Patent Publication Number: US-2017355817-A1

Title: Copolycarbonate compositions with improved processing behaviour containing pe-wax

Description:
The invention relates to copolycarbonate compositions comprising oxidized, acid-modified polyethylene waxes, to the use thereof for producing blends, moldings and to moldings obtainable therefrom. The copolycarbonate compositions exhibit improved flowability and thus improved processing behavior. 
     Copolycarbonates belong to the group of technical thermoplastics. They find versatile application in the electrical and electronics sectors, as a housing material of lamps and in applications where particular thermal and mechanical properties are required, for example hairdryers, applications in the automobile sector, plastic covers, reflectors, diffusers or light conducting elements and lamp covers or lamp bezels. These copolycarbonates may be used as blend partners for further thermoplastic plastics materials. 
     In these compositions good thermal and mechanical properties such as a high Vicat temperature (heat distortion resistance) and glass transition temperature are practically always compulsory. However, at the same time high glass transition temperatures and heat distortion resistances also result in relatively high melt viscosities which in turn has a negative effect on processability, for example in injection molding. 
     The flowability of (co)polycarbonate compositions/(co)PC blends can be increased by the addition of low molecular weight compounds. Since substances of this kind, however, simultaneously act as plasticizers, they lower the heat distortion resistance and glass transition temperature of the polymer matrix. This in turn is undesirable, since this reduces the temperature use range of the materials. 
     DE 102004020673 describes copolycarbonates having improved flowability based on bisphenols having an ether/thioether linkage. 
     DE 3918406 discloses blends for optical data storage means, based on a specific polycarbonate with elastomers or other thermoplastics and the use thereof in optical applications, specifically optical data storage means such as compact disks. 
     EP 0 953 605 describes linear polycarbonate compositions having improved flow characteristics obtained when cyclic oligocarbonates are added in large amounts, for example 0.5% to 4%, and homogenized in the matrix of a linear BPA polycarbonate at 285° C. by means of a twin-shaft extruder. In the course of this, the flowability increases as the amount of cyclic oligocarbonates rises. At the same time, however, there is a distinct decrease in the glass transition temperature and hence the heat distortion resistance. This is undesirable in the industrial applications of (co)polycarbonate compositions having relatively high heat distortion resistances. This disadvantage then has to be compensated for through the use of higher amounts of costly cobisphenols. 
     The conventional way of improving flow is to use BDP (bisphenol A diphosphate), in amounts of up to more than 10 wt %, in order to achieve the desired effect. However, this causes a very severe reduction in heat distortion resistance. 
     The prior art does not provide one skilled in the art with any indication of how to improve the flowability of (co)polycarbonate compositions/of PC blends for a predetermined/defined heat distortion resistance. 
     The present invention accordingly has for its object to provide compositions comprising aromatic polycarbonate compositions which exhibit an improved flowability while heat distortion resistance remains virtually constant. 
     It was found that, surprisingly, the addition of oxidized acid-modified polyethylene waxes to copolycarbonate compositions results in improved rheological properties, the thermal and mechanical properties remaining practically unchanged. 
     The described novel property combinations are an important criterion for the mechanical and thermal performance of injection molded/extruded components produced therefrom. Injection moldings or extrudates produced from the copolycarbonate compositions according to the invention have significantly improved flow properties without a deterioration in thermal properties. 
     The invention therefore provides copolycarbonate compositions comprising
         A) 67.0 to 99.95 wt % of at least one copolycarbonate comprising monomer units selected from the group consisting of the structural units of general formulae (1a), (1b), (1c) and (1d)       

     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
         
         
           
             
               
                 in which
               R′ represents hydrogen or C 1 -C 4 -alkyl, preferably hydrogen,   R 2  represents C 1 -C 4 -alkyl, preferably methyl,   n represents 0, 1, 2 or 3, preferably 3, and   R 3  represents C 1 -C 4 -alkyl, aralkyl or aryl, preferably methyl or phenyl, very particularly preferably methyl,   
             
                 or 
                 67.0 to 99.95 wt % of a blend of the one or more copolycarbonates and at least one further homo- or copolycarbonate comprising one or more monomer units of general formula (2): 
               
             
           
         
       
    
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
         
         
           
             
               
                 in which
               R 4  represents H, linear or branched C 1 -C 10  alkyl, preferably linear or branched C 1 -C 6  alkyl, particularly preferably linear or branched C 1 -C 4  alkyl, very particularly preferably H or C 1 -alkyl (methyl), and   R 5  represents linear or branched C 1 -C 10  alkyl, preferably linear or branched C 1 -C 6  alkyl, particularly preferably linear or branched C 1 -C 4  alkyl, very particularly preferably C 1 -alkyl (methyl);   
             
                 wherein the optionally present further homo- or copolycarbonate has no monomer units of formulae (1a), (1b), (1c) and (1d); 
               
             
             B) 0.05 to 10.0 wt % of at least one oxidized acid-modified polyethylene wax; and 
             C) 0 to 30.0 wt % of one or more additives and/or 
           
         
       
    
     Definitions 
     C 1 -C 4 -Alkyl in the context of the invention represents for example methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, sec-butyl, tert-butyl, C 1 -C 6 -alkyl moreover represents for example n-pentyl, 1-methylbutyl, 2-methylbutyl, 3-methylbutyl, neo-pentyl, 1-ethylpropyl, cyclohexyl, cyclopentyl, n-hexyl, 1,1-dimethylpropyl, 1,2-dimethylpropyl, 1,2-dimethylpropyl, 1-methylpentyl, 2-methylpentyl, 3-methylpentyl, 4-methylpentyl, 1,1-dimethylbutyl, 1,2-dimethylbutyl, 1,3-dimethylbutyl, 2,2-dimethylbutyl, 2,3-dimethylbutyl, 3,3-dimethylbutyl, 1-ethylbutyl, 2-ethylbutyl, 1,1,2-trimethylpropyl, 1,2,2-trimethylpropyl, 1-ethyl-1-methylpropyl, 1-ethyl-2-methylpropyl or 1-ethyl-2-methylpropyl, C 1 -C  10 -alkyl moreover represents for example n-heptyl and n-octyl, pinacyl, adamantyl, the isomeric menthyls, n-nonyl, n-decyl, C 1 -C 34 -alkyl moreover represents for example n-dodecyl, n-tridecyl, n-tetradecyl, n-hexadecyl or n-octadecyl. The same applies for the corresponding alkyl radical for example in aralkyl/alkylaryl, alkylphenyl or alkylcarbonyl radicals. Alkylene radicals in the corresponding hydroxyalkyl or aralkyl/alkylaryl radicals represent for example the alkylene radicals corresponding to the preceding alkyl radicals. 
     Aryl represents a carbocyclic aromatic radical having 6 to 34 skeletal carbon atoms. The same applies for the aromatic part of an arylalkyl radical, also known as an aralkyl radical, and for aryl constituents of more complex groups, for example arylcarbonyl radicals. 
     Examples of C 6 -C 34 -aryl are phenyl, o-, p-, m-tolyl, naphthyl, phenanthrenyl, anthracenyl and fluorenyl. 
     Arylalkyl and aralkyl each independently represent a straight-chain, cyclic, branched or unbranched alkyl radical as defined above which may be mono-, poly- or persubstituted by aryl radicals as defined above. 
     The above lists are illustrative and should not be regarded as limiting. 
     In the context of the present invention, ppb and ppm are understood to mean parts by weight unless stated otherwise. 
     In the context of the present invention—unless explicitly stated otherwise—the stated wt % values for the components A, B and C are each based on the total weight of the composition. The composition may contain further components in addition to components A, B and C. In a preferred embodiment the composition consists of the components A, B and optionally C. 
     Component A 
     The copolycarbonate composition according to the invention comprises as component A 67.0 to 99.95 wt % of a copolycarbonate comprising one or more monomer units of formulae (1a), (1b), (1c) and (1 d) or of a blend of the copolycarbonate comprising one or more monomer units of formulae (1a), (1b), (1c) and (1d) and a further homo- or copolycarbonate comprising one or more monomer units of general formula (2). 
     It is preferable when component A is present in the composition in an amount of 70.0 to 99.0 wt %, preferably 80.0 to 99.0 wt % and particularly preferably 85.0 to 98.5 wt %, in each case based on the total weight of the composition. 
     In a preferred embodiment the amount of the copolycarbonate comprising one or more monomer unit(s) of general formulae (1a), (1b), (1c) and (1d) in the composition is at least 50 wt %, particularly preferably at least 60 wt %, very particularly preferably at least 75 wt %. 
     The monomer unit(s) of general formula (la) is/are introduced via one or more corresponding diphenols of general formula (1a): 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     in which
         R′ represents hydrogen or C 1 -C 4 -alkyl, preferably hydrogen,   R 2  represents C 1 -C 4 -alkyl, preferably methyl, and   n represents 0, 1, 2 or 3, preferably 3.       

     The diphenols of formulae (I a) to be employed in accordance with the invention and the employment thereof in homopolycarbonates are disclosed in DE 3918406 for example. 
     Particular preference is given to 1,1-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)-3,3,5-trimethylcyclohexane (Bisphenol. TMC) having the formula (1a′): 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     The monomer unit(s) of general formula (1b), (1c) and (1d) are introduced via one or more corresponding diphenols of general formulae (1b), (1c′) and (1d′): 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
         
         
           
             in which R 3  represents C 1 -C 4 -alkyl, aralkyl or aryl, preferably methyl or phenyl, very particularly preferably methyl, 
           
         
       
    
     In addition to one or more monomer units of formulae (1a), (1b), and (1d) the copolycarbonate of component A may comprise one or more monomer unit(s) of formula (3): 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     in which
         R 6  and R 7  independently of one another represent H, C 1 -C 18 -alkyl-, C 1 -C 18 -alkoxy, halogen such as Cl or Br or respectively optionally substituted aryl or aralkyl, preferably H or C 1 -C 12 -alkyl, particularly preferably H or C 1 -C 8 -alkyl and very particularly preferably H or methyl, and       

     Y represents a single bond, —SO 2 —, —CO—, —O—, —S—, C 1 -C 6 -alkylene or C 2 -C 5 -alkylidene, furthermore C 6 -C 12 -arylene, which may optionally be fused with further heteroatom-comprising aromatic rings. 
     The monomer unit(s) of general formula (3) are introduced via one or more corresponding diphenols of general formula (3a): 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     wherein R 6 , R 7  and Y each have the meanings stated above in connection with formula (3). 
     Examples of the diphenols of formula (3a) which may be employed in addition to the diphenols of formula (1a′), (1b′), (1c′) and (1d′) include hydroquinone, resorcinol, dihydroxybiphenyls, bis(hydroxyphenyl)alkanes, bis(hydroxyphenyl)sulfides, bis(hydroxylphenyl) ethers, bis(hydroxyphenyl)ketones, bis(hydroxyphenyl)sulfones, bis(hydroxylphenyl)sulfoxides, α,α-&#39;bis(hydroxyphenyl)diisopropylbenzenes and the ring-alkylated and ring-halogenated compounds thereof and also α,ω-bis(hydroxylphenyl)polysiloxanes. 
     Preferred diphenols of formula (3a) are for example 4,4′-dihydroxybiphenyl (DOD), 4,4′-dihydroxybiphenyl ether (DOD ether), 2,2-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)propane (bisphenol A), 2,4-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)-2-methylbutane, 1,1-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)-1-phenylethane, 1,1-bis[2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-2-propyl]benzene, 1,3-bis[2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-2-propyl]-benzene (bisphenol M), 2,2-bis(3-methyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)propane, 2,2-bis(3-chloro-4-hydroxyphenyl)propane, bis(3,5-dimethyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)methane, 2,2-bis(3,5-dimethyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)propane, bis(3,5-dimethyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)sulfone, 2,4-bis(3,5-dimethyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)-2-methylbutane, 2,2-bis(3,5-dichloro-4-hydroxyphenyl)propane and 2,2-bis(3,5-dibromo-4-hydroxyphenyl)propane. 
     Particularly preferred diphenols are for example 2,2-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)propane (bisphenol A), 4,4′-dihydroxybiphenyl (DOD), 4,4′-dihydroxybiphenyl ether (DOD ether), 1,3-bis[2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-2-propyl]benzene (bisphenol M), 2,2-bis(3,5-dimethyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)propane, 1,1-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)-1-phenylethane, 2,2-bis(3,5-dichloro-4-hydroxyphenyl)propane and 2,2-bis(3,5-dibromo-4-hydroxyphenyl)propane. 
     Very particular preference is given to compounds of general formula (3b), 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
         
         
           
             in which R 8  represents H, linear or branched C 1 -C 10 -alkyl, preferably linear or branched C 1 -C 6 -alkyl, particularly preferably linear or branched C 1 -C 4 -alkyl, very particularly preferably H or C 1 -alkyl (methyl), and 
             in which R 9  represents linear or branched C 1 -C 10 -alkyl, preferably linear or branched C 1 -C 6 -alkyl, particularly preferably linear or branched C 1 -C 4 -alkyl, very particularly preferably C 1 -alkyl (methyl). 
           
