Patent Publication Number: US-2009230189-A1

Title: Scanning Wand For Pharmacy Tracking and Verification

Description:
This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/213,321, filed Aug. 25, 2005 and is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/715,439, filed on Nov. 16, 2000, now pending; Ser. No. 09/829,536, filed on Apr. 9, 2001, now pending; Ser. No. 09/991,529, filed on Nov. 16, 2001, now pending; 09/991,249, filed on Nov. 16, 2001, now pending; 09/991,530, filed on Nov. 16, 2001, now pending; 10/223,336, filed on Aug. 18, 2002, now pending; 10/223,308, filed on Aug. 18, 2002, now pending, and Ser. Nos. 10/928,758, 10/928,756, and 10/929,110, all filed on Aug. 26, 2004, now pending, the disclosures of which are hereby incorporated by reference. This application also claims priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 60/605,274, filed on Aug. 26, 2004. 
    
    
     FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention relates to a scanning wand for automatically detecting and tracking one or more tagged prescription orders including those arriving in a bulk shipment. 
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     A typical local retail pharmacy fills thousands of prescription orders per week. Moreover, as the general population ages and new beneficial drugs are introduced, prescription order volumes to be filled at retail pharmacies are expected to double within the next few years. This present and expected increase in order volume places enormous pressure on pharmacists and other pharmacy workers, who strive to fill each order efficiently, accurately and quickly. 
     Most customers have a limited view of how a typical retail pharmacy works. They often think that when they present a written prescription order to a local retail pharmacy, such as at their corner drugstore, a pharmacist will personally greet them, review their order, complete and file the necessary paperwork required by applicable laws, fill the prescription order, and present the filled order to the customer, all within a few minutes. However, in addition to increasing volume, the traditional retail pharmacist is now faced with a large variety of additional tasks, including obtaining proper insurance payment authorization, and in some cases verifying the refillabilty of a particular prescription order. Moreover, orders may now enter the pharmacy through a wide variety of mediums, such as via facsimile, phone call, and e-mail. 
     In light of the increasing demands and obligations placed on retail pharmacies, they are evolving into more efficient organizations having numerous employees performing individual tasks associated with filling each prescription order. For example, when a customer presents a prescription to the pharmacy, a clerk may take the prescription order and enter it into a computer system that verifies insurance information. If approved, he or she may then prepare a prescription label to be placed on the package that will ultimately contain the prescribed drug. The clerk may then present the prescription order and label to a technician, usually stationed at another location within the pharmacy, who will physically fill the prescription by placing the appropriate quantity of the prescribed drug within the bottle and attach the label. Pursuant to applicable laws, a registered pharmacist then reviews the technician&#39;s work, and approves the dispersal of the completed prescription order to the customer. A clerk may then place the filled prescription in a storage area to await customer pick-up. Upon customer pick-up, the clerk files the written prescription order and any other appropriate paperwork related to the transaction, such as signed insurance forms and any informed consent paperwork. This type of system allows the pharmacy to quickly, efficiently, and economically fill numerous prescription orders. 
     In addition, a growing number of retail pharmacies are using remote filling stations to process some prescription orders. In general, the retail pharmacy receives an order from a customer, and completes the necessary steps to fill the prescription. However, instead of filling the prescription order in-house, the request is transferred, usually electronically, to a remote filling station, that fills the order and ships the filled order back to the pharmacy for distribution to the client. Usually, all the orders processed from a particular remote filling station are shipped to the retail pharmacy in one container, and considerable paperwork usually accompanies the container to document the filling of each prescription order. Accordingly, considerable pharmacy worker time and effort is spent processing the bulk shipment of filled prescriptions and related paperwork, such as entering information into the retail pharmacy&#39;s computer system, and distributing the filled prescription orders to a storage area for individual customer pick-up. 
     Given the high volume of prescription orders being filled, the large number of people performing individual tasks associated with filling each prescription order, and the numerous locations within and outside of the pharmacy that a prescription order can be positioned as it is being filled, it is important that the prescription order, and ultimately the filled prescription, be easily located and identified throughout the process. For example, if a particular prescription order is denied payment by insurance, a clerk may hold the prescription order aside while the customer is contacted. If the customer presents himself to another clerk at the pick-up window, while the first clerk is attempting to call the customer at home, the second clerk often has no way of knowing the current status of the prescription order, or where it is in the order filling process. Accordingly, the second clerk is forced to search each location within the pharmacy. 
     In addition, should a prescription order be inadvertently misplaced within the pharmacy, it is often difficult to find, thereby needlessly delaying the filling process and wasting worker time to locate it. Similarly, it is desirable for pharmacy workers to be able to easily identify and locate particular prescription orders that meet predefined criteria, such as having fallen behind a promised customer pick-up time. 
     Some pharmacy vendors have attempted to overcome these problems by offering systems that manually track prescription orders within a pharmacy. In particular, they require the worker at a given station to manually enter into a computer the fact that they have received a particular prescription order at that particular location. However, in addition to the lost time associated with manually entering this information at each station, evidence suggest that many workers find this repetitive task cumbersome, and as a result, they often fail to manually enter such information. Accordingly, these types of tracking systems are rendered useless. 
     Similarly, some pharmacy vendors have attempted to automate the prescription filling aspect of a pharmacy by incorporating an automatic assembly line process for filling prescription orders. In particular, an operator enters a prescription order into a computer system, which causes a conveyor-type system to deliver an empty vial to an automated drug dispenser. The filled vial is then automatically matched with a label and presented to a pharmacist for final review and approval. While these types of devices facilitate the quick and efficient filling of prescription orders, they are expensive for use in a retail pharmacy environment, and they occupy a large amount of limited space within the pharmacy. Moreover, they still require pharmacy workers to perform manual tasks such as verifying insurance and renewability of the prescription, and processing the various forms of prescription orders before and after they are entered into the automated system. Accordingly, they do not permit the easy location of prescription orders as they travel within the automated pharmacy environment, or easy identification of the prescription orders that have fallen behind a predetermined timeframe established for the pharmacy to fill the prescription order. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     Despite the known pharmacy prescription order identification and tracking systems, there remains a need for a pharmacy prescription order identification system that allows a pharmacy worker and/or a health care worker within a health care facility to easily identify and distinguish a particular prescription order from a plurality of prescription orders within the pharmacy. In addition, there remains a need for a system that allows a pharmacy worker and/or a healthcare worker in a healthcare facility to quickly and easily verify and track the contents of a bulk shipment of prescription orders without requiring individual entry and verification of each order within the shipment. In addition to other benefits that will become apparent in the following disclosure, the present invention fulfills these needs. 
