Patent Publication Number: US-10333009-B2

Title: Coated glasses having a low sheet resistance, a smooth surface, and/or a low thermal emissivity

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This application is a divisional of U.S. application Ser. No. 13/736,316, filed Jan. 8, 2013 and titled COATED GLASSES HAVING A LOW SHEET RESISTANCE, A SMOOTH SURFACE, AND/OR A LOW THERMAL EMISSIVITY, which claimed priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 61/584,837 filed Jan. 10, 2012 and titled COATED GLASSES HAVING A LOW SHEET RESISTIVITY, A SMOOTH SURFACE, AND/OR A LOW THERMAL EMISSIVITY, all of which applications are herein incorporated by reference in their entirety. 
    
    
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     1. Field of the Invention 
     This invention relates to coated glasses having a low sheet resistance, a smooth surface and/or a low thermal emissivity, and more particularly, to a pyrolytic fluorine doped tin oxide coating having a low sheet resistance, e.g. below 14 ohms/square, a smooth outer coating surface, e.g. an outer coating surface roughness of less than 15 nanometers (“nm”) root mean square, and/or a low thermal emissivity. 
     2. Discussion of the Technology 
     As is appreciated by those skilled in the coating art, glass sheets are coated to, among other things, provide a coated glass having optical, physical and electrical properties different from the optical, physical and electrical properties of the uncoated glass. By way of illustration and not limiting to the discussion, a pyrolytic chemical vapor deposition (“CVD”) coating of fluorine doped tin oxide deposited on glass provides a coated glass having visible and infrared transmission, percent haze, emissivity, surface roughness, and sheet resistance, e.g. sheet resistance different from the sheet resistance of the uncoated glass sheet. 
     Unfortunately, altering one set of properties can result in another set of properties to be outside a desired range. For example, and not limiting to the discussion, decreasing the sheet resistance of a fluorine doped tin oxide coating by increasing the coating thickness, e.g. as disclosed in column 3, lines 59-68 of U.S. Pat. No. 3,677,814 (“USPN &#39;814”) increases the surface roughness. The limitation associated with increasing the surface roughness by increasing the coating thickness can be reduced by increasing the fluoride content of the organic tin composition, e.g. as disclosed in column 4, lines 30-34 of U.S. Pat. No. 3,107,177 (“USPN &#39;177”). The drawback with this technique is that large additions of fluorine, above a certain level, e.g. ammonium fluoride, are not effective, e.g. as disclosed in column 3, lines 41-53 of USPN &#39;814 in increasing the conductivity of the coating which reduces the sheet resistance. 
     As can now be appreciated, it would be advantageous to provide a technique to alter the properties of CVD fluorine doped tin oxide coating to, among other things, decrease sheet resistance with nominal increase in coating thickness; reduce the surface roughness of the coating and/or decrease the thermal emissivity of the coating. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     This invention relates to a coated glass sheet including, among other things, a glass substrate, and an electrically conductive film over a surface of the glass substrate, the conductive film including, among other things, a sheet resistance in the range of 9.5 to 14.0 ohms/square; an emissivity in the range of 0.14 to 0.17 and an absorption coefficient of greater than 1.5×10 3  cm −1  in the wavelength range of 400-1100 nanometers, and a Surface height mean square of less than 15 nanometers, wherein the properties are determined at a substrate thickness of 3.2 millimeters. 
     The invention further relates to a coated glass sheet including, among other things, a glass substrate, and an electrically conductive film over a surface of the glass substrate, the electrically conductive film including, among other things comprising a doped tin oxide pyrolytically deposited film on a surface of the glass substrate, wherein dopant of the doped tin oxide film is fluorine and a co-dopant or alloying constituent selected from the group of phosphorous, boron and mixtures of phosphorous and boron. 
     The invention still further an article of manufacture including, among other things, a glass substrate, and an electrically conductive film over a surface of the glass substrate, the conductive film selected from a group comprising Embodiment A, Embodiment B and Embodiment c, wherein the conductive film of Embodiment A includes, among other things, a sheet resistance in the range of 9.5 to 14.0 ohms/square; an emissivity in the range of 0.14 to 0.17 and an absorption coefficient of greater than 1.5×10 3  cm −1  in the wavelength range of 400-1100 nanometers, and a Surface height root mean square of less than 15 nanometers, wherein the properties are determined at a substrate thickness of 3.2 millimeters; the conductive film of Embodiment B includes, among other things, a phosphorous-fluorine doped tin oxide pyrolytically deposited film over the surface of the glass sheet, wherein coating vapor of the deposited film comprises a tin precursor, a phosphorous precursor and a fluorine precursor, and the ratio of the phosphorous precursor to the tin precursor is in the range of greater than 0 to 0.4, and the conductive film of Embodiment C includes, among other things a boron-fluorine doped tin oxide pyrolytically deposited film over the surface of the glass sheet, wherein coating vapor of the deposited film comprises a tin precursor, a boron precursor and a fluorine precursor, and the ratio of the boron precursor to the tin precursor is in the range 0 to 0.4. 
    
