Patent Publication Number: US-8968982-B2

Title: Chemically amplified positive resist composition and patterning process

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION 
     This non-provisional application claims priority under 35 U.S.C. §119(a) on Patent Application No. 2011-008909 filed in Japan on Jan. 19, 2011, the entire contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference. 
     TECHNICAL FIELD 
     This invention relates to a chemically amplified positive resist composition which can be patterned by exposure to UV radiation having a wavelength of up to 500 nm (near and deep-UV regions), e.g., i- and g-lines, and a pattern forming process. 
     The resist composition is coated onto a substrate to form a relatively thick resist film of 5 to 100 μm thick which is exposed and developed to form a pattern. The composition has an improved sensitivity and allows for effective removal or dissolution near the substrate or at the pattern bottom. The development time can be reduced although a long time is otherwise required for the development of a thick resist film. When resist patterning is followed by electroplating or electroless plating to deposit a metal layer on the substrate, the resist pattern is resistant to deformation and cracking. 
     BACKGROUND ART 
     In harmony with the downsizing of electronic equipment, a rapid progress is recently made toward higher integration of LSIs and toward ASIC (application specific integrated circuits). For LSI mounting, multi-pin thin-film packaging is widely employed. Such multi-pin structures include protruding electrodes or solder bumps of at least 10 μm in height as the connecting terminal, while the technique for forming solder bumps is requisite. When bumps are formed on LSI by a plating technique, a photoresist material is used. While bumps of mushroom shape are formed using conventional thin film resist, such bump shape is difficult to increase the integration density by increasing the number of pins on LSI or reducing the pin spacing. It is then necessary to shape bumps with vertical sidewalls (or straight sidewalls) utilizing a thick film resist. The thick film photoresist subject to plating must fulfill many features including high sensitivity, vertical profile, and high resolution, as well as deformation resistance and crack resistance of the pattern during or after the plating step. 
     As the means for solving these problems, certain compositions are known in the art. For example, JP-A H10-207057 discloses a positive photoresist composition having an acrylic resin added for the main purpose of improving the plating resistance of bump-processing resist film. JP-B S46-16049 discloses an alkali-soluble photosensitive resin composition comprising a novolac resin, a naphthoquinonediazide-containing compound, and polyvinyl ether. Both the compositions are improved in crack resistance, but have a possibility that the pattern profile is degraded owing to the reduced contrast of resist film. Also a positive photoresist composition comprising a novolac resin and a hydrolyzate of an alkyl vinyl ether-maleic anhydride copolymer having a molecular weight of 20,000 to 80,000 is known from JP-A H06-202332. This system, however, is insufficient with respect to crack resistance during or after the plating step in the gold plating application. 
     On the other hand, since solder bumps must have a height of several tens of microns to about 100 microns (μm), the resist pattern formed therefor must accordingly have a depth of several tens of μm to about 100 μm. It is thus recommended that the resist material be coated as a very thick film having a thickness of several tens of μm to about 100 μm. This implies that the resist material adapted for solder bump pattern formation may have problems with respect to sensitivity and resist pattern profile. While positive resist compositions comprising a novolac resin and a naphthoquinonediazide-containing compound are commonly used in the art, as described in JP-B S46-16049 and JP-A 2004-198915, thick films thereof having a thickness of several tens of μm to about 100 μm are degraded in sensitivity, which reduces the productivity efficiency of pattern formation, causes the pattern profile to be tapered, and leads to profile deficiency against the requirement to shape bumps with vertical sidewalls (or straight sidewalls). For this reason, the solder bump-forming resist material requiring a film thickness of several tens of μm to about 100 μm prefers chemically amplified resist compositions to the positive resist compositions comprising a novolac resin and a naphthoquinonediazide-containing compound because a pattern with more vertical sidewalls can be formed at a higher sensitivity. 
     In connection with the chemically amplified resist composition used as the solder bump-forming resist material requiring a film thickness of several tens of μm to about 100 μm, when polyhydroxystyrene in which some phenolic hydroxyl groups are substituted with acetal groups as acid labile group is used as the base resin (JP-A 2002-006503), a problem arises that a long time is necessary for development because of the thick film. The long development time leads to drawbacks such as a time-consuming process and low production efficiency. 
     With respect to the electrolytic plating bath used in solder bump formation, strong acid based solder plating baths, known as high-speed plating baths, are often utilized for enhancing production efficiency. When the pattern of chemically amplified resist composition is immersed in the strong acid based solder plating bath, the strong acid system exposes the pattern to very rigorous conditions, giving rise to the problems that not only cracks generate as mentioned previously, but also the pattern swells and deforms. The base resin commonly used in chemically amplified resist compositions is polyhydroxystyrene in which some phenolic hydroxyl groups are substituted with acetal groups as acid labile group (JP-A 2002-006503). When a pattern of the chemically amplified resist composition having such acid labile group is immersed in a strong acid based solder plating bath, the acid labile group can be eliminated by reaction with the acid in the plating bath. Thus the pattern is locally made hydrophilic and progressively swollen. As a result, the pattern is deformed within a short time. 
     Although the chemically amplified resist composition is preferred as the solder bump-forming resist material, many problems remain unsolved including a long development time, and film swell and pattern deformation upon immersion in plating bath. 
     Another exemplary chemically amplified resist composition used as the solder bump-forming resist material is disclosed in JP 4403627 as a composition comprising a base resin having an acid labile group other than acetal group, the composition having improved crack resistance. The resin used herein includes units which undergo elimination reaction with an acid and become soluble in alkaline developer, for example, (meth)acrylate units having 1,1-dimethyl-3-oxobutyl and/or 2-benzyl-propan-2-yl as the acid labile group. These acid labile groups have the following characteristics. Now that the solder bump-forming resist composition is formed into a thick film, if a compound resulting from acid elimination has a boiling point of up to 20° C. under atmospheric pressure, it can gasify, remain within the film, and form large bubbles in the film, adversely affecting the pattern profile. For this reason, preference is given to the acid labile group which is acid eliminated to form a compound having a boiling point of at least 20° C. under atmospheric pressure. Allegedly the compounds resulting from acid elimination of the acid labile groups in the units of exemplary base resins have the characteristics. 
     The acid labile groups mentioned above are tertiary alkyl esters. Under conditions of the step of immersing in a strong acid based solder plating bath, the tertiary alkyl esters do not undergo reaction with the acid in the plating bath, as opposed to the acetal groups. These acid labile groups are characterized by stability and a least likelihood of pattern deformation. 
     However, the chemically amplified resist composition comprising a resin having a tertiary alkyl ester as acid labile group may fail to gain a high resolution in the lithography process of forming a resist pattern because the acid elimination reaction of the acid labile group is inferior to that of acetal groups. This detracts from the removal of resist material to the bottom of a pattern being formed, resulting in a pattern profile being tapered. 
     When the acid labile group has characteristics as described in JP 4403627, that is, the acid labile group is able to be acid eliminated to form a component having a boiling point of at least 20° C. under atmospheric pressure, a possibility that the compound resulting from acid elimination in the resist pattern undergoes secondary addition reaction with the polymer or other resist components or reverse reaction to generate the acid labile group again cannot be completely removed. For this reason, the resist material film which is to become alkali soluble after exposure and development is extremely reduced in alkali solubility, failing to gain a high resolution. If the compound resulting from acid elimination has a high boiling point or a large or bulky molecule, the secondary addition reaction or reverse reaction as pointed out above can take place significantly. The resist material becomes insolubilized and left where spaces must be formed via positive/negative reversal, that is, as positive tone. Inversely a phenomenon to form a pattern there or a problem to induce scum formation can take place. Since the film formed of the solder bump-forming resist material is as thick as several tens of μm to about 100 μm, there is a tendency that the secondary addition reaction or reverse reaction as pointed out above takes place. 
     For the chemically amplified positive resist material used in the forming of solder bumps via a plating step, the selection of acid labile group is critical. It is urgently demanded to seek for an acid generator or to construct a resist material which is stable against strong acid in the plating bath, which when subjected to the lithography pattern forming process, affords high reactivity with the acid generated by the acid generator so that acid elimination reaction may smoothly run, and thus displays a high resolution, which does not detract from the high resolution performance since the elimination reaction does not entail secondary addition reaction or reverse reaction, and which avoids any degradation of the pattern profile by generation of bubbles or the like after acid elimination. 
     Citation List 
     Patent Document 1: JP-A H10-207057 
     Patent Document 2: JP-B S46-16049 
     Patent Document 3: JP-A H06-202332 
     Patent Document 4: JP-A 2004-198915 
     Patent Document 5: JP-A 2002-006503 
     Patent Document 6: JP 4403627 
     SUMMARY OF INVENTION 
     An object of the invention is to provide a chemically amplified positive resist composition useful as a thick film photoresist material subject to a subsequent plating step, which forms a pattern with advantages including a high sensitivity, high resolution, vertical profile, and short development time, and in which the pattern exhibits crack resistance and is free of deformation during or after the plating step; and a pattern forming process. 
     The inventors have found that a chemically amplified positive resist composition comprising (A) an organic solvent, (B) a base resin, and (C) an acid generator, wherein the base resin (B) comprises a polymer comprising recurring units represented by the general formula (1) defined below and having a weight average molecular weight of 1,000 to 500,000 and a vinyl ether copolymer consisting of recurring units represented by the general formula (2) defined below and having a weight average molecular weight of 10,000 to 500,000, has such advantages as a high sensitivity, high resolution, and vertical profile, enables to reduce the development time, and exhibits crack resistance during or after a subsequent plating step. 
     In one aspect, the invention provides a chemically amplified positive resist composition comprising (A) an organic solvent, (B) a base resin, and (C) an acid generator. The base resin (B) comprises a polymer comprising recurring units represented by the general formula (1) and having a weight average molecular weight of 1,000 to 500,000 and a vinyl ether copolymer consisting of recurring units represented by the general formula (2) and having a weight average molecular weight of 10,000 to 500,000. 
                         
Herein R 1  is hydrogen, hydroxyl, straight alkyl, branched alkyl, halogen or trifluoromethyl, R 2  is hydrogen, hydroxyl, halogen or trifluoromethyl, R 3  is a C 4 -C 12  tertiary alkyl group, R 4  is hydrogen, optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted alkoxy, or ditrifluoromethylhydroxyl, R 5  is hydrogen or methyl, R 6  is hydrogen, methyl, alkoxycarbonyl, cyano, halogen or trifluoromethyl, R 7  is C 4 -C 30  alkyl, n is 0 or a positive integer of 1 to 4, m is 0 or a positive integer of 1 to 5, p, r and s each are 0 or a positive number, and q is a positive number.
 
