Patent Publication Number: US-9854039-B2

Title: Method and system for synchronizing a server and an on-demand database service

Description:
CLAIM OF PRIORITY 
     The present application is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 14/275,777, filed May 12, 2014 (now U.S. Pat. No. 9,244,995), which is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 13/475,893, filed May 18, 2012 now U.S. Pat. No. 8,762,329), which is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 12/883,082, filed Sep. 15, 2010 (now U.S. Pat. No. 8,204,855), which is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 11/848,993, filed Aug. 31, 2007 (now U.S. Pat. No. 7,827,138), which claims priority to U.S. Provisional Appl. No. 60/827,874, filed Oct. 2, 2006; the disclosures of each of the above-referenced applications are incorporated by reference herein in their entireties. 
    
    
     COPYRIGHT NOTICE 
     A portion of the disclosure of this patent document contains material which is subject to copyright protection. The copyright owner has no objection to the facsimile reproduction by anyone of the patent document or the patent disclosure, as it appears in the Patent and Trademark Office patent file or records, but otherwise reserves all copyright rights whatsoever. 
     FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
     The current invention relates generally to synchronizing data in a database network system. 
     BACKGROUND 
     The subject matter discussed in the background section should not be assumed to be prior art merely as a result of its mention in the background section. Similarly, a problem mentioned in the background section or associated with the subject matter of the background section should not be assumed to have been previously recognized in the prior art. The subject matter in the background section merely represents different approaches, which in and of themselves may also be inventions. 
     In conventional database systems, users access their data resources in one logical database. A user of such a conventional system typically retrieves data from and stores data on the system using the user&#39;s own systems. A user system might remotely access one of a plurality of server systems that might in turn access the database system. Data retrieval from the system might include the issuance of a query from the user system to the database system. The database system might process the request for information received in the query and send to the user system information relevant to the request. 
     It is often necessary to synchronize data in such database systems. As the amount of data stored by a database system increases, so does the amount of processing, bandwidth, etc. that is required for synchronizing the same between different databases. There is thus a need for addressing these and/or other issues. 
     BRIEF SUMMARY 
     In accordance with embodiments, there are provided mechanisms and methods for synchronizing a server and an on-demand database service. These mechanisms and methods for synchronizing a server and an on-demand database service can enable embodiments to synchronize a larger amount of data. The ability of embodiments to provide such feature can enable more effective synchronization of a user-level sharing entity database with a multi-user on-demand database service. 
     In an embodiment and by way of example, a method for synchronizing a server and an on-demand database service is provided. The method embodiment includes determining a difference between data stored on a first server and by an on-demand database service, utilizing a data structure stored on a computer readable medium. Such data structure includes a plurality of user identifiers each identifying one of a plurality of users of the on-demand database service. The data structure further includes a plurality of data identifiers that are each correlated with at least one of the user identifiers. Such data identifiers are adapted for identifying data accessible to the user associated with the correlated user identifier. In use, the first server and the on-demand database service may thus be synchronized, based on the aforementioned difference. 
     While the present invention is described with reference to an embodiment in which techniques for synchronizing a server and an on-demand database service are implemented in a system having an application server providing a front end for an on-demand database service capable of supporting multiple tenants, the present invention is not limited to multi-tenant databases nor deployment on application servers. Embodiments may be practiced using other database architectures, i.e., ORACLE®, DB2® by IBM and the like without departing from the scope of the embodiments claimed. 
     Any of the above embodiments may be used alone or together with one another in any combination. Inventions encompassed within this specification may also include embodiments that are only partially mentioned or alluded to or are not mentioned or alluded to at all in this brief summary or in the abstract. Although various embodiments of the invention may have been motivated by various deficiencies with the prior art, which may be discussed or alluded to in one or more places in the specification, the embodiments of the invention do not necessarily address any of these deficiencies. In other words, different embodiments of the invention may address different deficiencies that may be discussed in the specification. Some embodiments may only partially address some deficiencies or just one deficiency that may be discussed in the specification, and some embodiments may not address any of these deficiencies. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       In the following drawings like reference numbers are used to refer to like elements. Although the following figures depict various examples of the invention, the invention is not limited to the examples depicted in the figures. 
         FIG. 1  illustrates a method for synchronizing a server and an on-demand database service, in accordance with one embodiment. 
         FIG. 2  shows a data structure for synchronizing a server and an on-demand database service, in accordance with one embodiment. 
         FIG. 3  shows a system for synchronizing a server and an on-demand database service, in accordance with another embodiment. 
         FIG. 4  illustrates a method for initiating the synchronization of a server and an on-demand database service, in accordance with another embodiment. 
         FIG. 5  illustrates a method for preparing a slave server for a synchronization process, in accordance with another embodiment. 
