Patent Publication Number: US-7903522-B2

Title: Mastering device, disc manufacturing method, disc-shaped recording medium, disc reproduction device, and disc reproduction method

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This application is a Continuation of and claims the benefit of priority from U.S. Ser. No. 11/764,418, filed Jun. 18, 2007, which is a continuation of U.S. Ser. No. 10/504,322, filed Aug. 24, 2004, (now U.S. Pat. No. 7,248,558),which is the national stage of PCT/JP03/16868, filed Dec. 26, 2003 and claims the benefit of priority under 35 U.S.C. §119 from Japanese Patent Application No. 2003-000341, filed Jan. 6, 2003. The entire contents of the above applications are incorporated herein by reference. 
    
    
     TECHNICAL FIELD 
     The present invention relates to a mastering apparatus for mastering a disk-shaped recording medium such as a CD (Compact Disc) or a DVD (Digital Versatile Disc), and to a disk manufacturing method for manufacturing a disk-shaped recording medium such as a CD or a DVD by such mastering. The present invention further relates to a disk-shaped recording medium such as a CD or a DVD, and to a disk playback apparatus that plays back a disk-shaped recording medium. 
     BACKGROUND ART 
     In typical compact disks (CDs), a region referred to as an IFPI (International Federation of the Phonographic Industry) code is recorded in an area further towards the center than the area in which signals used by a user, such as an audio signal and a TOC (Table Of Contents), are recorded. This code is imprinted with markings of vendors, manufacturing plants, disk numbers, etc., for the purpose of preventing illegal copies called pirated copies. 
     The recorded markings of vendors, manufacturing plants, disk numbers, etc., are visually recognizable. In playing back a CD or the like, such markings are not readable on a playback apparatus. 
     That is, the content of such an IFPI code cannot be reflected in operation control of the playback apparatus. Moreover, as described above, since the content can be visually confirmed, the IFPI code has a problem in that the code itself can be copied with ease. 
     Recordable optical disks onto which a user is able to readily duplicate CDs, DVDs, etc., have also been commercially available. For example, the use of commercially available CD-R disks and apparatuses allows digital information recorded in a CD to be copied exactly by a simple operation. Such copies can be copied with violating copyright, protected under the copyright law, and another problem occurs in that the copyright owner can get no fair reward. 
     In order to overcome the foregoing problems, in the related art, assuming that information used by a user, such as an audio signal, is set as first information, second information serving as information for copyright protection or the like is superimposed and recorded on the first information. 
     In the related art, for example, there has been proposed an optical disk in which a plurality of specific pit sequences, each being configured so that a portion of multiple information pits is arranged so that the center line thereof is displaced in the radial direction, are arranged on an information track in units of data blocks of a recording signal at certain intervals in an intermittent manner. 
     Another example has been proposed, i.e., an optical disk equipped with an illegal copy preventing function, in which, in a portion of a specific radial area of the disk, the information pit sequences are displaced in the radial direction of the track from the center line of the information pit sequence across the track length where a signal variation detectable in a tracking error signal band occurs (see, e.g., Japanese Unexamined Patent Application Publication No. 9-81938). 
     Furthermore, in the related art, there has been proposed an optical recording carrier in which first information serving as main information and second information relating to control information for playing back the first information are recorded, wherein third information that is different from the first and second information is recorded in association with the second information such that when the first information is played back based on the second information, the third information is not directly contained in the decoded first information (see Japanese Unexamined Patent Application Publication No. 11-66739). 
     Furthermore, in the related art, there has been proposed a data recording medium in which first data is recorded by repeating pits and lands for a duration equal to an integer multiple of the duration corresponding to a predetermined basic period, wherein second data is recorded by displacing the pits in the direction perpendicular to the track direction from the center of the track and the displacement is within a predetermined amount as long as an off-track situation does not occur (see Japanese Unexamined Patent Application Publication No. 2000-242929). 
     Furthermore, in the related art, there has been proposed an optical recording medium in which a recording track is formed of continuous lands or grooves and pits are formed on the recording track based on main data, thereby recording the main data, wherein the pits formed on the recording track a predetermined distance apart are displaced by a predetermined amount in the direction orthogonal to the center line of the recording track in the track direction based on additional data, thereby recording the additional data (see Japanese Unexamined Patent Application Publication No. 2002-197671). 
     In this publication, claim  5  recites that the amount of displacement ranges from 20 nm to 100 nm. 
     According to the above-noted publications of the related art, second information is recorded by laterally displacing (wobbling) pits. Such information recording by wobbles is only feasible on a mastering apparatus that irradiates light onto a master optical disk. It is therefore impossible to record information recorded by wobbles onto a recordable apparatus such as a CD-R. The wobbled information is recorded onto a master disk, and the presence of the information is checked during playback. Thus, illegal disks copied by a recordable apparatus such as a CD-R can be eliminated. 
     However, the publications of the related art have a problem in that a sufficient amount of wobbling is required to ensure that information recorded by the wobbles is detected. This is because the signal for detecting the wobbles has a poor signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). 
     For example, in Japanese Unexamined Patent Application Publication No. 2002-197671 of the related art, the wobble amount ranges from 20 nm to 100 nm, and it is necessary to manufacture a disk with a relatively large amount of wobble. Such large displacement can cause wobbles to be observed and confirmed using an electron microscope or the like. Therefore, a problem occurs in that the content of the wobbles can be analyzed, and the risk of illegal copying increases. 
     In general, one conceivable technique to overcome a low SNR is to extend the wobbled area, i.e., a pit sequence, and to remove noise using a low-pass filter. However, an actual optical disk playback apparatus is designed so that a tracking servo is used to adjust the position of a light spot to the center of a wobble. If the wobbled area is extended, the amplitude of a wobble detection signal is gradually lowered according to movement of the spot, and the wobble detection signal has substantially no amplitude at the position where the movement of the light spot is completed. 
     In view of such functionality of the tracking servo, it is not effective to merely extend the wobbled area. This is because a large wobble amplitude is required in the related art. 
