Patent Publication Number: US-2023147283-A1

Title: Apparatus for and method of manufacturing display device

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION 
     This application is claims priority from and the benefit of Korean Patent Application No. 10-2021-0154287, filed on Nov. 10, 2021, which is hereby incorporated by reference for all purposes as if fully set forth herein. 
     BACKGROUND 
     Field 
     Embodiments of the invention relate generally to apparatuses for and methods of manufacturing a display device and, more specifically, to apparatuses for and methods of manufacturing a display device. 
     Discussion of the Background 
     Recently, electronic devices are widely used in various ways, such as mobile electronic devices and fixed electronic devices. These electronic devices include a display device capable of providing visual information such as images or videos to a user in order to support various functions. 
     A display device visually displays data and is formed by depositing various layers such as an organic layer, a metal layer, and the like. A deposition apparatus may be used to form a plurality of layers of the display device. The deposition apparatus is used so that a deposition material is ejected from a deposition source, passes through a mask, and is deposited on a substrate. 
     The above information disclosed in this Background section is only for understanding of the background of the inventive concepts, and, therefore, it may contain information that does not constitute prior art. 
     SUMMARY 
     In the case of a mask of a deposition apparatus, a substrate may be damaged by contact with a substrate due to sagging, or foreign substances may be irradiated, and deposition may be poor. 
     To solve various issues raised above, one or more inventive concepts consistent with one or more embodiments described hereinbelow include apparatuses for and methods of manufacturing a display device including a mask for easily depositing a deposition material on a substrate. 
     Additional features of the inventive concepts will be set forth in the description that follows, and in part will be apparent from the description, or may be learned by practice of the inventive concepts. 
     According to one or more embodiments, an apparatus for manufacturing a display device includes a mask arranged to face a substrate and a deposition source arranged to face the mask, wherein the mask includes a frame that includes a plurality of first frames that extend in a first direction and a plurality of second frames that extend in a second direction that intersects the first direction, an opening defined by the plurality of first frames and the plurality of second frames, and a plurality of laser marks located on at least one of the plurality of first frames and the plurality of second frames and generated by irradiating a laser beam. 
     The plurality of laser marks may be arranged spaced apart in an extending direction of the frame. 
     The plurality of laser marks may include a first column of laser marks arranged in an extending direction of the frame and a second column of laser marks, the second column being spaced apart from the first column in a direction perpendicular to the extending direction of the frame and arranged in the extending direction of the frame. 
     Laser marks in the first column and laser marks in the second column may be arranged to face each other. 
     When viewed in the direction perpendicular to the extending direction of the frame, the laser marks in the first column may be arranged between the laser marks in the second column. 
     Sizes of the laser marks in the first column and the laser marks in the second column may be different from each other. 
     Some of distances between the plurality of laser marks may be different from each other. 
     The plurality of laser marks may be provided only in some of the plurality of first frames or some of the plurality of second frames. 
     The apparatus may further include protrusions protruding from one surface of the frame along a circumference of the opening. 
     The plurality of laser marks may be arranged on a surface opposite to the one surface of the frame on which the protrusions are arranged. 
     A thickness of the frame may be different from inner and outer thicknesses of the protrusions with respect to the protrusions. 
     When viewed in a direction perpendicular to the frame, the plurality of laser marks may be located between the protrusions. 
     The mask may be integrally provided. 
     According to one or more embodiments, a method of manufacturing a display device includes arranging a substrate in a chamber, arranging a mask to face the substrate, and depositing a deposition material on the substrate through the mask by using a deposition source arranged to face the mask, wherein the mask includes a frame including a plurality of first frames extending in a first direction and a plurality of second frames extending in a second direction that intersects the first direction, an opening defined by the plurality of first frames and the plurality of second frames, protrusions protruding from one surface of the frame along a circumference of the opening, and a plurality of laser marks located on at least one of the plurality of first frames and the plurality of second frames and generated by irradiating a laser beam. 
     The method may further include irradiating a laser beam to a plurality of points spaced apart in an extending direction of the frame. 
     The irradiating of the laser beam may include irradiating a laser beam to a plurality of points provided in two columns in an extending direction of the frame. 
     The plurality of points provided in the two columns are arranged to face each other. 
     The plurality of points provided in the two columns may be arranged in a zigzag manner. 
     The irradiating of the laser beam may further include irradiating the laser beam to melt and then solidify the frame. 
     The method may further include etching a remaining area except for an area in which the protrusions are arranged so that the protrusions are formed. 
     Other aspects, features, and advantages than those described above will become apparent from the following detailed description, claims, and drawings for implementing the disclosure. 
     It is to be understood that both the foregoing general description and the following detailed description are illustrative and explanatory and are intended to provide further explanation of the invention as claimed. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       The accompanying drawings, which are included to provide a further understanding of the invention and are incorporated in and constitute a part of this specification, illustrate illustrative embodiments of the invention, and together with the description serve to explain the inventive concepts. 
         FIG.  1    is a schematic diagram of a display device manufactured according to an embodiment that is constructed according to principles of the invention. 
         FIG.  2    is a schematic cross-sectional view of a display device manufactured according to an embodiment, and may correspond to a cross-section of the display device taken along line of  FIG.  1   . 
         FIG.  3    is a cross-sectional view of an apparatus for manufacturing a display device, according to an embodiment. 
         FIG.  4    is a plan view of a mask according to an embodiment. 
         FIG.  5    is a cross-sectional view of a mask taken along line V-V′ of  FIG.  4   . 
         FIG.  6    is a diagram of a mask according to an embodiment. 
         FIGS.  7  to  16    are rear views of a mask according to various embodiment. 
         FIG.  17    is an enlarged view of a left (an -x direction) area of  FIG.  5   . 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     In the following description, for the purposes of explanation, numerous specific details are set forth in order to provide a thorough understanding of various embodiments or implementations of the invention. As used herein “embodiments” and “implementations” are interchangeable words that are non-limiting examples of devices or methods employing one or more of the inventive concepts disclosed herein. It is apparent, however, that various embodiments may be practiced without these specific details or with one or more equivalent arrangements. In other instances, well-known structures and devices are shown in block diagram form in order to avoid unnecessarily obscuring various embodiments. Further, various embodiments may be different, but do not have to be exclusive. For example, specific shapes, configurations, and characteristics of an embodiment may be used or implemented in another embodiment without departing from the inventive concepts. 
