Patent Publication Number: US-2006018663-A1

Title: Acquisition of a wireless network node

Description:
REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS  
      This application is a continuation-in-part of U.S. application Ser. No. 10/516,481 filed Nov. 30, 2004 which is the National Stage of International Application No. PCT/US03/17079 filed May 30, 2003, which claims priority to U.S. application Ser. No. 10/162,541 filed Jun. 3, 2002 and U.S. application Ser. No. 10/162,475 filed Jun. 3, 2002. Said applications Ser. Nos. 10/516,481, 10/162,541, and 10/162,475 are hereby incorporated by reference herein. 
    
    
     FIELD OF THE INVENTION  
      The present invention relates generally to wireless networks and more particularly to a wireless mesh network incorporating infrared network nodes and methods and systems for aligning same.  
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION  
      In many areas of the world the World Wide Web (WWW), or Internet, has become a significant medium for the exchange of information including everything from casual electronic mail (e-mail) to legal and business documents to entertainment media. Much of the material exchanged over the Internet comprises very large electronic files, for example large documents, music, video and even full-length motion pictures are available for exchange and distribution over the Internet.  
      While commercial services often choose fast but expensive high-speed Internet connections for business purposes, typical consumer connections comprise relatively slow telephone modems. For example, a typical commercial T1 connection will yield in the range of 1,544 kilobits per second (Kbps) or 1.544 megabits per second (Mbps) data communications rate at a monthly cost in the range of $1,000 to $2,000. In contrast, a typical consumer telephone modem connection will provide a 56 Kbps data communications rate at a cost of in the range of $10-$30 month.  
      As commercial services provide richer content for consumer use, data file sizes increase. For example, a typical audio music file may be in the range of 3-5 Megabytes and take up to 10 minutes for a consumer to download over a telephone modem. A typical audio/video file, for example a full-length movie, may run in the thousands of mega bytes size range and take a significant part of a day for a consumer to download over a modem. Streaming audio or video may require the download of large quantities of data over an extended period of time.  
      It is obvious that the ability of commercial services to provide rich, large media files is rapidly outstripping the typical consumer&#39;s ability to receive those files.  
      Recently, several affordable, high-speed alternatives have become available to the traditional consumer telephone modem. Cable modems use the cable television infrastructure to provide Internet connections having a speed of about 1,100 Kbps, about 20× times the speed of a telephone modem. DSL modems use conventional telephone lines to provide Interconnect connections, and have an average speed of about 700 Kbps, or over 12× times the speed of a telephone modem. Both cable and DSL modems are priced at approximately twice the cost of telephone modem services, with slightly higher equipment costs than for standard modems.  
      The higher speed cable and DSL connections are geographically limited, however, by the underlying infrastructure. Many areas of the United States and worldwide include regions not serviced by cable television or where the cable television networks have not and will not be upgraded to support high-speed data modems. Similarly, DSL service is not available in many geographic areas. Numerous reasons exist for the limited availability of cable and DSL services, including high cost of infrastructure upgrade, technological limitations, physical geographical limitations and, in some areas, low demand. As with many types of commercial services, the incremental costs of extending infrastructure are becoming increasingly higher, sometimes by multiples or even exponentially, as attempts are made to expand those infrastructures to every last consumer.  
      There thus exists a real demand for high-speed Internet connections in areas that cable and/or DSL service providers may never serve. This demand will increase as more content is provided and more business is executed over the Internet.  
      Some providers have attempted to expand service coverage while avoiding the high costs associated with expanding network infrastructure. This is typically accomplished using a wireless network, for example extending from an access point in the wired infrastructure. Wireless networks may be installed without the need for the wired infrastructure.  
      One type of wireless network uses wireless radio frequency (RF) components that transmit data in the radio frequency spectrum. These networks, however, have the disadvantages of being expensive and relatively slow. In one embodiment of multi-channel multipoint distribution system (MMDS), for example, broadcasts occur at speeds up to 25 Mbps but require very expensive spread-spectrum infrastructure equipment, costing on average $16 million. MMDS customer equipment is also very expensive, with the cost of deployment for a single customer running in the range of $1,000.  
      Wi-Fi, or 802.11b is a much lower speed technology; achieving throughputs of up to 5.5 Mbps full duplex. Wi-Fi bandwidth decreases significantly with distance between components, and is particularly dependent on obstructions such as roofs or walls, as well as interference from other networks or even microwave ovens.  
      Another type of wireless network uses light, in the form of, for example, lasers or light-emitting diodes (LEDs) to transmit high-speed data in a process called free space optic systems, or FSO systems. While FSO systems are a cost-effective high-speed communications medium, they require very highly aligned line-of-sight paths. More specifically, existing free space optic systems have very narrow beam divergence parameters requiring precision alignment. For this reason, laser and FSO components tend to be expensive and require high levels of maintenance and service.  
      There thus exists demand for high-speed, affordable Internet connections in geographies and neighborhoods into which more traditional, wired high-speed network infrastructure cannot be cost-effectively extended. This demand will grow significantly as the Internet is increasingly used to deliver content, facilitate business transactions and support other matters amenable to electronic data transfer.  
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION  
      The present invention uses networked, wireless infrared nodes to cost-effectively provide high-speed data capacity, including Internet access, to selected geographies and neighborhoods. While not thus limited, the network of the present invention can be cost-effectively extended to many areas not supporting traditional wired network infrastructure.  
      In accordance with one embodiment of the invention there is provided an infrared transceiver node, comprising: a support assembly; at least two infrared transceivers connected to the support assembly, each of the infrared transceivers including an infrared transmitter including a light-emitting diode and a transmitter lens for generating an infrared beam having a beam divergence of in the range of about 0.5 to 1 degree, an infrared receiver including a receiver lens and a photo detector for receiving an infrared beam and converting the infrared beam to an electronic signal, a first drive assembly for adjusting the elevation of the infrared transceiver, a second drive assembly for adjusting the azimuth of the infrared transceiver, and a processor connected to each of the first and second drive assemblies for controlling the azimuth and elevation of the infrared transceiver, a connector for connecting the infrared transceiver node to a user computer; and a switching engine connected to the connector and to each of the at least two infrared transceivers for switching data between the user computer and the at least two infrared transceivers.  
      In accordance with another embodiment of the invention there is provided a network of infrared transceiver nodes, comprising: a network controller; a plurality of infrared transceiver nodes, each of the infrared transceiver nodes including a support assembly; at least two infrared transceivers connected to the support assembly, each of the infrared transceivers including an infrared transmitter including a light-emitting diode and a transmitter lens for generating an infrared beam having a beam divergence of not less than about 0.5-1.0 degrees, an infrared receiver including a receiver lens and a photo detector for receiving an infrared beam and converting the infrared beam to an electronic signal, a first drive assembly for adjusting the elevation of the infrared transceiver, a second drive assembly for adjusting the azimuth of the infrared transceiver, and a processor connected to each of the first and second drive assemblies for controlling the azimuth and elevation of the infrared transceiver; a connector for connecting the infrared transceiver node to a user computer; a switching engine connected to the connector and to each of the at least two infrared transceivers for switching data between the user computer and the at least two infrared transceivers; each of the plurality of infrared transceiver nodes positioned outdoors on the surface of a support structure; the plurality of infrared transceiver nodes relatively positioned so that each infrared transceiver node has a line-of-sight to at least one other infrared transceiver; and means for connecting at least one of the plurality of infrared transceiver nodes to the network controller.  
      In accordance with another embodiment of the invention there is provided a point-to-point transceiver, comprising: a transmitter for generating a beam having a beam divergence of in the range of about 0.5 to 1 degree; a receiver having a visible window smaller than the beam divergence for receiving a beam; a first drive assembly for adjusting the elevation of the transceiver; a second drive assembly for adjusting the azimuth of the transceiver; a connector for connecting the transceiver to a user computer; and a processor connected to each of the first and second drive assemblies for controlling the azimuth and elevation of the infrared transceiver.  
      In accordance with another embodiment of the invention there is provided a transimpedance amplifier circuit, comprising: a first differential amplifier; a second differential amplifier having its inputs connected to the outputs of the first differential amplifier; a third differential amplifier having its inputs connected to the outputs of the second differential amplifier; a first resistor connected between the input of the first differential amplifier and the output of the second differential amplifier; and a second resistor connected between the input of the first differential amplifier and the output of the third differential amplifier.  
      In accordance with yet another embodiment of the invention there is provided a system and method of installing a new point-to-point communications transceiver in a network of existing point-to-point communications transceivers, the method comprising the steps of: positioning a new transceiver in a line of sight to at least one existing transceiver; positioning the new transceiver to point in a predetermined compass direction; at a predetermined time, the new transceiver performing a first sweep over a first predetermined range to detect a signal from the existing transceiver; at the predetermined time synchronously with the new transceiver, the existing transceiver performing a second sweep over a second predetermined range to detect a signal from the new transceiver; upon the completion of the first sweep of the new transceiver, the new transceiver returning to a position of maximum detected signal strength; and upon the completion of the second sweep of the existing transceiver, the existing transceiver returning to a position of maximum detected signal strength.  
