Patent Publication Number: US-10766914-B2

Title: DNA alkylating agents

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This application is a divisional application of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/557,053, filed on Sep. 8, 2017, which is a national stage application under 35 U.S.C. § 371 of International Application No. PCT/US2016/021581, filed Mar. 9, 2016, which in turn claims priority under 35 U.S.C. § 119(e) to U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/131,163, filed Mar. 10, 2015, and U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/255,916, filed Nov. 16, 2015, the content of each of which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. 
    
    
     FIELD OF INVENTION 
     The present invention provides compounds suitable as therapeutic agents and intermediates thereto, pharmaceutical compositions of such compounds and methods of treating cancer in cancer patients, and so relates to the fields of biology, chemistry, and medicine. 
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     Cancer is one of the major causes of human morbidity and mortality. Cancer treatment is challenging because it is difficult to kill cancer cells without damaging or killing normal cells. Damaging or killing normal cells during cancer treatment is a cause of adverse side effects in patients and can limit the amount of anti-cancer drug administered to a cancer patient. 
     Aldo-keto reductase family 1 member C3 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the AKR1C3 gene. This gene encodes a member of the aldo/keto reductase superfamily, which consists of more than 40 known enzymes and proteins. These enzymes catalyze the conversion of aldehydes and ketones to their corresponding alcohols by utilizing NADH and/or NADPH as cofactors. 
     Many cancer cells overexpress AKR1C3 reductase relative to normal cells (See, Cancer Res 2010; 70:1573-1584, Cancer Res 2010; 66: 2815-2825). 
     PR 104: 
                         
has been shown to be a weak substrate for AKR1C3 and was tested in the clinical trials. This compound is not a selective AKR1C3 activated prodrug as it can also be activated under hypoxic conditions. PR 104 was ineffective in clinical trials.
 
     There remains a need for compounds suitable for treating cancer patients, including for selective AKR1C3 reductase activated prodrugs for treating cancer patients. The present invention meets this need. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     In one aspect, provided herein are compounds of formula I: 
                         
and pharmaceutically acceptable salts, and solvates of each thereof, wherein
 
X 10  is O, S, SO, or SO 2 ;
 
A is C 6 -C 10  aryl, 5-15 membered heteroaryl, or —N═CR 1 R 2 ;
 
each R 1  and R 2  independently is hydrogen, C 1 -C 6  alkyl, C 3 -C 8  cycloalkyl, C 6 -C 10  aryl, 4-15 membered heterocycle, 5-15 membered heteroaryl, ether, —CONR 13 R 14  or —NR 13 COR 14 ;
 
each X, Y, and Z independently is hydrogen, CN, halo, C 1 -C 6  alkyl, C 2 -C 6  alkenyl, C 2 -C 6  alkynyl, C 3 -C 8  cycloalkyl, C 6 -C 10  aryl, 4-15 membered heterocycle, 5-15 membered heteroaryl, ether, —CONR 13 R 14 , or —NR 13 COR 14 ;
 
R is hydrogen, C 1 -C 6  alkyl, C 2 -C 6  alkenyl, C 2 -C 6  alkynyl, C 3 -C 8  cycloalkyl, C 6 -C 10  aryl, 4-15 membered heterocycle, 5-15 membered heteroaryl, ether, —CONR 13 R 14 , or —NR 13 COR 14 ;
 
each R 13  and R 14  independently is hydrogen, C 1 -C 6  alkyl, C 3 -C 8  cycloalkyl, C 6 -C 10  aryl, 4-15 membered heterocycle, 5-15 membered heteroaryl, or ether;
 
T comprises a phosphoramidate alkylating agent; and
 
wherein the alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, heterocycle, heteroaryl, ether groups are optionally substituted.
 
     In another embodiment, provided herein is a compound of formula I-A 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     In another embodiment, X 10  is S. 
     In one embodiment, T is OP(Z 1 )(NR 30 CH 2 CH 2 X 1 ) 2 , OP(Z 1 )(NR 30   2 )(N(CH 2 CH 2 X 1 ) 2 ) OP(Z 1 )(N(CH 2 CH 2 )) 2 , OP(Z 1 )(N(CH 2 CH 2 X 1 ) 2 ) 2 , wherein each R 30  independently is hydrogen or C 1 -C 6  alkyl or 2 R 30 s together with the nitrogen atom they are bound to form 5-7 membered heterocyclyl group, Z 1  is O or S, and X 1  is Cl, Br, or OMs or another leaving group. In one embodiment, T is OP(Z 1 )(NHCH 2 CH 2 Cl) 2 , OP(Z 1 )(NHCH 2 CH 2 Br)2, OP(Z 1 )(NH 2 )(N(CH 2 CH 2 X 1 ) 2 ) OP(Z 1 )(N(CH 2 ) 2 ) 2 , OP(Z 1 )(N(CH 2 CH 2 Cl) 2 ) 2 , wherein Z 1  is O or S, and X 1  is Cl, Br, or OMs. In one embodiment, Z 1  is O. In another embodiment, Z 1  is S. In another embodiment, T is OP(O)(N(CH 2 CH 2 )) 2 . 
     The compounds provided herein include individual diastereomers and other geometric isomers, and enantiomers, and mixtures of enantiomers, diastereomers, and geometric isomers other than diastereomers. 
     In another aspect, provided herein is a pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound provided herein and at least one pharmaceutically acceptable excipient. In another aspect, provided herein is a unit dose of the pharmaceutical composition provided herein. 
     In another aspect, provided herein is a method for treating cancer in a patient, comprising administering to the patient a therapeutically effective amount of a compound or a pharmaceutically acceptable composition as provided herein. In one embodiment, the cancer is one wherein AKR1C3 reductase levels are high or are higher than usual in such a cancer. In one embodiment, the cancer is liver cancer. In one embodiment, the cancer is non-small cell lung cancer or melanoma. In a further aspect, the method comprises determining the AKR1C3 reductase level of the cancer by methods using an AKR1C3 antibody, and administering a therapeutically effective amount of a compound or a pharmaceutically acceptable composition provided herein to said patient if said level is equal to or greater than a predetermined value. In one aspect, the method comprises prior to administration, determining an intratumoral AKR1C3 reductase level in a sample isolated from the patient and selecting the patient for the therapy if the level is equal to or greater than a predetermined level. In some embodiments, a therapeutically effective amount of a cancer treatment other than a treatment comprising administration of a compound or a pharmaceutically acceptable composition provided herein is administered if the level does not exceed or is less than said predetermined value. In some embodiments, provided herein is a kit comprising a means for isolating a sample from a patient and determining an intratumoral AKR1C3 reductase level of the cancer in the sample using an AKR1C3 antibody; and a means for determining whether a compound or composition provided herein should be administered. Methods of determining the therapeutically effective amount, appropriate mode of administration of the compounds and compositions provided herein will be apparent to the skilled artisan upon reading this disclosure and based on other methods known to them. AKR1C3 levels are measured following routine methods well known to the skilled artisan. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         FIG. 1  illustrates AKR1C3 expression in liver cancer cell lines. 
         FIG. 2  illustrates AKR1C3 expression in prostate cancer cell lines. 
         FIG. 3  illustrates Antitumor efficacy of TH-2768 alone and in combination with irinotecan (CPT-11) in comparison with gemcitabine in the ectopic H460, NSCLC xenograft model described in Example 4-A. 
         FIG. 4  illustrates body weight change induced by TH-2768 treatment alone and in combination with irinotecan (CPT-11) in comparison with gemcitabine in the ectopic H460, NSCLC xenograft model Example 4-A. 
         FIG. 5  illustrates antitumor efficacy of TH-2768, TH-2850, TH-2852, TH-2870, or TH-2889 in comparison with Thio-TEPA in the ectopic A549, NSCLC xenograft model described in Example 4-B. 
         FIG. 6  illustrates body weight change induced by TH-2768, TH-2850, TH-2852, TH-2870, or TH-2889 in comparison with Thio-TEPA in the ectopic A549, NSCLC xenograft model described in Example 4-B. 
         FIG. 7  illustrates antitumor efficacy of TH-2768, TH-2850, TH-2870, TH-2873, TH-2888, TH-2889 or TH-2890 in comparison with Thio-TEPA or nab-Paclitaxel in the ectopic A375, melanoma xenograft model described in Example 4-C. 
         FIG. 8  illustrates body weight change induced by TH-2768, TH-2850, TH-2870, TH-2873, TH-2888, TH-2889 or TH-2890 in comparison with Thio-TEPA or nab-Paclitaxel in the ectopic A375, melanoma xenograft model described in Example 4-C. 
         FIG. 9  illustrates antitumor efficacy of TH-2870, TH-2883, TH-2911, TH-2952, TH-2953, TH-2955, or TH-2958 in the ectopic A549, NSCLC xenograft model described in Example 4-D. 
         FIG. 10  illustrates body weight change induced by TH-2870, TH-2883, TH-2911, TH-2952, TH-2953, TH-2955, or TH-2958 in the ectopic A549, NSCLC xenograft model described in Example 4-D. 
         FIG. 11  illustrates antitumor efficacy of TH-2870 alone or in combination with sunitinib in the ectopic 786-O, RCC xenograft model described in Example 4-E. 
         FIG. 12  illustrates body weight change induced by TH-2870 alone or in combination with sunitinib in the ectopic 786-O, RCC xenograft model described in Example 4-E. 
         FIG. 13  illustrates antitumor efficacy of TH-2953 or TH-3040 in the ectopic H460 NSCLC xenograft model described in Example 4-F. 
         FIG. 14  illustrates body weight change induced by TH-2953 or TH-3040 in the ectopic H460 NSCLC xenograft model described in Example 4-F. 
         FIG. 15  illustrates antitumor efficacy of TH-3040 or TH-3045 in the ectopic H460 NSCLC xenograft model described in Example 4-G. 
         FIG. 16  illustrates body weight change induced by TH-3040 or TH-3045 in the ectopic H460 NSCLC xenograft model described in Example 4-G. 
         FIG. 17  illustrates antitumor efficacy of TH-3040 in comparison with nab-paclitaxel in the ectopic H460 NSCLC xenograft model described in Example 4-H. 
         FIG. 18  illustrates body weight change induced by TH-3040 in comparison with nab-paclitaxel in the ectopic H460 NSCLC xenograft model described in Example 4-H. 
         FIG. 19  illustrates antitumor efficacy of TH-2870 in comparison with docetaxel in the ectopic H460 NSCLC xenograft model described in Example 4-I. 
         FIG. 20  illustrates body weight change induced by TH-2870 in comparison with docetaxel in the ectopic H460 NSCLC xenograft model described in Example 4-I. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     Definitions 
     The following definitions are provided to assist the reader. Unless otherwise defined, all terms of art, notations, and other scientific or medical terms or terminology used herein are intended to have the meanings commonly understood by those of skill in the chemical and medical arts. In some cases, terms with commonly understood meanings are defined herein for clarity and/or for ready reference, and the inclusion of such definitions herein should not be construed as representing a substantial difference over the definition of the term as generally understood in the art. 
     All numerical designations, e.g., pH, temperature, time, concentration, and weight, including ranges of each thereof, are approximations that typically may be varied (+) or (−) by increments of 0.1, 1.0, or 10.0, as appropriate. All numerical designations may be understood as preceded by the term “about”. Reagents described herein are exemplary and equivalents of such may be known in the art. 
     “A,” “an,” and, “the” include plural referents unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. Thus, for example, reference to a compound refers to one or more compounds or at least one compound. As such, the terms “a” (or “an”), “one or more”, and “at least one” are used interchangeably herein. 
     As used herein, the term “comprising” is intended to mean that the compositions and methods include the recited elements, but not excluding others. “Consisting essentially of” when used to define compositions and methods, shall mean excluding other elements of any essential significance to the composition or method. “Consisting of” shall mean excluding more than trace elements of other ingredients for claimed compositions and substantial method steps. Embodiments defined by each of these transition terms are within the scope of this invention. Accordingly, it is intended that the methods and compositions can include additional steps and components (comprising) or alternatively including steps and compositions of no significance (consisting essentially of) or alternatively, intending only the stated method steps or compositions (consisting of). 
     “C x -C y ” or “C x-y ” before a group refers to a range of the number of carbon atoms that are present in that group. For example, C 1 -C 6  alkyl refers to an alkyl group having at least 1 and up to 6 carbon atoms. 
     “Alkoxy” refers to —O-Alkyl. 
     “Amino” refers to NR p R q  wherein R p  and R q  independently are hydrogen or C 1 -C 6  alkyl, or R p  and R q  together with the nitrogen atom they are bonded to form a 4-15 membered heterocycle. 
     “Alkyl” refers to monovalent saturated aliphatic hydrocarbyl groups having from 1 to 10 carbon atoms and, in some embodiments, from 1 to 6 carbon atoms. “C x-y  alkyl” refers to alkyl groups having from x to y carbon atoms. This term includes, by way of example, linear and branched hydrocarbyl groups such as methyl (CH 3 —), ethyl (CH 3 CH 2 —), n-propyl (CH 3 CH 2 CH 2 —), isopropyl ((CH 3 ) 2 CH—), n-butyl (CH 3 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 —), isobutyl ((CH 3 ) 2 CHCH 2 —), sec-butyl ((CH 3 )(CH 3 CH 2 )CH—), t-butyl ((CH 3 ) 3 C—), n-pentyl (CH 3 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 —), and neopentyl ((CH 3 ) 3 CCH 2 —). 
     “Alkylene” refers to divalent saturated aliphatic hydrocarbyl groups having from 1 to 10 carbon atoms and, in some embodiments, from 1 to 6 carbon atoms. “C u-v alkylene” refers to alkylene groups having from u to v carbon atoms. The alkylidene and alkylene groups include branched and straight chain hydrocarbyl groups. For example, “C 1-6  alkylene” includes methylene, ethylene, propylene, 2-methylpropylene, pentylene, and the like. “Heteroalkylene” refers to an alkylene wherein a chain carbon atom is replaced with a heteroatom such as O, S, N, or P, or a heteroatom containing substituent. 
     “Alkenyl” refers to a linear or branched hydrocarbyl group having from 2 to 10 carbon atoms and in some embodiments from 2 to 6 carbon atoms or 2 to 4 carbon atoms and having at least 1 site of vinyl unsaturation (&gt;C═C&lt;). For example, C x-y  alkenyl refers to alkenyl groups having from x to y carbon atoms and is meant to include, for example, ethenyl, propenyl, 1,3-butadienyl, and the like. “Alkenylene” refers to a divalent alkenyl radical having the appropriate hydrogen content. “Heteroalkenylene” refers to an alkenylene wherein a chain carbon atom is replaced with a heteroatom such as O, S, N, or P, or a heteroatom containing substituent. 
     “Phosphoramidate alkylating agent” refers to an alkylating agent comprising one or more Z 5 —X 5 —Y 5  moieties bonded to an —O—P(Z 1 ) moiety, where Z 5  is a heteroatom such as nitrogen, sulfur or oxygen, X 5  is optionally substituted ethylene, Y 5  is halo or another leaving group, or Z 5 —X 5 —Y 5  together form an aziridinyl (NCH 2 CH 2 ) moiety, and Z 1  is defined as above. Such an alkylating agent can react with a DNA or another nucleic acid, or a protein. In some instances an alkylating agent can cross link a DNA. 
     “Alkynyl” refers to a linear monovalent hydrocarbon radical or a branched monovalent hydrocarbon radical 2 to 10 carbon atoms and in some embodiments from 2 to 6 carbon atoms or 2 to 4 carbon atoms and containing at least one triple bond. The term “alkynyl” is also meant to include those hydrocarbyl groups having one triple bond and one double bond. For example, C 2-6  alkynyl includes ethynyl, propynyl, and the like. “Alkynylene” refers to a divalent alkynyl radical having the appropriate hydrogen content. “Heteroalkynylene” refers to an alkynylene wherein a chain carbon atom is replaced with a heteroatom such as O, S, N, or P, or a heteroatom containing substituent. 
     “Aryl” refers to an aromatic group of from 6 to 14 carbon atoms and no ring heteroatoms and having a single ring (e.g., phenyl) or multiple condensed (fused) rings (e.g., naphthyl or anthryl). For multiple ring systems, including fused, bridged, and spiro ring systems having aromatic and non-aromatic rings that have no ring heteroatoms, the term “Aryl” or “Ar” applies when the point of attachment is at an aromatic carbon atom (e.g., 5, 6, 7, 8 tetrahydronaphthalene-2-yl is an aryl group as its point of attachment is at the 2-position of the aromatic phenyl ring). “Arylene” refers to a divalent aryl radical having the appropriate hydrogen content. 
     “Cycloalkyl” refers to a saturated or partially saturated cyclic group of from 3 to 14 carbon atoms and no ring heteroatoms and having a single ring or multiple rings including fused, bridged, and spiro ring systems. For multiple ring systems having aromatic and non-aromatic rings that have no ring heteroatoms, the term “cycloalkyl” applies when the point of attachment is at a non-aromatic carbon atom (e.g. 5,6,7,8-tetrahydronaphthalene-5-yl). The term “cycloalkyl” includes cycloalkenyl groups. Examples of cycloalkyl groups include, for instance, adamantyl, cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclooctyl, and cyclohexenyl. “Cycloalkylene” refers to a divalent cycloalyl radical having the appropriate hydrogen content. 
     “Ether” refers to a C 1 -C 6  alkyl group substituted with 1-3 C 1 -C 6  alkoxy groups, wherein alkoxy refers to —O-alkyl. 
     “Halo” refers to one or more of fluoro, chloro, bromo, and iodo. 
     “Heteroaryl” refers to an aromatic group of from 1 to 14 carbon atoms and 1 to 6 heteroatoms selected from the group consisting of oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur and includes single ring (e.g. imidazolyl-2-yl and imidazol5-yl) and multiple ring systems (e.g. imidazopyridyl, benzotriazolyl, benzimidazol-2-yl and benzimidazol-6-yl). For multiple ring systems, including fused, bridged, and spiro ring systems having aromatic and non-aromatic rings, the term “heteroaryl” applies if there is at least one ring heteroatom, and the point of attachment is at an atom of an aromatic ring (e.g. 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinolin-6-yl and 5,6,7,8-tetrahydroquinolin-3-yl). In some embodiments, the nitrogen and/or the sulfur ring atom(s) of the heteroaryl group are optionally oxidized to provide for the N-oxide (N→O), sulfinyl, or sulfonyl moieties. The term heteroaryl includes, but is not limited to, acridinyl, azocinyl, benzimidazolyl, benzofuranyl, benzothiofuranyl, benzothiophenyl, benzoxazolyl, benzothiazolyl, benzotriazolyl, benzotetrazolyl, benzisoxazolyl, benzisothiazolyl, benzothienyl, benzimidazolinyl, carbazolyl, NH-carbazolyl, carbolinyl, chromanyl, chromenyl, cinnolinyl, dithiazinyl, furanyl, furazanyl, imidazolidinyl, imidazolinyl, imidazopyridyl, imidazolyl, indazolyl, indolenyl, indolinyl, indolizinyl, indolyl, isobenzofuranyl, isochromanyl, isoindazolyl, isoindolinyl, isoindolyl, isoquinolinyl, isoquinolyl, isothiazolyl, isoxazolyl, naphthyridinyl, octahydroisoquinolinyl, oxadiazolyl, oxazolidinyl, oxazolyl, pyrimidinyl, phenanthridinyl, phenanthrolinyl, phenazinyl, phenothiazinyl, phenoxathiinyl, phenoxazinyl, phthalazinyl, piperazinyl, pteridinyl, purinyl, pyranyl, pyrazinyl, pyrazolidinyl, pyrazolinyl, pyrazolyl, pyridazinyl, pyridooxazolyl, pyridoimidazolyl, pyridothiazole, pyridinyl, pyridyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrrolyl, quinazolinyl, quinolinyl, quinoxalinyl, quinuclidinyl, tetrahydroisoquinolinyl, tetrahydroquinolinyl, tetrazolyl, thiadiazinyl, thiadiazolyl, thianthrenyl, thiazolyl, thienyl, thienothiazolyl, thienooxazolyl, thienoimidazolyl, thiophenyl, triazinyl and xanthenyl. “Heteroarylene” refers to a divalent heteroaryl radical having the appropriate hydrogen content. 
     “Heterocyclic” or “heterocycle” or “heterocycloalkyl” or “heterocyclyl” refers to a saturated or partially saturated cyclic group having from 1 to 14 carbon atoms and from 1 to 6 heteroatoms selected from the group consisting of nitrogen, sulfur, or oxygen and includes single ring and multiple ring systems including fused, bridged, and spiro ring systems. For multiple ring systems having aromatic and/or non-aromatic rings, the terms “heterocyclic”, “heterocycle”, “heterocycloalkyl”, or “heterocyclyl” apply when there is at least one ring heteroatom, and the point of attachment is at an atom of a non-aromatic ring (e.g. 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinoline-3-yl, 5,6,7,8-tetrahydroquinoline-6-yl, and decahydroquinolin-6-yl). In some embodiment, the heterocyclic groups herein are 3-15 membered, 4-14 membered, 5-13 membered, 7-12, or 5-7 membered heterocycles. In some other embodiment, the heterocycles contain 4 heteroatoms. In some other embodiment, the heterocycles contain 3 heteroatoms. In another embodiment, the heterocycles contain up to 2 heteroatoms. In some embodiments, the nitrogen and/or sulfur atom(s) of the heterocyclic group are optionally oxidized to provide for the N-oxide, sulfinyl, sulfonyl moieties. Heterocyclyl includes, but is not limited to, tetrahydropyranyl, piperidinyl, N-methylpiperidin-3-yl, piperazinyl, N-methylpyrrolidin-3-yl, 3-pyrrolidinyl, 2-pyrrolidon-1-yl, morpholinyl, and pyrrolidinyl. A prefix indicating the number of carbon atoms (e.g., C 3-10 ) refers to the total number of carbon atoms in the portion of the heterocyclyl group exclusive of the number of heteroatoms. A divalent heterocyclic radical will have the appropriately adjusted hydrogen content. 
     “Leaving group” refers to a moiety that can be displaced under nucleophilic displacement conditions well known to the skilled artisan. Leaving groups include, without limitation halo and —OSO 2 —R 20 , where R 20  is optionally substituted alkyl, aryl, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, or heteroaryl. 
     The term “optionally substituted” refers to a substituted or unsubstituted group. The group may be substituted with one or more substituents, such as e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5 substituents. Preferably, the substituents are selected from the group consisting of oxo, halo, —CN, NO 2 , —N 2 +, —CO 2 R 100 , —SR 100 , —SOR 100 , —SO 2 R 100 , —NR 100 SO 2 R 100 , —NR 101 R 102 , —CONR 101 R 102 , —SO 2 NR 101 R 102 , C 1 -C 6  alkyl, C 1 -C 6  alkoxy, —CR 100 ═C(R 100 ) 2 , CCR 100 , C 3 -C 10  cycloalkyl, C 3 -C 10  heterocyclyl, C 6 -C 12  aryl and C 2 -C 12  heteroaryl, or a divalent substituent such as —O—(CH 2 )—O—, —O—(CH 2 ) 2 —O—, and, 1-4 methyl substituted version thereof, wherein each R 100 , R 101 , and R 102  independently is hydrogen or C 1 -C 8  alkyl; C 3 -C 12  cycloalkyl; C 3 -C 10  heterocyclyl; C 6 -C 12  aryl; or C 2 -C 12  heteroaryl; or R 101  and R 102  together with the nitrogen atom they are attached to form a 5-7 membered heterocycle; wherein each alkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, aryl, or heteroaryl is optionally substituted with 1-3 halo, 1-3 C 1 -C 6  alkyl, 1-3 C 1 -C 6  haloalkyl or 1-3 C 1 -C 6  alkoxy groups. Preferably, the substituents are selected from the group consisting of chloro, fluoro, —OCH 3 , methyl, ethyl, iso-propyl, cyclopropyl, —CO 2 H and salts and C 1 -C 6  alkyl esters thereof, CONMe 2 , CONHMe, CONH 2 , —SO 2 Me, —SO 2 NH 2 , —SO 2 NMe 2 , —SO 2 NHMe, —NHSO 2 Me, —NHSO 2 CF 3 , —NHSO 2 CH 2 Cl, —NH 2 , —OCF 3 , —CF 3  and —OCHF 2 . 
     “Administering” or “administration of” a drug to a patient (and grammatical equivalents of this phrase) refers to direct administration, which may be administration to a patient by a medical professional or may be self-administration, and/or indirect administration, which may be the act of prescribing a drug. For example, a physician who instructs a patient to self-administer a drug and/or provides a patient with a prescription for a drug is administering the drug to the patient. 
     “Cancer” refers to leukemias, lymphomas, carcinomas, and other malignant tumors, including solid tumors, of potentially unlimited growth that can expand locally by invasion and systemically by metastasis. Examples of cancers include, but are not limited to, cancer of the adrenal gland, bone, brain, breast, bronchi, colon and/or rectum, gallbladder, head and neck, kidneys, larynx, liver, lung, neural tissue, pancreas, prostate, parathyroid, skin, stomach, and thyroid. Certain other examples of cancers include, acute and chronic lymphocytic and granulocytic tumors, adenocarcinoma, adenoma, basal cell carcinoma, cervical dysplasia and in situ carcinoma, Ewing&#39;s sarcoma, epidermoid carcinomas, giant cell tumor, glioblastoma multiforma, hairy-cell tumor, intestinal ganglioneuroma, hyperplastic corneal nerve tumor, islet cell carcinoma, Kaposi&#39;s sarcoma, leiomyoma, leukemias, lymphomas, malignant carcinoid, malignant melanomas, malignant hypercalcemia, marfanoid habitus tumor, medullary carcinoma, metastatic skin carcinoma, mucosal neuroma, myeloma, mycosis fungoides, neuroblastoma, osteo sarcoma, osteogenic and other sarcoma, ovarian tumor, pheochromocytoma, polycythermia vera, primary brain tumor, small-cell lung tumor, squamous cell carcinoma of both ulcerating and papillary type, hyperplasia, seminoma, soft tissue sarcoma, retinoblastoma, rhabdomyosarcoma, renal cell tumor, topical skin lesion, veticulum cell sarcoma, and Wilm&#39;s tumor. 
     “Patient” and “subject” are used interchangeably to refer to a mammal in need of treatment for cancer. Generally, the patient is a human Generally, the patient is a human diagnosed with cancer. In certain embodiments a “patient” or “subject” may refer to a non-human mammal used in screening, characterizing, and evaluating drugs and therapies, such as, a non-human primate, a dog, cat, rabbit, pig, mouse or a rat. 
     “Prodrug” refers to a compound that, after administration, is metabolized or otherwise converted to a biologically active or more active compound (or drug) with respect to at least one property. A prodrug, relative to the drug, is modified chemically in a manner that renders it, relative to the drug, less active or inactive, but the chemical modification is such that the corresponding drug is generated by metabolic or other biological processes after the prodrug is administered. A prodrug may have, relative to the active drug, altered metabolic stability or transport characteristics, fewer side effects or lower toxicity, or improved flavor (for example, see the reference Nogrady, 1985, Medicinal Chemistry A Biochemical Approach, Oxford University Press, New York, pages 388-392, incorporated herein by reference). A prodrug may be synthesized using reactants other than the corresponding drug. 
     “Solid tumor” refers to solid tumors including, but not limited to, metastatic tumors in bone, brain, liver, lungs, lymph node, pancreas, prostate, skin and soft tissue (sarcoma). 
     “Therapeutically effective amount” of a drug refers to an amount of a drug that, when administered to a patient with cancer, will have the intended therapeutic effect, e.g., alleviation, amelioration, palliation or elimination of one or more manifestations of cancer in the patient. A therapeutic effect does not necessarily occur by administration of one dose, and may occur only after administration of a series of doses. Thus, a therapeutically effective amount may be administered in one or more administrations. 
     “Treating,” “treatment of,” or “therapy of” a condition or patient refers to taking steps to obtain beneficial or desired results, including clinical results. For purposes of this invention, beneficial or desired clinical results include, but are not limited to, alleviation or amelioration of one or more symptoms of cancer; diminishment of extent of disease; delay or slowing of disease progression; amelioration, palliation, or stabilization of the disease state; or other beneficial results. Treatment of cancer may, in some cases, result in partial response or stable disease. 
     “Tumor cells” refers to tumor cells of any appropriate species, e.g., mammalian such as murine, canine, feline, equine or human. 
     DESCRIPTIVE EMBODIMENTS 
     Provided herein are compound of formulas I as disclosed herein above. 
     In one aspect, provided herein are compounds of formula I-A: 
                         
