Patent Publication Number: US-11378973-B2

Title: Celestial navigation system for an autonomous vehicle

Description:
INTRODUCTION 
     This application is a continuation application of and claims priority to U.S. patent application Ser. No. 16/827,447, filed on Mar. 23, 2020, which is a continuation application of and claims priority to U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/491,603, now U.S. Pat. No. 10,599,159, filed on Apr. 19, 2017, which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/336,367, now U.S. Pat. No. 9,921,586, filed on Dec. 1, 2016, which is a continuation of patent application Ser. No. 14/966,621, now U.S. Pat. No. 9,529,363, filed on Dec. 11, 2015, which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/731,393, now U.S. Pat. No. 9,223,749, filed on Dec. 31, 2012, which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/611,814, now U.S. Pat. No. 8,972,052, filed on Nov. 3, 2009. All of the foregoing applications are incorporated by reference in their entireties in the present application. 
     The present teachings relate to robotic systems and, more specifically, to navigation systems for autonomous vehicles. 
    
    
     BACKGROUND 
     Autonomous vehicles including robotic devices are becoming more prevalent today and are used to perform tasks traditionally considered mundane, time-consuming, or dangerous. As programming technology increases, so does the demand for robotic devices that can navigate around a complex environment or working space with little or no assistance from a human operator. 
     Autonomous vehicles and associated controls, navigation systems, and other related systems are being developed. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 6,594,844 discloses a Robot Obstacle Detection System, the disclosure of which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. Additional robot control and navigation systems, and other related systems, are disclosed n PCT Published Patent Application No. WO 2004/025947, and in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,809,490, 6,690,134, 6,781,338, 7,024,278, 6,883,201, and 7,332,890, the disclosures of which are hereby incorporated by reference in their entireties. 
     Many autonomous vehicles navigate a working space by moving randomly until an obstacle is encountered. Generally, these types of vehicles have on-board obstacle detectors, such as bump sensors or similar devices, which register contact with an obstacle. Once contact is made, command routines can direct the autonomous vehicle to move in a direction away from the obstacle. These types of systems, which are useful for obstacle avoidance, are limited in their ability to allow an autonomous vehicle to track its location within a room or other working environment. Other systems, often used in conjunction with bump sensors as described above, use an infrared or other detector to sense the presence of nearby walls, obstacles, or other objects, and either follow the obstacle or direct the vehicle away from it. These systems, however, are also limited in their ability to allow an autonomous vehicle to navigate effectively in a complex environment, as they only allow the vehicle to recognize when objects are in its immediate vicinity. 
     In more advanced navigation systems, an autonomous vehicle comprises an infrared or other type of transmitter, which directs a series of infrared patterns in horizontal directions around the autonomous vehicle. These patterns can be detected by a stationary receiver placed at or near a boundary of the working space, for example on a wall. A microprocessor can use the information from signals generated by the receiver to calculate where in the working space the autonomous vehicle is located at all times. Using such systems, the vehicle can navigate around an entire area. These systems, however, are best employed in working spaces where few objects are present that may interfere with the dispersed patterns of infrared signals. 
     Limitations of the above types of navigation systems are, at present, a hurdle to creating a highly independent autonomous vehicle that can navigate in a complex environment. 
     SUMMARY 
     The present teachings provide a navigation control system for an autonomous vehicle. The system comprises a transmitter and an autonomous vehicle. The transmitter comprises an emitter for emitting at least one signal, a power source for powering the emitter, a device for capturing wireless energy to charge the power source, and a printed circuit board for converting the captured wireless energy to a form for charging the power source. The autonomous vehicle operates within a working area and comprises a receiver for detecting the at least one signal emitted by the emitter, and a processor for determining a relative location of the autonomous vehicle within the working area based on the signal emitted by the emitter. 
     The present teachings also provide a transmitter for use in a navigation control system for an autonomous vehicle. The transmitter comprises an emitter for emitting at least one signal, a power source for powering the emitter, a device for capturing wireless energy to charge the power source, and a printed circuit board for converting the captured wireless energy to a form for charging the power source. 
     The present teachings further provide a method for controlling navigation of an autonomous vehicle within one or more work areas. The method comprises emitting one or more signals from a transmitter, receiving the one or more signals on the autonomous vehicle, powering the transmitter with a power source, charging the power source wirelessly, localizing the autonomous vehicle with respect to the transmitter, and navigating the autonomous vehicle within the one or more work areas. 
     Additional objects and advantages of the present teachings will be set forth in part in the description which follows, and in part will be obvious from the description, or may be learned by practice of the teachings. The objects and advantages of the present teachings will be realized and attained by means of the elements and combinations particularly pointed out in the appended claims. 
     It is to be understood that both the foregoing general description and the following detailed description are exemplary and explanatory only and are not restrictive of the present teachings, as claimed. 
     The accompanying drawings, which are incorporated in and constitute a part of this specification, illustrate several embodiments of the present teachings and together with the description, serve to explain the principles of the present teachings. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         FIG. 1  is a schematic view of a navigation system for an autonomous vehicle in accordance with an exemplary embodiment of the present teachings. 
         FIG. 2  is a schematic view of a navigation system for an autonomous vehicle in accordance with another exemplary embodiment of the present teachings. 
         FIG. 3A  is a side view of a stationary emitter in accordance with an exemplary embodiment of the present teachings. 
         FIG. 3B  is a side view of a stationary emitter in accordance with another exemplary embodiment of the present teachings. 
         FIG. 4A  is a side view of an infrared receiver for an autonomous vehicle in accordance with an exemplary embodiment of the present teachings. 
         FIG. 4B  is a top view of the infrared receiver of  FIG. 4A . 
         FIG. 4C  is a side view of an infrared receiver for an autonomous vehicle in accordance with another exemplary embodiment of the present teachings. 
         FIG. 5A  illustrates a control system for an infrared receiver for an autonomous vehicle in accordance with an exemplary embodiment of the present teachings. 
         FIG. 5B  is a flowchart of a signal detection and localization program in accordance with an exemplary embodiment of the present teachings. 
         FIG. 6  is a top view of a navigation system for an autonomous vehicle in accordance with another exemplary embodiment of the present teachings. 
         FIGS. 7-14  are schematic circuit diagrams of infrared receivers and transmitters for a navigation system in accordance with an exemplary embodiment of the present teachings. 
         FIGS. 15A-15C  illustrate side, bottom, and end views, respectively, of an exemplary embodiment of a transmitter in accordance with the present teachings. 
         FIGS. 16A-16C  illustrate side, bottom, and end views, respectively, of another exemplary embodiment of a transmitter in accordance with the present teachings. 
         FIG. 17  illustrates the transmitter of  FIGS. 15A-15C  used in a doorway. 
         FIG. 18  also illustrates the transmitter of  FIGS. 15A-15C  used in a doorway. 
         FIGS. 19A-19C  illustrate exemplary embodiments of setup screens on an exemplary remote control in accordance with the present teachings. 
