Patent Publication Number: US-PP22511-P3

Title: Hibiscus plant named ‘DUP-SWMP’

Description:
Latin name of the genus and species:  Hibiscus rosa - sinensis.    
     Variety denomination: ‘DUP-SWMP’. 
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention relates to a new and distinct cultivar of  Hibiscus,  botanically known as  Hibiscus rosa - sinensis  and hereinafter referred to by the cultivar name ‘DUP-SWMP.’ 
       Hibiscus  have been the subject of human admiration for centuries. While the ancestry of present  rosa - sinensis  hybrids is not be precisely known, todays hybrids are thought to be the products of interspecific crosses involving Hawaiian, Polynesian and Asian species, among others, some of which may no longer be found in the wild, if at all. It is thought that the first  hibiscus  identified as a “ rosa - sinensis ” was a double red form of uncertain origin found in cultivation in China, India and Polynesia, to be later introduced to Hawaii from Polynesia. It is known to have been grown in Europe during the Victorian era. Eventually, it was introduced to the continental United States where it was cultivated outdoors in the Deep South as well as in regions having subtropical or Mediterranean climates (Florida and Southwern California, respectively). Indoor cultivation took place in the temperate regions of the U.S. It is speculated that the original “ rosa - sinensis ” is actually a species hybrid, possibly naturally arising, involving two or more species. Regardless, present day hybrids are descended from the original double form, and are thought to include additional species such as  Hibiscus liliiflorus, H. arnottianus, H. schizopetalus,  and other species, known and unknown, some of which are no longer found in the wild, if at all. Today, after decades of extensive hybridization, the moniker “ rosa - sinensis ” almost certainly denotes complex interspecific hybrids. Such hybrids are usually far removed from their species ancestors in form and color. Flowers of spectacular size, color intensity and, in the last several decades, ringed and spotted patterns have been produced by U.S. hybridizers in Louisiana, Florida, Texas and elsewhere. Other hotbeds of activity include Australia, and more recently, Tahiti. Today&#39;s flowers are removed from their species ancestors to such an extent that it is almost impossible to unravel the species component contributions which comprise a modern hybrid  hibiscus.    
     However, despite the fact that extensive hybridization was giving rise to larger blossoms and more intense colors, few early hybrids attracted the attention of large scale propagators. While the flowers were some of the most impressive in the entire plant world, hybridizer selection for bloom characteristics alone resulted in weak, short-lived plants. Many varieties were difficult to root from cuttings and some only grew acceptably as grafted plants. Grafted plants suffered from a serious disadvantage in that the quality of the graft generally determined the quality of the plant, making the production of uniformly vigorous plants a difficult task. Furthermore, after several years, it was common for grafted plants to develop stresses at the graft union due to the unequal growth rates of the rootstock and the scion. Such stresses can eventually lead to loss of vigor and death of the plant. Moreover, grafting did not completely cure the problem of root rot-surprisingly, the rootstock, when grafted to a root-rot susceptible scion was often more likely to suffer rot than a plant of the rootstock variety. For example, a plant of ‘Seminole Pink’, a garden variety commonly used as a rootstock, is highly resistant to root rot. However, when ‘Seminole Pink’ is used as a rootstock for ‘Rome’, a modern hybrid which is prone to root rot, the grafted plant, while less susceptible than ‘Romeo’, is more susceptible than a plant of ‘Seminole Pink’. Another disadvantage of grafted plants is the introduction of viruses into the scion from the rootstock. Rootstock varieties are almost invariably old garden varieties which, over the years, have become infected with multiple viruses. While the performance of such vigorous garden varieties may be largely unaffected by the virus infection, the hybrid scion of grafted plants were usually significantly less vigorous than the garden variety rootstock, and virus infection from the rootstock resulted in a weak plant. The problem only increased with successive generations of grafting, resulting in a general weakening of a given variety over time. 
     As a result, the flower production of many modern hybrids was generally sparse with a high number of deformed blooms. Furthermore, buds often took relatively long times to reach blooming stage, and it was not uncommon to wait with anticipation while a bud swelled day by day, only to be disappointed when the mature bud toppled from its pedicel on the day it was to open. Moreover because of hybridizer emphasis on the flower, the plant was often relatively slow growing and sparsely clothed in leaves. 
     Such characteristics left  hibiscus  with the reputation that, despite the mesmerizing beauty of the flowers, they were for collectors who had time to attend to the seemingly exacting requirements of the plants. As a result, while new varieties are produced by hobbyists yearly, commercial scale propagation of modern hybrids was generally rare. Common garden varieties (‘Seminole Pink’, ‘Brilliant’, ‘President’, ‘Painted Lady’, ‘Butterfly’, ‘Lagos’ and others), which are easy to root, fast growing, and tolerant of a wide range of growing conditions were the only  hibiscus  widely available. 
     Many new varieties of  hibiscus  which represent a vast improvement in  rosa - sinensis  hybrids, have been produced by an intense hybridizing program conducted by the Inventor at his commercial nursery in Plaquemine, La. The objective of the program has been to produce varieties of  hibiscus  which root easily under commercial rooting conditions, grow well on their own roots, maturing rapidly into well-leaved, commercially salable plants under commercial greenhouse conditions. Further objectives are to produce  Hibiscus  cultivars as aforementioned, having large-flowers with unique and desirable flower characteristics, such as size, color intensity and pattern. 
     Asexual reproduction of the new  Hibiscus  by hard wood, semi hardwood, and terminal cuttings taken in a controlled environment in Plaquemine, La., has shown that the unique features of this new  Hibiscus  are stable and reproduced true to type in successive generations. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     The cultivar ‘DUP-SWMP’ has not been observed under all possible environmental variables. The phenotype may vary somewhat with variations in environment such as temperature, light intensity, nutrition and water status without, however, any variation in genotype. For example, during cooler weather, flowers may demonstrate an increased intensity in pink tones, particularly in the lighter colored edge zone. Furthermore, as with many varieties of  Hibiscus,  cooler weather can result in a decrease in flower diameter, and a corresponding reduction in size of sepals and pistil. Moreover, as indicated below, plant characteristics vary greatly with culture, with internode spacings often increasing in warmer weather and with higher fixed nitrogen soil content. Plants grown at higher temperatures also exhibit a faster rate of growth. In general the plant used in the following description was grown at temperatures which never dipped below 55° F. Because the Inventor&#39;s one gallon plants are grown for an average time of about 5.5 to 6 months prior to sale, and the 10 inch pot plants are grown for an average time of about 7 to 8 months prior to sale, it is difficult to provide a precise temperature profile required to give the average plant measurements described in the below description. The growing period can encompass several seasons, with seasonal fluctuations in high/low temperatures as well as photo period. It is expected that the daily high temperature ranged from about 70° F. to about 95° F., and the daily low temperature, which never dipped below 55° F., ranged from about 65° F to about 80° F. 
     The following traits have been repeatedly observed and are determined to be the unique characteristics of ‘DUP-SWMP.’ These characteristics in combination distinguish ‘DUP-SWMP’ as a new and distinct cultivar.
         1. Glossy, dark green leaves.   2. Semi-upright habit appropriate for container production and culture.   3. Freely flowering habit.   4. Very large flowers having a deep red eye zone, a silver lilac body and beige edges.   further more       

