Patent Publication Number: US-2012034306-A1

Title: Polymeric drug delivery systems and processes for producing such systems

Description:
FIELD OF THE INVENTION  
     The subject invention relates to implants for delivery of therapeutic agents such as opioids, and the manufacture and uses of such implants. 
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,633,000, 5,858,388, and 6,126,956 to Grossman et al. relate to drug delivery systems containing an active agent such as an opioid. These implants have a geometry such that the release of the active agent is continuous over extended periods of time. The patents also relate to the manufacture and various uses of the implants. 
     The polymeric implant delivery system described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,126,956, issued to Grossman et al, discloses a blend of the active compound with Elvax 40W (EVA) when fabricated. The thickness, diameter and central channel surface area, provide the release kinetics and blood level required for therapeutic benefit. Grossman et al teach a solvent based process for producing both the internal drug reservoir matrix as well as the drug impermeable external coating e.g. (poly)methylmethacrylate. 
     Hot-Melt Extrusion (HME) of drug delivery systems, including implants, offers many advantages over traditional pharmaceutical manufacturing processes. Neither solvents nor water are required. Fewer processing steps are needed. Time and energy consuming drying steps are eliminated thereby removing drug degradation due to hydrolysis or solvent interaction as a matter for concern. 
     With HME, one or more active drug substances in powder or granular form can be dry blended with one or more thermoplastic polymers possibly including certain functional excipients, enhancers and plasticizers. During advanced technology pharmaceutical hot melt extrusion processes, these material components are precisely measured and introduced by a computer controlled gravimetric feeding system into the hopper and then into the feed or mixing section of the extruder barrel. The powders are mixed and transformed into a homogeneous molten matrix by the shearing, frictional action of the screw and by heating zones within the barrel of the extruder. 

 
     A more sophisticated GMP twin screw pharmaceutical extruder can be used in the case of a fully integrated, single step manufacturing process. Such an extruder is exemplified by the loop controlled, 600 rpm, 25 hp Leistritz ZSE-27 mm twin screw melt compounding unit. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     The subject invention relates to a subcutaneous delivery system comprising: a biocompatible thermoplastic elastomer matrix, a therapeutic agent dispersed homogeneously in said matrix, and a biocompatible drug impermeable thermoplastic polymer coating said matrix, wherein said delivery system has a geometry such that there is an external coated wall and an internal uncoated wall (or channel) forming an opening for release of said therapeutic agent, and the distance between the uncoated wall and the coated wall opposite the uncoated wall is substantially constant throughout the delivery system. In an advantageous embodiment, the therapeutic agent is hydromorphone which is present at greater than 40 or 50% of the polymer matrix. 
     The invention also relates to a method of producing a subcutaneous implant comprising the steps of i) forming a matrix polymer sheet or continuous roll (e.g. by solution casting or hot melt compounding a first thermoplastic polymeric resin with a therapeutic agent), die cutting said sheet to form the polymer matrix, and iii) coating said polymer matrix with a second thermoplastic polymeric resin (e.g. a drug impermeable or diffusion resistant outer layer using either the same thermoplastic polymeric resin selected for the matrix (without therapeutic agent), or another drug impermeable thermoplastic polymeric resin). 
     In another embodiment, the subcutaneous implant delivery system having an uncoated central channel is produced by co-extruding of a first thermoplastic polymeric resin and a therapeutic agent and a second thermoplastic polymeric resin into a multiple cavity die to form a coated polymer matrix. 
     The invention also includes a method of providing prolonged relief of pain in a mammal suffering from pain comprising subcutaneously administering the subcutaneous delivery system described above. 
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
     The subject invention relates to implant devices that permit controlled release of a therapeutic agent by subcutaneous implant. The devices provide burst free systemic delivery with near constant release of an active agent for a long duration, i.e. 2 weeks, 4 weeks, 8 weeks, 12 weeks, 16 weeks or 6 months. In specific embodiments of the device, more than one drug can be delivered where the delivery of both drugs is systemic, or the delivery of one drug is systemic without burst while the delivery of the other is local with or without burst. “Near constant” release is defined as a plus or minus five fold (500%), advantageously a two fold (200%), most advantageously a single fold (100%) variation in the target delivery rate (in vivo or in vitro). 
     The geometry, manufacture and use of implants are disclosed in commonly owned U.S. Pat. No. 5,858,388, hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. The implant is advantageously cylindrical in shape. The cylindrical implant is 5-100 mm in diameter and 1-20 mm in height. A single 50 micron-3 mm diameter circular opening extends along the axis of the cylinder creating an internal cylindrical uncoated area through the drug is released. For treatment of cancer pain, implants are designed to produce from 0.1 to 25 mg/hr., advantageously 0.1-10 mg/hr. The thickness (height), diameter and central channel surface area, provide the release kinetics and blood level required for therapeutic benefit. In a new embodiment, one or more openings are added to the perimeter wall of cylindrical, e.g. disk implants. 
     Polymeric drug delivery devices in the form of a subcutaneous implant for reservoiring and controlled steady state release of therapeutic agents such as opioids including hydromorphone, can utilize several categories of resins for: 
     i) the drug reservoir controlled release matrix, and/or 
     ii) the drug impermeable coating 
     In one embodiment, the present invention relates to implants made with hot-melt extrudable, thermoplastic polymers, and to processes including dry blending, hot melt compounding and extrusion for manufacturing the implant. The processes of this embodiment of the invention are solvent free, potentially fully integrated, melt blending, compounding, extrusion/co-extrusion and molding processes which provide the capability to manufacture the entire multi-component implant in a single, digitally monitored and controlled operation. 
     The coating, the purpose of which is to restrict the release of drug to the surface area of uncoated polymer in the central channel, allows uniform controlled flux with no burst effect. The coating is a significant factor in preventing possible leakage of the active opioid (or other drug) and a potentially uncontrolled and lethal burst effect while the implant is in use. Co-extrusion enables i) multi-layer external polymer construction, insuring against leaks due to pinholes, ii) the manufacture of a multi-layer composite external polymer wherein a specific polymeric drug barrier is included in the structure-insuring against uncontrolled diffusion of active resulting in a burst effect during use, and 
     iii) the manufacture of a multi-layer composite external polymer including a specifically selected adhesive tie coat to secure and optimize physical and structural integrity of the implant by enhancing the bond between components. 
     Plastic Resins  
     Examples of plastic resins useful for i) the drug reservoir matrix and ii) the impermeable coating include: 
     Unmodified Homopolymers 
     
         
         
           
             Low-density polyethylene 
             Linear low-density polyethylene 
             Amorphous polypropylene 
             Polyisobutylene 
           
         
       
    
     Copolymers 
     Especially important are copolymers of ethylene.
         Ethylene Vinyl Acetate (EVA) up to 40% VA content   Ethyl Acrylate (EAA). Ethylene Acrylic Acid resins   Ethylene Methacrylate (EMA)   Ethylene ethyl acrylates (EEA)   Ethylene butyl acrylate       

     Thermoplastic Elastomers (TPEs) 
     Thermoplasic elastomers such as i) thermoplastic polyurethanes, ii) thermoplastic copolyesters and iii) thermoplastic polyamides are useful in the subject invention.
         Thermoplastic Polyurethanes with PEG, PPG and PTMEG glycol soft segments—including but not limited to resins based on:
           Toluene Diisocyante (TDI)   Methylene diisocyante (MDI)   Polymeric isocyantes (PMDI)   Hydrogenated methylene diisocyante   
           Thermoplastic Copolyesters e.g. Hytrel with PEG, PPG and PTMEG glycol soft segments   Thermoplastic Polyether block amides with PEG, PPG and PTMEG soft segments       

     Release kinetics from a melt blended and extruded polymeric matrix are a function of:
     the chemical structure and aqueous solubility and polymer solubility of the drug component(s),   drug particle size, which advantageously ranges between 25 and 250 microns for opiates.   drug loading (the amount of drug added to, blended and compounded into the thermoplastic polymer component of the formulation), advantageously 50%-80%, the polymer types, polymer morphology (Tg), hydrophilic properties of the polymeric matrix,   additives including excipients and plasticizers, and importantly   the proper balance of physical interconnectivity (channels leading into and out of the polymeric reservoir component) and hydrophilic properties of the polymeric matrix such that the channels allow body fluids to enter the matrix through the exposed surface of the central channel and gain access to particles of active drug dispersed within the core/reservoir component of the implant. Interconnective porosity within the polymeric/drug matrix is important to the functionality of the implant. There must be multiple interconnecting physical paths from the exposed surface of the central channel into and throughout the core component. These interconnecting paths are one of the functional properties of the polymer which allow body fluids to access the soluble drug component reservoired in the matrix while allowing the solvated drug to exit the matrix and enter circulation.   

     Another functional property determining drug diffusivity is the hydrophilic nature of the polymer. Depending on the solubility of the drug in the soft segment, a portion of the active agent goes into solution in the polymer while the remaining loading is suspended in the matrix. The polymeric matrix is selected to optimize and control the solubility of the active agent, e.g. hydromorphone HCl, within the polymer itself. Given that hydromorphone HCl is a highly water soluble compound, the polymer must have a high amorphous or soft section component which is hydrophilic in nature. This raises the water content in the polymer and also increases the solubility of the drug in the polymer as well as the diffusivity of the drug out of the polymer into the body fluids surrounding the implant. 
     The release kinetics as well as the therapeutic functionality of the device are dependent upon the design and selection of a polymeric reservoir which has the following properties:
     Ability to hold between 50% and 80% by weight of the active agent, e.g. hydromorphone HCl.   An amorphous, hydrophilic, soft segment—for the thermoplastic elastomer—content of 30-80% of the weight of the thermoplastic elastomer (i.e. 30-80% polyethylene glycol (PEG), polypropylene glycol (PPG), or poly tetramethylene-ethylene glycol (PTMEG))—this insures controlled solubility of the active agent e.g. hydromorphone, within the amorphous or soft segment of the polymer, and controlled diffusivity out of the polymer and into body fluids. Solubility and diffusivity (a direct function of the chemical composition of the reservoir polymer) are important issues in the functionality of this delivery system.   A hard segment—for the thermoplastic elastomer—an isocyanate (for polyurethane), polyester (for copolyesters), or polyamide (for polyether block amides) of 20-70%, balanced in content with the soft segment in such a way that a portion (approximately 50%) of the active drug is in solution with the polymer while the remaining portion of the drug is dispersed (not in solution). The functional significance of this design is that the active drug in polymer solution delivers the substance by diffusion into systemic circulation.   A hard segment—for the thermoplastic elastomer—an isocyanate (for polyurethane), polyester (for copolyesters) or polyamide (for polyether block amids) that imparts sufficient stability and physical integrity to the implant   A hard segment—for the thermoplastic elastomer—an isocyanate, polyester or polyamide—which is non cytotoxic within the intended therapeutic usage period of the implant.   Solubility of the active agent in the amorphous component (soft chemical segment) of the reservoir copolymer or polymer is also important to controlled drug delivery rate over the functional life of the implant.   