         
       
    
     Diphenol (3c) in particular is very particularly preferred here. 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     The diphenols of general formulae (3a) may be used either alone or else in admixture with one another. The diphenols are known from the literature or producible by literature methods (see for example H. J. Buysch et al., Ullmann&#39;s Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, VCH, New York 1991, 5th Ed., Vol. 19, p. 348). 
     The total proportion of the monomer units of formulae (1a), (1b), (1c) and (1d) in the copolycarbonate is preferably 0.1-88 mol %, particularly preferably 1-86 mol %, very particularly preferably 5-84 mol % and in particular 10-82 mol % (based on the sum of the moles of diphenols employed). 
     In a preferred embodiment of the composition according to the invention the diphenoxide units of the copolycarbonates of component A are derived from monomers having the general structures of the above-described formulae (1a′) and (3a). 
     In another preferred embodiment of the composition according to the invention the diphenoxide units of the copolycarbonates of component A are derived from monomers having the general structures of the above-described formulae (3a) and (1b′), (1c′) and/or (1d′). 
     The copolycarbonate component of the copolycarbonate compositions may be present as block and random copolycarbonate. Random copolycarbonates are particularly preferred. 
     The ratio of the frequency of the diphenoxide monomer units in the copolycarbonate is calculated from the molar ratio of the diphenols employed. 
     The optionally present homo- or copolycarbonate of component A comprises monomer unit(s) of general formula (2). Said units are introduced via a diphenol of general formula (2a): 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
         
         
           
             in which R 4  represents H, linear or branched C 1 -C 10 -alkyl, preferably linear or branched C 1 -C 6 -alkyl, particularly preferably linear or branched C 1 -C 4 -alkyl, very particularly preferably H or C 1 -alkyl (methyl) and 
             in which R 5  represents linear or branched C 1 -C 10 -alkyl, preferably linear or branched C 1 -C 6 -alkyl, particularly preferably linear or branched C 1 -C 4 -alkyl, very particularly preferably C  1 -alkyl (methyl). 
           
         
       
    
     Diphenol (3c) in particular is very particularly preferred here. 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     In addition to one or more monomer units of general formulae (2) one or more monomer units of formula (3) as described above for component A may be present. 
     Provided that a blend is present as component A, said blend preferably comprises a homo-polycarbonate based on bisphenol A. 
     Production Process 
     Preferred methods of production of the homo- or copolycarbonates (also referred to hereinbelow as (co)polycarbonates) preferably employed in the composition according to the invention as component A, including the (co)polyestercarbonates, are the interfacial method and the melt transesterification process. 
     To obtain high molecular weight (co)polycarbonates by the interfacial method, the alkali salts of diphenols are reacted with phosgene in a biphasic mixture. The molecular weight may be controlled by the amount of monophenols which act as chain terminators, for example phenol, tert-butylphenol or cumylphenol, particularly preferably phenol, tert-butylphenol. These reactions form practically exclusively linear polymers. This may be confirmed by end-group analysis. Through deliberate use of so-called branching agents, generally polyhydroxylated compounds, branched polycarbonates are also obtained. 
     Employable as branching agents are small amounts, preferably amounts between 0.05 and 5 mol %, particularly preferably 0.1-3 mol %, very particularly preferably 0.1-2 mol %, based on the moles of diphenols employed, of trifunctional compounds such as, for example, isatin biscresol (IBC) or phloroglucin, 4,6-dimethyl-2,4,6-tri(4-hydroxyphenyl)hept-2-ene; 4,6-dimethyl-2,4,6-tri(4-hydroxyphenyl)heptane; 1,3,5-tri(4-hydroxyphenyl)benzene; 1,1,1-tri(4-hydroxyphenyl)ethane (THPE); tri(4-hydroxyphenyl)phenylmethane; 2,2-bis[4,4-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)cyclohexyl]-propane; 2,4-bis(4-hydroxyphenylisopropyl)phenol; 2,6-bis(2-hydroxy-5′-methylbenzyl)-4-methylphenol; 2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-2-(2,4-dihydroxyphenyl)propane; hexa(4-(4-hydroxyphenyl-isopropyl)phenyl) orthoterephthalate; tetra(4-hydroxyphenyl)methane; tetra (4-(4-hydroxyphenyl-isopropyl)phenoxy)methane; αα′α″-tris(4-hydroxyphenyl)-1,3,5-triisopropylbenzene; 2,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid; trimesic acid; cyanuric chloride; 3,3-bis(3-methyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)-2-oxo-2,3-dihydroindole; 1,4-bis(4′,4″-dihydroxytriphenyl)methyl)-benzene and in particular 1,1,1-tri(4-hydroxyphenyl)ethane (THPE) and bis(3-methyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)-2-oxo-2,3-dihydroindole. Preference is given to using isatin biscresol and also 1,1,1-tri(4-hydroxyphenyl)ethane (THPE) and bis(3-methyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)-2-oxo-2,3-dihydroindole as branching agents. 
     The use of these branching agents results in branched structures. The resulting long-chain branching normally leads to rheological properties of the obtained polycarbonates which manifests in a structural viscosity compared to linear types. 
     The amount of chain terminator to be employed is preferably 0.5 mol % to 10 mol %, preferably 1 mol % to 8 mol %, particularly preferably 2 mol % to 6 mol %, based on the moles of diphenols employed in each case. The addition of the chain terminators may be effected before, during or after the phosgenation, preferably as a solution in a solvent mixture of methylene chloride and chlorobenzene (8-15 wt %). 
     To obtain high molecular weight (co)polycarbonates by the melt transesterification process, diphenols are reacted in the melt with carbonic diesters, normally diphenyl carbonate, in the presence of catalysts, such as alkali metal salts, ammonium or phosphonium compounds. 
     The melt transesterification process is described for example in Encyclopedia of Polymer Science, Vol. 10 (1969), Chemistry and Physics of Polycarbonates, Polymer Reviews, H. Schnell, Vol. 9, John Wiley and Sons, Inc. (1964) and in DE-C 10 31 512. 
     In the melt transesterification process, diphenols of formulae (2a) and optionally (1a) are transesterified in the melt with carbonic diesters using suitable catalysts and optionally further added substances. 
     Carbonic diesters for the purposes of the invention are those of formulae (4) and (5) 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     wherein
     R,R′ and R″ may independently of one another represent H, optionally branched C  1 -C 34 -alkyl/cycloalkyl, C 7 -C 34 -alkaryl or C 6 -C 34 -aryl,   

     for example diphenyl carbonate, butylphenyl phenyl carbonate, di(butylphenyl) carbonate, isobutylphenyl phenyl carbonate, di(isobutylphenyl) carbonate, tert-butylphenyl phenyl carbonate, di(tert-butylphenyl) carbonate, n-pentylphenyl phenyl carbonate, di(n-pentylphenyl) carbonate, n-hexylphenyl phenyl carbonate, di(n-hexylphenyl) carbonate, cyclohexylphenyl phenyl carbonate, di(cyclohexylphenyl) carbonate, phenylphenol phenyl carbonate, di(phenylphenol) carbonate, isooctylphenyl phenyl carbonate, di(isooctylphenyl) carbonate, n-nonylphenyl phenyl carbonate, di(n-nonylphenyl) carbonate, cumylphenyl phenyl carbonate, di(cumylphenyl) carbonate, naphthylphenyl phenyl carbonate, di(naphthylphenyl) carbonate, di-tert-butylphenyl phenyl carbonate, di(di-tert-butylphenyl) carbonate, dicumylphenyl phenyl carbonate, di(dicumylphenyl) carbonate, 4-phenoxyphenyl phenyl carbonate, di(4-phenoxyphenyl) carbonate, 3-pentadecylphenyl phenyl carbonate, di(3-pentadecylphenyl) carbonate, tritylphenyl phenyl carbonate, di(tritylphenyl) carbonate, 
     preferably diphenyl carbonate, tert-butylphenyl phenyl carbonate, di-(tert-butylphenyl) carbonate, phenylphenol phenyl carbonate, di(phenylphenol) carbonate, cumylphenyl phenyl carbonate, di(cumylphenyl) carbonate, particularly preferably diphenyl carbonate. 
     Mixtures of the recited carbonic diesters may also be employed. 
     The proportion of carbonic esters is 100 to 130 mol %, preferably 103 to 120 mol %, particularly preferably 103 to 109 mol %, based on the one or more diphenols. 
     As described in the recited literature basic catalysts such as alkali metal and alkaline earth metal hydroxides and oxides but also ammonium or phosphonium salts referred to hereinbelow as onium salts are employed as catalysts in the melt transesterification process. Preference is given to employing onium salts, particularly preferably phosphonium salts. For the purposes of the invention phosphonium salts are those having the following general formula (6) 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     wherein
     R 9-12  may be identical or different C 1 -C 10 -alkyls, C 6 -C 10 -aryls, C 7 -C 10 -aralkyls or C 5 -C 6 -cycloalkyls, preferably methyl or C 6 -C 14 -aryls, particularly preferably methyl or phenyl, and   

