Patent Publication Number: US-2023146581-A1

Title: Network Node, Terminal Device and Methods Therein for Data Transmission using Beamforming

Description:
TECHNICAL FIELD 
     The present disclosure relates to wireless communication, and more particularly, to a network node, a terminal device and methods therein for data transmission using beamforming. 
     BACKGROUND 
     The 5th Generation (5G) mobile communications need frequency bands at different carrier frequencies in order to meet different requirements. For example, low frequency bands will be needed for achieving a large coverage and higher frequency bands (e.g., in the millimeter wave (mmW) region, i.e., near and above 30 GHz) will be needed for providing a desired capacity. At high frequencies, problems associated with propagation properties of radio signals become more challenging, and beamforming at network nodes (e.g., (next) generation NodeBs, or gNBs) and/or terminal devices (e.g., User Equipments, or UEs) may be required to provide a sufficient link budget. 
     In order to facilitate transmissions with beamforming, a set of procedures referred to as beam management has been standardized for New Radio (NR) in the 3 rd  Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) Technical Specification (TS) 38.212, V15.1.0, TS 38.213, V15.1.0, and TS 38.214, V15.1.0. Typically, a Grid of Beam (GoB) system is used for data transmission. To achieve a good performance for a GoB system, a number of narrow beams can be predefined for beam sweeping. 
       FIG.  1    shows an example of a GoB system, in which predefined beams cover 120 degrees (−60 to 60 degrees) horizontally, with each narrow beam covering about 5 degrees horizontally and about 6 degrees vertically. 
     The basic procedures for beam management include:
         (a) Beam Sweeping, in which a gNB configures a UE to measure on a set of beamformed System Information and Synchronization Signal Blocks (SSBs)/Channel State Information-Reference Signals (CSI-RSs) transmitted by the gNB;   (b) Beam Measurement, in which the UE measures Reference Signal Received Power (RSRP) of the SSBs/CSI-RSs;   (c) Beam Reporting, in which the UE indicates a preferred transmission beam from the gNB by reporting one or more (e.g., up to four) SSB indices/CSI-RS Resource Indicators (CRIs) and their associated RSRP to the gNB (according to TS 38.331, V15.6.0, the UE can be configured to report Channel Quality Indicator (CQI), Precoding Matrix Index (PMI), and/or Rank Indicator (RI) as well);   (d) Beam Determination, in which the gNB determines a preferred beam according to the report from the UE for data transmission in a GoB system; and   (e) Beam Failure Recovery, in which the UE detects SSBs/CSI-RSs in case of beam failure and triggers a random access procedure for failure recovery.       

     SUMMARY 
     In the above procedures, for example, a one-port CSI-RS can be configured for each predefined beam and a UE can report the RSRP of one or more best beams to a gNB. The gNB can transmit data, e.g., via Physical Downlink Shared Channel (PDSCH), to the UE via one or more beams selected from the best beams. In this case, a multi-layer transmission to the UE can be achieved by splitting antennas. That is, all PDSCH data layers can be transmitted while sharing the selected beam(s). Assuming that the gNB has 64 transmission antennas and only one predefined beam is selected for data transmission, the beam weight, i.e., a Port-to-Antenna (P2A) mapping weight, of the selected beam can be represented as W P2A , which is a 64*1 vector, and the split weight for a rank-4 transmission can be: 
     
       
         
           
             
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     which is a 64*4 matrix. 
     However, in this case, only some of the transmission antennas can be used for each data layer and, as a result, the beam for transmission will be wider when compared with the case in which all transmission antennas are used for one data layer. This would lead to a significant drop in the beamforming gain. Moreover, the rank can only be 1 as the one-port CSI-RS is measured. Accordingly, without any RI reported from the UE, it is difficult for the gNB to estimate an optimal rank for data transmission. 
     As an alternative, a gNB may configure each predefined beam with a multi-port (e.g., N-port, where N is an integer larger than 1) CSI-RS and configured a UE to report CQI, PMI and/or RI. In this case, the gNB can transmit data, e.g., via PDSCH to the UE based on the reported PMI and/or RI using one or more selected beams. Assuming that the gNB has 64 transmission antennas and only one predefined beam is selected for data transmission, the beam weight for data transmission can be W P2A *W PMI  wherein W P2A  is a 64*N P2A mapping matrix and W PMI  is an N*RI precoding matrix. 
     However, for each CSI-RS resource set, the UE can report the RSRP of e.g., up to four beams but only one best CQI/PMI/RI. Each CSI-RS resource in a CSI-RS resource set is associated with one CSI-RS (and thus one beam), and the size of the CSI-RS resource set, i.e., the number of CSI-RS resources in the set, is limited to e.g., 16 when the UE is configured to report CQI/PMI/RI (as opposed to e.g., 64 when the UE is configured to report RSRP only). This would result in a lack of flexibility for the gNB in selecting predefined beams, especially for multi-layer transmissions. One straightforward solution would be to configure only one CSI-RS in each CSI-RS resource set, but this would be inefficient. 
     It is an object of the present disclosure to provide a network node, a terminal device and methods therein for data transmission using beamforming. 
     According to a first aspect of the present disclosure, a method in a network node is provided. The method includes: selecting a number, N, of beams for data transmission to a terminal device, where N is an integer larger than one; transmitting to the terminal device a CSI-RS having N ports using the N beams; receiving from the terminal device a first measurement report containing an RI obtained by the terminal device measuring the CSI-RS; and transmitting data to the terminal device based on the RI using the N beams. 
     In an embodiment, the method may further include: configuring the terminal device to: measure the CSI-RS, and report the RI or report the RI and a PMI. 
     In an embodiment, the method may further include: transmitting to the terminal device a number, M, of CSI-RSs each having one port and being associated with one of M beams, where M is an integer and MN; and receiving from the terminal device a second measurement report indicating a number, m, of CSI-RSs having best signal qualities among the M CSI-RSs, where m is an integer. 
     In an embodiment, the above operation of selecting may include: selecting the N beams from the M beams based on the m CSI-RSs. 
     In an embodiment, the above operation of selecting may include: selecting the N beams each associated with one of the m CSI-RSs that has a signal quality higher than a threshold. 
     In an embodiment, the M CSI-RSs can be transmitted in one CSI-RS resource set. The method may further include: configuring the terminal device to measure the M CSI-RSs and report the m CSI-RSs having best signal qualities among the M CSI-RSs, without reporting PMI or RI. 
