Patent Publication Number: US-2012032948-A1

Title: System and method for processing video images for camera recreation

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This application is a Continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/046,279 filed on Mar. 11, 2008, entitled “SYSTEM AND METHOD FOR PROCESSING VIDEO IMAGES FOR CAMERA RECREATION,” which is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/946,955, entitled “SYSTEM AND METHOD FOR PROCESSING VIDEO IMAGES”, filed Sep. 22, 2004 and published as US 2006/0061583 on Mar. 23, 2006, the disclosure of which is hereby incorporated by reference. The present application also claims priority to U.S. provisional patent application No. 60/894,450, entitled “TWO-DIMENSIONAL TO THREE-DIMENSIONAL CONVERSION”, filed Mar. 12, 2007, the disclosure of which is hereby incorporated by reference. 
     The present application is related to U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/627,414, entitled “METHODOLOGY FOR 3D SCENE RECONSTRUCTION FROM 2D IMAGE SEQUENCES”, filed Jan. 26, 2007, U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/046,255, entitled SYSTEMS AND METHODS FOR GENERATING 3-D GEOMETRY USING POINTS FROM IMAGE SEQUENCES, filed Mar. 11, 2008, and U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/046,267, entitled “SYSTEM AND METHOD FOR PROCESSING VIDEO IMAGES”, filed Mar. 11, 2008, the disclosure of which is hereby incorporated by reference. 
    
    
     TECHNICAL FIELD 
     The present invention is generally directed to processing graphical images, and more specific to processing graphical images using point clouds. 
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     A number of technologies have been proposed and, in some cases, implemented to perform a conversion of one or several two dimensional images into one or several stereoscopic three dimensional images. The conversion of two dimensional images into three dimensional images involves creating a pair of stereoscopic images for each three dimensional frame. The stereoscopic images can then be presented to a viewer&#39;s left and right eyes using a suitable display device. The image information between respective stereoscopic images differ according to the calculated spatial relationships between the objects in the scene and the viewer of the scene. The difference in the image information enables the viewer to perceive the three dimensional effect. 
     An example of a conversion technology is described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,477,267 (the &#39;267 patent). In the &#39;267 patent, only selected objects within a given two dimensional image are processed to receive a three dimensional effect in a resulting three dimensional image. In the &#39;267 patent, an object is initially selected for such processing by outlining the object. The selected object is assigned a “depth” value that is representative of the relative distance of the object from the viewer. A lateral displacement of the selected object is performed for each image of a stereoscopic pair of images that depends upon the assigned depth value. Essentially, a “cut-and-paste” operation occurs to create the three dimensional effect. The simple displacement of the object creates a gap or blank region in the object&#39;s background. The system disclosed in the &#39;267 patent compensates for the gap by “stretching” the object&#39;s background to fill the blank region. 
     The &#39;267 patent is associated with a number of limitations. Specifically, the stretching operations cause distortion of the object being stretched. The distortion needs to be minimized to reduce visual anomalies. The amount of stretching also corresponds to the disparity or parallax between an object and its background and is a function of their relative distances from the observer. Thus, the relative distances of interacting objects must be kept small. 
     Another example of a conversion technology is described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,466,205 (the &#39;205 patent). In the &#39;205 patent, a sequence of video frames is processed to select objects and to create “cells” or “mattes” of selected objects that substantially only include information pertaining to their respective objects. A partial occlusion of a selected object by another object in a given frame is addressed by temporally searching through the sequence of video frames to identify other frames in which the same portion of the first object is not occluded. Accordingly, a cell may be created for the full object even though the full object does not appear in any single frame. The advantage of such processing is that gaps or blank regions do not appear when objects are displaced in order to provide a three dimensional effect. Specifically, a portion of the background or other object that would be blank may be filled with graphical information obtained from other frames in the temporal sequence. Accordingly, the rendering of the three dimensional images may occur in an advantageous manner. 