     Unless otherwise specified, the illustrated embodiments are to be understood as providing illustrative features of varying detail of some ways in which the inventive concepts may be implemented in practice. Therefore, unless otherwise specified, the features, components, modules, layers, films, panels, regions, and/or aspects, etc. (hereinafter individually or collectively referred to as “elements”), of the various embodiments may be otherwise combined, separated, interchanged, and/or rearranged without departing from the inventive concepts. 
     The use of cross-hatching and/or shading in the accompanying drawings is generally provided to clarify boundaries between adjacent elements. As such, neither the presence nor the absence of cross-hatching or shading conveys or indicates any preference or requirement for particular materials, material properties, dimensions, proportions, commonalities between illustrated elements, and/or any other characteristic, attribute, property, etc., of the elements, unless specified. Further, in the accompanying drawings, the size and relative sizes of elements may be exaggerated for clarity and/or descriptive purposes. When an embodiment may be implemented differently, a specific process order may be performed differently from the described order. For example, two consecutively described processes may be performed substantially at the same time or performed in an order opposite to the described order. Also, like reference numerals denote like elements. 
     When an element, such as a layer, is referred to as being “on,” “connected to,” or “coupled to” another element or layer, it may be directly on, connected to, or coupled to the other element or layer or intervening elements or layers may be present. When, however, an element or layer is referred to as being “directly on,” “directly connected to,” or “directly coupled to” another element or layer, there are no intervening elements or layers present. To this end, the term “connected” may refer to physical, electrical, and/or fluid connection, with or without intervening elements. Further, the x-axis, the y-axis, and the z-axis are not limited to three axes of a rectangular coordinate system. For example, the x-axis, the y-axis, and the z-axis may be perpendicular to one another, or may represent different directions that are not perpendicular to one another. For the purposes of this disclosure, “at least one of X, Y, and Z” and “at least one selected from the group consisting of X, Y, and Z” may be construed as X only, Y only, Z only, or any combination of two or more of X, Y, and Z, such as, for instance, XYZ, XYY, YZ, and ZZ. As used herein, the term “and/or” includes any and all combinations of one or more of the associated listed items. 
     Although the terms “first,” “second,” etc. may be used herein to describe various types of elements, these elements should not be limited by these terms. These terms are used to distinguish one element from another element. Thus, a first element discussed below could be termed a second element without departing from the teachings of the disclosure. 
     Spatially relative terms, such as “beneath,” “below,” “under,” “lower,” “above,” “upper,” “over,” “higher,” “side” (e.g., as in “sidewall”), and the like, may be used herein for descriptive purposes, and, thereby, to describe one elements relationship to another element(s) as illustrated in the drawings. Spatially relative terms are intended to encompass different orientations of an apparatus in use, operation, and/or manufacture in addition to the orientation depicted in the drawings. For example, if the apparatus in the drawings is turned over, elements described as “below” or “beneath” other elements or features would then be oriented “above” the other elements or features. Thus, the term “below” can encompass both an orientation of above and below. Furthermore, the apparatus may be otherwise oriented (e.g., rotated 90 degrees or at other orientations), and, as such, the spatially relative descriptors used herein interpreted accordingly. 
     The terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particular embodiments and is not intended to be limiting. As used herein, the singular forms, “a,” “an,” and “the” are intended to include the plural forms as well, unless the context clearly indicates otherwise. Moreover, the terms “comprises,” “comprising,” “includes,” and/or “including,” when used in this specification, specify the presence of stated features, integers, steps, operations, elements, components, and/or groups thereof, but do not preclude the presence or addition of one or more other features, integers, steps, operations, elements, components, and/or groups thereof. It is also noted that, as used herein, the terms “substantially,” “about,” and other similar terms, are used as terms of approximation and not as terms of degree, and, as such, are utilized to account for inherent deviations in measured, calculated, and/or provided values that would be recognized by one of ordinary skill in the art. 
     Various embodiments are described herein with reference to sectional and/or exploded illustrations that are schematic illustrations of idealized embodiments and/or intermediate structures. As such, variations from the shapes of the illustrations as a result, for example, of manufacturing techniques and/or tolerances, are to be expected. Thus, embodiments disclosed herein should not necessarily be construed as limited to the particular illustrated shapes of regions, but are to include deviations in shapes that result from, for instance, manufacturing. In this manner, regions illustrated in the drawings may be schematic in nature and the shapes of these regions may not reflect actual shapes of regions of a device and, as such, are not necessarily intended to be limiting. 
     Unless otherwise defined, all terms (including technical and scientific terms) used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this disclosure is a part. Terms, such as those defined in commonly used dictionaries, should be interpreted as having a meaning that is consistent with their meaning in the context of the relevant art and should not be interpreted in an idealized or overly formal sense, unless expressly so defined herein. 
       FIG.  1    is a schematic diagram of a display device  1  manufactured according to an embodiment and that is constructed according to principles of the invention. 
     Referring to  FIG.  1   , the display device  1  manufactured according to an embodiment may include a display area DA and a peripheral area PA located outside the display area DA. The display device  1  may provide an image through an array of a plurality of pixels PX that are two-dimensionally arranged in the display area DA. 
     The peripheral area PA, as an area that does not provide an image, may entirely or partially surround the display area DA. A driver configured to provide an electrical signal or power to a pixel circuit corresponding to each of the pixels PX may be arranged in the peripheral area PA. A pad, to which electronic devices, printed circuit boards, or the like may be electrically connected, may be arranged in the peripheral area PA. 
     Hereinafter, it will be described that the display device  1  includes an organic light-emitting diode (OLED) as a light-emitting element, but the display device  1  of the disclosure is not limited thereto. In another embodiment, the display device  1  may be a light-emitting display including an inorganic light-emitting diode, that is, an inorganic light-emitting display. The inorganic light-emitting diode may include a PN diode including inorganic semiconductor-based materials. When a voltage is supplied to a PN junction diode in the forward direction, holes and electrons are injected, and energy generated by recombination of the holes and the electrons is converted into light energy to emit light of a predetermined color. The inorganic light-emitting diode may have a width of a several to several hundreds of micrometers, and in some embodiments, the inorganic light-emitting diode may be referred to as a micro light-emitting diode (micro LED). In another embodiment, the display device  1  may be a quantum dot light-emitting display. 
