Patent Publication Number: US-2023137418-A1

Title: Super-bore catheter with braid supported flared tip

Description:
FIELD OF INVENTION 
     The present invention generally relates devices and methods for removing acute blockages from blood vessels during intravascular medical treatments. More specifically, the present invention relates to retrieval catheters with expandable tips into which an object or objects can be retrieved. 
     BACKGROUND 
     Clot retrieval aspiration catheters and devices are used in mechanical thrombectomy for endovascular intervention, often in cases where patients are suffering from conditions such as acute ischemic stroke (AIS), myocardial infarction (MI), and pulmonary embolism (PE). Accessing the neurovascular bed in particular is challenging with conventional technology, as the target vessels are small in diameter, remote relative to the site of insertion, and highly tortuous. These catheters are frequently of great length and must follow the configuration of the blood vessels in respect of all branching and windings. Traditional devices are often either too large in profile, lack the deliverability and flexibility needed to navigate particularly tortuous vessels, or are not effective at removing a clot when delivered to the target site. 
     Many existing designs for aspiration retrieval catheters are often restricted to, for example, inner diameters of 6 Fr or between approximately 0.068-0.074 inches. Larger sizes require a larger guide or sheath to be used, which then necessitates a larger femoral access hole to close. Most physicians would prefer to use an 8 Fr guide/6 Fr sheath combination, and few would be comfortable going beyond a 9 Fr guide/7 Fr sheath combination. This means that once at the target site, a clot can often be larger in size than the inner diameter of the aspiration catheter and must otherwise be immediately compressed to enter the catheter mouth. This compression can lead to bunching up and subsequent shearing of the clot during retrieval. Firm, fibrin-rich clots can also become lodged in the fixed-mouth tip of these catheters making them more difficult to extract. This lodging can also result in shearing where softer portions breaking away from firmer regions of the clot. 
     Small diameters and fixed tip sizes are also less efficient at directing the aspiration necessary to remove blood and thrombus material during the procedure. The suction must be strong enough such that any fragmentation that may occur as a result of aspiration or the use of a mechanical thrombectomy device cannot migrate and occlude distal vessels. When aspirating with a fixed-mouth catheter, a significant portion of the aspiration flow ends up coming from vessel fluid proximal to the tip of the catheter, where there is no clot. This significantly reduces aspiration efficiency, lowering the success rate of clot removal. 
     Large bore intermediate and aspiration catheters and/or those with expandable tips are therefore desirable because they provide a large lumen and distal mouth to accept a clot with minimal resistance. The bore lumen of these catheters can be nearly as large as the guide and/or sheath through which they are delivered, and the expandable tip can expand to be a larger diameter still. When a clot is captured and drawn proximally into a tip with a funnel shape, the clot can be progressively compressed during retrieval so that it can be aspirated fully through the catheter and into a syringe or cannister. Funnel shaped catheters also lend themselves to better alignment in a vessel, as when the size of the tip is close to that of a vessel the device can self-center. The smaller diameter just proximal of the funnel portion of the tip can allow a hinging motion for bending between the tip and the shaft, in contrast to fixed-mouth designs where there is less freedom of motion and the tip and shaft will tend to move together. 
     In many examples, the fixed-mouth catheters and those with expandable tips can have an underlying braid as the primary supporting backbone. The use of braids in a catheter body is not a novel concept, and typical examples can be readily found in the art. The braid can often be as simple as bands wrapped spirally in one direction for the length of the catheter which cross over and under bands spiraled in the opposite direction. The bands can be metallic, fiberglass, or other material providing effective hoop strength to reinforce the softer outer materials of the body. However, supporting braids can often lack an effective bonding mechanism for the layers, or have a high sectional stiffness the point where they do not meet the flexibility criteria for many procedures. Additionally, many of these devices have structures which cannot be made soft enough for use in fragile vessels without causing substantial trauma. 
     Combining the clinical needs of these catheters without significant tradeoffs can be tricky. Catheter designs attempting to overcome the above-mentioned design challenges would need to have a large bore and an expandable tip with sufficient hoop strength in the expanded state to resist aspiration forces without collapse while having a structure capable of folding down consistently and repeatably when retrieved into an outer guide and/or sheath. The tip structure needs to have the flexibility and elasticity to survive the severe mechanical strains imparted when navigating the tortuous vasculature, while also being capable of expanding elastically as a clot is ingested for better interaction with and retention of the clot. 
     Axially, the tip shape must maintain good pushability so that it can be advanced within an outer sheath, and in the expanded state in a vessel with minimal tendency to further over-expand outward when placed in compression. The tip in the expanded state can also be advanced through vessels that are smaller in diameter, as the funnel shape allows the tip to radially compress when advanced through a narrowing vessel with minimal force. This is advantageous as the tip can seal in a wider range of vessel sizes 
     As a result, there remains a need for improved catheter designs attempting to overcome the above-mentioned design challenges. The presently disclosed designs are aimed at providing an improved retrieval catheter with an expansile tip and methods for fabricating such a catheter capable improved performance. 
     SUMMARY 
     It is an object of the present designs to provide devices and methods to meet the above-stated needs. The designs can be for a clot retrieval catheter capable of remove a clot from cerebral arteries in patients suffering AIS, from coronary native or graft vessels in patients suffering from MI, and from pulmonary arteries in patients suffering from PE and from other peripheral arterial and venous vessels in which a clot is causing an occlusion. The designs can also resolve the challenges of aspirating fibrin rich clot material by addressing the key difficulties of 1) the friction between the clot and the catheter and 2) the energy/work required to deform these firm clots as they are aspirated into the catheter tip. 
     In some examples, a catheter can be a super-bore catheter having a proximal elongate shaft with a proximal end, a distal end, a large internal lumen, and a longitudinal axis extending therethrough. The elongate shaft can have a low friction inner liner and a first plurality of wire braided segments disposed around the liner. The braided segments can serve as the backbone and support for the catheter shaft. The interlacing weave of the braid can form circumferential rings of cells around the axis of the elongate shaft. 
     In some examples, the catheter can have a distal tip section extending from the distal end of the elongate shaft. The tip section can be divided into several regions; a proximal tubular body having the same nominal inner diameter as the elongate shaft, and a distal self-expanding tip having a collapsed delivery configuration and an expanded deployed configuration. The tip can be collapsible for delivery through an outer guide sheath and can assume a funnel shape in the expanded deployed configuration. The support for the tip section can be a second plurality of wire braided segments, with the overlapping wires forming circumferential rings of cells. The wires of the second plurality of wire braided segments can follow one spiral direction distally from the proximal end of the tip section, and then invert proximally back on themselves at the distal end to form the other spiral direction of the braid. This inversion of the wires results in atraumatic distal looped hoops at the distal termination of the tip braided segments. In many examples, the first and second wire braided segments can be formed monolithically as a single braid structure. 
     The catheter can also have one or more axial spine members extending along the longitudinal axis from the proximal end of the first plurality of wire braided segments of the elongate shaft. Spines can resist elongation of the catheter shaft tensile loads during a procedure. The spine can run along the inner surface of the braids, along the outer surface of the braids, or both. In one example, the spine is interwoven through the cells of the braids. In another example, the spine can have a spiral or helical pattern around the axis. 
     In some examples, the spine or spines can be stiff, solid members of polymeric or metallic materials or can be of compound construction using a core and multiple materials. Other examples, the spine can be a thread or other structure capable of supporting tensile loads but not compressive loads. A thread structure can allow the spine to resist elongation while maintaining excellent lateral flexibility. 
     In some examples, the spine can invert proximally at a loop point through an opening in a cell of the second plurality of wire braided segments. The spine loop point can be located at a distance proximal of the distal end of the tip section. In one example, this location is approximate the distal end of the inner liner. In another example, the distance can be specified as approximately 4-5 mm proximal of the distal end of the tip section. After inverting at the loop point, the spine can extend proximally for a fixed longitudinal distance and be secured or extend all the way to the proximal end of the elongate shaft. 
     In other examples, the spine or spines can be solid or semi-solid members of polymeric or metallic materials with compound construction using a core and multiple materials. Alternatively, the spine can be a thread or other structure capable of supporting tensile loads but not compressive loads. In one example, the spine can be a polymeric thread such as a liquid crystal polymer (LCP) which resists tensile elongation but allowing compressive shortening. This spine thread structure can perform its tensile role while contributing very little to the lateral flexibility of the catheter shaft. 
     In another example, the tensile strength of the assembly can be increased by using novel liners that maintain lateral flexibility and frictional properties of the lumen while offering greatly increased tensile strength. Such liners are readily commercially available and can consist of a wrapped ePTFE structure. 