     A skilled person in the art can select the appropriate polymer or polymer blend and additives (e.g. excipients) to achieve the desired therapeutic blood level of for a given active agent. 
     For a different active drug or combination of drugs, or different therapeutic indications in human or animal subjects, the skilled person will specify a different set of release kinetics. It is possible to select from a series of polymeric resins or resin blends to achieve the desired kinetics and optimum therapeutic blood levels for specific human or animal indications for hydromorphone and other selected drugs or combinations of drugs. 
     Thermoplastic Polyurethanes (TPUs) 
     Tecoflex Medical Grade Thermoplastic Polyurethanes (Grades EG-80A, EG-93A and EG-60D) comprise a group of aliphatic, polyether based resins that have established credentials for implants including having passed the following standard screening tests: MEM Elution, Hymolysis, USP Class VI, 30 Day Implant, and Ames Mutagenicity. 
     These urethane resins have been evaluated in several medical device applications that involve the requirement for high permeability to moisture vapor. They are highly amorphous compounds which allows them to be used for drug delivery systems where high loading and flux rate are required. 
     Tecoflex EG-80 and Tecoflex EG-85 are both made from the same diisocyante (HMDI) and the same 2000 molecular weight PTMEG polyol but the ratios of polyol to diisocyante (hard segment to soft segment) are different. The lower modulus, lower Tg version—Tecoflex EG-80—is more amorphous and less crystalline in its morphology resulting in a higher flux drug delivery formulation. Tecoflex EG-60 is based on the same HMDI diisocyante but a 1000 molecular weight PTMEG polyol, resulting in a different morphology, crystallinity and drug flux. 
     A series of specific formulations can be made using various combinations of the above Tecoflex resins. 
     Other thermoplastic polyurethanes, including Tecoflex EG-85, EG-93A or EG-60D, can be used alone or blended together with hydromorphone HCl or other drugs to form the feedstock for the internal polymer matrix, or without the drug to form the drug impermeable coating. Tecoflex EG-80A is a medical-grade, aliphatic, polyether-based thermoplastic polyurethane elastomer with a durometer value of 72A. Tecoflex EG-85A is a medical-grade, aliphatic, polyether-based thermoplastic polyurethane elastomer with a durometer value of 77A. Carbothane PC-3575A is a medical-grade, aliphatic, polycarbonate-based thermoplastic polyurethane elastomer with a durometer value of 73A. Carbothane PC-3585A is a medical-grade, aliphatic, polycarbonate-based thermoplastic polyurethane elastomer with a durometer value of 84A. 
     Certain thermoplastic polyurethanes have been specifically developed for long term (90 days and beyond) human implants including extended release drug delivery systems. These polymers, either used singly or as blends, are advantageous reservoir components and include but are not limited to the following: 
     Elasthane thermoplastic polyether polyurethane resins are formed by the reaction of polytetramethyleneoxide and an aromatic diisocyanate. They may be custom synthethized with selected functional chemical end groups which impact the uniform delivery rate of the device. An important feature which can be built into the TPU is increased hydrophilic properties which result in more efficient access of body fluids to the aqueous soluble drug substance e.g. hydromorphone HCL, uniformly dispersed throughout the TPU matrix. 
     This functional enhancement in hydrophilicity is an important formulation tool which can be used to correct and improve the tendency of hot melt systems to reduce availability of active drug components by surrounding and encasing particles of the active drug product (API) in such a way as to restrict access to body fluids. Increasing hydrophilic properties of the TPU improves transport of body fluids into and through the surface of the central channel and down into throughout the entire polymeric matrix. 
     Bionate thermoplastic polycarbonate polyurethanes are a family of thermoplastic elastomers formed as a reaction product of a hydroxyl terminated terminated polycarbonate, an aromatic diisocyanate and a low molecular weight glycol to form the soft segment. This family of products is well suited for long term (90 days or more) versions of the drug delivery implant. 
     Biospan segmented polyether polyurethanes are a third category of TPU resins which are particularly useful for manufacturing the implant using a solution based processes. This material is one of the most extensively tested human implant grade polyurethane and has been specifically developed for solution systems. 
     Thermoplastic Resin Blends 
     It is possible to create a unique polymeric matrix in which to compound hydromorphone by blending combinations of the above polymers and copolymers. A simple example is utilizing selected molecular weights and variations within the same basic ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA) resin category. These resins are available commercially as DuPont Elvax. Any one or combination of these grades and percent combinations of resins, functional excipients, plasticizers with various loadings of active drug substance provide the formulator with a wide set of possibilities for controlling drug delivery parameters. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
             
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 ELVAX GRADE 
                 % VINYL ACETATE 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                  40W 
                 40 
               
               
                   
                 150 
                 32 
               
               
                   
                 265 
                 28 
               
               
                   
                 360 
                 25 
               
               
                   
                 460 
                 18 
               
               
                   
                 660 
                 12 
               
               
                   
                 760Q 
                 9 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     In order to optimize a resin blend in terms of compatibility, it is advantageous to select resins within the same category of polymers or copolymers, and combine these in such a way as to modify solubility or dispersion of the selected drug substance, e.g. hydromorphone HCl, in the polymeric matrix. Relative solubility and dispersion uniformity of the active pharmaceutical compound in the polymeric resin blend are factors influencing drug delivery rate or flux from the subcutaneous implant. This blending of the reservoir polymers and the use of excipients and plasticizers provides one means for controlling drug delivery rates while optimizing other functional properties such as hydrolytic stability, drug loading capacity, drug compatibility and biocompatibility. Additionally, such custom formulation and blending of thermoplastic resins, plasticizers and excipients allows the optimization of critical physical properties which important in the final product including tensile, modulus, crack and friability resistance, impact resistance and elongation. 
     Commercial versions of the above polymers, are readily available, as shown by the above example of a series of resins in the Elvax line of EVA resins. These can be dry blended and melt compounded together with excipients and/or plasticizers along with the active drug substance using single or twin screw hot melt extruders to create a delivery system for controlled release of the drug. These custom blended hot melt extrudable formulations are highly amorphous (excellent drug compatibility and high loading capability), relatively low melting feedstock systems which will process using extrusion, compounding and injection molding techniques without subjecting the drug to temperatures which may cause decomposition and loss of therapeutic efficacy. 
     Examples of formulations are:
         Formulation 1   50% Hydromorphone HCl   50% Elvax 40W   Formulation 2   50% Hydromorphone HCl   25% Elvax 40W   25% LDPE (low density polyethylene)   Formulation 3   50% Hydromorphone HCl   12% Elvax 40W   38% LDPE   Formulation 4   50% Hydromorphone HCl   50% LDPE       

     It should be understood that Elvax 40 W (Ethylene vinyl acetate copolymer, 40% w/w vinyl acetate content, melt index of 52 g/10 min) is just one example. Other resins or resin blends as listed above can be used depending on the specific drug(s), the loading, delivery rate or duration of activity required. Those resins include any one of the lower vinyl acetate conataining grades of Elvax listed above, the ethylenic copolymers listed as well as the thermoplastic copolyesters, Nylon copolymers and thermoplastic polyurethanes. 
     Any of these resins or resin blends can be compounded with hydromorphone HCl at various loadings up to 50% or even 60% to create the internal matrix (reservoir component) of a drug delivery implant with the flux and duration of therapeutic activity required. 
     Polymer blends can include two or more resins within the same category of resins; eg, Elvax 40W with Elvax 460 and Elvax 660. These blends can also include polymers from different categories; eg, ELVAX 40W and Tecoflex EG-85. 
     The drug impermeable coating can be selected from the series ethylene vinyl acetate thermoplastic resins including but not limited to Elvax E-40 with the core reservoir polymer for the extended release analgesic component; eg, hydromorphone HCI being selected from the same family of ethylenic copolymers. Another advantageous implant structure utilizes one of a series of medical and pharmaceutical ether type thermoplastic polyurethane resins based on either hydrogenated methylene diisocyante (HMDI) or methylene diisocyante (MDI) listed above as the hard segment of the polymer and either polyethylene glycol (PEG) or polytetramethylene ether glycol (PTMEG) as the soft segment. 
     While these EVA and thermoplastic polyurethane polymers are advantageous, any of the copolyesters, Nylon copolymers or ethylenic copolymers listed above can be used alone or as resin blends to form the internal or external polymeric components of the implant. 
     Biodegradable Implants 
     Like the non-biodegradable implants disclosed above the biodegradable implants of the invention provide burst free systemic delivery, near constant release for a long duration. The geometry of these devices is the same as the non-biodegradable implants described above but they are manufactured with biodegradable materials, e.g. polyglycolide, polylactide. In an advantageous embodiment, the biodegradable interior disintegrates faster than the biodegradable external polymer. In another embodiment, one can use radiofrequency or ultrasonic ablation of empty polymer obviating need for removal. 
     In another embodiment, the implant achieves systemic delivery, burst free, constant release, long duration like the implants above, but also allows the insertion of the implants without surgical intervention (ie needle or trochar). The implants are of a size which permits insertion by a needle or trochar. The implants utilize very potent drugs, e.g. opioids, different coatings and/or internal polymers that release similarly to time release capsules. 
     Functional Excipients and Plasticizers 
     Functional excipients which can be included in the formulation for either the implant drug reservoir core or drug impermeable coating, can be broadly classified as matrix carriers, release modifying agents, bulking agents, foaming agents, thermal stability agents, melt viscosity control materials, lubricating agents or adhesion promotion agents and primers for enhancing core to coating integrity. Functional excipient materials for hot melt extrudeable pharmaceutical formulations are in many cases the same compounds used in traditional solid dosage forms. 
     Plasticizers are typically incorporated into thermoplastic resin formulations as process aids to minimize friction or thermal degradation of the active pharmaceutical compound during hot melt extrusion or to modify physical properties in the finished injection molded or fabricated product. The choice of plasticizers to lower processing temperatures depends on several factors including compatibility with the resin system and as well as process and long term stability. Typical pharmaceutical grade plasticizers for use in hot melt formulations include triacetin, citrate esters along with low molecular weight polyethylene glycols and phthalate esters. 
     One particularly useful functional excipient is supercritical CO2 which is advantageously injected at controlled temperature and pressure (e.g. approximately 40 degrees C. and 1000 PSI) into the melted polymer through a downstream port in the extruder barrel as disclosed in US Patent Application 20050202090 hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. In the subject invention involving an extended release subcutaneous polymeric implant for systemic delivery of analgesics including hydromorphone HCl, the active agent is dry blended between 10% and 90% by weight with a polymeric resin or resin blend, advantageously an implant grade TPU (thermoplastic polyurethane) such as Polymer Technology Group Elasthane 80 A or a high vinyl acetate content EVA such as Arkema Evatane 28-420. This uniformly dry blended feed stock is introduced into the hopper of a twin screw extruder where it is melt compounded into a liquid mass which upon cooling is pelletized and in turn used as a feedstock for an injection molding process which produces the three dimensional implant device. 
     During the molding process, supercritical liquid CO2 is injected through a port in the equipment into the molten drug/polymer matrix under the elevated temperature and pressure conditions specified herein. These conditions maintain the supercritical CO2 in liquid form forming a single phase solution with the polymer. The supercritical CO2 dissolves in the polymer. As the molten matrix of active drug/polymer and excipient are fed into the mold, the material is controllably cooled resulting in a thermodynamically unsable system causing the excipient to revert to gaseous form where it is nucleated by the uniform drug particle size and content to form bubbles which on final cool results in an interconnecting microcellular structure or foam. 
     In addition to reducing the temperature required to achieve optimum melt viscosity for extrusion thereby reducing the impact of thermal degradation on the active drug substance, this gaseous material creates controlled porosity and interconnecting cellular structure in the polymeric matrix which significantly increases the surface area of drug loaded polymer available for contact by body fluids, thereby enhancing dissolution and delivery of the active to systemic circulation. 
     More specifically, the functional benefits created by such a interconnecting cellular drug/polymer matrix are: i) improved access for body fluids from subcutaneous implant site into the core of the drug reservoir for more complete dissolution, ii) reduced retained active in the implant thus reducing the possibility of recovery and illicit use, iii) increased surface area for dissolution which maximizes delivery to systemic circulation, iv) improved uniformity of delivery which minimizes the possibility of uncontrolled burst effect. 
     Other well known blowing agents including nitrogen generating materials can be utilized in the process of the invention. 
     Radio-Opaque Markers 
     Radio-opaque pigments; e.g., TiO2, can be conveniently melt blended in either or both exterior or interior polymers enabling the implant to be easily located by X-ray in the event removal is required or useful. Other imbedded markers have the potential of providing important information about the implant once in place in the patient including dose in ug/hr, expected duration of release of the active analgesic (hydromorphone HCl) and date of implantation. Such information can be linked to a database available to physicians. 
     Implant Manufacturing Processes  
     Manufacturing processes capable of large scale production of the drug/polymer formulations described herein can comprise the following processes for production of the drug reservoir matrix and subsequent coating or layering of a diffusional resistance-impermeable coating surrounding the drug reservoir matrix. Included in the manufacturing processes is also the generation of the drug releasing hole through the center of the drug reservoir matrix. The surface area in the drug reservoir matrix resulting from the generation of the drug release hole is not coated or layered with a diffusional resistance coating. Generation of the drug release hole can be accomplished before or after coating or layering the diffusional resistance coating surrounding the drug reservoir matrix. 
     Drug Reservoir Matrix:
         Hot melt compounding the components of the drug reservoir matrix and injection molding.   Hot melt compounding the components of the drug reservoir matrix and web-coating a film.   Solution (Solvent) casting of the components of the drug reservoir matrix into molds of specified dimensions.   Solution casting of the components of the drug reservoir matrix and web-coating a film.       

