Patent Publication Number: US-2022216697-A1

Title: Integrated electrical panel

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 16/789,324, filed Feb. 12, 2020, which claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/804,457 filed Feb. 12, 2019, the disclosures of which are hereby incorporated by reference herein in their entireties. 
    
    
     BACKGROUND 
     Typically, a main electrical panel includes a main meter, busbars, and a set of breakers corresponding to individual circuits. Other than one of the breakers tripping, or the total usage as determined by the meter, there is no feedback to further determine energy flows or control loads. 
     SUMMARY 
     The present disclosure is directed towards an integrated approach to electrical systems and monitoring/control. For example, in some embodiments, the present disclosure is directed to equipment having integrated components configured to be field-serviceable. In a further example, in some embodiments, the present disclosure is directed to a platform configured to monitor, control, or otherwise manage aspects of operation of the electrical system. 
     In some embodiments, the system includes an electrical panel with embedded power electronics configured to enable direct DC coupling of distributed energy resources (DERs). In some embodiments, the system is configured to provide DC-DC isolation for the main breaker, which enables seamless islanding and self-consumption mode, for example. In some embodiments, the system includes one or more current sensing modules (e.g., current transformer (CT) flanges, shunts, relays, printed circuit boards (PCBs)), or any other current interrupt devices configured to provide metering, controls, and/or energy management. In some embodiments, the system includes components that are designed for busbar mounting, or DIN rail mounting to provide power conversion that is modular and field serviceable. 
     In some embodiments, the system is configured to implement a platform configured to manage energy information. In some embodiments, the platform is configured to host applications. In some embodiments, the platform is configured to host a computing environment in which developers may create value-added software for existing/emerging applications. In some embodiments, the system includes processing equipment integrated in the main electrical panel and configured for local energy management (e.g., metering, controls, and power conversion). In some embodiments, the processing equipment is configured to communicate over wired (e.g., power-line communication (PLC), or other protocol) or wireless communications links to externally controllable loads, third-party sensors, any other suitable devices or components, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, the processing equipment is configured to support distributed computing needs (e.g., transactive energy, blockchain, virtual currency mining). For example, the computing capacity of the processing equipment may be used for purposes other than managing energy flow. In a further example, excess generation may be used to support computing needs. In some embodiments, the platform is open-access and is configured to serve as an operating system (OS) layer for third-party applications. For example, third-party applications may be developed for consumer/enterprise facing solutions (e.g., disaggregation, solar monitoring, electric vehicle (EV) charging, load controls, demand response (DR), and other functions). To illustrate, in some embodiments, the system provides access controls for hardware and data to third-party applications. For example, this may include mobile phones (e.g., both iOS and Android based systems), and may include mechanisms by which users selectively grant applications access to specific sources of data (e.g., heart rate data) or control (e.g., camera access). In some embodiments, the system identifies patterns (e.g., local applications running within an access control framework) from mobile devices and applies that information to energy management (e.g., controlling circuits, energy storage, and timing). 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       The present disclosure, in accordance with one or more various embodiments, is described in detail with reference to the following figures. The drawings are provided for purposes of illustration only and merely depict typical or example embodiments. These drawings are provided to facilitate an understanding of the concepts disclosed herein and shall not be considered limiting of the breadth, scope, or applicability of these concepts. It should be noted that for clarity and ease of illustration these drawings are not necessarily made to scale. 
         FIG. 1  shows a system diagram of an illustrative electrical panel, in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure; 
         FIG. 2  shows a perspective view of an illustrative current sensor, in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure; 
         FIG. 3  shows an illustrative set of subsystems, which may be included in a power conversion device, in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure; 
         FIG. 4  shows a legend of illustrative symbols used in the context of  FIGS. 5-16 ; 
         FIG. 5  shows a block diagram of an illustrative configuration that may be implemented for a home without distributed energy resources (e.g., such as solar, storage, or EVs), in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure; 
         FIG. 6  shows a block diagram of an illustrative configuration including an integrated power conversion unit that allows for direct DC-coupling of the output of a solar system with a DC string maximum power point tracking (MPPT) unit or module-mounted DC MPPT unit, in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure; 
         FIG. 7  shows a block diagram of an illustrative configuration including a solar inverter connected as an AC input through a circuit breaker, in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure; 
         FIG. 8  shows an illustrative configuration including an integrated power conversion unit which allows for direct DC coupling with a battery, in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure; 
         FIG. 9  shows a block diagram of an illustrative configuration including a bi-directional battery inverter coupled to an AC circuit breaker, in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure; 
         FIG. 10  shows a block diagram of an illustrative configuration including an integrated power conversion unit which can interconnect both a solar photovoltaic (PV) system and a battery system on the DC bus/link, in some embodiments of the present disclosure; 
         FIG. 11  shows a block diagram of an illustrative configuration including an external hybrid inverter connected to AC circuit breakers in the panel, wherein both the solar PV and battery systems operate through the external hybrid inverter, in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure; 
         FIG. 12  shows a block diagram of an illustrative configuration including an integrated power conversion unit connected to the solar PV system DC, in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure; 
         FIG. 13  shows a block diagram of an illustrative configuration including an integrated power conversion unit coupled to the battery system DC, and AC circuit breakers in the panel connected to a PV system operating through an external inverter, in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure; 
         FIG. 14  shows a block diagram of an illustrative configuration including a panel having a DC link and an integrated power conversion unit connected to the solar PV, battery systems, and an electric vehicle with on-board DC charging conversion, in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure; 
         FIG. 15  shows a block diagram of an illustrative configuration including an AC breaker connected to an electric vehicle with an on-board charger, in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure; 
         FIG. 16  shows a block diagram of an illustrative configuration including an EV DC-DC charger connected to an electric vehicle, in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure; 
         FIG. 17  shows an illustrative panel layout, in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure; 
         FIG. 18  shows an illustrative panel layout, in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure; 
         FIG. 19  shows an illustrative current sensing board, in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure; 
         FIG. 20  shows an illustrative current sensing board arrangement, including processing equipment, in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure; 
         FIG. 21  shows an illustrative power distribution and control board, in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure; 
         FIG. 22  shows an illustrative IoT module, in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure; 
         FIG. 23  shows a table of illustrative use cases, in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure; 
         FIG. 24  shows an IoT arrangement, in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure; 
         FIG. 25  shows a flowchart of illustrative processes that may be performed by the system, in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure; 
         FIG. 26  shows bottom, side, and front views of an illustrative panel, in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure; 
         FIG. 27  shows a perspective view of an illustrative panel, in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure; 
         FIGS. 28A-28D  show several views of a current transformer board, in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure; 
         FIG. 29  shows a perspective view of a current transformer board, in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure; 
         FIG. 30  shows an exploded perspective view of an illustrative panel, in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure; 
         FIG. 31  shows a block diagram of a system including an illustrative electrical panel having relays, in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure; 
         FIG. 32  shows a block diagram of a system including an illustrative electrical panel having relays and shunt current sensors, in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure; 
         FIG. 33A  shows a front view,  FIG. 33B  shows a side view, and  FIG. 33C  shows a bottom view of an illustrative assembly including a backing plate with branch relays and control boards installed, in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure; 
         FIG. 34  shows a perspective view and exploded view of the illustrate assembly of  FIGS. 33A-33C , with some components labeled, in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure; 
         FIG. 35A  shows a front view,  FIG. 35B  shows a side view,  FIG. 35C  shows a bottom view, and  FIG. 35D  shows a perspective view of an illustrative assembly including a backing plate with branch relays and control boards installed, a deadfront installed, and circuit breakers installed, in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure; 
         FIG. 36A  shows a front view,  FIG. 36B  shows a side view,  FIG. 36C  shows a bottom view, and  FIG. 36D  shows a perspective view of an illustrative assembly including a backing plate with branch relays and control boards installed, a deadfront installed, and circuit breakers installed, wherein the branch relay control wires are illustrated, in accordance with some embodiment of the present disclosure; 
         FIG. 37A  shows an exploded perspective view of the illustrative assembly of  FIGS. 36A-36D , and  FIG. 37B  shows an exploded side view of the illustrative assembly of  FIGS. 36A-36D , with some components labeled, in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure; 
         FIG. 38A  shows a front view,  FIG. 38B  shows a side view,  FIG. 38C  shows a bottom view,  FIG. 38D  shows a perspective view,  FIG. 38E  shows a perspective exploded view, and  FIG. 38F  shows a side exploded view of an illustrative assembly including a relay housing with a main relay installed, a main breaker installed, and busbars, in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure; 
         FIG. 39  shows a perspective view of an illustrative branch relay, in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure; 
         FIG. 40  shows a perspective view of an illustrative branch relay and circuit breaker, in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure; 
         FIG. 41  shows an exploded perspective view of an illustrative panel having branch circuits, in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure; and 
         FIG. 42  shows a perspective view of an illustrative installed panel having branch circuits, a main breaker, and an autotransformer, in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     In some embodiments, the present disclosure is directed to a system that is capable of monitoring and managing the flow of energy (e.g., from multiple sources of energy, both AC and DC), serving multiple loads (e.g., both AC and DC), communicating energy information, or any combination thereof. The system may include, for example, any or all of the components, subsystems and functionality described below. The system may include a microgrid interconnect device, for example. 
     In some embodiments, the system includes (1) a controllable rely and main service breaker that is arranged between the AC utility electric supply and all other generators, loads, and storage devices in a building or home. 
     In some embodiments, the system includes (2) an array of individual, controllable, electromechanical relays and/or load circuit breakers that are connected via an electrical busbar to the main service breaker (e.g., applies to both panel mounted or DIN rail mounted systems). 
     In some embodiments, the system includes (3) an array of current sensors such as, for example, solid-core or split-core current transformers (CTs), current measurement shunts, Rogowski coils, or any other suitable sensors integrated in to the system for the purpose of providing a current measurement, providing a power measurement, and/or metering the energy input and output from each load service breaker. In some embodiments, for example, a relay is integrated with an attached shunt, and the relay/shunt is attached to a busbar. 
     In some embodiments, the system includes (4) a bidirectional power-conversion device that can convert between AC and DC forms of energy: 
     (a) with the ability to take multiple DC sub-components as inputs (e.g., with the same or different DC voltages); 
     (b) designed to mount or connect directly to the busbar (e.g., AC interface) or DIN-rail (e.g., with AC terminals); and 
     (c) with different size options (e.g., kVA ratings, current rating, or voltage rating). 
