Patent Publication Number: US-2003228332-A1

Title: Purified, partially esterified polyol polyester fatty acid compositions

Description:
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION  
       [0001] This invention relates to the production of purified, partially esterified polyol fatty acid polyesters. More particularly, this invention relates to purified, partially esterified polyol fatty acid polyesters derived from processes that include aqueous and alcohol based purification steps.  
       BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION  
       [0002] As a result of their physical properties, partially esterified polyol fatty acid polyesters are commonly used as emulsifiers and surfactants in various food, beverage, and cosmetic compositions. There exists in the art various techniques for the synthesis of these partially esterified polyol fatty acid polyesters.  
       [0003] U.S. Pat. No. 4,927,920, to Wagner et al. discloses a process for the production of sugar esters with a degree of substitution of less than two by reacting a sugar, an organic solvent, and a sugar ester with a degree of substitution greater than two. The recovery of the solvent occurs at a temperature below the distillation temperature of the organic solvent.  
       [0004] U.S. Pat. No. 4,996,309, to Matsumoto et al. discloses a process for preparing sucrose fatty acid esters by reacting sucrose and fatty acid alkyl esters in the presence of a catalyst. The resulting sucrose esters are collected and washed with an acid solution.  
       [0005] Although conventional processes for the manufacture of partially esterified polyol fatty acid polyesters have known utilities, they suffer from several deficiencies, most notable of which are poor reaction control and the need for expensive, complex and continuous purification techniques. Additionally, these known processes are unable to accurately predict and consistently control the exact composition of the finished product without the use of complex sampling and control modification procedures throughout the reaction.  
       [0006] These known processes also suffer from an inability to accurately control the average degree of esterification in the final partially esterified polyol polyester compositions. Moreover, the partially esterified polyol polyester compositions produced from these known synthesis techniques typically contain unacceptable levels of impurities, such as solvent, polyol, lower alkyl esters, ash, soap, free fatty acids, and other unwanted reaction byproducts.  
       [0007] These limitations have heretofore constrained the industrial applicability and cost effective commercialization of these compounds in various food, beverage, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic applications.  
       [0008] Accordingly, it is an object of the present invention to provide processes for the synthesis of purified, partially esterified polyol polyesters that allow for the production of polyol polyesters with the degree of purity necessary for widespread incorporation into a variety of industrial and commercial applications. It is another object of the present invention to provide purified, partially esterified polyol polyester compositions with a degree of purity sufficient to be used in a variety of industrial and commercial applications. It is yet another object of the present invention to provide processes for the production of purified polyol polyesters that are efficient, cost effective, and require less purification than those now known and employed in the art.  
       SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION  
       [0009] The present invention relates to processes for the production of purified, partially esterified polyol fatty acid polyesters and the compositions made from those processes. More particularly, this invention relates to processes for preparing partially esterified polyol fatty acid polyesters that include aqueous and alcohol based purification processes. The purified, partially esterified polyol fatty acid polyesters of the present invention are particularly well suited for use in a variety of food, beverage, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic applications, and comprise less than about 5% polyol; less than about 5 ppm of residual solvent; less than about 700 ppm of lower alky esters; less than about 5% of a soap and free fatty acid mixture; less than about 3% of ash; and an acid value of less than about 6. In a preferred embodiment of the present invention the purified partially esterified polyol polyester is a purified partially esterified sucrose polyester comprising less than about 4% sucrose; less than about 3 ppm of residual solvent; less than about 700 ppm of lower alky esters; less than about 5% of a soap and free fatty acid mixture; less than about 3% of ash; and an acid value of less than about 4.  
       DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION  
       [0010] The present invention encompasses esterification processes for the production of partially esterified polyol fatty acid polyesters, in particular highly purified, partially esterified polyol fatty acid polyesters. The present invention will now be described in detail with reference to specific embodiments.  
       [0011] A. Definitions  
       [0012] Various publications and patents are referenced throughout this disclosure. All references cited herein are hereby incorporated by reference. Unless otherwise indicated, all percentages and ratios are calculated by weight. All percentages and ratios are calculated based on the total dry composition unless otherwise indicated.  
       [0013] All component or composition levels are in reference to the active level of that component or composition, and are exclusive of impurities, for example, residual solvents or by-products, which may be present in commercially available sources.  
       [0014] Referred to herein are trade names for components including various ingredients utilized in the present invention. The inventors herein do not intend to be limited by materials under a certain trade name. Equivalent materials (e.g., those obtained from a different source under a different name or catalog number) to those referenced by trade name may be substituted and utilized in the compositions, kits, and methods herein.  
       [0015] As used herein, and unless otherwise indicated, the use of a numeric range to indicate the value of a given variable is not intended to be limited to just discrete points within that stated range. One of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that the use of a numeric range to indicate the value of a variable is meant to include not just the values bounding the stated range, but also all values and sub-ranges contained therein. By way of example, consider variable X that is disclosed as having a value in the range of A to B. One of ordinary skill in the art will understand that variable X is meant to include all integer and non-integer values bounded by the stated range of A to B. Moreover, one of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that the value of the variable also includes all combinations and/or permutations of sub-ranges bounded by the integer and non-integer values within and including A and B.  
       [0016] As used herein, the term “partially esterified polyol polyester” is intended to include those esters of the polyol having a degree of esterification in excess of the degree of esterification of the polyol, but less than the degree of esterification of the highly esterified polyol fatty acid polyester. As used herein, the term “degree of esterification” refers to the average percentage of hydroxyl groups of a polyol composition that have been esterified.  
       [0017] In one embodiment of the present invention the polyol is sucrose having eight hydroxyl groups. The partially esterified sucrose polyester preferably has a degree of esterification of less than about 50%, preferably less than about 40%, more preferably less than about 30%, most preferably less than about 15%. As used herein the degree of esterification calculation does not include non-esterified polyol compounds that may be present.  
       [0018] In the description of the invention various embodiments and/or individual features are disclosed. As will be apparent to the ordinarily skilled practitioner, all combinations of such embodiments and features are possible and can result in preferred executions of the present invention.  
       [0019] B. Processes for Synthesizing Purified, Partially Esterified Polyol polyester Fatty Acid Compositions  
       [0020] In general, the processes for the preparation of purified, partially esterified polyol fatty acid polyesters of the present invention comprise the steps of forming an initial reaction product from an initial reaction mixture; forming a secondary reaction product by reacting the initial reaction product in the presence of a secondary reaction mixture; optionally neutralizing remaining catalyst; optionally forming a tertiary reaction product to recover reaction components (e.g., solvent) via such processes as evaporation; and purifying the tertiary reaction product and removing any isolated impurities and/or unreacted components.  
       [0021] i) Initial Reaction Product  
       [0022] An initial reaction product is formed by reacting an initial reaction mixture in an inert atmosphere, for a period of time in the range of from about 30 minutes to about 6 hours, and at a temperature in the range of from about 80° C. to about 140° C.  
       [0023] The initial reaction mixture comprises a first polyol portion, a highly esterified polyol fatty acid polyester, a solvent, and a catalyst. Preferably, the molar ratio of the catalyst to the highly esterified polyol fatty acid polyester is in the range of from about 0.01:1 to about 10:1, more preferably in the range of from about 0.1:1 to about 5:1, yet more preferably from about 0.25:1 to about 1:1, most preferably in the range of from about 0.4:1 to about 0.6:1. Preferably the weight ratio of the solvent to the combined weight of the first polyol portion, the highly esterified polyol ester fatty acid, and the catalyst is in the range of from about 1:1 to about 20:1, more preferably in the range of from about 3:1 to about 10:1, most preferably in the range of from about 4:1 to about 6:1. The molar ratio of polyol to highly esterified polyol polyester is in the range of from about 0.1:1 to about 3:1, more preferably in the range of from about 0.5:1 to about 2:1.  
       [0024] In one embodiment of the present invention the polyol is sucrose and the highly esterified polyol fatty acid polyester is sucrose polyester with a degree of esterification of about 95%.  
       [0025] As used herein, the term “polyol” is intended to include any aliphatic or aromatic compound containing at least two free hydroxyl groups. In practicing the processes disclosed herein, the selection of a suitable polyol is simply a matter of choice. For example, suitable polyols may be selected from the following classes: saturated and unsaturated straight and branched chain linear aliphatic; saturated and unsaturated cyclic aliphatic, including heterocyclic aliphatic; or mononuclear or polynuclear aromatics, including heterocyclic aromatics. Carbohydrates and glycols are exemplary polyols. Especially preferred glycols include glycerin. Monosaccharides suitable for use herein include, for example, mannose, galactose, arabinose, xylose, ribose, apiose, rhamnose, psicose, fructose, sorbose, tagitose, ribulose, xylulose, and erythrulose. Oligosaccharides suitable for use herein include, for example, maltose, kojibiose, nigerose, cellobiose, lactose, melibiose, gentiobiose, turanose, rutinose, trehalose, sucrose and raffinose. Polysaccharides suitable for use herein include, for example, amylose, glycogen, cellulose, chitin, inulin, agarose, zylans, mannan and galactans. Although sugar alcohols are not carbohydrates in a strict sense, the naturally occurring sugar alcohols are so closely related to the carbohydrates that they are also preferred for use herein. The sugar alcohols most widely distributed in nature and suitable for use herein are sorbitol, mannitol and galactitol.  
       [0026] Particular classes of materials suitable for use herein include monosaccharides, disaccharides and sugar alcohols. Other classes of materials include sugar ethers and alkoxylated polyols, such as polyethoxy glycerol.  
       [0027] In one embodiment of the present invention the polyol has on average at least four, preferably at least about 5, more preferably about 8 hydroxyl groups capable of being esterified per polyol molecule.  