     Diffusional Resistance (Impermeable) Coating:
         Dip coating of individual or multiple drug reservoir matrix(ces)   Spray application of coating to individual or multiple drug reservoir matrix(ces)   Hot-melt application of coating to individual or multiple drug reservoir matrix(ces)   Powder coat application of coating to individual or multiple drug reservoir matrix(ces) and annealing.       

     Center Hole Generation:
         Use of mechanical drill   Use of die punch   Use of LASER drill   Preformed casting mold       

     Hot-Melt Compounding and Extrusion 
     Hot-Melt Extrusion (HME) of drug delivery systems including oral, transdermal and implant dosage forms has been well established in the industry and offers many advantages over traditional pharmaceutical manufacturing processes. Neither organic solvents nor water is required-resulting in substantial materials and process cost savings. Fewer processing steps are needed. Time consuming and expensive drying steps are eliminated. Drug degradation due to thermal stress or hydrolysis are removed as issues along with the toxicity risk resulting from retained organic volatiles. 
     Hot-melt compounding and extrusion using advanced co-extrusion techniques provides the opportunity to produce sophisticated multi-layer and multi-functional composites by creating and bringing together several melt streams in a single fully integrated manufacturing process. This provides the option of creating a device with one or more active drug substances dispersed in one or more polymeric matrices as well as the ability to design pharmaceutically inert functional members such as rate controlling membranes, structural components, adhesive tie layers and drug impermeable barrier composites. 
     In the case of producing drug/polymer matrices, one or more active drug substances in powder or granular form can be dry blended with selected polymers or polymer blends along with functional excipients and plasticizers. These materials are introduced by computer controlled gravimetric feeding systems into the extruder/compounder where they are transformed in to a homogeneous molten matrix by the shearing frictional action of the screw and heating zones within the barrel of the extruder. It is also possible to introduce additional functional excipients including but not limited to the preferred gaseous plasticizer and foaming agent, supercritical C02, into the melted polymer through a downstream injection port in the extruder barrel. The finished melt compound drug/polymer blend is finally pushed by the action of the turning screw though a die section attached to the end of the extruder where it is either cooled, chopped into small cylinders or pelletized into a feed stock for a subsequent hot melt process which molds the final product. Advantageously, all of these steps can be consolidated into a single fully integrated and automated process beginning with compounding and ending with an injection molding process which produces the drug delivery system. 
     An advantageous combination of materials and manufacturing process involves hot melt compounding, blending and coextrusion wherein the drug reservoir matrix is composed of a blend of 25%-50% of a thermoplastic polyurethane resin such as Bionate 55D, a polycarbonate urethane which is optimized for hydrophilic, thrombo-resistant and granuloma resistant properties and passes the tripartite biocompatibility requirements necessary for long term human implants (up to 90 days) with 50%-70% hydromorphone HCl. The external drug impermeable layer is composed of the same TPU, Bionate 55D, used in the core component but has no drug included. 
     An advantageous manufacturing process is a fully integrated melt compounding, co-extrusion and injection molding process which produces the three dimensional configuration of the implant in a single step. That includes: (a) internal drug reservoir component, (b) external drug impermeable component composed of one or more layers 24-48 microns in thickness each and (c) a central uncoated channel. 
     By choosing the same resin for core and external drug impermeable components, the tendency of the same or chemically similar polymers to hot melt bond or adhere together is optimized. The functional benefit of optimum adhesion is to eliminate the possibility of excess uncontrolled drug leakage into systemic circulation. 
     Such a fully integrated system can be digitally monitored and controlled for optimum quality, reproducibility and run to run uniformity as well as minimizing yield losses. It combines high quality manufacture with low manufacturing costs. 
     Upon exist from the compounding extruder, the molten strands of the polymer/drug matrix are cooled and return to a solid elastomeric state by contact with a chill roll. The solid strands are then chopped into small cubes or cylinders which serve as feed stock for a secondary hot melt injection molding process which forms the three dimensional shape of the internal drug reservoir matrix. The external drug impermeable layer or coating can also be applied along with the formation of the core component using a fully integrated co-extrusion process wherein one stream is the drug polymer blend (core component) while a second and separate stream, composed of a drug free thermoplastic polymer forms the external drug impermeable layer which is critical to the design, function and safety of the product. Typically the same resin which was blended with hydromorphone to form the drug reservoir or core component of the device is then applied in single or multiple layers, possibly including other polymers or adhesive tie layers, but in the case of the external drug impermeable layer or composite, there is no active drug in the mix (API). The use of the same or a very similar polymer or copolymer in single of multiple layer composites including adhesive tie coats insures optimum adhesion of drug impermeable layer to core matrix. This is essential to preventing uncontrolled leakage and potentially lethal dumping of the active drug into systemic circulation. 
     The final step in the manufacture of the implant involves mechanical or preferably digitally controlled laser drilling the central uncoated channel. It is also possible that entire structure of the implant including the polymer/drug matrix (core), external drug impermeable layer along with the central uncoated channel could be manufactured by a series of sequential hot melt compounding, extrusion and injection molding processes or most preferably a single, fully integrated blending, melt compounding, co-extrusion/injection molding process. 
     Looped digital monitoring systems insure more precise control of the entire manufacturing process, with more uniform run to run consistency, predictability and better overall product quality. 
     Integrated Hot Melt Compounding &amp; Injection Molding Unit 

 
     Hot melt extrusion equipment consists of an extruder, downstream auxiliary equipment and monitoring tools used for process control. The extruder is typically composed of a feeding hopper, barrel, screw, die, power unit to drive the screw along with heating and cooling equipment. Also included are temperature gauges, screw speed controller, extrusion torque monitor along with pressure gauges. Depending on whether the melt goes directly into a molding operation or into pellets or granules for a secondary process, such down stream hardware is included in the hardware sequence. 
     In one embodiment of the pharmaceutical melt blending process, the molten drug/polymer matrix can be directly formed into the final implant specifically consisting of a core or matrix of hydromorphone HCl, melt blended with one or more polymeric resins or resin blends, optionally with excipients or plasticizers, together acting as a binder and drug reservoir. The drug impermeable outer coating is also applied along with the central uncoated channel—all in one continuous operation. 
     The resins, resin blends, functional excipients, enhancers, plasticizers and optionally radio-opaque additives can be i) mixed and dry blended together along with an active agent such as hydromorphone for the reservoir matrix or ii) combined without active drug for the impermeable outer coating. Dry blended formulations for either matrix or coating can be subsequently utilized as feedstock for a melt compounding and extrusion or co-extrusion process as defined above. The extrudate from the hot melt blending and compounding process can be either i) cooled and collected as pellets for use as feedstock in a film or sheet extrusion process or ii) directly processed by single layer or multi layer film/sheet coextrusion or injection molded into the finished implant. See Examples 11-14. 
     Using hot melt extrusion processes which eliminate or significantly reduce conditions of high temperature and high pressure (which could compromise both the molecular and larger scale physical permeability of the matrix which is essential to achieving controlled dissolution of the drug into systemic circulation) are advantageous. Problems can be created by excessive pressure and/or temperature in creating the reservoir matrix. See Example 15. Low temperature and low pressure processes as well as proper selection of the thermoplastic reservoir materials result in an implant with advantageous release profiles. 
     The drug impermeable coating is hot melt extrusion or coextrusion coated, powder coated and fused, or solution coated using any of the EVA, ethylenic polymers, ethylenic copolymers, copolyesters, Nylon copolymers or thermoplastic polyurethanes listed above either singly or in blends of two or more resins in the same or different polymer categories. 
     Two advantageous processes can be used separately or in combination to fabricate the final implant:
         1. Single layer or multilayer injection molding of reservoir matrix, outer coating or the entire matrix/coating composite with or without central uncoated channel.   2. Single or multilayer sheet extrusion of core component followed by melt, fused powder coating or solution coating of core with outer impermeable layer.       