         FIG. 6  illustrates a method for synchronizing an on-demand database service, in accordance with another embodiment. 
         FIG. 7  illustrates a block diagram of an example of an environment wherein an on-demand database service might be used. 
         FIG. 8  illustrates a block diagram of an embodiment of elements of  FIG. 7  and various possible interconnections between these elements. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     General Overview 
     Systems and methods are provided for synchronizing a server and an on-demand database service. 
     Any attempt to synchronize a user-level sharing entity server and a multi-user on-demand database service poses various challenges. For example, if the user-level sharing entity server is permitted to directly query the multi-user on-demand database service in an unfettered manner, it is possible that such multi-user on-demand database service may be overrun with queries, etc. These mechanisms and methods for synchronizing a server and an on-demand database service can enable embodiments to synchronize a larger amount of data. As will soon become apparent, this may be accomplished utilizing a particular data structure that enables different users to be correlated with specific data. 
     To this end, a subset of data may be synchronized, without necessarily requiring synchronization of a larger set of data (which would require excessive resources). The ability of embodiments to provide such feature can enable more effective synchronization of a user-level sharing entity server with a multi-user on-demand database service. Next, mechanisms and methods for providing synchronizing a server and an on-demand database service will be described with reference to example embodiments. 
       FIG. 1  illustrates a method  100  for synchronizing a server and an on-demand database service, in accordance with one embodiment. In one embodiment, the aforementioned on-demand database service may include a multi-tenant database system. As used herein, the term multi-tenant database system refers to those systems in which various elements of hardware and software of the database system may be shared by one or more customers. For example, a given application server may simultaneously process requests for a great number of customers, and a given database table may store rows for a potentially much greater number of customers. 
     As shown in operation  102 , a difference is determined between data stored on a first server and by an on-demand database service. In the context of the present description, the server may include any computer and/or device that is coupled to the on-demand database service via a network. In one possible embodiment, the server may include a user-level sharing entity in the form of one or more mail servers. Such mail servers may store various information including, but not limited to contact information, mail, calendar information, and/or any other data, for that matter. One exemplary mail server may include the MICROSOFT® EXCHANGE® server. 
     Further, the aforementioned difference may be determined in any desired manner. For example, a simple comparison may be performed to identify any disparity, etc. Further, more sophisticated techniques (e.g. hashing, indexing, etc.) may be used for reducing the processing required to determine the difference, etc. 
     In one embodiment, the difference may be determined utilizing a data structure stored on a computer readable medium. In various embodiments, the computer readable medium may or may not be a component of the aforementioned server, on-demand database service, and/or a separate server, etc. In any case, the data structure includes a plurality of user identifiers each identifying one of a plurality of users of the on-demand database service and a plurality of data identifiers each correlated with at least one of the user identifiers. Such data identifiers are adapted for identifying data accessible to the user associated with the correlated user identifier. Additional details associated with an exemplary data structure will be set forth hereinafter during the description of a different embodiment illustrated in  FIG. 2 . 
     In use, the first server and the on-demand database service are synchronized, based on the difference. See operation  104 . By using the foregoing data structure to determine which data is visible to which user, the method  100  may afford a more effective way of synchronizing the first server and the on-demand database service. For example, instead of permitting a user-level sharing entity server to directly query a multi-user on-demand database service in an unfettered manner, an intermediate system may use the aforementioned data structure to manage the synchronization between the user-level sharing entity server and the multi-user on-demand database service. 
     More illustrative information will now be set forth regarding various optional architectures and features with which the foregoing framework may or may not be implemented, per the desires of the user. It should be strongly noted that the following information is set forth for illustrative purposes and should not be construed as limiting in any manner. Any of the following features may be optionally incorporated with or without the exclusion of other features described. 
       FIG. 2  shows a data structure  200  for synchronizing a server and an on-demand database service, in accordance with one embodiment. As an option, the present data structure  200  may be used to carry out the method  100  of  FIG. 1 , for example. Of course, however, the data structure  200  may be used in any desired environment. It should also be noted that the aforementioned definitions may apply during the present description. 
     As shown, the data structure  200  includes a plurality of user identifiers  202  each identifying one of a plurality of users of an on-demand database service. Further included is a plurality of data identifiers  204  each correlated with at least one of the user identifiers  202 . Such data identifiers  204  are adapted for identifying data accessible to the user associated with the correlated user identifier. Specifically, the data identifiers  204  may each point to another data structure  206  that correlates the data identifiers  204  with data entries  208  including the aforementioned corresponding data, as shown. 
     In one embodiment, the data structures  200 ,  206  may each include a table. Of course, the data structures  200 ,  206  may take other forms in the context of different embodiments. In any case, the data structures  200 ,  206  are used in conjunction for accessing the data using the user identifiers. While two data structures  200 ,  206  are shown, it should be noted that additional data structures (not shown) may be used to point to further organized data, etc. 
