Patent Publication Number: US-2023141740-A1

Title: System and method for tinting using low-resolution spectrophotometer

Description:
REFERENCE TO OTHER APPLICATIONS 
     This application claims priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 63/263,839 filed on Nov. 10, 2021, and U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 63/294,594, filed on Dec. 29, 2021. Both applications are incorporated by reference in their entirety. 
    
    
     TECHNICAL FIELD 
     The present invention relates to systems and methods for generating a custom-tinted coating that matches the color of a preexisting surface. 
     BACKGROUND 
     Coatings such as paints and stains are often used to protect and/or decorate surfaces. Coating products can be tinted by mixing combinations of pigments into an untinted base product, such as a base paint or stain. The color of the applied coating product can be influenced both by the specific combination of pigments and by characteristics of the base product itself. Tint formulas indicate the combination and relative amounts of pigments to be mixed into a base product into order to produce a specific applied color. Tint formulas can be used by an operator for manual combination of pigments with base products or provided to a tinter apparatus for computer assisted or automated mixing of the specified pigments with the base product. 
     Manufacturers of coating products can produce or maintain certain color palettes, or sets of discrete colors, that can be created by applying appropriately tinted coating products. For any given color in a palette, manufacturers may maintain tint formulas for each of a variety of base products, such that each base product can be tinted to produce the color when applied to a surface. In addition to palette-based formulas, custom tint formulas can be needed when a desired color is not within a standard palette, or a new base product is created. 
     It is often desirable to apply a coating that will match a preexisting coating on a surface. One method of producing such a matched coating is to compare the color of the preexisting coating to one or more colors in a palette. The tint formula can then be selected from a preexisting library of tint formulas for the palette color and the base product. Such palette matching can be performed manually, such as with a swatch book including sample chips of the palette colors. Alternatively, a reading of the color of the preexisting coating can be produced using color sensing or measuring devices such as colorimeters and/or spectrophotometers. The color data produced by a color sensing device can be compared to color data expected for the palette colors. The palette color that best matches the color of the preexisting coating can then be selected. Once a palette color and selected base product are known, a tint formula can be determined. 
     Palette matching is inherently limited because preexisting coatings may have colors that occur anywhere across the gradient of visible colors and may not be visual matches to any color already existing in a given palette. It is often necessary, therefore, to determine a custom tint formula in order to produce a matching coating. Historically, custom tint formulas were created manually by combining pigments and base product in small amounts, applying the tinted coating to a surface, and evaluating the degree of match. As with palette matching, color measurement technology can provide data to assist in the creation of custom tint formulas. 
     A spectrophotometer is a device capable of sensing the amount of light a colored surface reflects at various wavelengths. Generally, spectrophotometers can measure the reflectance (in percent) at intervals across the visible spectrum. For example, a reflectance can be measured in 10 nm intervals from a wavelength of about 400 nm to about 700 nm. These 31 measurements can be plotted on a spectral curve, often described as a “31-point” curve. Other spectrophotometers may measure color at 20 nm intervals over the same wavelength band, yielding a 16-point curve. Numerous methods are known for determining tint formulas based on spectral data. Such methods may include those using combinatorial techniques to apply the Kubelka-Munk model to the properties of coating products and pigments. 
     In order to support such detailed measurements, spectrophotometers are generally expensive and difficult to use. Although some spectrophotometers may be portable, bringing a costly and relatively bulky spectrophotometer on a project site is undesirable, particularly for small projects where project cost does not allow transporting an expensive spectrophotometer on-site. Consequently, a user wishing to obtain color curve data for a surface must often bring a physical sample of the colored surface to a central location (such as a laboratory, or kiosk in a retail environment). This also is often undesirable, because where the surface is fixed (such as on a wall), a portion of the surface must be removed for transport. Even where a sample can be read non-destructively, the user must still bring the physical surface to a remote location. 
     In contrast to spectrophotometers, colorimeters are more limited color measuring devices. Colorimeters are desirable because they generally require fewer components and less power to operate and can be less expensive. In contrast to more complex spectrophotometers, colorimeters measure color through tristimulus filters and report tristimulus data. Reported data from a colorimeter is thus relatively rudimentary as compared to a spectrophotometer, and is usually reported data in a three-dimensional color space like CIE xyY, CIE L*a*b*, or other three-dimensional spaces. 
