Patent Publication Number: US-11035201-B2

Title: Hydrocarbon wells including electrically actuated gas lift valve assemblies and methods of providing gas lift in a hydrocarbon well

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION 
     This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application 62/720,486 filed Aug. 21, 2018 and U.S. Provisional Patent Application 62/769,307 filed Nov. 19, 2018, the entirety of both of which are incorporated by reference herein. 
    
    
     FIELD OF THE DISCLOSURE 
     The present disclosure relates generally to hydrocarbon wells including electrically actuated gas lift valve assemblies and to methods of providing gas lift in a hydrocarbon well. 
     BACKGROUND OF THE DISCLOSURE 
     Some hydrocarbon wells do not have enough reservoir pressure to transport reservoir fluids from a subterranean region to a surface region and/or to transport the reservoir fluids at an economically viable flow rate. In such hydrocarbon wells, artificial lift may be utilized to facilitate and/or increase production of the reservoir fluids from the hydrocarbon wells. Various artificial lift methodologies exist, including hydraulic pumping systems, electric submersible pumps, rod pumps, and/or gas lift, and each of these methodologies may be particularly well-suited for certain corresponding hydrocarbon well configurations. 
     Gas lift methodologies generally utilize a series of mechanically actuated gas lift valves spaced-apart along a length of the hydrocarbon well. These mechanically actuated gas lift valves are configured to inject a high-pressure gas stream into the hydrocarbon well. The high-pressure gas stream decreases an average density of fluids produced by the hydrocarbon well and facilitates production of reservoir fluids from the hydrocarbon well. 
     The mechanically actuated gas lift valves generally are installed during well completion and essentially act as pressure regulators that selectively inject the high-pressure gas stream when a pressure differential across the mechanically actuated gas lift valve exceeds a threshold pressure differential. It typically is desirable to inject the high-pressure gas stream via the most downhole mechanically actuated gas lift valve that experiences a pressure differential that is within a predetermined pressure differential range. In order to facilitate such selective injection, each mechanically actuated gas lift valve generally is configured to open at a slightly different pressure differential when compared to the other mechanically actuated gas lift valves. Typically, these pressure differentials are established or preconfigured, when the valves are installed. 
     The lift gas supply system that provides the high-pressure gas stream must be designed to accommodate not only the needed injection pressure but also the pressure overhead that is due to purposeful valve-to-valve pressure differential differences, thereby decreasing system efficiency. In addition, the mechanically actuated gas lift valves may, in certain circumstances, repeatedly cycle and/or chatter, thereby increasing wear and/or decreasing an operational life span of the gas lift system. Furthermore, drift and/or changes in the pressure differential that opens a given mechanically actuated gas lift valve may lead to inefficiency and/or an inability to accurately predict which mechanically actuated gas lift valve is providing the high-pressure gas stream at a given point in time, further decreasing system efficiency. Thus, there exists a need for hydrocarbon wells including electrically actuated gas lift valve assemblies and/or for methods of providing gas lift in the hydrocarbon wells. 
     SUMMARY OF THE DISCLOSURE 
     Hydrocarbon wells including electrically actuated gas lift valve assemblies and methods of providing gas lift in a hydrocarbon well. The hydrocarbon wells include a wellbore that extends within a subterranean formation and downhole tubing that extends within the wellbore and defines a tubing conduit. The downhole tubing and the wellbore define an annular space therebetween. One of the tubing conduit and the annular space defines a production conduit for the hydrocarbon well, and the other of the tubing conduit and the annular space defines a lift gas supply conduit for the hydrocarbon well. The hydrocarbon wells also include a lift gas supply system configured to provide a lift gas stream to the lift gas supply conduit, a plurality of electrically actuated gas lift valve assemblies, a valve power supply system, and a controller. 
     The plurality of electrically actuated gas lift valve assemblies is spaced apart along a length of the downhole tubing, and each electrically actuated gas lift valve assembly includes a gas injection conduit, a valve assembly orifice, and an electrically actuated shut-off valve. The gas injection conduit extends between the production conduit and the lift gas supply conduit. The valve assembly orifice defines an orifice portion of the gas injection conduit. The electrically actuated shut-off valve defines a valve portion of the gas injection conduit and is configured to be selectively transitioned between an open state and a closed state. In the open state, the electrically actuated shut-off valve permits fluid flow through the gas injection conduit. In the closed state, the electrically actuated shut-off valve restricts fluid flow through the gas injection conduit. 
     The valve power supply system is configured to supply an electric current to electrically power the plurality of electrically actuated gas lift valve assemblies. The controller is programmed to selectively provide a respective control signal to each electrically actuated gas lift valve assembly to control the operation of the plurality of electrically actuated gas lift valve assemblies. 
     The methods include providing a lift gas stream to a lift gas supply conduit and measuring a respective pressure differential between the lift gas supply conduit and a production conduit at each electrically actuated gas lift valve assembly in a plurality of electrically actuated gas lift valve assemblies. The methods also include selectively opening a selected electrically actuated gas lift valve assembly based on the respective pressure differential measured at the selected electrically actuated gas lift valve assembly. The methods further include providing the lift gas stream to the production conduit via the selected electrically actuated gas lift valve assembly. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         FIG. 1  is a schematic illustration of examples of a hydrocarbon well that may include electrically actuated gas lift valve assemblies, according to the present disclosure. 
         FIG. 2  is a schematic illustration of examples of electrically actuated gas lift valve assemblies according to the present disclosure. 
         FIG. 3  is another schematic illustration of examples of electrically actuated gas lift valve assemblies according to the present disclosure. 
         FIG. 4  is another schematic illustration of examples of electrically actuated gas lift valve assemblies according to the present disclosure. 
         FIG. 5  is a flowchart depicting examples of methods of providing gas lift in a hydrocarbon well, according to the present disclosure. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION AND BEST MODE OF THE DISCLOSURE 
       FIGS. 1-5  provide examples of hydrocarbon wells  20 , of electrically actuated gas lift valve assemblies  100 , and/or of methods  200 , according to the present disclosure. Elements that serve a similar, or at least substantially similar, purpose are labeled with like numbers in each of  FIGS. 1-5 , and these elements may not be discussed in detail herein with reference to each of  FIGS. 1-5 . Similarly, all elements may not be labeled in each of  FIGS. 1-5 , but reference numerals associated therewith may be utilized herein for consistency. Elements, components, and/or features that are discussed herein with reference to one or more of  FIGS. 1-5  may be included in and/or utilized with any of  FIGS. 1-5  without departing from the scope of the present disclosure. In general, elements that are likely to be included in a particular embodiment are illustrated in solid lines, while elements that are optional are illustrated in dashed lines. However, elements that are shown in solid lines may not be essential and, in some embodiments, may be omitted without departing from the scope of the present disclosure. 
