Patent Publication Number: US-9418911-B2

Title: Three-dimensional semiconductor memory device having sidewall and interlayer molds

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This application is a continuation of co-pending U.S. application Ser. No. 14/276,124, filed May 13, 2014, which is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 12/953,748, filed on Nov. 24, 2010, which claims priority under 35 U.S.C. §119 to Korean Patent Application 10-2009-0126854, filed on Dec. 18, 2009, the disclosures of which are each hereby incorporated by reference herein in their entireties. 
    
    
     BACKGROUND 
     The present disclosure herein relates to a three-dimensional semiconductor device and to a method of fabricating the three-dimensional semiconductor memory device. 
     Higher integration of semiconductor devices may be required to satisfy consumer demands for superior performance and inexpensive prices. In the case of semiconductor memory devices, since their integration may be an important factor in determining product price, increased integration may especially be required. In the case of typical two-dimensional or planar semiconductor memory devices, since their integration may be mainly determined by the area occupied by a unit memory cell, integration may be significantly influenced by the level of fine pattern forming technology. However, since extremely expensive equipment may be needed for increasing pattern fineness, integration of two-dimensional semiconductor memory devices is increasing but still may be limited. 
     To overcome such a limitation, three-dimensional semiconductor memory devices having three-dimensionally arranged memory cells have been proposed. However, to mass-produce three-dimensional semiconductor devices, process technology may be required that can achieve manufacturing cost per bit lower than that of two-dimensional memory devices, and reliable product characteristics. 
     Thus, there is need in the art for a three-dimensional semiconductor device having reliable product characteristics such as structural stability and for low cost methods of fabricating the same. 
     SUMMARY 
     The present disclosure may provide a method of forming interconnections of a three-dimensional semiconductor device with a reduced manufacturing cost. 
     The present disclosure may also provide a method of forming interconnections of a three-dimensional semiconductor device capable of providing a structural stability. 
     The present disclosure may further provide a three-dimensional semiconductor device of which manufacturing cost is low. 
     The present disclosure may further provide a three-dimensional semiconductor device of which interconnection patterns have structural stability and are arranged three-dimensionally. 
     Embodiments of the inventive concept may provide a three-dimensional semiconductor device comprising sidewall molds horizontally isolating interconnection patterns. Specifically, the three-dimensional semiconductor device comprises: a mold structure providing gap regions and an interconnection structure comprising the plurality of interconnection patterns formed in the gap regions. The mold structure comprises interlayer molds defining upper surfaces and lower surfaces of the interconnection patterns and the sidewall molds defining sidewalls of the interconnection patterns below the interlayer molds 
     In some embodiments, the interlayer molds may be thicker in a region adjacent to the sidewall mold than in a region adjacent to the interconnection pattern, and the width of an interlayer mold is broader than a width of the sidewall mold. 
     In other embodiments, the mold structure may comprise a plurality of partial mold structures horizontally isolated in the cell array region. The interconnection structure may comprise a plurality of partial interconnection structures comprising the plurality of interconnection patterns that are sequentially stacked. Two partial interconnection structures, which are horizontally isolated by the sidewall molds, may be arranged in one partial mold structure. 
     In still other embodiments, the interconnection structure may further comprise connection patterns sequentially stacked in the connection region. Each of the connection patterns may comprise: an interconnecting portion horizontally connecting the interconnection patterns to each other and a contact pad portion horizontally protruding from the interconnecting portion. The area of the contact pad portions of the connection patterns decreases, as the distance between the contact pad portions and the substrate increases. 
     In even other embodiments, the interconnecting portion may intersect the interconnection patterns and connects the interconnection patterns to each other. The contact pad portion may have the major axis parallel to the major axis of the interconnection patterns. The widths of the contact pad portions measured along a direction intersecting the major axes of the interconnection patterns may be substantially the same as each other. The number of contact pad portions respectively forming the connection patterns may be two. In yet other embodiments, the interconnection structure may comprise at least two interconnection patterns, one interconnecting portion, and at least two contact pad portions. The width of the contact pad portion measured along a direction intersecting the major axes of the interconnection patterns may be substantially the same as the width of the interconnecting portion measured along a direction of the major axis of the interconnection pattern. 
     In other embodiments of the inventive concept, a three-dimensional semiconductor device includes at least one mold structure providing gap regions and partial interconnection structures comprising a plurality of interconnection patterns which are sequentially stacked. The at least one mold structure includes a plurality of partial mold structures. The interconnection patterns are disposed in the gap regions, respectively, and the mold structure comprises interlayer molds vertically isolating the interconnection patterns and sidewall molds horizontally isolating the interconnection patterns. Moreover, two partial interconnection structures are disposed in one partial mold structure. 
     In other embodiment of the inventive concept, a three-dimensional semiconductor device includes a substrate comprising a cell array region and a connection region, at least one mold structure providing gap regions and disposed on the substrate and an interconnection structure including interconnection patterns disposed in the gap regions. Each of the interconnection patterns includes a plurality of electrode portions disposed in the cell array region, an interconnecting portion disposed in the connection region and horizontally connecting the electrode portions to each other; and at least one contact pad portion horizontally protruding from the interconnecting portion. The number of electrode portions included in the interconnection pattern is larger than the number of contact pad portions included in a corresponding interconnection pattern. 
     In other embodiments of the inventive concept, an interconnection forming method of a three-dimensional semiconductor device comprises: forming a mold layer structure comprising interlayer mold layers and sidewall mold layers sequentially and alternately disposed on a substrate, forming trenches defining interlayer molds and preliminary sidewall molds sequentially and alternately disposed by patterning the mold layer structure, forming sidewall molds defining recessed regions between the interlayer molds by recessing sidewalls of the preliminary sidewall molds horizontally and forming an interconnection structure comprising interconnection patterns disposed in the recessed regions. 
     In further embodiments, the forming of the recessed regions may comprise horizontally recessing sidewalls of the preliminary sidewall molds at a depth smaller than half of a gap between the trenches. 
