Patent Publication Number: US-7224538-B2

Title: Electro-optical reader with improved laser intensity modulation over extended working range

Description:
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This applications is a division of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/897,724, filed Jul. 23, 2004, now a U.S. Pat. No. 7,063,261. 
    
    
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     1. Field of the Invention 
     The present invention generally relates to electro-optical readers, such as laser scanners and imagers and, more particularly, to improved aperture stops and optical components for improving laser intensity modulation over an extended working range or depth of focus in which indicia, such as bar code symbols, are read. 
     2. Description of the Related Art 
     Bar code readers are known in the prior art for reading various symbologies such as Universal Product Code (UPC) bar code symbols appearing on a label, or on the surfaces of an article. The bar code symbol itself is a coded pattern of graphic indicia comprised of a series of bars of various widths spaced apart from one another to bound spaces of various widths, the bars and spaces having different light reflecting characteristics. The readers electro-optically transform the graphic indicia into electrical signals, which are decoded into information, typically descriptive of the article or some characteristic thereof. Such information is conventionally represented in digital form and used as an input to a data processing system for applications in point-of-sale processing, inventory control, and the like. Readers of this general type have been disclosed, for example, in U.S. Pat. No. 5,600,121, assigned to the same assignee as the instant application, and may employ a portable laser scanning device held by a user, which is configured to allow the user to aim the device and, more particularly, a scanning laser light beam, at a targeted symbol to be read. 
     The light source in a laser scanning bar code reader is typically a semiconductor laser device. The use of semiconductor devices as the light source is especially desirable because of their small size, low cost and low voltage requirements. The laser beam is optically modified, typically by an optical assembly, to form a beam spot or cross-section of a certain size at a target distance. It is preferred that the cross-section of the beam spot at the target distance be approximately the same as a minimum width between regions of different light reflectivity, i.e., the bars and spaces of the symbol. 
     In moving laser beam readers known in the art, the laser light beam is directed by a lens or other optical components along a light path toward a target that includes the bar code symbol. The moving-beam reader operates by repetitively scanning the light beam in a scan pattern across the symbol by means of motion of a scanning component, such as a moving mirror placed in the path of the light beam. The scanning component may either sweep the beam spot across the symbol and trace a scan line, or a series of scan lines, or another pattern, across the symbol, or scan a field of view of the reader, or both. 
     Bar code readers also include a sensor or photodetector which detects light reflected or scattered from the symbol. The photodetector or sensor is positioned in the reader in an optical path so that it has a field of view which ensures the capture of a portion of the light which is reflected or scattered off the symbol. The light is detected and converted into an electrical signal. 
     Some bar code readers are “retro-reflective”. In a retro-reflective reader, a moving optical element such as a mirror is used to transmit the outgoing beam and receive the reflected light. Non-retro-reflective readers typically employ a moving mirror to transmit the outgoing beam, but have a separate detection system with a wide, static field of view. 
     Electronic circuitry and software decode the electrical signal into a digital representation of the data represented by the symbol that has been scanned. For example, the analog electrical signal generated by the photodetector is converted by a digitizer into a pulse width modulated digitized signal, with the widths corresponding to the physical widths of the bars and spaces. Such a digitized signal is then decoded, based on the specific symbology used by the symbol, into a binary representation of the data encoded in the symbol, and subsequently to the information or alphanumeric characters so represented. Such signal processors are disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,734,153, assigned to the same assignee as the instant application. 
     Different symbols have different information densities and contain a different number of elements in a given area representing different amounts of encoded data. The denser the code, the smaller the elements and spacings. Printing of the denser symbols on an appropriate medium is exacting and, thus, is more expensive than printing low density symbols with larger elements. The density of a bar code symbol can be expressed in terms of the minimum bar/space width, also called “module size”, or as a “spatial frequency” of the code, which is in the inverse of twice the bar/space width. 
     A bar code reader typically will have a specified resolution, often expressed by the module size that is detectable by its effective sensing spot. For example, the beam spot size may be somewhat larger than the minimum width between regions of different light reflectivities, i.e., the bars and spaces of the symbol. The resolution of the reader is established by parameters of the beam source or the detector, by lenses or apertures associated with either the beam source or the detector, by an angle of beam inclination with respect to a plane of the symbol, by a threshold level of the digitizer, by the programming in the decoder, or by a combination of two or more of these factors. The photodetector will effectively average the light scattered from the area of the projected spot which reaches the detector aperture. 