     X′ may be an anion such as hydroxide, sulfate, hydrogensulfate, hydrogencarbonate, carbonate, a halide, preferably chloride, or an alkoxide of formula OR I7 , wherein R 17  may be C 6 -C 14 -aryl or C 7 -C 12 -aralkyl, preferably phenyl. 
     Preferred catalysts are tetraphenylphosphonium chloride, tetraphenylphosphonium hydroxide, tetraphenylphosphonium phenoxide, particularly preferably tetraphenylphosphonium phenoxide. 
     The catalyst is preferably employed in amounts of 10 −8  to 10 −3  mol, based on one mole of diphenol, particularly preferably in amounts of 10 −7  to 10 −4  mol, 
     Further catalysts may be employed alone or optionally in addition to the onium salt to in-crease the rate of the polymerization. These include salts of alkali metals and alkaline earth metals, such as hydroxides, alkoxides and aryloxides of lithium, sodium and potassium, preferably hydroxide, alkoxide or aryloxide salts of sodium. Greatest preference is given to sodium hydroxide and sodium phenoxide. The amounts of the cocatalyst may be in the range from 1 to 200 ppb, preferably 5 to 150 ppb and most preferably 10 to 125 ppb in each case reckoned as sodium. 
     The addition of the catalysts is effected in solution in order to avoid deleterious overconcentrations during metering. The solvents are system- and process-inherent compounds, for example diphenol, carbonic diesters or monohydroxyaryl compounds. Particular preference is given to monohydroxyaryl compounds because it is familiar to one skilled in the art that the diphenols and carbonic dieesters readily undergo transformation and decomposition even at only mildly elevated temperatures, in particular under the action of catalysts. This negatively affects polycarbonate qualities. In the industrially most important transesterification process for producing polycarbonate the preferred compound is phenol. Phenol is also a compelling option because during production the preferably employed tetraphenylphosphonium phenoxide catalyst is isolated as a cocrystal with phenol. 
     The process for producing the (co)polycarbonates present in the composition according to the invention by the transesterification process may be discontinuous or else continuous. Once the diphenols of formulae (2a) and optionally (1a) and carbonic diesters are present as a melt, optionally with further compounds, the reaction is initiated in the presence of the catalyst. The conversion/the molecular weight is increased with rising temperatures and falling pressures in suitable apparatuses and devices by removing the eliminated monohydroxyaryl compound until the desired final state is achieved. Choice of the ratio of diphenol to carbonic diester and of the rate of loss of the carbonic diester via the vapors and of any added compounds, for example of a higher-boiling monohydroxyaryl compound, said rate of loss arising through choice of procedure/plant for producing the polycarbonate, is what decides the end groups in terms of their nature and concentration. 
     With regard to the manner in which, the plant in which and the procedure by which the process is executed, there is no limitation or restriction. 
     Moreover, there is no specific limitation and restriction with regard to the temperatures, the pressures and catalysts used, in order to perform the melt transesterification reaction between the diphenol and the carbonic diester, and any other reactants added. Any conditions are possible, provided that the temperatures, pressures and catalysts chosen enable a melt transesterification with correspondingly rapid removal of the eliminated monohydroxyaryl compound. 
     The temperatures over the entire process are generally 180 to 330° C. at pressures of 15 bar absolute to 0.01 mbar absolute. 
     It is normally a continuous procedure that is chosen, because this is advantageous for product quality. 
     Preferably, the continuous process for producing polycarbonates is characterized in that one or more diphenols with the carbonic diester, also any other reactants added, using the catalysts, after pre-condensation, without removing the monohydroxyaryl compound formed, in several reaction evaporator stages which then follow at temperatures rising stepwise and pressures falling stepwise, the molecular weight is built up to the desired level. 
     The devices, apparatuses and reactors that are suitable for the individual reaction evaporator stages are, in accordance with the process sequence, heat exchangers, flash apparatuses, separators, columns, evaporators, stirred vessels and reactors or other purchasable apparatuses which provide the necessary residence time at selected temperatures and pressures. The devices chosen must enable the necessary input of heat and be constructed such that they are able to cope with the continuously increasing melt viscosities. 
     All devices are connected to one another by pumps, pipelines and valves. The pipelines between all the devices should of course be as short as possible and the curvature of the conduits should be kept as low as possible in order to avoid unnecessarily prolonged residence times. At the same time, the external, i.e. technical, boundary conditions and requirements for assemblies of chemical plants should be observed. 
     To perform the process by a preferred continuous procedure the coreactants can either be melted together or else the solid diphenol can be dissolved in the carbonic diester melt or the solid carbonic diester can be dissolved in the melt of the diphenol or both raw materials are combined in molten form, preferably directly from production. The residence times of the separate melts of the raw materials, in particular the residence time of the melt of the diphenol, are adjusted so as to be as short as possible. The melt mixture, by contrast, because of the depressed melting point of the raw material mixture compared to the individual raw materials, can reside for longer periods at correspondingly lower temperatures without loss of quality. 
     Thereafter, the catalyst, preferably dissolved in phenol, is mixed in and the melt is heated to the reaction temperature. At the start of the industrially important process for producing polycarbonate from 2,2-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)propane and diphenyl carbonate, this temperature is 180 to 220° C., preferably 190 to 210° C., very particularly preferably 190° C. Over the course of residence times of 15 to 90 min, preferably 30 to 60 min, the reaction equilibrium is established without withdrawing the hydroxyaryl compound formed. The reaction can be run at atmospheric pressure, but for industrial reasons also at elevated pressure. The preferred pressure in industrial plants is 2 to 15 bar absolute. 
     The melt mixture is expanded into a first vacuum chamber, the pressure of which is set to 100 to 400 mbar, preferably to 150 to 300 mbar, and then heated directly back to the inlet temperature at the same pressure in a suitable device. In the expansion operation, the hydroxyaryl compound formed is evaporated together with monomers still present. After a residence time of 5 to 30 min in a bottoms reservoir, optionally with pumped circulation, at the same pressure and the same temperature, the reaction mixture is expanded into a second vacuum chamber, the pressure of which is 50 to 200 mbar, preferably 80 to 150 mbar, and directly afterwards heated in a suitable apparatus at the same pressure to a temperature of 190° C. to 250° C., preferably 210° C. to 240° C., particularly preferably 210° C. to 230° C. Here too, the hydroxyaryl compound thrilled is evaporated together with monomers still present. After a residence time of 5 to 30 min in a bottoms reservoir, optionally with pumped circulation, at the same pressure and the same temperature, the reaction mixture is expanded into a third vacuum chamber, the pressure of which is 30 to 150 mbar, preferably 50 to 120 mbar, and directly afterwards heated in a suitable apparatus at the same pressure to a temperature of 220° C. to 280° C., preferably 240° C. to 270° C., particularly preferably 240° C. to 260° C. Here too, the hydroxyaryl compound formed is evaporated together with monomers still present. After a residence time of 5 to 20 min in a bottoms reservoir, optionally with pumped circulation, at the same pressure and the same temperature, the reaction mixture is expanded into a further vacuum chamber, the pressure of which is 5 to 100 mbar, preferably 15 to 100 mbar, particularly preferably 20 to 80 mbar, and directly afterwards heated in a suitable apparatus at the same pressure to a temperature of 250° C. to 300° C., preferably 260° C. to 290° C., particularly preferably 260 to 280° C. Here too, the hydroxyaryl compound formed is evaporated together with monomers still present. 
     The number of these stages, 4 here by way of example, may vary between 2 and 6. The temperatures and pressures should be adjusted appropriately when the number of stages is altered in order to obtain comparable results. The relative viscosity of the oligomeric carbonate attained in these stages is between 1.04 and 1.20, preferably between 1.05 and 1.15, particularly preferably between 1.06 to 1.10. 
     The oligocarbonate thus obtained, after a residence time of 5 to 20 min in a bottoms reservoir, optionally with pumped circulation, at the same pressure and the same temperature as in the last flash/evaporator stage, is conveyed into a disk or cage reactor and subjected to further condensation at 250° C. to 310° C., preferably 250° C. to 290° C., more preferably 250° C. to 280° C., at pressures of 1 to 15 mbar, preferably 2 to 10 mbar, with residence times of 30 to 90 min, preferably 30 to 60 min. The product attains a relative viscosity of 1.12 to 1.28, preferably 1.13 to 1.26, particularly preferably 1.13 to 1.24. 
     The melt leaving this reactor is brought to the desired final viscosity/the final molecular weight in a further disk or cage reactor. The temperatures are 270° C. to 330° C., preferably 280° C. to 320° C., particularly preferably 280° C. to 310° C., and the pressure is 0.01 to 3 mbar, preferably 0.2 to 2 mbar, with residence times of 60 to 180 min, preferably 75 to 150 min. The relative viscosities are set to the level necessary for the application envisaged and are 1.18 to 1.40, preferably 1.18 to 1.36, particularly preferably 1.18 to 1.34. 
     The function of the two cage reactors or disk reactors can also be combined in one cage reactor or disk reactor. 
     The vapors from all the process stages are directly led off, collected and processed. This processing is generally effected by distillation in order to achieve high purities of the substances recovered. This can be effected, for example, according to German patent application no. 10 100 404. Recovery and isolation of the eliminated monohydroxyaryl compound in ultrapure form is an obvious aim from an economic and environmental point of view. 
     The monohydroxyaryl compound can be used directly for producing a diphenol or a carbonic diester. 
     It is a feature of the disk or cage reactors that they provide a very large, constantly renewing surface under reduced pressure with high residence times. The disk or cage reactors have a geometric shape in accordance with the melt viscosities of the products. Suitable examples are reactors as described in DE 44 47 422 C2 and EP A 1 253 163 or twin shaft reactors as described in WO A 99/28 370. 
     The oligocarbonates, including those of very low molecular weight, and the finished polycarbonates are generally conveyed by means of gear pumps, screws of a wide variety of designs or positive displacement pumps of a specific design. 
     Analogously to the interfacial method, it is possible to use polyfunctional compounds as branching agents. 
     The relative solution viscosity of the poly- or copolycarbonates present in the composition of the invention, determined according to DIN 51562, is preferably in the range of 1.15-1.35. 
     The weight-average molecular weights of homo- or copolycarbonates present in the composition according to the invention are preferably 15 000 to 40 000 g/mol, particularly preferably 17 000 to 36 000 g/mol, and very particularly preferably 17 000 to 34 000 g/mol, and are determined by GPC against a polycarbonate calibration. 
     Particular preference is given to copolycarbonate compositions in which the copolycarbonate of component A and/or the optionally also present further homo- or copolycarbonate of component A at least partly comprise as an end group a structural unit derived from phenol and/or a structural unit derived from 4-tert-butylphenol. 
     Component B 
     The compositions according to the invention comprise as component B at least one oxidized acid-modified polyethylene wax. 
     The employed special oxidized acid-modified polyethylene waxes preferably have an oxidation index (OI) of greater than 8, the oxidation index OI being ascertained by IR spectroscopy. The determination is effected by establishing the ratio of the area of the peak between 1750 cm −1  and 1680 cm −1  (carbonyl, C═O area) to the area of the peak between 1400 cm −1  and 1330 cm −1  (aliphatics CH x aliphatics area). The calculation is as follows: OI═C═O area/aliphatics area*100. The determination may be effected with a commercially available FT IR spectrometer, for example Nicolet 5700 or Thermo Fisher Scientific 20DX FT IR instrument. 
     The employed special oxidized acid-modified polyethylene waxes (also referred to hereinbelow as “PE waxes”) are PE waxes typically produced by direct polymerization of ethylene by the Ziegler process. In a subsequent reaction step an air oxidation is effected which results in modified types. These special oxidized types have a content of acid modifications. The polyethylene waxes are available in particular from Mitsui under the brand “Hi-WAX”, acid-modified types. The acid numbers are preferably between 0.5 and 20 mg KOH/g. Preference is given to employing types having acid numbers of &lt;10 mg KOH/g (JIS K0070 test method). The molecular weights (M n ) of these oxidized acid-modified polyethylene waxes are preferably between 1500 g/mol and 5000 g/mol. They preferably have a crystallinity of not less than 60% and not more than 90%. Their melting points are preferably in the range from greater than 90° C. and less than 130° C. The melt viscosities measured at 140° C., determined as per ISO 11443, are preferably between 70 mPas·s and 800 mPa·s. 
     The oxidized acid-modified polyethylene waxes are preferably supplied to the polycarbonate melt in situ in a continuous or batchwise polycarbonate production process via a side assembly directly or in the form of a masterbatch or in a compounding process directly or in the form of a masterbatch via a side assembly, preferably under air exclusion. 
     The oxidized acid-modified polyethylene waxes are employed in amounts of 0.05 to 10.0 wt %, preferably 0.08 to 6.0 wt %, more preferably 0.10 to 5.0 wt % and particularly preferably 0.15 to 4.5 wt %, and very particularly preferably of 0.15 to 4.0 wt %, based on the total weight of the composition. 
     Component C 
     The present invention further provides compositions comprising the components A and B and optionally as component C one or more additives and/or fillers in a total amount of up to 30 wt %. 
     Provided that additives and/or fillers are present these are preferably selected from the group consisting of carbon black, UV stabilizers, IR absorbers, thermal stabilizers, antistats and pigments, colorants in the customary amounts; it is optionally possible to improve demolding characteristics, flow characteristics and/or flame retardancy by adding external demolding agents, flow agents and/or flame retardants such as sulfonate salts, PTFE polymers/PTFE copolymers, brominated oligocarbonates, or oligophosphates and phosphazenes (e.g. alkyl and aryl phosphites, phosphates, phosphanes, low molecular weight carboxylic esters, halogen compounds, salts, chalk, talc, thermally or electrically conductive carbon blacks or graphites, quartz/quartz flour, glass and carbon fibers, pigments or else additives for reduction of the coefficient of linear thermal expansion (CLTE) and combination thereof. Such compounds are described for example in WO 99/55772, p. 15-25, and in “Plastics Additives”, R. Gächter and H. Müller, Hanser Publishers 1983). 
     The composition generally comprises 0 to 5.0 wt %, preferably 0 to 2.50 wt %, particularly preferably 0 to 1.60 wt %, very particularly preferably 0.03 to 1.50 wt %, especially particularly preferably 0.02 to 1.0 wt % (based on the overall composition) of organic additives. 
     The demoulding agents optionally added to the compositions according to the invention are preferably selected from the group consisting of pentaerythritol tetrastearate, glycerol monostearate and long-chain fatly acid esters, for example stearyl stearate and propanediol stearate, and mixtures thereof. The demolding agents are preferably used in amounts of 0.05 wt % to 2.00 wt %, preferably in amounts of 0.1 wt % to 1.0 wt %, more preferably in amounts of 0.15 wt % to 0.60 wt % and most preferably in amounts of 0.20 wt % to 0.50 wt % based on the the total weight of components A, B and C. 
     Suitable additives and fillers are described for example in “Additives for Plastics Handbook, John Murphy, Elsevier, Oxford 1999”, in “Plastics Additives Handbook, Hans Zweifel, Hanser, Munich 2001”. 
     Suitable antioxidants/thermal stabilizers are for example: 
     alkylated monophenols, alkylthiomethylphenols, hydroquinones and alkylated hydroquinones, tocopherols, hydroxylated thiodiphenyl ethers, alkylidenebisphenols, O-, N- and S-benzyl compounds, hydroxybenzylated malonates, aromatic hydroxybenzyl compounds, triazine compounds, acylaminophenols, esters of β-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)propionic acid, esters of β-(5tert-butyl-4-hydroxy-3-methyl-phenyl)propionic acid, esters of β-(3,5-dicyclohexyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)propionic acid, esters of 3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenylacetic acid, amides of β-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)propionic acid, suitable thio synergists, secondary antioxidants, phosphites and phosphonites, benzofuranones and indolinones. 
     Preferentially suitable thermal stabilizers are tris(2,4-di-tert-butylphenyl) phosphite (Irgafos® 168), tetrakis(2,4-di-tert-butylphenyl)-[1-biphenyl]-4,4′-diyl bisphosphonite, triisoctyl phosphate (TOF), octadecyl-3-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl) propionate (Irganox® 1076), bis(2,4-dicumylphenyl)pentaerythritol diphosphite (Doverphos® S-9228), bis(2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-methylphenyl)pentaerythritol diphosphite (ADK STAB PEP-36) and triphenylphosphine (TPP). Said thermal stabilizers are used alone or in admixture (e.g. Irganox B900 or Doverphos S-9228 with Irganox B900/Irganox 1076 or triphenylphosphine (TPP) with triisoctyl phosphate (TOF)). Thermal stabilizers are preferably used in amounts of 0.005 wt % to 2.00 wt %, preferably in amounts of 0.01 wt % to 1.0 wt %, more preferably in amounts of 0.015 wt % to 0.60 wt % and most preferably in amounts of 0.02 wt % to 0.50 wt %, based on the the total weight of components A, B and C. 
     Suitable complexing agents for heavy metals and neutralization of traces of alkalis are o/m-phosphoric acids, fully or partly esterified phosphates or phosphites. 
     Suitable light stabilizers (UV absorbers) are 2-(2′-hydroxyphenyl)benzotriazoles. 2-hydroxybenzophenones, esters of substituted and unsubstituted benzoic acids, acrylates, sterically hindered amines, oxamides and 2-(hydroxyphenyl)-1,3,5-triazines/substituted hydroxyalkoxyphenyl, 1,3,5-triazoles, preference being given to substituted benzotriazoles, for example 2-(2′-hydroxy-5′-methylphenyl)benzotriazole, 2-(2′-hydroxy-3′, 5 ′-di-t-butylphenyl)benzotriazole, 2-(2′-hydroxy-3′-tert-butyl-5′-methylphenyl)-5-chlorobenzotriazole, 2-(2′-hydroxy-3′,5′-tert-butylphenyl)-5-chlorobenzotriazole, 2-(2′-hydroxy-5′-tert-octylphenyl)benzotriazole, 2-(2′-hydroxy-3′,5′-di-tert-amylphenyl)benzotriazole, 2-[2′-hydroxy-3′(3″,4″,5″,6″-tetrahydroplithalimidoethyl)-5′-methylphenyl]benzotriazole and 2,2′-methylenebis[4-(1,1,3,3-tetramethylbutyl)-6-(2H-benzotriazol-2-yl)phenol]. 
     Further suitable UV stabilizers are selected from the group comprising benzotriazoles (e.g. Tinuvins from BASF), triazine Tinuvin 1600 from BASF), benzophenones (Uvinuls from BASF), cyanoacrylates (Uvinuls from BASF), cinnamic esters and oxalanilides, and mixtures of these UV stabilizers. 
     The UV stabilizers are used in amounts of 0.01 wt % to 2.0 wt % based on the molding material, preferably in amounts of 0.05 wt % to 1.00 wt %, more preferably in amounts of 0.08 wt % to 0.5 wt % and most preferably in amounts of 0.1 wt % to 0.4 wt % based on the overall composition. 
     Polypropylene glycols, alone or in combination with, for example, sulfones or sulfonamides as stabilizers, can be used to counteract damage by gamma rays. 
     These and other stabilizers can be used individually or in combination and can be added to the polymer in the recited forms. 
     Suitable flame-retardant additives are phosphate esters, i.e. triphenyl phosphate, resorcinol diphosphate, brominated compounds, such as brominated phosphoric esters, brominated oligocarbonates and polycarbonates, and preferably salts of fluorinated organic sulfonic acids. 
     Suitable impact modifiers are butadiene rubber with grafted-on styrene-acrylonitrile or methyl methacrylate, ethylene-propylene rubbers with grafted-on maleic anhydride, ethyl and butyl acrylate rubbers with grafted-on methyl methacrylate or styrene-acrylonitrile, interpenetrating siloxane and acrylate networks with grafted-on methyl methacrylate or styrene-acrylonitrile. 
     In addition, it is possible to add colorants such as organic dyes or pigments or inorganic pigments, carbon black, IR absorbers, individually, in a mixture or else in combination with stabilizers, glass fibers, (hollow) glass beads, inorganic fillers, for example titanium dioxide, talc, silicates or barium sulfate. 
     In a particularly preferred embodiment the composition according to the invention comprises at least one additive selected from the group consisting of thermal stabilizers, demolding agents and UV absorbers, preferably in a total amount of 0.01 wt % to 2.0 wt % based on the total amount of components A, B and C. Particular preference is given to thermal stabilizers. 
     In a preferred embodiment the composition according to the invention comprises at least one inorganic filler. 
     In a further preferred embodiment the composition according to the invention comprises 0.002 to 0.2 wt % of thermal stabilizer, 0.01 wt % to 1.00 wt % of UV stabilizer and 0.05 wt % to 2.00 wt % of demolding agent. 
     The copolycarbonate compositions according to the invention are produced in customary machines, for example multishaft extruders, by compounding optionally with addition of additives and other added materials at temperatures between 280° C. and 360° C. 
     The copolycarbonate compositions according to the invention can be processed in a customary manner in standard machines, for example in extruders or injection molding machines, to give any shaped articles/moldings, to give films or sheets or bottles. 
     The copolycarbonate compositions according to the invention, optionally in a blend with other thermoplastics and/or customary additives, can be used to give any desired shaped articles/extrudates, wherever already known polycarbonates, polyestercarbonates and polyesters are used:
     1. Safety glazing which, as is well known, is required in many regions of buildings, vehicles and aircraft, and as shields of helmets.   2. Production of films and film laminates.   3. Automobile headlights, bezels, indicators, reflectors (components having reduced coefficients of thermal expansion)   4. As translucent plastics having a content of glass fibers for lighting purposes. As translucent plastics having a content of barium sulfate, titanium dioxide and/or zirconium oxide or high-reflectance opaque compositions and components produced therefrom.   5. For production of precision injection moldings, for example lenses, collimators, lens holders, light guide elements and LED applications.   6. As electrical insulators for electrical conductors and for plug housings and plug connectors.   7. Housings for electrical appliances.   8. Protective glasses, eyepieces.   9. For medical applications, medical devices, for example oxygenators, dialyzers (hollow fiber dialyzers), 3-way taps, hose connectors, blood filters, injection systems, inhalers, ampoules.   10, Extruded shaped articles such as sheets and films.   11. LED applications (sockets, reflectors, heat sinks).   12. As a feedstock for compounds or as a blend partner or component in blend compositions and components produced therefrom.   

