Patent Publication Number: US-7220565-B2

Title: Polypeptides having cellobiohydrolase activity and polynucleotides encoding same

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION 
     This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/642,274, filed Jan. 6, 2005, which application is incorporated herein by reference. 
    
    
     STATEMENT AS TO RIGHTS TO INVENTIONS MADE UNDER FEDERALLY SPONSORED RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT 
     This invention was made with Government support under NREL Subcontract No. ZCO-30017-02, Prime Contract DE-AC36-98GO10337, awarded by the Department of Energy. The government has certain rights in this invention. 
    
    
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     1. Field of the Invention 
     The present invention relates to isolated polypeptides having cellobiohydrolase activity and isolated polynucleotides encoding the polypeptides. The invention also relates to nucleic acid constructs, vectors, and host cells comprising the polynucleotides as well as methods for producing and using the polypeptides. 
     2. Description of the Related Art 
     Cellulose is a polymer of the simple sugar glucose covalently bonded by beta-1,4-linkages. Many microorganisms produce enzymes that hydrolyze beta-linked glucans. These enzymes include endoglucanases, cellobiohydrolases, and beta-glucosidases. Endoglucanases digest the cellulose polymer at random locations, opening it to attack by cellobiohydrolases. Cellobiohydrolases sequentially release molecules of cellobiose from the ends of the cellulose polymer. Cellobiohydrolase I is a 1,4-D-glucan cellobiohydrolase (E.C. 3.2.1.91) activity which catalyzes the hydrolysis of 1,4-beta-D-glucosidic linkages in cellulose, cellotetriose, or any beta-1,4-linked glucose containing polymer, releasing cellobiose from the reducing ends of the chain. Cellobiohydrolase II is a 1,4-D-glucan cellobiohydrolase (E.C. 3.2.1.91) activity which catalyzes the hydrolysis of 1,4-beta-D-glucosidic linkages in cellulose, cellotetriose, or any beta-1,4-linked glucose containing polymer, releasing cellobiose from the non-reducing ends of the chain. Cellobiose is a water-soluble beta-1,4-linked dimer of glucose. Beta-glucosidases hydrolyze cellobiose to glucose. Cellobiose is a water-soluble beta-1,4-linked dimer of glucose. Beta-glucosidases hydrolyze cellobiose to glucose. 
     The conversion of cellulosic feedstocks into ethanol has the advantages of the ready availability of large amounts of feedstock, the desirability of avoiding burning or land filling the materials, and the cleanliness of the ethanol fuel. Wood, agricultural residues, herbaceous crops, and municipal solid wastes have been considered as feedstocks for ethanol production. These materials primarily consist of cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin. Once the cellulose is converted to glucose, the glucose is easily fermented by yeast into ethanol. 
     WO 04/56981 discloses a cellobiohydrolase II from  Chaetomium thermophilum.    
     It is an object of the present invention to provide polypeptides having cellobiohydrolase activity and polynucleotides encoding the polypeptides. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention relates to isolated polypeptides having cellobiohydrolase activity selected from the group consisting of: 
     (a) a polypeptide comprising an amino acid sequence which has at least 80% identity with the mature polypeptide of SEQ ID NO: 2; 
     (b) a polypeptide which is encoded by a nucleotide sequence which hybridizes under at least medium-high stringency conditions with (i) the mature polypeptide coding sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1, (ii) the genomic DNA sequence comprising the mature polypeptide coding sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1, or (iii) a complementary strand of (i) or (ii); and 
     (c) a variant comprising a conservative substitution, deletion, and/or insertion of one or more amino acids of the mature polypeptide of SEQ ID NO: 2. 
     The present invention also relates to isolated polynucleotides encoding polypeptides having cellobiohydrolase activity, selected from the group consisting of: 
     (a) a polynucleotide encoding a polypeptide comprising an amino acid sequence which has at least 80% identity with the mature polypeptide of SEQ ID NO: 2; 
     (b) a polynucleotide having at least 60% identity with the mature polypeptide coding sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1; and 
     (c) a polynucleotide which hybridizes under at least medium-high stringency conditions with (i) the mature polypeptide coding sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1, (ii) the genomic DNA sequence comprising the mature polypeptide coding sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1, or (iii) a complementary strand of (i) or (ii). 
     In a preferred aspect, the mature polypeptide is amino acids 18 to 481 of SEQ ID NO: 2. In another preferred aspect, the mature polypeptide coding sequence is nucleotides 52 to 1443 of SEQ ID NO: 1. 
     The present invention also relates to nucleic acid constructs, recombinant expression vectors, and recombinant host cells comprising the polynucleotides. 
     The present invention also relates to methods for producing such a polypeptide having cellobiohydrolase activity comprising: (a) cultivating a recombinant host cell comprising a nucleic acid construct comprising a polynucleotide encoding the polypeptide under conditions conducive for production of the polypeptide; and (b) recovering the polypeptide. 
     The present invention also relates to methods of using the polypeptides having cellobiohydrolase activity in detergents and in the conversion of cellulose to glucose. 
     The present invention further relates to nucleic acid constructs comprising a gene encoding a protein, wherein the gene is operably linked to a nucleotide sequence encoding a signal peptide comprising or consisting of amino acids 1 to 17 of SEQ ID NO: 2, wherein the gene is foreign to the nucleotide sequence. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES 
         FIGS. 1A and 1B  show the cDNA sequence and the deduced amino acid sequence of a  Thielavia terrestris  NRRL 8126 cellobiohydrolase (Cel6A) (SEQ ID NOs: 1 and 2, respectively). 
         FIG. 2  shows a restriction map of pAlLo1. 
         FIG. 3  shows a restriction map of pBANe10. 
         FIG. 4  shows a restriction map of pAlLo2. 
         FIG. 5  shows a restriction map of pAlLo21. 
         FIG. 6  shows the hydrolysis of PASC to glucose by Cel6A cellobiohydrolase from  Thielavia terrestris  or  Humicola insolens . β-Glucosidase from  Aspergillus oryzae  was included in the assay to convert cellobiose to glucose. 
         FIG. 7  shows a restriction map of pCW076. 
         FIG. 8  shows a restriction map of pCW085. 
     
    
    
