Patent Publication Number: US-9854536-B2

Title: User equipment power level selection for downlink transmissions

Description:
TECHNICAL FIELD 
     This disclosure relates in general to the field of communications and, more particularly, to user equipment power level selection for downlink transmissions. 
     BACKGROUND 
     Long Term Evolution (LTE) networks often employ fractional frequency reuse (FFR) schemes in order to optimally allocate frequencies within a cellular network. FFR partitions a cell&#39;s (e.g. an LTE eNodeB) bandwidth among user equipment within the network such that cell-edge users of adjacent cells do not interfere with each other and interference received by cell interior users is reduced. The use of FFR in a cellular network is a tradeoff between improvement in rate and coverage for cell edge users, and sum network throughput and spectral efficiency for the network. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       To provide a more complete understanding of the present disclosure and features and advantages thereof, reference is made to the following description, taken in conjunction with the accompanying figures, wherein like reference numerals represent like parts, in which: 
         FIG. 1  is a simplified block diagram of a communication system for resource allocation in a fractional frequency reuse (FFR) cellular network in accordance with one embodiment of the present disclosure; 
         FIGS. 2A-2B  illustrate an example of bandwidth allocation using fractional frequency reuse for a number of cells; 
         FIG. 3  is a simplified diagram of an example of resource block power allocation for the communication system of  FIG. 1  in accordance with one embodiment; 
         FIG. 4  is a simplified flow diagram illustrating example operations associated with a server in one example embodiment of the communication system; 
         FIG. 5  is a simplified flow diagram illustrating example operations associated with a cell in one example embodiment of communication system; 
         FIG. 6  is a simplified diagram of an example of resource block power allocation for the communication system of  FIG. 1  in accordance with another embodiment; 
         FIG. 7  is a simplified flow diagram illustrating example operations associated with downlink inter-cell interference management in one example embodiment of the communication system; 
         FIG. 8  illustrates a simplified flow diagram illustrating example operations associated with downlink inter-cell interference management using UE specific feedback in accordance with one embodiment; 
         FIG. 9  illustrates a simplified flow diagram illustrating example operations associated with downlink inter-cell interference management using UE specific feedback in accordance with another embodiment; 
         FIG. 10  illustrates a simplified flow diagram illustrating example operations associated with downlink inter-cell interference management using cell specific feedback in accordance with another embodiment; 
         FIG. 11  is a simplified block diagram of a communication system for selecting cells for downlink inter-cell interference coordination (ICIC) in accordance with one embodiment of the present disclosure; 
         FIG. 12  is a simplified diagram of an example of resource block power allocation for the communication system of  FIG. 11  in accordance with one embodiment; 
         FIG. 13  illustrates a simplified flow diagram illustrating example operations associated with selecting cells for downlink inter-cell interference coordination (ICIC) in accordance with one embodiment of the present disclosure; 
         FIG. 14  is a simplified diagram of an example of resource block power allocation for the communication system of  FIG. 1  in accordance with one embodiment; 
         FIG. 15  is a simplified diagram of an example of resource block power allocation for cell interior UEs for the communication system of  FIG. 1  in accordance with one embodiment; 
         FIG. 16  illustrates a simplified flow diagram illustrating example operations associated with determining downlink transmission power levels for interior cell UEs in accordance with one embodiment; 
         FIG. 17  is a simplified diagram of an example of resource block power allocation for cell edge UEs for the communication system of  FIG. 1  in accordance with one embodiment; 
         FIG. 18  illustrates a simplified flow diagram illustrating example operations associated with determining downlink transmission power levels for cell edge UEs in accordance with one embodiment; 
         FIG. 19  illustrates an embodiment of a cell of the communication system of  FIG. 1 ; and 
         FIG. 20  illustrates an embodiment of a server of the communication system of  FIG. 1 . 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF EXAMPLE EMBODIMENTS 
     Overview 
     A method according to one embodiment includes receiving an indication of an average signal power for a downlink connection between a cell and each of a plurality of user equipment devices associated with the cell, receiving an indication of an average interference measurement on the downlink connection between the cell and each of the plurality of user equipment devices associated with the cell, computing an average spectral efficiency for each of the plurality of user equipment devices based upon the respective average signal power and average interference measurement, and determining a transmission power level from among a plurality of available transmission power levels for one or more downlink resources for each of the plurality of user equipment devices based upon the computed average spectral efficiency for each of the plurality of user equipment devices. 
     In a particular embodiment, the average spectral efficiency for each user equipment device is computed as a function of the average signal power divided by the average spectral efficiency for each user equipment device. In another particular embodiment, the transmission power level is chosen for a particular one of the plurality of user equipment devices from the plurality of available transmission power levels such that the average spectral efficiency of user equipment devices with a higher power level is higher than the average spectral efficiency if the particular user equipment device shares resources with other user equipment devices that are served by resources with a lower power level. 
     In another particular embodiment, the available transmission power levels include a first power level and a second power level, the second power level being greater than the first power level. In still another particular embodiment, user equipment devices that are interior to the cell are served at the first power level and the remaining user equipment devices within the cell are served at the second power level. 
     In another particular embodiment, determining the transmission power level includes: ordering the plurality of user equipment devices in decreasing order of the computed spectral efficiency for each user equipment device; determining whether each of the ordered plurality of user equipment devices meets a first condition for being assigned the second power level; iteratively assigning the second power level for each of the ordered plurality of user equipment devices that meet the first condition; and iteratively assigned the first power level for each of the plurality of user equipment devices that does not meet the first condition. 
     In another particular embodiment, the first condition includes if the particular user equipment device UEi of the ordered user equipment devices UE 1  . . . UEN receives a higher rate when it shares resources with user equipment devices UE 1  . . . UEi−1 with the second power level than if the particular user equipment device UEi is assigned the first power level. In still another particular embodiment, user equipment devices that are at an edge of the cell are served at the second power level and the remaining user equipment devices within the cell are served at the first power level. 
     In another particular embodiment, determining the transmission power level includes: ordering the plurality of user equipment devices in increasing order of signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio (SINR) within a reuse one portion of the frequency spectrum for each user equipment device; determining whether each of the ordered plurality of user equipment devices meets a second condition for being assigned the second power level; iteratively assigning the second power level for each of the ordered plurality of user equipment devices that meet the second condition; and iteratively assigned the first power level for each of the plurality of user equipment devices that does not meet the second condition. 
     In still another particular embodiment, the second condition includes if the particular user equipment device UEi of the ordered user equipment devices UE 1  . . . UEN receives a greater estimated throughput rate when assigned all resources with the second power level divided by a current index value i is greater than an average spectral efficiency when assigned the second power level multiplied by the total resources with the first power level divided by a function of a total number of user equipment devices and the index value. 
     In another particular embodiment, the transmission power level is determined adaptively responsive to a change in channel condition of one or more of the plurality of user equipment devices if an average throughput of the cell will improve by at least a predetermined amount. 
     One or more non-transitory tangible media according to one embodiment includes code for execution and when executed by a processor operable to perform operations comprising: receiving an indication of an average signal power for a downlink connection between a cell and each of a plurality of user equipment devices associated with the cell; receiving an indication of an average interference measurement on the downlink connection between the cell and each of the plurality of user equipment devices associated with the cell; computing an average spectral efficiency for each of the plurality of user equipment devices based upon the respective average signal power and average interference measurement; and determining a transmission power level from among a plurality of available transmission power levels for one or more downlink resources for each of the plurality of user equipment devices based upon the computed average spectral efficiency for each of the plurality of user equipment devices. 
     An apparatus according to one embodiment includes a memory element configured to store data, a processor operable to execute instructions associated with the data, and at least one module. The at least one module is configured to: receive an indication of an average signal power for a downlink connection between a cell and each of a plurality of user equipment devices associated with the cell; receive an indication of an average interference measurement on the downlink connection between the cell and each of the plurality of user equipment devices associated with the cell; compute an average spectral efficiency for each of the plurality of user equipment devices based upon the respective average signal power and average interference measurement; and determine a transmission power level from among a plurality of available transmission power levels for one or more downlink resources for each of the plurality of user equipment devices based upon the computed average spectral efficiency for each of the plurality of user equipment devices. 
     Example Embodiments 
     Referring now to  FIG. 1 ,  FIG. 1  is a simplified block diagram of a communication system  10  for resource allocation in a fractional frequency reuse (FFR) cellular network in accordance with one embodiment of the present disclosure. Communication system  10  of  FIG. 1  includes a first cell (Cell  1 )  12   a  having a first coverage area  14   a , a second cell (Cell  2 )  12   b  having a second coverage area  14   b , and a third cell (Cell  3 )  12   c  having a third coverage area  14   c . In accordance with one or more embodiments, first cell  12   a , second cell  12   b , and third cell  12   c  are each a long term evolution (LTE) evolved Node B (eNodeB). In other embodiments, first cell  12   a , second cell  12   b , and third cell  12   c  may be any suitable base station. First coverage area  14   a , second coverage area  14   b , and third coverage area  14   c  are representative of a geographic area for which first cell  12   a , second cell  12   b , and third cell  12   c , respectively, can effectively provide service to a user equipment device therein. 
