is not limited to any pesticides, herbicides (e.g., fluridone), insecticides, plant growth regulators, biocides, nutrients, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB), volatile organic compounds (e.g., benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and xylenes), tetrachloroethylene (PCE), trichloroethylene (TCE), and vinyl chloride (VC)), gasoline, oil, nitrites, or metals. 
     As used herein, the terms “sample” and “target sample” all refer to any substance that may be subject to the methods and systems provided herein. Particularly, these terms refer to any matter (animate or inanimate) where an analyte may be present and capable of being detected, quantified, monitored or a combination thereof. Suitable examples of targets include, but are not limited to, any animate or inanimate surface, soil, food, ambient air, or soil. Targets also include air, surfaces, fluids and mixtures thereof in or from laboratories, healthcare facilities, human skin, hair or bodily fluids (e.g., whole blood, blood serum, saliva, vaginal fluids, semen, mucus, urine, or similar internal fluid), animal skin, hair or bodily fluid (e.g., whole blood, blood serum, saliva, vaginal fluids, semen, mucus, urine, or similar internal fluid), industrial processes, lakes, rivers, and streams. The target also encompasses exhaled breath. 
     As used herein, the term “buffer” refers to a fluid that is intended to carry the target sample. 
     As used herein, the term “test sample composition” refers to the combination of at least one buffer and target sample taken from a particular environment. 
     As used herein, the term “environment” refers to a location where usage of an interferometric system occurs such as locations remote from a centralized laboratory facility. 
     As used herein, the term “communication” refers to the movement of air, liquid, mist, fog, buffer, test sample composition, or other suitable source capable of carrying an analyte throughout or within the cartridge system. The term “communication” may also refer to the movement of electronic signals between components both internal and external to the cartridge systems described herein. 
     As used herein, the term “single-use” refers to the cartridge system being utilized in an interferometric system for a single test or assay before disposal (i.e., not re-used or used for a second time). 
     As used herein, the term “multiple-use” refers to the cartridge system being utilized for more than one test sample composition (e.g., assay) before disposal. 
     As used herein, the term “multiplex” refers to the cartridge system being utilized to detect multiple analytes from one target sample composition. 
     As used herein, the term “pathogen,” “pathological,” “pathological contaminant” and “pathological organism” refer to any bacterium, virus or other microorganism (fungi, protozoa, etc.) that can cause disease for a member of the plant or animal kingdom. 
     As used herein, the term “point of care” refers to the applicability of the systems provided herein to be utilized by a medical professional or other trained user in various environments. The systems provided herein may be used by emergency medical technicians while providing care and transport of patients. 
     As used herein, the term “optical material” refers to substances used to form an interferometric chip provided herein. The optical materials are substantially transparent and suited to manipulate the flow of light by reflecting, absorbing, focusing or splitting an optical beam (e.g., laser beam) used in a Young&#39;s interferometer. 
     “Optional” or “optionally” means that the subsequently described event or circumstance may or may not occur, and that the description includes instances where said event or circumstance occurs and instances where it does not. 
     In order to address the need for faster and more reliable handling of analyte detection and quantification, portable systems and methods are described herein. Particularly, methods and systems are provided herein to address the need to monitor, identify, quantify, and even certify samples with results provided in a fast, sensitive, and accurate manner. The systems as provided herein may be mobile (hand-held) or portable for ease of point of care use in various environments. 
     Optical Interferometry Principles 
     The systems provided include a detector that operates via ultrasensitive, optical waveguide interferometry. The waveguiding and the interferometry techniques are combined to detect, monitor and even measure small changes that occur in an optical beam along a propagation pathway. These changes can result from changes in the length of the beam&#39;s path, a change in the wavelength of the light, a change in the refractive index of the media the beam is traveling through, or any combination of these, as shown in Equation 1. 
       φ=2πLn/λ  Equation 1
 
     According to Equation 1, φ is the phase change, which is directly proportional to the path length, L, and refractive index, n, and inversely proportional to the wavelength (λ) change. According to the systems and methods provided herein, the change in refractive index is used. Optical waveguides are utilized as efficient sensors for detection of refractive index change by probing near the surface region of the sample with an evanescent field. Particularly, the systems provided herein can detect small changes in an interference pattern. 
     According to one embodiment, the waveguide and interferometer act independently or in tandem to focus an interferometric diffraction pattern. According to one embodiment, the waveguide, interferometer, and sensor act independently or two parts in tandem, or collectively to focus an interferometric pattern with or without mirrors or other reflective or focal median. According to one embodiment, the waveguide and interferometer exhibit a coupling angle such that focus is at an optimum angle to allow the system to be compact and suited to be portable and hand-held. 
     Interferometric System Overview 
     The interferometric systems as provided herein are mobile (handheld) and portable for ease of use in various environments. The interferometric systems include a weight and overall dimensions such that user may hold the entire interferometric system comfortably in one hand. According to one embodiment, the entire interferometric system is under three pounds. Thus, the present disclosure provides a lightweight, handheld and easy-to-use interferometric system that can rapidly, precisely, and accurately provide detection and quantification of analytes in a variety of environments. 
     The systems as provided herein provide a high throughput modular design. The systems as provided herein may provide both qualitative and quantitative results from one or more analytes within a test sample composition. Particularly, the systems as provided herein may simultaneously provide detection and quantification of one or more analytes from a target sample. According to one embodiment, both qualitative and quantitative results are provided in real-time or near real time. 
     The interferometric systems provided herein generally include a housing for various detection, analysis and display components. The interferometric system housing includes a rugged, stable, shell or case. The interferometric system housing can withstand hazards of use and cleaning or disinfection procedures of the case surface. The interferometric system housing may be manufactured from a polymer via various techniques such as injection molding or 3D printing. The interferometric system housing may be manufactured to include a coloration that provides the interferometric system housing with a particular color or color scheme. 
     According to one embodiment, the interferometric systems provided herein include components that are sealed, waterproof or water resistant to the outside environment to minimize opportunities for contamination of a target sample. The overall arrangement of components within the interferometric systems minimize harboring of contamination in any hard-to-reach areas allowing for ease of disinfection. 
     The interferometric systems provided herein include a cartridge system. The cartridge systems provided herein include one or more independent or integrated optical waveguide interferometers. The cartridge systems provide efficient test sample composition communication through a microfluidic system mounted on or within the cartridge housing. The cartridge is suitable for one or more analytes to be detected in a single sample in a concurrent, simultaneous, sequential or parallel manner. The cartridge systems provided herein may be utilized to analyze in a multiplex manner. That is, one test sample composition will be tested to determine the presence of multiple analytes at the same time by utilizing a plurality of waveguide channels that interact with the test sample composition. 
     The cartridge systems provided herein are easily removable and disposable allowing for overall quick and efficient use without the risk of cross-contamination from a previous target sample. The cartridge may be safely disposed of after a single use. Disposal after a single use may reduce or eliminate user exposure to biological hazards. According to one embodiment, the cartridge system includes materials that are biodegradable, or recycled materials, to reduce environmental impact. The cartridge system may be cleaned and re-used or otherwise recycled after a single use. 
     The cartridge system as provided herein may be suited for multiple or one-time use. The single-use cartridge system may be manufactured in a manner such that a buffer solution is pre-loaded in the microfluidic system. By providing the buffer solution pre-loaded in the single-use cartridge system, gas bubbles are reduced or otherwise eliminated. After a single use, the entire cartridge system is safely discarded or recycled for later use after cleaning. Put another way, after introduction and detection of a test sample composition, the entire single-use cartridge system is not used again and, instead, discarded. 
     The cartridge systems as provided herein may be suited for multiple uses. According to such an embodiment, the cartridge system may be used one or more times prior to the cartridge system being safely discarded or recycled. The cartridge system may also be cleaned and re-used or otherwise recycled after multiple uses. According to one embodiment, the cartridge system facilitates cleaning and re-tooling to allow the cartridge system to be replenished and returned to operation. 
     According to one embodiment, the interferometric systems as provided herein have an analyte detection limit down to about 10 picogram/ml. According to one embodiment, the systems as provided herein have an analyte detection limit down to about 1.0 picogram/ml. According to one embodiment, the systems as provided herein have an analyte detection limit down to about 0.1 picogram/ml. According to one embodiment, the systems as provided herein have an analyte detection limit down to about 0.01 picogram/ml. 
     According to one embodiment, the interferometric systems as provided herein have an analyte detection limit down to about 3000 plaque forming units per milliliter (pfu/ml). According to one embodiment, the systems as provided herein have an analyte detection limit down to about 2000 pfu/ml. According to one embodiment, the systems as provided herein have an analyte detection limit down to about 1000 pfu/ml. According to one embodiment, the systems as provided herein have an analyte detection limit down to about 500 plaque forming units per milliliter (pfu/ml). According to one embodiment, the systems as provided herein have an analyte detection limit down to about  100  plaque forming units per milliliter (pfu/ml). According to one embodiment, the systems as provided herein have an analyte detection limit down to about 10 plaque forming units per milliliter (pfu/ml). According to one embodiment, the systems as provided herein have an analyte detection limit down to about 1 plaque forming units per milliliter (pfu/ml). According to one embodiment, the systems as provided herein have an analyte detection limit to about 1 plaque forming units per liter (pfu/l). 
     According to one embodiment, the interferometric systems provided herein provide both qualitative and quantitative results at or under 60 minutes after sample introduction to the system. According to one embodiment, both qualitative and quantitative results are provided at or under 30 minutes. According to one embodiment, both qualitative and quantitative results are provided at or under 10 minutes. According to one embodiment, both qualitative and quantitative results are provided at or under 5 minutes. According to one embodiment, both qualitative and quantitative results are provided at or under 2 minutes. According to one embodiment, both qualitative and quantitative results are provided at or under 1 minute. 
     The interferometric systems as provided herein may be powered via alternating current or direct current. The direct current may be provided by a battery such as, for example, one or more lithium or alkaline batteries. The alternating or direct current may be provided by alternative energy sources such as wind or solar. 
     According to one embodiment, the interferometric system is stabilized to address vibrational distortions. The system may be stabilized by various means including mechanical, chemically (fluid float or gel pack), computer-assisted system (electronically), or digitally (e.g., via a camera). In some implementations, the systems provided herein allow for point of use assays that are stable in various conditions, including ambient temperature and humidity as well as extreme heat, cold and humidity. 
     The interferometric systems as provided herein may be equipped with one or more software packages loaded within. The software may be electronically connected to the various system components as provided herein. The software may also be electronically integrated with a display for viewing by a user. The display may be any variety of display types such as, for example, a LED-backlit LCD. The system may further include a video display unit, such as a liquid crystal display (“LCD”), an organic light emitting diode (“OLED”), a flat panel display, a solid state display, a cathode ray tube (“CRT”), or other appropriate display technology. 
     According to one embodiment, the interferometric system as provided herein may interface with or otherwise communicate with a transmission component. The transmission component may be in electronic signal communication with both the cartridge system and interferometric system components. The transmission component sends or transmits a signal regarding analyte detection data and quantification data. The transmission of such data may include real-time transmission via any of a number of known communication channels, including packet data networks and in any of a number of forms, including instant message, notifications, emails or texts. Such real-time transmission may be sent to a remote destination via a wireless signal. The wireless signal may travel via access to the Internet via a surrounding Wi-Fi network. The wireless signal may also communicate with a remote destination via Bluetooth or other radio frequency transmission. The remote destination may be a smart phone, pad, computer, cloud device, or server. The server may store any data for further analysis and later retrieval. The server may analyze any incoming data using artificial intelligence learning algorithms or specialized pathological, physical, or quantum mechanical expertise programed into the server and transmit a signal. 
     According to one embodiment, the transmission component may include a wireless data link to a phone line. Alternatively, a wireless data link to a building Local Area Network may be used. The system may also be linked to Telephone Base Unit (TBU) which is designed to physically connect to a phone jack and to provide 900 MHz wireless communications thereby allowing the system to communicate at any time the phone line is available. 
     According to one embodiment, the interferometric system may include a location means. Such a location means includes one or more geolocation device that records and transmits information regarding location. The location means may be in communication with a server, either from a GPS sensor included in the system or a GPS software function capable of generating the location of the system in cooperation with a cellular or other communication network in communication with the system. According to a particular embodiment, the location means such as a geolocation device (such as GPS) may be utilized from within its own device or from a mobile phone or similarly collocated device or network to determine the physical location of the cartridge system. 
     According to one embodiment, the interferometric system contains a geo-location capability that is activated when a sample is analyzed to “geo-stamp” the sample results for archival purposes. According to one embodiment, the interferometric system contains a time and date capability that is activated when a sample is analyzed to time stamp the sample results for archival purposes. 
     The interferometric systems provided herein may interface with software that can process the signals hitting the detector unit. The cartridge system as provided herein may include a storage means for storing data. The storage means is located on or within the cartridge housing or within the interferometric system housing. The storage means communicates directly with electronic components of the interferometric system. The storage means is readable by the interferometric system. Data may be stored as a visible code or an index number for later retrieval by a centralized database allowing for updates to the data to be delivered after the manufacture of the cartridge system. The storage means may include memory configured to store data provided herein. 
     The data retained in the storage means may relate to a variety items useful in the function of the interferometric system. According to a particular embodiment, the data may provide the overall interferometric system or cartridge system status such as whether the cartridge system was previously used or is entirely new or un-used. According to a particular embodiment, the data may provide a cartridge system or interferometric system identification. Such an identification may include any series of letter, numbers, or a combination thereof. Such identification may be machine readable as with a QR code. The identification may be alternatively memorialized on a sticker located on the cartridge housing or interferometric system housing. According to one embodiment, the cartridge housing contains a bar code or QR code. According to one embodiment, the cartridge system contains a bar code or QR code for calibration or alignment. According to one embodiment, the cartridge system contains a bar code or QR code for identification of the cartridge or test assay to be performed. According to one embodiment, the cartridge system contains a bar code or QR code for identification of the owner and location of where any data generated should be transmitted. A user may scan such a QR code with the interferometric system&#39;s external camera prior to use to use of the system such that identification and transmission may occur (e.g., automatically or upon user direction). 
     According to a particular embodiment, the data retained in the storage means may provide the number of uses remaining for a multiple-use cartridge system. According to a particular embodiment, the data may provide calibration data required by interferometric system to process any raw data into interpretable results. According to a particular embodiment, such data may relate to information about the analyte and any special processing instructions that can be utilized by the cartridge system to customize the procedure for the specific combination of receptive surface(s) and analyte(s). The interferometric system as provided herein may include electronic memory to store data via a code or an index number for later retrieval by a centralized database allowing for updates to the data to be delivered after the manufacture of the cartridge system. 
     The interferometric system may include a memory component such that operating instructions for the interferometric system may be stored. All data may be stored or archived for later retrieval or downloading onto a workstation, pad, smartphone or other device. According to one embodiment, any data obtained from the system provided herein may be submitted wirelessly to a remote server. The interferometric system may include logic stored in local memory to interpret the raw data and findings directly, or the system may communicate over a network with a remotely located server to transfer the raw data or findings and request interpretation by logic located at the server. The interferometric system may be configured to translate information into electrical signals or data in a predetermined format and to transmit the electrical signals or data over a wireless (e.g., Bluetooth) or wired connection within the system or to a separate mobile device. The interferometric system may perform some or all of any data adjustment necessary, for example adjustments to the sensed information based on analyte type or age, or may simply pass the data on for transmission to a separate device for display or further processing. 
     The interferometric systems provided herein may include a processor, such as a central processing unit (“CPU”), a graphics processing unit (“GPU”), or both. Moreover, the system can include a main memory and a static memory that can communicate with each other via a bus. Additionally, the system may include one or more input devices, such as a keyboard, touchpad, tactile button pad, scanner, digital camera or audio input device, and a cursor control device such as a mouse. The system can include a signal generation device, such as a speaker or remote control, and a network interface device. 
     According to one embodiment, the interferometric system may include color indication means to provide a visible color change to identify a particular analyte. According to one embodiment, the system may include a reference component that provides secondary confirmation that the system is working properly. Such secondary confirmation may include a visual confirmation or analyte reference that is detected and measured by the detector. 
     The interferometric system as provided herein may also include a transmitting component. The transmitting component may be in electronic signal communication with the detector component. The transmitting component sends or transmits a signal regarding analyte detection and quantification data. The transmission of such data may include real-time transmission via any of a number of known communication channels, including packet data networks and in any of a number of forms, including text messages, email, and so forth. Such real-time transmission may be sent to a remote destination via a wireless signal. The wireless signal may travel via access to the Internet via a surrounding Wi-Fi network. The wireless signal may also communicate with a remote destination via Bluetooth or other radio frequency transmission. The remote destination may be a smart phone, pad, computer, cloud device, or server. The server may store any data for further analysis and later retrieval. The server may analyze any incoming data using artificial intelligence learning algorithms or specialized pathological, physical, or quantum mechanical expertise programed into the server and transmit a signal. 