     This application likewise provides the compounds, blends, shaped articles, extrudates, films and film laminates made from the copolycarbonate compositions according to the invention, and likewise moldings, extrudates and films comprising coextrusion layers made from the copolycarbonate compositions according to the invention. 
     It is a particular feature of the compositions according to the invention that they exhibit exceptional flow properties on account of their content of oxidized acid-modified polyethylene wax. 
     The present invention accordingly also provides for the use of one or more of the oxidized acid-modified polyethylene waxes described hereinabove for improving the flowability of compositions comprising a copolycarbonate or a blend of the copolycarbonate and a further homo- or copolycarbonate (component A) and optionally one or more added substances (component C). 
     The examples which follow are intended to illustrate the invention but without limiting said invention. 
    
    
     EXAMPLES 
     Raw Materials Used:
     Component A is a blend of PC1 and PC2 (examples 1-4), copolycarbonate PC3 or PC4(examples 5 to 12) or one of copolycarbonates PC5 to PC11 (see table 7, examples 13-40).   PC 1 is a commercially available copolycarbonate based on bisphenol A and bisphenol TMC having an MVR of 18 cm 3 /10 min (330° C./2.16 kg) and a softening temperature (VST/B 120) of 183° C. (Apec 1895 from Bayer MaterialScience AG).   PC 2 is a polycarbonate powder based on bisphenol A having an MVR of 6 cm 3 /10 min (300° C./1.2 kg). It serves to improve incorporation (metering) of the PE wax.   PC 3 Lexan XHT2141; high heat copolycarbonate based on bisphenol A and the bisphenol of formula)(Ib′) where R 3  =phenyl from Sabic Innovative Plastics having an MVR of 43 cm 3 /10 min (330° C., 2.16 kg)   PC 4 Lexan XHT4143; UV stabilized high heat copolycarbonate based on bisphenol A and the bisphenol of formula (Ib′) where R 3  phenyl from Sabic Innovative Plastics   Component B (PE wax): Oxidized acid-modified polyethylene wax having a molecular weight of 4000 g/mol, an acid number of 1 mg KOH/g, a degree of crystallization of 80% and a melting point (DSC) of 121° C. and also a melt viscosity (at 140° C.) of 650 mPa*s. Hi-Wax 405MP from Mitsui Chemicals Inc. was used. The oxidation index OI as determined by IR spectroscopy was 55.4. The determination was effected with a commercially available FT IR spectrometer, for example Nicolet 5700 or Thermo Fisher Scientific 20DX FT IR instrument. The ratio of the area of the peak between 1750 cm −1  and 1680 cm −1  (carbonyl) to the area of the peak between 1400 cm −1  and 1330 cm −1  (aliphatics CHx) was established. The calculation was as follows: C═O area/aliphatics area*100.   

     Synthesis of the bisphenol of Formula (Ib′) where R 3 =methyl: 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     A flange reactor is initially charged with a solution of 2 kg (20.2 mol) of N-methylpyrrolidone (NMP) and 1273.3 g (4 mol) of phenolphthalein. 2 liters of water and then 18 mol of a 40% aqueous methylamine solution are added with stirring. The reaction solution turns violet upon addition of the methylamine. The mixture is then stirred for a further 8 hours at 82° C. utilizing a dry ice cooler. This causes the coloring of the reaction batch to change to dark yellowish. Once the reaction has ended the reaction batch is precipitated by means of a dropping funnel with stirring into a reservoir of water acidified with hydrochloric acid. 
     The precipitated white reaction product is slurried with 2 liters of water and then suctioned off using a G3 frit. The crude product obtained is redissolved in 3.5 liters of a dilute sodium hydroxide solution (16 mol) and in turn precipitated in a reservoir of water acidified with hydrochloric acid. The reprecipitated crude product is repeatedly slurried with 2 liters of water and then suctioned off each time. This washing procedure is repeated until the conductivity of the washing water is less than 15 μS. 
     The thus obtained product is dried to constant mass in a vacuum drying cabinet at 90° C., 
     After 4-fold performance of the experiment the following yields were obtained in each case:
     1a) 950 g of a white solid   1b) 890 g of a white solid   1c) 1120 g of a white solid   1d) 1050 g of a white solid   (melting point 264° C.)   

     Characterization of the obtained bisphenol was effected by  1 H-NMR spectroscopy. 
     Synthesis of copolycarbonate based on a bisphenol of formula (1b′) where R 3 =methyl and bisphenol A: 
     To a nitrogen-inertized solution of 532.01 g (1.6055 mol) of bisphenol A (BPA), 2601.36 g (11.39 mol) of bisphenol from example 1, 93.74 g (0.624 mol, 4.8 mol % based on diphenols) of p-tert-butylphenol (BUP) as chain terminator and 1196 g (29.9 mol) sodium hydroxide in 25.9 liters of water are added 11.79 liters of methylene chloride and 14.1 liters of chlorobenzene. At a pH of 12.5-13.5 and 20° C., 2.057 kg (20.8 mol) of phosgene are introduced. In order to prevent the pH from falling below 12.5, 30% sodium hydroxide was added during the phosgenation. Once phosgenation is complete and after purging with nitrogen the mixture is stirred for a further 30 minutes, 14.7 g (0.13 mol, 1 mol % based on diphenols) of N-ethylpiperidine are added as catalyst and the mixture is stirred for a further 1 hour. After removal of the aqueous phase and acidification with phosphoric acid the organic phase is washed several times with water using a separator until salt-free. The organic phase is separated off and subjected to a solvent exchange in which methylene chloride is replaced with chlorobenzene. The concentrated copolycarbonate solution in chlorobenzene is then freed of solvent using a vented extruder. The obtained polycarbonate melt extrudates are cooled in a water bath, drawn off and finally palletized. Transparent polycarbonate pellets are obtained. 
     Synthesis of copolycarbonates PC5 to PC11 
     Copolycarbonates PC-5 to PC-11 were produced as per the preceding procedure for producing copolycarbonate based on a bisphenol of formula (Ib′) where R 3 =methyl and bisphenol A (see table 7 for stoichiometry). 
     Synthesis of the copolycarbonate Compositions of Examples 1-4 
     The copolycarbonate compositions of examples 1-4 based on raw materials PC1 and PC2 and also component B are mixed according to the formulations reported in table 1 in a twin-screw extruder at 300° C. The thus-obtained polymer compositions are pelletized and are ready for polymer-physical characterization. 
     Synthesis of the copolycarbonate Compositions of Examples 1-4 
     The polycarbonate compositions of examples 5 to 40 are produced in a DSM Miniextruder based on the raw materials stated. The melt temperature was 330° C. The thus-obtained polymer compositions are pelletized and are ready for polymer physical characterization. 
     Characterization of the Molding Materials According to the Invention (Test Methods) 
     Characterization of the molding materials according to the invention (test methods): Melt volume flow rate (MVR) was determined in accordance with ISO 1133 (at a test temperature of 330° C., mass 2.16 kg) using a Zwick 4106 instrument from Roell. 
     Vicat softening temperature VST/B120 was determined as a measure of heat distortion resistance in accordance with ISO 306 on test specimens measuring 80 mm×10 mm×4 mm with a 50 N ram loading and a heating rate of 50° C./h or of 120° C./h with a Coesfeld Eco 2920 instrument from Coesfeld Materialtest. 
     Modulus of elasticity was measured according to ISO 527 on single side injection-molded shoulder bars having a core measuring 80×10×4 mm. 
     Spiral flow: Either a defined length is set or a defined pressure is specified. The test specimen geometry is 8×2 mm, the flow length is obtained from the test. 
     The comparative value is set to a defined flow length. The samples to be measured are characterized under identical conditions. Larger numerical values indicate improved flowability (longer flow length). 
     The rheological tests were performed with an MCR 301 cone-and-plate rheometer with a CP 25 measuring cone and the conditions reported below:
     Test method: Oscillation—cone and plate   Frequency: 75 to 0.08 Hz=angular frequency of 471 to 0.5 [1/s]   Deformation: 10% -20 measurement points   Temperatures: 300° C., 280° C. and 260° C., +−0.3° C.   

     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 1 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Compositions and experimental data for examples 1-4 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Examples: 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 1 (comparison) 
                 2 
                 3 
                 4 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 PC-1 
                 % 
                 93   
                 93 
                 93 
                 93 
               
               
                 PC-2 
                 % 
                 7  
                 5.5 
                 4 
                 2.5 
               
               
                 PE wax 
                 % 
                   
                 1.5 
                 3 
                 4.5 
               
               
                 MVR 
                 ml/10 min 
                 15.8 
                 17.0 
                 18.1 
                 21.0 
               
               
                 330° C./ 
               
               
                 2.16 kg 
               
               
                 Vicat VSTB 
                 ° C. 
                 181.4  
                 180.0 
                 178.9 
                 178.4 
               
               
                 120 
               
               
                 Modulus of 
                 N/mm 2   
                 2524    
                 2500 
                 2454 
                 2410 
               
               
                 elasticity 
               
               
                 Spiral flow 
                 cm 
                 25*  
                 26.5 
                 34 
                 56 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 The % values are wt % values in each case. 
               
            
           
         
       
     
     It is clearly apparent that the MVR is significantly increased due to the addition of the PE wax, i.e. the melt viscosity is reduced and the flowability is thus increased. The Vicat temperature is only slightly reduced by addition of the PE wax but remains a high range even at large amount. The tensile modulus is only slightly reduced by addition of the PE wax but remains a high range even at large amount. It is apparent from the spiral flow values that addition of the oxidized polyethylene wax achieves a marked improvement in flowability. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 2 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Melt viscosities of the compositions of examples 1-4 
               
               
                 The values in the following table are each reported 
               
               
                 together with the shear rates in [1/sec]. 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Examples 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 1 (comparison) 
                 2 
                 3 
                 4 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Melt visc. at 300° C. 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 eta 50 
                 Pa · s 
                 1683 
                 948 
                 617 
                 410 
               
               
                 eta 100 
                 Pa · s 
                 1506 
                 813 
                 525 
                 295 
               
               
                 eta 200 
                 Pa · s 
                 1268 
                 676 
                 447 
                 219 
               
               
                 eta 500 
                 Pa · s 
                 851 
                 537 
                 332 
                 139 
               
               
                 eta 1000 
                 Pa · s 
                 608 
                 424 
                 275 
                 96 
               
               
                 eta 1500 
                 Pa · s 
                 483 
                 376 
                 234 
                 82 
               
               
                 eta 5000 
                 Pa · s 
                 223 
                 196 
                 138 
                 43 
               
               
                 Melt visc. at 320° C. 
               
