Patent Publication Number: US-2020291114-A1

Title: Anti-cd47 antibodies and methods of use

Description:
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This application is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 15/712,010 filed on Sep. 21, 2017, which is a divisional of U.S. application Ser. No. 15/473,206 filed on Mar. 29, 2017, now U.S. Pat. No. 9,803,016, which is a divisional of U.S. application Ser. No. 15/271,861 filed on Sep. 21, 2016, now U.S. Pat. No. 9,650,441, which claims the benefit of, and priority to, U.S. provisional patent application Ser. No. 62/221,446, filed Sep. 21, 2015, and U.S. provisional patent application Ser. No. 62/371,047 filed on Aug. 4, 2016. The entire contents of each of these applications are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. 
    
    
     STATEMENT REGARDING SEQUENCE LISTING 
     The instant application contains a Sequence Listing which has been submitted electronically in ASCII format via EFS-Web, and is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. Said ASCII copy, created on Jan. 15, 2020, is named SON_004 DV2CN_Sequence_Listing.txt and is 77206 bytes in size. 
     FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
     The invention relates generally to molecular biology, immunology and oncology, and, more particularly, the invention relates to antibodies that bind CD47. 
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     The transmembrane protein CD47, also known as integrin-associated protein (IAP), ovarian cancer antigen OA3, Rh-related antigen and MER6, is an immunoglobulin superfamily member involved in multiple cellular processes, including cell migration, adhesion and T cell function. CD47 was originally identified as a tumor antigen on human ovarian cancer and was subsequently shown to be expressed on multiple human tumor types, including both hematologic and solid tumors. The interaction between CD47 and signal regulatory protein alpha (SIRPα), an inhibitory protein expressed on macrophages, prevents phagocytosis of CD47-expressing cells. CD47 is expressed at low levels on virtually all non-malignant cells, and loss of expression or changes in membrane distribution can serve as markers of aged or damaged cells, particularly on red blood cells (RBC). 
     However, high expression of CD47 on cancer cells blocks phagocytic uptake, subsequent antigen cross-presentation and T cell activation, which collectively contribute to tumor immune evasion. Certain human leukemias upregulate CD47 to evade macrophage killing (U.S. Pat. No. 8,562,997). In many hematologic cancers, high CD47 expression is believed to be associated with poor clinical outcomes, for example, Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma, Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia, etc. (U.S. Pat. No. 9,045,541). Similarly, high CD47 expression has been observed in solid tumors such as small cell lung cancer (see, Weiskopf et al. (2016) J. CLIN, INVESTIGATION 126(7): 2610-2620). Agents that block the CD47-SIRPα interaction can restore phagocytic uptake of CD47 +  target cells and lower the threshold for macrophage activation, which can enhance the efficacy of therapeutic antibodies with ADCC-enabling activity. 
     Despite the advances made to date, there is still ongoing need for additional agents that block the CD47-SIRPα interaction for use in the treatment of various diseases, including cancers, that are associated with elevated levels of CD47 expression. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     Many CD47 antibodies developed to date have been reported to cause aggregation of cells, for example, hemagglutination of human erythrocytes (see, U.S. Pat. No. 9,045,541). As a consequence, the aggregation of cells, for example, erythrocytes, can limit the therapeutic utility of anti-CD47 antibodies that have this feature. The invention provides antibodies that bind CD47 and disrupt the interaction between CD47 and SIRPα, but have little or no hemagglutination activity at the dosage at which the antibody is administered to a subject in need of therapy with an anti-CD47 antibody, for example, a subject with a cancer, for example, a hematologic cancer or solid tumor. 
     The invention is based, in part, on the development and characterization of a series of antibody molecules that bind with high affinity to human CD47, block the CD47-SIRPα interaction, and promote macrophage-mediated phagocytic clearance of CD47-expressing cancer cells while inducing little or no hemagglutination of red blood cells. The anti-CD47 antibody molecules disclosed herein display significant tumor growth inhibition in models for multiple myeloma, diffuse large B cell lymphoma (DLBCL), and Burkitt&#39;s lymphoma, as a single agent and in combination with an opsonizing antibody. The anti-CD47 antibody molecules disclosed herein can be used (alone or in combination with other agents or therapeutic modalities) to treat, prevent and/or diagnose disorders such as cancer and precancerous conditions. The CD47 antibodies described herein are useful in treating, delaying the progression of, preventing relapse of, or alleviating one or more symptoms of a cancer or a precancerous lesion, and are useful in treating hematological malignancies and/or tumors. 
     In certain embodiments, the anti-CD47 antibody molecules described herein are capable of blocking the interaction between CD47 and its cognate SIRPα ligand, without causing significant, or detectable, hemagglutination of erythrocytes, e.g., human erythrocytes. For example, the antibody molecules cause less hemagglutination of human erythrocytes than a reference anti-CD47 antibody, or cause less than 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 20%, or 10% or less hemagglutination of human erythrocytes relative to a reference anti-CD47 antibody. Exemplary reference antibodies include B6H12, MABL, BRIC126, and CC2C6. 
     In one embodiment, the anti-CD47 antibody molecules described herein cause a potent blocking of the interaction between CD47 and SIRPα without causing a significant level of hemagglutination of erythrocytes, as well as potent anti-cancer activity. For example, the anti-CD47 antibody molecules described block at least 40%, at least 50%, at least 55%, at least 60%, at least 65%, at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 99% of the interaction between CD47 and SIRPα as compared to the level of interaction between CD47 and SIRPα in the absence of the anti-CD47 antibody molecules described herein. Optionally, the antibody molecules also cause less hemagglutination of human erythrocytes than a reference anti-CD47 antibody, or cause less than 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 20%, or 10% or less hemagglutination of human erythrocytes relative to a reference anti-CD47 antibody. Exemplary reference antibodies include B6H12, MABL, BRIC126, and CC2C6. 
     In one embodiment, the anti-CD47 antibody molecules described herein do not phagocytose red blood cells to a significant or detectable level. In another embodiment, the anti-CD47 antibody molecules have reduced (e.g., 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, or 90% reduced) phagocytic activity towards red blood cells relative to a reference anti-CD47 antibody, e.g., as determined by a phagocytosis assay described herein. Exemplary reference antibodies include B6H12, MABL, BRIC126, and CC2C6. 
     In another embodiment, the anti-CD47 antibody molecules described herein enhance macrophage activity. For example, the antibody molecules enhance the phagocytic activity of a macrophage, e.g., an unpolarized macrophage, or an M1 or M2 polarized macrophage. In one embodiment, the phagocytic activity is enhanced, e.g., 1%, 5%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, or 90%, relative to a macrophage in the absence of an anti-CD47 antibody molecule described herein. 
     In one embodiment, the anti-CD47 antibody molecules described herein enhance macrophage phagocytic activity towards a cancer cell, e.g., an AML cell. In one embodiment, the phagocytic activity is enhanced, e.g., 1%, 5%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, or 90%, relative to a macrophage in the absence of an anti-CD47 antibody molecule described herein. 
     In one embodiment, the anti-CD47 antibody molecules described herein, when used in combination with an opsonizing antibody (e.g., one or more of, an anti-CD19 antibody, an anti-CD20 antibody, an anti-CD38 antibody, or an anti-HER2/neu receptor antibody) enhance the anti-tumor effect of the combination, relative to the anti-tumor effect of each antibody individually. In another embodiment, the anti-tumor effect of the combination is enhanced, e.g., 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, or 90% or higher, relative to the activity of either the anti-CD47 antibody molecule or the opsonizing antibody individually. 
     In one aspect, the anti-CD47 antibody molecule comprises: a heavy chain complementarity determining region 1 (HC CDR1) of the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 7, a heavy chain complementarity determining region 2 (HC CDR2) of the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 8, a heavy chain complementarity determining region 3 (HC CDR3) of the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 9; and a light chain complementarity determining region 1 (LC CDR1) of the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 10, a light chain complementarity determining region 2 (LC CDR2) of the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 11, and a light chain complementarity determining region 3 (LC CDR3) of the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 12. 
     In an embodiment, an antibody molecule of the invention comprises one or both of (a) and (b), wherein (a) and (b) are as follows:
         (a)(i) light chain CDR1, CDR2 and CDR3, e.g., Chothia or Kabat light chain CDRs, from SEQ ID NO: 16,   (a)(ii) light chain CDR1 of SEQ ID NO: 10, light chain CDR2 of SEQ ID NO: 11, and light chain CDR3 of SEQ ID NO: 12,   (a)(iii) light chain CDRs CDR1, CDR2 and CDR3, that collectively, differ by no more than 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6 amino acid residues from the light chain CDRs of (a)(i) and (a)(ii);   (a)(iv) a light chain variable region of SEQ ID NO: 6;   (a)(v) an antigen binding fragment of SEQ ID NO: 6;   (a)(vi) an amino acid sequence that differs by no more than 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10, residues from the sequence of (a)(iv) or a)(v);   (a)(vii) an amino acid sequence that is substantially identical (e.g., at least 85%, 90%, 92%, 95%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identical) to the sequence of (a)(iv) or (a)(v); and   (b)(i) heavy chain CDR1, CDR2 and CDR3, e.g., Chothia or Kabat heavy chain CDRs, from SEQ ID NO: 15,   (b)(ii) heavy chain CDR1 of SEQ ID NO: 7, heavy chain CDR2 of SEQ ID NO: 8, and heavy chain CDR3 of SEQ ID NO: 9,   (b)(iii) heavy chain CDRs CDR1, CDR2 and CDR3, that collectively, differ by no more than 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6 amino acid residues from the heavy chain CDRs of (b)(i) and (b)(ii);   (b)(iv) a heavy chain variable region of SEQ ID NO: 4;   (b)(v) an antigen binding fragment of SEQ ID NO: 4;   (b)(vi) an amino acid sequence that differs by no more than 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10, residues from the sequence of (b)(iv) or (b)(v); and   (b)(vii) an amino acid sequence that is substantially identical (e.g., at least 85%, 90%, 92%, 95%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identical) to the sequence of (b)(iv) or (b)(v).       

