Patent Publication Number: US-2006014878-A1

Title: Polymer concrete

Description:
FIELD OF THE INVENTION  
      This invention relates to polymer concrete. In particular, the invention resides in polymer concrete that is used to produce structural elements.  
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION  
      Developments in civil engineering and the building industry have created a continual demand for building materials with new and improved performance attributes. Polymer concretes appear to offer possibilities for meeting these new requirements.  
      Polymer concrete consists of aggregates bonded together by a resin binder instead of water and cement binder that are used in standard cement concrete. Polymer concrete has generally good durability and chemical resistance and is therefore used in various applications such as in pipes, tunnel supports, bridge decks and electrolytic containers. The compressive and tensile strength of polymer concrete is generally significantly higher than that of standard concrete. As a result polymer concrete structures are generally smaller and significantly lighter than equivalent structures made out of standard concrete. Additional advantages of polymer concrete include very low permeability and very fast curing times.  
      The biggest disadvantage of polymer concrete is its cost. Resin is significantly more expensive than cement and water and to be cost effective resin content is generally reduced as much as possible. However, it is the resin that binds the aggregates together and gives the polymer concrete its strength. Polymer concrete with low resin content generally results in a brittle product with low tensile strength. Further, the resin content also determines the overall viscosity of the polymer concrete formulation. Polymer concrete with low resin content is generally very dry and difficult to work with.  
      As with standard concrete, the gradation of the aggregate for polymer concrete is based on the particle size of the different aggregate components. The particle size of the different aggregate components is chosen such that maximum packing of the overall aggregate is obtained. This maximum packing results in a minimum amount of remaining voids within the overall aggregate which have to be filled with resin. Hence maximum packing results in the minimum amount of resin that is required in the polymer concrete formulation.  
      A limitation of traditional polymer concrete is that it is very difficult to get a controlled variation of structural properties throughout a specific product. Many structural products have specific areas that require high compression strength and other areas that require high tensile strength.  
      As with standard concrete, polymer concrete structures often require reinforcement. Traditional steel reinforcement bars can be used, but as polymer concrete is often used in corrosive environments, continuous fibre composite reinforcement is generally preferred. Most continuous fibre composite reinforcement relies on adhesion between the polymer concrete and the reinforcement to transfer forces. In dry polymer concrete formulations there is often not enough resin in the mix to achieve the necessary level of adhesion and hence the fibre composite reinforcement has to be provided with a physical anchorage such as ribs. As most continuous fibre composite reinforcement is produced using the pultrusion process, incorporation of ribs or other forms of physical anchorage is difficult and expensive.  
     OBJECT OF THE INVENTION  
      It is an object of the invention to overcome or alleviate one or more of the disadvantages of the above disadvantages or provide the consumer with a useful or commercial choice.  
      It is a preferred object of this invention to enable polymer concrete to be produced with a controlled variation of the density throughout the final product.  
      It is a further preferred object of this invention to enable polymer concrete to be produced with a controlled variation of the resin content throughout the final product.  
      It is a still further preferred object of the invention to enable polymer concrete to be produced with controllable flowability and excellent workability.  
      It is a still further preferred object of the invention to enable polymer concrete to be produced cost effectively.  
      It is a still further preferred object of the invention to allow structural elements made of polymer concrete to be produced with a significantly reduced weight.  
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION  
      In one form, although not necessarily the only or broadest form, the invention resides in a polymer concrete formulation comprising:  
      an amount of polymer resin;  
      an amount of thixotrope;  
      an amount of a light aggregate with a specific gravity less than that of the resin; and  
      an amount of a heavy aggregate with a specific gravity larger than that of the resin.  
      The resin may be any suitable polyester, vinylester, epoxy or polyurethane resin or combination of resins dependent on the desired structural and corrosion resistant properties of the polymer concrete. Preferably, the resin content is between 25-30% by volume.  
