Patent Publication Number: US-8991473-B2

Title: Metal alloy injection molding protrusions

Description:
RELATED MATTERS 
     This application claims priority as a divisional to U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/715,133, filed Dec. 14, 2012 which claims priority under 35 USC 119(b) to International Application No. PCT/CN2012/083083 filed Oct. 17, 2012, the disclosure of each of which is incorporated by reference in its entirety. 
    
    
     BACKGROUND 
     Injection molding is a manufacturing process that is conventionally utilized to form articles from plastic. This may include use of thermoplastic and thermosetting plastic materials to form an article, such as a toy, car parts, and so on. 
     Techniques were subsequently developed to use injection molding for materials other than plastic, such as metal alloys. However, characteristics of the metal alloys could limit use of conventional injection molding techniques to small articles such as watch parts due to complications caused by these characteristics, such as to flow, thermal expansion, and so on. 
     SUMMARY 
     Metal alloy injection molding techniques are described. In one or more implementations, these techniques may include adjustment of injection pressure, configuration of runners, and/or use of vacuum pressure, and so on to encourage flow of the metal alloy through a mold. Techniques are also described that utilize protrusions to counteract thermal expansion and subsequent contraction of the metal alloy upon cooling. Further, techniques are described in which a radius of edges of a feature is configured to encourage flow and reduce voids. A variety of other techniques are also described herein. 
     This Summary is provided to introduce a selection of concepts in a simplified form that are further described below in the Detailed Description. This Summary is not intended to identify key features or essential features of the claimed subject matter, nor is it intended to be used as an aid in determining the scope of the claimed subject matter. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       The detailed description is described with reference to the accompanying figures. In the figures, the left-most digit(s) of a reference number identifies the figure in which the reference number first appears. The use of the same reference numbers in different instances in the description and the figures may indicate similar or identical items. Entities represented in the figures may be indicative of one or more entities and thus reference may be made interchangeably to single or plural forms of the entities in the discussion. 
         FIG. 1  is an illustration of an environment in an example implementation that is operable to employ injection molding techniques described herein. 
         FIG. 2  depicts an example implementation in which features of an article molded using a system of  FIG. 1  is shown. 
         FIG. 3  depicts an example implementation in which a cavity defined by mold portions may be shaped to form a wall and features of  FIG. 2 . 
         FIG. 4  depicts a system in an example implementation in which an injection distribution device is used to physically couple an outflow of injected metal alloy from an injection device to a mold of a molding device. 
         FIG. 5  depicts an example implementation showing comparison of respective cross sections of the runner and the plurality of sub-runners of  FIG. 4 . 
         FIG. 6  depicts a system in an example implementation in which a vacuum device is employed to create negative pressure inside a cavity of the mold to promote flow of the metal alloy. 
         FIG. 7  depicts a system in an example implementation in which a mold includes one or more overflows to bias a flow of metal alloy through a mold. 
         FIG. 8  depicts an example implementation in which a protrusion is utilized to reduce an effect of thermal expansion caused by varying degrees of thickness of an article to be molded. 
         FIG. 9  depicts an example implementation in which a mold is employed that includes edges configured to reduce voids. 
         FIG. 10  is a flow diagram depicting a procedure in an example implementation in which an article is injected molded using a mold that employs overflows. 
         FIG. 11  is a flow diagram depicting a procedure in an example implementation in which a mold is formed that employs overflows. 
         FIG. 12  is a flow diagram depicting a procedure in an example implementation in which a protrusion is formed to at least partially counteract thermal expansion of the metal alloy and subsequent contraction caused by cooling of the metal alloy. 
         FIG. 13  is a flow diagram depicting a procedure in an example implementation in which a mold is formed that is configured to form a protrusion on an article to counteract an effect of thermal expansion. 
         FIG. 14  is a flow diagram depicting a procedure in an example implementation in which a radius is employed to limit formation of voids of the article. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     Overview 
     Conventional injection molding techniques could encounter complications when utilized for a metal alloy. For example, characteristics of the metal alloy may make these conventional techniques unsuitable to make articles over a relatively short length (e.g., larger than a watch part), that are relatively thin (e.g., less than one millimeter), and so on due to such characteristics of thermal expansion, cooling in a mold, and so forth. 
