Patent Publication Number: US-9838757-B2

Title: Method to transmit video data in a data stream and associated metadata

Description:
This application claims the benefit, under 35 U.S.C. §365 of International Application PCT/EP2008/054384, filed Apr. 10, 2008, which was published in accordance with PCT Article 21(2) on Oct. 23, 2008 under international publication number WO2008/125601 on Oct. 23, 2008 in English and which claims the benefit of European patent application No. 07290475.8, filed Apr. 17, 2007. 
     The invention concerns a method to transmit video data in a data stream and associated metadata, said metadata representing associated video data structure. 
     The invention concerns also a method to transmit video data in a data stream and associated metadata, said metadata representing fingerprint information associated with said video data structure. 
     Video annotation information embedded in video bit streams may potentially benefit quite a lot of applications:
         Internet video search,   Editing material search,   Storage media indexing and retrieval,   Video browsing in VOD, channel selection, PVR . . . ,   Video copy detection,   Search results clustering.       

     These applications can be concluded into three categories:
         Requirement of textual annotation into video documents   Requirement of visual characteristics for visual similarity search   Requirement of video structure information for video navigation       

     With more and more requirement on supporting more functionality in compressed video streams, H.264/AVC, also referenced as ITU-T H.264 standard, adopted SEI (Supplemental Enhancement Information) messages which can assist in processes related mainly to decoding. Now the standard has defined around 20 types of SEI syntax to support different applications. 
     The invention proposes a framework of video coding with functional support of video structure and fingerprint. 
     According to a first aspect, the invention concerns a method for transmitting fingerprint information associated with video data into a video data stream. According to this aspect of the invention, it comprises the steps of:
         determining fingerprint associated with at least one frame of said video data,   inserting at least a message into the video stream comprising said fingerprint information.       

     According to a preferred embodiment, said video data is compliant with ITU-T H.264 standard and that said fingerprint information is encapsulated into a Supplemental Enhancement Information (SEI) message. 
     According to a preferred embodiment, the data structure comprises a plurality of nodes, each node comprising a plurality of leaves, each chunk comprises a plurality of nodes and leaves. 
     According to a preferred embodiment said video data are encoded and said chunks are encapsulated into messages in the coded video data, said chunk comprising either a description of the nodes comprised in the chunk or an information indicating that said description is comprised in a next chunk. 
     According to a preferred embodiment, said video data are coded metadata compliant with ITU-T H.264 standard and that said metadata are transmitted into at least a Supplemental Enhancement Information (SEI) message. 
     According to a preferred embodiment, said information comprised in the description is chosen among:
         a node identifier,   an indicator indicating if said node is described in said information,   and if said node is described in the current information,
           a name representing the video information said node is associated with,   a timecode giving the duration of the video information said node is associated with,   a number of summary segments,   
           And for each summary segment,
           a name representing the summary segment,   a category representing a semantic information associated with said summary segment,   a key description describing the type of segment chosen among a keyframe, a clip or a textual description,   
               

     or chosen among any combination of these information. 
     According to a second aspect the invention concerns the invention proposes a method for transmitting video data in a data stream and associated metadata, said metadata representing associated video data structure. According to this aspect of the invention, the method comprises the steps of:
         determining the structure of the video data,   splitting said structure into chunks in an incremental manner,   transmitting said chunks in the data stream at time intervals before the video data it is related to.       

     According to a third aspect, the invention concerns also a video encoding device comprising
         means for determining the structure of the video data,   means for splitting said structure into chunks in an incremental manner,   means for inserting said chunks in the data stream at time intervals before the video data it is related to.       

     According to a fourth aspect, the invention concerns also a video encoding device comprising
         means for determining fingerprint associated with at least one frame of said video data,   means for inserting at least a message into the video stream comprising said fingerprint information.       

     According to a preferred embodiment, the invention concerns also a video encoding device according to the fourth aspect and compliant with ITU-T H.264 standard and that said structure information is encapsulated into a Supplemental Enhancement Information (SEI) message. 
     According to a preferred embodiment, the video encoding device is compliant with ITU-T H.264 standard and that said fingerprint information is encapsulated into a Supplemental Enhancement Information (SEI) message. 
     According to a fifth aspect, the invention concerns also a personal video recorder characterized in that it comprises
         means for decoding encoded video information,   means for decoding associated video data structure inserted into the encoded video data in a incremental manner,   means to rebuild the video data structure thanks to the incremental video data structure received on the fly.       