     Recently, more advanced portable colorimeters have had capability to provide more than tristimulus data. These advanced colorimeters (called “low-resolution spectrophotometers”) are relatively inexpensive, and may detect reflectance at a limited number of wavelengths, for example 8 or 10 points or wavelength bands of equal or unequal width, the bands overlapping or non-overlapping, and report this more advanced data. 
     The tristimulus color data provided by colorimeters can be used to perform palette matching, but are not suitable for generating custom tint formulas without metamerism. This is in part because tristimulus values cannot account for metamerism—a phenomenon wherein two colors can look identical under one light source but different under another. Colorimeters can generally take measurements under only Standard Illuminant C and Standard Illuminant D65, each of which has a spectral power distribution roughly approximating natural daylight. Spectral data, as can be produced by spectrophotometers using a wide range of illuminants, can determine metamerism and differentiate between colors that may appear identical under certain lighting conditions. Nonetheless, it may be possible to generate a custom tint formula using tristimulus values from a colorimeter, but the user must accept metamerism in the color match. 
     A need exists, however, for systems and methods for custom tinted coating products such that the color of the applied coating product matches the color of a preexisting coating based on data produced on-site at a customer&#39;s location from an existing surface. 
     SUMMARY 
     Presently disclosed is a system for producing a custom tinted coating formulation comprising a color sensing device that includes a low resolution spectrophotometer to sense color of a coated surface and generate low-resolution spectral data, a color data translation engine, a tint formulation engine, and a tinter that includes an array of colorants to tint a base coating composition by adding one or more colorants in amounts dependent on color measurements from the color sensing device. 
     In some approaches, the system may be combined with one or more optional features. In some approaches, the color sensing device is controlled by a mobile software application, or is a portable spectrophotometer. In some approaches, the color sensing device is capable of providing color measurements directly or indirectly to a color data translation engine via a mobile software application. In some approaches, the color data translation engine includes a database of device attributes, which is used to generate high resolution spectral data. In some approaches, the color data translation engine provides high-resolution spectral data such as a 31-point curve or a 16-point curve, ranging in the visible spectrum, from about 400 nm or about 450 nm to about 650 nm or 700 nm. 
     Also disclosed is a method for producing a tinted paint coating based on low-resolution spectral data, the method comprising adding one or more colorants to a base coating composition to generate a tinted coating composition, wherein an amount of each colorant is based on a high-resolution spectral curve derived from low-resolution spectral data of a sensed surface, wherein the amounts of one or more colorants added to the base coating composition is not pre-determined. 
     The above summary is not intended to describe each illustrated embodiment, feature, or every implementation of the subject matter disclosed herein. The figures and the detailed description that follow more particularly exemplify various embodiments and features of the present disclosure. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       Subject matter hereof may be more completely understood in consideration of the following detailed description of various embodiments in connection with the accompanying figures. 
         FIG.  1    is a schematic diagram depicting components of a color reproduction system, according to an embodiment. 
         FIG.  2    is a schematic diagram depicting the embodiments of color sensing device  200  and color measurements  202 . 
         FIG.  3    is a schematic diagram depicting components of a color data translation engine  300 , according to an embodiment. 
         FIG.  4    is a graph depicting an example interpolated spectral curve, as may be produced according to an embodiment. 
         FIG.  5    is a flowchart depicting a method for generating spectral curve data, according to an embodiment. 
         FIG.  6    is a schematic diagram depicting components of a tint formulation engine, according to embodiments. 
         FIG.  7    is a schematic diagram depicting a controller according to an embodiment. 
         FIGS.  8 A and  8 B  are charts depicting the results of testing of embodiments. 
     
    
    
     While various embodiments are amenable to various modifications and alternative forms, specifics thereof have been shown by way of example in the drawings and will be described in detail. It should be understood, however, that the intention is not to limit the claimed inventions to the particular embodiments described. On the contrary, the intention is to cover all modifications, equivalents, and alternatives falling within the spirit and scope of the subject matter as defined by the claims. For instance, when a component is identified as having parts a through i (e.g.,  106   a - 106   i ), it will be understood that any number of parts may be used in the component, and that the number is not limited by numbers equating to i. 
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
       FIG.  1    is a schematic diagram depicting components of a color reproduction system  100 . System  100  can comprise or interact with color sensing device  200 , color data translation engine  300 , tint formulation engine  400  and controller  500 . System  100  can detect a preexisting surface color  102 , control a tinter  104  to combine one or more pigments  106   a - 106   i  with an untinted coating composition  108  to produce a tinted coating composition  110  having an applied color that matches preexisting surface color  102 . 
