Patent Publication Number: US-4321076-A

Title: Media for stimulating growth in foliage plants

Description:
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION 
     This application is a Division of U.S. Patent Application Ser. No. 109,794 filed on Jan. 7, 1980 and now issued as U.S. Pat. No. 4,274,860, and which in turn was a continuation-in-part of U.S. Patent Application Ser. No. 924,146 filed July 13, 1978 and now abandoned. 
    
    
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     1. Field of the Invention 
     The invention relates to methods of stimulating plant growth and more particularly relates to potting mediums and their use to stimulate foliage plant growth. 
     2. Brief Description of the Prior Art 
     Humic acid containing materials such as peats, humates, lignites, leonardite and the like have been proposed heretofore for use as ingredients of plant fertilizer compositions. Conventional potting mediums for foliage plants have traditionally included, for example, peat as a component thereof. In spite of the fact that peat contains humic acid substances, we have found that the addition of a particular humate substance as an active ingredient of the potting media unexpectedly increases and stimulates the growth of foliage plants beyond the point that can be attributed to the peat. It is unexpected that the particular humate employed will affect foliage plants in this manner since humate is characterized by relatively high titanium and aluminum metal contents. These metals were generally heretofore considered to be toxic to foliage plants. Apparently at the levels found in the humate materials employed in the method of the invention, they are tolerable. In addition, the humate substance employed in the method of the present invention is of such a character that it would ordinarily be expected to reduce the water permeability of the potting medium. This, of course, is undesirable for the growth of foliage plants. However, the humate employed unexpectedly has no significant adverse effect on the water permeability of a potting media. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     The invention comprises a method of stimulating the growth of foliage plants, which comprises; potting the plants in a foliage plant potting media which includes as an active ingredient a humate, said humate being one derived from an association with a rutile sand deposit. 
     The invention also comprises, in a conventional potting media for stimulating growth of foliage plants, the improvement which comprises the presence of from 0.1 percent to 10 percent by volume of a humate, said humate being one derived from an association with a rutile sand deposit. 
     The term &#34;foliage plant&#34; as used throughout the specification and claims means those plants grown primarily for their foliage and utilized for interior decoration and landscape purposes. While foliage plants may have flowers, these will be secondary to the foliage. The source of this definition is &#34;Using Florida Grown Foliage Plants&#34;, Bulletin 746, October, 1971, Florida Agricultural Experiment Station, University of Florida. Representative of foliage plants are those of the genus Calethea, Chamaedorea, Philodendron and the like. 
     The term &#34;conventional potting media&#34; as used throughout the specification and the claims means the known mixtures employed as a natural soil substitute to grow foliage plants described herein. Such mixtures are used extensively by plant growers to assist the plant to develop and maintain a functional root system of a quality which will enhance plant growth. The conventional potting media functions to support the plant, serve as a reservoir for water and nutrients and as an interface for gaseous exchange with the roots. The ingredients of a conventional potting media may include both organic and inorganic ingredients. Tree barks, ranging in size from coarse, chunky pieces to the size of fine to very fine sand particles can be used as the organic component. Peat and mosses can also be used as the organic component as well as shavings or chips of hard and soft-woods. Inorganic ingredients which may be used to make conventional potting media include for example sand, perlite, vermiculate, fine gravel and the like. 
     Conventional potting media also may contain nutrient materials such as mulches, natural soil, fertilizers and the like. All of the ingredients employed in admixture to obtain a &#34;conventional potting media&#34; are used in proportions which will yield a media porosity wherein about 50 percent of the pores present in the media will hold water and the remaining 50 percent will not, i.e.; are available for gases. A number of specific &#34;conventional potting media&#34; formulations have been suggested by the University of California (See Manual 23, Div. of Ag. Sciences, Univ. of Calif. &#34;The U.C. System for Producing Healthy Container-Grown Plants&#34; edited by Kenneth F. Baker, September 1957). 
     The term &#34;humate&#34; as used throughout the specification and claims refers to the product of natural flocculation or precipitation in sand deposits, of humic substances that were derived from natural leaching of the decayed plant and animal material (humus). The humate employed in the method and compositions of the invention are generally found in associate with rutile sand deposits and contain humic substances which may be active ingredients in stimulating growth of foliage plants. 
     The term &#34;humate derived from an association with rutile sand deposits&#34; as used throughout the specification and claims means a humate, initially found in association with rutile sand deposits and at least partially separated therefrom for use in the method of the present invention. 
     The term &#34;humic acid&#34; has been widely applied to acidic solids obtained from plant decompositions. More recently, humic acids have been regarded as the intermediate product or products which result in the conversion of lignin and other plant materials to hard coal. It is believed that in the decomposition of vegetable matter, that the portion of the cell wall material consisting largely of lignin is converted into humus. In time, the humus may be converted progressively to peat, brown coal, bituminous coal and finally into anthracite. More usually, &#34;humic substance&#34; is applied as a generic term for the organic acids derived from humus or the top layer of the soil, containing organic decomposition products of vegetation and animal organisms in admixture with inorganic compounds, sands, minerals, metal hydroxide bases etc. The chemical structure of the humic acids has not been established, but they are believed to be large condensed ring, polymer-like molecules containing pendant carboxylic and phenolic groups. Depending on their solubilities, humic substances are usually classified as humic acid, fulvic acid, hymatomelanic acid or humin. 
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
     The humate compositions employed in the method of the invention are naturally occurring compositions of matter found in association with rutile sands. Rutile sand deposits are found in several places throughout the world. In the United States, rutile sand deposits are located in Florida, Georgia and South Carolina. The rutile sands are in a formation commonly referred to as &#34;hardpan&#34;. The hardpan comprises rutile sands bound together by a coating of humate. It is this humate which is employed in the present invention. 
     The desired humate may be separated from the rutile sand deposits by first breaking up the deposit formation of hardpan into a ground ore of a convenient size for handling. Much of the humate in the ground ore can be washed off with water to effect the desired separation. Additional humate can be obtained by washing the concentrated ore with aqueous sodium hydroxide. The aqueous mixture containing the free humates may then be treated with, for example, a strong mineral acid such as sulfuric acid or alum to regain the natural pH of the humate and facilitate settling out of the suspended humate. The separated humate may then be dried in the sunlight or by artifical means. The separated humate is unique, compositionally, and contains a high degree of oxygenated compounds. The average composition of rutile sand humate is as follows: 
     