     In an embodiment, the method may further include: transmitting, when each of the m CSI-RSs has a signal quality higher than a threshold, to the terminal device M-m CSI-RSs obtained by removing the m CSI-RSs from the M CSI-RSs; and receiving from the terminal device a third measurement report indicating a number, k, of CSI-RSs having best signal qualities among the M-m CSI-RSs, where k is an integer. The above operation of selecting may include: selecting, as the N beams, m beams each associated with one of the m CSI-RSs and one or more beams each associated with one of the k CSI-RSs that has a signal quality higher than the threshold. 
     In an embodiment, the M-m CSI-RSs can be transmitted in one CSI-RS resource set. The method may further include: configuring the terminal device to measure the M-m CSI-RSs and report the k CSI-RSs having best signal qualities among the M-m CSI-RSs, without reporting PMI or RI. 
     In an embodiment, the signal quality may include RSRP. 
     In an embodiment, the N beams may be selected based on a minimum allowable spatial or angular distance between any two beams for the data transmission. 
     In an embodiment, the above operation of transmitting may include: transmitting, when the first measurement report further contains a PMI, the data with a precoding matrix based on the PMI and the RI, or transmitting, when the first measurement report contains no PMI, the data based on the RI. 
     In an embodiment, the method may further include: selecting a number, P, of beams for data transmission to another terminal device, where P is an integer larger than one. The N beams and the P beams may be selected based on a minimum allowable spatial or angular distance between any beam for the data transmission to the terminal device and any beam for the data transmission to the other terminal device. 
     According to a second aspect of the present disclosure, a network node is provided. The network node includes a selecting unit configured to select a number, N, of beams for data transmission to a terminal device, where N is an integer larger than one; a transmitting unit configured to transmit to the terminal device a CSI-RS having N ports using the N beams; and a receiving unit configured to receive from the terminal device a first measurement report containing an RI obtained by the terminal device measuring the CSI-RS. The transmitting unit is further configured to transmit data to the terminal device based on the RI using the N beams. 
     According to a third aspect of the present disclosure, a network node is provided. The network node includes a transceiver, a processor and a memory. The memory contains instructions executable by the processor whereby the network node is operative to perform the method according to the above first aspect. 
     According to a fourth aspect of the present disclosure, a computer readable storage medium is provided. The computer readable storage medium has computer program instructions stored thereon. The computer program instructions, when executed by a processor in a network node, cause the network node to perform the method according to the above first aspect. 
     According to a fifth aspect of the present disclosure, a method in a terminal device is provided. The method includes: receiving a CSI-RS having a number, N, of ports transmitted from a network node using N beams, where N is an integer larger than one; transmitting to the network node a first measurement report containing an RI obtained by measuring the CSI-RS; and receiving data transmitted from the network node based on the RI using the N beams. 
     In an embodiment, the method may further include: receiving from the network node a first configuration signal for configuring the terminal device to: measure the CSI-RS, and report the RI or report the RI and a PMI. 
     In an embodiment, the method may further include: receiving from the network node a number, M, of CSI-RSs each having one port and being associated with one of M beams, where M is an integer and M≥N; and transmitting to the network node a second measurement report indicating a number, m, of CSI-RSs having best signal qualities among the M CSI-RSs, where m is an integer. 
     In an embodiment, the M CSI-RSs may be received in one CSI-RS resource set. The method may further include: receiving from the network node a second configuration signal for configuring the terminal device to measure the M CSI-RSs and report the m CSI-RSs having best signal qualities among the M CSI-RSs, without reporting PMI or RI. 
     In an embodiment, the method may further include: receiving from the network node M-m CSI-RSs obtained by removing the m CSI-RSs from the M CSI-RSs; and transmitting to the network node a third measurement report indicating a number, k, of CSI-RSs having best signal qualities among the M-m CSI-RSs, where k is an integer. 
     In an embodiment, the M-m CSI-RSs may be received in one CSI-RS resource set. The method may further include: receiving from the network node a third configuration signal for configuring the terminal device to measure the M-m CSI-RSs and report the k CSI-RSs having best signal qualities among the M-m CSI-RSs, without reporting PMI or RI. 
     In an embodiment, the signal quality may include RSRP. 
     In an embodiment, when the first measurement report further contains a PMI, the data may be transmitted from the network node with a precoding matrix based on the PMI and the RI. When the first measurement report contains no PMI, the data may be transmitted from the network node based on the RI. 
     According to a sixth aspect of the present disclosure, a terminal device is provided. The terminal device includes a receiving unit configured to receive a CSI-RS having a number, N, of ports transmitted from a network node using N beams, where N is an integer larger than one; and a transmitting unit configured to transmit to the network node a first measurement report containing an RI obtained by measuring the CSI-RS. The receiving unit is further configured to receive data transmitted from the network node based on the RI using the N beams. 
     According to a seventh aspect of the present disclosure, a terminal device is provided. The terminal device includes a transceiver, a processor and a memory. The memory contains instructions executable by the processor whereby the terminal device is operative to perform the method according to the above fifth aspect. 
     According to an eighth aspect of the present disclosure, a computer readable storage medium is provided. The computer readable storage medium has computer program instructions stored thereon. The computer program instructions, when executed by a processor in a terminal device, cause the terminal device to perform the method according to the above fifth aspect. 
     With the embodiments of the present disclosure, a network node can select N (N&gt;1) beams for data transmission to a terminal device and transmit to the terminal device an N-port CSI-RS using the N beams. This allows the terminal device to obtain an RI by measuring the N-port CSI-RS and report the RI to the network node. Upon receiving the RI, the network node can transmit data to the terminal device based on the RI using the N beams. In this way, with the N-port CSI-RS, the network node can obtain the RI reported from the terminal device for the selected N beams in an efficient manner, and use the RI in transmitting data to the terminal device, so as to achieve improved throughput and/or flexibility in beam management. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       The above and other objects, features and advantages will be more apparent from the following description of embodiments with reference to the figures, in which: 
         FIG.  1    is a schematic diagram showing an example of a GoB system; 
         FIG.  2    is a flowchart illustrating a method in a network node according to an embodiment of the present disclosure; 
         FIG.  3    is a flowchart illustrating a method in a terminal device according to another embodiment of the present disclosure; 
         FIG.  4    is a block diagram of a network node according to an embodiment of the present disclosure; 
         FIG.  5    is a block diagram of a network node according to another embodiment of the present disclosure; 
         FIG.  6    is a block diagram of a terminal device according to another embodiment of the present disclosure; 
         FIG.  7    is a block diagram of a terminal device according to another embodiment of the present disclosure; 
         FIG.  8    schematically illustrates a telecommunication network connected via an intermediate network to a host computer; 
         FIG.  9    is a generalized block diagram of a host computer communicating via a base station with a user equipment over a partially wireless connection; and 
         FIGS.  10  to  13    are flowcharts illustrating methods implemented in a communication system including a host computer, a base station and a user equipment. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     As used herein, the term “wireless communication network” refers to a network following any suitable communication standards, such as NR, LTE-Advanced (LTE-A), LTE, Wideband Code Division Multiple Access (WCDMA), High-Speed Packet Access (HSPA), and so on. Furthermore, the communications between a terminal device and a network device in the wireless communication network may be performed according to any suitable generation communication protocols, including, but not limited to, Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM), Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS), Long Term Evolution (LTE), and/or other suitable 1G (the first generation), 2G (the second generation), 2.5G, 2.75G, 3G (the third generation), 4G (the fourth generation), 4.5G, 5G (the fifth generation) communication protocols, wireless local area network (WLAN) standards, such as the IEEE 802.11 standards; and/or any other appropriate wireless communication standard, such as the Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMax), Bluetooth, and/or ZigBee standards, and/or any other protocols either currently known or to be developed in the future. 