     Tinter  104  can comprise a mixing system for paints, stains, or other coating products that can combine a plurality of different pigments  106   a - 106   i  with an untinted coating  108  to create a tinted coating  110  that when applied to a surface can have an applied color  112 . Pigments  106   a - 106   i  can be any colorant ingredients such as dry or liquid pigments, paints, inks, dyes, stains, other substances, or combinations thereof. Untinted coating composition  108  can similarly be any substance capable of mixing with pigments  106   a - 106   i  to produce a tinted coating  110 . Untinted coating composition  108  can, for example, be a base paint, stain, dye, or other substance. Untinted coating composition  108  can have one or more attributes such as opacity, sheen (matte, gloss, satin, etc.), base pigment (white, eggshell, red etc.), and the like. Those of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that the creation of tinted coating  110  can be influenced by a number of attributes of pigments  106   a - 106   i  and untinted coating compositions  108 , such that not all pigments can be successfully mixed with all coatings. Therefore, the production of a tinted coating with a specific applied color  112  requires the mixing of a variety of pigments  106   a - 106   i  with the appropriate proportions, as can be defined in a tint formula  402  (as discussed in more detail with respect to  FIG.  6    below). 
     Tinter  104  can comprise one or more input interfaces for receiving tint formula  402  and/or additional information or instructions for production of tinted coating composition  110 . Tinter  104  can further comprise one or more output interfaces for display or provision of information related to production of tinted coating  110 , including status information, or instructions for loading, mixing, measuring, or combining of untinted coating composition  108  with pigments  106 . The input and output interfaces of tinter  104  can be provided via a terminal, through network connections to controller  500 , or other communicative means. Tinter  104  can comprise software or firmware configured to control the combination of pigments  106   a - 106   i  to untinted coating composition  108  for creation of tinted coating  110 . This mixing process can optionally be integrated within tinter  104  or can be performed manually based on instructions provided via tinter  104 . Tinter  104  can therefore comprise any of a number of known devices for the physical combination of pigments with coating products in the appropriate proportions. 
     In embodiments, tinter  104  can be located in a physical brick-and-mortar store, a factory, or any other facility where coating products can be mixed. A point-of-sale (“POS”) terminal can be located in the same facility as tinter  104 . The POS terminal can include a scanner configured to interrogate a computer-readable code (e.g., barcode, RFID tag, etc.) to identify the sales price of the coating product, and possibly other data concerning the coating product itself. For instance, interrogation of the barcode can allow the POS terminal to identify the formula including the plurality of individual colors and their respective quantities combined to achieve the desired color. According to alternate embodiments, the formula can be associated with a human-readable code (e.g., a serial number) that, when entered into the POS terminal, allows the POS terminal to identify the formula for the desired applied color. 
       FIG.  2    is a schematic diagram depicting the embodiments of color sensing device  200  and color measurements  202 . Color sensing device  200  can be any portable device including sensing hardware and software for detecting values related to a preexisting surface color  102 . Preexisting surface color  102  can be a naturally occurring color or a coating previously applied to one or more areas on a surface. For example, the surface can be a wall, a textile, a vehicle panel, a swatch, or the like. Furthermore, the surface can be a sample prepared by the application of a substance (such as a liquid or gel) to a collection substrate such as a slide or paint chip. Regardless, color sensing device  200  is configured to read, or detect, certain attributes of preexisting surface color  102  and provide an output of color measurements  202 . Color sensing device  200  can comprise one or more interfaces for receiving control instructions and/or attributes of preexisting surface color  102 , and for outputting color measurements  202 . Color sensing device  200  may be controlled by a software application that is internal to the color sensing device, or external to the color sensing device. A software application controlling the color sensing device may be, for example, a mobile software application. The interfaces can comprise an integrated user interface and/or color sensing device  200  can be communicably couplable to controller  500  or other components of system  100 . 
     Color sensing device  200  can comprise low-resolution spectrophotometer  202   a  configured to provide values representing the reflectance of preexisting surface color  102  at one or more wavelengths across the visible spectrum as wideband spectral reflectance values  204   a ; or a colorimeter  202   b  providing trisimulus values  204   b ; or portable spectrophotometer  204   c . In contrast to conventional spectrophotometers, low-resolution spectrophotometer  202  can measure reflectance at a relatively small number of wavelength bands across the visible spectrum (for example, three, eight, or ten points, as opposed to thirty or more). Low-resolution spectrophotometer  202   a  can therefore comprise a smaller and more portable device than standard spectrophotometers known in the art. Low-resolution spectrophotometer  202   a  can be a commercially available device such as a SPECTRO or SPECTRO PRO (as produced by Variable, Inc.), the Color Reader PRO from DataColor Corp., or the like. 