                         
Herein R 8  is hydrogen or a straight or branched C 1 -C 12  alkyl group, R 9  is hydrogen or methyl, R 10  is hydrogen or an organic group of the general formula (3):
 
                         
wherein R 12  is hydrogen or methyl, R 11  is an organic group of formula (3), nitrile or halogen, t and u are numbers in the range: t+u=1 and 0≦u≦0.5.
 
     In a preferred embodiment, the polymer comprising recurring units represented by formula (1) included in the base resin (B) is a polymer comprising recurring units represented by the general formula (4) and having a weight average molecular weight of 50,000 to 500,000, 
                         
wherein p, q and s are as defined above.
 
     The resist composition may further comprise (D) a dissolution inhibitor and/or (E) a basic compound. 
     In another aspect, the invention provides a pattern forming process comprising the steps of: 
     (i) coating the resist composition defined above onto a substrate and prebaking to form a resist film, 
     (ii) exposing the resist film to UV radiation having a wavelength of up to 500 nm through a photomask, and 
     (iii) optionally baking, and developing with a developer to form a resist pattern. 
     In a preferred embodiment, the substrate is a substrate having a conductive layer on its surface, and the process further comprises, after the developing step (iii), 
     (iv) subjecting the resist pattern-bearing substrate to ashing with an oxygen plasma for thereby removing any resist residue on the pattern and rendering the resist film surface hydrophilic, 
     (v) electroplating or electroless plating using the resist pattern as a mold, for thereby depositing a metal pattern on the conductive substrate to a predetermined thickness, and 
     (vi) removing the resist component which has served as the mold for depositing the metal pattern, from the substrate. 
     Typically, the resist film has a thickness of 5 to 100 μm. 
     ADVANTAGEOUS EFFECTS OF INVENTION 
     The chemically amplified positive resist composition of the invention is coated onto a substrate to form a relatively thick resist film of 5 to 100 μm thick, which can be developed to form a pattern at a high sensitivity and a high degree of removal or dissolution to pattern bottom. Even though the resist film is as thick as 5 to 100 μm thick, the development time is short. When electrolytic plating or electroless plating is carried out, after resist patterning, to deposit a metal plating layer on the pattern-bearing substrate, the resist pattern is fully resistant to a strong acid based plating bath and avoids crack generation. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS 
         FIG. 1  illustrates resist patterns, depicting an area where cracks are observed. 
     
    
    
     DESCRIPTION OF EMBODIMENTS 
     The terms “a” and an herein do not denote a limitation of quantity, but rather denote the presence of at least one of the referenced item. 
     “Optional” or “optionally” means that the subsequently described event or circumstance may or may not occur, and that the description includes instances where the event occurs and instances where it does not. 
     As used herein, the notation (C n -C m ) means a group containing from n to m carbon atoms per group. 
     The abbreviations and acronyms have the following meaning. 
     Mw: weight average molecular weight 
     Mn: number average molecular weight 
     Mw/Mn: molecular weight distribution or dispersity 
     GPC: gel permeation chromatography 
     PEB: post-exposure baking 
     One embodiment of the invention is a chemically amplified positive resist composition comprising (A) an organic solvent, (B) a base resin, and (C) an acid generator. The base resin (B) comprises, in combination, a polymer comprising recurring units represented by the general formula (1) defined below and having a weight average molecular weight of 1,000 to 500,000 and a vinyl ether (co)polymer consisting of recurring units represented by the general formula (2) defined below and having a weight average molecular weight of 10,000 to 500,000. The polymers of formulae (1) and (2) are sometimes referred to as first and second polymers, respectively. 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     Herein R 1  is hydrogen, hydroxyl, straight alkyl, branched alkyl, halogen or trifluoromethyl, R 2  is hydrogen, hydroxyl, halogen or trifluoromethyl, R 3  is a C 4 -C 12  tertiary alkyl group, R 4  is hydrogen, optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted alkoxy, or ditrifluoromethylhydroxyl, R 5  is hydrogen or methyl, R 6  is hydrogen, methyl, alkoxycarbonyl, cyano, halogen or trifluoromethyl, R 7  is C 4 -C 30  alkyl, n is 0 or a positive integer of 1 to 4, m is 0 or a positive integer of 1 to 5, p, r and s each are 0 or a positive number, and q is a positive number. 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     Herein R 8  is hydrogen or a straight or branched C 1 -C 12  alkyl group, R 9  is hydrogen or methyl, R 10  is hydrogen or an organic group of the general formula (3): 
                         
wherein R 12  is hydrogen or methyl, R 11  is an organic group of formula (3), nitrile or halogen, t and u are numbers in the range: t+u=1 and 0≦u≦0.5.
 
     The straight or branched alkyl groups represented by R 1  are typically those of 1 to 6 carbon atoms, preferably 1 to 4 carbon atoms, for example, methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, isobutyl, and tert-butyl. Examples of the tertiary alkyl group represented by R 3  include t-butyl and ethyldimethylmethyl. 
     In a certain embodiment, R 4  is an optionally substituted alkyl or optionally substituted alkoxy group which may function as an acid labile group. The acid labile group is selected from a variety of such groups, preferably from among groups of the following formulae (5) and (6), straight, branched or cyclic tertiary alkoxy groups of 4 to 20 carbon atoms, trialkylsiloxy groups in which each alkyl moiety has 1 to 6 carbon atoms, oxoalkoxy groups of 4 to 20 carbon atoms, tetrahydropyranyloxy, tetrahydrofuranyloxy and trialkylsiloxy groups. 
                         
Herein R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , R 16 , and R 17  are each independently hydrogen or a straight or branched C 1 -C 8  alkyl group. A pair of R 13  and R 14 , R 13  and R 15 , or R 14  and R 15  may bond together to form a ring with the carbon and oxygen atoms to which they are attached, and each of participant R 13 , R 14 , and R 15  is a straight or branched C 1 -C 18  alkylene group when they form a ring. R 18  is a straight, branched or cyclic C 4 -C 40  alkyl group, and “a” is 0 or an integer of 1 to 4.
 
     Suitable acid labile groups of formula (5) are those separated by oxygen, including methoxyethyl, ethoxyethyl, n-propoxyethyl, isopropoxyethyl, n-butoxyethyl, isobutoxyethyl, tert-butoxyethyl, cyclohexyloxyethyl, methoxypropyl, ethoxypropyl, 1-methoxy-1-methylethyl, and 1-ethoxy-1-methylethyl. Suitable acid labile groups of formula (6) include tert-butoxycarbonyloxy, tert-butoxycarbonylmethyloxy, ethylcyclopentylcarbonyloxy, ethylcyclohexylcarbonyloxy, and methylcyclopentylcarbonyloxy. Suitable trialkylsiloxy groups include those in which each alkyl moiety has 1 to 6 carbon atoms, typically trimethylsiloxy. 
     In formula (1), R 1 , R 2 , R 3  and R 6  may be halogen. Exemplary halogens are fluorine, chlorine and bromine. 
     R 7  is an alkyl group which may be tertiary alkyl. Tertiary alkyl may be selected from a variety of such groups, preferably those of the general formulae (7) and (8). 
                         
Herein R 19  is methyl, ethyl, isopropyl, cyclohexyl, cyclopentyl, vinyl, acetyl, phenyl, benzyl or cyano, and b is an integer of 0 to 3.
 
     The cyclic alkyl groups of formula (7) are preferably 5- or 6-membered rings. Examples include 1-methylcyclopentyl, 1-ethylcyclopentyl, 1-isopropylcyclopentyl, 1-vinylcyclopentyl, 1-acetylcyclopentyl, 1-phenylcyclopentyl, 1-cyanocyclopentyl, 1-methylcyclohexyl, 1-ethylcyclohexyl, 1-isopropylcyclohexyl, 1-vinylcyclohexyl, 1-acetylcyclohexyl, 1-phenylcyclohexyl, and 1-cyanocyclohexyl. 
                         
Herein R 15  is methyl, ethyl, isopropyl, cyclohexyl, cyclopentyl, vinyl, phenyl, benzyl or cyano.
 
     Examples of the group of formula (8) include t-butyl, 1-vinyldimethyl, 1-benzyldimethyl, 1-phenyldimethyl, and 1-cyanodimethyl. 
     Also preferred as R 7  are alkyl groups in the form of tertiary esters as shown below. 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     In formula (1), p, r and s each are 0 or a positive number, and q is a positive number. With properties of resist material taken into account, these subscripts preferably satisfy the following range:
     0&lt;q/(p+q+r+s)≦0.5, more preferably 0&lt;q/(p+q+r+s)≦0.3,   0≦p/(p+q+r+s)≦0.8, more preferably 0.3≦p/(p+q+r+s)≦0.8,   0≦r/(p+q+r+s)≦0.35,   0≦s/(p+q+r+s)≦0.35, more preferably 0&lt;s/(p+q+r+s)≦0.3, provided p+q+r+s=1.   

     In case q=0, indicating that a polymer of formula (1) does not contain the relevant unit (q), a contrast of alkali dissolution rate is lost, and resolution is worsened. If a proportion of p is too high, the unexposed region of film may have too high an alkali dissolution rate. By properly selecting the values of p, q, r and s within the above ranges, the size and profile of a pattern can be controlled as desired. 
     In order that the chemically amplified positive resist composition have a high sensitivity and be able to reduce the development time, it is preferred that s in formula (1) be not equal to 0. In a case where a phenolic hydroxyl group is protected with an acid labile group, the alkali soluble functional group resulting from elimination of that acid labile group is, needless to say, the phenolic hydroxyl group. On the other hand, the substituent group R 7  in recurring unit (s) is a tertiary alkyl group which is an acid labile group, and the alkali soluble functional group resulting from elimination of R 7  is —COOH group. When the dissolution rate of phenolic hydroxyl group and —COOH group in alkaline developer is compared, the dissolution rate of —COOH group is overwhelmingly high. Then the chemically amplified positive resist composition comprising a base resin containing recurring units (s) has a high sensitivity and is able to reduce the development time. 
     The polymer of formula (1) should have a weight average molecular weight (Mw) of 1,000 to 500,000, preferably 2,000 to 30,000, as measured by GPC versus polystyrene standards. With too low a Mw, the resist composition is less heat resistant. With too high a Mw, the resist composition is reduced in alkali dissolution and tends to a footing phenomenon after pattern formation. 
     The polymer comprising recurring units of formula (1) is preferably a polymer comprising recurring units represented by the general formula (4) and having a Mw of 5,000 to 100,000. 
                         
