Patent Publication Number: US-2012027792-A1

Title: Expression vectors able to elicit improved immune response and methods of using same

Description:
CROSS REFERENCES TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This application is a divisional of U.S. patent application. Ser. No. 12/426,901 filed Apr. 20, 2009, which is a divisional of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/415,431 filed Apr. 28, 2003, which is the U.S. National Phase entry under 35 U.S.C. §371 of International Application. No. PCT/US01/45624 filed Nov. 1, 2001, which claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application. No. 60/245,113 filed Nov. 1, 2000, each of which applications is herein incorporated by reference in their entirety. 
    
    
     I. TECHNICAL FIELD 
     The invention relates to nucleic acids (such as DNA immunization plasmids), encoding fusion proteins containing a destabilizing amino acid sequence attached to an amino acid sequence of interest, in which the immunogenicity of the amino acid sequence of interest is increased by the presence of the destabilizing amino acid sequence. The invention also relates to nucleic acids encoding secreted fusion proteins, such as those containing chemokines or cytokines, and an attached amino acid sequence of interest, in which the immunogenicity of the amino acid sequence of interest is increased as a result of being attached to the secretory sequence. The invention also relates methods of increasing the immunogenicity of the encoded proteins for use as vaccines or in gene therapy. 
     II. BACKGROUND 
     Cellular immune responses against human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) and the related simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) have been shown to play an important role in controlling HIV-1 and SIV infection and in delaying disease progression. Containment of primary HIV-1 infection in infected individuals correlates with the emergence of virus-specific cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) responses (1, 2, 3). In chronically infected individuals, a high-frequency CTL response against HIV-1 is also correlated with a low viral load and slow disease progression (4, 5). An HIV-1-specific CTL response has also been demonstrated in certain highly exposed seronegative individuals (6, 7, 8). Also, strong HIV-specific proliferative responses, which may be critical for the maintenance of CTL responses, have been identified in long-term nonprogressors (9, 10). 
     HIV-1 Gag is one of the most conserved viral proteins. Broad, cross-clade CTL responses recognizing conserved epitopes in HIV-1 Gag have been detected in HIV-1 infected people (11, 12), and the development of a safe and effective HIV-1 vaccine may depend on the induction of effective CTL and/or T-helper responses against conserved HIV-1 proteins such as Gag. DNA vaccines have been shown to induce efficient cellular immune responses and protection against a variety of viral, bacterial, and parasitic pathogens in animal models. However, DNA vaccines that could induce potent cellular immune responses against HIV-1 Gag are not yet available. 
     We have recently demonstrated that by destroying inhibitory sequences in the coding region of HIV-1 gag, we could significantly increase Gag protein expression in primate as well as in mouse cells (13, 14, 15, 16) and dramatically enhance immune repsonse induced by a DNA vaccine (13). Since this new Gag expression vector is Rev/RRE-independent and species-independent, it provides a feasible approach to systematically evaluating the strategies that could lead to the maximum induction of cellular immune responses against HIV Gag molecules in animal models. 
     Intramuscular (i.m.) administration of a DNA vaccine represents a simple and effective means of inducing both humoral and cellular immune responses (17). There are three potential pathways reponsible for antigen presentation after i.m. injection of DNA. First, muscle cells could take up the DNA, express the encoded protein antigen, and present it to immune cells. Recent data suggest that this pathway is rather unlikely in vivo (18). Second, antigen presenting cells such as dendritic cells attracted to the site of injection may take up the DNA, express the encoded protein, and present it to T and B cells. Third, muscle cells may take up the DNA and express the protein antigen, with the antigen then being transmitted to dendritic cells for presentation. If the second possibility is the case, a protein that is synthesized and degraded in the cytoplasm of dendritic cells would be an excellent target for major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I presentation and induction of CTL responses. Alternatively, if the third scenario were true, a protein synthesized in the muscle cells that could be targeted efficiently to dendritic cells would induce the best CTL response. 
     To distinguish among these different possibilities, three different forms of HIV-1 Gag DNA vaccine vectors were constructed and compared for the induction of immune responses. These different forms of Gag included (i) a standard Gag (St-Gag) (also called “WT” gag herein) that assembles into particles, which are efficiently released from cells and become surrounded by host-cell-derived lipid membrane acquired during virus budding; (ii) a cytoplasmic form of Gag (Cy-Gag) that fails to target the plasma membrane and therefore remains in the cytoplasm; and (iii) a secreted form of Gag (Sc-Gag) that is synthesized on the cytoplasmic face of the rough endoplasmic reticulum (ER), transported through the ER and Golgi apparatus, and released as a secreted protein (i.e., not surrounded by a lipid membrane) (19). (Mutant Gag proteins that are not targeted efficiently to the plasma membrane and remain primarily in the cytoplasm were created by destroying the myristylation signal of HIV-1 Gag. Sc-Gag molecules were created by the addition of the t-PA signal peptide sequence to the N terminus of the HIV-1 Gag molecule. This sequence provides a signal for translocation of the secreted protein into the lumen of the ER, for transport through the ER and Golgi apparatus, and for release in the form of Sc-Gag molecules.) (19). 
     In the study described above, the question of whether targeting HIV-1 Gag to various subcellular compartments could influence the induction of immune responses in DNA-immunized mice was addressed. The results demonstrated that targeting the HIV-1 Gag molecules to different subcellular compartments does indeed influence both the humoral and cellular immune responses that are elicited by i.m. DNA vaccination. Specifically, when these forms of Gag were administered to mice as a DNA vaccine, it was found that the DNA vector encoding the Sc-Gag generated better primary CTL and T-helper responses than did the DNA vector encoding Cy-Gag. Furthermore, the DNA vector encoding the Sc-Gag also generated a higher level of secondary CTL responses than did the DNA vector encoding Cy-Gag after DNA priming and recombinant vaccinia virus-Gag infection. Vaccinia virus titers were notably reduced in the ovaries of mice immunized with Gag DNA vaccine more than 125 days before infection, as compared to the titer in mice that received only the control DNA vector. These data indicated that CD8 +  T-cell memory elicited by DNA vaccination is functionally relevant and provides protective immunity in this system. The DNA vector encoding the Sc-Gag provided better protection against recombinant vaccinia virus-Gag than did the DNA vector encoding Cy-Gag (19). 
     Another study has shown that altering the cellular location of glycoprotein D (gD) from bovine herpesvirus 1 by DNA vaccine modulates humoral immune response. Although both the secreted and cytosolic forms of gD induced an IgG2a antibody response, the secreted from of gD induced a stronger IgG1 response than IgG2a response (23). Similar results for Sc-Gag and Cy-Gag were observed in the study described above. On the other hand, St-Gag (also called “WT” gag herein), which is competent for forming virus-like particles, induced a predominantly IgG2a antibody repsonse. This latter data is consistent with the idea that location of antigens after DNA immunization could influence the type and potency of humoral immune responses. 
     Although DNA vaccines alone have been shown to protect against pathogenic challenges in small animals (24), their performance in primates has been generally disappointing. DNA vaccines, even with repeated boosting, induce only moderate immune responses when compared to live-attenuated virus or recombinant virus vaccines. However, recent studies have demonstrated that heterologuous priming-boosting immunization regimens using DNA plus recombinant modified vaccinia virus Ankara vectors can induce strong cellular immune responses and protection against malaria in mice (25), (26) and SIVmac (27), (28) in monkey models. Although T-cell immune responses induced by DNA immunization are moderate, they are highly focused upon a few specific epitopes, because of the small number of other epitopes expressed by this antigen delivery system. A boost with a recombinant vaccinia virus expressing the same antigen presumably stimulates this population of primed memory T cells. Our data showed that pSc-GAG induced higher memory T-cell responses than other Gag expression vectors as measured by ex vivo CTL activity, higher number of CD8 +  IFN-y-producing cells after stimulation with MHC class I-restricted HIV-1 Gag-specific peptide, and greater protection against recombinant vaccinia virus-Gag infection (19). These Gag expression vectors may be useful for further evaluation of heterologous priming and boosting with DNA plus viral vector in inducing protective cellular immune responses. Similar strategies could be considered for nonhuman primate models where SIV or simian/human immunodeficiency virus challenge can be evaluated. 
     There have been several reports regarding the use of t-PA signal peptides in DNA vaccines. In the case of HIV-1 Env DNA vaccine (20), replacing the authentic signal peptide of gp 160 with that oft-PA was intended to overcome the Rev/RRE requirement for Env protein expression (21). Replacing the signal peptide sequences of mycobacterial proteins with that oft-PA in DNA vectors has been shown to correlate with more protection against tuberculous challenge in mice, although CTL responses were not measured (22). DNA vectors containing fusion of t-PA peptide with  Plasmodium vivax  antigens did not significantly increase antibody production in mice, and cellular immune responses were not evaluated (39). Whether the t-PA signal peptide can enhance the induction of immune responses for cytoplasmic antigens in general by means of a DNA vaccine strategy requires further investigation. 
     Other reports, concerning potential cancer vaccines, have demonstrated that active immunizations of human patients with idiotypic vaccines elicited antigen-specific CD8 +  T-cell responses and antitumor effects (29). Several alternative preclinical strategies to develop vaccines have been previously reported, including fusion of tumor idiotype-derived single chain Fv (“scFv”) with cytokines and immunogenic peptides such as interleukin (“IL”)-2, IL-4 and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (“GM-CSF”) (30, 31, 32). These fusions of scFv with cytokines, toxin fragments and viral peptides predominantly elicit a humoral response with undetectable activation of cell mediated immunity (see. Table 2 of ref. 33). In a different approach, the model antigen is rendered immunogenic in mice by genetically fusing it to a chemokine moiety (33, 34, 35). Potent anti-tumor immunity was dependent on the generation of specific andi-idiotypic antibodies and both CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. These researchers hypothesize that administration of these vaccines as fusion proteins or naked DNA vaccines may allow efficient targeting of antigen-presenting cells in vivo. They also propose that chemokine fusion may represent a novel, general strategy for formulating clinically relevant antigens, such as existing or newly identified tumor and HIV antigens into vaccines for cancer and AIDS, respectively, which elicit potent CD8 +  T-cell immunity (33). These researchers further state that with regard to HIV vaccine development, it has been shown that HIV cannot enter human cells unless it first binds to two types of cell-surface receptors: CD4 and chemokine receptors. The two major valiantly tropic HIV viruses infect cells via CCR5 or CXCR4 co-receptors. Therefore, they state that one may envisage a chemokine fusion vaccine for HIV that would elicit not only T-cell and humoral responses against HIV, but possibly could interfere with the binding of HIV to the respective chemokine receptor, thus blocking infection. Finally, they also propose that their strategy may be further improved by modifying and mutating the chemokine moiety, or replacing it with the viral chemokine-like genes, which would reduce the risk of generation of autoantibodies against native chemokines. 
     Another strategy designed to enhance the induction of antigen-specific CTL responses involves targeting vaccine antigens directly into the MHC class I antigen-processing pathway, thereby providing more of the peptide epitopes that trigger the CTL response. A signal that targets proteins for proteasomal degradation is the assembly of a polyubiquitin chain attached to an accessible Lys residue in the target protein. One factor that influences the rate at which polyubiquitination occurs is the identity of the N-terminal residue of the target protein, as certain non-met N-termini target proteins for rapid degradation by the 26S proteasome. Townsend and others have shown that such “N-end rule” targeting of antigens can enhance their processing and presentation by the class I pathway in an in vitro setting. (See reference 36). 
     Proteins with non-Met N termini have been expressed in cells using fusion constructs in which the coding sequence of the target protein is fused in-frame to the C terminus of the coding sequence of ubiquitin. Ubiquitin is normally made in the cell as a polyprotein that is cleaved by ubiquitin hydrolases at the C-terminus of each ubiquitin subunit, giving rise to individual ubiquitin molecules. These same ubiquitin hydrolases will also cleave the ubiquitin target fusion protein at the C terminus of ubiquitin, exposing the N terminus of the target. In a recent study, Tobery and Siliciano generated ubiquitin fusions to HIV-1 nef with either Met or Arg at the N terminus of nef (UbMNef and UbRNef, respectively) (37). In in vitro experiments using vaccinia vectors to express UbMNef and UBRNef, it was shown that although both vectors induced expression of comparable amounts of nef, the form of nef with an Arg residue at the N terminus and a much shorter half-life (t 1/2 =15 min vs 104 Furthermore, immunization of mice with a vaccinia vector expressing the rapidly degraded UbRNef resulted in the induction of a more vigorous nef-specific CTL response than did immunization with a vaccinia vector expressing the stable UbMNef. Tobery and Siliciano conclude that augmenting nef-specific CTL responses by targeting the antigen for rapid cytoplasmic degradation represents an attractive strategy for vaccination against HIV (37). 
     In a more recent study, Tobery and Siliciano used the viral protein (HIV-1 nef) as a model tumor-associated antigen to evaluate the in vivo efficacy of the “N-end rule” targeting strategy for enhancing the induction of de novo CTL responses in mice. They state that their results suggest that the “N-end rule” targeting strategy can lead to an enhancement in the induction of CTL that is sufficient to confer protection against a lethal dose of antigen-expressing tumor cells (36). 
     In sum, to date, DNA vaccines expressing various antigens have been used to elicit immune responses. In many cases this response in polarized or suboptimal for practical vaccination purposes. The present invention demonstrates that combinations of DNA vaccines containing different forms of antigens, as well as administration of the DNA vaccines to different immunization sites, increase the immune response, and hence, are expected to provide practical DNA vaccination procedures. 
     III. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     The invention relates to nucleic acids (including, but not limited to, DNA immunization plasmids), encoding fusion proteins comprising a destabilizing amino acid sequence covalently attached to a heterologous amino acid sequence of interest, in which the immunogenicity of the amino acid sequence of interest is increased by the presence of the destabilizing amino acid sequence. 
     The invention also relates to nucleic acids encoding secreted fusion proteins comprising a secretory amino acid sequence, such as those containing chemokines or cytokines, covalently attached to a heterologous amino acid sequence of interest, in which the immunogenicity of the amino acid sequence of interest is increased by the presence of the secretory amino acid sequence. 
     The invention also relates to products produced by the nucleic acids, e.g., mRNA, polypeptides, and viral particles, as well as vectors and vector systems comprising these nucleic acids. The invention also relates host cells comprising these nucleic acids, vectors, vector systems and/or their products. 
     The invention also relates to compositions comprising these nucleic acids, vectors, vector systems, products and/or host cells, and methods of using these compositions, either alone or in combination, to stimulate an improved immune response. 
     The invention also relates to methods of using the same or different nucleic acids, vectors, vector systems, products and/or host cells, or compositions thereof, in different sites to enhance the immune response. 
     The invention also relates to uses of these nucleic acids, vectors, vector systems, host cells and/or compositions to produce mRNA, polypeptides, and/or infectious viral particles, and/or to induce antibodies and/or cytotoxic and/or helper T lymphocytes. 
     The invention also relates to the use of these nucleic acids, vectors, vector systems, products and/or host cells, or compositions thereof, in gene therapy or as vaccines. 
     For example, the invention also relates to the use of these nucleic acid constructs, vectors, vector systems and or host cells for use in immunotherapy and immunoprophylaxis, e.g., as a vaccine, or in genetic therapy after expression, in mammals, preferably in humans. The nucleic acid constructs of the invention can include or be incorporated into lentiviral vectors, vaccinia vectors, adenovirus vectors, herpesvirus vectors or other expression vectors or they may also be directly injected into tissue cells resulting in efficient expression of the encoded protein or protein fragment. These constructs may also be used for in-vivo or in-vitro gene replacement, e.g., by homologous recombination with a target gene in-situ. They may also be used for transfecting cells ex-vivo. 
    
