Patent Publication Number: US-2002003252-A1

Title: Flash memory circuit with with resistance to disturb effect

Description:
FIELD OF INVENTION  
       [0001] The present invention concerns memory circuits, particularly nonvolatile memory circuits and more particularly, flash memory circuits.  
       BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION  
       [0002] Memory circuits are vital components in computers and other electronic systems which require storing data for future use. Memory circuits that lose their data after loss of power are called volatile memories, whereas those that keep their data are called nonvolatile memories. One kind of nonvolatile memory circuit is called a flash memory circuit, dubbed “flash” because of its near instantaneous total erase feature. Flash memory circuits are sometimes called “electrically erasable and programmable read-only memories, or EEPROMs for short.  
       [0003] A typical flash memory circuit is an interconnected network of millions of microscopic memory cells. Each memory cell typically stores an electric charge representing a one or zero data bit. The memory cells are usually arranged as a rectangular array having a specific number of rows and columns, with each cell having a unique address based on its row and column position. Cells that belong to the same column share a connection to a wire known as a bit line, and cells that belong to the same row are connected to a wire known as a word line. Accessing a particular memory cell entails applying appropriate voltages to the bit and word line corresponding to the column and row of that cell.  
       [0004] Each memory cell includes a floating-gate transistor (FGT). In addition to its namesake floating gate, a floating-gate transistor has three other major features: a control gate, a source region, and a drain region. The floating gate - - - typically a flat conductive plate embedded in a layer of insulation - - - serves as a charge-storage element which can be charged or discharged to represent a “0” or “1.” The control gate, also a flat conductive plate, lies centered above the floating gate, and the source and drain regions lie underneath and to the left and right of the floating gate in a layer of silicon. The source and drain regions define the ends of a silicon region called a channel. The control gate and source region of each cell are connected respectively to its corresponding bit and word lines, and the drain regions of all cells are connected together.  
       [0005] Normal operations of the flash memory circuit include writing, reading, and erasing its memory cells. Writing, sometimes called recording or programming, usually entails applying a write voltage, for example, 6 volts across the bit and word lines of a memory cell, thereby charging its floating gate. Reading the memory cell entails applying a read voltage, typically 4 volts, across its bit and word lines. This voltage combination causes an electric current to flow from the source, through the channel, to the drain. Circuitry coupled to the memory cell senses the amount of current and outputs a data signal representing a one or zero data bit. To erase a memory cell, one applies an erase voltage, typically 12 volts, to its source region, thereby discharging the floating gate. It is common to erase all or a block of memory cells simultaneously.  
       [0006] One problem in conventional flash memory circuits is the disturb effect. The effect occurs when a write or erase operation on one memory cell or more typically a block of memory cells affects the charges of nearby memory cells. Although a single occurrence of the disturb effect causes only a minor decrease or increase in the charge of nearby memory cells, repeated occurrences add up, ultimately changing stored 1s to 0s and 0s to 1s and thus corrupting the stored data.  
       [0007] There have been a number of attempts to counter the disturb effect, but each has its shortcomings. For example, one researcher proposed a memory cell with a divided control gate structure, with one side for use in programming the cell and the other side for use in erasing the cell. (See Seiichi Aritome et al, Reliability Issues of Flash Memory Cells, in Proceedings of the IEEE, Vol. 81, May 1993.) However, extra control lines are required to operate both sides of the divided control gate. Another approach entails adding special circuitry to count the number of times a block of memory cells may be subject to the disturb effect and then automatically refreshing, or rewriting, data to the affected cells when the count reaches a certain number. (See U.S. Pat. No. 5,715,193 which is entitled “Flash Memory System and Method for Monitoring the Disturb Effect” and incorporated herein by reference.) Although both approaches ameliorate data corruption resulting from the disturb effect, they do so at the cost of adding space-consuming circuitry to already crowded memory circuits.  
       [0008] Accordingly, there remains a need for a nonvolatile memory circuit that effectively inhibits or resists the disturb effect without the addition of extra circuitry.  
       SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION  
       [0009] To address these and other needs, the inventor has developed a disturb-resistant nonvolatile memory circuit. In one embodiment, each memory cell of a nonvolatile memory circuit includes a floating-gate transistor having a floating gate with a work function greater than about 4.15, the work function of conventional silicon floating gates. Examples of materials which have this greater work function include titanium-nitride-tungsten alloy, tungsten, or titanium silicide, nickel, copper, gold, or silver. The greater work function makes it more difficult to inadvertently remove charge from the floating gates of nontargetted memory cells during erase operations. Moreover, the greater work function also reduces the write voltage required to charge the memory cell, increases the life of the memory cell, improves erase cycle endurance, and reduces threshold voltage variation after erasure. 
     
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS  
     [0010]FIG. 1 is a cross-sectional view of a nonvolatile memory cell embodying, or incorporating, the disturb-resistant features of the present invention; and  
     [0011]FIG. 2 is a block diagram of a flash memory circuit which itself incorporates one or more disturb-resistant memory cells of the present invention.  
    
    
     DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS  
     [0012] The following detailed description, which references and incorporates FIGS. 1 and 2, describes and illustrates specific embodiments of the invention, specifically a disturb-resistant memory cell and a memory circuit incorporating one or more of these cells. These embodiments, offered not to limit but only to exemplify and teach the invention, are shown and described in sufficient detail to enable those skilled in the art to implement or practice the invention. Thus, where appropriate to avoid obscuring the invention, the description may omit certain information known to those of skill in the art.  
     Exemplary Disturb-resistant Nonvolatile Memory Cell  
     [0013]FIG. 1 shows an exemplary structure of a nonvolatile memory cell  10 , sometimes called a floating-gate transistor or a floating-gate-tunneling oxide (FLOTOX) transistor. Cell  10 , formed using conventional NMOS or CMOS processing techniques for example, includes a substrate  12 . The term “substrate,” as used herein, encompasses a semiconductor wafer as well as structures having one or more insulative, semi-insulative, conductive, or semiconductive layers and materials. Thus, for example, the term embraces silicon-on-insulator, silicon-on-sapphire, and other advanced structures.  
     [0014] In addition to substrate  12 , memory cell  10  includes a first gate insulation layer  14 , which consists of an insulative material, such as silicon dioxide. In the exemplary embodiment, gate insulation layer  14  is about 100 Angstroms thick. However, in other embodiments, layer  14  has a lesser or greater thickness, such as 50 or 150 Angstroms.  
     [0015] Memory cell  10  also includes a floating gate  18  on first gate insulation layer  14 , a second gate insulation layer  20  on floating gate  18 , and a control gate  22  on insulation layer  20 . The exemplary embodiment forms floating gate  18  from a material or material composition having a work function greater than about 4.15 electron-volts (eV), forms gate insulation layer  20  from silicon dioxide, and forms control gate  22  from conventionally doped polysilicon. The work function of conventional heavily n-doped polysilicon floating gates is about 4.15 electron-volts (eV.) Examples of materials which have a greater work function greater than 4.15 electron-volts include tungsten (4.55), nickel (4.55), copper (4.7), gold (5.0), silver (5.1), titanium silicide (4.5-4.9), titanium-nitride-tungsten alloy (4.3-4.9), platinum (5.6), iridium (5.2), and selenium (6.0). (As used herein, work function refers to the difference between the vacuum, or free-electron, energy of a material and its Fermi energy.)  
     [0016] Nonvolatile memory cell  10  further includes self-aligned drain and source regions  24   d  and  24   s  in substrate  12 . (Conventionally p-doped silicon substrates have work functions ranging from 4.9 to 5.1, depending on dopant concentrations.) Although the invention encompasses any drain-source diffusion profile, the exemplary embodiment presents the source region with a deeper diffusion than the drain region to enhance erase operations. An exemplary implantation dose for the source and drain regions is 10 15  per square centimeter. Drain and source regions  24   d  and  24   s  define the length of semiconductive channel region  24   c . (For sake of clarity, FIG. 1 omits the drain and source contacts that are generally part of any commercial memory cell.)  
     [0017] Nonvolatile memory cell  10 , with the exception of its disturb-resistant attributes, operates as a conventional flash memory cell in writing, reading, and erasing operations. Writing, otherwise known as recording or programming, entails applying a write voltage differential of approximately +6 volts across control gate  22  and drain region  24   d , while source region  24   s  is at approximately zero volts. Under these bias conditions, electrons from channel region  24   c  travel, more precisely tunnel, through gate insulation layer  14  to floating gate  18 , where they accumulate to form an electric charge representative of a one or zero data state. In the exemplary embodiment, charge transfer to floating gate  18  occurs through hot-electron injection.  