     DEFINITIONS 
     Cellobiohydrolase activity: The term “cellobiohydrolase activity” is defined herein as a 1,4-D-glucan cellobiohydrolase (E.C. 3.2.1.91) activity which catalyzes the hydrolysis of 1,4-beta-D-glucosidic linkages in cellulose, cellotetriose, or any beta-1,4-linked glucose containing polymer, releasing cellobiose from the ends of the chain. For purposes of the present invention, cellobiohydrolase activity is determined by release of water-soluble reducing sugar from cellulose as measured by the PHBAH method of Lever et al., 1972,  Anal. Biochem.  47: 273–279. A distinction between the exoglucanase mode of attack of a cellobiohydrolase and the endoglucanase mode of attack is made by a similar measurement of reducing sugar release from substituted cellulose such as carboxymethyl cellulose or hydroxyethyl cellulose (Ghose, 1987,  Pure  &amp;  Appl. Chem.  59: 257–268). A true cellobiohydrolase will have a very high ratio of activity on unsubstituted versus substituted cellulose (Bailey et al, 1993,  Biotechnol. Appl. Biochem.  17: 65–76). 
     The polypeptides of the present invention have at least 20%, preferably at least 40%, more preferably at least 50%, more preferably at least 60%, more preferably at least 70%, more preferably at least 80%, even more preferably at least 90%, most preferably at least 95%, and even most preferably at least 100% of the cellobiohydrolase activity of the mature polypeptide of SEQ ID NO: 2. 
     Family 6 glycoside hydrolase or Family GH6: The term “Family 6 glycoside hydrolase” or “Family GH6” or “Cel6” is defined herein as a polypeptide falling into the glycoside hydrolase Family 6 according to Henrissat B., 1991, A classification of glycosyl hydrolases based on amino-acid sequence similarities,  Biochem. J.  280: 309–316, and Henrissat and Bairoch, 1996, Updating the sequence-based classification of glycosyl hydrolases,  Biochem. J.  316: 695–696. 
     Isolated polypeptide: The term “isolated polypeptide” as used herein refers to a polypeptide which is at least 20% pure, preferably at least 40% pure, more preferably at least 60% pure, even more preferably at least 80% pure, most preferably at least 90% pure, and even most preferably at least 95% pure, as determined by SDS-PAGE. 
     Substantially pure polypeptide: The term “substantially pure polypeptide” denotes herein a polypeptide preparation which contains at most 10%, preferably at most 8%, more preferably at most 6%, more preferably at most 5%, more preferably at most 4%, more preferably at most 3%, even more preferably at most 2%, most preferably at most 1%, and even most preferably at most 0.5% by weight of other polypeptide material with which it is natively associated. It is, therefore, preferred that the substantially pure polypeptide is at least 92% pure, preferably at least 94% pure, more preferably at least 95% pure, more preferably at least 96% pure, more preferably at least 96% pure, more preferably at least 97% pure, more preferably at least 98% pure, even more preferably at least 99%, most preferably at least 99.5% pure, and even most preferably 100% pure by weight of the total polypeptide material present in the preparation. 
     The polypeptides of the present invention are preferably in a substantially pure form. In particular, it is preferred that the polypeptides are in “essentially pure form”, i.e., that the polypeptide preparation is essentially free of other polypeptide material with which it is natively associated. This can be accomplished, for example, by preparing the polypeptide by means of well-known recombinant methods or by classical purification methods. 
     Herein, the term “substantially pure polypeptide” is synonymous with the terms “isolated polypeptide” and “polypeptide in isolated form.” 
     Mature polypeptide: The term “mature polypeptide” is defined herein as a polypeptide having cellobiohydrolase activity that is in its final form following translation and any post-translational modifications, such as N-terminal processing, C-terminal truncation, glycosylation, etc. 
     Identity: The relatedness between two amino acid sequences or between two nucleotide sequences is described by the parameter “identity”. 
     For purposes of the present invention, the degree of identity between two amino acid sequences is determined by the Clustal method (Higgins, 1989,  CABIOS  5: 151–153) using the LASERGENE™ MEGALIGN™ software (DNASTAR, Inc., Madison, Wis.) with a PAM250 residue weight table and the following multiple alignment parameters: Gap penalty of 10 and gap length penalty of 10. Pairwise alignment parameters are Ktuple=1, gap penalty=3, windows=5, and diagonals=5. 
     For purposes of the present invention, the degree of identity between two nucleotide sequences is determined by the Wilbur-Lipman method (Wilbur and Lipman, 1983,  Proceedings of the National Academy of Science USA  80: 726–730) using the LASERGENE™ MEGALIGN™ software (DNASTAR, Inc., Madison, Wis.) with an identity table and the following multiple alignment parameters: Gap penalty of 10 and gap length penalty of 10. Pairwise alignment parameters are Ktuple=3, gap penalty=3, and windows=20. 
     Homologous sequence: The term “homologous sequence” is defined herein as a predicted protein which gives an E value (or expectancy score) of less than 0.001 in a tfasty search (Pearson, W. R., 1999, in  Bioinformatics Methods and Protocols , S. Misener and S. A. Krawetz, ed., pp. 185–219) with the  Thielavia terrestris  cellobiohydrolase of the present invention. 
     Polypeptide fragment: The term “polypeptide fragment” is defined herein as a polypeptide having one or more amino acids deleted from the amino and/or carboxyl terminus of the mature polypeptide of SEQ ID NO: 2; or a homologous sequence thereof; wherein the fragment has cellobiohydrolase activity. In a preferred aspect, a fragment contains at least 390 amino acid residues, more preferably at least 415 amino acid residues, and most preferably at least 440 amino acid residues of the mature polypeptide of SEQ ID NO: 2 or a homologous sequence thereof. 
     Subsequence: The term “subsequence” is defined herein as a nucleotide sequence having one or more nucleotides deleted from the 5′ and/or 3′ end of the mature polypeptide coding sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1; or a homologous sequence thereof; wherein the subsequence encodes a polypeptide fragment having cellobiohydrolase activity. In a preferred aspect, a subsequence contains at least 1170 nucleotides, more preferably at least 1245 nucleotides, and most preferably at least 1320 nucleotides of the mature polypeptide coding sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1 or a homologous sequence thereof. 
     Allelic variant: The term “allelic variant” denotes herein any of two or more alternative forms of a gene occupying the same chromosomal locus. Allelic variation arises naturally through mutation, and may result in polymorphism within populations. Gene mutations can be silent (no change in the encoded polypeptide) or may encode polypeptides having altered amino acid sequences. An allelic variant of a polypeptide is a polypeptide encoded by an allelic variant of a gene. 
     Isolated polynucleotide: The term “isolated polynucleotide” as used herein refers to a polynucleotide which is at least 20% pure, preferably at least 40% pure, more preferably at least 60% pure, even more preferably at least 80% pure, most preferably at least 90% pure, and even most preferably at least 95% pure, as determined by agarose electrophoresis. 
     Substantially pure polynucleotide: The term “substantially pure polynucleotide” as used herein refers to a polynucleotide preparation free of other extraneous or unwanted nucleotides and in a form suitable for use within genetically engineered protein production systems. Thus, a substantially pure polynucleotide contains at most 10%, preferably at most 8%, more preferably at most 6%, more preferably at most 5%, more preferably at most 4%, more preferably at most 3%, even more preferably at most 2%, most preferably at most 1%, and even most preferably at most 0.5% by weight of other polynucleotide material with which it is natively associated. A substantially pure polynucleotide may, however, include naturally occurring 5′ and 3′ untranslated regions, such as promoters and terminators. It is preferred that the substantially pure polynucleotide is at least 90% pure, preferably at least 92% pure, more preferably at least 94% pure, more preferably at least 95% pure, more preferably at least 96% pure, more preferably at least 97% pure, even more preferably at least 98% pure, most preferably at least 99%, and even most preferably at least 99.5% pure by weight. The polynucleotides of the present invention are preferably in a substantially pure form. In particular, it is preferred that the polynucleotides disclosed herein are in “essentially pure form”, i.e., that the polynucleotide preparation is essentially free of other polynucleotide material with which it is natively associated. Herein, the term “substantially pure polynucleotide” is synonymous with the terms “isolated polynucleotide” and “polynucleotide in isolated form”. The polynucleotides may be of genomic, cDNA, RNA, semisynthetic, synthetic origin, or any combinations thereof. 
     Mature polypeptide coding sequence: The term “mature polypeptide coding sequence” is defined herein as a nucleotide sequence that encodes a mature polypeptide having cellobiohydrolase activity. 
     cDNA: The term “cDNA” is defined herein as a DNA molecule which can be prepared by reverse transcription from a mature, spliced, mRNA molecule obtained from a eukaryotic cell. cDNA lacks intron sequences that are usually present in the corresponding genomic DNA. The initial, primary RNA transcript is a precursor to mRNA which is processed through a series of steps before appearing as mature spliced mRNA. These steps include the removal of intron sequences by a process called splicing. cDNA derived from mRNA lacks, therefore, any intron sequences. 
     Nucleic acid construct: The term “nucleic acid construct” as used herein refers to a nucleic acid molecule, either single- or double-stranded, which is isolated from a naturally occurring gene or which is modified to contain segments of nucleic acids in a manner that would not otherwise exist in nature. The term nucleic acid construct is synonymous with the term “expression cassette” when the nucleic acid construct contains the control sequences required for expression of a coding sequence of the present invention. 
     Control sequence: The term “control sequences” is defined herein to include all components, which are necessary or advantageous for the expression of a polynucleotide encoding a polypeptide of the present invention. Each control sequence may be native or foreign to the nucleotide sequence encoding the polypeptide or native or foreign to each other. Such control sequences include, but are not limited to, a leader, polyadenylation sequence, propeptide sequence, promoter, signal peptide sequence, and transcription terminator. At a minimum, the control sequences include a promoter, and transcriptional and translational stop signals. The control sequences may be provided with linkers for the purpose of introducing specific restriction sites facilitating ligation of the control sequences with the coding region of the nucleotide sequence encoding a polypeptide. 
     Operably linked: The term “operably linked” denotes herein a configuration in which a control sequence is placed at an appropriate position relative to the coding sequence of the polynucleotide sequence such that the control sequence directs the expression of the coding sequence of a polypeptide. 
     Coding sequence: When used herein the term “coding sequence” means a nucleotide sequence, which directly specifies the amino acid sequence of its protein product. The boundaries of the coding sequence are generally determined by an open reading frame, which usually begins with the ATG start codon or alternative start codons such as GTG and TTG and ends with a stop codon such as TAA, TAG, and TGA. The coding sequence may be a DNA, cDNA, or recombinant nucleotide sequence. 
     Expression: The term “expression” includes any step involved in the production of the polypeptide including, but not limited to, transcription, post-transcriptional modification, translation, post-translational modification, and secretion. 
     Expression vector: The term “expression vector” is defined herein as a linear or circular DNA molecule that comprises a polynucleotide encoding a polypeptide of the invention, and which is operably linked to additional nucleotides that provide for its expression. 
     Host cell: The term “host cell”, as used herein, includes any cell type which is susceptible to transformation, transfection, transduction, and the like with a nucleic acid construct or expression vector comprising a polynucleotide of the present invention. 
     Modification: The term “modification” means herein any chemical modification of the polypeptide consisting of the mature polypeptide of SEQ ID NO: 2; or a homologous sequence thereof; as well as genetic manipulation of the DNA encoding such a polypeptide. The modification can be substitutions, deletions and/or insertions of one or more amino acids as well as replacements of one or more amino acid side chains. 
     Artificial variant: When used herein, the term “artificial variant” means a polypeptide having cellobiohydrolase activity produced by an organism expressing a modified nucleotide sequence of the mature polypeptide coding sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1; or a homologous sequence thereof. The modified nucleotide sequence is obtained through human intervention by modification of the nucleotide sequence disclosed in SEQ ID NO: 1; or a homologous sequence thereof. 
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
     Polypeptides Having Cellobiohydrolase Activity 
     In a first aspect, the present invention relates to isolated polypeptides comprising an amino acid sequence which has a degree of identity to the mature polypeptide of SEQ ID NO: 2, of at least 60%, preferably at least 65%, more preferably at least 70%, more preferably at least 75%, more preferably at least 80%, more preferably at least 85%, even more preferably at least 90%, most preferably at least 95%, and even most preferably at least 97%, 98%, or 99%, which have cellobiohydrolase activity (hereinafter “homologous polypeptides”). In a preferred aspect, the homologous polypeptides have an amino acid sequence which differs by ten amino acids, preferably by five amino acids, more preferably by four amino acids, even more preferably by three amino acids, most preferably by two amino acids, and even most preferably by one amino acid from the mature polypeptide of SEQ ID NO: 2. 
     A polypeptide of the present invention preferably comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2 or an allelic variant thereof; or a fragment thereof that has cellobiohydrolase activity. In a preferred aspect, a polypeptide comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2. In another preferred aspect, a polypeptide comprises the mature polypeptide of SEQ ID NO: 2. In another preferred aspect, a polypeptide comprises amino acids 18 to 481 of SEQ ID NO: 2, or an allelic variant thereof; or a fragment thereof that has cellobiohydrolase activity. In another preferred aspect, a polypeptide comprises amino acids 18 to 481 of SEQ ID NO: 2. In another preferred aspect, a polypeptide consists of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2 or an allelic variant thereof; or a fragment thereof that has cellobiohydrolase activity. In another preferred aspect, a polypeptide consists of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2. In another preferred aspect, a polypeptide consists of the mature polypeptide of SEQ ID NO: 2. In another preferred aspect, a polypeptide consists of amino acids 18 to 481 of SEQ ID NO: 2 or an allelic variant thereof; or a fragment thereof that has cellobiohydrolase activity. In another preferred aspect, a polypeptide consists of amino acids 18 to 481 of SEQ ID NO: 2. 
     In a second aspect, the present invention relates to isolated polypeptides having cellobiohydrolase activity which are encoded by polynucleotides which hybridize under very low stringency conditions, preferably low stringency conditions, more preferably medium stringency conditions, more preferably medium-high stringency conditions, even more preferably high stringency conditions, and most preferably very high stringency conditions with (i) the mature polypeptide coding sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1, (ii) the genomic DNA sequence comprising the mature polypeptide coding sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1, (iii) a subsequence of (i) or (ii), or (iv) a complementary strand of (i), (ii), or (iii) (J. Sambrook, E. F. Fritsch, and T. Maniatis, 1989 , Molecular Cloning, A Laboratory Manual,  2d edition, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y.). A subsequence of the mature polypeptide coding sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1 contains at least 100 contiguous nucleotides or preferably at least 200 contiguous nucleotides. Moreover, the subsequence may encode a polypeptide fragment which has cellobiohydrolase activity. In a preferred aspect, the mature polypeptide coding sequence is nucleotides 52 to 1443 of SEQ ID NO: 1. 
     The nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1; or a subsequence thereof; as well as the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2; or a fragment thereof; may be used to design a nucleic acid probe to identify and clone DNA encoding polypeptides having cellobiohydrolase activity from strains of different genera or species according to methods well known in the art. In particular, such probes can be used for hybridization with the genomic or cDNA of the genus or species of interest, following standard Southern blotting procedures, in order to identify and isolate the corresponding gene therein. Such probes can be considerably shorter than the entire sequence, but should be at least 14, preferably at least 25, more preferably at least 35, and most preferably at least 70 nucleotides in length. It is, however, preferred that the nucleic acid probe is at least 100 nucleotides in length. For example, the nucleic acid probe may be at least 200 nucleotides, preferably at least 300 nucleotides, more preferably at least 400 nucleotides, or most preferably at least 500 nucleotides in length. Even longer probes may be used, e.g., nucleic acid probes which are at least 600 nucleotides, at least preferably at least 700 nucleotides, more preferably at least 800 nucleotides, or most preferably at least 900 nucleotides in length. Both DNA and RNA probes can be used. The probes are typically labeled for detecting the corresponding gene (for example, with  32 P,  3 H,  35 S, biotin, or avidin). Such probes are encompassed by the present invention. 
     A genomic DNA or cDNA library prepared from such other organisms may, therefore, be screened for DNA which hybridizes with the probes described above and which encodes a polypeptide having cellobiohydrolase activity. Genomic or other DNA from such other organisms may be separated by agarose or polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, or other separation techniques. DNA from the libraries or the separated DNA may be transferred to and immobilized on nitrocellulose or other suitable carrier material. In order to identify a clone or DNA which is homologous with SEQ ID NO: 1; or a subsequence thereof; the carrier material is used in a Southern blot. 
     For purposes of the present invention, hybridization indicates that the nucleotide sequence hybridizes to a labeled nucleic acid probe corresponding to the mature polypeptide coding sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1, the genomic DNA sequence comprising the mature polypeptide coding sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1; its complementary strand; or a subsequence thereof; under very low to very high stringency conditions. Molecules to which the nucleic acid probe hybridizes under these conditions can be detected using, for example, X-ray film. 
     In a preferred aspect, the nucleic acid probe is the mature polypeptide coding sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1. In another preferred aspect, the nucleic acid probe is nucleotides 52 to 1443 of SEQ ID NO: 1. In another preferred aspect, the nucleic acid probe is a polynucleotide sequence which encodes the polypeptide of SEQ ID NO: 2, or a subsequence thereof. In another preferred aspect, the nucleic acid probe is SEQ ID NO: 1. In another preferred aspect, the nucleic acid probe is the polynucleotide sequence contained in plasmid pTter6A which is contained in  E. coli  NRRL B-30802, wherein the polynucleotide sequence thereof encodes a polypeptide having cellobiohydrolase activity. In another preferred aspect, the nucleic acid probe is the mature polypeptide coding region contained in plasmid pTter6A which is contained in  E. coli  NRRL B-30802. 
     For long probes of at least 100 nucleotides in length, very low to very high stringency conditions are defined as prehybridization and hybridization at 42° C. in 5×SSPE, 0.3% SDS, 200 μg/ml sheared and denatured salmon sperm DNA, and either 25% formamide for very low and low stringencies, 35% formamide for medium and medium-high stringencies, or 50% formamide for high and very high stringencies, following standard Southern blotting procedures for 12 to 24 hours optimally. 
     For long probes of at least 100 nucleotides in length, the carrier material is finally washed three times each for 15 minutes using 2×SSC, 0.2% SDS preferably at least at 45° C. (very low stringency), more preferably at least at 50° C. (low stringency), more preferably at least at 55° C. (medium stringency), more preferably at least at 60° C. (medium-high stringency), even more preferably at least at 65° C. (high stringency), and most preferably at least at 70° C. (very high stringency). 
     For short probes which are about 15 nucleotides to about 70 nucleotides in length, stringency conditions are defined as prehybridization, hybridization, and washing post-hybridization at about 5° C. to about 10° C. below the calculated T m  using the calculation according to Bolton and McCarthy (1962,  Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA  48:1390) in 0.9 M NaCl, 0.09 M Tris-HCl pH 7.6, 6 mM EDTA, 0.5% NP-40, 1× Denhardt&#39;s solution, 1 mM sodium pyrophosphate, 1 mM sodium monobasic phosphate, 0.1 mM ATP, and 0.2 mg of yeast RNA per ml following standard Southern blotting procedures for 12 to 24 hours optimally. 
     For short probes which are about 15 nucleotides to about 70 nucleotides in length, the carrier material is washed once in 6×SCC plus 0.1% SDS for 15 minutes and twice each for 15 minutes using 6×SSC at 5° C. to 10° C. below the calculated T m . 
     In a third aspect, the present invention relates to artificial variants comprising a conservative substitution, deletion, and/or insertion of one or more amino acids of the mature polypeptide of SEQ ID NO: 2; or a homologous sequence thereof. Preferably, amino acid changes are of a minor nature, that is conservative amino acid substitutions or insertions that do not significantly affect the folding and/or activity of the protein; small deletions, typically of one to about 30 amino acids; small amino- or carboxyl-terminal extensions, such as an amino-terminal methionine residue; a small linker peptide of up to about 20–25 residues; or a small extension that facilitates purification by changing net charge or another function, such as a poly-histidine tract, an antigenic epitope or a binding domain. 
     Examples of conservative substitutions are within the group of basic amino acids (arginine, lysine and histidine), acidic amino acids (glutamic acid and aspartic acid), polar amino acids (glutamine and asparagine), hydrophobic amino acids (leucine, isoleucine and valine), aromatic amino acids (phenylalanine, tryptophan and tyrosine), and small amino acids (glycine, alanine, serine, threonine and methionine). Amino acid substitutions which do not generally alter specific activity are known in the art and are described, for example, by H. Neurath and R. L. Hill, 1979, In,  The Proteins , Academic Press, New York. The most commonly occurring exchanges are Ala/Ser, Val/Ile, Asp/Glu, Thr/Ser, Ala/Gly, Ala/Thr, Ser/Asn, Ala/Val, Ser/Gly, Tyr/Phe, Ala/Pro, Lys/Arg, Asp/Asn, Leu/Ile, Leu/Val, Ala/Glu, and Asp/Gly. 