     The catheter can have one or more radiopaque marker bands to identify various transition points and terminal ends of the device during a procedure. The marker bands can be platinum, gold, and/or another metallic collar, or alternatively can be coated with a compound giving substantial radiopacity. For example, a distal band can be crimped onto the catheter shaft a distance approximately 10 mm from the distal end of the expandable tip. The axial length between the distal end of the inner liner and the distal end of the tip section can also be between approximately 5 mm and approximately 10 mm. A shorter length can also be contemplated for improved trackability. 
     One or more of the bands can also be used as structural joints within the catheter shaft. In one example, a proximal marker band at an intermediate length of the catheter shaft can overlap axially with the distal end of the first plurality of wire braided segments and the proximal end of the second plurality of wire braided segments. The bond of the joint can then be formed though welding, adhesives, or other suitable mechanical linkage. If the catheter length is the 1250 mm to 1320 mm of some designs, the second plurality of wire braided segments can have an overall longitudinal length in the range of approximately 100 to approximately 400 mm, thereby positioning the joint with the proximal marker band at an approximate distance within this range from the distal end of the catheter. The overall longitudinal length of the tip section can thus be from approximately 100 up to approximately 400 mm. 
     The cells of the first plurality of wire braided segments and the second plurality of wire braided segments can be braided in particular patterns to give differing mechanical properties to different portions of the catheter. For example, the angle formed by wire crossover in the cells, and the density in programmable pics per inch (PPI) can be tailored for a higher hoop strength catheter shaft proximally. The angles and PPI can transition an arrangement in the distal tip that has a lower hoop strength to promote deliverability and allow the capacity for additional radial expansion of the tip as a clot is ingested. Moreover, gradual transitions can be made between differing PPI and cell angles to avoid the formation of unwanted kink points of stress concentrations. 
     In some examples, the first plurality of wire braided segments of the proximal elongate shaft can have a relatively dense picks per inch in a range of approximately 120 to approximately 170. A denser braid with a large cell angle can give good pushability, kink resistance, and bending properties. Alternately, a lower, more flexible PPI of 50-80 can be utilized with a reinforcing wire coil to improve kink resistance while benefiting from lower bending stiffness. 
     The second plurality of wire braided segments of the expandable distal tip section are capable of radial expansion, and therefore can have variable PPI and cell angles to balance allowable expansion of the funnel tip with radial force capabilities. The second plurality of wire braided segments can have at least a first proximal braid angle and a final distal braid angle smaller than the first braid angle. In some examples, the first and final braid angles can have a range between approximately 65 degrees to approximately 160 degrees. 
     The final braid angle of the distalmost cells of the second plurality of wire braided segments, which allow the greatest radial expansion, can have a range between approximately 65 degrees to approximately 95 degrees. In some cases the range can even be up to 125 degrees. Proximally, in one design the second plurality of braids can have an initial proximal PPI of approximately 140 and an initial proximal braid angle of approximately 154 degrees. This initial PPI and braid angle for the tip can transition distally to a final braid angle of approximately 65 degrees. In another example, the final braid angle of the tip braids can be approximately 95 degrees up to approximately 125 degrees. 
     Other properties of wire braided segments can also be tailored for certain properties. In some examples, portions of the first plurality of wire braided segments can have a wire diameter different than at least a portion of the wire diameter in the second plurality of braids. In one instance, the first plurality of braids can have wires having a thickness of approximately 0.0015 inches or some other diameter. The second plurality of braids can have wires with a thickness of approximately 0.0020 inches or some other diameter. 
     The wires can also assume a non-circular cross-sectional shape or have custom or irregular braid patterns to affect localized properties of the catheter. In one example, the first plurality of braids can have at least one section with a 1 wire under 2 over 2 herringbone pattern and be laser welded at the distal end to the proximal marker band. The second plurality of wire braided segments can have a 1 over 1 half-diamond pattern in at least a portion of the distal tip section and be welded at the proximal end to the proximal marker band. 
     In some examples, the first and second plurality of wire braided segments can be made from the same material. In other examples, at least a portion of the first plurality of wire braided segments can have wires with a first material composition different than a second material composition in at least a portion of the second plurality of wire braided segments. In one case, the proximal first plurality of wire braided segments can be a stainless steel composition. In another example, the distal wires of the second plurality of wire braided segments can be of Nitinol or another superelastic alloy composition allowing them to be heat set to the desired diameter of the expanded tip during manufacturing and also improve resistance to plastic deformation. 
     The expandable tip can be designed to be advanced through the vasculature in the expanded state and thus have a range of maximum inner diameters in the deployed configuration. The diameters can be scaled to the nominal inner diameter of catheter French size. In many examples, the expandable tip can have a maximum inner diameter in the expanded state approximately equal to the diameter of a target vessel just proximal of the target clot. In another example, the expanded funnel tip can be sized to have a larger inner diameter than the inner diameter of an outer sheath and/or guide through which it is delivered. 
     In further examples scaled for a nominal 6 Fr catheter size, the expanded tip can have an inner diameter of approximately 0.070″ in the collapsed delivery configuration and a maximum inner diameter in a range of approximately 0.080-0.120 inches in the expanded deployed configuration. In a more specific example, the expanded tip can have a maximum inner diameter in a range of approximately 0.090-0.100 inches in the expanded deployed configuration. Similarly, catheters with shafts in other common sizes, such as 5 Fr or 7 Fr, can also be envisioned with flared tip radial sizes which can scale accordingly, yielding an overall range of approximately 0.075-0.200 inches. 
     The supporting structure of the elongate shaft and expandable tip can be covered with a plurality of outer polymeric jackets. In some examples, one or more polymer body jackets can be disposed around the elongate shaft and one or more polymer tip jackets can be disposed around the tip section. The tip and shaft outer jackets can be formed together or separately using injection molding, polymer reflow, or other suitable processes. 
     These outer jackets can have varying durometer hardness to create a proximal portion with more column stiffness and transition into a distal portion with more lateral flexibility. In some examples, the body jackets can have a hardness in the range between approximately 25 to approximately 72 Shore D. The tip jackets can have a distalmost tip jacket with the softest jacket for the most atraumatic vessel crossing profile. In one example, the distalmost tip jacket can have a hardness in the range between approximately 42 Shore A to approximately 72 Shore A. 
     Different jacket thicknesses can also be used. In one example, at least a portion of the plurality of body jackets can have a first wall thickness less than the wall thickness of at least a portion of the plurality of tip jackets. The increased thickness can aid in compressing the clot and resisting the forces of aspiration. 
     The distalmost tip jacket can be trimmed to follow the contours of the tip braid or can extend a longitudinal distance distally to overhang beyond the distal end of the hoops of the second plurality of wire braided segments. In some examples, the longitudinal distance of the overhang can be in a range from approximately 0.1 mm to approximately 1.0 mm. In a more specific example, this longitudinal distance can be in a range between 0.40 mm up to approximately 0.6 mm. 
     The end of the tip can also have a polymeric distal bumper or flared disk extension emanating radially outward from the distal end of the expandable tip. The disk extension can have a flare angle relative to the longitudinal axis. In one example the flare angle can be approximately normal to the longitudinal axis or can lean proximally or distally. In some examples, the disk extension can be configured to flexibly invert proximally as the catheter is advanced distally though a target vessel. The extension can contact and seal with the vessel wall to direct aspiration power to the clot face. 
     A method for manufacturing a catheter can be disclosed. The method can include arranging an inner liner around a first application mandrel. The method can also involve positioning one or more axial spines on the outer surface of the inner liner parallel to the longitudinal axis. In some examples, a proximal marker band can be located at an intermediate axial location between the proximal end and the distal end of the inner liner on the application mandrel. A proximal support tube braid can be disposed around at least a proximal portion of the inner liner and axial spine on the application mandrel. 
     In some examples, the method can then include threading a distal tip section braid over the at least a distal portion of the inner liner and axial spine on the application mandrel. The distal tip section can have a proximal tubular body, a distal expandable tip, and a plurality of wire braided segments making up circumferential rings of cells. The wires of the plurality of braided segments can be inverted to loop back through the braid pattern of the braided segments and form atraumatic distal hoops on the distalmost ring of cells. The distal tip section braid can be constructed to have a longitudinal length in the range of approximately 100 to approximately 400 mm 
     With the proximal support tube braid and distal tip section braid in place, the method can entail welding the distal end of the support tube braid and the proximal end of the tip section braid to the proximal marker band. In other examples, the braids can be bonded to the marker band using adhesives. 
     The axial spine can be configured in multiple ways with the braid. In some examples, at least a portion of the spine can extend beneath the braids of the proximal support tube braid and distal tip section braid, over the braids, or some combination of these. In another example, at least a portion of the spine can be woven into the braids by threading through the cells. A further step can then involve inverting a distal portion of the axial spine proximally to form a loop through an opening in the wire braided segments of the distal tip section braid and extending the inverted portion of the axial spine proximally. The loop can be formed at the distal end of the tip section braid or some distance proximal thereof. 