     The uncoated central channel is the only area through which the active compound, e.g. hydromorphone HCl can exit the implant. The flux or rate of delivery of the drug substance is directly proportional to and controlled by the exposed surface area in the uncoated central channel. The central channel is advantageously formed as part of the fully integrated hot-melt extrusion and molding process but can also be produced by laser drilling or by perforating the polymer (mechanical drilling) with a precise diameter device. 
     Solution Based Polymeric Drug Delivery Device (Solution or Solvent Casting) 
     The three dimensional composition and configuration of the drug delivery device can also be accomplished by pouring or injecting the solvent based formulation into a mold or multi-cavity mold. This approach eliminates most of the thermal issues involved with multiple pass coating and drying. Using this approach, the solution based formulations, having been filled into the mold, can be allowed to dry slowly at reduced or ambient temperatures, thereby reducing or eliminating high temperature related decomposition of polymer or active drug component. 
     More specifically, a polyurethane, copolyester or polyether block amid is mixed with a polar solvent (such as DMF or methylene chloride) to form a polymer solution. The active agent, e.g. hydromorphone, is then added to the solution. The solution is poured or introduced into a mold which forms the three dimensional shape of the implant. The implant is dried in such a way as to eliminate the solvent. Alternatively, the solution is dried as a flat sheet and then the sheet is die cut to form the desired shape, e.g. a circular disc. The implant is then coated. See Examples 1-10 below. 
     External Drug Impermeable Coating 
     In an advantageous embodiment, the external drug impermeable coating is the same material as the polymer of the matrix, e.g. Elvax 40W matrix and Elvax 40W coating. In the case of elastomers, advantageously, the coating elastomer can be selected from the same family of elastomers, can be the same elastomer as the matrix elastomer, e.g. Carbothane® PC-3585A matrix and Carbothane® PC-3585A coating, or can be the same elastomer but have a greater proportion of hard segment. Advantageously, the coating is composed of two or more layers, for example, each between 24 and 48 microns in thickness. The following options are possible: 
     Two Layer Impermeable Coating 
     Two layers composed of the same polymer preferentially including but not limited to copolymers of ethylene and vinyl acetate, and certain aliphatic ether type thermoplastic polyurethanes based on hydrogenated methylene diisocyante (HMDI) or aromatic ether based thermoplastic urethanes based on methylene diisocyante (MDI) as the hard segment of the polymer and polyethylene glycol (PEG) or polytetramethylene ether glycol (PTMEG) as the soft segment. The purpose of this design is to eliminate the possibility of pin holes which if present could result in a lethal burst of the active opioid ingredient in the final product. It is virtually impossible for two pinholes to be coincident, so that if a pinhole forms in one layer of the external coating, it will be covered and eliminated by the second layer. Other polymers or blends of polymers suitable for this application include ethylene acrylate (EAA), ethylene methacrylate (EMA), ethylene ethyl acrylate (EEA), thermoplastic copolyester (Hytrel), thermoplastic polyamides (PEBAX), low density polyethylene (LDPE), linear low density and polyethylene (LLDPE). 
     Multiple Layer Impermeable Coating 
     Three layers wherein the top and bottom layer are composed of the same polymers disclosed above with a third, centrally placed inter-laminar barrier film sandwiched between them. An advantageous inter-laminar barrier film is selected from certain functional polymers which have been designed and optimized for this diffusion barrier purpose including but not limited to a homopolymer of vinylidene chloride or a copolymer of vinylidene chloride and vinyl chloride. A composite barrier film can also be co-extrusion coated using any of the polymers or polymer blends listed above and laminated in such a way as to include a physical barrier such as aluminum foil. The result is a structural member within the implant delivery system which precludes the possibility of the patient receiving a lethal burst of active opioid analgesic as a result of a leak that compromises the exterior drug impermeable coating (s). 
     In another embodiment, the internal layer (that which is immediately adjacent to the internal drug reservoir polymer matrix) is selected from a group of polymers which act as an adhesive tie coat to optimize adhesion between the external, drug impermeable coating(s) or composite laminate and the internal polymeric matrix which serves as the drug reservoir. An advantageous adhesive tie coat is based on the ethylenic anhydride (commercially known as Bynel) which can be extruded or coextruded with the thermoplastic polyurethane, ethylene vinyl acetate copolymers as well as all of the polymers identified and listed above. The specific adhesion between all of these polymers and Bynel is extremely high, thus optimizing the structural integrity of the entire implant. In a further embodiment, more than three, e.g. 4, 5 or even 20 layers can be used. 
     Multi-Drug Delivery Device 
     In another embodiment of the invention, an additional drug (or drugs), can be loaded in the polymer matrix with the first drug, or loaded in a second polymer matrix. This allows an implant which delivers 2 or more drugs, e.g. an analgesic and an anesthetic. 
     Systemic Delivery 
     More than one drug can be delivered where the delivery of both drugs is systemic, or the delivery of one drug is systemic without burst while the delivery of the other is local with or without burst. 
     Systemic Delivery and Local Delivery 
     This system includes a component which provides burst free systemic delivery at near constant release for a long duration (as described above). The system also provides a second component for local delivery, with or without burst and with variable delivery duration. Potential drugs for use in the second component are antibiotics, anti-inflammatory drugs and anesthetics. 
     One embodiment of a multi-layer implant for delivering two drugs (e.g. an anesthetic and an opioid) is detailed below: 
     1. The outer layer is a rapid release polymer/drug matrix. The polymer can be selected from a series thermoplastic polyurethanes, co-polyesters or copolymers of nylon and polyethylene glycol (PEG) or polytetramethylene ether glycol (PTMEG) which have been optimized in terms of the amorphous structure necessary to insure high flux or rapid delivery of the anesthetic component of 
     2. The next layer in coming from the outside of the implant is the anesthetic drug reservoir component. The polymer is optimized for compatibility, drug loading capacity and stability with the drug. Advantageous polymers for this component are by category the same ethylenic copolymers and thermoplastics as listed above for the rapid release layer of the device but require the selection of one or more of the more crystalline, less amorphous (lower Tg) resins. 
     The next layer in, is an impermeable coating which serves to separate the short term anesthetic from the extended release opioid analgesic (e.g. hydromorphone HCl) in the internal drug reservoir matrix That inter-laminar barrier layer is a polymer designed for optimum barrier properties including but not limited to homopolymers of vinylidene chloride or copolymers of vinylidene chloride and vinyl chloride or coextrusion laminates of those Saran type barrier polymer with the ethylene vinyl acetate copolymers, thermoplastic polyurethanes, LDPE, LLDPE, thermoplastic copolyesters (Hytrel) or thermoplastic copolyamides (PEBAX) listed above. 
     The central core is composed of the extended release analgesic, e.g. hydromorphone HCl, embedded in a polymeric matrix based advantageously on copolymers of ethylene and vinyl acetate or certain thermoplastic aliphatic or aromatic polyether based polyurethanes or the other ethylenic polymers or copolymers or polyester copolymers (Hytrel) or Nylon copolymers as identified above. 
     This design requires one or more polymeric reservoirs and coatings, For example, the rapid release outer layer matrix for the anesthetic drug component is a highly amorphous, non crystalline thermoplastic polymer such as one of the medical grade aliphatic ether type polyurethanes, while the anesthetic reservoir is another, more permeable resin from the same category of polyurethane polymers to provide a driving force from reservoir to drug delivery layer. 
     Uses of the Implants of the Invention  
     The delivery systems of the invention are useful for delivery of therapeutics for extended periods of time, e.g. 2 weeks to six months. 
     Delivery of Opioids 
     The invention also includes methods of treating pain, e.g. cancer pain, by subcutaneous administration of a delivery system containing an opioid such as hydromorphone. Other opiods useful in the subject invention include morphine analogs, morphinans, benzomorphans, and 4-phenylpiperidines, as well as open chain analgesics, endorphins, encephalins, and ergot alkaloids. 
     Advantageous compounds, because of their potency, are etorphine and dihydroetorphine which are 1,000 to 3,000 times as active as morphine in producing tolerance to pain (analgesia). 6-methylene dihydromorphine is in this category, also, and is 80 times as active as morphine. Buprenorphine (20-40× morphine) and hydromorphone (perhaps 2-7× as potent as morphine) also belong to this class of compounds. These five compounds, and many more, are morphine analogs. 
     The category of morphinans includes levorphanol (5× morphine). A compound from this group is 30 times more potent than levorphan and 160× morphine. Fentanyl, a compound that does not follow all the rules for 4-phenylpiperidines, is about 100 times as potent as morphine. 
     The benzomorphan class includes Win 44, 441-3, bremazocine and MR 2266 (see Richards et al., Amer. Soc. for Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Vol. 233, Issue 2, pp. 425-432, 1985). Some of these compounds are 4-30 times as active as morphine. 
     Delivery of Other Active Agents Where a Burst is Dangerous 
     Advantages of the subject delivery system are that it provides systemic delivery, burst free, constant release, long duration. Thus, the system is advantageous for situations where burst might be dangerous—examples are the delivery of anti-hypertensives and antiarrhythmics. 
     Delivery of Active Agents Where Drug is Wasted in Burst 
     Another situation is where drug is wasted in burst. Examples are: Infectious disease-antibiotics, antivirals, antimalarials, anti-TB drugs, hormones or hormonal blockers, androgens, estrogens, thyroid drugs, tamoxifen, antiseizure drugs, psychiatric drugs, anti-cancer drugs, antiangiogenics, and vaccines. 
     Delivery of Active Agents Where Compliance is Important 
     The implant is useful in the delivery of active agents where compliance is important such as in the treatment of opioid addiction by administration of methadone or hydromorphone. 
     Veterinary Applications 
     The implants of the subject invention can also be used as noted above for corresponding veterinary applications e.g. for use in delivering active agents such as etorphine to dogs or cats. 
     The following Examples are illustrative, but not limiting of the compositions and methods of the present invention. Other suitable modifications and adaptations of a variety of conditions and parameters normally encountered which are obvious to those skilled in the art are within the spirit and scope of this invention. 
     EXAMPLES 
     Example 1 
     Hydromorphone Release Rate Assay 
     Hydromorphone release rate from either uncoated or coated drug reservoir matrix was determined using the following analytical method. 
     Release media was a pH 7.4 sodium phosphate buffer prepared by dissolve 2.62 g of monobasic sodium phosphate and 11.50 g of anhydrous dibasic sodium phosphate into 1 L of DI water. The preparation was mixed well until added components were dissolved. Uncoated or coated drug reservoir matrices were analyzed for hydromorphone release rate by placing one matrix (after weighing) in to a 25-mL screw cap centrifuge tube. Add 10 mL of 0.1 M sodium phosphate, pH 7.4, release media to the tube. Cap and wrap a piece of flexible laboratory film such as Parafilm® around centrifuge tube cap. Place all centrifuge tubes in a water bath maintained at ˜37° C. and start timer. 
     After desired amount of time, remove the release media from the centrifuge tube using a syringe and canula and place the release media into a clean test tube. Add fresh 10 mL of release media to the sample test tubes and place back in water bath if necessary to continue release rate assay. 
     Hydromorphone standards were prepared to a concentration of ˜0.5 mg/mL. Accurately weigh about 25 mg of hydromorphone HCl and transfer to a 50-mL volumetric flask. Rinse and dilute to volume with pH 7.4 release media. This solution is good for about 7 days on bench top at ambient conditions. 