     By correlating the user identifiers  202  and the data identifiers  204  in the foregoing manner, the data structure  200  is capable of being used to control access to the data on a user-by-user basis. In particular, by associating users with corresponding data which is accessible to such user, data may be more effectively accessed and operated upon for each user (or group of users). 
     For example, if a group of users is defined by users_1-100 (out of 10K users in a multi-tenant system) and synchronization of data accessible to the group is desired, the data structure  200  may be used to effectively identify the data to be subjected to the synchronization. Specifically, the user identifiers  202  associated with users_1-100 may be used to conveniently identify the corresponding data identifiers  204  and data entries  208 . 
       FIG. 3  illustrates a system  300  for synchronizing a server and an on-demand database service, in accordance with another embodiment. As an option, the present system  300  may be used to implement the method  100  of  FIG. 1  using the data structure  200  of  FIG. 2 , for example. Of course, however, the system  300  may be used in any desired environment. Again, the aforementioned definitions may apply during the present description. 
     As shown, an on-demand database service  302  remains in data communication with one or more first servers  304  via a plurality of intermediate components. Such components include a plurality of slave servers  306  that are each in data communication with the first servers  304 . In one embodiment, each of the slave servers  306  is allocated to a different subset of the users of the first servers  304 . Further, the first servers  304  and the slave servers  306  may communicate utilizing a collaborative authoring protocol. One exemplary collaborative authoring protocol may include the World Wide Web distributed authoring and versioning (WebDAV) protocol. 
     Further included is a master server  308  that is in data communication with the on-demand database service  302 . In one embodiment, the master server  308  may communicate with the on-demand database service  302  via a web service. As a further option, the master server  308  may be equipped with the ability to disable any one or more of the slave servers  306 . 
     Also provided is a database server  310  that is coupled between the slave servers  306  and the master server  308  for allowing data communication therebetween. In one embodiment, the database server  310  may include a computer readable medium with a data structure stored thereon that may be used for synchronizing data stored on the one or more first servers  304  and by the on-demand database service  302 . As an option, such data structure may include the data structure  200  of  FIG. 2 , for example. Of course, other embodiments are contemplated where such data structure is stored in other locations. 
     In use, the first servers  304  may communicate data to be synchronized to the appropriately allocated slave servers  306 . Such data may be stored on the first servers  304  and be the subject of various modifications (e.g. addition, changes, deletions, etc.) performed by the users of the first servers  304 . Similarly, the on-demand database service  302  may communicate data to be synchronized to the master server  308 . Again, such data may be stored by the on-demand database service  302  and be the subject of various modifications (e.g. addition, changes, deletions, etc.) performed by the users of the on-demand database service  302 . 
     Given such data, the slave servers  306  and the master server  308  store the same on the database server  310  for the purpose of identifying a difference between the data, utilizing the aforementioned data structure. For example, a subset of the data that is visible to particular users of interest may be identified, using the data structure. To this end, the aforementioned difference may be determined with respect to the appropriate data. 
     Once such difference is identified, the first servers  304  and the on-demand database service  302  may be synchronized, as appropriate. By buffering the on-demand database service  302  with the master server  308 , a scaleable number of slave servers  306 , etc., the system  300  may prevent the on-demand database service  302  from being overrun by the first servers  304 , in one embodiment. More information will now be set forth regarding exemplary functionality of the foregoing components in the context of different embodiments illustrated in subsequent figures. 
       FIG. 4  illustrates a method  400  for initiating the synchronization of a server and an on-demand database service, in accordance with another embodiment. As an option, the present method  400  may be used carried out in the context of the architecture and/or functionality of  FIGS. 1-3 . For example, the method  400  may represent functionality of a master server (e.g. the master server  308  of  FIG. 3 ). Of course, however, the method  400  may be carried out in any desired environment. Again, the aforementioned definitions may apply during the present description. 
     As shown, an on-demand database service (e.g. the on-demand database service  302  of  FIG. 3 ) may be queried. See operation  402 . Such query may be initiated in response to the receipt of a request to update the data of one or more users of the on-demand database service, for synchronization purposes. 
     In response to such query, configuration data is sent from the on-demand database service to a master server (e.g. the master server  308 ). Note operation  404 . Such configuration data may be stored by the on-demand database service and include various policies, rules, etc. that govern a desired synchronization process. 
     In one embodiment, such configuration data may be user configurable and thus be different on a user-to-user basis. Just by way of example, the configuration data may indicate which users are to be subjected to a synchronization, user-specific synchronization profiles for each user, field maps indicating which fields on the on-demand database service are to be mapped to which fields on another server (e.g. the first server(s)  304 ), etc. To this end, the master server may use the configuration data to configure the synchronization process to follow. 