     The present invention is a pharmacy prescription order identification system that includes a uniquely identified tag that travels with each prescription order throughout the pharmacy even to remote locations outside the pharmacy such as a healthcare facility for distribution. The tag is uniquely coded such that a tag reader can substantially simultaneously read a plurality of tags, thereby facilitating bulk processing and tracking of prescription orders. 
     When one or more tagged prescription orders arrive in bulk at the pharmacy and/or healthcare facility, a tracking wand spatially interrogates a defined field containing the entire shipment so as to read all of the tags in the shipment. A computer system in communication with the tag reader, either through a wired or wireless connection, compares the detected prescription orders with a separately provided manifest of items contained in the shipment. If the all the items in the manifest are detected, the computer system alerts the worker and records each item as being received. However, if there is a discrepancy between the manifest and the detected items, the computer system alerts a worker of the detected discrepancy. 
     The tag preferably includes read and writable memory therein such that key information about the prescription order, such as the customer&#39;s name, identifying information, prescribed drug, insurance information, directions for use, National Drug Control (“NDC”) number, and the like can be encoded in the tag associated with each prescription order. Accordingly, a pharmacy worker within the pharmacy or even at a remote location can quickly and easily determine all relevant information about a particular prescription order without necessarily having to first correlate a tag identification code with a computer system database. The manifest of items in a shipment can arrive at the pharmacy and/or healthcare facility via information provide in one or more tracking tags, via a communication from the remote pharmacy, or via a traditional computer readable media that travels with the shipment. 
     Additional objects and advantages of the present invention will be apparent from the detailed description of the preferred embodiment thereof, which proceeds with reference to the accompanying drawings. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         FIG. 1  is a schematic diagram of an identification tag in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. 
         FIG. 2  is a schematic diagram of an exemplar retail pharmacy using a remote filling station to fill one or more prescription orders, and return the filled prescriptions to the retail pharmacy for distribution. 
         FIG. 3  is an isometric view of simultaneous scanning of a plurality of prescription orders in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. 
         FIG. 4  is an isometric view of a prescription order having a tag operably secured thereto with the tag having a plurality of transducers thereon. 
         FIG. 5  is a schematic view of a prescription order tracking system used in a remote pharmacy in accordance with a preferred embodiment of the present invention. 
         FIG. 6A  is a block diagram of an exemplar health care provider prescription order filling system showing a possible remote pharmacy filling process. 
         FIG. 6B  is a schematic diagram of an exemplar health car provider prescription order filling system showing a possible distribution of a prescription order from the remote pharmacy of  FIG. 6A  to the health care provider for further distribution to a patient or resident. 
         FIG. 7  is a block diagram of an exemplary computer system in accordance with a preferred embodiment of the present invention. 
         FIG. 8  is an exemplar schematic diagram of a multiplexed tag reader array and related system in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. 
         FIG. 9  is an alternative exemplar schematic diagram of a multiplexed tag reader array and related system. 
         FIG. 10  is a top plan view of an exemplar, planar, antenna array card showing possible shielding encircling each antenna. 
         FIG. 11  is a top, side, and back view of the antenna array card of  FIG. 10 . 
         FIG. 12  is a front isometric, exploded view of a storage bin having an antenna array card operably secured thereto. 
         FIG. 13  is a rear, isometric, exploded view of the storage bin and antenna array card of  FIG. 12 . 
         FIG. 14  is a front, isometric view of a storage structure having a plurality of antenna array cards operably secured thereto. 
         FIG. 15  is a front, isometric view of the storage structure of  FIG. 14  showing a possible connection to a computing device. 
         FIG. 16  is a side view of the storage structure of  FIG. 15 . 
         FIG. 17   a  is an exemplar, isometric view of a possible workstation having a substantially horizontally mounted planar frame containing at least one tag reader antenna therein. 
         FIG. 17   b  is an alternative exemplar, isometric view of a possible workstation having a substantially horizontally mounted planar frame containing at least one tag reader antenna therein. 
         FIG. 18  is a top view of the workstation of  FIG. 17   a.    
         FIG. 19   a  is a top view of an exemplar array of tag reading antenna directed to define a common scanning space or scanning tunnel. 
         FIG. 20  is a front, isometric view of a portable prescription order distribution cart in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. 
         FIG. 21  is a rear, isometric view of the portable prescription order distribution cart in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. 
         FIG. 22  is a schematic view of a health care provider prescription order tracking system in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. 
         FIG. 23  is an exemplar flow chart of a possible verification system process that automatically verifies that a particular patient within a healthcare facility has been given the correct prescription order for that patient. 
         FIG. 24  is an exemplar prescription order storage cabinet locking system in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. 
         FIG. 25  is a schematic diagram of an exemplar biologically activated tag operably secured to a medication. 
         FIG. 26  is a schematic view of a scanning wand in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. 
         FIG. 27  is a right, side view of the scanning wand of  FIG. 26 . 
         FIG. 28  is a cross-sectional view of the scanning wand of  FIG. 26  taken along line  28 - 28  of  FIG. 26 . 
         FIG. 29  is a top view of a preferred conductive portion of the scanning wand of  FIG. 26 . 
         FIG. 30  is exemplar control logic for using the scanning wand of  FIG. 26  with the tracking system of the present invention. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
     A prescription order  12  tracking and distribution system  10  that uses a scanning wand  500  ( FIGS. 7 ,  19 ,  20 ,  26 - 30 ) and can include a portable cart  11  ( FIGS. 19 &amp; 20 ) having a plurality of individually identified cubbies therein is disclosed in  FIGS. 1-30 . 
     In general and as shown in  FIGS. 5 ,  6 A,  6 B, and  20 , a prescription order  12  is presented to the remote pharmacy  14  by a healthcare provider or other agent (hereafter collectively referred to as a “healthcare provider”) for a patient. Referring to  FIG. 6A , the remote pharmacy or the healthcare provider assigns an identification tag  16  to the prescription order  12 . Tag reading devices  18  are positioned at key locations throughout the pharmacy  14  ( FIG. 5 ) and the healthcare provider&#39;s facility  17  ( FIG. 21 ) and in communication with a computer system  20  having a display  22 , such that the movement of the prescription order  12  throughout the pharmacy  14  and/or the healthcare provider&#39;s facility  17  automatically detects and records the location of the tag  16  without further worker input. A plurality of tags may be simultaneously tracked, thereby facilitation bulk processing and distribution of prescription orders, particularly those received from the off-site facility  15 . Moreover, each tag preferably includes read-writable memory that is preferably coded with key information about the prescription order, such as the customer&#39;s name, identifying information, prescribed drug, insurance information, directions for use, National Drug Control (“NDC”) number, and the like. Accordingly, a pharmacy worker within the pharmacy, a worker at the healthcare provider&#39;s facility or even a worker at a third remote location can quickly and easily determine all relevant information about a particular prescription order without necessarily having to first correlate a tag identification code with a computer system database. 