     Those of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that the particular sensing hardware and software configuration of color sensing devices  200  known in the art may vary the form of color measurements  206  provided as output. In embodiments, for example, low-resolution spectrophotometer  202   a  may make available color measurements  206  that resemble wideband spectral reflectance values  204   a . Color measurements  206  as described herein, therefore, are understood to encompass wideband spectral reflectance values  204   a , tristimulus colorimeter data  204   b , or narrow-band spectra reflectance values  204   c , or combinations thereof. 
       FIG.  3    is a schematic diagram depicting components of a color data translation engine  300 , according to an embodiment. Color data translation engine  300  comprises interfaces for receiving color measurements  202  and outputting spectral curve data  302 . The communication of color measurements  202  from color sensing device  200  of  FIG.  2   . to color data translation engine  300  can occur directly or indirectly. In some approaches, a mobile software application may control or interface color sensing device  200  to color data translation engine  300 . The interfaces can comprise an integrated user interface and/or color data translation engine  300  can be communicably coupleable to controller  500  or other components of system  100 . 
     Device attributes store  304  can be database, data store, or other non-volatile memory comprising attributes of color sensing device  200  can then be used by components of color data translation engine  300  to perform calculations related to conversion to wideband spectral curve values and interpolation to full spectral curve data  302 . For example, device attributes store  304  can comprise data records indicating the color space within which low-resolution spectrophotometer reflectance values  204   a  as provided by a low-resolution spectrophotometer  200   a  are defined, and/or standard illuminants used for measurements by a particular color sensing device  200 . Device attributes  304  can be used for calculations to approximate a spectral distribution from color measurements  202 . 
     Example data records, as may be stored in an embodiment of device attributes store  304  are provided in Table 1 below: 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
                 TABLE 1 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Device  
                 Color 
                 Number of 
                   
                 Coefficients/B and 
               
               
                 Identifier 
                 Space 
                 Data Points 
                 Illuminant 
                 Locations 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 SpectrolPro 
                 Spectral 
                 8 
                 Any standard 
                 Band 1: 470-575, Band 2: 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 illuminant 
                 575-583, Band 3: 580- 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 584, Band 4: 583-590 . . . 
               
               
                 RM200QC 
                 CIELAB 
                 5 
                 D65 
                 L = 0.3, a = 0.7, b = 0.2 
               
               
                 CI52x 
                 Spectral 
                 31 
                 Any standard 
                 400 − 700 nm, 10 nm 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 illuminant 
                 intervals 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     In embodiments, one or more device attributes can be received with or as part of color measurements  202 , for optional storage in device attributes store  304 . 
     Spectral converter  306  can receive wideband spectral reflectance values  204  a with or without tristimulus values  204   b  and perform lookups and/or calculations to convert from a three dimensional color space to an approximated wideband spectral curve based on the illuminant(s) used. Those of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that a color defined in a tristimulus color space may correspond to multiple spectral curve profiles due to metamerism. To decrease the degree of metamerism, spectral converter  306  can attempt to select the most appropriate approximation based on, for example, illuminant attributes of color sensing device  200  in combination with other wideband spectral data  204   a  or portable spectrophotometer data  204   c.    
     Interpolator  308  can receive wideband spectral curve values, either as directly received in color measurements  206 , or as converted by spectral converter  306 , and produce spectral curve data  302 . For example, as depicted in  FIG.  4   , interpolator  308  can infer reflectance factors at wavelengths between those directly measured (or translated) to increase the density of spectral data available to tint formulation engine  400 . Interpolator  308  can use one or more interpolation methods known in the art include linear, cubic, nearest neighbor, or the like. Furthermore, interpolator  308  can use interpolation techniques known to be valuable for spectral data, such as Sprague interpolation, and may also employ machine-learning techniques. In one embodiment, interpolator  308  can receive 8-10 wideband spectral reflectance values and produce spectral curve data  302  with 31 spectral reflectance values. 
       FIG.  5    is a flowchart depicting a method  1000  for generating spectral curve data as may be performed by color data translation engine  300 . At  1002 , color measurement values can be received from color sensing device  200 . The color measurement values can be directly received from color sensing device  200 , or can be received through controller  500 , or as input by a human or programmatic user. The color measurement values can be parsed into a format that is manipulable by color data translation engine  300 . 