     Next, any data changes (indicated by the configuration data) are loaded from the on-demand database service to a synchronization database server (e.g. the database server  310 ). See operation  406 . In one embodiment, this may be accomplished by copying a plurality of data tables from the on-demand database service to the master server which, in turn, communicates the same to the synchronization database server. As an option, the present operation  406  may be repeated periodically and/or on-demand, so that the synchronization database server has up-to-date data changes from the on-demand database service. 
     Finally, a slave server process is initiated, as indicated in operation  408 . Such slave server process may work to prepare one or more slave servers (e.g. the slave server  306 ) for interfacing with one or more servers to be synchronized with the on-demand database service. 
       FIG. 5  illustrates a method  500  for preparing a slave server for a synchronization process, in accordance with another embodiment. As an option, the present method  500  may be used carried out in the context of the architecture and/or functionality of  FIGS. 1-4 . For example, the method  500  may represent functionality of a slave server (e.g. one or more of the slave servers  306  of  FIG. 3 ). Of course, however, the method  500  may be carried out in any desired environment. Again, the aforementioned definitions may apply during the present description. 
     As shown, configuration data is loaded on a slave server (e.g. one or more of the slave servers  306  of  FIG. 3 ). Note operation  502 . In one embodiment, such configuration data may be stored at an on-demand database service (e.g. the on-demand database service  302 ) and may include the same or similar configuration data mentioned above in operation  404  of  FIG. 4 . To this end, similar to the configuration of the master server, each slave server may configure itself in accordance with the configuration data. 
     Next, in operation  504 , the users may be provisioned across each of the slave servers. In one embodiment, this may be carried out in accordance with the aforementioned allocation. To this end, each slave server may be responsible for only synchronizing data changes associated with the associated group of users. 
     Thus, each of the slave servers may be allocated to a different subset of the users. Table 1 illustrates an exemplary allocation. Of course, such allocation is set forth for illustrative purposes only and should not be construed as limiting in any manner whatsoever. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
             
               
                   
                 TABLE 1 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
                 Slave_server_1 
                 Users_1-150 
               
               
                   
                 Slave_server_2 
                 Users_151-350 
               
               
                   
                 Slave_server_3 
                 Users_351-400 
               
               
                   
                 Slave_server_4 
                 Users_401-750 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     With such provisioning in place, each of the slave servers may load the changes to data corresponding with the specific allocated users into a synchronization database server (e.g. the database server  310 ). Note operation  506 . 
     In one embodiment, this may be accomplished by reviewing each of a plurality of records that require synchronization. For example, it may first be determined whether the record was the subject of a change, update, deletion, or was just created. Based on such determination, the data change may be temporarily stored in a separate pending table (e.g. a change table, an update table, a deletion table, a creation table, etc.). 
     If a particular record was the subject of a change, a process may be performed to identify any duplication of such record in the database server. For example, if a master server (e.g. in the method  500  of  FIG. 5 ) copied such record from the on-demand database service due to a change made by such service, such record may be deemed to be duplicative. In such case, the changes to the record may be merged into a single record. 
     If, on the other hand, the record from the first server(s) was the subject of an update, deletion, etc., an entry may be stored in the database server in an associated update table, deletion table, etc., for reasons that will soon become apparent. In any case, the present operation  506  may be repeated periodically and/or on-demand, so that the synchronization database server has up-to-date data changes from the first server(s). 
       FIG. 6  illustrates a method  600  for synchronizing an on-demand database service, in accordance with another embodiment. As an option, the present method  600  may be used carried out in the context of the architecture and/or functionality of  FIGS. 1-5 . For example, the method  600  may represent functionality of a synchronization database server (e.g. the database server  310  of  FIG. 3 ). Of course, however, the method  600  may be carried out in any desired environment. Again, the aforementioned definitions may apply during the present description. 
     During operation of the method  600 , it may be assumed that a database server (e.g. the database server  310 ) is supplied with up-to-date data changes made at a first server (e.g. the first server(s)  304 ) as well as any data changes made at an on-demand database service (e.g. the on-demand database service  302 ). This may, for example, be accomplished utilizing master/slave servers, as indicated in  FIGS. 4-5 . 
     As shown, in operation  602 , a request is received to update data of at least one of a plurality of users, for synchronization purposes. It should be noted that such update request may be for an update of the on-demand database service. Next, a subset of the data that is accessible to the at least one user is identified, utilizing a data structure. See operation  604 . 
     In one embodiment, such data structure may include the data structure  200  of  FIG. 2 . For example, the users associated with the update request may first be identified, and then corresponding user identifiers (e.g. user identifiers  202 , etc.) may be used to identify the corresponding data subset (e.g. using data identifiers  204 , etc.). By this design, an update may be limited to the appropriate portion of the data stored by the associated database system. 
