Patent Publication Number: US-8968555-B2

Title: Desulfurization of heavy hydrocarbons and conversion of resulting hydrosulfides utilizing copper sulfide

Description:
This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 61/194,947 filed Oct. 2, 2008. 
    
    
     FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention relates to a process for hydrocarbon feedstreams with alkali metal compounds and regenerating the alkali metal compounds via the use of a copper sulfide reagent. The present invention employs the use of copper sulfide to convert alkali metal hydrosulfides in the generation or regeneration of alkali hydroxide compounds which may be utilized in a desulfurization process for hydrocarbon feedstreams. Additionally, in preferred embodiments of the processes disclosed herein, carbonates which form as byproducts of the desulfurization process, and are non-regenerable with copper oxide, are removed from the alkali hydroxide stream. 
     DESCRIPTION OF RELATED ART 
     As the demand for hydrocarbon-based fuels has increased, the need for improved processes for desulfurizing hydrocarbon feedstocks has increased as well as the need for increasing the conversion of the heavy portions of these feedstocks into more valuable, lighter fuel products. These hydrocarbon feedstocks include, but are not limited to, whole and reduced petroleum crudes, shale oils, coal liquids, atmospheric and vacuum residua, asphaltenes, deasphalted oils, cycle oils, FCC tower bottoms, gas oils, including atmospheric and vacuum gas oils and coker gas oils, light to heavy distillates including raw virgin distillates, hydrocrackates, hydrotreated oils, dewaxed oils, slack waxes, raffinates, and mixtures thereof. Hydrocarbon streams boiling above 430° F. (220° C.) often contain a considerable amount of large multi-ring hydrocarbon molecules and/or a conglomerated association of large molecules containing a large portion of the sulfur, nitrogen and metals present in the hydrocarbon stream. A significant portion of the sulfur contained in these heavy oils is in the form of heteroatoms in polycyclic aromatic molecules, comprised of sulfur compounds such as dibenzothiophenes, from which the sulfur is difficult to remove. 
     The high molecular weight, large multi-ring aromatic hydrocarbon molecules or associated heteroatom-containing (e.g., S, N, O) multi-ring hydrocarbon molecules in heavy oils are generally found in a solubility class of molecules termed as asphaltenes. A significant portion of the sulfur is contained within the structure of these asphaltenes or lower molecular weight polar molecules termed as “polars” or “resins”. Due to the large aromatic structures of the asphaltenes, the contained sulfur can be refractory in nature and can be difficult to remove by conventional alkali salt extraction processes utilizing sodium hydroxide or potassium hydroxide solution treatments under conventional operating conditions. Other related technologies for desulfurization, such as hydrodesulfurization of petroleum oils are well known in the industry. However, when applied to heavy oils, these hydrodesulfurization processes generally operate at pressures above about 1500 psi, at high hydrogen partial pressures (generally above about 1200 psi), and in the presence of hydrogenation metals, such as those belonging to Group VI and Group VIII of the Periodic Table. However processes utilizing supported metal catalysts under such high hydrogen partial pressures are expensive to build and operate due to the high operating pressures, expensive metal catalysts, and the high hydrogen content required for the processes. 
     Other intermediate refinery crude fractions, such as vacuum oils, atmospheric resids, vacuum resids, and other similar intermediate feedstreams containing boiling point materials above about 650° F. (343° C.) contain similar sulfur polycyclic heteroatom complexes (which may include asphaltenes) and are also difficult to desulfurize by conventional methods. Refinery streams such as cycle oils and coker gas oils which boil as low as 430° F. (220° C.) often possess high aromatic contents which makes desulfurization difficult by conventional methods. These heavy crudes, derived refinery feedstocks, heavy residual intermediate hydrocarbon streams, and refinery product streams and blends can contain significant amounts of sulfur. Sulfur contents of in excess of 3 to 5 wt % are not uncommon for these streams and can often be concentrated to higher contents in the refinery heavy residual streams. Additionally, most conventional catalytic refining and petrochemical processes cannot be used on these heavy feedstreams and intermediates due to their use of fixed bed catalyst systems and the tendency of these heavy hydrocarbons to produce excessive coking and deactivation of the catalyst systems when in contact with such feedstreams. Also, due to the excessive hydrocarbon unsaturation and cracking of carbon-to-carbon bonds experienced in these processes, significant amounts of hydrogen are required to treat high aromatic and asphaltene containing feeds. The high consumption of hydrogen, which is a very costly treating agent, in these processes results in significant costs associated with the conventional catalytic hydrotreating of heavy hydrocarbon feedstreams for sulfur removal. 