     At  1004 , if the values are in a wideband spectral curve then processing can proceed directly to  1008 . If the values are not wideband spectral curve, then the process may respond that additional data is needed at  1006  before returning to parse additional values or supplemental values at  1002 . At  1008 , wideband spectral curve data can be interpolated to increase the density of spectral curve data that is output at  1010 . 
       FIG.  6    is a schematic diagram depicting component of tint formulation engine  400  according to an embodiment. Tint formulation engine  400  can receive spectral curve data  302  and produce tint formula  402 . In embodiments, tint formulation engine  400  can further receive base product attributes  404  defining characteristics of untinted coating  108  that may affect the calculated tint formula. Tint formulation engine  400  can also receive base product attributes  405   a  through  405   i  for each pigment  106   a  through  106   i  to be used to produce tint formula  402 . Formulation parameters  406  can be provided to tint formulation engine  400  in a non-volatile data store, and can further define parameters, information, lookup tables, and the like that are usable by tint formulation engine  400  to produce tint formula  402 . 
     Tint formulation engine  400  can various use tint formulation techniques known in the art including combinatorial color matching to generate tint formula  402 . For example, tint formulation engine can use techniques such as those described in U.S. Pat. No. 9,346,028 to Korenkiewicz et al., U.S. Pat. No. 9,996,765 to Yajko, U.S. Pat. No. 7,116,420 to Skierski et al., and/or U.S. Patent Pub. No. 2020/0096390 to Super et. al. Tint formulation engine can further generate a closest match to an existing palette color which is then utilized for custom tint matching to a sensed color using the tint formulation engine. 
     Returning now to  FIG.  1   , tint formula  402  can be provided to tinter  104 , for combination of pigments  106   a  through  106   i  and untinted coating  108  to produce custom tinted coating  110  having applied color  112  that matches preexisting surface color  102  under a range of lighting environments. 
       FIG.  7    is a schematic diagram depicting a controller  500 , according to an embodiment. Each of color sensing device  200 , color data translation engine  300 , tint formulation engine  400 , and tinter  104  can comprise hardware, software, firmware of combinations thereof for performing the functions depicted and described herein. Each component of system  100 , therefore, can reside on or comprise one or more interconnected computing systems, each including a processor and memory and interfaces, such as network interfaces for communication between them. In embodiments, one or more components of system  100  can reside on or be communicatively coupled to controller  500 , such that user devices  502 , inventory systems  504 , or other components of system  100  can communicate via controller  500 . 
     Controller  500 , as with other computing devices depicted and described herein can comprise a memory  506 , which can include both transitory and non-transitory components, and processor  508 . Memory  506  can comprise a non-transitory computer readable medium having instructions thereon which, when executed by processor  508  can facilitate the performance of methods and processes as depicted and described herein. Communications interface  510  can comprise one or more network connections enabling communicative coupling between the various components of system  100 . Network connections can include network adaptors (e.g., a modem, a network card (wireless or wired), an infra-red communication device, fiber optic communication device, etc.) and facilitate the communication of data, information, and/or any content electronically between network-connected devices over the communication network. 
     User interface  512  can receive user inputs and provide user outputs regarding configuration of system  100  operation of color sensing device  200 , engines  300 ,  400 , and/or tinter  104 . User interface  512  can comprise a mobile application, web-based application, or any other executable application framework. User interface  512  can reside on, be presented on, or be accessed by any computing devices capable of communicating with the various components of system  100 , receiving user input, and presenting output to the user such as user devices  502 . In embodiments, user devices  502  can reside or be presented on a smartphone, a tablet computer, laptop computer, or desktop computer. 
     In one example embodiment, color sensing device  200  can comprise a SPECTRO 1 PRO, as produced by Variable, Inc. The SPECTRO 1 PRO is a lightweight and portable low-resolution spectrophotometer that is wirelessly coupleable to a computing device such as an IPHONE or IPAD, as produced by Apple Computer, Inc., via a BLUETOOTH connection. Application software executing on the computing device can receive color measurement data, which can be wideband spectral reflectance values  204   a , and perform interpolation to produce spectral curve data  302  which can be saved in a memory of the computing device. Additional application software, such as controller  500 , can execute on the computing device or on a separate computing device to access the spectral curve data  302 , via an API (application programming interface), or by direct access of the memory on the computing device. The spectral curve data can be converted to a format comprehensible by a tint formulation engine such as the SHER-COLOR™ application, as produced by Sherwin-Williams Company. The SHER-COLOR™ application can receive spectral curve data and produce a tint formulation for one or more untinted coating products. The tint formulation can be communicated to a tinter in a retail location to initial production of a tinted coating that, when applied to a surface, will match the preexisting surface color. Alternatively, the tint formulation can be communicated to a factory, wherein larger amounts of base paint or coating may be custom-tinted to meet a customer&#39;s volume needs. 