     Next, a current state of the data subset is compared with a previous state of the data subset. See operation  606 . To this end, a difference may thus be identified. Such comparison may be performed in any desired manner. For example, the appropriate portion of data (relevant to the proper users) may be identified utilizing the pending tables (e.g. change table, deletion table, etc.) loaded in operation  506 . Further, once any changes to the appropriate subset of data are identified, the relevant fields may be updated in the on-demand database service. 
     To this end, the subset of the data may be updated according to the difference. Note operation  608 . It should be noted that this may be accomplished in any desired manner. For example, in one embodiment, the method  600  may rely on a mapping table which maps fields of the first server(s) with those of the on-demand database service. To this end, any identified changes made to certain fields in the first server(s) may be propagated to the corresponding mapped fields of the on-demand database service. As an option, such propagation may be throttled (e.g. using the master server and any associated configuration data, etc.) to prevent the on-demand database service from being overrun. 
     System Overview 
       FIG. 7  illustrates a block diagram of an environment  710  wherein an on-demand database service might be used. As an option, any of the previously described embodiments of the foregoing figures may or may not be implemented in the context of the environment  710 . 
     Environment  710  may include user systems  712 , network  714 , system  716 , processor system  717 , application platform  718 , network interface  720 , tenant data storage  722 , system data storage  724 , program code  726 , and process space  728 . In other embodiments, environment  710  may not have all of the components listed and/or may have other elements instead of, or in addition to, those listed above. 
     Environment  710  is an environment in which an on-demand database service exists. User system  712  may be any machine or system that is used by a user to access a database user system. For example, any of user systems  712  can be a handheld computing device, a mobile phone, a laptop computer, a work station, and/or a network of computing devices. As illustrated in  FIG. 7  (and in more detail in  FIG. 8 ) user systems  712  might interact via a network  714  with an on-demand database service, which is system  716 . 
     An an-demand database service, such as system  716 , is a database system that is made available to outside users that do not need to necessarily be concerned with building and/or maintaining the database system, but instead may be available for their use when the users need the database system (e.g., on the demand of the users). Some on-demand database services may store information from one or more tenants stored into tables of a common database image to form a multi-tenant database system (MTS). Accordingly, “on-demand database service  716 ” and “system  716 ” will be used interchangeably herein. A database image may include one or more database objects. A relational database management system (RDMS) or the equivalent may execute storage and retrieval of information against the database object(s). Application platform  718  may be a framework that allows the applications of system  716  to run, such as the hardware and/or software, e.g., the operating system. In an embodiment, on-demand database service  716  may include an application platform  718  that enables creation, managing and executing one or more applications developed by the provider of the on-demand database service, users accessing the on-demand database service via user systems  712 , or third party application developers accessing the on-demand database service via user systems  712 . 
     The users of user systems  712  may differ in their respective capacities, and the capacity of a particular user system  712  might be entirely determined by permissions (permission levels) for the current user. For example, where a salesperson is using a particular user system  712  to interact with system  716 , that user system has the capacities allotted to that salesperson. However, while an administrator is using that user system to interact with system  716 , that user system has the capacities allotted to that administrator. In systems with a hierarchical role model, users at one permission level may have access to applications, data, and database information accessible by a lower permission level user, but may not have access to certain applications, database information, and data accessible by a user at a higher permission level. Thus, different users will have different capabilities with regard to accessing and modifying application and database information, depending on a user&#39;s security or permission level. 
     Network  714  is any network or combination of networks of devices that communicate with one another. For example, network  714  can be any one or any combination of a LAN (local area network), WAN (wide area network), telephone network, wireless network, point-to-point network, star network, token ring network, hub network, or other appropriate configuration. As the most common type of computer network in current use is a TCP/IP (Transfer Control Protocol and Internet Protocol) network, such as the global internetwork of networks often referred to as the “Internet” with a capital “I,” that network will be used in many of the examples herein. However, it should be understood that the networks that the present invention might use are not so limited, although TCP/IP is a frequently implemented protocol. 
     User systems  712  might communicate with system  716  using TCP/IP and, at a higher network level, use other common Internet protocols to communicate, such as HTTP, FTP, AFS, WAP, etc. In an example where HTTP is used, user system  712  might include an HTTP client commonly referred to as a “browser” for sending and receiving HTTP messages to and from an HTTP server at system  716 . Such an HTTP server might be implemented as the sole network interface between system  716  and network.  714 , but other techniques might be used as well or instead. In some implementations, the interface between system  716  and network  714  includes load sharing functionality, such as round-robin HTTP request distributors to balance loads and distribute incoming HTTP requests evenly over a plurality of servers. At least as for the users that are accessing that server, each of the plurality of servers has access to the MTS&#39; data; however, other alternative configurations may be used instead. 