     The present applicant has proposed an improvement, that is, an optical disk onto which main data is recorded according to the length and pitch of pits along a track and sub-data is recorded by displacing the pits in the inner and outer radial directions with respect to the center of the track, wherein the pits are displaced according to a result of computation of the sub-data and a predetermined binary sequence (see Japanese Unexamined Patent Application Publication No. 2000-195049). 
     In this optical disk, information recorded by wobbles is detected by integral detection using a predetermined binary sequence. In this invention, one bit of copyright protection information is allocated to one frame of a CD for recording. One frame is a disk length equal to 12 mm. A playback signal for such a long period is detected by integration, thus allowing a wobble recorded with a relatively small amplitude to be sufficiently detected. 
     This publication of the related art can thus greatly reduce the amount of pit wobble. While overcoming the previously described drawbacks with the related art, practical copyright protection is therefore achievable. 
     For example, if a defect occurs at the beginning of a frame during playback of an optical disk, a clock variation phenomenon (bit slip) can occur. 
     In Patent Document 5, if a bit slip occurs, as described above, the clock becomes out of phase, and the binary sequence used in recording is not reproduced and correct data decoding is thus impossible. The bit slip is not overcome until the next sync pattern has been played back. Therefore, if a defect occurs at the beginning of a frame and a bit slip occurs, it is impossible to play back the bit of the data, which is troublesome. 
     In a case where no error correcting code is added to the sub-information, namely, copyright protection information, if a read error of one bit occurs, a serious problem occurs in that the data must be played back from the beginning. 
     DISCLOSURE OF INVENTION 
     In order to overcome the problems described above, it is an object of the present invention to sufficiently reduce the amount of wobble modulation required for recording copyright protection information for preventing illegal copies of CDs, DVDs, etc., by wobbling, and to ensure that such information is read. 
     Accordingly, in the present invention, a mastering apparatus that records first digital information by irradiating a laser beam onto a master disk to record a pit sequence and that further records second digital information by wobbling the pit sequence has the following structure: 
     The mastering apparatus includes first signal generating means for generating a first signal by modulating the first digital information according to a required format, bit selecting means for, according to a relative position from a sync signal contained in the first signal, allocating a plurality of bits constituting the second digital information in a unit period of the same sync signal, and wobble modulating means for wobbling the pit sequence in both positive and negative directions according to an output of the bit selecting means. 
     Furthermore, in the present invention, a disk manufacturing method for manufacturing a disk-shaped recording medium by mastering in which first digital information is recorded by irradiating a laser beam onto a master disk to record a pit sequence and second digital information is further recorded by wobbling the pit sequence is performed as follows: 
     The disk manufacturing method includes a first signal generating step of generating a first signal by modulating the first digital information according to a required format, a bit selecting step of, according to a relative position from sync information contained in the first signal, allocating a plurality of bits constituting the second digital information in a unit period of the same sync signal, and a wobble modulating step of wobbling the pit sequence in both positive and negative directions according to an output of the bit selecting means. 
     Furthermore, in the present invention, a disk-shaped recording medium in which a first signal generated by modulating first digital information according to a required format is recorded with a length and pitch of pits and in which second digital information is further recorded by displacing the position of the pits in the direction orthogonal to the longitudinal direction of a track is configured as follows: 
     According to a relative position from a sync signal contained in the first signal, a plurality of bits constituting the second digital information are allocated in the same sync signal period, and the pit position is displaced in both positive and negative directions according to the allocated bits. 
     Furthermore, in the present invention, a disk playback apparatus has the following structure: 
     The disk playback apparatus includes first reading means for obtaining a first signal that is recorded onto a disk-shaped recording medium with a length and pitch of pits by modulating first digital information according to a required format, second reading means for reading second digital information that is recorded so as to be superimposed on the first signal by wobbling the pits, a plurality of signal integrating means for integrating the second digital information read by the second reading means according to a relative position from a sync signal contained in the first signal read by the first reading means, and determining means for determining an output of the plurality of signal integrating means to decode a plurality of bits of the second digital information in a unit period of each sync signal serving as the second digital information. 
     Furthermore, in the present invention, a disk playback method is performed as follows: 
     The disk playback method includes a first reading step of obtaining a first signal that is recorded onto a disk-shaped recording medium with a length and pitch of pits by modulating first digital information according to a required format, a second reading step of reading second digital information that is recorded so as to be superimposed on the first signal by wobbling the pits, a plurality of signal integrating steps of integrating the second digital information read in the second reading step according to a relative position from a sync signal contained in the first signal read in the first reading step; and a determining step of determining an output of the plurality of signal integrating steps to decode a plurality of bits of the second digital information in a unit period of each sync signal serving as the second digital information. 
     According to the present invention, second digital information is recorded onto the disk-shaped recording medium by wobbling a pit sequence recorded as the first signal, and a plurality of bits constituting the second digital information are allocated and recorded in a unit period of an identical sync signal contained in the first signal. Thus, the plurality of bits constituting the second digital information are allocated and recorded periodically in a unit period of the same sync signal. 
     For example, during playback, the plurality of periodically recorded bits constituting the second digital information are read a plurality of times every unit period of a sync signal, and information of the read bits is then integrated. 
     The information from a large number of wobbled pits across unit periods of a plurality of sync signals can thus be integrated to determine the bit values. Therefore, the second digital information can be stably and reliably read without any effect of a defect or failure on the disk-shaped recording medium. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         FIG. 1  is a block diagram showing an example of the internal structure of a mastering apparatus according to an embodiment of the present invention. 
         FIG. 2  is a block diagram showing an example of the internal structure of an additional modulating circuit  7  disposed in the mastering apparatus of the embodiment. 
         FIG. 3  is a schematic diagram showing the structure of a signal modulated using the RLL ( 1 - 7 ) PP modulation method. 
         FIG. 4  is an illustration of an example structure of sync patterns inserted in the modulated signal. 
         FIGS. 5A ,  5 B, and  5 C are illustrations for showing transition of the value of a select signal SLCT for designating selection of an analog switch  28  shown in  FIG. 2 . 