      In accordance with another embodiment of the invention there is provided a system and method of maintaining the alignment of first and second communicating transceivers in a network of existing point-to-point communications transceivers, the method comprising the steps of: monitoring the signal strength received by the first transceiver; monitoring the signal strength received by the second transceiver; if either of the signal strength received by the first transceiver or the signal strength received by the second transceiver falls below a predetermined threshold, then with the second transceiver stationary, tracking the first transceiver over a first predetermined path to determine a position of maximum signal strength detected by the first transceiver in the first predetermined path, after the completion of the tracking of the first transceiver, returning the first transceiver to the position of maximum signal strength detected by the first transceiver in the first predetermined path, with the first transceiver stationary, tracking the second transceiver over a second predetermined path to determine a position of maximum signal strength detected by the second transceiver in the second predetermined path, and after the completion of the tracking of the second transceiver, returning the second transceiver to the position of maximum signal strength detected by the second transceiver in the second predetermined tracking path.  
      In accordance with yet another embodiment of the invention, there are provided processes and systems for acquiring a new infrared network node into a network of existing infrared network nodes, a method comprising: providing a viewing scope proximate the new infrared network node; providing a light beam co-aligned with a sight of the viewing scope; pointing, using the viewing scope, the light beam at a selected existing infrared network node within the network; and initiating, based on the pointing, a process of aligning the new infrared network node and the selected existing infrared network node. 
    
    
     DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING FIGURES  
      These and other objects, features and advantages of the invention will become apparent from a consideration of the Detailed Description of the Invention when read in conjunction with the drawing figures, in which:  
       FIG. 1  is a diagrammatic view of an infrared wireless mesh network in accordance with the invention;  
       FIG. 2A  is a perspective view of a network node in accordance with the present invention;  
       FIGS. 2B and 2C  are front and rear perspective views, respectively, of an infrared transceiver from a network node;  
       FIG. 3A  is a perspective view of the network node without the cover;  
       FIG. 3B  is a perspective view of the central shaft of the network node;  
       FIG. 3C  is a perspective view of the mechanical coupler for coupling the infrared transceiver to the central shaft;  
       FIGS. 4A and 4B  are side and front plan views of the infrared transceiver;  
       FIG. 4C  is a cut view of the infrared transceiver along axis A-A of  FIG. 4A ;  
       FIG. 4D  is an enlarged partial view of infrared transmitter elements of  FIG. 4C ;  
       FIG. 4E  is an enlarged partial view of infrared receiver elements of  FIG. 4C ;  
       FIG. 5  is a diagrammatic view of the optical elements of the infrared optics showing the relative positioning of the receiver and transmitter optics in the transceiver casing;  
       FIG. 6  is a diagrammatic view showing the optical infrared beam spread of the transmit optics of  FIG. 5  at a first distance;  
       FIG. 7  is a diagrammatic view showing the optical infrared beam spread of the transmit optics of  FIG. 5  at a second distance;  
       FIG. 8A  is a diagrammatic view showing the optical infrared beam characteristics of the infrared receiver;  
       FIG. 8B  is an enlarged diagrammatic view of the dome lens of  FIG. 8A  showing the optical infrared beam characteristics;  
       FIG. 9  is a diagrammatic view of the network node showing the interconnection of the infrared transceivers with the main system board and access connector;  
       FIG. 10  is a block diagram view of the network node system board from  FIG. 9  including interconnections to off-board components;  
       FIG. 11  is a block diagram view of the access device of  FIGS. 9 and 10 ;  
       FIG. 12  is a block diagram view of a network node transceiver board including interconnections to off-board components;  
       FIG. 13  is a block diagram showing the connection of selected components of  FIG. 12 ;  
       FIG. 14A  is a block diagram of the transimpedance amplifier of  FIG. 12 ;  
       FIG. 14B  is a schematic circuit diagram of the transimpedance amplifier of  FIG. 14A ;  
       FIGS. 15A and 15B  together show a process for installing a new node into an existing network;  
       FIGS. 16A and 16B  together show a process for the auto-acquisition of a newly installed node into an existing network;  
       FIG. 17  shows a process for asynchronously initiating and executing a transceiver tracking process;  
       FIG. 18  shows a process for initiating and executing an unscheduled transceiver tracking process;  
       FIG. 19  shows a process for asynchronously aligning a transceiver based on digital signal quality;  
       FIG. 20  shows an alternative system for the acquisition of a newly installed node into an existing network; and  
       FIGS. 21A, 21B  together show an alternative process for the acquisition of a newly installed node into an existing network using the system of  FIG. 20 . 
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION  
      With reference now to the drawing Figures, embodiments of the invention are shown and described wherein like elements are indicated by like reference numerals throughout.  
      Network Node  
      With reference first to  FIG. 1 , a diagram of a residential neighborhood  100  is shown including multiple houses indicated at  102 A-E. As is typical in neighborhoods, trees or other natural obstacles exist, indicated at  104 A&amp;B, which may block lines of sight between adjoining houses. A road  105  transects neighborhood  100  in a conventional manner. In accordance with the present invention, a series of infrared network nodes, indicated at  106 A-E, are positioned on the upper, outer surfaces of the homes, for example the roofs. It will be seen that house  102 D has elected not to receive services from the described network and so no network node is positioned on that house.  
      Network node  106 E is positioned on a base station  108 , typically comprising a neighboring building or cell tower with access to a traditional wired network. In one embodiment of the invention, the base station  108  comprises a network system server  202  or a set of network of servers. Network system server(s)  202  provides network control and management features in a manner described below. Network system server may also provide any other network services to each node, such as entertainment and caching services. The traditional wired network connects the base station  108  to the Internet through network system server(s)  202 . In another embodiment of the invention, the wired network connection provides an access to a remote facility or facilities comprising one or more network system servers and a connection(s) to the Internet.  
      As is described in further detail below, other communications paths such as telephone dial-ups or local RF networks can be used for communication of various control and alignment data during local network set-up and maintenance processes.  
      Within neighborhood  100 , various lines of sight between adjacent network nodes are indicated by dotted lines  110 A-E.  
      In operation, network nodes  106 A-D are configured in a mesh network configuration. High-speed digital data, in the form of Internet Protocol (IP) packet data, is transmitted between adjoining nodes, in the manner described below. As in a conventional IP packet-switching network, each network node examines the IP data and makes a routing decision based on the IP parameters. The present embodiment is illustrated as connected to the Internet, but the invention is not thus limited and is equally applicable, for example, to implement a private local or wide area network. There is thus provided a high-speed, digital data, IP packet-switching network using cost-effective, flexibly positioned network nodes  106 A-D. While the network nodes have been illustrated in a mesh network relationship, it will be understood that they would similarly function in alternate network structures, including point-to-point networks and others. It will further be understood that while network nodes are specified to use IP protocol for data packet switching, they would similarly function with alternate networking protocol like ATM.  
      Referring now to  FIG. 2A , B and C, there is shown an exemplary network node  106  containing four mechanically and electrically connected infrared transceivers, indicated at  108 A-D. Each transceiver is seen to include a respective transmitter lens  109 A-D, receiver lens  111 A-D, elevation motor  107 A-D and azimuth motor  113 A-D. Each transceiver includes a mount  115 A-D for supporting the transceiver optics, and a base  117 A-D about which the mount with optics can rotate both horizontally and vertically. As described in further detail below, in each transceiver the motors are connected between the optics mount and the transceiver base for rotating the mount with optics relative to the base. A weatherproof housing  112  encloses the infrared transceivers, providing weatherproof access for electrical connections thereto in a manner described in further detail below. Weatherproof housing  112  includes a top  112 A, a bottom  112 B and a plastic tube or sleeve  112 C (shown cut away) enclosing the internal devices, the plastic sleeve selected from a material transparent to infrared light. An exemplary sole infrared transceiver  108 A is illustrated in  FIGS. 2B and 2C .  
      It will be understood that, excepting for position, nodes  106 A-E are substantially identical, as are the transceivers  108 A-D within the nodes. Thus, any description of the mechanical, electrical and/or optical structure of a particular node or transceiver is applicable to substantially all nodes and transceivers.  
      Referring now to  FIG. 3A , network node  106  is shown with weatherproof housing  112  removed. Infrared transceivers  108 A-D can be seen to be generally concentrically mounted on a central shaft  114 , shown in  FIG. 3B , with each transceiver fixed to the shaft by a locking clasp  116  best shown in  FIG. 3C . Upon initial fabrication, locking clasps  116  are used to position infrared transceivers  108 A-D in known relative positions to facilitate the installation and tracking process described below. In one embodiment of the invention central shaft  114  is hollow for supporting electronic power and data cables.  
      It will be understood that, due to the nature of each of the figures described above, not every feature of each transceiver is visible in every figure.  
      With reference now to  FIGS. 4A , B, C, D and E, additional features of exemplary transceiver  108 A are seen. More particularly  FIG. 4D  shows a light-emitting diode (LED)  122 A positioned to emit light through a diffuser sheet  120 A for transmission by transmitter lens  109 A. LED  122 A preferably contains a reflector positioned behind its active area for directing more emitted light forward through diffuser sheet  120 A.  