         ______________________________________                                    
COMPOSITION OF RUTILE SAND HUMATE                                         
______________________________________                                    
Elemental                                                                 
Composition            Composition, Wt. Percent                           
(Dry Basis) (%)                                                           
              &#34;As Is&#34;  Ash       Ash                                      
C    H     O      N   S   Moisture                                        
                                 (&#34;As Is&#34;)                                
                                         (Dry Basis)                      
______________________________________                                    
36.7 2.3   23.7   0.6 0.3 9.8    30.9    34.3                             
______________________________________                                    
Functional Group                                                          
Contents (Dry Basis)                                                      
meq/g*                                                                    
Total  Carboxylic          Ratios, Wt./Wt. (Dry Basis)                    
Acidity                                                                   
       Acid                C:H      C:O                                   
______________________________________                                    
6.0    2.1                 16.0:1   1.5:1                                 
______________________________________                                    
                 Metal Contents (Dry Basis)                               
                 (%)                                                      
                 AL    Ti     Fe      Ca                                  
______________________________________                                    
                 6     1      1       0.1                                 
______________________________________                                    
 *Methods for the functional group analysis may be found in M. Schnitzer  
 and S. U. Khan, &#34;Humic Substances in the Environment,&#34; Marcel Dekker,    
 Inc., New York, New York, 1972, pp. 39-41. The barium hydroxide method fo
 total acidity and calcium acetate method for carboxylic acid groups      
 described in the citation were used.                                     
 
    
     It will be appreciated that the above analysis is for a specific material and the compositional make-up of rutile sand humate may vary somewhat for different materials within the same sand body. In general, the humate compositions employed in the method of the invention have compositional make-ups which provide a carbon to hydrogen ratio (weight to weight) of from 9.5-17.5:1.0; a carbon to oxygen ratio of 1.0-2.0:1.0; an aluminum content of 2.8 to 8.4 percent by weight; a titanium content of 0.5 to 1.5 percent by weight and a calcium content of less than 0.5 percent by weight. 
     It will also be appreciated from the above analysis that rutile sand associated humates contain substantially large proportions of some metals, particularly aluminum and titanium as well as a lower calcium content than is generally found in humates obtained from other sources. For example, leonardite is a humate substance closely related in composition. A commercially available leonardite has the following composition: 
     