     According to one embodiment, the interferometric system includes a wireless data link to a phone line. Alternatively, a wireless data link to a building Local Area Network may be used. The system may also be linked to Telephone Base Unit (TBU) which is designed to physically connect to a phone jack and to provide 900 MHz wireless communications thereby allowing the system to communicate at any time the phone line is available. 
     According to one embodiment, the system may also include geolocation information in its communications with the server, either from a GPS sensor included in the system or a GPS software function capable of generating the location of the system in cooperation with a cellular or other communication network in communication with the system. According to a particular embodiment, the system may include a geolocation device (such as GPS or RFID) either from within its own device or from a mobile phone or similarly collocated device or network to determine the physical location of the system. 
     According to one embodiment, the interferometric system includes an external camera. The external camera may be at least partially located within the interferometric system housing but include a lens exposed to the exterior of the housing such that the external camera may take photos and video of a target sample prior to collection (e.g., soil, plant, etc.). The external camera may capture video or images that aid in the identification of an analyte and confirmation of the resulting data. The external camera may also capture video images that aid in selecting a proper remedial measure. The external camera may capture video or images that aid in the identification of a target sample or source thereof. 
     The external camera may capture video or images in connection with scanning and identifying a QR code (such as a QR code on an external surface of a cartridge housing). When located on an external surface of the cartridge housing, the QR code may also aid in identifying ownership of generated data and transmission of such data to a correct owner. 
     According to one embodiment, the cartridge system contains a geo-location capability that is activated when a sample is analyzed to “geo-stamp” the sample results for archival purposes. According to one embodiment, the cartridge system contains a time and date capability that is activated when a sample is analyzed to time stamp the sample results for archival purposes. According to one embodiment, the cartridge system includes materials that are biodegradable, or recycled materials, to reduce environmental impact. Any used cartridge system provided herein may be disposed of in any acceptable manner such as via a standard biohazard container. According to one embodiment, the cartridge system facilitates cleaning and re-tooling to allow the cartridge system to be replenished and returned to operation. 
     According to one embodiment, the cartridge system is stabilized to address vibrational distortions. The system may be stabilized by various stabilization means including mechanical (alignment means as provided herein), chemically (fluid float or gel pack), computer-assisted system (electronically), or digitally (e.g., via a camera or digital processing). 
     Microfluidic System Overview—Single-Use Cartridge System 
     The single-use cartridge system provided herein includes a microfluidic system for communicating or otherwise providing a means for test sample and buffer to mix thereby resulting in a test sample composition. The microfluidic system causes the test sample composition to move through the detection region to allow for detection and analysis of one or more analytes. The microfluidic system includes an injection port for introduction of a test sample. The injection port may optionally include a check valve. The microfluidic system further includes a first microchannel section having a first end attached in communication with the injection port check valve and a second end in communication with a mixing bladder. According to one embodiment, the first microchannel section contains a filter to remove materials not capable of detection and quantification. The mixing bladder is sized, shaped and otherwise configured to store buffer. The mixing bladder is sized, shaped and otherwise configured to aid in mixing buffer and test sample to form the test sample composition. The mixing bladder may be bypassed such that the test sample composition may be automatically discharged or allowed to proceed through the microfluidic system. The mixing bladder may include a temperature control means in the form of a metal coil wrapped around the mixing bladder such that the temperature control means is heated upon introduction of an electric current. 
     The microfluidic system further includes second microchannel section having a first end attached in communication with the mixing bladder and a second end attached in communication with a flow cell having at least one detection microchannel. By including multiple two or more detection microchannels, the cartridge system is particularly suited for high throughput and improved testing efficiency by being able to detect and quantify analyte in more than one test sample composition. 
     The microfluidic system further includes at least one pump. Suitable pumps include micropumps such as, but are not limited to, syringe pump, diaphragm, piezoelectric, peristaltic, valveless, capillary, chemically-powered, or light-powered micropumps. According to an alternative embodiment, the microfluidic system further includes at least one pump that is a, positive-displacement pump, impulse pump, velocity pump, gravity pump, steam pump, or valve-less pump of any appropriate size. According to a single-use embodiment of the cartridge system, the cartridge system contains at least one pump located within the cartridge housing. According to one embodiment of a single-use cartridge system, the pump overlays or otherwise engages or touches the first microchannel section, second microchannel section and mixing bladder. 
     The microfluidic system of the single-use cartridge system as provided herein may be manufactured and packaged under negative pressure or vacuum sealed. In this manner, the negative pressure allows for a test sample to be pulled in and become self-loading upon introduction of the test sample. The negative pressure further allows for a test sample to be pulled in in the microfluidic system to reduce, avoid or eliminate bubble formation upon introduction of the test sample. According to an alternative embodiment, the microfluidic system is manufactured and packaged under a positive pressure. According to either embodiment, the microfluidic system of a single-use cartridge system may be pre-loaded with a buffer solution at the time of manufacture. The buffer may be custom designed or designated for a particular analyte detection. Buffer solution that is used (i.e., buffer waste) and resulting test sample composition waste may be contained permanently in the single-use cartridge system. 
     According to one embodiment, the pump can be powered by a battery or electricity transferred from the testing device. Alternatively, the energy to power the pump can be mechanically transferred by direct force, electromagnetic induction, magnetic attraction, audio waves, or piezo electric transfer. According to one embodiment, the cartridge system includes at least one pulse dampening component such as a regulator or accumulator or bladder. 
     Microfluidic System Overview—Multiple-Use Cartridge System 
     The multiple-use cartridge system provided herein includes a microfluidic system for communicating or otherwise providing a means for a test sample composition to move through the cartridge system and allow for detection and analysis of one or more analytes. According to a particular embodiment, the test sample and test sample composition are air or liquid. An ingress port is located on a front surface of the multiple-use cartridge system. The ingress port is in communication with a first microchannel section having a first end attached in communication with an ingress port check valve and a second end in communication with second microchannel section. A filter may be located anywhere within the first microchannel section. 
     The second microchannel section includes a first end in communication the first microchannel section and a second end in communication with a flow cell having at least one detection microchannel. The cartridge system includes a detection region that accommodates or is otherwise adapted to receive the chip and flow cell wafer. 
     The detection microchannel is in communication with a first end of a third microchannel section. The third microchannel section includes a flow electrode to approximate flow rate and is correlated with measured impedance. The third microchannel section includes a second end in communication with the first end of a fourth microchannel. The fourth microchannel includes a second end in communication with a check valve which, in turn, is in communication with an egress port. The chip utilized in the multiple-use embodiment may be removable from the cartridge system. 
     The microfluidic system further includes at least one pump. Suitable pumps include micropumps that include, but are not limited to, diaphragm, piezoelectric, peristaltic, valveless, capillary, chemically-powered, or light-powered micropumps. According to an alternative embodiment, the microfluidic system further includes at least one pump that is a positive-displacement pump, impulse pump, velocity pump, gravity pump, steam pump, or valve-less pump of any appropriate size. According to one multiple-use embodiment of the cartridge system, the cartridge system contains at least one pump located outside (external to) the cartridge housing but in communication with the microfluidic system. The external pump may be utilized to move test sample composition through the microfluidic system to aid in removal of air or bubble that may be present in a liquid test sample composition prior to use. According to one embodiment, the cartridge system contains at least one pump dampening device. 
     All of the cartridge systems provided herein may utilize the pump to manipulate the communication of test sample composition throughout the microfluidic system. According to one embodiment, the pump causes or otherwise aids movement of test sample composition through the microchannels as well as the mixing bladder, when present. 
     Handheld Interferometric System—Exemplary Embodiment 
       FIG. 1  illustrates a perspective view of one embodiment of a portable interferometric system  100  as provided herein. The portable interferometric system  100  may include a display unit  102 . The portable interferometric system  100  may include a housing  104  adapted to fit within a user&#39;s hand. 
       FIG. 2A  illustrates a front view of one embodiment of a portable interferometric system  100  that utilizes the cartridge systems provided herein. The housing  104  includes an external front surface  106  defining an opening  108  adapted to receive the cartridge system provided herein. The opening  108  aids in the alignment and proper position of the cartridge system as provided herein within the handheld interferometric system  100 . The opening  108  may optionally include a flap  110  that shields or covers the opening  108  when the cartridge is not inserted. The flap  110  may be hinged on any side so as to aid in the movement of the flap  110  from a first, closed position to a second, open position upon insertion of the cartridge system. 
       FIG. 2B  illustrates a rear view of one embodiment of a portable interferometric system  100  as provided herein. The housing  104  is adapted to include USB Type C  112 , USB Type A  114 , data or phone line inlet  116  such as, for example, a RJ45 Ethernet jack, power cord inlet  118 , power switch  120 , and external camera or other light sensitive device  122  such as, for example, an ambient light sensor. 
     Chip Overview 
     As previously noted, the cartridge systems provided herein further includes a detection region. This detection region accommodates or is otherwise adapted to receive an interferometric chip and flow cell wafer. The flow cell wafer includes at least one detection microchannel. The flow cell wafer is located directly above the chip. The detection microchannel may be etched onto a flow cell wafer having a substantially transparent or clear panel or window. The detection microchannel aligns with each waveguide channel in the chip. 
     According to one embodiment, at least one portion or side of the chip is coated with a blocking coating. According to one embodiment, the blocking coating includes at least one blocking protein or protein blocking reagent. According to one embodiment, the blocking coating improves sensitivity by reducing background interference and improving the signal-to-noise ratio. According to one embodiment, all external surfaces of the chip are coated with a blocking coating. According to one embodiment, at least one waveguide channel of the chip is coated with a blocking coating. According to one embodiment, at least one waveguide channel such as a reference waveguide channel of the chip is coated with a blocking coating. The blocking coating may be applied to substantially prevent unwanted binding of analytes to sites on or within the optical material of the chip substrate. Thus, the blocking coating may also aid in limiting unwanted analyte binding to the sensing layer on or within the one or more waveguide channels. 
     According to one embodiment, the chip is manufactured from a substrate that is composed of an optical material as provided herein. According to one embodiment, the chip is manufactured from a substrate that is composed of optical glass. According to one embodiment, the chip is manufactured from a substrate that is composed of optical plastic. 
     According to one embodiment, the chip includes a marker. The marker may be viewed using a magnifying camera with or without signal processing to determine uniformity and any pertinent quality parameters associated with the application of the sensing layer. The marker may be introduced or applied during manufacturing of the chip so as to provide visual means of identifying one side of the chip. The marker may also be utilized to aid in visual or mechanical alignment of the chip on or within a cartridge of an interferometric system as provided herein. 
     According to one embodiment, the marking is at least one colorant, at least one cut edge, at least one etching, at least one affixed label, or any combination thereof. According to one embodiment, the at least one colorant includes at least one dye that visible to the naked eye. According to one embodiment, the etching may include a machine-readable etching, such as a laser etching. According to one embodiment, the affixed label may be a identifying material applied to an external surface of the chip. According to one embodiment, the cut edge includes a distinct shape such as a diagonally cut corner (see e.g.,  FIG. 3C, 311 ). The cut corner ( 311 ) may be introduced on any of the chip&#39;s four corners. Although not illustrated, the marking may include at least one pillar or at least one visual label (such as a dot that aligns with a laser beam) to aid in aligning the chip within a cartridge system as described herein. 
     In use, a light signal may be emitted from a light unit located in the interferometric system. The light enters flow through entry gradients in the chip and through one or more waveguide channels. According to a particular embodiment, there may be two or more waveguides channels to determine the presence of a separate analyte that each of the individual waveguides channels alone would not have been able to identify alone. The evanescent field is created when the light illuminates the waveguide channel. The light signal is then directed by exit gradients to a detector unit such as a camera unit. The detector unit is configured to receive the light signal and detect an analyte present in a test sample composition. The chip may further include a reference waveguide channel. 
     According to one embodiment, the one or more waveguide channels described herein may include or otherwise be coated with a waveguide channel coating that includes any material having a refractive index appropriate for Young&#39;s interferometry. According to one embodiment, the waveguide channel coating material includes a metal oxide or metal dioxide. Suitable waveguide channel coating materials may include, but are not limited to, tantalum oxide, tantalum dioxide, tantalum pentoxide, silicon dioxide, titanium oxide, titanium dioxide, or any combination thereof. 
     A sensing layer may be adhered to a top side of one or more waveguide channels. According to a particular embodiment, the sensing layer may include one or more proteins, enzymes, aptamers, peptides, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, lipids, or monomers and polymers, or whole cell microorganisms suitable for binding one or more analytes. According to another embodiment, the sensing layer may include one or more antigens or antibodies that are immobilized on the waveguide channel surface to sense the antigen-specific antibody or antigen, respectively. According to another embodiment, the sensing layer may include envelope, membrane, nucleocapsid N-proteins or different domains of one of the proteins in a natural or artificial virus used to delivery interfering RNA (RNAi) as a treatment. 
     According to a particular embodiment, the sensing layer may include a molecularly imprinted polymer. The molecularly imprinted polymer leaves cavities in the polymer matrix with an affinity for a particular analyte such as an antibiotic. 
     According to a particular embodiment, the sensing layer may include a DNA microarray of DNA probes. Each probe may be specific for a pathogen (i.e., bacterial species) and when the probe hybridizes with a sample, the sample/probe complex fluoresces in UV light or may be detected via interferometric analysis or internal camera located for this purpose. According to one embodiment, the sensing layer may utilize immunoassays on top of the waveguide channels for detection of one or more analytes. According to one embodiment, the system may include, or function based on, an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) or other ligand binding assays that detect analytes in target samples. According to one embodiment, the sensing layer may utilize one or more polypeptides, nucleic acids, antibodies, carbohydrates, lipids, receptors, or ligands of receptors, fragments thereof, and combinations thereof. According to one such embodiment, the sensing layer is configured to include one or more antibodies as well as one or more immunoglobulins to aid in the indication of the stage of analyte infection. Suitable immunoglobulins include IgG, IgM, IgA, IgE and IgD. According to such an embodiment, the sensing layer may include one or more dyes to aid in visualization. The sensing layer may or may not be covalently bonded to each other and the one or more waveguide channels. The sensing may be reviewed by using a magnifying camera to determine the uniformity and/or other quality parameters of the application of the sensing layer. Output of the camera may be analyzed using software to automate the quality analysis. 
     Flow Cell Overview 
     Each of the cartridge systems described herein include a flow cell having at least one detection microchannel adapted to communicate with one or more test sample compositions flowing through a waveguide channel in a chip beneath the flow cell. According to one embodiment, the cartridge systems may include at least two, at least three, or at least four detection microchannels with each detection microchannel adapted to communicate one or more test sample composition allowing detection of the same or different analytes. 
     Each detection microchannel is located on or within a flow cell manufactured from a wafer. The at least one detection microchannel may be etched, molded or otherwise engraved into one side of the flow cell wafer. Thus, the at least one detection microchannel may be shaped as a concave path as a result of the etching or molding within the flow cell wafer. 
     The flow cell wafer is oriented above the chip during use such that the detection microchannel may be orientated or otherwise laid out in variety of flow patterns above the waveguide channels. The detection microchannel may be laid out, for example, in a simple half loop flow pattern, serial flow pattern, or in a serpentine flow pattern. The serpentine flow pattern is particularly suited for embodiments where there are multiple waveguide channels that are arranged in a parallel arrangement. By utilizing the serpentine flow pattern, the test composition flows consistently over the waveguide channels without varying flow dynamics. 
     Chip, Flow Cell and Optical Assembly—Exemplary Embodiment 
       FIG. 3A  illustrates a cross-sectional view of an optical detection region  200  of a cartridge system. A chip  201  includes a substrate  202  that includes a waveguide channel  204  attached to a surface  205  (such as the illustrated top surface) of the chip  202 . An evanescent field  206  is located above the waveguide channel  204 . A sensing layer  208  is adhered to a top side of the waveguide channel  204 . As illustrated, antibodies  210  are shown that may bind or otherwise immobilized to the sensing layer  208 , however, the sensing layer  208  may be adapted to bind any variety of analytes. As such, adjusting or otherwise modifying the sensing layer  208  allows for the cartridge system to be utilized for multiple different types of analytes without having to modify the cartridge system or and surrounding interferometric system components. In general use, an light signal (e.g., laser beam) illuminates the waveguide channel  204  creating the evanescent field  206  that encompasses the sensing layer  208 . Binding of an analyte impacts the effective index of refraction of the waveguide channel  204 . 
     A bottom view of an exemplary flow cell  300  is illustrated in  FIG. 3B . At least one detection microchannel  302  is located on or within a flow cell  300  manufactured from a transparent wafer. The at least one detection microchannel  302  may be etched, molded or otherwise engraved into one side of the flow cell wafer  304 . Thus, the at least one detection microchannel  302  may be shaped as a concave path as a resulted of the etching or molding within the flow cell wafer  304 . The flow cell wafer  304  may be manufactured a material such as opaque plastic, or other suitable material. The flow cell wafer  304  may optionally be coated with an anti-reflection composition. 