     The region within which the reader is able to decode a symbol is called the effective working range of the reader. Within this range, the spot size is such as to produce accurate readings of symbols for a given density. The working range is dependent on the focal characteristics of optical components of the reader and on the module size of the symbol. 
     Many known readers collimate or focus the laser beam using an optical system to create the beam spot of a given size at a prescribed distance. The intensity of the laser beam at this distance, in a plane normal to the beam (ideally approximately parallel to the scanned symbol), is ordinarily characterized by a “Gaussian” distribution with a high central peak. Gaussian beams typically have a profile along their axis of propagation exhibiting a waist (collimated) zone with limited divergence followed by a divergence zone thereafter. The collimated zone determines a depth of field (focusing range) for maximum bar code density. However, as the distance between the reader and the symbol moves out of the working range of the reader, which is typically only a few inches in length, the Gaussian distribution of the beam spot greatly widens, preventing accurate reading of a symbol. Such readers, accordingly, must be positioned within a relatively narrow range of distances from a symbol in order to properly read the symbol. 
     It has been proposed to modify a laser scanning beam by directing a collimated beam of laser light into an axicon optical element, for example, a conical lens, to produce a beam of light which exhibits a consistent spot size over a substantial distance along an optical axis of the beam. Such an optical system is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,164,584, U.S. Pat. No. 5,331,143, and U.S. Pat. No. 6,651,888. The conical axicon produces a nearly diffraction-free beam and increases the working range of the scanning beam. Such a beam exhibits substantially no divergence over a relatively long distance range and then breaks into a donut-like spot pattern of intensity distribution. Such a non-diverging beam can provide two to three times the range of a conventional Gaussian beam for a particular symbol density. However, where such a beam is designed to improve performance in scanning a certain bar code density, the corresponding working range of lower density symbols is not increased significantly or at all, being limited by the distance where the beam breaks into a donut-like distribution. 
     The conical axicon, by itself, produces a generally circular beam spot, which is not desirable for reading one-dimensional UPC symbols where an oval beam spot is preferred because it is less susceptible to errors introduced by voids and ink spreads in the symbol and by speckle noise. Indeed, the narrow dimension of the oval spot is swept along the scan direction to minimize such errors. 
     Ellipticity of the beam spot can be introduced in an axicon-based reader by employing a diffraction grating. However, there are limitations in the amount of ellipticity that can be introduced, especially as compared to a non-axicon-based optical system in which a conventional Gaussian beam from a laser diode is directed through an aperture. 
     Also, the conical axicon is sensitive to pointing error of the laser. In other words, fine angular adjustment and alignment between the laser and the axicon are critical for proper operation. Hence, although it is desirable to use a conical axicon to increase the working range, especially in long-range scanners where far-out symbols are located remotely from the reader, the limitations on making the beam spot have an elliptical shape and on rendering the laser source less sensitive to pointing errors tend to prevent the ready adoption of axicons in electro-optical readers. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     OBJECTS OF THE INVENTION 
     Accordingly, it is a general object of this invention to increase working range in an electro-optical reader. 
     More particularly, it is an object of the present invention to increase the working range in a moving beam reader, especially for close-in symbols located near the reader. 
     Still another object of the present invention is to introduce ellipticity of a beam spot without resorting to diffraction gratings. 
     It is yet another object of the present invention to render a reader less sensitive to pointing errors of the light source and to misalignment. 
     A still further object of the present invention is to increase the depth of focus in an imaging reader. 
     FEATURES OF THE INVENTION 
     In keeping with the above objects and others which will become apparent hereinafter, one feature of the present invention resides, briefly stated, in utilizing an optical element which is not symmetric, as in the case of the known conical axicons, but is asymmetric and has length and width dimensions independent of each other, and preferably different in size. This asymmetric optical element, also known herein as a “rooftop” element, has a pair of lens surfaces, preferably planar, meeting along a line that intersects along an optical axis along which the light is propagated. These two lens surfaces focus light to multiple focal points along the optical axis, thereby extending the working range of an electro-optical reader of the moving-beam type in which the rooftop element is used in order to read indicia located within the extended working range. In the case of an imaging reader, the two lens surfaces image light returning from multiple image points along the optical axis. 