         FIGS. 20A-20C  illustrate exemplary embodiments of schedule screens on an exemplary remote control in accordance with the present teachings. 
         FIGS. 21A-21C  illustrate exemplary embodiments of mode screen on an exemplary remote control in accordance with the present teachings. 
         FIG. 22  illustrates exemplary embodiments of a status screen on an exemplary remote control in accordance with the present teachings. 
         FIG. 23  schematically illustrates an embodiment of a system in accordance with the present teachings. 
     
    
    
     DESCRIPTION OF THE PRESENT TEACHINGS 
     Reference will now be made in detail to embodiments of the present teachings, examples of which are illustrated in the accompanying drawings. Wherever possible, the same reference numbers will be used throughout the drawings to refer to the same or like parts. 
     In accordance with an exemplary implementation of the present teachings,  FIG. 1  is a schematic view of a navigation system  10  for an autonomous vehicle such as a robotic cleaning device  12 . The components of the system  10  include, in this embodiment, a transmitter  20 , a charging or base station  22 , and an autonomous vehicle  12  that operates in a room or other similar working area  14 . The working area  14  can be a floor of a room, bounded at least in part by walls  16 . Borders of a ceiling  18  intersect the walls  16  and are remote from the working area  14 . The depicted transmitter  20  includes two emitters  24 A,  24 B. In this exemplary embodiment, the base station  22  includes an emitter  26  as well. In various embodiments, any combination or quantity of emitters may be used on the base station  22 , or transmitter  20 , or both. The autonomous vehicle  12  can include an on-board microprocessor, power and drive components, task-specific components (dirt sensors, vacuums, brushes, etc.), and at least one receiver, such as an infrared receiver  28 . The vehicle  12  may also include certain buttons, switches, etc., for programming the robot, or such instructions may be directed by a remote control (see  FIG. 18 ) or a personal computer (not shown). Depending on the application, certain components may be removed from the disclosed system  10 , or other components may be added. 
     For simplicity, this disclosure will describe vacuuming as a demonstrative task of the depicted robotic cleaning device  12 . It will be apparent, though, that the navigation system disclosed herein has wide applications across a variety of autonomous systems. For example, an autonomous vehicle may be used for floor waxing and polishing, floor scrubbing, ice resurfacing, sweeping and vacuuming, unfinished floor sanding, stain/paint application, ice melting and snow removal, grass cutting, etc. Any number of task-specific components may be required for such duties, and may each be incorporated into the autonomous vehicle, as necessary. 
     The transmitter  20  directs at least two infrared signals  22   a ,  24   a  from emitters  24 A and  24 B to a surface remote from the working area  14  upon which the autonomous vehicle  12  operates. The depicted embodiment directs the infrared signals  22   a ,  24   a  to the ceiling  18 , but it may also direct the signals  22   a ,  24   a  to a portion of a wall  16  or to both the walls  16  and ceiling  18 . The signals  22   a ,  24   a  can be directed to a variety of points on the remote surface, but directing the signals as high as possible above the working area  14  can allow the signals  22   a ,  24   a  to be more easily detected by the autonomous vehicle  12 , because the field of view of the autonomous vehicle&#39;s receiver  28  is less likely to be blocked by an obstacle (such as, for example, a high-backed chair or tall plant). In this disclosure, the regions of contact  22   b ,  24   b  of the signals  22   a ,  24   a  on the remote surface will be referred to as “points,” regardless of the size of the intersection. For example, by using a collimator in conjunction with the emitters (described below), the points of intersection  22   b ,  24   b  of the signals  22   a ,  24   a  can be a finite area with the signal strongest at approximately central points. 
     In certain embodiments of the transmitter  20 , the signals  22   a ,  24   a  are directed toward a ceiling  18 , at two points  22   c ,  24   c , forming a line proximate and parallel to the wall  16  upon which the transmitter  20  is located. Alternatively, and as depicted in  FIG. 1 , the signals  22   a ,  24   a  can be directed away from the wall  16 , at an angle of approximately 5° or more, to avoid interference with objects such as pictures secured to or hung from the wall  16 . The signals  22   a ,  24   a  can be transmitted at a known angle θ therebetween. In an exemplary embodiment, angle θ can equal approximately 30′, but other angles are contemplated by the present teachings. In accordance with certain embodiments, angle θ can be set at the time of manufacture or user-defined based on particular applications or other requirements. By setting the angle θ to a known value, the distance S between the signals  22   a ,  24   a  at the point of contact  22   c ,  24   c  with ceiling  18  may be determined, provided the heights of the celling h 1 , h 2  at the points of contact  22   c ,  24   c  are known. When used on a flat ceiling  18 , as depicted, h 1  equals h 2 . In the embodiment depicted in  FIG. 1 , base station  22  emits a signal  26   a  that can serve as an additional or optional signal for utilization by the autonomous vehicle  12 . Signal  26   a  is directed toward a wall  16 , so that the point of contact  26   b  is high enough to avoid objects that may obstruct the autonomous vehicle&#39;s field of view. A central point  26   c  (or laser point) of the point of contact  26   b  contacts the wall  16  at height h3. 
     As the autonomous vehicle  12  moves within a working area  14 , it detects the signals  22   a ,  24   a  emitted by the transmitter  20  as energy bouncing or reflecting off of the diffuse ceiling surface  18 . In an alterative embodiment, visible points can be used in place of infrared points. A camera onboard the autonomous vehicle can replace the infrared receiver in detecting either infrared or visible points. The autonomous vehicle&#39;s microprocessor can convert the signals  22   a ,  24   a  sensed by the receiver  28  into bearings from the robot  12  to the signals  22   a ,  24   a . The microprocessor can then calculate representative elevation angles ε 1 , ε 2  and azimuths α 1 , α 2  of the signals to determine the location of the autonomous vehicle  12  within the working area  14 . In this embodiment, the azimuths α 1 , α 2  are measured using a “forward” direction of movement M of the autonomous vehicle  12  as a datum, but any suitable datum can be used. By calculating the elevation angle and azimuth from the autonomous vehicle  12  to the two signals  22   a ,  24   a , the autonomous vehicle  12  can locate itself within a working area with improved accuracy, 
       FIG. 2  depicts another exemplary embodiment of a navigation system  110  for an autonomous vehicle  112 . In the illustrated exemplary embodiment, an autonomous vehicle  112  moves in a working area having a floor  114 . A transmitter  120  can be mounted at a top frame of a doorway  132  between two rooms  136 ,  138 . Similar to the embodiment depicted in  FIG. 1 , the transmitter  120  is installed at a known distance h 4  above the floor  114 . In alternative embodiments, the transmitter  120  can be installed at the height of the ceiling  118 . The transmitter  120  can be recessed within the door frame  130  or ceiling  118  to reduce its profile and limit its impact on architectural aesthetics of a room. Additionally, the transmitter  120  can be disguised to resemble a cover plate for a sprinkler head, speaker, or other device. 