     The movement of an light signal  308  (series of arrows) through a chip  310  is illustrated in  FIG. 3C . As illustrated, the chip  310  includes a cut corner  311 . The light signal  308  moves from a light unit  312 , such as a laser unit, through a plurality of entry gradients  314  and through one or more waveguide channels  316 . Each channel includes a pair of waveguides ( 321 ,  323 ). One of the pair of waveguides  321  is coated with a sensing layer  208  (as indicated by shading in  FIG. 3C ). The other one of the pair of waveguides  323  is not coated with the sensing layer  208  (serving as a reference). The combination of the light from each in the pair of waveguides ( 312 ,  323 ) create an interference pattern which is illuminated on detector unit  320 . 
     According to a particular embodiment, the two or more waveguides channels  316  are utilized that are able to determine the presence of an analyte that each of the individual waveguides channels  316  alone would not have been able to identify alone. The light signal  308  is then directed by exit gradients  318  to a detector unit  320  such as a camera unit. The detector unit  320  is configured to receive the light signal  308  and detect any analyte present in a target sample composition flowing through the detection microchannel  302  (see  FIG. 3B ). 
     The chip  310  includes a combination of substrate  202  (see  FIG. 3A ), waveguide channel (see  FIG. 3A  part  204  and  FIG. 3C  part  316 ) and sensing layer  208  (see  FIG. 3A ). The flow cell  300  (see  FIG. 3B ) is oriented above the top surface  205  of the chip  310  during use such that the detection microchannel  302  may be orientated or otherwise laid out in variety of flow patterns above the waveguide channels  316 . The detection microchannel  302  may be laid out, for example, in a simple half loop flow pattern, serial flow pattern, or in a serpentine flow pattern as illustrated in  FIG. 3B . The serpentine flow pattern is particularly suited for embodiments where there are multiple waveguide channels  316  that are arranged in a parallel arrangement (see  FIG. 3C ). By utilizing the serpentine flow pattern, the test composition flows consistently over the waveguide channels  316  without varying flow dynamics. 
     The light signal passes through each waveguide channel  316  as illustrated in  FIG. 3C , may combine thereby forming diffraction patterns on the detector unit  320 . The interaction of the analyte  210  (see  FIG. 3A ) and the sensing layer  208  changes the index of refraction of light in the waveguide channel per Equation 1. The diffraction pattern is moved which is detected by the detector unit  320 . The detector unit as provided herein may be in electronic communication with video processing software. Any diffraction pattern movement may be reported in radians of shift. The processing software may record this shift as a positive result. The rate of change in radians that happens as testing is conducted may be proportional to the concentration of the analyte. 
       FIG. 4  illustrates a side view of an exemplary embodiment of an optical assembly unit  400  that can be found in the handheld interferometric systems described herein (such as in  FIGS. 1-2 ). The optical assembly unit  400  includes an light unit  402  aligned in an light unit housing  404 . The optical assembly unit  400  includes a detector unit  406 , such as a camera unit, aligned in a camera unit housing  408 . 
       FIG. 5A  illustrates a cross-sectional view of the optical assembly unit  400  of  FIG. 4 . The light unit  402  is situated at an angle relative to the shutter flap element  420 . The shutter flap element  420  is adapted to slide open and shut under tension from a shutter spring  422 . The shutter flap element  420  is illustrated in a first, closed position with no cartridge system inserted. The shutter flap element  420  includes and upper control arm  423  that is located within a rail portion  425 . 
     A complimentary communication means  424  extends downward so as to make electronic contact with electronic communications means located on the cartridge housing (see  FIGS. 6, 8A and 9A ). The complimentary communication means  424  may be metal contacts such that, upon insertion, the metal contacts on the exterior surface of the cartridge housing touch and establish electronic communication between the cartridge system and the remaining components of the interferometric system (e.g., light unit, camera unit, etc.). The complimentary communication means  424 , as illustrated, include one or more substantially pointed or “V” shaped so as to push down into or otherwise contact the cartridge housing metal contacts. The number of complimentary communication means  424  may match and align with the number of metal contacts on the exterior surface of the cartridge housing. 
     At least one downward cantilever bias spring  426  may be located within the optical assembly unit  400  such that, upon insertion of the cartridge through the interferometric system housing opening, the downward cantilever bias spring  426  pushes against a top side of the cartridge housing thereby forcing the cartridge housing against an opposite side or bottom portion or surface  428  of the cartridge recess  430  resulting in proper alignment along a vertical plane (see  FIGS. 5A, 5B, 5C and 6 ). 
     The light unit  402  is optionally adjustable along various planes for optimal light signal  432  emission. As illustrated, the signal  432  is shown to be emitted and focused by at least one lens  433 . A camera unit  406  is situated at an angle relative to the shutter flap element  420  so as to receive the light signal  432  upon exit from the cartridge (see  FIG. 6 ). 
     A first roll adjustment screw  434  and second roll adjustment screw  436  are located on opposing sides of the light unit  402  for adjusting roll of the light unit  402 . A first upward adjustment screw  438  and second upward adjustment screw  440  are located in a parallel manner on each side the light unit  402  for adjusting the light unit  402  towards the cartridge system (i.e., substantially upward). An angle of incidence screw  442  is located against the light unit  402  to allow for adjustments to the angle of incidence for proper coupling angle. A translation screw  444  is located direct communication with the light unit  402  to adjust translation in the X axis. A spring element  446  maintains the position of the light unit  402  against the light unite  402  by assisting the adjustment screws ( 432 ,  436 ), incidence screw  442  and translation screw  444 . 
     With specific regard to  FIGS. 5A, 5B, and 5C , the bottom portion  428  of the cartridge recess  430  further includes alignment means that includes at least one rail portion  425  for engaging both male key portions on the cartridge housing (see  824 ,  826  of  FIG. 8A ; see  920 ,  922  of  FIG. 9A ). The bottom portion or surface  428  of the cartridge recess  430  includes a first raised surface  421 A and second raised surface  421 B. A shutter upper control arm  423  is located within the rail portion  425 . The rail portion  425  includes a first rail wing  427  and second rail wing  429  adapted to receive and engage the male key portions (see  824 ,  826  of  FIG. 8A ; see  920 ,  922  of  FIG. 9A ). By including such alignment means, the cartridge systems provided here may only engage in a certain manner thereby preventing incorrect insertion and provided proper optical and microfluidic alignment. 
       FIG. 6  illustrates a cross-sectional view of the optical assembly  400  of  FIG. 5A  with one embodiment of a cartridge system  800  inserted in the optical assembly  400 . As illustrated, the shutter flap element  420  is pushed backwards upon insertion of the cartridge system  800 . While not shown in  FIG. 6 , the shutter spring  422  as illustrated in  FIG. 5A  is compressed backwards. The shutter flap element  420  moves along a track system  450  having a stationary male rail  452  on which a female rail portion  454  slides from a first, closed position with no cartridge system  800  inserted to a second, open position as illustrated in  FIG. 6  upon cartridge system  800  insertion. 
       FIG. 6  further illustrates positioning of the cartridge system  800  in the optical assembly  400 . The cartridge system  800  includes an interferometric chip  832  positioned below the flow cell wafer  888 . The cartridge system  800  includes storage means  807  as provided herein positioned within the cartridge housing  802 . While the cartridge system  800  is illustrated as a single-use system, the alignment and positioning of the single-use cartridge assembly may also apply to the multiple-use cartridge systems provided herein (e.g., see  FIGS. 9A-9F ). 
       FIG. 7  illustrates a top view of the optical assembly unit  400  of  FIG. 5A  with one embodiment of a cartridge system  800  inserted in the optical assembly unit  400 . The cartridge system  800 , as illustrated, is a single-use system, however, a multiple-use system may be inserted in the same manner within the interferometric system. The cartridge system  800  includes a cartridge housing  802  having a top surface  805 . The optical assembly unit  400 , as illustrated, includes a plurality of cantilever bias springs  426 . The optical assembly unit  400  further includes at least one side bias spring  460  (see also  FIG. 5C ) such that, upon insertion of the cartridge system  800 , the side bias spring  460  pushes against one horizontal side  860  of the cartridge housing thereby forcing the cartridge housing  802  into proper alignment along a horizontal plane. 
     Cartridge System Overview 
     The cartridge systems provided herein includes a cartridge housing. The cartridge housing may be manufactured from any material suitable for single or multiple-use. The cartridge may be manufactured according to a variety of additive processing techniques such as 3-D printing. The cartridge may be manufactured via traditional techniques such as injection molding. The polymer may include a coefficient of expansion such that the housing does not expand or contract in a manner that would disrupt alignment of any microfluidic or detection components described herein when the cartridge is exposed to heat or cold environmental conditions. 
     The cartridge housing may include a light prevention means to aid in reducing, preventing or eliminating ambient, outside light from interfering the detection of one or more analytes. The light prevention means may include colored cartridge housing (e.g., black colored) that is color dyed or coated during manufacture. According to one embodiment, a dye may be introduced to the polymer to provide a specific color to a region of or the entire cartridge housing. Suitable colors include any color that aids in reducing, preventing or eliminating ambient, outside light from interfering the detection of one or more analytes. 
     The cartridge systems provided herein further includes a detection region. This detection region accommodates or is otherwise adapted to receive an interferometric chip and flow cell wafer. The flow cell wafer includes at least one detection microchannel. The flow cell wafer is located directly above the chip. The detection microchannel may be etched onto a flow cell wafer having a substantially transparent or clear panel or window. The flow cell wafer, the chip or both the flow cell and chip may be coated with a substance that reduces or eliminates fogging or condensation. According to one embodiment, the chip may be heated to reduce or elimination fogging or condensation. 
     The cartridge systems provided herein are configured or otherwise adapted or designed to easily insert and instantly align within an interferometric system such as, for example, a hand-held interferometric system. By being configured to allow for instant alignment, no further adjustment is required by a user to align any microfluidic components and any internal detection-related components such as the laser, chip with waveguides and exposed channels in a detection region of the cartridge, optical detector and any other focus-related components in the interferometric system. According to one embodiment, the cartridge systems provided herein may be adjusted to align via manual adjustments. 
     The cartridge housing includes dimensions that are complimentary in size and shape to the size and shape to an internal surface defining a recess within an interferometric system. As provided and illustrated in the non-limiting examples herein, the cartridge housing may be generally rectangular in overall shape. 
     According to one embodiment, the cartridge system may be inserted and removed automatically. According to one embodiment, the cartridge housing contains a bar code or QR code. According to one embodiment, the cartridge system contains a bar code or QR code for calibration or alignment. 
     To aid in alignment, the cartridge housing includes an alignment means on an external surface of the cartridge housing. The alignment means may take a variety of forms that assure instant alignment of any microfluidic components and any internal detection-related components upon insertion of the cartridge within the interferometric system. The alignment means also aids in the prevention of incorrect orientation assertion within the interferometric system and allows for insertion only after proper alignment is attained. The alignment means further allows for the cartridge system to be stabilized to address vibrational distortions. 
     The alignment means may include at least one male key portion for engaging and securing within a corresponding female rail located in the interferometric system. The male key portion may be disposed on the bottom surface of the cartridge housing, however, the male key portion may be located on any exterior surface of the cartridge housing. Other suitable alignment means include one or more microswitches or sensing devices that guide the cartridge housing to assure proper alignment. 
     According to a particular embodiment, the cartridge housing includes a top portion and a bottom portion based on the orientation of insertion in an interferometric system. The top portion may include a top surface defining at least one through hole on at least one external surface of either the top portion or bottom portion. The at least one through hole is adapted to receive a removable fastening means for securing the top portion and bottom portion together. Suitable fastening means include screws or other suitable fastener that may be removed. By allowing the top portion and bottom portion of the cartridge housing to be separated and re-attached, a user may open the cartridge housing to allow for cleaning as well as replacement of the chip. 
     The cartridge system as provided herein may include a temperature control means to control temperature and humidity. The cartridge system as provided herein may include a temperature control means to control test sample composition temperature. By controlling temperature and humidity around the cartridge system, the interferometric system can provide more repeatable, precise results. According to one embodiment, the cartridge system contains heating capability to facilitate consistent measurement and operation in cold temperatures. By controlling temperature and humidity around the cartridge system, fogging or condensation that causes interference in the detection region of the cartridge system is reduced or otherwise eliminated. The temperature control means may be located on or within the cartridge housing. According to a single-use cartridge system embodiment, the temperature control means is located on or around the mixing bladder of the microfluidic fluid system described herein. The temperature control means may be located on an exterior surface of the cartridge housing. One suitable temperature control means includes a metal coil that is heated upon introduction of an electric current. Another suitable temperature control means includes one or more warming bands or Peltier devices that can provide heating or cooling. 
     Each of the cartridge systems described herein include a flow cell having at least one detection microchannel adapted to communicate with one or more test sample compositions flowing through a waveguide channel in a chip beneath the flow cell. According to one embodiment, the cartridge systems may include at least two detection microchannels with each detection microchannel adapted to communicate one or more test sample composition allowing detection of the same or different analytes. According to one embodiment, cartridge system includes a flow cell having at least three detection microchannels with each detection microchannel adapted to communicate one or more test sample composition allowing detection of the same or different analytes. According to one embodiment, cartridge system includes a flow cell having at least four detection microchannels with each detection microchannel adapted to communicate one or more test sample composition allowing detection of the same or different analytes. 
     Cartridge System—Exemplary Embodiments 
     An exemplary embodiment of a single-use cartridge system  800  is illustrated in  FIGS. 8A-F . A top view of a cartridge system  800  is provided in  FIG. 8A . The cartridge system  800  includes a cartridge housing  802  as described herein. The housing  802  includes a top portion  804  (see  FIG. 8C ) having a top surface  805 . The top surface  805  includes four heat stake posts  808  for joining the top portion  804  of the cartridge housing  802  to a bottom portion  810  (See  FIG. 8C ) of the cartridge housing  802 . By utilizing heat stake posts  808 , the top portion  804  may be permanently joined to a bottom portion  810  of the cartridge housing  802 . The top surface  805  includes an injection port  812  for introduction of a test sample. 
     The cartridge housing  802  further includes an electronic communication means  816  located on a second external surface  818  that is on a different horizontal plane from the top surface  805 . The electronic communication means  816  as illustrated includes a plurality of metal contacts. 
     The cartridge system further includes a vent port  820 . The vent port  820  allows for any air in the microfluidic system  870  (see  FIG. 8F ), such as in the form of bubbles, to exit. The vent port  820  may include a vent cover  821  over the vent port  820 . The vent cover  821  may be fabricated from a material that repels liquid while allowing air or vapor to pass through such as, for example, expanded polytetrafluoroethylene (commercially available as Goretex®. The vent cover  821  allows for air purging from the cartridge system  800  but will not allow fluid to pass through such as when a vacuum is applied to prime the microfluidic system  870 . In this way, bubble formation in a liquid test sample composition is removed or otherwise avoided. The top surface  805  also includes two port seals  822 . The port seals  822  may be made from rubber and provides sealing of the microfluidic system  870  within the cartridge system  800 . 
       FIG. 8B  illustrates a view of the bottom surface  823  of one embodiment of a single-use cartridge system  800 . The bottom surface  823  includes a first male key portion  824  and a second male key portion  826 . The male keying portions ( 824 ,  826 ) engage with a corresponding rail portion ( 425 —See  FIGS. 5A, 5B and 5C ) located in the cartridge recess  430  of the optical assembly  400 . The bottom surface  823  further defines a first detent  828  and a second detent  830 . The detents ( 828 ,  830 ) engage with or otherwise receive a corresponding first raised surface and a second raised surface ( 421 A,  421 B) inside the cartridge recess  430  of the optical assembly  400  (see  FIGS. 5A, 5B and 5C ). When engaged with the first detent  828  and second detent  830 , the first raised surface and second raised surface ( 421 A,  421 B) aid in securing the cartridge system  800  within the cartridge recess  430 . 
     The chip  832  is substantially transparent and allows the light signal to enter, interact with one or more waveguides channels (See  FIG. 3C ) and allow for binding of analyte flowing within the at least one detection microchannel  834  within the flow cell wafer  888  (see  FIG. 8F ). 
     The bottom surface  823  further defines a light inlet slot  836 . The light inlet slot  836  allows for an light signal to enter the cartridge system  800 . Particularly, the light inlet slot  836  allows for an light signal to enter the chip  832  and for the light signal to move through any waveguide channels (not shown; see e.g., part  316  of  FIG. 3C ) in the chip  832  while interacting with analytes in the at least one detection microchannel  834  before the light signal is deflected by one or more gratings (not shown) down to the detector unit  406  (see e.g.,  FIG. 5A ) and  320  (see  FIG. 3C ). 
       FIG. 8C  illustrates a view of the back surface  840  of the cartridge housing  802  of a single-use cartridge system  800 . The cartridge housing  802  includes a top portion  804  and a bottom portion  810 . The male keying portions ( 824 ,  826 ) are shown extending from the bottom portion  810  of the cartridge housing  802 . 