     The method can then include the step of reflowing or laminating one or more proximal outer polymer jackets to the support tube braid. In some examples, the outer jackets can extend beyond the proximal marker band and onto at least a proximal portion of the distal tip section braid. 
     A distal inner jacket can be positioned on a flared mandrel designed with the profile of the expanded distal tip. The method can include removing the application mandrel and back-loading the flared mandrel proximally into the distal tip section braid. Another step can then be placing a distal soft elastic jacket over the frame of the distal tip and laminating the jacket to the frame to fuse with the distal inner jacket. 
     In some examples, the soft elastic jacket of the distal tip section braid can be fused with the one or more proximal outer polymer jackets of the elongate shaft. A further step can involve forming a flexible polymeric lip or disk extending radially from the distal elastic jacket of the distal tip. When these forming steps are complete, the method can then include the step of removing the flared mandrel from the catheter assembly. With the flared mandrel removed, an additional step can include applying an inner hydrophilic coating to the interior and/or exterior of the distal tip assembly. 
     Other aspects of the present disclosure will become apparent upon reviewing the following detailed description in conjunction with the accompanying figures. Additional features or manufacturing and use steps can be included as would be appreciated and understood by a person of ordinary skill in the art. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       The above and further aspects of this invention are further discussed with reference to the following description in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, in which like numerals indicate like structural elements and features in various figures. The drawings are not necessarily to scale, emphasis instead being placed upon illustrating principles of the invention. The figures depict one or more implementations of the inventive devices, by way of example only, not by way of limitation. It is expected that those of skill in the art can conceive of and combine elements from multiple figures to better suit the needs of the user. 
         FIG.  1    is a view of a large bore clot retrieval catheter with an expandable tip being advanced through the vasculature according to aspects of the present invention; 
         FIG.  2    illustrates the distal portion of a large bore clot retrieval catheter with an expandable tip according to aspects of the present invention; 
         FIG.  3    shows a cutaway view of a large bore clot retrieval catheter according to aspects of the present invention; 
         FIG.  4    depicts the proximal end of the large bore clot retrieval catheter of  FIG.  3    according to aspects of the present invention; 
         FIG.  5    shows the distal end of the large bore clot retrieval catheter of  FIG.  3    according to aspects of the present invention; 
         FIG.  6    illustrates an example braid configuration for the distal tip section according to aspects of the present invention; 
         FIG.  7    is another example of a braid configuration for the distal tip section according to aspects of the present invention; 
         FIG.  8    is a view of an expanded distal tip section with a disk extension according to aspects of the present invention; 
         FIGS.  9   a - 9   l    illustrate steps of a method for the construction of a catheter according to aspects of the present invention; and 
         FIG.  10    is a flow diagram of the steps from  FIGS.  9   a - 9   l    according to aspects of the present invention. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     Specific examples of the present invention are now described in detail with reference to the Figures, where identical reference numbers indicate elements which are functionally similar or identical. The examples address many of the deficiencies associated with traditional clot retrieval aspiration catheters, such as poor or inaccurate deployment to a target site and ineffective clot removal. 
     The designs herein can be for a super-bore clot retrieval catheter with a large internal lumen and a distal funnel tip that can self-expand to a diameter larger than that of the guide or sheath through which it is coaxially delivered. The designs can have a proximal elongate body for the shaft of the catheter, and a distal tip with an expanding braided support structure and outer polymeric jacket to give the tip atraumatic properties. The braided support can be designed so that the expansion capability is variably focused in an axial portion of the tip section. The braid cells can be capable of easily and repeatably collapsing for delivery and expanding for good clot reception and resistance under aspiration. Sections of the tip can have the ability to further expand beyond the free shape of the expanded deployed configuration when ingesting a clot. The catheter&#39;s braid and tip designs can be sufficiently flexible to navigate highly tortuous areas of the anatomy and be able to recover its shape to maintain the inner diameter of the lumen when displaced in a vessel. 
     Accessing the various vessels within the vascular, whether they are coronary, pulmonary, or cerebral, involves well-known procedural steps and the use of a number of conventional, commercially-available accessory products. These products, such as angiographic materials, mechanical thrombectomy devices, microcatheters, and guidewires are widely used in laboratory and medical procedures. When these products are employed in conjunction with the devices and methods of this invention in the description below, their function and exact constitution are not described in detail. Additionally, while the description is in many cases in the context of thrombectomy treatments in intercranial arteries, the disclosure may be adapted for other procedures and in other body passageways as well. 
     Turning to the figures,  FIG.  1    illustrates a possible sequence for approaching an occlusive clot  40  using a large bore clot retrieval catheter  100  of the designs disclosed herein. The clot  40  can be approached with the catheter  100  collapsed within a guide sheath  30  or other outer catheter for delivery. When the vasculature  10  becomes too narrow and/or tortuous for further distal navigation with the guide sheath  30 , the catheter  100  can be deployed for further independent travel distally. The catheter  100  can be highly flexible such that it is capable of navigating the M 1  or other tortuous regions of the neurovascular to reach an occlusive clot. 
     The clot retrieval catheter  100  can have a flexible elongate body  110  serving as a shaft with a large internal bore (which in some cases can be  0 . 090  inches or larger) and a distal tip section  210  having a collapsible supporting braided structure. The large bore helps the catheter to be delivered to a target site by a variety of methods. These can include over a guidewire, over a microcatheter, with a dilator/access tool, or by itself. 
     In most cases, the design of the collapsible funnel tip can be configured so that the catheter  100  can be delivered through (and retrieved back through) commonly sized outer sheaths and guides. For example, a standard 6 Fr sheath/8 Fr guide, would typically have an inner lumen of less than 0.090 inches. The tip can then be designed with a collapsed delivery outer diameter of approximately 0.086 inches. The tip can self-expand once advanced to an unconstrained position distal to the distal end  32  of the guide sheath  30 , capable of reaching expanded outer diameters as large as approximately 0.132 inches. As the catheter can be delivered independently to a remote occlusion, the tip section  210  must be designed to be able to resist collapse from the forces of aspiration, have excellent lateral flexibility in both the expanded and collapsed states, an atraumatic profile to prevent snagging on bifurcations in vessels, and conformability to allow self sizing should the tip need to be advanced through vessels with a diameter smaller than the tip and track past calcified plaque without dislodging it. 
     A closer view of the distal portion of the catheter with the tip section  210  in the expanded deployed configuration as a funnel is illustrated in  FIG.  2   . The elongate shaft  110  can have a backbone consisting of a first plurality of braid sections  120  enclosed by an axial series of outer body jackets  160 . As used herein, “braided sections” can refer to segments within a single monolithic braid that have different physical properties and/or configurations and does not necessarily mean two distinct structures bonded together. 
     Similarly, the tip section  210  can have another series of braided sections  220  surrounded by one or more polymeric tip jackets  180 . It can be appreciated that different braided sections of the tip and shaft braids can have different geometries and weave patterns to achieve desired properties for that segment of catheter. It is also appreciated that the tip section braid can extend for the full length of the catheter so that a separate proximal braid is not required. 
     The tip section  210  can have a first substantially tubular proximal portion  211  and a second distal expansile portion  213 . Changes to the braid properties can be more pronounced in the expansile portion  213  to allow for radial expansion when the catheter is deployed largely funnel shape and, in some cases, additional expansion when a large, stiff clot is swallowed into the distal mouth of the tip. The length and contour of the funnel portion of the expansile section  213 , as tapering from the distal end  214 , can be also adjusted by through heat set of the braid wires by designing the elastic free shape. A short funnel can maintain good hoop stiffness and flexibility through having a shorter lever distance to hinge off the elongate shaft  110 . A short funnel can also be tailored to minimize stretch and deformation in the more distal of the outer polymer jackets  180 . Alternatively, a longer funnel with a shallower taper can better interact with and more gradually compress a clot over the length to reduce the risk of lodging. 
     The tip shape and outer jackets  180  can block some of the proximal fluid from entering the expanded tip during aspiration and retrieval of the clot, allowing for more efficient direction of the aspiration force and prevention of the distal migration of clot fragments or other debris during the procedure. The jacket  180  can be formed from a highly-elastic material such that the radial force exerted by expanding the expansile tip is sufficient to stretch the membrane to the funnel shape contours of the tip when in the expanded deployed configuration. One example can be using a ductile elastomer which has the advantages of being soft and flexible with resistance to tearing and perforation due to a high failure strain. Alternately, the jacket can be baggy and loose and fold over the support frame edges so that the frame can move more freely when expanded and collapsed. 
