Patent Publication Number: US-2022238498-A1

Title: Semiconductor package and three-dimensional stacked integrated circuit using liquid immersion cooling system by perforated interpozer

Description:
The contents of the following patent applications are incorporated herein by reference: Japanese patent application NO. 2019-220566 filed on Dec. 5, 2019, and International Application NO. PCT/JP2020/043916 filed on Nov. 25, 2020 
    
    
     BACKGROUND 
     1. Technical Field 
     The present invention relates to a three-dimensional stacked integrated circuit having a cooling function by a refrigerant and a cooling method of the three-dimensional stacked integrated circuit. 
     2. Related Art 
     There is a technique for mounting a three-dimensionally stacked semiconductor. For example, the applicant discloses a three-dimensional stacked integrated circuit including interposers between respective integrated circuits of the three-dimensional stacked integrated circuit and below a lowermost integrated circuit, in which a refrigerant movement path is provided in each of a plurality of the interposers, and the plurality of refrigerant movement paths provided in the plurality of interposers are connected to each other (see Patent Document 1). 
     PRIOR ART DOCUMENT 
     Patent Document 
     Patent Document 1: International Publication No. 2019/146724 
     In the first place, a heat dissipation plate does not function effectively even if it is inserted between the stacked semiconductors. The thermal resistance is too large to release heat from the metal plate in the lateral direction. Regarding metal, the thermal resistance (Ψjt) is proportional to the thermal conduction distance of the metal, and when Tj=Ψjt×P+Tcl (Tj is junction temperature, Ψjt is thermal resistance, P is power consumption, Td is environmental temperature) and Ψjt increases, power consumption cannot be applied. 
       FIG. 15  is a sectional view schematically illustrating how heat propagates by installing a heat dissipation plate on a semiconductor chip that generates heat. The entire semiconductor chip serves as a heating element, but the heating portions are referred to as point heat sources of heating points A, B, and C in order to describe how heat is transferred to the heat dissipation plate. The heat spreads from the point heat source to the heat dissipation plate in a hemispherical shape (illustrated as a semicircle in the sectional view of  FIG. 15 ). Heat propagates concentrically from the center heating point B, but hardly propagates in the left and right directions since there is heat from the left and right heating points A to B and thermal resistance is large. On the other hand, since the thermal resistance is low in the upward direction, a heat dissipation fin B and the heat dissipation fins around the heat dissipation fin B effectively act. On the other hand, at the heating point A, the heat propagates upward and leftward because the thermal resistance is large in the right direction due to the heat from the center heating point B. Similarly, at the heating point C, the heat propagates upward and rightward because the thermal resistance is large in the left direction due to the heat from the center heating point B. The heat dissipation plate is sufficiently larger than the semiconductor chip because the heat dissipation plate releases heat to the outside with a larger surface area than the heating element. For this reason, since there is no heat source on the left side of the heating point A and the right side of the heating point C, and the thermal resistance is small, heat can be sufficiently dissipated by heat dissipation at the surface area of the heat dissipation plate itself, and there is a possibility that the heat dissipation fins at the outer edge portions of the heat dissipation fins A to C and the like do not effectively act. In order to make the heat dissipation fin such as the heat dissipation fin B immediately above the semiconductor chip as the heating element effective, it is only required to reduce the thickness of the heat dissipation plate to bring the heating point and the heat dissipation fin close to each other as illustrated in  FIG. 16 . However, if the thickness of the heat dissipation plate is reduced, the thermal resistance of the heat dissipation plate increases, and heat conduction from the heating point to the heat dissipation plate other than the immediately upper portion is less likely to occur, so that the heat dissipation is failed. Therefore, the heat dissipation plate is not allowed to be thick or thin. In particular, in a case where a semiconductor chip is not accommodated in a BGA package or the like and three-dimensional immersion is assumed, even if the heat dissipation plate is sandwiched between the semiconductor chips, the effectiveness of the heat dissipation plate is still questionable. 
     In an efficient method of a three-dimensional semiconductor (three-dimensional mounting of a high-heat generating arithmetic circuit such as a CPU or a GPU) on the premise of liquid immersion by an FC-BGA package including electrode pads on its surface in which a semiconductor is packaged and then immersed, directly immersed in liquid without three-dimensional implementation with the TSV described above, the semiconductor substrate portion (the opposite side of the circuit mounting portion of the semiconductor, which is cut out so as to be as thin as possible) is directly immersed as it is (in that case, it is assumed that the FC portion is sealed with an underfill), or a compound is applied, covered with a thin package metal having a good thermal conductivity and immersed in liquid without attaching a heat dissipation fin. Since W=Es, it is only necessary to set a surface area flow rate of only a necessary effective surface area by pressure-feeding a refrigerant in unit of m 2 /s (the surface area of the semiconductor is about 1 cm 2 /s, for example, if the effective surface area of one square centimeter is 10 times insufficient on the premise of boiling and heat dissipation, thus a flow rate of 10 cm 2 /s may be allowed to flow). 
