Patent Publication Number: US-4097923-A

Title: Remote postage meter charging system using an advanced microcomputerized postage meter

Description:
The invention relates to electronic postage meter systems, and more particularly to a remote postage meter setting system having a microcomputerized postage meter of advanced design. 
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION AND RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     The remote charging system of this invention uses a third generation stand alone postage meter, which supersedes the predecessor meters generally shown in copending applications, Ser. Nos. 536,248 and 406,898; filed Dec. 23, 1974 and Oct. 16, 1973, respectively. 
     The present microcomputerized meter is an improvement of the previous microcomputerized meter (Ser. No. 536,248). The new meter comprises means for funding the meter by entering a combination through the meter keyboard. The entered combination is compared with an internally generated combination. 
     The remote postage charging system of this invention funds the postage meter with variable amounts of postage rather than incremental amounts as shown in prior funding systems such as that shown in U.S. Pat. No. 3,792,446. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     The invention relates to a remotely funded computerized postage meter system. 
     The remote funding postage meter system of the invention features a data center equipped with a programmed digital computer and a voice answer-back unit. The data center processes telephone calls from postage meter users, requesting of them information unique to their meter. This information is used to verify the authenticity of the call, and to update the record of the user stored in the digital computer. The user also informs the data center of the postage which is desired to be funded into the meter, this postage being a variable amount. The computer at the data center formulates a combination based upon the identifying information and the variable amount of postage. This combination is then transmitted back to the user via the answer back unit. The user then enters the combination into the microcomputerized postage meter. The postage meter contains a routine in its program for comparing the entered combination with an internally generated combination based upon the desired postage requested for funding. If the entered combination matches the internally generated combination, the funding registers of the meter are increased by the new postage amount. If there is no equality between the entered combination and the internally generated combination the funding register of the meter will not be increased by the requested postage, and the user will be so informed. 
     The postage meter of the system employs a central processing unit, a plurality of memory units, a multiplexed input and output, and postage setting means responsive to the controlled interactions between the CPU, memories, input and outputs, for setting predetermined postage and printing the postage as desired. The meter is built up about a plurality of LSI components and employs LSI technology to provide a functional relationship enabling the electronic postage meter system to accomplish its predetermined functions. 
     In general configuration, a central processing unit for providing the data flow control and for providing calculation of postage in accordance with input supply thereto, is the essential element of this system. Coupled to the CPU is a permanent memory for storing a postage data program and is a non-alterable storage medium. A temporary memory is also provided for storing and forwarding working data in accordance with the operation of the CPU. A non-volatile memory is intercoupled with the CPU and provides a permanent or nondestructive storage location for postal funding data in accordance with the transfer routine previously established and activated in accordance with a shut-down or start-up sequence of the system. The use of a nonvolatile memory is important in that data which is significant in the system, such as the contents of descending registers which keep track of the remaining balance in the postage meter or ascending registers which keep track of the continuous accumulation of charges thereto, is permanently stored in the nonvolatile memory when the system is de-energized. As a corollary, when the system starts up, the data from the nonvolatile memory is transferred back into the temporary memory. 
     Further interaction with the CPU is provided by means of an appropriate input device such as a keyboard which provides the appropriate postal data to the CPU for the calculations to be performed. An output or display which is multiplexed with the input also interfaces with the CPU for displaying data from the temporary storage in accordance with the commands. The ultimate output of the CPU is coupled to a postage setting mechanism which sets the amount of postage to be printed into a postal printing unit for printing the postage as desired. 
     More specifically, the microcomputerized postage meter of this invention is built upon the MCS-4 R  microcomputer set; a product of Intel Corporation, Santa Clara, California. It will be understood that other manufacturers and equivalent components may be employed and that Intel components are used for purposes of example. The microcomputer set is of LSI design, and comprises a central processor unit (CPU-4004) which performs all control and data processing functions, and contains the control unit and arithmetic unit of a general purpose computer. The computerized meter comprises a plurality of ROM&#39;s (Read Only Memory Chips - 4001) and a plurality of RAM&#39;s (Random Access Memory Chips - 4002) which are interconnected to the CPU. The ROM&#39;s contain the postage system program. One four-bit input or output port is provided on each ROM package. One four-bit output port is provided on each RAM package. 
     The computerized meter also contains shift registers (Intel number 4003) for port expansion and multiplexing capability, and associated circuitry including clocks, power supplies and interfacing circuits to connect with the outside world. 
     The postage printing mechanism is one of several peripheral components including a keyboard for instructing the meter, and a display for visually monitoring the system&#39;s functions. 
     The postage printer of the meter is a modified Model 5300 postage meter manufactured by Pitney-Bowes, Inc., Stamford, Connecticut. The mechanical accounting means (ascending and descending registers have been removed from the meter along with the actuator assemblies and setting levers. The remaining printer is set by a pair of solenoids and a stepping motor. The mechanical operation of the printer is monitored by a plurality of photocells strategically placed within the printer housing. When a particular function of the printer fails to be performed, a photocell monitoring that appropriate function will provide an error input to the system via an input port. 
     The microcomputer meter also receives inputs from the keyboard and non-volatile memory through an input port. 
     Output from the meter are generally handled via the shift registers and output ports. 
     Peripheral devices may easily be added to the meter such as a large external display, a receipt printer, or a listing printer, etc. 
     The remote meter charging of the invention is made possible by the microcomputerized postage meter. This remote charging technique is an improved departure over previous methods such as that shown in U.S. Pat. No. 3,792,446, issued Feb. 12, 1974. In the previous system, only a fixed amount of postage could be added to the meter. With the present invention, any (variable) amount of postage can be added to the postage meter within the register size. Thus, the new technique is more versatile. This method also features a greater degree of security, since not only is the coded information varying in accordance with randomly chosen constants, but it is additionally varying in accordance with the postage amount. 
     It is an object of the invention to provide improved capability for remotely charging a postage meter; 
     It is another object of this invention to provide an improved computerized postage meter; 
     It is still another object of this invention to provide a computerized postage meter funding system having the capability of funding a computerized postage meter with variable amounts of postage. 
    
    
     These and other objects of the invention will be better understood and will become more apparent with reference to the following detailed description taken in conjunction with the attached drawings, in which: 
     FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of the remote postage meter funding system of this invention; 
     FIG. 1a is a functional block diagram of a microcomputerized postage meter of the present invention; 
     FIG. 1b is a perspective view of the housing for the computerized postage meter of FIG. 1a; 
     FIG. 1c is an enlarged plan view of the keyboard and display shown in FIG. 1b; 
     FIG. 1d is a block diagram of the LSI components making up the postage meter of the invention; 
     FIG. 2 is a block diagram of the peripheral components for the computerized meter of FIG. 1d; 
     FIG. 3 is a perspective view of the postage setting and printing apparatus for the computerized postage meter of FIG. 1b; 
     FIG. 4a is a side view of the setting and printing apparatus of FIG. 3 as taken along lines 4--4; 
     FIG. 4b is an enlarged partially cutaway perspective view of the yoke, main gear, and splined shaft of the setting mechanism of FIG. 3; 
     FIG. 5 is a front view of FIG. 4a with a section cutaway to show the intermeshing relationships between various geared parts; 
     FIG. 6 is a schematic view of the memory allocation shown for RAM(φ)16 of FIG. 1d and its associated output port; 
     FIG. 7 is a schematic view of the memory allocation depicted for RAM(1)17 of FIG. 1d and its associated output port; 
     FIG. 8 is a schematic view of the memory allocation illustrated for RAM(2)18 of FIG. 1d and its associated output port; 
     FIG. 8a is a more detailed schematic view of a portion of the memory allocation shown in FIG. 8; 
     FIG. 9 is a schematic view of the memory allocation shown for RAM(3)19 of FIG. 1d and its associated output port; 
     FIG. 10 is a schematic view of the ROM input ports of FIG. 1d; 
     FIG. 11 is an electrical schematic for the non-volatile memory circuitry of FIG. 2; 
     FIG. 12a is an electrical schematic of the monitoring circuit for the -10 volt power supply for the system of FIG. 1d; 
     FIG. 12b is an electrical schematic of the monitoring circuit for the +5 volt power supply for the system of FIG. 1d; 
     FIG. 13 is an electrical schematic of the reset circuitry for the system of FIG. 1d; 
     FIG. 14a is an electrical schematic for the -10 volt power supply for the system of FIG. 1d; 
     FIG. 14b is an electrical schematic for the +5 volt power supply for the system of FIG. 1d; 
     FIG. 14c is an electrical schematic for the -24 volt power supply for powering some of the peripheral components shown in FIG. 2; 
     FIG. 15 is an electrical schematic of the circuitry associated with the shift register (φ)20 of FIG. 1d for multiplexing the keyboard and the display of FIGS. 1b and 1c; 
     FIG. 16 is an electrical schematic of the keyboard and the display shown in FIGS. 1b and 1c; 
     FIG. 17 is an electrical schematic of the circuitry associated with shift registers (1)21 and (2)22 of FIG. 1d, for controlling the indicator lamps of FIG. 16; 
     FIG. 18 is an electrical schematic of the decimal point circuitry and the decoder driver circuitry for the display of FIGS. 1b, 1c and 16; 
     FIG. 19 is an electrical schematic for the meter monitoring photocells, the stepper motor coil drivers, and the print sensing photocell of the setting and printing mechanism of FIG. 3; 
     FIGS. 20 and 21 show a generalized overall operation for the meter of FIGS. 1d and 2, in a flow chart form; 
     FIG. 21a shows a flow chart for the subroutine CHCK for the meter of FIGS. 1d and 2; 
     FIG. 22 depicts a flow chart for the subroutine INRAM for the meter of FIGS. 1d and 2; 
     FIG. 23 illustrates a flow chart for the subroutine DOWN for the meter of FIGS. 1d and 2; 
     FIG. 24 shows a flow chart for the HOME subroutine for the meter of FIGS. 1d and 2; 
     FIG. 25 shows a flow chart for the SCAN subroutine for the meter of FIGS. 1d and 2; 
     FIG. 26 depicts the chart for the subroutine FCTN for the meter of FIGS. 1d and 2; 
     FIG. 27 illustrates the flow chart for the digits subroutine for entering numbers into the display for the meter of FIGS. 1d and 2; 
     FIG. 28 shows the flow chart for the subroutine SET for the meter of FIGS. 1d and 2; 
     FIG. 29 depicts the flow chart for the subroutine UNLCK for the meter of FIGS. 1d and 2; 
     FIG. 30 illustrates the flow chart for the subroutine POST for the meter of FIGS. 1d and 2; 
     FIG. 31 shows a flow chart showing the data center operation for the remote meter charging system of FIG. 1; 
     FIGS. 32 and 32a depict a flow chart for the recharging operation for the postage meter of FIGS. 1d and 2; 
     FIG. 33 illustrates the flow chart for the subroutine PLUS for the meter of FIGS. 1d and 2; 
     FIG. 34 shows the flow chart for the subroutine CLEAR for the meter of FIGS. 1d and 2; 
     FIG. 35 depicts a flow chart for a subroutine for calling register contents into the display for the meter of FIGS. 1d and 2; 
     FIG. 36 illustrates a flow chart for the subroutine ENBLE for the meter of FIGS. 1d and 2; 
     FIG. 37 illustrates a flow chart for the subroutine ERROR for the meter of FIGS. 1d and 2; 
     FIG. 38 shows a flow chart for the portion of the subroutine SCAN of FIG. 25 referred to as SCANX for the meter of FIGS. 1d and 2; 
     FIG. 39 depicts a flow chart for the subroutine LDLMP for the meter of FIGS. 1d and 2; 
     FIG. 40 illustrates a flow chart for the subroutine OUTPT for the meter of FIGS. 1d and 2; 
     FIG. 41 shows a flow chart for the subroutine FETCH for the meter of FIGS. 1d and 2; 
     FIG. 42 depicts a flow chart for the subroutine CMPAR for the meter of FIGS. 1d and 2; 
     FIG. 43 illustrates a flow chart for the subroutine CHECK for the meter of FIGS. 1d and 2; 
     FIG. 44 shows a flow chart for the subroutine ADDD for the meter of FIGS. 1d and 2; 
     FIG. 45 depicts a flow chart for the subroutine ADD1; ADD2 for the meter of FIGS. 1d and 2; 
     FIG. 46 illustrates a flow chart for the subroutine CLDSP;CLEER for the meter of FIGS. 1d and 2; 
     FIG. 47 shows a flow chart for the subroutine CLR for the meter of FIGS. 1d and 2; 
     FIG. 48 depicts a flow chart for the subroutine STPB for the meter of FIGS. 1d and 2; 
     FIG. 49 illustrates a flow chart for the subroutine ZERO B for the meter of FIGS. 1d and 2; 
     FIG. 50 shows a flow chart for the subroutine SETX for the meter of FIGS. 1d and 2; and 
     FIG. 51 depicts a flow chart for the subroutine STEP for the meter of FIGS. 1d and 2. 
    
    
     Referring now to FIG. 1, a schematic block diagram of the remote meter funding system of this invention is shown. A plurality of blocks 1 represent remote postage meter stations capable of communicating with a data center represented by block 5. The remote postage meter stations communicate with data center 5 via telephone exchange equipment generally illustrated by block 4. The transmitter-receiver at each remote station 1 is a conventional tone signalling telephone 3. This telephone is used to establish two-way communication between the postage meter station 1 and the data center 5. 
     The data center 5 includes a data set 6 of known construction such as a Bell System Model 403 data set. This data set will receive frequency encoded data input from a telephone 3 at any one of the remote stations 1, and transform this input into a suitable machine language for a programmed or special purpose digital computer 7. This computer 7 may be, for example, a Data General &#34;Nova&#34;. This computer, in turn, controls a voice answer-back unit 8 of known construction such as a Cognitronics Model 632. The answer-back unit will formulate voice responses for transmission back to the particular postage meter station 1, via the telephone exchange 4. 
     The telephone 3 at each remote meter station 1, is preferably of the touch-tone type, which provides frequency encoded numeric outputs to the data center. Alternately, a conventional dial phone may be equipped with a touch-tone pad, capable of generating frequency encoded digital data in the same manner as a touch-tone type telephone. Each remote postage meter station 1 is equipped with an advanced microcomputerized postage meter 2 of the type shown in and further described with respect to FIGS. 1a-1d, and 2. 
     As will be described in further detail hereinafter, the postage meter 2 has a keyboard 34, for entering postage data and information into the meter. Postage is remotely funded into the meter 2, by first telephoning the data center 5 via the telephone 3. The meter user provides the data center with the identifying number of the meter to be funded, the last readings of the ascending and descending registers of the meter, and the amount of postage which is desired to be entered into the meter system. The computer 7 checks the authenticity of the call, and then formulates a combination which is both a function of the meter identity, and the amount which is to be funded into the meter. The combination is transmitted back to the user via the answer-back unit 8, data set 6, the telephone exchange 4, and telephone 3. Having received the combination, the user of the postage meter then unlocks the meter 2, keys in the desired postage on keyboard 34, and enters the combination. The meter 2 contains a program which processes the entered postage desired, and generates an internal combination. The meter is recharged with postage if the combination entered is in agreement with the internally generated combination. 
