Patent Publication Number: US-11392283-B2

Title: Device, method, and graphical user interface for window manipulation and management

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED-APPLICATIONS 
     This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 16/357,300, filed on Mar. 18, 2019, which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/609,695, filed on May 31, 2017, which claims priority to U.S. Provisional Patent App. No. 62/348,984, filed on Jun. 12, 2016, which are all hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety. 
    
    
     TECHNICAL FIELD 
     This relates generally to electronic devices with displays and input devices, including but not limited to electronic devices with displays that enable window manipulation and management using input devices. 
     BACKGROUND 
     The use of touch-sensitive surfaces as input devices for computers and other electronic computing devices has increased significantly in recent years. Example touch-sensitive surfaces include touchpads and touch-screen displays. Such surfaces are widely used to manipulate user interface objects on a display. 
     Example manipulations include adjusting the position and/or size of one or more user interface objects or activating buttons or opening files/applications represented by user interface objects, as well as associating metadata with one or more user interface objects or otherwise manipulating user interfaces. Example user interface objects include digital images, video, text, icons, control elements such as buttons and other graphics. A user will, in some circumstances, need to perform such manipulations on user interface objects in a file management program (e.g., Finder from Apple Inc. of Cupertino, Calif.), an image management application (e.g., Aperture, iPhoto, Photos from Apple Inc. of Cupertino, Calif.), a digital content (e.g., videos and music) management application (e.g., iTunes from Apple Inc. of Cupertino, Calif.), a drawing application, a presentation application (e.g., Keynote from Apple Inc. of Cupertino, Calif.), a word processing application (e.g., Pages from Apple Inc. of Cupertino, Calif.), a website creation application (e.g., iWeb from Apple Inc. of Cupertino, Calif.), a disk authoring application (e.g., iDVD from Apple Inc. of Cupertino, Calif.), or a spreadsheet application (e.g., Numbers from Apple Inc. of Cupertino, Calif.). 
     But methods for performing these manipulations are cumbersome and inefficient. For example, using a sequence of mouse based inputs to select one or more user interface objects and perform one or more actions on the selected user interface objects is tedious and creates a significant cognitive burden on a user. In addition, these methods take longer than necessary, thereby wasting energy. This latter consideration is particularly important in battery-operated devices. 
     SUMMARY 
     Accordingly, there is a need for electronic devices with faster, more efficient methods and interfaces for window manipulation and management. Such methods and interfaces optionally complement or replace conventional methods for window manipulation and management. Such methods and interfaces reduce the cognitive burden on a user and produce a more efficient human-machine interface. For battery-operated devices, such methods and interfaces conserve power and increase the time between battery charges. 
     The above deficiencies and other problems associated with user interfaces for electronic devices with touch-sensitive surfaces are reduced or eliminated by the disclosed devices. In some embodiments, the device is a desktop computer. In some embodiments, the device is portable (e.g., a notebook computer, tablet computer, or handheld device). In some embodiments, the device has a touchpad. In some embodiments, the device has a touch-sensitive display (also known as a “touch screen” or “touch-screen display”). In some embodiments, the device has a graphical user interface (GUI), one or more processors, memory and one or more modules, programs or sets of instructions stored in the memory for performing multiple functions. In some embodiments, the user interacts with the GUI primarily through stylus and/or finger contacts and gestures on the touch-sensitive surface. In some embodiments, the functions optionally include image editing, drawing, presenting, word processing, website creating, disk authoring, spreadsheet making, game playing, telephoning, video conferencing, e-mailing, instant messaging, workout support, digital photographing, digital videoing, web browsing, digital music playing, and/or digital video playing. Executable instructions for performing these functions are, optionally, included in a non-transitory computer readable storage medium or other computer program product configured for execution by one or more processors. 
     In accordance with some embodiments, a method is performed at a device with one or more processors, non-transitory memory, a display, and an input device. The method includes: displaying, on the display, a first window and a second window within a display area, the first window having a first edge parallel to a second edge of the second window; and detecting a first user input, via the input device, moving the first edge of the first window toward the second edge of the second window. In response to detecting the first user input, and in accordance with a determination that the first user input satisfies one or more pairing criteria, the method includes pairing the first edge of the first window to the second edge of the second window such that the first window stops moving in response to the first user input before it overlaps the second window, where the one or more pairing criteria include a first pairing criterion that is met when the first input corresponds to movement of the first edge toward the second edge that deviates from a predefined axis by less than an angular threshold value. In response to detecting the first user input, and in accordance with a determination that the first user input does not satisfy the one or more pairing criteria, the method further includes continuing the movement of the first window based on the first user input so that the first window at least partially overlaps the second window. 
     In accordance with some embodiments, a method is performed at a device with one or more processors, non-transitory memory, a display, and an input device. The method includes: displaying, on the display, a first window in a display area; and detecting a first user input, via the input device, associated with one or more edges of the first window. In response to detecting the first user input, and in accordance with a determination that the first user input corresponds to a first input type, the method also includes resizing one or more dimensions of the first window that correspond to the one or more edges of the first window based on a movement vector associated with the first user input. In response to detecting the first user input, and in accordance with a determination that the first user input corresponds to a second input type, the method further includes moving the one or more edges of the first window to one or more corresponding edges of the display area while maintaining respective one or more opposite edges of the first window. 
     In accordance with some embodiments, a method is performed at a device with one or more processors, non-transitory memory, a display, and an input device. The method includes: displaying, on the display, a first window associated with a first application within a display area; and detecting a first user input, via the input device, that corresponds to a request to add a second window associated with the first application. In response to detecting the first user input, and in accordance with a determination that the first window is displayed within the display area in full screen mode, the method also includes adding the second window as a new tab within a tab bar associated with the first window. In response to detecting the first user input, and in accordance with a determination that the first window is displayed within the display area in windowed mode, the method further includes displaying the second window separate from the first window within the display area. 
     In accordance with some embodiments, an electronic device includes a display unit configured to display a user interface, one or more input units configured to receive user inputs, and a processing unit coupled with the display unit and the one or more input units. The processing unit is configured: enable display of, on the display unit, a first window and a second window within a display area, the first window having a first edge parallel to a second edge of the second window; and detect a first user input, via the one or more input units, moving the first edge of the first window toward the second edge of the second window. In response to detecting the first user input, and in accordance with a determination that the first user input satisfies one or more pairing criteria, the method processing unit is further configured to pair the first edge of the first window to the second edge of the second window such that the first window stops moving in response to the first user input before it overlaps the second window, where the one or more pairing criteria include a first pairing criterion that is met when the first input corresponds to movement of the first edge toward the second edge that deviates from a predefined axis by less than an angular threshold value. In response to detecting the first user input, and in accordance with a determination that the first user input does not satisfy the one or more pairing criteria, the method processing unit is further configured to continue the movement of the first window based on the first user input so that the first window at least partially overlaps the second window. 
     In accordance with some embodiments, an electronic device includes a display unit configured to display a user interface, one or more input units configured to receive user inputs, and a processing unit coupled with the display unit and the one or more input units. The processing unit is configured to: enable display of, on the display unit, a first window in a display area; and detect a first user input, via the one or more input units, associated with one or more edges of the first window. In response to detecting the first user input, and in accordance with a determination that the first user input corresponds to a first input type, the method processing unit is further configured to resize one or more dimensions of the first window that correspond to the one or more edges of the first window based on a movement vector associated with the first user input. In response to detecting the first user input, and in accordance with a determination that the first user input corresponds to a second input type, the method processing unit is further configured to move the one or more edges of the first window to one or more corresponding edges of the display area while maintaining respective one or more opposite edges of the first window. 
     In accordance with some embodiments, an electronic device includes a display unit configured to display a user interface, one or more input units configured to receive user inputs, and a processing unit coupled with the display unit and the one or more input units. The processing unit is configured: enable display of, on the display unit, a first window associated with a first application within a display area; and detect a first user input, via the one or more input units, that corresponds to a request to add a second window associated with the first application. In response to detecting the first user input, and in accordance with a determination that the first window is displayed within the display area in full screen mode, the method processing unit is further configured to add the second window as a new tab within a tab bar associated with the first window. In response to detecting the first user input, and in accordance with a determination that the first window is displayed within the display area in windowed mode, the method processing unit is further configured to enable display of the second window separate from the first window within the display area. 
     In accordance with some embodiments, an electronic device includes a display, an input device, one or more processors, non-transitory memory, and one or more programs; the one or more programs are stored in the non-transitory memory and configured to be executed by the one or more processors and the one or more programs include instructions for performing or causing performance of the operations of any of the methods described herein. In accordance with some embodiments, a non-transitory computer readable storage medium has stored therein instructions which when executed by one or more processors of an electronic device with a display and an input device, cause the device to perform or cause performance of the operations of any of the methods described herein. In accordance with some embodiments, a graphical user interface on an electronic device with a display, an input device, a memory, and one or more processors to execute one or more programs stored in the non-transitory memory includes one or more of the elements displayed in any of the methods described above, which are updated in response to inputs, as described in any of the methods described herein. In accordance with some embodiments, an electronic device includes: a display, an input device; and means for performing or causing performance of the operations of any of the methods described herein. In accordance with some embodiments, an information processing apparatus, for use in an electronic device with a display and an input device, includes means for performing or causing performance of the operations of any of the methods described herein. 
     Thus, electronic devices with displays, touch-sensitive surfaces and optionally one or more sensors to detect intensity of contacts with the touch-sensitive surface are provided with faster, more efficient methods and interfaces for window manipulation and management, thereby increasing the effectiveness, efficiency, and user satisfaction with such devices. Such methods and interfaces may complement or replace conventional methods for window manipulation and management. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       For a better understanding of the various described embodiments, reference should be made to the Description of Embodiments below, in conjunction with the following drawings in which like reference numerals refer to corresponding parts throughout the figures. 
         FIG. 1A  is a block diagram illustrating a portable multifunction device with a touch-sensitive display in accordance with some embodiments. 
         FIG. 1B  is a block diagram illustrating example components for event handling in accordance with some embodiments. 
         FIG. 2  illustrates a portable multifunction device having a touch screen in accordance with some embodiments. 
         FIG. 3  is a block diagram of an example multifunction device with a display and a touch-sensitive surface in accordance with some embodiments. 
         FIG. 4A  illustrates an example user interface for a menu of applications on a portable multifunction device in accordance with some embodiments. 
         FIG. 4B  illustrates an example user interface for a multifunction device with a touch-sensitive surface that is separate from the display in accordance with some embodiments. 
         FIGS. 5A - 5 MMM illustrate example user interfaces for pairing edges of windows in accordance with some embodiments. 
         FIGS. 6A-6Y  illustrate example user interfaces for resizing windows in accordance with some embodiments. 
         FIGS. 7A-7R  illustrate example user interfaces for providing tabbed window functionality in accordance with some embodiments. 
         FIGS. 8A-8E  illustrate a flow diagram of a method of pairing edges of windows in accordance with some embodiments. 
         FIGS. 9A-9D  illustrate a flow diagram of a method of resizing windows in accordance with some embodiments. 
         FIGS. 10A-10C  illustrate a flow diagram of a method of providing tabbed window functionality in accordance with some embodiments. 
         FIGS. 11-13  are functional block diagrams of an electronic device in accordance with some embodiments. 
     
    
    
     DESCRIPTION OF EMBODIMENTS 
     The use of electronic devices with touch-based user interfaces (e.g., devices such as the iPhone®, iPod Touch®, iPad®, MacBook®, and iMac® devices from Apple Inc. of Cupertino, Calif.) has increased significantly in recent years. These devices use touch-sensitive surfaces, such as a touch screen display or a touch pad, as the main input for manipulating user interface objects on a display and/or controlling the device. These devices may also have contact intensity sensor for determining a force or pressure of contacts with the touch-sensitive surfaces. 
     Described below are devices and methods that enable edges of windows to be paired. In some embodiments, when movement of a first edge of a first window toward a second edge of a second window satisfies pairing criteria the first and second edges are paired such that the windows do not overlap. In some embodiments, after the edges are paired, the windows exhibit a “sticky” behavior. As such, according to some embodiments, the user is able to slide windows parallel to one another while the edges maintaining the pairing of the edges. 
     Described below are devices and methods that enable resizing of windows. In some embodiments, a stationary input (e.g., a double click) on an edge of the window causes the edge of the window to move to a corresponding edge of the display area. As such, a dimension of the window expands in one direction while other edges of the window maintain their positions. In some embodiments, a stationary input (e.g., a double click) on a corner of the window causes the edges that intersect the window to move to a corresponding edges of the display area. As such, a first dimension of the window expands in a first direction and a second dimension of the window expands in a second direction while other edges of the window maintain their positions. 