     The transmitter  120  emits two signals  122   a ,  124   a  (depicted graphically by a plurality of arrows) Into the two rooms  136 ,  138 , respectively. The signals  122   a ,  124   a  can be configured to not overlap each other, thus providing a distinct signal on each side of the door centerline  130 . In other embodiments, an overlap of the signals  122   a ,  124   a  can be desirable. The autonomous vehicle  112  includes a receiver  128  having a field of vision  134 . The emitted signals  1220 ,  124   a  can be detected by the receiver  128  when the autonomous vehicle&#39;s field of vision  134  intersects the signals  122   a ,  124   a . Similar to the embodiment of  FIG. 1 , the autonomous vehicle can calculate the azimuth and elevation to the transmitter  120  to determine its relative location. Similar to the embodiment described above, by detecting only one signal, the autonomous vehicle  112  can calculate a bearing to the transmitter  120 . Accordingly, the transmitter  120  functions as a beacon for the autonomous vehicle  112  to follow and, if the signal is coded, the autonomous vehicle  112  can determine which room of a number of rooms it is located in, based on the coded signal. The autonomous vehicle  112  is thus able to determine its relative location, on a room-by-room basis, as opposed to determining its location within a room. Exemplary embodiments of a doorway-based transmitter are described in more detail with reference to  FIGS. 15-18 . 
       FIG. 3A  shows a transmitter  20  in accordance with certain embodiments of the present teachings. The depicted transmitter  20  receives power from a wall outlet  40  for convenience and unobtrusiveness, but one skilled in the art will appreciate that transmitters can be powered by means other than a wall outlet. For example, the transmitter can be placed anywhere in a room, provided it has an available power source. For example, battery-powered transmitters are particularly versatile, because they can be located remote from a wall outlet. Such battery-operated transmitters can be unobtrusively located above window or door frames, or on top of tall furniture such as dressers or bookshelves. 
     In accordance with various embodiments of the present teachings, the transmitter can include a visible signal option (not shown), aligned with the emitted signals, allowing a user to direct the signals to particular locations. In accordance with the present teachings, more than one transmitter maybe used. Such a system could include communication capability between the various transmitters, for example to ensure that only one signal or a subset of signals is emitted at any given time. 
     A battery-powered transmitter located above a window or door frame can not only permit the autonomous vehicle to localize within a map, coordinate system, or cell grid relative to the transmitter, but can also localize the transmitter within the same map, coordinate system, or cell grid, thereby localizing the window or door frame. Localization of an autonomous vehicle within a working environment is described in detail in U.S. Patent Publication No. 2008/0294288, filed Nov. 27, 2008, the entire disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference. In the case of a door frame, the door is ordinarily the passage by which the autonomous vehicle navigates from room to room. The transmitter illustrated in  FIG. 3A , which can project points upward onto a wall or ceiling, can be battery operated. A transmitter as illustrated in  FIGS. 3B-3D  can be placed above or at the top of a door (e.g., more than six feet high, where household power may be unavailable) and can also benefit from battery operation (see below). 
     The exemplary embodiment of a transmitter  20  illustrated in  FIG. 3A  includes a housing  42  constructed of, for example, a plastic or like material. In this figure, the transmitter  20  is shown cut-away above the line L so that the emitters can be seen. The transmitter  20  can include a power receptacle  44 , allowing the outlet used by the transmitter  20  to remain available for other uses. The transmitter  20  includes two emitters  24 A,  248 , set within the housing  42 . Alternatively, the emitters  24 A,  24 B can be flush with or extend beyond the housing  42 . Setting the emitters  24 A,  24 B within the housing  42  allows the signals  22   a ,  24   a  to be directed by utilizing collimators  22   e ,  24   e . The collimators  22   e ,  24   e  can be formed within the housing  42  or can be discreet components within the housing  42 . Alternatively, the collimators  22   e ,  24   e  can be secured to the outside of the housing  42 . In alterative embodiments, lenses  22   d ,  24   d  can be included, with or without collimators  22   e ,  24   e , to focus and direct the signals  22   a ,  24   a . These basic manufacturing considerations can also be adapted for emitters located on charging or base stations. One or more emitters on a base station can serve as an additional point of navigation for the autonomous vehicle within the room, or may simply aid the autonomous vehicle in locating the base station. 
       FIG. 38  depicts an embodiment of a transmitter  120  for use, for example, with the navigation system  110  depicted in  FIG. 2 . The transmitter  120  is secured to the underside of an upper cross member of the door frame  132 , but can also be recessed therein or secured to or recessed in a ceiling  118 . The transmitter  120  includes two emitters  122 ,  124 . Other embodiments of the transmitter  120  can include more than two emitters or a single emitter. By utilizing two emitters, the transmitter  120  can direct signals into two different rooms, on either side of the centerline  130  of the door frame  132 . This can allow an autonomous vehicle to distinguish which room it is located in. 
     In accordance with various embodiments of the present teachings, more than two emitters can be utilized with collimators  22   e ,  24   e ,  122   e ,  124   e , to distinguish different areas within a room. Such a configuration allows the autonomous vehicle to sense its relative location within a room and adjust its cleaning behavior accordingly. For example, a signal could mark an area of the room that an autonomous vehicle would likely get stuck in. The signal could allow an autonomous vehicle to recognize the area and accordingly not enter it, even though it might otherwise be able to do so unimpeded. Alternatively, or in addition, different signals could mark areas that require different cleaning behaviors (e.g., due to carpeting or wood floors, high traffic areas, etc.). 
     Turning back to  FIG. 3B , the emitters  122 ,  124  can be installed flush with or extend beyond the housing  142 . Setting the emitters  122 ,  124  within the housing  142  allows the signals  122   a ,  124   a  to be directed by utilizing collimators  122   e ,  124   e . The collimators  122   e ,  124   e  allow the signals  122   a ,  124   a  to be directed to two sides of a centerline  130  of a doorframe  132 , without any signal overlap, if so desired. The collimators  122   e ,  124   e  can be formed within the housing  142  or can be discreet components within the housing  142 . Alternatively, the collimators  122   e ,  124   e  can be secured to the outside of the housing  142 . In alterative embodiments, lenses  122   d ,  124   d  may be included, with or without collimators  122   e ,  124   e , to focus and direct the signals  122   a ,  124   a.    
     In various embodiments of the present teachings, each signal (regardless of the emitter&#39;s location or the number of signals) can be modulated at 10 kHz and coded with an 6-bit code serving as a unique signal identifier, preventing the autonomous vehicle from confusing one signal or point with another. Accordingly, more than two uniquely encoded signals can be employed to increase the accuracy of the autonomous vehicle&#39;s calculations regarding its location within a working area. As noted above, using only one emitter allows an autonomous vehicle to take a heading based on that signal. Using two or more signals can allow the autonomous vehicle to continue navigating if fewer than all of the signals are detected (either due to a failure of a signal transmission or the autonomous vehicle moving to a location where fewer than all of the signals are visible). 
