Patent Publication Number: US-2017359428-A1

Title: Customizing Third-Party Content using Beacons on Online Social Networks

Description:
PRIORITY 
     This application is a continuation under 35 U.S.C. §120 of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/565,359, filed 9 Dec. 2014. 
    
    
     TECHNICAL FIELD 
     This disclosure generally relates to exchanging information over wireless communications sessions, particularly within the context of an online social network. 
     BACKGROUND 
     A social-networking system, which may include a social-networking website, may enable its users (such as persons or organizations) to interact with it and with each other through it. The social-networking system may, with input from a user, create and store in the social-networking system a user profile associated with the user. The user profile may include demographic information, communication-channel information, and information on personal interests of the user. The social-networking system may also, with input from a user, create and store a record of relationships of the user with other users of the social-networking system, as well as provide services (e.g., wall posts, photo-sharing, event organization, messaging, games, or advertisements) to facilitate social interaction between or among users. 
     The social-networking system may send over one or more networks content or messages related to its services to a mobile or other computing device of a user. A user may also install software applications on a mobile or other computing device of the user for accessing a user profile of the user and other data within the social-networking system. The social-networking system may generate a personalized set of content objects to display to a user, such as a newsfeed of aggregated stories of other users connected to the user. 
     Social-graph analysis views social relationships in terms of network theory consisting of nodes and edges. Nodes represent the individual actors within the networks, and edges represent the relationships between the actors. The resulting graph-based structures are often very complex. There can be many types of nodes and many types of edges for connecting nodes. In its simplest form, a social graph is a map of all of the relevant edges between all the nodes being studied. 
     SUMMARY OF PARTICULAR EMBODIMENTS 
     In particular embodiments, a social-networking system may facilitate the establishment and confirmation of a wireless communication session between a beacon and a user&#39;s client system proximate to the beacon in order to enhance a user&#39;s experience at the beacon-holder business. After a wireless communication session is established, the social-networking system may send social-networking information of the user to a third-party content provider associated with the beacon (i.e., the beacon holder), by way of the beacon. The social-networking information sent to the third-party content provider may be customized based on the type of goods purveyed or services rendered by the third-party content provider. For example, if the third-party content provider is a department store, the social-networking system may send social-networking information of the user that includes color preferences and shoe and clothing sizes of the user. In another example, if the third-party content provider is a restaurant, the social-networking system may send social-networking information of the user that includes food allergies and favorite foods. The social-networking information of the user may, in turn, be used by the third-party content provider to personalize third-party content, which may be sent to the user&#39;s client system by the third-party content provider, either directly or via the beacon. The third-party content provider may also send third-party content to the social-networking system, which may personalize the third-party content and send it to the user&#39;s client system. For example and not by way of limitation, a third-party content provider may be a book retailer and may receive social-networking information that includes a list of books recently read by the user, and the third-party content provider may send the user titles of suggested books to read, which may be available for purchase at the third-party content provider. 
     In particular embodiments, a social-networking system may anonymize and aggregate social-networking information and session information of multiple users whose client systems have been associated with beacons of a third-party content provider in wireless communication sessions. Session information may include, for example and not by way of limitation, a history of past wireless communication sessions established between a client system and one or more beacons of a third-party content provider. The social-networking system may generate a report including any number of statistics (i.e., business insights) generated based on the aggregated clientele information. For example, the report may include an average customer age and a number of customers who are first time visitors to the third-party content provider. In particular embodiments, the report may include individual profiles (e.g., showing a picture and name) for the users whose client systems are presently in a wireless communication session with the beacon (i.e., the users who are currently at the third-party content provider location). 
     In particular embodiments, a social-networking system may customize and send an advertisement to a particular user based on the social-networking information and session information of the user. For example, a user&#39;s session information may indicate that a user was a frequent patron of a particular restaurant but has not been there in a few months and may send the user&#39;s client system an advertisement (e.g., a coupon) in order to attract the user&#39;s patronage once again. A social-networking system, or third-party content provider via the social-networking system, may target users for a particular advertisement based on interactions with beacons by a user&#39;s social connections. For example, if a number of a user&#39;s social connections have checked-in at a particular pub, the social-networking system may send the user an advertisement for the pub. 
     In particular embodiments, a social-networking system may customize and provide a notification to a user of an online social network based on social-networking information (e.g., location information) and session information of the user. For example, a user&#39;s location information may indicate that the user is nearby a particular restaurant, and the social-networking system may send a notification to the user&#39;s client system indicating that he is near the restaurant and providing information about the restaurant (e.g., menu and reviews). The social-networking system may also customize notifications based on social-networking and session information of the user&#39;s social connections, For example, the notification may specify friends of the user who are already at the restaurant (e.g., based on session information for the friends received from a beacon located at the restaurant). Notifications may also provide arrival and departure information pertaining to the user&#39;s social connections (e.g., a notification indicating that John left the restaurant fifteen minutes ago). In particular embodiments, the social-networking system may use session information of a user to determine that he is located at a particular bar and provide a notification to the user prompting him to invite other users to join him and providing a list of suggested invitees. For example, the social-networking system may determine that social connections of the user who are nearby the bar should be suggested invitees. The social-networking system may further refine who it pushes as a suggested invitee based on social-networking information of the other users (e.g., based on preferences or affinities of the other users). 
     The embodiments disclosed above are only examples, and the scope of this disclosure is not limited to them. Particular embodiments may include all, some, or none of the components, elements, features, functions, operations, or steps of the embodiments disclosed above. Embodiments according to the invention are in particular disclosed in the attached claims directed to a method, a storage medium, a system and a computer program product, wherein any feature mentioned in one claim category, e.g., method, can be claimed in another claim category, e.g., system, as well. The dependencies or references back in the attached claims are chosen for formal reasons only. However any subject matter resulting from a deliberate reference back to any previous claims (in particular multiple dependencies) can be claimed as well, so that any combination of claims and the features thereof are disclosed and can be claimed regardless of the dependencies chosen in the attached claims. The subject-matter which can be claimed comprises not only the combinations of features as set out in the attached claims but also any other combination of features in the claims, wherein each feature mentioned in the claims can be combined with any other feature or combination of other features in the claims. Furthermore, any of the embodiments and features described or depicted herein can be claimed in a separate claim and/or in any combination with any embodiment or feature described or depicted herein or with any of the features of the attached claims. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         FIG. 1  illustrates an example network environment associated with a social-networking system. 
         FIG. 2  illustrates an example social graph. 
         FIG. 3  illustrates an example beacon environment associated with a social-networking system. 
         FIG. 4A  illustrates an example report view of an interface displayed on a third-party system. 
         FIG. 4B  illustrates an example profile view of an interface displayed on a third-party system. 
         FIG. 4C  illustrates an example detailed profile view of an interface displayed on a third-party system. 
         FIG. 5  illustrates example ads of a third-party content provider displayed in interface of a client system. 
         FIG. 6  illustrates an example method for sending customized third-party content to a client system. 
         FIG. 7  illustrates an example method for sending a report to a third-party system. 
         FIG. 8  illustrates an example method for sending a customized advertisement to a client system. 
         FIG. 9A  illustrates an example notification displayed on a lock screen of a client system. 
         FIG. 9B  illustrates an example notification displayed in an interface of a client system. 
         FIG. 9C  illustrates an example notification displayed in an interface of a client system. 
         FIG. 9D  illustrates an example page corresponding to a third-party content provider displayed in an interface of a client system. 
         FIG. 9E  illustrates an example page corresponding to a third-party content provider displayed in an interface of a client system. 
         FIG. 10A  illustrates an example notification displayed on a lock screen of a client system. 
         FIG. 10B  illustrates an example notification displayed in an interface of a client system. 
         FIG. 10C  illustrates an example page corresponding to a third-party content provider displayed in an interface of a client system. 
         FIG. 11A  illustrates an example notification displayed on a lock screen of a client system. 
         FIG. 11B  illustrates an example notification displayed in an interface of a client system. 
         FIG. 11C  illustrates an example notification and a page corresponding to a third-party content provider displayed in an interface of a client system. 
         FIG. 11D  illustrates an example notification and a page corresponding to a third-party content provider displayed in an interface of a client system. 
         FIG. 12  illustrates an example self-portrait interface displayed on a client system. 
         FIG. 13  illustrates an example beacon in a real-world environment. 
         FIG. 14  illustrates an example method for sending a notification to a client system. 
         FIG. 15  illustrates an example computer system. 
     
    
    
     DESCRIPTION OF EXAMPLE EMBODIMENTS 
     System Overview 
       FIG. 1  illustrates an example network environment  100  associated with a social-networking system. Network environment  100  includes a client system  130 , a social-networking system  160 , and a third-party system  170  connected to each other by a network  110 . Although  FIG. 1  illustrates a particular arrangement of client system  130 , social-networking system  160 , third-party system  170 , and network  110 , this disclosure contemplates any suitable arrangement of client system  130 , social-networking system  160 , third-party system  170 , and network  110 . As an example and not by way of limitation, two or more of client system  130 , social-networking system  160 , and third-party system  170  may be connected to each other directly, bypassing network  110 . As another example, two or more of client system  130 , social-networking system  160 , and third-party system  170  may be physically or logically co-located with each other in whole or in part. Moreover, although  FIG. 1  illustrates a particular number of client systems  130 , social-networking systems  160 , third-party systems  170 , and networks  110 , this disclosure contemplates any suitable number of client systems  130 , social-networking systems  160 , third-party systems  170 , and networks  110 . As an example and not by way of limitation, network environment  100  may include multiple client system  130 , social-networking systems  160 , third-party systems  170 , and networks  110 . 
     This disclosure contemplates any suitable network  110 . As an example and not by way of limitation, one or more portions of network  110  may include an ad hoc network, an intranet, an extranet, a virtual private network (VPN), a local area network (LAN), a wireless LAN (WLAN), a wide area network (WAN), a wireless WAN (WWAN), a metropolitan area network (MAN), a portion of the Internet, a portion of the Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN), a cellular telephone network, or a combination of two or more of these. Network  110  may include one or more networks  110 . 
     Links  150  may connect client system  130 , social-networking system  160 , and third-party system  170  to communication network  110  or to each other. This disclosure contemplates any suitable links  150 . In particular embodiments, one or more links  150  include one or more wireline (such as for example Digital Subscriber Line (DSL) or Data Over Cable Service Interface Specification (DOC SIS)), wireless (such as for example Wi-Fi or Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMAX)), or optical (such as for example Synchronous Optical Network (SONET) or Synchronous Digital Hierarchy (SDH)) links. In particular embodiments, one or more links  150  each include an ad hoc network, an intranet, an extranet, a VPN, a LAN, a WLAN, a WAN, a WWAN, a MAN, a portion of the Internet, a portion of the PSTN, a cellular technology-based network, a satellite communications technology-based network, another link  150 , or a combination of two or more such links  150 . Links  150  need not necessarily be the same throughout network environment  100 . One or more first links  150  may differ in one or more respects from one or more second links  150 . 
     In particular embodiments, client system  130  may be an electronic device including hardware, software, or embedded logic components or a combination of two or more such components and capable of carrying out the appropriate functionalities implemented or supported by client system  130 . As an example and not by way of limitation, a client system  130  may include a computer system such as a desktop computer, notebook or laptop computer, netbook, a tablet computer, e-book reader, GPS device, camera, personal digital assistant (PDA), handheld electronic device, cellular telephone, smartphone, other suitable electronic device, or any suitable combination thereof. This disclosure contemplates any suitable client systems  130 . A client system  130  may enable a network user at client system  130  to access network  110 . A client system  130  may enable its user to communicate with other users at other client systems  130 . 
     In particular embodiments, client system  130  may include a web browser  132 , such as MICROSOFT INTERNET EXPLORER, GOOGLE CHROME or MOZILLA FIREFOX, and may have one or more add-ons, plug-ins, or other extensions, such as TOOLBAR or YAHOO TOOLBAR. A user at client system  130  may enter a Uniform Resource Locator (URL) or other address directing the web browser  132  to a particular server (such as server  162 , or a server associated with a third-party system  170 ), and the web browser  132  may generate a Hyper Text Transfer Protocol (HTTP) request and communicate the HTTP request to server. The server may accept the HTTP request and communicate to client system  130  one or more Hyper Text Markup Language (HTML) files responsive to the HTTP request. Client system  130  may render a webpage based on the HTML files from the server for presentation to the user. This disclosure contemplates any suitable webpage files. As an example and not by way of limitation, webpages may render from HTML files, Extensible Hyper Text Markup Language (XHTML) files, or Extensible Markup Language (XML) files, according to particular needs. Such pages may also execute scripts such as, for example and without limitation, those written in JAVASCRIPT, JAVA, MICROSOFT SILVERLIGHT, combinations of markup language and scripts such as AJAX (Asynchronous JAVASCRIPT and XML), and the like. Herein, reference to a webpage encompasses one or more corresponding webpage files (which a browser may use to render the webpage) and vice versa, where appropriate. 
     In particular embodiments, social-networking system  160  may be a network-addressable computing system that can host an online social network. Social-networking system  160  may generate, store, receive, and send social-networking data, such as, for example, user-profile data, concept-profile data, social-graph information, or other suitable data related to the online social network. Social-networking system  160  may be accessed by the other components of network environment  100  either directly or via network  110 . In particular embodiments, social-networking system  160  may include one or more servers  162 . Each server  162  may be a unitary server or a distributed server spanning multiple computers or multiple datacenters. Servers  162  may be of various types, such as, for example and without limitation, web server, news server, mail server, message server, advertising server, file server, application server, exchange server, database server, proxy server, another server suitable for performing functions or processes described herein, or any combination thereof. In particular embodiments, each server  162  may include hardware, software, or embedded logic components or a combination of two or more such components for carrying out the appropriate functionalities implemented or supported by server  162 . In particular embodiments, social-networking system  160  may include one or more data stores  164 . Data stores  164  may be used to store various types of information. In particular embodiments, the information stored in data stores  164  may be organized according to specific data structures. In particular embodiments, each data store  164  may be a relational, columnar, correlation, or other suitable database. Although this disclosure describes or illustrates particular types of databases, this disclosure contemplates any suitable types of databases. Particular embodiments may provide interfaces that enable a client system  130 , a social-networking system  160 , or a third-party system  170  to manage, retrieve, modify, add, or delete, the information stored in data store  164 . 
     In particular embodiments, social-networking system  160  may store one or more social graphs in one or more data stores  164 . In particular embodiments, a social graph may include multiple nodes—which may include multiple user nodes (each corresponding to a particular user) or multiple concept nodes (each corresponding to a particular concept)—and multiple edges connecting the nodes. Social-networking system  160  may provide users of the online social network the ability to communicate and interact with other users. In particular embodiments, users may join the online social network via social-networking system  160  and then add connections (e.g., relationships) to a number of other users of social-networking system  160  to whom they want to be connected. Herein, the term “friend” may refer to any other user of social-networking system  160  with whom a user has formed a connection, association, or relationship via social-networking system  160 . 
     In particular embodiments, social-networking system  160  may provide users with the ability to take actions on various types of items or objects, supported by social-networking system  160 . As an example and not by way of limitation, the items and objects may include groups or social networks to which users of social-networking system  160  may belong, events or calendar entries in which a user might be interested, computer-based applications that a user may use, transactions that allow users to buy or sell items via the service, interactions with advertisements that a user may perform, or other suitable items or objects. A user may interact with anything that is capable of being represented in social-networking system  160  or by an external system of third-party system  170 , which is separate from social-networking system  160  and coupled to social-networking system  160  via a network  110 . 
     In particular embodiments, social-networking system  160  may be capable of linking a variety of entities. As an example and not by way of limitation, social-networking system  160  may enable users to interact with each other as well as receive content from third-party systems  170  or other entities, or to allow users to interact with these entities through an application programming interfaces (API) or other communication channels. 
     In particular embodiments, a third-party system  170  may include one or more types of servers, one or more data stores, one or more interfaces, including but not limited to APIs, one or more web services, one or more content sources, one or more networks, or any other suitable components, e.g., with which servers may communicate. A third-party system  170  may be operated by a different entity from an entity operating social-networking system  160 . In particular embodiments, however, social-networking system  160  and third-party systems  170  may operate in conjunction with each other to provide social-networking services to users of social-networking system  160  or third-party systems  170 . In this sense, social-networking system  160  may provide a platform, or backbone, which other systems, such as third-party systems  170 , may use to provide social-networking services and functionality to users across the Internet. 
     In particular embodiments, a third-party system  170  may include a third-party content object provider. A third-party content object provider may include one or more sources of content objects, which may be communicated to a client system  130 . As an example and not by way of limitation, content objects may include information regarding things or activities of interest to the user, such as, for example, movie show times, movie reviews, restaurant reviews, restaurant menus, product information and reviews, or other suitable information. As another example and not by way of limitation, content objects may include incentive content objects, such as coupons, discount tickets, gift certificates, or other suitable incentive objects. 