     Thus, the desirable extended working range is obtained. However, the rooftop element creates undesirable light intensity modulation, also known as “wiggles”, in a line spread function or beam profile that depicts the light intensity distribution of the light passing through the rooftop element. These wiggles compromise the ability of the reader to successfully read a symbol and, in some cases, may even result in a total failure to read the symbol. 
     Another feature of this invention resides in a novel aperture stop for reducing the effect of the wiggles, thereby improving the reading performance of the reader. The aperture stop includes an optical aperture, and a support bounding the optical aperture along a border that shapes the optical aperture with variable dimensions along mutually orthogonal directions along which the indicia extends. The dimensions of the optical aperture are different so that the cross-section of light passing therethrough has an oval or elliptical shape, thereby avoiding the prior art requirement for diffraction gratings. 
     The optical aperture, in accordance with the prior art, may be circular, elliptical, rectangular, square, or diamond in shape. However, in accordance with this invention, the optical aperture has a plurality of light-passing areas spaced apart along the border, and a light-obstructing area is located between a pair of light-passing areas. Preferably, the border is configured to have a periodic shape at opposite sides of the optical aperture as considered along one of the directions. The periodic shape may be sinusoidal or a succession of triangular, trapezoidal, or rectangular forms. 
     Thus, rather than an abrupt change in light intensity, as would be the case when a beam spot spans a vertical edge at each side of a rectangular aperture, this invention proposes a more gradual change in the light intensity due to the fact that the edge at each side of the aperture is not a vertical linear edge, or a curved edge as in the case of a circular or elliptical aperture. Instead, each edge has a plurality of light-passing areas and light-blocking areas so that the light intensity change is continuous and gradual. Since the opposite sides of the aperture do not cause an abrupt light intensity variation, these opposite sides or edges are sometimes referred to herein as “soft” edges, and the aperture is referred to herein as a “soft edge” aperture. 
     As noted above, the soft edge aperture reduces the effect of the wiggles in the beam profile, as described in more detail below, but also reduces the working range. However, when the soft edge aperture is used together with the rooftop element which, as explained above, increases the working range, the net effect is, at best, an improvement and, at worst, the working range is unchanged. 
     The novel features which are considered as characteristic of the invention are set forth in particular in the appended claims. The invention itself, however, both as to its construction and its method of operation, together with additional objects and advantages thereof, will be best understood from the following description of specific embodiments when read in connection with the accompanying drawings. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         FIG. 1  is a broken-away, perspective view of a handheld device used in a reader for electro-optically reading indicia located in a working range of distances, the device containing one embodiment of a rooftop element, as well as one embodiment of an aperture stop, in accordance with this invention; 
         FIG. 2  is an enlarged perspective view of the rooftop element embodiment of  FIG. 1 ; 
         FIG. 3  is a graph of a line spread function over two axes showing an undesirable light intensity modulation; 
         FIG. 4  is an enlarged, elevational view of the aperture stop embodiment of  FIG. 1 ; 
         FIG. 5   a  is a rectangular aperture stop in accordance with the prior art; 
         FIGS. 5   b ,  5   c  are line spread functions over two axes for close-in and far-out symbols in accordance with the prior art; 
         FIG. 6   a  is a soft edge aperture stop having a first set of design parameters in accordance with this invention; 
         FIGS. 6   b ,  6   c  are analogous to  FIGS. 5   b ,  5   c , but for the aperture stop of  FIG. 6   a;    
         FIG. 7   a  is a soft edge aperture stop having a second set of design parameters in accordance with this invention; 
         FIGS. 7   b ,  7   c  are analogous to  FIGS. 5   b ,  5   c , but for the aperture stop of  FIG. 7   a;    
         FIGS. 8   a ,  8   b  are elevational views of the aperture stop of  FIG. 4 , but with a superimposed elliptical beam spot depicting insensitivity to laser pointing errors; 
         FIG. 9  is a perspective view of another embodiment of a rooftop element in accordance with this invention; 
         FIG. 10  is an enlarged sectional view of a detail of the surfaces of  FIG. 9 ; 
         FIG. 11  is a perspective view of another embodiment of a rooftop element in accordance with this invention; 
         FIG. 12  is a diagrammatic, perspective view of an imaging reader employing the rooftop element and the aperture stop in accordance with this invention; 
         FIG. 13  is a diagrammatic view of an axicon-based optical assembly in accordance with the prior art; 
         FIG. 14  is a view of a non-axicon-based optical assembly for extending working range in accordance with this invention; and 
         FIG. 15  is a view of another non-axicon-based optical assembly for extending working range in accordance with this invention. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
     As used herein, the term “symbol” broadly encompasses not only symbol patterns composed of alternating bars and spaces of various widths as commonly referred to as bar code symbols, but also other one- or two-dimensional graphic patterns, as well as alphanumeric characters. In general, the term “symbol” may apply to any type of pattern or indicia which may be recognized or identified either by scanning a light beam and detecting reflected or scattered light as a representation of variations in light reflectivity at various points of the pattern or indicia, or by scanning a field of view and imaging light returning from the symbol onto a sensor array.  FIG. 1  shows an indicia  15  as one example of a “symbol” which the present invention can read. 