     In certain embodiments, the transmitter can pulse the coded signals as follows. After an initial synchronization pulse, a first signal at 10 kHz is emitted for 100 ms. This can provide a sufficient time for the autonomous vehicle&#39;s receiver and processor to calculate azimuth and elevation angles, as discussed in detail below. So that the autonomous vehicle can determine which signal is being received, the transmitter can pulse a series of five bits, each for 10 ms. The five bits include two start bits, for example a zero and a one, followed by a unique three bit identifier to identify that particular signal or point. After a 100 ms delay, the transmitter repeats the sequence for the second signal or point. By changing the modulation frequency and/or the identifier, the second signal or point can be uniquely distinguished from the first. Any number of unique signals can be transmitted and identified in this manner. After the series of signals are transmitted, the transmitter can wait a substantially longer period of time, for example on the order of one to two seconds, before repeating the transmitting sequence, starting again with the first signal. The length of time for each transmission is merely exemplary, and may be varied based on a particular application, device, etc. As stated above, the signals can be modulated at the same or different frequencies. 
       FIG. 4A  depicts a side view of an exemplary receiver  228  that is surface mounted on a housing  212  of an autonomous vehicle.  FIG. 4B  is a top view of the same receiver  228 . The receiver  228  can include an outer shell or housing  244  comprising a generally translucent or transparent, high-impact plastic or like material. Four photodiodes  246   a ,  246   b ,  246   c , and  246   d  can be installed in an orientation in the housing  244  generally corresponding to four adjacent sides of a cube. Accordingly, each photodiode can be generally perpendicular to the photodiodes on either side of it and parallel to the photodiode opposite it. In certain embodiments, a fifth photodiode  246   e  can be located generally above the plane of orientation of photodiodes  246   a - 248   d . At least one photodiode, in this case photodiode  246   a , is oriented toward a direction of forward movement M of the robot. The photodiodes can be connected via control wiring and other components to the autonomous vehicles microprocessor and related systems. Installing a receiver  228  on top of the housing  212  can provide the autonomous vehicle with a wide field of view. As depicted, the field of view  61  for a horizontally-oriented photodiode  246   e  is extremely wide. Depending on the sensitivity of the photodiode  246   e , the thickness or translucence of the plastic, and other factors, the field of view δ1 may approach or exceed 180°. Similarly, due to the orientation of photodiodes  246   a - 246   d , their field of view δ2 approaches near vertical in an upward direction from the autonomous vehicle&#39;s housing  212  and is limited below only by the autonomous vehicle&#39;s housing  212 . There can be an overlap between the fields of view δ1 and δ2 in the longitudinal plane, as depicted in  FIG. 4B . 
     As illustrated in  FIG. 4A , there can be overlap between the fields of view δ1 and δ2, allowing the autonomous vehicle to detect signals in its operating area. The overlap creates a total field of view for the receiver that approaches the entire volume of the room above the robot housing. Accordingly, this embodiment of the receiver  212 , is well-suited to the exemplary embodiment of the navigation system depicted and described in  FIG. 2 , wherein a signal is projected into an entire room. Of course, this receiver  22 B could also be used with the system depicted in  FIG. 1 . Although installing the receiver closer to or above a top surface of the autonomous vehicle can provide for a wider range of view, this configuration increases a height of the autonomous vehicle slightly and can limit autonomous vehicle travel beneath certain obstacles such as couches, low tables, or the like. 
       FIG. 4C  depicts an exemplary embodiment of the receiver  328  installed below a surface of the autonomous vehicle housing  312 . The photodiodes  346   a - 346   e  (as a group referred to as  346 ) can be installed in a void  350  or other cavity below the surface of the autonomous vehicle housing  312 . A translucent or transparent plastic cover  312   a  can be fitted over the photodiodes  346 . The cover  312   a  can be secured to the housing  312 , for example, with screws, press-fit connections, or other connectors. Alternatively, the cover  312   a  can be set in place without connectors, allowing easier access to the photodiodes  346  for service or replacement. This lower profile version reduces or eliminates the risk associated with a surface mounted receiver getting stuck below obstacles (as described above). 
     The construction of the receiver  328  can be similar to that of  FIG. 4A . Four of the photodiodes  346   a - 346   d  can be installed orthogonal to each other, facing a predefined direction on the autonomous vehicle (e.g., front, back, right, and left). The fifth photodiode  346   e  can be installed orthogonal to the other four photodiodes, facing directly up from a top of the autonomous vehicle. Because the photodiodes  346  are set within the housing  312 , the receiver&#39;s overall field of view δ3 can be limited to a certain degree. In this embodiment, δ3 equals approximately 120°. The field of view δ3 can be wider or narrower depending on the depth of installation below the surface of the autonomous vehicle housing  312 . Alternatively, the field of view δ3 can be modified by utilizing a cover  312   a  having particular effects on signal transmission, such as a fish-eye lens or the like. 
       FIG. 5A  illustrates an exemplary embodiment of a control schematic  560  for a receiver  528 . The receiver  528  can include a number of independent photodiodes  546   a - 546   e  (as a group referred to as  546 ), pre-amplified and multiplexed into a single microprocessor  562 . As described above, four of the photodiodes  546   a - 546   d  can be installed orthogonal to each other, facing a predefined direction on the autonomous vehicle (e.g., front, back, right, and left). A fifth photodiode  546   e  can be installed orthogonal to the other four, facing directly up from the top of the robot. Once a reflected signal is received by a photodiode  546 , the receiver  528  determines the frequency of modulation of the signal, the identity sequence, if any, and the envelope of received energy (i.e., the demodulation of energy). These values can be sent to the microprocessor  562 , which can calculate the location of the autonomous vehicle relative to the signals and the identities of the signals. Additionally, if only a single point is detected by the receiver  528  (if for example, the robot&#39;s view of the second signal is obstructed), the autonomous vehicle can use this point as a heading. By following this heading, the autonomous vehicle can move within the work area until a second point is detected. 
     In operation, a receiver (e.g., an infrared receiver) can first measure the “noise floor” of the autonomous vehicle&#39;s environment, comprising the amount of energy (e.g., infrared energy) present in the autonomous vehicle&#39;s environment, which it sets as the threshold value. This value can represent an average of the values for each photodiode. Any subsequent measurement above this threshold value can trigger an event (e.g., a calculation of point azimuth and elevation). The receiver can then measure the modulation frequency again, searching for an expected increase at 10 kHz (i.e., the frequency of the initial synchronization signal transmitted by the transmitter). If a 10 kHz frequency increase is detected, the autonomous vehicle recognizes the increase as an emitted navigation signal. The autonomous vehicle can then measure the amplitude of the reflected point on all five photodiodes to determine an average value. This value can then be compared to a list of signal frequencies to determine which of the signals has been detected. Alternatively, any detected identity sequence associated with the signal can be compared to a list of transmitter codes or signal IDs stored in a lookup table in the autonomous vehicle&#39;s processor memory. 