     In an embodiment, the antibody molecule comprises (a)(i) and (b)(i). 
     In an embodiment, the antibody molecule comprises (a)(ii) and (b)(ii). 
     In an embodiment, the antibody molecule comprises (a)(iii) and (b)(iii). 
     In an embodiment, the antibody molecule comprises (a)(iv) and (b)(iv). 
     In an embodiment, the antibody molecule comprises (a)(v) and (b)(v). 
     In an embodiment, the antibody molecule comprises (a)(vi) and (b)(vi). 
     In an embodiment, the antibody molecule competes for binding to CD47 with an antibody described herein, e.g., competes for binding with the antibody 2.3D11, discussed hereinbelow. 
     In an embodiment, the antibody molecule described herein binds the same or an overlapping epitope on CD47 as an antibody described herein, e.g., the antibody 2.3D11. 
     In an embodiment, the anti-CD47 antibody molecule is a bispecific antibody molecule. For example, the bispecific antibody molecule can comprise a first binding specificity to CD47, e.g., an antibody that binds CD47 as described herein, and a second binding specificity. The second binding specificity can be imparted via a binding domain obtained from an opsonizing antibody, e.g., an antibody that binds CD19, CD20, CD38, or HER2/neu receptor. 
     It is understood that the variable region sequences of the antibodies described herein can be linked to a variety of constant region sequences. For example, in one embodiment, the anti-CD47 antibody molecule can have a wild-type heavy chain constant region (Fc). In another embodiment, the anti-CD47 antibody molecule can have a mutated form of a heavy chain constant region. In one embodiment, the heavy chain constant region is chosen from, e.g., a heavy chain constant region of an IgG1, IgG2, IgG3, IgG4, IgM, IgA1, IgA2, IgD, and IgE; preferably, chosen from, e.g., a heavy chain constant region of IgG1, IgG2, IgG3, and IgG4. In one embodiment, the anti-CD47 antibody molecule has an IgG1 heavy chain constant region, e.g., a wild-type or mutant IgG1 heavy chain constant region. In another embodiment, the anti-CD47 antibody molecule has an IgG4 heavy chain constant region, e.g., a wild-type or mutant IgG4 heavy chain constant region. In one embodiment, the IgG4 heavy chain constant region comprises one or both of the substitutions, serine to proline at position 228 (S228P) and leucine to glutamate at position 235 (L235E), e.g., according to EU numbering. 
     In another embodiment, the anti-CD47 antibody molecule has a light chain constant region chosen from, e.g., the light chain constant regions of kappa or lambda. 
     In another aspect, the invention also provides compositions comprising an anti-CD47 antibody molecule described herein and at least one pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or diluent. For example, the composition comprises an isolated anti-CD47 antibody molecule, comprising: a heavy chain complementarity determining region 1 (HC CDR1) of the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 7, a heavy chain complementarity determining region 2 (HC CDR2) of the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 8, a heavy chain complementarity determining region 3 (HC CDR3) of the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 9; and a light chain complementarity determining region 1 (LC CDR1) of the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 10, a light chain complementarity determining region 2 (LC CDR2) of the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 11, and a light chain complementarity determining region 3 (LC CDR3) of the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 12, and at least one pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or diluent. 
     In one embodiment, the isolated anti-CD47 antibody molecules disclosed herein, comprise a heavy chain variable region (VH) of the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 4, or a sequence substantially identical (e.g., at least 85%, 90%, 92%, 95%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identical) to SEQ ID NO: 4; and a light chain variable region (VL) of the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 6, or a sequence substantially identical (e.g., at least 85%, 90%, 92%, 95%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identical) to SEQ ID NO: 6. 
     In one embodiment, the composition comprises an isolated anti-CD47 antibody molecule having a heavy chain variable region (VH) of the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 4, or a sequence substantially identical (e.g., at least 85%, 90%, 92%, 95%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identical) to SEQ ID NO: 4; and a light chain variable region (VL) of the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 6, or a sequence substantially identical (e.g., at least 85%, 90%, 92%, 95%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identical) to SEQ ID NO: 6, and at least one pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or diluent. 
     In one embodiment, the isolated anti-CD47 antibody molecule comprises: a heavy chain of the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 15, or a sequence substantially identical (e.g., at least 85%, 90%, 92%, 95%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identical) to SEQ ID NO: 15; and a light chain of the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 16, or a sequence substantially identical (e.g., at least 85%, 90%, 92%, 95%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identical) to SEQ ID NO: 16. 
     In one embodiment, the composition comprises an isolated anti-CD47 antibody molecule comprising: a heavy chain of the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 15, or a sequence substantially identical (e.g., at least 85%, 90%, 92%, 95%, 97%, or 98%, 99% identical) to SEQ ID NO: 15; and a light chain of the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 16, or a sequence substantially identical (e.g., at least 85%, 90%, 92%, 95%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identical) to SEQ ID NO: 16, and at least one pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or diluent. 
     In embodiments of any of the aforementioned antibody molecules or compositions, an anti-CD47 antibody molecule comprising a substantially identical heavy chain and/or light chain sequence to a reference SEQ ID NO (e.g., the heavy chain of SEQ ID NO: 15 or the light chain of SEQ ID NO: 16) comprises one, two, or three VH CDRs, and/or one, two, or three VL CDRs, having an amino acid sequence that is identical to the corresponding reference CDR sequence. 
     In another aspect, the invention provides a method of treating (or preventing) cancer in a subject, the method comprising administering an anti-CD47 antibody molecule or a composition comprising an isolated anti-CD47 antibody molecule to the subject. For example, the invention provides a method of treating (or preventing) cancer in a subject, the method comprising: administering an anti-CD47 antibody molecule described herein, or a composition comprising an isolated anti-CD47 antibody molecule described herein, to the subject. 
     In one embodiment, the anti-CD47 antibody molecule comprises: a heavy chain complementarity determining region 1 (HC CDR1) of the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 7, a heavy chain complementarity determining region 2 (HC CDR2) of the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 8, a heavy chain complementarity determining region 3 (HC CDR3) of the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 9; and a light chain complementarity determining region 1 (LC CDR1) of the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 10, a light chain complementarity determining region 2 (LC CDR2) of the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 11, and a light chain complementarity determining region 3 (LC CDR3) of the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 12. 
     In certain embodiments, a composition, e.g., a composition comprising an anti-CD47 antibody described herein, is administered by a mode selected from the group consisting of: parenteral, subcutaneous, intramuscular, intravenous, intra-articular, intra-abdominal, intracapsular, intracartilaginous, intracavitary, intracelial, intracolic, intracervical, intragastric, intrahepatic, intramyocardial, intraosteal, intrapelvic, intraperitoneal, intrapleural, intraprostatic, intrapulmonary, intrarectal, intraspinal, intrasynovial, rectal, buccal, sublingual, intranasal, and transdermal delivery. In certain embodiments, the composition is administered subcutaneously. In certain embodiments, the composition is administered intravenously. 
     In certain embodiments, an anti-CD47 antibody molecule, for example, an anti-CD47 antibody described herein or a composition comprising an anti-CD47 antibody molecule or a composition comprising an anti-CD47 antibody described herein, is administered in combination with a chemotherapeutic agent or a second therapeutic antibody molecule. For example, in one embodiment, an anti-CD47 antibody molecule or composition, e.g., an anti-CD47 antibody molecule or composition described herein, is administered in combination with an opsonizing antibody. Without wishing to be bound by theory, the opsonizing antibody can facilitate phagocytosis or antibody dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC), or both, of a target cell, e.g., a cancer cell. In one embodiment, the antigen binding portion of the opsonizing antibody binds to a target antigen, whereas the Fc portion of the opsonizing antibody binds to an Fc receptor on a phagocyte. In other embodiments, the antigen binding portion of the opsonizing antibody binds to a target antigen, whereas the Fc portion of the opsonizing antibody binds to an immune effector cell, e.g., via its Fc domain, thus triggering target cell lysis by the bound effector cell (e.g., monocytes, neutrophils and natural killer cells). 
     In certain embodiments, the opsonizing antibody is an anti-CD20 antibody molecule, for example, rituximab. In certain embodiments, the opsonizing antibody is an anti-CD19 antibody molecule. In certain embodiments, the opsonizing antibody is an anti-CD38 antibody molecule. In certain embodiments, the opsonizing antibody is an anti-HER2/neu receptor antibody molecule. 
     In certain embodiments, the antibody molecules can be used to treat a hematological cancer, for example, a hematological cancer selected from the group consisting of: acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), acute myelogenous leukemia (AML), Non-Hodgkin lymphoma (e.g., diffuse large B cell lymphoma, chronic lymphocytic leukemia, mantle cell lymphoma, B lymphoblastic leukemia/lymphoma, and Burkitt&#39;s lymphoma), B-lymphoblastic leukemia/lymphoma; B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia/small lymphocytic lymphoma, chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), e.g., transformed CLL, Richter&#39;s syndrome, chronic myelocytic leukemia (CML), follicular lymphoma, multiple myeloma, myelofibrosis, polycythemia vera, cutaneous T-cell lymphoma, monoclonal gammopathy of unknown significance (MGUS), myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS), immunoblastic large cell lymphoma, precursor B-lymphoblastic lymphoma and anaplastic large cell lymphoma. 
     In one embodiment, the cancer is a hematological cancer chosen from multiple myeloma, diffuse large B cell lymphoma, AML, CLL, e.g., transformed CLL, Richter&#39;s syndrome, or follicular lymphoma. In certain embodiments, the antibody molecules can be used to treat a solid tumor. In certain embodiments, the cancer is selected from the group consisting of lung (e.g., non-small cell lung cancer, small cell lung cancer), pancreas, breast, liver, ovary, testicle, kidney, bladder, spine, brain, cervix, endometrial, colon/rectum, anus, endometrium, esophagus, gallbladder, gastrointestinal tract, skin, prostate, pituitary, stomach, uterus, vagina, and thyroid. In certain embodiments, the solid tumor is N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDA receptor) positive teratoma. In certain embodiments, the cancer is a cancer associated with ascites selected from breast cancer, colon cancer, stomach cancer, pancreatic cancer, uterine cancer, and ovarian cancer. In one embodiment, the cancer associated with ascites is an adenocarcinoma. 
     In certain embodiments, the method of preventing a cancer comprises treating a precancerous condition or a condition associated with increased risk of developing cancer. Exemplary precancerous conditions include plasma cell dyscrasias, including a monoclonal gammopathy of unknown significance (MGUS), which are associated with an increased risk for development of multiple myeloma and other hematologic malignancies. 
     In another aspect, the invention provides one or more isolated nucleic acid molecules that encode at least a portion (for example, one of the heavy or light chain sequences) of the anti-CD47 antibody molecules described herein. 
     In one embodiment, the nucleic acid molecule comprises a nucleic acid sequence encoding a heavy chain complementarity determining region 1 (HC CDR1) of the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 7, a heavy chain complementarity determining region 2 (HC CDR2) of the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 8, and a heavy chain complementarity determining region 3 (HC CDR3) of the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 9, and/or a light chain complementarity determining region 1 (LC CDR1) of the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 10, a light chain complementarity determining region 2 (LC CDR2) of the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 11, and a light chain complementarity determining region 3 (LC CDR3) of the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 12. It is contemplated that the nucleic acid encodes (i) HC CDR1, HC CDR2, and HC CDR3; (ii) LC CDR1, LC CDR2, and LC CDR3; or (iii) HC CDR1, HC CDR2, HC CDR3, LC CDR1, LC CDR2, and LC CDR3. 
     In certain embodiments, the one or more isolated nucleic acid molecules encode an anti-CD47 antibody molecule comprising: a heavy chain variable region (VH) of the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 4, or a sequence substantially identical (e.g., at least 85%, 90%, 92%, 95%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identical) to SEQ ID NO: 4; and/or a light chain variable region (VL) of the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 6, or a sequence substantially identical (e.g., at least 85%, 90%, 92%, 95%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identical) to SEQ ID NO: 6. 
     In certain embodiments, the one or more isolated nucleic acid molecules encode an anti-CD47 antibody molecule comprising: a heavy chain of the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 15, or a sequence substantially identical (e.g., at least 85%, 90%, 92%, 95%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identical) to SEQ 1D NO: 15; and/or a light chain of the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 16, or a sequence substantially identical (e.g., at least 85%, 90%, 92%, 95%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identical) to SEQ ID NO: 16. 
     In certain embodiments, the one or more isolated nucleic acid molecules encode an anti-CD47 antibody molecule comprising: a heavy chain variable region (VH) of the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 4, or a sequence substantially identical (e.g., at least 85%, 90%, 92%, 95%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identical) to SEQ ID NO: 4; and/or a light chain variable region (VL) of the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 6, or a sequence substantially identical (e.g., at least 85%, 90%, 92%, 95%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identical) to SEQ ID NO: 6. 
     In another aspect, the invention provides a vector comprising a nucleic acid molecule described herein (e.g., one or more isolated nucleic acid molecules encoding an anti-CD47 antibody molecule comprising a nucleic acid sequence encoding a heavy chain complementarity determining region 1 (HC CDR1) of the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 7, a heavy chain complementarity determining region 2 (HC CDR2) of the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 8, a heavy chain complementarity determining region 3 (HC CDR3) of the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 9, and/or a light chain complementarity determining region 1 (LC CDR1) of the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 10, a light chain complementarity determining region 2 (LC CDR2) of the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 11, and a light chain complementarity determining region 3 (LC CDR3) of the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 12). 
     In another aspect, the invention provides cells comprising one or more vectors described herein (e.g., vectors comprising a nucleic acid molecule described herein (e.g., one or more isolated nucleic acid molecules encoding an anti-CD47 antibody molecule, comprising a nucleic acid sequence encoding a heavy chain complementarity determining region 1 (HC CDR1) of the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 7, a heavy chain complementarity determining region 2 (HC CDR2) of the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 8, a heavy chain complementarity determining region 3 (HC CDR3) of the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 9, and/or a light chain complementarity determining region 1 (LC CDR1) of the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 10, a light chain complementarity determining region 2 (LC CDR2) of the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 11, and a light chain complementarity determining region 3 (LC CDR3) of the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 12)). 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES 
         FIG. 1  is a line graph depicting the binding of a biotinylated fusion protein of SIRPα (SIRPα-Fc-bio) to Jurkat cells in the presence of certain antibodies including the anti-CD47 antibodies 2D3, B6H12, AB6.12-IgG4PE, and 2.3D11, and a hIgG control. 
         FIG. 2A  is a line graph depicting the binding of B6H12-FITC to DU-145 cells pre-incubated with increasing concentrations of unlabeled antibodies 2.3D11, B6H12 or isotype control.  FIG. 2B  is a line graph depicting the binding of biotinylated 2.3D11 (2.3D11-bio) to DU-145 cells pre-incubated with increasing concentrations of unlabeled antibodies 2.3D11, B6H12 or isotype control. Binding of 2.3D11-bio was detecting using SA-FTC.  FIG. 2C  is a graph depicting the binding of antibody B6H12-FITC (18 μ/ml) to Panc-1 cells, co-incubated with or without unlabeled 2.3D11 antibody at 0.67, 2, 6, or 18 μ/ml. Staining levels are compared to binding of 18 μg/ml of isotype control antibody mouse IgG1-FITC (IC). 
         FIG. 3A  is a graph depicting the binding of the indicated anti-CD47 antibodies and mIgG1 control to human red blood cells.  FIG. 3B  is a graph depicting the binding of the indicated anti-CD47 antibodies and mIgG1 control to cynomolgus (cyno) red blood cells.  FIG. 3C  is a line graph depicting the binding of the indicated anti-CD47 antibodies and mIgG1 control to human red blood cells.  FIG. 3D  is a line graph depicting the binding of the indicated anti-CD47 antibodies and mIgG1 control to cyno red blood cells. 
         FIG. 4A-4  is a fluorescence activated cell sorting (FACS) dot plot depicting the level of phagocytosed target cells in the presence of control antibody polyclonal hIgG ( FIG. 4A ) or the anti-CD47 antibody 2.3D11 ( FIG. 4B ). Events shown are gated on CD14 and doublets are excluded. 
         FIG. 4C  is a legend that identifies the sector corresponding to phagocytosed targets in  FIG. 4A  and  FIG. 4B . 
         FIG. 5  is a bar chart depicting the percent of macrophages that have phagocytosed target Jurkat cells in the presence of control antibodies (monoclonal murine IgG1; mIgG1 or polyclonal human IgG; hIgG) or the indicated anti-CD47 antibody at 1 μg/ml (open bars) or 10 μg/ml (hatched bars). 
         FIG. 6  is a bar chart depicting the percent of macrophages that have phagocytosed Raji target cells in the presence of control antibody (hIgG), B6H12, or 2.3D11 and either a control human IgG antibody or the anti-CD20 antibody rituximab. The anti-CD47 antibodies (B6H12, and 2.3D11) and the anti-CD20 antibodies were used at sub-optimal concentrations (0.3 μg/ml and 0.1 μg/ml, respectively) in order to observe cooperative effects. Isotype control antibody was used at matching concentrations. 
         FIG. 7A  is a bar chart depicting the percent of macrophages that have phagocytosed target Raji cells in the presence of control antibody or the indicated anti-CD47 antibody.  FIG. 7B  is a bar chart depicting the percent of macrophages that have phagocytosed Jurkat target cells in the presence of control antibody or the indicated anti-CD47 antibody.  FIG. 7C  is a line graph depicting the level of CD47 expression, as determined by 2.3D11 staining, on Raji, Jurkat, and DU-145 cells. Cells were incubated with the indicated concentrations of 2.3D11-bio and staining was detected with SA-FITC. 
         FIG. 8  is a photograph of a 96 well plate depicting the hemagglutination of human red blood cells in the presence of a dose curve for each indicated anti-CD47 antibody or control. 
         FIGS. 9A and 9B  are bar charts depicting the percent of macrophages, that have phagocytosed human red blood cells ( FIG. 9A ) and cyno red blood cells ( FIG. 9B ) in the presence of each of the indicated anti-CD47 antibodies or control. 
         FIGS. 10A-C  are line graphs summarizing the effects of the anti-CD47 antibodies 2.3D11 IgG4 or 2.3D11 IgG4mt, alone or in combination with rituximab, in the Raji lymphoma xenograft model.  FIG. 10A  shows the anti-tumor effects of the anti-CD47 antibodies in the Raji lymphoma xenograft model. Isotype control (filled circles) 2.3D11 IgG4mt (open diamonds) and 2.3D11 IgG4 (filled triangles) were dosed at 200 μg per mouse, t.i.w. for 3 weeks. Tumor volume measurement are presented as means+/−SEM (n=10).  FIG. 10B  shows the anti-tumor effects of 2.3D11 IgG4mt in combination with rituximab in the Raji lymphoma xenograft model. Isotype control (filled circles) and 2.3D11 IgG4mt (open diamonds) were dosed at 200 μg t.i.w., rituximab (open circles) was dosed at 5 mg/kg q.w. and the 2.3D11 IgG4mt/rituximab combination (open squares) was dosed at 200 μg t.i.w. and 5 mg/kg q.w., respectively; all antibodies were dosed for three weeks. Tumor volume measurements are presented as mean+/−SEM (n=8).  FIG. 10C  shows the anti-tumor effects of 2.3D11 IgG4 in combination with rituximab in the Raji lymphoma xenograft model. Isotype control (filled circles) and 2.3D11 IgG4 (filled triangles) were dosed at 100 μg t.i.w., rituximab (open circles) was dosed at 5 mg/kg q.w. and the 2.3D11 IgG4/rituximab combination (open squares) was dosed at 100 μg t.i.w. and 5 mg/kg q.w., respectively; all antibodies were dosed for three weeks. Tumor volume measurements are presented as mean+/−SEM (n=8). 
         FIG. 11 . is a line graph showing the percent of CD14+ cells that were CFSE+ in a red blood cell phagocytosis assay. Human red blood cells were isolated from healthy donors and labeled with CFSE. RBC were cultured with day 7 human macrophages in the phagocytosis assay described in Example 4 at a target-to-effector ratio of 10:1. Representative data from one of three donors shown; filled squares indicates 2.3D11 IgG1, filled circles indicate 2.3D11 IgG4, filled triangles indicate 2.3D11 IgG4mt, open circles indicate human IgG4 isotype control, open triangles indicate murine IgG1 isotype control, and closed diamonds indicate B6H12. 
         FIGS. 12A-12D  are bar graphs showing the percent of CD14+ cells that were CFSE+ in a phagocytosis assay with polarized macrophages. Primary human monocytes were differentiated in media containing 100 ng/mL recombinant human macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF) for 6 days. On the sixth day, macrophages were replated in the presence of either M-CSF alone ( FIG. 12A ), M-CSF plus interleukin-10 (IL-10), transforming growth factor β (TGFβ) and interleukin-4 (IL-4) ( FIG. 12B ), M-CSF plus interferon γ and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) ( FIG. 12C ), or M-CSF plus Dexamethasone ( FIG. 12D ) overnight. Phagocytosis assays were performed on day 7, as described in Example 4, using CFSE-labeled Jurkat cells as targets. Antibody concentrations used are indicated by: open bars, 0.08 μg/mL; lined bars, 0.4 μg/mL; hatched bars, 2 μg/mL. 
         FIG. 13  is a chart showing the percent of CD14+ cells that were CFSE+ in a phagocytosis assay of tumor cells. Primary human moncytes were differentiated in media containing 100 ng/mL recombinant human macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF) for 7 days. Frozen bone marrow samples from AML patients were thawed, labelled with CFSE and cultured with differentiated macrophages for 2 hours at a target-to-effector ratio of 1:1, in the presence of the indicated antibodies. Phagocytosis was quantitated as described in Example 4. Results from three independent experiments are pooled. Each datapoint shown is an individual donor. *p≤0.05; **p≤0.01 as measured by an upaired Student&#39;s t-Test. 
         FIG. 14  is a graph showing tumor volume in the Raji lymphoma xenograft model after treatment with the anti-CD47 antibodies 2.3D11 IgG1, 2.3D11 IgG4, or 2.3D11 IgG4mt. SCID-Beige mice were implanted subcutaneously with Raji tumor cells and randomized when the tumors reached ˜100 mm 3  to receive the indicated antibodies at 200 μg/mouse t.i.w. for 3 weeks. Closed circles indicate human polyclonal IgG, open circles indicate 2.3D11 IgG4mt, open diamonds indicate 2.3D11 IgG4, and open squares indicate 2.3D11 IgG1. In the 2.3D11 IgG4mt arm, 2 tumors reached 2000 mm 3  at day 38 and the mice were terminated, so average tumor volumes were not reported after this timepoint. 
         FIG. 15  is a bar chart showing the percent of CD14+ cells that were CFSE+ in a phagocytosis assay of multiple myeloma cells. A primary multiple myeloma bone marrow sample was CFSE labelled and co-cultured with differentiated human macrophages at a ratio of 2:1, in the presence of 10 μg/mL isotype control, 10 μg/mL of 2.3D11, anti-human CD38-hIgG1, or both. Note that single-agent conditions were supplemented with 10 μg/mL of isotype control. 
         FIG. 16  is a graph showing the decrease in tumor volume in mice treated with 2.3D11 IgG4 either alone or in combination with Daratumumab. CB.17 SCID mice were implanted with 11929 tumor cells. When tumors reached an average size of 100-150 mm 3 , animals were randomized to control or treatment arms. Filled circles indicate isotype control, filled squares indicate Daratumumab administered as a single dose at 10 μg/mouse, filled triangles indicate 2.3D11 IgG4 administered three times per week for 3 weeks at 30 μg/mouse, and open diamonds indicate a combination of 2.3D11 IgG4 and Daratumumab at the monotherapy doses. 