     Release media samples were analyzed by spectrophotometry using a spectrophotometer set at a wavelength of 280 nm and using a 0.2-cm cell path length. The spectrophotometer was initialized with the pH 7.4 phosphate buffer. The hydromorphone standard solution was analyzed 5 times and the absorbance was measured. Calculate the relative standard deviation in the absorbance measurement and verify that the value is less than 2.0% RSD before proceeding with analyzing the release media samples. If necessary, the release media sample solutions can be diluted down with pH 7.4 phosphate buffer if the initial absorbance is too high. Bracket analysis of the release media samples with analyses of hydromorphone standards with no more than 12 sample readings between standards reading and complete the assay with a hydromorphone standard reading. Verify that the % RSD is remains less than 2.0%. 
     Example 2 
     Modified Cryogenic Process with EVA Reservoir and PMMA Coating 
     Hydromorphone HCl/ethylene vinyl acetate copolymer (Elvax® 40W-Ethylene vinyl acetate copolymer, 40% w/w vinyl acetate content, melt index of 52 g/10 min) drug reservoir matrices were prepared using a cryogenic process in which 2 g of hydromorphone HCl was suspended in a solution of Elvax in methylene chloride prepared by dissolving 2 g of Elvax in 27 g of methylene chloride. 
     The suspension was cast into a beaker with a 45-mm diameter prechilled by placing the beaker on top of a bed of dry ice, placing beaker containing the cast suspension into a −20° C. freezer for 24 hours to initiate the drying process, and, subsequently, placing the beaker containing the cast suspension under vacuum for 24 hours at room temperature to complete the drying process. 
     A compact, dry to the touch, pliable cast film was obtained thereafter. Using an 11 mm punch die, drug reservoir matrices in the range of 179 and 217 mg were cut from the cast film and targeted approximately 100 mg hydromorphone HCl content/matrix and producing approximately a 50/50 weight ratio of hydromorphone HCl to Elvax in each matrix. 
     The drug reservoir matrices with targeted weight were inserted individually with the 16-G needle through each matrix center to form a hole. The drug reservoir matrices were individually dip-coated with approximately 10% w/w polymethylmethacrylate (Mw 996,000 (by GPC), Sigma-Aldrich Co.) solution in acetone and dried for approximately 24 hours. The dip-coating process was repeated two additional times to produce a coated drug reservoir matrix. 
     The uncoated drug reservoir matrices were assayed for hydromorphone release using the analytical method described in Example 1. The results are shown in Table 1. The coated drug reservoir matrices that attained target weight were assayed for hydromorphone release using the analytical method described in Example 1. The results are shown in FIG. 1. 
     Example 3 
     Ambient Process with EVA Reservoir and PMMA Coating 
     Drug reservoir matrix preparation process was modified by removing the cryogenic processing conditions and increasing the solids content in the working suspension used in Example 2. To this end, hydromorphone HCl (to produce a 50% wt/wt hydromorphone HCl to Elvax) was suspended in approximately 15% w/w Elvax/methylene chloride solution thereby increasing the total solids in the casting suspension. Specifically, 2 g of hydromorphone HCl was suspended in a solution prepared by dissolving 2 g of Elvax in 13.5 g of methylene chloride. The suspension was mixed for 10 minutes and then cast into 110-mm Petri dish at room temperature. The cast film was allowed to air dry at room temperature without applied vacuum. After less than 24 hours, the resulting cast was a dry, flexible, easily removed from dish. The cast film was cut to produce 11-mm drug reservoir matrices with weights of between 75 and 80 mg. 
     Center holes were produced drug reservoir matrices which were subsequently coated using the coating solution and process used in Example 2. The uncoated drug reservoir matrices were assayed for hydromorphone release using the analytical method described in Example 1. The results are shown in Table 1. The coated drug reservoir matrices that attained target weight were assayed for hydromorphone release using the analytical method described in Example 1. The results are shown in FIG. 2. 
     Example 4 
     Multilaminate Process with EVA Reservoir 
     Drug reservoir matrix preparation process was further modified by sequentially casting hydromorphone suspension to form a multilaminate film. To this end, hydromorphone HCl (to produce a 50% wt/wt hydromorphone HCl to Elvax) was suspended in approximately 17% w/w Elvax/methylene chloride solution. Specifically, 10 g of hydromorphone HCl was suspended in a solution prepared by dissolving 10 g of Elvax in 50 g of methylene chloride. The suspension was mixed for approximately 10 minutes. A hand web-coater was used to prepare the multilaminate film. The gap between the substrate and the hand coater doctor blade was adjusted to 0.65 mm. Approximately 25% of the prepared suspension was cast onto a polyethylene terephthalate film substrate mounted in a hand coater, web-coated onto substrate using the doctor blade, and evaporated at ambient conditions for approximately 1 hour. The web-coating process was repeated 3 additional times with approximately the same amount of suspension and with the hand coater gap increased to 1.27 mm. The hydromorphone suspension was remixed before each subsequent web-coating procedure. The resulting multilaminate film was uniform in appearance and did not delaminate. 
     Example 5 
     Aliphatic, Polyether-Based Thermoplastic Polyurethane Elastomer—Tecoflex® EG80A Reservoir 
     Drug reservoir composition was modified with the intent on investigating the use of other thermoplastic polymers as the drug reservoir matrix polymer than was used in Example 2. To this end, hydromorphone HCl (to produce a 50% wt/wt hydromorphone HCl to aliphatic, polyether-based, thermoplastic polyurethane (Tecoflex® EG80A)) was suspended in approximately 13% w/w Tecoflex EG80A/methylene chloride solution. Specifically, 2 g of hydromorphone HCl was suspended in a solution prepared by dissolving 2 g of Tecoflex EG80A in 13.8 g of methylene chloride. The suspension was mixed for approximately 10 minutes and then cast into 110-mm Petri dish at room temperature. The cast film was allowed to air dry at room temperature without applied vacuum. After less than 24 hours, the resulting cast was a dry, flexible, easily removed from dish. The cast film was cut to produce 11-mm drug reservoir matrices with weights of between 75 and 106 mg and with thicknesses of between 0.69 and 0.97 mm. Uncoated drug reservoir matrices without center holes were assayed for hydromorphone release using the analytical method described in Example 1 (see Table 1). 
     Example 6 
     Aliphatic, Polyether-Based Thermoplastic Polyurethane Elastomer—Tecoflex® EG85A Reservoir 
     Drug reservoir composition was modified with the intent on investigating the use of other thermoplastic polymers as the drug reservoir matrix polymer than was used in Example 2. To this end, hydromorphone HCl (to produce a 50% wt/wt hydromorphone HCl to aliphatic, polyether-based, thermoplastic polyurethane (Tecoflex® EG85A)) was suspended in approximately 8% w/w Tecoflex EG80A/methylene chloride solution. Specifically, 2 g of hydromorphone HCl was suspended in a solution prepared by dissolving 2 g of Tecoflex EG85A in 23.1 g of methylene chloride. The suspension was mixed for approximately 10 minutes and then cast into 110-mm Petri dish at room temperature. The cast film was allowed to air dry at room temperature without applied vacuum. After less than 24 hours, the resulting cast was a dry, flexible, easily removed from dish. The cast film was cut to produce 11-mm drug reservoir matrices with weights of between 60 and 70 mg and with thicknesses of between 0.52 and 0.68 mm. Uncoated drug reservoir matrices without center holes were assayed for hydromorphone release using the analytical method described in Example 1 (see Table 1). 
     Example 7 
     Aliphatic, Polycarbonate-Based Thermoplastic Polyurethane Elastomer—Carbothane® PC-3575A Reservoir 
     Drug reservoir composition was modified with the intent on investigating the use of other thermoplastic polymers as the drug reservoir matrix polymer than was used in Example 2. To this end, hydromorphone HCl (to produce a 50% wt/wt hydromorphone HCl to aliphatic, polycarbonate-based, thermoplastic polyurethane (Carbothane® PC-3575A)) was suspended in approximately 13% w/w Carbothane PC-3575A/methylene chloride solution. Specifically, 2 g of hydromorphone HCl was suspended in a solution prepared by dissolving 2 g of Carbothane PC-3575A in 13.8 g of methylene chloride. The suspension was mixed for 10 minutes and then cast into 110-mm Petri dish at room temperature. The cast film was allowed to air dry at room temperature without applied vacuum. After less than 24 hours, the resulting cast was a dry, flexible, easily removed from dish. The cast film was cut to produce 11-mm drug reservoir matrices with weights of between 97 and 100 mg and with thicknesses of between 0.85 and 0.91 mm. Uncoated drug reservoir matrices without center holes were assayed for hydromorphone release using the analytical method described in Example 1 (see Table 1). 
     Example 8 
     Aliphatic, Polycabonate-Based Thermoplastic Polyurethane Elastomer—Carbothane® PC-3585A Reservoir 
     Drug reservoir composition was modified with the intent on investigating the use of other thermoplastic polymers as the drug reservoir matrix polymer than was used in Example 2. To this end, hydromorphone HCl (to produce a 50% wt/wt hydromorphone HCl to aliphatic, polycarbonate-based, thermoplastic polyurethane (Carbothane® PC-3585A)) was suspended in approximately 10% w/w Carbothane PC-3585A/methylene chloride solution. Specifically, 2 g of hydromorphone HCl was suspended in a solution prepared by dissolving 2 g of Carbothane PC-3585A in 20.5 g of methylene chloride. The suspension was mixed for 10 minutes and then cast into 110-mm Petri dish at room temperature. The cast film was allowed to air dry at room temperature without applied vacuum. After less than 24 hours, the resulting cast was a dry, flexible, easily removed from dish. The cast film was cut to produce 11-mm drug reservoir matrices with weights of between 43 and 50 mg and with thicknesses of between 0.34 and 0.43 mm. Uncoated drug reservoir matrices without center holes were assayed for hydromorphone release using the analytical method described in Example 1 (see Table 1). 
     Example 9 
     EVA Reservoir with EVA Coating 
     Drug reservoir matrix preparation process was further modified with the intent on making the process more amenable to commercialization using a less brittle diffusional resistance coating polymer than used in Example 2. To this end, hydromorphone HCl (to produce a 50% wt/wt hydromorphone HCl to Elvax) was suspended in approximately 15% w/w Elvax/methylene chloride solution thereby increasing the total solids in the casting suspension. Specifically, 2 g of hydromorphone HCl was suspended in a solution prepared by dissolving 2 g of Elvax in 13.5 g of methylene chloride. The suspension was mixed for 10 minutes and then cast into 110-mm Petri dish at room temperature. The cast film was allowed to air dry at room temperature without applied vacuum. After less than 24 hours, the resulting cast was a dry, flexible, easily removed from dish. The cast film was cut to produce 11-mm drug reservoir matrices with weights of between 80 and 90 mg and with thicknesses of between 0.68 and 0.80 mm. 
     The drug reservoir matrices with targeted weight were inserted individually with the 16-G needle through each matrix center to form a hole. The drug reservoir matrices were individually dip-coated with approximately 3% w/w Elvax solution in methylene chloride and dried for approximately 24 hours. 
     The coated drug reservoir matrices that attained target weight were assayed for hydromorphone release using the analytical method described in Example 1. The results are shown in FIG. 3. 
     Example 10 
     Higher Drug Content EVA Reservoir with EVA Coating 
     Drug reservoir matrix preparation process was further modified with the intent on making the process more amenable to commercialization by increasing the hydromorphone HCl content compared to that used in Example 9. To this end, hydromorphone HCl (to produce a 60% wt/wt hydromorphone HCl to Elvax)) was suspended in approximately 10% w/w Elvax/methylene chloride solution. Specifically, 2.4 g of hydromorphone HCl was suspended in a solution prepared by dissolving 1.6 g of Elvax in 13.6 g of methylene chloride. The suspension was mixed for 10 minutes and then cast into 110-mm Petri dish at room temperature. The cast film was allowed to air dry at room temperature without applied vacuum. After less than 24 hours, the resulting cast was a dry, flexible, easily removed from dish. The cast film was cut to produce 11-mm drug reservoir matrices with weights of between 80 and 93 mg and with thicknesses of between 0.71 and 0.85 mm. 
     The drug reservoir matrices with targeted weight were inserted individually with the 16-G needle through each matrix center to form a hole. The drug reservoir matrices were individually dip-coated with approximately 3% w/w Elvax solution in methylene chloride and dried for approximately 24 hours. The dip-coating process was repeated two additional times to produce a coated drug reservoir matrix. 
     The coated drug reservoir matrices that attained target weight were assayed for hydromorphone release using the analytical method described in Example 1. The results are shown in FIG. 4. 
     Comparison of Examples 
     The figure below plots hydromorphone release from Examples 2, 3, 9, and 10. 