     In still further embodiments, the substrate may comprise a cell array region disposed with a plurality of active structures parallel to each other and each of the active structures comprises a plurality of active patterns perforated through the interlayer molds and connected to the substrate. The trenches may be formed on both sides of a pair of active structures adjacent to each other. 
     In even further embodiments, the forming of the trenches may comprise forming a pair of first trenches and a plurality of second trenches disposed between the pair of first trenches. The length of the first trenches may be longer than a length of the second trenches. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       The accompanying drawings are included to provide a further understanding of the inventive concept, and are incorporated in and constitute a part of this specification. The drawings illustrate exemplary embodiments of the inventive concept and, together with the description, serve to explain principles of the inventive concept. In the drawings: 
         FIGS. 1 through 5  are perspective views illustrating a method of fabricating a three-dimensional semiconductor memory device according to a first embodiment of the inventive concept; 
         FIGS. 6 through 8  are perspective views illustrating parts of the three-dimensional semiconductor memory device in more detail according to the first embodiment of the inventive concept; 
         FIG. 9  is a perspective view illustrating a three-dimensional semiconductor memory device according to a modified example of the inventive concept; 
         FIGS. 10 through 12 ,  FIG. 13A ,  FIG. 14A , and  FIG. 15A  are perspective views illustrating a method of fabricating a three-dimensional memory device according to a second embodiment of the inventive concept; 
         FIG. 13B ,  FIGS. 14B through 14D , and  FIGS. 15B through 15D  are perspective views provided to understand the technical spirit of the inventive concept; 
         FIGS. 16A and 16B  are a plan view and a perspective view illustrating a three-dimensional semiconductor memory device according to a third embodiment of the inventive concept, respectively; 
         FIG. 16C  is a plan view illustrating a three-dimensional semiconductor memory device in comparison to the three-dimensional semiconductor memory device according to the three embodiments of the inventive concept; 
         FIGS. 17 and 18  are a plan view and a perspective view for explaining some aspects of the technical spirit of the inventive concept in more detail; 
         FIG. 19  is a sectional view for explaining other aspects of the technical spirit of the inventive concept in more detail; 
         FIG. 20  is perspective view for explaining another modified example of the technical spirit of the inventive concept; 
         FIG. 21  is a schematic block diagram illustrating an exemplary memory card including a Flash memory device according to the inventive concept; and 
         FIG. 22  is a schematic block diagram illustrating an information processing system including a Flash memory system according to the inventive concept. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE EMBODIMENTS 
     Embodiments of the present invention will now be described more fully hereinafter with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which preferred embodiments of the invention are shown. This invention may, however, be embodied in different forms and should not be construed as limited to the embodiments set forth herein. Like numbers refer to like elements throughout the specification. 
     It will be understood that, although the terms first, second, etc. are used herein to describe various elements, these elements should not be limited by these terms. These terms are used to distinguish one element from another. For example, a first element could be termed a second element, and, similarly, a second element could be termed a first element, without departing from the scope of the present invention. As used herein, the term “and/or” includes any and all combinations of one or more of the associated listed items. 
     It will be understood that when an element is referred to as being “on” or “connected” or “coupled” to another element, it can be directly on or connected or coupled to the other element or intervening elements can be present. In contrast, when an element is referred to as being “directly on” or “directly connected” or “directly coupled” to another element, there are no intervening elements present. Other words used to describe the relationship between elements should be interpreted in a like fashion (e.g., “between” versus “directly between,” “adjacent” versus “directly adjacent,” etc.). When an element is referred to herein as being “over” another element, it can be over or under the other element, and either directly coupled to the other element, or intervening elements may be present, or the elements may be spaced apart by a void or gap. 
     The terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particular embodiments and is not intended to be limiting of the invention. As used herein, the singular forms “a,” “an” and “the” are intended to include the plural forms as well, unless the context clearly indicates otherwise. It will be further understood that the terms “comprises,” “comprising,” “includes” and/or “including,” when used herein, specify the presence of stated features, integers, steps, operations, elements, and/or components, but do not preclude the presence or addition of one or more other features, integers, steps, operations, elements, components, and/or groups thereof. 
     [First Embodiment] 
       FIGS. 1 through 5  are perspective views illustrating a method of fabricating a three-dimensional semiconductor device according to a first embodiment of the inventive concept.  FIGS. 6 through 8  are perspective views illustrating parts of the three-dimensional semiconductor device in more detail according to a first embodiment of the inventive concept. 
     Referring to  FIG. 1 , a molding layer structure MLS is formed on a substrate  100 , and then is patterned to form active openings  150  for exposing the upper surface of the substrate  100 . 
     For example, the substrate  100  may be formed of one of semiconductor materials (for example, a silicon wafer), an insulating material (for example, glass), and a semiconductor or conductive member covered with an insulating film. The substrate  100  may have the upper surface parallel to an xy plane. The active openings  150  may be formed two-dimensionally on the substrate  100  or the xy plane. 
     The molding layer structure MLS may include interlayer mold layers  110  and sidewall mold layers  130  sequentially and alternately stacked. The sidewall mold layers  130  may be formed of a material capable of being etched with an etch selectivity to the interlayer mold layers  110 . The sidewall mold layer  130  may be formed of a material that can be selectively etched while minimizing the etching of the interlayer mold layer  110 . As known, such etch selectivity can quantitatively be expressed as a ratio of an etching speed of the sidewall mold layer  130  to an etching speed of the interlayer mold layer  110 . According to an embodiment of the inventive concept, the sidewall mold layer  130  may be formed of one of materials having an etch selectivity of, for example, about 1:10 to about 1:200 (more particularly, 1:30 to 1:100) to the interlayer mold layer  110 . For example, the interlayer mold layers  110  may be a silicon oxide layer, and the sidewall mold layers  130  may be a silicon nitride layer. 
     Referring to  FIG. 2 , the active patterns  180  are formed in the active opening  150 . The active patterns  180  may contain one of materials with semiconductor characteristics. For example, as illustrated in  FIG. 6 , each of the active patterns  180  may include a semiconductor pattern  180   a  covering conformally the inner wall of the active opening  150  and a buried insulating pattern  180   b  filling the active opening  150  in which the semiconductor pattern  180   a  is formed. 