     In addition, a worker can easily determine the location of the prescription order  12  within the pharmacy and/or the healthcare provider&#39;s facility  17  by entering commands in the computer system  20  with a user input device such as a keyboard  120  to display the location of the prescription order  12  on the computer display  22 . The individual elements forming the present invention are discussed in greater detail below. 
     A. Tags 
     Preferably, one or more readers  18  locate tags  16  through electromagnetic interrogation of a spatial region to determine the presence of an object. One such system is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,057,756 to Engellenner, the disclosure of which is hereby incorporated by reference. In general, the tag  16  is an electromagnetic antenna and/or signal receiver which responds either passively or actively to announce the presence (or absence) of an object within a controlled region defined by a broadcasted electromagnetic interrogation signal. Preferably, each tag  16  includes a coding mechanism for uniquely identifying it with respect to other tags in the system. 
       FIG. 1  discloses an exemplar tag  16  and related components for locating a prescription order  12  in a pharmacy  14 . The computer system  20  is operably connected to a transceiver  60   a,  such as for example, a conventional Radio-Frequency Identification (“RFID”) tag, that transmits a signal  42  to a plurality of tags  16 . Each tag  16  is assigned to travel with a unique prescription order  12 , and includes a transceiver  60   b  for receiving the signal and internal circuitry such as a processor  48 , power source  50  and memory  52  which contains a unique identifier for that tag and control logic to preferably activate one or more transducers  17 , which serve as the worker signaling device when the tag  16  receiving a unique signal  42  from the transmitter  40 . Such transducers  17  may also be operably secured to the tag reader  18  or some other structure as needed to assist a worker. 
     Preferably, the transducer  17  are either a light  17   a  ( FIG. 4 ) or audio speaker  17   b  ( FIG. 4 ). More preferably, there are a plurality of transducers  17  that can be individually activated on each tag  16 . For example, there can be three lights of different colors (i.e. red, yellow, and green), which can be activated either alone or in combination to identify the status of that prescription order  12 , with a different status being denoted by a different transducer being activated. 
     More preferably, the memory  52  on the tag is read-writable that is preferably coded with key information about the prescription order, such as the customer&#39;s name, identifying information, date of birth, social securing number, prescription number, proper storage instructions, known side-effects, expiration date, prescribed drug, insurance information, directions for use, National Drug Control (“NDC”) number, and the like. 
     The computer system  20  includes appropriate application programs  136  ( FIG. 7 ) and memory  122  ( FIG. 7 ) to correlate a customer&#39;s identifying information such as their name, phone number, and the like, with the unique identifier and/or other information in the memory of the tag traveling with that prescription order. Accordingly, when a pharmacy worker wishes to locate a customer&#39;s prescription order, he or she may find the customer&#39;s identifying information on the computer system  20 , and cause the computer system to transmit the unique signal  42  through the transceiver  60   a  to wirelessly activate one or more transducers  17  on the tag  16  associated with the customer&#39;s prescription order  12 . For example, the tag&#39;s audio speaker  17   b  may make an audible sound, or one or more lights  17   a  on the tag  16  may light and/or blink. 
     Preferably, a plurality of fixed or handheld transceivers, which are collectively referred to as tag readers  18  herein, are spaced apart from each other and positioned at desired locations within the pharmacy  14  to define spaced-apart interrogation zones within the pharmacy. Each tag reader  18  includes a front-end transmitter  62  that generates a digitally encoded signal  64 . Preferably, the signal  64  is chosen to facilitate a response from only one uniquely coded tag  16 . The receiver portion  66  of the tag reader  18  can induce a coded signal detector that senses the transponder signal  64  and correlates it with a stored code to identify that the tag  16  is present in a particular interrogation zone, thereby also determining the tag&#39;s location within the pharmacy. 
     The computer system  20  can also use conventional triangulation techniques to determine the location of the tag within the pharmacy. In which case, only two spaced-apart tag readers  18  need be placed within the pharmacy. Alternatively, using quasi-sonar-type locating techniques, a single tag reader  18  could be used determine the location of the tag within the pharmacy. 
     Each tag  16  can be either passive or active. In the passive mode, the tag circuitry accumulates and then returns a signal, if the interrogation signal matches a predefined code sequence stored in memory in the tag&#39;s circuitry. In an active mode, each tag further includes a power source  50  that assists with signal amplification, detection and/or wave forming. 
     More preferably and as shown in  FIG. 25 , miniature tags are also operably secured to individual doses of medication. Preferably, such miniature tags are no larger than a grain of rice, and they are operably secured to the medication, say for example by being received within the casing of a pill or the like. Accordingly, tag readers, which are in communication with a computer system, are positioned near the patient&#39;s stomach or near the waste of the patient, to detect the presence of a tag thereby indicating the medication has been consumed by the patient. 
     In institutional environments where a large number of residents consume medications on a regular basis, a tag reader can be positioned along a common waste removal path, such as a sewage pipe or the like exiting from the facility. Accordingly, the tag reader can detect each tag as it exits the facility along the waste path, thereby providing non-evasive verification of consumption medication for all patients within the facility. 
     Preferably, unique tags are also operably secured to each worker and the patient themselves. Accordingly, the computer system correlates the prescription orders, patients, and worker information to determine if a particular patient has been given their prescription order, if the correct prescription order was distributed, which worker administered it, and if the medication was indeed consumed by the patient. 
     More preferably, tags operably secured to the medications are biologically activated, say for example, by interacting with stomach acids or digestive processes to activate them to thereby further serve to confirm proper ingestion of the medication. One such biologically activated structure includes impeding an activation switch of the tag within an ingestible material, such as calcium carbonate or the like, that dissolves in stomach acid. The switch is biased to an on position, but imbedded in the ingestible material in an off position. As the ingestible material dissolves, the switch is released and thereby seeks its on position to activate the tag. 
     Other examples of biologically activated structures include encasing the tag within an ingestible electromagnetic shielding material, such as a human safe metal or the like. The shielding material prevents the tag from communication with a tag reader. However, as the shielding material dissolved in a patient&#39;s stomach acid, the tag and tag reader are able to communicate. Also, a biologically activated structure can also be a tag having a current passing through a small amount of ingestible, conductive material that dissolves in stomach acid thereby defining a resistor. As the ingestible, conductive material dissolves, the resistance provided by the resistor is reduced. The tag detects this change in resistance and activates itself to communicate with a tag reader accordingly. 