    
     
       IV. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         FIG. 1 . Proliferative responses (shown as stimulation index, SI) in mice injected with the indicated vectors or combinations. Vectors are as described in the examples. 
         FIG. 2 . Proliferative responses (shown as stimulation index, SI) in mice injected two times with the indicated SIV expression plasmids or combinations. Together=injection of 3 DNAs at the same sites; 3 sites=injections of the same DNAs at separate sites. Vectors are as described in the examples. 
         FIG. 3 . Antibody response in monkeys. Two animals (#585, 587) were injected 4× with 5 mg intramuscularly (“i.m.”) of MCP3p37gag expression vector. Two animals (#626, 628) were given the same DNA mucosally as liposome-DNA preparations. Titers plotted as reciprocal serum dilutions scoring positive in HIV p24 ELIZA tests. 
         FIG. 4 . Percent of IFNgamma+ cells in CD8 population after in vitro stimulation with a gag peptide pool in macaques after three vaccinations with either WT+MCP3; WT+CATE; WT+MCP3+CATE; WT; or no vaccination (“Naïve”). (Note: WT means wild-type gag, also referred to as Standard gag (St-gag) herein; MCP3 means MCP3-gag fusions; CATE means β-catenin-gag fusions). 
         FIG. 5 . Percent of IFNgamma+cells in CD8 population after in vitro stimulation with an env peptide pool in macaques after three vaccinations with either WT+MCP3; WT+CATE; WT+MCP3+CATE; WT; or no injection (“Naïve”). (Note: WT means wild type env; MCP3 means MCP3-env fusion; CATE means β-catenin-env fusions). 
         FIG. 6 . Schematic diagram of the SIV envelope encoding vector CMVkan/R-R-SIVgp160CTE. 
         FIG. 7 . DNA sequence of the SIV envelope encoding vector CMVkan/R-R-SIVgp160CTE containing a mutated SIV env gene. 
         FIG. 8 . Nucleotide and amino acid sequence of MCP3-160 env (HIV) fusion. 
         FIG. 9 . Nucleotide and protein sequence of the beta-catenin-gp 160 env (HIV) fusion. 
         FIG. 10 . Western blot of HIV env expression vectors. Optimized vectors for wild type sequence of gp160 (lanes 1, 2, 3) or the fusions to MCP-3 (lane 6, 9), tPA leader peptide (lane 4, 7) and beta-catenin (lane 5, 8) are shown. Transfections with purified plasmid DNA were performed in human 293 cells and either cell extracts (intracellular) or cell supernatants (extracellular) were loaded on SDS-acrylamide gels, blotted, and probed with anti-HIV env antibodies. The positions of gp120 and gp41 are shown. Open arrow indicates degradation products detected in lane 5. CTE and RTE indicates respective additional posttranscriptional control elements present in some vectors. 
     
