Patent Publication Number: US-8975055-B2

Title: Reduced-fat foodstuffs and cooking oils, and methods for making same

Description:
The present application is a divisional of U.S. application Ser. No. 13/098,124 filed Apr. 29, 2011 (pending), the entire contents of which is specifically incorporated herein in its entirety by express reference thereto. 
    
    
     FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention relates generally to the generation and production of novel lipase variants. More particularly, it concerns lipase compositions, constructs coding for the expression of these compositions, cells capable of expressing the variants from the constructs, methods of making such compositions, and methods for recognizing long-chain fatty acids as a substrate as well as increasing the trans-selectivity of a lipolytic enzyme. In general, the present invention relates to the recombination and recombinant expression of lipase variants of the  Ustilago maydis  lipase. The invention also relates to methods for the generation and production of lipase variants as catalysts for reducing or eliminating trans-fatty acids from lipids and lipid compositions. 
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     Lipases (triacylglycerol acylhydrolases, E.C. 3.1.1.3) consist of a genetically diverse and distinctive grouping of water-soluble hydrolytic enzymes that typically act on the ester bonds of lipid substrates. Lipids can include fats, waxes, sterols, fat-soluble vitamins, monoglycerides, diglycerides, fatty acyls, polyketides, and fatty acids, and exist as a number of variations containing different additional chemical structures such as phospholipids, glycerolipids, glycerophospholipids, sphingolipids, sterol lipids, prenol lipids, saccharolipids, etc. Lipases have been used in ester and amide synthesis, kinetic resolutions or asymmetric synthesis to obtain optically pure compounds, and lipid modifications (Bomscheuer and Kazlauskas, 2005). Lipases play an essential role in: (1) the metabolism of dietary lipids, (2) injury and inflammation, (3) cell biology, (4) fermentation, (5) biocatalysis, (6) vitamin absorption, (7) laundering, (8) synthesis of pharmaceuticals and many other biological and chemical processes. Such wide and varying roles have been attributed to lipase stability in organic solvents, high specificity, high enantio-selectivity and regio-selectivity, and a general lack of a need of cofactors for their action. Genes encoding lipases have been found in most, if not all, types of organisms. 
     Typically, the tertiary structure of lipases includes the alpha/beta (α/β) hydrolase fold pattern (Ollis et al., 1992), also common in peptidases and esterases (Holmquist, 2000), and can be composed of a core of up to eight beta strands, connected and surrounded by alpha helices. The active sites of lipases are usually formed by at least a catalytic triad consisting of a serine residue as the nucleophile, a histidine residue, and an aspartic or glutamic acid residue. The active site residues are located in a hydrophobic pocket that is covered by a flap or lid structure, usually composed of amphiphilic α helices (Anthonsen et al., 1995). 
     Lipases typically act at the interface generated by a hydrophobic lipid substrate in a hydrophilic aqueous medium. There are typically four basic steps in lipase hydrolysis and/or alcoholysis (i.e., ethanolysis), which involves a conformational change of the lipase itself. First, the lipase is adsorbed and activated by the opening of the hydrophobic pocket by displacement of the lid structure, by the so-called interfacial activation. Once the pocket is opened, the ester bond of the lipid substrate is able to reach and bind to the lipase active site. Second, the nucleophilic oxygen of the serine side chain binds the carbonyl carbon of the ester bond, forming a tetrahedral intermediate, stabilized by hydrogen bonding with amide nitrogen atoms of the amino acid residues nearby. Third, the ester bond is cleaved, which frees an alcohol and produces an acyl-enzyme complex. Last, the acyl-enzyme is hydrolyzed upon entry of a water molecule or alcohol into the active site. This frees the fatty acid (in case of water as nucleophile) or ester (in case of an alcohol as nucleophile) and the lipase is regenerated. 
     Due, in part, to their diverse functioning and structure, as revealed by sequence analysis and crystallography, lipases belong to different enzyme subclasses or families.  Pseudozyma  (formerly  Candida )  antarctica , is a basidiomycetous yeast strain isolated from Lake Vanda in Antarctica that produces two differently functioning lipases: lipase A (CAL-A) and lipase B (CAL-B) (Ericsson et al., 2008). These two lipases have been previously characterized and the amino acid and DNA sequences encoding these lipases have been determined (Novo Nordisk A/S, by Hoegh et al., 1995). CAL-B is a widely used enzyme in organic synthesis on both the laboratory and commercial scale, especially in the resolution of racemic mixtures. 
     CAL-A is one representative of a new class of lipases and, due to its properties, including thermostability, has been used as a catalyst in the paper, wax, food, flavor, and biopharmaceutical industries. CAL-A has an unusual lid structure and C-terminal flap, which can accept very bulky substrates like highly branched acyl groups and sterically hindered alcohols and amines (Kirk and Christensen, 2002; Krishna et al., 2002; Schmidt et al., 2005). CAL-A also shows a higher homology to peptidase structures rather than typical lipase structures (Ericsson et al., 2008). 
     Mono- or poly-unsaturated fats with trans-isomer fatty acid(s) are commonly called “trans fats.” Trans-isomers contain chains where the carbon atoms next to the double bond are located geometrically opposite, whereas in cis-isomers the carbon atoms next to the double bond are geometrically on the same side. In the cis configuration, the naturally occurring unsaturated fatty acids have lower melting points than those of saturated fatty acids, and thus are found in liquid form. Typically, trans-fatty acids are found in food products as a result of a partial hydrogenation process. Trans-fatty acids have higher melting points than those of the cis-unsaturated fatty acids and are less susceptible to auto-oxidation and so can form a more stable solid or semi-solid fat. Dietary intake of trans-fatty acids has been linked to an increased risk for heart disease, diabetes, obesity, metabolic syndrome, Alzheimer&#39;s disease, cancer, liver dysfunction and infertility. For these reasons, attempts have been made to reduce the trans-fatty acid content in dietary products (Ratnayake and Cruz-Hernandez, 2009). 
     Lipases have gained significant commercial importance; however, the expression levels in native organisms are too low to meet these increasing needs. Therefore, numerous attempts have been made to optimize the activity, selectivity, sensitivity and stability of lipases. These include immobilizing the lipase on solid supports and using non-aqueous solvents as well as recombinant DNA techniques and protein engineering. Understanding the mechanisms underlying gene expression, protein folding and excretion of lipases enables higher-level production of these biocatalysts (Napolitano and Giuffrida, 2009). 
     Numerous lipase assay methods have been used to determine lipase activity, including, but not limited to, using colored or fluorescent substrates, which allow spectroscopic and fluorimetric detection of lipase activity, chromatography techniques including high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), silver ion chromatography, gas chromatography and thin layer chromatography, titration of fatty acids released from the substrate, mass spectrometry and controlled surface pressure or oil drop tensiometry. 
     Due to the central importance of lipase function in lipid metabolism and transport, and its implication in serious diseases and conditions such as heart disease, diabetes, obesity, metabolic syndrome, Alzheimer&#39;s disease, cancer, liver dysfunction and infertility, it is imperative to know not only how lipases work, but also how to improve the activity, selectivity, sensitivity and stability of lipases. What is desirable, therefore, are compositions and methods for producing a novel lipase variant, increasing the preference of a lipase for long fatty acid chains, increasing the range and number of fatty acid chains that a lipase is able to catalyze, and increasing the trans-selectivity of lipases and reducing or eliminating trans-fatty acids from lipid substrates. Such compositions and methods find particular utility in a variety of analytical assays and dietary regimens. 
     BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention seeks to overcome these and other inherent limitations in the prior art by providing new, non-obvious, and useful compositions, as well as methods of making and employing them, that may advantageously modulate, alter, ameliorate or reduce the amount of trans-fatty acid moieties and/or long chain fatty acid moieties in a substrate or composition containing them. 
     The invention encompasses a lipase, or variant thereof, that has increased specificity for trans-fatty acid moieties and/or long chain fatty acid moieties. “Lipase variant(s),” or simply “variant(s)” are lypolytic enzymes with a modified amino acid sequence. “Trans-fatty acid moieties” are those fats or lipids that contain trans-isomer (E-isomer) fatty acids. Trans-fatty acid moieties may be or contain monounsaturated or polyunsaturated fatty acids which contain one or more double bonds within the molecule. Lipases, or variants thereof, that act preferentially on trans-fatty acid moieties, rather than cis-fatty acid moieties and/or or saturated fatty acid moieties are said to be “trans-selective.” Long chain fatty acid moieties are or contain fatty acids with aliphatic tails of 12 carbons or longer. Lipases, or variants thereof, of the invention act preferentially on, or preferentially catalyze long chain fatty acid moiety substrates. 
     An embodiment provides for an isolated lipase, or variant thereof, that includes an amino acid sequence that is at least about 80%, at least about 85%, at least about 90%, at least about 95%, at least about 98%, or at least about 99% identical to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:1, SEQ ID NO:4, or SEQ ID NO:6. SEQ ID NO:1 encodes for a parent lipase, the sequence of which is altered, modified or mutated to create lipase variants. SEQ ID NO:4 and SEQ ID NO:6 are lipase variants of SEQ ID NO:1, but their sequences be altered, modified or mutated to create additional lipase variants. The amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:4 and SEQ ID NO:6 result from truncations of the N-terminus of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:1. 
     A further embodiment provides for an isolated lipase, or variant thereof, that includes at least a first amino acid substitution in one or more of the amino acid residues of SEQ ID NO:1, SEQ ID NO:4, or SEQ ID NO:6 that confers trans-selective lipolytic activity or a preference for catalyzing long chain fatty acid moieties to the lipase, or variant thereof. Some embodiments may include two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, or even ten or more amino acid substitutions within SEQ ID NO:1, SEQ ID NO:4, or SEQ ID NO:6. In some embodiments, these substitutions are made at, near or facing the binding tunnel or active site of the lipase, or variant thereof. In other embodiments, these substitutions are made in the lid structure or C-terminal flap of the lipase, or variant thereof. An embodiment provides for an isolated lipase, or variant thereof, wherein the one or more amino acid substitutions is a phenylalanine-to-aspartic acid substitution, an alanine-to-asparagine substitution, a threonine-to-histidine substitution, a phenylalanine-to-serine substitution, a glycine-to-alanine substitution, a glycine-to-tyrosine substitution, a glycine-to-leucine substitution, a valine-to-histidine substitution, a valine-to-isoleucine substitution, or a leucine-to-asparagine substitution, or any combination thereof. Conservative amino acid substitutions 
     A further embodiment provides for an isolated lipase, or variant thereof, that includes one or more amino acid substitutions corresponding to any one or more of residues 269, 338, 341, 342, 357, 421, and 425, wherein each amino acid position is numbered by correspondence to a position in the amino acid sequence of the lipase as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 1. In another embodiment, the isolated lipase, or variant thereof, includes one or more amino acid substitutions corresponding to any one or more of residues 145, 214, 217, 218, 233, 297, and 301, wherein each amino acid position is numbered by correspondence to a position in the amino acid sequence of the lipase as set forth in SEQ ID NO:4. In another embodiment, the isolated lipase, or variant thereof, includes one or more amino acid substitutions corresponding to any one or more of residues 124, 193, 196, 197, 212, 276, and 280, wherein each amino acid position is numbered by correspondence to a position in the amino acid sequence of the lipase as set forth in SEQ ID NO:6. 
     In some embodiments, the substitution at amino acid residue 269 is a phenylalanine-to-aspartic acid substitution, the substitution at amino acid residue 338 is an alanine-to-asparagine substitution, the substitution at amino acid residue 341 is a threonine-to-histidine substitution, the substitution at amino acid residue 342 is a phenylalanine-to-serine substitution, the substitution at amino acid 357 is a glycine-to-alanine, glycine-to-tyrosine, or glycine-to-leucine substitution, the substitution at amino acid residue 421 is a valine-to-histidine substitution or a valine-to-isoleucine substitution, and the substitution at amino acid residue 425 is a leucine-to-asparagine substitution, wherein each amino acid position is numbered by correspondence to a position in the amino acid sequence of the lipase as set forth in SEQ ID NO:1. In further embodiments, the substitution at amino acid residue 145 is a phenylalanine-to-aspartic acid substitution, the substitution at amino acid residue 214 is an alanine-to-asparagine substitution, the substitution at amino acid residue 217 is a threonine-to-histidine substitution, the substitution at amino acid residue 218 is a phenylalanine-to-serine substitution, the substitution at amino acid 233 is a glycine-to-alanine, glycine-to-tyrosine, or glycine-to-leucine substitution, the substitution at amino acid residue 297 is a valine-to-histidine substitution or a valine-to-isoleucine substitution, and the substitution at amino acid residue 301 is a leucine-to-asparagine substitution, wherein each amino acid position is numbered by correspondence to a position in the amino acid sequence of the lipase as set forth in SEQ ID NO:4. In some embodiments, the substitution at amino acid residue 124 is a phenylalanine-to-aspartic acid substitution, the substitution at amino acid residue 193 is an alanine-to-asparagine substitution, the substitution at amino acid residue 196 is a threonine-to-histidine substitution, the substitution at amino acid residue 197 is a phenylalanine-to-serine substitution, the substitution at amino acid 212 is a glycine-to-alanine, glycine-to-tyrosine, or glycine-to-leucine substitution, the substitution at amino acid residue 276 is a valine-to-histidine substitution or a valine-to-isoleucine substitution, and the substitution at amino acid residue 280 is a leucine-to-asparagine substitution, wherein each amino acid position is numbered by correspondence to a position in the amino acid sequence of the lipase as set forth in SEQ ID NO:6. 
     In further embodiments, the isolated lipase variant has an increased preference or specificity for catalyzing trans-fatty acid moieties when compared to a non-selective or un-substituted lipase. Non-selective lipases are those lipases that do not preferentially catalyze a particular lipid substrate, such as a trans-, cis-, or saturated fatty acid moiety. Un-substituted lipases are those lipases which do not contain any amino acid substitutions. For example, the sequences of SEQ ID NO:1, SEQ ID NO:4, and SEQ ID NO:6 do not contain any amino acid substitutions. Exemplary non-selective lipases include, but are not limited to lipases from  Geobacillus  sp.,  Rhizomucor  sp.,  Candida rugosa , and the like. 
     In some embodiments, the at least a first amino acid substitution confers to the lipase variant polypeptide an increased hydrolytic or alcoholytic, for example, ethanolytic, activity in the presence of trans-fatty acid moieties when compared to a non-selective lipase when both the variant and the non-selective lipase are exposed to the same fatty acid composition. This increased hydrolytic or ethanolytic activity is an indication of preference for the catalysis of a particular substrate. Typically, lipases catalyze the hydrolysis of ester chemical bonds in lipid substrates. They can also catalyze the alcoholysis of the ester bonds in the lipid substrates. In further embodiments, the at least a first amino acid substitution confers to the polypeptide an about 1.0-fold, an about 1.5-fold, an about 2-fold, or an about 2.5-fold increase in hydrolytic or ethanolytic activity in the presence of at least a first trans-fatty acid moiety, when compared to a non-selective or un-substituted lipase. 
     In further embodiments, the at least a first amino acid substitution confers to the lipase variant polypeptide an increased preference for catalyzing fatty acid moieties having a carbon chain length greater than or equal to twelve (≧C 12 ), greater than or equal to fourteen (≧C 14 ), or greater than or equal to sixteen (≧C 16 ) when compared to the wild-type or parent lipase. In further embodiments, the at least a first amino acid substitution confers to the lipase variant polypeptide an increased preference for catalyzing fatty acid moieties having a carbon chain length greater than or equal to twelve (≧C 12 ), and an about 1.5-fold increase in hydrolytic or ethanolytic activity in the presence of at least a first trans-fatty acid moiety, when compared to the wild-type or parent lipase. In some embodiments, the at least a first amino acid substitution confers to the lipase variant polypeptide an increased preference for catalyzing fatty acid moieties having a carbon chain length greater than or equal to fourteen (≧C 14 ), and an about 1.5-fold increase in hydrolytic or ethanolytic activity in the presence of at least a first trans-fatty acid moiety, when compared to the wild-type or parent lipase. In other embodiments, the at least a first amino acid substitution confers to the lipase variant polypeptide an increased preference for catalyzing fatty acid moieties having a carbon chain length greater than or equal to sixteen (≧C 16 ), and an about 1.5-fold increase in hydrolytic or ethanolytic activity in the presence of at least a first trans-fatty acid moiety, when compared to the wild-type or parent lipase. In other embodiments, the at least a first amino acid substitution confers to the lipase variant polypeptide an increased preference for catalyzing fatty acid moieties having a carbon chain length greater than or equal to fourteen (≧C 14 ), and an about 2.0-fold increase in hydrolytic or ethanolytic activity in the presence of at least a first trans-fatty acid moiety, when compared to the wild-type or parent lipase. In other embodiments, the at least a first amino acid substitution confers to the lipase variant polypeptide an increased preference for catalyzing fatty acid moieties having a carbon chain length greater than or equal to fourteen (≧C 14 ), and an about 2.5-fold increase in hydrolytic or ethanolytic activity in the presence of at least a first trans-fatty acid moiety, when compared to the wild-type or parent lipase. In still other embodiments the at least a first amino acid substitution confers to the lipase variant polypeptide an increased preference for catalyzing fatty acid moieties having a carbon chain length greater than or equal to sixteen (≧C 16 ), and an about 2.0-fold increase in hydrolytic or ethanolytic activity in the presence of at least a first trans-fatty acid moiety, when compared to the wild-type or parent lipase. In still other embodiments the at least a first amino acid substitution confers to the lipase variant polypeptide an increased preference for catalyzing fatty acid moieties having a carbon chain length greater than or equal to sixteen (≧C 16 ), and an about 2.5-fold increase in hydrolytic or ethanolytic activity in the presence of at least a first trans-fatty acid moiety, when compared to the wild-type or parent lipase. 
     In further embodiments, the isolated lipase, or variant thereof, includes: (a) an amino acid sequence that is at least about 95% identical to the amino acid sequence of any one of SEQ ID NO:1, SEQ ID NO:4, or SEQ ID NO:6, or to a complement thereof; and (b) one or more amino acid substitutions corresponding to residues 269, 338, 341, 342, 357, 421, or 425, wherein each amino acid position is numbered by correspondence to a position in the amino acid sequence of the lipase as set forth in SEQ ID NO:1; and further wherein the one or more amino acid substitutions confers to the polypeptide an increased preference for catalyzing fatty acid moieties having a carbon chain length greater than or equal to twelve (≧C 12 ), or an about 1.5-fold increase in hydrolytic or ethanolytic activity in the presence of at least a first trans-fatty acid moiety, when compared to the wild-type or parent lipase, or a combination thereof. 
     In some embodiments, the isolated lipase, or variant thereof, is about 400 to about 500 amino acids in length, about 410 to about 490 amino acids in length, about 420 to about 480 amino acids in length, about 425 to about 470 amino acids in length, about 430 to about 460 amino acids in length, or about 425 to about 450 amino acids in length. 
     In some embodiments, the isolated lipase, or variant thereof, is about 425 to about 470 amino acids in length; is at least about 95% identical to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:4, or SEQ ID NO:6, or to a complement thereof; and includes one or more amino acid substitutions corresponding to residues 269, 338, 341, 342, 357, 421, or 425, wherein each amino acid position is numbered by correspondence to a position in the amino acid sequence of the lipase as set forth in SEQ ID NO:1, and further wherein the one or more amino acid substitutions confers to the polypeptide an increased preference for catalysis of long-chain fatty acids, or an increased trans-selective lipolytic activity, or a combination thereof. In other embodiments, the isolated lipase, or variant thereof, is about 430 to about 460 amino acids in length; and is at least about 98% identical to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:4, or SEQ ID NO:6, or to a complement thereof. In yet other embodiments, the isolated lipase, or variant thereof, is about 425 to about 470 amino acids in length; is at least about 95% identical to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:4, or SEQ ID NO:6, or to a complement thereof; includes one or more amino acid substitutions corresponding to residues 269, 338, 341, 342, 357, 421, or 425, wherein each amino acid position is numbered by correspondence to a position in the amino acid sequence of the lipase as set forth in SEQ ID NO:1, and has an about 1.5-fold increase in hydrolytic or ethanolytic activity in the presence of at least a first trans-fatty acid moiety, or an increased preference for catalyzing fatty acid moieties having a carbon chain length greater than or equal to twelve (≧C 12 ), when compared to the wild-type, un-substituted, or parent lipase. 
     Some embodiments include a composition that includes the isolated lipase, or variant thereof of the present invention, as described above. 
     In some embodiments, the composition further includes a lipid, a fatty acid, a sterol, a wax, an oil, a triglyceride, an ester, or a carboxylic acid moiety. Further embodiments include a binding medium to which the lipase, or variant thereof, binds or cross-links. In some embodiments, the lipase, or variant thereof, is substantially bound or substantially chemically cross-linked to a matrix, a column, a fiber, a filter, a resin, a gel, a bead, or any combination thereof. In this manner, the composition may act as a filter through which compositions containing substrates can pass, thereby allowing the lipase, or variant thereof, to act upon the substrate, yet remain bound to a removable substance. 
     In further embodiments, the composition further includes one or more additional enzymes. These enzymes may aid in the process of creating or manufacturing a low or no trans-fatty acid composition and/or may act as co-factors for the lipase, or variant thereof. Additionally, the one or more additional enzymes may include a second, distinct, lipase, or a variant thereof. The one or more additional enzymes may also include one or more lipases, esterases, lyases, deproteinases, phosphatases, dehydrogenases, transglutaminases, oxidases, or any combination thereof. 
     Some embodiments include an isolated polynucleotide that encodes the lipase, or the variant thereof, of the present invention. 
     Further embodiments include an expression vector including an isolated polynucleotide that encodes the lipase, or variant thereof. In some embodiments, the expression vector includes an isolated polynucleotide that is codon-optimized for expression in a bacterial or non-basidiomyceteous yeast cell. In some embodiments, the bacterial cell is  E. coli  or the non-basidiomycetous yeast cell is  P. pastoris . In further embodiments, the expression vector is defined as pET22-lipUMsophis, or pET22-lipUMfophis. Further embodiments include a microbial host cell transformed with the isolated polynucleotide, or the expression vector. In some embodiments, the microbial host cell is an  E. coli  or a  P. pastoris  host cell. In further embodiments, the expression vector is transformed into a non- Ustilago maydis  microbial host cell. In yet other embodiments, the microbial host cell is a  Pischia pastoris  host cell deposited with the Deutsche Sammlung von Mikroorganismen and Zellkulturen GmbH (DSMZ) under the accession number 24702. 
     Further embodiments encompass a method for producing a lipase variant, including (a) culturing a microbial host cell that encodes the lipase, or variant thereof, under conditions conducive to the expression and secretion of the lipase, or the variant thereof, and (b) recovering the expressed lipase, or variant thereof, from the culture. 
     Some embodiments include a variant of a parent lipolytic enzyme, which includes: (a) one or more amino acid substitutions corresponding to residues 269, 338, 341, 342, 357, 421, or 425; wherein each amino acid position is numbered by correspondence to a position in the amino acid sequence of the lipase as set forth in SEQ ID NO:1, or (b) one or more amino acid substitutions corresponding to residues 145, 214, 217, 218, 233, 297, or 301; wherein each amino acid position is numbered by correspondence to a position in the amino acid sequence of the lipase as set forth in SEQ ID NO:4; wherein the one or more amino acid substitutions confer to the polypeptide an increased lipolytic activity toward trans-fatty acid moieties, or a preference for catalysis of one or more long-chain fatty acids. 
     In further embodiments, no more than about 10, no more than about 8, no more than about 7, no more than about 6, no more than about 5, no more than about 4, no more than about 3, no more than about 2, or no more than about 1 amino acid substitution(s) are made within the variant. 
     In other embodiments, the parent lipolytic enzyme is a  Ustilago maydis  lipase. 
     In other embodiments, the variant includes a phenylalanine-to-aspartic acid substitution, an alanine-to-asparagine substitution, a threonine-to-histidine substitution, a phenylalanine-to-serine substitution, a glycine-to-alanine substitution, a glycine-to-tyrosine substitution, a glycine-to-leucine substitution, a valine-to-histidine substitution, a valine-to-isoleucine substitution, or a leucine-to-asparagine substitution, or any combination thereof. 
     In still other embodiments, the variant includes a phenylalanine-to-aspartic acid substitution at amino acid residue 145 (F145D); an alanine-to-asparagine substitution at amino acid residue 214 (A214N); a threonine-to-histidine substitution at amino acid residue 217 (T217H); a phenylalanine-to-serine substitution at amino acid residue 218 (F218S); a glycine-to-alanine (G233A), a glycine-to-tyrosine (G233Y), or a glycine-to-leucine (G233L) substitution at amino acid residue 233; a valine-to-histidine (V297H) or a valine-to-isoleucine (V297I) substitution at amino acid residue 297; or a leucine-to-asparagine substitution at amino acid residue 301 (L301N) of SEQ ID NO:4. 
     Some embodiments include a method of obtaining an isolated  Ustilago maydis  lipase variant, including: mutagenizing a polynucleotide that encodes the polypeptide of SEQ ID NO:1, SEQ ID NO:4, or SEQ ID NO:6 under conditions effective to generate at least a first lipase variant that comprises an amino acid substitution in at least a first amino acid residue therein that confers to the polypeptide an increased trans-selectivity, or an increased preference for catalyzing long-chain fatty acid moieties (≧C 12 ) over that of medium or short-chain fatty acid moieties (&lt;C 12 ); transforming a suitable microbial host cell with the mutagenized polynucleotide; culturing the microbial host cell under conditions effective to express the first lipase variant; and recovering the first expressed lipase variant from the culture. 
     Further embodiments include a method of reducing or eliminating one or more trans-unsaturated fatty acid compounds or one or more long-chain (≧C 12 ) fatty acid moieties from a substrate, including contacting the substrate with an effective amount of a composition comprising the lipase, or variant thereof, of claim  1 , for a time sufficient to hydrolyze or esterify at least a portion of the substrate thereby reducing or eliminating the one or more trans-unsaturated fatty acid compounds or the one or more long-chain (≧C 12 ) fatty acid moieties from the substrate. In some embodiments, the method further includes removing the lipase, or variant thereof, from the composition after the one or more trans-unsaturated fatty acid compounds or the one or more long-chain (≧C 12 ) fatty acid moieties has been substantially reduced or eliminated from the substrate. In some embodiments, the substrate includes an edible lipid, an edible fat, an edible fatty acid, an edible sterol, an edible wax, an edible oil, or an edible triglyceride, or any combination thereof. Further embodiments include a fat-containing product having reduced trans-fatty acid moieties, or essentially no trans-fatty acid moieties, produced by this method. In some embodiments, the fat-containing product is suitable for human consumption. In further embodiments, the fat-containing product is characterized as a cooking ingredient, or a frying oil. 
     An embodiment provides for an isolated polypeptide including a lipase variant that includes a modified  Ustilago maydis  parent lipase amino acid sequence, wherein the lipase variant has lipolytic activity. 
     Another embodiment provides an isolated polypeptide including a modified  Ustilago maydis  protein segment that has lipolytic activity, wherein the protein segment reduces the amount of trans-fatty acid moieties present in a composition containing them by about 20%. In some embodiments, the protein segment is selective for fatty acid moieties having a chain length of about 14 carbon atoms or more. 
     In yet another embodiment, the isolated polypeptide includes: (a) a polypeptide region of from about 386 to about 592 amino acids in length that includes an amino acid sequence that is at least 80% identical to a first sequence in accordance with any one of SEQ ID NO:1, SEQ ID NO:4, or SEQ ID NO:6, or (b) a polypeptide region that consists of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:4, wherein the region has lipolytic activity when in contact with a lipid substrate, preferably a trans-fatty acid or long chain fatty acid substrate. In farther embodiments, the polypeptide is from about 386 to about 592 amino acids in length and consists of an amino acid sequence that is at least about 90% identical to the sequence of any one of SEQ ID NO:1, SEQ ID NO:4, or SEQ ID NO:6, or any variant thereof. In still further embodiments, the polypeptide region is from about 386 to about 592 amino acids in length and consists of an amino acid sequence that is at least about 95% identical, in other embodiments about 98% identical, to the sequence of any one of SEQ ID NO:1, SEQ ID NO:4, or SEQ ID NO:6, or any variant thereof. In particular embodiments there is a substitution of any non-native amino acid at, near or facing the binding tunnel or active site of the polypeptide. In some embodiments, the substitution is selected from the group consisting of a substitution of a non-native amino acid at position 145 in SEQ ID NO:4, or a similarly situated amino acid in SEQ ID NO:1; a substitution of a non-native amino acid at position 214 in SEQ ID NO:4, or a similarly situated amino acid in SEQ ID. NO:1 or SEQ ID NO:6; a substitution of a non-native amino acid at position 217 in SEQ ID NO:4, or a similarly situated amino acid in SEQ ID NO:1 or SEQ ID NO:6; a substitution of a non-native amino acid at position 218 in SEQ ID NO:4, or a similarly situated amino acid in SEQ ID NO:1 or SEQ ID NO:6; a substitution of a non-native amino acid at position 297 in SEQ ID NO:4, or a similarly situated amino acid in SEQ ID NO:1 or SEQ ID NO:6; a substitution of a non-native amino acid at position 301 in SEQ ID NO:4, or a similarly situated amino acid in SEQ ID NO:1 or SEQ ID NO:6; and any combination of the above-listed substitutions. “Similarly situated” means an amino acid within the same surrounding sequence. In further embodiments, the substitution is respectively selected from the group consisting of: F145D, or a similarly situated amino acid in SEQ ID NO:1; A214N, or a similarly situated amino acid in SEQ ID NO:1 or SEQ ID NO:6; T217H, or a similarly situated amino acid in SEQ ID NO:1 or SEQ ID NO:6; F218S, or a similarly situated amino acid in SEQ ID NO:1 or SEQ ID NO:6; V297H or V297I, or a similarly situated amino acid in SEQ ID NO:1 or SEQ ID NO:6; L301N, or a similarly situated amino acid in SEQ ID NO:1 or SEQ ID NO:6; G233A, G233Y, G233L, or a similarly situated amino acid in SEQ ID NO:1 or SEQ ID NO:6; and any combination of these substitutions. 
     In another embodiment, the C-terminal flap portion of the lipolytic enzyme of the isolated polypeptide is removed or rendered non-functional. 
     In yet another embodiment, the composition includes at least a first polypeptide according to any of the above-mentioned embodiments and a binding medium to which the polypeptide binds or cross-links to act as a filter. Some embodiments further include at least a second distinct polypeptide according to any of the above-mentioned embodiments. 
     In particular embodiments, the composition can include from about 1% to about 99% by weight of the polypeptide. 
     In some embodiments, the composition is formulated as a powder, dust, pellet, granule, spray, emulsion, colloid, or solution, or any combination thereof. The lipase variants of these formulations may be immobilized on a solid carrier material or in cells. 
     In further embodiments, the composition is prepared by desiccation, lyophilization, homogenization, extraction, filtration, centrifugation, sedimentation, or a concentration of a culture of  E. coli  or  P. pastoris  cells. 
     Further embodiments encompass an isolated nucleic acid molecule having a nucleotide sequence selected from the group consisting of: a nucleotide sequence, or the complement thereof, consisting essentially of an at least 300 continuous nucleotide segment from any one of SEQ ID NO:2, SEQ ID NO:5, SEQ ID NO:10, SEQ ID NO:11, SEQ ID NO:12, or SEQ ID NO:13; a nucleotide sequence, or the complement thereof, encoding at least a 396 contiguous amino acid segment of any one of the amino acid sequences shown in SEQ ID NO:1, SEQ ID NO:4, or SEQ ID NO:6, wherein said segment has lipolytic activity; and a nucleotide sequence, or the complement thereof, encoding at least a 417 contiguous amino acid segment of any one of the amino acid sequences shown in SEQ ID NO:1, SEQ ID NO:4, or SEQ ID NO:6 and includes any one of the mutations as stated above, wherein the segment has lipolytic activity and increased trans-selectivity and/or fatty acid long chain length preference. 
     One embodiment is directed to host organisms that contain nucleic acids of the invention. Another embodiment includes a recombinant nucleic acid vector including at least a first sequence region that encodes any of the above-mentioned isolated polypeptides or the isolated nucleic acids. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid vector is further defined as a plasmid vector. 
     Yet another embodiment encompasses a transformed non-human host cell including a nucleic acid segment that encodes any of the above-mentioned isolated polypeptides. In some embodiments, the transformed non-human host cell is further defined as a bacterial cell or a yeast cell. In further embodiments, the transformed non-human host cell is further defined as an  E. coli  bacterial cell or  P. pastoris  yeast cell. 
     Still other embodiments are directed to methods for producing recombinant proteins with lipolytic activity including an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of: the amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO:1, the amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO:4, the amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO:6, and including introducing a nucleotide sequence encoding the polypeptide into a host cell, culturing the host cell under conditions in which the polypeptide is expressed, and recovering, isolating and/or purifying the polypeptide from the culture. 
     Further embodiments encompass methods for obtaining a modified  Ustilago maydis  protein with lipolytic activity having increased trans-selectivity including: providing a polynucleotide encoding the polypeptide sequence of any one or more of SEQ ID NO:1, SEQ ID NO:4, or SEQ ID NO:6; altering the nucleic acid sequence encoding for any non-native amino acid at, near or facing a proposed three-dimensional binding, active site or tunnel of the polypeptide or removing or rendering non-functional the C terminal flap of the polypeptide; introducing the altered nucleotide sequence encoding the polypeptide into a host cell; culturing the host cell under conditions in which the polypeptide is expressed; and recovering the polypeptide from the culture. 
     Further embodiments include methods to reduce or eliminate the content of trans-unsaturated fatty acid compounds from a substrate including: providing a solution including a stable substrate containing trans-unsaturated fatty acid moieties; and contacting any of the above-mentioned compositions with the solution including a stable substrate for a sufficient amount of time to hydrolyze or esterify at least a portion of the trans-unsaturated fatty acid moieties. In some embodiments, the method further includes exposing the recovered polypeptide to a substrate containing trans-unsaturated fatty acid compounds. In some embodiments, the stable structure in the method is stable liquid frying oil. In some embodiments, the method further includes removing or inactivating at least a portion of the composition after contacting the solution including a stable substrate. 
     Another embodiment encompasses a fat-containing product having reduced trans-fatty acid moieties or no trans-fatty acid moieties as produced from the above-described method. 
     Further embodiments include methods of producing a low trans-fatty acid composition including: providing a polynucleotide encoding at least a functional lipase variant polypeptide that comprises, consists essentially of, or alternatively, consists of the amino acid sequence of any one or more of SEQ ID NO:1, SEQ ID NO:4, or SEQ ID NO:6; altering the nucleic acid sequence encoding for any non-native amino acid at, near or facing a proposed three-dimensional binding, active site or tunnel of the polypeptide or removing or rendering non-functional the C-terminal flap of the polypeptide; introducing the altered nucleotide sequence encoding the polypeptide into a host cell; culturing the host cell under conditions in which the polypeptide is expressed; recovering the polypeptide from the culture; providing a solution including a stable substrate containing trans-unsaturated fatty acid moieties; and contacting a composition containing the recovered polypeptide with the solution including a stable substrate for a sufficient amount of time to hydrolyze or esterify at least a portion of the trans-unsaturated fatty acid moieties. Some embodiments further include removing or inactivating the composition after contacting the solution including a stable substrate. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       Reference will now be made to the embodiments, or examples, illustrated in the drawings and specific language will be used to describe the same. It will nevertheless be understood that no limitation of the scope of the invention is thereby intended. Any alterations and further modifications in the described embodiments, and any further applications of the principles of the invention as described herein are contemplated as would normally occur to one of ordinary skill in the art to which the invention relates. 
       The following drawings form part of the present specification and are included to demonstrate certain aspects of the present invention. The invention may be better understood by reference to the following description taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, in which like reference numerals identify like elements, and in which: 
         FIG. 1  shows a schematic representation of the two lipUM variants, the full sequence of lipUM (hereinafter “lipUMf” or alternatively, “lipUM”) and the shortened sequence of lipUM (hereinafter “lipUMs”); 
         FIG. 2  shows the expression of lipUMs (lane 3), lipase A from  Pseudozyma  (formerly  Candida )  antarctica  (CAL-A) (lane 4) and lipUMf (lane 5) in crude extracts of transformed  E. coli  C 43 (DE3) strain cells. The gel as shown compares these lanes to  E. coli  cells transformed with an empty pET-22b(+) expression vector as a negative control (lane 2) and a standard marker (lane 1); 
         FIG. 3  shows the integration of lipUMs (lanes 3 and 4), lipUMf (lanes 8 and 9) and CAL-A (lanes 5-7) into the genome of  Pichia pastoris . These lanes can be compared to a standard 1-Kb marker (lane 1) and the PCR product from the empty pPICZα(C) vector. The upper PCR product is the AOX1 gene, while the band below shows the specific PCR-product of the integrated product; 
         FIG. 4  shows a comparison of the hydrolytic activity of crude extracts from two  E. coli  strains, C41 (DE3) and C43 (DE3), each expressing lipUMs. The activity was measured photometrically with para-nitrophenyl (p-NP) laureate (C 12  fatty acid esterified with p-nitrophenol) as the substrate. The percent activity is shown as compared to  E. coli  cells transformed with an empty pET-22b(+) expression vector as a negative control; 
         FIG. 5  shows a comparison of the hydrolytic activity of C41  E. coli  crude extracts cultured on three different cultivation media, namely standard complex medium (LB), glycerol enriched complex medium (YEPG) and glucose enriched complex medium (YEPD), at 20° C. and 180 rpm. The photometric assay was performed with p-NP myristate (C 14 ) as the substrate; 
         FIG. 6  shows the volumetric lipase activity of  E. coli  C41 (DE3) crude extracts of lipUMs (ums96), and lipUMf (UMf) at 30° C. for three different p-NP-esters, p-NP-C14 (C 14 ), p-NP-C16 (C 16 ) and p-NP-C18:1Δ9cis (C 18O ); 
         FIG. 7  shows the volumetric lipase activity of  E. coli  crude extracts expressing lipUMs and lipUMf with p-NP myristate (C 14  fatty acid esterified with p-nitrophenol) ester as a substrate at 45° C. The volumetric lipase activity of lipUMs was about three times higher than for CAL-A. The volumetric activity is shown as compared to  E. coli  cells transformed with an empty pET-22b(+) expression vector as a negative control; 
         FIG. 8  shows the detection of processed and degraded lipUMs form variants (lane 3), as well as CAL-A (lane 1) by a Coomassie™ Brilliant Blue G-250-stained (AkzoNobel, London, England, UK) 10% sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) gel. The CAL-A and lipUMs fractions were purified by His-tag purification. A pre-stained protein ruler marker is shown for comparison (lane 2). The identity of the protein bands was analyzed by MALDI-ToF. Band A represent the unprocessed form of lipUMs (˜49 kDa), band B represents the processed form of lipUMs without the pre-pro leader sequence (˜47 kDa), band C represents the degraded and/or cleavage product of the lipUMs (˜28 kDa), band D represents the unprocessed form of CAL-A (˜49 kDa) and band E represents the processed form of CAL-A without the pre-pro leader sequence (˜46 kDa). 
         FIG. 9  shows the fatty acid chain length preference of lipUMs. The hydrolytic activity towards p-NP esters with different chain lengths (carbon chain length is indicated by the letter “C” followed by the number of carbons) (C 2  through and including C 18 ) was normalized to the best hydrolyzed substrate, which was the myristic acid ester (C 14 ). 
         FIG. 10A  and  FIG. 10B  show the temperature and pH optima, respectively, for exemplary lipUMs polypeptides as determined for the substrate tributyrin; 
         FIG. 11  shows the average initial hydrolysis rates, and therefore, the preference of the exemplary lipUMs polypeptides for three p-NP-esters: p-NP-C18:1Δ9cis (C18O=oleic acid), p-NP-C18:1Δ9trans (C18E=elaidic acid), and p-NP-C18:1 Δ11 trans (C18V=vaccenic acid), respectively. These measurements were done in triplicate; and 
         FIG. 12  shows a homology model of amino acids 152 to 582 of lipUMf as compared to CAL-A. 
     