       FIG. 1  is a schematic illustration of examples of a hydrocarbon well  20  that may include electrically actuated gas lift valve assemblies  100 , according to the present disclosure. As illustrated in solid lines in  FIG. 1 , hydrocarbon wells  20  include a wellbore  30  that extends within a subterranean formation  14 . Wellbore  30  also may be referred to herein as extending between a surface region  10  and the subterranean formation and/or as extending within a subsurface region  12 . Subterranean formation  14  may include reservoir fluid  16 . 
     Downhole tubing  40  extends within wellbore  30  and defines a tubing conduit  42 . Wellbore  30  and downhole tubing  40  together define, or at least partially define, an annular space  50  therebetween. As discussed in more detail herein, one of annular space  50  and tubing conduit  42  may be referred to herein as a production conduit  60  of the hydrocarbon well, while the other of annular space  50  and tubing conduit  42  may be referred to herein as a lift gas supply conduit  65  of the hydrocarbon well. Production conduit  60  may be configured to produce reservoir fluid  16  from the subterranean formation. Hydrocarbon well  20  also includes a lift gas supply system  70 . The lift gas supply system is configured to provide a lift gas stream  72  to lift gas supply conduit  65 . 
     Hydrocarbon well  20  further includes a plurality of electrically actuated gas lift valve assemblies  100 , a valve power supply system  80 , and a controller  90 . Valve power supply system  80  is configured to supply an electric current  82  to electrically power electrically actuated gas lift valve assemblies  100 . Controller  90  is programmed to selectively provide a respective control signal  92  to each electrically actuated gas lift valve assembly to control the operation of the plurality of electrically actuated gas lift valve assemblies. 
     Electrically actuated gas lift valve assemblies  100  are spaced apart along a length of downhole tubing  40 . As discussed in more detail herein with reference to  FIGS. 2-4 , each electrically actuated gas lift valve assembly includes a gas injection conduit  110 , a valve assembly orifice  120 , and an electrically actuated shut-off valve  130 . The gas injection conduit extends between production conduit  60  and lift gas supply conduit  65 . The valve assembly orifice defines an orifice portion of the gas injection conduit. As used herein, the term “orifice” may refer to any suitable structure and/or region that defines a cross-sectional area for fluid flow therethrough. With this in mind, valve assembly orifice  120  and/or the orifice portion of the gas injection conduit may have and/or define any suitable shape, examples of which include cylindrical, at least partially cylindrical, circular, at least partially circular, venturi-shaped, tapered, conic, at least partially conic, conic shell-shaped, and/or at least partially conic shell-shaped. It is within the scope of the present disclosure that the leading and/or trailing edges of valve assembly orifice  120  and/or of the orifice portion of the gas injection conduit may be angular, may define a right angle, may be arcuate, and/or may be curved. 
     The electrically actuated shut-off valve defines a valve portion of the gas injection conduit and is configured to be selectively and electrically transitioned between an open state and a closed state. When in the open state, the electrically actuated shut-off valve permits fluid flow through gas injection conduit  110  and/or through the valve portion thereof. In contrast, when in the closed state, the electrically actuated shut-off valve restricts, blocks, and/or occludes fluid flow through the gas injection conduit and/or though the valve portion thereof 
     During operation of hydrocarbon well  20 , and as discussed in more detail herein with reference to methods  200  of  FIG. 5 , lift gas supply system  70  may provide lift gas stream  72  to lift gas supply conduit  65 . The lift gas stream may pressurize the lift gas supply conduit, thereby generating, or increasing, a pressure differential between the lift gas supply conduit and production conduit  60 . The pressure differential may vary along the length of wellbore  30  with depth due to hydrostatic pressure effects. As such, the pressure differential across each electrically actuated gas lift valve assembly  100  may differ from the pressure differential across each other electrically actuated gas lift valve assembly  100 . 
     Controller  90  may control the operation of electrically actuated gas lift valve assemblies  100 . This may include opening and/or closing selected electrically actuated gas lift valve assemblies such that lift gas stream  72  is injected into production conduit  60  at a desired location, or within a desired region, along the length of the wellbore. As an example, and as discussed in more detail herein, controller  90  and/or sensors that are in communication with the controller may measure, monitor, and/or determine the pressure differential across at least a subset, or even all, of the plurality of electrically actuated gas lift valve assemblies  100 . Under these conditions, controller  90  may utilize control signal  92  to command a selected electrically actuated gas lift valve assembly  100  to transition to a corresponding open state while maintaining the other electrically actuated gas lift valve assemblies in respective closed states. This may cause lift gas stream  72  to be injected into the production conduit via a selected gas injection conduit  110  of the selected electrically actuated gas lift valve assembly. 
     As discussed, one of tubing conduit  42  and annular space  50  is, or functions as, production conduit  60  while the other of tubing conduit  42  and annular space  50  is, or functions as, lift gas supply conduit  65 . As an example, production conduit  60  may be defined by tubing conduit  42 , and lift gas supply conduit  65  may be defined by annular space  50 . As another example, production conduit  60  may be defined by annular space  50 , and lift gas supply conduit  65  may be defined by tubing conduit  42 . As yet another example, hydrocarbon well  20  may be configured such that the production conduit is selectively varied between the tubing conduit and the annular space. Under these conditions, the lift gas supply conduit will selectively vary between the tubing conduit and the annular space in a corresponding manner. Stated another way, at any given point in time, the production conduit is defined by one of the tubing conduit and the annular space, while the lift gas supply conduit is defined by the other of the tubing conduit and the annular space. 
     Hydrocarbon wells  20  that include electrically actuated gas lift valve assemblies  100 , according to the present disclosure, may provide benefits over conventional and/or mechanically actuated gas lift valves. As an example, electrically actuated gas lift valve assemblies  100  may eliminate the need for a different pressure differential to trigger the opening of each gas lift valve, as is common for mechanically actuated gas lift valves. As such, the pressure overhead associated with these different pressure differentials may be eliminated. As another example, in hydrocarbon wells  20  according to the present disclosure, the precise location where the lift gas stream is injected into the production conduit may be known, determined, and/or selectively controlled in real-time. As yet another example, control of lift gas supply, via electrically actuated gas lift valve assemblies  100 , may be automated within a single hydrocarbon well and/or among a plurality of hydrocarbon wells that may be associated with a given subterranean formation. 
     As another example, electrically actuated gas lift valve assemblies  100  may provide an improved, or increased, operational life by decreasing and/or eliminating valve chatter that may be caused by pressure fluctuations in hydrocarbon wells that utilize mechanically actuated gas lift valves. As yet another example, and as discussed, the specific fluid conduit (e.g., tubing conduit  42  and/or annular space  50 ) that defines the production conduit and/or the lift gas supply conduit may be selectively varied and/or reversed. As another example, and as discussed in more detail herein, sensors associated with each electrically actuated gas lift valve assembly  100  may provide real-time information regarding the pressure differential across the electrically actuated gas lift valve assemblies. 
     Valve power supply system  80  may include any suitable structure that may be adapted, configured, designed, and/or constructed to supply electric current  82  to electrically power electrically actuated gas lift valve assemblies  100 . In addition, valve power supply system  80  may be positioned at any suitable location within hydrocarbon well  20 , examples of which include within surface region  10 , within subsurface region  12 , and/or within electrically actuated gas lift valve assemblies  100 . 