     In some embodiments, the system includes (5) processing equipment/control circuitry such as, for example, an onboard gateway computer, printed circuit board, logic board, any other suitable device configured to communicate with, and optionally control, any suitable sub-components of the system. The control circuitry may be configured: 
     (a) for the purpose of managing energy flow between the electricity grid and the building/home; 
     (b) for the purpose of managing energy flow between the various generators, loads, and storage devices (sub-components) connected to the system; 
     (c) to be capable of islanding the system from the electricity grid by switching the controllable main (e.g., dipole) relay off while leaving the safety and functionality of the main service breaker unaffected (e.g., energy sources and storage satisfy energy loads); 
     (d) to be capable of controlling each circuit (e.g., branch circuit) individually or in groups electronically and capable of controlling end-devices (e.g., appliances) through wired or wireless communication means. The groups can be on demand or predefined in response to an external system state (e.g. based on grid health, battery state of energy); 
     (e) for performing local computational tasks including making economic decisions for optimizing energy use (e.g., time of use, use mode); 
     (f) for allowing for external computational tasks to be run onboard as part of a distributed computing resource network (e.g. circuit level load predictions, weather-based predictions) that enhance the behavior of the local tasks; 
     (g) allowing for monitoring and control via a mobile app that can connect directly to the panel via WiFi or from anywhere in the world by connecting via the cloud. This allows for graceful operation of homeowner app in the absence of the cloud (e.g. during natural disasters); 
     (h) allowing for setup and configuration via a single mobile app for installers that simplifies the entire solar and storage installation process by connecting directly to the panel via WiFi or connecting through the cloud via a cellular network; and 
     (i) allowing suggestions of breaker naming by installer through mobile application to standardize names allowing immediate predictions of loads and improved homeowner experience from the moment of installation. For example, the application may be hosted via the cloud, or may be accessed by directly connecting with the panel. 
     In some embodiments, the system includes (6) communications equipment such as, for example, an onboard communication board with cellular (e.g., 4G, 5G, LTE), Zigbee, Bluetooth, Thread, Z-Wave, WiFi radio functionality, any other wireless communications functionality, or any combination thereof: 
     (a) with the ability to act both as a transponder (e.g., an access point), receiver, and/or repeater of signals; 
     (b) with the ability to interface wired or wireless with internet/cable/data service provider network equipment. For example, the equipment may include coaxial cables, fiber optic, ethernet cables, any other suitable equipment configured for wired and/or wireless communication, or any combination thereof 
     (c) capable of updating software and/or firmware of the system by receiving updates over-the-air. For example, by receiving updates to applications and operating systems by downloading them via a network connection, or from a user&#39;s phone through an application, or any combination thereof; or 
     (d) capable of relaying software and/or firmware updates to remote components of the system contained elsewhere, inside the primary system enclosure, or outside the primary system enclosure. 
     Any or all of the components listed above may be designed to be field replaceable or swappable for repairs, upgrades, or both. The system includes energy-handling equipment as well as data input/output (IO) equipment. 
     In some embodiments, the system is configured for single phase AC operation, split phase AC operation, 3-phase AC operation, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, the system contains a neutral-forming autotransformer or similar magnetics or power electronics in order to support microgrid operation when installed with a single-phase inverter. 
     In some embodiments, the system contains hardware safety circuits that protect against disconnection, failure, or overload of the neutral-forming autotransformer or equivalent component by detecting and automatically disconnecting power to prevent risk of damage to appliances or fire caused by imbalanced voltage between phases. 
     In some embodiments, components of the system are configured for busbar mounting, DIN rail mounting, or both, for integration in electrical distribution panels. In some embodiments, the system is designed to be mechanically compatible with commercial off-the-shelf circuit breakers. In some circumstances, commercial off-the-shelf controllable breakers may be included in the panel and managed by the system&#39;s control circuitry. 
     A consumer, nominated service provider, or other suitable entity may monitor and control one or more breakers, relays, devices, or other components using an application or remotely controlling (e.g., from a network-connected mobile device, server, or other processing equipment). 
     In some embodiments, the system is installed with included (e.g., complimentary) hardware that provides controls, metering, or both for one or more downstream subpanels, communicating using wireless or powerline communications. 
     In some embodiments, a thermal system design allows for heat rejection from power electronics or magnetics such as neutral-forming transformers. This may be done with active cooling or passive convection. 
     In some embodiments, the system includes various modular power-conversion system sizes that are configured to replace circuit breakers, relays, or both (e.g., as more are needed, or larger capacity is needed). 
     In some embodiments, controllable relays are configured to receive a relatively low-voltage (e.g., less than the grid or load voltage) signal (e.g., a control signal) from an onboard computer. 
     In some embodiments, a main service breaker is also metered (e.g., by measuring current, voltage, or both). For example, metering may be performed at any suitable resolution (e.g., at the main, at a breaker, at several breakers, at a DC bus, or any combination thereof). Metering may be performed at any suitable frequency, with any suitable bandwidth, and accuracy to be considered “revenue grade” (e.g., to provide an ANSI metering accuracy of within 0.5% or better). 
     In some embodiments, the system is configured to determine and analyze high-resolution meter data for the purpose of disaggregation. For example, disaggregation may be performed by an entity (e.g., an on-board computer, or remote computing equipment to which energy information is transmitted via the network). 
     In some embodiments, the main utility service input can be provided directly or through a utility-provided meter. 
     In some embodiments, control of the system is divided between microprocessors, such that safety and real-time functionality features are handled by a real-time microprocessor and higher-level data analysis, networking, logic interactions, any other suitable functions, or a combination thereof are performed in a general-purpose operating system. 
       FIG. 1  shows illustrative system  100  for managing and monitoring electrical loads, in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure. System  100  may be configured for single phase AC operation, split phase AC operation, 3-phase AC operation, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, components of system  100  are configured for busbar mounting, DIN rail mounting, or both, for integration in electrical distribution panels. In some circumstances, non-controllable breakers are included in panel  102 . In some embodiments, a consumer, a nominated service provider, any other suitable entity, or any combination thereof may monitor and control one or more breakers, devices, or other components using an application or remotely (e.g., from a network-connected mobile device, server, or other processing equipment). In some embodiments, system  100  is thermally designed to allow for heat rejection (e.g., due to Ohmic heating). In some embodiments, system  100  includes one or more modular power-conversion system sizes that are configured to replace circuit breakers (e.g., as more are needed, or larger capacity is needed). In some embodiments, controllable circuit devices  114  (e.g., breakers, relays, or both) are configured to receive a relatively low-voltage (e.g., less than the grid or load voltage) control signal from an onboard computer  118  (e.g., processing equipment/control circuitry). For example, onboard computer  118  may include a wireless gateway, a wired communications interface, a display, a user interface, memory, any other suitable components, or any combination thereof In some embodiments, main service breaker  112  is metered (e.g., be measuring current, voltage, or both). For example, metering may be performed at any suitable resolution (e.g., at the main, at a breaker, at several breakers, at a DC bus, or any combination thereof). In some embodiments, system  100  is configured to determine high-resolution meter data for the purpose of disaggregation. For example, disaggregation may be performed by an entity (e.g., an on-board computer, or remote computing equipment to which energy information is transmitted via the network). In some embodiments, main utility service input  110  is provided directly or provided through a utility-provided meter. 
     An AC-DC-AC bi-directional inverter may be included as part of the system of  FIG. 1  but need not be. As illustrated, system  100  includes power electronics  120  for electrically coupling DC resources. For example, power electronics  120  may have a 10 kVa rating, or any other suitable rating. DC inputs  116  may be coupled to any suitable DC devices. 
     In some embodiments, system  100  includes one or more sensors configured to sense current. For example, as illustrated, system  100  includes current sensors  152  and  162  (e.g., a current transformer flange or current shunt integrated into a busbar) for panel-integrated metering functionality, circuit breaker functionality, load control functionality, any other suitable functionality, or any combination thereof. Current sensors  152  and  162  each include current sensors (e.g., current transformers, shunts, Rogowski coils) configured to sense current in respective branch circuits  156  (e.g., controlled by respective breakers  154  or relays of controllable circuit devices  114 , as illustrated in enlargement  150 ). In some embodiments, system  100  includes voltage sensing equipment, (e.g., a voltage sensor), configured to sense one or more AC voltage (e.g., voltage between line and neutral), coupled to control circuitry. 
     In some embodiments, panel  102  includes indicators  122  that are configured to provide a visual indication, audio indication, or both indicative of a state of a corresponding breaker of controllable circuit devices  114 . For example, indicators  122  may include one or more LEDs or other suitable lights of one color, or a plurality of colors, that may indicate whether a controllable breaker is open, closed, or tripped; in what range a current flow or power lies; a fault condition; any other suitable information; or any combination thereof. To illustrate, each indicator of indicators  122  may indicate either green (e.g., breaker is closed on current can flow) or red (e.g., breaker is open or tripped). 
     In some embodiments, the system includes, for example, one or more low-voltage connectors configured to interface with one or more other components inside or outside the electrical panel including, for example, controllable circuit breakers, communication antennas, digital/analog controllers, any other suitable equipment, or any combination thereof. 
     In some embodiments, system  100  includes component such as, for example, one or more printed circuit boards configured to serve as a communication pathway for and between current sensors, voltage sensors, power sensors, actuation subsystems, control circuitry, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, a current sensor provides a sufficient accuracy to be used in energy metering (e.g., configured to provide an ANSI metering accuracy of within 0.5% or better). In some embodiments, current sensors  152  and  162  (e.g., the current sensing component) can be detached, field-replaced, or otherwise removable. In some embodiments, one or more cables may couple the PCB of a current sensor to the processing equipment. In some embodiments, the sum of each power of the individual circuits (e.g., branch circuits) corresponds to the total meter reading (e.g., is equivalent to a whole-home “smart” meter). 
     In some embodiments, system  100  includes an embedded power conversion device (e.g., power electronics  120 ). The power conversion device (e.g., power conversion device  120 ) may be arranged in a purpose-built electrical distribution panel, allowing for DC-coupling of loads and generation (e.g., including direct coupling or indirect coupling if voltage levels are different). For example, DC inputs  116  may be configured to be electrically coupled to one or more DC loads, generators, or both. In some embodiments, power conversion device  120  includes one or more electrical breakers that snap on to one or more busbars of an electrical panel  102 . For example, AC terminals of power conversion system  120  may contact against the busbar directly. In a further example, power conversion device  120  may be further supported mechanically by anchoring to the backplate of electrical panel  102  (e.g., especially for larger, or modular power stages). In some embodiments, power conversion device  120  includes a bi-directional power electronics stack configured to convert between AC and DC (e.g., transfer power in either direction). In some embodiments, power conversion device  120  includes a shared DC bus (e.g., DC inputs  116 ) configured to support a range of DC devices operating within a predefined voltage range or operating within respective voltage ranges. In some embodiments, power conversion device  120  is configured to enable fault-protection. For example, system  100  may prevent fault-propagation using galvanic isolation. In some embodiments, power conversion device  120  is configured to allow for digital control signals to be provided to it in real-time from the control circuitry (e.g., within electrical panel  102 , from onboard computer  118 ). 
     In some embodiments, power conversion device  120  is configured as a main service breaker and utility disconnect from a utility electricity supply. For example, power conversion device may be arranged at the interface between a utility service and a site (e.g., a home or building). For example, power conversion device  120  may be arranged within electrical panel  102  (e.g., in place of, or in addition to, a main service breaker  112 ). 
       FIG. 2  shows a perspective view of illustrative current sensor  200 , in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure. For example, current sensor  200  may be mounted to the backplate of an electrical panel in a purpose-built housing (e.g., as part of panel  102  of  FIG. 1 ), mounted on a DIN-rail, or include any other suitable mounting configuration. In some embodiments, the component includes, for example, one or more solid-core current-transformers  206  configured to provide high-accuracy metering of individual load wires fed in to the electrical panel and connected to circuit breakers (e.g., in some embodiments, one sensor per breaker). In some embodiments, the component includes, for example, current measurement shunts attached to, or integrated directly with, one or more bus bars. Signal leads  204  are configured to transmit sensor information (e.g., measurement signals), receive electric power for sensors, transmit communications signals (e.g., when current sensor  200  includes an analog to digital converter and any other suitable corresponding circuitry). In some embodiments, current sensor  200  is configured to sense current and transmit analog signals via signal leads  204  to control circuitry. In some embodiments, current sensor  200  is configured to sense current and transmit digital signals via signal leads  204  to control circuitry. For example, signal leads  204  may be bundled into one or more low-voltage data cables for providing breaker controls. In some embodiments, current sensor  200  is configured to sense one or more voltages, as well as current, and may be configured to calculate, for example, power measurements associated with branch circuits or other loads. 