    
    
     DESCRIPTION OF ILLUSTRATIVE EMBODIMENTS 
     Illustrative embodiments of the invention are described below. In the interest of clarity, not all features of an actual implementation are described in this specification. It will of course be appreciated that in the development of any such actual embodiment, numerous implementation-specific decisions must be made to achieve the developers&#39; specific goals, such as compliance with system-related and business-related constraints, which will vary from one implementation to another. Moreover, it will be appreciated that such a development effort might be complex and time-consuming, but would be a routine undertaking for those of ordinary skill in the art having the benefit of this disclosure. 
     Any suitable parent polypeptide with lipolytic enzyme activity may be used. In an embodiment, the parent lipase is a microbial polypeptide, preferably a bacterial or a fungal polypeptide, and more particularly, one or more polypeptides of yeast origin, such as, but not limited to, one or more polypeptides from any one or more species of the genera  Acremonium, Aspergillus, Aureobasidium, Candida, Cryptococcus, Filobasidium, Fusarium, Humicole, Kluyveromyces, Kurtzmanomyces, Magnaporthe, Mucor, Myceliophthora, Neocallimastix, Neurospora, Paecilomyces, Penicillium, Pichia, Piromyces, Saccharomyces, Schizophyllum, Schizosaccharomyces, Sporisorium, Talaromyces, Thermoascus, Thielavia, Tolvpoceladium, Trichoderma, Ustilago , and  Yarrowia . In an embodiment, the parent lipase is a polypeptide of  Ustilago  origin. In another embodiment, the parent lipase is a putative wild-type  Ustilago maydis  lipase. In another embodiment, the parent lipase has a sequence essentially as set forth in SEQ ID NO:1, or a lipase variant thereof as defined herein, which contains the following sequence (hereinafter referred to as the amino acid sequence or sequence of “LipUM” or “LipUMf”) (Uniprot Q4P903): 
     
       
         
           
               
            
               
                 (SEQ ID NO: 1) 
               
               
                 MWGRIRNVIQPTWAPPLFGTLNIIFSLFFRAGIARSHKWTWCCYRPTRMA 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 RSRTFSNSAPTRRRPERLRLQKGSSNTTIRPRPSAILPDEMNHGSLLTVV 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 PHTVVASTPSFRSSFPDSLIASVQMRFIAVRAIVTLAAAAAVSLAVPTER 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 RAAFADPNDDLFYTTPDNINTYANGQVIQSRKADTDIGNSNKVEAFQLQY 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 RTTNTQKEAQANVATVWIPNKPASPPKIFSYQVYQDSTQLNCAPSYSFLK 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 GLDKPNKATTILEAPIIIGWALQQGFYVVSSDHEGPRSSFIAGYEEGMAI 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 LDGIRALKNYAKLPTDSAIGFYGYSGGAHATGWAANLAGSYAPEHNIIGA 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 AYGGLPASARDTFNFLNKGAFAGFAIAGVSGLALAYPDVETYIQSRLNAK 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 GEKVFKQVRSRGFCIGQVVLTYPFVDAYSLINDTNLLNEEPVASTLKSET 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 LVQAEASYTVPVPKFPRFIWHALLDEIVPFHSAATYVKEQCSKGADINWN 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 VYSFAEHISAELFGLLPGLDWLNKAYKGQAPKVPCGGGAQSVMGASGPPA 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 QDVLGADLASQLRSLQGKPSAFGNKPFGSISP, 
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Lipases and lipase variants are those enzymes that have the enzymatic activity of a lipase. Lipase variants are typically prepared by specific modification of parent lipases. In an embodiment, the parent lipase may be a lipase with an amino acid sequence having at least about 60% to about 99.9% homology to the sequence of the lipase shown in SEQ ID NO:1. In another embodiment, there is at least about a 70% to about 99.5% homology to the amino acid sequence of the lipase shown in SEQ ID NO:1. In an yet another embodiment, there is at least about a 80% to about an 99% homology to SEQ ID NO:1. 
     Sequence alignment and calculations of percent homology may be performed by techniques well known to those of ordinary skill in the art. Nucleic acid sequences, such as deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA), either synthetically or naturally occurring, that encodes the lipase, or variant thereof, of the present invention are also within the scope of the present invention. 
     Lipase polynucleotides can include nucleic acids including RNA, such as mRNA, DNA, including cDNA and genomic DNA, and can be either single or double stranded. The lipase polynucleotides include, but are not limited to, the sequence encoding the mature parent polypeptides alone, or variants thereof, including fragments, the sequence encoding the mature polypeptide, or variants thereof, including additional coding sequences, such as a leader or secretory sequence (e.g., a pre-pro or pro-protein sequence), the sequence encoding the mature parent polypeptide, or variants thereof, with or without additional coding sequences, with additional non-coding sequences (e.g., introns, transcribed but not translated sequences, mRNA processing sequences, ribosome binding sequences and stability sequences for mRNA). Additionally, the nucleotide sequence may be fused to a marker sequence. In one embodiment, the lipase nucleic acids include only the coding regions. The nucleotide sequence may encompass fragments of the entire sequence of the respective variant lipases and the sequence may differ than those described due to degeneracy of the genetic code. 
     For example, a parent lipase polynucleotide includes the following DNA sequence, which encodes for the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:1: 
     