       FIG. 8D  illustrates a view of the front surface  850  of the cartridge housing  802  of a single-use cartridge system  800 . The male keying portions ( 824 ,  826 ) are shown extending from the bottom portion  810  of the cartridge housing  802 . 
       FIG. 8E  illustrates a view of one side surface  860  of the cartridge housing  802  of a single-use cartridge system  800 , the opposing side being a mirror image. 
       FIG. 8F  illustrates a cross-section view downward of a single-use cartridge system  800  along the horizontal line of  FIG. 8E . The cartridge system  800  includes a detection region  831  that accommodates or is otherwise adapted to receive a chip  832  and flow cell wafer  888 . The single-use cartridge system  800  includes a microfluidic system  870  for communicating or otherwise providing a means for a test sample composition to move through the cartridge system  800  and allow for detection and analysis of one or more analytes. The microfluidic system  870  includes an injection port  812  for introduction of a test sample. The injection port may  812  optionally include a check valve  872 . The microfluidic system  870  further includes a first microchannel section  874  having a first end  876  attached in communication with the injection port check valve  872  and a second end  878  in communication with a mixing bladder  880 . A filter  877  may be located anywhere within the first microchannel section  874 . The microfluidic system  870  also includes a vent port  820  within the first microchannel section  874  between the first end  876  and second end  878 . The mixing bladder  880  includes a temperature control means  881  in the form of a metal coil wrapped around the mixing bladder  880  such that the temperature control means  881  is heated upon introduction of an electric current. 
     The microfluidic system  870  further includes second microchannel section  882  having a first end  884  attached in communication with the mixing bladder  880  and a second end  886  attached in communication with a flow cell wafer  888  having at least one detection microchannel  834 . 
     The microfluidic system  870  further includes third microchannel section  890  having a first end  892  attached in communication with at least one detection microchannel  834  and a second end  894  in communication back to the mixing bladder  880  so as to form a closed loop. 
     The microfluidic system  870  further includes at least one micropump  898 . The micropump  898 , as illustrated, is a piezoelectric pump that overlays or otherwise engages or touches one or more of the first microchannel section  874 , second microchannel section  882 , third microchannel section  890  and mixing bladder  880 . The micropump  898  manipulates the communication of test sample composition throughout the microfluidic system  870 . 
     The single-use cartridge system  800  may further include a transmission component  897  as provided herein. The single-use cartridge system  800  may further include a location means  899  as provided herein. 
     An exemplary embodiment of a multiple-use cartridge system  900  is illustrated in  FIGS. 9A-F . 
     A top view of an embodiment of a multi-use cartridge system  900  is provided in  FIG. 9A . The cartridge system  900  includes a cartridge housing  902  as described herein. The housing  902  includes a top portion  904  (see  FIG. 9C ) having a top surface  905 . As illustrated, the top surface  905  includes four top through holes  908 A. The top through holes  908 A are adapted (e.g., threaded) to receive a removable fastening means (not shown) for securing the top portion  904  to a bottom portion  910  (see  FIG. 9C ). The top surface also includes two sealing holes  908 B that allow for sealing of the chip  936  to the cartridge housing  902 . 
     The cartridge housing  902  further includes an electronic communication means  916  located on a second external surface  918  that is on a different horizontal plane from the top surface  905 . The electronic communication means  916  as illustrated includes a plurality of metal contacts. The top surface  905  also includes two port seals  919  and two seal plugs ( 924 ,  926 ). 
       FIG. 9B  illustrates a view of the bottom surface  923  of a multiple-use cartridge system  900 . The bottom surface  923  includes a first male key portion  920  and a second male key portion  922 . The male keying portions ( 920 ,  922 ) engage with a corresponding rail portion ( 425 —See  FIGS. 5A, 5B and 5C ) located in the interferometric system. The bottom surface  923  further defines a first detent  928  and a second detent  930 . The detents ( 928 ,  930 ) engage with or otherwise receive a corresponding first raised surface and a second raised surface ( 421 A,  421 B see  FIGS. 5B and 5C ) inside the cartridge recess  430  (see  FIG. 5A ) of the optical assembly  400 . When engaged with the first detent  928  and second detent  930 , the first raised surface and second raised surface ( 421 A,  421  B) aid in securing the cartridge system  900  within the cartridge recess  430 . 
     The bottom surface further includes bottom through holes  908 C that align and correspond to the four top through holes  908 A. The bottom through holes  908 C may be adapted (e.g., threaded) to receive a removable fastening means (not shown) for securing the top portion  904  to a bottom portion  910  (see  FIG. 9C ). 
     The bottom surface  923  further defines a light inlet slot  934 . The light inlet slot  934  allows for an light signal to enter the cartridge system  900 . Particularly, the light inlet slot  934  allows for an light signal to enter the chip  936  and for the light signal to move through any waveguides in the chip  936  while interacting with analytes in the at least one detection microchannel  994  (see  FIG. 9F ) before the light signal is deflected by one or more gratings (not shown) down to the detector unit  406  (see  FIG. 5A ). 
       FIG. 9C  illustrates a view of the back surface  940  of one embodiment of a multiple-use cartridge system  900 . The housing includes a top portion  904  that is optionally removable from a bottom portion  910 . The male keying portions ( 920 ,  922 ) are shown extending from the bottom portion  910  of the cartridge housing  902 . 
       FIG. 9D  illustrates a view of the front surface  950  of one embodiment of a multiple-use cartridge system  900 .  FIG. 9E  illustrates view of one side surface  960  of one embodiment of a single-use cartridge system  900 , the opposite side being a mirror image. 
       FIG. 9F  illustrates a cross-section view downward of a multiple-use cartridge system  900  along the horizontal line of  FIG. 9E . The cartridge system  900  a storage means  907  as provided herein positioned within the cartridge housing  902 . The multiple-use cartridge system  900  includes a microfluidic system  970  for communicating or otherwise providing a means for a test sample composition to move through the cartridge system  900  and allow for detection and analysis of one or more analytes. An ingress port  972  is located on a front surface  950  (see  FIG. 9D ) of the multiple-use cartridge system  900 . The ingress port  972  is in communication with a first microchannel section  974  having a first end  976  attached in communication with an ingress port check valve  973  and a second end  978  in communication with second microchannel section  979 . A filter  977  may be located anywhere within the first microchannel section  974 . A sample electrode  980  and reference electrode  982  are in contact with the second microchannel section  979 . Impedance may be measured between the sample electrode  980  and reference electrode  982  to confirm the presence of test sample composition. 
     A valve test structure connection  984  is in communication with any test sample composition in the microfluidic system  970 . The valve test structure connection  984  may be fabricated from nitinol shape memory alloy and aids in the movement of test sample composition into the cartridge system  900 . 
     The second microchannel section  979  includes a first end  988  in communication the first microchannel section  974  and a second end  990  in communication with a flow cell  992  having at least one detection microchannel  994 . The cartridge system  900  includes a detection region  993  that accommodates or is otherwise adapted to receive the chip  936  and flow cell  992 . The chip  936  is substantially transparent and allows the light signal to enter, interact with one or more waveguides channels (not shown; see e.g., part  316  of  FIG. 3C ) and allow for binding of analyte flowing within the at least one detection microchannel  994  within the flow cell  992 . 
     The detection microchannel  994  is in communication with a first end  996  of a third microchannel section  998 . The third microchannel section  998  includes a flow electrode  1000  to approximate flow rate and is correlated with measured impedance. The third microchannel section  998  includes a second end  1002  in communication with the first end  1004  of a fourth microchannel  1006 . The fourth microchannel  1006  includes a second end  1008  in communication with a check valve  1010  which, in turn, is in communication with an egress port  1012 . The sample electrode  980 , reference electrode  982 , and flow electrode  1000  are each fabricated from inert nitinol or other conductive material. 
     The multiple-use cartridge system  900  may further include a transmission component  1014  as provided herein. The multiple-use cartridge system  900  may further include a location means  1016  as provided herein. 
     An exemplary embodiment of an alternative single-use cartridge system  1100  is illustrated in  FIG. 10 . According to the illustrated embodiment, the cartridge system  1100  includes a connection mechanism  1102  (or snap-in rod) having opposing ends ( 1104 ,  1106 ) extending from the housing  1108 . The connection mechanism  1102  aids in securing and interfacing the cartridge system  1100  with an interferometric system. Rising from the housing  1108 , are an injection ports  1110  A-D and outlet ports  1120  A-D. The injection ports  1110  A-D may be utilized for introducing a test sample, buffer or a test sample composition. The cartridge system includes four independent detection microchannel ports that are independently in communication with a corresponding detection microchannel (not shown) within a flow cell (not shown). Buffer may be pre-loaded in the flow cell. Any test sample composition waste may be collected from the outlet ports  1120  A-D. 
     Healthcare Applications 
     The interferometric systems provided herein may be utilized as a point of care system. The point of care testing may be carried out at or near the site of a where a healthcare target sample is obtained. In a healthcare setting, a medical professional may receive results in an efficient manner and any care decisions may be implemented immediately. By being mobile and utilized at the point of care, the systems provided herein provide a major technical advancement in the fight to diagnose and track pathogens that may give rise to global pandemics or be the cause of other rising, recurring or endemic diseases. 
     The interferometric systems provided herein may be utilized to analyze and detect analytes taken from a bodily fluid or gaseous emission of the body. Such bodily fluids include, but are not limited to, blood, urine and saliva. 
     The interferometric systems provided herein are suited to detect and quantify analytes such as one or more of a virus, bacteria, or small molecule such as a drug or drug metabolite. The interferometric systems provided herein are particularly suited to detect and quantify analytes of particular medical interest such as an illegal/illicit drug, SARS-CoV- 2 , Yersinia pestis (Plague), mycobacterium, influenza virus, hCG, human immunodeficiency virus, a particular vitamin, genetic mutation, IgG, IgE, and CD4/T-Cells. The interferometric systems provided herein are readily adaptable to new analytes within the healthcare environment as they emerge. The interferometric systems put high quality diagnostic results in the hands of healthcare professionals in an efficient manner. 
     According to one particular embodiment, the interferometric system provided here may be utilized in connection with or otherwise equipped to a mobile vehicle. Suitable mobile vehicles include, but are not limited to, unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV), unmanned ground vehicles (UGV), drones, manned aircraft, and other manned vehicles. 
     Animal Health Applications 
     By being mobile and utilized near the animals being studied, a user may receive results in an efficient manner and any care or remedial measure decisions may be implemented immediately. The interferometric systems provided herein provide a major technical advancement to diagnose pathogens an animal health environment. This rapid detection will allow for remedial steps to be taken immediately rather than sending the samples out for lab testing. This will provide great advantages to the user inasmuch as diseases could spread beyond control during the days typically required to send samples out for testing. 
     The systems provided herein provide a means to detect, quantify, and even track various analytes within an animal health environment. The systems provided herein also provide a means to assess the presence of analytes within animal enclosures, transportation, and water supplies. The system described herein also provides a means to monitor the microbiomes of animals for pathogens or chemical imbalances that can be used to provide an early warning system for detection of unwanted outcomes within an animal health environment. 
     By providing detection and quantification data in an efficient manner, exposure to chemicals may be monitored, adjusted and otherwise controlled. According to such an embodiment, the system will detect and quantify one or more chemicals at the parts per million (ppm), parts per billion (ppb) or parts per trillion (ppt) level. 
     According to a particular embodiment, the systems provided herein may be utilized to detect and quantify levels of various chemicals in an animal health environment including, but not limited to, ammonia, benzene, toluene, xylene, trichloroethylene, perchlorethylene, dichloroethylene, vinyl chloride, chloramine, nicotine, n-methylphenylethylamine methamphetamine, N,N-dimethyl acetamide (DMAC), dithemylmethylphosphonate (DMMP), methyl salicylate, 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene, acetaldehyde, methylene chloride, hexane, acetone, methanol, pyrrole, chloroform, chlorine (or any other element), hydrochloric acid, ammonia, Freon, or 2-vinylpyridine. 
     According to a particular embodiment, the systems provided herein may be utilized to detect and quantify levels of bacteria, viruses, or fungi in an animal health environment. Such bacteria may originate from exposure to humans, other animals, or parasites such as worms, fleas, ticks, lice, and biting flies. 
     According to one particular embodiment, the interferometric system provided here may be utilized in connection with or otherwise equipped to a mobile vehicle. Suitable mobile vehicles include, but are not limited to, unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV), unmanned ground vehicles (UGV), drones, manned aircraft, and manned vehicles. 
     According to one particular embodiment, the interferometric system provided here may be utilized in various types of animal health environments such as a veterinary office, animal laboratory testing facility, farm, pasture or home (domesticated animals). 
     Agricultural Applications 
     By being mobile and utilized at the point of use, a user may receive results in an efficient manner and any care or remedial measure decisions may be implemented immediately. The interferometric systems provided herein provide a major technical advancement in the fight to diagnose and track pathogens that may give rise to crop damage or be the cause of other rising, recurring or endemic diseases as well as invading species of pathogen in an agricultural environment. The systems provided herein provide a means to indicate and otherwise aid in the control of disease surveillance, invasive species of pathogen and pandemic or widespread outbreak control. The systems provided herein also provide a means to assess water quality as well as serve as a microbiome-based monitoring system to provide an early warning system for detection of unwanted pathogens in an agricultural environment. 
     According to a particular embodiment, the systems provided herein may be utilized to detect and quantify levels of pesticide in an agricultural environment. By providing detection and quantification data in an efficient manner within the agricultural environment, application and control rate of pesticide may be monitored, adjusted and otherwise controlled. According to such an embodiment, the system will detect and quantify pesticide at the parts per million (ppm) level. According to another embodiment, the system will detect and quantify pesticide at the parts per billion (ppb) level. According to another embodiment, the system will detect and quantify pesticide at the parts per trillion (ppt) level. 
     According to a particular embodiment, the systems provided herein may be utilized to detect and quantify levels of an agricultural herbicide (e.g., 2,4-D (2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid) and dicamba (2-methoxy-3,6-dichlorobenzoic acid)) in an agricultural environment. By providing detection and quantification data in an efficient manner within the agricultural environment, application and control rate of herbicide may be monitored, adjusted and otherwise controlled. Such control also increases the efficiency of herbicidal management. According to such an embodiment, the system will detect and quantify herbicide at the parts per million (ppm) level. According to another embodiment, the system will detect and quantify herbicide at the parts per billion (ppb) level. According to another embodiment, the system will detect and quantify pesticide at the parts per trillion (ppt) level. 
     According to one embodiment, the system may be utilized to detect and quantify analytes from any vessel or container that may come internally in contact with an analyte such as a chemical contaminant. The system as provided herein may be placed in fluid communication with a vessel so as to detect and quantify analytes in real time. Fluid communication may be established via a tube or other conduit that allows any fluid containing at least analyte to come in contact with, or flow through, the system as provided herein. 
     According to a particular embodiment, a liquid or fluid source containing analyte may be obtained from an agricultural spray tank. Such a spray tank may be located on a tractor (or other agricultural implement), in a field/crop area, at a farmer&#39;s cooperative or other location where a farmer will utilize spray tank. 
     According to the various embodiments described herein, the systems and methods provided may reduce the time typically required for spray tank decontamination, minimize the need to utilize (and store) large volumes of commercial tank cleaners, reduce dependency of the farm equipment operator to execute decontamination processes without benefit of knowledge of the point completion, eliminate the application of improperly decontaminated spray tank rinsate on labeled crops, and/or reduce legal risk to the farm equipment operator by providing documentation of spray tank decontamination. The embodiments may also increase the efficiency of a single tank or piece of application equipment having multiple specific independent uses. 
     According to one particular embodiment, a fluid source of analytes includes an industrial/commercial vessel. Such a vessel may be located within or around a shipping container that stores and transports a fluid chemical. The shipping container may be located on a truck, train, or other means of transportation. The shipping container may also be located on or around shipping dock. 
     According to one particular embodiment, the interferometric system provided here may be utilized in connection with or otherwise equipped to a mobile vehicle. Suitable mobile vehicles include, but are not limited to, unmanned aircraft systems (UAS), unmanned vehicles (UAV), autonomous vehicles, drones, manned aircrafts, and manned vehicles. 
     Aquatic Applications 
     By being mobile and utilized near the aquatic environment in question, a user may receive results in an efficient manner and any care or remedial measure decisions may be implemented immediately. The interferometric systems provided herein provide a major technical advancement in the fight to diagnose and track pathogens that are the cause of rising, recurring or endemic diseases as well as invading species of pathogen in an aquatic environment. The systems provided herein provide a means to indicate and otherwise aid in the control of disease surveillance, invasive species of pathogen and pandemic or widespread outbreak control. The systems provided herein also provide a means to assess water quality as well as serve as a microbe-based monitoring system to provide an early warning system for detection of unwanted pathogens in an aquatic environment. 