         FIG. 17  is a graph showing the percent of CD14+ cells that were CFSE+ in a phagocytosis assay of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) cells. CD19 + /CD5 +  tumor cells from the peripheral blood of a CLL patient were CFSE labelled and co-cultured with differentiated human macrophages at a ratio of 2:1, in the presence of different concentrations of 2.3D11 IgG4 (circles) and isotype control (triangles). 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
     The invention relates to antibody molecules that specifically bind CD47, including human CD47, and modulate, e.g., block, inhibit, reduce, antagonize, neutralize or otherwise interfere with the interaction between CD47 and signal regulatory protein a (SIRPα), without causing significant aggregation of cells, for example, hemagglutination of erythrocytes. Many other CD47 antibodies, e.g., B6H12, MABL, BRIC126, and CC2C6, have been reported to cause hemagglutination of human erythrocytes (e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 9,045,541, Uno S, Kinoshita Y, Azuma Y et al. (2007) ONCOL. REP. 17: 1189-94; Kikuchi Y, Uno S, Yoshimura Y et al. (2004) BIOCHEM. BIOPHYS. RES. COMMUN. 315: 912-8). The aggregation of cells represents an important limitation of many therapeutic anti-CD47 antibodies. The anti-CD47 antibody molecules of the present disclosure, including the 2.3D11 antibody molecule, avoid the undesirable effects of agglutination, for example hemagglutination, thereby increasing the efficacy of therapeutically targeting CD47, while maintaining the ability to block the interaction of CD47 with SIRPα, thereby promoting phagocytosis of cells expressing CD47. It has also been discovered that the 2.3D11 antibody unexpectedly cross competes with the anti-CD47 antibody B6H12 for binding to CD47, even though, unlike B6H12, 2.3D11 does not induce hemagglutination or red blood cell phagocytosis. 
     Unless otherwise defined, scientific and technical terms used in connection with the present invention shall have the meanings that are commonly understood by those of ordinary skill in the art. Further, unless otherwise required by context, singular terms shall include pluralities and plural terms shall include the singular. Generally, nomenclatures utilized in connection with, and techniques of, cell and tissue culture, molecular biology, and protein and oligo- or polynucleotide chemistry and hybridization described herein are those well-known and commonly used in the art. Standard techniques are used for recombinant DNA, oligonucleotide synthesis, and tissue culture and transformation (e.g., electroporation, lipofection). Enzymatic reactions and purification techniques are performed according to manufacturer&#39;s specifications or as commonly accomplished in the art or as described herein. The techniques and procedures described herein are generally performed according to conventional methods well known in the art and as described in various general and more specific references that are cited and discussed throughout the present specification. See e.g., Sambrook et al. (1989) MOLECULAR CLONING: A LABORATORY MANUAL (2nd ed., Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y.). The nomenclatures utilized in connection with, and the laboratory procedures and techniques of, analytical chemistry, synthetic organic chemistry, and medicinal and pharmaceutical chemistry described herein are those well-known and commonly used in the art. Standard techniques are used for chemical syntheses, chemical analyses, pharmaceutical preparation, formulation, and delivery, and treatment of patients. 
     CD47 
     CD47, also known as integrin-associated protein (IAP), ovarian cancer antigen OA3, Rh-related antigen and MER6, is a multi-spanning transmembrane receptor belonging to the immunoglobulin superfamily. CD47 expression and/or activity has been implicated in a number of diseases and disorders, e.g., cancer. CD47 interacts with SIRPα (signal-regulatory-protein a) on macrophages and thereby inhibits phagocytosis. 
     An amino acid sequence of an exemplary human CD47 protein is provided in SEQ ID NO: 1 (NCBI Reference Sequence: NP_001768.1). An mRNA sequence encoding an exemplary human CD47 protein is provided in SEQ ID NO: 2 (NCBI Reference Sequence: NM_001777). 
     Antibody Molecules 
     As used herein, the term “antibody molecule” refers to a polypeptide or combination of polypeptides that comprise sufficient sequence from an immunoglobulin heavy chain variable region and/or sufficient sequence from an immunoglobulin light chain variable region, to specifically bind to an antigen. The term comprises full length antibodies as well as fragments thereof, e.g., Fab, F(ab′) or F(ab′)2 fragments. Typically, an antibody molecule comprises heavy chain CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 and light chain CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 sequences. Antibody molecules include human, humanized, CDR-grafted antibodies and antigen binding fragments thereof. In certain embodiments, an antibody molecule comprises a protein that comprises at least one immunoglobulin variable region segment, e.g., an amino acid sequence that provides an immunoglobulin variable domain or immunoglobulin variable domain sequence. 
     The VH or VL chain of the antibody molecule can further include all or part of a heavy or light chain constant region, to thereby form a heavy or light immunoglobulin chain, respectively. The antibody molecule can be a typical tetramer of two heavy immunoglobulin chains and two light immunoglobulin chains where the two heavy chains are linked by optionally at least one disulfide bond and each pair of heavy and light chains are linked by a disulfide bond. 
     An antibody molecule can comprise one or both of a heavy (or light) chain immunoglobulin variable region segment. As used herein, the term “heavy (or light) chain immunoglobulin variable region segment,” refers to an entire heavy (or light) chain immunoglobulin variable region, or a fragment thereof, that is capable of binding antigen. The ability of a heavy or light chain segment to bind antigen is measured with the segment paired with a light or heavy chain, respectively. In certain embodiments, a heavy or light chain segment that is less than a full length variable region will, when paired with the appropriate chain, bind with an affinity that is at least 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, or 95% of what is observed when the full length chain is paired with a light chain or heavy chain, respectively. 
     An immunoglobulin variable region segment may differ from a reference or consensus sequence. As used herein, to “differ,” means that a residue in the reference sequence or consensus sequence is replaced with either a different residue or an absent or inserted residue. 
     The compositions and methods of the present invention encompass polypeptides and nucleic acids having the sequences specified, or sequences substantially identical or similar thereto, e.g., sequences at least 85%, 90%, 95% identical or higher to a specified sequence. In the context of an amino acid sequence, the term “substantially identical” as used herein refers to a first amino acid sequence that contains a sufficient or minimum number of amino acid residues that are: i) identical to, or ii) conservative substitutions of aligned amino acid residues in a second amino acid sequence such that the first and second amino acid sequences can have a common structural domain and/or common functional activity. For example, amino acid sequences that contain a common structural domain having at least about 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98% or 99% identity to a reference sequence, e.g., a sequence provided herein. 
     In the context of nucleotide sequence, the term “substantially identical” as used herein refers to a first nucleic acid sequence that contains a sufficient or minimum number of nucleotides that are identical to aligned nucleotides in a second nucleic acid sequence such that the first and second nucleotide sequences encode a polypeptide having common functional activity, or encode a common structural polypeptide domain or a common functional polypeptide activity. For example, nucleotide sequences having at least about 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98% or 99% identity to a reference sequence, e.g., a sequence provided herein. 
     The term “functional variant” refers to polypeptides that have a substantially identical amino acid sequence to the naturally-occurring sequence, or are encoded by a substantially identical nucleotide sequence, and are capable of having one or more activities of the naturally-occurring sequence. 
     Calculations of homology or sequence identity between sequences (the terms are used interchangeably herein) are performed as follows. To determine the percent identity of two amino acid sequences, or of two nucleic acid sequences, the sequences are aligned for optimal comparison purposes (e.g., gaps can be introduced in one or both of a first and a second amino acid or nucleic acid sequence for optimal alignment and non-homologous sequences can be disregarded for comparison purposes). In a preferred embodiment, the length of a reference sequence aligned for comparison purposes is at least 30%, preferably at least 40%, more preferably at least 50% or 60%, and even more preferably at least 70%, 80%, 90%, or 100% of the length of the reference sequence. The amino acid residues or nucleotides at corresponding amino acid positions or nucleotide positions are then compared. When a position in the first sequence is occupied by the same amino acid residue or nucleotide as the corresponding position in the second sequence, then the molecules are identical at that position (as used herein amino acid or nucleic acid “identity” is equivalent to amino acid or nucleic acid “homology”). 
     The percent identity between the two sequences is a function of the number of identical positions shared by the sequences, taking into account the number of gaps, and the length of each gap, which need to be introduced for optimal alignment of the two sequences. 
     The comparison of sequences and determination of percent identity between two sequences can be accomplished using a mathematical algorithm. In a preferred embodiment, the percent identity between two amino acid sequences is determined using the Needleman and Wunsch ((1970) J. MOL. BIOL. 48:444-453) algorithm which has been incorporated into the GAP program in the GCG software package (available at http://www.gcg.com), using either a Blosum 62 matrix or a PAM250 matrix, and a gap weight of 16, 14, 12, 10, 8, 6, or 4 and a length weight of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6. In yet another preferred embodiment, the percent identity between two nucleotide sequences is determined using the GAP program in the GCG software package (available at http://www.gcg.com), using a NWSgapdna.CMP matrix and a gap weight of 40, 50, 60, 70, or 80 and a length weight of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6. A particularly preferred set of parameters (and the one that should be used unless otherwise specified) are a Blosum 62 scoring matrix with a gap penalty of 12, a gap extend penalty of 4, and a frameshift gap penalty of 5. 
     The percent identity between two amino acid or nucleotide sequences can be determined using the algorithm of E. Meyers and W. Miller ((1989) CABIOS 4:11-17) which has been incorporated into the ALIGN program (version 2.0), using a PAM120 weight residue table, a gap length penalty of 12 and a gap penalty of 4. 
     The nucleic acid and protein sequences described herein can be used as a “query sequence” to perform a search against public databases to, for example, identify other family members or related sequences. Such searches can be performed using the NBLAST and XBLAST programs (version 2.0) of Altschul, et al. (1990) J. MOL. BIOL. 215:403-10. BLAST nucleotide searches can be performed with the NBLAST program, score=100, wordlength=12 to obtain nucleotide sequences homologous to a nucleic acid molecule of the invention. BLAST protein searches can be performed with the XBLAST program, score=50, wordlength=3 to obtain amino acid sequences homologous to protein molecules of the invention. To obtain gapped alignments for comparison purposes, Gapped BLAST can be utilized as described in Altschul et al. (1997) NUCLEIC ACIDS RES. 25:3389-3402. When utilizing BLAST and Gapped BLAST programs, the default parameters of the respective programs (e.g., XBLAST and NBLAST) can be used (available at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov). 
     It is understood that the molecules of the present invention may have additional conservative or non-essential amino acid substitutions, which do not have a substantial effect on their functions. 
     An antibody molecule can comprise a heavy (H) chain variable region (abbreviated herein as VH), and a light (L) chain variable region (abbreviated herein as VL). In another example, an antibody comprises two heavy (H) chain variable regions and two light (L) chain variable regions or an antibody binding fragment thereof. The light chains of the immunoglobulin may be of types kappa or lambda. In one embodiment, the antibody molecule is glycosylated. An antibody molecule can be functional for antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity and/or complement-mediated cytotoxicity, or may be non-functional for one or both of these activities. An antibody molecule can be an intact antibody or an antigen-binding fragment thereof. 
     Antibody molecules include “antigen-binding fragments” of a full length antibody, e.g., one or more fragments of a full-length antibody that retain the ability to specifically bind to a target antigen of interest. Examples of antigen binding fragments encompassed within the term “antigen-binding fragment” of a full length antibody include (i) a Fab fragment, a monovalent fragment consisting of the VL, VH, CL and CH1 domains; (ii) a F(ab′) or F(ab′)2 fragment, a bivalent fragment including two Fab fragments linked by a disulfide bridge at the hinge region; (iii) an Fd fragment consisting of the VH and CH1 domains; (iv) an Fv fragment consisting of the VL and VH domains of a single arm of an antibody, (v) an scFv consisting of the VL and VH domains of a single arm of an antibody linked together via a polypeptide linker to produce a single chain Fv (scFv), (vi) a dAb fragment (Ward et al. (1989) NATURE 341:544-546), which consists of a VH domain; and (vii) an isolated complementarity determining region (CDR) that retains functionality. 
     As used herein, an antibody refers to a polypeptide, e.g., a tetrameric or single chain polypeptide, comprising the structural and functional characteristics, particularly the antigen binding characteristics, of an immunoglobulin. Typically, a human antibody comprises two identical light chains and two identical heavy chains. Each chain comprises a variable region. 
     The variable heavy (VH) and variable light (VL) regions can be further subdivided into regions of hypervariability, termed “complementarity determining regions” (“CDR”), interspersed with regions that are more conserved, termed “framework regions” (FR). Human antibodies have three VH CDRs and three VL CDRs, separated by framework regions FR1-FR4. The extent of the FRs and CDRs has been precisely defined (Kabat, E. A., et al. (1991) SEQUENCES OF PROTEINS OF IMMUNOLOGICAL INTEREST, FIFTH EDITION, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, NIH Publication No. 91-3242; and Chothia, C. et al. (1987) J. MOL. BIOL. 196:901-917). Each VH and VL is typically composed of three CDRs and four FRs, arranged from amino-terminus to carboxyl-terminus in the following order: FR1, CDR1, FR2, CDR2, FR3, CDR3, and FR4. 
     The heavy and light immunoglobulin chains can be connected by disulfide bonds. The heavy chain constant region typically comprises three constant domains, CH1, CH2 and CH3. The light chain constant region typically comprises a CL domain. The variable region of the heavy and light chains contains a binding domain that interacts with an antigen. The constant regions of the antibodies typically mediate the binding of the antibody to host tissues or factors, including various cells of the immune system (e.g., effector cells) and the first component (Clq) of the classical complement system. 
     In yet other embodiments, the antibody molecule has a heavy chain constant region chosen from, e.g., the heavy chain constant regions of IgG1, IgG2, IgG3, IgG4, IgM, IgA1, IgA2, IgD, and IgE; particularly, chosen from, e.g., the (e.g., human) heavy chain constant regions of IgG1, IgG2, IgG3, and IgG4. In another embodiment, the antibody molecule has a light chain constant region chosen from, e.g., the (e.g., human) light chain constant regions of kappa or lambda. The constant region can be altered, e.g., mutated, to modify the properties of the antibody (e.g., to increase or decrease one or more of: Fc receptor binding, antibody glycosylation, the number of cysteine residues, effector cell function, and/or complement function). In one embodiment the antibody has effector function and can fix complement. In other embodiments the antibody does not recruit effector cells or fix complement. In another embodiment, the antibody has reduced or no ability to bind an Fc receptor. For example, it is an isotype or subtype, fragment or other mutant, which does not support binding to an Fc receptor, e.g., it has a mutagenized or deleted Fc receptor binding region. 
     In one embodiment, the CD47 antibody molecule described herein comprises an IgG4 constant region. In one embodiment, the IgG4 constant region is a wild-type constant region. In another embodiment, the IgG4 constant region comprises a mutation, e.g., one or both of S228P and L235E, e.g., according to EU numbering (Kabat, E. A., et al., supra). In one embodiment, the CD47 antibody molecule described herein comprises an IgG1 constant region. 
     Methods for altering an antibody constant region are known in the art. Antibodies with altered function, e.g. altered affinity for an effector ligand, such as FcR on a cell, or the C1 component of complement can be produced by replacing at least one amino acid residue in the constant portion of the antibody with a different residue (e.g., EP 388,151 A1, U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,624,821 and 5,648,260). Similar types of alterations could be described which if applied to a murine, or other species immunoglobulin would reduce or eliminate these functions. 
     The term “immunoglobulin” comprises various broad classes of polypeptides that can be distinguished biochemically. Those skilled in the art will appreciate that heavy chains are classified as gamma, mu, alpha, delta, or epsilon (γ, μ, α, δ, ε) with some subclasses among them (e.g., γ1-γ4). It is the nature of this chain that determines the “class” of the antibody as IgG, IgM, IgA IgD, or IgE, respectively. The immunoglobulin subclasses (isotypes) e.g., IgG1, IgG2, IgG3, IgG4, IgA1, etc. are well characterized and are known to confer functional specialization. Modified versions of each of these classes and isotypes are readily discernable to the skilled artisan in view of the instant disclosure and, accordingly, are within the scope of the instant disclosure. All immunoglobulin classes fall within the scope of the present disclosure. Light chains are classified as either kappa or lambda (κ, λ). Each heavy chain class may be bound with either a kappa or lambda light chain. 
     As used herein, the term antibody molecule comprises intact monoclonal antibodies, polyclonal antibodies, single domain antibodies (e.g., shark single domain antibodies (e.g., IgNAR or fragments thereof)), multispecific antibodies (e.g., bi-specific antibodies) formed from at least two intact antibodies, and antibody fragments so long as they exhibit the desired biological activity. 
     Suitable antibodies include, but are not limited to, monoclonal, monospecific, polyclonal, polyspecific, human antibodies, primatized antibodies, chimeric antibodies, bi-specific antibodies, humanized antibodies, conjugated antibodies (e.g., antibodies conjugated or fused to other proteins, radiolabels, or cytotoxins), Small Modular ImmunoPharmaceuticals (“SMIPs™”), single chain antibodies, cameloid antibodies, and antibody fragments. 
     In certain embodiments, an antibody molecule is a humanized antibody. A humanized antibody refers to an immunoglobulin comprising a human framework region and one or more CDRs from a non-human, e.g., mouse or rat, immunoglobulin. The immunoglobulin providing the CDRs is often referred to as the “donor” and the human immunoglobulin providing the framework often called the “acceptor,” though in embodiments, no source or no process limitation is implied. Typically a humanized antibody comprises a humanized light chain and a humanized heavy chain immunoglobulin. 
     An “immunoglobulin domain” refers to a domain from the variable or constant domain of immunoglobulin molecules. Inununoglobulin domains typically contain two beta-sheets formed of about seven beta-strands, and a conserved disulfide bond (see, e.g., A. F. Williams and A. N. Barclay (1988) ANN. REV. IMMUNOL. 6:381-405). 
     As used herein, an “immunoglobulin variable domain sequence” refers to an amino acid sequence that can form the structure of an immunoglobulin variable domain. For example, the sequence may include all or part of the amino acid sequence of a naturally-occurring variable domain. For example, the sequence may omit one, two or more N- or C-terminal amino acids, internal amino acids, may include one or more insertions or additional terminal amino acids, or may include other alterations. In one embodiment, a polypeptide that comprises an immunoglobulin variable domain sequence can associate with another immunoglobulin variable domain sequence to form a target binding structure (or “antigen binding site”), e.g., a structure that interacts with the target antigen. 
     The antibody or antibody molecule can be derived from a mammal, e.g., a rodent, e.g., a mouse or rat, horse, pig, or goat. In certain embodiments, an antibody or antibody molecule is produced using a recombinant cell. In certain embodiments, an antibody or antibody molecule is a chimeric antibody, for example, from mouse, rat, horse, pig, or other species, bearing human constant and/or variable regions domains. 
     Multi-Specific Antibodies 
     In certain embodiments the antibody molecule is a multi-specific antibody molecule, e.g., it comprises a plurality of immunoglobulin variable domains sequences, wherein a first immunoglobulin variable domain sequence of the plurality has binding specificity for a first epitope and a second immunoglobulin variable domain sequence of the plurality has binding specificity for a second, different epitope. In an embodiment, the first and second epitopes are present on the same antigen, e.g., the same protein (or subunit of a multimeric protein). In another embodiment, the first and second epitopes overlap. In an embodiment, the first and second epitopes do not overlap. In an embodiment, the first and second epitopes are on different antigens, e.g., on different proteins (or different subunits of a multimeric protein). In another embodiment, a multi-specific antibody molecule comprises a third, fourth or fifth immunoglobulin variable domain. In an embodiment, a multi-specific antibody molecule is a bispecific antibody molecule, a trispecific antibody molecule, or tetraspecific antibody molecule. 
     A bispecific antibody is an antibody molecule capable of binding specifically to two antigens. A bispecific antibody molecule is characterized by a first immunoglobulin variable domain sequence which has binding specificity for a first epitope and a second immunoglobulin variable domain sequence that has binding specificity for a second, different epitope. The first and second epitopes can be on the same antigen, e.g., the same protein (or subunit of a multimeric protein). The first and second epitopes may or may not overlap. In certain embodiments, the first and second epitopes are on different antigens, e.g., on different proteins (or different subunits of a multimeric protein). The bispecific antibody molecule may comprise a heavy chain variable domain sequence and a light chain variable domain sequence which together define an antigen binding site with binding specificity for a first epitope and a heavy chain variable domain sequence and a light chain variable domain sequence which together define an antigen binding site with binding specificity for a second epitope. In one embodiment, a bispecific antibody molecule comprises a half antibody having binding specificity for a first epitope and a half antibody having binding specificity for a second epitope. The bispecific antibody molecule may comprises a half antibody, or fragment thereof, containing an antigen binding site having binding specificity for a first epitope and a half antibody, or fragment thereof, containing an antigen binding site having binding specificity for a second, different epitope. In one embodiment, a bispecific antibody molecule comprises a scFv, or fragment thereof, have binding specificity for a first epitope and a scFv, or fragment thereof, have binding specificity for a second, different epitope. In an embodiment, the first epitope is located on CD47 and the second epitope is located on CD19, CD20, CD38, or the HER2/neu receptor. 
     Anti-CD47 Antibody Molecules 
     The present, invention provides isolated, recombinant and/or synthetic anti-CD47 human, primate, rodent, mammalian, chimeric, humanized and/or CDR-grafted antibodies as well as compositions and encoding nucleic acid molecules comprising at least one polynucleotide encoding at least a portion of one anti-CD47 antibody molecule. The present invention further includes, but is not limited to, methods of making and using such nucleic acids and antibodies including diagnostic and therapeutic compositions, methods and devices. 
     The terms “isolated protein” or “isolated antibody molecule” referred to herein means a protein or antibody molecule, which by virtue of its origin or source of derivation (1) is not associated with proteins found in nature, (2) is free of other proteins from the same source, (3) is expressed by a cell from a different species, or (4) does not occur in nature. 
     Exemplary antibody molecules of the invention include the 2.3D11 antibody having a variable heavy chain region (VH) and/or variable light (VL) chain region, heavy chain CDR1, CD2, and CD3, light chain CDR1, CD2, and CDR3, and full heavy and light chains, as shown in the sequences below. 
     Antibody 2.3D11 
     As shown in the Examples, it has been discovered that antibody 2.3D11 is a novel antibody that is capable of interrupting the interaction between CD47 and SIRPα without inducing significant hemagglutination of erythrocytes. The sequences of the individual heavy and light chain variable regions of the 2.3D11 antibody, and antibody molecules containing such variable region sequences are described below. 
     