Herein p, q and s are as defined above.
 
     If a multi-component polymer has a broad molecular weight distribution or dispersity (Mw/Mn), which indicates the presence of lower and higher molecular weight polymer fractions, there is a possibility that following exposure, foreign matter is left on the pattern or the pattern profile is exacerbated. The influences of molecular weight and dispersity become stronger as the pattern rule becomes finer. Therefore, the multi-component copolymer of formula (1) should preferably have a narrow dispersity (Mw/Mn) of 1.0 to 2.0, especially 1.0 to 1.5, in order to provide a resist composition suitable for micropatterning to a small feature size. 
     The polymer of formula (1) may be synthesized by any desired method, for example, by dissolving acetoxystyrene, (meth)acrylic acid tertiary ester, and amyloxystyrene monomers in an organic solvent, adding a radical initiator thereto, and effecting heat polymerization. The resulting polymer is subjected to alkaline hydrolysis in an organic solvent, whereby the acetoxy group is deprotected, obtaining a ternary copolymer or a polymer of three components: hydroxystyrene, (meth)acrylic acid tertiary ester, and amyloxystyrene. Examples of the organic solvent which can be used for polymerization include toluene, benzene, tetrahydrofuran, diethyl ether and dioxane. Examples of the polymerization initiator used herein include 2,2′-azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN), 2,2′-azobis(2,4-dimethylvaleronitrile), dimethyl 2,2-azobis(2-methylpropionate), benzoyl peroxide, and lauroyl peroxide. Preferably the system is heated at 50 to 80° C. for polymerization to take place. The reaction time is 2 to 100 hours, preferably 5 to 20 hours. For alkaline hydrolysis, ammonia water, triethylamine or the like may be used as the base, the reaction temperature may be −20° C. to 100° C., preferably 0° C. to 60° C., and the reaction time may be 0.2 to 100 hours, preferably 0.5 to 20 hours. 
     After the resulting polymer having a phenolic hydroxyl group is isolated, an acid labile group of formula (5) or (6) may be introduced into the phenolic hydroxyl group. For example, the polymer having a phenolic hydroxyl group may be reacted with a halogenated alkyl ether compound in the presence of a base, thereby obtaining a polymer in which the phenolic hydroxyl group is, in part, protected with an alkoxyalkyl group. 
     In the protection step, the reaction medium is preferably an aprotic polar solvent such as acetonitrile, acetone, dimethylformamide, dimethylacetamide, tetrahydrofuran or dimethyl sulfoxide, which may be used alone or in admixture. Preferred examples of the base include triethylamine, pyridine, diisopropylamine, and potassium carbonate. The base is preferably used in an amount of at least 10 mol % based on the moles of total phenolic hydroxyl groups on the polymer to be reacted. The reaction temperature may be −50° C. to 100° C., preferably 0° C. to 60° C., and the reaction time may be 0.5 to 100 hours, preferably 1 to 20 hours. 
     The introduction of an acid labile group of formula (6) is possible with an alternative method, that is, by reacting the polymer with a dialkyl dicarbonate or alkoxycarbonylalkyl halide in a solvent in the presence of a base. Examples of the dialkyl dicarbonate include di-tert-butyl dicarbonate and di-tert-amyl dicarbonate. Examples of the alkoxycarbonylalkyl halide include tert-butoxycarbonylmethyl chloride, tert-amyloxycarbonylmethyl chloride, tert-butoxycarbonylmethyl bromide, and tert-butoxycarbonylethyl chloride. The reaction medium is preferably an aprotic polar solvent such as acetonitrile, acetone, dimethylformamide, dimethylacetamide, tetrahydrofuran or dimethyl sulfoxide, which may be used alone or in admixture. Preferred examples of the base include triethylamine, pyridine, imidazole, diisopropylamine, and potassium carbonate. The base is preferably used in an amount of at least 10 mol % based on the moles of total phenolic hydroxyl groups on the polymer to be reacted. The reaction temperature may be 0° C. to 100° C., preferably 0° C. to 60° C., and the reaction time may be 0.2 to 100 hours, preferably 1 to 10 hours. 
     Notably, the synthesis method of the polymer is not limited to the foregoing. 
     In combination with the first polymer, a second polymer is used as the base resin. The second polymer is a vinyl ether (co)polymer consisting of recurring units represented by the general formula (2) and having a weight average molecular weight of 10,000 to 500,000. 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     Herein R 8  is hydrogen or a straight or branched C 1 -C 12  alkyl group, R 9  is hydrogen or methyl, R 10  is hydrogen or an organic group of the general formula (3): 
                         
wherein R 12  is hydrogen or methyl, R 11  is an organic group of formula (3), nitrile or halogen, t and u are numbers in the range: t+u=1 and 0≦u≦0.5.
 
