Patent Publication Number: US-10764350-B2

Title: Setting first-party cookies by redirection

Description:
RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This application is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 13/966,004, filed on Aug. 13, 2013, which is incorporated herein by reference. 
    
    
     FIELD OF THE TECHNOLOGY 
     The present technology relates generally to setting cookies and, more specifically, to using redirection to set first-party cookies. 
     BACKGROUND 
     Online and other electronic advertising allows advertisers to display advertisements (or ads) to users, including those who are potential customers. For example, a publisher webpage can include one or more opportunities for inserting advertisements from third-party advertisers (e.g., space for a banner advertisement across the top of the webpage, spaces for advertisements along the sides of the webpage, overlays, etc.). When a user device (e.g., a computer running a web browser) processes a webpage for display, the user device can request an advertisement for one of the advertising opportunities on the webpage from an ad system. The ad system can select an advertisement for display within the area of the webpage associated with the advertising opportunity. For example, the ad system can select, based on information about the user, a banner ad from a particular advertiser from a set of multiple banner ads from multiple advertisers for display to the user in the banner ad space of the webpage. Ad systems set cookies on user devices to facilitate determining the most relevant ad to display to the user. 
     Some web browsers do not allow third-party cookies, which can block ad systems from setting cookies. As an example, a browser on a user device visits abc.com in response to a user entering “www.abc.com” into the address field of the browser, and the browser can request a webpage from the webserver on abc.com. The webserver on abc.com can return a webpage (e.g., HTML code) to the browser, along with cookie data to be set as a cookie on the domain “abc.com.” The cookie data from abc.com can be referred to as a first-party cookie, and many browsers will store the data as a cookie on the abc.com domain. The webpage source can include references to resources on other domains, such as an HTML image tag with a source address on another domain, e.g., xyz.com. The browser can request the image from a server on xyz.com and the server on xyz.com can return the requested image to the browser, along with data to set as a cookie on the domain “xyz.com.” The cookie data from xyz.com can be referred to as a third-party cookie. If the browser is configured to block third-party cookies, the browser will not store the data in a cookie. 
     As noted above, some ad systems provide data to user devices (e.g., data that when provided back to the ad system allows the ad system to identify the user devices) for storage as cookies. However, some web browsers do not permit setting third-party cookies, and require the user to visit the ad systems domain directly (e.g., by typing the ad system&#39;s URL into the address bar) for the ad system to set a cookie on the ad system&#39;s domain. 
     SUMMARY 
     Accordingly, there is a need for setting third-party data as a cookie (e.g., ad system data) in a browser that blocks third-party cookies. The technology described herein facilitates a party setting a cookie as a first-party using redirection. 
     In an aspect, there is a method performed by a computing device. The method includes receiving, by the computing device, from a user device, in response to the user device processing a webpage associated with a first domain, a first request on a second domain associated with the computing device. The method includes sending, by the computing device, to the user device, handler instructions. The method includes receiving, by the computing device, from the user device a second request including a target URL. The method includes sending, by the computing device, to the user device setting instructions to set a first cookie on the second domain associated with the computing device and redirection instructions to redirect the user device to the target URL. 
     In some embodiments, the first request includes a first HTTP request, and the second request includes a second HTTP request. In some embodiments, the user device cookie includes a browser cookie, and the first cookie includes a first-party browser cookie. In some embodiments, the handler instructions include one or more instructions to: detect a link activation of a first link on the webpage; and send to the computing device the second request including the target URL corresponding to the first link. In some embodiments, the setting instructions include an HTTP response including a first-party cookie. In some embodiments, the redirection instructions include an HTTP response including a redirection status code and the target URL. In some embodiments, method further includes sending, by the computing device, to the user device, the handler instructions, if the first request does not include a user device cookie set on the second domain. 
     In another aspect, there is a method performed by a user device. The method includes receiving, by the user device, a first webpage from a first webserver on a first domain. The method includes sending, by the user device, a first request to a computing device on a second domain. The method includes receiving, by the user device, from the computing device handler instructions. The method includes detecting, by the user device, a link activation of a first link on the first webpage in accordance with the handler instructions, the first link associated with a target URL. The method includes sending, by the user device, to the computing device a second request including the target URL in accordance with the handler instructions. The method includes receiving, by the user device, from the computing device setting instructions to set a browser cookie on the second domain and redirection instructions to redirect the user device to the target URL. The method includes setting, by the user device, the browser cookie on the second domain in accordance with the setting instructions. The method includes requesting, by the user device, from a second webserver a second webpage located at the target URL in accordance with the redirection instructions. 