     Referring to FIG. 1a, the general functional arrangement of the computerized postal meter 2 of the present invention is shown. 
     The heart of the system is the CPU and it performs two basic functions: performance of calculations based on input data and controlling the flow of data between various memory units. Three basic memory units are employed with the CPU. The first is the permanent memory PM which is a non-alterable memory storing a specific sequence of operations for performing postal data calculations in accordance with certain predetermined inputs as well as performing other routines for operating the system. The second memory unit is a temporary memory TM which interacts with the CPU for forming a temporary storage, holding and forwarding working data in accordance with the calculations being performed by the CPU. An additional memory component NVM is also coupled to the CPU and performs a storage function which is very significant in the system operation of a postal data system. The NVM is a nonvolatile memory which acts to store certain critical information employed in the postal system as part of a predetermined routine activated either upon shut-down or start-up. This routine may be located in the permanent memory and is accessed by appropriate sensing device sensing either of the two stated conditions, shut-down or start-up, for operating the CPU in accordance with that routine. The function of this routine is to take information stored in the temporary memory TM which represents crucial accounting functions such as descending balances or ascending credits and the like and store them in the NVM (nonvolatile memory) wherein they may be held while the machine is de-energized and recalled upon a subsequent start-up. In this manner, the computer system may continually act upon these balances in the temporary memory without fear or loss of this information upon shut-down. Further, the information may be recalled on reactivation by start-up by retrieving it from the nonvolatile memory NVM and feeding it back into the TM via the CPU. The nonvolatile memory is shown as coupled to the CPU and deriving an output therefrom in accordance with the transfer of information from the temporary storage TM under the control of the permanent memory PM through the CPU in accordance with the shut-down routine. The NVM unit is also shown as providing an output line coupled back into the CPU for transferring the data back into and through the CPU and into the temporary memory TM in accordance with the start-up routine under the control of the permanent memory PM. 
     The system operates in accordance with data applied from an appropriate input means I. This data is fed into the CPU under control of the program in the permanent memory. At any time during the operation of the system, should the contents of the temporary memory storing the appropriate credit, debit, balances, or other accumulations in accordance with the various features of the system be desired to be displayed, an appropriate instruction provided by the input means I causes the CPU to access the desired location TM storing the information requested. The information is provided through the CPU into the output display unit 0. The input and output units may be multiplexed by a multiplex unit MP to and from the CPU. 
     Under control of the CPU when appropriate postal data information is provided from the input I, and all of the conditions such as limits and the like which may be preset in accordance with the entered data in storage in the temporary memory TM, are satisfied, a postage setting device SP will respond to an appropriate output signal from the CPU enabling a postal printing unit PP. At this point, the system has now accomplished its immediate function of setting the postage printer and enabling the printer to print postage. 
     The foregoing functional description of the present meter and its embodiment in an LSI micro integrated form will be described in greater detail with reference to FIGS. 1d and 2. Before going to this explanation, however, a generalized view of the specific features and operations of the postal meter operating in accordance with the present invention will be described. 
     Referring to FIGS. 1b and 1c, there is shown a general housing arrangement for the microcomputer postage system. 
     FIG. 1b shows a general housing arragement for the micro computer postage meter. A housing 100 contains modular plug-in circuit panels 101 containing the circuitry and the CPU, ROM&#39;s, RAM&#39;s and shift registers of the meter. The keyboard 34 and display 35 are mounted on the common top panel 102 of the housing 100. The setting and printing mechanism (FIG. 3) is contained in a forward section generally shown by arrow 103. An envelope 104 which is to be printed with postage is introduced in the slotted portion 105 of meter section 103 after the meter is initialized. The amount of postage to be printed is then keyed into the keyboard 34 via push buttons 107, the set button 119 is pushed to set the postage into the drum, and the print button 108 is depressed. The print button 108 may be replaced by a limit switch or optical sensor located in slot 105, which would automatically provide a print signal when an envelope enters slot 105. 
     FIG. 1c is an enlarged view of panel 102 of FIG. 1b which contains the keyboard 34 and display 35 of the postage meter. The keyboard 34 comprises push buttons 107, as aforementioned, to enter the numerical amount of postage into the system. Push buttons 109, 110, 111, 112, 113 and 114 refer to the electronic registers for batch count, batch amount, piece count, control sum, ascending register, and descending register, respectivey. When any one of these buttons are depressed, the numerical section 115 of the display 35 is cleared, the appropriate register is loaded into the display, and the appropriate indicator lamp section 116 of the display is lighted. 
     The keyboard and display of this invention provides two new registers (more can be added without too much difficulty). Batch count and batch amount registers supply a running account of the total number of pieces of mail processed during any one run or time period, and the total postage expended for this mail. They can be reset to zero by the user. The control sum register is extremely useful in that it provides a check upon the descending and ascending registers. The control sum is a running account of the total funds being added into the meter. The control sum must always correspond with the summed readings of the ascending and descending registers. The control sum is the total amount of postage ever put into the machine, and is alterable only when adding funds to the meter. Generally mechanical meters are not resettable by the user, but only by Postal authorities. However, with electronic postage systems, a remote resetting capability is feasible and has been programmed into the meter. This remote resetting scheme which is programmed into this system is similar to that shown in U.S. Pat. No. 3,792,446 filed Feb. 12, 1974, except that a variable amount of postage is settable into the system. 
     The piece count register differs from the batch count in that it is not resettable by the user, and is used to indicate the total number of postage printings (pieces of mail) the machine has experienced. This information is useful to ascertain the life of the machine, and to gage when the system may require servicing and maintenance. 
     The ascending and descending registers operate in normal fashion as might be expected from a standard postage meter. The ascending register giving a running total of the printed postage, and the descending register informing the operator of the amount of postage funds still remaining in the postage system. 
     The   key (push button 117) provides the function of addition for adding in special charges to the postage such as special delivery, certification, etc. 
     The clear key 118 clears the numeric display 115, and also sets the batch register to zero if either one is displayed at the time the clear key is actuated. 
     The set button 119 is depressed after the postage required to mail a letter is keyed in by buttons 107. The set button 119 causes the print wheels in the printing drum 42 of FIG. 3 to set to the desired postage. 
     The $ unlock key 120 is a precautionary button which must be depressed by the operator in order to set postage equal to, or in excess of, a dollar. This extra physical step acts to prevent costly postage printing mistakes. 
     The need to add funds to the meter system is signalled by indicator lamp 126. 
     Funds are added remotely to the meter by obtaining an appropriate funding combination via a data link as will be discussed in more detail hereinafter. After the combination is obtained, a key is inserted in the keyway of lock switch 121. The switch is now free to be turned to a first position, and the indicator light 122 is lit. Light 122 instructs the operator to key in the funding amount into the keyboard 34 via push buttons 107. After the funding amount is entered, the switch 121 is turned to a second position. Indicator lamp 123 now comes on to inform the operator to enter the appropriate combination corresponding to the chosen postage amount, in accordance with the obtained combination. The combination is then entered into the meter using push buttons 107. The switch 121 is now turned to a third position. The turning of the switch to this third position will evoke one of two responses from the system. If the combination is a valid one, then indicator lamp 124 will light to inform the operator that the entered combination is a correct one, and the key should be removed from the lock switch 121. If on the other hand, however, the entered combination was incorrect, indicator lamp 125 will be lit to inform the operator of this fact, and to instruct him to repeat the funding procedure. 
     A check date reminder is provided by indicator 127, each time the postage meter system is turned on. 
     A meter enabled indicator 128 lights when (a) the printing drum 42 (FIG. 3) is properly set with postage; (b) the postage to be imprinted is displayed; and (c) sufficient funds are available to imprint the postage desired. 
     Indicator lamp 129 signals the operator to call the Pitney Bowes Service Department. This indicator lights when there is something wrong in the system, e.g., the sum of the ascending and descending registers to not check with the control sum. 
     Indicator lamp 130 signals the operator that the postage to be set is over or equal to $1.00, and in order for the postage to be set, the $ unlock button 120 must be pressed prior to the set button 119. 
     The indicator light 131 shows that the ascending register contents are being displayed in display section 115. 
     The indicator lamp 132 lights when the contents of the descending register are being displayed in display section 115. 
     The piece count indicator lamp 133 lights when the piece count is being displayed in display section 115. 
     The batch amount 134 and the batch count 135 indicators light when the batch registers are being displayed. The batch registers are newly added registers to the normal postage meter. The data shown in the display 115 for the batch count is a whole number (no decimal point) since the information is not dollars and cents data. The piece count information is similarly displayed without the decimal point. The control sum indicator 136 lights when the control sum register is being displayed in display section 115. 
     The low postage $100.00 indicator 137 lights to tell the operator that the remaining funds in the descending register are currently below a hundred dollars. This alerts the operator that some time soon, he will be required to recharge the &#34;meter&#34;. 
     In several places throughout this description, components have been written with a dual numbered designation, such as RAM(2)18. The number in parenthesis designates the order in the component series, i.e., using the above example, RAM18 is the second RAM in the series of RAMS. 
     Now referring to FIGS. 1d and 2, a block diagram of the LSI integrated form of the micro computerized postage meter of this invention is shown. The system comprises a MCS-4 micro computer set, which is a product of Intel Corporation, Santa Clara, California. The micro computerized set comprises a central processor unit (CPU), 10 which is connected to a number of read only memory (ROM) components 11, 12, 13, 14 and 15, respectively, and a number of random access memory (RAM) components 16, 17, 18 and 19, respectively. A plurality of shift registers (S/R&#39;s) 20, 21, 22, 23 and 24 are respectively connected into the system through output ports 25 and 27 located on the RAM chips 16 and 18, respectively. The output ports on the RAMs have four output lines  8 4 2 1! as shown. The ROMs 11, 12, 13, 14 and 15 have input-output ports (I/O&#39;s) 29, 30, 31, 32 and 33 respectively, of four-bit capacity  8 4 2 1! as shown. It should be noted that although the input/output ports are physically located on these chips, they electrically communicate separately with the CPU 10. 
     The shift registers 20, 21, 22, 23 and 24 respectively, provide port expansion for the postage meter system. In addition, shift register 20 provides a multiplexing capability for operating a keyboard 34, and a numeric display 115. Shift register 23 multiplexes the inputs of the meter setting feed-back photocells 36 to input port 32. A shift register 37 (4 × 128 COS/MOS S/R) with a hold-up battery provides permanent register information to the working memory which is allocated to RAM 16. The input port 31 receives the register information from the non-volatile memory 37 and channels this information to RAM 16 via the CPU 10. Each 4-bit memory word is clocked in sequence from the non-volatile shift register 37 to the working memory in RAM 16 via the CPU, until the shift register memory 37 has been completely shifted. 
     The numeric display 115 (FIG. 2) is controlled by the decoder/driver 46, which is connected into the system via output port 26. Output line 8 (output port 25) on RAM chip 16 provides a blank-unblank control over the decoder/driver 46 to eliminate leading zeros in the display 115, and to provide a blanking control signal for the particular display of this system (Burroughs Panaplex). 
     The inputs from the keyboard 34 are fed to the system via port 29. As aforementioned, the inputs from photocells 36 are directed to port 32. The photocells 36 provide feed-back information from the postage meter setting mechanism shown in FIG. 3. 
     The micro computer system 40 of this invention is powered from two (+5 and -10 volt) power supplies 38 as shown in FIG. 2. A power sensing circuit 39 is interconnected into the micro computer system in such fashion, so as to allow the microprocessor system to detect a power failure. In such a case, the microprocessor calls a routine which transfers working memory to non-volatile memory, and protects it by disabling the memory via bit 8, port 27. A clock 41 serves to correctly phase the operations of the micro computer system 40. Two non-overlapping clock phases φ 1  and φ 2  are supplied to the central processor unit and random access and read only memory chips. 
     The central processor generates a SYNC signal every eight clock periods as shown in the Intel Users Manual for the MCS-4 R  micro computer set, copyright 1972, FIG. 2 on page 6 thereof. The SYNC signal marks the beginning of each instruction cycle. The RAM&#39;s and the ROM&#39;s will generate internal timing using SYNC, and φ 1  and φ 2 . The shift registers (S/R&#39;s) are static shift registers and do not use these clock pulses for their operation. 
     The heart of any postage meter is of course the printing means. With the use of electronics, mechanical accounting registers and setting actuators become superfluous, since all the register information is electronically stored, and the setting of the meter banks is electromechanically controlled. 
     One of the ways the present micro computer meter can print postage is by using a modified Model 5300 postage meter, manufactured by the assignee of this invention, Pitney-Bowes, Incorporated, Stamford, Connecticut. The modified meter only contains the previous printing drum 42 and the print wheel driving racks 43 as shown in FIG. 3; the mechanical registers and actuator assemblies having been removed. The print wheels within drum 42 (not shown) of the modified meter are set by a mechanism driven by a stepper motor 50 and a pair of solenoids 60 and 70 (FIGS. 2 and 3). The motor and solenoids are powered by a -24 volt power supply 44 shown in block diagram in FIG. 2. The indicator lamps 116 light up various display messages shown in FIG. 1b. These indicator lamps are likewise powered by the power supply 44. 
     Output ports 28 channels control signals to the drivers 47 of stepper motor 50. The output lines 0, 1 of the shift register 24 channel control signals to the setting mechanism solenoids 60 and 70, respectively via drivers 48. The twenty output lines of shift registers 21 and 22 operate indicator lamps 116 via lamp drivers 49. 
     The meter setting and printing mechanism of this postage meter will be described with reference to FIGS. 3, 4a, 4b and 5. A stepper motor 50 drives an upper and lower set of postage wheel driving racks 43 (four in all) via a pair of upper and lower nested shafts (four shafts in all) 52a, 52b, 52c and 52d respectively (FIG. 4a). Upper shafts 52a, 52b and lower shafts 52c, 52d are driven by a master drive gear 51, which is operatively rotatable in a clockwise and counterclockwise direction (arrows 55) by means of a stepper motor 50. 
     The printing drum 42 has four print wheels (not shown) to provide a postage impression to the maximum sum of $99.99. Each print wheel provides a separate digit of this sum, and is settable from &#34;0&#34; through &#34;9&#34;. The print wheels are sequentially set by means of one of the four driving racks 43a, 43b, 43c and 43d, respectively. The driving racks are slidably movable (arrows 56 of FIG. 3) within the drum shaft 57. 
     The upper racks 43a and 43b are controlled by pinion gears 58a and 58b, respectively, and the lower racks 43c and 43d are controlled by pinion gears 58c and 58d, respectively (FIG. 4a). The pinion gear 58a is affixed to shaft 52a; the pinion gear 58b is affixed to shaft 52b; the pinion gear 58c is affixed to shaft 52c; and pinion gear 58d is affixed to shaft 52d. Nested shafts 52a, 52b and 52c, 52d, are respectively rotated (arrows 59) by means of respective spur gears 53a, 53b (FIGS. 3, 4a, and 5) and respective spur gears 53c, 53d (FIG. 4a and 5) affixed to the shafts at the stepper motor end thereof. 