     Preferred examples of R 8  include hydrogen, methyl and ethyl. 
     In formula (2), t and u are numbers in the range: t+u=1 and 0≦u≦0.5, preferably 0≦u≦0.3. 
     In case u&gt;0, when R 10  is an organic group of formula (3) and R 12  is hydrogen, R 11  may be similarly an organic group of formula (3). Where R 12  is methyl, a polymer of formula (2) may be exemplified by an alkyl vinyl ether-monomethyl maleate copolymer, which can be advantageously used as the base resin which is effective for preventing cracking in the step of depositing a metal plating layer on the pattern of the inventive resist composition. 
     The vinyl ether copolymer of formula (2) should have a weight average molecular weight (Mw) of 10,000 to 500,000, preferably 15,000 to 300,000, as measured by GPC versus polystyrene standards. With a Mw of less than 10,000, the polymer is less resistant to cracking during or after the plating step. With a Mw in excess of 500,000, the resist composition is reduced in resolution and sensitivity. 
     The second polymer of formula (2), typically methyl vinyl ether-monoalkyl maleate copolymer is combined with the first polymer of formula (1). Preferably 2 to 30 parts, more preferably 5 to 20 parts by weight of the second polymer is blended with 100 parts by weight of the first polymer. A resist film of a polymer blend containing less than 2 parts of the second polymer may not withstand the stress associated with metal growth during the plating step after thick film resist pattern formation, allowing the pattern to crack. More than 30 parts of the second polymer may invite a risk of scum generation after development. 
     On use of the positive resist material, the base resin (B) is dissolved in the organic solvent (A) to form a solution. Any organic solvents may be used as long as they have a sufficient solubility to the base resin and ensure effective coating. Suitable organic solvents include cellosolve solvents such as methyl cellosolve, ethyl cellosolve, methyl cellosolve acetate, and ethyl cellosolve acetate; propylene glycol solvents such as propylene glycol monomethyl ether, propylene glycol monobutyl ether, propylene glycol monomethyl ether acetate, propylene glycol dimethyl ether, and propylene glycol monoethyl ether acetate; ester solvents such as butyl acetate, amyl acetate, methyl lactate, ethyl lactate, ethyl 3-methoxypropionate, and ethyl 3-ethoxypropionate; alcohol solvents such as hexanol and diacetone alcohol; ketone solvents such as cyclohexanone and methyl amyl ketone; ether solvents such as methyl phenyl ether and diethylene glycol dimethyl ether; highly polar solvents such as N,N-dimethylformamide and N-methylpyrrolidone, and mixtures thereof. 
     An amount of the solvent used is desirably 1 to 20 times, more desirably 1 to 15 times the amount of total solids (including the base resin) on a weight basis. 
     As the acid generator (C), a photoacid generator is typically used. It is any compound capable of generating an acid upon exposure to high-energy radiation. Suitable PAGs include sulfonium salt, iodonium salt, sulfonyldiazomethane, and N-sulfonyloxyimide acid generators. Exemplary acid generators are given below while they may be used alone or in admixture of two or more. 
     Sulfonium salts are salts of sulfonium cations with sulfonates. Exemplary sulfonium cations include triphenylsulfonium, (4-tert-butoxyphenyl)diphenylsulfonium, bis(4-tert-butoxyphenyl)phenylsulfonium, tris(4-tert-butoxyphenyl)sulfonium, (3-tert-butoxyphenyl)diphenylsulfonium, bis(3-tert-butoxyphenyl)phenylsulfonium, tris(3-tert-butoxyphenyl)sulfonium, (3,4-di-tert-butoxyphenyl)diphenylsulfonium, bis(3,4-di-tert-butoxyphenyl)phenylsulfonium, tris(3,4-di-tert-butoxyphenyl)sulfonium, diphenyl(4-thiophenoxyphenyl)sulfonium, (4-tert-butoxycarbonylmethyloxyphenyl)diphenylsulfonium, tris(4-tert-butoxycarbonylmethyloxyphenyl)sulfonium, (4-tert-butoxyphenyl)bis(4-dimethylaminophenyl)sulfonium, tris(4-dimethylaminophenyl)sulfonium, 2-naphthyldiphenylsulfonium, dimethyl(2-naphthyl)sulfonium, 4-hydroxyphenyldimethylsulfonium, 4-methoxyphenyldimethylsulfonium, trimethylsulfonium, 2-oxocyclohexylcyclohexylmethylsulfonium, trinaphthylsulfonium, and tribenzylsulfonium. Exemplary sulfonates include trifluoromethanesulfonate, nonafluorobutanesulfonate, heptadecafluorooctanesulfonate, 2,2,2-trifluoroethanesulfonate, pentafluorobenzenesulfonate, 4-(trifluoromethyl)benzenesulfonate, 4-fluorobenzenesulfonate, toluenesulfonate, benzenesulfonate, 4-(4-toluenesulfonyloxy)benzenesulfonate, naphthalenesulfonate, camphorsulfonate, octanesulfonate, dodecylbenzenesulfonate, butanesulfonate, and methanesulfonate. Sulfonium salts based on combination of the foregoing examples are included. 
     Iodonium salts are salts of iodonium cations with sulfonates. Exemplary iodonium cations include aryl iodonium cations such as diphenyliodonium, bis(4-tert-butylphenyl)iodonium, 4-tert-butoxyphenylphenyliodonium, and 4-methoxyphenylphenyliodonium. Exemplary sulfonates include trifluoromethanesulfonate, nonafluorobutanesulfonate, heptadecafluorooctanesulfonate, 2,2,2-trifluoroethanesulfonate, pentafluorobenzenesulfonate, 4-(trifluoromethyl)benzenesulfonate, 4-fluorobenzenesulfonate, toluenesulfonate, benzenesulfonate, 4-(4-toluenesulfonyloxy)benzenesulfonate, naphthalenesulfonate, camphorsulfonate, octanesulfonate, dodecylbenzenesulfonate, butanesulfonate, and methanesulfonate. Iodonium salts based on combination of the foregoing examples are included. 
     Exemplary sulfonyldiazomethane compounds include bissulfonyldiazomethane compounds and sulfonyl-carbonyldiazomethane compounds such as bis(ethylsulfonyl)diazomethane, bis(1-methylpropylsulfonyl)diazomethane, bis(2-methylpropylsulfonyl)diazomethane, bis(1,1-dimethylethylsulfonyl)diazomethane, bis(cyclohexylsulfonyl)diazomethane, bis(perfluoroisopropylsulfonyl)diazomethane, bis(phenylsulfonyl)diazomethane, bis(4-methylphenylsulfonyl)diazomethane, bis(2,4-dimethylphenylsulfonyl)diazomethane, bis(2-naphthylsulfonyl)diazomethane, 4-methylphenylsulfonylbenzoyldiazomethane, tert-butylcarbonyl-4-methylphenylsulfonyldiazomethane, 2-naphthylsulfonylbenzoyldiazomethane, 4-methylphenylsulfonyl-2-naphthoyldiazomethane, methylsulfonylbenzoyldiazomethane, and tert-butoxycarbonyl-4-methylphenylsulfonyldiazomethane. 
     N-sulfonyloxyimide photoacid generators include combinations of imide skeletons with sulfonates. Exemplary imide skeletons are succinimide, naphthalene dicarboxylic acid imide, phthalimide, cyclohexyldicarboxylic acid imide, 5-norbornene-2,3-dicarboxylic acid imide, and 7-oxabicyclo[2.2.1]-5-heptene-2,3-dicarboxylic acid imide. Exemplary sulfonates include trifluoromethanesulfonate, nonafluorobutanesulfonate, heptadecafluorooctanesulfonate, 2,2,2-trifluoroethanesulfonate, pentafluorobenzenesulfonate, 4-trifluoromethylbenzenesulfonate, 4-fluorobenzenesulfonate, toluenesulfonate, benzenesulfonate, naphthalenesulfonate, camphorsulfonate, octanesulfonate, dodecylbenzenesulfonate, butanesulfonate, and methanesulfonate. 
     Benzoinsulfonate photoacid generators include benzoin tosylate, benzoin mesylate, and benzoin butanesulfonate. 
     Pyrogallol trisulfonate photoacid generators include pyrogallol, phloroglucinol, catechol, resorcinol, and hydroquinone, in which all hydroxyl groups are substituted by trifluoromethanesulfonate, nonafluorobutanesulfonate, heptadecafluorooctanesulfonate, 2,2,2-trifluoroethanesulfonate, pentafluorobenzenesulfonate, 4-trifluoromethylbenzenesulfonate, 4-fluorobenzenesulfonate, toluenesulfonate, benzenesulfonate, naphthalenesulfonate, camphorsulfonate, octanesulfonate, dodecylbenzenesulfonate, butanesulfonate, or methanesulfonate. 
     Nitrobenzyl sulfonate photoacid generators include 2,4-dinitrobenzyl sulfonates, 2-nitrobenzyl sulfonates, and 2,6-dinitrobenzyl sulfonates, with exemplary sulfonates including trifluoromethanesulfonate, nonafluorobutanesulfonate, heptadecafluorooctanesulfonate, 2,2,2-trifluoroethanesulfonate, pentafluorobenzenesulfonate, 4-trifluoromethylbenzenesulfonate, 4-fluorobenzenesulfonate, toluenesulfonate, benzenesulfonate, naphthalenesulfonate, camphorsulfonate, octanesulfonate, dodecylbenzenesulfonate, butanesulfonate, and methanesulfonate. Also useful are analogous nitrobenzyl sulfonate compounds in which the nitro group on the benzyl side is substituted by trifluoromethyl. 
     Sulfone photoacid generators include bis(phenylsulfonyl)methane, bis(4-methylphenylsulfonyl)methane, bis(2-naphthylsulfonyl)methane, 2,2-bis(phenylsulfonyl)propane, 2,2-bis(4-methylphenylsulfonyl)propane, 2,2-bis(2-naphthylsulfonyl)propane, 2-methyl-2-(p-toluenesulfonyl)propiophenone, 2-cyclohexylcarbonyl-2-(p-toluenesulfonyl)propane, and 2,4-dimethyl-2-(p-toluenesulfonyl)pentan-3-one. 
     Photoacid generators in the form of glyoxime derivatives include bis-O-(p-toluenesulfonyl)-α-dimethylglyoxime, bis-O-(p-toluenesulfonyl)-α-diphenylglyoxime, bis-O-(p-toluenesulfonyl)-α-dicyclohexylglyoxime, bis-O-(p-toluenesulfonyl)-2,3-pentanedioneglyoxime, bis-O-(p-toluenesulfonyl)-2-methyl-3,4-pentanedioneglyoxime, bis-O-(n-butanesulfonyl)-α-dimethylglyoxime, bis-O-(n-butanesulfonyl)-α-diphenylglyoxime, bis-O-(n-butanesulfonyl)-α-dicyclohexylglyoxime, bis-O-(n-butanesulfonyl)-2,3-pentanedioneglyoxime, bis-O-(n-butanesulfonyl)-2-methyl-3,4-pentanedioneglyoxime, bis-O-(methanesulfonyl)-α-dimethylglyoxime, bis-O-(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)-α-dimethylglyoxime, bis-O-(1,1,1-trifluoroethanesulfonyl)-α-dimethylglyoxime, bis-O-(tert-butanesulfonyl)-α-dimethylglyoxime, bis-O-(perfluorooctanesulfonyl)-α-dimethylglyoxime, bis-O-(cyclohexylsulfonyl)-α-dimethylglyoxime, bis-O-(benzenesulfonyl)-α-dimethylglyoxime, bis-O-(p-fluorobenzenesulfonyl)-α-dimethylglyoxime, bis-O-(p-tert-butylbenzenesulfonyl)-α-dimethylglyoxime, bis-O-(xylenesulfonyl)-α-dimethylglyoxime, and bis-O-(camphorsulfonyl)-α-dimethylglyoxime. 
     Among these, the preferred PAGs are sulfonium salts, bissulfonyldiazomethanes, and N-sulfonyloxyimides. 