     The foregoing has outlined rather broadly the features and technical advantages of the present invention in order that the detailed description of the invention that follows may be better understood. Additional features and advantages of the invention will be described hereinafter which form the subject of the claims of the invention. It should be appreciated by those skilled in the art that the conception and specific embodiment disclosed may be readily utilized as a basis for modifying or designing other structures for carrying out the same purposes of the present invention. It should also be realized by those skilled in the art that such equivalent constructions do not depart from the spirit and scope of the invention as set forth in the appended claims. The novel features which are believed to be characteristic of the invention, both as to its organization and method of operation, together with further objects and advantages will be better understood from the following description when considered in connection with the accompanying figures. It is to be expressly understood, however, that each of the figures is provided for the purpose of illustration and description only and is not intended as a definition of the limits of the present invention. 
     BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention is directed to systems and methods which concern 2-D to 3-D images. The various embodiments of the present invention involve acquiring and processing a sequence of 2-D images, generating camera geometry and static geometry of a scene in those usages and converting the subsequent data into a 3-D rendering of that scene. 
     One embodiment is a method for recreating a camera that comprises providing at least two images of a scene taken by the camera, wherein a first image has a different view of the scene than the second image; forming a point cloud using the first image and the second image; and forming a virtual camera using the using the point cloud. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       For a more complete understanding of the present invention, reference is now made to the following descriptions taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawing, in which: 
         FIG. 1  depicts key frames of a video sequence. 
         FIG. 2  depicts representations of an object from the video sequence shown in  FIG. 1  generated according to one representative embodiment. 
         FIG. 3  depicts an “overhead” view of a three dimensional scene generated according to one representative embodiment. 
         FIGS. 4 and 5  depict stereoscopic images generated according to one representative embodiment. 
         FIG. 6  depicts a set of interrelated processes for developing a model of a three dimensional scene from a video sequence according to one representative embodiment. 
         FIG. 7  depicts a flowchart for generating texture data according to one representative embodiment. 
         FIG. 8  depicts a system implemented according to one representative embodiment. 
         FIG. 9  depicts a set of frames in which objects may be represented using three dimensional models according to one representative embodiment. 
         FIG. 10  depicts an example of a point cloud, according to embodiments of the invention. 
         FIGS. 11A-11D  depict using a plurality of 2D image frames to construct a point cloud, according to embodiments of the invention. 
         FIG. 12  depicts using a point cloud to recreate a camera, according to embodiments of the invention. 
         FIGS. 13A and 13B  depict using a point cloud to form an object in 3D, according to embodiments of the invention. 
         FIG. 14  depicts a method of using a point cloud to form an object in 3D, according to embodiments of the invention. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
     Referring now to the drawings,  FIG. 1  depicts sequence  100  of video images that may be processed according to some representative embodiments. Sequence  100  of video images includes key frames  101 - 104 . Multiple other frames may exist between these key frames. 
     As shown in  FIG. 1 , sphere  150  possesses multiple tones and/or chromatic content. One half of sphere  150  is rendered using first tone  151  and the other half of sphere  150  is rendered using second tone  152 . Sphere  150  undergoes rotational transforms through video sequence  100 . Accordingly, in key frame  102 , a greater amount of tone  151  is seen relative to key frame  101 . In key frame  103 , sufficient rotation has occurred to cause only tone  151  of sphere  150  to be visible. In key frame  104 , tone  152  becomes visible again on the opposite side of sphere  150  as compared to the position of tone  152  in key frame  101 . 
     Box  160  is subjected to scaling transformations in video sequence  100 . Specifically, box  160  becomes smaller throughout video sequence  100 . Moreover, box  160  is translated during video sequence  100 . Eventually, the motion of box  160  causes box  160  to be occluded by sphere  150 . In key frame  104 , box  160  is no longer visible. 
     According to known image processing techniques, the generation of stereoscopic images for key frame  103  would occur by segmenting or matting sphere  150  from key frame  103 . The segmented or matted image data for sphere  150  would consist of a single tone (i.e., tone  151 ). The segmented or matted image data may be displaced in the stereoscopic views. Additionally, image filling or object stretching may occur to address empty regions caused by the displacement. The limitations associated with some known image processing techniques are seen by the inability to accurately render the multi-tone surface characteristics of sphere  150 . Specifically, because the generation of stereoscopic views according to known image processing techniques only uses the matted or segmented image data, known techniques would render sphere  150  as a single-tone object in both the right and left images of a stereoscopic pair of images. However, such rendering deviates from the views that would be actually produced in a three dimensional scene. In an actual three dimensional scene, the right view may cause a portion of tone  152  to be visible on the right side of sphere  150 . Likewise, the left view may cause a portion of tone  152  to be visible on the left side of sphere  150 . 