     The master driving gear 51 engages each of the gears 53a, 53b, 53c, and 53d in the sequential order: 53b, 53a, 53d, 53c; with &#34;53b&#34; corresponding to the &#34;tens of dollars&#34; print wheel, and &#34;53c&#34; corresponding to the &#34;unit cents&#34; print wheel. The master gear 51 is sequentially slidably positioned (arrows 65) in rotational contact opposite each of the spur gears 53a-53d by sliding the yoke 63 over shaft 62. The master gear 51 is rotatably mounted within slot 64 in yoke 63, and is rotatably driven (arrows 55) by the stepper motor 50 via the motor shaft 50a and splined shaft 62. The yoke 63 is not rotatably engaged by the splined shaft 62 due to the sleeve bushing 66 which separates the yoke 63 from the shaft 62. The yoke 63 and master gear 51 are guided and supported by an additional smooth shaft 61, which nests within slot 67 of yoke 63. 
     In order that the teeth of the master gear 51 properly align with the teeth of the several spur gears 53a, 53b, 53c and 53d, a toothed section 69 of each spur gear is locked into place by a pair of upper and lower tooth profiles 68 and 68&#39;, respectively located on upper and lower surfaces of the yoke 63 as shown in FIG. 4b and 5. 
     As the yoke 63 and the gear 51 slide (arrow 65) over the splined shaft 62, the upper and lower laterally extending tooth projections 68 and 68&#39; hold the spur gears 53a, 53b, 53c and 53d in place against rotational misalignment. Each of the gears 53a, 53b, 53c and 53d, respectively are only free to turn, when the master gear 51 is directly intermeshed therewith. 
     The sliding movement (arrows 65) of the gear 51 and yoke 63 is controlled by toggle pin 71, which nests within groove 72 of the yoke. The toggle pin 71 pushes against the yoke 63, when the pivotable link 73 to which it is attached, is made to pivot (arrows 74) about a center shaft 75. The link 73 is controlled by two solenoids 60 and 70, respectively, acting through pivot arms 76, 86 and 77, 87 respectively. The solenoids 60 and 70 pull upon their respective pivot arms 76 and 77 via pull rods 78 and 79, which are movably pinned to these arms by pins 81 and 82, respectively. When the pull rod 79 pulls upon arm 77, it is caused to pivot (arrows 80) about shaft 83, which is rotatably affixed to arm 77. When this occurs, arm 87 is caused to be pivoted (arrow 84) against the biasing action of spring 88. This in turn, results in pulling pivot arm 73 forward (arrow 89) via shaft 90. This causes the pivot arm 73 to pivot about center shaft 75, resulting in moving toggle pin rearwardly (arrow 91). 
     Likewise, when solenoid 60 pulls upon arm 76 via rod 78, arm 76 causes shaft 92 to turn (arrow 93) against the biasing of spring 94. This in turn, causes arm 86 to pivot (arrow 95) about shaft 92. In pivoting, the arm 86 causes the center shaft 95 to move rearwardly (arrow 96). This in turn, forces the toggle pin 71 to move rearwardly (arrow 91). 
     There are four combined solenoid pull positions corresponding to the four separate mating positions between main gear 51 and each respective spur gear 53a, 53b, 53c and 53d; (a) both solenoids are not pulled-position 53c; (b) both solenoids are pulled-position 53b; (c) solenoid 70 is pulled and solenoid 60 is not pulled-position 53d; and (d) solenoid 70 is not pulled and solenoid 60 is pulled-position 53a. 
     The setting mechanism operation is as follows: (1) both solenoids 60 and 70 are pulled; (2) setting spur gear 53b via main gear 51 and stepper motor 50; (3) de-energizing solenoid 70 allowing pivot arm 87 to spring back under the action of spring 88; (4) setting spur gear 53a via main gear 51; (5) energizing solenoid 70 and de-energizing solenoid 70, allowing pivot arm 76 to spring back under the action of spring 94, and pivot arm 87 to pivot against spring 88; (6) setting spur gear 53d via main gear 51; (7) de-energizing solenoid 70 allowing pivot arm 87 to spring back under the biasing of spring 88; and (8) setting spur gear 53c via main gear 51. 
     After the spur gears are set to individual postage value positions, causing the racks 43 and the print wheels (not shown) to assume postage value positions, the drum 42 is rotated via shaft 57 (arrow 97) to imprint the set postage. 
     The home position of the drum 42 is monitored by a slotted disc 98 affixed to shaft 57. When slot 100 of disc 98 moves through the optical read-out well 99, the print cycle is detected. 
     All optical read-out wells of the setting mechanism as will be hereinafter described, comprise a light emitting diode (LED) and a phototransistor for receiving the light emitted by the LED. 
     The slide positions of gear 51 and yoke 63 (arrows 65) are monitored by determining the pivot position of pivot arms 86 and 77, respectively. Pivot arm 86 has a finger 101 which will pivot in and out of well 102, when solenoid 60 is actuated and de-actuated. Pivot arm 77 has a finger 103 which pivots in and out of well 104 when solenoid 70 is actuated and de-actuated. 
     The home positions of shafts 52a and 52b are monitored by slotted discs 105a and 105b, respectively (FIGS. 3 and 4a). When slot 106a of disc 105a is in well 107a, shaft 52a is at zero. Similarly, when slot 106b of disc 105b is in well 107b, shaft 52b is at zero. Shafts 52c and 52d are respectively &#34;zero&#34; monitored via respective discs 105c and 105d, slots 106c and 106d, and wells 107c and 107d (FIG. 4a). 
     Rotation of the stepper motor shaft 50a, splined shaft 62 and gear 51 is monitored via gears 108 and 108a, slotted monitoring wheel 109 and monitoring well 110. When stepper motor shaft 50a turns splined shaft 62 and main gear 51, a gear 108 attached to shaft 50a is also made to turn. Gear 108 intermeshes with gear 108a carried by the slotted monitoring wheel 109, causing wheel 109 to turn in correspondence with shaft 50a. Every fifth slot 111 on the monitoring wheel 109 is extra long to provide a standard for synchronization. Each slot on wheel 109 corresponds to a change of one unit of postage value. The slotted wheel 109 is optically monitored by well 110. Well 110 has two photosensors, 110a and 110b, respectively, as shown in FIG. 4a. Photosensor 110a monitors every step of the stepper wheel 109 and sensor 110b monitors every fifth step. 
     In summary, the setting of the postage printer is done by selecting the desired bank with the solenoids and driving the stepper motor in the proper sequence under program control. The results of each step is verified by the micro computer via the monitoring photosensors. 
     Brief Summary of the Operation of the Postage Meter 
     The operation of the postage meter can be briefly summarized as follows: With no power applied to the microprocessor, a de-energized &#34;enable&#34; solenoid (not shown) mechanically locks up the printing mechanism of FIGS. 3-5. When power is applied to the system, (turning on the meter), voltage sensing circuits monitoring logic supply voltage (FIGS. 12a and 12b) generate a general system reset pulse, when the logic supplies reach operating levels. This pulse initializes the microprocessor system, which then starts executing the program shown on page 87 from address φφφ. The non-volatile memory 37 of FIG. 2, is loaded into working storage in RAM, the printing mechanism is set to zero, the descending register is loaded into the numeric display 115 of FIGS. 1b and 1c to inform the operator how much funds are available, and a &#34;check date&#34; reminder 127 is turned on. The system then loops in a SCAn routine (FIGS. 25 and 38) which multiplexes the display and searches for keyboard 34 inputs. The meter remains in this routine until a keyboard input is detected at which time the program branches to execute the routine called for by the key. The program then returns to the SCAN routine. 
     The postage amount to be printed is set by entering the number into the display via keyboard 34 and operating the SET button 119 (amounts $1.00 or more require the pressing of the $ UNLOCK button before pressing SET). If sufficient funds are available in the descending register to print the amount of postage the meter is set to, the &#34;enable&#34; solenoid is set (enables printing mechanism). There are two ways of tripping the print mechanism: (1) feeding a letter into the meter (2) operating the postage request lever 108. When tripped, the amount of postage shown in the display is printed. The operation of the print mechanism generates a signal to the SCAN routine which branches to a routine which updates the meter registers and checks to see if sufficient postage is available for again printing the postage amount the meter is set to. If available, the print mechanism remains enabled, if not, it is disabled. 
     If in the course of running postage through the meter, the sequence is interrupted, as by calling register contents into the display, the printing mechanism is disabled until a postage amount is again put back into the display. This can be done by depressing the SET button 119, which recalls the postage amount the meter is set to into the display, when operated after a non-numeric (not 0-9) key or by entering a new number and depressing the SET button which sets the meter printing mechanism to the new number. 
     Provision is made for entering funds into the meter (incrementing descending register and control sum) by means of lock-switch 121 located on keyboard 34. Funding the meter is accomplished by obtaining a funding combination from a centralized data center. Next, a key is inserted into the keyway of the lock-switch to free the switch. The switch is turned to a first operative position to enter the amount of postage desired. 
     Having entered the funds desired with the keyboard 34 the meter program calculates a combination based upon the entered amount. 
     Switch 121 is turned to a second position and the combination received from the data center is entered into the keyboard. The program now compares the internally generated combination with the entered combination. If they match, the meter will be recharged when the switch is turned to a third position. 
     Within the SCAN routine, periodic checks of the logic power supplies are made to determine when to shut down the meter. When the voltage sensors (see FIGS. 12a and 12b) detect the voltage falling below a preset level, there is a certain minimal amount of time available (even with complete external power removed) in which to complete any routine in progress, sense the low voltage condition, disable the printing mechanism, and transfer register contents from working memory to the nonvolatile memory. This sequence is entered in shut-down and low line voltage situations where there isn&#39;t sufficient voltage to guarantee proper operation. The main program can only be re-entered through a complete powerup cycle described previously. 
     Each RAM chip of this particular system (MCS-4) also provides an output port (for example, port 25 of FIG. 6) for providing the system with communication capability with peripheral devices. As aforementioned, these ports have four  8 4 2 1! output lines. 
     The RAM chip 16 shown in FIG. 6 allocates the first 6 locations (0 through 5) in the first bank (200) for the descending register 815. The six locations will provide for a maximum dollar allocation of $9,999.99 (six digits). In other words, the postage meter system can be funded to a maximum of $9,999.99. 
     The allocation for the piece counter 817 (201) provides 7 locations, which on a piece count basis will provide a total of 9,999,999 pieces. The capacity of the piece counter must necessarily be large, since it is the total running account of each and every piece of mail that is processed over the life of the machine. 
     Similarly, the control sum register 818 (202, locations 0 through 9) and the ascending register 816 (200, locations 6 through F) provide a very large capacity (a dollar total of $99,999,999.99) because these sums are continuously increasing for the life of the system. 
     Batch Sum 819 (201, location A through F) and Batch Counter 820 (202, location A through F) have capacities equal to the capacity funding of the descending register, since in any batch run one can never spend more in a pre-funded system than the available funds stored. 
     The locations 0 through 3 and C through F of bank 203 are reserved for registers which are used to control the setting of the printer mechanism from a previous meter setting (&#34;number meter set to&#34; (SETNG) register 211) to a new meter setting (&#34;meter setting&#34; register (MSR) 307). 
     These registers only require four word lines, since the printing mechanism of this invention as shown in FIGS. 3 through 5, has a maximum setting of $99.99. Naturally, if the printer had only a three bank setting ($9.99), only three word spaces would be needed in these particular registers. 
     Status flag 821 is used in the programming to monitor stepper motor 50 (FIG. 3). Status flags 822, 823, and 824, respectively are used in the programming to monitor the setting of the printer banks (FIG. 3). 
     FIG. 7 shows the memory allocation provided by RAM chip 17. The first bank of RAM chip 17 (locations 0 through F) contain the seed number for generating an internal funding combination for the RMRS program. This seed number is changed for each funding operation. This number is one of a series of numbers varying in a pseudo-random manner such that the generated combinations are continuously changing. This aspect of the RMRS program will be explained in more detail with reference to FIG. 32. Bank (204) contains storage for an addition register 210 in locations 7 through F. The addition register is for the purpose of temporary storage and for adding to the regular postage to be printed, an increment of additional or special charges, i.e., insurance, certification, special delivery, etc. For example, suppose it was desired to add 50 cents additional postage to the regular postage amount of 10 cents. First, the numbers one and zero (ten cents) would be entered into the numeric display 115 by means of keys 107 of the keyboard. Next, the   button 117 is depressed, which transfers the 10 cents from the display to the additions register 210. A five and a zero (50 cents) are then keyed in, and appear in the display. The button 117 is again depressed to add the 50 cents to the additions register 210, and the display providing a total of 60 cents stored in the additions register. The set button 119 is then depressed to set the meter to sixty cents. 
     FIG. 8 depicts the memory allocation in RAM chip 18. Bank 205 (location B through F) contains the lamp output area 206 shown in more detail in FIG. 8a. Bank (207) has locations 7 through F allocated for the images of the display contents 208. The numeric words from this storage space appear in display section 115 (FIG. 5a). Lamp output register 206 (spaces B through F) in bank (205) applies to the display section 116. 
     Storage space 212 (space 6 of bank 207) is allocated for placement of a new digit word prior to its being entered into display contents 208. The purpose of this storage space is that it serves to provide a means to clear display contents 208, if the previous operation was not one which allowed for entering a number into display contents 208. In other words, the new digit space is an intermediary storage facility for storing a new display digit, until it is determined where in the sequence of events is the information being entered to the display. 
     The word spaces in banks (205) and (207) of FIG. 8, corresponding to &#34;batch flag&#34; 305 (bank 205, status location 0); &#34;status flag&#34; 311 (bank 207, status location 0); and &#34;$ unlock flag&#34; 309 (bank 207, status location 2) are used in the programming to indicate a particular operation conditions. These indicators will be further discussed hereinafter. 
     RAM chip 19 is illustrated in FIG. 9. The first bank (214) of ram (3) 19 is used for storing the working area for seed number &#34;Q&#34;. The stored constants &#34;R&#34; and &#34;S&#34; (banks 2 and 3) are used together with the seed number &#34;Q&#34; to obtain an internal meter combination for the RMRS program (see FIG. 32). The fourth bank at this RAM is used as a working area for calculating this combination. 
     Status flags 829, 830 and 831, respectively, are used in the RMRS program to indicate the operative stages in the RMRS funding operation (see FIG. 32). The status words 215 and 216, respectively, of bank 214 are used in the operational control of the setting and printing mechanism of FIG. 3. 
     FIG. 10 shows the various input ports of the ROM&#39;s. 