     For example, when the refrigerant is fluorochemical liquid, the thermal conductivity is about 0.5 W/cm 2  ° C. However, when the above formula is modified, P=(Tj−Tcl)×1/Ψjt is satisfied. Therefore, if Tj is 85° C. and the boiling point of the fluorochemical liquid is 56° C., a temperature difference of 29° C. is obtained for Tj−Tcl, but P is 58 W. However, for example, when the CPU is 1 cm 2  with 200 W, a flow rate of about 4 cm/s may be pressure-fed and caused to flow. 
     When the semiconductor is a GPGPU of 1 cm 2  with 1 kW, it is sufficient that the semiconductor is boiled and cooled by flowing a flow rate of about 20 cm/s. This is rather innovative, and even when 10 layers of 1 kW GPGPU are stacked to form a super computer, it is sufficient to apply a flow rate of about 20 cm/s from the side to all layers by immersion. This is not special because it is usually put into practical use in a laser oscillator or the like. 
     According to the present invention, when the FC-BGA package having electrode pads on the surface is stacked, it is possible to secure a space for accommodating the stacked ceramic capacitor (in the portion of a hole) on the back surface of the semiconductor of the FC-BGA package having electrode pads on the surface by inserting a perforated interposer substrate, and to secure a space for stably securing the above-described necessary flow rate. 
     In the related art, a three-dimensional semiconductor is regarded as one lump, and attention is paid to a flow path of a refrigerant for cooling the semiconductor inside the three-dimensional semiconductor. However, it has not been considered where a ceramic capacitor is disposed in order to operate a semiconductor chip that consumes a large current, such as a central processing unit (CPU) also called a processor, a general-purpose computing on graphics processing unit (GPGPU), a base band unit (BBU), or the core of a super computer. It is conceivable to dispose a ceramic capacitor on the uppermost surface or the bottom surface of the three-dimensional semiconductor, but for the semiconductor chip in the central layer, a power supply path passing through each layer from the ceramic capacitor to the semiconductor chip becomes long, so that impedance increases, and a large current cannot be supplied to the semiconductor chip. The present invention is a proposal for solving the problem of reference document WO 2019/146724 in which a ball grid array (BGA) terminal of a circuit from each layer of a semiconductor package substrate (also referred to as a flip chip-Ball grid array (FC-BGA) substrate) on which a processor is mounted to a ceramic capacitor is removed, and the ceramic capacitor is attached to each layer of the semiconductor package substrate to lower the impedance of the circuit to enable large current power supplying, and to realize three-dimensional cooling by liquid immersion. 
     General Disclosure 
     In Reference Document WO 2019/146724, by overlapping the FC-BGA package having the electrode pad on the surface, the interval between the ceramic capacitor at the lower part of the package and the heat spreader at the upper part of the package is narrowed, and there is a possibility that the flow rate cannot be expected even if the package is immersed in liquid. The present invention proposes a device and a method for constructing an immersion three-dimensional arithmetic device securing a space a flow rate of fluorinert liquid for liquid immersion and a space for disposing a ceramic capacitor in a lower portion of the BGA package without significantly modifying the existing FC-BGA package, in which an interval is secured between the ceramic capacitor and the heat spreader by inserting a substrate having pads and BGA (hereinafter, referred to as a “perforated interposer substrate”) in which pads and BGA electrodes are vertically attached at positions where the semiconductor chip is not mounted, square holes are formed in the heat spreader portion, and the BGA electrodes are electrically vertically penetrated as if in a sense of wearing clogs when the Goemon bath is not covered. 
     (1) A three-dimensional stacked integrated circuit on a premise of immersion in which a package provided with a semiconductor chip and an interposer substrate provided with an opening at a position where the semiconductor chip is mounted are alternately stacked with respective electrode terminals and electrode pads, wherein
         the package and the interposer substrate have a shape in which a gap is generated between the electrode terminals in a stacking direction according to electrode terminals on a lower surface, electrode pads having a geometric shape for connecting the electrode terminals are provided on upper surfaces of the package and the interposer substrate,   the electrode terminals and the electrode pads of the package and the interposer substrate are vertically electrically connected on a 1:1 basis,   guide holes for accurately positioning and holding connection at a time of stacking are provided in the package and the interposer substrate,   an interlayer communication path is formed by the electrode terminal and the electrode pad by connecting the package and the interposer substrate, and   a cooling liquid flows in a gap generated between the electrode terminals of the package and the interposer substrate to perform liquid immersion cooling.       