 
     Tables and Figures 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 1 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Mean hydromorphone release results for various uncoated 
               
               
                 drug reservoir matrices. All matrices contain approximately 
               
               
                 50% w/w hydromorphone HCl. Percent hydromorphone 
               
               
                 released determined from samples sizes of n = 6. 
               
               
                 Mean ± Standard Deviation. 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                   
                 % Mean Release, 
                 % Mean Release, 
               
               
                   
                 Drug Reservoir Matrix 
                 24 hour 
                 43 hour 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Matrix A - Example 2 
                 85.82 ± 12.74 
                 N/P 
               
               
                   
                 Matrix A - Example 3 
                 68.33 ± 9.394 
                 N/P 
               
               
                   
                 Matrix B - Example 5 
                 N/P 
                 91.40 ± 2.717 
               
               
                   
                 Matrix C - Example 6 
                 85.19 ± 7.818 
                 N/P 
               
               
                   
                 Matrix D - Example 7 
                 N/P 
                 94.91 ± 7.585 
               
               
                   
                 Matrix E - Example 8 
                 N/P 
                 81.67 ± 7.635 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 N/P—not performed 
               
               
                   
                 Matrix A: Ethylene vinyl acetate copolymer, 40% w/w vinyl acetate content, melt index of 52 g/10 min 
               
               
                   
                 Matrix B: Aliphatic, polyether-based thermoplastic polyurethane elastomer with a durometer value of 72A 
               
               
                   
                 Matrix C: Aliphatic, polyether-based thermoplastic polyurethane elastomer with a durometer value of 77A 
               
               
                   
                 Matrix D: Aliphatic, polycarbonate-based thermoplastic polyurethane elastomer with a durometer value of 73A 
               
               
                   
                 Matrix E: aliphatic, polycarbonate-based thermoplastic polyurethane elastomer with a durometer value of 84A 
               
            
           
         
       
     
     FIG. 1: Mean hydromorphone release results for coated drug reservoir matrices processed as described in Example 2. All matrices contain approximately 50% w/w hydromorphone HCl. Percent hydromorphone released determined from samples sizes of n=4. Mean±Standard Deviation. 

 
     FIG. 2: Mean hydromorphone release results for coated drug reservoir matrices processed as described in Example 3. All matrices contain approximately 50% w/w hydromorphone HCl. Percent hydromorphone released determined from samples sizes of n=4. Mean±Standard Deviation. 

 
     FIG. 3: Mean hydromorphone release results for coated drug reservoir matrices processed as described in Example 9. All matrices contain approximately 50% w/w hydromorphone HCl. Percent hydromorphone released determined from samples sizes of n=3. Mean±Standard Deviation. 

 
     FIG. 4: Mean hydromorphone release results for coated drug reservoir matrices processed as described in Example 10. All matrices contain approximately 60% w/w hydromorphone HCl. Percent hydromorphone released determined from samples sizes of n=6. Mean±Standard Deviation. 

 
     Example 11 
     Hot Melt Blending 
     Drug Reservoir Polymer—50% Hydromorphone HCl/50% Elvax 40W 
     A 50% blend of Hydromorphone HCl powder and Elvax 40W pellets or powder is dry blended together with additives as required; eg, plastizers including but not limited to certain low molecular weight polyethylene glycols or radio-opaque pigments including but not limited to TiO2 pigments and subsequently utilized as feedstock for a hot melt compounding and extrusion or co-extrusion process. This formulation will be the drug reservoir matrix component of the finished implant. The exudates from the hot melt blending and compounding process are optionally i) directly injection molded into drug reservoir or core component of the implant—this injection molding or thermal molding forms the internal polymeric component in its desired shape and configuration—ready for a sequential series of processes wherein the external drug impermeable coating and uncoated central channel are created (this process can be fully integrated to include hot melt over coating of drug impermeable layer(s) and formation of central uncoated channel), or ii) extrusion coated in sheet or web form at final specified thickness on to a release coated film (preferentially 3 mil silicone polyester film) for die cutting into discs of the specified diameter. 
     Example 12  
     Drug Reservoir Polymer Composed of 50% -75% Hydromorphone HCl Blended with 25%-50% Polyurethane; eg, Tecoflex EG-80, a Copolymer of HMDI and a 2000 Molecular Weight PTMEG Polyol 
     A 50% blend of Hydromorphone HCl is hot melt blended with 50% of a pharmaceutical implant grade thermoplastic polyurethane; eg, Tecoflex EG-80, a copolymer of HMDI and a 2000 molecular weight PTMEG polyol. The external drug impermeable coating is hot melt extrusion or coextrusion coated, using the thermoplastic polyurethane. 
     Example 13  
     Drug Reservoir Polymer Composed of 50%-75% Hydromorphone HCl Blended with 25%-50% DSM PTG Elasthane 55D MR, A Thermoplastic Polyurethane (TPU) Formed by the Reaction of Polytetramethvleneoxide and an Aromatic Diisocyanate 
     The drug reservoir matrix is formed by hot melt blending and compounding the TPU with hydromorphone HCl which after extrusion into molten strands is cooled by contact with a chill roll and then chopped into small cylinders or pelletized as feed stock for a subsequent injection molding process which forms the three dimensional configuration of the core component of the implant. The external drug impermeable layer is based on the same Elasthane polymer used in the core component and applied by powder coating and fusion or coextusion. The central channel is formed during the injection molding process, mechanically drilled or laser drilled. 
     Example 14  
     Drug Reservoir Polymer Composed of 50% -75% Hydromorphone HCl Blended with 25%-50% DSM PTG Bionate 55D, a Thermoplastic Polyurethane Polymer (TPU), the Reaction Product of a Hydroxyl Terminated Polycarbonate and an Aromatic Diisocyante. 
     The drug reservoir matrix is formed by hot melt blending and compounding the TPU with hydromorphone HCl which after extrusion into molten strands is cooled by contact with a chill roll and then chopped into small cylinders or pelletized to form feed stock for a subsequent hot melt injection molding process which forms the 3 dimensional configuration of the core component of the implant. The drug impermeable external layer is based on the same Bionate polymer use in the drug reservoir component and is applied by powder coating and fusion or coextrusion injection molding. The central channel is formed as part of the molding process or mechanically or laser drilled. 
     Example 15  
     Hot Melt Extrusion and Injection Molding Method of Manufacture 
     EVA is commercially available from DuPont and Arkema as pellets that are approximately 1 to 2-mm in diameter whereas Hydromorphone HCl is packaged as a powder. It is not feasible to blend the two materials as purchased without first reducing the particle size of EVA, solvent casting, or by a melt process. Although it is possible to cryogenically grind EVA, this method is prohibitively expensive and does not provide sufficiently small particles. 
     In one method of manufacture, materials are compounded in a Leistritz twin-screw extruder with dual hoppers. In this process, EVA is fed at the beginning of the extrusion line with a loss-in-weight twin screw feeder. As the material nears the end of the extruder, Hydromorphone HCl is fed by a second loss-in-weight twin screw feeder. This allows two materials with vastly different particle sizes to be compounded into a single, homogeneous mass. Additionally, Hydromorphone HCl is exposed to very little shear and heat. As the compounded mixture exits the extruder, the material is pelletized into a form that can be further processed. 
     Compounded pellets can then be transferred to an injection molding process to prepare the implants. In this process, the compounded pellets are heated until they become molten and are subsequently injected into a die that forms a central channel. In one embodiment, a second die is used to inject an impermeable coating such as neat EVA onto the implant. 
     The viscosity of the matrix polymer must be sufficiently low in order to flow into a die. In order to determine the feasibility of various EVA grades for a product such as this, small scale formulations were prepared and tested on a Tinius Olsen melt plastometer. 
     Rather than using Hydromorphone HCl for initial experiments, Dextromethorphan HBr was used as the model drug as the particle size and solubility characteristics of these two compounds are very similar. 
     Evatane® Selection 
     Grades of cryogenically ground EVA chosen for feasibility studies include: Evatane® 42-60, Evatane® 33-400, and Evatane® 28-800. In each case, EVA copolymers were mixed with Dextromethorphan HBr in a 1:1 ratio. 
     Evatane 42-60 
     Evatane® 42-60 (42% vinyl acetate content, 60 g/10 min melt flow index) has properties very similar to that of Elvax® 40W. Evatane® 42-60 powder was blended with Dextromethorphan HBr in a polyethylene bag by hand for approximately 5 minutes. The resulting blend was placed in the Tinius Olsen melt plastometer and was allowed to equilibrate at 75.0° C. for 5-minutes. A 16.6 kg weight was used to press the melted blend through the 0.0810-inch orifice. At this temperature, a visual inspection of the extrudate confirmed that the viscosity of the mixture was too high to flow through the die. A visual inspection of the extrudate at 95° C. and 120° C. revealed that the composite mixture was very viscous and 16.6 kg was not enough weight to provide a constant flow. When the temperature of the plastometer was further increased to 130° C., the extrudate became less viscous and flowed from the plastometer. However, this temperature is likely too high and may cause degradation of Hydromorphone HCl. 
     Evatane 33-400 
     Evatane® 33-400 (33% vinyl acetate content, 400 g/10 min melt flow index) powder was subjected to the same test as described above at temperatures of 65° C., 75° C., 95° C., and 110° C. A visual inspection of the resulting extrudates confirmed that the viscosity decreased as the temperature was increased. It was determined that the extrudate at 65° C. and 75° C. was too viscous to adequately flow into and fill a mold. At 95° C. and 110° C., the composite mixture was substantially less viscous and could potentially fill a mold. 
     Evatane 28-800 
     A formulation containing Evatane® 28-800 (28% vinyl acetate content, 800 g/10 min melt flow index) was also prepared by the method described above. At 75.0° C., a visual inspection of the extrudate was performed and although it flowed through the die, it was determined that the viscosity was too high to flow into and fill a mold. The experiment was repeated at a temperature of 95° C. and the viscosity of the extrudate was dramatically decreased. A pseudo disk shaped die was placed directly below the plastometer where the extrudate is expelled and allowed to fill. The die was evenly filled with the composite mixture and a disk was prepared. The viscosity and flow of the composite at 95° C. was comparable to that of the Evatane® 33-400 at 110° C. 
     Prototype Fabrication 
     Based on results of the viscosity study, three grades of Evatane® were chosen for further studies: Evatane® 28-800, Evatane® 28-420, and Evatane® 33-400. Formulations containing Dextromethorphan HBr and EVA were evaluated on the Leistritz twin screw extruder and the prototype injection molding device. Dextromethorphan HBr was chosen as the model drug in order to develop processing conditions due to its cost relative to Hydromorphone HCl. 
     Extrusion Process Development 
     Evatane® 28-800, 28-420, and 33-400 pellets were procured from Arkema for process development activities. Coiled feed screws were utilized such that Evatane® could be fed from the first feeder. 
     The Leistritz twin-screw extruder was set up to extrude powdered Evatane® 28-800 with downstream feeding of Dextromethorphan HBr. A composite extrusion screw was designed and installed such that minimal shear forces would be applied to the molten material. The extruder was equilibrated at a temperature of 80° C. prior to extrusion. Once equilibrated, the extruder was started at 300 rpm and each feeder was set to deliver 0.5 kg/hr. 
     The extrudate exited through a die with two 2-mm diameter holes spaced apart by 1-inch. The extrudate was found to exhibit a very low viscosity upon exiting the extruder. The two individual strands became intertwined, adhered to the conveyor, and exhibited erratic flow. The strands were cooled by forced air and subsequently pelletized. It was determined that the viscosity of the extrudate should be increased to prevent intertwining and adhering of the extrudate to the conveyor. 
     In order to optimize the extrusion process, steps were taken to increase the viscosity of the extrudate. This was accomplished by lowering the extrusion temperature to 60° C. and by reducing the extrusion speed to 100 rpm. At these conditions, the extrudate viscosity increased significantly and provided an acceptable product. The extrudates did not show any signs of intertwining or adhering to the conveyor belt. The strands were subsequently pelletized. Evatane® 28-800 was replaced with 33-400 and extruded at the same conditions with excellent results. 
     Coiled screws were obtained and Evatane® 28-420, 28-800, and 33-400 pellets were extruded with downstream feeding of granulated Dextromethorphan HBr. The extrusion screw speed for each grade of EVA was set at 160, 200, and 300, respectively. Each feeder was set the deliver 0.5 kg/hr and the extruder temperature was set at 55° C. for all three grades. These conditions produced excellent results. 
     Prototype Injection Molding 
     In order to investigate the release profile of various sized disks, injection molds have been prepared such that the height and diameter of the disk varies 20% in each direction with the center channel held constant at 1.25 mm. Implant dimensions chosen for this study are outlined below. 