     In some embodiments, the first request includes a first HTTP request, and the second request includes a second HTTP request. In some embodiments, the browser cookie includes a first-party browser cookie. In some embodiments, the setting instructions include an HTTP response including the browser cookie. In some embodiments, the redirection instructions include an HTTP response including a redirection status code and the target URL. In some embodiments, method further includes setting, by the user device, a browser cookie on the first domain indicating that the second request was sent; and sending, by the user device, the first request to the computing device on the second domain, if the browser cookie indicating that the second request was sent is not set. 
     In another aspect, there is a method performed by a user device. The method includes receiving, by the user device, a first webpage including tag instructions from a first webserver on a first domain. The method includes executing, by the user device, the tag instructions to send a first request to a computing device on a second domain. The method includes receiving, by the user device, from the computing device handler instructions in response to the first request. The method includes executing, by the user device, the handler instructions to detect a link activation of a first link on the first webpage, the first link associated with a target URL in accordance with the handler instructions. The method includes executing, by the user device, the handler instructions to determine if the target URL is redirectable. The method includes, if the target URL is determined to be redirectable: executing, by the user device, the handler instructions to form a redirection URL from a computing device URL associated with the computing device and the target URL; executing, by the user device, the handler instructions to send to the computing device a second request including the target URL; receiving, by the user device, from the computing device setting instructions to set a browser cookie on the second domain and redirection instructions to redirect the user device to the target URL; setting, by the user device, the browser cookie on the second domain in accordance with the setting instructions; and sending, by the user device, to a second webserver a third request for a second webpage located at the target URL in accordance with the redirection instructions. 
     In some embodiments, executing, by the user device, the handler instructions to determine if the target URL is redirectable includes determining, by the user device, if the target URL is on the first domain. In some embodiments, executing, by the user device, the handler instructions to determine if the target URL is redirectable includes determining, by the user device, if the target URL refers to a different webpage than the first webpage. In some embodiments, executing, by the user device, the handler instructions to determine if the target URL is redirectable includes determining, by the user device, if the target URL is less than a pre-determined length. In some embodiments, the first request includes a first HTTP request, and the second request includes a second HTTP request. In some embodiments, the browser cookie includes a first-party cookie. In some embodiments, the setting instructions include an HTTP response including the browser cookie. In some embodiments, the redirection instructions include an HTTP response including a redirection status code and the target URL. 
     In another aspect, there is a method performed by a computing system. The method includes receiving, by the computing device, from a user device a first request in response to the user device processing a webpage associated with a first domain. The method includes sending, by the computing device, to the user device handler instructions, if the first request does not comprise a user device cookie set on a second domain associated with the computing device. The method includes receiving, by the computing device, from the user device a second request including a target URL. The method includes sending, by the computing device, to the user device setting instructions to set a first cookie on the second domain associated with the computing device and redirection instructions to redirect the user device to the target URL. 
     In another aspect, there is a method performed by a computing device. The method includes receiving, by the computing device, a first webpage from a first webserver on a first domain. The method includes sending, by the computing device, a first request to an ad system on a second domain. The method includes receiving, by the computing device, from the ad system handler instructions. The method includes detecting, by the computing device, a link activation of a first link on the first webpage in accordance with the handler instructions, the first link associated with a target URL. The method includes sending, by the computing device, to the ad system a second request comprising the target URL in accordance with the handler instructions. The method includes receiving, by the computing device, from the ad system setting instructions to set a cookie on the second domain and redirection instructions to redirect the computing device to the target URL. The method includes setting, by the computing device, the cookie on the second domain in accordance with the setting instructions. The method includes requesting, by the computing device, from a second webserver a second webpage located at the target URL in accordance with the redirection instructions. 