    
     
       DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         FIG. 1  is a cross-sectional view of the exit end of a float glass forming chamber that can be used in the practice of the invention. 
         FIGS. 2-4  are side views of non-limiting embodiments of pieces of coated glass ribbons incorporating features of the invention. 
         FIG. 5  is a copy of a photograph of crystal orientation of a fluorine doped tin oxide film of the prior art. 
         FIG. 6  is a copy of a photograph of crystal orientation of a fluorine doped tin oxide film of the invention. 
         FIG. 7  is an isometric view of a coated glass sheet of the invention. 
         FIG. 8  is a sectional view of an edge assembly of a multi-sheet insulating unit incorporating features of the invention. 
         FIG. 9  is a cross sectional view of a multi-sheet unit incorporating features of the invention. 
         FIG. 10  is an elevated side view of an organic light emitting diode incorporating features of the invention. 
         FIG. 11  is an elevated side view of a solar cell incorporating features of the invention. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
     As used herein, spatial or directional terms such as “inner”, “outer, and the like, relate to the invention as it is shown in the drawing of the figures. However, it is to be understood that the invention can assume various alternative orientations and, accordingly, such terms are not to be considered as limiting. Further, all numbers expressing dimensions, physical characteristics, and so forth, used in the specification and claims are to be understood as being modified in all instances by the term “about”. Accordingly, unless indicated to the contrary, the numerical values set forth in the following specification and claims can vary depending upon the property desired and/or sought to be obtained by the present invention. At the very least, and not as an attempt to limit the application of the doctrine of equivalents to the scope of the claims, each numerical parameter should at least be construed in light of the number of reported significant digits and by applying ordinary rounding techniques. Moreover, all ranges disclosed herein are to be understood to encompass any and all sub ranges subsumed therein. For example, a stated range of “1 to 10” should be considered to include any and all sub ranges between and inclusive of the minimum value of 1 and the maximum value of 10; that is, all sub ranges beginning with a minimum value of 1 or more and ending with a maximum value of 10 or less, e.g., 1 to 6.7, or 3.2 to 8.1, or 5.5 to 10. Also, as used herein, the term “mounted over” or “coated over” means over but not necessarily in surface contact with. For example, one article or component of an article “mounted over” or “coated over” another article or component of an article does not preclude the presence of materials between the articles, or between components of the article, respectively. 
     Before discussing several non-limiting embodiments of the invention, it is understood that the invention is not limited in its application to the details of the particular non-limiting embodiments shown and discussed herein since the invention is capable of other embodiments. Further, the terminology used herein to discuss the invention is for the purpose of description and is not of limitation. Still further, unless indicated otherwise, in the following discussion like numbers refer to like elements. 
     In general, but not limiting to the invention, the preferred non-limiting embodiments of the invention are directed to a doped tin oxide layer applied by a chemical vapor deposition (known in the art as “CVD”) pyrolytic coating method on a soda-lime silica glass substrate to provide the glass substrate with initial properties that in subsequent embodiments of the invention are enhanced. For a full appreciation of the invention, specific non-limiting embodiments of the invention will be discussed separately. The specific embodiments of the invention relate to, but are not limited to, Section (1) directed to a crystalline doped tin oxide coating over or on a surface of a glass substrate; Section (2) directed to an amorphous doped tin oxide film coated on or over a surface of a glass substrate, and Section (3) directed to the use of the coated substrates of Sections (1) and (2). 
     Non-limiting embodiments of the invention will be directed to coatings applied to a soda-lime-silicate continuous glass ribbon made by the float process. The invention, however, is not limited thereto and the coating can be applied to any type of substrate, e.g. metal, plastic, glass of any composition that is structurally stable at or above the coating temperature, for example but not limited to 400 degrees Fahrenheit (“° F.”). Further, the coating can be applied to glass having any shape, for example, but not limited to flat glass sheets, shaped glass sheets, e.g. but not limited to shapes for automotive windows, aircraft windows, home and commercial windows and windows for cabinets, e.g. refrigerators and ovens. 
     Section (1): Non-Limiting Embodiments of the Invention Directed to a Crystalline Doped Tin Oxide Coating Over or on a Surface of a Glass Substrate 
     In a preferred non-limiting embodiment of the invention, the doped tin oxide layer is a fluorine doped tin oxide layer applied over or on a color suppression layer by the CVD pyrolytic coating process (hereinafter also referred to as the “CVD process”). In the preferred practice of the invention, the doped tin oxide layer of the invention and the color suppression layer are applied to a surface of a continuous glass ribbon. More particularly, and with reference to  FIG. 1 , a continuous glass ribbon  22  floating on a pool of molten metal  24  moves in the direction of arrow  23 . The pool of molten metal  24  is contained in a glass forming chamber  26 , e.g. but not limited to the type disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,333,936 and 4,402,722, which patents are hereby incorporated by reference. As the glass ribbon  22  moves under a first CVD coater  28 , a color suppression film, an anti-Iridescence film, or an underlayer film  30  is applied to surface  32  of the glass ribbon  22  (see also  FIG. 2 ). The surface  32  of the ribbon  22  is opposite to surface  33  of the ribbon  22  supported on the pool  24  of molten metal. Continued movement of the glass ribbon  22  in the direction of arrow  23  moves the glass ribbon  22  under a second CVD coater  34  to apply a doped tin oxide film  36  (see  FIG. 2 ) of the invention onto surface  38  of the color suppression film  30 . As used herein, the term “color suppression” unless indicated otherwise includes “anti-iridescence”. 
     In the preferred practice of the invention, the color suppression film  30  is a gradient layer of tin oxide and silicon oxide, and is of the type disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,356,718 and 5,863,337, which patents are hereby incorporated by reference. The percent of silicon oxide in the color suppression film  30  decreases as the distance from the surface  32  of the glass ribbon  22  increases to provide a gradient color suppression film  30  having 95-100% silicon oxide at the surface  32  of the glass ribbon and 95-100% tin oxide at the surface  38  of the color suppression film  30  (see  FIG. 2 ). For a detailed discussion of the chemistry and application of the color suppression film  30  reference can be made to U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,356,718 and 5,863,337. 
     As can now be appreciated by those skilled in the art, the invention is not limited to a gradient color suppression film, and the invention contemplates a color suppression layer having a plurality of homogeneous silicon oxide and tin oxide films. More particularly and not limiting to the invention, shown in  FIG. 3  is a color suppression layer  42  having tin oxide films  44  and  46  alternating with silicon oxide films  50  and  51 . Optionally the color suppression film  30  and the color suppression layer  42  can be omitted, and the doped tin oxide film  36  of the invention can be applied directly to the surface  32  of the glass ribbon  22  as shown in  FIG. 4 . 
     For a full appreciation of this non-limiting embodiment of the invention, the doped tin oxide layer of the invention will be discussed applied to the mixed metal oxides film  30 , however, the invention is not limited thereto and can be applied to the color suppression layer  42  ( FIG. 3 ), or applied directly to the surface  32  of the glass ribbon (see  FIG. 4 ). In the preferred practice of the invention, the doped tin oxide is fluorine-doped tin oxide, the invention, however, is not limited thereto and can be practice with other doped tin oxides, e.g. but not limited to tin oxides doped with antimony and mixtures of fluorine and antimony. At the present time there is available a coated glass product sold by PPG Industries, Inc. under the trademark Sungate® 500. The Sungate® 500 coated glass has the mixed metal oxides color suppression film  30  and a fluorine doped tin oxide layer  52 . For purposes of clarity the coated glasses of this non-limiting embodiment of the invention will be referred to as “Enhanced Coated Glass” or “ECG” and the Sungate® 500 coated glass will be referred to as “Standard Coated Glass”. The properties of the Standard Coated Glass and the ECG of interest in the present discussion, but not limiting to the invention, are presented in Table 1 below. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
             