      The light aggregate with a specific gravity less than that of the resin can be any type of light aggregate or combination of light aggregates dependent on the desired structural and corrosion resistant properties of the polymer concrete. Usually, the light aggregates have a specific gravity of 0.5 to 0.9. Preferably, the light aggregate has a specific gravity that is close to the specific gravity of the resin. The light aggregates usually make up 20-25% by volume of the polymer concrete. Preferably, the light aggregate are centre spheres. The centre spheres normally have a specific gravity of approximately 0.7 and are 20-300 microns in size. Alternately, hollow glass microspheres with a similar specific gravity and volume may be used.  
      The heavy aggregate with a specific gravity larger than that of the resin can be any type of heavy aggregate or combination of heavy aggregates dependent on the desired structural and corrosion resistant properties of the polymer concrete. The heavy aggregates usually make up 40-60% by volume of the polymer concrete.  
      Preferably the heavy aggregate is basalt. Usually the basalt is crushed. The crushed basalt may have a particle size 5 to 7 mm. Preferably the basalt makes up between 40-50% by volume of the polymer concrete. The basalt normally has a specific gravity of approximately 2.8. Alternately, sand that has a similar specific gravity as basalt may be used. Preferably the sand makes up between 50-60% by volume of the polymer concrete.  
      Alternatively, the heavy aggregate may be made up of one or more of coloured stones, gravel, limestone, shells, glass or the like material.  
      Preferably the resin contains a thixotrope to keep the light aggregate in suspension. The amount of thixotrope is normally between 0.5% to 1% of the resin weight. Preferably, the thixotrope is fumed silica such as found in Cabosil or Aerosil.  
      The polymer concrete of the present invention may also include fibrous reinforcement material to increase the structural properties of the polymer concrete mix. The reinforcement material may be glass, aramid, carbon, timber and/or thermo plastic fibres.  
      In another form, the invention resides in a method of forming a structural element using polymer concrete, the polymer concrete having an amount of polymer resin, an amount of thixotrope, an amount of a light aggregate with a specific gravity less than that of the resin; and an amount of a heavy aggregate with a specific gravity larger than that of the resin, the method including the steps of:  
      choosing an amount of resin;  
      choosing an amount of thixotrope;  
      choosing an amount of light aggregate to obtain the desired viscosity of the resin-light aggregate mix  
      choosing an amount of heavy aggregate to form a desired thickness of a lower layer within the structural element;  
      mixing the resin, thixotrope, heavy aggregate and light aggregate together to form polymer concrete;  
      locating the polymer concrete in a mould;  
      allowing the polymer concrete to settle to form a first layer and a second layer of different consistency within the structural element;  
      removing the structural element from the mould.  
      Reinforcement members may be located within the polymer concrete after the polymer concrete has settled. The reinforcement member may be located in the second layer of the structural element.  
      The reinforcement member may have a series of apertures located through the reinforcement member. Thus, the reinforcement member may allow resin and light aggregate to pass through the apertures.  
      An additional mixture of resin and light aggregate may be located on top of the reinforcement member.  
      A top surface of the first layer may be polished to provide an aesthetically appealing top surface.  
      In yet another form, the invention resides in a structural element comprising:  
      a first layer of: 
          an amount of polymer resin;     an amount of a light aggregate with a specific gravity less than that of the resin; and     an amount of a heavy aggregate with a specific gravity larger than that of the resin and;        

      a second layer of: 
          an amount of polymer resin; and     an amount of a light aggregate with a specific gravity less than that of the resin.        

      One or more reinforcement members may be located within the structural element. Normally, the reinforcement members are located between the first layer and the second layer. The reinforcement member may have a series of apertures located through the reinforcement member. The apertures may be sized to allow resin and an amount of light aggregate to pass through the apertures. 