       
         
           
               
            
               
                 (SEQ ID NO: 2) 
               
               
                 ATGTGGGGGCGCATCCGCAACGTTATTCAGCCAACTTGGGCGCCGCCGTT 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 ATTTGGCACCCTGAATATCATTTTTAGCCTTTTTTTCCGTGCCGGGATTG 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 CAAGGTCGCACAAATGGACATGGTGCTGCTACAGACCGACTCGAATGGCC 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 AGAAGCCGCACATTCTCGAATTCGGCTCCAACCAGACGGCGGCCCGAACG 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 ATTACGGTTGCAGAAGGGTTCGTCTAATACTACCATTCGCCCGCGCCCTT 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 CGGCTATTTTGCCTGACGAGATGAACCATGGCTCGCTGCTTACGGTTGTC 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 CCGCACACTGTAGTCGCCTCCACCCCCTCCTTTCGTTCTTCCTTTCCAGA 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 TTCGTTGATCGCCTCGGTTCAGATGAGGTTCATTGCTGTTCGGGCTATCG 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 TGACGCTAGCGGCTGCAGCCGCCGTGTCGCTTGCAGTGCCCACAGAGCGA 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 AGGGCAGCGTTCGCCGATCCAAACGACGATCTCTTCTACACCACGCCGGA 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 CAACATCAACACATATGCCAATGGTCAGGTCATCCAGTCACGCAAGGCTG 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 ATACCGATATTGGGAACAGCAACAAGGTTGAAGCTTTCCAGCTTCAATAT 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 CGCACTACCAATACGCAAAAGGAGGCGCAGGCCAACGTTGCTACCGTATG 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 GATCCCCAACAAGCCCGCTTCACCTCCCAAGATCTTCTCTTATCAGGTCT 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 ATCAGGACTCGACACAGCTCAACTGTGCTCCGAGCTATAGCTTTTTGAAG 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 GGCCTTGACAAGCCTAACAAAGCTACCACGATCCTCGAAGCACCCATCAT 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 CATCGGCTGGGCGCTCCAACAAGGTTTCTACGTCGTCTCGTCTGATCACG 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 AAGGCCCGCGCTCATCGTTCATTGCGGGCTACGAGGAAGGTATGGCTATT 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 CTCGACGGCATACGTGCGCTCAAGAACTACGCCAAACTGCCCACGGACAG 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 CGCGATCGGCTTTTACGGATACAGCGGCGGTGCCCATGCAACCGGCTGGG 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 CAGCTAATCTGGCAGGGAGCTACGCTCCTGAGCACAACATCATCGGTGCT 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 GCCTACGGAGGACTGCCTGCTAGCGCCAGAGACACATTCAACTTCCTCAA 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 CAAAGGCGCGTTTGCCGGCTTCGCCATTGCGGGTGTCTCGGGTCTTGCGC 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 TGGCCTACCCGGACGTGGAGACCTACATCCAGTCGCGCCTCAACGCCAAG 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 GGAGAAAAGGTGTTTAAACAGGTCCGAAGTCGCGGCTTCTGCATTGGCCA 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 AGTGGTCCTAACCTACCCATTCGTCGACGCCTATTCACTCATCAACGACA 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 CAAACCTTCTCAACGAGGAACCGGTCGCCAGCACGTTGAAATCCGAGACG 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 TTGGTTCAGGCCGAGGCTAGCTACACGGTTCCTGTTCCCAAATTCCCGCG 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 TTTCATCTGGCATGCGCTCTTGGACGAGATTGTTCCCTTCCACTCGGCTG 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 CGACCTATGTCAAGGAGCAGTGTTCAAAGGGCGCCGACATCAACTGGAAT 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 GTCTACTCATTTGCCGAGCACATCTCTGCCGAGCTTTTCGGCTTGCTGCC 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 TGGTCTCGACTGGTTAAACAAGGCTTACAAGGGTCAAGCACCCAAAGTGC 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 CTTGTGGCGGAGGGGCTCAAAGCGTGATGGGTGCCTCAGGCCCGCCTGCG 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 CAGGACGTTCTGGGAGCTGACCTGGCAAGCCAACTCCGATCTCTCCAGGG 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 TAAGCCTTCTGCGTTTGGCAACAAACCTTTTGGCTCCATCTCCCCCTGA. 
               
            
           
         
       
     
     The wild-type lipase A derived from  Candida antarctica  (i.e. CAL-A) (Protein Data Bank (pdb) 3guu) has the following amino acid sequence: 
                    (SEQ ID NO: 3)       MRVSLRSITSLLAAATAAVLAAPAAETLDRRAALPNPYDDPFYTTPSNIG               TFAKGQVIQSRKVPTDIGNANNAASFQLQYRTTNTQNEAVADVATVWIPA               KPASPPKIFSYQVYEDATALDCAPSYSYLTGLDQPNKVTAVLDTPIIIGW               ALQQGYYVVSSDHEGFKAAFIAGYEEGMAILDGIRALKNYQNLPSDSKVA               LEGYSGGAHATVWATSLAESYAPELNIVGASHGGTPVSAKDTFTFLNGGP               FAGFALAGVSGLSLAHPDMESFIEARLNAKGQRTLKQIRGRGFCLPQVVL               TYPFLNVFSLVNDTNLLNEAPIASILKQETVVQAEASYTVSVPKFPRFIW               HAIPDEIVPYQPAATYVKEQCAKGANINFSPYPIAEHLTAEIFGLVPSLW               FIKQAFDGTTPKVICGTPIPAIAGITTPSADQVLGSDLANQLRSLDGKQS               AFGKPFGPITPP,            
is used as a reference but is not defined as a parent lipase. The expression, sequence and cloning methods as per this sequence have previously been described (Hoegh et al., 1995).
 
     A lipase variant can differ in amino acid sequence from its parent lipase by one or more substitutions, deletions, insertions, inversions, fusions, mutations, and truncations, or a combination of any of these. These lipase variants are therefore “modified” proteins or polypeptides. Additional modifications may include post-translational changes. Variant lipases can be fully functional, can lack function in one or more activities or can exhibit one or more additional activities. 
     In one embodiment, the lipase variants increase the trans-selectivity of the parent lipase. For example, the lipase variants act on or show a preference for trans-fatty acid esters or carboxylic acid moieties. In another embodiment, the lipase variants demonstrate a preference for long chain fatty acid esters or carboxylic acid moieties with a chain length greater than C 12 , wherein C indicates carbon and the number indicates the number of carbons within the fatty acid esters or carboxylic acid moieties. As used herein, the term “long chain fatty acid” refers to a saturated or unsaturated fatty acid containing 12 or more carbon atoms, unless otherwise specified. Examples of long chain fatty acid include myristic acid, palmitic acid, stearic acid, palmitoleic acid, oleic acid, linoleic acid, α-linolenic acid, γ-linolenic acid, and the like. In yet another embodiment, the lipase variants have both, act on or show a preference for trans-fatty acid esters or carboxylic acid moieties and act on or show a preference for long chain fatty acid esters or carboxylic acid moieties. 
     In describing some lipase variants, the following standard protein mutational nomenclature is used for ease of reference: N 1 ###N 2 , where N 1 =single-letter abbreviation of original amino acid, ###=amino acid position, and N 2 =single-letter abbreviation of the substituted amino acid. For example, according to this nomenclature, the substitution of phenylalanine for aspartic acid in position 145 is shown as F145D. 
     In one embodiment, substitution of at least a portion of the amino acid sequence of the lipUMf may occur so as to increase the trans-selectivity of the lipase encoded by the lipUMf sequence and/or act on or show a preference for long chain fatty acid esters or carboxylic acid moieties. For example, the amino acid sequence of a lipUMf polypeptide may be altered or mutated to increase access of a substrate to the active site or binding tunnel of the lipase. Preferably, these alterations or mutations occur in either the predicted lid structure and/or C-terminal flap of the lipUMf polypeptide. More specifically, amino acid residues at about position 441 through about position 449 may be substituted with the amino acid residues at about position 300 through about position 308 in SEQ ID NO:3, i.e., substitution of the amino acid sequence PVASTLKSE (SEQ ID NO:32) in SEQ ID NO:1 for the amino acid sequence LTYPFLNVF (SEQ ID NO:33). Alternatively, or in addition to this substitution, the C-terminal flap portion of the lipUMf sequence may be cleaved, truncated, mutated or altered. More specifically, any amino acid residue at about position 541 to about position 582 in SEQ ID NO:1 can be substituted with a STOP codon (denoted by ‘*’). For example, possible mutations can include a truncation of the sequence at amino acid 541 with a STOP codon (S541*), V542*, M543*, G544*, A545*, S546*, G547*, P548*, P549*, A550*, Q551*, D552*, V553*, L554*, G555*, A556*, D557*, L558*, A559*, S560*, Q561*, L562*, R563*, S564*, L565*, Q566*, G567*, K568*, P569*, 5570*, A571*, F572*, G573*, N574*, K575*, P576*, F577*, G578*, S579*, 1580*, S581* and/or P582*. 
     In describing some lipase variants, the following nomenclature is used for ease of reference: symbol of first amino acid deleted; numerical position of first amino acid deleted _ symbol of last amino acid deleted; numerical position of last amino acid deleted;del. For example, according to this nomenclature and referring to the sequence of SEQ ID NO:1, the deletion of methionine at position 1 through glutamine at position 124 would result in the following notation: M1_Q124del. If only one amino acid is deleted, this would result in only one amino acid and its position identified in the notation. For example, a deletion of methionine at position 125 in SEQ ID NO:1 would result in the following notation: M125del. In all cases, the accepted IUPAC single letter or triple letter amino acid abbreviation is employed. All amino acid substitutions are numbered beginning with the N-terminus of the processed form of the sequence. For example, the amino acid sequence numbering starts at the N-terminus of the protein without the actual and/or proposed signal sequence in the case of secreted proteins. 
     In one embodiment, the lipase variant includes one or more deletions of the N-terminus of the  Ustilago maydis  lipase. In an embodiment, the N-terminus deletion of the lipase sequence maintains and/or increases the lipolytic activity of the lipase when compared to lipUMf. In another embodiment, the N-terminus deletion of the lipase sequence increases the ability of the resultant recombinant protein to be secreted from a host system. For example, in some embodiments, removal of the N-terminus increases the movement of the lipase variant into the periplasmic space of an organism such as bacteria or yeast. In other embodiments, removal of the N-terminus increases the movement of the lipase variant outside of the host organism itself. The N-terminus accounts for about 0.01% to about 30% of the full length amino acid sequence, about 5% to about 25% of the full length amino acid sequence, or about 10% to about 20% of the full length amino acid sequence. Alternatively, the N-terminus can account for up to about the first 175 amino acid residues of SEQ ID NO:1, up to about the first 146 amino acid residues of SEQ ID NO:1, or up to about the first 117 amino acid residues of SEQ ID NO:1. Deletions can be of any length and can take place at any point along the N-terminus of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:1, and new translation starting or initiation sites can be added to the resulting or remaining sequence as necessary. In one embodiment, the amino acids at about position M1 to about position A34 are removed from the parent lipase of SEQ ID NO:1 (i.e., a M1_A34del mutant). In an embodiment, the amino acids at about position M1 to about position Q124 are removed from the parent lipase of SEQ ID NO:1 (i.e., a M1_Q124del mutant). In another embodiment, the lipase variant&#39;s sequence is essentially as set forth in SEQ ID NO:4 (hereinafter referred to as the amino acid sequence or sequence of “LipUMs”): 
     
       
         
           
               
            
               
                 (SEQ ID NO: 4) 
               
               
                 MRFIAVRAIVTLAAAAAVSLAVPTERRAAFADPNDDLFYTTPDNINTYAN 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 GQVIQSRKADTDIGNSNKVEAFQLQYRTTNTQKEAQANVATVWIPNKPAS 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 PPKIFSYQVYQDSTQLNCAPSYSFLKGLDKPNKATTILEAPIIIGWALQQ 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 GFYVVSSDHEGPRSSFIAGYEEGMAILDGIRALKNYAKLPTDSAIGFYGY 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 SGGAHATGWAANLAGSYAPEHNIIGAAYGGLPASARDTFNFLNKGAFAGF 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 AIAGVSGLALAYPDVETYIQSRLNAKGEKVFKQVRSRGFCIGQVVLTYPF 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 VDAYSLINDTNLLNEEPVASTLKSETLVQAEASYTVPVPKFPRFIWHALL 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 DEIVPFHSAATYVKEQCSKGADINWNVYSFAEHISAELFGLLPGLDWLNK 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 AYKGQAPKVPCGGGAQSVMGASGPPAQDVLGADLASQLRSLQGKPSAFGN 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 KPFGSISP, 
               
            
           
         
       
     
     or a lipase variant thereof defined herein, i.e., further modifications, for example, point mutations, may be made to LipUMs sequence and the resulting amino acid sequence or protein is also a lipase variant. 
     In one embodiment, a lipUMs DNA polynucleotide sequence encompasses the following sequence: 
     
       
         
           
               
            
               
                 (SEQ ID NO: 5) 
               
               
                 ATGAGGTTCATTGCTGTTCGGGCTATCGTGACGCTAGCGGCTGCAGCCGC 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 CGTGTCGCTTGCAGTGCCCACAGAGCGAAGGGCAGCGTTCGCCGATCCAA 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 ACGACGATCTCTTCTACACCACGCCGGACAACATCAACACATATGCCAAT 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 GGTCAGGTCATCCAGTCACGCAAGGCTGATACCGATATTGGGAACAGCAA 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 CAAGGTTGAAGCTTTCCAGCTTCAATATCGCACTACCAATACGCAAAAGG 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 AGGCGCAGGCCAACGTTGCTACCGTATGGATCCCCAACAAGCCCGCTTCA 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 CCTCCCAAGATCTTCTCTTATCAGGTCTATCAGGACTCGACACAGCTCAA 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 CTGTGCTCCGAGCTATAGCTTTTTGAAGGGCCTTGACAAGCCTAACAAAG 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 CTACCACGATCCTCGAAGCACCCATCATCATCGGCTGGGCGCTCCAACAA 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 GGTTTCTACGTCGTCTCGTCTGATCACGAAGGCCCGCGCTCATCGTTCAT 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 TGCGGGCTACGAGGAAGGTATGGCTATTCTCGACGGCATACGTGCGCTCA 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 AGAACTACGCCAAACTGCCCACGGACAGCGCGATCGGCTTTTACGGATAC 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 AGCGGCGGTGCCCATGCAACCGGCTGGGCAGCTAATCTGGCAGGGAGCTA 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 CGCTCCTGAGCACAACATCATCGGTGCTGCCTACGGAGGACTGCCTGCTA 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 GCGCCAGAGACACATTCAACTTCCTCAACAAAGGCGCGTTTGCCGGCTTC 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 GCCATTGCGGGTGTCTCGGGTCTTGCGCTGGCCTACCCGGACGTGGAGAC 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 CTACATCCAGTCGCGCCTCAACGCCAAGGGAGAAAAGGTGTTTAAACAGG 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 TCCGAAGTCGCGGCTTCTGCATTGGCCAAGTGGTCCTAACCTACCCATTC 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 GTCGACGCCTATTCACTCATCAACGACACAAACCTTCTCAACGAGGAACC 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 GGTCGCCAGCACGTTGAAATCCGAGACGTTGGTTCAGGCCGAGGCTAGCT 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 ACACGGTTCCTGTTCCCAAATTCCCGCGTTTCATCTGGCATGCGCTCTTG 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 GACGAGATTGTTCCCTTCCACTCGGCTGCGACCTATGTCAAGGAGCAGTG 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 TTCAAAGGGCGCCGACATCAACTGGAATGTCTACTCATTTGCCGAGCACA 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 TCTCTGCCGAGCTTTTCGGCTTGCTGCCTGGTCTCGACTGGTTAAACAAG 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 GCTTACAAGGGTCAAGCACCCAAAGTGCCTTGTGGCGGAGGGGCTCAAAG 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 CGTGATGGGTGCCTCAGGCCCGCCTGCGCAGGACGTTCTGGGAGCTGACC 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 TGGCAAGCCAACTCCGATCTCTCCAGGGTAAGCCTTCTGCGTTTGGCAAC 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 AAACCTTTTGGCTCCATCTCCCCCTGA. 
               
            
           
         
       
     
     In another embodiment, the deletion of the N-terminus can start anywhere from about position M1 to about A34 and end around Q124. In yet another embodiment, the deletion of the N-terminus of SEQ ID NO:1 can start at about position M1 and end around position A145 (i.e., a M1_A145del mutant). In an embodiment, the variant lipase&#39;s sequence is essentially as set forth in SEQ ID NO:6: 
     
       
         
           
               
            
               
                 (SEQ ID NO: 6) 
               
               
                 MVPTERRAAFADPNDDLFYTTPDNINTYANGQVIQSRKADTDIGNSNKVE 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 AFQLQYRTTNTQKEAQANVATVWIPNKPASPPKIFSYQVYQDSTQLNCAP 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 SYSFLKGLDKPNKATTILEAPIIIGWALQQGFYVVSSDHEGPRSSFIAGY 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 EEGMAILDGIRALKNYAKLPTDSAIGFYGYSGGAHATGWAANLAGSYAPE 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 HNIIGAAYGGLPASARDTFNFLNKGAFAGFAIAGVSGLALAYPDVETYIQ 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 SRLNAKGEKVFKQVRSRGFCIGQVVLTYPFVDAYSLINDTNLLNEEPVAS 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 TLKSETLVQAEASYTVPVPKFPRFIWHALLDEIVPFHSAATYVKEQCSKG 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 ADINWNVYSFAEHISAELFGLLPGLDWLNKAYKGQAPKVPCGGGAQSVMG 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 ASGPPAQDVLGADLASQLRLQGKPSAFGNKPFGSISP, 
               
            
           
         
       
     
     or lipase variant thereof defined herein i.e., further modifications, for example, point mutations, may be made to SEQ ID NO:6 and the resulting amino acid sequence or protein is also a lipase variant. In the creation of SEQ ID NO:6, a starting sequence, i.e., methionine, has been added to the lipase variant encompassed by or essentially as set forth in SEQ ID NO:6. 
     In describing some lipase variants, the following nomenclature is used for ease of reference: multiple mutations are separated by plus signs, i.e., F145D+T217H, representing a double mutation that includes a phenylalanine-to-aspartate substitution at amino acid residue 145, and a threonine-to-histidine substitution at amino acid residue 214. 
     In another embodiment, the lipase variants include at least one or more deletions of the N-terminus of the  Ustilago maydis  lipase (i.e., lipUMf) and at least one amino acid substitution along the sequence length of the remaining portion of the lipase. For example, the lipase variant containing the amino acid sequence in SEQ ID NO:4 is further modified by a substitution of at least one amino acid along the length of SEQ ID NO:4. The additional substitution occurs at, near or facing the three-dimensional binding, active site or tunnel of the lipase, as described herein. The substitution(s) may be within about 15A of amino acid position A146 in the primary amino acid sequence of the lipUMs polypeptide, i.e., SEQ ID NO:4, for example at any of amino acid positions 135 through 165, 211 through 260 and 290 through 340. The substitution(s) may widen the access of the substrate to the binding, active site or tunnel of the lipase. Thus, substitutions may be located at one or more particular amino acid positions such as 145, 146, 211, 214, 217, 218, 233, 297, 301, 332 and 333 and/or any of positions 213 through 304 in the lipUMs primary amino acid sequence. 
     Some particular substitutions within the lipUMs sequence are, for example, F145D, A214N, T217H, F218S, V297H, L301N, G233A, G233Y, G233L and V297I. Those of ordinary skill in the art will understand that substitutions using similar amino acid properties will yield similar results. For example, T217H and T217R both result in a substitution of a polar amino acid for a positively charged amino acid and so similar results are contemplated and within the scope of this invention. 
     The lipase variant may optionally include substitutions of one or more additional amino acids. Such substitutions may be according to principles known to those of ordinary skill in the art. Table 1 illustrates exemplary mutations that have a deletion at the N-terminus of lipUMf, i.e., M1_Q124del, which results in the lipUMs sequence, and also has one or more specific substitutions along the lipUMs sequence i.e., F145D, A214N, etc. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 1 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 EXEMPLARY LIPASE VARIANT POLYPEPTIDES OF THE INVENTION 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Sequence 
                 Sequence 
                 Sequence 
                 Sequence 
                 Sequence 
                 Sequence 
                 Sequence 
               
               
                   
                 Variation 
                 Variation 
                 Variation 
                 Variation 
                 Variation 
                 Variation 
                 Variation 
               
               
                 Sequence 
                 No. 2 in 
                 No. 3 in 
                 No. 4 in 
                 No. 5 in 
                 No. 6 in 
                 No. 7 in 
                 No. 8 in 
               
