Patent Publication Number: US-2021166102-A1

Title: Method and apparatus for generating q &amp; a model by using adversarial learning

Description:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention discloses a method and apparatus of generating a question-answer learning model through adversarial learning. More specifically, the present invention discloses a method of simultaneously generating and learning a question-answer pair that may be generated in one passage and improving performance of a question-answer model by generating and learning various data sets for which a correct answer cannot be guessed by a current question-answer learning model. 
     Due to the recent development of technology, various question-answer systems using deep learning technology have been developed. Recently, a system that gives an answer appropriate for a question using a question-answer (QA) model when a user gives a question in a natural language to the system has been demonstrated. However, since such a deep learning-based QA model requires a large amount of learning data, it could not but automatically give only answers for some specific fields or topics. Furthermore, there was a problem that it takes a significant amount of time and cost to manually construct such learning data. 
     In addition, in a case of a recent question-answer learning model, performance is already significantly high because a preliminary training is performed using a language model objective or the like in a large amount of corpus. Therefore, even though more data are simply used for learning, performance of the question-answer model are not dramatically improved. Therefore, it is very important to secure new sample data in order to improve performance of machine learning. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     An object of the present invention is to provide a method and an apparatus of generating a question-answer generating model that simultaneously generates a question-answer dataset capable of being generated based on an input passage even though an answer candidate group is not provided unlike an existing question-answer (QA) model in which a user manually collects and learns a joint distribution of question-answer pairs, and a question-answer learning model capable of being automatically learned using the question-answer generating model. 
     Particularly, a question-answer dataset generating model discloses a method of generating a question-answer dataset that cannot be guessed by a current question-answer learning model through adversarial learning. 
     According to an aspect of the present invention, a method of generating a question-answer learning model through adversarial learning may include: sampling a latent variable based on constraints in an input passage; generating an answer based on the latent variable; generating a question based on the answer; and machine-learning the question-answer learning model using a dataset of the generated question and answer, wherein the constraints are controlled so that the latent variable is present in a data manifold while increasing a loss of the question-answer learning model. 
     The sampling of the latent variable may include: generating a hidden representation for each word in the input passage and storing the hidden representation in a memory; and sampling the latent variable based on the hidden representation. 
     The generating of the answer may include: calculating importance of the hidden representation stored in the memory through an attention that uses the sampled latent variable as a query to generate a weighted sum vector; and generating an answer span based on the latent variable and the weighted sum vector. 
     The input passage may structure infobox data extracted from data crawled from a website. 
     In a case where the infobox data is not extracted from the crawled data, a paragraph standardized based on a data frequency in a table recognized through column recognition may be input as the passage. 
     The input passage may be data for which machine translation is completed, and the method may further include evaluating a quality of the machine translation by evaluating accuracy of an answer based on a dataset of the generated question and the answer. 
     According to another aspect of the present invention, an apparatus of generating a question-answer learning model through adversarial learning may include: one or more processors; and one or more memories in which instructions, when executed by the one or more processors, causing the one or more processors to perform an operation are stored, wherein the operation performed by the one or more processors includes: an operation of sampling a latent variable based on constraints in an input passage; an operation of generating an answer based on the latent variable; an operation of generating a question based on the answer; and an operation of machine-learning the question-answer learning model using a dataset of the generated question and answer. 
     The constraints may be controlled so that the latent variable is present in a data manifold while increasing a loss of the question-answer learning model. 
     The operation of sampling the latent variable may include: an operation of generating a hidden representation for each word in the input passage and storing the hidden representation in a memory; and an operation of sampling the latent variable based on the hidden representation. 
     The operation of generating the answer may include: an operation of calculating importance of the hidden representation stored in the memory through an attention that uses the sampled latent variable as a query to generate a weighted sum vector; and an operation of generating an answer span based on the latent variable and the weighted sum vector. 
     According to another exemplary embodiment, a program stored in a medium in order to execute generation of a question-answer dataset based on a passage input in combination with a computer which is hardware is provided. 
     Detailed contents of other exemplary embodiments of the present invention are described in a detailed description and are illustrated in the accompanying drawings. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         FIG. 1  is a conceptual diagram for schematically describing a question-answer learning model through adversarial learning according to an exemplary embodiment. 
         FIG. 2  is a view for describing a method of improving performance of a question-answer model through adversarial learning according to an exemplary embodiment. 
         FIG. 3  is a flowchart for describing a method of generating a question-answer dataset based on a passage input according to an exemplary embodiment. 
         FIG. 4  is a conceptual diagram for schematically describing a question-answer dataset generating model based on a passage input. 