 
     Additionally, the dissolution rate can be modulated by the polymer to drug ratio and size of the center channel. 
     For the manufacture of prototype implants, the Tinius Olsen melt plastometer was used as a bench top injection molder. Nine molds containing depressions with center channels have been fabricated to fit on the bottom of the melt plastometer to accept molten polymer. 
     The injection nozzle that is used to transfer the molten polymer from the melt plastometer to the molds is shown below: 

 
     The nozzle contains an orifice with a diameter of 0.081-inches 
     The injection nozzle attaches to the mold base which is illustrated below. The injection base has pins with a 1.25 mm diameter that provide for central channels. 

 
     The injection base attaches to the injection mold (which forms the disks), which is illustrated in below. 

 
     The injection mold contains disk shaped reservoirs with vents to allow air to escape. Once the injection base and injection mold are secured to each other, pins in the injection base are moved inward until they come into contact with the injection mold, which form a center channel. 
     Once the compounded polymers are sufficiently melted, weights are placed on top of a piston to force the composite mixture from the heated cylinder into the fabricated molds. 
     Injection Molding Process Development 
     Compounded mixtures obtained from the extrusion process development activities were used to develop the injection molding process. Pellets containing equal amounts of Evatane® 28-800 and Dextromethorphan HBr were added to the extrusion plastometer and allowed to equilibrate for 5 minutes at 95° C. During the equilibration time, the nozzle was plugged and a total mass of 10.0 kg was used to compact the material. Once equilibrated, the mold, which was at room temperature, was placed onto the injection nozzle and a total mass of 20.6 kg was added to the piston. It was found that the composite mixture cooled upon leaving the injection nozzle and did not adequately fill the mold. 
     In order to address this issue, the equilibration temperature was increased to 105° C. and the mold was warmed to 75° C. on a hot plate. Once weight was added onto the piston, the polymer flowed freely into the mold. However, upon separating the mold from the base, it was discovered that the disks adhered slightly to the aluminum mold due to its surface characteristics. It was found that stearic acid provides sufficient lubrication to prevent disks from adhering to the molds. Additionally, the mold must be cooled to room temperature to ensure that the disks do not adhere to the mold. 
     A trial was conducted with compounded Evatane® 33-400. It was discovered that the disks containing this grade of Evatane® were significantly more difficult to remove from the mold. Ejection pins were added to each of the molds. It was found that retracting the pins and removing them from the die followed by cooling with compressed air is an effective method of removing the disks without imparting damage. 
     Coating Process and Dissolution Analysis 
     Prior to performing dissolution studies, multiple polymers were tested as coating agents in order to determine which polymer could successfully impede the release of an active ingredient from the disk. Polymers tested included poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA), polyvinyl acetate (PVA), Ethocel® 100, cellulose acetate, and Evatane® 28-800. Most of these polymers were dissolved in a solvent such as acetone or ethanol and then used to dip coat disks. Some of the polymers were also mixed with hydrophobic plasticizers to increase the flexibility of the polymers. The Evatane® coating was applied using a hot-melt gun and a die rather than by solution. Each coating entirely covered the disk (including center channel) and was allowed to cool for an adequate amount of time before applying subsequent coatings. 
     The dissolution of Hydromorphone HCl or Dextromethorphan HBr from prototype implants was then measured. In this dissolution method, disks are placed in scintillation vials with 10 mL of 0.1 M pH 7.4 phosphate buffer. The scintillation vials were placed in an oven with a temperature set point of 37° C. For the initial tests, dissolution media was only removed once after 16-24 hours to determine if the release of the active drug was impeded. 
     A summary of the coating solutions and results can be seen in Table 1. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 1 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Coating agents, conditions, and results for implantable disks 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                   
                   
                 Blocked 
                   
               
               
                 Polymer 
                 Plasticizer 
                 Solvent 
                 Release? 
                 Comments 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 10% PMMA 
                 n/a 
                 Acetone 
                 No 
                 Brittle coating, 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Numerous air 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 bubbles in 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 coating 
               
               
                 25% PMMA 
                 n/a 
                 Acetone 
                 No 
                 Smooth coating, 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Few air bubbles 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 in coating 
               
               
                 19% PMMA 
                 1% DEP 
                 Acetone 
                 No 
                 Smooth coating, 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Few air bubbles 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 in coating 
               
               
                 10% PVA 
                 n/a 
                 Acetone 
                 No 
                 Smooth coating 
               
               
                 15% PVA 
                 n/a 
                 Acetone 
                 No 
                 Smooth coating, 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Aesthetically 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 pleasing 
               
               
                 5% Ethocel 100 
                 n/a 
                 Ethanol 
                 Not Tested 
                 Many air 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 bubbles in 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 coating 
               
               
                 13.3% Cellulose 
                 n/a 
                 Acetone 
                 No 
                 Disk swollen, 
               
               
                 Acetate 
                   
                   
                   
                 Buffer diffused 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 between coating 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 and disk 
               
               
                 12.1% Cellulose 
                 1.5% 
                 Acetone 
                 No 
                 Disk swollen, 
               
               
                 Acetate 
                 Triacetin 
                   
                   
                 Buffer diffused 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 between coating 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 and disk 
               
               
                 Evatane 28-800 
                 n/a 
                 n/a 
                 Yes 
                 Very flexible 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 coating, Blocked 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 release of 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Dextromethor- 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 phan HBr and 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Hydromorphone 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 HCl 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Evatane® 28-800 was the only coating agent that completely prevented the release of Hydromorphone HCl and Dextromethorphan HBr from the implant after 16-24 hours in 10 mL of 0.1 M pH 7.4 phosphate buffer at 37° C. Thus, the nine initial disk sizes were coated with Evatane® 28-800 and have a center channel in both the disk and the coating. 
     Dissolution Results 
     Unmicronized Hydromorphone Hydrochloride 
     Unmicronized Hydromorphone Hydrochloride was used to prepare disks in the initial studies. 80% of the unmicronized Hydromorphone Hydrochloride has a particle size of less than 75 microns. 
     Disk Size and Evatane® Grade Study 
     Samples were prepared containing 50.0% Hydromorphone Hydrochloride and 50.0% Evatane® 28-800 by the method outlined above in Injection Molding Process Development. Sets of samples were prepared (n=3), as described above in Prototype Injection Molding, with the nine dimensions as outlined in order to investigate the affect of different disk dimensions on the dissolution rate of Hydromorphone Hydrochloride. Additionally, discs containing a different grade of Evatane® were also prepared. Three disks composed of 50% Evatane® 28/420 and 50% Hydromorphone Hydrochloride and three disks composed of 50% Evatane® 33/400 and 50% Hydromorphone Hydrochloride with a disk size of 12.6×2.7 mm, were prepared. All eleven sets of three disks each were coated with Evatane® 28/800 as described above in Coating Process and Dissolution Analysis. 
     Coated disks where examined under a Leica EZ4D Stereoscope in order to determine if the coating and center channel were acceptable for dissolution studies. Any air bubbles or abnormalities in the coating were removed and patched with a soldering gun and a hot-melt gun. 
     All the disks were attached to sinkers and placed in scintillation vials with 10 mL of 0.1 M pH 7.4 phosphate buffer at 37° C. Buffer solution was removed and replaced at t=1, 2, 3, 6, 7, and 8 days. The amount of Hydromorphone Hydrochloride that was released from each of the nine sized disks containing Evatane® 28-800 disks are shown below. This graph shows that by Day 8 the release of Hydromorphone Hydrochloride from all nine dimensions of disks is well below the target release rate of approximately 4.0 mg/day (166.7 ug/hr). In addition, an unexpected initial burst release is seen in almost all samples. 

 
     Amount of Hydromorphone Hydrochloride in ug/hr released from coated disks of 50% Hydromorphone Hydrochloride and 50.0% Evatane® 28-800 with various dimension over eight days. 
     The amount of Hydromorphone Hydrochloride that was released from each of the three disks with different grades of Evatane® is shown below. This graph shows that the grade of Evatane® used as the polymer matrix does not affect the release rate of Hydromorphone Hydrochloride. In addition, an unexpected initial burst release is again seen in these samples. 