       [0028] Suitable esterified epoxide-extended polyols include esterified propoxylated glycerols prepared by reacting a propoxylated glycerol having from 2 to 100 oxypropylene units per glycerol with C 10 -C 24  fatty acids or with C 10 -C 24  fatty acid esters, as described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,983,329 and 5,175,323, respectively, and esterified propoxylated glycerols prepared by reacting an epoxide and a triglyceride with an aliphatic polyalcohol, as described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,304,665 or with an alkali metal or alkaline earth salt of an aliphatic alcohol, as described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,399,728. Other polyols include acylated propylene oxide-extended glycerols having a propoxylation index of above about 2, preferably in the range of from about 2 to about 8, more preferably about 5 or above, wherein the acyl groups are C 8 -C 24 , preferably C 14 -C 18 , compounds, as described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,603,978 and 5,641,534 and fatty acid-esterified propoxylated glycerols, as described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,589,217 and 5,597,605.  
       [0029] Other suitable esterified epoxide-extended polyols include esterified alkoxylated polysaccharides. Preferred esterified alkoxylated polysaccharides are esterified alkoxylated polysaccharides containing anhydromonosaccharide units, more preferred are esterified propoxylated polysaccharides containing anhydromonosaccharide units, as described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,273,772.  
       [0030] The polyol has a degree of esterification less than the degree of esterification of both the partially esterified polyol polyester and the highly esterified polyol fatty acid polyester. The first polyol portion may be a single type or class of polyol (e.g., sucrose) or may alternatively be a blend of two or more types or classes of polyols (e.g., a sugar alcohols, such as sorbitol; monosaccharides, such as fructose; and oligosaccharides, such as maltose).  
       [0031] As used herein, the term “highly esterified polyol fatty acid polyester” is intended to include those esters of a polyol with a degree of esterification in excess of the degree of esterification of both the polyol and the partially esterified polyol polyester. In one embodiment of the invention the highly esterified polyol polyester has a degree of esterification of at least about 70%, while in yet another embodiment the highly esterified polyol polyester has a degree of esterification of at least about 90%, preferably at least about 95%.  
       [0032] A variety of processes are known in the art for the synthesis of highly esterified polyol fatty acid polyesters that are suitable for use in the processes of the present invention. Examples of such processes are detailed in U.S. Pat. No. 3,963,699, to Rizzi et al., disclosing a solvent-free transesterification process in which a mixture of a polyol (such as sucrose), a fatty acid lower alkyl ester (such as a fatty acid methyl ester), an alkali metal fatty acid soap, and a basic catalyst is heated to form a homogenous melt. Excess fatty acid lower alkyl ester is added to the melt to form the higher polyol fatty acid polyesters. The polyesters are then separated from the reaction mixture by any of the routinely used separation procedures; distillation or solvent extraction are preferred. Additional suitable processes include U.S. Pat. No. 4,517,360, to Volpenhein et al.; U.S. Pat. No. 5,422,131, to Elsen et al.; U.S. Pat. No. 5,648,483, to Granberg et al.; U.S. Pat. No. 5,767,257, to Schafermeyer et al., and U.S. Pat. No. 6,261,628, to Howie et al., each of which is herein incorporated by reference.  
       [0033] In one embodiment of the present invention, the highly esterified polyol fatty acid polyesters are sucrose fatty acid polyesters, having an average of at least 4 fatty acid groups per molecule. In another embodiment of the invention, the highly polyol fatty acid polyester is sucrose fatty acid polyester having an average of at least 5 fatty acid groups per molecule, while in another embodiment the sucrose fatty acid polyesters have an average of from about 5 to about 8 fatty acid groups per molecule. In yet another embodiment, the polyol polyester is a sucrose polyester wherein at least about 75% of the sucrose polyester comprises octaester.  
       [0034] The fatty acid chains of the highly esterified polyol fatty acid polyesters may be branched, linear, saturated, unsaturated, hydrogenated, unhydrogenated, or mixtures thereof. The fatty acid chains of the fatty acid esters have from about 6 to about 30 total carbon atoms. As used herein, reference to a fatty acid compound having fatty acid chains of a particular length is intended to mean that a majority of the fatty acid chains, i.e., greater than 50 mol % of the fatty acid chains, have the stated length. In a more specific embodiment, the fatty acid compounds have greater than about 60 mol %, and more specifically greater than about 75 mol %, of fatty acid chains of the stated length. As used herein “fatty acid ester” is intended to include fatty acid esters in which the fatty acid chains have a total of from about 2 to about 28, typically from about 8 to about 22, carbon atoms. The fatty acid esters may be branched, unbranched, saturated, unsaturated, hydrogenated, unhydrogenated, or mixtures thereof.  
       [0035] In one embodiment of the present invention, the fatty acid chains of the polyester may be branched or linear and may be formed from fatty acid esters having fatty acid chains of from about 8 to about 26 total carbon atoms. In yet another embodiment, the fatty acid chains of the fatty acid ester have from about 16 to about 22 total carbon atoms.  
       [0036] Other suitable polyol fatty acid polyesters are esterified linked alkoxylated glycerins, including those comprising polyether glycol linking segments, as described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,374,446 and those comprising polycarboxylate linking segments, as described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,427,815 and 5,516,544.  
       [0037] Additional suitable polyol fatty acid polyesters are esterified epoxide-extended polyols of the general formula P(OH) A+C  (EPO) N  (FE) B  wherein P(OH) is a polyol, A is from 2 to about 8 primary hydroxyls, C is from about 0 to about 8 total secondary and tertiary hydroxyls, A+C is from about 3 to about 8, EPO is a C 3 -C 6  epoxide, N is a minimum epoxylation index average number, FE is a fatty acid acyl moiety and B is an average number in the range of greater than 2 and no greater than A+C, as described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,861,613. The minimum epoxylation index average number has a value generally equal to or greater than A and is a number sufficient so that greater than 95% of the primary hydroxyls of the polyol are converted to secondary or tertiary hydroxyls. Preferably the fatty acid acyl moiety has a C 7 -C 23  alkyl chain.  
       [0038] The highly esterified polyol fatty acid polyester may be comprised of a single type or class of polyol polyester (e.g., sucrose) or may alternatively be a blend of two or more types or classes of polyol polyesters (e.g., a sugar alcohols, such as sorbitol; monosaccharides, such as fructose; and oligosaccharides, such as maltose). The polyol backbones of the highly esterified polyol fatty acid polyesters (e.g., sucrose in a highly esterified sucrose fatty acid polyester) may be the same backbone as the polyol, or may optionally be comprised of two or more different polyol backbones.  
       [0039] In one embodiment of the present invention the polyol is sucrose and the highly esterified polyol fatty acid polyester is predominantly (i.e., in excess of about 95%, preferably in excess of about 98%, more preferably in excess of about 99%) comprised of sucrose fatty acid polyester. In another embodiment the polyol is glucose and the highly esterified polyol fatty acid polyester is sucrose fatty acid polyester. In yet another embodiment, the polyol is sucrose and the highly esterified fatty acid polyester is comprised of sucrose fatty acid polyester and a highly esterified epoxide-extended polyol polyester.  
       [0040] Suitable basic compounds to be used as basic reaction catalysts include alkali metals such as sodium, lithium and potassium; alloys of two or more alkali metals such as sodium-lithium and sodium-potassium alloys; alkali metal hydrides, such as sodium, lithium and potassium hydride; alkali metal lower (C 1 -C 4 ) alkyls such as butyl-lithium; and alkaline metal alkoxides of lower (C 1 -C 4 ) alcohols, such as lithium methoxide, potassium t-butoxide, potassium methoxide, and/or sodium methoxide. Other suitable basic compounds include carbonates and bicarbonates of alkali metals or alkaline earth metals. Preferred classes of basic catalysts include potassium carbonate, sodium carbonate, barium carbonate, or mixtures of these compounds having particle sizes that are less than about 100 microns, preferably less than about 50 microns. These preferred catalysts could be used in admixture with the more conventional basic catalysts, described above. Potassium carbonate and/or potassium methoxide are also preferred catalysts. These catalysts are further disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,517,360, to Volpenhein et al., which is incorporated by reference.  
       [0041] Applicants have found that during the initial reaction phase it is preferable that the initial reaction mixture be as homogeneous as possible. A homogenous initial reaction mixture can be achieved by selection of appropriate reaction mixture ingredients that dissolve in the presence of the selected solvent. Examples of suitable solvents are selected from the group consisting of dimethyl sulfoxide, n-methyl formamide, dimethyl sulfate, formamide, and mixtures thereof. Dimethyl sulfoxide is a particularly preferred solvent.  
       [0042] If the preferred degree of homogeneity is not readily achieved upon the admixing of the initial reaction mixture components, either by virtue of the ingredients or various other processing parameters selected, a sufficient amount of agitation may be applied during the initial reaction phase to form an approximately homogeneous mixture or emulsion. Agitation should be applied for a period of time necessary to maintain homogeneity throughout the duration of the initial reaction. Once agitation has been applied for a period of time necessary to assure homogeneity of the reactants throughout the reaction, further application of agitation may be continued, discontinued, or varied in force.  
       [0043] As used herein the term, “a sufficient amount of agitation” is defined as the level of agitation necessary to ensure that reaction components (e.g., the initial reaction mixture) do not separate into discrete phases for a period of time in excess of about 10 seconds, preferably in excess of about 20 seconds, more preferably in excess of about 30 seconds, more preferably in excess of about 45 seconds, most preferably in excess of about 60 seconds, following discontinuation of the agitation. Preferably, agitation is applied during the reaction for a period of time sufficient to ensure that the degree of esterification of the highly esterified polyol polyester fatty acid is reduced to below about 90%, preferably below about 80%, more preferably below about 75%, more preferably below about 65%, more preferably below about 60%, more preferably below about 55%, most preferably below about 50%.  
       [0044] In one embodiment of the present invention a hetergeneous initial reaction mixture comprises sucrose, a highly esterified sucrose fatty acid with a degree of esterification of about 95%, a potassium carbonate catalyst, and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) as a solvent. Agitation is applied by use of a rotating impeller. The degree of agitation necessary to ensure a suitable degree of homogeneity throughout the reaction is quantified by a Weber Number in the range of from about 2000 to about 20,000, operating for a period of time in the range of from about 10 minutes to about 6 hours. In another embodiment the degree of agitation necessary to ensure suitable homogeneity is quantified by a Weber Number of about 10,000, applied for approximately 60 minutes. In yet another embodiment the agitation is quantified by a Weber Number of about 9,000 applied for the entire duration of a 120-minute reaction time.  
       [0045] As used herein, any device capable of inducing motion in the fluid reaction mixtures over a range of viscosities, thus effecting a dispersion of the components, is a suitable agitator for use in the processes of the present invention. Examples of suitable agitators include, impellors, paddles, kneaders, helical rotors, single sigma blade, double sigma blades, screw-type agitators, ribbon agitators, and mixtures thereof.  
       [0046] As used herein, the “Weber Number” is a dimensionless number intended to provide a system independent measure of the agitation force applied to a reaction mixture. The Weber Number is defined by Equation 1.  
                   (     Density                 of                 the                 Continuous                 Phase     )     ×       (     RPM                 of                 the                 Impellor     )     2     ×       (     Diameter                 of                 the                 Impellor     )     3         Interfacial                 Tension                 between                 the                 Continuous                 and                 Discontinuous                 Phases       .           Equation                 1                       
 
