Patent Publication Number: US-2023141238-A1

Title: Anisotropic lenses for remote parameter adjustment

Description:
This application is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 17/071,965, filed Oct. 15, 2020, which claims the benefit of U.S. provisional applications: Ser. No. 62/915,293 filed Oct. 15, 2019, entitled “ANISOTROPIC LENSES FOR REMOTE PARAMETER ADJUSTMENT”, and U.S. provisional application Ser. No. 62/978,701 filed Feb. 19, 2020, entitled “ANISOTROPIC LENSES FOR REMOTE PARAMETER ADJUSTMENT”. This and all other referenced extrinsic materials are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. Where a definition or use of a term in a reference that is incorporated by reference is inconsistent or contrary to the definition of that term provided herein, the definition of that term provided herein is deemed to be controlling. 
    
    
     FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
     The field of the invention is wireless communication. 
     BACKGROUND 
     The background description includes information that may be useful in understanding the present invention. It is not an admission that any of the information provided herein is prior art or relevant to the presently claimed invention, or that any publication specifically or implicitly referenced is prior art. 
     Antennas in future telecommunication networks are expected to present high gain in a broadband frequency range, as well as a reconfigurable radiation pattern. This is of particular interest for 5G systems which require greater thru-put and more precise optimization for peak performance. Currently there are limited methods of being able to electronically control and adjust this beamwidth without changing the antenna. 
     By common definition, antenna reconfigurability is remote/dynamic control of such antenna parameters as gain, radiation pattern (including beamwidth and beam shape), number of beams, polarization, with reversible modifications of its properties. The reconfiguration capability of reconfigurable antennas is used to maximize the antenna performance in a changing scenario or to satisfy changing operating requirements. 
     In many cases, previously deployed three-sector antennas will upgrade to nine-sector antennas to increase capacity. For example, there is demand for reconfigurable antennas with ability to change one wide beam (covering 120° sector) to multiple beams, which together provide the same 120° coverage. Also, in some wireless scenarios, beamwidth of an antenna might need to be dynamically adjusted (for example, from standard 65° 3 dB BW to 30° 3 dB BW) for coverage optimization/improvement. 
     In the telecommunication industry, typically BSA antennas are used (consisting of multiple radiating elements phased together into a phased array antenna), these antennas provide coverage for cellular use. It is well known that adjusting this coverage (i.e., adjusting the vertical/horizontal beamwidth of the antenna) can be a useful tool in optimizing capacity and coverage of users. 
     One possible method of adjusting resultant beamwidth is applying an isotropic dielectric lens in front of the radiating element or antenna. An isotropic spherical dielectric lens  101  is shown in prior art  FIG.  1   . Lens  101  has equal magnitude of dielectric constant (DK) in all axes (X, Y, Z). However, this method does not provide a solution for variable beamwidth, as well as the ability to adjust only the horizontal or vertical beam. Reconfiguring for different beamwidths using isotropic dielectric lenses requires the use of a new antenna, and therefore fails to provide a standard solution which can be used on different types of existing BSA antennas. 
     Polarization diversity and MIMO performance can be also improved by use of polarization agility (in particular, with circular polarization). The additional antenna gain and degrees of freedom (pattern, polarization) provided by reconfigurable antennas can be used to overcome significant path loss and shadowing, especially at higher frequencies (5G), and for better in-building penetration. Accordingly, there is still a need for an antenna system that solves these problems to provide high performance base station antenna with adjustable number of beams and pattern/polarization reconfigurability. 
     Thanks to the invention of light-weight, low loss, low cost artificial dielectric material (see, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 8,518,537 to Matitsine) lensed antennas are used more widely in advanced 4G/LTE wireless communications. This provides better coverage and capacity compared to traditional antenna arrays, see e.g., https://matsing.com Lensed antennas also open doors to antenna reconfigurability, because the advancement in wireless communications requires the integration of multiple radios into a single platform to maximize connectivity and capacity. The &#39;537 patent describes many different materials that can be used in lensed antennas, and such materials are referred to herein as “Matsing materials”. 
     U.S. Pat. No. 9,819,094 to Matitsine et al., provides good examples of advanced base station lensed antennas, but such antennas do not have reconfigurability (i.e. pattern, gain, polarization cannot be dynamically adjusted), because the lens uses isotropic dielectric materials (i.e. material has the same dielectric constant in any direction, X, Y, Z). 
     All publications herein are incorporated by reference to the same extent as if each individual publication or patent application were specifically and individually indicated to be incorporated by reference. Where a definition or use of a term in an incorporated reference is inconsistent or contrary to the definition of that term provided herein, the definition of that term provided herein applies and the definition of that term in the reference does not apply. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     This application describes apparatus and methods in which one or more anisotropic lenses are used to vary one or more of beamwidth, beam direction, polarization, and other parameters for BSA and other types of antennas. 
     As shown below, the above-mentioned requirements to reconfigurable antennas can be achieved by moving of anisotropic dielectric body (bodies) near the antenna aperture. Although this method of antenna reconfigurability looks universal, it is illustrated below with application to base station antenna technology. Artificial anisotropic dielectric material is much less expensive and lighter compare to natural anisotropic dielectric material. 