     First cell  12   a  includes a first user equipment (UE) device  16   a  and a second user equipment (UE) device  16   b  located within first coverage area  14   a  and served by first cell  12   a . Second cell  12   b  includes a third user equipment (UE) device  16   c  and a fourth user equipment (UE) device  16   d  located within second coverage area  14   b  and served by second cell  12   b . Third cell  12   c  includes a fifth user equipment (UE) device  16   e  and a sixth user equipment (UE) device  16   f  located within third coverage area  14   c  and served by third cell  12   c . In one or more embodiments, first cell  12   a , second cell  12   b , and third cell  12   c  allocate resources within their respective coverage areas  14   a - 14   c  using fractional frequency reuse (FFR) as will be further described herein. 
     In at least one embodiment, each of first UE  16   a , second UE  16   b , third UE  16   c , fourth UE  16   d , fifth UE  16   e , and sixth UE  16   f  is a mobile device having the ability to communicate with and handover between one or more of first cell  12   a , second cell  12   b , and third cell  12   c  using one or more mobile wireless connections. In accordance with various embodiments, one or more of UEs  16   a - 16   f  may include a computer (e.g., notebook computer, laptop, tablet computer or device), a tablet, a cell phone, a personal digital assistant (PDA), a smartphone, or any other suitable device having the capability to communicate using wireless access technologies with one or more of first cell  12   a , second cell  12   b , and third cell  12   c.    
     In the embodiment illustrated in  FIG. 1 , first cell  12   a , second cell  12   b , and third cell  12   c  are in communication with one another. Communication system  10  further includes a server  18  in communication with each of first cell  12   a , second cell  12   b , and third cell  12   c . In one or more embodiments, server  18  is located in an evolved packet core (EPC) network which may include one or more of a serving GPRS support node (SGSN)/mobile management entity (MME), a home subscriber server (HSS), a serving gateway (SGW), a packet data network (PDN) gateway (PGW), a policy and charging rules function (PCRF), and one or more packet networks. In accordance with various embodiments, server  18  is configured to receive feedback from each of first cell  12   a , second cell  12   b , and third cell  12   c , and determine how resources should be allocated between first cell  12   a , second cell  12   b , and third cell  12   c  based upon the feedback. In one or more embodiments, server  18  is further configured to provide resource allocation parameters to first cell  12   a , second cell  12   b , and third cell  12   c . In one or more embodiments, the resource allocation parameters provided to first cell  12   a , second cell  12   b , and third cell  12   c  are used to optimize resources allocated among first cell  12   a , second cell  12   b , and third cell  12   c  used to serve the UEs within their respective coverage areas  14   a - 14   c . In particular embodiments, the resource allocation parameters include parameters related to allocation of fractional frequency reuse (FFR) resources. 
     Before detailing some of the operational aspects of  FIG. 1 , it is important to understand different scenarios involving location of user equipment in a mobile network. The following foundation is offered earnestly for teaching purposes only and, therefore should not be construed in any way to limit the broad teachings of the present disclosure. The basic idea of FFR is to partition the cell&#39;s bandwidth so that (i) cell-edge users of adjacent cells do not interfere with each other and (ii) interference received by (and created by) cell interior users is reduced, while (iii) using more total spectrum than classical frequency reuse. The use of FFR in cellular network is a tradeoff between improvement in rate and coverage for cell edge users, and sum network throughput and spectral efficiency. FFR is a compromise between hard and soft frequency reuse. Hard frequency reuse splits the system bandwidth into a number of distinct sub bands according to a chosen reuse factor and allows neighbor cells to transmit on different sub bands. FFR splits the given bandwidth into an inner and outer portions. FFR allocates an inner portion to the UEs located near to the eNodeB in terms of path loss with reduced power applying frequency reuse factor of one, i.e. the inner portion is completely reused by all eNodeBs. For the UEs close to the cell edge, a fraction of the outer portion of the bandwidth is dedicated with a frequency reuse factor greater than one. With soft frequency reuse the overall bandwidth is shared by all eNodeBs (i.e., a reuse factor of one is applied) but for the transmission on each sub-carrier, the eNBs are restricted to a particular power bound. 
     There are two common FFR models: strict FFR and Soft Frequency Reuse (SFR). Strict FFR is a modification of the traditional frequency reuse in which exterior frequency subbands are not shared with the inner frequency bands. Soft Frequency Reuse (SFR) employs the same cell-edge bandwidth partitioning strategy as Strict FFR, but the interior UEs are allowed to share subbands with edge UEs in other cells. Accordingly, shared subbands by interior UEs users are transmitted at lower power levels than for the cell edge UEs. SFR is more bandwidth efficient than strict FFR, but results in more interference to both cell-interior and edge UEs. 
       FIGS. 2A-2B  illustrate an example of bandwidth allocation using fractional frequency reuse for a number of cells. In the example of  FIGS. 2A-2B , seven cells are arranged in a hexagonal configuration  200  with Cell  1  in the center and surround by Cells  2 - 7  numbered in a clockwise pattern in which strict FFR for reuse  3  is employed at cell edge UEs. In the example illustrated in  FIGS. 2A-2B  a power allocation scheme  250  is shown in which the inner portion of each of cells  1 - 8  is allocated a first frequency portion of the total frequency bandwidth at a particular power level P 1 . The edges of cell  1  are allocated a second portion of the total bandwidth at a power level P 2 , the edges of cells  2 ,  4 , and  6  are allocated a third portion of the total bandwidth at a power level P 3 , and the edges of cells  3 ,  5 , and  7  area allocated a fourth portion of the total bandwidth at a power level P 4 . 
     Referring now to  FIG. 3 ,  FIG. 3  is a simplified diagram of an example of resource block power allocation  300  for communication system  10  of  FIG. 1  in accordance with one embodiment. To overcome the effect of multipath fading problem present in Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS), LTE uses Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) for downlink from the base station to the UE to transmit the data over many narrow band carriers of 180 KHz each instead of spreading one signal over the complete 5 MHz career bandwidth. Accordingly, OFDM uses a large number of narrow sub-carriers for multi-carrier transmission to carry data. Orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM), is a frequency-division multiplexing (FDM) scheme used as a digital multi-carrier modulation method and meets the LTE requirement for spectrum flexibility and enables cost-efficient solutions for very wide carriers with high peak rates. The basic LTE downlink physical resource can be seen as a time-frequency grid in which the OFDM symbols are grouped into resource blocks. In LTE, the resource blocks have a total size of 180 kHz in the frequency domain and 0.5 ms in the time domain. A resource element (RE) is the smallest defined unit which consists of one OFDM sub-carrier during one OFDM symbol interval. Each resource block (RB) consists of 12·7=84 resource elements in case of normal cyclic prefix (72 for extended CP). Each UE is allocated a number of the resource blocks in the time frequency grid. The more resource blocks a UE is allocated, and the higher the modulation used in the resource elements, the higher the bit-rate. Which resource blocks and how many the UE is allocated at a given point in time depends upon frequency and time scheduling mechanisms. 
       FIG. 3  illustrates frequency domain power variation across multiple cells to mitigate interference between the cells. In the reuse portion there are a number of resource blocks (RBs) in which all the cells on the downlink use the same amount of transmit power per RB. As described above, a RB is an allocated portion of time and frequency spectrum used for downlink transmission from the cell to one or more UEs. If there was no interference, management in every cell would transmit at the same power across all the resources, and the interference a UE would experience on the downlink would be same across frequency from all of the cells if they were all fully loaded. 
     In the embodiment of  FIG. 3 , three different power levels (P 1 , P 2 , and P 3 ) for resource blocks (RBs) are illustrated in which P 3 &gt;=P 1 &gt;P 2 . In the illustrated embodiment, P 1  is the power level used by all cells in the reuse one portion of the spectrum. In the reuse one portion every cell reuses that portion of the spectrum and uses the same transmission power across the spectrum. In the FFR portion of the spectrum, a given cell transmits at a higher power on the P 1  portion of the FFR, and lowers its power per RB on the rest of the RBs in that part of the frequency, which is P 2 . If a given cell increases its power P 1  in the FFR portion of the spectrum, then a neighboring cell will reduce its power in the same portion but will have a higher power of transmission on P 2 . Accordingly in the FFR portion, one cell may increase its power on one part of the FFR spectrum and neighboring cells may reduce their power on the same part of the FFR spectrum. Typically, the FFR portion is used to serve mobiles UEs located close to a coverage area between, for example, within the coverage area  14   a  of cell  1  ( 12   a ) but close to the coverage area  14   b  of cell  2  ( 12   b ). The cost is that the number of resources to serve UEs are reduced because the opposite must be performed on the other part of the spectrum. However, UE&#39;s at the boundary of two cells will still gain an increase in performance because the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) increases even though resources are reduced. Accordingly, the net change in capacity is positive for UEs near the edge of a cell. 
     One or more embodiments described herein are directed to determining a number of resource blocks (RBs) to be allocated in a reuse one portion and a number of resource blocks (RBs) to be allocated in the fractional frequency resource (FFR) portion for a given set of power levels based upon information collected from the cells in a centralized manner. In one example allocation, if more UEs are located near a cell edge, it is desired to allocate more resources in the FFR portion. In another example allocation, if more of the UEs are close to the cells that serve them, it is desired to allocate more resources in the reuse one portion. 