               
                 Variation No. 1 
                 resulting 
                 resulting 
                 resulting 
                 resulting 
                 resulting 
                 resulting 
                 resulting 
               
               
                 for LipUMf 
                 LipUMs 
                 LipUMs 
                 LipUMs 
                 LipUMs 
                 LipUMs 
                 LipUMs 
                 LipUMs 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 M1_Q124del 
                 F145D 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 M1_Q124del+ 
                 F145D+ 
                 A214N 
               
               
                 M1_Q124del+ 
                 F145D+ 
                 A214N+ 
                 T217H 
               
               
                 M1_Q124del+ 
                 F145D+ 
                 A214N+ 
                 T217H+ 
                 F218S 
               
               
                 M1_Q124del+ 
                 F145D+ 
                 A214N+ 
                 T217H+ 
                 F218S+ 
                 V297H 
               
               
                 M1_Q124del+ 
                 F145D+ 
                 A214N+ 
                 T217H+ 
                 F218S+ 
                 V297H+ 
                 L301N 
               
               
                 M1_Q124del+ 
                 F145D+ 
                 A214N+ 
                 T217H+ 
                 F218S+ 
                 V297H+ 
                 L301N+ 
                 G233A 
               
               
                 M1_Q124del+ 
                 A214N 
               
               
                 M1_Q124del+ 
                 A214N+ 
                 T217H 
               
               
                 M1_Q124del+ 
                 A214N+ 
                 T217H+ 
                 F218S 
               
               
                 M1_Q124del+ 
                 A214N+ 
                 T217H+ 
                 F218S+ 
                 V297H 
               
               
                 M1_Q124del+ 
                 A214N+ 
                 T217H+ 
                 F218S+ 
                 V297H+ 
                 L301N 
               
               
                 M1_Q124del+ 
                 A214N+ 
                 T217H+ 
                 F218S+ 
                 V297H+ 
                 L301N+ 
                 G233A 
               
               
                 M1_Q124del+ 
                 T217H 
               
               
                 M1_Q124del+ 
                 T217H+ 
                 F218S 
               
               
                 M1_Q124del+ 
                 T217H+ 
                 F218S+ 
                 V297H 
               
               
                 M1_Q124del+ 
                 T217H+ 
                 F218S+ 
                 V297H+ 
                 L301N 
               
               
                 M1_Q124del+ 
                 T217H+ 
                 F218S+ 
                 V297H+ 
                 L301N+ 
                 G233A 
               
               
                 M1_Q124del+ 
                 F218S 
               
               
                 M1_Q124del+ 
                 F218S+ 
                 V297H 
               
               
                 M1_Q124del+ 
                 F218S+ 
                 V297H+ 
                 L301N 
               
               
                 M1_Q124del+ 
                 F218S+ 
                 V297H+ 
                 L301N+ 
                 G233A 
               
               
                 M1_Q124del+ 
                 V297H 
               
               
                 M1_Q124del+ 
                 V297H+ 
                 L301N 
               
               
                 M1_Q124del+ 
                 V297H+ 
                 L301N+ 
                 G233A 
               
               
                 M1_Q124del+ 
                 L301N 
               
               
                 M1_Q124del+ 
                 L301N+ 
                 G233A 
               
               
                 M1_Q124del+ 
                 G233A 
               
               
                 M1_Q124del+ 
                 V297I 
               
               
                 M1_Q124del+ 
                 V297I + 
                 F145D 
               
               
                 M1_Q124del+ 
                 V297I + 
                 A214N 
               
               
                 M1_Q124del+ 
                 V297I + 
                 T217H 
               
               
                 M1_Q124del+ 
                 V297I + 
                 F218S 
               
               
                 M1_Q124del+ 
                 V297I + 
                 G233A 
               
               
                 M1_Q124del+ 
                 V297I + 
                 F145D+ 
                 A214N 
               
               
                 M1_Q124del+ 
                 V297I + 
                 F145D+ 
                 A214N+ 
                 T217H 
               
               
                 M1_Q124del+ 
                 V297I + 
                 F145D+ 
                 A214N+ 
                 T217H+ 
                 F218S 
               
               
                 M1_Q124del+ 
                 V297I + 
                 F145D+ 
                 A214N+ 
                 T217H+ 
                 F218S+ 
                 G233A 
               
               
                 M1_Q124del+ 
                 G233Y 
               
               
                 M1_Q124del+ 
                 G233Y+ 
                 F145D 
               
               
                 M1_Q124del+ 
                 G233Y+ 
                 A214N 
               
               
                 M1_Q124del+ 
                 G233Y+ 
                 T217H 
               
               
                 M1_Q124del+ 
                 G233Y+ 
                 F218S 
               
               
                 M1_Q124del+ 
                 G233Y+ 
                 V297I 
               
               
                 M1_Q124del+ 
                 G233Y+ 
                 V297H 
               
               
                 M1_Q124del+ 
                 G233Y+ 
                 F145D+ 
                 A214N 
               
               
                 M1_Q124del+ 
                 G233Y+ 
                 F145D+ 
                 A214N+ 
                 T217H 
               
               
                 M1_Q124del+ 
                 G233Y+ 
                 F145D+ 
                 A214N+ 
                 T217H+ 
                 F218S 
               
               
                 M1_Q124del+ 
                 G233Y+ 
                 F145D+ 
                 A214N+ 
                 T217H+ 
                 F218S+ 
                 V297I 
               
               
                 M1_Q124del+ 
                 G233Y+ 
                 F145D+ 
                 A214N+ 
                 T217H+ 
                 F218S+ 
                 V297H 
               
               
                 M1_Q124del+ 
                 G233L 
               
               
                 M1_Q124del+ 
                 G233L+ 
                 F145D 
               
               
                 M1_Q124del+ 
                 G233L+ 
                 A214N 
               
               
                 M1_Q124del+ 
                 G233L+ 
                 T217H 
               
               
                 M1_Q124del+ 
                 G233L+ 
                 F218S 
               
               
                 M1_Q124del+ 
                 G233L+ 
                 V297I 
               
               
                 M1_Q124del+ 
                 G233L+ 
                 V297H 
               
               
                 M1_Q124del+ 
                 G233L+ 
                 F145D+ 
                 A214N 
               
               
                 M1_Q124del+ 
                 G233L+ 
                 F145D+ 
                 A214N+ 
                 T217H 
               
               
                 M1_Q124del+ 
                 G233L+ 
                 F145D+ 
                 A214N+ 
                 T217H+ 
                 F218S 
               
               
                 M1_Q124del+ 
                 G233L+ 
                 F145D+ 
                 A214N+ 
                 T217H+ 
                 F218S+ 
                 V297I 
               
               
                 M1_Q124del+ 
                 G233L+ 
                 F145D+ 
                 A214N+ 
                 T217H+ 
                 F218S+ 
                 V297H 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Table 1 presents some exemplary embodiments of double, triple, quadruple, quintuple, etc. mutants. For example, line 3 of Table 1 lists a M1_Q124del+F145D+A214N+T217H mutant that contains the following mutations: (1) the truncation of the N-terminus of the lipUMf sequence (M1_Q124del), which results in the amino acid sequence of lipUMs, (2) the phenylalanine-to-aspartic acid substitution at amino acid residue 145 in the resulting lipUMs sequence (F145D), (3) the alanine-to-asparagine substitution at amino acid residue 214 in the resulting lipUMs sequence (A214N), and (4) the threonine-to-histidine substitution at amino acid residue 217 in the resulting lipUMs sequence (T21711). If all of these mutations were stated in reference to the lipUMf sequence, the following notation would result: M1_Q124del+F269D+A338N+T341. 
     Similar mutants can be made when the N-terminus as encompassed in a M1_A145del mutant is removed, a starting sequence is added (i.e. such as a sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO:6) and point mutations are made in similar locations in the sequence. For example, substitutions to SEQ ID NO:6 can include positions 2, 67, 70, 73, 74, 79, 153, 157, 188 and 189 and/or any of amino acid positions 69 through 160. Some particular point mutations can include A70N, T73H, F74S, V153H, L157N, G79A, G79Y, G79L and V1531. These exemplary mutations occur in any variation possible and encompass up to about eight sequence variations. 
     In another embodiment, the lipase variants include at least one or more deletions of the N-terminus of the  Ustilago maydis  lipase and removal, mutation or cleavage of the C-terminus sequence, which substantially comprises the flap structure of the lipase. This includes substitutions or frame insertions of a stop codon anywhere between about position 395 to about position 408 in the lipUMs sequence and/or between about position 251 to about position 264 in SEQ ID NO:6. Yet another embodiment encompasses these two sequence removals, plus any other mutation mentioned, including, but not limited to, the point mutations mentioned above, such as those listed in Table 1. 
     In some embodiments, the truncated versions of the lipase variant are at least about 50% substantially the full length of the parent lipase sequence, i.e. SEQ ID NO: 1. In some embodiments, the truncated versions of the lipase variant are at least about 60%, at least about 70% at least about 80%, or at least about 90%, at least about 95%, at least about 98% substantially the full length of the parent lipase sequence, i.e. SEQ ID NO:1. Truncation may occur at either the N-terminus or C-terminus, or both. Substantial homology or similarity can also be to the entire nucleic acid or amino acid sequence of the parent lipase or to fragments of these sequences. Certain embodiments thus also encompass polypeptide fragments of the variant lipases. Certain embodiments also encompass polypeptides having a lower degree of homology but having sufficient similarity so as to perform one or more of the same functions performed by the lipase parent, or variant thereof. 
     Fragments can retain one or more of the biological activities of the lipase or lipase variant protein and can comprise a domain or motif such as a catalytic site, active site, transmembrane domain, etc. Fragments can also be fused to create chimeric or fusion proteins. These can include a lipase sequence operably linked to another sequence not substantially homologous to the lipase. Such fusion proteins, for example, can facilitate the purification of a recombinant lipase protein or can enable secretion from certain host cells. Additionally, chimeric lipase proteins can be produced where one or more functional sites is derived from a different lipase member. In another embodiment and without being bound by any theory, the entire proposed sequence of the lipUMs that correlates to a proposed A10 helix structure, corresponding to essentially amino acid position 296 to about position 304, is substituted for the helix of another lipase, for example the A10 helix of CAL-A. The same helix exchange can occur in the sequence encompassed by SEQ ID NO:6, in that amino acids at essentially positions 152 through 160 can be substituted for the A10 helix of CAL-A. The lipase variant may include additional substitutions as listed above, such as those in Table 1, that are not present in the A10 helix of the lipUMs or SEQ ID NO:6 sequence as listed. 
     The methods of creating these chimeric or fusion proteins are well known to those of ordinary skill in the art. 
     Certain embodiments provide for nucleic acid sequences encoding the variant lipases of other embodiments, expression vectors harboring the nucleic acid sequences and transformed host cells containing the nucleic acid sequences and/or the expression vectors. The sequences of the parent lipase or lipase variants can be aligned with heterologous sequences, such as promoters, enhancers, transcriptional control elements, etc. in order to amplify or diminish their expression, as well as the expression of any co-factors. 
     Nucleic acid sequences, such as DNA, RNA, or cDNA, encoding the parent or variant lipases as defined herein may be isolated from any cell or organism producing them, by methods well known to those of ordinary skill in the art. Suitable nucleic acid sequences can be obtained by back-translation of the polypeptide sequence according to the genetic code. The codons used are preferably those frequently used in accordance with the usage within the specific organism, for example,  E. coli  or  P. pastoris . Nucleic acid constructs containing the nucleic acid(s) of the present invention are also within the scope of the invention. These nucleic acid constructs will also contain regulatory sequences for expression, replication and/or recombination, in addition to the nucleic acid sequences encoding the parent or variant lipases. 
     Lipase variants can be naturally-occurring, made by recombinant means, or chemically synthesized (either in whole or in part) to provide the lipase polypeptide with useful characteristics. Useful variations can include, but are not limited to, increased hydrolysis or alcoholysis (i.e., ethanolysis), when in contact with a substrate, increased binding to a substrate, altered affinity for other molecules such as co-factors, recognition of a fatty acid moiety that is normally not recognized by the enzyme, increased preference for trans-fatty acids, increased preference for fatty acid substrates having fatty acid chain lengths greater than C 14 , greater than about C 16 , greater than about C 18 , greater than C 20 , greater than C 22 , greater than C 24 , greater than C 26 , etc. 
     Host organisms that can be transformed by using the nucleic acid(s) of the present invention are also within the scope of the invention. Host organisms include, but are not limited to, unicellular or multicellular organisms, and preferably microorganisms. Cloning of the DNA sequence encoding the parent or variant lipase can involve inserting genomic DNA into an expression vector, such as a plasmid, in order to transform lipase-negative host cells. Expression vectors can express a portion of, or all of, the lipase polypeptides described herein. In one embodiment, host cells are eukaryotic cells. In another embodiment, host cells are prokaryotic. In an embodiment, host cells are bacteria or yeast cells. In another embodiment, the bacterial host cells are  E. coli  cells and the yeast host cells are  P. pastoris  cells. The expression vector may be introduced into any host cell so that the protein, or portion thereof, can be expressed by the host cell. The protein can then be isolated from the cells by an appropriate purification method that is well known to one of ordinary skill in the art. 
     Many amino acids can be modified by processing, other post-translational modifications or other chemical modification methods well known by those of ordinary skill in the art before collection of the polypeptide. Modifications can include, but are not limited to, acetylation, acylation, ADP-ribosylation, amidation, covalent attachment of flavin, covalent attachment of a heme group, covalent attachment of a nucleotide or nucleotide derivative, covalent attachment of a lipid or lipid derivative, covalent attachment of phosphatidylinositol, cross-linking, cyclization, disulfide bond formation, demethylation, formation of covalent cross-links, formation of cysteine, formation of pyroglutamate, formylation, gamma carboxylation, glycosylation, GPI anchor formation, hydroxylation, iodination, methylation, myristoylation, oxidation, proteolytic processing, phosphorylation, prenylation, racemization, selenoylation, sulfation, transfer-mRNA mediated addition of amino acids to proteins such as arginylation, and ubiquitination. Modification can occur anywhere in the protein, including the backbone, C- and N-termini, or the side chains and the various modifications can occur in more than one location. 
     Saturation mutagenesis and/or site-specific mutagenesis may be used to create the lipase variants as known to one of ordinary skill in the art (Zheng et al., 2004). 
     Yet another embodiment provides for a method of producing lipase variants by culturing the transformed host cells and recovering the lipase from the resulting culture or broth. In some instances, the entire transformed organism may be used, in others the lipase may be removed from the culture and purified before use. Alternatively, the lipase may be synthesized using known protein synthesis methods. 
     Still other embodiments provide for a method to increase the trans-selectivity of a lipase. In this method, the nucleic acid sequence encoding for the parent lipase is altered so that the encoded amino acid located at, near or facing a three-dimensional binding, active site or tunnel of the polypeptide is changed. This may result in increased relative accessibility of the substrate to the active site or increased difference in the activation energy needed for enzymatic turnover. The altered nucleic acid sequence is then introduced into a host cell, as described above. The host cell is then cultured under conditions to express the polypeptide variant lipase and the variant lipase is recovered from the culture. The activated catalyst composition containing at least one of the lipase variants described above is then contacted with a trans-fatty acid moiety containing substrate, such as, but not limited to, glycerides including butterfat, cocoa butter, cocoa butter substitutes, illipe fat, kokum butter, milk fat, mowrah fat, phulwara butter, sal fat, shea fat, borneo tallow, lard, lanolin, beef tallow, mutton tallow, tallow or other animal fat, canola oil, castor oil, coconut oil, coriander oil, corn oil, cottonseed oil, hazlenut oil, hempseed oil, linseed oil, mango kernel oil, meadowfoam oil, neat&#39;s foot oil, olive oil, palm oil, palm kernel oil, peanut oil, rapeseed oil, rice bran oil, safflower oil, sasanqua oil, soybean oil, sunflower seed oil, tall oil, tsubaki oil, vegetable oils, marine oils which can be converted into plastic or solid fats such as menhaden, candlefish oil, cod-liver oil, orange roughy oil, pile herd, sardine oil, whale and herring oils, 1,3-dipalmitoyl-2-monooleine (POP), 1(3)-palmitoyl-3(1)-stearoyl-2-monooleine (POSt), 1,3-distearoyl-2-monooleine (StOSt), glycerol, triglyceride, diglyceride, monoglyceride, behenic acid triglyceride, trioleine, tripalmitine, tristearine, palm olein, palm stearin, palm kernel olein, palm kernel stearin and triglycerides of medium chain fatty acids; or, processed partial or fully hydrogenated or fractionated oils thereof; esters including wax esters, alkyl esters, methyl esters, ethyl esters, isopropyl esters, octadecyl esters, aryl esters, propylene glycol esters, ethylene glycol esters, 1,2-propanediol esters and 1,3-propanediol esters; and fatty acids including saturated, unsaturated or polyunsaturated fatty acids. Preferably, the one or more fatty acids comprise carbon chains from 4 to 22 carbons long. Also preferably, the fatty acids are selected from the group consisting of palmitic acid, stearic acid, oleic acid, linoleic acid, linolenic acid, arachidonic acid, erucic acid, caproic acid, caprylic acid, capric acid, lauric acid, myristic acid, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), 5-eicosenoic acid, butyric acid, γ-linolenic acid and conjugated linoleic acid. In preferred embodiments, substrates include edible oil compositions including, but not limited to vegetable, cooking or frying oil, such as corn oil, grape seed oil, nut oil such as hazelnut oil, linseed oil, safflower oil, sesame oil, olive oil, palm oil, soybean oil, canola oil, pumpkin seed oil, flax seed oil, sunflower oil, argan oil, rice bran oil, and the like, so as to hydrolyze the trans-fatty acid and/or long chain fatty acid moieties. 
     The activity can be measured by conventional procedures well known to those of ordinary skill in the art, such as hydrolysis and alcoholysis (i.e., ethanolysis), assays, turbidimetric assays, alkalimetric methods, colorimetric methods, and the like. In a particular embodiment, the inventors employed the modified method of hydrolysis and ethanolysis as set for in Examples 4 and 5. 
     Certain embodiments relate to the selective elimination or reduction of trans-unsaturated fatty acid compounds from a substrate containing such compounds by interaction of the above-mentioned variant lipases with the substrate so as to catalyze the breakdown of the trans-fatty acid moieties. Particular embodiments relate to the elimination of trans-unsaturated fatty acid moieties in triglycerides from edible liquid oils and are therefore related to the food technology industry. For example, these embodiments can eliminate or reduce the amount of trans-unsaturated fatty acid moieties in triglycerides from frying oils and frying oil systems. 
     The enzyme may be bound to a stable chemical surface away from the active site so as to create an enzyme bound filter through which the stable substrate is placed and filtered. Additionally, the enzyme may be immobilized in cells. 
     Another embodiment provides a method using the above-mentioned variant lipases for hydrolysis. One method of hydrolysis includes, but is not limited to, preparing the glyceride substrate as an emulsion in water or buffer (phosphate, 50 mM, pH 7.5) using gum arabic and shear mixed at 24000 rpm for 2 min (Ultra-Turrax® T-25 basic, IKA Labortechnik, Staufen, Germany). The substrate emulsion is then exposed to, by mixing or otherwise coming into contact with, at least one of the above-mentioned variant lipases, during which time the glyceride component is hydrolyzed to the free fatty acid component, until the desired percentage of hydrolysis has been achieved. The trans-rich free fatty acid component is then separated from the remaining glyceride component using conventional methods of separation such as washing or aqueous extraction, soap precipitation, crystallization, distillation, vacuum distillation or chromatography. The invention further relates to a method of reducing, or eliminating, trans-fatty acids from liquid oil stable enough for frying systems. 
     Another embodiment provides a method of using the above-mentioned variant lipases for alcoholysis, and preferably, for ethanolysis. Methods of ethanolysis include, but are not limited to, preparing the glyceride substrate as an emulsion in a mixture of ethanol and water (e.g., in a 1:1 ratio) using any conventional magnetic stirring equipment for a period of about 10 minutes. The substrate emulsion is then exposed to at least one of the above-mentioned variant lipases, during which time the glyceride component is ethanolysed to the ethyl ester component, until the desired percentage ethanolysis has been achieved. The trans-rich ethyl ester component is then separated from the remaining glyceride component using one or more conventional separation methods, including, without limitation, crystallization, distillation, vacuum distillation, chromatography, or any combination thereof. 
     Deposit of Biological Material: 
     The  P. pastoris  X-33 pPICZ(B)_lipUMs culture (designated herein as “lipUMs”) has been deposited under conditions that assure that access to the culture will be available during the pendency of this patent application to one determined by the Commissioner of Patents and Trademarks to be entitled thereto under 37 C.F.R. §1.14 and 35 U.S.C. §122. The deposit is available as required by foreign patent laws in countries wherein counterparts of the subject application, or its progeny, are filed. However, it should be understood that the availability of a deposit does not constitute a license to practice the subject invention in derogation of patent rights granted by governmental action. The subject culture deposit will be stored and made available to the public in accord with the provisions of the Budapest Treaty for the Deposit of Microorganisms, i.e., it will be stored with all the care necessary to keep it viable and uncontaminated for a period of at least five years after the most recent request for the finishing of a sample of the deposit, and in any case, for a period of at least 30 (thirty) years after the date of deposit or for the enforceable life of any patent which may issue disclosing the deposited culture. The depositor acknowledges the duty to replace the deposit should the depository be unable to furnish a sample when requested, due to the condition of the deposit. All restrictions on the availability to the public of the subject culture deposit will be irrevocably removed upon the granting of a patent disclosing it. 
     A deposit of  P. pastoris  pPICZ(B)_lipUMs was entered into the permanent collection of the Patent Depository of the Deutsche Sammlung von Mikroorganismen and Zellkulturen GmbH, located at Inhoffenstralβe 7B, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany, on Apr. 7, 2011 under the terms of the Budapest Treaty, whereupon it was assigned the DSMZ accession number 24702 by the repository. Viability of the subject culture was confirmed by the Depository on Apr. 12, 2011. 
     Exemplary Definitions 
     As used herein, the term “lipase(s)”, “lipolytic enzyme(s)” or “lipase enzyme(s)” means a hydrolytic enzyme that acts to break down lipid substrates such as bacterial or fungal hydrolases and/or triacylglycerol hydrolases. 
     As used herein, the term “carboxylic acid moiety” means a fatty acid having a carboxyl group with an aliphatic tail or chain length of 2 or more carbons, which may be abbreviated herein as “Cn” or “C n ”, wherein the number of carbon atoms is represented by n. For example, oleic acid is a carboxylic acid moiety having a chain length of 18 carbon atoms, which may be abbreviated as a chain length of C18:1Δ9, in which the 1Δ9 represents the presence of one double bond at the ninth carbon (C9). 
     As used herein, the term “homology” is an indicator of the degree of identical elements between biological sequences, for example, the percent of identical amino acids between two aligned protein sequences. Gaps can be introduced into one or both of a first and a second amino acid or nucleic acid sequence for optimal alignment and non-homologous sequences may be disregarded for comparison purposes. As used herein, the term “similarity” is an indicator of the degree of similarity between biological sequences, for example, the percent of similar amino acids with similar functions and/or structures at similar positions between two aligned protein sequences. 
     As used herein, the term “variant” means a lipase derived from a  Ustilago maydis  lipase, or a naturally occurring variant. Typically, the variant differs from the native  Ustilago maydis  lipase by one or more amino acid residues, which may have been added, deleted or inserted at one or more sites within the amino acid sequence of the  Ustilago maydis  lipase, or substituted at one or more amino acid residues by another non-native amino acid residue. 
     As used herein, the terms “active,” “biologically active,” and “activity” mean biological activity associated with a particular protein or amino acid sequence and are used interchangeably herein. For example, the enzymatic activity associated with a lipase is hydrolysis and/or alcoholysis, i.e., ethanolysis, so as to hydrolyze or esterify at least a portion of a trans-fatty acid or carboxylic acid moiety. Lipase activity is measured as the ability to hydrolyze and/or esterify at least a portion of a trans-fatty acid or carboxylic acid moiety. 
     Certain embodiments also encompass DNA sequences that are complementary, or essentially complementary, with one or more of the specific sequences set forth herein. Nucleic acid sequences that are “complementary” are those that are capable of base pairing according to the standard Watson-Crick complementarity rules. As used herein, the term “complementary sequences” means nucleic acid sequences that are substantially complementary, as may be assessed by the same nucleotide comparison set forth above, or are defined as being capable of hybridizing to one or more of the specific nucleic acid segments disclosed herein under relatively stringent conditions such as those described immediately above. 
     The term “a sequence essentially as set forth in SEQ ID NO:X” means that the sequence substantially corresponds to at least a first portion of SEQ ID NO:X and has relatively few nucleotides that are not identical to, or a biologically functional equivalent of, the nucleotides of SEQ ID NO:X. Accordingly, sequences that have about 85% to about 90%; about 91% to about 95%; or about 96% to about 99% of nucleotides that are identical or functionally equivalent to one or more of the nucleotide sequences provided herein are particularly contemplated to be useful in the practice of the invention. In the context of peptides, polypeptides, and proteins, the term “a sequence essentially as set forth in SEQ ID NO:X” means that the sequence substantially corresponds to at least a first portion of SEQ ID NO:X and has relatively few amino acid residues that are not identical to, or a biologically functional equivalent of, the amino acid residues of SEQ ID NO:X. The term “biologically functional equivalent” is well understood by one of ordinary skill in the art, and is further defined in detail herein. Accordingly, peptide, polypeptide, or protein sequences that have about 85% to about 90%; about 91% to about 95%; or about 96% to about 99% of the amino acids that are identical or functionally equivalent to one or more of the amino acid sequences provided herein are particularly contemplated to be useful in the practice of the invention. 
     As used herein, the term “primer” refers to a single-stranded oligonucleotide that acts as a point of initiation of template-directed DNA synthesis using well-known methods (e.g. PCR) including, but not limited to those described herein. The appropriate length of a primer depends on its particular use, but typically ranges from about 15 to about 30 nucleotides. 
     As used herein, the term “expression” means the biological production of a product encoded by a coding sequence. In most cases, a polynucleotide (i.e., DNA) sequence, including the coding sequence, is transcribed to form a messenger-RNA (mRNA). The messenger-RNA is then translated to form a polypeptide product that has a relevant biological activity. The process of expression may involve further processing steps to the RNA product of transcription, such as splicing to remove introns, and/or post-translational processing of a polypeptide product. 
     As used herein, the term “heterologous” is used in relation to a predetermined referenced gene sequence. For example, with respect to a structural gene sequence, a heterologous promoter is defined as a promoter that does not naturally occur adjacent to the referenced structural gene, but which is positioned by laboratory manipulation. Likewise, a heterologous gene or nucleic acid segment or sequence is defined as a gene or segment that does not naturally occur adjacent to the referenced promoter and/or enhancer elements. Similarly, the term “heterologous” is also used in relation to a predetermined amino acid sequence. For example, with respect to an amino acid sequence, a heterologous protein tag, such as a polyhistidine tag, is defined as a peptide sequence that does not naturally occur adjacent to the referenced amino acid sequence. Likewise, a heterologous amino acid segment or sequence is defined as a segment or sequence that does not naturally occur adjacent to the referenced tag. Additionally, a heterologous protein refers to a protein that is not natively produced by or found within a particular organism. This can occur, for example, by the cloning and expression of a non-native lipase gene in a host organism such as  E. coli.    
     As used herein, the term “operably linked” means a linkage of two or more polynucleotides or two or more nucleic acid sequences in a functional relationship. A nucleic acid is “operably linked” when it is placed into a functional relationship with another nucleic acid sequence. For instance, a promoter or enhancer is operably linked to a coding sequence if it affects the transcription of the coding sequence. “Operably linked” means that the nucleic acid sequences being linked are typically contiguous, or substantially contiguous, and, where necessary to join two protein coding regions, contiguous and within a reading frame. Since enhancers generally function when separated from the promoter by several kilobases and intronic sequences may be of variable lengths; however, some polynucleotide elements may be operably linked but not contiguous. 
     The phrases “isolated” or “biologically pure” means material that is substantially, or essentially, free from components that normally accompany the material as it is found in its native state. Thus, an embodiment provides that the isolated peptides do not contain materials normally associated with the peptides in their in situ environment. 
     “Link” or “join” means any method well known by those of ordinary skill in the art for functionally connecting two or more molecules, including, without limitation, recombinant fusion, covalent bonding, disulfide bonding, ionic bonding, hydrogen bonding, electrostatic bonding, and such like. 
     As used herein, the term “polypeptide” means a singular “polypeptide” as well as plural “polypeptides,” and includes any chain or chains of two or more amino acids. Thus, as used herein, terms including, but not limited to “peptide,” “dipeptide,” “tripeptide,” “protein,” “enzyme,” “amino acid chain,” and “contiguous amino acid sequence” are all encompassed within the definition of a “polypeptide,” and the term “polypeptide” can be used instead of or interchangeably with, any of these terms. The term further includes polypeptides that have undergone one or more post-translational modification(s), including, without limitation, glycosylation, acetylation, phosphorylation, amidation, derivatization, proteolytic cleavage, post-translation processing, or modification by inclusion of one or more non-naturally occurring amino acids. Throughout the disclosure, common one-letter and three-letter amino acid abbreviations have been employed following the conventional nomenclature in the art: Alanine (A; Ala), Arginine (R; Arg), Asparagine (N; Asn), Aspartic Acid (D; Asp), Cysteine (C; Cys), Glutamine (Q; Gln), Glutamic Acid (E; Gln), Glycine (G; Gly), Histidine (H; His), Isoleucine (I; Ile), Leucine (L; Leu), Methionine (M; Met), Phenylalanine (F; Phe), Proline (P; Pro), Serine (S; Ser), Threonine (T; Thr), Tryptophan (W; Trp), Tyrosine (Y; Tyr), Valine (V; Val), and Lysine (K; Lys). Amino acid residues described herein are preferred to be in the “L” isomeric form. However, residues in the “D” isomeric form may be substituted for any L-amino acid residue provided the desired properties of the polypeptide are retained. All amino-acid residue sequences represented herein conform to the conventional left-to-right amino-terminus to carboxy-terminus orientation. 
     The term “protein” is used herein interchangeably with “peptide” and “polypeptide,” and includes both peptides and polypeptides produced synthetically, recombinantly, or in vitro and peptides and polypeptides expressed in vivo after nucleic acid sequences are administered into a host animal or human subject. The term “polypeptide” is intended to refer to any amino acid chain length, including those of short peptides from about 2 to about 20 amino acid residues in length, oligopeptides from about 10 to about 100 amino acid residues in length, and longer polypeptides including from about 100 amino acid residues or more in length. Furthermore, the term is also intended to include enzymes, i.e., functional biomolecules, including at least one amino acid polymer. Polypeptides and proteins of the present invention also include polypeptides and proteins that are or have been post-translationally modified, and include any sugar or other derivative(s) or conjugate(s) added to the backbone amino acid chain. 
     As used herein, the term “substantially free” or “essentially free” in connection with the amount of a component means a composition that contains less than about 10 weight percent, less than about 5 weight percent, and less than about 1 weight percent of a compound. In an embodiment, these terms refer to less than about 0.5 weight percent, less than about 0.1 weight percent, or less than about 0.01 weight percent. 
     As used herein, the term “substantially homologous” encompasses sequences that are similar to the identified sequences, such that antibodies raised against peptides having the identified sequences will specifically bind to (e.g., cross-react with) peptides having the substantially homologous sequences. In some variations, the amount of detectable antibodies induced by the homologous sequence is identical to the amount of detectable antibodies induced by the identified sequence. In other variations, the amounts of detectable antibodies induced are substantially similar, thereby providing immunogenic properties. For example, homologous can refer to at least about 75%, at least about 80% identical and “substantially homologous” can refer to at least about 85% or at least about 90% identity, at least about 95%, at least about 97% identical, at least about 98% identical, at least about 99% identical, and at least substantially or entirely 100% identical (i.e., “invariant”). When one or more amino acid residues in the lipase or lipase variant are mutated by substitution of a conservative amino acid, two or more peptides may have substantially similar activity and therefore be considered homologous or substantially homologous. 
     As used herein, the term “substrate” means a chemical compound that can be catalyzed by lipases. For example, alcohols, amines, amino esters, amides, carboxylic acid esters, thioesters, thiols, cyanohydrins, cyanohydrin esters, and meso-diols and their sterioisomers may be substrates. 
     The term “for example” or “e.g.,” as used herein, means by way of example, without limitation intended, and should not be construed as referring only those items explicitly enumerated in the specification. 
     In accordance with long standing patent law convention, the words “a” and “an” when used in this application, including the claims, denote “one or more.” 
     EXAMPLES 
     The following examples are included to demonstrate illustrative embodiments of the invention. It should be appreciated by those of ordinary skill in the art that the techniques disclosed in the examples that follow represent techniques discovered by the inventors to function well in the practice of the invention, and thus can be considered to constitute modes for its practice. However, those of ordinary skill in the art should, in light of the present disclosure, appreciate that many changes can be made in the specific embodiments that are disclosed and still obtain a like or similar result without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. 
     Example 1 
     Sequence and Structure of LipUMf and LipUMs 
     In Silico Analysis of DNA and Amino Acid Sequences 
     The INTEGR8 database of the European Bioinformatics Institute (EBI) has access to complete genomes and proteomes and was searched for putative lipases within the  Ustilago maydis  genome. In order to identify possible open reading frames (“ORF”) in the DNA sequence of lipUM, the ORF Finder software from the NCBI was employed (National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, Md., USA). Structure based alignments were performed using the “PSI-Nature Structural Genomics Knowledgebase” (Berman et al., 2009). Protein data bank searches were performed with the Distance matrix ALIgnment Server (DALI) of the European Bioinformatics Institute (EBI) (Holm and Sander, 1993). Signal peptides were predicted using SignalP 3.0 server (Bendtsen, et al., 2004). Transmembrane domain prediction and protein localization were performed with the TMHMM 2.0 server algorithm (Krogh et al., 2001) and the TargetP 1.1 server (Emanuelsson et al., 2000), which can be accessed by the CBS prediction servers website. 
     Molecular Modeling 
     Molecular modeling was performed using YASARA version 7.11.28 (YASARA Bioscience, Graz, AU). Graphical representations were done with the PyMOL® visualization software, version 0.99rc6 (DeLano Scientific LLC, CA, USA). LipUMs was visualized with modeled cis- and trans-fatty acid isomers and was based on energy minimizations with YASARA applying the standard force field for energy-minimization calculations and Molecular Dynamics (MD) simulations (YASARA Biosciences GmbH, Vienna, Austria). Energy minimizations were performed by using the Powell method (Powell, 1977). All crystal structure coordinates were obtained from the Research Collaboratory for Structural Bioinformatics (RCSB) Protein Data Bank available on their website (Piscataway, N.J.; La Jolla, Calif.; Madison, Wis.; USA). 
     Table 2 shows a comparison of the size, length, and homology of the full sequence of lipUM (hereinafter “lipUMf”) and the shortened sequence of lipUM (hereinafter “lipUMs”) with the N-terminus of lipUMf removed. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 2 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 COMPARISON OF SIZE, LENGTH AND HOMOLOGY OF EXEMPLARY LIPUMF AND LIPUMS 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                   
                   