     Representative embodiments enable a greater degree of accuracy to be achieved when rendering stereoscopic images by creating three dimensional models of objects within the images being processed. A single three dimensional model may be created for box  160 . Additionally, the scaling transformations experienced by box  160  may be encoded with the model created for box  160 . Representations  201 - 204  of box  160  as shown in  FIG. 2  correspond to the key frames  101 - 104 . Additionally, it is noted that box  160  is not explicitly present in key frame  104 . However, because the scaling transformations and translations can be identified and encoded, representation  204  of box  160  may be created for key frame  104 . The creation of a representation for an object that is not visible in a key frame may be useful to enable a number of effects. For example, an object removal operation may be selected to remove sphere  150  thereby causing box  160  to be visible in the resulting processed image(s). 
     In a similar manner, a three dimensional model may be selected or created for sphere  150 . The rotational transform information associated with sphere  150  may be encoded in association with the three dimensional model. 
     Using the three dimensional models and camera reconstruction information, a three dimensional scene including the locations of the objects within the scene may be defined.  FIG. 3  depicts an “overhead” view of scene  300  including three dimensional model  301  of sphere  150  and three dimensional Model  302  of box  160  that correspond to key frame  103 . As shown in  FIG. 3 , tone  152  is generally facing away from the viewing perspectives and tone  151  is generally facing toward the viewing perspectives. However, because the right view is slightly offset, a portion of tone  152  is visible. Also, a smaller amount of three dimensional model  302  of box  160  is occluded by three dimensional model  301  of sphere  150 . 
     Using three dimensional scene  300 , left image  400  and right image  500  may be generated as shown in  FIGS. 4 and 5 . Specifically, three dimensional scene  300  defines which objects are visible, the position of the objects, and the sizes of the objects for the left and right views. The rendering of the objects in the views may occur by mapping image data onto the three dimensional objects using texture mapping techniques. The encoded transform information may be used to perform the texture mapping in an accurate manner. For example, the rotation transform information encoded for sphere  150  enables the left portion of sphere  150  to include tone  152  in left image  400 . The transform information enables the right portion of sphere  150  to include tone  152  in right image  500 . Specifically, image data associated with tone  152  in key frames  102  and  104  may be mapped onto the appropriate portions of sphere  150  in images  400  and  500  using the transform information. Likewise, the surface characteristics of the portion of box  160  that has become visible in image  500  may be appropriately rendered using information from key frame  102  and the transform information. 
     To further illustrate the operation of some embodiments, reference is made to  FIG. 9 .  FIG. 9  depict a set of video frames in which a box is rotating in two axes. Using conventional matte modeling techniques, an object matte would be created for each of frames  901 - 904 , because the two dimensional representation of the box is different in each of the frames. The creation of respective object mattes for each of frames  901 - 904  may then be a time consuming and cumbersome process. However, according to one representative embodiment, an object model is created for frame  901 . Because the three dimensional characteristics of the box do not change, only the rotation information may be defined for frames  902 - 904 . The surface characteristics of the box can then be autonomously extracted from frames  902 - 904  using the object model and the transform information. Thus, some representative embodiments provide a more efficient process for processing video frames than conventional techniques. 
       FIG. 6  depicts an interrelated set of processes for defining three dimensional objects from video images according to one representative embodiment. In process  601 , outlines of objects of interest are defined in selected frames. The outline of the objects may occur in a semi-autonomous manner. The user may manually select a relatively small number of points of the edge of a respective object. An edge tracking algorithm may then be used to identify the outline of the object between the user selected points. In general, edge tracking algorithms operate by determining the least path cost between two points where the path cost is a function of image gradient characteristics. Domain-specific information concerning the selected object may also be employed during edge tracking. A series of Bezier curves or other parametric curves may be used to encode the outlines of the objects. Further user input may be used to refine the curves if desired. 
     In process  602 , camera reconstruction may be performed. Camera reconstruction refers to the process in which the relationship between the camera and the three dimensional scene(s) in the video sequence is analyzed. During this process, the camera&#39;s focal length, the camera&#39;s relative angular perspective, the camera&#39;s position and orientation relative to objects in the scene, and/or other suitable information may be estimated. 