     Valve power supply system  80  may include a power source  84  that may be configured to produce, to generate, and/or to provide electric current  82 , such as to the plurality of electrically actuated gas lift valve assemblies. Examples of valve power supply system  80  and/or of power source  84  thereof include a generator, a battery, a downhole battery, an energy harvesting structure, a downhole energy harvesting structure, and/or a main power source. Electric current  82  may include any suitable alternating current (AC) electric current and/or direct current (DC) electric current. With this in mind, power source  84  may include an alternating current power source and/or a direct current power source. 
     It is within the scope of the present disclosure that valve power supply system  80  may be electrically coupled to, or in electrical communication with, electrically actuated gas lift valve assemblies  100  in any suitable manner and/or utilizing any suitable structure. As an example, valve power supply system  80  may be at least partially integrated into electrically actuated gas lift valve assemblies  100 . As another example, valve power supply system  80  may be directly coupled, such as via a direct electrical coupling, to electrically actuated gas lift valve assemblies  100 . As yet another example, valve power supply system  80  may be indirectly coupled, such as via an inductive electrical coupling, to electrically actuated gas lift valve assemblies  100 . 
     When valve power supply system  80  and/or power source  84  thereof is positioned within surface region  10 , is distal from electrically actuated gas lift valve assemblies  100 , and/or is not integral with electrically actuated gas lift valve assemblies  100 , the valve power supply system may include an electrical cable  86 . Electrical cable  86  may include and/or be a tubing encapsulated conductor. Electrical cable  86  may extend among the plurality of electrically actuated gas lift valve assemblies  100  and/or may extend between power source  84  and the plurality of electrically actuated gas lift valve assemblies  100 . As illustrated in  FIG. 1 , electrical cable  86  may extend from surface region  10 , such as when power source  84  is positioned within the surface region. Under these conditions, controller  90  also may be positioned within the surface region and/or may be configured to provide the respective control signal to each electrically actuated gas lift valve assembly via the electrical cable. 
     It is within the scope of the present disclosure that electrical cable  86  may include and/or be a single electrical conductor. The single electrical conductor may be configured to supply the electric current to each electrically actuated gas lift valve and/or to provide the respective control signal to each electrically actuated gas lift valve assembly. Stated another way, electrical cable  86  may not include a separate, a distinct, and/or a dedicated electrical conductor for each electrically actuated gas lift valve assembly. Instead, the plurality of electrically actuated gas lift valve assemblies may share, or utilize, the single electrical conductor both to receive electric current  82  from valve power supply system  80  and also to communicate with controller  90 . 
     As an example, electrical actuated gas lift valve assemblies  100  may receive control signal  92  from controller  90  via the single electrical conductor. As another example, each electrically actuated gas lift valve assembly may provide at least one state signal  102  to the controller via the single electrical conductor. As yet another example, each electrically actuated gas lift valve assembly may provide at least one sensor signal  104  to the controller via the single electrical conductor. Examples of the state signal, the control signal, and/or the sensor signal are disclosed herein. 
     To facilitate powering and/or control of each electrically actuated gas lift valve assembly  100  via the single electrical conductor of electrical cable  86 , hydrocarbon well  20  may be configured such that electrically actuated gas lift valve assemblies  100  simultaneously, continuously, and/or at least substantially continuously receive electric current  82 . Additionally or alternatively, hydrocarbon well  20  may be configured such that each electrically actuated gas lift valve assembly  100  receives the respective control signal of each other electrically actuated gas lift valve assembly  100 . Under these conditions, the respective control signal may include a respective unique identifier that causes a respective electrically actuated gas lift valve assembly to respond to the respective control signal. Stated another way, a given electrically actuated gas lift valve assembly  100  may respond to the respective control signal and/or may utilize the electric current only if the respective unique identifier indicates that the respective control signal is addressed to, or is intended for, the given electrically actuated gas lift valve assembly. 
     Controller  90  may include any suitable structure that may be adapted, configured, designed, constructed, and/or programmed to selectively provide respective control signal  92  to each electrically actuated gas lift valve assembly to control the operation of the plurality of electrically actuated gas lift valve assemblies. Stated another way, controller  90  may include and/or be any suitable structure, device, and/or devices that may be adapted, configured, designed, constructed, and/or programmed to perform the functions discussed herein. As examples, controller  90  may include one or more of an electronic controller, a dedicated controller, a special-purpose controller, a personal computer, a special-purpose computer, a display device, a logic device, a memory device, and/or a memory device having computer-readable storage media. 
     The computer-readable storage media, when present, also may be referred to herein as non-transitory computer readable storage media. This non-transitory computer readable storage media may include, define, house, and/or store computer-executable instructions, programs, and/or code; and these computer-executable instructions may instruct hydrocarbon well  20  and/or controller  90  thereof to perform any suitable portion, or subset, of methods  200 , which are discussed in more detail herein. Examples of such non-transitory computer-readable storage media include CD-ROMs, disks, hard drives, flash memory, etc. As used herein, storage, or memory, devices and/or media having computer-executable instructions, as well as computer-implemented methods and other methods according to the present disclosure, are considered to be within the scope of subject matter deemed patentable in accordance with Section  101  of Title  35  of the United States Code. 
     It is within the scope of the present disclosure that controller  90  may communicate with electrically actuated gas lift valve assemblies  100  in any suitable manner. As an example, hydrocarbon well  20  may include a communication linkage  94  that may be configured to convey the respective control signal to each electrically actuated gas lift valve assembly. Communication linkage  94  may include and/or be a wired communication linkage and/or a wireless communication linkage. An example of a wired communication linkage includes electrical cable  86 , as discussed herein. Stated another way, communication linkage  94  may be at least partially defined by valve power supply system  80  and/or be electrical cable  86  thereof. 
     It is within the scope of the present disclosure that controller  90  may include and/or be a single controller that is in communication with the plurality of electrically actuated gas lift valve assemblies via the communication linkage. Such a single controller may be positioned within surface region  10 , as illustrated in  FIG. 1 . It is also within the scope of the present disclosure that controller  90  may include a plurality of controllers, or a plurality of discrete controllers. Under these conditions, each controller in the plurality of controllers may be configured to provide the respective control signal to a selected electrically actuated gas lift valve assembly and/or to a selected subset of the plurality of electrically actuated gas lift valve assemblies. 
     Lift gas supply system  70  may include any suitable structure that may be adapted, configured, designed, and/or constructed to provide lift gas stream  72  to lift gas supply conduit  65 . As examples, lift gas supply system  70  may include one or more fluid conduits, pipes, tubes, valves, compressors, lift gas storage tanks, lift gas generators, and/or the like. Examples of the lift gas stream include an air stream, a natural gas stream, a carbon dioxide stream, and/or a nitrogen stream. 
