Patent Publication Number: US-2007119904-A1

Title: Electrical circuit apparatus

Description:
The present application is a divisional patent application of and claims priority to co-pending U.S. patent application having Ser. No. 11/180,188 filed Jul. 13, 2005 by Waldvogel, et al., and titled “ELECTRICAL CIRCUIT APPARATUS AND METHOD FOR ASSEMBLING SAME”. 
    
    
     FIELD OF THE INVENTION  
      The present invention relates generally to an electrical circuit apparatus, wherein components are mounted to a circuit board, and have a lower coefficient of thermal expansion than the heat sink to which they are coupled.  
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION  
      When constructing power amplifiers various components or devices (wherein the terms component and device is used interchangeably herein) must be mounted to a circuit board or substrate. Many of these components are mounted to a top side of the circuit board using a known solder reflow process. For instance, a load resistor having at least one input terminal and having a ground portion (also referred to herein as a ground flange or a ground terminal, wherein these terms may be used interchangeably) may be mounted to the top side of the circuit board. When mounting a load resistor to a circuit board, three factors must be balanced. First, the load resistor must have a proper and sufficient electrical connection to the circuit board, wherein the input terminals are soldered to the top side of the circuit board and the ground terminal is sufficiently coupled to a heat sink that is typically soldered locally to the underside of the circuit board in an area primarily surrounding the load resistor. In addition, a sufficient thermal conduction path must be established between the load resistor and the heat sink. Moreover, load resistors are typically made of a ceramic material, which presents a thermal expansion mismatch between the load resistor and the heat sink since the heat sink typically has a higher coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) than the ceramic load resistor. This CTE mismatch can result in local distortion or warping of the circuit board after assembly. Solder joint reliability can also be significantly degraded in a thermal cycling application.  
      There are a number of methods used for mounting devices such as load resistors to a circuit board, including a hybrid manufacturing process using fixtures (i.e., a one pass solder reflow process) and a two pass solder reflow process. The hybrid manufacturing process is typically associated with ceramic circuit boards and possibly with carrier plates that serve as heat sinks. Due to the fragility of the substrate, large fixtures are usually required for its alignment and protection during processing. The use of fixtures usually forces manual processing.  
      One disadvantage of the hybrid manufacturing process is that it is more costly than other manufacturing methods primarily due to the added cost of the fixtures used in the process and also due to the need for a number of manual steps that generate a lower production throughput. An additional disadvantage is that manufacturing with fixtures produces a significant variation in part placement and solder attachment due to fixture tolerances or due to fixture degradation with repeated use.  
      Turning now to the two pass solder reflow process. During the first pass of the solder reflow process, a plurality of heat sinks are locally coupled to the ground layer of a circuit board in areas primarily surrounding where power components will be mounted. Thereafter, solder is placed in strategic areas on the board, and a plurality of components, including, load resistors, are mounted onto and soldered to the board in a second pass of the reflow solder process.  
      A primary disadvantage of the two pass reflow process is that it requires one high-temperature reflow pass with a high melting temperature solder alloy, and a second subsequent reflow pass with a lower melting temperature solder allow. The first pass exposes the circuit board to high temperature, which can result in damage such as distortion. The requirement of two independent passes with different solder temperature settings limits manufacturing throughput. The two pass approach also does not lend itself well to no-lead solder because the first temperature needed to attach the heat sinks would have to exceed the elevated no-lead solder reflow temperature. This is a significant disadvantage because no-lead solder attachment may likely become a key product differentiator in the near future since some markets, especially European markets, are moving toward requiring no-lead solder attachment.  
      In addition, neither the hybrid manufacturing process nor the two pass solder reflow process addresses the thermal expansion mismatch issues that arise when mounting devices such as ceramic load resistors to a circuit board.  
      Thus, there exists a need for a cost effective electrical circuit apparatus wherein: components may be mounted to a circuit board without the need for fixtures; the process for assembling the electrical circuit apparatus is compatible with a single pass solder reflow process that is compatible with, but is not limited to no-lead solder; and any thermal expansion mismatch problems in the electrical circuit apparatus are addressed and, when possible, minimized. 
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS  
      The accompanying figures, where like reference numerals refer to identical or functionally similar elements throughout the separate views and which together with the detailed description below are incorporated in and form part of the specification, serve to further illustrate various embodiments and to explain various principles and advantages all in accordance with the present invention.  