     Additionally, some crudes, synthetic crudes, rough crude distillation cuts, and bitumens cannot be readily transported over existing pipeline systems due to their high sulfur content, high viscosities, and low API gravities. As a result these heavy hydrocarbon supply streams are often severely discounted for use as a feedstock for producing higher value products. Another alternative utilized in the art to make these heavy hydrocarbon supply streams suitable for pipeline transportation or petrochemical feed is to dilute these streams with expensive, lower sulfur hydrocarbon diluents. 
     In light of the drawbacks of conventional hydrodesulfurization over Group VI and Group VIII supported catalysts, desulfurization of heavy oils utilizing alkali metal compounds (e.g., potassium hydroxide and sodium hydroxide) is an economically attractive process for desulfurization of heavy oils. Such processes are described in U.S. Pat. No. 1,938,672 and U.S. Pat. No. 2,950,245 wherein alkali metals, in particular sodium and potassium, and preferably their oxide and hydroxide forms, are used in processes for the desulfurization and demetallization of hydrocarbon streams. Processes such as described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,127,470 disclose processes for desulfurizing hydrocarbon streams utilizing via alkali metal hydroxides (potassium hydroxide) in the presence of hydrogen to improve the product qualities of the product hydrocarbon stream. 
     However, a major problem faced in the industry is that alkali metal hydrosulfides (e.g., KSH) are formed as a reaction product during the process of desulfurizing the hydrocarbon stream. In order to reuse the spent alkali metals in the desulfurization process, these alkali metal hydrosulfides need to be regenerated into the alkali metal hydroxide form. Without an economical method in which to regenerate the spent hydroxides, the cost efficiency of the overall alkali metal treatment processes are significantly economically hampered. That is, that if the alkali metal hydroxides cannot be regenerated from the spent hydrosulfides, the cost for continually supplying fresh alkali metal hydroxides as well as the additional disposal requirements for the spent alkali metal compounds can often mean the difference between an economically viable process and a process which cannot make sufficient profits to justify its installation or continued operation. Additionally, significant environmental benefits are also realized if the alkali metal hydroxides can be regenerated and reused in the desulfurization processes. 
     Therefore, there exists in the industry a need for an improved process for desulfurizing hydrocarbon streams as well as regenerating alkali metal hydrosulfides into alkali metal hydroxides which can be reutilized in the desulfurization process for hydrocarbon upgrading. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     The current invention embodies processes for desulfurizing a sulfur-containing hydrocarbon feedstream to produce a product stream with a reduced sulfur content utilizing an alkali metal hydroxide reagent and then converting the spent reagent (in particular the alkali metal hydrosulfides) back to their alkali metal hydroxide forms via reaction with a copper sulfide reagent. In preferred embodiments, the copper sulfide reagent may be mixed with an aqueous solution of the spent alkali metal hydrosulfide that is a by-product of alkali metal hydroxides utilized in the desulfurization of a sulfur-containing hydrocarbon feedstream. Alternatively, the copper sulfide reagent may be incorporated onto an amorphous support and utilized in a fixed bed reactor for the regeneration of the spent alkali metal hydrosulfides into alkali metal hydroxides which can be used in the hydrocarbon desulfurization process. When in this fixed bed configuration, the supported copper sulfide catalyst can be regenerated in place under a non-oxidizing atmosphere. 
     A preferred embodiment of the present invention is a process for desulfurizing a sulfur-containing hydrocarbon stream, comprising: 
     a) contacting a sulfur-containing hydrocarbon stream with an API gravity less than about 40 with an alkali metal hydroxide in a first reaction zone, thereby producing a desulfurized hydrocarbon/spent alkali metal reagent stream; 
     b) conducting the desulfurized hydrocarbon/spent alkali metal reagent stream to a first separation zone, wherein at least a portion of the desulfurized hydrocarbons are separated from the spent alkali metal reagents, thereby producing a desulfurized hydrocarbon product stream; 
     c) conducting at least a portion in of the spent alkali metal reagents to a second reaction zone, wherein the spent alkali metal reagents are contacted with a copper sulfide reagent, and wherein the spent alkali metal reagents are comprised of alkali metal hydrosulfides, and at least a portion of the alkali metal hydrosulfides are converted to regenerated alkali metal hydroxides and at least a portion of the copper sulfide reagent is converted to copper sulfide reaction products, thereby producing a desulfurized alkali metal stream comprised of regenerated alkali metal hydroxides and copper sulfide reaction products; 
     d) conducting at least a portion of the desulfurized alkali metal stream to a second separation zone, wherein at least a portion of the copper sulfide reaction products are separated from the regenerated alkali metal hydroxides; 
     e) conducting at least a portion of the regenerated alkali metal hydroxides to the first reaction zone as a regenerated alkali metal hydroxide stream; 
     f) conducting at least a portion of the copper sulfide reaction products to a first regeneration zone, wherein the copper sulfide reaction products are heated under a non-oxidizing atmosphere to a temperature from about 700 to about 2000° F., thereby converting at least a portion of the copper sulfide reaction products to regenerated copper sulfide reagents; and 
     g) conducting at least a portion of the regenerated copper sulfide reagents to the second reaction zone. 