     Described below are devices and methods that provide tabbed window functionality. In some embodiments, the operating system provides tabbed window functionality for applications without native tab functionality. In some embodiments, while the tabbed functionality is active, open windows are resized to a same size and stacked on top of one another such that the foreground window is displayed on the top of the stack. According to some embodiments, tabs corresponding to each of the windows in the stack are displayed within a virtual tab bar superimposed on the top window of the stack by the operating system. For example, if another tab is selected within the tab bar, a window associated with selected tab is moved to the top of the stack of windows. In some embodiments, the application is not aware of the fact that its windows are being displayed in a single tabbed window. According to some embodiments, the application is able to perform operations with respect to the windows as it normally would, treating them as though they were just stacked on top of each other. 
     Below,  FIGS. 1A-1B, 2-3, and 4A-4B  provide a description of example devices.  FIGS. 5A - 5 MMM,  6 A- 6 Y, and  7 A- 7 R illustrate example user interfaces for window manipulation and management.  FIGS. 8A-8E  illustrate a flow diagram of a method of pairing edges of windows.  FIGS. 9A-9D  illustrate a flow diagram of a method of resizing windows.  FIGS. 10A-10C  illustrate a flow diagram of a method of providing tabbed window functionality. The user interfaces in  FIGS. 5A - 5 MMM,  6 A- 6 Y, and  7 A- 7 R are used to illustrate the processes in  FIGS. 8A-8E, 9A-9D, and 10A-10C . 
     Example Devices 
     Reference will now be made in detail to embodiments, examples of which are illustrated in the accompanying drawings. In the following detailed description, numerous specific details are set forth in order to provide a thorough understanding of the various described embodiments. However, it will be apparent to one of ordinary skill in the art that the various described embodiments may be practiced without these specific details. In other instances, well-known methods, procedures, components, circuits, and networks have not been described in detail so as not to unnecessarily obscure aspects of the embodiments. 
     It will also be understood that, although the terms first, second, etc. are, in some instances, used herein to describe various elements, these elements should not be limited by these terms. These terms are only used to distinguish one element from another. For example, a first contact could be termed a second contact, and, similarly, a second contact could be termed a first contact, without departing from the scope of the various described embodiments. The first contact and the second contact are both contacts, but they are not the same contact, unless the context clearly indicates otherwise. 
     The terminology used in the description of the various described embodiments herein is for the purpose of describing particular embodiments only and is not intended to be limiting. As used in the description of the various described embodiments and the appended claims, the singular forms “a,” “an,” and “the” are intended to include the plural forms as well, unless the context clearly indicates otherwise. It will also be understood that the term “and/or” as used herein refers to and encompasses any and all possible combinations of one or more of the associated listed items. It will be further understood that the terms “includes,” “including,” “comprises,” and/or “comprising,” when used in this specification, specify the presence of stated features, integers, steps, operations, elements, and/or components, but do not preclude the presence or addition of one or more other features, integers, steps, operations, elements, components, and/or groups thereof. 
     As used herein, the term “if” is, optionally, construed to mean “when” or “upon” or “in response to determining” or “in response to detecting,” depending on the context. Similarly, the phrase “if it is determined” or “if [a stated condition or event] is detected” is, optionally, construed to mean “upon determining” or “in response to determining” or “upon detecting [the stated condition or event]” or “in response to detecting [the stated condition or event],” depending on the context. 
     Embodiments of electronic devices, user interfaces for such devices, and associated processes for using such devices are described. In some embodiments, the device is a portable communications device, such as a mobile telephone, that also contains other functions, such as PDA and/or music player functions. Example embodiments of portable multifunction devices include, without limitation, the iPhone®, iPod Touch®, and iPad® devices from Apple Inc. of Cupertino, Calif. Other portable electronic devices, such as laptops or tablet computers with touch-sensitive surfaces (e.g., touch-screen displays and/or touchpads), are, optionally, used. It should also be understood that, in some embodiments, the device is not a portable communications device, but is a desktop computer with a touch-sensitive surface (e.g., a touch-screen display and/or a touchpad). 
     In the discussion that follows, an electronic device that includes a display and a touch-sensitive surface is described. It should be understood, however, that the electronic device optionally includes one or more other physical user-interface devices, such as a physical keyboard, a mouse and/or a joystick. 
     The device typically supports a variety of applications, such as one or more of the following: a drawing application, a presentation application, a word processing application, a website creation application, a disk authoring application, a spreadsheet application, a gaming application, a telephone application, a video conferencing application, an e-mail application, an instant messaging application, a workout support application, a photo management application, a digital camera application, a digital video camera application, a web browsing application, a digital music player application, and/or a digital video player application. 
     The various applications that are executed on the device optionally use at least one common physical user-interface device, such as the touch-sensitive surface. One or more functions of the touch-sensitive surface as well as corresponding information displayed on the device are, optionally, adjusted and/or varied from one application to the next and/or within a respective application. In this way, a common physical architecture (such as the touch-sensitive surface) of the device optionally supports the variety of applications with user interfaces that are intuitive and transparent to the user. 
     Attention is now directed toward embodiments of portable devices with touch-sensitive displays.  FIG. 1A  is a block diagram illustrating portable multifunction device  100  with touch-sensitive display system  112  in accordance with some embodiments. Touch-sensitive display system  112  is sometimes called a “touch screen” for convenience, and is sometimes simply called a touch-sensitive display. Device  100  includes memory  102  (which optionally includes one or more computer readable storage mediums), memory controller  122 , one or more processing units (CPUs)  120 , peripherals interface  118 , RF circuitry  108 , audio circuitry  110 , speaker  111 , microphone  113 , input/output (I/O) subsystem  106 , other input or control devices  116 , and external port  124 . Device  100  optionally includes one or more optical sensors  164 . Device  100  optionally includes one or more intensity sensors  165  for detecting intensity of contacts on device  100  (e.g., a touch-sensitive surface such as touch-sensitive display system  112  of device  100 ). Device  100  optionally includes one or more tactile output generators  163  for generating tactile outputs on device  100  (e.g., generating tactile outputs on a touch-sensitive surface such as touch-sensitive display system  112  of device  100  or touchpad  355  of device  300 ). These components optionally communicate over one or more communication buses or signal lines  103 . 
     As used in the specification and claims, the term “tactile output” refers to physical displacement of a device relative to a previous position of the device, physical displacement of a component (e.g., a touch-sensitive surface) of a device relative to another component (e.g., housing) of the device, or displacement of the component relative to a center of mass of the device that will be detected by a user with the user&#39;s sense of touch. For example, in situations where the device or the component of the device is in contact with a surface of a user that is sensitive to touch (e.g., a finger, palm, or other part of a user&#39;s hand), the tactile output generated by the physical displacement will be interpreted by the user as a tactile sensation corresponding to a perceived change in physical characteristics of the device or the component of the device. For example, movement of a touch-sensitive surface (e.g., a touch-sensitive display or trackpad) is, optionally, interpreted by the user as a “down click” or “up click” of a physical actuator button. In some cases, a user will feel a tactile sensation such as an “down click” or “up click” even when there is no movement of a physical actuator button associated with the touch-sensitive surface that is physically pressed (e.g., displaced) by the user&#39;s movements. As another example, movement of the touch-sensitive surface is, optionally, interpreted or sensed by the user as “roughness” of the touch-sensitive surface, even when there is no change in smoothness of the touch-sensitive surface. While such interpretations of touch by a user will be subject to the individualized sensory perceptions of the user, there are many sensory perceptions of touch that are common to a large majority of users. Thus, when a tactile output is described as corresponding to a particular sensory perception of a user (e.g., an “up click,” a “down click,” “roughness”), unless otherwise stated, the generated tactile output corresponds to physical displacement of the device or a component thereof that will generate the described sensory perception for a typical (or average) user. 
     It should be appreciated that device  100  is only one example of a portable multifunction device, and that device  100  optionally has more or fewer components than shown, optionally combines two or more components, or optionally has a different configuration or arrangement of the components. The various components shown in  FIG. 1A  are implemented in hardware, software, firmware, or a combination thereof, including one or more signal processing and/or application specific integrated circuits. 
     Memory  102  optionally includes high-speed random access memory and optionally also includes non-volatile memory, such as one or more magnetic disk storage devices, flash memory devices, or other non-volatile solid-state memory devices. Access to memory  102  by other components of device  100 , such as CPU(s)  120  and the peripherals interface  118 , is, optionally, controlled by memory controller  122 . 
     Peripherals interface  118  can be used to couple input and output peripherals of the device to CPU(s)  120  and memory  102 . The one or more processors  120  run or execute various software programs and/or sets of instructions stored in memory  102  to perform various functions for device  100  and to process data. 
     In some embodiments, peripherals interface  118 , CPU(s)  120 , and memory controller  122  are, optionally, implemented on a single chip, such as chip  104 . In some other embodiments, they are, optionally, implemented on separate chips. 
     RF (radio frequency) circuitry  108  receives and sends RF signals, also called electromagnetic signals. RF circuitry  108  converts electrical signals to/from electromagnetic signals and communicates with communications networks and other communications devices via the electromagnetic signals. RF circuitry  108  optionally includes well-known circuitry for performing these functions, including but not limited to an antenna system, an RF transceiver, one or more amplifiers, a tuner, one or more oscillators, a digital signal processor, a CODEC chipset, a subscriber identity module (SIM) card, memory, and so forth. RF circuitry  108  optionally communicates with networks, such as the Internet, also referred to as the World Wide Web (WWW), an intranet and/or a wireless network, such as a cellular telephone network, a wireless local area network (LAN) and/or a metropolitan area network (MAN), and other devices by wireless communication. The wireless communication optionally uses any of a plurality of communications standards, protocols and technologies, including but not limited to Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM), Enhanced Data GSM Environment (EDGE), high-speed downlink packet access (HSDPA), high-speed uplink packet access (HSUPA), Evolution, Data-Only (EV-DO), HSPA, HSPA+, Dual-Cell HSPA (DC-HSPDA), long term evolution (LTE), near field communication (NFC), wideband code division multiple access (W-CDMA), code division multiple access (CDMA), time division multiple access (TDMA), Bluetooth, Wireless Fidelity (Wi-Fi) (e.g., IEEE 802.11a, IEEE 802.11ac, IEEE 802.11ax, IEEE 802.11b, IEEE 802.11g and/or IEEE 802.11n), voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP), Wi-MAX, a protocol for e-mail (e.g., Internet message access protocol (IMAP) and/or post office protocol (POP)), instant messaging (e.g., extensible messaging and presence protocol (XMPP), Session Initiation Protocol for Instant Messaging and Presence Leveraging Extensions (SIMPLE), Instant Messaging and Presence Service (IMPS)), and/or Short Message Service (SMS), or any other suitable communication protocol, including communication protocols not yet developed as of the filing date of this document. 
     Audio circuitry  110 , speaker  111 , and microphone  113  provide an audio interface between a user and device  100 . Audio circuitry  110  receives audio data from peripherals interface  118 , converts the audio data to an electrical signal, and transmits the electrical signal to speaker  111 . Speaker  111  converts the electrical signal to human-audible sound waves. Audio circuitry  110  also receives electrical signals converted by microphone  113  from sound waves. Audio circuitry  110  converts the electrical signal to audio data and transmits the audio data to peripherals interface  118  for processing. Audio data is, optionally, retrieved from and/or transmitted to memory  102  and/or RF circuitry  108  by peripherals interface  118 . In some embodiments, audio circuitry  110  also includes a headset jack (e.g.,  212 ,  FIG. 2 ). The headset jack provides an interface between audio circuitry  110  and removable audio input/output peripherals, such as output-only headphones or a headset with both output (e.g., a headphone for one or both ears) and input (e.g., a microphone). 
     I/O subsystem  106  couples input/output peripherals on device  100 , such as touch-sensitive display system  112  and other input or control devices  116 , with peripherals interface  118 . I/O subsystem  106  optionally includes display controller  156 , optical sensor controller  158 , intensity sensor controller  159 , haptic feedback controller  161 , and one or more input controllers  160  for other input or control devices. The one or more input controllers  160  receive/send electrical signals from/to other input or control devices  116 . The other input or control devices  116  optionally include physical buttons (e.g., push buttons, rocker buttons, etc.), dials, slider switches, joysticks, click wheels, and so forth. In some alternate embodiments, input controller(s)  160  are, optionally, coupled with any (or none) of the following: a keyboard, infrared port, USB port, stylus, and/or a pointer device such as a mouse. The one or more buttons (e.g.,  208 ,  FIG. 2 ) optionally include an up/down button for volume control of speaker  111  and/or microphone  113 . The one or more buttons optionally include a push button (e.g.,  206 ,  FIG. 2 ). 