       
         
           
               
            
               
                 Variable Heavy Chain (VH) with     
               
               
                   
               
               
                 (SEQ ID NO: 3) 
               
               
                    VQLQESGPGLVKPSGTLSLTCAVSGVSIRS 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 INWWNWVRQPPGKGLEWIGEIYHSGSTNYNPSLKSRVTISVDKSKNQFS 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 LKLNSVTAADTAVYYCARDGGIAVTDYYYYGLDVWGQGTTVTVSS. 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Variable Heavy Chain (VH) without leader sequence:  
               
               
                 (SEQ ID NO: 4) 
               
               
                 QVQLQESGPGLVKPSGTLSLTCAVSGVSIRSINWWNWVRQPPGKGLEW 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 IGEIYHSGSTNYNPSLKSRVTISVDKSKNQFSLKLNSVTAADTAVYYC 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 ARDGGIAVTDYYYYGLDVWGQGTTVTVSS. 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Variable Light Chain (VL) with    
               
               
                 (SEQ ID NO: 5) 
               
               
                    EIVLTQSPATLSLSPGERATLSCRASE 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 SVSSNLAWYQQKPGQAPRLLIYGAFNRATGIPARFSGSGSGTDFTLTI 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 SSLEPEDFAVYYCQQRSDWFTFGGGTKVEIK. 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Variable Light Chain (VL) without leader sequence: 
               
               
                 (SEQ ID NO: 6) 
               
               
                 EIVLTQSPATLSLSPGERATLSCRASESVS SNLAWYQQKPGQAPRLL 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 IYGAFNRATGIPARFSGSGSGTDFTLTISSLEPEDFAVYYCQQRSDWF 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 TFGGGTKVEIK. 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 VH Complementarity Determining Region 1 (VH CDR1): 
               
               
                 (SEQ ID NO: 7) 
               
               
                 SINWWN. 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 VH Complementarity Determining Region 2 (VH CDR2): 
               
               
                 (SEQ ID NO: 8) 
               
               
                 EIYHSGSTNYNPSLKS. 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 VH Complementarity Determining Region 3 (VH CDR3): 
               
               
                 (SEQ ID NO: 9) 
               
               
                 DGGIAVTDYYYYGLDV. 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 VL Complementarity Determining Region 1 (VL CDR1): 
               
               
                 (SEQ ID NO: 10) 
               
               
                 RASESVSSNLA. 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 VL Complementarity Determining Region 2 (VL CDR2): 
               
               
                 (SEQ ID NO: 11) 
               
               
                 GAFNRAT. 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 VL Complementarity Determining Region 3 (VL CDR3): 
               
               
                 (SEQ ID NO: 12) 
               
               
                 QQRSDWFT. 
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Full Heavy Chain Sequence without leader sequence, including an annotation of the framework regions 1-4 (FR1-FR4), complementary determining regions 1-3 (CDR1-CDR3) and constant region (FR1- -FR2- -FR3- -FR4-Constant region): 
     
       
         
           
               
            
               
                 (SEQ ID NO: 15) 
               
               
                   QVQLQESGPGLVKPSGTLSLTCAVSGVSIR     VRQPPGKGLE   
               
               
                   
               
               
                   WIG        RVTISVDKSKNQFSLKLNSVTAADTA   
               
               
                   
               
               
                 
                   VYYCAR 
                   
                   WGQGTTVTVSS 
                   AETTAPSVYPLAPG 
                 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 
                   TALKSNSMVTLGCLVKGYFPEPVTVTWNSGALSSGVHTFPAVLQSG 
                 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 
                   LYTLTSSVTVPSSTWPSQTVTCNVAHPASSTKVDKKIVPRNCGGDC 
                 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 
                   KPCICTGSEVSSVFIFPPKPKDVLTITLTPKVTCVVVDISQDDPEV 
                 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 
                   HFSWFVDDVEVHTAQTRPPEEQFNSTFRSVSELPILHQDWLNGRTF 
                 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 
                   RCKVTSAAFPSPIEKTISKPEGRTQVPHVYTMSPTKEEMTQNEVSI 
                 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 
                   TCMVKGFYPPDIYVEWQMNGQPQENYKNTPPTMDTDGSYFLYSKLN 
                 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   VKKEKWQQGNTFTCSVLHEGLHNHHTEKSLSHSPG . 
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Full Heavy Chain Sequence with leader sequence  -FR1- -FR2- -FR3- -FR4-Constant region): 
     
       
         
           
               
            
               
                 (SEQ ID NO: 13) 
               
               
                 
                   
                   QVQLQESGPGLVKPSGTLSLTCAVS 
                 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 
                   GVSIR 
                   
                   VRQPPGKGLEWI 
                   
                   RVTI 
                 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 
                   SVDKSKNQFSLKLNSVTAADTAVYYCAR 
                   
                 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 
                   WGQGTTVTVSS 
                   AETTAPSVYPLAPGTALKSNSMVTLGCLVKGYFP 
                 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 
                   EPVTVTWNSGALSSGVHTFPAVLQSGLYTLTSSVTVPSSTWPSQT 
                 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 
                   VTCNVAHPASSTKVDKKIVPRNCGGDCKPCICTGSEVSSVFIFPP 
                 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 
                   KPKDVLTITLTPKVTCVVVDISQDDPEVHFSWFVDDVEVHTAQTR 
                 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 
                   PPEEQFNSTFRSVSELPILHQDWLNGRTFRCKVTSAAFPSPIEKT 
                 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 
                   ISKPEGRTQVPHVYTMSPTKEEMTQNEVSITCMVKGFYPPDIYVE 
                 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 
                   WQMNGQPQENYKNTPPTMDTDGSYFLYSKLNVKKEKWQQGNTFTC 
                 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   SVLHEGLHNHHTEKSLSHSPG . 
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Full Light Chain Sequence without leader sequence including an annotation of the framework regions 1-4 (FR1-FR4), complementary determining regions 1-3 (CDR1-CDR3) and constant region (FR1- -FR2- -FR3- -FR4-Constant region): 
     
       
         
           
               
            
               
                 (SEQ ID NO: 16) 
               
               
                   EIVLTQSPATLSLSPGERATLSC     WYQQKPGQAPRLL   
               
               
                   
               
               
                   IY     GIPARFSGSGSGTDFTLTISSLEPEDFAVYYC   
               
               
                   
               
               
                 
                   
                   FGGGTKVEIK 
                   RADAAPTVSIFPPSTEQLATGGASVVCLM 
                 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 
                   NNFYPRDISVKWKIDGTERRDGVLDSVTDQDSKDSTYSMSSTLSLTK 
                 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   ADYESHNLYTCEVVHKTSSSPVVKSFNRNEC . 
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Full Light Chain Sequence with leader sequence:  -FR1- -FR2- -FR3- -FR4-Constant Region): 
     
       
         
           
               
            
               
                 (SEQ ID NO: 14) 
               
               
                 
                   
                   EIVLTQSPATLSLSPGERATLSCRA 
                 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 
                   
                   AWYQQKPGQAPRLLIY 
                   
                   GIPARFSGSGSGTD 
                 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 
                   FTLTISSLEPEDFAVYYC 
                   
                   FGGGTKVEIK 
                   RADAAPTVSI 
                 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 
                   FPPSTEQLATGGASVVCLMNNFYPRDISVKWKIDGTERRDGVLDS 
                 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 
                   VTDQDSKDSTYSMSSTLSLTKADYESHNLYTCEVVHKTSSSPVVK 
                 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 
                   SFNRNEC. 
                 
               
            
           
         
       
     
     In certain embodiments, an exemplary antibody of the invention comprises a heavy chain variable domain with complementary determining sequences CDR1-3 corresponding to residues 31-36, 51-66, and 99-114, respectively, of SEQ ID NO: 4. In certain embodiments, an exemplary antibody of the invention comprises a heavy chain variable domain with framework sequences FR1-FR4 corresponding to residues 1-30, 37-50, 67-98, and 115-125, respectively, of SEQ ID NO: 4. In certain embodiments, an exemplary antibody of the invention comprises a light chain variable domain with complementary determining sequences CDR1-3 corresponding to residues 24-34, 50-56, and 89-96, respectively, of SEQ ID NO: 6. In certain embodiments, an exemplary antibody of the invention comprises a light chain variable domain with framework sequences FR1-FR4 corresponding to residues 1-23, 35-49, 57-88, and 97-106, respectively, of SEQ ID NO: 6. 
     In certain embodiments, it is contemplated that a heavy chain variable region sequence, for example, the VH sequence of SEQ ID NO: 4, may be covalently linked to a variety of heavy chain constant region sequences known in the art. Similarly, it is contemplated that a light chain variable region sequence, for example, the VL of SEQ ID NO: 6, maybe be covalently linked to a variety of light chain constant region sequences known in the art. For example, the heavy chain variable region sequence may be used with a heavy chain constant region sequence derived from an IgG1, IgG2, IgG3, or IgG4 molecule. 
     In certain embodiments, the constant region of the heavy chain of the antibody is of human IgG1 isotype, having an amino acid sequence: 
     
       
         
           
               
            
               
                 (SEQ ID NO: 17) 
               
               
                 ASTKGPSVFPLAPSSKSTSGGTAALGCLVKDYFPEPVTVSWNSGAL 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 TSGVHTFPAVLQSSGLYSLSSVVTVPSSSLGTQTYICNVNHKPSNT 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 KVDKKVEPKSCDKTHTCPPCPAP  GGPSVFLFPPKPKDTLMISR 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 TPEVTCVVVDVSHEDPEVKFNWYVDGVEVHNAKTKPREEQY  STYR 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 VVSVLTVLHQDWLNGKEYKCKVSNKALPAPIEKTISKAKGQPREPQVY 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 TLPPSRDELTKNQVSLTCLVKGFYPSDIAVEWESNGQPENNYKTTPPV 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 LDSDGSFFLYSKLTVDKSRWQQGNVFSCSVMHEALHNHYTQKSLSLSP 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 GK. 
               
            
           
         
       
     
     In certain embodiments, the human IgG1 constant region is modified at amino acid Asn297 (Boxed) to prevent to glycosylation of the antibody, for example Asn297Ala (N297A). In certain embodiments, the constant region of the antibody is modified at amino acid Leu235 (Boxed) to alter Fc receptor interactions, for example Leu235Glu (L235E) or Leu235Ala (L235A). In certain embodiments, the constant region of the antibody is modified at amino acid Leu234 (Boxed) to alter Fc receptor interactions, e.g., Leu234Ala (L234A). In certain embodiments, the constant region of the antibody is modified at amino acid Glu233 (Boxed), e.g., Glu233Pro (E233P). In some embodiments, the constant region of the antibody is altered at both amino acid 234 and 235, for example Leu234Ala and Leu235A1a (L234A/L235A). In certain embodiments, the constant region of the antibody is altered at amino acids 233, 234, and 234, for example, Glu233Pro, Leu234A1a, and Leu235Ala (E233P L234A/L235A) (Armour K L. et at. (1999) EUR. J. IMMUNOL. 29(8):2613-24). All residue numbers are according to EU numbering (Kabat, E. A., et al., supra). 
     In certain embodiments, the constant region of the heavy chain of the antibody is of human IgG2 isotype, having an amino acid sequence: 
     
       
         
           
               
            
               
                 (SEQ ID NO: 18) 
               
               
                 ASTKGPSVFPLAPCSRSTSESTAALGCLVKDYFPEPVTVSWNSGAL 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 TSGVHTFPAVLQSSGLYSLSSVVTVPSSNFGTQTYTCNVDHKPSNT 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 KVDKTVERKCCVECPPCPAPPVAGPSWLFPPKPKDTLMISRTPEVT 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 CVVVDVSHEDPEVQFNWYVDGVEVHNAKTKPREEQF  STFRVVSVL 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 TVVHQDWLNGKEYKCKVSNKGLPAPIEKTISKTKGQPREPQVYTLPP 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 SREEMTKNQVSLTCLVKGFYPSDISVEWESNGQPENNYKTTPPMLDS 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 DGSFFLYSKLTVDKSRWQQGNVFSCSVMHEALHNHYTQKSLSLSPGK.  
               
            
           
         
       
     
     In certain embodiments, the human IgG2 constant region is modified at amino acid Asn297 (Boxed) to prevent to glycosylation of the antibody, e.g., Asn297Ala (N297A), where the residue numbers are according to EU numbering (Kabat, E. A., et al., supra). 
     In certain embodiments, the constant region of the heavy chain of the antibody is of human IgG3 isotype, having an amino acid sequence: 
     
       
         
           
               
            
               
                 (SEQ ID NO: 19) 
               
               
                 ASTKGPSVFPLAPCSRSTSGGTAALGCLVKDYFPEPVTVSWNSGA 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 LTSGVHTFPAVLQSSGLYSLSSVVTVPSSSLGTQTYTCNVNHKPS 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 NTKVDKRVELKTPLGDTTHTCPRCPEPKSCDTPPPCPRCPEPKSC 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 DTPPPCPRCPEPKSCDTPPPCPRCPAPELLGGPSVFLFPPKPKDT 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 LMISRTPEVTCVVVDVSHEDPEVQFKWYVDGVEVHNAKTKPREEQ 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Y  STFRVVSVLTVLHQDWLNGKEYKCKVSNKALPAPIEKTISKTK 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 GQPREPQVYTLPPSREEMTKNQVSLTCLVKGFYPSDIAVEWESSGQ 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 PENNYNTTPPMLDSDGSFFLYSKLTVDKSRWQQGNIFSCSVMHEAL 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 HN  FTQKSLSLSPGK. 
               
            
           
         
       
     
     In certain embodiments, the human IgG3 constant region is modified at amino acid Asn297 (Boxed) to prevent to glycosylation of the antibody, e.g., Asn297Ala (N297A). In some embodiments, the human IgG3 constant region is modified at amino acid Arg435 (Boxed) to extend the half-life, e.g., Arg435H (R435H). All residue numbers are according to EU numbering (Kabat, E. A., et al., supra). 
     In certain embodiments, the constant region of the heavy chain of the antibody is of human IgG4 isotype, having an amino acid sequence: 
     
       
         
           
               
            
               
                 (SEQ ID NO: 20) 
               
               
                 ASTKGPSVFPLAPCSRSTSESTAALGCLVKDYFPEPVTVSWNSGALT 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 SGVHTFPAVLQSSGLYSLSSVVTVPSSSLGTKTYTCNVDHKPSNTKV 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 DKRVESKYGPPCP  CPAPEF  GGPSVFLFPPKPKDTLMISRTPEVTC 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 VVVDVSQEDPEVQFNWYVDGVEVHNAKTKPREEQF  STYRVVSVLT 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 VLHQDWLNGKEYKCKVSNKGLPSSIEKTISKAKGQPREPQVYTLPPSQ 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 EEMTKNQVSLTCLVKGFYPSDIAVEWESNGQPENNYKTTPPVLDSDGS 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 FFLYSRLTVDKSRWQEGNVFSCSVMHEALHNHYTQKSLSLSLGK. 
               
            
           
         
       
     
     In certain embodiments, the human IgG4 constant region is modified within the hinge region to prevent or reduce strand exchange, e.g., in some embodiments human IgG4 constant region is modified at Ser228 (Boxed), e.g., Ser228Pro (S228P). In other embodiments, the human IgG4 constant region is modified at amino acid Leu235 (Boxed) to alter Fc receptor interactions, e.g., Leu235Glu (L235E). In some embodiments, the human IgG4 constant region is modified at both Ser228 and Leu335, e.g., Ser228Pro and Leu235Glu (S228P/L235E), and comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 21. In some embodiments, the human IgG4 constant region is modified at amino acid Asn297 (Boxed) to prevent to glycosylation of the antibody, e.g., Asn297Ala (N297A). All residue numbers are according to EU numbering (Kabat, E. A., et al., supra). 
     In certain embodiments, the constant region of the heavy chain of the antibody is of human IgM isotype, having an amino acid sequence: 
     
       
         
           
               
            
               
                 (SEQ ID NO: 33) 
               
               
                 GSASAPTLFPLVSCENSPSDTSSVAVGCLAQDFLPDSITLSWKYKNNS 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 DISSTRGFPSVLRGGKYAATSQVLLPSKDVMQGTDEHVVCKVQHPNGN 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 KEKNVPLPVIAELPPKVSVFVPPRDGFFGNPRKSKLICQATGFSPRQI 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 QVSWLREGKQVGSGVTTDQVQAEAKESGPTTYKVTSTLTIKESDWLGQ 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 SMFTCRVDHRGLTFQQNASSMCVPDQDTAIRVFAIPPSFASIFLTKST 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 KLTCLVTDLTTYDSVTISWTRQNGEAVKTHTNISESHPNATFSAVGEA 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 SICEDDWNSGERFTCTVTHTDLPSPLKQTISRPKGVALHRPDVYLLPP 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 AREQLNLRESATITCLVTGFSPADVFVQWMQRGQPLSPEKYVTSAPMP 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 EPQAPGRYFAHSILTVSEEEWNTGETYTCVAHEALPNRVTERTVDKST 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 GKPTLYNVSLVMSDTAGTCY. 
               
            
           
         
       
     
     In certain embodiments, the human IgG constant region is modified to enhance FcRn binding. Examples of Fc mutations that enhance binding to FcRn are Met252Tyr, Ser254Thr, Thr256Glu (M252Y, S254T, T256E, respectively) (Dall&#39;Acgua et al. (2006) J. BIOL. CHEM. 281(33): 23514-23524), or Met428Leu and Asn434Ser (M428L, N434S) (Zalevsky et al. (2010) NATURE BIOTECH. 28(2): 157-159). All residue numbers are according to EU numbering (Kabat, E. A., et al., supra). 
     In some embodiments, the human IgG constant region is modified to alter antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) and/or complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC), e.g., the amino acid modifications described in Natsume et al. (2008) CANCER RES. 68(10): 3863-72; Idusogie et al. (2001) J. IMMUNOL. 166(4): 2571-5; Moore et al. (2010) MABs 2(2): 181-189; Lazar et al. (2006) PROC. NATL. ACAD. So. USA 103(11): 4005-4010, Shields et al. (2001) J. BIOL. CHEM. 276(9): 6591-6604; Stavenhagen et al. (2007) CANCER RES. 67(18): 8882-8890; Stavenhagen et al. (2008) ADVAN. ENZYME REGUL. 48: 152-164; Alegre et al. (1992) J. IMMUNOL. 148: 3461-3468. 
     In some embodiments, the human IgG constant region is modified to induce heterodimerization. For example, a heavy chain having an amino acid modification within the CH3 domain at Thr366, e.g., a substitution with a more bulky amino acid, e.g., Try (T366W), is able to preferentially pair with a second heavy chain having a CH3 domain having amino acid modifications to less bulky amino acids at positions Thr366, Leu368, and Tyr407, e.g., Ser, Ala and Val, respectively (T3665/L368A/Y407V). Heterodimerization via CH3 modifications can be further stabilized by the introduction of a disulfide bond, for example by changing Ser354 to Cys (5354C) and Y349 to Cys (Y349C) on opposite CH3 domains (see, Carter (2001) J. IMMUNOL. METHODS 248: 7-15). 
     In certain embodiments, the constant region of the light chain of the antibody is a human kappa constant region having an amino acid sequence: 
     
       
         
           
               
            
               
                 (SEQ ID NO: 22) 
               
               
                 TVAAPSVFIFPPSDEQLKSGTASVVCLLNNFYPREAKVQWKVDNALQS 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 GNSQESVTEQDSKDSTYSLSSTLTLSKADYEKHKVYACEVTHQGLSSP 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 VTKSFNRGEC. 
               
            
           
         
       
     
     In certain embodiments, the constant region of the light chain of the antibody is a human lambda constant region having an amino acid sequence: 
     
       
         
           
               
            
               
                 (SEQ ID NO: 34) 
               
               
                 GQPKANPTVTLFPPSSEELQANKATLVCLISDFYPGAVTVAWKADGSP 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 VKAGVETTKPSKQSNNKYAASSYLSLTPEQWKSHRSYSCQVTHEGSTV 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 EKTVAPTEC. 
               