       FIG. 1  illustrates a topside view of a schematic diagram of a portion of a substrate in accordance with embodiments of the present invention;  
       FIG. 2  illustrates a topside view of a schematic diagram of an adhesive layer in accordance with embodiments of the present invention;  
       FIG. 3  illustrates an exploded view of electrical circuit apparatus including a heat sink, an adhesive layer, a substrate, and components in accordance with embodiments of the present invention;  
       FIG. 4  illustrates a flow diagram of a method for assembling an electrical circuit apparatus in accordance with embodiments of the present invention;  
       FIG. 5  illustrates an assembled topside view of electrical circuit apparatus in accordance with embodiments of the present invention;  
       FIG. 6  illustrates a cross-sectional view at a section A-A of the electrical circuit apparatus illustrated in  FIG. 5  prior to solder wetting;  
       FIG. 7  illustrates a cross-sectional view at a section A-A of the electrical circuit apparatus illustrated in  FIG. 5  subsequent to solder wetting; and  
       FIG. 8  illustrates an X-Ray image depiction of an assembled electrical circuit apparatus in accordance with embodiments of the present invention after device population and reflow soldering. 
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION  
      Before describing in detail embodiments that are in accordance with the present invention, it should be observed that the embodiments reside primarily in combinations of method steps and apparatus components related to a method and apparatus for an electrical circuit assembly. Accordingly, the apparatus components and method steps have been represented where appropriate by conventional symbols in the drawings, showing only those specific details that are pertinent to understanding the embodiments of the present invention so as not to obscure the disclosure with details that will be readily apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art having the benefit of the description herein. Thus, it will be appreciated that for simplicity and clarity of illustration, common and well-understood elements that are useful or necessary in a commercially feasible embodiment may not be depicted in order to facilitate a less obstructed view of these various embodiments.  
      In this document, relational terms such as first and second, top and bottom, and the like may be used solely to distinguish one entity or action from another entity or action without necessarily requiring or implying any actual such relationship or order between such entities or actions. The terms “comprises,” “comprising,” or any other variation thereof, are intended to cover a non-exclusive inclusion, such that a process, method, article, or apparatus that comprises a list of elements does not include only those elements but may include other elements not expressly listed or inherent to such process, method, article, or apparatus. An element proceeded by “comprises . . . a” does not, without more constraints, preclude the existence of additional identical elements in the process, method, article, or apparatus that comprises the element.  
      Generally speaking, pursuant to the various embodiments, an electrical circuit apparatus that includes a component having a lower CTE than that of a heat sink coupled to the component and a method for assembling the electrical apparatus is described. To minimize thermal expansion mismatch problems, the component and the heat sink are sufficiently mechanically de-coupled by creating a ground plane-to-heat sink solder connection in locations that are near but not directly beneath the ground terminal of the component. Those skilled in the art will realize that the above recognized advantages and other advantages described herein are merely exemplary and are not meant to be a complete rendering of all of the advantages of the various embodiments of the present invention.  
      Referring now to the drawings, and in particular  FIG. 1 , a topside view of a schematic diagram of a portion of a circuit board or substrate in accordance with embodiments of the present invention is shown and generally indicated at  100 . In one embodiment, substrate  100  is an organic circuit board such as a printed circuit board (PCB). However, those of ordinary skill in the art will realize that other substrates (ceramic, for example) may be incorporated. Substrate  100  includes a ground layer (not shown), which may comprise a bottom side of the substrate or may, alternatively, exist internal to the top side and the bottom side of the substrate. The ground layer is typically comprised of copper, which may be coated or plated with a variety of protective layers (e.g., organic surface coating, tin, nickel or gold).  
      Substrate  100  may include pads  10  and  20  for enabling a component to be mounted on the topside of substrate  100 . For instance, where a load resistor having at least one input terminal and a ground terminal is being mounted to substrate  100 , the input terminals may be coupled to the substrate at pads  10 , and the ground terminal may be coupled to the substrate at pad  20 .  