     Anisotropic lenses with varying magnitude of dielectric value (DK) in relation to the direction of the applied electric field are described, as well as lenses with varying magnetic constant (permeability) in relation to the direction of the applied magnetic field. Key practical antenna applications such as variable beamwidth (or beamforming) for all types of 4G/LTE/5G BSA antennas are presented. For antenna applications, different shaped (cylindrical, spherical, disc, rectangular) anisotropic dielectric lenses are described that can be used to adjust single or multiple antenna parameters. Parameters include being able to adjust the resultant beamwidth, beam direction, polarization, gain, and sidelobe levels for single and multiple resultant antenna beams. Depending on the shape and DK orientation used, the lens can be mechanically rotated or moved to gradually increase/decrease the resultant beamwidth as well as other parameters of the antenna. 
     Furthermore, different types of materials and methods of fabrication are given. Some contemplated embodiments use spherical lenses constructed using a light weight polymer based material with embedded conductive fibers oriented in a single direction. Other contemplated embodiments use conductive fibers oriented in different orientations. Multiple examples are given including spherical lenses used to adjust resultant beamwidth of single-polarization antennas, dual-polarization antennas as well as multi-beam antennas. Further examples are given for independent horizontal and vertical beamwidth adjustment, as well as simultaneous horizontal and vertical beamwidth adjustment. 
     As a solution for remote adjustment of antenna parameters, methods of remote adjustment such as mechanical movement or rotation of lenses and electronic movement and/or rotation of lenses are discussed. Examples of adjustment of other antenna parameters such as beam direction are also provided. Other applications can include radar, satellite, as well as magnetic anisotropic lenses for multiple applications. 
     Although in many instances it might be preferable to move one or more lenses relative to one or more radiating elements, the physics is such that moving an element relative to a lens can achieve the same goal. Accordingly, this application uses the term “mutually orienting” with respect to lenses and radiating elements to include situations where either or both of a radiating element or a lens is being moved or otherwise oriented. And any description of either one of a radiating element or its associated lens being moved or oriented should be interpreted as if the description had specified “mutually orienting”. 
     In a preferred embodiment, an antenna system includes at least one spherical lens, each having a first dielectric permittivity in a first direction and a second dielectric permittivity in a second direction, where the lens is coupled to at least one radiating element. The anisotropic lens advantageously allows for adjustment of the resultant output beamwidth, output beam direction, output beam polarization, output beam gain, and output beam sidelobe levels. In some embodiments, the anisotropic lens can be substantially cylindrical, disc-shaped, or rectangular. As used herein, and unless the context dictates otherwise, the term “output beam” is intended to include the radiation pattern power contours, received into or transmitted out from the antenna or antenna system described, due to an RF signal resulting from any electromagnetic-based form of communication. 
     Thus, in first aspect of the present invention, rotation of an anisotropic body (in particular a cylinder with a plurality of parallel short wires) provides a base station antenna with pattern reconfiguration (including transformation from one beam to multi-beam operation) and limited polarization agility. 
     In a second aspect of present invention, rotation of anisotropic body (in particular, cylinder with plurality of crossed short wires) provides a base station antenna with full polarization agility. 
     In a third aspect of present invention, independent rotation of two anisotropic bodies (in particular, inner cylinder with plurality of crossed short wires and outer hollow cylinder with plurality of parallel short wires) provides full pattern reconfiguration (including single- and multi-beam operation) and full polarization agility. 
     Various objects, features, aspects and advantages of the inventive subject matter will become more apparent from the following detailed description of preferred embodiments, along with the accompanying drawing figures in which like numerals represent like components. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         FIG.  1    is a schematic of a prior art spherical isotropic lens. 
         FIG.  2    is a schematic of a spherical anisotropic lens having a magnitude of DK (dielectric constant) oriented in the Y axis. 
         FIG.  3 A  is a schematic of a beam emanating from an anisotropic lens in which both the magnitude of the dielectric constant and the direction of the applied electric field from a radiating element are parallel. 
         FIG.  3   b    is a schematic of a beam emanating from an anisotropic lens in which both the magnitude of the dielectric constant and the direction of the applied electric field from a radiating element are orthogonal. 
         FIG.  4    is a schematic of a cross-section of an anisotropic lens having conductive fibers oriented in a single direction. 
         FIG.  5    is a schematic of conductive fibers in a lens, in which the fibers are positioned in orthogonal directions. 
         FIG.  6    is a schematic of a first and second discs of an anisotropic lens, in which the conductive fibers in the first disc is oriented orthogonally to those in the second disc. 
         FIG.  7    is a schematic of an anisotropic lens having magnitude of DK orientated in multiple directions (+45 and −45). 
         FIG.  8    is a schematic of an anisotropic torus shaped lens positioned in front of multiple single-polarized radiating elements. 
         FIG.  9    is a schematic of a curved cylinder anisotropic lens positioned in front of a single radiating element or antenna. 
         FIG.  10    is a schematic of a spherical anisotropic lens  1002  positioned in front of multiple radiating elements or antennas. 
         FIG.  11    is a schematic of a curved cylinder anisotropic lens positioned in front of multiple radiating elements or antennas. 
         FIG.  12    is a schematic of an anisotropic cylindrical lens physically oriented in the Y axis, with DK oriented in the X axis. The lens is positioned in front of a single element. 
         FIG.  13    is a schematic of a disc shaped anisotropic lens applied to multiple radiating elements 
         FIG.  14    is a schematic of multiple spherical anisotropic lenses positioned in front of a phased array antenna. The multiple lenses are moved simultaneously. 