and pharmaceutically acceptable salts and solvates thereof, wherein
 
A is C 6 -C 10  aryl, 5-15 membered heteroaryl, or —N═CR 1 R 2 ;
 
each R 1  and R 2  independently is hydrogen, C 1 -C 6  alkyl, C 3 -C 8  cycloalkyl, C 6 -C 10  aryl, 4-15 membered heterocycle, 5-15 membered heteroaryl, ether, —CONR 13 R 14  or —NR 13 COR 14 ;
 
each X, Y, and Z independently is hydrogen, CN, halo, C 1 -C 6  alkyl, C 2 -C 6  alkenyl, C 2 -C 6  alkynyl, C 3 -C 8  cycloalkyl, C 6 -C 10  aryl, 4-15 membered heterocycle, 5-15 membered heteroaryl, ether, —CONR 13 R 14 , or —NR 13 COR 14 ;
 
R is hydrogen, C 1 -C 6  alkyl, C 2 -C 6  alkenyl, C 2 -C 6  alkynyl, C 3 -C 8  cycloalkyl, C 6 -C 10  aryl, 4-15 membered heterocycle, 5-15 membered heteroaryl, ether, —CONR 13 R 14 , or —NR 13 COR 14 ;
 
each R 13  and R 14  independently is hydrogen, C 1 -C 6  alkyl, C 3 -C 8  cycloalkyl, C 6 -C 10  aryl, 4-15 membered heterocycle, 5-15 membered heteroaryl, or ether;
 
wherein the alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, heterocycle, heteroaryl, ether groups are optionally substituted; and
 
T is a phosphoramidate alkylating agent.
 
     In one embodiment, Z is hydrogen. In another embodiment, X is hydrogen. In another embodiment, Y is hydrogen. In another embodiment, Y is halo. 
     In another embodiment, A is optionally substituted C 6 -C 10  aryl. In another embodiment, A is optionally substituted phenyl. In another embodiment, the phenyl is optionally substituted with 1-3, 1-2, or a substituent selected from halo, —CN, NO 2 , —CO 2 R 100 , —OR 100 , SR 100 , —SOR 100 , SO 2 R 100 , —NR 100 SO 2 R 100 , —NR 101 R 102 , —CONR 101 R 102 , —SO 2 R 101 R 102 , C 1 -C 6  alkyl, C 1 -C 6  alkoxy, C 3 -C 10  cycloalkyl, C 3 -C 10  heterocyclyl, C 6 -C 12  aryl and C 2 -C 12 heteroaryl, or a divalent substituent such as —O—(CH 2 )—O—, —O—(CH 2 ) 2 —O—, wherein each R 100 , R 101 , and R 102  independently is hydrogen or C 1 -C 8  alkyl; C 3 -C 12  cycloalkyl; C 3 -C 10  heterocyclyl; C 6 -C 12  aryl; or C 2 -C 12 heteroaryl; or R 101  and R 102  together with the nitrogen atom they are attached to form a 5-7 membered heterocycle; wherein each alkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, aryl, or heteroaryl is optionally substituted with 1-3 halo, 1-3 C 1 -C 6  alkyl, 1-3 C 1 -C 6  haloalkyl or 1-3 C 1 -C 6  alkoxy groups. 
     In another embodiment, A is optionally substituted 5-15 membered heteroaryl. In another embodiment, A is optionally substituted pyridyl. In another embodiment, A is optionally substituted benzothiazolyl. 
     In another embodiment, A is —N═CR 1 R 2  where R 1  and R 2  are defined as herein. 
     In some embodiments, R is hydrogen. In some embodiments, R is C 1 -C 6  alkyl. In some embodiments, R is methyl. 
     In certain embodiments, suitable substituents for A is disclosed as part of the specific compounds tabulated herein below. 
     In one embodiment, T is OP(Z)(NHCH 2 CH 2 C 1 ) 2 , OP(Z)(NHCH 2 CH 2 Br) 2 , OP(Z)(NH 2 )(N(CH 2 CH 2 X) 2 ) OP(Z)(N(CH 2 ) 2 ) 2 , OP(Z)(N(CH 2 CH 2 C 1 ) 2 ) 2 ; Z═O or S; and X═Cl, Br, and OMs (—OSO 2 Me). 
     In another embodiment, T is OP(O)(NHCH 2 CH 2 Cl) 2 . In another embodiment, T is OP(O)(NHCH 2 CH 2 Br) 2 . In another embodiment, T is OP(O)(NH 2 )(N(CH 2 CH 2 C 1 ) 2 ). 
     In another embodiment, provided herein is a compound tabulated below or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or a solvate of each thereof; its anti-proliferation efficacy on H460 lung cancer cells is also tabulated. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
             
               
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 IC 50 in proliferation 
               
               
                 Compound 
                   
                 assay in H460 cells 
               
               
                 number 
                 Structure 
                 (uM) 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                 2768 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 0.04 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 2846 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 0.06 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 2850 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 0.02 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 2852 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 0.02 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 2853 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 &lt;0.005 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 2854 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 &lt;0.005 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 2855 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 0.03 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 2860 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 0.01 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 2861 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 0.02 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 2862 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 0.04 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 2863 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 0.02 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 2864 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 0.02 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 2865 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 0.03 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 2866 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 0.02 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 2870 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 0.0004 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 2871 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 0.03 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 2872 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 0.03 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 2873 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 0.005 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 2874 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 0.5 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 2875 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 3.2 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 2876 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 0.003 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 2877 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 0.02 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 2878 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 4.4 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 2880 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 0.1 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 2881 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 0.03 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 2882 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 3.4 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 2883 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 0.03 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 2884 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 0.01 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 2885 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 3.7 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 2887 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 0.2 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 2888 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 0.003 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 2889 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 0.003 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 2890 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 0.006 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 2891 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 0.03 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 2892 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 0.002 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 2893 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 0.02 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 2895 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 0.004 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 2896 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 0.1 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 2898 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 0.01 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 2899 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 0.004 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 2900 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 0.04 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 2901 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 0.003 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 2902 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 0.09 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 2903 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 0.03 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 2904 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 0.01 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 2906 (Comparative example) 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 4 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 2908 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 0.007 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 2909 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 0.01 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 2910 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 3.5 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 2911 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 0.008 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 2912 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 0.04 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 2913 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 0.07 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 2914 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 0.03 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 2915 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 0.09 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 2916 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 0.12 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 2917 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 0.02 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 2918 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 0.003 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 2919 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 0.004 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 2920 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 0.02 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 2921 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 0.007 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 2922 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 0.003 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 2923 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 0.02 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 2924 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 0.1 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 2925 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 0.04 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 2926 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 0.02 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 2927 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 0.003 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 2928 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 0.03 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 2929 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 0.03 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 2930 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 0.002 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 2931 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 0.001 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 2932 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 0.02 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 2933 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 0.1 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 2934 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 0.003 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 2935 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 0.02 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 2937 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 0.002 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 2938 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 2.5 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 2939 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 2.7 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 2940 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 0.005 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 2941 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 0.004 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 2942 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 0.02 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 2944 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 &gt;5 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 2945 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 0.05 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 2946 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 0.03 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 2947 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 0.2 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 2948 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 0.04 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 2949 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 0.4 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 2950 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 0.04 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 2951 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 0.02 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 2952 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 0.003 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 2953 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 0.005 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 2954 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 0.1 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 2955 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 0.006 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 2956 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 0.004 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 2957 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 0.04 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 2958 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 0.002 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 2960 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 1.6 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 2961 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 2.7 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 2966 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 0.2 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 2967 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 0.1 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 2968 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 0.004 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 2969 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 0.002 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 2970 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 0.04 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 2971 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 0.003 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 2972 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 0.01 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 2973 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 0.02 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 2974 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 0.001 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 2978 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 0.002 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 2980 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 3 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 2981 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 3.7 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 2982 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 0.004 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 2983 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 0.004 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 2984 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 0.005 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 2985 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 0.004 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 2991 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 0.006 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 2992 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 0.004 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 2993 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 0.02 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 3028 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 0.7 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 3029 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 0.6 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 3030 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 0.02 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 3031 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 0.01 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 3032 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 0.003 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 3033 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 0.001 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 3034 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 0.008 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 3035 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 0.001 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 3036 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 0.004 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 3037 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 0.001 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 3040 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 0.004 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 3041 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 0.05 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 3042 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 0.005 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 3045 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 0.004 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 3050 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 0.01 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     In another aspect, provided herein is a process of preparing a compound of formula I comprising contacting a compound of formula II: 
                         
wherein L is a leaving group, with a compound of formula III:
 
                         
and optionally a base to provide a compound of formula I, wherein the remaining variables are defined in any aspect or embodiment, as above.
 