     (2) The three-dimensional stacked integrated circuit according to (1), wherein a plurality of the interposer substrates, each of which is inserted between the packages, is continuously inserted. 
     (3) The three-dimensional stacked integrated circuit according to (1) and (2), wherein the semiconductor chip mounted in the package is a three-dimensional semiconductor (HBM: High Bandwidth Memory, Wide I/O DRAM, or the like) obtained by stacking two or more layers. 
     (4) The three-dimensional stacked integrated circuit according to (1) to (3), wherein the package has a cross-connected non-uniform memory access (NUMA) configuration, and interconnections of the packages are bus connections. 
     (5) The three-dimensional stacked integrated circuit according to (1) to (4), wherein the guide holes have a function as an anode electrode and a cathode electrode for supplying power to the semiconductor chip mounted on the package, and the guide holes are provided two by two adjacent to each other to lower impedance so that power can be directly supplied to a ceramic capacitor mounted on the package. 
     (6) The three-dimensional stacked integrated circuit according to (1) to (5), wherein a data transmission system of the interlayer communication path formed by the electrode terminal and the electrode pad is implemented by low voltage differential (LVD) with the two adjacent electrode terminals as a pair. 
     (7) The three-dimensional stacked integrated circuit according to (1) to (5), wherein a data transmission system of the interlayer communication path formed by the electrode terminal and the electrode pad is implemented by PCI Express with the two adjacent electrode terminals as a pair. 
     (8) The three-dimensional stacked integrated circuit according to (7), wherein clocked-up PCI Express is used. 
     (9) The three-dimensional stacked integrated circuit according to (1) to (8), wherein a bidirectional tri-state gate driver is mounted adjacent to the electrode terminal of the package in order to reduce an adverse effect of reflection of a high-frequency signal flowing through the interlayer communication path. 
     (10) The three-dimensional stacked integrated circuit according to (1) to (9), wherein a heat spreader closely attached to the semiconductor chip mounted on the package is a sintered metal or a metal oxide in order to prevent cavitation caused by intermittent boiling in liquid immersion cooling. 
     (11) The three-dimensional stacked integrated circuit according to (1) to (10), wherein an integrated circuit of a lowermost layer of the three-dimensional stacked integrated circuit is configured by a bus driver switch or a bus driver buffer switch of a DMA with a buffer with address bus snooping in units of page. 
     According to the present invention, since the liquid immersion cooling can be performed after the separation is secured on the back surface of each layer of a semiconductor package substrate on which the processor is mounted and a gap for attaching a ceramic capacitor is secured, the impedance of the circuit can be lowered and the large current supplying can be performed. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         FIG. 1  is a perspective view in which three layers are stacked and coupled in a three-dimensional stacked integrated circuit, which is an example of the present embodiment. 
         FIG. 2  is a perspective view illustrating overlapping of an FC-BGA package having electrode pads on a surface and a perforated interposer substrate in the case of stacking three layers in a three-dimensional stacked integrated circuit, which is an example of the present embodiment. 
         FIG. 3  is a perspective view of the surface of the FC-BGA package having electrode pads on the surface, which is an example of the present embodiment. 
         FIG. 4  is a perspective view of a back surface of the FC-BGA package having electrode pads on the surface, which is an example of the present embodiment. 
         FIG. 5  is a schematic diagram of a bidirectional tri-state gate driver and a circuit of the FC-BGA package having electrode pads on the surface, which is an example of the present embodiment. 
         FIG. 6  is a schematic diagram of circuits inside and outside the bidirectional tri-state gate driver. 
         FIG. 7  is a schematic diagram of the bidirectional tri-state gate driver circuit. 
         FIG. 8  is a perspective view illustrating a configuration in which a semiconductor chip is covered with a heat spreader in the FC-BGA package having electrode pads on the surface, which is an example of the present embodiment. 
         FIG. 9  is a cross-sectional view illustrating a configuration in which a semiconductor chip is covered with a heat spreader in the FC-BGA package having electrode pads on the surface, which is an example of the present embodiment. 
         FIG. 10  is a perspective view of the surface of the perforated interposer substrate which is an example of the present embodiment. 
         FIG. 11  is a perspective view of the back surface of the perforated interposer substrate which is an example of the present embodiment. 
         FIG. 12  is a conceptual diagram of an interlayer communication path in the three-dimensional stacked integrated circuit which is an example of the present embodiment. 
         FIG. 13  is a conceptual diagram of the interlayer communication path provided with the bidirectional tri-state gate driver of the three-dimensional stacked integrated circuit which is an example of the present embodiment. 