     In a more preferred embodiment of the present invention, the sulfur-containing hydrocarbon stream to be desulfurized is a heavy hydrocarbon stream which has an API gravity of less than about 20 and a sulfur content of at least 1 wt %. In yet another preferred embodiment the copper sulfide reagent is comprised of Cu x S, where 1.8&lt;x≦2. 
     Another preferred embodiment of the present invention is a process for desulfurizing a sulfur-containing hydrocarbon stream, comprising: 
     a) contacting a sulfur-containing hydrocarbon stream with an API gravity of less than about 40 with an alkali metal hydroxide in a first reaction zone, thereby producing a desulfurized hydrocarbon/spent alkali metal reagent stream; 
     b) conducting the desulfurized hydrocarbon/spent alkali metal reagent stream to a first separation zone, wherein at least a portion of the desulfurized hydrocarbons are separated from the spent alkali metal reagents, thereby producing a desulfurized hydrocarbon product stream; 
     c) conducting at least a portion of the spent alkali metal reagents to a second reaction zone comprising at least two reactors, wherein the spent alkali metal reagents are contacted in at least one reactor with a supported copper sulfide reagent, and wherein the spent alkali metal reagents are comprised of alkali metal hydrosulfides, and at least a portion of the alkali metal hydrosulfides are converted to regenerated alkali metal hydroxides, and at least a portion of the supported copper sulfide reagents are converted to supported copper sulfide reaction products, thereby producing a regenerated alkali metal hydroxide stream comprised of regenerated alkali metal hydroxides; and 
     d) conducting at least a portion of the regenerated alkali metal hydroxide stream to the first reaction zone; 
     wherein periodically the flow of spent alkali metal reagents to at least one of the reactors in the second reaction zone is suspended while at least a portion of the supported copper sulfide reaction products in the reactor are converted to supported regenerated copper sulfide reagents by heating the supported copper sulfide reaction products under a non-oxidizing atmosphere to a temperature from about 700 to about 2000° F. 
     Yet another preferred embodiment of the present invention is a process for converting alkali metal hydrosulfides into alkali metal hydroxides, comprising: 
     a) conducting an aqueous alkali metal stream comprising alkali metal hydrosulfides to a first reaction zone, wherein the aqueous alkali metal stream is contacted with a copper sulfide reagent, wherein at least a portion of the alkali metal hydrosulfides are converted to alkali metal hydroxides and at least a portion of the copper sulfide reagent is converted to copper sulfide reaction products, thereby producing a desulfurized alkali metal stream comprised of alkali metal hydroxides and copper sulfide reaction products; and 
     b) conducting at least a portion of the desulfurized alkali metal stream to a first separation zone, wherein at least a portion of the copper sulfide reaction products are separated from the alkali metal hydroxides; 
     thereby producing an alkali metal hydroxide. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES 
         FIG. 1  illustrates one embodiment of the present invention wherein a sulfur-containing hydrocarbon feedstream is desulfurized utilizing an alkali metal hydroxide wherein alkali metal hydrosulfides are formed in the desulfurization process and the resulting alkali metal hydrosulfides are regenerated into alkali metal hydroxides and reutilized in the process by utilizing an unsupported copper sulfide reagent. In the present process, the spent unsupported copper sulfide reagents are also regenerated and re-utilized in the alkali metal hydroxide regeneration process. 
         FIG. 2  illustrates one embodiment of the present invention wherein a sulfur-containing hydrocarbon feedstream is desulfurized utilizing an alkali metal hydroxide wherein alkali metal hydrosulfides are formed in the desulfurization process and the resulting alkali metal hydrosulfides are regenerated into alkali metal hydroxides and reutilized in the process by utilizing a supported copper sulfide reagent. In the present process, the spent supported copper sulfide reagents are also regenerated and re-utilized in the alkali metal oxide regeneration process. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
     The current invention is a process for desulfurizing a sulfur-containing hydrocarbon feedstream to produce a product stream with a reduced sulfur content utilizing an alkali metal hydroxide reagent and then converting the spent reagent (in particular the alkali metal hydrosulfides) back to their alkali metal hydroxide forms via reaction with a copper sulfide reagent. Another preferred embodiment of the present invention is a process for regenerating alkali metal hydrosulfides produced from alkali metal hydroxides in processes for treating hydrocarbon streams utilizing a copper sulfide reagent to regenerate the alkali metal hydroxides. 