     In one embodiment, L is halo. In another embodiment, L is F. In another embodiment, X 10  is O. In another embodiment, Z is hydrogen. In another embodiment, X is hydrogen. In another embodiment, Y is hydrogen. In another embodiment, Y is halo. In one embodiment, the base is a string, non-nucleophilic base, as is well known to the skilled artisan. In one embodiment, the base is a hydride base. 
     Certain methods for synthesizing compounds provided herein are provided herein. Other methods for synthesizing these and other compounds provided herein will be apparent to the skilled artisan based on the adaptation of, and the replacement of reagents and reactants in, synthetic methods well known to them. See, e.g., Hay et al., J. Med. Chem. 2003, 46, 2456-2466 and Hu et al., Bioorganic &amp; Medicinal Chemistry Letters 21 (2011) 3986-3991. Starting materials useful for preparing the compounds provided herein are commercially available or can be prepared following routine methods. The reactions are commonly carried out in an inert solvent and heated if necessary. The skilled artisan will readily appreciate that certain reactions may require the use of a protecting group. Protecting groups are well known to the skilled artisan and described, e.g., in Greene&#39;s Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis. Peter G. M. Wuts and Theodora W. Greene, 4 th  Edition or a later edition, John Wiley &amp; Sons, Inc., 2007. The reaction products may be separated following routine methods such as crystallization, precipitation, distillation, and/or chromatography. The purity of a compound or an intermediate can be ascertained using well known methods such as  1 H NMR, HPLC, TLC, and the likes. 
     EXAMPLES 
     Example 1-A. Preparation of Compound TH 2768 
     a. Synthesis of Compound 3 
     Compound 1 (3 g, 16.2 mmol) was refluxed in SOCl 2  (10 mL) with DMF (3 drops) for 3 h and then SOCl 2  was removed under vacuum. The residue was diluted with toluene (5 mL) and was used in the following step without further purification. 
     A mixture of MgCl 2  (930 mg, 9.8 mmol), TEA (4.7 mL, 33.4 mmol) and dimethyl malonate (1.9 mL, 16.6 mmol) was stirred at RT for 1.5 h before the above mentioned toluene solution of Compound 2 was added. The resulting mixture was stirred at RT for another 1.5 h before conc. HCl (4 mL) was added and stirred for 5 minutes. The mixture was extracted with EtOAc (30 mL×3), dried (Na 2 SO 4 ), filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure. 
     To the residue was added 6N HCl (30 mL and the mixture was refluxed overnight. 
     The mixture was extracted with EtOAc (30 mL×3), dried (Na 2 SO 4 ), filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified via FCC (silica gel, EtOAc/Hexane) to afford Compound 3 as a light yellow solid (1.9 g, 63% yield). 
     1H NMR (CDCl3, 400 MHz) δ: 8.16 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 1H), 7.86 (t, d=9.2 Hz, 2H), 2.68 (s, 3H). 
     b. Synthesis of Compound 4 
     To a mixture of Compound 3 (1.9 g, 10.4 mmol) in MeOH (20 mL) at −10 C was added NaBH 4  (418 mg, 11 mmol) in portions. The mixture was stirred between −10 C to 0 C for 20 minutes, diluted with EtOAc (300 mL), washed with sat. NH 4 Cl aqueous solution, brine, dried (Na 2 SO 4 ). Filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified via FCC (silica gel, EtOAc/Hexane) to afford Compound 4 as a light yellow oil (1.44 g, 75% yield). 
     1H NMR (CDCl3, 400 MHz) δ: 8.06 (t, J=8.4 Hz, 1H), 7.35 (d, J=11.6 Hz, 1H), 7.30 (d, J=11.6 Hz, 1H), 5.01-4.99 (m, 1H), 1.52 (d, J=6.4 Hz, 3H). 
     c. Synthesis of Compound 5 
     To a mixture of Compound 4 (1.44 g, 7.78 mmol), Br-IPM (2.88 g, 9.34 mmol), PPh3 (3.06 g, 11.67 mmol) in THF (60 mL) at 0 C was added DIAD (2.34 g, 11.67 mmol). The mixture was stirred at 0 C for 1.5 h, concentrated under reduced pressure and purified via FCC (silica gel, EtOAc/Hexane) to afford Compound 5 as a light yellow oil (1.0 g, 27% yield). 
     1H NMR (CDCl3, 400 MHz) δ: 8.09 (t, J=8.0 Hz, 1H), 8.31 (dd, J=2.4, 13.6 Hz, 2H), 5.52-5.60 (m, 1H), 3.54-3.19 (m, 8H), 1.63 (d, J=6.4 Hz, 3H). 
     d. Synthesis of Compound 6 
     A mixture of Compound 5 (1 g, 2.1 mmol) and Ag2O (3 g) in THF (50 mL) was stirred at 65 C for 3 h. Filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified via FCC (silica gel, Acetone/Hexane) to afford Compound 6 as a yellow solid (0.6 g, 90% yield). 
       1 H NMR (CDCl3, 400 MHz) δ: 8.08 (t, J=8.0 Hz, 1H), 7.36 (d, J=11.6 Hz, 1H), 7.31 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 1H), 5.70-5.67 (m, 1H), 2.25-2.08 (m, 8H), 1.64 (d, J=6.4 Hz, 3H). 
     e. Synthesis of TH 2768 
     To a mixture of phenol (1.8 g, 19.05 mmol) in DMF (80 mL) at 0 C was added NaH (60%, 0.76 g, 19.05) in portions. The mixture was stirred at 0 C for 0.5 h before Compound 6 (3 g, 9.53 mmol) was added and then stirred at 0 C for 2 h. The mixture was diluted with EtOAc (1 L), washed with brine (100 mL×4), dried over Na 2 SO 4 , filtered, concentrated under reduced pressure and purified via FCC (silica gel, Acetone/Hexane) to afford TH 2768 as a light brown oil (2.3 g, 62% yield). 
     Purification of TH 2768 
     TH 2768 as mentioned above was purified via semi-prep HPLC (c18 column, acetonitrile/water). The combined collections were concentrated under reduced pressure to afford a light yellow oil (0.9 g, 81.8% yield) as the final product. Acetonitrile was added in the process as an azeotrope agent to remove water. 
     1H NMR (CDCl3, 400 MHz) δ: 7.96 (d, J=11.6 Hz, 1H), 7.40 (t, J=10.0 Hz, 2H), 7.21 (t, J=10.0 Hz, 2H), 7.07-7.03 (m, 3H), 5.61-5.48 (m, 1H), 2.22-2.18 (m, 8H), 1.58 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 3H). 
     Example 1-B. Preparation of TH 2953 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     Compounds 3-6 were synthesized as described above. 
     a. Synthesis of TH 2953 
     To a mixture of 4-phenylphenol (2.16 g, 12.7 mmol) in DMF (60 mL) at 0 C was added NaH (60%, 0.508 g, 12.7 mmol) in portions. The mixture was stirred at 0 C for 0.5 h before Compound 6 (2 g, 6.35 mmol) was added and then stirred at 0 C for 2.5 h. The mixture was diluted with EtOAc (500 mL), washed with brine (50 mL×3), dried over Na 2 SO 4 , filtered, concentrated under reduced pressure and purified via FCC (silica gel, Acetone/Hexane) to afford TH 2953 as a yellow oil. 
     Purification of TH 2953 
     TH 2953 as mentioned above was purified via semi-prep HPLC (C18 column, acetonitrile/water). The combined collections were concentrated under reduced pressure to afford a light yellow oil (1.83 g, 62% yield) as the final product. Acetonitrile was added to the evaporations as an azeotrope agent to remove water. 
       1 H NMR (CDCl3, 400 MHz) δ: 7.99 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 1H), 7.62-7.57 (m, 4H), 7.46 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 7.37 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 1H), 7.23 (dd, J=8.4, 1.6 Hz, 1H), 7.13-7.11 (m, 3H), 5.61-5.58 (m, 1H), 2.22-1.81 (m, 8H), 1.58 (d, J=6.8 Hz, 3H) ppm. 
     Example 1-C. Preparation of Compound TH 2870 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     Compounds 2-6 were synthesized as described below. 
     a. Synthesis of Compound 3 
     Compound 1 (3 g, 16.2 mmol) was refluxed in SOCl 2  (10 mL) with DMF (3 drops) for 3 h and then SOCl 2  was removed under vacuum. The residue was diluted with toluene (5 mL) and was used in the following step without further purification. 
     A mixture of MgCl 2  (930 mg, 9.8 mmol), TEA (4.7 mL, 33.4 mmol) and dimethyl malonate (1.9 mL, 16.6 mmol) was stirred at RT for 1.5 h followed by addition of the above mentioned toluene solution of Compound 2. The resulting mixture was stirred at RT for another 1.5 h then conc. HCl (4 mL) was added and stirred for 5 minutes. The mixture was extracted with EtOAc (30 mL×3), dried (Na 2 SO 4 ), filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure. To the residue was added 6N HCl (30 mL and the mixture was refluxed overnight. The mixture was extracted with EtOAc (30 mL×3), dried (Na 2 SO 4 ), filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified via FCC (silica gel, EtOAc/Hexane) to afford Compound 3 as a light yellow solid (1.9 g, 63% yield). 
       1 H NMR (CDCl3, 400 MHz) δ: 8.16 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 1H), 7.86 (t, d=9.2 Hz, 2H), 2.68 (s, 3H) ppm. 
     b. Synthesis of Compound 4 
     To a mixture of Compound 3 (1.9 g, 10.4 mmol) in MeOH (20 mL) at −10 C was added NaBH 4  (418 mg, 11 mmol) in portions. The mixture was stirred between −10 C to 0 C for 20 minutes, diluted with EtOAc (300 mL), washed with sat. NH 4 Cl aqueous solution, brine, dried (Na 2 SO 4 ). Filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified via FCC (silica gel, EtOAc/Hexane) to afford Compound 4 as a light yellow oil (1.44 g, 75% yield). 
       1 H NMR (CDCl 3 , 400 MHz) δ: 8.06 (t, J=8.4 Hz, 1H), 7.35 (d, J=11.6 Hz, 1H), 7.30 (d, J=11.6 Hz, 1H), 5.01-4.99 (m, 1H), 1.52 (d, J=6.4 Hz, 3H) ppm. 
     c. Synthesis of Compound 5 
     To a mixture of Compound 4 (1.44 g, 7.78 mmol), Br-IPM (2.88 g, 9.34 mmol), PPh 3  (3.06 g, 11.67 mmol) in THF (60 mL) at 0° C. was added DIAD (2.34 g, 11.67 mmol). The mixture was stirred at 0° C. for 1.5 h, concentrated under reduced pressure and purified via FCC (silica gel, EtOAc/Hexane) to afford Compound 5 as a light yellow oil (1.0 g, 27% yield). 
       1 H NMR (CDCl 3 , 400 MHz) δ: 8.09 (t, J=8.0 Hz, 1H), 8.31 (dd, J=2.4, 13.6 Hz, 2H), 5.52-5.60 (m, 1H), 3.54-3.19 (m, 8H), 1.63 (d, J=6.4 Hz, 3H) ppm. 
     d. Synthesis of Compound 6 
     A mixture of Compound 5 (1 g, 2.1 mmol) and Ag 2 O (3 g) in THF (50 mL) was stirred at 65° C. for 3 h. Filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified via FCC (silica gel, Acetone/Hexane) to afford Compound 6 as a yellow solid (0.6 g, 90% yield). 
       1 HNMR (CDCl 3 , 400 MHz) δ: 8.08 (t, J=8.0 Hz, 1H), 7.36 (d, J=11.6 Hz, 1H), 7.31 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 1H), 5.70-5.67 (m, 1H), 2.25-2.08 (m, 8H), 1.64 (d, J=6.4 Hz, 3H) ppm. 
     e. Preparation of Compound 7 
     Preparation of Compound 7-2 
     Ac2O (562 mL, 1.5 eq) was added drop wise to a solution of compound 7-1 (150 g, 1.08 mol) in Pyridine (700 mL) at 0° C., stirred at r.t. for 6 hrs. Evaporated, poured into ice water, filtered, the filter cake was dried to give compound 7-2 as a white solid (150 g, 74% yield). 
     1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3): δ ppm 8.00-7.98 (d, J=7.6 Hz, 1H), 8.03 (s, 1H), 7.83 (s, 1H), 7.51-7.47 (t, J=8.0 Hz, 1H), 7.36-7.34 (dd, J=8.0 Hz 1.2 Hz, 1H), 2.34 (s, 3H). 
     Preparation of Compound 7-3 
     To a solution of compound 7-2 (150 g, 833 mmol) in DCM (1500 mL), DMF (15 mL) was added, cooled to 0° C. followed by the addition of oxayl chloride (225 mL, 2.50 mol), stirred at r.t. for 4 hrs. Evaporated, the residue was dissolved in DCM (1000 mL) cooled to 0° C. followed by the addition of 2M solution of dimethylamine in THF (900 mL, 1.8 mol), stirred at r.t. for 20 hrs. Quenched with H 2 O (1500 mL), extracted with DCM (2000 mL×3), evaporated to give crude compound 7-3 as a pale yellow liquid (137 g, 80% yield).  1 H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3): δ ppm 7.43-7.39 (t, J=8.0 Hz, 1H), 7.29-7.28 (d, J=7.6 Hz, 1H), 7.17-7.13 (m, 2H), 3.00 (s, 6H), 2.32 (s, 3H). 
     Preparation of Compound 7 
     To a solution of compound?-3 (137 g, 661 mmol) in MeOH (1000 mL), K2CO3 (276 g, 2 mol) was added, stirred at r.t. for 5 hrs. Filtered, the filtrate was evaporated. The residue was dissolved in H 2 O (1000 mL), acdified by 4N HCl to PH6.0, filtered, the filter cake was dried to give compound 7 as a white solid (60 g, 55% yield). 
     1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3): δ ppm 8.25 (s, 1H), 7.19˜7.15 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 1H), 6.96˜6.95 (t, J=2.0 Hz, 1H), 6.84˜6.81 (s, 2H), 3.11 (s, 3H), 2.96 (s, 3H). 
     f. Synthesis of TH 2870 
     To a mixture of compound 7 in DMF (60 mL) at 0° C. was added NaH (60%, 0.508 g, 12.7 mmol) in portions. The mixture was stirred at 0 C for 0.5 h before Compound 6 (2 g, 6.35 mmol) was added and then stirred at 0 C for 2.5 h. The mixture was diluted with EtOAc (500 mL), washed with brine (50 mL×3), dried over Na 2 SO 4 , filtered, concentrated under reduced pressure and purified via FCC (silica gel, Acetone/Hexane) to afford TH 2870 as a yellow oil. 
     Final Purification of TH 2870 
     TH 2870 as mentioned above was purified via semi-prep HPLC (C18 column, acetonitrile/water). The combined collections were concentrated under reduced pressure to afford a light yellow oil as the final product. Acetonitrile was added to the evaporations as an azeotrope agent to remove water. 
       1 H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3): δ ppm 7.98-7.96 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 1H), 7.43-7.39 (m, 1H), 7.27˜7.21 (m, 2H), 7.10˜7.06 (m, 3H), 5.62˜5.55 (m, 1H), 3.09 (s, 3H), 2.97 (s, 3H), 2.19˜2.00 (m, 8H), 1.58˜1.57 (d, J=6.4 Hz, 3H). MS: m/z 460.8[M+1]+. PLC: 254 nm: 94.8%. 
     Example 1-D. Alternative Preparation of Compound TH 2870 
                         