     In addition to the 20 standard amino acids, non-standard amino acids (such as 4-hydroxyproline, 6-N-methyl lysine, 2-aminoisobutyric acid, isovaline, and alpha-methyl serine) may be substituted for amino acid residues of a wild-type polypeptide. A limited number of non-conservative amino acids, amino acids that are not encoded by the genetic code, and unnatural amino acids may be substituted for amino acid residues. “Unnatural amino acids” have been modified after protein synthesis, and/or have a chemical structure in their side chain(s) different from that of the standard amino acids. Unnatural amino acids can be chemically synthesized, and preferably, are commercially available, and include pipecolic acid, thiazolidine carboxylic acid, dehydroproline, 3- and 4-methylproline, and 3,3-dimethylproline. 
     Alternatively, the amino acid changes are of such a nature that the physico-chemical properties of the polypeptides are altered. For example, amino acid changes may improve the thermal stability of the polypeptide, alter the substrate specificity, change the pH optimum, and the like. 
     Essential amino acids in the parent polypeptide can be identified according to procedures known in the art, such as site-directed mutagenesis or alanine-scanning mutagenesis (Cunningham and Wells, 1989,  Science  244: 1081–1085). In the latter technique, single alanine mutations are introduced at every residue in the molecule, and the resultant mutant molecules are tested for biological activity (i.e., cellobiohydrolase activity) to identify amino acid residues that are critical to the activity of the molecule. See also, Hilton et al., 1996,  J. Biol. Chem.  271: 4699–4708. The active site of the enzyme or other biological interaction can also be determined by physical analysis of structure, as determined by such techniques as nuclear magnetic resonance, crystallography, electron diffraction, or photoaffinity labeling, in conjunction with mutation of putative contact site amino acids. See, for example, de Vos et al., 1992,  Science  255: 306–312; Smith et al., 1992,  J. Mol. Biol.  224: 899–904; Wlodaver et al., 1992,  FEBS Lett.  309: 59–64. The identities of essential amino acids can also be inferred from analysis of identities with polypeptides which are related to a polypeptide according to the invention. 
     Single or multiple amino acid substitutions can be made and tested using known methods of mutagenesis, recombination, and/or shuffling, followed by a relevant screening procedure, such as those disclosed by Reidhaar-Olson and Sauer, 1988,  Science  241: 53–57; Bowie and Sauer, 1989,  Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA  86: 2152–2156; WO 95/17413; or WO 95/22625. Other methods that can be used include error-prone PCR, phage display (e.g., Lowman et al., 1991,  Biochem.  30: 10832–10837; U.S. Pat. No. 5,223,409; WO 92/06204), and region-directed mutagenesis (Derbyshire et al., 1986,  Gene  46: 145; Ner et al., 1988,  DNA  7: 127). 
     Mutagenesis/shuffling methods can be combined with high-throughput, automated screening methods to detect activity of cloned, mutagenized polypeptides expressed by host cells (Ness et al., 1999,  Nature Biotechnology  17: 893–896). Mutagenized DNA molecules that encode active polypeptides can be recovered from the host cells and rapidly sequenced using standard methods in the art. These methods allow the rapid determination of the importance of individual amino acid residues in a polypeptide of interest, and can be applied to polypeptides of unknown structure. 
     The total number of amino acid substitutions, deletions and/or insertions of the mature polypeptide of SEQ ID NO: 2, such as amino acids 18 to 481 of SEQ ID NO: 2, is 10, preferably 9, more preferably 8, more preferably 7, more preferably at most 6, more preferably 5, more preferably 4, even more preferably 3, most preferably 2, and even most preferably 1. 
     Sources of Polypeptides Having Cellobiohydrolase Activity 
     A polypeptide of the present invention may be obtained from microorganisms of any genus. For purposes of the present invention, the term “obtained from” as used herein in connection with a given source shall mean that the polypeptide encoded by a nucleotide sequence is produced by the source or by a strain in which the nucleotide sequence from the source has been inserted. In a preferred aspect, the polypeptide obtained from a given source is secreted extracellularly. 
     A polypeptide of the present invention may be a bacterial polypeptide. For example, the polypeptide may be a gram positive bacterial polypeptide such as a  Bacillus  polypeptide having cellobiohydrolase activity, e.g., a  Bacillus alkalophilus, Bacillus amyloliquefaciens, Bacillus brevis, Bacillus circulans, Bacillus coagulans, Bacillus lautus, Bacillus lentus, Bacillus licheniformis, Bacillus megaterium, Bacillus stearothermophilus, Bacillus subtilis , or  Bacillus thuringiensis  polypeptide having cellobiohydrolase activity; or a  Streptomyces  polypeptide having cellobiohydrolase activity, e.g., a  Streptomyces lividans  or  Streptomyces murinus  polypeptide having cellobiohydrolase activity; or a gram negative bacterial polypeptide having cellobiohydrolase activity, e.g., an  E. coli  or a  Pseudomonas  sp. polypeptide having cellobiohydrolase activity. 
     A polypeptide of the present invention may also be a fungal polypeptide, and more preferably a yeast polypeptide such as a  Candida, Kluyveromyces, Pichia, Saccharomyces, Schizosaccharomyces , or  Yarrowia  polypeptide having cellobiohydrolase activity; or more preferably a filamentous fungal polypeptide such as an  Acremonium, Aspergillus, Aureobasidium, Cryptococcus, Filibasidium, Fusarium, Humicola, Magnaporthe, Mucor, Myceliophthora, Neocallimastix, Neurospora, Paecilomyces, Penicillium, Piromyces, Schizophyllum, Talaromyces, Thermoascus, Thielavia, Tolypocladium , or  Trichoderma  polypeptide having cellobiohydrolase activity. 
     In a preferred aspect, the polypeptide is a  Saccharomyces carlsbergensis, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Saccharomyces diastaticus, Saccharomyces douglasii, Saccharomyces kluyveri, Saccharomyces norbensis , or  Saccharomyces oviformis  polypeptide having cellobiohydrolase activity. 
     In another preferred aspect, the polypeptide is an  Aspergillus aculeatus, Aspergillus awamori, Aspergillus fumigatus, Aspergillus foetidus, Aspergillus japonicus, Aspergillus nidulans, Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus oryzae, Fusarium bactridioides, Fusarium cerealis, Fusarium crookwellense, Fusarium culmorum, Fusarium graminearum, Fusarium graminum, Fusarium heterosporum, Fusarium negundi, Fusarium oxysporum, Fusarium reticulatum, Fusarium roseum, Fusarium sambucinum, Fusarium sarcochroum, Fusarium sporotrichioides, Fusarium sulphureum, Fusarium torulosum, Fusarium trichothecioides, Fusarium venenatum, Humicola insolens, Humicola lanuginosa, Mucor miehei, Mycellophthora thermophila, Neurospora crassa, Penicillium purpurogenum, Trichoderma harzianum, Trichoderma koningii, Trichoderma longibrachiatum, Trichoderma reesei , or  Trichoderma viride  polypeptide having cellobiohydrolase activity. 
     In another preferred aspect, the polypeptide is a  Thielavia achromatica, Thielavia albomyces, Thielavia albopilosa, Thielavia australeinsis, Thielavia fimeti, Thielavia microspora, Thielavia ovispora, Thielavia peruviana, Thielavia spededonium, Thielavia setosa, Thielavia subthermophlla, Thielavia terrestris, Thielavia terricola, Thielavia thermophila, Thielavia variospora , or  Thielavia wareingii  polypeptide having cellobiohydrolase activity. 
     In a more preferred aspect, the polypeptide is a  Thielavia terrestris  polypeptide, and most preferably  Thielavia terrestris  NRRL 8126, e.g., the polypeptide of SEQ ID NO: 2, or the mature polypeptide thereof. 
     It will be understood that for the aforementioned species the invention encompasses both the perfect and imperfect states, and other taxonomic equivalents, e.g., anamorphs, regardless of the species name by which they are known. Those skilled in the art will readily recognize the identity of appropriate equivalents. 
     Strains of these species are readily accessible to the public in a number of culture collections, such as the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC), Deutsche Sammlung von Mikroorganismen und Zellkulturen GmbH (DSM), Centraalbureau Voor Schimmelcultures (CBS), and Agricultural Research Service Patent Culture Collection, Northern Regional Research Center (NRRL). 
     Furthermore, such polypeptides may be identified and obtained from other sources including microorganisms isolated from nature (e.g., soil, composts, water, etc.) using the above-mentioned probes. Techniques for isolating microorganisms from natural habitats are well known in the art. The polynucleotide may then be obtained by similarly screening a genomic or cDNA library of such a microorganism. Once a polynucleotide sequence encoding a polypeptide has been detected with the probe(s), the polynucleotide can be isolated or cloned by utilizing techniques which are well known to those of ordinary skill in the art (see, e.g., Sambrook et al., 1989, supra). 
     Polypeptides of the present invention also include fused polypeptides or cleavable fusion polypeptides in which another polypeptide is fused at the N-terminus or the C-terminus of the polypeptide or fragment thereof. A fused polypeptide is produced by fusing a nucleotide sequence (or a portion thereof) encoding another polypeptide to a nucleotide sequence (or a portion thereof) of the present invention. Techniques for producing fusion polypeptides are known in the art, and include ligating the coding sequences encoding the polypeptides so that they are in frame and that expression of the fused polypeptide is under control of the same promoter(s) and terminator. 
     Polynucleotides 
     The present invention also relates to isolated polynucleotides comprising or consisting of a nucleotide sequence which encode a polypeptide of the present invention having cellobiohydrolase activity. 
     In a preferred aspect, the nucleotide sequence comprises or consists of SEQ ID NO: 1. In another more preferred aspect, the nucleotide sequence comprises or consists of the sequence contained in plasmid pTter6A which is contained in  E. coli  NRRL B-30802. In another preferred aspect, the nucleotide sequence comprises or consists of the mature polypeptide coding region of SEQ ID NO: 1. In another preferred aspect, the nucleotide sequence comprises or consists of nucleotides 52 to 1443 of SEQ ID NO: 1. In another more preferred aspect, the nucleotide sequence comprises or consists of the mature polypeptide coding region contained in plasmid pTter6A which is contained in  E. coli  NRRL B-30802. The present invention also encompasses nucleotide sequences which encode a polypeptide comprising or consisting of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2 or the mature polypeptide thereof, which differ from SEQ ID NO: 1 or the mature polypeptide coding sequence thereof by virtue of the degeneracy of the genetic code. The present invention also relates to subsequences of SEQ ID NO: 1 which encode fragments of SEQ ID NO: 2 that have cellobiohydrolase activity. 
     The present invention also relates to mutant polunucleotides comprising or consisting of at least one mutation in the mature polypeptide coding sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1, in which the mutant nucleotide sequence encodes the mature polypeptide of SEQ ID NO: 2. In a preferred aspect, the mature polypeptide is amino acids 18 to 481 of SEQ ID NO: 2. 
     The techniques used to isolate or clone a polynucleotide encoding a polypeptide are known in the art and include isolation from genomic DNA, preparation from cDNA, or a combination thereof. The cloning of the polynucleotides of the present invention from such genomic DNA can be effected, e.g., by using the well known polymerase chain reaction (PCR) or antibody screening of expression libraries to detect cloned DNA fragments with shared structural features. See, e.g., Innis et al., 1990,  PCR: A Guide to Methods and Application , Academic Press, New York. Other nucleic acid amplification procedures such as ligase chain reaction (LCR), ligated activated transcription (LAT) and nucleotide sequence-based amplification (NASBA) may be used. The polynucleotides may be cloned from a strain of  Thielavia , or another or related organism and thus, for example, may be an allelic or species variant of the polypeptide encoding region of the nucleotide sequence. 
     The present invention also relates to polynucleotides comprising or consisting of nucleotide sequences which have a degree of identity to the mature polypeptide coding sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1 of at least 60%, preferably at least 65%, more preferably at least 70%, more preferably at least 75%, more preferably at least 80%, more preferably at least 85%, more preferably at least 90%, even more preferably at least 95%, and most preferably at least 97% identity, which encode an active polypeptide. In a preferred aspect, the mature polypeptide coding sequence is nucleotides 52 to 1443 of SEQ ID NO: 1. 
     Modification of a nucleotide sequence encoding a polypeptide of the present invention may be necessary for the synthesis of polypeptides substantially similar to the polypeptide. The term “substantially similar” to the polypeptide refers to non-naturally occurring forms of the polypeptide. These polypeptides may differ in some engineered way from the polypeptide isolated from its native source, e.g., artificial variants that differ in specific activity, thermostability, pH optimum, or the like. The variant sequence may be constructed on the basis of the nucleotide sequence presented as the polypeptide encoding region of SEQ ID NO: 1, e.g., a subsequence thereof, and/or by introduction of nucleotide substitutions which do not give rise to another amino acid sequence of the polypeptide encoded by the nucleotide sequence, but which correspond to the codon usage of the host organism intended for production of the enzyme, or by introduction of nucleotide substitutions which may give rise to a different amino acid sequence. For a general description of nucleotide substitution, see, e.g., Ford et al., 1991,  Protein Expression and Purification  2: 95–107. 
     It will be apparent to those skilled in the art that such substitutions can be made outside the regions critical to the function of the molecule and still result in an active polypeptide. Amino acid residues essential to the activity of the polypeptide encoded by an isolated polynucleotide of the invention, and therefore preferably not subject to substitution, may be identified according to procedures known in the art, such as site-directed mutagenesis or alanine-scanning mutagenesis (see, e.g., Cunningham and Wells, 1989, supra). In the latter technique, mutations are introduced at every positively charged residue in the molecule, and the resultant mutant molecules are tested for cellobiohydrolase activity to identify amino acid residues that are critical to the activity of the molecule. Sites of substrate-enzyme interaction can also be determined by analysis of the three-dimensional structure as determined by such techniques as nuclear magnetic resonance analysis, crystallography or photoaffinity labelling (see, e.g., de Vos et al., 1992, supra; Smith et al., 1992, supra; Wlodaver et al., 1992, supra). 
     The present invention also relates to isolated polynucleotides encoding a polypeptide of the present invention, which hybridize under very low stringency conditions, preferably low stringency conditions, more preferably medium stringency conditions, more preferably medium-high stringency conditions, even more preferably high stringency conditions, and most preferably very high stringency conditions with (i) the mature polypeptide coding sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1, (ii) the genomic DNA sequence comprising the mature polypeptide coding sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1, or (iii) a complementary strand of (i) or (ii); or allelic variants and subsequences thereof (Sambrook et al., 1989, supra), as defined herein. In a preferred aspect, the mature polypeptide coding sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1 is nucleotides 52 to 1443. 
     The present invention also relates to isolated polynucleotides obtained by (a) hybridizing a population of DNA under very low, low, medium, medium-high, high, or very high stringency conditions with (i) the mature polypeptide coding sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1, (ii) the genomic DNA sequence comprising the mature polypeptide coding sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1, or (iii) a complementary strand of (i) or (ii); and (b) isolating the hybridizing polynucleotide, which encodes a polypeptide having cellobiohydrolase activity. In a preferred aspect, the mature polypeptide coding sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1 is nucleotides 52 to 1443. 
     Nucleic Acid Constructs 
     The present invention also relates to nucleic acid constructs comprising an isolated polynucleotide of the present invention operably linked to one or more control sequences that direct the expression of the coding sequence in a suitable host cell under conditions compatible with the control sequences. 
     An isolated polynucleotide encoding a polypeptide of the present invention may be manipulated in a variety of ways to provide for expression of the polypeptide. Manipulation of the polynucleotide&#39;s sequence prior to its insertion into a vector may be desirable or necessary depending on the expression vector. The techniques for modifying polynucleotide sequences utilizing recombinant DNA methods are well known in the art. 
     The control sequence may be an appropriate promoter sequence, a nucleotide sequence which is recognized by a host cell for expression of a polynucleotide encoding a polypeptide of the present invention. The promoter sequence contains transcriptional control sequences which mediate the expression of the polypeptide. The promoter may be any nucleotide sequence which shows transcriptional activity in the host cell of choice including mutant, truncated, and hybrid promoters, and may be obtained from genes encoding extracellular or intracellular polypeptides either homologous or heterologous to the host cell. 
     Examples of suitable promoters for directing the transcription of the nucleic acid constructs of the present invention, especially in a bacterial host cell, are the promoters obtained from the  E. coli  lac operon,  Streptomyces coelicolor  agarase gene (dagA),  Bacillus subtilis  levansucrase gene (sacB),  Bacillus licheniformis  alpha-amylase gene (amyL),  Bacillus stearothermophilus  maltogenic amylase gene (amyM),  Bacillus amyloliquefaciens  alpha-amylase gene (amyQ),  Bacillus licheniformis  penicillinase gene (penP),  Bacillus subtilis  xylA and xylB genes, and prokaryotic beta-lactamase gene (Villa-Kamaroff et al., 1978,  Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA  75: 3727–3731), as well as the tac promoter (DeBoer et al., 1983,  Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA  80: 21–25). Further promoters are described in “Useful proteins from recombinant bacteria” in  Scientific American,  1980, 242: 74–94; and in Sambrook et al., 1989, supra. 
     Examples of suitable promoters for directing the transcription of the nucleic acid constructs of the present invention in a filamentous fungal host cell are promoters obtained from the genes for  Aspergillus oryzae  TAKA amylase,  Rhizomucor miehei  aspartic proteinase,  Aspergillus niger  neutral alpha-amylase,  Aspergillus niger  acid stable alpha-amylase,  Aspergillus niger  or  Aspergillus awamori  glucoamylase (glaA),  Rhizomucor miehei  lipase,  Aspergillus oryzae  alkaline protease,  Aspergillus oryzae  triose phosphate isomerase,  Aspergillus nidulans  acetamidase,  Fusarium venenatum  amyloglucosidase (WO 00/56900),  Fusarium venenatum  Daria (WO 00/56900),  Fusarium venenatum  Quinn (WO 00/56900),  Fusarium oxysporum  trypsin-like protease (WO 96/00787),  Trichoderma reesei  beta-glucosidase,  Trichoderma reesei  cellobiohydrolase I,  Trichoderma reesei  cellobiohydrolase II,  Trichoderma reesei  endoglucanase I,  Trichoderma reesei  endoglucanase II,  Trichoderma reesei  endoglucanase III,  Trichoderma reesei  endoglucanase IV,  Trichoderma reesei  endoglucanase V,  Trichoderma reesei  xylanase I,  Trichoderma reesei  xylanase II,  Trichoderma reesei  beta-xylosidase, as well as the NA2-tpi promoter (a hybrid of the promoters from the genes for  Aspergillus niger  neutral alpha-amylase and  Aspergillus oryzae  triose phosphate isomerase); and mutant, truncated, and hybrid promoters thereof. 
     In a yeast host, useful promoters are obtained from the genes for  Saccharomyces cerevisiae  enolase (ENO-1),  Saccharomyces cerevisiae  galactokinase (GAL1),  Saccharomyces cerevisiae  alcohol dehydrogenase/glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (ADH1, ADH2/GAP),  Saccharomyces cerevisiae  triose phosphate isomerase (TPI),  Saccharomyces cerevisiae  metallothionine (CUP1), and  Saccharomyces cerevisiae  3-phosphoglycerate kinase. Other useful promoters for yeast host cells are described by Romanos et al., 1992,  Yeast  8: 423–488. 
     The control sequence may also be a suitable transcription terminator sequence, a sequence recognized by a host cell to terminate transcription. The terminator sequence is operably linked to the 3′ terminus of the nucleotide sequence encoding the polypeptide. Any terminator which is functional in the host cell of choice may be used in the present invention. 
     Preferred terminators for filamentous fungal host cells are obtained from the genes for  Aspergillus oryzae  TAKA amylase,  Aspergillus niger  glucoamylase,  Aspergillus nidulans  anthranilate synthase,  Aspergillus niger  alpha-glucosidase, and  Fusarium oxysporum  trypsin-like protease. 
     Preferred terminators for yeast host cells are obtained from the genes for  Saccharomyces cerevisiae  enolase,  Saccharomyces cerevisiae  cytochrome C (CYC1), and  Saccharomyces cerevisiae  glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase. Other useful terminators for yeast host cells are described by Romanos et al., 1992, supra. 
     The control sequence may also be a suitable leader sequence, a nontranslated region of an mRNA which is important for translation by the host cell. The leader sequence is operably linked to the 5′ terminus of the nucleotide sequence encoding the polypeptide. Any leader sequence that is functional in the host cell of choice may be used in the present invention. 
     Preferred leaders for filamentous fungal host cells are obtained from the genes for  Aspergillus oryzae  TAKA amylase and  Aspergillus nidulans  triose phosphate isomerase. 
     Suitable leaders for yeast host cells are obtained from the genes for  Saccharomyces cerevisiae  enolase (ENO-1),  Saccharomyces cerevisiae  3-phosphoglycerate kinase,  Saccharomyces cerevisiae  alpha-factor, and  Saccharomyces cerevisiae  alcohol dehydrogenase/glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (ADH2/GAP). 
     The control sequence may also be a polyadenylation sequence, a sequence operably linked to the 3′ terminus of the nucleotide sequence and which, when transcribed, is recognized by the host cell as a signal to add polyadenosine residues to transcribed mRNA. Any polyadenylation sequence which is functional in the host cell of choice may be used in the present invention. 
     Preferred polyadenylation sequences for filamentous fungal host cells are obtained from the genes for  Aspergillus oryzae  TAKA amylase,  Aspergillus niger  glucoamylase,  Aspergillus nidulans  anthranilate synthase,  Fusarium oxysporum  trypsin-like protease, and  Aspergillus niger  alpha-glucosidase. 
     Useful polyadenylation sequences for yeast host cells are described by Guo and Sherman, 1995,  Molecular Cellular Biology  15: 5983–5990. 
     The control sequence may also be a signal peptide coding region that codes for an amino acid sequence linked to the amino terminus of a polypeptide and directs the encoded polypeptide into the cell&#39;s secretory pathway. The 5′ end of the coding sequence of the nucleotide sequence may inherently contain a signal peptide coding region naturally linked in translation reading frame with the segment of the coding region which encodes the secreted polypeptide. Alternatively, the 5′ end of the coding sequence may contain a signal peptide coding region which is foreign to the coding sequence. The foreign signal peptide coding region may be required where the coding sequence does not naturally contain a signal peptide coding region. Alternatively, the foreign signal peptide coding region may simply replace the natural signal peptide coding region in order to enhance secretion of the polypeptide. However, any signal peptide coding region which directs the expressed polypeptide into the secretory pathway of a host cell of choice, i.e., secreted into a culture medium, may be used in the present invention. 