     In particular embodiments, social-networking system  160  also includes user-generated content objects, which may enhance a user&#39;s interactions with social-networking system  160 . User-generated content may include anything a user can add, upload, send, or “post” to social-networking system  160 . As an example and not by way of limitation, a user communicates posts to social-networking system  160  from a client system  130 . Posts may include data such as status updates or other textual data, location information, photos, videos, links, music or other similar data or media. Content may also be added to social-networking system  160  by a third-party through a “communication channel,” such as a newsfeed or stream. 
     In particular embodiments, social-networking system  160  may include a variety of servers, sub-systems, programs, modules, logs, and data stores. In particular embodiments, social-networking system  160  may include one or more of the following: a web server, action logger, API-request server, relevance-and-ranking engine, content-object classifier, notification controller, action log, third-party-content-object-exposure log, inference module, authorization/privacy server, search module, advertisement-targeting module, user-interface module, user-profile store, connection store, third-party content store, or location store. Social-networking system  160  may also include suitable components such as network interfaces, security mechanisms, load balancers, failover servers, management-and-network-operations consoles, other suitable components, or any suitable combination thereof. In particular embodiments, social-networking system  160  may include one or more user-profile stores for storing user profiles. A user profile may include, for example, biographic information, demographic information, behavioral information, social information, or other types of descriptive information, such as work experience, educational history, hobbies or preferences, interests, affinities, or location. Interest information may include interests related to one or more categories. Categories may be general or specific. As an example and not by way of limitation, if a user “likes” an article about a brand of shoes the category may be the brand, or the general category of “shoes” or “clothing.” A connection store may be used for storing connection information about users. The connection information may indicate users who have similar or common work experience, group memberships, hobbies, educational history, or are in any way related or share common attributes. The connection information may also include user-defined connections between different users and content (both internal and external). A web server may be used for linking social-networking system  160  to one or more client systems  130  or one or more third-party system  170  via network  110 . The web server may include a mail server or other messaging functionality for receiving and routing messages between social-networking system  160  and one or more client systems  130 . An API-request server may allow a third-party system  170  to access information from social-networking system  160  by calling one or more APIs. An action logger may be used to receive communications from a web server about a user&#39;s actions on or off social-networking system  160 . In conjunction with the action log, a third-party-content-object log may be maintained of user exposures to third-party-content objects. A notification controller may provide information regarding content objects to a client system  130 . Information may be pushed to a client system  130  as notifications, or information may be pulled from client system  130  responsive to a request received from client system  130 . Authorization servers may be used to enforce one or more privacy settings of the users of social-networking system  160 . A privacy setting of a user determines how particular information associated with a user can be shared. The authorization server may allow users to opt in to or opt out of having their actions logged by social-networking system  160  or shared with other systems (e.g., third-party system  170 ), such as, for example, by setting appropriate privacy settings. Third-party-content-object stores may be used to store content objects received from third parties, such as a third-party system  170 . Location stores may be used for storing location information received from client systems  130  associated with users. Advertisement-pricing modules may combine social information, the current time, location information, or other suitable information to provide relevant advertisements, in the form of notifications, to a user. 
     Social Graphs 
       FIG. 2  illustrates example social graph  200 . In particular embodiments, social-networking system  160  may store one or more social graphs  200  in one or more data stores. In particular embodiments, social graph  200  may include multiple nodes—which may include multiple user nodes  202  or multiple concept nodes  204 —and multiple edges  206  connecting the nodes. Example social graph  200  illustrated in  FIG. 2  is shown, for didactic purposes, in a two-dimensional visual map representation. In particular embodiments, a social-networking system  160 , client system  130 , or third-party system  170  may access social graph  200  and related social-graph information for suitable applications. The nodes and edges of social graph  200  may be stored as data objects, for example, in a data store (such as a social-graph database). Such a data store may include one or more searchable or queryable indexes of nodes or edges of social graph  200 . 
     In particular embodiments, a user node  202  may correspond to a user of social-networking system  160 . As an example and not by way of limitation, a user may be an individual (human user), an entity (e.g., an enterprise, business, or third-party application), or a group (e.g., of individuals or entities) that interacts or communicates with or over social-networking system  160 . In particular embodiments, when a user registers for an account with social-networking system  160 , social-networking system  160  may create a user node  202  corresponding to the user, and store the user node  202  in one or more data stores. Users and user nodes  202  described herein may, where appropriate, refer to registered users and user nodes  202  associated with registered users. In addition or as an alternative, users and user nodes  202  described herein may, where appropriate, refer to users that have not registered with social-networking system  160 . In particular embodiments, a user node  202  may be associated with information provided by a user or information gathered by various systems, including social-networking system  160 . As an example and not by way of limitation, a user may provide his or her name, profile picture, contact information, birth date, sex, marital status, family status, employment, education background, preferences, interests, or other demographic information. In particular embodiments, a user node  202  may be associated with one or more data objects corresponding to information associated with a user. In particular embodiments, a user node  202  may correspond to one or more webpages. 
     In particular embodiments, a concept node  204  may correspond to a concept. As an example and not by way of limitation, a concept may correspond to a place (such as, for example, a movie theater, restaurant, landmark, or city); a website (such as, for example, a website associated with social-network system  160  or a third-party website associated with a web-application server); an entity (such as, for example, a person, business, group, sports team, or celebrity); a resource (such as, for example, an audio file, video file, digital photo, text file, structured document, or application) which may be located within social-networking system  160  or on an external server, such as a web-application server; real or intellectual property (such as, for example, a sculpture, painting, movie, game, song, idea, photograph, or written work); a game; an activity; an idea or theory; another suitable concept; or two or more such concepts. A concept node  204  may be associated with information of a concept provided by a user or information gathered by various systems, including social-networking system  160 . As an example and not by way of limitation, information of a concept may include a name or a title; one or more images (e.g., an image of the cover page of a book); a location (e.g., an address or a geographical location); a website (which may be associated with a URL); contact information (e.g., a phone number or an email address); other suitable concept information; or any suitable combination of such information. In particular embodiments, a concept node  204  may be associated with one or more data objects corresponding to information associated with concept node  204 . In particular embodiments, a concept node  204  may correspond to one or more webpages. 
     In particular embodiments, a node in social graph  200  may represent or be represented by a webpage (which may be referred to as a “profile page”). Profile pages may be hosted by or accessible to social-networking system  160 . Profile pages may also be hosted on third-party websites associated with a third-party server  170 . As an example and not by way of limitation, a profile page corresponding to a particular external webpage may be the particular external webpage and the profile page may correspond to a particular concept node  204 . Profile pages may be viewable by all or a selected subset of other users. As an example and not by way of limitation, a user node  202  may have a corresponding user-profile page in which the corresponding user may add content, make declarations, or otherwise express himself or herself. As another example and not by way of limitation, a concept node  204  may have a corresponding concept-profile page in which one or more users may add content, make declarations, or express themselves, particularly in relation to the concept corresponding to concept node  204 . 
     In particular embodiments, a concept node  204  may represent a third-party webpage or resource hosted by a third-party system  170 . The third-party webpage or resource may include, among other elements, content, a selectable or other icon, or other inter-actable object (which may be implemented, for example, in JavaScript, AJAX, or PHP codes) representing an action or activity. As an example and not by way of limitation, a third-party webpage may include a selectable icon such as “like,” “check-in,” “eat,” “recommend,” or another suitable action or activity. A user viewing the third-party webpage may perform an action by selecting one of the icons (e.g., “check-in”), causing a client system  130  to send to social-networking system  160  a message indicating the user&#39;s action. In response to the message, social-networking system  160  may create an edge (e.g., a check-in-type edge) between a user node  202  corresponding to the user and a concept node  204  corresponding to the third-party webpage or resource and store edge  206  in one or more data stores. 
     In particular embodiments, a pair of nodes in social graph  200  may be connected to each other by one or more edges  206 . An edge  206  connecting a pair of nodes may represent a relationship between the pair of nodes. In particular embodiments, an edge  206  may include or represent one or more data objects or attributes corresponding to the relationship between a pair of nodes. As an example and not by way of limitation, a first user may indicate that a second user is a “friend” of the first user. In response to this indication, social-networking system  160  may send a “friend request” to the second user. If the second user confirms the “friend request,” social-networking system  160  may create an edge  206  connecting the first user&#39;s user node  202  to the second user&#39;s user node  202  in social graph  200  and store edge  206  as social-graph information in one or more of data stores  164 . In the example of  FIG. 2 , social graph  200  includes an edge  206  indicating a friend relation between user nodes  202  of user “A” and user “B” and an edge indicating a friend relation between user nodes  202  of user “C” and user “B.” Although this disclosure describes or illustrates particular edges  206  with particular attributes connecting particular user nodes  202 , this disclosure contemplates any suitable edges  206  with any suitable attributes connecting user nodes  202 . As an example and not by way of limitation, an edge  206  may represent a friendship, family relationship, business or employment relationship, fan relationship (including, e.g., liking, etc.), follower relationship, visitor relationship (including, e.g., accessing, viewing, checking-in, sharing, etc.), subscriber relationship, superior/subordinate relationship, reciprocal relationship, non-reciprocal relationship, another suitable type of relationship, or two or more such relationships. Moreover, although this disclosure generally describes nodes as being connected, this disclosure also describes users or concepts as being connected. Herein, references to users or concepts being connected may, where appropriate, refer to the nodes corresponding to those users or concepts being connected in social graph  200  by one or more edges  206 . 
     In particular embodiments, an edge  206  between a user node  202  and a concept node  204  may represent a particular action or activity performed by a user associated with user node  202  toward a concept associated with a concept node  204 . As an example and not by way of limitation, as illustrated in  FIG. 2 , a user may “like,” “attended,” “played,” “listened,” “cooked,” “worked at,” or “watched” a concept, each of which may correspond to an edge type or subtype. A concept-profile page corresponding to a concept node  204  may include, for example, a selectable “check in” icon (such as, for example, a clickable “check in” icon) or a selectable “add to favorites” icon. Similarly, after a user clicks these icons, social-networking system  160  may create a “favorite” edge or a “check in” edge in response to a user&#39;s action corresponding to a respective action. As another example and not by way of limitation, a user (user “C”) may listen to a particular song (“Imagine”) using a particular application (SPOTIFY, which is an online music application). In this case, social-networking system  160  may create a “listened” edge  206  and a “used” edge (as illustrated in  FIG. 2 ) between user nodes  202  corresponding to the user and concept nodes  204  corresponding to the song and application to indicate that the user listened to the song and used the application. Moreover, social-networking system  160  may create a “played” edge  206  (as illustrated in  FIG. 2 ) between concept nodes  204  corresponding to the song and the application to indicate that the particular song was played by the particular application. In this case, “played” edge  206  corresponds to an action performed by an external application (SPOTIFY) on an external audio file (the song “Imagine”). Although this disclosure describes particular edges  206  with particular attributes connecting user nodes  202  and concept nodes  204 , this disclosure contemplates any suitable edges  206  with any suitable attributes connecting user nodes  202  and concept nodes  204 . Moreover, although this disclosure describes edges between a user node  202  and a concept node  204  representing a single relationship, this disclosure contemplates edges between a user node  202  and a concept node  204  representing one or more relationships. As an example and not by way of limitation, an edge  206  may represent both that a user likes and has used at a particular concept. Alternatively, another edge  206  may represent each type of relationship (or multiples of a single relationship) between a user node  202  and a concept node  204  (as illustrated in  FIG. 2  between user node  202  for user “E” and concept node  204  for “SPOTIFY”). 
     In particular embodiments, social-networking system  160  may create an edge  206  between a user node  202  and a concept node  204  in social graph  200 . As an example and not by way of limitation, a user viewing a concept-profile page (such as, for example, by using a web browser or a special-purpose application hosted by the user&#39;s client system  130 ) may indicate that he or she likes the concept represented by the concept node  204  by clicking or selecting a “Like” icon, which may cause the user&#39;s client system  130  to send to social-networking system  160  a message indicating the user&#39;s liking of the concept associated with the concept-profile page. In response to the message, social-networking system  160  may create an edge  206  between user node  202  associated with the user and concept node  204 , as illustrated by “like” edge  206  between the user and concept node  204 . In particular embodiments, social-networking system  160  may store an edge  206  in one or more data stores. In particular embodiments, an edge  206  may be automatically formed by social-networking system  160  in response to a particular user action. As an example and not by way of limitation, if a first user uploads a picture, watches a movie, or listens to a song, an edge  206  may be formed between user node  202  corresponding to the first user and concept nodes  204  corresponding to those concepts. Although this disclosure describes forming particular edges  206  in particular manners, this disclosure contemplates forming any suitable edges  206  in any suitable manner. 
     Establishing Wireless Communication Sessions with Beacons 
     Particular embodiments facilitate the exchange of information between a user and a third-party content provider via a beacon or other suitable geographic-positioning-capable devices or systems associated with the third-party content provider. As used herein, beacons may be any static or dynamic devices suitable for establishing and maintaining a wireless communication session between the beacon and any number of client systems proximate to the beacon. Beacons may be communicatively-coupled to at least one third-party content provider (i.e., a beacon holder) and able to communicate wirelessly with a social-networking system. Beacons may send and receive wireless communications via, for example, radio-frequency identification, near-field communication, ultrasonic waves, BLUETOOTH, BLUETOOTH low energy, IBEACON protocols, or any other suitable wireless communication method, particularly short-range wireless communication methods (e.g., less than approximately  300  feet). Beacons may be touch-sensitive so as to detect when a user or client system makes contact with the surface of the beacon and to establish a wireless communication session in response to the detected touch. Beacons may have any of the hardware or software features of the types described in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/460,886, titled “Bluetooth Crowd-Sourced Triangulation,” filed 15 Aug. 2014; U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/460,880, titled “Bluetooth Transmission Security Pattern,” filed 15 Aug. 2014; and U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/460,891, titled “Bluetooth Beacon Protocol,” filed 15 Aug. 2014; U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/416,975, titled “Dynamic Processor Duty Cycle Determination Based on Geographic Positioning Signals,” filed 9 Mar. 2012; U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/417,013, titled “Location Tracking for Geographic Positioning Capable Devices,” filed 9 Mar. 2012; and U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/431,842, titled “Dynamic Geographic Beacons for Geographic Positioning Capable Devices,” filed 27 Mar. 2012, each of which is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety. A third-party content provider may be associated with multiple beacons, and each beacon may be fixed, removably or permanently, at a location within a place of the third-party content provider. For example, the third-party content provider may be a grocery store, and there may be a beacon at the end of each aisle and at each check-out line. When a user&#39;s client system comes into range of a beacon or makes contact with a beacon (e.g., the user taps the beacon with her client system), a wireless communication session (or other suitable association) may be established between the client system and the beacon. The wireless communication session may be automatically established or an additional level of confirmation may be required before the wireless communication session is established between the client system and a beacon. Although this disclosure describes establishing a wireless communication session in a particular manner, this disclosure contemplates establishing any suitable wireless communication session in any suitable manner. 
     In particular embodiments, once the wireless communication session has been established between a beacon and a user&#39;s client system, social-networking information of the user may be provided to a third-party content provider with which the beacon is associated. For example and not by way of limitation, social-networking information of the user may include demographic information, geographic information, user preferences, any other suitable social-networking information, or any combination thereof. The social-networking information may be sent by the social-networking system to the third-party system directly or via the beacon. After receiving the social-networking information, the third-party content provider may tailor content to a particular user based on the received social-networking information. For example and not by way of limitation, in response to receiving social-networking information indicating that it is a user&#39;s birthday, a third-party content provider (e.g., a coffee shop) may send to the user&#39;s client system, via the beacon, an offer for a birthday gift (e.g., a free cup of coffee). As another example, in response to receiving social-networking information including a user&#39;s purchase history, which indicates that the user always buys a particular product (e.g., oxfords) when patronizing the third-party content provider (e.g., a shoe store), the third-party content provider may send directly to the user&#39;s client system information about new products relevant to the user&#39;s buying habits (e.g., a new style of oxfords that it only recently started carrying). As another example, the third-party system may send information for the user to the social-networking system, which may, in turn, send the information to the user&#39;s client system (e.g., the social-networking system may present the information on a page corresponding to the third-party content provider). Although this disclosure describes providing social-networking information and third-party content in a particular manner, this disclosure contemplates providing any suitable social-networking information and any suitable third-party content in any suitable manner. 
       FIG. 3  illustrates an example beacon environment  300  associated with a social-networking system  160 . Beacon environment  300  includes a beacon  310 , a client system  130 , a social-networking system  160 , and a third-party system  170 , each connected to a network  110 . Client system  130  and social-networking system  160  are shown as connected to each other by beacon  310 . Although  FIG. 3  illustrates a particular arrangement of beacon  310 , client system  130 , social-networking system  160 , third-party system  170 , and network  110 , this disclosure contemplates any suitable arrangement of beacon  310 , client system  130 , social-networking system  160 , third-party system  170 , and network  110 . As an example and not by way of limitation, client system  130  and social-networking system  160  may be connected to each other directly or via network  110 , bypassing beacon  310 . Although  FIG. 3  illustrates one beacon  310 , there may be any suitable number of beacons  310 . As described above, in connection with  FIG. 1 , links  150  may connect beacon  310 , client system  130 , social-networking system  160 , and third-party system  170  to network  110  or to each other. 