     Touch-sensitive display system  112  provides an input interface and an output interface between the device and a user. Display controller  156  receives and/or sends electrical signals from/to touch-sensitive display system  112 . Touch-sensitive display system  112  displays visual output to the user. The visual output optionally includes graphics, text, icons, video, and any combination thereof (collectively termed “graphics”). In some embodiments, some or all of the visual output corresponds to user-interface objects. 
     Touch-sensitive display system  112  has a touch-sensitive surface, sensor or set of sensors that accepts input from the user based on haptic/tactile contact. Touch-sensitive display system  112  and display controller  156  (along with any associated modules and/or sets of instructions in memory  102 ) detect contact (and any movement or breaking of the contact) on touch-sensitive display system  112  and converts the detected contact into interaction with user-interface objects (e.g., one or more soft keys, icons, web pages or images) that are displayed on touch-sensitive display system  112 . In an example embodiment, a point of contact between touch-sensitive display system  112  and the user corresponds to a finger of the user or a stylus. 
     Touch-sensitive display system  112  optionally uses LCD (liquid crystal display) technology, LPD (light emitting polymer display) technology, or LED (light emitting diode) technology, although other display technologies are used in other embodiments. Touch-sensitive display system  112  and display controller  156  optionally detect contact and any movement or breaking thereof using any of a plurality of touch sensing technologies now known or later developed, including but not limited to capacitive, resistive, infrared, and surface acoustic wave technologies, as well as other proximity sensor arrays or other elements for determining one or more points of contact with touch-sensitive display system  112 . In an example embodiment, projected mutual capacitance sensing technology is used, such as that found in the iPhone®, iPod Touch®, and iPad® from Apple Inc. of Cupertino, Calif. 
     Touch-sensitive display system  112  optionally has a video resolution in excess of 100 dpi. In some embodiments, the touch screen video resolution is in excess of 400 dpi (e.g., 500 dpi, 800 dpi, or greater). The user optionally makes contact with touch-sensitive display system  112  using any suitable object or appendage, such as a stylus, a finger, and so forth. In some embodiments, the user interface is designed to work with finger-based contacts and gestures, which can be less precise than stylus-based input due to the larger area of contact of a finger on the touch screen. In some embodiments, the device translates the rough finger-based input into a precise pointer/cursor position or command for performing the actions desired by the user. 
     In some embodiments, in addition to the touch screen, device  100  optionally includes a touchpad (not shown) for activating or deactivating particular functions. In some embodiments, the touchpad is a touch-sensitive area of the device that, unlike the touch screen, does not display visual output. The touchpad is, optionally, a touch-sensitive surface that is separate from touch-sensitive display system  112  or an extension of the touch-sensitive surface formed by the touch screen. 
     Device  100  also includes power system  162  for powering the various components. Power system  162  optionally includes a power management system, one or more power sources (e.g., battery, alternating current (AC)), a recharging system, a power failure detection circuit, a power converter or inverter, a power status indicator (e.g., a light-emitting diode (LED)) and any other components associated with the generation, management and distribution of power in portable devices. 
     Device  100  optionally also includes one or more optical sensors  164 .  FIG. 1A  shows an optical sensor coupled with optical sensor controller  158  in I/O subsystem  106 . Optical sensor(s)  164  optionally include charge-coupled device (CCD) or complementary metal-oxide semiconductor (CMOS) phototransistors. Optical sensor(s)  164  receive light from the environment, projected through one or more lens, and converts the light to data representing an image. In conjunction with imaging module  143  (also called a camera module), optical sensor(s)  164  optionally capture still images and/or video. In some embodiments, an optical sensor is located on the back of device  100 , opposite touch-sensitive display system  112  on the front of the device, so that the touch screen is enabled for use as a viewfinder for still and/or video image acquisition. In some embodiments, another optical sensor is located on the front of the device so that the user&#39;s image is obtained (e.g., for selfies, for videoconferencing while the user views the other video conference participants on the touch screen, etc.). 
     Device  100  optionally also includes one or more contact intensity sensors  165 .  FIG. 1A  shows a contact intensity sensor coupled with intensity sensor controller  159  in I/O subsystem  106 . Contact intensity sensor(s)  165  optionally include one or more piezoresistive strain gauges, capacitive force sensors, electric force sensors, piezoelectric force sensors, optical force sensors, capacitive touch-sensitive surfaces, or other intensity sensors (e.g., sensors used to measure the force (or pressure) of a contact on a touch-sensitive surface). Contact intensity sensor(s)  165  receive contact intensity information (e.g., pressure information or a proxy for pressure information) from the environment. In some embodiments, at least one contact intensity sensor is collocated with, or proximate to, a touch-sensitive surface (e.g., touch-sensitive display system  112 ). In some embodiments, at least one contact intensity sensor is located on the back of device  100 , opposite touch-screen display system  112  which is located on the front of device  100 . 
     Device  100  optionally also includes one or more proximity sensors  166 .  FIG. 1A  shows proximity sensor  166  coupled with peripherals interface  118 . Alternately, proximity sensor  166  is coupled with input controller  160  in I/O subsystem  106 . In some embodiments, the proximity sensor turns off and disables touch-sensitive display system  112  when the multifunction device is placed near the user&#39;s ear (e.g., when the user is making a phone call). 
     Device  100  optionally also includes one or more tactile output generators  163 .  FIG. 1A  shows a tactile output generator coupled with haptic feedback controller  161  in I/O subsystem  106 . Tactile output generator(s)  163  optionally include one or more electroacoustic devices such as speakers or other audio components and/or electromechanical devices that convert energy into linear motion such as a motor, solenoid, electroactive polymer, piezoelectric actuator, electrostatic actuator, or other tactile output generating component (e.g., a component that converts electrical signals into tactile outputs on the device). Tactile output generator(s)  163  receive tactile feedback generation instructions from haptic feedback module  133  and generates tactile outputs on device  100  that are capable of being sensed by a user of device  100 . In some embodiments, at least one tactile output generator is collocated with, or proximate to, a touch-sensitive surface (e.g., touch-sensitive display system  112 ) and, optionally, generates a tactile output by moving the touch-sensitive surface vertically (e.g., in/out of a surface of device  100 ) or laterally (e.g., back and forth in the same plane as a surface of device  100 ). In some embodiments, at least one tactile output generator sensor is located on the back of device  100 , opposite touch-sensitive display system  112 , which is located on the front of device  100 . 
     Device  100  optionally also includes one or more accelerometers  167 , gyroscopes  168 , and/or magnetometers  169  (e.g., as part of an inertial measurement unit (IMU)) for obtaining information concerning the position (e.g., attitude) of the device.  FIG. 1A  shows sensors  167 ,  168 , and  169  coupled with peripherals interface  118 . Alternately, sensors  167 ,  168 , and  169  are, optionally, coupled with an input controller  160  in I/O subsystem  106 . In some embodiments, information is displayed on the touch-screen display in a portrait view or a landscape view based on an analysis of data received from the one or more accelerometers. Device  100  optionally includes a GPS (or GLONASS or other global navigation system) receiver (not shown) for obtaining information concerning the location of device  100 . 
     In some embodiments, the software components stored in memory  102  include operating system  126 , communication module (or set of instructions)  128 , contact/motion module (or set of instructions)  130 , graphics module (or set of instructions)  132 , haptic feedback module (or set of instructions)  133 , text input module (or set of instructions)  134 , Global Positioning System (GPS) module (or set of instructions)  135 , and applications (or sets of instructions)  136 . Furthermore, in some embodiments, memory  102  stores device/global internal state  157 , as shown in  FIGS. 1A and 3 . Device/global internal state  157  includes one or more of: active application state, indicating which applications, if any, are currently active; display state, indicating what applications, views or other information occupy various regions of touch-sensitive display system  112 ; sensor state, including information obtained from the device&#39;s various sensors and other input or control devices  116 ; and location and/or positional information concerning the device&#39;s location and/or attitude. 
     Operating system  126  (e.g., iOS, Darwin, RTXC, LINUX, UNIX, OS X, WINDOWS, or an embedded operating system such as VxWorks) includes various software components and/or drivers for controlling and managing general system tasks (e.g., memory management, storage device control, power management, etc.) and facilitates communication between various hardware and software components. 
     Communication module  128  facilitates communication with other devices over one or more external ports  124  and also includes various software components for handling data received by RF circuitry  108  and/or external port  124 . External port  124  (e.g., Universal Serial Bus (USB), FIREWIRE, etc.) is adapted for coupling directly to other devices or indirectly over a network (e.g., the Internet, wireless LAN, etc.). In some embodiments, the external port is a multi-pin (e.g., 30-pin) connector that is the same as, or similar to and/or compatible with the 30-pin connector used in some iPhone®, iPod Touch®, and iPad® devices from Apple Inc. of Cupertino, Calif. In some embodiments, the external port is a Lightning connector that is the same as, or similar to and/or compatible with the Lightning connector used in some iPhone®, iPod Touch®, and iPad® devices from Apple Inc. of Cupertino, Calif. 
     Contact/motion module  130  optionally detects contact with touch-sensitive display system  112  (in conjunction with display controller  156 ) and other touch-sensitive devices (e.g., a touchpad or physical click wheel). Contact/motion module  130  includes software components for performing various operations related to detection of contact (e.g., by a finger or by a stylus), such as determining if contact has occurred (e.g., detecting a finger-down event), determining an intensity of the contact (e.g., the force or pressure of the contact or a substitute for the force or pressure of the contact), determining if there is movement of the contact and tracking the movement across the touch-sensitive surface (e.g., detecting one or more finger-dragging events), and determining if the contact has ceased (e.g., detecting a finger-up event or a break in contact). Contact/motion module  130  receives contact data from the touch-sensitive surface. Determining movement of the point of contact, which is represented by a series of contact data, optionally includes determining speed (magnitude), velocity (magnitude and direction), and/or an acceleration (a change in magnitude and/or direction) of the point of contact. These operations are, optionally, applied to single contacts (e.g., one finger contacts or stylus contacts) or to multiple simultaneous contacts (e.g., “multitouch”/multiple finger contacts and/or stylus contacts). In some embodiments, contact/motion module  130  and display controller  156  detect contact on a touchpad. 
     Contact/motion module  130  optionally detects a gesture input by a user. Different gestures on the touch-sensitive surface have different contact patterns (e.g., different motions, timings, and/or intensities of detected contacts). Thus, a gesture is, optionally, detected by detecting a particular contact pattern. For example, detecting a finger tap gesture includes detecting a finger-down event followed by detecting a finger-up (lift off) event at the same position (or substantially the same position) as the finger-down event (e.g., at the position of an icon). As another example, detecting a finger swipe gesture on the touch-sensitive surface includes detecting a finger-down event followed by detecting one or more finger-dragging events, and subsequently followed by detecting a finger-up (lift off) event. Similarly, tap, swipe, drag, and other gestures are optionally detected for a stylus by detecting a particular contact pattern for the stylus. 
     Graphics module  132  includes various known software components for rendering and displaying graphics on touch-sensitive display system  112  or other display, including components for changing the visual impact (e.g., brightness, transparency, saturation, contrast or other visual property) of graphics that are displayed. As used herein, the term “graphics” includes any object that can be displayed to a user, including without limitation text, web pages, icons (such as user-interface objects including soft keys), digital images, videos, animations and the like. 
     In some embodiments, graphics module  132  stores data representing graphics to be used. Each graphic is, optionally, assigned a corresponding code. Graphics module  132  receives, from applications etc., one or more codes specifying graphics to be displayed along with, if necessary, coordinate data and other graphic property data, and then generates screen image data to output to display controller  156 . 
     Haptic feedback module  133  includes various software components for generating instructions used by tactile output generator(s)  163  to produce tactile outputs at one or more locations on device  100  in response to user interactions with device  100 . 
     Text input module  134 , which is, optionally, a component of graphics module  132 , provides soft keyboards for entering text in various applications (e.g., contacts  137 , e-mail  140 , IM  141 , browser  147 , and any other application that needs text input). 
     GPS module  135  determines the location of the device and provides this information for use in various applications (e.g., to telephone  138  for use in location-based dialing, to camera  143  as picture/video metadata, and to applications that provide location-based services such as weather widgets, local yellow page widgets, and map/navigation widgets). 
     Applications  136  optionally include the following modules (or sets of instructions), or a subset or superset thereof:
         contacts module  137  (sometimes called an address book or contact list);   telephone module  138 ;   video conferencing module  139 ;   e-mail client module  140 ;   instant messaging (IM) module  141 ;   workout support module  142 ;   camera module  143  for still and/or video images;   image management module  144 ;   browser module  147 ;   calendar module  148 ;   widget modules  149 , which optionally include one or more of: weather widget  149 - 1 , stocks widget  149 - 2 , calculator widget  149 - 3 , alarm clock widget  149 - 4 , dictionary widget  149 - 5 , and other widgets obtained by the user, as well as user-created widgets  149 - 6 ;   widget creator module  150  for making user-created widgets  149 - 6 ;   search module  151 ;   video and music player module  152 , which is, optionally, made up of a video player module and a music player module;   notes module  153 ;   map module  154 ; and/or   online video module  155 .       

