Patent Publication Number: US-5891345-A

Title: Treatment process for wastewater streams

Description:
REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This is a continuation of application Ser. No. 08/723,440 filed Oct. 7, 1996, now abandoned which is a continuation-in-part of application Ser. No. 08/388,319 filed Feb. 14, 1995, now U.S. Pat. No. 5,635,076. 
    
    
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     1. Field of the Invention 
     This invention relates to a process for the purification of acrylonitrile plant wastewater streams. More particularly, this invention relates to a catalytic process for the eradication of organics and ammonia from such wastewater streams. This invention further relates to a catalytic process for the eradication of organics, such as nitriles, aromatics, heteroaromatics, amides, organic acids, aldehydes, and alcohols (including glycols) from any wastewater stream. 
     2. Description of the Prior Art 
     Acrylonitrile is one of the highest volume (top fifty) chemicals produced in the U.S. and the world. Nearly all acrylonitrile is produced from propylene, oxygen, and ammonia with either a bismuth phosphomolybdate or an uranium-based compound as catalyst. Acrylonitrile has many uses including acrylic and modacrylic fibers, ABS and acrylonitrile-styrene copolymers, nitrile rubber, cyanoethylation of cotton and synthetic soil blocks (acrylonitrile polymerized in wood pulp). 
     Acrylonitrile plants generate a significant volume of wastewater containing organic compounds and ammonia. Methods for treating or disposing these streams include thermal or catalytic incineration, biotreatment, wet oxidation and reduction and deep welling. Currently in the United States, much of the wastewater streams from acrylonitrile plants are disposed of by the deep welling of streams with low levels of contaminants and the incineration of streams with higher levels of impurities. While these disposal methods are environmentally sound and protective and represent general industry practice, producers of acrylonitrile are studying alternative methods of wastewater handling. Biotreatment is often viewed as the future alternative form of treatment of acrylonitrile plant wastewater streams. However, biotreatment is a very expensive alternative and may not be able to satisfactorily remove all impurities from such streams. 
     A goal of the instant invention is an alternative process for the eradication of organic constituents and other impurities of acrylonitrile plant wastewater streams. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     The invention is a process for the destruction of organic compounds and ammonia from wastewater, specifically wastewater from acrylonitrile plants, comprising contacting a volatilized wastewater stream in a reactor with a catalyst at an elevated temperature so as to convert the volatile organic components and ammonia in the stream to a mixture comprising hydrogen gas, nitrogen gas and carbon dioxide. 
     More specifically the invention is a process for the destruction of organic wastes and ammonia from acrylonitrile plant wastewater streams, comprising 
     (i) volatilizing the wastewater to produce a vaporous stream comprising steam, ammonia and the volatile organic compounds; 
     (ii) contacting, in a reactor, the vaporous stream with a catalyst at an elevated temperature so as to convert the organic compounds and ammonia to a mixture comprising hydrogen gas, nitrogen gas and carbon dioxide; 
     (iii) cooling and separating an effluent stream from the reactor to produce a vaporous stream comprising predominantly hydrogen gas, nitrogen gas and carbon dioxide and a liquid stream comprising predominantly water, which is substantially free of organic compounds and ammonia and which is boiler quality feed water. 
     One embodiment of the invention is a process for the destruction of organic compounds(e.g. nitrites, aromatics, heteroaromatics, amides, organic acids, aldehydes and alcohols) from wastewater, comprising contacting a volatilized wastewater stream in a reactor with a catalyst at an elevated temperature, in the absence of added oxygen, so as to convert the volatile organic components in the stream to a mixture comprising hydrogen gas, and carbon dioxide. If the volatile organic components also contain nitrogen (e.g. nitrobenzene or pyridine, the resulting product will also include nitrogen. 
     Another embodiment of the invention is a process for the destruction of organic compounds selected from the group consisting of nitriles, aromatics, heteroaromatics, amides, organic acids, aldehydes and alcohols from wastewater streams, comprising 
     (i) volatilizing the wastewater to produce a vaporous stream comprising steam, and volatile organic compounds; 
     (ii) contacting, in a reactor, the vaporous stream with a catalyst at an elevated temperature, in the absence of added oxygen, so as to convert the organic compounds and ammonia to a mixture comprising hydrogen gas and carbon dioxide; 
     (iii) cooling and separating an effluent stream from the reactor to produce a vaporous stream comprising predominantly hydrogen gas, and carbon dioxide and a liquid stream comprising predominantly water, which is substantially free of organic compounds and which is boiler quality feed water. 
     As used herein, &#34;wastewater&#34; and &#34;wastewater streams&#34; includes any aqueous stream comprising a nitrile, aromatic, heteroaromatic, amide, organic acid, aldehyde or an alcohol. 
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
     The FIGURE is a process flow diagram illustrating a preferred embodiment of the instant invention wherein the water and volatile organic components of the wastewater stream are volatilized in an evaporator prior to being fed to the reactor. 
    