       FIG.  3    shows a cutaway view of a design for an aspirating clot retrieval catheter  100 . The catheter  100  can have a proximal tubular elongate shaft  110  configured around a longitudinal axis  111 . The elongate shaft  110  can have an underlying braided support structure (not shown for clarity) defining the catheter lumen  116 , which can have a low friction inner liner  115  and be used for the delivery of auxiliary devices, contrast injection, and direct distal aspiration to a clot face. Preferred liner materials can be polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), wrapped ePTFE, or similar materials. A distal tip section  210  can have a self-expandable expansile section  213  that is effectively spring-loaded within the outer sheath when collapsed for delivery. The shaft  110  and tip section  210  can be concentric with the longitudinal axis  111  and share the same approximate diameter for smooth delivery through an outer sheath. 
     The outer surface of the elongate shaft  110  can be a series of five or six outer polymeric body jackets  160 . The jackets can be made of various medical grade polymers, such as Chronoprene, Neusoft, Engage, polyether block amide (Pebax®), or Nylon. Materials can be chosen, for example, so that progressively more proximal segments are generally harder and less flexible (by durometer hardness, flexure modulus, etc.) for pushability as the proximal end of the catheter is approached. The body jackets  160  can be reflowed over the underlying braid and allowed to flow through the interstitial spaces of the braid cells to bond the layers of the construct together. The jackets can be butted together to form a continuous and smooth outer surface for the catheter shaft. 
     The distal tip section  210  can be subdivided into two or more regions, depending on the expansion characteristics allowed by the underlying braid. A proximal tubular section  211  can have largely the same profile and diameters as the elongate shaft  110  and transition into a distal expansile section  213  designed to passively expand when deployed from the outer sheath and/or guide. The tip section can have one or more outer tip jackets  180 , with the hardness of the jackets becoming progressively less as the distal end  214  of the section is approached to give the catheter a soft, atraumatic end. 
     The wires of the underlying braid can be wound in one direction from the proximal end  212  of the tip section distally. Upon reaching a distal terminus, the wires can be inverted  238  to form distal hoops  230  and wind proximally in the opposite direction. As a result, the inverted ends are also more atraumatic as the free ends of the wires exist only at the proximal end  212  of the braid. This contrasts with, for example, other catheter designs where the braided reinforcing sections resemble a stent with wire free ends existing on both opposing ends of the device. The braid designs disclosed herein have the additional advantage of ensuring the sum of wires wrapped in one direction will necessarily be equal to those wound in the opposite direction, preventing any helical curl which could otherwise exist in the catheter as a result of any imbalance. 
     Differing braid patterns for the elongate shaft  110  and tip section  210  provide specific mechanical properties to the finished device. Some patterns can offer kink resistance and burst strength but can lack pushability. Other patterns offer greater torqueability and scaffolding support for the outer jackets at the cost of some flexibility. Still other patterns can give excellent flexibility and energy dispersion. 
     Additionally, other factors can be tuned as well. The catheter does not necessarily have to have two discrete braided sections for the shaft and distal tip. One three, four, or more discrete sections of differing flexibility can be used. Choices for other physical parameters, such as wall thickness and material composition, can also be implemented for the various catheter sections. For example, the stiffer and more proximal outer body jackets  160  can have a wall thickness  124  of approximately 0.004 inches to maintain column stiffness in the longitudinal direction without compromising much lateral flexibility. Ideally, there will be at least 0.00025″, and more preferably 0.0005″ to 0.0015″, of jacket material residing above the braid wires to ensure braid wires are fully encapsulated, with the inner surface of the braid being in contact with or residing no more than 0.002″, and more preferrable 0.0005″, in diameter above the liner. More distal tip jackets  180  can have a slightly increased wall thickness  224  of approximately 0.006 to give the expandable tip an additional atraumatic cushion where very soft jacket materials are used. The thicker wall also allows for material to reside both below and above the braid wires for full encapsulation where no liner is used. Liners are best avoided for the tip section as standard liners are not elastomeric and may plastically deform through expansion and compression. It is appreciated that an elastomeric linear could be used for the tip section that is of a different hardness to the outer jacket of the tip section. 
     Radiopaque marker bands can be included at different axial points along the length of the catheter  100  for visibility under fluoroscopy during a procedure. In the example illustrated, a marker band  118  can illuminate the proximal end  212  of the tip section  210  to give an attending physician an indication of where the expandable capacity of the catheter begins. The band shown can be platinum strip or other noble metal with a relatively short length of between approximately 0.025-0.030 inches and a thin wall thickness (approximately 0.0005 inches) to minimize the impact on flexibility and the outer diameter of the catheter. 
     The braid of the tip section and shaft section can be formed monolithically as a single braid structure. In other examples, the band  118  can provide the linking structure for the proximal and distal portions of the catheter  100  between the proximal end  212  of the braid of the tip section  210  and the distal end of elongate shaft  110 . This joint can allow different material and complex braid configurations to be used for the proximal and distal portions of the catheter and linked for a relatively low manufacturing cost and higher yields. It also allows for the braids of the proximal elongate shaft  110  and tip section to be quickly manufactured separately to any of a number of desired lengths. If the catheter length is the typical 1350 mm of many designs, the tip section  210  can be approximately 100 mm in length, leaving a 1250 mm shaft terminating in a proximal luer. For more complex geometries or a more gradual stiffness transition, the tip section can be up to approximately 400 mm in length bonded with an 850 mm shaft at a more proximal marker band  118  location. 
     In another embodiment, DFT platinum-filled wires can be used for at least one of the distal tip braid wires to make the tip radiopaque under fluoroscopy. Alternatively, radiopaque coils or bands can be threaded around the atraumatic loops to provide visibility to the tip. 
       FIG.  4    depicts a cross section of the most proximal region of the elongate shaft  110 . The plurality of braided segments  120  making up the support for the shaft can have a relatively dense weave with circumferentially elongated rings of cells  126  providing good scaffolding for the greater stiffness of the more proximal body jackets  160 . The braid segments  120  can be dimensionally stable such that the half the wires are wound in one direction (for example, clockwise) while the other half of the wires are wound in the opposing direction. The structure can have other supporting members, such as helical coils extending underneath the braid, to resist tensile elongation and offer improved kink resistance. 
     An inner liner  115  can provide a low friction inner surface without any sagging or other structural protrusions into the interior lumen  116  during aspiration. Alternately, wrapped ePTFE liners can be used to provide a low friction inner surface while also giving the structure high tensile strength to resist tensile elongation. In addition to or instead of the inner liner  115 , hydrophilic coatings on one of both of the inner and outer surfaces of the shaft can also be used. 
     As mentioned, the elongate shaft  110  and tip section  210  can be sized to be compatible with relatively low-profile access sheaths and catheters, so that a puncture wound in the patient&#39;s groin (in the case of femoral access) can be easily and reliably closed. For example, the catheter  100  can be required to pass through the lumen of a sheath or guide with an inner diameter of less than 0.110 inches, preferably 0.090 inches, in some cases less than 0.087 inches, and most preferably less than 0.085 inches. Therefore, the catheter shaft can have an overall delivery profile with an inner diameter  113  of approximately 0.070-0.072 inches (0.084 inch or 2 mm outer diameter), and yet be able to expand its distal tip and mouth to the size of the vessel approximate where the clot is located, which could be as large as 5 mm. 
     The kink resistance of the shaft is in part due to the structure of the braided segments  120  in cooperation with the outer polymer body jackets  160 . Adjusting the braid PPI, pitch, and cell angle, combined with pre-stretching or shortening other liner and/or outer jacket materials, can effectively set the longitudinal stiffness and the force required to bend different sections of the shaft. The braided segments  120  of the proximal shaft can have a PPI in a range from approximately 120 to approximately 170. Torqueability and kink resistance can be gained by using stainless steel wires in a diamond two-over-two pattern where two wires side by side alternately pass under two wires, then over two other wires. A herringbone pattern, or flattened wires, can also be utilized for a lower profile cross section. For example, flat braids can reduce the profile while offering a similar stiffness to a round braid of the same cross sectional area. For braid-only shafts, a reduced PPI can be used to increase flexibility for approximately the most distal 5 mm to 20 mm of the shaft 
     Alternately, for braided segments  120  with reinforcement (such as coils), a lower density (for example, 60 PPI for a 0.071″ ID shaft) braid can be maintained from there or varied. Coiled support can be stopped away from the start of the funnel taper of the expandable tip so the structures can hinge between the funnel taper start and the rest of the shaft. 