     Individually tagged pills and the like provide several additional benefits. For example, they reduce the likelihood of counterfeit medications being dispensed, they can include monitoring sensors that track environmental conditions such as temperature, humidity, light levels and the like, to alert a worker or potential user that a particular dose had been stored in improper conditions and the effectiveness of the dose may therefore have been compromised, and they help stop “shrink” or other diversion of the medication. 
     In addition, they facilitate accurate counting of medications and assist with preventing inadvertent dispensing of medications. For example, pills can become lodged within the shots of traditional automated pill counters. Such pills can become dislodged during the filling of a new prescription and inadvertently fall into a bottle for a different patient. Individual pill tracking can detect such errors and validate quantity simply by scanning a filled prescription bottle at any time prior to dispensing it to a customer. 
     B. Prescription Order Tracking 
     Tags  16  may also be used to track the location of the prescription order as it travels throughout the off-site pharmacy  14  an off-site prescription filling center  15  and/or a healthcare facility  17 . For example and referring to  FIG. 5 , a prescription order  12  is presented to the pharmacy  14  and assigned an identification tag  16 , preferably with one or more transducers  17  thereon. Tag readers  18  are positioned at key locations throughout the pharmacy  14  and in communication with the computer system  20  having a display  22 , such that the movement of the prescription order  12  throughout the pharmacy  14  automatically detects and records the location of the tag  16  without further worker input. In addition to, or alternatively, the transducers  17  can be operably secured to a tag reader  18  or some other object. 
     Accordingly, a worker can easily determine the location of the prescription order  12  within the pharmacy by entering commands in the computer system  20  with a user input device such as a keyboard  120  to display the location of the prescription order  12  on the computer display  22 . Alternatively, the computer system can detect the identity of a customer based on predetermined criteria such as by detecting a tag operably secured to the customer, or through biomedical detection techniques such a retina or fingerprint scanning, and initiating retrieval of the detected customer&#39;s prescription order. 
     Each tag reader  18  is placed in communication with the computer system such that information regarding the customer, his prescription order position, and the status of his order can be readily displayed on the computer display  22 , and thereby facilitating location of the prescription order  10  within the pharmacy  14 . 
     Preferably, the identification tags  16  are attached to the prescription label, detachably secured to the prescription order, or rigidly secured to a carrier  46  ( FIG. 4 ) containing these documents and other materials related to filling the prescription. The tags themselves can be either rigidly or detachably secured to the prescription order. For example, the tags can be directly secured to the prescription with adhesive or secured within a prescription lid. Also, the tags can be secured to a fastener, such as a paperclip, that is detachably secured to the prescription order.
         1. Pharmacy Prescription Order Filling Procedure       

     Referring specifically to  FIG. 6A , an exemplary pharmacy, which is preferably a remote pharmacy for filling prescription orders for a healthcare facility  17  ( FIG. 17 ) prescription order filling procedure is disclosed. In step P 1 , the healthcare facility presents a prescription order, which could include a written prescription form, a renewable prescription label, or any other tangible medium documenting a request for a prescription by a health care provider is presented to the pharmacy either in person, via facsimile, via phone, or via a computer transmission, such as e-mail. A pharmacy worker then reviews the prescription order and attaches a unique tag  16  ( FIG. 4 ) to it that is readable by a tag reader  18  ( FIG. 4 ) to determine its location within the pharmacy  14 . 
     As shown in Step P 2 , the pharmacy worker then determines if the prescription order is for a new prescription. If not, the worker determines if the prescription is refillable (Step P 5 ). If the prescription is not refillable, the pharmacy worker will typically contact the physician or the physician&#39;s office to determine if the prescription should be refilled (Step P 6 ). If the physician denies a refill, the customer is informed (Step P 12 ). If the physician does not answer the customer is notified and the pharmacy typically holds the prescription order until the physician calls back (Step P 13 ). 
     If the pharmacy worker ultimately determines that the prescription order is fillable, by the answers to any of Steps P 2 , P 5 , or P 6  being affirmative, the pharmacy worker then must typically determines if the prescription order is able to be sent to a remote filling facility or if it will be filled onsite within the pharmacy itself (Step P 20 ). 
     A. Onsite Filling of Prescription Order 
     If the pharmacy worker determines that the prescription order is to be filled onsite, he or she first conducts an initial review (Step P 3 ) which includes checking the available inventory for the prescribed drug (Step P 4 ), determining if there is available insurance (Step P 7 ) and if required, obtaining approval from the insurer and preparing the label and necessary billing and information disclosure paperwork (Step P 8 ). 
     Regarding Step P 4 , if the inventory is not in stock, the pharmacy worker typically informs the customer and offers the customer an opportunity to special order the prescribed drug (Step P  14 ). If there is only a partial amount of the prescribed drug in stock, the pharmacy worker will typically initiate a procedure for filling only a partial order (Step P 15 ). This procedure typically includes preparing additional paperwork to alert the customer that only a partial order has been filled, and ordering additional quantities of the prescribed drug. 
     Regarding Step P 7 , if the insurance coverage is denied, the prescription order is typically held in an area pending the customer being contacted to request authorization to proceed (Step P 16 ). If the insurer cannot be contacted, the pharmacy has the option to either fill the prescription and alert the customer upon pick-up, or hold the prescription order pending a response from the insurer (Step P 17 ). 
     After the initial review is complete, the prescription order and related paperwork is presented to a technician for data entry (Step P 8 ) and filling (Step P 9 ), the technician fills the prescription order and attaches the label. The technician then presents the filled prescription order and related paperwork to a registered pharmacist for verification (Step P 10 ). 
     Following verification, the filled prescription is placed in a storage area pending delivery to the healthcare provider (Step P 11 ). Preferably, the healthcare provider has many patients needing prescription orders therein, and the remote pharmacy fills a plurality of prescription orders, usually for different patients, for the healthcare facility. In such case, these orders for a common healthcare provider are preferably individually identified, but grouped together in a common tote or the like, so that they may all be transported to the healthcare provider in the same shipment or delivery run. 
     Preferably, the totes are delivered to the healthcare provider by a courier, such as a driver or the like as shown in step P 23 . In such case, the driver receives the totes and a related manifest of the prescription orders and their related patient identifying information therein. This manifest is preferably in a computer readable medium. The driver usually verifies the totes and signs that he or she has received them. The driver then organizes the totes for delivery (Step P 24 ). More preferably, the totes and the delivery vehicles include tags and/or tag readers in communication with the computer system to allow tracking of prescription orders through this phase of the distribution process. 