     Although the optimum anion of the generated acid varies with such factors as ease of scission of the acid labile group in the polymer, an anion which is non-volatile and not extremely highly diffusive is generally selected. Appropriate anions include anions of benzenesulfonic acid, toluenesulfonic acid, 4-(4-toluenesulfonyloxy)benzenesulfonic acid, pentafluorobenzenesulfonic acid, 2,2,2-trifluoroethanesulfonic acid, nonafluorobutanesulfonic acid, heptadecafluorooctanesulfonic acid, and camphorsulfonic acid. 
     The photoacid generator (C) is added to the chemically amplified positive resist composition in an amount of 0.5 to 20 parts, preferably 1 to 10 parts by weight per 100 parts by weight of the base resin. The PAG may be used alone or in admixture of two or more. The transmittance of the resist film can be controlled by using a PAG having a low transmittance at the exposure wavelength and adjusting the amount of the PAG added. 
     In one preferred embodiment, the resist composition further contains (D) a dissolution inhibitor. The preferred dissolution inhibitor is a compound having a weight average molecular weight of 100 to 1,000 and containing two or more phenolic hydroxyl groups in the molecule wherein the hydrogen of the phenolic hydroxyl group is substituted by an acid labile group in an average proportion of 10 to 100 mol %. The compound has a Mw of 100 to 1,000, preferably 150 to 800. The dissolution inhibitor, which may be used alone or in admixture, is added in an amount of 0 to 50 parts, preferably 5 to 50 parts, and more preferably 10 to 30 parts by weight per 100 parts by weight of the base resin. Too small an amount of the dissolution inhibitor may fail to achieve a resolution improvement whereas too large an amount tends to invite a pattern film loss and a resolution lowering. 
     Illustrative, non-limiting, examples of the dissolution inhibitors which are useful herein include bis(4-(2′-tetrahydropyranyloxy)phenyl)methane, bis(4-(2′-tetrahydrofuranyloxy)phenyl)methane, bis(4-tert-butoxyphenyl)methane, bis(4-tert-butoxycarbonyloxyphenyl)methane, bis(4-tert-butoxycarbonylmethyloxyphenyl)methane, bis(4-(1′-ethoxyethoxy)phenyl)methane, bis(4-(1′-ethoxypropyloxy)phenyl)methane, 2,2-bis(4′-(2″-tetrahydropyranyloxy))propane, 2,2-bis(4′-(2″-tetrahydrofuranyloxy)phenyl)propane, 2,2-bis(4′-tert-butoxyphenyl)propane, 2,2-bis(4′-tert-butoxycarbonyloxyphenyl)propane, 2,2-bis(4-tert-butoxycarbonylmethyloxyphenyl)propane, 2,2-bis(4′-(1″-ethoxyethoxy)phenyl)propane, 2,2-bis(4′-(1″-ethoxypropyloxy)phenyl)propane, tert-butyl 4,4-bis(4′-(2″-tetrahydropyranyloxy)phenyl)valerate, tert-butyl 4,4-bis(4′-(2″-tetrahydrofuranyloxy)phenyl)valerate, tert-butyl 4,4-bis(4′-tert-butoxyphenyl)valerate, tert-butyl 4,4-bis(4-tert-butoxycarbonyloxyphenyl)valerate, tert-butyl 4,4-bis(4′-tert-butoxycarbonylmethyloxyphenyl)valerate, tert-butyl 4,4-bis(4′-(1″-ethoxyethoxy)phenyl)valerate, tert-butyl 4,4-bis(4′-(1″-ethoxypropyloxy)phenyl)valerate, tris(4-(2′-tetrahydropyranyloxy)phenyl)methane, tris(4-(2′-tetrahydrofuranyloxy)phenyl)methane, tris(4-tert-butoxyphenyl)methane, tris(4-tert-butoxycarbonyloxyphenyl)methane, tris(4-tert-butoxycarbonyloxymethylphenyl)methane, tris(4-(1′-ethoxyethoxy)phenyl)methane, tris(4-(1′-ethoxypropyloxy)phenyl)methane, 1,1,2-tris(4′-(2″-tetrahydropyranyloxy)phenyl)ethane, 1,1,2-tris(4′-(2″-tetrahydrofuranyloxy)phenyl)ethane, 1,1,2-tris(4′-tert-butoxyphenyl)ethane, 1,1,2-tris(4′-tert-butoxycarbonyloxyphenyl)ethane, 1,1,2-tris(4′-tert-butoxycarbonylmethyloxyphenyl)ethane, 1,1,2-tris(4′-(1′-ethoxyethoxy)phenyl)ethane, and 1,1,2-tris(4′-(1′-ethoxypropyloxy)phenyl)ethane. 
     In one preferred embodiment, the resist composition further contains (E) a basic compound. The basic compound (E) is preferably a compound capable of suppressing the rate of diffusion when the acid generated by the PAG diffuses within the resist film. The inclusion of this type of basic compound holds down the rate of acid diffusion within the resist film, resulting in better resolution. In addition, it suppresses changes in sensitivity following exposure and reduces substrate and environment dependence, as well as improving the exposure latitude and the pattern profile. 
     Examples of basic compounds (E) include primary, secondary, and tertiary aliphatic amines, mixed amines, aromatic amines, heterocyclic amines, nitrogen-containing compounds having carboxyl group, nitrogen-containing compounds having sulfonyl group, nitrogen-containing compounds having hydroxyl group, nitrogen-containing compounds having hydroxyphenyl group, alcoholic nitrogen-containing compounds, amide derivatives, and imide derivatives. 
     Examples of suitable primary aliphatic amines include ammonia, methylamine, ethylamine, n-propylamine, isopropylamine, n-butylamine, isobutylamine, sec-butylamine, tert-butylamine, pentylamine, tert-amylamine, cyclopentylamine, hexylamine, cyclohexylamine, heptylamine, octylamine, nonylamine, decylamine, dodecylamine, cetylamine, methylenediamine, ethylenediamine, and tetraethylenepentamine. Examples of suitable secondary aliphatic amines include dimethylamine, diethylamine, di-n-propylamine, diisopropylamine, di-n-butylamine, diisobutylamine, di-sec-butylamine, dipentylamine, dicyclopentylamine, dihexylamine, dicyclohexylamine, diheptylamine, dioctylamine, dinonylamine, didecylamine, didodecylamine, dicetylamine, N,N-dimethylmethylenediamine, N,N-dimethylethylenediamine, and N,N-dimethyltetraethylenepentamine. Examples of suitable tertiary aliphatic amines include trimethylamine, triethylamine, tri-n-propylamine, triisopropylamine, tri-n-butylamine, triisobutylamine, tri-sec-butylamine, tripentylamine, tricyclopentylamine, trihexylamine, tricyclohexylamine, triheptylamine, trioctylamine, trinonylamine, tridecylamine, tridodecylamine, tricetylamine, N,N,N′,N′-tetramethylmethylenediamine, N,N,N′,N′-tetramethylethylenediamine, and N,N,N′,N′-tetramethyltetraethylenepentamine. 
     Examples of suitable mixed amines include dimethylethylamine, methylethylpropylamine, benzylamine, phenethylamine, and benzyldimethylamine. Examples of suitable aromatic and heterocyclic amines include aniline derivatives (e.g., aniline, N-methylaniline, N-ethylaniline, N-propylaniline, N,N-dimethylaniline, 2-methylaniline, 3-methylaniline, 4-methylaniline, ethylaniline, propylaniline, trimethylaniline, 2-nitroaniline, 3-nitroaniline, 4-nitroaniline, 2,4-dinitroaniline, 2,6-dinitroaniline, 3,5-dinitroaniline, and N,N-dimethyltoluidine), diphenyl(p-tolyl)amine, methyldiphenylamine, triphenylamine, phenylenediamine, naphthylamine, diaminonaphthalene, pyrrole derivatives (e.g., pyrrole, 2H-pyrrole, 1-methylpyrrole, 2,4-dimethylpyrrole, 2,5-dimethylpyrrole, and N-methylpyrrole), oxazole derivatives (e.g., oxazole and isooxazole), thiazole derivatives (e.g., thiazole and isothiazole), imidazole derivatives (e.g., imidazole, 4-methylimidazole, and 4-methyl-2-phenylimidazole), pyrazole derivatives, furazan derivatives, pyrroline derivatives (e.g., pyrroline and 2-methyl-1-pyrroline), pyrrolidine derivatives (e.g., pyrrolidine, N-methylpyrrolidine, pyrrolidinone, and N-methylpyrrolidone), imidazoline derivatives, imidazolidine derivatives, pyridine derivatives (e.g., pyridine, methylpyridine, ethylpyridine, propylpyridine, butylpyridine, 4-(1-butylpentyl)pyridine, dimethylpyridine, trimethylpyridine, triethylpyridine, phenylpyridine, 3-methyl-2-phenylpyridine, 4-tert-butylpyridine, diphenylpyridine, benzylpyridine, methoxypyridine, butoxypyridine, dimethoxypyridine, 1-methyl-2-pyridine, 4-pyrrolidinopyridine, 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridine, 2-(1-ethylpropyl)pyridine, aminopyridine, and dimethylaminopyridine), pyridazine derivatives, pyrimidine derivatives, pyrazine derivatives, pyrazoline derivatives, pyrazolidine derivatives, piperidine derivatives, piperazine derivatives, morpholine derivatives, indole derivatives, isoindole derivatives, 1H-indazole derivatives, indoline derivatives, quinoline derivatives (e.g., quinoline and 3-quinolinecarbonitrile), isoquinoline derivatives, cinnoline derivatives, quinazoline derivatives, quinoxaline derivatives, phthalazine derivatives, purine derivatives, pteridine derivatives, carbazole derivatives, phenanthridine derivatives, acridine derivatives, phenazine derivatives, 1,10-phenanthroline derivatives, adenine derivatives, adenosine derivatives, guanine derivatives, guanosine derivatives, uracil derivatives, and uridine derivatives. 
     Examples of suitable nitrogen-containing compounds having carboxyl group include aminobenzoic acid, indolecarboxylic acid, and amino acid derivatives (e.g. nicotinic acid, alanine, alginine, aspartic acid, glutamic acid, glycine, histidine, isoleucine, glycylleucine, leucine, methionine, phenylalanine, threonine, lysine, 3-aminopyrazine-2-carboxylic acid, and methoxyalanine). Examples of suitable nitrogen-containing compounds having sulfonyl group include 3-pyridinesulfonic acid and pyridinium p-toluenesulfonate. Examples of suitable nitrogen-containing compounds having hydroxyl group, nitrogen-containing compounds having hydroxyphenyl group, and alcoholic nitrogen-containing compounds include 2-hydroxypyridine, aminocresol, 2,4-quinolinediol, 3-indolemethanol hydrate, monoethanolamine, diethanolamine, triethanolamine, N-ethyldiethanolamine, N,N-diethylethanolamine, triisopropanolamine, 2,2′-iminodiethanol, 2-aminoethanol, 3-amino-1-propanol, 4-amino-1-butanol, 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)morpholine, 2-(2-hydroxyethyl)pyridine, 1-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazine, 1-[2-(2-hydroxyethoxy)ethyl]piperazine, piperidine ethanol, 1-(2-hydroxyethyl)pyrrolidine, 1-(2-hydroxyethyl)-2-pyrrolidinone, 3-piperidino-1,2-propanediol, 3-pyrrolidino-1,2-propanediol, 8-hydroxyjulolidine, 3-quinuclidinol, 3-tropanol, 1-methyl-2-pyrrolidine ethanol, 1-aziridine ethanol, N-(2-hydroxyethyl)phthalimide, and N-(2-hydroxyethyl)isonicotinamide. Examples of suitable amide derivatives include formamide, N-methylformamide, N,N-dimethylformamide, acetamide, N-methylacetamide, N,N-dimethylacetamide, propionamide, and benzamide. Suitable imide derivatives include phthalimide, succinimide, and maleimide. 
     In addition, basic compounds of the following general formula (B)-1 may also be included alone or in admixture.
 