       [0047] ii) Secondary Reaction Product  
       [0048] A secondary reaction mixture comprising a second polyol portion is then combined with the initial reaction product. The amount of the second polyol portion is sufficient to ensure that following the addition of the second polyol portion, the molar ratio of the combined amount of the first polyol portion and second polyol portion to the highly esterified polyol fatty acid polyester is in the range of from about 1:1 to about 40:1, preferably in the range of from about 5:1 to about 20:1, more preferably in the range of from about 12:1 to about 18:1.  
       [0049] The second polyol portion may be a single type or class of polyol (e.g., sucrose) or may alternatively be a blend of two or more types or classes of polyols (e.g., a sugar alcohol, such as sorbitol; a monosaccharides, such as fructose; and a oligosaccharides, such as maltose). Additionally, the second polyol portion may be of the same type or class of polyol, or blend of types or classes of polyols, as the first polyol portion. Alternatively, the second polyol portion may be a different class or blend of polyols.  
       [0050] The secondary reaction product is formed by reacting the combination of the initial reaction product and the secondary reaction mixture in an inert atmosphere, for a period time in the range of from about 30 minutes to about 4 hours, and at a temperature in the range of from about 80° C. to about 140° C.  
       [0051] Applicants have found that during the formation of the secondary reaction product it is preferable that the reaction mixture be as homogeneous as possible. A homogenous reaction mixture can be achieved by the selection of appropriate reaction mixture ingredients that dissolve in the presence of the selected solvent. If the preferred degree of homogeneity is not readily achieved upon the admixing of the initial reaction product and the secondary reaction mixture, either by virtue of the ingredients or various other processing parameters selected, a sufficient amount of agitation may be applied to form an approximately homogeneous mixture or emulsion. Agitation should be applied for a period of time necessary to maintain homogeneity throughout the duration of the reaction. Once agitation has been applied for a period of time necessary to assure the homogeneity of the reactants throughout the reaction, further application of agitation may be continued, discontinued, or varied in force.  
       [0052] As used herein the term, “a sufficient amount of agitation” is defined as the level of agitation necessary to ensure that the reaction components (e.g., the combination of the initial reaction product and secondary reaction mixture) do not separate into discrete phases for a period of time in excess of about 10 seconds, preferably in excess of about 20 seconds, more preferably in excess of about 30 seconds, more preferably in excess of about 45 seconds, most preferably in excess of about 60 seconds, following discontinuation of the agitation. Preferably, agitation is applied during the reaction for a period of time sufficient to ensure that the degree of esterification of the highly esterified polyol polyester fatty acid is less than about 50%, preferably less than about 40%, more preferably less than about 30%, most preferably less than about 15%.  
       [0053] In one embodiment of the present invention a heterogeneous initial reaction mixture comprises a sucrose polyol, a highly esterified sucrose fatty acid with a degree of esterification of about 95%, a potassium carbonate catalyst, and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) as a solvent. The degree of agitation necessary to ensure suitable homogeneity is quantified by a Weber Number of about 15,000, and is applied for approximately 60 minutes. The initial reaction mixture remains homogeneous for the duration of the initial reaction. The secondary reaction mixture comprises the same sucrose polyol of the initial reaction mixture, and is added to the initial reaction product. Agitation is applied by use of a rotating impeller for approximately 90 minutes, quantified by a Weber Number in of approximately 10,000. The initial reaction product and the secondary reaction mixture remain homogeneous for the duration of the secondary reaction.  
       [0054] iii) Catalyst Neutralization  
       [0055] Optionally, any catalyst remaining subsequent to the formation of the secondary reaction product may be neutralized with an acid. Applicants have hereby found that neutralization of the remaining catalyst reduces the risk of saponification and base catalyzed hydrolysis reactions during aqueous purification, both of which adversely impact the purity of the partially esterified polyol fatty acid compositions.  
       [0056] To effectively neutralize any residual catalyst, a sufficient amount of an acid is added to the secondary reaction product such that the molar ratio of the acid to total catalyst is in the range of from about 0.01:1 to about 1:1, preferably in the range of from about 0.1:1 to about 0.8:1, more preferably in the range of from about 0.6:1 to about 0.8:1. Examples of acids suitable for use in neutralizing any residual base catalyst include those acids selected from the group consisting of hydrochloric, phosphoric, chromic, iodic, benzoic, hydrofluoric, sulfuric, sulfurous, acetic, formic, nitric, and mixtures thereof.  
       [0057] iv) Tertiary Reaction Product  
       [0058] Optionally, a tertiary reaction product may be formed subsequent to the formation of the secondary reaction product. The primary purpose for forming the tertiary reaction product is to recover various initial reaction mixture components, such as solvent, that are no longer required for the remaining purification processes. Additionally, removal of the solvent by formation of the tertiary reaction product reduces the amount of solvent present in the final partially esterified polyol fatty acid polyester compositions.  
       [0059] The tertiary reaction product is formed by reacting the secondary reaction product at a pressure in the range of from about 0.01 mmHg to about 760 mmHg, preferably in the range of from about 0.1 mmHg to about 20 mmHg, more preferably in the range of from about 0.1 mmHg to about 10 mmHg, most preferably in the rang of from about 0.1 mmHg to abut 5 mmHg, and for a period of time in the range of from about 30 minutes to about 4 hours.  
       [0060] In one embodiment of the present invention the desired reaction pressure dictates the temperature at which the tertiary reaction product is formed. In another embodiment of the invention the desired reaction temperature dictates the reaction pressure to be employed. Preferably the tertiary reaction product is formed at the temperature-pressure combination at which distillation of the solvent used in the initial reaction mixture occurs.  
       [0061] In yet another embodiment the solvent is dimethyl sulfoxide. Preferred temperature-pressure combinations for dimethyl sulfoxide are selected from the group consisting of about 0.01 mmHg and about negtive 18° C., about 0.1 mmHg and about 4° C., about 0.5 mmHg and about 23° C., about 5 mmHg and about 58° C., about 10 mmHg and about 70° C., about 20 mmHg and about 85° C., and about 760 mmHg and about 189° C.  
       [0062] One of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate upon reading the disclosure herein that the temperatures disclosed in the preferred temperature-pressure combinations refer to the temperature of the reaction ingredients, not the temperature setting of the equipment used to heat the reaction components. The ordinarily skilled artisan will also appreciate that the temperatures are approximations based on the distillation temperatures of the pure solvent and may vary slightly depending on the degree of solvent purity.  
       [0063] In one embodiment of the present invention, the step of neutralizing any remaining catalyst is performed subsequent to the formation of the secondary reaction product, but prior to the formation of a tertiary reaction product. In another embodiment the tertiary reaction product is formed subsequent to the formation of the secondary reaction product, though prior to the neutralization of remaining catalyst. In yet another embodiment, the remaining catalyst is neutralized with an acid without the formation of a tertiary reaction product. In yet another embodiment the tertiary reaction product is formed, while the remaining catalyst is not neutralized.  
       [0064] v) Purification  
       [0065] (a) Solvent Free Aqueous Purification Processes  
       [0066] The reaction products of the present invention may be purified by an aqueous purification process, via application of a water washing solution. Applicants have found that in order to obtain partially esterified polyol polyester compositions with the requisite degree of purity, the aqueous purification process should be free of any solvents that would adversely affect the finished product purity requirement for the composition&#39;s intended use (e.g., food grade purity). As any solvent added after formation of the secondary reaction product must ultimately be removed via a purification process, it is particularly preferred that the aqueous purification process be a solvent free purification process.  
       [0067] The water washing solution comprises from about 0.1% to about 5% of a salt and from about 95% to about 99.9% water. The water washing solution is applied over a period of time in the range of from about 2 minutes to about 30 minutes, preferably in the rang of from about 5-10 minutes. The weight ratio of the water washing solution to the initial weight of the reaction product to be purified (e.g., secondary reaction product; tertiary reaction product; acid neutralized secondary reaction product; or acid neutralized tertiary reaction product) is in the range of from about 3:1 to about 30:1, preferably in the range of from about 5:1 to about 20:1, more preferably in the range of from about 8:1 to about 15:1. The temperature of the water washing solution is in the range of from about 20° C. to about 100° C., and the temperature of the reaction product to be purified is in the range of from about 20° C. to about 100° C. Preferably the temperature of the water washing solution is in the range of from about 20° C. to about 60° C. when the majority of the fatty acid esters are unsaturated, and in the range of from about 40° C. to about 80° C. when the majority of the fatty acid esters are saturated.  
       [0068] Examples of salts suitable for use in the present invention include salts selected from the group consisting of calcium salts, magnesium salts, barium salts, sodium salts, potassium salts, cesium salts, and mixtures thereof. Preferred salts for use in the present invention include salts selected from the group consisting of lithium chloride, lithium bromide, lithium iodide, lithium sulfate, calcium chloride, calcium bromide, calcium iodide, calcium sulfate, magnesium chloride, magnesium bromide, magnesium iodide, magnesium sulfate, barium chloride, barium bromide, barium iodide, barium sulfate, sodium chloride, sodium bromide, sodium iodide, sodium sulfate, potassium chloride, potassium bromide, potassium iodide, potassium sulfate, cesium chloride, cesium bromide, cesium iodide, cesium sulfate, and mixtures thereof. Salts selected from the group consisting of calcium chloride, calcium bromide, calcium iodide, calcium sulfate, and mixtures thereof are particularly preferred.  
       [0069] Preferably, the water portion of the water washing solution is mixed with the reaction product to be purified for a period of time in the range of from about 2 minutes to about 15 minutes prior to the introduction of the salt. Subsequently, the salt is added to the water/reaction product combination and mixed for an additional period of time in the range of from about 2 minutes to about 15 minutes. Not to be limited by theory, Applicants believe that the salt facilitates the separation of impurities and other unwanted reaction byproducts from the finished product composition.  
       [0070] Following application of the water washing solution, impurities, unreacted components, and reaction byproducts are collected and removed from the washed reaction product. The washed reaction product separates into two discrete layers. The top layer contains the impurities, solvent, reaction byproducts, and unreacted reaction components to be removed and discarded. The bottom layer contains the partially esterified polyol fatty acid polyester. Optionally, the top layer may be collected and processed to recover and/or recycle any desired reaction ingredients and/or byproducts (e.g., polyol and solvent).  
       [0071] Separation into the discrete phases may be accomplished by allowing the washed reaction products to gravity settle. Preferred methods for the separation and isolation of impurities include centrifugation for a period of time in the range of from about 5 minutes to about 30 minutes at an applied force of from about 100G to about 15000G. Alternatively, when the majority (i.e., in excess of about 50%) of the fatty acid esters of the reaction product to be purified (e.g., secondary reaction product; tertiary reaction product; acid neutralized secondary reaction product; or acid neutralized tertiary reaction product) comprise unsaturated fatty acid esters, separation into discrete phases may be achieved via temperature reduction. The temperature separation step, wherein the temperature of the washed reaction product is decreased to a temperature below about 20C, preferably below about 15C, more preferably below about 1° C., more preferably below about 5C, most preferably at or below about 0C, occurs after washing with a solvent free aqueous wash solution. As the temperature decreases, the washed reaction product separates into two discrete layers, an upper layer containing impurities and a bottom layer comprising purified reaction product. The upper layer containing the impurities is collected and removed. The bottom layer comprising purified, partially esterified polyol fatty acid polyesters can be either collected for final processing or subjected to additional purification processes.  