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS  
      Embodiments of the invention will be described with reference to the accompanying drawings in which:  
       FIG. 1  is a perspective view of a marine beam produced in accordance with a first embodiment of the invention;  
       FIG. 2A  is a front view showing the first step in producing the marine beam of  FIG. 1 ;  
       FIG. 2B  is a front view showing the second step in producing the marine beam of  FIG. 1 ;  
       FIG. 2C  is a front view showing the third step in producing the marine beam of  FIG. 1 ;  
       FIG. 2D  is a front view showing the fourth step in producing the marine beam of  FIG. 1 ;  
       FIG. 3  is a perspective view of a bench top produced in accordance with a second embodiment of the invention;  
       FIG. 4A  is a front view showing the first step in producing the bench top of  FIG. 3 ;  
       FIG. 4B  is a perspective view showing the first step in producing the bench top of  FIG. 3 ;  
       FIG. 5A  is a front view showing the first step in producing the bench top of  FIG. 3 ;  
       FIG. 5B  is a perspective view showing the first step in producing the bench top of  FIG. 3 ;  
       FIG. 6A  is a front view showing the first step in producing the bench top of  FIG. 3 ;  
       FIG. 6B  is a perspective view showing the first step in producing the bench top of  FIG. 3 ;  
       FIG. 7A  is a front view showing the first step in producing the bench top of  FIG. 3 ;  
       FIG. 7B  is a perspective view showing the first step in producing the bench top of  FIG. 3 ;  
       FIG. 8A  is a front view showing the first step in producing the bench top of  FIG. 3 ; and  
       FIG. 8B  is a perspective view showing the first step in producing the bench top of  FIG. 3 . 
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFFERED EMBODIMENT  
       FIG. 1  shows a marine beam  10  formed using polymer concrete  20 , flat composite fibre reinforcing members  30  and tubular composite fibre reinforcing members  40 .  
      The polymer concrete  20  is formed with approximately 28% by volume of resin including a fumed silica that is 0.8% of the weight of the resin, 22% by volume of light aggregate and 50% by volume of heavy aggregate.  
      The light aggregate is in the form of centre spheres having a specific gravity of approximately 0.7 The heavy aggregate is formed from crushed basalt having a specific gravity of approximately 2.8 and a particle size of 5-7 mm.  
      The light aggregate has a specific gravity that is slightly less than that of the resin whilst the heavy aggregate has a specific gravity that is larger than that of the resin.  
      A thixotrope is added to the resin so that the light aggregate will stay in suspension within the resin and hence will be substantially unfirmly distributed throughout the polymer concrete. Consequently, the resin together with the lighter aggregate in suspension becomes a flowable filled resin system in its own right. The amount of the lighter aggregate suspended in the resin can be varied as required.  
      The heavy aggregate, which is heavier than the resin, sinks to the bottom of the polymer concrete and can as such be positioned in certain parts of the final product. By adding the heavier aggregate in specific amounts during the pour, layers or areas of polymer concrete with different amounts of aggregate and hence different density and structural properties can be obtained.  
       FIGS. 2A  to  2 D show the process that is used to produce the marine beam  10  shown in  FIG. 1 . The first step in the process is to produce formwork of a desired shape to form a mould  50 . In this example, the marine beam  10  is produced in an upside down manner.  
      Polymer concrete is mixed and poured into the mould and allowed to sit. The heavy aggregate settles to the bottom of the mould. The amount of aggregate is chosen such that once the aggregate has settled, a lower aggregate layer  60  will stop approximately 10 mm below the surface of the polymer concrete. The lower layer contains resin, thixotrope, light aggregate and heavy aggregate. Consequently there is a 10 mm upper layer  61  of resin, thixotrope and light aggregate on top of the lower layer  60  of the polymer concrete that is aggregate rich. Because there is no heavy aggregate in the upper  61  layer, the resin content in this layer is 56% by volume and the light aggregate in suspension in this layer is 44% by volume.  
      Individual flat fibre composite reinforcement members  30  and tubular fibre reinforcement members  40  are then located in the mould in the upper layer. The resin and light aggregate of upper layer  60  surrounds the flat reinforcement members and the tubular composite reinforcement members as shown in  FIG. 2C . This resin and light aggregate of the upper layer provide excellent adhesion for the tubular fibre composite reinforcement bars.  