         ______________________________________                                    
COMPOSITION OF A LEONARDITE                                               
______________________________________                                    
                          Composition,                                    
Elemental Composition     Wt. Percent                                     
(Dry Basis) (%)  &#34;As Is&#34;  Ash      Ash                                    
C     H       O       S    Moisture                                       
                                  (&#34;As Is&#34;)                               
                                         (Dry Basis)                      
______________________________________                                    
50.61 2.80    19.83   1.15 15.50  16.87  19.96                            
______________________________________                                    
Functional Group Contents                                                 
(Dry Basis) meq/g                                                         
Total    Carboxylic           Ratios, Wt./Wt.                             
Acidity  Acid                 C:H     C:O                                 
______________________________________                                    
5.3      1.8                  18.1:1  2.6:1                               
______________________________________                                    
Metal Contents (Dry Basis) %                                              
AL    Ti      Fe      Ca                                                  
______________________________________                                    
0.8   0.06    1.1     2.4                                                 
______________________________________                                    
 
    
     It will be appreciated from a comparison of the analysis for the commercial leonardite that humates associated with rutile sand deposits generally have lower carbon to hydrogen and carbon to oxygen ratios. It is believed that these compositional differences of rutile associated humates accounts for the functional advantages associated with their use as plant growth stimulators. I believe that the humate could have a beneficial effect on the transfer of micronutrients to the plants or directly affect their growth through a plant growth regulator effect. It is well known that small amounts of certain organic compounds can have a remarkable effect on the growth of plants; see &#34;Humic Substances in the Environment&#34;, supra., pp. 298-301. 
     The method of the invention is carried out by first providing the above described humate, separated from its previous association with rutile sand deposits. The rutile sand derived humate is employed in the method of the invention by simple admixture with conventional potting medias employed to initiate growth in foliage plants. In general, the proportion of humate employed is within the range of about 0.1 to about 10 percent by volume of the potting media. In the case of the Chamadorea, a proportion of 0.1 to 5 percent is most advantageous and in the case of the Calathea, a proportion of 1.0 to 10.0 percent is preferred. 
    
    
     The following examples describe the manner and process of making and using the invention and set forth the best mode contemplated by the inventor of carrying out the invention but are not to be construed as limiting. 
     EXAMPLE 1 
     A total of 90 pot type containers (5&#34; diameter) suitable for potting Calathea makoyana (peacock plant) was provided with 90 clumps (3-7 plants/clump) for potting, in the containers. The pots and plants were divided into three series of 30 each, identified by the sequential letters A-C. Each series was further divided into six groups of 5 pots (giving 5 replications) identified by the sequential numbers 1-6, inclusive. The plants were potted in an assigned pot within the groups 1-6, employing a different potting medium for each of the groups 1-6. The potting mediums differ by relative proportions of humate derived from association with rutile sands and having the specific composition and analysis set forth above and Florida peat component. Representative portions of each potting media were subjected to chemical and physical analysis. The analysis was as follows: 
     
         __________________________________________________________________________
Potting Media.sup.1 pH       Soluble Salts (ppm)                          
Rutile                    Satu-    Satu-                                  
                                       CEC*  WHC**                        
                                                  Pore Space (%)          
   Sand Florida                                                           
            Pine                                                          
               Cypress                                                    
                    Water:Soil.sup.2                                      
                          rated                                           
                             Water:Soil.sup.2                             
                                   rated                                  
                                       by volume                          
                                             % by Capil-                  
                                                      Non-                
No.                                                                       
   Humate                                                                 
        Peat                                                              
            Bark                                                          
               Shavings                                                   
                    2:1   Paste                                           
                             2:1   Paste                                  
                                       meq/cc                             
                                             volume                       
                                                  lary                    
                                                      Capillary           
                                                           Total          
__________________________________________________________________________
1  0    50.0                                                              
            25 25   5.2   5.0                                             
                             1293.6                                       
                                   2951.2                                 
                                       6.7   60.2 60.3                    
                                                      13.9 74.2           
2  .1   49.9                                                              
            25 25   5.2   5.1                                             
                             1170.4                                       
                                   2738.4                                 
                                       5.8   65.6 65.6                    
                                                      13.4 79.0           
3  5    45.0                                                              
            25 25   5.1   4.9                                             
                             1545.6                                       
                                   2805.6                                 
                                       14.4  55.5 56.1                    
                                                      17.1 73.2           
4  10   40.0                                                              
            25 25   5.0   5.0                                             
                             1310.4                                       
                                   2892.4                                 
                                       15.6  51.3 54.3                    
                                                      15.7 70.0           
5  25   25.0                                                              
            25 25   4.6   4.2                                             
                             1066.8                                       
                                   2027.2                                 
                                       6.4   49.4 49.4                    
                                                      13.6 63.0           
6  50   --  25 25   4.8   4.5                                             
                             1061.2                                       
                                   1694.0                                 
                                       14.7  52.9 52.9                    
                                                      18.4 71.3           
__________________________________________________________________________
 .sup.1 Percent of each by volume.                                        
 .sup.2 2 parts water to 1 part potting media by volume                   
  *CEC = Cation Exchange Capacity                                         
 **WHC = Water Holding Capacity                                           
 