a. Preparation of Compound 3
 
     Compound 1 (200 g, 1.08 mol) was refluxed in SOCl2 (700 mL) with DMF (10 ml) for 3 hrs and then SOCl2 was removed under vacuum. The residue was diluted with toluene (400 mL) and was used in the following step without further purification. 
     A mixture of MgCl2 (103 g, 1.08 mol), TEA (500 mL, 3.60 mol) and dimethyl malonate (145 g, 1.1 mol) was stirred at RT for 1.5 hrs before the above mentioned toluene solution of compound 2 was added drop wise. The resulting mixture was stirred at RT for another 1.5 hrs. Washed with H 2 O (2 L), extracted with EtOAc (2 L×5), evaporated, 4N HCl was added until PH6.0 and stirred for 5 minutes. The mixture was extracted with EtOAc (2 L×5), evaporated. 
     To the residue was added 6N HCl (1500 mL) and the mixture was refluxed overnight. 
     The mixture was extracted with EtOAc (2 L×5), concentrated, purified by silica gel column (petroleum ether:EtOAc=20:1) to give compound 3 as a yellow solid (80 g, 41% yield). 
     b. Preparation of Compound 4 
     To a mixture of compound 3 (150 g, 824 mol) in MeOH (2 L) at −10° C. was added NaBH4 (31.2 g, 824 mmol) in portions. The mixture was stirred between −10° C. to 0° C. for 20 minutes, diluted with EtOAc (5 L), washed with sat. NH4Cl aqueous solution, brine, dried over Na2SO4, concentrated. The residue was purified by silica gel column (petroleum ether:EtOAc=5:1) to give compound 4 as a yellow oil (90 g, 60% yield). 
     c. Preparation of Compound 5 
     To a solution of POCl3 (2 ml, 21.6 mmol) in DCM (20 ml) was added compound 4 (2 g, 10.8 mmol), then TEA (3.6 ml, 27 mmol) in DCM (10 ml) was added at −40° C. under N2, stirred at −40° C. for 5 hrs. Then 2-Bromoethylamine (17.6 g, 86.8 mmol) was added, TEA (12 ml, 86.8 mmol) in DCM (40 ml) was added slowly into above solution at −40° C., stirred for 0.5 h. K2CO3 (10%, 10.4 g, 100 ml) was added, stirred at r.t. for 5 mins Extracted with DCM (300 ml×3), evaporated, purified by silica gel column (EtOAc) to give compound 5 as a yellow oil (2.3 g, 43% yield). 
     d. Preparation of Compound 6 
     A mixture of compound 5 (4 g, 8.42 mmol) and Ag2O (5.85 g, 25.26 mmol) in THF (40 ml) was stirred at 65° C. for 3 hrs, filtered and concentrated. The residue was purified by silica gel column (EtOAc) to give compound 6 as a yellow oil (2.3 g, 87% yield). 
     e. Preparation of Compound TH 2870 
     To a solution of Compound 7 (1.81 g, 10.95 mmol) in DMF (10 ml), NaH (60%, 438 mg, 1095 mmol) was added at 0° C., stirred for 10 mins, then compound 6 (2.3, 7.3 mmol) in DMF (10 ml) was added, stirred at 0° C. for 30 mins. 
     Quenched with H2O, extracted with EtOAc (100 ml×5), washed with H 2 O (150 ml), brine, evaporated, purified by silica gel column (DCM:MeOH=40:1) to give compound TH 2870 as a yellow oil (2.3 g, 69% yield). 
     Example 1-E 
     Preparation of TH 2846, TH 2850, TH 2852, TH 2854, TH 2860-TH 2866, TH 2871-TH 2878, TH 2880, TH 2881, TH 2883, TH 2887-TH 2893, TH 2895, TH 2896, TH 2898-TH 2900, TH 2902, TH 2903, TH 2904, TH 2906, TH 2908, TH 2909, TH 2911-TH 2923, TH 2925-TH 2935, TH 2937-TH 2942, TH 2944, TH 2949, TH 2952-TH 2958, TH 2960, TH 2961, TH 2966-TH 2971, TH 2974, TH 2978, TH 2980, TH 2981, TH 2984, TH 2985, TH 2991-TH 2993, TH 3028-TH 3037, TH 3041, TH 3042 and TH 3050. 
     Compounds TH 2846, TH 2850, TH 2852, TH 2854, TH 2860-TH 2866, TH 2871-TH 2878, TH 2880, TH 2881, TH 2883, TH 2887-TH 2893, TH 2895, TH 2896, TH 2898-TH 2900, TH 2902, TH 2903, TH 2904, TH 2906, TH 2908, TH 2909, TH 2911-TH 2923, TH 2925-TH 2935, TH 2937-TH 2942, TH 2944, TH 2949, TH 2952-TH 2958, TH 2960, TH 2961, TH 2966-TH 2971, TH 2974, TH 2978, TH 2980, TH 2981, TH 2984, TH 2985, TH 2991-TH 2993, TH 3028-TH 3037, TH 3041, TH 3042 and TH 3050 were synthesized using similar synthetic procedures as described above. 
     TH 2846 
     Starting with phenol (140 mg). 1H NMR (CDCl3) δ: 1.57 (d, 3H), 1.92-2.20 (M, 8H), 5.85 (m, 1H), 7.0 (d, 2H), 7.15-7.26 (dd, 2H), 7.38 (t, 2H), 7.70 (d, 1H). 31.2. 
     TH 2850 
     1H NMR (CDCl3, 400 MHz) δ 7.95 (d, 1H), 7.39 (t, 2H), 7.18 (m, 2H), 7.05 (d, 2H), 7.99 (s, 1H), 5.10 (d, 2H), 2.18-2.12 (m, 8H). 
     TH 2852 
     1H NMR (CDCl3, 400 MHz) δ 8.40 (bs, 1H), 8.0 (bs, 1H), 7.35 (bs, 4H), 7.20 (s, 1H), 5.12 (bs, 1H), 2.18-2.12 (bs, 8H), 1.6 (bd, 3H). 
     TH 2854 
     1H NMR (CDCl3, 400 MHz) δ: 8.00 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 1H), 7.89 (d, J=8.2 Hz, 1H), 7.67 (s, 1H), 7.43 (t, J=7.8 Hz, 1H), 7.27-7.25 (m, 2H), 7.06 (d, J=1.2 Hz, 1H), 5.62-5.60 (m, 1H), 4.37 (q, J=6.8 Hz, 2H), 2.18-2.00 (m, 8H), 1.39 (t, J=6.8 Hz, 3H). 
     TH 2855 
     1H NMR (CDCl3, 400 MHz) δ: 7.96 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 1H), 7.27-7.05 (m, 3H), 6.60-6.32 (m, 3H), 5.64-5.59 (m, 1H), 2.96 (s, 6H), 2.20-2.00 (m, 8H), 1.58 (d, J=6.4 Hz, 3H). 
     TH 2860 
     Starting with 4-Chloro-phenol (60 mg). 1H NMR (CDCl3) δ: 1.58 (d, 3H), 1.97-2.25 (m, 8H), 5.59 (m, 1H), 6.95 (d, 2H), 7.05 (d, 1H), 7.24 (dd, 1H), 7.35 (d, 2H), 7.96 (d, 1H). 31PNMR (CDCl3) δ: 31.3. 
     TH 2861 
     Starting with 4-Fluorophenol (50 mg). 1H NMR (CDCl3) δ: 1.55 (d, 3H), 1.92-2.15 (m, 8H), 5.54 (m, 1H), 6.95-7.16 (m, 5H), 7.20 (dd, 1H), 7.94 (d, 1H). 31PNMR (CDCl3) δ: 31.3. 
     TH 2862 
     Starting with 2-Chloro-phenol (60 mg). 1H NMR (CDCl3) δ: 1.55 (d, 3H), 1.95-2.20 (m, 8H), 5.56 (m, 1H), 6.81 (d, 1H), 7.10 (d, 1H), 7.13-7.35 (m, 3H), 7.50 (dd, 1H), 8.0 (d, 1H). 31PNMR (CDCl3) δ: 31.3. 
     TH 2863 
     Starting with 2,4-difluoro-phenol (60 mg). 1H NMR (CDCl3) δ: 1.54 (d, 3H), 1.91-2.20 (m, 8H), 5.56 (m, 1H), 6.85-7.05 (m, 3H), 7.10-7.22 (m, 2H), 7.98 (d, 1H). 31PNMR (CDCl3) δ: 31.4. 
     TH 2864 
     Starting with 2,4-dichloro-phenol (73 mg). 1H NMR (CDCl3) δ: 1.55 (d, 3H), 1.95-2.25 (m, 8H), 5.57 (m, 1H), 6.86 (d, 1H), 7.0 (d, 1H), 7.20-7.30 (m, 2H), 7.48 (dd, 1H), 7.99 (d, 1H). 31PNMR (CDCl3) δ: 31.4. 
     TH 2865 
     Starting with 2-Fluorophenol (50 mg). 1H NMR (CDCl3) δ: 1.54 (d, 3H), 1.95-2.25 (m, 8H), 5.57 (m, 1H), 6.89 (d, 1H), 7.10-7.30 (m, 5H), 7.99 (d, 1H). 31PNMR (CDCl3) δ: 31.3. 
     TH 2866 
     Starting 1,3-benzodioxol-5-ol (62 mg). 1H NMR (CDCl3) δ: 1.55 (d, 3H), 1.95-2.25 (m, 8H), 5.56 (m, 1H), 6.0 (s, 2H), 6.50 (dd, 1H), 6.59 (d, 1H), 6.78 (d, 1H), 6.99 (s, 1H), 7.13 (d, 1H), 7.96 (d, 1H). 31PNMR (CDCl3) δ: 31.3. 
     TH 2871 
     Starting with 3-(trifluoromethyl)phenol (73 mg). 1H NMR (CDCl3) δ: 1.58 (d, 3H), 1.95-2.25 (m, 8H), 5.59 (m, 1H), 7.10 (s, 1H), 7.15-7.50 (m, 5H), 7.99 (d, 1H). 31PNMR (CDCl3) δ: 31.5. 
     TH 2872 
     Starting with 4-Cyanophenol (54 mg) 1H NMR (CDCl3) δ: 1.58 (d, 3H), 1.97-2.25 (m, 8H), 5.65 (m, 1H), 7.0 (d, 2H), 7.21 (d, 1H), 7.38 (dd, 1H), 7.65 (d, 2H), 8.05 (d, 1H). 31PNMR (CDCl3) δ: 31.5. 
     TH 2873 
     Starting material with 4-Methoxyphenol (56 mg). 1H NMR (CDCl3) δ: 1.54 (d, 3H), 1.95-2.19 (m, 8H), 3.83 (s, 3H), 5.53 (m, 1H), 6.90-6.97 (m, 3H), 7.0 (d, 2H), 7.13 (dd, 1H), 7.93 (d, 1H). 31PNMR (CDCl3) δ: 31.2. 
     TH 2874 
     1H NMR (CDCl3, 400 MHz) δ 8.13-8.11 (dd, 1H), 7.61 (t, 1H), 7.44 (m, 2H), 7.30 (t, 1H), 6.62-6.59 (dd, 1H), 6.33 (t, 1H), 5.72 (m, 1H), 2.18-2.12 (m, 8H), 1.60 (m, 3H). 
     TH 2875 
     1H NMR (CDCl3, 400 MHz) δ 8.08 (d, 1H), 7.65 (d, 1H), 7.49 (s, 1H), 7.3 (m, 2H), 6.63 (d, 1H), 6.30 (t, 1H), 5.12 (d, 2H), 2.18-2.12 (m, 8H). 
     TH 2876 
     1H NMR (CDCl3, 400 MHz) δ 8.08 (d, 2H), 7.40-7.00 (m, 5H), 5.12 (d, 2H), 4.40 (q, 2H), 2.18-2.12 (m, 8H), 1.60 (t, 3H). 
     TH 2877 
     1H NMR (CDCl3, 400 MHz) δ 8.43-8.38 (m, 2H), 7.98 (d, 2H), 7.35 (d, 1H), 7.33-7.25 (m, 2H), 7.07 (s, 1H), 5.12 (d, 1H), 2.18-2.12 (m, 8H). 
     TH 2878 
     1H NMR (CDCl3) δ 8.25 (d, 1H), 7.7 (d, 1H), 7.65 (s, 1H), 7.52-7.46 (m, 1H), 7.3-7.1 (m, 2H), 6.7-6.6 (m, 1H), 5.8-5.7 (m, 1H), 2.25-2 (m, 8H), 1.67 (d, 3H). 
     TH 2880 
     1H NMR (CDCl3) δ 8.05-7.8 (m, 3H), 7.4-7.3 (m, 2H), 7.1-6.9 (m, 2H), 5.75 (s, 2H), 5.7-5.5 (m, 1H), 2.2-1.9 (m, 8H), 1.56 (d, 3H). 
     TH 2881 
     1H NMR (CDCl3) δ 8.05-7.7 (m, 3H), 7.4-7.3 (m, 1H), 7.2 (s, 1H), 7.2-7.0 (m, 2H), 5.7-5.5 (m, 1H), 2.72 (s, 6H), 2.2-1.9 (m, 8H), 1.61 (d, 3H). 
     TH 2883 
     Starting with 4-(methylsulfonyl)phenol (78 mg). 1H NMR (CDCl3) δ: 1.62 (d, 3H), 2.01-2.22 (m, 8H), 3.07 (s, 3H), 5.67 (m, 1H), 7.09 (d, 2H), 7.24 (s, 1H), 7.38 (d, 1H), 7.92 (d, 2H), 8.05 (d, 1H). 31PNMR (CDCl3) δ: 31.5. 
     TH 2884 
     1HNMR (CDCl3, 400 MHz) δ: 8.00-7.93 (m, 1H), 7.62-7.60 (m, 1H), 7.48-7.34 (m, 2H), 7.20-7.11 (m, 2H), 5.52-5.48 (m, 1H), 2.94-2.83 (m, 3H), 2.14-1.95 (m, 8H), 1.55 (d, J=6.4 Hz, 3H). 
     TH 2885 
     1HNMR (CDCl3, 400 MHz) δ: 7.94-7.91 (m, 1H), 7.41-7.36 (m, 2H), 7.28-7.18 (m, 2H), 7.01-6.94 (m, 2H), 5.56-5.53 (m, 1H), 3.06-2.88 (m, 6H), 2.15-1.96 (m, 8H), 1.54-1.52 (m, 3H). 
     TH 2887 
     1H NMR (CDCl3, 400 MHz) δ 8.08 (d, 1H), 7.92 (d, 2H), 7.35 (d, 1H), 7.20 (s, 1H), 7.07 (d, 2H), 5.12 (d, 1H), 2.18-2.12 (m, 8H). 
     TH 2888 
     1H NMR (CDCl3, 400 MHz) δ 7.94 (d, 1H), 7.15 (d, 1H), 6.98 (s, 1H), 6.74 (d, 1H), 6.61 (d, 1H), 6.54 (dd, 1H), 6.02 (s, 2H), 5.12 (d, 1H), 2.18-2.12 (m, 8H). 
     TH 2889 
     1H NMR (CDCl3, 400 MHz) δ 7.98 (d, 1H), 7.42 (t, 1H), 7.23 (m, 2H), 7.07 (m, 3H), 5.13 (d, 2H), 3.09 (s, 3H), 2.98 (s, 3H), 2.18-2.12 (m, 8H). 
     TH 2890 
     1H NMR (CDCl3, 400 MHz) δ 8.31 (d, 1H), 8.00 (d, 1H), 7.35-7.23 (m, 3H), 7.01 (s, 1H), 5.14 (d, 2H), 2.58 (s, 3H), 2.20-2.10 (m, 8H). 
     TH 2891 
     1H NMR (CDCl3, 400 MHz) δ 8.27 (d, 1H), 7.97 (d, 1H), 7.35-7.23 (m, 3H), 7.01 (s, 1H), 5.80 (m, 1H), 2.56 (s, 3H), 2.20-2.10 (m, 8H), 1.55 (d, 3H). 
     TH 2892 
     1H NMR (CDCl3, 400 MHz) δ 7.97 (d, 1H), 7.94 (bs, 1H), 7.48 (m, 1H), 7.26 (d, 1H), 7.03 (s, 1H), 6.97-6.94 (dd, 1H), 5.14 (d, 2H), 2.20-2.10 (m, 8H). 
     TH 2893 
     1H NMR (CDCl3, 400 MHz) δ 7.97 (d, 1H), 7.94 (bs, 1H), 7.51 (m, 1H), 7.29 (d, 1H), 7.08 (s, 1H), 6.97-6.94 9 dd, 1H), 5.60 (m, 1H), 2.20-2.10 (m, 8H), 1.66-1.58 (d, 3H). 
     TH 2895 
     1H NMR (CDCl3) δ: 1.95-2.18 (m, 8H), 3.83 (s, 3H), 5.09 (d, 2H), 6.84 (d, 2H), 6.89-6.96 (m, 3H), 7.13 (d, 1H), 7.94 (d, 1H). 31PNMR (CDCl3) δ: 32.2. 
     TH 2896 
     1H NMR (CDCl3) δ: 2.05-2.22 (m, 8H), 5.08 (d, 2H), 6.71 (d, 2H), 6.88-6.93 (m, 3H), 7.10 (d, 1H), 7.93 (d, 1H). 31PNMR (CDCl3) δ: 32.2. 
     TH 2898 
     1H NMR (CDCl3) δ 8.05-7.98 (m, 3H), 7.87 (d, 1H), 7.34 (d, 1H), 7.28 (d, 1H), 7.15 (s, 1H), 7.1 (d, 2H), 5.7-5.5 (m, 1H), 2.2-1.98 (m, 8H), 1.61 (d, 3H). 
     TH 2899 
     1H NMR (CDCl3) δ 8.1-7.9 (m, 3H), 7.85 (d, 1H), 7.33 (dd, 1H), 7.28 (dd, 1H), 7.15-7.05 (m, 3H), 5.16 (d, 2H), 2.2-2.08 (m, 8H). 
     TH 2900 
     1H NMR (CDCl3) δ 8.98 (s, 1H), 8.15 (d, 1H), 8.01 (d, 1H), 7.61 (s, 1H), 7.3-7.2 (m, 2H), 7.09 (s, 1H), 5.65-5.55 (m, 1H), 2.2-1.96 (m, 8H), 1.58 (d, 3H). 
     TH 2902 
     1H NMR (CDCl3) δ 8.05 (d, 1H), 7.87 (d, 2H), 7.37 (d, 1H), 7.23 (s, 1H), 7.09 (d, 2H), 5.7-5.5 (m, 1H), 4.5-4.3 (m, 1H), 2.7 (d, 3H), 2.22-2.02 (m, 8H), 1.63 (d, 3H). 
     TH 2903 
     1H NMR (CDCl3) δ 8.05 (d, 1H), 7.87 (d, 2H), 7.36 (d, 1H), 7.21 (s, 1H), 7.09 (d, 2H), 5.21 (d, 2H), 4.5-4.4 (m, 1H), 2.7 (d, 3H), 2.25-2.1 (m, 8H). 
     TH 2904 
     1H NMR (CDCl3) δ 8.06 (d, 2H), 8.01 (d, 1H), 7.71 (s, 1H), 7.3-7.2 (m, 2H), 7.15 (s, 1H), 7.09 (d, 2H), 5.65-5.55 (m, 1H), 2.2-1.96 (m, 8H), 1.59 (d, 3H). 
     TH 2906 