         FIG. 14  is a diagram in which a thick semiconductor chip is mounted in the three-dimensional stacked integrated circuit which is an example of the present embodiment. 
         FIG. 15  is a schematic diagram in which heat of the semiconductor chip is propagated to a heat dissipation plate. 
         FIG. 16  is a schematic diagram in which heat of the semiconductor chip is propagated to a thin heat dissipation plate. 
         FIG. 17  is a diagram illustrating mounting positions of the bidirectional tri-state gate driver in a side view in which two layers are stacked in the three-dimensional stacked integrated circuit which is an example of the present embodiment. 
         FIG. 18  is a diagram illustrating names of communication paths in a bus connection system. 
     
    
    
     DESCRIPTION OF EXEMPLARY EMBODIMENTS 
     Hereinafter, embodiments of the present invention will be described with reference to the accompanying drawings. The present invention will be described through embodiments of the invention, but the following embodiments do not limit the invention according to the claims. Not all combinations of features described in the embodiments are essential to the solution of the invention. In a three-dimensional stacked integrated circuit of the present embodiment illustrated in the drawings, an FC-BGA package having electrode pads on the surface and one or a plurality of perforated interposer substrates thereon are integrated into one layer, and the FC-BGA package having the electrode pads on the uppermost surface is formed into one layer alone. Note that the FC-BGA package is an example of a package having a terminal having a shape in which a gap is generated between electrode terminals in a stacking direction in the state of being connected to the substrate of the lower layer, and the electrode pad is an example of a pad having a geometric shape. The BGA electrode or the like is an example of an electrode terminal having a shape in which a gap is generated between the electrode terminals in the stacking direction. Note that, in the respective drawings, components denoted by the same reference numerals have the same or similar configurations. 
     The present embodiment will be described with reference to  FIG. 1  and  FIG. 2 .  FIG. 1  is a perspective view of the present embodiment.  FIG. 2  is a perspective view illustrating a stacked configuration of the present embodiment. 
     (BGA, Clog, Interlayer Communication Path, and Liquid Immersion Cooling) 
     In Reference Document WO 2019/146724, by overlapping the FC-BGA package having the electrode pad on the surface, the interval between the ceramic capacitor at the lower part of the package and a heat spreader at the upper part of the package is narrowed, and there is a possibility that the flow rate cannot be expected even if the package is immersed in liquid. Alternatively, there is also a possibility that they interfere and do not overlap. The present invention proposes a device and a method for constructing an immersion three-dimensional arithmetic device securing a space a flow rate of fluorinert liquid for liquid immersion and a space for disposing a ceramic capacitor in a lower portion of the BGA package without significantly modifying the existing FC-BGA package, in which an interval is secured between the ceramic capacitor and the heat spreader by inserting a substrate having pads and BGA (hereinafter, referred to as a “perforated interposer substrate”) in which pads and BGA electrodes are vertically attached at positions where the semiconductor chip is not mounted, square holes are formed in a portion where the heat spreader is originally mounted, and the BGA electrodes are vertically electrically penetrated as if in the sense of clogs of the Goemon bath. The present embodiment is configured, as illustrated in  FIG. 1 , by stacking an FC-BGA package  110  having electrode pads on the surface on which a semiconductor chip  100  is mounted and a perforated interposer substrate  120 . 
     (A Plurality of Clogs may be Continuous) 
     The perforated interposer substrate  120  is for adjusting the flow rate of a refrigerant and the separation between the upper layer and the lower layer, and may be formed by continuously stacking not one but a plurality of perforated interposer substrates. 
     (Electrode and Guide Hole are provided) 
     As illustrated in  FIG. 3  and  FIG. 10 , the FC-BGA package  110  having electrode pads on the surface and the perforated interposer substrate  120  includes adjacent through holes for erecting guide pins to supply power to the ceramic capacitor  350  with low impedance, that is, a power supply electrode  240  as an anode which is a through hole for erecting a guide pin and a power supply electrode  250  as a cathode which is a through hole for erecting a guide pin. 
     (Interlayer Communication is LVD) 
     As illustrated in  FIG. 11 , an electrode pad  140  and an electrode terminal  340  are bonded to form an interlayer communication path in the three-dimensional stacked integrated circuit in the present embodiment. Among them, a communication path connected across a plurality of layers is referred to as a local bus  420 . In the communication scheme of the local bus  420 , driving is performed by low voltage differential (LVD) using a pair of two adjacent electrode terminals, thereby alleviating the problem of signal reflection. 
     (Interlayer Communication is PCI Express) 
     The PCI Express standard may be adopted as a communication scheme of the local bus  420  by using two adjacent electrode terminals in pairs. 