     The “copper sulfide reagent” as used herein refers to copper sulfides of formula Cu x S where 1.8&lt;x≦2. The copper sulfide reagent may be contaminated with several different copper sulfides of varying stoichiometries as long as some of the copper sulfides have the necessary stoichiometry. The “copper sulfide product” or “copper sulfide reaction product” as used herein is comprised of Cu 1.8 S. The copper sulfide product may be contaminated with copper sulfides of varying stoichiometries, but some of the copper sulfide product will have the stoichiometry Cu 1.8 S. 
     Alkali metal hydroxides (such as potassium hydroxide, rubidium hydroxide, and cesium hydroxide) can be used in processes for the desulfurization and demetallization of hydrocarbon streams. These alkali metal hydroxides are particularly useful in the desulfurization and demetallization of a heavy hydrocarbon feedstream wherein a significant portion of asphaltenes may be present in the heavy oil stream. These hydrocarbon streams to be treated contain sulfur, much of which is part of the polar fraction and higher molecular weight aromatic and polycyclic heteroatom-containing compounds, herein generally referred to as “aphaltenes” or they are associated in the emulsion phase of such asphaltene species. It should be noted here that the terms “hydrocarbon-containing stream”, “hydrocarbon stream” or “hydrocarbon feedstream” as used herein are equivalent and are defined as any stream containing at least 75 wt % hydrocarbons where at least a portion of the hydrocarbons boil above 430° F. (220° C.) and have an API gravity less than 40. These hydrocarbon streams include but are not limited to whole and reduced petroleum crudes, shale oils, coal liquids, atmospheric and vacuum residua, asphaltenes, deasphalted oils, cycle oils, FCC tower bottoms, gas oils, including atmospheric and vacuum gas oils and coker gas oils, fuel oils, light to heavy distillates including raw virgin distillates, hydrocrackates, hydrotreated oils, dewaxed oils, slack waxes, raffinates, and mixtures thereof. 
     Also, the terms “heavy hydrocarbon” or “heavy hydrocarbon stream” are equivalent and are defined herein as hydrocarbon streams having an API gravity of less than 20. Preferred heavy hydrocarbon streams for use in the present invention include, but are not limited to low API gravity, high sulfur, high viscosity crudes; tar sands bitumen; liquid hydrocarbon streams derived from tar sands bitumen, coal, or oil shale; as well as petrochemical refinery heavy intermediate fractions, such as atmospheric resids, vacuum resids, and other similar intermediate feedstreams and mixture thereof containing boiling point materials above about 650° F. (343° C.). Heavy hydrocarbon streams may also include a blend of the hydrocarbons listed above with lighter hydrocarbon streams for control of certain properties for transport or sale, such as, but not limited to fuel oils and crude blends. 
     In preferred embodiments of the present invention, the hydrocarbon stream and/or the heavy hydrocarbon stream that is desulfurized in the present process contains at least 1 wt % sulfur and more preferably at least 3 wt % sulfur. In other preferred embodiments of the present invention, the hydrocarbon stream and/or the heavy hydrocarbon stream that is desulfurized in the present process contains polycyclic sulfur heteroatom complexes which are difficult to desulfurize by conventional methods. 
       FIG. 1  illustrates a preferred embodiment of the present invention. In  FIG. 1 , a hydrocarbon stream ( 1 ), preferably a heavy hydrocarbon stream, containing sulfur enters a first reaction zone ( 10 ) wherein it is contacted with an alkali metal hydroxide ( 5 ). In the present process it is important that the hydrocarbon stream ( 1 ) and alkali metal hydroxide ( 5 ) are properly mixed to provide good contact between the two streams. The alkali metal hydroxide as utilized in the present invention is preferably selected from the hydroxides of potassium, rubidium, cesium, or combinations thereof. Additionally, one or more of these hydroxides may be used in combination with the hydroxides of lithium and/or sodium. In a more preferred embodiment of the present invention, the alkali metal hydroxide is potassium hydroxide, KOH. 