       FIG. 4E  shows a detector dome lens  116 A positioned to partially surround an avalanche photodiode (APD)  118 A for receiving light from receiver lens  111 A. As will be further described below, the transmit optics including LED  122 A, diffuser sheet  120 A and transmitter lens  109 A, and the receive optics including receiver lens  111 A, dome lens  116 A and APD  118 A are carefully selected such to optimize the performance of both the individual infrared transceivers and the entirety of the mesh network.  
      Elevation motors  107 A-D constitute conventional stepper motors controlled by electrical signals described below and positioned between each transceiver base and optical system mount so as to enable the individual rotation of each transceiver&#39;s transmit/receive optics in a vertical plane.  
      Similarly, azimuth motors  113 A-D also constitute conventional stepper motors controlled by electrical signals described below and positioned between each transceiver base and optical system so as to enable the individual rotation of each transceivers transmit/receive optics in a horizontal plane. Each of transceivers  108 A-D thus has the capacity to position its transmitter and receiver optics completely independently of the remaining transceivers within node  106 . It will be understood that conventional gear mechanisms may be used in conjunction with the elevation and azimuth motors so as to enable the motors to step in consecutively desired angular increments.  
      In one embodiment of the invention, the elevation and azimuth stepper motors are provided as 1.8-degree stepper motors operating at 3.3 volts with nominal 1 amp of current draw. The drive system is selected to provide ±15 degree travel in elevation and ±178 degree travel in azimuth. A plastic, 0.25″ pitch diameter pinion attached to the motor shaft drives a 3.5″ pitch diameter plastic spur gear. A 14:1 (3.5/0.25) gear ratio thus provides pointing resolution of 0.13 degrees (1.8/14).—In another embodiment of the invention, pointing resolution can be further increased by half-stepping the motors or by using 0.9° stepping motors. It will be understood that numerous other motor/gear embodiments will function to perform the desired results.  
      As will be described in further detail below, electrical signals for controlling the operation of each transceiver, including the respective elevation and azimuth motors, are contained on the electronics boards associated with each network node system board and transceiver boards. Such control signals may be loaded onto the board at the factory and/or downloaded remotely from a system server once the node is physically positioned for use.  
      Transceiver Optics  
      With reference now to  FIGS. 5-8 , one embodiment of the transmitter and receiver optics for transceivers  108 A-D is shown and described. The optics are identical in each of the transceivers. For purposes of illustration, they are described with respect to transceiver  108 A.  
      Referring first to  FIG. 5 , the relative positioning of the receive optics  140  and transmit optics  142  is shown, with the axes of LED  122 A and APD  118 A seen to be spaced 3.25 inches apart. The rear surface of transmitter lens  109 A is spaced 4.31 inches from the front surface of diffuser  120 A, while the rear surface of receiver lens  111 A is spaced 3.57 inches from the front surface of dome lens  116 A. The transceiver mount  115 A supports the transmit and receive components and is used to establish these dimensions.  
      With reference now to  FIGS. 6 and 7 , the transmit optics  142  is selected to provide a 0.8 degree beam divergence, shown at  150 , such that at 30 meters from LED  122 A the beam diameter is 0.4 meters ( FIG. 6 ), while at 400 meters from the LED the beam diameter is 5.6 meters ( FIG. 7 ). In one embodiment, these characteristics can be obtained by using the relative positioning dimensions shown in  FIGS. 5 and 6 , and by selecting the following components having the following characteristics: 
          LED  122 A comprises an Osram part # SFH 4301 having a wavelength of 950 nm, a standard 3 mm dome lens LED package, an angular divergence of ±10 degrees and an active area of 300 microns.     Diffuser sheet  120 A comprises a Physical Optics Corporation part #LSD5PE4-2, comprising polyester having a thickness of 0.004 inches and a Full-Width Half-Maximum angle (FWHM) of 5 degrees.     Transmitter lens  109 A is a plano-convex lens manufactured from Acrylic/Polycarbonate having a focal length of 125 mm and a diameter of 50 mm.        

      With reference now to FIGS.  8 A-B, one embodiment of the receiving optics can be seen where receiving lens  111 A and dome lens  116 A are selected and relatively positioned ( FIG. 8A ) so as to provide a 0.5 mm beam dispersement  152  ( FIG. 8B ).  
      In one embodiment, the receiver optical components include: 
          APD by Hamamatsu, part #S2382, having a TO48 package, an FOV of 170 degrees and an active area of 500 microns     Dome lens  116 A of aspheric shape and acrylic material having a focal length of 5 mm and a diameter of 7 mm     Receive lens  111 A of aspheric shape and acrylic material and having a focal length of 63 mm and a diameter of 100 mm        

      A long-pass filtering dye or coating may be added to one or more of the optical elements in the receive path, for example dome lens  116 A or receive lens  111 A, to reduce background light of a wavelength lower than the transmission wavelengths. This will reduce the amount of visible light falling on the detector. The insensitivity of the detector to mid- and far-infrared wavelengths obviates the need to filter longer wavelengths of background light.  
      With these exemplary parameters and components, the received beam will be focused at APD  118 A. 100% of the field coverage over 100% of the desired aperture is maintained, with the spot size at the detector being much smaller than the active area of the APD such that substantially all of the received light is detected by the APD. With a temperature change of 25 degrees centigrade, the incoming beam will still be focused to a spot that is smaller than the active area of APD  118 A, thereby accommodating operating temperature-caused variations.  
      Thus sufficient energy is collected to operate APD  118 A, both with the beam ideally positioned and with the beam shifted in accordance with the expected maximum variances.  
      In selecting the various parameters for the transmit and receive optics described above, it is anticipated that the distance between adjoining nodes will be on average 0.25 miles or less. It is thus desired to provide a transmit beam divergence sufficiently wide to enable transceivers in adjoining nodes to easily reach and maintain alignment as described below, but yet with sufficient power to reliably transmit and receive infrared signals.  
      A transmit beam divergence in the range of 0.5-1.0 degrees, nominally 0.8 degrees, is sufficient to provide the desired operating characteristics. This relatively wide beam divergence is counter to the extremely narrow beam divergence generally used for optical communications.  
      The visible field of view of APD  118 A, is selected to be slightly smaller than the transmit beam divergence. In this manner, if one transceiver can receive light and/or data from another transceiver, then the assumption can be made that the transmitting transceiver can also receive signals from the receiving transmitter. This asynchronous alignment ability, described in further detail below, is useful in establishing and maintaining alignment between communicating nodes.  
      It will be appreciated that the dispersement and related characteristics of the received beam have been obtained through the use of a relatively small and inexpensive APD in combination with a relatively small and inexpensive dome lens.  
      The present inventors have achieved the desired operating characteristics using affordable, components, particularly plastic lenses, plastic housings, off-the-shelf LEDs, and off-the-shelf APDs, thus making each network node affordable and readily constructed.  
      It will now be apparent that numerous other configurations of transmit and receive optics may be used to achieve the same functional results.  
      Network System &amp; Electronics  
      With reference now to  FIGS. 9 and 10 ,  FIG. 9  shows a diagrammatic view of network node  106  including an internally contained system board  170  connected to an external access device  172 . Each transceiver  108 A-D is shown diagrammatically mounted on the central shaft  114  and has associated with it a respective transceiver board  220 A-D. A power supply board  188  further resides within the weatherproof housing of network node  106 . As will be shown in further detail below, system board  170  is connected to each respective transceiver board  220 D by means of a cable. In one embodiment, various electrical and power conductors may extend through the hollow center of central shaft  114 .  
      With reference to  FIG. 10 , a block diagram of system board  170  in network node  106  is shown including a central processing unit  173  connected to a memory storage device  176 , the memory storage device including appropriate combinations of magnetic, optical and semiconductor storage. As shown, memory device  176  includes DRAM memory  176 A and flash memory  176 B for storing various program instructions and data as described below.  
      System board  170  further includes a Fast Ethernet/IP switching engine  182  connected to its own dedicated memory device  184 . A bank  186  of four physical layer (PHY) devices  186 A-D is situated on system board  170 , each PHY serving as a packet data interface between a transceiver and switching engine  182 . In  FIG. 10 , the PHY devices are illustrated as a bank of four Fast Ethernet (100-Base FX) PHYs  186 A-D.  
      It will be understood that the signals between the switching engine and the PHY correspond to Fast Ethernet format generated by a media access controller (MAC), which, in the described embodiment, is integrated into the CPU and the switching engine. It will be understood that the MAC can comprise a separate component. It will be understood that other physical layer protocol and devices may be used as interfaces between the transceivers and the switching engine. In an alternate embodiment the PHY devices may also be integrated as part of the switching engine and the CPU.  
      Continuing with  FIG. 10 , switching engine  182  is connected to CPU  173  by means of two interfaces. One of the interfaces is through a bridge device  185 . Another interface is through a pair of Fast Ethernet PHYs,  180  and  181 , connected back to back. Bridge interface  185  is used to exchange switch control and management information between switching engine  182  and CPU  173 . The bridge interface is also used for the exchange of management related IP data packets between the network and the CPU through the switching engine. As described in detail below, switching engine  182  functions to control the routing of high-speed network data.  
      It will be understood that in alternate embodiments the pair of PHYs,  180  and  181  can be eliminated and substituted, for example, by a compatible media-independent-interface provided by the CPU and switching engine. In another embodiment, either or each of the PHYs could be integrated with the CPU and/or the switching engine.  