      Additional polymer concrete is than added to the mould as shown in  FIG. 2D . The heavier aggregate again settles on top of the tubular reinforcement elements to form a lower layer  70 , leaving a thin upper layer  71  of the filled resin mix near the top of the mould  150 . The upper layer  71  is then screeded without interference of the heavy aggregate that is not located within the upper layer. The polymer concrete is then allowed to cure and the marine beam is removed from the mould  10 .  
      The marine beam has high compressive strength areas where there is a high heavy aggregate content and high tensile strength areas where there is increased resin content together with reduced aggregate loading. In this manner, the structural properties can be varied throughout the marine beam to achieve a desired structural result.  
      It should be appreciated that the techniques used to produce the variations in structural properties for the marine beam maybe used on other structural elements.  
       FIG. 3  shows a bench top  100  formed using polymer concrete  120  and a timber reinforcement member  130 .  
      The polymer concrete  120  is same polymer concrete used to produce the marine beam of  FIG. 1 .  
      The timber reinforcement member  130  is a marine ply sheet having a series of apertures  131  that extend through the sheet marine ply sheet. The apertures  131  are formed by drilling holes through the marine ply sheet.  
       FIGS. 4A  to  8 A and  FIGS. 4B  to  8 B show the process used to produce the bench top  100  shown in  FIG. 3 . The first step in the process is to produce mould  150  of a desired shape of the bench top  100 . In this example, the bench top  100  is produced in an upside down manner.  
      Polymer concrete is mixed and poured into the mould  150  and allowed to sit as shown in  FIGS. 4A and 4B . The heavy aggregate settles in the bottom of the mould  150 . The amount of aggregate is chosen such that once the aggregate has settled, a lower aggregate layer  160  will stop approximately 10 mm below the surface of the polymer concrete. Consequently there is a 10 mm upper layer  161  of resin and light aggregate on top of the lower layer  160  of the polymer concrete that is aggregate rich. Because there is no heavy aggregate in the upper  161  layer, the resin content in this layer is 56% by volume and the light aggregate in suspension in this layer is 44% by volume.  
       FIGS. 5A and 5B  shows the timber reinforcement member  130  placed on top of the upper layer  161  containing only light aggregate and resin. Pressure is applied to the timber reinforcement member  130  until the timber reinforcement member  131  contacts the lower layer of resin, light aggregate and heavy aggregate. Subsequently, the light aggregate and resin located in the upper layer  161  passes through the apertures located within the timber reinforcement member. An additional mixture of resin and light aggregate, the resin content being 56% by volume and the light aggregate content being 44% by volume, may be poured on top of the timber reinforcement member  130 . This is necessary if the timber reinforcement member  130  is not fully covered by the light aggregate and resin in the upper layer  131 . The timber reinforcement member  130  is shown covered by the light aggregate and resin in  FIGS. 6A and 6B .  
      A top of the mould is then placed on the upper layer that covers the timber reinforcement member as shown in  FIGS. 7A and 7B . A side of the top mould is open and additional polymer concrete is placed into the side of the top of the mould to complete the forming process of the bench top  100 . The bench top  100  is allowed to cure and then removed from the mould. The bench top  100  is then polished to complete the bench top.  
      The bench top  100  combines a special polymer concrete formulation with a two dimensional reinforcement system that provides the bench top  100  with the necessary structural capacity. The bench top  100  can be connected to other elements or support structures using traditional fastening systems such as screws and nails. The timber reinforcement member  130  and the cured layer of light aggregate and resin allows screws and nails to be used in their normal manner.  
      The bench top  100  can be made with different stones such as gravel, limestone, glass, shells or the like to provide different finishes. Further, the bench top  100  has good temperature behaviour, there is little limitation to colours as different pigments are able to be added to the resin, is easy to clean, is wear resistant, is significantly lighter than stone bench tops, its strength can be tailored to requirement by including extra reinforcement members, is inexpensive to manufacture and virtually any shape may be formed quickly and easy by changing the shape of the mould.  
      It should be appreciated that various other changes and modifications may be made to the embodiment described without departing from the spirit or scope of the invention.