     The term “network node” or “network device” refers to a device in a wireless communication network via which a terminal device accesses the network and receives services therefrom. The network node or network device refers to a base station (BS), an access point (AP), or any other suitable device in the wireless communication network. The BS may be, for example, a node B (NodeB or NB), an evolved NodeB (eNodeB or eNB), or gNB, a Remote Radio Unit (RRU), a radio header (RH), a remote radio head (RRH), a relay, a low power node such as a femto, a pico, and so forth. Yet further examples of the network device may include multi-standard radio (MSR) radio equipment such as MSR BSs, network controllers such as radio network controllers (RNCs) or base station controllers (BSCs), base transceiver stations (BTSs), transmission points, transmission nodes. More generally, however, the network device may represent any suitable device (or group of devices) capable, configured, arranged, and/or operable to enable and/or provide a terminal device access to the wireless communication network or to provide some service to a terminal device that has accessed the wireless communication network. 
     The term “terminal device” refers to any end device that can access a wireless communication network and receive services therefrom. By way of example and not limitation, the terminal device refers to a mobile terminal, user equipment (UE), or other suitable devices. The UE may be, for example, a Subscriber Station (SS), a Portable Subscriber Station, a Mobile Station (MS), or an Access Terminal (AT). The terminal device may include, but not limited to, portable computers, desktop computers, image capture terminal devices such as digital cameras, gaming terminal devices, music storage and playback appliances, a mobile phone, a cellular phone, a smart phone, voice over IP (VoIP) phones, wireless local loop phones, tablets, personal digital assistants (PDAs), wearable terminal devices, vehicle-mounted wireless terminal devices, wireless endpoints, mobile stations, laptop-embedded equipment (LEE), laptop-mounted equipment (LME), USB dongles, smart devices, wireless customer-premises equipment (CPE) and the like. In the following description, the terms “terminal device”, “terminal”, “user equipment” and “UE” may be used interchangeably. As one example, a terminal device may represent a UE configured for communication in accordance with one or more communication standards promulgated by the 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP), such as 3GPP&#39;s GSM, UMTS, LTE, and/or 5G standards. As used herein, a “user equipment” or “UE” may not necessarily have a “user” in the sense of a human user who owns and/or operates the relevant device. In some embodiments, a terminal device may be configured to transmit and/or receive information without direct human interaction. 
     For instance, a terminal device may be designed to transmit information to a network on a predetermined schedule, when triggered by an internal or external event, or in response to requests from the wireless communication network. Instead, a UE may represent a device that is intended for sale to, or operation by, a human user but that may not initially be associated with a specific human user. 
     The terminal device may support device-to-device (D2D) communication, for example by implementing a 3GPP standard for sidelink communication, and may in this case be referred to as a D2D communication device. 
     As yet another example, in an Internet of Things (IOT) scenario, a terminal device may represent a machine or other device that performs monitoring and/or measurements, and transmits the results of such monitoring and/or measurements to another terminal device and/or network equipment. The terminal device may in this case be a machine-to-machine (M2M) device, which may in a 3GPP context be referred to as a machine-type communication (MTC) device. As one particular example, the terminal device may be a UE implementing the 3GPP narrow band internet of things (NB-IoT) standard. Particular examples of such machines or devices are sensors, metering devices such as power meters, industrial machinery, or home or personal appliances, for example refrigerators, televisions, personal wearables such as watches etc. In other scenarios, a terminal device may represent a vehicle or other equipment that is capable of monitoring and/or reporting on its operational status or other functions associated with its operation. 
     As used herein, a downlink transmission refers to a transmission from the network device to a terminal device, and an uplink transmission refers to a transmission in an opposite direction. 
     References in the specification to “one embodiment,” “an embodiment,” “an example embodiment,” and the like indicate that the embodiment described may include a particular feature, structure, or characteristic, but it is not necessary that every embodiment includes the particular feature, structure, or characteristic. Moreover, such phrases are not necessarily referring to the same embodiment. Further, when a particular feature, structure, or characteristic is described in connection with an embodiment, it is submitted that it is within the knowledge of one skilled in the art to affect such feature, structure, or characteristic in connection with other embodiments whether or not explicitly described. 
     It shall be understood that although the terms “first” and “second” etc. may be used herein to describe various elements, these elements should not be limited by these terms. These terms are only used to distinguish one element from another. For example, a first element could be termed a second element, and similarly, a second element could be termed a first element, without departing from the scope of example embodiments. As used herein, the term “and/or” includes any and all combinations of one or more of the associated listed terms. The terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particular embodiments only and is not intended to be liming of example embodiments. As used herein, the singular forms “a”, “an” and “the” are intended to include the plural forms as well, unless the context clearly indicates otherwise. It will be further understood that the terms “comprises”, “comprising”, “has”, “having”, “includes” and/or “including”, when used herein, specify the presence of stated features, elements, and/or components etc., but do not preclude the presence or addition of one or more other features, elements, components and/or combinations thereof. 
     In the following description and claims, unless defined otherwise, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skills in the art to which this disclosure belongs. 
       FIG.  2    is a flowchart illustrating a method  200  according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. The method  200  can be performed in a network node, e.g., a gNB, for transmitting data using a GoB system. 
     At block  210 , a number, N, of beams are selected for data transmission to a terminal device, where N is an integer larger than one. 
     In an example, e.g., prior to the block  210 , the network node can transmit to the terminal device a number, M, of CSI-RSs each having one port (thus each of the M CSI-RSs can be referred to as 1-port CSI-RS) and being associated with one of M beams, where M is an integer and M≥N. The M 1-port CSI-RSs can be transmitted in one CSI-RS resource set. For example, before transmitting the M 1-port CSI-RSs, the network node can configure the terminal device to measure the M CSI-RSs in the CSI-RS resource set and report a number, m, of 1-port CSI-RSs having best signal qualities among the M 1-port CSI-RSs, without reporting PMI or RI, where m is an integer and can be e.g., 1, 2 or 4. Accordingly, the network node can receive from the terminal device a measurement report indicating m 1-port CSI-RSs having best signal qualities among the M 1-port CSI-RSs. 