               
                 TABLE 1 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 STANDARD 
                 ENHANCED COATED 
               
               
                 PROPERTY 
                 COATED GLASS 
                 GLASS 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Glass thickness 
                 3.2 
                 millimeters 
                 3.2 
                 millimeters 
               
               
                 Sheet resistance 
                 20.0-22.0 
                 ohms/sq a   
                 9.5-14.0 
                 ohms/sq 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                 Emissivity 
                 0.20-0.22 
                 0.14-0.17 
               
               
                 Thickness 
                   
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Underlayer 30 
                 80-100 
                 nm b   
                 80-100 
                 nm 
               
               
                 F:SnO2 layer 
                 310-350 
                 nm 
                 420-540 
                 nm 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                 Reflected Color c   
                   
                   
               
               
                 a* 
                 −6.0, +4.0 
                 −6.0, +4.0 
               
               
                 b* 
                 0.0, −10.0 
                 +3.0, −7.0 
               
               
                 L* 
                 37.0-41.0 
                 37.0-41.0 
               
               
                 Haze d   
                 Less than 1% 
                 Less than 1% 
               
               
                 Transmittance e   
                 Greater than 82.0% 
                 Greater than 80.0% 
               
               
                 Surface roughness 
                 Greater than 20 nm RMS 
                 Less than 15 nm RMS f   
               
               
                 Absorption 
                 Greater than 1.9 × 10 3  cm −1   
                 Greater than 
               
               
                 Coefficient g   
                   
                 1.5 × 10 3  cm −1   
               
               
                 Coefficient of 
                 Less than 1.2 
                 Less than 1.2 
               
               
                 friction 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Notes: 
               
               
                   a Abbreviation for “ohms/square”. 
               
               
                   b Abbreviation for “nanometers”. 
               
               
                   c Reflected Color is given in the L*, a*, b* coordinates, using CIE Illuminant D65, 10 degree Observer. 
               