     Metal alloy injection molding techniques are described. In one or more implementations, techniques are described that may be utilized to support injection molding of a metal alloy, such as a metal alloy that is comprised primarily of magnesium. These techniques include configuration of runners used to fill a cavity of a mold such that a rate of flow is not slowed by the runners, such as to match an overall size of branches of a runner to a runner from which they branch. 
     In another example, injection pressure and vacuum pressure may be arranged to encourage flow through an entirety of a cavity that is used to form an article. The vacuum pressure, for instance, may be used to bias flow toward portions of the cavity that otherwise may be difficult to fill. This biasing may also be performed using overflows to encourage flow toward these areas, such as areas of the cavity that are feature rich and thus may be difficult to fill using conventional techniques. 
     In a further example, protrusions may be formed to counteract effects of thermal expansion on an article to be molded. The protrusions, for instance, may be sized to counteract shrinkage caused by a thickness of a feature after the metal alloy cools in the mold. In this way, the protrusions may be used to form a substantially flat surface even though features may be disposed on an opposing side of the surface. 
     In yet another example, a radius may be employed by features to encourage fill and reduce voids in an article. In a relatively thin article (e.g., less than one millimeter), for instance, sharp corners may cause voids at the corners due to turbulence and other factors encountered in the injection of the metal alloy into a mold. Accordingly, a radius may be utilized that is based at least in part on a thickness of the article to encourage flow and reduce voids. A variety of other examples are also contemplated, further discussion of which may be found in relation to the following sections. 
     In the following discussion, an example environment is first described that may employ the techniques described herein. Example procedures are then described which may be performed in the example environment as well as other environments. Consequently, performance of the example procedures is not limited to the example environment and the example environment is not limited to performance of the example procedures. It should be readily apparent that these technique may be combined, separated, and so on. 
     Example Environment 
       FIG. 1  is an illustration of an environment in an example implementation showing a system  100  that is operable to employ injection mold techniques described herein. The illustrated environment includes a computing device  102  that is communicatively coupled to an injection device  104  and a molding device  106 . Although illustrated separately, the functionality represented by these apparatus may be combined, further divided, and so on. 
     The computing device  102  is illustrated as including an injection molding control module  108 , which is representative of functionality to control operation of the injection device  104  and molding device  106 . The injection molding control module  108 , for instance, may utilize one or more instructions  110  stored on a computer-readable storage media  112 . The one or more instructions  110  may then be used to control operation of the injection device  104  and molding device  106  to form an article using injection molding. 
     The injection device  104 , for instance, may include an injection control module  116  to control heating and injection of a metal alloy  118  that is to be injected into a mold  120  of the molding device  106 . Injection device  104 , for instance, may include a heating element to heat and liquefy the metal alloy  118 , such as to melt a metal alloy comprised primarily of magnesium to approximately six hundred and fifty degrees Celsius. The injection device  104  may then employ an injector (e.g., a plunger or screw type injector) to inject the metal alloy  118  in liquid form under pressure into the mold  120  of the molding device, such as at approximately forty mPa although other pressures are also contemplated. 
     The molding device  106  is illustrated as including a mold control module  122 , which is representative of functionality to control operation of the mold  120 . The mold  120 , for instance, may a plurality of mold portions  124 ,  126 . The mold portions  124 ,  126  when disposed proximal to each other form a cavity  128  that defines the article  114  to be molded. The mold portions  124 ,  126  may then be moved apart to remove the article  114  from the mold  120 . 
     As previously described, conventional techniques may encounter complications when used to mold an article  114  using a metal alloy  118 . For example, an article  114  having walls with a thickness of less than one millimeter may make it difficult to fill an entirety of the cavity  128  to form the article  114  as the metal alloy  118  may not readily flow through the cavity  128  before cooling. This may be further complicated when the article  114  includes a variety of different features that are to be formed on part of the wall, as further described as follows and shown in a corresponding figure. 
       FIG. 2  depicts an example implementation  200  in which features of an article molded using the system  100  of  FIG. 1  is shown. In this example, the article  114  is configured to form part of a housing for a computing device in a hand held form factor, e.g., tablet, mobile phone, game device, music device, and so on. 
     The article  114  in this instance includes portions that define a wall  202  of the article  114 . Features  204 ,  206  are also included that extend away from the wall  202  and thus have a thickness that is greater than the wall. Additionally, the features  204 ,  206  may have a width that is considered relatively thin in comparison with this thickness. Accordingly, in form factors in which the wall is also considered thin (e.g., less than one millimeter) it may be difficult to get the metal alloy  118  to flow into these features using conventional techniques. 