     According to an sixth aspect, the invention concerns also a personal video recorder characterized in that it comprises
         means for decoding encoded video information,   means for decoding fingerprint information comprised into the encoded video data,   means for storing received encoded video data,   means to compare a plurality of recorded videos data based on their fingerprint information.       

    
    
     
       Other characteristics and advantages of the invention will appear through the description of a non-limiting embodiment of the invention, which will be illustrated, with the help of the enclosed drawing. 
         FIG. 1  represents a structure information of a video according to a preferred embodiment of the invention, 
         FIG. 2  represents the incremental decomposition of the video according to a preferred embodiment of the invention. 
     
    
    
     The Video Structure description consists in the description of the semantic organization of any audiovisual document. This description is a hierarchical structure which provides a top down decomposition of documents. 
     This information may be used for displaying short summary of the documents or for quickly navigates the documents. 
     The video structure describes a hierarchical construct. According to the type of document, the method used to obtain the structure of the document may differ. If the video represents a tennis game the structure is different from a football game, and it is also different if the video is representing a film. Several known methods exist for obtaining the structure of a video. 
       FIG. 1  represents an obtained structure of a video. This structure is represented as a hierarchical decomposition of the video represented by a tree comprising nodes and leaves. The number of nodes and leaves depend on the video content and on its length. The Depth of the tree depends on the content typically. The lowest level of the tree corresponds to the highest granularity of the structure decomposition. For instance in a tennis match, the lowest level can correspond to a point. 
     As illustrated on  FIG. 1 , the lowest level of the tree can correspond either to clips (a small video), or also to keyframes directly. With lower granularity, one can assume that the lowest level can correspond to games as far as tennis is concerned. 
     In the broadcast domain, decoders may start receiving the stream at any point of the streams. In order for them to take advantage of this structure information, the whole tree description has to be repeated along the stream. The problem with this solution is that this may represent some redundancy and may consume too much bandwidth. 
     The invention therefore proposes to split the structure information into chunks as illustrated on  FIG. 2 . 
     The proposed syntax makes it possible to transmit the graph in an incremental manner as the streams flows. 
     The idea is to split the tree description using a plurality of chunks that are transmitted at successive points in time. 
     Every chunk is supposed to be transmitted before the corresponding portion of video content. 
     On  FIG. 2 , the tree is split in 3 chunks. The node id makes it possible to reconstruct the whole tree in the decoder memory. 
     At instant t 1 , a message is inserted into the stream indicating the structure of the next incoming video. This structure is represented in the chunk  1 . 
     At instant t 2 , a message is inserted into the stream indicating the structure of the next incoming video. This structure is represented in the chunk  2 . 
     At instant t 3 , a message is inserted into the stream indicating the structure of the next incoming video. This structure is represented in the chunk  3 . 
     When the data are coded according to ITU-T H.264, the structure information is encapsulated into a supplemental Enhancement Information (SEI) message. 
     The structure of the SEI message is given in the following table: 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
             
               
                 TABLE 1 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Structure_metadata ( ) { 
                 C 
                 Descriptor 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                 Node Id 
                   
                 int(16) 
               
               
                 The unique number (in the scope of the document) associated to this 
               
               
                 component 
               
               
                 Reference 
                   
                 b(8) 
               
               
                 a Boolean, if true the component has been or will be described in another 
               
               
                 message, otherwise the rest of description follows 
               
               
                 If (!reference) { 
               
               
                  Name 
               
               
                  a descriptive text of the component 
               
               
                  same structure as text_metadata message 
               
               
                  Duration 
               
               
                  begin timecode - End timecode 
               
               
                  same format as timecode (see fingerprint metadata description) 
               
               
                  encompasses the whole component 
               
               
                  S 
                   
                 int(16) 
               
               
                  Number of summary segments 
               
               
                  for( i = 0 i &lt; S, i++ ) { 
               
               
                   Name 
               
               
                   a descriptive text of the segment 
               
               
                   same structure as text_metadata message 
               
               
                   Category 
                   
                 int(16) 
               