     The jackets  160  can transition distally to progressively softer materials in a stepwise fashion for added flexibility. By way of example and not limitation, the shaft portion shown can have a most proximal jacket  162  which can span a significant distance (approximately 1000 mm) from the proximal end  112  and be Pebax, TR 55, ML 21, Nylon 12, or similar material having a hardness of approximately 72 or 85 Shore D. The next, more distal jacket  164  can span approximately 60 mm and be composed of Pebax or similar elastomer with a hardness in the range of 63 D. The third jacket  166  can extend a further 50 mm and be Pebax of about 55 D. It is appreciated that jacket lengths can be varied for the different sections to achieve a design that is optimal for most anatomies. 
     One or more axial spines  117  can be used as an additional link between the shaft body and the tip. The spine or spines  117  can counteract tensile elongation and contribute to the push characteristics of the shaft. This can be especially beneficial for the expandable tip as a large stiff clot can become lodged at the distal end of the catheter and can subject it to large tensile forces as the catheter is retracted into a larger outer sheath for removal from the vessel. The spine can be positioned beneath the braid, threaded between weaves of the braid, located on the outer diameter of the braid, or some combination of these. The spine can be composed of metallics, a polymeric, or composite strands such as Kevlar. In some preferred examples a liquid crystal polymer (LCP), such as Technora, can be utilized which is easy to process and offers high tensile strength without sacrificing any lateral flexibility. 
     A magnified partial cross section view of an example internal configuration for the tip section  210 , post-expansion, for the large bore catheter is depicted in  FIG.  5   . The more proximal tubular portion  211  of the section can have approximately the same inner diameter  113  of the elongate shaft  110  while the more distal portion can be expanded to a larger inner diameter  215  at or near the distal end  214 . The plurality of braids  220  can provide good scaffolding for the outer jackets  182 ,  184 , especially in regions where a particularly soft and highly flexible polymer or blend with less structure is chosen. 
     The wires of the braided sections  220  can be Nitinol or another shape memory superelastic alloy so that the solid state phase transformations can be designed to dictate the constrained deliver and unconstrained deployed diameters of the tip. The braid can thus have an inner diameter  113  approximate that of the catheter bore when constrained and be heat set to a free shape with a larger inner diameter  215  for when the catheter  100  is deployed from the outer sheath. The wires can also be drawn filled tubing (DFT) shape memory alloy with a platinum core such that the braid is visible under fluoroscopy. A further benefit of using a superelastic material for the braid wires is that the catheter walls can be relatively thinner without sacrificing performance characteristics such as flexibility or crush strength, adding robustness to tortuous bends for the tip section  210 . 
     The inner diameter  215  of the expanded tip  210  will vary based on the nominal diameter of the catheter. A catheter with an inner diameter  113  of approximately 0.070″ in the collapsed can have a tip section  210  with a maximum inner diameter  215  of approximately 0.090 inches in the expanded deployed configuration. Similarly, catheters with shafts in other common sizes, such as 5 Fr up to 9 Fr, can also be envisioned with flared tip diameters  215  which scale accordingly, for an overall range of approximately 0.075-0.200 inches. 
     As discussed previously, the braid wires can invert  238  proximally back upon themselves as shown to form distal hoops  230  at the distal end  214  of the tip braid sections  220 . This forms the braid in a one over one half-diamond pattern where a single wire passes under, then over another single wire. Fewer wires can thus be used as each individual wire will form a hoop  230 . The hoops eliminate any potential of braid ends migrating through the polymer encapsulation during use. Two or more wires can also be tied together as one for additional reinforcement in the braid. 
     It is possible that the entire catheter supporting braid (i.e. both the elongate shaft  110  and tip section  210 ) can be a single monolithic braid of one material extending from the proximal end  112  to the distal end  214  with hoops  230 . However, it is difficult to manufacture the looped distal hoops  230  with a braid that is greater than 1300 mm in length with reasonable yield rates. It is much more feasible to manufacture a distal tip section  210  having braids  220  that are at most 400 mm long and join to simple proximal braids  120  of the elongate body. Nitinol braid wires like those of the tip can be used for the proximal braids, but less expensive stainless steel wires can perform in these regions for stiffness and with less cost. 
     The plurality of braids  220  making up the tip section  210  can form circumferential rings of closed cells  226 . The cells  226  can deform as the braid wires slide relative to one another, and are capable of elongating circumferentially with respect to the axis  111  when the distal expansile section  213  is radially expanded to the deployed configuration, and elongating axially (flattening) with respect to the longitudinal axis when the expansile section is reduced to the collapsed delivery configuration for advancement (or when the tip is withdrawn back into an outer sheath). The cells  226  can be substantially diamond shape to allow the vertices to facilitate more uniform deformation/expansion as shown or take some other profile if the braid wires follow a non-linear pattern. 
     The crossover of the braid wires form braid angles  231 ,  232 ,  233 ,  234  at the vertices of each of the cells  226 , which help define the expansile capabilities of different portions of the tip. In addition to the heat set shape memory providing the funnel-shaped profile for the tip, variations in the cell angles allows for further expansion of the tip during clot aspiration. Generally, the braid angles can become smaller and more acute as the distal end  214  is approached to aid in allowing greater expansion for interacting with and receiving a clot. This is important because a clot must be deformed in order to fit into the catheter lumen, and firm clots with high coefficients of friction do not tend to deform and reshape easily and thus do not readily conform to the passive shape of the catheter tip. Reactive expansion can allow the catheter tip to effect a seal and consequent suction grip on the clot so that it can be retracted to safety. 
     Nominal angles can be chosen to balance the desired competing capabilities of the tip (delivery and target site performance). Smaller braid angles yield greater expansion capability to conform to the contours of a large or firm, fibrin-rich clot as it is ingested. This added expansion allows for better clot management and reduces the risk of shearing when compared to other tips with stiffer, less compliant frames or those utilizing stiffer polymeric materials. Further, smaller angles offer less resistance to collapse and better force transmission when transiting through an outer guide sheath. However, these characteristics can come at the cost of some flexibility and radial force to resist tip collapse during aspiration. 
     Alternately, high braid angles (where the wires are aligned more radially) can provide better compressive hoop strength in an expanded state to resist collapse of the tip under aspiration. More obtuse cell angles can also limit the ability of the expanded tip to over-expand radially in compression when the catheter  100  is being advanced through a vessel independently (after deployment from the guide sheath). This can help the expanded tip avoid snagging in vessels, particularly in tight bends and when being pushed through vessels of progressively smaller diameters. However, the radial force can complicate the collapse of large cell angles for delivery through and retraction into the guide sheath, the friction causing the catheter to bind or be otherwise undeliverable. Furthermore, the folding of large angles requires elongation of the expansile section  213  of the tip which, if excessive, can potentially exceed the elastic limit of the distal tip jacket  184 . 
     A distal marker band  121  approximately 0.8 mm in length can be included just proximal of the distalmost tip jacket  184  to give radiopacity near the distal end  214 . The marker band  121  can be platinum or another suitable noble metal and can be crimped over the axial spine (not shown) and the braid of the tip section can extend over the band. The band  121  can also be situated at or near the distal end  119  of the inner liner  115  at least 5 mm and up to 10 mm from the distal end  214  of the tip section  210 . 
     To be compatible with many of the most widely adopted guides and/or sheaths, the inner diameter  113  of the catheter elongate shaft  110  and the expanded inner diameter  215  of the expandable tip section  210  can be sized and scaled appropriately. For example, a 5 Fr catheter targeting vessels approximately 2.0 mm in diameter can have a shaft inner diameter  113  of approximately 0.054 inches and an expanded tip inner diameter  215  in a range from approximately 0.068-0.090 inches. Similarly, a 6 Fr catheter targeting vessels approximately 2.3-3.4 mm in diameter can have a shaft inner diameter  113  of approximately 0.068-0.074 inches and an expanded tip  210  inner diameter  215  in a range from approximately 0.090-0.120 inches. A larger 8 Fr catheter for less remote clots can have a shaft inner diameter  113  of approximately 0.082-0.095 inches and an expanded tip  210  inner diameter  215  in a range from approximately 0.090-0.188 inches. The upper bounds of the expanded tip diameter  215  is limited by delivery forces when traversing within an outer guide or sheath. These common sizes can result in the ratio of the inner diameter  113  of the elongate body  110  to the maximum expanded inner diameter  215  of the flared tip  210  being in a range from approximately 0.55-0.90. 
     To create a more atraumatic vessel crossing profile, the distalmost tip jacket  184  can extend for a distance  186  to overhang beyond the distal hoops  230  of the tip section braids  220 . The distance can be in a range of approximately 0.1-1.0 mm or, more preferably, 0.5-0.8 mm. The jacket  184  can be the softest of those on the catheter and can cover approximately the distal 90 mm of the length. In one example, Neusoft with a hardness of approximately 62 Shore A can be reflowed to form the distalmost tip jacket  184 . In some cases, an even softer layer of approximately 42 Shore A can be used. 