    
    
     V. MODES FOR CARRYING OUT THE INVENTION 
     It is to be understood that both the foregoing general description and the following detailed description are exemplary and explanatory only, and are not restrictive of the invention, as claimed. The accompanying drawings, which are incorporated in and constitute a part of the specification, illustrate an embodiment of the invention and, together with the description, serve to explain the principles of the invention. 
     The invention relates to nucleic acids (including, but not limited to, DNA immunization plasmids), encoding fusion proteins comprising a destabilizing amino acid sequence covalently attached to a heterologous amino acid sequence of interest, in which the immunogenicity of the amino acid sequence of interest is increased by the presence of the destabilizing amino acid sequence. 
     The invention also relates to nucleic acids encoding secreted fusion proteins comprising a secretory amino acid sequence, such as those containing chemokines or cytokines, covalently attached to a heterologous amino acid sequence of interest, in which the immunogenicity of the amino acid sequence of interest is increased by the presence of the secretory amino acid sequence. 
     The invention relates to nucleic acids having sequences encoding fusion proteins containing destabilizing amino acid sequences which increase the immunogenicity of an attached amino acid sequence, and to methods of using compositions comprising these nucleic acids, or combinations thereof, to increase the immunogenicity of the encoded protein(s). This invention also relates to nucleic acids encoding a fusion protein containing MCP-3 amino acid sequences and HIV gag or env, or SIV gag or env, and additional proteins related to vaccinations against non-tumor associated antigens, such as pathogen antigens. The invention also relates to methods of using different immunization sites to increase the immunogenicity of the encoded protein(s). 
     One aspect of the invention relates to a nucleic acid construct encoding a fusion protein comprising a destabilization sequence covalently linked to an amino acid sequence containing one or more disease-associated antigen. Preferred destabilization sequences are those which target the fusion protein to the ubiquitin proteosomal degradation pathway. More preferably, the destabilization sequence is present in the amino acid sequences selected from the group consisting of c-Myc aa2-120; Cyclin A aa13-91; Cyclin B aa13-91; IkBa aa20-45; β-Catenin aa19-44; c-Jun aal-67; and c-Mos aal-35, and functional fragments thereof. 
     In one embodiment, the invention relates to nucleic acids comprising sequences which encode polypeptides containing a destabilizing amino acid sequence which increases the immunogenicity of a covalently attached amino acid sequence containing a clinically relevant antigen, such as a disease associated antigen, as compared to its immunogenicity in the absence of the destabilizing amino acid sequence. 
     In another embodiment, the invention relates to nucleic acids encoding secreted fusion proteins, such as those containing immunostimulatory chemokines, such as MCP-3 or IP-10, or cytokines, such as GM-CSF, IL-4 or IL-2. In a preferred embodiment, the invention relates to fusion proteins containing MCP-3 amino acid sequences and viral antigens such as HIV gag and env or SIV gag or env. 
     The nucleic acid sequences of the constructs of the invention can be synthetic (e.g., synthesized by chemical synthesis), semi-synthetic (e.g., a combination of genomic DNA, cDNA, or PCR amplified DNA and synthetic DNA), or recombinantly produced. The nucleic acid sequences also may optionally not contain introns. The nucleic acid sequence encoding the destabilizing amino acid sequence is preferably linked in frame to the N-terminal of a nucleic acid sequence encoding one or more antigen(s) of interest, or immunogenic epitope(s) thereof. These sequences may optionally be linked by another sequence encoding one or more linker amino acids. 
     In addition, nucleic acid sequences encoding more than one antigens of interest, may optionally be operably linked in frame or via an internal ribosomal entry site (IRES), e.g., from picornaviral RNA. An IRES will be used in circumstances that one wants to express two proteins (or antigens) from the seine promoter. Using an IRES the expression of the two proteins is coordinated. A further polypeptide encoding sequence may also be present under the control of a separate promoter. Such a sequence may encode, for example, a selectable marker, or further antigen(s) of interest. Expression of this sequence may be constitutive; for example, in the case of a selectable marker this may be useful for selecting successfully transfected packaging cells, or packaging cells which are producing particularly high titers of vector particles. Alternatively or additionally, the selectable marker may be useful for selecting cells which have been successfully infected with nucleic acid sequence and have the sequence integrated into their own genome. 
     The constructs of the invention may also encode additional immunostimulation molecules, such as the chemokine MCP-3 exemplified herein, and functional fragments thereof. These immunostimulation molecules may be encoded by nucleic acid sequences as part of the fusion protein expression unit or may be encoded by nucleic acid sequences as part of a separate expression unit. These molecules may also be encoded by sequences present on different nucleic acid constructs, vectors, etc. Immunostimulatory molecules such as cytokines, chemokines or lymphokines are well known in the art. See, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 6,100,387 which is incorporated by reference herein. See, also, e.g., Biragyn and Kwack (1999) (ref. 34). 
     When HIV or SIV antigens are encoded, the nucleic acids of the invention may also contain Rev-independent fragments of genes which retain the desired function (e.g., for antigenicity of Gag or Pol, particle formation (Gag) or enzymatic activity (Pop), or they may also contain Rev-independent variants which have been mutated so that the encoded protein loses a function that is unwanted in certain circumstances. In the latter case, for example, the gene may be modified to encode mutations (at the amino acid level) in the active site of reverse transcriptase or integrase proteins to prevent reverse transcription or integration. Rev-independent fragments of the gag gene and env gene are described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,972,596 and 5,965,726, which are incorporated by reference herein. See also, PCT/US00/34985 filed Dec. 22, 2000 (published as WO 01/46408 on Jun. 28, 2001) for the gag gene and  FIGS. 6 and 7  herein for the SIV env gene. 
     The expression of the proteins encoded by these nucleic acid constructs or vectors after transfection into cells may be monitored at both the level of RNA and protein production. RNA levels are quantitated by methods known in the art, e.g., Northern blots, Si mapping or PCR methods. Protein levels may also be quantitated by methods known in the art, e.g., western blot or ELISA or fluorescent detection methods. A fast non-radioactive ELISA protocol can be used to detect gag protein (DUPONT or COULTER gag antigen capture assay). 
     Various vectors are known in the art. See, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 6,100,387, which is incorporated by reference herein. Preferred vectors considered useful in gene therapy and/or as a vaccine vectors, are lentiviral having, depending on the desired circumstances, 
     a) no round of replication (i.e., a zero replication system) 
     b) one round of replication, or 
     c) a fully replicating system 
     Such vectors are described, e.g., in PCT/US00/34985 filed Dec. 22, 2000 (published as WO 01/46408 on Jun. 28, 2001); and U.S. Ser. No. 09/872,733, filed Jun. 1, 2001, which are incorporated by reference herein. 
     In a preferred embodiment, a HIV- or SIV-based lentiviral system useful in the invention comprises the following three components:
         1) a packaging vector containing nucleic acid sequences encoding the elements necessary for vector packaging such as structural proteins (except for HIV env) and the enzymes required to generate vector particles, the packaging vector comprising at least a mutated Rev-independent HIV or SIV gag/pol gene;   2) a transfer vector containing genetic cis-acting sequences necessary for the vector to infect the target cell and for transfer of the therapeutic or reporter or other gene(s) of interest, the transfer vector comprising the encapsidation signal and the gene(s) of interest or a cloning site for inserting the gene(s) of interest;
 
and
   3) a vector containing sequences encoding an element necessary for targeting the viral particle to the intended recipient cell, preferably the gene encoding the G glycoprotein of the vesicular stomatis virus (VSV-G) or amphotrophic MuLV or lentiviral envs.       