     In process  603 , three dimensional models are created or selected from a library of predefined three dimensional models for the objects. Any number of suitable model formats could be used. For example, Constructive Solid Geometry models could be employed in which each object is represented as a combination of object primitives (e.g., blocks, cylinders, cones, spheres, etc.) and logical operations on the primitives (e.g., union, difference, intersection, etc.). Additionally or alternatively, nonuniform rational B-splines (NURBS) models could be employed in which objects are defined in terms of sets of weighted control points, curve orders, and knot vectors. Additionally, “skeleton” model elements could be defined to facilitate image processing associated with complex motion of an object through a video sequence according to kinematic animation techniques. 
     In process  604 , transformations and translations are defined as experienced by the objects of interest between key frames. Specifically, the translation or displacement of objects, the scaling of objects, the rotation of objects, morphing of objects, and/or the like may be defined. For example, an object may increase in size between key frames. The increase in size may result from the object approaching the camera or from the object actually become larger (“ballooning”). By accurately encoding whether the object has been increased in size as opposed to merely moving in the three dimensional scene, subsequent processing may occur more accurately. This step may be performed using a combination of autonomous algorithms and user input. For example, motion compensation algorithms may be used to estimate the translation of objects. If an object has experienced scaling, the user may identify that scaling has occurred and an autonomous algorithm may calculate a scaling factor by comparing image outlines between the key frames. 
     In process  605 , using the information developed in the prior steps, the positions of objects in the three dimensional scene(s) of the video sequence are defined. The definition of the positions may occur in an autonomous manner. User input may be received to alter the positions of objects for editing or other purposes. Additionally, one or several objects may be removed if desired. 
     In process  606 , surface property data structures, such as texture maps, are created. 
       FIG. 7  depicts a flowchart for creating texture map data for a three dimensional object for a particular temporal position according to one representative embodiment. The flowchart for creating texture map data begins in step  701  where a video frame is selected. The selected video frame identifies the temporal position for which the texture map generation will occur. In step  702 , an object from the selected video frame is selected. 
     In step  703 , surface positions of the three dimensional model that correspond to visible portions of the selected object in the selected frame are identified. The identification of the visible surface positions may be performed, as an example, by employing ray tracing from the original camera position to positions on the three dimensional model using the camera reconstruction data. In step  704 , texture map data is created from image data in the selected frame for the identified portions of the three dimensional model. 
     In step  706 , surface positions of the three dimensional model that correspond to portions of the object that were not originally visible in the selected frame are identified. In one embodiment, the entire remaining surface positions are identified in step  706  thereby causing as much texture map data to be created for the selected frame as possible. In certain situations, it may be desirable to limit construction of the texture data. For example, if texture data is generated on demand, it may be desirable to only identify surface positions in this step (i) that correspond to portions of the object not originally visible in the selected frame and (ii) that have become visible due to rendering the object according to a modification in the viewpoint. In this case, the amount of the object surface exposed due to the perspective change can be calculated from the object&#39;s camera distance and a maximum inter-ocular constant. 
     In step  706 , the surface positions identified in step  705  are correlated to image data in frames prior to and/or subsequent to the selected frame using the defined model of the object, object transformations and translations, and camera reconstruction data. In step  707 , the image data from the other frames is subjected to processing according to the transformations, translations, and camera reconstruction data. For example, if a scaling transformation occurred between frames, the image data in the prior or subject frame may be either enlarged or reduced depending upon the scaling factor. Other suitable processing may occur. In one representative embodiment, weighted average processing may be used depending upon how close in the temporal domain the correlated image data is to the selected frame. For example, lighting characteristics may change between frames. The weighted averaging may cause darker pixels to be lightened to match the lighting levels in the selected frame. In one representative embodiment, light sources are also modeled as objects. When models are created for light sources, lighting effects associated with the modeled objects may be removed from the generated textures. The lighting effects would then be reintroduced during rendering. 
     In step  708 , texture map data is created for the surface positions identified in step  705  from the data processed in step  707 . Because the translations, transformations, and other suitable information are used in the image data processing, the texture mapping of image data from other frames onto the three dimensional models occurs in a relatively accurate manner. Specifically, significant discontinuities and other imaging artifacts generally will not be observable. 