     In an example, in the block  210 , the N beams can be selected from the M beams based on the m 1-port CSI-RSs. For example, N may be equal to m and each of the N beams selected in the block  210  can be associated with one of the m 1-port CSI-RSs. As another example, a threshold can be defined and a beam can be selected only when its associated 1-port CSI-RS has a signal quality higher than the threshold. In other words, each of the N beams selected in the block  210  can be associated with one of the m 1-port CSI-RSs that has a signal quality higher than the threshold. In this case, N may be smaller than m when not all of the m 1-port CSI-RSs have their respective signal qualities higher than the threshold. For example, N may be 1, 2 or 4. 
     Alternatively, when each of the m 1-port CSI-RSs has a signal quality higher than the threshold, the network node can transmit to the terminal device M-m 1-port CSI-RSs obtained by removing the m 1-port CSI-RSs from the M 1-port CSI-RSs. Similarly, the M-m 1-port CSI-RSs can be transmitted in one CSI-RS resource set, and e.g., before transmitting the M-m 1-port CSI-RSs, the network node can configure the terminal device to measure the M-m 1-port CSI-RSs in the CSI-RS resource set and report k 1-port CSI-RSs having best signal qualities among the M-m 1-port CSI-RSs, without reporting PMI or RI. Then, the network node can receive from the terminal device a measurement report indicating k 1-port CSI-RSs having best signal qualities among the M-m 1-port CSI-RSs. Accordingly, in the block  210 , m beams each associated with one of the m 1-port CSI-RSs and one or more beams each associated with one of the k 1-port CSI-RSs that has a signal quality higher than the threshold can be selected as the N beams. In this case, N may be larger than m. For example, N may be 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, or 32. 
     As an example, the signal quality as used herein may refer to RSRP. 
     In an example, in the block  210 , the N beams can be selected based on a minimum allowable spatial or angular distance between any two beams for the data transmission. For example, in a GoB system, a difference between indices of two pre-defined beams may reflect the spatial or angular distance between them. In this case, e.g., when the measurement report from the terminal device indicates four beams having best RSRP as having beam indices of {0, 1, 2, 3}, N=2 and the minimum allowable difference between beam indices is 2, the network node can select e.g., beams {0, 2}, {1, 3} or {0, 3}. 
     In an example, the network node can further a number, P, of beams for data transmission to another terminal device, where P is an integer larger than one. Here, the N beams and the P beams can be selected based on a minimum allowable spatial or angular distance between any beam for the data transmission to the terminal device and any beam for the data transmission to the other terminal device. For example, when a measurement report from a terminal device, UE1, indicates four beams having best RSRP as having beam indices of {2, 6, 9, 11} and a measurement report from another terminal device, UE2, indicates four beams having best RSRP as having beam indices of {8, 10, 13, 17}, N=2, P=2 and the minimum allowable difference between beam indices for different terminal devices is 6, the network node can select beams {2, 6} for UE1 and beams {13, 17} for UE2. 
     At block  220 , a CSI-RS having N ports (or referred to as an N-port CSI-RS) is transmitted to the terminal device using the N beams. 
     In an example, e.g., prior to the block  220 , the network node can configure the terminal device to measure the N-port CSI-RS and report an RI (and optionally a PMI). 
     At block  230 , a measurement report is received from the terminal device. The measurement report contains an RI obtained by the terminal device measuring the N-port CSI-RS. 
     At block  240 , data is transmitted to the terminal device based on the RI using the N beams. 
     In an example, when the measurement report received in the block  230  contains a PMI, the data can be transmitted in the block  240  with a precoding matrix based on the PMI and the RI. For example, assuming that the network node has 64 transmission antennas and RI=2, a two-layer data transmission can be performed according to: 
       Y=W P2A W PMI X  (1)
 
     where Y denotes a signal to be transmitted, W P2A  is a 64*N matrix denoting a P2A mapping weight of the N selected beams, W PMI  is an N*2 precoding matrix determined based on the PMI and RI, and X is a 2*1 vector denoting the data (information) to be transmitted. 
     In another example, when the measurement report received in the block  230  contains no PMI, the data can be transmitted in the block  240  based on the RI. For example, assuming that the network node has 64 transmission antennas and RI=2, a two-layer data transmission can be performed according to: 
       Y=W P2A CX  (2)
 
     where Y denotes a signal to be transmitted, W P2A  is a 64*N matrix denoting a P2A mapping weight of the N selected beams, C is an N*2 matrix constructed based on a 2*2 identity matrix (e.g., when N=2, C can be a 2*2 identity matrix or can be simply omitted; or when N&gt;2, C can be a matrix having the first two rows being a 2*2 identity matrix and all other elements being 0), and X is a 2*1 vector denoting the data (information) to be transmitted. 
       FIG.  3    is a flowchart illustrating a method  300  according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. The method  300  can be performed in a terminal device, e.g., a UE, for receiving data using a GoB system. 
     At block  310 , a CSI-RS having a number, N, of ports (or referred to as an N-port CSI-RS) transmitted from a network node using N beams is received, where N is an integer larger than one. 
     In an example, e.g., prior to the block  310 , the terminal device can receive from the network node a configuration signal for configuring the terminal device to: measure the CSI-RS and report the RI or report the RI (and optionally a PMI). 
     In an example, e.g., prior to the block  310 , the terminal device can receive from the network node a number, M, of CSI-RSs each having one port ((thus each of the M CSI-RSs can be referred to as 1-port CSI-RS) and being associated with one of M beams, where M is an integer and M≥N. Here, the M CSI-RSs can be received in one CSI-RS resource set, and before receiving the M 1-port CSI-RSs, the terminal device can receive from the network node a configuration signal for configuring the terminal device to measure the M 1-port CSI-RSs in the CSI-RS resource set and report the a number, m, of 1-port CSI-RSs having best signal qualities among the M 1-port CSI-RSs, without reporting PMI or RI, where m is an integer. The terminal device can then transmit to the network node a measurement report indicating m 1-port CSI-RSs having best signal qualities among the M 1-port CSI-RSs. Next, optionally, the terminal device may receive from the network node M-m 1-port CSI-RSs obtained by removing them 1-port CSI-RSs from the M 1-port CSI-RSs. Here, the M-m 1-port CSI-RSs can be received in one CSI-RS resource set, and before receiving the M-m 1-port CSI-RSs, the terminal device can receive from the network node a configuration signal for configuring the terminal device to measure the M-m CSI-RSs and report a number, k, of 1-port CSI-RSs having best signal qualities among the M-m 1-port CSI-RSs, without reporting PMI or RI, where k is an integer. The terminal device can then transmit to the network node a measurement report indicating k 1-port CSI-RSs having best signal qualities among the M-m 1-port CSI-RSs. 