     As illustrated in dashed lines in  FIG. 1 , hydrocarbon well  20  may include a high-pressure bypass assembly  170 . High-pressure bypass assembly  170 , when present, may be configured to equalize pressure between production conduit  60  and lift gas supply conduit  65  responsive to the pressure differential between the production conduit and the lift gas supply conduit exceeding a threshold maximum pressure differential. Stated another way, high-pressure bypass assembly  170  may be configured to restrict the pressure differential to less than the threshold minimum pressure differential, which may decrease a potential for overpressurization of hydrocarbon well  20  via supply of lift gas stream  72 . High-pressure bypass assembly  170 , when present, may be positioned downhole from the plurality of electrically actuated gas lift valve assemblies and/or downhole from every electrically actuated gas lift valve assembly in the plurality of electrically actuated gas lift valve assemblies. Examples of the high-pressure bypass assembly include a burst disc assembly and/or a conventional, mechanically actuated, gas lift valve. 
     It is within the scope of the present disclosure that electrically actuated gas lift valve assemblies  100  may be included and/or incorporated into hydrocarbon well  20  in any suitable manner. As an example, hydrocarbon well  20  may include a plurality of mandrels  44 , which may form a portion of downhole tubing  40 , may at least partially define tubing conduit  42 , and/or may operatively interconnect various tubing segments of the downhole tubing. Under these conditions, each electrically actuated gas lift valve assembly  100  may be operatively attached to, may be integrated into, and/or may form a portion of a corresponding mandrel  44 . Examples of mandrels  44  included conventional mandrels and/or side pocket mandrels. 
       FIGS. 2-4  are schematic illustrations of examples of electrically actuated gas lift valve assemblies  100  according to the present disclosure. As discussed herein with reference to  FIG. 1 , electrically actuated gas lift valve assemblies  100  include gas injection conduit  110 , valve assembly orifice  120 , and electrically actuated shut-off valve  130 . As also discussed, valve assembly orifice  120  defines an orifice portion  122  of gas injection conduit  110 . In addition, electrically actuated shut-off valve  130  defines a valve portion  132  of gas injection conduit  110  and is configured to be selectively and electrically transitioned between open state  134 , as illustrated in  FIGS. 2 and 4 , and closed state  136 , as illustrated in  FIG. 3 . 
     Electrically actuated shut-off valves  130  may include any suitable structure that may transition between open state  134  and closed state  136 . Examples of electrically actuated shut-off valves  130  include a solenoid valve, a motorized valve, a rotary valve, and/or a linear valve. 
     It is within the scope of the present disclosure that electrically actuated shut-off valves  130  may include and/or be a binary valve that may be configured to define only open state  134  and closed state  136 . Stated another way, electrically actuated shut-off valves  130  may define only two states, the open state and the closed state, and/or may not define one or more intermediate states between the open state and the closed state. With this in mind, the respective control signal may include a shut-off valve state signal that specifies a selected valve state (e.g., the open state or the closed state) for the electrically actuated shut-off valve. Under these conditions, and responsive to receipt of the shut-off valve state signal, the electrically actuated shut-off valve may be configured to transition to the selected valve state. 
     It is also within the scope of the present disclosure that electrically actuated shut-off valve  130  that is associated with a given electrically actuated gas lift valve assembly  100  may be configured to transition between the corresponding open state and the corresponding closed state responsive to receipt of the respective control signal. In addition, the electrically actuated shut-off valve may be configured to remain in a given state, subsequent to receipt of the respective control signal, until the electrically actuated shut-off valve receives a subsequent respective control signal that commands the electrically actuated shut-off valve to change states. Stated another way, electrically actuated shut-off valves  130  may be bi-stable valves configured to remain in the most recently selected state (i.e., the open state or the closed state) until commanded to transition out of the most recently selected state. Such a configuration may permit hydrocarbon wells  20  to operate during intermittent power failures, may permit hydrocarbon wells  20  to operate with only periodic supply of electric current  82  to electrically actuated gas lift valve assemblies  100 , and/or may permit electrically actuated gas lift valve assemblies  100  to conserve electrical power by only drawing electric current  82  when transitioning between the open state and the closed state. 
     It is within the scope of the present disclosure that electrically actuated shut-off valves  130  may have any suitable orientation, within electrically actuated gas lift valve assemblies  100 , relative to other components of the electrically actuated gas lift valve assemblies. As an example, valve portion  132  may be positioned, along gas injection conduit  110 , between lift gas supply conduit  65  and orifice portion  122 . As another example, valve portion  132  may be positioned, along gas injection conduit  110 , between production conduit  60  and orifice portion  122 . 
     It is also within the scope of the present disclosure that electrically actuated gas lift valve assemblies  100  may include a plurality of electrically actuated shut-off valves  130 , including at least a first electrically actuated shut-off valve  1301  that defines a first valve portion  1321  of gas injection conduit  110  and a second electrically actuated shut-off valve  1302  that defines a second valve portion  1322  of the gas injection conduit. Under these conditions, orifice portion  122  may be positioned between first valve portion  1321  and second valve portion  1322 . 
     Electrically actuated shut-off valves  130  may include a shut-off valve-state sensor  138 . Shut-off valve-state sensor  138 , when present, may be configured to detect a valve state (e.g., the open state or the closed state) of the electrically actuated shut-off valve and to provide a corresponding state signal  102 , which also may be referred to herein as a shut-off valve-state signal and is indicative to the valve state, to controller  90 . 
     As illustrated in dashed lines in  FIGS. 2-4 , electrically actuated gas lift valve assemblies  100  may include a check valve  150 . Check valve  150 , when present, may define a check valve portion  152  of gas injection conduit  110 . Check valve  150  may be configured to permit fluid flow, via gas injection conduit  110 , from lift gas supply conduit  65  to production conduit  60  and also to restrict, to block, and/or to occlude fluid flow from the production conduit to the lift gas supply conduit. 
     Check valve  150  may include any suitable structure. As an example, check valve  150  may include and/or be a mechanical, or a mechanically operated, check valve. As additional examples, check valve  150  may include and/or be a ball check valve, a diaphragm check valve, a swing check valve, and/or a tilting disc check valve. 
     Check valve  150 , when present, may be positioned with any suitable orientation relative to other components of electrically actuated gas lift valve assemblies  100 . As an example, check valve portion  152  of gas injection conduit  110  may be positioned, along the gas injection conduit, between valve portion  132  of the gas injection conduit and production conduit  60 . Such a configuration may protect valve portion  132  from corrosive materials and/or debris that may be present within the production conduit. 
     Check valves  150  may include a check valve-state sensor  158  configured to detect a state (e.g., open or closed) of the check valve. The check valve-state sensor, when present, may generate a corresponding state signal  102 , which also may be referred to herein as a check valve-state signal, that is indicative of the state of the check valve and/or may provide the check valve-state signal to controller  90 . 
     Valve assembly orifice  120  may include any suitable structure that may define orifice portion  122  of lift gas supply conduit  65 . In general, orifice portion  122  may be a region of restricted and/or predetermined cross-sectional area of gas injection conduit  110  such that orifice portion  122  regulates and or specifies a flow rate of lift gas stream  72  through the gas injection conduit. Stated another way, valve assembly orifice  120  and/or orifice portion  122  thereof may be sized to provide a desired lift gas stream flow rate through the gas injection conduit. 