     In one representative embodiment, steps  704 - 707  are implemented in association with generating texture data structures that represent the surface characteristics of an object of interest. A given set of texture data structures define all of the surface characteristics of an object that may be recovered from a video sequence. Also, because the surface characteristics may vary over time, a texture data structure may be assigned for each relevant frame. Accordingly, the texture data structures may be considered to capture video information related to a particular object. 
     The combined sets of data (object model, transform information, camera reconstruction information, and texture data structures) enables construction of a three dimensional world from the video sequence. The three dimensional world may be used to support any number of image processing effects. As previously mentioned, stereoscopic images may be created. The stereoscopic images may approximately correspond to the original two dimensional viewpoint. Alternatively, stereoscopic images may be decoupled from the viewpoint(s) of the original video if image data is available from a sufficient number of perspectives. Additionally, object removal may be performed to remove objects from frames of a video sequence. Likewise, object insertion may be performed. 
       FIG. 8  depicts system  800  for processing a sequence of video images according to one representative embodiment. System  800  may be implemented on a suitable computer platform. System  800  includes conventional computing resources such as central processing unit  801 , random access memory (RAM)  802 , read only memory (ROM)  803 , user peripherals (e.g., keyboard, mouse, etc.)  804 , and display  805 . System  800  further includes non-volatile storage  806 . 
     Non-volatile storage  806  comprises data structures and software code or instructions that enable conventional processing resources to implement some representative embodiments. The data structures and code may implement the flowcharts of  FIGS. 6 and 7  as examples. 
     As shown in  FIG. 8 , non-volatile storage  806  comprises video sequence  807 . Video sequence  807  may be obtained in digital form from another suitable medium (not shown). Alternatively, video sequence  807  may be obtained after analog-to-digital conversation of an analog video signal from an imaging device (e.g., a video cassette player or video camera). Object matting module  814  defines outlines of selected objects using a suitable image processing algorithm or algorithms and user input. Camera reconstruction algorithm  817  processes video sequence  807  to determine the relationship between objects in video sequence  807  and the camera used to capture the images. Camera reconstruction algorithm  817  stores the data in camera reconstruction data  811 . 
     Model selection module  815  enables model templates from model library  810  to be associated with objects in video sequence  807 . The selection of models for objects are stored in object models  808 . Object refinement module  816  generates and encodes transformation data within object models  808  in video sequence  807  using user input and autonomous algorithms. Object models  808  may represent an animated geometry encoding shape, transformation, and position data over time. Object models  808  may be hierarchical and may have an associated template type (e.g., a chair). 
     Texture map generation module  821  generates textures that represent the surface characteristics of objects in video sequence  807 . Texture map generation module  821  uses object models  808  and camera data  811  to generate texture map data structures  809 . Preferably, each object comprises a texture map for each key frame that depicts as much surface characteristics as possible given the number of perspectives in video sequence  807  of the objects and the occlusions of the objects. In particular, texture map generation module  821  performs searches in prior frames and/or subsequent frames to obtain surface characteristic data that is not present in a current frame. The translation and transform data is used to place the surface characteristics from the other frames in the appropriate portions of texture map data structures  809 . Also, the transform data may be used to scale, morph, or otherwise process the data from the other frames so that the processed data matches the characteristics of the texture data obtained from the current frame. Texture refinement module  822  may be used to perform user editing of the generated textures if desired. 
     Scene editing module  818  enables the user to define how processed image data  820  is to be created. For example, the user may define how the left and right perspectives are to be defined for stereoscopic images if a three dimensional effect is desired. Alternatively, the user may provide suitable input to create a two dimensional video sequence having other image processing effects if desired. Object insertion and removal may occur through the receipt of user input to identify objects to be inserted and/or removed and the frames for these effects. Additionally, the user may change object positions. 
     When the user finishes inputting data via scene editing module  818 , the user may employ rendering algorithm  819  to generate processed image data  820 . Processed image data  820  is constructed using object models  808 , texture map data structures  809 , and other suitable information to provide the desired image processing effects. 