     Examples of other applications  136  that are, optionally, stored in memory  102  include other word processing applications, other image editing applications, drawing applications, presentation applications, JAVA-enabled applications, encryption, digital rights management, voice recognition, and voice replication. 
     In conjunction with touch-sensitive display system  112 , display controller  156 , contact module  130 , graphics module  132 , and text input module  134 , contacts module  137  includes executable instructions to manage an address book or contact list (e.g., stored in application internal state  192  of contacts module  137  in memory  102  or memory  370 ), including: adding name(s) to the address book; deleting name(s) from the address book; associating telephone number(s), e-mail address(es), physical address(es) or other information with a name; associating an image with a name; categorizing and sorting names; providing telephone numbers and/or e-mail addresses to initiate and/or facilitate communications by telephone  138 , video conference  139 , e-mail  140 , or IM  141 ; and so forth. 
     In conjunction with RF circuitry  108 , audio circuitry  110 , speaker  111 , microphone  113 , touch-sensitive display system  112 , display controller  156 , contact module  130 , graphics module  132 , and text input module  134 , telephone module  138  includes executable instructions to enter a sequence of characters corresponding to a telephone number, access one or more telephone numbers in address book  137 , modify a telephone number that has been entered, dial a respective telephone number, conduct a conversation and disconnect or hang up when the conversation is completed. As noted above, the wireless communication optionally uses any of a plurality of communications standards, protocols and technologies. 
     In conjunction with RF circuitry  108 , audio circuitry  110 , speaker  111 , microphone  113 , touch-sensitive display system  112 , display controller  156 , optical sensor(s)  164 , optical sensor controller  158 , contact module  130 , graphics module  132 , text input module  134 , contact list  137 , and telephone module  138 , videoconferencing module  139  includes executable instructions to initiate, conduct, and terminate a video conference between a user and one or more other participants in accordance with user instructions. 
     In conjunction with RF circuitry  108 , touch-sensitive display system  112 , display controller  156 , contact module  130 , graphics module  132 , and text input module  134 , e-mail client module  140  includes executable instructions to create, send, receive, and manage e-mail in response to user instructions. In conjunction with image management module  144 , e-mail client module  140  makes it very easy to create and send e-mails with still or video images taken with camera module  143 . 
     In conjunction with RF circuitry  108 , touch-sensitive display system  112 , display controller  156 , contact module  130 , graphics module  132 , and text input module  134 , the instant messaging module  141  includes executable instructions to enter a sequence of characters corresponding to an instant message, to modify previously entered characters, to transmit a respective instant message (for example, using a Short Message Service (SMS) or Multimedia Message Service (MMS) protocol for telephony-based instant messages or using XMPP, SIMPLE, Apple Push Notification Service (APNs) or IMPS for Internet-based instant messages), to receive instant messages and to view received instant messages. In some embodiments, transmitted and/or received instant messages optionally include graphics, photos, audio files, video files and/or other attachments as are supported in a MMS and/or an Enhanced Messaging Service (EMS). As used herein, “instant messaging” refers to both telephony-based messages (e.g., messages sent using SMS or MMS) and Internet-based messages (e.g., messages sent using XMPP, SIMPLE, APNs, or IMPS). 
     In conjunction with RF circuitry  108 , touch-sensitive display system  112 , display controller  156 , contact module  130 , graphics module  132 , text input module  134 , GPS module  135 , map module  154 , and music player module  146 , workout support module  142  includes executable instructions to create workouts (e.g., with time, distance, and/or calorie burning goals); communicate with workout sensors (in sports devices and smart watches); receive workout sensor data; calibrate sensors used to monitor a workout; select and play music for a workout; and display, store and transmit workout data. 
     In conjunction with touch-sensitive display system  112 , display controller  156 , optical sensor(s)  164 , optical sensor controller  158 , contact module  130 , graphics module  132 , and image management module  144 , camera module  143  includes executable instructions to capture still images or video (including a video stream) and store them into memory  102 , modify characteristics of a still image or video, and/or delete a still image or video from memory  102 . 
     In conjunction with touch-sensitive display system  112 , display controller  156 , contact module  130 , graphics module  132 , text input module  134 , and camera module  143 , image management module  144  includes executable instructions to arrange, modify (e.g., edit), or otherwise manipulate, label, delete, present (e.g., in a digital slide show or album), and store still and/or video images. 
     In conjunction with RF circuitry  108 , touch-sensitive display system  112 , display system controller  156 , contact module  130 , graphics module  132 , and text input module  134 , browser module  147  includes executable instructions to browse the Internet in accordance with user instructions, including searching, linking to, receiving, and displaying web pages or portions thereof, as well as attachments and other files linked to web pages. 
     In conjunction with RF circuitry  108 , touch-sensitive display system  112 , display system controller  156 , contact module  130 , graphics module  132 , text input module  134 , e-mail client module  140 , and browser module  147 , calendar module  148  includes executable instructions to create, display, modify, and store calendars and data associated with calendars (e.g., calendar entries, to do lists, etc.) in accordance with user instructions. 
     In conjunction with RF circuitry  108 , touch-sensitive display system  112 , display system controller  156 , contact module  130 , graphics module  132 , text input module  134 , and browser module  147 , widget modules  149  are mini-applications that are, optionally, downloaded and used by a user (e.g., weather widget  149 - 1 , stocks widget  149 - 2 , calculator widget  149 - 3 , alarm clock widget  149 - 4 , and dictionary widget  149 - 5 ) or created by the user (e.g., user-created widget  149 - 6 ). In some embodiments, a widget includes an HTML (Hypertext Markup Language) file, a CSS (Cascading Style Sheets) file, and a JavaScript file. In some embodiments, a widget includes an XML (Extensible Markup Language) file and a JavaScript file (e.g., Yahoo! Widgets). 
     In conjunction with RF circuitry  108 , touch-sensitive display system  112 , display system controller  156 , contact module  130 , graphics module  132 , text input module  134 , and browser module  147 , the widget creator module  150  includes executable instructions to create widgets (e.g., turning a user-specified portion of a web page into a widget). 
     In conjunction with touch-sensitive display system  112 , display system controller  156 , contact module  130 , graphics module  132 , and text input module  134 , search module  151  includes executable instructions to search for text, music, sound, image, video, and/or other files in memory  102  that match one or more search criteria (e.g., one or more user-specified search terms) in accordance with user instructions. 
     In conjunction with touch-sensitive display system  112 , display system controller  156 , contact module  130 , graphics module  132 , audio circuitry  110 , speaker  111 , RF circuitry  108 , and browser module  147 , video and music player module  152  includes executable instructions that allow the user to download and play back recorded music and other sound files stored in one or more file formats, such as MP3 or AAC files, and executable instructions to display, present or otherwise play back videos (e.g., on touch-sensitive display system  112 , or on an external display connected wirelessly or via external port  124 ). In some embodiments, device  100  optionally includes the functionality of an MP3 player, such as an iPod (trademark of Apple Inc.). 
     In conjunction with touch-sensitive display system  112 , display controller  156 , contact module  130 , graphics module  132 , and text input module  134 , notes module  153  includes executable instructions to create and manage notes, to do lists, and the like in accordance with user instructions. 
     In conjunction with RF circuitry  108 , touch-sensitive display system  112 , display system controller  156 , contact module  130 , graphics module  132 , text input module  134 , GPS module  135 , and browser module  147 , map module  154  includes executable instructions to receive, display, modify, and store maps and data associated with maps (e.g., driving directions; data on stores and other points of interest at or near a particular location; and other location-based data) in accordance with user instructions. 
     In conjunction with touch-sensitive display system  112 , display system controller  156 , contact module  130 , graphics module  132 , audio circuitry  110 , speaker  111 , RF circuitry  108 , text input module  134 , e-mail client module  140 , and browser module  147 , online video module  155  includes executable instructions that allow the user to access, browse, receive (e.g., by streaming and/or download), play back (e.g., on the touch screen  112 , or on an external display connected wirelessly or via external port  124 ), send an e-mail with a link to a particular online video, and otherwise manage online videos in one or more file formats, such as H.264. In some embodiments, instant messaging module  141 , rather than e-mail client module  140 , is used to send a link to a particular online video. 
     Each of the above identified modules and applications correspond to a set of executable instructions for performing one or more functions described above and the methods described in this application (e.g., the computer-implemented methods and other information processing methods described herein). These modules (i.e., sets of instructions) need not be implemented as separate software programs, procedures or modules, and thus various subsets of these modules are, optionally, combined or otherwise re-arranged in various embodiments. In some embodiments, memory  102  optionally stores a subset of the modules and data structures identified above. Furthermore, memory  102  optionally stores additional modules and data structures not described above. 
     In some embodiments, device  100  is a device where operation of a predefined set of functions on the device is performed exclusively through a touch screen and/or a touchpad. By using a touch screen and/or a touchpad as the primary input control device for operation of device  100 , the number of physical input control devices (such as push buttons, dials, and the like) on device  100  is, optionally, reduced. 
     The predefined set of functions that are performed exclusively through a touch screen and/or a touchpad optionally include navigation between user interfaces. In some embodiments, the touchpad, when touched by the user, navigates device  100  to a main, home, or root menu from any user interface that is displayed on device  100 . In such embodiments, a “menu button” is implemented using a touchpad. In some other embodiments, the menu button is a physical push button or other physical input control device instead of a touchpad. 
       FIG. 1B  is a block diagram illustrating example components for event handling in accordance with some embodiments. In some embodiments, memory  102  (in  FIG. 1A ) or  370  ( FIG. 3 ) includes event sorter  170  (e.g., in operating system  126 ) and a respective application  136 - 1  (e.g., any of the aforementioned applications  136 ,  137 - 155 ,  380 - 390 ). 
     Event sorter  170  receives event information and determines the application  136 - 1  and application view  191  of application  136 - 1  to which to deliver the event information. Event sorter  170  includes event monitor  171  and event dispatcher module  174 . In some embodiments, application  136 - 1  includes application internal state  192 , which indicates the current application view(s) displayed on touch-sensitive display system  112  when the application is active or executing. In some embodiments, device/global internal state  157  is used by event sorter  170  to determine which application(s) is (are) currently active, and application internal state  192  is used by event sorter  170  to determine application views  191  to which to deliver event information. 
     In some embodiments, application internal state  192  includes additional information, such as one or more of: resume information to be used when application  136 - 1  resumes execution, user interface state information that indicates information being displayed or that is ready for display by application  136 - 1 , a state queue for enabling the user to go back to a prior state or view of application  136 - 1 , and a redo/undo queue of previous actions taken by the user. 
     Event monitor  171  receives event information from peripherals interface  118 . Event information includes information about a sub-event (e.g., a user touch on touch-sensitive display system  112 , as part of a multi-touch gesture). Peripherals interface  118  transmits information it receives from I/O subsystem  106  or a sensor, such as proximity sensor  166 , accelerometer(s)  167 , gyroscope(s)  168 , magnetometer(s)  169 , and/or microphone  113  (through audio circuitry  110 ). Information that peripherals interface  118  receives from I/O subsystem  106  includes information from touch-sensitive display system  112  or a touch-sensitive surface. 
     In some embodiments, event monitor  171  sends requests to the peripherals interface  118  at predetermined intervals. In response, peripherals interface  118  transmits event information. In other embodiments, peripheral interface  118  transmits event information only when there is a significant event (e.g., receiving an input above a predetermined noise threshold and/or for more than a predetermined duration). 
     In some embodiments, event sorter  170  also includes a hit view determination module  172  and/or an active event recognizer determination module  173 . 
     Hit view determination module  172  provides software procedures for determining where a sub-event has taken place within one or more views, when touch-sensitive display system  112  displays more than one view. Views are made up of controls and other elements that a user can see on the display. 
     Another aspect of the user interface associated with an application is a set of views, sometimes herein called application views or user interface windows, in which information is displayed and touch-based gestures occur. The application views (of a respective application) in which a touch is detected optionally correspond to programmatic levels within a programmatic or view hierarchy of the application. For example, the lowest level view in which a touch is detected is, optionally, called the hit view, and the set of events that are recognized as proper inputs are, optionally, determined based, at least in part, on the hit view of the initial touch that begins a touch-based gesture. 
     Hit view determination module  172  receives information related to sub-events of a touch-based gesture. When an application has multiple views organized in a hierarchy, hit view determination module  172  identifies a hit view as the lowest view in the hierarchy which should handle the sub-event. In most circumstances, the hit view is the lowest level view in which an initiating sub-event occurs (i.e., the first sub-event in the sequence of sub-events that form an event or potential event). Once the hit view is identified by the hit view determination module, the hit view typically receives all sub-events related to the same touch or input source for which it was identified as the hit view. 