     It is within the scope of the present disclosure that valve assembly orifice  120  may be a fixed-size valve assembly orifice. Stated another way, orifice portion  122  may have and/or define a fixed cross-sectional area for fluid flow therethrough. 
     However, this is not required of all embodiments, and it is also within the scope of the present disclosure that valve assembly orifice  120  may be an adjustable valve assembly orifice  124 . Such an adjustable valve assembly orifice  124  may be configured to be selectively and electrically transitioned among a plurality of orifice sizes between a minimum orifice size, as schematically illustrated in  FIG. 4  at  127 , and a maximum orifice size, as schematically illustrated in  FIG. 2  at  126 . Under these conditions, the respective control signal may include an orifice size signal that specifies a selected size for the adjustable valve assembly orifice, and responsive to receipt of the orifice size signal, adjustable valve assembly orifice  124  may be configured to transition to the selected orifice size. Examples of the electrically actuated gas lift valve include a globe valve, a pinch valve, a diaphragm valve, and/or a needle valve. 
     It is within the scope of the present disclosure that the plurality of orifice sizes may include a plurality of discrete orifice sizes, examples of which includes at least 3, at least 4, at least 5, at least 6, at least 8, and/or at least 10 orifice sizes. Alternatively, it is also within the scope of the present disclosure that the plurality of orifice sizes may include a continuous range of orifice sizes that extends between the minimum orifice size and the maximum orifice size. 
     The minimum orifice size may be non-zero. Stated another way, orifice portion  122  may define a finite cross-sectional area for fluid flow therethrough when at the minimum orifice size. Examples of the minimum orifice size include minimum orifice sizes of at least 2 square millimeters, at least 3 square millimeters, at least 4 square millimeters, at least 6 square millimeters, at least 8 square millimeters, at least 10 square millimeters, at least 15 square millimeters, at least 20 square millimeters, at least 30 square millimeters, at least 40 square millimeters, and/or at least 50 square millimeters. Examples of the maximum orifice size include maximum orifice sizes of at most 200 square millimeters, at most 175 square millimeters, at most 150 square millimeters, at most 125 square millimeters, at most 100 square millimeters, at most 75 square millimeters, and/or at most 50 square millimeters. 
     It is within the scope of the present disclosure that electrically actuated gas lift valve assemblies  100  may include an orifice size sensor  128 . Orifice size sensor  128  when present, may be configured to detect an orifice size of adjustable valve assembly orifice  124  and to provide a corresponding state signal  102 , which also may be referred to herein as an orifice size signal, to controller  90 . 
     It is within the scope of the present disclosure that electrically actuated gas lift valve assemblies  100  may include one or more additional sensors  160 . Additional sensors  160 , when present, may be configured to detect one or more additional parameters within a region of the wellbore that is proximal the electrically actuated gas lift valve assemblies and/or to provide a corresponding sensor signal  104  to controller  90 . As an example, electrically actuated gas lift valve assemblies  100  may include a differential pressure sensor configured to detect a differential pressure between lift gas supply conduit  65  and production conduit  60 . Under these conditions, the differential pressure sensor may be configured to generate corresponding sensor signal  104 , in the form of a pressure differential sensor signal, that is indicative of the pressure differential. The differential pressure sensor also may be configured to provide the pressure differential sensor signal to controller  90 . 
     The pressure differential may include any suitable pressure differential. As an example, the differential pressure sensor may detect the pressure differential within a region of the hydrocarbon well that includes the gas injection conduit. As another example, the differential pressure sensor may be configured to detect the pressure differential across the gas injection conduit. 
     When electrically actuated gas lift valve assemblies  100  include the differential pressure sensor, controller  90  may be programmed to selectively transition the electrically actuated shut-off valve of each electrically actuated gas lift valve assembly between a corresponding open state and a corresponding closed state based, at least in part, on the pressure differential and/or on the differential pressure signal. Stated another way, controller  90  may be programmed to independently transition the electrically actuated shut-off valve of each electrically actuated gas lift valve assembly between the corresponding open state and the corresponding closed state based, at least in part, on a corresponding pressure differential that is associated with, or measured by, the electrically actuated gas lift valve assembly. This may include transitioning a selected electrically actuated shut-off valve of a selected electrically actuated gas lift valve assembly from a corresponding closed state to a corresponding open state responsive to a respective pressure differential, as measured by the selected electrically actuated gas lift valve assembly, exceeding a threshold pressure differential. Examples of the threshold pressure differential include threshold pressure differentials of 0.25 Megapascals (MPa), 0.5 MPa, 0.75 MPa, 1 MPa, 1.25 MPa, and/or 1.5 MPa. 
     As another example, electrically actuated gas lift valve assemblies  100  may include a pressure sensor configured to detect a pressure within a region of the hydrocarbon well that includes the gas injection conduit. Under these conditions, the pressure sensor may be configured to generate corresponding sensor signal  104 , in the form of a pressure differential sensor signal, that is indicative of the pressure differential. The differential pressure sensor also may be configured to provide the pressure differential sensor signal to controller  90 . 
     Controller  90  additionally or alternatively may be programmed to calculate an injection rate of lift gas stream  72  into production conduit  60  via gas injection conduit  110 . This calculation of the injection rate may be based, at least in part, on the pressure differential and/or on a cross-sectional area of orifice portion  122 . Additionally or alternatively, and when electrically actuated gas lift valve assemblies  100  include adjustable valve assembly orifice  124 , controller  90  may be programmed to adjust the injection rate, such as by adjusting the size of orifice portion  122 . This may include adjusting the injection rate to maintain the injection rate within a target injection rate range and/or adjusting the injection rate to maintain a gas-to-liquid ratio within the production conduit within a target gas-to-liquid ratio range. 
     In addition, or as an alternative, to the differential pressure sensor, sensors  160  may include and/or be a pressure sensor, a differential temperature sensor, a temperature sensor, a flow sensor, and/or an acoustic sensor. The pressure sensor, when present, may be configured to detect a pressure in the production conduit, in the lift gas supply conduit, and/or within the gas injection conduit. The pressure sensor additionally may be configured to generate a corresponding sensor signal  104 , in the form of a pressure sensor signal that is indicative of the pressure, and to provide the pressure sensor signal to controller  90 . 
     The temperature differential sensor, when present, may be configured to detect a temperature differential between the production conduit and the lift gas supply conduit. The temperature differential sensor additionally may be configured to generate a corresponding sensor signal  104 , in the form of a temperature differential sensor signal that is indicative of the temperature differential, and to provide the temperature differential sensor signal to controller  90 . 
     The temperature sensor, when present, may be configured to detect a temperature within the production conduit, within the lift gas supply conduit, and/or within the gas injection conduit. The temperature sensor additionally may be configured to generate a corresponding sensor signal  104 , in the form of a temperature sensor signal that is indicative of the temperature, and to provide the temperature sensor signal to controller  90 . 