     As shown in the example implementation  300  of  FIG. 3 , for instance, a cavity  128  defined by the mold portions  124 ,  126  may be shaped to form the wall  202  and the features  204 ,  206 . A flow of the metal alloy  118  into the cavity  128  at relatively thin thickness may cause the metal alloy  114  to cool before filling the cavity  128  and thus may be leave voids in the cavity  128  between the metal alloy  114  and surfaces of the cavity  128 . These voids may consequently have an adverse effect on the article  114  being molded. Accordingly, techniques may be employed to reduce and even eliminate formation of the voids, an example of which is described in the following discussion and corresponding figure. 
       FIG. 4  depicts a system  400  in an example implementation in which an injection distribution device  402  is used to physically couple an outflow of the injected metal alloy from the injection device  104  to a mold  120  of the molding device  106 . Pressure used to inject the metal alloy  118  to form the article  114  may set to encourage a uniform fill of the cavity  128  of the mold  120 . 
     For example, a pressure may be employed by the injection device  104  that is sufficient to form an alpha layer (e.g., skin) on an outer surface of the metal alloy  118  as it flows through the mold  120 . The alpha layer, for instance, may have a higher density at a surface than in the “middle” of the metal alloy  118  when flowing into the mold  120 . This may be formed based at least in part using relatively high pressures (such as around 40 mega Pascals) such that the skin is pressed against a surface of the mold  120  thereby reducing formation of voids. Thus, the thicker the alpha layer the less chance of forming voids in the mold  120 . 
     Additionally, an injection distribution device  402  may be configured to encourage this flow from the injection device  104  into the mold  120 . The injection device  402  in this example includes a runner  404  and a plurality of sub-runners  406 ,  408 ,  410 . The sub-runners  406 - 410  are used to distribute the metal alloy  118  into different portions of the mold  120  to promote a generally uniform application of the metal alloy  118 . 
     However, conventional injection distribution devices were often configured such that a flow of the metal alloy  118  or other material was hindered by the branches of the device. The branches formed by sub-runners of convention devices, for instance, may be sized such as to cause an approximate forty percent flow restriction between a runner and the sub-runners that were configured to receive the metal alloy  118 . Thus, this flow restriction could cause cooling of the metal alloy  118  as well as counteract functionality supported through use of particular pressures (e.g., about 40 mega Pascals) used to form alpha layers. 
     Accordingly, the injection distribution device  402  may be configured such that a decrease in flow of the metal alloy  118  through the device is not experienced. For example, a size of a cross section  412  taken of the runner  404  may be approximated by an overall size of a cross section  414  taken of the plurality of sub-runners  406 ,  408 ,  410 , which is described further below and shown in relation to a corresponding figure. 
       FIG. 5  depicts an example implementation  500  showing comparison of respect cross sections  412 ,  414  of the runner  404  and the plurality of sub-runners  406 - 410 . The cross section  412  of the runner  404  is approximately equal to or less than a cross section  414  overall of the plurality of sub-runners  406 - 408 . This may be performed by varying a diameter (e.g., including height and/or width) such that flow is not reduced as the metal alloy  118  passes through the injection distribution device  104 . 
     For example, the runner  404  may be sized to coincide with an injection port of the injection device  104  and the plurality of sub-runners  406 - 410  may get progressively shorter and wider to coincide with a form factor of the cavity  128  of the mold  120 . Additionally, although a single runner  404  and three sub-runners  406 - 410  are shown it should be readily apparent that different numbers and combinations are also contemplated without departing from the spirit and scope thereof. Additional techniques may also be employed to reduce a likelihood of voids in the article, another example of which is described as follows. 
       FIG. 6  depicts a system  600  in an example implementation in which a vacuum device is employed to create negative pressure inside a cavity of the mold  120  to promote flow of the metal alloy  118 . As previously described, metal alloys  118  such as one primarily comprised of magnesium may be resistant to flow, especially for thickness that are less than a millimeter. This problem may be exacerbated when confronted with forming an article that is approximately two hundred millimeters long or greater and thus conventional techniques were limited to articles smaller than that. 
     For example, it may be difficult using conventional techniques to fill a cavity under conventional techniques to form a part of a housing of a computing device that has walls having a thickness of approximately 0.65 millimeters and width and length of greater than 100 millimeters and one hundred and fifty millimeters, respectively (e.g., approximately 190 millimeters by 240 millimeters for a tablet). This is because the metal alloy  118  may cool and harden, especially at those thicknesses and lengths due to the large amount of surface area in comparison with thicker and/or shorter articles. However, the techniques described herein may be employed to form such an article. 