     1H NMR (CDCl3, 400 MHz) δ: 8.01 (s, 1H), 7.53 (d, J=8.8 Hz, 1H), 7.40 (t, J=8.0 Hz, 2H), 7.21 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 1H), 7.06 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 2H), 7.01 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 1H)-5.18 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 2H), 2.25-2.17 (m, 8H). 
     TH 2908 
     1H NMR (CDCl3, 400 MHz) δ: 8.00 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 1H), 7.47 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 2H), 7.28 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 1H), 7.11 (s, 1H), 7.05 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 2H), 5.60-5.58 (m, 1H), 3.12 (s, 3H), 3.04 (s, 3H), 2.19-2.02 (m, 8H), 1.58 (d, J=6.4 Hz, 3H). 
     TH 2909 
     1H NMR (CDCl3, 400 MHz) δ: 8.00 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 1H), 7.78 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 2H), 7.30-7.28 (m, 1H), 7.14 (s, 1H), 7.04 (d, J=4.8 Hz, 2H), 6.14 (br, 1H), 5.64-5.59 (m, 1H), 3.02 (d, J=5.6 Hz, 3H), 2.20-2.00 (m, 8H), 1.58 (d, J=6.4 Hz, 3H). 
     TH 2911 
     Starting with 4-(methylsulfonyl)phenol (120 mg). 1H NMR (CDCl3) δ: 2.10-2.28 (m, 8H), 3.08 (s, 3H), 5.23 (d, 2H), 7.11 (d, 2H), 7.24 (s, 1H), 7.39 (d, 2H), 7.93 (d, 2H), 8.07 (d, 1H). 31PNMR (CDCl3) δ: 32.3. 
     TH 2912 
     Starting with N-(4-Hydroxy-phenyl)-methanesulfonamide (115 mg). 1H NMR (CDCl3) δ: 1.58 (d, 3H), 2.0-2.22 (m, 8H), 3.0 (s, 3H), 5.58 (m, 1H), 6.97-7.11 (m, 3H), 7.22-7.32 (m, 3H), 7.94 (d, 1H). 31PNMR (CDCl3) δ: 31.5. 
     TH 2913 
     Starting with N-(4-Hydroxy-phenyl)-trifluoromethanesulfonamide (145 mg). 1H NMR (CDCl3) δ: 1.57 (d, 3H), 2.01-2.22 (m, 8H), 2.97 (s, 3H), 5.58 (m, 1H), 6.98 (d, 2H), 7.04 (s, 1H), 7.23 (d, 1H), 7.29 (d, 2H), 7.97 (d, 1H). 31PNMR (CDCl3) δ: 31.5. 19FNMR (CDCl3) δ: −76.0. 
     TH 2914 
     1H NMR (CDCl3) δ 8.15 (s, 1H), 8.0 (d, 1H), 7.62 (d, 1H), 7.43 (d, 1H), 7.23 (d, 1H), 7.18 (dd, 1H), 7.03 (s, 1H), 5.62-5.52 (m, 1H), 2.2-1.96 (m, 8H), 1.56 (d, 3H). 
     TH 2915 
     1H NMR (CDCl3) δ 8.16 (s, 1H), 8.01 (d, 1H), 7.63 (d, 1H), 7.46 (d, 1H), 7.23 (d, 1H), 7.26-7.16 (m, 2H), 7.02 (s, 1H), 5.14 (d, 1H), 2.2-1.96 (m, 8H). 
     TH 2916 
     1H NMR (CDCl3) δ 8.04 (d, 1H), 7.68 (d, 2H), 7.36 (d, 1H), 7.19 (s, 1H), 7.08-7.02 (m, 2H), 7.02-6.94 (m, 4H), 5.7-5.62 (m, 1H), 2.22-2.02 (m, 8H), 1.61 (d, 3H). 
     TH 2917 
     1H NMR (CDCl3) δ 8.0 (d, 1H), 7.98 (s, 1H), 7.73 (d, 1H), 7.23 (d, 1H), 7.05 (d, 2H), 6.9 (d, 1H), 5.62-5.52 (m, 1H), 4.03 (d, 3H), 2.2-1.94 (m, 8H), 1.56 (d, 3H). 
     TH 2918 
     1H NMR (CDCl3) δ 8.01 (d, 1H), 7.99 (s, 1H), 7.74 (d, 1H), 7.23 (d, 1H), 7.04 (s, 2H), 6.91 (dd, 1H), 5.62-5.13 (d, 2H), 4.03 (d, 3H), 2.2-2.02 (m, 8H). 
     TH 2919 
     1H NMR (CDCl3) δ 7.97 (d, 1H), 7.95 (s, 1H), 7.45 (d, 1H), 7.37 (d, 1H), 7.22-7.14 (m, 2H), 6.94 (s, 1H), 5.62-5.5 (m, 1H), 4.12 (d, 3H), 2.16-1.92 (m, 8H), 1.53 (d, 3H). 
     TH 2920 
     1H NMR (CDCl3) δ 7.98 (d, 1H), 7.92 (s, 1H), 7.47 (d, 1H), 7.42 (d, 1H), 7.22-7.1 (m, 2H), 6.95 (s, 1H), 5.6-5.4 (m, 1H), 3.9 (d, 3H), 2.16-1.94 (m, 8H), 1.52 (d, 3H). 
     TH 2921 
     1H NMR (CDCl3) δ 7.98 (d, 1H), 7.92 (s, 1H), 7.48 (s, 1H), 7.43 (d, 1H), 7.22-7.1 (m, 2H), 6.94 (s, 1H), 5.6-5.07 (d, 2H), 3.9 (d, 3H), 2.16-2.05 (m, 8H), 1.52 (d, 3H). 
     TH 2922 
     1H NMR (CDCl3, 400 MHz) δ 8.08 (d, 1H), 8.04 (dd, 1H), 7.77 (t, 1H), 7.57 (t, 1H), 7.40 (dd, 2H), 7.21 (s, 1H), 5.22 (d, 2H), 2.23-2.12 (m, 8H). 
     TH 2923 
     1H NMR (CDCl3, 400 MHz) δ: 8.01 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 1H), 7.84 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 2H), 7.31 (dd, J=1.2, 8.4 Hz, 1H), 7.14 (d, J=1.2 Hz, 1H), 7.02 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 2H), 5.62-5.60 (m, 1H), 2.18-2.00 (m, 8H), 1.58 (d, J=6.8 Hz, 3H). 
     TH 2924 
     1H NMR (CDCl3, 400 MHz) δ: 8.0 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 1H), 7.68 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 1H), 7.50 (t, J=8.4 Hz, 1H), 7.41 (s, 1H), 7.34-7.20 (m, 3H), 5.60-5.50 (m, 1H), 2.20-2.10 (m, 4H), 2.04-1.96 (m, 4H), 1.59 (d, J=6.8 Hz, 3H). 
     TH 2925 
     1H NMR (CDCl3, 400 MHz) δ: 9.05 (s, 1H), 8.50 (s, 2H), 8.07 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 1H), 7.40 (d, J=8.8 Hz, 1H), 7.23 (s, 1H), 5.64-5.60 (m, 1H), 2.22-2.05 (m, 8H), 1.60 (d, J=6.4 Hz, 3H). 
     TH 2926 
     Starting with N-(4-Hydroxy-phenyl)-chloromethanesulfonamide (133 mg). 1H NMR (CDCl3) δ: 2.08-2.21 (m, 8H), 4.48 (s, 2H), 5.16 (d, 2H), 7.03 (d, 2H), 7.07 (s, 1H), 7.24 (d, 1H), 7.34 (d, 2H), 7.98 (d, 1H). 31PNMR (CDCl3) δ: 32.1. 
     TH 2927 
     Starting with 4-Cyanophenol (144 mg). 1H NMR (CDCl3) δ: 2.12-2.28 (m, 8H), 5.23 (d, 2H), 7.05 (d, 2H), 7.23 (s, 1H), 7.39 (d, 1H), 7.67 (d, 2H), 8.07 (d, 1H). 31PNMR (CDCl3) δ: 32.3. 
     TH 2928 
     1H NMR (CDCl3) δ 8.01 (d, 1H), 7.82 (d, 1H), 7.55 (d, 1H), 7.25 (dd, 1H), 7.15 (dd, 1H), 7.08 (s, 1H), 5.6-5.4 (m, 1H), 2.85 (d, 3H), 2.18-1.94 (m, 8H), 1.56 (d, 3H). 
     TH 2929 
     1H NMR (CDCl3) δ 8.01 (d, 1H), 7.83 (d, 1H), 7.57 (d, 1H), 7.24 (dd, 1H), 7.15 (dd, 1H), 7.06 (s, 1H), 5.6-5.12 (d, 2H), 2.85 (d, 3H), 2.2-2.05 (m, 8H). 
     TH 2930 
     1H NMR (CDCl3) δ 7.99 (d, 1H), 7.95 (d, 1H), 7.5 (d, 1H), 7.23 (d, 1H), 7.18 (dd, 1H), 7.05 (s, 1H), 5.6-5.5 (m, 1H), 2.85 (d, 3H), 2.18-1.94 (m, 8H), 1.57 (d, 3H). 
     TH 2931 
     1H NMR (CDCl3) δ 7.99 (d, 1H), 7.94 (d, 1H), 7.5 (d, 1H), 7.26-7.16 (m, 2H), 7.02 (s, 1H), 5.12 (d, 2H), 2.84 (d, 3H), 2.16-2.02 (m, 8H). 
     TH 2932 
     1H NMR (CDCl3) δ 8.02 (d, 1H), 7.28-7.16 (m, 2H), 7.07 (t, 2H), 6.87 (s, 1H), 5.6-5.5 (m, 1H), 2.18-1.96 (m, 8H), 1.55 (d, 3H). 
     TH 2933 
     1H NMR (CDCl3) δ 8.94 (d, 1H), 8.92-8.88 (m, 1H), 8.42 (d, 1H), 8.12 (d, 1H), 7.63 (d, 1H), 7.58 (dd, 1H), 7.43 (dd, 1H), 7.34 (d, 1H), 5.7-5.6 (m, 1H), 2.22-2.0 (m, 8H), 1.63 (d, 3H). 
     TH 2934 
     1H NMR (CDCl3, 400 MHz) δ 8.25-8.23 (m, 2H), 8.08 (d, 2H), 7.43-7.40 (dm, 1H), 7.27 (m, 1H), 7.20-7.07 (dd, 2H), 5.24 (d, 2H), 2.21-2.15 (m, 8H). 
     TH 2935 
     1H NMR (CDCl3, 400 MHz) δ 7.42-7.40 (dd, 2H), 7.42 (d, 2H), 7.27 (s, 1H), 7.20-7.07 (2, 2H), 5.66 (m, 1H), 2.18-2.12 (m, 8H), 1.6 (d, 3H). 
     TH 2937 
     1H NMR (CDCl3, 400 MHz) δ 7.98 (d, 1H), 7.61 (d, 1H), 7.43 (t, 1H), 7.34 (m, 1H), 7.21 (d, 2H), 7.14 (s, 1H), 6.95 (bs, 1H), 5.17 (d, 2H), 2.9 (2, 3H), 2.18-2.12 (m, 8H). 
     TH 2938 
     1H NMR (CDCl3, 400 MHz) δ 7.93 (d, 1H), 7.40 (m, 2H), 7.23 (m, 1H), 7.19 (d, 1H), 6.98 (d, 1H), 6.98 (s, 1H), 5.08 (d, 2H), 3.02 (s, 3H), 2.94 (s, 3H), 2.18-2.12 (m, 8H). 
     TH 2939 
     1H NMR (CDCl3, 400 MHz) δ 7.91 (m, 1H), 7.44 (m, 2H), 7.18 (m, 2H), 6.86 (d, 2H), 6.60 (bs, 1H), 5.18 (d, 2H), 3.47 (s, 3H), 2.18-2.12 (m, 8H). 
     TH 2940 
     1H NMR (CDCl3, 400 MHz) δ 8.02 (d, 1H), 7.79 (d, 2H), 7.29 (d, 1H), 7.12 (s, 1H), 7.04 (d, 2H), 6.25 (s, 1H), 5.20 (d, 2H), 3.02 (d, 3H), 2.18-2.12 (m, 8H). 
     TH 2941 
     1H NMR (CDCl3, 400 MHz) δ 8.02 (s, 1H), 8.00 (d, 1H), 7.47 (d, 2H), 7.08 (s, 1H), 7.47 (d, 2H), 5.15 (d, 2H), 3.11 (s, 3H), 3.03 (s, 3H), 2.18-2.12 (m, 8H). 
     TH 2942 
     1H NMR (CDCl3, 400 MHz) δ 8.08 (d, 1H), 8.03 (d, 1H), 7.75 (t, 1H), 7.38 (dt, 1H), 7.22 (dd, 2H), 7.21 (s, 1H), 5.68 (m, 1H), 2.23-2.12 (m, 8H), 1.54 (d, 3H). 
     TH 2944 
     1H NMR (CDCl3, 400 MHz) δ: 8.11 (d, J=10.8 Hz, 1H), 7.61 (dd, J=2.0, 11.2 Hz, 1H), 7.50 (d, J=1.6 Hz, 1H), 6.74 (d, J=7.6 Hz, 1H), 6.38 (d, J=7.2 Hz, 1H), 5.76-5.71 (m, 1H), 2.27-2.07 (m, 8H), 1.66 (d, J=10.4H, 3H). 
     TH 2945 
     1H NMR (CDCl3, 400 MHz) δ: 9.00 (s, 1H)-8.05 (d, J=11.2 1H), 7.98 (d, J=11.2 Hz, 1H), 7.66 (t, J=10.4 Hz, 1H), 7.48 (dd, J=6.0, 11.6 Hz, 1H), 7.30 (d, J=1.6 Hz, 1H), 7.26 (s, 1H), 7.06 (d, J=1.6 Hz, 1H), 7.0 (d, J=10.4 Hz, 1H), 5.62-5.60 (m 1H), 2.18-1.92 (m, 8H), 1.57 (d, J=8.8 Hz, 3H). 
     TH 2946 
     Starting with N-(4-Hydroxy-phenyl)-methanesulfonamide (150 mg). 1H NMR (CDCl3) δ: 2.11-2.20 (m, 8H), 3.02 (s, 3H), 5.16 (d, 2H), 7.02-7.07 (m, 3H), 7.23-7.29 (m, 3H), 7.99 (d, 1H). 31PNMR (CDCl3) δ: 32.1. 
     TH 2947 
     Starting with 3-Hydroxy-2-phenylacrylonitrile (88 mg). 1H NMR (CDCl3) δ: 1.66 (d, 3H), 2.03-2.26 (m, 8H), 5.65 (m, 1H), 7.29 (dd, 1H), 7.47-7.62 (m, 3H), 7.72 (d, 1H), 7.90 (d, 2H), 8.01 (d, 1H). 
     TH 2948 
     Starting with 2-Hydroxyimino-2-phenylacetonitrile (97 mg). 1H NMR (CDCl3) δ: 2.18-2.32 (m, 8H), 5.28 (m, 1H), 7.31 (dd, 1H), 7.51-7.64 (m, 3H), 7.76 (d, 1H), 7.94 (d, 2H), 8.06 (d, 1H). 
     TH 2949 
     Starting with 1-Phenyl-1-ethanone oxime (90 mg). 1H NMR (CDCl3) δ: 2.16-2.29 (m, 8H), 2.59 (s, 3H), 5.22 (d, 1H), 7.13 (dd, 1H), 7.44-7.49 (m, 3H), 7.75-7.79 (m, 2H), 7.91 (d, 1H), 8.02 (d, 1H). 
     TH 2950 
     Starting with 3-(methylsulfonyl)phenol (78 mg).  1 HNMR (CDCl 3 ) δ: 1.60 (d, 3H), 2.01-2.20 (m, 8H), 3.06 (s, 3H), 5.63 (m, 1H), 7.18 (S, 1H), 7.30-7.38 (m, 2H), 7.50 (S, 1H), 7.59 (t, 1H), 7.73 (d, 1H), 8.02 (d, 1H).  31 PNMR (CDCl 3 ) δ: 31.5. 
     TH 2951 
     Starting with 3-(methylsulfonyl)phenol (113 mg).  1 HNMR (CDCl 3 ) δ: 2.12-2.22 (m, 8H), 3.07 (s, 3H), 5.19 (d, 2H), 7.18 (S, 1H), 7.30-7.38 (m, 2H), 7.52 (s, 1H), 7.60 (t, 1H), 7.73 (d, 1H), 8.04 (d, 1H).  31 PNMR (CDCl3) δ: 32.3. 
     TH 2952 
     1H NMR (CDCl3, 400 MHz) δ: 8.98 (s, 1H), 8.15 (d, J=12.0 Hz, 1H), 8.05 (t, J=8.8 Hz, 2H), 7.50 (dd, J=3.6, 12.0 Hz, 1H), 7.42 (dd, J=6.0, 11.6 Hz, 1H), 7.32 (dd, J=3.6, 8.0 Hz, 1H), 7.28-7.27 (m, 2H), 7.15 (d, J=2.0 Hz, 1H), 5.62-5.60 (m, 1H), 2.20-1.94 (m, 8H), 1.59 (d, J=8.8 Hz, 3H). 
     TH 2954 
     1H NMR (CDCl3, 400 MHz) δ: 8.11 (d, J=10.0 Hz, 1H0, 9.02 (d, J=11.2 Hz, 1H), 7.91 (d, J=10.0 Hz, 1H), 7.74 (d, J=11.2 Hz, 1H), 7.60-7.50 (m, 1H), 7.45 (t, J=10.0 Hz, 1H), 7.18 (dd, J=2.0, 11.6 Hz, 1H), 7.06 (d, J=10.0 Hz, 1H), 6.90 (d, J=1.2 Hz, 1H), 5.60-5.50 (m, 1H), 2.12-2.00 (m, 4H), 1.96-1.84 (m, 4H), 1.52 (d, J=8.8 Hz, 3H). 
     TH 2955 
     1H NMR (CDCl3, 400 MHz) δ: 8.02 (d, J=11.2 Hz, 1H), 7.92-7.85 (m, 2H), 7.74 (d, J=10.0 Hz, 1H), 7.54-7.46 (m, 2H), 7.49 (d, J=3.2 Hz, 1H), 7.30-7.22 (m, 2H), 7.08 (d, J=1.6 Hz, 1H), 5.62-5.46 (m, 1H), 2.18-1.92 (m, 8H), 1.57 (d, J=8.8 Hz, 3H). 
     TH 2956 
     1H NMR (CDCl3, 400 MHz) δ: 8.82 (d, J=4.0 Hz, 1H), 8.14 (d, J=11.2 Hz, 1H), 8.07 (d, J=9.6 Hz, 1H), 7.75-7.55 (m, 4H), 7.33 (dd, J=2.0, 11.2 Hz, 1H), 7.15 (d, J=2.0 Hz, 1H), 5.62-5.58 (m, 1H), 2.20-1.96 (m, 8H), 1.60 (d, J=9.2 Hz, 3H). 
     TH 2957 
     1H NMR (CDCl3, 400 MHz) δ: 8.82 (s, 1H), 8.17 (dd, J=2.0, 11.2 Hz, 1H), 8.08 (d, J=10.8 Hz, 1H), 7.89-7.86 (m, 1H), 7.43-7.33 (m, 4H), 7.27-7.26 (m, 1H), 5.62-5.58 (m, 1H), 2.22-2.00 (m, 8H), 1.62 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 3H). 
     TH 2958 
     1H NMR (CDCl3, 400 MHz) δ: 8.00 (d, J=11.6 Hz, 1H), 7.63-7.56 (m, 4H), 7.46 (t, J=9.6 Hz, 2H), 7.38 (d, J=9.6 Hz, 1H), 7.21 (d, J=10.8 Hz, 1H), 7.13 (d, J=12.0 Hz, 2H), 7.09 (s, 1H), 5.16 (d, J=10.8 Hz, 2H), 2.24-2.08 (m, 8H). 
     TH 2960 
     1H NMR (CDCl3, 400 MHz) δ 7.98 (dd, 1H), 7.75 (d, 1H), 7.60 (d, 1H), 7.43 (t, 2H), 7.24 (t, 1H), 7.04 (d, 2H), 5.42 (d, 2H), 2.23-2.12 (m, 8H). 
     TH 2961 
     Starting with 1-Phenyl-1-ethanone oxime (81 mg). 1H NMR (CDCl3) δ: 1.64 (d, 3H), 2.16-2.29 (m, 8H), 2.56 (s, 3H), 5.62 (m, 1H), 7.13 (dd, 1H), 7.44-7.49 (m, 3H), 7.75-7.79 (m, 2H), 7.92 (d, 1H), 8.04 (d, 1H). 
     TH 2966 
     1H NMR (CDCl3, 400 MHz) δ: 8.09 (d, J=10.4 Hz, 1H), 8.03 (d, J=11.2 Hz, 1H), 7.92 (d, J=10.0 Hz, 1H), 7.75 (d, J=10.0 Hz, 1H), 7.60-7.43 (m, 3H), 7.16 (d, J=11.2 Hz, 1H), 7.09 (d, J=10.0 Hz, 1H), 6.86 (s, 1H), 5.05 (d, J=10.0 Hz, 2H), 2.10-1.90 (m, 8H). 
     TH 2967 