N(X) a (Y) 3-a   (B)-1
 
     In the formula, “a” is equal to 1, 2 or 3; Y is independently hydrogen or a straight, branched or cyclic alkyl group of 1 to 20 carbon atoms which may contain a hydroxyl or ether moiety; and X is independently selected from groups of the following general formulas (X)-1 to (X)-3, and two or three X may bond together to form a ring with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached. 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     In the formulas, R 300 , R 302  and R 305  are independently a straight or branched C 1 -C 4  alkylene group. R 301  and R 304  are independently hydrogen, or a straight, branched or cyclic C 1 -C 20  alkyl group which may contain at least one hydroxyl, ether or ester moiety or lactone ring. R 303  is a single bond or a straight or branched C 1 -C 4  alkylene group. R 306  is a straight, branched or cyclic C 1 -C 20  alkyl group which may contain at least one hydroxyl, ether or ester moiety or lactone ring. 
     Illustrative examples of the basic compounds of formula (B)-1 include tris(2-methoxymethoxyethyl)amine, tris{2-(2-methoxyethoxy)ethyl}amine, tris{2-(2-methoxyethoxymethoxy)ethyl}amine, tris{2-(1-methoxyethoxy)ethyl}amine, tris{2-(1-ethoxyethoxy)ethyl}amine, tris{2-(1-ethoxypropoxy)ethyl}amine, tris[2-{2-(2-hydroxyethoxy)ethoxy}ethyl]amine, 4,7,13,16,21,24-hexaoxa-1,10-diazabicyclo[8.8.8]hexacosane, 4,7,13,18-tetraoxa-1,10-diazabicyclo[8.5.5]eicosane, 1,4,10,13-tetraoxa-7,16-diazabicyclooctadecane, 1-aza-12-crown-4, 1-aza-15-crown-5, 1-aza-18-crown-6, tris(2-formyloxyethyl)amine, tris(2-acetoxyethyl)amine, tris(2-propionyloxyethyl)amine, tris(2-butyryloxyethyl)amine, tris(2-isobutyryloxyethyl)amine, tris(2-valeryloxyethyl)amine, tris(2-pivaloyloxyethyl)amine, N,N-bis(2-acetoxyethyl)-2-(acetoxyacetoxy)ethylamine, tris(2-methoxycarbonyloxyethyl)amine, tris(2-tert-butoxycarbonyloxyethyl)amine, tris[2-(2-oxopropoxy)ethyl]amine, tris[2-(methoxycarbonylmethyl)oxyethyl]amine, tris[2-(tert-butoxycarbonylmethyloxy)ethyl]amine, tris[2-(cyclohexyloxycarbonylmethyloxy)ethyl]amine, tris(2-methoxycarbonylethyl)amine, tris(2-ethoxycarbonylethyl)amine, N,N-bis(2-hydroxyethyl)-2-(methoxycarbonyl)ethylamine, N,N-bis(2-acetoxyethyl)-2-(methoxycarbonyl)ethylamine, N,N-bis(2-hydroxyethyl)-2-(ethoxycarbonyl)ethylamine, N,N-bis(2-acetoxyethyl)-2-(ethoxycarbonyl)ethylamine, N,N-bis(2-hydroxyethyl)-2-(2-methoxyethoxycarbonyl)ethylamine, N,N-bis(2-acetoxyethyl)-2-(2-methoxyethoxycarbonyl)ethylamine, N,N-bis(2-hydroxyethyl)-2-(2-hydroxyethoxycarbonyl)ethylamine, N,N-bis(2-acetoxyethyl)-2-(2-acetoxyethoxycarbonyl)ethylamine, N,N-bis(2-hydroxyethyl)-2-[(methoxycarbonyl)methoxycarbonyl]-ethylamine, N,N-bis(2-acetoxyethyl)-2-[(methoxycarbonyl)methoxycarbonyl]-ethylamine, N,N-bis(2-hydroxyethyl)-2-(2-oxopropoxycarbonyl)ethylamine, N,N-bis(2-acetoxyethyl)-2-(2-oxopropoxycarbonyl)ethylamine, N,N-bis(2-hydroxyethyl)-2-(tetrahydrofurfuryloxycarbonyl)ethylamine, N,N-bis(2-acetoxyethyl)-2-(tetrahydrofurfuryloxycarbonyl)ethylamine, N,N-bis(2-hydroxyethyl)-2-[(2-oxotetrahydrofuran-3-yl)oxycarbonyl]ethylamine, N,N-bis(2-acetoxyethyl)-2-[(2-oxotetrahydrofuran-3-yl)oxycarbonyl]ethylamine, N,N-bis(2-hydroxyethyl)-2-(4-hydroxybutoxycarbonyl)ethylamine, N,N-bis(2-formyloxyethyl)-2-(4-formyloxybutoxycarbonyl)ethylamine, N,N-bis(2-formyloxyethyl)-2-(2-formyloxyethoxycarbonyl)ethylamine, N,N-bis(2-methoxyethyl)-2-(methoxycarbonyl)ethylamine, N-(2-hydroxyethyl)-bis[2-(methoxycarbonyl)ethyl]amine, N-(2-acetoxyethyl)-bis[2-(methoxycarbonyl)ethyl]amine, N-(2-hydroxyethyl)-bis[2-(ethoxycarbonyl)ethyl]amine, N-(2-acetoxyethyl)-bis[2-(ethoxycarbonyl)ethyl]amine, N-(3-hydroxy-1-propyl)-bis[2-(methoxycarbonyl)ethyl]amine, N-(3-acetoxy-1-propyl)-bis[2-(methoxycarbonyl)ethyl]amine, N-(2-methoxyethyl)-bis[2-(methoxycarbonyl)ethyl]amine, N-butyl-bis[2-(methoxycarbonyl)ethyl]amine, N-butyl-bis[2-(2-methoxyethoxycarbonyl)ethyl]amine, N-methyl-bis(2-acetoxyethyl)amine, N-ethyl-bis(2-acetoxyethyl)amine, N-methyl-bis(2-pivaloyloxyethyl)amine, N-ethyl-bis[2-(methoxycarbonyloxy)ethyl]amine, N-ethyl-bis[2-(tert-butoxycarbonyloxy)ethyl]amine, tris(methoxycarbonylmethyl)amine, tris(ethoxycarbonylmethyl)amine, N-butyl-bis(methoxycarbonylmethyl)amine, N-hexyl-bis(methoxycarbonylmethyl)amine, and β-(diethylamino)-δ-valerolactone. 
     The basic compounds may be used alone or in admixture of two or more. The basic compound (E) is preferably formulated in an amount of 0 to 2 parts, and especially 0.01 to 1 part by weight per 100 parts by weight of the base resin. More than 2 parts of the basic compound may result in too low a sensitivity. 
     If desired, any additives such as leveling agents, dyes, pigments and surfactants may be added to the resist composition. 
     Illustrative, non-limiting, examples of the surfactant include nonionic surfactants, for example, polyoxyethylene alkyl ethers such as polyoxyethylene lauryl ether, polyoxyethylene stearyl ether, polyoxyethylene cetyl ether, and polyoxyethylene oleyl ether, polyoxyethylene alkylaryl ethers such as polyoxyethylene octylphenol ether and polyoxyethylene nonylphenol ether, polyoxyethylene polyoxypropylene block copolymers, sorbitan fatty acid esters such as sorbitan monolaurate, sorbitan monopalmitate, and sorbitan monostearate, and polyoxyethylene sorbitan fatty acid esters such as polyoxyethylene sorbitan monolaurate, polyoxyethylene sorbitan monopalmitate, polyoxyethylene sorbitan monostearate, polyoxyethylene sorbitan trioleate, and polyoxyethylene sorbitan tristearate; fluorochemical surfactants such as EFTOP EF301, EF303 and EF352 (Tohkem Products Co., Ltd.), Megaface F171, F172 and F173 (DIC Corp.), Fluorad FC-430 and FC-431 (Sumitomo 3M Co., Ltd.), Surfynol E1004 (Nissin Chemical Industry Co., Ltd.), Aashiguard AG710, Surflon S-381, S-382, SC101, SC102, SC103, SC104, SC105, SC106, KH-10, KH-20, KH-30 and KH-40 (AGC Seimi Chemical Co., Ltd.); organosiloxane polymers KP341, X-70-092 and X-70-093 (Shin-Etsu Chemical Co., Ltd.), acrylic acid or methacrylic acid Polyflow No. 75 and No. 95 (Kyoeisha Ushi Kagaku Kogyo Co., Ltd.). Inter alia, FC-430, Surflon S-381, Surfynol E1004, KH-20 and KH-30 are preferred. These surfactants may be used alone or in admixture. 
     In the chemically amplified resist composition, the surfactant is formulated in an amount of up to 2 parts, and preferably up to 1 part by weight per 100 parts by weight of the base resin. 
     In the resist composition, other optional components may be added, for example, a light absorbing substance for reducing diffuse reflection from the substrate, a compound having 1,2-naphthoquinonediazidesulfonyl group in the molecule, and a dissolution accelerator. Such optional components may be added in conventional amounts as long as they do not compromise the benefits of the invention. 
     Suitable light absorbing substances include azo compounds such as 2-benzeneazo-4-methylphenol and 4-hydroxy-4′-dimethylaminoazobenzene, and curcumin. 
     The compounds having 1,2-naphthoquinonediazidesulfonyl group in the molecule include compounds having in the molecule a 1,2-naphthoquinonediazidesulfonyl group represented by the general formula (9) or (10). 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     Examples of the parent compound into which a 1,2-naphthoquinonediazidesulfonyl group is introduced include tri- or tetrahydroxybenzophenone, ballast molecules having a phenolic hydroxyl group as represented by the general formula (11), and novolac resins comprising recurring units of the following formula (16) and having a Mw of 2,000 to 20,000, preferably 3,000 to 10,000. 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     Herein R 101  to R 106  are each independently hydrogen, methyl, a group of formula (12), or a group of formula (13), j is an integer of 0 to 2, k is an integer of 0 to 2, with the proviso that j is 1 or 2 when k=0. When k is 0 and j is 1, A is hydrogen, methyl or a group of formula (12). When k is 0 and j is 2, one A is methylene or a group of formula (14), and the other A is hydrogen, methyl or a group of formula (12). When k is 1, A is methylene or a group of formula (14). When k is 2 and j is 1, A is methine or a group of formula (15). When j is 2, one A is methylene or a group of formula (14), and the other A is methine or a group of formula (15). 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     The subscripts d, e, f, g, h, v, and w each are an integer of 0 to 3, satisfying d+e 5, f+g≦4, and v+w≦3. 
     The low nuclear compound (or ballast molecule) of formula (11) is preferably designed such that the number of benzene rings is 2 to 20, more preferably 2 to 10, and even more preferably 3 to 6 benzene rings, and a ratio of the number of phenolic hydroxyl groups to the number of benzene rings is from 0.5/1 to 2.5/1, more preferably from 0.7 to 2.0, and even more preferably from 0.8 to 1.5. 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     Herein, mm is an integer of 0 to 3. 
     The novolac resin of formula (16) may be synthesized by carrying out condensation reaction of a phenol having the following formula (17) with an aldehyde by a standard method. 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     Herein, mm is an integer of 0 to 3. 
     Examples of the phenol having formula (17) include o-cresol, m-cresol, p-cresol, and 3,5-xylenol, which may be used alone or in admixture. Examples of the aldehyde include formaldehyde, paraformaldehyde, acetaldehyde, and benzaldehyde, with formaldehyde being preferred. 
     The phenol of formula (17) and the aldehyde are preferably combined in a molar ratio of 0.2/1 to 2/1, more preferably 0.3 to 2. 
     The preferred method of introducing a 1,2-naphthoquinonediazidesulfonyl group into the parent compound is by dehydrochlorination condensation reaction of 1,2-naphthoquinonediazidesulfonyl chloride with phenolic hydroxyl group in the presence of a base catalyst. When the parent compound is a ballast molecule of formula (11) or tri- or tetrahydroxybenzophenone, the hydrogen of phenolic hydroxyl group is preferably substituted by 1,2-naphthoquinonediazidesulfonyl in a proportion of 10 to 100 mol %, more preferably 50 to 100 mol %. When the parent compound is a novolac resin of formula (16), the hydrogen of phenolic hydroxyl group is preferably substituted by 1,2-naphthoquinonediazidesulfonyl in a proportion of 2 to 50 mol %, more preferably 3 to 27 mol %. 
     The compound having a 1,2-naphthoquinonediazidesulfonyl group in the molecule is preferably added in an amount of 0.1 to 15 parts, more preferably 0.5 to 10 parts by weight to 80 parts by weight of the base resin. Less than 0.1 parts of the compound may be ineffective for improving the resolution of the resist composition whereas more than 15 parts may adversely affect the sensitivity. 
     Typically the dissolution accelerator is a low nuclear compound of formula (11), defined above, in which the number of benzene rings is 2 to 20, more preferably 2 to 10, and even more preferably 3 to 6 benzene rings, and a ratio of the number of phenolic hydroxyl groups to the number of benzene rings is from 0.5/1 to 2.5/1, more preferably from 0.7 to 2.0, and even more preferably from 0.8 to 1.5. Examples of the low nuclear compound are shown below as (E-1) to (E-43). 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     The dissolution accelerator, which may be used alone or in admixture, is preferably added in an amount of 0 to 10 parts, more preferably 0.05 to 5 parts by weight to 80 parts by weight of the base resin. More than 10 parts of the dissolution accelerator may adversely affect resolution and heat resistance. 
     Process 
     The positive resist composition of the invention may be used to form a pattern by any well-known lithography processes. For example, the resist composition is applied onto a substrate by suitable coating techniques, typically spin coating. The substrate may be a silicon wafer or a substrate having an electroconductive layer on its surface, for example, a substrate having a metal film of gold, silver, copper, nickel or the like formed by evaporation or plating. The coating is prebaked at a temperature of 80 to 130° C. for 50 to 600 seconds to form a resist film having a thickness of 5 to 100 μm, preferably 10 to 80 μm, more preferably 20 to 80 μm, and most preferably 30 to 70 μm. Through a mask having a desired pattern held above the resist film, the resist film is then exposed to high-energy radiation having a wavelength of up to 500 nm, such as i-line or g-line. The exposure dose is preferably in the range of about 1 to 5,000 mJ/cm 2 , more preferably about 100 to 2,000 mJ/cm 2 . If desired, the film may be baked (PEB) on a hot plate at 60 to 150° C. for 1 to 10 minutes, preferably 80 to 120° C. for 1 to 5 minutes. Thereafter the resist film is developed with a developer in the form of an aqueous base solution, for example, 0.1 to 5 wt %, preferably 2 to 3 wt % aqueous solution of tetramethylammonium hydroxide (TMAH) for 0.5 to 20 minutes, preferably 1 to 10 minutes by conventional techniques such as dip, puddle or spray development. In this way, a desired resist pattern is formed on the substrate. After the development, post-bake may be effected at 50 to 100° C. for 10 to 600 seconds if desired. 
     Next, a metal pattern is formed on the resist pattern-bearing substrate. Specifically, electroplating or electroless plating may be carried out to form a metal pattern on the substrate. Examples of the metal to be plated include Au, Ag, Cu, Fe, Ni and the like. The metal film preferably has a thickness of 5 to 100 μm, more preferably 10 to 70 μm, and even more preferably 10 to 60 μm. 
     In the case of electroplating, a metal film may be deposited in a plating bath containing a metal ion and a mineral acid (e.g., nitric acid, sulfuric acid, hydrochloric acid or hydrofluoric acid) by conducting electric current at a current density of 0.5 to 20 A/dm 2  for about 0.5 minute to 3 hours. 
     The electroless plating may be either displacement plating or reduction plating. The substrate is immersed in a commonly used plating bath containing a metal salt (e.g., sulfite, thiosulfate or chloride), a complexing agent, a reducing agent, and the like, at 5 to 80° C. 
     Optional additives such as well-known surfactants may be added to the electroplating and electroless plating baths. Not only single layer plating, but also multilayer plating by a combination of electroplating and electroless plating are acceptable. 
     The resulting plating layer may be heat treated if desired. The resist is removed using a suitable solvent, leaving the metal pattern-bearing substrate which is ready for use in the intended application. 
     EXAMPLE 
     Examples of the invention are given below by way of illustration and not by way of limitation. 
     Examples 1 to 12 
     A resist solution was prepared by selecting two polymers (Polymers 1 to 7 having recurring units identified below) as base resin, an acid generator (PAG-1 or PAG-2), a basic compound (Amine 1), a dissolution inhibitor (DRI-1), and a surfactant in accordance with the formulation shown in Table 1, dissolving them in propylene glycol monomethyl ether acetate (PGMEA), and filtering through a membrane filter having a pore size of 1.0 μm. The resist solution was spin coated onto a substrate (which was a 6-inch silicon wafer having gold deposited thereon by sputtering), and soft baked on a hot plate under the conditions shown in Table 2 to form a resist film having a thickness of 50.0 μm. 
     Comparative Examples 1 to 8 
     A resist solution was prepared as in Examples aside from using a single polymer or a different polymer (Polymer 8 or 9 having recurring units identified below) as the base resin. Note that Polymer 9 is a novolac resin having 2-naphthoquinonediazidesulfonyl ester group substituted thereon, as described below in Synthesis Example. The resist solution was spin coated onto a substrate (which was a 6-inch silicon wafer having gold deposited thereon by sputtering), and soft baked on a hot plate under the conditions shown in Table 2 to form a resist film having a thickness of 50.0 μm. 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     Synthesis Example 
     Synthesis of Polymer 9, Novolac Resin Having 2-naphthoquinonediazidesulfonyl Ester Group Substituted Thereon 
     A three-neck flask equipped with a stirrer, condenser and thermometer was charged with 75.7 g (0.7 mol) of p-cresol, 32.5 g (0.3 mol) of m-cresol, 52.3 g (0.59 mol) of 37 wt % formaldehyde aqueous solution, and 0.30 g (2.40×10 −3  mol) of oxalic acid dihydrate as a polycondensation catalyst. The flask was immersed in an oil bath to keep an internal temperature of 100° C. at which polycondensation reaction run for 1 hour. At the end of reaction, 500 ml of methyl isobutyl ketone (MIBK) was added to the reaction solution, which was stirred for 30 minutes. The water layer was separated, and the MIBK layer having the product extracted therein was washed 5 times with 300 ml of deionized water, and separated. By vacuum stripping on an evaporator at 4 mmHg and 150° C., there was obtained 87 g of a novolac resin having a Mw of 6,200. Note that Mw was measured by GPC using columns of Tosoh Corp. (two G-2000H6, one G-3000H6, and one G-4000H6) under conditions: flow rate 1.5 ml/min, eluent THF, and column temperature 40° C. 
     In a light-shielded chamber, a three-neck flask equipped with a stirrer, dropping funnel, condenser and thermometer was charged with 120 g (1 mol) of the novolac resin and 26.8 g (0.10 mol) of 1,2-naphthoquinonediazidesulfonyl chloride, which were dissolved in 400 ml of dioxane. To the flask, 10.1 g (0.10 mol) of triethylamine was added dropwise at such a rate that the internal temperature might not exceed 30° C. The reaction solution was matured for one hour, and poured into 5,000 ml of 0.1N hydrochloric acid water for re-precipitation. The precipitate was filtered and dissolved in 800 g of ethyl acetate, which was washed with water and separated. The solvent was removed by vacuum stripping at 40° C. Subsequent vacuum drying yielded 140 g of a 1,2-naphthoquinonediazidesulfonyl-esterified novolac resin. A P-NMR analysis demonstrated that 10% of the hydrogen of hydroxyl group on the novolac resin was esterified with 1,2-naphthoquinonediazidesulfonyl. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
                   