     In the system  600  of  FIG. 6 , a vacuum device  602  is employed to bias a flow of the metal alloy  118  through the cavity  128  to form the article  114 . For example, the vacuum device  602  may be configured to form negative pressure within the cavity  128  of the mold  120 . The negative pressure (e.g., 0.4 bar) may include a partial vacuum formed to remove air from the cavity  218 , thereby reducing a chance of formation of air pockets as the cavity  128  is filled with the metal alloy  118 . 
     Further, the vacuum device  602  may be coupled to particular areas of the mold  120  to bias the flow of the metal alloy  118  in desired ways. The article  114 , for instance, may include areas that are feature rich (e.g., as opposed to sections having fewer features, the wall  202 , and so on) and thus may restrict flow in those areas. Additionally, particular areas might be further away from an injection port (e.g., at the corners that are located closer to the vacuum device  602  than the injection device  104 ). 
     In the illustrated instance, the vacuum device  602  is coupled to areas that are opposite areas of the mold  120  that receive the metal alloy  118 , e.g., from the injection device  104 . In this way, the metal alloy  118  is encouraged to flow through the mold  120  and reduce voids formed within the mold  120  due to incomplete flow, air pockets, and so on. Other techniques may also be employed to bias flow of the metal alloy  118 , another example of which is described as follows and shown in an associated figure. 
       FIG. 7  depicts a system  700  in an example implementation in which a mold  120  includes one or more overflows  702 ,  704  to bias a flow of metal alloy  118  through a mold  120 . As previously described, characteristics of the article  114  to be molded may cause complications, such as due to relative thinness (e.g., less than one millimeter), length of article (e.g., 100 millimeters or over), shape of article  114  (e.g., to reach corners on the opposing side of the cavity  128  from the injection device  104 ), features and feature density, and so on. These complications may make it difficult to get the metal alloy  118  to flow to particular portions of the mold  120 , such as due to cooling and so forth. 
     In this example, overflows  702 ,  704  are utilized to bias flow of the metal alloy  118  towards the overflows  702 ,  704 . The overflows  702 ,  704 , for instance, may bias flow toward the corners of the cavity  128  in the illustrated example. In this way, a portion of the cavity  128  that may be otherwise difficult to fill may be formed using the metal alloy  118  without introducing voids. Other examples are also contemplated, such as to position the overflows  702 ,  704  based on feature density of corresponding portions of the cavity  128  of the mold  120 . Once cooled, material (e.g., the metal alloy  118 ) disposed within the overflows  702 ,  704  may be removed to form the article  114 , such as by a machining operation. 
     Thus, the overflows  702 ,  704  may be utilized to counteract a “cold material” condition in which the material (e.g., the metal alloy  118 ) does not fill the cavity  128  completely, thus forming voids such as pinholes. The colder material, for instance, may exit the overflows  702 ,  704  thus promoting contact of hotter material (e.g., metal alloy  118  still in substantially liquid form) to form the article  114 . This may also aide a microstructure of the article  114  due to the lack of imperfections as could be encountered otherwise. 
       FIG. 8  depicts an example implementation  800  in which a protrusion is utilized to reduce an effect of thermal expansion caused by varying degrees of thickness of an article  114  to be molded. As previously described, injection molding was traditionally utilized to form plastic parts. Although these techniques were then expanded to metal alloys, conventional techniques were limited to relatively small sizes (e.g., watch parts) due to thermal expansion of the material, which could cause inconsistencies in articles larger than a relatively small size, e.g., watch parts. However, techniques are described herein which may utilized to counteract differences in thermal expansion, e.g., due to differences in thickness of the article, and as such may be used to support manufacture of larger articles, such as articles over 100 millimeters. 
     The example implementation  800  is illustrated using first and second stages  802 ,  804 . At the first stage  802 , the mold  120  is shown as forming a cavity  128  to mold an article. The cavity  128  is configured to have different thicknesses to mold different parts of the article  114 , such as a wall  202  and a feature  206 . As illustrated, the feature  206  has a thickness that is greater than a thickness of the wall  202 . Accordingly, the feature  206  may exhibit a larger amount of contraction than the wall  202  due to thermal expansion of the metal alloy  118 . Using conventional techniques, this caused a depression in a side of the article that is opposite to the feature  206 . This depression made formation of a substantially flat surface on a side of the article that opposed the feature  206  difficult if not impossible using conventional injection molding techniques. 