     1H NMR (CDCl3, 400 MHz) δ: 9.00 (dd, J=2.0, 6.0 Hz, 1H), 8.52 (d, J=11.2 Hz, 1H), 8.06 (d, J=11.2 Hz, 1H), 7.98 (d, J=7.6 Hz, 1H), 7.67 (t, J=10.4 Hz, 2H), 7.48 (dd, J=5.6, 11.2 Hz, 1H), 7.26 (s, 1H), 7.05 (d, J=10.4 Hz, 1H), 5.12 (d, J=10.8 Hz, 2H), 2.20-2.02 (m, 8H). 
     TH 2968 
     1H NMR (CDCl3, 400 MHz) δ: 8.02 (d, J=10.8 Hz, 1H), 7.94-7.82 (m, 2H), 7.78-7.72 (m, 1H), 7.54-7.38 (m 3H), 7.32-7.20 (m, 2H), 7.05 (d, J=2.4 Hz, 1H), 5.13 (d, J=10.4 Hz, 2H), 2.12-2.05 (m, 8H). 
     TH 2969 
     1H NMR (CDCl3, 400 MHz) δ: 8.83 (d, J=4.0 Hz, 1H), 8.14 (d, J=11.2 Hz, 1H), 8.07 (d, J=10.8 Hz, 1H), 7.76-7.52 (m, 4H), 7.32 (d, J=10.8 Hz, 1H), 7.13 (s, 1H), 5.18 (d, J=10.4 Hz, 2H), 2.16-2.09 (m, 8H). 
     TH 2970 
     1H NMR (CDCl3, 400 MHz) δ: 8.84 (d, J=4.0 Hz, 1H), 8.18 (d, J=10.0 Hz, 1H), 8.08 (d, J=11.6 Hz, 1H), 7.89 (d, J=7.2 Hz, 1H), 7.40-7.33 (m, 4H), 7.26 (s, 1H), 5.20 (d, J=10.4 Hz, 2H), 2.23-2.10 (m, 8H). 
     TH 2971 
     1H NMR (CDCl3, 400 MHz) δ: 8.96 (d, J=4.0 Hz, 1H), 8.15 (d, J=12.0H 5.17 (d, J=10.8 Hz, 1H), 8.09-8.03 (m, 2H), 7.51 (dd, J=3.6, 12.0 Hz, 1H), 7.43 (dd, J=5.6, 11.2 Hz, 1H), 7.33 (d, J=3.2 Hz, 1H), 7.31-7.27 (m, 1H), 7.13-7.12 (m, 1H), 5.17 (d, J=10.8 Hz, 2H), 2.16-2.08 (m, 8H). 
     TH 2972 
     1H NMR (CDCl3, 400 MHz) δ: 7.96-7.93 (m, 1H), 7.41-7.36 (m, 1H), 7.26-7.23 (m, 1H), 7.18-7.15 (m, 1H), 7.10-7.09 (m, 1H), 7.05-7.02 (m, 2H), 5.58-5.54 (m, 1H), 3.80-3.40 (m, 8H), 2.10-1.98 (m, 8H), 1.56 (d, J=6.4 Hz, 3H). 
     TH 2973 
     1H NMR (CDCl3, 400 MHz) δ: 7.98 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 1H), 7.42 (t, J=8.0 Hz, 1H), 7.28-7.26 (m, 1H), 7.22-7.20 (m, 1H), 7.18-7.03 (m, 3H), 5.16-5.14 (m, 1H), 3.80-3.35 (m, 8H), 2.18-2.10 (m, 8H), 1.58 (d, J=6.4 Hz, 3H). 
     TH 2974 
     1H NMR (CDCl3, 400 MHz) δ 7.93 (d, 1H), 7.32-7.20 (m, 8H), 7.02 (d, 2H), 6.96 (s, 1H), 5.10 (d, 2H), 3.48 (s, 3H), 2.17-2.00 (m, 8H). 
     TH 2978 
     1H NMR (CDCl3, 400 MHz) δ 7.93 (d, 1H), 7.32-7.20 (m, 8H), 7.02 (d, 2H), 6.96 (s, 1H), 5.30 (m, 1H), 3.40 (s, 3H), 2.17-2.00 (m, 8H), 1.56 (d, 3H). 
     TH 2980 
     Starting with 2-(methylsulfonyl)phenol (78 mg). 1H NMR (CDCl3) δ: 1.64 (d, 3H), 2.03-2.25 (m, 8H), 3.06 (s, 3H), 5.65 (m, 1H), 6.83 (d, 1H), 7.10 (d, 1H), 7.13-7.35 (m, 3H), 7.50 (dd, 1H), 8.02 (d, 1H). 
     TH 2981 
     Starting with 2-(methylsulfonyl)phenol (113 mg). 1H NMR (CDCl3) δ: 2.10-2.28 (m, 8H), 3.08 (s, 3H), 5.23 (d, 2H), 6.87 (d, 1H), 7.10 (d, 1H), 7.13-7.35 (m, 3H), 7.50 (dd, 1H), 8.05 (d, 1H). 
     TH 2982 
     Starting with 3-[(Piperidin-1-yl)carbonyl]phenol (123 mg).  1 HNMR (CDCl 3 ) δ: 1.52 (br, 2H), 1.58 (d, 3H), 1.67 (br, 4H), 2.00-2.20 (m, 8H), 3.33 (br, 2H), 3.68 (br, 2H), 5.59 (m, 1H), 7.03-7.07 (m, 2H), 7.10 (s, 1H), 7.19 (d, 1H), 7.27 (d, 1H), 7.41 (t, 1H), 7.97 (d, 1H).  31 PNMR (CDCl 3 ) δ: 31.2. 
     TH 2983 
     Starting with 3-[(Piperidin-1-yl)carbonyl]phenol (135 mg).  1 HNMR (CDCl3) δ: 1.51 (br, 2H), 1.66 (br, 4H), 2.10-2.20 (m, 8H), 3.32 (br, 2H), 3.68 (br, 2H), 5.14 (d, 2H), 7.03 (s, 1H), 7.07-7.09 (m, 2H), 7.20 (d, 1H), 7.25 (d, 1H), 7.42 (t, 1H), 7.98 (d, 1H).  31 PNMR (CDCl3) δ: 32.0. 
     TH 2984 
     1H NMR (CDCl3) δ 7.99 (d, 1H), 7.42 (t, 1H), 7.32 (d, 1H), 7.3-7.24 (m, 1H), 7.17 (s, 1H), 7.12-7.06 (m, 2H), 5.65-5.55 (m, 1H), 3.62 (t, 2H), 3.42 (t, 2H), 2.22-1.85 (m, 12H), 1.58 (d, 3H). 
     TH 2985 
     1H NMR (CDCl3) δ 7.98 (d, 1H), 7.41 (t, 1H), 7.29-7.24 (m, 1H), 7.2-15 (m, 1H), 7.09 (d, 1H), 7.1-7.0 (m, 2H), 5.65-5.55 (m, 1H), 3.6-3.45 (m, 2H), 3.3-3.2 (m, 2H), 2.22-2 (m, 8H), 1.57 (d, 3H) 1.46-1.4 (m, 6H). 
     TH 2991 
     1H NMR (CDCl3) δ 7.99 (d, 1H), 7.57 (d, 2H), 7.5-7.42 (m, 4H), 7.38 (d, 1H), 7.28 (s, 1H), 7.21 (dd, 1H), 7.11 (d, 1H), 7.38 (dt, 1H), 5.65-5.55 (m, 1H), 2.16-1.92 (m, 8H), 1.57 (d, 3H). 
     TH 2992 
     1H NMR (CDCl3) δ 7.96 (d, 1H), 7.3-7.22 (m, 3H), 7.2-7.14 (m, 2H), 7.07-7.0 (m, 3H), 7.08-6.9 (m, 3H), 5.65-5.55 (m, 1H), 2.22-2.0 (m, 8H), 1.58 (d, 3H). 
     TH 2993 
     1H NMR (CDCl3) δ 8.0 (d, 1H), 7.47 (t, 1H), 7.32 (dd, 1H), 7.21 (d, 1H), 7.2 (s, 1H), 7.14 (dd, 3H), 7.06 (d 1H), 5.65-5.55 (m, 1H), 4.3-3.9 (m, 4H), 3.2-2.9 (m, 4H), 2.22-2.02 (m, 8H), 1.62 (d, 3H). 
     TH 3028 
     1H NMR (CDCl3, 400 MHz) δ 7.84 (d, 1H), 7.54-7.49 (m, 3H), 7.40-7.22 (m, 6H), 7.11 (dd, 1H), 7.01 (dd, 1H), 6.71 (d, 1H), 5.42 (m, 1H), 2.12-1.90 (m, 8H), 1.44 (d, 3H). 
     TH 3029 
     1H NMR (CDCl3, 400 MHz) δ 7.85 (d, 1H), 7.54-7.49 (m, 3H), 7.40-7.22 (m, 6H), 7.11 (dd, 1H), 7.01 (dd, 1H), 6.75 (s, 1H), 5.00 (d, 2H), 2.14-2.03 (m, 8H). 
     TH 3030 
     1H NMR (CDCl3, 400 MHz) δ 7.92 (d, 1H), 7.15 (t, 3H), 6.94 (t, 3H), 5.53 (m, 1H), 2.34 (s, 3H), 2.18-1.96 (m, 8H), 1.53 (d, 3H). 
     TH 3031 
     1H NMR (CDCl3, 400 MHz) δ 7.92 (d, 1H), 7.17 (d, 2H), 7.13 (d, 1H), 6.95-6.93 (bm, 3H), 5.08 (d, 2H), 2.34 (s, 3H), 2.18-2.05 (m, 8H). 
     TH 3032 
     1H NMR (CDCl3, 400 MHz) δ 7.98 (d, 1H), 7.35 (d, 2H), 7.30-7.22 (m, 5H), 7.15 (s, 1H), 7.10 (d, 2H), 5.6 (m, 1H), 2.30 (s, 3H), 2.22-2.00 (m, 8H), 1.60 (d, 3H). 
     TH 3033 
     1H NMR (CDCl3, 400 MHz) δ 7.98 (d, 1H), 7.33 (d, 2H), 7.26-7.20 (m, 5H), 7.12 (s, 1H), 7.09 (d, 2H), 5.15 (d, 2H), 2.85 (s, 3H), 2.22-2.00 (m, 8H). 
     TH 3034 
     1H NMR (CDCl3, 400 MHz) δ 7.94 (d, 1H), 7.41 (d, 2H), 7.16 (d, 1H), 6.99 (t, 3H), 5.56 (m, 1H), 2.18-1.96 (m, 8H), 1.57 (d, 3H), 1.34 (s, 9H). 
     TH 3035 
     1H NMR (CDCl3, 400 MHz) δ 7.95 (d, 1H), 7.40 (d, 2H), 7.15 (d, 1H), 7.00-6.99 (m, 3H), 5.11 (d, 2H), 2.18-2.08 (m, 8H), 1.33 (s, 9H). 
     TH 3036 
     1H NMR (CDCl3, 400 MHz) δ 8.01 (d, 1H), 7.62 (d, 2H), 7.31 (dd, 1H), 7.16 (d, 1H), 7.07 (d, 2H), 5.62 (m, 1H), 2.20-2.00 (m, 8H), 1.59 (d, 3H). 
     TH 3037 
     1H NMR (CDCl3, 400 MHz) δ 8.01 (d, 1H), 7.62 (d, 2H), 7.31 (dd, 1H), 7.14 (s, 1H), 7.08 (d, 2H), 5.17 (d, 2H), 2.20-2.00 (m, 8H). 
     TH 3040 
     1H NMR (CDCl3, 400 MHz) δ: 7.99 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 1H), 7.62-7.57 (m, 4H), 7.46 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 7.37 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 1H), 7.23 (dd, J=8.4, 1.6 Hz, 1H), 7.13-7.11 (m, 3H), 5.61-5.58 (m, 1H), 2.22-1.81 (m, 8H), 1.58 (d, J=6.8 Hz, 3H) ppm. 
     TH 3041 
     1H NMR (CDCl3) δ 7.99 (d, 1H), 7.57 (d, 2H), 7.5 (d, 2H), 7.42 (d, 2H), 7.25 (dd, 1H), 7.14-7.09 (m, 3H), 5.65-5.55 (m, 1H), 2.2-1.98 (m, 8H), 1.59 (d, 3H). 
     TH 3042 
     1H NMR (CDCl3) δ 7.99 (d, 1H), 7.58-7.5 (m, 4H), 7.24 (dd, 1H), 7.18-7.09 (m, 5H), 5.65-5.55 (m, 1H), 2.2-1.98 (m, 8H), 1.59 (d, 3H). 
     TH 3045 
     1H NMR (CDCl3, 400 MHz) δ: 7.99 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 1H), 7.62-7.57 (m, 4H), 7.46 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 7.37 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 1H), 7.23 (dd, J=8.4, 1.6 Hz, 1H), 7.13-7.11 (m, 3H), 5.61-5.58 (m, 1H), 2.22-1.81 (m, 8H), 1.58 (d, J=6.8 Hz, 3H) ppm. 
     TH 3050 
     1H NMR (CDCl3, 400 MHz) δ: 8.66 (d, J=6.4 Hz, 2H), 8.01 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 1H), 7.67 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 2H), 7.49-7.47 (m, 2H), 7.28-7.27 (m, 1H), 7.15-7.13 (m, 3H). 
     Example 2. In Vitro Human Tumor Cell Line Cytotoxicity Assays 
     In vitro proliferation data on the H460 non cell lung cancer human tumor cell line is reported above in the compound table. IC50 values are reported in micromolar and result from exposure of compound at various concentrations for 2 hrs followed by a wash step and addition of fresh media followed by growth and cell viability staining and comparison to a media only treated control. 
     Specifically, exponentially growing cells were seeded at a density of 4×10 3  cells per well in a 96 well plate and incubated at 37° C. in 5% CO 2 , 95% air and 100% relative humidity for 24 hours prior to addition of test compounds. Compounds were solubilized in 100% DMSO at 200 times the desired final test concentration. At the time of drug addition, compounds were further diluted to 4 times the desired final concentration with complete medium. Aliquots of 50 μl of compound at specified concentrations were added to microtiter wells already containing 150 μl of medium, resulting in the final drug concentration reported. After drug addition, the plates were incubated for an additional 2 hours at 37° C., 5% CO 2 , 95% air, and 100% relative humidity, then the drug was washed off and fresh medium was added and the plates were incubated for addition 70 hrs at 37° C., 5% CO 2 , 95% air and 100% relative humidity. At the end of this incubation, the viable cells were quantified using the AlamarBlue assay. The drug concentration resulting in growth inhibition of 50% (IC 50 ) was calculated using Prism software (Irvine, Calif.), and the results were listed in the table. 
     The H460 data above demonstrates a substantial anti-tumor effect with inhibition at down to low nanomolar levels for various compounds for only a 2 hr. exposure. 
     TH 2870 was also tested in different cancer cell lines using the materials and procedures as follows. 10*cell lysate buffer (cell signaling technology, Cat. No. 9803); Protease Inhibitor Cocktail for Mammalian Tissues (Sigma, Cat. No.P8340); Phosphatase Inhibitor Cocktails for Serine/Threonine Phosphatases and L-Isozymes of Alkaline Phosphatases (Sigma, Cat. No.P0044); Phosphatase Inhibitor Cocktails for Tyrosine Protein Phosphatases, Acid and Alkaline Phosphatases (Sigma, Cat. No.P5726); BCA kit (Thermo, Cat. No. 23225); Primary antibody, mouse monoclonal AKR1C3 antibody (clone NP6.G6.A6; Sigma-Aldrich); Primary antibody, α-tubulin (clone B-5-1-2; Sigma-Aldrich); Secondary antibody, Goat-anti-Mouse IgG HRp conjugated (A4416; Sigma-Aldrich) were used. Cells were passaged two generations in good condition and digested. The appropriate number of cells were inoculated in 6-cm cell culture dishes, and incubated at 37° C., 5% CO2 overnight. When the cells were grown to 80% density, the dish was removed from incubator. The medium was aspirated, washed twice with ice-cold PBS, and residual PBS was removed. An appropriate volume of ice-cold 1*cell lysate was added and incubated on ice for 10 minutes. Cell lysate was transferred to microfuge tubes chilled in ice, 4° C., 12,000 rpm and centrifuged for 15 minutes. Supernatant was transferred into another microcentrifuge tube. Cell lysates were diluted by a 10*cell lysates, and add Protease Inhibitor Cocktail for Mammalian Tissues (Sigma, # P8340), Phosphatase Inhibitor Cocktails for Serine/Threonine Phosphatases and L-Isozymes of Alkaline Phosphatases, Phosphatase Inhibitor Cocktails for Tyrosine Protein Phosphatases, Acid and Alkaline Phosphatases. The BCA protein quantification kit for protein quantification was used with 1*cell lysate to dilute the cell lysate to the same concentration. Corresponding samples were added on 5* SDS-loading buffer, heated to 85° C. for 10 minutes, and centrifuged briefly. The samples were saved at −20° C. or used directly for protein electrophoresis. The samples were saved at −20° C. or used directly for protein electrophoresis. Those samples were electrophoresed according to standard practice, transferred to a membrane, the primary antibodies and then secondary antibody were applied according to the manufacturer&#39;s instructions. Odyssey infrared laser imaging system was used to scan signals. 
     The results are shown below in  FIGS. 1 and 2  and listed in the following tables: 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 TH2870 sensitivity correlates with 
               