     The display device  1  may be used as display screens of various products such as televisions, laptops, monitors, billboards, or Internet of Things (IOTs) as well as portable electronic devices such as mobile phones, smart phones, tablet personal computers (tablet PCs), mobile communication terminals, electronic notebooks, e-books, portable multimedia players (PMPs), navigations, or ultra-mobile PCs (UMPCs). Also, the display device  1  according to an embodiment may be used in wearable devices such as smart watches, watch phones, glass-type displays, or head mounted displays (HMDs). Also, the display device  1  according to an embodiment may be used as a vehicle&#39;s dash board, a center information display (CID) located at a vehicle&#39;s center fascia or dashboard, a room mirror display covering for a vehicle&#39;s side-view mirror, or a display screen, which is located at the back of a front seat, as entertainment for a passenger in a back seat of a vehicle. 
       FIG.  2    is a schematic cross-sectional view of a display device manufactured using an apparatus for manufacturing a display device, according to an embodiment, and may correspond to a cross-section of a display device taken along line of  FIG.  1   . 
     Referring to  FIG.  2   , the display device  1  may include a stacked structure of a substrate  100 , a pixel circuit layer PCL, a display element layer DEL, and an encapsulation layer  300 . 
     The substrate  100  may be a multi-layered structure including a base layer including a polymer resin and an inorganic layer. For example, the substrate  100  may include a base layer including a polymer resin and a barrier layer of an inorganic insulating layer. For example, the substrate  100  may include a first base layer  101 , a first barrier layer  102 , a second base layer  103 , and a second barrier layer  104  which are sequentially stacked in this stated order. The first base layer  101  and the second base layer  103  may include polyimide (PI), polyethersulfone (PES), polyarylate, polyetherimide (PEI), polyethyelenene napthalate (PEN), polyethyeleneterepthalate (PET), polyphenylene sulfide (PPS), polycarbonate (PC), cellulose triacetate (TAC), or/and cellulose acetate propionate (CAP). The first barrier layer  102  and the second barrier layer  104  may include an inorganic insulation material such as silicon oxide, silicon oxynitride, and/or silicon nitride. The substrate  100  may have flexible characteristics. 
     The pixel circuit layer PCL may be arranged on the substrate  100 .  FIG.  2    illustrates that the pixel circuit layer PCL includes a thin-film transistor TFT, and a buffer layer  111 , a first gate insulating layer  112 , a second gate insulating layer  113 , an insulating interlayer  114 , a first flattening insulating layer  115 , and a second flattening insulating layer  116 , which are located under or/and above components of the thin-film transistor TFT. 
     The buffer layer  111  may reduce or block foreign substances, moisture, or external air, each penetrating from a lower portion of the substrate  100 , and may provide a flat surface on the substrate  100 . The buffer layer  111  may include an inorganic insulation material such as silicon oxide, silicon oxynitride, or silicon nitride, and may have a single-layered structure or a multi-layered structure, each including the above-described material. 
     The thin-film transistor TFT on the buffer layer  111  includes a semiconductor layer Act, and the semiconductor layer Act may include polysilicon. Alternatively, the semiconductor layer Act may include amorphous silicon, an oxide semiconductor, or an organic semiconductor. The semiconductor layer Act may include a channel area C and a drain area D and a source area S respectively at both sides of the channel area C. A gate electrode GE may overlap the channel area C. 
     The gate electrode GE may include a low-resistance metal material. The gate electrode GE may include a conductive material including molybdenum (Mo), aluminum (Al), copper (Cu), titanium (Ti), or the like, and may be formed of a multilayer or single layer including the material. 
     The first gate insulating layer  112  between the semiconductor layer Act and the gate electrode GE may include an inorganic insulation material such as silicon oxide (SiO2), silicon nitride (SiNX), silicon oxynitride (SiON), aluminum oxide (Al2O3), titanium oxide (TiO2), tantalum oxide (Ta2O5), hafnium oxide (HfO2), zinc oxide (ZnO2), or the like. 
     The second gate insulating layer  113  may cover the gate electrode GE. Similar to the first gate insulating layer  112 , the second gate insulating layer  113  may include an inorganic insulation material such as silicon oxide (SiO2), silicon nitride (SiNX), silicon oxynitride (SiON), aluminum oxide (Al2O3), titanium oxide (TiO2), tantalum oxide (Ta2O5), hafnium oxide (HfO2), zinc oxide (ZnO2), or the like. 
     An upper electrode Cst 2  of a storage capacitor Cst may be arranged on the second gate insulating layer  113 . The upper electrode Cst 2  may overlap the gate electrode GE thereunder. In this regard, the gate electrode GE and the upper electrode Cst 2 , which overlap each other with the second gate insulating layer  113  therebetween, may form the storage capacitor Cst. That is, the gate electrode GE may function as a lower electrode Cst 1  of the storage capacitor Cst. 
     As such, the storage capacitor Cst and the thin-film transistor TFT may be formed to overlap each other. In some embodiments, the storage capacitor Cst may be formed not to overlap the thin-film transistor TFT. 
     The upper electrode Cst 2  may include aluminum (Al), platinum (Pt), palladium (Pd), silver (Ag), magnesium (Mg), gold (Au), nickel (Ni), neodymium (Nd), iridium (Ir), chromium (Cr), calcium (Ca), molybdenum (Mo), titanium (Ti), tungsten (W), and/or copper (Cu), and may be a single layer or multilayer of the above-described material. 
     The insulating interlayer  114  may cover the upper electrode Cst 2 . The insulating interlayer  114  may include silicon oxide (SiO2), silicon nitride (SiNX), silicon oxynitride (SiON), aluminum oxide (Al2O3), titanium oxide (TiO2), tantalum oxide (Ta2O5), hafnium oxide (HfO2), zinc oxide (ZnO2), or the like. The insulating interlayer  114  may be a single layer or multilayer including the above-described inorganic insulation material. 
     A drain electrode DE and a source electrode SE may each be located on the insulating interlayer  114 . The drain electrode DE and the source electrode SE may respectively be connected to the drain area D and the source area S through contact holes formed in insulating layers thereunder. The drain electrode DE and the source electrode SE may include a material with excellent conductivity. The drain electrode DE and the source electrode SE may include a conductive material including molybdenum (Mo), aluminum (Al), copper (Cu), titanium (Ti), or the like, and may be formed of a multilayer or single layer including the material. In an embodiment, the drain electrode DE and the source electrode SE may have a multi-layered structure of Ti/Al/Ti. 