     Active event recognizer determination module  173  determines which view or views within a view hierarchy should receive a particular sequence of sub-events. In some embodiments, active event recognizer determination module  173  determines that only the hit view should receive a particular sequence of sub-events. In other embodiments, active event recognizer determination module  173  determines that all views that include the physical location of a sub-event are actively involved views, and therefore determines that all actively involved views should receive a particular sequence of sub-events. In other embodiments, even if touch sub-events were entirely confined to the area associated with one particular view, views higher in the hierarchy would still remain as actively involved views. 
     Event dispatcher module  174  dispatches the event information to an event recognizer (e.g., event recognizer  180 ). In embodiments including active event recognizer determination module  173 , event dispatcher module  174  delivers the event information to an event recognizer determined by active event recognizer determination module  173 . In some embodiments, event dispatcher module  174  stores in an event queue the event information, which is retrieved by a respective event receiver module  182 . 
     In some embodiments, operating system  126  includes event sorter  170 . Alternatively, application  136 - 1  includes event sorter  170 . In yet other embodiments, event sorter  170  is a stand-alone module, or a part of another module stored in memory  102 , such as contact/motion module  130 . 
     In some embodiments, application  136 - 1  includes a plurality of event handlers  190  and one or more application views  191 , each of which includes instructions for handling touch events that occur within a respective view of the application&#39;s user interface. Each application view  191  of the application  136 - 1  includes one or more event recognizers  180 . Typically, a respective application view  191  includes a plurality of event recognizers  180 . In other embodiments, one or more of event recognizers  180  are part of a separate module, such as a user interface kit (not shown) or a higher level object from which application  136 - 1  inherits methods and other properties. In some embodiments, a respective event handler  190  includes one or more of: data updater  176 , object updater  177 , GUI updater  178 , and/or event data  179  received from event sorter  170 . Event handler  190  optionally utilizes or calls data updater  176 , object updater  177  or GUI updater  178  to update the application internal state  192 . Alternatively, one or more of the application views  191  includes one or more respective event handlers  190 . Also, in some embodiments, one or more of data updater  176 , object updater  177 , and GUI updater  178  are included in a respective application view  191 . 
     A respective event recognizer  180  receives event information (e.g., event data  179 ) from event sorter  170 , and identifies an event from the event information. Event recognizer  180  includes event receiver  182  and event comparator  184 . In some embodiments, event recognizer  180  also includes at least a subset of: metadata  183 , and event delivery instructions  188  (which optionally include sub-event delivery instructions). 
     Event receiver  182  receives event information from event sorter  170 . The event information includes information about a sub-event, for example, a touch or a touch movement. Depending on the sub-event, the event information also includes additional information, such as location of the sub-event. When the sub-event concerns motion of a touch, the event information optionally also includes speed and direction of the sub-event. In some embodiments, events include rotation of the device from one orientation to another (e.g., from a portrait orientation to a landscape orientation, or vice versa), and the event information includes corresponding information about the current orientation (also called device attitude) of the device. 
     Event comparator  184  compares the event information to predefined event or sub-event definitions and, based on the comparison, determines an event or sub-event, or determines or updates the state of an event or sub-event. In some embodiments, event comparator  184  includes event definitions  186 . Event definitions  186  contain definitions of events (e.g., predefined sequences of sub-events), for example, event  1  ( 187 - 1 ), event  2  ( 187 - 2 ), and others. In some embodiments, sub-events in an event  187  include, for example, touch begin, touch end, touch movement, touch cancellation, and multiple touching. In one example, the definition for event  1  ( 187 - 1 ) is a double tap on a displayed object. The double tap, for example, comprises a first touch (touch begin) on the displayed object for a predetermined phase, a first lift-off (touch end) for a predetermined phase, a second touch (touch begin) on the displayed object for a predetermined phase, and a second lift-off (touch end) for a predetermined phase. In another example, the definition for event  2  ( 187 - 2 ) is a dragging on a displayed object. The dragging, for example, comprises a touch (or contact) on the displayed object for a predetermined phase, a movement of the touch across touch-sensitive display system  112 , and lift-off of the touch (touch end). In some embodiments, the event also includes information for one or more associated event handlers  190 . 
     In some embodiments, event definition  187  includes a definition of an event for a respective user-interface object. In some embodiments, event comparator  184  performs a hit test to determine which user-interface object is associated with a sub-event. For example, in an application view in which three user-interface objects are displayed on touch-sensitive display system  112 , when a touch is detected on touch-sensitive display system  112 , event comparator  184  performs a hit test to determine which of the three user-interface objects is associated with the touch (sub-event). If each displayed object is associated with a respective event handler  190 , the event comparator uses the result of the hit test to determine which event handler  190  should be activated. For example, event comparator  184  selects an event handler associated with the sub-event and the object triggering the hit test. 
     In some embodiments, the definition for a respective event  187  also includes delayed actions that delay delivery of the event information until after it has been determined whether the sequence of sub-events does or does not correspond to the event recognizer&#39;s event type. 
     When a respective event recognizer  180  determines that the series of sub-events do not match any of the events in event definitions  186 , the respective event recognizer  180  enters an event impossible, event failed, or event ended state, after which it disregards subsequent sub-events of the touch-based gesture. In this situation, other event recognizers, if any, that remain active for the hit view continue to track and process sub-events of an ongoing touch-based gesture. 
     In some embodiments, a respective event recognizer  180  includes metadata  183  with configurable properties, flags, and/or lists that indicate how the event delivery system should perform sub-event delivery to actively involved event recognizers. In some embodiments, metadata  183  includes configurable properties, flags, and/or lists that indicate how event recognizers interact, or are enabled to interact, with one another. In some embodiments, metadata  183  includes configurable properties, flags, and/or lists that indicate whether sub-events are delivered to varying levels in the view or programmatic hierarchy. 
     In some embodiments, a respective event recognizer  180  activates event handler  190  associated with an event when one or more particular sub-events of an event are recognized. In some embodiments, a respective event recognizer  180  delivers event information associated with the event to event handler  190 . Activating an event handler  190  is distinct from sending (and deferred sending) sub-events to a respective hit view. In some embodiments, event recognizer  180  throws a flag associated with the recognized event, and event handler  190  associated with the flag catches the flag and performs a predefined process. 
     In some embodiments, event delivery instructions  188  include sub-event delivery instructions that deliver event information about a sub-event without activating an event handler. Instead, the sub-event delivery instructions deliver event information to event handlers associated with the series of sub-events or to actively involved views. Event handlers associated with the series of sub-events or with actively involved views receive the event information and perform a predetermined process. 
     In some embodiments, data updater  176  creates and updates data used in application  136 - 1 . For example, data updater  176  updates the telephone number used in contacts module  137 , or stores a video file used in video player module  145 . In some embodiments, object updater  177  creates and updates objects used in application  136 - 1 . For example, object updater  177  creates a new user-interface object or updates the position of a user-interface object. GUI updater  178  updates the GUI. For example, GUI updater  178  prepares display information and sends it to graphics module  132  for display on a touch-sensitive display. 
     In some embodiments, event handler(s)  190  includes or has access to data updater  176 , object updater  177 , and GUI updater  178 . In some embodiments, data updater  176 , object updater  177 , and GUI updater  178  are included in a single module of a respective application  136 - 1  or application view  191 . In other embodiments, they are included in two or more software modules. 
     It shall be understood that the foregoing discussion regarding event handling of user touches on touch-sensitive displays also applies to other forms of user inputs to operate multifunction devices  100  with input-devices, not all of which are initiated on touch screens. For example, mouse movement and mouse button presses, optionally coordinated with single or multiple keyboard presses or holds; contact movements such as taps, drags, scrolls, etc., on touch-pads; pen stylus inputs; movement of the device; oral instructions; detected eye movements; biometric inputs; and/or any combination thereof are optionally utilized as inputs corresponding to sub-events which define an event to be recognized. 
       FIG. 2  illustrates a portable multifunction device  100  having a touch screen (e.g., touch-sensitive display system  112 ,  FIG. 1A ) in accordance with some embodiments. The touch screen optionally displays one or more graphics within user interface (UI)  200 . In this embodiment, as well as others described below, a user is enabled to select one or more of the graphics by making a gesture on the graphics, for example, with one or more fingers  202  (not drawn to scale in the figure) or one or more styluses  203  (not drawn to scale in the figure). In some embodiments, selection of one or more graphics occurs when the user breaks contact with the one or more graphics. In some embodiments, the gesture optionally includes one or more taps, one or more swipes (from left to right, right to left, upward and/or downward) and/or a rolling of a finger (from right to left, left to right, upward and/or downward) that has made contact with device  100 . In some implementations or circumstances, inadvertent contact with a graphic does not select the graphic. For example, a swipe gesture that sweeps over an application icon optionally does not select the corresponding application when the gesture corresponding to selection is a tap. 
     Device  100  optionally also includes one or more physical buttons, such as “home” or menu button  204 . As described previously, menu button  204  is, optionally, used to navigate to any application  136  in a set of applications that are, optionally executed on device  100 . Alternatively, in some embodiments, the menu button is implemented as a soft key in a GUI displayed on the touch-screen display. 
     In some embodiments, device  100  includes the touch-screen display, menu button  204 , push button  206  for powering the device on/off and locking the device, volume adjustment button(s)  208 , Subscriber Identity Module (SIM) card slot  210 , head set jack  212 , and docking/charging external port  124 . Push button  206  is, optionally, used to turn the power on/off on the device by depressing the button and holding the button in the depressed state for a predefined time interval; to lock the device by depressing the button and releasing the button before the predefined time interval has elapsed; and/or to unlock the device or initiate an unlock process. In some embodiments, device  100  also accepts verbal input for activation or deactivation of some functions through microphone  113 . Device  100  also, optionally, includes one or more contact intensity sensors  165  for detecting intensity of contacts on touch-sensitive display system  112  and/or one or more tactile output generators  163  for generating tactile outputs for a user of device  100 . 
       FIG. 3  is a block diagram of an example multifunction device with a display and a touch-sensitive surface in accordance with some embodiments. Device  300  need not be portable. In some embodiments, device  300  is a laptop computer, a desktop computer, a tablet computer, a multimedia player device, a navigation device, an educational device (such as a child&#39;s learning toy), a gaming system, or a control device (e.g., a home or industrial controller). Device  300  typically includes one or more processing units (CPU&#39;s)  310 , one or more network or other communications interfaces  360 , memory  370 , and one or more communication buses  320  for interconnecting these components. Communication buses  320  optionally include circuitry (sometimes called a chipset) that interconnects and controls communications between system components. Device  300  includes input/output (I/O) interface  330  comprising display  340 , which is typically a touch-screen display. I/O interface  330  also optionally includes a keyboard and/or mouse (or other pointing device)  350  and touchpad  355 , tactile output generator  357  for generating tactile outputs on device  300  (e.g., similar to tactile output generator(s)  163  described above with reference to  FIG. 1A ), sensors  359  (e.g., touch-sensitive, optical, contact intensity, proximity, acceleration, attitude, and/or magnetic sensors similar to sensors  112 ,  164 ,  165 ,  166 ,  167 ,  168 , and  169  described above with reference to  FIG. 1A ). Memory  370  includes high-speed random access memory, such as DRAM, SRAM, DDR RAM or other random access solid state memory devices; and optionally includes non-volatile memory, such as one or more magnetic disk storage devices, optical disk storage devices, flash memory devices, or other non-volatile solid state storage devices. Memory  370  optionally includes one or more storage devices remotely located from CPU(s)  310 . In some embodiments, memory  370  stores programs, modules, and data structures analogous to the programs, modules, and data structures stored in memory  102  of portable multifunction device  100  ( FIG. 1A ), or a subset thereof. Furthermore, memory  370  optionally stores additional programs, modules, and data structures not present in memory  102  of portable multifunction device  100 . For example, memory  370  of device  300  optionally stores drawing module  380 , presentation module  382 , word processing module  384 , website creation module  386 , disk authoring module  388 , and/or spreadsheet module  390 , while memory  102  of portable multifunction device  100  ( FIG. 1A ) optionally does not store these modules. 
     Each of the above identified elements in  FIG. 3  are, optionally, stored in one or more of the previously mentioned memory devices. Each of the above identified modules corresponds to a set of instructions for performing a function described above. The above identified modules or programs (i.e., sets of instructions) need not be implemented as separate software programs, procedures or modules, and thus various subsets of these modules are, optionally, combined or otherwise re-arranged in various embodiments. In some embodiments, memory  370  optionally stores a subset of the modules and data structures identified above. Furthermore, memory  370  optionally stores additional modules and data structures not described above. 