     Effective signal peptide coding regions for bacterial host cells are the signal peptide coding regions obtained from the genes for  Bacillus  NCIB 11837 maltogenic amylase,  Bacillus stearothermophilus  alpha-amylase,  Bacillus licheniformis  subtilisin,  Bacillus licheniformis  beta-lactamase,  Bacillus stearothermophilus  neutral proteases (nprT, nprS, nprM), and  Bacillus subtilis  prsA. Further signal peptides are described by Simonen and Palva, 1993,  Microbiological Reviews  57: 109–137. 
     Effective signal peptide coding regions for filamentous fungal host cells are the signal peptide coding regions obtained from the genes for  Aspergillus oryzae  TAKA amylase,  Aspergillus niger  neutral amylase,  Aspergillus niger  glucoamylase,  Rhizomucor miehei  aspartic proteinase,  Humicola insolens  cellulase,  Humicola insolens  endoglucanase V, and  Humicola lanuginosa  lipase. 
     In a preferred aspect, the signal peptide is amino acids 1 to 17 of SEQ ID NO: 2. In another preferred aspect, the signal peptide coding region is nucleotides 1 to 51 of SEQ ID NO: 1 which encode amino acids 1 to 17 of SEQ ID NO: 2. 
     Useful signal peptides for yeast host cells are obtained from the genes for  Saccharomyces cerevisiae  alpha-factor and  Saccharomyces cerevisiae  invertase. Other useful signal peptide coding regions are described by Romanos et al., 1992, supra. 
     The control sequence may also be a propeptide coding region that codes for an amino acid sequence positioned at the amino terminus of a polypeptide. The resultant polypeptide is known as a proenzyme or propolypeptide (or a zymogen in some cases). A propolypeptide is generally inactive and can be converted to a mature active polypeptide by catalytic or autocatalytic cleavage of the propeptide from the propolypeptide. The propeptide coding region may be obtained from the genes for  Bacillus subtilis  alkaline protease (aprE),  Bacillus subtilis  neutral protease (nprT),  Saccharomyces cerevisiae  alpha-factor,  Rhizomucor miehei  aspartic proteinase, and  Myceliophthora thermophila  laccase (WO 95/33836). 
     Where both signal peptide and propeptide regions are present at the amino terminus of a polypeptide, the propeptide region is positioned next to the amino terminus of a polypeptide and the signal peptide region is positioned next to the amino terminus of the propeptide region. 
     It may also be desirable to add regulatory sequences which allow the regulation of the expression of the polypeptide relative to the growth of the host cell. Examples of regulatory systems are those which cause the expression of the gene to be turned on or off in response to a chemical or physical stimulus, including the presence of a regulatory compound. Regulatory systems in prokaryotic systems include the lac, tac, and trp operator systems. In yeast, the ADH2 system or GALL system may be used. In filamentous fungi, the TAKA alpha-amylase promoter,  Aspergillus niger  glucoamylase promoter, and  Aspergillus oryzae  glucoamylase promoter may be used as regulatory sequences. Other examples of regulatory sequences are those which allow for gene amplification. In eukaryotic systems, these include the dihydrofolate reductase gene which is amplified in the presence of methotrexate, and the metallothionein genes which are amplified with heavy metals. In these cases, the nucleotide sequence encoding the polypeptide would be operably linked with the regulatory sequence. 
     Expression Vectors 
     The present invention also relates to recombinant expression vectors comprising a polynucleotide of the present invention, a promoter, and transcriptional and translational stop signals. The various nucleic acids and control sequences described herein may be joined together to produce a recombinant expression vector which may include one or more convenient restriction sites to allow for insertion or substitution of the nucleotide sequence encoding the polypeptide at such sites. Alternatively, a nucleotide sequence of the present invention may be expressed by inserting the nucleotide sequence or a nucleic acid construct comprising the sequence into an appropriate vector for expression. In creating the expression vector, the coding sequence is located in the vector so that the coding sequence is operably linked with the appropriate control sequences for expression. 
     The recombinant expression vector may be any vector (e.g., a plasmid or virus) which can be conveniently subjected to recombinant DNA procedures and can bring about expression of the nucleotide sequence. The choice of the vector will typically depend on the compatibility of the vector with the host cell into which the vector is to be introduced. The vectors may be linear or closed circular plasmids. 
     The vector may be an autonomously replicating vector, i.e., a vector which exists as an extrachromosomal entity, the replication of which is independent of chromosomal replication, e.g., a plasmid, an extrachromosomal element, a minichromosome, or an artificial chromosome. The vector may contain any means for assuring self-replication. Alternatively, the vector may be one which, when introduced into the host cell, is integrated into the genome and replicated together with the chromosome(s) into which it has been integrated. Furthermore, a single vector or plasmid or two or more vectors or plasmids which together contain the total DNA to be introduced into the genome of the host cell, or a transposon may be used. 
     The vectors of the present invention preferably contain one or more selectable markers which permit easy selection of transformed, transfected, transduced, or the like cells. A selectable marker is a gene the product of which provides for biocide or viral resistance, resistance to heavy metals, prototrophy to auxotrophs, and the like. 
     Examples of bacterial selectable markers are the dal genes from  Bacillus subtilis  or  Bacillus licheniformis , or markers which confer antibiotic resistance such as ampicillin, kanamycin, chloramphenicol, or tetracycline resistance. Suitable markers for yeast host cells are ADE2, HIS3, LEU2, LYS2, MET3, TRP1, and URA3. Selectable markers for use in a filamentous fungal host cell include, but are not limited to, amdS (acetamidase), argB (ornithine carbamoyltransferase), bar (phosphinothricin acetyltransferase), hph (hygromycin phosphotransferase), niaD (nitrate reductase), pyrG (orotidine-5′-phosphate decarboxylase), sC (sulfate adenyltransferase), and trpC (anthranilate synthase), as well as equivalents thereof. Preferred for use in an  Aspergillus  cell are the amdS and pyrG genes of  Aspergillus nidulans  or  Aspergillus oryzae  and the bar gene of  Streptomyces hygroscopicus.    
     The vectors of the present invention preferably contain an element(s) that permits integration of the vector into the host cell&#39;s genome or autonomous replication of the vector in the cell independent of the genome. 
     For integration into the host cell genome, the vector may rely on the polynucleotide&#39;s sequence encoding the polypeptide or any other element of the vector for integration into the genome by homologous or nonhomologous recombination. Alternatively, the vector may contain additional nucleotide sequences for directing integration by homologous recombination into the genome of the host cell at a precise location(s) in the chromosome(s). To increase the likelihood of integration at a precise location, the integrational elements should preferably contain a sufficient number of nucleic acids, such as 100 to 10,000 base pairs, preferably 400 to 10,000 base pairs, and most preferably 800 to 10,000 base pairs, which have a high degree of identity with the corresponding target sequence to enhance the probability of homologous recombination. The integrational elements may be any sequence that is homologous with the target sequence in the genome of the host cell. Furthermore, the integrational elements may be non-encoding or encoding nucleotide sequences. On the other hand, the vector may be integrated into the genome of the host cell by non-homologous recombination. 
     For autonomous replication, the vector may further comprise an origin of replication enabling the vector to replicate autonomously in the host cell in question. The origin of replication may be any plasmid replicator mediating autonomous replication which functions in a cell. The term “origin of replication” or “plasmid replicator” is defined herein as a nucleotide sequence that enables a plasmid or vector to replicate in vivo. 
     Examples of bacterial origins of replication are the origins of replication of plasmids pBR322, pUC19, pACYC177, and pACYC184 permitting replication in  E. coli , and pUB110, pE194, pTA1060, and pAMβ1 permitting replication in  Bacillus.    
     Examples of origins of replication for use in a yeast host cell are the 2 micron origin of replication, ARS1, ARS4, the combination of ARS1 and CEN3, and the combination of ARS4 and CEN6. 
     Examples of origins of replication useful in a filamentous fungal cell are AMA1 and ANS1 (Gems et al., 1991,  Gene  98: 61–67; Cullen et al., 1987,  Nucleic Acids Research  15: 9163–9175; WO 00/24883). Isolation of the AMA1 gene and construction of plasmids or vectors comprising the gene can be accomplished according to the methods disclosed in WO 00/24883. 
     More than one copy of a polynucleotide of the present invention may be inserted into the host cell to increase production of the gene product. An increase in the copy number of the polynucleotide can be obtained by integrating at least one additional copy of the sequence into the host cell genome or by including an amplifiable selectable marker gene with the polynucleotide where cells containing amplified copies of the selectable marker gene, and thereby additional copies of the polynucleotide, can be selected for by cultivating the cells in the presence of the appropriate selectable agent. 
     The procedures used to ligate the elements described above to construct the recombinant expression vectors of the present invention are well known to one skilled in the art (see, e.g., Sambrook et al., 1989, supra). 
     Host Cells 
     The present invention also relates to recombinant host cells, comprising a polynucleotide of the present invention, which are advantageously used in the recombinant production of the polypeptides. A vector comprising a polynucleotide of the present invention is introduced into a host cell so that the vector is maintained as a chromosomal integrant or as a self-replicating extra-chromosomal vector as described earlier. The term “host cell” encompasses any progeny of a parent cell that is not identical to the parent cell due to mutations that occur during replication. The choice of a host cell will to a large extent depend upon the gene encoding the polypeptide and its source. 
     The host cell may be a unicellular microorganism, e.g., a prokaryote, or a non-unicellular microorganism, e.g., a eukaryote. 
     Useful unicellular microorganisms are bacterial cells such as gram positive bacteria including, but not limited to, a  Bacillus  cell, e.g.,  Bacillus alkalophilus, Bacillus amyloliquefaciens, Bacillus brevis, Bacillus circulans, Bacillus clausii, Bacillus coagulans, Bacillus lautus, Bacillus lentus, Bacillus licheniformis, Bacillus megaterium, Bacillus stearothermophilus, Bacillus subtilis , and  Bacillus thuringiensis , or a  Streptomyces  cell, e.g.,  Streptomyces lividans  and  Streptomyces murinus , or gram negative bacteria such as  E. coli  and  Pseudomonas  sp. In a preferred aspect, the bacterial host cell is a  Bacillus lentus, Bacillus licheniformis, Bacillus stearothermophilus , or  Bacillus subtilis  cell. In another preferred aspect, the  Bacillus  cell is an alkalophilic  Bacillus.    
     The introduction of a vector into a bacterial host cell may, for instance, be effected by protoplast transformation (see, e.g., Chang and Cohen, 1979,  Molecular General Genetics  168: 111–115), using competent cells (see, e.g., Young and Spizizen, 1961,  Journal of Bacteriology  81: 823–829, or Dubnau and Davidoff-Abelson, 1971,  Journal of Molecular Biology  56: 209–221), electroporation (see, e.g., Shigekawa and Dower, 1988,  Biotechniques  6: 742–751), or conjugation (see, e.g., Koehler and Thorne, 1987,  Journal of Bacteriology  169: 5771–5278). 
     The host cell may also be a eukaryote, such as a mammalian, insect, plant, or fungal cell. 
     In a preferred aspect, the host cell is a fungal cell. “Fungi” as used herein includes the phyla Ascomycota, Basidiomycota, Chytridiomycota, and Zygomycota (as defined by Hawksworth et al., In,  Ainsworth and Bisby&#39;s Dictionary of The Fungi,  8th edition, 1995, CAB International, University Press, Cambridge, UK) as well as the Oomycota (as cited in Hawksworth et al., 1995, supra, page 171) and all mitosporic fungi (Hawksworth et al., 1995, supra). 
     In a more preferred aspect, the fungal host cell is a yeast cell. “Yeast” as used herein includes ascosporogenous yeast (Endomycetales), basidiosporogenous yeast, and yeast belonging to the Fungi Imperfecti (Blastomycetes). Since the classification of yeast may change in the future, for the purposes of this invention, yeast shall be defined as described in  Biology and Activities of Yeast  (Skinner, F. A., Passmore, S. M., and Davenport, R. R., eds,  Soc. App. Bacteriol. Symposium Series  No. 9, 1980). 
     In an even more preferred aspect, the yeast host cell is a  Candida, Hansenula, Kluyveromyces, Pichia, Saccharomyces, Schizosaccharomyces , or  Yarrowia  cell. 
     In a most preferred aspect, the yeast host cell is a  Saccharomyces carlsbergensis, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Saccharomyces diastaticus, Saccharomyces douglasii, Saccharomyces kluyveri, Saccharomyces norbensis , or  Saccharomyces oviformis  cell. In another most preferred aspect, the yeast host cell is a  Kluyveromyces lactis  cell. In another most preferred aspect, the yeast host cell is a  Yarrowia lipolytica  cell. 
     In another more preferred aspect, the fungal host cell is a filamentous fungal cell. “Filamentous fungi” include all filamentous forms of the subdivision Eumycota and Oomycota (as defined by Hawksworth et al., 1995, supra). The filamentous fungi are generally characterized by a mycelial wall composed of chitin, cellulose, glucan, chitosan, mannan, and other complex polysaccharides. Vegetative growth is by hyphal elongation and carbon catabolism is obligately aerobic. In contrast, vegetative growth by yeasts such as  Saccharomyces cerevisiae  is by budding of a unicellular thallus and carbon catabolism may be fermentative. 
     In an even more preferred aspect, the filamentous fungal host cell is an  Acremonium, Aspergillus, Aureobasidium, Bjerkandera, Ceriporiopsis, Coprinus, Coriolus, Cryptococcus, Filibasidium, Fusarium, Humicola, Magnaporthe, Mucor, Myceliophthora, Neocallimastix, Neurospora, Paecilomyces, Penicillium, Phanerochaete, Phlebia, Piromyces, Pleurotus, Schizophyllum, Talaromyces, Thermoascus, Thielavia, Tolypocladium, Trametes , or  Trichoderma  cell. 
     In a most preferred aspect, the filamentous fungal host cell is an  Aspergillus awamori, Aspergillus fumigatus, Aspergillus foetidus, Aspergillus japonicus, Aspergillus nidulans, Aspergillus niger  or  Aspergillus oryzae  cell. In another most preferred aspect, the filamentous fungal host cell is a  Fusarium bactridioides, Fusarium cerealis, Fusarium crookwellense, Fusarium culmorum, Fusarium graminearum, Fusarium graminum, Fusarium heterosporum, Fusarium negundi, Fusarium oxysporum, Fusarium reticulatum, Fusarium roseum, Fusarium sambucinum, Fusarium sarcochroum, Fusarium sporotrichioides, Fusarium sulphureum, Fusarium torulosum, Fusarium trichothecioides , or  Fusarium venenatum  cell. In another most preferred aspect, the filamentous fungal host cell is a  Bjerkandera adusta, Ceriporiopsis aneirina, Ceriporiopsis aneirina, Ceriporiopsis caregiea, Ceriporiopsis gilvescens, Ceriporiopsis pannocinta, Ceriporiopsis rivulosa, Ceriporiopsis subrufa, Ceriporiopsis subvermispora, Coprinus cinereus, Coriolus hirsutus, Humicola insolens, Humicola lanuginosa, Mucor miehei, Mycellophthora thermophila, Neurospora crassa, Penicillium purpurogenum, Phanerochaete chrysosporium, Phlebia radiata, Pleurotus eryngii, Thielavia terrestris, Trametes villosa, Trametes versicolor, Trichoderma harzianum, Trichoderma koningii, Trichoderma longibrachiatum, Trichoderma reesei , or  Trichoderma viride  cell. 
     Fungal cells may be transformed by a process involving protoplast formation, transformation of the protoplasts, and regeneration of the cell wall in a manner known per se. Suitable procedures for transformation of  Aspergillus  and  Trichoderma  host cells are described in EP 238 023 and Yelton et al., 1984,  Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA  81: 1470–1474. Suitable methods for transforming  Fusarium  species are described by Malardier et al, 1989,  Gene  78: 147–156, and WO 96/00787. Yeast may be transformed using the procedures described by Becker and Guarente, In Abelson, J. N. and Simon, M. I., editors,  Guide to Yeast Genetics and Molecular Biology, Methods in Enzymology , Volume 194, pp 182–187, Academic Press, Inc., New York; Ito et al., 1983,  Journal of Bacteriology  153: 163; and Hinnen et al., 1978,  Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA  75: 1920. 
     METHODS OF PRODUCTION  
     The present invention also relates to methods for producing a polypeptide of the present invention, comprising: (a) cultivating a cell, which in its wild-type form is capable of producing the polypeptide, under conditions conducive for production of the polypeptide; and (b) recovering the polypeptide. In a preferred aspect, the cell is of the genus  Thielavia . In a more preferred aspect, the cell is  Thielavia terrestris.    
     The present invention also relates to methods for producing a polypeptide of the present invention, comprising: (a) cultivating a host cell under conditions conducive for production of the polypeptide; and (b) recovering the polypeptide. 
     The present invention also relates to methods for producing a polypeptide of the present invention, comprising: (a) cultivating a host cell under conditions conducive for production of the polypeptide, wherein the host cell comprises a mutant nucleotide sequence comprising at least one mutation in the mature polypeptide coding sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1, wherein the mutant nucleotide sequence encodes a polypeptide which comprises or consists of the mature polypeptide of SEQ ID NO: 2, and (b) recovering the polypeptide. 
     In a preferred aspect, the mature polypeptide of SEQ ID NO: 2 is amino acids 18 to 481. 
     In the production methods of the present invention, the cells are cultivated in a nutrient medium suitable for production of the polypeptide using methods well known in the art. For example, the cell may be cultivated by shake flask cultivation, and small-scale or large-scale fermentation (including continuous, batch, fed-batch, or solid state fermentations) in laboratory or industrial fermentors performed in a suitable medium and under conditions allowing the polypeptide to be expressed and/or isolated. The cultivation takes place in a suitable nutrient medium comprising carbon and nitrogen sources and inorganic salts, using procedures known in the art. Suitable media are available from commercial suppliers or may be prepared according to published compositions (e.g., in catalogues of the American Type Culture Collection). If the polypeptide is secreted into the nutrient medium, the polypeptide can be recovered directly from the medium. If the polypeptide is not secreted into the medium, it can be recovered from cell lysates. 
     The polypeptides may be detected using methods known in the art that are specific for the polypeptides. These detection methods may include use of specific antibodies, formation of an enzyme product, or disappearance of an enzyme substrate. For example, an enzyme assay may be used to determine the activity of the polypeptide as described herein. 
     The resulting polypeptide may be recovered using methods known in the art. For example, the polypeptide may be recovered from the nutrient medium by conventional procedures including, but not limited to, centrifugation, filtration, extraction, spray-drying, evaporation, or precipitation. 
     The polypeptides of the present invention may be purified by a variety of procedures known in the art including, but not limited to, chromatography (e.g., ion exchange, affinity, hydrophobic, chromatofocusing, and size exclusion), electrophoretic procedures (e.g., preparative isoelectric focusing), differential solubility (e.g., ammonium sulfate precipitation), SDS-PAGE, or extraction (see, e.g.,  Protein Purification , J.-C. Janson and Lars Ryden, editors, VCH Publishers, New York, 1989) to obtain substantially pure polypeptides. 
     Plants 
     The present invention also relates to a transgenic plant, plant part, or plant cell which has been transformed with a nucleotide sequence encoding a polypeptide having cellobiohydrolase activity of the present invention so as to express and produce the polypeptide in recoverable quantities. The polypeptide may be recovered from the plant or plant part. Alternatively, the plant or plant part containing the recombinant polypeptide may be used as such for improving the quality of a food or feed, e.g., improving nutritional value, palatability, and rheological properties, or to destroy an antinutritive factor. 
     The transgenic plant can be dicotyledonous (a dicot) or monocotyledonous (a monocot). Examples of monocot plants are grasses, such as meadow grass (blue grass,  Poa ), forage grass such as  Festuca, Lolium , temperate grass, such as  Agrostis , and cereals, e.g., wheat, oats, rye, barley, rice, sorghum, and maize (corn). 
     Examples of dicot plants are tobacco, legumes, such as lupins, potato, sugar beet, pea, bean and soybean, and cruciferous plants (family Brassicaceae), such as cauliflower, rape seed, and the closely related model organism  Arabidopsis thaliana.    
     Examples of plant parts are stem, callus, leaves, root, fruits, seeds, and tubers as well as the individual tissues comprising these parts, e.g., epidermis, mesophyll, parenchyme, vascular tissues, meristems. Specific plant cell compartments, such as chloroplasts, apoplasts, mitochondria, vacuoles, peroxisomes and cytoplasm are also considered to be a plant part. Furthermore, any plant cell, whatever the tissue origin, is considered to be a plant part. Likewise, plant parts such as specific tissues and cells isolated to facilitate the utilisation of the invention are also considered plant parts, e.g., embryos, endosperms, aleurone and seeds coats. 
     Also included within the scope of the present invention are the progeny of such plants, plant parts, and plant cells. 
     The transgenic plant or plant cell expressing a polypeptide of the present invention may be constructed in accordance with methods known in the art. In short, the plant or plant cell is constructed by incorporating one or more expression constructs encoding a polypeptide of the present invention into the plant host genome or chloroplast genome and propagating the resulting modified plant or plant cell into a transgenic plant or plant cell. 
     The expression construct is conveniently a nucleic acid construct which comprises a polynucleotide encoding a polypeptide of the present invention operably linked with appropriate regulatory sequences required for expression of the nucleotide sequence in the plant or plant part of choice. Furthermore, the expression construct may comprise a selectable marker useful for identifying host cells into which the expression construct has been integrated and DNA sequences necessary for introduction of the construct into the plant in question (the latter depends on the DNA introduction method to be used). 