     In one embodiment, system  716 , shown in  FIG. 7 , implements a web-based customer relationship management (CRM) system. For example, in one embodiment, system  716  includes application servers configured to implement and execute CRM software applications as well as provide related data, code, forms, webpages and other information to and from user systems  712  and to store to, and retrieve from, a database system related data, objects, and Webpage content. With a multi-tenant system, data for multiple tenants may be stored in the same physical database object, however, tenant data typically is arranged so that data of one tenant is kept logically separate from that of other tenants so that one tenant does not have access to another tenant&#39;s data, unless such data is expressly shared. In certain embodiments, system  716  implements applications other than, or in addition to, a CRM application. For example, system  716  may provide tenant access to multiple hosted (standard and custom) applications, including a CRM application. User (or third party developer) applications, which may or may not include CRM, may be supported by the application platform  718 , which manages creation, storage of the applications into one or more database objects and executing of the applications in a virtual machine in the process space of the system  716 . 
     One arrangement for elements of system  716  is shown in  FIG. 8 , including a network interface  720 , application platform  718 , tenant data storage  722  for tenant data  723 , system data storage  724  for system data  725  accessible to system  716  and possibly multiple tenants, program code  726  for implementing various functions of system  716 , and a process space  728  for executing MTS system processes and tenant-specific processes, such as running applications as part of an application hosting service. Additional processes that may execute on system  716  include database indexing processes. 
     Several elements in the system shown in  FIG. 7  include conventional, well-known elements that are explained only briefly here. For example, each user system  712  could include a desktop personal computer, workstation, laptop, PDA, cell phone, or any wireless access protocol (WAP) enabled device or any other computing device capable of interfacing directly or indirectly to the Internet or other network connection. User system  712  typically runs an HTTP client, e.g., a browsing program, such as Microsoft&#39;s Internet Explorer browser, Netscape&#39;s Navigator browser, Opera&#39;s browser, or a WAP-enabled browser in the case of a cell phone, PDA or other wireless device, or the like, allowing a user (e.g., subscriber of the multi-tenant database system) of user system  712  to access, process and view information, pages and applications available to it from system  716  over network  714 . Each user system  712  also typically includes one or more user interface devices, such as a keyboard, a mouse, trackball, touch pad, touch screen, pen or the like, for interacting with a graphical user interface (GUI) provided by the browser on a display (e.g., a monitor screen, LCD display, etc.) in conjunction with pages, forms, applications and other information provided by system  716  or other systems or servers. For example, the user interface device can be used to access data and applications hosted by system  716 , and to perform searches on stored data, and otherwise allow a user to interact with various GUI pages that may be presented to a user. As discussed above, embodiments are suitable for use with the Internet, which refers to a specific global internetwork of networks. However, it should be understood that other networks can be used instead of the Internet, such as an intranet, an extranet, a virtual private network (VPN), a non-TCP/IP based network, any LAN or WAN or the like. 
     According to one embodiment, each user system  712  and all of its components are operator configurable using applications, such as a browser, including computer code run using a central processing unit such as an Intel Pentium® processor or the like. Similarly, system  716  (and additional instances of an MTS, where more than one is present) and all of their components might be operator configurable using application(s) including computer code to run using a central processing unit such as processor system  717 , which may include an Intel Pentium® processor or the like, and/or multiple processor units. A computer program product embodiment includes a machine-readable storage medium (media) having instructions stored thereon/in which can be used to program a computer to perform any of the processes of the embodiments described herein. Computer code for operating and configuring system  716  to intercommunicate and to process webpages, applications and other data and media content as described herein are preferably downloaded and stored on a hard disk, but the entire program code, or portions thereof, may also be stored in any other volatile or non-volatile memory medium or device as is well known, such as a ROM or RAM, or provided on any media capable of storing program code, such as any type of rotating media including floppy disks, optical discs, digital versatile disk (DVD), compact disk (CD), microdrive, and magneto-optical disks, and magnetic or optical cards, nanosystems (including molecular memory ICs), or any type of media or device suitable for storing instructions and/or data. Additionally, the entire program code, or portions thereof, may be transmitted and downloaded from a software source over a transmission medium, e.g., over the Internet, or from another server, as is well known, or transmitted over any other conventional network connection as is well known (e.g., extranet, VPN, LAN, etc.) using any communication medium and protocols (e.g., TCP/IP, HTTP, HTTPS, Ethernet, etc.) as are well known. It will also be appreciated that computer code for implementing embodiments of the present invention can be implemented in any programming language that can be executed on a client system and/or server or server system such as, for example, C, C++, HTML, any other markup language, Java™, JavaScript, ActiveX, any other scripting language, such as VBScript, and many other programming languages as are well known may be used, (Java® is a trademark of Sun Microsystems, Inc.). 