    
     After potting, the potted plants were held for about 156 days under the following growing conditions. 
     
         ______________________________________                                    
Temperature        70° F.-95° F.                            
Percent Shade:     Approximately 90.                                      
Light (foot candles):                                                     
                   1,200 to 1,500.                                        
Water frequency.   Three times a week                                     
______________________________________                                    
 
    
     During the growth period, fertilizer (19-6-12 Osmocote) was applied at the start and after about 90 days. The rate of fertilizer application was varied between the series A-C as follows: 
     
         ______________________________________                                    
RATE OF FERTILIZER APPLICATION                                            
Series A     Series B       Series C                                      
______________________________________                                    
600 lbs. nitrogen                                                         
             1200 lbs. nitrogen                                           
                            1800 lbs. nitrogen                            
per acre per year                                                         
             per acre per year                                            
                            per acre per year                             
______________________________________                                    
 
    
     During growth period, pesticides (Kelthane, Pentac or Sevin) were applied uniformly on occasion to each plant. 
     At the termination of the growth period, each plant was evaluated for its growth during the period. The results of the evaluation are shown in Table 1 below together with the composition of the potting media used for each plant. The reported figures are averages for all of the plants in each potting mixture. 
     
                       TABLE 1                                                     
______________________________________                                    
Potting Mixture Results with Calathea Makoyana                            
Potting Media.sup.1    Average  Average                                   
     Rutile Sand                                                          
               Florida Pine Cypress                                       
                                   Number Plant                           
No.  Humate    Peat    Bark Shavings                                      
                                   Leaves Grade.sup.2                     
______________________________________                                    
1    0         50.0    25   25     28.2    3.3 a.sup.3                    
2    .1        49.9    25   25     23.2   3.3 a                           
3    5         45.0    25   25     25.7   4.1 b                           
4    10        40.0    25   25     27.1   4.2 b                           
5    25        25.0    25   25     27.3   3.8 b                           
6    50        --      25   25     25.5   3.8 b                           
______________________________________                                    
 .sup.1 Percent of each by volume.                                        
 .sup.2 1 = poor quality, 3 = good, salable, 5 = excellent quality        
 .sup.3 Mean separation between columns as determined by Duncan&#39;s multiple
 range, 1% level. [D. B. Duncan, Biometrics, 11, 1 (1955)].               
 
    
     It will be observed from the Table 1 that the average plant grade was significantly improved when 5 percent or more by volume of the rutile sand derived humate was an active ingredient in the potting media. 
     In the above example, the plant evaluation of each of the three series, according to the rate of fertilizer application, showed that the level (rate) of fertilizer application provided no interaction with the humate presence. The average number of leaves and the plant grade average according to each of the series A-C is shown in Table 2, below. 
     
                       TABLE 2                                                     
______________________________________                                    
Fertilizer Results with Calathea Makoyana                                 
       Fertilizer Rate                                                    
                    Average No. Average Plant                             
Series lbs. N/A/hr  Leaves      Grade.sup.2                               
______________________________________                                    
A       600          23.3 a.sup.3                                         
                                3.2 a                                     
B      1200         27.6 b      4.0 b                                     
C      1800         27.6 b      4.0 b                                     
______________________________________                                    
 .sup.2 1 = poor quality, 3 = good, salable, 5 = excellent quality.       
 .sup.3 Mean separation between columns as determined by Duncan&#39;s multiple
 range, 1% level.                                                         
 
    
     EXAMPLE 2 
     The procedure of Example 1, supra, was repeated except that the plant Calethea makoyana as used therein was replaced with three Chamaedorea elegans (parlor palm) plants. The plant growth evaluations (average) are shown in Table 3 below, together with the composition of the potting medias used for the plants. 
     