     Referring again to  FIG. 1 , in one embodiment each of cells  12   a - 12   c  collect information obtained from one or more UEs, such as path loss or interference information, and provide feedback regarding the collected information to server  18 . In at least one embodiment, server  18  then computes resource allocation parameters including one or more of the fraction of resources (e.g., RBs) in the FFR portion and the fraction of resources in which a cell can expect higher signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio (SINR) in the FFR portion of the spectrum, and sends the resource allocation parameters to each of cells  12   a - 12   c . Upon receiving the fraction of resources allocated to the FFR portion, each of the cells  12   a - 12   b  can determine the number of resources allocated to each of the FFR portion and the reuse portion. Based upon the received resource allocation parameters, neighboring cells  12   a - 12   c  then exchange information with one another to determine the power allocation for specific resources in which a cell will set a higher or lower power allocation for each RB. In a particular embodiment, the determination of whether each RB should increase or decrease power is determined through an X2 message exchange between cells  12   a - 12   c . In particular embodiments, the power allocation for each RB is measured as the power spectral density (PSD) for each RB. Accordingly, for a given set of power levels in the neighboring cell and the serving cell, the spectral density that can be supported for each UE on each set of RBs is determined. 
     In one or more embodiments, the parameter ρ ffr  represents the fraction of RBs in the FFR portion of the spectrum and is determined by server  18  based upon given power levels and cell feedback. Referring again to the example of  FIG. 3 , for power levels P 1 , P 2 , and P 3  such that P 3 &gt;=P 1 &gt;P 2 , a parameter ρ edge  represents the fraction of RBs with power P 3 . The parameter ρ low,interf  represents the fraction of RBs in which a cell transmits power P 1  but neighboring cell transmits at power P 2 . 
     In one or more embodiments, each of cells  12   a - 12   c  receive performance metrics from each UE connected to it related to downlink power and feeds back the performance metrics to server  18 . Based upon the received performance metrics, server  18  computes the fraction of RBs in the FFR portion of the spectrum, ρ FFR , and provides resource allocation parameters including an indication of the computed fraction of RBs in the FFR portion to each of cells  12   a - 12   c . Cells  12   a - 12   c  may then exchange messages amongst themselves to determine how specific resources should be allocated to each of cells  12   a - 12   c , such as specific power allocation within the reuse one and FFR portions, based upon the indication of the computed fraction of RBs in the FFR portion. 
     Referring now to  FIG. 4 ,  FIG. 4  is a simplified flow diagram  400  illustrating example operations associated with server  18  in one example embodiment of communication system  10 . In  402 , server  18  receives one or more performance metrics from each of cells  12   a - 12   c . In one or more embodiments, the performance metrics are associated with downlink transmission from each of cells  12   a - 12   c  to one or more user equipment devices associated with each cell  12   a - 12   c . In one or more embodiments, each of cells  12   a - 12   c  receive one or more performance metrics from each UE connected to it related to downlink power and sends the performance metrics to server  18 . In other embodiments, each of cells  12   a - 12   c  receives the one or more performance metrics from each UE connected to it, computes an effective rate representative of the overall throughput performance of all UEs associated with the particular cell for different values of ρ FFR , and each of cells  12   a - 12   c  sends the computed effective rate to server  18 . 
     In  404 , server  18  determines the fraction of resources for allocation within the fractional frequency resource portion of the frequency spectrum, ρ FFR , based upon the received one or more performance metrics as further described herein. 
     In one embodiment, the performance metrics received by each of cells  12   a - 12   c  are provided to server  18 , and server  18  performs substantially all the computations required to determine the value of ρ FFR  based upon the received performance metric. In a particular embodiment, the performance metrics that each of the cells  12 - 12   c  feeds back to server  18  includes the spectral efficiencies and/or average modulation and coding scheme (MCS) for each UE on (a) reuse one RBs, (b) FFR RBs with PSD P 1 , (c) FFR RBs with PSD P 2 , and (d) reuse  1  RBs with PSD P 3 . Server  18  then computes the value of ρ FFR  using the received spectral efficiencies and/or average MCS metrics. In a particular embodiment, server  18  computes the value of ρ FFR  by solving a utility maximization resource allocation function across cells  12   a - 12   c  to allocate fractions of reuse one and FFR RBs to the UEs. 
     In another embodiment, the performance metrics are received by each of cells  12   a - 12   c , and each of cells  12   a - 12   c  calculates an effective rate representative of the overall throughput performance of all UEs associated with the particular cell for different values of ρ FFR . Each of cells  12   a - 12   c  then send the effective rate to server  18 . In particular embodiments, the calculation of the effective rate by each of cells  12   a - 12   c  may include solving a utility function. Examples of effective rate computation that may be performed by each of cells  12   a - 12   c  in one or more embodiments include calculating a geometric mean of UE throughputs corresponding to a sum log utility, and calculating an inverse utility function of a sum of utilities of UE throughputs in the cell. In one or more embodiments, the utility function used to compute the effective rate may be configured by server  18  and/or may be specific to each of cells  12   a - 12   c.    
     In particular embodiments, the effective rate is computed for each cell through solving a low complexity optimization function problem for a given value of ρ FFR  and assuming other parameters are known. In solving the problem, an assumption is made that ρ low,interf  scales linearly with ρ FFR . In one or more embodiments, the scaling constant is determined by server  18  based upon the number of neighbors of each cell in the network. The optimization problem is performed over the numbers (α j (i)) of four types of RBs assigned to a UE i based on downlink power and reuse pattern. In one or more embodiments, the utility function U (r(i)) is a concave, monotone increasing function of r(i) so that U −1 (.) is well defined. Example values of α j (i) corresponding to the example of  FIG. 3  are as follows: 
     Power P 3 : α 3 (i) RBs, SINR γ 3 (i) 
     Power P 2 : α 2 (i) RBs, SINR γ 2 (i) 
     Power P 1  in reuse one: α 1, reuse (i) RBs, SINR γ 1, reuse (i) 
     Power P 1  in FFR: α 1, FFR (i) RBs, SINR γ 1, FFR (i) 
     In order to solve the optimization problem the following function is optimized over α:
 
Max·Σ i   U ( r ( i ))
 
 s.t.r ( i )=α 3 ( i ) R   3 ( i )+α 2 ( i ) R   2 ( i )+α 1,reuse ( i ) R   1,reuse ( i )+α 1,FFR ( i ) R   1,FFR ( i )
 
Σ i α 3 ( i )=1, Σ i α 2 ( i )=1, Σ i α 1,reuse ( i )=1, Σ i α 1,FFR ( i )=1
 
α 3 ( i )≧0, α 2 ( i )≧0,α 1,reuse ( i )≧0,α 1,FFR ( i )≧0
 
     R j (i) are average spectral efficiencies provided by link adaptation for UE i 
     The effective rate is U −1 (Σ i U(r*(i)) 
     The above optimization problem is to maximize a sum of concave function subject to linear constraints. In accordance with various embodiments, standard efficient computational methods can be used to exploit structure and compute an approximate solution. 
     α is the fraction of the resources that the UE allocated in that portion of the spectrum. Accordingly, the rate r(i) that a UE is allocated over time is a weighted average of the spectral efficiency across different portions. Upon solving the above problem, server  18  can determine the value of ρ FFR . 
     In another embodiment, instead of solving an optimization problem to calculate ρ FFR , an outer loop adaptation may be used to calculate ρ FFR . In accordance with this embodiment, an initial value of ρ FFR  is selected, and then ρ FFR  is adapted in a closed loop manner based on feedback. In accordance with such an embodiment, a target threshold value for a performance metric, such as MCS or SINR, is selected for downlink transmissions to a UE. This target threshold value presents a tradeoff (in terms of spectral efficiency) between serving cell interior UEs at lower SINR and serving cell edge UEs at higher SINR. Each cell  12   a - 12   c  feeds back, to server  18 , the number of UEs served by the particular cell that have a performance measure metric (e.g., SINR and/or MCS) in reuse one below the target threshold value on reuse one RBs, and the total number of UEs served by the particular cell. Server  18  then determines an initial value of ρ FFR . The initial value of ρ FFR  is chosen to be the fraction of total RBs where the fraction correspond to the ratio of UEs across the network with the performance metric (e.g., MCS and/or SINR) below the target threshold value to the total UEs in the network. 
     After the initial value of ρ FFR  is chosen, ρ FFR  is adapted according to further feedback from cells  12   a - 12   c . For each UE served by a particular cell, the particular cell computes a median value for a block error rate (BLER) threshold (e.g., 10%) on P 1  RBs in reuse one spectrum via link adaptation prediction, and a fraction of high SINR RBs allocated to the UE. Each of cells  12   a - 12   c  feeds back the fraction of high SINR RBs allocated to UEs that have a value of the performance metric (SINR and/or MCS) in the reuse one part of the spectrum to be higher than the target threshold value. In the adaptation loop, ρ FFR  is adapted such that a predefined percentile of downlink transmission to the UEs occur at a predefined performance metric threshold. In a particular embodiment, ρ FFR  is increased if the predefined percentile (e.g. 90%) of the UEs among all cells  12   a - 12   c  have a performance metric that is below a predetermined threshold (e.g., SINR and/or MCS threshold). Conversely, ρ FFR  is reduced if the predefined percentile (e.g. 90%) of the UEs among all cells  12   a - 12   c  have a performance metric that is above the predefined threshold. 