     The example illustrated in  FIG.  6    shows how the plurality of braided sections  220  making up the tip section  210  can have variable PPI and braid angles. Sixteen Nitinol wires in the one over one half-diamond pattern can be used to produce eight distal hoops  230 . More proximal sections can have a greater PPI than more distal regions. Generally, the PPI of the braid will have an inverse relationship with the expandability of a particular section of the tip  210 . Regions with a larger PPI can have greater flexibility but limited expansion capability. Similarly, regions with lower PPI values can trade hoop strength for markedly greater expansion capability. 
     The braided sections  220  can sub-classified into segments by the braid characteristics and their contribution towards the expansion capabilities of that segment. The braid in a most proximal section  219  can be the “stiff” or “more proximal” section as described herein. An intermediate expansile section  221  can alternately be desired as a “intermediate” or “mid” section. Similarly, the distal expansile section  213  with the greatest radial expansion capability can be referred to as the “least stiff” or “more distal” section. 
     The distalmost cells  228  can have the smallest cell angle corresponding to the greatest expansion capability.  FIG.  6    illustrates a final cell angle of 85 degrees, but designs having angles from 65 up to 125 degrees have been contemplated. The braid angles of the distal expansile section  213  can increase proximally to 100 degrees over the length  217  of this section. The intermediate expansile section  221  can have a tubular profile with a gradual progressive increase in cell angle (for example to 105 degrees and eventually to 154 degrees) and PPI (from approximately 40 up to 140) proximally to allow localized expansion as an ingested clot transits the section and is further compressed. This pattern can be maintained in the proximal section braid  219  for the remainder of the tip section  210 . 
     Designs can have expansile sections with axial lengths  216  that are relatively long (for example, between approximately 5 mm and 10 mm) for the best clot management characteristics as a longer section can ingest and compress more of a clot. Alternatively, the length  216  can be kept short (for example, between approximately 1 mm and 5 mm) for improved hoop strength and trackability. Generally, it has been found that braid angles of 110 degrees or lower gives radial expansion under compression, with lower angles offering greater expansion capability. Therefore, the length  216  of the expansion zones can be tailored by changing the distances at which angles of 125 degrees or lower are maintained. Alternatively, the expansion zone can have a variable braid angle over a length. 
     The braid of the tip section  210  in  FIG.  6    is shown with outer jackets  182 ,  184  applied in  FIG.  7   . The inner liner  115  can terminate some distance proximal of the distal end  214  of the tip section  210 . The final tip jacket  184  can cover the distal 90 mm if the tip section. The next proximal outer jacket  182  can be approximately 30-50 mm in length and be Pebax with a hardness in the region of 20-25 Shore D. It is appreciated that jacket lengths can be adjusted to provide a catheter with optimal transitions for particular anatomical destinations and are not limited to the lengths discussed in this application. 
     In some examples, to allow for smooth delivery of the clot retrieval catheter through an outer catheter, the outer surface of the outer jackets  182 ,  184  can be coated with a low-friction or lubricious material, such as PTFE or commercially available lubricious coatings such as offered by Surmodics, Harland, Biocoat or Covalon. Similarly, the inner surface of the catheter lumen can also be coated with the same or similar low-friction material for the passage of auxiliary devices and to aid in a captured clot being drawing proximally through the catheter with aspiration and/or a clot retrieval device. 
     A flared polymer disk extension  315  can be provided at the large end of the distal expansile section  213  of the tip to further increase the outer diameter of the flared braid structure, as depicted in  FIG.  8   . This provides a large aspiration mouth while also giving a flexible seal lip to interface with the walls of a vessel. The disk can be thin and flexible with shape memory properties, such as with elastomeric materials. The braided structure  320  gives the expansile section  213  sufficient radial force to withstand the forces of aspiration while the unsupported disk extension  315  will have atraumatic properties to gently contact and seal with the vessel walls. The disk extension allows the outer diameter of the device to seal in large vessels while minimizing the volume of polymer-encapsulated braid that needs to be collapsed through an outer guide sheath for delivery and removal from a vessel. Although disk extension  315  can form an angle  317  perpendicular to the longitudinal axis  111  as manufactured, the angle can vary in a substantial range. For example, the unsupported disk can invert proximally to allow the catheter to be advanced distally within the vessel without causing trauma. In other examples, the disk extension can lean proximally or distally. 
     The disk extension  315  can be formed through molding or by reflowing the polymer over a flared mandrel that includes a step profile to shape the lip. The profile can be wrapped or compressed in the distal direction prior to loading into an outer guide sheath. Once advanced from the guide sheath and deployed, the disk can pop and contact the vessel walls as the catheter is advanced into progressively narrower paths. Another advantage of such a design is that the disk extension  315  can easily be collapsed for delivery, but the sharp angle formed on deployment means the disk will not have a tendency to be vacuumed into the mouth of the catheter during aspiration which could otherwise cause an obstruction. The disk can also be provided in various diameters  316  that can be tailored to perform in set ranges of vessel diameters. For example, a 3 mm outer diameter disk can be tailored for vessels with an inner diameter of 2 to 3 mm. Similarly, a 7 mm outer diameter disk can be tailored for 4 to 7 mm diameter vessels. 
     It should be noted that any of the herein disclosed catheters designs can also be used with one or more stentrievers. The combined stentriever retraction and efficient aspiration through the enlarged tip section in the expanded deployed configuration can act together to increase the likelihood of first pass success in removing a clot. The catheter can also direct the aspiration vacuum to the clot face while the stentriever holds a composite clot (comprised of friable regions and fibrin rich regions) together preventing embolization and aid in dislodging the clot from the vessel wall. The funnel-like shape of the tip section can also reduce clot shearing upon entry to the catheter and arrest flow to protect distal vessels from new territory embolization. 
     A method for manufacturing a catheter utilizing the disclosed designs is graphically illustrated in  FIGS.  9   a - 9   i    and further shown in the flow diagram in  FIG.  10   .  FIG.  9   a    shows a low friction liner  115  positioned on a supporting application mandrel  50 . The mandrel can often be silver-plated copper (SPC) as is commonly used for these applications. Alternatively, especially ductile materials (such as PEEK) can be used which stretch to neck down in diameter so that the mandrel can be removed after completion of the catheter assembly. Further mandrel materials can include nylon coated copper or nylon coated steel. 
     The inner liner  115  can be a lubricious, low friction material such as film cast PTFE with a very low wall thickness (0.00075 inches or more preferably 0.0003 inches) and include thin outer tie layers to help with bonding. The liner can aid in a clot being pulled proximally through the catheter with aspiration and/or a clot retrieval device such as a stentriever. The liner can also help with the initial delivery of any associated devices to the target site through the lumen of the catheter. Depending on the material chosen, it can also be stretched to alter the directionality of the liner material (e.g. if the liner material has fibers, an imposed stretch can change a nominally isotropic sleeve into a more anisotropic, longitudinally oriented composition) to reduce the wall thickness as required. The liner can alternatively be of a wrapped ePTFE structure with high tensile strength to improve the integrity of the assembly and reducing tensile elongation to prevent delamination of the liner while maintaining adequate lateral flexibility. 
     In another embodiment, an elastomeric liner may be used that is impregnated with low friction fillers, which can enhance lateral flexibility and allow the shaft to stretch to a degree without plastically deforming. The stretch can reduce the likelihood of delamination as the liner will expand with the elastomeric outer jackets as the shaft is subjected to tensile loads and also as the shaft navigates tortuous bends (when in tortuous bends, the inner bend radius defined by the catheter is in compression while the outer bend radius of the catheter is in tension). Multiple liners may also be utilized to achieve different properties, for example, a liner with high tensile strength may be used for the majority of the shaft and span across the joint between the proximal and distal braids, while the distal end of the shaft near the funnel tip may use an elastomeric liner to improve lateral flexibility. 
     An axial spine  117  can be positioned along the tie layer or above an etched liner surface beneath the braid to counteract any tensile elongation of the shaft. The spine can be of a threaded formulation such as Zylon or another LCP so that it is not stiff in compression and can be flattened beneath the braid for a reduced cross sectional profile. A liquid crystal polymer can offer the highest tensile strength, while a stainless steel spine or Nitinol can offer the best pushability at the cost of some lateral flexibility. As another option, some of the LCP spine can be replaced with a stainless steel and/or Nitinol spine. In a further embodiment, Aramid fibers can be used as the spine. 
     Initially, a length of the spine can extend distally well beyond the distal ends of the inner liner and application mandrel to aid with further assembly steps during manufacturing. Other examples can use additional spines, such as two spines spaced 180 degrees apart, for added tensile strength. 
