Patent Publication Number: US-11645721-B1

Title: Usage-based policies

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This application is a continuation of and claims priority to U.S. application Ser. No. 14/988,977, filed Jan. 6, 2016, and entitled “Usage-Based Policies” which is a continuation-in-part of and claims priority to U.S. application Ser. No. 14/607,636, filed Jan. 28, 2015, and entitled “Risk Unit Based Policies,” and U.S. application Ser. No. 14/607,662, filed Jan. 28, 2015, and entitled “Risk Unit Based Policies,” all of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. 
    
    
     TECHNICAL FIELD 
     Various aspects of the disclosure relate to usage-based insurance systems for determining and implementing usage-based insurance policies. More specifically, aspects of the disclosure relate to determining cost per day and cost per mile based on received driving data. 
     BACKGROUND 
     Vehicle insurance policies are generally purchased by insurance customers from various insurance providers. Conventional policies generally provide coverage to the user for a term of the policy based on payment of a premium associated with the policy. Such term based policies might not account for driving behaviors, environmental conditions, or the like. Rather, coverage may be provided for the term, regardless of how, where, when, etc. the driver operates the vehicle. 
     Many vehicles include sensors and internal computer systems designed to store and monitor driving data, vehicle operation data, driving conditions, and driving functions. Many vehicles also include one or more communication systems designed to send and receive information from inside or outside the vehicle. Such information can include, for example, vehicle operational data, driving conditions, and communications from other vehicles or systems. 
     SUMMARY 
     The following presents a simplified summary in order to provide a basic understanding of some aspects of the disclosure. The summary is not an extensive overview of the disclosure. It is neither intended to identify key or critical elements of the disclosure nor to delineate the scope of the disclosure. The following summary merely presents some concepts of the disclosure in a simplified form as a prelude to the description below. 
     Aspects of the disclosure relate to methods, computer-readable media, and apparatuses for determining a cost per day and/or a cost per mile for a usage-based insurance policy. These costs may be used to determine a cost associated with a driving trip and that cost may be deducted from a balance of a premium paid by the user. In some examples, driving data associated with the first driving trip may be collected from one or more sensors in a vehicle. This driving data may be used to revise or modify the cost per day and/or cost per mile in order to account for increased or decreased risk associated with the particular driving behaviors of the user. One or more subsequent driving trips may then be performed and a cost associated with each of the one or more driving trips may be determined based on the revised or modified cost per day and/or cost per mile. 
     Other features and advantages of the disclosure will be apparent from the additional description provided herein. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       A more complete understanding of the present invention and the advantages thereof may be acquired by referring to the following description in consideration of the accompanying drawings, in which like reference numbers indicate like features, and wherein: 
         FIG.  1    illustrates computing systems and a network environment that may be used to implement aspects of the disclosure. 
         FIG.  2    is an example risk unit based insurance system according to one or more aspects described herein. 
         FIG.  3    is an example risk unit based insurance system environment illustrating various communications between vehicles-based devices, a personal mobile device, and an insurance system server, according to one or more aspects of the disclosure. 
         FIG.  4    is a flow diagram illustrating an example method of generating a risk unit based insurance policy and implementing the risk unit based insurance policy according to one or more aspects described herein. 
         FIG.  5    is an example user interface providing information to a user regarding a risk unit consumption rate according to one or more aspects described herein. 
         FIG.  6    is a flow diagram illustrating an example method of providing one or more risk unit account refill options to a user, according to one or more aspects described herein. 
         FIGS.  7 A- 7 D  are example user interfaces that may be provided to a user to facilitate risk unit account replenishment according to one or more aspects described herein. 
         FIG.  8    is a flow diagram illustrating an example method of generating suggested modifications to driving behaviors in order to improve risk unit consumption rate, according to one or more aspects described herein. 
         FIG.  9    is an example user interface providing one or more recommended driving behavior modifications to a user, according to one or more aspects described herein. 
         FIG.  10    is an example usage-based insurance system according to one or more aspects described herein. 
         FIG.  11    is an example usage-based insurance system environment illustrating various communications between vehicle-based devices, a personal mobile device, and an insurance system server, according to one or more aspects of the disclosure. 
         FIG.  12    is a flow chart illustrating an example method of determining a cost of a trip associated with a usage-based insurance policy and deducting the cost of the trip from a premium associated with the policy according to one or more aspects described herein. 
         FIG.  13    is a flow chart illustrating an example method of attempting to automatically transfer funds from a payment account to a user or vehicle account according to one or more aspects described herein. 
         FIG.  14    is a flow chart illustrating one example method of reducing or eliminating charges upon reaching a daily mileage threshold limit, according to one or more aspects described herein. 
         FIG.  15    is a flow chart illustrating one example method of tracking trip events via a ledger in accordance with one or more aspects described herein. 
         FIG.  16    is a flow chart illustrating one example method of replenishing accounts according to one or more aspects described herein. 
         FIG.  17    is a flow chart illustrating one example method of creating a new account according to one or more aspects described herein. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     In the following description of the various embodiments, reference is made to the accompanying drawings, which form a part hereof, and in which is shown by way of illustration, various embodiments of the disclosure that may be practiced. It is to be understood that other embodiments may be utilized. 
     As will be appreciated by one of skill in the art upon reading the following disclosure, various aspects described herein may be embodied as a method, a computer system, or a computer program product. Accordingly, those aspects may take the form of an entirely hardware embodiment, an entirely software embodiment or an embodiment combining software and hardware aspects. Furthermore, such aspects may take the form of a computer program product stored by one or more computer-readable storage media having computer-readable program code, or instructions, embodied in or on the storage media. Any suitable computer-readable storage media may be utilized, including hard disks, CD-ROMs, optical storage devices, magnetic storage devices, and/or any combination thereof. In addition, various signals representing data or events as described herein may be transferred between a source and a destination in the form of electromagnetic waves traveling through signal-conducting media such as metal wires, optical fibers, and/or wireless transmission media (e.g., air and/or space). 
       FIG.  1    illustrates a block diagram of a computing device (or system)  101  in a computer system  100  that may be used according to one or more illustrative embodiments of the disclosure. The device  101  may have a processor  103  for controlling overall operation of the device  101  and its associated components, including RAM  105 , ROM  107 , input/output module  109 , and memory  115 . The computing device  101 , along with one or more additional devices (e.g., terminals  141  and  151 , security and integration hardware  160 ) may correspond to any of multiple systems or devices described herein, such as personal mobile devices, vehicle-based computing devices, insurance systems servers, external data sources and other various devices in a risk unit based insurance system. These various computing systems may be configured individually or in combination, as described herein, for determining and/or providing one or more risk units to a user, maintaining an account of risk units for a user, determining a rate at which a balance in the account may be reduced (e.g., based on various driving factor, external factors, traditional insurance factors, or the like), automatically refilling a risk unit account based on the balance reaching a predetermined threshold, and the like, using the devices of the risk unit based insurance systems described herein. In addition to the features described above, the techniques described herein also may be used for generating and presenting insurance recommendations to customers, insurance underwriting, and other insurance-related tasks. 
     Input/Output (I/O)  109  may include a microphone, keypad, touch screen, and/or stylus through which a user of the computing device  101  may provide input, and may also include one or more of a speaker for providing audio output and a video display device for providing textual, audiovisual and/or graphical output. Software may be stored within memory  115  and/or storage to provide instructions to processor  103  for enabling device  101  to perform various actions. For example, memory  115  may store software used by the device  101 , such as an operating system  117 , application programs  119 , and an associated internal database  121 . The various hardware memory units in memory  115  may include volatile and nonvolatile, removable and non-removable media implemented in any method or technology for storage of information such as computer-readable instructions, data structures, program modules or other data. Certain devices and systems within risk unit based insurance systems may have minimum hardware requirements in order to support sufficient storage capacity, processing capacity, analysis capacity, network communication, etc. For instance, in some embodiments, one or more nonvolatile hardware memory units having a minimum size (e.g., at least 1 gigabyte (GB), 2 GB, 5 GB, etc.), and/or one or more volatile hardware memory units having a minimum size (e.g., 256 megabytes (MB), 512 MB, 1 GB, etc.) may be used in a device  101  (e.g., a personal mobile device  101 , vehicle-based device  101 , insurance system server  101 , etc.), in order to collect and analyze driver data, vehicle data, and/or driving trip data, determine risk unit based insurance policy parameters, determine rate at which risk units are consumed during operation of a vehicle, etc., using the various devices of the risk unit based insurance systems. Memory  115  also may include one or more physical persistent memory devices and/or one or more non-persistent memory devices. Memory  115  may include, but is not limited to, random access memory (RAM)  105 , read only memory (ROM)  107 , electronically erasable programmable read only memory (EEPROM), flash memory or other memory technology, CD-ROM, digital versatile disks (DVD) or other optical disk storage, magnetic cassettes, magnetic tape, magnetic disk storage or other magnetic storage devices, or any other medium that can be used to store the desired information and that can be accessed by processor  103 . 
     Processor  103  may include a single central processing unit (CPU), which may be a single-core or multi-core processor (e.g., dual-core, quad-core, etc.), or may include multiple CPUs. Processor(s)  103  may have various bit sizes (e.g., 16-bit, 32-bit, 64-bit, 96-bit, 128-bit, etc.) and various processor speeds (ranging from 100 MHz to 5 Ghz or faster). Processor(s)  103  and its associated components may allow the system  101  to execute a series of computer-readable instructions, for example, determine a risk unit balance in a risk unit account, to receive and analyze driver data, vehicle data, and/or driving trip data, determine a rate at which risk units are consumed (e.g., based on analyzed driver data, vehicle data, external data, or the like), and/or automatically refill a risk unit account balance upon determining that the balance has reached a predetermined threshold. 
     The computing device (e.g., a personal mobile device, vehicle-based system, insurance system server, etc.) may operate in a networked environment  100  supporting connections to one or more remote computers, such as terminals  141 ,  151 , and  161 . Such terminals may be personal computers or servers  141  (e.g., home computers, laptops, web servers, database servers), mobile communication devices  151  (e.g., mobile phones, tablet computers, etc.), vehicle-based computing systems  161  (e.g., on-board vehicle systems, telematics devices, mobile phones or other personal mobile devices within vehicles), and the like, each of which may include some or all of the elements described above with respect to the computing device  101 . The network connections depicted in  FIG.  1    include a local area network (LAN)  125  and a wide area network (WAN)  129 , and a wireless telecommunications network  133 , but may also include other networks. When used in a LAN networking environment, the computing device  101  may be connected to the LAN  125  through a network interface or adapter  123 . When used in a WAN networking environment, the device  101  may include a modem  127  or other means for establishing communications over the WAN  129 , such as network  131  (e.g., the Internet). When used in a wireless telecommunications network  133 , the device  101  may include one or more transceivers, digital signal processors, and additional circuitry and software for communicating with wireless computing devices  151  and  161  (e.g., mobile phones, portable customer computing devices, vehicle-based computing devices and systems, etc.) via one or more network devices  135  (e.g., base transceiver stations) in the wireless network  133 . 
     Also illustrated in  FIG.  1    is a security and integration layer  160 , through which communications are sent and managed between the device  101  (e.g., a personal mobile device, a vehicle-based computing device, an insurance server, an intermediary server and/or external data source servers, etc.) and the remote devices ( 141 ,  151 , and  161 ) and remote networks ( 125 ,  129 , and  133 ). The security and integration layer  160  may comprise one or more separate computing devices, such as web servers, authentication servers, and/or various networking components (e.g., firewalls, routers, gateways, load balancers, etc.), having some or all of the elements described above with respect to the computing device  101 . As an example, a security and integration layer  160  of a server  101  may comprise a set of web application servers configured to use secure protocols and to insulate the device  101  from external devices  141 ,  151 , and  161 . In some cases, the security and integration layer  160  may correspond to a set of dedicated hardware and/or software operating at the same physical location and under the control of same entities as device  101 . For example, layer  160  may correspond to one or more dedicated web servers and network hardware in a vehicle and driver information datacenter or in a cloud infrastructure supporting a cloud-based vehicle identification and vehicle and driver data retrieval and analysis. In other examples, the security and integration layer  160  may correspond to separate hardware and software components which may be operated at a separate physical location and/or by a separate entity. 