       [0072] The various techniques for the isolation and removal of impurities and unwanted reaction byproducts described herein may be used either independently or in combination. In one embodiment of the present invention isolation of impurities occurs by centrifugation. In another embodiment, isolation is achieved by employing both centrifugation and temperature reduction processes. In yet another embodiment, a product purification cycle comprising the steps of washing the reaction product with a solvent free water washing solution and then centrifuging the washed reaction product to isolate impurities is repeated for a total of ten times. Subsequent to the tenth washing-centrifuging cycle, the temperature of the washed reaction product is decreased to about 0° C. As the temperature approaches 0° C. the washed reaction product separates into two discrete layers. The top layer containing the impurities is isolated and removed, and the bottom layer comprising the purified reaction product is collected for final processing.  
       [0073] The purification process of washing the reaction product and separating and collecting the partially esterified polyol polyester may optionally be performed one or more additional times, depending on product composition at the end of the purification cycle and the desired finished product purity specification. Preferably the purification cycle is repeated in the range of from about 1 to about 20 times to achieve particularly high degrees of purification.  
       [0074] In one embodiment of the present invention the water washing purification steps are repeated in the range of from about 5 to about 15 times. The quantity of water washing solution to be used in each purification cycle is calculated based on the initial weight of the reaction product to be purified (i.e., the weight of the reaction product prior to the first purification cycle). In each cycle the weight ratio of the water washing solution to the initial weight of the washed reaction product to be purified (e.g., secondary reaction product; tertiary reaction product; acid neutralized secondary reaction product; or acid neutralized tertiary reaction product) is within the range of from about 3:1 to about 30:1, preferably in the range of from about 5:1 to about 20:1, more preferably in the range of from about 8:1 to about 15:1.  
       [0075] The quantity of water washing solution utilized may be substantially the same for each purification cycle, or alternatively may vary from cycle to cycle. Additionally, the quantity of salt utilized in the water wash solution may be substantially the same for each purification cycle, or alternatively may vary from cycle to cycle. Combinations of varying amounts of water and salt within the water washing solution of various purification cycles are also contemplated.  
       [0076] In one embodiment, the quantity of salt utilized in the water washing solutions of a purification cycle subsequent to the first purification cycle is less than the quantity of salt utilized in the first purification cycle.  
       [0077] For each of the purification cycles the temperature of the water washing solution is in the range of from about 20° C. to about 100° C., and the temperature of the reaction product to be purified is in the range of from about 20° C. to about 100° C.  
       [0078] Optionally, the weight ratio of water washing solution to reaction product to be purified may be recalculated after each purification cycle, such that the weight ratio of the water washing solution to the weight of the reaction product to be purified in a given purification cycle is in the range of from about 3:1 to about 30:1, preferably in the range of from about 5:1 to about 20:1, more preferably in the range of from about 5:1 to about 10:1.  
       [0079] When the majority (i.e., in excess of about 50%) of fatty acid esters of the reaction product to be purified (e.g., secondary reaction product; tertiary reaction product; acid neutralized secondary reaction product; or acid neutralized tertiary reaction product) comprise unsaturated fatty acid esters, the last phase of the purification cycle may optionally contain a freezing step. The freezing step occurs after the final aqueous wash and centrifugation.  
       [0080] Following the final wash with the water washing solution, the top layer containing the impurities and other unwanted reaction byproducts is collected and removed. The temperature of the bottom layer comprising the purified reaction product is then lowered to a temperature at or below about 0° C. As the temperature decreases, the bottom layer separates into two discrete layers, a frozen upper layer which contains impurities, and a frozen bottom layer comprising further purified reaction product. The frozen upper layer containing the impurities is collected and discarded, leaving a purified reaction product comprising partially esterified polyol fatty acid polyesters.  
       [0081] (b) Alcohol Purification Processes  
       [0082] The reaction products of the present invention may optionally be purified by an alcohol purification process, via application of an alcohol washing solution. Applicants have found that in order to obtain partially esterified polyol polyester compositions with the requisite degree of purity, the alcohol purification process should be free of any additional solvents that would adversely affect the finished product purity requirement for the composition&#39;s intended use (e.g., food grade purity). As any solvent added after formation of the secondary reaction product must ultimately be removed via a purification process, it is preferred that the alcohol washing solution contain no additional ingredients that would not be substantially removed, preferably completely removed, by the alcohol wash process. Particularly preferred embodiments of the resent invention are those where the alcohol wash solution comprises no ingredients, other than perhaps impurities at a level that would not adversely impact finished product purity, beyond the alcohol.  
       [0083] The alcohol washing solution comprises alcohols with a carbon chain length in the range of from about 2 atoms to about 5 atoms. The alcohol washing solution is applied over a period of time in the range of from about 2 minutes to about 30 minutes, preferably in the rang of from about 5-10 minutes. The weight ratio of the alcohol washing solution to the initial weight of the reaction product to be purified (e.g., secondary reaction product; tertiary reaction product; acid neutralized secondary reaction product; or acid neutralized tertiary reaction product) is in the range of from about 3:1 to about 30:1, preferably in the range of from about 5:1 to about 20:1, more preferably in the range of from about 5:1 to about 10:1.  
       [0084] The temperature of the alcohol washing solution is in the range of from about 20° C. to about 100° C., and the temperature of the reaction product to be purified is in the range of from about 20° C. to about 100° C. Preferably the temperature of the alcohol washing solution is in the range of from about 20° C. to about 60° C. when the majority of the fatty acid esters are unsaturated, and in the range of from about 40° C. to about 80° C. when the majority of the fatty acid esters are saturated.  
       [0085] Examples of alcohols suitable for use in the present invention include ethanol, n-propanol, n-butanol, n-pentanol, branched and non-terminal forms of C 2 -C 5  alcohols, and mixtures thereof. Preferred alcohols are selected from the group consisting of ethanol, n-propanol, n-butanol, n-pentanol, and mixtures thereof.  
       [0086] Following application of the alcohol washing solution, impurities, unreacted components, and reaction byproducts are collected and removed from the washed reaction product. The washed reaction product separates into two discrete layers. The bottom layer contains the impurities, solvent, reaction byproducts, and unreacted reaction components to be removed and discarded. The top layer contains the partially esterified polyol fatty acid polyester. Optionally, the bottom layer may be collected and processed to recover and/or recycle any desired reaction ingredients and/or byproducts (e.g., polyol and solvent).  
       [0087] Separation into the discrete phases may be accomplished by allowing the impurities and byproducts to gravity settle. Preferred methods for the separation and isolation of impurities include centrifugation for a period of time in the range of from about 5 minutes to about 30 minutes at an applied force of from about 100G to about 15000G, preferably in the range of from about 2,000G to about 10,000G.  
       [0088] The purification cycle of washing the reaction product with alcohol and separating and collecting the partially esterified polyol polyester may optionally be performed one or more additional times, depending on the product composition following the purification cycle and the desired degree of purity in the finished product. Preferably the purification process is repeated in the range of from about 1 to about 20 times to achieve particularly high degrees of purification.  
       [0089] In one embodiment of the present invention the alcohol washing purification steps are repeated in the range of from about 5 to about 15 times. The quantity of alcohol washing solution to be used in each purification cycle is calculated based on the initial weight of the reaction product to be purified (i.e., the weight of the reaction product prior to the first purification cycle). In each cycle the weight ratio of the alcohol washing solution to the initial weight of the washed reaction product to be purified (e.g., secondary reaction product; tertiary reaction product; acid neutralized secondary reaction product; or acid neutralized tertiary reaction product) is within the range of from about 3:1 to about 30:1, preferably in the range of from about 5:1 to about 20:1, more preferably in the range of from about 8:1 to about 15:1. The quantity of alcohol washing solution utilized may be substantially the same for each purification cycle, or alternatively may vary from cycle to cycle.  
       [0090] For each of the purification cycles the temperature of the alcohol washing solution is in the range of from about 20° C. to about 100° C., and the temperature of the reaction product to be purified is in the range of from about 20° C. to about 100° C.  
       [0091] Optionally, the weight ratio of alcohol washing solution to reaction product to be purified may be recalculated after each purification cycle, such that the weight ratio of the alcohol washing solution to the weight of the reaction product to be purified in a given purification cycle is in the range of from about 3:1 to about 30:1, preferably in the range of from about 5:1 to about 20:1, more preferably in the range of from about 5:1 to about 10:1.  
       [0092] C. Composition of Purified, Partially-Esterified Polyol Fatty Acid Polyesters  
       [0093] The purified, partially esterified polyol polyester fatty acid compositions of the present invention generally comprise a partially esterified polyol polyester with a degree of esterification of less than about 50%, preferably less than about 40%, more preferably less than about 30%, more preferably less than about 15%. Additionally, the purified, partially esterified polyol polyester fatty acid compositions comprise less than about 5% polyol, preferably less than about 3.5% polyol, more preferably less than about 2% polyol, more preferably less than about 1.1% polyol; less than about 5 ppm (parts per million) of residual solvent, preferably less than about 4 ppm of residual solvent, most preferably less than about 3 ppm of residual solvent; and less than about 700 ppm of lower alkyl esters, preferably less than about 650 ppm of lower alkyl esters, more preferably less than about 500 ppm of lower alkyl esters, more preferably less than about 200 ppm of lower alkyl esters, more preferably less than about 100 ppm of lower alkyl esters, most preferably less than about 50 ppm of lower alkyl esters of lower alkyl esters. Moreover, the purified, partially esterified polyol polyester compositions comprise less than about 5% of a soap and free fatty acid mixture, preferably less than about 4.5% of a soap and free fatty acid mixture, more preferably less than about 4% of a soap and free fatty acid mixture, more preferably less than about 3.5% of a soap and free fatty acid mixture, most preferably less than about 3.3% of a soap and free fatty acid mixture.  
       [0094] The purified, partially esterified polyol polyesters also comprise less than about 3% ash, preferably less than about 2% ash, more preferably less than about 1.7% ash. As used herein, the term “ash” refers to sulfated ash. The amount of sulfated ash in the present invention is calculated by weighing 5 grams of a sample into a platinum dish. Then 5 mL of 10% Sulfuric acid (H 2 SO 4 ) is added to the sample, and the mixture is heated until carbonized. The carbonized ash is then baked in a muffle furnace at 550C until ashed. An additional aliquot of 2-3 mL of 10% Sulfuric Acid is added, and the mixture is again heated until carbonized. Again the mixture is baked at 550C until ashed. This process is repeated until the ash maintains a constant weight. The percentage of sulfated ash is calculated by dividing the weight of the remaining ash by the sample weight.  
       [0095] Furthermore, the purified polyester compositions of the present invention have an acid value of less than about 6, preferably an acid value less than about 4, more preferably an acid value less than about 3, most preferably an acid value less than about 2.  
       [0096] Not to be limited by theory, Applicants believe residual levels of lower alkyl ester impurities may be attributed to those amounts that exist as an impurity within the highly esterified polyol polyester fatty acids prior to inclusion in the initial reaction mixture. Soap and free fatty acid mixtures are believed to be byproducts resulting from polyol degradation and catalyst neutralization reactions. Ash is also believed to be a byproduct of various degradation and purification processes within the synthesis of the purified, partially esterified polyol polyester compositions. 
     