     Upon delivery of the tote to the healthcare facility, a healthcare worker usually inspects the prescription orders and related manifest to determine if these materials are in order (Step P 25 ). If so, the healthcare worker signs that he or she has received them, and then transfers the individual prescription orders to a holding area for distribution to individual patients within the healthcare facility (Step P 26 ). 
     If not, the healthcare worker has a number of options including preparing an exceptions list (step P 27 ), notifying the remote pharmacy of the discrepancy (step P 28 ), and/or determining the criticality of the discrepancy (step P 29 ). If the discrepancy is critical, the pharmacy can refill the missing or erroneous prescription order (step P 8 ). If the discrepancy is not critical, steps P 30  through P 36  or the like can be taken. 
     B. Filling at Remote Filling Facility 
     If in Step P 20 , the pharmacy worker determines that the prescription order should be filled at an off site remote filling facility, the prescription order is transmitted to an off-site facility, usually electronically as shown in  FIG. 2 . In such case, the remote filling facility will attach a new tag to the prescription order, and if equipped with one, may code the tag&#39;s read-writable memory  52  ( FIG. 1 ) with appropriate drug identifying and other information about the prescription order. 
     At the remote filing facility, the prescription order is filled in compliance with traditional filling practices, procedures and regulations, including conducting an initial review, checking insurance, labeling, data entry, filling, and verification (Step P 21 ). The filled prescription order is then combined with other filled prescription orders to be delivered to the pharmacy and transported essentially in bulk to the pharmacy as shown in  FIG. 2 . Alternatively, the filled prescription orders may be delivered directly to the healthcare provider&#39;s facility (step P 11 ) preferably though a delivery system substantially similar to those previously described in steps P 23 -P 36 . 
     Upon arrival at the pharmacy or healthcare provider&#39;s facility, the bulk shipment of filled prescription orders are preferably positioned in bulk within an interrogation zone of the computer system (Step  22 ), which simultaneously reads the tag  16  on each prescription order in the bulk shipment as shown in  FIG. 3 , and updates the computer system&#39;s records with this information, including any new information added by the remote filling facility to the tag&#39;s memory  52  ( FIG. 1 ). 
     More preferably, and referring to  FIG. 26 , the interrogation zone includes a scanning wand  500  in communication with the computer system. This communication can be provided by a wired link between the wand and the computer system or the wand can be wireless connected to the computer system using known technology such as wireless fidelity (WiFi) or Bluetooth technology or the like. In one preferred embodiment, the wand is hand-held. 
     Preferably, in cases where the tags are radio frequency identification tags, the scanning wand  500  can be an antenna from a Radio Frequency Identification Tag reader. Preferably, the loop is diamond shape and positioned at the distal end of the wand. Alternatively, the tag reader can be operably secured within the wand itself, say for example, by securing it within the handle portion of the wand. 
     More preferably and referring to  FIGS. 26-29 , the wand  500  includes a circuit board  501  with related circuitry thereon and a power source to activate one or more transducers  504  thereon in response to predetermined criteria. For example, the transducers can includes a speaker  504   a  and/or lights  504   b  that are activated by the computer system in response to the detected presence or lack thereof of one or more prescription orders from the bulk shipment. Alternatively, the transducers can be spaced apart from the wand, such as being positioned on a separate consol, pad, mini-console, or the like. The feedback provided by the transducers allows a worker to be away from a computer terminal or the like and still obtain meaningful information about the scanned shipment. 
     If desired, the wand can be slid into a holster or cradle (not shown) adjacent to the interrogation zone. Accordingly, it need not be held over the items to be scanned. Rather, the items to be scanned can simply be placed near the wand. If desired, a plurality of wands can be positioned along an area so as to define a tunnel through which all prescription orders entering the pharmacy or healthcare facility must pass upon arrival. This plurality of wands can be multiplexed together as described elsewhere herein. 
     As shown schematically in  FIG. 30 , the scanning wand  500  and related computer system can be used to verify that a bulk shipment  503  ( FIG. 26 ) of prescription orders arriving at a pharmacy or healthcare facility conforms to a manifest of that shipment. First, a manifest is provided to the pharmacy or health care facility (Step  600 ). This manifest can arrive through a variety of ways. For example, it can be transmitted from the remote pharmacy  702 , be provided on a computer readable media along with the shipment  704 , or it can be obtained from one or more read/write identification tags contained within the shipment. 
     A worker then places the entire shipment in the interrogation zone of the scanning wand. (Step  602 ), wherein the identification tags of each prescription order is detected and read by the computer system. The computer system then compares the detected prescription orders with the manifest and determines if all items on the manifest are present in scanned order (Step  604 ). 
     If all the items in the manifest are present, the computer system and/or wand alert the worker that the scan conformed to the manifest (Step  606 ). This can be accomplished by activating one or more transducers, such as by giving an affirming chime or the like. If one or more items in the manifest are missing from the scanned items, the computer system and/or wand alert the worker of this discrepancy (Step  608 ). This can be accomplished by activating one or more different transducers, such as by initiating a warning siren and/or lighting a red light. Accordingly, a worker can instantly know if a particular shipment is complete simply by performing one global scan of the shipment. 
     Preferably, the computer system also tracks and records each detected individual prescription order as having arrived at the pharmacy and/or healthcare facility.
         2. Pharmacy Tracking Zones       

     In practice and referring specifically to  FIG. 5 , it is more efficient to perform the various steps noted above at spaced apart locations, or zones, throughout the pharmacy. For example, prescription order intake (Step P 1  of  FIG. 6 ) and initial review (Step P 3  of  FIG. 6 ) can be performed at location  21  ( FIG. 5 ). Label printing and data entry (Step P 8  of  FIG. 5 ) could be accomplished at location  27  ( FIG. 5 ). Prescription orders waiting from some form of call back either from the customer, the insurer, or the health care provider could be placed at location  27  ( FIG. 5 ). Orders waiting to be filled could be placed at location  28  ( FIG. 4 ), orders waiting pharmacist review and approval could be place at location  23  ( FIG. 4 ), and approved filled prescription orders could be stored at location  30  ( FIG. 4 ). Obviously, additional zones ( 24  &amp;  28 ) could be added to accommodate a particular pharmacy&#39;s practices and procedures. 
     Preferably each station includes a tag reader  18  in communication with the computer system  20  for automatically detecting the arrival of the tag  16  attached to the prescription order  12  as it enters each location. More preferably, the tag reader  18  detects both the arrival of the tag  16  in that station, and the departure of that tag  16  from that station, with the time interval at that station being determined and recorded therefrom. 