               
                 AKR1C3 expression in liver cancer cells 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Cell line 
                 Expression 
                 RelIC50 (μM) 
                 Max Inhibition % 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 C3A 
                 ++++ 
                 0.0071 
                 98.1 
               
               
                 Hep G2 
                 ++++ 
                 0.0055 
                 98.9 
               
               
                 SNU-387 
                 ++++ 
                 0.0422 
                 102.8 
               
               
                 SNU-449 
                 ++++ 
                 0.0400 
                 99.6 
               
               
                 SNU-475 
                 ++++ 
                 0.0080 
                 100.4 
               
               
                 LIC-0903 
                 ++++ 
                 0.0819 
                 96.3 
               
               
                 LIXC-003 
                 ++++ 
                 0.0054 
                 44.6 
               
               
                 LIXC-012 
                 ++++ 
                 0.0274 
                 87.1 
               
               
                 LIXC-086 
                 ++++ 
                 0.0410 
                 92.8 
               
               
                 LIXC-011 
                 ++++ 
                 0.0408 
                 97.4 
               
               
                 HCCC-9810 
                 ++++ 
                 0.0292 
                 95.4 
               
               
                 JHH-7 
                 +++ 
                 0.1074 
                 69.8 
               
               
                 PLC/PRF/5 
                 +++ 
                 0.4745 
                 53.3 
               
               
                 LIXC-002 
                 +++ 
                 0.0560 
                 99.1 
               
               
                 LIXC-004 
                 +++ 
                 0.0313 
                 83.6 
               
               
                 LIXC-006 
                 +++ 
                 0.1156 
                 71.7 
               
               
                 HLE 
                 ++ 
                 0.0842 
                 80.5 
               
               
                 LIXC-066 
                 ++ 
                 0.0941 
                 75.4 
               
               
                 HuCCT1 
                 + 
                 0.1252 
                 66.7 
               
               
                 SNU-423 
                 + 
                 &gt;1 
                 43.3 
               
               
                 Hep 3B2.1-7 
                 / 
                 &gt;1 
                 8.1 
               
               
                 HLF 
                 / 
                 &gt;1 
                 22.5 
               
               
                 SNU-182 
                 / 
                 &gt;1 
                 19.4 
               
               
                 SNU-398 
                 / 
                 &gt;1 
                 15.3 
               
               
                 SK-HEP-1 
                 / 
                 &gt;1 
                 44.3 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 TH2870 sensitivity in prostate cancer cell lines 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 22RV1 
                 Vcap 
                 DU145 
                 PC-3 
                 LNCap 
                 MDA-Pca-2b 
                 NCI-H660 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 0.0019 
                 0.0152 
                 0.0429 
                 0.1612 
                 0.1616 
                 &gt;0.3 
                 &gt;0.3 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Example 3. In Vivo Human Tumor Xenograft Models and Antitumor Activity 
     Four human xenograft anti-tumor models utilizing non-small cell lung cancer H460, non-small cell lung cancer A549, melanoma A375 models, and renal cell carcinoma 786-O were used to demonstrate the efficacy of the compounds provided herein in 9 studies. 
     Specific pathogen-free homozygous female nude mice (nu/nu, Charles River Laboratories) were used. Mice were given food and water ad libitum and housed in microisolator cages. Four to six week old animals were identified by microchips (Locus Technology, Manchester, Md., USA) at the time of the experiments. All animal studies were approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee at Threshold Pharmaceuticals, Inc. 
     All cell lines were from the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC, Rockville, Md., USA). Cells were cultured in the suggested medium with 10% fetal bovine serum and maintained in a 5% CO 2  humidified environment at 37° C. 
     Cells were mixed with Matrigel (50% with exception for 30% in the H460) and 0.2 ml per mouse were subcutaneously implanted to the flank area of the animals. When tumor size reached 100-150 250 mm3, mice were randomized into experimental or vehicle groups with 10 mice/group and treatment was started (Day 1). The tested compounds were formulated in 5% DMSO in D5W. The regimens employed in the examples include IP, QD×5/wk (5 days on, 2 days off) as one cycle, for a total of 2 cycles; IP, once; IP, weekly for total 3 weeks; and IV, weekly for 3 weeks. Tumor growth and body weight were measured twice a week. Tumor volume was calculated as (length×width2)/2. Drug efficacy was assessed as Tumor Growth Inhibition (TGI) and Tumor Growth Delay (TGD). TGI was defined as (1−ΔT/ΔC)×100, where ΔT/ΔC presented the ratio of the change in mean (or median, if variation within the group was relatively large) tumor volume of the treated group and of the control group. TGD was calculated as the extra days for the treated tumor to reach 500 mm3 or 1000 mm3 as compared to the control group. Animals were culled when individual tumor size reached over 2000 mm3 or mean tumor volume exceeded 1000 mm3 in the group. Data are expressed as the mean±SEM. One-way analysis of variance with Dunnett post comparison test (GraphPad Prism 4) or two-tailed student&#39;s t-test were used for analysis. A P level &lt;0.05 was considered statistically significant. 
     Example 4. In Vivo Efficacy Results 
     Example 4-A 
     Compounds provided herein were tested in vivo human tumor xenograft models and compared to standard chemotherapeutic agents such as gemcitabine, nab-paclitaxel. The experiments below demonstrate the antitumor effects of a compound provided herein on H460 non-small cell lung cancer xenograft tumor. The compound was dosed as follows: daily IP dosing: 5 doses then 2 days off then 5 more doses starting at 100 mm 3  tumors on day 1 (10 animals per group median tumor volume). It is contemplated that in some embodiments, the compounds provided herein are activated by human and not by mouse enzymes. The antitumor effects and the safety of administration are graphically illustrated in  FIGS. 3-20  below. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 TGD 
                 TGD 
                 Max. BW 
               
               
                 Group 
                 TGI 
                 500 
                 1000 
                 loss % 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Group 1: Vehicle 
                   
                   
                   
                 0.0% 
               
               
                 Group 2: GEM 60 mg/kg ip 
                 42.7% 
                 7 
                 7 
                 4.9% 
               
               
                 Q3D × 5 
               
               
                 Group 7: TH2768 40 mg/kg ip 
                 104.1% 
                 56 
                 62 
                 4.0% 
               
               
                 QD × 5/wk × 2 wks 
               
               
                 Group 13: TH2768 (40 mg/kg ip 
                 104.8% 
                 55 
                 59 
                 5.4% 
               
               
                 QD × 5/wk × 2 wks) + CPT-11 
               
               
                 (10 mg/kg ip QD × 5/wk × 2 wks) 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Before this study, TH 2768 was tested in CD1 mice for toxicity under the same dosing protocol as the efficacy study (daily IP 5 days on 2 days off and 5 days on). A maximum tolerated dose was determined where the average weight loss of the mice was less than 5% and no mouse lost more than 20%. This dose was then used for the subsequent efficacy study. In the H460 study an antitumor effect of TH-2768 as a monotherapy is superior to the effect of gemcitabine. 
     Example 4-B 
     Antitumor effects of compounds provided herein were determined on A 549 non-small cell lung xenograft model in comparison with a chemotherapy agent, thiotepa. The dosing was as follows. Daily IP dosing: 5 doses then 2 days off then 5 more doses starting at 110 mm 3  tumors on day 1 (10 animals per group average tumor volume). The antitumor effects and the safety of administration are graphically illustrated below. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
               
             
               
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 Max. 
               
               
                 Group 
                 TGI 
                 TGD 500 
                 BW loss % 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Group 1: Vehicle 
                   
                   
                 0.0% 
               
               
                 Group 2: Thio-TEPA 2.5 mg/kg ip 
                 68.3% 
                 26 
                 0.4% 
               
               
                 QD × 5/wk × 2 wks 
               
               
                 Group 3: Thio-TEPA 1.25 mg/kg ip 
                 56.1% 
                 17 
                 0.0% 
               
               
                 QD × 5/wk × 2 wks 
               
               
                 Group 4: TH2660 10 mg/kg ip 
                 60.7% 
                 20 
                 3.3% 
               
               
                 QD × 5/wk × 2 wks 
               
               
                 Group 6: TH2768 80 mg/kg ip 
                 104.4% 
                 &gt;72 
                 4.8% 
               
               
                 QD × 5/wk × 2 wks 
               
               
                 Group 7: TH2768 40 mg/kg ip 
                 100.6% 
                 &gt;72 
                 0.0% 
               
               
                 QD × 5/wk × 2 wks 
               
               
                 Group 8: TH2850 20 mg/kg ip 
                 88.1% 
                 &gt;72 
                 7.4% 
               
               
                 QD × 5/wk × 2 wks 
               
               
                 Group 9: TH2850 10 mg/kg ip 
                 94.3% 
                 70 
                 0.9% 
               
               
                 QD × 5/wk × 2 wks 
               
               
                 Group 10: TH2852 10 mg/kg ip 
                 95.1% 
                 &gt;72 
                 0.0% 
               
               
                 QD × 5/wk × 2 wks 
               
               
                 Group 11: TH2870 20 mg/kg ip 
                 102.3% 
                 &gt;72 
                 1.6% 
               
               
                 QD × 5/wk × 2 wks 
               
               
                 Group 12: TH2889 10 mg/kg ip 
                 90.1% 
                 62 
                 1.1% 
               
               
                 QD × 5/wk × 2 wks 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Doses were selected by first doing a toxicity test in CD1 mice as described above. The compounds were tested against Thio-tepa. 
     Example 4-C 
     his study employed an A375 melanoma human tumor xenograft model and various compounds provided herein were compared to thiotepa and the approved anti melanoma drug, nab-Paclitaxel. The antitumor effects and the safety of administration are graphically illustrated below. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Max. 
               