       FIG.  8 A  is a chart depicting test results evaluating the performance of embodiments of system  100  in reproducing a preexisting surface color as compared to a conventional method.  FIG.  8 B  is a chart depicting additional test data. In the conventional methodology, color measurements were taken by a powerful benchtop spectrophotometer, in this case a XA1046 (7000A) as produced by X-Rite, Incorporated. At test palette was used with 15 objects. The test palette included discrete colors that span the palette of the PRATT &amp; LAMBERT® fan deck and British Ceramic Research Association (BCRA) tiles. 
     The test objects were read by three spectrophotometers: the XA1046, the SPECTRO 1 PRO, as produced by Variable, Inc., and the CI52X portable spectrophotometer as produced by X-Rite, Incorporated. Spectral curves from each device were extracted and converted and input to the SHER-COLOR™ application for generation of tint formulas. The formulas were mixed and applied to chips that were visually evaluated. The matches were rated on a scale from 1-6 where: 1=nearly perfect, 2=good, 3=fair but acceptable, 4=close but not acceptable, 5=bad, 6=terrible. Seven observers rated the chips and the results were averaged. An average rating of less than 3.5 was considered a pass. 
     The portable units each passed for 10 of the 15 colors, whereas the benchtop unit (XA1046) passed for 11 of the 15 colors. The average rating and the standard deviation in ratings of the SPECTRO 1 PRO were slightly higher than the CI52X but not to a statistically significant degree. Overall curves generated by the SPECTRO 1 PRO were found to not produce visibly worse formulas than the other color measuring devices tested. 
     The systems and methods of the present disclosure provide a number of improvements over conventional color reproduction systems. Color reproduction system  100  enables the reproduction of preexisting surface colors based on measurements received by portable color sensing devices, such as low-resolution spectrophotometers. As such, preexisting surface colors can be measured in place, for example at a work site where paint needs to be touched up without the need to remove and/or transport a sample of the surface color to a larger facility for analysis by a more sophisticated spectrophotometer. Thus, systems and methods of the present disclosure are able to provide tinted coatings that match the color of a preexisting surface, wherein the tint formula to produce the tinted coating is not predetermined. 
     System  100  further enables the color measurement to occur at a location that is remote from the location of the tint formulation process, or the coating mixing process itself. One or more components of system  100  can be “cloud” or network based, such that a user can measure color data in one location and direct the creation of tinted coatings by a tinter at a remote location. In embodiments, system  100  can interact with a point-of-sale fulfillment systems or factory-based computer systems such that the measurement data can be used to create a custom tinted coating that is delivered to the location where the measurement was taken without the user needing to physically deliver samples or measurements to a store or other location for procurement of tinted coatings. 
     In one embodiment, the system  100  and/or its components or subsystems can include computing devices, microprocessors, modules and other computer or computing devices, which can be any programmable device that accepts digital data as input, is configured to process the input according to instructions or algorithms and provides results as outputs. In one embodiment, computing and other such devices discussed herein can be, comprise, contain or be coupled to a central processing unit (CPU) configured to carry out the instructions of a computer program. Computing and other such devices discussed herein are therefore configured to perform basic arithmetical, logical, and input/output operations. 
     Computing and other devices discussed herein can include memory. Memory can comprise volatile or non-volatile memory as required by the coupled computing device or processor to not only provide space to execute the instructions or algorithms, but to provide the space to store the instructions themselves. In one embodiment, volatile memory can include random access memory (RAM), dynamic random access memory (DRAM), or static random access memory (SRAM), for example. In one embodiment, non-volatile memory can include read-only memory, flash memory, ferroelectric RAM, hard disk, floppy disk, magnetic tape, or optical disc storage, for example. The foregoing lists in no way limit the type of memory that can be used, as these embodiments are given only by way of example and are not intended to limit the scope of the disclosure. 