     In step  406 , upon determining an updated value of ρ FFR , server  18  determines the fraction of resources for allocation within the reuse one portion of the frequency spectrum based upon the determined fraction of resources for allocation within the fractional frequency reuse portion of the frequency spectrum (ρ FFR ). In a particular embodiment, upon determining the value of ρ FFR , server  18  may determine the fraction of resources for allocation within the reuse one portion of the frequency spectrum by the equation 1−ρ FFR . 
     In  408 , server  18  sends resource allocation parameters including an indication of the fraction of resources for allocation within the fractional frequency reuse portion of the frequency spectrum (ρ FFR ) and an indication of the fraction of resources for allocation within the reuse one portion of the frequency spectrum to cells  12   a - 12   c . Based upon this received information, cells  12   a - 12   c  communicate with one another in order to determine the specific resources allocated to each of cells  12   a - 12   c . In particular embodiments, cells  12   a - 12   c  may communicate with one another via X2 messaging in order to determine the specific resource allocation among the FFR and reuse one portion used by each of cells  12   a - 12   c . Accordingly, if many UEs which would obtain performance metrics (e.g. SINR and/or MCS) above the target threshold value in the reuse one portion but those UE keep getting allocations in the FFR portion, then the number of RBs in the FFR portion may be reduced to prevent wasting of resources in the network. If many UEs are scheduled in the reuse one portion, but the obtainable performance metrics (SINR and/or MCS) fall below the target threshold values, there are too few FFR resources and the number of resources in the FFR portion may be increased in response. 
     Flow  400  then ends. It should be understood that in various embodiment that flow  400  may be repeated on a continuous basis upon receiving updated performance metrics from cells  12   a - 12   c  so that the resource allocation between the FFR portion and the reuse one portion of the spectrum may be adapted according to changing conditions within network  10 . 
     Referring now to  FIG. 5 ,  FIG. 5  is a simplified flow diagram  500  illustrating example operations associated with cell  12   a  in one example embodiment of communication system  10 . In the embodiment of  FIG. 5 , cell  12   a  is configured to compute an effective rate based upon performance metrics received from one or more UEs connected to cell  12   a  such as UE  16   a  and UE  16   b , and feed back the effective rate to server  18  as previously discussed herein. In  502 , cell  12   a  receives performance metrics from each of UE  16   a  and UE  16   b  related to downlink power performance between cell  12   a  and each of UE  16   a  and UE  16   b.    
     In  504 , cell  12   a  computes an effective rate for cell  12   a  based upon the received performance metrics received from each of UE  16   a  and UE  16   b . As previously discussed, In particular embodiments the calculation of the effective rate by cell  12   a  may include solving a utility function based upon the received performance metrics. 
     In  506 , cell  12   a  sends the computed effective rate for cell  12   a  to server  18 . Based upon the computed effective rate received from cell  12   a , server  18  may determine the fraction of resources for allocation within the fractional frequency resource portion of the frequency spectrum, ρ FFR , based upon the received effective rate information as well as the fraction of resources for allocation within the reuse one portion of the frequency spectrum. Server  18  may then send resource allocation parameters including an indication of the fraction of resources for allocation within the fractional frequency reuse portion of the frequency spectrum (ρ FFR ) and an indication of the fraction of resources for allocation within the reuse one portion of the frequency spectrum to cell  12   a.    
     In  508 , cell  12   a  receives the resource allocation parameters from server  18 . Cell  12   a  may then communicate with cells  12   b - 12   c  to determine the specific allocation of FFR resources and reuse one resources between cells  12   a - 12   c  based upon the received resource allocation parameters. Flow  500  then ends. 
     Other embodiments are directed to choosing power levels for fractional frequency reuse in the downlink between a cell and UE. In one or more embodiments, UE statistics are used to select power levels for each of the resources in the FFR portion of the spectrum. 
       FIG. 6  is a simplified diagram of an example of resource block power allocation  600  for communication system of  FIG. 1  in accordance with another embodiment. In the embodiment of  FIG. 6 , three different power levels (P 1 , P 2 , and P 4 ) for resource blocks (RBs) are illustrated in which P 4 &gt;P 2  where both P 1  and P 2  are power per RB (e.g., PSD). In the illustrated embodiment, P 1  is the power level used by all cells in the reuse one portion of the spectrum. In the FFR portion of the spectrum, three RBs are illustrated in which two RBs have a power level of P 2  and one RB has a power level of P 4 . As previously described, the parameter ρ FFR  represents the fraction of RBs in the FFR portion of the spectrum. The parameter ρ low   _   interf  represents the fraction of RBs in which a cell transmits power at power level P 4  but a neighboring cell transmits at power level P 2 . In accordance with various embodiments, server  18  is configured to determine values of ρ low,interf  and power per RB for P 1 , P 2 , and P 4  for a given value of ρ FFR  based upon feedback received from cells as will be further described herein. 
     Referring now to  FIG. 7 ,  FIG. 7  is a simplified flow diagram  700  illustrating example operations associated with downlink inter-cell interference management in one example embodiment of communication system  10 . In  702 , server  18  receives downlink relative interference statistics associated with the UEs served be each of cells  12   a -cells  12   c . In one example, server  18  receives downlink relative interference statistics associated with UEs  16   a - 16   b  from cell  12   a , receives downlink relative interference statistics associated with UEs  16   c - 16   d  from cell  12   b , and receives downlink relative interference statistics associated with UEs  16   e - 16   f  from cell  12   c.    
     In accordance with particular embodiments, each of cells  12   a - 12   c  determines relative Reference Signal Received Power (RSRP) values for each UE served by the particular cell and determines either UE specific downlink relative interference statistics or cell specific downlink relative interference statistics from the RSRP values. In an embodiment in which each of cells  12   a - 12   c  sends back UE specific feedback, each of cells  12   a - 12   c  sends back downlink relative interference values as the downlink relative interference statistics for each UE served by the particular cell to server  18  as will be further described herein. In an embodiment in which each of cells  12   a - 12   c  sends back cell specific feedback, each cell  12   a - 12   c  determines downlink relative interference statistics for the particular cell from the relative interference values received from each UE and sends the downlink relative interference statistics to server  18  as will be further described herein. 
     In  704 , server  18  determines a power level for each resource (e.g., resource block (RB)) within the FFR portion of the spectrum based upon the received downlink relative interference statistics received from each of cells  12   a - 12   c  as further described herein. In a particular embodiment, server  18  determines the power level per RB for P 4 , P 2 , and P 1  based upon the received downlink relative interference statistics. In  706 , server  18  determines the value of ρ low   _   interf  representative of a fraction of RBs where a particular cell transmits at a first FFR power level (e.g., P 4 ) but a neighboring cell transmits at a second FFR power level (e.g. P 2 ). In a particular embodiment, ρ low   _   interf  is set to ρ FFR /N max  in which N max  denotes the maximum sum of neighbors of a cell in the network and ρ FFR  is equal to the fraction of RBs within the FFR portion of the spectrum. Flow  700  then ends. 
     Referring now to  FIG. 8 ,  FIG. 8  illustrates a simplified flow diagram  800  illustrating example operations associated with downlink inter-cell interference management using UE specific feedback in accordance with one embodiment. In  802 , server  18  receives, from each of cells  12   a - 12   c , an indication of the total number of UEs connected to the particular cell. In  804 , server  18  receives, from each of cells  12   a - 12   c , an indication of the total number of UEs for which the neighboring cell RSRP is at least equal to the serving cell RSRP plus a minimum relative interference value, minRelativeInterf. In  806 , server  18  receives, from each of cells  12   a - 12   c , a relative RSRP value from each of the UEs satisfying the above condition in which the neighboring cell RSRP is at least equal to the serving cell RSRP+minRelativeInterf. 
     In  808 , server  18  orders the UEs in all cells in decreasing order of their RSRP when the serving cell and the interfering cells all transmit at the same power. In  810 , server  18  computes SINRs for each of the UEs based on the received relative RSRP values. In  812 , server  18  discards the UEs having an SINR value below a predetermined percentile (e.g., the 5th percentile). In  814 , server  18  sets the power level of the highest power level FFR resource block (e.g., P 4 ) to a predetermined value assuming uniform distribution of maximum cell power across the frequency spectrum. 
     In  816 , server  18  determines a value of the lowest power level FFR resource block (e.g., P 2 ) based upon a predetermined selection criterion utilizing the non-discarded UEs within the predetermined percentile (e.g., the 5th percentile). A first criterion according to a particular embodiment considers the value of P 2  at the strongest neighboring cell such that when it transmits at power P 2  per RB and the serving cell transmits at power P 4  RB, the RSRP from the neighboring cell is less than or equal to the serving cell RSRP minus a predetermined threshold value Δ (e.g., 6 dB). A second criterion according to a particular embodiment considers the neighboring cells for which RSRP is greater than or equal to the RSRP of the serving cell plus a predetermined threshold value Δ (e.g., 6 dB). A power per RB P 2  is computed such that when all neighboring cells according to the first criterion transmit at power P 2  per RB but the serving cell transmits at power P 4  per RB, the expected SINR at the UE is above a minimum SINR threshold. 