    
     It will be understood by those skilled in the art that, as the drawing is diagrammatic, further items of equipment such as condensers, heat exchangers, reflux drums, column reboilers, pumps, vacuum pumps, temperature sensors, pressure sensors, pressure relief valves, control valves, flow controllers, level controllers, holding tanks, storage tanks, and the like, would additionally be required in a commercial plant. The provision of such additional items of equipment forms no part of the present invention and is in accordance with conventional chemical engineering practice. 
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
     The invention is a process to eradicate organic compounds and ammonia from acrylonitrile plant wastewater streams by volatilizing said streams and then contacting in a reactor the volatilized streams with a catalyst so as to convert the volatile organic constituents and ammonia to a mixture comprising hydrogen, nitrogen and carbon dioxide. The reactor effluent comprising these reaction products and steam is then cooled to condense the steam and to separate and remove the gaseous reaction products. The resulting condensate is a purified aqueous stream substantially free of organic wastes and ammonia. 
     Acrylonitrile plants generate a significant quantity of wastewater comprising organic products and by-products of the acrylonitrile process, which are suitable for treatment by the instant process. Such streams comprise one or more of the following constituents: nitriles, such as acrylonitrile and methacrylonitrile, aromatics, hetero-aromatics, such as pyridine, amides, organic acids, aldehydes, alcohols and ammonia. In fact, one embodiment of the instant process is to treat wastewater streams comprising such materials resulting from sources other than acrylonitrile plants. Specifically the instant process may be employed to eradicate organics compounds, such as nitriles, aromatics, heteroaromatics, amides, organic acids, aldehydes and alcohols (including glycols) from any wastewater stream. Specific compounds which may be eradicated from such wastewater streams include 2-(2-methoxyethoxy)ethanol), ethylene glycol, benzene and pyridine. 
     The wastewater stream is volatilized prior to contacting the catalyst. The wastewater stream is volatilized to a vaporous stream comprising steam and the volatile components of the wastewater stream. These volatile components are typically the volatile organics present in the wastewater stream and ammonia (if present). The wastewater may be volatilized in an evaporator (i.e. a vessel capable of receiving both the liquid and vapor phases of the wastewater wherein the liquid wastewater is volatilized using heat and or vacuum) or other unit operation prior to being fed to the reactor or the wastewater may be fed to the reactor as a liquid and be volatilized upon entry to the reactor, but prior to contacting the catalyst. If the wastewater is volatilized in an evaporator the non-volatile components of the wastewater stream are concentrated in the evaporator and then subsequently removed from the evaporator. 
     The instant process is conducted in the absence of added air or molecular oxygen. The instant process is a &#34;steam reforming&#34; process. Although not completely understood and not wishing to be bound by a particular theory, it is believed that the presence of steam (resulting from the water in the wastewater stream at the elevated temperatures and pressures utilized for this process)in contact with the organics and catalyst at process conditions facilitates the conversion of the organic compounds in the wastewater to hydrogen gas, carbon dioxide and nitrogen gas (if a nitrogen compound is present in the wastewater stream). 
     In this invention a wide range of catalyst and reactors may be used. The reactors may be fixed-bed, fluid bed, transfer-line or other mode of catalytic reactor. The reactors may be reformer type reactors consisting of multiple catalyst-containing tubes arranged in parallel which are heated up in a fixed furnace. 
     The operating conditions employed in the reactors can vary appreciably. Any suitable conditions effective for selectively converting the ammonia and organic components of the wastewater stream to a mixture comprising nitrogen gas, hydrogen gas and carbon dioxide can be employed in the present invention. Preferably, the reaction temperature will be in the range of from about 250° C. to about 1000° C., more preferably in the range from about 350° C. to about 800° C. The pressure can be in the range of from atmospheric to about 1000 psig. However, higher pressures can be employed. The steam to hydrocarbon weight ratio can be in the range of from about 5:1 to about 10,000:1. The liquid space velocity can be in the range of about 0.01 to about 1,000, preferably about 1 to about 100 volumes of wastewater per volume of catalyst per hour. 
     In the practice of the instant invention, single or multiple catalytic reactors may be used. Multiple reactors may be arranged in parallel or in series. 
     Any suitable catalyst which is active for selectively converting the ammonia and the volatile organic compounds found in acrylonitrile plant wastewater streams to a mixture comprising predominantly hydrogen, carbon dioxide and nitrogen in the presence of steam can be employed in the practice of the invention. 
     Typical catalyst includes (1) reduced nickel alumina-supported catalyst or (2) supported and reduced platinum group metal catalyst, both catalyst types optionally being promoted with an alkali metal or alkaline earth metal. 