     The first flattening insulating layer  115  may cover the drain electrode DE and the source electrode SE. The first flattening insulating layer  115  may include an inorganic insulation material such as a general-purpose polymer such as polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) or polystyrene (PS), a polymer derivative having a phenol-based group, an acrylic polymer, an imide-based polymer, an aryl ether-based polymer, an amide-based polymer, a fluorine-based polymer, a p-xylene-based polymer, a vinyl alcohol-based polymer, and a blend thereof. 
     The second flattening insulating layer  116  may be arranged on the first flattening insulating layer  115 . The second flattening insulating layer  116  may include the same material as the first flattening insulating layer  115 , and may include an organic insulation material such as a general-purpose polymer such as PMMA or PS, a polymer derivative having a phenol-based group, an acrylic polymer, an imide-based polymer, an aryl ether-based polymer, an amide-based polymer, a fluorine-based polymer, a p-xylene-based polymer, a vinyl alcohol-based polymer, and a blend thereof. 
     The display element layer DEL may be arranged on the pixel circuit layer PCL having the above-described structure. The display element layer DEL includes an organic light-emitting diode OLED as a display element (that is, a light-emitting element), and the organic light-emitting diode OLED may include a stacked structure of a pixel electrode  210 , an intermediate layer  220 , and a common electrode  230 . The organic light-emitting diode OLED may emit, for example, red, green, or blue light, or may emit red, green, blue, or white light. The organic light-emitting diode OLED may emit light through an emission area, and the emission area may be defined as a pixel PX. 
     The pixel electrode  210  of the organic light-emitting diode OLED may be electrically connected to the thin-film transistor TFT through contact holes formed in the second flattening insulating layer  116  and the first flattening insulating layer  115  and a contact metal CM arranged on the first flattening insulating layer  115 . 
     The pixel electrode  210  may include a conductive oxide material such as indium tin oxide (ITO), indium zinc oxide (IZO), zinc oxide (ZnO), indium oxide (In2O3), indium gallium oxide (IGO), or aluminum zinc oxide (AZO). In another embodiment, the pixel electrode  210  may include a reflective film including silver (Ag), magnesium (Mg), aluminum (Al), platinum (Pt), palladium (Pd), gold (Au), nickel (Ni), neodymium (Nd), iridium (Ir), chromium (Cr), or a compound thereof. In another embodiment, the pixel electrode  210  may further include a film formed of ITO, IZO, ZnO, or In2O3 on/under the above-described reflective film. 
     A pixel-defining film  117  having an opening  117 OP exposing a central portion of the pixel electrode  210  may be arranged on the pixel electrode  210 . The pixel-defining film  117  may include an organic insulation material and/or an inorganic insulation material. The opening  117 OP may define an emission area of light emitted from the organic light-emitting diode OLED. For example, a size/width of the opening  117 OP may correspond to a size/width of the emission area. Therefore, a size and/or width of the pixel PX may depend on a size and/or width of the opening  117 OP of the pixel-defining film  117 . 
     The intermediate layer  220  may include an emission layer  222  formed corresponding to the pixel electrode  210 . The emission layer  222  may include a polymer or low molecular weight organic material emitting a predetermined color of light. Alternatively, the emission layer  222  may include an inorganic light-emitting material or quantum dots. 
     In an embodiment, the intermediate layer  220  may include a first functional layer  221  and a second functional layer  223  respectively arranged under and on the emission layer  222 . The first functional layer  221  may include, for example, a hole transport layer, or may include a hole transport layer and a hole injection layer. The second functional layer  223 , as a component arranged on the emission layer  222 , may include an electron transport layer and/or an electron injection layer. The first functional layer  221  and/or the second functional layer  223  may be a common layer formed to entirely cover the substrate  100  as with the common electrode  230  described later. 
     The common electrode  230  is arranged above the pixel electrode  210 , and may overlap the pixel electrode  210 . The common electrode  230  may include a conductive material with a low work function. For example, the common electrode  230  may include a (semi)transparent layer including silver (Ag), magnesium (Mg), aluminum (Al), platinum (Pt), palladium (Pd), gold (Au), nickel (Ni), neodymium (Nd), iridium (Ir), chromium (Cr), lithium (Li), calcium (Ca), or an alloy thereof. Alternatively, the common electrode  230  may further include a layer including materials such as ITO, IZO, ZnO, or In2O3 on the (semi)transparent layer including the above-described material. The common electrode  230  may be integrally formed to entirely cover the substrate  100 . 
     The encapsulation layer  300  is arranged on the display element layer DEL, and may cover the display element layer DEL. The encapsulation layer  300  may include at least one inorganic encapsulation layer and at least one organic encapsulation layer, and as an embodiment,  FIG.  7    illustrates that the encapsulation layer  300  includes a first inorganic encapsulation layer  310 , an organic encapsulation layer  320 , and a second inorganic encapsulation layer  330  that are sequentially stacked in this stated order. 
     The first inorganic encapsulation layer  310  and the second inorganic encapsulation layer  330  may include at least one inorganic material among aluminum oxide, titanium oxide, tantalum oxide, hafnium oxide, zinc oxide, silicon oxide, silicon nitride, and silicon oxynitride. The organic encapsulation layer  320  may include a polymer-based material. The polymer-based material may include an acrylic resin, an epoxy-based resin, polyimide, and polyethylene. In an embodiment, the organic encapsulation layer  320  may include acrylate. The organic encapsulation layer  320  may be formed by hardening a monomer or applying a polymer. The organic encapsulation layer  320  may have transparency. 
     A touch sensor layer may be arranged on the encapsulation layer  300 , and an optical functional layer may be arranged on the touch sensor layer. The touch sensor layer may obtain coordinate information in response to an external input, for example, a touch event. The optical functional layer may reduce the reflectance of light (external light) incident on the display device, and/or may improve the color purity of light emitted from the display device. In an embodiment, the optical functional layer may include a retarder and/or a polarizer. The retarder may be a film type or a liquid crystal coating type and may include a λ/2 retarder and/or a λ/4 retarder. The polarizer may also be a film type or a liquid crystal coating type. The film type may include a stretch-type synthetic resin film, and the liquid crystal coating type may include liquid crystals arranged in a predetermined arrangement. The retarder and the polarizer may further include a protective film. 