         FIG.  15    is a schematic of multiple small cylindrical anisotropic lenses positioned in front each element of a phased array antenna. One or more the multiple lenses can be moved simultaneously. 
         FIG.  16    is a schematic of two large cylindrical anisotropic lenses positioned in front of a phased array antenna, where the lenses can be moved simultaneously. 
         FIG.  17    is a schematic of a large isotropic lens positioned in front of multiple smaller anisotropic lenses, which are positioned in front of multiple radiating elements arranged vertically around the large isotropic lens. 
         FIG.  18    is a schematic of a large isotropic lens positioned in front of multiple smaller anisotropic lenses, which are positioned in front of multiple radiating elements arranged horizontally around the large isotropic lens. 
         FIG.  19    is a schematic of a reconfigurable antenna having a lens with multiple concentric plastic pipes that are empty. 
         FIG.  20    is a schematic of the reconfigurable antenna of  FIG.  19   , in which some of the concentric plastic pipes are filled with a dielectric liquid. 
         FIG.  21    is a schematic of the reconfigurable antenna of  FIG.  19   , in which all of the concentric plastic pipes are filled with a dielectric liquid. 
         FIG.  22    is a schematic of the reconfigurable antenna of  FIG.  19   , in which all of the concentric plastic pipes are filled with a dielectric liquid, and further including five radiators. 
         FIG.  23    is a cross-section of a spherical, reconfigurable, dual-polarized lens with empty pipes. 
         FIG.  24    is a horizontal cross-section of a spherical, reconfigurable, dual-polarized lens with full pipes. 
         FIG.  25    is a schematic of a reconfigurable base station antenna having a motorized anisotropic lens positioned in front of a base station antenna. 
         FIG.  26 A  is a horizontal cross-sectional view of the reconfigurable base station antenna of  FIG.  25   . 
         FIG.  26 B  is a diagram showing a single beam pattern relative to a sectored cell. 
         FIG.  27 A  is a schematic of a reconfigurable base station antenna of  FIG.  26 A , with the lens rotated 90°. 
         FIG.  27 B  is a diagram showing a three beam pattern relative to a sectored cell. 
         FIGS.  28 A- 28 C  are schematics of vertical and horizontal cross-sections of different rotations of an anisotropic cylindrical lens. 
         FIG.  29 A  is a partially exploded isometric view of another anisotropic cylindrical lens, which can provide both antenna pattern and polarization reconfigurability. 
         FIG.  29 B  shows horizontal and vertical cross-sections of the anisotropic cylindrical lens of  FIG.  29 A . 
         FIG.  30    is a flowchart of a contemplated methods for using anisotropic lenses. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     Exemplary Embodiments 
       FIG.  2    is a simple embodiment in which a single spherical, anisotropic dielectric lens  200  has magnitude of DK (dielectric constant) oriented in the Y axis, as depicted by arrow  202 . 
       FIG.  3 A  depicts a beam  304 A emanating from a single radiating element  304 , polarized in direction of arrow  305 , to emit an applied electric field, and passing through an anisotropic lens  301  also oriented to have a main DK in a Y direction  302 . At this orientation both the magnitude of the dielectric constant and the direction of the applied electric field from the radiating element are parallel in the vertical direction, and the resultant beam is horizontally relatively narrow. 
       FIG.  3 B  depicts a beam  304 B emanating from a single radiating element  304 , polarized in direction of arrow  305 , to emit an applied electric field, and passing through an anisotropic lens  301 , oriented to have a main DK in an X direction  303 . At this orientation the magnitude of the DK and the direction of the applied electric field from the radiating element are orthogonal, and the resultant beam is horizontally relatively broader. 
       FIG.  4    depicts a cross-section of an anisotropic lens  301  showing orientation of substantially parallel fibers  400  in the Y direction, which can be rotated or moved along a plane that includes the fibers, either mechanically or electronically, to allow variable and remote adjustment of the beamwidth from a single polarization element. An exemplary lens of this type can be a spherical lens made from a light-weight polymer based material embedded with the conductive fibers. 
       FIG.  5    depicts a lens  501  having fibers  502  positioned in orthogonal directions, in this case the DK values of the lens are oriented in both +45 and +45 directions. This provides a solution for adjusting beamwidth without changing resulting polarization of the beam for a dual polarization element. In other examples different orientations of DK can be used to variably adjust the resultant polarization. 
     It is also contemplated that a given anisotropic lens can have multiple orientations of DK values. For example,  FIG.  6    depicts a lens  600  comprising disc  601  with fibers  602 , and disc  603  with fibers  604 . As shown, the fibers on the two discs are orthogonal, forming X shaped orientations. Discs  601  and  602  could be positionally fixed relative to one another, or rotatable relative to one another. 
       FIG.  7    depicts a lens  701  having conductive fibers (not shown), collectively oriented along diagonal arrows  702  and  703 , and in some embodiments layered as in  FIG.  6   . This is an example of an anisotropic lens that can be applied to a cross-polarized polarized element, which would permit changing beamwidth without changing polarization. 
       FIG.  8    depicts a lens assembly  800  that includes torus lens  801 , which has DK in the Y direction  802 , applied in front of multiple single-polarized radiating elements (not shown) all polarized in the Y direction. When the lens  801  is rotated around the Z axis, the resultant beamwidth (not shown) from all elements is adjusted. 
     It is contemplated that lens  801  could be moved along horizontal and/or vertical planes to vary the resultant polarization. Anisotropic lenses with different shapes can be applied to variably adjust resultant polarization for single and dual-polarized elements and antennas. Similar principals can be applied to multi-beam antennas. 
       FIG.  9    depicts a single cylindrical anisotropic lens  901 , which has DK in the direction of arrow  902 , positioned in front of a single radiating element or antenna  903 . Mechanical or electronic rotation of lens  901  about the Y axis adjusts the beamwidth or other characteristics of the resulting beam (not shown). Lens  901  could, for example, have a single orientation magnitude of DK 3. 