     As discussed below, the data transferred to and from various devices in a risk unit based insurance system  100  may include secure and sensitive data, such as confidential vehicle operation data, insurance policy data, and confidential user data from drivers and passengers in vehicles. Therefore, it may be desirable to protect transmissions of such data by using secure network protocols and encryption, and also to protect the integrity of the data when stored on the various devices within a personalized insurance system, such as personal mobile devices, vehicle-based devices, insurance servers, external data source servers, or other computing devices in the system  100 , by using the security and integration layer  160  to authenticate users and restrict access to unknown or unauthorized users. In various implementations, security and integration layer  160  may provide, for example, a file-based integration scheme or a service-based integration scheme for transmitting data between the various devices in an electronic display system  100 . Data may be transmitted through the security and integration layer  160 , using various network communication protocols. Secure data transmission protocols and/or encryption may be used in file transfers to protect to integrity of the data, for example, File Transfer Protocol (FTP), Secure File Transfer Protocol (SFTP), and/or Pretty Good Privacy (PGP) encryption. In other examples, one or more web services may be implemented within the various devices  101  in the system  100  and/or the security and integration layer  160 . The web services may be accessed by authorized external devices and users to support input, extraction, and manipulation of the data (e.g., vehicle data, driver data, driving trip data, etc.) between the various devices  101  in the system  100 . Web services built to support a personalized display system may be cross-domain and/or cross-platform, and may be built for enterprise use. Such web services may be developed in accordance with various web service standards, such as the Web Service Interoperability (WS-I) guidelines. In some examples, a driver data, vehicle data, and/or driving trip data analysis web service, a risk unit based insurance policy determination or offer web service, or the like, may be implemented in the security and integration layer  160  using the Secure Sockets Layer (SSL) or Transport Layer Security (TLS) protocol to provide secure connections between servers  101  and various clients  141 ,  151 , and  161 . SSL or TLS may use HTTP or HTTPS to provide authentication and confidentiality. In other examples, such web services may be implemented using the WS-Security standard, which provides for secure SOAP messages using XML encryption. In still other examples, the security and integration layer  160  may include specialized hardware for providing secure web services. For example, secure network appliances in the security and integration layer  160  may include built-in features such as hardware-accelerated SSL and HTTPS, WS-Security, and firewalls. Such specialized hardware may be installed and configured in the security and integration layer  160  in front of the web servers, so that any external devices may communicate directly with the specialized hardware. 
     Although not shown in  FIG.  1   , various elements within memory  115  or other components in system  100 , may include one or more caches, for example, CPU caches used by the processing unit  103 , page caches used by the operating system  117 , disk caches of a hard drive, and/or database caches used to cache content from database  121 . For embodiments including a CPU cache, the CPU cache may be used by one or more processors in the processing unit  103  to reduce memory latency and access time. In such examples, a processor  103  may retrieve data from or write data to the CPU cache rather than reading/writing to memory  115 , which may improve the speed of these operations. In some examples, a database cache may be created in which certain data from a database  121  (e.g., a database of driver data, driving behaviors or characteristics, passenger-related data, vehicle data, driving trip data, account balance data, etc.) is cached in a separate smaller database on an application server separate from the database server (e.g., at a personal mobile device, vehicle-based data, or intermediary network device or cache device, etc.). For instance, in a multi-tiered application, a database cache on an application server can reduce data retrieval and data manipulation time by not needing to communicate over a network with a back-end database server. These types of caches and others may be included in various embodiments, and may provide potential advantages in certain implementations of risk unit based insurance systems, such as faster response times and less dependence on network conditions when transmitting and receiving driver information, vehicle information, driving trip information, insurance parameters, account balance information, and the like. 
     It will be appreciated that the network connections shown are illustrative and other means of establishing a communications link between the computers may be used. The existence of any of various network protocols such as TCP/IP, Ethernet, FTP, HTTP and the like, and of various wireless communication technologies such as GSM, CDMA, WiFi, and WiMAX, is presumed, and the various computing devices in risk unit based insurance system components described herein may be configured to communicate using any of these network protocols or technologies. 
     Additionally, one or more application programs  119  may be used by the various computing devices  101  within a risk unit based insurance system  100  (e.g., vehicle data, driver data, and/or driving trip data analysis software applications, insurance parameter determination software applications, risk unit account applications, etc.), including computer executable instructions for receiving and analyzing various driver data, vehicle data, and/or driving trip data, determining parameters for risk unit insurance policies, presenting risk unit based insurance policies via the devices in the risk unit based insurance system, determining a rate at which risk units are consumed during operation of a vehicle, and evaluating and/or automatically refilling a balance of a risk unit account using the devices of the risk unit based insurance systems. 
       FIG.  2    is a schematic diagram of an illustrative risk unit based insurance system  200 . The risk unit based insurance system  200  may be associated with, internal to, operated by, or the like, an entity  201 , such as an insurance provider. In some examples, the entity may be one of various other types of entities, such as a government entity, corporation or business, university, or the like. Various examples described herein will be discussed in the context of an insurance provider. However, nothing in the specification should be viewed as limiting use of the systems, methods, arrangements, etc. described herein to use only by an insurance provider. 
     The risk unit based insurance system  200  may include one or more modules that may include hardware and/or software configured to perform various functions within the system  200 . The one or more modules may be separate, physical devices or, in other examples, one or more modules may be part of the same physical device. 
     The risk unit based insurance system may include a risk unit module  202 . The risk unit module  202  may be configured to determine a cost to insure an average user for a predetermined period of time. For instance, the risk unit module  202  may receive data, such as insurance data from insurance data store  204 , locality data from locality data store  206 , as well as other data (from data stores not shown that may be internal to the entity  201  or external to the entity  201 ), and determine, based on the received data, the cost to insure an average user over a predetermined period of time (e.g., one month, one week, one day, one year, or the like). This cost may be considered equivalent to one risk unit. Further, a cost to the user or insurance policy holder to purchase a risk unit may be determined by the system. This cost may be different from the cost forming the risk unit and may be determined on a fixed date. The cost to the user may then be revised at a second date (e.g., monthly, annually, etc.). Accordingly, insurance may be provided to one or more users based on risk units, as will be discussed more fully herein. 
     The risk unit based insurance system  200  may further include a policy module  208 . The policy module  208  may generate and/or store insurance policies using risk units, as well as insurance policy information or factors, such as vehicle information, driving record/experience, policy limits, deductibles, etc. That is, a user may be insured through a policy that provides a number of risk units for a particular cost (e.g., insurance premium). The risk units may then be consumed by the user as, for example, the user drives or operates his or her vehicle. The risk units may be consumed based on sensor data-focused factors, such as time elapsed, driving habits of the user, environmental conditions in which the user operates the vehicle, vehicle parameters (such as year, make, model, features, specifications, etc.), condition or performance of the vehicle (e.g., based on sensor data), and the like, as well as traditional policy factors, such as driving experience, driving record, credit variables, policy coverage, deductible, policy limits, familiarity of the driver with the vehicle or surroundings, and the like. In some examples, one policy parameter may include a level of coverage. For instance, risk units may be purchased at various levels with each level providing a different level of coverage, as will be discussed more fully herein. Additionally or alternatively, the consumption rate may reflect different levels of coverage. 
     The insurance policies based on risk units may further include a risk unit account stored in risk unit account module  210 . The risk unit account module  210  may include one or more accounts associated with one or more users (e.g., users having risk unit based insurance policies), vehicles (e.g., vehicles associated with a risk unit based insurance policy), or the like. The accounts may include information associated with a user such as name, address, contact information, and the like, as well as information associated with the vehicle, such as vehicle identification number, make, model, year, etc. Further, the accounts may include a number of risk units associated with or available to the user or account holder, associated with the vehicle, etc. Accordingly, if a user has a risk unit based insurance policy that includes the purchase of 100 risk units, the user account will show, at the purchase, 100 risk units. As the risk units are consumed (e.g., by the user operating the vehicle, or the like) a balance of risk units in the account may be reduced. In some examples, the balance of risk units in an account may be displayed to the user via a computing device, such as one or more of computing devices  212   a - 212   f . For instance, the risk unit account balance may be displayed via an application (e.g., online or mobile application) on a smartphone  212   a , personal digital assistant (PDA)  212   b , tablet  212   c , cell phone  212   d , or other computing device  212   e . In some examples, the risk unit account balance may be displayed to a user on a vehicle display  212   f . In addition to display of the account balance, various other account details may be displayed as desired. 
     In some arrangements, the risk unit account may include units of another type (e.g., other than risk units). For instance, the risk unit account may include an amount or balance of funds or money. The balance of funds may be reduced based on operation of the vehicle, as discussed above. In some examples, the risk units may be converted to funds in order to facilitate this reduction of balance (e.g., the consumption rate of units based on operation of the vehicle may be determined in risk units and then converted to funds in order to reduce the balance in the account appropriately). In other examples, the consumption rate may be determined in monetary units and the balance reduced as appropriate. Although various arrangements discussed herein will be described in terms of consumption rate being determined in risk units and a balance of an account including a number of risk units reduced accordingly, various other units may be used (e.g., monetary units) without departing from the invention. 
     The risk unit based insurance system  200  may further include a risk unit consumption rate module  214 . The risk unit consumption rate module  214  may include hardware and/or software configured to determine and/or implement a consumption rate of risk units due to operation of the vehicle (e.g., as the user operates the vehicle, the number or balance of risk units in the risk unit account is reduced based on a determined consumption rate, thereby depleting the balance associated with the policy. Once the balance of risk units reaches a predetermined threshold, the number of risk units may be replenished, akin to renewal of a conventional insurance policy). As discussed above, the consumption rate may be determined in risk units, monetary units or other units, as desired. 
     As discussed above, the rate at which risk units are consumed by a user (e.g., by a user&#39;s operation of a vehicle) may be based on a variety of factors, such as personal information of the user, driving habits or behaviors of the user, environmental conditions, locality or geographic conditions, types of road being travelled, traditional policy factors, coverage, vehicle features or operation, and the like. Various algorithms may be used to determine the consumption rate. For example, Equation 1 is one example that may be used to determine consumption rate based on sensor data-focused factors may include:
 
RC 1   =L   1   ×R   1   ×T   1   ×B   1   ×E   1 , where  Equation 1:
 
     RC 1  is the Rate of Consumption; 
     L 1  is a location factor that may include population density, traffic density, new route, commonly used route, and the like; 
     R 1  is a road condition factor that may include type of road, road geometry, road hazards, and the like; 
     T 1  is a time of day factor; 
     B 1  is a driver behavior factor and may include braking rate, acceleration rate, cornering, trip duration, swerving, distracted driving, and the like; and 
     E 1  is an environmental factor that may include weather conditions, contextual speed, and the like. 
     Equation 2 is another example that may be used to determine consumption rate based on sensor data-focused factors, as well as traditional policy factors, may include:
 
RC 2   =O   2   ×P   2   ×V   2   ×C   2   ×L   2   ×R   2   ×T   2   ×B   2   ×E   2 , where  Equation 2:
 
     RC 2  is the Rate of Consumption; 
     O 2  is an operator factor and may include driver age, gender, marital status, driving experience, driving record, and the like; 
     P 2  is a policy factor and may include credit variables, number of vehicles associated with a policy or driver, number of operators or drivers associated with a policy, prior insurance, multiple policies, and the like; 
     V 2  is a vehicle factor and may include vehicle identification number, aftermarket parts, vehicle features or specifications, vehicle condition, maintenance history, and the like; 
     C 2  is a coverage factor and may include coverages provided, policy or coverage limits, deductibles, and the like; 
     L 2  is a location factor that may include population density, traffic density, new route, commonly used route, and the like; 
     R 2  is a road condition factor that may include type of road, road geometry, road hazards, and the like; 
     T 2  is a time of day factor; 
     B 2  is a driver behavior factor and may include braking rate, acceleration rate, cornering, trip duration, swerving, distracted driving, and the like; and 
     E 2  is an environmental factor that may include weather conditions, contextual speed, and the like. 