     According to a particular embodiment, the systems provided herein may be utilized to detect and quantify levels of pesticide in an aquatic environment. By providing detection and quantification data in an efficient manner within the aquatic environment, application and control rate of pesticide may be monitored, adjusted and otherwise controlled. According to such an embodiment, the system will detect and quantify pesticide at the parts per million (ppm) level. According to another embodiment, the system will detect and quantify pesticide at the parts per billion (ppb) level. According to another embodiment, the system will detect and quantify pesticide at the parts per trillion (ppt) level. 
     According to a particular embodiment, the systems provided herein may be utilized to detect and quantify levels of an aquatic herbicide (e.g., 2,4-D (2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid) and flumioxazin (2-[7-fluoro-3,4-dihydro-3-oxo-4-(2-propynyl)-2H-1,4-benzoxazin-6-yl]-4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-1H-isoindole-1,3(2H)-dione)) in an aquatic environment. By providing detection and quantification data in an efficient manner within the aquatic environment, application and control rate of herbicide may be monitored, adjusted and otherwise controlled. Such control increases the efficiency of aquatic vegetation management. Such vegetation may include water hemp, duck weed or algae. 
     According to one embodiment, the system may be utilized to detect and quantify analytes from any vessel or container that may come internally in contact with an analyte such as a chemical contaminant. The system as provided herein may be placed in fluid communication with a vessel so as to detect and quantify analytes in real time. Fluid communication may be established via a tube or other conduit that allows any fluid containing the fluid containing the aquatic test sample composition to come in contact with, or flow through, the system as provided herein. 
     According to one particular embodiment, the interferometric system provided here may be utilized in connection with or otherwise equipped to a mobile vehicle. Suitable mobile vehicles include, but are not limited to, unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV), unmanned ground vehicles (UGV), drones, manned aircraft, and manned vehicles. 
     Food Applications 
     By being mobile and utilized near the foodstuff in question, a user may receive results in an efficient manner and any care or remedial measure decisions may be implemented immediately. The interferometric systems provided herein provide a major technical advancement to detect, quantify, and even track various chemicals and pathogens within a food or food processing environment. The systems provided herein provide a means to indicate and otherwise aid in the control of the movement of analytes that impact food safety and quality. The systems provided herein also provide a means to assess the presence of analytes in a food processing environment as well as serve as a microbiome-based monitoring system to provide an early warning system for detection of unwanted pathogens in food. 
     According to a particular embodiment, the systems provided herein may be utilized to detect and quantify levels of pesticide in a food processing facility. By providing detection and quantification data in an efficient manner within the food processing environment, exposure to analytes may be monitored, adjusted and otherwise controlled. According to such an embodiment, the system will detect and quantify one or more analytes at the parts per million (ppm), parts per billion (ppb) or parts per trillion (ppt) level. 
     According to a particular embodiment, the systems provided herein may be utilized to detect and quantify levels of 2,4-D (2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid), dicamba (2-methoxy-3,6-dichlorobenzoic acid), butylated hydroxyanisole, butylated hydroxytoluene, recombinant bovine growth hormone, sodium aluminum sulfate, potassium aluminum, sulfate, bisphenol-A (BPA), sodium nitrite/nitrate, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, heterocyclic amines, acrylamide, brominated vegetable oil, artificial food coloring/dyes, and dioxins. According to one embodiment, the system may be utilized to detect and quantify analytes from any vessel or container that may come internally in contact with an analyte such as a pathogen or chemical contaminant. The system as provided herein may be placed in fluid communication with a vessel or other piece of food processing equipment so as to detect and quantify analytes in real time. Fluid communication may be established via a tube or other conduit that allows any fluid containing at least analyte to come in contact with, or flow through, the system as provided herein. 
     According to one particular embodiment, a fluid source of analytes includes an industrial or commercial vessel adapted to store, process, or carry food. Such a vessel may be located within or around a shipping container that stores and transports food. The shipping container may be located on a truck, train, or other means of transportation. The shipping container may also be located on or around shipping dock. 
     According to one particular embodiment, the interferometric system provided here may be utilized in connection with or otherwise equipped to a mobile vehicle. Suitable mobile vehicles include, but are not limited to unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV), unmanned ground vehicles (UGV), drones, manned aircraft, and manned vehicles. 
     Chemical Applications 
     By being mobile and utilized near the point in the industrial supply chain where the analyte needs to be measured, a user may receive results in an efficient manner and any care or remedial measure decisions may be implemented immediately. The interferometric systems provided herein provide a major technical advancement to detect, quantify and even track various chemicals within a chemical environment. The systems provided herein provide a means to indicate and otherwise aid in the control of the processing, storage, and movement of chemicals. The systems provided herein also provide a means to assess the presence of chemicals in a water supply as well as serve as a microbe-based monitoring system to provide an early warning system for detection of unwanted pathogens. 
     According to a particular embodiment, the systems provided herein may be utilized to detect and quantify levels of a chemical in an industrial environment such as in a chemical processing facility. By providing detection and quantification data in an efficient manner within the production environment, exposure to chemicals may be monitored, adjusted and otherwise controlled. According to such an embodiment, the system will detect and quantify one or more chemicals at the parts per million (ppm), parts per billion (ppb) or parts per trillion (ppt) level. 
     According to a particular embodiment, the systems provided herein may be utilized to detect and quantify levels of a chemical herbicide (e.g., 2,4-D (2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid) and dicamba (2-methoxy-3,6-dichlorobenzoic acid)) in a chemical environment. According to one embodiment, the system may be utilized to detect and quantify analytes from a vessel or container that may come internally in contact with an analyte such as a chemical contaminant. The system as provided herein may be placed in fluid communication with a chemical vessel or other piece of chemical processing equipment so as to detect and quantify analytes in real time. Fluid communication may be established via a tube or other conduit that allows any fluid containing at least analyte to come in contact with, or flow through, the system as provided herein. 
     According to a particular embodiment, the systems provided herein may be utilized to detect and quantify levels of various chemicals including, but not limited to, benzene, toluene, xylene, trichloroethylene, perchlorethylene, dichloroethylene, vinyl chloride, chloramine, nicotine, n-methylphenylethylamine methamphetamine, N,N-dimethyl acetamide (DMAC), dithemylmethylphosphonate (DMMP), methyl salicylate, 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene, acetaldehyde, methylene chloride, hexane, acetone, methanol, pyrrole, chloroform, chlorine (or any other element), hydrochloric acid, ammonia, Freon, or 2-vinylpyridine. 
     According to one particular embodiment, a fluid source of analytes includes an industrial or commercial vessel adapted to store, process, or carry one or more chemicals. Such a vessel may be located within or around a shipping container that stores and transports a fluid chemical. The shipping container may be located on a truck, train, or other means of transportation. The shipping container may also be located on or around shipping dock. 
     According to one particular embodiment, the interferometric system provided here may be utilized in connection with or otherwise equipped to a mobile vehicle. Suitable mobile vehicles include, but are not limited to, unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV), unmanned ground vehicles (UGV), drones, manned aircraft, and manned vehicles. 
     Methods of Detection and Quantification 
       FIG. 11  illustrates a method  1200  of detecting and quantifying the level of analyte in a test sample composition. The method includes the step of collecting  1202  or otherwise obtaining a target sample having one or more analytes. In different embodiments, the target sample may be taken from the appropriate target depending on the location and environment. 
     According to one embodiment, the method further includes the optional step of entering  1204  a user identifier (ID) in the system. Additionally, the method further includes the optional step of entering  1205  an identification number associated with the sample, patient, analyte of interest, or a combination thereof. The cartridge system utilized may be equipped with a label or sticker carrying identifying such information. The label or sticker may include a QR code including such information. The label or sticker may be removed prior to use. Identifying information may include metadata such as time, GPS data, or other data generated by the interferometric system described herein. 
     According to one embodiment, the method further includes the step of introducing the target sample to the interferometric system  1206 . According to one embodiment, target sample is introduced to the cartridge by a separate device such as a syringe or pump. According to one embodiment, target sample is introduced by an injection device. According to one embodiment, the injection device may be permanently attached to the cartridge system. According to one embodiment, the injection device is a pipette. According to one embodiment, the injection device is a syringe. According to one embodiment, the injection device is a lance, pipette or capillary tube. When utilizing a multiple-use cartridge system, the cartridge system may be fitted to a tube or other transfer mechanism to allow the sample to be continuously taken from a large amount of fluid that is being monitored. 
     According to one embodiment, the method further includes the step of mixing  1208  the target sample with a buffer solution to form a test sample composition. In a multiple-use cartridge system, such a step may occur prior to the test sample composition being introduced to the cartridge system. In a single-use cartridge system, such a step may occur in the mixing bladder with the assistance of a pump. 
     The method of detecting and quantifying the level of analyte in a sample includes initiating waveguide interferometry  1210  on the test sample composition. Such a step may include initiating movement of the light signal through the cartridge system as provided herein and receiving the light signal within the detector unit. Any changes in an interference pattern are representative of analyte in the test sample composition. Particularly, such changes in an interference pattern generate data related to one or more analyte in the test sample composition. According to one embodiment, the step of initiating  1210  waveguide interferometry on the test sample composition includes the step of correlating data from the phase shift with calibration data to obtain data related to analyte identity, analyte concentration, or a combination thereof. 
     According to one embodiment, the method further includes the step of processing  1212  any data resulting from changes in the interference pattern. Such changes in interference pattern may be processed and otherwise translated to indicate the presence and amount of an analyte in a test sample composition. Processing may be assisted by software, processing units, processor, servers, or other component suitable for processing. The step of processing data may further include storing such data in storage means as provided herein. 
     According to one embodiment, the method further includes the step of transmitting a data signal  1214 . The signal may result in the display of data on the system. The step of transmitting data may include displaying the analyte levels via projecting any real time data on a screen as described herein. The step of transmitting data may include transmitting any obtained data to a mobile phone, smart phone, tablet, computer, laptop, watch or other wireless device. The data may also be sent to a device at a remote destination. The remote destination device may be a locally operated mobile or portable device, such as a smart phone, tablet device, pad, or laptop computer. The destination may also be smart phone, pad, computer, cloud device, or server. In other embodiments, the remote destination may be a stand-alone or networked computer, cloud device, or server accessible via a local portable device. A diagnosis of an infection in a healthcare environment may be based on the analyte quantity. The diagnosis may be based on the use of one or more immunoglobulins as detection materials. 
     The method may optionally include the step of disposing of the test sample composition  1216  per legal requirements. Such legal requirements assure that any sample still containing unacceptable levels of pathological contamination are disposed of properly so as not to cause harm to a user or the environment. 
     According to one embodiment, the method further includes the step of initiating  1218  a cleaning or remedial countermeasure against any analyte detected. Such remedial measure may include introducing cleaning chemicals or beneficial microorganisms to the healthcare environment. The remedial measures may work to kill or otherwise neutralize any unwanted analyte present in the healthcare environment where a sample was taken. 
     Method of Manufacture—Interferometric Chip 
     According to one aspect, a method of manufacturing an interferometric chip is provided. According to one embodiment, the method of manufacturing an interferometric chip includes the step of providing a substantially transparent substrate. Such a substrate may be formed from an optical material. According to one embodiment, the substrate is manufactured from a substantially transparent glass. According to one embodiment, the substrate is manufactured from a polymer or plastic material (e.g., optical plastic). 
     According to one embodiment, the method of manufacturing an interferometric chip includes the step of forming one or more waveguide channels in the substrate material. According to one embodiment, the one or more waveguide channels are not formed by traditional manufacturing techniques such as etching, milling, machining or carving of the one or more waveguide channels. According to one embodiment, the one or more waveguide channels are formed utilizing semiconductor fabrication techniques that facilitate the production of forming one or more waveguides produced simultaneously on the substrate optical material. According to one embodiment, the one or more waveguide channels are formed by an additive manufacturing technique. The additive manufacturing technique may utilize computer-aided-software to direct manufacturing hardware (such as 3D printers) to deposit optical material via individual layers so as to form geometric shapes appropriate for the one or more waveguide channels. 
     According to one embodiment, the one or more channels may be formed in a variety of shapes and sizes. The one or more channels may be varied in shape and size depending on sensitivity of the system. According to one embodiment, the channel size is about 1.0 mm to about 20 mm in length. According to one embodiment, the channel size is from about 0.1 mm to about 0.3 mm in width. According to one embodiment, the channel size is about 0.2 mm in width. According to one embodiment, the channel size is from about 0.0001 to about 0.0010 mm in depth. Suitable channel sizes provided herein are merely for exemplary purposes and not limiting. 
     According to one embodiment, the method of manufacturing an interferometric chip includes the step of introducing a coating to the one or more waveguide channels. The waveguide channel coating may include any material having a refractive index appropriate for Young&#39;s interferometry. According to one embodiment, the waveguide channel coating includes at least one metal oxide or metal dioxide. Suitable waveguide channel coating materials may include, but are not limited to, tantalum oxide, tantalum dioxide, silicon dioxide, titanium oxide, titanium dioxide, tantalum pentoxide, or any combination thereof. 
     According to one embodiment, the method of manufacturing an interferometric chip includes the step of coating a target location on or within the chip with a sensing layer as provided herein. According to one embodiment, the target location is the one or more waveguide channels. According to one embodiment, the target location is an entire single side of the interferometric chip. 
     According to a particular embodiment, the step of coating the target location with a sensing layer may include micro-dripping or wick threading the sensing layer to the target location on the chip. The micro-dripping may utilize one or more micro-pumps. 
     According to a particular embodiment, the step of coating the target location with a sensing layer may include aerosol-jet printing the sensing layer to the target location on the chip. According to a particular embodiment, the step of coating the target location with a sensing layer may include spin-coating the sensing layer to the target location on the chip. According to a particular embodiment, the step of coating the target location with a sensing layer may include dip-coating the sensing layer to the target location on the chip. 
     According to a particular embodiment, the step of coating the target location may include inkjet printing the sensing layer to the target location on the chip. According to a particular embodiment, inkjet microdispensers may be utilized to create drops using a piezoelectric actuator to which a voltage pulse is applied. 
     According to one embodiment, three-dimensional or additive manufacturing is utilized to effectively deposit the sensing layer to the target location on the chip. According to one embodiment, gravure printing is utilized to effectively deposit the sensing layer to the target location on the chip. According to one embodiment, aerosol printing is utilized to effectively deposit the sensing layer to the target location on the chip. According to one embodiment, silk screening is utilized to effectively deposit the sensing layer to the target location on the chip. According to one embodiment, a felt marker application is utilized to effectively deposit the sensing layer to the target location on the chip. According to one embodiment, a micro paintbrush is utilized to effectively deposit the sensing layer to the target location on the chip. 
     According to one embodiment, the method of manufacturing an interferometric chip includes the step of introducing a marker to the target location to identify a side of the chip. The marker can be at least one colorant, at least one cut corner or cut edge, at least one laser marking or etching, or any combination thereof. 
     Although the present specification describes components and functions that may be implemented in particular embodiments with reference to particular standards and protocols, the invention is not limited to such standards and protocols. For example, standards for Internet and other packet switched network transmission (e.g., TCP/IP, UDP/IP, HTML, HTTP) represent examples of the state of the art. Such standards are periodically superseded by faster or more efficient equivalents having essentially the same functions. Accordingly, replacement standards and protocols having the same or similar functions as those disclosed herein are considered equivalents thereof. 
     Although specific embodiments of the present invention are herein illustrated and described in detail, the invention is not limited thereto. The above detailed descriptions are provided as exemplary of the present invention and should not be construed as constituting any limitation of the invention. Modifications will be apparent to those skilled in the art, and all modifications that do not depart from the spirit of the invention are intended to be included with the scope of the appended claims. 
     PROPHETIC EXAMPLE 1 
     SARS-CoV-2 Detection and Quantification 
     A healthcare setting or mobile testing unit may be set up to aid in high throughput detection and quantification of SARS-CoV-2 in a patient. A medical professional or other trained user may obtain a sample. A user may obtain a sample in form of a small blood sample. In the case of a blood sample, the user may clean a patient&#39;s finger with an alcohol swab. The user may prick or otherwise lance the finger and obtain an effective amount (aliquot) of blood for the system. The aliquot of blood may be obtained via a medical device such as a disposable hemoglobin sterile pipette. Since the systems provided herein only need a small amount of sample, the system eliminates the need for a large-volume sample and centrifuging thereby significantly simplifying use and speeding up the process compared to existing technologies that require large sample volume. 
     A cartridge is then placed inside the system&#39;s detector component, if not already present. The cartridge may be fully replaceable and disposable after each use. The user may optionally then enter a user identifier (ID) in the system and the system optionally transmits that information to the remote server for authentication or stores the information locally. Any of a number of identifier labelling techniques, such as radio frequency identifiers (RFIDs) on or within a sample may be used. Alternatively, a unique serial number, code or other identifier associated with a sample may be manually entered into the system and optionally transmitted to a remote server. Additionally, the user may use the system to scan in or manually enter one or more substance/contaminant identifiers, such as a Universal Product Code (UPC) for the one or more analytes believed to be present in the sample and to inform the remote server of the one or more analytes. 