     Attention is now directed towards embodiments of user interfaces (“UI”) that are, optionally, implemented on portable multifunction device  100 . 
       FIG. 4A  illustrates an example user interface for a menu of applications on portable multifunction device  100  in accordance with some embodiments. Similar user interfaces are, optionally, implemented on device  300 . In some embodiments, user interface  400  includes the following elements, or a subset or superset thereof:
         Signal strength indicator(s)  402  for wireless communication(s), such as cellular and Wi-Fi signals;   Time  404 ;   Bluetooth indicator  405 ;   Battery status indicator  406 ;   Tray  408  with icons for frequently used applications, such as:
           Icon  416  for telephone module  138 , labeled “Phone,” which optionally includes an indicator  414  of the number of missed calls or voicemail messages;   Icon  418  for e-mail client module  140 , labeled “Mail,” which optionally includes an indicator  410  of the number of unread e-mails;   Icon  420  for browser module  147 , labeled “Browser”; and   Icon  422  for video and music player module  152 , also referred to as iPod (trademark of Apple Inc.) module  152 , labeled “iPod”; and   
           Icons for other applications, such as:
           Icon  424  for IM module  141 , labeled “Text”;   Icon  426  for calendar module  148 , labeled “Calendar”;   Icon  428  for image management module  144 , labeled “Photos”;   Icon  430  for camera module  143 , labeled “Camera”;   Icon  432  for online video module  155 , labeled “Online Video”;   Icon  434  for stocks widget  149 - 2 , labeled “Stocks”;   Icon  436  for map module  154 , labeled “Map”;   Icon  438  for weather widget  149 - 1 , labeled “Weather”;   Icon  440  for alarm clock widget  169 - 6 , labeled “Clock”;   Icon  442  for workout support module  142 , labeled “Workout Support”;   Icon  444  for notes module  153 , labeled “Notes”; and   Icon  446  for a settings application or module, which provides access to settings for device  100  and its various applications  136 .   
               

     It should be noted that the icon labels illustrated in  FIG. 4A  are merely examples. For example, in some embodiments, icon  422  for video and music player module  152  is labeled “Music” or “Music Player.” Other labels are, optionally, used for various application icons. In some embodiments, a label for a respective application icon includes a name of an application corresponding to the respective application icon. In some embodiments, a label for a particular application icon is distinct from a name of an application corresponding to the particular application icon. 
       FIG. 4B  illustrates an example user interface on a device (e.g., device  300 ,  FIG. 3 ) with a touch-sensitive surface  451  (e.g., a tablet or touchpad  355 ,  FIG. 3 ) that is separate from the display  450 . Device  300  also, optionally, includes one or more contact intensity sensors (e.g., one or more of sensors  359 ) for detecting intensity of contacts on touch-sensitive surface  451  and/or one or more tactile output generators  359  for generating tactile outputs for a user of device  300 . 
       FIG. 4B  illustrates an example user interface on a device (e.g., device  300 ,  FIG. 3 ) with a touch-sensitive surface  451  (e.g., a tablet or touchpad  355 ,  FIG. 3 ) that is separate from the display  450 . Many of the examples that follow will be given with reference to a device that detects inputs on a touch-sensitive surface that is separate from the display, as shown in  FIG. 4B . In some embodiments, the touch-sensitive surface (e.g.,  451  in  FIG. 4B ) has a primary axis (e.g.,  452  in  FIG. 4B ) that corresponds to a primary axis (e.g.,  453  in  FIG. 4B ) on the display (e.g.,  450 ). In accordance with these embodiments, the device detects contacts (e.g.,  460  and  462  in  FIG. 4B ) with the touch-sensitive surface  451  at locations that correspond to respective locations on the display (e.g., in  FIG. 4B, 460  corresponds to  468  and  462  corresponds to  470 ). In this way, user inputs (e.g., contacts  460  and  462 , and movements thereof) detected by the device on the touch-sensitive surface (e.g.,  451  in  FIG. 4B ) are used by the device to manipulate the user interface on the display (e.g.,  450  in  FIG. 4B ) of the multifunction device when the touch-sensitive surface is separate from the display. It should be understood that similar methods are, optionally, used for other user interfaces described herein. 
     As used herein, the term “focus selector” refers to an input element that indicates a current part of a user interface with which a user is interacting. In some implementations that include a cursor or other location marker, the cursor acts as a “focus selector,” so that when an input (e.g., a press input) is detected on a touch-sensitive surface (e.g., touchpad  355  in  FIG. 3  or touch-sensitive surface  451  in  FIG. 4B ) while the cursor is over a particular user interface element (e.g., a button, window, slider or other user interface element), the particular user interface element is adjusted in accordance with the detected input. In some implementations that include a touch-screen display (e.g., touch-sensitive display system  112  in  FIG. 1A  or the touch screen in  FIG. 4A ) that enables direct interaction with user interface elements on the touch-screen display, a detected contact on the touch-screen acts as a “focus selector,” so that when an input (e.g., a press input by the contact) is detected on the touch-screen display at a location of a particular user interface element (e.g., a button, window, slider or other user interface element), the particular user interface element is adjusted in accordance with the detected input. In some implementations, focus is moved from one region of a user interface to another region of the user interface without corresponding movement of a cursor or movement of a contact on a touch-screen display (e.g., by using a tab key or arrow keys to move focus from one button to another button); in these implementations, the focus selector moves in accordance with movement of focus between different regions of the user interface. Without regard to the specific form taken by the focus selector, the focus selector is generally the user interface element (or contact on a touch-screen display) that is controlled by the user so as to communicate the user&#39;s intended interaction with the user interface (e.g., by indicating, to the device, the element of the user interface with which the user is intending to interact). For example, the location of a focus selector (e.g., a cursor, a contact, or a selection box) over a respective button while a press input is detected on the touch-sensitive surface (e.g., a touchpad or touch screen) will indicate that the user is intending to activate the respective button (as opposed to other user interface elements shown on a display of the device). 
     User Interfaces and Associated Processes 
     Attention is now directed towards embodiments of user interfaces (“UI”) and associated processes that may be implemented on an electronic device, such as a portable multifunction device  100  with a display, a touch-sensitive surface, and optionally one or more sensors to detect intensity of contacts with the touch-sensitive surface, or a device  300  with a one or more processors, non-transitory memory, a display, and an input device. 
       FIGS. 5A - 5 MMM illustrate example user interfaces for pairing edges of windows in accordance with some embodiments. The user interfaces in these figures are used to illustrate the processes described below, including the processes in  FIGS. 8A-8E . Although some of the examples which follow will be given with reference to inputs on a touch-sensitive surface  451  that is separate from the display  450 , in some embodiments, the device detects inputs on a touch-screen display (where the touch-sensitive surface and the display are combined), as shown in  FIG. 4A . 
       FIGS. 5A-5T  show a window  510  and a window  520  displayed within a display area  501  of the display  450 . For example, the window  510  corresponds to a first application, and the window  520  corresponds to a second application different from the first application. For example, the window  510  and the window  520  correspond to a same application.  FIGS. 5A - 5 MMM show a dock  504  within the display area  501  with a plurality of dock icons  506 -A,  506 -B, and  506 -C corresponding to different applications. 
     As shown in  FIGS. 5A-5T , the window  510  includes a chrome region  512   a  and a content region  512   b . The window  510  has a right edge  514   a , a top edge  514   b , and a bottom edge  514   c . Similarly, the window  520  includes a chrome region  522   a  and a content region  522   b . The window  520  has a left edge  524   a , a top edge  524   b , and a bottom edge  524   c.    
       FIGS. 5A-5B  illustrate a sequence in which the right edge  514   a  of the window  510  is moved toward the left edge  524   a  of the window  520  and the right edge  514   a  of the window  510  is paired with the left edge  524   a  of the window  520  according to a determination that the movement of the window  510  satisfies one or more pairing criteria. In this example, the one or more pairing criteria are satisfied when both an angle criterion and a velocity criterion are satisfied. For example, the angle criterion is satisfied when the angle of the movement deviates from a predefined axis (e.g., an axis normal or perpendicular to the edge being approached) by less than an angular threshold value (e.g., +/−45° from the predefined axis). As such, according to some embodiments, the angle criterion is satisfied when the angle of approach is between pairing values  516   a  (e.g., 45°) and  516   b  (e.g., 315°). For example, the velocity criterion is satisfied when the velocity of the movement is less than a pairing velocity threshold  518 . 
     In  FIG. 5A , the window  510  is dragged with the focus selector  502  by the chrome region  512   a  according to the movement vector  508 . For example, the right edge  514   a  of the window  510  is moved toward the left edge  524   a  of the window  520  according to the movement vector  508 . As shown in  FIG. 5A , the angle of the movement vector  508  (e.g., 15°) relative to a normal associated with the left edge  524   a  of the window  520  is between the pairing values  516   a  and  516   b . Furthermore, in  FIG. 5A , the velocity associated with the movement vector  508  is less than the pairing velocity threshold  518 . 
     As such, as shown in  FIGS. 5B-5C , the right edge  514   a  of the window  510  is paired with the left edge  524   a  of the window  520 . For example, the movement of the window  510  is stopped when the right edge  514   a  of the window  510  touches the left edge  524   a  of the window  520  due to satisfaction of the angle criterion and the velocity criterion. However, in  FIG. 5C , the focus selector  502  moves past the left edge  524   a  of the window  520  according to the movement vector  508 . In some embodiments, when the window is moved (or resized) based on an input from a device with a tactile output generator (e.g., a trackpad with a tactile output generator), a tactile output is generated when the edge of a window (e.g., window  510 ) is paired with the edge of another window (e.g., window  520 ). In contrast, in some embodiments, if the edge of the window is moved over the edge of the other window without being paired, then no tactile output is generated to indicate that the edge of the window has passed over the edge of the other window. 
       FIGS. 5D-5F  illustrate a sequence in which the window  510  is moved substantially parallel to the left edge  524   a  of the window  520  and the right edge  514   a  of the window  510  remains paired with the left edge  524   a  of the window  520  according to a determination that the movement of the window  510  does not satisfy one or more separation criteria. In this example, the one or more separation criteria are satisfied when either an angle criterion or a velocity criterion are satisfied. For example, the angle criterion is satisfied when the angle of the movement deviates from a predefined axis (e.g., an axis normal or perpendicular to the paired edges) by more than an angular threshold value (e.g., +/−45° from the predefined axis). As such, according to some embodiments, the angle criterion is satisfied when the angle of the movement is not between separation values  530   a  (e.g., 45°) and  530   b  (e.g., 135°). For example, the velocity criterion is satisfied when the velocity of the movement is greater than a separation velocity threshold  532 . 
     In  FIG. 5D , the window  510  is dragged with the focus selector  502  by the chrome region  512   a  according to the movement vector  526 . For example, the right edge  514   a  of a window  510  is moved substantially parallel to the left edge  524   a  of the window  520  according to the movement vector  526 . As shown in  FIG. 5D , the angle of the movement vector  526  (e.g., 75°) relative to a normal associated with the left edge  524   a  of the window  520  is between the separation values  530   a  and  530   b . Furthermore, in  FIG. 5D , the velocity associated with the movement vector  526  is less than the separation velocity threshold  532 . 
     As such, as shown in  FIGS. 5E-5F , the right edge  514   a  of the window  510  remains paired with the left edge  524   a  of the window  520 . For example, the window  510  slides parallel to the window  520 , but the window  510  remains paired to the window  520  because neither the angle criterion nor the velocity criterion associated with the one or more separation criteria are satisfied. As shown in  FIGS. 5E-5F , the parallel movement of the window  510  is constrained by a line  528   a  associated with the top edge  524   b  of the window  520 . However, in  FIG. 5F , the focus selector  502  moves past the line  528   a  according to the movement vector  526 . In some embodiments, when the window is moved (or resized) based on an input from a device with a tactile output generator (e.g., a trackpad or touch-sensitive surface with a tactile output generator), a tactile output is generated when the edge of window  510  reaches a constraint associated with another edge of the window with which it is paired (e.g., the top edge  524   b  of window  520  in  FIG. 5E ) if the separation criteria is not satisfied. In contrast, in some embodiments, if the separation criteria are satisfied, then no tactile output is generated when the edge of the window reaches the constraint associated with the edge of the other window. 
       FIGS. 5G-5J  illustrate another sequence in which the window  510  is moved substantially parallel to the left edge  524   a  of the window  520  and the right edge  514   a  of the window  510  remains paired with the left edge  524   a  of the window  520  according to a determination that the movement of the window  510  does not satisfy one or more separation criteria. In this example, the one or more separation criteria are satisfied when either an angle criterion or a velocity criterion are satisfied. For example, the angle criterion is satisfied when the angle of the movement deviates from a predefined axis (e.g., an axis normal or perpendicular to the paired edges) by more than an angular threshold value (e.g., +/−45° from the predefined axis). As such, according to some embodiments, the angle criterion is satisfied when the angle of the movement is not between separation values  536   a  (e.g., 225°) and  536   b  (e.g., 315°). For example, the velocity criterion is satisfied when the velocity of the movement is greater than a separation velocity threshold  532 . 