     (PCI Express with Clocked up Interlayer Communication) 
     The clocked-up PCI Express standard may be adopted as a communication scheme of the local bus  420  by using two adjacent electrode terminals in pairs. In this case, since the interlayer communication is closed in the present system, it may be freely clock-tuned regardless of the following list. For reference, a revision of PCI Express and a physical layer transfer band (unit is giga transfer per second (GT/sec)) per link width and one direction will be described below.
         Gen1 2.5 GT/sec   Gen2 5 GT/sec   Gen3 8 GT/sec   Gen4 16 GT/sec   Gen5 32 GT/sec   Gen6 64 GT/sec
 
(Bidirectional Tri-State Gate Driver is Attached to the Side of the Local Bus Interlayer-Coupled with BGA Ball)
       

     In the local bus  420 , in order to prevent an adverse effect due to reflection by a lead wire in each layer formed in a comb shape, a bidirectional tri-state gate driver  130  is provided within an interval between the electrode terminals  340  to be adjacent to the electrode terminals  340  or the electrode pads  140  of each layer as illustrated in  FIG. 17 . By means of the bidirectional tri-state gate driver, the reflection of the interlayer communication signals remains in the range of interconnections composed of vertical BGA balls as interposers. Therefore, further clock tuning of a layer can be expected. 
     (Sintered Metal or Metal Oxide is Used for Heat Spreader for Ebullient Cooling) 
     As illustrated in  FIG. 8  and  FIG. 9 , the semiconductor chip  100  is covered with a heat spreader  260 , and is closely attached by a compound or the like having a high thermal conductivity. While a general VLSI has a heat dissipation fin on a heat spreader, the previous invention and the present invention are directly immersed. Thus, it is necessary to consider that intermittent boiling does not occur on the surface of the heat spreader. The heat spreader  260  is characterized in that its surface is metal oxide or sintered metal in order to prevent cavitation caused by intermittent boiling. 
     (Bus Driver Switch in Lowermost Layer) 
     The lowermost layer of the present embodiment may be a bus driver switch or a bus driver buffer switch of a DMA with a buffer with address bus snooping in units of page instead of simply relaying the local bus  420  and the external peripheral device. 
     (Characteristics of Perforated Interposer Substrate) 
     The perforated interposer substrate  120  illustrated in  FIG. 10  includes an opening  270  at the center, the electrode pad  140  having a geometric shape for bonding the electrode terminals  340  of the FC-BGA package  110  having electrode pads on the surface to be stacked on the upper surface and the perforated interposer substrate  120 , and the electrode terminal  340  on the back surface as illustrated in  FIG. 11 . The electrode pad  140  on the surface is electrically connected to the electrode terminal  340  on the back surface on a 1:1 basis. Further, the power supply electrode  240  as an anode which is a through hole for erecting a guide pin and the power supply electrode  250  as a cathode which is a through hole for erecting a guide pin are provided. 
     (A Bidirectional Tri-State Gate Driver is Attached to the Side of the Semiconductor Chip) 
       FIG. 5  simply illustrates some internal circuits of the FC-BGA package  110  having electrode pads on the surface. For the description of the circuit portion, the FC-BGA package  110  having electrode pads on the surface in  FIG. 1  to  FIG. 3  is illustrated with some expressions omitted. As illustrated in  FIG. 5 , the FC-BGA package  110  having electrode pads on the surface includes the bidirectional tri-state gate driver  130  near the electrode pads  140  or the electrode terminals  340 . 
     The FC-BGA package  110  having electrode pads on the surface includes the bidirectional tri-state gate driver  130 , electrode pads  141  to  145 , a gate control signal line  600 , and data signal lines  610  to  611 , in addition to the semiconductor chip  100 . In  FIG. 5 , seven electrode terminals, one gate control signal line, and two data control signal lines are illustrated as an example in the present embodiment, but the present invention is not limited thereto. The number of electrode terminals may be one or more, the number of gate control signal lines may be one or more, and the number of data signal lines may be two or more. 
     The bidirectional tri-state gate driver  130  controls directions of signals flowing through the data signal line  610  and the data signal line  611  by a signal of the gate control signal line  600  from the semiconductor chip  100 . 
       FIG. 6  is a schematic diagram of a circuit for explaining the bidirectional tri-state gate driver  130 . The bidirectional tri-state gate driver  130  is configured by a three-state buffer. The bidirectional tri-state gate driver has the circuit configuration illustrated in  FIG. 7 . When a gate control signal line  710  is “1”, a three-state buffer  731  causes a signal of a data signal line  720  to flow in the direction of a data signal line  721 . At this time, since “0” is transmitted to a three-state buffer  732  by a NOT circuit  730 , high impedance is obtained. As a result, the data signal flows from left to right. Conversely, when the gate control signal line  710  is “0”, the three-state buffers  731  have high impedance, and “1” is transmitted to the three-state buffers  732  by the NOT circuit  730 , so that the data signal flows from the data signal line  721  in the direction of the data signal line  720  (from right to left). 