       FIG.  10    depicts a spherical anisotropic lens  1002  positioned in front of multiple radiating elements or antennas  1003 A,  1003 B,  1003 C. Lens  1002  had conductive fibers  1001  oriented as shown. Rotation or other movement of lens  1002  concurrently adjusts the beamwidth or other characteristics of the resulting beam(s) (not shown). 
       FIG.  11    is similar to  FIG.  9   , except that in this example, a single curved cylinder anisotropic lens  1101 , which has DK in the direction of arrow  1102 , is positioned in front of multiple radiating elements or antennas  1103 ,  1104 . Mechanical or electronic rotation of lens  1101  about the Y axis adjusts the beamwidth or other characteristics of the resulting beam(s) (not shown). 
     As should be apparent from the examples herein, individual anisotropic lenses of different shapes and combinations can be placed in front of single antenna elements, as well as multiple element antennas and radiating elements to satisfy specific requirements. Among other things, one or more anisotropic lenses can be used to simultaneously, or independently, adjust the resulting horizontal and vertical beamwidths, and/or other beam characteristics. 
     In particular, cylindrical or disc shaped anisotropic lenses can be used to variably adjust resultant horizontal or vertical beamwidth.  FIG.  12    depicts an anisotropic cylindrical lens  1201 , physically oriented in the Y axis, with DK oriented in the X axis. Lens  1201  is applied (positioned in front of) radiating element  1203  with linear polarization along the z direction. Due to the shape of lens  1201  and its orientation, rotation of the lens  1201  about the Y axis narrows the vertical beam  1202  but has no effect on the horizontal beam. 
     Other shaped lenses with different DK orientations can be used depending on application. For example,  FIG.  13    depicts a disc shaped anisotropic lens  1301  applied to radiating elements  1303 ,  1304 . Lens  1301  is anisotropic with respect to arrow  1302 , and can be rotated on different axes in order to adjust resultant vertical or horizontal beamwidth. 
     Anisotropic lenses can also be applied to a variety of antennas including radar, BSA, satellite and others. For example, anisotropic lenses can be applied to standard phased array antennas (BSA antennas typically used in telecommunications). Individual lenses can be applied to each individual radiating element of the phased array antenna, and all of the lenses can then be mechanically or electronically turned or rotated simultaneously or individually as needed in order to adjust resultant parameters of the antenna. 
       FIG.  14    depicts a phased array antenna  1400  that includes multiple radiating elements  1401 A,  1405 A,  1410 A, and  1415 A, in front of which are positioned multiple spherical anisotropic lenses  1401 ,  1405 ,  1410 ,  1415 , each with its DK oriented in the Y direction. Lenses  1401 ,  1405 ,  1410 ,  1415  can be simultaneously rotated around the Z axis in order to adjust the resultant beamwidth (not shown) of the antenna  1400 . 
       FIG.  15    depicts a phased array antenna  1500  that includes multiple radiating elements  1501 ,  1505 ,  1510 ,  1515 , in front of which are positioned multiple cylindrical anisotropic lenses, one with its DK oriented in the X direction  1501 X,  1505 X,  1510 X,  1515 X, and another in the Y direction  1501 Y,  1505 Y,  1510 Y,  1515 Y. The lenses can be rotated along their long axes in order to adjust the resultant beamwidth, rotation of the  1501 Y,  1505 Y,  1510 Y,  1515 Y lenses to adjust horizontal beam width, and rotation of the  1501 X,  1505 X,  1510 X,  1515 X lenses to adjust the vertical beamwidth (not shown). 
     It is also contemplated to use a single or multiple cylindrical anisotropic lenses (not shown) which are sized and dimensioned to receive beams from all elements of a phased array antenna. 
       FIG.  16    depicts two coplanar, anisotropic cylindrical lenses  1601 ,  1602  placed in front of a phased array antenna  1600  with elements  1603 A,  1603 B,  1603 C, and  1603 D, oriented in the Y axis. The lenses  1601 ,  1602  have their DK oriented in the X or Z axes. As the lenses  1601 ,  1602  are rotated (either mechanically or electronically) the resultant beam direction is changed. Use of multiple cylinders allows resulting beams to be steered more precisely. 
     It is also contemplated that a large isotropic lens can be used in conjunction with multiple, smaller anisotropic lenses to adjust resultant RF parameters of an antenna.  FIG.  17    depicts a large spherical isotropic lens  1701  positioned in front of multiple smaller anisotropic lenses  1705 A,  1705 B,  1705 C, which are positioned in front of radiating elements  1710 A,  1710 B,  1710 C, respectively a multibeam antenna. 
       FIG.  18    depicts a configuration similar to that of  FIG.  17   , which includes a large isotropic lens  1751  used in conjunction with multiple, smaller anisotropic lenses  1755 A,  1755 B,  1755 C and radiating elements  1460 A,  1760 B,  1760 C. Here, a controller (not shown) is configured to independently or simultaneously rotate lenses  1755 A,  1755 B,  1755 C to adjust resultant beam parameters of an antenna. 
     In  FIGS.  19 - 22   , a reconfigurable Luneburg lens  1901  (which can be spherical, cylindrical, or planar) uses at least one liquid dielectric liquid with a high dielectric constant. Differing amounts of the liquid can be inserted into the lens using micro-pipes, and resulting lenses can have different distributions of DK to form beams with different beamwidths/shapes. Another, more traditional way to move the liquids into the lens is using of pumps, or micropumps, such as the Bartels micropumps available from Mikrotechnik (see http://www.bartels-mikrotechnik.de/content/view/9/15/lang.english/. Both electronic (electrowetting) or mechanical (with pumps) control methods can be used to transfer the dielectric liquid(s), and both are PIM-free. 
     Pipes can have uniform distribution inside the lens (to achieve quasi-homogeneous lens with resulting DK 1.6-2.3) or can have increased concentration to the center ε=2−(r/R) 2  for multi-layer Luneburg Lens (R is radius of the lens). The center might or might not be filled with a dielectric liquid. Table 1 below show examples of these dielectrics with DK from about 20 to about 200. All liquids shown in Table 1 are electrostatically movable, i.e. can be moved (into lens or out of lens) by application of static electrical field (so called electrowetting). Also, all of them has low PIM (passive intermodulation) which is beneficial for wireless communications applications, as 4G/LTE. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
                 TABLE I 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Melting 
                 Boiling 
               