         FIGS. 6A ,  6 B, and  6 C are also illustrations for showing transition of the value of the select signal SLCT for designating selection of the analog switch  28  shown in  FIG. 2 . 
         FIG. 7  is a schematic diagram of an operation for recording second information SB based on a wobble command signal SBW. 
         FIG. 8  is an illustration of the structure of a reference information  24   a  stored in a reference table  24  shown in  FIG. 2 . 
         FIG. 9  is a block diagram showing an example of the internal structure of a disk playback apparatus according to an embodiment of the present invention. 
         FIG. 10  is a block diagram showing an example of the internal structure of a second decoding circuit  41  disposed in the disk playback apparatus according to the embodiment. 
     
    
    
     BEST MODE FOR CARRYING OUT THE INVENTION 
     An embodiment of the present invention will now be described. 
     A disk-shaped recording medium in this example is implemented as, for example, a disk, such as a disk, e.g., a CD or a DVD, or a recently developed high-density disk (Blu-ray disk). 
     More specifically, the disk-shaped recording medium is an optical disk having a diameter of 12 cm, and, for example, data only for playback is recorded with embossed pits of about λ/4 in depth onto such a disk under the condition of combining laser having a wavelength of 405 nm (so-called blue laser) and an objective lens having an NA of 0.85. The data is recorded and played back with a track pitch of 0.32 pm and a linear density of 0.12 μm/bit. 
     A process for manufacturing such a disk is roughly divided into a so-called mastering process and disk forming process (replication process). The mastering process is a process for producing a metal master (stamper) to be used in the disk forming process, and the disk forming process is a process for mass-producing duplicated optical disks using the stamper. 
     More specifically, in the mastering process, a polished glass substrate is coated with a photoresist, and a laser beam is irradiated onto this photosensitive film to form pits or wobbles. That is, so-called mastering is conducted. 
     After the mastering and, then, a predetermined operation such as development, information is transferred onto the metal surface by, for example, electroforming to create a stamper necessary for replicating the disk. 
     Then, the stamper is used to transfer information onto a resin substrate by, for example, injection, and to form a reflection film over the transferred information on the resin substrate. Then, a necessary operation, such as processing into a disk form, is performed to create a final product. 
       FIG. 1  is a block diagram showing an example of the internal structure of a mastering apparatus  1  according to this embodiment that performs the mastering process in the disk manufacturing process described above. 
     In  FIG. 1 , first, a master disk  15  is driven and rotated by a spindle motor  14 . The spindle motor  14  whose rotation is controlled by a spindle servo circuit  13  is controlled so as to be driven at a rotational speed suitable for the rotation control method employed. 
     Digital information to be recorded onto the master disk  15 , such as music and/or video, is supplied as first information SA from a first signal source  2 . 
     Other than the first information SA, in this embodiment, second information SB, which is information for preventing illegal copies called pirated copies, is supplied from a second signal source  6 . 
     The second information SB is digital information including, for example, ID information unique to each master disk  15 , manufacturing-plant-related information, date of manufacture, information for copy-permitted/copy-prohibited control, and so on. 
     In this embodiment, the first information SA is encoded using the second information SB as key information by an encoding circuit  3  described below for recording. Thus, the second information SB is used to prevent illegal copies. 
     In this embodiment, for ease of illustration, in the following description, the second information SB is composed of 32-bit data, by way of example. However, actually, the number of bits may increase to increase the decoding complexity in order to make it more difficult to create illegal copies. 
     The encoding circuit  3  encodes the first information SA supplied from the first signal source  2  using, as key information, the 32-bit data supplied as the second information SB from the second signal source  6 . In this case, any encoding technique, such as DES (Data Encryption Standard), may be used. 
     An ECC (Error Correcting Code) circuit  4  adds an error correcting code to the output of the encoding circuit  3 , and interleaves the data to which the error correcting code is added. This ensures that the data is played back if a defect or failure occurs on a disk created based on the master disk  15 . 
     A  1 - 7  PP converting circuit  5  modulates the input data from the ECC circuit  4  according to the RLL ( 1 , 7 ) PP modulation method (RLL: Run Length Limited/Parity preserve Prohibit rmtr (repeated minimum transition run-length)). 
     The  1 - 7  PP converting circuit  5  generates a pit modulation signal SD whose level  1  and level  0  change for a period equal to an integer multiple of a predetermined period. In the pit modulation signal SD, a DC component is suppressed, and sync patterns are inserted periodically. 
     An additional modulating circuit  7  detects the sync patterns from the RLL ( 1 - 7 ) PP modulated pit modulation signal SD to synchronize the detected patterns, and converts the second information SB into a wobble command signal SBW having both positive and negative polarities. As shown in  FIG. 1 , the resulting wobble command signal SBW is output to an optical deflector  9 . 
     The internal structure of the additional modulating circuit  7  is described below. 
     A recording laser  8  is formed of, for example, a gas laser, and emits a laser beam LO to the optical deflector (AOD)  9 . 
     The optical deflector  9  includes an acoustic optical deflector, and so on, and changes the traveling direction of the laser beam LO emitted from the recording laser  8  according to the wobble command signal SBW supplied from the additional modulating circuit  7  to emit a laser beam Ll. 
     An optical modulator  10  includes an acoustic optical modulator, and so on, and turns on/off the laser beam Li at high speed according to the level of the pit modulation signal SD supplied from the  1 - 7  PP converting circuit  5  to output a laser beam L 2 . 
     The laser beam L 2  is bent by a mirror  11  at an angle so as to be irradiated onto a recording surface of the master disk  15 , and is focused onto the recording surface of the master disk  15  through an objective lens  12 . 
     The mirror  11  and the objective lens  12  are sequentially moved by a sled mechanism (not shown) in the direction of the disk radius in synchronization with rotation of the master disk  15 . 
     The focus position of the laser beam L 2  is sequentially displaced towards, for example, the outer circumference of the master disk  15 , and a track (pit sequence) is formed in a spiral manner on the master disk  15 . 