     The nickel catalyst used in the process is preferably a nickel-alumina catalyst containing from 5 to 90 weight percent nickel on a reduced basis and 0.5 to 10 weight percent alkali or alkaline earth metal. In this application, the values for weight percent are based on the total weight of the catalyst. Instead of alumina, other natural or synthetic silica-containing material, such as kieselguhr, silica, silica-alumina, silica-zirconia, the natural or synthetic crystalline aluminosilicates, and the like, can be used. The alkali metal or alkaline earth metal can be applied to the catalyst as a hydroxide, carbonate, or other soluble salt. Potassium carbonate is a presently preferred alkaline material. 
     The platinum group metals for use in this invention can be ruthenium, rhodium, osmium, iridium, platinum, or palladium. Mixtures of such metals and/or their compounds can also be used. Ruthenium is a presently preferred platinum group metal. 
     The platinum group metals can be incorporated into any of the known natural or synthetic refractory inorganic oxide materials known as supports such as alumina, silica, magnesia, zirconia, titania, silica-alumina, the natural or crystalline aluminosilicates, and the like. The amount of platinum group metal present in the catalyst composition can vary from 0.01 to 20 weight percent, preferably in amounts less than about 10 percent by weight. The amount of alkali metal or alkaline earth metal present in the catalyst can range from 0 to 10 weight percent. The alkali metal or alkaline earth metal can be applied as hydroxide, carbonate, or other soluble salt. The term &#34;soluble&#34; is intended to include either aqueous or non-aqueous solvents, although water is presently preferred. Potassium carbonate is the presently preferred alkali or alkaline earth compound. 
     As indicated above, the nickel component or platinum group metal component of the catalyst can be reduced and stabilized to prevent reaction with the oxygen in the air at any point subsequent to the addition of the metal. Such reduction and stabilization permits the loading of the catalyst into the reactor and the use of the catalyst in the reaction without a reduction step. However, it is within the scope of the invention to reduce the catalyst with hydrogen or other suitable reducant (e.g. carbon monoxide, light hydrocarbons) after it is in the reactor. 
     Another catalyst which can be employed in the process of the invention comprises a supported chromate, tungstate, or molybdate of the iron group metals, including iron, cobalt, and nickel, promoted with a barium salt of an organic acid such as barium acetate. Preferably, the support for the catalyst comprises an aluminum-containing support material such as alumina or calcium aluminate. The catalyst will ordinarily contain from 1 to 10 weight percent of the iron group metal and from 5 to 25 weight percent of the chromate, tungstate, or molybdate, calculated as the oxide. The remainder of the catalyst is comprised of support material, such as alumina or other aluminum-containing material. 
     The effluent stream from the reactor comprises water, nitrogen gas, hydrogen gas and carbon dioxide. The effluent stream is cooled to condense the water vapor and the gases are separated and removed in a gas/liquid separator. These off-gases can be recycled to the reactor, burned for fuel value or vented. The resulting aqueous stream is substantially free of organics and ammonia and is boiler quality feed water, which may be used for steam generation or other uses on site. 
     Referring now to the drawing, the Figure illustrates a preferred embodiment of the instant invention. In the Figure, acrylonitrile plant wastewater is fed via line 1 to the evaporator 2. In the evaporator, water, ammonia and volatile organic components are volatilized and removed from the evaporator via line 3 and fed to the reactor 5. Non-volatile components are removed from the evaporator via line 4. In the reactor, the volatilized water, ammonia and organics are passed over a suitable catalyst at an elevated temperature. The ammonia and organics react to form nitrogen, hydrogen and carbon dioxide. These reaction products and water vapor exit the reactor via line 6 and are fed to the gas/liquid separator 7. In the gas/liquid separator the reactor effluent is cooled to condense the water vapor which is removed from the separator via line 9. The gaseous reaction products exit the gas/liquid separator via line 8. 
     SPECIFIC EMBODIMENTS 
     In order to illustrate the instant invention, the following Examples are provided. 
     The feedstock used in Examples 1 through 3 was wastewater from the recovery and purification section of an acrylonitrile plant. Three different wastewater streams were processed. Physical properties of each for the wastewater streams are given in Table 1. The wastewater feedstock was pumped downward through a stainless steel reactor tube containing commercial catalyst (United Catalyst C11-9-02, nominal composition 12% Ni and 88% refractory alumina support, 10-20 mesh particles). Reaction conditions were as shown in Table 2. The reactor effluent first passed through a heat-exchanger to condense steam and then the product mixture was sent to a gas/liquid separator where water was separated from the product gases. Product water was analyzed for pH, TOC, COD, volatile and semi-volatile organics, and ammonium ion. Reaction off-gas was analyzed for H 2 , CO 2 , CO, N 2 , O 2 , CH 4 , C 2  -C 4  hydrocarbons, and NO x . Tables 3 and 4 show the product analyses. 
     