     The on-board microprocessor can use the amplitude value to determine the azimuth and elevation of the received signals, which it can then use to determine its location within a working area. To determine the azimuth, the microprocessor enters the values of the two strongest readings from the four side photodiodes into an algorithm. The algorithm takes the ratio of these two readings to determine the azimuth angle. For example, if the two strongest readings from two photodiodes are equal, the algorithm recognizes that the point is located at an azimuth angle that is directly between the two photodiodes (i.e., at 45°). In a similar algorithm, the amplitude value measured from the strongest side photodiode and the amplitude value measured from the top-facing photodiode value are used to determine the elevation of the signal. These values can be stored in the autonomous vehicle&#39;s memory for future reference. 
     After the receiver has detected at least two points, and determines the azimuth and elevation of each point, it determines its location within the working space. A triangulation algorithm based on the known ceiling height and the azimuth and elevation of the two detected points allows the processor to determine where in the working space the autonomous vehicle is located. Over time, the values of elevation and azimuth between each coded point and specific locations of the autonomous vehicle within the workspace can be stored in the autonomous vehicle&#39;s memory, creating a map of the environment in which the autonomous vehicle operates. 
     In various embodiments, a navigation system  200  as depicted in  FIG. 5B  uses an angle-based localization system. Values corresponding to elevation and azimuth are determined by synchronously comparing average amplitudes from the number of detectors arranged on the robot. Of the five detectors, four are arranged in a plane and are angularly spaced by 90° increments. The fifth detector is in the center of the aforementioned four-detector array and aimed so that it is orthogonal to the plane in which the other detectors lie, directed vertically from the autonomous vehicle. Together, this five-element array can have a full or near-full hemispherical field of view. 
     In the embodiment depicted in  FIG. 5B , all five detectors monitor for amplitude (Step  705 ) until an amplitude that crosses a preset threshold is detected (Step  710 ). After the amplitude on any detector crosses the preset detection threshold, the frequency of the signal on the strongest detector is measured and compared against known transmit frequencies (Step  715 ). If the measured frequency is one of the known transmit frequencies (Step  720 ), the next step in the detection process can be executed. If the signal is not a known transmit frequency, the detection process can be aborted (Step  725 ) and the signal detected can be declared to be “out of band.” Once an “in band” frequency is detected, a time-averaged amplitude for each photo detector can be measured, converted to a binary number, and stored for later processing in a microprocessor memory (Step  730 ). Upon storing the five numerical values (one for each photodiode), the azimuth angle can be determined. 
     Of the four detectors that reside in a single plane, the values of the two strongest signals detected are used to form a ratio to determine the azimuth angle (Step  735 ). The ratio of second-strongest signal over the strongest signal is either compared to a look-up table or inserted into a mathematical equation to determine an azimuth angle output. Both the look-up table and the equation represent the overlap of the received sensitivity patterns of two orthogonal detectors with known sensor responses. In this embodiment, the photo detector output is modeled as a fourth-order Gaussian response to angle off of “boresight,” a term that generally refers to a vector that is orthogonal to the semiconductor die in the detector package. 
     To calculate elevation, the strongest signal from azimuth calculation (i.e., the denominator of the ratio) must first be normalized, as if it were on boresight of the respective detector (Step  740 ). For example, if the azimuth has been determined to be 10° off of boresight from a given detector, that 100 angle is entered into a look-up table or equation that describes the sensor response of any single photo detector. At zero degrees, the output of this look-up table/equation would be 1.00000. As the angle deviates from zero degrees, the output drops to some fraction of 1.00000 (the normalized value at boresight). For example, if a value of 10° is entered into the equation, the output of this operation can be, for example. 0.99000. The denominator of the azimuth ratio can then be divided by this fractional value in order to scale up, or “normalize” that value to what it would be if the azimuth were actually zero degrees. This normalized value can then be stored in memory and elevation can be determined therefrom. 
     To calculate elevation, the normalized output from the previous step is used to produce a new ratio with the output from the upward-looking (fifth) detector-, so that the numerator is the second-strongest of the two values and the denominator is the strongest of the two values (Step  745 ). This ratio is then entered into the same look-up table or equation from the step above (used to calculate azimuth), thus outputting an elevation angle. 
     The benefits of this type of navigation system can be numerous. As the autonomous vehicle moves about a working area, measuring the azimuth and elevation of the various points detected, it can create a map of the area, thus determining its location within a given space. With this information, it can fuse data from all of its on-board sensors and improve cleaning or other task efficiency. One way it can do this is to create a map where the high-traffic areas in a house or other building are located (as indicated by readings from the dirt sensor, for example). The autonomous vehicle would then clean the areas it identified as high traffic (and therefore, often dirty) each time it passes over that area, whether directed to or not. The autonomous vehicle may also improve its cleaning function by merging the output from the wheel drop, stasis, bumper, and wall-following sensors to roughly mark areas of entrapment, or where large obstacles exist, so that those areas can potentially be avoided in future runs. 
     In accordance with various embodiments of the present teachings, another method of improving cleaning efficiency involves selectively programming the autonomous vehicle to clean particular areas, as detailed below. For example, a personal computer or remote control may be used to control the autonomous vehicle. Although the autonomous vehicle can operate without operator intervention, an operator can initially set up the autonomous vehicle, or can direct the autonomous vehicle to operate in particular areas or at particular times. For example, by using more then one transmitter in various rooms on one floor of a house, an operator may be able to direct the autonomous vehicle to clean specific rooms in a particular order and/or at a specific time. The operator could select, in a control program field of a computer program for example, the living room, family room, bathroom, and kitchen areas for cleaning. A remote control for use in accordance with the present teachings is described in more detail with respect to  FIGS. 19-22 . 
     Once commanded (either immediately or on a predefined schedule), the autonomous vehicle can be signaled to begin its cleaning cycle. The autonomous vehicle undocks from its base/charging station and begins cleaning the closest or first room on the programmed list. It can recognize this room and can differentiate it by the coded group of infrared points (e.g., on a ceiling of the room) or the coded signal emitted in the room. After the first room is cleaned, the autonomous vehicle can, for example, check its level of power and return to its charger for additional charging if needed. In accordance with certain embodiments, in order to return to the charger, the autonomous vehicle can follow the point or points on the ceiling back to the base station. Alternatively, the autonomous vehicle can use a known docking behavior. After charging is complete, the autonomous vehicle can traverse roughly back to the place it left off and resume cleaning. This sequence of events continues until all of the programmed rooms have been cleaned. Alternatively, the selection of particular areas to clean could be, for example, made by remote control or by pressing buttons on a control panel located on the base station. By using a personal computer, however, multiple transmitters could communicate with each other and with the base station via power lines using a known communication technology. 
     An alternative embodiment of the present teachings is depicted in  FIG. 6 , wherein an autonomous vehicle uses a number of signals for headings to move from room to room. The autonomous vehicle  612  is moving in a direction M within room A when its power level drops below a predetermined level, requiring its return to a base charging station  622 . Upon crossing the predetermined power level, the autonomous vehicle&#39;s receiver  628  searches for a signal from a nearby emitter. As the vehicle is located in room A, it detects the signal  622   a  emitted from transmitter  620   a  and, using the signal  622   a  as a heading, moves directly for that signal  622   a.    