     One manner to define objects is to use point clouds. Point clouds allow 2D to 3D conversions by deconstructing the entire perceived environment in a 2D frame. A typical 2D frame may have a plurality of objects. Each object, as well as the background scene, would be deconstructed using point clouds. Using point clouds would allow for true distances from the camera to be reconstructed, as well as camera movement can be reconstructed. Each point in a point cloud comprises X, Y, and Z coordinates, and may comprise movement information. 
     For example, from a plurality of 2D images, using the various method of camera reconstruction and pixel tracking described herein, the movements of the various pixels though a plurality of 2D images are defined by tracking features through out the 2D images. Note that the images may be a plurality of frames from a movie, or may be a plurality of still images, or a combination of one or more still images and one or more frames from a movie. From this information, various camera variables can then be derived in terms of the lens, such as a look vector, position orientation, etc. Thus, what were once 2D pixel coordinates are not 3D coordinates relative to the lens. This allows for camera recreation and its movement (if any), and accurately positioned features, that may be marked by features, edges, and shapes within the 3D modeled scene. The point clouds allow for a geometry that is representative and mathematically correct for any of the given object in the image frame. This in turn allows for various manipulations of the scene to be in acted, e.g. temporal filing, occlusion operations, object manipulation, object insertion, object deletion, etc. 
     The mathematics behind the 2D to 3D conversion operates by examining a 2D features in a sequence of images, and provided that the camera has a certain amount of parallax over time, then 2D points are triangulated to an optimal 3D position. This optimizes the 3D points, as well as the camera position and orientation, at the same time. An iterative approach can be used to optimize the camera solution. Note that the embodiments recreates the scene including the various objects of the 2D frame in 3D, while current technology is used to inject new information, e.g. new objects, into the 2D images, such that the new information is mathematically correct with the surrounding pixel information. Currently technology, matches the movement of the camera with the new information being placed into the 2D scene. 
     A point cloud is a collection of virtual tracking markers that are associated with particular pixels of features of a scene.  FIG. 10  depicts an example of a point cloud  1000  that comprises a plurality of points, for example point  1001 . 
     The point cloud may be formed in a variety of manners. For example, a user or artist, may mark particular points on one or more 2D images. A computer program, using edge detection, shape detection, object detection, or various combinations, may mark particular points on one or more 2D images. Another way to form a point cloud is to use a laser to sweep that actual scene that will be imaged. The actual distance and placement information is then recorded and is used to form the point cloud. 
     In any event, the manner in which the points move frame-to-frame determine size and distance of the objects. For example, an object closer to the camera, moves differently than a object that is distant from the camera. Thus, by analyzing the movement of these pixels and the differences in the movements of these pixels, the size and placement of the various objects can be determined. From this information, the type of camera that was used to capture the images and its movements as it captured each of the frames can be derived. Note that the analysis is based on a set of known variables, such as lens parameters and focal axis. Other energy emitters may be used such as sonar, radar, or other type of range finding sensors instead of lasers. 
       FIG. 11A  depicts a first 2D image showing an object  1101  and  FIG. 11B  depicts a second 2D image showing the object  1101  from a different angle. Using these two views, a point cloud comprising at least six points,  1102 - 1107  is formed.  FIGS. 11C and 11D  depict the 2D views of  FIGS. 11A and 11B  respectively with the points of the point cloud. 
     Point clouds may be static point clouds or dynamic point clouds. A scene may comprise one or more point clouds and may comprise all static or all dynamic point clouds, or combination of one or more of each. In a static point cloud, each point comprises three dimensional location information, e.g. XYZ coordinates, and no movement data. The X and Y coordinates would refer to the objects left/right location and up/down location, while the Z coordinate is distance from the camera. Note that other coordinate systems may be used, such as polar coordinates, altitude-azimuth coordinates, etc., as long as a point may be located in three dimensions. In a dynamic point cloud, each point comprises three dimensional location information and movement information. Note that in a dynamic point cloud, the camera may be stationary while the object moves, or the object may move while the camera is stationary, or both may move relative to each other and/or reference coordinate system. 
     A point cloud for an object may be have one or more points. A simple, static object may be represented by one point. For example, one point may be used to mark the location of a symmetrical object, e.g. a sphere. However, the more points that are used tends to yield better results as any noise or error will be averaged out. Also, more points will be able to better track fine detail of objects. The points used to define an object are points that correspond to features of the object that are readily distinguishable by a person or a computer, e.g. an edge, a change in texture, a change in color, a hole, etc. For points selected through laser scanning, the points may not correspond to any particular features. 