     An elongate body support tube  110  with a braided backbone  120  is positioned around at least a proximal portion of the inner liner  115  and application mandrel  50  in  FIG.  9   b   . The braids can extend distally from a luer on the proximal end of the catheter to overlap with a radiopaque proximal marker band  118  positioned proximal to the distal end of the inner liner  115 . A distal marker band (see  FIG.  9   f   ) can also be crimped into place at or near the distal end of the inner liner before or after application of the spine. 
     A braided tip section  210  is threaded proximally over the application mandrel  50  and inner liner  115  using the distal portion of the spine  117  as a guide, as illustrated in  FIG.  9   c   . In some examples, the tip section  210  can be formed from wires of Nitinol or another shape memory superelastic alloy so that the solid state phase transformations can be designed to dictate the unconstrained size of the tip when it is deployed from the distal end of a guide sheath. The tip section can have at least a proximal tubular portion with a nominal inner diameter roughly the same size as the elongate body, but the braid can be compressed to expand over the liner and overlap with the marker band  118  during assembly. Alternatively, the braid can be made to have a minimum clearance of 0.0005″ over the diameter of the max liner OD. 
     The distalmost braid pattern  122  of the plurality of braids  120  around the elongate body  110  can overlap with the marker band  118  at their distal end  114 . Similarly, the most proximal braid pattern  222  of the tip section braids  220  can overlap at their proximal end  212  with the band  118 . Both overlapping braids can be disposed over the spine  117  and welded to the marker band  118 , as depicted in  FIG.  9   d   . In some instances, the braided sections can be woven together for additional strength prior to being welded. Alternately, the braided sections could be welded together directly, or incased in a more proximal (approximately 200 mm to 300 mm proximal of the tip) polymer jacket of high tensile strength. This jacket can be, for example, Pebax 25 D or up to Pebax 72 D depending on the desired final stiffness of the catheter. The joint may also be strengthened by placing it over liners with high tensile strength, such as Junkosha wrapped ePTFE liners. 
     Though the proximal braid  120  of the elongate body  110  can also be produced from Nitinol, the use of a mid-joint for the braids at the marker band  118  allows it to be manufactured from stainless steel for increased axial stiffness and reduced cost. This gives the advantage of allowing more complex design features in the distal Nitinol braid of the tip section  210  to join with lower cost standard proximal braid and/or coil sections at the marker band  118 , as seen in the longitudinal section in  FIG.  9   d    and the cross section in  FIG.  9   e   . This flexibility increases manufacturing yields through the separation of complex and standard catheter shaft sections. The use of specific metallics such as platinum (which can be welded to both stainless steel and Nitinol) for the sleeve of the marker band  118  can replace the use of adhesives or other means and create a more robust joint. The band can be kept relatively short, for example between 0.3-1.0 mm, in order to minimize the impact on shaft flexibility. 
     The axial thread of the spine  117  can be pulled through a distal braid opening of the tip section  210  and looped proximally to connect the spine more securely to the distal region of the catheter. The loop  229  can create both an outboard spine portion  251  extending atop the braid pattern  222  and an inboard spine portion  252  running beneath the braid ( FIG.  9   e   ). The loop can be positioned more proximally, such as at the distal end  119  of the inner liner  115  as seen in  FIG.  9   f    Alternatively, the loop  229  can be at a more distal location up to or through the distalmost cells  228  of the tip section  210 . The distance for which the spine  117  is looped back on itself can be kept short (&lt;5 mm) or can be a much greater distance of approximately 50 mm. In many examples, after inverting at the loop  229  the spine  117  can return all the way to the proximal end of the catheter shaft. In another embodiment, the spine need only extend as far as the joint between the proximal and distal braids. 
       FIG.  9   g    shows that once the spine has been looped back, an axial series of separate outer polymer jacket extrusions  160  can be reflowed or laminated in place on the elongate body  110 . The applied heat can allow the outer polymer to fill the interstitial sites between the braid of the elongate body and around the spine  117 . This flow can also help to fix the jackets axially so they cannot slide distally. Depending on their axial location on the elongate body  110 , the jackets  160  can alternately be sprayed, dipped, electro spun, and/or plasma deposited. 
     Suitable jacket materials can include thermoplastic elastomers like those of the Pebax family which can have a wide range of mechanical and dynamic properties. The jackets  160  can have differing durometer hardness and/or wall thicknesses. For example, a stiffer more proximal portion of the shaft can have a jacket with a thickness of approximately 0.004 inches and a hardness of around 72 D. By contrast, a distal section requiring greater flexibility but where the underlying support braid is less dense can have a jacket with a wall thickness in the region of 0.003 inches and a hardness of around  40 A. The jacket thickness can be optimized to fill the space between the liner and the braid to achieve a minimum wall thickness above the braid of 0.0005 inches to ensure there is no exposed braid. 
       FIG.  9   h    depicts a flared mandrel  60  with a Neusoft inner liner  185  applied over at least the stepped portion of the mandrel. In  FIG.  9   i   , the application mandrel  50  can be removed and the flared mandrel  60  with the inner jacket  185  loaded proximally into the distal end  214  of the assembly. A soft, elastic outer polymer tip jacket  184  extrusion can be threaded or stretched over the flared mandrel tool  60  and pushed over the flared section to expand the undersized material of the extrusion ( FIG.  9   j   ). Alternatively, the jacket  184  material can be sized to fit over the stepped portion of the mandrel  60 .  FIG.  9   k    illustrates the outer jacket  184  and inner jacket  185  reflowed to the tip section. 
     In some instances, a temporary sleeve of PTFE/FEP or other suitable low friction material can be applied over the reflow mandrel and used to control and arrest the distal flow of the distal tip jacket  184  as it is reflowed into place. Typically, a layer of heat shrink can be positioned around the jacket  184  extrusion to better conform the material to the contours of the stepped mandrel during reflow or lamination. The heat shrink pushes the melted material into the braid and does not stick to the jackets allowing removal after reflow. Once complete, flared mandrel  60  can be removed from the assembly, and if necessary, any excess material can be trimmed away to ensure the desired catheter profile is attained. The trimmed tip may then be subjected to a tipping process to apply a chamfer or fillet to the jacket material for a more atraumatic finish. When removed at least the distal outer 20 cm of the distal tip section of the catheter can be coated with a hydrophilic coating. 
     A similar process is outlined in the method flow diagram in  FIG.  10   . The method steps can be implemented for any of the example devices or suitable alternatives described herein and known to one of ordinary skill in the art. The method can have some or all the steps described, and in many cases, steps can be performed in a different order than that disclosed below. 
     Referring to  FIG.  10   , the method  10000  can have the step  10010  of arranging an inner liner around a first application mandrel. The mandrel can be used to give structure during manufacturing and define what can be the inner lumen of the catheter. As an examples, a nominal 6 Fr size catheter shaft can use an application mandrel with an outer diameter of approximately 0.071 inches, and the inner liner can be approximately 0.005 inches in thickness. The mandrel can be silver-plated copper (SPC) or other commonly used materials and sized to have an outer diameter such that the resulting catheter has a bore larger than many contemporary aspiration catheters (at least 0.070 inches). The liner can be etched PTFE or a similar low friction material. A strike layer can also be included to better adhere the inner liner to subsequent layers of the catheter shaft. 
     Step  10020  can then involve positioning a radiopaque proximal marker band at an intermediate location between the proximal and distal ends of the inner liner on the application mandrel. For common catheters of 1320 mm final length, the location can be in a range from approximately 100 mm to approximately 400 mm from the distal end of the inner liner. For procedures and applications where less tortuosity for the catheter is expected, a more proximal marker band location at approximately 400 mm can yield a stronger overall catheter joint as a stiffer outer jacket can be used for reinforcement. Step  10030  can then involve positioning one or more axial spines on the outer surface of the inner liner (on the strike layer) parallel to the longitudinal axis. The spines can pass over or beneath the proximal marker band. 
     In step  10040  can include placing a proximal support tube braid around at least a proximal portion of the inner liner and axial spine on the application mandrel. This braid can be the reinforcing structure for most of the catheter shaft. The pattern can utilize 16 wires in a one wire over two under two herringbone pattern for enhanced column stiffness and kink resistance. Other patterns can also be contemplated for varying requirements of the catheter design. 
     A distal tip section can a plurality of braided segments configured to allow radial expansion of the braid when a stiff clot is ingested (step  10050 ). This can be accomplished by varying the PPI and/or angle of the braid cells throughout a chosen distal length of the section. At least a portion of the tip can be manufactured from Nitinol or another shape memory superelastic material so that it can be collapsed within an outer sheath for delivery, but heat set to expand to a larger radial size when deployed from the distal end of the sheath. The length of the tip section can be kept relatively short, such as 100 mm, for greater pushability. Alternatively, the length can be increased to up to 400 mm for greater flexibility in reaching more distal portions of the vasculature. 