     In  818 , server  18  determines the maximum number of neighbors of a cell in the network (N max ) that satisfy the predetermined selection criterion focusing on the UEs which were not discarded. In a particular embodiment, the number of neighbors of a cell N max  is equal to those that satisfy the first criterion or the second criterion for at least one UE in the cell. In  820 , server  18  determines ρ low   _   interf =ρ FFR /N max . In  822 , server  18  determines the reuse one power level value (e.g., P 1 ) based upon one or more of the determined FFR power level values (e.g., P 4  or P 2 ). In one embodiment, the reuse one power level value (P 1 ) is set to the highest power level FFR resource block (e.g., P 4 ) and the relative value of P 2  previously determined is used. P 1  and P 2  are selected such that the total power for the cells add up to the maximum transmit power for the cell. In another embodiment, the reuse one power level value (P 1 ) is set to the lowest power level FFR resource block (e.g., P 2 ). The flow  800  then ends. 
     Referring now to  FIG. 9 ,  FIG. 9  illustrates a simplified flow diagram  900  illustrating example operations associated with downlink inter-cell interference management using UE specific feedback in accordance with another embodiment. In  902 , server  18  receives, from each of cells  12   a - 12   c , an indication of the total number of UEs connected to the particular cell. In  904 , server  18  receives, from each of cells  12   a - 12   c , an indication of the total number of UEs for which the neighboring cell RSRP is at least equal to the serving cell RSRP plus a minimum relative interference value, minRelativeInterf. In  906 , server  18  receives, from each of cells  12   a - 12   c , a relative RSRP value from each of the UEs satisfying the above condition in which the neighboring cell RSRP is at least equal to the serving cell RSRP+minRelativeInterf. 
     In  908 , server  18  orders UE and interfering cell pairs in decreasing order of relative RSRP from interfering cell with respect to the serving cell. In  910 , server  18  determines the pairs from the set with a serving cell RSRP less than a interfering cell RSRP+a predetermined threshold value Δ. In  912 , server  18  discards UEs with a highest predetermined percentile (e.g., 5th percentile) of RSRP for neighboring cells. In  914 , server  18  determines the number of neighbors of a cell, N max , equal to the maximum over the UEs associated with the cell satisfying the criterion that the serving cell RSRP is less than the interfering cell RSRP plus a predetermined threshold value Δ. In  916 , server  18  determines ρ low   _   interf =ρ FFR /N max . 
     In  918 , server  18  sets the power level of the highest power level FFR resource block (e.g., P 4 ) to a predetermined value assuming uniform distribution of maximum cell power across the frequency spectrum. In  920 , server  18  determines a value of the lowest power level FFR resource block (e.g., P 2 ) based upon a predetermined selection criterion utilizing the non-discarded UEs within the predetermined percentile. A first criterion according to a particular embodiment considers the value of P 2  at the strongest neighboring cell such that when it transmits at power P 2  per RB and the serving cell transmits at power P 4  RB, the RSRP from the neighboring cell is less than or equal to the serving cell RSRP minus a predetermined threshold value Δ (e.g., 6 dB). A second criterion according to a particular embodiment considers the neighboring cells for which RSRP is greater than or equal to the RSRP of the serving cell plus a predetermined threshold value Δ (e.g., 6 dB). A power per RB P 2  is computed such that when all neighboring cells according to the first criterion transmit at power P 2  per RB but the serving cell transmits at power P 4  per RB, the expected SINR at the UE is above a minimum SINR threshold. 
     In  922 , server  18  determines the reuse one power level value (e.g., P 1 ) based upon one or more of the determined FFR power level values (e.g., P 4  or P 2 ). In one embodiment, the reuse one power level value (P 1 ) is set to the highest power level FFR resource block (e.g., P 4 ) and the relative value of P 2  previously determined is used. P 1  and P 2  are selected such that the total power for the cells add up to the maximum transmit power for the cell. In another embodiment, the reuse one power level value (P 1 ) is set to the lowest power level FFR resource block (e.g., P 2 ). The flow  900  then ends. 
     Referring now to  FIG. 10 ,  FIG. 10  illustrates a simplified flow diagram  1000  illustrating example operations associated with downlink inter-cell interference management using cell specific feedback in accordance with another embodiment. In  1002 , server  18  receives ordered values of relative RSRP from each of cells  12   a - 12   c  as follows: The first value corresponds to the maximum among UEs associated with the cell having a maximum value of relative interference (relativeInterf) such that the strongest interfering cell RSRP is equal to at least the serving cell RSRP+relativeInterf. The corresponding neighboring cell is denoted as C 1 . The second value corresponds the maximum among UEs associated with the cell having a maximum value of relative interference (relativeInterf) such that the strong interfering cell, other than C 1 , RSRP is equal to at least the serving cell RSRP+relativeInterf. Additional values for all neighboring cells such that the neighboring cell RSRP is at least serving cell RSRP+a minimum relative interference (minRelativeInterf) at a minimum of one UE associated with the serving cell. 
     In  1004 , server  18  orders the cells in terms of the number of neighbors. In  1006 , server  18  determines a predetermined percentile (e.g., 80th percentile) of the ordered cells in terms of number of neighbors. This corresponds to the number of neighbors of a cell N max . In  1008 , server  18  creates a list of (cell, relativeInterf) pairs of FFR power levels (P 4 , P 2 ) chosen such that when a given cell transmits at P 4  per RB and neighboring cells transmit at P 2  per RB, then for a predetermined percentage of pairs (e.g., 80%), the resulting interference is lowered to a predetermined threshold below serving cell power. This determines the relative values for the FFR power levels (P 2 , P 4 ). 
     In  1010 , server  18  determines actual values of the FFR power levels (P 2 , P 4 ) from the relative values. In  1012 , server  18  determines ρ low   _   interf =ρ FFR /N max . In  1014 , server  18  determines the reuse one power level value (e.g., P 1 ) based upon one or more of the determined FFR power level values (e.g., P 4  or P 2 ). In one embodiment, the reuse one power level value (P 1 ) is set to the highest power level FFR resource block (e.g., P 4 ) and the relative value of P 2  previously determined is used. P 1  and P 2  are selected such that the total power for the cells add up to the maximum transmit power for the cell. In another embodiment, the reuse one power level value (P 1 ) is set to the lowest power level FFR resource block (e.g., P 2 ). The flow  1000  then ends. 
     Referring now to  FIG. 11 ,  FIG. 11  is a simplified block diagram of a communication system  1100  for selecting cells for downlink inter-cell interference coordination (ICIC) in accordance with one embodiment of the present disclosure. Communication system  1100  of  FIG. 11  includes a first cell (Cell  1 )  12   a  having a first coverage area  14   a , and a second cell (Cell  2 )  12   b  having a second coverage area  14   b . In accordance with one or more embodiments, first cell  12   a  and second cell  12   b  are each a long term evolution (LTE) evolved Node B (eNodeB). In other embodiments, first cell  12   a  and second cell  12   b  may be any suitable base station such as a femtocell. First coverage area  14   a  and second coverage area  14   b  are representative of a geographic area for which first cell  12   a  and second cell  12   b , respectively, can effectively provide service to a user equipment device therein. 
     First cell  12   a  includes a first user equipment (UE) device  16   a  located within the interior of first coverage area  14   a  and served by first cell  12   a . Second cell  12   b  includes second user equipment (UE) device  16   b  located near the edge of the second coverage area and third user equipment (UE) device  16   c  located within second coverage area  14   b  and served by second cell  12   b . In the embodiment illustrated in  FIG. 11 , first cell  12   a  and second cell  12   b  are in communication with one another. In one or more embodiments, first cell  12   a  and second cell  12   b  allocate resources within their respective coverage areas  14   a - 14   b  using a frequency domain inter-cell interference coordination (ICIC) framework in which interference is managed through Fractional Frequency Reuse (FFR). In particular embodiments, it is assumed that that all cells that participate in the ICIC scheme have the same fraction of resources in reuse one portion of the spectrum and the FFR portion of the spectrum. 
     Various embodiments are directed selecting a subset of cells in the network that should participate in inter-cell interference coordination (ICIC) while all other cells may transmit at the same power (e.g., PSD) on all resource blocks (RBs) in the frequency spectrum. When a FFR scheme is implemented, if a particular cell does have not any interfering cells there is no reason for the particular cell to reduce power on any of the resource blocks (RBs). It is desirable to perform interference management only on the subset of cells experiencing interference from other cells in order to maximize network capacity. Accordingly, a cell which does not cause significant interference to UEs in neighboring cells does not have to lower power on any RBs. In addition, cells which participate in ICIC and have UEs which suffer from interference can obtain more resources at higher SINR without loss of performance in cells which do no cause interference. 
       FIG. 12  is a simplified diagram of an example of resource block power allocation for the communication system  1100  of  FIG. 11  in accordance with one embodiment. In the embodiment of  FIG. 12 , three different power levels (P 1 , P 2 , and P 3 ) for resource blocks (RBs) are illustrated in which P 3 &gt;P 1 &gt;P 2  where P 1 , P 2 , and P 3  are power per RB (e.g., PSD). In the illustrated embodiment, the reuse one fraction of resources is lowered in order to server interference limited users. In the reuse one portion of the spectrum, two RBs are illustrated in which P 1  and P 3  are power levels used by cells. In the FFR portion of the spectrum, three RBs are illustrated in which two RBs have a power level of P 2  and one RB has a power level of P 1 . The parameter ρ FFR  represents the fraction of RBs in the FFR portion of the spectrum. The parameter ρ edge  represents the fraction of RBs with power P 3 . The parameter ρ low   _   interf  represents the fraction of RBs in which a cell transmits power at power level P 1  but a neighboring cell transmits at power level P 2 . In one or more embodiments, it is assumed that P 1 ≧P max /N RB  where P max  represents total power of the cell, and N RB  represents the total of RBs used by the cell. 