     The length and pitch of the pit sequence are defined according to the pit modulation signal SD. The position of the pits (wobbles) is displaced in the direction orthogonal to the track according to the wobble command signal SBW. 
     As described above, the master disk  15  that is irradiated with light by the mastering apparatus  1  in the manner described above is developed and plated to create a stamper. Then, information is transferred onto a resin substrate using the stamper, and a reflection film is formed on the transferred information on the resin substrate. Then, a necessary operation, such as processing into a disk form, is performed to create a disk  100  according to this embodiment. 
       FIG. 2  shows an example of the internal structure of the additional modulating circuit  7 . 
     In  FIG. 2 , a pit modulation signal SD is the signal that is output from the  1 - 7  PP converting circuit  5  shown in  FIG. 1 . As shown in  FIG. 2 , the pit modulation signal SD is input to a sync pattern (FS) detecting circuit  20  in the additional modulating circuit  7 . 
     Thus, the sync pattern detecting circuit  20  receives the first information SA that has been subjected to RLL ( 1 - 7 ) PP modulation. 
     The signal to be recorded onto the master disk  15  (i.e., the disk  100 ) after RLL ( 1 - 7 ) PP modulation has a structure shown in, for example,  FIG. 3 . 
       FIG. 3  is a diagram schematically showing the structure of a signal to be recorded onto the disk  100  (i.e., the master disk  15 ) according to this embodiment. 
     As shown in  FIG. 3 , a pit sequence is spirally or concentrically recorded onto the disk  100 . 
     The pit sequence to be recorded is segmented in units called blocks having a predetermined length, as shown in  FIG. 3(   a ). Each block has an error correcting code and address information, and is a minimum unit by which the data is independently readable. 
     As shown in  FIG. 3(   b ), each block is divided into six frames referred to as “Frame  0 ” to “Frame  5 ”. As shown in  FIG. 3(   c ), different sync patterns are added to the beginning of the respective frames, and the frame number is determined by the type of the sync pattern. As also shown in  FIG. 3(   c ), 220-byte data resides after each sync pattern. 
     Each sync pattern employs, for example, a pattern having a length of 30 bits, as described in Japanese Unexamined Patent Application Publication No. 2000-68846. 
     As shown in  FIG. 4 , for example, different sync patterns are used for the six different frames (i.e., FS 0  to FS 5  in  FIG. 4 ). In the example shown in  FIG. 4 , the first 24 bits of the 30 bits constituting each sync pattern are allocated a fixed pattern referred to as a sync body. The bit indicated by “#” in  FIG. 4  is determined according to the value of the previous bit, and a fixed pattern in which inversion represented by “010” is followed by 9T-9T inversion intervals is subsequently allocated. This allows for sync detection. 
     A unique 6-bit sync ID is further allocated to each frame. The sync IDs can be used to identify the frames FS 0  to FS 5 . 
     In  FIG. 2 , the sync pattern detecting circuit  20  detects the six sync patterns (FS 0  to FS 5 ) contained in the pit modulation signal SD, and holds these patterns in a latch  21  as frame number information FN. 
     The sync pattern detecting circuit  20  also activates a reset pulse RS when a sync pattern is detected, and resets the count of a first counter  22  and a second counter  23 . Thus, the count value of the first counter  22  and the second counter  23  is reset to “0” after a sync pattern has been detected, and the value is incremented. 
     The second counter  23  starts from count value “0”, increments the value in units of channel clocks, and resets the count value to “0” when the count value reaches a predetermined value. In this case, the predetermined value is set to “164”, and the second counter  23  is therefore a 165-ary counter. 
     The first counter  22  counts up by one each time the count value of the second counter  23  overflows and returns to “0”. 
     Therefore, an output PN of the first counter  22  is reset to “0” immediately after a sync pattern, and is then incremented by one every 165 clocks. 
     A reference table  24  includes a memory device such as a ROM (Read Only Memory). The ROM of the reference table  24  stores the frame number information FN supplied from the latch  21 , and reference information  42   a  for outputting a predetermined select signal SLCT according to the value of the output PN of the first counter  22 . 
     The reference table  24  outputs to an analog switch  28  the select signal SLCT that is output by referring to the reference information  24   a  based on the frame number information FN and the output PN. 
     The structure of the reference information  24   a  stored in the reference table  24  is described below. 
     The second information SB shown in  FIG. 1  is input to a CRC (Cyclic Redundancy Check) adding circuit  25 . The CRC adding circuit  25  is composed of a flip-flop, an exclusive OR, and so on, and adds a CRC code to the input second information SB. 
     Upon receiving the 32-bit second information SB, the CRC adding circuit  25  adds a 16-bit CRC code for error detection. The second information SB is therefore information having a total of 48 bits (B 0  to B 47 ). 
     The added CRC code allows error detection and elimination during reading. 
     The 48-bit copyright protection information (i.e., the second information SB) B 0  to B 47  with the CRC code being added is input to a serial-parallel (S/P) converting circuit  26 , as shown in  FIG. 2 . 
     The serial-parallel converting circuit  26  is composed of a flip-flop, etc., and outputs the input 48-bit information as 48 parallel output signals bit-by-bit. The 48 output signals are branched and supplied to sets of non-inverting amplifiers  27 A ( 0  to  47 ) and inverting amplifiers  27 B ( 0  to  47 ). 
     Each of the non-inverting amplifiers  27 A ( 0  to  47 ) outputs a voltage “+Vw” when the input signal has logic “1”, and outputs a voltage “−Vw” when the input signal has logic “0”. 
     Conversely, each of the inverting amplifiers  27 B ( 0  to  47 ) outputs a voltage “−Vw” when the input signal has logic “1”, and outputs a voltage “+Vw” when the input signal has logic “0”. 