            
           
         
       
     
     In certain embodiments, an exemplary antibody of the invention comprises a heavy chain variable domain of the 2.3D11 antibody and a human IgG1 heavy chain constant domain depicted as follows (FR1-CDR1-FR2-CDR2-FR3-CDR3-FR4-Constant region; without the leader sequence): 
     
       
         
           
               
            
               
                 (SEQ ID NO: 23) 
               
               
                   QVQLQESGPGLVKPSGTLSLTCAVSGVSIR     WVRQPPGKGLE   
               
               
                   
               
               
                   WIG       RVTISVDKSKNQFSLKLNSVTAADTAV   
               
               
                   
               
               
                 
                   YYCAR 
                   
                   WGQGTTVTVSS 
                   ASTKGPSVFPLAPSS 
                 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 
                   KSTSGGTAALGCLVKDYFPEPVTVSWNSGALTSGVHTFPAVLQSSGL 
                 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 
                   YSLSSVVTVPSSSLGTQTYICNVNHKPSNTKVDKKVEPKSCDKTHTC 
                 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 
                   PPCPAPELLGGPSVFLFPPKPKDTLMISRTPEVTCVVVDVSHEDPEV 
                 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 
                   KFNWYVDGVEVHNAKTKPREEQYNSTYRVVSVLTVLHQDWLNGKEYK 
                 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 
                   CKVSNKALPAPIEKTISKAKGQPREPQVYTLPPSRDELTKNQVSLTC 
                 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 
                   LVKGFYPSDIAVEWESNGQPENNYKTTPPVLDSDGSFFLYSKLTVDK 
                 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   SRWQQGNVFSCSVMHEALHNHYTQKSLSLSPGK . 
               
            
           
         
       
     
     In certain embodiments, an exemplary antibody of the invention comprises a heavy chain variable domain of the 2.3D11 antibody and a human IgG4 heavy chain constant domain depicted as follows (FR1-CDR1-FR2-CDR2-FR3-CDR3-FR4-Constant region; without the leader sequence): 
     
       
         
           
               
            
               
                 (SEQ ID NO: 24) 
               
               
                   QVQLQESGPGLVKPSGTLSLTCAVSGVSIR     W   
               
               
                   
               
               
                   VRQPPGKGLEWIG       RVTISVDKSKNQFSLKL   
               
               
                   
               
               
                   NSVTAADTAVYYCAR     WGQGTTVTVSS   ASTK   
               
               
                   
               
               
                 
                   GPSVFPLAPCSRSTSESTAALGCLVKDYFPEPVTVSWNSGALTSGVH 
                 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 
                   TFPAVLQSSGLYSLSSVVTVPSSSLGTKTYTCNVDHKPSNTKVDKRV 
                 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 
                   ESKYGPPCPSCPAPEFLGGPSVFLFPPKPKDTLMISRTPEVTCVVVD 
                 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 
                   VSQEDPEVQFNWYVDGVEVHNAKTKPREEQFNSTYRVVSVLTVLHQD 
                 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 
                   WLNGKEYKCKVSNKGLPSSIEKTISKAKGQPREPQVYTLPPSQEEMT 
                 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 
                   KNQVSLTCLVKGFYPSDIAVEWESNGQPENNYKTTPPVLDSDGSFFL 
                 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   YSRLTVDKSRWQEGNVFSCSVMHEALHNHYTQKSLSLSLGK . 
               
            
           
         
       
     
     In certain embodiments, an exemplary antibody of the invention comprises a heavy chain variable domain of the 2.3D11 antibody and a human IgG4 heavy chain constant domain with Ser228Pro and Leu235Glu substitutions depicted as follows (FR1- -FR2- -FR3- -FR4-Constant region; without the leader sequence, mutated residues boxed): 
     
       
         
           
               
            
               
                 (SEQ ID NO: 25) 
               
               
                 
                   QVQLQESGPGLVKPSGTLSLTCAVSGVSIR 
                   
                   WVRQPPGKGLEWIG 
                 
               
               
                   
               
               
                      R VTISVDKSKNQFSLKLNSVTAADTAVYYCAR   
               
               
                   
               
               
                 
                   
                   WGQGTTVTVSS 
                   ASTKGPSVFPLAPCSRSTSEST 
                 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 
                   AALGCLVKDYFPEPVTVSWNSGALTSGVHTFPAVLQSSGLYSLSSVVTVP 
                 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 
                   SSSLGTKTYTCNVDHKPSNTKVDKRVESKYGPPCPPC 
                   
                   APEF 
                   
                   GGPSV 
                 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 
                   FLFPPKPKDTLMISRTPEVTCVVVDVSQEDPEVQFNWYVDGVEVHNAKTKP 
                 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 
                   REEQFNSTYRWSVLTVLHQDWLNGKEYKCKVSNKGLPSSIEKTISKAKGQP 
                 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 
                   REPQVYTLPPSQEEMTKNQVSLTCLVKGFYPSDIAVEWESNGQPENNYKTT 
                 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 
                   PPVLDSDGSFFLYSRLTVDKSRWQEGNVFSCSVMHEALHNHYTQKSLSL  
                 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 
                   SLGK 
                 
               
            
           
         
       
     
     In certain embodiments, an exemplary antibody of the invention comprises a light chain variable domain of the 2.3D11 antibody and a human kappa constant domain depicted as follows (FR1- -FR2- -FR3- -FR4-Constant region; without the leader sequence): 
     
       
         
           
               
            
               
                 (SEQ ID NO: 26) 
               
               
                   EIVLTQSPATLSLSPGERATLSC     WYQQKPGQAPRLL   
               
               
                   
               
               
                   IY     GIPARFSGSGSGTDFTLTISSLEPEDFAVYYC   
               
               
                   
               
               
                 
                   
                   FGGGTKVEIK 
                   TVAAPSVFIFPPSDEQLKSGTASVVCLLN 
                 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 
                   NFYPREAKVQWKVDNALQSGNSQESVTEQDSKDSTYSLSSTLTLSKA 
                 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   DYEKHKVYACEVTHQGLSSPVTKSFNRGEC . 
               
            
           
         
       
     
     In certain embodiments, the anti-CD47 antibody molecule comprises one or both of (a) and (b), wherein (a) and (b) are as follows:
         (a)(i) light chain CDR1, CDR2 and CDR3, e.g., Chothia or Kabat light chain CDRs, from SEQ ID NO: 16,
           (a)(ii) light chain CDR1 of SEQ ID NO: 10, light chain CDR2 of SEQ ID NO: 11, and light chain CDR3 of SEQ ID NO: 12,   (a)(iii) light chain CDRs CDR1, CDR2 and CDR3, that collectively, differ by no more than 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6 amino acid residues from the light chain CDRs of (a)(i) and (a)(ii);   
           (a)(iv) a light chain variable region of SEQ ID NO: 6;   (a)(v) an antigen binding fragment of SEQ ID NO: 6;   (a)(vi) an amino acid sequence that differs by no more than 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10, residues from the sequence of (a)(iv) or a)(v);   (a)(vii) an amino acid sequence that is substantially identical (e.g., at least 85%, 90%, 92%, 95%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identical) to the sequence of (a)(iv) or (a)(v); and   (b)(i) heavy chain CDR1, CDR2 and CDR3, e.g., Chothia or Kabat heavy chain CDRs, from SEQ ID NO: 15,   (b)(ii) heavy chain CDR1 of SEQ ID NO: 7, heavy chain CDR2 of SEQ ID NO: 8, and heavy chain CDR3 of SEQ ID NO: 9,   (b)(iii) heavy chain CDRs CDR1, CDR2 and CDR3, that collectively, differ by no more than 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6 amino acid residues from the heavy chain CDRs of (b)(i) and (b)(ii);   (b)(iv) a heavy chain variable region of SEQ ID NO: 4;   (b)(v) an antigen binding fragment of SEQ ID NO: 4;   (b)(vi) an amino acid sequence that differs by no more than 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10, residues from the sequence of (b)(iv) or (b)(v); and   (b)(vii) an amino acid sequence that is substantially identical (e.g., at least 85%, 90%, 92%, 95%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identical) to the sequence of (b)(iv) or (b)(v).       