      Substrate  100  further includes at least one but typically a plurality of thermal apertures (commonly referred to as thermal vias)  40  that are electrically and thermally conducting cut-outs extending through the substrate, for instance through pad  20 , and by which a component may be both electrically and thermally coupled to a heat sink below for grounding of the component and for heat dissipation of the component. In one embodiment, a device such as a load resistor may be coupled to the heat sink via thermal apertures  40 . However, it is appreciated that the device may be any device that is mounted in one region of the substrate, e.g., the top side of the substrate, but that can also be coupled to the heat sink below the substrate such as, for instance, surface mount transistors or chip capacitors.  
      Substrate  100  further includes solder apertures  30  that are cut-outs extending through the substrate for accommodating solder addition prior to solder wetting. Solder wetting is defined as the flow of molten solder due to surface tension forces along a surface or multiple surfaces away from the initial area of solder addition. The solder may be in the form of paste, pellets, etc., and may be leaded or no-lead solder. The placement, size and shape of the solder apertures  30  are predetermined and assist in causing solder wetting in a predetermined area, for instance, between a heat sink and the ground layer of the substrate  100 .  FIG. 1  illustrates two circular shaped solder apertures  30 . The placement, size and shape of solder apertures  30  are exemplary for optimal solder wetting beneath a load resistor. However, those of ordinary skill in the art will realize that depending upon the particular component being mounted and the desired area for solder wetting, there may be more or fewer solder apertures in other locations on the substrate and having other sizes and shapes.  
      Turning now to  FIG. 2 , a topside view of a schematic diagram of an adhesive layer in accordance with embodiments of the present invention is shown and generally indicated at  200 . Adhesive layer  200  corresponds to substrate portion  100  of  FIG. 1  and is used for mechanically coupling at least a portion of one heat sink to the ground layer of substrate  100 .  
      Adhesive layer  200  is typically comprised of a flexible material with adhesive and cohesive properties that are stable over the high temperature of the reflow soldering process. The material is typically electrically non-conducting but may also be a conducting material. In one embodiment, the material is a flexible, pressure sensitive acrylic adhesive. In another embodiment, a flexible liquid or film adhesive requiring a curing process (e.g., elevated temperature) may be used. Adhesive layer  200  may be manufactured having a predetermined thickness, the purpose of which will be discussed below.  
      Adhesive layer  200  includes at least one aperture  230  that is located in an area that is not beneath at least the ground portion of one or more devices—having a first CTE—that are mounted on top of substrate  100 . This enables a sufficient mechanical de-coupling between the device(s) and a heat sink coupled below the device(s) that has a higher CTE than the first CTE, thereby, addressing thermal expansion mismatch problems. In one embodiment, aperture(s)  230  may be located in an area that is not beneath any portion of the body of a corresponding device, such as a load resistor. However in other embodiments, aperture(s)  230  may extend beneath the device in areas other than beneath the ground terminal such as, for instance, beneath all or a portion of one or more of the input terminals.  
      Aperture  230  is likewise a cut-out that extends through the adhesive layer and that has a size and dimensions that enables sufficient thermal coupling between one or more devices and the heat sink but that provides mechanical isolation between the devices with a lower CTE than the heat sink. Aperture  230  thus functions as both a solder aperture for accommodating solder prior to solder wetting and a thermal aperture for providing thermal coupling between one or more devices and a heat sink subsequent to the solder wetting. At least one venting feature or aperture  250 , may be added in conjunction with aperture  230 . Venting feature  250  is typically located on a predetermined area of the adhesive layer  200  for enabling solder volatiles to escape for optimal solder wetting. In this embodiment, venting feature  250  is an extension of aperture  230  to an edge of adhesive layer  200 .  
      The placement, size and shape of aperture(s)  230  is predetermined so that the aligning of solder apertures  30  with aperture(s)  230  provides for a precise cavity for guiding and controlling solder wetting from the apertures ( 30 , 230 ) to a predetermined area, for instance, between a heat sink and the ground layer of substrate  100 . However, the venting feature  250  has no corresponding aperture in the substrate and functions to permit volatiles trapped within solder to escape during solder wetting. As such, the venting features typically extend to the edge of the heat sink after attachment. In the embodiment illustrated in  FIG. 2 , there is only one venting feature  250  illustrated, and it is located adjacent to the adhesive layer aperture  230 . However, it is appreciated that additional venting features may be used. Moreover, the size, dimension, number and placement of the venting features may be determined, for instance, as a function of the desired solder wetting between the substrate ground layer and the heat sink and as a function of the edge of the heat sink relative to the aperture  230 . The venting feature in this embodiment is an aperture through the adhesive layer, but it is understood that the venting feature may be one or more holes in the substrate. The adhesive layer may, thus, be die-cut from an adhesive film or adhesive coated film for repeatability in producing the desired thickness and shape of the adhesive layer.  