     FIG. 11 is an electrical schematic diagram of the non-volatile memory circuitry 37 shown in block diagram in FIG. 2. The non-volatile memory consists of two dual 128 bit static shift register 140 and 141, respectively, as shown. These shift registers are of the complementary MOS (CMOS) type. CMOS was chosen because of its very low power consumption in the quiescent state. This allows for powering the memory by means of a battery 143, which will maintain the integrity of the memory for extended periods of time, i.e., the memory will not be erased. The particular shift register components (SCL 5172) were manufactured by Solid State Scientific, Inc. of Montgomeryville, Pennsylvania 18936. These components have been presently discontinued, but there are many other similar components currently on the market, e.g., RCA&#39;s CD 4031 AE and Motorola&#39;s MC 14157CL. 
     In their power off state, the shift registers 140 and 141, as well as the transmission gates 142 and 143, respectively, the NOR gates 144 and 145, respectively, and the flip flop 146 all operate from the power supplied by battery 143. Flip flop 146 is in the low logic state (Q=0; Q=) at this time, which disables gates 142, 143, 144 and 145. Transmission gates 142 and 143 effectively disconnect the battery operated circuitry outputs from the microprocessor system. This prevents excessive battery current required to supply the low impedance inputs of the ROM(2) 13 and load resistors 139 during the power off condition. Thus, battery life is extended considerably. The inputs to the shift registers 140 and 141 are of characteristically high impedance (CMOS) and therefore, do not require this form of isolation. Gates 144 and 145 are disabled by flip flop 146 in the &#34;power-down&#34; and transition states. This inhibits spurious signals on lines 147 (clock signal line) and the memory disable line 148. This is necessary, because during &#34;power-up&#34; and &#34;power-down&#34; sequences, there may be spurious signals on the output port 27 (FIG. 1d) supplying the control signals. This is so, because at this time the power signals are non-zero, but have not as yet reached their specificed operating values. During &#34;power-up&#34; and &#34;power-down&#34; the microprocessor is not functioning predictably and memory must therefore be protected, which is accomplished by gates 144 and 145. 
     During &#34;power-up&#34;, transistor 149, which is initially off, remains off until line 150 is connected to ground. This occurs when optical switches 152 and 153 (FIGS. 12a and 12b, respectively) turn on. Optical switches 152 and 153 are part of the -10-volt and +5-volt power supply monitoring circuits, and turn on when the -10 volt and +5 volt supplies respectively, reach their operating values. Both of these power supplies are necessary for the proper operation of the microprocessor system. 
     As power begins to come on, diode 155 through which battery current flows, turns off and diode 156 turns on. This switches the memory over to the main power supply. The reverse procedure is experienced during shut-down. When line 150 becomes low, transistor 149 turns on, causing connection point 154 to go high. This in turn causes the Q output of the flip flop 146 to go high via line 157. This enables gates 142, 143, 144 and 145 resulting in making the memory fully operative with the microprocessor system. 
     During start-up, a reset signal to the microprocessor is generated by the circuit of FIG. 13. The reset signal initializes the central processor unit (CPU 10 of FIG. 1d), and starts the program of the system executing from location/φφφ in ROM. The beginning portion of the program contains initialization procedures which are only executed once during the start-up sequence. Included in this start-up sequence, is a subroutine INRAM described with reference to FIG. 22. This subroutine transfers the contents in the shift registers 140 and 141 to the working area (RAM) of the microprocessor system. Data from these non-volatile shift registers 140 and 141, comprising &#34;postage meter register&#34; data, is read into the microprocessor system through ROM input port (2) 31 as shown in FIGS. 1d and 10. Each sequential word of data in the shift register memory is accessed by writing out a clock pulse to shift registers 140 and 141 via bit 8 of output port 27 as shown in FIGS. 1d and 8. After all of the 128 words of the shift register memory are loaded into RAM, the non-volatile memory remains idle until a shutdown sequence (subroutine DOWN of FIG. 23) is initiated. The shutdown sequence will result if either or both of the power supplies (+5 volt and -10 volt) begin to turn off. The optical switches 152 and 153 (FIGS. 12a and 12b) then turn off, thereby turning off transistor 149. This in turn causes connection point 154 to go low. In addition, the voltage on line 158 goes low. The line 158 is connected to the test input on the CPU 10. This test input is read periodically during program execution, and when it is read as a logical low, the program branches to the DOWN subroutine (FIG. 23). The &#34;postage meter register&#34; data in RAM is now read, and then written out to the shift register memory via output port 26 of FIG. 7. This &#34;postage meter register&#34; data may have changed in the hiatus between initialization and shutdown due to the entering of new postage. After the data word information is written out to CMOS shift register memory, a clock pulse is written out via bit 8 output port 27 of FIG. 7. This enters the data word into the non-volatile memory, and then the next sequential word is accessed in RAM memory. The sequence of accessing and writing of the sequential data words continues until the entire contents of RAM memory has been transferred back into the shift registers (non-volatile memory). After the transfer has been completed, a memory disable signal is written out to the flip flop 146 via bit 4 of output port 27 and line 148. This causes the &#34;Q&#34; of the flip flop to go to zero, which disables the memory. To reinitiate the memory system, both optical sensors 152 and 153 must turn on to start the sequence again. 
     It should be noted, that the above scheme of transferring the contents of memory need not be required, where the &#34;working&#34; memory areas are themselves indestructable. For example, the RAM memory may be furnished with a hold-up battery, thus eliminating the need for the CMOS shift register memory. &#34;Working&#34; storage may also comprise a core memory or other similar non-volatile storage components, such as a plated wire memory, a magnetic domain memory, a MNOS memory, etc. 
     FIG. 12a shows the electrical schematic for the -10 volt supply monitoring circuit. The -10 volt supply is monitored by a voltage regulator IC 159, connected to form a voltage sensing circuit. The input voltage applied to line 160 powers this circuit. The circuit contains an internal zener reference diode. The input voltage is compared against this reference, and when it exceeds a predetermined value set by the potentiometer 161, the output switches on. This causes the LED 162 of the optical switch 152 to energize. This turns on the phototransistor 163 of the optical switch 152, which provides the part of aforementioned input to the memory circuit of FIG. 11, and also provides an input to the reset circuitry of FIG. 13. The optical switch 152 is made by the Monsanto Company, and has a part No. MCT-2. The IC regulator 159 is a standard part No. 723, manufactured by Teledyne, Signetics, Motorola, etc. 
     FIG. 12b depicts the electrical schematic for the +5 volt supply monitoring circuit. This circuit performs a similar function as that shown in FIG. 12a. The external zener diode 164 is used as a reference. A differential amplifier 165 (RCA, CA3046) compares the input voltage supplied on line 166, against the reference. When the input exceeds a predetermined value set by the potentiometer 167, the LED 168 of the optical switch 153 turns on. This causes the phototransistor 169 of the optical switch to supply an output to the memory circuit of FIG. 11, and also to the reset circuitry of FIG. 13. In the circuit of FIG. 12b, a 723 IC is not used because the voltages being monitored are not sufficiently large to properly bias the circuit. 
     The monitoring circuits shown, are respectively connected across the filter capacitors 170 and 171 of the power supplies. The monitoring circuits are set to switch at a threshold several volts greater than the output voltage on lines 174 and 175, respectively. If power is lost from the AC line supplying power to the rectifiers, and the load connected to the output voltage lines 174 and 175 remains constant, the filter capacitors 170 and 171, will respectively discharge in a nearly linear fashion until the respective regulators 172 and 173 start failing to regulate due to the insufficient supply voltage. 
     When the rectified voltage drops below the sensing voltage threshold set by the potentiometers 161 and 167, respectively, of FIGS. 12a and 12b, the optical switches 152 and 153 (FIGS. 12a and 12b) turn off. This in turn generates a signal sensed on the CPU test line, which initiates the aforementioned shutdown routine. 
     As long as the maximum time to detect the shutdown signal and the time to transfer the register contents from working RAM memory to the non-volatile memory, does not exceed 20 milliseconds, there will be sufficient time to preserve the memory, and operate the microprocessor in a defined mode. The time parameter is a function of the filter capacitors, load, sensing voltage, and output voltage. The 20 millisecond value has been obtained by choosing the worse load condition for the system. 
     The reset circuitry of FIG. 13, comprises a one shot 178 set to provide a guaranteed minimum width pulse. The input to the one-shot 178 is from the outputs of the power supply monitoring circuits of FIGS. 12a and 12b, respectively. 
     FIG. 14c illustrates the power supply circuitry (-24 volts) used to operate the stepping motor 50, the solenoids 60 and 70 of FIG. 3, and the message display lamps of section 116 of FIG. 5a. The zener diode 179 regulates the voltage outputted on the line 180. 
     FIG. 15 shows the circuitry associated with the multiplexing shift register (φ) 20 of FIG. 1d. This shift register is a 10 bit serial-in/parallel-out S/R, which is used in this postage system to multiplex both the display and the keyboard (see FIGS. 1d, 1b and 16). The multiplexing is accomplished by entering a logic &#34;1&#34; into the shift register, and shifting it through, thus enabling the outputs one at a time. Nine of the outputs as shown in FIG. 15, are connected to anode drivers 181, which operate the Panaplex display in a multiplexed mode. The Panaplex display of FIG. 16 is manufactured by the Burroughs Corp. The anode drivers 181 are of a common, well known type, similar to those described in the technical brochure (advance copy) put out by the Sperry Information Displays Division, Scottsdale, Arizona, entitled: &#34;Multiplexing Sperry SP-700 Series Information Displays&#34;, Page 28. 
     FIG. 16 illustrates the electrical schematic for the keyboard and the display (sections 115 and 116) of FIG. 1c. Section 115 of the display is shown at the top of FIG. 16, and represents the aforementioned gas discharge Panaplex display. Below the gas discharge display, are shown the indicator lamps, (section 116) which are powered by the voltage supply of FIG. 14c, and are controlled by the shift register and switching circuitry shown in FIG. 17. The 300 ohm resistors in the lamp circuit are used to limit the current to the lamps (the lamps are 12 volt lamps). The electrical schematic for the keyboard 34 is shown below the lamp circuitry. The four horizontal (row word) lines, and ten vertical column word) lines intersect to provide a select position. The &#34;row word&#34; lines are connected to the ROM input port 29 (FIG. 1d), and seven (all ten vertical lines are not used) &#34;column word&#34; lines are connected to the shift register 20 of FIGS. 1d, and 15. A discussion on multiplexing a keyboard using an Intel shift register (4003) and microprocessor (4001) can be found on pages 51-52 of the Intel Users Manual for the MCS-4 R  Micro-Computer Set, the Feb. 1973 edition (Revision 4). 
     FIG. 17 depicts the electrical schematic for the shift register circuitry controlling the indicator lamps of FIG. 16. Shift register 21 and 22 (see FIG. 1d) are 10 bit serial-in/parallel-out S/R&#39;s which are utilized as port expanders. A bit pattern corresponding to the particular indicator lamps to be turned on, is transferred to the shift registers 21 and 22 in a serial manner from register 206, RAM(2)18, (please refer to subroutine LDLMP of FIG. 39). The shift registers 21 and 22 provide logic &#34;1&#34; outputs to respective transistors 182 (typical) which act as switches, which in turn light their associated lamp (FIG. 16). 
     FIG. 18 illustrates the decimal point circuitry which turns on the decimal point separating the &#34;dollars&#34; and &#34;cents&#34; in the numeric display 115. The decimal point is inhibited from appearing in the display, (lines 184 and 185, respectively) when the &#34;piece count&#34; or the &#34;batch count&#34; is being displayed. The digit to be displayed is written out in BCD form on RAM output port 26 (FIG. 1d) to the decoder driver 183 as shown. The output of the decoder driver 183 is decoded for the seven segment display shown in FIG. 16 (top). The decoder driver 183 (DD 700) is manufactured by Sperry Rand (SP-700 Technical Bulletin, Oct. 1971). 
     The blanking feature incorporated into the decoder driver 183 is driven by RAM output port 25 (FIG. 1d) bit 8. Besides suppressing leading zeros, this blanking is also used in the multiplexing process. A discussion of blanking requirements for multiplexed gas discharged displays can be found on page 5 of the aforementioned brochure: &#34;Multiplexing Sperry SP-700 Series Information Displays&#34;. 
     The resistor 186 is a current limiting resistor used in the power supply for the stepping motor. Resistors 187 and 188 are current limiting resistors used in the power supply to the LED&#39;s of the optical switches 190, 191, 192, 193 and 194, 195, 196, 197, respectively (FIG. 19). 
     FIG. 19 shows the electrical schematics for the meter monitoring photocells, the stepper motor coil drivers, and the print sensing photocell. The print sense photocell 189 of well 99 in FIG. 3 is shown in electrical schematic at the bottom of FIG. 19. This photocell detects the completed rotation of the printing drum 42 (FIG. 3). When this photocell senses that postage has been printed, the program branches to a routine that updates all the &#34;postage meter&#34; registers by the amount of postage to which the meter was set. This photocell is multiplexed into the &#34;meter&#34; along with keys of the keyboard 34 (FIGS. 1b and 1c). 
     The optical switches 190 through 197, which monitor the mechanical functions of the &#34;meter&#34; are multiplexed into the input port 32 by shift register (3)23 (FIG. 1d). 
     RAM output port 28 (FIG. 1d) is used to drive the stepping motor 50 (FIG. 3). This output port is connected to an RCA CD4050 buffer, which in turn drives darlington transistor swiches 250, 251, 252 and 253, respectively via lines 254, 255, 256 and 257, respectively. The motor 50 is powered by the -24 volt supply of FIG. 14c. The stepping motor 50 (FIG. 3) is a RAPID-SYN, Model 23D-6102A, manufactured by Computer Devices Corporation, Santa Fe Springs, California. The characteristics of the motor (specifications, switching, sequence, schematic, etc.) are given in bulletin C and D, Pages 6-73. 
     The respective darlington transistor switches 258 and 259 are used to energize the bank select solenoids 60 and 70 of FIG. 3. These switches receive their inputs from shift register (4)24 of FIG. 1d, via lines 262 and 263, respectively. 
     The darlington transistor switch 260 is used to energize the &#34;meter enable&#34; solenoid (not shown), which is used to free shaft 57 (FIG. 3) for rotation. The switch is inputted on line 264 (FIGS. 19, 19), by the signal used to power the &#34;meter enabled&#34; lamp of the display (FIG. 16). 
     All the connections not specifically mentioned, and which are relevant to the circuitry depicted in FIGS. 11 through 19, are shown by pin connection numbers as illustrated. 
     Remote Meter Charging Operation 
     Generally speaking, most security systems in one way or the other require that there be two separate but matching kinds of information to effect access, i.e., two complementing combinations. With the meter recharging system illustrated in FIG. 1, there are two combination generating machines: a) a digital computer located at a data center, and b) one or more remotely located electronic postage meters. Each of these two machines exist to generate a combination which being the match or complement of the other, will allow postage meter users to refund (recharge ) their postage meters. This will be done without the inconvenience of physically having to transport their meters to postal authorities. 
     The operator or user of a postage meter refunds his meter by first calling the data center via telephone, and in some way identifying himself, or the meter. This can be accomplished by informing the data center of the meter number, or by giving the center a unique account number, or both. This stage of the transmission can be accomplished by either a voice or tonal input. The computer at the data center uses this information to verify that the call is authentic. In other words, that the call is originating from a valid postage meter user. 