     In certain configurations, the antibody molecule comprises: (a)(i) and any one of (b); (a)(ii) and any one of (b); (a)(vii) and any one of (b); (a)(iv) and any one of (b); (a)(v) and any one of (b); (a)(vi) and any one of (b); (a)(vii) and any one of (b); (b)(i) and any one of (a); (b)(ii) and any one of (a); (b)(iii) and any one of (a); (b)(iv) and any one of (a); (b)(v) and any one of (a); (b)(vi) and any one of (a); (b)(vii) and any one of (a). In certain configurations, the antibody molecule comprises: (a)(i) and (b)(i); (a)(ii) and (b)(ii); (a)(iii) and (b)(iii); (a)(iv) and (b)(iv); (a)(v) and (b)(v); or (a)(vi) and (b)(vi). 
     It is contemplated that, with respect to certain of the uses, for example, therapeutic interventions described herein, the anti-CD47 antibody having little or no hemagglutination activity includes one or more of the antibodies described herein, for example, the 2.3D1 antibody and variants thereof, as well as the antibodies known in the art to bind CD47 and disrupt the CD47-SIRPα interaction with little or no hemagglutination activity, including the antibodies described in U.S. Pat. No. 9,045,541, including, for example, the antibodies referred to as 2A1, 2A1-xi, AB6.12, AB6.12-IgG1, AB6.12-IgG4P and AB6.12-IgG4PE. For example antibody AB6.12 comprises the variable heavy chain sequence of SEQ ID NO: 11 and the variable light chain sequence of SEQ ID NO: 42 as set forth in Table 1 of U.S. Pat. No. 9,045,541 (corresponding to SEQ ID NOs. 27 and 28, respectively, as disclosed herein). An additional exemplary antibody is the anti-CD47 antibody, 5F9G4, which comprises a variable heavy chain of SEQ ID NO: 29 and a variable light chain of SEQ ID NO: 30, and is described in Liu et al. (2016) PLoS ONE 10(9):e0137345. 
     The antibody molecules described herein may have minor variations in the amino acid sequences compared to a reference, and, for example, may have at least 80%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98% or 99% identity relative to a reference sequence, for example, the heavy chain of SEQ ID NO: 15 or the light chain of SEQ ID NO: 16. The mutations may include conservative amino acid substitutions, which are substitutions that take place within a family of amino acids related in their side chains, for example, aspartic acid and glutamic acid. 
     Antibody molecules of the present invention can be expressed in a modified form. For instance, a region of additional amino acids, particularly charged amino acids, can be added to the N-terminus of an antibody molecule to improve stability and persistence in the host cell, during purification, or during subsequent handling and storage. Also, peptide moieties can be added to an antibody molecule of the present invention to facilitate purification. Such regions can be removed prior to final preparation of an antibody molecule or at least one fragment thereof. Such methods are described in many standard laboratory manuals, such as Sambrook, supra; Ausubel, et al., ed., CURRENT PROTOCOLS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY, John Wiley &amp; Sons, Inc., NY, N.Y. (1987-2001). 
     It is contemplated that the antibodies provided may be used in the generation of anti-idiotype antibodies thereto, as well as compositions comprising an anti-idiotype antibody molecule and encoding nucleic acid molecules comprising at least one polynucleotide encoding at least a portion of an anti-idiotype antibody molecule. 
     The antibody molecules bind CD47 with an equilibrium binding constant of ≤1 μM, e.g., ≤100 nM, preferably ≤10 nM, and more preferably ≤1 nM, as measured using standard binding assays, for example, the BIACore-based binding assay. 
     Antibody molecules of the present invention may be characterized relative to a reference anti-CD47 antibody, for example, B6H12, 2D3, MABL, CC2C6, or BRIC126. Antibody B6H12 is described, for example, in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,057,604 and 9,017,675, is commercially available from Abeam, PLC, Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Inc., and eBioscience, Inc., and comprises a heavy chain variable region of SEQ ID NO: 31 and a light chain variable region of SEQ ID NO: 32. Antibody MABL is described, for example, in Uno S, Kinoshita Y, Azuma Y et al. (2007) ONCOL. REP. 17: 1189-94, and Kikuchi Y, Uno S, Yoshimura Y et al. (2004) BIOCHEM. BIOPHYS. RES. COMMUN. 315: 912-8. Antibody CC2C6 is described, for example, in Martina Seiffert et al. (1997) BLOOD 94(11): 3633-3643, and is commercially available from Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Inc. Antibody BRIC126 is described, for example, in Avent et al. (1988) BIOCHEM. J. 251: 499-505. Antibody 2D3 is commercially available from eBioscience, Inc., and unlike the other reference antibodies does not interfere with the binding between CD47 and SIRPα. 
     Antibody Molecule Expression 
     Nucleic acids of the present invention can be expressed in a host cell that contains endogenous DNA encoding an antibody molecule of the present invention. Such methods are well known in the art, e.g., as described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,580,734, 5,641,670, 5,733,746, and 5,733,761. Also see, e.g., Sambrook, et al., supra, and Ausubel, et al., supra. Those of ordinary skill in the art are knowledgeable in the numerous expression systems available for expression of a nucleic acid encoding a protein of the present invention. Illustrative of cell cultures useful for the production of the antibody molecules, specified portions or variants thereof, are mammalian cells. Mammalian cell systems often will be in the form of monolayers of cells although mammalian cell suspensions or bioreactors can also be used. A number of suitable host cell lines capable of expressing intact glycosylated proteins have been developed in the art, and include the COS-1 (e.g., ATCC CRL 1650), COS-7 (e.g., ATCC CRL-1651), HEK293, BHK21 (e.g., ATCC CRL-10), CHO (e.g., ATCC CRL 1610) and BSC-1 (e.g., ATCC CRL-26) cell lines, hep G2 cells, P3X63Ag8.653, SP2/0-Ag14, HeLa cells and the like, which are readily available from, for example, American Type Culture Collection, Manassas, Va. Yeast and bacterial host cells may also be used and are well known to those of skill in the art. Other cells useful for production of nucleic acids or proteins of the present invention are known and/or available, for instance, from the American Type Culture Collection Catalogue of Cell Lines and hybridomas or other known or commercial sources. 
     Expression vectors can include one or more of the following expression control sequences, such as, but not limited to an origin of replication; a promoter (e.g., late or early SV40 promoters, the CMV promoter (U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,168,062; 5,385,839), an HSV tk promoter, a pgk (phosphoglycerate kinase) promoter, an EF-1 alpha promoter (U.S. Pat. No. 5,266,491), at least one human immunoglobulin promoter; an enhancer, and/or processing information sites, such as ribosome binding sites, RNA splice sites, polyadenylation sites (e.g., an SV40 large T Ag poly A addition site), and transcriptional terminator sequences). See, e.g., Ausubel et al., supra; Sambrook, et al., supra. 
     Expression vectors optionally include at least one selectable marker. Such markers include, e.g., but are not limited to, methotrexate (MTX), dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR, U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,399,216; 4,634,665; 4,656,134; 4,956,288; 5,149,636; 5,179,017), ampicillin, neomycin (G418), mycophenolic acid, or glutamine synthetase (GS, U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,122,464; 5,770,359; and 5,827,739), resistance for eukaryotic cell culture, and tetracycline or ampicillin resistance genes for culturing in  E. coli  and other bacteria or prokaryotes. Appropriate culture media and conditions for the above-described host cells are known in the art. Suitable vectors will be readily apparent to the skilled artisan. Introduction of a vector construct into a host cell can be effected by calcium phosphate transfection, DEAE-dextran mediated transfection, cationic lipid-mediated transfection, electroporation, transduction, infection or other known methods. Such methods are described in the art, such as Sambrook, supra; Ausubel, supra. 
     The nucleic acid insert should be operatively linked to an appropriate promoter. The expression constructs will further contain sites for transcription initiation, termination and, in the transcribed region, a ribosome binding site for translation. The coding portion of the mature transcripts expressed by the constructs will preferably include a translation initiating at the beginning and a termination codon (e.g., UAA, UGA or UAG) appropriately positioned at the end of the mRNA to be translated, with UAA and UAG preferred for mammalian or eukaryotic cell expression. 
     When eukaryotic host cells are employed, polyadenlyation or transcription terminator sequences are typically incorporated into the vector. An example of a terminator sequence is the polyadenlyation sequence from the bovine growth hormone gene. Sequences for accurate splicing of the transcript can also be included. An example of a splicing sequence is the VP1 intron from SV40 (Sprague, et al. (1983) J. VIROL. 45:773-781). Additionally, gene sequences to control replication in the host cell can be incorporated into the vector, as known in the art. 
     Antibody Molecule Isolation and Purification 
     Antibody molecules described herein can be recovered and purified from recombinant cell cultures by well-known methods including, but not limited to, protein A purification, ammonium sulfate or ethanol precipitation, acid extraction, anion or cation exchange chromatography, phosphocellulose chromatography, hydrophobic interaction chromatography, affinity chromatography, hydroxylapatite chromatography and lectin chromatography. High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) can also be employed for purification. See, e.g., Colligan, Current Protocols in Immunology, or Current Protocols in Protein Science, John Wiley &amp; Sons, New York, N.Y., (1997-2001). 
     Antibody molecules described herein can include naturally purified products, products of chemical synthetic procedures, and products produced by recombinant techniques from a eukaryotic host, including, for example, yeast, higher plant, insect and mammalian cells. Depending upon the host employed in a recombinant production procedure, the antibody molecule of the present invention can be glycosylated or can be non-glycosylated, with glycosylated preferred. Such methods are described in many standard laboratory manuals, such as Sambrook, supra; Ausubel, supra, Colligan, Protein Science, supra. 
     Nucleic Acid Molecules 
     Nucleic acid molecules of the present invention can be in the form of RNA, such as mRNA, hnRNA, tRNA or any other form, or in the form of DNA, including, but not limited to, cDNA and genomic DNA obtained by cloning or produced synthetically, or any combinations thereof. The DNA can be triple-stranded, double-stranded or single-stranded, or any combination thereof. Any portion of at least one strand of the DNA or RNA can be the coding strand, also known as the sense strand, or it can be the non-coding strand, also referred to as the anti-sense strand. 
     Isolated nucleic acid molecules of the present invention can include nucleic acid molecules comprising an open reading frame (ORF), optionally with one or more introns, e.g., but not limited to, at least one specified portion of at least one CDR, as CDR1, CDR2 and/or CDR3 of at least one heavy chain (e.g., SEQ ID NOs: 7-9) or light chain (e.g., SEQ ID NOs: 10-12); nucleic acid molecules comprising the coding sequence for an anti-CD47 antibody molecule or variable region (e.g., SEQ ID NOs: 4 and 6); and nucleic acid molecules which comprise a nucleotide sequence substantially different from those described above but which, due to the degeneracy of the genetic code, still encode at least one anti-CD47 antibody molecule as described herein and/or as known in the art. Given that the genetic code is well known in the art, it is routine for one skilled in the art to generate such degenerate nucleic acid variants that code for specific anti-CD47 antibody molecules of the present invention. See, e.g., Ausubel, et al., supra, and such nucleic acid variants are included in the present invention. In certain embodiments, a nucleic acid molecule encoding a heavy chain variable domain of the 2.3D11 antibody and a human IgG1 heavy chain constant domain comprises SEQ ID NO: 35. In certain embodiments, a nucleic acid molecule encoding a heavy chain variable domain of the 2.3D11 antibody and a human IgG4 heavy chain constant domain comprises SEQ ID NO: 36. In certain embodiments, a nucleic acid molecule encoding a heavy chain variable domain of the 2.3D11 antibody and a human IgG4 heavy chain constant domain with Ser228Pro and Leu235Glu substitutions comprises SEQ ID NO: 37. In certain embodiments, a nucleic acid molecule encoding a light chain variable domain of the 2.3D11 antibody and a human kappa constant domain comprises SEQ ID NO: 38 
     As indicated herein, nucleic acid molecules of the present invention which comprise a nucleic acid encoding an anti-CD47 antibody molecule can include, but are not limited to, those encoding the amino acid sequence of an antibody fragment, by itself; the coding sequence for the entire antibody or a portion thereof; the coding sequence for an antibody, fragment or portion, as well as additional sequences, such as the coding sequence of at least one signal leader or fusion peptide, with or without the aforementioned additional coding sequences, such as at least one intron, together with additional, non-coding sequences, including but not limited to, non-coding 5′ and 3′ sequences, such as the transcribed, non-translated sequences that play a role in transcription, mRNA processing, including splicing and polyadenylation signals (for example—ribosome binding and stability of mRNA); an additional coding sequence that codes for additional amino acids, such as those that provide additional functionalities. Thus, the sequence encoding an antibody molecule can be fused to a marker sequence, such as a sequence encoding a peptide that facilitates purification of the fused antibody molecule comprising an antibody molecule fragment or portion. 
     Construction of Nucleic Acids 
     The isolated nucleic acids of the present invention can be made using (a) recombinant methods, (b) synthetic techniques, (c) purification techniques, or combinations thereof, as well-known in the art. The nucleic acids can conveniently comprise sequences in addition to a polynucleotide of the present invention. For example, a multi-cloning site comprising one or more endonuclease restriction sites can be inserted into the nucleic acid to aid in isolation of the polynucleotide. Also, translatable sequences can be inserted to aid in the isolation of the translated polynucleotide of the present invention. For example, a hexa-histidine marker sequence provides a convenient means to purify the proteins of the present invention. The nucleic acid of the present invention—excluding the coding sequence—is optionally a vector, adapter, or linker for cloning and/or expression of a polynucleotide of the present invention. Additional sequences can be added to such cloning and/or expression sequences to optimize their function in cloning and/or expression, to aid in isolation of the polynucleotide, or to improve the introduction of the polynucleotide into a cell. Use of cloning vectors, expression vectors, adapters, and linkers is well known in the art. (See, e.g., Ausubel, supra; or Sambrook, supra) 
     The isolated nucleic acid compositions of this invention, such as RNA, cDNA, genomic DNA, or any combination thereof, can be obtained from biological sources using any number of cloning methodologies known to those of skill in the art. In some embodiments, oligonucleotide probes that selectively hybridize, under stringent conditions, to the polynucleotides of the present invention are used to identify the desired sequence in a cDNA or genomic DNA library. The isolation of RNA, and construction of cDNA and genomic libraries, is well known to those of ordinary skill in the art. (See, e.g., Ausubel, supra; or Sambrook, supra) 
     Antibody Molecule Compositions 
     For therapeutic use, an antibody preferably is combined with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. As used herein, “pharmaceutically acceptable carrier” means buffers, carriers, and excipients suitable for use in contact with the tissues of human beings and animals without excessive toxicity, irritation, allergic response, or other problem or complication, commensurate with a reasonable benefit/risk ratio. The carrier(s) should be “acceptable” in the sense of being compatible with the other ingredients of the formulations and not deleterious to the recipient. Pharmaceutically acceptable carriers include buffers, solvents, dispersion media, coatings, isotonic and absorption delaying agents, and the like, that are compatible with pharmaceutical administration. The use of such media and agents for pharmaceutically active substances is known in the art. 
     Accordingly, antibody molecule compositions of the present invention can comprise at least one of any suitable excipients, such as, but not limited to, diluent, binder, stabilizer, buffers, salts, lipophilic solvents, preservative, adjuvant or the like. Pharmaceutically acceptable excipients are preferred. Non-limiting examples of, and methods of preparing such sterile solutions are well known in the art, such as, but not limited to, those described in Gennaro, Ed., REMINGTON&#39;S PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES, 18th Edition, Mack Publishing Co. (Easton, Pa.) 1990. Pharmaceutically acceptable carriers can be routinely selected that are suitable for the mode of administration, solubility and/or stability of the antibody molecule, fragment or variant composition as well known in the art or as described herein. 
     Pharmaceutical excipients and additives useful in the present composition include but are not limited to proteins, peptides, amino acids, lipids, and carbohydrates (e.g., sugars, including monosaccharides, di-, tri-, tetra-, and oligosaccharides; derivatized sugars such as alditols, aldonic acids, esterified sugars and the like; and polysaccharides or sugar polymers), which can be present singly or in combination, comprising alone or in combination 1-99.99% by weight or volume. Exemplary protein excipients include serum albumin such as human serum albumin (HSA), recombinant human albumin (rHA), gelatin, casein, and the like. Representative amino acid/antibody molecule components, which can also function in a buffering capacity, include alanine, glycine, arginine, betaine, histidine, glutamic acid, aspartic acid, cysteine, lysine, leucine, isoleucine, valine, methionine, phenylalanine, aspartame, and the like. 
     Carbohydrate excipients suitable for use in the invention include, for example, monosaccharides such as fructose, maltose, galactose, glucose, D-mannose, sorbose, and the like; disaccharides, such as lactose, sucrose, trehalose, cellobiose, and the like; polysaccharides, such as raffinose, melezitose, maltodextrins, dextrans, starches, and the like; and alditols, such as mannitol, xylitol, maltitol, lactitol, xylitol sorbitol (glucitol), myoinositol and the like. Preferred carbohydrate excipients for use in the present invention are mannitol, trehalose, and raffinose. 
     Antibody molecule compositions can also include a buffer or a pH adjusting agent; typically, the buffer is a salt prepared from an organic acid or base. Representative buffers include organic acid salts such as salts of citric acid, acetic acid, ascorbic acid, gluconic acid, carbonic acid, tartaric acid, succinic acid, or phthalic acid; Tris, tromethamine hydrochloride, or phosphate buffers. 
     Additionally, antibody molecule compositions of the invention can include polymeric excipients/additives such as polyvinylpyrrolidones, ficolls (a polymeric sugar), dextrates (e.g., cyclodextrins, such as 2-hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin), polyethylene glycols, flavoring agents, antimicrobial agents, sweeteners, antioxidants, antistatic agents, surfactants (e.g., polysorbates such as “TWEEN 20” and “TWEEN 80”), lipids (e.g., phospholipids, fatty acids), steroids (e.g., cholesterol), and chelating agents (e.g., EDTA). 
     These and additional known pharmaceutical excipients and/or additives suitable for use in the antibody molecule compositions according to the invention are known in the art, e.g., as listed in “REMINGTON: THE SCIENCE &amp; PRACTICE OF PHARMACY”, 19th ed., Williams &amp; Williams, (1995), and in the “PHYSICIAN&#39;S DESK REFERENCE”, 52nd ed., Medical Economics, Montvale, N.J. (1998). Preferred carrier or excipient materials are carbohydrates (e.g., saccharides and alditols) and buffers (e.g., citrate) or polymeric agents. 
     The present invention provides for stable compositions, comprising at least one anti-CD47 antibody molecule in a pharmaceutically acceptable formulation. Preserved formulations contain at least one known preservative or optionally selected from the group consisting of at least one phenol, m-cresol, p-cresol, o-cresol, chlorocresol, benzyl alcohol, phenylmercuric nitrite, phenoxyethanol, formaldehyde, chlorobutanol, magnesium chloride (e.g., hexahydrate), alkylparaben (methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl and the like), benzalkonium chloride, benzethonium chloride, sodium dehydroacetate and thimerosal, or mixtures thereof in an aqueous diluent. Any suitable concentration or mixture can be used as known in the art, such as 0.001-5%, or any range or value therein, such as, but not limited to 0.001, 0.003, 0.005, 0.009, 0.01, 0.02, 0.03, 0.05, 0.09, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6, 0.7, 0.8, 0.9, 1.0, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4, 1.5, 1.6, 1.7, 1.8, 1.9, 2.0, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 2.4, 2.5, 2.6, 2.7, 2.8, 2.9, 3.0, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 3.4, 3.5, 3.6, 3.7, 3.8, 3.9, 4.0, 4.3, 4.5, 4.6, 4.7, 4.8, 4.9, or any range or value therein. Non-limiting examples include, no preservative, 0.1-2% m-cresol (e.g., 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 0.9, or 1.0%), 0.1-3% benzyl alcohol (e.g., 0.5, 0.9, 1.1, 1.5, 1.9, 2.0, or 2.5%), 0.001-0.5% thimerosal (e.g., 0.005 or 0.01%), 0.001-2.0% phenol (e.g., 0.05, 0.25, 0.28, 0.5, 0.9, or 1.0%), 0.0005-1.0% alkylparaben(s) (e.g., 0.00075, 0.0009, 0.001, 0.002, 0.005, 0.0075, 0.009, 0.01, 0.02, 0.05, 0.075, 0.09, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.5, 0.75, 0.9, or 1.0%), and the like. 
     Pharmaceutical compositions containing antibodies disclosed herein can be presented in a dosage unit form and can be prepared by any suitable method. A pharmaceutical composition should be formulated to be compatible with its intended route of administration. Examples of routes of administration are intravenous (IV), intradermal, inhalation, transdermal, topical, transmucosal, and rectal administration. A preferred route of administration for monoclonal antibodies is IV infusion. Useful formulations can be prepared by methods known in the pharmaceutical art. For example, see REMINGTON&#39;S PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES (1990) supra. Formulation components suitable for parenteral administration include a sterile diluent such as water for injection, saline solution, fixed oils, polyethylene glycols, glycerine, propylene glycol or other synthetic solvents; antibacterial agents such as benzyl alcohol or methyl parabens; antioxidants such as ascorbic acid or sodium bisulfite; chelating agents such as EDTA; buffers such as acetates, citrates or phosphates; and agents for the adjustment of tonicity such as sodium chloride or dextrose. 
     For intravenous administration, suitable carriers include physiological saline, bacteriostatic water, Cremophor ELTM (BASF, Parsippany, N.J.) or phosphate buffered saline (PBS). The carrier should be stable under the conditions of manufacture and storage, and should be preserved against microorganisms. The carrier can be a solvent or dispersion medium containing, for example, water, ethanol, polyol (for example, glycerol, propylene glycol, and liquid polyetheylene glycol), and suitable mixtures thereof. 
     In certain embodiments, the pharmaceutically acceptable composition comprises the anti-CD47 antibody in 10 mM histidine, 280 mM sucrose, and 0.01% TWEEN 80 at pH 6.0 
     Pharmaceutical formulations preferably are sterile. Sterilization can be accomplished by any suitable method, e.g., filtration through sterile filtration membranes. Where the composition is lyophilized, filter sterilization can be conducted prior to or following lyophilization and reconstitution. 
     The compositions of this invention may be in a variety of forms. These include, for example, liquid, semi-solid and solid dosage forms, such as liquid solutions (e.g., injectable and infusible solutions), dispersions or suspensions, and liposomes. The preferred form depends on the intended mode of administration and therapeutic application. Typical preferred compositions are in the form of injectable or infusible solutions. The preferred mode of administration is parenteral (e.g., intravenous, subcutaneous, intraocular, intraperitoneal, intramuscular). In a preferred embodiment, the preparation is administered by intravenous infusion or injection. In another preferred embodiment, the preparation is administered by intramuscular or subcutaneous injection. 
     The phrases “parenteral administration” and “administered parenterally” as used herein means modes of administration other than enteral and topical administration, usually by injection, and includes, without limitation, intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, intraarterial, intrathecal, intracapsular, intraorbital, intravitreous, intracardiac, intradermal, intraperitoneal, transtracheal, inhaled, subcutaneous, subcuticular, intraarticular, subcapsular, subarachnoid, intraspinal, epidural and intrasternal injection and infusion. 
     Articles of Manufacture 
     The present invention provides an article of manufacture, comprising packaging material and at least one vial comprising a solution of at least one anti-CD47 antibody molecule with the prescribed buffers and/or preservatives, optionally in an aqueous diluent. The aqueous diluent optionally further comprises a pharmaceutically acceptable preservative. Preservatives include those selected from the group consisting of phenol, m-cresol, p-cresol, o-cresol, chlorocresol, benzyl alcohol, alkylparaben (methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl and the like), benzalkonium chloride, benzethonium chloride, sodium dehydroacetate and thimerosal, or mixtures thereof. The concentration of preservative used in the formulation is a concentration sufficient to yield an anti-microbial effect. Such concentrations are dependent on the preservative selected and are readily determined by the skilled artisan. 
     Other excipients, e.g. isotonicity agents, buffers, antioxidants, preservative enhancers, can be optionally and preferably added to the diluent. An isotonicity agent, such as glycerin, is commonly used at known concentrations. A physiologically tolerated buffer is preferably added to provide improved pH control. The formulations can cover a wide range of pHs, such as from about pH 4.0 to about pH 10.0, from about pH 5.0 to about pH 9.0, or about pH 6.0 to about pH 8.0. 
     Other additives, such as a pharmaceutically acceptable solubilizers like TWEEN 20 (polyoxyethylene (20) sorbitan monolaurate), TWEEN 40 (polyoxyethylene (20) sorbitan monopalmitate), TWEEN 80 (polyoxyethylene (20) sorbitan monooleate), Pluronic F68 (polyoxyethylene polyoxypropylene block copolymers), and PEG (polyethylene glycol) or non-ionic surfactants such as polysorbate 20 or 80 or poloxamer 184 or 188, Pluronic® polyls, other block co-polymers, and chelators such as EDTA and EGTA can optionally be added to the formulations or compositions to reduce aggregation. These additives are particularly useful if a pump or plastic container is used to administer the formulation. The presence of pharmaceutically acceptable surfactant mitigates the propensity for the protein to aggregate. 
     Therapeutic Applications 
     In addition, the invention provides methods of treating disorders associated with elevated levels of CD47 expression in certain cell types, for example, certain cancers, whose cells exhibit elevated levels of CD47 expression. As a result, the invention provides a method of treating a subject, for example, a subject with a cancer, in need thereof. The method comprises administering an effective amount of an anti-CD47 antibody or a composition comprising an anti-CD47 antibody to the subject in need thereof. 
     As used herein, the terms “subject” and “patient” refer to organisms to be treated by the methods of the present invention. Such organisms preferably include, but are not limited to, mammals (e.g., murines, simians, equines, bovines, porcines, canines, felines, and the like), and more preferably includes humans. As used herein, the terms, “treat,” “treatment” and “treating” includes any effect, e.g., lessening, reducing, modulating, ameliorating or eliminating, that results in the improvement of the condition, disease, disorder, and the like, or ameliorating a symptom thereof. 
     As used herein, the term “effective amount” refers to the amount of a compound (e.g., an anti-CD47 antibody molecule) sufficient to effect beneficial or desired results. An effective amount can be administered in one or more administrations, applications or dosages and is not intended to be limited to a particular formulation or administration route. Generally, a therapeutically effective amount of active component is in the range of 0.1 mg/kg to 100 mg/kg, e.g., 1 mg/kg to 100 mg/kg, 1 mg/kg to 10 mg/kg. The dosage administered can vary depending upon known factors, such as the pharmacodynamic characteristics of the particular agent, and its mode and route of administration; the age, health, and weight of the recipient; the type and extent of disease or indication to be treated, the nature and extent of symptoms, kind of concurrent treatment, frequency of treatment, and the effect desired. The initial dosage can be increased beyond the upper level in order to rapidly achieve the desired blood-level or tissue-level. Alternatively, the initial dosage can be smaller than the optimum, and the daily dosage may be progressively increased during the course of treatment. Human dosage can be optimized, e.g., in a conventional Phase I dose escalation study designed to run from 0.5 mg/kg to 20 mg/kg. Dosing frequency can vary, depending on factors such as route of administration, dosage amount, serum half-life of the antibody, and the disease being treated. Exemplary dosing frequencies are once per day, once per week and once every two weeks. Formulation of monoclonal antibody-based drugs is within ordinary skill in the art. In some embodiments, a monoclonal antibody is lyophilized, and then reconstituted in buffered saline, at the time of administration. 
     The present invention provides a method for treating cancer in a cell, tissue, organ, animal or patient. Examples of cancers include, but are not limited to, solid tumors, soft tissue tumors, hematopoietic tumors and metastatic lesions. Examples of hematopoietic tumors include, leukemia, acute leukemia, acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), B-cell, T-cell or FAB ALL, acute myeloid leukemia (AML), chronic myelocytic leukemia (CML), chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), e.g., transformed CLL, diffuse large B-cell lymphomas (DLBCL), follicular lymphoma, hairy cell leukemia, myelodyplastic syndrome (MDS), a lymphoma, Hodgkin&#39;s disease, a malignant lymphoma, non-Hodgkin&#39;s lymphoma, Burkitt&#39;s lymphoma, multiple myeloma, or Richter&#39;s Syndrome (Richter&#39;s Transformation). Examples of solid tumors include malignancies, e.g., sarcomas, adenocarcinomas, and carcinomas, of the various organ systems, such as those affecting head and neck (including pharynx), thyroid, lung (small cell or non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC)), breast, lymphoid, gastrointestinal (e.g., oral, esophageal, stomach, liver, pancreas, small intestine, colon and rectum, anal canal), genitals and genitourinary tract (e.g., renal, urothelial, bladder, ovarian, uterine, cervical, endometrial, prostate, testicular), CNS (e.g., neural or glial cells, e.g., neuroblastoma or glioma), or skin (e.g., melanoma). In certain embodiments, the solid tumor is NMDA receptor positive teratoma. In certain embodiments, the cancer is chosen from breast cancer, colon cancer, pancreatic cancer (e.g., pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (PNETs) or pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC)), stomach, uterine cancer, or ovarian cancer. 
     In one embodiment, the cancer is a cancer associated with ascites. Ascites is a symptom of many types of cancer and can also be caused by a number of conditions, such as advanced liver disease. The types of cancer that are likely to cause ascites are cancer of the breast, lung, large bowel (colon), stomach, pancreas, ovary, womb (endometrium) and the peritoneum. In some embodiments, the cancer associated with ascites is chosen from breast cancer, colon cancer, pancreatic cancer, stomach, uterine cancer, or ovarian cancer. In some embodiments, the cancer is associated with pleural effusions, e.g., lung cancer. 
     Additional hematological cancers include, Myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) (e.g., preleukemia, refractory anemias, Ph-negative chronic myelocytic leukemia, chronic myelomonocytic leukemia, myeloid metaplasia), Non-Hodgkin lymphoma (e.g., diffuse large B cell lymphoma, chronic lymphocytic leukemia, mantle cell lymphoma, B lymphoblastic leukemia/lymphoma, peripheral. T cell lymphoma and Burkitt&#39;s lymphoma), B-lymphoblastic leukemia/lymphoma; B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia/small lymphocytic lymphoma; B-cell prolymphocytic leukemia; Lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma; Splenic marginal zone B-cell lymphoma (±villous lymphocytes); Hairy cell leukemia; Plasma cell myeloma/plasmacytoma; Extranodal marginal zone B-cell lymphoma of the MALT type; Nodal marginal zone B-cell lymphoma (±monocytoid B cells); Follicular lymphoma; Mantle cell lymphoma; Diffuse large B-cell lymphomas; Burkitt&#39;s lymphoma; Precursor T-lymphoblastic lymphoma/leukemia; T-cell prolymphocytic leukemia; T-cell granular lymphocytic leukemia; Aggressive NK cell leukemia; Adult T-cell lymphoma/leukemia (HTLV 1-positive); Extranodal NK/T-cell lymphoma, nasal type; Enteropathy-type T-cell lymphoma; Hepatosplenic γ-δ T-cell lymphoma; Subcutaneous panniculitis-like T-cell lymphoma; Mycosis fungoides/Sezary syndrome; Anaplastic large cell lymphoma, T/null cell, primary cutaneous type; Anaplastic large cell lymphoma, T-/null-cell, primary systemic type; Peripheral T-cell lymphoma, not otherwise characterized; Angioimmunoblastic T-cell lymphoma, chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), chronic myelocytic leukemia (CML), multiple myeloma, polycythemia vera or myelofibrosis, cutaneous T-cell lymphoma, small lymphocytic lymphoma (SLL), marginal zone lymphoma, CNS lymphoma, immunoblastic large cell lymphoma, and precursor B-lymphoblastic lymphoma. 
     Anti CD-47 antibodies, including, e.g., the antibody molecules described herein, can also be used to treat disorders associated with cancer, e.g., cancer-induced encephalopathy 
     Anti CD-47 antibodies, including, e.g., the antibody molecules described herein, can also be used to treat inflammatory, autoimmune, fibrotic, fibroproliferative, atopic, or angiogenic disorders. Examples of inflammatory disorders include but are not limited to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, asthma, rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease (including Crohn&#39;s disease and ulcerative colitis), multiple sclerosis, psoriasis, ischemia-reperfusion injuries, septic shock, age-related macular degeneration (e.g., wet age-related macular degeneration), atherosclerosis, Alzheimer&#39;s disease, Parkinson&#39;s disease, cardiovascular disease, vasculitis, type I and II diabetes, metabolic syndrome, diabetic retinopathy, restenosis. Examples of autoimmune diseases include but are not limited to asthma, rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease, multiple sclerosis, psoriasis, type I diabetes, systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), Sjögren&#39;s syndrome, Hashimoto&#39;s thyroiditis, Graves&#39; disease, Guillain-Barré syndrome, autoimmune hepatitis, and Myasthenia gravis. Examples of fibrotic diseases include but are not limited to scleroderma, liver fibrosis, pancreatic fibrosis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, diabetic nephropathy, sarcoidosis, idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, cirrhosis, cystic fibrosis, neurofibromatosis, endometriosis, post-operative fibroids, and restenosis. Examples of atopic disease include but are not limited to atopic dermatitis, atopic asthma, and allergic rhinitis. 
     The methods and compositions of the invention can be used in combination with other therapeutic agents and/or modalities. The term administered “in combination,” as used herein, is understood to mean that two (or more) different treatments are delivered to the subject during the course of the subject&#39;s affliction with the disorder, such that the effects of the treatments on the patient overlap at a point in time. In certain embodiments, the delivery of one treatment is still occurring when the delivery of the second begins, so that there is overlap in terms of administration. This is sometimes referred to herein as “simultaneous” or “concurrent delivery.” In other embodiments, the delivery of one treatment ends before the delivery of the other treatment begins. In some embodiments of either case, the treatment is more effective because of combined administration. For example, the second treatment is more effective, e.g., an equivalent effect is seen with less of the second treatment, or the second treatment reduces symptoms to a greater extent, than would be seen if the second treatment were administered in the absence of the first treatment, or the analogous situation is seen with the first treatment. In some embodiments, delivery is such that the reduction in a symptom, or other parameter related to the disorder is greater than what would be observed with one treatment delivered in the absence of the other. The effect of the two treatments can be partially additive, wholly additive, or greater than additive. The delivery can be such that an effect of the first treatment delivered is still detectable when the second is delivered. 
     In one embodiment, the methods of the invention include administering to the subject an anti-CD47 molecule, e.g., an anti-CD47 antibody molecule described herein, e.g., a composition or preparation, described herein, in combination with one or more additional therapies, e.g., surgery, radiation therapy, or administration of another therapeutic preparation. In one embodiment, the additional therapy may include chemotherapy, e.g., a cytotoxic agent. In one embodiment the additional therapy may include a targeted therapy, e.g. a tyrosine kinase inhibitor, a proteasome inhibitor, or a protease inhibitor. In one embodiment, the additional therapy may include an anti-inflammatory, anti-angiogenic, anti-fibrotic, or anti-proliferative compound, e.g., a steroid, a biologic immunomodulator, a monoclonal antibody, an antibody fragment, an aptamer, an siRNA, an antisense molecule, a fusion protein, a cytokine, a cytokine receptor, a bronchodialator, a statin, an anti-inflammatory agent (e.g. methotrexate), or an NSAID. In another embodiment, the additional therapy could include combining therapeutics of different classes. The polysaccharide preparation and the additional therapy can be administered simultaneously or sequentially. 
     Exemplary cytotoxic agents that can be administered in combination with the polysaccharide preparation include antimicrotubule agents, topoisomerase inhibitors, antimetabolites, protein synthesis and degradation inhibitors, mitotic inhibitors, alkylating agents, platinating agents, inhibitors of nucleic acid synthesis, histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDAC inhibitors, e.g., vorinostat (SAHA, MK0683), entinostat (MS-275), panobinostat (LBH589), trichostatin A (TSA), mocetinostat (MGCD0103), belinostat (PXD101), romidepsin (FK228, depsipeptide)), DNA methyltransferase inhibitors, nitrogen mustards, nitrosoureas, ethylenimines, alkyl sulfonates, triazenes, folate analogs, nucleoside analogs, ribonucleotide reductase inhibitors, vinca alkaloids, taxanes, epothilones, intercalating agents, agents capable of interfering with a signal transduction pathway, agents that promote apoptosis and radiation, or antibody molecule conjugates that bind surface proteins to deliver a toxic agent. In one embodiment, the cytotoxic agent that can be administered with a preparation described herein is a platinum-based agent (such as cisplatin), cyclophosphamide, dacarbazine, methotrexate, fluorouracil, gemcitabine, capecitabine, hydroxyurea, topotecan, irinotecan, azacytidine, vorinostat, ixabepilone, bortezomib, taxanes (e.g., paclitaxel or docetaxel), cytochalasin B, gramicidin D, ethidium bromide, emetine, mitomycin, etoposide, tenoposide, vincristine, vinblastine, vinorelbine, colchicin, anthracyclines (e.g., doxorubicin or epirubicin) daunorubicin, dihydroxy anthracin dione, mitoxantrone, mithramycin, actinomycin D, adriamycin, 1-dehydrotestosterone, glucocorticoids, procaine, tetracaine, lidocaine, propranolol, puromycin, ricin, or maytansinoids. 
     In one embodiment, the methods of the invention include administering to the subject an anti-CD47 antibody molecule, e.g., an anti-CD47 antibody molecule described herein, in combination with an opsonizing antibody. 
     In embodiments, the opsonizing antibody can facilitate phagocytosis or antibody dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC), or both, of a target cell, e.g., a tumor cell. In one embodiment, the antigen binding portion of the opsonizing antibody binds to a target antigen, whereas the Fc portion of the opsonizing antibody binds to an Fc receptor on a phagocyte. In other embodiments, the antigen binding portion of the opsonizing antibody binds to a target antigen, whereas the Fc portion of the opsonizing antibody binds to an immune effector cell, e.g., via its Fc domain, thus triggering target cell lysis by the bound effector cell (e.g., monocytes, neutrophils and natural killer cells). In one embodiment, the opsonizing antibody can include one or more of an anti-CD19 antibody, an anti-CD20 antibody, an anti-CD38 antibody, an anti-HER2/neu receptor antibody, an anti-EGFR antibody, an anti-CD30 antibody, or an anti-CD33 antibody, either alone or in combination. 
     The anti-CD47 antibody molecule, e.g., an anti-CD47 antibody molecule described herein, may be administered to the subject in combination with a CD19 inhibitor. The CD19 inhibitor may be an antibody, a fragment or conjugate of an antibody, or a cell therapy. Exemplary anti-CD19 antibodies or fragments or conjugates thereof include but are not limited to blinatumomab, SAR3419 (Sanofi), MEDI-551 (MedImmune LLC), Combotox, DT2219ARL (Masonic Cancer Center), MOR-208 (also called XmAb-5574; MorphoSys), XmAb-5871 (Xencor), MDX-1342 (Bristol-Myers Squibb), SGN-CD19A (Seattle Genetics), and AFM 11 (Affirmed Therapeutics). In certain embodiments, the anti-CD47 antibody molecule may be administered to the subject in combination with a CD19 inhibitor for the treatment of cancer, e.g., B-cell lymphomas and leukemias, e.g. acute lymphoblastic leukemia. 
     The anti-CD47 antibody molecule, e.g., an anti-CD47 antibody molecule described herein, may be administered to the subject in combination with a CD20 inhibitor. The CD20 inhibitor may be a small molecule, an antibody, a fragment or conjugate of an antibody, or a cell therapy. Exemplary anti-CD20 antibodies include but are not limited to rituximab, ofatumumab, ocrelizumab, veltuzumab, obinutuzumab, TRU-015 (Trubion Pharmaceuticals), ocaratuzumab, and Pro131921 (Genentech). In certain embodiments, an anti-CD47 antibody molecule may be administered to the subject in combination with a CD20 inhibitor for the treatment of cancer or a disorder associated with cancer, e.g., non-Hodgkin&#39;s lymphoma, diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, chronic lymphocytic leukemia, NMDA receptor positive teratoma, or cancer-induced encephalopathy. In certain embodiments, an anti-CD47 antibody molecule may be administered to the subject in combination with a CD20 inhibitor for the treatment of an autoimmune disease, e.g., rheumatoid arthritis or Myasthenia gravis. 
     The anti-CD47 antibody molecule, e.g., an anti-CD47 antibody molecule described herein, may be administered to the subject in combination with a CD38 inhibitor. The CD38 inhibitor may be a small molecule, an antibody, a fragment or conjugate of an antibody, or a cell therapy. One exemplary anti-CD38 antibody is daratumumab (Johnson &amp; Johnson). In certain embodiments, the anti-CD47 antibody molecule may be administered to the subject in combination with a CD38 inhibitor for the treatment of cancer, e.g. multiple myeloma, B-cell lymphomas, T-cell lymphomas, and leukemias. 
     The anti-CD47 antibody molecule, e.g., an anti-CD47 antibody molecule described herein, may be administered to the subject in combination with a HER2/neu receptor inhibitor. The anti-HER2/neu receptor inhibitor may be an antibody, a fragment or conjugate of an antibody, or a cell therapy. One exemplary anti-HER2/neu receptor antibody is trastuzumab (Genentech). In certain embodiments, the anti-CD47 antibody molecule may be administered to the subject in combination with an anti-HER2/neu receptor antibody for the treatment of cancer, e.g., breast cancer, gastric cancer, e.g., stomach adenocarcinoma, ovarian cancer, lung adenocarcinoma, uterine cancer, salivary duct carcinomas, testicular germ cell tumors, and esophageal tumors. 
     Throughout the description, where compositions and kits are described as having, including, or comprising specific components, or where processes and methods are described as having, including, or comprising specific steps, it is contemplated that, additionally, there are compositions and kits of the present invention that consist essentially of, or consist of, the recited components, and that there are processes and methods according to the present invention that consist essentially of, or consist of, the recited processing and method steps. 
     EXAMPLES 
     Practice of the invention will be more fully understood from the foregoing examples, which are presented herein for illustrative purposes only, and should not be construed as limiting the invention in any way. 
     Example 1-Generation of Anti-CD47 Antibody Molecules 
     This example describes the production of anti-CD47 antibodies in mice. 
     Genetically engineered mice carrying a human immunoglobulin immune repertoire in place of the murine repertoire (Harbour Antibodies BV) were immunized with soluble CD47-Fc fusion protein. Twenty-eight hybridomas expressing anti-CD47 monoclonal antibody molecules were isolated following fusion of splenocytes with a myeloma cell line, screening and cloning. Isolated hybridomas included hybridomas expressing antibody molecules referred to as 2.3D11, 4.2B4, 4.2C11, 4.1H12, 4.12E2, 2.15A5, 2.7B6, 2.12F6, 2.15E4, 2.3A9, 2.5E6, 2.6D3, 4.2C4, 2.3D3, 2.9F9, and 2.1D2. The isolated hybridomas expressed antibody molecules having both heavy and light chains with fully human variable domains and rat constant domains. 
     Exemplary isolated anti-CD47 antibody 2.3D11 (hereafter referred to as “2.3D11”) was sequenced and further characterized below. 
     