     In such vectors, when the CMV promoter or other strong, high efficiency, promoter is used instead of the HIV-1 LTR promoter in the packaging vector, high expression of gag, poi, or gag/pol can be achieved in the total absence of any other viral protein. The exchange of the HIV-1 LTR promoter with other promoters is beneficial in the packaging vector or other vectors if constitutive expression is desirable and also for expression in mammalian cells other than human cells, such as mouse cells, in which the HIV-1 promoter is weak. In certain embodiments, the presence of heterologous promoters will also be desired in the transfer vector and the envelope encoding vector, when such vectors are used. 
     The antigens of interest, in particular, clinically relevant antigens, are chosen according to the effect sought to be achieved. Preferably, the antigen induces antibodies or helper T-cells or cytotoxic T-cells. 
     Amino acids, or antigens, of interest useful the nucleic acid constructs of the invention are described, e.g., in U.S. Pat. No. 5,891,432, which is incorporated by reference herein (see, e.g., Col. 13, In. 20 to Col. 17, In. 67). These antigens include, but are not limited to, disease associated antigens such as tumor-associated antigens, autoimmune disease-associated antigens, infectious disease-associated antigens, viral antigens, parasitic antigens and bacterial antigens. Tumor associated antigens include, but are not limited to, p53 and mutants thereof, Ras and mutants thereof, a Bcr/Abl breakpoint peptide, HER-2/neu, HPV 2, E6, HPV E7, carcinoembryonic antigen, MUC-1, MAGE-1, MAGE-3, SAGE, GAGE-1, GAGE-2, N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase-V, p15, gp100, MART-1/MelanA, tyrosinase, TRP-1, beta-catenin, MUM-1 and CDK-4, N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase-V, p15, gp 100, MART-1/MelanA, tyrosinase, TRP-1, beta-catenin, MUM-1 and CDK-4. HIV or SIV antigens include, but are not limited to Gag, Env, Pol, Nef, Vpr, Vpu, Vif Tat and Rev. In a preferred embodiment of the invention, the HIV Gag-Pol-Tat-Rev-Nef or Tat-Rev-Env-Nef antigens are linked together, but are not active as HIV components. 
     Nucleic acid constructs of the invention, as well as vectors, vector systems or viral particles containing such nucleic acid constructs, or the encoded proteins may be used for gene therapy in vivo (e.g., parenteral inoculation of high titer vector) or ex vivo (e.g., in vitro transduction of patient&#39;s cells followed by reinfusion into the patient of the transduced cells). These procedures are been already used in different approved gene therapy protocols. 
     One way of performing gene therapy is to extract cells from a patient, infect the extracted cells with a vector, such as a lentiviral vector, or a viral particle and reintroduce the cells back into the patient. A selectable marker may be used to provide a means for enriching for infected or transduced cells or positively selecting for only those cells which have been infected or transduced, before reintroducing the cells into the patient. This procedure may increase the chances of success of the therapy. Selectable markers may be for instance drug resistance genes, metabolic enzyme genes, or any other selectable markers known in the art. Typical selection genes encode proteins that confer resistance to antibiotics and other toxic substances, e.g., histidinol, puromycin, hygromycin, neomycin, methotrexate, etc., and cell surface markers. 
     However, it will be evident that for many gene therapy applications of vectors, such as lentiviral vectors, selection for expression of a marker gene may not be possible or necessary. Indeed expression of a selection marker, while convenient for in vitro studies, could be deleterious in vivo because of the inappropriate induction of cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) directed against the foreign marker protein. Also, it is possible that for in vivo applications, vectors without any internal promoters will be preferable. The presence of internal promoters can affect for example the transduction titres obtainable from a packaging cell line and the stability of the integrated vector. Thus, single transcription unit vectors, which may be bi-cistronic or poly-cistronic, coding for one or two or more therapeutic genes, may be the preferred vector designed for use in vivo. See, e.g., WO 98/17816. 
     Vaccines and pharmaceutical compositions comprising at least one of the nucleic acid sequences, polypeptides, viral particles, vectors, vector systems, or transduced or transfected host cells of the invention and a physiologically acceptable carrier are also part of the invention. 
     As used herein, the term “transduction” generally refers to the transfer of genetic material into the host via infection, e.g., in this case by the lentiviral vector. The term “transfection” generally refers to the transfer of isolated genetic material into cells via the use of specific transfection agents (e.g., calcium phosphate, DEAE Dextran, lipid formulations, gold particles, and other microparticles) that cross the cytoplasmic membrane and deliver some of the genetic material into the cell nucleus. 
     Pharmaceutical Compositions 
     The pharmaceutical compositions of the invention contain a pharmaceutically and/or therapeutically effective amount of at least one nucleic acid construct, polypeptide, vector, vector system, viral particle/virus stock, or host cell (i.e., agents) of the invention. If desired, the nucleic acid constructs, polypeptides, viral particles, vectors, vector systems, viral particle/virus stock, or host cells of the invention can be isolated and/or purified by methods known in the art. 
     In one embodiment of the invention, the effective amount of an agent of the invention per unit dose is an amount sufficient to cause the detectable expression of the antigen of interest. In another embodiment of the invention, the effective amount of agent per unit dose is an amount sufficient to prevent, treat or protect against deleterious effects (including severity, duration, or extent of symptoms) of the condition being treated. The effective amount of agent per unit dose depends, among other things, on the species of mammal inoculated, the body weight of the mammal and the chosen inoculation regimen, as is well known in the art. The dosage of the therapeutic agents which will be most suitable for prophylaxis or treatment will also vary with the form of administration, the particular agent chosen and the physiological characteristics of the particular patient under treatment. The dose is administered at least once. Subsequent doses may be administered as indicated. 
     To monitor the response of individuals administered the compositions of the invention, mRNA or protein expression levels may be determined. In many instances it will be sufficient to assess the expression level in serum or plasma obtained from such an individual. Decisions as to whether to administer another dose or to change the amount of the composition administered to the individual may be at least partially based on the expression levels. 
     The term “unit dose” as it pertains to the inocula refers to physically discrete units suitable as unitary dosages for mammals, each unit containing a predetermined quantity of active material (e.g., nucleic acid, virus stock or host cell) calculated to produce the desired effect in association with the required diluent. The titers of the virus stocks to be administered to a cell or animal will depend on the application and on type of delivery (e.g., in vivo or ex vivo). The virus stocks can be concentrated using methods such as centrifugation. The titers to be administered ex vivo are preferably in the range of 0.001 to 1 infectious unit/cell. Another method of generating viral stocks is to cocultivate stable cell lines expressing the virus with the target cells. This method has been used to achieve better results when using traditional retroviral vectors because the cells can be infected over a longer period of time and they have the chance to be infected with multiple copies of the vector. 
     For in vivo administration of nucleic acid constructs, vectors, vector systems, virus stocks, or cells which have been transduced or transfected ex vivo, the dose is to be determined by dose escalation, with the upper dose being limited by the onset of unacceptable adverse effects. Preliminary starting doses may be extrapolated from experiments using lentiviral vectors in animal models, by methods known in the art, or may be extrapolated from comparisons with known retroviral (e.g., adenoviral) doses. Generally, small dosages will be used initially and, if necessary, will be increased by small increments until the optimum effect under the circumstances is reached. Exemplary dosages are within the range of 10 8  up to approximately 5×10 15  particles. 
     For vaccinations DNA will be administered either IM in PBS as previously described in liposomes, by intradermal inoculation, electro-injection or other methods. As example, 5 mg per dose IM in macaques (DNA at 1 mg/ml) injected at several different sites was found to produce a good immune response. 
     Inocula are typically prepared as a solution in a physiologically acceptable carrier such as saline, phosphate-buffered saline and the like to form an aqueous pharmaceutical composition. 
     The agents of the invention are generally administered with a physiologically acceptable carrier or vehicle therefor. A physiologically acceptable carrier is one that does not cause an adverse physical reaction upon administration and one in which the nucleic acids or other agents of the invention are sufficiently soluble to retain their activity to deliver a pharmaceutically or therapeutically effective amount of the compound. The pharmaceutically or therapeutically effective amount and method of administration of an agent of the invention may vary based on the individual patient, the indication being treated and other criteria evident to one of ordinary skill in the art. A nucleic acid construct of the invention is preferably present in an amount which is capable of expressing the encoded protein in an amount which is effective to induce antibodies and/or cytotoxic and/or helper-inducer T lymphocytes. A therapeutically effective amount of a nucleic acid of the invention is one sufficient to prevent, or attenuate the severity, extent or duration of the deleterious effects of the condition being treated without causing significant adverse side effects. The route(s) of administration useful in a particular application are apparent to one or ordinary skill in the art. 
     Routes of administration of the agents of the invention include, but are not limited to, parenteral, and direct injection into an affected site. Parenteral routes of administration include but are not limited to intravenous, intramuscular, intraperitoneal and subcutaneous. The route of administration of the agents of the invention is typically parenteral and is preferably into the bone marrow, into the CSF intramuscular, subcutaneous, intradermal, intraocular, intracranial, intranasal, and the like. See, e.g., WO 99/04026 for examples of formulations and routes of administration. 
     The present invention includes compositions of the agents described above, suitable for parenteral administration including, but not limited to, pharmaceutically acceptable sterile isotonic solutions. Such solutions include, but are not limited to, saline and phosphate buffered saline for nasal, intravenous, intramuscular, intraperitoneal, subcutaneous or direct injection into a joint or other area. 
     In providing the agents of the present invention to a recipient mammal, preferably a human, the dosage administered will vary depending upon such factors as the mammal&#39;s age, weight, height, sex, general medical condition, previous medical history and the like. 
     The administration of the pharmaceutical compositions of the invention may be for either “prophylactic” or “therapeutic” purpose. When provided prophylactically, the compositions are provided in advance of any symptom. The prophylactic administration of the composition serves to prevent or ameliorate any subsequent deleterious effects (including severity, duration, or extent of symptoms) of the condition being treated. When provided therapeutically, the composition is provided at (or shortly after) the onset of a symptom of the condition being treated. 
     For all therapeutic, prophylactic and diagnostic uses, one or more of the agents of the invention, as well as antibodies and other necessary reagents and appropriate devices and accessories, may be provided in kit form so as to be readily available and easily used. 
     Where immunoassays are involved, such kits may contain a solid support, such as a membrane (e.g., nitrocellulose), a bead, sphere, test tube, rod, and so forth, to which a receptor such as an antibody specific for the target molecule will bind. Such kits can also include a second receptor, such as a labeled antibody. Such kits can be used for sandwich assays to detect toxins. Kits for competitive assays are also envisioned. 
     VI. INDUSTRIAL APPLICABILITY 
     The nucleic acids of this invention can be expressed in the native host cell or organism or in a different cell or organism. The mutated genes can be introduced into a vector such as a plasmid, cosmid, phage, virus or mini-chromosome and inserted into a host cell or organism by methods well known in the art. In general, the constructs can be utilized in any cell, either eukaryotic or prokaryotic, including mammalian cells (e.g., human (e.g., HeLa), monkey (e.g., Cos), rabbit (e.g., rabbit reticulocytes), rat, hamster (e.g., CHO and baby hamster kidney cells) or mouse cells (e.g., L cells), plant cells, yeast cells, insect cells or bacterial cells (e.g.,  E. coli ). The vectors which can be utilized to clone and/or express nucleic acid sequences of the invention are the vectors which are capable of replicating and/or expressing the coding sequences in the host cell in which the coding sequences are desired to be replicated and/or expressed. See, e.g., F. Ausubel et al.,  Current Protocols in Molecular Biology , Greene Publishing Associates and Wiley-Interscience (1992) and Sambrook et al. (1989) for examples of appropriate vectors for various types of host cells. The native promoters for such coding sequences can be replaced with strong promoters compatible with the host into which the coding sequences are inserted. These promoters may be inducible. The host cells containing these coding sequences can be used to express large amounts of the protein useful in enzyme preparations, pharmaceuticals, diagnostic reagents, vaccines and therapeutics. 
     The constructs of the invention may also be used for in-vivo or in-vitro gene therapy. For example, a construct of the invention will produce an mRNA in situ to ultimately increase the amount of polypeptide expressed. Such polypeptides include viral antigens and/or cellular antigens. Such a constructs, and their expression products, are expected to be useful, for example, in the development of a vaccine and/or genetic therapy. 
     The constructs and/or products made by using constructs encoding antigens of interest could be used, for example, in the production of diagnostic reagents, vaccines and therapies for diseases, such as AIDS and AIDS-related diseases. 
     For example, vectors expressing high levels of Gag can be used in immunotherapy and immunoprophylaxis, after expression in humans. Such vectors include retroviral vectors and also include direct injection of DNA into muscle cells or other receptive cells, resulting in the efficient expression of gag, using the technology described, for example, in Wolff et al.,  Science  247:1465-1468 (1990), Wolff et al.,  Human Molecular Genetics  1(6):363-369 (1992) and Ulmer et al.,  Science  259:1745-1749 (1993). Further, the gag constructs could be used in transdominant inhibition of HIV expression after the introduction into humans. For this application, for example, appropriate vectors or DNA molecules expressing high levels of p55 gag  or p37 gag  would be modified to generate transdominant gag mutants, as described, for example, in Trono et al.  Cell  59:113-120 (1989). The vectors would be introduced into humans, resulting in the inhibition of HIV production due to the combined mechanisms of gag transdominant inhibition and of immunostimulation by the produced gag protein. In addition, the gag encoding constructs of the invention could be used in the generation of new retroviral vectors based on the expression of lentiviral gag proteins. Lentiviruses have unique characteristics that may allow the targeting and efficient infection of non-dividing cells. Similar applications are expected for vectors expressing high levels of env. 
     The following examples illustrate certain embodiments of the present invention, but should not be construed as limiting its scope in any way. Certain modifications and variations will be apparent to those skilled in the art from the teachings of the foregoing disclosure and the following examples, and these are intended to be encompassed by the spirit and scope of the invention. 
     Example 1 
     Vectors 
     DNA vectors expressing antigens of HIV-1 or SIV are used in the examples herein. 
     Three different types of plasmids encoding forms of HIV Gag exemplified herein are as follows:
         1) plasmids expressing full gag (p55) or parts of gag (p37) or gag and protease (p55gagpro). P55 produces gag particles that are partially released from the cell. P37 is partially released from the cell but does not form particles. P55gagpro also produces protease, therefore the gag is processed to form p17, p24, p6 and p7;   2) plasmids expressing the chemokine MCP-3 fused to the N terminus of p55gag. Since MCP-3 is a secreted protein, the produced fusion protein is also secreted from the mammalian cells after the cleavage of the signal peptide; and   3) plasmids expressing fusions of gag to sequences conferring efficient proteasomal degratation.
 