     The flow sensor, when present, may be configured to detect a flow rate of the lift gas stream through the gas injection conduit. The flow sensor additionally may be configured to generate a corresponding sensor signal  104 , in the form of a flow sensor signal that is indicative of the flow rate, and to provide the flow sensor signal to controller  90 . 
     The acoustic sensor, when present, may be configured to detect a vibration proximal the electrically actuated gas lift valve assembly. The acoustic sensor additionally may be configured to generate a corresponding sensor signal  104 , in the form of an acoustic sensor signal that is indicative of the vibration, and to provide the acoustic sensor signal to controller  90 . 
       FIG. 5  is a flowchart depicting examples of methods  200  of providing gas lift in a hydrocarbon well, according to the present disclosure. The hydrocarbon well may include and/or be hydrocarbon well  20  of  FIG. 2  and may include a plurality of electrically actuated gas lift valve assemblies, examples of which include electrically actuated gas lift valve assemblies  100  of  FIGS. 1-4 . 
     Methods  200  include providing a lift gas stream at  205  and measuring a respective pressure differential at  210 . Methods  200  may include estimating a pressure differential at  215 , determining a selected electrically actuated gas lift valve assembly at  220 , generating a respective valve state signal at  225 , and/or providing the respective valve state signal at  230  and include selectively opening the selected electrically actuated gas lift valve assembly at  235 . Methods  200  also may include calculating an injection rate at  240 , adjusting the injection rate at  245 , and/or retaining other electrically actuated gas lift valve assemblies in a respective closed state at  250  and includes providing a lift gas stream via the selected electrically actuated gas lift valve assembly at  255 . Methods  200  further may include selectively regulating an open cross-sectional area of an orifice portion of a gas injection conduit at  260 , measuring a respective pressure differential at  265 , selectively opening another electrically actuated gas lift valve assembly at  270 , and/or providing the gas lift stream via the other electrically actuated gas lift valve assembly at  275 . 
     Providing the lift gas stream at  205  may include providing the lift gas stream to a lift gas supply conduit of the hydrocarbon well. The lift gas stream may be provided in any suitable manner. As an example, the lift gas stream may be provided with, via, and/or utilizing a lift gas supply system, such as lift gas supply system  70  of  FIG. 1 . Examples of the lift gas supply conduit are disclosed herein with reference to lift gas supply conduit  65  of  FIGS. 1-4 . Examples of the lift gas stream are disclosed herein with reference to lift gas stream  72  of  FIGS. 2-4 . 
     Measuring the respective pressure differential at  210  may include measuring the respective pressure differential between the lift gas supply conduit and the production conduit. This may include measuring the respective pressure differential at, near, proximal, and/or with each electrically actuated gas lift valve assembly. Stated another way, the measuring at  210  may include measuring a plurality of respective pressure differentials, with each respective pressure differential in the plurality of respective pressure differentials being associated with a corresponding electrically actuated gas lift valve assembly in the plurality of electrically actuated gas lift valve assemblies. 
     The measuring at  210  may be accomplished in any suitable manner. As examples, the measuring at  210  may include measuring with, via, and/or utilizing each electrically actuated gas lift valve assembly and/or with, via, and/or utilizing a differential pressure sensor of, or associated with, each electrically actuated gas lift valve assembly. The measuring at  210  additionally or alternatively may include providing a respective differential pressure signal, which is indicative of the respective pressure differential at a given electrically actuated gas lift valve assembly, from each electrically actuated gas lift valve assembly to a controller of the hydrocarbon well. Examples of the differential pressure sensor and the differential pressure signal are disclosed herein with reference to sensor  160  of  FIGS. 2-4 . Examples of the controller are disclosed herein with reference to controller  90  of  FIG. 1 . 
     It is within the scope of the present disclosure that the hydrocarbon well may include a damaged electrically actuated gas lift valve assembly. The damaged electrically actuated gas lift valve assembly may not include the differential pressure sensor and/or the differential pressure sensor of the damaged electrically actuated gas lift valve assembly may be damaged and/or may be unable to generate a corresponding differential pressure signal. As such, a respective pressure differential between the lift gas supply conduit and the production conduit, at the damaged electrically actuated gas lift valve assembly, may be unavailable. Under these conditions, methods  200  may include the estimating the pressure differential at  215 . The estimating at  215  may include estimating the respective pressure differential between the lift gas supply conduit and the production conduit at, near, and/or proximal the damaged electrically actuated gas lift valve assembly. The estimating at  215  may be based, at least in part, on the respective pressure differential between the lift gas supply conduit and the production conduit as measured at each electrically actuated gas lift valve assembly in the plurality of electrically actuated gas lift valve assemblies. Stated another way, the estimating at  215  may include estimating an unknown, or an unmeasured, pressure differential based, at least in part, on known and/or measured pressure differentials and/or based, at least in part, on a relative location of the plurality of electrically actuated gas lift valve assemblies and the damaged electrically actuated gas lift valve assembly. As an example, the estimating at  215  may include interpolating, or linearly interpolating, among two or more respective pressure differentials, which were measured during the measuring at  210 , to estimate the pressure differential at the damaged electrically actuated gas lift valve assembly. 
     Determining the selected electrically actuated gas lift valve assembly at  220  may include determining, or selecting, the selected electrically actuated gas lift valve assembly in any suitable manner. As an example, the determining at  220  may include determining based, at least in part, on the respective pressure differential received, by the controller and during the measuring at  210 , from each electrically actuated gas lift valve assembly. 
     Generating the respective valve state signal at  225  may include generating, with the controller, any suitable signal that directs, or commands, the selected electrically actuated gas lift valve assembly to transition to, to assume, to take on, and/or to remain in an open state. The respective valve state signal may be such that, upon receipt of the respective valve state signal, the selected electrically actuated gas lift valve assembly transitions to, or remains within, the open state. 
     Providing the respective valve state signal at  230  may include providing the respective valve state signal from the controller and/or to the selected electrically actuated gas lift valve assembly. This may include providing with, via, and/or utilizing any suitable communication linkage, such as communication linkage  94  of  FIG. 1 . 
     Selectively opening the selected electrically actuated gas lift valve assembly at  235  may include selectively opening any suitable selected electrically actuated gas lift valve assembly in the plurality of electrically actuated gas lift valve assemblies. This may include selectively transitioning the selected electrically actuated gas lift valve assembly to the open state and/or selectively permitting fluid flow from the lift gas supply conduit to the production conduit via a gas injection conduit of the selected electrically actuated gas lift valve assembly. 
     The selectively opening may be based, at least in part, on the respective pressure differential measured by, or at, the selected electrically actuated gas lift valve assembly and may be accomplished in any suitable manner. As an example, and when methods  200  include the determining at  220 , the generating at  225 , and/or the providing at  230 , the selectively opening at  235  may include selectively opening responsive to receipt of the respective valve state signal from the controller and/or by the selected electrically actuated gas lift valve assembly. 