     Thus, each set of the non-inverting amplifier  27 A and the inverting amplifier  27 B is used to convert each of the input 1-bit digital signals (B 0  to B 47 ) into two analog signals (+Vw and −Vw). For example, when “B 0 ” of the second information SB has value “1”, this value is converted by the above-described operation of the non-inverting amplifier  27 A- 0  and the inverting amplifier  27 B- 0  into two analog signals, namely, “+Vw” to be output as “B 0 A” and “−Vw” to be output as “B 0 B”, and these analog signals are then output. 
     The voltage Vw directly affects the wobble amplitude, as described below. In this embodiment, as described below, the amount of wobble displacement is set to, for example, 5 nm or less. The voltage Vw is adjusted to the level so that the amount of wobble displacement can be 5 nm or less. 
     The analog switch  28  selects one of the signals input from the non-inverting amplifiers  27 A ( 0  to  47 ) and the inverting amplifiers  27 B ( 0  to  47 ) based on the value of the select signal SLCT supplied from the reference table  24 . 
     The selected voltage “+Vw” or “−Vw” is output as a wobble command signal SBW. 
     With this structure, the additional modulating circuit  7  selects one bit of the copyright protection information B 0  to B 47  according to the elapsed time (relative position) from the sync pattern detected by the pit modulation signal SD, as described below. A set of “+Vw” and “−Vw” corresponding to the selected bit from B 0  to B 47  is also output as the wobble command signal SBW. 
     The operation achieved in the mastering apparatus  1  having the structure described above will now be described with reference to  FIGS. 5 to 8 . 
       FIGS. 5A ,  5 B,  5 C,  6 A,  6 B, and  6 C are illustrations for showing transition of the value of the select signal SLCT for designating selection of the analog switch  28  shown in  FIG. 2 .  FIGS. 5A ,  5 B,  5 C,  6 A,  6 B, and  6 C schematically show the frames FS 0  to FS 6  constituting one block shown in  FIG. 4 . 
     In this embodiment, first, as described above, 220-byte data is recorded in each frame. As shown in  FIGS. 5A ,  5 B,  5 C,  6 A,  6 B, and  6 C, information having 220×8=1760 bits is recorded in each frame, except for the sync pattern portion. 
     In RLL ( 1 - 7 ) PP modulation, 2-bit data is converted into 3-bit data. Thus, each frame has a length of 1760×3÷2=2640 clocks. 
     A frame sync at the beginning of each of the frames shown in  FIGS. 5A ,  5 B,  5 C,  6 A,  6 B, and  6 C is detected by the sync pattern detecting circuit  20  shown in  FIG. 2 . As described above, six different frames (FS 0  to FS 5 ) are employed in this embodiment, and the sync IDs of the detected frame syncs are determined by the sync pattern detecting circuit  20 . The value of the frame number information FN determined by the sync pattern detecting circuit  20  is output from the latch  21  to the reference table  24 . 
     When a frame sync is detected in the manner described above, a reset pulse RS is also output from the sync pattern detecting circuit  20 , and the count value of the first counter  22  is reset to “0”. Thus, the first counter  22  outputs the output PN having value “0” to the reference table  24 . 
     In response to the reset pulse RS, the count value of the second counter  23  is also reset to “0”. As described above, the second counter  23  starts 165-ary counting in accordance with a channel clock. 
     The first counter  22  increments the count value by one each time the second counter  23  counts up to the last (the channel clock changes 165 times). The value of the output PN of the first counter  22  is incremented by one every 165 clocks in the “2640” clocks corresponding to one frame. In this case, the output PN takes 16 values ranging from 0 to 15, as given by 2640÷165=16. 
     Upon receiving the output PN having values ranging from 0 to 15 and the frame number information FN output from the latch  21 , the reference table  24  outputs a predetermined select signal SLCT based on the output PN and the frame number information FN. 
     The plurality of bits constituting the second information SB are then allocated to predetermined locations in a frame based on the relative time elapsed from the sync pattern detection time. 
     Bit allocation is shown in  FIGS. 5A ,  5 B,  5 C,  6 A,  6 B, and  6 C, in which the 48 bits (B 0  to B 47 ) constituting the second information SB are allocated in turn to the six frames (FS 0  to FS 5 ) constituting one block. 
     As described above with reference to  FIG. 2 , each of the 48 bits is converted into two analog signals (outputs) by the non-inverting amplifier  27 A and the inverting amplifier  27 B. Thus, one bit is composed of two signals. 
     When the 48 bits are allocated in turn to the frames starting from FS 0 , as shown in  FIG. 5A , the first 16 signals, i.e., B 0 A, B 0 B . . . B 7 A, and B 7 B, are allocated to the frame FS 0 . The subsequent signals to B 7 B, i.e., B 8 A, B 8 B . . . B 15 A, and B 15 B, are allocated to the frame FS 1 . 
     Subsequently, the signals B 16 A, B 16 B . . . B 23 A, and B 23 B are allocated to the frame FS 2  shown in  FIG. 5C , the signals B 24 A, B 24 B . . . B 31 A, and B 31 B are allocated to the frame FS 3  shown in  FIG. 6A , the signals B 32 A, B 32 B . . . B 39 A, and B 39 B are allocated to the frame FS 4  shown in  FIG. 6B , and the signals B 40 A, B 40 B . . . B 47 A, and B 47 B are allocated to the frame FS 5  shown in  FIG. 6C . 
     As described above with reference to  FIG. 2 , the reference table  24  stores the reference information  24   a  that helps allocate the plurality of bits constituting the second information SB to predetermined locations in each frame in the manner described above. 
     The reference information  24   a  stored in the reference table  24  has a structure shown in, for example,  FIG. 8 . 
     In  FIG. 8 , the reference information  24   a  helps allocate one of the output signals (B 0 A to B 47 A) of the non-inverting amplifiers  27 A and the output signals (B 0 B to B 47 B) of the inverting amplifiers  27 B in association with the frame number information FN output from the latch  21  and the output PN of the first counter  22 . 
     In order to allocate the signals in the order shown in  FIGS. 5A ,  5 B,  5 C,  6 A,  6 B, and  6 C, as shown in  FIG. 5A , the signals B 0 A, B 0 B . . . B 7 A, and B 7 B are allocated to the values “0 to 15” of the output PN when the frame number information FN is set to “0”. The subsequent signals are allocated in turn according to the value of the frame number information FN and the value of the output PN. 