Similar DNA expression vectors were produced for HIV env protein (see, e.g.,  FIGS. 8-9 ), as well as for SIV gag and any proteins. The HIV env plasmids were constructed based on a HIV Glade B any sequence and tested for expression. Expression was high in the absence of Rev. (See  FIG. 10 ). Specific vectors, and combinations thereof, are described in more detail below. We also have variations of the vectors that do not contain linker amino acids, or contain fewer amino acids for CATENIN, etc, which are not specifically exemplified herein. Smaller fragments of the secretory sequences, or the destabilization sequence, than those exemplified herein, which maintain the desired function, are in some cases known to exist, or can be identified by routine experimentation. These sequences are also useful in the invention.
       

     p37gag ═HIV plasmid described previously 
     MCP3p37gag=as above, plus also contains also the leader sequence of ip10 
     The following is an example for MCP3p37gag: 
     The vector pCMVkanMCP3gagp37M1-10 expresses the following MCP3-gag fusion protein (SEQ ID NO: 1): 
     
       
         
           
               
            
               
                 (IP10) 
               
               
                 M N P S A A V I F C L I L L G L S G T Q 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 (linker) 
               
               
                 G I L D 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 (MCP-3) 
               
               
                 M A Q P V G I N T S T T C C Y R F I N K K I P K 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Q R L E S Y R R T T S S H C P R E A V I F K T K 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 L D K E I C A D P T Q K W V Q D F M K H L D K K 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 T Q T P K L 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 (linker) 
               
               
                 A S A G A  
               
               
                   
               
               
                 (p37gag HIV) 
               
               
                 G A R A S V L S G G E L D R W E K I R L R P G G 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 K K K Y K L K H I V W A S R E L E R F A V N P G 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 L L E T S E G C R Q I L G Q L Q P S L Q T G S E E 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 L R S L Y N T V A T L Y C V H Q R I E I K D T K  
               
               
                   
               
               
                 E A L D K I E E E Q N K S K K K A Q Q A A A D T  
               
               
                   
               
               
                 G H S N Q V S Q N Y P I V Q N I Q G Q M V H Q A 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 I S P R T L N A W V K V V E K A F S P E V I P 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 M F S A L E G A T P Q D L N T M L N T V G G H 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Q A A M Q M L K E T I N E E A A E W D R V H F 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 V H A G P I A P G Q M R E P R G S D I A G T T S  
               
               
                   
               
               
                 T L Q E Q I G W M T N N P P I P V G E I Y K R W 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 I I L G L N K I V R M Y S P T S I L D I R Q G P K 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 E P F R D Y V D R F Y K T L R A E Q A S Q E V K 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 N W M T E T L L V Q N A N P D C K T I L K A L G 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 P A A T L E E M M T A C Q G V G G P G H K A R 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 V L E F • 
               
            
           
         
       
     
     CYBp37gag=contains cyclin B destabilizing sequences 
     CATEp37gag=contains beta catenin destabilizing sequences MOSp37gag=contains mos destabilizing sequences 
     SIVMCP3p39=as above for HIV 
     SIVCATEp39=as above for HIV 
     SIVgagDX is a Rev-independent SIV gag molecular clone. This vector is described in PCT/US00/34985 filed Dec. 22, 2000 (published as WO 01/46408 on Jun. 28, 2001), which is incorporated by reference herein. P39 denotes a DNA sequence encoding SIV Gag p39 (SIV p17+p25). P57 denotes a DNA sequence encoding the complete SIV Gag p57. 
     “Gag” denotes DNA sequence encoding the Gag protein, which generates components of the virion core, “Pro” denotes “protease.” The protease, reverse transcriptase, and integrase genes comprise the “pol” gene. In these constructs, “MCP3” denotes MCP-3 amino acids 33-109 linked to IP-10 secretory peptide referred supra (alternatively, it can be linked to its own natural secretory peptide or any other functional secretory signal such as the tPA signal mentioned supra), “CYB” denotes Cyclin B amino acids 10-95, “MOS” denotes C-Mos amino acid 1-35 and “CATE” denotes β-catenin amino acids 18-47. 
     Cyclin B nucleic acid sequences and encoded amino acids used in the constructs exemplified herein: 
                    (SEQ ID NO: 2)       ATGTCCAGTGATTTGGAGAATATTGACACAGGAGT               TAATTCTAAAGTTAAGAGTCATGTGACTATTAGGC               GAACTGTTITAGAAGAAATTGGAAATAGAGTTAC               AACCAGAGCAGCACAAGTAGCTAAGAAAGCTCAG               AACACCAAAGTTCCAGTTCAACCCACCAAAACAA               CAAATGTCAACAAACAACTGAAACCTACTGCTTCT               GTCAAACCAGTACAGATGGAAAAGTTGGCTCCAA               AGGGTCCTTCTCCCACACCTGTCGACAGAGAGATG               GGTGCGAGAGCGTCAGTATTAAGCGGGGGAGAAT               TAGATCGATGGGAAAAAATTCGGTTAAGGCCAGG               GGGAAAGAAGAAGTACAAGCTAAAGCACATCGTA               TG               (SEQ ID NO: 3)       MetSerSerAspLeuGluAsnIleAspThrGlyValAsnSerLysVal               LysSerHisValThrIleArgArgThrValLeuGluGluIleGlyAsn               ArgValThrThrArgAlaAlaGInValAlaLysLysAlaGlnAsnThr               LysValProVaIGlnProThrLysThrThrAsnValAsnLysGlnLeu               LysProThrAlaSerValLysProValGlnMetGluLysLeuAlaPro               LysGlyProSerProThrProValAspArgGlu            
c-Mos nucleic acid sequences and encoded amino acids used in the constructs exemplified herein:
 