                 Probability of 
                 Probability for 
                 Prediction of 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 presence of a 
                 certain signal 
                 possible transmembrane 
               
               
                   
                 Number of 
                 Sequence homology 
                 N-terminal signal 
                 sequence cleavage 
                 segments (TMS) within 
               
               
                 Lipase 
                 amino acids 
                 to CAL-A [%] 
                 sequence (Target P 1.1) 
                 site (SignalP 3.0) 
                 the sequence (TMHMM 2.0) 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 lipUMf 
                 582 
                 69 
                 0.6 
                 GIA-RS (88%) 
                 2 TMS possible 
               
               
                 lipUMs 
                 458 
                 69 
                 0.9 
                 SLA-VP (100%) 
                 0 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     GIA-RS refers to amino acid positions 32 through 36 of the lipUMf sequence, where potential cleavage by the signal peptidase may occur during protein processing. SLA-VP refers to amino acid positions 19 through 23 of the lipUMs sequence, where potential cleavage by the signal peptidase may occur during protein processing. The hyphen in each case indicates the position where the cleavage would likely occur, according to the software. 
     Sequence analysis reveals that the N-terminus of the lipUM polypeptide (SEQ ID NO:1) is about 124 amino acids longer than that of the lipUMs polypeptide (SEQ ID NO:3). Analysis of the lipUM polypeptide sequence with the TMHMM version 2.0 program predicted the presence of two transmembrane segments (TMS), the first of which could be a signal sequence, as suggested by the TMHMM, TargetP version 1.1 and SignalP version 3.0 programs. Such structure has been found in other lipases, such as the lipase from the fungus  Rhizopus oryzae.    
     In addition, an ArgArg dipeptide was found within the lipUM sequence. A possible alternative signal sequence can be placed about 40 amino acids upstream of this dipeptide. The alternative signal sequence of lipUM has all the characteristics of a sec-dependent signal sequence (von Heijne, 1985). 
       FIG. 1  is a schematic representation of the possible structures of the two lipUM variants: the full sequence, i.e., lipUMf, and the short form of lipUMf, i.e., lipUMs. Therefore, lipUMs contains a signal peptidase cleavage site, and a Kex2 cleavage site. Kexin-like proteinases are a subfamily of the subtilisin-like serine proteinases with multiple regulatory functions in eukaryotes and catalyze or cleave proteins at the Kex2 cleavage site. Site-specific proteolysis is a feature in protein maturation and plays a crucial role in activation of many enzymes (and in the generation of peptide hormones). In the late secretory pathway of eukaryotic cells this mechanism is mainly mediated by kexin-like proteinases. 
       FIG. 12  is a homology model made with the Swissmodel online suite, accessible via the ExPASy web server (Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland). The model is based on the target-template alignment of CAL-A (pdb 3guu) and the full length sequence of lipUMf (UniProt Accession Q4P903; Kemper et al., 2006). 430 amino acids of the 582 amino acids of lipUMf can be aligned to the CAL-A amino acid sequence found in the pdb-file 3guu chain B (2.10 Å). The identity between these two sequences (CAL-A (pdb 3guu) and lipUMf is 69%. There are no gaps in the alignment apart from one amino acid at the very far C-terminus of lipUMf. Models based on a target-template sequence alignment higher than 50% sequence identity typically have the correct fold and the alignments tends to be mainly correct. Structural variation in templates and incorrect reconstruction of loops (insertions and deletions) are the main sources of model inaccuracies. (Fiser et al., 2000; Zhang, 2009). 
     Example 2 
     The Functional Expression of CAL-A, LipUMf and LipUMs  E. Coli  and  P. pastoris    
     CAL-A, lipUMf and lipUMs, and variants thereof were cloned and functionally expressed in  E. coli  cells. Synthetic DNA sequences of each of the enzymes were codon-optimized for expression and subcloned into pET-22b(+) expression vectors (Novagen®, EMD4Biosciences, Gibbstown, N.J., USA). 
     CAL-A and lipUMs, and variants thereof were also cloned and functionally expressed in  P. pastoris  cells. 
     Gene Synthesis and Subcloning of lipUMf, lipUMs and Variants Thereof 
     For gene synthesis and subcloning of CAL-A into  E. coli , the nucleotide sequence of CAL-A was derived from the amino acid sequence published by Hoegh et al. (1995). For expression of CAL-A, its sequence was codon optimized by GENEART® with the software “GeneOptimizer®” (Geneart AG Corp., Regensburg, Germany). A composite plasmid named pGA15-pproCAL-Aop carried the codon optimized full length, i.e., containing the signal pre-pro amino acid sequence, CAL-A sequence. This plasmid was used as the template in a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for subcloning the CAL-A gene into the pET-22b(+) expression vector (Novagen®, EMD4Biosciences, Gibbstown, N.J., USA) and the codon-optimized CAL-A contained a histidine (His) tag for detection and purification purposes, the sequence of which is reflected in SEQ ID NO:7: 
     
       
         
           
               
            
               
                 (SEQ ID NO: 7) 
               
               
                 ATGCGTGTGAGCCTGCGTAGCATTACCAGCCTGCTGGCTGCGGCAACCGC 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 AGCAGTTCTGGCTGCGCCGGCAGCGGAAACCCTGGATCGTCGTGCGGCGC 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 TGCCGAATCCGTATGATGATCCGTTTTATACCACCCCGAGCAACATTGGC 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 ACCTTTGCGAAAGGCCAGGTGATTCAGAGCCGTAAAGTGCCGACCGATAT 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 TGGCAACGCGAACAACGCGGCGAGCTTTCAGCTGCAATATCGTACCACCA 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 ACACCCAGAACGAAGCGGTGGCGGATGTGGCGACCGTGTGGATTCCGGCG 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 AAACCGGCGAGCCCGCCGAAAATTTTTAGCTACCAGGTGTATGAAGATGC 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 GACCGCGCTGGATTGCGCGCCGAGCTATAGCTATCTGACCGGCCTGGATC 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 AGCCGAACAAAGTGACCGCGGTGCTGGATACCCCGATTATTATTGGCTGG 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 GCGCTGCAACAGGGCTATTATGTGGTGAGCAGCGATCATGAAGGCTTTAA 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 AGCGGCGTTTATTGCGGGCTATGAAGAAGGCATGGCGATTCTGGATGGCA 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 TTCGTGCGCTGAAAAACTATCAGAACCTGCCGAGCGATAGCAAAGTGGCG 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 CTGGAAGGCTATAGCGGCGGTGCGCACGCGACCGTTTGGGCGACCAGCCT 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 GGCCGAAAGCTATGCGCCGGAACTGAACATTGTGGGCGCGAGTCATGGTG 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 GCACCCCGGTGAGCGCGAAAGATACCTTTACCTTTCTGAACGGCGGTCCG 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 TTTGCGGGTTTTGCGCTGGCCGGTGTGAGCGGTCTGAGCCTGGCCCATCC 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 GGATATGGAAAGCTTTATTGAAGCGCGTCTGAACGCGAAAGGTCAGCGTA 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 CCCTGAAACAAATTCGTGGCCGTGGCTTTTGCCTGCCGCAGGTGGTGCTG 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 ACCTATCCGTTTCTGAACGTGTTTAGCCTGGTGAACGATACCAACCTGCT 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 GAACGAAGCGCCGATTGCGAGCATTCTGAAACAGGAAACCGTTGTTCAGG 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 CGGAAGCGAGCTATACCGTGAGCGTGCCGAAATTTCCGCGTTTTATTTGG 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 CATGCGATTCCGGATGAAATTGTGCCGTATCAGCCGGCAGCGACCTATGT 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 GAAAGAACAGTGCGCGAAAGGCGCGAACATTAACTTTAGCCCGTATCCGA 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 TTGCGGAACATCTGACCGCGGAAATTTTTGGCCTGGTGCCGAGCCTGTGG 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 TTTATTAAACAGGCGTTTGATGGCACCACCCCGAAAGTGATTTGCGGCAC 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 CCCGATTCCGGCGATTGCGGGCATTACCACCCCGTCTGCGGATCAGGTGC 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 TGGGCAGCGATCTGGCCAACCAGCTGCGTAGCCTGGATGGCAAACAGAGC 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 GCGTTTGGCAAACCGTTTGGCCCGATTACCCCGCCGTAA. 
               
            
           
         
       
     
     In the PCR, the following oligonucleotides were used to amplify the whole CAL-A sequence: 
     
       
         
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Forward primer: 
               
               
                   
                 (SEQ ID NO: 8) 
               
               
                   
                 5′-TAAGGTACCATATGCGTGTGAGCCT-3′ 
               
               
                   
                 and 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Reverse primer: 
               
               
                   
                 (SEQ ID NO: 9) 
               
               
                   
                 5′-TAAGAATGCGGCCGCCGGCGGGGTAATCGGGCC-3′. 
               