     (Feature of FC-BGA Package having Electrode Pads on Surface: Electrode and Guide Hole) 
     As illustrated in  FIG. 3 , the FC-BGA package  110  having electrode pads on the surface includes the semiconductor chip  100 , the electrode pad  140  having a geometric shape for bonding the electrode terminals  340  of the FC-BGA package  110  or the perforated interposer substrate  120  having electrode pads on the surface to be stacked on the upper surface, the power supply electrode  240  as an anode which is a through hole for erecting a guide pin, and the power supply electrode  250  as a cathode which is a through hole for erecting a guide pin. 
     As illustrated in  FIG. 4 , the FC-BGA package  110  having electrode pads on the surface can include the ceramic capacitor  350  on the back surface of the FC-BGA package  110  having electrode pads on the surface as in the related art by inserting the perforated interposer substrate illustrated in the present invention therebetween. 
     (Cooling Method is Performed by Ebullient Cooling of Immersion) 
     In the present embodiment, it is possible to cope with cooling of a semiconductor of  100  W class by performing the ebullient cooling of immersion using fluorinate or the like. 
     (Effect of Present Embodiment: Alignment at Time of Stacking is Refined by Guide Pin) 
     As illustrated in  FIG. 1 , in the present embodiment, it is necessary to accurately position and couple the electrode terminal  340  and the electrode pad  140  of the FC-BGA package  110  or the perforated interposer substrate  120  having electrode pads on the surface to be stacked. For this reason, the electrode pad  140  and the electrode terminal  340  can be accurately positioned at the time of stacking by inserting a power supply electrode  280  as an anode which is a guide pin and a power supply electrode  290  as a cathode which is a guide pin into the power supply electrode  240  as an anode which is a through hole for erecting a guide pin and the power supply electrode  250  as a cathode which is a through hole for erecting a guide pin, which are provided in the FC-BGA package  110  or the perforated interposer substrate  120  having electrode pads on the surface. 
     (Effect of the Present Embodiment: Large Current Power can be Supplied to the Semiconductor Chip by Providing a Ceramic Capacitor in each Layer) 
     As illustrated in  FIG. 4 , the FC-BGA package  110  having electrode pads on the surface can include the ceramic capacitor  350  on the back surface of the semiconductor of the FC-BGA package  110  having electrode pads on the surface. As a result, a ceramic capacitor required for operating a semiconductor chip in which a CPU, a GPGPU, a BBU, the core of a super computer, or the like consumes a large current is supplied for each layer, which allows a shortest path without using the electrode terminal  340  in the power supply path, and it is possible to supply a large current while suppressing impedance. 
     (Effect of the Present Embodiment: Sufficient Refrigerant can be Secured by the Opening of the Perforated Interposer Substrate and the Plurality of Stacked Layers) 
     As illustrated in  FIG. 10 , the perforated interposer substrate  120  according to the present embodiment includes the opening  270  and is equipped with the electrode terminal  340 , so that a space above or around the semiconductor chip  100  can be secured by stacking the electrode terminal on the FC-BGA package  110  having electrode pads on the surface. As a result, the refrigerant flowing from the gap between the electrode terminals  340  can secure a capacity required for cooling the semiconductor chip  100 . In a case where the cooling capacity around the semiconductor chip  100  is insufficient when the number of the perforated interposer substrates  120  is one, it is possible to secure more space above or around the semiconductor chip  100  by stacking a plurality of perforated interposer substrates  120  of two or three. 
     (Two-Layered in Layer) 
     The semiconductor chip  100  placed in the FC-BGA package  110  having electrode pads is not a single layer, and may have two or more layers. Each package of the three-dimensional stacked integrated circuit of the present embodiment may have a cross-connected non-uniform memory access (NUMA) configuration. Interconnections between layers are bus connections due to restriction of the number of pins. 
     (In Order to Describe the Effects of the Present Embodiment, Two Types of Interlayer Communication Paths will be Described) 
     In the three-dimensional stacked integrated circuit according to the present embodiment, the electrode pad  140  and the electrode terminal  340  illustrated in  FIG. 2  are bonded to form an interlayer communication path for performing communication with another layer in which a certain layer is stacked as illustrated in  FIG. 12 . The interlayer communication path includes two types of communication paths: a communication path (hereinafter, “maisonette connection”) that is connected from a certain layer to an adjacent layer on a 1:1 basis; and a communication path (hereinafter, “local bus”) that branches from a certain layer into a comb shape and is connected to each layer as illustrated in  FIG. 13 . 