     As shown in  FIGS. 5A ,  5 B,  5 C,  6 A,  6 B, and  6 C, the select signal SLCT that sequentially selects B 0 A, B 0 B . . . B 47 A, and B 47 B every 165 clocks is output from the reference table  24 . 
     Since the value of the select signal SLCT is changed, the analog signal corresponding to the value of the second information SB is output as the wobble command signal SBW output from the analog switch  28 . The output analog wobble command signal SBW is input to the optical deflector  9  shown in  FIG. 1 , and the traveling direction of the laser beam LO is changed according to this signal. Thus, the second information SB is recorded by wobbles onto the master disk  15 . 
       FIG. 7  is a schematic diagram of an operation for recording the second information SB by wobbles based on the wobble command signal SBW. 
       FIG. 7  shows the frame number information FN having value “0”, i.e., 8-bit second information SB to be recorded in the frame FS 0 , as shown in  FIG. 7(   a ), by way of example. 
     In  FIG. 7 , first, for example, it is presumed that the lower bits B 0  to B 7  of the second information SB have values shown in  FIG. 7(   d ). For the least significant bit “B 0 ” having value “0”, as described above with reference to  FIG. 2 , the non-inverting amplifier  27 A- 0  outputs “−Vw” and the inverting amplifier  27 B- 0  outputs “+Vw”. Thus, the wobble command signal SBW shown in  FIG. 7(   e ) is output such that “−Vw” is output for a first period during which “B 0 A” is selected as the value of the select signal SLTC shown in  FIG. 7(   c ) and “+Vw” is output for the subsequent period during which “B 0 B” is selected. 
     For the second lowest bit “B 1 ” having value “1”, the non-inverting amplifier  27 A- 1  outputs “+Vw”, and the inverting amplifier  27 B- 1  outputs “−Vw”. Thus, a voltage “+Vw” is output for a period during which “B 1 A” is selected as the select signal SLTC, and a voltage “−Vw” is output for a period during which “B 1 B” is selected. 
     The voltage change shown in  FIG. 7(   e ) is therefore output as the wobble command signal SBW. 
     As shown in  FIG. 7(   e ), in this embodiment, the period during which the positive voltage, i.e., “+Vw”, is output for each bit is equal to the period during which the negative voltage, i.e., “−Vw”, is output. This is because, as described above with reference to  FIG. 2 , the value of one bit is always converted into two analog signals, i.e., “−Vw” and “+Vw”, by each non-inverting amplifier  27 A and each inverting amplifier  27 B, and these analog signals are then output. 
     In this embodiment, therefore, the wobbling is equally performed at both positive and negative polarities. This prevents the tracking servo from changing the position of a light spot. 
     As described above, the wobble command signal SBW shown in  FIG. 7(   e ) is input to the optical deflector  9  shown in  FIG. 1 . The optical deflector  9  changes the traveling direction of the laser light L 0  according to the wobble command signal SBW. The pits to be recorded onto the recording surface of the master disk  15  are displaced in the direction orthogonal to the lengthwise direction of the track. 
       FIG. 7(   f ) schematically shows the displacement. For example, for a period during which “B 1 A” is selected as the select signal SLCT signal, the signal “+Vw” is output, and the pit sequence is displaced by “+Δ”. That is, as shown in  FIG. 7(   f ), for a period during which “B 1 A” is selected, pits P 1 , P 2 , and P 3  are moved up in  FIG. 7(   f ) by the amount of displacement “Δ” with reference to the center of the track TC. 
     For a period during which “B 1 B” is selected as the select signal SLCT, the voltage “−Vw” is output as the wobble command signal SBW, and the pit sequence is displaced by “−Δ”. That is, as shown in  FIG. 7(   f ), pits P 4 , P 5 , and P 6  are moved down in  FIG. 7(   f ) by the amount of displacement “Δ”. 
     In this way, the pit sequence wobbled to both positive and negative polarities, thereby recording the second information SB serving as copyright protection information onto the master disk  15 , i.e., the disk  100 . 
     An optical disk playback apparatus  30  that plays back a disk  100  that is manufactured by the mastering apparatus  1  described above and that has the first information SA and the second information SB superimposed and recorded thereon will now be described with reference to  FIGS. 9 to 10 . 
       FIG. 9  is a block diagram showing an example of the internal structure of the optical disk playback apparatus  30  that is an embodiment of the disk playback apparatus according to the present invention. 
     In  FIG. 9 , a disk  100  is a disk-shaped recording medium that is manufactured by the mastering apparatus  1 . As is understood from the foregoing description, first information SA and second information SB serving as copyright protection information, which is formed by wobbling a pit sequence indicating the first information SA, are recorded onto the disk  100 . 
     The disk  100  is rotated by a spindle motor  31 . The spindle motor  31  and an optical pickup  32  are controlled by a servo circuit  39  so as to perform a predetermined operation. 
     The optical pickup  32  converts the light beam reflected by the disk  100  into electrical signals using a plurality of detectors, and then outputs the signals. A matrix amplifier (MA)  33  performs matrix operation on the plurality of electrical signals detected by the optical pickup  32  to generate and output a track error signal TK, a focus error signal FS, a push-pull signal PP, and a playback signal HF. 
     The track error signal TK and the focus error signal FS are supplied to the servo circuit  39 , and are used for controlling the focal point of the optical pickup  32 , etc. The playback signal HF is supplied to a binarizing circuit  34 , and is used as the pit modulation signal SD to detect the information recorded on the disk  100 . 
     The push-pull signal PP is supplied to a band-pass filter (BPF)  40  where undesired low-frequency and high-frequency noise components are removed, and the result is supplied to a second decoding circuit  41 . The second decoding circuit  41  reads the second information SB recorded by wobbles onto the disk  100  based on the push-pull signal PP. The internal structure of the second decoding circuit  41  is described below. 