     
       
         
           
               
               
            
               
                 ATGCCCGATCCCCTGGTCGACAGAGAG 
                 (SEQ ID NO: 4) 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 MetProAspProLeuValAspArgGlu 
                 (SEQ ID NO: 5) 
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Example 2 
     Construction of Vectors 
     In order to design “Gag-destabilized” constructs, a literature search for characterized sequences able to target proteins to the ubiquitin-proteasome degradation pathway gave the following, not necessarily representative, list: 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
             
               
                   
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
                 c-Myc 
                 aa2-120 
               
               
                   
                 Cyclin A 
                 aa13-91 
               
               
                   
                 Cyclin B 
                 aa13-91 *we used 10-95 in vectors in examples herein 
               
               
                   
                 IkBa 
                 aa20-45 
               
               
                   
                 b-Catenin 
                 aa19-44 *we used 18-47 in vectors in examples herein 
               
               
                   
                 c-Jun 
                 aa1-67 
               
               
                   
                 c-Mos 
                 aa1-35 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     We cloned a subset of those degradation sequences from Jurkat cDNA, namely the signals from cyclin B, β-catenin, and c-Mos, using PCR. Both cyclin and catenin primers gave fragments of the expected length, that were cut and cloned into the SalI site of the vectors pCMV37 (M1-10) kan, or pCMV55 (M1-10) kan, and (Barn version) into the BamHI site of pFREDlacZ. (The p37 and p55 plasmids have the same p37 and p55 sequences disclosed in the patents containing INS-gag sequences (see, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 5,972,596 and U.S. Pat. No. 5,965,726, which are incorporated by reference herein) but they have a different plasmid backbone expressing kanamycin. pFREDlacZ contains the IE CMV promoter expressing beta galactosidase of  E coli .) 
     The corresponding plasmids are called: 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
             
               
                   
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
                 pCMV37(M1-10)kan with cyclin B sequence in SalI site 
                 pS194 
               
               
                   
                 pCMV37(M1-10)kan with β-catenin sequence in SalI site 
                 pS195 
               
               
                   
                 pCMV55(M1-10)kan with cyclin B sequence in SalI site 
                 pS199 
               
               
                   
                 pCMV55(M1-10)kan with β-catenin sequence in SalI site 
                 pS200 
               
               
                   
                 pFREDlacZ with cyclin B sequence in BamHI site 
                 pS201 
               
               
                   
                 pFREDlacZ with β-catenin sequence in BamHI site 
                 pS202 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     In the case of Mos, the degradation signal consists of five N-terminal amino acids and a lysine approximately 30 amino acids away. A similarly located lysine is present in HIV gag, but not in lacZ. For that reason, oligos covering all five destabilizing amino acids were synthesized (both chains), annealed, and linked to the N-terminus of gag, but not lacZ. There were three versions of MOS sequence: 
     
       
         
           
               
               
             
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                 MOSN5wtUP &amp; MOSN5wtDN 
                 has serine shown to cause 
               
               
                   
                 degradation when 
               
               
                   
                 phosphorylated 
               
               
                 MOSN5aspUP &amp; MOSN5aspDN 
                 has Asp for Ser substitution, 
               
               
                   
                 mimicking 
               
               
                   
                 phosphorylation for constitutive 
               
               
                   
                 action 
               
               
                 MOSN5argUP &amp; MOSN5argDN 
                 has Arg for Ser substitution, 
               
               
                   
                 allegedly making degradation 
               
               
                   
                 signal inactive 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Out of six plasmids planned, we only examined the following: 
     pS191 having pCMV37 (M1-10) kan with the wild type (“WT”) Mos sequence, but the insert is longer than intended, with an additional copy of the synthetic sequence in reverse; 
     pS192having pCMV37 (M1-10) kan with “Asp” Mos sequence in the SalI site; and 
     pS197 with pCMV55 (M1-10) kan with “Asp” Mos sequence in the SalI site. 
     Example 3 
     Preliminary Characterization of the Degradation Signals in the Vectors 
     The following experiments were conducted for preliminary characterization of the degradation signals in the nucleic acid constructs described above. 
     β-Galactosidase activity was measured in transiently transfected HeLa and 293 cells after transfection with either pFREDlacZ or its cyclin B or β-catenin-modified versions (pS201 &amp; 202). Apparent loss of the lacZ activity was interpreted as being indicative of ubiquitination signal-induced protein degradation. 
     With modified Gag the following experiments were done to confirm that degradation signals work in the gag context as well. First, p24-gag was measured by ELISA in cellular extracts and supernatants of cells transfected with the modified Gag constructs. Although we obtained evidence of destabilization, in several cases this experiment measuring the total level of p24 antigen was inconclusive. This was probably because, as shown previously, fragments of gag can still score positive in the antigen capture assay procedure. Therefore we looked into how intact the produced proteins were. 
     Protein extracts of HeLa or 293 cells transiently transfected with different gag plasmids were run on acrylamide tris-glycine gel, transferred to Immobilon P membrane and stained with anti-HIV antibodies to reveal Gag. These experiments did not show any signs of degradation in HeLa cells, however 293 cells transformed with the cyclin or β-catenin-modified versions of Gag clearly demonstrated the presence of prominent Gag-stained bands of molecular weight smaller than the full-length modified Gag. Such non-full length bands were not observed with the wild type Gag-transfected cells. These finding is consistent with the signal-induced Gag degradation. 
     To further examine whether the N-terminal modifications induce Gag degradation, we conducted pulse-chase experiments with transiently transfected 293 cells. One day after transfection the cells were incubated in methionine-free medium to exhaust cellular pools, labeled with  35 S-methionine in the same medium, and chased by adding 1000-fold excess of the cold methionine. Two experiments have been done. One with ˜1 hour pulse and 12 hours chase, and another with 30 min pulse and 1.5 h chase. The experiments showed that the modified Gag degrades more rapidly than the wild type Gag. Both cyclin B and β-catenin-derived signals worked in destabilizing Gag to a similar extent. Additional experiments were performed with the env constructs-beta catenin fusions, and verified that the fusions were much more unstable after expression in human cells. 
     Example 4 
     Proliferative Responses of Vectors And Combinations of Vectors 
     These vectors were tested for protein expression in vitro after transfections in mammalian cells and for immunogenicity in mice and primates (macaques). 
     Methods: 
     DNA was purified using the Qiagen endotoxin free DNA purification kit. Endotoxin levels were routinely measured and were very low (kinetic-QCL test, Bio-Whittaker gave approximately 1 endotoxin unit/mg of DNA in these preparations). 
     Mice were injected intramuscularly with 100 μg of DNA in 100 μl of PBS. Three injections of DNA were given at days 0 14 and 28. At day 35 mice were sacrificed and their splenocytes assayed for proliferation in the presence of the specific gag antigen. In addition, cytotoxic responses were evaluated by performing standard cytotoxicity assays. The antibody response of the vaccinated mice is also under evaluation using sera obtained from these animals. 
     For monkey experiments, 5 mg of MCP3gag HIV DNA in 5 ml of phosphate buffered saline (PBS) were injected in several spots intramuscularly in Rhesus macaques, after the animals were sedated. Four injections were given at 0, 2, 4, and 8 weeks. The animals were followed by several assays to assess cellular and humoral immune response. Previous immunizations with gag p37M1-10, described in our previous patent gave only low levels of antibodies. The previous gag construct stimulated cellular immunity well, but not antibodies. 
       FIG. 1  shows the proliferative responses (shown as stimulation index, SI) in mice injected with the indicated vectors or combinations of the following vectors containing DNA sequences encoding HIV polypeptides, or polypeptide controls:
         p37gag   MCP3p37gag   CYBp37gag   CATEp37gag   MOSp37gag=*we used WT Mos in the example herein   CATE+MCP3=*2 constructs, see above; these are the same plasmids used alone or in combinations   CATE+MCP3+p37=*3 constructs, see above       