     The choice of regulatory sequences, such as promoter and terminator sequences and optionally signal or transit sequences is determined, for example, on the basis of when, where, and how the polypeptide is desired to be expressed. For instance, the expression of the gene encoding a polypeptide of the present invention may be constitutive or inducible, or may be developmental, stage or tissue specific, and the gene product may be targeted to a specific tissue or plant part such as seeds or leaves. Regulatory sequences are, for example, described by Tague et al., 1988,  Plant Physiology  86: 506. 
     For constitutive expression, the 35S-CaMV, the maize ubiquitin 1, and the rice actin 1 promoter may be used (Franck et al., 1980,  Cell  21: 285–294, Christensen et al., 1992,  Plant Mo. Biol.  18: 675–689; Zhang et al., 1991,  Plant Cell  3: 1155–1165). organ-specific promoters may be, for example, a promoter from storage sink tissues such as seeds, potato tubers, and fruits (Edwards &amp; Coruzzi, 1990,  Ann. Rev. Genet.  24: 275–303), or from metabolic sink tissues such as meristems (Ito et al., 1994,  Plant Mol. Biol.  24: 863–878), a seed specific promoter such as the glutelin, prolamin, globulin, or albumin promoter from rice (Wu et al., 1998,  Plant and Cell Physiology  39: 885–889), a  Vicia faba  promoter from the legumin B4 and the unknown seed protein gene from  Vicia faba  (Conrad et al., 1998,  Journal of Plant Physiology  152: 708–711), a promoter from a seed oil body protein (Chen et al., 1998,  Plant and Cell Physiology  39: 935–941), the storage protein napA promoter from  Brassica napus , or any other seed specific promoter known in the art, e.g., as described in WO 91/14772. Furthermore, the promoter may be a leaf specific promoter such as the rbcs promoter from rice or tomato (Kyozuka et al., 1993,  Plant Physiology  102: 991–1000, the chlorella virus adenine methyltransferase gene promoter (Mitra and Higgins, 1994,  Plant Molecular Biology  26: 85–93), or the aldP gene promoter from rice (Kagaya et al., 1995,  Molecular and General Genetics  248: 668–674), or a wound inducible promoter such as the potato pin2 promoter (Xu et al., 1993,  Plant Molecular Biology  22: 573–588). Likewise, the promoter may inducible by abiotic treatments such as temperature, drought, or alterations in salinity or induced by exogenously applied substances that activate the promoter, e.g., ethanol, oestrogens, plant hormones such as ethylene, abscisic acid, and gibberellic acid, and heavy metals. 
     A promoter enhancer element may also be used to achieve higher expression of a polypeptide of the present invention in the plant. For instance, the promoter enhancer element may be an intron which is placed between the promoter and the nucleotide sequence encoding a polypeptide of the present invention. For instance, Xu et al., 1993, supra, disclose the use of the first intron of the rice actin 1 gene to enhance expression. 
     The selectable marker gene and any other parts of the expression construct may be chosen from those available in the art. 
     The nucleic acid construct is incorporated into the plant genome according to conventional techniques known in the art, including  Agrobacterium -mediated transformation, virus-mediated transformation, microinjection, particle bombardment, biolistic transformation, and electroporation (Gasser et al., 1990,  Science  244: 1293; Potrykus, 1990,  Bio/Technology  8: 535; Shimamoto et al., 1989,  Nature  338: 274). 
     Presently,  Agrobacterium tumefaciens -mediated gene transfer is the method of choice for generating transgenic dicots (for a review, see Hooykas and Schilperoort, 1992,  Plant Molecular Biology  19: 15–38) and can also be used for transforming monocots, although other transformation methods are often used for these plants. Presently, the method of choice for generating transgenic monocots is particle bombardment (microscopic gold or tungsten particles coated with the transforming DNA) of embryonic calli or developing embryos (Christou, 1992,  Plant Journal  2: 275–281; Shimamoto, 1994,  Current Opinion Biotechnology  5: 158–162; Vasil et al., 1992,  Bio/Technology  10: 667–674). An alternative method for transformation of monocots is based on protoplast transformation as described by Omirulleh et al., 1993,  Plant Molecular Biology  21: 415–428. 
     Following transformation, the transformants having incorporated the expression construct are selected and regenerated into whole plants according to methods well-known in the art. Often the transformation procedure is designed for the selective elimination of selection genes either during regeneration or in the following generations by using, for example, co-transformation with two separate T-DNA constructs or site specific excision of the selection gene by a specific recombinase. 
     The present invention also relates to methods for producing a polypeptide of the present invention comprising: (a) cultivating a transgenic plant or a plant cell comprising a polynucleotide encoding a polypeptide having cellobiohydrolase activity of the present invention under conditions conducive for production of the polypeptide; and (b) recovering the polypeptide. 
     Removal or Reduction of Cellobiohydrolase Activity 
     The present invention also relates to methods for producing a mutant of a parent cell, which comprises disrupting or deleting a polynucleotide sequence, or a portion thereof, encoding a polypeptide of the present invention, which results in the mutant cell producing less of the polypeptide than the parent cell when cultivated under the same conditions. 
     The mutant cell may be constructed by reducing or eliminating expression of a nucleotide sequence encoding a polypeptide of the present invention using methods well known in the art, for example, insertions, disruptions, replacements, or deletions. In a preferred aspect, the nucleotide sequence is inactivated. The nucleotide sequence to be modified or inactivated may be, for example, the coding region or a part thereof essential for activity, or a regulatory element required for the expression of the coding region. An example of such a regulatory or control sequence may be a promoter sequence or a functional part thereof, i.e., a part that is sufficient for affecting expression of the nucleotide sequence. Other control sequences for possible modification include, but are not limited to, a leader, polyadenylation sequence, propeptide sequence, signal peptide sequence, transcription terminator, and transcriptional activator. 
     Modification or inactivation of the nucleotide sequence may be performed by subjecting the parent cell to mutagenesis and selecting for mutant cells in which expression of the nucleotide sequence has been reduced or eliminated. The mutagenesis, which may be specific or random, may be performed, for example, by use of a suitable physical or chemical mutagenizing agent, by use of a suitable oligonucleotide, or by subjecting the DNA sequence to PCR generated mutagenesis. Furthermore, the mutagenesis may be performed by use of any combination of these mutagenizing agents. 
     Examples of a physical or chemical mutagenizing agent suitable for the present purpose include ultraviolet (UV) irradiation, hydroxylamine, N-methyl-N′-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG), O-methyl hydroxylamine, nitrous acid, ethyl methane sulphonate (EMS), sodium bisulphite, formic acid, and nucleotide analogues. 
     When such agents are used, the mutagenesis is typically performed by incubating the parent cell to be mutagenized in the presence of the mutagenizing agent of choice under suitable conditions, and screening and/or selecting for mutant cells exhibiting reduced or no expression of the gene. 
     Modification or inactivation of the nucleotide sequence may be accomplished by introduction, substitution, or removal of one or more nucleotides in the gene or a regulatory element required for the transcription or translation thereof. For example, nucleotides may be inserted or removed so as to result in the introduction of a stop codon, the removal of the start codon, or a change in the open reading frame. Such modification or inactivation may be accomplished by site-directed mutagenesis or PCR generated mutagenesis in accordance with methods known in the art. Although, in principle, the modification may be performed in vivo, i.e., directly on the cell expressing the nucleotide sequence to be modified, it is preferred that the modification be performed in vitro as exemplified below. 
     An example of a convenient way to eliminate or reduce expression of a nucleotide sequence by a cell is based on techniques of gene replacement, gene deletion, or gene disruption. For example, in the gene disruption method, a nucleic acid sequence corresponding to the endogenous nucleotide sequence is mutagenized in vitro to produce a defective nucleic acid sequence which is then transformed into the parent cell to produce a defective gene. By homologous recombination, the defective nucleic acid sequence replaces the endogenous nucleotide sequence. It may be desirable that the defective nucleotide sequence also encodes a marker that may be used for selection of transformants in which the nucleotide sequence has been modified or destroyed. In a particularly preferred aspect, the nucleotide sequence is disrupted with a selectable marker such as those described herein. 
     Alternatively, modification or inactivation of the nucleotide sequence may be performed by established anti-sense or RNAi techniques using a sequence complementary to the nucleotide sequence. More specifically, expression of the nucleotide sequence by a cell may be reduced or eliminated by introducing a sequence complementary to the nucleotide sequence of the gene that may be transcribed in the cell and is capable of hybridizing to the mRNA produced in the cell. Under conditions allowing the complementary anti-sense nucleotide sequence to hybridize to the mRNA, the amount of protein translated is thus reduced or eliminated. 
     The present invention further relates to a mutant cell of a parent cell which comprises a disruption or deletion of a nucleotide sequence encoding the polypeptide or a control sequence thereof, which results in the mutant cell producing less of the polypeptide or no polypeptide compared to the parent cell. 
     The polypeptide-deficient mutant cells so created are particularly useful as host cells for the expression of homologous and/or heterologous polypeptides. Therefore, the present invention further relates to methods for producing a homologous or heterologous polypeptide comprising: (a) cultivating the mutant cell under conditions conducive for production of the polypeptide; and (b) recovering the polypeptide. The term “heterologous polypeptides” is defined herein as polypeptides which are not native to the host cell, a native protein in which modifications have been made to alter the native sequence, or a native protein whose expression is quantitatively altered as a result of a manipulation of the host cell by recombinant DNA techniques. 
     In a further aspect, the present invention relates to a method for producing a protein product essentially free of cellobiohydrolase activity by fermentation of a cell which produces both a polypeptide of the present invention as well as the protein product of interest by adding an effective amount of an agent capable of inhibiting cellobiohydrolase activity to the fermentation broth before, during, or after the fermentation has been completed, recovering the product of interest from the fermentation broth, and optionally subjecting the recovered product to further purification. 
     In a further aspect, the present invention relates to a method for producing a protein product essentially free of cellobiohydrolase activity by cultivating the cell under conditions permitting the expression of the product, subjecting the resultant culture broth to a combined pH and temperature treatment so as to reduce the cellobiohydrolase activity substantially, and recovering the product from the culture broth. Alternatively, the combined pH and temperature treatment may be performed on an enzyme preparation recovered from the culture broth. The combined pH and temperature treatment may optionally be used in combination with a treatment with an cellobiohydrolase inhibitor. 
     In accordance with this aspect of the invention, it is possible to remove at least 60%, preferably at least 75%, more preferably at least 85%, still more preferably at least 95%, and most preferably at least 99% of the cellobiohydrolase activity. Complete removal of cellobiohydrolase activity may be obtained by use of this method. 
     The combined pH and temperature treatment is preferably carried out at a pH in the range of 2–4 or 9–11 and a temperature in the range of at least 70–80° C. for a sufficient period of time to attain the desired effect, where typically, 30 to 60 minutes is sufficient. 
     The methods used for cultivation and purification of the product of interest may be performed by methods known in the art. 
     The methods of the present invention for producing an essentially cellobiohydrolase-free product is of particular interest in the production of eukaryotic polypeptides, in particular fungal proteins such as enzymes. The enzyme may be selected from, e.g., an amylolytic enzyme, lipolytic enzyme, proteolytic enzyme, cellulytic enzyme, oxidoreductase, or plant cell-wall degrading enzyme. Examples of such enzymes include an aminopeptidase, amylase, amyloglucosidase, carbohydrase, carboxypeptidase, catalase, cellulase, chitinase, cutinase, cyclodextrin glycosyltransferase, deoxyribonuclease, esterase, galactosidase, beta-galactosidase, glucoamylase, glucose oxidase, glucosidase, haloperoxidase, hemicellulase, invertase, isomerase, laccase, ligase, lipase, lyase, mannosidase, oxidase, pectinolytic enzyme, peroxidase, phytase, phenoloxidase, polyphenoloxidase, proteolytic enzyme, ribonuclease, transferase, transglutaminase, or xylanase. The cellobiohydrolase-deficient cells may also be used to express heterologous proteins of pharmaceutical interest such as hormones, growth factors, receptors, and the like. 
     It will be understood that the term “eukaryotic polypeptides” includes not only native polypeptides, but also those polypeptides, e.g., enzymes, which have been modified by amino acid substitutions, deletions or additions, or other such modifications to enhance activity, thermostability, pH tolerance and the like. 
     In a further aspect, the present invention relates to a protein product essentially free from cellobiohydrolase activity which is produced by a method of the present invention. 
     Compositions 
     The present invention also relates to compositions comprising a polypeptide of the present invention. Preferably, the compositions are enriched in such a polypeptide. The term “enriched” indicates that the cellobiohydrolase activity of the composition has been increased, e.g., with an enrichment factor of at least 1.1. 
     The composition may comprise a polypeptide of the present invention as the major enzymatic component, e.g., a mono-component composition. Alternatively, the composition may comprise multiple enzymatic activities, such as an aminopeptidase, amylase, carbohydrase, carboxypeptidase, catalase, cellulase, chitinase, cutinase, cyclodextrin glycosyltransferase, deoxyribonuclease, esterase, alpha-galactosidase, beta-galactosidase, glucoamylase, alpha-glucosidase, beta-glucosidase, haloperoxidase, invertase, laccase, lipase, mannosidase, oxidase, pectinolytic enzyme, peptidoglutaminase, peroxidase, phytase, polyphenoloxidase, proteolytic enzyme, ribonuclease, transglutaminase, or xylanase. The additional enzyme(s) may be produced, for example, by a microorganism belonging to the genus  Aspergillus , preferably  Aspergillus aculeatus, Aspergillus awamori, Aspergillus fumigatus, Aspergillus foetidus, Aspergillus japonicus, Aspergillus nidulans, Aspergillus niger,  or  Aspergillus oryzae, Fusarium , preferably  Fusarium bactridioides, Fusarium cerealis, Fusarium crookwellense, Fusarium culmorum, Fusarium graminearum, Fusarium graminum, Fusarium heterosporum, Fusarium negundi, Fusarium oxysporum, Fusarium reticulatum, Fusarium roseum, Fusarium sambucinum, Fusarium sarcochroum, Fusarium sulphureum, Fusarium toruloseum, Fusarium trichothecioides , or  Fusarium venenatum; Humicola , preferably  Humicola insolens  or  Humicola lanuginosa ; or  Trichoderma , preferably  Trichoderma harzianum, Trichoderma koningii, Trichoderma longibrachiatum, Trichoderma reesei , or  Trichoderma viride.    
     The polypeptide compositions may be prepared in accordance with methods known in the art and may be in the form of a liquid or a dry composition. For instance, the polypeptide composition may be in the form of a granulate or a microgranulate. The polypeptide to be included in the composition may be stabilized in accordance with methods known in the art. 
     Examples are given below of preferred uses of the polypeptide compositions of the invention. The dosage of the polypeptide composition of the invention and other conditions under which the composition is used may be determined on the basis of methods known in the art. 
     Uses 
     The present invention is also directed to the following methods for using the polypeptides having cellobiohydrolase activity, or compositions thereof. 
     Degradation of Biomass to Monosaccharides, Disaccharides, and Polysaccharides 
     The polypeptides having cellobiohydrolase activity and host cells of the present invention may be used in the production of monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides as chemical or fermentation feedstocks from biomass for the production of ethanol, plastics, or other products or intermediates. The polypeptides having cellobiohydrolase activity may be in the form of a crude fermentation broth with or without the cells removed or in the form of a semi-purified or purified enzyme preparation. Alternatively, a host cell of the present invention may be used as a source of the polypeptide in a fermentation process with the biomass. 
     Biomass can include, but is not limited to, wood resources, municipal solid waste, wastepaper, and crop residues (see, for example, Wiselogel et al., 1995, in  Handbook on Bioethanol  (Charles E. Wyman, editor), pp. 105–118, Taylor &amp; Francis, Washington D.C.; Wyman, 1994,  Bioresource Technology  50: 3–16; Lynd, 1990,  Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology  24/25: 695–719; Mosier et al., 1999,  Recent Progress in Bioconversion of Lignocellulosics,  in  Advances in Biochemical Engineering/Biotechnology , T. Scheper, managing editor, Volume 65, pp. 23–40, Springer-Verlag, New York). 
     The predominant polysaccharide in the primary cell wall of biomass is cellulose, the second most abundant is hemi-cellulose, and the third is pectin. The secondary cell wall, produced after the cell has stopped growing, also contains polysaccharides and is strengthened through polymeric lignin covalently cross-linked to hemicellulose. Cellulose is a homopolymer of anhydrocellobiose and thus a linear beta-(1–4)-D-glucan, while hemicelluloses include a variety of compounds, such as xylans, xyloglucans, arabinoxylans, and mannans in complex branched structures with a spectrum of substituents. Although generally polymorphous, cellulose is found in plant tissue primarily as an insoluble crystalline matrix of parallel glucan chains. Hemicelluloses usually hydrogen bond to cellulose, as well as to other hemicelluloses, which helps stabilize the cell wall matrix. 
     Three major classes of glycohydrolases are used to breakdown cellulosic biomass: 
     (1) The “endo-1,4-beta-glucanases” or 1,4-beta-D-glucan-4-glucanohydrolases (EC 3.2.1.4), which act randomly on soluble and insoluble 1,4-beta-glucan substrates. 
     (2) The “exo-1,4-beta-D-glucanases” including both the 1,4-beta-D-glucan glucohydrolases (EC 3.2.1.74), which liberate D-glucose from 1,4-beta-D-glucans and hydrolyze D-cellobiose slowly, and cellobiohydrolases (1,4-beta-D-glucan cellobiohydrolases, EC 3.2.1.91), which liberate D-cellobiose from 1,4-beta-glucans. 
     (3) The “beta-D-glucosidases” or beta-D-glucoside glucohydrolases (EC 3.2.1.21), which act to release D-glucose units from cellobiose and soluble cellodextrins, as well as an array of glycosides. 
     These three classes of enzymes work together synergistically resulting in efficient decrystallization and hydrolysis of native cellulose from biomass to yield reducing sugars. 
     The polypeptides having cellobiohydrolase activity of the present invention may be used in conjunction with the above-noted enzymes to further degrade the cellulose component of the biomass substrate, (see, for example, Brigham et al., 1995, in  Handbook on Bioethanol  (Charles E. Wyman, editor), pp. 119–141, Taylor &amp; Francis, Washington D.C.; Lee, 1997,  Journal of Biotechnology  56: 1–24). 
     Ethanol can be produced by enzymatic degradation of biomass and conversion of the released saccharides to ethanol. This kind of ethanol is often referred to as bioethanol or biofuel. It can be used as a fuel additive or extender in blends of from less than 1% and up to 100% (a fuel substitute). 
     Detergent Compositions 
     The polypeptides having cellobiohydrolase activity of the present invention may be added to and thus become a component of a detergent composition. 
     The detergent composition of the present invention may for example be formulated as a hand or machine laundry detergent composition including a laundry additive composition suitable for pre-treatment of stained fabrics and a rinse added fabric softener composition, or be formulated as a detergent composition for use in general household hard surface cleaning operations, or be formulated for hand or machine dishwashing operations. 
     In a specific aspect, the present invention provides a detergent additive comprising the enzyme of the invention. The detergent additive as well as the detergent composition may comprise one or more other enzymes such as a protease, lipase, cutinase, an amylase, carbohydrase, cellulase, pectinase, mannanase, arabinase, galactanase, xylanase, oxidase, e.g., a laccase, and/or peroxidase. 
     In general the properties of the chosen enzyme(s) should be compatible with the selected detergent, (i.e., pH-optimum, compatibility with other enzymatic and non-enzymatic ingredients, etc.), and the enzyme(s) should be present in effective amounts. 
     Proteases: Suitable proteases include those of animal, vegetable or microbial origin. Microbial origin is preferred. Chemically modified or protein engineered mutants are included. The protease may be a serine protease or a metalloprotease, preferably an alkaline microbial protease or a trypsin-like protease. Examples of alkaline proteases are subtilisins, especially those derived from  Bacillus , e.g., subtilisin Novo, subtilisin Carlsberg, subtilisin 309, subtilisin 147 and subtilisin 168 (described in WO 89/06279). Examples of trypsin-like proteases are trypsin (e.g., of porcine or bovine origin) and the  Fusarium  protease described in WO 89/06270 and WO 94/25583. 
     Examples of useful proteases are the variants described in WO 92/19729, WO 98/20115, WO 98/20116, and WO 98/34946, especially the variants with substitutions in one or more of the following positions: 27, 36, 57, 76, 87, 97, 101, 104, 120, 123, 167, 170, 194, 206, 218, 222, 224, 235 and 274. 
     Preferred commercially available protease enzymes include Alcalase™, Savinase™, Primase™, Duralase™, Esperase™, and Kannase™ (Novozymes A/S), Maxatase™, Maxacal™, Maxapem™, Properase™, Purafect™, Purafect OxP™, FN2™, and FN3™ (Genencor International Inc.). 
     Lipases: Suitable lipases include those of bacterial or fungal origin. Chemically modified or protein engineered mutants are included. Examples of useful lipases include lipases from  Humicola  (synonym  Thermomyces ), e.g., from  H. lanuginosa  ( T. lanuginosus ) as described in EP 258 068 and EP 305 216 or from  H. insolens  as described in WO 96/13580, a  Pseudomonas lipase , e.g., from  P. alcaligenes  or  P. pseudoalcaligenes  (EP 218 272),  P. cepacia  (EP 331 376),  P. stutzeri  (GB 1,372,034),  P. fluorescens, Pseudomonas  sp. strain SD 705 (WO 95/06720 and WO 96/27002),  P. wisconsinensis  (WO 96/12012), a  Bacillus  lipase, e.g., from  B. subtilis  (Dartois et al., 1993 , Biochemica et Biophysica Acta,  1131: 253–360),  B. stearothermophilus  (JP 64/744992) or  B. pumilus  (WO 91/16422). 
     Other examples are lipase variants such as those described in WO 92/05249, WO 94/01541, EP 407 225, EP 260 105, WO 95/35381, WO 96/00292, WO 95/30744, WO 94/25578, WO 95/14783, WO 95/22615, WO 97/04079 and WO 97/07202. 
     Preferred commercially available lipase enzymes include Lipolase™ and Lipolase Ultra™ (Novozymes A/S). 