      As shown in  FIG. 10 , system board  170  is connected directly to each transceiver in the network node through conductors in a cable  175 , one cable provided for each transceiver. Each cable  175  consists of one pair of conductors for carrying data signals from switching engine  182  to a transceiver, one pair of conductors for carrying data signals from the transceiver to the switching engine, one conductor for carrying serial data from CPU  173  to a micro controller on the transceiver board (described below) and one conductor for carrying serial data from the transceiver micro controller back to CPU  173 . Cable  175  includes additional cables for providing power and ground to the transceiver. As described here, CPU  173  communicates with each transceiver micro controller by means of serial data.  
      Processor  173  is also connected to the access device  172  by means of a cable through Fast Ethernet (100-Base TX) physical layer interface (PHY) device  178  and Ethernet connector  171 . The cable, commonly known in the industry as Category-5 cable, consists of 8 individual conductors and is widely used to carry Fast Ethernet (100-Base TX) data. Following the industry standard, four of the conductors are used to carry 100-Base-T data signals between access device  172  and CPU  173 . The remainder of the 4 conductors is used to provide unregulated 48 Volts DC power and ground from the access device to the switching power supply  188 . Both ends of the cable are terminated using the industry standard connectors commonly referred to as RJ- 45 . The unregulated 48 Volts DC power is stepped down by the switching power supply  188  to provide regulated power supplies to the system board as required by various electronics components in the system. Power supply  188  also provides powers to the transceivers boards  220 A-D through cable  175 .  
      In one exemplary embodiment, processor  173  comprises an AMD brand Au1000N processor and switching engine  182  comprises a Galileo brand GT-48511A Fast Ethernet/IP switching engine. It will be appreciated that other processors may be substituted for CPU  173  and other packet switching devices for switching engine  182 .  
      One exemplary user computer  190  is shown, for example comprising a typical personal computer, connected to access device  172  through a high-speed digital connection, for example an industry standard Ethernet Cat  5  cable connection. User computer  190  is, for example, contained in one of the neighborhood homes described above. A conventional modem  194  is further provided on system board  170  and connected to the Internet  103 . Modem  194  is used in the manner described below to access a network system server  202  for initial setup and various other local processes, the network system server used to control the mesh IP network in the manner described below. Modem  194  can be used, for example, to dial up system server  202  directly or through an intermediate ISP. Alternatively, a short-range wireless radio frequency network communications card (not shown) can be built into each network node, the modem and/or wireless radio frequency network communication card enabling adjacent nodes to communicate during, for example, installation and alignment procedures of the type described below.  
      Switching engine  182  performs the primary function of switching and routing high-speed IP data packets. In the embodiment described herein, switching engine  182  receives IP data packets encapsulated as Fast Ethernet data packets from the six interfaces: the four 100-Base FX (Fast Ethernet) PHYs  186 A-D connected to the transceivers, the one 100-Base TX (Fast Ethernet) interface PHYs  180 ,  181  connected to the CPU  173  and the one bridge interface  185  connected to the CPU.  
      The switching engine  182  makes the switching decision on each packet based on information contained within its data packet header, such as the IP header. As is known in the art, the IP header consists of the IP addresses of the sender and the destination of the packet. For added flexibility in making a routing decision, the switching engine can also use information contained within a Fast Ethernet packet header. As is also known in the art, a Fast Ethernet packet header consists of, among other things, source address, destination address, VLAN ID etc. In order to provide more sophisticated network services to each packet, the switching engine may also examine other parameters contained within each IP packet, such as the TCP port number. Once the data packet switching engine  182  has processed the incoming information and made a data routing decision, the data packet can be transmitted out on any one of its six interfaces.  
      In the present embodiment of the invention, processor  173  serves three primary functions. It serves, through the switching engine  182 , as an interface between the mesh network of infrared nodes and the user accessing the network through access device  172 . This function allows for network operators to implement any kind of processing of packets received from each user before such packets enter the network through switching engine  182 . Such processing includes but is not limited to authentication, encryption, data rate limitation, etc.  
      The processor further serves as an agent of network system server  202  for configuration and management of switching engine  182 . Such configuration and management may include but are not limited to managing the switching engine&#39;s routing table update and network failure recovery.  
      Processor  173  further performs tracking functions between infrared network nodes, descriptions of which are detailed below. In the described embodiment, CPU  173  operates using the Linux operating system supporting sub-processes needed to implement functions described above. Alternate operating systems, for example Windows CE or others, would likewise suffice.  
      With reference now to  FIG. 11 , one exemplary embodiment of access device  172  is shown including a power supply  172 A and a signal conductor  172 B. Power supply  172 A includes a conventional 60 Hz transformer  210  connected serially to a conventional rectifier and capacitor circuit  212  and a 1 Amp limiter  214  for converting 120 Volt AC to unregulated 48 Volt DC. Signal conductor  172 B includes an appropriately connected, grounded Ethernet connector  216  for connecting to user computer  190 . The 48 Volt output of power supply  172 A is used to provide power to Ethernet connector  218  and hence to system board  170 .  
      With reference now to  FIGS. 12 and 13 , there is shown a single transceiver electronics board  220 A, mounted on transceiver mount  115 A (see  FIGS. 2, 3 ) connected to the system board  170  ( FIG. 10 ) via power conductor  189  from power supply  188  ( FIG. 10 ) and cable  175 . For each transceiver board such as  220 A, cable  175  includes two lines of control data from processor  173  for controlling the elevation and azimuth stepper motors  111 A,  113 A, respectively, and four lines of Ethernet data for transmitting and receiving data.  
      Transceiver electronics board  220 A supports power and data conductors, indicated at power/data connector  222 , the power being connected to all the transceiver sub-systems, the control data signals being connected to a microprocessor  224 , and the Ethernet data signals being connected to a power amplifier  226  and a transimpedance amplifier  228 . An elevation motor connector  230  is connected between microprocessor  224  and elevation motor  111 A. An azimuth motor connector  232  is likewise connected between microprocessor  224  and azimuth motor  113 A.  
      Elevation and azimuth motors  111 A and  113 A, respectively, are shown connected to transceiver base  117 A, the base and mount  115 A connected by two separate 14:1 gear assemblies for dividing down the arcuate motion of the motors as described herein above.  
      LED  122 A, diffuser sheet  120 A, dome lens  116 A and APD  118  A, each mounted separately on transceiver mount  115 A in the optics assembly described herein above, are for explanatory purposes shown in  FIG. 12  in dotted line. LED  122 A and APD  118 A are additionally shown schematically in the schematic diagram of  FIG. 13 .  
      A signal strength indicator  227  is connected to microprocessor  224  for sensing the strength of an incoming signal detected by APD  118 A through transimpedance amplifier  228 .  
      The control signal data from the conductors in cable  175  is routed through power/data connector  222  to microprocessor  224 , the microprocessor in turn providing control signals to the elevation and azimuth stepper motors through the connectors  230 ,  232 .  
      The Ethernet data from the appropriate conductors in cable  175  includes 2 transmit data conductors connected to power amplifier  226  for driving LED  122 A to transmit Ethernet data and 2 receive data connectors connected to transimpedance amplifier  128  for receiving Ethernet data detected by APD  118 A.  
      With reference now to  FIGS. 14A  and B, transimpedance amplifier  228  is seen, in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention, to include three series-connected differential pair amplifiers (DPAs)  250 ,  252 ,  254 , each consisting of two NPN RF transistors. APD  118 A is connected to the inputs of DPA  250  across a resistor  256  through a pair of capacitors  258 ,  260 , capacitor  258  connected to the positive input of DPA  250  while capacitor  260  is connected to the negative input of the DPA. A resistor  262  is connected between the positive output of DPA  254  and the negative input of  250 . A resistor  264  is connected between the negative output of DPA  252  and the positive input of DPA  250 .  
      In operation first with respect to transimpedance amplifier  228 , the amplifier performs the well-known function of converting an input current to a limited or clipped output voltage, whereby to amplify the relatively low photo-detective current generated by APD  118  upon the receipt of IR signals. The design using feedback resistors  262 ,  264  provides outstanding gain and sensitivity without the need for expensive matched-pair differential amplifiers typical of the prior art. The frequency response of the amplifier can also be well controlled, eliminating the need for additional filtering.  
      In operation with respect to the transceiver electronics board  220 A and its interaction with system board  170  ( FIG. 10 ), the boards provide a plurality of functions.  
      More specifically, with respect to the elevation and azimuth position of the transceiver optics, transceiver electronics board  220 A functions to receive motor control signals from CPU  173  (FIG.  10 ) and provide them via microprocessor  224  and elevation and azimuth motor connectors  230 ,  232  to the respective elevation and azimuth stepper motors  111 A,  113 A.  
      With respect to data transmission, transceiver electronics board  220 A functions to receive Ethernet data from PHYs  186 A, B, C, D (see  FIG. 10 ) through connector  222  to drive LED  122 A through power amplifier  226  for transmitting IR data to an adjoining node (see  FIG. 1 ). Data from the user computer is conveyed through various intervening connectors, conductors and converters through CPU  173  to switching engine  182  and data from other transceivers are relayed through switching engine  182 . As described elsewhere herein, in the present embodiment the network comprises an IP network, managing packet-switched data in accordance with Internet protocol standards.  