               
                   d The Standard Coated Glass usually has a measured haze in the range of 0.1-0.3%, and the ECG is expected to have a measured haze in the range of 0.4-0.6%. 
               
               
                   e Transmittance is visible transmittance in the wavelength range of 380-780 nanometers (“nm”), using CIE Illuminant C, 2 degree Observer. 
               
               
                   f RMS is an abbreviation for root means square. The RMS of the coated surface was measured using Atomic Force Microscopy. 
               
               
                   g The absorption coefficient of the conductive coating layer is measured in a wavelength region between 400 and 1100 nm. 
               
            
           
         
       
     
     The thickness of the mixed metal oxide film  30  and the fluorine doped tin oxide films  36  and  52  were measured using a profliometer. The sheet resistivity was measured using a four point probe. The emissivity was determined from measurement of reflectance in the infrared wavelengths. The surface RMS was measured using atomic force microscopy. The reflected color is determined as described in ASTM E 308-90 and other international standards from measurement of reflectance in the range of 380 to 780 nm of the electromagnetic scale. The visible transmittance is in the range of 380 to 780 nm of the electromagnetic scale. The visible transmittance is measured using C.I.E. standard illuminant “C” with a 2′ observer over a wavelength range of 380 to 780 nanometers. 
     The absorption coefficient was measured in the following manner. Methylene iodide with a refractive index of 1.79 was applied to a conductive film deposited on a glass sheet, and a cover piece of clear fused quartz with a thickness of 1 mm was allowed to adhere to the methylene iodide, thus producing a comparative sample in which a scattering loss due to surface roughness of the conductive film was no longer caused. The transmittance and reflectance of the comparative sample in the visible and near-infrared light region were measured using a spectrophotometer, and from these results the absorbance was determined. A reference sample was made by applying methylene iodide to a glass sheet with no conductive film being formed thereon and the cover glass was allowed to adhere, thus obtaining a reference sample. The glass sheet for the comparative sample and reference sample had the same composition. Similarly in this reference sample, the absorbance in the visible and near-infrared light region was determined as in the above. The absorption coefficient of the conductive film was determined by subtracting the absorbance of the reference sample from that of the comparative sample and solving an equation in which multiple reflections is taken into consideration. When the conductive film of the comparative sample was formed on an undercoating film, one in which an undercoating film was formed under the same conditions was used as a reference sample. 
     The coefficient of friction is measured according to the ASTM D-1894 test where a specimen is traversed under a 200 gram sled. The coefficient of friction is defined as the ratio Ft/Fn, where Ft is the normal force or the force which presses the two surfaces together (weight of the sled) and Fn is the tractive force required to initiate (static) and maintain (kinetic) relative motion between the surfaces. The test measures the resistance between the coating and the sled surface, where a high resistance indicates rougher surface and a low resistance indicates a smoother surface. In the practice of the invention, the coefficient of friction is preferably less than 1.2, more preferably less than 1.0 and most preferably less than 0.8 
     The underlayer  30  of the ECG is similar to the underlayer  30  of the standard coated glass and each include the mixed metal oxides film  30  of SiO 2  and SnO 2  between a clear glass ribbon or substrate  22  and a fluorine doped tin oxide film; the fluorine doped tin oxide film for the ECG is designated by number  36 , and the fluorine doped tin oxide film for the standard coated glass is designated by number  52  (see  FIGS. 2-4 ). As discussed above, the mixed metal oxides film  30  and the fluorine doped tin oxide films  36  and  52  are applied by the CVD pyrolytic coating process. 
     The chemistry for the fluorine doped tin oxide film  36  for the ECG, and the fluorine doped tin oxide film  52  of the standard coated glass is presented in following Table 2. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
             
               
                 TABLE 2 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 STANDARD COATED 
                 ENHANCED COATED 
               
               
                   
                 GLASS 
                 GLASS 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                 CHEMISTRY 
                 Chemistry Flows 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 MBTC h   
                 28-30 
                 (Lb/cell/hr) i   
                 42-46 
                 (Lb/cell/hr) 
               
               
                 TFA j   
                 4.5-6.0 
                 (Lb/cell/hr) 
                 8.5-10.5 
                 (Lb/cell/hr) 
               
               
                 Water 
                 5-7 
                 (Lb/cell/hr) 
                 11-13 
                 (Lb/cell/hr) 
               
               
                 CA k   
                 50 
                 SCFM/cell l   
                 40 
                 SCFM/cell 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                 F/Sn m   
                 0.005-0.007 
                 Greater than 0.007-0.010 
               
               
                 F wt % n   
                 0.085-0.89  
                 0.090-0.110 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Notes: 
               
               
                   h “MBTC” is the chemical abbreviation for monobutylin trichloride, which is the tin precursor. 
               
               
                   i “Lb/cell/hr” is the abbreviation for “pounds per coating cell per hour”. 
               