     When the call is validated, the computer formulates a response to the user via the answer-back unit, requesting the numerical values of one or more funding registers in the meter. After the user supplies these values via the telephone push buttons, the computer checks to see if the meter is functioning correctly. The computer also checks one register against the other to see whether a mistake may have occurred in the entry of these values. The user is then asked to supply the amount of postage funds he desires to add into the meter. The computer then determines whether there is a possibility that the descending register of the meter may overflow with the addition of the desired funds. Assuming that no problem exists, the computer proceeds to calculate a combination which is a function of the postage requested. The computer then updates the file of the user&#39;s transactions, and the generated combination is furnished to the user via the answer-back unit. 
     Upon receiving the combination provided by the data center, the user unlocks his postage meter. The meter may be fashioned with a variety of locking devices such as a combination lock, a key operated mechanical lock, etc. The particular lock used in the instant invention combines a switch and lock combination, i.e., a switch is operative to various switching positions by the insertion and turning of a key. 
     When the user of the present system receives the combination, he inserts a key into the switch-lock, and turns the switch to a first position. This action initiates a sequence of events. First, the meter&#39;s &#34;addition register&#34; is cleared. Then, an indicator light is activated in the display, that informs the user to enter the amount of postage. This amount must of course be the same as that submitted to the data center. Finally, the turning of the switch to the first position initiates the call up of one or more stored constants in the non-volatile memory of the postage meter. These constants will be used to first generate random numbers, which will be subsequently used to generate a complementary combination to the one furnished by the data center. 
     After the user enters the postage amount, he then turns the switch to a second position. A second indicator lamp is now lit, instructing the user to enter the combination supplied to him by the data center. Meanwhile, the postage meter has operatively combined the entered postage with the generated random numbers to provide an internal combustion. Now, when the user enters the combination fron the data center, the two combinations will be compared. These complementary combinations being unique to any previous contents of the meter, and to the postage amount entered, provide a high security against detection which is so essential to postal transactions. 
     After the user enters the combination supplied by the data center, he turns the switch to a third position. The postage meter now compares the entered combination with the internally generated combination. If these combinations are a match, an indicator lamp will be lit informing the user that the entered combination has been validated. If on the other hand, there has been a mistake in entering a proper combination, an alternate indicator light will inform the user that he must repeat the funding procedure. 
     The amount of postage funded into the meter will be displayed in the numeric section of the display, when the combination has been validated. At the same time, this amount is added to the &#34;descending&#34; and &#34;control sum&#34; registers. Finally, the random numbers which were generated in this meter funding operation will be stored in the non-volatile memory to provide the necessary constants for a subsequent meter funding procedure. 
     The general method of data processing by the data center 5 will be explained in more detail with reference to FIG. 31. The inventive method is similar in many ways to that depicted in U.S. Pat. No. 3,792,446. 
     One of the important differences of the present method, however, is that a means is provided of inputting variable postage amounts into a postage meter, rather than a fixed increment as aforementioned. The combination presented to the meter user will be a function of the amount of postage requested and the data center will provide a different combination depending upon the amount requested for recharging the meter. 
     Now referring to FIG. 31, a flow chart is shown which illustrates how an incoming telephone call from a user at one of the remote meter stations 1 (FIG. 1) is processed by the data center 5. 
     When a user at a remote postage meter station seeks to recharge his meter 2, he keys in the telephone number of the data center 5 on his telephone 3 (FIG. 1). The data center answers, as indicated by block 939. This completes the telephone connection. A voice response is now provided (block 940) by the computer controlled answer back unit 8 (FIG. 1). This response is transmitted to the user and requests a numeric input which will identify the user, the meter, or both (in other words, which remote station 1 is on the line). This identifying input can comprise either an account number, a meter serial number, or both. These identifying numbers will be held in the memory of the computer 7. 
     After requesting the numeric input, the computer 7 converts to an input mode illustrated by block 942. The computer now awaits a user response. The numeric response is in the form of a tonal input provided by the depressing of the touch-tone telephone keys of telephone 3 (FIG. 1). The frequency encoded digit inputs are converted by the data set 6 at the data center 5 into computer language for computer 7. The numeric input need not be limited to a fixed number of digits. A fixed number of digits, however, can be used to terminate that portion of the transmission. 
     When the computer receives this information, it searches its memory to determine whether the submitted account number is stored therein. If a comparable account is located in memory, the submitted account number is valid, and decision block 944 is exited along branch line 941 to block 946. 
     If on the other hand, a comparable account number cannot be located in memory, the decision block 944 will exit along branch line 943 to a second decision block 945. The computer now determines how many chances the caller has thus far taken in attempting to input a valid account number. If the caller has committed less than three attempts to enter the proper account number, decision block 945 is exited along branch line 947 to block 948. The computer 7 now commands the voice answer back unit 8 (FIG. 1) to transmit a request to the user for a resubmission of the account number. 
     The program branches back via line 949 to block 942, and the computer is again conditioned to receive an identifying numeric input. 
     The user is given three tries to enter a valid account number. If on three passes through decision block 945 the caller has failed to present a proper identity number, the decision to terminate the telephone connection is made via line 950 to block 951. 
     However, should the user succeed in entering a valid number in one of the three allotted tries, decision block 944 is exited via line 941, as aforementioned. 
     In the preferred embodiment of this invention, block 946 is now entered, and a voice response is generated and then transmitted to the user, requesting entry of the postage meter number. This request, however, could have been made during the first request for identification, if so desired. The request for the meter number can be made to replace the account number, or can be used in conjunction with it, as in the present embodiment. 
     The computer now converts to an input mode via block 952, and awaits for the meter number entry. When the meter number is entered, the computer then determines (decision block 953) whether this entry is valid. It must be considered, that some particular accounts (identifying account numbers) may have more than one meter assigned to them. However, every account will comprise meter numbers which are themselves individually unique so as to prevent the likelihood of confusion. 
     When the entered member number is found to be part of the account previously identified, branch line 954 is taken to block 956. On the other hand, if a valid postage meter number cannot be matched to the account, decision block 953 is exited via line 955 leading to a second decision block 957. A check is now made to determine if more than three attempts hve been made to enter a valid meter number. If less than three attempts were made, branch line 960 is taken to block 961. A voice response is formulated and then sent to the user requesting a resubmission of the meter number. Block 961 is exited via line 962, and block 952 is re-entered. The computer now awaits a resubmitted number. If three attempts at submitting a valid postage meter number do not provide an acceptable number, then decision block 957 will be exited along branch line 958 to block 959. The postage meter user is now advised to call a particular telephone number for personal assistance. The computer then breaks the telephone connection via block 951. 
     The purpose in asking the user to seek assistance is to determine why the user is having difficulty in submitting a valid meter number, after having submitted a valid account number. Having previously entered a proper account number, the caller is in all probability a valid account party, and therefore should not now be experiencing difficulty. 
     As aforementioned, a valid member number entry will provide an exiting from decision block 953 along branch line 954 to block 956. The computer now controls the voice answer back unit to transmit a request for the user to enter the current balance existing in the meter&#39;s ascending register. To obtain this value, the user pushes button 113 (FIG. 1c) on keyboard 34 of meter 2. The amount in the ascending register will then appear in the numeric display 115 (FIG. 1c). The user then communicates this number to the data center 5 via telephone 3 (FIG. 1) as requested. The computer 7 enters an input mode via block 963 to accept the ascending register entry. Decisin block 964 is now entered, and the entered ascending register amount is checked to determine whether this amount is consistent and reasonable with the known size of this register. In other words, whether the amount reported is not larger than the maximum storage capacity of the register. If the entered amount is a reasonable value, then decision block 964 is exited via line 965 to block 966. 
     If, however, the amount of the ascending register does not check out, then branch line 967 is taken to block 968. The computer now generates a voice response via the answer back unit, requesting the user to repeat the procedure. Line 969 is then taken to block 956, and a voice response is again transmitted to the user requesting the ascending register value. The computer again goes into an input mode (block 963), accepts the entry, and makes a format check of the ascending register value (decision block 964). The present ascending register value can also be checked against the previous ascending register amount to determine if it is greater or equal thereto. 
     Block 966 is entered via line 965, when the format check is proper. The computer now generates and then transmits a response via the answer-back unit, requesting entry of the contents of the descending register. The user obtains this value by depressing key 114 on keyboard 34 of meter 2 (FIG. 1c). The value of the ascending register will now be cleared from the numeric display 115, and the descending register amount will appear therein. 
     The user then transmits this value back to the data center 5 via telephone 3 (FIG. 1). Block 970 is entered and the computer then goes into an input mode to accept the descending register value. Decision block 971 then calls for determining whether the entered value of the descending register is consistent and reasonable with the known size of this register. If the value submitted checks out, then decision block 971 is exited via line 972. Block 976 is then entered. If some error is detected in the format check, then decision block 971 is exited via line 973, and block 974 is entered. The computer then generates a voice response via the answer-back unit, informing the user to repeat the procedure. Line 975 is taken to block 966, and the user is again instructed to enter the contents of the descending register. The user again transmits this information to the data center, and it is accepted by the computer (block 970). Decision block 971 is re-entered, and if the format check is proper, the program continues via line 972 to block 976. Block 976 calls for checking the submitted descending register amount against a previous reading in memory, which was obtained during a prior recharging of the user&#39;s meter. The current decending register reading cannot be greater than the stored memory value, since the descending register is decremented by the amount of postage issued for each recharging of the meter. If, however, the present reading is in fact greater than the stored value, decision block 976 is exited via line 977. Decision block 978 is then entered to determine whether there has been three passes through the previous decision block 976. If in fact there has been three passes through the prior decision block, this indicates that a problem may exist with the descending register. Decision block 978 is then exited via line 979 and block 959 is entered. The user is then advised to call a service telephone number and obtain assistance. The telephone connection is severed (block 951) thereafter. 
     If, however, three passes have not occurred through decision block 976, it is assumed that the user has made a mistaken entry to the data center, and decision block 978 is exited on line 980 to block 968. The user is now requested to repeat the ascending and descending register readings as was previously required. 
     If upon reaching decision block 976, it is determined that the present descending register reading is properly a lesser value than the stored prior reading, line 981 is taken to decision block 982. The sum of the ascending and descending register readings is now checked against a summation of the stored prior ascending and descending register values. If an equality is obtained, then branch line 983 is taken to block 986. If, however, the sums do not match, the decision block 982 is exited along branch line 984 to another decision block 985. This decision block checks whether the disparity in the register sums is due to an overflow condition in the ascending register. If an equality can now be found, line 987 is taken to block 986. If, however, an equality is still not obtained, then a fourth decision block 989 is entered via branch line 988. This decision block seeks to determine an equality between the present register sum and a stored sum prior to the previous stored sum. If this check provides an equality, it means that a previous funding combination was requested, but never entered into the meter. Branch line 990 is then taken to block 1004, and the computer formulates a response via the answer-back unit for supplying the postage meter user with the previously provided funding combination and postage amount, which had not been entered. 
     If, an equality is still not obtained in decision block 989, a fifth decision block 992 is entered via line 991. This decision block determines whether there is an equality in the sums under consideration in block 989, with further consideration of there being an overflow of the ascending register. If an equality is found for this condition, block 1004 is entered via branch line 993. The postage user will then be given the previously generated funding combintion which had not been entered. 
     If an equality is not obtained after the fifth decision block 992, branch line 994 is followed to decision block 978, which tests for three passes through decision block 992. If there has not been three passes, it is assumed that a mistake has occurred in a register entry, and block 968 is entered via line 980. If, however, there has been three passes through block 992, then it is assumed that a more serious problem exists, and block 959 is entered via branch line 979. The postage meter user is instructed to telephone a service number, and then the connection between the user and the data center is severed via block 951. 
     As aforementioned, an equality in either decision blocks 982 and 985 will provide access to block 986. The computer formulates a response via the answer-back unit requesting the meter user to enter the amount of postage to be funded into the machine. The computer then goes into an input mode (block 995) to accept the entry of the postage meter user. Decision block 996 is then entered to determine whether the amount requested is of sufficient numerical size to be handled by the registers without causing an overflow condition. In other words, the amount requested cannot be so large, that it cannot be properly set into the funding registers. If the amount is properly within the upper limit of the funding registers, branch line 997 is taken to decision block 998. It is now determined whether the amount requested is less than a given minimum. The reason for this determination is that it is desirable to prevent the meter user from soliciting a frivolous amount of postage, to discourage tampering, and the otherwise wasting of valuable computer time. 
     If the amount requested is not frivolous, branch line 999 is taken to a third decision block 1000. Determination is now made to see whether the added amount will cause the descending register of the meter to overflow. If it is determined that this will not occur, then branch line 1001 is taken to block 1002. The computer now calculates a new combination for the postage meter user. This combination is both a function of the requested amount of postage and a series of random-type numbers. A typical method of deriving a postage combination will be described hereinafter with reference to the flow chart illustrated in FIG. 32. 
     After the computer formulates the new combination, the record (user&#39;s file) in memory is updated to reflect the changes to the ascending and descending registers of that particular meter wrought by the present recharging (block 1003). The computer now goes into an output mode, and block 1004 is entered to transmit the new combination to the user. 
     It should be noted that the update of the computer registers (block 1003) proceeds the transmittal of the information to the user (block 1004). This procedure acts as a safeguard against the issuance of postage without it being properly recorded. Also, if a prior combination was never entered, as when block 1004 is entered over lines 990 or 993, then the prior combination will be revealed to the user without updating the file. This is only natural, since the file was already updated in the prior request for funds. 
     After the combination has been given to the user (block 1004), there may be need to repeat it. Block 1005 is entered, and the computer is conditioned to receive three digits from the user. Decision block 1006 is entered, and if no digits have been received, the connection is severed (line 1008 to block 1009). If the user, however, taps three digits &#34;RPT&#34; on his touch telephone, decision block 1006 is exited on line 1007, and the combination is repeated (block 1004). 
     As aforementioned, the computer checks the amount of the requested postage (block 996) to determine whether it can be accommodated by the meter registers. If it cannot, branch line 1010 is taken to decision block 1011. The computer then determines whether three passes have been made through block 996. If three passes have been made branch line 1012 is taken to block 959, and the user is instructed to telephone for assistance. If three passes have not been made, then the user is requested to repeat the postage amount desired (branch line 1013 to block 1014). Block 1014 is exited along line 1015 to block 986, and the computer enters an input mode to await the postage input. 
     The user is also asked to seek assistance (block 959) if either a postage amount is below a mimimum value (exit block 998 on line 1016) or if the descending register will overflow (exit block 1000 on branch line 1017). 
     Once having received the combination from the data center, the user is then ready to recharge his meter. The flow chart illustrating the recharging postage meter routine for operating upon the combination received from the data center, is shown in FIGS. 32 and 32a. 