     Accordingly, the cavity  126  of the mold may be configured to form a protrusion  806  on an opposing side of the feature. The protrusion  806  may be shaped and sized based at least in part on thermal expansion (and subsequent contraction) of the metal alloy  118  used to form the article. The protrusion  806  may be formed in a variety of ways, such as to have a minimum radius of 0.6 mm, use of angles of thirty degrees or less, and so on. 
     Therefore, once the metal alloy  118  cools and solidifies as shown in the second stage  804 , the article  114  may form a substantially flat surface that includes an area proximal to an opposing side of the feature as well as the opposing side of the feature  206 , e.g., the wall  202  and an opposing side of the feature  206  adjacent to the wall  202 . In this way, the article  114  may be formed to have a substantially flat surface using a mold  120  having a cavity  128  that is not substantially flat at a corresponding portion of the cavity  128  of the mold  120 . 
       FIG. 9  depicts an example implementation  900  in which a mold is employed that includes edges configured to reduce voids. This implementation  900  is also shown using first and second stage  902 ,  904 . As previously described, injection molding was traditionally performed using plastics. However, when employed to mold a metal alloy  118 , conventional techniques could be confronted with reduced flow characteristics of the metal alloy  118  in comparison with the plastics, which could cause voids. 
     Accordingly, techniques may be employed to reduce voids in injection molding using a metal alloy  118 . For example, at the first stage  902  molding portions  124 ,  126  of the mold  120  are configured to form a cavity  128  as before to mold an article  114 . However, the cavity  128  is configured to employ radii and angles that promote flowability between the surface of the cavity  218  and the metal alloy  118  to form the article  114  without voids. 
     For example, the article  114  may be configured to include portions (e.g., a wall) that have a thickness of less than one millimeter, such as approximately 0.65 millimeter. Accordingly, a radius  906  of approximately 0.6 to 1.0 millimeters may be used to form an edge of the article  114 . This radius  906  is sufficient to promote flow of a metal alloy  118  comprised primarily of magnesium through the cavity  128  of the mold  120  from the injection device  104  yet still promote contact. Other radii are also contemplated, such as one millimeter, two millimeters, and three millimeters. Additionally, larger radii may be employed with articles having less thickness, such as a radius of approximately twelve millimeters for an article  114  having walls with a thickness of approximately 0.3 millimeters. 
     In one or more implementations, these radii may be employed to follow a likely direction of flow of the metal alloy  118  through the cavity  128  in the mold  120 . A leading and/or trailing edge of a feature aligned perpendicular to the flow of the metal alloy  118 , for instance, may employ the radii described above whereas other edges of the feature that run substantially parallel to the flow may employ “sharp” edges that do not employ the radii, e.g., have a radius of less than 0.6 mm for an article  114  having walls with a thickness of approximately 0.65 millimeters. 
     Additionally, techniques may be employed to remove part of the metal alloy  118  to form a desired feature. The metal alloy  118 , for instance, may be shaped using the mold  120  as shown in the first stage  902 . At the second stage, edges of the article  114  may be machined to “sharpen” the edges, e.g., stamping, grinding, cutting, and so on. Other examples are also contemplated as further described in the following discussion of the example procedures. 
     Example Procedures 
     The following discussion describes injection molding techniques that may be implemented utilizing the previously described systems and devices. Aspects of each of the procedures may be implemented in hardware, firmware, or software, or a combination thereof. The procedures are shown as a set of blocks that specify operations performed by one or more devices and are not necessarily limited to the orders shown for performing the operations by the respective blocks. In portions of the following discussion, reference will be made to  FIGS. 1-9 . 
       FIG. 10  depicts a procedure  1000  in an example implementation in which an article is injection molded using a mold that employs overflows. An article is injection molded using a metal alloy comprised primarily of magnesium using a molding device having a plurality of molding portions that form a cavity that defines an article to be molded using the metal alloy and one or more overflows that are positioned to bias flow of the metal alloy toward parts of the cavity that correspond to the overflows (block  1002 ). As shown in  FIG. 7 , for instance, the overflows  702 ,  704  may be positioned to bias flow towards associated regions of the mold  120 . The overflows  702 ,  704  may also be used to remove metal alloy  118  that has cooled during flow through the mold  120  such that subsequent metal alloy that is injected into the mold  120  may remain in a liquid form sufficient to contact the surface of the cavity as opposed to the cooled metal alloy  118  that may cause pin holes and other imperfections. 