     An adhesive member may be arranged between the touch electrode layer and the optical functional layer. The adhesive member may be any adhesive member generally known in the related art. The adhesive member may be a pressure sensitive adhesive (PSA). 
       FIG.  3    is a cross-sectional view of an apparatus for manufacturing a display device, according to an embodiment. 
     Referring to  FIG.  3   , the display device  1  may be manufactured via an apparatus  2  for manufacturing a display device. 
     The apparatus  2  for manufacturing a display device may include a chamber  10 , a first support  20 , a second support  30 , a mask  500 , a deposition source  40 , a magnetic force unit  60 , a vision unit  70 , and a pressure regulator  80 . 
     The chamber  10  may have an inner space, and a portion of the chamber  10  may be opened. In this case, a gate valve  11  may be installed in the open portion of the chamber  10 . In this case, the open portion of the chamber  10  may be opened or closed according to the operation of the gate valve  11 . 
     The substrate  100  may be placed on and supported by the first support  20 . In this case, the first support  20  may be in the form of a plate fixed inside the chamber  10 . In another embodiment, the first support  20  may be in the form of a shuttle on which the substrate  100  is placed and that is linearly movable within the chamber  10 . In another embodiment, the first support  20  may include an electrostatic chuck or an adhesive chuck, which is arranged in the chamber  10 , so that the first support  20  is fixed to the chamber  10  or movable up and down inside the chamber  10 . For convenience of explanation, the following will be described on the assumption that the first support  20  is in the form of a plate fixed inside the chamber  10 . 
     The mask  500  may be seated on the second support  30 . In this case, the second support  30  may be arranged inside the chamber  10 . The second support  30  may precisely adjust a position of the mask  500 . In this case, the second support  30  may include a separate driver or an alignment unit to move the mask  500  in different directions. 
     In another embodiment, the second support  30  may be in the form of a shuttle. In this case, the mask  500  is placed on the second support  30 , and the mask  500  may be transportable. For example, the second support  30  may move to the outside of the chamber  10  and enter the chamber  10  from the outside of the chamber  10  after the mask  500  is placed. 
     In the above case, the first support  20  and the second support  30  may be integrally formed. In this case, the first support  20  and the second support  30  may include a movable shuttle. In this case, the first support  20  and the second support  30  includes a structure for fixing the mask  500  and the substrate  100  in a state in which the substrate  100  is placed on the mask  500 , and may linearly move the substrate  100  and the mask  500  at the same time. 
     However, for convenience of explanation, the following will be described on the assumption that the first support  20  and the second support  30  are formed to be separated from each other and located at different positions, and the first support  20  and the second support  30  are arranged inside the chamber  10 . 
     The deposition source  40  may be arranged to face the mask  500 . In this case, the deposition source  40  may receive a deposition material, and vaporize or sublime the deposition material by applying heat to the deposition material. The deposition source  40  may be arranged to be fixed inside the chamber  10  or may be arranged inside the chamber  10  to be able to move linearly in one direction. However, for convenience of description, the following will be described on the assumption that the deposition source  40  is arranged to be fixed inside the chamber  10 . 
     The mask  500  may be arranged inside the chamber  10 . The mask  500  may be arranged to face the substrate  100 . The mask  500  may include a plurality of openings  530 . The deposition material may be deposited on the substrate  100  through the openings  530 . The mask  500  is described below in detail. 
     The magnetic force unit  60  may be arranged inside the chamber  10  to face the substrate  100 . In this case, the magnetic force unit  60  may apply force on the mask  500  toward the substrate  100  by applying magnetic force to the mask  500 . In particular, the magnetic force unit  60  may prevent the mask  500  from sagging and allow the mask  500  to be adjacent to the substrate  100 . Also, the magnetic force unit  60  may maintain a uniform distance between the mask  500  and the substrate  100 . 
     The vision unit  70  is installed in the chamber  10 , and may capture images of positions of the substrate  100  and the mask  500 . In this case, the vision unit  70  may include a camera for capturing images of the substrate  100  and the mask  500 . The positions of the substrate  100  and the mask  500  may be identified based on the images captured by the vision unit  70 , and based on the images, the first support  20  may precisely adjust the position of the substrate  100  or the second support  30  may precisely adjust the position of the mask  500 . However, the following will be described on the assumption that the second support  30  precisely adjusts a position of the mask  500  to arrange positions of the substrate  100  and the mask  500 . 
     The pressure regulator  80  may be connected to the chamber  10  and may regulate a pressure inside the chamber  10 . For example, the pressure regulator  80  may regulate a pressure inside the chamber  10  to be equal or similar to atmospheric pressure. Also, the pressure regulator  80  may regulate a pressure inside the chamber  10  to be equal or similar to a vacuum state. 
     The pressure regulator  80  may include a connection pipe  81  connected to the chamber  10  and a pump  82  installed on the connection pipe  81 . In this case, according to the operation of the pump  82 , external air may be introduced through the connection pipe  81 , or a gas inside the chamber  10  may be guided to the outside through the connection pipe  81 . 
     The apparatus  2  for manufacturing a display device may be used to manufacture the display device  1 . Specifically, when the pressure regulator  80  makes the inside of the chamber  10  equal or similar to atmospheric pressure, the gate valve  11  may operate to open the open portion of the chamber  10 . 
     Next, the substrate  100  may be inserted from the outside of the chamber  10  into the inside thereof. In this case, the substrate  100  may be inserted into the chamber  10  in various manners. For example, the substrate  100  may be inserted into the chamber  10  from the outside of the chamber  10  via a robot arm arranged outside the chamber  10 . In another embodiment, when the first support  20  is formed in the form of a shuttle, after the first support  20  may be carried out to the outside of the chamber  10  from the inside of the chamber  10 , the substrate  100  may be placed on the first support  20  via a separate robot arm arranged outside the chamber  10 , and the first support  20  may be inserted into the chamber  10  from the outside of the chamber  10 . For convenience of explanation, the following will be described on the assumption that the substrate  100  is inserted into the chamber  10  from the outside of the chamber  10  via a robot arm arranged outside the chamber  10 . 