               
                   Indicates the category of the segment. To be described in a list 
               
               
                   The list include generic entry (SHOT, SCENE, EVENT, 
               
               
                   NEWS_STORY) and more specific ones (GOAL, MATCH, GAME, 
               
               
                   SET) 
               
               
                   KeyDescription 
                   
                 b(8) 
               
               
                   0 means a keyframe 
               
               
                   1 means a clip (a sequence present in the document described by 
               
               
                   in/out timecode) 
               
               
                   2 means textual description 
               
               
                   Switch (KeyDescription) { 
               
               
                   Case 0 : 
               
               
                    Keyframe location 
               
               
                    The keyframe is to be extracted from the video content 
               
               
                    same format as timecode 
               
               
                   Case 1 : 
               
               
                    Clip 
               
               
                    begin timecode - End timecode 
               
               
                    same format as timecode 
               
               
                   Case 2 : 
               
               
                    Free textual description 
               
               
                    same structure as text_metadata message 
               
               
                  } 
               
               
                  N 
                   
                 int(16) 
               
               
                  Number of embedded components (possibly 0) 
               
               
                  for( i = 0 i &lt; N, i++ ) { 
               
               
                   This syntax is recursive. 
               
               
                   The structure which goes here has same structure as 
               
               
                   Structure_metadata itself. 
               
               
                  } 
               
               
                 } 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     The field “reference” indicates if a given node is described in the current message or is described in a future message. 
     According to another embodiment of the invention, all the chunks can also be transmitted at the beginning of the broadcasted video. This enables the whole structure to be available at the beginning of the broadcasted video in the decoder. 
     In a preferred embodiment, each chunk is transmitted once in a SEI message before the NALs comprising the video said SEI message applies to. 
     Each SEI message comprises a timecode indicating the absolute value of the video information it refers to as a start information and an end information. In order to be meaningful for the user when navigating into the document, each segment is represented by a name and also each segment can be identified by a specific identifier such as SHOT, SCENE, EVENT, NEWS_STORY, this gives the granularity of the segment. Each segment can also be identified using a semantic information representative of the content of the video and for instance, GOAL, MATCH, GAME, SET. This last metadata giving information for video indexing application. 
     A key description field indicates also the granularity of the segment, if it is a keyframe, a video clip, or a textual description of the segment comprising for instance a very important declaration from an important person known over ages; 
     The syntax of the SEI message is recursive as a tree structure is recursive. 
     A number N of embedded components in the chunk is also given. 
     So, when receiving one after the others the chunks, embedded in the data stream, it is possible to rebuild the whole structure of the video data as each chunk is not independent from the others but completely linked thanks to the syntax described in table 1 and the node identifiers. 
     Now, we are going to describe the second aspect of the invention which proposes a method to transmit fingerprint information with the video. 
     Video Fingerprinting is a technology that makes it possible to detect that 2 video documents probably contain the same content or fragment of content. It is able to cope with content which have been altered (purposely or not). Those alterations include:
         Cropping,   Compression,   Rotation,   Some image alteration (blur . . . ).       

     A well known application of video fingerprinting is the detection of pirate copies of document. But since video fingerprinting provides a reliable way of identifying 2 similar documents, it has many other applications including detecting doubles into a video collection or retrieving a clip within a complete edited document. 
     These applications are different form pure visual similarity based application which typically support “query by content”: They aim at retrieving 2 copies that match almost exactly. 
     Fingerprinting technology relies on the extraction of descriptive information from the content that can be efficiently handled by specific search applications. This descriptive information can be stored into metadata so that they are immediately available for searching without the need to decompress and analyzing the video content. 
     According to the preferred embodiment, the video data are encoded according to ITU-T H.264 standard. The fingerprint information is encapsulated into SEI messages as defined in the next table. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
             
               
                 TABLE 2 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 fingerprint_metadata ( ) { 
                 C 
                 Descriptor 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                 Reference frame (timecode) 
                   
                 b(8)b(8)b(8) b(4) 
               
               
                 Fingerprint algorithm Index 
                   
                 b(8) 
               
               
                 N Number of items in the fingerprint 
                   
                 Unsigned int (16) 
               
               
                 (typically corresponds to number of 
               
               
                 keypoints - point of interest). 
               