       FIG. 1  depicts a handheld laser scanner device  10  for reading symbols. The laser scanner device  10  includes a housing that is generally of the type shown in the above-mentioned patents having a barrel portion  11  and a handle  12 . Although the drawing depicts a handheld pistol-shaped housing, the invention may also be implemented in other types of housings such as a desk-top workstation or a stationary scanner. In the illustrated embodiment, the barrel portion  11  of the housing includes an exit port or window  13  through which an outgoing laser light beam  14  passes to impinge on, and scan across, a bar code symbol  15  located at some distance from the housing. 
     The laser beam  14  moves across the symbol  15  to create a scan pattern. Typically, the scanning pattern is one-dimensional or linear, as shown by line  16 . This linear scanning movement of the laser beam  14  is generated by an oscillating scan mirror  17  driven by an oscillating motor  18 . If desired, means may be provided to scan the beam  14  through a two-dimensional scanning pattern, to permit reading of two-dimensional optically encoded symbols. A manually-actuated trigger  19  or similar means permit an operator to initiate the scanning operation when the operator holds and aims the device  10  at the symbol  15 . 
     The scanner device  10  includes a laser source  20 , e.g., a gas laser tube or a semiconductor laser diode, mounted within the housing. The laser source  20  generates the laser beam  14 . A photodetector  21  is positioned within the housing to receive at least a portion of the light reflected from the bar code symbol  15 . The photodetector  21  may face toward the window  13 . Alternatively, a convex portion of the scan mirror  17  may focus reflected light on the photodetector  21 , in which case the photodetector faces toward the scan mirror. As the beam  14  sweeps the symbol  15 , the photodetector  21  detects the light reflected from the symbol  15  and creates an analog electrical signal proportional to the intensity of the reflected light. A digitizer (not shown) typically converts the analog signal into a pulse width modulated digital signal, with the pulse widths and/or spacings corresponding to the physical widths of the bars and spaces of the scanned symbol  15 . A decoder (not shown), typically comprising a programmed microprocessor with associated RAM and ROM, decodes the pulse width modulated digital signal according to the specific symbology to derive a binary representation of the data encoded in the symbol, and the alphanumeric characters represented by the symbol. 
     The laser source  20  directs the laser beam through an optical assembly comprising a focusing lens  69 , an optical element  22  and an aperture stop  23 , to modify and direct the laser beam onto the scan mirror  17 . The mirror  17 , mounted on a vertical shaft and oscillated by the motor drive  18  about a vertical axis, reflects the beam and directs it through the exit port  13  to the symbol  15 . Details of the element  22  and the aperture stop  23 , to which this invention is directed, are described below. 