     The semiconductor pattern  180   a  may be a semiconductor material with a polycrystalline structure formed by chemical vapor deposition (for example, polysilicon). In this case, as explained above, the semiconductor pattern  180   a  may cover conformally the inner wall of the active opening  150 . However, for example, the semiconductor pattern  180   a  may be one of single-crystalline silicon, organic semiconductor layers, and carbon nanostructures and may be formed by one of chemical vapor depositions and epitaxial techniques. 
     The buried insulating pattern  180   b  may contain at least one of insulating materials. For example, the buried insulating pattern  180   b  may be a silicon oxide layer or an insulating material formed by spin-on-glass (SOG) technique. According to an embodiment, before the buried insulating pattern  180   b  is formed, hydrogen annealing may further be performed under a gas atmosphere containing hydrogen and deuterium to treat thermally a resultant structure with the semiconductor pattern  180   a . Such hydrogen annealing may cure crystal defects that may exist in the semiconductor pattern  180   a.    
     As illustrated in  FIGS. 2 and 6 , each of the active patterns  180  may further include a junction pattern  180   c  disposed above the semiconductor pattern  180   a . The junction pattern  180   c  may be formed of a semiconductor material having a characteristic different from that of the semiconductor pattern  180   a  in at least one of a conductive type and an impurity concentration. For example, the semiconductor pattern  180   a  may be a p-type or intrinsic semiconductor and the junction pattern  180   c  may be an n+semiconductor. 
     On the other hand, the active patterns  180  may form active structures AS or active groups AG. For example, since the active patterns  180  are arranged two-dimensionally, the positions of the active patterns  180  may readily be described using the Cartesian coordinates. For example, each of the active structures AS may include a plurality of the active patterns  180  disposed at the positions described by substantially the same x coordinate and y coordinates different from each other. Moreover, each of the active groups AG may be constituted by two active structures AS that are adjacent to each other but are not included in other active groups. The terms of “active structure” and “active group” will be used with these meanings below. 
     Referring to  FIG. 3 , the molding layer structure MLS is patterned to form trenches  200  defining a preliminary mold structure PMS. According to this embodiment, each trench  200  may be formed between the active groups AG. That is, two active structures AS may be formed between one pair of trenches  200  adjacent to each other. 
     The preliminary mold structure PMS may include the interlayer molds  120  and preliminary sidewall molds  140  that are sequentially and alternately stacked. The trenches  200  may substantially be formed through the molding layer structure MLS to expose the upper surface of the substrate  100 . Therefore, as illustrated, the sidewalls of the interlayer molds  120  and the preliminary sidewall molds  140  may be exposed by the trenches  200 . 
     According to a modified example of the inventive concept, the trenches  200  may be formed in such a way such that some layers of the molding layer structure MLS (for example, the lowermost layer) remain under the trenches  200 . As illustrated in  FIG. 3 , a capping layer  190  covering the molding layer structure MLS may further be formed above the active patterns  180 , before the trenches  200  are formed. The capping layer  190  may be used as a hard mask in an etching process of forming the trenches  200 . 
     Referring to  FIG. 4 , the sidewalls of the preliminary sidewall molds  140  exposed by the trenches  200  are selectively and horizontally etched to form sidewall molds  145  that form a mold structure MS together with the interlayer molds  120 . As illustrated, recessed regions  210  may be formed between the interlayer molds  120  as a result of this horizontal etching. That is, the recessed regions  210  may be gap regions between the interlayer molds  120  which are horizontally extended from the trench  200  to expose the active patterns  180  and the sidewall molds  145 . 
     For example, as illustrated in  FIG. 9 , a vertical boundary of the recessed regions  210  is defined by the interlayer molds  120  and a horizontal boundary of the recessed regions  210  is defined by the sidewall molds  145  and the trenches  200 . In addition, an internal boundary of the recessed regions  210  is defined by the active patterns  180 . 
     The forming of the recessed regions  210  may include a step of horizontally etching the preliminary sidewall molds  140  using an etching recipe having an etch selectivity with respect to the interlayer molds  120  and the active patterns  180 . For example, when the preliminary sidewall molds  140  are a silicon nitride layer and the interlayer molds  120  are a silicon oxide layer, this horizontal etching may be performed using an etchant containing phosphoric acid. 
     In the horizontal etching according to this embodiment of the inventive concept, an etching depth D 1  may be smaller than the half of a width W 1  of the interlayer molds  120 . Accordingly, the sidewall molds  145  may not be removed completely but may remain between the interlayer molds  120 . When the sidewall molds  145  remain between the interlayer molds  120 , it is possible to prevent a technical difficulty such as a variation in the interval between the interlayer molds  120  or deformation of the mold structure. That is, the sidewall molds  145  may not only serve as molds defining the recessed regions  210  but also serve as supporting elements preventing the difficulty of a variation in the interval between the interlayer molds  120  during the horizontal etching. 
     According to an embodiment of the inventive concept, the etching depth D 1  may be larger than a sum of a distance D 2  between the active pattern  180  and the trench  200  and a width W 2  of the active pattern  180 . In this case, the sidewall of the active pattern  180  may completely be exposed between the interlayer molds  120 . According to another embodiment of the inventive concept, however, the etching depth D 1  may be larger than the distance D 2  and it may be smaller than the sum of the distance D 2  and the width W 2 . In this case, the sidewall of the active pattern  180  may be exposed partially. 
     Referring to  FIG. 5 , gate patterns GP are formed to fill the recessed regions  210 , and then bit lines BL are formed to be connected to the active patterns  180 . 
     Each of the gate patterns GP may include an information storing element ISE and a conductive pattern CP sequentially filling the inner wall of the recessed region  210 , as illustrated in  FIG. 6 . The forming of the gate patterns GP may include sequentially forming the information storing element ISE and a conductive layer covering the trenches  200  and the recessed regions  210  and removing the conductive layer in the trench  200  to remain partially the conductive pattern CP in the recessed regions  210 . On the other hand, the trench  200  in which the conductive layer is removed may be filled with one of insulating materials. 