     Static, rotary, or other types of mixing devices can be employed in the feed lines and/or in the reaction zone to improve the hydrocarbon/alkali metal hydroxide contact. A hydrogen-containing stream ( 15 ) can optionally be introduced into the first reaction zone to improve the overall desulfurization process. It is preferred that the hydrogen-containing stream contain at least 50 mol %, more preferably at least 75 mol % hydrogen. When hydrogen is utilized in the process, it is preferred that the hydrogen partial pressure be from about 100 to about 2500 psi. At these partial pressures, the hydrogen assists in the reaction process by removing at least a portion of the sulfur in the hydrocarbons via conversion to the alkali metal hydrosulfide, which may, but is not required to, go through a hydrogen sulfide, H 2 S intermediate. Hydrogen sulfide that is formed in the first reaction zone can also react with the alkali metal hydroxides donating some of the sulfur and forming alkali metal hydrosulfides and alkali metal sulfides thereby improving the overall sulfur removal in the process. Excess hydrogen also assists in hydrogenating the broken sulfur bonds in the hydrocarbons and increasing the hydrogen saturation of the resulting desulfurized hydrocarbon compounds. 
     Herein, the first reaction zone ( 10 ) can be comprised of a vessel or even simply piping which provides sufficient time and conditions for the hydrocarbon stream and the alkali metal hydroxide to contact sufficiently to allow for the hydrocarbon stream to be desulfurized. By “desulfurized” it is meant herein that at least 50% of the sulfur by weight % (wt %) in the hydrocarbon stream is removed in the process. Preferred conditions in the first reaction zone are about 650 to about 900° F., preferably about 675 to about 875° F., and more preferably about 700 to about 850° F. and about 50 to about 3000 psi, preferably about 200 to about 2200 psi, and more preferably about 500 to about 1500 psi. Additionally, it is preferred that the contact time of the hydrocarbon stream in the reaction chamber be about 5 to about 720 minutes, preferably about 30 to about 480 minutes, and more preferably 60 to about 240 minutes, although the contact time is highly dependent upon the physical and chemical characteristics of the hydrocarbon stream including the sulfur content and sulfur species of the hydrocarbon stream, the amount of sulfur to be removed, as well as the molar ratio of the alkali metal hydroxide used in the process to the sulfur present in the hydrocarbon stream. 
     The alkali metal hydroxide is preferably added to the feed or a portion of the feed as a concentrated aqueous solution. Water is flashed off to leave highly dispersed/molten alkali metal hydroxide in the feed which may be combined with hydrogen and sent to the reactor. If the alkali hydroxide is added to a portion of the feed, it is recombined with the main feed stream prior to the reactor and/or at various stages in the reactor. If hydrogen is used, hydrogen can also be added at various stages in the reactor. The amount of alkali metal hydroxide added to the feed is about 0.75 to about 5.0 moles per mole of feed sulfur, preferably about 1.0 to about 3.0 moles per mole of feed sulfur, and more preferably about 1.0 to about 2.0 moles per mole of feed sulfur. 
     In the desulfurization reaction process, the hydroxide (e.g., potassium hydroxide, KOH) removes at least a portion of the sulfur from the hydrocarbon stream and is converted to the alkali metal hydrosulfide form (e.g., potassium hydrosulfide, KSH) by the following equation:
 
KOH+RSR+2H 2 →KSH+2RH+H 2 O  [1]
 
Where R represents varied feed hydrocarbon moieties. If H 2  is not present, the hydrogen can be abstracted from sources in the feed, e.g. naphthenes or carbon-carbon bond condensation products can form.
 
     Some of the alkali metal hydroxide is also converted to the alkali metal sulfide (e.g., potassium sulfide, K 2 S) by the following equation:
 
KOH+KSH→K 2 S+H 2 O  [2]
 
     Some of the alkali metal sulfide present in the alkali metal hydrosulfide stream will also be regenerated back to the alkali metal hydroxide in the presence of the copper metal sulfide. The alkali metal sulfide is still a reasonably active reagent for removing sulfur from the hydrocarbon stream if present. 
     Continuing with the present process shown in  FIG. 1 , a desulfurized hydrocarbon/spent alkali metal reagent stream ( 20 ) is removed from the first reaction zone ( 10 ). The desulfurized hydrocarbon/spent alkali metal reagent stream ( 20 ) is preferably sent to a low pressure separator ( 22 ) wherein at least a portion of the of the hydrogen, light hydrocarbons, and non-condensable components of the desulfurized hydrocarbon/spent alkali metal reagent stream can be removed via line ( 23 ). This pressure-separated reaction stream ( 24 ) containing desulfurized hydrocarbons and spent alkali metal compounds are then sent to a first separation zone ( 25 ) wherein the desulfurized hydrocarbons and spent alkali metal compounds are separated by various methods known in the art, e.g., a water wash. The spent alkali metal compounds tend to be more soluble in the water-based phase than the desulfurized hydrocarbon. As such, preferred methods of separation include gravitational (or density based) separations processes known in the art such as, but not limited to, the use of settling vessels or centrifuges. In these processes, it is generally advantageous to keep the temperatures in the range of from 50 about 300° F. in order to improve the contacting of the hydrocarbon with the water phase. A desulfurized hydrocarbon product stream ( 30 ) is thus obtained from the separator and an aqueous spent alkali metal product stream ( 35 ) is also obtained. Filtering can also be utilized to remove some of the solids compounds formed, such as, but not limited to, coke, as well as iron, vanadium, and nickel compounds derived from the feed. In a preferred embodiment of the process of the present invention, most of the hydrogen, light hydrocarbons and non-condensable components in the products from the reaction zone ( 10 ) are removed via a low pressure separator ( 22 ). However, in conjunction with, or alternative to a low pressure separator ( 22 ), it may be desired to remove some of the spent hydrogen stream ( 40 ) which may also contain light hydrocarbon products and non-condensable components from the first separation zone ( 25 ). 