     To operate the scanner device  10 , the operator depresses trigger  19  which activates the laser source  20  and the motor  18 . The laser source  20  generates the laser beam which passes through the element  22  and aperture  23  combination. The element  22  and aperture  23  modify the beam to create an intense beam spot of a given size which extends continuously and does not vary substantially over a range  24  of working distances. The element and aperture combination directs the beam onto the rotary mirror  17 , which directs the modified laser beam outwardly from the scanner housing  11  and toward the bar code symbol  15  in a sweeping pattern, i.e., along scan line  16 . The bar code symbol  15 , placed at any point within the working distance  24  and substantially normal to the laser beam  14 , reflects a portion of the laser light. The photodetector  21 , shown mounted in the scanner housing  11  in a non-retroreflective position, detects the reflected light and converts the received light into an analog electrical signal. The photodetector could also be mounted in a retroreflective position facing the scan mirror  17 . The system circuitry then converts the analog signal to a pulse width modulated digital signal which a microprocessor-based decoder decodes according to the characteristics of the bar code symbology rules. 
     In accordance with one feature of this invention, one embodiment of the element  22 , as best seen in  FIG. 2 , has a front, generally planar, incident surface  24  for receiving light, and a pair of rear, generally planar, exit surfaces  25 ,  26  through which light is emitted after passing through the element. The terms “front” and “exit” are used as a convenience, since the surfaces  25 ,  26  could also be used as front surfaces, and the surface  24  can also be used as an exit surface. The exit surfaces  25 ,  26  meet along a line  27  that intersects and is perpendicular to the optical axis along which the beam  14  from the source  20  propagates. The element  22  has a length L and a width W, both of these mutually orthogonal dimensions being independently selectable. The optical element  22  bends the light beam  14  coming from the point source  20  on the optical axis so as to cross the axis along the working distance range  24  along a continuous line of points as a function of the angle of inclination a for each exit surface. 
     As described above, it was known in the art to employ a conical symmetrical axicon, in which the exit surfaces were conical, instead of being planar. The conical axicon produced a circular beam cross-section, which is undesirable for reading one-dimensional symbols. Hence, the art resorted to diffraction gratings and contended with laser pointing errors as described above. 
     The asymmetrical or “rooftop” element  22  of this invention produces the desired extended working range, but creates the aforementioned wiggles in the line spread function when used with a conventional aperture stop. For example,  FIG. 3  depicts the line spread function for the rooftop element of  FIG. 2  when used with a rectangular aperture stop. The line spread function is a function obtained by integrating the light intensity distribution of the beam spot on the symbol in its target plane along the scan direction (x-axis) and along the perpendicular direction (y-axis). In  FIG. 3 , the x-axis distribution is identified by curve  28 , the y-axis distribution is identified by curve  29 , and the undesirable light intensity modulation is identified by wiggle  30 . The presence of the wiggle leads to decoding degradation or failure. 
     In accordance with another feature of this invention, the aperture stop  23  is configured to minimize the wiggle  30 . Rather than a square, rectangular, circular, elliptical, or diamond shaped aperture as taught by the prior art, the aperture stop  23  has a “soft” edge as described above. As seen in  FIG. 4 , the aperture stop  23  has an optical aperture  31 , and a support  32  bounding the aperture  31  along a border  33  that shapes the aperture with variable dimensions along the x-axis (horizontal scan direction) and the y-axis (vertical direction). The dimensions along the two axes are different so that the cross-section of the beam passing therethrough has an elliptical shape, with the narrower or shorter dimension being along the scan direction. 
     The soft edge is characterized by at least two, and preferably a succession of, light-passing areas  35 ,  37 ,  39 ,  41 ,  43 ,  45  spaced apart of one another along the border, and by at least one, and preferably a succession of, light-obstructing areas  34 ,  36 ,  38 ,  40 ,  42 , also spaced apart of one another along the border. The light-passing areas alternate with the light-obstructing areas. Preferably, one light-obstructing area is located between a pair of adjacent light-passing areas. 
       FIG. 4  depicts a preferred embodiment in which the soft edge is a sinusoidal curve having an amplitude A and a period T and characterized in function form as A sin (2πT). Other periodic shapes, such as a succession of triangles, rectangles or trapezoids, could be employed. Other non-periodic shapes, such as a free form curve, could also be used. 