     In another aspect, there is a method performed by a computing device. The method includes receiving, by the computing device, a first webpage comprising tag instructions from a first webserver on a first domain. The method includes executing, by the computing device, the tag instructions to send a first request to an ad system on a second domain. The method includes receiving, by the computing device, from the ad system handler instructions in response to the first request. The method includes executing, by the computing device, the handler instructions to detect a link activation of a first link on the first webpage, the first link associated with a target URL in accordance with the handler instructions. The method includes executing, by the computing device, the handler instructions to determine if the target URL is redirectable. If the target URL is determined to be redirectable, the method includes executing, by the computing device, the handler instructions to form a rewritten target URL from an ad system URL associated with the ad system and the target URL; executing, by the computing device, the handler instructions to send to the ad system a second request comprising the target URL; receiving, by the computing device, from the ad system setting instructions to set a cookie on the second domain and redirection instructions to redirect the computing device to the target URL; setting, by the computing device, the cookie on the second domain in accordance with the setting instructions; and sending, by the computing device, to a second webserver a third request for a second webpage located at the target URL in accordance with the redirection instructions. 
     Other aspects and advantages of the present technology will become apparent from the following detailed description, taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, illustrating the principles of the technology by way of example only. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       The foregoing and other objects, features, and advantages of the present technology, as well as the technology itself, will be more fully understood from the following description of various embodiments, when read together with the accompanying drawings, in which: 
         FIG. 1  is a diagram of system in accordance with an embodiment of the technology; 
         FIG. 2  is a flow chart depicting a method of setting cookies as a first-party; 
         FIG. 3  is a flow chart depicting a method performed by an ad system to determine whether to provide handler instructions; 
         FIG. 4  is a flow chart depicting a method performed by a user device to determine whether to listen for link activation; 
         FIG. 5  is a flow chart depicting a method performed by a user device to determine if a link is redirectable; 
         FIG. 6  is a flow chart depicting a method performed by an ad system; 
         FIG. 7  is a flow chart depicting a method performed by a user device; and 
         FIGS. 8A and 8B  are a flow chart depicting a method performed by a user device. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     The technology described herein can utilize redirection to facilitate setting cookies as a first-party. In an exemplary application of the technology, a user device requests a first webpage from a first webserver on a first domain (e.g., the domain abc.com). The first webpage contains a script tag with a source attribute specifying a location for the script on an ad system on a second domain. The user device processes the script tag and sends a first request to the ad system on the second domain. The ad system receives the first request, and the ad system sends to the user device handler instructions. The handler instructions can include javascript instructions implementing a handler that listens for a link in the first web page to be clicked and rewrites the clicked link to point to the ad system. The user device can follow the rewritten link to the ad system, passing the original link destination to the ad system. The ad system can send a response to the user device to set a cookie as a first-party and send a redirect response to redirect the user device to the original destination. Beneficially, the described technology can permit a third-party to write a cookie in a manner transparent to the end user. 
     Environment and Systems 
       FIG. 1  is a diagram of system  100  in accordance with an embodiment of the technology. As illustrated, system  100  can include an ad system  105  on domain  110 , publisher webserver  115  on domain  120 , and user devices  125 . In system  100 , ad system  105 , publisher webserver  115 , and user devices  125  can be in data communication with each other via network  130 . 
     Ad system  105  can be any computing system comprising one or more computing devices, such as servers. Ad system  105  can be on domain  110  (e.g., domain xyz.com). Generally, a domain can refer to a set of one or more network addresses. For example, multiple computing systems can be on a domain (e.g., abc.com) and/or its subdomains (e.g., def.xyz.com). In some embodiments, ad system  105  can collect information about user devices, such as website browsing activity, online purchasing activity, and/or any other behavorial or demographic information. Ad system  105  can store a cookie (e.g., an HTTP cookie) on user device  125  when communicating with user  125 , such as during an HTTP request/response exchange. During subsequent communications between ad system  105  and user device  125 , ad system  105  can retrieve the cookie to identify user  125 . For example, the cookie can contain an ID that ad system  105  can use to access a record of information about user device  125 . 
     Publisher webserver  115  can be any computing system comprising one or more computing devices, such as servers. Publisher webserver  115  can be on domain  120  (e.g., domain xyz.com). In some embodiments, publisher webserver  110  can serve webpages (e.g., to user devices  125 ). In the illustrated example, domain  110  can be a different than domain  120 . User device  125  can be any computing system comprising one or more computing devices, such as personal computers. In some embodiments, user device  125  can request webpages. 