     Once the point cloud has been constructed for a scene, additional frames of 2D images involving the scene can be readily converted to 3D images. Thus, for a movie, once a particular scene has been converted into a point cloud, all (or as many that are desired) of the 2D frames of the movie can be converted into 3D images. Moreover, the scene can be manipulated, by adding/deleting objects, changing objects, etc. For example, a common error in movies is a continuity error, where an object is missing or out place from one shot to another shot involving the same scene. Once the point cloud has been constructed, the object can readily be inserted or moved to its correct position. 
     A point cloud can also be used to recreate a camera that was used to form a 2D image. The recreated camera will line up with real world coordinates to all of the points within the point cloud. The recreated camera will be used to produce 3D images using the point of view that was used to form the 2D images. Thus, the 3D image sequence will match the 2D image sequence in a movie. 
     As shown in  FIG. 12 , a known point cloud of object  1202  is located in a 3D scene. Thus, a 2D image that includes a 2D view  1203  of object  1202  can only have resulted if camera  1201  was placed at location  1204 . Thus, for a plurality of 2D images, the camera location can be determined for each image if a known object is present in each image. Camera creation from the point cloud is performed by associating a set of 3D points from the cloud to 2D tracked points within the image. Camera creation or calibration is then performed using the 3D points as guides to create the camera. In the case of difficult tracks additional 3D points can be associated to 2D tracks to help refine and smooth the resulting camera. 
     Point clouds can be used to form objects in 3D images. Once a point cloud has been placed in the 3D scene various imaging techniques can be used to form a mesh. For example, triangular mesh. In  FIG. 13A , point cloud  1301  representing an object has been placed in a scene. In  FIG. 13B , using triangular mesh, an object has been created from triangles  1302  and  1302 .  FIG. 14  depicts an exemplary method for constructing objects using such mesh techniques. First the point cloud is ingested, block  1401 . Next the points are segregated into a group representing the object in the scene. The segregation can be done automatically taking a tolerance of points depth within the region depicted by a mask or via any other algorithm that sees fit. Manual selection of points can also be performed via a user selecting or lassoing points into a suitable group. The groups can then be tested and have any outliers removed from the data set. Last, the points are triangulated into a 3D mesh to form the object. The generation of a 3D mesh can be done via various computer science methods, for example one such method of mesh creation is via delauney triangulation. The basis behind this algorithm is to generate a convex hull of the points and then use tessellation to generate the triangles for the mesh. Once the flat mesh has been generated, depth can be assigned via manipulation and subdivision of the mesh based on the point group. Other methods can also be used to generate the meshes from subset of the point cloud, for example, Labatut, Patrick; Pons, Jean-Phillippe; Keriven, Renaud; “Efficient Multi-View Reconstruction of Large-Scale Scenes Using Interest Points, Triangulation and Graph Cuts”, Computer Vision, 2007.ICCV 2007.IEEE 11 th  International Conference on 14-21 Oct. 2007, pp. 1-8, incorporated herein by reference. 
     Note that this model does not have to adhere to post production or visual effects based models. The model does not have to be a triangle mesh, the model can be represented through other forms. For example, the model may be represented as a gradient. Such that the object may be represented by a displacement map or depth map, where the various points can be connected by conceptual lines. The depth map denotes the varying depths of the object with respect to the camera. 
     Although the present invention and its advantages have been described in detail, it should be understood that various changes, substitutions and alterations can be made herein without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention as defined by the appended claims. Moreover, the scope of the present application is not intended to be limited to the particular embodiments of the process, machine, manufacture, composition of matter, means, methods and steps described in the specification. As one of ordinary skill in the art will readily appreciate from the disclosure of the present invention, processes, machines, manufacture, compositions of matter, means, methods, or steps, presently existing or later to be developed that perform substantially the same function or achieve substantially the same result as the corresponding embodiments described herein may be utilized according to the present invention. Accordingly, the appended claims are intended to include within their scope such processes, machines, manufacture, compositions of matter, means, methods, or steps.