               
                 eta 50 
                 Pa · s 
                 919 
                 646 
                 449 
                 282 
               
               
                 eta 100 
                 Pa · s 
                 861 
                 540 
                 372 
                 217 
               
               
                 eta 200 
                 Pa · s 
                 784 
                 457 
                 309 
                 148 
               
               
                 eta 500 
                 Pa · s 
                 607 
                 339 
                 222 
                 105 
               
               
                 eta 1000 
                 Pa · s 
                 440 
                 262 
                 176 
                 72 
               
               
                 eta 1500 
                 Pa · s 
                 347 
                 233 
                 150 
                 59 
               
               
                 eta 5000 
                 Pa · s 
                 157 
                 139 
                 81 
                 33 
               
               
                 Melt visc. at 330° C. 
               
               
                 eta 50 
                 Pa · s 
                 604 
                 490 
                 331 
                 257 
               
               
                 eta 100 
                 Pa · s 
                 593 
                 437 
                 288 
                 180 
               
               
                 eta 200 
                 Pa · s 
                 556 
                 368 
                 229 
                 135 
               
               
                 eta 500 
                 Pa · s 
                 457 
                 281 
                 180 
                 96 
               
               
                 eta 1000 
                 Pa · s 
                 352 
                 217 
                 142 
                 68 
               
               
                 eta 1500 
                 Pa · s 
                 286 
                 186 
                 118 
                 54 
               
               
                 eta 5000 
                 Pa · s 
                 135 
                 114 
                 63 
                 29 
               
               
                 Melt visc. at 340° C. 
               
               
                 eta 50 
                 Pa · s 
                 439 
                 347 
                 269 
                 219 
               
               
                 eta 100 
                 Pa · s 
                 429 
                 316 
                 229 
                 167 
               
               
                 eta 200 
                 Pa · s 
                 410 
                 267 
                 195 
                 123 
               
               
                 eta 500 
                 Pa · s 
                 347 
                 209 
                 146 
                 86 
               
               
                 eta 1000 
                 Pa · s 
                 280 
                 168 
                 117 
                 65 
               
               
                 eta 1500 
                 Pa · s 
                 234 
                 148 
                 99 
                 50 
               
               
                 eta 5000 
                 Pa · s 
                 116 
                 93 
                 53 
                 26 
               
               
                 Melt visc. at 360° C. 
               
               
                 eta 50 
                 Pa · s 
                 215 
                 198 
                 190 
                 135 
               
               
                 eta 100 
                 Pa · s 
                 214 
                 186 
                 170 
                 107 
               
               
                 eta 200 
                 Pa · s 
                 213 
                 166 
                 140 
                 80 
               
               
                 eta 500 
                 Pa · s 
                 193 
                 127 
                 105 
                 56 
               
               
                 eta 1000 
                 Pa · s 
                 166 
                 102 
                 78 
                 44 
               
               
                 eta 1500 
                 Pa · s 
                 148 
                 91 
                 67 
                 36 
               
               
                 eta 5000 
                 Pa · s 
                 85 
                 61 
                 40 
                 18 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     It is apparent from the melt viscosities that a marked improvement in flowability is achieved through addition of the oxidized polyethylene wax for all temperatures of the processing-relevant range and over all shear rates. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 3 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Composition of the compounds of examples 5-12 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Example 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 5 (com- 
                   
                   
                   
                 9 (com- 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 parison) 
                 6 
                 7 
                 8 
                 parison) 
                 10 
                 11 
                 12 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 PC-3 
                 % 
                 100 
                 99.5 
                 99.0 
                 98.0 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 PC-4 
                 % 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 100 
                 99.5 
                 99.0 
                 98.0 
               
               
                 PE Wax 
                 % 
                   
                 0.5 
                 1.0 
                 2.0 
                   
                 0.5 
                 1.0 
                 2.0 
               
               
                 Tg 
                 [° C.] 
                 164.1 
                 165.0 
                 164.9 
                 164.7 
                 183.9 
                 183.4 
                 183.8 
                 184.3 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 The % values are wt % values in each case. 
               
            
           
         
       
     
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 4 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Melt viscosity at angular frequency of 471 to 0.503 [Hz] 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Example 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Cone/plate 
                   
                 5 
                   
                   
                   
                 9 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 rheology 
                   
                 (comp.) 
                 6 
                 7 
                 8 
                 (comp.) 
                 10 
                 11 
                 12 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Melt visc. at 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 260° C. [Hz] 
               
               
                 471 
                 Pa · s 
                 1260 
                 1310 
                 1310 
                 1240 
                 2080 
                 2080 
                 1940 
                 1450 
               
               
                 329 
                 Pa · s 
                 1520 
                 1580 
                 1570 
                 1480 
                 2570 
                 2600 
                 2430 
                 1960 
               
               
                 229 
                 Pa · s 
                 1780 
                 1860 
                 1840 
                 1730 
                 3120 
                 3170 
                 3030 
                 2340 
               
               
                 160 
                 Pa · s 
                 2050 
                 2140 
                 2120 
                 1990 
                 3720 
                 3790 
                 3680 
                 2980 
               
               
                 112 
                 Pa · s 
                 2320 
                 2430 
                 2410 
                 2260 
                 4370 
                 4470 
                 4400 
                 3810 
               
               
                 77.8 
                 Pa · s 
                 2580 
                 2700 
                 2680 
                 2520 
                 5160 
                 5290 
                 5250 
                 4780 
               
               
                 54.3 
                 Pa · s 
                 2830 
                 2950 
                 2940 
                 2760 
                 6030 
                 6180 
                 6180 
                 5730 
               
               
                 37.9 
                 Pa · s 
                 3050 
                 3180 
                 3170 
                 2970 
                 6930 
                 7100 
                 7160 
                 6620 
               
               
                 26.4 
                 Pa · s 
                 3230 
                 3380 
                 3360 
                 3160 
                 7850 
                 8040 
                 8160 
                 7560 
               
               
                 18.4 
                 Pa · s 
                 3390 
                 3540 
                 3530 
                 3310 
                 8770 
                 8980 
                 9180 
                 8520 
               
               
                 12.9 
                 Pa · s 
                 3510 
                 3670 
                 3660 
                 3430 
                 9670 
                 9950 
                 10200 
                 9640 
               
               
                 8.97 
                 Pa · s 
                 3600 
                 3760 
                 3760 
                 3530 
                 10600 
                 10900 
                 11200 
                 10500 
               
               
                 6.25 
                 Pa · s 
                 3660 
                 3840 
                 3840 
                 3610 
                 11500 
                 11800 
                 12100 
                 11200 
               
               
                 4.36 
                 Pa · s 
                 3710 
                 3890 
                 3900 
                 3670 
                 12300 
                 12500 
                 12900 
                 11800 
               
               
                 3.04 
                 Pa · s 
                 3750 
                 3940 
                 3950 
                 3730 
                 12900 
                 13000 
                 13400 
                 12300 
               
               
                 2.12 
                 Pa · s 
                 3770 
                 3960 
                 3990 
                 3770 
                 13300 
                 13400 
                 13800 
                 12600 
               
               
                 1.48 
                 Pa · s 
                 3790 
                 3990 
                 4020 
                 3820 
                 13600 
                 13700 
                 14200 
                 12900 
               
               
                 1.03 
                 Pa · s 
                 3800 
                 4010 
                 4050 
                 3860 
                 13800 
                 13900 
                 14400 
                 13200 
               
               
                 0.721 
                 Pa · s 
                 3810 
                 4020 
                 4070 
                 3890 
                 14000 
                 14100 
                 14700 
                 13400 
               
               
                 0.503 
                 Pa · s 
                 3810 
                 4030 
                 4080 
                 3910 
                 14100 
                 14200 
                 14800 
                 13500 
               
               
                 Melt visc. at 
               
               
                 280° C. [Hz] 
               
               
                 471 
                 Pa · s 
                 570 
                 621 
                 613 
                 594 
                 815 
                 934 
                 840 
                 866 
               
               
                 329 
                 Pa · s 
                 695 
                 710 
                 696 
                 675 
                 1060 
                 1130 
                 1070 
                 1090 
               
               
                 229 
                 Pa · s 
                 800 
                 794 
                 776 
                 751 
                 1320 
                 1340 
                 1300 
                 1310 
               
               
                 160 
                 Pa · s 
                 892 
                 871 
                 850 
                 823 
                 1590 
                 1560 
                 1530 
                 1540 
               
               
                 112 
                 Pa · s 
                 967 
                 940 
                 917 
                 887 
                 1860 
                 1770 
                 1750 
                 1760 
               
               
                 77.8 
                 Pa · s 
                 1030 
                 1000 
                 975 
                 943 
                 2100 
                 1980 
                 1960 
                 1970 
               
               
                 54.3 
                 Pa · s 
                 1080 
                 1050 
                 1020 
                 991 
                 2310 
                 2180 
                 2140 
                 2160 
               
               
                 37.9 
                 Pa · s 
                 1130 
                 1090 
                 1060 
                 1030 
                 2490 
                 2350 
                 2300 
                 2330 
               
               
                 26.4 
                 Pa · s 
                 1160 
                 1120 
                 1090 
                 1060 
                 2650 
                 2500 
                 2440 
                 2480 
               
               
                 18.4 
                 Pa · s 
                 1180 
                 1150 
                 1120 
                 1080 
                 2790 
                 2620 
                 2560 
                 2600 
               
               
                 12.9 
                 Pa · s 
                 1200 
                 1160 
                 1130 
                 1100 
                 2890 
                 2710 
                 2650 
                 2700 
               
               
                 8.97 
                 Pa · s 
                 1210 
                 1180 
                 1150 
                 1110 
                 2970 
                 2780 
                 2720 
                 2780 
               
               
                 6.25 
                 Pa · s 
                 1220 
                 1180 
                 1160 
                 1130 
                 3030 
                 2840 
                 2770 
                 2840 
               
               
                 4.36 
                 Pa · s 
                 1220 
                 1190 
                 1170 
                 1140 
                 3070 
                 2870 
                 2810 
                 2880 
               
               
                 3.04 
                 Pa · s 
                 1230 
                 1200 
                 1180 
                 1160 
                 3090 
                 2900 
                 2850 
                 2930 
               
               
                 2.12 
                 Pa · s 
                 1230 
                 1200 
                 1180 
                 1170 
                 3110 
                 2920 
                 2870 
                 2960 
               
               
                 1.48 
                 Pa · s 
                 1230 
                 1200 
                 1190 
                 1180 
                 3120 
                 2940 
                 2890 
                 3000 
               
               
                 1.03 
                 Pa · s 
                 1230 
                 1200 
                 1190 
                 1180 
                 3120 
                 2950 
                 2910 
                 3030 
               
               
                 0.721 
                 Pa · s 
                 1230 
                 1200 
                 1200 
                 1190 
                 3120 
                 2950 
                 2920 
                 3050 
               
               
                 0.503 
                 Pa · s 
                 1230 
                 1200 
                 1190 
                 1190 
                 3120 
                 2950 
                 2910 
                 3070 
               
               
                 Melt visc. at 
               
               
                 300° C. [Hz] 
               
               
                 471 
                 Pa · s 
                 366 
                 334 
                 344 
                 327 
                 558 
                 545 
                 510 
                 526 
               
               
                 329 
                 Pa · s 
                 399 
                 362 
                 374 
                 355 
                 648 
                 625 
                 577 
                 599 
               
               
                 229 
                 Pa · s 
                 430 
                 387 
                 401 
                 380 
                 731 
                 698 
                 641 
                 668 
               
               
                 160 
                 Pa · s 
                 457 
                 408 
                 424 
                 401 
                 804 
                 765 
                 700 
                 730 
               
               
                 112 
                 Pa · s 
                 479 
                 426 
                 442 
                 418 
                 868 
                 825 
                 752 
                 785 
               
               
                 77.8 
                 Pa · s 
                 496 
                 439 
                 457 
                 431 
                 923 
                 876 
                 796 
                 832 
               
               
                 54.3 
                 Pa · s 
                 510 
                 449 
                 469 
                 441 
                 967 
                 918 
                 832 
                 869 
               
               
                 37.9 
                 Pa · s 
                 520 
                 457 
                 478 
                 449 
                 1000 
                 951 
                 861 
                 899 
               
               
                 26.4 
                 Pa · s 
                 528 
                 462 
                 484 
                 456 
                 1030 
                 977 
                 882 
                 922 
               
               
                 18.4 
                 Pa · s 
                 533 
                 466 
                 490 
                 461 
                 1050 
                 995 
                 899 
                 940 
               
               
                 12.9 
                 Pa · s 
                 536 
                 469 
                 494 
                 466 
                 1060 
                 1010 
                 911 
                 954 
               
               
                 8.97 
                 Pa · s 
                 538 
                 471 
                 498 
                 471 
                 1070 
                 1020 
                 920 
                 965 
               
               
                 6.25 
                 Pa · s 
                 540 
                 472 
                 501 
                 476 
                 1070 
                 1020 
                 927 
                 975 
               
               
                 4.36 
                 Pa · s 
                 542 
                 473 
                 503 
                 481 
                 1070 
                 1030 
                 933 
                 985 
               