     Alternatively, the autonomous vehicle  612  can emit its own coded pulse, to determine if any transmitters are in the area. This coded pulse could “awaken” sleeping or otherwise dormant transmitters, which would then begin their own emission cycle. Alternatively, the pulse can be an audible or visual signal such as a distinct beep, buzz, or visual strobe. Some pulses need not be within the field of view of the transmitter. 
     The robot  612  will continue to move toward signal  622   a  until one of several events happens at or near doorway  632   a . In a first event, the autonomous vehicle may determine, based on readings from its photodiodes, that it is directly under the transmitter  620   a . In a second event, the autonomous vehicle  612  may sense a second signal  624   a , which may overlap the first detected signal  622   a . This could occur if the configuration of the emitters, collimators, etc., as described in more detail above, provides overlapping signal patterns between signals  622   a  and  624   a . In a third event, autonomous vehicle  612  can sense a signal from an entirely different transmitter, in this case signal  622   b  from transmitter  620   b . Other events are also contemplated, as suitable for a particular application. The occurrence of an event presents the autonomous vehicle  612  with any number of behavioral, functional, or other options. For example, each coded signal may serve as a unique marker for a different working space. Upon detecting the unique marker associated with a particular working space, the autonomous vehicle may alter its cleaning function. Thus, if room A is carpeted but room B is uncarpeted, the autonomous vehicle can adjust its cleaning as it moves from room A to room B. Upon detecting a second signal (in this case, signal  622   b ) the autonomous vehicle can, in certain embodiments, completely disregard the first signal  622   a  received when its return to the base station  622  began. Using new signal  622   b  as a heading, it begins moving toward that signal  622   b . The autonomous vehicle  612  can, in certain embodiments, check its battery level at each event, storing that value in its microprocessor. Over time, the autonomous vehicle can thereby create a table of battery levels at each event (and battery level change from event to event), and be able to accurately determine precise battery power remaining at each transmitter location. 
     Once the autonomous vehicle is traversing room B (shown in phantom as  617 ), it will eventually determine, based on battery level, time, or other factors, to follow the heading provided by signal  622   b , and continue its return to its base station  622 . The autonomous vehicle  612  can follow the heading until an event occurs at or near doorway  632   b . Again, the event can be detecting a strength of signal  622   b , indicating that the autonomous vehicle is directly below the transmitter, detecting an overlap signal from  624   b , or detecting a new signal  622   c . The autonomous vehicle  612  can again perform any of the behaviors described above: check and store its battery level; change cleaning characteristics; etc. 
     Once in room C, the autonomous vehicle can begin following the heading provided by signal  622   c . At or near the doorway  632   c  to room D, an event may direct the autonomous vehicle to perform any number of behaviors. Alternatively, the autonomous vehicle can move directly to charging station  622 , guided by emitted signal  626  or another signal or program. 
     During its return to the base station, as the autonomous vehicle  612  moves from room A to room B to room C and so on, it detects and stores information about each coded signal that it detects along its route. By storing this information, the autonomous vehicle can create a map, using the coded signals as guideposts, allowing it to return to its starting location in the future. After charging, the autonomous vehicle can return to the room it was working in prior to returning to its base by comparing the detected signals and their strengths to the stored information. 
       FIGS. 7-9  depict schematic circuit representations for exemplary embodiments of various components of an infrared signal transmitter, namely an AC-DC converter, a microcontroller and support circuitry, and LED drivers. More specifically,  FIG. 7  illustrates an electronic circuit that takes 120 VAC 160 Hz line voltage and converts it to a regulated +5 VDC supply. This supply can be used to power the microcontroller and associated circuitry of the transmitter depicted in  FIG. 8 . In addition to power conversion, this circuit can also provide an isolated digital logic signal to the microcontroller, whenever a “zero-crossing” in the AC line input is detected. 
       FIG. 8  illustrates a transmitter microcontroller and support circuitry (I.e., a clock oscillator and an in-circuit serial programming port). In addition, there is a circuit that allows a user-initiated button press to project visible light from a pair of LEDs, co-located with a pair of IR LEDs, onto a remote surface for the purpose of assisting the user in aiming the infrared signal points. 
       FIG. 9  illustrates two channels of an IR LED driver. Each driver can control a preset constant current into a single IR LED, which can then emit near-infrared light that can be collimated by an external lens and projected onto the remote surface. Each IR LED can be modulated and pulse-coded independently of the other. This allows the microcontroller in the autonomous vehicle to discern between the different transmitter signals, to determine which detected signal is which. 
       FIGS. 10-14  depict schematic circuit representations in accordance with certain embodiments of various components of a vehicle-mounted infrared receiver, namely DC-DC linear power converters, a five channel preamplifier, a multiplexer and programmable tuned amplifier, detectors, and a microcontroller and associated peripherals. More specifically,  FIG. 10  depicts two independent linear voltage regulators. One of the regulation circuits can be switched ON-OFF via a microcontroller to conserve battery power during a sleep mode. 
       FIG. 11  depicts five independent preamplifiers that can convert respective photodiode output currents into voltages of much larger magnitudes. Each preamplifier is built using an operational amplifier in a transimpedance topology. This allows the preamplifiers to be configured with low noise. Also, there is an active feedback circuit that is used to null large photodiode current offsets caused by exposure of the circuit to sunlight and other strong low-frequency light sources. 
       FIG. 12  illustrates an exemplary multiplexer and programmable tuned amplifier for the receiver. This circuitry can be segregated into three functional blocks. The first block is a multiplexer that receives signals from the five photodiode preamplifiers and outputs one of the signals to a programmable attenuator, as commanded by the receiver&#39;s microcontroller. The second block is a programmable attenuator that can be used to reduce the overall receiver gain, to deal with the large dynamic range of received signals. As depicted herein, there are two digital inputs from the microcontroller, which permits four-discrete gain levels to be selected. The third block is a tuned, band-pass amplifier that can provide the bulk of the voltage amplification to signals that fall within the circuit&#39;s pass band. 
       FIG. 13  depicts an exemplary embodiment of two detectors that can be used in the receiver. The first detector is a rectifying, envelope detector with integral voltage gain, and can be used to strip modulation frequency and provide a signal envelope to the microcontroller&#39;s analog to-digital converter. The signal envelope can be used the by microcontroller to determine the magnitude of the received signal. The second detector is a voltage comparator, which can be used to “square up” received pulses and convert them to a CMOS logic level, thereby allowing the microcontroller to extract digital data from the received signals. 
     Lastly,  FIG. 14  illustrates the microcontroller and its peripherals. The peripherals can include a clock oscillator, ICSP port, voltage supervisor/reset generator, and RS-232 level serial port for interfacing with a host personal computer or a main robot processor. 