     As another example, the selectively opening at  235  may include selectively opening responsive to the respective pressure differential, as measured at and/or by the selected electrically actuated gas lift valve assembly, exceeding a threshold pressure differential and/or being a closest respective pressure differential to the threshold pressure differential. As yet another example, the selectively opening at  235  may include selectively opening a most downhole electrically actuated gas lift valve assembly in the plurality of electrically actuated gas lift valve assemblies when the respective pressure differential exceeds the threshold pressure differential and/or is within a predetermined pressure differential range. 
     As another example, the selectively opening at  235  may include electrically selecting the selected electrically actuated gas lift valve by providing an assembly-specific electric signal to the selected electrically actuated gas lift valve. As yet another example, the selectively opening at  235  may include commanding, or selectively commanding, the selected electrically actuated gas lift valve assembly to accept an electric current. As another example, the selectively opening at  235  may include transitioning the selectively actuated gas lift valve assembly to the open state. 
     It is within the scope of the present disclosure that the selectively opening at  235  may be based, at least in part, on one or more additional criteria that may be in addition to the respective pressure differential measured at the selected electrically actuated gas lift valve assembly. As an example, the selectively opening at  235  may include selectively opening based, at least in part, on a pressure differential measured at another electrically actuated gas lift valve assembly, on a production rate of fluid from the hydrocarbon well, on a flow rate of the lift gas stream through the hydrocarbon well, on a flow rate of the lift gas stream through the selected electrically actuated gas lift valve assembly, on an expected flow rate of the lift gas stream through the selected electrically actuated gas lift valve assembly, on a pressure that is measured downhole from the selected electrically actuated gas lift valve assembly, on a pressure differential that is measured downhole from the selected electrically actuated gas lift valve assembly, on a bottom hole pressure of the hydrocarbon well, and/or on a pressure differential between the tubing conduit and the annular space measured near a toe end of the hydrocarbon well. 
     It is also within the scope of the present disclosure that the selected electrically actuated gas lift valve assembly may be a first selected electrically actuated gas lift valve assembly in a plurality of selected electrically actuated gas lift valve assemblies. Under these conditions, the selectively opening at  235  may include selectively opening the plurality of selected electrically actuated gas lift valve assemblies. 
     Calculating the injection rate at  240  may include calculating the injection rate of the lift gas stream through the selected electrically actuated gas lift valve assembly. The calculating at  240  may be based, at least in part, on the respective pressure differential and/or on a cross-sectional area of an orifice portion of the selected electrically actuated gas lift valve assembly. 
     Adjusting the injection rate at  245  may include adjusting the injection rate of the lift gas stream through the selected electrically actuated gas lift valve assembly. The adjusting at  245  may include adjusting to maintain the injection rate within a target injection rate range and/or to maintain a gas-to-liquid ratio in the production conduit within a target gas-to-liquid ratio range. The adjusting at  245  may include adjusting with, via, and/or utilizing an adjustable valve assembly orifice, such as adjustable valve assembly orifice  124  of  FIGS. 2-4 . 
     Retaining other electrically actuated gas lift valve assemblies in the respective closed state at  250  may include retaining each other electrically actuated gas lift valve assembly in the plurality of electrically actuated gas lift valve assemblies in a respective closed state. Stated another way, methods  200  may include providing the lift gas stream from the lift gas supply conduit and/or to the production conduit only through the selected electrically actuated gas lift valve assembly and/or providing the lift gas stream only through a single selected electrically actuated gas lift valve assembly. 
     Providing the lift gas stream via the selected electrically actuated gas lift valve assembly at  255  may include providing the lift gas stream to the production conduit and/or from the lift gas supply conduit. This may include flowing the lift gas stream through the gas injection conduit of the selected electrically actuated gas lift valve assembly. 
     Selectively regulating the open cross-sectional area of the orifice portion of the gas injection conduit at  260  may include selectively regulating the open cross-sectional area based, at least in part, on the respective pressure differential. This may include selectively regulating the open cross-sectional area to facilitate, or as part of, the adjusting at  245 . The selectively regulating at  260  may include selectively regulating to regulate the flow rate of the lift gas stream through the selected electrically actuated gas lift valve assembly and/or to maintain the flow rate within a predetermined flow rate range. 
     Measuring the respective pressure differential at  265  may include performing, or repeating, the measuring at  210  to measure the respective pressure differential at each electrically actuated gas lift valve assembly. Stated another way, the measuring at  265 , which also may be referred to herein as repeating the measuring at  210 , may include measuring the respective pressure differential at a point in time that is subsequent to a point in time at which the measuring at  210  was performed. 
     Selectively opening another electrically actuated gas lift valve assembly at  270  may include selectively opening the other electrically actuated gas lift valve assembly based, at least in part, on a change in the respective pressure differential. Stated another way, and responsive to a change in the respective pressure differential between the measuring at  210  and the measuring at  265 , the selectively opening at  270  may include selectively opening another electrically actuated gas lift valve assembly that is different from the selected electrically actuated gas lift valve assembly. When methods  200  include the selectively opening at  270 , methods  200  also may include closing the selected electrically actuated gas lift valve assembly, and the closing may be performed prior to, concurrently with, and/or subsequent to the selectively opening at  270 . 
     Providing the gas lift stream via the other electrically actuated gas lift valve assembly at  275  may include providing the lift gas stream from the lift gas supply conduit and/or to the production conduit via the other selectively actuated lift gas valve assembly. This may include flowing the lift gas stream through the gas injection conduit of the other electrically actuated gas lift valve assembly. 
     As discussed, electrically actuated gas lift valve assemblies according to the present disclosure may be individually and/or selectively addressed and/or actuated. With this in mind, it is within the scope of the present disclosure that the electrically actuated gas lift valve assemblies may be utilized and/or controlled in a manner that may be in addition to, or in place of, those described herein. 
     As an example, and prior to initiating gas lift within a hydrocarbon well, both the tubing conduit and the annular space may be filled with a liquid. Upon initiating flow of the lift gas stream to the lift gas supply conduit, the lift gas stream may pressurize the lift gas supply conduit, thereby providing a motive force for flow of the liquid from the lift gas supply conduit. To speed and/or facilitate flow of this liquid from the lift gas supply conduit, a selected subset, or even every, electrically actuated gas lift valve assembly within the hydrocarbon well may be transitioned to the open state. 
     As another example, electrically actuated gas lift valve assemblies that are downhole from an upper level of the liquid that is within the lift gas supply conduit may be transitioned to the open state. Additionally or alternatively, electrically actuated gas lift valve assemblies that are uphole from the upper level of the liquid that is within the lift gas supply conduit may be transitioned to the closed state. This process may be referred to herein as unloading the lift gas supply conduit. 
     As yet another example, and as discussed herein, methods  200  may include measuring the respective pressure differential at  210  and calculating the injection rate at  240 . By monitoring a relationship, or a correlation, between the pressure differential across a given electrically actuated gas lift valve assembly and the injection rate through the given electrically actuated gas lift valve assembly, variation in a resistance to fluid flow through the gas injection conduit of the given electrically actuated gas lift valve assembly may be estimated and/or quantified. 