     In addition, either Equation 1 or Equation 2 may further include an expenses factor. In some examples, an expenses value may be added to the result of Equation 1 or Equation 2 in order to determine the consumption rate. 
     Further, although Equation 1 and Equation 2 are provided as examples for determining consumption rate, various other equations and/or algorithms may be used without departing for the invention. For instance, one or more factors may be removed from the equation to determine consumption rate. Additionally or alternatively, other factors may be included in the equations, without departing from the invention. 
     Accordingly, one or more sensors  216  may be used to obtain data that may be used to determine the consumption rate for the user. For instance, the one or more sensors may include sensors to detect driving behaviors of the user, such as hard braking, speeding, and the like. In another example, one or more sensors may be used to detect environmental conditions such as precipitation, humidity, cloud cover, or the like. In still another example, one or more sensors may be used to determine road conditions or to obtain information from outside sources (e.g., external databases, or the like) regarding traffic conditions, types of road (e.g., two-lane road, four-lane road), speed limit of the road, or the like. The data from one or more sensors  216 , which may include data from combinations of different types of sensors, may be used by the risk unit consumption rate module  214  to determine a risk unit consumption rate for the user. 
     In examples in which the consumption rate is determined based on traditional policy factors (either in combination with sensor data-focused factors or alone) the traditional policy factors, such as driving record, credit information, driving experience, vehicle features and/or specifications, coverages, deductibles, policy limits, etc. may be obtained from, for example, policy module  208 . In some examples, the risk unit consumption rate may be determined or calculated for a particular trip. Additionally or alternatively, the consumption rate may be calculated or determined in real-time or near real-time, such that the rate may change as the user&#39;s driving behavior changes, as the type of road changes, as the environmental conditions change, or the like. Thus, for example, if a user is driving at speed higher than the speed limit and it is raining, the consumption rate may be higher than if the user is driving at the speed limit and/or there is no precipitation. This is merely one example of how consumption rate may change based on received sensor data and should not be viewed as limiting the disclosure to only this example. Rather, various other changes in received sensor data may be used to modify or alter the risk unit consumption rate for the user. 
     Similar to the risk unit account information, the risk unit consumption rate may be displayed to a user, such as via one or more computing devices  212   a - 212   f . In some examples, the risk unit consumption rate module  214  may generate and/or display to a user suggestions for improving the consumption rate. For instance, the system may generate an alternate route that has been determined to be safer than the user&#39;s current route and, thus, by taking the alternate route, the consumption rate may be reduced. In another example, a user may be driving faster than a posted speed limit. The system may generate a notice to display to the user (e.g., via a computing device  212   a - 212   f ) indicating that, by slowing down, the user&#39;s consumption rate may be reduced. These are merely some examples of messages that may be displayed in order to aid the user in reducing the consumption rate of the risk units. However, various other suggestions or driving behavior modifications may be generated and provided to the user without departing from the invention. 
     The risk unit based insurance system  200  may further include a risk unit marketplace  218 . The risk unit marketplace  218  may be connected to or in communication with various other modules within the system  200 . In some examples, the risk unit marketplace may be used to refill a user&#39;s risk unit account. For instance, upon the user reaching a predetermined threshold within the risk unit account of the user (e.g., the balance of risk units within the account reaches a certain threshold) the user may be notified that the balance of risk units in the account is low and may offer one or more options for purchasing additional risk units or otherwise increasing the balance of risk units in the account. 
     For example, in some instances, upon reaching the threshold number of risk units within the account, a notification may be displayed to the user (e.g., via one or more of computing devices  212   a - 212   f ) indicating that the balance is low and offering additional risk units for sale. In some examples, the user may store credit card or other payment information (e.g., account information, debit card information, electronic funds transfer information, and the like) in the system (e.g., within the risk unit marketplace  218 ) such that, upon receiving the notification, the user may select a “purchase” option and a predetermined number of risk units may be purchased by the user and charged to the stored payment information. In another example, the user may select an automatic refill option. In such arrangements, a user may input payment information (e.g., credit card information, debit card information, checking or other account information, electronic funds transfer information, and the like) and may identify a predetermined threshold below which the system may automatically purchase additional risk units. These and various other arrangements will be discussed more fully below. 
     The risk unit marketplace  218  may also provide risk units for sale to other users or insurance providers. For instance, a user may obtain insurance through a different insurance provider but the risk units may be common units among a plurality of insurance providers. Accordingly, users having insurance policies with other providers may purchase risk units from the risk unit marketplace  218  and may have the risk units placed in an account associated with the policy provided by or associated with the other insurance provider. In some examples, entity  201  may charge a service fee or surcharge for purchase of risk units for use with a policy provided by another insurance carrier. 
       FIG.  3    is a diagram of an illustrative system driving analysis system  300  including additional aspects of the risk unit based insurance system  200  shown in  FIG.  2    and/or implementing the risk unit based insurance system  200  of  FIG.  2   . The system includes a vehicle  310 , a personal mobile device  330 , an insurance system server  350 , and additional related components. As discussed below, the components of the system  300 , individually or using communication and collaborative interaction, may determine, present, and implement various types of risk unit based insurance to customers, including providing or facilitating purchase of a risk unit based insurance policy and/or associated risk units, determining a consumption rate of risk units, communicating a consumption rate to a user, generating and providing suggestions to a user for reducing consumption rate, etc. To perform such features, the components shown in  FIG.  3    each may be implemented in hardware, software, or a combination of the two. Additionally, each component of the system  300  may include a computing device (or system) having some or all of the structural components described above for computing device  101 . 
     Vehicle  310  in the system  300  may be, for example, an automobile, a motorcycle, a scooter, a bus, a recreational vehicle, a boat, or other vehicle for which vehicle data, location data, driver data (or operator data), operational data and/or other driving data (e.g., location data, time data, weather data, etc.) may be collected and analyzed. The vehicle  310  includes vehicle operation sensor  311  (similar to one or more of sensors  216   a - 216   c  of  FIG.  2   ) capable of detecting and recording various conditions at the vehicle and operational parameters of the vehicle. For example, sensor  311  may detect and store data corresponding to the vehicle&#39;s location (e.g., GPS coordinates), time, travel time, speed and direction, rates of acceleration or braking, gas mileage, and specific instances of sudden acceleration, braking, swerving, and distance traveled. Sensor  311  also may detect and store data received from the vehicle&#39;s  310  internal systems, such as impact to the body of the vehicle, air bag deployment, headlights usage, brake light operation, door opening and closing, door locking and unlocking, cruise control usage, hazard lights usage, windshield wiper usage, horn usage, turn signal usage, seat belt usage, phone and radio usage within the vehicle, autonomous driving system usage, maintenance performed on the vehicle, and other data collected by the vehicle&#39;s computer systems, including the vehicle on-board diagnostic systems (OBD). 
     Additional sensors  311  may detect and store the external driving conditions, for example, external temperature, rain, snow, light levels, and sun position for driver visibility. For example, external cameras and proximity sensors  311  may detect other nearby vehicles, vehicle spacing, traffic levels, road conditions, traffic obstructions, animals, cyclists, pedestrians, and other conditions that may factor into a driving data/behavior analysis. Sensor  311  also may detect and store data relating to moving violations and the observance of traffic signals and signs by the vehicle  310 . Additional sensors  311  may detect and store data relating to the maintenance of the vehicle  310 , such as the engine status, oil level, engine coolant temperature, odometer reading, the level of fuel in the fuel tank, engine revolutions per minute (RPMs), software upgrades, and/or tire pressure. 
     Vehicles sensor  311  also may include cameras and/or proximity sensors capable of recording additional conditions inside or outside of the vehicle  310 . For example, internal cameras may detect conditions such as the number of the passengers and the types of passengers (e.g. adults, children, teenagers, pets, etc.) in the vehicles, and potential sources of driver distraction within the vehicle (e.g., pets, phone usage, and unsecured objects in the vehicle). Sensor  311  also may be configured to collect data identifying a current driver from among a number of different possible drivers, for example, based on driver&#39;s seat and mirror positioning, driving times and routes, radio usage, etc. Voice/sound data along with directional data also may be used to determine a seating position within a vehicle  310 . Sensor  311  also may be configured to collect data relating to a driver&#39;s movements or the condition of a driver. For example, vehicle  310  may include sensors that monitor a driver&#39;s movements, such as the driver&#39;s eye position and/or head position, etc. Additional sensors  311  may collect data regarding the physical or mental state of the driver, such as fatigue or intoxication. The condition of the driver may be determined through the movements of the driver or through other sensors, for example, sensors that detect the content of alcohol in the air or blood alcohol content of the driver, such as a breathalyzer, along with other biometric sensors. 
     Certain vehicle sensors  311  also may collect information regarding the driver&#39;s route choice, whether the driver follows a given route, and to classify the type of trip (e.g. commute, errand, new route, etc.) and type of driving (e.g., continuous driving, parking, stop-and-go traffic, etc.). In certain embodiments, sensors and/or cameras  311  may determine when and how often the vehicle  310  stays in a single lane or strays into other lane. A Global Positioning System (GPS), locational sensors positioned inside the vehicle  310 , and/or locational sensors or devices external to the vehicle  310  may be used to determine the route, speed, lane position, road-type (e.g. highway, entrance/exit ramp, residential area, etc.) and other vehicle position/location data. 
     The data collected by vehicle sensor  311  may be stored and/or analyzed within the vehicle  310 , such as for example a driving analysis computer  314  integrated into the vehicle, and/or may be transmitted to one or more external devices. For example, as shown in  FIG.  3   , sensor data may be transmitted via a telematics device  313  to one or more remote computing devices, such as personal mobile device  330 , insurance system server  350 , and/or other remote devices. 
     As shown in  FIG.  3   , the data collected by vehicle sensor  311  may be transmitted to an insurance system server  350 , personal mobile device  330 , and/or additional external servers and devices via telematics device  313 . Telematics device  313  may be one or more computing devices containing many or all of the hardware/software components as the computing device  101  depicted in  FIG.  1   . As discussed above, the telematics device  313  may receive vehicle operation data and driving data from vehicle sensor  311 , and may transmit the data to one or more external computer systems (e.g., insurance system server  350  of an insurance company, financial institution, or other entity) over a wireless transmission network. Telematics device  313  also may be configured to detect or determine additional types of data relating to real-time driving and the condition of the vehicle  310 . The telematics device  313  also may store the type of vehicle  310 , for example, the make, model, trim (or sub-model), year, and/or engine specifications, as well as other information such as vehicle owner or driver information, insurance information, and financing information for the vehicle  310 . 
     In the example shown in  FIG.  3   , telematics device  313  may receive vehicle driving data from vehicle sensor  311 , and may transmit the data to an insurance system server  350 . However, in other examples, one or more of the vehicle sensors  311  or systems may be configured to receive and transmit data directly from or to an insurance system server  350  without using a telematics device. For instance, telematics device  313  may be configured to receive and transmit data from certain vehicle sensors  311  or systems, while other sensors or systems may be configured to directly receive and/or transmit data to an insurance system server  350  without using the telematics device  313 . Thus, telematics device  313  may be optional in certain embodiments. 