                       TABLE 1
______________________________________
Properties of the Wastewater Feedstock
Wastewater     TOC      COD    NH.sub.4+
                                     Total Nitrogen
Stream  pH     mg/L     mg/L   mg/L  mg/L
______________________________________
A       9.0    1,100     1,970   94    590
B       5.4    7,180    17,900   520  3,300
C       5.4    31,200   74,100 3,700 14,000
______________________________________
 TOC = Total Organic Carbon
 COD = Chemical Oxygen Demand
 
    
     
                       TABLE 2
______________________________________
Reaction Conditions
       Wastewater
                 Temperature
                           Pressure
                                 Wastewater Feed Rate
Example
       Stream    Deg. C.   PSI   mL/cc catalyst/Hr
______________________________________
1      A         500       20    1.13
2      B         500       ambient
                                 0.87
3      C         750       ambient
                                 0.69
______________________________________
 
    
     
                       TABLE 3
______________________________________
Analysis of Product Condensate
       Waste-  On-                         Volatile and
       water   Stream      COD  TOC   NH.sub.4+
                                           Semi-volatile
Example
       Stream  Hours   pH  mg/L mg/L  mg/L Organics
______________________________________
1      A       19      5.6 6    5     NA   ND
1      A       71      5.9 0    0     14.1 ND
2      B        4      6.5 0    0     70.0 ND
3      C        7      4.6 1    &lt;40    2.2 ND
______________________________________
 NA = not analyzed
 ND = none detected
 
    
     
                                           TABLE 4
__________________________________________________________________________
Analysis of Off-Gas
     Waste-
         On-
     water
         Stream
             H.sub.2
                 CO.sub.2
                     N.sub.2
                         CO  CH.sub.4
                                 O.sub.2
                                     NO.sub.x
Example
     Stream
         Hours
             Vol. %
                 Vol. %
                     Vol. %
                         Vol. %
                             Vol. %
                                 Vol. %
                                     ppm
__________________________________________________________________________
1    A   19  66.0
                 25.5
                     6.0 &lt;0.05
                             &lt;0.05
                                 ND  NA
1    A   71  65.6
                 26.1
                     6.0 &lt;0.05
                             &lt;0.05
                                 ND  NA
2    B    4  67.1
                 27.3
                     5.5 0.11
                             ND  ND  NA
3    C    7  65.3
                 23.8
                     6.5 4.4 &lt;0.05
                                 ND  &lt;10
__________________________________________________________________________
 NA = not analyzed
 ND = none detected
 