     During the course of the present hydrocarbon upgrading process the alkali metal hydroxide reacts with the sulfur compounds in the hydrocarbon stream to form alkali metal sulfides and alkali metal hydrosulfides. The latter is largely passive for the purposes of heavy feed upgrading leading to greatly diminished levels of desulfurization and conversion and driving coke yields in the process to elevated values. For this reason it is essential for an integrated upgrading process utilizing alkali metal salts that a facile and economic means be available for the regeneration of alkali metal hydrosulfide to either an alkali metal hydroxide, an alkali metal sulfide, or to a blend of these latter two alkali metal compounds for recycle to the first reaction zone ( 10 ). 
     As discussed above, after the desulfurization reaction, a stream containing the spent alkali metal compounds ( 35 ) is extracted from the desulfurized hydrocarbon product stream ( 30 ). In the present invention, the spent alkali metal compounds are regenerated to the alkali metal hydroxide via reaction with a copper sulfide reagent. As discussed prior, a copper sulfide reagent refers to copper sulfides of formula Cu x S where 1.8&lt;x≦2. The copper sulfide reagent may be contaminated with several different copper sulfides of varying stoichiometries as long as some of the copper sulfides have the necessary stoichiometry. 
     Continuing with  FIG. 1 , the copper sulfide reagent ( 42 ) is added to the aqueous spent alkali metal product stream ( 35 ) in a second reaction zone ( 45 ). Preferred operating conditions for the second reaction zone are about 15 to about 500 psi and preferably 50 to 300 psi and about 50 to about 500° F., preferably about 70 to about 400° F., and more preferably about 100 to about 350° F. It is desired to maintain good contact between the copper sulfide reagent and the aqueous alkali metal product stream to maximize the sulfur transfer from the sulfided alkali metal to the copper sulfide reagent. As such, proper mixing of the combined streams in the second reaction zone is recommended. Preferred residence times in the second reaction zones are about 15 to about 960 minutes, preferably about 30 to about 720 minutes, and more preferably about 60 to about 480 minutes, but generally, the sulfur exchange reactions take place to a high degree in the reaction zone in less than about 240 minutes. 
     In the second reaction zone, a hydrolysis reaction is conducted in an aqueous slurry containing the copper sulfide reagent and the aqueous alkali metal product stream. The alkali metal hydrosulfides are converted to their hydroxide forms in the second reaction zone. The chemical reactionary processes are as follows illustrated for the regeneration of potassium salts utilizing a copper sulfide reagent:
 
9Cu 2 S+KSH+H 2 O→10Cu 1.8 S+KOH+H 2   [3]
 
     A regenerated alkali metal hydroxide stream ( 50 ) comprised of a copper sulfide reaction product and the regenerated alkali metal hydroxide is withdrawn from the second reaction zone ( 45 ). The copper sulfide reaction product is comprised of copper sulfides having the formula Cu 1.8 S. The copper sulfide reaction product may be contaminated with copper sulfides of varying stoichiometries, but some copper sulfide will have the stoichiometry Cu 1.8 S. The copper sulfide reaction product is then separated from the alkali metal hydroxide in a second separation zone ( 55 ). Although numerous separations processes known in the art may be used to separate the copper sulfide reaction product from the alkali metal hydroxide, in one preferred embodiment of the present invention, the second separation zone ( 55 ) provides sufficient residence time to allow for a gravity or density based separation of the copper sulfides, which are less soluble in water than the alkali metal hydroxides. In this embodiment, the copper sulfides are allowed to gravity settle from the aqueous solution and the copper sulfide ( 60 ) can be extracted from the second separation zone ( 55 ). The copper sulfide may be in solution or can be filtered and removed as a solid. In a second preferred embodiment of the present invention, the second separation zone ( 55 ) utilizes filtration techniques known in the art to separate the copper sulfide solids from the aqueous alkali metal hydroxides. In both of these preferred processes, it is generally advantageous to keep the temperatures in the range of from 50 about 300° F. 