         FIG. 5  is a view for describing an example of a method of generating a question-answer dataset in a paragraph according to an exemplary embodiment. 
         FIG. 6  is a view for describing a method of generating a question-answer dataset in a standardized infobox according to an exemplary embodiment. 
         FIG. 7  is a view for describing a method of generating a question-answer dataset in a non-standardized page according to an exemplary embodiment. 
         FIG. 8  is a block diagram schematically illustrating an internal configuration of an apparatus of generating a question-answer dataset according to an exemplary embodiment. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
     Various advantages and features of the present invention and methods accomplishing them will become apparent from the following description of exemplary embodiments with reference to the accompanying drawings. However, the present invention is not limited to exemplary embodiments to be described below, but may be implemented in various different forms, these exemplary embodiments will be provided only in order to make the present invention complete and allow those skilled in the art to completely recognize the scope of the present invention, and the present invention will be defined by the scope of the claims. 
     Terms used in the present disclosure are for describing exemplary embodiments rather than limiting the present invention. In the present disclosure, a singular form includes a plural form unless explicitly stated otherwise. Terms “comprise” and/or “comprising” used in the present disclosure do not exclude the existence or addition of one or more other components other than the mentioned components. Throughout the present disclosure, the same components will be denoted by the same reference numerals, and a term “and/or” includes each and all combinations of one or more of the mentioned components. Terms “first”, “second” and the like are used to describe various components, but these components are not limited by these terms. These terms are used only in order to distinguish one component from another component. Therefore, a first component mentioned below may be a second component within the technical spirit of the present invention. 
     Unless defined otherwise, all terms (including technical and scientific terms) used in the present disclosure have the same meaning as meanings commonly understood by those skilled in the art to which the present invention pertains. In addition, terms defined in generally used dictionaries are not ideally or excessively interpreted unless they are specifically defined clearly. 
     Spatially relative terms “below”, “beneath”, “lower”, “above”, “upper”, and the like, may be used in order to easily describe correlations between one component and other components. The spatially relative terms are to be understood as terms including different directions of the components at the time of use or at the time of operation in addition to directions illustrated in the drawings. For example, in a case of overturning component illustrated in the drawings, a component described as “below” or “beneath” another component may be placed “above” the other component. Therefore, an exemplary term “below” may encompass both of directions of above and below. Components may be oriented in other directions as well, and thus, spatially relative terms may be interpreted according to orientations. 
     Hereinafter, exemplary embodiments of the present invention will be described in detail with reference to the accompanying drawings. 
       FIG. 1  is a conceptual diagram for schematically describing a question-answer learning model through adversarial learning according to an exemplary embodiment. 
     Referring to  FIG. 1 , a question-answer learning model using adversarial learning according to an exemplary embodiment may include an encoder  120 , an answer decoder  140 , a question decoder  150 , and a question-answer learning model  170 . 
     First, when a passage  101  is input, the question-answer learning model generates a latent variable  103  in the encoder  120  with reference to constraints  122  of a preprocessing step  121 . 
     When the generated latent variable  103  is input to the answer decoder  140 , the answer decoder  140  generates an answer based on the latent variable  103 . Next, when the generated answer is input to the question decoder  150 , the question decoder  150  generates a question paired with the answer. 
     In addition, the question-answer learning model  170  inputs a pair of the question and the answer each generated by the answer decoder  140  and the question decoder  150  to learn a question-answer learning model. 
     However, as question-answer pairs are automatically generated through the question-answer dataset generating model generated by the answer decoder  140  and the question decoder  150  according to an exemplary embodiment, it may already be guessed by the question-answer learning model, and therefore, they may not be very helpful. Therefore, a method for improving performance of machine-learning is required. 
     Therefore, a method of generating a question-answer dataset that cannot be guessed by a current question-answer learning model through adversarial learning is disclosed. 
     More specifically,  FIG. 2  is a view for describing a method of improving performance of a question-answer model through adversarial learning according to an exemplary embodiment. 
     Referring to  FIG. 2 , in order to perform adversarial learning, data present in a data manifold while being outside a decision boundary of the current question-answer model need to be sampled. Specifically, the method of generating a question-answer dataset based on a passage input according to an exemplary embodiment selects the latent variable through the encoder, and a question-answer data pair generated from the sampled latent variable needs to be a question-answer data pair whose correct answer cannot be guessed through a question-answer learning model. In this case, the question-answer learning model calibrates a decision boundary by learning the question-answer data pair whose correct answer could not be guessed, and when such a process is repeated, the decision boundary of the question-answer learning model may become close to a true decision boundary, and performs of the question-answer learning model may also be improved. 
     Meanwhile, a question-answer dataset for the adversarial learning may be determined by adjusting a loss of the question-answer learning model and constraints for positioning the question-answer data set in the data manifold. 
     Again referring to  FIG. 1 , the question-answer learning model in the adversarial manner described above may have an objective function of the following Equation 1: 
     