               
                   
                 Dielectric 
                 Density 
                 Viscosity 
                 Point 
                 Point 
               
               
                 Liquid 
                 Constant 
                 (g/cm3) 
                 (mPa * s) 
                 (C.) 
                 (C.) 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Propylene 
                 65 
                 1.198 
                 25 
                 −55 
                 240 
               
               
                 Carbonate 
               
               
                 y-butyrolactone 
                 42 
                 1.13 
                 1.7 
                 −43 
                 204 
               
               
                 DMSO 
                 41 
                 1.1 
                 1.996 
                 19 
                 189 
               
               
                 Propionitrile 
                 28 
                 0.772 
                   
                 −93 
                  97 
               
               
                 2-propanol 
                 18 
                 0.785 
                   
                 −90 
                  82 
               
               
                 N-methylacetamide 
                 179 
                 0.957 
                   
                 27 
                 205 
               
               
                 Acetonitrille 
                 38 
                 0.7857 
                 0.316 
                 −45 
                  82 
               
               
                 Ethanol 
                 24 
                 0.789 
                   
                 −114 
                  78 
               
               
                 Propylene Glycol 
                 32 
                 1.04 
                 48.6 
                 −60 
                 188 
               
               
                 N-methylformamide 
                 171 
                 1.011 
                   
                 −4 
                 199 
               
               
                 Methanol 
                 30 
                 0.791 
                   
                 −98 
                  65 
               
               
                 Ethylene Glycol 
                 37 
                 1.1132 
                 16.1 
                 −13 
                 197 
               