     Amylases: Suitable amylases (alpha and/or beta) include those of bacterial or fungal origin. Chemically modified or protein engineered mutants are included. Amylases include, for example, alpha-amylases obtained from  Bacillus , e.g., a special strain of  Bacillus licheniformis , described in more detail in GB 1,296,839. 
     Examples of useful amylases are the variants described in WO 94/02597, WO 94/18314, WO 96/23873, and WO 97/43424, especially the variants with substitutions in one or more of the following positions: 15, 23, 105, 106, 124, 128, 133, 154, 156, 181, 188, 190, 197, 202, 208, 209, 243, 264, 304, 305, 391, 408, and 444. 
     Commercially available amylases are Duramyl™, Termamyl™, Fungamyl™ and BAN™ (Novozymes A/S), Rapidase™ and Purastar™ (Genencor International Inc.). 
     Cellulases: Suitable cellulases include those of bacterial or fungal origin. Chemically modified or protein engineered mutants are included. Suitable cellulases include cellulases from the genera  Bacillus, Pseudomonas, Humicola, Fusarium, Thielavia, Acremonium , e.g., the fungal cellulases produced from  Humicola insolens, Myceliophthora thermophila  and  Fusarium oxysporum  disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,435,307, 5,648,263, 5,691,178, and 5,776,757 and WO 89/09259. 
     Especially suitable cellulases are the alkaline or neutral cellulases having colour care benefits. Examples of such cellulases are cellulases described in EP 0 495 257, EP 0 531 372, WO 96/11262, WO 96/29397, WO 98/08940. Other examples are cellulase variants such as those described in WO 94/07998, EP 0 531 315, U.S. Pat. No. 5,457,046, U.S. Pat. No. 5,686,593, U.S. Pat. No. 5,763,254, WO 95/24471, WO 98/12307 and PCT/DK98/00299. 
     Commercially available cellulases include Celluzyme™, and Carezyme™ (Novozymes A/S), Clazinase™, and Puradax HA™ (Genencor International Inc.), and KAC-500(B)™ (Kao Corporation). 
     Peroxidases/Oxidases: Suitable peroxidases/oxidases include those of plant, bacterial or fungal origin. Chemically modified or protein engineered mutants are included. Examples of useful peroxidases include peroxidases from  Coprinus , e.g., from  C. cinereus , and variants thereof as those described in WO 93/24618, WO 95/10602, and WO 98/15257. 
     A commercially available peroxidase includes Guardzyme™ (Novozymes A/S). 
     The detergent enzyme(s) may be included in a detergent composition by adding separate additives containing one or more enzymes, or by adding a combined additive comprising all of these enzymes. A detergent additive of the invention, i.e., a separate additive or a combined additive, can be formulated, for example, as a granulate, liquid, slurry, etc. Preferred detergent additive formulations are granulates, in particular non-dusting granulates, liquids, in particular stabilized liquids, or slurries. 
     Non-dusting granulates may be produced, e.g., as disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,106,991 and 4,661,452 and may optionally be coated by methods known in the art. Examples of waxy coating materials are poly(ethylene oxide) products (polyethyleneglycol, PEG) with mean molar weights of 1000 to 20000; ethoxylated nonylphenols having from 16 to 50 ethylene oxide units; ethoxylated fatty alcohols in which the alcohol contains from 12 to 20 carbon atoms and in which there are 15 to 80 ethylene oxide units; fatty alcohols; fatty acids; and mono- and di- and triglycerides of fatty acids. Examples of film-forming coating materials suitable for application by fluid bed techniques are given in GB 1483591. Liquid enzyme preparations may, for instance, be stabilized by adding a polyol such as propylene glycol, a sugar or sugar alcohol, lactic acid or boric acid according to established methods. Protected enzymes may be prepared according to the method disclosed in EP 238,216. 
     The detergent composition of the invention may be in any convenient form, e.g., a bar, a tablet, a powder, a granule, a paste or a liquid. A liquid detergent may be aqueous, typically containing up to 70% water and 0–30% organic solvent, or non-aqueous. 
     The detergent composition comprises one or more surfactants, which may be non-ionic including semi-polar and/or anionic and/or cationic and/or zwitterionic. The surfactants are typically present at a level of from 0.1% to 60% by weight. 
     When included therein the detergent will usually contain from about 1% to about 40% of an anionic surfactant such as linear alkylbenzenesulfonate, alpha-olefinsulfonate, alkyl sulfate (fatty alcohol sulfate), alcohol ethoxysulfate, secondary alkanesulfonate, alpha-sulfo fatty acid methyl ester, alkyl- or alkenylsuccinic acid, or soap. 
     When included therein the detergent will usually contain from about 0.2% to about 40% of a non-ionic surfactant such as alcohol ethoxylate, nonylphenol ethoxylate, alkylpolyglycoside, alkyldimethylamineoxide, ethoxylated fatty acid monoethanolamide, fatty acid monoethanolamide, polyhydroxy alkyl fatty acid amide, or N-acyl N-alkyl derivatives of glucosamine (“glucamides”). 
     The detergent may contain 0–65% of a detergent builder or complexing agent such as zeolite, diphosphate, triphosphate, phosphonate, carbonate, citrate, nitrilotriacetic acid, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid, alkyl- or alkenylsuccinic acid, soluble silicates, or layered silicates (e.g., SKS-6 from Hoechst). 
     The detergent may comprise one or more polymers. Examples are carboxymethylcellulose, poly(vinylpyrrolidone), poly(ethylene glycol), poly(vinyl alcohol), poly(vinylpyridine-N-oxide), poly(vinylimidazole), polycarboxylates such as polyacrylates, maleic/acrylic acid copolymers, and lauryl methacrylate/acrylic acid copolymers. 
     The detergent may contain a bleaching system which may comprise a H 2 O 2  source such as perborate or percarbonate which may be combined with a peracid-forming bleach activator such as tetraacetylethylenediamine or nonanoyloxybenzenesulfonate. Alternatively, the bleaching system may comprise peroxyacids of, for example, the amide, imide, or sulfone type. 
     The enzyme(s) of the detergent composition of the invention may be stabilized using conventional stabilizing agents, e.g., a polyol such as propylene glycol or glycerol, a sugar or sugar alcohol, lactic acid, boric acid, or a boric acid derivative, e.g., an aromatic borate ester, or a phenyl boronic acid derivative such as 4-formylphenyl boronic acid, and the composition may be formulated as described in, for example, WO 92/19709 and WO 92/19708. 
     The detergent may also contain other conventional detergent ingredients such as, e.g., fabric conditioners including clays, foam boosters, suds suppressors, anti-corrosion agents, soil-suspending agents, anti-soil redeposition agents, dyes, bactericides, optical brighteners, hydrotropes, tarnish inhibitors, or perfumes. 
     In the detergent compositions any enzyme, in particular the enzyme of the invention, may be added in an amount corresponding to 0.01–100 mg of enzyme protein per liter of wash liquor, preferably 0.05–5 mg of enzyme protein per liter of wash liquor, in particular 0.1–1 mg of enzyme protein per liter of wash liquor. 
     The enzyme of the invention may additionally be incorporated in the detergent formulations disclosed in WO 97/07202, which is hereby incorporated as reference. 
     Other Uses 
     The polypeptides having cellobiohydrolase activity of the present invention may also be used in combination with other glycohydrolases and related enzymes, as described herein, in the treatment of textiles as biopolishing agents and for reducing of fuzz, pilling, texture modification, and stonewashing (N. K. Lange, in P. Suominen, T. Reinikainen (Eds.),  Trichoderma reesei Cellulases and Other Hydrolases , Foundation for Biotechnical and Industrial Fermentation Research, Helsinki, 1993, pp. 263–272). In addition, the described polypeptides may also be used in combination with other glycohydrolases and related enzymes, as described herein, in wood processing for biopulping or debarking, paper manufacturing for fiber modification, bleaching, and reduction of refining energy costs, whitewater treatment, important to wastewater recycling, lignocellulosic fiber recycling such as deinking and secondary fiber processing, and wood residue utilization (S. D, Mansfield and A. R. Esteghlalian in S. D, Mansfield and J. N. Saddler (Eds.),  Applications of Enzymes to Lignocellulosics , ACS Symposium Series 855, Washington, D.C., 2003, pp. 2–29). 
     Signal Peptide 
     The present invention also relates to nucleic acid constructs comprising a gene encoding a protein operably linked to a nucleotide sequence encoding a signal peptide comprising or consisting of amino acids 1 to 17 of SEQ ID NO: 2, wherein the gene is foreign to the nucleotide sequence. In a preferred aspect, the nucleotide sequence comprises nucleotides 1 to 51 of SEQ ID NO: 1. In another preferred aspect, the nucleotide sequence consists of nucleotides 1 to 51 of SEQ ID NO: 1. 
     The present invention also relates to recombinant expression vectors and recombinant host cells comprising such nucleic acid constructs. 
     The present invention also relates to methods for producing a protein comprising (a) cultivating such a recombinant host cell under conditions suitable for production of the protein; and (b) recovering the protein. 
     The protein may be native or heterologous to a host cell. The term “protein” is not meant herein to refer to a specific length of the encoded product and, therefore, encompasses peptides, oligopeptides, and proteins. The term “protein” also encompasses two or more polypeptides combined to form the encoded product. The proteins also include hybrid polypeptides which comprise a combination of partial or complete polypeptide sequences obtained from at least two different proteins wherein one or more may be heterologous or native to the host cell. Proteins further include naturally occurring allelic and engineered variations of the above mentioned proteins and hybrid proteins. 
     Preferably, the protein is a hormone or variant thereof, enzyme, receptor or portion thereof, antibody or portion thereof, or reporter. In a more preferred aspect, the protein is an oxidoreductase, transferase, hydrolase, lyase, isomerase, or ligase. In an even more preferred aspect, the protein is an aminopeptidase, amylase, carbohydrase, carboxypeptidase, catalase, cellulase, chitinase, cutinase, cyclodextrin glycosyltransferase, deoxyribonuclease, esterase, alpha-galactosidase, beta-galactosidase, glucoamylase, alpha-glucosidase, beta-glucosidase, invertase, laccase, another lipase, mannosidase, mutanase, oxidase, pectinolytic enzyme, peroxidase, phytase, polyphenoloxidase, proteolytic enzyme, ribonuclease, transglutaminase or xylanase. 
     The gene may be obtained from any prokaryotic, eukaryotic, or other source. 
     The present invention is further described by the following examples which should not be construed as limiting the scope of the invention. 
     EXAMPLES 
     Materials 
     Chemicals used as buffers and substrates were commercial products of at least reagent grade. 
     SDS-PAGE gels, loading buffer, and running buffer was from Invitrogen/Novex (Carlsbad, Calif.). Sequencing grade modified trypsin was from Princeton Separations (Aldelphia, N.J.). BioSafe Commassie Blue G250 protein stains were from BioRad Laboratories (Hercules, Calif.). 
     Strains 
       Aspergillus oryzae  Jal250 strain (WO 99/61651) was used for expression of the  Thielavia terrestris  polypeptide having cellobiohydrolase activity.  Thielavia terrestris  NRRL strain 8126 was used as the source of the gene for the Family 6A protein. 
     Media 
     PDA plates were composed per liter of 39 grams of potato dextrose agar. 
     NNCYP medium was composed per liter of 5.0 g of NH 4 NO 3 , 0.5 g of MgSO 4 .7H 2 O, 0.3 g of CaCl 2 , 2.5 g of citric acid, 1.0 g of Bacto Peptone, 5.0 g of yeast extract, 1 ml of COVE trace metals solution, and sufficient K 2 HPO 4  to achieve a final pH of approximately 5.4. 
     NNCYPmod medium was composed per liter of 1.0 g of NaCl, 5.0 g of NH 4 NO 3 , 0.2 g of MgSO 4 .7H 2 O, 0.2 g of CaCl 2 , 2.0 g of citric acid, 1.0 g of Bacto Peptone, 5.0 g of yeast extract, 1 ml of COVE trace metals solution, and sufficient K 2 HPO 4  to achieve the final pH of approximately 5.4. 
     COVE trace metals solution was composed per liter of 0.04 g of Na 2 B 4 O 7 .10H 2 O, 0.4 g of CuSO 4 .5H 2 O, 1.2 g of FeSO 4 .7H 2 O, 0.7 g of MnSO 4 .H 2 O, 0.8 g of Na 2 MoO 2 .2H 2 O, and 10 g of ZnSO 4 .7H 2 O. 
     LB plates were composed per liter of 10 g of tryptone, 5 g of yeast extract, 5 g of sodium chloride, and 15 g of Bacto Agar. 
     MDU2BP medium was composed per liter of 45 g of maltose, 1 g of MgSO 4 .7H 2 O, 1 g of NaCl, 2 g of K 2 HSO 4 , 12 g of KH 2 PO 4 , 2 g of urea, and 500 μl of AMG trace metals; the pH was adjusted to 5.0 and then filter sterilized with a 0.22 μm filtering unit. 
     AMG trace metals was composed per liter of 14.3 g of ZnSO 4 .7H 2 O, 2.5 g of CuSO 4 .5H 2 O, 0.5 g of NiCl 2 .6H 2 O, 13.8 g of FeSO 4 .7H 2 O, 8.5 g of MnSO 4 .7H 2 O, and 3 g of citric acid. 
     SOC medium was composed of 2% tryptone, 0.5% yeast extract, 10 mM NaCl, 2.5 mM KCl, 10 mM MgCl 2 , and 10 mM MgSO 4 ; sterilized by autoclaving and then filter-sterilized glucose was added to 20 mM. 
     Freezing medium was composed of 60% SOC and 40% glycerol. 
     2×YT medium plates were composed per liter of 16 g of tryptone, 10 g of yeast extract, 5 g of NaCl, and 15 g of Bacto agar, sterilized by autoclaving. 
     YP medium was composed per liter of 10 g of yeast extract and 20 g of Bactopeptone (Difco). 
     Cellulase Inducing Medium (CIM) was composed per liter of 20 g of cellulose, 10 g of Corn Steep Solids, 1.45 g of (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 , 2.08 g of KH 2 PO 4 , 0.28 g of CaCl 2 , 0.42 g of MgSO 4 .7H 2 O, and 0.42 ml of trace metals solution. 
     Trace metals solution was composed per liter of 216 g of FeCl 3 .6H 2 O, 58 g of ZnSO 4 .7H 2 O, 27 g of MnSO 4 .H 2 O, 10 g of CuSO 4 .5H 2 O, 2.4 g of H 3 BO 3 , and 336 g of citric acid. 
     Example 1 
     Peptide Sequencing by Tandem Mass Spectrometry of a Polypeptide Encoding a Family 6 Cellobiohydrolase from  Thielavia terrestris  NRRL 8126 
     Three agarose plugs from a fresh plate of  Thielavia terrestris  NRRL 8126 grown on PDA were inoculated into 100 ml of NNCYP medium supplemented with 1.5% glucose and incubated for 25 hours at 42° C. and 200 rpm on an orbital shaker. Fifty ml of this culture was used to inoculate 1.8 liter of NNCYP medium supplemented with 0.4% glucose and 52 g of powdered cellulose per liter and was incubated at 42° C. The pH was controlled at 5.0 by the addition of 15% ammonium hydroxide or 5 N phosphoric acid, as needed. 
     The fermentations were run at 42° C. with minimum dissolved oxygen at 25% at a 1.0 VVM air flow and an agitation of 1100 rpm. Feed medium was delivered into a 2 liter fermentation vessel at 0 hours with a feed rate of 6.0–8.0 g/hour for 120 hours. Pooled cultures were centrifuged at 3000×g for 10 minutes and the supernatant was filtered through a disposable filtering unit with a glass fiber prefilter (Nalgene, Rochester N.Y.). The filtrate was cooled to 4° C. for storage. 
     A 0.3 ml aliquot of the filtrate was precipitated with 10% trichloroacetic acid (TCA)-80% acetone for 20 minutes on ice. The suspension was centrifuged for 10 minutes at 13,000×g. The supernatant was removed and the protein pellet remaining was rinsed with cold acetone. The protein pellet was dissolved in 30 μl of 1× lithium dodecyl sulfate (LDS) SDS-PAGE loading buffer with 50 mM dithiothreitol (DTT) and heated at 80° C. for 10 minutes. A 15 μl sample was separated by SDS-PAGE using a 7 cm 4–12% NuPAGE Bis-Tris SDS-PAGE gradient gel and 2-(N-morpholino)ethanesulfonic acid (MES) running buffer. The SDS-PAGE was run under reducing conditions according to the manufacturer&#39;s recommended protocol (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, Calif.). The gel was removed from the cassette and rinsed 3 times with deionized water for at least 5 minutes each and stained with Bio-Safe Coomassie Stain (BioRad Laboratories, Hercules, Calif.) for 1 hour followed by destaining with doubly-distilled water for more than 30 minutes. Protein bands observed at approximately 66 kDa and 73 kDa were excised and reduced with 50 μl of 10 mM DTT in 100 mM ammonium bicarbonate for 30 minutes. Following reduction, the gel pieces were alkylated with 50 μl of 55 mM iodoacetamide in 100 mM ammonium bicarbonate for 20 minutes. The dried gel pieces were allowed to re-hydrate in a trypsin digestion solution (6 ng/μl sequencing grade trypsin in 50 mM ammonium bicarbonate) for 30 minutes at room temperature, followed by an 8 hour digestion at 40° C. Each of the reaction steps described was followed by numerous washes and pre-washes with the desired solutions. Fifty μl of acetonitrile was used to de-hydrate the gel pieces between reactions and they were air-dried between steps. Peptides were extracted twice with 1% formic acid/2% acetonitrile in HPLC grade water for 30 minutes. Peptide extraction solutions were transferred to a 96 well PCR type Microtiter plate that had been cooled to 10–15° C. Microtiter plates containing the recovered peptide solutions were sealed to prevent evaporation and stored at 4° C. until mass spectrometry analysis could be performed. 
     For de-novo peptide sequencing by tandem mass spectrometry, a Q-Tof micro™, a hybrid orthogonal quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometer (Waters Micromass® MS Technologies, Milford, Mass.) was used for LC/MS/MS analysis. The Q-Tof micro™ was fitted with an Ultimate™ capillary and nano-flow HPLC system which had been coupled with a FAMOS micro autosampler and a Switchos II column switching device (LCPackings, San Francisco) for concentrating and desalting samples. Samples were loaded onto a guard column (300 μm ID×5 cm, C18 pepmap) fitted in the injection loop and washed with 0.1% formic acid in water at 40 μl/minute for 2 minutes using the Switchos II pump. Peptides were separated on a 75 μm ID×15 cm, C18, 3 μm, 100 Å PepMap™ (LC Packings, San Francisco) nanoflow fused capillary column at a flow rate of 175 nl/minute from a split flow of 175 μl/minute using a NAN-75 calibrator (Dionex, Sunnyvale, Calif.). A step elution gradient of 5% to 80% acetonitrile in 0.1% formic acid was applied over a 45 minute interval. The column eluent was monitored at 215 nm and introduced into the Q-Tof micro™ through an electrospray ion source fitted with the nanospray interface. The Q-Tof micro™ is fully microprocessor controlled using Masslynx™ software version 3.5 (Waters Micromass® MS Technologies, Milford, Mass.). Data was acquired in survey scan mode and from a mass range of m/z 400 to 1990 with the switching criteria for MS to MS/MS to include an ion intensity of greater than 10.0 counts per second and charge states of +2, +3, and +4. Analysis spectra of up to 4 co-eluting species with a scan time of 1.9 seconds and inter-scan time of 0.1 seconds could be obtained. A cone voltage of 65 volts was typically used and the collision energy was programmed to be varied according to the mass and charge state of the eluting peptide and in the range of 10–60 volts. The acquired spectra were combined, smoothed and centered in an automated fashion and a peak list generated. This peak list Was searched against selected public and private databases using ProteinLynx™ Global Server 1.1 software (Waters Micromass® MS Technologies, Milford, Mass.). Results from the ProteinLynx™ searches were evaluated and un-identified proteins Were analyzed further by evaluating the MS/MS spectrums of each ion of interest and de-novo sequence was determined by identifying the y and b ion series and matching mass differences to the appropriate amino acid. 
     Peptide sequences obtained from de novo sequencing by mass spectrometry were obtained from several multiply charged ions for the approximately 73 kDa polypeptide gel band. A doubly charged tryptic peptide ion of 574.25 m/z sequence was determined to be Val-Pro-Ser-[Phe or oxidized Met]-Gln-Trp-[Ile or Leu]-Asp-Arg (amino acids 163 to 171 of SEQ ID NO: 2). A second doubly charged tryptic peptide ion of 982.42 was determined to be Gly-Ala-Asn-Pro-Pro-Tyr-Ala-Gly-[Ile or Leu]-[Phe or oxidized Met]-Val-Val-Tyr-Asp-[Leu or Ile]-Pro-Asp-Arg (amino acids 193 to 210 of SEQ ID NO: 2). A 60 kDa protein band was also in-gel digested with trypsin and resulting peptides were recovered. A doubly charged peptide ion of 1159.02 was de-novo sequenced determined to be [Ile or Leu]-[Ile or Leu]-[Phe or oxidized Met]-Val-[Ile or Leu]-Glu-Pro-Asp-Ser-[Leu or Ile]-Ala-Asn-Met-Val-Thr-Asn-[Leu or Ile]-Asn-Val-Ala-Lys (amino acids 250 to 270 of SEQ ID NO: 2). 
     Example 2 
     Expressed Sequence Tags (EST) cDNA Library Construction 
     A two ml aliquot from a 24-hour liquid culture (50 ml of NNCYPmod plus 1% glucose in a 250 ml flask, 45° C., 200 rpm) of  Thielavia terrestris  NRRL 8126 was used to seed a 500 ml flask containing 100 ml of NNCYPmod medium supplemented with 2% Sigmacell-20. The culture was incubated at 45° C., 200 rpm for 3 days. The mycelia were harvested by filtration through a Buchner funnel with a glass fiber prefilter (Nalgene, Rochester N.Y.), washed twice with 10 mM Tris-HCl-1 mM EDTA pH 8 (TE), and quick frozen in liquid nitrogen. 
     Total RNA was isolated using the following method. Frozen mycelia of  Thielavia terrestris  NRRL 8126 were ground in an electric coffee grinder. The ground material was mixed 1:1 v/v with 20 ml of Fenazol (Ambion, Inc., Austin, Tex.) in a 50 ml Falcon tube. Once the mycelia were suspended, they were extracted with chloroform and three times with a mixture of phenol-chloroform-isoamyl alcohol 25:24:1 v/v/v. From the resulting aqueous phase, the RNA was precipitated by adding 1/10 volume of 3 M sodium acetate pH 5.2 and 1.25 volumes of isopropanol. The precipitated RNA was recovered by centrifugation at 12,000×g for 30 minutes at 4° C. The final pellet was washed with cold 70% ethanol, air dried, and resuspended in 500 ml of diethylpyrocarbonate treated water (DEPC-water). 
     The quality and quantity of the purified RNA was assessed with an Agilent Bioanalyzer 2100 (Agilent Technologies, Inc., Palo Alto, Calif.). Polyadenylated mRNA was isolated from 360 μg of total RNA with the aid of a Poly(A) Purist Magnetic Kit (Ambion, Inc., Austin, Tex.) according to the manufacturer&#39;s instructions. 
     To create the cDNA library, a CloneMiner™ T Kit (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, Calif.) was employed to construct a directional library that does not require the use of restriction enzyme cloning, thereby reducing the number of chimeric clones and size bias. 
     To insure the successful synthesis of the cDNA, two reactions were performed in parallel with two different concentrations of mRNA (2.2 and 4.4 μg of poly(A) +  mRNA). The mRNA samples were mixed with a Biotin-attB2-Oligo(dt) primer (CloneMiner™ Kit, Invitrogen, Carlsbad, Calif.), 1× first strand buffer (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, Calif.), 2 μl of 0.1 M dithiothreitol (DTT), 10 mM blend of dATP, dTTP, dGTP, and dCTP, and water to a final volume of 18 and 16 μl, respectively. 
     The reaction mixtures were mixed carefully and then 2 and 4 μl of SuperScript™ reverse transcriptase were added and incubated at 45° C. for 60 minutes to synthesize the first complementary strand. For second strand synthesis, to each first strand reaction was added 30 μl of 5× second strand buffer (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, Calif.), 3 μl of a 10 mM blend of dATP, dTTP, dGTP, and dCTP, 10 units of  E. coli  DNA ligase, 40 units of  E. coli  DNA polymerase I, and 2 units of  E. coli  RNase H in a total volume of 150 μl. The mixtures were then incubated at 16° C. for two hours. After the two-hour incubation 2 μl of T4-DNA polymerase were added to each reaction and incubated at 16° C. for 5 minutes to create a bunt-ended cDNA. The cDNA reactions were extracted with a mixture of phenol-chloroform-isoamyl alcohol 25:24:1 v/v/v and precipitated in the presence of 20 μg of glycogen, 120 μl of 5 M ammonium acetate, and 660 μl of ethanol. After centrifugation at 12,000×g for 30 minutes at 4° C. the cDNA pellets were washed with cold 70% ethanol, dried under vacuum for 2–3 minutes, and resuspended in 18 μl of DEPC-water. To each resuspended cDNA sample was added 10 μl of 5× adapted buffer, 10 μg of attB1 adapter (provided with the kit; double-stranded sequence shown below), 7 μl of 0.1 M DTT, and 5 units of T4 DNA ligase. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
            