       FIG. 3  shows illustrative set of subsystems  300 , which may include a power conversion device (e.g. power conversion device  120  of  FIG. 1 ), in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure. In some embodiments, the power conversion device is configured to provide galvanic isolation between the grid (e.g., AC grid  302 , as illustrated) and the electrical system by converting AC to DC (e.g., using AC-DC converter  304 ) at the electrical main panel. In some embodiments, the power conversion device is configured to step-up from nominal DC voltage to a shared DC bus voltage (e.g., that may be compatible with inter-operable DC loads and generation). For example, DC-DC converter  306  may be included to provide isolation, provide a step up or step down in voltage, or a combination thereof. In a further example, the power conversion device may include a DC-DC isolation component (e.g., DC-DC converter  306 ). In some embodiments, the power conversion device is configured to convert power from DC bus voltage to nominal AC voltage to connect with conventional AC loads &amp; generation. For example, DC-AC converter  308  may be included to couple with AC loads and generation. In some embodiments, the power conversion device is configured to support microgrid (e.g., self-consumption) functionality, providing a seamless or near seamless transition from and to grid power. In some embodiments, the self-consumption architecture benefits in terms of conversion losses associated with the double-conversion (e.g., no need to convert to grid AC during self-consumption). In some embodiments, the device is configured to support AC and DC voltages used in homes/buildings. For example, the power conversion device may be configured to support typical AC appliance voltages and DC device voltages. In some embodiments, the power conversion device may be used to support a microgrid, real-time islanding, or other suitable use-cases. 
       FIG. 4  shows legend  400  of illustrative symbols used in the context of  FIGS. 5-16 , in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure. 
       FIG. 5  shows a block diagram of illustrative configuration  500  that may be implemented for a home without distributed energy resources (e.g., such as solar, storage, or EVs), in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure. As illustrated in  FIG. 5 , the system includes integrated gateway  503 , controllable (e.g., islanding) main service device  501  with transfer device  502 , and individual circuit devices  504  that are both metered and controllable (e.g., switched). In some embodiments, the busbar design can accommodate both controllable and non-controllable (e.g., legacy) circuit devices (e.g., breakers, relays, or both). In some embodiments, branch meters  505  are configured to be modular, allowing for grouping circuits with one device (e.g., 2-4 circuits or more). In some embodiments, integrated gateway  503  is configured to perform several local energy management functions including, for example: voltage-sensing the grid; controlling islanding main service breaker  501 ; controlling circuit breakers of circuit breakers  504  individually and in groups, measuring power &amp; energy in real-time from each branch, computing total power at who panel level; and communicating wirelessly (e.g., using cellular, Wifi, Bluetooth, or other standard) with external devices as well as any suitable cloud-hosted platform. The system may be configured to monitor and control various electrical loads  506 . The field-installable power conversion unit (e.g., a bi-directional inverter) may be included to this configuration. In some embodiments, controllable main service device  501  with transfer device  502  is configured to be used for safely disconnecting from the grid, connecting to grid  599 , or both. 
       FIG. 6  shows a block diagram of illustrative configuration  600  including integrated power conversion device  510  that allows for direct DC-coupling of the output of a solar system  512  with a DC string maximum power point tracking (MPPT) unit or module-mounted DC MPPT unit (e.g., unit  511 ), in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure. In some embodiments, the DC input voltage range of power conversion device  510  can accommodate various DC inputs allowing for easy integration of solar modules into a home. In some embodiments, power conversion device  510  is configured to serve as an isolation or disconnect device from the grid or electric loads. In some embodiments, the output level of solar system  512  is controllable from power conversion device  510  modulating the DC link voltage. 
       FIG. 7  shows a block diagram of illustrative configuration  700  including external power conversion device  513  (e.g., a solar inverter) connected as an AC input through a circuit breaker (e.g., of controllable circuit breakers  504 ), in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure. In some embodiments, external power conversion device  513  may be a string MPPT or solar module mounted MPPT or micro-inverter. In some embodiments, a circuit breaker used to couple solar system  514  to the busbar of the panel may be sized to accommodate the appropriate system capacity. The output level of solar system  514  may be controlled using direct communication with solar system  514  or using voltage-based or frequency-based controls (e.g., from gateway  503 ). For example, frequency droop may be described as a modulation to instantaneous voltage V(t), rather than root-mean square voltage (V_RMS). 
       FIG. 8  shows illustrative configuration  800  including power conversion device  515  (e.g., a DC-DC converter, as illustrated) which allows for direct DC coupling with battery system  516  (i.e., an energy storage device), in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure. The output of battery system  516  may vary within an allowable range of DC link  517  (e.g., a DC bus). In some embodiments, the output level of battery system  516  is controllable from the integrated power conversion unit modulating the DC link voltage (e.g., an AC-DC converter). 
       FIG. 9  shows a block diagram of illustrative configuration  900  including bi-directional battery inverter  518  coupled via AC link  520  to an AC circuit breaker (of controllable circuit breakers  504 ), in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure. In some embodiments, the charge/discharge levels of battery system  519  may be controlled either using direct communication with battery inverter  518  or through voltage-based or frequency-based control. 
       FIG. 10  shows a block diagram of illustrative configuration  1000  including integrated power conversion device  510  which can interconnect both a solar photovoltaic (PV) system (e.g., solar system  525 ) using maximum-power point tracking (MPPT) and a battery system (e.g., battery system  523 ) via DC link  521 . In some embodiments, integrated power conversion device  510  effectively serves as a hybrid inverter embedded within the panel. Illustrative configuration  1000  of  FIG. 10  may offer significant advantages in terms of direct DC charging of the battery from PV generation. In some embodiments, the illustrative configuration of  FIG. 10  allows for minimizing, or otherwise reducing, the number of redundant components across power conversion, metering, and gateway/controls. In some embodiments, both the PV and battery input/output levels may be modified using voltage-based controls on the DC bus. The DC/DC converter may be provided by PV or battery vendor but may also be provided as part of the system (e.g., integrated into the system). In some embodiments, as illustrated, battery system  523  is coupled to DC-DC converter  522  and solar system  525  is coupled to DC-DC converter  524 , and thus both are coupled to DC link  521 , albeit operating at potentially different voltages. 
       FIG. 11  shows a block diagram of illustrative configuration  1100  including external hybrid inverter  527  coupled via AC link  526  to one or more of controllable circuit breakers  504  in the panel, wherein both solar system  529  and battery system  528  operate through external hybrid inverter  527 , in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure. In some embodiments, the PV output and battery charge/discharge levels may be controlled either using direct communication with hybrid inverter  527  or through voltage-based control (e.g., using gateway  503 ). In some embodiments, the system is configured to accommodate installation of an autotransformer. For example, the autotransformer may support a 240V hybrid inverter when the system includes a split phase 120V/240V set of loads. In some embodiments, the system is configured with hardware and/or software devices designed to protect loads from autotransformer failures, and/or protect an autotransformer from excessive loads. In some embodiments the system is configured with hardware and/or software devices designed to disconnect an inverter from the system in the event of a fault in order to protect an autotransformer and/or to protect loads. In some embodiments, the autotransformer may be controlled by, for example, controllable circuit breakers or control relays. In some embodiments hardware and/or software designed for system protection may use controllable circuit breakers or control relays to disconnect the autotransformer and or inverter from the system. 
       FIG. 12  shows a block diagram of illustrative configuration  1200  including integrated power conversion device  510  connected to solar PV system  532  via DC link  530  and DC-DC converter  531 , in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure. The system also includes one or more of controllable circuit breakers  504  in the panel coupled via AC link  533  to external bi-directional inverter  534 , which is connected to battery system  535 . Illustrative configuration  1200  of  FIG. 12  may be configured to support various battery designs that are deployed with built-in bi-directional inverter  534 . In some embodiments, the configuration allows for relatively easy augmentation of battery capacity on the direct DC bus (e.g., coupled to bi-directional inverter  534 ). 
       FIG. 13  shows a block diagram of illustrative configuration  1300  including integrated power conversion device  510  coupled to battery system  538  via DC-DC converter  537 , and one or more of controllable circuit breakers  504  in the panel coupled via AC link  539  to solar PV system  541  operating through external inverter  540 , in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure. In some embodiments, illustrative configuration  1300  of  FIG. 13  is configured to support installation where solar is already deployed. For example, it may allow for relatively easy augmentation of battery and PV capacity on the direct DC bus (e.g., DC link  536 ). 
       FIG. 14  shows a block diagram of illustrative configuration  1400  including a panel having DC link  542  and integrated power conversion device  510  connected to solar PV system  547  via DC-DC converter  546 , battery system  545  coupled via DC-DC converter  544 , and electric vehicle with on-board DC charging conversion system  543 , in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure. In some embodiments, each of the systems coupled to DC link  542  may be individually monitored and controlled using direct communication or voltage-based controls, for example (e.g., from gateway  503 ). 
       FIG. 15  shows a block diagram of illustrative configuration  1500  including one or more of controllable circuit breakers  504  coupled via AC link  549  to electric vehicle  550  with on-board charger  551  and onboard battery system  552 , in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure. In some embodiments, the system may be configured to control charging/discharging of battery system  552  of electric vehicle  550  (e.g., depending on whether onboard charger  551  is bi-directional). 
       FIG. 16  shows a block diagram of illustrative configuration  1600  including power conversion device  510  coupled to EV DC-DC charger  554  via DC link  553 , which is in turn coupled to electric vehicle  560  via DC link  555 , in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure. For example, this may allow for circumvention of any on-board chargers (e.g., onboard charger  561 ) and faster, higher efficiency charging of battery system  562  of electric vehicle  560 . In some embodiments, the charge/discharge levels of battery system  562  may be controlled either using direct communication with battery system  562  or through voltage-based control of DC-DC charger  554 , for example. In some embodiments, the system includes an integrated DC-DC charger (e.g., integrated into power conversion device  510 ), configured to charge an electric vehicle directly (e.g., without an intermediate device). 
       FIG. 17  shows illustrative panel layout  1700 , in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure. For example, the panel includes main breaker relay  1702  (e.g., for grid-connection), gateway board  1704  (e.g., including processing equipment, communications equipment, memory, and input/output interface), two current transformer modules  1706  and  1708  (e.g., PCBs including solid-core current sensors), and power conversion device  1710  (e.g., an AC-DC converter). 
       FIG. 18  shows illustrative panel layout  1800 , in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure. For example, the panel includes main breaker relay  1802  (e.g., for grid-connection), processing equipment  1804  (e.g., IoT module  1814 , microcontroller unit  1824  (MCU), and input/output (I/O) interface  1834 ), two current transformers modules  1806  and  1808  (e.g., PCBs including solid-core current sensors), and power conversion device  1810  (e.g., an AC-DC converter). In an illustrative example, main breaker relay  1802  and power conversion device  1810  of  FIG. 18  may be controllable using processing equipment  1804  (e.g., having a wired or wireless communications coupling). 