     According to one embodiment, each system  716  is configured to provide webpages, forms, applications, data and media content to user (client) systems  712  to support the access by user systems  712  as tenants of system  716 . As such, system  716  provides security mechanisms to keep each tenant&#39;s data separate unless the data is shared. If more than one MTS is used, they may be located in close proximity to one another (e.g., in a server farm located in a single building or campus), or they may be distributed at locations remote from one another (e.g., one or more servers located in city A and one or more servers located in city B). As used herein, each MTS could include one or more logically and/or physically connected servers distributed locally or across one or more geographic locations. Additionally, the term “server” is meant to include a computer system, including processing hardware and process space(s), and an associated storage system and database application (e.g., OODBMS or RDBMS) as is well known in the art. It should also be understood that “server system” and “server” are often used interchangeably herein. Similarly, the database object described herein can be implemented as single databases, a distributed database, a collection of distributed databases, a database with redundant online or offline backups or other redundancies, etc., and might include a distributed database or storage network and associated processing intelligence. 
       FIG. 8  also illustrates environment  710 . However, in  FIG. 8  elements of system  716  and various interconnections in an embodiment are further illustrated.  FIG. 8  shows that user system  712  may include processor system  712 A, memory system  712 B, input system  712 C, and output system  712 D.  FIG. 8  shows network  714  and system  716 .  FIG. 8  also shows that system  716  may include tenant data storage  722 , tenant data  723 , system data storage  724 , system data  725 , User Interface (UI)  830 , Application Program Interface (API)  832 , PL/SOQL  834 , save routines  836 , application setup mechanism  838 , applications servers  800   1 - 800   N , system process space  802 , tenant process spaces  804 , tenant management process space  810 , tenant storage area  812 , user storage  814 , and application metadata  816 . In other embodiments, environment  710  may not have the same elements as those listed above and/or may have other elements instead of, or in addition to, those listed above. 
     User system  712 , network  714 , system  716 , tenant data storage  722 , and system data storage  724  were discussed above in  FIG. 7 . Regarding user system  712 , processor system  712 A may be any combination of one or more processors. Memory system  712 B may be any combination of one or more memory devices, short term, and/or long term memory. Input system  712 C may be any combination of input devices, such as one or more keyboards, mice, trackballs, scanners, cameras, and/or interfaces to networks. Output system  712 D may be any combination of output devices, such as one or more monitors, printers, and/or interfaces to networks. As shown by  FIG. 8 , system  716  may include a network interface  720  (of  FIG. 7 ) implemented as a set of HTTP application servers  800 , an application platform  718 , tenant data storage  722 , and system data storage  724 . Also shown is system process space  802 , including individual tenant process spaces  804  and a tenant management process space  810 . Each application server  800  may be configured to tenant data storage  722  and the tenant data  723  therein, and system data storage  724  and the system data  725  therein to serve requests of user systems  712 . The tenant data  723  might be divided into individual tenant storage areas  812 , which can be either a physical arrangement and/or a logical arrangement of data. Within each tenant storage area  812 , user storage  814  and application metadata  816  might be similarly allocated for each user. For example, a copy of a user&#39;s most recently used (MRU) items might be stored to user storage  814 . Similarly, a copy of MRU items for an entire organization that is a tenant might be stored to tenant storage area  812 . A UI  830  provides a user interface and an API  832  provides an application programmer interface to system  716  resident processes to users and/or developers at user systems  712 . The tenant data and the system data may be stored in various databases, such as one or more Oracle™ databases. 
     Application platform  718  includes an application setup mechanism  838  that supports application developers&#39; creation and management of applications, which may be saved as metadata into tenant data storage  722  by save routines  836  for execution by subscribers as one or more tenant process spaces  804  managed by tenant management process  810  for example. Invocations to such applications may be coded using PL/SOQL  34  that provides a programming language style interface extension to API  832 . A detailed description of some PL/SOQL language embodiments is discussed in commonly owned U.S. Provisional Patent Application 60/828,192 entitled, PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE METHOD AND SYSTEM FOR EXTENDING APIS TO EXECUTE IN CONJUNCTION WITH DATABASE APIS, by Craig Weissman, filed Oct. 4, 2006, which is incorporated in its entirety herein for all purposes. Invocations to applications may be detected by one or more system processes, which manages retrieving application metadata  816  for the subscriber making the invocation and executing the metadata as an application in a virtual machine. 
     Each application server  800  may be communicably coupled to database systems, e.g., having access to system data  725  and tenant data  723 , via a different network connection. For example, one application server  800   1  might be coupled via the network  714  (e.g., the Internet), another application server  800   N−1  might be coupled via a direct network link, and another application server  800   N  might be coupled by yet a different network connection. Transfer Control Protocol and Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) are typical protocols for communicating between application servers  800  and the database system. However, it will be apparent to one skilled in the art that other transport protocols may be used to optimize the system depending on the network interconnect used. 