     The mask  500  may be arranged inside the chamber  10  as described above. In another embodiment, the mask  500  may be inserted into the chamber  10  from the outside of the chamber  10  in the same or similar manner as the substrate  100 . However, for convenience of explanation, the following will be described on the assumption that only the substrate  100  is inserted into the chamber  10  from the outside of the chamber  10  in a state in which the mask  500  is arranged inside the chamber  10 . 
     In the above case, in another embodiment, as described above, the first support  20  and the second support  30  may form a shuttle shape and may be inserted into the chamber  10  from the outside of the chamber  10  after fixing the substrate  100  and the mask  500 . 
     When the substrate  100  is inserted into the chamber  10 , the substrate  100  may be placed on the first support  20 . In this case, the vision unit  70  may capture images of positions of the substrate  100  and the mask  500 . In particular, the vision unit  70  may capture images of a first alignment mark of the substrate  100  and a second alignment mark of the mask  500 . 
     The positions of the substrate  100  and the mask  500  may be identified based on the captured images of first alignment mark and the second alignment mark. In this case, the apparatus  2  for manufacturing a display device includes a separate controller to identify positions of the substrate  100  and the mask  500 . 
     When the identifying of the positions of the substrate  100  and the mask  500  is completed, the second support  30  may precisely adjust the position of the mask  500 . 
     Next, the deposition source  40  operates to supply a deposition material to the mask  500 , and the deposition material that has passed through the plurality of openings  530  of the mask  500  may be deposited on the substrate  100 . In this case, the pump  82  may maintain a pressure inside the chamber  10  at or similar to that of a vacuum by sucking out a gas from inside the chamber  10  and emitting it to the outside. 
     In the above case, the deposition material may be deposited on the substrate  100  through the openings  530  of the mask  500 . In this case, the mask  500  may provide pattern holes corresponding to areas where the deposition material is deposited on the substrate  100 . Accordingly, a plurality of layers stacked on the display device  1 , for example, a counter electrode, may be formed. 
       FIG.  4    is a plan view of a mask according to an embodiment.  FIG.  5    is a cross-sectional view of a mask taken along line V-V of  FIG.  4   . A substrate is shown together in  FIG.  5    for convenience of explanation. 
     Referring to  FIGS.  4  and  5   , the mask  500  may be mask included in the apparatus  2  for manufacturing a display device. In an embodiment, the mask  500  may be an open mask, that is, a mask for depositing a deposition material on an entire surface of a substrate. In other words, sizes of the openings  530  of the mask  500  may correspond to a size of the display device  1 . A deposition material may pass through the openings  530  of the mask  500  to form an unpatterned layer on the substrate. 
     The mask  500  may include a frame  510  for forming a body of the mask  500 . In an embodiment, the frame  510  may include a metal material. Specifically, the frame  510  may include a first frame  511  extending in a first direction (for example, an x direction of  FIG.  4   ) and a second frame  512  extending in a second direction (for example, a y direction of  FIG.  4   ) intersecting the first direction. 
     The first frame  511  extending in the first direction may include a plurality of first frames  511  spaced apart from each other in the second direction. Among the plurality of first frames  511  spaced apart from each other in the second direction, first frames  511  at both ends may correspond to an outer circumference of the mask  500 , specifically, horizontal sides of the outer circumference. 
     The second frame  512  extending in the second direction may include a plurality of second frames  512  spaced apart in the first direction. Among the plurality of second frames  512  spaced apart in the first direction, second frames  512  at both ends may correspond to an outer circumference of the mask  500 , specifically, vertical sides of the outer circumference. 
     In this case, the first frame  511  and the second frame  512  may intersect each other. In an embodiment, the first frame  511  and the second frame  512  may vertically intersect each other. In this case, the mask  500  may have a rectangular or square shape in a plan view. 
     In an embodiment, the first frame  511  and the second frame  512  may be integrally formed. That is, a portion where the first frame  511  and the second frame  512  intersect each other is integrally formed, and may or may not overlap each other. 
     The plurality of first frames  511  and the plurality of second frames  512  may define an opening  530 . The first frames  511  may define horizontal sides of the opening  530 , and the second frames  512  may define vertical sides of the opening  530 . 
     The opening  530  may include a plurality of openings  530 , and the plurality of openings  530  may be spaced apart from each other at regular distances. As described above, a deposition material may be deposited on the substrate  100  through the plurality of openings  530 . 
     Also, the mask  500  may include a protrusion  540 . The protrusion  540  may protrude from one surface of the frame  510 , for example, an upper surface thereof. The protrusion  540  may be continuously arranged along a circumference of the opening  530  to form a closed-loop. The protrusion  540  may be in contact with the substrate  100  and may separate the opening  530  from the substrate  100 . 
     In an embodiment, the protrusion  540  may be arranged apart from a circumference of the opening  530  to the outside. However, embodiments are not limited thereto, and in an embodiment, the protrusion  540  may not be arranged apart from the circumference of the opening  530  to the outside, and the protrusion  540  may be arranged to overlap the circumference of the opening  530 . That is, the protrusion  540  may form an inner surface of the opening  530 . For convenience of description, the following will be described on the assumption that the protrusion  540  is spaced apart from a circumference of the opening  530  to the outside. 
     In an embodiment, a thickness of the frame  510  may be different from inner and outer thicknesses of the protrusion  540 , with respect to the protrusion  540 . Specifically, an inner side with respect to the protrusion  540 , that is, a thickness of the frame  510  forming an inner surface of the opening  530 , may be greater than an outer side with respect to the protrusion  540 , that is, a thickness of the frame  510  between a plurality of protrusions  540 . Accordingly, a shadow (a phenomenon of not being deposited with the normal deposition thickness), especially, an outer shadow, may be improved. Here, the shadow includes an outer shadow and an inner shadow, wherein the outer shadow denotes that a deposition material is deposited on an area where deposition is unnecessary, and the inner shadow denotes that a deposition material is partially deposited on an area where deposition is necessary. 
     However, embodiments are not limited thereto, and for example, a thickness of the frame  510  may be equal to inner and outer thicknesses of the protrusion  540 , with respect to the protrusion  540 . As such, a shadow may be adjusted by adjusting a thickness of the frame  510  with respect to the protrusion  540 . 