    
    
     D. EXAMPLES  
     [0097] The following are non-limiting examples of partially esterified polyol polyester and purified, partially esterified polyol polyester compositions and methods of making the same, used in accordance with the present invention. The following examples are provided to illustrate the invention and are not intended to limit the spirit or scope thereof in any manner.  
     Example 1  
     [0098] In the present example, an initial reaction mixture comprises 75 g (0.0312 moles) of sucrose polyester, based on fully saturated stearic fatty acids, with a degree of esterification of 96%, 10.8 g (0.0316 moles) of sucrose, 3 g (0.0217 moles) of potassium carbonate, and 500 g of dimethyl sulfoxide solvent. Prior to use in the initial reaction mixture the sucrose and catalyst were dried in a vacuum oven for 12 hours. Agitation is applied for 60 minutes to the heterogeneous initial reaction mixture to produce a suitable degree of homogeneity. The degree of agitation is quantified by a Weber Number of 10,000. An initial reaction product is formed by reacting the initial reaction mixture at 120° C. for 120 minutes in a two-piece, baffled glass reactor.  
     [0099] A sample of the initial reaction product is analyzed by super fluid chromatography (SFC) and found to have the composition shown in Table 1A, wherein SEX indicates a Sucrose Ester with X esterified hydroxyl groups. Suitable super fluid chromatography analytical methods are described in co-pending application U.S. patent Ser. No. 09/646,293, filed Sep. 15, 2000 to Trout et al., entitled Improved Processes for Synthesis and Purification of Nondigestible Fats.  
                                                   TABLE 1A                       Soap   Sucrose   SE 1     SE 2     SE 3     SE 4     SE 5     SE 6     SE 7     SE 8                    1.9   0.0   1.4   8.0   23.2   33.3   23.1   7.9   1.2   0.0                  
 
     [0100] A secondary reaction mixture comprising 150.2 g (0.439 moles) of sucrose is added to the initial reaction product. As the combination exhibits a suitable degree of homogeneity, no additional agitation is required beyond simple mixing of the components to ensure even heat distribution. The combination is reacted at 120° C. for 90 minutes.  
     [0101] A sample of the secondary reaction product is analyzed by SFC and found to have the composition shown in Table 1B.  
                                                   TABLE 1B                       Soap   Sucrose   SE 1     SE 2     SE 3     SE 4     SE 5     SE 6     SE 7     SE 8                    2.3   48.6   34.9   11.9   2.4   0.0   0.0   0.0   0.0   0.0                  
 