     In particular embodiments, a wireless communication session (or other suitable association) may be established between client system  130  and beacon  310 . Beacon  310  may be situated at a designated location within a place (e.g., a business) of a third-party content provider associated with third-party system  170 . For example, beacon  310  may be positioned at an entrance of a third-party content provider&#39;s store. When a client system  130  comes within a wireless communication range of beacon  310  (i.e., a user associated with client system  130  moves into range of beacon  310 ), third-party system  170  may send, via beacon  310 , a request to associate with client system  130 . Third-party system  170  may be communicatively coupled to beacon  310 . The request to associate may be a request to establish a wireless communication session between beacon  310  and client system  130 . In order for the request to associate to be sent, client system  130  may need to be proximate to beacon  310 . As used herein, proximate to the beacon refers to within a predetermined distance of beacon  310 . As an example and not by way of limitation, client system  130  may need to be inside the third-party content provider&#39;s business, at which beacon  310  is located, before the request to associate may be sent. It will be understood that the request to associate is described herein as being sent by third-party system  170 , via beacon  310 , for illustrative purposes and not by way of limitation and that the request to associate may be sent by any suitable components, including, for example, beacon  310 , third-party system  170 , client system  130 , and social-networking system  160 . 
     In particular embodiments, the third-party content provider may be associated with a plurality of beacons  310 , and each beacon  310  may be at a particular location within a place. For example, the third-party content provider may be a clothing retail store, and it may have a beacon  310  in each department (e.g., three beacons  310 , one in each of the women&#39;s, men&#39;s, and children&#39;s departments). If client system  130  is proximate to more than one beacon  310  (e.g., beacons  310  have overlapping ranges), various techniques may be used to determine with which of the beacons  310  client system  130  should be associated (e.g., by establishing a wireless communication session) or to confirm a proposed wireless communication session with a particular beacon  310 . As an example and not by way of limitation, techniques for selecting one of beacons  310  may include user choice (e.g., user input at client system  130  indicating proximity to a particular beacon  310 ), probability (e.g., probabilistic determination that user should be associated with a particular beacon  310 ), location triangulation (e.g., triangulating precise position of client system  130 , beacon  310 , or both), other location services of client system  130  (e.g., network location), and confirmation via connections in social graph  200  (e.g., based on wireless communication sessions of connections). A request to associate may need to be complemented by one of these techniques before a wireless communication session may be established between beacon  310  and client system  130 . For example, client system  130  may be detected by multiple beacons  310 , and social-networking system  160  may determine that one or more other users, each within a threshold degree of separation from the user of client system  130  in social graph  200 , are associated with client systems  130  that are each in a wireless communication session with a particular beacon  310 . Social-networking system  160  may then determine that client system  130  should be in a wireless communication session with the same particular beacon  310 . As another example and not by way of limitation, user input at client system  130  may be used to confirm or to permit a wireless communication session with beacon  310  or to confirm with which of beacons  310  a wireless communication session should be established. Third-party system  170  (or social-networking system  160 ) may send, directly or via beacon  310 , a prompt to client system  130 , asking a user to confirm, permit or deny a proposed wireless communication session with a particular beacon  310 . As an example and not by way of limitation, third-party system  170  (or social-networking system  160 ) may send, directly or via beacon  310 , a prompt to client system  130  of a first user, asking a user to confirm a proposed wireless communication session pending between a client system  130  of a second user and a beacon  310 . 
     In particular embodiments, a beacon  310  that has been stolen, spoofed, or otherwise moved without authorization may be detected based on confirmed wireless communication sessions established between one or more client systems  130  and the stolen or spoofed beacon  310 . As an example and not by way of limitation, if a wireless communication session between beacon  310  and client system  130  has been established and confirmed (e.g., via one or more of the above-described techniques), but the wireless communication session indicates that beacon  310  is at a location other than its designated location, then beacon  310  may be determined to be stolen or spoofed. Detecting a stolen or spoofed beacon  310  may be based on crowd-sourced information. For example, beacon  310  may be determined to be stolen or spoofed only after a threshold number of client systems  130  are in confirmed wireless communication sessions with beacon  310  at a wrong location. Once detected, the theft or spoof of beacon  310  may be reported to a page administrator for a page associated with beacon  310  (e.g., a page hosted by social-networking system  160 ). 
     In particular embodiments, a wireless communication session between beacon  310  and client system  130  may be established in response to beacon  310  being tapped by, or otherwise physically contacted by, client system  130 . A user may specify in a set of permissions whether wireless communication sessions may be established via tapping beacon  310 . A user may also specify, in a set of permissions, beacons  310  with which a wireless communication session may be automatically established (i.e., no further action need be taken by client system  130  to confirm or to allow the establishment of the wireless communication session) and for how long the permissions are valid (e.g., the wireless communication session may be automatically established only for a week or indefinitely). 
     Provision of Social-Networking Information to a Third-Party System 
     Once a wireless communication session has been established between client system  130  of a first user and beacon  310 , social-networking system  160  may provide a set of social-networking information to third-party system  170 , client systems  130  of other users (e.g., social connections of the first user in social graph  200 ), other beacons  310 , other social-networking systems  160 , any other suitable recipient, or any combination thereof. Social-networking system  160  may directly share a set of social-networking information with a recipient, or the information may be shared by way of beacon  310 . It will be understood that although the set of social-networking information is described as being provided by social-networking system  160 , this is merely for illustrative purposes, not by way of limitation, and that any suitable components, devices, or systems may provide the set of social-networking information  160 , including, for example one or more beacons  310 . 
     Social-networking information of a user may include, for example and not by way of limitation, demographic information (e.g., age, gender, nationality, race, ethnicity, and locality), biographic information (e.g., name, picture, birthday, and astrological sign), preferences (e.g., music, book, movie, and food preferences), payment credentials, purchase history, loyalty points or credits, allergies and other medical information, social-graph information (e.g., social connections within a threshold degree of separation in social graph  200  and social-networking information of those connections), any other information stored in a profile of the user on social-networking system  160 , any other suitable information pertaining to the user, or any combination thereof. As an example and not by way of limitation, the set of social-networking information received by third-party system  170  may include a connection between a first node in social graph  200  corresponding to a user of client system  130  and a second node corresponding to the third-party content provider. The connection between the first node and the second node may represent a particular social-networking action taken by the user with respect to the third-party content provider (e.g., the user has “liked” or checked-in at a page or event associated with the third-party content provider on an online social network). As another example and not by way of limitation, the set of social-networking information received by third-party system  170  may include identifiers of one or more second users who are connected to a first user of client system  130  in social graph  200  by a threshold degree of separation (e.g., first-degree connections may be “friends” of the first user). 
     In particular embodiments, a second set of social-networking information may be sent by social-networking system  160  and received by third-party system  170 . The second set of social-networking information may include social-networking information of one or more second users of the online social network, each of whom is connected to the first user of client system  130  by a threshold degree of separation. The second set of social-networking information may include social-networking information of the second users who are associated with client systems  130  that are located within wireless communication range of beacon  310 . As an example and not by way of limitation, social-networking system  160 , third-party system  170 , or beacon  310  may specify at least one radius delineating a distance around beacon  310 , and the second set of social-networking information may be of second users who are associated with client systems  130  that are located within the at least one radius of beacon  310 . 
     In particular embodiments, the particular set of social-networking information provided or received may be tailored to the particular recipient. The request to associate may specify at least one attribute of the third-party content provider. The particular social-networking information provided to third-party system  170  may be selected based on the at least one attribute of the third-party content provider. The attribute may be a type of good purveyed or service rendered by the third-party content provider, and the social-networking information provided may include user preferences associated with the type of good or service. As an example and not by way of limitation, an attribute for a third-party content provider may indicate that it is a restaurant, and social-networking information sent to third-party system  170  may include a list of the user&#39;s allergies; whereas, an attribute for a third-party content provider may indicate that it is a clothing retail establishment, and social-networking information sent to third-party system  170  may include the user&#39;s clothing size and favorite color. 
     In particular embodiments, the particular set of social-networking information of a user that is sent or received may be subject to a set of permissions (e.g., privacy preferences) specified by the user or other restrictions imposed by the online social network. The social-networking information of a user may be automatically shared with beacon  310  or third-party system  170  in accordance with a user-specified set of permissions. For example, a user may specify that sharing is permitted for a particular branch of a third-party content provider or for all branches of the third-party content provider (e.g., sharing may be permitted for a local coffee shop or across all coffee shops in a franchise). As another example and not by way of limitation, a user may specify that sharing is permitted based on social-graph information (e.g., sharing may be permissive with entities for which the user has indicated an affinity via a “like,” “follow,” or other social-networking action). The set of permissions may permit sharing of certain social-networking information of the user based on social-graph information (e.g., connections within a threshold degree of separation). As an example and not by way of limitation, the set of permissions may allow a set of social-networking information to be sent based on a degree of separation in social graph  200  between a node corresponding to the third-party content provider and a node corresponding to the user of client system  130 . The user may specify different levels of sharing within a set of permissions. As an example and not by way of limitation, the user may specify that a greater amount of social-networking information may be shared with first degree connections of the user in social graph  200  than the amount shared with second or greater degree connections. 
     Provision of Customized Third-Party Content to a Client System 
     In particular embodiments, in response to the provision of social-networking information of the user, third-party system  170  may push, feed, promote, or otherwise send third-party content to the user&#39;s client system  130 . In particular embodiments, third-party system  170  may send third-party content intended for the user to social-networking system  160 , which may send the third-party content to the user&#39;s client system  130 . Third-party content may also be sent in response to a wireless communication session being established between beacon  310  and client system  130 , regardless of whether social-networking information of the user is provided. The third-party content provided may be customized based on the social-networking information received. As an example and not by way of limitation, in response to receiving a user&#39;s name, a third-party content provider may send the user&#39;s purchase history (e.g., when the user was last at the third-party content provider business and what the user ordered or purchased). Third-party content may include, for example and not by way of limitation, identifiers of objects (e.g., an indication that a particular object is located near beacon  310 ), identifiers of users (e.g., an indication that one or more client systems of one or more users are in wireless communication sessions with one or more beacons  310 ), sponsored content (e.g., an advertisement, coupon, promotion, or other suitable offer), patronage demographic information (e.g., an average age of current or historical patrons of a third-party content provider place), messages (e.g., messages from a third-party content provider or messages left by another user&#39;s client system  130 ), information or directions regarding how to send the third-party content provider a message (e.g., contact information for sending a message to third-party system  170 ), access to or instructions for accessing a bulletin board or chat room feature (e.g., access to a chat room with other users associated with client systems in wireless communication sessions with one or more beacons  310  of a particular third-party content provider), social-networking information (e.g., of other users currently proximate to one or more beacons  310 ), third-party content provider place information (e.g., a map of a place or product stock information), any other suitable third-party content, or any combination thereof. 
     As an example and not by way of limitation, social-networking system  160  may suggest social-networking actions based on social-networking information (e.g., suggest other users for tagging in a post at place of business associated with beacon  310  if the other users are associated with client systems  130  currently in wireless communication sessions with beacon  310 ). As an example and not by way of limitation, third-party system  170  may send one or more identifiers of second users of an online social network to client system  130  of a first user, and the second users may be each associated with a respective client system  130  that is in an active wireless communication session with beacon  310  (e.g., identifiers of second users currently at a third-party content provider place). Third-party system  170  may determine that the first user has one or more attributes in common with the second users based on received social-networking information of each and may provide the identifiers of the second users to the first user along with suggested conversation topics based on the social-networking information of each (e.g., the suggested conversation topics may be related to the identified commonalities). In the same example, third-party system  170  may only send the identifiers of second users who are social connections of the first user in social graph  200  (i.e., the second users are “friends” of the first user) based on the social-networking information of the first user. The third-party content may be based on current information, historical information, or a combination of both. 
     In particular embodiments, third-party system  170 , social-networking system  160 , or beacon  310  may send one or more questions or requests for additional information to client system  130  of a user. A response may be inputted by the user or otherwise inputted at client system  130  and sent by client system  130 , directly or via beacon  310 , to the questioning third-party system  170 , social-networking system  160 , or beacon  310 . The response sent may include a binary yes/no response or some or all of the requested information. As an example and not by way of limitation, the user may take and send a “selfie” or other image in response to a prompt asking for a photograph of the user at the third-party content provider place, as shown below in  FIG. 12 . Third-party system  170 , social-networking system  160 , or beacon  310  may then send third-party content to client system  130  based on the received user response. As an example and not by way of limitation, third-party system  170  may send the user a question—“Are you looking for jeans?”—and a selection of answers—“yes” and “no”—and in response to a user response of “yes,” third-party system  170  may send client system  130  a store map showing the location of jeans. In the same example, third-party system  170  may additionally receive social-networking information of the user indicating the gender of the user, and third-party system  170  may then further customize the third-party content to send the user&#39;s client system  130  a map showing the location of jeans for the user&#39;s gender. In particular embodiments, third-party system  170  may send the customized third-party content to social-networking system  160  for delivery to the user&#39;s client system  130 . Social-networking system  160  may then provide the customized third-party content to client system  130  (e.g., by presenting it on a page corresponding to the third-party content provider). 
     In particular embodiments, third-party content may be sent to client system  130  while an established wireless communication session is active between beacon  310  and client system  130  (i.e., while the user is presently located at the third-party content provider place). As an example and not by way of limitation, third-party content sent to client system  130  may include a promotional offer, which is redeemable by the user of client system  130  while an established wireless communication session between beacon  310  and client system  130  remains active. Additionally or alternatively, third-party content may be provided after a wireless communication session between beacon  310  and client system  130  has been terminated (i.e., after a user has left the third-party content provider place). As an example and not by way of limitation, third-party system  130  may detect that a wireless communication session between beacon  310  and client system  130  has been terminated, and third-party system  170  may send third-party content to client system  130  while client system  130  is still within wireless communication range of beacon  310 . As an example and not by way of limitation, third-party system  170  may send a survey or a request to rate or review the third-party content provider to client system  130  after the wireless communication session between beacon  310  and client system  130  has been terminated (e.g., by virtue of the user carrying client system  130  out of proximity of beacon  310  or by virtue of the wireless communication session expiring). As another example and not by way of limitation, social-networking system  160  may send a survey or a request to rate or review the third-party content provider to client system  130  after the wireless communication session between beacon  310  and client system  130  has been terminated. 
     In particular embodiments, the establishment of a wireless communication session between beacon  310  and client system  130  may effectuate a social-networking action in an online social network. As an example, the establishment of a wireless communication session between beacon  310  and client system  130  may result in a “like” of, check-in at, or other suitable expression of affinity for a page corresponding to the third-party content provider beacon-holder by the user on an online social network. Tapping or otherwise touching client system  130  to beacon  310  may perform a social-networking action (e.g., “like,” “follow,” “poke,” or “send friend request”). As an example and not by way of limitation, beacon  310  may be associated with a street-performer musician, and a user may tap beacon  310  with client system  130  to generate a “like” for a page corresponding to the musician on an online social network. Social-networking actions may be represented in social graph  200  by edges connecting a node corresponding to the user to a page corresponding to the third-party content provider or an event of the third-party content provider. Social-networking actions may be published by social-networking system  160  (e.g., on a feed or profile corresponding to the user). While the social-networking action is described as being triggered by the establishment of a wireless communication session between beacon  310  and client system  130 , it will be understood that this is merely illustrative and that any suitable interaction between beacon  310 , client system  130 , social-networking system  160 , and third-party system  170  may trigger the social-networking action. Social-networking actions performed via beacon  310  may be triggers for After-Party like reaction cards, which may be presented to a user, of the type described in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/466,269, titled “Generating Cards in Response to User Actions on Online Social Networks” filed 22 Aug. 2014, the entirety of which is incorporated herein by reference. As an example and not by way of limitation, a social-networking action may be performed in response to a set of social-networking information of the user being sent to third-party system  170 . In particular embodiments, social-networking system  160  may present content to a user (e.g., by publishing objects and information in a feed on a page associated with the user on an online social network) based on wireless communication sessions established between the user&#39;s client system  130  and beacons  310 . As an example and not by way of limitation, social-networking system  160  may rank stories, ads, promotions, offers, or other content in a feed based on the wireless communication sessions established between the user&#39;s client system  130  and beacons  310 . 
     In particular embodiments, the establishment of a wireless communication session between beacon  310  and client system  130  may cause third-party system  170  to provide a deep link to a particular location or content item of an application of the third-party content provider with which beacon  310  is associated. As an example and not by way of limitation, third-party system  170  may receive social-networking information of a user indicating that the user is interested in a particular product, and third-party system  170  may send to the user&#39;s client system  130  a deep link (e.g., a URL) to a location in an application (e.g., running on client device  130 ) that has information pertaining to the particular product. 