            
           
         
       
     
     The PCR product was cut with the restriction enzymes NdeI and NotI (Fermentas® St. Leon-Rot, Germany) and ligated into the correspondingly-digested pET22b(+) vector using standard procedures known to one of ordinary skill in the art. 
     Subcloning of lipUMs and lipUMf were performed using GENEART® software analysis. The genes of lipUMs and lipUMf were codon optimized for  E. coli , newly synthesized, and subcloned into the pET22b(+) vector via NdeI and Nod restriction sites, respectively. A composite plasmid named pET22-lipUMsophis carried the codon optimized lipUMs sequence. A composite plasmid named pET22-lipUMfophis carried the codon optimized lipUMf sequence. These plasmids were used as the templates in a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for subcloning both the lipUMs and lipUMf gene into the pET-22b(+) expression vector (Novagen®, EMD Chemicals, Gibbstown, N.J., USA) which contained a P T7  promoter and histidine (His) tag for detection and purification purposes. 
     The codon-optimized DNA sequence encoding the lipUMf polypeptide used for cloning into  E. coli  included the following sequence: 
                    (SEQ ID NO: 10)       ATGTGGGGTCGTATTCGTAATGTTATTCAGCCGACCTGGGCACCTCCGCT               GTTTGGCACCCTGAATATTATTTTTAGCCTGTTTTTTCGTGCAGGTATTG               CACGTAGCCATAAATGGACCTGGTGTTGTTATCGTCCGACCCGTATGGCA               CGTAGCCGTACCTTTAGCAATAGCGCACCGACCCGTCGTCGTCCGGAACG               TCTGCGTCTGCAGAAAGGTAGCAGCAATACCACCATTCGTCCGCGTCCGA               GCGCAATTCTGCCGGATGAAATGAATCATGGTAGCCTGCTGACCGTTGTT               CCGCATACCGTTGTTGCAAGCACCCCGAGCTTTCGTAGCAGCTTTCCGGA               TAGCCTGATTGCAAGCGTTCAGATGCGTTTTATTGCAGTTCGTGCCATTG               TTACCCTGGCAGCAGCAGCAGCCGTTAGCCTGGCAGTTCCGACCGAACGT               CGTGCAGCATTTGCAGATCCGAATGATGACCTGTTCTATACCACACCGGA               TAACATCAACACCTATGCCAATGGCCAGGTTATTCAGAGCCGTAAAGCCG               ATACCGATATTGGCAATAGCAATAAAGTGGAAGCATTTCAGCTGCAGTAT               CGTACCACCAATACCCAGAAAGAAGCACAGGCCAACGTTGCAACCGTTTG               GATTCCGAATAAACCGGCATCTCCTCCGAAAATTTTTAGCTATCAGGTGT               ATCAGGATAGCACCCAGCTGAATTGTGCACCGAGCTATAGCTTTCTGAAA               GGTCTGGATAAACCGAATAAAGCAACCACCATTCTGGAAGCACCGATTAT               TATTGGTTGGGCACTGCAGCAGGGTTTTTATGTTGTTAGCAGCGATCATG               AAGGTCCGCGTAGCTCTTTTATTGCCGGTTATGAAGAAGGTATGGCCATT               CTGGATGGTATTCGTGCCCTGAAAAATTATGCAAAACTGCCGACCGATAG               CGCAATTGGTTTTTATGGTTATAGCGGTGGTGCACATGCAACCGGTTGGG               CAGCAAATCTGGCAGGTAGCTATGCACCGGAACATAATATTATTGGTGCA               GCCTATGGTGGTCTGCCTGCAAGCGCACGTGATACCTTTAATTTTCTGAA               TAAAGGTGCCTTTGCAGGTTTTGCAATTGCCGGTGTTAGCGGTCTGGCAC               TGGCATATCCGGATGTGGAAACCTATATTCAGTCTCGCCTGAATGCAAAA               GGCGAAAAAGTGTTTAAACAGGTTCGTAGCCGTGGTTTTTGTATTGGTCA               GGTGGTTCTGACCTATCCGTTTGTTGATGCCTATAGCCTGATTAATGATA               CCAATCTGCTGAATGAAGAACCGGTTGCCAGCACCCTGAAAAGCGAAACC               CTGGTTCAGGCAGAAGCAAGCTATACCGTTCCGGTTCCGAAATTTCCGCG               TTTTATTTGGCATGCACTGCTGGATGAAATTGTTCCGTTTCATAGCGCAG               CAACCTATGTTAAAGAACAGTGTAGCAAAGGTGCCGATATTAATTGGAAT               GTGTATAGCTTTGCCGAACATATTAGCGCAGAACTGTTTGGTCTGCTGCC               TGGTCTGGATTGGCTGAATAAAGCCTATAAAGGTCAGGCACCGAAAGTTC               CGTGTGGTGGTGGTGCACAGAGCGTTATGGGTGCAAGCGGTCCTCCGGCA               CAGGATGTTCTGGGTGCAGATCTGGCAAGCCAGCTGCGTAGCCTGCAGGG               TAAACCGAGCGCATTTGGCAATAAACCGTTTGGTAGCATTTCTCCTGCGG               CCGCACTCGAGCACCACCACCACCACCACTGA.            
The codon-optimized DNA sequence encoding the lipUMs polypeptide used for cloning into  E. coli  included the following sequence:
 
     
       
         
           
               
            
               
                 (SEQ ID NO: 11) 
               
               
                 ATGCGTTTTATTGCCGTTCGTGCAATTGTTACCCTGGCTGCAGCAGCAGC 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 AGTTAGCCTGGCCGTTCCGACCGAACGTCGTGCAGCATTTGCAGATCCGA 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 ATGACGACCTGTTTTATACCACACCGGATAACATCAATACCTATGCGAAT 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 GGTCAGGTTATTCAGAGCCGTAAAGCCGATACCGATATTGGCAATAGCAA 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 TAAAGTGGAAGCATTTCAGCTGCAGTATCGTACCACCAATACCCAGAAAG 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 AAGCACAGGCAAACGTCGCAACAGTTTGGATTCCGAATAAACCGGCAAGC 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 CCTCCGAAAATTTTTAGCTATCAGGTGTATCAGGATAGCACCCAGCTGAA 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 TTGTGCACCGAGCTATAGCTTTCTGAAAGGTCTGGATAAACCGAATAAAG 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 CAACCACCATTCTGGAAGCACCGATTATTATTGGTTGGGCACTGCAGCAG 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 GGTTTTTATGTTGTTAGCAGCGATCATGAAGGTCCGCGTAGCAGCTTTAT 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 TGCAGGTTATGAAGAAGGTATGGCCATTCTGGATGGTATTCGTGCCCTGA 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 AAAATTATGCAAAACTGCCGACCGATAGCGCAATTGGTTTTTATGGTTAT 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 AGCGGTGGTGCACATGCAACCGGTTGGGCAGCAAATCTGGCTGGTAGCTA 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 TGCACCGGAACATAATATTATTGGTGCAGCCTATGGTGGTCTGCCTGCCA 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 GCGCACGTGATACCTTTAATTTTCTGAATAAAGGTGCCTTTGCAGGTTTT 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 GCAATTGCAGGTGTTAGCGGTCTGGCCCTGGCCTATCCGGATGTTGAAAC 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 CTATATTCAGTCTCGCCTGAATGCAAAAGGCGAAAAAGTGTTTAAACAGG 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 TTCGTAGCCGTGGTTTTTGTATTGGTCAGGTGGTTCTGACCTATCCTTTT 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 GTTGATGCCTATAGCCTGATTAATGATACCAATCTGCTGAATGAAGAACC 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 GGTTGCAAGCACCCTGAAAAGCGAAACCCTGGTTCAGGCAGAAGCAAGCT 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 ATACCGTTCCGGTTCCGAAATTTCCGCGTTTTATTTGGCATGCACTGCTG 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 GATGAAATTGTTCCGTTTCATAGCGCAGCAACCTATGTTAAAGAACAGTG 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 CTCTAAAGGTGCCGATATTAATTGGAATGTGTATAGCTTTGCCGAACATA 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 TTAGCGCAGAGCTGTTTGGTCTGCTGCCTGGTCTGGATTGGCTGAATAAA 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 GCCTATAAAGGTCAGGCACCGAAAGTTCCGTGTGGTGGTGGTGCACAGAG 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 CGTTATGGGTGCAAGCGGTCCTCCGGCACAGGATGTTCTGGGTGCAGATC 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 TGGCCAGCCAGCTGCGTAGCCTGCAGGGTAAACCGAGCGCATTTGGCAAT 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 AAACCGTTTGGTAGCATTTCTCCTGCGGCCGCACTCGAGCACCACCACCA 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 CCACCACTGA. 
               
            
           
         
       
     
     The open reading frames encoding lipUMs and lipUMf were also codon optimized by GENEART® for subcloning into  P. pastoris . The  P. pastoris  codon-optimized lipUMs and lipUMf nucleotide sequences were inserted into the pPICZ B vector (Invitrogen®, Carlsbad, Calif., USA) and included a His tag for detection and purification purposes when performing PCR. The codon-optimized DNA sequence encoding the lipUMf polypeptide used for cloning into  P. pastoris  included the following sequence: 
                    (SEQ ID NO: 12)       ATGTGGGGCCGTATCCGTAATGTCATCCAGCCTACCTGGGCACCGCCTTT               GTTTGGCACCCTGAATATCATCTTTAGCCTGTTCTTTCGTGCGGGTATTG               CTAGATCTCATAAGTGGACTTGGTGTTGCTATAGACCAACACGCATGGCG               CGCTCCCGTACGTTTAGCAACAGTGCTCCAACCCGTAGACGCCCGGAAAG               ACTGCGCTTGCAGAAAGGATCTTCCAACACCACTATCCGTCCGAGACCTT               CTGCCATTCTGCCTGATGAAATGAATCATGGTTCCCTGTTGACCGTTGTG               CCACACACTGTCGTTGCGTCAACACCTAGCTTTAGATCAAGCTTCCCAGA               TAGTTTGATTGCTTCTGTTCAAATGCGCTTTATCGCCGTTCGTGCAATTG               TTACCCTGGCTGCCGCAGCGGCTGTCTCCTTGGCGGTTCCAACCGAACGT               AGAGCCGCATTTGCTGATCCGAACGATGACCTGTTCTATACAACGCCTGA               CAACATCAATACGTACGCCAATGGCCAGGTCATTCAATCCCGTAAGGCAG               ATACCGACATCGGAAACTCAAACAAAGTGGAAGCTTTCCAGCTGCAATAC               AGAACCACTAATACTCAGAAGGAGGCCCAAGCAAACGTGGCCACAGTCTG               GATTCCTAATAAGCCAGCATCTCCACCGAAAATCTTTTCCTATCAGGTTT               ACCAAGATTCTACTCAGCTGAACTGTGCCCCGTCTTATTCCTTCCTGAAA               GGTTTGGACAAACCAAATAAGGCGACAACGATTCTGGAAGCTCCGATTAT               CATTGGTTGGGCATTGCAGCAAGGCTTTTACGTGGTCAGTTCTGATCATG               AGGGTCCGAGATCCTCATTCATTGCCGGCTATGAAGAGGGAATGGCAATC               TTGGATGGCATTCGCGCGCTGAAGAACTACGCTAAATTGCCTACTGACAG               TGCCATTGGCTTTTATGGATACTCTGGTGGCGCGCATGCTACAGGATGGG               CGGCTAACCTGGCCGGTTCATATGCACCGGAACACAATATCATTGGTGCT               GCATATGGAGGTCTGCCTGCAAGCGCACGCGATACTTTTAACTTCTTGAA               CAAAGGAGCGTTTGCTGGCTTCGCCATTGCTGGTGTGTCAGGCCTGGCGT               TGGCTTATCCTGACGTCGAAACCTACATCCAAAGCCGTCTGAATGCTAAA               GGAGAGAAGGTGTTTAAACAGGTCCGCAGTCGTGGATTCTGCATTGGTCA               AGTTGTGCTGACTTATCCTTTTGTTGATGCCTACTCTTTGATCAACGACA               CAAATCTGTTGAACGAAGAGCCAGTTGCATCCACGTTGAAGTCAGAAACC               CTGGTGCAGGCCGAGGCATCTTATACTGTCCCAGTTCCGAAATTTCCACG               TTTCATCTGGCATGCGCTGTTGGATGAAATTGTTCCGTTCCACAGCGCGG               CTACCTATGTGAAGGAGCAATGTAGTAAAGGTGCTGACATTAACTGGAAT               GTTTACTCATTTGCCGAACACATCAGCGCAGAGCTGTTCGGCCTGTTGCC               GGGACTGGATTGGTTGAATAAGGCGTACAAAGGCCAGGCTCCGAAAGTCC               CTTGCGGCGGAGGTGCTCAAAGCGTTATGGGAGCCAGTGGTCCTCCAGCA               CAGGATGTGCTGGGTGCGGACTTGGCTTCTCAACTGCGTAGCCTGCAAGG               TAAACCATCAGCATTCGGTAACAAACCATTCGGAAGTATCTCCCCGGCGG               CCGCCAGCTTTCTAGAACAAAAACTCATCTCAGAAGAGGATCTGAATAGC               GCCGTCGACCATCATCATCATCATCATTGA.            
The codon-optimized DNA sequence encoding the lipUMs polypeptide used for cloning into  P. pastoris  included the following sequence:
 
     
       
         
           
               
            
               
                 (SEQ ID NO: 13) 
               
               
                 ATGCGCTTCATCGCTGTGCGTGCTATTGTCACTTTGGCGGCGGCGGCGGC 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 GGTGTCATTGGCAGTCCCTACGGAACGTCGTGCGGCTTTTGCTGATCCGA 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 ACGATGACCTGTTCTATACCACTCCTGACAACATCAATACCTACGCAAAT 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 GGCCAGGTTATTCAATCCAGAAAGGCGGATACTGACATCGGAAACTCAAA 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 CAAAGTGGAAGCCTTTCAGTTGCAATATCGCACAACGAATACCCAGAAGG 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 AGGCACAAGCGAACGTTGCTACTGTGTGGATTCCAAATAAGCCGGCCTCT 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 CCACCGAAAATCTTTTCCTATCAGGTTTACCAAGATTCTACCCAGCTGAA 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 CTGTGCACCAAGTTATTCTTTCCTGAAAGGTTTGGACAAACCAAATAAGG 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 CTACCACTATTCTGGAAGCCCCGATTATCATTGGTTGGGCCTTGCAGCAA 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 GGCTTTTACGTTGTGTCTTCCGATCATGAAGGCCCTCGCTCAAGCTTCAT 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 TGCAGGCTATGAAGAGGGAATGGCGATCTTGGATGGTATTCGTGCTCTGA 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 AGAACTACGCCAAATTGCCAACAGACAGTGCTATTGGCTTTTATGGATAC 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 TCTGGTGGCGCTCATGCAACCGGATGGGCTGCAAACCTGGCAGGTAGCTA 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 TGCGCCTGAACACAATATCATTGGTGCAGCGTACGGAGGTCTGCCAGCAA 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 GTGCGCGTGATACCTTTAACTTCTTGAACAAAGGTGCTTTTGCCGGCTTC 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 GCAATTGCGGGTGTCTCTGGCCTGGCTTTGGCCTATCCGGATGTTGAAAC 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 TTACATCCAATCCAGACTGAATGCCAAAGGAGAGAAGGTCTTTAAACAGG 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 TTCGTTCAAGAGGATTCTGCATTGGTCAAGTCGTTCTGACATATCCATTT 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 GTTGATGCTTACTCCTTGATCAACGACACGAATCTGTTGAACGAAGAGCC 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 GGTGGCCTCCACATTGAAGTCAGAAACGCTGGTCCAGGCAGAGGCGTCAT 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 ATACTGTGCCGGTCCCTAAATTTCCGCGTTTCATCTGGCATGCACTGTTG 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 GATGAAATTGTGCCTTTCCACAGCGCTGCCACATATGTCAAGGAGCAATG 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 TAGTAAGGGTGCGGACATTAACTGGAATGTCTACTCATTTGCAGAACACA 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 TCAGCGCGGAGCTGTTCGGCCTGTTGCCTGGACTGGATTGGTTGAACAAG 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 GCTTACAAAGGCCAGGCCCCTAAAGTTCCATGCGGCGGAGGTGCTCAAAG 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 CGTGATGGGAGCAAGTGGTCCTCCAGCGCAGGATGTGCTGGGTGCTGACT 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 TGGCCTCTCAACTGCGTAGCCTGCAAGGTAAACCATCCGCATTCGGTAAC 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 AAGCCATTCGGTAGCATCTCACCAGCGGCCGCCAGCTTTCTAGAACAAAA 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 ACTCATCTCAGAAGAGGATCTGAATAGCGCCGTCGACCATCATCATCATC 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 ATCATTGA. 
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Oligonucleotides were obtained from Biomers.net (Ulm, Germany). As described above, the probes and primers of the present embodiments may be of any length, and are about 60% to about 99% similar to the primers in SEQ ID NO:8 and SEQ ID NO:9, about 75% to about 95% similar to the primers in SEQ ID NO:8 and SEQ ID NO:9, or about 80% to about 90% similar to the primers in SEQ ID NO:8 and SEQ ID NO:9. By assigning numeric values to a sequence, for example, the first residue is 1, the second residue is 2, etc., an algorithm defining all primers can be proposed:
 
 n  to  n+y   (1)
 
     where n is an integer from 1 to the last number of the sequence and y is the length of the primer minus one, where n+y does not exceed the last number of the sequence. Thus, for a 25-mer, the probes correspond to bases 1 to 25, 2 to 26, 3 to 27 . . . and so on. For a 45-mer, the probes correspond to bases 1 to 45, 2 to 46, 3 to 47 . . . and so on. For a 60-mer, the probes correspond to bases 1 to 60, 2 to 61, 3 to 62 . . . and so on. 
     In certain embodiments, it will be advantageous to employ nucleic acid sequences of the present embodiments in combination with an appropriate detectable marker (i.e., a “label,”) for determining hybridization. A wide variety of appropriate indicator compounds and compositions are known in the art, including, without limitation, fluorescent, radioactive, enzymatic or other ligands, such as avidin/biotin, etc., which are capable of being detected. In particular embodiments, it may be desirable to use a fluorescent label or an enzyme tag such as urease, alkaline phosphatase or peroxidase, instead of radioactive or other environmentally less-desirable reagents. In the case of enzyme tags, colorimetric, chromogenic, or fluorogenic indicator substrates are known that can be employed to provide a method for detecting the sample that is visible to the human eye, or by analytical methods such as scintigraphy, fluorometry, spectrophotometry, and the like, to identify specific hybridization with samples containing one or more complementary or substantially complementary nucleic acid sequences. Constructs and lipase variants were then sequenced. 
     Expression of lipUMf, lipUMs and Variants Thereof 
       E. coli  BL21(DE3) (Studier and Moffatt, 1986), C41(DE3) or C43(DE3) (Miroux and Walker, 1996) cells were transformed with pET-22b(+) or derivatives thereof, i.e., pET-22b vectors containing the codon-optimized lipUMf, lipUMs or CAL-A sequences, or variants thereof, using standard procedures known to one of ordinary skill in the art (see e.g., Hanahan, 1983). Complex media used during cultivation of the cells included LB-medium (1% NaCl, 0.5% yeast extract and 1% tryptone), YEPD-medium (1% yeast extract, 2% peptone, 2% glucose), or YEPG-medium (1% yeast extract, 2% peptone, 1% glycerol). Depending on the experimental set-up,  E. coli  cells were grown in 20, 200, or 400 mL complex media (LB, YEPD or YEPG medium) containing ampicillin (final concentration 100 μg/mL) up to an optical density, OD 600 , of 1.0 at 180 rpm and 37° C. (measurements performed on Fuostar Optima, BMG Labteach GmbH, Offenburg, Germany). For protein expression, isopropylthiogalactoside (IPTG) was added at a final concentration of 0.5 mM.  E. coli  cells were grown for an additional 22 hours at 180 rpm and 20° C. or 30° C. depending on the experiment.  FIG. 2  illustrates that when lipUMf was expressed in  E. coli  (DE3) strains, strong inclusion body formation was observed in the insoluble fraction of the crude cell extract. This indicates that lipUMf was in fact expressed in  E. coli.    
     Cultivation temperature was set to about 20° C. during induction to avoid misfolding of the recombinant proteins and to reduce formation of insoluble protein aggregates.  FIG. 3  illustrates the hydrolytic activity of crude extracts from two  E. coli  strains, C41(DE3) and C43(DE3) expressing lipUMs or CAL-A. The activity was measured photometrically with p-NP laurate (C 12 ) as a substrate. There is about a one-fold increase when lipUMs is expressed in C41 cells, vs. C43 cells. 
       P. pastoris  X-33 cells (Invitrogen®, Carlsbad, Calif., USA) were transformed with the following vectors: empty pPICZ(B), pPICZ(B) that contained the CAL-A sequence, pPICZ(B) that contained the lipUMf sequence and pPICZ(B) that contained the lipUMs sequence, using standard procedures known to one of ordinary skill in the art (see, e.g., EasySelect™  Pichia  Expression Kit, Invitrogen®, Carlsbad, Calif., USA). Successful integration of the lines were confirmed by PCR as described in the EasySelect™ manual, and batch cultivations were performed as described for the secreted Mut +  type of  P. pastoris  integrants. The lines of transformed cells were then grown in both buffered glycerol complex medium (BMGY) and buffered methanol complex medium (BMMY) supplemented with Zeocin™ (copper-chelated  Streptomyces  CL990 glycopeptide antibiotic; InvivoGen, Corp., San Diego, Calif., USA). BMGY was used for pre-culturing of cells and BMMY was used in the main culture. 0.5% MeOH was added every 24 hours. After 4-5 days of growth, the  P. pastoris  cells were harvested.  FIG. 3  shows the PCR analysis of the integration of CAL-A, lipUMs and lipUMf sequences into the genome of  P. pastoris  X-33. Both CAL-A and lipUMs integrated into the genome of  P. pastoris  while lipUMf did not, suggesting that the N-terminal domain of lipUMf that was removed from lipUMf to produce the lipUMs, interacts with a target sequence and may therefore be part of a regulatory subunit. 
     Cell Harvesting and Disruption 
     For harvesting, transformed  E. coli  cells were centrifuged at 4,500×g for 20 min at 4° C. Cells were washed once with 50 mM sodium phosphate buffer that was kept on ice at pH 7.5. For disruption of cells cultured in a volume 200 mL, a French pressure cell (Thermo Scientific®, Waltham, Mass., USA) was used. Cell pellets were resuspended in 30 mL of 50 mM sodium phosphate buffer that was kept on ice at a pH 7.5 containing 60 μL DNAseI (10 mg/mL). The cell slurry was passed through the French pressure cell twice at 10.324 MPa. Insoluble cell debris was removed by centrifugation at 11,000×g for 30 min at 4° C. The supernatant contained the soluble protein fraction. For cell disruption of smaller culture volumes WOO mL) a sonicator (BransonUltrasonics Corp, Danbury, Conn., USA) was used. For this, the cell pellet was resuspended in 50 mM sodium phosphate buffer that was kept on ice in a volume 1/10 of the original cell culture. The suspension was sonicated at 0° C. and interval pulsed at alternating cycles (Bransonsonicator: 30% power and 50% pulse). Sonication was continued up to 20 min depending on the culture volume. Insoluble cell debris was removed by centrifugation at 11,000×g for 30 min at 4° C. The supernatant contained the soluble protein fraction. 
     Harvesting of transformed  P. pastoris  cells was performed using standard protocols as provided in the EasySelect™  Pichia  Expression Kit. Cells were harvested by centrifugation at 1,5000-3,000×g for 30 min at 4° C. The supernatant was then either stored at 4° C. or concentrated further by centrifuge concentrators for small volumes (Amicon® Ultra 30, Millipore Corp., Billerica, Mass., USA) and then stored at 4° C. For SDS-PAGE analysis, the supernatant was concentrated by trichloroacetic acid (TCA) precipitation. The proteins of the supernatant were precipitated by adding 10% TCA for 12 hours at 4° C. The precipitated proteins were washed successively in 100% and 80% acetone and dried at room temperature. 
     Table 3 shows the results of a fractionation experiment wherein LipUMs and LipUMf were expressed in  P. pastoris  X-33 in the presence of different substrates, i.e., p-NP-C 16 , p-NP-C 14 , p-NP-C18:1Δ9cis, p-NP-C18-1Δ9trans and p-NP-C18:1Δ11cis. pPICZB and pPICZalphaB indicates  P. pastoris  cells transformed with empty vectors, and served as controls. As can be seen from the data in Table 3, lipUMf was not expressed in and/or secreted from  P. pastoris , or, if present, did not act on the substrates present, however lipUMs polypeptide was present, and active, to varying degrees in the supernatant and whole-cell extract. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 3 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 FRACTIONATION RESULTS FOR 
               