               
                 for( i = 0 i &lt; N, i++ ) { 
               
               
                   Dim 
                   
                 Unsigned int (16) 
               
               
                   Dimension of each element of DATA 
               
               
                   (for e.g histogram of luminance 
               
               
                   DIM=256) 
               
               
                  Format 
                   
                 b(8) 
               
               
                  Format of each element of DATA 
               
               
                  ( char, short int, float 
               
               
                  for( i = 0 i &lt; Dim, i++ ) { 
               
               
                   DATA: 
                   
                 b(8) or u(16) or 
               
               
                   data fingerprint. DATA={DATA(i)} 
                   
                 f(32) 
               
               
                   i=1..N. Each DATA(i) is an 
               
               
                   element of the fingerprint. 
               
               
                  } 
               
               
                 } 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     A fingerprint SEI message can appear at any location in the stream. There can be any number of such messages, at most one per frame. There will be typically one fingerprint message per shot. 
     A fingerprint message specifies the exact frame it is associated with and called reference frame in the table 2 (from which it has been extracted). This is required by fingerprint checking mechanism which needs to take temporal constraints into account. 
     A timecode is described in the following manner: hour, minute, second, frame number respective to the embedding document. Represented by 3 bytes and 1 nibble: b(8), b(8), b(8), n(4), 
     If the document is edited, this metadata will have to be regenerated. 
     “Fingerprint algorithm Index” is the index of the video fingerprint algorithm used to describe this frame. Some different video fingerprint algorithms can be used to describe a frame, a shot. 
     In case two videos fingerprinting have been extracted by two different algorithms, direct fingerprint comparison is impossible. 
     Inside the syntax definition, u(n) represents unsigned integer using n bits and b(8) represents byte having any pattern of bit string (8 bits), payloadSize is the size in bytes of the whole video_annotation_SEI payload. No variable length coding is used here for the acceleration of fast bit stream parsing. 
     Both information of fingerprint and video structure can be combined in a high level SEI message comprising also other video annotation information. 
     For instance, the next table can propose a SEI message structure comprising several types of metadata related to the video annotation. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
               
             
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 video_annotation_SEI (payloadSize) { 
                 C 
                 Descriptor 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
                   metadataType 
                 5 
                 u(8) 
               
               
                   
                   if (metadataType &amp; 0x01 == 0x01) 
               
               
                   
                    text_metadata (payloadSize) 
                 5 
               
               
                   
                   if (metadataType &amp; 0x02 == 0x02) 
               
               
                   
                    motion_metadata ( ) 
                 5 
               
               
                   
                   if (metadataType &amp; 0x04 == 0x04) 
               
               
                   
                    colour_metadata ( ) 
                 5 
               
               
                   
                   if (metadataType &amp; 0x08 == 0x08) 
               
               
                   
                    texture_metadata ( ) 
                 5 
               
               
                   
                  if(metadataType &amp; 0x10 == 0x10) 
               
               
                   
                   fingerprint_metadata ( ) 
                 5 
               
               
                   
                  if(metadataType &amp; 0x10 == 0x12) 
               
               
                   
                   structure_metadata ( ) 
                 5 
               
               
                   
                 } 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Without departing from the scope of the invention, it concerns also a video encoding device comprising
         means for determining the structure of the video data,   means for splitting said structure into chunks in an incremental manner,   means for inserting said chunks in the data stream at time intervals before the video data it is related to.       

     Preferably, this encoding device is compliant with ITU-T H.264 standard and that said structure information is encapsulated into a Supplemental Enhancement Information (SEI) message. 
     The invention concerns also a video encoding device comprising
         means for determining fingerprint associated with at least one frame of said video data,   means for inserting at least a message into the video stream comprising said fingerprint information.       

     Preferably this encoding device is compliant with ITU-T H.264 standard and that said fingerprint information is encapsulated into a Supplemental Enhancement Information (SEI) message. 
     The invention concerns also a personal video recorder comprising:
         means for decoding encoded video information,   means for decoding associated video data structure inserted into the encoded video data in a incremental manner,   means to rebuild the video data structure thanks to the incremental video data structure received on the fly.       

     The invention concerns also a personal video recorder comprising:
         means for decoding encoded video information,   means for decoding fingerprint information comprised into the encoded video data,   means for storing received encoded video data,   means to compare a plurality of recorded video data based on their fingerprint information.