     The meter is turned on (block 1100) and initialized, and the flags are set in memory (block 1101). The keyboard 34 and the meter recharging switch 138 (FIGS. 1b) and 1c) are scanned for inputs (block 1102). Decision block 1103 is entered to determine whether the key switch 138 has been turned to a new position. If there has been a change in the key switch, as when a key is initially inserted and the switch is turned to position 1, decision block 1105 is entered via branch line 1104. If no change in the key switch has occurred, then a determination is made to see if there is a keyboard input (decision block 1107 is entered via branch line 1106). The program will then either branch to perform a function called for by the keyboard (line 1108 is taken to block 1109) or the keyboard and key switch is recrutinized for an input (block 1102 is entered via branch line 1110). 
     Once a determination has been made that the key switch 138 has been activated (block 1103), then it is determined what step in the recharging procedure is being taken by the user, i.e., whether the user is preparing to key in the desired postage in the keyboard (turns switch to position 1); whether the user is about to enter the combination from the data center (turns switch to position 2); or whether the user has turned the key switch to position 3 to validate the recharging of the meter. 
     Having determined which position the switch is in, the routine branches to the corresponding line (position 1, line 1111; postion 2, line 1112; and position 3; line 1113). 
     Along branch line 1111, a decision block 114 first determines whether flag 1 in memory (RAM(3)19) is tagged (equals one). If this condition exists, it indicates that the routine corresponding to the first switch position has been already completed, and the routine then branches back to block 1102 (via line 1159) to scan for the next switch position routine. If not, block 1117 is entered via branch line 1116. A first number &#34;Q&#34; is retrieved from read/write memory (RAM(3)19, bank 2). A number &#34;R&#34; is then generated by mathematically operating upon the number &#34;Q&#34; (block 1118). Next a second number &#34;S&#34; is generated by mathematically operating upon the first generated number &#34;R&#34; (block 1119). After the numbers &#34;R&#34; and &#34;S&#34; are generated, an indicator light 122 lights upon the display panel 116 (FIG. 1c) requesting the operator to enter the desired postage amount (block 1120). The routine for the first switch position is terminated by tagging the first flag and clearing the second flag (block 1121). The routine then returns to block 1102 to scan for the next key switch position. 
     The operator of the meter now keys in the postage amount and turns the key switch to position 2. Decision block 1122 is entered via line 1112, and it is determined whether flag 2 is tagged. If so, the routine branches back to block 1102 via line 1123. If not, block 1125 is entered via branch line 1124. The value in the display (postage amount keyed by the operator) is then transferred to a working location &#34;P&#34; in memory. A number &#34;T&#34; is generated (block 1126) using the values &#34;R&#34;, &#34;S&#34; and &#34;P&#34; (postage requested). One way of accomplishing this is by combining &#34;R&#34;, &#34;S&#34; and &#34;P&#34; according to the formula: 
     
         T = (P × R) + S. 
    
     next, a portion of this resulting number &#34;T&#34; is selected to derive a combination &#34;C&#34; (combination of the meter) as per block 1127. 
     It should be noted at this point in the discussion that the computer in the data center has generated a combination &#34;Cc&#34; (computer combination) in exactly the same way as the meter has generated combination &#34;Cm&#34;; i.e., the computer had stored a distinct number &#34;Q&#34; for this particular postage meter, and then proceeded to generate numbers &#34;R&#34; and &#34;S&#34;. When the user entered the postage amount &#34;P&#34;, the computer generated &#34;T&#34; using the numbers &#34;R&#34;, &#34;S&#34; and &#34;P&#34;. The combination &#34;Cc&#34; was formed by selecting in like fashion with the meter, a portion of the generated number &#34;T&#34;. The meter will only recharge, therefore, if &#34;Cm&#34;  is equal to &#34;Cc&#34;. 
     After the meter routine generates the &#34;Cm&#34; combination, an indicator light 123 (FIG. 1c) is lit on display panel 116 requesting the user enter the combination &#34;Cc&#34; obtained from the computer (block 1128). The second flag is set, and the third flag is cleared as per block 1129. The routine returns to block 1102. 
     The user now enters the computer combination &#34;Cc&#34; via the keyboard 34 (FIG. 1b) and turns the key switch 138 to position 3. The final portion of the meter recharging routine is entered via line 1113. Decision block 1130 determines if the third flag is tagged. If yes, the line 1131 is taken back to block 1102. If not, the combination &#34;Cc&#34;, which has been keyed in and displayed, is transferred from the display register to a working portion of storage (line 1132 is taken to block 1133). Decision block 1134 is entered to determine whether the requested postage &#34;P&#34; will be accommodated by the descending register. If not, branch line 1135 is taken to block 1136, and an error indicator lamp is lit in display section 116. The routine is then terminated by tagging the third flag, clearing the first flag, (block 1150) and returning to the scanning of the keyboard (block 1102). 
     If, however, the third flag has not been tagged, decision block 1138 is entered via branch line 1137. Combinations &#34;Cc&#34; and &#34;Cm&#34; are now compared. If these combinations do not match, block 1140 is entered via branch line 1139, and indicator lamp 124 is lit to inform the operator that the recharging has not been validated. The routine is then terminated via block 1150. 
     If, however, the combinations are a match, branch line 1141 is taken to block 1142. The decending register of the meter is the incremented by the requested postage &#34;P&#34;. The number &#34;Q&#34; is then replaced with the last generated number &#34;S&#34; (block 1143), and the indictor lamp 125 is lit on display panel 116 to inform the operator that the recharging is valid. The third flag is tagged and the first flag is cleared (block 1150) thus terminating the recharging routine. 
     Operation of the Meter 
     The operation of this computerized postage meter will be explained with reference to the flow charts shown in FIGS. 20 to 51, and the associated program appended to this specification. 
     While the above program has been of necessity written about the particular meter setting mechanism shown in FIGS. 3, 4a, 4b and 5, it should be understood that the essence, spirit, scope, and limits of this invention are considered to be of a broader character. In other words, the present computerized postage meter could have been easily programmed about a jet printing postage apparatus of the type shown and described in copending application, Ser. No. 433,805, filed Jan. 16, 1974. Also, it is to be understood that many other high speed printing apparatuses can be made compatible with the present computerized meter. Other such apparatuses include matrix and line printers. 
     With all such printing devices, the basic safeguards regarding postal security must of necessity be maintained, such as securing the printer against physical and electronic tampering. 
     Referring to FIG. 20, a generalized overall representation of the operation of this postage meter is shown in flow chart form. The meter system is first given power as shown per block 300. When the meter system is powered, a general system reset pulse initializes the microprocessor system. This causes the CPU registers, RAM memory, and I/O ports to be cleared, and starts the postage meter program executing from address φφφ. 
     The postage meter system operation is set in motion by recalling postage meter register data from the non-volatile memory and placing this data in the working area of RAM. Also, when the postage meter system starts its operation, the printer banks of the printing and setting mechanism of FIGS. 3, 4a, 4b and 5 are all set to zero. These are some of the major procedures represented by &#34;initialization&#34; block 301. In addition to these procedures, other functions are also performed, as will be explained hereinafter with reference to FIGS. 21 and 21a. 
     After &#34;initialization&#34;, the system enters a SCAN routine shown in the general sense by blocks 302, 303 and 308 and in more detail hereinafter, by the flow chart of FIG. 25. The SCAN routine consumes the greatest portion of postage meter operation time. The principle function of the SCAN routine is to search for a depressed key on the keyboard 34 and multiplex the numeric display 115 of FIGS. 1b and 1c (block 302). Once having found a validly depressed key (block 308), the SCAN routine will branch to the appropriate subroutine corresponding to the function called for by that particular key. The SCAN routine will generate an address to a &#34;look-up&#34; table where the particular address of the subroutine corresponding to the key is stored. This stored address is transferred to register pair 6 in the CPU. The subroutine FCTN (which is a jump to the address in register pair 6) is then executed. 
     After a particular key is serviced (block 310), the SCAN routine is re-entered to re-inspect the keyboard for new and subsequent inputs. The spring photocell input is given priority over other keybord inputs to prevent the printing of postage without it being registered. 
     During the course of the SCAN routine, a periodic check is made as to the power condition of the system (block 303). In case of a power failure, the postage meter system must be able to complete any on-going opertions, and to retransfer the contents of working memory (RAM contents) back into non-volatile storage (block 304). The &#34;powering down&#34; and &#34;save memory&#34; sequences will be more fully explained hereinafter, with reference to the DOWN subroutine of FIG. 23. When there is a &#34;power-down&#34;, a trap (block 306) is entered, and the program cannot re-enter the SCAN routine except by the initiation of a complete &#34;power-up&#34; sequence. 
     The meter initialization sequence block 301 is shown in more detail with reference to FIG. 21. The information in the non-volatile memory is transferred into working memory (RAM) via subroutine INRAM (block 312) which will be described in more detail with reference to FIG. 22. All four inprint wheels are then set to zero as per block 313 using the subroutine HOME of FIG. 24. Descending register contents are then loaded into the numeric display (block 314) and the check date reminder indicator lamp is lighted (block 316). The descending register contents are displayed at start-up to inform the operator how much funds are available for printing postage. The check date reminder, reminds the operator to set the date on the postage printing mechanism. The system then goes into the SCAN routine as previously mentioned. 
     An important part of the initialization procedure is the subroutine CHCK (block 315) shown in more detail in FIG. 21a Subroutine CHCK is used to detect errors that cause non-correspondence in the meter funding registers. If the sum of the descending and ascending registers minus the control sum register does not equal zero (block 801), the CHCK routine turns the &#34;call PB service&#34; indicator lamp on (block 804), and disables the meter from printing postage. If the registers properly correspond (block 802) the subroutine will branch back via line 803. This subroutine is very novel with regards to postage meter operation, since this is the first time a postage meter has had the capability of monitoring its own funding registers. 
     FIG. 22 depicts the flow chart for subroutine INRAM, which can be found in the appended program at the instruction address/142. 
     The subroutine INRAM transfers data from the non-volatile shift register memory into working area in RAM. 
     CPU index registers are initialized (block 317) to specify input and output ports operatively connected to the shift register memory, and to specify RAM memory locations where this data is to be stored. The output of the shift register memory is read through an input port (block 318), written into RAM (block 319) and written out on an output port to the shift register memory (block 320). The shift register is then clocked (block 321) to access the next memory word. The index register specifying RAM address is incremented (block 322) in preparation for storing the next word. A counter is checked to see if transfer of data is complete (block 373). If not, a branch is made back into the program (line 325) to pick up the next sequential word. When transfer of data is complete, the INRAM subroutine branches back via block 324. 
     FIG. 23 illustrates the flow chart for the subroutine DOWN, which can be found in the appended program at the instruction address/15A. As aforementioned, the DOWN subroutine is a procedure for saving the contents of the memory (transfer RAM contents to the non-volatile memory) in the event of a power failure or normal turn off. 
     This routine is entered from the SCAN routine only when an impending power failure has been detected. 
     CPU index registers are initialized (block 327) to specify location of working area in RAM, and to specify input and output ports connected with the shift register memory. A data word from RAM is read (block 328), then written out to the shift register memory (block 329). A clock pulse to the shift register (block 330) enters the data into memory. The RAM address is incremented (block 331) and a test made on a counter to determine if everything has been transferred (block 332). If not, the program loops back (line 333) to transfer another data word to the shift register. When the transfer of data has been completed, the loop is terminated via (line 334) and a &#34;turn off&#34; signal is written to the shift register memory (block 335). The program then loops in a trap (336). A complete &#34;power-up&#34; sequence is needed to get back into the program. 
     The subroutine HOME is flow charted as shown in FIG. 24, and has a program address/174. 
     The HOME routine is part of the aforementioned initialization procedure for the meter. It sets the print wheels to zero to establish a reference for subsequent setting operations. The only position of the print wheels that can be directly read by the system is the φ (zero) position. This position is determined by monitoring the wells 107a, b, c, d, respectively, by detecting the slot (zero postion) in slotted wheels 105a, b, c, d, respectively (FIG. 4a). 
     An index register is initialized (block 337) to specify the location of the Meter Setting Register 307, FIG. 6. Subroutine CLR of FIG. 47 selects the first set of photocells (block 338). The Meter Setting Register 307 is cleared (block 339) and the every step photocell 110a of FIG. 4a is read (block 340). If on a print step, (block 341) the program proceeds (via line 342) to select the printer bank (block 343). Monitoring wells (102 and 103, respectively monitoring the solenoids 60 and 70, of FIG. 3) are read and checked against the selected bank (block 344). If no contradiction exists, the following operation (via line 345) is selecting the next photocell bank and reading the monitoring well (107a, b, c, d, respectively of FIG. 4) corresponding to that bank to determine if the respective slotted disc (105a, b, c, d, respectively of FIG. 4a) indicates the selected print wheel is at the zero position (block 346). The CLR routine (block 347) is again used to select the first photocell bank. If the print wheel corresponding to the selected printer bank is not at zero (block 348), the print wheel is given one full printer step (block 354) corresponding to changing the setting of the print wheel by one unit towards zero. If no error is flagged in the step routine, the loop is re-entered via line 355 to again check for the zero position of the print wheel. This procedure is used to determine if the wheel needs another print step to reach zero. The loop is terminated via line 349, when the selected print wheel is at zero. If all four printer banks have not yet been set to zero, block 351 is exited via line 352 to block 343 where the next printer bank is selected. Setting the next print wheel to zero is done in the aforementioned manner. When all printer banks have been set to zero, the fifth position photocell (110b of FIG. 4a) is read (block 354). It should indicate a fifth position slot. If this is so, the HOME subroutine is terminated via line 356 through a branch back (block 360). Should any error be flagged, such as a photocell not indicating a mechanical response to a given signal, the error routine (block 359) is called via lines 364, 368, and 358, respectively. 
     If reading the every step photocell (block 341) at the beginning of the routine, does not show the printer to be at a full printer step, half a print step is generated (block 362) to align the main gear 51 with the tooth profiles 68, 68&#39; on the yoke 63 of FIG. 4b. This procedure frees the yoke, so that it can move to select the printer banks. 
     FIG. 25 illustrates the SCAN routine having a program address of/01D. The primary purpose of the SCAN routine is to process keyboard inputs to the meter. The routine rejects multiple key depressions, (except for the print photocell input which is given priority over other inputs of the keyboard) and debounces the key input. When a single key depression is read for three successive scans, the routine generates an address in a look-up table where the address of the routine corresponding to that particular key is stored. The routine contains operations preparatory to, and following, the servicing of the key via FCTN (FIG. 26). A secondary function of the SCAN routine is multiplexing the numeric display 115 of FIGS. 1b and 1c. 