 
     Amount of Hydromorphone Hydrochloride in ug/hr released from different grades of Evatane® disks with 50% Hydromorphone Hydrochloride over eight days. Dimension of all disks were 12.6×2.7 mm 
     Increased Drug Loading Study 
     In order to increase the release rate of Hydromorphone Hydrochloride from the disks to achieve the target release rate of approximately 4.0 mg/day, the concentration of Hydromorphone Hydrochloride within each disk was increased. 
     Samples were prepared containing 60.0% Hydromorphone Hydrochloride and 40.0% Evatane® 28-420, 70.0% Hydromorphone Hydrochloride and 30.0% Evatane® 28-800, and 60.0% Hydromorphone Hydrochloride and 30.0% Evatane® 28-420 and 10.0% Polyethylene Glycol 4000 by the method outlined above. 
     Additional samples containing 70.0% Hydromorphone Hydrochloride and 30.0% Evatane® 28-420 as well as samples with 70.0% Hydromorphone Hydrochloride and 20.0% Evatane® 28-800 and 10.0% Polyethylene Glycol 4000 were attempted, but were abandoned due to the inability to extrude and the brittleness of formed disks, respectively. 
     Sets of samples were prepared (n=3), as described above (Prototype Injection Molding), with the 12.6×2.7 mm dimension in order to investigate the affect of increased drug loading on the dissolution rate of Hydromorphone Hydrochloride. All three sets of three disks were coated with Evatane® 28-800 as described above (Coating Process and Dissolution Analysis) and one additional 60.0% Hydromorphone Hydrochloride and 40.0% Evatane® 28-420 was completely coated (including the center channel) to act as a control. 
     Coated disks where examined under a Leica EZ4D Stereoscope in order to determine if the coating and center channel were acceptable for dissolution studies and within the required specifications. Any air bubbles or abnormalities in the coating were removed and patched with a soldering gun and a hot-melt gun. 
     All disks were attached to sinkers and placed in scintillation vials with 10 mL of 0.1 M pH 7.4 phosphate buffer at 37° C. Buffer solution was removed and replaced at t=1, 3, 6, 8, 11, 13, 15, and 18 days. The amount of Hydromorphone Hydrochloride that was released from the 60.0% Hydromorphone Hydrochloride with 40.0% Evatane® 28-420 and 70.0% Hydromorphone Hydrochloride with 30.0% Evatane® 28-800 is shown below. This graph shows that by Day 3 the release of Hydromorphone Hydrochloride from both types of disks is well below the target release rate of approximately 4.0 mg/day (166.7 ug/hr). In addition, an unexpected initial burst release is seen in both samples. 

 
     Amount of Hydromorphone Hydrochloride in ug/hr released from coated 12.6×2.7 mm disks of different concentrations of Hydromorphone Hydrochloride and Evatane® over eighteen days. 
     The amount of Hydromorphone Hydrochloride that was released from the 60.0% Hydromorphone Hydrochloride and 30.0% Evatane® 28-420 and 10.0% Polyethylene Glycol 4000 disks is shown below. The dissolution of these samples was stopped after 6 days due to the very high release rate of Hydromorphone Hydrochloride. The high release rate from this disk is most likely due to cracks within the disk structure. Polyethylene Glycol 4000 caused the disks to become very brittle and due to the handling of the disks, cracks were most likely formed during the removal of the disks from the injection molds or during the coating process. 

 
     Amount of Hydromorphone Hydrochloride in ug/hr released from coated 12.6×2.7 mm disks containing Polyethylene Glycol, Hydromorphone Hydrochloride and Evatane® 28-420 over six days. 
     The control disk showed no release of Hydromorphone Hydrochloride during the eighteen days in dissolution buffer, confirming previous studies which showed that Evatane® blocks the release of drug from the matrix. 
     Micronized Hydromorphone Hydrochloride 
     It was hypothesized that micronizing Hydromorphone Hydrochloride may eliminate the burst effect seen with unmicronized Hydromorphone Hydrochloride as well increase the dissolution rate by forming more channels within the carrier matrix. Hydromorphone Hydrochloride was micronized using a Hosokawa Alpine 50 AS Spiral Jet Mill System. The average particle size was reduced approximately tenfold to about 5 microns. 
     Drug Loading Study 
     A blend containing 65% micronized Hydromorphone Hydrochloride and 35% Evatane® 28-800 was mixed and loaded into the melt plastometer. The blend was allowed to equilibrate at temperatures as high as 140° C., but the blend failed to extrude through the orifice. It is obvious that micronized Hydromorphone Hydrochloride changes the rheology of the extrudate due to the increased surface area. Thus, the concentration of micronized Hydromorphone Hydrochloride was decreased to form acceptable extrudate. 
     Samples were prepared containing 50.0% Hydromorphone Hydrochloride with 50.0% Evatane® 28-800 and 60% Hydromorphone Hydrochloride with 40% Evatane 28-800 by the method outlined above. These blends were successfully extruded and the molding of disks was attempted as described above. Due to the rheological changes in the extrudate, the molds experienced incomplete filling and multiple air pockets were observed in each disk. 
     An alternative method for filling molds was explored. The injection base and injection mold were both lubricated with stearic acid and placed on a hot plate with a temperature of 150-200° C. Pelletized extrudate was placed within the injection mold until and manipulated until the two outside reservoirs were filled with composite material. The injection base and injection mold are then fastened together and the pins in the injection base are moved inward until they come into contact with the injection mold, which form a center channel. The mold was removed from the hot plate and cooled to room temperature. Three disks with a size of 10.5×2.7 mm of each concentration were obtained and both sets were coated with Evatane® 28-800 as described above. 
     Coated disks were examined under a Leica EZ4D Stereoscope in order to determine if the coating and center channel were acceptable for dissolution studies and within the required specifications. Any air bubbles or abnormalities in the coating were removed and patched with a soldering gun and a hot-melt gun. Disks were cured in an oven at 50° C. in order to ensure that the disk was properly adhered to the disk. 
     All the disks were attached to sinkers and placed in scintillation vials with 10 mL of 0.1 M pH 7.4 phosphate buffer at 37° C. Buffer solution was removed and replaced at t=30 min, 2 hr, and 1, 3, and 5 days. The amount of Hydromorphone Hydrochloride that was released from both sets of disks is shown below. This graph shows that within 2 hours the release of Hydromorphone Hydrochloride from both types of disks is well below the target release rate of approximately 4.0 mg/day (166.7 ug/hr). The release rate almost completely shuts down by the Day 1 time point. In addition, an undesired initial burst release is seen in both samples that is likely due to Hydromorphone Hydrochloride on the surface of the inside channel. 

 
     Amount of Hydromorphone Hydrochloride in ug/hr released from coated 10.5×2.7 mm disks of different concentrations with micronized Hydromorphone Hydrochloride and Evatane® over five days. 
     Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) Images 
     A scanning electron microscope (SEM) was used on disks containing unmicronized and micronized Hydromorphone Hydrochloride in order to obtain information about various samples&#39; surface topography and composition. 
     Unmicronized Hydromorphone Hydrochloride 
     Samples containing 60.0% Hydromorphone Hydrochloride and 40.0% Evatane® 28-420 which were placed in 0.1 M pH 7.4 phosphate buffer at 37° C. were examined with the SEM. The pictures showed good annealing between the coating and the composite disc. Another picture showed the pores and channels formed by the dissolution of Hydromorphone Hydrochloride from the Evatane® matrix. This image showed that open channels were formed without the entrapment of Hydromorphone Hydrochloride. 
     Micronized Hydromorphone Hydrochloride 
     Samples containing 50.0% micronized Hydromorphone Hydrochloride with 50.0% Evatane® 28-800 which were not exposed to any dissolution media and samples containing 60% micronized Hydromorphone Hydrochloride with 40% Evatane 28-800 which were placed in 0.1 M pH 7.4 phosphate buffer at 37° C. were examined with the SEM. The images clearly showed air pockets and pores formed from the processing of these discs without the use of the Tinius Olsen melt plastometer. The center channel of this disk had minimal exposure of micronized Hydromorphone Hydrochloride particles, thus inhibiting the release of drug. The inside matrix of the disk had many visible micronized Hydromorphone Hydrochloride particles, but may be below the percolation threshold which may inhibit their release. Another image showed minimal exposure of micronized Hydromorphone Hydrochloride particles on surfaces in contact with the mold. The lack of Hydromorphone Hydrochloride particles on the surface of the disk may be due to skinning of the Evatane® polymer. 
     Another image showed a cross section of the tested 60.0% micronized Hydromorphone Hydrochloride with 40.0% Evatane® 28-800 discs. This picture showed good annealing between the coating and the composite disk. A further image showed a cross section of the inside channel as well as the inner matrix of the disc. The center channel of this disk had no formed channels or pores and thus drug could not be released from the disc. The inside of the disk had many visible micronized Hydromorphone Hydrochloride particles. As previously stated, the lack of Hydromorphone Hydrochloride particles on the surface of the disk may be due to skinning of the Evatane® polymer during processing. 
     Extrusion of Elasthane™ 
     An alternative polymer, Elasthane™, a human implant grade aromatic polyether type thermoplastic polyurethane was also tested. Elasthane™ thermoplastic polyether urethane is produced by The Polymer Technology Group and is approved to be used in implant medical devices for longer than 30 days. This polymer is available in three grades. Elasthane™ 80A was selected for feasibility studies due to its relatively low melt index of the three available grades and because it has the lowest recommended optimum extrusion temperature of 171-197° C. 
     The Leistritz twin-screw extruder was set up to extrude Elasthane™. Since Elasthane™ is only available in a pellet form, coiled screws were used in the feeder. The same composite extrusion screw was designed and installed as used with Evatane® polymers, such that minimal shear forces would be applied to the molten material. The extruder was equilibrated at a temperature of 180° C. prior to extrusion. Once equilibrated, the extruder was started at 50 rpm and the feeder was set to deliver 0.5 kg/hr of polymer. 
     At first, no die was attached to the extruder and the extrudate was found to be transparent and fairly viscous. The temperature of the extruder was decreased to 170° C. and the viscosity of the extrudate increased while it remained transparent. The temperature was then raised to 190° C. and a substantially less viscous, transparent, very elastic extrudate was formed. The screw speed was increased to 75 rpm and a 6.25 mm single round bore die was attached to the extruder. Rods were formed without pulsing from the die. This resin was selected because it can be extruded and molded at a temperature below the decomposition point of the opiod. 
     Implants which were altered from the above described implants by producing the central channel by mechanical means (perforation or drilling), were also tested. The plot below shows the dissolution profile of these implants to the 31 day time point. 

 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Label Claim (% 
                   
                 μg of Hydromorphone HCl Released 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Sample Lot # 
                 Hydromorphone HCl) 
                 Sample # 
                 0 
                 1 
                 2 
                 3 
                 6 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 2007-199-67 
                 75 
                 4 
                 0.0 
                 1572.3 
                 5342.8 
                 4946.98 
                 3195.8 
               
               
                   
                 75 
                 5 
                 0.0 
                 1495.4 
                 10888.3 
                 4259.67 
                 2925.5 
               
               
                   
                 75 
                 6 
                 0.0 
                 7661.7 
                 14157.2 
                 7247.04 
                 4878.3 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Average 
                 0.00 
                 3575.5 
                 10129.4 
                 5484.6 
                 3665.6 
               
               
                   
                 Standard Deviation 
                 0.00 
                 3538.1 
                 4456.0 
                 1564.6 
                 1058.1 
               
               
                   
                 % RSD 
                 0.00 
                 98.9 
                 44.0 
                 28.5 
                 28.9 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     The dissolution rate levels out after the burst on the 2 nd  day. At 1-month, approximately 90 mg of Hydromorphone HCl is released of the 300 mg in the implant. 
     It will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art that numerous modifications and additions may be made to the present invention, the disclosed device, and the related system without departing from the invention disclosed.