     The system  300  in  FIG.  3    also includes a mobile device  330 . Mobile devices  330  may be, for example, smartphones or other mobile phones, personal digital assistants (PDAs), tablet computers, and the like, and may include some or all of the elements described above with respect to the computing device  101 . As shown in this example, some mobile devices in systems  300  (e.g., mobile device  330 ) may be configured to establish communication sessions with vehicle-based devices and various internal components of vehicle  310  via wireless networks or wired connections (e.g., for docked devices), whereby such mobile devices  330  may have secure access to internal vehicle sensors  311  and other vehicle-based systems. However, in other examples, the mobile device  330  might not connect to vehicle-based computing devices and internal components, but may operate independently by communicating with vehicle  310  via their standard communication interfaces (e.g., telematics device  313 , etc.), or might not connect at all to vehicle  310 . 
     Mobile device  330  may include a network interface  321 , which may include various network interface hardware (e.g., adapters, modems, wireless transceivers, etc.) and software components to enable mobile device  330  to communicate with insurance system server  350 , vehicle  310 , and various other external computing devices. One or more specialized software applications, such as a driving analysis application  334  and/or a risk unit based insurance application  335  may be stored in the memory of the mobile device  330 . The driving analysis application  334  and risk unit based insurance application  335  may be received via network interface  321  from the insurance server  350 , vehicle  310 , or other application providers (e.g., application stores). As discussed below, the driving analysis application  334  and risk unit based insurance application  335  may or may not include various user interface screens, and may be configured to run as user-initiated applications or as background applications. The memory of the mobile device  330  also may include databases configured to receive and store vehicle data, driving data, driving trip data, and the like, associated with one or more drivers and/or vehicles. 
     Like the vehicle-based computing devices in vehicle  310 , mobile device  330  also may include various components configured to generate and/or receive vehicle data, driver data, and driving data or other operational data. For example, using data from the GPS receiver  333 , a driving analysis software application  334  may be able to identify starting and stopping points of driving trips, determine driving speeds, times, routes, and the like. Additional components of mobile device  330  may be used to generate or receive driving data for the driving data analysis application  334  and/or risk unit based insurance application  335 , such as an accelerometer, compass, and various cameras and proximity sensors. As discussed below, these and other mobile device components may be used to receive, store, and output various user/driver data, to identify starting and stopping points and other characteristics of driving trips, to determine various driving data such as speeds, driving routes and times, acceleration, braking, and turning data, and other driving conditions and behaviors. In some implementations, the driving analysis software application  334  may store and analyze the data from various mobile device components, and the risk unit based insurance application  335  may use this data, alone or in any combination with other components or devices (e.g., insurance server  350 ), to determine and present insurance offers, insurance costs, and the like. 
     When mobile computing devices within vehicles are used to detect vehicle driving data and/or to receive vehicle driving data from vehicle sensors, such mobile computing devices  330  may store, analyze, and/or transmit the vehicle driver data (e.g., data identifying a current driver), driving data (e.g., speed data, acceleration, braking, and turning data, and any other vehicle sensor or operational data), and driving trip data (e.g., driving route, driving times, driving destinations, etc.), to one or more other devices. For example, mobile computing device  330  may transmit driver data, driving data and driving behaviors, and driving trip data directly to one or more insurance servers  350 , and thus may be used in conjunction with or instead of telematics devices  313 . Moreover, the processing components of the mobile computing device  330  may be used to identify vehicle drivers and passengers, analyze vehicle driving data, analyze driving trips, determine parameters related to aspects of risk unit based insurance policies, and perform other related functions. Therefore, in certain embodiments, mobile computing device  330  may be used in conjunction with, or in place of, the insurance system server  350 . 
     Vehicle  310  may include driving analysis computer  314 , which may be separate computing devices or may be integrated into one or more other components within the vehicle  310 , such as the telematics device  313 , autonomous driving systems, or the internal computing systems of vehicle  310 . As discussed above, driving analysis computers  314  also may be implemented by computing devices independent from the vehicle  310 , such as mobile computing device  330  of the drivers or passengers, or one or more separate computer systems (e.g., a user&#39;s home or office computer). In any of these examples, the driving analysis computer  314  may contain some or all of the hardware/software components as the computing device  101  depicted in  FIG.  1   . Further, in certain implementations, the functionality of the driving analysis computers, such as storing and analyzing driver data, vehicle data, driving data and driving behaviors, and determining, presenting, and implementing aspects of risk unit based insurance polies, may be performed in a central insurance system server  350  rather than by the individual vehicle  310  or personal mobile device  330 . In such implementations, the vehicle  310  and and/or mobile device  330 , might only collect and transmit driver data, vehicle data, driving data, and the like to an insurance server  350 , and thus the vehicle-based driving analysis computer  314  may be optional. 
     The system  300  also may include one or more insurance system servers  350 , containing some or all of the hardware/software components as the computing device  101  depicted in  FIG.  1   . The insurance system server  350  may include hardware, software, and network components to receive driver data, vehicle data, and vehicle operational data/driving data from one or more vehicles  310 , mobile devices  330 , and other data sources. The insurance system server  350  may include an insurance database  352  and risk unit based insurance system  351  to respectively store and analyze driver data, vehicle data, and driving data, etc., received from vehicle  310 , mobile device  330 , and other data sources. In some examples, the risk unit based insurance system  351  may include many or all of the components of risk unit based insurance system  200  described with respect to  FIG.  2   . 
     The insurance system server  350  may initiate communication with and/or retrieve driver data, vehicle data, and driving data from vehicle  310  wirelessly via telematics device  313 , mobile device  330 , or by way of separate computing systems over one or more computer networks (e.g., the Internet). Additionally, the insurance system server  350  may receive additional data from other third-party data sources, such as external traffic databases containing traffic data (e.g., amounts of traffic, average driving speed, traffic speed distribution, and numbers and types of accidents, etc.) at various times and locations, external weather databases containing weather data (e.g., rain, snow, sleet, and hail amounts, temperatures, wind, road conditions, visibility, etc.) at various times and locations, and other external data sources containing driving hazard data (e.g., road hazards, traffic accidents, downed trees, power outages, road construction zones, school zones, and natural disasters, etc.), route and navigation information, and insurance company databases containing insurance data (e.g., driver score, coverage amount, deductible amount, premium amount, insured status) for the vehicle, driver, and/or other nearby vehicles and drivers. 
     Data stored in the insurance database  352  may be organized in any of several different manners. For example, a driver table in database  352  may contain all of the driver data for drivers associated with the insurance provider (e.g., driver personal information, insurance account information, demographic information, accident histories, risk factors, driving scores and driving logs, etc.), a vehicle table may contain all of the vehicle data for vehicles associated with the insurance provider (e.g., vehicle identifiers, makes, models, years, accident histories, maintenance histories, travel logs, estimated repair costs and overall values, etc.), and a driving trip table may store all of the driving trip data for drivers and vehicles associated with the insurance provider (e.g., driving trip driver, vehicle driven, trip time, starting and ending points, route driven, etc.). Other tables in the database  352  may store additional data, including data types discussed above (e.g. traffic information, road-type and road condition information, weather data, insurance policy data, etc.). Additionally, one or more other databases of other insurance providers containing additional driver data and vehicle data may be accessed to retrieve such additional data. 
     The risk unit based insurance system  351  within the insurance system server  350  may be configured to retrieve data from the database  352 , or may receive driver data, vehicle data, and driving trip directly from vehicle  310 , mobile device  330 , or other data sources, and may perform driving data analyses, determine insurance parameters for risk unit based insurance policies, and other related functions. The functions performed by the risk unit based insurance analysis system  351  may be performed by specialized hardware and/or software separate from the additional functionality of the insurance system server  350 . Such functions may be similar to those of driving analysis module  314  of vehicle  310 , and the driving analysis and risk unit based insurance applications  334  and  335  of mobile device  330 , and further descriptions and examples of the algorithms, functions, and analyses that may be executed by the risk unit based insurance system  351  are described below, including in reference to  FIGS.  4 - 9   . 
     In various examples, the driving data and driving trip analyses and/or risk unit based insurance determinations may be performed entirely in the insurance system server  350 , may be performed entirely in the vehicle-based driving analysis computing module  314 , or may be performed entirely in the driving analysis and risk unit based insurance applications  334  and  335  of mobile device  330 . In other examples, certain analyses of driver data, vehicle data, and driving trip data, and certain risk unit based insurance determinations may be performed by vehicle-based devices (e.g., within driving analysis module  314 ) or mobile device  330  (e.g., within applications  334  and  335 ), while other data analyses and risk unit based insurance determinations are performed by the risk unit based insurance system  351  at the insurance system server  350 . For example, a vehicle-based driving analysis computer  314 , or the hardware and software components of mobile device  330  may continuously receive and analyze driver data, vehicle data, driving trip data, and the like to determine certain events and characteristics (e.g., commencement of a driving trip, identification of a driver, determination of a driving route or intended destination, driving data and behaviors during driving trips, etc.), so that large amounts of data need not be transmitted to the insurance system server  350 . However, for example, after driver, vehicle, and/or driving trip is determined by a vehicle-based device and/or mobile device, corresponding information may be transmitted to the insurance server  350  to perform insurance offer and cost determinations, determine consumption rate of risk units, generate one or more recommendations for reducing consumption rate, etc. which may be transmitted back to the vehicle-based device and/or personal mobile devices. 
       FIG.  4    is a flow chart illustrating one example method of providing risk unit based insurance to a user, according to one or more aspects described herein. In step  400 , a risk unit is determined. As discussed above, the risk unit may be a common insurance unit that represents a cost to insure an average user for a predetermined period of time. For instance, the risk unit may be determined to be the cost to insure an average user for one week, one month, one year, etc. The risk unit may be used to provide insurance such that users may obtain risk unit based insurance policies in which, as the user, for example, operates a vehicle, the number of risk units in a risk unit account account is reduced based on a consumption rate determined for the user, trip, etc. These and other aspects are discussed more fully herein. 
     In step  402 , a request is received to obtain a risk unit based insurance policy. The request may be received from a user and may be received, in some examples, via a computing device (e.g., mobile device, or the like). The request may include information associated with the user, such as name, contact information, vehicle information including make, model, year, vehicle identification number, and the like. In some examples, the request to obtain the risk unit based insurance policy may include a level of coverage. For instance, similar to conventional insurance policies, a user may select from different levels of protection (e.g., whether to include collision coverage, amount of coverage for personal property, and the like). Similarly, a user may select a level of risk unit on which the policy is based. In one example, three levels may be used with the highest level of risk unit providing the most coverage and, in some instances, having the highest cost (e.g., cost per risk unit) to the user. A second level would provide lower coverage at a lower cost and the third level may provide a lowest level of coverage at a lowest cost. In another example, different levels of coverage selected may be reflected in the consumption rate of the units. For instance, the consumption rate may vary based on a level of coverage selected. Although different levels of coverage may be available to a user, the levels offered may meet minimum standards for insurance coverage, such as those required by the state in which the user lives, or the like. 
     Further, although three levels of risk units are described in the above example, more or fewer levels of risk unit, and, accordingly, insurance coverage, may be provided without departing from the invention. 
     In step  404 , a risk unit based insurance policy is generated for the user and a risk unit account is created for the user. The risk unit account may be associated with the user or the vehicle. That is, the risk unit based insurance policy may provide coverage for the vehicle, regardless of which user is operating the vehicle, or may provide coverage to any vehicle being operated by a particular user. Thus, in some examples, the user or operator of a vehicle may be identified (e.g., upon initiation of vehicle operation) in order to determine whether or what type of coverage to provide. 
     In step  406 , a predetermined number of risk units is deposited into the account created. The predetermined number or risk units may be based on one or more policy parameters (e.g., term or length of policy), and/or one or more user preferences. 
     In step  408 , data associated with the driving behaviors of the user and/or environmental conditions in which the vehicle is operating are received. As discussed above, the data may be received from one or more sensors associated with the vehicle, as well as various other sources, such as traffic, weather, road condition, etc. sources. As discussed herein, received data may include speed, braking habits of the user or operator, type of road(s) being travelled, time of day, level of traffic, precipitation, and the like. 