               
                   j “TFA” is the chemical abbreviation for trifluoroacetic acid, which is the fluorine precursor. 
               
               
                   k “CA” is the abbreviation for carrier air. In the practice of the invention, the carrier gas is air which is about 21% oxygen. The invention contemplates using other concentrations of oxygen up to and including 100%. 
               
               
                   l “SCFM” is abbreviation for “standard cubic feet per minute”. 
               
               
                   m “F/Sn” is the atomic ratio of fluorine to tin in the fluorine doped tin oxide coating. 
               
               
                   n “Fwt %” is the weight percent of fluorine in the fluorine doped tin oxide coating. 
               
            
           
         
       
     
     One non-limiting embodiment of the ECG of the invention is an emissivity in the range of 0.14-0.17 and a sheet resistivity of 9.5 to 14.0 ohms/square. As is known in the art, the emissivity of a material is the relative ability of its surface to emit energy by radiation. It is the ratio of energy radiated by a particular material to energy radiated by a black body at the same temperature. A true black body would have an ε=1 while any real object would have ε&lt;1. Emissivity is a dimensionless quantity. The Standard Coated Glass has an emissivity in the range of 0.20-0.22, and the ECG has an emissivity in the range of 0.14-0.17. 
     The lower emissivity range of the ECG can be obtained by increasing the amount of fluorine in, or by increasing the thickness of, the fluorine doped tin oxide layer. Increasing fluorine in the fluorine doped tin oxide layer increases the number of free electrons in the fluorine doped tin oxide layer and thus the conductivity and reflectivity of the fluorine doped tin oxide layer increases and the emissivity of the fluorine doped tin oxide layer decreases. From the above discussion, it can be appreciated that the emissivity, and sheet resistance, of the doped tin oxide layer are related to one another, and a measure of the sheet resistance can be used to approximate the emissivity of the doped tin oxide layer. 
     Using the fluorine doped tin oxide film  52  of the Standard Coated Glass as the starting point, the emissivity of the ECG can be obtained by increasing the thickness of the fluorine doped tin oxide film  52  of the Standard Coated Glass to increase the fluorine in the fluorine doped tin oxide film  36  of the ECG, and/or by increasing the fluorine to tin ratio (“F/Sn”) in the fluorine doped tin oxide film  52  of the Standard Coated Glass to increase the fluorine in the fluorine doped tin oxide film  36  of the ECG. 
     The inventors recognized that the doped tin oxide layer is a crystalline layer and that increasing the thickness of the doped tin oxide layer increases the crystal size and increases haze. More particularly, increased crystal growth provides a rough surface that puts a drag on the material used to clean the surface of the doped tin oxide film  52 . It has been observed that when the material is paper, e.g. paper towels, the rough surface of the tin oxide film  52  (see  FIG. 2 ) can tear the paper towel as it is pulled across the surface of the fluorine doped tin oxide film  46 . 
     The inventors further recognized that lowering the emissivity by increasing the F/Sn ratio has a limited ratio, e.g. read column 4, lines 30-34 of USPN &#39;177. In view of the forgoing, the emissivity of the ECG is attained by increasing the F/Sn atomic ratio to a value within the range of 0.006-0.010 and increasing the thickness of the fluorine doped tin oxide layer to thickness within the range of 500-540 nm. It was expected that increasing the thickness range of 310-350 nm of the fluorine doped tin oxide film  46  to the thickness range of 500-540 nm of the fluorine doped tin oxide film  36  of the ECG would increase the surface roughness of the ECG. However, the unexpected occurred. More particularly, the Standard Coated Glass having a thinner fluorine doped tin oxide film  52  than the fluorine doped tin oxide film  36  of the ECG had a surface roughness greater than 20 nm RMS, and the ECG had a surface roughness of less than 15 nm RMS. 
     Although it is not clearly understood, it is believed that the ECG has a thicker fluorine doped tin oxide film  36  and a lower surface roughness value than the Standard Coated Glass as a result of the interaction of the chemicals during deposition. 
     More particularly, the flow per cell of the TFA is increased for the EFG to increase the incorporation of fluorine in the fluorine doped tin oxide film  36 , and the flow per cell of the MBTC and the flow per cell of water is increased to increase the coating deposition rate of the MBTC and the thickness of the fluorine doped tin oxide film  36  of the ECG. Increasing the fluorine of the fluorine doped tin oxide film  36  for the ECG increases the F/Sn ratio to attain the desired emissivity and sheet resistance as discussed above. More particularly, the system for coating the Standard Coated Glass and for coating the Enhanced Coated Glass uses compressed air to move the vapors of the MBTC, TFA and water into the cell and uses nitrogen to move the mixed vapors of MBTC, TFA and water out of the cell toward the surface  32  of the glass ribbon  22  to deposit the fluorine doped tin oxide film  36  and  52  over the unsupported surface  32  of the glass ribbon  20 . The total volumetric flow rate of coating vapors (vapors of MBTC, TFA and water), compressed air and nitrogen are maintained within a range of 50-75 SCFM. Increasing the vapor flow of the coating vapors requires decreasing the flow rate of the carrier air and/or nitrogen to remain within the total volumetric flow rate of 50-75 SCFM 