               
                 3.04 
                 Pa · s 
                 543 
                 474 
                 506 
                 485 
                 1080 
                 1030 
                 938 
                 995 
               
               
                 2.12 
                 Pa · s 
                 544 
                 474 
                 507 
                 488 
                 1080 
                 1030 
                 941 
                 1000 
               
               
                 1.48 
                 Pa · s 
                 545 
                 475 
                 509 
                 491 
                 1070 
                 1030 
                 943 
                 1010 
               
               
                 1.03 
                 Pa · s 
                 547 
                 476 
                 511 
                 493 
                 1070 
                 1030 
                 944 
                 1010 
               
               
                 0.721 
                 Pa · s 
                 549 
                 477 
                 514 
                 495 
                 1070 
                 1030 
                 944 
                 1020 
               
               
                 0.503 
                 Pa · s 
                 552 
                 478 
                 515 
                 494 
                 1070 
                 1030 
                 939 
                 1010 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Table 4 shows that compared to the inventive examples 6, 7, 8 and 10, 11, 12, the comparative examples 5 and 9 which do not comprise the flow assistant exhibit higher melt viscosities and thus have poorer flowability at the three measurement temperatures. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 5 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Composition of the copolycarbonates PC-5 to PC-11 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Copolycarbonate no. 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 based on: 
                 PC-5 
                 PC-6 
                 PC-7 
                 PC-8 
                 PC-9 
                 PC-10 
                 PC-11 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Bisphenol according to 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 formula (1b′) where 
               
               
                 R 3  = methyl 
               
               
                 [mol %] 
                 77.93 
                 78.5 
                 77.5 
                 76.5 
                 80 
                 80 
                 80 
               
               
                 [wt %] 
                 70.9 
                 71.6 
                 70.4 
                 69.2 
                 73.4 
                 73.4 
                 73.4 
               
               
                 Bisphenol A (BPA) 
               
               
                 [mol %] 
                 22.07 
                 21.5 
                 22.5 
                 23.5 
                 20 
                 20 
                 20 
               
               
                 [wt %] 
                 29.1 
                 28.4 
                 29.6 
                 30.8 
                 26.6 
                 26.6 
                 26.6 
               
               
                 Glass transition temper- 
               
               
                 ature Tg [° C.] 
                 179.4 
                 179.6 
                 179.6 
                 182.3 
                 175.3 
                 176.1 
                 173.9 
               
               
                 η rel   
                 — 
                 1.234 
                 1.225 
                 1.237 
                 1.216 
                 1.228 
                 1.218 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 6 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Composition of the compounds of examples 13-40 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 PE 
                   
               
               
                   
                 PC-9 
                 PC-10 
                 PC-11 
                 PC-6 
                 PC-7 
                 PC-8 
                 PC-5 
                 wax 
                 Tg 
               
               
                 Example 
                 % 
                 % 
                 % 
                 % 
                 % 
                 % 
                 % 
                 % 
                 ° C. 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 13 
                 100 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 176.7 
               
               
                 (comparative) 
               
               
                 14 
                 99.5 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 0.5 
                 175.5 
               
               
                 15 
                 99.0 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 1 
                 175.3 
               
               
                 16 
                 98.0 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 2 
                 175.3 
               
               
                 17 
                   
                 100 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 177.1 
               
               
                 (comparative) 
               
               
                 18 
                   
                 99.5 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 0.5 
                 176.2 
               
               
                 19 
                   
                 99.0 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 1 
                 174.8 
               
               
                 20 
                   
                 98.0 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 2 
                 175.0 
               
               
                 21 
                   
                   
                 100 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 173.4 
               
               
                 (comparative) 
               
               
                 22 
                   
                   
                 99.5 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 0.5 
                 173.6 
               
               
                 23 
                   
                   
                 99.0 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 1 
                 172.7 
               
               
                 24 
                   
                   
                 98.0 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 2 
                 172.9 
               
               
                 25 
                   
                   
                   
                 100 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 179.0 
               
               
                 (comparative) 
               
               
                 26 
                   
                   
                   
                 99.5 
                   
                   
                   
                 0.5 
                 177.7 
               
               
                 27 
                   
                   
                   
                 99.0 
                   
                   
                   
                 1 
                 176.4 
               
               
                 28 
                   
                   
                   
                 98.0 
                   
                   
                   
                 2 
                 176.2 
               
               
                 29 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 100 
                   
                   
                   
                 180.1 
               
               
                 (comparative) 
               
               
                 30 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 99.5 
                   
                   
                 0.5 
                 179.5 
               
               
                 31 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 99.0 
                   
                   
                 1 
                 178.7 
               
               
                 32 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 98.0 
                   
                   
                 2 
                 178.5 
               
               
                 33 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 100 
                   
                   
                 184.3 
               
               
                 (comparative) 
               
               
                 34 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 99.5 
                   
                 0.5 
                 183.2 
               
               
                 35 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 99.0 
                   
                 1 
                 184.8 
               
               
                 36 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 98.0 
                   
                 2 
                 183.2 
               
               
                 37 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 100 
                   
                 180.3 
               
               
                 (comparative) 
               
               
                 38 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 99.5 
                 0.5 
                 179.3 
               
               
                 39 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 99.0 
                 1 
                 178.9 
               
               
                 40 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 98.0 
                 2 
                 178.3 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 The % values are wt % values in each case. 
               
            
           
         
       
     
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 7 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Melt viscosity at angular frequency of 471 to 0.503 [Hz]: 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Example 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Cone/plate 
                   
                 13 (com- 
                   
                   
                   
                 17 (com- 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 rheology 
                   
                 parison) 
                 14 
                 15 
                 16 
                 parison) 
                 18 
                 19 
                 20 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Melt visc. at 
               
               
                 260° C. [Hz] 
               
               
                 471 
                 Pa · s 
                 366 
                 346 
                 327 
                 323 
                 259 
                 207 
                 170 
                 157 
               
               
                 329 
                 Pa · s 
                 399 
                 377 
                 356 
                 350 
                 280 
                 221 
                 180 
                 165 
               
               
                 229 
                 Pa · s 
                 429 
                 407 
                 383 
                 376 
                 299 
                 234 
                 189 
                 172 
               
               
                 160 
                 Pa · s 
                 456 
                 433 
                 406 
                 398 
                 315 
                 244 
                 196 
                 178 
               
               
                 112 
                 Pa · s 
                 479 
                 456 
                 425 
                 417 
                 330 
                 253 
                 203 
                 183 
               
               
                 77.8 
                 Pa · s 
                 497 
                 475 
                 441 
                 432 
                 341 
                 261 
                 208 
                 188 
               
               
                 54.3 
                 Pa · s 
                 511 
                 490 
                 453 
                 445 
                 351 
                 268 
                 212 
                 192 
               
               
                 37.9 
                 Pa · s 
                 521 
                 501 
                 463 
                 454 
                 359 
                 273 
                 216 
                 198 
               
               
                 26.4 
                 Pa · s 
                 529 
                 510 
                 471 
                 463 
                 365 
                 278 
                 221 
                 207 
               
               
                 18.4 
                 Pa · s 
                 533 
                 516 
                 476 
                 469 
                 369 
                 282 
                 224 
                 217 
               
               
                 12.9 
                 Pa · s 
                 535 
                 520 
                 479 
                 474 
                 373 
                 285 
                 228 
                 231 
               
               
                 8.97 
                 Pa · s 
                 536 
                 523 
                 482 
                 479 
                 377 
                 290 
                 232 
                 252 
               
               
                 6.25 
                 Pa · s 
                 536 
                 524 
                 484 
                 484 
                 380 
                 294 
                 237 
                 283 
               
               
                 4.36 
                 Pa · s 
                 535 
                 525 
                 485 
                 488 
                 383 
                 298 
                 241 
                 329 
               
               
                 3.04 
                 Pa · s 
                 534 
                 526 
                 485 
                 491 
                 386 
                 303 
                 246 
                 398 
               
               
                 2.12 
                 Pa · s 
                 531 
                 525 
                 484 
                 492 
                 390 
                 309 
                 252 
                 505 
               
               
                 1.48 
                 Pa · s 
                 529 
                 525 
                 483 
                 493 
                 395 
                 316 
                 259 
                 659 
               
               
                 1.03 
                 Pa · s 
                 527 
                 527 
                 482 
                 492 
                 401 
                 325 
                 267 
                 888 
               
               
                 0.721 
                 Pa · s 
                 524 
                 529 
                 481 
                 490 
                 409 
                 335 
                 276 
                 1230 
               
               
                 0.503 
                 Pa · s 
                 519 
                 531 
                   
                 485 
                 419 
                 346 
                 286 
                 1700 
               
               
                 Melt visc. at 
               
               
                 280° C. [Hz] 
               
               
                 471 
                 Pa · s 
                 111 
                 86 
                 87 
                 76 
                 414 
                 358 
                 263 
                 201 
               
               
                 329 
                 Pa · s 
                 184 
                 82 
                 73 
                 75 
                 458 
                 393 
                 285 
                 216 
               
               
                 229 
                 Pa · s 
                 832 
                 69 
                 95 
                 55 
                 502 
                 427 
                 305 
                 231 
               
               
                 160 
                 Pa · s 
                 929 
                 93 
                 94 
                 75 
                 542 
                 457 
                 323 
                 243 
               
               
                 112 
                 Pa · s 
                 1020 
                 945 
                 865 
                 854 
                 577 
                 484 
                 338 
                 254 
               
               
                 77.8 
                 Pa · s 
                 1100 
                 1020 
                 928 
                 914 
                 608 
                 507 
                 350 
                 263 
               
               
                 54.3 
                 Pa · s 
                 1170 
                 1080 
                 983 
                 966 
                 635 
                 526 
                 360 
                 271 
               
               
                 37.9 
                 Pa · s 
                 1230 
                 1130 
                 1030 
                 1010 
                 656 
                 541 
                 368 
                 278 
               
               
                 26.4 
                 Pa · s 
                 1280 
                 1170 
                 1070 
                 1050 
                 674 
                 554 
                 374 
                 286 
               
               
                 18.4 
                 Pa · s 
                 1330 
                 1200 
                 1100 
                 1080 
                 686 
                 563 
                 380 
                 290 
               
               
                 12.9 
                 Pa · s 
                 1350 
                 1230 
                 1120 
                 1100 
                 696 
                 570 
                 385 
                 296 
               
               
                 8.97 
                 Pa · s 
                 1370 
                 1250 
                 1140 
                 1120 
                 703 
                 576 
                 390 
                 302 
               
               
                 6.25 
                 Pa · s 
                 1390 
                 1260 
                 1150 
                 1130 
                 708 
                 580 
                 395 
                 309 
               
               
                 4.36 
                 Pa · s 
                 1400 
                 1270 
                 1160 
                 1150 
                 712 
                 584 
                 400 
                 317 
               
               
                 3.04 
                 Pa · s 
                 1410 
                 1280 
                 1170 
                 1160 
                 716 
                 588 
                 405 
                 325 
               
               
                 2.12 
                 Pa · s 
                 1410 
                 1280 
                 1180 
                 1170 
                 718 
                 592 
                 410 
                 333 
               
               
                 1.48 
                 Pa · s 
                 1410 
                 1290 
                 1180 
                 1180 
                 722 
                 597 
                 416 
                 343 
               
               
                 1.03 
                 Pa · s 
                 1410 
                 1290 
                 1180 
                 1180 
                 725 
                 603 
                 424 
                 353 
               
               
                 0.721 
                 Pa · s 
                 1410 
                 1280 
                 1180 
                 1190 
                 729 
                 612 
                 434 
                 365 
               
               
                 0.503 
                 Pa · s 
                 1410 
                 1280 
                 1170 
                 1180 
                 733 
                 624 
                 446 
                 379 
               
               
                 Melt visc. at 
               
               
                 300° C. [Hz] 
               
               
                 471 
                 Pa · s 
                 860 
                 1040 
                 880 
                 1010 
                 970 
                 674 
                 729 
                 741 
               
               
                 329 
                 Pa · s 
                 1150 
                 1420 
                 1290 
                 1400 
                 1200 
                 906 
                 835 
                 879 
               
               
                 229 
                 Pa · s 
                 1480 
                 1820 
                 1640 
                 1800 
                 1410 
                 1120 
                 945 
                 1010 
               
               
                 160 
                 Pa · s 
                 1910 
                 2300 
                 2160 
                 2230 
                 1610 
                 1290 
                 1050 
                 1130 
               
               
                 112 
                 Pa · s 
                 2400 
                 2740 
                 2660 
                 2620 
                 1790 
                 1440 
                 1150 
                 1250 
               
               
                 77.8 
                 Pa · s 
                 2850 
                 3130 
                 3070 
                 2980 
                 1970 
                 1570 
                 1230 
                 1350 
               
               
                 54.3 
                 Pa · s 
                 3200 
                 3500 
                 3430 
                 3320 
                 2140 
                 1690 
                 1310 
                 1440 
               
               
                 37.9 
                 Pa · s 
                 3530 
                 3850 
                 3760 
                 3650 
                 2280 
                 1790 
                 1370 
                 1520 
               
               
                 26.4 
                 Pa · s 
                 3830 
                 4170 
                 4070 
                 3940 
                 2410 
                 1870 
                 1420 
                 1590 
               
               
                 18.4 
                 Pa · s 
                 4100 
                 4450 
                 4340 
                 4200 
                 2510 
                 1940 
                 1470 
                 1640 
               
               
                 12.9 
                 Pa · s 
                 4340 
                 4700 
                 4580 
                 4430 
                 2600 
                 2000 
                 1500 
                 1690 
               