     Based on the data received, a consumption rate of risk units in the risk unit account may be determined in step  410 . As discussed herein, the consumption rate may be higher based on various behaviors and/or conditions that are determined to include more risk to the user, vehicle, etc. For instance, if a user is driving at a rate of speed above the speed limit, the consumption rate may be higher than if the user was operating at a speed closer to the speed limit. In another example, the consumption rate may be determined to be lower if the user travels outside of rush hour, rather than during peak travel times. In still another example, the consumption rate may increase if data is received that it is raining or snowing on the route which the vehicle is travelling. As discussed above, consumption rate may also be based, at least in part, on traditional policy factors, such as driving experience, driving record, credit factors, coverages, deductibles, and the like. Data related to various behaviors and conditions and/or traditional policy data, may be combined to determine the consumption level in real-time or near real-time, as the user is operating the vehicle. Accordingly, the system may provide information associated with the consumption rate to the user. For instance, the vehicle display or mobile device of the user may display the current consumption rate. In another example, the display may include historical information associated with consumption rate for previous trips and/or a graphical display of previous and/or current consumption rates. 
       FIG.  5    illustrates one example user interface  500  that may be provide to a user (e.g., via a vehicle display, mobile device, or other computing device) to provide information associated with the consumption rate. The interface  500  includes fields  502  and  504  in which the vehicle and operator of the vehicle are identified, respectively. Field  506  indicates a date and time of the current trip. In some examples, an elapsed time of the current trip may also be displayed. 
     Field  508  indicates that data is being received. As discussed herein, data associated with one or more sensors detecting driving behaviors of the user, environmental conditions, and the like, may be received by the system and used to determine a current consumption rate. Field  508  provides an indication that data is currently being received. In the event of a communication disruption, field  508  may indicate that data is not being received or that an error has occurred. In some example situations of that nature, the system may apply the most recently determined consumption rate until data communication is restored and more current data is received by the system. 
     Field  510  provides the current calculated or determined consumption rate. As described herein, the consumption rate may be based on a variety of factors that may include driving behaviors, environmental conditions, and the like, as determined based on data received by the system. Field  512  provides a listing of historical consumption rate information that may be useful to the user in tracking consumption rate. 
     With further reference to  FIG.  4   , in step  412 , a balance of risk units in the risk unit account is reduced based on the consumption rate determined in step  410 . As the balance in the risk unit account is reduced, the account may include a predetermined threshold below which the user may be notified that the balance of risk units is low or in need of replenishment. For instance, in step  414 , a determination is made as to whether a balance of risk units in the risk unit account is below a predetermined threshold. The predetermined threshold may be based on one or more policy parameters, may meet a government or other regulatory body standards, or may be determined by the user or insurance provider. In some examples, the threshold may be a percentage of a number of risk units obtained with the policy (e.g., a percentage of the full account balance). For instance, the threshold may be 10%, 15% or any other percentage of the full number of risk units obtained with the policy. In other examples, the threshold may be a number of risk units. For instance, the threshold may be 50, 100, or any other number of risk units. 
     If, in step  414 , the balance in the risk unit account is at or above the predetermined threshold, the process may return to step  408  to continue receiving data and determining consumption rate. If, in step  414 , the balance is below the predetermined threshold, one or more refill options may be provided to the user in step  416 . Refill options may include providing a notification to the user of the current balance and/or providing options for automatic refill, user requested refill, cancellation of policy, purchase of a new policy and associated risk units, and the like. Once the refill options are presented, the system may return to step  408  to continue receiving data, etc. 
       FIG.  6    illustrates an example method of refilling risk units according to one or more aspects described herein. In step  600 , similar to step  414  in  FIG.  4   , a determination is made as to whether a balance of risk units in a risk unit account is below a predetermined threshold. If not, the system may return to processes in which data is received, consumption rate is determined, etc., such as step  408  in  FIG.  4   . If, in step  600 , the balance is below the threshold, a notification is transmitted to the user in step  602 . The notification may include an indication that the risk unit account is below the threshold and/or may provide instructions for refill of the account. 
     In step  604 , a determination is made as to whether the account is set up for automatic refill. That is, the system may determine whether the user has preselected an option to automatically refill a balance in the account (e.g., by automatically purchasing additional risk units using pre-stored payment information). If so, the system may automatically purchase the predetermined number of units, charge any cost to the pre-stored payment information (e.g. credit card information, account information, debit card information, etc.), and deposit the risk units purchased in the account in step  606 . 
     If, in step  604 , it is determined that the account is not set for automatic refill, in step  608 , the user may respond to the notification transmitted in step  602  with a request to refill the account balance. The request may include a number of units to purchase, payment information, risk unit account information, policy information, and the like. In step  610 , the designated number of risk units may be purchased and deposited in the risk unit account. 
       FIGS.  7 A- 7 D  illustrate example user interfaces  700   a - 700   d  that may be used to carry out refill or replenishment of risk units in a risk unit account. Although interfaces  700   a - 700   d  are shown in  FIGS.  7 A- 7 D  as being displayed on a mobile device, the interfaces provided may be displayed on various different types of computing devices, including, for instance, a vehicle display, laptop or desktop computing device, tablet computing device, and the like. 
       FIG.  7 A  illustrates interface  700   a  in which a notification is provided to the user. The notification  700   a  indicates that the risk unit account is below the minimum threshold and provides options for the user to proceed with refilling the account balance now or requesting that the system remind the user later. Selection of the option to remind the user later may automatically prompt the notification to be displayed again at a predetermined time (e.g., each day, each hour, 48 hours from selection of remind me later option, etc.) or upon any continued consumption of the risk units. Accordingly, as the balance in the risk unit account continues to be reduced, additional notifications may be provided to the user. In some examples, determination of the balance being below a predetermined level (e.g., below the level for refill notification) may result in various actions being taken with respect to the vehicle. For instance, the system may cause the headlights to flash or horn to blare while driving, may prevent the vehicle from starting if there is an insufficient number of risk units in the account, or the like. 
     Upon selection of yes option in  700   a , interface  700   b  shown in  FIG.  7 B , or similar interface, may be displayed in which the user may input one or more risk unit account details, such as an account number and/or name associated with the account. In some examples, this information may automatically be prefilled based on the mobile device being associated with the user, vehicle, and/or account. The user may select continue option to prompt display of interface  700   c  in  FIG.  7 C , or similar interface, which provides fields in which the user may enter payment information. Information such as a credit card number, expiration date, name on the card, and the like, may be provided by the user. Although credit card information is provided as example payment information in  FIG.  7 C , various other payment types may be used, such as electronic funds transfer, debit card, pre-paid debit or credit card, gift card, or the like. 
     Upon selection of continue option, interface  700   d  in  FIG.  7 D , or similar interface, may be provided to the user. Interface  700   d  includes a field in which the user may indicate a number of risk units to purchase. In some examples, the risk units may be a predetermined number of units based on one or more policy parameters. In other examples, the number of units available for purchase may be determined by the user and input into interface  700   d.    
     User interface  700   d  further includes an option to select automatic refill. Indication of “yes” to automatic refill prompts the system to store the payment information provided in interface  700   c  and, upon the system determining that the balance of risk units is below the predetermined threshold (e.g., step  414  in  FIG.  4   , step  600  in  FIG.  6   ) the system may automatically purchase the predetermined number of risk units, charge the associated cost to the pre-stored payment information, and deposit the purchased risk units in the risk unit account, thereby effectively automatically renewing insurance for the user. 
       FIG.  8    illustrates one example method of determining proposed recommendations for reducing risk unit consumption rate according to one or more aspects described herein. In step  800 , data associated with driving behaviors of the user and/or environmental conditions may be received. As discussed above, data may include speed, braking habits, level of precipitation, road conditions, time of day, traffic level, and the like. Based on the received data, a risk unit consumption rate may be determined in step  802 . In some examples, the risk unit consumption rate may also be based on one or more factors associated with the user. For instance, accident history, length of time as licensed driver, credit rating, policy limits, policy deductibles, vehicle features, and the like, may, in some examples, be used in determining a risk unit consumption rate. 
     In step  804 , one or more driving behavior or environmental condition modifications may be identified that may aid in reducing the risk unit consumption rate. For instance, if a user is driving on a road that is known as being in poor condition (e.g., potholes, poor lane markings, etc.), the system may indicate that, by changing the route to the destination, the user may reduce his or her consumption rate. In some examples, a recommended modification identified to aid in reducing risk unit consumption rate may include modifications to more traditional policy factors, such as policy coverage, deductibles and/or limits, vehicle operation and/or maintenance, vehicle features, and the like. 
     In some examples, the modifications to reduce consumption rate may be identified by comparing received data with a database storing known conditions, behaviors, roads, environmental factors, and the like, that are associated with a reduced consumption rate. The database may store information such as historical travel information, accident history information, accident probability information, etc. that may be collected based on insurance data received by the insurance provider. For instance, the data associated with current speed may be compared to a posted speed limit for the current road (as stored in the database or received from an outside source) and, if the current speed is higher than the posted speed limit, a modification to slow the speed of the vehicle in order to reduce consumption rate may be identified. 
     In another example, the received data may indicate that the current road is congested or is experiencing heavy traffic. The system may compare the current traffic information to levels of traffic that would result in a reduced consumption rate and may recommend modifying the route being travelled. In some examples, the suggested modification may include a suggested alternate route. 
     Various other driving behavior and/or environmental condition modifications may be identified based on the received data and/or historical data, stored data, and the like. The examples described herein are merely some examples and are not intended to limit the modifications or types of modifications identified by the system. Rather, various other modifications may be identified without departing from the invention. 
     In step  806 , the identified modifications may be display to the user. For instance, one or more of the recommended modifications to reduce consumption rate may be displayed to the user via a computing device, such as a mobile device, vehicle display, or the like. 
       FIG.  9    illustrates one example user interface  900  displaying recommended modifications for reducing consumption rate according to one or more aspects described herein. The interface includes region  902  in which the current risk unit consumption is provided to the user. The interface  900  further includes region  904  in which one or more suggested driving modifications are provided to the user. As data is received by the system from one or more vehicle sensors, the risk unit consumption rate may change and the revised consumption rate may then be displayed. In some examples, audio may accompany the notification. For instance, the notification may include an audio portion in which the text of the notification is stated to the user, thereby reducing the user&#39;s need to read the notification. 
     As discussed herein, the risk unit based insurance policies described herein may include other types of usage-based insurance policies. For instance, one or more usage-based insurance policies may include one or more of the aspects or features discussed above with respect to the risk unit based insurance policies. Usage-based policies may include a premium paid by a user. As the user operates a vehicle, the amount of the premium is reduced by a cost associated with operation of the vehicle. The cost may be based on a variety of factors, including duration of travel, distance of travel, driving behaviors, environmental conditions, and the like, as will be discussed more fully herein. 
       FIG.  10    is a schematic diagram of another illustrative usage-based insurance system  1000 . The system  1000  shown in  FIG.  10    may be similar to the system  200  shown in  FIG.  2    and, although not shown in  FIG.  10   , may include some or all of the components described above with respect to  FIG.  2    in addition to (or in lieu of) some or all of the components shown in  FIG.  10   . 
     The usage-based insurance system  1000  may be associated with, internal to, operated by, or the like, an entity  1001 , such as an insurance provider. In some examples, the entity may be one of various other types of entities, such as a government entity, corporation or business, university, or the like. Various examples described herein will be discussed in the context of an insurance provider. However, nothing in the specification should be viewed as limiting use of the systems, methods, arrangements, etc. described herein to use only by an insurance provider. 
     The usage-based insurance system  1000  may include one or more modules that may include hardware and/or software configured to perform various functions within the system  1000 . The one or more modules may be separate, physical devices or, in other examples, one or more modules may be part of the same physical device. As indicated above, the system  1000  may include various modules similar to those discussed above with respect to system  200  in  FIG.  2    (even if not shown in  FIG.  10   ) in addition to those modules shown in  FIG.  10   . 