     Index registers are initialized (block 369) to specify display address, length of various counting loops, and I/O ports. Display blanking is determined (block 370) by examining the most significant digits of the display for leading zeros and storing an indicator. A bit is loaded into the multiplexer shift register 20 of FIG. 15 to start the multiplexer (block 371). A display character is read from the display register in RAM and written out to the decoder driver 183 (FIG. 18). The display is unblanked, if the character is not a leading zero. The keyboard input is then read and processed as per block 373 (see FIG. 38 for a detailed description). A delay routine (block 382) is entered to allow sufficient time for display. A check (block 384) is made to determine if the &#34;power-down&#34; sequence should be initiated. If not, the display is blanked and the multiplexer clocked to select the next display digit and set of keyboard inputs (block 388). A check (block 389) is made to see if the loop has been completed. If not, the loop is re-entered via line 390, the next display digit is written out, and the next set of keyboard inputs is read in. Upon completion of the loop, a check is made (line 391) to see if a valid priority input (print photocell) has been sensed (block 1200). If so, the LDLMP register 206 of FIG. 8 is cleared (block 1202) via line 1201. Next, the POST subroutine is initiated via block 1203. Upon completion of the POST subroutine, block 399 is entered, and the accumulator contents are stored in the status flag 311 of FIG. 8. The routine continues via blocks 400-402 as will be described hereinafter. 
     If no priority input has been read, a check is made (via line 1204) to see if a valid key depression has been sensed (block 392). If so, a batch indicator 305 (FIG. 8) is stored (block 396) (this indicator shows if the last operation had been calling a batch register into the display -- this indicator is used in the CLEAR routine of FIG. 34). An address of a location in a look-up table is generated from the &#34;ROW&#34; and &#34;COLUMN&#34; words.* The LDLMP register 206 of FIG. 8 is cleared (block 397), because a routine called by the selected key may require that different indicator lamps be selected. A branch to the keyboard function is made in block 398. Upon return to the SCAN routine, the accumulator contents are stored in the status flag 311 of FIG. 8 (block 399), which is used to identify the last performed operation. This is necessary, because some keyboard functions are dependent on the previous function performed. The descending register is compared to the meter setting register 307 of FIG. 6 (block 400) to generate the &#34;low postage&#34; and &#34;no postage&#34; indications on the indicator panel 116 of FIG. 1c. 
    
     The meter checks its funding registers (block 401) as per the CHCK routine of FIG. 21a. The selected lamps are then turned on (402) and the beginning of the SCAN routine re-entered via line 403. If a valid key had not been read after reading the last bank of keys, re-entry would have been made from decision block 392 via line 393. If a &#34;power down&#34; condition would have been sensed in block 384, a branch via line 385 would have been made to the DOWN routine of block 386. 
     FIG. 26 is a chart of the subroutines called for through FTCN (program address/2C4). FCTN is a generalized entry point into the subroutines called by the keys. When a valid key is detected, an address in a look-up table in ROM is generated from the &#34;ROW&#34; and &#34;COLUMN&#34; words. This location contains the address of the subroutine corresponding to the key. FCTN jumps to this address and executes the specified subroutine. The chart in FIG. 26 specifies all the keys and the labels of the subroutines called. 
     FIG. 27 illustrates a subroutine for entering numbers into the display register from the keyboard. Each of the multiple entry points correspond to a particular digit. 
     Upon entry to this routine, a number is generated corresponding to the entry point, and thus to the particular key calling the routine (block 427). This number is temporarily stored (block 248) while the status flag 311 (FIG. 8) is checked to determine if the previous keyboard operation was entering a digit (block 429). If not, the display is cleared (block 431) before continuing. The contents of the display are shifted left (block 432) and the new number entered on the right. The UNLOCK flag 309 (FIG. 8) is set to zero (block 434), and a branch back with ACC=1 is initiated (block 435). The 1 is used to flag this operation in the status flag 311. 
     FIG. 28 shows the subroutine SET having a program address/2C8. The SET routine has basically two modes of operation: (1) it sets the meter print wheels to the value entered into the display via the keyboard, and (2) if the display contents are not from the keyboard, the last setting value is recalled. This value is displayed and the meter enabled, if sufficient postage is available for printing the amount of the setting. 
     Index registers are initialized (block 513) to set up the CHECK routine (block 514). The CHECK routine examines the contents of the display for $1.00 or more. The status flag 311 (FIG. 8) is next examined to determine if numerical entry from the keyboard is in the display (block 515). If so, the CHECK routine then looks for a value of $100.00 in the display (block 518). If the value is both less than 100.00 (block 519) and less then $1.00 (block 525) the routine proceeds to set the meter (block 533), enable the meter (block 534), clear the ADD register 210 of FIG. 7 (block 539) and branch back (block 540). If $1.00 or more is in the display, the UNLOCK flag 309 of FIG. 8 is checked. If flagged, setting the meter would continue as before via line 532. If the $ UNLOCK has not been flagged, an indicator light showing &#34;$ UNLOCK&#34; would go on (block 529) and a branch back would be (block 530) made without ever setting the meter. If the amount in the display is greater than $99.99 an error would be indicated (block 522), because the meter, being a four bank meter, cannot set to a value that is higher than $99.99. 
     The second mode of operation occurs where the contents of the display have not been entered by the keyboard (block 516). In that case, the display is cleared (block 536), the meter setting put into the display (block 537), and the meter is enabled if sufficient postage is available in the machine (block 534). The ADD register 210 is then cleared (block 539) as before, and the routine branches back (block 540). 
     FIG. 29 depicts the subroutine UNLCK having a program address/266. The UNLCK routine sets the $ UNLOCK flag 309 of FIG. 8, (block 492), if the previous function executed was that of entering a number into the display (block 490). The $ UNLOCK flag is used to enable the printer, if the setting is $1.00 or more of postage. In such a case, there is a branch back with ACC=1 (block 493). 
     FIG. 30 illustrates the flow chart 30 for the subroutine POST having a program address/29A. The POST routine updates the meter registers each time postage is printed. This occurs when the photocell 99 (FIG. 3) detects the slot 100 in the disc 98 mounted on the drum shaft 57. This signifies a drum rotation, and hence, the printing of postage. 
     The ascending register 816 (200) of FIG. 6, and the batch amount register 819, are incremented by the amount in the meter setting register 307 (MSR) (see blocks 470 and 471). The piece count 817 and batch count 820 also of FIG. 6 are incremented by 1 (blocks 472 and 473), and the descending register 815 is decremented by the amount in the meter setting register (block 474). The ENBLE routine (block 475) determines if the printer may be enabled for a subsequent print of the same amount. The routine is then terminated (block 476). 
     FIG. 33 illustrates the flow chart for the PLUS subroutine having a program address/27E. The PLUS routine adds the contents of the display to the ADD register 210 (FIG. 7), and puts back the result in both the display and the register. This allows chain addition of a series of numbers entered via the keyboard. This routine is summoned when the &#34; &#34; button 117 is depressed on the keyboard (FIGS. 5 and 5a). This routine provides the capability of adding ancillary charges to the main postage, such as insurance, special delivery postage, etc. 
     Index registers are initialized to specify the registers concerned (block 496). The status flag 311 of FIG. 8 (block 497) is fetched to determine if the contents of the display are from the numerical entry of the keyboard (block 498). If so, block 500 is entered. The ADD register 210 (FIG. 7) and display (DISP) register 208 (FIG. 8) are added together and the result placed back in both registers. If no overflow occurs (block 505), a branch back is made (block 510). If an overflow has been detected, an error message via line 506 is flagged (block 507) before branching back (block 508). If the PLUS routine had been called without the previous operation having been from the numerical entry of the keyboard, a branch back (block 508) would have been made via line 511 without performing any operation. 
     FIG. 34 shows the flow chart for the subroutine CLEAR having a program address/23D. The CLEAR routine performs the following functions: (1) clears the display; (2) recalls contents of the &#34;ADD&#34; register 210 (FIG. 7) into the display; (3) clears the &#34;ADD&#34; register 210 on the second successive clear; and (4) clears batch registers 819 and 820 (FIG. 6) if either register is displayed at the time the CLEAR routine is called. 
     The display register 208 (FIG. 8) and the $ UNLOCK flag 309 (FIG. 8) are cleared (block 477 and 478). The status word 311 (FIG. 8) is checked (block 479) to see if the previous operation had been the CLEAR routine. If not, block 482 is entered. Contents of the &#34;ADD&#34; register 210 are transferred to the display (DISP) register 208 (contents of the &#34;ADD&#34; register are nonzero only when in the process of adding up a series of numbers) using the   key 117 of FIG. 1b. The effect of the clear key 118 in this case, is to clear a keyboard entry and recall into the numeric display 115, the subtotal up to that point. The addition process may be continued upon entry of the next number. The &#34;LDLMP&#34; area 206 (FIGS. 8 and 8a) is cleared (block 484). The batch flag 305 is checked (block 485) to see if the previous keyboard operation was calling either of the two batch registers into the display (batch sum or batch count). If not, a branch to the main program is made (block 488). If so, line 486 is taken to block 487. The batch registers are cleared before returning to the main program (block 488). 
     If the previous keyboard operation had been CLEAR as per decision block 479, the &#34;ADD&#34; register 210 would have been cleared via line 480 to block 481, before entering block 482. 
     FIG. 35 shows a subroutine for calling register contents into the numeric display 115 of FIGS. 1b and 1c. This routine has six entry points corresponding to six meter registers which can be called into the display. Its purpose is to load the display with the contents of the specified meter register, and to turn on the indicator lamp corresponding to the selected register. 
     The meter register being called is specified by the entry point into the routine (block 420). Both the display (DISP) and addition (ADD) registers 208 and 210, respectively (FIGS. 8 and 7) are cleared (blocks 421 and 422). Then the FETCH routine of FIG. 41 is called. This initializes index registers to specify the meter register being called. The indicator lamp corresponding to the specified meter register is selected by writing a bit in the appropriate word in the LDLMP area 206 of RAM(2)18 (block 424). The contents of the specified register are then written into the display register 208 (block 425), and a branch back initiated via block 426. 
     FIG. 36 illustrates the flow chart for the subroutine ENBLE having a program address/100. The subroutine ENBLE generates the signal for the printer enabling solenoid. The ENBLE routine first calls CMPAR (block 736) which compares the meter setting register 307 of FIG. 6 against the descending register 815 (block 737). If the descending register is greater than or equal to the meter setting, an enabling bit is put into the LDLMP area 206 (block 739) (see FIG. 8a, word 8D, bit 4) before branching back (block 740). Otherwise, a branch back is made directly from block 737 via line 741. 
     FIG. 37 relates to a flow chart for the ERROR subroutine having a program address/133. The ERROR routine is used to flag certain errors. The error message is contained in the accumulator at the time the ERROR routine is called. The most significant (leftmost) place in the display register 208 (block 716) is selected and the contents of the accumulator (block 717) is written into the display register before branching back (block 718) to the main program. 
     FIG. 38 shows a flow chart for the portion of the SCAN routine of FIG. 25 which is referred to as SCANX (see block 373 of FIG. 25). The SCANX procedure is used to debounce the keys check for a valid key depression, and a valid priority input (print photocell). The four input lines from the keyboard matrix (FIG. 16) generate what will be hereinafter referred to as the &#34;ROW&#34; word. A number corresponding to the active output of the multiplexer (FIGS. 15, 16) will be hereinafter referred to as the &#34;COLUMN&#34; word. A nonzero &#34;ROW&#34; word and &#34;COLUMN&#34; word identify a particular activated key in the keyboard matrix. The term &#34;count&#34; word as used herein is defined as the number of times the same key depression has been successively read. 
     The detailed operation of reading the keyboard follows: If the multiplexer (MPX) has selected an output connected to the keyboard (block 374), made (line 375) a check is to determine if the priority &#34;key&#34; is being detected (decision block 1210). If it is being read, then decision block 1211 is entered to determine if there is a priority input (if zero, there is no input). The priority &#34;key&#34; has its own counter. If the &#34;priority count&#34; word* shows sufficient scans to indicate postage is being printed, the &#34;priority count&#34; is incremented (block 1212). Subsequent scans will not provide a postage print out, even if the postage print key remains depressed. 
    
     If the priority &#34;key&#34; is zero, block 1214 is entered, and the priority counter is set to zero. This allows for a new postage printing to take place as soon as the priority key is validated (sufficiently scanned). After the priority &#34;key&#34; is serviced (or not serviced as the case may be), block 376 is entered. The scan routine now considers non-priority key inputs. The &#34;ROW&#34; word is read. If not zero (block 377), the keyboard process instruction is used to detect multiple keyboard depressions in the group of four input lines being read. If the &#34;COLUMN&#34; word is the same as that of a previous scan (blocks 406 and 407), and only one key is pressed, (blocks 409 and 410), the last &#34;ROW&#34; word is compared with the present one (block 395). If both are the same, the &#34;COUNT&#34; word is incremented (block 416). Block 392 in the SCAN routine of FIG. 25 uses this number to decide when to branch to a selected routine. If the &#34;COLUMN&#34; (block 407) and &#34;ROW&#34; (block 409) words are not the same as in the previous scan, or more than one key is pressed (block 410), the &#34;COUNT&#34; word is reset to zero (block 381) starting a new count sequence, before a new key will be recognized. If the multiplexer (MPX) is not selecting a group of keys, or if the &#34;ROW&#34; word is zero but the &#34;COLUMN&#34; word is different from that stored from the previous pass, the keyboard processing is bypassed via line 387. 
     FIG. 39 depicts the flow chart for the LDLMP subroutine having a program address/10A. The LDLMP routine transfers data in the LDLMP register 206 of FIGS. 8 and 8a to the shift registers 21 and 22 of FIG. 1d. These shift registers drive the lamp display (section 116 of FIG. 1c). 
     Index registers are initialized (block 663) to specify the LDLMP register 206. The first word of the register is read (block 664) and temporarily stored (block 665). The OUTPT routine (block 666) enters the 4 bit word into the shift register in a serial manner. If the last word has not been serviced by the OUTPT routine, the routine jumps back via line 668 and gets the next sequential word in the LDLMP register 206. The routine branches back (block 670) after the last word has been outputted. 
     FIG. 40 illustrates the flow chart for the subroutine OUTPT having a program address/114. The OUTPT routine is called by the LDLMP routine. Its purpose is to output a 4 bit word in serial manner into a shift register. 
     First, index registers (for counting and for specifying ports) are initialized (block 671). The output word is loaded into the accumulator (block 672), and then rotated right to store a bit in the carry (block 673). The remaining bits are stored (block 674). A clock pulse bit is loaded into the accumulator (block 675) and rotated left to bring in the bit stored in the carry and to bring the clock pulse bit into position (block 676). The data is then written out to the shift register (block 677). If not at the end of the sequence (block 678) a jump back to block 672 is made via line 679 so as to output the next bit. If the sequence is finished, a branch back is made per block 681. 
     FIG. 41 shows a flow chart for the subroutine FETCH having a program address/OBD. The FETCH routine is used to initialize CPU index registers with data from a look-up table specifying a particular meter register (block 730). The FETCH routine affords some economy in instruction count. 
     The accumulator is loaded with a number corresponding to the desired meter register before the call to &#34;FETCH&#34; is made. The FETCH routine first generates from the contents of the accumulator, an address specifying the location of the desired data. Then, the starting address of the selected meter register is loaded into an index register pair (block 731). The lamp display word address is loaded into another index register pair (block 732), and the lamp display word itself is loaded into an index register (block 733). The starting address of SETNG (&#34;number meter set to&#34; register 211 of FIG. 6) is put into yet another index register pair (block 734) before branching back as per block 735. 