       
         
           
             
               
                 
                   
                     
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     Here x, y, c, and z correspond to a question, an answer, a paragraph, and a latent variable, respectively. When applying Equation 1 to  FIG. 1 , q π (z|c) is a function used for the preprocessing  121  of the question-answer learning model, p π (z|c) is a function used for the encoder  120 , and p θ (y|z, c), p θ (x|z, y, c) and are functions used for the answer decoder  140  and the question decoder  150 , respectively. In addition, conditional variational autoencoder (CVAE) may be used as the question-answer learning model  170 . 
     The encoder  120  samples the latent variable (z), and a question and a correct answer generated from the sampling need to increase a loss (   ω ) of the question-answer model. However, since there may be no relationship between the question and the correct answer generated as such, constraints are required in selecting z. That is, as z becomes distant from the previously learned distribution of z, an invalid question-answer pair is generated. Therefore, in order to prevent this problem, a value may be adjusted in such a manner that a penalty is given when a distance between the two distributions becomes distant (for example, using a KL divergence). 
     Therefore, the question-answer learning model according to an exemplary embodiment may generate a latent variable which is valid and in which the question-answer learning model cannot guess a correct answer by adjusting the loss  123  and the constraints  122 . 
     In addition, performance of the question-answer earning model may be improved by performing adversarial machine learning using a dataset of an adversarial question and answer generated using the generated latent variable. 
       FIG. 3  is a flowchart for describing a method of generating a question-answer dataset based on a passage input according to an exemplary embodiment. 
     Referring to  FIG. 3 , a method of generating a question-answer learning model through adversarial learning samples a latent variable based on constraints in the input passage in step S 300 . Here, the constraints may be controlled so that the latent variable is present in a data manifold while increasing the loss of the question-answer learning model. For example, in order to perform adversarial learning on the generated question and the answer in the question-answer learning model, the loss (   w ) needs to be increased. However, since there may be no relationship between the question and the correct answer generated as such, constraints are required in selecting the latent variable. That is, as the latent variable becomes distant from the previously learned distribution of the latent variable, an invalid question-answer pair is generated. Therefore, in order to prevent this problem, a value may be adjusted in such a manner that a penalty is given when a distance between the two distributions becomes distant. 
     Then, in step S 310 , an answer is generated based on the latent variable, and in step S 320 , a question is generated based on the answer. An operation of machine-learning the question-answer learning model is performed in step S 330  using a dataset of the questions and answers generated by repeating step S 310  and step S 320 . 
     Meanwhile, a method of generating a question-answer dataset according to an exemplary embodiment will hereinafter be described in more detail with reference to  FIGS. 4 to 7 . 
       FIG. 4  is a conceptual diagram for schematically describing a question-answer dataset generating model based on a passage input according to an exemplary embodiment. 