     For instance, the system  1000  may include a usage cost module  1002  configured to determine a cost or amount of funds to charge a driver (or a vehicle) for operation. For instance, the usage cost module  1002  may include hardware and/or software configured to perform various functions, including receiving insurance policy information, such as from policy module  1004 . The policy module  1004  may include information such as insurance data from insurance data store  1006 , locality or environmental/contextual data from locality data store  1008 , as well as other data (from data stores not shown that may be internal to the entity  1001  or external to the entity  1001 ). The policy module  1004  may transmit this information to the usage cost module  1002  and the usage cost module  1002  may determine, based on the received data, the cost for a particular driver to operate a vehicle or for a particular vehicle to operate. That is, the usage cost module  1002  may determine a cost per day and/or a cost per mile for the user and/or the vehicle. This information may be based on various factors, including driving history, vehicle specifications, historical driving data (if available), and the like. 
     For instance, a driver with a new policy may receive usage cost information determined based on accident history and vehicle specifications. This information may be used to determine a cost per day and/or per mile for the driver and/or the vehicle. This cost per day and/or cost per mile may be used to determine a cost for one or more driving trips performed by the user. However, in some arrangements, these costs may be used until additional information has been collected for the driver and/or the vehicle. For instance, sensors  1010   a - 1010   c  may be used to collect vehicle information. Similar to sensors  216   a - 216   c , sensors  1010   a - 1010   c  may be used to obtain data that may be used to determine a revised cost per day and/or cost per mile for the user and/or the vehicle. For instance, the one or more sensors  1010   a - 1010   c  may include sensors to detect driving behaviors of the user, such as hard braking, speeding, and the like. In another example, one or more sensors may be used to detect environmental conditions such as precipitation, humidity, cloud cover, or the like. In still another example, one or more sensors may be used to determine road conditions or to obtain information from outside sources (e.g., external databases, or the like) regarding traffic conditions, types of road (e.g., two-lane road, four-lane road), speed limit of the road, or the like. The data from one or more sensors  1010   a - 1010   c , which may include data from combinations of different types of sensors and may be used by the usage cost module  214  to determine a revised cost per day and/or cost per mile for the user. 
     As mentioned above, the usage-based insurance system  1000  may further include a policy module  1004 . The policy module  1004  that may generate and/or store insurance policies and policy information, as well as insurance policy factors, such as vehicle information, driving record/experience, policy limits, deductibles, etc. That is, a user may be insured through a policy that provides, for a period of time, coverage for a vehicle. The policy may be a usage-based policy (e.g., rather than a traditional policy) in which the user may pay a premium at the start of the policy period. The premium may be held in an account associated with the user and/or the vehicle in, for instance, account module  1012 . The account module may store the pre-paid premium and, as the user operates the vehicle, the premium held in the account may be reduced by an amount associated with a cost of a trip (e.g., based on the determined cost per day and/or cost per mile). Reducing the premium may include transferring funds from the account of the user in the account module  1012  (which may be an account held by the entity  1001 ) to another account (e.g., an account of the entity  1001 ). In some examples, the funds may be transferred from the account in the account module  1012  to the second account of the entity as each trip occurs, at the end of each day, or the like. In other examples, the trip cost may be stored for each trip and the funds may be transferred in a batch process (e.g., weekly, monthly, or the like the funds may be deducted from the premium or remaining balance of the premium. 
     The account module  1012  may further include hardware and/or software configured to determine when a balance (e.g., premium balance) meets a predetermined threshold level. For instance, as the user operates the vehicle, the balance of the premium may be reduced on a per trip basis, daily, in a batch process, or the like (as discussed above). The system may identify a minimum threshold balance of the premium for the account. Once the account in the account module  1012  reaches the minimum threshold balance, the system may notify the user. Notification to the user may be performed in various ways discussed herein. In addition, notification to the user may include modifying operation of the vehicle in order to provide an indication. That is, the system  1000  may transmit a signal to the vehicle to modify operation of the vehicle as a notification to the user. Modifying operation of the vehicle may include causing the headlights to flash, causing the horn to beep, and/or preventing the vehicle from starting or operating. 
     Additionally or alternatively, the account module  1012  may attempt to automatically replenish a balance in the account. That is, the system  1000  may store payment account information for the user. The payment account information may include a credit card, bank account (e.g., checking account, savings account, etc.), or various other types of payment accounts. The payment account information may be stored in, for instance, the insurance database  1006 , policy module  1004 , or the like. The account module  1012  may attempt to enact an automatic transfer of funds (e.g., electronic transfer of funds) from the payment account to the account in the account module  1012 . If successful, the account may be replenished and the coverage may remain in effect. If the attempt is not successful, the system may notify the user, make another attempt after a predetermined time has elapsed, or the like. In some examples, if one or more attempts to replenish the account are unsuccessful, the policy may be cancelled. 
     As discussed herein, various types of information may be displayed to the user via one or more computing devices, such as devices  1014   a - 1014   f . For instance, a remaining balance of a premium, notifications as to a low balance, cost per day, cost per mile, trip data, patterns of driving behaviors, trends in trip costs, as well as policy information, user information, and the like, may be displayed to the user via one or more user interfaces (similar to arrangements discussed above) generated by and/or provided via an application (e.g., an application downloaded or otherwise provided on the device  1014   a - 10140 . The devices may include smartphone  1014   a , personal digital assistant (PDA)  1014   b , tablet  1014   c , cell phone  1014   d , or other computing device  1014   e . In some examples, the information may be displayed to a user on a vehicle display  1014   f.    
       FIG.  11    is a diagram of an illustrative driving analysis system  1100  including additional aspects of the usage-based insurance system  1000  shown in  FIG.  10    and/or implementing the usage-based insurance system  1000  of  FIG.  10   . The system  1100  shown in  FIG.  11    may include one or more devices, components, or the like, similar to the system  300  shown in  FIG.  3   , as well as (e.g., in addition to or in lieu of) the devices, components, and arrangements shown in  FIG.  11   , without departing from the invention. The system includes a vehicle  1110 , a personal mobile device  1130 , an insurance system server  1150 , and additional related components. As discussed below, the components of the system  1100 , individually or using communication and collaborative interaction, may determine, present, and implement various types of usage-based insurance to customers, including providing or facilitating purchase of a usage-based insurance policy and/or associated premiums and premium payments, determining various costs associated with the usage-based insurance policy (e.g., cost per day, cost per mile, etc.), analyzing driving data to modify costs associated with the usage-based insurance policy, communicating various information to the user (e.g., trip data, historical trends, and the like), etc. To perform such features, the components shown in  FIG.  11    each may be implemented in hardware, software, or a combination of the two. Additionally, each component of the system  1100  may include a computing device (or system) having some or all of the structural components described above for computing device  101 . 
     Various aspects of system  1100  may be similar to aspects of system  300 . For instance, vehicle  1110  in the system  1100  may be, for example, an automobile, a motorcycle, a scooter, a bus, a recreational vehicle, a boat, or other vehicle for which vehicle data, location data, driver data (or operator data), operational data and/or other driving data (e.g., location data, time data, weather data, etc.) may be collected and analyzed. The vehicle  1110  includes vehicle operation sensor  1111  (similar to one or more of sensors  1010   a - 1010   c  of  FIG.  10   ) capable of detecting and recording various conditions at the vehicle and operational parameters of the vehicle. For example, sensor  1111  may detect and store data corresponding to the vehicle&#39;s location (e.g., GPS coordinates), time, travel time, speed and direction, rates of acceleration or braking (e.g., hard braking), gas mileage, and specific instances of sudden acceleration, braking, swerving, and distance traveled. Sensor  1111  also may detect and store data received from the vehicle&#39;s  1110  internal systems, such as impact to the body of the vehicle, air bag deployment, headlights usage, brake light operation, door opening and closing, door locking and unlocking, cruise control usage, hazard lights usage, windshield wiper usage, horn usage, turn signal usage, seat belt usage, phone and radio usage within the vehicle, autonomous driving system usage, maintenance performed on the vehicle, and other data collected by the vehicle&#39;s computer systems (e.g.,  1117 ), including the vehicle on-board diagnostic systems (OBD). 
     Additional sensors  1111  may detect and store the external driving conditions, for example, external temperature, rain, snow, light levels, and sun position for driver visibility. For example, external cameras and proximity sensors  1111  may detect other nearby vehicles, vehicle spacing, traffic levels, road conditions, traffic obstructions, animals, cyclists, pedestrians, and other conditions that may factor into a driving data/behavior analysis. Sensor  1111  also may detect and store data relating to moving violations and the observance of traffic signals and signs by the vehicle  1110 . Additional sensors  1111  may detect and store data relating to the maintenance of the vehicle  1110 , such as the engine status, oil level, engine coolant temperature, odometer reading, the level of fuel in the fuel tank, engine revolutions per minute (RPMs), software upgrades, and/or tire pressure. 
     Vehicles sensor  1111  also may include cameras and/or proximity sensors capable of recording additional conditions inside or outside of the vehicle  1110 . For example, internal cameras may detect conditions such as the number of the passengers and the types of passengers (e.g. adults, children, teenagers, pets, etc.) in the vehicles, and potential sources of driver distraction within the vehicle (e.g., pets, phone usage, and unsecured objects in the vehicle). Sensor  1111  also may be configured to collect data identifying a current driver from among a number of different possible drivers, for example, based on driver&#39;s seat and mirror positioning, driving times and routes, radio usage, etc. Voice/sound data along with directional data also may be used to determine a seating position within a vehicle  1110 . Sensor  1111  also may be configured to collect data relating to a driver&#39;s movements or the condition of a driver. For example, vehicle  1110  may include sensors that monitor a driver&#39;s movements, such as the driver&#39;s eye position and/or head position, etc. Additional sensors  1111  may collect data regarding the physical or mental state of the driver, such as fatigue or intoxication. The condition of the driver may be determined through the movements of the driver or through other sensors, for example, sensors that detect the content of alcohol in the air or blood alcohol content of the driver, such as a breathalyzer, along with other biometric sensors. 
     Certain vehicle sensors  1111  also may collect information regarding the driver&#39;s route choice, whether the driver follows a given route, and to classify the type of trip (e.g. commute, errand, new route, etc.) and type of driving (e.g., continuous driving, parking, stop-and-go traffic, etc.). In certain embodiments, sensors and/or cameras  1111  may determine when and how often the vehicle  1110  stays in a single lane or strays into other lane. A Global Positioning System (GPS), locational sensors positioned inside the vehicle  1110 , and/or locational sensors or devices external to the vehicle  1110  may be used to determine the route, speed, lane position, road-type (e.g. highway, entrance/exit ramp, residential area, etc.) and other vehicle position/location data. 
     The data collected by vehicle sensor  1111  may be stored and/or analyzed within the vehicle  1110 , such as for example a driving analysis computer  1114  integrated into the vehicle, vehicle control computer  1117 , and/or may be transmitted to one or more external devices. For example, as shown in  FIG.  11   , sensor data may be transmitted via a telematics device  1113  to one or more remote computing devices, such as personal mobile device  1130 , insurance system server  1150 , and/or other remote devices. 
     As shown in  FIG.  11   , the data collected by vehicle sensor  1111  may be transmitted to an insurance system server  1150 , personal mobile device  1130 , and/or additional external servers and devices via telematics device  1113 . Telematics device  1113  may be one or more computing devices containing many or all of the hardware/software components as the computing device  101  depicted in  FIG.  1   . As discussed above, the telematics device  1113  may receive vehicle operation data and driving data from vehicle sensor  1111 , and may transmit the data to one or more external computer systems (e.g., insurance system server  1150  of an insurance company, financial institution, or other entity) over a wireless transmission network. Telematics device  1113  also may be configured to detect or determine additional types of data relating to real-time driving and the condition of the vehicle  1110 . 