     As an example, the signal quality as used herein may refer to RSRP. 
     At block  320 , a measurement report is transmitted to the network node. The measurement report contains an RI obtained by measuring the N-port CSI-RS. 
     At block  330 , data transmitted from the network node based on the RI using the N beams is received. 
     In an example, when the measurement report transmitted in the block  320  contains a PMI, the data received in the block  330  can be transmitted from the network node with a precoding matrix based on the PMI and the RI, e.g., according to the above Equation (1). When the measurement report transmitted in the block  320  contains no PMI, the data received in the block  330  can be transmitted from the network node based on the RI, e.g., according to the above Equation (2). 
     Correspondingly to the method  200  as described above, a network node is provided.  FIG.  4    is a block diagram of a network node  400  according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. 
     As shown in  FIG.  4   , the network node  400  includes a selecting unit  410  configured to select a number, N, of beams for data transmission to a terminal device, where N is an integer larger than one. The network node  400  further includes a transmitting unit  420  configured to transmit to the terminal device a CSI-RS having N ports using the N beams. The network node  400  further includes a receiving unit  430  configured to receive from the terminal device a first measurement report containing an RI obtained by the terminal device measuring the CSI-RS. The transmitting unit  420  can be further configured to transmit data to the terminal device based on the RI using the N beams. 
     In an embodiment, the network node  400  may further include a configuring unit configured to configure the terminal device to: measure the CSI-RS, and report the RI or report the RI and a PMI. 
     In an embodiment, the transmitting unit  420  can be further configured to transmit to the terminal device a number, M, of CSI-RSs each having one port and being associated with one of M beams, where M is an integer and M N. The receiving unit  430  can be configured to receive from the terminal device a second measurement report indicating a number, m, of CSI-RSs having best signal qualities among the M CSI-RSs, where m is an integer. 
     In an embodiment, the selecting unit  410  can be configured to select the N beams from the M beams based on the m CSI-RSs. 
     In an embodiment, the selecting unit  410  can be configured to select the N beams each associated with one of the m CSI-RSs that has a signal quality higher than a threshold. 
     In an embodiment, the M CSI-RSs can be transmitted in one CSI-RS resource set. The configuring unit can be further configured to configure the terminal device to measure the M CSI-RSs and report the m CSI-RSs having best signal qualities among the M CSI-RSs, without reporting PMI or RI. 
     In an embodiment, the transmitting unit  420  can be further configured to transmit, when each of the m CSI-RSs has a signal quality higher than a threshold, to the terminal device M-m CSI-RSs obtained by removing the m CSI-RSs from the M CSI-RSs. The receiving unit  430  can be further configured to receive from the terminal device a third measurement report indicating a number, k, of CSI-RSs having best signal qualities among the M-m CSI-RSs, where k is an integer. The selecting unit  410  can be configured to select, as the N beams, m beams each associated with one of the m CSI-RSs and one or more beams each associated with one of the k CSI-RSs that has a signal quality higher than the threshold. 
     In an embodiment, the M-m CSI-RSs can be transmitted in one CSI-RS resource set. The configuring unit can be further configured to configure the terminal device to measure the M-m CSI-RSs and report the k CSI-RSs having best signal qualities among the M-m CSI-RSs, without reporting PMI or RI. 
     In an embodiment, the signal quality may include RSRP. 
     In an embodiment, the N beams may be selected based on a minimum allowable spatial or angular distance between any two beams for the data transmission. 
     In an embodiment, the transmitting unit  420  can be configured to transmit, when the first measurement report further contains a PMI, the data with a precoding matrix based on the PMI and the RI, or transmit, when the first measurement report contains no PMI, the data based on the RI. 
     In an embodiment, the selecting unit  410  can be further configured to select a number, P, of beams for data transmission to another terminal device, where P is an integer larger than one. The N beams and the P beams may be selected based on a minimum allowable spatial or angular distance between any beam for the data transmission to the terminal device and any beam for the data transmission to the other terminal device. 
     The selecting unit  410 , the transmitting unit  420  and the receiving unit  430  can be implemented as a pure hardware solution or as a combination of software and hardware, e.g., by one or more of: a processor or a micro-processor and adequate software and memory for storing of the software, a Programmable Logic Device (PLD) or other electronic component(s) or processing circuitry configured to perform the actions described above, and illustrated, e.g., in  FIG.  2   . 
       FIG.  5    is a block diagram of a network node  500  according to another embodiment of the present disclosure. 
     The network node  500  includes a transceiver  510 , a processor  520  and a memory  530 . The memory  530  contains instructions executable by the processor  520  whereby the network node  500  is operative to perform the actions, e.g., of the procedure described earlier in conjunction with  FIG.  2   . Particularly, the memory  530  contains instructions executable by the processor  520  whereby the network node  500  is operative to: select a number, N, of beams for data transmission to a terminal device, where N is an integer larger than one; transmit to the terminal device a CSI-RS having N ports using the N beams; receive from the terminal device a first measurement report containing an RI obtained by the terminal device measuring the CSI-RS; and transmit data to the terminal device based on the RI using the N beams. 
     In an embodiment, the memory  530  may further contain instructions executable by the processor  520  whereby the network node  500  is operative to: configure the terminal device to: measure the CSI-RS, and report the RI or report the RI and a PMI. 
     In an embodiment, the memory  530  may further contain instructions executable by the processor  520  whereby the network node  500  is operative to: transmit to the terminal device a number, M, of CSI-RSs each having one port and being associated with one of M beams, where M is an integer and M N; and receive from the terminal device a second measurement report indicating a number, m, of CSI-RSs having best signal qualities among the M CSI-RSs, where m is an integer. 
     In an embodiment, the above operation of selecting may include: selecting the N beams from the M beams based on the m CSI-RSs. 
     In an embodiment, the above operation of selecting may include: selecting the N beams each associated with one of the m CSI-RSs that has a signal quality higher than a threshold. 
     In an embodiment, the M CSI-RSs can be transmitted in one CSI-RS resource set. The memory  530  may further contain instructions executable by the processor  520  whereby the network node  500  is operative to: configure the terminal device to measure the M CSI-RSs and report the m CSI-RSs having best signal qualities among the M CSI-RSs, without reporting PMI or RI. 