     In particular embodiments, the establishment of a wireless communication session between beacon  310  and client system  130  may unlock third-party content (e.g., a coupon), content of social-networking system  160  (e.g., a key to access a VIP page on the online social network), or content deposited at beacon  310  by another user of an online social network (e.g., a message, image, or digital gift). As an example and not by way of limitation, a first user may leave a message, physical or digital, at beacon  310  and may specify who may access the message (e.g., any second user in a wireless communication session with beacon  310  or any second user who is a social connection of the first user and who is in a wireless communication session with beacon  310 ). 
     In particular embodiments, authorization to access or view content deposited at one or more beacons  310  (e.g., by a user, social-networking system  160 , or third-party system  170 ) may be based on conditions set by the creator or depositor of the content or by another entity. A restrictive condition on access to certain content at one or more beacons  310  may include membership in a specified group. For example, authorized group members may include, by example and not by way of limitation: members of a certain social club; users who have purchased access rights to the particular content; direct connections of a particular user node or concept node in social graph  200 ; users having phone numbers with a certain area code or prefix; registered users of a downloaded mobile device application, other suitable conditions, or any combination thereof. Restrictions to access may additionally be based on user-specific information, including but not limited to: demographic attributes of the user (e.g., age, gender, nationality, race, ethnicity, and/or locality); profile attributes of the user on social-networking system  160 , social-networking information associated with the user (e.g., friends within a threshold degree of separation of the user within social graph  200 ); a status of the client system (e.g., the device is in “pairing mode” or “game mode”); parental controls set for an account of the user with social-networking system  160 ; a transaction history of the user; other suitable user-specific information; or any combination thereof. In an example, authorization may be granted to users having a transaction history showing greater than a threshold number of games played on an online social network; achievement of a threshold level within a particular game; greater than a threshold number of hours logged playing a particular game; achievement of greater than a threshold number of posts to a page associated with beacon  310  (e.g., comments or status updates); greater than a threshold number of wireless communication sessions established with a particular beacon  310  or set of beacons  310  (e.g., scavenger hunt specifying ten New York City destinations to visit within a year); or designation as an administrator or officer of an organization or group on an online social network. As an example and not by way of limitation, a third-party system  170  may grant access to third-party content or may provide third-party content (e.g., a promotion or other reward) to a user&#39;s client system  130  when greater than a threshold number of wireless communication sessions have been established between client system  130  and one or more beacons  310  of the third-party content provider. 
     In particular embodiments, a third-party content provider (or third-party system  170 ) may act in real-time based on wireless communication sessions between beacon  310  and client system  130 , the received set or sets of social-networking information, received user responses to questions or requests for information, or any combination thereof. Third-party system  170  may cause one or more characteristics of a place of the third-party content provider to be modified, in real-time, in response to the received set of social-networking information of a user. As an example and not by way of limitation, the third-party content provider may perform an action customized to a particular user or group of users (e.g., change the lighting, offer a favorite appetizer, play a preferred genre of music, or any combination thereof, based on the received set or sets of social-networking information). As another example and not by way of limitation, the third-party content provider may seat a user based similarities or dissimilarities (e.g., one or more similar or dissimilar attributes) between the sets of social-networking information received for that user and the sets of social-networking information received for other users in the place (e.g., restaurant) of the third-party content provider. 
     Business Insights 
     In particular embodiments, session information of one or more users associated with one or more client systems  130  may be received by social-networking system  160  from one or more beacons  310  at locations in a place of a third-party content provider. Session information may include information pertaining to interactions between each client system  130  and beacons  310 . As an example and not by way of limitation, session information may include, for each user, a history of wireless communication sessions established between one of beacons  310  and client system  130 ; a number of visits (i.e., wireless communication sessions established between one or more of beacons  310  and the respective client system  130 ); whether a user is in a first-time wireless communication session with one of beacons  310  at a place of a third-party content provider; duration of each wireless communication session between one of beacons  310  and client system  130 ; average duration of wireless communication session between beacons  310  and client system  130 ; time since last wireless communication session was established between one of beacons  310  and client system  130 ; any other information pertaining to wireless communication sessions established between one of beacons  310  and client system  130 ; or any combination thereof. Session information may include information of users whose client systems  130  are presently in a wireless communication session with one or more of beacons  310 . Session information may also include information of users whose client systems  130  have previously been in a wireless communication session with one or more of beacons  310 . 
     In particular embodiments, social-networking system  160  may generate a report of business insights for a third-party content provider based on foot traffic registered by one or more beacons  310  situated at locations in a business of the third-party content provider. Although the report is described in  FIGS. 4A-4C  as being generated by social-networking system  160 , this is merely for illustrative purposes, not by way of limitation, and any suitable components, devices, or systems may generate the report, including, for example one or more beacons  310 . As an example and not by way of limitation, the report may include a set of business insights generated based on aggregated session information and aggregated social-networking information pertaining to a plurality of users of an online social network who are currently or were previously associated with the one or more beacons  310  of the third-party content provider, as described below in connection with  FIG. 4A . As another example and not by way of limitation, the report may include a profile for each individual user of an online social network who is currently or was previously associated with the one or more beacons  310  of the third-party content provider, as described below in connection with  FIGS. 4B-4C . An advantage of particular embodiments is that one or more business insights (e.g., business insights based on beacons  310  associated with one or more third-party content providers) may be provided to users and customized to the particular needs of each particular user. In this manner, business insights may empower users, providing customized, location-based information based on which the users may make informed decisions. As an example and not by way of limitation, aggregate business insights may include reported noise levels in local coffee shops (e.g., so that the user may select the quietest coffee shop at which to study); demographic composition of bars in a particular area (e.g., so that the user may select the bar with the most people of his age group); wait time at grocery stores (e.g., so that the user may select the grocery store with the shortest checkout lines). 
       FIG. 4A  illustrates an example report view  405  of an interface  400  displayed on a third-party system  130 . Report view  405  may include any suitable business insights  420  (e.g., statistics, data, or other suitable information) generated based on aggregated session information and aggregated social-networking information for one or more users of an online social network (i.e., the clientele of a third-party content provider). After generating business insights  420 , social-networking system  160  may send business insights  420  to third-party system  170  for display to the third-party content provider associated with third-party system  170 . Business insights  420  may be generated for all users associated with client systems  130  previously in an established wireless communication session with any of beacons  310  (i.e., historical customers). Business insights  420  may be generated for all users whose client systems  130  are currently in an active wireless communication session with any of beacons  310  (i.e., current customers). Social-networking system  160  receive session information for one or more users from one or more beacons  310 , each of which is communicatively coupled with third-party system  170  and associated with a particular third-party content provider. As an example and not by way of limitation, one or more beacons  310  may be fixed at one or more locations in a business of the third-party content provider. The received session information of a user may include an identifier of the particular user, and social-networking system  160  may access social-networking information based on the identifier. Social-networking system  160  may then aggregate and anonymize the received session information and the accessed social-networking information for one or more users in order to generate business insights  420 . Business insights may be sent by social-networking system  160  to third-party system  170  for display at a specialized user interface  400  of a native application running on third-party system  170 . 
     In particular embodiments, business insights  420  may be generated based on aggregated session information, aggregated social-networking information, or any combination thereof. Business insights  420  generated based on session information may include, for example and not by way of limitation, average duration of user visits (i.e., determined based on wireless communication session durations). Business insights  420  generated based on social-networking information may include, for example and not by way of limitation, a number of users who are female or products or menu items for which one or more users have indicated an affinity (e.g., by “liking” in an online social network). Business insights  420  may also be generated based on both social-networking information and session information and may include, for example and not by way of limitation, a number of users who are female and who are currently in a wireless communication session with beacon  310  and an average duration of visits for female users. Social-networking system  160  may generate business insights  420  subject to sets of permissions of each user or other restrictions imposed by the social-networking system  160 . In the illustrated example of  FIG. 4A , business insights  420  are shown as including customers in the store (i.e., users with client systems  130  in wireless communication sessions with one or more beacons  310 ), numbers of returning and first time customers, numbers of men and women, average minutes per visit, average visit per customer, combined loyalty points for all customers, average age, customers whose birthdays are today, average rating (e.g., of a page corresponding to the third-party content provider on an online social network), and customers checked-in (e.g., at a page corresponding to the third-party content provider on an online social network). The number of and the particular business insights  420  generated and included in report view  405  may be customized to a particular third-party content provider for which social-networking system  160  generates business insights  420 . In connection with business insights, particular embodiments may utilize one or more systems, components, elements, functions, methods, operations, or steps disclosed in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/542,389, titled “Visualizing Audience Metrics”; U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/542,397, titled “Using Audience Metrics with Targeting Criteria for an Advertisement”; and U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/452,411, titled “Generating Audience Metrics Including Affinity Scores Relative to an Audience”; each of which is incorporated by reference in its entirety herein. 
     In particular embodiments, a third-party content provider may have multiple beacons  310  dispersed throughout the third-party content provider&#39;s place of business (e.g., at check-out queues, departments, aisles, and displays for particular products). Session information of one or more users received from each of beacons  310  by social-networking system  160  may include a location within the place for each of the one or more users based on the particular beacon  310  with which the user&#39;s client system  130  is in a wireless communication session. Business insights  420  may be generated based on this location information and may include “pain points,” for example, a check-out with a long queue (e.g., more than a threshold number of client systems  130  are currently in a wireless communication session with beacon  310  at the check-out), crowded department or aisles (e.g., more than a threshold number of client systems  130  are currently in a wireless communication session with beacon  310  at the department or aisle), products near high volume foot traffic that may need to be restocked, and tables or users that require service, any other suitable business insights  420  based on users&#39; locations within the business, or any combination thereof. 
     In particular embodiments, a third-party content provider or associated third-party system  170  may perform an action in real-time based on business insights  420 . As an example and not by way of limitation, third-party system  170  may route staff throughout the third-party content provider place of business based on business insights  420  (e.g., business insights  420  may include department-to-checkout time, department traffic, and specific offer(s) in a particular department). As another example, third-party system  170  may price items based on business insights  420  (e.g., surge-pricing based on business insight  420  indicating high traffic volume). As another example, third-party system  170  may reorder stock or re-stock shelves or products (e.g., based on business insights  420  including aggregate purchase history of particular products). In another example, business insights  420  may also monitor the crowd index at a third-party content provider place of business (e.g., based on average dwell time), and third-party system  170  may make suggestions to a user based on the business insights  420  tracking crowd index (e.g., make suggestions of places a user may like based on the social-networking and session information of the particular user, if the third-party content provider&#39;s place of business is overcrowded). 
     Business insights  420  may be generated based on session information and social-networking information received or accessed during a pre-defined window of time, information continuously accumulated over time, or real-time information. Business insights may be dynamically updated in real-time. As an example and not by way of limitation, business insights may be updated based on wireless communication sessions established and terminated between beacons  310  and client systems  130 . Business insights may be provided on an individual basis or as part of a report of multiple insights (e.g., as shown in report view  405 ). Business insights  420  may be monetized by charging third-party content providers for the generation and provision of a report of business insights  420 . The particular types of business insights provided in portfolios may be customized based on the needs and budget of a particular third-party content provider. 
       FIG. 4B  illustrates example profile view  410  of an interface  400  displayed on a third-party system  130 . In particular embodiments, profile view  410  may include an individual profile, represented by profile icon  425 , for each of one or more users of an online social network. Profile view  410  may provide profile icons  425  in a random or pre-determined order. As an example and not by way of limitation, profile view  410  may provide profile icons  425  in ascending or descending order of duration of current visit, loyalty points, or in any other suitable order (e.g., alphabetical by first name). Profiles icons  425  may be generated for all users associated with client systems  130  previously or currently in an established wireless communication session with any of beacons  310  based on the preferences of the particular third-party content provider. In the example illustrated in  FIG. 4B , profile icons  425  may include an image or other representation of each of the users (e.g., social-networking system  160  may access each user&#39;s social-networking information to obtain an image of the user). Profile icons  425  may include a user&#39;s name, identifier, moniker, or any other suitable identifying information. In another example, social-networking system  160  may cause notification jewels  435  to appear and persist on profile icons  425 . Notification jewel  435  may display a number corresponding to, for example and not by way of limitation, new information received for a user (e.g., social-networking information). In the example illustrated in  FIG. 4B , notification jewels  435  depict the numerals “ 8 ,” “ 11 ,” and “ 2 ,” and may refer to the number of visits for each user associated with profile icons  425 . Profile icons  425  and notification jewels  435  are customizable by social-networking system  160  according to the preferences of a third-party content provider. Profile icons  425  may be selectable to reveal a detailed view, which is described below in connection with  FIG. 4C . 
       FIG. 4C  illustrates an example detailed profile view  415  of an interface  400  displayed on a third-party system  130 . Detailed profile view  415  may include profile icons  425  and notification jewels  435 . Once a profile icon  425  has been selected (e.g., via input at third-party system  160 ), it may expand to reveal user profile  445 , which may include a set of social-networking information and session information of a particular user. In the example illustrated in  FIG. 4C , a particular profile icon  425  is shown as expanded, including profile picture  430  and user profile  445 , which may hover or float over profile icons  425 . Profile picture  430  may be the same image or a different image than that depicted in profile icon  425 . User profile  445  may include user name  440  (e.g., “John”) and any other social-networking information or session information of the user (e.g., “age: 25”). User profile  445  may also include social-networking actions of the user taken with respect to a node in social graph  200  corresponding to a third-party content provider. As an example and not by way of limitation, user profile  445  may include a user social-networking action expressing affinity for the third-party content provider, which may be represented in social graph  200  by an edge connecting a first node corresponding to the user to a second node corresponding to the third-party content provider. User profile  445  may also include a notes section editable at third-party system  170  to include any pertinent notes of third-party content provider employees or agents. 
     In particular embodiments, social-networking system  160  may store a record of session information received for one or more users, social-networking information accessed for the one or more users, third-party information received, and any other relevant information. Social-networking system  160  may store this information, for example, as a markup of a user profile on an online social network (e.g., stored in association with a corresponding user node in social graph  200 ). As an example and not by way of limitation, the markup of a user profile may accessible to third-party system  170  by calling one or more APIs. 
     Although this disclosure describes and illustrates particular embodiments of  FIGS. 4A-4C  as being implemented by social-networking system  160 , this disclosure contemplates any suitable embodiments of  FIGS. 4A-4C  occurring on any suitable interface and as being implemented by any suitable platform or system. As an example, and not by way of limitation, particular embodiments of  FIGS. 4A-4C  may be implemented by one or more beacons  310 . Furthermore, although this disclosure describes and illustrates particular components, devices, or systems carrying out particular steps of the method of  FIGS. 4A-4C , this disclosure contemplates any suitable combination of any suitable components, devices, or systems carrying out any suitable steps of the method of  FIGS. 4A-4C . 
     Ad-Targeting 
       FIG. 5  illustrates example ads  510  of a third-party content provider displayed at an interface  500  of a client system  130 . In particular embodiments, social-networking system  160  may target users for advertisements and customize advertisements to be sent to the user based on session information, social-networking information, and sponsored content received from third-party system  170 . Social-networking system  160  may receive session information for a user from one or more beacons  310 , each of which is communicatively coupled with third-party system  170  and associated with a particular third-party content provider. The received session information of a user may include an identifier of the particular user, and social-networking system  160  may access social-networking information based on the identifier. Social-networking system  160  may also receive, from third-party system  170 , sponsored content. Sponsored content may include, for example and not by way of limitation, an advertisement, a coupon, an offer, a discount, a promotion, any other suitable advertising content, or any combination thereof. Social-networking system  160  may generate and send ads  510  to the user&#39;s client system based on a set of permissions specified by the user. 
     Social-networking system  160  may send ads  510  to client system  130  via text, email, or any other suitable method of wireless communication based on a set of permissions specified by the user of the client system  130 . In the example illustrated in  FIG. 5 , ads  510  are shown as text messages, and the user of client system  130  may have indicated that text message is the preferred mode of communication for all advertising content. Social-networking system  160  may also provide ads  510  to users in a feed or otherwise published on an online social network. Ads  510  may be sent to a user while his client system  130  is presently in an established wireless communication session with beacon  310  (e.g., an offer or discount redeemable during the current wireless communication session) or after the wireless communication session between beacon  310  and client system  130  has been terminated. As an example and not by way of limitation, social-networking system  160  may send an offer to a user if that user used to frequent the business (e.g., determined based on session information) but a predetermined period of time has passed since a wireless communication session has been established between beacon  310  and client system  130  of the user. 