    
     In Example 1, a low TOC acrylonitrile plant wastewater stream was treated by the process of this invention at 500° C. The contained organic wastes were completely converted to hydrogen, carbon dioxide and nitrogen gases. Product condensate water was essentially free of organic carbon and contains a only very low level of ammonium ion. 
     Example 2 demonstrated complete destruction of the organic wastes contained in an acrylonitrile plant wastewater stream having a substantially higher organic carbon loading. At 500° C. reaction temperature, the contained organic waste products were completely converted to essentially hydrogen, nitrogen, and carbon dioxide gases. Product condensate water was free of organic carbon. The ammonium ion content of the product condensate water was higher due to the increased nitrogen loading of the feedstock wastewater. 
     Example 3 shows the effectiveness of this process for purifying acrylonitrile process wastewaters having very high organic carbon and nitrogen loadings. At 750° C., the contained organic components were completely destroyed by conversion to essentially hydrogen, nitrogen, carbon dioxide, and carbon monoxide gases. The product gas was determined to be essentially free of NO x  pollutants. Product condensate water was essentially free of organic carbon and had a very low ammonium ion content. 
     General Procedure for Examples 4 through 8 
     In order to illustrate the utility of the instant invention on other waste streams, four different feeds simulating organic wastestreams were treated by the process of the instant invention. 
     For these examples, a 40 cc fixed-bed reactor was used. The stainless-steel reactor tube had an internal diameter of 1/2 &#34;and the tube was 17&#34; long. A 1/8&#34; OD stainless steel thermowell was inserted down the center of the tube. A quartz wool plug supported the catalyst bed within the reactor. 
     The feedstock was pumped downward through a stainless steel reactor tube containing commercial catalyst (United Catalyst C11-9-02, nominal composition 12% Ni and 88% refractory alumina support, 10-20 mesh particles). Reaction conditions were as shown in the Table. The reactor effluent first passed through a heat-exchanger to condense steam and then the product mixture was sent to a gas/liquid separator where water was separated from the product gases. Product water was analyzed for pH, TOC, COD, volatile and semi-volatile organics, and ammonium ion. Reaction off-gas was analyzed for H 2 , CO 2 , CO, N 2 , O 2 , CH 4 , C 2  -C 4  hydrocarbons, and NO x . The product analyses for each feed is shown in Table 5. 
     Example 4: Ethylene Glycol/Water 
     Ethylene Glycol was added to water to prepare a 1.0 wt. % solution. A fresh charge of C11-9-02 catalyst (40 cc, 57.2 g) was loaded into the reactor and pre-reduced in H 2  /N 2 . For these tests a vaporizer tube was installed in the feed line ahead of the reforming reactor. The vaporizer was maintained at 200° C. to insure that the incoming feed was completely vaporized before it entered the reactor and contacted the catalyst bed. At 500° C. and 1 second contact time, ethylene glycol was completely destroyed. No organic carbon was present in the product water (i.e. COD &amp; TOC&lt;10 ppm). H 2  (71.1 Vol. %), CO 2  (28.8 Vol. %) and a trace of CO (0.07 Vol. %) comprised the off-gas. The carbon balance was 101%. 
     Example 5: 2-(2-Methoxyethoxy)ethanol 
     A 1.0 wt. % solution of 2-(2-Methoxyethoxy)ethanol was prepared by dissolving 10.10 g of 2-(2-Methoxyethoxy)ethanol in 989 g. distilled water. The same catalyst charge used in the ethylene glycol test was used here. The vaporizer tube furnace was kept at 200° C. At 500° C. and 1 second contact time destruction of 2-(2-Methoxyethoxy)ethanol was complete. Organics were not observed in the product water. The off-gas comprised only H 2  (71.7 Vol. %), CO 2  (28.2 Vol. %), and a trace of CO (0.09 Vol. %). The carbon balance was 102%. 
     Example 6: Pyridine/Water 
     A 0.5 wt. % pyridine solution was made up by dissolving 5.02 g pyridine in 998.89 g distilled water. The catalyst used in the oxygenate reforming experiments was used here without prior discharge from the reactor tube. The feed solution vaporizer was kept at 200° C. With the reactor at 500° C. and the liquid feed rate at 45.5 cc/hr (1.1 second contact time) pyridine was completely destroyed. No pyridine was detected in the product water by gas chromatography (hereinafter &#34;GC&#34;). COD and TOC analysis of the product water also indicated the absence of any organics. The off-gas composition was 69.5% H 2 , 27.8% CO 2 , 2.6% N 2  and a 0.06% Co. The carbon balance was 99%. 
     Since the nitrogen content of the pyridine feed solution is known precisely, a nitrogen balance can be calculated based on pyridine-N in and N 2  gas out. This calculation gives a nitrogen balance of 97%. 
     Example 7: Benzene/Water 
     Benzene was stirred with water at room temperature to prepare an aqueous feed solution containing 694 ppm benzene. A fresh charge of United Catalyst C-11-9-02 steam hydrocarbon reforming catalyst (40 cc, 55.3 g) was loaded into the reactor and pre-reduced in H 2  /N 2 . Table 5 shows results of steam reforming the benzene solution. Reactor temperature was maintained at 500° C. and feed solution flow rate was 45.4 mL/hr (1.1 second contact time). A recovery run (Run 4) was made 1.5 hours after initiating feed flow. GC analysis was used to detect benzene in the product water and none was observed (detection limit&lt;5 ppm). The off-gas contained only H 2  and CO 2 . A second recovery run (Run 5) was made after 5 hours and similar results were obtained. 
     Example 8: Nitrobenzene 
     An aqueous nitrobenzene solution (1820 ppm) was prepared by stirring 1.82 g nitrobenzene with 1000 g distilled water for 16 hours. The catalyst charge for this reforming test was that used in the pyridine test without alteration. A feed solution vaporizer, kept at 200° C., was used in this experiment. Table 4 gives the results of nitrobenzene-steam reforming. Destruction of nitrobenzene was observed at 500° C. and 1.1 second contact time. GC analysis determined that product water was free of nitrobenzene. COD and TOC analysis confirmed the absence of organics in the product water. The off-gas primarily contained H 2 , CO 2  and N 2 . The carbon balance was only 37%, and the nitrogen balance was 62%. NO x  in the off-gas 3 ppm. 
     