     In the example shown in  FIG.  11   , telematics device  1113  may receive vehicle driving data from vehicle sensor  1111 , and may transmit the data to an insurance system server  1150 . However, in other examples, one or more of the vehicle sensors  1111  or systems may be configured to receive and transmit data directly from or to an insurance system server  1150  without using a telematics device. For instance, telematics device  1113  may be configured to receive and transmit data from certain vehicle sensors  1111  or systems, while other sensors or systems may be configured to directly receive and/or transmit data to an insurance system server  1150  without using the telematics device  1113 . Thus, telematics device  1113  may be optional in certain embodiments. In other examples, as indicated above, the received sensor data may be analyzed by one or more computing devices within the vehicle, such as driving analysis device  1114  and/or vehicle control computer  1117 . 
     The system  1100  in  FIG.  11    also includes a mobile device  1130 . Mobile devices  1130  may be, for example, smartphones or other mobile phones, personal digital assistants (PDAs), tablet computers, and the like, and may include some or all of the elements described above with respect to the computing device  101 . As shown in this example, some mobile devices in systems  1100  (e.g., mobile device  1130 ) may be configured to establish communication sessions with vehicle-based devices and various internal components of vehicle  1110  via wireless networks or wired connections (e.g., for docked devices), whereby such mobile devices  1130  may have secure access to internal vehicle sensors  1111  and other vehicle-based systems. However, in other examples, the mobile device  1130  might not connect to vehicle-based computing devices and internal components, but may operate independently by communicating with vehicle  1110  via their standard communication interfaces (e.g., telematics device  1113 , etc.), or might not connect at all to vehicle  1110 . 
     Mobile device  1130  may include a network interface  1121 , which may include various network interface hardware (e.g., adapters, modems, wireless transceivers, etc.) and software components to enable mobile device  1130  to communicate with insurance system server  1150 , vehicle  1110 , and various other external computing devices. One or more specialized software applications, such as a driving analysis application  1134  and/or a usage-based insurance application  1135  may be stored in the memory of the mobile device  1130  (e.g., may be downloaded or otherwise provided to the device and stored). The driving analysis application  1134  and usage-based insurance application  1135  may be received via network interface  1121  from the insurance server  1150 , vehicle  1110 , or other application providers (e.g., application stores). As discussed below, the driving analysis application  1134  and risk unit based insurance application  1135  may or may not include various user interface screens, and may be configured to run as user-initiated applications or as background applications. The memory of the mobile device  1130  also may include databases configured to receive and store vehicle data, driving data, driving trip data, and the like, associated with one or more drivers and/or vehicles. 
     Like the vehicle-based computing devices in vehicle  1110 , mobile device  1130  also may include various components configured to generate and/or receive vehicle data, driver data, and driving data or other operational data. For example, using data from the GPS receiver  1133 , a driving analysis software application  1134  may be able to identify starting and stopping points of driving trips, determine driving speeds, times, routes, and the like. Additional components of mobile device  1130  may be used to generate or receive driving data for the driving data analysis application  1134  and/or usage-based insurance application  1135 , such as an accelerometer, compass, and various cameras and proximity sensors. As discussed below, these and other mobile device components may be used to receive, store, and output various user/driver data, to identify starting and stopping points and other characteristics of driving trips, to determine various driving data such as speeds, driving routes and times, acceleration, braking, and turning data, and other driving conditions and behaviors. In some implementations, the driving analysis software application  1134  may store and analyze the data from various mobile device components, and the usage-based insurance application  1135  may use this data, alone or in any combination with other components or devices (e.g., insurance server  1150 ), to determine and present insurance offers, insurance costs (e.g., cost per day, cost per mile, revised cost per day, revised cost per mile, etc.), and the like. 
     When mobile computing devices within vehicles are used to detect vehicle driving data and/or to receive vehicle driving data from vehicle sensors, such mobile computing devices  1130  may store, analyze, and/or transmit the vehicle driver data (e.g., data identifying a current driver), driving data (e.g., speed data, acceleration, braking, and turning data, and any other vehicle sensor or operational data), and driving trip data (e.g., driving route, driving times, driving destinations, etc.), to one or more other devices. For example, mobile computing device  1130  may transmit driver data, driving data and driving behaviors, and driving trip data directly to one or more insurance servers  1150 , and thus may be used in conjunction with or instead of telematics devices  1113 . Moreover, the processing components of the mobile computing device  1130  may be used to identify vehicle drivers and passengers, analyze vehicle driving data, analyze driving trips, determine parameters related to aspects of risk unit based insurance policies, and perform other related functions. Therefore, in certain embodiments, mobile computing device  1130  may be used in conjunction with, or in place of, the insurance system server  1150 . 
     Vehicle  1110  may include driving analysis computer  1114 , which may be separate computing devices or may be integrated into one or more other components within the vehicle  1110 , such as the telematics device  1113 , autonomous driving systems, or the internal computing systems  1117  of vehicle  1110 . As discussed above, driving analysis computers  1114  also may be implemented by computing devices independent from the vehicle  1110 , such as mobile computing device  1130  of the drivers or passengers, or one or more separate computer systems (e.g., a user&#39;s home or office computer). In any of these examples, the driving analysis computer  1114  may contain some or all of the hardware/software components as the computing device  101  depicted in  FIG.  1   . Further, in certain implementations, the functionality of the driving analysis computers, such as storing and analyzing driver data, vehicle data, driving data and driving behaviors, and determining, presenting, and implementing aspects of usage-based insurance polies, may be performed in a central insurance system server  1150  rather than by the individual vehicle  1110  or personal mobile device  1130 . In such implementations, the vehicle  1110  and and/or mobile device  1130 , might only collect and transmit driver data, vehicle data, driving data, and the like to an insurance server  1150 , and thus the vehicle-based driving analysis computer  1114  may be optional. 
     The system  1100  also may include one or more insurance system servers  1150 , containing some or all of the hardware/software components as the computing device  101  depicted in  FIG.  1   . The insurance system server  1150  may include hardware, software, and network components to receive driver data, vehicle data, and vehicle operational data/driving data from one or more vehicles  1110 , mobile devices  1130 , and other data sources. The insurance system server  1150  may include an insurance database  1152  and usage-based insurance system  1151  to respectively store and analyze driver data, vehicle data, and driving data, etc., received from vehicle  1110 , mobile device  1130 , and other data sources. In some examples, the usage-based insurance system  1151  may include many or all of the components of usage-based insurance system  1000  described with respect to  FIG.  10   . 
     The insurance system server  1150  may initiate communication with and/or retrieve driver data, vehicle data, and driving data from vehicle  1110  wirelessly via telematics device  1113 , mobile device  1130 , or by way of separate computing systems over one or more computer networks (e.g., the Internet). Additionally, the insurance system server  1150  may receive additional data from other third-party data sources, such as external traffic databases containing traffic data (e.g., amounts of traffic, average driving speed, traffic speed distribution, and numbers and types of accidents, etc.) at various times and locations, external weather databases containing weather data (e.g., rain, snow, sleet, and hail amounts, temperatures, wind, road conditions, visibility, etc.) at various times and locations, and other external data sources containing driving hazard data (e.g., road hazards, traffic accidents, downed trees, power outages, road construction zones, school zones, and natural disasters, etc.), route and navigation information, and insurance company databases containing insurance data (e.g., driver score, coverage amount, deductible amount, premium amount, insured status) for the vehicle, driver, and/or other nearby vehicles and drivers. 
     Data stored in the insurance database  1152  may be organized in any of several different manners. For example, a driver table in database  1152  may contain all of the driver data for drivers associated with the insurance provider (e.g., driver personal information, insurance account information, demographic information, accident histories, risk factors, driving scores and driving logs, etc.), a vehicle table may contain all of the vehicle data for vehicles associated with the insurance provider (e.g., vehicle identifiers, makes, models, years, accident histories, maintenance histories, travel logs, estimated repair costs and overall values, etc.), and a driving trip table may store all of the driving trip data for drivers and vehicles associated with the insurance provider (e.g., driving trip driver, vehicle driven, trip time, starting and ending points, route driven, etc.). Other tables in the database  1152  may store additional data, including data types discussed above (e.g. traffic information, road-type and road condition information, weather data, insurance policy data, etc.). Additionally, one or more other databases of other insurance providers containing additional driver data and vehicle data may be accessed to retrieve such additional data. 
     The usage-based insurance system  1151  within the insurance system server  1150  may be configured to retrieve data from the database  1152 , or may receive driver data, vehicle data, and driving trip directly from vehicle  1110 , mobile device  1130 , or other data sources, and may perform driving data analyses, determine insurance parameters for usage-based insurance policies, and other related functions. The functions performed by the usage-based insurance analysis system  1151  may be performed by specialized hardware and/or software separate from the additional functionality of the insurance system server  1150 . Such functions may be similar to those of driving analysis module  1114  of vehicle  1110 , and the driving analysis and usage-based insurance applications  1134  and  1135  of mobile device  1130 , and further descriptions and examples of the algorithms, functions, and analyses that may be executed by the usage-based insurance system  1151  are described more fully below. 
     For instance,  FIG.  12    illustrates one example method of determining a cost of a trip associated with a usage-based insurance policy and deducting the cost of the trip from a premium associated with the policy according to one or more aspects described herein. It should be noted that although various steps of the process are shown in order in  FIG.  12   , one or more steps of the process may be performed in a different order, or not performed, without departing from the invention. 
     In step  1200 , a premium amount is received for an insurance policy. As discussed above, the premium (e.g., an amount of funds) may be stored in an account associated with the user (e.g., driver) or vehicle and held by the entity (e.g., insurance provider). The funds may be held in the account until a portion of the premium funds are used (e.g., based on operation of the vehicle). At that time (or in a batch process) the cost of one or more trips may be deducted from the premium and transferred from the account to another account of the entity. 
     The premium may be based on various factors, as described herein. For instance, driving history, credit rating, location, and various other factors may be used to determine an amount of the premium for the usage-based insurance policy. In step  1202 , a first cost per day and/or a first cost per mile associated with the policy may be determined. In step  1202 , the cost per day and/or cost per mile may be determined based on factors such as driving history, accident history, location, credit rating, and the like. These costs or rates may be used to determine a cost of a driving trip performed by the vehicle associated with the usage-based insurance policy, as is discussed more fully herein. 
     In step  1204 , driving trip data may be received for a first driving trip. The driving trip data may be received from one or more sensors (e.g., sensors  1010   a - 1010   c ) associated with the system and may be received by, for instance, the usage cost module. The driving trip data may include data associated with start time of the first driving trip, end time of the first driving trip, duration of driving, distance driven, location, braking, swerving, acceleration, deceleration, and the like. In step  1206 , contextual or environmental information (e.g. from sensors  1010   a - 1010   c  and/or locality database  1008 ) associated with the first driving trip may be received. Contextual or environmental information may include time of day, weather conditions, precipitation conditions, traffic volumes, and the like. In some examples, the driving trip data may include the contextual or environmental information (e.g., all desired data may be received in step  1204  and the process may proceed from step  1204  to  1208 ). 
     In step  1208 , the system may determine a cost of the driving trip. For instance, the system may determine the cost of the first driving trip based on, for example, the cost per day and the cost per mile determined in step  1202 . This information may be used in conjunction with the distance and time of the trip to determine a cost of the first trip. In step  1210 , this cost of the first trip may then be deducted from the premium provided by the user in step  1200  and stored in the account module. For instance, a balance of the premium in the account may be reduced by the cost of the trip. 
     In step  1212 , a determination may be made as to whether, after reducing the premium by the cost of the trip, a balance of the premium is below a predetermined threshold. If so, the system may automatically attempt to transfer additional funds into the account in step  1214 . That is, the user may store payment account information in the account module. This payment account information may be used to access the payment account and attempt to transfer a predetermined amount of funds into the account of the user. The predetermined amount of funds may, in some examples, be a same amount as the initial premium amount. In other examples, the predetermined amount may be another amount determined by the user or the entity. 