               
                   
                   
                 TGD 
                 TGD 
                 BW 
               
               
                 Group 
                 TGI 
                 500 
                 1000 
                 loss % 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Group 1: Vehicle, qd × 5 × 2, ip 
                   
                   
                   
                 0 
               
               
                 Group 2: Thio- 
                 16.6% 
                 3 
                 2 
                 0 
               
               
                 TEPA, 2.5 mpk, qd × 5 × 2, ip 
               
               
                 Group 
                 47.4% 
                 9 
                 10 
                 0 
               
               
                 4: Abraxane, 30 mpk, 2 × /wk × 2, iv 
               
               
                 Group 5: TH2768, 40 mpk, 
                 36.7% 
                 7 
                 7 
                 0 
               
               
                 qd × 5 × 2, ip 
               
               
                 Group 6: TH2850, 10 mpk, 
                 2.7% 
                 −2 
                 0 
                 2.8 
               
               
                 qd × 5 × 2, ip 
               
               
                 Group 7: TH2852, 10 mpk, 
                 12.4% 
                 3 
                 1 
                 2.6 
               
               
                 qd × 5 × 2, ip 
               
               
                 Group 8: TH2870, 20 mpk, 
                 98.0% 
                 24 
                 &gt;18 
                 0 
               
               
                 qd × 5 × 2, ip 
               
               
                 Group 9: TH2873, 40 mpk, 
                 65.0% 
                 12 
                 11 
                 0 
               
               
                 qd × 5 × 2, ip 
               
               
                 Group 10: TH2888, 10 mpk, 
                 37.3% 
                 6 
                 6 
                 4.8 
               
               
                 qd × 5 × 2, ip 
               
               
                 Group 11: TH2889, 10 mpk, 
                 75.6% 
                 13 
                 15 
                 0 
               
               
                 qd × 5 × 2, ip 
               
               
                 Group 12: TH2890, 10 mpk, 
                 58.4% 
                 10 
                 10 
                 6.3 
               
               
                 qd × 5 × 2, ip 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Example 4-D 
     The compounds were tested in another A549 model. The compounds were dosed as follows. Daily IP dosing: 5 doses then 2 days off then 5 more doses starting at 100 mm 3  tumors on day 1 (10 animals per group average tumor volume). The antitumor effects and the safety of administration are graphically illustrated below. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 Max. 
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 TGD 
                 BW 
                 Lethal 
               
               
                 Group 
                 TGI 
                 500 
                 loss % 
                 Tox 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Group 1: Vehicle 
                   
                   
                 0.9% 
                 0 
               
               
                 Group 2: TH2870 20 mg/kg IP 
                 95.0% 
                 &gt;85 
                 0.3% 
                 0 
               
               
                 QD × 5/wk × 2 wks 
               
               
                 Group 3: TH2883 10 mg/kg IP 
                 93.5% 
                 &gt;85 
                 15.8% 
                 5 
               
               
                 QD × 5/wk × 2 wks 
               
               
                 Group 4: TH2911 10 mg/kg IP 
                 88.7% 
                 63 
                 11.1% 
                 0 
               
               
                 QD × 5/wk × 2 wks 
               
               
                 Group 5: TH2931 5 mg/kg IP QD × 5 
                 NA 
                 NA 
                 25.0% 
                 10 
               
               
                 Group 6: TH2952 20 mg/kg IP 
                 91.8% 
                 70 
                 1.2% 
                 1 
               
               
                 QD × 5/wk × 2 wks 
               
               
                 Group 7: TH2953 40 mg/kg IP 
                 93.8% 
                 64 
                 1.6% 
                 0 
               
               
                 QD × 5/wk × 2 wks 
               
               
                 Group 8: TH2955 40 mg/kg IP 
                 78.9% 
                 47 
                 0.6% 
                 1 
               
               
                 QD × 5/wk × 2 wks 
               
               
                 Group 9: TH2958 5 mg/kg IP 
                 77.9% 
                 44 
                 2.1% 
                 0 
               
               
                 QD × 5/wk × 2 wks 
               
               
                 Group 10: TH2870 40 mg/kg 
                 98.6% 
                 &gt;85 
                 2.0% 
                 1 
               
               
                 IV 2/wk × 2 wks 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Example 4-E 
     The compound TH-2768 was tested in a renal cell carcinoma 786-O model. The compound was dosed as follows. Daily IP dosing: 5 doses then 2 days off then 5 more doses starting at 220 mm 3  tumors on day 1 (10 animals per group average tumor volume). The antitumor effects and the safety of administration are graphically illustrated below. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
               
             
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Group 
                 TGI 
                 Max. BW loss % 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
                 Group 1: Vehicle 
                   
                 0.5% 
               
               
                   
                 Group 2: TH2768, 40 mpk, ip, 
                 73.0% 
                 0.0% 
               
               
                   
                 qd × 5/wk × 2 
               
               
                   
                 Group 5: Sunitinib, 40 mpk, po, 
                 67.8% 
                 0.3% 
               
               
                   
                 qd × 5/wk × 2 
               
               
                   
                 Group 8: Sunitinib + TH2768 
                 84.4% 
                 2.3% 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Example 4-F 
     The compounds TH-2953 and TH-3040 were tested in a H460 model. The compounds were dosed as follows. A dose-dependent TH-2953 was given IP once, from 6.25 to 100 mg/kg, comparing with daily IP: 5 doses then 2 days off then 5 more doses starting at 100 mm 3  tumors on day 1 (10 animals per group average tumor volume). TH-3040 was administered IP once. The antitumor effects and the safety of administration are graphically illustrated below. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Max. 
               
               
                   
                   
                 TGD 
                 TGD 
                 BW 
               
               
                 Group 
                 TGI 
                 500 
                 1000 
                 loss % 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Group 1: Vehicle 
                   
                   
                   
                 0.0% 
               
               
                 Group 2: TH-2953, 100 mpk, ip, once 
                 97.7% 
                 24 
                 27 
                 0.0% 
               
               
                 Group 3: TH-2953, 50 mpk, ip, once 
                 90.4% 
                 19 
                 19 
                 0.0% 
               
               
                 Group 4: TH-2953, 25 mpk, ip, once 
                 86.1% 
                 18 
                 20 
                 0.2% 
               
               
                 Group 5: TH-2953, 12.5 mpk, ip, once 
                 78.2% 
                 18 
                 21 
                 0.0% 
               
               
                 Group 6: TH-2953, 6.25 mpk, ip, once 
                 72.2% 
                 16 
                 17 
                 0.0% 
               
               
                 Group 7: TH-2953, 40 mpk, ip, 
                 105.8% 
                 54 
                 65 
                 0.0% 
               
               
                 QD × 5/wk × 2ks 
               
               
                 Group 8: TH-3040, 100 mpk, ip, once 
                 93.7% 
                 20 
                 23 
                 0.0% 
               
               
                 Group 9: TH-3040, 25 mpk, ip, once 
                 80.5% 
                 17 
                 17 
                 1.3% 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Example 4-G 
     The compounds TH-3040 and TH-3045 were tested in a H460 model. The compounds were dosed as follows. A dose-dependent TH-3040 or TH-3045 was given IP weekly for 3 weeks, from 5 to 45 mg/kg starting at 100 mm 3  tumors on day 1 (10 animals per group average tumor volume). The antitumor effects and the safety of administration are graphically illustrated below. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
               
             
               
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 Max 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 BW 
               
               
                 Group 
                 TGI 
                 TGD500 
                 loss 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Group 1: Vehicle, ip, Q7D × 3 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Group 2: TH-3040, 5 mpk, ip, Q7D × 3 
                 103.5% 
                 40 
                 2.5% 
               
               
                 Group 3: TH-3040, 15 mpk, ip, Q7D × 3 
                 104.3% 
                 60 
                 1.0% 
               
               
                 Group 4: TH-3040, 45 mpk, ip, Q7D × 3 
                 106.4% 
                 66 
                 0.0% 
               
               
                 Group 5: TH-3045, 5 mpk, ip, Q7D × 3 
                 104.0% 
                 48 
                 0.0% 
               
               
                 Group 6: TH-3045, 15 mpk, ip, Q7D × 3 
                 104.8% 
                 70 
                 2.8% 
               
               
                 Group 7: TH-3045, 45 mpk, ip, Q7D × 3 
                 106.3% 
                 86 
                 2.4% 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Example 4-H 
     The compound TH-3040 was tested in a H460 model. The compound was dosed as follows: 5 or 1.5 mg/kg, IP, weekly for 3 weeks at 100 mm 3  tumors on day 1 (10 animals per group average tumor volume), comparing with nab-Paclitaxel. The antitumor effects and the safety of administration are graphically illustrated below. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 TGD500, 
                 TGD1000, 
                 Max. 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Days (vs. 
                 Days (vs. 
                 BW 
               
               
                 Group 
                 TGI 
                 vehicle) 
                 vehicle) 
                 loss % 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Group 1: Vehicle 
                   
                   
                   
                 0.0% 
               
               
                 Group 6: TH3040 5 mg/kg, 
                 101.9% 
                 36 
                 41 
                 5.2% 
               
               
                 ip, Q7D × 3 
               
               
                 Group 7: TH3040 1.5 mg/kg, 
                 80.6% 
                 15 
                 19 
                 7.2% 
               
               
                 ip, Q7D × 3 
               
               
                 Group11: ABX 30 mg/kg, iv, 
                 49.7% 
                 9 
                 10 
                 11.6% 
               
               
                 2/wk × 2 wks 
               
               
                 Group 12: ABX 10 mg/kg, iv, 
                 −12.5% 
                 −2 
                 −1 
                 1.2% 
               
               
                 2/wk × 2 wks 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Example 4-I 
     The compound TH-2870 was tested in a H460 model. The compound was dosed follows. 1.5, 5 or 15 mg/kg, IV, weekly for 3 weeks at 250 mm 3  tumors on day 1 (10 animals per group average tumor volume), comparing with docetaxel. The antitumor effects and the safety of administration are graphically illustrated below. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 TGD500, 
                 TGD1000, 
                 Max. 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Days (vs. 
                 Days (vs. 
                 BW 
               
               
                 Group 
                 TGI 
                 vehicle) 
                 vehicle) 
                 loss % 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Group 1: Vehicle 
                   
                   
                   
                 0.0% 
               
               
                 Group 2: TH2870 1.5 mg/kg, 
                 100.0% 
                 18 
                 18 
                 7.6% 
               
               
                 iv, Q7D × 3 
               
               
                 Group 3: TH2870 5 mg/kg, 
                 121.3% 
                 36 
                 38 
                 7.6% 
               
               
                 iv, Q7D × 3 
               
               
                 Group 4: TH2870 15 mg/kg, 
                 121.6% 
                 49 
                 50 
                 5.8% 
               
               
                 iv, Q7D × 3 
               
               
                 Group 5: Doectaxel 10 mg/kg, 
                 51.3% 
                 6 
                 9 
                 12.4% 
               
               
                 iv, Q7D × 3 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Taken together these studies demonstrate significant anti tumor efficacy in 4 different tumor cell lines relative to standard chemotherapeutics. 
     Example 5. Pharmacokinetics and Activation of TH 2870 by the Aldoketo Reductase, AKR1C3 
     Recombinant human AKR1C3 was diluted to 25 μg/mL in phosphate buffered saline (PBS), pH 7.4 (37° C.), containing 2 mM NADPH. TH2870 or progesterone (positive control) in 30% methanol/70% water was added to the reaction mixture at a final concentration of 5 μM and incubated at 37° C. for 120 minutes. At various times up to 120 min, 50 μL of the reaction mixture was taken and 200 μL acetonitrile containing propranolol as internal standard was added, vortex-mixed and centrifuged for 10 min. The resulting supernatant (5 μL) was injected into a LC/MS/MS for quantitation of % remaining TH2870 and progesterone. The compounds were tested in duplicate. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Time 
                 % Remaining 
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                 min 
                 TH2870 
                 Progesterone 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                 0 
                  100% 
                  100% 
               
               
                 15 
                 0.232%  
                 70.8% 
               
               
                 30 
                 0.0101%  
                 49.2% 
               
               
                 60 
                 0.00% 
                 20.1% 
               
               
                 90 
                 0.00% 
                 10.6% 
               
               
                 120 
                 0.00% 
                 6.40% 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     The data above demonstrates the rapid disappearance of TH2870 in the presence of AKR1C3 while the known substrate, progesterone, is reduced slowly. 
     The pharmacokinetics of TH2870 in CD-1 mice following a single intravenous bolus dose (5 mg/kg) and a single intraperitoneal dose (10 mg/kg) were determined. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
               
             
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Route 
                 IV 
                 IP 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Dose (mg/kg) 
                 5 
                 10 
               
               
                   
                 Tmax (min) 
                 2.00 
                 5.00 
               
               
                   
                 Cmax (μg/mL) 
                 6.79 
                 4.02 
               
               
                   
                 Half-Life (min) 
                 6.56 
                 9.00 
               
               
                   
                 AUC (μg-min/mL) 
                 57.8 
                 43.5 
               
               
                   
                 Cl (L/min/kg) 
                 0.0865 
                 — 
               
               
                   
                 Vss (L/kg) 
                 0.668 
                 — 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     The pharmacokinetics of TH2870 were determined in Mouse/Nu-Foxn 1 nu  NU/NU mice with A549 (non small cell lung), A375 (melanoma) and 786-O (renal cell) human tumor xenograft models following a single intraperitoneal dose of 20 mg/kg. TH2870 concentrations in the brain, liver and tumor were only a fraction of the concentrations in plasma, ranging between 0.79% (brain) −32.6% (liver). In the A375 and 786-O xenograft models, the concentrations of TH2660 was ˜24-29-fold and ˜15-19-fold higher in tumor and liver than TH2870, suggesting preferential activation of TH2870 in the tumor as compared to the liver. In the A549 xenograft, there was an even greater activation of TH2870 in tumor as compared to the liver of ˜148-fold and ˜13-fold, respectively. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
            
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 TH2870 
                 TH2660 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 A549 
                 A375 
                 786-O 
                 A549 
                 A375 
                 786-O 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Tmax (min) 
                 5.00 
                 5.00 
                 5.00 
                 5.00 
                 15.0 
                 15.0 
               
               
                 Cmax (μg/mL) 
                 5.01 
                 3.41 
                 6.06 
                 0.142 
                 0.159 
                 0.191 
               
               
                 Half-Life (min) 
                 11.3 
                 14.7 
                 12.3 
                 28.4 
                 30.2 
                 10.6 
               
               
                 AUC (μg-min/mL) 
                 94.1 
                 57.7 
                 64.8 
                 9.55 
                 9.03 
                 32.9 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     The pharmacokinetics of TH2873, TH2883, TH2888, TH2890, TH2901 and TH2926 were determined in CD-1 mice following a single intraperitoneal dose. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 TH2873 
                 TH2883 
                 TH2888 
                 TH2889 
                 TH2890 
                 TH2901 
                 TH2926 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Tmax (min) 
                 5.00 
                 15.0 
                 5.00 
                 5.00 
                 5.00 
                 5.00 
                 15.0 
               
               
                 Cmax (μg/mL) 
                 8.43 
                 7.57 
                 5.81 
                 2.48 
                 2.73 
                 5.12 
                 8.34 
               
               
                 Half-Life (min) 
                 8.81 
                 23.4 
                 10.9 
                 10.3 
                 5.49 
                 12.1 
                 34.2 
               
               
                 AUC (μg-min/mL) 
                 126 
                 545 
                 96.3 
                 35.9 
                 36.8 
                 155 
                 579 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     The pharmacokinetics of TH2660, the active metabolite, following a single intraperitoneal dose of TH2873, TH2883, TH2888, TH2890, TH2901 and TH2926 are shown below. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 TH2873 
                 TH2883 
                 TH2888 
                 TH2889 
                 TH2890 
                 TH2901 
                 TH2926 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Tmax (min) 
                 5.00 
                 30.0 
                 30.0 
                 30.0 
                 15.0 
                 30.0 
                 30.0 
               
               
                 Cmax (μg/mL) 
                 9.85 
                 0.147 
                 0.3367 
                 0.277 
                 0.455 
                 0.265 
                 0.038 
               
               
                 Half-Life (min) 
                 9.80 
                 41.6 
                 17.8 
                 15.4 
                 15.2 
                 20.4 
                 88.6 
               
               
                 AUC (μg-min/mL) 
                 125 
                 11.7 
                 20.6 
                 15.8 
                 17.8 
                 15.3 
                 5.06 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     The pharmacokinetics of TH2953 were determined in Mouse/Nu-Foxn 1 nu  NU/NU mice with two non small cell lung human tumor xenograft models, 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
             
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 A549 
                 H460 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Dose (mg/kg) 
                 10 
                 40 
                 10 
               
               
                   
                 Tmax (min) 
                 30.0 
                 30.0 
                 15.0 
               
               
                   
                 Cmax (μg/mL) 
                 0.149 
                 14.8 
                 2.33 
               
               
                   
                 Half-Life (min) 
                 100.00 
                 91.3 
                 142 
               
               
                   
                 AUC (μg-min/mL) 
                 266 
                 2341 
                 444 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     The pharmacokinetics of TH2660, the active metabolite, following a single iintraperitoneal dose of TH2953 are shown below. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
             
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 A549 
                 H460 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Dose (mg/kg) 
                 10 
                 40 
                 10 
               
               
                   
                 Tmax (min) 
                 15.0 
                 60.0 
                 NC 
               
               
                   
                 Cmax (μg/mL) 
                 0.0202 
                 0.0960 
                 0.00 
               
               
                   
                 Half-Life (min) 
                 NC 
                 9.69 
                 NC 
               
               
                   
                 AUC (μg-min/mL) 
                 2.94* 
                 39.8 
                 0.00 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 *AUClast 
               
            
           
         
       
     
     A549 and H460, following a single intraperitoneal dose of 10 and 40 mg/kg for A549 and 10 mg/kg for H460. TH2953 concentrations in the brain, liver and tumor were 55.0-73.8%, 297-541% and 2.08-8.34% of the concentrations in plasma in the A549 tumor xenograft. In the H460 xenograft model, the concentrations of TH2660 were ˜9.6-fold and ˜2-fold higher in tumor and liver than TH2953, suggesting preferential activation of TH2953 in the tumor as compared to the liver. In the A549 xenograft, the preferential activation of TH2953 was more pronounced as the concentrations of TH2660 in the tumor were ˜5-7-fold greater than for TH2953, while they were only ˜13-15% in the liver. 
     It should be understood that although the present invention has been specifically disclosed by certain aspects, embodiments, and optional features, modification, improvement and variation of such aspects, embodiments, and optional features can be resorted to by those skilled in the art, and that such modifications, improvements and variations are considered to be within the scope of this disclosure. 
     The inventions have been described broadly and generically herein. Each of the narrower species and subgeneric groupings falling within the generic disclosure also form part of the invention. In addition, where features or aspects of the invention are described in terms of Markush groups, those skilled in the art will recognize that the invention is also thereby described in terms of any individual member or subgroup of members of the Markush group.