     Referring to  FIG. 4 , a question-answer dataset generating model according to an exemplary embodiment may include a memory  110 , an encoder  120 , an attention  130 , an answer decoder  140 , and a question decoder  150 . 
     According to the method of generating a question-answer dataset according to an exemplary embodiment, a passage  101  including several sentences is input to the encoder  120  as it is. Here, the passage  101  may include a phrase, a part, a paragraph, and the like. 
     The encoder  120  generates a hidden representation for each word in the input paragraph  101  and stores the hidden representation in the memory  110 . Here, the encoder  120  may construct the hidden representation from an input through a neural network. Therefore, the hidden representation may mean a machine-readable data representation learned in a hidden layer of the neural network, and may be composed of a pair of keys and values. For example, the encoder  120  may store information about a meaning represented by a component (for example, a word) of a sentence as the hidden representation. 
     Next, the encoder  120  performs sampling  102  based on the hidden representation to generate a latent variable  103 , and the generated latent variable  103  is input to the answer decoder  140 . 
     The answer decoder  140  calculates the importance of each component of the memory  110  through the attention  130  that uses the latent variable  103  as a query to generate a weighted sum vector of the memory  110 . For example, each time the answer decoder  140  predicts an output word through the attention  130 , the answer decoder  140  may refer to an entire input sentence in the encoder  120  once again. However, the answer decoder  140  does not refer to the entire input sentence in the same ratio, but may attentively refer to an input word portion associated with a word to be predicted at a corresponding time. Therefore, an attention function obtains similarities to ‘Keys’ obtained from all the hidden representations with respect to given ‘Queries’. In addition, the obtained similarities are reflected in the respective ‘values’ mapped to the keys. In addition, a weighted sum vector may be obtained by adding all the values in which the similarities are reflected. 
     The answer decoder  140  predicts an answer span  104  based on the weighted sum vector. Here, the answer span may mean a start point and an end point where an answer is positioned in the input passage. 
     Next, the question decoder  150  may receive the previously generated answer span  104 , and perform calculation of the attention  130  of the memory  110  to finally generate the question  105 . 
     A question-answer dataset composed of a pair of the generated question and an answer according to an exemplary embodiment may be stored in the memory  110 , and the stored question-answer dataset may be used to machine-learn a question-answer learning model. 
     Therefore, the dataset generating model according to an exemplary embodiment automatically generates a dataset of a question and an answer from the input passage, and may thus sample several question-answer pairs with only one passage input, thereby constructing more diverse data as compared with an existing manual input model. 
     More specifically, the method for generating a question-answer dataset described above may be implemented through an objective function shown in the following Equation 2: 
           θ,ϕ,ψ ( x, y, c )=   x,y,c˜p(x,y,c) [   z˜q     ϕ     (z|x,y,c) [−log  p   θ ( y|z,c )−log  p   θ ( x|z, y, c )]]+ D   KL [ q   ϕ ( z )∥ p   ψ ( z )]  [Equation 2]
 