     In one embodiment, the system or components thereof can comprise or include various modules or engines, each of which is constructed, programmed, configured, or otherwise adapted to autonomously carry out a function or set of functions. The term “engine” as used herein is defined as a real-world device, component, or arrangement of components implemented using hardware, such as by an application specific integrated circuit (ASIC) or field programmable gate array (FPGA), for example, or as a combination of hardware and software, such as by a microprocessor system and a set of program instructions that adapt the engine to implement the particular functionality, which (while being executed) transform the microprocessor system into a special-purpose device. An engine can also be implemented as a combination of the two, with certain functions facilitated by hardware alone, and other functions facilitated by a combination of hardware and software. In certain implementations, at least a portion, and in some cases, all, of an engine can be executed on the processor(s) of one or more computing platforms that are made up of hardware (e.g., one or more processors, data storage devices such as memory or drive storage, input/output facilities such as network interface devices, video devices, keyboard, mouse or touchscreen devices, etc.) that execute an operating system, system programs, and application programs, while also implementing the engine using multitasking, multithreading, distributed (e.g., cluster, peer-peer, cloud, etc.) processing where appropriate, or other such techniques. Accordingly, each engine can be realized in a variety of physically realizable configurations, and should generally not be limited to any particular implementation exemplified herein, unless such limitations are expressly called out. In addition, an engine can itself be composed of more than one sub-engines, each of which can be regarded as an engine in its own right. Moreover, in the embodiments described herein, each of the various engines corresponds to a defined autonomous functionality; however, it should be understood that in other contemplated embodiments, each functionality can be distributed to more than one engine. Likewise, in other contemplated embodiments, multiple defined functionalities may be implemented by a single engine that performs those multiple functions, possibly alongside other functions, or distributed differently among a set of engines than specifically illustrated in the examples herein. 
     It should be understood that the individual steps used in the methods of the present teachings may be performed in any order and/or simultaneously, as long as the teaching remains operable. Furthermore, it should be understood that the apparatus and methods of the present teachings can include any number, or all, of the described embodiments, as long as the teaching remains operable. 
     Various embodiments of systems, devices, and methods have been described herein. These embodiments are given only by way of example and are not intended to limit the scope of the claimed inventions. It should be appreciated, moreover, that the various features of the embodiments that have been described may be combined in various ways to produce numerous additional embodiments. Moreover, while various materials, dimensions, shapes, configurations and locations, etc. have been described for use with disclosed embodiments, others besides those disclosed may be utilized without exceeding the scope of the claimed inventions. 
     Persons of ordinary skill in the relevant arts will recognize that embodiments may comprise fewer features than illustrated in any individual embodiment described above. The embodiments described herein are not meant to be an exhaustive presentation of the ways in which the various features may be combined. Accordingly, the embodiments are not mutually exclusive combinations of features; rather, embodiments can comprise a combination of different individual features selected from different individual embodiments, as understood by persons of ordinary skill in the art. Moreover, elements described with respect to one embodiment can be implemented in other embodiments even when not described in such embodiments unless otherwise noted. Although a dependent claim may refer in the claims to a specific combination with one or more other claims, other embodiments can also include a combination of the dependent claim with the subject matter of each other dependent claim or a combination of one or more features with other dependent or independent claims. Such combinations are proposed herein unless it is stated that a specific combination is not intended. Furthermore, it is intended also to include features of a claim in any other independent claim even if this claim is not directly made dependent to the independent claim. 
     Moreover, reference in the specification to “one embodiment,” “an embodiment,” or “some embodiments” means that a particular feature, structure, or characteristic, described in connection with the embodiment, is included in at least one embodiment of the teaching. The appearances of the phrase “in one embodiment” in various places in the specification are not necessarily all referring to the same embodiment. 
     Any incorporation by reference of documents above is limited such that no subject matter is incorporated that is contrary to the explicit disclosure herein. Any incorporation by reference of documents above is further limited such that no claims included in the documents are incorporated by reference herein. Any incorporation by reference of documents above is yet further limited such that any definitions provided in the documents are not incorporated by reference herein unless expressly included herein. 
     The term “about” as used herein refers to ordinary variations in measurement of a quantity or performance or output of a device about a targeted quantity. 
     The term “paint” means a coating composition including pigment (or dye) and binder which when applied to form a thin (e.g., 100 μm) wet thickness coating film on a freshly-sanded smooth wood surface, will when dried hide both the wood grain and its texture and will present a new surface with its own appearance. 
     For purposes of interpreting the claims, it is expressly intended that the provisions of Section 112, sixth paragraph of 35 U.S.C. are not to be invoked unless the specific terms “means for” or “step for” are recited in a claim. 