      Turning now to  FIG. 3  an exploded view of electrical circuit apparatus in accordance with embodiments of the present invention is shown and generally indicated at  300 . Circuit apparatus  300  includes a heat sink  310 , an adhesive layer  320 , a substrate portion  330 , and one or more (in this illustration two) devices  340 . Heat sink  310  may be comprised of a suitable high thermal conductive material such as, for instance, copper or aluminum, that allows wetting of solder and attachment of adhesive materials selected for the circuit apparatus assembly process. Heat sink  310  has two primary sides  312  and  314 . At side  312 , substrate portion  330  is attached using adhesive layer  320  and coupled using solder, and heat is input into heat sink  310  for dissipation. The opposite side  314  is the primary region of heat extraction from circuit apparatus  300 , as well as the primary mounting surface for circuit apparatus  300 . In one embodiment, the size of the heat sink is larger than the area of the heat dissipating device(s) (e.g., devices  340 ), such that desirable heat spreading can be achieved.  
      Adhesive layer  320  is in accordance with the adhesive layer as described by reference to  FIG. 2 . Accordingly, adhesive layer  320  includes an aperture  322  and a venting feature  350 . Substrate portion  330  is in accordance with the substrate portion as described by reference to  FIG. 1 . Accordingly, substrate portion  330  includes thermal apertures  332 , solder apertures  334 , and a ground layer  336 . Substrate  330  also typically includes a plurality of pads  338  on the topside of the substrate onto which the devices  340  may be coupled and through which the substrate thermal apertures may extend. In the embodiment illustrated in  FIG. 3 , ground layer  336  comprises the bottom side of substrate  330 . However, it is realized that ground layer  336  may be internal to substrate  330 , wherein substrate  330  would further include a recess for exposing the ground layer, the recess typically having dimensions that are slightly larger than that of heat sink  310 .  
      Finally, device  340  may comprise at least one input terminal  342  and a ground portion or terminal  346 . In one embodiment, device  340  is a load resistor. However, it is appreciated that device  340  may also be any device that is mounted on the top side of the substrate portion  330  and that has a lower CTE than the heat sink  310 . It is also appreciated that the load resistor is typically a ceramic device consisting of materials such as aluminum oxide, beryllium oxide or aluminum nitride having a low CTE, typically in the range 4 to 9 ppm/° C. Whereas, the CTE of the heat sink may be in the range of 17 to 24 ppm/° C.  
      The above-described elements of circuit apparatus  300  may be assembled as follows in accordance with embodiments herein, as illustrated by reference to  FIG. 4 . Adhesive layer  320  is aligned ( 360 ) with substrate  330  such that adhesive layer aperture  322  is aligned with substrate solder apertures  334 . Heat sink  310  is mechanically coupled ( 362 ) to the ground layer  336  of substrate  330  using adhesive layer  320 , such that none of thermal apertures  332  overlap adhesive layer aperture. In the embodiment illustrated in  FIG. 3 , heat sink  310  is coupled locally to substrate  330  in an area that completely surrounds device  340  for providing an optimal thermal conduction path.  
      Solder is placed ( 364 ) on the substrate pads  338  (and thereby on at least a portion of the substrate thermal apertures  332 ), and into at least a portion of the substrate solder apertures  334  for subsequent solder wetting to couple the device input terminals  342  to the substrate pads and to couple the device ground terminal  346  to the ground layer  336  of the substrate and the heat sink  310 , thereby grounding the device  340 . Typically, solder paste is screen-printed on the substrate pads and into the solder apertures  334 . However, in other embodiments, other forms of solder, e.g., solder pellets or pre-forms, may be implemented. It is further appreciated that during solder addition, solder may also be added to at least a portion of the adhesive aperture  322 . In fact, typically both the substrate solder apertures  334  and at least a portion of the adhesive layer aperture  322  are filled ( 364 ) during solder addition.  