     The system may also include geolocation information in its communications with the server, either from a GPS sensor included in the system or a GPS software function capable of generating the location of the system in cooperation with a cellular or other communication network in communication with the system. 
     For detection and quantification of SARS-CoV-2, one or more antibodies specific to the surface proteins on SARS-CoV-2 will be included on the sensing layer. The antibodies may be specific to spike, envelope, membrane and nucleocapsid proteins found on the surface of SARS-CoV-2. 
     If present, the user may initialize the system by pressing a start button or other similar means to initiate any electronic components present in the system. If present, the user may optionally press an injection bulb or similar mechanical component to inject a buffer solution into the cartridge. Any display on the system may then provide visual signal that the system is ready for sample introduction (e.g., signal “READY”). If present, the user may then press another external display or button to signal the system that a sample is ready to be introduced (e.g., “SAMPLE”). 
     To introduce a sample, an aliquot of the sample may be added through a sample collecting component. Such a step may be accomplished via a disposable pipette or similar device that is suited for storing a sample until needed. Next, a user may press the injection bulb or similar mechanical component to mix the aliquot of sample and buffer and introduce the mixture to the cartridge. According to an alternative embodiment, the buffer may be mixed with the aliquot sample in a separate step prior to introduction to the cartridge. A user may then press the injection bulb or similar mechanical component a one or more times to ensure the sample mixture has fully transitioned or otherwise migrated to the cartridge and begins flowing across the waveguide channels on the waveguide. Upon arrival at the waveguide, detection and quantification processes are undertaken. Depending on the goal of the point of care procedure, one or more biological components in the sample will bind to the sensing layer of the waveguide channels thereby altering the evanescent field above the waveguide channels. The changes in the interference pattern will then create an electronic signal that can be translated to produce a reading on a display on an external surface of the system. Any medical devices used during use may then be disposed of properly in a biological waste container. The cartridge within the system may then be removed and replaced with a new cartridge or cleaned prior to next use. The cartridge may be fully disposable and placed in a biological waste container along with the medical devices utilized during use. 
     PROPHETIC EXAMPLE 2 
     Avian Influenza Detection 
     A healthcare setting or mobile testing unit may be set up to aid in high throughput detection and quantification of avian influenza in a patient. A medical professional or other trained user may carry out the same general steps as set forth in Prophetic Example  1 . When detecting and quantifying avian influenza in a sample, any avian influenza analyte particles may be captured by utilizing avian influenza specific antibodies on the sensing layer that are configured to bind to avian influenza surface protein. In some embodiments, monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies may be utilized on the sensing layer. In other embodiments, polyclonal antibodies may be utilized to attach to one or more antigenic sites on the viral protein thereby reducing the likelihood of a false negative indication (avoid looking at only a single antigenic epitope). 
     PROPHETIC EXAMPLE 3 
     Drug Detection 
     The systems provided herein may be utilized to aid in high throughput detection and quantification of a small molecule such as a drug or drug metabolite in a patient. Such detection methods may be particularly useful for job screening or for legal reasons. Such detection methods may also be particularly useful in emergency departments of healthcare facilities where a drug overdose is suspected. A medical professional or other trained user may carry out the same general steps as set forth in Prophetic Example 1. When detecting and quantifying drug and drug metabolites in a sample, any target small molecule may be captured by utilizing molecularly imprinted polymers on the sensing layer that are configured to bind to small molecules. Data regarding a specific class of drug or specific drug compound may be provided in an efficient manner to a user. Any corresponding report may be submitted wirelessly to a third party such as a prospective employer or law enforcement agency, if needed. 
     PROPHETIC EXAMPLE 4 
     Pathogenic Detection and Quantification in Dental Offices 
     The systems provided herein may be utilized to aid in high throughput detection and quantification of SARS-CoV-2 via implementation of systems in dental offices. Dental offices deal with several oral diseases but are also subject to common disease and viral threats such as HIV, Hepatitis, Flu, and Corona Viruses such as SARS-CoV-2. The United States dental industry has over 150,000 dental hygienists which see roughly 8 patients a day or roughly 1,200,000 per day nationwide (0.38% of United States population daily or approximately 7.5% of population monthly). More than half of the United States population visits a dental hygienist at least once per year. Dental hygienists are trained to deal with both saliva and blood and the real potential that the patient could be contagious with various analytes such as SARS-CoV-2. Using the systems provided herein to detect for these potential viral analytes prior to a dental exam can serve at least two purposes: The systems provided herein can diagnose a patient while providing early intervention as well as monitor pathogens to help prevent outbreak, epidemic, or pandemic. 
     According to one embodiment, the systems provided herein may be utilized to screen or otherwise detect a pathogen for each patient prior to or upon entering a dental office (HIPAA compliance required). The system may be located in a lobby or separate area such that results regarding pathogenic infection may be provided prior to entry into the office and subsequent dental treatment. Screening may occur with a saliva or blood sample from a patient. Such a screening process may be financially subsidized by a patient&#39;s dental insurance as well as supported by both the ADA and the AMA. According to one embodiment, the systems provided herein may be utilized to provide the dental office with an additional source of revenue via patient screening. 
       FIG. 12A  illustrates a quantification and monitoring system for analytes within an aqueous target sample from a rinse sink. As illustrated in  FIG. 12A , an interferometric system  1300  may be utilized to monitor the rinse water  1310  flowing out of a dental “rinse” sink  1320 . In use, the rinse water  1310  may move through a first drain pipe  1330  and diverted by a valve  1340  between a collection pipe  1350  for the interferometric system  1300  and a sewer/septic pipe  1360 . 
       FIG. 12A  illustrates a quantification and monitoring system for analytes within an aqueous target sample from suction line. As illustrated in  FIG. 12B , an interferometric system  1400  may be utilized to monitor the rinse water  1410  flowing through a dental suction line  1420  used during a dental cleaning or other procedure. In use, the rinse water  1410  may move through a first drain pipe  1430  and diverted by a valve  1440  between a collection pipe  1450  for the interferometric system  1400  and a sewer/septic pipe  1460 . 
     The results of monitoring in a dental facility may be sent to a third monitoring service. According to such an embodiment, the interferometric system provides a reliable sampling of the general United States population. By enumerating the patients, geolocating the suction line or sink, and sending the data to a central location (e.g., cloud-based server), the system may function as a digitized monitoring system for mapping results across the United States. After sampling rinse water from a particular patient, the system may initiate a cleaning and decontamination step of the suction line, pipes and any components within the system. According to a particular embodiment, the cartridge system within the interferometric system may be removed and replaced with a new cartridge after each use or cleaned prior to next use. According to a particular embodiment, the cartridge system within the interferometric system may be removed and replaced with a new cartridge periodically. 
     The interferometric system can also become part of the normal maintenance of those managing the dental office making the detection and monitoring methods seamless. The statistical relevance of this type of monitoring allows for non-HIPAA collection of data while monitoring the health of a particular region and, in turn, the overall United States. In the event HIPAA laws require authorization for this type monitoring, a bypass switch can be installed and the system will reduce the sample size for analysis by that number. 
     PROPHETIC EXAMPLE 5 
       Bartonella  Detection and Quantification 
     Individuals at high-risk of acquiring a  Bartonella  infection include those who work or live with animals, or those with high exposure to fleas, ticks, lice and biting flies. Infections such as bartonellosis are increasingly implicated in complex chronic disease syndromes, yet are extremely difficult to diagnose accurately. Thus, an animal health setting may utilize a system provided herein for rapid detection and quantification of  Bartonella  in a pet such as a cat or dog that may serve as a vector for transmission. 
     A veterinary professional or other trained user may obtain a sample. A user may obtain a sample in form of a small blood sample, tissue or other biological fluid such as pus. In the case of a blood sample, the user may clean the target area with an alcohol swab. The user may the prick or otherwise lance the animal&#39;s skin and obtain an effective amount (aliquot) of blood for the system. The aliquot of blood may be obtain via a medical device such as a disposable haemoglobin sterile pipette. Since the systems provided herein only need a small amount of sample, the system eliminates the need for a large-volume sample and centrifuging thereby significantly simplifying use and speeding up the process compared to existing technologies that require large sample volume. 
     A cartridge is then placed inside the system&#39;s detector component, if not already present. The cartridge may be fully replaceable and disposable after each use. The user may optionally then enter a user identifier (ID) in the system and the system optionally transmits that information to the remote server for authentication or stores the information locally. Any of a number of identifier labelling techniques, such as radio frequency identifiers (RFIDs) on or within a sample may be used. Alternatively, a unique serial number, code or other identifier associated with a sample may be manually entered into the system and optionally transmitted to a remote server. Additionally, the user may use the system to scan in or manually enter one or more substance/contaminant identifiers, such as a Universal Product Code (UPC) for the one or more analytes believed to be present in the sample and to inform the remote server of the one or more analytes. The system may also include geolocation information in its communications with the server, either from a GPS sensor included in the system or a GPS software function capable of generating the location of the system in cooperation with a cellular or other communication network in communication with the system. 
     For detection and quantification of  Bartonella , one or more antibodies specific to the surface proteins on  Bartonella  will be included on the reactive layer. The antibodies may be specific to spike, envelope, membrane and nucleocapsid proteins found on the surface of  Bartonella.    
     If present, the user may initialize the system by pressing a start button or other similar means to initiate any electronic components present in the system. If present, the user may optionally press an injection bulb or similar mechanical component to inject a buffer solution into the cartridge. Any display on the system may then provide visual signal that the system is ready for sample introduction (e.g., signal “READY”). If present, the user may then press another external display or button to signal the system that a sample is ready to be introduced (e.g., “SAMPLE”). 
     To introduce a sample, an aliquot of the sample may be added through a sample collecting component. Such a step may be accomplished via a disposable pipette or similar device that is suited for storing a sample until needed. Next, a user may press the injection bulb or similar mechanical component to mix the aliquot of sample and buffer and introduce the mixture to the cartridge. According to an alternative embodiment, the buffer may be mixed with the aliquot sample in a separate step prior to introduction to the cartridge. A user may then press the injection bulb or similar mechanical component a one or more times to ensure the sample mixture has fully transitioned or otherwise migrated to the cartridge and begins flowing across the waveguide channels on the waveguide. Upon arrival at the waveguide, detection and quantification processes are undertaken. Depending on the goal of the point of care procedure, one or more biological components in the sample will bind to the reactive surface of the waveguide channels thereby altering the evanescent field above the waveguide channels. The changes in the interference pattern will then create an electronic signal that can be translated to produce a reading on a display on an external surface of the system. Any medical devices used during use may then be disposed of properly in a biological waste container. The cartridge within the system may then be removed and replaced with a new cartridge or cleaned prior to next use. The cartridge may be fully disposable and placed in a biological waste container along with the medical devices utilized during use. 
     PROPHETIC EXAMPLE 6 
     Avian Influenza Detection 
     A portable interferometric system as provided herein may be set up in an animal health setting to aid in rapid detection and quantification of avian influenza in a pullet. A veterinary professional or other user may carry out the same general steps as set forth in Prophetic Example 1. When detecting and quantifying influenza in a sample, any influenza analyte particles may be captured by utilizing influenza specific antibodies on the reactive layer that are configured to bind to influenza surface protein. In some embodiments, monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies may be utilized on the reactive layer. In other embodiments, polyclonal antibodies may be utilized to attach to one or more antigenic sites on the viral protein thereby reducing the likelihood of a false negative indication (i.e. avoid looking at only a single antigenic epitope). 
     PROPHETIC EXAMPLE 7 
     Prion Detection 
     Chronic Wasting Disease 
     A portable interferometric system as provided herein may be set up in an animal health setting to aid in rapid detection and quantification of prion (misfolded proteins) in an animal suspected of having chronic wasting disease. Such an animal may be a cow, sheep, deer or elk. A veterinary professional or other user may carry out the same general steps as set forth in Prophetic Example 1. When detecting and quantifying prions or related markers in a sample, any prion particles may be captured by utilizing specific antibodies or aptamers on the reactive layer that are configured to bind to the target prion. 
     PROPHETIC EXAMPLE 8 
     2,4-D or Dicamba Detection and Quantification 
     A point of use testing unit may be set up to aid in high throughput detection and quantification of 2,4-D or dicamba in an agricultural tank. Dicamba products are typically diluted in water in a spray tank and sprayed on crop to selectively kill broadleaf weeds within fields of crops genetically modified to be resistant to the herbicidal chemicals (GMO). Dicamba is known to cause damage to many broad leaf plants at part per trillion levels. Similarly, 2,4-D is also a powerful broad leaf herbicide and can be used in place of dicamba. If either herbicide residual is present in the spray tank when it is subsequently used to other crops that are sensitive to dicamba or 2,4-D, the non-GMO crop may be killed or significantly damaged results in loss of revenue for the grower. 
     A sample may be obtained from the tank. A cartridge is then placed inside the system&#39;s detector component, if not already present. The cartridge may be fully replaceable and disposable after each use. The user may optionally then enter a user identifier (ID) in the system and the system optionally transmits that information to the remote server for authentication or stores the information locally. Any of a number of identifier labelling techniques, such as radio frequency identifiers (RFIDs) on or within a sample may be used. Alternatively, a unique serial number, code or other identifier associated with a sample may be manually entered into the system and optionally transmitted to a remote server. Additionally, the user may use the system to scan in or manually enter one or more substance/contaminant identifiers, such as a Universal Product Code (UPC) for the one or more analytes believed to be present in the sample and to inform the remote server of the one or more analytes. The system may also include geolocation information in its communications with the server, either from a GPS sensor included in the system or a GPS software function capable of generating the location of the system in cooperation with a cellular or other communication network in communication with the system. 
     For detection and quantification of 2,4-D, one or more antibodies specific to the 2,4-D will be included on the sensing layer of at least one of the waveguides. For detection and quantification of dicamba, one or more antibodies specific to 2,4-D may be included on the sensing layer of at least one of the waveguides and, in addition, a molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) specifically designed to be sensitive to dicamba will be present on at least one of the waveguides. 
     If present, the user may initialize the system by pressing a start button or other similar means to initiate any electronic components present in the system. If present, the user may optionally press an injection bulb or similar mechanical component to inject a buffer solution into the cartridge. Any display on the system may then provide visual signal that the system is ready for sample introduction (e.g., signal “READY”). If present, the user may then press another external display or button to signal the system that a sample is ready to be introduced (e.g., “SAMPLE”). 
     To introduce a sample, an aliquot of the sample may be added through a sample collecting component. Such a step may be accomplished via a disposable pipette or similar device that is suited for storing a sample until needed. Next, a user may press the injection bulb or similar mechanical component to mix the aliquot of sample and buffer and introduce the mixture to the cartridge. According to an alternative embodiment, the buffer may be mixed with the aliquot sample in a separate step prior to introduction to the cartridge. A user may then press the injection bulb or similar mechanical component a one or more times to ensure the sample mixture has fully transitioned or otherwise migrated to the cartridge and begins flowing across the waveguide channels on the waveguide. Upon arrival at the waveguide, detection and quantification processes are undertaken. Depending on the goal of the point of use procedure, one or more analytes in the sample will bind to the sensing layer of the waveguide channels thereby altering the evanescent field above the waveguide channels. The changes in the interference pattern will then create an electronic signal that can be translated to produce a reading on a display on an external surface of the system. The cartridge within the system may then be removed and replaced with a new cartridge or cleaned prior to next use. The cartridge may be fully disposable and placed in an appropriate waste container. 
     If the tank contains 2,4-D, the waveguides that are treated with the antibodies will provide a strong indication of its presence. Due to the similar chemical nature of dicamba, a weak signal will also be present from the molecularly imprinted polymer specific to dicamba. 
     If instead of 2,4-D, dicamba is present in the tank, signals will be generated by the molecularly imprinted polymer only. The antibody specific to 2,4-D will not show a positive result. 
     If both dicamba and 2,4-D are present, strong signals would be generated by both sensor types. 
     The software will use the strength of the signals and the combination of which sensors reported values to determine the content and strength of the contaminants. In this way the combination of sensors combined data processing can detect and discriminate dicamba and 2,4-d in a way that is not possible with either of the sensors alone. 
     PROPHETIC EXAMPLE 9 
     Surface Water Analyte Detection 
     Runoff of crop inputs can present challenges for growers operating near bodies of water or near suburban or urban areas. An interferometric system as provided herein may be set up to aid in high throughput detection and quantification of one or more target analytes in a surface water source (e.g., a stream or drainage channel), particularly where undesired analytes may be present. A sample may be obtained by an automatic collection device that will deliver a sample aliquot to the device after the system installs a fresh cartridge as needed. The targeted analytes may include any chemical contaminant including, but not limited to, a volatile organic compound (such as benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and xylenes), tetrachloroethylene (PCE), trichloroethylene (TCE), and vinyl chloride (VC). Other chemical contaminants include gasoline, oil, nitrites, metals, insecticides, and pesticides such as fluridone and algaecides. 