      With respect to data receipt, transimpedance amplifier  228  converts current generated through the receipt of IR data by APD  118 A into electronic signals, which are transmitted through connector  222  to PHYs  186 A, B, C, D. Received data which is destined for the user computer is passed from switching engine  182  through CPU  173  and the various intervening connectors, conductors and converters, while data from other transceivers are relayed through switching engine  182  for transmission by another transceiver to another node.  
      With respect to the installation, alignment and tracking of the transceivers in the system node, signal strength indicator  227  detects the relative power of the incoming signal received by APD  118 A into transimpedance amplifier  228  and transmits the same to CPU  173 . This signal strength is used in the manners described below in one embodiment to align newly installed network node transceivers and to realign existing transceivers already on the network.  
      It will thus be seen from a consideration of  FIGS. 10, 11  and  12  that system board  170 , of which there are one per network node  106 , contains electronics pertinent to each of the transceivers within the node. The transceiver electronics boards, of which there is one per transceiver  108 A-D, contain electronics pertinent to the operation of each individual transceiver.  
      From a consideration of the above, it will be understood that high-level IP network management functions are determined by network system server  202  and communicated to the various system Attorney Docket No.  1137  U  004  US  12  nodes for storage in the system and transceiver boards. Local control of the nodes and transceivers is performed through the operation of the system and transceiver boards in each node. It will be further understood that certain operating programs and control information may be loaded onto the system and transceiver boards upon assembly so that it is available before the installation of the node into the network, for example to facilitate the initial tracking process described below. It will be apparent that many different strategies for loading and updating data and software within the nodes may be implemented in accordance with the present invention.  
      While the present embodiment of the invention has been shown and described with respect to one neighborhood network of nodes, it will be understood that multiple such networks can exist over greatly diverse geographical areas. Such networks can communicate and exchange data with each other through intermediary networks. In one embodiment, for example, multiple neighborhood networks may connect through a common system node(s)  202 , which provides common management support to each neighborhood network. In another embodiment, various neighborhood networks may be separately managed through separate network servers and connect through one or more intermediary servers and or intermediary networks of differing type. It will now be apparent that numerous configurations of networks can exist in accordance with the present invention.  
      Network Operation—New Node Installation  
      With reference now to  FIGS. 15A  &amp; B there is shown a process  300  for installing a new node  106  into an established mesh network of nodes  100  ( FIG. 1 ). As described, an acquisition process is then initiated whereby selected transceivers within the new and existing nodes are relatively positioned such that those selected transceivers can exchange data. The new node is then acquired into the existing network, becoming an active node within the network.  
      Initially, new node  106  is installed on an upper, outer surface of a structure convenient to a house  102  or other structure containing a computer to be connected to the network (step  302 ). The node may be installed on the wall, roof or chimney area of a house or on an adjoining structure such as a lamp or utility post. The exact position of the node is selected to provide a line-of-sight to at least one existing node located within the network and within communicating distance. The new node is preferably connected to a user computer within the house through the node&#39;s Ethernet connection. This enables the node to communicate with the user both during the installation procedure and subsequently during data transmission and receipt. Every new node is installed level, that is with a zero degree angle of elevation.  
      A homeowner or a professional installer may install the new node. It will be appreciated that, in accordance with the invention, the installation of the new node is typically sufficiently simple to enable non-professional installation.  
      Upon securing new node  106  to the supporting structure, the installer orients the node by twisting the entire node assembly so that a particular mark on the outer surface of the weatherproof housing  112  is pointed to compass north (step  304 ). With the transceivers pre-positioned at the factory in the manner described above, the relative orientation of each transceiver within the node is known, within an error margin, to network server  202 . The newly installed node&#39;s location is communicated to network server  202  ( FIG. 10 ) (step  306  ), for example through a dial-up modem connection on the user computer, or by a telephone call to the server placed by the installer, or using modem  194  on system board  170  ( FIG. 10 ). Alternatively, this communication may be made through the wireless RF network described above.  
      In one embodiment which uses the acquisition process described with reference to  FIG. 16 , network server  202  examines a stored database of nodes within the local network (step  308 ) to determine adjoining nodes likely to have line-of-sight with the newly installed node (step  310 ).  
      In this embodiment, if there is no line-of-sight network node contained in the database, the installer, typically a professional installer in this circumstance, will provide the network server  202  with a specific position of an existing network node with which the new node can be synchronized (step  314 ). This can be done using one of the many communication options described herein above. If one or more line-of-sight nodes exist in the network, the network server will select one existing node for synchronization with the new node (step  316 ). If more than one line-of-sight nodes exist in the network, a single node is selected using criteria, for example, based on expected load and usage of the various nodes.  
      To facilitate the actual acquisition of the new node into the network in accordance with the process described with reference to  FIG. 16 , in this embodiment network server  202  determines necessary synchronization data for both nodes, including but not limited to: the likely best transceivers to use (it will be recalled from a consideration of the above that each node contains four transceivers), a first best guess of the initial directional orientation of each transceiver likely to result in line-of-sight communication following the process described below, the start time to begin the process of synchronization for acquiring the new transceiver into the network, the current time and the angular sweep range of the new and existing transceivers (step  318 ).  
      It will be appreciated that in this embodiment the existing transceiver, being integrated into the network, has an accurate determination of a given reference orientation. In contrast, the new transceiver is only approximately oriented to a reference direction by the installer and may have an error in orientation. As will be described in further detail below, during the initial synchronization both the new and existing nodes are swept through the initially determined sweep range likely to insure line-of-sight communication, with the new node additionally sweeping through the angle of uncertainty whereby to account for that uncertainty.  
      In this embodiment, upon completing the calculation and determination of the relevant synchronization data, server  202  transmits the necessary data to the existing node (step  320 ) and to the new node (step  324 ), where the data is stored for the subsequent synchronization and acquisition as described with reference to  FIG. 16 . Data is transmitted to the existing node through the network. As described above, even though the new node is not active in the network and able to receive network data, synchronization data can be provided by one of the many available options described above, i.e. through the built-in modem, through an upload from the user computer, or through a wireless RF connection.  
      In an other embodiments, alternative acquisition processes may be used as are described below.  
      Network Operation—New Node Synchronization and Acquisition  
      With reference to FIGS.  16 A&amp;B, there is shown a process  330  for synchronizing a new transceiver in a new node with an existing transceiver in an existing node to acquire the new node into the network according to one embodiment.  
      Initially, a clock calibration occurs between the new and existing nodes, using the described alternate means of communication, prior to initiating the described synchronization process. The nodes may further agree to the pre-established or a different start time.  
      To begin the synchronization, the new and existing nodes each move the selected active transceiver to its respective first best guess of orientation (step  332 ), each transceiver being maintained level. This is accomplished using the above-described azimuth motors to rotate the transceivers to the starting positions. At the synchronous start time, the azimuth motors are operated within each of the new and existing transceivers whereby to actuate the sweeps within the initially determined angular sweep ranges, both the existing and new transceivers sweeping through the sweep range at approximately the same average speed, with the new node sweeping in an additional back and forth pattern having an angular width of the allowed reference orientation uncertainty (step  334 ). During the sweeps, relative signal strengths of detected infrared light for each position in the sweep pattern are stored within each of the new and existing nodes.  
      If a signal is not detected by either transceiver (step  336 ), then the elevation angle of each transceiver is adjusted in a complementary manner in selected beam-width increments and the sweeps are repeated (step  331 ). For example, when one-half beam-width increments are selected, the new node will adjust down in elevation approximately one-half the estimated beam width while the existing node will adjust up in elevation approximately one-half the estimated beam width, and the above-described angular sweep repeats. This process of elevation adjustment and sweep is repeated as long as no signal is detected (step  333 ) by either transceiver and the final limits of both devices are not reached (step  335 ). Each time a sweep fails to result in a transceiver detection for a particular elevation (step  333 ) and the device limits are not reached (step  335 ), that same sweep is repeated in the opposite azimuth direction (step  337 ) before the elevation angle is again adjusted. It will be understood that various beam-width increments can be used to accomplish the alignment results.  
      If, after completing sweeps in both directions at the final elevation limits of both transceivers (step  335 ) infrared light signals are not detected by either the new or existing transceiver, a failure signal is generated by the existing transceiver (step  338 ) and transmitted to the system board CPU and/or the network server  202  (step  340 ). The CPU and/or the network server then selects a new existing transceiver (step  342 ) and provides the tracking data to this existing node, as described above, to restart the synchronization process (step  344 ) as described above (steps  332 - 337 ).  
      The next existing node may be selected in real-time by the network server or may have been earlier identified by the network server and stored in the system board CPU for use in the event that communications couldn&#39;t be established with the first-choice existing node. If, upon repeating the above-described sweep process neither transceiver can detect an infrared signal from each other, a failure indicator is again transmitted to the network server which determines that the new node is faulty and must be reinstalled or replaced (step  346 ).  
      If either the new or existing transceiver receives signals during any one sweep (steps  333  or  336 ) then, upon the completion of that sweep pattern, both transceivers return to the position of maximum signal strength (step  348 ). It will be understood that, due to the symmetry of the co-aligned transceiver optical systems described above, if either transceiver detects a signal, the assumption is made that the other transceiver has also detected a signal and that both transceivers are returning to the position of maximum infrared light signal strength.  