    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE PHOTOGRAPH(S) 
       The accompanying colored photographs illustrate the overall appearance of the new  Hibiscus,  showing the colors as true as it is reasonably possible to obtain in colored reproductions of this type. 
       Colors in the photographs may differ slightly from the color values cited in the detailed botanical description which accurately describe the colors of the new  Hibiscus.    
       The photograph on the first sheet comprises a single plant of ‘DUP-SWMP’ in a ten inch nursery pot. The flowers have been detached and set into the foliage for easier viewing. The upper bloom is a second day flower and the lower bloom is a newly-opened first day flower. 
       The photograph on the second sheet comprises a profile of the flower demonstrating the proportions of the pistil compared to the bloom diameter. The calyx is clearly visible. 
       The photograph on the third sheet is a representative mature leaf of ‘DUP-SWMP.’ 
       The photograph on the fourth sheet is the plant as in the first sheet, with the opened flowers removed. 
       The photograph on the fifth sheet is a view of the reverse of the bloom. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION 
     In the following description, color references are made to The Royal Horticultural Society Colour Chart except where general terms of ordinary dictionary significance are used. The following observations, measurements, and values describe plants grown in Plaquemine, La., with one plant per 10 inch container. Plants used for the description were plants in standard 10″ hanging basket pots and were about 30 weeks old.
     Botanical classification:  Hibiscus rosa - sinensis.      Parentage:
             Female or seed parent.— Evangeline (U.S. Plant Pat. 12,732).     Male or pollen parent.— Gabriel (U.S. Plant Pat. 12,730).       
       

     ‘DUP-SWMP’ differs from its seed parent in having larger bloom with a more circular shape. ‘DUP-SWMP’ also has a dark, dramatic cast surrounding the eye, while the seed parent is generally free of strong coloration in this zone. While standards of beauty differ between purchasers, the colors of the bloom may have increased appeal to many with respect to the seed parent due to the darker and more dramatic coloration. 
     ‘DUP-SWMP’ differs from its pollen parent in that it has a significantly larger bloom and an eye which spreads significantly into the body of the flower. The colors of ‘DUP-SWMP’ are otherwise similar to the pod parent, except that they are darker and more intense than those of the parent. 
     While the ‘DUP-SWMP’ plant is only a moderately upright grower, it generally has a slightly more upright habit of growth than that of either parent.
     Propagation:
             Type.— Cuttings DUP-SWMP has been propagated by taking hardwood, semi hardwood, and tip cuttings, with semi hardwood preferred. It should be noted that many methods of asexual propagation, such as tissue culture and other cloning processes, can be expected to show some degree of success in the propagation of the present cultivar, although. However, of the methods tried by the inventor, the use of semi hardwood cutting has given the greatest yield of commercially salable plants. Asexual propagation has resulted in plants which have the flower and plant characteristics of the original ‘DUP-SWMP’ plant, and thus the variety is stable.       
       