                                           TABLE 3                                 
__________________________________________________________________________
Results with Chamaedorea Elegans                                          
Potting Media.sup.1    Application Rate                                   
                                Average                                   
                                       Average                            
     Rutile Sand                                                          
           Florida                                                        
               Pine                                                       
                  Cypress                                                 
                       Fertilizer                                         
                                Top wt.                                   
                                       Plant                              
No.  Humate                                                               
           Peat                                                           
               Bark                                                       
                  Shavings                                                
                       lbs N/A/yr                                         
                                (gms)  Grade.sup.3                        
__________________________________________________________________________
Series A                                                                  
 1   0     50.0                                                           
               25 25    600     6.4                                       
                                   abc.sup.4                              
                                       2.6                                
                                         abc                              
 2   .1    49.9                                                           
               25 25    600     9.7                                       
                                   bcde                                   
                                       3.3                                
                                         bcdef                            
 3   5     45.0                                                           
               25 25    600     10.5                                      
                                   de  3.7                                
                                         cdefg                            
 4   10    40.0                                                           
               25 25    600     6.2                                       
                                   ab  2.9                                
                                         bcde                             
 5   25    25.0                                                           
               25 25    600     5.3                                       
                                   a   3.3                                
                                         ab                               
 6   50    --  25 25    600     6.9                                       
                                   abc 3.3                                
                                         bcdef                            
Series B                                                                  
 7   0     50.0                                                           
               25 25   1200     12.2                                      
                                   ef  4.0                                
                                         efg                              
 8   .1    49.9                                                           
               25 25   1200     14.4                                      
                                   f   4.2                                
                                         fg                               
 9   5     45.0                                                           
               25 25   1200     9.7                                       
                                   bcde                                   
                                       3.8                                
                                         defg                             
10   10    40.0                                                           
               25 25   1200     7.5                                       
                                   abcde                                  
                                       3.2                                
                                         bcdef                            
11   25    25.0                                                           
               25 25   1200     6.7                                       
                                   abc 2.9                                
                                         bcde                             
12   50    --  25 25   1200     6.4                                       
                                   abc 2.9                                
                                         bcde                             
Series C                                                                  
13   0     50.0                                                           
               25 25   1800     5.9                                       
                                   a   2.5                                
                                         ab                               
14   .1    49.9                                                           
               25 25   1800     12.2                                      
                                   ef  4.2                                
                                         fg                               
15   5     45.0                                                           
               25 25   1800     12.6                                      
                                   ef  4.5                                
                                         g                                
16   10    40.0                                                           
               25 25   1800     10.0                                      
                                   cde 3.8                                
                                         defg                             
17   25    25.0                                                           
               25 25   1800     6.8                                       
                                   abc 2.7                                
                                         abcd                             
18   50    --  25 25   1800     4.0                                       
                                   a   1.9                                
                                         a                                
__________________________________________________________________________
 .sup.1 Percent of each by volume.                                        
 .sup.3 1 = poor quality, 3 = good, salable, 5 = excellent quality.       
 .sup.4 Mean separation between columns as determined by Duncan&#39;s multiple
 range, 1% level. (D. B. Duncan, loc. cit.)                               
 
    
     The averages for the three series A-C are collated in Table 4, below. 
     
                                           TABLE 4                                 
__________________________________________________________________________
Effect of Potting Mixture on Chamaedorea Elegans                          
Potting Media.sup.1  Average Growth                                       
   Rutile Sand                                                            
         Florida                                                          
             Pine                                                         
                Cypress                                                   
                     Height                                               
                          Top wt.                                         
                               Root wt.                                   
                                     Plant                                
No.                                                                       
   Humate                                                                 
         Peat                                                             
             Bark                                                         
                Shavings                                                  
                      (cm)                                                
                          (gms)                                           
                               (gms) Grade.sup.2                          
__________________________________________________________________________
1  0     50.0                                                             
             25 25   22.6 cd.sup.3                                        
                          8.2 b.sup.3                                     
                               3.0 bc.sup.3                               
                                     3.0 ab.sup.3                         
2  .1    49.9                                                             
             25 25   23.5 d                                               
                          12.1 c                                          
                               4.3 d 3.9 c                                
3  5     45.0                                                             
             25 25   22.9 cd                                              
                          10.9 c                                          
                               4.1 d 4.0 c                                
4  10    40.0                                                             
             25 25   21.5 c                                               
                          7.9 b                                           
                               3.2 c 3.4 b                                
5  25    25.0                                                             
             25 25   19.7 b                                               
                          6.3 ab                                          
                               2.2 b 2.7 a                                
6  50    --  25 25   17.6 a                                               
                          5.8 a                                           
                               1.3 a 2.7 a                                
__________________________________________________________________________
 .sup.1 Percent of each by volume.                                        
 .sup.2 1 = poor quality, 3 = good, salable, 5 = excellent quality.       
 .sup.3 Mean separation between columns as determined by Duncan&#39;s multiple
 range, 1% level. (D. B. Duncan, loc. cit.)                               
 