     The binarizing circuit  34  binarizes the supplied playback signal HF, and generates a binary signal BD. The binary signal BD is supplied to a  1 - 7  PP decoding circuit  35 , a PLL circuit  38 , and the second decoding circuit  35 . 
     The  1 - 7  PP decoding circuit  35  performs inverse operation of RLL ( 1 - 7 ) PP modulation to decode the recorded information, and supplies the result to an ECC circuit  36 . 
     The ECC circuit  36  corrects an error based on the ECC (Error Correcting Code) added in the encoding process during recording. 
     The PLL circuit  38  generates a channel clock CK based on the supplied binary signal BD. The generated channel clock CK is supplied to the components shown in  FIG. 9 , and is used as an operation clock. 
     A CRC checking circuit  42  receives the 48-bit second information SB read by the second decoding circuit  41 , and checks an error based on the code that is added to the second information SB by the CRC adding circuit  25  described above with reference to  FIG. 1 . 
     In the CRC checking circuit  42 , if it is determined that the second information SB is correctly read as a result of the error check, the first 32 bits of the 48 bits (B 0  to B 47 ), which represent copyright protection information, except for the CRC code (16-bit), are sent to a decrypting circuit  37 . 
     The decrypting circuit  37  cancels the encoding that is applied using the second information SB during recording to decode the first information SA, and plays back and output the decoded information SA. 
     Thus, the first information SA that has been encoded using the second information SB, i.e., copyright protection information, as the key is decoded and is played back in a standard manner. 
     In the CRC checking circuit  42 , if it is determined that an error is contained as a result of the error check, it is impossible to correctly decrypt the encoded first information SA. In this case, for example, a system controller (not shown) may be notified of this, the system controller may control the components of the optical disk playback apparatus  30  to reset the system, and the copyright protection information B 0  to B 47  may be detected again. 
       FIG. 10  is a block diagram showing an example of the internal structure of the second decoding circuit  41  for decoding the second information SB shown in  FIG. 9 . 
     In  FIG. 10 , the push-pull signal PP supplied from the band-pass filter  40  shown in  FIG. 9  is input to an AD converter  50 , and is converted into a digital signal. The digital signal is delayed by a delay circuit  51  by a predetermined time, and is synchronized with the binary signal BD. 
     The binary signal BD shown in  FIG. 9  is input to a sync pattern (FS) detecting circuit  58 . The sync pattern detecting circuit  58  performs a similar operation to that of the sync pattern detecting circuit  20  shown in  FIG. 2 . 
     Specifically, the sync pattern detecting circuit  58  detects the six sync patterns (FS 0  to FS 5 ) contained in the RLL ( 1 - 7 ) PP modulated binary signal BD, and holds these patterns in a latch  59  as frame number information FN. The sync pattern detecting circuit  58  further activates the reset pulse RS in the manner described above when a sync pattern is detected, and resets the count value of a first counter  60  and a second counter  61 . 
     Also in this case, the first counter  60  and the second counter  61  are reset to “0” immediately after a sync pattern, and increment the value. 
     The first counter  60  and the second counter  61  perform a similar operation to that shown in  FIG. 2 . That is, the second counter  61  is a 165-ary counter, and the first counter  60  increments the count value by one each time the count value of the second counter  61  is reset to “0”. 
     A reference table  62  also performs a similar operation to that shown in  FIG. 2 . Specifically, the reference table  62  outputs as a select signal SLCT a value that is predetermined in association with the frame number information FN and the output PN of the first counter  60 . 
     Also in this case, the select signal SLCT is input to an analog switch  52 . Thus, one of the signals B 0 A, B 0 B . . . B 47 A, and B 47 B input to the analog switch  52  is selected at an equivalent timing to that for recording described above with reference to  FIGS. 5 to 6 . 
     Also in this case, reference information stored in the reference table  62  is equivalent to the reference information  24   a  shown in  FIG. 8 . 
     Thus, for example, when the area in which the “B 0 A” terminal of the analog switch  28  shown in  FIG. 2  is selected during recording is played back, the output of the push-pull signal PP from the delay circuit  51  appears at the “B 0 A” terminal of the analog switch  52 . 
     Likewise, for example, the push-pull signal PP that is obtained by playing back the area in which “B 0 B” is selected and recorded during recording appears at the “B 0 B” terminal of the analog switch  52 . 
     Thus, in the analog switch  52 , the 48 bits, each being converted into two analog signals during recording, are obtained based on the push-pull signal PP input from the delay circuit  51 . 
     Inverting devices  53 - 0  to  53 - 47  are connected to the B 0 B to B 47 B terminals of the analog switch  52 , respectively, and output signals with the polarity inverted. 
     For example, when the least significant bit of the second information SB input as the push-pull signal PP is “0”, referring back to  FIG. 7 , the signals that are wobbled by “−Δ” and “+Δ” are obtained at the “B 0 A” and “B 0 B” terminals of the analog switch  52 , respectively. Due to the above-described operation of the inverting device  53 , the “+Δ” wobble of the “−Δ” and “+Δ” wobbles, which is obtained at the “B 0 B” terminal, is inverted. 
     With such an inverting operation, when the bit serving as the second information SB is “0”, only the signal corresponding to “−Δ” is obtained. When the bit serving as the second information SB is “1”, only the signal corresponding to “+Δ” is obtained. 
     The resulting signals are summed by summing circuits  54 - 0  to  54 - 47 , and the summed signals are input to digital integrating circuits  55  ( 0  to  47 ), respectively. 
     Each of the digital integrating circuits  55 - 0  to  55 - 47  integrates the signal supplied from the corresponding summing circuit  54 . 
     Each digital integrating circuit  55  integrates the inverted signal. For example, when the recorded bit has logic “0”, each integrating circuit  55  integrates only the signal corresponding to the “−Δ” wobble. Then, the digital integrating circuit  55  obtains a negative value. Conversely, for example, when the bit has logic “1”, a positive value is obtained. 