     A regenerated alkali metal hydroxide stream ( 65 ) is extracted from the second separation zone ( 55 ) and is returned for use in the first reaction zone ( 10 ). Optionally, although not shown in  FIG. 1 , the regenerated alkali metal hydroxide stream can further be dehydrated and/or filtered in order to transport and/or supply the regenerated alkali metal salts in solid form prior to reuse in the first reaction zone ( 10 ). 
     The separated copper sulfide reaction products ( 60 ) are sent to a first regeneration zone ( 70 ) where they are heated under a non-oxidizing atmosphere at sufficient temperatures and durations to regenerate the copper sulfide reaction products back into copper reagents as follows:
 
10Cu 1.8 S→9Cu(I) 2 S+⅛S 8   [4]
 
     The heat necessary for the reaction can optionally be provided in whole or in part by supplying a heated non-oxidizing media ( 75 ) to the first regeneration zone ( 70 ). In preferred embodiments of the present invention, the copper sulfide reaction products are heated under a non-oxidizing atmosphere at temperatures of about 1000 to about 2000° F., preferably from about 1200 to about 1900° F., and more preferably from about 1300 to about 1700° F. in the first regeneration zone. A regenerated copper sulfide reagent ( 80 ) is produced in the first regeneration zone which can be returned for reuse in the second reaction zone ( 45 ). A stream comprising elemental sulfur, S 8 , ( 85 ) is also produced during the regeneration process and is removed from the first regeneration zone ( 70 ). A significant benefit of the present invention is that during the reagent regeneration process, elemental sulfur is directly produced. This significantly reduces and can eliminate the need for additional significant treating of reaction products from the regeneration process, such as where hydrogen sulfide may be produced under hydrogen reduction processes, thereby requiring further removal of the elemental sulfur from the hydrogen sulfide gas produced. 
     The inventors have discovered that the desulfurization process with alkali metal hydroxides generates alkali metal carbonate byproducts. A basis for a possible mechanism of carbonate formation is that the hydroxide moiety attached to a styrene group generated after the desulfurization of benzothiophene isomerizes to an aldehyde which eliminates as carbon monoxide. An alterative proposal is further attack of the aldehyde by hydroxide ions with eventual formation of alkali metal carbonates. Like the alkali metal hydrosulfides, the carbonates are inactive for desulfurization, but the carbonates are not removed by the transition metal oxide treatment, and will eventually build up in solution. 
     Although this alternate embodiment is not shown in the figures, the alkali metal carbonates can be converted into alkali metal hydroxides by treatment with an aqueous suspension of calcium oxide and calcium hydroxide to form calcium carbonate and aqueous alkali metal hydroxide. This media will also remove any sulfate contaminants in the stream as calcium sulfate (gypsum). The calcium carbonate generated can be calcined back to calcium oxide and reused or landfilled. This calcium oxide/calcium hydroxide treatment is conducted at reaction temperatures of about 50 to about 400° F., and preferably about 70 to about 350° F. Calcium carbonate decomposition to calcium oxide is carried out at about 1500 to about 2000° F. and preferably at about 1700 to about 1900° F. The calcium oxide/calcium hydroxide treatment may be carried out on either the aqueous spent alkali metal product stream ( 35 ) prior to the copper sulfide reagent treatment of the second reaction zone ( 45 ) or more preferably the calcium oxide/calcium hydroxide treatment is performed on the regenerated aqueous alkali metal hydroxide stream ( 65 ) prior to reuse in the first reaction zone ( 10 ). 
     Another preferred embodiment of the present invention is illustrated in  FIG. 2 . In this process, the desulfurization steps ( 1 ) through ( 40 ) are the same as described in  FIG. 1 , and therefore are not reiterated here for the description of  FIG. 2 . However, in this embodiment, the copper sulfide reagent used in the process is supported on an amorphous support and is utilized as a fixed reagent in the second reaction zone ( 105 ). In this embodiment, the amorphous support may be selected from alumina, silica, zirconia, or a mixture thereof. Continuing with  FIG. 2 , the aqueous alkali metal product stream ( 35 ) from the first separation zone ( 25 ) enters the second reaction zone ( 105 ) wherein it contacts the supported copper sulfide reagent. In preferred embodiments, the pressure in the second reaction zone is from about 15 to about 500 psi and preferably from about 50 to about 300 psi and about 50 to about 500° F., preferably about 70 to about 400° F., and more preferably about 100 to about 350° F. In this embodiment, the chemical processes in the second reaction zone are similar to those of the embodiment shown in  FIG. 1 , wherein the alkali metal hydrosulfides are converted to their hydroxide forms. The chemical processes involved in the regeneration of the spent alkali metal hydrosulfides are similar to as described prior in the embodiment of  FIG. 1  and as illustrated for potassium salt regeneration in Equations 1 and 2. 