    
     As may be seen in Tables 3 and 4, the best height, top weight, root weight and plant grade growth indicators occurred when 0.1 percent by volume of the rutile sand humate was incorporated in the potting medium. However, a 5 percent level of the same humate also provided excellent growth increases. In this example, the 1200 or 1800 lb. nitrogen level fertilizer rate generally provided the best growth as shown in Table 5, below. 
     
                       TABLE 5                                                     
______________________________________                                    
Effect of Fertilizer Level on Chamaedorea Elegans                         
Fertilizer   Average Growth                                               
      Rate       Height   Root wt.                                        
                                 Top wt. Plant                            
Series                                                                    
      lbs N/A/yr (cm)     (gms)  (gms)   Grade.sup.2                      
______________________________________                                    
A      600       20.6 a.sup.3                                             
                          2.9    7.5 a.sup.4                              
                                         3.0                              
B     1200       22.3 b   3.3    9.5 b   3.5                              
C     1800       20.9 a   2.8    8.6 ab  3.3                              
______________________________________                                    
 .sup.2 1 = poor quality, 3 = good, salable, 5 = excellent quality.       
 .sup.3 Mean separation between columns as determined by Duncan&#39;s multiple
 range, 1% level. (D. B. Duncan, loc. cit.)                               
 .sup.4 Mean separation between columns as determined by Duncan&#39;s multiple
 range, 5% level. (D. B. Duncan, loc. cit.)                               
 
    
     EXAMPLE 3 
     The procedure of Example 1, supra, was repeated except that the clumps of Calathea makoyana as used therein was replaced with three Philodendron scandens oxycardium (heart leaved philodendron) plants and the rate of fertilizer application was as follows: 
     
         ______________________________________                                    
RATE (LBS. NITROGEN PER ACRE PER YEAR)                                    
Series A    Series B       Series C                                       
______________________________________                                    
750         1500           2250                                           
______________________________________                                    
 
    
     The plant growth evaluations by measurement of the average vine length at the end of the growth period are shown in Table 6, below, together with the compositional make-up of the potting medium. The reported figures are averages for the indicated series and groups. 
     
                       TABLE 6                                                     
______________________________________                                    
Results with Philodendron Scandens Oxycardium                             
                                Average                                   
Potting Media.sup.1   Fertilizer                                          
                                Vine                                      
       Hu-    Florida Pine Cypress                                        
                                  Rate    length                          
No.    mate   Peat    Bark Shavings                                       
                                  lbs N/A/yr                              
                                          (cm)                            
______________________________________                                    
Series A                                                                  
 1     0      50.0    25   25      750    32.4 bc.sup.3                   
 2     .1     49.9    25   25      750    46.1 d                          
 3     5      45.0    25   25      750    36.5 cd                         
 4     10     40.0    25   25      750    28.8 bc                         
 5     25     25.0    25   25      750    27.4 abc                        
 6     50     --      25   25      750    29.9 bc                         
Series B                                                                  
 7     0      50.0    25   25     1500    22.8 ab                         
 8     .1     49.9    25   25     1500    36.7 cd                         
 9     5      45.0    25   25     1500    20.7 ab                         
10     10     40.0    25   25     1500    31.1 bc                         
11     25     25.0    25   25     1500    34.6 bcd                        
12     50     --      25   25     1500    22.7 ab                         
Series C                                                                  
13     0      50.0    25   25     2250    32.0 bc                         
14     .1     49.9    25   25     2250    29.0 bc                         
15     5      45.0    25   25     2250    33.8 bcd                        
16     10     40.0    25   25     2250    29.2 bc                         
17     25     25.0    25   25     2250    32.6 bc                         
18     50     --      25   25     2250    17.2 a                          
______________________________________                                    
 .sup.1 Percent of each by volume.                                        
 .sup.3 Mean separation between columns as determined by Duncan&#39;s multiple
 range, 1% level. (D. B. Duncan, loc. cit.)                               
 