     If, in step  1212 , the premium balance is not below the predetermined threshold, or after the system has attempted to automatically transfer funds in step  1214 , the system may proceed to step  1216  in which a second or revised rate or cost per day and a second or revised rate or cost per mile may be determined. The second cost per day and/or cost per mile may be determined based on factors similar to those used to determine the first cost per day and the first cost per mile, as well as based on the driving data and/or contextual environmental data received. For instance, if a user has several instances of hard braking in the received driving data, the cost per rate and/or cost per mile may be increased to account for the additional risk associated with this driving behavior. In another example, if the driver was operating the vehicle at night and/or in heavy precipitation, the system may increase the cost per day and/or cost per mile to account for this increased risk. 
     The system may then return to step  1204  to receive driving data for a second or subsequent trip and may continue the process. 
       FIG.  13    illustrates one example method of attempting to automatically transfer funds from a payment account to a user or vehicle account according to one or more examples discussed herein. For instance, the process shown in  FIG.  13    may occur simultaneously with or immediately following step  1214 , in some examples. 
     In step  1300 , the system may attempt to automatically transfer funds from the identified payment account of the user to the user account stored in the account module. This process may, in some examples, be performed by the account module. In step  1302 , a determination may be made as to whether the attempted transfer was successful. For instance, the system may determine whether there were sufficient funds in the payment account, whether a credit card number provided was still valid, etc. If the attempted transfer was successful, the funds may be transferred from the payment account to the user account in step  1304 . 
     If, in step  1302 , the attempted transfer was not successful, a notification may be provided to the user in step  1306 . As discussed herein, providing a notification may include displaying an indication to the user (e.g., on a display of the on-board vehicle computing device, on a mobile device of the user, or the like) indicating that the user&#39;s account balance is below the threshold, that an attempt to replenish the account was made and was not successful. In some examples, providing a notification may include modifying operation of the vehicle. For instance, the system may provide an instruction or signal to, for instance, the vehicle control computer  1117 , to modify operation of the vehicle or one or more systems of the vehicle. For instance, the instruction may include causing the vehicle to flash the headlights, engage the horn, and/or may prevent the vehicle from starting or operating in a normal fashion. 
     In step  1308 , a determination may be made as to whether, after a predetermined time, the desired funds were received by the user account. For instance, the system may wait a predetermined time, such as one day, three days, one week, or the like and may make another attempt to transfer the funds or may review the balance of the account to determine whether funds were deposited (e.g., determine whether the premium balance is still below the threshold). If the funds have been received in step  1308 , the transfer may be completed and/or the premium balance may be replenished (e.g., increased above the predetermined threshold). 
     If, in step  1308 , the funds have not been received or any additional attempts to transfer the funds are not successful, the insurance policy may be cancelled in step  1312 . 
       FIG.  14    illustrates one example method of reducing or eliminating charges upon reaching a daily mileage threshold limit, according to one or more aspects described herein. In step  1400 , a premium may be received for a usage-based insurance policy. In step  1402 , a cost or rate per day and/or a cost or rate per mile may be determined based on one or more factors. The cost per day and/or cost per mile may be an initial or first cost per day or cost per mile, or may be a revised cost per day or cost per mile, as discussed above, and therefore may be based on various factors, as discussed herein. 
     In step  1404 , driving data for a trip may be received. Driving data, as discussed above, may include duration, distance, location, driving behavior data, contextual or environmental data, and the like. In step  1406 , a determination is made as to whether a distance driven in the trip is above a predetermined threshold. For instance, a user may have a policy that provides that any miles driven over a predetermined threshold number of miles in a day (e.g.,  100 ,  75 ,  150 , or the like) may be driven free of charge (e.g., without a cost being deducted from the premium for miles over the threshold). Accordingly, if the number of miles for the trip is determined to be below the threshold in step  1406 , then the system may determine a cost of the trip based on the cost per day and/or cost per mile and the total distance driven in step  1408 . Alternatively, if the distance driven is above the threshold in step  1406 , then in step  1410 , the cost for the trip will be determined based on the cost per day and/or the cost per mile and the threshold distance. 
       FIG.  15    illustrates one example method of tracking trip events via a ledger according to one or more aspects described herein. In step  1500 , a trip event may be received. A trip event may include an occurrence of driving a vehicle, such as from a source location to a destination. In step  1502 , the trip event may be added to a database of trip events. For instance, the trip event may be added to a database storing historical driving data, such as within usage cost module  1002 , or within insurance database  1006 . 
     In step  1504 , trip cost and aggregate miles may be determined. That is, the usage cost module  1002  may determine a cost associated with the trip based on, for example, a number of miles, a duration of the trip, and the like. The cost per day and/or cost per mile may be determined, as well as an aggregate number of miles travelled. In step  1506 , the trip event and associated details (e.g., costs, aggregate miles, and the like) may be transmitted to a ledger stored within account module  1012 . The ledger may store and/or track an account balance for a user, trip events, trip costs, aggregate miles, and the like. 
     In step  1508 , the account module  1012  may determine a new balance in the ledger for the account based on the data received. For instance, a cost of the trip event may be deducted from a previous account balance stored in the ledger to determine a new balance. In one example in which a cost per day is used as a charge for the usage-based insurance policy, the balance in the ledger for a policy may be reduced by the determined rate per day for each vehicle associated with the policy (rate per day may vary based on a selected coverage for a vehicle). 
       FIG.  16    illustrates one example method of replenishing accounts according to one or more aspects described herein. In step  1600 , one or more accounts with a balance below a threshold may be determined. In step  1602 , replenishment may be requested from the accounts identified as having a balance below the threshold. In step  1604 , a determination may be made as to whether payment has been received for, for example, a first account. If so, the ledger may be updated with payment information in step  1608 . If not, the account status may be updated in the ledger in step  1606 . Updating the account status may include flagging the account as being below the threshold, notifying the customer that his or her account is below the threshold, and/or cancelling the insurance policy associated with the account. 
     In step  1610 , a determination is made as to whether there are more accounts to determine whether payment has been received. If so, the process may return to step  1604 . If not, the process may end. 
       FIG.  17    illustrates one example method of creating a new account in the system and the ledger, according to one or more aspects described herein. In step  1700 , a request may be transmitted to a customer. The request may include a request to open a new account, obtain a new usage-based policy, or the like. In some examples, the request may be transmitted to the customer via an electronic message, such as email, SMS, and the like. The electronic message may include a link that the user may select if he or she desires to proceed with creating an account. 
     In step  1702 , a customer may accept the request to create a new account and the acceptance may be received and/or recorded by the system (e.g., system  1000  in  FIG.  10   ). In step  1704 , a new account may be created (e.g., in account module  1012 ) and the new account information may be transmitted to the ledger to create a new entry in the ledger. 
     In step  1706 , an initial deposit of funds may be received and the initial deposit may be recorded in the ledger. As discussed herein, the initial deposit may be an insurance premium or other amount creating a balance of funds in the usage-based insurance account from which costs per mile and/or costs per day may be deducted as a vehicle is operated. In some examples, the policy premium may be determined based on the following:
 
Policy Premium=(Days1*RPD)+(Miles1*RPM)+(Days2*RPD)+(Miles2*RPM)+(Days3*RPD)+(Miles3*RPM)+(Days4*RPD)+(Miles4*RPM)+(Days5*RPD)+(Miles5*RPM), where
 
     New Business Date is date Date 1 
     RPD is the Rate Per Day 
     RPM is the Rate Per Mile 
     Miles1 is the Cumulative Chargeable Miles Driven between Date 1 and Date 1+1 month as evaluated on a date following Date 1+1 month. 
     Miles2 is the Cumulative Chargeable Miles Driven between Date 1+1 month and Date 1+2 months, evaluated on a date following Date 1+2 months. 
     Miles3 is the Cumulative Chargeable Miles Driven between Date 1+2 months and Date 1+3 months, evaluated on a date following Date 1+3 months. 
     Miles4 is the Cumulative Chargeable Miles Driven between Date 1+3 months and Date 1+4 months, evaluated on a date following Date 1+4 months. 
     Miles5 is the Cumulative Chargeable Miles Driven between Date 1+4 months and Date 1+5 months, evaluated on a date following Date 1+5 months. 
     Days1 is the number of Days between Date 1 and Date 1+1 month. 
     Days2 is the number of Days between Date 1+1 month and Date 1+2 months. 
     Days3 is the number of Days between Date 1+2 months and Date 1+3 months. 
     Days4 is the number of Days between Date 1+3 months and Date 1+4 months. 
     Days5 is the number of Days between Date 1+4 months and Date 1+5 months. 
     In some examples, an endorsement may occur during a term of the policy. Accordingly, a premium may be adjusted based on the endorsement. In such examples, the premium may be determined by:
 
Policy Premium=(Days1*RPD)+(Miles1*RPM)+(Days2 a *RPD)+(Miles2 a *RPM)+(Days2 b *RPDe)+(Miles2 b *RPMe)+(Days3*RPDe)+(Miles3*RPMe)+(Days4*RPDe)+(Miles4*RPMe)+(Days5*RPDe)+(Miles5*RPMe), where
 
     Miles2a is the Cumulative Chargeable Miles Driven between Date 1+1 month and the Endorsement date, evaluated on a date following the endorsement date. 
     Miles2b is the Cumulative Chargeable Miles Driven between the Endorsement Date and Date 1+2 Months, evaluated on a date following Date 1+2 months. 
     Days2a is the number of days between Date 1+1 month and the Endorsement Date. 
     Days2b is the number of days between the Endorsement Date and Date 1+2 months. 
     RPDe is the Endorsement New Rate Per Day. 
     RPMe is the Endorsement New Rate Per Mile. 
     If a policy is cancelled mid-term, the premium for the policy may be calculated using:
 
Policy Premium=(Days1*RPD)+(Miles1*RPM)+(Days2 a *RPD)+(Miles2 a *RPM), where
 
     Miles2a is the Cumulative Number of Miles Driven Between Date 1+1 Month and the cancellation date. 
     Days2a is the number of days between Date 1+1 month and the cancellation date. 
     In at least some examples, the calculations are rounded to the nearest one cent. Additionally or alternatively, calculations may vary based on a coverage level for a vehicle. For instance, a policy having more coverage may have a different rate per day or rate per mile than a policy having lower or less coverage, thereby altering the premium based on the amount of coverage associated with the policy. 
     In some arrangements, the initial deposit may include an adjustment for one or more fees. For instance, some states have fees that are collected on various policies. Accordingly, the initial payment may be reduced by an amount of state fees prior to any deductions being made for operating a vehicle associated with the usage-based insurance policy. 
     With further reference to  FIG.  17   , in step  1708 , policy information may be requested. The policy information may include information associated with the vehicle (e.g., make, model, year, etc.) and/or the driver (e.g., age, driving history, and the like). The policy information may also include information associated with a type of policy, amount of premium, amount of replenishment, and the like. This information may be provided by the customer and, in some examples, may be stored in insurance database  1006 . In step  1710 , the policy information may be received and the ledger may be updated with any policy information received. The balance of the account may be included in the ledger and, as the driver operates a vehicle, driving or trip event data may be received by the system, costs determined, and an amount deducted from the account, as discussed more fully herein. 
     In some examples, the ledger, initial payment, and the like, may be associated with a policy. For instance, a single policy may have multiple vehicles associated therewith. Accordingly, a single ledger entry for the policy may exist and the account balance may be reduced by costs per day and/or costs per mile for any of the vehicles associated with the policy. Additionally or alternatively, premiums may be determined at a vehicle level (e.g., each vehicle on a policy may have a different premium based on characteristics of the vehicle), and coverage level, state fees, and the like, may also be determined at a vehicle level, rather than a policy level. 
     While the aspects described herein have been discussed with respect to specific examples including various modes of carrying out aspects of the disclosure, those skilled in the art will appreciate that there are numerous variations and permutations of the above described systems and techniques that fall within the spirit and scope of the invention.