     In particular embodiments, social-networking system  160  may determine to which user to send ads  510  and how to customize ads  510  based on that user&#39;s social-networking information and session information. Social-networking system  160  may send ads based on one or more affinities expressed by the user. As an example and not by way of limitation, the social-networking information of the user may include an affinity coefficient of a first node corresponding to the user with respect to one or more second nodes in social graph  200 . As an example, the affinity coefficient may be based on one or more edges connecting the first node to one or more second nodes corresponding to the third-party content provider. Social-networking system  160  may send ads  510  based on a current geographical location of a user (e.g., determined based on the social-networking information). As an example and not by way of limitation, social-networking system  160  may send an ad  510  for a particular third-party content provider to which the user is currently proximate. As an example and not by way of limitation, social-networking system  160  may send ads  510  to client system  130  in response to determining, based on session information of the user, that a wireless communication session has not been established between beacon  310  and client system  130  for a predetermined period of time. As another example and not by way of limitation, social-networking system  160  may send ads  510  to client system  130  in response to determining, based on social-networking information of the user, that the user&#39;s purchase history indicates a strong trend to purchasing a particular type of product when it is on-sale and the sponsored content received includes a discount for the same type of product. As an example and not by way of limitation, social-networking system  160  may send ads  510  to a user because he visited a third-party content provider before other users visited the third-party content provider (i.e., the user&#39;s client system was in a wireless communication system with a beacon  310  at an earlier date or time than a certain number of other users&#39; client systems). As an example and not by way of limitation, social-networking systems  160  may send ads  510  (e.g., a VIP promotional offer) to a user who performed a social-networking action with respect to a node corresponding to a third-party content provider in social graph  200  before other users did the same (e.g., the user is an “early adopter”). 
     In particular embodiments, social-networking system  160  may send ads  510  to client system  130  of a first user based on the social-networking information of one or more second users. As an example and not by way of limitation, social-networking system  160  may send ads  510  to client system  130  of a first user who has one or more attributes (e.g., received session information may include the one or more attributes) in common with one or more second users whose social-networking information and session information indicates a particular average duration of visits, a threshold frequency of visits, a particular purchase history, any other suitable attributes, or any combination thereof (e.g., the first user is targeted for advertising based on being a “lookalike” of second users who are frequent or loyal patrons of a particular third-party content provider). Social-networking system  160  may also send ads  510  to client system  130  of a first user based on the social-networking information and session information of one or more second users who are connected to the first user in social graph  200  (e.g., a first node corresponds to the first user, second nodes correspond to the second users, and the first node is connected to each of the second nodes by a threshold degree of separation). Advertisements may be sent to particular users and customized for particular users using one or more systems, components, elements, functions, methods, operations, or steps disclosed in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/300,309, titled “Selecting Advertisement Content for Social Networking System Users Based on Types of Location Data”; U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/529,133, titled “Selection Of A Group Of Content Items For Presentation To An Online System User Based On Content Item Characteristics And User Attributes”; and U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/305,997, titled “Displaying Advertisements with Location Information”; each of which is incorporated by reference in its entirety herein. 
     In particular embodiments, client system  130  may be currently in a wireless communication session with beacon  310  of a first third-party content provider, and social-networking system  160  may send ads  510 , which are based on sponsored content received from a second third-party content provider. In particular embodiments, social-networking system  160  may generate new sponsored content or receive sponsored content from an entity or third-party content provider that is not associated with a beacon  310 . In particular embodiments, social-networking system  160  may receive sponsored content from third-party systems  170  of multiple third-party content providers, and social-networking system may select sponsored content received from at least one of the third-party systems  170 , based on which social-networking system  160  may generate ads  510  to be sent to client system  130 . As an example and not by way of limitation, if a third-party content provider place of business reaches a threshold occupancy level (e.g., based on a business insight crowd index), it may send ads  510 , which may promote different third-party content providers, to users who are presently associated with one or more beacons  310  in order to manage the crowd index. As another example and not by way of limitation, for a third-party content provider business (e.g., Johnny Brenda&#39;s bar), social-networking system  160  may send ads  510  to client system  130  that include nearby suggested third-party content provider businesses and/or promotions or offers for the suggested third-party content provider businesses (e.g., advertisement for happy hour at a nearby bar with similar attributes, the Starboard Side Tavern). Social-networking system  160  may also send ads  510  directing a user to a different third-party content provider business based on predicted exit times (e.g., determined based of business insights including average duration of visits for the particular users) of users whose client systems are currently in a wireless communication session with one of beacons  310 . As an example and not by way of limitation, after a user&#39;s client system  130  has been in a wireless communication session with a beacon  310  for a predetermined period of time, social-networking system  160  may send ads  510  for other similar businesses or for other businesses to visit next (e.g., if the third-party content provider is a bar, a next-visit business may be a pizza shop, or if the third-party content provider is a movie theater, a next-visit business may be a coffee shop). Social-networking system  160  may send ads  510  based on physical proximity of other third-party content providers (e.g., within walking distance) as well as on social-networking information (e.g., the user has indicated an affinity for a type of third-party content provider) and/or session information (e.g., ads may include “Two of your friends are at Starboard Bar” or “Ten of your friends like Mystic Pizza, which is just across the street.”). Social-networking system  160  may also send ads  510  to client system  130  based trends observed in the user&#39;s session information (e.g., user has an established pattern of frequenting a second third-party content provider after a first third-party content provider, so the second third-party content provider may be promoted as a next-visit business). 
     In particular embodiments, advertising may be monetized by taking bids from third-party content providers for an advertising slot. For example, in response to receiving, from a third-party content provider at which a user is located, sponsorship information soliciting sponsored content from one or more other third-party content providers, social-networking system  160  may receive sponsored content from the one or more other third-party content providers, each also sending a bid, either in real-time or via prior negotiation. As another example, social-networking system  160  may also receive sponsored content from an entity or third-party content provider that is not associated with a beacon  310 . Social-networking system  160  may send ads  510  to a client system  130  based on the sponsored content of the third-party content provider who submitted the winning bid. The sponsorship information may specify a time range (e.g., based on an exit time prediction for a particular user), and social-networking system  160  may send ads  510  to client system  130  during the specified time range. As an example and not by way of limitation, transportation entities (e.g., taxi services) may also submit bids and sponsored content (e.g., taxi services or other third-party transit providers may bid on ads  510  to be sent to client systems  130  based on predicted exit times). 
     Although this disclosure describes and illustrates particular embodiments of  FIG. 5  as being implemented by social-networking system  160 , this disclosure contemplates any suitable embodiments of  FIG. 5  occurring on any suitable interface and as being implemented by any suitable platform or system. As an example, and not by way of limitation, particular embodiments of  FIG. 5  may be implemented by one or more beacons  310 . Furthermore, although this disclosure describes and illustrates particular components, devices, or systems carrying out particular steps of the method of  FIG. 5 , this disclosure contemplates any suitable combination of any suitable components, devices, or systems carrying out any suitable steps of the method of  FIG. 5 . 
       FIG. 6  illustrates an example method  600  for sending customized third-party content to a client system  130 . The method may begin at step  610 , where third-party system  170  may send, from third-party system  170  associated with a third-party content provider, via beacon  310  associated with the third-party content provider, beacon  310  being communicatively coupled to third-party system  170 , a request to associate with first client system  130  of a first user of an online social network, the request specifying at least one attribute of the third-party content provider, and wherein: beacon  310  is associated with a location within a place associated with the third-party content provider, and first client system  130  is within wireless communication range of beacon  310 , first client system  130  being proximate to beacon  310 . At step  620 , third-party system  170  may receive, via beacon  310 , a first set of social-networking information of the first user, the first set of social-networking information being sent in response to establishment of a wireless communication session between beacon  310  and first client system  130 , wherein the first set of social-networking information is based on a set of permissions specified by the first user and the at least one attribute of the third-party content provider. At step  630 , third-party system  170  may send to first client system  130 , via beacon  310 , customized third-party content for display on first client system  130 , the customized third-party content being based on the first set of social-networking information and first client system  130  being proximate to beacon  310 . 
     Particular embodiments may repeat one or more steps of the method of  FIG. 6 , where appropriate. Although this disclosure describes and illustrates particular steps of the method of  FIG. 6  as occurring in a particular order, this disclosure contemplates any suitable steps of the method of  FIG. 6  occurring in any suitable order. Moreover, although this disclosure describes and illustrates an example method for sending customized third-party content to client system  130  including the particular steps of the method of  FIG. 6 , this disclosure contemplates any suitable method for sending customized third-party content to client system  130  including any suitable steps, which may include all, some, or none of the steps of the method of  FIG. 6 , where appropriate. Furthermore, although this disclosure describes and illustrates particular components, devices, or systems carrying out particular steps of the method of  FIG. 6 , this disclosure contemplates any suitable combination of any suitable components, devices, or systems carrying out any suitable steps of the method of  FIG. 6 . 
       FIG. 7  illustrates an example method  700  for sending a report to a third-party system  170 . The method may begin at step  710 , where social-networking system  160  may receive, from one or more beacons  310  associated with a third-party content provider, each beacon  310  being communicatively coupled to third-party system  170  associated with the third-party content provider, session information of a plurality of first users of the online social network, the session information including an identifier of each first user, wherein: each beacon  310  is associated with a particular location within a place associated with the third-party content provider, each first user is associated with a respective first client system  130 , each first client system  130  having been within wireless communication range of and proximate to a respective at least one beacon  310 , and at least one wireless communication session has been established between the respective at least one beacon  310  and each first client system  130 . At step  720 , social-networking system  160  may access social-networking information associated with each first user based on the identifiers. At step  730 , social-networking system  160  may generate a report, the report including aggregated social-networking information and aggregated session information of one or more of the first users, wherein the report is generated based on sets of permissions specified by each of the one or more first users. At step  740 , social-networking system  160  may send the report to third-party system  170  for display. Particular embodiments may repeat one or more steps of the method of  FIG. 7 , where appropriate. Although this disclosure describes and illustrates particular steps of the method of  FIG. 7  as occurring in a particular order, this disclosure contemplates any suitable steps of the method of  FIG. 7  occurring in any suitable order. Moreover, although this disclosure describes and illustrates an example method for sending a report to third-party system  170  including the particular steps of the method of  FIG. 7 , this disclosure contemplates any suitable method for sending a report to third-party system  170  including any suitable steps, which may include all, some, or none of the steps of the method of  FIG. 7 , where appropriate. Furthermore, although this disclosure describes and illustrates particular components, devices, or systems carrying out particular steps of the method of  FIG. 7 , this disclosure contemplates any suitable combination of any suitable components, devices, or systems carrying out any suitable steps of the method of  FIG. 7 . 
       FIG. 8  illustrates an example method  800  for sending a customized advertisement to a client system  130 . The method may begin at step  810 , where social-networking system  160  may receive, from beacon  310  associated with a third-party content provider, beacon  310  being communicatively coupled to third-party system  170  associated with the third-party content provider, session information of a first user of an online social network, the session information of the first user including an identifier of the first user, wherein: beacon  310  is associated with a first location of a plurality of locations within a place associated with the third-party content provider, and at least one wireless communication session has been established between first client system  130  of the first user and beacon  310 , first client system  130  having been proximate to beacon  310 . At step  820 , social-networking system  160  may receive sponsored content from third-party system  170  associated with the third-party content provider. At step  830 , social-networking system  160  may access social-networking information of the first user based on the identifier. At step  840 , social-networking system  160  may send a customized advertisement to first client system  130  for display on first client system  130 , wherein the customized advertisement is based on the session information of the first user, the sponsored content, the social-networking information of the first user, and wherein the customized advertisement is sent to first client system  130  based on a set of permissions specified by the first user. Particular embodiments may repeat one or more steps of the method of  FIG. 8 , where appropriate. Although this disclosure describes and illustrates particular steps of the method of  FIG. 8  as occurring in a particular order, this disclosure contemplates any suitable steps of the method of  FIG. 8  occurring in any suitable order. Moreover, although this disclosure describes and illustrates an example method for sending a customized advertisement to client system  130  including the particular steps of the method of  FIG. 8 , this disclosure contemplates any suitable method for sending a customized advertisement to client system  130  including any suitable steps, which may include all, some, or none of the steps of the method of  FIG. 8 , where appropriate. Furthermore, although this disclosure describes and illustrates particular components, devices, or systems carrying out particular steps of the method of  FIG. 8 , this disclosure contemplates any suitable combination of any suitable components, devices, or systems carrying out any suitable steps of the method of  FIG. 8 . 
     Notifications 
     Third-Party Content Notifications 
     In particular embodiments, social-networking system  160  may generate and provide notifications to users of an online social network based on information received from beacon  310  or other suitable geographic-positioning-capable devices or systems associated with a third-party content provider. Social-networking system  160  may generate and provide to users notifications regarding a place of business of a third-party content provider and including third-party content. As an example and not by way of limitation, social-networking system  160  may determine, based on location information received from a user&#39;s client system, that the user is located near beacon  310 , which may be located at a place of a third-party content provider (e.g., at a brick-and-mortar store for a particular clothing retailer). Social-networking system  160  may then send to the user a notification including third-party content associated with the third-party content provider and place. Social-networking system  160  may generate and personalize notifications using any suitable information, including, for example, social-networking information and session information associated with the user and with other users to whom the user is connected in social graph  200  by less than a threshold degree of separation. As an example and not by way of limitation, social-networking system  160  may send the user a message notifying the user that he is close to a particular third-party content provider location that his friends like (e.g., a number of first degree connections have “liked” a page corresponding to the third-party content provider on the online social network). The particular notifications sent to a user as well as when and how many notifications may be sent to a user may be subject to a set of permissions (e.g., privacy preferences) specified by the user or other restrictions imposed by the online social network. Any suitable notifications may be sent by social-networking system  160  to client system  130  for display to the user, including, as an example and not by way of limitation, notifications to be presented on a lock screen of client system  130 , as described below in connection with  FIG. 9A , notifications to be presented in an interface of an application (e.g., a social media application) running on client system  130 , as described below in connection with  FIGS. 9B-9E , other suitable types of notifications (e.g., banner notifications, badge notifications, jewel notifications, messaging notifications, etc.), or any combination thereof 
       FIG. 9A  illustrates an example notification  910  displayed on a lock screen  905  of a client system  130 . In particular embodiments, social-networking system  160  may send notifications, including, for example, notification  910  to interface  900  of client system  130  of a user based on location information of the user. Location information may be sent to social-networking system  160 , as an example and not by way of limitation, by client system  130  (e.g., using GPS functionality). As another example, location information may be determined by social-networking system  160  based on social-networking actions taken by the user (e.g., the user checked-in at a page or event associated with a third-party content provider location). In particular embodiments, notifications may be deleted, retracted, or otherwise removed based on location information of the user of client system  130 . As an example and not by way of limitation, social-networking system  160  may determine to remove notification  910  because a user&#39;s client system  130  has moved outside of the threshold distance from the location of beacon  310 . Notifications may also be removed after a user has interacted with it by, for example, a slide gesture inputted at a touchscreen interface of client system  130 . Notifications may be dismissed in response to a predefined user input (e.g., tapping a particular element of the interface). 
     In particular embodiments, notification  910  may include any suitable third-party content, and the particular third-party content included in notification  910  may be customized for the particular user using any suitable techniques, as described above. Notification  910  may also include any other suitable information that is associated with the third-party content provider (e.g., from the social-networking system), which may also be customized for the particular user using any suitable techniques. In the embodiment illustrated in  FIG. 9A , social-networking system  160  may determine that the user is within a threshold distance of Prince Street Cafe and may send notification  910  indicating that the user is nearby and that “people talk about red velvet cupcake and crumb pie here.” Social-networking system  160  may determine to send a notification to client system  130  of a particular user based on social-networking information of the user and on session information received from a beacon  310  and associated with the user&#39;s client system  130 . As an example and not by way of limitation, social-networking system  160  may generate and send a notification including menu items liked by friends (i.e., first-degree connections in social graph  200 ) at a nearby location of a third-party content provider (e.g., notification stating that Prince Street Cafe is nearby and that Chelsea, a friend of the user, likes their tomato soup); posts made by the third-party content provider to a corresponding page (e.g., notifying the user that the credit-card reader is down); an ongoing or upcoming event hosted at a third-party content provider location (e.g., notifying the user that the mayor is speaking at 8:00 pm and that 20 people are attending the event); spotlight data from reviews of a third-party content provider (e.g., notification  910 ). In particular embodiments, notifications may be presented at client system  130  with prompts for retrieving additional information associated with the notification. As an example and not by way of limitation,  FIG. 9A  illustrates a customized “slide” functionality, where a slide gesture may be inputted by the user of client system  130  to retrieve additional information associated with notification  910  (e.g., a page corresponding to Prince Street Cafe; relevant posts by or associated with social-graph connections; and information regarding products, services, and menu items offered at the location). 