      The devices  340  are mounted ( 366 ) onto the topside of substrate  330  such that at least one input terminal  342  comes into contact with the solder on the corresponding pad on the topside of substrate  330  and at least a portion of the device ground terminal  346  covers at least a portion of substrate thermal apertures  332 . Population of the substrate  330  with the devices  340  may be done manually, but is typically done using an automated process for efficiency and cost effectiveness during the manufacturing process. The populated substrate  330  may then undergo a process for solder wetting ( 368 ). For example, the populated substrate  330  may be placed in a reflow oven and thereafter cooled, wherein: a solder connection between the device inputs terminal  342  and the corresponding substrate pad is completed; solder wets through a least a portion of the substrate thermal apertures  332  to the ground layer  336  to complete the grounding of devices  340 ; and solder wets from the solder apertures  334  and the adhesive layer aperture  324  into the cavity between the ground layer  336  and the heat sink  310  to complete the grounding and thermal coupling of devices  340 , while creating a sufficient mechanical isolation or de-coupling between the devices  340  and the heat sink  310 .  
      In one embodiment, at least a portion of the steps of the method according to the present invention described above may be performed as part of an automated process, and ideally all of the steps are so performed. However, it is realized that any of the above described steps in various combinations may be performed manually or as part of an automated process.  
      Mechanical attachment of the heat sink to the substrate prior to reflow eliminates the need for fixtures to hold the heat sink in place during a surface mount technology (SMT) processing and adds robustness during the assembly process for handling of the circuit apparatus assembly. Assembly of the electrical circuit apparatus may be performed during a single pass reflow process for the thermal coupling and device grounding and topside SMT attachment, thereby lending itself well with the use of no-lead solder or leaded solder.  
      The substrate layer solder apertures, the adhesive layer aperture, the substrate ground layer and the wettable heat sink surface promote wetting of solder from the solder apertures to areas of critical thermal transfer and RF grounding during reflow. High surface energy surfaces above (substrate ground layer) and below (heat sink) promote the wetting of solder to the open space between the two wettable surfaces. These surfaces also provide ideal adhesive bonding surfaces yielding high adhesion strength between the heat sink and the substrate. During solder addition, solder fills many of the substrate thermal apertures, which improves RF grounding and the thermal conduction path from the device to the heat sink via the ground layer of the substrate.  
      Use of a film adhesive with controlled thickness produces a highly repeatable separation, resulting in lower variation of this critical dimension for the manufacturing process. A venting feature may be created by extending the adhesive cut-out to the edge of the circuit board or through at least one venting hole formed in the circuit board. This venting feature further promotes optimal solder filling in the separation by allowing solder paste volatiles to escape. The size and shape of the solder apertures for the paste also defines the volume of molten solder to fill the separation and is easily controlled to optimize thermal coupling and RF grounding. The combination of this control of solder volume and the termination of the region of two high surface energy surfaces created by the cut-outs in the adhesive restricts the flow of molten solder to the region of interest. The resulting ground layer-to-heat sink solder connection produces repeatable thermal and RF ground paths from the load resistor to the heat sink, wherein the ground paths are isolated from being directly beneath the ground terminal of the device for optimal electrical performance and minimization of thermal expansion mismatch problems.  
      Since the bulk of the attachment of the heat sink to the substrate is accomplished using a low-stiffness adhesive, thermal expansion differences between the heat sink and components on top of the substrate (e.g., ceramic components, such as RF load resistors, that have a much lower coefficient of thermal expansion than the heat sink) are mechanically decoupled, thus improving the reliability of the components and corresponding solder joints. Moreover, the thermal apertures enable a good thermal conduction path between the ground terminal of the device and the heat sink.  
       FIG. 3 , for simplicity, illustrates a portion of a substrate having two components mounted thereon using methods described above in accordance with embodiments of the present invention. However, those of ordinary skill in the art will realize that a substrate that has fewer or more components can be manufactured without departing from the scope of the teachings herein. Those of ordinary skill in the art will further realize that although  FIG. 3  illustrates heat sink  310  being coupled locally to substrate  330  beneath only two devices  340 , typically heat sink  310  is coupled locally beneath additional devices for efficiency in manufacturing and to minimize manufacturing costs. In addition,  FIG. 3  only shows one heat sink being coupled to substrate  330 . However, it is appreciated that a plurality of heat sinks may be coupled to the substrate.  