       FIG. 19  shows illustrative current sensing board  1900  (e.g., with current transformers), in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure. For example, as illustrated, current sensing board  1900  includes connectors  1902 ,  1904 , and  1906  for power and signal I/O, ports  1910  for coupling to controllers, LEDs  1908  or other indicators for indicating status, any other suitable components (not shown), or any combination thereof. For example, current sensing board  1900  may be included any illustrative panel or system described herein. 
       FIG. 20  shows illustrative current sensing board arrangement  2000 , with current sensing board  2001  including processing equipment, in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure. For example, as illustrated, current sensing board  2001  is configured to receive signals from six current transformers at terminals  2002 . In some embodiments, current sensing board  2001 , as illustrated, includes general purpose input/output (GPIO) terminals  2008  and  2012  configured to transmit, receive, or both, signals from one or more other devices (e.g., a rotary breaker drive, LED drive, and/or other suitable devices). In some embodiments, current sensing board  2001 , as illustrated, includes serial peripheral interface (SPI) terminals  2004 , universal asynchronous receiver/transmitter terminals  2010 , system activity report (SAR) terminals  2006 , any other suitable terminals, or any combination thereof. 
       FIG. 21  shows an illustrative arrangement including board  2100  (e.g., for power distribution and control), in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure. For example, illustrative board  2100  includes GPIO terminals  2102 ,  2104 , and  2106  (e.g., coupled to main AC breaker relay  2150 , main AC breaker control module  2151 , LED drive  2152 , and IoT module  2153 ), serial inter-integrated circuit (I 2 C) communications terminals  2108  (e.g., I 2 C protocol for communicating with temperature sensor  2154  and authentication module  2155 ), a universal serial bus (USB) communications terminals  2110  (e.g., for communicating with an IoT module  2153 ), a real-time clock (RTC)  2112  coupled to clock  2156  (e.g., a 32 kHz clock), several serial peripheral interface (SPI) communications terminals  2114  (e.g., for communicating with current sensor boards  2157 , any other suitable sensors, or any other suitable devices), and quad-SPI (QSPI) communications terminals  2116  (e.g., for communicating with memory equipment  2158 ). Board  2100 , as illustrated, is configured to manage/monitor main AC relay  2150  and accompanying electrical circuitry that may be coupled to AC-DC converters  2160 ,  2161 , and  2162 , AC busbars  2170 , or any other suitable devices/components of the system. 
       FIG. 22  shows an illustrative IoT module  2200 , in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure. Illustrate IoT module  2200  includes power interface  2202  (e.g., to receive electrical power from power supply  2203 ), memory interface  2204  (e.g., to store and recall information/data from memory  2205 ), communications interfaces  2216  and  2208  (e.g., to communicate with a WiFi module  2217  or LTE module  2209 ), USB interface  2206  (e.g., to communicate with control MCU  2207 ), GPIO interface  2208  (e.g., to communicate with control MCU  2207 ), and QSPI interface  2210  (e.g., to communicate with memory equipment  2211  or other devices). 
       FIG. 23  shows table  2300  of illustrative use cases, in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure. For example, table  2300  includes self-generation cases (e.g., with self-consumption, import/export), islanding cases (e.g., with and without solar, battery, and EV), and a next export case (e.g., including solar, battery and EV, with net export). In some embodiments, the panels and systems described herein may be configured to achieve the illustrative use cases of table  2300 . 
     In some embodiments, the system is configured to implement a platform configured to communicate with HMI devices (e.g., Echo™, Home™, etc.). In some embodiments, the system may be configured to serve as a gateway for controlling smart appliances enabled with compatible wired/wireless receivers. For example, a user may provide a command to an HMI device or to an application, which then sends a direct control signal (e.g., a digital state signal) to a washer/dryer (e.g., over PLC, WiFi or Bluetooth). 
     In some embodiments, the platform is configured to act as an OS layer, connected to internal and external sensors, actuators, both. For example, the platform may allow for third party application developers to build features onto or included in the platform. In a further example, the platform may provide high-resolution, branch level meter data for which a disaggregation service provider may build an application on the platform. In a further example, the platform may be configured to control individual breakers, and accordingly a demand-response vendor may build an application on the platform that enables customers to opt-in to programs (e.g., energy-use programs). In a further example, the platform may provide metering information to a solar installer who may provide an application that showcases energy generation &amp; consumption to the consumer. The platform may receive, retrieve, store, generate, or otherwise manage any suitable data or information in connection with the system. In some embodiments, for example, the platform may include a software development kit (SDK), which may include an applications programming interface (API), and other aspects developers may use to generate applications. For example, the platform may provide libraries, functions, objects, classes, communications protocols, any other suitable tools, or any combination thereof. 
     In some embodiments, the systems disclosed herein are configured to serve as a gateway and platform for an increasing number of connected devices (e.g., appliances) in a home or business. In some embodiments, rather than supporting only a handful of ‘smart’ appliances in a home (e.g., sometimes with redundant gateways, cloud-based platforms, and applications), the systems disclosed herein may interface to many such devices. For example, each powered device in a home may interface with the electrical panel of the present disclosure, through an application specific integrated circuit (ASIC) that is purpose-built and installed with or within the appliance. The ASIC may be configured for communication and control from the panel of the present disclosure. 
     In some embodiments, the system provides an open-access platform for any appliance to become a system-connected device. For example, the panel may be configured to serve as a monitoring and control hub. By including integration with emerging HMI (human-machine interface) solutions and communication pathways, the system is configured to participate in the growing IoT ecosystem. 
       FIG. 24  shows illustrative IoT arrangement  2400 , in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure. The systems disclosed herein may be installed in many locations (e.g., indicated by houses  2401  in  FIG. 24 ), each including a respective main panel, solar panel system  2402 , battery system  2404 , set of appliances  2406  (e.g., smart appliances or otherwise), other loads  2408  (e.g., lighting, outlets, user devices), electric vehicle charging station  2410 , one or more HMI devices  2412 , any other suitable devices, or any combination thereof. The systems may communicate with one another, communicate with a central processing server (e.g., platform  2450 ), communicate with any other suitable network entities, or any combination thereof. For example, network entities providing energy services, third-party IoT integration, and edge computing may communicate with, or otherwise use data from, one or more systems. 
     In some embodiments, the system may be configured to communicate with low-cost integrated circuits, ASIC (application specific integrated circuits), PCBs with ASICs mounted onboard, or a combination thereof that may be open-sourced or based on reference designs, and adopted by appliance manufacturers to readily enable communication and controls with the systems disclosed herein. For example, the system (e.g., a smart panel) may be configured to send/receive messages and control states of appliances to/from any device that includes an IoT module. In an illustrative example, an oven can become a smart appliance (e.g., a system-connected device) by embedding an IoT module. Accordingly, when a customer using a smart panel inputs a command (e.g., using an application hosted by the system) to set the oven to 350 degrees, the system may communicate with the module-enabled oven, transmitting the command. In a further example, the system may be configured to communicate with low-cost DC/DC devices, ASICs, or both that can be embedded into solar modules, battery systems, or EVs (e.g., by manufacturers or aftermarket) that allow control of such devices (e.g., through DC bus voltage modulation/droop curve control). 
       FIG. 25  shows a flowchart of illustrative processes  2500  that may be performed by the system. For example, processes  2500  may be performed by any suitable processing equipment/control circuitry described herein. 
     In some embodiments, at step  2502 , the system is configured to measure one or more currents associated with the electrical infrastructure or devices. For example, the system may include one or more current sensor boards configured to measure currents. 
     In some embodiments, at step  2504 , the system is configured to receive user input (e.g., from a user device or directly to a user input interface). For example, the system may include a communications interface and may receive a network-based communication from a user&#39;s mobile device. In a further example, the system may include a touchscreen and may receive haptic input from a user. 
     In some embodiments, at step  2506 . the system is configured to receive system information. For example, the system may receive usage metrics (e.g., peak power targets, or desired usage schedules). In a further example, the system may receive system updates, driver, or other software. In a further example, the system may receive information about one or more devices (e.g., usage information, current or voltage thresholds, communications protocols that are supported). In some embodiments, the system is configured to update firmware on connected or otherwise communicatively coupled devices (e.g., the inverter, battery, downstream appliances, or other suitable devices). 
     In some embodiments, at step  2508 , the system is configured to receive input from one or more devices. For example, the system may include an I/O interface and be configured to receive power line communications (PLC) from one or more devices. For example, an appliance may include one or more digital electrical terminals configured to provide electricals signals to the system to transmit state information, usage information, or provide commands. Device may include solar systems, EV charging systems, battery systems, appliances, user devices, any other suitable devices, or any combination thereof. 
     In some embodiments, at step  2510 , the system is configured to process information and data that it has received, gathered, or otherwise stores in memory equipment. For example, the system may be configured to determine energy metrics such as peak power consumption/generation, peak current, total power consumption/generation, frequency of use/idle, duration of use/idle, any other suitable metrics, or any combination thereof In a further example, the system may be configured to determine an energy usage schedule, disaggregate energy loads, determine a desired energy usage schedule, perform any other suitable function, or any combination thereof In a further example, the system may be configured to compare usage information (e.g., current) with reference information (e.g., peak desired current) to determine an action (e.g., turn off breaker). 
     In some embodiments, at step  2512 , the system is configured to store energy usage information in memory equipment. For example, the system may store and track energy usage over time. In a further example, the system may store information related to fault events (e.g., tripping a breaker or a main relay). 
     In some embodiments, at step  2514 , the system is configured to transmit energy usage information to one or more network entities, user devices, or other entities. For example, the system may transmit usage information to a central database. In a further example, the system may transmit energy usage information to an energy service provider. 
     In some embodiments, at step  2516 , the system is configured to control one or more controllable breakers, relays, or a combination thereof. For example, the breakers, relays, or both may be coupled to one or more busbars, and may include a terminal to trip and reset the breaker that is coupled to processing equipment. Accordingly, the processing equipment may be configured to turn breakers, relays or both “on” or “off” depending on a desired usage (e.g., a time schedule for usage of a particular electrical circuit), a safety state (e.g., an overcurrent, near overcurrent, or inconsistent load profile), or any other suitable schedule. 
     In some embodiments, at step  2518 , the system is configured to control one or more controllable main breakers. For example, the main breaker may be coupled to an AC grid or meter and may include a terminal to trip and reset the breaker that is coupled to processing equipment. The processing equipment may turn the breaker on or off depending on safety information, user input, or other information. 
     In some embodiments, at step  2520 , the system is configured to schedule energy usage. For example, the system may determine a desired energy usage schedule based on the actual usage data and other suitable information. In a further example, the system may use controllable breakers, IoT connectivity, and PoL connectivity to schedule usage. 
     In some embodiments, at step  2522 , the system is configured to perform system checks. For example, the system may be configured to test breakers, check current sensors, check communications lines (e.g., using a lifeline or ping signal), or perform any other function indicating a status of the system. 
     In some embodiments, at step  2524 , the system is configured to provide output to one or more devices. For example, the system may be configured to provide output to an appliance (e.g., via PLC, WiFi, or Bluetooth), a DC-DC converter or DC-AC inverter (e.g., via serial communication, ethernet communication, WiFi, Bluetooth), a user device (e.g., a user&#39;s mobile smart phone), an electric vehicle charger or control system thereof, a solar panel array or control system thereof, a battery system or control system thereof. 