     In the embodiment illustrated in  FIG. 9A , notification  910  is shown as being pushed (i.e., a “push notification”) to lock screen  905  of client system  130 . Notification  910  may be presented silently on lock screen  905  or may be accompanied by audible, tactile, or other suitable feedback. Notifications may be delivered in accordance with user-specified permissions, which may provide, as an example and not by way of limitation, what types of notifications may be received (e.g., notifications associated with events), from which third-party content providers notifications may be received (e.g., only from businesses that the user has patronized before), when notifications may be received (e.g., on weekends), how many notifications may be received (e.g., no duplicates or one per week), types of content to be included in a notification (e.g., only content based on first-degree social connections of the user), and how the notification may be presented on client system  130  (e.g., as a silent push notification on lock screen  905 ). 
       FIG. 9B  illustrates an example notification  920  displayed in an interface  900  of a client system  130 . In  FIG. 9B , notification  920  is shown as displayed in a news feed  915 , which is provided in an application running on client system  130 . Notification  920  may be selectable to reveal third-party content (e.g., menu). 
       FIG. 9C  illustrates an example notification  925  displayed in an interface  900  of a client system  130 . In  FIG. 9C , notification  925  is shown as displayed in a news feed  915 , which is provided in an application running on client system  130 . Notification  925  may be sent to client system  130 , by social-networking system  160 , in response to session information, received at social-networking system  160  from beacon  310 , indicating that the a wireless communication session has been established between client system  130  and beacon  310 . Social-networking system  160  may select the particular content for inclusion in a notification based on session information of the user; for example, third-party content provided in a notification to a user whose client system  130  is not in a wireless communication session with beacon  310  (e.g., notification  920 ) may differ from that provided in a notification when the user&#39;s client system  130  is in an active wireless communication session with beacon  310  (e.g., notification  925 ). A notification may be selectable to reveal a page corresponding to a third-party content provider, and social-networking system  160  may customize the content provided on the page based on session information of the user, as described below in connection with  FIGS. 9D and 9E . 
       FIG. 9D  illustrates an example page  930  corresponding to a third-party content provider displayed in an interface  900  of a client system  130 . In  FIG. 9D , notification  940  is shown as displayed on page  930 , which is provided in an application running on client system  130 , and which corresponds to the Prince Street Cafe. In particular embodiments, social-networking system  160  may send notification  940  to client system  130  for display to the user after session information is received from beacon  310 , which may be associated with Prince Street Cafe, the session information indicating that a wireless communication session has been established between client system  130  and beacon  310 . In the example illustrated in  FIG. 9D , notification  940  is shown as providing additional third-party content, including overview  935  introducing the Prince Street Cafe and popular menu items  940 . Overview  935  and popular menu items  940  are merely illustrative, and any suitable third-party content or combination thereof may be provided to the user in notification  940 . As described above in connection with  FIG. 9A , the particular third-party content included in a notification may be customized to a particular user based on social-networking information and session information of the user and on social-networking information and session information of social-graph connections of the user. 
       FIG. 9E  illustrates an example page corresponding to a third-party content provider displayed in an interface  900  of a client system  130 . In  FIG. 9E , notification  945  is shown as displayed on page  930 , which is provided in an application running on client system  130 , and which corresponds to the Prince Street Cafe. In particular embodiments, social-networking system  160  may send notification  945  to client system  130  for display to the user after session information is received from beacon  310 , which may be associated with Prince Street Cafe, indicating that a wireless communication session is no longer active between client system  130  and beacon  310 . In the example illustrated in  FIG. 9E , notification  945  is shown as providing additional third-party content, including a departure message thanking the user for his patronage; posts  950  made recently by Prince Street Cafe; current and upcoming events  955  hosted at Prince Street Cafe; spotlight reviews  960  highlighting particular menu items reviewed, talked about, or otherwise referenced by other users; and survey  965  prompting the user to rate his experience at Prince Street Cafe as “Great,” “Okay,” or “Bad.” The particular third-party content shown as included is merely illustrative, and any suitable third-party content or combination thereof may be provided to the user in notification  945 . 
     Although this disclosure describes and illustrates particular embodiments of  FIGS. 9A-9E  as being implemented by social-networking system  160 , this disclosure contemplates any suitable embodiments of  FIGS. 9A-9E  occurring on any suitable interface and as being implemented by any suitable platform or system. As an example, and not by way of limitation, particular embodiments of  FIGS. 9A-9E  may be implemented by one or more beacons  310 . Furthermore, although this disclosure describes and illustrates particular components, devices, or systems carrying out particular steps of the method of  FIGS. 9A-9E , this disclosure contemplates any suitable combination of any suitable components, devices, or systems carrying out any suitable steps of the method of  FIGS. 9A-9E . 
     Arrival and Departure Notifications 
     In particular embodiments, social-networking system  160  may send, to a first user&#39;s client system  130 , a notification of a second user&#39;s arrival at or departure from a third-party content provider location. In particular embodiments, social-networking system  160  may generate notifications based on session information of the first and second users. Social-networking system  160  may receive session information associated with first and second users from one or more beacons  310  associated with and located at one or more third-party content provider locations. Social-networking system  160  may determine to send arrival and departure notifications to a first user&#39;s client system  130  based on the session information of the first user. As an example and not by way of limitation, the received session information of the first user may indicate that a wireless communication session has been established between the first user&#39;s client system  130  and beacon  310  (i.e., the first user is at a first third-party content provider location), and social-networking system  160  may send, to the first user&#39;s client system  130 , arrival notifications for second users arriving at the first third-party content provider location. Social-networking system  160  may receive dynamically updated session information for a second user from the same beacon  310  indicating that a wireless communication session has been established between the second user&#39;s client system  130  and beacon  310  (i.e., the second user has arrived at the first third-party content provider location where the first user is also located). Social-networking system  160  may then generate and send a notification to the client system  130  of the first user based on the session information indicating that the second user has arrived, an example of which is illustrated in  FIG. 10A . In particular embodiments, arrival and departure notifications may be sent to a first user for second users who are connected to the first user within a threshold degree of separation in social graph  200 . As an example and not by way of limitation, the degree of separation may be one, two, three, or all, each edge between two nodes corresponding to a single degree of separation. 
       FIG. 10A  illustrates an example notification  1010  displayed on a lock screen  905  of a client system  130 . In particular embodiments, social-networking system  160  may send a notification  1010  referencing a second user (e.g., Mark) to interface  1000  of client system  130  of a first user based on session information of the first user and session information of the second user. As described above in connection with  FIG. 9A , any suitable notification may be sent to client system  130  in accordance with user preferences and privacy settings. In the example illustrated in  FIG. 10A , notification  1010  is shown as a “push notification” presented at lock screen  905  of client system  130 . 
       FIG. 10B  illustrates an example notification  1020  displayed in an interface  1000  of a client system  130 . In particular embodiments, social-networking system  160  may send notification  1020  to interface  1000  of client system  130  of a first user. In  FIG. 10B , notification  1020  is shown as displayed in a news feed  915 , which is provided in an application running on client system  130 . Notification  1020  may be sent to client system  130 , by social-networking system  160 , in response to session information, received at social-networking system  160  from beacon  310 , indicating that the a wireless communication session has been established between a client system  130  of a second user (e.g., John) and beacon  310 —“John is now at Hildy&#39;s Tavern.” As shown in  FIG. 10B , notification  1020  may also include departure information of the second user—“He left Prince Street Cafe  20  minutes ago.” Departure information may be sent in response to receiving session information of the second user from a beacon  310  of a different third-party content provider location indicating that a wireless communication session between beacon  310  and the second user&#39;s client system  130  lapsed or became inactive at a particular time (e.g., 20 minutes ago). As shown in the example illustrated in  FIG. 10B , arrival and departure notifications may include timing information, which may be a powerful resource for a first user trying to meet up with a second user. As an example and not by way of limitation, a first user may be late meeting up with a second user at an annual city-wide Santa pub crawl, and may be having trouble keeping in contact with the second user, as he travels between establishments in a Santa costume similar to that worn by hundreds of others at the event. The first user may receive notification  1020  indicating that the second user (e.g., John) departed from a particular third-party content provider location at a particular time and has now arrived at a new third-party content provider location (e.g., Hildy&#39;s Tavern), and the first user may be able to use this information to meet up the second user at the new third-party content provider location for holiday merriment rather than following the second user around the city all day, one step behind. A user may specify in privacy settings to whom arrival and departure notifications may be sent and what information may be included in these notifications. As an example and not by way of limitation, John&#39;s privacy settings may provide permission for arrival and departure notifications to be sent to client system  130  of a particular first user (e.g., a particular friend of John&#39;s) only for third-party content provider locations associated with the pub crawl event. 
       FIG. 10C  illustrates an example page  1030  corresponding to a third-party content provider displayed in an interface  1000  of a client system  130 . A notification (e.g., notification  1020  of  FIG. 10B ) may be selectable to reveal a page  1030  corresponding to a third-party content provider location, and social-networking system  160  may customize the content provided on the page  1030  based on session information of the user.  FIG. 10C  illustrates an example page  930  corresponding to a third-party content provider displayed in an interface  900  of a client system  130 . In  FIG. 10C , notification  1050  (e.g., Mark is here) is shown as displayed on page  1030 , which is provided in an application running on client system  130 , and which corresponds to Hildy&#39;s Tavern. As shown in the example illustrated in  FIG. 10C , page  1030  may include tools  1040  with functionality that allows the first user to interact with the third-party content provider (e.g., by “liking,” checking in, looking at the menu, or messaging). In particular embodiments, arrival and departure notifications for a particular second user may be sent to the first user&#39;s client system  130  based on an invitation sent by the first user to the second user. Notification  1050  may provide a prompt by which the first user may send an invitation to a second user inviting the second user to join the first user at a first-party content provider location (e.g., Hildy&#39;s Tavern), as described below in connection with  FIGS. 11A-11D . 
     Although this disclosure describes and illustrates particular embodiments of  FIGS. 10A-10C  as being implemented by social-networking system  160 , this disclosure contemplates any suitable embodiments of  FIGS. 10A-10C  occurring on any suitable interface and as being implemented by any suitable platform or system. As an example, and not by way of limitation, particular embodiments of  FIGS. 10A-10C  may be implemented by one or more beacons  310 . Furthermore, although this disclosure describes and illustrates particular components, devices, or systems carrying out particular steps of the method of  FIGS. 10A-10C , this disclosure contemplates any suitable combination of any suitable components, devices, or systems carrying out any suitable steps of the method of  FIGS. 10A-10C . 
     Invitation Notifications 
     In particular embodiments, social-networking system  160  may use location and session information received from one or more beacons  310  to generate and send notifications to a first user prompting the first user to invite one or more selected second users. Social-networking system  160  may receive session information associated with a first user from a beacon  310  associated with a third-party content provider and at a particular location within a place of the third-party content provider. The session information may indicate that a wireless communication session has been established between the first user&#39;s client system  130  and beacon  310  (i.e., the first user is at a third-party content provider location). Social-networking system  160  may send, to the first user&#39;s client system  130 , a notification referencing one or more second users who are at locations within a threshold distance from the particular location of beacon  310  (i.e., nearby second users). Social-networking system  160  may determine that one or more second users are nearby based on, for example, location information from client systems  130  associated with the one or more second users. As an example and by way of limitation, the first user may be at a bar, and the one or more second users may be in the same city or neighborhood, or otherwise within a predefined distance (e.g., radius) from the beacon location within the place of the third-party content provider. Social-networking system  160  may generate and send to the first user&#39;s client system  130  a notification suggesting that the first user send a message or invitation (e.g., to join the first user at the bar) to one or more of the nearby second users. 
     In particular embodiments, social-networking system  160  may select one or more second users of all nearby second users which may be referenced in a notification sent to the first user&#39;s client system  130 . In particular embodiments, second users may be selected and notifications sent using techniques for determining nearby friends in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/323,915, titled “Nearby Friend Notifications on Online Social Networks,” filed 3 Jul. 2014, the entirety of which is incorporated herein by reference. In particular embodiments, social-networking system  160  may select one or more second users from the second users determined to be nearby based on session information associated with the second users indicating that the client systems of the second users are not in wireless communications sessions with beacon  310  (e.g., none of the second users is already at the third-party content provider place at which the first user is located). Social-networking system  160  may select the suggested second users from among all nearby second users based on, for example, social-networking information of the first user and the suggested second users (e.g., indications of affinity for a particular type of food), location information of the suggested second users (e.g., more proximate second users may be more likely to accept an invitation), session information of the first user and the suggested second users (e.g., client systems  130  of the first user and a particular second user have previously been in a wireless communication session at the same time with the same beacon  310 ), preferences of the first or second users (e.g., preferences of at least one second user indicate a preference for a type of good or service, and the third-party content provider provides the preferred type of good or service), any other suitable user information, or any combination thereof. As an example and not by way of limitation, social-networking system  160  may select a suggested second user based on session information of the second user including a history of prior wireless communication sessions established between the beacon  310  and the second client system of the second user (e.g., past wireless communication sessions may indicate that the second user is more likely to return to the location). As another example, social-networking system  160  may select a suggested second user based on one or more affinities expressed by the second user. The social-networking information of the second user may include an affinity coefficient of a second node corresponding to the second user with respect to a third node in social graph  200  corresponding to the third-party content provider. As an example, the affinity coefficient may be based on one or more edges connecting the second node to the third node corresponding to the third-party content provider.  FIGS. 11A-11D , described below, provide examples of invitation notifications. 
       FIG. 11A  illustrates an example notification  1110  displayed on a lock screen  905  of a client system  130 . In particular embodiments, social-networking system  160  may receive, from a first user&#39;s client system  130  (e.g., William&#39;s client system  130 , which is not shown), a request to invite at least one selected second user (e.g., referenced in a notification sent to the first user&#39;s client system  130 ) to the place associated with a third-party content provider. Social-networking system  160  may send, in response to the request a notification  1110  to interface  1100  of client system  130  of at least one selected second user. As described above in connection with  FIG. 9A , any suitable notification may be sent to client system  130  in accordance with user preferences and privacy settings. In the example illustrated in  FIG. 11A , notification  1110  is shown as a “push notification” presented at lock screen  905  of client system  130 . 
       FIG. 11B  illustrates an example notification  1120  displayed in an interface  1100  of a client system  130 . In  FIG. 11B , notification  1120  is shown as displayed in a news feed  915 , which is provided in an application running on client system  130 . In particular embodiments, social-networking system  160  may send an invitation notification  1120  to at least one selected second user to join the first user (e.g., William) at a place associated with a third-party content provider (e.g., Prince Street Cafe). Invitation notification  1120  may include a prompt to respond to the invitation, for example, by responding “Join,” “Maybe,” or “Decline.” Invitation notification  1120  may include any suitable third-party content associated with the place and the associated third-party content provider. As an example and not by way of limitation, invitation notification  1120  may include location information (e.g., an address) of the place associated with the third-party content provider, which is shown in  FIG. 11B  as a map, which may be interactive and which may include customized directions from a current location of the invited second user to the third-party content provider location or any other suitable location information. Invitation notification  1120  may include a message from the first user or the third-party content provider. Invitation notification  1120  may include an identifier (e.g., name and/or image) of at least one third user of the online social network, where the at least one third user&#39;s client system  130  is in an active wireless communication session with beacon  310 . In the example illustrated in  FIG. 11B , notification  1120  provides names and images of other users who are presently at the third-party content provider location (e.g., “Andrew, Martha, and  3  others”). 
       FIG. 11C  illustrates an example notification  1130  displayed in an interface  1100  of a client system  130 . In  FIG. 11C , notification  1130  is shown as displayed in a news feed  915 , which is provided in an application running on client system  130 . Notification  1130  may be sent to a first user and may reference one or more selected second users (e.g., by including selectable images respectively corresponding to the users), which may be selected by social-networking system  160 , as described above, from among all nearby second users. Notification  1130  is shown as a prompt to invite one or more of the selected second users or to “choose friends” to invite to a place of a third-party content provider. 
       FIG. 11D  illustrates an example notification  1160  and a page  1140  corresponding to a third-party content provider displayed in an interface  1100  of a client system  130 . A notification (e.g., notification  1130  of  FIG. 11C ) may be selectable to reveal page  1140  corresponding to a third-party content provider location, and social-networking system  160  may customize the content provided on the page  1140  to the particular viewing first user. As shown in the example illustrated in  FIG. 11D , page  1140  may include tools  1150  with functionality that allows the first user to interact with the third-party content provider (e.g., by “liking,” checking in, looking at the menu, or messaging). In  FIG. 11D , notification  1160  is shown as displayed on page  1030 , which is provided in an application running on client system  130 , and which corresponds to Prince Street Cafe. Notification  1160  may be a prompt to invite other users and may reference one or more users presently at the third-party content provider place (e.g., text stating that “William, Andrew, Martha, and  3  friends are here” and corresponding images depicting the users). Notification  1160  may also include any other suitable functionality for interacting with the notification, including, for example, tools for messaging a particular user, locating a particular user, creating a “moment” or post based on notification  1160 , any other suitable interaction tools, or any combination thereof. 