       
         
           
               
            
               
                 The heavy chain of the isolated 2.3D11 antibody 
               
               
                 has the following sequence 
               
               
                 (  - FR1 -  - FR2 -  - FR3 -  - 
               
               
                   FR4 -Constant region) 
               
               
                 (SEQ ID NO: 13) 
               
               
                 
                   
                   QVQLQESGPGLVKPSGTLSLTCAVSGVSIR 
                 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 
                   
                   WVRQPPGKGLEWIGEI 
                   
                 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 
                   RVTISVDKSKNQFSLKLNSVTAADTAVYYCAR 
                   
                 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   WGQGTTVTVSS AETTAPSVYPLAPGTALKSNSMVTLGCLVKGYFPEPVTV 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 TWNSGALSSGVHTFPAVLQSG LYTLTSSVTVPSSTWPSQTVTCNVAHPAS   
               
               
                   
               
               
                 
                   STKVDKKIVPRNCGGDCKPCICTGSEVSSVFIFPPKPKDVLTITLTPKVT 
                 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 
                   CVVVDISQDDPEVHFSWFVDDVEVHTAQTRPPEEQFNSTFRSVSELPILH 
                 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 
                   QDWLNGRTFRCKVTSAAFPSPIEKTISKPEGRTQVPHVYTMSPTKEEMTQ 
                 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 
                   NEVSITCMVKGFYPPDIYVEWQMNGQPQENYKNTPPTMDTDGSYFLYSKL 
                 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   NVKKEKWQQGNTFTCSVLHEGLHNHHTEKSLSHSPG . 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 The light chain of the isolated 2.3D11 antibody  
               
               
                 has the following sequence 
               
               
                 (  - FR1 -  - FR2 -  - FR3 -  - FR4 - 
               
               
                 Constant region): 
               
               
                 (SEQ ID NO: 14) 
               
               
                 
                   
                   EIVLTQSPATLSLSPGERATLSCRA 
                 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 
                   
                   LAWYQQKPGQAPRLLIY 
                   
                   GIPARFSGSGSGTDFTLTI 
                 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 
                   SSLEPEDFAVYYC 
                   
                   GGGTKVEIK 
                   RADAAPTVSIFPPSTE 
                 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 
                   QLATGGASVVCLMNNFYPRDISVKWKIDGTERRDGVLDSVTDQDSKDS 
                 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   TYSMSSTLSLTKADYESHNLYTCEVVHKTSSSPVVKSFNRNEC . 
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Once isolated, the constant regions of the heavy chain were replaced with heavy chain constant regions from human IgG1 (SEQ ID NO: 17), human IgG4 (SEQ ID NO: 20) or human IgG4 containing Ser228Pro and Leu235GIu substitutions (SEQ ID NO: 21), and the constant region of the light chain was replaced with a human kappa constant region (SEQ ID NO: 22) using conventional recombinant DNA techniques. 
     The heavy chain of the 2.3D11 antibody comprising a human IgG1 heavy chain constant domain (hereinafter referred to as “2.3D11 IgG1”) has the following sequence (FR1- -FR2- -FR3- -FR4-Constant region; without the leader sequence): 
     
       
         
           
               
            
               
                 (SEQ ID NO: 23) 
               
               
                   QVQLQESGPGLVKPSGTLSLTCAVSGVSIR     WVRQPPGKGLE   
               
               
                   
               
               
                   WIG     RVTISVDKSKNQFSLKLNSVTAADTAVY   
               
               
                   
               
               
                   YCAR     WGQGTTVTVSS   ASTKGPSVFPLAPSSK   
               
               
                   
               
               
                 
                   STSGGTAALGCLVKDYFPEPVTVSWNSGALTSGVHTFPAVLQSSGLY 
                 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 
                   SLSSVVTVPSSSLGTQTYICNVNHKPSNTKVDKKVEPKSCDKTHTCP 
                 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 
                   PCPAPELLGGPSVFLFPPKPKDTLMISRTPEVTCVVVDVSHEDPEVK 
                 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 
                   FNWYVDGVEVHNAKTKPREEQYNSTYRVVSVLTVLHQDWLNGKEYKC 
                 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 
                   KVSNKALPAPIEKTISKAKGQPREPQVYTLPPSRDELTKNQVSLTCL 
                 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 
                   VKGFYPSDIAVEWESNGQPENNYKTTPPVLDSDGSFFLYSKLTVDKS 
                 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   RWQQGNVFSCSVMHEALHNHYTQKSLSLSPGK . 
               
            
           
         
       
     
     The heavy chain of the 2.3D11 antibody comprising a wild-type human IgG4 heavy chain constant domain (hereinafter referred to as “2.3D11 IgG4”) has the following sequence (FR1 -FR2- -FR3- -FR4-Constant region; without leader sequence): 
     
       
         
           
               
            
               
                 (SEQ ID NO: 24) 
               
               
                   QVQLQESGPGLVKPSGTLSLTCAVSGVSIR     WVRQPPGKGLE   
               
               
                   
               
               
                   WIG     RVTISVDKSKNQFSLKLNSVTAADTAVY   
               
               
                   
               
               
                   YCAR     WGQGTTVTVSS   ASTKGPSVFPLAPCSR   
               
               
                   
               
               
                 
                   STSESTAALGCLVKDYFPEPVTVSWNSGALTSGVHTFPAVLQSSGLY 
                 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 
                   SLSSVVTVPSSSLGTKTYTCNVDHKPSNTKVDKRVESKYGPPCPSCP 
                 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 
                   APEFLGGPSVFLFPPKPKDTLMISRTPEVTCVVVDVSQEDPEVQFNW 
                 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 
                   YVDGVEVHNAKTKPREEQFNSTYRVVSVLTVLHQDWLNGKEYKCKVS 
                 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 
                   NKGLPSSIEKTISKAKGQPREPQVYTLPPSQEEMTKNQVSLTCLVKG 
                 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 
                   FYPSDIAVEWESNGQPENNYKTTPPVLDSDGSFFLYSRLTVDKSRWQ 
                 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   EGNVFSCSVMHEALHNHYTQKSLSLSLGK . 
               