     In certain embodiments, each application server  800  is configured to handle requests for any user associated with any organization that is a tenant. Because it is desirable to be able to add and remove application servers from the server pool at any time for any reason, there is preferably no server affinity for a user and/or organization to a specific application server  800 . In one embodiment, therefore, an interface system implementing a load balancing function (e.g., an F5 Big-IP load balancer) is communicably coupled between the application servers  800  and the user systems  712  to distribute requests to the application servers  800 . In one embodiment, the load balancer uses a least connections algorithm to route user requests to the application servers  800 . Other examples of load balancing algorithms, such as round robin and observed response time, also can be used. For example, in certain embodiments, three consecutive requests from the same user could hit three different application servers  800 , and three requests from different users could hit the same application server  800 . In this manner, system  716  is multi-tenant, wherein system  716  handles storage of, and access to, different objects, data and applications across disparate users and organizations. 
     As an example of storage, one tenant might be a company that employs a sales force where each salesperson uses system  716  to manage their sales process. Thus, a user might maintain contact data, leads data, customer follow-up data, performance data, goals and progress data, etc., all applicable to that user&#39;s personal sales process (e.g., in tenant data storage  722 ). In an example of a MTS arrangement, since all of the data and the applications to access, view, modify, report, transmit, calculate, etc., can be maintained and accessed by a user system having nothing more than network access, the user can manage his or her sales efforts and cycles from any of many different user systems. For example, if a salesperson is visiting a customer and the customer has Internet access in their lobby, the salesperson can obtain critical updates as to that customer while waiting for the customer to arrive in the lobby. 
     While each user&#39;s data might be separate from other users&#39; data regardless of the employers of each user, some data might be organization-wide data shared or accessible by a plurality of users or all of the users for a given organization that is a tenant. Thus, there might be some data structures managed by system  716  that are allocated at the tenant level while other data structures might be managed at the user level. Because an MTS might support multiple tenants including possible competitors, the MTS should have security protocols that keep data, applications, and application use separate. Also, because many tenants may opt for access to an MTS rather than maintain their own system, redundancy, up-time, and backup are additional functions that may be implemented in the MTS. In addition to user-specific data and tenant-specific data, system  716  might also maintain system level data usable by multiple tenants or other data. Such system level data might include industry reports, news, postings, and the like that are sharable among tenants. 
     In certain embodiments, user systems  712  (which may be client systems) communicate with application servers  800  to request and update system-level and tenant-level data from system  716  that may require sending one or more queries to tenant data storage  722  and/or system data storage  724 . System  716  (e.g., an application server  800  in system  716 ) automatically generates one or more SQL statements (e.g., one or more SQL queries) that are designed to access the desired information. System data storage  724  may generate query plans to access the requested data from the database. 
     Each database can generally be viewed as a collection of objects, such as a set of logical tables, containing data fitted into predefined categories. A “table” is one representation of a data object, and may be used herein to simplify the conceptual description of objects and custom objects according to the present invention. It should be understood that “table” and “object” may be used interchangeably herein. Each table generally contains one or more data categories logically arranged as columns or fields in a viewable schema. Each row or record of a table contains an instance of data for each category defined by the fields. For example, a CRM database may include a table that describes a customer with fields for basic contact information such as name, address, phone number, fax number, etc. Another table might describe a purchase order, including fields for information such as customer, product, sale price, date, etc. In some multi-tenant database systems, standard entity tables might be provided for use by all tenants. For CRM database applications, such standard entities might include tables for Account, Contact, Lead, and Opportunity data, each containing pre-defined fields. It should be understood that the word “entity” may also be used interchangeably herein with “object” and “table”. 
     In some multi-tenant database systems, tenants may be allowed to create and store custom objects, or they may be allowed to customize standard entities or objects, for example by creating custom fields for standard objects, including custom index fields. U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/817,161, filed Apr. 2, 2004, entitled “Custom Entities and Fields in a Multi-Tenant Database System”, and which is hereby incorporated herein by reference, teaches systems and methods for creating custom objects as well as customizing standard objects in a multi-tenant database system. In certain embodiments, for example, all custom entity data rows are stored in a single multi-tenant physical table, which may contain multiple logical tables per organization. It is transparent to customers that their multiple “tables” are in fact stored in one large table or that their data may be stored in the same table as the data of other customers. 
     While the invention has been described by way of example and in terms of the specific embodiments, it is to be understood that the invention is not limited to the disclosed embodiments. To the contrary, it is intended to cover various modifications and similar arrangements as would be apparent to those skilled in the art. Therefore, the scope of the appended claims should be accorded the broadest interpretation so as to encompass all such modifications and similar arrangements.