     Social-networking system  160  may provide arrival and departure notifications when a second user arrives at or departs from third-party content provider locations after having accepted an invitation from the first user, as described above in connection with  FIGS. 10A-10C . Similarly, social-networking system  160  may send arrival and departure notifications associated with a first user to an invited second user so that the invited second user may have an easier time meeting up with the first user, in particular if the first user is moving to different locations. 
     Although this disclosure describes and illustrates particular embodiments of  FIGS. 11A-11D  as being implemented by social-networking system  160 , this disclosure contemplates any suitable embodiments of  FIGS. 11A-11D  occurring on any suitable interface and as being implemented by any suitable platform or system. As an example, and not by way of limitation, particular embodiments of  FIGS. 11A-11D  may be implemented by one or more beacons  310 . Furthermore, although this disclosure describes and illustrates particular components, devices, or systems carrying out particular steps of the method of  FIGS. 11A-11D , this disclosure contemplates any suitable combination of any suitable components, devices, or systems carrying out any suitable steps of the method of  FIGS. 11A-11D . 
       FIG. 12  illustrates an example self-portrait interface  1200  displayed on a client system  130 . In particular embodiments, once a wireless communication session has been established between client system  130  and beacon  310  of a third-party content provider, third-party system  170 , social-networking system  160 , or beacon  310  may send a request for additional information to client system  130  of a user. A response may be inputted by the user or otherwise inputted at client system  130  and sent by client system  130 , directly or via beacon  310 , to the questioning third-party system  170 , social-networking system  160 , or beacon  310 . In the embodiment illustrated in  FIG. 12 , social-networking system  160  may provide a self-portrait interface  1200  and prompt the user to take and send a self-portrait  1210  (i.e., a “selfie”) showing the user at the third-party content provider place, as shown below in  FIG. 12 . In particular embodiments, client system  130  may automatically activate the front-facing camera mode when self-portrait interface  1200  is provided. As shown in  FIG. 12 , the user may set permissions as to who may access self-portrait  1210  (e.g., “Only you and the business will be able to see this.”) and may decline to take self-portrait  1210 , send self-portrait  1210 , or both. 
     Although this disclosure describes and illustrates particular embodiments of  FIG. 12  as being implemented by social-networking system  160 , this disclosure contemplates any suitable embodiments of  FIG. 12  occurring on any suitable interface and as being implemented by any suitable platform or system. As an example, and not by way of limitation, particular embodiments of  FIG. 12  may be implemented by one or more beacons  310 . Furthermore, although this disclosure describes and illustrates particular components, devices, or systems carrying out particular steps of the method of  FIG. 12 , this disclosure contemplates any suitable combination of any suitable components, devices, or systems carrying out any suitable steps of the method of  FIG. 12 . 
       FIG. 13  illustrates an example beacon  310  in a real-world environment  1300 . In the embodiment illustrated in  FIG. 13 , beacon  310  is shown as a three-dimensional object having a multi-faceted casing (inside of which hardware components may be housed), a substantially flat top, and a substantially flat bottom. Although depicted in a particular way in  FIG. 13 , beacon  310  may have any suitable shape, form, or design, may be constructed of any suitable materials or combinations of materials, and may be free-standing, removably affixed to any suitable surface, or permanently affixed to any suitable surface. As an example and not by way of limitation, beacon  310  is depicted in  FIG. 13  as being affixed to a wooden surface (e.g., via a double-sided adhesive) in real-world environment  1300 . Particular embodiments of this disclosure are described as being implemented by or based on information received from a beacon  310  by way of illustration and not by way of limitation. This disclosure contemplates any other suitable geographic-positioning-capable device or system being used instead of or in addition to one or more beacons  310 . As an example and not by way of limitation, beacon-type functionality may be incorporated into a smartphone of a third-party content provider. 
     Although this disclosure describes and illustrates particular embodiments of  FIG. 13  as being implemented by beacon  310 , this disclosure contemplates any suitable embodiments of  FIG. 13  occurring on any suitable interface and as being implemented by any suitable platform or system. As an example, and not by way of limitation, particular embodiments of  FIG. 13  may be implemented by any suitable graphic-positioning-capable device or system. Furthermore, although this disclosure describes and illustrates particular components, devices, or systems carrying out particular steps of the method of  FIG. 13 , this disclosure contemplates any suitable combination of any suitable components, devices, or systems carrying out any suitable steps of the method of  FIG. 13 . 
       FIG. 14  illustrates an example method  1400  for sending a notification to client system  130 . The method may begin at step  1410 , where social-networking system  160  may access social graph  200  comprising a plurality of nodes and a plurality of edges connecting the nodes, each of the edges between two of the nodes representing a single degree of separation between them, the nodes comprising: a first node corresponding to a first user of the online social network, and a plurality of second nodes respectively corresponding to a plurality of second users associated with the online social network, each second node being connected to the first node in social graph  200  by a threshold degree of separation. At step  1420 , social-networking system  160  may receive, from beacon  310  associated with third-party content provider, session information of the first user, wherein: beacon  310  is associated with a particular location within a place associated with the third-party content provider, and the session information of the first user indicates that a first client system  130  of the first user is within wireless range of and proximate to beacon  310 , a wireless communication session being active between beacon  310  and the first client system  130 . At step  1430 , social-networking system  160  may select one or more of the second users, wherein each of the second users is selected based on a second location of a second client system  130  associated with the second user, the second location being within a threshold distance of the particular location of the beacon  310 , and wherein a wireless communication session is not active between the beacon  310  and each of second client systems  130  associated with the selected second users. At step  1440 , social-networking system  160  may send, to the first client system  130  of the first user, a notification referencing one or more of the selected second users. Particular embodiments may repeat one or more steps of the method of  FIG. 14 , where appropriate. Although this disclosure describes and illustrates particular steps of the method of  FIG. 14  as occurring in a particular order, this disclosure contemplates any suitable steps of the method of  FIG. 14  occurring in any suitable order. Moreover, although this disclosure describes and illustrates an example method for sending a notification to client system  130 , including the particular steps of the method of  FIG. 14 , this disclosure contemplates any suitable method for sending a notification to client system  130  including any suitable steps, which may include all, some, or none of the steps of the method of  FIG. 14 , where appropriate. Furthermore, although this disclosure describes and illustrates particular components, devices, or systems carrying out particular steps of the method of  FIG. 14 , this disclosure contemplates any suitable combination of any suitable components, devices, or systems carrying out any suitable steps of the method of  FIG. 14 . 
     Social Graph Affinity and Coefficient 
     In particular embodiments, social-networking system  160  may determine the social-graph affinity (which may be referred to herein as “affinity”) of various social-graph entities for each other. Affinity may represent the strength of a relationship or level of interest between particular objects associated with the online social network, such as users, concepts, content, actions, advertisements, other objects associated with the online social network, or any suitable combination thereof. Affinity may also be determined with respect to objects associated with third-party systems  170  or other suitable systems. An overall affinity for a social-graph entity for each user, subject matter, or type of content may be established. The overall affinity may change based on continued monitoring of the actions or relationships associated with the social-graph entity. Although this disclosure describes determining particular affinities in a particular manner, this disclosure contemplates determining any suitable affinities in any suitable manner. 
     In particular embodiments, social-networking system  160  may measure or quantify social-graph affinity using an affinity coefficient (which may be referred to herein as “coefficient”). The coefficient may represent or quantify the strength of a relationship between particular objects associated with the online social network. The coefficient may also represent a probability or function that measures a predicted probability that a user will perform a particular action based on the user&#39;s interest in the action. In this way, a user&#39;s future actions may be predicted based on the user&#39;s prior actions, where the coefficient may be calculated at least in part a the history of the user&#39;s actions. Coefficients may be used to predict any number of actions, which may be within or outside of the online social network. As an example and not by way of limitation, these actions may include various types of communications, such as sending messages, posting content, or commenting on content; various types of observation actions, such as accessing or viewing profile pages, media, or other suitable content; various types of coincidence information about two or more social-graph entities, such as being in the same group, tagged in the same photograph, checked-in at the same location, or attending the same event; or other suitable actions. Although this disclosure describes measuring affinity in a particular manner, this disclosure contemplates measuring affinity in any suitable manner. 
     In particular embodiments, social-networking system  160  may use a variety of factors to calculate a coefficient. These factors may include, for example, user actions, types of relationships between objects, location information, other suitable factors, or any combination thereof. In particular embodiments, different factors may be weighted differently when calculating the coefficient. The weights for each factor may be static or the weights may change according to, for example, the user, the type of relationship, the type of action, the user&#39;s location, and so forth. Ratings for the factors may be combined according to their weights to determine an overall coefficient for the user. As an example and not by way of limitation, particular user actions may be assigned both a rating and a weight while a relationship associated with the particular user action is assigned a rating and a correlating weight (e.g., so the weights total  100 %). To calculate the coefficient of a user towards a particular object, the rating assigned to the user&#39;s actions may comprise, for example,  60 % of the overall coefficient, while the relationship between the user and the object may comprise  40 % of the overall coefficient. In particular embodiments, the social-networking system  160  may consider a variety of variables when determining weights for various factors used to calculate a coefficient, such as, for example, the time since information was accessed, decay factors, frequency of access, relationship to information or relationship to the object about which information was accessed, relationship to social-graph entities connected to the object, short- or long-term averages of user actions, user feedback, other suitable variables, or any combination thereof. As an example and not by way of limitation, a coefficient may include a decay factor that causes the strength of the signal provided by particular actions to decay with time, such that more recent actions are more relevant when calculating the coefficient. The ratings and weights may be continuously updated based on continued tracking of the actions upon which the coefficient is based. Any type of process or algorithm may be employed for assigning, combining, averaging, and so forth the ratings for each factor and the weights assigned to the factors. In particular embodiments, social-networking system  160  may determine coefficients using machine-learning algorithms trained on historical actions and past user responses, or data farmed from users by exposing them to various options and measuring responses. Although this disclosure describes calculating coefficients in a particular manner, this disclosure contemplates calculating coefficients in any suitable manner. 
     In particular embodiments, social-networking system  160  may calculate a coefficient based on a user&#39;s actions. Social-networking system  160  may monitor such actions on the online social network, on a third-party system  170 , on other suitable systems, or any combination thereof. Any suitable type of user actions may be tracked or monitored. Typical user actions include viewing profile pages, creating or posting content, interacting with content, tagging or being tagged in images, joining groups, listing and confirming attendance at events, checking-in at locations, liking particular pages, creating pages, and performing other tasks that facilitate social action. In particular embodiments, social-networking system  160  may calculate a coefficient based on the user&#39;s actions with particular types of content. The content may be associated with the online social network, a third-party system  170 , or another suitable system. The content may include users, profile pages, posts, news stories, headlines, instant messages, chat room conversations, emails, advertisements, pictures, video, music, other suitable objects, or any combination thereof. Social-networking system  160  may analyze a user&#39;s actions to determine whether one or more of the actions indicate an affinity for subject matter, content, other users, and so forth. As an example and not by way of limitation, if a user may make frequently posts content related to “coffee” or variants thereof, social-networking system  160  may determine the user has a high coefficient with respect to the concept “coffee.” Particular actions or types of actions may be assigned a higher weight and/or rating than other actions, which may affect the overall calculated coefficient. As an example and not by way of limitation, if a first user emails a second user, the weight or the rating for the action may be higher than if the first user simply views the user-profile page for the second user. 
     In particular embodiments, social-networking system  160  may calculate a coefficient based on the type of relationship between particular objects. Referencing the social graph  200 , social-networking system  160  may analyze the number and/or type of edges  206  connecting particular user nodes  202  and concept nodes  204  when calculating a coefficient. As an example and not by way of limitation, user nodes  202  that are connected by a spouse-type edge (representing that the two users are married) may be assigned a higher coefficient than a user nodes  202  that are connected by a friend-type edge. In other words, depending upon the weights assigned to the actions and relationships for the particular user, the overall affinity may be determined to be higher for content about the user&#39;s spouse than for content about the user&#39;s friend. In particular embodiments, the relationships a user has with another object may affect the weights and/or the ratings of the user&#39;s actions with respect to calculating the coefficient for that object. As an example and not by way of limitation, if a user is tagged in first photo, but merely likes a second photo, social-networking system  160  may determine that the user has a higher coefficient with respect to the first photo than the second photo because having a tagged-in-type relationship with content may be assigned a higher weight and/or rating than having a like-type relationship with content. In particular embodiments, social-networking system  160  may calculate a coefficient for a first user based on the relationship one or more second users have with a particular object. In other words, the connections and coefficients other users have with an object may affect the first user&#39;s coefficient for the object. As an example and not by way of limitation, if a first user is connected to or has a high coefficient for one or more second users, and those second users are connected to or have a high coefficient for a particular object, social-networking system  160  may determine that the first user should also have a relatively high coefficient for the particular object. In particular embodiments, the coefficient may be based on the degree of separation between particular objects. The lower coefficient may represent the decreasing likelihood that the first user will share an interest in content objects of the user that is indirectly connected to the first user in the social graph  200 . As an example and not by way of limitation, social-graph entities that are closer in the social graph  200  (i.e., fewer degrees of separation) may have a higher coefficient than entities that are further apart in the social graph  200 . 
     In particular embodiments, social-networking system  160  may calculate a coefficient based on location information. Objects that are geographically closer to each other may be considered to be more related or of more interest to each other than more distant objects. In particular embodiments, the coefficient of a user towards a particular object may be based on the proximity of the object&#39;s location to a current location associated with the user (or the location of a client system  130  of the user). A first user may be more interested in other users or concepts that are closer to the first user. As an example and not by way of limitation, if a user is one mile from an airport and two miles from a gas station, social-networking system  160  may determine that the user has a higher coefficient for the airport than the gas station based on the proximity of the airport to the user. 
     In particular embodiments, social-networking system  160  may perform particular actions with respect to a user based on coefficient information. Coefficients may be used to predict whether a user will perform a particular action based on the user&#39;s interest in the action. A coefficient may be used when generating or presenting any type of objects to a user, such as advertisements, search results, news stories, media, messages, notifications, or other suitable objects. The coefficient may also be utilized to rank and order such objects, as appropriate. In this way, social-networking system  160  may provide information that is relevant to user&#39;s interests and current circumstances, increasing the likelihood that they will find such information of interest. In particular embodiments, social-networking system  160  may generate content based on coefficient information. Content objects may be provided or selected based on coefficients specific to a user. As an example and not by way of limitation, the coefficient may be used to generate media for the user, where the user may be presented with media for which the user has a high overall coefficient with respect to the media object. As another example and not by way of limitation, the coefficient may be used to generate advertisements for the user, where the user may be presented with advertisements for which the user has a high overall coefficient with respect to the advertised object. In particular embodiments, social-networking system  160  may generate search results based on coefficient information. Search results for a particular user may be scored or ranked based on the coefficient associated with the search results with respect to the first querying user. As an example and not by way of limitation, search results corresponding to objects with higher coefficients may be ranked higher on a search-results page than results corresponding to objects having lower coefficients. 
     In particular embodiments, social-networking system  160  may calculate a coefficient in response to a request for a coefficient from a particular system or process. To predict the likely actions a user may take (or may be the subject of) in a given situation, any process may request a calculated coefficient for a user. The request may also include a set of weights to use for various factors used to calculate the coefficient. This request may come from a process running on the online social network, from a third-party system  170  (e.g., via an API or other communication channel), or from another suitable system. In response to the request, social-networking system  160  may calculate the coefficient (or access the coefficient information if it has previously been calculated and stored). In particular embodiments, social-networking system  160  may measure an affinity with respect to a particular process. Different processes (both internal and external to the online social network) may request a coefficient for a particular object or set of objects. Social-networking system  160  may provide a measure of affinity that is relevant to the particular process that requested the measure of affinity. In this way, each process receives a measure of affinity that is tailored for the different context in which the process will use the measure of affinity. 
     In connection with social-graph affinity and affinity coefficients, particular embodiments may utilize one or more systems, components, elements, functions, methods, operations, or steps disclosed in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/503,093, filed 11 Aug. 2006, U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/977,027, filed 22 Dec. 2010, U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/978,265, filed 23 Dec. 2010, and U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/632,869, filed 1 Oct. 2012, each of which is incorporated by reference. 
     Advertising 
     In particular embodiments, an advertisement may be text (which may be HTML-linked), one or more images (which may be HTML-linked), one or more videos, audio, one or more ADOBE FLASH files, a suitable combination of these, or any other suitable advertisement in any suitable digital format presented on one or more webpages, in one or more e-mails, or in connection with search results requested by a user. In addition or as an alternative, an advertisement may be one or more sponsored stories (e.g., a news-feed or ticker item on social-networking system  160 ). A sponsored story may be a social action by a user (such as “liking” a page, “liking” or commenting on a post on a page, RSVPing to an event associated with a page, voting on a question posted on a page, checking in to a place, using an application or playing a game, or “liking” or sharing a website) that an advertiser promotes, for example, by having the social action presented within a pre-determined area of a profile page of a user or other page, presented with additional information associated with the advertiser, bumped up or otherwise highlighted within news feeds or tickers of other users, or otherwise promoted. The advertiser may pay to have the social action promoted. As an example and not by way of limitation, advertisements may be included among the search results of a search-results page, where sponsored content is promoted over non-sponsored content. 