       FIG. 2  shows proliferative responses (shown as stimulation index, SI) in mice injected two times with the indicated SIV expression plasmids or combinations. Together=injection of 3 DNAs at the same sites; 3 sites=injections of the same DNAs at separate sites. When the “same sites” were used, all DNAs were mixed and injected at the same body sites in the muscle. When separate sites were used, the DNAs were kept separate and injected at anatomical sites that are separate. This happened every time we immunized the mice, i.e., the 3 DNAs were kept separate and injected at different sites from each other; and different sites of injection were used for each vaccination. 
     SIVgagDX 
     SIVMCP3p39 
     SIVCATEp39 
     MCP3+CATE+P57 (together) 
     MCP3+CATE+P57 (3 sites) 
       FIG. 3  shows the antibody response in monkeys. Two animals (#585, 587) were injected 4× with 5 mg IM of MCP3p37gag expression vector. Two animals (#626, 628) were given the same DNA mucosally as liposome-DNA preparations. Titers plotted as reciprocal serum dilutions scoring positive in anti-HIV p24 Eliza tests. 
     Results 
     We found that MCP-3 fusions to gag dramatically increased the immune response to gag, compared to the unmodified gag vectors (type 1 as described above), see figures. This property may be in part the result of more efficient gag secretion from the cells, since we have recently shown that secreted gag having the leader sequence of tPA was more efficient in secretion and immunogenicity (Qiu et al, J. Virol. 2000). 
     In addition, this effect may be mediated by the function of MCP-3 molecule. The magnitude of the response suggests additional effects of MCP-3, in agreement with the reported effects of MCP-3 in inducing immunogenicity against a tumor antigen. Intramuscular injection of this MCP3p37gag in macaques led to the production of high titer anti-gag antibodies. This was not the case with previously tested gag expression vectors, indicating that it is possible to elicit an efficient antibody response in primates by only DNA vaccination. In addition, these results suggest that improved immunogenicity in mice was a satisfactory method to predict increased immunogenicity in primates. We therefore tested several vectors and combinations of vectors in mice, in an effort to identify the best combinations for subsequent experiments in primates. 
     We also studied the expression and immunogenicity of vectors that direct the expressed HIV antigens towards proteasome degradation and efficient presentation on the cell surface via the MHC-I class of molecules. MHC-I—restricted immunity is known to be important for anti-viral defenses. MHC-I display intracellularly produced short peptides on cell surface. A change in the composition of the peptides exposed by a cell, signals to the immune system that the cell is abnormal (e.g. virally infected) and should be destroyed. The MHC-I—exposed peptides originate from proteasomal degradation of cellular proteins. We tested the hypothesis that supplying HIV antigens with strong additional ubiquitination signals targeting it for proteasomal degradation would increase its chances for being processed for surface presentation. 
     We tested several ubiquitination signals identified within known proteins for conferring rapid degradation after linking them to the N-terminus of HIV Gag. In parallel, the same ubiquitination signals were fused to beta-galactosidase to check for degradation efficiency by the drop in its enzymatic activity. This assay showed that all selected signals enhanced beta-galactosidase degradation. 
     The most effective sequence identified by these experiments corresponds to amino acids 18-47 of beta-catenin, a protein involved in Wnt signaling and cell-cell adhesion, whose abundance is controlled by degradation. 
     30 aa of Beta-catenin (18-47): 
     
       
         
           
               
            
               
                 (SEQ ID NO: 6) 
               
               
                 R K A A V S H W Q Q Q S Y L D S G I H S G A T T T 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 A P S L S 
               
            
           
         
       
         
         
           
             Beta-catenin (18-47) added at the N terminus of HIV antigens with initiator AUG Met: 
           
         
       
    
     
       
         
           
               
            
               
                 (SEQ ID NO: 7) 
               
               
                 M R K A A V S H W Q Q Q S Y L D S G I H S G A T T 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 T A P S L S 
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Injecting mice with DNA constructs expressing either HIV-I Gag, or Gag fused with beta-catenin destabilizing domain showed that the latter construct was more immunogenic. Compared with Gag alone, beta-catenin-Gag fusion evoked higher HIV-specific proliferative responses, elevated CTL response, and higher level of CD8+ IFNgamma+-secreting cells. 
     Direct comparisons with other destabilizing sequences showed an overal higher potency of beta-catenin-Gag fusion. Therefore, one surprising conclusion is that, although several sequences increased proteasome processing and protein destabilization, the beta-catenin sequences were much better in inducing an increased immune response. Since the practical outcome of these studies is improved vaccination procedures, we propose the use of preferably the beta-catenin sequences identified here for use in targeting antigens for degradation. 
     Another important conclusion came from studies of combinations of vectors expressing different forms of antigens. It was found that combinations showed improved immunogenicity especially when injected in different sites on the same mouse, compared to a mix of DNA vectors injected in the same site. 
     We propose that different forms of the antigens trigger qualitatively different immune responses. Therefore, combinations of antigens applied at different sites and also at different times, may increase protective immune response. The results so far support the conclusion that using different forms of DNA sequentially or in combinations but applied at different sites may reproduce the good immunogenicity obtained with other prime-boost vaccine combinations. This will be a dramatic improvement over existing procedures for DNA vaccination in primates, which has been shown to be inefficient, especially for stimulating humoral immunity. 
     Example 5 
     Immunogenicity of SIV Gag and SIV Env DNA Vectors in Macaques 
     On the basis of previous data suggesting that the modified forms of HIV and SIV antigens showed different immune responses after DNA vaccination, we studied the immunogenicity of three different DNA vaccine vectors for SIV gag and SIV env in 12 macaques. The DNAs used are shown in Table 1, below: 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 1 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 SIV DNA Vectors 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 full name: 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 gag 
                   
                   
               
               
                 1 
                 p57gag 
                 SIVgagDX 
                 WT 
               
               
                 3 
                 MCP3gag 
                 SIVMCP3p39 
                 extracellular 
               
               
                 5 
                 CATEgag 
                 SIVCATEp39 
                 intra cellular 
               
               
                   
                 env 
               
               
                 2 
                 gp160env 
                 pCMVkan/R-R-SIVgp160CTE 
                 WT 
               
               
                 4 
                 MCP3env 
                 pCMVkan/MCP3/SIVgp160CTE 
                 extracellular 
               
               
                 6 
                 CATEenv 
                 pCMVkan/CATE/SIVgp160CTE 
                 intra cellular 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     The SIV gag vectors are the same as those used in the mice experiments described in the previous examples above. The SIVenv parent vector has been described in patent application Ser. No. 09/872,733, filed Jun. 1, 2001, which is incorporated by reference herein, as an example of a vector with high levels of expression. The schematic diagram and sequence of this vector are set forth in  FIGS. 6 and 7  herein, respectively. The MCP3 and CATE fusion vectors contain the same sequences of MCP3 and CATE described for the gag vectors. 
     Three groups of four naïve macaques (groups 1, 2, 3) were immunized intramuscularly with purified DNA preparations in PBS as shown in Table 2: 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 2 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 DNA Immunization 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 week: 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 0 
                 4 
                 12 
                 24 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Group 1: 
                 1, 2, 3, 4 
                 1, 2, 3, 4 
                 1, 2, 3, 4 
                 1, 2, 3, 4 
               
               
                 Group 2: 
                 1, 2, 5, 6 
                 1, 2, 5, 6 
                 1, 2, 5, 6 
                 1, 2, 5, 6 
               
               
                 Group 3: 
                 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 
                 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 
                 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 
                 1, 2, 3, 4, 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 5, 6 
               
               
                 Group 4: 
                 5, 6 
                 5, 6 
                 3, 4 
                 3, 4 
               
               
                 Group 5: 
                 1, 2 
                 1, 2 
                 1, 2 
                 1, 2 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     The animals were injected with the indicated DNAs. The total amount of DNA injected each time per animal was kept constant at 3 mg for gag and 3 mg for env. Animals were injected at different sites with the different DNAs. Injections were intramuscularly with the DNA delivered in PBS at 1 mg/ml. The sites of injections were anatomically separate for the different DNAs. 
     In addition, four animals (group 4) were immunized first with DNAs 5 and 6 (i.e., SIV CATE gag and SIV CATE env), and subsequently at weeks 12 and 24 with DNAs 3 and 4 (i.e., SIV MCP3 gag and SIV MCP3 env). Two animals in group 5 received the DNAs expressing unmodified, wild-type antigens for gag and env (1 and 2). The animals in groups 4 and 5 had been previously exposed to HIV DNA, but they were naïve for SIV antigens, which was verified by immunological assays (Antibody measurements and lymphoproliferative responses to specific antigen stimulation). Despite this, animals in groups 4 and 5 showed early responses to SIV DNA injection, indicating an anamnestic response to SIV antigens. Therefore, the experiment for groups 4 and 5 needs to be repeated with naïve animals for final conclusions. 
     At sequential times during vaccination blood samples were obtained and analyzed for the presence of antibodies, lymphoproliferative responses and cytotoxic T cells. 
     The antibody titers obtained for gag are as shown in Table 3. The reciprocal of the highest dilution scoring positive in Elisa assays is shown. Empty cells indicate antibody reactivity below 1:50 dilution. 
     These results showed that administration of MCP3gag vector is associated with strong antibody response, because 8/8 (100%) of animals receiving MCP3gag (in Groups 1 and 3) developed high gag antibodies. In contrast, 3/6 (50%) of animals not receiving MCP3gag (in Groups 2 and 5) developed antibodies. 
     The specific cytotoxic T cell responses against gag and env were evaluated by measuring the number of CD8 cells that produce intracellular IFNgamma or TNFalpha in the presence of gag or env synthetic peptide pools (overlapping 15 mers). The values obtained after three DNA vaccinations are shown in  FIGS. 4 and 5 . It is interesting that the combination of three vectors increased the number of specific IFNgamma-producing cells upon peptide stimulation. It was concluded that the animals receiving all three forms of antigens showed increased antibody response without diminishing cellular immune response. Actually the cellular immune response also showed increased cellular immune response and the results showed statistical significant differences. 
     These data indicate the development of a more balanced immune response than previously anticipated by DNA vaccination in macaques, by the combination of different antigen forms. 
     Group 4 responses (not shown above) were also elevated (1.11% and 0.88% for gag and env, respectively), but this needs to be repeated by vaccinating naïve animals. 
     The mechanism of this increased immunogenicity by the combination of DNA vectors needs to be examined further. Expression and secretion of MCP-3-antigen chimeras may lead to increased protein levels that stimulate efficiently humoral immune responses. The combination of different antigen forms may also promote better activation and coordination of effector cells. 
     Table 3 shows SIV gag antibody response for all groups from the time of first immunization. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 3 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Antibody Titers In Monkeys Vaccinated with SIV DNAs (Groups 1-5) 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 week 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 animal# 
                 0 
                 3 
                 4 
                 6 
                 8 
                 12 
                 13 
                 14 
                 24 
                 25 
                   