            
           
         
       
     
     The heavy chain of the 2.3D11 antibody comprising a mutant human IgG4 heavy chain constant domain with Ser228Pro and Leu235Glu substitutions (hereinafter referred to as “2.3D11 IgG4mt”) has the following sequence (FR1- -FR2- -FR3- -FR4-Constant region; without the leader sequence, mutated residues boxed): 
     
       
         
           
               
            
               
                 (SEQ ID NO: 25) 
               
               
                 
                   QVQLQESGPGLVKPSGTLSLTCAVSGVSIR 
                   
                   WVRQPPGKGLEWIG 
                 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 
                   EIYHSGSTNYNPSL 
                   
                   RVTISVDKSKNQFSLKLNSVTAADTAVYYCAR 
                 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 
                   
                   WGQGTTVTV 
                   SS 
                   ASTKGPSVFPLAPCSRSTSE 
                 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 
                   STAALGCLVKDYFPEPVTVSWNSGALTSGVHTFPAVLQSSGLYSLSS 
                 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 
                   VVTVPSSSLGTKTYTCNVDHKPSNTKVDKRVESKYGPPC 
                   
                   APEP 
                 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 
                   
                   GPSVFLFPPKPKDTLMISRTPEVTCVVVDVSQEDPEVQFNWYVD 
                 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 
                   GVEVHNAKTKPREEQFNSTYRVVSVLTVLHQDWLNGKEYKCKVSNK 
                 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 
                   GLPSSIEKTISKAKGQPREPQVYTLPPSQEEMTKNQVSLTCLVKGF 
                 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 
                   YPSDIAVEWESNGQPENNYKTTPPVLDSDGSFFLYSRLTVDKSRWQ 
                 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 
                   EGNVFSCSVMHEALHNHYTQKSLSLSLGK  
                 
               
            
           
         
       
     
     The light chain of the 2.3D11 antibody comprising a human kappa constant region has the following sequence (FR1-CDR1-FR2-CDR2-FR3-CDR3-FR4-Constant region; without the leader sequence): 
     
       
         
           
               
            
               
                 (SEQ ID NO: 26) 
               
               
                   EIVLTQSPATLSLSPGERATL     WYQQKPGQAPRLL   
               
               
                   
               
               
                   IY     GIPARFSGSGSGTDFTLTISSLEPEDFAVYYC   
               
               
                   
               
               
                 
                   
                   FGGGTKVEIK 
                   TVAAPSVFIFPPSDEQLKSGTASVVCLLN 
                 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 
                   NFYPREAKVQWKVDNALQSGNSQESVTEQDSKDSTYSLSSTLTLSKA 
                 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   DYEKHKVYACEVTHQGLSSPVTKSFNRGEC . 
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Example 2: In Vitro Characterization of Anti-CD47 Antibodies 
     The 2.3D11 antibody generated in Example 1 was tested in a set of in vitro assays to ascertain their biological characteristics and activities. The 2.3D11 antibody was found to potently inhibit the interaction between CD47 and SIRPα and enhance phagocytosis of tumor cells. Surprisingly and unexpectedly, 2.3D11 was found to cross compete with reference antibody B6H12 for binding to CD47, even though, unlike B6H12, 2.3D11 does not induce hemagglutination or red blood cell phagocytosis. 
     I-SIRPα Blocking Activity 
     SIRPα is a natural ligand of CD47. The ability of 2.31311 to block the CD47-SIRPα interaction was measured using a flow cytometry based assay, wherein Jurkat cells, which express CD47, were incubated with an anti-CD47 antibody or a control monoclonal antibody (antibodies titrated 10 μg/ml-0.17 ng/ml in 3 fold dilution series), washed and then incubated with SIRPα-Fc-bio (7.5 μg/ml; determined as ˜EC 70  from previous titration). SIRPα bound to the cells was detected using streptavidin-allophycocyanin (SA-APC). As shown in  FIG. 1 , the 2.3D11 antibody potently blocked the CD47-SIRPα interaction. 
     II-2.3D11 Competes with B6H12 for Binding to CD47 
     As shown in  FIGS. 2A-C , the anti-CD47 antibodies B6H12 and 2.3D11 mutually cross compete for (block) binding to CD47, suggesting there is overlap between the binding epitopes of the two antibodies. 
     Two approaches were used to study their cross competition for CD47. 
     First, DU-145 (a human prostate cancer cell line that expresses CD47) cells were pre-incubated with varying concentrations of purified anti-CD47 or control antibodies, washed and then stained with biotinylated versions of the antibodies to assess self- and cross-blocking ( FIGS. 2A-B ). Biotinylated versions of the antibodies were detected with streptavidin fluorescein isothiocyanate (SA-FITC). Second, Panc-1 (pancreatic carcinoma cell line that expresses CD47) cells were co-incubated with B6H12 and increasing concentrations of unlabeled 2.31311 ( FIG. 2C ). In both cases, 2.3D11 competed with B6H12 for binding to CD47, which indicates that the two antibodies bind overlapping epitopes. 
     III-2.3D11 Binding to Cynomolgus Monkey CD47 
     The ability of 2.31311 to bind to cynomolgus (cyno) monkey CD47 was assessed. Briefly, human and cyno red blood cells (RBCs) were isolated and reacted with a dilution series of each antibody, and analyzed by flow cytometry. As shown in  FIG. 3A-D , 2.3D11 binds to both human and cyno RBCs. 
     IV-2.3D11 Enhances Phagocytosis of Target Cancer Cells 
     CD47 is a cell surface receptor that is upregulated on tumor cells and is also thought to contribute to immune evasion through its interaction with its natural ligand SIRPα. Ligation of SIRPα on macrophages by CD47 results in decreased phagocytic activity. The effect of the 2.3D11 antibody on phagocytosis of target cells was assessed. 
     Briefly, effector cells (primary human macrophages (CD14+ monocytes isolated from human peripheral blood and differentiated with M-CSF for 7 days)), were co-cultured with target cells (carboxyfluorescein succinimidyl ester (CFSE)-labeled Jurkat or Raji cells), at ratios between 1:1 and 1:4 (effector:target), for 2 hours in the presence of anti-CD47 antibodies or isotype control. Phagocytosis was measured as CD14+ CFSE+ events as a percent of the total CD14+ cells as measured by flow cytometry. Cytochalasin D, which inhibits phagocytosis, was used as a control. As shown in  FIGS. 4A-B  and  FIG. 5 , the presence of 2.3D11 in co-cultures enhanced phagocytosis of target cells. 
     Further, as shown in  FIG. 6 , 2.3D11 cooperates with the anti-CD20 antibody rituximab to promote Raji cell phagocytosis. These results suggest that tumor cell phagocytosis can be enhanced in the presence of opsonizing antibodies (e.g., anti-CD20 antibodies) when co-administered with 2.3D11. Additionally, as shown in  FIGS. 7A-C , phagocytosis may be influenced by the level of CD47 expression on target cell. 2.3D11 increased phagocytosis of Raji tumor cell line targets with an EC 50  of ˜300 ng/mL (data not shown). 
     V Hemagglutination Activity of 2.3D11 
     To evaluate the hemagglutinating capacity of 2.3D11, human RBCs were incubated with a dose range of anti-CD47 antibody, for example, 2.3D11, 4.2B4, 4.2C11, 4.1H12, 4.12E2, 2D3, B6H12, and AB6.12-IgG4PE, or control in a 96 well plate. Evidence of hemagglutination was demonstrated by the presence of non-settled RBCs, appearing as a haze compared to a punctuate dot of non-hemagglutinated RBCs. 
     Unexpectedly, as shown in  FIG. 8 , antibody 2.3D11 did not exhibit hemagglutinating activity at any of the concentrations tested despite binding competition with B6H12 antibody, which is known to cause hemagglutination. 
     VI-2.3D11 does not Enhance Phagocytosis of Target Red Blood Cells 
     To evaluate whether binding of 2.3D11 to RBC leads to increased phagocytic uptake by macrophages, phagocytosis assays similar to those described in section IV above were performed, using human or cyno RBC as targets at an effector:target ratio of 1:10. As shown in  FIG. 9 , 2.3D11 had minimal effect on human and cyno RBC phagocytosis, in contrast to B6H12 which enhanced phagocytosis. 
     In summary, increased phagocytosis mediated by 2.3D11 is preferential for tumor cells over normal leukocytes and RBC. 
     Example 3-In Vivo Efficacy of Anti-CD47 Antibody in Tumor Models 
     The anti-tumor activity of 2.3D11, produced as either a wild-type human IgG4 (“2.3D11 IgG4”) or S228P/L235E double mutant human IgG4 (“2.3D11 IgG4mt”), as described in Example 1, was evaluated in the Burkitt&#39;s lymphoma Raji xenograft model. 
     Female CB.17 SCID mice were injected subcutaneously with 1×10 7  Raji B tumor cells in 50% Matrigel and treatment was started when tumors reached 100 mm 3 . Isotype control, 2.3D11 IgG4 and 2.3D11 IgG4mt antibodies were injected intraperitoneally (i.p.) three times per week, for 3 weeks at the indicated doses. Rituximab was injected i.p. at 5 mg/kg once a week for 3 weeks. Body weight and tumor volume were measured twice per week. 
     The antitumor efficacy of 2.3D11IgG4 and 2.3D11 IgG4mt (200 μg/mouse, t.i.w.) were compared in the Raji model of Burkitt&#39;s lymphoma. As shown in  FIG. 10A , both the 2.3D11 IgG4 and 2.3D11 IgG4mt antibodies demonstrated anti-tumor activity in this xenograft model. At the time the isotype control group reached 2000 mm 3  (day 24), tumor growth inhibition (TGI) activity of the 2.3D11 IgG4 and 2.3D11 IgG4mt antibodies was 97% and 71%, respectively. 
     In the Raji xenograft model, the anti-tumor activity of 2.3D11 derivatives was at least partially dependent on macrophages, as depletion of macrophages via clodronate administration led to reduced tumor growth inhibition. Tumor-associated macrophage (TAM) numbers and polarization status were also modulated by 2.3D11 derivative treatment (data not shown). 
     The Raji model has been shown to be sensitive to rituximab, an anti-CD20 antibody used as a first line therapy for diffuse large B-cell lymphoma patients. The antitumor efficacy of 2.3D11 IgG4 (100 μg/mouse, t.i.w.) and 2.3D11 IgG4mt (200 μg/mouse, t.i.w.) in combination with rituximab (5 mg/kg, q.w.) was assessed in the Raji model. The results for 2.3D11 IgG4mt at day 19 after the start of treatment are summarized in  FIG. 10B . TGI activity of 2.3D11 IgG4mt antibody alone was 51% and rituximab TGI was 67%. When combined, 2.3D11 IgG4mt and rituximab achieved 96% TGI, indicating synergistic improvement of tumor growth inhibition by the combined antibodies.  FIG. 10C  summarizes the results for 2.3D11 IgG4 at day 19 after the start of treatment. The data show that 2.3D11 IgG4 is highly potent in a monotherapy setting, leading to tumor regression (from 124 mm 3  at the start of treatment to 47 mm 3  at day 19) and 96% TGI, similar to the results in the experiment described above but using only half the amount of 2.3D11 IgG4 antibody. The high potency of the 2.3D11 IgG4 makes it difficult to assess the possible additional effect of the combination with rituximab. However, it is noteworthy that at an earlier time point, day 12, the 2.3D11 IgG4 arm had only 1 tumor-free mouse, whereas the combination arm had 5 tumor free mice. In all the experiments described above, no body weight loss was reported. 
     In summary, 2.3D11 administration led to profound tumor growth inhibition in a model of Burkitt&#39;s lymphoma as a single agent and in combination with an opsonizing antibody. 
     Example 4-Fc Format Variants of Anti-CD47 Antibody 
     The activity of 2.3D11, produced in three different Fc formats, was evaluated in multiple assays. 2.3D11 was produced with wild-type human IgG4 (“2.3D11 IgG4”) or S228P/L235E double mutant human IgG4 (“2.3D11 IgG4mt”) or wild type IgG1 (“2.3D11 IgG1”). 
     I-RBC Phagocytosis 
     Human red blood cells (RBCs) were isolated from healthy donors and labeled with CFSE. Labeled RBCs were cultured with day 7 human macrophages in the presence of a 2.3D11 antibody, isotype control, or anti-CD47 antibody B6H12 for two hours at a target-to-effector ratio of 10:1. After culture, cells were trypsinized and stained with anti-CD14-APC and analyzed by flow cytometry. 
     Phagocytosis was quantitated as the percent of CD14+ events (macrophages) that were also CFSE+ and had therefore engulfed a target (events were gated on singlets). No significant difference was observed between the isotype controls or the 2.3D11 IgG1, 2.3D11IgG4 or 2.3D11 IgG4mt antibodies, but B6H12 strongly induced RBC phagocytosis. Representative data is shown in  FIG. 11 . 
     II-Phagocytosis by Polarized Macrophages 
     Primary human monocytes were differentiated in 1.00 ng/mL recombinant human macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF) for 6 days. On the sixth day, macrophages were replated in the presence of either (A) M-CSF alone, producing unpolarized macrophage, (B) M-CSF plus interleukin-10 (IL-10), transforming growth factor β (TGFβ) and interleukin-4 (IL-4), polarizing the macrophage to the M2 phenotype, (C) M-CSF plus interferon γ and lipopolysaccharide (LPS), polarizing the macrophage to the M1 phenotype, or (D) M-CSF plus dexamethasone (Dex), polarizing the macrophage to a strong M2 phenotype, overnight. 
     Phagocytosis assays were performed on day 7, as described above, using CFSE-labeled Jurkat cells as targets. The results are summarized in  FIGS. 12A-12D , which demonstrate that the anti-CD47 antibody 2.3D11, regardless of Fc format, enhances phagocytosis by both M1 and M2 polarized macrophages. 
     III-Tumor Cell Phagocytosis 
     Primary human monocytes were differentiated in 100 ng/mL recombinant human macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF) for 7 days. Frozen bone marrow samples from AML patients or healthy donors were thawed, labelled with CFSE and cultured with differentiated macrophages for 2 hours at a target-to-effector ratio of 1:1, in the presence of either 10 or 5 μg/mL of the indicated antibodies. Phagocytosis was quantitated as described above. The results are summarized in  FIG. 13 , which demonstrate that both the 2.3D11 IgG1 and 2.3D11 IgG4 anti-CD47 antibodies stimulate phagocytosis of bone marrow cells from AML patients. 
     IV-Burkitt&#39;s Lymphoma Raji Xenograft Model 
     SCID-Beige mice were injected subcutaneously with 1×10 7  Raji B tumor cells in 50% Matrigel and treatment was started when tumor reached 100 mm 3 . Isotype control (polyclonal human IgG), 2.3D11 IgG4, 2.3D11 IgG4mt and 2.3D11IgG1 antibodies were injected intraperitoneally (i.p.) with 200 μg of antibody three times per week for 3 weeks. Body weight and tumor volume were measured twice per week. 
     As shown in  FIG. 14 , the 2.3D11 IgG1, 2.3D11 IgG4 and 2.3D11 IgG4mt anti-CD47 antibodies demonstrated anti-tumor activity in this xenograft model, but the 2.3D11 IgG4mt antibody showed significantly less tumor growth inhibition than either the 2.3D11 IgG4 or 2.3D11 IgG1 antibodies. 
     Example 5-Antibody 2.3D11 and Anti-CD38 Antibody Act Synergistically to Enhance Macrophage Phagocytosis of Multiple Myeloma Cells 
     This example shows that a 2.3D11 derived antibody acts synergistically with an anti-CD38 opsonizing antibody. 
     Primary human monocytes were differentiated in 100 ng/mL recombinant human macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF) for 7 days. A primary multiple myeloma bone marrow sample was CFSE labeled and co-cultured with differentiated human macrophages at a ratio of 2:1, in the presence of 10 μg/mL of antibody 2.3D11 IgG4, an anti-human CD38-hIgG1 antibody (MAB1135, G&amp;P Biosciences), or both (single-agent conditions were supplemented with 10 μg/mL of isotype control). 
     Phagocytosis was assessed by flow cytometry and reported as percent of macrophages that are CFSE-positive. The results are summarized in  FIG. 15 , which shows that the combination of an anti-CD47 antibody with an anti-CD38 antibody synergistically enhances phagocytosis of multiple myeloma cells as compared to either antibody alone. 
     In summary, the results presented herein demonstrate that the anti-CD47 antibody 2.3D11 induces robust tumor cell phagocytosis and tumor clearance both alone and in combination with opsonizing antibodies in preclinical models of multiple myeloma. 
     Example 6-Antibody 2.3D11 and an Anti-CD38 Antibody Act Synergistically to Reduce Tumor Burden in Murine Xenograft Model of Multiple Myeloma 
     This example describes the synergistic properties that can be observed when a 2.3D11 derived antibody is combined with an anti-CD38 opsonizing antibody in a murine model of multiple myeloma. 
     8-12 week old CB.17 SCID female mice (Charles River) were injected subcutaneously with 1×10 7  H929 tumor cells in 50% Matrigel in the right flank. Cell injection volume was 0.1 mL/mouse. When tumors reached an average size of 100-150 mm 3 , animals were randomized to control or treatment. Treatment groups included 2.3D11 IgG4 at 30 μg/mouse (injected intraperitoneally (i.p.) three times per week for 3 weeks), daratumumab at 10 μg/mouse (injected i.p. at a single dose), and a combination of the two antibodies. Tumor volumes were measured twice weekly with a caliper using the formula (length*width2*0.52). The results are show in  FIG. 16  and demonstrate that anti-tumor activity of the combination of 2.3D11 IgG4 and daratumumab is greater than either single agent alone. 
     Example 7-Antibody 2.3D11 Enhances Phagocytosis of Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL) Cells 
     This example describes enhanced phagocytosis of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) cells mediated by a 2.3D11 derived antibody. 
     Primary human monocytes were differentiated in 100 ng/mL recombinant human macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF) for 7 days. CD19 + /CD5+ tumor cells from the peripheral blood of a CLL patient were CFSE labeled and co-cultured with differentiated human macrophages at a ratio of 2:1 for two hours, in the presence of antibody 2.3D11 IgG4, or isotype control (anti-DNP antibody with a hIgG4 constant region). Phagocytosis was assessed by flow cytometry, as described above, and reported as percent of CD14+macrophages that are CFSE-positive. 
     The results are summarized in  FIG. 17 , which demonstrate the ability of 2.3D11 IgG4 to significantly boost the phagocytosis of primary CLL cells by macrophages in vitro. These data suggest that different stages of CLL may respond to 2.3D11 IgG4 treatment. 
     INCORPORATION BY REFERENCE 
     The entire disclosure of each of the patent documents and scientific articles cited herein is incorporated by reference for all purposes. 
     EQUIVALENTS 
     The invention may be embodied in other specific forms without departing from the spirit or essential characteristics thereof. The foregoing embodiments are therefore to be considered in all respects illustrative rather than limiting on the invention described herein. Scope of the invention is thus indicated by the appended claims rather than by the foregoing description, and all changes that come within the meaning and range of equivalency of the claims are intended to be embraced therein.