    
     A collation of the vine length figures with a plant evaluation by leaf size, top weight, root weight and plant grade is shown in Table 7, below. The figures given in Table 7 are averages for all plants in the different potting compositions. 
     
                                           TABLE 7                                 
__________________________________________________________________________
Effect of Potting Mixture on Philodendron Scandens Oxycardium             
Potting Media.sup.1 Averages                                              
   Rutile           Leaf.sup.2                                            
                             Vine                                         
   Sand Florida                                                           
            Pine                                                          
               Cypress                                                    
                    Size                                                  
                        Top wt.                                           
                             Length                                       
                                   Root wt.                               
                                        Plant                             
No.                                                                       
   Humate                                                                 
        Peat                                                              
            Bark                                                          
               Shavings                                                   
                    (cm)                                                  
                        (gms)                                             
                             (cm)  (gms)                                  
                                        Grade.sup.3                       
__________________________________________________________________________
1  0    50.0                                                              
            25 25   6.7 33.4 b.sup.4                                      
                             29.0 ab.sup.4                                
                                   2.8 b.sup.4                            
                                        2.8 ab.sup.4                      
2  .1   49.9                                                              
            25 25   6.7 40.8 b                                            
                             37.3 c                                       
                                   5.0 d                                  
                                        3.8 c                             
3  5    45.0                                                              
            25 25   6.8 37.8 b                                            
                             30.3 abc                                     
                                   4.0 c                                  
                                        3.3 bc                            
4  10   40.0                                                              
            25 25   6.6 35.3 b                                            
                             29.7 ab                                      
                                   3.9 c                                  
                                        3.2 bc                            
5  25   25.0                                                              
            25 25   6.6 35.4 b                                            
                             31.5 bc                                      
                                   3.6 bc                                 
                                        3.1 abc                           
6  50   --  25 25   6.5 24.4 a                                            
                             23.2 a                                       
                                   1.3 a                                  
                                        2.5 a                             
__________________________________________________________________________
 .sup.1 Percent of each by volume.                                        
 .sup.2 Two leaves, length plus width/4.                                  
 .sup.3 1 = poor quality, 3 = good, salable, 5 = excellent quality.       
  .sup.4 Mean separation between columns as determined by Duncan&#39;s multipl
 range, 1% level. (D. B. Duncan loc. cit.)                                
 
    
     As may be observed from the Table 7, changing the potting medium had no effect on average leaf size and average top weights were similar except at the highest level of rutile sand humate presence. At that level of presence, these growth indicators were significantly lower. Vine length, root weight and plant grade growth averages were greatest when 0.1 percent by volume of rutile sand humate was incorporated into the potting medium. The 5 and 10 percent rutile sand humate levels also gave growth as good or better than occurred with the controls. Although growth varied with the rate of fertilizer application, the lowest rate was generally best in this example as may be observed from the growth averages as given in Table 8, below. 
     
                       TABLE 8                                                     
______________________________________                                    
Effect of Fertilizer Level on Philodendron Scandens Oxycardium            
          Average                                                         
      Fertilizer                                                          
                Leaf    Top   Vine                                        
      Rate      Size.sup.2                                                
                        wt.   Length                                      
                                    Root wt.                              
                                           Plant                          
Series                                                                    
      lbs N/A/yr                                                          
                (cm)    (gms) (cm)  (gms)  Grade.sup.3                    
______________________________________                                    
A      750       6.4 a.sup.4                                              
                        37.6  33.5 b.sup.5                                
                                    113.7  3.3                            
B     1500      6.7 b   32.7  28.1 a                                      
                                    107.7  3.0                            
C     2250      6.9 c   33.3  29.0 ab                                     
                                     86.6  3.0                            
______________________________________                                    
 .sup.2 Two leaves, length plus width/4.                                  
 .sup.3 1 = poor quality, 3 = good, salable, 5 = excellent quality.       
 .sup.4 Mean separation between columns as determined by Duncan&#39;s multiple
 range, 5% level. (D. B. Duncan, loc. cit.)                               
  .sup.5 Mean separation between columns as determined by Duncan&#39;s multipl
 range, 1% level. (D. B. Duncan, loc. cit.)