     Referring again to  FIG. 11 , first UE  16   a  can obtain a high SINR on RBs on which first cell  12   a  transmits at power P 1  and second cell  12   b  transmits at power P 1 . Hence, second cell  12   b  does not need to reduce its power per RB to P 2  on any RB to allow first cell  12   a  to serve first UE  16   a . In general, if first cell  12   a  does not serve a UE on the edge of the coverage areas of first cell  12   a  and second cell  12   b , second cell  12   b  does not need to reduce power on any RB for first cell  12   a  to serve cell edge UEs. It should be noted that the converse may not be true. For example, in the illustrated example second UE  12   b  is on the edge of coverage areas of first cell  12   a  and second cell  12   b , and is served by second cell  12   b.    
     In accordance with one or more embodiments, a particular cell should participate in interference coordination if either of the following is true: 1) at least one of the UEs of the cells suffers from high interference from a neighboring cell; or 2) a given cell causes high interference to a UE of a neighboring cell. In various embodiments, a process of distributed interference management is provided in which a cell which is non-interfering does not reduce its power on any RBs and a cell which is non-interfered does not request its neighboring cells to reduce power levels on any RBs. 
     In determining whether a particular cell is a non-interfering cell, it is assumed that a given cell transmits with power per RB of P 1 . A cell is considered to be non-interfering if there is no neighboring cell such that when the neighboring cell also transmits with power per RB of P 1 , any UE connected to that cell receives the signal from the given cell at a power less than equal to the signal from its own serving cell minus a fixed threshold value. In one or more embodiments, the criterion may be evaluated on the basis or RSRP measurements. In particular embodiments, a cell is non-interfering if the following is true of all neighboring cells: RSRP from a given cell is less than the RSRP for a neighboring cell minus the fixed threshold value as measure at any UE associated with the neighboring cell. In particular embodiments, to determine whether the cell is non-interfering requires inputs from multiple neighboring cells in LTE. 
     In determining whether a particular cell is a non-interfered cell, it is assumed that a given cell transmits with power per RB of P 1 . A cell is considered to be non-interfered if there is no neighboring cell such that when the neighboring cell also transmits with power per RB of P 1 , any UE connected with the given cell receives the signal from the given cell at a power greater than equal to the signal from the neighboring cell plus a fixed threshold value. In one or more embodiments, the criterion may be evaluated on the basis or RSRP measurements. In a particular embodiment, a cell is non-interfered if the following is true of all neighboring cells: RSRP from the given cell is greater than the RSRP for the neighboring cell plus the fixed threshold value as measured at any UE associated with the given cell. In particular embodiments, whether a cell is non-interfered can be evaluated locally at the eNB in LTE networks. 
     In a distributed interference management scheme according to one or more embodiments, in a first component when a particular cell A is non-interfering to a given cell B, then the given cell B indicates to cell A that it has no cell edge UEs. In a second component, when no neighboring cell indicates to cell B that it has cell edge UEs, then cell B does not reduce power to P 2  on any RB. In such a case, cell B can distribute power across the RBs in any manner, as long as the power constraint corresponding to power per RB P 1 , P 3  are obeyed on appropriate RBs. In a third component of a cell is non-interfered, it does not indicate to any neighboring cell that it has cell edge UEs. 
     In some embodiments, ICIC is performed among cells using X2 messages such as using relative narrow-band transmit power (RNTP) messages between the cells. RNTP messages include a bit-mapping of resource blocks (RB) in which a bit corresponding to a particular RB is either given a value of one or zero. An ICIC scheme is assumed through which resources with power levels P 1  and P 2  are determined in a distributed manner through the exchange of RNTP messages. In a particular embodiment, if a bit for a given RB is set within a RNTP message it represents an indication that the cell will use transmission per RB of P 1 . However, if the bit is not set within the RNTP message is represents an indication that the cell will use transmission per RB of P 2 . If a cell is non-interfering to a given cell, the RNTP message from the given cell to that cell contains all zeros for the FFR RBs. A cell which receives no RNTP message or only RNTP messages from neighboring cells with all zeros for FFR RBs does not need to lower its power on any RBs. If a cell is a non-interfered cell, then it only sends RNTP message with all zeros to its neighboring cells. This cell may be required to reduce power on certain RBs on the basis of RNTP messages received from other cells. 
     Referring now to  FIG. 13 ,  FIG. 13  illustrates a simplified flow diagram  1300  illustrating example operations associated with selecting cells for downlink inter-cell interference coordination (ICIC) in accordance with one embodiment of the present disclosure. In  1302 , a particular cell, such as first cell  12   a , receives a first message from one or more neighboring cells, such as second cell  12   b  indicative of whether the cell is non-interfering to the neighboring cell(s). In one or more embodiments, a cell is considered to be non-interfering if there is no neighboring cell such that when the neighboring cell also transmits with power per RB P 1 , any of one or more UEs (e.g., UE  16   b  and/or UE  16   c ) connected to second cell  12   b  receives the signal from the cell at a power less than equal to the signal from its own serving cell (e.g., second cell  12   b ) minus a fixed threshold. In one or more embodiments, the criterion that the neighboring cell uses to determine whether a given cell is an interfering cell includes an evaluation on the basis of RSRP measurements such that RSRP from a given cell is less than the RSRP for the neighboring cell minus the fixed predetermined threshold as measured at any UE associated with the neighboring cell. In one or more embodiments, when the cell is non-interfering to a neighboring cell, the neighboring cell indicates to the cell that it has no cell edge UEs connected to it. 
     In a particular embodiment, if a cell is non-interfering to a neighbor cell, the RNTP message from the neighbor cell contains all zero bits values for the FFR RBs. A cell which receives no RNTP message or only RNTP messages from neighboring cells with all zero bit values for FFR RBs, does not need to lower its power on any RBs. 
     In  1304 , the cell determines whether the cell is a non-interfering cell to neighboring cells based upon the received first message. In  1306 , if the first message is indicative of the cell being a non-interfering cell the flow continues to  1308 . In  1308 , the cell maintains the current power level on all downlink resource blocks and flow continues to  1312 . Accordingly, the cell is selected to not participate in ICIC. For example, in a particular embodiment when no neighboring cell indicates that it has cell edge UEs, the cell does not reduce power to P 2  on any RB and can distribute power across the RBs in any manner, as long as the power constraint corresponding to power RB P 1 , P 3  are obeyed on appropriate RBs. In  1306 , if the first message is indicated of the cell being an interfering cell the flow continues to  1310 . In  1310 , the cell reduces power on one or more downlink resource blocks through participation in ICIC and the flow continues to  1312 . 
     In  1312 , the cell determines if the cell is non-interfered by one or more neighboring cells. In one or more embodiments, the cell determines that the cell is non-interfered by one or more neighboring cells if when the neighboring cell also transmits with power per RB P 1 , any UE connected with the cell receives the signal from the cell at a power greater than equal to the signal from the neighboring cell plus a fixed threshold. In particular embodiments, the criterion can be evaluated on the basis of RSRP measurements such that a cell is non-interfered if for all neighboring cells RSRP from the cell is greater than the RSRP for the neighboring cell plus a fixed threshold as measured at any UE associated with the cell. In  1314 , if the cell determines that it is non-interfered by neighboring cells the flow continues to  1316 . In  1316 , the cell sends a message to the neighboring cell(s) indicative that the cell is non-interfered by neighboring cell(s). In a particular embodiment, if a cell is a non-interfered cell, the cell sends RNTP messages with all zero bit values to its neighboring cells. In response to receiving the message indicative that the cell is non-interfered, one or more of the neighboring cells may maintain its current power levels on all downlink RBs and not participate in an ICIC scheme. The flow then returns to  1302 . 
     In  1314 , if the cell determines that it is interfered by neighboring cells the flow continues to  1318 . In  1318 , the cell sends a message to the neighboring cell(s) indicative that the cell is interfered by the neighboring cell(s). In response to receiving the message indicative that the cell is interfered by the neighboring cell, the neighboring cell may reduce the power levels on one or more downlink RBs, such as FFR RBs, and thus be selected for participation in the ICIC scheme. The flow then returns to  1302 . 
     Accordingly, in a particular embodiment for a cell that is not causing interference to any of the neighboring cells even when transmitting at P 1 , all RBs can have power level P 1 . If a cell is not receiving interference from any of the neighboring cells, then all power levels in the RBs can be P 2  because it doesn&#39;t need to boost it&#39;s power to UEs at a cell edge. 