     In an illustrative example of processes  2500 , the system may manage electrical loads by sensing currents, determining operating parameters, and controlling one or more breakers. The system (e.g., control circuitry thereof, using one or more current sensing modules thereof) may sense a plurality of currents. Each current of the plurality of currents may correspond to a respective controllable breaker. The system determines one or more operating parameters and controls each respective controllable breaker based on the current correspond to the respective controllable breaker and based on the one or more operating parameters. 
     In an illustrative example of processes  2500 , the one or more operating parameters may include a plurality of current limits each corresponding to a respective current of the plurality of currents. If the respective current is greater than the corresponding current limit, the system may control the respective controllable breaker by opening the respective controllable breaker. 
     In an illustrative example of processes  2500 , the one or more operating parameters may include a load profile including a schedule for limiting a total electrical load. The system may control each respective controllable breaker further based on the load profile. 
     In an illustrative example of processes  2500 , the one or more operating parameters may include temporal information. The system may control each respective controllable breaker further based on the temporal information. For example, the temporal information may include an on-off time schedule for each breaker (e.g., which may be based on the measured load in that branch circuit), duration information (e.g., how long a branch circuit will be left on), any other suitable temporal information, an estimated time remaining (e.g., during operation on battery power, or until a pre-scheduled disconnect), or any combination thereof. 
     In an illustrative example of processes  2500 , the system may (e.g., at step  2510 ) detect a fault condition and determine the one or more operating parameters based on the fault condition. For example, the system may determine a faulted current (e.g., based on measured currents from step  2502 ), receive a fault indicator (e.g., from user input at step  2504 ), receive a fault indicator from a network entity (e.g., from system information at step  2506 ), receive a fault indicator from another device (e.g., from step  2508 ), determine a faulted condition in any other suitable manner, or any combination thereof. 
       FIGS. 26-30  show illustrative views and components of electrical panel  2600 , in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure. For example, panel  2600  is an illustrative example of system  100  of  FIG. 1 , which may be used to implement any of the illustrative configurations shown in  FIGS. 5-16 . 
       FIG. 26  shows bottom, side, and front views of illustrative panel  2600 , in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure.  FIG. 27  shows a perspective view of illustrative panel  2600 , in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure. Panel  2600 , as illustrated, includes: 
     antennae enclosure  2602  (e.g., configured for housing an antennae for receiving/transmitting communications signals); 
     gateway  2604  (e.g., control circuitry); 
     dead-front  2606  (e.g., to provide a recognizable/safe user interface to breakers); power module  2608  (e.g., for powering components of panel  2600  with AC, DC, or both); 
     main breaker  2610  (e.g. controllable by gateway  2604 ); 
     main relay  2612  (e.g., for controlling main power using gateway  2604 ); 
     controllable circuit breaker(s)  2614  (e.g., for controlling branch circuits); 
     sensor boards  2616  and  2617 (e.g., for measuring current, voltage, or both, or characteristics thereof, panel  2600  includes two sensor boards); 
     inner load center  2618  (e.g., including busbars and back-plane); and 
     power electronics  2620  (e.g., for generating/managing a DC bus, for interfacing to loads and generation). 
     In some embodiments, inner load center  2618  of panel  2600  is configured to accommodate a plurality of controllable circuit breakers  2614 , wherein each breaker is communicatively coupled to gateway  2604  (e.g., either directly or via an interface board). As illustrated, panel  2600  includes inner enclosure  2650  and outer enclosure  2651 . Outer enclosure  2651  may be configured to house power electronics  2620  and any other suitable components (e.g. away from usual access by a user for safety considerations). In some embodiments, inner enclosure  2650  provides access to breaker toggles for a user, as well as access to a user interface of gateway  2604 . To illustrate, conductors (e.g., two single phase lines 180 degrees out of phase and a neutral, three-phase lines and a neutral, or any other suitable configuration) from a service drop may be routed to the top of panel  2600  (e.g., an electric meter may be installed just above panel  2600 ), terminating at main breaker  2610 . Each line, and optionally neutral, is then routed to main relay  2612 , which controls provision of electrical power to/from inner load center  2618  (e.g., busbars thereof). Below main relay  2612 , each line is coupled to a respective busbar (e.g., to which controllable circuit breakers  2614  may be affixed). In some embodiments, a bus bar may include or be equipped with current sensors such as shunt current sensors, current transformers, Rogowski coils, any other suitable current sensors, or any combination thereof. The neutral may be coupled to a terminal strip, busbar, or any other suitable distribution system (e.g., to provide a neutral to each controllable circuit breaker, branch circuit, current sensor, or a combination thereof). Sensor boards  2616  and  2617 , as illustrated, each include a plurality of current sensors (e.g., each branch circuit may have a dedicated current sensor). Sensor boards  2616  and  2617  may output analog signals, conditioned analog signals (e.g., filtered, amplified), digital signals (e.g., including level shifting, digital filtering, of electrical or optical character), any other suitable output, or any combination thereof. 
       FIGS. 28A-28D  shows several views of sensor board  2616  (e.g., sensor board  2617  may be identical, similar, or dissimilar to sensor board  2616 ), in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure.  FIG. 29  shows a perspective view of sensor board  2616 , in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure. In reference to  FIG. 28A  shows a top view of sensor board  2616 ,  FIG. 28B  shows a side view of sensor board  2616 ,  FIG. 28C  shows an end view of sensor board  2616 , and  FIG. 28D  shows a bottom view of sensor board  2616 . As illustrated, sensor board  2616  includes PCB  2691 , PCB support  2692  affixed to PCB  2691 , current sensors  2690  affixed to PCB  2691 , indicators  2696  (e.g., LED indicators), controller ports  2693 , power and I/O port  2694 , and power and I/O port  2695 . Each current sensor of current sensors  2690  includes a passthrough to accommodate a line or neutral to sense current. For example, each current sensor of current sensor  2690  may correspond to a branch circuit. In some embodiments, power and I/O ports  2694  and  2695  are configured to be coupled to other sensor boards (e.g., sensor board  2617 ), a power supply (e.g., power module  2608 ), gateway  2604 , any other suitable components, or any combination thereof In some embodiments, controller port  2693  is configured to interface to control circuitry (e.g., of gateway  2604  or otherwise) to receive/, transmit, or both, communications signals. In some embodiments, ports  2693 ,  2694 , and  2695  are configured to communicate analog signals, electric power (e.g., DC power), digital signals, or any combination thereof. 
       FIG. 30  shows an exploded perspective view of illustrative panel  2600  (i.e., exploded panel  3000 ), in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure. Panel  3000  more clearly illustrates components of panel  2600 . 
     Some illustrative aspects of the systems described herein are described below. For example, any of the illustrative systems, components, and configurations described in the context of  FIGS. 1-22, 24, and 26-30  may be used to implement any of the techniques, processes, and use cases described herein. 
     In some embodiments, the system (e.g., system  100  of  FIG. 1 ) is configured for grid health monitoring; managing energy reserves and power flow; and integrating ATS/disconnect functionality into a panel. A circuit breaker panelboard may be designed for connection to both a utility grid as well as a battery inverter or other distributed energy resource, and may include one or more switching devices on the circuit connecting the panelboard to the utility point of connection, one or more switching devices on the branch circuits serving loads, any other suitable components, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, the system includes voltage measurement means connected to all phases of the utility grid side of the utility point of connection circuit switching device, which are in turn connected to logic circuitry capable of determining the status of the utility grid. In some embodiments, the system includes one or more logic devices (e.g., control circuitry of a gateway) capable of generating a signal to cause the switching device (e.g., main relay  2612  of  FIG. 26 ) to disconnect the panelboard from the utility grid when the utility grid status is unsuitable for powering the loads connected to the panelboard, thereby forming a local electrical system island and either passively allows or causes the distributed energy resource to supply power to this island (e.g., using electrical signaling or actuation of circuit connected switching devices). In some embodiments, the system includes a preprogrammed selection of branch circuits, which are capable of being disabled when the local electrical system is operating as an island, in order to optimize energy consumption or maintain the islanded electrical system power consumption at a low enough level to be supplied by the distributed energy resource. In some embodiments, the system executes logic that generates and/or uses forecasts of branch circuit loads, appliance loads, measurements of branch circuit loads (e.g., based on signals from a sensor board), or a combination thereof to dynamically disconnect or reconnect branch circuits to the distributed energy resource, send electrical signals to appliances on branch circuits enabling or disabling them in order to optimize energy consumption, maintain the islanded electrical system power consumption at a low enough level to be supplied by the distributed energy resource, or a combination thereof In some embodiments, the system includes an energy reservoir device such as, for example, one or more capacitors or batteries, capable of maintaining logic power and switching device actuation power in the period after the utility grid point of connection circuit switching device has disconnected the electrical system from the utility grid, and before the distributed energy resource begins to supply power to the islanded electrical system, in order to facilitate actuation of point of connection and branch circuit switching devices to effect the aforementioned functions. 
     In some embodiments, the system (e.g., system  100  of  FIG. 1 ) is configured to provide hardware safety for phase imbalance or excessive phase voltage in a panelboard serving an islanded electrical system. In some embodiments, the system includes a circuit breaker panelboard (e.g., panel  2600  of  FIG. 26 ) designed for connection to a battery inverter or other distributed energy resource. The panelboard may be configured to operate in islanded mode, with the served AC electrical system disconnected from any utility grid. In some embodiments, a distributed energy resource supplying power to the panelboard is connected using fewer power conductors (hereafter “conductors”) than the electrical system served by the panelboard. The panelboard may include a transformer or autotransformer, or be designed for connection to a transformer or autotransformer provided with at least one set of windings with terminals equal in number to the number of conductors of the electrical system served by the panelboard. In some embodiments, the transformer is designed to receive power from a connection including the same number of power conductors as the connection to the distributed energy resource. 
     In some embodiments, a panelboard includes a plurality of electronic hardware safety features and a plurality of electrical switching devices (e.g., controllable relays and circuit breakers). For example, the safety features may be designed to monitor either the difference in voltage of all of the power conductors of the supplied electrical system, designed to monitor the difference in voltage of each of the conductors of the electrical system with respect to a shared return power conductor (“neutral”), or both. The system (e.g., control circuitry thereof) may monitor voltages, hereafter termed “phase voltages,” or a suitable combination of monitoring of difference in voltages and phase voltages such that the power supply voltage to all devices served by the electrical system is thereby monitored. 
     In some embodiments, the system (e.g., system  100  of  FIG. 1 ) includes safety features configured to maintain a safe state when subjected to a single point component or wiring fault. For example, the safety features may be configured to entirely break the connection between the distributed energy resource and the panelboard if conditions that could lead to excessive voltages being supplied to any load served by the panelboard are detected. In a further example, a panelboard connected to a 240V battery inverter having two terminals with corresponding conductors. In some embodiments, the panelboard includes an autotransformer having two windings and three terminals, and is configured to serve an islanded electrical system of the 120V/240V split phase type. This configuration, for example, includes three conductors that are used to supply two 120V circuits with respect to a shared neutral conductor, each of the 120V conductors being supplied with power 180 degrees out of phase with respect to the other. In some such embodiments, the panelboard includes one or more of the following: 
     (1) A single phase 240V battery inverter containing an overvoltage detection circuit, which disables output of the inverter when excessive voltages are detected. 