     In an embodiment, the memory  530  may further contain instructions executable by the processor  520  whereby the network node  500  is operative to: transmit, when each of the m CSI-RSs has a signal quality higher than a threshold, to the terminal device M-m CSI-RSs obtained by removing the m CSI-RSs from the M CSI-RSs; and receive from the terminal device a third measurement report indicating a number, k, of CSI-RSs having best signal qualities among the M-m CSI-RSs, where k is an integer. The above operation of selecting may include: selecting, as the N beams, m beams each associated with one of the m CSI-RSs and one or more beams each associated with one of the k CSI-RSs that has a signal quality higher than the threshold. 
     In an embodiment, the M-m CSI-RSs can be transmitted in one CSI-RS resource set. The memory  530  may further contain instructions executable by the processor  520  whereby the network node  500  is operative to: configure the terminal device to measure the M-m CSI-RSs and report the k CSI-RSs having best signal qualities among the M-m CSI-RSs, without reporting PMI or RI. 
     In an embodiment, the signal quality may include RSRP. 
     In an embodiment, the N beams may be selected based on a minimum allowable spatial or angular distance between any two beams for the data transmission. 
     In an embodiment, the above operation of transmitting may include: transmitting, when the first measurement report further contains a PMI, the data with a precoding matrix based on the PMI and the RI, or transmitting, when the first measurement report contains no PMI, the data based on the RI. 
     In an embodiment, the memory  530  may further contain instructions executable by the processor  520  whereby the network node  500  is operative to: select a number, P, of beams for data transmission to another terminal device, where P is an integer larger than one. The N beams and the P beams may be selected based on a minimum allowable spatial or angular distance between any beam for the data transmission to the terminal device and any beam for the data transmission to the other terminal device. 
     Correspondingly to the method  300  as described above, a terminal device is provided.  FIG.  6    is a block diagram of a terminal device  600  according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. 
     As shown in  FIG.  6   , the terminal device  600  includes a receiving unit  610  configured to receive a CSI-RS having a number, N, of ports transmitted from a network node using N beams, where N is an integer larger than one. The terminal device  600  further includes a transmitting unit  620  configured to transmit to the network node a first measurement report containing an RI obtained by measuring the CSI-RS. The receiving unit  610  is further configured to receive data transmitted from the network node based on the RI using the N beams. 
     In an embodiment, the receiving unit  610  can be further configured to receive from the network node a first configuration signal for configuring the terminal device to: measure the CSI-RS, and report the RI or report the RI and a PMI. 
     In an embodiment, the receiving unit  610  can be further configured to receive from the network node a number, M, of CSI-RSs each having one port and being associated with one of M beams, where M is an integer and M N. The transmitting unit  620  can be further configured to transmit to the network node a second measurement report indicating a number, m, of CSI-RSs having best signal qualities among the M CSI-RSs, where m is an integer. 
     In an embodiment, the M CSI-RSs may be received in one CSI-RS resource set. The receiving unit  610  can be further configured to receive from the network node a second configuration signal for configuring the terminal device to measure the M CSI-RSs and report the m CSI-RSs having best signal qualities among the M CSI-RSs, without reporting PMI or RI. 
     In an embodiment, the receiving unit  610  can be further configured to receive from the network node M-m CSI-RSs obtained by removing the m CSI-RSs from the M CSI-RSs. The transmitting unit  620  can be further configured to transmit to the network node a third measurement report indicating a number, k, of CSI-RSs having best signal qualities among the M-m CSI-RSs, where k is an integer. 
     In an embodiment, the M-m CSI-RSs may be received in one CSI-RS resource set. The receiving unit  610  can be further configured to receive from the network node a third configuration signal for configuring the terminal device to measure the M-m CSI-RSs and report the k CSI-RSs having best signal qualities among the M-m CSI-RSs, without reporting PMI or RI. 
     In an embodiment, the signal quality may include RSRP. 
     In an embodiment, when the first measurement report further contains a PMI, the data may be transmitted from the network node with a precoding matrix based on the PMI and the RI. When the first measurement report contains no PMI, the data may be transmitted from the network node based on the RI. 
     The receiving unit  610  and the transmitting unit  620  can be implemented as a pure hardware solution or as a combination of software and hardware, e.g., by one or more of: a processor or a micro-processor and adequate software and memory for storing of the software, a Programmable Logic Device (PLD) or other electronic component(s) or processing circuitry configured to perform the actions described above, and illustrated, e.g., in  FIG.  3   . 
       FIG.  7    is a block diagram of a terminal device  700  according to another embodiment of the present disclosure. 
     The terminal device  700  includes a transceiver  710 , a processor  720  and a memory  730 . The memory  730  contains instructions executable by the processor  720  whereby the terminal device  700  is operative to perform the actions, e.g., of the procedure described earlier in conjunction with  FIG.  3   . Particularly, the memory  730  contains instructions executable by the processor  720  whereby the terminal device  700  is operative to: receive a CSI-RS having a number, N, of ports transmitted from a network node using N beams, where N is an integer larger than one; transmit to the network node a first measurement report containing an RI obtained by measuring the CSI-RS; and receive data transmitted from the network node based on the RI using the N beams. 
     In an embodiment, the memory  730  may further contain instructions executable by the processor  720  whereby the terminal device  700  is operative to: receive from the network node a first configuration signal for configuring the terminal device to: measure the CSI-RS, and report the RI or report the RI and a PMI. 
     In an embodiment, the memory  730  may further contain instructions executable by the processor  720  whereby the terminal device  700  is operative to: receive from the network node a number, M, of CSI-RSs each having one port and being associated with one of M beams, where M is an integer and M N; and transmit to the network node a second measurement report indicating a number, m, of CSI-RSs having best signal qualities among the M CSI-RSs, where m is an integer. 
     In an embodiment, the M CSI-RSs may be received in one CSI-RS resource set. The memory  730  may further contain instructions executable by the processor  720  whereby the terminal device  700  is operative to: receive from the network node a second configuration signal for configuring the terminal device to measure the M CSI-RSs and report the m CSI-RSs having best signal qualities among the M CSI-RSs, without reporting PMI or RI. 
     In an embodiment, the memory  730  may further contain instructions executable by the processor  720  whereby the terminal device  700  is operative to: receive from the network node M-m CSI-RSs obtained by removing the m CSI-RSs from the M CSI-RSs; and transmit to the network node a third measurement report indicating a number, k, of CSI-RSs having best signal qualities among the M-m CSI-RSs, where k is an integer. 