     Here x, y, c, and z correspond to a question, an answer, a paragraph, and a latent variable, respectively. q ϕ (z|x, y, c) is a function used for the encoder of the question-answer model, and p ϕ ((y|z, c), p θ (x|z, y, c) are functions used for the answer decoder and the question decoder, respectively. p ψ (z) is a marginal prior distribution of the latent variables, and q ϕ (z) is a marginal posterior distribution of the latent variables. For example, q ϕ (z) may generate a distribution of latent variables generated from the input, and p ψ (z) may generate an output close to the input using latent variables. Meanwhile, since it is very difficult to calculate a Kullback-Leibler (KL) divergence for optimization (for reducing a difference between the two distributions described above), it may be approximated as represented by the following Equation 3: 
     
       
         
           
             
               
                 
                   
                     
                       
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     Meanwhile, how the passage input is performed and how a question-answer dataset construction model according to an exemplary embodiment may be utilized will be described with reference to  FIGS. 5 to 7 . 
       FIG. 5  is a view for describing an example of a method of generating a question-answer dataset in a paragraph according to an exemplary embodiment. 
     Referring to  FIG. 3 , when a paragraph  301  is input, an answer  303  is first generated through sampling  302 . In addition, an answer  304  paired with the answer may be generated using the generated answer  303 . 
     For example, in a case where there is a sentence “Yi Sun-shin (Apr. 28, 1545 to Dec. 16, 1598 (November 19 by the lunar calendar)) is a military officer of the mid-Joseon Dynasty” in an input passage, an answer “Apr. 28, 1545” may be first generated through sampling. In addition, various types of questions such as “When was Admiral Yi Sun-shin&#39;s birthday?” Or “When was Yi Sun Shin born?” may be generated based on the answer generated according to the method for generating a question-answer dataset according to an exemplary embodiment. Therefore, in a case of using the question-answer generating model, various datasets for machine-learning the question-answer model may be constructed. 
       FIG. 6  is a view for describing a method of generating a question-answer dataset in a standardized infobox according to an exemplary embodiment. 
     Referring to  FIG. 6 , the question-answer dataset generating model according to an exemplary embodiment may obtain infobox data  400  through crawling from a website famous as an online knowledge encyclopedia website. 
     Particularly, since the infobox data  400  is standardized, the infobox data  400  may be easily structured in a form of a corpus of questions and answers, and since these knowledge encyclopedia websites provide detailed classification data for fields or targets, an input passage may be generated in a preprocessing step so as to generate and machine-learn a question-answer by targeting a desired field. 
     However, since all websites do not provide the standardized infobox data  400  as illustrated in  FIG. 6 , crawled data is generally non-standardized. Therefore, in this case, how to create a passage to be input will be described. 
       FIG. 7  is a flowchart for describing a method of generating a question-answer dataset in a non-standardized page according to an exemplary embodiment. 
     Referring to  FIG. 7 , in step S 500 , the question-answer dataset construction model recognizes the title and the body of a web page from crawled data. In addition, in step S 510 , a table is recognized based on column recognition in the body. That is, the table is recognized in order to obtain data having a form similar to an infobox that may be obtained from the standardized site. 
     Then, in step S 520 , a paragraph is standardized by confirming whether or not there is a word satisfying a preset data frequency. For example, words that appear repeatedly, such as “country name” and “capital” may be confirmed, and the paragraph may be standardized based on these words. 
     In step S 530 , the question-answer dataset generating model may receive the standardized paragraph and generate a question-answer dataset to construct a dataset of various questions and answers in a dataset provided in an information box provided in a standardized form or a dataset provided in a table form on an existing website. 
     The question-answer dataset generating model described above according to another exemplary embodiment may extract a question-answer dataset from data for which learning and machine translation is completed, evaluate accuracy of an answer corresponding to the question, and utilize an evaluation result to verify a quality of learning or translation, beyond simply generating the question-answer dataset. 
     For example, if the question-answer dataset generating model according to an exemplary embodiment can generate a correct question-answer dataset from the data for which the machine translation is completed, it may be evaluated that machine reading is well performed. 
       FIG. 8  is a block diagram schematically illustrating an internal configuration of an apparatus of generating a question-answer dataset according to an exemplary embodiment. 