     (2) A central voltage imbalance detector circuit, which sends a signal when an imbalance in phase voltage is detected. 
     (3) Two separate actuation circuits associated with two separate switching devices, each switching device being in circuit with the battery inverter. 
     (4) Two voltage amplitude detector circuits, one associated with each switching device, and each monitoring one phase of the electrical system. 
     (5) Actuation circuits configured to disconnect the associated switching device if either the central voltage imbalance detector signal is transmitted, or an excessive voltage associated with the monitored electrical system phase is detected, or if the logic power supply to the actuation circuit is lost. 
     (6) Optionally, an energy reservoir associated with each actuation circuit, to enable each actuation circuit to take the action needed to disconnect the switching device after loss of logic power supply to the actuation circuit, especially if the switching device is bi-stable. 
     In some embodiments, the system (e.g., system  100  of  FIG. 1 ) includes a plurality of metering circuits connected to control circuitry (e.g., a gateway) that monitor current transducers associated with one busbar (e.g., included in a sensor board). In some embodiments, an electrical panelboard includes at least one power distribution conductor (hereafter “bus bar” and referring to any rigid or flexible power distribution conductors) that distributes power to multiple branch circuits. For example, each branch circuit may include one or more current transducers such as current measurement shunts, non-isolated current transformers, non-isolated Rogowski coils, any other suitable current sensor, or any combination thereof (e.g., using sensor board  2616  of  FIG. 26  or any other suitable sensor system). In some embodiments, all branch circuits associated with a given bus bar are monitored by a plurality of metering circuits that each measure current or power associated with a given branch circuit or set of branch circuits (e.g., using sensor board  2616  of  FIG. 26  or any other suitable sensor system). The metering circuits may be connected together without need for galvanic isolation, and the metering circuits may include, for example, a system of common mode filters, differential amplifiers, or both. For example, metering circuits including one or more filters or filter systems may be able to produce accurate results from the signals generated by the current transducers even in the presence of transient or steady state voltage differences existing between the transducers of each branch circuit served by the bus bar. Such differences may result from voltage differences associated with current flow through the resistive or inductive impedance of the bus bar and branch circuit system, and may be coupled to the current transducers either by direct galvanic connection or capacitive coupling, parasitic or intentional. 
     In the present disclosure, “non-isolated” is understood to mean the condition which exists between two electrical conductors either when they are in direct electrical contact, or when any insulation or spacing between them is of insufficient strength or size to provide for the functional or safety design requirements which would be needed if one of the conductors were energized by an electric potential associated with a conductor in the electrical system served by the panelboard, and the other conductor were to be either left floating, or connected to a different potential served by the electrical system. 
     In some embodiments, metering circuits (e.g., which transmit sensor signals) share a common logic or low voltage power supply system. In some embodiments, metering circuits share a non-isolated communication medium. In some embodiments, metering circuits are collocated on a single printed circuit board (e.g., sensor board  2616  of  FIG. 26 ), which is physically close to the bus bar and is sized similarly in length to the bus bar, and in which a printed low voltage power distribution conductor associated with the metering circuits is electrically connected to the bus bar at a single central point, near the middle of the length of the bus bar. In some embodiments, a power supply system is galvanically bonded to the bus bar at one or more points. 
     In some embodiments, a system (e.g., system  100  of  FIG. 1 ) includes an electrical connection to the bus bar that is made using a pair of resistance elements (e.g., resistors) connected between the printed power distribution conductor and each of the leads associated with a single current measurement shunt type of current transducer (e.g., which each serve one of the branch circuits). For example, the transducer may be arranged near the middle of the length of the bus bar. Further, the resistance elements may be sized such that any current flow through them caused by the potential drop across the shunt transducer is negligible in comparison to the resistance of the shunt and the resistances of any connecting conductors that connect the shunt to the resistances, so as not to materially affect the signal voltage produced by the transducer when said current flows. 
     In some embodiments, a pair of systems (e.g., two instances of system  100  of  FIG. 1 , which may be but need not be similarly configured) as have been previously described are included, with one system being associated with each line voltage bus bar of a split phase 120V/240V electrical panelboard. In some embodiments, each of the systems is connected to a central communication device or computing device (e.g., including control circuitry) by means of a galvanically isolated communications link, and in which each system is served by a separate, galvanically isolated power supply 
       FIG. 31  shows a block diagram of a system including illustrative electrical panel  3110  having relays, in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure. An AC source, such as an AC service drop  3101  includes one or more electrical conductors configured to transmit AC power. As illustrated in  FIG. 31 , service drop  3101  includes a neutral (e.g., a grounded neutral), a first line (e.g., L 1  that is 120 VAC), and a second line (e.g., L 2  that is 120 VAC and 180 degrees out of phase with L 1 ). The service drop lines are coupled to electrical meter  3102 , which is configured to sense, record, or both electrical power usage and generation. For example, electrical meter  3102  may include current and voltage sensors that are used to determine usage. The L 1  and L 2  lines are coupled to main contactor  3111 , which is used to disconnect components of electrical panel  3110  from AC service drop  3101  (e.g., for safety, service, or component installation). For example, as illustrated, main contactor  3111  may be a two pole, single throw contactor, configured to disconnect both L 1  and L 2  from the rest of electrical panel  3110 . Main relays  3112  and  3122  are configured to couple respective L 1  and L 2  to respective busbars  3113  and  3123 . In some embodiments, main relays  3112  and  3122  are communicatively coupled to control circuitry  3130 , and accordingly may be actuated open or closed by control circuitry  3130 . For example, main relays  3112  and  3122  may include control terminals configured to be coupled to control circuitry  3130 , and current carrying terminals configured to conduct current from L 1  and L 2 . Main relays  3112  and  3122  may include, for example, solenoid-based relays, solid state relays, any other suitable type of relay, or any combination thereof. Busbars  3113  and  3123  are each configured to interface to a coupled to a plurality of relays and sensors, which in turn are coupled to corresponding circuit breakers. In some embodiments, busbars  3113  and  3123  distribute lines L 1  and L 2  to a plurality of respective relays  3114  and  3124  having integrated current sensors. For example, busbar  3113  may be engaged with a plurality of relays  3114  having a measurement current shunt included. Voltage measurement leads may be coupled to the current shunt (e.g., having a known and precise resistance or impedance), and also coupled to control circuitry  3130  for voltage measurements (e.g., real-time voltage measurements across the respective shunts to determine real-time current flow). In an illustrative example, the current shunt may include a strip of metal having a precise geometry, or otherwise precisely known electrical resistance. In some embodiments, control circuitry  3130  is configured to open and close relays  3114  and  3124 , as well as read voltage drops across current shunts. Breakers  3115  and  3125  may include circuit breakers configured to provide mechanical circuitry breaking, or manual circuit breaking. For example, breakers  3115  and  3125  are accessible by a user to reset, shut off, and observe (e.g., observe if tripped). Breakers  3115  engage with relays  3114  and breakers  3125  engage with relays  3124 . The output of breakers  3115  and  3125  are lines L 1  and L 2 , available to be coupled to the wiring and load of the site (e.g., load  3140 ), for example. 
     In an illustrative example, referencing  FIG. 31 , electrical panel  3110  may be a “main” panel for a residence. The electrical utility may provide, manage or specify requirements of service drop  3101  (or distribution lines coupled thereto), electrical meter  3102  (e.g., record usage from meter  3102  at some schedule), or both. Electrical panel may include main contractor  3111  near the top of the panel, with main relays  3112  and  3122  arranged behind (e.g., deeper into the wall, as viewed by a user) main contactor  3111 . 
     In an illustrative example, referencing  FIG. 31 , electrical panel  3110  may be retrofitted into a residential electrical system, displacing a conventional panel. In some embodiments, main contactor  3111  (or main breaker in some embodiments), main relays  3112  and  3122 , busbars  3113  and  3123 , and branch relays  3114  and  3124 , are installed on a backing plate. In some such embodiments, a dead-front panel is installed to cover the relay components and busbars, with only bus bar tabs exposed thus providing access for breakers to be engaged with the relay-switched busbars. 
     In some embodiments, one or more relays are included in a panel, and are controllable by control circuitry  3130 . In some such embodiments, the system is configured for mechanical circuit breaking (e.g., from circuit breakers), controlled circuit breaking (e.g., from relays), circuit shut-off and reset (e.g., from circuit breakers, relays, or both), or a combination thereof. For example, a user may interact with electrical panel  3110  manually (e.g., by opening or closing breakers), via an integrated user interface (e.g., a touchscreen or touchpad), via a software application (e.g., installed on a smart phone or other user device), or any combination thereof. 
       FIG. 32  shows a block diagram of system  3200  including an illustrative electrical panel having relays  3230  and  3231  and shunt current sensors  3220  and  3221 , in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure. As illustrated, system  3200  includes main breaker  3201 , main current sensors  3202 , main relay  3203 , lines  3204  and  3205  (e.g., L 1  and L 2 ), shunts  3220  and  3221 , relays  3230  and  3231 , breakers  3240  and  3241 , shunts  3290  and  3291 , relays  3297  and  3292 , breakers  3298  and  3293 , autotransformer  3299 , inverter  3294 , relay drive override  3280 , and phase imbalance monitor  3270 . 
     A first branch includes line  3204  (e.g., L 1 ), with shunt current sensors  3220 , relays  3230 , and breakers  3240  coupled in series for each branch circuit. Similarly, a second branch includes line  3205  (e.g., L 2 ), with shunt current sensors  3221 , relays  3231 , and breakers  3241  coupled in series for each branch circuit. Also coupled to lines  3204  and  3205  are shunt current sensors  3290 , relays  3297 , breakers  3298 , and autotransformer  3299 , as well as shunt current sensors  3291 , relays  3292 , breakers  3293 , and inverter  3294 . Relay driver override  3280  is coupled to each of relays  3297 ,  3292 , and phase imbalance monitor  3270 . 
       FIGS. 33A-42  show illustrative examples of components and aspects of an electrical panel, in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure. For example, the illustrative components shown in  FIGS. 33A-42  may be included in an electrical panel such as electrical panel  3110  of  FIG. 31 , electrical panel  3200  of  FIG. 32 , or any other suitable electrical panel. 