     Each tag reader  18  is preferably fixed at a particular location so that detecting the presence of a tag near the device also automatically indicates the location of that tag  16  within the pharmacy. The tag readers  18  can be rigidly mounted to a work area or station, or portable (i.e. handheld) devices that are operably connected to the station so that it can indicate a location within the pharmacy of a detected tag. Such portable devices facilitate scanning of prescription orders that are compiled in bulk, such as a container of filled prescriptions arriving from an off-site filing facility (Step P 22 ,  FIG. 6 ). Since each prescription order in the container has a unique tag  16  the tag reader  18  can simultaneously detect and record the location of multiple prescription orders, a pharmacy worker can wave the tag reader  18  over the container to record the location of all prescription orders in the container and obtain information recorded in the read-writable memory of each tag. 
     Similarly, a healthcare worker at a healthcare facility can use the same or a similar system within the healthcare facility to wave a tag reader over a container to record the location of all prescription orders in the container and obtain information recorded in the read-writable memory of each tag.
         3. Storage Bin       

     Space and efficiency can be optimized by storing filled or prescription orders  12  to be held for bulk distribution to the healthcare facility  17  a common storage bin  30 , preferably containing a plurality of individually identified cubbies therein.
         4. Portable Prescription Order Distribution Cart and Storage Bin       

     Preferably, and as best shown in  FIGS. 6A &amp; 6B , the filled prescription orders for a particular healthcare facility are preferably distributed in bulk to the healthcare facility where they are separated and individually administered to the correct patients. Preferably, the healthcare facility includes tag readers in communication with either their own computer system or the same computer system of the pharmacy to allow the information associated with the tags to be transmitted to the healthcare facility along with the filled prescription orders. Alternatively, if the tags include read-writeable memory, the memory of each tag includes appropriate identifying information to correlate each filled prescription order with a particular patient. 
     Preferably, the healthcare facility has either a storage bin or a portable storage cart for easy storage, location, and removal of each patient&#39;s filled prescription order upon receipt from the remote pharmacy. Both of these storage devices are discussed in greater detail below. 
     a. Storage Bin 
     As best shown in  FIGS. 14-16 , the storage bin  30  preferably includes a plurality of cubbies  32 , with each cubby  32  being sized to receive a prescription order  12  and associated filled prescription therein. Each cubby is uniquely identified  34 , such as by being individually numbered, and includes a tag reader  18 , which is preferably an economical antenna or the like operably secured to a common tag reading device by a switching device  36  (which is also commonly known as a multiplexer) for determining whether a particular tag  16  is received within it. Each tag reader  18  is preferably periodically in communication with the computer system  20 . 
     When a prescription order  12  is filled, the prescription order  12  and filled prescription are simply inserted into an available cubby  32 . Accordingly, the tag reader  18  associated with that cubby  32  sends a signal to the computer system  20  denoting the particular location and cubby number where the prescription order  12  and filled prescription are held. When a customer arrives to pick-up his or her filled prescription or when a healthcare provider worker seeks to distribute a particular filled prescription order to a patient, the worker enters the customer&#39;s identifying information into the computer system  20 , and the particular bin number of the cubby containing the prescription order  12  and filled prescription or the current location in the filling process is displayed. The worker then locates and removes the filled prescription from the identified cubby and presents it to the customer or administers it to a patient as needed. 
     Alternatively, and/or in addition to determining the cubby number in which the customer&#39;s filled prescription order is located, the computer system can activate one or more transducers  17  positioned near the filled prescription order or on the tag  16  secured to the prescription order to alert the worker of its location. 
     The removal of the prescription order  12  from that particular cubby  32  is detected by the tag reader  18  and reported to the computer system  20 . The tag  16  can remain affixed to the prescription order  12  when filed, thereby allowing it to be easily located in the future. Alternatively, the tag  16  may be reused with a new incoming prescription order. 
     b. Portable Prescription Order Distribution Cart 
     As best shown in  FIGS. 20 &amp; 21 , the storage area  30  having a plurality of bins  32  therein can also be made portable, such as by placing it on wheels or casters, thereby defining a portable prescription order distribution cart  31  that may be wheeled room-to-room throughout a healthcare facility  300  to allow easy access to and distribution of filled prescription orders. 
     Preferably, the portable prescription order distribution cart includes a source of power, such as a battery or the like, an input device such as a mouse and/or keyboard, and a scanning wand  500 , portable tag reader  18 , and monitor in communication with the computer system. The scanning wand  500  may be wired to the cart as shown in  FIG. 20 , or have a wireless connection to the cart as shown in  FIG. 21 . Accordingly, the cart serves as a stand-alone structure for allowing a worker to easily locate a particular patient&#39;s filled prescription orders within a particular bin and administer the filled prescription to the correct patient. 
     c. Storage Bin Locking Structure 
     As shown schematically in  FIG. 24 , each bin, either in the storage structure  30  or the cart  31  preferably includes a locking structure  600  in communication with the computer system  20  to limit access to filled prescription orders  16  placed therein. For example, a locking tray  602  can operably receive a container  604  having the filled prescription  12  thereon. The tray  602  is sized to secure the container  604  therein and to be slidably received within a bin  32 . One or more hooks  606  preferably extend from the tray. The hooks  606  operably engage an electric lock  608  received within or near the bin  32  thereby locking the tray  602  within the bin  32 . Accordingly, with the tray  602  locked to the lock  608  within the bin  32  and the container  604  secured within the tray  602 , the container  604  cannot be removed from the bin  32 . 
     The electric lock  608  is in communication with the computer system  20  that controls the lock  608  so as to only unlock the tray  602  from the lock  608  when predetermined criteria are met. For example, a worker  620  can wear an identification tag  16  that is detected by a tag reader  18  placed near the bin  32  in which the worker  620  seeks to unlock. The computer system  20  first verifies that the worker  620  is authorized to have access to the items the locked bin, and opens the lock  608  only if the detected worker  620  is authorized. This locking system allows commonly prescribed medications, which are often referred to in the industry as “top  100 ” medications, to be securely stored within a healthcare facility, but also remain easily accessible to authorized workers, particularly during times when the pharmacy serving the healthcare facility is closed. 
     In addition, the computer system  20  can release the lock  608  containing the filled prescription only if the patient  622  associated with the prescription order  12  is detected by a tag reader  18  positioned near the locked bin  32  containing the prescription order  12  therein. A tag worn  16  by the patient  622  or some other biometric identification system can be used by the computer system  20  to validate the patient&#39;s identity. 