     The metal alloy collected in the one or more overflows is removed from the metal alloy molded using the cavity to form the article (block  1004 ). This may be performed using a stamping, machining, or other operation in which the metal alloy  118  disposed in the overflows is separated from the metal alloy  118  in the cavity  128  of the mold  120  that is used to form the article  114 , e.g., a housing of a hand-held computing device such as a tablet, phone, and so on. 
       FIG. 11  depicts a procedure  1100  in an example implementation in which a mold is formed that employs overflows. A mold is formed that includes a plurality of molding portions (block  1102 ). The molding portions may be used to form a cavity that define an article to be molded using a metal alloy (block  1104 ), such as a metal alloy comprised primarily of magnesium. 
     One or more flows may also be formed as part of the molding portions that are positioned to bias flow of the metal alloy injected through the cavity toward parts of the cavity that correspond to the overflows (block  1106 ). As before, these overflows may be positioned due to feature density of the article, difficult locations of the cavity to fill, located to remove “cooled” metal alloy, and so on. 
       FIG. 12  depicts a procedure  1200  in an example implementation in which a protrusion is formed to at least partially counteract thermal expansion of the metal alloy and subsequent contraction caused by cooling of the metal alloy. A metal alloy is injected into a mold having a plurality of molding portions that define a cavity that corresponds to an article to be molded. The mold defines a portion of the cavity that defines a feature for the article having a thickness that is greater than a thickness of an area of the article defined by the cavity that is proximal to the feature. The mold also defines a protrusion for the article aligned as substantially opposing the feature, the protrusion being sized such that upon solidifying of the metal alloy that forms the article, the protrusion reduces an effect of thermal expansion on a portion of the article that is aligned as substantially opposing the feature (block  1202 ). The protrusion, for instance, may be formed as an indention in part of the cavity  128  of the mold  120 . 
     The metal alloy is removed from the cavity of the mold after solidifying of the metal alloy within the mold (block  1204 ). As stated above, the protrusion may be used to offset an effect of thermal expansion and subsequent contraction of the metal alloy  118 , such as to form a substantially flat surface on a side of the article opposite to the feature. 
       FIG. 13  depicts a procedure  1300  in an example implementation in which a mold is formed that is configured to form a protrusion on an article to counteract an effect of thermal expansion. A mold is formed having a plurality of molding portions to form an article using a metal alloy that is defined in the mold using a cavity (block  1302 ). This may include forming a portion of the cavity that defines a feature for the article having a thickness that is greater than a thickness of an area of the article defined by the cavity that is proximal to the feature (block  1304 ). 
     The mold may also be configured to form a protrusion for the article aligned on a side of the cavity that is opposite to a side including the feature, the protrusion being sized as being proportional to the thickness of the feature such that upon solidifying of the metal alloy that forms the article, the protrusion reduces an effect of thermal expansion on the side of the article that is opposite to the feature (block  1306 ). In this way, subsequent cooling of the metal alloy and corresponding contraction may be addressed to reduce the effect of the thermal expansion on the article. 
       FIG. 14  depicts a procedure  1400  in an example implementation in which a radius is employed to limit formation of voids of the article. A metal alloy is injected into a mold having a plurality of molding portions that define a cavity that corresponds to an article to be molded including walls with a thickness of less than one millimeter with one or more features disposed thereon having edges with a radius of at least 0.6 millimeter (block  1402 ). As previously described, metal alloys may introduce complications not encountered using plastics, such as quicker cooling and resistance to flow through a mold  120 , especially for articles having a thickness of under one millimeter. Accordingly, the radius may be employed to reduce voids caused by sharp edges. 
     At least a portion of the radius of the edge is machined to define the feature of the article after removal of the metal alloy from the cavity (block  1404 ). In this way, a sharp edge may be provided on the device yet a likelihood of voids reduced. A variety of other examples are also contemplated as previously described in relation to  FIG. 9 . 
     CONCLUSION 
     Although the invention has been described in language specific to structural features and/or methodological acts, it is to be understood that the invention defined in the appended claims is not necessarily limited to the specific features or acts described. Rather, the specific features and acts are disclosed as example forms of implementing the claimed invention.