               
                 EXEMPLARY LIPUMS AND LIPUMF 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 pPICZ- 
               
               
                   
                 pPICZB 
                 lipUMs 
                 lipUMf 
                 alphaB 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 S 
                 CE 
                 UF 
                 S 
                 CE 
                 UF 
                 S 
                 CE 
                 UF 
                 S 
                 CE 
                 UF 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 pNP-C16 
                 − 
                 − 
                 − 
                 ++ 
                 + 
                 − 
                 − 
                 − 
                 − 
                 − 
                 − 
                 − 
               
               
                 pNP-C14 
                 − 
                 − 
                 − 
                 ++ 
                 + 
                 − 
                 − 
                 − 
                 − 
                 − 
                 − 
                 − 
               
               
                 pNP-C18:1 Δ9 
                 − 
                 − 
                 − 
                 ++ 
                 + 
                 − 
                 − 
                 − 
                 − 
                 − 
                 − 
                 − 
               
               
                 cis 
               
               
                 pNP-C18:1 Δ9 
                 − 
                 − 
                 − 
                 ++ 
                 + 
                 − 
                 − 
                 − 
                 − 
                 − 
                 − 
                 − 
               
               
                 trans 
               
               
                 pNP-C18:1 
                 − 
                 − 
                 − 
                 ++ 
                 + 
                 − 
                 − 
                 − 
                 − 
                 − 
                 − 
                 − 
               
               
                 Δ11 cis 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 − = no activity, 
               
               
                 + = activity, 
               
               
                 ++ = high activity, 
               
               
                 S: supernatant, 
               
               
                 CE: whole cell-extract, 
               
               
                 UF: unsoluble fraction. 
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Protein Determination by BCA-Assay 
     To quantitate the protein content of the crude cell extracts, soluble and insoluble fractions, or the purified enzyme itself, the BCA-assay system was used. The BCA-Assay kit from Uptima (Montlucon, France), was used according to the manufacturer&#39;s instructions. 
     SDS-PAGE 
     For the separation of proteins, discontinuous polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) was used (Laemmli, 1970) under denaturating conditions in the presence of SDS. For this 4% stacking gels combined with 10% or 12% stacking gels were used. For electrophoresis, the “Mini Protean® 3” gel apparatus system from Bio-Rad (München, Germany) was applied at 160V. Before electrophoresis, the protein samples were mixed with SDS, and sample buffer and then denatured for 5 min at 98° C. After electrophoresis, the separated proteins were either blotted on a polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) membrane (Carl Roth GmbH+Co. KG, Karlsruhe, Germany) or stained with Coomassie™ reagent. The gel was stained for at least 1 hour in staining solution and then destained with destaining solution until clear blue protein bands became visible. For visualization of separated protein bands, the SDS gel was stained for at least 3 hours in a solution containing Coomassie™ Brilliant Blue G-250, and then destained until clear, and blue protein bands became visible in the gel. To determine hydrolysis activity of the SDS-gel-separated lipases, the gel was blotted on a PVDF membrane and immersed in 100 mL renaturation solution for 1 hour. Then the gel was incubated for 2 to 20 min in a mixture of equal amounts of solution A [0.04% (wt./vol.) 1-naphthyl acetate, 10% (vol./vol.) acetone in sodium phosphate buffer (50 mM, pH 7.0)] and solution B [0.1% (wt./vol.) SigmaFast® (Fast Red; 4-chloro-2-methylbenzenediazonium/3-hydroxy-2-naphthoic acid 2,4-dimethylanilide phosphate; Sigma, Steinheim, Germany) in sodium phosphate buffer (50 mM, pH 7.0)]. Development of an insoluble red color indicated hydrolase activity of the enzyme (Higerd and Spizizen, 1973). 
     Western Blot 
     For specific determination of protein bands in an SDS gel by antibodies or antibody conjugates, the Western Blot method is used. For blotting the proteins onto a PVDF membrane, the “semi-dry” method was applied using the HEP-3 Panther™ system (Owl SemiDry Electroblotting System; Thermo Scientific, Portsmouth, N.H., USA) according to the manufacturer&#39;s instructions. The blotting was done at 15 volts with 0.8 mA/cm 2  PVDF membrane for 1.5 hours. For blocking of unspecific binding sites in proteins, the membrane was incubated in skim milk solution or 5% bovine serum albumin (BSA) solution for 1 hour at room temperature. After washing the membrane 3 times for 10 minutes each with TBS-Tween buffer, the membrane was incubated for 1 hour in 1/1000 diluted Ni-NTA-conjugate solution. To remove unbound conjugate, the membrane was washed again three times in TBS-Tween® (polysorbate 20) buffer. For detection of specific protein bands, the PVDF membrane was incubated with 33 μL of 5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indolyl phosphate (BCIP) solution and 66 μL of nitro-blue tetrazolium chloride (NBT) solution in 10 mL detection buffer for 2 to 5 minutes. The color reaction was stopped by addition of 3% TCA. 
     Purification of LipUMf, LipUMs and CAL-A Using Immobilized Metal Affinity Chromatography 
     The presence of the C-terminal His-tag enabled an one-step purification procedure of lipUMf, lipUMs, variants thereof or CAL-A by immobilized metal affinity chromatography (IMAC) with the ÅKTApurifier® (GE Healthcare, Piscataway, N.J., USA). The soluble protein fraction was applied to a chelating Sepharose column (Ni-Sepharose™ 6 Fast Flow; GE Healthcare) preloaded with Ni 2+  (HisTrap™ FF crude, 5 mL, GE Healthcare, Uppsala, Sweden), equilibrated with 50 mM sodium phosphate buffer containing 300 mM NaCl and 30 mM imidazole, (pH 7.0). The column was washed with equilibrating buffer at a flow rate of 3 to 5 mL/min in order to remove the unbound material. The bound protein was eluted with equilibrating buffer supplemented with 300 mM imidazole. Fractions were collected, concentrated and buffer was exchanged for 50 mM sodium phosphate buffer (pH 7.0) with a polydextran desalting column (Sephadex™ G25, exclusion size 10-kDa; Pharmacia, Uppsala, Sweden) to remove the imidazole. The homogeneity of the purified protein was determined by SDS-PAGE as described above. For identification of certain proteins in specific bands, Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization/Time-of-Flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectrometry with an Ultraflex® MALDI TOF/TOF instrument (Bruker Daltonics GmbH, Bremen, Germany), and electrospray ionization mass spectrometry was performed with a quadrupole-TOF (Q-ToF) instrument (Micromass, Ltd., Manchester, UK). 
     Protein Analysis and Enzyme Activity Determination 
     The functional expression of lipUMf and lipUMs polypeptides was followed by measuring hydrolytic activity according to a slightly modified protocol from Winkler and Stuckmann (1979), by measuring the initial hydrolysis rate of p-NP esters in a 96-well microtiter plate (MTP) format using a Varioskan® FLASH instrument (spectral scanning multiplate reader, Thermo Scientific, Portsmouth, N.H., USA) at λ=410 nm (ε=11.9×10 3  M −1  cm − ). The assay solution contained the p-NP ester concentration (1 mM) in sodium phosphate buffer (50 mM, pH 7.0). The reaction was initiated by addition of 30 μL enzyme solution to a 270-μL assay solution; absorbance was then followed for 5 min. One unit of lipase activity was defined as the amount of enzyme releasing 1 μmol. p-NP per minute. All measurements were performed in triplicate. Protein concentration was determined by the bicinchoninic acid (BCA) assay (Uptima, Montlucon, France) with bovine serum albumin as the standard. Expression of the recombinant lipases was also verified by Western blot analysis using a Ni-NTA® conjugate (Qiagen, Corp., Hilden, Germany). Samples were separated by SDS-PAGE according to the method of Laemmli (1970). Protein samples were loaded on a 10.0% SDS-gel together with a prestained molecular weight marker (Thermo-Scientific/Fermentas AB, Vilnius, Lithuania). A mini-SDS-PAGE system (Mini-Protean®II, Bio-Rad, Corp., Munich, Germany) was used for electrophoresis. After SDS-PAGE, the proteins were blotted onto PVDF membranes (Carl Roth GmbH) by the semi-dry method (HEP-3 Panther™ System, Thermo Scientific). After blocking and washing the membrane, the Ni-NTA™ conjugate was used to detect the C-terminal 6×His-tag. The complex was visualized by enzymatic color formation upon the addition of the BCIP/NBT substrate (Sigma-Aldrich). 
       FIG. 4  is a graph that compares the relative hydrolytic activity of  E. coli  C41 and C43 cells. LipUMs has higher hydrolytic activities when expressed in C41 cells than in C43 cells. 
       FIG. 5  is a graph that compares the hydrolytic activities of  E. coli  C41 cells on three different cultivation media, standard Luria broth medium (LB), glycerol enriched cultivation medium (YEPG), and glucose enriched complex medium (YEPD), at 20° C. and 180 rpm. The photometric assay was performed with p-NP laureate (C 12 ) as a substrate. The hydrolytic activity of crude extracts of CAL-A was increased by about two-fold by cultivation on glucose-enriched medium, the activity of lipUMs increased up to fourteen times when used in glucose enriched medium. LipUMs demonstrates increased activity as compared to CAL-A when the transformed C41 cells were placed on YEPD medium. 
       FIG. 6  shows that when the soluble fraction was analyzed, significant activity was detected with the p-NP-C 14  substrate for lipUMs, as well as the p-NP-C 16  and p-NP-C iso  substrates. This graph also indicates that a lipUMf polypeptide was functionally expressed in  E. coli  (DE3) strains however; its activity was only 5% for the p-NP-C 14  substrate as compared to that of lipUMs expressed under the same conditions. Comparatively, in  P. pastoris , only lipUMs polypeptide could be detected as a secreted protein, but not lipUMf polypeptide. 
       FIG. 7  shows the results of optimized photometric assay conditions for the expression of lipUMs. p-NP myristate (C 14 ) was used as a substrate at a temperature of 45° C. This temperature is near-optimal for expression of lipUM and lipUMs.  E. coli  C41 (DE3) cells were transformed with nucleic acid segments encoding either lipUMf or lipUMs, and then cultured in a 20-mL volume at 20° C. and 200 rpm. Again, lipUMf polypeptide was expressed at only 5% of that of lipUMs polypeptide under these conditions. LipUms polypeptide demonstrated marked increased activity compared to both CAL-A- and lipUMf-transformed cells. 
     Table 4 shows a summary of the purification results of the lipase lipUMs and CAL-A. The lipases were expressed in the  E. coli  C41 (DE3) strain at 20° C. and 180 rpm. Purification was performed by His-tag chromatography followed by gel filtration. p-NP myristate (C 14 ) was used as a substrate. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 4 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 PURIFICATION RESULTS OF THE 
               
               
                 LIPASES CAL-A AND LIPUMS 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                   
                 Total 
                 Spec. 
                   
                 Purifi- 
               
               
                   
                 Purification 
                 protein 
                 activity 
                 Yield 
                 cation 
               
               
                 Lipase 
                 step 
                 [mg protein /ml] 
                 [U/mg protein ] 
                 [%] 
                 factor 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 CAL-A 
                 Crude extract 
                 145 
                 0.27 
                 100 
                 1 
               
               
                   
                 His 6 -tag 
                 4.9 
                 29 
                 52 
                 109 
               
               
                   
                 His 6 -tag 
                 9 
                 0.29 
                 1.6 
                 10 
               
               
                 lipUMs 
                 Crude extract 
                 28 
                 1.1 
                 100 
                 1 
               
               
                   
                 His 6 -tag 
                 0.26 
                 40 
                 4.5 
                 36 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     High specific activities of 40 U/mg were found for lipUMs, which exceeded the value of 29 U/mg for CAL-A, demonstrating the preference of lipUMs for long chain (C 12  or greater) length fatty acids using this purification procedure. 
       FIG. 8  shows a Coomassie™ reagent-stained 10% SDS-PAGE gel, which identifies different forms of CAL-A and lipUMs. These fractions were purified by His-tag purification. MALDI-TOF analysis further confirmed that the purified protein product in this experiment was that of lipUMs. 
     Example 3 
     Mutagenesis 
     Sequencing 
     DNA and protein sequencing can be performed by any method known to one of ordinary skill in the art. DNA sequencing was performed by GATC Biotech AG (Konstanz, Germany). For example, DNA sequencing of the LipUMs point mutants within their respective plasmids, resulting from site-directed mutagenesis, was performed according to the single read sequencing method (GATC Biotech AG). 
     Site-Directed Mutagenesis 
     Site-directed mutagenesis was used to generate substitutions at targeted codons of the gene of interest. Therefore, a modified site-directed mutagenesis protocol was applied, which was based on a commercial site-directed mutagenesis kit (QuikChange®, Stratagene, Corp., La Jolla, Calif., USA). To introduce specific amino acid substitutions in the amino acid sequence of the gene of interest, mutagenic primers (between 22 and 30 bases in length) were designed to contain the desired DNA codon that would result in the targeted amino acid substitution. For optimal primer design, the PrimerX™ program (Lapid and Gao, BioInformatics.org, 2003) was used as available online The most-suitable primer pair suggestion was identified, and modified manually according to published methods (Zheng et al., 2004). In particular aspects, the pair of amplification primers includes a first and second oligonucleotide primer of less than about 50, less than about 40, and less than about 30 nucleotides each in length that includes the nucleic acid sequence as identified by the above-noted process. Table 5 shows illustrative primers used to create particularly desirable point mutations in the lipUMs mutant polypeptides: 
     
       
         
           
               
               
             
               
                 TABLE 5 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Primers 
                 Point Mutation 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                 5′-GCTCAAGCGACATTGCAGGCTAT-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 14) 
                 F145D 
               
               
                 5′-GGGAGCGAGTTCGCTGTAACGTC-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 15) 
                   
               
               
                   
               
               
                 5′-CAGCAAGTAACCGTGATACCTTTAA-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 16) 
                 A214N 
               
               
                 5′-AGACGGTCGTTCATTGGCACTATG-3 ′ (SEQ ID NO: 17) 
                   
               
               
                   
               
               
                 5′-GCGTGATCATTTTAACTTCTTGAA-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 18) 
                 T217H 
               
               
                 5′-GTTCACGCGCACTAGTAAAATTGAAG-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 19) 
                   
               
               
                   
               
               
                 5′-GATACCTCGAACTTCTTGAACAA-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 20) 
                 F218S 
               
               
                 5′-CGCGCACTATGGAGCTTGAAG-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 21) 
                   
               
               
                   
               
               
                 5′-GAGCCGCACGCCTCCACATTGA-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 22) 
                 V297H 
               
               
                 5′-CTTGCTTCTCGGCGTGCGGAGGTG-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 23) 
                   
               
               
                   
               
               
                 5′-CTCCACAAACAAGTCAGAAACGCT-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 24) 
                 L301N 
               
               
                 5′-GCCACCGGAGGTGTTTGTTCAGTC-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 25) 
                   
               
               
                   
               
               
                 5′-ATTGCGGCTGTCTCTGGCCTGG-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 26) 
                 G233A 
               
               
                 5′-GAAGCGTTAACGCCGACAGAGA-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 27) 
                   
               
               
                   
               
               
                 5′-CAATTGCGTATGTCTCTGGCCTGGCTT-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 28) 
                 G233Y 
               
               
                 5′-GGCCGAAGCGTTAACGCATACAGAGAC-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 29) 
                   
               
               
                   
               
               
                 5′-ATTGCGCTTGTCTCTGGCCTGG-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 30) 
                 G233L 
               