     In an embodiment, the protrusion  540  may be formed by etching the mask  500 . Specifically, the protrusion  540  may be formed by etching remaining areas of the mask  500  except for an area where the protrusion  540  is arranged. 
     The mask  500  may further include a laser mark  550 . The laser mark  550  may be arranged on one surface of the frame  510 , for example, on a surface opposite to a surface on which the protrusion  540  is arranged. The laser mark  550  may be a mark generated when a laser beam is irradiated to a portion of the frame  510  and the frame  510  is melted and then re-s solidified. 
     In an embodiment, an area of the frame  510 , in which the laser mark  550  is located, may have a different density from an area of the frame  510 , in which the laser mark  550  is not located. For example, an area of the frame  510 , in which the laser mark  550  is located, may have greater number of particles having a face-centered cubic structure (FCC), as compared to an area of the frame  510 , in which the laser mark  550  is not located. Also, an area of the frame  510 , in which the laser mark  550  is located, may have less number of particles having a body-centered cubic structure (BCC), as compared to an area of the frame  510 , in which the laser mark  550  is not located. 
       FIG.  6    is a diagram of the mask  500  according to an embodiment.  FIG.  6    shows an exaggerated curvature to show a force acting on the mask  500 . An arrow indicates a force acting on the mask  500 , especially, the frame  510 . 
     Referring to  FIG.  6   , as described above, when a laser beam is irradiated to the frame  510 , the frame  510  may be melted and then re-solidified to have a different density. Specifically, as particles change from a BCC to a FCC, a contractile force may be applied toward an area of the frame  510  to which the laser beam is irradiated, in which the laser mark  550  is located. Accordingly, sagging of the frame  510  may be prevented. Specifically, as a contractile force is applied toward the laser mark  550  on the frame  510 , for example, sagging of the frame  510  as shown in  FIG.  6    may be prevented. Also, a defect may be prevented from occurring due to a contact of a circumference of the opening  530  with the substrate  100  by sagging of the frame  510 . 
     The laser mark  550  may be located at the center of a width (a length in an x direction of  FIG.  5   ) of the frame  510 . Accordingly, in sagging of the width of the frame  510 , a contractile force is equally applied to both sides with respect to the laser mark  550 , so that the sagging may be improved. 
     In an embodiment, the laser mark  550  may be located between a plurality of protrusions  540 . Accordingly, the frame  510  sags in a width direction as shown in  FIG.  6   , thereby preventing the protrusion  540  from rotating, and may be allowed to be re-unbent in an opposite direction thereof. 
       FIGS.  7  to  16    are rear views of a mask according to various embodiment. Specifically, a rear surface of the mask  500  shown in  FIG.  4    is shown. 
     Referring to  FIGS.  7  and  8   , laser marks  550  may be arranged spaced apart from each other in a length direction of the frame  510 , specifically, at least one of the first frame  511  and the second frame  512 . That is, as shown in  FIG.  7   , the laser marks  550  may be arranged spaced apart from each other in a length direction (an x direction of  FIG.  7   ) of the first frame  511  and in a length direction (a y direction of  FIG.  7   ) of the second frame  512 . Alternatively, as shown in  FIG.  8   , the laser marks  550  may be arranged spaced apart from each other in a length direction (an x direction of  FIG.  8   ) of the first frame  511  and may not be arranged in the length direction of the second frame  512 . Alternatively, the laser marks  550  may be arranged spaced apart from each other in a length direction (a y direction of  FIG.  8   ) of the second frame  512  on the contrary. As such, the laser marks  550  may be arranged in consideration of an area in which sagging may occur. Hereinafter, the laser marks  550  of  FIG.  7    are mainly described. 
     In an embodiment, a plurality of laser marks  550  may be arranged spaced apart from each other at the same distance. For example, a distance between a plurality of laser marks  550  spaced apart from each other along the first frame  511  may be equal to a distance between a plurality of laser marks  550  spaced apart from each other along the second frame  512 . 
     Referring to  FIG.  9   , a plurality of laser marks  550  may be arranged in a plurality of columns. Because laser marks  550  arranged on the first frame  511  and the second frame  512  are similar, the second frame  512  is mainly described. 
     In an embodiment, the plurality of laser marks  550  may include a first column  551  arranged in a length direction (a y direction of  FIG.  9   ) of the second frame  512  and a second column  552  arranged in the length direction of the second frame  512  and spaced apart from the first column  551  in a direction (an x direction of  FIG.  9   ) perpendicular to the length direction of the second frame  512 . 
       FIGS.  10  to  12    are enlarged views of an IX area of  FIG.  9   . 
     Referring to  FIG.  10   , a distance between laser marks  550  in the first column  551  may be equal to a distance between laser marks  550  in the second column  552 . 
     Also, the laser marks  550  in the first column  551  and the laser marks  550  in the second column  552  may be arranged to face each other. Accordingly, the first column  551  and the second column  552  may be spaced apart from each other at the same distance with respect to the center of a width of the second frame  512 . In other words, the first column  551  and the second column  552  may be symmetrical with each other with respect to the center of the width of the second frame  512 . 
     Referring to  FIG.  11   , in another embodiment, laser marks  550  in the first column  551  and laser marks  550  in the second column  552  may be arranged in a zigzag manner. That is, when viewed in a direction (an x direction of  FIG.  11   ) perpendicular to a length direction (a y direction of  FIG.  11   ) of the second frame  512 , a laser mark  550  in the first column  551  may be located between two adjacent laser marks  550  in the second column  552 . Accordingly, the laser marks  550  may be equally arranged in the length direction of the second frame  512 , thereby preventing sagging of the frame  510 . 
     Referring to  FIG.  12   , in this case, a size of a laser mark  550  in the first column  551  may be different from a size of a laser mark  550  in the second column  552 . For example, the laser mark  550  in the first column  551  may be greater than the laser mark  550  in the second column  552 . Accordingly, in the second frame  512 , laser marks  550  in the second column  552 , which are smaller in size, are arranged between laser marks  550  in the first column  551 , and thus, a space for arrangement of the laser marks  550  may be efficiently used. Also, the laser marks  550  in the first column  551  may have different sizes. For example, the laser marks  550  in the first column  551  may be arranged to alternately have a large size and a small size. In this case, the laser marks  550  in the second column  552  may also be arranged to alternately have a large size and a small size in the same manner as the laser marks  550  in the first column  551 . In this case, a laser mark  550  in the second column  552 , which faces a laser mark  550  of a large size in the first column  551 , may be of a small size. Also, a laser mark  550  in the second column  552 , which faces a laser mark  550  of a small size in the first column  551 , may be of a large size. 