       FIG. 5  is a copy of a photograph of the crystal structure of the Standard Coated Glass, and  FIG. 6  is a copy of a photograph of the crystal structure of the ECG. The crystal structure of the ECG is more uniform in size and more compact than the crystal structure for the Standard Coated Glass. The proportion of crystallographic orientation of the crystals for the Standard Coated Glass is (200) followed by (110), and the orientation of the crystals for the ECG is (200) followed by (211). The crystal orientation was measured by Θ/2Θ (theta/2theta) x-ray diffraction. 
     Coating the glass with the ECG chemistry, the surface height of the ECG was reduced to provide the ECG with a smoother coated surface than the coated surface of the Standard Coated Glass. 
     The above numbers are for a glass ribbon having a thickness of 3.2 millimeters (see Table 1). As is appreciated by those skilled in the art, increasing the thickness of the glass ribbon, while maintaining the volume of glass produced, decreases the ribbon speed, and preferably the flow of the coating vapors is decreased to maintain the thickness of the color suppression film  30  and layer  42 , and the thickness of the fluorine doped tin oxide films  36 ,  52 . Further, decreasing the thickness of the glass ribbon increases the ribbon speed, and preferably the flow of the coating vapors is increased to maintain the thickness of the color suppression film  30  and layer  42 , and the thickness of the fluorine doped tin oxide films  36 ,  52 . 
     Section (2): Non-Limiting Embodiments of the Invention Directed to an Amorphous Doped Tin Oxide Film Coated on or Over a Surface of a Glass Substrate 
     As discussed above in Section (1) the crystal structure of the ECG was altered by, among other things, making changes in the weight percent of the components of the coating chemistry and flow rate of the coating vapors while maintaining the fluorine doped tin oxide film  36  substantially crystalline. In this non-limiting embodiment of the invention, the crystal size of the fluorine doped tin oxide film  36  of the ECG and  52  of the Standard Coated Glass is reduced by adding dopants or alloying constituents, e. g. phosphorus, boron and mixtures thereof, to the coating chemistry to change the crystal structure of the coating. Although the discussion of this non-limiting embodiment of the invention is directed to the addition of phosphorous to the fluorine doped tin oxide film  38  of the ECG, unless indicated otherwise the discussion is applicable to the fluorine doped tin oxide film  52  of the Standard Coated Glass, and any other type of conductive electrically conductive film deposited on a substrate. 
     As discussed above (see Table 2), the coating chemistry includes TFA, MBTC and water. In the non-limiting embodiment of the invention under discussion, the dopant added to change the crystalline structure of the fluorine doped tin oxide is phosphorous, and the phosphorus precursor is triethylphosphite (TEP). In this non-limiting embodiment of the invention under discussion, the crystal size of the fluorine doped tin oxide layer is reduced by increasing the TEP/MBTC ratio. As will be appreciated, the tin oxide film  56  having the additions of phosphorous can be deposited on or over the color suppression film  30  ( FIG. 2 ), the layer  42  ( FIG. 3 ), the layer of fluorine doped tin oxide film  56 , between two layers of fluorine doped tin oxide film, and/or the surface  32  of the glass ribbon  20  ( FIG. 4 ). 
     A discussion relating to the use of phosphorous as a breaker layer to reduce the growth of crystal size of a coating as the coating thickness increases is found in U.S. Pat. No. 6,797,388, which patent is incorporated herein by reference. 
     The following discussion is directed to the phosphorous-alloyed, fluorine doped tin oxide film  56  deposited on the color suppression film  30  shown in  FIG. 2 , however, the discussion is applicable, unless indicated otherwise, to depositing the phosphorous-fluorine doped tin oxide film  56  on the color suppression layer  42  (see  FIG. 3 ) and/or on the surface  32  of the glass ribbon  20  (see  FIG. 4 ). In one non-limiting embodiment of the invention, the tin precursor MBTC and the fluorine precursor TFA are vaporized and mixed with vapors of the phosphorous precursor TEP. The vapors of the MBTC, TFA, TEP, water and carrier gas are individually moved into a coating cell, mixed and the mixed vapors are moved out of the coating cells by the nitrogen gas as discussed above. 
     The chemistry for the ECG shown in Table 2 has a TEP/MBTC ratio of zero because there is no addition of TEP. As can be appreciated by those skilled in the art, as the ratio of TEP/MBTC increases the sheet resistance and the emissivity increase because adding phosphorous reduces the carriers and thus the conductivity. In one non-limiting embodiment of the invention, the TEP/MBTC ratio is in the range 0 to 0.4; preferably in the range 0 to 0.3; more preferably in the range of greater than 0 to 0.25, and most preferably, in the range 0.15 to 0.25. 
     The invention is not limited to the use of phosphorous to provide an amorphous doped tin oxide film. More particularly, the invention contemplates using boron and mixtures of phosphorous and boron. Boron precursors that can be used in the practice of the invention include, but are not limited triethyl borate and trimethyl borate. In one non-limiting embodiment of the invention, the boron precursor/MBTC ratio is in the range of greater than 0 to 0.4; preferably in the range 0 to 0.3; more preferably in the range 0 to 0.25, and most preferably, in the range 0.15 to 0.25. 