     (There is No Problem in 1:1 Maisonette Connection) 
     A maisonette connection  430  (local connection connecting CPU, GPGPU, and cache or local memory of level  2  or level  3  of two adjacent layers) illustrated in  FIG. 12  is configured by a data signal line  640  in the FC-BGA package  110  having electrode pads on the surface illustrated in  FIG. 5  in the horizontal direction and the coupling between the electrode pad  140  and the electrode terminal  340  illustrated in  FIG. 2  in the vertical direction. Since the path of the maisonette connection  430  is a point to point (P2P), there is no branch, and the start point and the end point are 1:1, reflection occurs. However, a special signal reflection problem such as slight overlapping of reflected waves does not occur. 
     (The Local Bus has a Signal Reflection Problem) 
     On the other hand, the local bus  420  illustrated in  FIG. 12  and  FIG. 13  is configured by the data signal line  610  and the bidirectional tri-state gate driver  130  in the FC-BGA package  110  having electrode pads on the surface illustrated in  FIG. 5  in the horizontal direction, and the electrode pad  140  and the electrode terminal  340  illustrated in  FIG. 2  in the vertical direction in order to couple the multiple layers in parallel. At this time, not only the communication path is coupled to the electrode pad  140  by the electrode terminal in the vertical direction, but also there is a signal line in each FC-BGA package connected in the horizontal direction in the semiconductor chip  100 . Therefore, a comb-like circuit is formed, and a reflection pattern of a complicated signal is generated, which is a problem. 
     (Reason for Reducing Adverse Effect of Reflection) 
       FIG. 18  is a schematic diagram of a general bus circuit. A main bus, which is the center of the comb-like bus circuit, is a communication path in the vertical direction which is configured by the electrode terminal and the electrode pad in  FIG. 13  of the present embodiment. A communication path extending in the horizontal direction from the main bus to an element (the bidirectional tri-state gate driver  130  in the present embodiment) that receives a signal is called a stub. In the absence of the bidirectional tri-state gate driver  130 , the high-frequency signal flowing through the main bus illustrated in  FIG. 13  has a characteristic of being reflected at the end point of each communication path, but the signal reflected in the stub returns to the main bus and is mixed with the original signal. The number of times of reflection increases as the number of stubs increases, and when reflected waves from many stubs are undesirably overlapped, the signal wave becomes too large, which may cause malfunction. Therefore, the stub is made as short as possible by making the bidirectional tri-state gate driver  130  adjacent to the electrode terminal, and the problem due to the influence of reflection is suppressed by bringing the bidirectional tri-state gate driver close to one communication path instead of having the comb shape. 
     (Effect of the Present Embodiment: Solving the Problem of Comb-Like Irregular Reflection by Driving with a Bidirectional Tri-State Gate Driver) 
     Therefore, as illustrated in  FIG. 5 , the bidirectional tri-state gate driver  130  is provided to suppress reflection of a signal only in the vertical direction so as not to affect the communication path in the horizontal direction, and driving is performed by low voltage differential (LVD) using a pair of two adjacent terminals such as the electrode pad  141  and the electrode pad  142  to perform asynchronous transmission for each pair, thereby reducing the problem of signal reflection. As a result, the system using the present embodiment can operate at high speed without causing a serious malfunction only by aligning the line lengths of the interlayer communication paths. The PCI Express standard may be adopted for the interlayer communication. When the communication speed is insufficient, the clocked-up PCI Express standard may be adopted. 
     (Effect of the Present Embodiment: Summary of Interlayer Communication Paths: High-Speed Communication becomes Possible) 
     As a result, the influence of signal reflection on the interlayer communication path is minimized, and local bus connection can be stably realized at high speed. For details, a common inter-processor common bus technology is utilized. 
     (Semiconductor Includes HBM in Addition to CPU) 
     The semiconductor chip  100  mounted on the FC-BGA package  110  having electrode pads may be not only an arithmetic device such as a CPU or a GPGPU, but also a high bandwidth memory (HBM) or a wide I/O DRAM in which memory elements are stacked vertically. Although the memory elements are stacked vertically inside the HBM, as illustrated in  FIG. 14 , it is possible to vertically mount the memory elements on the FC-BGA package  110  having electrode pads by coupling them with low delay in the present invention so as to vertically stack the memory elements. This may be not only the lowermost layer but also any layer. The HBM or the wide I/O DRAM which is maisonette-connected is used as a local memory to form a NUMA configuration. The above-described maisonette-connected local memory is NUMA-connected to the local bus via an integrated circuit (CPU or GPGPU) in the internal bus of the three-dimensional integrated circuit. The local memory having the NUMA configuration is used as a fading area for saving the cache memory, thereby improving the throughput. The local memory is used as a working set when the cache fails. The local memory is used as a secondary cache. The use of the maisonette is a saving region of a cache area by HBM. As a NUMA configuration, when there are full of page buffers in a multiprocessor, the throughput is greatly improved if the buffers are in a NUMA memory. 