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Group 1 
                 918L 
                   
                   
                   
                 50 
                   
                 50 
                 800 
                 3200 
                 50 
                 800 
                 12   
               
               
                 WT + MCP3 
                 919L 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 50 
                 50 
                 3   
               
               
                   
                 921L 
                   
                   
                   
                 50 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 50 
                 50 
                 
                   
                 
               
               
                   
                 922L 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 800 
                 3200 
                 50 
                 50 
                 3   
               
               
                 Group 2 
                 920L 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 200 
                 800 
                 50 
                 50 
                   
               
               
                 WT + CATE 
                 923L 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 200 
                 50 
                 3200 
                 3   
               
               
                   
                 924L 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 925L 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Group 3 
                 926L 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 50 
                 200 
                 50 
                 3200 
                 3   
               
               
                 WT + MCP3 + 
                 927L 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 50 
                 50 
                   
               
               
                 CATE 
                 928L 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 50 
                 800 
                 50 
                 50 
                 3   
               
               
                   
                 929L 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 50 
                 200 
                 50 
                 3200 
                 3   
               
               
                 Group 4 
                 585L 
                   
                 800 
                 800 
                 3200 
                 3200 
                 800 
                 3200 
                 800 
                 800 
                 3200 
                 3   
               
               
                 CATE, then 
                 587L 
                   
                   
                 50 
                 50 
                   
                   
                 3200 
                 3200 
                 12800 
                 3200 
                 3   
               
               
                 MCP3 
                 626L 
                   
                 800 
                 200 
                 50 
                   
                   
                   
                 50 
                 50 
                 3200 
                 3   
               
               
                   
                 628L 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 50 
                 50 
                 3   
               
               
                 Group 5 
                 715L 
                   
                 50 
                   
                   
                 800 
                 200 
                 200 
                 200 
                 50 
                 50 
                 3   
               
               
                 WT 
                 716L 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 800 
               
               
                   
               
               
                     indicates data missing or illegible when filed 
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Example 6 
     Use Of Nucleic Acids of the Invention 
     In Immunoprophylaxis Or Immunotherapy 
     In postnatal gene therapy, new genetic information has been introduced into tissues by indirect means such as removing target cells from the body, infecting them with viral vectors carrying the new genetic information, and then reimplanting them into the body; or by direct means such as encapsulating formulations of DNA in liposomes; entrapping DNA in proteoliposomes containing viral envelope receptor proteins; calcium phosphate co-precipitating DNA; and coupling DNA to a polylysine-glycoprotein carrier complex. In addition, in vivo infectivity of cloned viral DNA sequences after direct intrahepatic injection with or without formation of calcium phosphate coprecipitates has also been described. mRNA sequences containing elements that enhance stability have also been shown to be efficiently translated in  Xenopus laevis  embryos, with the use of cationic lipid vesicles. See, e.g., LA. Wolff, et al.,  Science  247:1465-1468 (1990) and references cited therein. 
     It has also been shown that injection of pure RNA or DNA directly into skeletal muscle results in significant expression of genes within the muscle cells. J. A. Wolff, et al.,  Science  247:1465-1468 (1990). Forcing RNA or DNA introduced into muscle cells by other means such as by particle-acceleration (N.-S. Yang, et al.  Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA  87:9568-9572 (1990); S. R. Williams et al.,  Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA  88:2726-2730 (1991)) or by viral transduction or in vivo electorporation should also allow the DNA or RNA to be stably maintained and expressed. In the experiments reported in Wolff et al., RNA or DNA vectors were used to express reporter genes in mouse skeletal muscle cells, specifically cells of the quadriceps muscles. Protein expression was readily detected and no special delivery system was required for these effects. Polynucleotide expression was also obtained when the composition and volume of the injection fluid and the method of injection were modified from the described protocol. For example, reporter enzyme activity was reported to have been observed with 10 to 100 μl of hypotonic, isotonic, and hypertonic sucrose solutions, Opti-MEM, or sucrose solutions containing 2 mM CaCl 2  and also to have been observed when the 10- to 100-μl injections were performed over 20 min. with a pump instead of within 1 min. 
     Enzymatic activity from the protein encoded by the reporter gene was also detected in abdominal muscle injected with the RNA or DNA vectors, indicating that other muscles can take up and express polynucleotides. Low amounts of reporter enzyme were also detected in other tissues (liver, spleen, skin, lung, brain and blood) injected with the RNA and DNA vectors. Intramuscularly injected plasmid DNA has also been demonstrated to be stably expressed in non-human primate muscle. S. Jiao et al.,  Hum. Gene Therapy  3:21-33 (1992). 
     It has been proposed that the direct transfer of genes into human muscle in situ may have several potential clinical applications. Muscle is potentially a suitable tissue for the heterologous expression of a transgene that would modify disease states in which muscle is not primarily involved, in addition to those in which it is. For example, muscle tissue could be used for the heterologous expression of proteins that can immunize, be secreted in the blood, or clear a circulating toxic metabolite. The use of RNA and a tissue that can be repetitively accessed might be useful for a reversible type of gene transfer, administered much like conventional pharmaceutical treatments. See J. A. Wolff, et al.,  Science  247:1465-1468 (1990) and S. Jiao et al.,  Hum. Gene Therapy  3:21-33 (1992). 
     It had been proposed by J. A. Wolff et al., supra, that the intracellular expression of genes encoding antigens might provide alternative approaches to vaccine development. This hypothesis has been supported by a recent report that plasmid DNA encoding influenza A nucleoprotein injected into the quadriceps of BALB/c mice resulted in the generation of influenza A nucleoprotein-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) and protection from a subsequent challenge with a heterologous strain of influenza A virus, as measured by decreased viral lung titers, inhibition of mass loss, and increased survival. J. B. Ulmer et al.,  Science  259:1745-1749 (1993). 
     Therefore, it appears that the direct injection of RNA or DNA vectors encoding the viral antigen can be used for endogenous expression of the antigen to generate the viral antigen for presentation to the immune system without the need for self-replicating agents or adjuvants, resulting in the generation of antigen-specific CTLs and protection from a subsequent challenge with a homologous or heterologous strain of virus. 
     CTLs in both mice and humans are capable of recognizing epitopes derived from conserved internal viral proteins and are thought to be important in the immune response against viruses. By recognition of epitopes from conserved viral proteins, CTLs may provide cross-strain protection. CTLs specific for conserved viral antigens can respond to different strains of virus, in contrast to antibodies, which are generally strain-specific. 
     Thus, direct injection of RNA or DNA encoding the viral antigen has the advantage of being without some of the limitations of direct peptide delivery or viral vectors. See J. A. Ulmer et al., supra, and the discussions and references therein). Furthermore, the generation of high-titer antibodies to expressed proteins after injection of DNA indicates that this may be a facile and effective means of making antibody-based vaccines targeted towards conserved or non-conserved antigens, either separately or in combination with CTL vaccines targeted towards conserved antigens. These may also be used with traditional peptide vaccines, for the generation of combination vaccines. Furthermore, because protein expression is maintained after DNA injection, the persistence of B and T cell memory may be enhanced, thereby engendering long-lived humoral and cell-mediated immunity. 
     Vectors for The Immunoprophylaxis or 
     Immunotherapy Against HIV-1 
     In one embodiment of the invention, the nucleic acids of the invention will be inserted in expression vectors containing REV independent expression cassettes using a strong constitutive promoter such as CMV or RSV, or an inducible promoter such as HIV-1. 
     The vector will be introduced into animals or humans in a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier using one of several techniques such as injection of DNA directly into human tissues; electroporation (in vivo or ex vivo) or transfection of the DNA into primary human cells in culture (ex vivo), selection of cells for desired properties and reintroduction of such cells into the body, (said selection can be for the successful homologous recombination of the incoming DNA to an appropriate preselected genomic region); generation of infectious particles containing the gag gene, infection of cells ex vivo and reintroduction of such cells into the body; or direct infection by said particles in vivo. 
     Substantial levels of protein will be produced (and rapidly degraded in the situations where destabilization sequences are part of the encoded protein) leading to an efficient stimulation of the immune system. 
     In another embodiment of the invention, the described constructs will be modified to express mutated Gag proteins that are unable to participate in virus particle formation. It is expected that such Gag proteins will stimulate the immune system to the same extent as the wild-type Gag protein, but be unable to contribute to increased HIV-1 production. This modification should result in safer vectors for immunotherapy and immunophrophylaxis. 
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         U.S. Pat. No. 5,972,596 issued Oct. 26, 1999 (Pavlakis and Felber) 
         U.S. Pat. No. 5,965,726 issued Oct. 12, 1999 (Pavlakis and Felber) 
         U.S. Pat. No. 5,891,432 issued Apr. 6, 1999 (Hoo). 
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     Those skilled in the art will recognize that any gene encoding a mRNA containing an inhibitory/instability sequence or sequences can be modified in accordance with the exemplified methods of this invention or their functional equivalents. 
     Modifications of the above described modes for carrying out the invention that are obvious to those of skill in the fields of genetic engineering, virology, immunology, medicine, and related fields are intended to be within the scope of the following claims. 
     Every reference cited hereinbefore throughout the application is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.