     Methods for Setting Cookies 
       FIG. 2  is a flow chart depicting a method of setting cookies as a first-party. At step  205 , the user device (e.g., user device  125 ) processes a received first webpage from a first domain. For example, the user device can receive the first webpage from a webserver on a first domain (e.g., publisher web server  115  on domain  120 ). The first webpage can include tag instructions (e.g., HTML or javascript instructions) that when processed by the user device can cause the user device, at step  210 , to send a first request to an ad system on a second domain (e.g., ad system  105  on domain  110 ). The tag instructions can be, for example, instructions to retrieve HTML or javascript elements from the ad system. 
     At step  215 , the ad system can prepare handler instructions in response to the first request from the user device. For example, the ad system can retrieve handler instructions (e.g., HTML or javascript instructions) for transmission to the user device. In some embodiments, the ad system can determine whether to send handler instructions to the user device.  FIG. 3  is a flow chart depicting a method performed by an ad system to determine whether to provide handler instructions. With reference to  FIG. 3 , at step  305 , the ad system can determine whether a cookie is already set on the second domain (e.g., by determining whether a cookie was included in the HTTP request sent from the user device in step  215 ). If there is a cookie set on the second domain, the method proceeds to step  310  and ends. In some embodiments, the ad system will not send handler instructions if there is a cookie set on the second domain. If there is no cookie set on the second domain, the method proceeds to step  315 . At step  315 , the ad system determines whether the user device (e.g., the browser running on the user device) blocks third-party cookies (e.g., by comparing the browser type to a stored list of browsers that block third-party cookies). If the user device does not block third-party cookies, the method proceeds to step  310  and ends. In some embodiments, the ad system will not send handler instructions if the user device does not block third-party cookies. If the user device blocks third-party cookies, the method proceeds to step  320 . 
     Returning to  FIG. 2 , at step  220 , the ad system sends handler instructions to the user device. In some embodiments, the handler instructions can be java script instructions that implement a handler. When executed on a user device, the handler instructions can cause the user device to listen for a link activation (e.g., in response to a user clicking on a link in a webpage). The handler instructions can cause the user device to determine the target URL associated with the link (e.g., the value of the HTML HREF attribute for the link). 
     In some embodiments, the handler instructions can cause the user device to determine if the target URL is redirectable. In some embodiments, the target URL can be determined not to be redirectable if a previous link activation was rewritten and/or a previous target URL was determined to be redirectable (e.g., a cookie on the first domain can be stored to indicate whether a previous link was found redirectable). In some embodiments, the target URL can be determined not to be redirectable if no ‘a’ tag (e.g., HTML anchor tag) is found in the activated link&#39;s element ancestry. In some embodiments, the target URL can be determined not to be redirectable if the target URL is on a different domain, host, and/or computer system than the first webpage. In some embodiments, the target URL can be determined not to be redirectable if the target URL indicates that, e.g., HTTPS protocol will be used. In some embodiments, the target URL can be determined not to be redirectable if the target URL does not begin with “HTTP.” In some embodiments, the target URL can be determined not to be redirectable if the target contains an HTTP anchor and/or is an internal reference to the first webpage. In some embodiments, the target URL can be determined not to be redirectable if the target URL is longer than a pre-determined length (e.g., 4000 characters). 
     The handler instructions can cause the user device to rewrite the target URL to form a rewritten target URL from a URL associated with the ad system and the target URL. For example, if the target URL is “abc.com/info.html” and the URL associated with the ad system is “xyz.com/redirect,” the rewritten target URL can be “xyz.com/redirect?dest=abc.com/info.html”. The handler instructions can cause the user device to send a request to the rewritten target URL (e.g., an HTTP request). In some embodiments, if the target URL is not redirectable, the handler instructions can cause the user device to send the request to the target URL. If the target URL is redirectable, the handler instructions can cause the user device to send the request to the target URL. The handler instructions can cause the user device to store a cookie on a first domain indicating that a previous link was found redirectable. 