      Following the completion of the sweep pattern, the new and existing transceivers execute asynchronous tracking events (described in detail below) (steps  350 ,  352 ) one or more times (step  354 ), followed by an attempt to communicate actual signal data (step  356 ).  
      If signal data communication cannot be established within a predetermined number of asynchronous tracking events (step  358 ) as determined by the system operator, then the sweep pattern is reinitiated (step  334 ) to re-determine the position of maximum signal (step  348 ) and the asynchronous tracking events (steps  350 ,  352 ) begin again. When signal data communication is established (step  358 ), then the synchronization of the new and existing transceivers is complete with the new node acquired into the existing network (step  360 ). The new node is now installed into the network and can function as a normal network node including communicating network data and cooperating to install new nodes into the network. It will be understood that, once installed into the network, the actual orientation of the newly installed node is known and stored for use in subsequent tracking activities. The user of the newly installed node is thus connected to the Internet (or other network.)  
      Network Operation—Asynchronous Tracking Event  
      Immediately following the install process described above, and periodically thereafter it is necessary to cause a communicating transceiver pair within a network to change its physical position so as to establish and maintain good optical alignment and signal communications between the adjoining transceivers. This process, initiated by network server  202  or by an individual transceiver, is termed a ‘tracking event’ and is described with respect to the  FIG. 17  process illustrating an asynchronous tracking event  370 .  
      The transceivers are tracked asynchronously, each transceiver beginning its tracking event upon the initiation of the network server or on the occurrence of a predetermined time (step  372 ). Upon initial installation, as described above, an asynchronous tracking event is initiated substantially immediately upon both transceivers returning to their respective positions of maximum signal strength. Upon lost or diminished signal, as described below, an asynchronous tracking event occurs within a certain time slot for each transceiver.  
      Initially, the relative distance between the two nodes is determined by the node location data contained in network server  202  (step  374 ). If the distance is less than a predetermined distance, typically about 10 meters, then processor  173  on system board  170  ( FIG. 10 ) of the node containing the transceiver to be repositioned initiates a transceiver centroid-tracking path (step  382 ). That is, the respective elevation and azimuth motors are operated to move the transceiver in a centroid path, simultaneously collecting and storing signal strength to determine the position yielding maximum signal strength (step  384 ). At the completion of the centroid tracking path, the transceiver is controlled to return to the position of maximum received signal strength (step  386 ).  
      If the actual distance is greater than the predetermined distance (step  374 ), the transceiver is similarly controlled as above but in a dither tracking path (step  376 ). Again, receive signal strength is recorded to determine a maximum (step  378 ) to which the transceiver is returned at the end of the dither path (step  380 ).  
      As will be understood from the description of the new node installation process described here, in the asynchronous tracking process, each of the two transceivers involved in the process alternate motion in the tracking event. That is, the first transceiver will complete a tracking path and return to the position of maximum signal strength. Next, the second transceiver will complete a tracking path and likewise return to the position of maximum signal strength. The process of alternating transceivers for tracking events continues for a predetermined number of times. This predetermined number of times may depend on the occurrence of an event, such as the ability to communicate data, or on the completion of a predetermined, stored number of tracking events.  
      It will be seen from a consideration of the acquisition process described here in combination with the asynchronous tracking event process, that upon the installation of a new node a simple, simultaneous or synchronous sweep in a circular, horizontal path is in some cases used to determine initial transceiver positioning, while the appropriate centroid or dither tracking path is used in an asynchronous process to fine-tune transceiver position for maximum signal strength.  
      It will be appreciated that numerous other tracking paths may be selected to determine optimum transceiver positioning.  
      Network Operation—Unscheduled Tracking Event  
      Periodically, due to a variety of conditions including but not limited to changes in tolerance of mechanical components, changes in supporting structures and underlying geography and changes in weather, a transceiver within a network node will lose good signal communications with its ‘mate’ in the adjoining node. When this happens an unscheduled tracking event process  400  initiates as is shown in  FIG. 18 .  
      Upon assembly and initial programming, each transceiver in each node is given a pre-assigned default time slot within which to initiate a tracking event upon the occurrence of an unscheduled signal loss. This default time slot may, for example, be stored on system board  170  in memory  176 . No two transceivers within the same neighborhood are provided with the same pre-assigned default time slot. It will be understood that, in this manner, the asynchronous tracking process  370  ( FIG. 17 ) may be performed automatically and without need for the network server to communicate with each transceiver.  
      Upon the detection of minimally acceptable receive signal strength (step  402 ), the transceivers to be tracked each begin an asynchronous tracking event within their respective pre-assigned time range (step  404 ). The asynchronous tracking is performed in accordance with  FIG. 17  described above, and if signals are detected and communication is established (step  406 ) the process terminates (step  408 ). If no signal is detected by the transceivers and no communication is established, then a service event is initiated (step  410 ). A service event may, for example, include the transmission of a service notice to a user or a modem communication to the network server. A service event may, for example, result in human intervention to replace a defective network node.  
      Network Operation—Digital Signal Quality-Based Acquisition, Alignment and Tracking  
      It will be understood that, in the above-described embodiment, acquisition, alignment and tracking of the transceivers are achieved using the detected signal strength of the IR light beam. In this alternate embodiment of the invention, acquisition, alignment and tracking are achieved by testing the quality of digital signal packets transmitted between nodes. In this embodiment, error tracking is performed based on packets received from the far side transceiver, i.e. the transceiver being pointed at. The quality of the digital signal test packets sent by the far-side transceiver is used as an indicator of signal quality and tracking is performed based on that metric. By receiving only packets with the matching source and destination MAC addresses, even retro-reflection will not diminish the quality metric.  
      One problem associated with measuring link quality is the time required to get a meaningful error rate from a small amount of traffic. For example, when sending twenty 1440-byte packets each second, the following parameters, including bit error rate (BER), show the approximate amount of time required to measure a particular error rate to within a 75% confidence interval.  
                                       Percent   BER   TIME                                                50%   250 × 10−7    0.8   s       90%   50 × 10−7   4   s       99%   10 × 10−7   20   s       99.5%      5 × 10−7   40   s       99.9%      1 × 10−7   200   s                  
 
      Generation of twice as much traffic cuts the confidence interval in half. However, because generation of test traffic is CPU intensive, there is a limit to the amount of traffic that a node can generate. However, in the context of tracking, speed of measurement is most important on poor signals and least important on good signals. That is, it is faster to determine an acceptable error rate within a certain level of confidence than it is to determine an exact error rate. To take advantage of this, the error-rate determination algorithm described herein counts only enough errors, for example, 4 errors, to make the error-rate determination within a 75% confidence interval. If no packets are received, the algorithm assumes after one second that four packets were lost and the error rate can be determined.  
      In this embodiment of the invention, the test packets sent from the transmitting transceivers contain the destination and source MAC address of the node processor so that the packets can be received and processed. Contained within each packet is a sequential counter which is used for counting lost packets and a tracking event number which is used to prevent tracking conflicts. The payload and length of the packets are alternated every other packet between two packet types: a Long Packet and a Short Packet.  
      A Long Packet comprises a 1440-byte packet. The payload can be set to a challenging frequency distribution to bring out errors earlier than a random frequency distribution packet would.  
      A Short Packet comprises a 64-byte packet consisting primarily of random data (the counters). This packet is easy to transmit and makes possible measurement of marginal links.  
      The combination of these packets allows measurement of the error rate over a large range of qualities without the requirement of sending as much data as would be required with large random packets. This allows greater control when tracking, speeds the measurement of error rate, and reduces processor load.  
      The sequential counter is 16-bits unsigned, and is encoded as a hexadecimal text value. If a node is in the process of tracking, a random 16-bit hexadecimal value will be added to the test packet on the tracking transceiver. In the event that two transceivers begin to simultaneously execute tracking processes, this hexadecimal value is used to prevent tracking conflicts by forcing the transceiver with the lower random value to cease tracking. The transceiver with the higher random value is permitted to complete the tracking process.  
      In accordance with this embodiment of the invention, one method of tracking comprises the process of taking a predetermined number of steps in one direction and then the same number of predetermined steps in the opposite direction. As described above, each ‘step’ comprises a step of the controlling transceiver stepper motor, which in turn corresponds to an incrementally changed position of the controlled transceiver. At each stepped position, as well as at center, the error rate is measured. If one position is better than then other two, the process optimizes transceiver positioning by moving the transceiver to the position of the best detected digital signal quality, i.e. the position of least error rate. If the two best positions are equally good, the process splits the difference in position between the two. Three examples are shown below.  
     EXAMPLE 1  
      99.5% at 4 steps left  
      98.0% at center  
      94.3% at 4 steps right  
      MOVE 4 STEPS LEFT  
     EXAMPLE 2  
      99% at 4 steps left  
      100% at center  
      100% at 4 steps right  
      MOVE 2 STEPS RIGHT  
     EXAMPLE 3  
      99% at 4 steps left  
      99.5% at center  
      88% at 4 steps right  
      DO NOTHING  
      The examples above all use moves of four steps left or right (i.e. azimuth), but this stepping, or vectoring, applies equally to vertical (i.e. elevation) and diagonal tracking movements. The number of steps attempted depends on the size of the IR spot as a function of range and whether the tracking process is in a phase of rough centration, fine tuning, or searching for a signal.  