                 TABLE 1 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 Acid 
                 Basic 
                 Dissolution 
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Base resin 
                 generator 
                 compound 
                 inhibotor 
                 Solvent 
                 Surfactant 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Example 
                 1 
                 Polymer-1 
                 Polymer-5 
                 PAG-1 
                 — 
                 — 
                 PGMEA 
                 X-70-093 
               
               
                   
                   
                 (70) 
                 (10) 
                 (0.8) 
                   
                   
                 (9.5) 
                 (0.02) 
               
               
                   
                 2 
                 Polymer-2 
                 Polymer-5 
                 PAG-1 
                 — 
                 — 
                 PGMEA 
                 X-70-093 
               
               
                   
                   
                 (70) 
                 (10) 
                 (0.8) 
                   
                   
                 (9.5) 
                 (0.02) 
               
               
                   
                 3 
                 Polymer-3 
                 Polymer-5 
                 PAG-1 
                 — 
                 — 
                 PGMEA 
                 X-70-093 
               
               
                   
                   
                 (70) 
                 (10) 
                 (0.8) 
                   
                   
                 (9.5) 
                 (0.02) 
               
               
                   
                 4 
                 Polymer-4 
                 Polymer-5 
                 PAG-1 
                 — 
                 — 
                 PGMEA 
                 X-70-093 
               
               
                   
                   
                 (70) 
                 (10) 
                 (0.8) 
                   
                   
                 (9.5) 
                 (0.02) 
               
               
                   
                 5 
                 Polymer-2 
                 Polymer-6 
                 PAG-1 
                 — 
                 — 
                 PGMEA 
                 X-70-093 
               
               
                   
                   
                 (70) 
                 (10) 
                 (0.8) 
                   
                   
                 (9.5) 
                 (0.02) 
               
               
                   
                 6 
                 Polymer-2 
                 Polymer-6 
                 PAG-1 
                 — 
                 — 
                 PGMEA 
                 X-70-093 
               
               
                   
                   
                 (60) 
                 (20) 
                 (0.8) 
                   
                   
                 (9.5) 
                 (0.02) 
               
               
                   
                 7 
                 Polymer-2 
                 Polymer-6 
                 PAG-2 
                 Amine-1 
                 — 
                 PGMEA 
                 X-70-093 
               
               
                   
                   
                 (70) 
                 (10) 
                 (1.5) 
                 (0.1) 
                   