     Accordingly, the navigation system can be operationally robust and adapted to compensate for variances in infrared energy. For example, if the autonomous vehicle is operating in an environment with high base infrared readings (e.g., a space with a large number of fluorescent lighting fixtures or windows that allow entry of sunlight), the autonomous vehicle can distinguish the infrared signals generated by the transmitter from the infrared noise present in the space. Similarly, the receiver can distinguish between other off-band signals, such as infrared remote controls. In such cases, establishing an initial threshold value of infrared energy and emitting a predefined, known, modulated infrared signal from the transmitter overcomes these environmental disturbances. Additionally, the transmitter can be tuned to emit a sufficiently strong infrared signal to accommodate surfaces with varied reflectivity. 
       FIGS. 15A-15C  illustrate side, bottom, and end views, respectively, of an exemplary embodiment of a transmitter  200  having a thin rectangular housing and configured for placement in a variety of locations including a top surface of a doorway as illustrated in  FIGS. 2, 6, 17, and 18 . In the illustrated embodiment, an emitter  222 ,  224  is located adjacent each edge E L , E R  of the transmitter  200 . In accordance with certain embodiments of the present teachings, each emitter can comprise a lens  222   d ,  224   d  as described above to focus and direct the emitted signal. The present teachings also contemplate the transmitter  200  comprising a third emitter  226  with a lens  226   d  to focus and direct the emitted signal. The illustrated transmitter  200  also comprises a battery  230  and a printed circuit board  240 . As discussed above, the battery  230  can provide power to the transmitter  200  while allowing the transmitter  200  to be located without regard to proximity of power supplies such as wall outlets. Other portable power sources such as capacitors can also be used instead of, or in addition to, the battery. The printed circuit board  240  can be employed to modulate and code the emitted signals, and to provide power conversion for wirelessly charging the battery  230  or other power source. An antenna  250  can be utilized to intercept fields for conversion to current for wirelessly charging the battery, as described in more detail below. 
     Wireless charging in accordance with the present teachings can comprise, for example, RF scavenging or magnetoresonance. Wireless charging via RF scavenging can be accomplished as disclosed in U.S. Patent Publication No. 2009/0102296, the entire disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference. The antenna  250  (e.g., a RF wireless communication antenna) can facilitate both energy harvesting and wireless communication for the transmitter  200  and, to facilitate energy harvesting, can harvest RF energy from a variety of sources including, for instance, medium frequency AM radio broadcast, very high frequency (VHF) FM radio broadcast, cellular base stations, wireless data access points, etc. The energy can be harvested from that naturally available in the environment (work area) or can be broadcast by a source such as an RF signal emitter on the autonomous vehicle or on another device such as a base station or a dedicated emitter.  FIG. 23  schematically illustrates an embodiment of the present teachings wherein an autonomous vehicle  12  includes a RF signal emitter  360  that directs an RF signal toward the transmitter  200  for harvesting to ensure adequate RF energy for recharging the battery  230  or other power source. The printed circuit board  240  can serve to convert the harvested RF energy into a usable form, for example AC voltage or DC voltage. The printed circuit board  240  can also regulate the converted power. 
     Certain embodiments of the present teachings contemplate wireless charging via strongly coupled magnetic resonances, or magnetoresonance. Such wireless charging is described in detail in Kurs, et al.,  Wireless Power Transfer via Strongly Coupled Magnetic Resonances , Science, Vol. 317, pp. 83-86 (Jul. 6, 2008), the entire disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference. For wireless charging via magnetoresonance, the antenna  250  can comprise, for example, a capture coil that can capture and convert magnetic energy to AC voltage or DC voltage. The magnetic energy captured by the capture coil can be supplied by a power source such as a highly resonant magnetic source. The power source can be located, for example, on the autonomous vehicle (in a scenario such as that illustrated in  FIG. 23 ), on a dedicated device, or on a base station for the autonomous vehicle. 
     One skilled in the art will appreciate that the transmitter  200  can derive its power from a source other than a battery, for example from a wall plug or by direct connection to a building&#39;s power supply. Also, the emitters can have differing locations on the transmitter, and need not be combined with a lens as illustrated. The size of the transmitter can vary in accordance with functional considerations (e.g., being large enough to house its components) as well as aesthetic considerations (e.g., minimizing size to be less obtrusive). 
       FIGS. 16A-16C  illustrate side, bottom, and end views, respectively, of another exemplary embodiment of a transmitter  300  having a thin rectangular housing and configured for placement in a variety of locations including a top surface of a doorway as illustrated in  FIGS. 2, 6, 17, and 18 . In the illustrated embodiment, an emitter  322 ,  324  is located adjacent each edge of the transmitter  300 . In accordance with certain embodiments of the present teachings, each emitter can comprise a collimator  322   e ,  324   e  and a lens  324   d  (see  FIG. 16C ) as described above to focus and direct the emitted signal. Although a third emitter is not illustrated in this embodiment, the transmitter can comprise at least one additional emitter and can employ a lens and/or collimator thereon to focus and direct the emitted signal. The illustrated exemplary transmitter  300  also comprises a battery  330  and a printed circuit board  340 . As discussed above, the battery  330  can provide power to the transmitter  300  while allowing the transmitter  300  to be located without regard to proximity of power supplies such as wall outlets. The printed circuit board  340  can be employed to modulate and code the emitted signals, and to provide power conversion for wirelessly charging the battery  330  or other power source. An antenna  350  can be utilized to intercept magnetic or RF fields for conversion to current for wirelessly charging the battery  330 , as described above with respect to  FIG. 15 . 
     One skilled in the art will appreciate that the transmitter  300  can derive its power from a source other than a battery, for example from a wall plug or by direct connection to a building&#39;s power supply. Also, the emitters can have differing locations on the transmitter, and need not be combined with a collimator and/or a lens as illustrated. The size of the transmitter can vary in accordance with functional considerations (e.g., being large enough to house its components) as well as aesthetic considerations (e.g., minimizing size to be less obtrusive). 
       FIG. 17  illustrates a transmitter  200  mounted on a top surface T of a doorway DW or other passage between two areas. In the illustrated embodiment, because the transmitter  200  is placed at a high position within the room or work area, the emitted signals should not be directed upward toward the ceiling and instead should be directed toward the portion of the room through which the autonomous vehicle  12  travels. In accordance with various embodiments, the emitted signals can be coded and modulated as discussed above, so that the autonomous vehicle  12  can recognize the transmitter for localization and/or navigation purposes. In addition, in accordance with certain embodiments, the emitted signals can include information for the autonomous vehicle  12 , such as information instructing the autonomous vehicle to adjust its cleaning behavior. 
     In embodiments of the present teachings employing more than two emitters, the signals can be utilized, e.g., with collimators or lenses, to distinguish different areas within a room. Such a configuration allows the autonomous vehicle  12  to sense its relative location within a room and adjust its cleaning behavior accordingly. For example, a signal could mark an area of the room that an autonomous vehicle would likely get stuck in. The signal could allow an autonomous vehicle to recognize the area and accordingly not enter it, even though it might otherwise be able to do so unimpeded. Alternatively or additionally, different signals could mark areas that require different cleaning behaviors (e.g., due to carpeting or wood floors, high traffic areas, etc.). 