      Turning now to  FIG. 5 , an assembled topside view of an electrical circuit apparatus in accordance with the electrical circuit apparatus illustrated in  FIG. 3 , subsequent to a solder paste screening and device population but prior to solder wetting is shown and generally indicated at  400 . Illustrated in  FIG. 5  is the topside of a device  410  that has been mounted onto a substrate  414 , wherein the device input terminals  420  have made contact with the solder on a pad (not shown) on the top side of the substrate  414 , and a ground terminal (not shown) has made contact with solder on another substrate pad (not shown) on the topside of the substrate  414 . Also illustrated are two solder apertures  440  that have been filled with solder using known methods, and a cross-section line labeled A-A illustrates a cross-sectional area of the electrical circuit apparatus  400  that will be discussed in detail by reference to  FIGS. 6 and 7 .  
       FIG. 6  illustrates a cross-sectional view at a section A-A of the electrical circuit apparatus  400  illustrated in  FIG. 5  prior to solder wetting. This cross-sectional view illustrates a device  510  having at least one input terminal (not shown) and a ground terminal  532  coupled to pad  522  on a substrate  524  via a solder layer  520 . At least a portion of ground terminal  532  is mounted over a plurality of thermal apertures  564  that extend through substrate  524 . A ground layer  528  of substrate  524  is mechanically coupled to a heat sink  550  via an adhesive layer  540 , wherein the adhesive layer  540  creates a precise cavity  544  between the ground layer  528  and heat sink  550 . Further illustrated is solder  560  that has been added using known methods into a solder aperture  570 .  
       FIG. 7  illustrates a cross-sectional view at a section A-A of the electrical circuit apparatus  400  illustrated in  FIG. 5  subsequent to solder wetting. Those elements that are identical to the elements illustrated in  FIG. 5  are correspondingly identically labeled in  FIG. 7  and for the sake of brevity are not described again here.  FIG. 7 , however, further illustrates solder wetting  610  of solder  520  into at least a portion of the thermal apertures and of solder  560  from solder aperture  570  into an area between the ground layer  528  of the substrate  524  and the heat sink  550  for thermal coupling and grounding between the device ground terminal  532  and the heat sink  550  in an area that is not directly beneath the ground terminal of device  510 .  
       FIG. 8  illustrates an X-Ray image depiction of an assembled electrical circuit apparatus in accordance with the present invention after device population and reflow soldering. This X-Ray image depiction shows how solder has wetted from solder apertures  710  and within thermal apertures  720  to produce ideal solder connections between the ground layer of the substrate and the ground terminal of the device and between the ground layer of the substrate and the heat sink in an area that is not directly beneath the ground terminal of the device.  
      A number of exemplary advantages over the prior art can be realized using the method and electrical circuit apparatus of the present invention, wherein components may be mounted to a circuit board. These advantages include, but are not limited to: (1) minimization of thermal expansion mismatch problems by sufficiently mechanically decoupling a load resistor and a heat sink having different CTEs; (2) a good thermal path from the bottom of the component, though a plurality of thermal apertures, to a heat sink via the ground layer of the substrate; (3) repeatable solder attachment of the ground layer of the circuit board to the heat sink; (4) mechanical attachment of the heat sink to the circuit board to add robustness to assembly for handling and subsequent module assembly; (5) elimination of the need for fixtures in a one-step or single pass reflow soldering process that lends itself to no-lead solder or leaded solder; and (6) solder attachment for thermal management and for RF grounding can be accomplished during SMT attachment of other components to the circuit board without requiring additional process steps.  
      In the foregoing specification, specific embodiments of the present invention have been described. However, one of ordinary skill in the art appreciates that various modifications and changes can be made without departing from the scope of the present invention as set forth in the claims below. Accordingly, the specification and figures are to be regarded in an illustrative rather than a restrictive sense, and all such modifications are intended to be included within the scope of present invention. The benefits, advantages, solutions to problems, and any element(s) that may cause any benefit, advantage, or solution to occur or become more pronounced are not to be construed as a critical, required, or essential features or elements of any or all the claims. The invention is defined solely by the appended claims including any amendments made during the pendency of this application and all equivalents of those claims as issued.