       FIG. 5   a  depicts a standard rectangular aperture  46 ;  FIG. 5   b  depicts the corresponding line spread functions  47 ,  48  over the x- and the y- axis at close-in target planes approximately  4  inches from the window  13 ; and  FIG. 5   c  depicts the corresponding line spread functions  49 ,  50  over the x- and y- axis at far-out target planes approximately 18 inches from the window. It will be noted that the line spread functions  47 ,  49  for the x-axis have wiggles or shoulders  51 ,  52  which detract from the desirable Gaussian beam profile. 
       FIG. 6   a  depicts the soft edge aperture  23  of  FIG. 4  wherein A=8% of the aperture width and T=4.5;  FIG. 6   b  depicts the corresponding line spread functions  53 ,  54  at the close-in target planes; and  FIG. 6   c  depicts the corresponding line spread functions  55 ,  56  at the far-out target planes. 
       FIGS. 7   a ,  7   b ,  7   c  are analogous to  FIGS. 6   a ,  6   b ,  6   c , except that A=16% of the aperture width. The line spread functions  57 ,  59  over the x-axis have no shoulders (as compared to shoulders  51 ,  52 ) and therefore more closely resemble the ideal Gaussian beam profile. 
     Thus, the greater the amplitude A of the periodic edge, the less effect that the shoulders  51 ,  52  have in degrading reader performance for both close-in and far-out symbols at opposite ends of the working distance range. The period T is chosen to be smaller than the spot size at the aperture so that a shift of the spot does not adversely affect the line spread function. The beam profile preserves its consistency even with a significant pointing error from the laser source when the maximum intensity of the laser spot is not in the center of the aperture.  FIGS. 8   a ,  8   b  depict a beam spot shift or pointing error, and the beam profile is not sensitive to this. 
     The asymmetric rooftop element  22  extends the working range whose effect is counteracted by the soft edge aperture which tends to reduce the working range. However, the reduction of the wiggles in the beam profile improves reader performance, especially for close-in symbols. Also, the aperture stop enables the horizontal and vertical dimensions of the beam spot to be independently optimized. The vertical size of the beam spot can be independently chosen from the horizontal size. Also, as shown in the embodiment of  FIG. 9 , the front surface  24  need not be planar, but can be configured as a cylindrical surface  61  to control the ellipticity of the beam spot. 
     As also shown in  FIG. 9 , the aperture stop could be formed integrally with the rooftop element  22  by forming a series of grooves  62 ,  63  on each planar surface  25 ,  26 . As shown in  FIG. 10 , light passing though the flat areas pass straight through. However, light incident on the grooves  62 ,  63  is diffused, thereby forming the indicated effective aperture edges. The grooves of each series can be spaced apart with variable distance, thereby imparting a soft aperture edge for incorporation with the rooftop element. 
     Still another embodiment of the rooftop element  64  is depicted in  FIG. 11  and is identical to the one shown in  FIG. 2 , except that each exit surface is curved, rather than flat. Preferably, each curved exit surface  65 ,  66  is a parabola. The beam profile along the y-axis is controlled by the parabolic surfaces. 
       FIG. 12  schematically depicts components of an imaging reader including a linear sensor array  67  of photocells, preferably charge coupled devices, a focusing lens  68 , the rooftop element  22  and the soft edge aperture stop  23 , all mounted in a return path of light captured from an image of a symbol located anywhere within a depth of focus. The known imaging readers having a linear array typically have a lower depth of focus than moving beam readers. However, the use of the rooftop element  22  and the soft edge aperture stop  23  in accordance with this invention increases the depth of focus, thereby making this type of imaging reader more available for use in high throughput environments. 
     Using the rooftop element with the soft edge aperture stop with an imager enables the size of the aperture to be increased at the expense of the extended working range. The new system has the same working range as the one without the axicon-aperture combination but has a larger clear aperture. The larger aperture results in more light being collected by the sensor array which, in turn, enables the sensor&#39;s exposure time to be reduced. By reducing the exposure time, the handheld reader&#39;s immunity to hand motion is increased. This directly relates into higher throughput and productivity. 
     It has therefore been proposed to eliminate the use of an axicon in electro-optical readers without sacrificing working range by the use of the rooftop element, preferably combined with the soft edge aperture stop. Still another solution in accordance with this invention is to deliberately form a negative spherical aberration on a surface of a positive (focusing) lens, again for the same purpose of increasing the working range. 