     In this embodiment, as shown in  FIG. 7 , wobbles are recorded with the polarity alternately changed. It is therefore expected that a noise component contained in the course of recording and playback is averaged to obtain a relatively small amplitude as a result of the above-described integrating operation of the digital integrating circuits  55 . 
     Determining circuits  56  ( 0  to  47 ) count the number of times of integration performed in the digital integrating circuits  55 , and check the polarity of the output of the corresponding digital integrating circuits  55  when the number of times of integration exceeds a predetermined value. When the output of each digital integrating circuit  55  is positive, the determining circuit  56  outputs logic “1”. When the output is negative, the determining circuit  56  outputs logic “0”. 
     The digital data (B 0  to B 47 ) output from the determining circuits  56  is supplied to a parallel-serial (P/S) converting circuit  57 , and is output as the second information SB. 
     In this embodiment, a predetermined number of times of integration set in each determining circuit  56  is determined so that the predetermined number n is greater than 16. That is, the digital integrating circuit  55  repeats the above-described integration operation until, for example, a playback signal having the same frame number information FN has been input at least 16 times. 
     As previously described, in this example, the second information SB is recorded for the period of six frames (i.e., one block shown in  FIG. 3 ). If the predetermined value n is set in the manner described above, the integration operation is repeated until the push-pull signal PP for at least 16 blocks has been input. 
     Since each digital integrating circuit  55  performs integration for the period of at least 16 blocks, the optical disk playback apparatus  30  of this embodiment reliably detects the second information SB that is recorded by small wobbles of 5 nm or less without any influence of noise. 
     In the related art, a wobble amount Δ of at least 20 nm is required. In this embodiment, in contrast, the wobble amount Δ is set to 5 nm or less. In this case, the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of the push-pull signal PP is also reduced to ¼ or less compared to the related art. 
     However, due to the random occurrence of noise, the value of the SNR increases in proportion to a square root of the number of times of integration. 
     In the optical disk playback apparatus  30  of this embodiment, as described above, the digital integrating circuit  55  performs integration at least 16 times, thus allowing a disk with a smaller wobble amount Δ than the related art to be reliably detected with an SNR equal to or higher than that in the related art. 
     In this embodiment, as shown in  FIGS. 5 to 6 , the second information SB is allocated and recorded in one block, and is further recorded in a plurality of blocks. Thus, the same information as the second information SB is recorded across a plurality of blocks on the disk  100 . 
     When the second information SB recorded in this manner is played back by the optical disk playback apparatus  30 , if a certain frame is not readable due to a dropout, bit slip, etc., caused by a defect on the disk, etc., the second information SB (i.e., copyright protection information) can be correctly played back although the defected portion is reflected as a slight noise level. 
     According to this embodiment, therefore, the second information SB can be stably and reliably read without any effect of a defect or pit missing in a recording signal on the disk  100 . 
     Accordingly, in this embodiment, in playing back the disk  100 , the second information SB recorded as wobbles is repeatedly integrated a plurality of times. Thus, the amount of wobble displacement on the disk  100  can be reduced to 5 nm or less. 
     As described above, the second information SB is repeatedly recorded in a plurality of blocks onto the disk  100 . In playing back the second information SB, the repeatedly recorded same information is read a plurality of times, and is then integrated. 
     This ensures that the second information SB serving as copyright protection information is played back even if, for example, a defect or pit missing occurs at the beginning of a frame. 
     According to this embodiment, therefore, the second information SB can be recorded with a small amount of wobble displacement, which is equivalent to that of the related art, and the second information SB can also be reliably played back even if, for example, a defect or pit missing occurs at the beginning of a frame. 
     Since the second information SB recorded with a small wobble amount does not affect a recording signal, the first information SA can be copied exactly. In other words, although the encoded first information SA can be copied, the second information SB superimposed and recorded thereon for decoding the encoded first information SA is difficult to analyze and copy. 
     Since the second information SB is not copied to illegally copied disks, such disks cannot be played back on the optical disk playback apparatus  30 . This contributes to distribution of only the authorized disks, and copyright can be more strongly protected. 
     In the above-described embodiment, the present invention supports the RLL ( 1 - 7 ) PP modulation signal method, by way of example. However, this method is merely an example, and the present invention can support substantially all modulation methods, including, for example, EFM modulation, RLL ( 8 - 16 ) modulation, and RLL ( 2 - 7 ) modulation. 
     Bit allocation of the second information SB to each frame in the above-described embodiment is merely an example, and any other bit allocation may be used. 
     In the above-described embodiment, each bit of the second information SB is alternately assigned to positive and negative signals by the non-inverting amplifier  27 A and the inverting amplifier  27 B. However, for example, a pseudo-random number sequence or the like may be used to assign to positive and negative polarities. In this case, the complexity of the recording signal of the second information SB further increases, thus making it more difficult to create pirated copies. 
     INDUSTRIAL APPLICABILITY 
     As described above, in the present invention, first digital information is modulated to obtain a first signal (RLL ( 1 - 7 ) PP modulated signal), and a pit sequence recorded as the first signal is wobbled to record second digital information onto a disk-shaped recording medium. The second digital information is recorded so that a plurality of bits constituting the second digital information are allocated to a unit period of an identical sync signal contained in the first signal. That is, the plurality of bits constituting the second digital information are allocated and recorded periodically in a unit period of an identical sync signal. 
     During playback, the plurality of bits constituting the second digital information, which are recorded periodically, are read a plurality of times every unit period of a sync signal, and information of the read bits is integrated. 
     Thus, information from a large number of wobbled pits across unit periods of a plurality of sync signals can be integrated to determine the values of the bits. Thus, the second digital information can be stably and reliably read without any effect of a defect or failure on the disk-shaped recording medium. 
     Moreover, according to the present invention, the values of the bits constituting the second digital signal are determined after performing integration during playback. Thus, the second digital signal can be recorded by relatively small wobbles. 
     Since the second digital signal can be recorded by relatively small wobbles, it is difficult to analyze the wobbles using, for example, an electron microscope. This can prevent the second digital information from being decoded with ease.