               
                 (SEQ ID NO: 3) 
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 5′-TCGTCGGGG ACAACTTTGTACAAAAAAGTTGG -3′ 
                   
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                 (SEQ ID NO: 4) 
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 3′-CCCC TGTTGAAACATGTTTTTTCAACC p-5′ 
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Ligation reactions were incubated overnight at 16° C. Excess adapters were removed by size-exclusion chromatography in 1 ml of Sphacryl™ S-500 HR resin (Amersham Biosciences, Piscataway, N.J.). Column fractions were collected according to the kit&#39;s instructions and fractions 3 to 14 were analyzed with an Agilent Bioanalizer to determine the fraction at which the attB1 adapters started to elute. This analysis showed that the adapters started eluting around fraction 10 or 11. For the first library fractions 6 to 11 were pooled and for the second library fractions 4–11 were pooled. 
     Cloning of the cDNA was performed by homologous DNA recombination according to the Gateway System protocol (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, Calif.) using BP Clonase™ (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, Calif.) as the recombinase. Each BP Clonase™ recombination reaction contained approximately 70 ng of attB-flanked-cDNA, 250 ng of PDONR™222, 2 μl of 5×BP Clonase™ buffer, 2 μl of TE, and 3 μl of BP Clonase™. Recombination reactions were incubated at 25° C. overnight. 
     Heat-inactivated BP recombination reactions were then divided in 6 aliquots and electroporated into ElectroMax™ DH10B electrocompetent cells (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, Calif.) on a BioRad Gene Pulser II (BioRad, Hercules, Calif.) with the following parameters: voltage: 2.0 kV, Resistance: 200Ω Capacity 25 μF. Electroporated cells were resuspended in 1 ml of SOC medium and incubated at 37° C. for 60 minutes with constant shaking (200 rpm). After the incubation period, the transformed cells were pooled and mixed 1:1 with freezing medium. A 200 μl aliquot was removed for library titration and then the rest of each library was aliquoted into 1.8 ml cryovials (Wheaton Science Products, Miliville, N.J.) and stored frozen at −80° C. 
     Four serial dilutions of each library were prepared: 1/100, 1/1000, 1/10 4 , 1/10 5 . From each dilution 100 μl were plated onto 150 mm LB plates supplemented with 50 μg of kanamycin per ml and incubated at 37° C. overnight. The number of colonies on each dilution plate were counted and used to calculate the total number of transformants in each library. 
     The first library was shown to have 5.4 million independent clones and the second library was show to have 9 million independent clones. 
     Example 3 
     Template Preparation and Nucleotide Sequencing of cDNA Clones 
     Aliquots from both libraries were mixed and plated onto 25×25 cm LB plates supplemented with 50 μg of kanamycin per ml. Individual colonies were arrayed onto 96-well plates containing 100 μl of LB supplemented with 50 μg of kanamycin per ml with the aid of a Genetix QPix Robot (Genetix Inc., Boston, Mass.). Forty five 96-well plates were obtained for a total of 4320 individual clones. The plates were incubated overnight at 37° C. with shaking at 200 rpm. After incubation, 100 μl of sterile 50% glycerol was added to each well. The transformants were replicated with the aid of a 96-pin tool (Boekel, Feasterville, Pa.) into secondary, deep-dish 96-well microculture plates (Advanced Genetic Technologies Corporation, Gaithersburg, Md.) containing 1 ml of Magnificent Broth™ (MacConnell Research, San Diego, Calif.) supplemented with 50 μg of kanamycin per ml in each well. The primary microtiter plates were stored frozen at −80° C. The secondary deep-dish plates were incubated at 37° C. overnight with vigorous agitation (300 rpm) on a rotary shaker. To prevent spilling and cross-contamination, and to allow sufficient aeration, each secondary culture plate was covered with a polypropylene pad (Advanced Genetic Technologies Corporation, Gaithersburg, Md.) and a plastic microtiter dish cover. Plasmid DNA was prepared with a MWG Robot-Smart 384 (MWG Biotech Inc., High Point, N.C.) and Montage Plasmid Miniprep Kits (Millipore, Billerica, Mass.). 
     Sequencing reactions were performed using Big-Dye™ (Applied Biosystems, Inc., Foster City, Calif.) terminator chemistry (Giesecke et al., 1992,  Journal of Virology Methods  38: 47–60) and a M13 Forward (−20) sequencing primer: 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 5′-GTAAAACGACGGCCAG-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 5) 
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     The sequencing reactions were performed in a 384-well format with a Robot-Smart 384 (MWG Biotech Inc., High Point, N.C.) as well as the terminator removal with Millipore MultiScreen Seq384 Sequencing Clean-up Kits (Millipore, Billerica, Mass.). Reactions contained 6 μl of plasmid DNA and 4 μl of sequencing master-mix containing 1 μl of 5× sequencing buffer (Millipore, Billerica, Mass.), 1 μl of Byg-Dye™ terminator (Applied Biosystems, Inc., Foster City, Calif.), 1.6 pmoles of M13 Forward primer, and 1 μl of water. Single-pass DNA sequencing was performed with an ABI PRISM Automated DNA Sequencer Model 3700 (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, Calif.). 
     Example 4 
     Analysis of DNA Sequence Data of cDNA Clones 
     Base calling, quality value assignment, and vector trimming were performed with the assistance of PHRED/PHRAP software (University of Washington, Seattle, Wash.). Clustering analysis of the ESTs was performed with a Parcel Transcript Assembler v. 2.6.2. (Paracel, Inc., Pasadena, Calif.). Analysis of the EST clustering indicated the presence of 395 independent clusters. 
     Sequence homology analysis of the assembled EST sequences against the PIR and ERDBP databases was performed with the Blastx program (Altschul et. al., 1990 , J. Mol. Biol.  215:403–410) on a 32-node Linux cluster (Paracel, Inc., Pasadena, Calif.) using the BLOSUM 62 matrix (Henikoff, 1992,  Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA  89: 10915–10919) From these, 246 had hits to known genes in either the public or private protein databases and 149 had no significant hits against these databases. Among these 246 genes, 13 had hits against well characterized homologues of glycosyl hydrolase genes. 
     Example 5 
     Identification of cDNA Clones Encoding a Family 6 Cellobiohydrolase (Cel6A) 
     A cDNA clone encoding a Family 6 cellobiohydrolase (Cel6A) was initially identified by its homology to a Family 6A protein from  Humicola insolens  (NR 34811679). The analysis indicated that the two proteins were 50% identical at the protein level over a 120 amino acid (360 basepair) stretch. After this initial identification clone, Tter11C9 was retrieved from the original frozen stock plate and streaked onto a LB plate supplemented with 50 μg of kanamycin per ml. The plate was incubated overnight at 37° C. and the next day a single colony from the plate was used to inoculate 3 ml of LB supplemented with 150 μg of kanamycin per ml. The liquid culture was incubated overnight at 37° C. and plasmid DNA was prepared with a Qiagen BioRobot 9600 (QIAGEN, Inc., Valencia, Calif.). Clone Tter11C9 plasmid DNA was sequenced again with Big-Dye™ terminator chemistry as described above, using the M13 forward and a Poly-T primer shown below to sequence the 3′ end of the clone. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
            
               
                 5′-TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTVN-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 6) 
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Where V=G, A, C and N=G, A, C, T 
     Blastx homology analysis of the new sequence information indicated that the 3 prime end had a very high identity to the  Talaromyces emersonii  Family 6 protein. These proteins were 97% identical over a 39 amino acid stretch. Also, analysis of the 5 prime end of clone Tter11C9 with the Interproscan program (Zdobnov and Apweiler, 2001,  Bioinformatics  17: 847–8.) showed that the gene encoded by clone Tter11C9 contained the sequence signature of the glycosyl hydrolase Family 6 proteins. This sequence signature known as the Prosite pattern PS00655 (Sigrist et al., 2002,  Brief Bioinform.  3: 265–274) was found 202 amino acids from the starting amino acid methionine confirming that clone Tter11C9 encodes a  Thielavia terrestris  glycosyl hydrolase Family 6 gene. 
     The cDNA sequence (SEQ ID NO: 1) and deduced amino acid sequence (SEQ ID NO: 2) are shown in  FIGS. 1A and 1B . The cDNA clone encodes a polypeptide of 481 amino acids. The % G+C content of the cDNA clone of the gene is 66.9% and of the mature protein coding region (nucleotides 52 to 1443 of SEQ ID NO: 1) is 66.7%. Using the SignaIP software program (Nielsen et al., 1997 , Protein Engineering  10: 1–6), a signal peptide of 17 residues was predicted. The predicted mature protein contains 464 amino acids with a molecular mass of 49.3 kDa. 
     A comparative alignment of glycosyl hydrolase Family 6 sequences was determined using the Clustal W method (Higgins, 1989, supra) using the LASERGENE™ MEGALIGN™ software (DNASTAR, Inc., Madison, Wis.) with a PAM250 residue weight table and the following multiple alignment parameters: Gap penalty of 10 and gap length penalty of 10. Pairwise alignment parameters were Ktuple=1, gap penalty=3, windows=5, and diagonals=5. The alignment showed that the deduced amino acid sequence of the  Thielavia terrestris  Cel6A cellobiohydrolase gene shares 74% identity to the deduced amino acid sequence of the  Chaetomium thermophilum  cellobiohydrolase gene (Geneseqp ADP84824). 
     Once the identity of clone Tter11C9 containing pTter11C9 was confirmed, a 0.5 μl aliquot of plasmid DNA from this clone, which was redesignated pTter6A, was transferred into a vial of  E. coli  TOP10 cells (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, Calif.), gently mixed, and incubated on ice for 10 minutes. The cells were then heat-shocked at 42° C. for 30 seconds and incubated again on ice for 2 minutes. The cells were resuspended in 250 μl of SOC medium and incubated at 37° C. for 60 minutes with constant shaking (200 rpm). After the incubation period, two 30 μl aliquots were plated onto LB plates supplemented with 50 μg of kanamycin per ml and incubated overnight at 37° C. The next day a single colony was picked and streaked onto three 1.8 ml cryovials containing about 1.5 mls of LB agarose supplemented with 50 μg of kanamycin per ml. The vials were sealed with PetriSeal™ (Diversified Biotech, Boston Mass.) and deposited with the Agricultural Research Service Patent Culture Collection, Northern Regional Research Center, 1815 University Street, Peoria, Ill., 61604, as NRRL B-30802, with a deposit date of Dec. 17, 2004. 
     Example 6 
     Construction of pAILo2 Expression Vector 
     Expression vector pAlLo1 was constructed by modifying pBANe6 (U.S. Pat. No. 6,461,837), which comprises a hybrid of the promoters from the genes for  Aspergillus niger  neutral alpha-amylase and  Aspergillus oryzae  triose phosphate isomerase (NA2-tpi promoter),  Aspergillus niger  amyloglucosidase terminator sequence (AMG terminator), and  Aspergillus nidulans  acetamidase gene (amdS). All mutagenesis steps were verified by sequencing using Big-Dye™ terminator chemistry as described. Modification of pBANe6 was performed by first eliminating three Nco I restriction sites at positions 2051, 2722, and 3397 bp from the amdS selection marker by site-directed mutagenesis. All changes were designed to be “silent” leaving the actual protein sequence of the amdS gene product unchanged. Removal of these three sites was performed simultaneously with a GeneEditor™ in vitro Site-Directed Mutagenesis Kit (Promega, Madison, Wis.) according to the manufacturer&#39;s instructions using the following primers (underlined nucleotide represents the changed base): 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 AMDS3NcoMut (2050): 
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 5′-GTGCCCCATG A TACGCCTCCGG-3′ 
                 (SEQ ID NO: 7) 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 AMDS2NcoMut (2721): 
               
               
                   
                 5′-GAGTCGTATTTCCA A GGCTCCTGACC-3′ 
                 (SEQ ID NO: 8) 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 AMDS1NcoMut (3396): 
               
               
                   
                 5′-GGAGGCCATG A AGTGGACCAACGG-3′ 
                 (SEQ ID NO: 9) 
               
            
           
         
       
     
     A plasmid comprising all three expected sequence changes was then submitted to site-directed mutagenesis, using a QuickChange™ Site-Directed Mutagenesis Kit (Stratagene, La Jolla, Calif.), to eliminate the Nco I restriction site at the end of the AMG terminator at position 1643. The following primers (underlined nucleotide represents the changed base) were used for mutagenesis: 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
            
               
                 Upper Primer to mutagenize the AMG terminator sequence: 
                   
                   
               
               
                 5′-CACCGTGAAAGCCATG C TCTTTCCTTCGTGTAGAAGACCAGACAG-3′ 
                 (SEQ ID NO: 10) 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Lower Primer to mutagenize the AMG terminator sequence: 
               
               
                 5′-CTGGTCTTCTACACGAAGGAAAGA G CATGGCTTTCACGGTGTCTG-3′ 
                 (SEQ ID NO: 11) 
               
            
           
         
       
     
     The last step in the modification of pBANe6 was the addition of a new Nco I restriction site at the beginning of the polylinker using a QuickChange™ Site-Directed Mutagenesis Kit and the following primers (underlined nucleotides represent the changed bases) to yield pAlLo1 ( FIG. 2 ). 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
            
               
                 Upper Primer to mutagenize the NA2-tpi promoter: 
                   
                   
               
               
                 5′-CTATATACACAACTGGATTTA CCA TGGGCCCGCGGCCGCAGATC-3′ 
                 (SEQ ID NO: 12) 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Lower Primer to mutagenize the NA2-tpi promoter: 
               
               
                 5′-GATCTGCGGCCGCGGGCCCATGGTAAATCCAGTTGTGTATATAG-3′ 
                 (SEQ ID NO: 13) 
               
            
           
         
       
     
     The amdS gene of pAlLo1 was swapped with the  Aspergillus nidulans  pyrG gene. Plasmid pBANe10 ( FIG. 3 ) was used as a source for the pyrG gene as a selection marker. Analysis of the sequence of pBANe10 showed that the pyrG marker was contained within an Nsi I restriction fragment and does not contain either Nco I or Pac I restriction sites. Since the amdS is also flanked by Nsi I restriction sites the strategy to switch the selection marker was a simple swap of Nsi I restriction fragments. Plasmid DNA from pAlLo1 and pBANe10 were digested with the restriction enzyme Nsi I and the products purified by agarose gel electrophoresis. The Nsi I fragment from pBANe10 containing the pyrG gene was ligated to the backbone of pAlLo1 to replace the original Nsi I DNA fragment containing the amdS gene. Recombinant clones were analyzed by restriction digest to determine that they had the correct insert and also its orientation. A clone with the pyrG gene transcribed in the counterclockwise direction was selected. The new plasmid was designated pAlLo2 ( FIG. 4 ). 
     Example 7 
     Cloning of the Family GH6A Cellobiohydrolase Gene into an  Aspergillus oryzae  Expression Vector 
     Two synthetic oligonucleotide primers, shown below, were designed to PCR amplify the full-length open reading frame from  Thielavia terrestris  EST Tter11C9 encoding a Family GH6A cellobiohydrolase. An In-Fusion Cloning Kit (BD Biosciences, Palo Alto, Calif.) was used to clone the fragment directly into pAILo2. 
                                In-Fusion Forward primer:                         (SEQ ID NO: 14)                                 5′-ACTGGATTACC ATGGCTCAGAAGCTCCTTCT -3′                           In-Fusion Reverse primer:                     (SEQ ID NO: 15)                                 5′-TCACCTCTAGTTAATTA AAAGGGCGGGTTGGCGT -3′                
Bold letters represent coding sequence. The remaining sequence contains sequence identity compared with the insertion sites of pAlLo2.
 
     Fifty picomoles of each of the primers above were used in a PCR reaction containing 50 ng of pTter11C9 DNA, 1×Pfx Amplification Buffer (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, Calif.), 6 μl of a 10 mM blend of dATP, dTTP, dGTP, and dCTP, 2.5 units of Platinum Pfx DNA Polymerase (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, Calif.), 1 μl of 50 mM MgSO 4 , and 5 μl of 10×pCRx Enhancer solution (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, Calif.) in a final volume of 50 μl. An Eppendorf Mastercycler 5333 (Eppendorf Scientific, Inc., Westbury, N.Y.) was used to amplify the fragment programmed for one cycle at 98° C. for 2 minutes; and 35 cycles each at 94° C. for 30 seconds, 65° C. for 30 seconds, and 68° C. for 1.5 minutes. After the 35 cycles, the reaction was incubated at 68° C. for 10 minutes and then cooled at 10° C. until further processed. A 1.5 kb PCR reaction product was isolated on a 0.8% GTG-agarose gel (Cambrex Bioproducts One Meadowlands Plaza East Rutherford, N.J. 07073) using 40 mM Tris base-20 mM sodium acetate-1 mM disodium EDTA (TAE) buffer and 0.1 μg of ethidium bromide per ml. The DNA band was visualized with the aid of a Dark Reader™ (Clare Chemical Research, Dolores, Colo.) to avoid UV-induced mutations. The 1.5 kb DNA band was excised with a disposable razor blade and purified with an Ultrafree-DA spin cup (Millipore, Billerica, Mass.) according to the manufacturer&#39;s instructions. 
     The vector pAlLo2 was linearized by digestion with Nco I and Pac I (using conditions specified by the manufacturer). The fragment was purified by gel electrophoresis and ultrafiltration as described above. Cloning of the purified PCR fragment into the linearized and purified pAlLo2 vector was performed with an In-Fusion Cloning Kit (BD Biosciences, Palo Alto, Calif.). The reaction (20 μl) contained 1× In-Fusion Buffer (BD Biosciences, Palo Alto, Calif.), 1×BSA (BD Biosciences, Palo Alto, Calif.), 1 μl of In-Fusion enzyme (diluted 1:10) (BD Biosciences, Palo Alto, Calif.), 100 ng of pAlLo2 digested with Nco I and Pac I, and 50 ng of the  Thielavia terrestris  GH6A purified PCR product. The reaction was incubated at room temperature for 30 minutes. A 2 μl sample of the reaction were used to transform  E. coli  XL10 SoloPac® Gold cells (Stratagene, La Jolla, Calif.) according to the manufacturer&#39;s instructions. After the recovery period, two 100 μl aliquots from the transformation reaction were plated onto 150 mm 2×YT medium plates supplemented with 100 μg of ampicillin per ml. The plates were incubated overnight at 37° C. Two sets of eight putative recombinant clones were selected at random from the selection plates and plasmid DNA was prepared from each one using a BioRobot 9600 (QIAGEN, Inc., Valencia, Calif.). Clones were analyzed by Nco I restriction digestion. Four clones that had the expected restriction digest pattern were then sequenced to confirm that there were no mutations in the cloned insert. Clone #13 from the second set was selected and designated pAlLo21 ( FIG. 5 ). 
     Example 8 
     Expression of the  Thielavia terrestris  Family GH6A Cellobiohydrolase Gene in  Aspergillus oryzae  JAL250 
       Aspergillus oryzae  Jal250 (WO 99/61651) protoplasts were prepared according to the method of Christensen et al., 1988,  Bio/Technology  6: 1419–1422. Five micrograms of pAlLo21 were used to transform  Aspergillus oryzae  JAL250 protoplasts. pAlLo2 was run as a vector control. 
     The transformation of  Aspergillus oryzae  Jal250 with pAlLo21 yielded about 50 transformants. Eight transformants were isolated to individual PDA plates and incubated for five days at 34° C. 
     Confluent spore plates were washed with 5 ml of 0.01% Tween 80 and the spore suspension was used to inoculate 25 ml of MDU2BP medium in 125 ml glass shake flasks. Transformant cultures were incubated at 34° C. with constant shaking at 200 rpm. At day five post-inoculation, cultures were centrifuged at 6000×g and their supernatants collected. Five micro-liters of each supernatant were mixed with an equal volume of 2× loading buffer (10% β-mercaptoethanol) and loaded onto a 1.5 mm 8%–16% Tris-Glycine SDS-PAGE gel and stained with Simply Blue SafeStain (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, Calif.). SDS-PAGE profiles of the culture broths showed that one of the transformants (designated transformant 2) had a protein band of approximately 60 kDa. 
     Biochemical activity of the  Thielavia terrestris  Cel6A cellobiohydrolase expressed in  Aspergillus oryzae  was determined by hydrolysis of phosphoric-acid-swollen cellulose (PASC) to glucose in the presence of excess β-glucosidase. 
     PASC was prepared from Avicel (Fluka, obtained from Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, Mo.). Ice-cold ortho-phosphoric acid, 85% (VWR International, Pittsburgh, Pa.) was added to Avicel, in the ratio of 30 ml acid to 1 g of Avicel, and stirred in an icebath for one hour. Cold acetone (VWR International, Pittsburgh, Pa.) was added while stirring, using 100 ml per g of Avicel. The slurry was transferred to a glass filter funnel and wasted with cold acetone, using three washes of 20 ml acetone per g of Avicel. Finally, the cellulose was washed twice with 100 ml of water per g of acetone. The PASC was resuspended in water, to a concentration of 1% PASC, and stored at 4° C. 
     The activity of  Thielavia terrestris  Cel6A cellobiohydrolase was compared to  Humicola insolens  Cel6A cellobiohydrolase using 15.9 μg of each Cel6 enzyme and 0.8 μg of β-glucosidase. The enzymes were incubated at 45° C. in 1.182 ml of 50 mM sodium acetate, pH 5.0, 0.001% sodium azide, and 1.59 mg of PASC in 96-deep-well plates (Axygen Scientific, Union City, Calif.) sealed by a plate sealer (ALPS-300, Abgene, Epsom, UK). After various times of incubation, reaction mixes were centrifuged and the glucose concentration of the supernatant was determined with a glucose analyzer (YSI, Inc., Yellow Springs, Ohio). As shown in  FIG. 6 , the hydrolysis time-course and activity of Cel6A cellobiohydrolase from  Thielavia terrestris  was almost identical to that of Cel6A cellobiohydrolase from  Humicola insolens.    
     Example 9 
     Matrix Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization Time of Flight Mass Spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) Peptide Mass Fingerprinting (PMF) Analysis for Protein Verification 
     The 60 kDa protein band (Example 8) was in-gel digested with trypsin as described in Example 1. Recovered peptides were analyzed by peptide mass fingerprinting analysis for protein verification. A Maldi™-LR Time of Flight mass spectrometer was used (Waters Micromass® MS Technologies, Milford, Mass.). Re-crystallized alpha-cyano-4-hydroxycinnamic acid was prepared by washing milligram amounts of the alpha-cyano-4-hydroxycinnamic acid (Sigma Chemical Co., St. Louis, Mo.) with 100% acetonitrile (E. M. Science, Gibbstown, N.J.) and mixed thoroughly and centrifuged to form a matrix pellet. The acetonitrile solution was removed and discarded. HPLC grade water (Fisher Chemicals, Fairlawn, N.J.,) was added followed by slow addition of 28–30% ammonium hydroxide (J. T. Baker, Phillipsburg, N.J.) until almost all of the pellet was dissolved. Undissolved pellet was discarded. Concentrated HCl water (Fisher Chemicals, Fairlawn, N.J.) was slowly added to the matrix solution until a large amount of matrix had re-crystallized. The crystallized matrix was removed by filtration and washed several times with 0.1 M HCl and allowed to dry completely. The final matrix solution consisted of a 10 mg/ml solution of re-crystallized alpha-cyano-4-hydroxycinnamic acid in 50% acetonitrile/50% aqueous 0.1% TFA. One μl of the peptide extraction solution obtained from the protein in-gel digestion was mixed with 1 μl of the re-crystallized matrix solution and spot dried onto a stainless steel MALDI-TOF target plate. 
     The mass spectrometer was operated in reflectron and positive ion mode using an acceleration voltage of +15 kV, pulse voltage of 2535 volts and reflectron voltage of 2000 volts. The data acquisition mass range was set from 640–3000 m/z. A lock mass calibration standard consisting of 1 μl of 200 fmols/μl of ACTH (Adenocorticotrophic Hormone Clip 18–39 MW=2,465.1989) (Sigma Chemical Co, St. Louis, Mo.) and 1 μl of re-crystallized matrix solution was used for internal standard and spotted to adjacent lock mass target well. Data acquisition was performed using a Windows NT controlled microprocessor workstation using Masslynx 4.0 mass spectrometry software (Waters Micromass® MS Technologies, Milford, Mass.). The acquired spectra were combined, smoothed, and centered, and a peak list of peptide ion masses generated. This peak list was searched against databases using ProteinLynx™ Global Server 2.05 software (Waters Micromass® MS Technologies, Milford, Mass.). 
     The results from the peptide mass fingerprinting analysis indicated that the approximately 60 kD protein spot is the  Thielavia terrestris  Cel6A protein based on the following peptide mass matches to the  Thielavia terrestris  Cel6A cellobiohydrolase: 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Measured mass 
                 Theoretical mass 
                   