     FIG. 42 depicts a flow chart for subroutine CMPAR having a program address/450. Subroutine CMPAR compares the meter setting register 307 (FIG. 6) with the descending register 815 of FIG. 6. There are three conditions which are considered: 
     (1) descending register ≧ $100.00 (block 747 -- unconditionally larger than meter setting) 
     (2) $100.00 &gt; descending register &gt; meter setting (blocks 747 and 749) 
     (3) meter setting &gt; descending register (block 749) 
     These conditions are respectively flagged by the contents of the accumulator upon branch back to the main program, i.e. branch back is made with ACC=0, 2, 3, depending upon which one of the aforementioned conditions is observed (see blocks 754, 755 and 751, respectively). The overall objective of this routine is to check the funding available (descending register) as against the called for postage (meter setting register) to be printed. If not enough funds are available to print postage, the printer will not be enabled. 
     FIG. 43 illustrates the flow chart for the subroutine CHECK having a program address/138. The CHECK routine is used to determined if the contents of a meter register exceeds a specified amount by testing high order digits to see if they are nonzero. 
     An index register is initialized with an address in the meter register corresponding to the higher order digits being checked, before the CHECK routine is called. The carry is cleared (block 719) and the location specified by the address is read (block 720). If zero (block 721), the address is incremented (block 723), and the next higher order digit is read (block 720 via line 727). Any non-zero digit causes the carry to be set (block 725). Branch back occurs (block 729) at the end of the sequence (block 726). A carry equal to zero indicates that all specified higher order digits were zero. A carry equal to 1 indicates at least one of these digits was nonzero. 
     FIG. 44 shows a flow chart for the subroutine ADDD having a program address/129. The ADDD routine adds the SETNG register 211 of FIG. 6 to a specified meter register, and writes the result back in the specified meter register. The meter register is specified by the contents of an index register initialized prior to calling the ADDD routine. 
     The carry (CPU) is cleared (block 705) before calling subroutine ADD1 which adds a SETNG register digit to a meter register digit (block 706). Then, the SETNG address is incremented (block 707), and a test made for the end of the loop (block 708). If the loop has not been completed, the next digits in each register are added together via line 709. At the end of the sequence, ADD2 is entered (block 711). ADD2 propagates the carry through the longer meter register. After completing this (block 712) a branch back to the main routine is made via block 715. 
     FIG. 45 depicts a flow chart for the subroutine ADD1; ADD2 having program address/120;/123. The ADD1 routine adds a digit from the SETNG register 211 of FIG. 6 to a digit from a meter register, decimal adjusts the result (binary to BCD conversion), and writes it back into the meter register. 
     A second entry point (ADD2) allows propagation of a carry through a meter register by adding a zero to the digit, decimal adjusting, and writing back in. 
     This routine adds one pair of digits at a time and is called repeatedly to add two registers together (see subroutine ADDD). 
     FIG. 46 relates to subroutine CLDSP; CLEER having a program address/25E;/260. CLDSP writes zeros into the display area. CLEER writes zeros into an area specified by a preset index register. 
     An index register is initialized to specify the display register (block 698). A zero is written into this location (block 693), the address incremented (block 696) and the next sequential location is cleared (block 694) until the clear operation is complete (loop 695). A branch back (block 699) to the calling routine is made upon completion thereof. 
     FIG. 47 shows a flow chart for the subroutine CLR having a program address/1B9. Subroutine CLR clears the photocell multiplexer 23 of FIG. 1d (block 742) and then selects the first set of photocells (every step, fifth step, solenoid monitoring photocells) as per block 743. Branch back is per block 744. 
     FIG. 48 shows a flow chart for the subroutine STPB having a program address/300. The STPB routine is called by the SET routine of FIG. 28 to operate setting mechanism solenoids 60 and 70 of FIG. 3. This routine controls the solenoids so as to select a particular printer bank by bringing the master gear drive 51 (FIG. 3) into engagement with one of the respective spur gears 53a, 53b, 53c, 53d (FIG. 3). 
     An index register used in the SET routine conveys information as to which printing bank is to be selected (block 627). A series of tests (blocks 628, 629, 630, respectively) determine which one of the four printer banks a, b, c, d, is selected. If, for example, bank b were selected, block 631 would be entered which requires both solenoids to be actuated. This is done by loading the appropriate bits (two 1&#39;s in this case) into the shift register (element 24 of FIG. 1d). After the solenoids are selected, a delay routine (block 635) provides time for the mechanism of the printer to respond to the electrical signals. Photocells (102 and 103 of FIG. 3) monitoring the position of the solenoids are then read (block 636) and compared with what they are expected to read (block 637). If the reading is in correspondence, a branch back with a zero in the accumulator (block 640) is made. Otherwise, an error is flagged (line 641) by branching back as per block 642 with the accumulator =/B. 
     A bank &#34;c&#34; selection (decision block 628) will require that both solenoids be deactuated (block 644). Banks d or a will require one or the other of the solenoids to be actuated (blocks 646 or 648). 
     FIG. 49 illustrates a flow chart for the subroutine ZEROB having a program address/353. Subroutine ZEROB reads photocells 107a, b, c, d, of FIG. 4a, which detects the zero positions of the print wheels of the printer. The reading from a selected bank is placed into the carry bit of the accumulator. 
     The second photocell set is selected by clocking the photocell multiplexer (block 649). A slight delay (block 650) allows time for the photocells to respond. A series chain of decision blocks (651, 652 and 653) is entered to determine from preset status characters, which of the photocell readings (banks a, b, c or d) is to be selected. If for example, bank a were selected, the photocells would be read (block 654a) and the data shifted in the CPU accumulator until the photocell bit corresponding to bank a is in the carry bit (block 655a). A branch back (block 656) then follows. 
     FIG. 50 relates to the flow chart for subroutine SETX having a program address/37E. The SETX routine is that portion of the SET subroutine of FIG. 28, that performs the detailed setting of the print wheels to the value shown in the display. 
     Index registers are initialized (block 546) to specify the display register 208 (FIG. 8) address and the meter setting register (MSR) 307 (FIG. 6) address. The contents of the display are transferred to the meter setting register (block 541). The number to be set (MSR) is compared with the previous number i.e., with &#34;number meter set to&#34; register 211 of FIG. 6 (SETNG). This is accomplished digit by digit (block 547). If not the same, the motor direction flag 215 (FIG. 9) is initialized as per block 556 (direction determined by which number is greater  MSR digit or SETNG digit!) and the difference between the numbers is stored. The new number (MSR) is then written into the previous number area (SETNG) as per block 553. The printer is set to the appropriate bank for the digit being considered (block 558). If the bank selection mechanism does not respond, photocells detect an error. If no error, line 562 is taken to block 563. One step in the appropriate direction is taken, and a check is made to ascertain if there is a stepping error (block 564). If no error has been flagged, the fifth position flag 216 (FIG. 9) is updated (block 567). If the flag indicates that the photocell (110b of FIG. 4a) should be seeing the fifth position slot, (block 572) the photocell is read (block 574). If it verifies that the motor is on a fifth step (block 575), a check is made to see if the proper number of steps has been counted off (line 577 to block 580). If not, a return via line 587 is taken to block 563 (STEP). The above procedure is then repeated. When the selected print wheel has been fully stepped to its new position, and if the position is zero (block 584), the ZEROB subroutine is called (block 586) to read the zero position photocells. This is to verify if in fact, the selected print wheel is at zero (decision block 587). If so, the photocell multiplexer is restored to selecting the first bank (block 589). The flags used in the STPB routine are cleared via line 590 to block 592. If not the last bank to be set (block 594), a branch back via line 595 is made to compare the next new number digit with the previous number digit. The setting process is then repeated. If any bank does not have to be altered (decision block 549) the setting process for that particular bank is bypassed via line 604. If the last bank had been selected in block 594, the setting mechanism is returned to the (first bank) rest position (block 597). If no error is detected (block 598) in returning to the rest position, the ENBLE routine is called (block 600) which enables the meter if a sufficient amount of postage is available in the descending register. The &#34;ADD&#34; register 210 (FIG. 7) is cleared (block 601), before branching back (block 602). Any error in stepping the motor 50 (FIG. 3) or bank selection causes a branch to the error routine (block 561) which causes an error message to be placed in the display. 
     FIG. 51 relates to the flow chart for the STEP routine, having a program address/1C7. The STEP subroutine changes the setting of a selected print wheel of the printer of FIG. 3 by one unit. The flag for motor direction is set up before calling the STEP routine. Normally, the motor starts from a STEP reference position. On start-up, the motor word* (1001) is written out which turns the motor and puts the monitoring wheel 109 (FIG. 3) of the motor in either a &#34;STEP&#34; or &#34;HALF-STEP&#34; reference position. The &#34;every step&#34; photocell 110a of FIGS. 3 and 4a sensing the wheel 109 position is read. If it indicates that the motor wheel 109 is on a &#34;HALF-STEP&#34; reference position, the motor is advanced half a step. From that point on, the STEP routine pulses the motor in increments of eight motor words, i.e. from one &#34;STEP&#34; reference position to a succeeding &#34;STEP&#34; reference position. 
    
     Index registers are initialized (block 605) to specify look-up table addresses when the motor word pattern for &#34;STEP-UP&#34; and &#34;STEP-DOWN&#34; is stored. The output port to the motor drivers is selected (block 606). A status character 215 of FIG. 9 is read to determine the direction the motor is to be stepped (block 607). The appropriate motor word is loaded (blocks 6111 or 612) then written out (block 613). A delay loop is entered (block 614) to give the motor time to respond. If not at the end of the loop (block 548), a return via line 550 is made to block 607 to get the next bit pattern. (There are four different bit patterns per half-step.) After the fourth word is written out, the &#34;every step&#34; photocell 110a of FIG. 4) is read (block 615). On the first pass through this routine, the monitoring wheel should have gone from &#34;STEP&#34; to &#34;HALF-STEP&#34; reference positions. The photocell (block 618) is read to verify that it is on a &#34;HALF-STEP&#34; (photocell should be blocked by a tooth on slotted monitoring wheel 109  FIG. 3!). If on a half-step, re-entry to block 605 is made via line 621 to re-enter the routine to write out four more words. The monitor wheel should now be on a full &#34;STEP&#34; again. Photocell 110a is read (block 620) to verify the full step position. Then there is a branch back (block 626). If at any place the photocell doesn&#39;t agree with what is should be, there is a branch back with an error message (1c) as per block 623. 
     APPENDIUM A 
     Comments on the Postage Meter Program Printout 
     The representation of some of the instructions has been slightly altered from those representations Intel uses in their Users Manual (copyright March 1972, Rev. 2). Double instructions are printed on two lines, rather than one. The second line contains data or an address associated with the double word instruction. Data, numbers, and addresses are generally given in hexadecimal notation, rather than the decimal and octal notation found in the Users Manual. The following list indicates the format of instructions which differ from the format in the Users Manual. &#34;D&#34; indicates data in hexadecimal notation. &#34;R&#34; represents an index register number in hexadecimal. Reference should be made to the Users Manual for a complete description of the instructions. 
     
         __________________________________________________________________________
        PROGRAM                                                           
MNEMONIC                                                                  
        REPRESENTATION                                                    
                      COMMENTS                                            
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LDM     LDM+D                                                             
LD      LD+R                                                              
XCH     XCH+R                                                             
ADD     ADD+R                                                             
SUB     SUb+R                                                             
INC     INC+R                                                             
BBL     BBL+D                                                             
ISZ     ISZ+R                                                             
JCN     JCN+TZ     where condition is TEST =0                             
        JCN+AZ     where condition is ACCUMULATOR = 0                     
        JCN+AN     where condition is ACCUMULATOR ≠ 0               
        ICN+CZ     where condition is CARRY = 0                           
        ICN+CN     where condition is CARRY ≠ 0                     
JIN     JIN+R                                                             
SRC     SRC+R      R is even, refers to register                          
FIN     FIN+R      pair R, R+1                                            
FIM     FIM+R                                                             
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 ##STR1##                                                                  
 
    
     APPENDIUM B 
     Description of the Stepping Motor Operation 
     The stepping motor 50 (FIGS. 3, 4a) has four driving coils, two of which are energized at a time. The motor rotates one increment (motor step) when the pattern of energized coils changes. The schematic of the motor driving circuitry is shown in FIG. 19. 
     In the following table, &#34;1&#34; will represent an energized coil, &#34;φ&#34; will represent a de-energized coil. The stepping sequences are as follows: The &#34;STEP-UP&#34; sequence turns the motor in such a direction as to increase the meter setting, the &#34;STEP-DOWN&#34; sequence decreases the meter setting. The bit pattern corresponding to energized and de-energized coils will be referred to as the &#34;MOTOR WORD&#34;. 
     
                                           TABLE                                   
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            MOTOR WORD      MOTOR WORD                                    
            (STEP-UP)       (STEP-DOWN)                                   
TIME PERIODS                                                              
            Coil 1                                                        
                Coil 2                                                    
                    Coil 3                                                
                        Coil 4                                            
                            Coil 1                                        
                                Coil 2                                    
                                    Coil 3                                
                                        Coil 4                            
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     T.sub.0                                                              
            1   0   0   1   1   0   0   1                                 
     T.sub.1                                                              
         One-                                                             
            0   0   1   1   1   1   0   0                                 
     T.sub.2                                                              
         Half                                                             
            0   1   1   0   0   1   1   0                                 
     T.sub.3                                                              
         Step                                                             
            1   1   0   0   0   0   1   1                                 
One  T.sub.4                                                              
            1   0   0   1   1   0   0   1                                 
Full T.sub.5                                                              
            0   0   1   1   1   1   0   0                                 
Step T.sub.6                                                              
            0   1   1   0   0   1   1   0                                 
     T.sub.7                                                              
            1   1   0   0   0   0   1   1                                 
     T.sub.0                                                              
            1   0   0   1   1   0   0   1                                 
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     (t 0  ; t 0  &#39;) is the &#34;rest&#34; state where the motor remains when it is not being stepped. When stepping, T n  - T n-1  ≈ delay in the stepping routine (STEP, FIG. 51). The gears coupling the motor to the print wheels are such that a sequence of motor steps as above (from T 0  to T 0  &#39;) will change the meter setting by a single unit in the selected bank. A slotted wheel 109 (FIG. 3) is coupled to the motor such that when the motor is at T 0  (or T 0  &#39;) the photocell 110a (FIG. 3) sees a slot, and at the T time period the photocell sees a tooth. Thus, in changing the print mechanism by one digit the photocell should see a slot-tooth-slot sequence. This provides a means of monitoring the stepping sequence to verify motor operation. 
     It will be appeciated by those skilled in the postage meter art, that a new postage meter system has been disclosed herein. As a result of the many new concepts and novelties thereby introduced, it is probable that many modifications of any obvious nature will occur to the skilled practitioner in this art. All such obvious changes are intended to be within the spirit and scope of this invention as presented by the appended claims. ##SPC1## ##SPC2## ##SPC3## ##SPC4## ##SPC5##