     At step  225 , the user device initializes the handler instructions. As discussed above, the handler instructions can be, for example, javascript. In some embodiments, initializing the handler instructions can include adding the javascript handler instructions to the DOM of the first webpage for execution.  FIG. 4  is a flow chart depicting a method performed by a user device to determine whether to listen for link activation. For example, the user device can perform the method during initialization to determine if it will attempt to rewrite links. With reference to  FIG. 4 , at step  405  the user device determines whether a cookie is set on the first domain that indicates redirection was attempted. If a cookie is set, the process proceeds to step  410  and ends. If a cookie is not set, the process proceeds to step  415 . At step  415 , the user device determines whether a redirection server (e.g., an ad system) is available. If a redirection server is not available, the process proceeds to step  410  and ends. If a redirection service is available, the process proceeds to step  420 . Returning to  FIG. 2 , at step  230 , the user device, executing the handler instructions, listens for a link activation. At step  235 , the user device rewrites the activated link.  FIG. 5  is a flow chart depicting a method performed by a user device to determine if a link is redirectable. With reference to  FIG. 5 , at step  505  the user device determines whether the link is redirectable (e.g., using any of the above-described criteria). If the link is not redirectable, the method proceeds to step  510  and ends. If the link is redirectable, the method proceeds to step  515 . At step  515 , the user device rewrites the link (e.g., as described above). At step  520 , the user device sets a cookie on the first domain indicating that redirection has been attempted (e.g., a link was rewritten). At step  525  the user device continues to step  240 . 
     Returning to  FIG. 2 , at step  240 , the user device sends a second request to the ad system. In some embodiments, the second request can be an HTTP request to the rewritten target URL. At step  245 , the ad system sends setting instructions and redirection instructions to the user device. The setting instructions can be instructions to set a cookie on the second domain. Beneficially, because the HTTP request was made to the second domain, the cookie can be allowed by the user device, even if the user device blocks third-party cookies. The redirection instructions can be instructions to redirect the user device to the target URL (e.g., ad system can respond to an HTTP request with a redirection response message containing the target URL). At step  250 , the user device sets a cookie on the second domain in accordance with the setting instructions. At step  255 , the user device sends a third request to a webserver (e.g., the webserver hosting the resource identified by the target URL). 
       FIG. 6  is a flow chart depicting a method performed by an ad system. At step  605 , the ad system receives from a user device, in response to the user device processing a webpage associated with a first domain, a first request on a second domain associated with the computing device (e.g., as described with respect to step  210  of  FIG. 2 ). At step  610 , the ad system sends to the user device handler instructions (e.g., as described with respect to steps  215  and/or  220  of  FIG. 2 ). In some embodiments, the ad system sends to the user device handler instructions, if the first request does not include a user device cookie set on a second domain associated with the computing device. At step  615 , the ad system receives from the user device a second request including a target URL (e.g., as described with respect to step  240  of  FIG. 2 ). At step  620 , the ad system sends to the user device setting instructions to set a first cookie on the second domain associated with the computing device and redirection instructions to redirect the user device to the target URL (e.g., as described with respect to step  245  of  FIG. 2 ). 
       FIG. 7  is a flow chart depicting a method performed by a user device. At step  705 , the user device receives a first webpage from a first webserver on a first domain (e.g., as described with respect to step  205  of  FIG. 2 ). At step  710 , the user device sends a first request to an ad system on a second domain (e.g., as described with respect to step  210  of  FIG. 2 ). At step  715 , the user device receives from the ad system handler instructions (e.g., as described with respect to steps  220  and/or  225  of  FIG. 2 ). At step  720 , the user device detects a link activation of a first link on the first webpage in accordance with the handler instructions, the first link associated with a target URL (e.g., as described with respect to steps  225 - 235  of  FIG. 2 ). At step  725 , the user device sends to the ad system a second request including the target URL in accordance with the handler instructions (e.g., as described with respect to step  240  of  FIG. 2 ). At step  730 , the user device receives from the ad system setting instructions to set a cookie on the second domain and redirection instructions to redirect the computing device to the target URL (e.g., as described with respect to step  245  of  FIG. 2 ). At step  735 , the user device sets the cookie on the second domain in accordance with the setting instructions (e.g., as described with respect to step  250  of  FIG. 2 ). At step  740 , the user device requests from a second webserver a second webpage located at the target URL in accordance with the redirection instructions (e.g., as described with respect to step  255  of  FIG. 2 ). 