     Example 2  
     [0102] In the present example, an initial reaction mixture comprises 75 g (0.0312 moles) of sucrose polyester with a degree of esterification of 96%; 10.75 g (0.0314 moles) of sucrose; 2 g (0.0145 moles) of potassium carbonate; and 500 g of dimethyl sulfoxide solvent. Prior to use in the initial reaction mixture the sucrose and catalyst were dried in a vacuum oven for 12 hours. Agitation is applied for 60 minutes to the heterogeneous initial reaction mixture to produce a suitable degree of homogeneity. The degree of agitation is quantified by a Weber Number of 10,000. An initial reaction product is formed by reacting the initial reaction mixture at 110° C. for 90 minutes in a two-piece, baffled glass reactor.  
     [0103] A sample of the initial reaction product is analyzed by Super Fluid Chromatography (SFC) and found to have the composition shown in Table 2A.  
                                                   TABLE 2A                       Soap   Sucrose   SE 1     SE 2     SE 3     SE 4     SE 5     SE 6     SE 7     SE 8                    1.0   0.0   0.6   4.8   16.3   29.6   28.2   15.9   3.6   0.0                  
 
     [0104] A secondary reaction mixture comprising 150.2 g (0.439 moles) of sucrose is added to the initial reaction product. As the combination exhibits a suitable degree of homogeneity, no additional agitation is required beyond simple mixing of the components to ensure even heat distribution. The combination is reacted at 110° C. for 70 minutes.  
     [0105] A sample of the secondary reaction product is analyzed by SFC and found to have the composition shown in Table 2B.  
                                                   TABLE 2B                       Soap   Sucrose   SE 1     SE 2     SE 3     SE 4     SE 5     SE 6     SE 7     SE 8                    1.2   46.3   36.1   14.0   2.5   0.0   0.0   0.0   0.0   0.0                  
 
     Example 3  
     [0106] In the present example, an initial reaction mixture comprises 75 g (0.0312 moles) of sucrose polyester with a degree of esterification of 96; 10.75 g (0.0314 moles) of sucrose; 2 g (0.0145 moles) of potassium carbonate; and 500 g of dimethyl sulfoxide solvent. Prior to use in the initial reaction mixture the sucrose and catalyst were dried in a vacuum oven for 12 hours. Agitation is applied for 60 minutes to the heterogeneous initial reaction mixture to produce a suitable degree of homogeneity. The degree of agitation is quantified by a Weber Number of 10,000. An initial reaction product is formed by reacting the initial reaction mixture at 100C for 180 minutes in a two-piece, baffled glass reactor.  
     [0107] A sample of the initial reaction product is analyzed by Super Fluid Chromatography (SFC) and found to have the composition shown in Table 3A.  
                                                   TABLE 3A                       Soap   Sucrose   SE 1     SE 2     SE 3     SE 4     SE 5     SE 6     SE 7     SE 8                    0.60   0.0   1.0   3.6   15.4   24.2   25.5   19.0   8.4   2.4                  
 
     [0108] A secondary reaction mixture comprising 150.2 g (0.439 moles) of sucrose is added to the initial reaction product. As the combination exhibits a suitable degree of homogeneity, no additional agitation is required beyond simple mixing of the components to ensure even heat distribution. The combination is reacted at 100° C. for 120 minutes.  
     [0109] A sample of the secondary reaction product is analyzed by SFC and found to have the composition shown in Table 3B.  
                                                   TABLE 3B                       Soap   Sucrose   SE 1     SE 2     SE 3     SE 4     SE 5     SE 6     SE 7     SE 8                    1.3   47.8   35.3   13.1   2.6   0.0   0.0   0.0   0.0   0.0                  
 
     Example 4  
     [0110] In the present example, an initial reaction mixture comprises 77.5 g (0.0322 moles) of sucrose polyester having a degree of esterification of 96%; 11.3 g (0.330 moles) of sucrose; 2.0 g (0.0145 moles) of potassium carbonate; and 507 g of dimethyl sulfoxide solvent containing less than 50 ppm of water. Prior to use in the initial reaction mixture the sucrose and catalyst were dried in a vacuum oven for 12 hours. Agitation is applied for 60 minutes to the heterogeneous initial reaction mixture to produce a suitable degree of homogeneity. The degree of agitation is quantified by a Weber Number of 110,000. The initial reaction mixture is reacted at 110° C. for 60 minutes to produce an initial reaction product.  
     [0111] A sample of the initial reaction product is analyzed by Super Fluid Chromatography (SFC) and found to have the composition of Table 4A.  
                                                   TABLE 4A                       Soap   Sucrose   SE 1     SE 2     SE 3     SE 4     SE 5     SE 6     SE 7     SE 8                    1.5   0.9   3.8   13.4   14.0   17.2   21.3   18.7   7.8   1.3                  
 
     [0112] A secondary reaction mixture comprising 153.9 g (0.450 moles) of sucrose is added to the initial reaction product. As the combination exhibits a suitable degree of homogeneity, no additional agitation is required beyond simple mixing of the components to ensure even heat distribution. The combination is reacted at 90° C. for 120 minutes.  
     [0113] A sample of the secondary reaction product is analyzed by SFC and found to have the composition shown in Table 4B.  
                                                   TABLE 4B                       Soap   Sucrose   SE 1     SE 2     SE 3     SE 4     SE 5     SE 6     SE 7     SE 8                    1.7   51.6   29.7   13.1   3.9   0.0   0.0   0.0   0.0   0.0                  
 
     [0114] The secondary reaction product weighs 751 g and is treated with 1.45 g of 36.5% hydrochloric acid (0.0141 moles) to neutralize the remaining catalyst. The mixture is then evaporated in a round bottom flask heated in a 60° C. water bath, under a pressure of 0.5 mmHg, for 120 minutes to form a tertiary reaction product. The tertiary reaction product weighs 339 g.  
     [0115] 210 g of the tertiary reaction product is mixed in a stainless steel mixing vessel with 2100 g of 60° C. water for 5 minutes. The temperature is held constant. 5.25 g of calcium chloride is added to the system and mixed for an additional 5 minutes.  
     [0116] The resulting mixture is centrifuged at 5000G for 10 minutes. The centrifuged mixture splits into two discrete layers. The top layer is discarded and the bottom layer is recovered.  
     [0117] The entire bottom layer is collected and re-washed with 2100 g of 60° C. water for 5 minutes, holding the temperature constant. 5.25 g of calcium chloride are added and the system is mixed for an additional 5 minutes. The mixture is centrifuged at 5000G for 10 minutes and the bottom layer is again recovered for further washing. The recovery and rewashing of the bottom layer is repeated for a total of three additional times, for a total of 5 washes with 5.25 g of calcium chloride.  
     [0118] After the fifth wash, the bottom layer is collected and re-washed in a stainless steel mixing vessel with 2100 g of 60° C. water for 5 minutes, holding the temperature constant. 3.15 g of calcium chloride are added, and the system is mixed for an additional 5 minutes. The mixture is centrifuged at 5000G for 10 minutes and the bottom layer is again recovered for further washing. The process of collecting the bottom layer, rewashing in the presence of 3.15 g of calcium chloride, and centrifuging is repeated for a total of three additional times.  
     [0119] After the ninth total wash, the bottom layer is recovered and dried in a vacuum oven at 45° C. and 1 mmHg for 12 hours to produce a purified, partially esterified polyol fatty acid polyester composition.  
     [0120] The final product composition is analyzed by SFC and shown in Table 4C.  
                                                               TABLE 4C                                   Sulfated   Acid                                       DMSO   Soap/FFA   Sucrose   Ash   Value   SE 1     SE 2     SE 3     SE 4     SE 5     SE 6     SE 7     SE 8                    1 ppm   2.4   0.0   1.3%   2.0   32.1   38.3   23.1   4.0   0.0   0.0   0.0   0.0                  
 
     Example 5  
     [0121] In the present example, an initial reaction mixture comprises 79 g (0.0328 moles) of sucrose polyester with a degree of esterification of 96%; 11.0 g (0.322 moles) of sucrose; 2.0 g (0.0145 moles) of potassium carbonate; and 580 g of dimethyl sulfoxide solvent containing less than 50 ppm of water. Prior to use in the initial reaction mixture the sucrose and catalyst were dried in a vacuum oven for 12 hours. Agitation is applied for 60 minutes to the heterogeneous initial reaction mixture to produce a suitable degree of homogeneity. The degree of agitation is quantified by a Weber Number of 10,000. The initial reaction mixture is reacted at 110° C. for 90 minutes to produce an initial reaction product.  
     [0122] A secondary reaction mixture comprising 200 g (0.585 moles) of sucrose is added to the initial reaction product. As the combination exhibits a suitable degree of homogeneity, no additional agitation is required beyond simple mixing of the components to ensure even heat distribution. The combination is reacted at 103° C. for 90 minutes.  
     [0123] A sample of the secondary reaction product is analyzed by SFC and found to have the composition shown in Table 5A.  
                                                   TABLE 5A                       Soap   Sucrose   SE 1     SE 2     SE 3     SE 4     SE 5     SE 6     SE 7     SE 8                    0.9   53.6   31.3   11.8   2.4   0.0   0.0   0.0   0.0   0.0                  
 