     In an embodiment, the M-m CSI-RSs may be received in one CSI-RS resource set. The memory  730  may further contain instructions executable by the processor  720  whereby the terminal device  700  is operative to: receive from the network node a third configuration signal for configuring the terminal device to measure the M-m CSI-RSs and report the k CSI-RSs having best signal qualities among the M-m CSI-RSs, without reporting PMI or RI. 
     In an embodiment, the signal quality may include RSRP. 
     In an embodiment, when the first measurement report further contains a PMI, the data may be transmitted from the network node with a precoding matrix based on the PMI and the RI. When the first measurement report contains no PMI, the data may be transmitted from the network node based on the RI. 
     The present disclosure also provides at least one computer program product in the form of a non-volatile or volatile memory, e.g., a non-transitory computer readable storage medium, an Electrically Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory (EEPROM), a flash memory and a hard drive. The computer program product includes a computer program. The computer program includes: code/computer readable instructions, which when executed by the processor  520  causes the network node  500  to perform the actions, e.g., of the procedure described earlier in conjunction with  FIG.  2   ; or code/computer readable instructions, which when executed by the processor  720  causes the terminal device  700  to perform the actions, e.g., of the procedure described earlier in conjunction with  FIG.  3   . 
     The computer program product may be configured as a computer program code structured in computer program modules. The computer program modules could essentially perform the actions of the flow illustrated in  FIG.  2  or  3   . 
     The processor may be a single CPU (Central processing unit), but could also comprise two or more processing units. For example, the processor may include general purpose microprocessors; instruction set processors and/or related chips sets and/or special purpose microprocessors such as Application Specific Integrated Circuit (ASICs). The processor may also comprise board memory for caching purposes. The computer program may be carried by a computer program product connected to the processor. The computer program product may comprise a non-transitory computer readable storage medium on which the computer program is stored. For example, the computer program product may be a flash memory, a Random-access memory (RAM), a Read-Only Memory (ROM), or an EEPROM, and the computer program modules described above could in alternative embodiments be distributed on different computer program products in the form of memories. 
     With reference to  FIG.  8   , in accordance with an embodiment, a communication system includes a telecommunication network  810 , such as a 3GPP-type cellular network, which comprises an access network  811 , such as a radio access network, and a core network  814 . The access network  811  comprises a plurality of base stations  812   a ,  812   b ,  812   c , such as NBs, eNBs, gNBs or other types of wireless access points, each defining a corresponding coverage area  813   a ,  813   b ,  813   c . Each base station  812   a ,  812   b ,  812   c  is connectable to the core network  814  over a wired or wireless connection  815 . A first UE  891  located in a coverage area  813   c  is configured to wirelessly connect to, or be paged by, the corresponding base station  812   c . A second UE  892  in a coverage area  813   a  is wirelessly connectable to the corresponding base station  812   a . While a plurality of UEs  891 ,  892  are illustrated in this example, the disclosed embodiments are equally applicable to a situation where a sole UE is in the coverage area or where a sole UE is connecting to the corresponding base station  812 . 
     The telecommunication network  810  is itself connected to a host computer  830 , which may be embodied in the hardware and/or software of a standalone server, a cloud-implemented server, a distributed server or as processing resources in a server farm. The host computer  830  may be under the ownership or control of a service provider, or may be operated by the service provider or on behalf of the service provider. Connections  821  and  822  between the telecommunication network  810  and the host computer  830  may extend directly from the core network  814  to the host computer  830  or may go via an optional intermediate network  820 . An intermediate network  820  may be one of, or a combination of more than one of, a public, private or hosted network; the intermediate network  820 , if any, may be a backbone network or the Internet; in particular, the intermediate network  820  may comprise two or more sub-networks (not shown). 
     The communication system of  FIG.  8    as a whole enables connectivity between the connected UEs  891 ,  892  and the host computer  830 . The connectivity may be described as an over-the-top (OTT) connection  850 . The host computer  830  and the connected UEs  891 ,  892  are configured to communicate data and/or signaling via the OTT connection  850 , using the access network  811 , the core network  814 , any intermediate network  820  and possible further infrastructure (not shown) as intermediaries. The OTT connection  850  may be transparent in the sense that the participating communication devices through which the OTT connection  850  passes are unaware of routing of uplink and downlink communications. For example, the base station  812  may not or need not be informed about the past routing of an incoming downlink communication with data originating from the host computer  830  to be forwarded (e.g., handed over) to a connected UE  891 . Similarly, the base station  812  need not be aware of the future routing of an outgoing uplink communication originating from the UE  891  towards the host computer  830 . 
     Example implementations, in accordance with an embodiment, of the UE, base station and host computer discussed in the preceding paragraphs will now be described with reference to  FIG.  9   . In a communication system  900 , a host computer  910  comprises hardware  915  including a communication interface  916  configured to set up and maintain a wired or wireless connection with an interface of a different communication device of the communication system  900 . The host computer  910  further comprises a processing circuitry  918 , which may have storage and/or processing capabilities. In particular, the processing circuitry  918  may comprise one or more programmable processors, application-specific integrated circuits, field programmable gate arrays or combinations of these (not shown) adapted to execute instructions. The host computer  910  further comprises software  911 , which is stored in or accessible by the host computer  910  and executable by the processing circuitry  918 . The software  911  includes a host application  912 . The host application  912  may be operable to provide a service to a remote user, such as UE  930  connecting via an OTT connection  950  terminating at the UE  930  and the host computer  910 . In providing the service to the remote user, the host application  912  may provide user data which is transmitted using the OTT connection  950 . 
     The communication system  900  further includes a base station  920  provided in a telecommunication system and comprising hardware  925  enabling it to communicate with the host computer  910  and with the UE  930 . The hardware  925  may include a communication interface  926  for setting up and maintaining a wired or wireless connection with an interface of a different communication device of the communication system  900 , as well as a radio interface  927  for setting up and maintaining at least a wireless connection  970  with the UE  930  located in a coverage area (not shown in  FIG.  9   ) served by the base station  920 . The communication interface  926  may be configured to facilitate a connection  960  to the host computer  910 . The connection  960  may be direct or it may pass through a core network (not shown in  FIG.  9   ) of the telecommunication system and/or through one or more intermediate networks outside the telecommunication system. In the embodiment shown, the hardware  925  of the base station  920  further includes a processing circuitry  928 , which may comprise one or more programmable processors, application-specific integrated circuits, field programmable gate arrays or combinations of these (not shown) adapted to execute instructions. The base station  920  further has software  921  stored internally or accessible via an external connection. 