      With respect to the alignment process described here, references to the IR spot size comprise the number of steps over which a good quality digital signal can be obtained by the receiving transceiver under alignment. Due to the shape of the beam, at shorter ranges, that is distance between transceivers, a good quality signal can be received over a wider angle or larger number of steps. As range increases, only the central, highest intensity, portion of the beam yields a good digital signal. Thus, the size of the beam determines the angle to be swept in determining the edges of good link quality.  
      One full tracking sequence is described below based on the alignment process described above. The number of steps N is based on typical spot size at the particular range.  
      With reference now to  FIG. 19 , a tracking process based on digital signal quality is shown wherein the best digital signal quality is measured and stored at the current starting position (step  502 ), that is, without moving the transceiver to be aligned. As noted above, it will be understood that the best signal quality corresponds to the lowest error rate. The transceiver being positioned is then stepped in elevation so as to measure the quality N steps up and N steps down from the center starting position, and moved based on the vectoring process described above (step  504 ), i.e. to the strongest signal position or, if two signals are of equal strength, to a position half-way between them. The position yielding the best quality signal as determined from the prior up/down measuring and repositioning steps is used as the new starting position, with the best quality signal used as the new best quality signal (step  506 ).  
      The transceiver being positioned is then stepped in azimuth so as to measure the quality N steps left and N steps right from the new starting position, and again moved based on the vectoring process described above (step  508 ), i.e. to the strongest signal position or, if two signals are of equal strength, to a position half-way between them. The position yielding the best quality signal as determined from these left/right measuring and repositioning steps is used as the new starting position, with the best quality signal used as the new best quality signal (step  510 ).  
      The transceiver being positioned is then stepped in elevation so as to measure the quality  1  step up and  1  step down from the new starting position, and again moved based on the vectoring process described above (step  512 ), i.e. to the strongest signal position or, if two signals are of equal strength, to a position half-way between them. If a position adjustment is made based on signal quality, the resulting best signal quality and position become the new best signal quality and position.  
      The transceiver is then stepped in azimuth so as to measure the quality 1 step left and 1 step right from the new starting position, and again moved based on the vectoring process described above (step  514 ), i.e. to the strongest signal position or, if two signals are of equal strength, to a position half-way between them.  
      Optionally, the transceiver can be similarly stepped and adjusted along diagonals through repetition of the stepping/measuring/new starting position, steps described above, the only change being that the transceiver is stepped along diagonal lines relative to its starting position. It will also be apparent that other tracks alterative to up, down, left, right and diagonals can be selected for which to repeat the step-measure-set new starting point, process described above  
      This full tracking sequence as described with respect to  FIG. 19  achieves gross pointing and edge avoidance as well as fine tuning.  
      Between tracking events, the receive quality is constantly measured by counting the test packets received. To avoid spurious moves based on temporary drops in quality, at the initiation of a tracking process, in lieu of measuring a new center quality value, the highest of the previous three quality values are taken as the center quality measure. If a move is performed in a subsequent stage of tracking, the quality at the new point is taken as the new quality at center.  
      When a link is interrupted by an environmental event like fog or a blockage, it&#39;s possible for transceivers to become significantly misaligned during the blocked period. In order to track back onto a spot after the blockage is removed, a transceiver may have to move more steps than would be required for normal tracking. In this recovery mode, the transceiver moves left, right, up, and down as well as all diagonals. The number of steps moved from center in each direction is 0.5 S, 1.0 S, and 1.5 S where S is the number of steps that the spot is wide.  
      This recovery algorithm is enough to bring a transceiver back to alignment as long as one side of a link is pointed such that its transmit beam is nearly on target. In an alternate embodiment of this recovery process, the transceiver being recovered is returned to the last known good position and alignment as described above is performed about that point.  
      In order to provide some flexibility in the behavior of tracking, in one embodiment of the invention a transceiver is modeled as being in one of three states: good quality, poor quality, and no signal  
      The tracking frequency can be set differently for each of these states. In one example, the “no signal” state is defined as having no test packets for 15 minutes. The dividing line between “good quality” and “poor quality” is configurable but should typically be between 80% and 99% of test packets arriving without error. Four parameters which affect tracking and which are controllable for each transceiver are listed below.  
      Nominal Quality Threshold: The percentage of good test packets received which are determinative between “good quality” and “poor quality” states.  
      Good Tracking Frequency: How frequently in time a transceiver should track when quality is good.  
      Poor Tracking Frequency: How frequently in time a transceiver should track when quality is poor. Recovery Tracking Frequency: How frequently in time a transceiver should track in recovery mode, when there is no signal.  
      The nominal quality threshold is an integer representing percentage and the various tracking frequencies are integers in minutes. A tracking frequency of less than 15 minutes may be treated as a 15 minute tracking frequency. A tracking frequency of 0 indicates that tracking should never be done in that state.  
      While the above-described tracking processes have been illustrated with respect to infrared transceivers, it will be understood that they similarly apply to other point-to-point communications systems, for example including narrow-band radio frequency and microwave transmitters/receivers, all included herein as point-to-point communications systems or transceivers.  
      There is thus provided new and improved infrared transceivers, infrared network nodes comprising multiple transceivers, an infrared mesh network, various circuits and various processes for installing and synchronizing new nodes whereby to extend existing high-speed digital network capacity into areas inaccessible by conventional networks for the reasons described above.  
      The transceiver transmitter optics are designed using infrared light with a relatively wide beam divergence in the range of about 0.5-1.0 degrees. In combination with sensitive receive optics having a slightly smaller field of view, much flexibility is provided in the placement and alignment of the transceivers. This makes installation and expansion of the network cost-effective and straight-forward.  
      Automated install and synchronization processes operate to keep the network functional and to simplify new installations and changes in network node location.  
      The system has commercial application in the field of high-speed digital data networks including Internet networks such as those used by Internet Service Providers.  
      Network Operation—Exemplary Embodiment for New Node Synchronization and Acquisition  
      In another exemplary embodiment, one or more nodes  106  are adapted to acquire and communicate with one or more additional nodes using an emitter and the acquisition procedure described below. The emitter may be used, for example, to install and operably couple a new node to an existing optical network or to couple to two existing subnets. When temporarily placed in proximity to a node being integrated into the network, typically followed by manual aiming at an existing node, the emitter generally has a relatively broad beam width which can be detected by an existing node. Once the transceiver of the adjacent node has located and registered the direction of the emitter, the adjacent node transmits an acquisition signal in the direction of the emitter. By positioning the emitter sufficiently close to the new node, the new node can detect the acquisition signal, register the position of the existing node, and transmit its own acquisition signal back to the adjacent node. Thereafter, the participating nodes may execute higher-resolution searches and further refine their orientation angles to increase signal reception, synchronize their respective transceivers, and subsequently exchange data. The radiation transmitted by the emitter in the preferred embodiment is matched to the transceiver of the optical nodes, although one skilled in the art will appreciate that nearly any wavelength within the electromagnetic spectrum—including visible light, infrared, near-infrared, radio frequency (RF), and microwaves—may be used provided the one or more nodes are compatible. The acquisition procedure of the present invention is particularly useful where the wireless nodes include highly-directional transceivers, e.g., optical transceivers, whose narrow transmit/receive beam width prevent the nodes from readily detecting the presence of an adjacent node without, for example, extensive and time-consuming searches or accurate geographic coordinates of the nodes.  
      In this exemplary embodiment of an acquisition process, new node  106  (here assumed for ease of understanding to be node  106 C), is acquired into the established mesh network of wireless nodes  100  ( FIG. 1 ) using a system  525  shown in  FIG. 20  and a process  530  shown in  FIG. 21 .  FIG. 20  shows system  525 , which in the illustrated embodiment includes: a first node which may be a new node  106 C being added to the network, a second node which may be an existing node  106  used to acquire new node  106 C (here assumed for ease of explanation to be node  106 A), and an emitter to facilitate the acquisition. The emitter in the preferred embodiment is adapted to emit invisible light in the ranges of about 850 nm and 940 nm, and comprises an optional viewing tool  522 , a light source such as an LED assembly or spotlight  520 , and an optional means for collimating the light source, i.e., a focusing assembly. It is assumed that nodes  106 A and  106 C have been previously installed on structures  102 A and  102 C respectively, for example in accordance with process  300  ( FIG. 15 ). One skilled in the art will appreciate, however, that the invention may also be adapted to implement an emitter in proximity to the existing node  106  for illuminating the new node  106 C as part of this acquisition procedure.  
      The viewing tool  522 , which is preferably rigidly affixed to the spotlight  520 , is used to aim the spotlight and accurately direct focused light on the existing node  106 . Viewing tool  522  can be any tool which can be used to view nodes in network  100 , for example a commercially available spotting scope of the type used to sight a rifle or pistol. In one embodiment viewing tool  522  is required to provide a sight that can be co-aligned with or otherwise co-parallel to the light beam of spotlight  520  to within a predetermined number of degrees of the light beam, for example to within 0.5 degrees of the light beam. One example of a commercially available product which can be used as viewing tool  522  is the Daisy Electronic Point Sight, model  7809 , available at www.daisy.com/shopping/customer/product.php?productid=16261&amp;cat=263&amp;page=1.  