     (Effect of the Present Embodiment: High-Speed Operation can be Performed by Using a Lowermost Layer as an External Bus Driver Switch) 
     The lowermost layer of the present embodiment may be a DMA with a buffer with address bus snooping in units of page instead of simply relaying the local bus  420  and the external peripheral device. When a system adopting the present embodiment is constructed, external bus connection with a main storage device, a peripheral device, or the like is required outside. However, if the FC-BGA package  110  having electrode pads on the surface of the lowermost layer of the present embodiment is an external bus driver switch, the external bus can be electrically disconnected. When the external bus connected from the lowermost layer of the present embodiment is separated by setting the external bus driver switch to high impedance, the signal propagation distance is extremely shortened, so that high-speed clock operation of the present embodiment can be performed. Since the signal is driven in a non-terminal connection, an operation mode is obtained in consideration of signal reflection similarly to the PCI bus. 
     (Effect of the Present Embodiment: Cooling Efficiency is Increased by Using Metal Oxide or Sintered Metal on the Surface of the Semiconductor Chip) 
     The ebullient cooling is performed by a phase change of the refrigerant from liquid to gas. In the ebullient cooling, a large amount of gas (air bubbles) is generated in the refrigerant as much as possible, and vigorous expansion of the surrounding refrigerant leads to improvement of cooling efficiency. Although it is difficult to predict where the air bubbles are generated, it is desirable to cover the surface with a porous sintered metal or metal oxide because the air bubbles are likely to be generated from fine scratches on the surface of the heat source. Therefore, as illustrated in  FIG. 8  and  FIG. 9 , the surface of the heat spreader  260  covering the semiconductor chip  100  is made of metal oxide or sintered metal, thereby improving cooling efficiency. 
     The embodiments described above are intended to facilitate understanding of the present invention, and are not intended to limit the present invention. Each element included in the embodiment and the arrangement, material, condition, shape, size, and the like thereof are not limited to those exemplified, and can be appropriately changed. In addition, it is possible to partially replace or combine the configurations illustrated in different embodiments. 
     The operations, procedures, steps, and stages of each process performed by an apparatus, system, program, and method shown in the claims, embodiments, or diagrams can be performed in any order as long as the order is not indicated by “prior to,” “before,” or the like and as long as the output from a previous process is not used in a later process. Even if the process flow is described using phrases such as “first” or “next” in the claims, embodiments, or diagrams, it does not necessarily mean that the process must be performed in this order. 
     EXPLANATION OF REFERENCES 
       100 : semiconductor chip;  101 : stacked semiconductor chip such as HBM or wide I/O DRAM;  110 : FC-BGA package having electrode pads on the surface;  120 : perforated interposer substrate;  130 : bidirectional tri-state gate driver;  131 : bidirectional tri-state gate driver;  132 : bidirectional tri-state gate driver;  133 : bidirectional tri-state gate driver;  140 : electrode pad;  141 : electrode pad;  142 : electrode pad;  145 : electrode pad;  240 : power supply electrode as an anode, which is a through hole for erecting a guide pin;  250 : power supply electrode as a cathode, which is a through hole for erecting a guide pin;  260 : heat spreader;  270 : opening;  280 : power supply electrode as an anode, which is a guide pin;  290 : power supply electrode as a cathode, which is a guide pin;  340 : electrode terminal;  350 : ceramic capacitor;  410 : one layer of the present embodiment;  420 : conceptual diagram of local bus;  421 : main bus;  422 : stub;  430 : conceptual diagram of maisonette connection;  560 : bidirectional tri-state gate driver;  561 : bidirectional tri-state gate driver;  600 : gate control signal line;  610 : data signal line;  611 : data signal line;  640 : data signal line;  700 : bidirectional tri-state gate driver;  710 : gate control signal line;  720 : data signal line;  721 : data signal line;  730 : NOT circuit;  731 : three-state buffer;  732 : three-state buffer;  800 : heat dissipation plate;  801 : heat dissipation fin A;  802 : heat dissipation fin B;  803 : heat dissipation fin C;  901 : heating point A;  902 : heating point B;  903 : heating point C