     Other embodiments are directed to user equipment (UE) power level selection for downlink. It should be understood that in an LTE system the power level at which a particular UE is served on the downlink by a cell cannot vary arbitrarily from one subframe to another because the UE needs to know the ratio of the reference signal power which is constant across all of the bandwidth to the data signal power in order to perform decoding optimally. Considering downlink transmission modes in which a UE demodulates using Cell Specific Reference Signals (CRS) received from the cell, the UE is signaled the ratio of CRS energy per resource element (EPRE) to the data (e.g., Physical Downlink Shared Channel (PDSCH) EPRE via radio resource control (RRC) protocol signaling. In order to change the PDSCH EPRE, the UE needs to be informed via RRC signaling a few subframes in advance of the change. The CRS EPRE is typically kept constant over long periods of time. Hence, a serving cell needs to compute the PDSCH EPRE per UE in a semi-static matter in which cell edge UEs have the highest PDSCH EPRE and the cell interior UEs have lower PDSCH EPRE. 
       FIG. 14  is a simplified diagram of an example of resource block power allocation  1400  for the communication system  10  of  FIG. 1  in accordance with one embodiment. In the embodiment of  FIG. 14 , three different power levels (P 1 , P 2 , and P 4 ) for resource blocks (RBs) are illustrated in which P 4 &gt;P 2 &gt;P 1  where P 1 , P 2 , and P 4  are power per RB (e.g., PSD). In the reuse one portion of the spectrum, one RB is illustrated in which P 1  is the power levels used by cells. In the FFR portion of the spectrum, three RBs are illustrated in which two RBs have a power level of P 1  and one RB has a power level of P 4 . 
     The power level of downlink data transmission will typically vary across the frequency spectrum. For example, if it is desired to schedule a particular UE in a portion of the spectrum having a power level P 1  and a few subframes later schedule the UE in a portion of the spectrum having power level P 4 , a control message is sent at power level P 1  indicating that the cell is going to change the data power level with respect to the reference to some different value. Accordingly, it is necessary for the cell to periodically determine which set of UEs will be scheduled at each of the power levels of the spectrum. In accordance with particular embodiments, for the subset of RBs in the reuse one portion of the spectrum all cells use the same transmission power per RB, P 1 , for reuse one RBs. For the subset of RBs in the FFR portion of the spectrum, on RBs with power per RB P 4 , neighboring cells lower their power per RB to P 2 &lt;P 4  such that a given cell&#39;s UEs attain higher SINR. 
     In various embodiments, given a choice of power levels for the UEs and the knowledge of interference levels in different portions of the spectrum, the cell determines the power level that each UE should be scheduled at. In particular embodiments, a cell computes PDSCH EPRE for each UE based on the 1) number of resource blocks (RBs) that the cell can use to transmit at a given EPRE (e.g., due to interference considerations, power constraints, etc.), and 2) estimated spectral efficiency (e.g, based on MCS for 90 BLER on first transmission) at a given PDSCH EPRE and on each RB in the frequency domain on the downlink. The interference and channel to the UE may vary across different RBs. In particular embodiments, estimation of MCS is through an LTE Link Adaption Algorithm. 
     In one embodiment, a case is considered in which two PDSCH EPREs, P 1 &gt;P 2 , are allowed in which the set of UEs to be used for each EPRE are computed. In other embodiments, the case is generalized in which multiple (N) EPREs, P 1 &gt; . . . &gt;P N  are allowed in which the set of UEs to be used for each of the N EPREs are computed. In both cases, classification of UEs is based upon a threshold policy based upon the average wideband channel quality between the cell (e.g., eNB) and the UE in which a threshold is computed based on throughput performance of all UEs in the cell. Based upon whether a particular UE exceeds the threshold value, the particular UE may be classified by identifying a particular UE as either a cell interior UE which can tolerate a higher amount of interference or a cell edge UE which may have a low tolerance to interference. Based upon the classification, the power levels for the RBs in the frequency spectrum are calculated and assigned to the respective RBs. 
     In one or more embodiments, downlink transmission power level for multiple UEs in a cell are determined based on the overall throughput performance of all UEs in the cell. In one or more particular embodiments, a power level is chosen for a particular UE from a plurality of power levels on different RBs in the cell such that the average spectral efficiency of UEs with higher power level and lower interference is higher than the average spectral efficiency if the particular UE shared resources with other UEs that are served by RBs with lower power level and higher interference. In accordance with one or more embodiments, power levels of UEs are adapted as one or more of the UEs&#39; channel conditions change. In particular embodiments, a hysteresis tolerance may be used for adaptation such that one or more UEs&#39; power levels are changed if in addition to the criterion described above, the average throughput in the cell will improve by a predetermined amount, such as a percentage (e.g., five percent (5%)), if such a power level change is performed. 
       FIG. 15  is a simplified diagram of an example of resource block power allocation  1500  for cell interior UEs for the communication system  10  of  FIG. 1  in accordance with one embodiment. In the embodiment of  FIG. 15 , two different power levels (P 1 , and P 2 ) for resource blocks (RBs) are illustrated in which P 2 &gt;P 1  where P 1  and P 2  are power per RB (e.g., PSD). In the reuse one portion of the spectrum, one RB is illustrated in which P 1  is the power level used by cells. In the FFR portion of the spectrum, three RBs are illustrated in which two RBs have a power level of P 2  and one RB has a power level of P 1 . In accordance with one or more embodiments, power level P 1  is kept fixed in the reuse one portion of the spectrum and a determination is made regarding wither a particular UE located in an interior portion of the cell coverage area will be assigned an RB having a power level of P 1  or a RB having a power level of P 2  within the FFR portion of the spectrum. 
     Referring now to  FIG. 16 ,  FIG. 16  illustrates a simplified flow diagram  1600  illustrating example operations associated with determining downlink transmission power levels for interior cell UEs in accordance with one embodiment. In accordance with one or more embodiments of the flow  1600  of  FIG. 16 , cell interior UEs are served at a lower power and higher interference than all other UEs in the cell. In  1602 , a cell  12  receives an indication of an average signal power on the downlink connection between the cell and a particular UE for each of N UEs connected to the cell. In  1604 , the cell  12  receives an indication of an average interference measurement on the downlink connection between the cell and a particular UE for each UE connected to the cell. In  1606 , the cell computes an average spectral efficiency for each UE based upon the average signal power and average interference. In a particular embodiment, the average spectral efficiency is computed as a function of the average signal power divided by the average interference for each cell. In one or more embodiments, the average spectral efficiency is a representative of an overall throughput performance of the UE. 
     In  1608 , UE 1  . . . UE N  are ordered in decreasing order of the computed spectral efficiency for each UE. In  1610 , an iterative procedure for determining downlink power levels for the UEs is initiated by setting an index value i equal to a value of 1. In  1612 , the cell determines whether a particular UE i  meets a condition for being assigned a power level of P 2 . In one embodiment, the condition for UE i  being assigned a power level P 2  is if the particular UE; receives a higher throughput rate when it shares resources with UE 1 , . . . ,UE i-1  with power level P 2  than when the UE i  is scheduled on resources with power level P 1 . In particular embodiments, equal resource/proportional fair scheduling of resources is used to maximize total throughput while at the same time allowing all users at least a minimal level of service. Further conditions for UE i  being assigned a power level P 2  may include if the reduction in utility of rates for UE 1 , . . . ,UE i-1  is less than the increase in utility of rate for UE i , and UE 1  . . . UE N  have enough traffic to consume all RBs with power P 1 . 
     If UE i  meets the condition for being assigned power level P 2 , the flow continues to  1614 . In  1614 , UE i  is assigned power level P 2  and the flow continues to  1618 . If UE i  does not meet the condition for being assigned power level P 2 , the flow continues to  1616 . In  1616 , UE i  is assigned power level P 1  and the flow continues to  1618 . In  1618 , the cell determines whether the index value i=N. If the index value i is not equal to N, the flow continues to  1620  in which the index i is incremented by 1 (i=i+1). After  1620 , the flow returns to  1612  in which the next UE is evaluated for determining whether it meets the condition to be assigned power level P 2 . If the index value i is equal to N, the flow returns to  1602  such that the assignment of power levels for the interior UEs may be performed on a periodic basis in order to adapt to changing conditions within the network. 
       FIG. 17  is a simplified diagram of an example of resource block power allocation  1700  for cell edge UEs for the communication system  10  of  FIG. 1  in accordance with one embodiment. In the embodiment of  FIG. 17 , two different power levels (P 1 , and P 4 ) for resource blocks (RBs) are illustrated in which P 4 &gt;P 1  where P 1  and P 4  are power per RB (e.g., PSD). In the reuse one portion of the spectrum, one RB is illustrated in which P 1  is the power level used by cells. In the FFR portion of the spectrum, three RBs are illustrated in which two RBs have a power level of P 1  and one RB has a power level of P 4 . In accordance with one or more embodiments, power level P 1  is kept fixed in the reuse one portion of the spectrum and a determination is made regarding wither a particular UE located at an edge portion of the cell coverage area will be assigned an RB having a power level of P 4  or a RB having a power level of P 1  within the FFR portion of the spectrum. 
     Referring now to  FIG. 18 ,  FIG. 18  illustrates a simplified flow diagram  1800  illustrating example operations associated with determining downlink transmission power levels for cell edge UEs in accordance with one embodiment. In the embodiment of  FIG. 18 , the flow includes identifying cell edge UEs that have low tolerance to interference and involves a tradeoff between assigning a UE to an RB with higher SINR and giving a UE a larger number of RBs as RBs with higher SINR are limited. In accordance with one or more embodiments of the flow  1800  of  FIG. 18 , cell edge UEs are served at a higher power and lower interference than all other UEs in the cell. In  1802 , a cell  12  receives an indication of the average of signal power on the downlink connection between the cell and a particular UE for each of N UEs connected to the cell. In  1804 , the cell  12  receives an indication of an average interference measurement on the downlink connection between the cell and a particular UE for each UE connected to the cell. In a particular embodiment, the average interference measurement is a signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio (SINR) measurement. In  1806 , the cell computes an average spectral efficiency for each UE based upon the average signal power and average interference. In a particular embodiment, the average spectral efficiency is computed by dividing the average signal power by the average interference for each cell. 