     In  FIG. 5G , the window  510  is dragged with the focus selector  502  by the chrome region  512   a  according to the movement vector  534 . For example, the movement vector  534  is a continuation of the movement in  FIGS. 5D-5F  (e.g., click and drag according to movement vector  526 , then hold and drag according to movement vector  534 ). For example, the right edge  514   a  of a window  510  is moved substantially parallel to the left edge  524   a  of the window  520  according to the movement vector  534 . As shown in  FIG. 5G , the angle of the movement vector  534  (e.g., 285°) relative to a normal associated with the left edge  524   a  of the window  520  is between the separation values  536   a  and  536   b . Furthermore, in  FIG. 5G , the velocity associated with the movement vector  534  is less than the separation velocity threshold  532 . 
     As such, as shown in  FIGS. 5H-5J , the right edge  514   a  of the window  510  remains paired with the left edge  524   a  of the window  520 . For example, the window  510  slides parallel to the window  520 , but the window  510  remains paired to the window  520  because neither the angle criterion nor the velocity criterion associated with the one or more separation criteria are satisfied. As shown in  FIGS. 5I-5J , the parallel movement of the window  510  is constrained by a line  528   b  associated with the bottom edge  524   c  of the window  520 . 
       FIGS. 5K-5M  illustrate a sequence in which the window  510  is moved substantially perpendicular to the left edge  524   a  of the window  520  and the right edge  514   a  of the window  510  is unpaired from the left edge  524   a  of the window  520  according to a determination that the movement of the window  510  satisfies one or more separation criteria. In this example, the one or more separation criteria are satisfied when an angle criterion is satisfied. For example, the angle criterion is satisfied when the angle of the movement deviates from a predefined axis (e.g., an axis normal or perpendicular to the paired edges) by less than an angular threshold value (e.g., +/−45° from the predefined axis). As such, according to some embodiments, the angle criterion is satisfied when the angle of the movement is between separation values  542   a  (e.g., 135°) and  542   b  (e.g., 225°). 
     In some embodiments, if a first window is moved away from a paired, second window in a substantially perpendicular direction, the first window is unpaired from the second window when the angle criterion is satisfied (e.g., no distance criterion in  FIGS. 5K-5M ). In some embodiments, if a first window is moved toward a paired, second window in a substantially perpendicular direction, the first window is unpaired from the second window when an angle criterion and a distance criterion is satisfied (e.g.,  FIGS. 5Q-5T ). 
     In  FIG. 5K , the window  510  is dragged with the focus selector  502  by the chrome region  512   a  according to the movement vector  538 . For example, the right edge  514   a  of a window  510  is moved away from the left edge  524   a  of the window  520  in a substantially perpendicular direction according to the movement vector  538 . As shown in  FIG. 5K , the angle of the movement vector  538  (e.g., 180°) relative to a normal associated with the left edge  524   a  of the window  520  is between the separation values  542   a  and  542   b.    
     As such, as shown in  FIGS. 5L-5M , the right edge  514   a  of the window  510  is separated from and no longer paired with the left edge  524   a  of the window  520 . For example, the window  510  separates from the window  520  and moves according to the movement vector  538  because the angle criterion and the distance criterion associated with the one or more separation criteria are satisfied. 
       FIGS. 5N-5P  illustrate another sequence in which the window  510  is moved substantially perpendicular to the left edge  524   a  of the window  520  and the right edge  514   a  of the window  510  is unpaired from the left edge  524   a  of the window  520  according to a determination that the movement of the window  510  satisfies one or more separation criteria. In this example, the one or more separation criteria are satisfied when an angle criterion and a distance criterion are satisfied. For example, the angle criterion is satisfied when the angle of the movement deviates from a predefined axis (e.g., an axis normal or perpendicular to the paired edges) by less than an angular threshold value (e.g., +/−45° from the predefined axis). As such, according to some embodiments, the angle criterion is satisfied when the angle of the movement is between separation values  542   a  (e.g., 135°) and  542   b  (e.g., 225°). For example, the distance criterion is satisfied when the magnitude of the movement is greater than a separation distance threshold  546 . 
     In  FIG. 5N , the window  510  is dragged with the focus selector  502  by the chrome region  512   a  according to the movement vector  544 . For example, the right edge  514   a  of a window  510  is moved away from the left edge  524   a  of the window  520  in a substantially perpendicular direction according to the movement vector  544 . As shown in  FIG. 5N , the angle of the movement vector  544  (e.g., 160°) relative to a normal associated with the left edge  524   a  of the window  520  is between the separation values  542   a  and  542   b . Furthermore, in  FIG. 5N , the magnitude associated with the movement vector  544  is greater than the separation distance threshold  546 . 
     As such, as shown in  FIGS. 5O-5P , the right edge  514   a  of the window  510  is separated from and no longer paired with the left edge  524   a  of the window  520 . For example, the window  510  separates from the window  520  and moves according to the movement vector  544  because the angle criterion and the distance criterion associated with the one or more separation criteria are satisfied. In some embodiments, when the window is moved (or resized) based on an input from a device with a tactile output generator (e.g., a trackpad or touch-sensitive surface with a tactile output generator), a tactile output is generated when the edge of a window (e.g., window  510 ) is separated (e.g., unpaired) from the edge of another window (e.g., window  520 ). In some embodiments, when the window is moved (or resized) based on an input from a device with a tactile output generator (e.g., a trackpad or touch-sensitive surface with a tactile output generator), a tactile output is not generated when the edge of a window (e.g., window  510 ) is separated (e.g., unpaired) from the edge of another window (e.g., window  520 ) even when the tactile output was generated when the edge of the window (e.g., window  510 ) was paired with the edge of the other window (e.g., window  520 ). 
       FIGS. 5Q-5T  illustrate yet another sequence in which the window  510  is moved substantially perpendicular to the left edge  524   a  of the window  520  and the right edge  514   a  of the window  510  is unpaired from the left edge  524   a  of the window  520  according to a determination that the movement of the window  510  satisfies one or more separation criteria. In this example, the one or more separation criteria are satisfied when an angle criterion and a distance criterion are satisfied. For example, the angle criterion is satisfied when the angle of the movement deviates from a predefined axis (e.g., an axis normal or perpendicular to the paired edges) by less than an angular threshold value (e.g., +/−45° from the predefined axis). As such, according to some embodiments, the angle criterion is satisfied when the angle of the movement is between separation values  552   a  (e.g., 45°) and  552   b  (e.g., 315°). For example, the distance criterion is satisfied when the magnitude of the movement is greater than a separation distance threshold  550 . 
     In some embodiments, the value associated with the distance criterion scales based on the angle of the substantially perpendicular movement. For example, the separation distance threshold  550  in  FIG. 5Q  associated with movement of the window  510  at a 0° angle is less than separation distance threshold  546  in  FIG. 5N  associated with movement of the window  510  at a 160° angle. 
     In  FIG. 5Q , the window  510  is dragged with the focus selector  502  by the chrome region  512   a  according to the movement vector  548 . For example, the right edge  514   a  of a window  510  is moved toward the left edge  524   a  of the window  520  in a substantially perpendicular direction according to the movement vector  548 . As shown in  FIG. 5Q , the angle of the movement vector  548  (e.g., 0°) relative to a normal associated with the left edge  524   a  of the window  520  is between the separation values  552   a  and  552   b . Furthermore, in  FIG. 5Q , the magnitude associated with the movement vector  548  is greater than the separation distance threshold  550 . 
     As shown in  FIG. 5R-5S , the focus selector  502  moves according to the movement vector  528  and the right edge  514   a  of the window  510  remains paired with the left edge  524   a  of the window  520  until the separation distance threshold  550  is satisfied. When the separation distance threshold  550  is satisfied, the window  510  “jumps” between  FIGS. 5S-5T  so as to be displayed under the focus selector  502 . As such, as shown in  FIG. 5T , the right edge  514   a  of the window  510  is separated from and no longer paired with the left edge  524   a  of the window  520 . For example, the window  510  separates from the window  520  and moves according to the movement vector  548  because the angle criterion and the distance criterion associated with the one or more separation criteria are satisfied. 
       FIGS. 5U-5JJ  show a window  560  and a window  570  displayed within a display area  501  of the display  450 . For example, the window  560  corresponds to a first application, and the window  570  corresponds to a second application different from the first application. For example, the window  560  and the window  570  correspond to a same application. As shown in  FIGS. 5U-5JJ , the window  560  includes a chrome region  562   a  and a content region  562   b . The window  560  has a top edge  564   a , a left edge  564   b , and a right edge  564   c . Similarly, the window  570  includes a chrome region  572   a  and a content region  572   b . The window  520  has a bottom edge  574   a , a left edge  574   b , and a right edge  574   c.    
       FIGS. 5U-5W  illustrate a sequence in which the top edge  564   a  of the window  560  is moved toward the bottom edge  574   a  of the window  570  and the top edge  564   a  of the window  560  is paired with the bottom edge  574   a  of the window  570  according to a determination that the movement of the window  560  satisfies one or more pairing criteria. In this example, the one or more pairing criteria are satisfied when both an angle criterion and a velocity criterion are satisfied. For example, the angle criterion is satisfied when the angle of the movement deviates from a predefined axis (e.g., the edge being approached) by less than an angular threshold value (e.g., +/−45° from the predefined axis). As such, according to some embodiments, the angle criterion is satisfied when the angle of approach of the movement is between pairing values  568   a  (e.g., 45°) and  568   b  (e.g., 135°). For example, the velocity criterion is satisfied when the velocity of the movement is less than the pairing velocity threshold  518 . 
     In  FIG. 5U , the window  560  is dragged with the focus selector  502  by the chrome region  562   a  according to the movement vector  566 . For example, the top edge  564   a  of the window  560  is moved toward the bottom edge  574   a  of the window  570  according to the movement vector  566 . As shown in  FIG. 5U , the angle of the movement vector  566  (e.g., 80°) relative to the bottom edge  574   a  of the window  570  is between the pairing values  568   a  and  568   b . Furthermore, in  FIG. 5U , the velocity associated with the movement vector  566  is less than the pairing velocity threshold  518 . 
     As such, as shown in  FIGS. 5V-5W , the top edge  564   a  of the window  560  is paired with the bottom edge  574   a  of the window  570 . For example, the movement of the window  560  is stopped when the top edge  564   a  of the window  560  touches the bottom edge  574   a  of the window  570  due to satisfaction of the angle criterion and the velocity criterion. However, in  FIG. 5W , the focus selector  502  moves past the line  528   a  according to the movement vector  526 . 
       FIGS. 5X-5Z  illustrate a sequence in which the window  560  is moved substantially parallel to the bottom edge  574   a  of the window  570  and the top edge  564   a  of the window  560  remains paired with the bottom edge  574   a  of the window  570  according to a determination that the movement of the window  560  does not satisfy one or more separation criteria. In this example, the one or more separation criteria are satisfied when either an angle criterion or a velocity criterion are satisfied. For example, the angle criterion is satisfied when the angle of the movement deviates from a predefined axis (e.g., the paired edges) by more than an angular threshold value (e.g., +/−45° from the predefined axis). As such, according to some embodiments, the angle criterion is satisfied when the angle of the movement is not between separation values  580   a  (e.g., 135°) and  580   b  (e.g., 225°). For example, the velocity criterion is satisfied when the velocity of the movement is greater than the separation velocity threshold  532 . 
     In  FIG. 5X , the window  560  is dragged with the focus selector  502  by the chrome region  562   a  according to the movement vector  576 . For example, the movement vector  576  is a continuation of the movement in  FIGS. 5U-5W  (e.g., click and drag according to movement vector  566 , then hold and drag according to movement vector  576 ). For example, the top edge  564   a  of the window  560  is moved substantially parallel to the bottom edge  574   a  of the window  570  according to the movement vector  576 . As shown in  FIG. 5X , the angle of the movement vector  576  (e.g., 200°) relative to the bottom edge  574   a  of the window  570  is between the separation values  580   a  and  580   b . Furthermore, in  FIG. 5X , the velocity associated with the movement vector  576  is less than the separation velocity threshold  532 . 
     As such, as shown in  FIGS. 5Y-5Z , the top edge  564   a  of the window  560  remains paired with the bottom edge  574   a  of the window  570 . For example, the window  560  slides parallel to the window  570 , but the window  560  remains paired to the window  570  because neither the angle criterion nor the velocity criterion associated with the one or more separation criteria are satisfied. As shown in  FIG. 5Z , the parallel movement of the window  510  is constrained by a line  578   a  associated with the left edge  574   b  of the window  570 . 