       FIGS. 8A and 8B  are a flow chart depicting a method performed by a user device. At step  805 , the user device receives a first webpage including tag instructions from a first webserver on a first domain (e.g., as described with respect to step  205  of  FIG. 2 ). At step  810 , the user device executes the tag instructions to send a first request to a computing device on a second domain (e.g., as described with respect to step  205  of  FIG. 2 ). At step  815 , the user device receives from the computing device handler instructions in response to the first request (e.g., as described with respect to steps  220  and/or  225  of  FIG. 2 ). At step  820 , the user device executes the handler instructions to detect a link activation of a first link on the first webpage, the first link associated with a target URL in accordance with the handler instructions (e.g., as described with respect to steps  225 - 235  of  FIG. 2 ). At step  825 , the user device executes the handler instructions to determine if the target URL is redirectable (e.g., as described with respect to steps  225 - 235  of  FIG. 2 ). At step  830 , the user device determines whether the Target URL is redirectable (e.g., as described with respect to steps  225 - 235  of  FIG. 2 ). If the Target URL is redirectable, the method proceeds to step  835 . At step  835 , the user device executes the handler instructions to form a redirection URL from a computing device URL associated with the computing device and the target URL (e.g., as described with respect to steps  225 - 235  of  FIG. 2 ). At step  840 , the user device executes the handler instructions to send to the computing device a second request including the target URL (e.g., as described with respect to step  240  of  FIG. 2 ). At step  845 , the user device receives from the computing device setting instructions to set a browser cookie on the second domain and redirection instructions to redirect the user device to the target URL (e.g., as described with respect to step  245  of  FIG. 2 ). At step  850 , the user device sets the browser cookie on the second domain in accordance with the setting instructions (e.g., as described with respect to step  250  of  FIG. 2 ). At step  855 , the user device sends to a second webserver a third request for a second webpage located at the target URL in accordance with the redirection instructions (e.g., as described with respect to steps  255  of  FIG. 2 ). 
     Some embodiments of the technology are described above with reference to webpages. It should be appreciated that the technology can be applied to selecting and/or providing advertisements for any digital asset that includes one or more impression opportunities. Digital assets can include webpages, multi-media items, applications, etc. As an example, the technology can be applied to selecting and/or providing advertisements for display in impression opportunities in an application (e.g., an application on a personal computer, an application on a mobile computing device, etc.). 
     The above-described techniques can be implemented in digital and/or analog electronic circuitry, or in computer hardware, firmware, software, or in combinations of them. The implementation can be as a computer program product, i.e., a computer program tangibly embodied in a machine-readable storage device, for execution by, or to control the operation of, a data processing apparatus, e.g., a programmable processor, a computer, and/or multiple computers. A computer program can be written in any form of computer or programming language, including source code, compiled code, interpreted code and/or machine code, and the computer program can be deployed in any form, including as a stand-alone program or as a subroutine, element, or other unit suitable for use in a computing environment. A computer program can be deployed to be executed on one computer or on multiple computers at one or more sites. 
     Method steps can be performed by one or more processors executing a computer program to perform functions of the invention by operating on input data and/or generating output data. Method steps can also be performed by, and an apparatus can be implemented as, special purpose logic circuitry, e.g., a FPGA (field programmable gate array), a FPAA (field-programmable analog array), a CPLD (complex programmable logic device), a PSoC (Programmable System-on-Chip), ASIP (application-specific instruction-set processor), or an ASIC (application-specific integrated circuit), or the like. Subroutines can refer to portions of the stored computer program and/or the processor, and/or the special circuitry that implement one or more functions. 