               
                 8.97 
                 Pa · s 
                 4540 
                 4900 
                 4770 
                 4620 
                 2660 
                 2040 
                 1520 
                 1720 
               
               
                 6.25 
                 Pa · s 
                 4700 
                 5070 
                 4930 
                 4780 
                 2710 
                 2070 
                 1540 
                 1750 
               
               
                 4.36 
                 Pa · s 
                 4830 
                 5200 
                 5060 
                 4910 
                 2750 
                 2100 
                 1560 
                 1780 
               
               
                 3.04 
                 Pa · s 
                 4940 
                 5300 
                 5160 
                 5020 
                 2770 
                 2110 
                 1570 
                 1810 
               
               
                 2.12 
                 Pa · s 
                 5020 
                 5380 
                 5240 
                 5110 
                 2790 
                 2120 
                 1580 
                 1850 
               
               
                 1.48 
                 Pa · s 
                 5080 
                 5430 
                 5300 
                 5180 
                 2800 
                 2130 
                 1600 
                 1890 
               
               
                 1.03 
                 Pa · s 
                 5110 
                 5460 
                 5340 
                 5250 
                 2810 
                 2140 
                 1610 
                 1930 
               
               
                 0.721 
                 Pa · s 
                 5130 
                 5470 
                 5370 
                 5290 
                 2810 
                 2150 
                 1620 
                 1970 
               
               
                 0.503 
                 Pa · s 
                 5130 
                 5460 
                 5360 
                 5310 
                 2800 
                 2140 
                 1630 
                 2050 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Example 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Cone/plate 
                   
                 21 (com- 
                   
                   
                   
                 25 (com- 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 rheology 
                   
                 parison) 
                 22 
                 23 
                 24 
                 parison) 
                 26 
                 27 
                 28 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Melt visc. at 
               
               
                 260° C. [Hz] 
               
               
                 471 
                   
                 132 
                 85 
                 71 
                 71 
                 296 
                 221 
                 182 
                 133 
               
               
                 329 
                 Pa · s 
                 140 
                 89 
                 73 
                 73 
                 322 
                 238 
                 194 
                 140 
               
               
                 229 
                 Pa · s 
                 146 
                 92 
                 75 
                 75 
                 348 
                 254 
                 204 
                 146 
               
               
                 160 
                 Pa · s 
                 152 
                 95 
                 76 
                 76 
                 371 
                 268 
                 211 
                 150 
               
               
                 112 
                 Pa · s 
                 157 
                 96 
                 77 
                 76 
                 390 
                 279 
                 217 
                 154 
               
               
                 77.8 
                 Pa · s 
                 160 
                 98 
                 77 
                 77 
                 407 
                 289 
                 222 
                 156 
               
               
                 54.3 
                 Pa · s 
                 164 
                 99 
                 78 
                 77 
                 420 
                 296 
                 225 
                 158 
               
               
                 37.9 
                 Pa · s 
                 167 
                 100 
                 78 
                 78 
                 431 
                 301 
                 227 
                 159 
               
               
                 26.4 
                 Pa · s 
                 171 
                 102 
                 79 
                 79 
                 439 
                 305 
                 229 
                 161 
               
               
                 18.4 
                 Pa · s 
                 173 
                 102 
                 79 
                 79 
                 444 
                 307 
                 230 
                 162 
               
               
                 12.9 
                 Pa · s 
                 176 
                 103 
                 80 
                 80 
                 448 
                 308 
                 231 
                 163 
               
               
                 8.97 
                 Pa · s 
                 180 
                 104 
                 80 
                 80 
                 451 
                 309 
                 231 
                 165 
               
               
                 6.25 
                 Pa · s 
                 186 
                 105 
                 81 
                 81 
                 452 
                 309 
                 231 
                 166 
               
               
                 4.36 
                 Pa · s 
                 194 
                 108 
                 82 
                 82 
                 454 
                 309 
                 231 
                 167 
               
               
                 3.04 
                 Pa · s 
                 206 
                 111 
                 83 
                 84 
                 455 
                 309 
                 231 
                 169 
               
               
                 2.12 
                 Pa · s 
                 222 
                 116 
                 85 
                 86 
                 456 
                 309 
                 231 
                 171 
               
               
                 1.48 
                 Pa · s 
                 244 
                 123 
                 89 
                 89 
                 458 
                 310 
                 233 
                 173 
               
               
                 1.03 
                 Pa · s 
                 272 
                 133 
                 93 
                 93 
                 461 
                 311 
                 235 
                 177 
               
               
                 0.721 
                 Pa · s 
                 307 
                 147 
                 98 
                 99 
                 466 
                 314 
                 238 
                 183 
               
               
                 0.503 
                 Pa · s 
                 354 
                 167 
                 105 
                 105 
                 472 
                 317 
                 244 
                 191 
               
               
                 Melt visc. at 
               
               
                 280° C. 
               
               
                 471 
                   
                 321 
                 259 
                 225 
                 206 
                 751 
                 619 
                 489 
                 480 
               
               
                 329 
                 Pa · s 
                 343 
                 277 
                 240 
                 218 
                 860 
                 705 
                 582 
                 542 
               
               
                 229 
                 Pa · s 
                 362 
                 294 
                 253 
                 229 
                 970 
                 788 
                 656 
                 599 
               
               
                 160 
                 Pa · s 
                 379 
                 308 
                 264 
                 238 
                 1080 
                 865 
                 718 
                 649 
               
               
                 112 
                 Pa · s 
                 392 
                 320 
                 273 
                 244 
                 1170 
                 935 
                 770 
                 693 
               
               
                 77.8 
                 Pa · s 
                 401 
                 329 
                 280 
                 250 
                 1260 
                 996 
                 814 
                 731 
               
               
                 54.3 
                 Pa · s 
                 407 
                 336 
                 286 
                 253 
                 1340 
                 1050 
                 849 
                 761 
               
               
                 37.9 
                 Pa · s 
                 411 
                 341 
                 290 
                 257 
                 1400 
                 1090 
                 877 
                 786 
               
               
                 26.4 
                 Pa · s 
                 414 
                 346 
                 294 
                 259 
                 1450 
                 1120 
                 898 
                 806 
               
               
                 18.4 
                 Pa · s 
                 415 
                 349 
                 297 
                 262 
                 1490 
                 1140 
                 915 
                 821 
               
               
                 12.9 
                 Pa · s 
                 415 
                 352 
                 300 
                 265 
                 1520 
                 1160 
                 928 
                 834 
               
               
                 8.97 
                 Pa · s 
                 416 
                 355 
                 303 
                 268 
                 1540 
                 1170 
                 937 
                 846 
               
               
                 6.25 
                 Pa · s 
                 416 
                 357 
                 306 
                 272 
                 1550 
                 1180 
                 945 
                 857 
               
               
                 4.36 
                 Pa · s 
                 416 
                 359 
                 309 
                 275 
                 1560 
                 1190 
                 952 
                 868 
               
               
                 3.04 
                 Pa · s 
                 417 
                 363 
                 313 
                 278 
                 1570 
                 1190 
                 958 
                 881 
               
               
                 2.12 
                 Pa · s 
                 418 
                 366 
                 316 
                 281 
                 1570 
                 1190 
                 960 
                 891 
               
               
                 1.48 
                 Pa · s 
                 421 
                 370 
                 321 
                 285 
                 1570 
                 1200 
                 963 
                 901 
               
               
                 1.03 
                 Pa · s 
                 425 
                 377 
                 327 
                 289 
                 1570 
                 1200 
                 967 
                 910 
               
               
                 0.721 
                 Pa · s 
                 431 
                 385 
                 336 
                 295 
                 1570 
                 1200 
                 967 
                 917 
               
               
                 0.503 
                 Pa · s 
                 439 
                 395 
                 346 
                 303 
                 1570 
                 1190 
                 965 
                 922 
               
               
                 Melt visc. at 
               
               
                 300° C. 
               
               
                 471 
                 Pa · s 
                 648 
                 533 
                 507 
                 489 
                 913 
                 1150 
                 749 
                 841 
               
               
                 329 
                 Pa · s 
                 741 
                 603 
                 567 
                 545 
                 1260 
                 1380 
                 1030 
                 985 
               
               
                 229 
                 Pa · s 
                 831 
                 669 
                 623 
                 598 
                 1610 
                 1630 
                 1310 
                 1140 
               
               
                 160 
                 Pa · s 
                 917 
                 730 
                 675 
                 648 
                 2050 
                 1890 
                 1560 
                 1290 
               
               
                 112 
                 Pa · s 
                 997 
                 784 
                 720 
                 691 
                 2480 
                 2160 
                 1790 
                 1450 
               
               
                 77.8 
                 Pa · s 
                 1070 
                 832 
                 758 
                 728 
                 2850 
                 2430 
                 1980 
                 1590 
               
               
                 54.3 
                 Pa · s 
                 1130 
                 871 
                 788 
                 758 
                 3200 
                 2700 
                 2160 
                 1720 
               
               
                 37.9 
                 Pa · s 
                 1180 
                 903 
                 813 
                 782 
                 3520 
                 2940 
                 2320 
                 1830 
               
               
                 26.4 
                 Pa · s 
                 1220 
                 928 
                 831 
                 800 
                 3810 
                 3150 
                 2460 
                 1920 
               
               
                 18.4 
                 Pa · s 
                 1250 
                 947 
                 845 
                 814 
                 4070 
                 3340 
                 2570 
                 1990 
               
               
                 12.9 
                 Pa · s 
                 1270 
                 962 
                 856 
                 826 
                 4280 
                 3490 
                 2660 
                 2050 
               
               
                 8.97 
                 Pa · s 
                 1290 
                 973 
                 864 
                 836 
                 4460 
                 3610 
                 2730 
                 2100 
               
               
                 6.25 
                 Pa · s 
                 1300 
                 984 
                 871 
                 845 
                 4590 
                 3700 
                 2780 
                 2130 
               
               
                 4.36 
                 Pa · s 
                 1310 
                 990 
                 878 
                 855 
                 4690 
                 3760 
                 2820 
                 2160 
               
               
                 3.04 
                 Pa · s 
                 1320 
                 996 
                 885 
                 866 
                 4770 
                 3820 
                 2860 
                 2190 
               
               
                 2.12 
                 Pa · s 
                 1320 
                 1000 
                 890 
                 876 
                 4810 
                 3850 
                 2880 
                 2210 
               
               
                 1.48 
                 Pa · s 
                 1320 
                 1010 
                 895 
                 887 
                 4860 
                 3880 
                 2910 
                 2240 
               
               
                 1.03 
                 Pa · s 
                 1330 
                 1010 
                 900 
                 895 
                 4880 
                 3910 
                 2920 
                 2260 
               
               
                 0.721 
                 Pa · s 
                 1330 
                 1020 
                 903 
                 901 
                 4890 
                 3920 
                 2930 
                 2280 
               
               
                 0.503 
                 Pa · s 
                 1330 
                 1030 
                 904 
                 903 
                 4880 
                 3910 
                 2930 
                 2290 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Example 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Cone/plate 
                   
                 29 
                   
                   
                   
                 33 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 rheology 
                   
                 (comp.) 
                 30 
                 31 
                 32 
                 (comp.) 
                 34 
                 35 
                 36 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Melt visc. at 
               
               
                 260° C. [Hz] 
               
               
                 471 
                 Pa · s 
                 268 
                 188 
                 187 
                 162 
                 333 
                 403 
                 302 
                 294 
               
               
                 329 
                 Pa · s 
                 292 
                 203 
                 198 
                 171 
                 369 
                 442 
                 328 
                 319 
               
               
                 229 
                 Pa · s 
                 317 
                 218 
                 208 
                 179 
                 404 
                 478 
                 352 
                 342 
               
               
                 160 
                 Pa · s 
                 339 
                 230 
                 216 
                 185 
                 438 
                 510 
                 372 
                 362 
               
               
                 112 
                 Pa · s 
                 358 
                 241 
                 222 
                 190 
                 468 
                 538 
                 389 
                 379 
               
               
                 77.8 
                 Pa · s 
                 375 
                 250 
                 226 
                 193 
                 495 
                 560 
                 403 
                 392 
               
               
                 54.3 
                 Pa · s 
                 388 
                 257 
                 229 
                 196 
                 517 
                 578 
                 413 
                 402 
               
               
                 37.9 
                 Pa · s 
                 400 
                 262 
                 231 
                 198 
                 536 
                 592 
                 421 
                 410 
               
               
                 26.4 
                 Pa · s 
                 413 
                 266 
                 233 
                 199 
                 557 
                 603 
                 428 
                 417 
               
               
                 18.4 
                 Pa · s 
                 418 
                 270 
                 233 
                 201 
                 566 
                 611 
                 433 
                 422 
               
               
                 12.9 
                 Pa · s 
                 426 
                 272 
                 234 
                 202 
                 575 
                 616 
                 437 
                 428 
               
               
                 8.97 
                 Pa · s 
                 433 
                 274 
                 235 
                 203 
                 583 
                 620 
                 441 
                 433 
               
               
                 6.25 
                 Pa · s 
                 441 
                 275 
                 235 
                 204 
                 590 
                 624 
                 445 
                 439 
               
               
                 4.36 
                 Pa · s 
                 451 
                 276 
                 235 
                 205 
                 597 
                 626 
                 448 
                 444 
               
               
                 3.04 
                 Pa · s 
                 464 
                 278 
                 236 
                 206 
                 604 
                 628 
                 451 
                 449 
               
               
                 2.12 
                 Pa · s 
                 482 
                 281 
                 236 
                 206 
                 613 
                 629 
                 454 
                 454 
               