               
                 5′-CGAAGCGTTAACGCGAACAGAGA-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 31) 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     The 50-μL reaction mixture contained each 2.5 ng/μL of upstream and downstream primers, 1 ng/μL of template plasmid, 200 μM of dNTP-Mix (Carl Roth GmbH), and 0.05 U PfuTurbo® DNA polymerase (Roboklon, Berlin, Germany). The recommended PCR buffer for the polymerase was used, and PCR was performed using the Touchgene™ Gradient TPersonal PCR-machine (Techne®, Cambridge, UK). The following PCR program was used: 1× (1 min 95° C.), 18× (1 min 95° C., 1 min at melting temperature (T m ) of primer with the lowest melting temperature, 12 min at 72° C.). The DNA was digested with the restriction enzyme DpnI (Fermentas AB) to degrade non-mutagenized parental DNA. The PCR products were transformed into chemo-competent  E. coli  cells (NEB 5-α F′ I q ®, New England Biolabs, Frankfurt, Germany). The DpnI digestion was performed according to manufacturer&#39;s protocols. The transformation was done by the heat shock method (T=42° C. at 45 sec) as described by Hanahan (1983). Mutants were confirmed by nucleotide sequencing. This procedure was used for the expression of both lipUMs, variants thereof, and CAL-A in both  E. coli  and  P. pastoris  cells. 
     Example 4 
     The Characterization of Lipase LipUMs 
     Fatty acid or carboxylic acid moiety chain length profiles of lipUMs and CAL-A were determined. p-NP esters of different chain lengths (C 2  to C 18 ) were used. The temperature and pH optimums for lipUMs were determined as well as quantification of trans-preference. 
     Synthesis of p-NP oleate and p-NP elaidate 
     To a 250-mL round-bottom flask, with magnetic stirring, under an inert atmosphere (N 2 ), the following was added: anhydrous zinc chloride (ZnCl 2 ) (1.5 g, 11.0 mmol), anhydrous dichloromethane (75 mL) and p-NP (2.8 g, 20.1 mmol). Oleic acid chloride (2.8 g, 8.83 mmol) was added dropwise by a syringe, and the reaction mixture was refluxed until complete conversion was observed by thin-layer chromatography (TLC) (˜1 hour). The reaction mixture was then cooled to room temperature, 75 mL water was added, and the organic layer separated. The aqueous phase was extracted with diethyl ether (Et 2 O) (2×75 mL). The combined organic layers were further washed with sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO 3 ) (2×75 mL). The organic layer was then dried with anhydrous sodium sulfate (Na 2 SO 4 ), filtered and reduced in vacuo to give a dark-brown oil. Purification was performed by flash chromatography (10:1 hexane:Et 2 O) to afford the pure p-NP oleate (2.228 g, 5.51 mmol, 62%) as a clear, colorless oil.  1 H-NMR (300 MHz; dilute solution in CDCl 3 ) δ=8.27 (2H, d, J=9.25 Hz, 2×Ar—H), 7.27 (2H, d, J=9.25 Hz, 2×Ar—H), 5.43-5.30 (2H, m, —HC═CH—), 2.60 (2H, t, J=7.55 Hz, α-CH 2 ), 2.11-1.91 (4H, m, H 2 CHC═CHCH 2 ), 1.83-1.69 (2H, m, β-CH 2 ), 1.49-1.19 (20H, m), 0.88 (t, J=6.61 Hz, CH 3 ). The analogous procedure for elaidic acid chloride led to the p-NP elaidate ester (64%) as a pale-brown solid.  1 H-NMR (300 MHz; dilute solution in CDCl 3 ) δ=8.27 (2H, d, J=9.30 Hz, 2×Ar—H), 7.27 (2H, d, J=9.30 Hz, 2×Ar—H), 5.40-5.37 (2H, m, —HC═CH—), 2.60 (2H, t, J=7.50 Hz, α-CH 2 ), 2.01-1.91 (4H, m, H 2 CHC═CHCH 2 ), 1.81-1.70 (2H, m, β-CH 2 ), 1.45-1.21 (20H, m), 0.90 (t, J=6.60 Hz, CH 3 ). All other p-NP esters were obtained commercially from NU-Check Prep, Inc. (Elysian, Minn., USA). 
     Spectrophotometric Determination of Lipase Activity by p-NP Esters 
     Hydrolytic activity of culture supernatants or crude extracts were measured according to the method described by Winkler and Stuckmann (1979). The p-NP esters of different fatty acids were dissolved in 10 mL isopropanol and mixed with 90 mL of sodium phosphate buffer (50 mM, pH 7.5), supplemented with gum arabic (100 mg). The final concentration of the substrates was 1 mM. The reaction was initiated by addition of 20 μL enzyme solution to 180 μL of assay solution (solution C), and absorbance was followed for 5 min. In the assay, the initial hydrolysis rate of p-NP esters was determined in a 96-well MTP format at 2 L=410 nm (ε=11.9×10 3 M −1  cm −1 ). One unit of lipase activity was defined as the amount of enzyme releasing 1 μmol p-NP per minute. All measurements were performed in triplicate. 
     pH-Stat Assay 
     Lipase activities were determined with the triacylglyceride substrate, tributyrin, by automated titration with 10 mM sodium hydroxide (NaOH) of fatty acids released using the pH-stat TitroLine® alpha (Schott A G, Mainz, Germany). Tributyrin (5% vol./vol.) was emulsified in 20 mL distilled water containing 5% (wt./vol.) gum arabic as a stabilizer using a homogenizer for 7 min at maximum speed (Ultraturax, IKA Labortechnik, Staufen, Germany). Twenty milliliters of the substrate emulsion were heated to 45° C., and the pH was adjusted according to the desired value. Liberated fatty acids were titrated automatically with 0.01 M NaOH to maintain a constant pH. After addition of the enzyme solution, the NaOH consumption was recorded at a reaction temperature of 45° C. For determination of the temperature profile, the pH was set to 7.5. One unit of lipase activity was defined as the amount of lipase liberating 1 μmol fatty acids per minute. 
     Determination of the Cis- or Trans-Fatty Acid Selectivity of Lipases in pH Soy Oil 
     All reaction and work-up procedures were performed using glassware to prevent contamination by fatty acid like plasticizers such as bis(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP). All reactions were performed in glass vial with magnetic stirring. Mole calculations were performed assuming average molecular weight of the mixture was equal to triolein (885 g/mol). 
     The reactions were performed in triplicate, using three separate reaction vessels. The reaction mixture was prepared by weighing partially-hydrogenated soybean (soy) oil (PHSO) [1000 mg; 1.13 mmol of triacylglycerol (TAG) or 3.39 mmol of cleavable esters] into a tube and flushing with nitrogen. The PHSO was then fully melted by immersion in hot water (40° C.). The PHSO was cooled and gum arabic (400 mg) and phosphate buffer (50 mM; pH 7.5; 20 mL) added. The mixture was emulsified by shear-mixing (24,000 rpm) for 2 min. Aliquots of this mixture [4 mL; 200 mg/0.678 mmol of fatty acid (FA) equivalents] were added to each of the three reaction vessels equipped with magnetic stirring. The reaction mixture was heated to 40° C. Enzyme was either added to, or prepared in, phosphate buffer (50 mM, pH 7.5), and added to the reaction mixture. The reaction mixtures were sampled at appropriate times (either as a time-course of samples, or at 20% conversion). Sampling was performed by removing an aliquot (0.5 mL; 25 mg/85 μmol of FA equivalents), and extracting between hydrochloric acid (HCl) (0.5 M; 1.5 mL) and hexane:chloroform (CHCl 3 ):methanol (MeOH) (49:49:2; 2×2 mL) in a glass vial. The combined organics were dried by filtering through Na 2 SO 4  in a glass pipette and the solvent removed under nitrogen. When the solvent was fully removed, the remaining oil was quickly resuspended in hexane (1 mL), and a few drops removed for analysis by TLC-FID (Iatroscan®). Derivatization for gas chromatography (GC) analysis was performed by adding sodium methoxide (NaOMe) (2 N in MeOH; 50 μL; 100 μmol) and vortex mixing the sample for 1 min. The resulting mixture was filtered through Na 2 SO 4  in a glass pipette to remove MeOH, residual NaOMe and solid precipitate, and the resulting filtrate analyzed by GC. For samples taken at high conversion, concentration of the resulting solution (low TAG and therefore low FAME concentrations) under nitrogen was required. 
     TLC-FID 
     1 μL of extract was applied to each of three chromarods, and developed in 67:3:0.5 toluene:hexane:AcOH to the top of the chromarod. The chromarods were dried under a stream of nitrogen. Scanning was performed (160 mL/min hydrogen, 2 Lmin air, 40-sec scan rate) and recorded on a chart printer. Integration of the peaks was performed by scanning the image into a computer, and manually integrating using ImageJ (NIH software). Appropriate correction factors were applied, and the results of the three scans averaged and standard deviation error calculated. 
     GC 
     The official Ce1h-05 method was used, with the exception that the column temperature was reduced from 180° C. to 170° C., as the mobile phase. The FAME CP-select column (Varian, Calif., USA) was used as the stationary phase. Peaks were integrated manually, and the appropriate correction factors (Ce-1h 05) were applied. The triplicate data (including the further triplicate TLC-FID data) of conversion percentage and trans-content of the bound fraction was averaged and standard deviation error calculated. The trans-content of the FAEE fraction was converted to trans-content of the bound fraction as described. 
       FIG. 9  shows a comparison of chain length preference of lipUMs. LipUMs shows a distinct preference for long chain fatty esters as p-NP myristate (C 14 ) was the best substrate. 
       FIG. 10A  shows the temperature optimum for lipUMs to be about 55° C.  FIG. 10B  shows the pH optimum to be between a pH of about 6.5 to about 7. 
     The fatty acid profiles were determined as described above with p-NP esters of acetate (C 2 ), butyrate (C 4 ), caproate (C 6 ), caprylate (C 8 ), caprate (C 10 ), laurate (C 12 ), myristate (C 14 ), palmitate (C 16 ), stearate (C 18 ), and linolenate (C18:3Δ9Δ12Δ15, all cis) obtained from Sigma-Aldrich. The trans-selectivity of the lipases was determined using p-NP elaidate (C18:1Δ9 trans) or p-NP oleate (C18:1Δ9 cis), both chemically synthesized as described above. 
     Table 6 shows the normalized activity of lipUMs for various p-NP esters of different carbon chain lengths. The hydrolytic activities of lipUMs were normalized to p-NP-C14 (myristic acid ester) and compared to p-NP esters with various carbon chain lengths (C 2  through C 18 ). Measurements were performed six times, averaged and normalized. The lipUMs lipase variant demonstrates a preference for long chain fatty acids, namely those including more than 12 carbon atoms. It also shows a preference for trans-fatty acids, namely elaidic acid and vaccenic acid, compared to cis-fatty acids, such as oleic acid and linolenic acid. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 6 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 COMPARISON OF AVERAGE NORMALIZED ACTIVITY 
               
               
                 OF LIPUMS FOR DIFFERENT P-NP ESTERS 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Carbon chain length 
                   
               
               
                   
                 of p-NP ester 
                 LipUMs 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 C 2   
                 0.09 
               
               
                   
                 C 4   
                 0.12 
               
               
                   
                 C 6   
                 0.20 
               
               
                   
                 C 8   
                 0.39 
               
               
                   
                 C 9   
                 0.18 
               
               
                   
                 C 10   
                 0.31 
               
               
                   
                 C 12   
                 0.38 
               
               
                   
                 C 14   
                 1.00 
               
               
                   
                 C 16   
                 0.69 
               
               
                   
                 C 18   
                 0.84 
               
               
                   
                 C 18O  (oleic acid) 
                 0.54 
               
               
                   
                 C 18E  (elaidic acid) 
                 0.92 
               
               
                   
                 C 18V  (vaccenic acid) 
                 1.03 
               
               
                   
                 C 18L  (linolenic acid) 
                 0.41 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
       FIG. 11  demonstrates the preference of lipUMs for p-NP-esters with trans-fatty acids. Three different C 18  fatty acid chains, i.e., vaccenic acid, elaidic acid and oleic acid, were used as substrates. LipUMs preferentially acted on the trans substrates, i.e., vaccenic acid and elaidic acid, rather than the cis substrate, oleic acid. 
     Example 5 
     The Characterization of Lipase UMs Variants 
     Variants of lipUMs were cloned and functionally expressed in  P. pastoris  cells to evaluate the variants for improved trans-selectivity over lipUMs, as described above. 
     Hydrolysis and Ethanolysis Assay Using Partially-Hydrogenated Soy Oil (PHSO) 
     These procedures are as described above. 
     Determination of α-Factors for Trans Fatty Acid-Selectivity in (PHSO) 
     Competitive factors (α values) are used to describe the selectivity of an enzyme for different substrates, e.g., selectivity for substrate A vs. substrate B. Fatty acid selectivity was determined as relative competitive factors (α-values), which are proportional to the specificity constants, V max /K M , for each fatty acid as described previously in Chen et al. (1982); Deleuze et al. (1987); Rangheard et al. (1989); and Borgdorf and Warwel (1999). Thus, a greater α-value indicates a greater reaction rate and selectivity for a particular fatty acid substrate. C 14  was used as the reference fatty acid substrate, because it was usually the fastest-reacting fatty acid, and was assigned an α-value of 1.00. 
     The enzyme selectivity/specificity is a function of both substrates&#39; binding and catalytic rate and, hence, is determined by the ratio of the specificity constants (k cat /K M ). Therefore the competitive factor, α, is defined as the ratio of different specificity constants. For example Rangheard et al. (1989) defined the α-factor for the fatty acid selectivity of an enzyme as fellows: 
                   α   =           v     AC   ⁢           ⁢     1   X           K     AC   ⁢           ⁢     1   X               v     AC   ⁢           ⁢     2   X           K     AC   ⁢           ⁢     2   X             =       log   ⁡     (       AC   ⁢           ⁢     1   X         AC   ⁢           ⁢     1     X   o           )         log   ⁡     (         AC   ⁢           ⁢     1   X       □     ⁢   AC   ⁢           ⁢     2     X   o         )                   (     Equation   ⁢           ⁢   1     )               
From Equation 1, it is clear that the competitive factor is equal to the ratio of the reaction rates of two substrates when identical substrate concentrations (ACI x  and AC2 x ) are used. The definition of the E-value in kinetic resolution is very similar to equation 1
 
                   E   =           v   A       K   A           v   b       K   B         =       ln   [     (     A     A   0       ]     )       ln   [     (     B     B   0       ]     )                 (     Equation   ⁢           ⁢   2     )               
where V A , and V B , denote maximal velocities (v max ) of the fast- and slow-reacting enantiomers, respectively, and K A  and K B  denote Michaelis constants (K M ) of the fast- and slow-reacting enantiomers, respectively. Simpler methods to calculate selectivities may be thought of, such as using the initial slope of the graph or other initial velocity comparisons. However, these methods will not take competition of different substrates in the active site into account and therefore only describe apparent selectivity factors.
 
     For the present embodiments, a modified α-factor method was used that assumed that for the chemical equation, the bound trans-fatty acids (trans bound ) is in equilibrium with, or in some instances about equal to, the free trans-fatty acids (trans free ), for the time domain equation, the concentration of the initial trans bound  ([trans bound ] 0 ) over time is in equilibrium with, or in some instances about equal to, the trans bound  plus the trans free , similarly the initial concentration of the bound non-trans-fatty acids ([non-trans bound ] 0  over time is in equilibrium with, or in some instances about equal to, the non-trans bound  plus the non-trans free , thus, the initial concentration of the trans-fatty acids is equal to the concentration of bound trans-fatty acids plus the concentration of free trans-fatty acids:
 
chemical equation: trans bound   trans free  
 
time domain equation: [trans bound ] 0 =trans bound +trans free  
 
[non-trans bound ] 0 =non-trans bound +non-trans free  
 
facts: [trans] 0 =[trans] bound +[trans] free  
 
Using these premises, Equation 1 can be re-written into Equation 3:
 
     
       
         
           
             
               
                 
                   α 
                   = 
                   
                     
                       
                         
                           v 
                           
                             AC 
                             ⁢ 
                             
                                 
                             
                             ⁢ 
                             
                               1 
                               X 
                             
                           
                         
                         
                           K 
                           
                             AC 
                             ⁢ 
                             
                                 
                             
                             ⁢ 
                             
                               1 
                               X 
                             
                           
                         
                       
                       
                         
                           v 
                           
                             AC 
                             ⁢ 
                             
                                 
                             
                             ⁢ 
                             
                               2 
                               X 
                             
                           
                         
                         
                           K 
                           
                             AC 
                             ⁢ 
                             
                                 
                             
                             ⁢ 
                             
                               2 
                               X 
                             
                           
                         
                       
                     
                     = 
                     
                       
                         
                           log 
                           ⁡ 
                           
                             ( 
                             
                               
                                 [ 
                                 trans 
                                 ] 
                               
                               
                                 
                                   [ 
                                   trans 
                                   ] 
                                 
                                 0 
                               
                             
                             ) 
                           
                         
                         
                           log 
                           ⁡ 
                           
                             ( 
                             
                               
                                 [ 
                                 
                                   non 
                                   ⁢ 
                                   
                                     - 
                                   
                                   ⁢ 
                                   trans 
                                 
                                 ] 
                               
                               
                                 
                                   [ 
                                   
                                     non 
                                     ⁢ 
                                     
                                       - 
                                     
                                     ⁢ 
                                     trans 
                                   
                                   ] 
                                 
                                 0 
                               
                             
                             ) 
                           
                         
                       
                       . 
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                 
                   ( 
                   
                     Equation 
                     ⁢ 
                     
                         
                     
                     ⁢ 
                     3 
                   
                   ) 
                 
               
             
           
         
       
     
     The gas chromatography (GC) data provides relative percentages (% trans) rather than concentrations. Thus, the following presumptions were used: 
     if:
 
[trans] 0  is relative to % trans 0  or [trans] 0   =X *% trans 0  
 
then:
 
The % trans from the GC (particularly from GC traces for the bound fraction) correlates into numbers that directly scale with actual concentration. For example, at 30% conversion, there will be a total of 30% free fraction. The percentages for trans and non-trans for the free fraction sums to 100%. For this testing, they must sum to 30%, which is accomplished by multiplying by c (conversion rate):
 
[trans] free  is relative to % trans free *c or [trans] free   =X *% trans free *c
 
At 30% conversion, there will be a total of 70% bound fraction. The percentages for trans and non-trans for the bound fraction will sum to 100%. Therefore, it is needed to make them sum to 70%. So multiply by 1-c:
 
[trans] bound  is relative to % trans bound *1 −c  or [trans] bound   =X *% trans bound *1 −c  
 
so:
 
             α   =       log   ⁡     (       [   trans   ]     /       [   trans   ]     0       )         log   ⁡     (       [     non   ⁢     -     ⁢   trans     ]     /       [     non   ⁢     -     ⁢   trans     ]     0       )                     α   =       log   ⁡     (     X   *       (       %   ⁢           ⁢     trans   bound     *   1     -   c     )     /   X     *     (     %   ⁢           ⁢     trans   0       )       )         log   ⁡     (     X   *       (       %   ⁢           ⁢   non   ⁢     -     ⁢   trans   *   1     -   c     )     /   X     *     (     %   ⁢           ⁢   non   ⁢     -     ⁢     trans   0       )       )               
The X factors cancel, therefore:
 
     
       
         
           
             
               
                 
                   α 
                   = 
                   
                     
                       
                         
                           ( 
                           
                             
                               % 
                               ⁢ 
                               
                                   
                               
                               ⁢ 
                               
                                 trans 
                                 bound 
                               
                               * 
                               1 
                             
                             - 
                             c 
                           
                           ) 
                         
                         / 
                         % 
                       
                       ⁢ 
                       
                           
                       
                       ⁢ 
                       
                         trans 
                         0 
                       
                     
                     
                       
                         
                           log 
                           ⁡ 
                           
                             ( 
                             
                               
                                 % 
                                 ⁢ 
                                 
                                     
                                 
                                 ⁢ 
                                 non 
                                 ⁢ 
                                 
                                   - 
                                 
                                 ⁢ 
                                 trans 
                                 * 
                                 1 
                               
                               - 
                               c 
                             
                             ) 
                           
                         
                         / 
                         % 
                       
                       ⁢ 
                       
                           
                       
                       ⁢ 
                       non 
                       ⁢ 
                       
                         - 
                       
                       ⁢ 
                       
                         trans 
                         0 
                       
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                 
                   ( 
                   
                     Equation 
                     ⁢ 
                     
                         
                     
                     ⁢ 
                     4 
                   
                   ) 
                 
               
             
           
         
       
     
     The X factors cancel because when a sample is submitted to the GC, a chromatogram that defines X for each fatty acid is provided (whether bound or free, they are now all FAME [fatty acid methyl esters]) in that sample, and only that sample. X will vary depending on the exact concentration of lipid in any given extract. For any given extraction, the percentage distribution of the peaks is identical whether 1 mg or 100 mg are submitted to the GC. Therefore, X can be cancelled. 
     When the calculated a factor becomes negative, it is indicating very high selectivities for the chosen comparison of substrates, e.g., a (trans+sat)/cis&lt;0. To show this, the selectivity factor α by the method of Chen et al. (1982) is recalculated. While the Chen publication only takes into account values for the two different enantiomers, R and S, the behavior in pH soy is more complex. There multicompetitive reactions for the hydrolysis of different fatty acids take place. In order to simplify this further and make it applicable to the equation of Chen et al. (1982), we distinguish between three fractions: cis fatty acids, trans fatty acids and saturated fatty acids. Instead of using the content of the bound-fraction like in the modified Rangheard equation, the calculated released fatty fraction for calculating a modified eeP value was used (equation 5):
 
 eeP =[(% trans+% sat)−% cis]/[(% trans+% sat)+% sat]  (Equation 5)
 
This value (eeP) can now be used to determine a pseudo E-value for the complex fat mixture.
 
 E =( v   1   A/K   1   A )/( v   1   B/K   1   B )=(ln [(1 −c (1+ eeP )]))/(ln [(1 −c (1 −eeP ]))  (Equation 6)
 
This E-value equation will give positive values, where the rational log function employed by Rangheard et al. (1989) and Borgdorf and Warwel (1999) will give negative values. Therefore, the negative numbers calculated by the modified Rangheard equation could be converted to high positive numbers using the modified equation from Chen et al. (1982) for calculating E-values. In kinetic resolution, E-values &gt;100 indicate excellent selectivites but cannot be calculated precisely. Table 7 summarizes the α-value data for UMs and variants thereof, when expressed in  P. pastoris .
 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 7 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 α-FACTORS FOR VARIANTS OF LIPUMS AND UMS 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                   
                   
                 α 
                 α 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Multi- 
                 Trans/ 
                 (Trans + 
               
               
                 Enzyme 
                 Experiment 
                 plate 
                 (Cis + Sat) 
                 Sat)(Cis) 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 None 
                 Hydrolysis 
                 1 
                 No detection 
                 — 
               
               
                 None 
                 Ethanolysis 
                 1 
                 4 days &lt;1% conv 
                 — 
               
               
                 
                   Geobacillus 
                 
                 Hydrolysis 
                 3 
                 0.72 ± 0.09 
                 — 
               
               
                 LipUMs 
                 Hydrolysis 
                 3 
                 2.04 ± 0.56 
                 5.84 ± 0.88 
               
               
                 LipUMs 
                 Ethanolysis 
                 3 
                 2.28 ± 0.08 
                 — 
               
               
                 L301N variant 
                 Hydrolysis 
                 3 
                 2.11 ± 0.12 
                 4.17 ± 0.62 
               
               
                 of LipUMs 
               
               
                 T217H variant 
                 Hydrolysis 
                 3 
                 1.42 ± 0.66 
                 2.70 ± 0.88 
               
               
                 of LipUMs 
               
               
                 V297H variant 
                 Hydrolysis 
                 3 
                 1 day &lt;1% conv 
                 — 
               
               
                 of LipUMs 
               
               
                 V297H variant 
                 Ethanolysis 
                 3 
                 1 day &lt;1% conv 
                 — 
               
               
                 of LipUMs 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 (— ) indicates that the study was not performed 
               
            
           
         
       
     
     As shown in Table 7, the L301N lipUMs variant had the most-improved trans-selectivity as compared to lipUMs. A lipase from  Geobacillus  was included to show the α-factor for a non-selective lipase, i.e., a lipase that does not preferentially bind either a cis- or a trans-substrate. As compared to the lipase from  Geobacillus , lipUMs, and all of the lipUMs variants shown indicate an increased trans-selectivity, as per their α-factors. For example, LipUMs, demonstrates about a 183% increase in hydrolytic activity when compared to that of  Geobacillus . The L301N variant demonstrates about a 193% increase in hydrolytic activity when compared to that of  Geobacillus . “Multiplate” indicates the number of times the reaction was performed and quantitated. 
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     All of the compositions and methods disclosed and claimed herein can be made and executed without undue experimentation in light of the present disclosure. While the compositions and methods of this invention have been described in terms of exemplary embodiments, it will be apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art that variations may be applied to the composition, methods and in the steps or in the sequence of steps of the method described herein without departing from the concept, spirit and scope of the invention. More specifically, it will be apparent that certain agents that are both chemically- and physiologically-related may be substituted for the agents described herein while the same or similar results would be achieved. All such similar substitutes and modifications apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art are deemed to be within the spirit, scope and concept of the invention as defined by the appended claims. Accordingly, the exclusive rights sought to be patented are as described in the claims below. 
     This invention may be combined in many different forms and should not be construed as limited to the embodiments set forth herein; rather these embodiments are provided so that this disclosure will fully convey the invention to those of ordinary skill in the art. Many modifications and other embodiments will come to mind to one of ordinary skill in the art to which this invention pertains having the benefit of the teachings presented in the foregoing description. Although specific terms are employed, they are used as in the art unless otherwise indicated.