      In the described embodiment, the spotlight  520  is preferably a light emitting diode (LED), laser diode, incandescent light, or halogen light configured to produce a modulated light beam. The modulation is preferably between 16 and 62 MHz although one of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that higher or lower frequencies may be used. The modulated light beam—which turns on and off by an electronic circuit or shutter, for example—produces a square wave pattern although sinusoidal modulation or other wave form may be used. The focusing assembly for reducing the width of the modulated light beam may be for example a lens, reflector, or combination thereof adapted to produce a light beam with less than a 1.6 degree divergence. The emitter may also be adapted to couple to a power source such as batteries or alternating current (AC) source used to provide power.  
      The focusing assembly in the preferred embodiment comprises a mount, for example a machined aluminum tube, adapted to hold the spotlight  520  and a focusing lens mounted therein in fixed relationship to one another. In the embodiment illustrated in  FIG. 20 , viewing tool  522  is shown mounted on the spotlight  520 , the pair mounted on a mechanical support such as a tripod  521 . For example, the mount may be configured to be stable and allow the sight provided by viewing tool  522  to be co-aligned to the optical path of the light beam produced by spotlight  520  within the tolerance allowed by the adjustments of the sight. In other embodiments, viewing tool  522  may be installed elsewhere than on spotlight  520 , as long as the light beam from spotlight  520  and the sight provided by viewing tool  522  can be co-aligned, i.e., made co-parallel to, sufficiently to perform the acquisition process described herein.  
      With reference now to  FIG. 21 , a process  530  for acquiring a first node, e.g., new node  106 C, into an established mesh network of nodes  100  (see  FIG. 1 ) is described. In step  532 , the combination of viewing tool  522  and spotlight  520  are placed near the new node  106 C with an unobstructed line of sight to a second node, e.g., an existing node in the mesh network, between which a communication path is to be established. In one embodiment, viewing tool  522  and spotlight  520  are placed in a location sufficiently close to the new node such that the angular separation between new node  106 C and spotlight  520 , as viewed from one or more selected existing nodes  106 , is less than the nominal beam width of the transceiver of the existing node. In this embodiment, the distance between the new node  106 C and the spotlight  520  should subtend an angle not to exceed 0.5 degrees when viewed from the existing node. As one skilled in the art will appreciate, the distance between the spotlight  520  and new node  106 C should be relatively small where the new and existing nodes are close, while the distance between the spotlight  520  and new node  106 C may be greater where the new and existing nodes are further apart.  
      In step  534 , an existing node  106  is selected for use in acquiring new node  106 C. For example, in one embodiment, the installer (or another) uses viewing tool  522  or a naked eye to view one or more existing nodes  106  susceptible of being optically coupled to the new node  106 C. The selected node should have an available transceiver, i.e., a transceiver not already dedicated to another optical node, and be sufficiently close to support optical communication with the new node  106  C. In one embodiment, the closest existing node  106  to new node  106 C is selected but in other embodiments, another existing node  106  can instead be selected. For purposes of explanation, it is assumed that existing node  106 A is selected to couple to the new node  106 C.  
      In step  536 , the light beam produced by spotlight  520  and the sight provided by viewing tool  522  are co-aligned to within a predetermined number of degrees sufficient to enable the described acquisition process, for example to within 0.5 degrees, as viewed from existing node  106 A, as described above. This co-alignment may be achieved, for example, when the optical path of the center of the light beam from spotlight  520  and the optical path of the directional view through the sight of viewing tool  522  are substantially parallel (allowing for a maximum allowable degree of error). Alternatively, co-alignment may be performed by pointing the light beam of spotlight  520  at a target more than 20 meters away, for example at selected existing node  106 A, and then visually aligning the sight to a point slightly (equal to the separation of the sight and the beam at spotlight  520 ) above the center of the light beam of spotlight  520  by a distance equal to the distance between the spotlight  520  and the viewing tool  522  affixed thereto. Other methods of aligning the light beam and viewing scope sight will be readily known to the reader.  
      In step  538 , the active transceiver on existing node  106 A executes a search protocol adapted to optically scan a predetermined or programmably defined field of view to find the light beam produced by spotlight  520 . For example, the active transceiver on existing node  106 A may scan by traversing a predetermined angular area, for example 5 degrees by 20 degrees, in a raster pattern or spiral pattern while taking periodic samples of the optical signal strength. Continuing with the example the periodic samples may be read out graphically to the installer (or another) so the installer (or another) can indicate to network server  202  the location of the strongest signal that corresponds to spotlight  520 . In some embodiments, the existing node  106 A internally processes the search data and automatically detects the point of maximum signal strength from within the field of view searched. In other embodiments, the readings are transmitted to server  202  through other suitable means, for example through a dial-up modem connection on the user computer, using modem  194  on system board  170  ( FIG. 10 ) or through the wireless RF network described above.  
      In step  540 , the active transceiver on existing node  106 A is manually or automatically adjusted so as to point an optical or near-infrared beam towards the light beam of spotlight  520 . For example, the beam from existing node  106 A may be pointed in the direction of the maximum strength of the light beam as detected during the scanning. Continuing with the example, server  202  may communicate to the active transceiver on existing node  106 A any necessary adjustments in pointing direction based on the maximum strength detected during the scanning. As the reader will understand, any significant misalignments of the spotlight and/or nodes may make it difficult or impossible for a light beam to be detected by a receiver.  
      Once the existing node  106 A is oriented in the direction of the spotlight  520 , the existing node may begin transmitting an acquisition signal to be acquired by the new node  106 C. The acquisition signal may take the form of a coded optical signal or an intra-node synchronization signal having a brightness sufficient to be read or otherwise acquired by the new node  106 C. When the spotlight  520  is placed in the immediate vicinity of the new node  106 C in accordance with this invention, the acquisition signal transmitted by the existing node  106 A illuminates the new node  106 C as well as the spotlight  520 .  
      In step  542 , the active transceiver on new node  106 C executes a search protocol adapted to scan a field of view to find the direction of the acquisition signal emanating from existing node  106 A. For example, the active transceiver on new node  106 C may scan by traversing a predetermined angular area, for example 5 degrees by 20 degrees, in a raster pattern or spiral pattern while taking periodic samples of the optical signal strength. Continuing with the example the periodic samples may be read out graphically to the installer (or another) so the installer (or another) can indicate to network server  202  the location of the strongest signal that corresponds to existing node  106 A. In other embodiments, the readings are transmitted to server  202  through other suitable means, for example through a dial-up modem connection on the user computer, using modem  194  on system board  170  ( FIG. 10 ) or through the wireless RF network described above.  
      In step  544 , the orientation of the active transceiver on new node  106 C is adjusted so as to point an optical or near-infrared signal or beam in the direction of the existing node  106 A. For example, the beam from new node  106 C may be pointed to the maximum strength of the signal or beam from existing node  106 A as detected during the scanning. With the new node  106 C properly oriented, the new node  106 C and existing node  106 A may be operably coupled and could begin synchronizing their respective communication signals and exchanging data. Continuing with the example, server  202  may communicate to the active transceiver on new node  106 C any necessary adjustments in pointing direction based on the maximum strength detected during the scanning.  
      The one-sided scans performed in steps  538  and  542  are typically quick and easy to complete with the necessary degree of accuracy.  
      Optionally, after step  544 , tracking takes place to further ensure that the active transceivers on existing node  106 A and new node  106 C are each pointing directly at the maximal strength of the beam emanating from the other. For example, the active transceivers on one or both of nodes  106 A and  106 C may be slightly misspointed due to the pointing of spotlight  520  which may be offset by a small amount. Tracking can include one or more of the following steps  546  through  554 . In steps  546  and  548  the active transceivers on new node  106 C and existing node  106 A execute asynchronous tracking events respectively one or more times (step  550 ), followed by an attempt to communicate actual signal data (step  552 ). For example, the asynchronous tracking events can be in accordance with the process  370  illustrated in  FIG. 17  above. The order of steps  546  and  548  may be interchanged in some embodiments.  
      If signal data communication cannot be established within a predetermined number of asynchronous tracking events (step  554 ) as determined by the system operator, then the scanning and pointing is reinitiated (steps  538  through  544 ) to re-determine the positions of maximum signal and the asynchronous tracking events (steps  546  to  554 ) begin again. When signal data communication is established (step  554 ), then the acquisition of the new node into the existing network is complete (step  556 ). In another embodiment, steps  546  through  554  are omitted and step  556  follows immediately after step  544 .  
      The process  530  of acquiring a first node by a second node described above may be repeated as necessary to optically link the new node  106 C to one or more additional existing nodes in the wireless network.  
      Once acquisition is complete (step  556 ), The new node is installed into the network and can function as a normal network node including communicating network data and cooperating to install new nodes into the network. It will be understood that, once installed into the network, the actual orientation of the newly installed node is known and stored for use in subsequent tracking activities. The user of the newly installed node is thus connected to the Internet or other selected network.  
      While the invention has been described with respect to a limited number of embodiments, it will be appreciated that it is not thus limited and that many variations, modifications, improvements and other applications of the invention will now be apparent to the reader.