               
                 1.48 
                 Pa · s 
                 509 
                 285 
                 236 
                 207 
                 627 
                 630 
                 457 
                 458 
               
               
                 1.03 
                 Pa · s 
                 547 
                 292 
                 237 
                 209 
                 648 
                 631 
                 460 
                 462 
               
               
                 0.721 
                 Pa · s 
                 599 
                 303 
                 239 
                 212 
                 680 
                 631 
                 465 
                 466 
               
               
                 0.503 
                 Pa · s 
                 673 
                 319 
                 240 
                 216 
                 734 
                 631 
                 471 
                 472 
               
               
                 Melt visc. at 
               
               
                 280° C. [Hz] 
               
               
                 471 
                 Pa · s 
                 642 
                 556 
                 513 
                 468 
                 630 
                 693 
                 627 
                 588 
               
               
                 329 
                 Pa · s 
                 748 
                 647 
                 583 
                 521 
                 818 
                 805 
                 714 
                 667 
               
               
                 229 
                 Pa · s 
                 846 
                 727 
                 647 
                 570 
                 1010 
                 918 
                 804 
                 748 
               
               
                 160 
                 Pa · s 
                 934 
                 798 
                 704 
                 614 
                 1190 
                 1030 
                 889 
                 825 
               
               
                 112 
                 Pa · s 
                 1020 
                 862 
                 754 
                 652 
                 1330 
                 1130 
                 967 
                 896 
               
               
                 77.8 
                 Pa · s 
                 1090 
                 917 
                 796 
                 683 
                 1450 
                 1230 
                 1040 
                 959 
               
               
                 54.3 
                 Pa · s 
                 1150 
                 964 
                 831 
                 707 
                 1570 
                 1310 
                 1100 
                 1010 
               
               
                 37.9 
                 Pa · s 
                 1200 
                 1000 
                 858 
                 725 
                 1660 
                 1380 
                 1150 
                 1060 
               
               
                 26.4 
                 Pa · s 
                 1240 
                 1030 
                 879 
                 739 
                 1750 
                 1440 
                 1190 
                 1090 
               
               
                 18.4 
                 Pa · s 
                 1270 
                 1050 
                 895 
                 750 
                 1810 
                 1480 
                 1220 
                 1120 
               
               
                 12.9 
                 Pa · s 
                 1290 
                 1070 
                 907 
                 758 
                 1860 
                 1520 
                 1240 
                 1140 
               
               
                 8.97 
                 Pa · s 
                 1300 
                 1080 
                 917 
                 764 
                 1900 
                 1540 
                 1260 
                 1160 
               
               
                 6.25 
                 Pa · s 
                 1310 
                 1090 
                 925 
                 771 
                 1930 
                 1560 
                 1270 
                 1180 
               
               
                 4.36 
                 Pa · s 
                 1320 
                 1100 
                 931 
                 778 
                 1950 
                 1580 
                 1280 
                 1190 
               
               
                 3.04 
                 Pa · s 
                 1320 
                 1100 
                 937 
                 785 
                 1960 
                 1590 
                 1290 
                 1210 
               
               
                 2.12 
                 Pa · s 
                 1320 
                 1110 
                 941 
                 789 
                 1970 
                 1590 
                 1300 
                 1220 
               
               
                 1.48 
                 Pa · s 
                 1330 
                 1110 
                 945 
                 794 
                 1970 
                 1600 
                 1310 
                 1230 
               
               
                 1.03 
                 Pa · s 
                 1330 
                 1120 
                 949 
                 798 
                 1980 
                 1600 
                 1310 
                 1240 
               
               
                 0.721 
                 Pa · s 
                 1330 
                 1120 
                 952 
                 801 
                 1980 
                 1600 
                 1320 
                 1250 
               
               
                 0.503 
                 Pa · s 
                 1330 
                 1120 
                 953 
                 801 
                 1980 
                 1600 
                 1310 
                 1250 
               
               
                 Melt visc. at 
               
               
                 300° C. [Hz] 
               
               
                 471 
                 Pa · s 
                 862 
                 1100 
                 787 
                 826 
                 993 
                 1000 
                 1080 
                 997 
               
               
                 329 
                 Pa · s 
                 1210 
                 1300 
                 1090 
                 1100 
                 1450 
                 1420 
                 1480 
                 1280 
               
               
                 229 
                 Pa · s 
                 1560 
                 1520 
                 1390 
                 1350 
                 1880 
                 1870 
                 1850 
                 1540 
               
               
                 160 
                 Pa · s 
                 1960 
                 1750 
                 1690 
                 1570 
                 2540 
                 2390 
                 2210 
                 1810 
               
               
                 112 
                 Pa · s 
                 2330 
                 1990 
                 1960 
                 1780 
                 3190 
                 2860 
                 2560 
                 2080 
               
               
                 77.8 
                 Pa · s 
                 2660 
                 2230 
                 2190 
                 1970 
                 3770 
                 3300 
                 2920 
                 2350 
               
               
                 54.3 
                 Pa · s 
                 2960 
                 2450 
                 2390 
                 2150 
                 4290 
                 3720 
                 3260 
                 2620 
               
               
                 37.9 
                 Pa · s 
                 3230 
                 2650 
                 2580 
                 2310 
                 4810 
                 4130 
                 3590 
                 2880 
               
               
                 26.4 
                 Pa · s 
                 3480 
                 2820 
                 2740 
                 2450 
                 5310 
                 4510 
                 3880 
                 3110 
               
               
                 18.4 
                 Pa · s 
                 3700 
                 2970 
                 2870 
                 2560 
                 5770 
                 4850 
                 4150 
                 3310 
               
               
                 12.9 
                 Pa · s 
                 3880 
                 3090 
                 2980 
                 2650 
                 6180 
                 5150 
                 4370 
                 3490 
               
               
                 8.97 
                 Pa · s 
                 4020 
                 3180 
                 3070 
                 2730 
                 6540 
                 5410 
                 4550 
                 3620 
               
               
                 6.25 
                 Pa · s 
                 4130 
                 3250 
                 3140 
                 2790 
                 6830 
                 5610 
                 4700 
                 3730 
               
               
                 4.36 
                 Pa · s 
                 4210 
                 3300 
                 3190 
                 2830 
                 7060 
                 5780 
                 4820 
                 3810 
               
               
                 3.04 
                 Pa · s 
                 4270 
                 3340 
                 3230 
                 2880 
                 7240 
                 5900 
                 4910 
                 3880 
               
               
                 2.12 
                 Pa · s 
                 4310 
                 3370 
                 3260 
                 2910 
                 7380 
                 6000 
                 4980 
                 3940 
               
               
                 1.48 
                 Pa · s 
                 4350 
                 3390 
                 3290 
                 2940 
                 7480 
                 6080 
                 5040 
                 3990 
               
               
                 1.03 
                 Pa · s 
                 4360 
                 3410 
                 3310 
                 2980 
                 7550 
                 6130 
                 5090 
                 4040 
               
               
                 0.721 
                 Pa · s 
                 4380 
                 3420 
                 3330 
                 3010 
                 7590 
                 6170 
                 5130 
                 4070 
               
               
                 0.503 
                 Pa · s 
                 4370 
                 3410 
                 3330 
                 3020 
                 7600 
                 6180 
                 5140 
                 4100 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Example 
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Cone/plate 
                   
                 37 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 rheology 
                   
                 (comp.) 
                 38 
                 39 
                 40 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Melt viscosity 
               
               
                 at 260° C. [Hz] 
               
               
                 471 
                 Pas 
                 391 
                 344 
                 285 
                 250 
               
               
                 329 
                 Pas 
                 430 
                 375 
                 308 
                 270 
               
               
                 229 
                 Pas 
                 467 
                 404 
                 329 
                 288 
               
               
                 160 
                 Pas 
                 500 
                 429 
                 347 
                 302 
               
               
                 112 
                 Pas 
                 528 
                 450 
                 362 
                 314 
               
               
                 77.8 
                 Pas 
                 552 
                 468 
                 374 
                 324 
               
               
                 54.3 
                 Pas 
                 570 
                 481 
                 382 
                 331 
               
               
                 37.9 
                 Pas 
                 584 
                 491 
                 389 
                 337 
               
               
                 26.4 
                 Pas 
                 595 
                 498 
                 394 
                 341 
               
               
                 18.4 
                 Pas 
                 601 
                 502 
                 397 
                 345 
               
               
                 12.9 
                 Pas 
                 604 
                 505 
                 399 
                 348 
               
               
                 8.97 
                 Pas 
                 606 
                 507 
                 401 
                 351 
               
               
                 6.25 
                 Pas 
                 607 
                 507 
                 402 
                 354 
               
               
                 4.36 
                 Pas 
                 606 
                 507 
                 403 
                 357 
               
               
                 3.04 
                 Pas 
                 606 
                 508 
                 403 
                 360 
               
               
                 2.12 
                 Pas 
                 603 
                 506 
                 403 
                 362 
               
               
                 1.48 
                 Pas 
                 602 
                 505 
                 403 
                 363 
               
               
                 1.03 
                 Pas 
                 601 
                 505 
                 403 
                 365 
               
               
                 0.721 
                 Pas 
                 599 
                 504 
                 403 
                 368 
               
               
                 0.503 
                 Pas 
                 595 
                 501 
                 403 
                 371 
               
               
                 Melt viscosity 
               
               
                 at 280° C. [Hz] 
               
               
                 471 
                 Pas 
                 657 
                 670 
                 534 
                 588 
               
               
                 329 
                 Pas 
                 838 
                 768 
                 653 
                 681 
               
               
                 229 
                 Pas 
                 1010 
                 868 
                 758 
                 767 
               
               
                 160 
                 Pas 
                 1160 
                 965 
                 850 
                 848 
               
               
                 112 
                 Pas 
                 1300 
                 1060 
                 927 
                 921 
               
               
                 77.8 
                 Pas 
                 1420 
                 1140 
                 995 
                 985 
               
               
                 54.3 
                 Pas 
                 1530 
                 1220 
                 1050 
                 1040 
               
               
                 37.9 
                 Pas 
                 1620 
                 1280 
                 1100 
                 1090 
               
               
                 26.4 
                 Pas 
                 1700 
                 1330 
                 1140 
                 1130 
               
               
                 18.4 
                 Pas 
                 1770 
                 1380 
                 1180 
                 1160 
               
               
                 12.9 
                 Pas 
                 1820 
                 1410 
                 1200 
                 1180 
               
               
                 8.97 
                 Pas 
                 1860 
                 1440 
                 1220 
                 1200 
               
               
                 6.25 
                 Pas 
                 1890 
                 1450 
                 1230 
                 1210 
               
               
                 4.36 
                 Pas 
                 1910 
                 1470 
                 1240 
                 1230 
               
               
                 3.04 
                 Pas 
                 1920 
                 1480 
                 1250 
                 1240 
               
               
                 2.12 
                 Pas 
                 1930 
                 1480 
                 1260 
                 1250 
               
               
                 1.48 
                 Pas 
                 1930 
                 1480 
                 1260 
                 1260 
               
               
                 1.03 
                 Pas 
                 1930 
                 1480 
                 1260 
                 1270 
               
               
                 0.721 
                 Pas 
                 1930 
                 1480 
                 1260 
                 1270 
               
               
                 0.503 
                 Pas 
                 1920 
                 1470 
                 1250 
                 1270 
               
               
                 Melt viscosity 
               
               
                 at 300° C. [Hz] 
               
               
                 471 
                 Pas 
                 999 
                 1340 
                 1060 
                 880 
               
               
                 329 
                 Pas 
                 1430 
                 1610 
                 1330 
                 1220 
               
               
                 229 
                 Pas 
                 1870 
                 1920 
                 1590 
                 1520 
               
               
                 160 
                 Pas 
                 2360 
                 2260 
                 1870 
                 1820 
               
               
                 112 
                 Pas 
                 2820 
                 2610 
                 2160 
                 2100 
               
               
                 77.8 
                 Pas 
                 3260 
                 2980 
                 2450 
                 2370 
               
               
                 54.3 
                 Pas 
                 3700 
                 3340 
                 2730 
                 2620 
               
               
                 37.9 
                 Pas 
                 4130 
                 3690 
                 2990 
                 2860 
               
               
                 26.4 
                 Pas 
                 4540 
                 4010 
                 3230 
                 3070 
               
               
                 18.4 
                 Pas 
                 4920 
                 4300 
                 3450 
                 3250 
               
               
                 12.9 
                 Pas 
                 5270 
                 4560 
                 3630 
                 3400 
               
               
                 8.97 
                 Pas 
                 5570 
                 4770 
                 3790 
                 3530 
               
               
                 6.25 
                 Pas 
                 5830 
                 4950 
                 3910 
                 3640 
               
               
                 4.36 
                 Pas 
                 6030 
                 5090 
                 4000 
                 3720 
               
               
                 3.04 
                 Pas 
                 6200 
                 5210 
                 4080 
                 3800 
               
               
                 2.12 
                 Pas 
                 6320 
                 5290 
                 4140 
                 3850 
               
               
                 1.48 
                 Pas 
                 6420 
                 5350 
                 4180 
                 3900 
               
               
                 1.03 
                 Pas 
                 6480 
                 5400 
                 4210 
                 3940 
               
               
                 0.721 
                 Pas 
                 6510 
                 5420 
                 4230 
                 3980 
               
               
                 0.503 
                 Pas 
                 6520 
                 5420 
                 4230 
                 4010 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Table 7 shows that compared to the inventive examples in the table, the comparative examples 13, 17, 21, 25, 29, 33 and 37 which do not comprise the PE wax exhibit higher melt viscosities and thus have poorer flowability at the three measurement temperatures.