       FIG. 33A  shows a front view,  FIG. 33B  shows a side view, and  FIG. 33C  shows a bottom view of an illustrative assembly including a backing plate with branch relays and control boards installed, in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure.  FIG. 34  shows perspective view  3400  and exploded view  3450  of the illustrate assembly of  FIGS. 33A-33C , with some components labeled, in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure. As illustrated, eight branch relays  3310  are installed on backing plate  3303  (e.g., in a 4×2 arrangement), with first terminal  3312  of each branch relay  3310  secured to a busbar (e.g., busbar  3301  or busbar  3302 ), and second terminal  3311  of each branch relay  3310  extending outwards (e.g., in the side view, towards a user to the left). For example, as illustrated first terminals  3312  are secured by threaded fasteners (e.g., nuts threaded onto studs such as pem studs). A plurality of wires  3355  connect branch relays  3310  to corresponding connectors  3356  of a corresponding control board (e.g., control board  3350  or control board  3351 , although in some embodiments, a single board may be used). For example, wires  3355  may be configured to transmit control signals from control boards  3350  and  3351  to each relay  3310  to cause the relay to open or close a circuit. In a further example, wires  3355  may be configured to transmit sensor signals (e.g., voltage signals) from a current shunt integrated into each relay  3310  to control boards  3350  and  3351  (e.g., which may determine current based on the voltage drop across the shunt). In some embodiments, backing plate  3303  is configured to be mounted to an electrical enclosure, to a building structure, included in an electrical assembly, or a combination thereof. As illustrated, each of control boards  3350  and  3351  includes four connectors  3356 , although any suitable number of control boards may be included (e.g., one, two, or more than two, and each control board may include any suitable number of connectors, electrical terminals, or electrical interfaces. As illustrated in  FIG. 34 , second terminals  3311  are also referred to herein as “branch breaker tabs,” control boards  3350  and  3351  are also referred to herein as “Column PCBs” or control circuitry, and backing plate  3303  is also referred to herein as a “main bus housing.” In some embodiments, each of control boards  3350  and  3351  may be electrically coupled to a central controller, which may include control circuitry, a user interface, a communications interface, memory, any other suitable components, or any combination thereof. For example, each of control boards  3350  and  3351  may be connected via a cable (e.g., having suitable terminating connectors), terminated wires, or both to the controller. As illustrated in  FIG. 34 , main busbars  3301  and  3302  are included, which may correspond to two different AC lines (e.g., L 1  and L 2  of a utility service drop). It will be understood that although shown as coupled to control boards  3350  and  3351 , wires  3355  that are coupled to branch relays  3310  may be coupled to a central controller having control circuitry, and accordingly control boards  3350  and  3351  need not be included. Control boards  3350  and  3351  may include control circuitry, be installed intermediately between branch relays  3310  and a central controller, or may be omitted entirely. It will be understood that control boards  3350 ,  3351 , or both may provide any suitable functionality and may include, for example, a current sensing board, a sensor board, and interface board, a PCB, any other suitable control circuitry, or any combination thereof. For example, a control board may be configured to receive sensor signals, provide control signals, execute a feedback control loop, condition signals (e.g., amplify, filter, or modulate), convert signals, generate signals, manage electric power, receive and transmit digital signals, any other suitable function, or any combination thereof. It will be understood that a control board may provide any suitable functionality and may include, for example, a current sensing board, a sensor board, and interface board, a PCB, any other suitable control circuitry, or any combination thereof. For example, a control board may be configured to receive sensor signals, provide control signals, execute a feedback control loop, condition signals (e.g., amplify, filter, or modulate), convert signals, generate signals, manage electric power, receive and transmit digital signals, any other suitable function, or any combination thereof. 
       FIG. 35A  shows a front view,  FIG. 35B  shows a side view,  FIG. 35C  shows a bottom view, and  FIG. 35D  shows a perspective view of an illustrative assembly including backing plate  3303  with branch relays  3310  and control boards  3350  an  3351  installed, deadfront  3330  installed, and circuit breakers  3320  installed, in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure. Circuit breakers  3320  engage with second terminals  3311  of branch relays  3310  to create a branch circuit. 
       FIG. 36A  shows a front view,  FIG. 36B  shows a side view,  FIG. 36C  shows a bottom view, and  FIG. 36D  shows a perspective view of an illustrative assembly including backing plate  3303  with branch relays  3310  and control boards  3350  and  3351  installed, deadfront  3330  installed, and circuit breakers  3320  installed, wherein the branch relay sensor and control wires  3357  are illustrated, in accordance with some embodiment of the present disclosure. As illustrated, the assembly of  FIGS. 36A-36D  is the same as the assembly of  FIGS. 35A-35D , with sensor and relay control wires  3357  added in  FIGS. 36A-36D . For example, each branch relay  3310  may include three control terminals, configured to allow two-way actuation of the control coil (e.g., for solenoid actuated relays). In some embodiments, the sensing wires and relay control wires  3357  (e.g., from the current shunt and sense pins and actuator pins) may be, but need not be, terminated at a single connector. For example, as illustrated, a single connector  3356  is included for each branch relay  3310 . 
       FIG. 37A  shows an exploded perspective view of the illustrative assembly of  FIGS. 36A-36D , and  FIG. 37B  shows an exploded side view of the illustrative assembly of  FIGS. 36A-36D , with some components labeled, in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure. In some embodiments, each of branch relays  3310  may include electrical terminals configured to engage with an electrical connector (e.g., of a wiring harness), to engage with individual terminating connectors of a wire bundle or cable, to be soldered to, any other suitable electrical interface, or any combination thereof. For example, installer deadfront  3330 , neutral bar(s)  3304 , and branch circuit breakers  3320  may be added to the assembly of  FIGS. 33A-34  to create the assembly of  FIGS. 36A-37B . In some embodiments, installer deadfront  3330  is installed to hide branch relays  3310  from a user, prevent access to branch relays  3310  by a user, or otherwise provide a simplified interface to a user. For example, a user can interact with, replace, install, and view branch circuit breakers  3320  without having access to branch relays  3310 , which are controllable by control boards  3350  and  3351 , as illustrated. In a further example, neutral bars  3304  (e.g., coupled to a Neutral of a utility service drop) may secured to installer deadfront  3330  and may include screw terminals for affixing neutral wires. Branch circuit breakers  3320  may be installed, and be electrically coupled to second terminals  3311  of each branch relay  3310  to provide protected AC power. For example, each branch circuit breaker  3320  includes a terminal to which a wire may be secured (e.g., to provide AC voltage). An outer deadfront (not shown) may be installed to cover branch circuit breakers  3320 , providing access only to circuit breaker toggles  3321 , which a user may interact with. As illustrated in  FIGS. 36A-36D , each of branch circuit breakers  3320  may engage with a busbar (e.g., busbar  3301  or busbar  3302 ) and a neutral bar (e.g., either of neutral bars  3304 ), and may include corresponding terminals (e.g., line and neutral) to which branch circuit wiring may be terminated. In some embodiments, each of branch circuit breakers  3320  may engage busbar  3301  or  3302  and include a single output terminal, and the corresponding neutral wire may terminate at a neutral bus bar (e.g., neutral bar  3304 ) having a screw terminal, for example. Any suitable type of branch circuit breaker  3320  may be included (e.g., a manual breaker, a controllable breaker, a cheater breaker, a di-pole breaker), having any suitable capacity or operating characteristics, in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure. An assembly may include backing plate  3303 , busbars  3301  and  3302 , a relay layer (e.g., an array of branch relays  3310  affixed to busbars  3301  or  3302 ), a deadfront layer (e.g., deadfront  3330 ), a circuit breaker layer (e.g., an array of branch circuit breakers  3320  each affixed to busbars  3301  or  3302 ), and a customer deadfront layer (not shown), all arranged in an electrical enclosure. 
       FIG. 38A  shows a front view,  FIG. 38B  shows a side view,  FIG. 38C  shows a bottom view,  FIG. 38D  shows a perspective view,  FIG. 38E  shows a perspective exploded view, and  FIG. 38F  shows a side exploded view of illustrative assembly  3800  including relay housing  3830  with main relay  3810  installed, main breaker  3820  installed, and busbars  3801  and  3802 , in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure. Main relay  3810  includes two first terminals coupled to two respective busbars  3801  and  3802  (e.g., L 1  and L 2 ). Main relay  3810  also includes two second terminals coupled to two respective terminals of main breaker  3820  (e.g., corresponding to L 1  and L 2  housed by main bus housing  3803 ). Main breaker  3820  is coupled to L 1  and L 2  from an electrical meter, for example. Main relay  3810  may also be referred to as an “islanding relay,” because it is configured to disconnect the panel and panel circuits from the AC source (e.g., a utility service drop). As illustrated, current sensors  3811  (e.g., current transformers or any other suitable current sensor) are installed on each of L 1  and L 2  to sense currents in the AC lines. For example, the current sensors may be coupled to control circuitry via wires such that the control circuitry may determine the current in either or both of L 1  and L 2  (e.g., instantaneous, averaged or otherwise derived current). The two cable portions  3899  illustrated in  FIGS. 38A-38D  include sensor wires corresponding to the solid core current transformers. 
       FIG. 39  shows a perspective view of illustrative branch relay  3900 , in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure. Breaker tab  3920  is the secondary terminal (e.g., secondary terminal  3311  of  FIGS. 33A-34 , to which a branch circuit breaker (e.g., one of branch circuit breakers  3320  of  FIGS. 35A-37B ) is electrically coupled. Main bus tab  3911  is the first terminal (e.g., first terminal  3312  of  FIGS. 33A-34 ), which is secured to a busbar. Shunt sense pins  3950  may provide electrical terminals to which wires may be affixed (e.g., crimped, soldered, clamped, or otherwise) for measuring a voltage difference across shunt  3960  (e.g., which includes a precise, or precisely known, resistive element). Sense pin  3951  may provide electrical terminals to which a wire may be affixed (e.g., crimped, soldered, clamped, or otherwise) for measuring a voltage at the output of branch relay  3900  (e.g., just before the corresponding branch circuit breaker). For example, sense pin  3951  and shunt sense pins  3950  may be coupled to control circuitry to determine a state of branch relay  3900 , an operating condition of branch relay  3900 , or any other suitable information about branch relay  3900 . Main bus tab  3911  is configured to be secured to a stud of a busbar or a bolt affixed to a busbar. Shunt  3960  may include any suitable material (e.g., a metal or metal alloy such as manganin, a metallic wound wire, a thin dielectric, a carbon film), having any suitable electrical properties (e.g., resistance, impedance, and temperature dependence thereof) and any suitable geometry (e.g., flat, cylindrical, wound, a thin film with electrodes) for measuring an electrical current. 
       FIG. 40  shows a perspective view of illustrative branch relay  3900  and circuit breaker  4020 , in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure. Branch circuit breaker  4020  is secured to breaker tab  3920  (e.g., a second terminal). For example, branch circuit breaker  4020  may include a clamp mechanism that clamps breaker tab  3920 , thus maintaining electrical contact between branch circuit breaker  4020  and branch relay  3900 . In some embodiments, a deadfront (not shown) may physically separate branch circuit breaker  4020  from branch relay  3900 , except for openings where breaker tab  3920  protrudes. 
       FIG. 41  shows an exploded perspective view of illustrative panel  4100  having branch circuits, in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure. As illustrated, no installer deadfront is included in panel  4200 , although a deadfront may optionally be included. For example, main busbars  4101  and  4102  may include respective current shunt in the branch extensions (e.g., the structures extending inward to which branch relays  4110  are secured). In a further example, main busbars  4101  and  4102  may include a comb-like structure as illustrated in  FIG. 41 , and each extension configured to secure one of branch relays  4110 , which may include a current shunt with sense pins or terminals to determine a branch current based on voltage drop across the shunt. In some embodiments, each of branch relays  4110  may include electrical terminals configured to engage with an electrical connector (e.g., of a wiring harness), to engage with individual terminating connectors of a wire bundle or cable, to be soldered to, any other suitable electrical interface, or any combination thereof. Branch circuit breakers  4120  may be installed, and be electrically coupled to second terminals of each branch relay  4110  to provide protected AC power. For example, each branch circuit breaker  4120  includes a terminal to which a wire may be secured (e.g., to provide AC voltage). An outer deadfront (not shown) may be installed to cover branch circuit breakers  4120 , providing access only to circuit breaker toggles  4121 , which a user may interact with. In some embodiments, each of branch circuit breakers  4120  may engage busbar  4101  or  4102  and include a single output terminal, and the corresponding neutral wire may terminate at a neutral bus bar having a screw terminal, for example. Any suitable type of branch circuit breaker  4120  may be included (e.g., a manual breaker, a controllable breaker, a cheater breaker, a di-pole breaker), having any suitable capacity or operating characteristics, in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure. An assembly may include backing plate  4103 , busbars  4101  and  4102 , a relay layer (e.g., an array of branch relays  4110  affixed to busbars  4101  or  4102 ), a deadfront layer (e.g., not shown), a circuit breaker layer (e.g., an array of branch circuit breakers  4120  each affixed to busbars  4101  or  4102 ), and a customer deadfront layer (not shown), all arranged in an electrical enclosure. In some embodiments, as illustrated, wires  4155  may be configured to transmit sensor signals (e.g., voltage signals) from a current shunt integrated into each relay  4110  to connectors  4156  of control boards  4150  and  4151  (e.g., which may determine current based on the voltage drop across the shunt). In some embodiments, as illustrated, wires  4155  may be configured to transmit relay control signals from control boards  4150  and  4151  to suitable terminals of branch relays  4110 . 