               
                 Glycerol 
                 43 
                 1.25 
                   
                 20 
                 182 
               
               
                 Hydroxy Propylene 
                 110 
                 1.4 
                   
                 −69 
               
               
                 Carbonate 
               
               
                 Formamide 
                 109 
                 1.133 
                 3.75 
                 3 
                  211| 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
       FIG.  19    depicts a reconfigurable antenna  1900  having a lens  1901  comprising multiple concentric plastic pipes  1902 A,  1902 B,  1902 C positioned about central core  1904 , a reservoir  1905 , pumps  1910 , and a radiator  1903 . All of a dielectric liquid is in the reservoir  1905 , and the pipes are delineated with dotted lines. The lens  1901  is homogeneous with low DK (1.1-1.2) and low focusing ability, so the radiation pattern has a wide beam  1920 . The core  1904  can include the dielectric liquid or another dielectric material. 
     In  FIG.  20    the pipes  1902 A and  1902 B of lens  1901  contain a dielectric liquid (shown with solid line) that was pumped in from the reservoir (shown only in  FIG.  19   ). The resulting (average) DK inside lens  1901  is higher, and the beamwidth is narrower. In  FIG.  20 - 23   , pumps  1910  and reservoir  1905  (or electronic circuits in the case of electrowetting) are not shown for simplicity. 
     In  FIG.  21    all of the pipes  1902 A,  1902 B,  1902 C are filled with the dielectric liquid. The resulting DK inside the lens  1901  is higher, and its distribution is approximately the same as required for a multi-layer Luneburg Lens: ε=2−(r/R) 2 , resulting in a narrow beam  1921  with low sidelobes. 3 dB beamwidth in this case is approximately equal 30λ/R [deg]. 
     In  FIG.  22    all of the pipes  1902 A,  1902 B,  1902 C are filled with the dielectric liquid. Antenna  1900  has five radiators  1903 A,  1903 B,  1903 C,  1903 D, and  1903 E, which emit electromagnetic waves that are beam formed through lens  1901  to produce 5 narrow dual-polarized beams  1920 A,  1920 B,  1920 C,  1920 D, and  1920 E, respectively. This provides high capacity coverage  1930 . For comparison, one wide beam  1930 , which would be formed by the central element with none of the pipes activated by being filled with the dielectric liquid, has a relatively lower low capacity coverage for the same geographic area. 
     Antenna  1900  of  FIG.  22    could advantageously be used for wireless/cellular communications, in which the antenna can cover the same geographic area with one wide beam (low traffic/low capacity) or with multiple beams (higher traffic/higher capacity). Accordingly, adaptive beamforming can be achieved which is especially desirable for 5G applications. Single or dual polarized radiators could be used in any of the embodiments of  FIGS.  19 - 22   ). 
     It is also contemplated, that asymmetrical micro-pipes activations and other adaptive beamforming methods could also be used, including null forming in the direction of interference. 
     In other contemplated embodiments, micro-pipes can be used instead of wires/conductive fibers for antenna solutions similar to configurations shown in  FIG.  5   - FIG.  7   . 
       FIG.  23    is a horizontal cross-section of a spherical, reconfigurable, dual-polarized lens  2301 . Empty pipes are depicted by dotted lines  2310 , provide relatively weak polarization along arrows  2332 ,  2334 , and result in formation of a relatively wide beam. In  FIG.  24   , the pipes are filled with a dielectric liquid, depicted by solid lines  2312 , and provide relatively weak polarization along arrows  2332 ,  2334 , which results in formation of a relatively narrow beam. 
     In  FIG.  25    a reconfigurable base station antenna  10  includes an anisotropic cylindrical lens  11  with motor  12 , making available rotation lens  11  about its axis of rotation  13 . Antenna  10  also contains three vertical columns (linear arrays)  14 ,  15 ,  16  of radiators  17  which have linear slant +/−45° polarization. Radiators  17  are connected through phase shifters  18  to input connectors  19  (total 6 connectors). Phase shifters  18  are used beam tilting of each of columns  14 ,  15 ,  16  and placed on the rear side of reflector  21 . 
       FIG.  26 A  is a horizontal cross-sectional view of the reconfigurable base station antenna of  FIG.  25   . Conductive fibers  22  with length 0.02˜0.1λ are depicted inside lens  11 , all oriented in 0° direction. For wideband operation, conductive fibers  22  can have different length. To support wires  22 , light weight foam polymer 23 is used with low dielectric constant (close to 1.0). Matching layer  24  (optional) provides reduction of reflection from lens  11  when it is rotated to position close to 90°. Radio  25  is connected to central column  15 , other columns  14 ,  16  are not connected. Arrow  26  shows direction of radiation. 
     With lens position shown in  FIG.  26 A , in direction of radiation  26 , lens has dielectric constant close to 1, because wires  22  are orthogonal to vector E of column  15 . Lens does not focus EM waves from column  15 . Column  15  has wide azimuthal beam  27  ( FIG.  26 B ), covering 120° sector in three sectored cell site (as shown in  FIG.  26 B , where  28  is hexagonal cell). In  FIG.  26 B , cell  28  sectorization is shown for a 3-sectored cell. 
     In  FIG.  26 B , 10 dB azimuth beam  27  has 10 dB azimuth width of about 120°. With lens  11  rotation from 0° to 90°, 10 dB azimuth beamwidth can be gradually adjusted from about 120° to about 40° and antenna gain is increased by 5 dB. 