     Cuttings from ‘DUP-SWMP’ generally root well under commercial greenhouse conditions. While greenhouse conditions such as relative humidity and other factors such as cutting age prior to planting affect the take, it is not unusual to get a take of almost 100%. Please note that as successive generations of cuttings are raised, the raiser may experience a drop in take due to the incorporation of virus, particularly if at some point grafted plants are prepared, and cuttings are taken from such a plant.
               Time to initiate roots.— An average time of initiation at approximately 22° C. is approximately six weeks, with slightly longer times during winter at comparable temperatures, and slightly shorter during summer at comparable temperatures.     Time to develop roots.— An average time, at approximately 22° C., of development of a root system after initiation, is approximately six weeks, with slightly longer times during winter at comparable temperatures, and slightly shorter during summer at comparable temperatures. It should be noted that root initiation and development can be affected by greenhouse conditions, biological stressors such as disease organisms, as well as environmental stressors such as low or variant relative humidity, over- and under-watering, temperature variations or high or low constant temperatures. Thus, rooting times can be shorter or longer than the times given above depending on the values of many different characteristics during the rooting process known in the art.     Root description.— Fibrous and well-branched.           Plant description:
             Plant form and growth habits.— Perennial evergreen having moderately upright growth. Generally compact, but internodal space can be dependent upon greenhouse temperature time profile, fertilizer time profile, and other factors.     Branching habit.— well-branched, having approximately 5-6 laterals when a single stem plant is pinched back to a 5 inch height.     Plant height, soil level to top of flowers.— a salable plant in a 10 inch pot can be approximately 11 inches high and 14 inches wide. Please note that cultural variables such as greenhouse temperature time profile, fertilizer level, and other factors can cause significant variation from the above values.     Lateral branch description.— The average branch characteristics of a salable 10 inch plant: Average Length: approximately 6″. Average Diameter: approximately 0.4 cm measured at the transition from green to woody stem texture. Texture: Immature, smooth; mature, woody and rough. Color: Immature: Green, more green than 147A. Mature: Brownish gray, close to 200C with 197A overtones.       
       Mature foliage description:
             Arrangement.— Alternate, single; numerous; symmetrical.     Length.— Approximately 10.6 cm.     Width.— Approximately 9.9 cm.     Shape.— Cordate.     Apex.— Acute.     Margin.— Crenate.     Texture.— Glabrous, rugose.     Color.— Young foliage, upper surface: More green than 147A; very glossy.       
       Mature foliage, upper surface: Generally darker than 147A; glossy.
             Petiole.— Average Length: 2.6 cm. Average Diameter: 0.3 cm. Texture: Fine pubescence on upper surface; lower surface, glabrous. Color: Dark greenish brown; close to 200A with undertones of 147A.       
       

     It should be noted that as with other plant growth characteristics foliage color and size can vary somewhat with fertilization regimen, greenhouse temperature, daylength, and other conditions of culture.
     Flower description:
             Natural flowering season.— Year round, with number and size reduction in extended periods of cold weather, such as daytime temperatures of less than 60° C. Extreme heat can slow growth and flower production.     Flower arrangement.— Flowers arranged singly at terminal leaf axils. Very free-flowering, with usually about two or three developing flower buds per lateral branch, flowers face mostly outward.     Flower appearance.— Large, rounded single flowers. Flowers are open for one to two days before senescence, which is often accompanied by partial or full petal closure. Flowers persistent.     Flower diameter.— ‘DUP-SWMP’ flowers are generally in the range of from about 8-10″ when fully open, with largest flowers produced during warm weather (for example, day and night time temperatures above 73° degrees F.     Flower depth.— Flower depth was measured to average approximately 5.2 cm. Flower depth was measured after removal of a petal and a sepal to expose the base of the pistil. The measurement was taken on a fully opened flower in the direction of the pistil, from the base of the ovaries to the maximum height of the flower petal, which is the point of recurvature of the petal. It should be noted that  hibiscus  blossoms can flatten out during the day, or increase or decrease in curvature or degree of petal reflex during the day, and thus variance from the foregoing value is possible.     Flower bud  ( just before showing color ).—Rate of opening: 2-3 days. Rate of opening is generally faster in warmer weather. Flower bud dimensions were measured on a bud which was approximately one day from opening. The measurments were as follows. Bud length was measured from the abscission zone where bud and peduncle meet to the tip of the bud. The average length of a bud which is one day from opening is approximately 12.5 cm. Bud diameter was measured at the widest part of the bud, an area approximately halfway up the outside of the developing petals. The average diameter of a bud which is one day from opening is approximately 2.5 cm. It should be noted that bud dimensions can vary somewhat with cultural conditions, and variations can even be observed in buds which are at the same stage of development. Shape: acuminate. Color: More green than 147A.     Petals.— Texture: Smooth, satiny, rugose. Arrangement: The corolla consists of five petals arranged in a whorl, having regular partial overlap, even when the flower is fully open. Shape: roughly spatulate, with a rounded apex and a truncate base. The margin of each petal undulate and entire, such that the margin of the flower appears to be undulate, and the overlap is such that the flower margin appears almost circular, with small indentations at the point where the flower margin changes from one petal to the adjacent petal. A representative length was measured to be 13.2 cm, and was taken from the base of the petal to the farthest point on the margin opposite the base. A representative width is 12.6 cm, and was measured perpendicularly to the pistil at the widest point of the petal.       
       