     PROPHETIC EXAMPLE 10 
     Microbiome and/or Fungi Analyte Detection in Soil 
     An interferometric system as provided herein may be set up to aid in high throughput detection and quantification of one or more target analytes (e.g., pythium, rhizoctonia, etc or metabolite generated by pythium, rhizoctonia, as well as biopesticides, insecticides, etc.) in soil. A sample may be obtained from the soil (e.g, around the root zone) and a sample aliquot prepared for delivery to the device. The sample may contain either beneficial microbiome and/or fungi or pathogenic microbiome and/or fungi. The test may measure either independently or in a multiplex fashion. 
     PROPHETIC EXAMPLE 11 
     Pesticide Drift 
     An interferometric system as provided herein may be set up to aid in high throughput detection of one or more target analytes in a crop field or surrounding field in the vicinity of a crop field subject to pesticide application. With proper placement, the interferometric system can detect and quantify pesticide drift. Particularly, pesticide drift can be detected and quantified field to field and from farm to farm. Detection and quantification may also provide an indication of the amount of pesticide that remains in the target crop field. The interferometric system may also produce and transmit a certification of pesticide drift results to a user or third party. 
     PROPHETIC EXAMPLE 12 
     Cholera and Cyanobacteria Detection and Quantification 
     A point of use testing unit may be set up to aid in rapid detection and quantification of cyanobacteria, cholera ( vibrio cholera ), or a combination thereof in a surface water source. Cholera and cyanobacteria are known to maintain a symbiotic relationship so there may be a need to test for both analytes. 
     A user may obtain a sample from the water source. A cartridge is then placed inside the system&#39;s detector component, if not already present. The cartridge may be fully replaceable and disposable after each use. The user may optionally then enter a user identifier (ID) in the system and the system optionally transmits that information to the remote server for authentication or stores the information locally. Any of a number of identifier labelling techniques, such as radio frequency identifiers (RFIDs) on or within a sample may be used. Alternatively, a unique serial number, code or other identifier associated with a sample may be manually entered into the system and optionally transmitted to a remote server. Additionally, the user may use the system to scan in or manually enter one or more substance/contaminant identifiers, such as a Universal Product Code (UPC) for the one or more analytes believed to be present in the sample and to inform the remote server of the one or more analytes. The system may also include geolocation information in its communications with the server, either from a GPS sensor included in the system or a GPS software function capable of generating the location of the system in cooperation with a cellular or other communication network in communication with the system. 
     For detection and quantification of a cyanobacteria, one or more antibodies specific to the cyanobacteria will be included on the receptor layer. The antibodies may be specific to microcystins such as microcystin-LR that are found in connection with cyanobacteria. 
     If present, the user may initialize the system by pressing a start button or other similar means to initiate any electronic components present in the system. If present, the user may optionally press an injection bulb or similar mechanical component to inject a buffer solution into the cartridge. Any display on the system may then provide visual signal that the system is ready for sample introduction (e.g., signal “READY”). If present, the user may then press another external display or button to signal the system that a sample is ready to be introduced (e.g., “SAMPLE”). 
     To introduce a sample, an aliquot of the sample may be added through a sample collecting component. Such a step may be accomplished via a disposable pipette or similar device that is suited for storing a sample until needed. Next, a user may press the injection bulb or similar mechanical component to mix the aliquot of sample and buffer and introduce the mixture to the cartridge. According to an alternative embodiment, the buffer may be mixed with the aliquot sample in a separate step prior to introduction to the cartridge. A user may then press the injection bulb or similar mechanical component a one or more times to ensure the sample mixture has fully transitioned or otherwise migrated to the cartridge and begins flowing across the waveguide channels on the waveguide. Upon arrival at the waveguide, detection and quantification processes are undertaken. Depending on the goal of the point of use procedure, one or more analytes in the sample will bind to the receptor surface of the waveguide channels thereby altering the evanescent field above the waveguide channels. The changes in the interference pattern will then create an electronic signal that can be translated to produce a reading on a display on an external surface of the system. Any collection devices and used interferometric cartridges used during use may then be disposed of properly in an appropriate waste container. The cartridge within the system may then be removed and replaced with a new cartridge or cleaned prior to next use. The cartridge may be fully disposable and placed in an appropriate waste container. 
     PROPHETIC EXAMPLE 13 
     Ground Water Analyte Detection 
     A point of use testing unit may be set up to aid in rapid detection and quantification of one or more target analytes in a subterranean water source (e.g., ground water). A user may obtain a sample from the water source and carry out the steps as set forth with respect to Example 1. The targeted analytes may include any chemical contaminant including, but not limited to, a volatile organic compound such as benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and xylenes), tetrachloroethylene (PCE), trichloroethylene (TCE), vinyl chloride (VC), and gasoline. Other chemical contaminants include oil, nitrites, metals, and pesticides. 
     PROPHETIC EXAMPLE 14 
     Chlorpyrifos Detection and Quantification in a Food Processing Plant 
     An interferometric system as provided herein may be set up to aid in rapid detection and quantification of chlorpyrifos on produce in a food processing plant. Chlorpyrifos is an organophosphate insecticide, acaricide and miticide used primarily to control foliage and soil-borne insect pests on a variety of food and feed crops. Chlorpyrifos is not allowed to be present in foods that are being sold in the United States. 
     For detection and quantification of a chlorpyrifos, one or more antibodies or aptamers specific to chlorpyrifos may be included on the sensing layer as described herein. If the test sample composition is shown to be contaminated with chlorpyrifos, remedial measures may be implemented. 
     PROPHETIC EXAMPLE 15 
     Grocery Store Produce Testing 
     An interferometric system as provided herein may be set up to aid in detection and quantification of one or more target analytes on produce as the produce arrives at a grocery store. A trained user may obtain a sample from the surface of the produce. The test sample may be obtained by an automatic collection device that will deliver a sample aliquot to the interferometric system. The targeted analytes may include any chemical contaminant including, but not limited to, a volatile organic compound such as benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and xylenes), tetrachloroethylene (PCE), trichloroethylene (TCE), vinyl chloride (VC), and gasoline. Other chemical contaminants include, oil, nitrites, metals, and pesticides. 
     PROPHETIC EXAMPLE 16 
     Microbiome and/or Fungi Detection and Quantification in Produce Storage 
     An interferometric system as provided herein may be set up at a produce storage facility to aid in high throughput detection and quantification of one or more target pathogenic analytes commonly found on produce. Such analytes include, but are not limited to,  E. coli, salmonella , pythium, asperigillus, rhizoctonia, or metabolites of each of the same). A sample may be obtained from the surface of the produce and a sample aliquot prepared by wiping the produce with a swab containing buffer. The buffer is expressed from the swab and could be transferred to the device with a pipette. The system may measure both beneficial and pathogenic analytes either independently or in a multiplex fashion. 
     PROPHETIC EXAMPLE 17 
     Agricultural Pesticide Detection 
     A portable interferometric system as provided herein may be set up to aid in rapid detection and quantification of chlorpyrifos on produce in a chemical processing plant. Chlorpyrifos is an organophosphate insecticide, acaricide and miticide used primarily to control foliage and soil-borne insect pests on a variety of food and feed crops. Chlorpyrifos is not allowed to be present in foods that are being sold in the United States. 
     After a vessel is used for processing chlorpyrifos and before the vessel is used for another purpose, it is necessary to clean the tank. For detection and quantification of a chlorpyrifos, one or more antibodies or aptamers specific to chlorpyrifos may be included on the sensing layer as described herein. If the test sample composition is shown to be contaminated with chlorpyrifos, remedial cleaning can continue until a suitable level of cleanliness is achieved. 
     The following statements provide a general description of the disclosure and are not intended to limit the appended claims. 
     Statement 1. A portable interferometric system for detection and quantification of analyte within a healthcare test sample composition, the system comprising: 
     an optical assembly unit, the optical assembly unit comprising a light unit and a detector unit each adapted to fit within a portable housing unit; and 
     a cartridge system adapted to be inserted in the housing and removed after one or more uses, the cartridge system comprising an interferometric chip and a flow cell wafer. 
     wherein the interferometric chip includes one or more waveguide channels having a sensing layer thereon, the sensing layer adapted to bind or otherwise be selectively disturbed by one or more analytes within the healthcare test sample composition. 
     Statement 2. The portable interferometric system of statement 1, wherein the portable housing is sized and shaped to fit in a user&#39;s hand. 
     Statement 3. The portable interferometric system of statements 1-2, further comprising at least one display unit. 
     Statement 4. The portable interferometric system of statements 1-3, further comprising an external camera, the external camera adapted to capture a photo or video. 
     Statement 5. The portable interferometric system of statements 1-4, comprising an alignment means for aligning the cartridge system within a cartridge recess in the interferometric system. 
     Statement 6. The portable interferometric system of statements 1-5, wherein the sensing layer comprises one or more antigens, antibodies, DNA, aptamers, polypeptides, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, lipids, or molecularly imprinted polymers, or immunoglobulins suitable for binding one or more analytes within an healthcare test sample composition. 
     Statement 7. The portable interferometric system of statements 1-6, configured to analyze the light signals from two or more waveguide channels to detect the presence of an analyte that individual waveguides could not have detected alone. 
     Statement 8. The portable interferometric system of statements 1-7, wherein the one or more waveguide channels each comprises a different sensing layer to allow the system to detect different analytes on each waveguide channel. 
     Statement 9. The portable interferometric system of statements 1-8, wherein the sensing layer is configured to bind one or more small molecules, antibodies, virus antigens, virus proteins, bacteria, fungi, pathogen, RNA, chemical, mRNA or any combination thereof. 
     Statement 10. The portable interferometric system of statements 1-9, having an analyte detection limit down to about 1.0 picogram/L. 
     Statement 11. The portable interferometric system of statements 1-10, having an analyte detection limit down to about 1000 pfu/ml. 
     Statement 12. The portable interferometric system of statements 1-11, wherein the detector has sensitivity to at least 2 pixels per diffraction line pair. 
     Statement 13. The portable interferometric system of statements 1-12, further comprising a location means adapted to determine the physical location of the system. 
     Statement 14. The portable interferometric system of statements 1-11, wherein the analyte is one or more of a fungicide, herbicide, insecticide, fungus, bacterium, or microbe. 
     Statement 15. A method of detecting and quantifying the level of analyte in an healthcare test sample composition, the method comprising the steps of:
         collecting a healthcare target sample containing one or more analytes;   optionally entering an identification associated with the target sample;   introducing the healthcare target sample to the portable interferometric system of statements 1-14;   optionally, mixing the target sample with a buffer solution to form a healthcare test sample composition;   initiating waveguide interferometry on the test sample composition;   processing any data resulting from the waveguide interferometry; and   optionally, transmitting any data resulting from the waveguide interferometry.       

     Statement 16. The method of statement 15, wherein the step of transmitting data includes wirelessly transmitting analyte detection and quantification data to a mobile device or server. 
     Statement 17. The method of statements 15- 16, further comprising the step of displaying data related to the presence of analyte in the test sample composition on the display unit. 
     Statement 18. The method of statements 15- 17, wherein the healthcare target sample is taken from water, soil, air, exhaled breath, skin, hair, or a bodily fluid or gaseous emission of the body. 
     Statement 19. The method of statements 15-18, wherein the healthcare target sample is in the form of, dissolved in, or suspended in a liquid or a gas. 
     Statement 20. The method of statements 15-19, wherein the data resulting from the waveguide interferometry is provided at or under 30 minutes. 
     Statement 21. A portable interferometric system for detection and quantification of analyte within an animal health test sample composition, the system comprising:
         an optical assembly unit, the optical assembly unit comprising a light unit and a detector unit each adapted to fit within a portable housing unit; and   a cartridge system adapted to be inserted in the housing and removed after one or more uses, the cartridge system comprising an interferometric chip and a flow cell wafer.   wherein the interferometric chip includes one or more waveguide channels having a sensing layer thereon, the sensing layer adapted to bind or otherwise be selectively disturbed by one or more analytes within the animal health test sample composition.       

     Statement 22. The portable interferometric system of statement 21, wherein the portable housing is sized and shaped to fit in a user&#39;s hand. 
     Statement 23. The portable interferometric system of statements 21-22, further comprising at least one display unit. 
     Statement 24. The portable interferometric system of statements 21-23, further comprising an external camera, the external camera adapted to capture a photo or video. 
     Statement 25. The portable interferometric system of statements 21-24, comprising an alignment means for aligning the cartridge system within a cartridge recess in the interferometric system. 
     Statement 26. The portable interferometric system of statements 21-25, wherein the sensing layer comprises one or more antigens, antibodies, DNA microarrays, polypeptides, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, lipids, or molecularly imprinted polymers, or immunoglobulins suitable for binding one or more analytes within an animal health test sample composition. 
     Statement 27. The portable interferometric system of statements 21-26, configured to analyze the light signals from two or more waveguide channels to detect the presence of an analyte that individual waveguide channels could not have detected alone. 
     Statement 28. The portable interferometric system of statements 21-27, wherein the one or more waveguide channels each comprises a different sensing layer to allow the system to detect different analytes on each waveguide channel. 
     Statement 29. The portable interferometric system of statements 21-28, wherein the sensing layer is configured to bind one or more chemical, antibody, virus antigen, virus protein, bacteria, fungi, pathogen, RNA, mRNA, plant growth regulator, metal or any combination thereof. 
     Statement 30. The portable interferometric system of statements 21-29, having an analyte detection limit down to about 1.0 picogram/L. 
     Statement 31. The portable interferometric system of statements 21-30, having an analyte detection limit down to about 1000 pfu/ml. 
     Statement 32. The portable interferometric system of statements 21-31, having sensitivity to at least 2 pixels per diffraction line pair. 
     Statement 33. The portable interferometric system of statements 21-32, further comprising a location means adapted to determine the physical location of the system. 
     Statement 34. The portable interferometric system of statements 21-33, wherein the analyte is one or more of a fungicide, herbicide, insecticide, fungus, bacterium, or microorganism. 
     Statement 35. A method of detecting and quantifying the level of analyte in an animal health test sample composition, the method comprising the steps of:
         collecting an animal health target sample containing one or more analytes;   optionally entering an identification associated with the target sample;   introducing the animal health target sample to the portable interferometric system of statements 21-34;   optionally, mixing the target sample with a buffer solution to form an animal health test sample composition;   initiating waveguide interferometry on the test sample composition;   processing any data resulting from the waveguide interferometry; and   optionally, transmitting any data resulting from the waveguide interferometry.       

     Statement 36. The method of statement 35, wherein the step of transmitting data includes wirelessly transmitting analyte detection and quantification data to a mobile device or server. 
     Statement 37. The method of statements 35-36, further comprising the step of displaying data related to the presence of analyte in the test sample composition on the display unit. 
     Statement 38. The method of statements 35-37, wherein the animal health target sample is taken from feed, water, soil, air, exhaled breath, skin, hair tissue, or bodily fluid within or surrounding an animal health environment. 
     Statement 39. The method of statements 35-38, wherein the animal health target sample is in the form of, dissolved in, or suspended in a liquid or a gas. 
     Statement 40. The method of statements 35-40, wherein the data resulting from the waveguide interferometry is provided at or under 30 minutes. 
     Statement 41. A portable interferometric system for detection and quantification of analyte within an agricultural test sample composition, the system comprising:
         an optical assembly unit, the optical assembly unit comprising a light unit and a detector unit each adapted to fit within a portable housing unit; and   a cartridge system adapted to be inserted in the housing and removed after one or more uses, the cartridge system comprising an interferometric chip and a flow cell wafer.   wherein the interferometric chip includes one or more waveguide channels having a sensing layer thereon, the sensing layer adapted to bind or otherwise be selectively disturbed by one or more analytes within the agricultural test sample composition.       

     Statement 42. The portable interferometric system of statement 41, wherein the portable housing is sized and shaped to fit in a user&#39;s hand. 
     Statement 43. The portable interferometric system of statements 41-42, further comprising at least one display unit. 
     Statement 44. The portable interferometric system of statements 41-43, further comprising an external camera, the external camera adapted to capture a photo or video. 
     Statement 45. The portable interferometric system of statements 41-44, comprising an alignment means for aligning the cartridge system within a cartridge recess in the interferometric system. 
     Statement 46. The portable interferometric system of statements 41-45, wherein the sensing layer comprises one or more antigens, antibodies, aptamers, DNA microarrays, polypeptides, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, lipids, or molecularly imprinted polymers, or immunoglobulins suitable for binding one or more analytes within an agricultural test sample composition. 
     Statement 47. The portable interferometric system of statements 41-46, configured to analyze the light signals from two or more waveguide channels to detect the presence of an analyte that individual waveguide channels could not have detected alone. 