     In  FIG.  27 A , lens  11  is rotated to 90° position, and in this position, wires  22  are mostly parallel to vectors E of all three columns, and lens  11  does focus EM waves from columns  14 ,  15 ,  16 , resulting in three narrower beams. Three radios  31 ,  32 ,  33  cover 120° sector  28  of hexagonal cell  27  with 3 times increased capacity compare to  FIG.  26 B . 
     As shown in  FIG.  27 B , the three 3-beam base station antenna of  FIG.  27 A  delivers three beams to a 120° sector. Central beam  34  is symmetrical and little bit narrower compare to outer beams  35 ,  36  which are slightly asymmetrical. Together, beams  34 , 35 ,  36  deliver coverage of cell sector  28  close to optimal, with minimal interlace  37  and gaps  38 . 
     Polarization diversity/MIMO performance does suffer with rotation of cylinder  11  from 0 to 90°, because orthogonal polarization is maintained, from +/−45 orthogonal linear to R-L circular polarization. With R-L circular polarization, MIMO performance can be improved because circular polarization provides better in-building penetration, which is especially important for high (5G) frequencies. 
     With rotation of cylinder  11 , antenna vertical pattern stays practically unchanged (the same beam tilt, the same elevation beamwidth). Equally, azimuth beamwidth also does not change with elevation beam tilt, even with heavy tilts (30°+). This helps to manage the same geographic coverage when antenna is reconfigured from one wide beam to three narrow beams. 
       FIGS.  28 A- 28 C  depict another embodiment in which a different kind of artificial anisotropic dielectric is used. Antenna assembly is the same as in  FIG.  25   , but cylindrical lens  40  is different and it has 2 functions: 1) focusing the beam in the azimuth plane; 2) works as a polarizer. With rotation of cylinder  40 , azimuth beamwidth stays the same, but antenna polarization is changed from +/−45° (rotation angle is 0°) to circular (LHCP+RHCP, rotation angle is)+/−90°. Conductive fiber particles in cylinder  40  have shape of crosses with +/−45° orientation to horizon, with the length of arms 0.02˜0.1λ, and these crosses are parallel to each other, as shown in  FIG.  28   a ,  28   b   . Radiation elements of antenna (+/−45° polarized) are schematically shown as big crosses  42 , and one column of elements is shown for simplicity. In  FIG.  28   a   , rotation angle 0° is shown. Resulting polarization of antenna is linear slant +/−45° in this case, because direction of cross arms  41  coincide with +/−45° linear polarization of elements  42 . In  FIG.  28   b   , rotation angle 90° is shown. Resulting polarization of antenna is circular (LHCP+RHCP, or R-L basis) in this case, because vertical component of vector E has 90° phase shift compare to its horizontal component. This phase shift is controlled by concentration of crosses  41  in the lens  40 . In addition to crosses  41 , lens  40  can be also filled with isotropic dielectric  43  (for example, with artificial dielectric by U.S. Pat. No. 8,518,537) to provide required azimuth beamwidth. Antenna azimuth beamwidth is not changed with rotation, because projections of vector E on crossed arms stay the same, invariant to rotation of lens  40 . Note, that with others angles of rotation, two orthogonal elliptical polarizations are provided, with axial ratio from 0 to 1. 
     Depending on the MIMO environment, different orthogonal polarization basis (linear, elliptical or circular) can be selected to improve MIMO performance. Antenna with 2 circular polarizations (LHCP+RHCP) have benefits compare to linear polarization, as reported in Analysis of MIMO Diversity Improvement Using Circular Polarized Antenna J. W. Zhaobiao and Xinzhong Li. International Journal of Antennas and Propagation/2014 https://www.hindawi.com/journals/ijap/2014/570923/. 
     Not only crosses (as shown in  FIG.  28 A,  28 B ), but others shapes of conductive particles can be used in anisotropic lenses for polarization agility, including, for example, conductive rings (circular, square, diamond) and discs. In some embodiments, separated slant conductive fibers  44 , oriented orthogonally, can be used in lens  45 , as shown in  FIG.  28 C . 
     In  FIGS.  29 A,  29 B , another anisotropic cylindrical lens  50  is shown which can provide both antenna pattern and polarization reconfigurability, and it contains two coaxial cylinders. Inner cylinder  51  with crosses  52  is responsible for polarization agility, and it is rotated by motor  53 . Hollow cylinder  54  with vertical fibers  55  is responsible for pattern agility, and it is rotated by motor  56 . Antenna assembly (not shown) is similar to presented in  FIG.  25   , but the lens in  FIGS.  29 A and  29 B  is different, and two motors are used instead of the one in  FIG.  25   ). In  FIG.  29 A , an exploded isometric view is schematically shown. In  FIG.  29 B , cross-sectional (horizontal and vertical) views of anisotropic lens  50  are shown. In this embodiment, antenna reconfigurability is obtained by moving (rotation) of two anisotropic bodies. 
     Performance of cylindrical lens  55  is similar to described above ( FIGS.  26 A,  26 B,  27 A,  27 B ): with rotation of lens  55  by motor  56 , azimuth beam width can be changed and number of beams can be changed. With rotation of lens  51  by motor  53 , orthogonal polarization basis of the antenna can be changed from linear +/−45° to circular R-L (similar as was described above for  FIGS.  28 A,  28 B . 
     Antenna shown in  FIGS.  29 A,  29 B  has several degrees of freedom:
         Polarization agility (two orthogonal polarization with axial ratio vary from 0 to 1);   Azimuth pattern reconfigurability;   Number of beams selection (reconfiguration from one beam to multi-beam);   Beam steering (tilting) in elevation plane;   Gain reconfigurability       