     In step  10060  the distal tip section can be threaded proximally onto at least a distal portion of the inner liner and axial spine on the application mandrel. The distal end of the support tube braid and the proximal end of the tip section braid can then be welded to the proximal marker band to fix the joint between the proximal support tube braid and the braid of the distal tip section. 
     For step  10080 , the spine thread can be pulled through an opening in one of the cells of the distal braid of the tip section to aid in connecting the thread to the distal end. The end can be pulled proximally for a few millimeters, all the way to the proximal end of the support tube braid, or some distance in between. The cell where the spine is inverted to form the loop can one of the distalmost cells of the tip section braid, or a more proximal location such as the distal end of the inner liner. In step  10090 , the end of the spine can lie over the braids, under the braids, or be woven through the braid cells as it extends proximally. 
     A series of outer polymer jackets of varying durometer hardness can then be reflowed to the support tube (step  10100 ). The jackets can preferably be in an axial series, but some combination of axial and radial series can be used. The flow of the jacket materials can allow them to encapsulate the braids of the elongate body and bond with the inner liner. 
     To form the distal jacket around the expandable tip, a polymeric distal inner jacket is first positioned around the flared portion of a flared mandrel in step  10110 . The supporting braided frame of the distal tip section braid can allow very soft jacket materials to be used here for their atraumatic properties, such as Neusoft with a hardness of 40 A to 80 A. The inner jacket can be thin (e.g. approximately 0.003 inches) and is used to gain more uniform wall thickness for the tip section and ensure complete encapsulation of the braids so the lumen is smooth and unobstructed. The method can then remove the application mandrel and insert the flared mandrel with the distal inner jacket proximally into the distal tip section braid to expand the distal tip in step  10120 . 
     Step  10130  can then involve loading or stretching a soft distal polymeric outer jacket over the expanded braided tip on the flared mandrel. Like the distal inner jacket, the distal outer jacket can be a thin Neusoft layer that can be laminated or reflowed to fuse with the inner jacket such that the final wall thickness of the combined distal polymeric jacket is approximately 0.006 inches , maintaining at least 0.0005 inches of jacket material above and below the braid surfaces. The jacket can extend proximally to the distal edge of the proximal outer jackets of the elongate body and overhang at least several millimeters distally beyond the distal end of the braid hoops of the distal tip braid. Once the jacket is applied the flared mandrel can be removed from the assembly in step  10140 . 
     If desired, a hydrophilic coating can be applied to the outer surface of the distal tip in step  10150 . A process such as dip coating can be used to apply the coating to both the inner and outer surfaces after removal of the flared mandrel. In most cases the coating can cover at least the distal most 20 cm of the catheter. In some cases, the hydrophilic coating can also be applied to the inner surface of the tip where there is no PTFE liner. Further post-processing, such as reflow and compression/injection moulding steps, can also be used to apply additional material or flow existing material to add features to the expandable tip. The features can be, for example, a disk extension, a polymeric lip, or axial ribs. 
     When using a catheter of the present disclosure to clear an occlusion from a body vessel, the super-bore catheter with expandable/collapsible tip can be delivered through an outer catheter or sheath to a location proximal of a vessel occlusion. The outer catheter is typically placed as close to the occlusive clot as practical, but the location can depend on the destination vessel size and the relative tortuosity of the vasculature needed to reach it. For example, in the case of a middle cerebral artery occlusion, the outer catheter might be placed in the internal carotid artery proximal of the carotid siphon. If for example the target occlusion is in an M 1  vessel, a typical guide or outer sheath will need to be maintained in a position well proximal of these vessel diameters. 
     For example, if an 8 Fr collapsible super-bore catheter with a funnel inner diameter of 0.120 inches is used to aspirate and retrieve a large clot in the Internal Carotid Artery and branches (or a 6 Fr catheter in the M1 vessels), the user then injects contrast to check vessel patency. If the user finds that some clot fragments remain in more distal vessels, the collapsible super-bore catheter can be advanced to aspirate the fragments in the more distant location. If access cannot be achieved due to tortuosity, the funnel outer diameter has reached a point where it matches the inner diameter of the vessels, or if a self-sizing funnel has reached the lower end of its vessel range, an inner catheter with a smaller diameter 6 Fr (or 5 fr) low shear tip can be rapidly advanced telescopically to the more distal vessel location to retrieve the clot through aspiration or co-aspiration with a stent retriever. As the inner catheter and clot is retracted through the super-bore catheter, the plunger-type suction effect of retracting one within the other can act to aspirate through the mouth of the super-bore catheter to ensure that any fragments that may have dislodged from the initial clot retrieval process are retrieved. Aspiration can also be directly applied to the lumen of the super-bore catheter so that a negative flow through it can be maintained during the procedure. 
     Consistent collapsibility of the expandable funnel tip is important for durability and ease of use. For example, when first loading into an outer sheath for delivery, the catheter can be advanced through a profiled introducer tool that will uniformly collapse the tip to fit inside an outer sheath such as a balloon guide catheter. The inner diameter of the collapsed tip is maintained so that smaller introducers or microcraters and guidewires can be advanced through it. This is advantageous when using a telescoping approach to reach a target vessel location. Telescoping allows the user to first advance a smaller more trackable catheter to the treatment location and then advance a larger catheter over it, using the smaller catheter/guidewire as a rail to guide advancement of the larger catheter. An alternative can be to advance a smaller fixed mouth catheter through the expandable tip catheter if vessel size prohibits its further advancement. The larger sized catheter can then act as a backup for retracting the smaller diameter catheter should a stiff clot become lodged in the shaft of the smaller catheter. 
     As another option, a loading tool can be supplied on the shaft of the catheter so that it is advanced distally over the funnel of the expandable tip to collapse the tip before inserting through the luer of an outer guide sheath. In another similar example, a split tool can be used to collapse the funnel through stretching. The tool halves can be joined together using thread locks, snap locks or with magnetic fastening features. This allows the user to attach, remove and reattach the tool as needed, for example, if the physician needs to do a second pass with the same catheter, the tool can be reattached to allow collapse of the flared tip for a second advancement through an outer guide after a first pass has been completed. 
     Once the target is reached, the occlusion can be aspirated and drawn into the tip and lumen of the expandable tip large bore catheter, or a smaller telescoping inner catheters where used, with the help of aspiration through one or multiple of the catheters in the system. If necessary, auxiliary devices such as microcatheters and clot retrieval devices can be advanced through the lumen of the large bore catheter and used against obstinate clots. 
     Once the clot has been dislodged from the vessel walls it can be progressively compressed through the funnel-shape of the expandable tip of the large bore catheter and through the lumen into a cannister or syringe. For a particularly firm clot, additional radial expansion of the tip section can protect and shelter a lodged clot while the catheter itself is withdrawn. Otherwise, the catheters can remain in position during this step to maintain access to the target site. Contrast can then be injected to determine the extent to which the vessel is patent. Clot retrieval devices may be rinsed in saline and gently cleaned before being reloaded into the microcatheter for additional passes, if required. When the vessel has been satisfactorily cleared, the catheter can be retracted to collapse the expandable tip within the outer catheter. 
     The invention is not necessarily limited to the examples described, which can be varied in construction and detail. The terms “distal” and “proximal” are used throughout the preceding description and are meant to refer to a positions and directions relative to a treating physician. As such, “distal” or “distally” refer to a position distant to or a direction away from the physician. Similarly, “proximal” or “proximally” refer to a position near or a direction towards the physician. Furthermore, the singular forms “a,” “an,” and “the” include plural referents unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. 
     As used herein, the terms “about” or “approximately” for any numerical values or ranges indicate a suitable dimensional tolerance that allows the part or collection of components to function for its intended purpose as described herein. More specifically, “about” or “approximately” may refer to the range of values ±20% of the recited value, e.g. “about 90%” may refer to the range of values from 71% to 99%. 
     In describing example embodiments, terminology has been resorted to for the sake of clarity. As a result, not all possible combinations have been listed, and such variants are often apparent to those of skill in the art and are intended to be within the scope of the claims which follow. It is intended that each term contemplates its broadest meaning as understood by those skilled in the art and includes all technical equivalents that operate in a similar manner to accomplish a similar purpose without departing from the scope and spirit of the invention. It is also to be understood that the mention of one or more steps of a method does not preclude the presence of additional method steps or intervening method steps between those steps expressly identified. Similarly, some steps of a method can be performed in a different order than those described herein without departing from the scope of the disclosed technology.