       FIG. 13  depicts an axicon-based prior art arrangement in which the laser diode  20  directs a laser beam through the positive focusing lens  69 , a conventional aperture stop  70  (i.e., one having a circular, oval, rectangular, square or diamond shaped aperture), and a conical axicon  71  to focus the beam to multiple focal points, e.g., all points between P 1  and P 2 , along the optical axis  72 , to define the extended working range. The focusing lens  69  is aberration-free, and the beam wavefront is conical, as schematically represented by reference numeral  73 . 
       FIG. 14  depicts, according to this invention, an additional optical component  74  is used to generate a negative spherical aberration for the positive focusing lens  69  so that the beam wavefront is aspherical, as schematically represented by reference numeral  75 . A negative spherical aberration refracts outer marginal light rays (i.e., the rays R 1  which are radially further from the optical axis  72 ) to a focal point P 4  further away from the lens  69 , as compared to inner light rays (i.e., the rays R 2  which are radially closer to the optical axis  72 ) to a focal point P 3  closer to the lens  69 . 
     Negative spherical aberration, just like positive spherical aberration, is an intrinsic defect which prevents light from being focused at a precise point. It is conventional for an optical designer to compensate for and correct such aberrations. However, in accordance with this invention, the focusing lens is deliberately overcorrected. 
     Mathematically speaking, the sag (W) of a wavefront at the plane of the exit pupil can be described as:
 
 W=AR   2   +BR   4 ,
 
where A is the coefficient of defocus, B is the coefficient of spherical aberration, and R is the radial distance that a ray is offset from the optical axis. For an aberration-free lens, B is zero. However, in accordance with this invention, B is selected to be a negative value.
 
     The result of overcorrecting the positive lens  69  to have a negative spherical aberration is that the working range as measured between points P 3  and P 4  is increased. No axicon was used. Thus, the optical assembly is less sensitive to diode pointing errors and laser diode variations, as in the case of axicon-based assemblies. No apodization at the plane of the aperture, such as the use of the aforementioned soft edge aperture stop, is needed, since a conventional aperture stop can be employed. The overcorrected lens, unlike an axicon, allows independent control of the height and width dimensions of the scanning beam along both the x-and y- axes using conventional astigmatic components, such as lenses or mirrors. The beam spot can be made elliptical to a greater extent than can be achieved with axicon-bases assemblies. 
     The negative spherical aberration can be introduced by application of plastic aspheric replica on a glass substrate, or directly on the focusing lens  69  to form an integrated one-piece construction. Alternatively, the negative spherical aberration can be introduced by a separate optical component, i.e., a phase plate  76 , as shown in  FIG. 15 . In  FIG. 15 , a glass plano-covex lens  69  collimates the laser beam. The plastic phase plate  76  has a first surface that combines two zones: a beam modifying zone and a conical zone. The beam modifying zone introduces the desired amount of negative spherical aberration to provide the extended working range according to this invention. The effective aperture is formed by the intersection of the beam modifying zone and the conical zone. The conical zone deflects the rays outside of the effective aperture off the optical axis. The deflected rays are then stopped by the aperture  70 . This arrangement minimizes eccentricity of the wavefront of the produced laser beam to provide consistency of the working range. 
     The phase plate  76  for generating the negative spherical aberration can be also useful for extending the working range in imaging applications. Therefore, the phase plate  76  can replace the rooftop element  22  and the soft edge aperture  23  in  FIG. 12 . 
     It will be understood that each of the elements described above, or two or more together, also may find a useful application in other types of constructions differing from the types described above. 
     While the invention has been illustrated and described as embodied in an electro-optical reader with improved laser intensity modulation over an extended working range, it is not intended to be limited to the details shown, since various modifications and structural changes may be made without departing in any way from the spirit of the present invention. 
     Without further analysis, the foregoing will so fully reveal the gist of the present invention that others can, by applying current knowledge, readily adapt it for various applications without omitting features that, from the standpoint of prior art, fairly constitute essential characteristics of the generic or specific aspects of this invention and, therefore, such adaptations should and are intended to be comprehended within the meaning and range of equivalence of the following claims. 
     What is claimed as new and desired to be protected by Letters Patent is set forth in the appended claims.