     In particular embodiments, an advertisement may be requested for display within social-networking-system webpages, third-party webpages, or other pages. An advertisement may be displayed in a dedicated portion of a page, such as in a banner area at the top of the page, in a column at the side of the page, in a GUI of the page, in a pop-up window, in a drop-down menu, in an input field of the page, over the top of content of the page, or elsewhere with respect to the page. In addition or as an alternative, an advertisement may be displayed within an application. An advertisement may be displayed within dedicated pages, requiring the user to interact with or watch the advertisement before the user may access a page or utilize an application. The user may, for example view the advertisement through a web browser. 
     A user may interact with an advertisement in any suitable manner. The user may click or otherwise select the advertisement. By selecting the advertisement, the user may be directed to (or a browser or other application being used by the user) a page associated with the advertisement. At the page associated with the advertisement, the user may take additional actions, such as purchasing a product or service associated with the advertisement, receiving information associated with the advertisement, or subscribing to a newsletter associated with the advertisement. An advertisement with audio or video may be played by selecting a component of the advertisement (like a “play button”). Alternatively, by selecting the advertisement, social-networking system  160  may execute or modify a particular action of the user. 
     An advertisement may also include social-networking-system functionality that a user may interact with. As an example and not by way of limitation, an advertisement may enable a user to “like” or otherwise endorse the advertisement by selecting an icon or link associated with endorsement. As another example and not by way of limitation, an advertisement may enable a user to search (e.g., by executing a query) for content related to the advertiser. Similarly, a user may share the advertisement with another user (e.g., through social-networking system  160 ) or RSVP (e.g., through social-networking system  160 ) to an event associated with the advertisement. In addition or as an alternative, an advertisement may include social-networking-system context directed to the user. As an example and not by way of limitation, an advertisement may display information about a friend of the user within social-networking system  160  who has taken an action associated with the subject matter of the advertisement. 
     Privacy 
     In particular embodiments, one or more of the content objects of the online social network may be associated with a privacy setting. The privacy settings (or “access settings”) for an object may be stored in any suitable manner, such as, for example, in association with the object, in an index on an authorization server, in another suitable manner, or any combination thereof. A privacy setting of an object may specify how the object (or particular information associated with an object) can be accessed (e.g., viewed or shared) using the online social network. Where the privacy settings for an object allow a particular user to access that object, the object may be described as being “visible” with respect to that user. As an example and not by way of limitation, a user of the online social network may specify privacy settings for a user-profile page identify a set of users that may access the work experience information on the user-profile page, thus excluding other users from accessing the information. In particular embodiments, the privacy settings may specify a “blocked list” of users that should not be allowed to access certain information associated with the object. In other words, the blocked list may specify one or more users or entities for which an object is not visible. As an example and not by way of limitation, a user may specify a set of users that may not access photos albums associated with the user, thus excluding those users from accessing the photo albums (while also possibly allowing certain users not within the set of users to access the photo albums). In particular embodiments, privacy settings may be associated with particular social-graph elements. Privacy settings of a social-graph element, such as a node or an edge, may specify how the social-graph element, information associated with the social-graph element, or content objects associated with the social-graph element can be accessed using the online social network. As an example and not by way of limitation, a particular concept node  204  corresponding to a particular photo may have a privacy setting specifying that the photo may only be accessed by users tagged in the photo and their friends. In particular embodiments, privacy settings may allow users to opt in or opt out of having their actions logged by social-networking system  160  or shared with other systems (e.g., third-party system  170 ). In particular embodiments, the privacy settings associated with an object may specify any suitable granularity of permitted access or denial of access. As an example and not by way of limitation, access or denial of access may be specified for particular users (e.g., only me, my roommates, and my boss), users within a particular degrees-of-separation (e.g., friends, or friends-of-friends), user groups (e.g., the gaming club, my family), user networks (e.g., employees of particular employers, students or alumni of particular university), all users (“public”), no users (“private”), users of third-party systems  170 , particular applications (e.g., third-party applications, external websites), other suitable users or entities, or any combination thereof. Although this disclosure describes using particular privacy settings in a particular manner, this disclosure contemplates using any suitable privacy settings in any suitable manner. 
     In particular embodiments, one or more servers  162  may be authorization/privacy servers for enforcing privacy settings. In response to a request from a user (or other entity) for a particular object stored in a data store  164 , social-networking system  160  may send a request to the data store  164  for the object. The request may identify the user associated with the request and may only be sent to the user (or a client system  130  of the user) if the authorization server determines that the user is authorized to access the object based on the privacy settings associated with the object. If the requesting user is not authorized to access the object, the authorization server may prevent the requested object from being retrieved from the data store  164 , or may prevent the requested object from be sent to the user. In the search query context, an object may only be generated as a search result if the querying user is authorized to access the object. In other words, the object must have a visibility that is visible to the querying user. If the object has a visibility that is not visible to the user, the object may be excluded from the search results. Although this disclosure describes enforcing privacy settings in a particular manner, this disclosure contemplates enforcing privacy settings in any suitable manner. 
     Systems and Methods 
       FIG. 15  illustrates an example computer system  1500 . In particular embodiments, one or more computer systems  1500  perform one or more steps of one or more methods described or illustrated herein. In particular embodiments, one or more computer systems  1500  provide functionality described or illustrated herein. In particular embodiments, software running on one or more computer systems  1500  performs one or more steps of one or more methods described or illustrated herein or provides functionality described or illustrated herein. Particular embodiments include one or more portions of one or more computer systems  1500 . Herein, reference to a computer system may encompass a computing device, and vice versa, where appropriate. Moreover, reference to a computer system may encompass one or more computer systems, where appropriate. 
     This disclosure contemplates any suitable number of computer systems  1500 . This disclosure contemplates computer system  1500  taking any suitable physical form. As example and not by way of limitation, computer system  1500  may be an embedded computer system, a system-on-chip (SOC), a single-board computer system (SBC) (such as, for example, a computer-on-module (COM) or system-on-module (SOM)), a desktop computer system, a laptop or notebook computer system, an interactive kiosk, a mainframe, a mesh of computer systems, a mobile telephone, a personal digital assistant (PDA), a server, a tablet computer system, or a combination of two or more of these. Where appropriate, computer system  1500  may include one or more computer systems  1500 ; be unitary or distributed; span multiple locations; span multiple machines; span multiple data centers; or reside in a cloud, which may include one or more cloud components in one or more networks. Where appropriate, one or more computer systems  1500  may perform without substantial spatial or temporal limitation one or more steps of one or more methods described or illustrated herein. As an example and not by way of limitation, one or more computer systems  1500  may perform in real time or in batch mode one or more steps of one or more methods described or illustrated herein. One or more computer systems  1500  may perform at different times or at different locations one or more steps of one or more methods described or illustrated herein, where appropriate. 
     In particular embodiments, computer system  1500  includes a processor  1502 , memory  1504 , storage  1506 , an input/output (I/O) interface  1508 , a communication interface  1510 , and a bus  1512 . Although this disclosure describes and illustrates a particular computer system having a particular number of particular components in a particular arrangement, this disclosure contemplates any suitable computer system having any suitable number of any suitable components in any suitable arrangement. 
     In particular embodiments, processor  1502  includes hardware for executing instructions, such as those making up a computer program. As an example and not by way of limitation, to execute instructions, processor  1502  may retrieve (or fetch) the instructions from an internal register, an internal cache, memory  1504 , or storage  1506 ; decode and execute them; and then write one or more results to an internal register, an internal cache, memory  1504 , or storage  1506 . In particular embodiments, processor  1502  may include one or more internal caches for data, instructions, or addresses. This disclosure contemplates processor  1502  including any suitable number of any suitable internal caches, where appropriate. As an example and not by way of limitation, processor  1502  may include one or more instruction caches, one or more data caches, and one or more translation lookaside buffers (TLBs). Instructions in the instruction caches may be copies of instructions in memory  1504  or storage  1506 , and the instruction caches may speed up retrieval of those instructions by processor  1502 . Data in the data caches may be copies of data in memory  1504  or storage  1506  for instructions executing at processor  1502  to operate on; the results of previous instructions executed at processor  1502  for access by subsequent instructions executing at processor  1502  or for writing to memory  1504  or storage  1506 ; or other suitable data. The data caches may speed up read or write operations by processor  1502 . The TLBs may speed up virtual-address translation for processor  1502 . In particular embodiments, processor  1502  may include one or more internal registers for data, instructions, or addresses. This disclosure contemplates processor  1502  including any suitable number of any suitable internal registers, where appropriate. Where appropriate, processor  1502  may include one or more arithmetic logic units (ALUs); be a multi-core processor; or include one or more processors  1502 . Although this disclosure describes and illustrates a particular processor, this disclosure contemplates any suitable processor. 
     In particular embodiments, memory  1504  includes main memory for storing instructions for processor  1502  to execute or data for processor  1502  to operate on. As an example and not by way of limitation, computer system  1500  may load instructions from storage  1506  or another source (such as, for example, another computer system  1500 ) to memory  1504 . Processor  1502  may then load the instructions from memory  1504  to an internal register or internal cache. To execute the instructions, processor  1502  may retrieve the instructions from the internal register or internal cache and decode them. During or after execution of the instructions, processor  1502  may write one or more results (which may be intermediate or final results) to the internal register or internal cache. Processor  1502  may then write one or more of those results to memory  1504 . In particular embodiments, processor  1502  executes only instructions in one or more internal registers or internal caches or in memory  1504  (as opposed to storage  1506  or elsewhere) and operates only on data in one or more internal registers or internal caches or in memory  1504  (as opposed to storage  1506  or elsewhere). One or more memory buses (which may each include an address bus and a data bus) may couple processor  1502  to memory  1504 . Bus  1512  may include one or more memory buses, as described below. In particular embodiments, one or more memory management units (MMUs) reside between processor  1502  and memory  1504  and facilitate accesses to memory  1504  requested by processor  1502 . In particular embodiments, memory  1504  includes random access memory (RAM). This RAM may be volatile memory, where appropriate Where appropriate, this RAM may be dynamic RAM (DRAM) or static RAM (SRAM). Moreover, where appropriate, this RAM may be single-ported or multi-ported RAM. This disclosure contemplates any suitable RAM. Memory  1504  may include one or more memories  1504 , where appropriate. Although this disclosure describes and illustrates particular memory, this disclosure contemplates any suitable memory. 
     In particular embodiments, storage  1506  includes mass storage for data or instructions. As an example and not by way of limitation, storage  1506  may include a hard disk drive (HDD), a floppy disk drive, flash memory, an optical disc, a magneto-optical disc, magnetic tape, or a Universal Serial Bus (USB) drive or a combination of two or more of these. Storage  1506  may include removable or non-removable (or fixed) media, where appropriate. Storage  1506  may be internal or external to computer system  1500 , where appropriate. In particular embodiments, storage  1506  is non-volatile, solid-state memory. In particular embodiments, storage  1506  includes read-only memory (ROM). Where appropriate, this ROM may be mask-programmed ROM, programmable ROM (PROM), erasable PROM (EPROM), electrically erasable PROM (EEPROM), electrically alterable ROM (EAROM), or flash memory or a combination of two or more of these. This disclosure contemplates mass storage  1506  taking any suitable physical form. Storage  1506  may include one or more storage control units facilitating communication between processor  1502  and storage  1506 , where appropriate. Where appropriate, storage  1506  may include one or more storages  1506 . Although this disclosure describes and illustrates particular storage, this disclosure contemplates any suitable storage. 
     In particular embodiments, I/O interface  1508  includes hardware, software, or both, providing one or more interfaces for communication between computer system  1500  and one or more I/O devices. Computer system  1500  may include one or more of these I/O devices, where appropriate. One or more of these I/O devices may enable communication between a person and computer system  1500 . As an example and not by way of limitation, an I/O device may include a keyboard, keypad, microphone, monitor, mouse, printer, scanner, speaker, still camera, stylus, tablet, touch screen, trackball, video camera, another suitable I/O device or a combination of two or more of these. An I/O device may include one or more sensors. This disclosure contemplates any suitable I/O devices and any suitable I/O interfaces  1508  for them. Where appropriate, I/O interface  1508  may include one or more device or software drivers enabling processor  1502  to drive one or more of these I/O devices. I/O interface  1508  may include one or more I/O interfaces  1508 , where appropriate. Although this disclosure describes and illustrates a particular I/O interface, this disclosure contemplates any suitable I/O interface. 
     In particular embodiments, communication interface  1510  includes hardware, software, or both providing one or more interfaces for communication (such as, for example, packet-based communication) between computer system  1500  and one or more other computer systems  1500  or one or more networks. As an example and not by way of limitation, communication interface  1510  may include a network interface controller (NIC) or network adapter for communicating with an Ethernet or other wire-based network or a wireless NIC (WNIC) or wireless adapter for communicating with a wireless network, such as a WI-FI network. This disclosure contemplates any suitable network and any suitable communication interface  1510  for it. As an example and not by way of limitation, computer system  1500  may communicate with an ad hoc network, a personal area network (PAN), a local area network (LAN), a wide area network (WAN), a metropolitan area network (MAN), or one or more portions of the Internet or a combination of two or more of these. One or more portions of one or more of these networks may be wired or wireless. As an example, computer system  1500  may communicate with a wireless PAN (WPAN) (such as, for example, a BLUETOOTH WPAN), a WI-FI network, a WI-MAX network, a cellular telephone network (such as, for example, a Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) network), or other suitable wireless network or a combination of two or more of these. Computer system  1500  may include any suitable communication interface  1510  for any of these networks, where appropriate. Communication interface  1510  may include one or more communication interfaces  1510 , where appropriate. Although this disclosure describes and illustrates a particular communication interface, this disclosure contemplates any suitable communication interface. 
     In particular embodiments, bus  1512  includes hardware, software, or both coupling components of computer system  1500  to each other. As an example and not by way of limitation, bus  1512  may include an Accelerated Graphics Port (AGP) or other graphics bus, an Enhanced Industry Standard Architecture (EISA) bus, a front-side bus (FSB), a HYPERTRANSPORT (HT) interconnect, an Industry Standard Architecture (ISA) bus, an INFINIBAND interconnect, a low-pin-count (LPC) bus, a memory bus, a Micro Channel Architecture (MCA) bus, a Peripheral Component Interconnect (PCI) bus, a PCI-Express (PCIe) bus, a serial advanced technology attachment (SATA) bus, a Video Electronics Standards Association local (VLB) bus, or another suitable bus or a combination of two or more of these. Bus  1512  may include one or more buses  1512 , where appropriate. Although this disclosure describes and illustrates a particular bus, this disclosure contemplates any suitable bus or interconnect. 
     Herein, a computer-readable non-transitory storage medium or media may include one or more semiconductor-based or other integrated circuits (ICs) (such, as for example, field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs) or application-specific ICs (ASICs)), hard disk drives (HDDs), hybrid hard drives (HHDs), optical discs, optical disc drives (ODDs), magneto-optical discs, magneto-optical drives, floppy diskettes, floppy disk drives (FDDs), magnetic tapes, solid-state drives (SSDs), RAM-drives, SECURE DIGITAL cards or drives, any other suitable computer-readable non-transitory storage media, or any suitable combination of two or more of these, where appropriate. A computer-readable non-transitory storage medium may be volatile, non-volatile, or a combination of volatile and non-volatile, where appropriate. 
     Miscellaneous 
     Herein, “or” is inclusive and not exclusive, unless expressly indicated otherwise or indicated otherwise by context. Therefore, herein, “A or B” means “A, B, or both,” unless expressly indicated otherwise or indicated otherwise by context. Moreover, “and” is both joint and several, unless expressly indicated otherwise or indicated otherwise by context. Therefore, herein, “A and B” means “A and B, jointly or severally,” unless expressly indicated otherwise or indicated otherwise by context. 
     The scope of this disclosure encompasses all changes, substitutions, variations, alterations, and modifications to the example embodiments described or illustrated herein that a person having ordinary skill in the art would comprehend. The scope of this disclosure is not limited to the example embodiments described or illustrated herein. Moreover, although this disclosure describes and illustrates respective embodiments herein as including particular components, elements, feature, functions, operations, or steps, any of these embodiments may include any combination or permutation of any of the components, elements, features, functions, operations, or steps described or illustrated anywhere herein that a person having ordinary skill in the art would comprehend. Furthermore, reference in the appended claims to an apparatus or system or a component of an apparatus or system being adapted to, arranged to, capable of, configured to, enabled to, operable to, or operative to perform a particular function encompasses that apparatus, system, component, whether or not it or that particular function is activated, turned on, or unlocked, as long as that apparatus, system, or component is so adapted, arranged, capable, configured, enabled, operable, or operative.