     [0124] The secondary reaction product weighs 859 g and is treated with 1.2 g of 36.5% hydrochloric acid (0.012 moles) to neutralize the remaining catalyst. The mixture is then evaporated in a round bottom flask heated in a 65° C., under a pressure of 0.5 mmHg, for 120 minutes to form a tertiary reaction product. The tertiary reaction product weighs 425 g.  
     [0125] 425 g of the tertiary reaction product is mixed in a stainless steel mixing vessel with 4300 g of 60° C. water for 5 minutes. The temperature is held constant. 12.9 g calcium chloride is added to the system and mixed for an additional 5 minutes. The resulting mixture is centrifuged at 5000G for 10 minutes. The centrifuged mixture splits into two discrete layers. The top layer is discarded and the bottom layer is recovered.  
     [0126] The entire bottom layer is collected and re-washed with 4300 g of 60° C. water for 5 minutes, holding the temperature constant. 12.9 g of calcium chloride are added and the system is mixed for an additional 5 minutes. The mixture is centrifuged at 10,000G for 10 minutes and the bottom layer is again recovered for further washing. The recovery and rewashing of the bottom layer is repeated for a total of three additional times, for a total of 5 washes with 12.9 g of calcium chloride.  
     [0127] After the fifth wash, the bottom layer is collected and re-washed in a stainless steel mixing vessel with 4300 g of 60° C. water for 5 minutes, holding the temperature constant. 6.45 g of calcium chloride are added, and the system is mixed for an additional 5 minutes. The mixture is centrifuged at 10,000G for 10 minutes and the bottom layer is again recovered for further washing. The process of collecting the bottom layer, rewashing in the presence of 6.45 g of calcium chloride, and centrifuging is repeated for a total of three additional times.  
     [0128] After the ninth total wash, the bottom layer is recovered and dried in a vacuum oven at 45° C. and 1 mmHg for 12 hours to produce a purified, partially esterified polyol fatty acid polyester composition.  
     [0129] The final product composition is analyzed by SFC and shown in Table 5B.  
                                                               TABLE 5B                                   Sulfated   Acid                                       DMSO   Soap/FFA   Sucrose   Ash   Value   SE 1     SE 2     SE 3     SE 4     SE 5     SE 6     SE 7     SE 8                    1 ppm   2.9   0.1   1.3%   2.0   61.0   29.0   6.7   0.0   0.0   0.0   0.0   0.0                  
 
     Example 6  
     [0130] In the present example, an initial reaction mixture comprises 78 g (0.0324 moles) of sucrose polyester, based on fully saturated stearic fatty acids, with a degree of esterification of 96%, 11.1 g (0.0325 moles) of sucrose, 2 g (0.0145 moles) of potassium carbonate, and 564 g of dimethyl sulfoxide solvent. Prior to use in the initial reaction mixture the sucrose and catalyst were dried in a vacuum oven for 12 hours. Agitation is applied for 60 minutes to the heterogeneous initial reaction mixture to produce a suitable degree of homogeneity. The degree of agitation is quantified by a Weber Number of 10,000. An initial reaction product is formed by reacting the initial reaction mixture at 110° C. for 60 minutes in a two-piece, baffled glass reactor.  
     [0131] A sample of the initial reaction product is analyzed by Super Fluid Chromatography (SFC) and found to have the composition, on a dry weight basis, of Table 6A.  
                                                   TABLE 6A                       Soap   Sucrose   SE 1     SE 2     SE 3     SE 4     SE 5     SE 6     SE 7     SE 8                    1.4   3.63   3.7   7.9   15.6   22.3   26.3   16.4   2.9   0.0                  
 
     [0132] A secondary reaction mixture comprising 150.2 g (0.439 moles) of sucrose is added to the initial reaction product. As the combination exhibits a suitable degree of homogeneity, no additional agitation is required beyond simple mixing of the components to ensure even heat distribution. The combination is reacted at 90° C. for 120 minutes.  
     [0133] A sample of the secondary reaction product is analyzed by SFC and found to have the composition, on a dry weight basis, of Table 6B.  
                                                   TABLE 6B                       Soap   Sucrose   SE 1     SE 2     SE 3     SE 4     SE 5     SE 6     SE 7     SE 8                    0.7   51.0   27.0   15.7   5.0   0.0   0.0   0.0   0.0   0.0                  
 
     [0134] The secondary reaction product weighs 751 g and is treated with 1.3 g of 36.5% hydrochloric acid (0.013 moles) to neutralize the remaining catalyst. The mixture is then evaporated in a round bottom flask heated in a 65° C. water bath, under a pressure of 0.5 mmHg, for 120 minutes to form a tertiary reaction product. The tertiary reaction product weighs 340 g.  
     Example 7  
     [0135] In the present example, an initial reaction mixture comprises 79 g (0.0328 moles) of sucrose polyester having a degree of esterification of 96%; 11.5 g (0.0336 moles) of sucrose; 2.0 g (0.0145 moles) of potassium carbonate; and 523 g of dimethyl sulfoxide solvent containing less than 50 ppm of water. Prior to use in the initial reaction mixture the sucrose and catalyst were dried in a vacuum oven for 12 hours. Agitation is applied for 60 minutes to the heterogeneous initial reaction mixture to produce a suitable degree of homogeneity. The degree of agitation is quantified by a Weber Number of 10,000. The initial reaction mixture is reacted at 110° C. for 75 minutes to produce an initial reaction product.  
     [0136] A secondary reaction mixture comprising 187 g (0.547 moles) of sucrose is added to the initial reaction product. As the combination exhibits a suitable degree of homogeneity, no additional agitation is required beyond simple mixing of the components to ensure even heat distribution. The combination is reacted at 90° C. for 75 minutes.  
     [0137] A sample of the secondary reaction product is analyzed by SFC and found to have the composition, on a dry weight basis, of Table 7A.  
                                                   TABLE 7A                       Soap   Sucrose   SE 1     SE 2     SE 3     SE 4     SE 5     SE 6     SE 7     SE 8                    1.53   51.9   26.4   14.0   5.1   1.0   0.0   0.0   0.0   0.0                  
 
     [0138] The secondary reaction product weighs 742 g and is treated with 1.43 g of 36.5% hydrochloric acid (0.0143 moles) to neutralize the remaining catalyst. The mixture is then evaporated in a round bottom flask heated in a 65° C. water bath, under a pressure of 0.5 mmHg, for 120 minutes to form a tertiary reaction product. The tertiary reaction product weighs 393 g.  
     [0139] 390 g of the tertiary reaction product is mixed in a stainless steel mixing vessel with 3900 g of 60° C. water for 5 minutes. The temperature is held constant. 9.75 g of calcium chloride are added to the system and mixed for an additional 5 minutes. The resulting mixture is centrifuged at 5000G for 10 minutes. The centrifuged mixture splits into two discrete layers. The top layer is discarded and the bottom layer is recovered.  
     [0140] The entire bottom layer is collected and re-washed with 3900 g of 60° C. water for 5 minutes, holding the temperature constant. 9.75 g of calcium chloride are added, and the system is mixed for an additional 5 minutes. The mixture is centrifuged at 5000G for 10 minutes and the bottom layer is again recovered for further washing. The recovery and rewashing of the bottom layer is repeated for a total of three additional times, for a total of 5 washes with 9.75 g of calcium chloride.  
     [0141] After the fifth wash, the bottom layer is collected and re-washed in a stainless steel mixing vessel with 3900 g of 60° C. water for 5 minutes, holding the temperature constant. 5.85 g of calcium chloride are added, and the system is mixed for an additional 5 minutes. The mixture is centrifuged at 5000G for 10 minutes and the bottom layer is again recovered for further washing. The process of collecting the bottom layer, rewashing in the presence of 5.85 g of calcium chloride, and centrifuging is repeated for a total of three additional times.  
     [0142] After a total of nine washes, the bottom layer is recovered and dried in a vacuum oven at 45° C. and 1 mmHg for 12 hours to produce a purified, partially esterified polyol fatty acid polyester composition.  
     [0143] The final product composition is analyzed by SFC and is found to have the composition, on a dry weight basis, of Table 7B.  
                                                               TABLE 7B                                   Sulfated   Acid                                       DMSO   Soap/FFA   Sucrose   Ash   Value   SE 1     SE 2     SE 3     SE 4     SE 5     SE 6     SE 7     SE 8                    1.1 ppm   3.1   0.0   1.9%   4   37.2   39.0   20.7   0.0   0.0   0.0   0.0   0.0                  
 