                 (9.5) 
                 (0.02) 
               
               
                   
                 8 
                 Polymer-2 
                 Polymer-6 
                 PAG-2 
                 Amine-1 
                 — 
                 PGMEA 
                 X-70-093 
               
               
                   
                   
                 (60) 
                 (20) 
                 (1.5) 
                 (0.1) 
                   
                 (9.5) 
                 (0.02) 
               
               
                   
                 9 
                 Polymer-3 
                 Polymer-6 
                 PAG-2 
                 Amine-1 
                 — 
                 PGMEA 
                 X-70-093 
               
               
                   
                   
                 (70) 
                 (10) 
                 (1.5) 
                 (0.1) 
                   
                 (9.5) 
                 (0.02) 
               
               
                   
                 10 
                 Polymer-2 
                 Polymer-7 
                 PAG-2 
                 Amine-1 
                 — 
                 PGMEA 
                 X-70-093 
               
               
                   
                   
                 (70) 
                 (10) 
                 (1.5) 
                 (0.1) 
                   
                 (9.5) 
                 (0.02) 
               
               
                   
                 11 
                 Polymer-2 
                 Polymer-7 
                 PAG-2 
                 Amine-1 
                 — 
                 PGMEA 
                 X-70-093 
               
               
                   
                   
                 (60) 
                 (20) 
                 (1.5) 
                 (0.1) 
                   
                 (9.5) 
                 (0.02) 
               
               
                   
                 12 
                 Polymer-2 
                 Polymer-5 
                 PAG-1 
                 Amine-1 
                 DRI-1 
                 PGMEA 
                 X-70-093 
               
               
                   
                   
                 (70) 
                 (10) 
                 (0.8) 
                 (0.1) 
                 (5.0) 
                 (9.5) 
                 (0.02) 
               
               
                 Comparative 
                 1 
                 Polymer-2 
                 — 
                 PAG-1 
                 — 
                   
                 PGMEA 
                 X-70-093 
               
               
                 Example 
                   
                 (70) 
                   
                 (0.8) 
                   
                   
                 (9.5) 
                 (0.02) 
               
               
                   
                 2 
                 Polymer-3 
                 — 
                 PAG-1 
                 — 
                   
                 PGMEA 
                 X-70-093 
               
               
                   
                   
                 (70) 
                   
                 (0.8) 
                   
                   
                 (9.5) 
                 (0.02) 
               
               
                   
                 3 
                 Polymer-2 
                 — 
                 PAG-2 
                 Amine-1 
                   
                 PGMEA 
                 X-70-093 
               
               
                   
                   
                 (70) 
                   
                 (1.5) 
                 (0.1) 
                   
                 (9.5) 
                 (0.02) 
               
               
                   
                 4 
                 Polymer-3 
                 — 
                 PAG-2 
                 Amine-1 
                   
                 PGMEA 
                 X-70-093 
               
               
                   
                   
                 (70) 
                   
                 (1.5) 
                 (0.1) 
                   
                 (9.5) 
                 (0.02) 
               
               
                   
                 5 
                 Polymer-8 
                 Polymer-6 
                 PAG-1 
                 — 
                   
                 PGMEA 
                 X-70-093 
               
               
                   
                   
                 (70) 
                 (10) 
                 (0.8) 
                   
                   
                 (9.5) 
                 (0.02) 
               
               
                   
                 6 
                 Polymer-9 
                 Polymer-6 
                 PAG-1 
                 — 
                   
                 PGMEA 
                 X-70-093 
               
               
                   
                   
                 (70) 
                 (10) 
                 (0.8) 
                   
                   
                 (9.5) 
                 (0.02) 
               
               
                   
                 7 
                 Polymer-8 
                 Polymer-6 
                 PAG-2 
                 Amine-1 
                   
                 PGMEA 
                 X-70-093 
               
               
                   
                   
                 (70) 
                 (10) 
                 (1.5) 
                 (0.1) 
                   
                 (9.5) 
                 (0.02) 
               
               
                   
                 8 
                 Polymer-9 
                 Polymer-6 
                 PAG-2 
                 Amine-1 
                   
                 PGMEA 
                 X-70-093 
               
               
                   
                   
                 (70) 
                 (10) 
                 (1.5) 
                 (0.1) 
                   
                 (9.5) 
                 (0.02) 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 The value in parentheses is in parts by weight. 
               
            
           
         
       
     
     It is noted that the surfactant used is 0.02 part by weight of X-70-093 (surfactant having perfluoroalkyl-containing siloxane group combined with polyoxyethylene type polyether group, available from Shin-Etsu Chemical Co., Ltd.) 
     Patterning of Resist Composition 
     Next, using an i-line stepper NSR-1755i7A (Nikon Corp., NA=0.50), the resist film was exposed to i-line through a reticle. The resist film was baked (PEB) under the conditions shown in Table 2 and developed with a 2.38 wt % tetramethylammonium hydroxide aqueous solution. Specifically, development was carried out by dispensing the developer to the substrate for 10 seconds while spinning the substrate, and holding the developer stationary on the resist film for 50 seconds. Provided that the steps of dispensing and static holding of the developer constitute one development cycle, the optimum number of development cycles when scum, foreign particles or residues are not observed in the space of a 50-μm 1:1 line-and-space pattern was evaluated. The optimum number of development cycles is reported in Table 2. This was followed by deionized water rinsing and drying. 
     The resist pattern resulting from development was observed under a scanning electron microscope (SEM). The sensitivity was defined as the exposure dose (mJ/cm 2 ) which resolved the space of a 50-μm 1:1 line-and-space pattern to 50 μm, with the results shown in Table 2. The profile of a 50-μm 1:1 line-and-space pattern at the dose is also reported in Table 2. It was confirmed whether or not the pattern deformed and/or collapsed owing to generation of bubbles or the like. 
                                                 TABLE 2                       Soft bake   PEB   Development   Sensitivity       Pattern           (° C./300 sec)   (° C./120 sec)   cycles   (mJ/cm 2 )   Bubbles   profile                                                                    Example   1   130   120   6   1,100   no   rectangular           2   130   120   6   1,000   no   rectangular           3   130   120   6   1,000   no   rectangular           4   130   120   6   1,000   no   rectangular           5   130   120   6   1,100   no   rectangular           6   130   120   6   900   no   rectangular           7   110   110   6   800   no   rectangular           8   110   110   6   700   no   rectangular           9   110   110   6   800   no   rectangular           10   110   110   6   700   no   rectangular           11   110   110   6   600   no   rectangular           12   130   110   6   1,100   no   rectangular       Comparative   1   130   120   6   1,000   no   rectangular       Example   2   130   120   6   1,000   no   rectangular           3   110   110   6   700   no   rectangular           4   110   110   6   800   no   rectangular           5   130   120   12   1,800   no   twisted midway           6   130   120   12   2,400   no   tapered           7   110   110   12   1,700   no   twisted midway           8   110   110   12   2,200   no   tapered                    
Crack Resistance Test
 
     After the resist pattern was formed as above, the resist pattern and the substrate surface was treated with an oxygen plasma by operating a dry etching system DEM-451 (Nichiden Anelva Co., Ltd.) at 100 W for 30 seconds, to effect ashing. The substrate was immersed in a gold plating bath (Tanaka Precious Metals K.K., Microfab Au100, pH 4.6), where electroplating of gold was carried out by a constant current flow at 60° C. for 100 minutes, depositing a gold layer of about 15 μm thick. After plating, the surface was washed with flowing deionized water. The resist surface was observed under an optical microscope and SEM. The resist film was examined for deformation and cracking by growth stress of plating. With respect to crack resistance, 4,500 points or crack-sensitive corners on a resist pattern as shown in  FIG. 1  were inspected. The number of cracks generated was counted. The sample was rated high crack resistance when the count was less than 100 points among 4,500 points. The results are shown in Table 3. In  FIG. 1 , “A” designates a crack inspecting area which includes 6×5×5=150 points within one shot ranging from 50 μm to 10 μm, indicating that on the entire wafer surface (30 shots, shown left), 150×30=4,500 points were inspected. 
     Solder Plating Bath Test 
     After the resist pattern was formed as above, the substrate was immersed in a plating bath. Thereafter, the resist pattern was observed under SEM. The sample was rated good when the resist pattern after plating bath immersion was unchanged from the resist pattern prior to immersion. The results are shown in Table 3. 
     The plating bath conditions included an electroplating bath TS-120 (Sn—Ag alloy plating solution, Ishihara Chemical Co., Ltd.), 25° C., and 120 minutes of immersion. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
             
               
                   
                 TABLE 3 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Crack resistance test 
                 Plating bath test 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                 Example 1 
                 good 
                 unchanged 
               
               
                 Example 2 
                 good 
                 unchanged 
               
               
                 Example 3 
                 good 
                 unchanged 
               
               
                 Example 4 
                 good 
                 unchanged 
               
               
                 Example 5 
                 good 
                 unchanged 
               
               
                 Example 6 
                 good 
                 unchanged 
               
               
                 Example 7 
                 good 
                 unchanged 
               
               
                 Example 8 
                 good 
                 unchanged 
               
               
                 Example 9 
                 good 
                 unchanged 
               
               
                 Example 10 
                 good 
                 unchanged 
               
               
                 Example 11 
                 good 
                 unchanged 
               
               
                 Example 12 
                 good 
                 unchanged 
               
               
                 Comparative Example 1 
                 many cracks observed 
                 unchanged 
               
               
                 Comparative Example 2 
                 many cracks observed 
                 unchanged 
               
               
                 Comparative Example 3 
                 many cracks observed 
                 unchanged 
               
               
                 Comparative Example 4 
                 many cracks observed 
                 unchanged 
               
               
                 Comparative Example 5 
                 good 
                 noticeably deformed 
               
               
                   
                   
                 by swell 
               
               
                 Comparative Example 6 
                 good 
                 unchanged 
               
               
                 Comparative Example 7 
                 good 
                 noticeably deformed 
               
               
                   
                   
                 by swell 
               
               
                 Comparative Example 8 
                 good 
                 unchanged 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Japanese Patent Application No. 2011-008909 is incorporated herein by reference. 
     Although some preferred embodiments have been described, many modifications and variations may be made thereto in light of the above teachings. It is therefore to be understood that the invention may be practiced otherwise than as specifically described without departing from the scope of the appended claims.