     When a Flash memory device is realized according to the technical spirit of the inventive concept, as illustrated in  FIGS. 7 and 8 , the information storing element ISE may include a charge storing layer CS and may further include a tunnel insulating layer TN interposed between the charge storing layer CS and the active pattern  180  and a blocking insulating layer (BI) interposed between the charge storing layer CS of the information storing element ISE and the conductive pattern CP. For example, the charge storing layer CS may be one of insulating layers with high trap site density and insulating layers containing conductive nanoparticles. According to an embodiment, the tunnel insulating layer TN may be formed of one of materials with a band gap larger than that of the charge storing layer CS, and the blocking insulating layer BI may be formed of one of materials with a band gap smaller than that of the tunnel insulating layer TN and larger than that of the charge storing layer CS. For example, the tunnel insulating layer TN may be a silicon oxide layer and the blocking insulating layer BI may be one of high-k layers such as an aluminum oxide layer and a hafnium oxide layer. According to a modified example of the inventive concept, the blocking insulating layer BI may be a multi-layer layer including a plurality of layers. For example, the blocking insulating layer BI may include an aluminum oxide layer and a silicon oxide layer. A stacking order of the aluminum oxide layer and the silicon oxide layer may be changed. 
     The information storing element ISE is formed with a thickness thinner than half of the thickness of the recessed region  210  so as to ensure a space for the conductive pattern CP. The information storing element ISE may be formed by a deposition technique (for example, chemical vapor deposition or atomic layer deposition) capable of providing excellent property of step coverage. Therefore, the information storing element ISE may be formed to conformally cover a resultant structure with the recessed region  210 . Meanwhile, when the semiconductor pattern  180   a  included in the active pattern  180  is formed of silicon, the tunnel insulating layer TN may be, for example, a silicon oxide layer formed by subjecting the semiconductor pattern  180   a  to thermal oxidation. When the thermal oxidation is performed, the information storing element ISE may have different thicknesses in the sidewall of the active pattern  180  and in the sidewall of the sidewall molds  145 . For example, the tunnel insulating layer TN may not be formed in the sidewall of the sidewall mold  145  or may be formed with a thickness thinner than that in the sidewall of the active pattern  180 , as illustrated in  FIG. 8 . 
     The conductive layer may be formed to fill the recessed region  210  and the trench  200  that are covered with the information storing element ISE. The conductive layer may contain, for example, at least one of doped silicon, tungsten, metal nitride layers, and metal silicides. Meanwhile, since the technical spirit of the inventive concept is not limited to the Flash memory device, the information storing element ISE and the conductive layer may be modified in various forms in its material and its structure. 
     The removing of the conductive layer in the trench  200  may include, for example, performing anisotropic etching on the conductive layer by using the capping layer  190  as an etching mask. When the conductive layer is removed in the trench  200 , the conductive layer forms the conductive patterns CP separated vertically from each other. That is, the conductive patterns CP are partially formed in the recessed regions  210  and are used as electrodes that change information stored in the information storing element ISE. According to other embodiments of the present invention, the conductive layer may be formed to fill partially the trench  200  and then it may be removed from the trenches  200  by isotropic etching way. 
     The bit lines BL are formed to electrically connect the lower active patterns  180 , where major axes of the bit lines BL are arranged along a direction intersecting the major axes of the gate patterns GP. To connect the bit line BL electrically to the active patterns  180 , bit line plugs BL_P may further be arranged therebetween, as illustrated in  FIG. 5 . 
     [Three-Dimensional NAND Flash Memory Device] 
       FIG. 9  is a perspective view illustrating a three-dimensional semiconductor memory device according to a modified example of the inventive concept. For example,  FIG. 9  is the perspective view illustrating a three-dimensional NAND Flash memory device realized according to the technical spirit of the inventive concept. For convenience in description, the duplicated technical features described with reference to  FIGS. 1 through 8  may be omitted below. 
     As a modification of fabricating method described with reference to  FIG. 3 , after forming the trenches  200 , an impurity region is formed in the substrate  100 . According to an embodiment of the inventive concept, the impurity region may be formed by an ion implanting by using the preliminary mold structure PMS as an ion implanting mask. In this case, as illustrated in  FIG. 9 , interconnections CSL may be formed in the substrate  100  between the mold structures MS to be used to transfer electric signals to the active regions. 
     The interconnection CSL may be used as a common source that connects the active patterns  180  to each other. In the meantime, according to an embodiment of the inventive concept, the interconnection CSL is distant from a region of the substrate  100  disposed below the sidewall molds  145 . According to an embodiment of the inventive concept, an insulating pattern (not illustrated) for isolation between electronic elements may further be foamed in the substrate  100  below the sidewall molds  145 . 
     According to the embodiment of the three-dimensional NAND Flash memory, as illustrated in  FIG. 6 , the conductive patterns CP may include at least one lower select line LSL adjacent to the substrate  100 , at least one upper select line USL adjacent to the bit line BL, and a plurality of word lines WL 0  to WL 7  interposed between the upper select line USL and the lower select line LSL. The lower select line LSL may be used as a gate electrode of a ground select transistor controlling electric connection between the interconnection CSL and the active pattern  180 . The upper select line USL may be used as a gate electrode of a string select transistor controlling electric connection between the bit line BL and the active patterns  180 . 
     The embodiments in which the layer number of the gate patterns GP is ten have been described. However, the above disclosure is provided to exemplify the inventive concept, and the layer number of gate patterns GP or the number of the sidewall molds  130  may be modified. According to a modified example of the inventive concept, the gate patterns GP or the active patterns  180  may be formed by a method of repeatedly applying the method described with reference to  FIGS. 1 through 5  or a modified method thereof. For example, U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/612,125 and Korean Patent Application No. 2009-0087063, the disclosures of which are each incorporated by reference herein in their entireties, may be applied without modification or with modification to realize the technical spirit of the inventive concept. 