     Referring to  FIG. 8  an apparatus  100  of generating a question-answer dataset according to an exemplary embodiment may include one or more memories  110  and a processor  190 . Operations of the apparatus  100  of generating a question-answer dataset may be performed by executing a program stored in the memory  110  through the processor  190 . 
     The processor  190  according to an exemplary embodiment performs an operation of generating a hidden representation for each word in the input passage and storing the hidden representation in the memory  110 . 
     In addition, the processor  190  samples a latent variable based on the hidden representation, and calculates the importance of the hidden representation stored in the memory through an attention that uses the sampled latent variable as a query to generate a weighted sum vector. 
     In addition, the processor  190  may perform an operation of generating an answer span based on the latent variable and the weighted sum vector and generating a question based on the generated answer span and the attention for the hidden representation in the memory. 
     In addition, the processor  190  may further perform an operation of storing a dataset of the generated question and an answer in the memory  110  and a machine learning operation of machine-learning a question-answer learning model using the stored dataset of the question and the answer. 
     In addition, the processor  19  may further perform an operation of generating a latent variable which is valid and in which the question-answer learning model cannot guess a correct answer by adjusting the loss of the question-answer learning model and the constraints and an operation of performing adversarial machine learning using the question-answer dataset generated using the generated latent variable. 
     Meanwhile, the apparatus  100  of generating a question-answer dataset described above may include one or more processors  190  and/or one or more memories  110 . In addition, each of the processors  190  may include an encoder  120 , an answer decoder  140 , and a question decoder  150 , and may perform the operations described above with reference to  FIGS. 1 to 7  on each of the encoder  120 , answer decoder  150 , and question decoder  150 . 
     In addition, the memory  110  may include a volatile and/or nonvolatile memory. The one or more memories  110  may store instructions that, when executed by the one or more processors  190 , cause the one or more processors  190  to perform an operation. In the present disclosure, the program or the instruction, which is software stored in the memory  110 , may include an operating system for controlling resources of a server, an application, and/or middleware that provides various functions to the application so that the application may utilize the resources of the apparatus. 
     The one or more processors  190  may drive software (for example, programs, instructions) to control at least one component of the apparatus  100  connected to the processors  190 . In addition, the processor  190  may perform operations such as various operations, processing, data generation, and processing related to the present disclosure. In addition, the processor  190  may load data or the like from the memory  110  or store the data or the like in the memory  110 . 
     In an exemplary embodiment, at least one of the components of the apparatus  100  may be omitted or another component may be added. Additionally or alternatively, some of the components may be implemented in an integrated form or be implemented as singular or plural entities. 
     Meanwhile, the steps of the method or the algorithm described in connection with an exemplary embodiment of the present invention may be implemented directly by hardware, by a software module executed by hardware, or by a combination of hardware and software. The software module may reside on a random access memory (RAM), a read only memory (ROM), an erasable programmable ROM (EPROM), an electrically erasable programmable ROM (EEPROM), a flash memory, a hard disk, a removable disk, a compact disk (CD)-ROM, or may reside on any type of computer extractable recording medium well-known in the art. 
     According to an exemplary embodiment, a dataset of a question and an answer for adversarial learning is automatically generated from an input passage, and several question-answer pairs may thus be sampled with only one passage input, thereby constructing more diverse data as compared with an existing model. In addition, performance of a question-answer learning model may be improved by machine-learning the data constructed as described above. 
     Effects of the present invention are not limited to the effects described above, and other effects that are not mentioned may be obviously understood by those skilled in the art from the following description. 
     Although the exemplary embodiments of the present invention have been described with reference to the accompanying drawings, those skilled in the art will understand that various modifications and alterations may be made without departing from the spirit or essential feature of the present invention. Therefore, it is to be understood that the exemplary embodiments described hereinabove are illustrative rather than being restrictive in all aspects.