     Processors suitable for the execution of a computer program include, by way of example, both general and special purpose microprocessors, and any one or more processors of any kind of digital or analog computer. Generally, a processor receives instructions and data from a read-only memory or a random access memory or both. The essential elements of a computer are a processor for executing instructions and one or more memory devices for storing instructions and/or data. Memory devices, such as a cache, can be used to temporarily store data. Memory devices can also be used for long-term data storage. Generally, a computer also includes, or is operatively coupled to receive data from or transfer data to, or both, one or more mass storage devices for storing data, e.g., magnetic, magneto-optical disks, or optical disks. A computer can also be operatively coupled to a communications network in order to receive instructions and/or data from the network and/or to transfer instructions and/or data to the network. Computer-readable storage mediums suitable for embodying computer program instructions and data include all forms of volatile and non-volatile memory, including by way of example semiconductor memory devices, e.g., DRAM, SRAM, EPROM, EEPROM, and flash memory devices; magnetic disks, e.g., internal hard disks or removable disks; magneto-optical disks; and optical disks, e.g., CD, DVD, HD-DVD, and Blu-ray disks. The processor and the memory can be supplemented by and/or incorporated in special purpose logic circuitry. 
     To provide for interaction with a user, the above described techniques can be implemented on a computer in communication with a display device, e.g., a CRT (cathode ray tube), plasma, or LCD (liquid crystal display) monitor, for displaying information to the user and a keyboard and a pointing device, e.g., a mouse, a trackball, a touchpad, or a motion sensor, by which the user can provide input to the computer (e.g., interact with a user interface element). Other kinds of devices can be used to provide for interaction with a user as well; for example, feedback provided to the user can be any form of sensory feedback, e.g., visual feedback, auditory feedback, or tactile feedback; and input from the user can be received in any form, including acoustic, speech, and/or tactile input. 
     The above described techniques can be implemented in a distributed computing system that includes a back-end component. The back-end component can, for example, be a data server, a middleware component, and/or an application server. The above described techniques can be implemented in a distributed computing system that includes a front-end component. The front-end component can, for example, be a client computer having a graphical user interface, a Web browser through which a user can interact with an example implementation, and/or other graphical user interfaces for a transmitting device. The above described techniques can be implemented in a distributed computing system that includes any combination of such back-end, middleware, or front-end components. 
     The components of a computing system can be interconnected by transmission medium, which can include any form or medium of digital or analog data communication (e.g., a communication network). Transmission medium can include one or more packet-based networks and/or one or more circuit-based networks in any configuration. Packet-based networks can include, for example, the Internet, a carrier internet protocol (IP) network (e.g., local area network (LAN), wide area network (WAN), campus area network (CAN), metropolitan area network (MAN), home area network (HAN)), a private IP network, an IP private branch exchange (IPBX), a wireless network (e.g., radio access network (RAN), Bluetooth, Wi-Fi, WiMAX, general packet radio service (GPRS) network, HiperLAN), and/or other packet-based networks. Circuit-based networks can include, for example, the public switched telephone network (PSTN), a legacy private branch exchange (PBX), a wireless network (e.g., RAN, code-division multiple access (CDMA) network, time division multiple access (TDMA) network, global system for mobile communications (GSM) network), and/or other circuit-based networks. 
     Information transfer over transmission medium can be based on one or more communication protocols. Communication protocols can include, for example, Ethernet protocol, Internet Protocol (IP), a Peer-to-Peer (P2P) protocol, Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP), Session Initiation Protocol (SIP), a Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) protocol, Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS), 3GPP Long Term Evolution (LTE) and/or other communication protocols. 
     Devices of a computing system can include, for example, a computer, a computer with a browser device, a telephone, an IP phone, a mobile device (e.g., cellular phone, personal digital assistant (PDA) device, smart phone, tablet, laptop computer, electronic mail device), and/or other communication devices. The browser device includes, for example, a computer (e.g., desktop computer and/or laptop computer) with a World Wide Web browser (e.g., Chrome™ from Google, Inc., Microsoft® Internet Explorer® available from Microsoft Corporation, and/or Mozilla® Firefox available from Mozilla Corporation). Mobile computing device includes, for example, a Blackberry® from Research in Motion, an iPhone® from Apple Corporation, and/or an Android™-based device. IP phones include, for example, a Cisco® Unified IP Phone 7985G and/or a Cisco® Unified Wireless Phone 7920 available from Cisco Systems, Inc. 
     Comprise, include, and/or plural forms of each are open ended and include the listed parts and can include additional parts that are not listed. And/or is open ended and includes one or more of the listed parts and combinations of the listed parts. 
     One skilled in the art will realize the invention may be embodied in other specific forms without departing from the spirit or essential characteristics thereof. The foregoing embodiments are therefore to be considered in all respects illustrative rather than limiting of the invention described herein.