     [Second Embodiment] 
       FIGS. 10 through 12 ,  FIG. 13A ,  FIG. 14A , and  FIG. 15A  are perspective views illustrating a method of fabricating a three-dimensional semiconductor device according to a second embodiment of the inventive concept.  FIG. 13B ,  FIGS. 14B through 14D , and  FIGS. 15B through 15D  are perspective views provided to understand the technical spirit of the inventive concept. Specifically,  FIGS. 10 through 12  and  FIGS. 13A through 15A  are perspective views illustrating a method of fabricating the semiconductor device according to the embodiment in a predetermined first view.  FIGS. 13B through 15B  are perspective views illustrating the semiconductor device illustrated in  FIG. 13A ,  FIG. 14A , and  FIG. 15A  in a second view different from the first view.  FIGS. 14C and 14D  are perspective views for explaining the technical features described in  FIG. 14A  in more detail.  FIGS. 15C and 15D  are perspective views for explaining the technical features described in  FIG. 15A  in more detail. For convenience in description, the duplicated technical features described with reference to  FIGS. 1 through 9  may be omitted below. 
     Referring to  FIGS. 10 and 11 , the interlayer mold layers  110  and the sidewall mold layers  130  are sequentially and alternately stacked on the substrate  100  and are patterned to form active openings  150  exposing the upper surface of the substrate  100 , and then to form active patterns  180  filling the active openings  150 . 
     The interlayer mold layers  110 , the sidewall mold layers  130 , the active openings  150 , and the active patterns  180  may be formed by the fabricating method described with reference to  FIGS. 1 and 2 . That is, the sidewall mold layers  130  may be formed of a material having an etch selectivity to the interlayer mold layers  110 . As illustrated in  FIG. 6 , each of the active patterns  180  may include a semiconductor pattern  180   a  covering conformally the inner wall of the active opening  150  and a buried insulating pattern  180   b  filling the active opening  150  in which the semiconductor pattern  180   a  is formed. Additionally, each active pattern  180  may further include a junction pattern  180   c  disposed above the semiconductor pattern  180   a.    
     According to the present embodiment, the substrate  100  may include a cell array region CAR, where memory cells are disposed, and a connection region CNR located near the cell array region CAR. The active pattern  180  may be locally in the cell array region CAR and may not be formed in the connection region CNR. According to a modified example of the inventive concept, however, dummy active patterns (not illustrated) that are not used as memory cells may further be disposed in the connection region CNR. 
     According to an aspect of the technical spirit of the inventive concept, the cell array region CAR may be defined as a region where the active patterns forming the memory cells are disposed. Accordingly, the boundary between the cell array region CAR and the connection region CNR may be determined variously by ways of disposing the active patterns  180 . 
     Referring to  FIG. 12 , the interlayer mold layers  110  and the sidewall mold layers  130  are patterned so that the interlayer mold layers  110  and the sidewall mold layers  130  in the connection region CNR are formed in the shape of a terraced structure. The terraced structure may be formed by a trimming process of forming a predetermined sacrificial mask to cover the cell array region and the connection region and then reducing the occupied area of the sacrificial mask. For example, Korean Patent Application No. 2009-0099370, the disclosure of which is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety, discloses a method of forming the terraced structure by a trimming process which may be applied without modification or with modification to realize the technical spirit of the inventive concept. 
     Subsequently, a capping layer  190  is formed on the resultant product of the terraced structure. The capping layer  190  may be formed locally in the connection region CNR, but may extend to the cell array region CAR to cover the active patterns  180 . 
     Referring to  FIGS. 13A and 13B , the interlayer mold layers  110  and the sidewall mold layers  130  are patterned to form a preliminary mold structure that includes interlayer molds  120  and preliminary sidewall molds  140  sequentially and alternately stacked. 
     The forming of the preliminary mold structure may include forming trenches  201  and  202  to expose the upper surface of the substrate  100  by substantially perforating the interlayer mold layers  110  and the sidewall mold layers  130 . Then, the sidewalls of the interlayer molds  120  and the preliminary sidewall molds  140  are exposed by the trenches  201  and  202 . The trenches  201  and  202  may be formed in the forming of the trench  200  described with reference to  FIG. 3  according to the embodiment of the inventive concept. 
     According to the embodiment of the inventive concept, the trenches  201  and  202  may include first trenches  201 , which intersect the cell array region CAR, and the connection region CNR and a plurality of second trenches  202 , which intersect the cell array region CAR but do not intersect the connection region CNR. That is, the first trenches  201  may be longer than the second trenches  202 . The preliminary mold structure may include a plurality of partial preliminary mold structures isolated by the first trenches  201 . 
     Due to the difference in the length between the trenches  201  and  202 , the sidewalls of the interlayer molds  120  and the preliminary sidewall molds  140  are exposed by the first trenches  201  in the connection region CNR and are exposed by both the first trenches  201  and the second trenches  202  in the cell array region CAR. In other words, the first trenches  201  may be openings defining the outer sidewalls of each of the partial preliminary mold structures and the second trenches  202  may be openings defining the inner sidewalls of each of the partial preliminary mold structures. 
     According to a modified example of the inventive concept, the second trenches  202  may partially extend toward the inside of the connection region CNR beyond the cell array region CAR. In this case, the sidewalls of the interlayer molds  120  and the preliminary sidewall molds  140  may partially be exposed by the second trenches  202  in the connection region CNR. However, the second trenches  202  may still be formed as openings formed inside the partial preliminary mold structure. 
     According to an embodiment of the inventive concept, unlike the first embodiment described with reference to  FIGS. 1 through 12 , one of the first trenches  201  and the second trenches  202  may be formed on both sides of the active patterns  180  (or the active structures). According to a third embodiment of the inventive concept, however, as described with reference to  FIG. 16A , the first trenches  201  and the second trenches  202  may be formed in the cell array region CAR so as to have substantially the same configuration as that of the trenches  200  described in the above-described first embodiment. That is, two active structures AS or one active group AG may be disposed between two adjacent trenches of the first trenches  201  and the second trenches  202 . Here, the meaning of the “active structure AS” and the “active group AG” is the same as the meaning described with reference  FIG. 2 . 