     As an example, it may be observed that the injection rate through the given electrically actuated gas lift valve assembly increases as a function of time for a given pressure differential across the given electrically actuated gas lift valve assembly. This may indicate a decrease in resistance to fluid flow through the gas injection conduit, erosion of the structures that define the gas injection conduit, and/or an increase in a volume of the gas injection conduit. This information may indicate wear of the given electrically actuated gas lift valve assembly, may indicate a need to replace the given electrically actuated gas lift valve assembly, and/or may be utilized to more accurately regulate flow of the lift gas stream through the given electrically actuated gas lift valve assembly. 
     As another example, it may be observed that the injection rate through the given electrically actuated gas lift valve assembly decreases as a function of time for a given pressure differential across the given electrically actuated gas lift valve assembly. This may indicate an increase in resistance to fluid flow though the gas injection conduit, corrosion of the structures that define the gas injection conduit, accumulation of foreign material within the gas injection conduit, and/or a decrease in the volume of the gas injection conduit. This information may indicate plugging of the given electrically actuated gas lift valve assembly, may indicate a need to clean the given electrically actuated gas lift valve assembly, and/or may be utilized to more accurately regulate flow of the lift gas stream through the given electrically actuated gas lift valve assembly. 
     In the present disclosure, several of the illustrative, non-exclusive examples have been discussed and/or presented in the context of flow diagrams, or flow charts, in which the methods are shown and described as a series of blocks, or steps. Unless specifically set forth in the accompanying description, it is within the scope of the present disclosure that the order of the blocks may vary from the illustrated order in the flow diagram, including with two or more of the blocks (or steps) occurring in a different order and/or concurrently. It is also within the scope of the present disclosure that the blocks, or steps, may be implemented as logic, which also may be described as implementing the blocks, or steps, as logics. In some applications, the blocks, or steps, may represent expressions and/or actions to be performed by functionally equivalent circuits or other logic devices. The illustrated blocks may, but are not required to, represent executable instructions that cause a computer, processor, and/or other logic device to respond, to perform an action, to change states, to generate an output or display, and/or to make decisions. 
     As used herein, the term “and/or” placed between a first entity and a second entity means one of (1) the first entity, (2) the second entity, and (3) the first entity and the second entity. Multiple entities listed with “and/or” should be construed in the same manner, i.e., “one or more” of the entities so conjoined. Other entities may optionally be present other than the entities specifically identified by the “and/or” clause, whether related or unrelated to those entities specifically identified. Thus, as a non-limiting example, a reference to “A and/or B,” when used in conjunction with open-ended language such as “comprising” may refer, in one embodiment, to A only (optionally including entities other than B); in another embodiment, to B only (optionally including entities other than A); in yet another embodiment, to both A and B (optionally including other entities). These entities may refer to elements, actions, structures, steps, operations, values, and the like. 
     As used herein, the phrase “at least one,” in reference to a list of one or more entities should be understood to mean at least one entity selected from any one or more of the entities in the list of entities, but not necessarily including at least one of each and every entity specifically listed within the list of entities and not excluding any combinations of entities in the list of entities. This definition also allows that entities may optionally be present other than the entities specifically identified within the list of entities to which the phrase “at least one” refers, whether related or unrelated to those entities specifically identified. Thus, as a non-limiting example, “at least one of A and B” (or, equivalently, “at least one of A or B,” or, equivalently “at least one of A and/or B”) may refer, in one embodiment, to at least one, optionally including more than one, A, with no B present (and optionally including entities other than B); in another embodiment, to at least one, optionally including more than one, B, with no A present (and optionally including entities other than A); in yet another embodiment, to at least one, optionally including more than one, A, and at least one, optionally including more than one, B (and optionally including other entities). In other words, the phrases “at least one,” “one or more,” and “and/or” are open-ended expressions that are both conjunctive and disjunctive in operation. For example, each of the expressions “at least one of A, B, and C,” “at least one of A, B, or C,” “one or more of A, B, and C,” “one or more of A, B, or C,” and “A, B, and/or C” may mean A alone, B alone, C alone, A and B together, A and C together, B and C together, A, B, and C together, and optionally any of the above in combination with at least one other entity. 
     In the event that any patents, patent applications, or other references are incorporated by reference herein and (1) define a term in a manner that is inconsistent with and/or (2) are otherwise inconsistent with, either the non-incorporated portion of the present disclosure or any of the other incorporated references, the non-incorporated portion of the present disclosure shall control, and the term or incorporated disclosure therein shall only control with respect to the reference in which the term is defined and/or the incorporated disclosure was present originally. 
     As used herein the terms “adapted” and “configured” mean that the element, component, or other subject matter is designed and/or intended to perform a given function. Thus, the use of the terms “adapted” and “configured” should not be construed to mean that a given element, component, or other subject matter is simply “capable of” performing a given function but that the element, component, and/or other subject matter is specifically selected, created, implemented, utilized, programmed, and/or designed for the purpose of performing the function. It is also within the scope of the present disclosure that elements, components, and/or other recited subject matter that is recited as being adapted to perform a particular function may additionally or alternatively be described as being configured to perform that function, and vice versa. 
     As used herein, the phrase, “for example,” the phrase, “as an example,” and/or simply the term “example,” when used with reference to one or more components, features, details, structures, embodiments, and/or methods according to the present disclosure, are intended to convey that the described component, feature, detail, structure, embodiment, and/or method is an illustrative, non-exclusive example of components, features, details, structures, embodiments, and/or methods according to the present disclosure. Thus, the described component, feature, detail, structure, embodiment, and/or method is not intended to be limiting, required, or exclusive/exhaustive; and other components, features, details, structures, embodiments, and/or methods, including structurally and/or functionally similar and/or equivalent components, features, details, structures, embodiments, and/or methods, are also within the scope of the present disclosure. 
     INDUSTRIAL APPLICABILITY 
     The systems and methods disclosed herein are applicable to the oil and gas industries. 
     It is believed that the disclosure set forth above encompasses multiple distinct inventions with independent utility. While each of these inventions has been disclosed in its preferred form, the specific embodiments thereof as disclosed and illustrated herein are not to be considered in a limiting sense as numerous variations are possible. The subject matter of the inventions includes all novel and non-obvious combinations and subcombinations of the various elements, features, functions and/or properties disclosed herein. Similarly, where the claims recite “a” or “a first” element or the equivalent thereof, such claims should be understood to include incorporation of one or more such elements, neither requiring nor excluding two or more such elements. 
     It is believed that the following claims particularly point out certain combinations and subcombinations that are directed to one of the disclosed inventions and are novel and non-obvious. Inventions embodied in other combinations and subcombinations of features, functions, elements and/or properties may be claimed through amendment of the present claims or presentation of new claims in this or a related application. Such amended or new claims, whether they are directed to a different invention or directed to the same invention, whether different, broader, narrower, or equal in scope to the original claims, are also regarded as included within the subject matter of the inventions of the present disclosure.