     Petal size can vary with cultural conditions, such as temperature, and thus the flower size and shape can vary as well. Often, flowers which are produced at colder temperatures are smaller and appear more fully overlapped, giving almost a wheel-shaped appearance. When fully open, the edges of ‘DUP-SWMP’ flowers often recurve in an apparently floppy manner. 
     The color of a warm weather flower is described below. It has been observed that colder temperatures can result in the expression of pink tones in the light edge of each petal. 
     It should be noted that the colors of  hibiscus  are among the most changeable of all flowers. A newly opening morning bloom generally has the most intense coloration, but as the flower flattens out and is exposed to the sun, many pigments begin to fade immediately, resulting in a flower which can look like a different variety altogether. The flower of ‘DUP-SWMP’ can fade to a dull tan edge and a silvery gray body. The morning colors are described below. Color: Upper surface: Margin: Yellow 4D. Center: Violet 85D. Base: Red-purple 60A. Lower surface: Left side: Yellow 4C. Right side: Yellow 4D.
               Sepals.— Unlike the petals, sepals are relatively invariant in color. Their size can be affected by same cultural conditions which affect flower size, They are generally smooth and elongated oblong with acute apices (pointed tips). They are fused at the long edges into a cupped calyx bearing at its brim the five pointed tips. When the petals of the flower spread open, the five pointed tips, which are flush with the backs of the opening petals, are forced into a radiating five point star-shaped configuration, which can be observed on the profile and reverse pictures (second and fifth sheets). A representative width, which is measured perpendicularly to the long axis of the sepal a at the position on the sepal at which the oblong edges transition from fused to unfused, is approximately 1.6 cm. A representative length, measured on the sepal from the free point to the fused point is approximately 4.1 cm. Color: Upper surface: Close to 146A. Lower surface: Close to 147A.     Peduncle.— Length: 4.8 cm. Angle: approximately 40 degrees from branch. Strength: Strong, flexible. Texture: smooth. Color: Slightly darker than Yellow-green 146A.     Reproductive organs.— Androecium: Stamen number: approximately 100. Anther shape: crescent. Anther color: Purple 75D. Amount of pollen: moderate. Pollen color: Yellow 13C. Gynoecium: Pistil number: 1. Pistil length (from base of ovaries to top of stigma): 14.5. Style length (from base of ovaries to stigma branching point): 13.7. Style diameter, at base: 0.9 cm. Style color: Base: Red-purple 60D. Midsection: Red-purple 63D. Apex: Purple 75D. Stimga number: 5. Stigma color: Orange-red 32B.           

     It should be noted that the dimensions of a  hibiscus  blossom generally change not only during bud development, but also during opening, as well as during the life of the opened flower. For instance, upon opening, the petals generally gain in length. Double varieties gain significant mass during opening. Furthermore, after opening, the pistil continues to grow in length while the anther filaments which hold the pollen sacs increase in length, the pollen sacs open and the stigmas separate, each at the tip of a branched style structure. Toward the end of the flower life, possibly due to a reduction in turgor pressure, the pistil may shrink in length and the petals may slightly decrease in area. Usually, the senescing petals of the flower fold toward the pistil to some degree, in some cases, completely enfolding it.
     Disease resistance: ‘DUP-SWMP’ has not been observed to be resistant to pathogens common in  hibiscus.  However, it has been observed in the green house to have a higher resistance to root rot than that of many existing hybrid varieties grown on their own roots known to the Inventor.   

     If desired, and if a the risk of virus infection is of no concern, the present variety can be grafted onto a rootstock and be grown as a grafted plant.