     As illustrated in  FIGS. 13A and 13B , at least one second trench  202  may be disposed between two adjacent trenches of the first trenches  201 . That is, at least one second trench  202  may be formed in each of the partial preliminary mold structures. According to an embodiment of the inventive concept, the number of the trenches  202  formed in each partial preliminary mold structure may be in the range from, for example, two to sixty three. 
     According to an embodiment of the inventive concept, after the first trenches  201  and the second trenches  202  are formed, impurity regions used as interconnections or the common source line CSL may further be formed on the substrate  100 . As described with reference to  FIG. 9 , the impurity regions may be formed by the ion implanting performed by using the preliminary mold structure as an ion implanting mask. 
     Referring to  FIGS. 14A through 14D , the sidewalls of the preliminary sidewall molds  140  exposed by the first trenches  201  and the second trenches  202  are etched selectively and horizontally. Then, the sidewalls  145  defining the recessed regions  210  are formed together with the interlayer molds  120 . The sidewall molds  145  and the interlayer molds  120  form a mold structure. As in the above-described first embodiment, the recessed regions  210  may be gap regions extending horizontally from the trench  200  to a space between the interlayer molds  120  and exposing the active patterns  180  and the sidewall molds  145 . The recessed regions  210  and the sidewall molds  145  may be formed by the fabricating method described with reference to  FIGS. 4 and 9  according to the embodiments of the inventive concept. 
     According to this embodiment of the inventive concept, as illustrated in  FIG. 14C , an etching depth D 3  (that is, a distance between the sidewalls of the sidewall molds  145  and the trenches  201  and  202  adjacent to the sidewalls) in the horizontal etching may be smaller than the half of the width of the connection region CNR or a length L 3 . That is, a relation of D 3 &lt;L 3 / 2  is satisfied. With such a configuration, the sidewall molds  145  may not be removed completely and may remain in the connection region CNR. The sidewalls molds  145  remaining in the connection region CNR may be used not only as molds defining the recessed region  210  but also as supporting elements preventing a difficulty in which the distances between the interlayer molds  120  are changed during the horizontal etching. 
     The etching depth D 3  may be larger than a distance W 3  between the trenches  201  and  202 . That is, a relation of D 3 &gt;W 3 / 2  is satisfied. In this case, the sidewall molds  145  may be removed around the active patterns  180 , and therefore the recessed region  210  completely exposes the sidewalls of the active patterns  180  between the interlayer molds  120 , as illustrated in  FIG. 14C . 
     As described above, the preliminary sidewall molds  140  are horizontally etched not only around the first trenches  201  but also around the second trenches  202 . Then, the recessed region  210  may also be formed in a region adjacent to the end of the second trench  202  (hereinafter, referred to as a region for connecting electrodes), as illustrated in  FIG. 14D . According to an aspect of the technical spirit of the inventive concept, the recessed regions around the active patterns  180  (hereinafter, referred to as electrode regions) may be connected to each other by the region for connecting electrodes. The related technical matters will be described in more detail with reference to  FIG. 17 . 
     As described with reference to  FIG. 12 , the sidewall mold layers  130  are patterned so as to have the terraced structure in the connection region CNR. Therefore, the preliminary sidewall molds  140  are also formed so as to have the terraced structure in the connection region CNR. Moreover, since the recessed regions  210  are formed as the product formed by etching the preliminary sidewall molds  140  horizontally, as illustrated in  FIG. 14D , the recessed regions  210  adjacent to the first trench  201  of the connection region CNR are also formed so as to have the terraced structure. 
     Referring to  FIGS. 15A through 15D , after the gate patterns GP are formed to fill the recessed regions  210 , a global interconnection structure is formed which is connected to the bit lines BL and the gate patterns GP connected to the active patterns  180 . 
     The gate patterns GP and the bit lines BL may be formed in the same way as that described with reference to  FIGS. 5 and 6 . That is, the gate pattern GP may include the information storing element ISE and the conductive pattern CP sequentially filling the recessed region  210 , as described with reference to  FIGS. 6 through 8 . The bit lines BL may be arranged along a direction (that is, an x direction) intersecting the major axis of the gate patterns GP. Moreover, to connect the bit line BL electrically to the active patterns  180 , bit line plugs BL_P may further be disposed between the bit line BL and the active patterns  180 . 
     According to an embodiment of the inventive concept, the global interconnection structure may be formed simultaneously with the bit lines BL and formed of the same material as that of the bit lines BL when the bit lines BL are formed. According to a modified example, however, the global interconnection structure and the bit line BL may be formed independently. 
     The global interconnection structure may include a plurality of conductive lines arranged on the connection region CNR. For example, according to an embodiment of a three-dimensional NAND Flash memory, as illustrated in  FIGS. 15A, 15B and 15D , the global interconnection structure may include at least one global lower select line G_LSL, at least one upper global select line (not illustrated), and a plurality of global word lines G_WL. The global lower select line G_LSL and the global word lines G_WL may be disposed in parallel to the bit lines BL and may be connected to predetermined upper interconnection structures  240  and  250 . 
     According to an embodiment of the inventive concept, the global lower select line G_LSL and each of the global word lines G_WL may be formed to be connected to each of the gate patterns GP horizontally isolated by the first trenches  210 . That is, the global lower select line G_LSL and each of the global word lines G_WL may be disposed in the connection region CNR so as to have a length shorter than that of the bit line BL. One global lower select line G_LSL and one global word line G_WL may electrically be connected to one gate pattern GP. 
     As described above, the recessed regions  210  adjacent to the first trenches  201  of the connection region CNR are also formed so as to have the terraced structure. Therefore, the gate pattern GP or the conductive pattern CP formed by the molds of the recessed regions may also be formed so as to have the terraced structure. For example, as illustrated in  FIGS. 15C and 15D , the conductive patterns CP are formed so as to have the terraced structure in a region adjacent to the first trench  201 . Some aspects of the technical spirit of the inventive concept will be described in more detail below with reference to  FIGS. 17 and 18 . 