     In embodiments of 25-29A, 29B, there may be more or fewer than three columns of radiating elements. 
     Instead of conductive (metal) particles, other material(s) can be used to build anisotropic materials, including non-conductive fibers with high dielectric constant, oriented mostly in one (or two orthogonal) directions. 
     In another embodiment, parallel carbon fibers can be used for antenna gain adjustment without changing antenna pattern. When carbon fibers are oriented orthogonal to vector E, antenna gain is maximal and when they are oriented parallel to vector E, antenna gain is minimal. 
     Particles can be distributed uniformly in dielectric body (can be low density foam) to form homogeneous lens, or can have more concentration in central area to help wideband matching. Special distribution of density (for example, Luneburg) is also possible. 
     Performance of the cylindrically shaped anisotropic dielectric bodies described should be interpreted generically to illustrate proposed apparatus and methods. Other shapes of anisotropic dielectric body (as spherical, truncated spherical, hemispherical, spheroidal) can be used for different applications. Arrays of spherical and/or cylindrical anisotropic dielectric bodies can also be used. 
     Materials 
     Anisotropic dielectric and magnetic lenses discussed herein can be made using fibers, flakes, discs or other materials having magnetic properties, provided the resulting lenses can be oriented to produce required resultant DK orientation. Preferred materials include a polymer or foam base, embedded with conductive fibers/flakes/discs or ferro-electric materials. Such conductive fibers/flakes/discs must be oriented in a specific direction, or in multiple directions to produce the required resultant DK orientation. If fibers are oriented in an X, Y or Z axis, then DK will be oriented in the X, Y, or Z axis, respectively. 
     Another possibility is to use standard isotropic materials (such as Matsing materials), and then add anisotropic properties to such materials. One example is to layer an isotropic material with anisotropic material in order to create anisotropic properties in one part of the overall material. Typically Matsing materials are chaotically (randomly) distributed, and thus a combination can be used, where 80% of the material is randomly distributed and 20% of the material has a direction (anisotropic) 
     By mixing materials, one can adjust the overall value of dielectric of the lens. Whereas orientating conductive fibers of a single material would produce a lens with an overall dielectric constant range from 1-2, a mixed material could have a dielectric constant ranging from 1.5-2, or any value between 1 and 2. 
     Methods 
     Lenses can be placed in front of elements or antennas, and rotated or otherwise moved in one or more of their X Y Z axes to adjust polarization and other beam parameters. It is contemplated that adjustable parameters include beamwidth, beam-direction, beam polarization, beam gain, and beam sidelobe level. 
     A single anisotropic lens can be applied to (placed in front of) one or more radiating elements or antennas, with the radiating elements or antennas operative independently or in an arrayed fashion. Multiple anisotropic lens can also be applied to (placed in front of) one or more individual radiating elements or antennas, with the various lenses operating independently or in an arrayed fashion. Beams from one or more radiating elements or antennas can pass through anisotropic lenses serially or in parallel. 
       FIG.  30    is a flowchart depicting a method  2500  of variably adjusting a characteristic of a first beam emitted by a first radiating element. The method  2500  comprises installing an anisotropic lens in front of a first radiating element (step  2502 ), and moving at least one of the lens and the antenna to adjust the characteristic (step  2503 ). 
     In some embodiments, method  2500  further includes at least one of using multiple pieces of a first conductive material to achieve an anisotropic effect within the lens (step  2502 A) using different orientations of multiple pieces of a conductive material to achieve an anisotropic effect within the lens (step  2502   b ); and modifying an existing installation where the first radiating element has been previously deployed (Step  2502 C). 
     In some embodiments, method  2500  further includes at least one of: adjusting the characteristic further adjusts at least one of a beamwidth, a beam-direction, a beam polarization, a beam gain, and a beam sidelobe level (step  2503   a ); mutually orienting the radiating element with respect to the lens such that the radiating element sequentially occupies different positions about a meridian of the lens (step  2503   c ); mutually orienting the first radiating element with respect to the lens by mechanically moving the lens relative to the first radiating element (step  2303   b ); and modifying the characteristic with respect to both the first beam from the first radiating element, and a second beam from a second radiating element (step  2503 D). 
     The discussion herein provides many example embodiments of the inventive subject matter. Although each embodiment represents a single combination of inventive elements, the inventive subject matter is considered to include all possible combinations of the disclosed elements. Thus if one embodiment comprises elements A, B, and C, and a second embodiment comprises elements B and D, then the inventive subject matter is also considered to include other remaining combinations of A, B, C, or D, even if not explicitly disclosed. 
     In some embodiments, the numbers expressing quantities of components, properties such as orientation, location, and so forth, used to describe and claim certain embodiments of the invention are to be understood as being modified in some instances by the term “about.” Accordingly, in some embodiments, the numerical parameters set forth in the written description and attached claims are approximations that can vary depending upon the desired properties sought to be obtained by a particular embodiment. In some embodiments, the numerical parameters should be construed in light of the number of reported significant digits and by applying ordinary rounding techniques. Notwithstanding that the numerical ranges and parameters setting forth the broad scope of some embodiments of the invention are approximations, the numerical values set forth in the specific examples are reported as precisely as practicable. The numerical values presented in some embodiments of the invention may contain certain errors necessarily resulting from the standard deviation found in their respective testing measurements. 
     As used in the description herein and throughout the claims that follow, the meaning of “a,” “an,” and “the” includes plural reference unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. Also, as used in the description herein, the meaning of “in” includes “in” and “on” unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. 
     The recitation of ranges of values herein is merely intended to serve as a shorthand method of referring individually to each separate value falling within the range. Unless otherwise indicated herein, each individual value is incorporated into the specification as if it were individually recited herein. All methods described herein can be performed in any suitable order unless otherwise indicated herein or otherwise clearly contradicted by context. The use of any and all examples, or exemplary language (e.g. “such as”) provided with respect to certain embodiments herein is intended merely to better illuminate the invention and does not pose a limitation on the scope of the invention otherwise claimed. No language in the specification should be construed as indicating any non-claimed element essential to the practice of the invention. 
     Groupings of alternative elements or embodiments of the invention disclosed herein are not to be construed as limitations. Each group member can be referred to and claimed individually or in any combination with other members of the group or other elements found herein. One or more members of a group can be included in, or deleted from, a group for reasons of convenience and/or patentability. When any such inclusion or deletion occurs, the specification is herein deemed to contain the group as modified thus fulfilling the written description of all Markush groups used in the appended claims. 
     It should be apparent to those skilled in the art that many more modifications besides those already described are possible without departing from the inventive concepts herein. The inventive subject matter, therefore, is not to be restricted except in the spirit of the appended claims. Moreover, in interpreting both the specification and the claims, all terms should be interpreted in the broadest possible manner consistent with the context. In particular, the terms “comprises” and “comprising” should be interpreted as referring to elements, components, or steps in a non-exclusive manner, indicating that the referenced elements, components, or steps may be present, or utilized, or combined with other elements, components, or steps that are not expressly referenced. Where the specification claims refers to at least one of something selected from the group consisting of A, B, C . . . and N, the text should be interpreted as requiring only one element from the group, not A plus N, or B plus N, etc.