     Statement 48. The portable interferometric system of statements 41-47, wherein the one or more waveguide channels each comprises a different sensing layer to allow the system to detect different analytes on each waveguide channel. 
     Statement 49. The portable interferometric system of statements 41-48, wherein the sensing layer is configured to bind one or more antibodies, virus antigens, virus proteins, bacteria, fungi, pathogen, RNA, chemical, mRNA or any combination thereof. 
     Statement 50. The portable interferometric system of statements 41-49, having an analyte detection limit down to about 1.0 picogram/L. 
     Statement 51. The portable interferometric system of statements 41-50, having an analyte detection limit down to about 1000 pfu/ml. 
     Statement 52. The portable interferometric system of statements 41-51, wherein the detector has sensitivity to at least 2 pixels per diffraction line pair. 
     Statement 53. The portable interferometric system of statements 41-52, further comprising a location means adapted to determine the physical location of the system. 
     Statement 54. The portable interferometric system of statements 41-53, wherein the analyte is one or more of a fungicide, herbicide, plant growth regulator, insecticide, fungus, bacterium, or microbe. 
     Statement 55. A method of detecting and quantifying the level of analyte in an agricultural test sample composition, the method comprising the steps of:
         collecting an agricultural target sample containing one or more analytes;   optionally entering an identification associated with the target sample;   introducing the agricultural target sample to the portable interferometric system of statements 41-54;   optionally, mixing the target sample with a buffer solution to form an agricultural test sample composition;   initiating waveguide interferometry on the test sample composition;   processing any data resulting from the waveguide interferometry; and   optionally, transmitting any data resulting from the waveguide interferometry.       

     Statement 56. The method of statement 55, wherein the step of transmitting data includes wirelessly transmitting analyte detection and quantification data to a mobile device or server. 
     Statement 57. The method of statements 55-56, further comprising the step of displaying data related to the presence of analyte in the test sample composition on the display unit. 
     Statement 58. The method of statements 55-57, wherein the agricultural target sample is taken from plant material, agricultural input, building, equipment, chemical tank, chemical vessel, agricultural spray tank, soil, water, or air within or surrounding an agricultural environment. 
     Statement 59. The method of statements 55-58, wherein the agricultrual target sample is in the form of, dissolved in, or suspended in a liquid or a gas. 
     Statement 60. The method of statements 55-59, wherein the data resulting from the waveguide interferometry is provided at or under 30 minutes. 
     Statement 61. A portable interferometric system for detection and quantification of analyte within a chemical test sample composition, the system comprising:
         an optical assembly unit, the optical assembly unit comprising a light unit and a detector unit each adapted to fit within a portable housing unit; and   a cartridge system adapted to be inserted in the housing and removed after one or more uses, the cartridge system comprising an interferometric chip and a flow cell wafer.   wherein the interferometric chip includes one or more waveguide channels having a sensing layer thereon, the sensing layer adapted to bind or otherwise be selectively disturbed by one or more analytes within the chemical test sample composition.       

     Statement 62. The portable interferometric system of statement 61, wherein the portable housing is sized and shaped to fit in a user&#39;s hand. 
     Statement 63. The portable interferometric system of statements 61-62, further comprising at least one display unit. 
     Statement 64. The portable interferometric system of statements 61-63, further comprising an external camera, the external camera adapted to capture a photo or video. 
     Statement 65. The portable interferometric system of statements 61-64, comprising an alignment means for aligning the cartridge system within a cartridge recess in the interferometric system. 
     Statement 66. The portable interferometric system of statements 61-65, wherein the sensing layer comprises one or more antigens, antibodies, DNA microarrays, polypeptides, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, lipids, or molecularly imprinted polymers, or immunoglobulins suitable for binding one or more analytes within a chemical test sample composition. 
     Statement 67. The portable interferometric system of statements 61-66, configured to analyze the light signals from two or more waveguide channels to detect the presence of an analyte that individual waveguide channels could not have detected alone. 
     Statement 68. The portable interferometric system of statements 61-67, wherein the one or more waveguide channels each comprises a different sensing layer to allow the system to detect different analytes on each waveguide channel. 
     Statement 69. The portable interferometric system of statements 61-68, wherein the sensing layer is configured to bind one or more antibodies, virus antigens, virus proteins, bacteria, fungi, pathogen, RNA, chemical, mRNA or any combination thereof. 
     Statement 70. The portable interferometric system of statements 61-69, having an analyte detection limit down to about 1.0 picogram/L. 
     Statement 71. The portable interferometric system of statements 61-70, having an analyte detection limit down to about 1000 pfu/L. 
     Statement 72. The portable interferometric system of statements 61-71, wherein the detector has sensitivity to at least 2 pixels per diffraction line pair. 
     Statement 73. The portable interferometric system of statements 61-72, further comprising a location means adapted to determine the physical location of the system. 
     Statement 74. The portable interferometric system of statements 61-73, wherein the analyte is one or more of a fungicide, herbicide, plant growth regulator, insecticide, fungus, bacterium, or microbe. 
     Statement 75. A method of detecting and quantifying the level of analyte in a chemical test sample composition, the method comprising the steps of:
         collecting a chemical target sample containing one or more analytes;   optionally entering an identification associated with the target sample;   introducing the chemical target sample to a portable interferometric system of statements 61-74;   optionally, mixing the target sample with a buffer solution to form a chemical test sample composition;   initiating waveguide interferometry on the test sample composition;   processing any data resulting from the waveguide interferometry; and   optionally, transmitting any data resulting from the waveguide interferometry.       

     Statement 76. The method of statement 75, wherein the step of transmitting data includes wirelessly transmitting analyte detection and quantification data to a mobile device or server. 
     Statement 77. The method of statements 75-76, further comprising the step of displaying data related to the presence of analyte in the test sample composition on the display unit. 
     Statement 78. The method of statements 75-77, wherein the chemical target sample is taken from a chemical tank, chemical vessel, chemical processing equipment, or soil or air within or surrounding a chemical processing environment or within the chemical processing environment supply chain. 
     Statement 79. The method of statements 75-78, wherein the chemical target sample is in the form of, dissolved in, or suspended in a liquid or a gas. 
     Statement 80. The method of statements 75-79, wherein the data resulting from the waveguide interferometry is provided at or under 30 minutes. 
     Statement 81. A portable interferometric system for detection and quantification of analyte within an aquatic test sample composition, the system comprising:
         an optical assembly unit, the optical assembly unit comprising a light unit and a detector unit each adapted to fit within a portable housing unit; and   a cartridge system adapted to be inserted in the housing and removed after one or more uses, the cartridge system comprising an interferometric chip and a flow cell wafer.   wherein the interferometric chip includes one or more waveguide channels having a sensing layer thereon, the sensing layer adapted to bind or otherwise be selectively disturbed by one or more analytes within the aquatic test sample composition.       

     Statement 82. The portable interferometric system of statement 81, wherein the portable housing is sized and shaped to fit in a user&#39;s hand. 
     Statement 83. The portable interferometric system of statements 81-82, further comprising at least one display unit. 
     Statement 84. The portable interferometric system of statements 81-83, further comprising an external camera, the external camera adapted to capture a photo or video. 
     Statement 85. The portable interferometric system of statements 81-84, comprising an alignment means for aligning the cartridge system within a cartridge recess in the interferometric system. 
     Statement 86. The portable interferometric system of statements 81-85, wherein the sensing layer comprises one or more antigens, antibodies, DNA, aptamers, polypeptides, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, lipids, or molecularly imprinted polymers, or immunoglobulins suitable for binding one or more analytes within an aquatic test sample composition. 
     Statement 87. The portable interferometric system of statements 81-86, wherein the system is configured to analyze the light signals from two or more waveguide channels to detect the presence of an analyte that individual waveguide channels could not have detected alone. 
     Statement 88. The portable interferometric system of statements 81-87, wherein the one or more waveguide channels each comprises a different sensing layer to allow the system to detect different analytes on each waveguide channel. 
     Statement 89. The portable interferometric system of statements 81-88, wherein the sensing layer is configured to bind one or more antibodies, virus antigens, virus proteins, bacteria, fungi, pathogen, RNA, chemical, mRNA or any combination thereof. 
     Statement 90. The portable interferometric system of statements 81-89, having an analyte detection limit down to about 1.0 picogram/L. 
     Statement 91. The portable interferometric system of statements 81-90, having an analyte detection limit down to about 1000 pfu/ml. 
     Statement 92. The portable interferometric system of statements 81-91, wherein the detector has sensitivity to at least 2 pixels per diffraction line pair. 
     Statement 93. The portable interferometric system of statements 81-92, further comprising a location means adapted to determine the physical location of the system. 
     Statement 94. The portable interferometric system of statements 81-93, wherein the analyte is one or more of a fungicide, herbicide, plant growth regulator, insecticide, fungus, bacterium, or microbe. 
     Statement 95. A method of detecting and quantifying the level of analyte in an aquatic test sample composition is provided, the method comprising the steps of:
         collecting an aquatic target sample containing one or more analytes;   optionally entering an identification associated with the target sample;   introducing the aquatic target sample to a system of statements 81-94;   optionally, mixing the target sample with a buffer solution to form an aquatic test sample composition;   initiating waveguide interferometry on the test sample composition;   processing any data resulting from the waveguide interferometry; and   optionally, transmitting any data resulting from the waveguide interferometry.       

     Statement 96. The method of statement 95, wherein the step of transmitting data includes wirelessly transmitting analyte detection and quantification data to a mobile device or server. 
     Statement 97. The method of statements 95-96, further comprising the step of displaying data related to the presence of analyte in the test sample composition on the display unit. 
     Statement 98. The method of statements 95-97, wherein the aquatic target sample is collected from salt water, fresh water, fish farm, effluent system, waterway, water reservoir, potable water source, or sanitary sewer. 
     Statement 99. The method of statements 95-98, wherein the aquatic target sample is in the form of, dissolved in, or suspended in a liquid or a gas. 
     Statement 100. The method of statements 95-99, wherein the data resulting from the waveguide interferometry is provided at or under 30 minutes. 
     Statement 101. A portable interferometric system for detection and quantification of analyte within a food processing test sample composition, the system comprising:
         an optical assembly unit, the optical assembly unit comprising a light unit and a detector unit each adapted to fit within a portable housing unit; and   a cartridge system adapted to be inserted in the housing and removed after one or more uses, the cartridge system comprising an interferometric chip and a flow cell wafer,   wherein the interferometric chip includes one or more waveguide channels having a sensing layer thereon, the sensing layer adapted to bind or otherwise be selectively disturbed by one or more analytes within the food processing test sample composition.       

     Statement 102. The portable interferometric system of statement 101, wherein the portable housing is sized and shaped to fit in a user&#39;s hand. 
     Statement 103. The portable interferometric system of statements 101-102, further comprising at least one display unit. 
     Statement 104. The portable interferometric system of statements 101-103, further comprising an external camera, the external camera adapted to capture a photo or video. 
     Statement 105. The portable interferometric system of statements 101-104, comprising an alignment means for aligning the cartridge system within a cartridge recess in the interferometric system. 
     Statement 106. The portable interferometric system of statements 101-105, wherein the sensing layer comprises one or more antigens, antibodies, DNA microarrays, polypeptides, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, lipids, or molecularly imprinted polymers, or immunoglobulins suitable for binding one or more analytes within a food processing test sample composition. 
     Statement 107. The portable interferometric system of statements 101-106, configured to analyze the light signals from two or more waveguide channels to detect the presence of an analyte that individual waveguides channels could not have detected alone. 
     Statement 108. The portable interferometric system of statements 101-107, wherein the one or more waveguide flow channels each comprises a different sensing layer to allow the system to detect different analytes on each waveguide flow channel. 
     Statement 109. The portable interferometric system of statements 101-108, wherein the sensing layer is configured to bind one or more antibodies, virus antigens, virus proteins, bacteria, fungi, pathogen, RNA, chemical, mRNA or any combination thereof. 
     Statement 110. The portable interferometric system of statements 101-109, having an analyte detection limit down to about 1.0 picogram/L. 
     Statement 111. The portable interferometric system of statements 101-110, having an analyte detection limit down to about 1000 pfu/ml. 
     Statement 112. The portable interferometric system of statements 101-101, wherein the detector has sensitivity to at least 2 pixels per diffraction line pair. 
     Statement 113. The portable interferometric system of statements 101-102, further comprising a location means adapted to determine the physical location of the system. 
     Statement 114. The portable interferometric system of statements 101-103, wherein the analyte is one or more of 2,4-D (2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid), dicamba (2-methoxy-3,6-dichlorobenzoic acid), butylated hydroxyanisole, butylated hydroxytoluene, recombinant bovine growth hormone, sodium aluminum sulfate, potassium aluminum, sulfate, bisphenol-A (BPA), sodium nitrite/nitrate, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, heterocyclic amines, acrylamide, brominated vegetable oil, artificial food coloring/dyes, and dioxins 
     Statement 115. A method of detecting and quantifying the level of analyte in a food processing test sample composition, the method comprising the steps of:
         collecting a food processing target sample containing one or more analytes;   optionally entering an identification associated with the target sample;   introducing the chemical target sample to the portable interferometric system of statements 101-114;   optionally, mixing the target sample with a buffer solution to form a food processing test sample composition;   initiating waveguide interferometry on the test sample composition;   processing any data resulting from the waveguide interferometry; and   optionally, transmitting any data resulting from the waveguide interferometry.       

     Statement 116. The method of statement 115, wherein the step of transmitting data includes wirelessly transmitting analyte detection and quantification data to a mobile device or server. 
     Statement 117. The method of statements 115-116, further comprising the step of displaying data related to the presence of analyte in the test sample composition on the display unit. 
     Statement 118. The method of statements 115-117, wherein the food processing target sample is taken from a foodstuff, packaging, processing fluid, tank, vessel, food processing equipment, food storage equipment, or water, soil or air within or surrounding a food processing environment. 
     Statement 119. The method of statements 115-118, wherein the food processing target sample is in the form of, dissolved in, or suspended in a liquid or a gas. 
     Statement 120. The method of statements 115-119, wherein the data resulting from the waveguide interferometry is provided at or under 30 minutes. 
     Statement 121. An interferometric chip is provided that includes a substrate having one or more waveguide channels having a sensing layer thereon, the sensing layer adapted to bind or otherwise be selectively disturbed by one or more analytes. 
     Statement 122. The interferometric chip of statement 121, including at least two waveguide channels coated with the sensing layer and at least two waveguide channels not coated with the sensing layer. 
     Statement 123. The interferometric chip of statements 121-122, further including a blocking coating. 
     Statement 124. The interferometric chip of statements 121-123, further including a marker selected from the group consisting of a colorant, a cut edge, an etching, an affixed label, and any combination thereof. 
     Statement 125. The interferometric chip of statements 121-124, wherein the substrate includes at least one optical material. 
     Statement 126. The interferometric chip of statements 121-125, wherein the sensing layer includes one or more proteins, enzymes, aptamers, peptides, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, lipids, or monomers and polymers, or whole cell microorganisms suitable for binding one or more analytes. 
     Statement 127. The interferometric chip of statements 121-126, wherein the one or more waveguide channels each comprises a different sensing layer to allow the system to detect different analytes on each waveguide flow channel. 
     Statement 128. The interferometric chip of statements 121-127, wherein the one or more waveguide flow channels exhibits a length of from about 1.0 mm to about 20 mm. 
     Statement 129. The interferometric chip of statements 121-128, wherein the one or more waveguide flow channels exhibits a width of from about 0.1 mm to about 0.3 mm. 
     Statement 130. The interferometric chip of statements 121-129, wherein the one or more waveguide flow channels exhibits a depth of from about 0.0001 mm to about 0.0010 mm. 
     Statement 131. A method of manufacturing an interferometric chip is provided, the method including the steps of:
         providing a substrate comprising an optical material;   creating one or more waveguide channels on or within the substrate;   coating the one or more waveguide channels with a sensing layer to form an interferometric chip; and   introducing a marker to the chip.       

     Statement 132. The interferometric chip of statement 131, wherein the marker is selected from the group consisting of a colorant, a cut edge, an etching, an affixed label, and any combination thereof. 
     Statement 133. The interferometric chip of statements 131-132, wherein the step of coating the chip with a sensing layer is performed via a technique selected from the group consisting of micro-dripping, wick threading, inkjet printing, additive manufacturing, gravure printing, aerosol jet printing, spin-coating, dip-coating, silk screen application, felt marker application, and micro paintbrush application. 
     Statement 134. The interferometric chip of statements 131-133, wherein the micro-dripping utilizes one or more micro-pumps and, optionally, one or more nozzles in liquid communication with the one or more micro-pumps. 
     Statement 135. The interferometric chip of statements 131-134, further including the step of applying a waveguide channel coating to the one or more waveguide channels. 
     Statement 136. The interferometric chip of statements 131-135, wherein the waveguide channel coating comprises at least one metal oxide or metal dioxide.