     Example 8  
     [0144] In the present example, an initial reaction mixture comprises 79 g (0.0328 moles) of sucrose polyester having a degree of esterification of 96%; 11.0 g (0.0322 moles) of sucrose; 2.0 g (0.0145 moles) of potassium carbonate; and 560 g of dimethyl sulfoxide solvent containing less than 50 ppm of water. Prior to use in the initial reaction mixture the sucrose and catalyst were dried in a vacuum oven for 12 hours. Agitation is applied for 60 minutes to the heterogeneous initial reaction mixture to produce a suitable degree of homogeneity. The degree of agitation is quantified by a Weber Number of 10,000. The initial reaction mixture is reacted at 110° C. for 60 minutes to produce an initial reaction product.  
     [0145] A secondary reaction mixture comprising 200 g (0.585 moles) of sucrose is added to the initial reaction product. As the combination exhibits a suitable degree of homogeneity, no additional agitation is required beyond simple mixing of the components to ensure even heat distribution. The combination is reacted at 110° C. for 60 minutes.  
     [0146] A sample of the secondary reaction product is analyzed by SFC and is found to have the composition, on a dry weight basis, of Table 8A.  
                                                   TABLE 8A                       Soap   Sucrose   SE 1     SE 2     SE 3     SE 4     SE 5     SE 6     SE 7     SE 8                    1.11   54.8   31.5   10.8   1.8   1.0   0.0   0.0   0.0   0.0                  
 
     [0147] The secondary reaction product weighs 858 g and is treated with 1.3 g of 36.5% hydrochloric acid (0.013 moles) to neutralize the remaining catalyst. The mixture is then evaporated in a round bottom flask heated in a 65° C. water bath, under a pressure of 0.5 mmHg, for 120 minutes to form a tertiary reaction product. The tertiary reaction product weighs 426 g.  
     [0148] 426 g of the tertiary reaction product is mixed in a stainless steel mixing vessel with 4300 g of 60° C. water for 5 minutes. The temperature is held constant. 12.9 g of calcium chloride are added to the system and mixed for an additional 5 minutes. The resulting mixture is centrifuged at 5000G for 10 minutes. The centrifuged mixture splits into two discrete layers. The top layer is discarded and the bottom layer is recovered.  
     [0149] The entire bottom layer is collected and re-washed with 4300 g of 60° C. water for 5 minutes, holding the temperature constant. 12.9 g of calcium chloride are added and the system is mixed for an additional 5 minutes. The mixture is centrifuged at 5000G for 10 minutes and the bottom layer is again recovered for further washing. The recovery and rewashing of the bottom layer is repeated for a total of three additional times, for a total of 5 washes with 12.9 g of calcium chloride.  
     [0150] After the fifth wash, the bottom layer is collected and re-washed in a stainless steel mixing vessel with 3900 g of 60° C. water for 5 minutes, holding the temperature constant. 6.45 g of calcium chloride are added, and the system is mixed for an additional 5 minutes. The mixture is centrifuged at 5000G for 10 minutes and the bottom layer is again recovered for further washing. The process of collecting the bottom layer, rewashing in the presence of 6.45 g of calcium chloride, and centrifuging is repeated for a total of three additional times.  
     [0151] Aft After a total of nine washes, the bottom layer is recovered and dried in a vacuum oven at 45° C. and 1 mmHg for 12 hours to produce a purified, partially esterified polyol fatty acid polyester composition.  
     [0152] The final product composition is analyzed by SFC and is found to have the composition, on a dry weight basis, of Table 8B.  
                                                               TABLE 8B                                   Sulfated   Acid                                       DMSO   Soap/FFA   Sucrose   Ash   Value   SE 1     SE 2     SE 3     SE 4     SE 5     SE 6     SE 7     SE 8                    1.1 ppm   2.9   0.0   1.2%   3   64.5   27.7   4.4   0.0   0.0   0.0   0.0   0.0                  
 
     Example 9  
     [0153] In the present example, an initial reaction mixture comprises 79 g (0.0328 moles) of sucrose polyester having a degree of esterification of 96%; 11.0 g (0.0322 moles) of sucrose;  2.0  g (0.0145 moles) of potassium carbonate; and 560 g of dimethyl sulfoxide solvent containing less than 50 ppm of water. Prior to use in the initial reaction mixture the sucrose and catalyst were dried in a vacuum oven for 12 hours. Agitation is applied for 60 minutes to the heterogeneous initial reaction mixture to produce a suitable degree of homogeneity. The degree of agitation is quantified by a Weber Number of 10,000. The initial reaction mixture is reacted at 110° C. for 60 minutes to produce an initial reaction product.  
     [0154] A secondary reaction mixture comprising 200 g (0.585 moles) of sucrose is added to the initial reaction product. As the combination exhibits a suitable degree of homogeneity, no additional agitation is required beyond simple mixing of the components to ensure even heat distribution. The combination is reacted at 110° C. for 60 minutes.  
     [0155] A sample of the secondary reaction product is analyzed by SFC and is found to have the composition, on a dry weight basis, of Table 9A.  
                                                   TABLE 9A                       Soap   Sucrose   SE 1     SE 2     SE 3     SE 4     SE 5     SE 6     SE 7     SE 8                    1.11   54.8   31.5   10.8   1.8   1.0   0.0   0.0   0.0   0.0                  
 
     [0156] The secondary reaction product weighs 858 g and is treated with 1.3 g of 36.5% hydrochloric acid (0.013 moles) to neutralize the remaining catalyst. The mixture is then evaporated in a round bottom flask heated in a 65° C. water bath, under a pressure of 0.5 mmHg, for 120 minutes to form a tertiary reaction product. The tertiary reaction product weighs 426 g.  
     [0157] 426 g of the tertiary reaction product are mixed in a stainless steel mixing vessel with 1500 g of 60° C. n-butanol for 15 minutes. The temperature is held constant. The resulting mixture is centrifuged at 5000G for 10 minutes. The centrifuged mixture splits into two discrete layers. The top layer is discarded and the bottom layer is recovered.  
     [0158] After the wash, the bottom layer is recovered and dried in a vacuum oven at 45° C. and 1 mmHg for 12 hours to produce a purified, partially esterified polyol fatty acid polyester composition.  
     [0159] The final product composition is analyzed by SFC and is found to have the composition, on a dry weight basis, of Table 9B.  
                                                           TABLE 9B                               Sulfated   Acid                                       Soap/FFA   Sucrose   Ash   Value   SE 1     SE 2     SE 3     SE 4     SE 5     SE 6     SE 7     SE 8                    2.1   8.4   0.5%   2   60.6   25.4   3.5   0.0   0.0   0.0   0.0   0.0                  
 
     Example 10  
     [0160] In the present example, an initial reaction mixture comprises 79 g (0.0328 moles) of sucrose polyester having a degree of esterification of 96%; 11.0 g (0.0322 moles) of sucrose; 2.0 g (0.0145 moles) of potassium carbonate; and 560 g of dimethyl sulfoxide solvent containing less than 50 ppm of water. Prior to use in the initial reaction mixture the sucrose and catalyst were dried in a vacuum oven for 12 hours. Agitation is applied for 60 minutes to the heterogeneous initial reaction mixture to produce a suitable degree of homogeneity. The degree of agitation is quantified by a Weber Number of 10,000. The initial reaction mixture is reacted at 110° C. for 60 minutes to produce an initial reaction product.  
     [0161] A secondary reaction mixture comprising 200 g (0.585 moles) of sucrose is added to the initial reaction product. As the combination exhibits a suitable degree of homogeneity, no additional agitation is required beyond simple mixing of the components to ensure even heat distribution. The combination is reacted at 110° C. for 60 minutes.  
     [0162] A sample of the secondary reaction product is analyzed by SFC and is found to have the composition, on a dry weight basis, of Table 10A.  
                                                   TABLE 10A                       Soap   Sucrose   SE 1     SE 2     SE 3     SE 4     SE 5     SE 6     SE 7     SE 8                    1.11   54.8   31.5   10.8   1.8   1.0   0.0   0.0   0.0   0.0                  
 
     [0163] The secondary reaction product weighs 858 g and is treated with 1.3 g of 36.5% hydrochloric acid (0.013 moles) to neutralize the remaining catalyst. The mixture is then evaporated in a round bottom flask heated in a 65° C. water bath, under a pressure of 0.5 mmHg, for 120 minutes to form a tertiary reaction product. The tertiary reaction product weighs 426 g.  
     [0164] 420 g of the tertiary reaction product is mixed in a stainless steel mixing vessel with 1000 g of ethanol at 60° C. for 15 minutes. The temperature is held constant. The resulting mixture is centrifuged at 5000G for 10 minutes. The centrifuged mixture splits into two discrete layers. The top layer is discarded and the bottom layer is recovered.  
     [0165] After the wash, the bottom layer is recovered and dried in a vacuum oven at 45° C. and 1 mmHg for 12 hours to produce a purified, partially esterified polyol fatty acid polyester composition.  
     [0166] The final product composition is analyzed by SFC and is found to have the composition, on a dry weight basis, of Table 10B.  
                                                           TABLE 10B                               Sulfated   Acid                                       Soap/FFA   Sucrose   Ash   Value   SE 1     SE 2     SE 3     SE 4     SE 5     SE 6     SE 7     SE 8                    2.4   20.0   0.5%   2   47.5   19.5   3.6   0.0   0.0   0.0   0.0   0.0                  
 
     [0167] Having now described several embodiments of the present invention it should be clear to those skilled in the art that the forgoing is illustrative only and not limiting, having been presented only by way of exemplification. Numerous other embodiments and modifications are contemplated as falling within the scope of the present invention as defined by the appended claims thereto.