       FIG.  13    is a rear view of a mask according to another embodiment. For convenience of description,  FIG.  13    illustrates only laser marks  550  arranged on the first frame  511 . 
     Referring to  FIG.  13   , distances between a plurality of laser marks  550  may be different from each other. In an embodiment, the distances between the plurality of laser marks  550  may decrease toward the center of the mask  500 . The distances between the laser marks  550  located on the first frame  511  may decrease toward the center of the first frame  511  in a length direction (an x direction of  FIG.  13   ). Also, distances between laser marks  550  located on the second frame  512  may decrease toward the center of the second frame  512  in a length direction (a y direction of  FIG.  13   ). 
     Accordingly, sagging of a center portion of the mask  500 , in which the greatest stress according to the sagging of the mask  500  may occur, may be further improved. 
       FIG.  14    is a rear view of a mask according to another embodiment. 
     Referring to  FIG.  14   , laser marks  550  may not be arranged on at least some of a plurality of first frames  511  and a plurality of second frames  512 .  FIG.  14    illustrates that as an example, laser marks  550  are arranged only on some of the plurality of second frames  512 . However, similarly, laser marks  550  may be arranged only on some of the plurality of first frames  511 . Hereinafter, the second frame  512  will be mainly described. 
     In an embodiment, the plurality of second frames  512  may include second frames  512  on which the laser marks  550  are arranged and second frames  512  on which the laser marks  550  are not arranged, which are alternately arranged. In this case, because a laser beam is not irradiated to an area in which sagging of the mask  500  occurs less, a laser beam may be efficiently irradiated. For example, in  FIG.  14   , because the second frames  512  are shorter than the first frames  511 , sagging of second frames  512  in a length direction may occur less than sagging of first frames  511  in a length direction. In this case, a laser beam is not irradiated to some of the plurality of second frames  512 , and thus, the laser marks  550  may be efficiently located. 
       FIG.  15    is a rear view of a mask according to another embodiment. Because the present embodiment is similar to the embodiment of  FIG.  14   , only differences will be mainly described hereinafter. 
     Referring to  FIG.  15   , the laser marks  550  arranged in the first frames  511  in the embodiment of  FIG.  14    may be provided in a plurality of columns. Accordingly, as described above, sagging of the mask  500  may be efficiently prevented by not irradiating a laser beam in a direction in which the sagging of the mask  500  occurs less and irradiating a laser beam to a plurality of columns in a direction in which the sagging of the mask  500  occurs more. 
       FIG.  16    is a rear view of a mask according to another embodiment. Because the present embodiment is similar to the embodiment of  FIG.  14   , only differences will be mainly described hereinafter. 
     Referring to  FIG.  16   , a distance between a plurality of laser marks  550  spaced apart from each other along the first frame  511  may be different from a distance between a plurality of laser marks  550  spaced apart from each other along the second frame  512 . For example, a distance between a plurality of laser marks  550  spaced apart from each other along the first frame  511  may be smaller than a distance between a plurality of laser marks  550  spaced apart from each other along the second frame  512 . Accordingly, as described above, sagging of the mask  500  may be efficiently prevented by sparsely irradiating a laser beam in a direction in which the sagging of the mask  500  occurs less and densely irradiating a laser beam in a direction in which the sagging of the mask  500  occurs more. 
       FIG.  17    is an enlarged view of a left (an -x direction) area of  FIG.  5   . 
     Referring to  FIG.  17   , in the mask  500  according to an embodiment, sagging or rolling of the mask  500  may be improved. Also, accordingly, a corner of the protrusion  540  or the opening  530  may be prevented from damaging the substrate  100  due to rolling of the mask 
     Generally, as a width of the frame  510  increases, a maximum thickness t 1  of the frame  510  decreases, and a thickness t 2  of the inner portion of the frame  510  with respect to the protrusion  540  increases, the risk due to sagging or rolling of the mask  500  may increase. 
     In the mask  500  according to an embodiment, sagging or rolling of the mask  500  may be improved by irradiating a laser beam. Accordingly, even when the frame  510  is wide, sagging or rolling of the mask  500  may be prevented, and thus, a mask  500  having a wide frame  510  may be freely used as needed. 
     Also, because sagging or rolling of the mask  500  is prevented by irradiating a laser beam, the maximum width t 1  of the frame  510  may be reduced. Also, the thickness t 2  of the inner portion of the frame  510  with respect to the protrusion  540  may be increased. This may improve a shadow when a deposition material is deposited. 
     Specifically, as shown in  FIG.  17   , a first area A 1  may be an area on which a deposition material is normally deposited. A second area A 2  may be an inner shadow area in which a deposition material is not formed to a certain thickness by a circumference portion of the opening  530 , in relation to the maximum thickness t 1  of the mask  500 . A third area A 3  may be an outer shadow area in which a deposition material is deposited to an area where deposition is unnecessary by a circumference portion of the opening  530 , in relation to the thickness t 2  of the inner portion of the frame  510  with respect to the protrusion  540 . 
     As described above, because the maximum thickness t 1  of the mask  500  may decrease, the second area A 2  may be reduced. Accordingly, the first area A 1 , which is a normal deposition area, may be expanded. Also, because the thickness t 2  of the inner portion of the frame  510  with respect to the protrusion  540  may increase, the third area A 3  in which deposition is unnecessary may be reduced. 
     According to embodiments, apparatuses for and methods of manufacturing a display device to easily deposit a deposition material on a substrate may be provided. Accordingly, deposition defects of the display device may be prevented. 
     Effects of the disclosure are not limited to the effects mentioned above, and other effects not mentioned will be clearly understood by those skilled in the art from the description of the claims. 
     Although certain embodiments and implementations have been described herein, other embodiments and modifications will be apparent from this description. Accordingly, the inventive concepts are not limited to such embodiments, but rather to the broader scope of the appended claims and various obvious modifications and equivalent arrangements as would be apparent to a person of ordinary skill in the art.