     Continuing with  FIG. 2 , the copper sulfide reagent of the supported catalyst is converted to a copper sulfide reaction product as sulfur is extracted from the spent alkali metal salts ( 35 ) in the second reaction zone ( 105 ). A resulting regenerated alkali metal hydroxide stream ( 110 ) is withdrawn from the second reaction zone and is returned for reutilization as a desulfurization agent in the first reaction zone ( 10 ). Optionally, the regenerated alkali metal hydroxide stream can further be dehydrated and/or filtered in order to transport and/or supply the regenerated alkali metal salts in solid form prior to reuse in the first reaction zone ( 10 ). 
     In this embodiment shown in  FIG. 2 , when the supported copper sulfide reagent is spent (i.e., substantially converted to the sulfide reaction product comprising Cu 1.8 S), the flow of the aqueous alkali metal product stream ( 35 ) is stopped so that the spent supported copper sulfide reagent catalyst can be regenerated. Although not shown in  FIG. 2 , the preferred embodiment of the present invention is to utilize at least two reactors in the second reaction zone and “swing” the flow of the aqueous alkali metal product stream from one reactor to the other reactor, so there is uninterrupted flow of the process. When the flow is removed from one of the reactors (i.e., the idle reactor), the spent supported copper sulfide reagent catalyst in the idle reactor can be regenerated while the second reactor continues treating the aqueous alkali metal product stream. The spent supported copper sulfide reagent catalyst in second reaction zone ( 105 ) is regenerated by heating the second reaction zone. The heat necessary for the reaction can optionally be provided in whole or in part by supplying a heated non-oxidizing media ( 115 ) through the second reaction zone ( 105 ). Although the flow of the heated non-oxidizing media ( 115 ) in  FIG. 2  is shown opposite of the normal process flow, the flow of heated non-oxidizing media may be co-current with the direction of normal flow or other otherwise arranged. The temperature of the second reaction zone during this step of regenerating the supported catalyst is preferably about 700 to about 2000° F., more preferably about 750 to about 1800° F., and even more preferably about 800 to about 1600° F., and of sufficient time to drive the reaction as shown in Equation 4 above to convert the copper sulfide reaction product species in the supported catalyst back to copper sulfide reagent composition. A stream comprising elemental sulfur, S 8 , ( 120 ) is also removed from the second reaction zone ( 105 ) during the regeneration process. 
     Similar to the alternate embodiment described for the prior embodiment of  FIG. 1 , the alkali metal carbonates formed during the process embodiment described for  FIG. 2  can be treated with an aqueous suspension of calcium oxide and calcium hydroxide to form calcium carbonate and aqueous alkali metal hydroxide. The calcium oxide/calcium hydroxide treatment may be carried out under the conditions described prior on either the aqueous spent alkali metal product stream ( 35 ) prior to the copper sulfide reagent treatment of the second reaction zone ( 105 ), or more preferably, the calcium oxide/calcium hydroxide treatment is performed on the regenerated alkali metal hydroxide stream ( 110 ) prior to reuse in the first reaction zone ( 10 ). 
     Although the present invention has been described in terms of specific embodiments, it is not so limited. Suitable alterations and modifications for operation under specific conditions will be apparent to those skilled in the art. It is therefore intended that the following claims be interpreted as covering all such alterations and modifications as fall within the true spirit and scope of the invention. 
     EXAMPLES 
     Example 1 
     Reaction of copper(I) sulfide with aqueous sodium hydrosulfide to form copper(II) sulfide. 
     Under nitrogen 5 grams of Cu 2 S and 5 grams of NaSH.1.1H 2 O were combined in a round bottom flask with 150 mL of deionized water. The mixture was stirred at 70° C. for 4 hours. The mixture was filtered and the copper product collected. The 0.12 g weight increase of the copper product compared to the initial Cu 2 S implied that the Cu 2 S was converted primarily to Cu 1.8 S. An XRD of the sample confirmed the presence of Cu 1.8 S in the copper reaction product. 
     Example 2 
     Thermal conversion of copper(I) sulfide from copper(II) sulfide. 
     Cu 1.8 S was heated in a TGA to 450° C. under nitrogen. Approximately 15.7% of the original weight was lost (an additional 1.6% was lost on heating to 850° C.), which corresponds to the conversion of Cu 1.8 S to Cu 2 S and the release of elemental sulfur. An XRD of the heated sample confirmed the presence of Cu 2 S.