     Embodiments 
     Embodiment 1: A system for producing a custom tint paint formulation comprising: a color sensing device including a low resolution spectrophotometer capable of sensing color of a sensed surface and generating low-resolution spectral data, a color data translation engine, a tint formulation engine, and a tinter that includes an array of colorants and is capable of tinting a base coating composition by adding one or more colorants in amounts dependent on color measurements from the color sensing device to match the color of the coated surface. 
     Embodiment 2: The system of any preceding embodiment, wherein the color sensing device is a portable spectrophotometer. 
     Embodiment 3: The system of any preceding embodiment, wherein the color sensing device is controlled by a mobile software application. 
     Embodiment 4: The system of any preceding embodiment, wherein the color sensing device is capable of providing low-resolution spectral data of a colored surface directly or indirectly to a color data translation engine via a mobile software application. 
     Embodiment 5: The system of any preceding embodiment, wherein the color data translation engine includes a database of device attributes used to generate high resolution spectral data. 
     Embodiment 6: The system of any preceding embodiment, wherein the color sensing device illuminates a colored surface using a light emitting diode. 
     Embodiment 7: The system of any of embodiments 1 to 4, wherein the color sensing device illuminates a colored surface using a D65 illuminant. 
     Embodiment 8: The system of any preceding embodiment, wherein the color sensing device produces low-resolution spectral data based on color measurements of a surface with a plurality of lighting sources. 
     Embodiment 9: The system of any preceding embodiment, wherein the color sensing device produces low-resolution spectral data based on color measurements of a surface with a plurality of lighting intensities. 
     Embodiment 10: The system of any preceding embodiment, wherein the color data translation engine provides high-resolution spectral curve data. 
     Embodiment 11: The system of embodiment 10, wherein the high-resolution spectral curve data is a 31-point curve ranging from at least about 400 nm to about 700 nm. 
     Embodiment 12: The system of embodiment 10, wherein the high-resolution spectral curve data is a 16-point curve ranging from at least about 400 nm to about 700 nm. 
     Embodiment 13: The system of embodiment 10, wherein the high resolution spectral curve data has a wavelength range of at least about 400 to about 600 nm. 
     Embodiment 14: The system of any preceding embodiment, wherein the tint formulation engine is capable of receiving base product attributes for each colorant in the array of colorants. 
     Embodiment 15: The system of any preceding embodiment, wherein the tint formulation engine has stored base product attributes for each colorant in the array of colorants. 
     Embodiment 16: The system of any preceding embodiment, wherein the tint formulation engine is capable of receiving base paint information. 
     Embodiment 17: The system of any preceding embodiment, wherein the tint formulation engine has stored base paint information. 
     Embodiment 18: The system of any preceding embodiment, wherein the tint formulation engine includes information about existing palette colors. 
     Embodiment 19: The system of any preceding embodiment, wherein the tint formulation engine generates a tint formula based at least on colorant base product attributes and base paint information and high-resolution spectral curve data. 
     Embodiment 20: The system of embodiment 19, wherein the tint formulation engine generates a tint formula based on a closest match to an existing palette color. 
     Embodiment 21: The system of any preceding embodiment, wherein the tinter is capable of receiving a tint formula from the tint formulation engine. 
     Embodiment 22: The system of any preceding embodiment, wherein the array of colorants includes at least white, red, green, blue, and yellow, and black. 
     Embodiment 23: A method for producing a tinted paint coating comprising: adding one or more colorants to a base coating composition to generate a tinted coating composition, wherein an amount of each colorant is based on a high-resolution spectral curve derived from low-resolution spectral data of a sensed surface, wherein the amounts of one or more colorants added to the base coating composition is not pre-determined. 
     Embodiment 24: The method of any preceding embodiment further comprising: deriving the high-resolution spectral curve from low-resolution spectral data by interpolating the low-resolution spectral data. 
     Embodiment 25: The method of any preceding embodiment, wherein the high-resolution spectral curve has 31 points. 
     Embodiment 26: The method or system of any preceding embodiment, wherein the low-resolution spectral data having no more than 16 points or bands. 
     Embodiment 27: The method or system of any preceding embodiment, wherein the low-resolution spectral data has no more than 14 points or bands. 
     Embodiment 28: The method or system of any preceding embodiment, wherein the low-resolution spectral data has no more than 12 points or bands. 
     Embodiment 29: The method of any preceding embodiment, wherein the high-resolution spectral data is based in part on interpolation between the colors of a preexisting palette.