     The transmitters  200 ,  300  as illustrated in  FIGS. 16A-15C  and  FIGS. 16A-16C , respectively, can function in a manner similar to transmitter  120  in  FIG. 2 , as described above, with the additional emitter(s) allowing more functionality, as described above, such as Indicating areas requiring different cleaning behaviors. The transmitters  200 ,  300  can also function in a manner similar to the transmitters illustrated in  FIG. 6 , and particularly those located within the doorway/room transitions in  FIG. 6 . 
       FIG. 18  illustrates the autonomous vehicle of  FIG. 17  passing through a doorway DW, and additionally illustrates an exemplary embodiment of the present teachings utilizing a remote control  370  to communicate with the autonomous vehicle  12  and/or the transmitter  200 . An exemplary embodiment of a remote control  370  is disclosed in more detail in  FIGS. 19A-22 . 
     As illustrated in  FIGS. 19A-19C , the remote control  370  can include one or more power buttons  340  for powering ON/OFF the remote control  370 , the transmitter  200 ,  300 , and/or the autonomous vehicle  12 . In addition, the remote control  370  can include a display  310  (e.g., a liquid crystal display) and one or more input devices  320 ,  330  such as buttons and/or a toggle pad.  FIGS. 19A-19C  show the remote control  370  being used to set up an autonomous vehicle for cleaning. In  FIG. 19A , the display  310  displays a variety of room types to be cleaned by the autonomous vehicle. In the illustrated embodiment, the user can locate himself and the remote control  370  in a work area to be cleaned and select from a number of room type choices, such as bedroom, office, kitchen, utility room, living room, dining room, bathroom, and hallway. The system can identify this room via an encoded and/or modulated emitted signal from a nearby transmitter. The user selects one of the room types by pressing an adjacent button  320 . Thereafter, the display  310  can acknowledge the user&#39;s selection and automatically connect to a controller (see  FIG. 19B ), such as a personal computer, to allow the user to provide a specific name for the room. In other embodiments, the remote control can correlate the coded emitted signal with the chosen/assigned name and allow a user to choose whether to engage in specific room naming (e.g., via input  320 ) or just assign a predetermined name to the room such as bedroom 1, office 1, kitchen 1, etc. Once a room has been assigned an appropriate name, the remote control can allow the user to enter additional names or continue other aspects of setup. In  FIG. 19C , the remote control  370  displays the rooms that have been registered and allows the user to select which rooms are to be cleaned. In the illustrated exemplary embodiment, the user can select one or more of the registered rooms by pressing an adjacent button  320 . The system can then determine the order of the rooms to be cleaned and the start time (e.g., immediately), or can allow the user to determine the order of the rooms to be cleaned and/or the start time. In certain embodiments, the system can allow the user to select a start time for each selected room. 
     Another input device  330 , shown in the illustrated embodiment as a toggle pad or toggle button, can allow the user to direct the autonomous vehicle to perform a number of functions. For example, the user can press a center “CLEAN” portion of the toggle button to direct the autonomous vehicle to begin cleaning immediately, or can select the right “DOCK NOW” button to direct the autonomous vehicle to begin a homing behavior and dock. A top “SCHEDULE” button can be pressed to allow the user to select a schedule of rooms and/or times for cleaning, an exemplary process for which is illustrated in  FIGS. 20A-20C . The user can also select the left “MODES” button to select among a variety of available cleaning modes such as spot clean, deep clean, area rug, drive now, etc. as illustrated in  FIG. 21A . The modes displayed in  FIG. 21A  can be selected by pressing a button  320  adjacent a desired mode. In certain embodiments, after a mode has been selected, the remote control  370  can provide further instructions to the user. For example, if an “area rug” mode has been selected, the remote control  370  can display instructions confirming that the autonomous vehicle is in “area rug” mode and instructing the user to place the autonomous vehicle on the area rug and then press the central “CLEAN” button. In the illustrated embodiment of  FIG. 21B , the remote control  370  confirms that the “ROBOT WILL CLEAN THE RUG ONLY.” In another example, if a “DRIVE NOW” mode is selected, the remote control  370  can allow the user to drive the vehicle. In accordance with  FIG. 21C , the remote control  370  can inform the user that the autonomous vehicle is in a “DRIVE NOW MODE” and instruct the user to press certain buttons to drive the robot. For example, the top “SCHEDULE” button can be pressed to turn the autonomous vehicle forward, the left “MODES” button can be used to turn the vehicle to the left, the right “DOCK NOW” button can be used to move the vehicle to the right, and the bottom “SETUP” button can be used to move the vehicle backward. One skilled in the art will appreciate that other buttons can be used to drive the vehicle, such as a dedicated drive toggle or input buttons  320 . In certain embodiments, the remote control  370  can also inform the user how to exit the “DRIVE NOW” mode, such as by pressing a portion of the toggle button  330 . 
       FIGS. 20A-20C  illustrate an exemplary embodiment of cleaning schedule displays that can be utilized when the user has pressed the top “SCHEDULE” portion of toggle button  330 . In the illustrated exemplary embodiment, cleaning frequency choices are first displayed for user selection. For example, twice daily, daily, three times per week, weekly, bi-weekly, or monthly can be selected. In certain embodiments, a “CUSTOM” selection can also be made. Users select a frequency by pressing a button adjacent their preferred frequency. In accordance with certain embodiments, once a frequency has been selected or, if “CUSTOM” is selected, the remote control can display the days of the week for cleaning (see  FIG. 20B ). The user can select an appropriate number of desired days by pressing the button  320  adjacent those days. In addition, in accordance with certain embodiments, the user can select a time for cleaning for all selected days or a time for cleaning for each selected day. Thereafter, as illustrated in  FIG. 20C , the user can be prompted by the display  310  to select one or more rooms for cleaning at the desired date and time. In accordance with various embodiments of the present teachings, a user could select “CUSTOM” and set a date and time for each room registered in accordance with  FIGS. 19A-19C , or could select a predefined schedule as illustrated in  FIG. 20A  and personalize that selection by choosing days and times if desired. 
     In accordance with certain embodiments of the present teachings, the remote control  370 , can also display a status screen such as that illustrated in  FIG. 22 . The status screen can have a variety of formats for informing the user how much of a scheduled cleaning has been completed. The status screen can be accessed in a variety of ways via manipulation of the remote control  370 , or may appear in the manner of a screen saver when the remote control  370  is not being used for controlling an autonomous vehicle or inputting data. One skilled in the art will understand that the selections facilitated by the remote control  370  in  FIGS. 19A-22  can also be accomplished via other devices, such as a handheld PDA, a cellular phone, or a laptop or other similar computing devices. 
     Other embodiments of the present teachings will be apparent to those skilled in the art from consideration of the specification and practice of the teachings disclosed herein. It is intended that the specification and examples be considered as exemplary only, with a true scope and spirit of the present teachings being indicated by the following claims.