     [0018] Read operations entail applying a read voltage differential, approximately four volts across control gate  22   s  and source region  24   s . The read voltage differential causes an electric current to flow from source  24   s , through channel  24   c , to drain  24   d , with the current magnitude dependent on whether floating gate  18  presently stores an electric charge. The presence of an electric charge on floating gate  18  shifts the effective threshold voltage of floating-gate transistor  10 , making it, more precisely channel  24   c , less conductive for any gate-to-source bias voltage. In the exemplary embodiment, the presence of sufficient negative charge on floating gate  18  prevents channel  24   c  from conducting an appreciable current with application of the differential read voltage.  
     [0019] Erasing memory cell  10  entails grounding control gate  22 , applying an erase voltage of approximately +12 volts to source region  24   s , and “floating” drain region  24   d . Under this bias condition, any charge on floating gate  18  travels or tunnels through gate insulation  14  into channel region  24   c , according to Fowler-Nordheim tunneling in the exemplary embodiment. Thus, applying the erase voltage removes most, if not all, charge stored on gate  18 .  
     [0020] In contrast to conventional memory cells which have a floating gate with a work function of less than about 4.15 electron-volts, memory cell  10  offers superior Reliability, particularly resistance to the disturb effect. More specifically, the higher work function of floating gate  18  reduces the tunneling current that occurs in response to the erase voltage. The reduction stems not only from a greater barrier height (stemming from the greater work function) which the electrons must overcome to effect tunneling, but also from an increase in the tunneling distance. The reduction translates into a lower likelihood that inadvertent tunneling will occur - - - in other words, an effective resistance to the disturb effect.  
     [0021] In addition to the resistance to the disturb effect, the greater work function and consequent increase in barrier height and tunneling distance provide at least four other advantages. First, the greater work function increases the time-dependent dielectric breakdown (TDDB), that is, the life, of gate insulation layer  14 . Second, the greater work function improves erase-cycle endurance, which means that the memory cell can endure many more erase cycles without degraded performance or failure. Third, the greater work function increases the barrier height and tunneling distance, not just for electrons, but also for holes (positive charges), thereby reducing hole injection, a contributant to undesirable variation in the threshold voltage of erased memory cells. Fourth, during write operations which require positive biasing of the control gate relative the drain region, the higher work function increases the kinetic energy of electrons arriving at the floating gate. Thus, for a given charge level, charging the higher-work-function floating gate requires a lower control gate voltage than gates with lesser work functions. Ultimately, this improves efficiency of the memory cell.  
     Exemplary Disturb-resistant Memory Circuit  
     [0022]FIG. 2 shows an exemplary flash memory circuit system  40  that incorporates disturb-resistant memory cells of the present invention. Memory circuit  40 , which operates according to well-known and understood principles, is generally coupled to a processor (not shown) to form a computer system. More particularly, circuit  40  includes a memory array  42  which comprises a number of memory cells  43 , a column address decoder  44 , and a row address decoder  45 , bit lines  46 , word lines  47 , and voltage-sense-amplifier circuit  48  coupled in conventional fashion to bit lines  46 . (For clarity, FIG. 2 omits many conventional elements of a memory circuit.)  
     [0023] In the exemplary embodiment, each of the memory cells is a disturb-resistant memory cell similar in form and function to memory cell  10  of FIG. 1. In addition, the exemplary memory array has a NOR array structure compatible with magnetic disk drives. Thus, each row of memory cells stores the equivalent of a typical magnetic disk sector, or 544 bytes (512 bytes of data plus 32 bytes of overhead.) Although the exemplary embodiment stores one data bit per memory cell, other embodiments store two or more bits per cell using a multi-bit storage technique.  
     Conclusion  
     [0024] In furtherance of the art, the inventor has devised a disturb-resistant memory cell, which includes a floating gate having a work function greater than about 4.15 electron-volts, the work function of conventional polysilicon floating gates. Not only does the greater work function inhibit occurrence of the disturb effect and thereby safeguard data integrity, it also improves the reliability and efficiency of the memory cell, ultimately allowing fabrication of superior memory circuits and computer systems.  
     [0025] The embodiments described above are intended only to illustrate and teach one or more ways of practicing or implementing the present invention, not to restrict its breadth or scope. The actual scope of the invention, which embraces all ways of practicing or implementing the invention, is defined only by the following claims and their equivalents.