     [Third Embodiment] 
       FIGS. 16A and 16B  are a plan view and a perspective view illustrating a three-dimensional semiconductor device according to a third embodiment of the inventive concept, respectively.  FIG. 16C  is a plan view illustrating a three-dimensional semiconductor device in comparison to the three-dimensional semiconductor device according to the three embodiment of the inventive concept. Since most of the elements were discussed with respect to the previous embodiments, certain details may be omitted for the sake of brevity. 
     Referring to  FIGS. 16A and 16B , the three-dimensional semiconductor device according to this embodiment of the inventive concept may further include third trenches  203  formed in the connection region CNR. According to an embodiment of the inventive concept, the third trenches  203  may be formed together with the first trenches  201  and the second trenches  202 . According to another embodiment of the inventive concept, however, the third trenches may be formed independently from the first second trenches. For example, the third trenches  203  may be formed in the patterning of the terraced structure. 
     Referring to  FIG. 16C , the three-dimensional semiconductor device according to a comparative example of the inventive concept may include the cell array region CAR, which has the structural features of the first embodiment described with reference to  FIGS. 1 through 9 , and the connection region CNR, which has the structural features of the second embodiment described above. According to the first embodiment of the inventive concept, the sidewall molds  145  are disposed between the active openings  150 . Therefore, the width of the recessed region  210  and the etching depth D 3  in the horizontal etching have to be smaller than the width W 1  between the two adjacent trenches of the second trenches  202 . However, the recessed regions  210  and the conductive patterns CP formed around the second trenches  202  are isolated from each other by the sidewall molds  145 . 
     Alternatively, as illustrated in  FIGS. 16A and 16B , the recessed regions and the conductive patterns CP formed around the third trenches  203  and the second trenches  202  may be connected to each other upon forming the third trenches  203 . 
     According to an embodiment of the inventive concept, the third trenches  203  may be formed out of extension lines of the first trenches  201  and the second trenches  202 . For example, the third trenches  203  may be formed between the first trenches  201  and the second trenches  202 , as illustrated. A distance D 4  between the second trench  202  and the third trench  203  may be shorter than the double of the etching depth D 3  in the horizontal etching. When these conditions are satisfied, the recessed regions  210  and the conductive patterns CP formed around the second trenches  202  may be connected to each other. 
     According to an embodiment of the inventive concept, the sidewall molds  145  are formed between the third trenches  203  in the connection region CNR and thus may serve as supporting elements that structurally support the interlayer molds  120 . The sidewall molds  145  serving as the support elements are configured to prevent a technical difficulty such as the distances between the interlayer molds  120  being vertically changed in the connection region CNR during the horizontal etching. 
     The conductive patterns around the second trenches  202  may be connected to each other by openings with deformed shape and arrangement of the third trenches  203 . That is, the technical spirit of the inventive concept is not limited to the third trenches  203  illustrated as examples in  FIGS. 16A and 16B , but may be modified in various forms. 
     [Some Aspects of Technical spirit of Inventive Concept] 
       FIGS. 17 and 18  are a plan view and a perspective view for explaining some aspects of the technical spirit of the inventive concept in more detail.  FIG. 19  is a sectional view for explaining other aspects of the technical spirit of the inventive concept in more detail. 
     Referring to  FIG. 17 , the conductive pattern CP may include a plurality of electrode portions ECP, at least one interconnecting portion ICP, and at least one contact pad portion CPP in the three-dimensional semiconductor device according to the technical spirit of the embodiment of the inventive concept. 
     The electrode portions ECP are arranged so as to face the active patterns  180  in the cell array region CAR and thus may be used as electrodes controlling the potential of the active pattern  180 . According to embodiments of a three-dimensional Flash memory, the electrode portions ECP may be used as control gate electrodes or word lines. 
     The interconnecting portion ICP may connect the electrode portions ECP in the connection region CNR or near the boundary between the cell array region CAR and the connection region CNR. That is, the plurality of electrode portions ECP arranged at the same height from the substrate  100  may be connected to each other by the interconnecting portions ICP and thus may be placed in equipotential state. 
     The contact pad portion CPP may be horizontally protruded from the interconnecting portion ICP. The area of the contact pad portion CPP may become different depending on the lamination position of the conductive pattern CP. That is, as illustrated in  FIGS. 15C and 15D , the distance between the substrate  100  and the conductive pattern CP increases, as the area of the contact pad portion CPP decreases. 
     According to an embodiment of the inventive concept, the contact pad portion CPP may be formed so as to be adjacent to the first trenches  201 . In this case, as illustrated in  FIGS. 15C and 17 , one conductive pattern CP may include two contact pad portions CPP formed closely in both ends of the interconnecting portion ICP. 
     According to another embodiment of the inventive concept, as illustrated in  FIG. 18 , parts of the conductive pattern adjacent to the third trenches  203  may also be used as the contact pad portions CPP. In this case, one conductive pattern CP may include several contact pad portions CPP. As the number of contact pad portions CPP is increased, plugs PLG may be arranged at a larger gap to connect the conductive pads CP electrically to the global interconnection structure (G_WL or G_LSL). Due to the increase in the margin in the gap between the plugs PLG, it is possible to alleviate the technical difficulty to connect the conductive pattern CP electrically to the global interconnection structure (G_WL or G_LSL). 
     According to embodiments of the inventive concept, as illustrated in  FIG. 17 , the boundary surface between the interconnection pattern ICP and the contact pad portion CPP may be formed in an uneven shape. That is, the conductive pattern CP and the sidewall mold  145  may have uneven sidewalls engaging with each other. More specifically, since the horizontal etching is performed by an isotropic etching process, the preliminary wide mold  140  may be etched more deeply in region A adjacent to the second trenches  202  than in region B spaced from the second trenches  202 . As a consequence, the conductive pattern CP and the sidewall mold  145  may have the sidewalls engaging with each other. 
       FIG. 19  is a sectional view for explaining other aspects of the technical spirit of the inventive concept in more detail. Specifically,  FIG. 19  is a sectional view taken along the line I-I of  FIG. 16A . 
     Referring to  FIG. 19 , the horizontal etching described with reference to  FIGS. 4 and 9  and  FIGS. 14A through 14D  may include etching the preliminary sidewall molds  140  horizontally using an etching recipe having an etch selectivity to the interlayer molds  120 . In accordance with the etching recipe used in the horizontal etching, the interlayer molds  120  may also be etched, while the preliminary sidewall molds  140  are etched horizontally. 