     In the discussion of the non-limiting embodiments of the invention presented in Sections 1 and 2 above, the glass ribbon had a thickness of 3.2 millimeters, however, the invention is not limited thereto, and the invention can be practiced on glass ribbon or moving substrates having any thickness, e.g. but not limited to 2.5 mm, 4.0 mm, 5.0 mm, 6.0 mm and 12.0 mm. As is appreciated by those skilled in the art of glass making, the ribbon or moving substrate speed decreases as the thickness of the ribbon or moving substrate increases, and the speed increases as the thickness of the ribbon or moving substrate decreases. Because of the change in ribbon or substrate speed, the flow rates of the coating precursors and mixed vapors is decreased as the glass ribbon thickness decreases and is increased as the glass ribbon thickness is increased to obtain similar or the same coating thickness as the ribbon speed or substrate speed changes for different glass thicknesses. 
     Changing the chemistry for CVD coating because of a change to glass ribbon thickness is well known in the art, and no further discussion is deemed necessary. 
     Section (3) Non-Limiting Embodiments of the Invention Directed to the Use of the Coated Substrates of Sections (1) and (2). 
     In this Section 3, the coating film  36  and  56  of the invention is discussed for use as a component of a window, an organic light emitting diode device (hereinafter also referred to as “OLED”) and thin film solar cells, however, as is appreciated by those skilled in the art, the use of the coating film of the invention is not limited thereto and the coating film of the invention can be used in any article of manufacture where a functional coating film having electrical conductivity and/or low emissivity is a parameter of the article of manufacture. In the following discussion, reference is made to the coating film  36  of the invention applied over or on the gradient color suppression film  30  (shown in  FIG. 2 ), however, unless indicated otherwise, the discussion is applicable to the coating film  56  of the invention, and the fluorine doped tin oxide film  52  of the Standard Coated Glass, over or on the color suppression film  36 , and the coating films  36  and  56  of the invention, and coating film  52  of the Standard Coated Glass applied over or on the color suppression film  42  (shown in  FIG. 3 ) or applied on or over a surface of the substrate (shown in  FIG. 4 ). 
     With reference to  FIG. 7  there is shown a coated glass  60  incorporating features of the invention. The coated glass  60  includes the gradient color suppression film  30  applied to surface  62  of a glass substrate  64 , and the fluorine doped tin oxide film  36  of the invention over the color suppression film  30 . A solar control coating  66  is over surface  68  of the glass substrate  64  opposite to the surface  62  of the substrate  64 . The invention is not limited to the solar control coating  66 , and the coating  64  can be any of the types of solar control coatings known in the art, e.g. but not limited to pyrolytic CVD coatings, spray coatings and magnetron sputtered vacuum deposited (“MSVD”) coatings. In the preferred embodiment of the invention, the coating  66  is an MSVD solar control coating  66 , e.g. a low-e coating having one or more silver films  70  between dielectric films  72 , e.g. but not limiting to the invention, low-e coatings of the type disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,833,194 and 5,552,180, which patents are incorporated herein by reference. 
     As is appreciated by those skilled in the art, the MSVD coating  66  of the coated glass  60  is not as durable as the pyrolytically deposited coating  36 , and the general practice is to secure the coated glass  60  with the MSVD coating  66  facing the interior of an insulating unit, e.g. but not limited to the insulating unit disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,655,282, which patent is incorporated herein by reference. More particularly and with reference to  FIG. 8 , there is shown an insulating unit  76  incorporating features of the invention. The unit  76  includes a U-shaped spacer frame  78  having a moisture impervious adhesive layer  80  on outer surface  82  of legs  84  and  86  of the U-shaped spacer frame  78  to secure an uncoated glass sheet  88  to the surface  82  of the legs  84  of the spacer frame  78  and to secure the coated glass  60  to the outer surface  82  of the leg  86  of the spacer frame  78  with the MSVD coating  66  facing interior  90  of the unit  76 . Further, as is appreciated by those skilled in the art, it is preferred, but not limiting to the invention, to remove the coating  66  from the marginal edges  92  of the surface  68  of the sheet  60  to provide a better moisture impervious seal between the surface  68  of the sheet  64  and the outer surface  82  of the leg  86  of the spacer frame  78 . For a detailed discussion on the method of fabricating multi-sheet insulating units reference can be made to U.S. Pat. No. 5,655,282. 
     With reference to  FIG. 9 , there is shown another non-limiting embodiment of a multi-sheet unit of the invention designated by the number  100 . The insulating unit  100  of  FIG. 9  is similar, but not identical to the insulating unit in  FIG. 8 . More particularly, the color suppression layer  30  and the fluorine doped tin oxide film  36  is removed from the surface  62  of the glass substrate  64  of the coated sheet  66 , and the color suppression layer  30  and the fluorine doped tin oxide film  36  is applied to outer surface  102  of the glass sheet  88 . 