     C. Proper Distribution Verification 
     Preferably, unique tags are operably secured to the healthcare workers and the patients within a healthcare facility, and these tags are detected by the tag readers positioned one or near the portable cart or within each patient&#39;s room as shown in  FIG. 21 . Accordingly, the information collected and compiled by the computer system  20  can be used to verify that the correct prescription order of a particular patient has been dispensed to the correct patient. A block diagram of an exemplar process and application performing this function is shown in  FIG. 23 . 
     The detailed description that follows is represented largely in terms of processes and symbolic representations of operations by conventional computer components, including a processing unit, memory storage devices for the processing unit, and a display device. These operations include the manipulation of data bits by the processing unit and the maintenance of these bits within data structures resident in one or more of the memory storage devices. Such data structures impose a physical organization upon the collection of data bits stored within memory and represent specific electrical or magnetic elements. These symbolic representations are the means used by those skilled in the art of computer programming and the construction of computing devices to most effectively convey teachings and discoveries to others skilled in the art. 
     For purposes of this discussion, a process is generally a sequence of steps executed by a computing device leading to a desired result. These steps generally require physical manipulations of physical quantities. Usually, although not necessarily, these quantities take the form of electrical, magnetic, or optical signals capable of being stored, transferred, combined, compared, or otherwise manipulated. It is conventional for those skilled in the art to refer to these signals as bits, values, elements, symbols, characters, terms, numbers, records, files or the like. It should be kept in mind however, that these and similar terms should be associated with appropriate physical quantities for computing device operations, and that these terms are merely conventional labels applied to physical quantities that exist within and during operation of the computing device. 
     It should also be understood that manipulations within the computing device are often referred to in terms such as adding, comparing, moving, etc. which are often associated with manual operations performed by a human operator. The operations described herein are machine operations performed in conjunction with a human operator or user that interacts with a control device. The machines used for performing the operation of the preferred embodiment of the present invention, as will be understood, include a control device and other suitable input devices. 
     In general, in step C 1 , within range of a tag reader, a healthcare worker removes a prescription order from a cubby within the portable cart. The computer system detects the removal of the prescription order from the cubby and determines the patient associated with the removed prescription order. The prescription order containing a tag is delivered to a patient within range of a tag reader. In step C 2 , the computer system detects the tag associated with the patient and the tag associated with the prescription order and determines the identified patient is the correct patient to receive the identified prescription order. If so, transducers, such as lights or sounds, on the portable cart can operate to signal the correct relationship between the prescription order and patient (Step C 3 ). If not, the transducers can operate, usually much more significantly, to indicate an error has been made (Step C 4 ). 
     If desired, the computer system can also automatically track the time interval between the present prescription order delivery and any prior delivery of the same prescribed medication and compare this time with a predetermined time limit to alert the worker and/or patient that the medication is being administered too soon or too late. Similarly, the computer system can track all medications dispensed to a particular patient and alert a worker and/or the patient if any counter-indicated prescription order combinations have been prescribed to a particular patient. 
     Also, the computer system can record, or chart, the administration of the prescription order to a patient, thereby saving the healthcare worker time and avoiding the need for the pharmacy worker to manually prepare such reports or charts (Step C 5 ). 
     Alternatively, the computer system can first detect the presence of a patient  622  within range of the tag reader  18  installed on the cart  31 . It then consults an internal database to determine the bin in which that identified patient&#39;s prescription order is located, and it can activate one or more transducers positioned on or near that bin to alert the worker of the location of the identified patient&#39;s filled prescription order. 
     In cases where locking structures  600  are installed on the bins  32 , the computer system  20  can automatically unlock only the bin associated with the identified patient&#39;s prescription order, thereby further preventing inadvertent distribution of an improper prescription order by the worker  620 . 
     D. Computer System 
     Those skilled in the art will appreciate that an exemplary embodiment of the present invention relies on and incorporates several common features of modern personal computers. The general use, operation, and construction of a computer system is known and has been disclosed in numerous patients such as U.S. Pat. No. 5,818,447 to Wolf et al. and U.S. Pat. No. 5,752,025 to Shakib et al. 
     Referring to  FIG. 6 , the following discussion is intended to provide a brief, general description of a suitable computing environment in which the invention may be implemented. Although not required, the invention will be described in the general context of computer-executable instructions, such as program modules, being executed by a personal computer. Generally, program modules include routines, programs, objects, components, data structures, etc. that perform particular tasks or implement particular abstract data types. Moreover, those skilled in the art will appreciate that the invention may be practiced with other computer system configurations, including hand-held devices, multiprocessor systems, microprocessor-based or programmable consumer electronics, network PCs, minicomputers, mainframe computers, and the like. The invention may also be practiced in distributed computing environments where tasks are performed by remote processing devices that are linked through a communications network. In a distributed computing environment, program modules may be located in both local and remote memory storage devices. 
     With reference to  FIG. 7 , an exemplary system for implementing the invention includes a general purpose computing system in the form of a conventional personal computer  20 , including a processing unit  121 , a system memory  122 , and a system bus  123  that couples various system components including the system memory to the processing unit  121 . The system bus  123  may be any of several types of bus structures including a memory bus or memory controller, a peripheral bus, and a local bus using any of a variety of bus architectures. The system memory includes read only memory (ROM)  124  and random access memory (RAM)  125 . A basic input/output system  126  (BIOS), containing the basic routines that help to transfer information between elements within the personal computer  20 , such as during start-up, is stored in ROM  124 . The personal computer  20  further includes a hard disk drive  127  for reading from and writing to a hard disk, not shown, a magnetic disk drive  128  for reading from or writing to a removable magnetic disk  129 , and an optical disk drive  130  for reading from or writing to a removable optical disk  131  such as a CD ROM or other optical media. The hard disk drive  127 , magnetic disk drive  128 , and optical disk drive  130  are connected to the system bus  123  by a hard disk drive interface  132 , a magnetic disk drive interface  133 , and an optical drive interface  134 , respectively. The drives and their associated computer-readable media provide nonvolatile storage of computer readable instructions, data structures, program modules and other data for the personal computer  120 . Although the exemplary environment described herein employs a hard disk, a removable magnetic disk  129  and a removable optical disk  131 , it should be appreciated by those skilled in the art that other types of computer readable media which can store data that is accessible by a computer, such as magnetic cassettes, flash memory cards, digital video disk, Bernoulli cartridges, random access memories (RAMs), read only memories (ROM), and the like, may also be used in the exemplary operating environment. 