     In  1808 , UE 1  . . . UE N  are ordered in increasing order of the reuse one SINR. In particular embodiments, the reuse one SINR is the estimated SINR when all cells transmit at the same power per RB. In  1810 , an iterative procedure for determining downlink power levels is initiated by setting an index value i equal to a value of 1. In  1812 , UE 1  with the lowest SINR in reuse one is assigned power level P 4 , with P 4 &gt;P 1 . In  1814 , the index i is incremented by 1 (i=i+1). In  1816 , the cell determines whether a particular UE i  meets a condition for being assigned a power level of P 4 . In one embodiment, the condition for UE i  being assigned a power level P 4  is if the estimated rate when assigned all RBs with power level P 4  divided by i is greater than the average spectral efficiency on RBs with power P 1  multiplied by the total RBs with power P 1  divided by (N−i+1). 
     If UE i  meets the condition for being assigned power level P 4 , the flow continues to  1818 . In  1818 , UE i  is assigned power level P 4  and the flow continues to  1822 . If UE i  does not meet the condition for being assigned power level P 4 , the flow continues to  1820 . In  1820 , UE; is assigned power level P 1  and the flow continues to  1822 . In  1822 , the cell determines whether the index value i=N. If the index value i is not equal to N, the flow returns to  1814  in which the index i is incremented by 1 (i=i+1). After  1814 , the flow returns to  1816  in which the next UE is evaluated for determining whether it meets the condition to be assigned power level P 4 . If the index value i is equal to N, the flow returns to  1802  such that the assignment of power levels for the cell edge UEs may be performed on a periodic basis in order to adapt to changing conditions within the network. 
     Although the embodiments described in  FIGS. 15-18  are described with respect to two possible power levels for a particular UE, in other embodiments the principles described herein may be applied to more than two power levels. In accordance with one embodiment in which multiple power levels are available for a UE, a procedure for assigning power levels may include beginning with an RB/power level corresponding to highest SINR. Assuming that frequency bands/RBs are ordered as a function of SINR (e.g., based on RSRP computations and not accounting for frequency selective fading) is the same for all UEs, the procedure described in  FIG. 18  may be applied for this frequency band assuming that RBs with lower SINR are equally distributed among all UEs. The procedure may then be repeated for the next highest power level to fix the allocation of UEs to a power level. The process may then be repeated until all available power levels have been assigned. 
     In accordance with one or more embodiments, the principles described herein may be used for UE transmission power level adaptation in order adapt the power allocation to UEs due to UE mobility. In particular embodiments, a hysteresis effect can be used in order to avoid frequency changes in power levels such that one or more UEs&#39; power levels are changed only if in addition to the criterion described above, the average throughput in the cell improves by a predetermined percentage (e.g., five percent (5%)) if such a power level is performed. 
     Referring now to  FIG. 19 ,  FIG. 19  illustrates an embodiment of a cell  12   a - 12   c  of communication system  10  of  FIG. 1 . Cell  12   a - 12   c  includes one or more processor(s)  1902 , a memory element  1904 , a radio access module  1906 , and a resource allocation module  1908 . Processor(s)  1902  is configured to execute various tasks of cell  12   a - 12   c  as described herein and memory element  1904  is configured to store data associated with cell  12   a - 12   c . Radio access module  506  is configured to wirelessly communication with one or more of UEs  16   a - 16   f . Resource allocation module  1908  is configured to perform the operations associated with determining allocation of network resources to UEs  16   a - 16   f  as described herein. 
     Referring now to  FIG. 20 ,  FIG. 20  illustrates an embodiment of server  18  of communication system  10  of  FIG. 1 . Server  18  includes one or more processor(s)  2002 , a memory element  2004 , and a resource allocation module  2006 . Processor(s)  2002  is configured to execute various tasks of server  18  as described herein and memory element  2004  is configured to store data associated with server  18 . Resource allocation module  2006  is configured to perform the operations associated with determining allocation of network resources to cells  12   a - 12   c  and/or UEs  16   a - 16   f  as described herein. 
     In regards to the internal structure associated with communication system  10  and communication system  1100 , each of UEs  16   a - 16   f , cells  12   a - 12   c , and server  18  can include memory elements for storing information to be used in achieving the operations, as outlined herein. Additionally, each of these devices may include a processor that can execute software or an algorithm to perform the activities as discussed in this Specification. These devices may further keep information in any suitable memory element [random access memory (RAM), read only memory (ROM), an erasable programmable read only memory (EPROM), an electrically erasable programmable ROM (EEPROM), etc.], software, hardware, or in any other suitable component, device, element, or object where appropriate and based on particular needs. Any of the memory items discussed herein should be construed as being encompassed within the broad term ‘memory element.’ The information being tracked or sent to UEs  16   a - 16   f , cells  12   a - 12   c , and server  18  could be provided in any database, register, control list, cache, or storage structure: all of which can be referenced at any suitable timeframe. Any such storage options may be included within the broad term ‘memory element’ as used herein in this Specification. Similarly, any of the potential processing elements, modules, and machines described in this Specification should be construed as being encompassed within the broad term ‘processor.’ Each of the network elements and mobile nodes can also include suitable interfaces for receiving, transmitting, and/or otherwise communicating data or information in a network environment. 
     Note that in certain example implementations, the resource allocation functions outlined herein may be implemented by logic encoded in one or more tangible media, which may be inclusive of non-transitory media (e.g., embedded logic provided in an application specific integrated circuit [ASIC], digital signal processor [DSP] instructions, software [potentially inclusive of object code and source code] to be executed by a processor, or other similar machine, etc.). In some of these instances, memory elements can store data used for the operations described herein. This includes the memory elements being able to store software, logic, code, or processor instructions that are executed to carry out the activities described in this Specification. A processor can execute any type of instructions associated with the data to achieve the operations detailed herein in this Specification. In one example, the processors could transform an element or an article (e.g., data) from one state or thing to another state or thing. In another example, the activities outlined herein may be implemented with fixed logic or programmable logic (e.g., software/computer instructions executed by a processor) and the elements identified herein could be some type of a programmable processor, programmable digital logic (e.g., a field programmable gate array [FPGA], an EPROM, an EEPROM) or an ASIC that includes digital logic, software, code, electronic instructions, or any suitable combination thereof. 
     Note that with the examples provided above, as well as numerous other examples provided herein, interaction may be described in terms of two, three, or four network elements. However, this has been done for purposes of clarity and example only. In certain cases, it may be easier to describe one or more of the functionalities of a given set of flows by only referencing a limited number of network elements. It should be appreciated that communication system  100  (and its teachings) are readily scalable and further can accommodate a large number of components, as well as more complicated/sophisticated arrangements and configurations. Accordingly, the examples provided should not limit the scope or inhibit the broad teachings of communication system  100  as potentially applied to a myriad of other architectures. 
     It is also important to note that the previously described activities illustrate only some of the possible signaling scenarios and patterns that may be executed by, or within, communication system  10  and/or communication system  1100 . Some of these steps may be deleted or removed where appropriate, or these steps may be modified or changed considerably without departing from the scope of the present disclosure. In addition, a number of these operations have been described as being executed concurrently with, or in parallel to, one or more additional operations. However, the timing of these operations may be altered considerably. The preceding operational flows have been offered for purposes of example and discussion. Substantial flexibility is provided by communication system  10  and/or communication system  1100  in that any suitable arrangements, chronologies, configurations, and timing mechanisms may be provided without departing from the teachings of the present disclosure. 
     Although the present disclosure has been described in detail with reference to particular arrangements and configurations, these example configurations and arrangements may be changed significantly without departing from the scope of the present disclosure. For example, although the present disclosure has been described with reference to particular communication exchanges involving certain network access, and signaling protocols, communication system  10  and/or communication system  1100  may be applicable to other exchanges, routing protocols, or routed protocols in which in order to provide hand-in access to a network. Moreover, although communication system  10  and communication system  1100  have been illustrated with reference to particular elements and operations that facilitate the communication process, these elements and operations may be replaced by any suitable architecture or process that achieves the intended functionality of communication system  10  and/or communication system  1100 . 
     Numerous other changes, substitutions, variations, alterations, and modifications may be ascertained to one skilled in the art and it is intended that the present disclosure encompass all such changes, substitutions, variations, alterations, and modifications as falling within the scope of the appended claims. In order to assist the United States Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO) and, additionally, any readers of any patent issued on this application in interpreting the claims appended hereto, Applicant wishes to note that the Applicant: (a) does not intend any of the appended claims to invoke paragraph six (6) of 35 U.S.C. section 112 as it exists on the date of the filing hereof unless the words “means for” or “step for” are specifically used in the particular claims; and (b) does not intend, by any statement in the specification, to limit this disclosure in any way that is not otherwise reflected in the appended claims.