     The communication system  900  further includes the UE  930  already referred to. Its hardware  935  may include a radio interface  937  configured to set up and maintain a wireless connection  970  with a base station serving a coverage area in which the UE  930  is currently located. The hardware  935  of the UE  930  further includes a processing circuitry  938 , which may comprise one or more programmable processors, application-specific integrated circuits, field programmable gate arrays or combinations of these (not shown) adapted to execute instructions. The UE  930  further comprises software  931 , which is stored in or accessible by the UE  930  and executable by the processing circuitry  938 . The software  931  includes a client application  932 . The client application  932  may be operable to provide a service to a human or non-human user via the UE  930 , with the support of the host computer  910 . In the host computer  910 , an executing host application  912  may communicate with the executing client application  932  via the OTT connection  950  terminating at the UE  930  and the host computer  910 . In providing the service to the user, the client application  932  may receive request data from the host application  912  and provide user data in response to the request data. The OTT connection  950  may transfer both the request data and the user data. The client application  932  may interact with the user to generate the user data that it provides. 
     It is noted that the host computer  910 , the base station  920  and the UE  930  illustrated in  FIG.  9    may be similar or identical to the host computer  830 , one of base stations  812   a ,  812   b ,  812   c  and one of UEs  891 ,  892  of  FIG.  8   , respectively. This is to say, the inner workings of these entities may be as shown in  FIG.  9    and independently, the surrounding network topology may be that of  FIG.  8   . 
     In  FIG.  9   , the OTT connection  950  has been drawn abstractly to illustrate the communication between the host computer  910  and the UE  930  via the base station  920 , without explicit reference to any intermediary devices and the precise routing of messages via these devices. Network infrastructure may determine the routing, which it may be configured to hide from the UE  930  or from the service provider operating the host computer  910 , or both. While the OTT connection  950  is active, the network infrastructure may further take decisions by which it dynamically changes the routing (e.g., on the basis of load balancing consideration or reconfiguration of the network). 
     Wireless connection  970  between the UE  930  and the base station  920  is in accordance with the teachings of the embodiments described throughout this disclosure. One or more of the various embodiments improve the performance of OTT services provided to the UE  930  using the OTT connection  950 , in which the wireless connection  970  forms the last segment. More precisely, the teachings of these embodiments may improve data throughput and thereby provide benefits such as reduced user waiting time. 
     A measurement procedure may be provided for the purpose of monitoring data rate, latency and other factors on which the one or more embodiments improve. There may further be an optional network functionality for reconfiguring the OTT connection  950  between the host computer  910  and the UE  930 , in response to variations in the measurement results. The measurement procedure and/or the network functionality for reconfiguring the OTT connection  950  may be implemented in software  911  and hardware  915  of the host computer  910  or in software  931  and hardware  935  of the UE  930 , or both. In embodiments, sensors (not shown) may be deployed in or in association with communication devices through which the OTT connection  950  passes; the sensors may participate in the measurement procedure by supplying values of the monitored quantities exemplified above, or supplying values of other physical quantities from which the software  911 ,  931  may compute or estimate the monitored quantities. The reconfiguring of the OTT connection  950  may include message format, retransmission settings, preferred routing etc.; the reconfiguring need not affect the base station  920 , and it may be unknown or imperceptible to the base station  920 . Such procedures and functionalities may be known and practiced in the art. In certain embodiments, measurements may involve proprietary UE signaling facilitating the host computer  910 &#39;s measurements of throughput, propagation times, latency and the like. The measurements may be implemented in that the software  911  and  931  causes messages to be transmitted, in particular empty or ‘dummy’ messages, using the OTT connection  950  while it monitors propagation times, errors etc. 
       FIG.  10    is a flowchart illustrating a method implemented in a communication system, in accordance with an embodiment. The communication system includes a host computer, a base station and a UE which may be those described with reference to  FIG.  8    and  FIG.  9   . For simplicity of the present disclosure, only drawing references to  FIG.  10    will be included in this section. In step  1010 , the host computer provides user data. In substep  1011  (which may be optional) of step  1010 , the host computer provides the user data by executing a host application. In step  1020 , the host computer initiates a transmission carrying the user data to the UE. In step  1030  (which may be optional), the base station transmits to the UE the user data which was carried in the transmission that the host computer initiated, in accordance with the teachings of the embodiments described throughout this disclosure. In step  1040  (which may also be optional), the UE executes a client application associated with the host application executed by the host computer. 
       FIG.  11    is a flowchart illustrating a method implemented in a communication system, in accordance with an embodiment. The communication system includes a host computer, a base station and a UE which may be those described with reference to  FIG.  8    and  FIG.  9   . For simplicity of the present disclosure, only drawing references to  FIG.  11    will be included in this section. In step  1110  of the method, the host computer provides user data. In an optional substep (not shown) the host computer provides the user data by executing a host application. In step  1120 , the host computer initiates a transmission carrying the user data to the UE. The transmission may pass via the base station, in accordance with the teachings of the embodiments described throughout this disclosure. In step  1130  (which may be optional), the UE receives the user data carried in the transmission. 
       FIG.  12    is a flowchart illustrating a method implemented in a communication system, in accordance with an embodiment. The communication system includes a host computer, a base station and a UE which may be those described with reference to  FIG.  8    and  FIG.  9   . For simplicity of the present disclosure, only drawing references to  FIG.  12    will be included in this section. In step  1210  (which may be optional), the UE receives input data provided by the host computer. Additionally or alternatively, in step  1220 , the UE provides user data. In substep  1221  (which may be optional) of step  1220 , the UE provides the user data by executing a client application. In substep  1211  (which may be optional) of step  1210 , the UE executes a client application which provides the user data in reaction to the received input data provided by the host computer. In providing the user data, the executed client application may further consider user input received from the user. Regardless of the specific manner in which the user data was provided, the UE initiates, in substep  1230  (which may be optional), transmission of the user data to the host computer. In step  1240  of the method, the host computer receives the user data transmitted from the UE, in accordance with the teachings of the embodiments described throughout this disclosure. 
       FIG.  13    is a flowchart illustrating a method implemented in a communication system, in accordance with an embodiment. The communication system includes a host computer, a base station and a UE which may be those described with reference to  FIG.  8    and  FIG.  9   . For simplicity of the present disclosure, only drawing references to  FIG.  13    will be included in this section. In step  1310  (which may be optional), in accordance with the teachings of the embodiments described throughout this disclosure, the base station receives user data from the UE. In step  1320  (which may be optional), the base station initiates transmission of the received user data to the host computer. In step  1330  (which may be optional), the host computer receives the user data carried in the transmission initiated by the base station. 
     The disclosure has been described above with reference to embodiments thereof. It should be understood that various modifications, alternations and additions can be made by those skilled in the art without departing from the spirits and scope of the disclosure. Therefore, the scope of the disclosure is not limited to the above particular embodiments but only defined by the claims as attached.