     A number of program modules may be stored on the hard disk, magnetic disk  129 , optical disk  131 , ROM  124  or RAM  125 , including an operating system  135 , one or more application programs  136 , other program modules  137 , and program data  138 . A user may enter commands and information into the personal computer  20  through input devices such as a keyboard  140 , pointing device  142 , tag readers  18 , and scanning wand  500 . Other input devices (not shown) may include a microphone, joystick, game pad, satellite dish, scanner, or the like. 
     These and other input devices are often connected to the processing unit  121  through serial port interface  146  that is coupled to the system bus, but may be connected by other interfaces, such as a parallel port, game port or a universal serial bus (USB). A display  22  or other type of display device is also connected to the system bus  123  via an interface, such as a video adapter  148 . In addition to the monitor, personal computers typically include other peripheral output devices (not shown), such as speakers and printers. 
     The personal computer  20  may operate in a networked environment using logical connections to one or more remote computers, such as a remote computer  149 . The remote computer  149  may be another personal computer, a server, a router, a network PC, a peer device, a personal digital assistant (“PDA”), or other common network node, and typically includes many or all of the elements described above relative to the personal computer  20 , although only a memory storage device  150  has been illustrated in  FIG. 7 . The logical connections depicted in  FIG. 7  include a local area network (LAN)  151  and a wide area network (WAN)  152 . Such networking environments are commonplace in offices, enterprise-wide computer networks, intranets and the Internet. 
     When used in a LAN networking environment, the personal computer  20  is connected to the local network  151  through a network interface or adapter  153 . When used in a WAN networking environment, the personal computer  20  typically includes a modem  154  or other means for establishing communications over the wide area network  152 , such as the Internet. The modem  154 , which may be internal or external, is connected to the system bus  123  via the serial port interface  146 . In a networked environment, program modules depicted relative to the personal computer  20 , or portions thereof, may be stored in the remote memory storage device. It will be appreciated that the network connections shown are exemplary and other means of establishing a communications link between the computers may be used. 
     Preferably, a plurality of networked personal computers  20  are positioned within the pharmacy, one at the intake area ( 21 ,  FIG. 5 ), one at the customer pick-up area ( 29 ,  FIG. 5 ), and one at the data entry/label area ( 27 ,  FIG. 5 ). 
     E. Multiplexing Tag Reader Array 
     Referring to  FIGS. 5 ,  8 - 17 , and  20 - 22 , a plurality of tag readers  18 , which are distributed throughout the pharmacy  14 , healthcare facility, storage device and/or portable cart, are preferably integrated with a switching device  36  that periodically monitors the status of each tag reader  18  and transmits that information to the personal computer  20 . 
     An exemplar multiplexing system  200  is disclosed in  FIGS. 8 &amp; 9 . Preferably, the antenna  18 ′ of each tag reader  18  is operably secured to a multiplexer  36 ′. Such multiplexers  36 ′ are commonly known to those skilled in the art. A plurality of antenna  18 ′ are operably secured to the multiplexer  36 ′ such that the multiplexer  36 ′ connects each antenna  18 ′ one-by-one to the tag reader  18 . Each antenna  18 ′ is positioned at a specific location within the pharmacy  14 . For example, one or more antenna  18 ′ can be positioned adjacent to a particular work area  97  upstream of the storage area  30 , or can be positioned adjacent to a particular cubby  32  in the storage area  30 . A control register  202  monitors which antenna  18 ′ is connected to the tag reader  18  at a given time and provides this information to the computer system  20 , which also detects a tracking signal from the tag reader  18  to determine the presence and a tag and thereby determine its location within the pharmacy  14 . 
     Preferably, and as best shown in  FIGS. 10-13 , a plurality of antenna  18 ′ are formed onto a substantially planar frame  204  with a signal shielding structure  206  encircling one or more antennas  18 ′. For example, the antenna  18 ′ can be a coil aligned on the planar frame  204  and the signal-shielding structure  206  can be a short circuit encircling the coil on the planar frame  204 . Accordingly, the interrogation field of the antenna  18 ′ is directed substantially perpendicular to the planar frame  204 . Accordingly, a large number of antenna  18 ′ can be concentrated within a small area, say for example, in a will-call storage device, with each antenna detecting the presence of a tag only if placed within a cubby immediately adjacent to the antenna  18 ′. Alternatively, the shielding structure can be an electrically grounded frame that surrounds an area in which an interrogation field of a tag reader is directed. 
     Preferably, the tags operate at a relatively low frequency band of around 13.56 megahertz (MHz). This frequency has been found to allow a plurality of tags within a small area to each be detected by a common tag reader. Moreover, tags operating at about this frequency are able to penetrate through liquids and other materials commonly found in a pharmacy without adversely affecting the tracking performance of the tag. 
     Although less desirable, the tags operating at an ultra-low frequency such as in the range of about 125 kilohertz (kHz) to about 134.2 kilohertz (kHz) or in the ultra-high frequency band of between about 860 megahertz (MHz) to 960 megahertz (MHz) can also be used. 
     Alternatively, the planar frame  204  containing one or more antenna  18 ′ may be positioned substantially horizontally on a work area  97   a,    97   b  as shown in  FIGS. 17   a ,  17   b  &amp;  18  with the fields of the antenna directed substantially upward ( FIG. 17   a ) or downward ( FIG. 17   b ). In such case, the signal shielding structure  206  need not necessarily encircle each individual antenna  18 ′ on the frame  204  as shown in  FIG. 10 . Rather, if needed the shielding structure  206  can encircle the entire frame  204  as best shown in  FIG. 18  thereby defining a particular work area  97   a  and preventing the antenna  18 ′ from inadvertently detecting the presence of a tag in an adjacent work area  97   b.    
     Moreover, and referring to  FIGS. 19   a  &amp;  19   b,  a plurality of antenna can be positioned around a scanning area and all directed within that area to form a defined space or tunnel  600  in which tags placed therein are scanned by signals generated from a plurality of antenna. Such a scanning tunnel allows for more accurate detection of all tags, particularly when a plurality of tags are grouped together, such as in a bulk shipment received from a remote pharmacy or other off site location. 
     In view of the wide variety of embodiments to which the principles of the invention can be applied, it should be apparent that the detailed embodiments are illustrative only and should not be taken as limiting the scope of the invention. For example, although the preferred tags have a read-write feature, a less complex “read-only” tag may also be used in some situations. For example, the computer system can correlate a particular “read only” code on a tag with one or more aspects of the prescription order and/or person to which it is associated with, and use this correlation throughout the tracking system. Rather, the claimed invention includes all such modifications as may come within the scope of the following claims and equivalents thereto.