       FIG. 42  shows a perspective view of illustrative installed panel  4200  having branch circuits  4220 , a main breaker  4208 , and autotransformer  4290 , in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure. Several components are not shown in  FIG. 42  for clarity including, for example, a customer deadfront, a panel front, incoming conduit and AC lines, and outgoing branch circuit conduits and corresponding wires. In some embodiments, electrical panel  4200  is configured to be installed in a residential structure (e.g., between sixteen-inch-spaced wall two-by-fours  4280 ). As illustrated, main lines L 1  and L 2 , and the neutral line are introduced through the top of panel  4200  (e.g., in conduit coupled to a knockout in the panel top), from an electrical meter. The main lines are then routed to main breaker  4208 , to the main relays (not shown), to the main busbars, to the branch relays having shunts, to the branch circuit breakers, and finally to the branch circuits (e.g., the residential wiring and outlets and ultimately electrical loads). As illustrated, autotransformer  4270  is included, and coupled to an external device (not shown). The external device may include an inverter (e.g., from a solar PV installation) or other non-grid AC source. In some embodiments, the autotransformer has a fixed winding ratio (e.g., a fixed voltage ratio). In some embodiments, autotransformer  4270  has a variable and controllable winding ratio (e.g., a variable voltage ratio). For example, autotransformer  4270  may be coupled to the main busbars and neural line via relays. When grid-connected, autotransformer  4270  may be disconnected from the busbars and neutral. When islanding, main relays and/or breaker  4208  may be opened, and autotransformer  4270  relays are closed, thus electrically coupling the branch circuit neutrals to an inverter neutral, and coupling the main busbars to lines of the inverter with suitable voltage conversion at the autotransformer. 
     Computer  4240  illustrated in  FIG. 42  includes control circuitry configured to manage and control aspects of the electrical panel. For example, computer  4240  may be configured to control the throw position of one or more main relays (e.g., coupled to main breaker  4208 ), one or more branch relays, any other suitable relay or controllable switch, or any combination thereof (e.g., of branch circuits  4220 ). In a further example, computer  4240  may be configured to receive analog signals from a sense pin (e.g., to determine a state of a relay), shunt sense pin (e.g., to determine a current), a current sensor (e.g., to determine a current), a voltage sensor (e.g., to determine a voltage), a temperature sensor (e.g., to determine a surface, component, or environmental temperature), any other suitable signal, or any combination thereof. Computer  4240  may include a power supply, a power converter (e.g., a DC-DC, AC-AC, DC-AC, or AC-DC converter), a digital I/O interface (e.g., connectors, pins, headers, or cable pigtails), an analog-to-digital converter, a signal conditioner (e.g., an amplifier, a filter, a modulation), a network controller, a user interface (e.g., a display device, a touchscreen, a keypad), memory (e.g., solid state memory, a hard drive, or other memory), a processor configured to execute programmed computer instructions, any other suitable equipment, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, panel  4200  of  FIG. 42  includes one or more control boards coupled to branch relays, main relays, and the computer. In some embodiments, computer  4240  is coupled directly to branch relays, main relays, sensors, any other suitable components of the panel, or any combination thereof. 
     In an illustrative example, in the context of  FIGS. 31-42 , an electrical panel may allow branch circuit monitoring. In some embodiments, high-accuracy branch circuit monitoring may be achieved, because each circuit is populated with an integrated shunt (e.g., with a calibrated resistive element) configured to measure the current flowing through each circuit. Electrical power in each branch circuit may be determined based on the current and voltage. For each branch circuit, this functionality provides the ability to perform in-line measurement of real power, reactive power, energy, any other suitable parameters, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, for the mains (e.g., L 1  and L 2 ) entering the panel, high-accuracy solid-core current sensors (e.g., current shunts) are assembled on each busbar to provide energy metering on each branch circuit (e.g., whole-home metering). In some embodiments, the control boards are designed to accommodate pre-assembled shunts, split-core CT inputs (e.g., to measure retrofitted PV circuits, sub-panel, or other similar devices connected to the panel), or both. 
     In an illustrative example, in the context of  FIGS. 31-42 , an electrical panel may allow branch circuit control. In some embodiments, each branch circuit is fitted with a controllable relay that is directly mounted on a main busbar thus allowing for individual circuit level controls. In some embodiments, the branch relay&#39;s inputs allow for easy installation within an electrical panel and the breaker tabs are designed to accommodate standard molded-case circuit breakers. In some embodiments, each relay is actuated independently and in real-time by control circuitry, thus allowing for software-defined load controls within the panel. In some embodiments, relays are designed such that the only exposed component of the panel to the installer is the breaker tab where the branch circuit breaker is mounted (e.g., the installer deadfront hides the remaining portion of the relay). In some embodiments, the branch relay breaker tab is provided with a sense pin configured to detect the throw position of the relay in real-time (e.g., on or off based on the voltage at the sense pin). A relay may have any suitable rating, capacity, or operating characteristics, in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure. In an illustrative example, a branch relay may be rated to 90 A (e.g., higher than a typical residential circuit or circuit breaker), which allows for the branch circuit breaker to operate normally as the passive safety device. 
     In an illustrative example, in the context of  FIGS. 31-42 , an electrical panel may have an architecture that allows branch level sensing and actuation. In some embodiments, the branch level sensing and actuation is achieved using a control board. In some embodiments, the control board is configured to receive analog signals from a plurality of shunt resistors. In some embodiments, the control board may include relay drivers configured to receive control signals from control circuitry (e.g., low-voltage DC signals generated by a gateway computer). A control board may include an analog-to-digital converter, a digital I/O interface, a power supply or power conversion module, any other suitable components or functionality, or any combination thereof In some embodiments, an electrical panel includes two control boards, arranged one on either side of the interior of the panel and each with the ability to manage a plurality of circuits (e.g., simultaneously). For example, a panel may include twenty circuit branches on each side of the panel. In some embodiments, a busbar configuration allows for inter-changing lines L 1  and L 2  connections, making it possible to connect a di-pole breaker (e.g., for a 240 VAC branch coupled to both L 1  and L 2 ). In some embodiments, one or more control boards and associated control logic allow for configuring current sensors and relay actuators in groups or clusters. For example, a relatively large load connected to a di-pole breaker could be configured to be treated as a single branch for the purposes of energy metering and load controls. In some embodiments, control boards are connected to a main board (e.g., a carrier board) that is capable of performing additional computations as well as supporting software applications. 
     In an illustrative example, in the context of  FIGS. 31-42 , an electrical panel may include one or more autotransformer (e.g., a single winding transformer). Many solar/hybrid inverters require an external autotransformer to provide a neutral reference for phase-balanced loads. In some embodiments, an electrical panel includes an autotransformer that is enabled/sourced (e.g., through a pair of relays) during off-grid operations (e.g., when islanding). In some embodiments, the control circuitry may include control logic that ensures that the autotransformer is only connected to one or more busbars during off-grid operations. In some embodiments, an electrical panel is designed to provide suitable cooling for an autotransformer. For example, cooling may be achieved by passive or active cooling elements such as fins, fans, heat exchangers, any other suitable components, or any combination thereof. An autotransformer may include a fixed primary-secondary voltage ratio, or may include a variable primary-secondary voltage ratio. In an illustrative example, a solar PV inverter may provide a first AC voltage, which may be reduced by the autotransformer to match the line-neutral voltage between a busbar and the neutral of the panel. Accordingly, the solar PV system need not output the same AC voltage as required by electrical loads. 
     In an illustrative example, in the context of  FIGS. 31-42 , an electrical panel may include one or more busbars. Each busbar may be designed to easily couple to a main breaker and a main relay, as well as a plurality of branch circuit breakers through a plurality of branch relays having corresponding shunt resistors. In some embodiments, a busbar may include or having installed with threaded studs (e.g., pem studs) to allow for easy alignment and assembly with each branch relay while ensuring that the L 1 , L 2  configuration inside a panel is preserved (e.g., to meet industry standards). In some embodiments, a busbar is designed with terminals (e.g., spring terminals or screw terminals) to allow devices such as sub-panels to be powered from the panel without the need for branch circuit breakers. 
     In an illustrative example, in the context of  FIGS. 31-42 , an electrical panel may include one or more deadfronts. In some embodiments, the sensing and relay actuation mechanism and control boards are assembled underneath an installer deadfront to ensure that the installation process is simplified/modular. In some embodiments, a neutral bar is mounted on the installer deadfront to allow plug-on neutral breakers to both be aligned with and serve as a path of current return for each circuit. In some embodiments, the only exposed portions of the relays are the breaker tabs to which the branch circuit breakers are mounted to. In some embodiments, an electrical panel includes a customer deadfront that goes in front of the breakers and the load wiring which only exposes the breaker toggles to the customer (e.g., a panel may, but need not, include an installer deadfront and a customer deadfront). In some embodiments, a status light for each branch circuit is embedded on the customer deadfront for ease of debugging the system as well as providing visual feedback on the status of individual circuits. For example, a plurality of LEDs may be included on the deadfront, and the LEDs may be wired to control circuitry configured to turn the LEDs on and off In a further example, LEDs may include LEDs of different colors, size, or shape configured to indicate various states of the panel or circuits coupled thereto. 
     The foregoing is merely illustrative of the principles of this disclosure and various modifications may be made by those skilled in the art without departing from the scope of this disclosure. The above described embodiments are presented for purposes of illustration and not of limitation. The present disclosure also can take many forms other than those explicitly described herein. Accordingly, it is emphasized that this disclosure is not limited to the explicitly disclosed methods, systems, and apparatuses, but is intended to include variations to and modifications thereof, which are within the spirit of the following claims. For example, any of the illustrative electrical panels, components, assemblies, configurations, use cases, techniques, and methods of the present disclosure may be combined, implemented together, implemented in concert, omitted, or otherwise modified, in accordance with the present disclosure. 
     The foregoing is merely illustrative of the principles of this disclosure and various modifications may be made by those skilled in the art without departing from the scope of this disclosure. The above described embodiments are presented for purposes of illustration and not of limitation. The present disclosure also can take many forms other than those explicitly described herein. Accordingly, it is emphasized that this disclosure is not limited to the explicitly disclosed methods, systems, and apparatuses, but is intended to include variations to and modifications thereof, which are within the spirit of the following claims.