     In general, a multi sheet unit having only one surface of the four surfaces of the two glass sheets coated with the fluorine doped tin oxide film  36  is expected to have a center of glass (COG) R value of equal to or greater than 3; a multi sheet unit having only one surface of the four surfaces of the two glass sheets coated with the MSVD coating  64  is expected to have a COG R value of equal to or greater than 4, and a multi-sheet unit having one surface of the four surfaces of the two glass sheets coated with the fluorine doped tin oxide film  36  and a second surface of the four surfaces coated with the MSVD coating  64 , e.g. as shown in  FIGS. 8 and 9  is expected to have a COG R value of equal to or greater than 5. 
     The “R” value is a commercial unit used to measure the effectiveness of thermal insulation. The R value of a thermal insulator, e.g. a multi-sheet unit is defined to be 1 divided by the thermal conductance per inch as measured between outer surfaces of the insulating unit. 
     The discussion is now directed to using the doped tin oxide film of the invention as an anode for an OLED device. In the following discussion, reference is made to the coating film  36  of the invention applied over or on the gradient color suppression film  30  (shown in  FIG. 2 ), however, unless indicated otherwise, the discussion is applicable to the coating film  56  of the invention, and the fluorine doped tin oxide film  52  of the Standard Coated Glass, over or on the color suppression film  36 , and the coating films  36  and  56  of the invention, and coating film  52  of the Standard Coated Glass applied over or on the color suppression film  42  (shown in  FIG. 3 ) or applied on or over a surface of the substrate (shown in  FIG. 4 ). 
     An exemplary OLED device that can be used in the practice of the invention is described in U.S. Pat. No. 7,663,300, which patent is hereby incorporated by reference. An exemplary OLED designed by the number  110  is shown in  FIG. 10 . The OLED  110  includes a cathode (negative polarity)  112 , which can be any conventional OLED cathode. Examples of suitable cathodes include metals, such as but not limited to, barium and calcium. The cathode typically has a low work function. An emissive layer  114  over or on the cathode can be a conventional organic electroluminescent layer as known in the art. Examples of such materials include, but are not limited to, small molecules such as organometallic chelates (e.g., Alq3), fluorescent and phosphorescent dyes, and conjugated dendnmers. Examples of suitable materials include triphenylamine, perylene, rubrene, and quinacridone. Alternatively, electroluminescent polymeric materials are also known. Examples of such conductive polymers include poly(p-phenylene vinylene) and polyfluorene. Phosphorescent materials could also be used. Examples of such materials include polymers such as poly(n-vinylcarbazole) in which an organometallic complex, such as an iridium complex, is added as a dopant. An anode  118  of the OLED  110  can be a conductive, transparent material, such as a metal oxide material, such as, but not limited to, the doped tin oxide of the invention. The anode typically has a high work function. 
     With continued reference to  FIG. 10 , in the preferred practice of the invention, the anode (positive polarity)  118  includes the fluorine doped tin oxide layer  36  and the color suppression layer  30  on the glass substrate  22 . The structure and operation of a conventional OLED device are well known in the art and will be understood by one of ordinary skill in the art without further discussion. 
     The discussion is now directed to using the doped tin oxide film of the invention as an electrode for a solar cell. In the following discussion, reference is made to the coating film  36  of the invention applied over or on the gradient color suppression film  30  (shown in  FIG. 2 ), however, unless indicated otherwise, the discussion is applicable to the coating film  56  of the invention, and the fluorine doped tin oxide film  52  of the Standard Coated Glass, over or on the color suppression film  36 , and the coating films  36  and  56  of the invention, and coating film  52  of the Standard Coated Glass applied over or on the color suppression film  42  (shown in  FIG. 3 ) or applied on or over a surface of the substrate (shown in  FIG. 4 ). 
     Shown in  FIG. 11  is a solar cell  120  have a photovoltaic cell  124  and electrodes  126  and  128 . The electrode  128  includes the fluorine doped tin oxide film  36 , the color suppression layer  30  and the glass substrate  22 . 
     As can now be appreciated, the invention is not limited to the non-limiting embodiments of the invention presented herein and the features of the non-various limiting embodiments of the invention can be used with one another. It will further be readily appreciated by those skilled in the art that modifications can be made to the non-limiting embodiments of the invention without departing from the concepts disclosed in the foregoing description. Accordingly, the particular non-limiting embodiments of the invention described in detail herein are illustrative only and are not limiting to the scope of the invention, which is to be given the full breadth of the appended claims and any and all equivalents thereof.