                                           TABLE 5
__________________________________________________________________________
Treatment of Wastestreams
Containing Volatile Organic Compounds - Reaction Conditions and Product
Analysis
__________________________________________________________________________
Example       Temperature
                    Liquid Feed
                          c.t.
                             Time on  COD
                                         TOC
                                            NH4
#    Feed     Deg. C
                    Rate, mL/Hr
                          sec.
                             Stream, Hrs
                                   pH mg/L
                                         mg/L
                                            mg/L
__________________________________________________________________________
4    Ethylene Glycol
              500   45.4  1.1
                             6     4.2
                                      0  0  --
     1.0 Wt. %
5    2-(2-    500   45.3  1.1
                             6     4.4
                                      0  0  --
     Methoxyethoxy)-
     ethanol; 1.0 Wt. %
6    Pyridine 500   45.5  1.1
                             7     5.6
                                      0  0  27.3
     0.5 Wt. %
7    Benzene  500   45.4  1.1
                             5     NA NA NA --
     694 ppm
8    Nitrobenzene
              500   45.4  1.1
                             8     6.9
                                      0  NA  0.7
     1820 ppm
__________________________________________________________________________
          C as CO2 in
                Liquid
                     Off-gas
                         H2  CO2 N2  CO  C-Bal by
Example   liq. prod.-
                GC   Rate
                         Volume
                             Volume
                                 Volume
                                     Volume
                                         CO2 Mode
#         mg/L  Trace
                     cc/Min
                         %   %   %   %   %
__________________________________________________________________________
4         114   Baseline
                     19.3
                         71.1
                             28.8
                                 --  0.07
                                         101
5          77   Baseline
                     26.0
                         71.7
                             28.16
                                 --  0.09
                                         102
6         110   Baseline
                     19.4
                         69.5
                             27.8
                                 2.64
                                     0.06
                                          99
7         NA    Baseline
                     2.91
                         93.5
                             6.5 --  0
8         NA    Baseline
                     2.53
                         78.1
                             18.7
                                 2.55
                                     0
__________________________________________________________________________
 (a) All runs at atmospheric pressure
 
    
     The foregoing embodiments of the present invention have been presented for purposes of illustration and description. This description is not intended to be exhaustive or to limit the invention to the precise form disclosed, and obviously many modifications and variations are possible in light of the above disclosure. For example, the parameters for the reactor, such as reactor type, temperature, pressure, size, etc., are dependent upon one another and modifications may be made to these parameters without substantially affecting the desired result. The foregoing description attempts to best explain the principle of the invention and its practical applications to thereby enable others skilled in the art to best utilize the invention in its various embodiments and with various modifications as are suited to the particular use contemplated. It is intended that the invention be defined by the following claims.