     More specifically, according to the technical spirit of the inventive concept, a ratio of the etching speed of the preliminary sidewall molds  140  to that of the interlayer molds  120  may be in the range, for example, from about 10 to about 200. Then, the interlayer molds  120  may also be etched with, for example, a thickness from about 1/10 to about 1/200 of the etching depth D 3  in the horizontal etching. As a consequence, the interlayer molds  120  may be thicker in a region adjacent to the sidewall mold  145  than in a region adjacent to the conductive pattern CP. That is, as illustrated in  FIG. 19 , a thickness T 2  of the recessed region  210  may be thicker than a thickness T 1  of the sidewall molds  145 . The increase in the thickness T 2  of the recessed region  210  may result in increasing the thickness of the conductive pattern CP and decreasing the resistance of the conductive pattern CP. 
       FIG. 20  is a perspective view for explaining another modified example of the technical spirit of the inventive concept. 
     According to the above-described embodiments of the inventive concept, the arrangement of the common source lines CSL is defined by the trenches  201  and  202 . Therefore, the common source lines may be isolated from each other. According to the modified example of the inventive concept, as illustrated in  FIG. 20 , a global source region  290  may be formed to connect the common source lines CSL in the connection region CNR of the substrate  100 . The global source region  290  may be formed, before the interlayer molds  110  described with reference to  FIGS. 1 and 10  are formed. The arrangement of the global source region  290  may be modified in various forms of the illustrated configuration. 
       FIG. 21  is a schematic block diagram illustrating an exemplary memory card  1200  including a Flash memory device according to the embodiments of the inventive concept. Referring to  FIG. 21 , a memory card  1200  supporting a large data storing ability is mounted with a Flash memory device  1210  according to the inventive concept. The memory card  1200  according to the inventive concept includes a memory controller  1220  generally controlling data exchange between a host and the Flash memory device  1210 . 
     An SRAM  1221  is used as an operational memory of a processing unit  1222 . A host interface  1223  has a data exchange protocol of a host connected to the memory card  1200 . An error correction coding block  1224  detects and corrects an error contained in data read from the multi-bit Flash memory device  1210  with a multi-bit characteristic. A memory interface  1225  interfaces the Flash memory device  1210  according to the inventive concept. The processing unit  1222  generally controls data exchange of the memory controller  1220 . Although not illustrated in the drawing, it is apparent to those skilled in the art that the memory card  1200  according to the inventive concept may further include a ROM (not illustrated) storing coding data used to interface the host. 
     According to the Flash memory device, the memory card, or the memory system according to the inventive concept, it is possible to provide the memory system with high reliability by the Flash memory device  1210  improved in an erasing characteristic of dummy cells. For example, the Flash memory device according to the inventive concept may be provided in a memory system such as a solid state drive (SSD), which has actively been developed. In this case, it is possible to realize a memory system with high reliability by blocking a reading error caused from the dummy cells. 
       FIG. 22  is a schematic block diagram illustrating an information processing system  1300  including a Flash memory system  1310  according to the inventive concept. Referring to  FIG. 22 , the Flash memory system  1310  according to the inventive concept is mounted in an information processing system such as, for example, a mobile device or a desktop computer. The information processing system  1300  according to the inventive concept includes a modem  1320 , a central processing unit  1330 , a RAM  1340 , and a user interface  1350  electrically connected to the Flash memory system  1310  via a system bus  1360 . The Flash memory system  1310  may have substantially the same configuration as that of the memory system or the Flash memory system mentioned above. The Flash memory system  1310  stores data processed by the central processing unit  1330  or data input from the outside. In the present embodiment, the Flash memory system  1310  includes a flash memory  1311  and a memory controller  1312 . Here, the above-described Flash memory system  1310  may be formed as a semiconductor disk device (SSD). In this case, the information processing system  1300  may stably store large data in the Flash memory system  1310 . Since the resource necessary for error correction may be saved with an increase in reliability in the Flash memory system  1310 , a high-speed data exchanging function may be realized in the information processing system  1300 . Although not illustrated, it is apparent to those skilled in the art that, for example, an application chipset, a camera image signal processor (ISP), an input/output device, or the like may further be included in the information processing system  1300  according to the inventive concept. 
     The Flash memory device or the memory system according to the inventive concept may be mounted in various types of packages. For example, the Flash memory device or the memory system according to the inventive concept may be packaged in a packaging way such as package on package (PoP), ball grid array (BGAs), chip scale packages (CSPs), plastic leaded chip carrier (PLCC), plastic dual in-line package (PDIP), die in waffle pack, die in wafer form, chip on board (COB), ceramic dual in-line package (CERDIP), plastic metric quad flat pack (MQFP), thin quad flat pack (TQFP), small outline (SOIC), shrink small outline package (SSOP), thin small outline package (TSOP), thin quad flat pack (TQFP), system in package (SIP), multi chip package (MCP), wafer-level fabricated package (WFP), or wafer-level processed stack package (WSP). 
     According to the embodiments of the inventive concept, the mold structure defining the recessed regions may be used as a mold for forming interconnections arranged three-dimensionally. The mold structure may include the interlayer molds sequentially stacked and the sidewall molds interposed between the interlayer molds. The sidewall molds and the interlayer molds define the recessed regions and the sidewall molds may also prevent a technical difficulty such as the gap between the interlayer molds being changed during the formation of the recessed regions (that is, the deformation of the mold structure). Accordingly, the structural stability of the recessed regions and the interconnections can be enhanced without forming a additional supporting element to prevent the deformation of the mold structure. 
     The above-disclosed subject matter is to be considered illustrative and not restrictive, and the appended claims are intended to cover all such modifications, enhancements, and other embodiments, which fall within the true spirit and scope of the inventive concept. Thus, to the maximum extent allowed by law, the scope of the inventive concept is to be determined by the broadest permissible interpretation of the following claims and their equivalents, and shall not be restricted or limited by the foregoing detailed description.