                 Position in 
                   
               
               
                 (m + H) 
                 (m + H) 
                 Sequence 
                 SEQ ID NO:2 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 986.423 
                 986.430 
                 CANAESTYK 
                 271–279 
                   
               
               
                   
               
               
                 1147.792 
                 1147.590 
                 VPSFQWLDR 
                 163–171 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 1193.856 
                 1193.653 
                 SLVIQYSDIR 
                 240–249 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 1829.213 
                 1828.990 
                 NVTIDTLFAHTLSOIR 
                 172–187 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 1964.197 
                 1963.991 
                 GANPPYAGIFVVYDLPDR 
                 193–210 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 2301.317 
                 2301.250 
                 IIFVIEPDSLANMVTNLNVAK 
                 250–270 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Example 10 
     Expression of  Thielavia terrestris  Cel6A Cellobiohydrolase by  Trichoderma reesei    
     The  Trichoderma reesei  cellobiohydrolase I gene (CBHI) promoter in expression plasmid pSMai155 (WO 05/074647) was replaced with a  Trichoderma reesei  CBHII promoter resulting in plasmid pCW076. The  Trichoderma reesei  cellobiohydrolase II gene (CBHII) promoter was isolated from plasmid pEJG114 (WO 05/074647) by digestion with Sal I and Nco I. Removal of the CBHI promoter from pSMai155 was accomplished by digestion with Sal I and Nco I. Both the CBHII DNA fragment and linearized pSMai155 plasmid, minus the CBHI promoter, were visualized with the aid of a Dark Reader™ (Clare Chemical Research, Dolores, Colo.). Both fragments were excised with disposable razor blades and purified with a QIAquick Gel Extraction Kit (QIAGEN Inc., Valencia, Calif.) according to the manufacturer&#39;s instructions. The CBHII promoter was then ligated into linearized pSMai155 utilizing the Sal I and Nco I sites rendered upon the removal of the CBHI promoter using a Rapid DNA Ligation Kit (Roche, Indianapolis, Ind.) following the manufacturer&#39;s instructions.  E. coli  XL1-Blue Subcloning-Grade Competent Cells (Stratagene, La Jolla, Calif.) were transformed with the ligation product. Identity of the construct was confirmed by DNA sequencing of the CBHII promoter sequence from plasmids purified from transformed  E. coli . One clone containing the recombinant plasmid was designated pCW076 ( FIG. 7 ). 
     Two synthetic oligonucleotide primers shown below were designed to PCR amplify the  Thielavia terrestris  Cel6A cellobiohydrolase gene from plasmid pAlLo21 (Example 7). The forward primer results in a blunt 5′ end and the reverse primer incorporates a Pac I site at the 3′ end. The Cel6A fragment was directly cloned into pCW076 utilizing a blunted Nco I site at the 5′ end and a Pac I site at the 3′ end. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Forward primer: 
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                 (SEQ ID NO: 16) 
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 5′-ATGGCTCAGAAGCTCCTTCTCGCCG-3′ 
                   
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Reverse primer: 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                 (SEQ ID NO: 17) 
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 5′-CAGTCACCTCTAGTTAATTAATTAGAAGGGCGGG-3′ 
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Fifty picomoles of each of the primers above were used in a PCR reaction consisting of 50 ng of pAILo21, 1 μl of a 10 mM blend of dATP, dTTP, dGTP, and dCTP, 5 μl of 10× AmpliTaq® DNA Polymerase Buffer I (Perkin-Elmer/Applied Biosystems, Inc., Foster City, Calif.), and 5 units of AmpliTaq® DNA Polymerase (Perkin-Elmer/Applied Biosystems, Inc., Foster City, Calif.), in a final volume of 50 μl. An Eppendorf Mastercycler 5333 (Eppendorf Scientific, Inc., Westbury, N.Y.) was used to amplify the DNA fragment and was programmed for one cycle at 95° C. for 3 minutes; and 30 cycles each at 95° C. for 45 seconds, 55° C. for 60 seconds, and 72° C. for 1 minute 30 seconds. After the 30 cycles, the reaction was incubated at 72° C. for 10 minutes and then cooled at 4° C. until further processing. The 3′ end of the Cel6A PCR fragment was digested using Pac I. The digestion product was purified using a MinElute™ Reaction Cleanup Kit (QIAGEN, Valencia, Calif.) according to the manufacturer&#39;s instructions (QIAGEN Inc., Valencia, Calif.). Plasmid pCW076 was digested with Nco I and Pac I. The Nco I site was then rendered blunt using a Klenow enzyme to fill in the 5′ recessed Nco I site. The Klenow reaction consisted of 20 μl of the pCW076 digestion reaction mix plus 1 mM dNTPs and 1 μl of Klenow enzyme (Roche, Indianapolis, Ind.) which was incubated briefly at room temperature. The linearized pCW076 was purified using a MinElute™ Reaction Cleanup Kit (QIAGEN, Valencia, Calif.) according to the manufacturer&#39;s instructions (QIAGEN Inc., Valencia, Calif.). These reactions resulted in the creation a 5′ blunt end and 3′ Pac I site compatible to the generated Cel6A fragment. The Cel6A fragment was then cloned into pCW076 using a Rapid DNA Ligation Kit (Roche, Indianapolis, Ind.) following the manufacturer&#39;s instructions.  E. coli  XL1-Blue Subcloning-Grade Competent Cells (Stratagene, La Jolla, Calif.) were transformed with the ligation product. Identity of the construct was confirmed by DNA sequencing of the Cel6A coding sequence from plasmids purified from transformed  E. coli . One clone containing the recombinant plasmid was designated pCW085 ( FIG. 8 ). 
     Shake flasks containing 25 ml of YP medium, 2% glucose, and 10 mM uridine were inoculated with 5×10 7  spores of  Trichoderma reesei  strain SaMe-FX16. Incubation was carried out for 17 hours at 27° C. with shaking at 90 rpm. The mycelia were then washed using a 500 ml “Vacuum Driven Disposable Filtration System” (Millipore) twice with approximately 100 ml of deionized water. The mycelia were then washed twice with 1.2 M sorbitol and protoplasts were generated by suspending the mycelia in a sterile filtered solution of 5 mg of Glucanex™ (Novozymes A/S, Bagsvaerd, DK) per ml and 1 mg of chitinase (Sigma Chemical Co., St. Louis, Mo.) per ml in 20 ml of 1.2 M sorbitol. The digest was incubated at 34° C. and gently shaken at 90 rpm for approximately 20 minutes or until protoplasts were formed. Once protoplasts were generated the mixture was incubated on ice to slow digestion. The digest was then transferred to a 50 ml Falcon tube and 30 ml of ice cold 1.2 M sorbitol was added to the digest. The protoplasts were then centrifuged for 7 minutes at 200 rpm. Following centrifugation the supernatant was poured off and the protoplasts were washed in 50 ml of ice cold 1.2 M sorbitol. This step was repeated twice and after the second wash the protoplasts were counted and resuspended in STC (1 M sorbitol, 10 mM CaCl 2 , 10 mM Tris-HCl, pH 7.5) at a concentration of 1×10 8  protoplasts/ml. The protoplasts were stored at −80° C. until use. 
     Two to five μg of pCW085 linearized with Pme I, 100 μl of 1×10 8    Trichoderma reesei  strain SaMe-FX16 protoplasts, and 250 μl of PEG Buffer (50% PEG 4000, 10 mM CaCl 2 , 10 mM Tris-HCl, pH 7.5) were gently mixed together in a 12 ml Falcon tube 2059 and incubated for 30 minutes at room temperature. Following the incubation, 3 ml of STC (1 M sorbitol, 10 mM CaCl 2 , 10 mM Tris-HCl, pH 7.5) were added to the reaction mixture. The transformation reaction was mixed gently and then the entire amount was poured onto a PDA plates containing 100 ng of hygromycin B (Sigma Chemical Co., St. Loius, Mo.) per ml and incubated at 28° C. for 5–7 days. 
     Twenty-one transformants were picked and inoculated into 250 ml shake flasks containing 25 ml of CIM. The shake flasks were grown for five days at 28° C. while shaking at 200 rpm. One transformant designated  Trichoderma reesei  SaMe-D8 was cultivated in a 2 liter fermentation according to the following procedure. 
     Two agarose plugs from a fresh plate of  Trichoderma reesei  SaMe-D8 grown on PDA plates were inoculated into a shake flask containing 100 ml of medium composed per liter of 20 g of glucose, 10 g of Corn Steep Solids, 1.45 g of (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 , 2.08 g of KH 2 PO 4 , 0.36 g of CaCl 2 .2H 2 O, 0.42 g of MgSO 4 .7H 2 O, and 0.2 ml of trace metals solution. The trace metals solution was composed per liter of 216 g of FeCl 3 .6H 2 O, 58 g of ZnSO 4 .7H 2 O, 27 g of MnSO 4 .H 2 O, 10 g of CuSO 4 .5H 2 O, 2.4 g of H 3 BO 3 , and 336 g of citric acid. The shake flask was incubated for 2 days at 28° C. and 200 rpm on an orbital shaker. Fifty ml of this culture were used to inoculate 1.8 liter of medium composed per liter of 30 g of cellulose, 10 g of Corn Steep Solids, 4 g of glucose, 2.64 g of CaCl 2 .2H 2 O, 3.8 g of (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 , 2.8 g of KH 2 PO 4 , 1.63 g of MgSO 4 .7H 2 O, 0.75 ml of trace metals solution (same as above), and 3 ml of pluronic acid. Temperature was set at 28° C. and the pH was controlled at 4.75. 
     The fermentation was run with minimum dissolved oxygen at 25% at a 1.0 VVM air flow and an agitation of 1100 rpm. Feed medium was delivered into the 2 liter fermentation vessel as needed with a feed rate of 6.0–8.0 g/hour for 7–8 days. The feed medium was composed per kg of 600 g of glucose, 35.5 g of H 3 PO 4 , 20 g of cellulose, and 5 g of pluronic acid. 
     The whole fermentation broth was centrifuged at 3000×g for 10 minutes and the supernatant was filtered through a disposable filtering unit with a glass fiber prefilter (Nalgene, Rochester N.Y.). The filtrate was cooled to 4° C. for storage. 
     The filtrate was then submitted to two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis to confirm expression of the  Thielavia terrestris  Cel6A cellobiohydrolase (see Example 11). 
     Example 11 
     Verification of Expression of  Thielavia terrestris  Cel6A in  Trichoderma reesei  SaMe-D8 
     Two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. One ml of filtrate from the 2 liter fermentation of  Tricoderma reesei  SaMe-D8 described in Example 10 was precipitated by adding 100 μl of saturated trichloroacetic acid (TCA) at 4° C. and incubating for 10 minutes on ice followed by addition of 9 ml of ice-cold acetone and further incubation on ice for 20 minutes: The precipitated solution was centrifuged at 10,000×g for 10 minutes at 4° C., the supernatant was decanted, and the pellet was rinsed twice with ice-cold acetone and air dried. The dried pellet was dissolved in 0.2 ml of isoelectric focusing (IEF) sample buffer (9.0 M urea, 3.1% (wt/v) 3-[(3-cholamidopropyl)dimethyl-ammonium]-1-propanesulfonate (CHAPS, Pierce Chemical Co. Rockford, Ill.), 1% (v/v) pH 4–7 ampholytes, 50 mM dithiothreitol (DTT), and 0.005% bromophenol blue in distilled water). Urea stock solution was de-ionized using AG 501-X8 (D), 20-5-mesh, mixed bed resin from BioRad Laboratories (Hercules, Calif.). The de-ionized solution was stored at −20° C. The resulting mixture was allowed to solubilize for several hours with gentle mixing on a LabQuake™ Shaker (Lab Industries, Berkeley, Calif.). Two hundred μl of each IEF sample buffer-protein mixture was applied to an 11 cm IPG strip (BioRad Laboratories, Hercules, Calif.) in an IPG rehydration tray (Amersham Biosciences, Piscataway, N.J.). A 750 μl aliquot of dry-strip cover fluid (Amersham Biosciences, Piscataway, N.J.) was layered over the IPG strips to prevent evaporation and allowed to rehydrate for 12 hours while applying 30 volts using an IPGPhor Isoelectric Focusing Unit (Amersham Biosciences, Piscataway, N.J.) at 20° C. The IPGPhor Unit was programmed for constant voltage but with a maximum current of 50 μA per strip. After 12 hours of rehydration, the isoelectric focusing conditions were as follows: 1 hour at 200 volts, 1 hour at 500 volts, and 1 hour at 1000 volts. Then a gradient was applied from 1000 volts to 8000 volts for 30 minutes and isoelectric focusing was programmed to run at 8000 volts and was complete when &gt;30,000 volt hours was achieved. IPG gel strips were reduced and alkylated before the second dimension analysis by first reducing for 15 minutes in 100 mg of dithiothreitol per 10 ml of SDS-equilibration buffer (50 mM Tris HCl pH 8.8, 6.0 M urea, 2% (w/v) sodium dodecylsulfate (SDS), 30% glycerol, and 0.002% (w/v) bromophenol blue) followed by 15 minutes of alkylation in 250 mg iodoacetamide per 10 ml of equilibration buffer in the dark. The IPG strips were rinsed quickly in SDS-PAGE running buffer (Invitrogen/Novex, Carlsbad, Calif.) and placed on an 11 cm, 1 well 8–16% Tris-Glycine SDS-PAGE gel (BioRad Laboratories, Hercules, Calif.) and electrophoresed using a Criterion electrophoresis unit (BioRad Laboratories, Hercules, Calif.) at 50 volts until the sample entered the gel and then the voltage was increased to 200 volts and allowed to run until the bromophenol blue dye reached the bottom of the gel. 
     Polypeptide detection. The two dimensional gel was removed from the cassette and rinsed three times with water for at least 5 minute each and stained with Bio-Safe™ Coomassie G250 Stain (BioRad Laboratories, Hercules, Calif.) for 1 hour followed by destaining with doubly-distilled water for more than 30 minutes. Observed protein gel spots were excised using a 2 mm Acu-Punch Biopsy Punch (Acuderm Inc., Ft. Lauderdale, Fla.) and stored in ninety-six well plates that were pre-washed with 0.1% trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) in 60% acetonitrile followed by two additional washes with HPLC grade water. The stained two-dimensional gel spots were stored in 25–50 μl of water in the pre-washed plates at −20° C. until digested. A protein spot corresponding to the expected MW and theoretical isoelectric point (pI) of the  Thielavia terrestris  Cel6A polypeptide was analyzed by MALDI-TOF MS peptide mass fingerprint analysis as described in Example 9. 
     The results from the peptide mass fingerprinting analysis indicated that the approximately 60 kD protein spot is the  Thielavia terrestris  Cel6A protein based on the following peptide mass matches to the  Thielavia terrestris  Cel6A cellobiohydrolase: 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Measured mass 
                 Theoretical mass 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 (m + H) 
                 (m + H) 
                 Sequence 
                 Position in SEQ ID NO:2 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                 1043.124 
                 1043.446 
                 CANAESTYK 
                 253–261 
                   
               
               
                   
               
               
                 1147.379 
                 1147.590 
                 VPSFQWLDR 
                 145–153 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 1193.478 
                 1193.653 
                 SLVIQYSDIR 
                 222–231 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 1964.184 
                 1963.991 
                 GANPPYAGIFVVYDLPDR 
                 175–192 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     DEPOSIT OF BIOLOGICAL MATERIAL  
     The following biological material has been deposited under the terms of the Budapest Treaty with the Agricultural Research Service Patent Culture Collection, Northern Regional Research Center, 1815 University Street, Peoria, Ill., 61604, and given the following accession number: 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
               
             
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Deposit 
                 Accession Number 
                 Date of Deposit 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
                   E. coli  pTter6A 
                 NRRL B-30802 
                 Dec. 17, 2004 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     The strain has been deposited under conditions that assure that access to the culture will be available during the pendency of this patent application to one determined by the Commissioner of Patents and Trademarks to be entitled thereto under 37 C.F.R. §1.14 and 35 U.S.C. §122. The deposit represents a substantially pure culture of the deposited strain. The deposit is available as required by foreign patent laws in countries wherein counterparts of the subject application, or its progeny are filed. However, it should be understood that the availability of a deposit does not constitute a license to practice the subject invention in derogation of patent rights granted by governmental action. 
     The invention described and claimed herein is not to be limited in scope by the specific aspects herein disclosed, since these aspects are intended as illustrations of several aspects of the invention. Any equivalent aspects are intended to be within the scope of this invention. Indeed, various modifications of the invention in addition to those shown and described herein will become apparent to those skilled in the art from the foregoing description. Such modifications are also intended to fall within the scope of the appended claims. In the case of conflict, the present disclosure including definitions will control. 
     Various references are cited herein, the disclosures of which are incorporated by reference in their entireties.