       FIGS. 5AA-5DD  illustrate a sequence in which the window  570  is moved substantially parallel to the top edge  564   a  of the window  560  and the top edge  564   a  of the window  560  remains paired with the bottom edge  574   a  of the window  570  according to a determination that the movement of the window  570  does not satisfy one or more separation criteria. In this example, the one or more separation criteria are satisfied when either an angle criterion or a velocity criterion are satisfied. For example, the angle criterion is satisfied when the angle of the movement deviates from a predefined axis (e.g., the paired edges) by more than an angular threshold value (e.g., +/−45° from the predefined axis). As such, according to some embodiments, the angle criterion is satisfied when the angle of the movement is not between separation values  580   a  (e.g., 135°) and  580   b  (e.g., 225°). For example, the velocity criterion is satisfied when the velocity of the movement is greater than the separation velocity threshold  532 . 
     In  FIG. 5AA , the window  570  is dragged with the focus selector  502  by the chrome region  572   a  according to the movement vector  582 . For example, the bottom edge  574   a  of the window  570  is moved substantially parallel to the top edge  564   a  of the window  560  according to the movement vector  582 . As shown in  FIG. 5AA , the angle of the movement vector  582  (e.g., 190°) relative to the top edge  564   a  of the window  560  is between the separation values  580   a  and  580   b . Furthermore, in  FIG. 5AA , the velocity associated with the movement vector  582  is less than the separation velocity threshold  532 . 
     As such, as shown in  FIGS. 5BB-5DD , the bottom edge  574   a  of the window  570  remains paired with the top edge  564   a  of the window  560 . For example, the window  570  slides parallel to the window  560 , but the window  570  remains paired to the window  560  because neither the angle criterion nor the velocity criterion associated with the one or more separation criteria are satisfied. As shown in  FIG. 5DD , the parallel movement of the window  570  is constrained by a line  584   b  associated with the right edge  564   c  of the window  560 . 
     FUGS,  5 EE- 5 FF illustrate another sequence in which the window  570  is moved substantially parallel to the top edge  564   a  of the window  560  and the top edge  564   a  of the window  560  remains paired with the bottom edge  574   a  of the window  570  according to a determination that the movement of the window  570  does not satisfy one or more separation criteria. In this example, the one or more separation criteria are satisfied when either an angle criterion or a velocity criterion are satisfied. For example, the angle criterion is satisfied when the angle of the movement deviates from a predefined axis (e.g., the paired edges) by more than an angular threshold value (e.g., +/−45° from the predefined axis). As such, according to some embodiments, the angle criterion is satisfied when the angle of the movement is not between separation values  590   a  (e.g., 45°) and  590   b  (e.g., 315°). For example, the velocity criterion is satisfied when the velocity of the movement is greater than the separation velocity threshold  532 . 
     In  FIG. 5EE , the window  570  is dragged with the focus selector  502  by the chrome region  572   a  according to the movement vector  588 . For example, the bottom edge  574   a  of the window  570  is moved substantially parallel to the top edge  564   a  of the window  560  according to the movement vector  588 . As shown in  FIG. 5EE , the angle of the movement vector  588  (e.g., 355°) relative to the top edge  564   a  of the window  560  is between the separation values  590   a  and  590   b . Furthermore, in  FIG. 5EE , the velocity associated with the movement vector  588  is less than the separation velocity threshold  532 . 
     As such, as shown in  FIG. 5FF , the bottom edge  574   a  of the window  570  remains paired with the top edge  564   a  of the window  560 . For example, the window  570  slides parallel to the window  560 , but the window  570  remains paired to the window  560  because neither the angle criterion nor the velocity criterion associated with the one or more separation criteria are satisfied. As shown in  FIG. 5FF , the parallel movement of the window  570  is constrained by a line  584   a  associated with the left edge  564   b  of the window  560 . 
       FIGS. 5GG-5JJ  illustrate a sequence in which the window  560  is moved substantially perpendicular to the bottom edge  574   a  of the window  570  and the top edge  564   a  of the window  560  is unpaired from the bottom edge  574   a  of the window  570  according to a determination that the movement of the window  560  satisfies one or more separation criteria. In this example, the one or more separation criteria are satisfied when an angle criterion and a distance criterion are satisfied. For example, the angle criterion is satisfied when the angle of the movement deviates from a predefined axis (e.g., the paired edges) by less than an angular threshold value (e.g., +/−45° from the predefined axis). As such, according to some embodiments, the angle criterion is satisfied when the angle of the movement is between separation values  596   a  (e.g., 45°) and  596   b  (e.g., 135°). For example, the distance criterion is satisfied when the magnitude of the movement is greater than a separation distance threshold  594 . 
     In  FIG. 5GG , the window  560  is dragged with the focus selector  502  by the chrome region  562   a  according to the movement vector  592 . For example, the top edge  564   a  of the window  560  is moved toward the bottom edge  574   a  of the window  570  in a substantially perpendicular direction according to the movement vector  592 . As shown in  FIG. 5GG , the angle of the movement vector  592  (e.g., 90°) relative to the bottom edge  574   a  of the window  570  is between the separation values  596   a  and  596   b . Furthermore, in  FIG. 5GG , the magnitude associated with the movement vector  592  is greater than the separation distance threshold  594 . 
     As shown in  FIG. 5HH-5II , the focus selector  502  moves according to the movement vector  592  and the right edge  514   a  of the window  510  remains paired with the left edge  524   a  of the window  520  until the separation distance threshold  594  is satisfied. When the separation distance threshold  594  is satisfied, the window  560  “jumps” between  FIGS. 5II-5JJ  so as to be displayed under the focus selector  502 . As such, as shown in  FIG. 5JJ , the top edge  564   a  of the window  560  is unpaired from the bottom edge  574   a  of the window  570 . For example, the window  560  separates from the window  570  and moves according to the movement vector  592  because the angle criterion and the distance criterion associated with the one or more separation criteria are satisfied. 
       FIGS. 5KK-5NN  show a window  5100  and a window  5110  displayed within a display area  501  of the display  450 . For example, the window  5100  corresponds to a first application, and the window  5110  corresponds to a second application different from the first application. For example, the window  5100  and the window  5110  correspond to a same application. As shown in  FIGS. 5KK-5NN , the window  5100  includes a chrome region  5102   a  and a content region  5102   b , and the window  5100  has a right edge  5104   a . Similarly, the window  5110  includes a chrome region  5112   a  and a content region  5112   b , and the window  5110  has a left edge  5114   a.    
       FIGS. 5KK-5MM  illustrate a sequence in which the right edge  5104   a  of the window  5100  is moved toward the left edge  5114   a  of the window  5110  and the right edge  5104   a  of the window  5100  is not paired with the left edge  5114   a  of the window  5110  according to a determination that the movement of the window  5100  does not satisfy one or more pairing criteria. In this example, the one or more pairing criteria are satisfied when both an angle criterion and a velocity criterion are satisfied. For example, the angle criterion is satisfied when the angle of the movement deviates from a predefined axis (e.g., an axis normal or perpendicular to the edge being approached) by less than an angular threshold value (e.g., +/−45° from the predefined axis). As such, according to some embodiments, the angle criterion is satisfied when the angle of approach of the movement is between pairing values  516   a  (e.g., 45°) and  516   b  (e.g., 315°). For example, the velocity criterion is satisfied when the velocity of the movement is less than the pairing velocity threshold  518 . 
     In  FIG. 5KK , the window  5100  is dragged with the focus selector  502  by the chrome region  5102   a  according to the movement vector  5106 . For example, the right edge  5104   a  of the window  5100  is moved toward the left edge  5114   a  of the window  5110  according to the movement vector  5106 . As shown in  FIG. 5KK , the angle of the movement vector  5106  (e.g., 80°) relative to a normal associated with the left edge  5114   a  of the window  5110  is not between the pairing values  516   a  and  516   b . Furthermore, in  FIG. 5KK , the velocity associated with the movement vector  5106  is less than the pairing velocity threshold  518 . 
     As such, as shown in  FIG. 5LL , the right edge  5104   a  of the window  5100  is not paired with the left edge  5114   a  of the window  5110 . For example, the movement of the window  5100  continues according to the movement vector  5106  and overlaps the window  5110  because the angle criterion is not satisfied. 
       FIGS. 5MM-5NN  illustrate another sequence in which the right edge  5104   a  of the window  5100  is moved toward the left edge  5114   a  of the window  5110  and the right edge  5104   a  of the window  5100  is not paired with the left edge  5114   a  of the window  5110  according to a determination that the movement of the window  5100  does not satisfy one or more pairing criteria. In this example, the one or more pairing criteria are satisfied when both an angle criterion and a velocity criterion are satisfied. For example, the angle criterion is satisfied when the angle of the movement deviates from a predefined axis (e.g., an axis normal or perpendicular to the edge being approached) by less than an angular threshold value (e.g., +/−45° from the predefined axis). As such, according to some embodiments, the angle criterion is satisfied when the angle of approach of the movement is between pairing values  516   a  (e.g., 45°) and  516   b  (e.g., 315°). For example, the velocity criterion is satisfied when the velocity of the movement is less than the pairing velocity threshold  518 . 
     In  FIG. 5MM , the window  5100  is dragged with the focus selector  502  by the chrome region  5102   a  according to the movement vector  5108 . For example, the right edge  5104   a  of the window  5100  is moved toward the left edge  5114   a  of the window  5110  according to the movement vector  5108 . As shown in  FIG. 5MM , the angle of the movement vector  5108  (e.g., 35°) relative to a normal associated with the left edge  5114   a  of the window  5110  is between the pairing values  516   a  and  516   b . Furthermore, in  FIG. 5MM , the velocity associated with the movement vector  5108  is greater than the pairing velocity threshold  518 . 
     As such, as shown in  FIG. 5NN , the right edge  5104   a  of the window  5100  is not paired with the left edge  5114   a  of the window  5110 . For example, the movement of the window  5100  continues according to the movement vector  5108  and overlaps the window  5110  because the velocity criterion is not satisfied. 
       FIGS. 5OO-5PP  show a window  5120  and a window  5130  displayed within a display area  501  of the display  450 . For example, the window  5120  corresponds to a first application, and the window  5130  corresponds to a second application different from the first application. For example, the window  5120  and the window  5130  correspond to a same application. As shown in  FIGS. 5OO-5PP , the window  5120  includes a chrome region  5122   a  and a content region  5122   b , and the window  5120  has a right edge  5124   a . Similarly, the window  5130  includes a chrome region  5132   a  and a content region  5132   b , and the window  5130  has a right edge  5134   a.    
       FIGS. 5OO-5PP  illustrate a sequence in which the right edge  5124   a  of the window  5120  is moved toward the right edge  5134   a  of the window  5130  and the right edge  5124   a  of the window  5120  is not paired with the right edge  5134   a  of the window  5130  because the window  5120  overlaps the window  5130 . In this example, the one or more pairing criteria are satisfied when both an angle criterion and a velocity criterion are satisfied. For example, the angle criterion is satisfied when the angle of the movement deviates from a predefined axis (e.g., an axis normal or perpendicular to the edge being approached) by less than an angular threshold value (e.g., +/−45° from the predefined axis). As such, according to some embodiments, the angle criterion is satisfied when the angle of approach of the movement is between pairing values  516   a  (e.g., 45°) and  516   b  (e.g., 315°). For example, the velocity criterion is satisfied when the velocity of the movement is less than the pairing velocity threshold  518 . 
     In  FIG. 5OO , the window  5120  is dragged with the focus selector  502  by the chrome region  5122   a  according to the movement vector  5126 . For example, the right edge  5124   a  of the window  5120  is moved toward the right edge  5134   a  of the window  5130  according to the movement vector  5126 . As shown in  FIG. 5OO , the angle of the movement vector  5126  (e.g., 10°) relative to a normal associated with the right edge  5134   a  of the window  5130  is between the pairing values  516   a  and  516   b . Furthermore, in  FIG. 5OO , the velocity associated with the movement vector  5126  is less than the pairing velocity threshold  518 . 
     However, as shown in  FIG. 5PP , the right edge  5124   a  of the window  5120  is not paired with the right edge  5134   a  of the window  5130 . For example, the movement of the window  5120  continues according to the movement vector  5126  because the window  5120  at least partially overlaps the window  5130  prior to the movement. 
       FIGS. 5QQ-5TT  show a window  5140  and a window  5150  displayed within a display area  501  of the display  450 . For example, the window  5140  corresponds to a first application, and the window  5150  corresponds to a second application different from the first application. For example, the window  5140  and the window  5150  correspond to a same application. 
     As shown in  FIGS. 5QQ-5TT , the window  5140  includes a chrome region  5142   a  and a content region  5142   b , and the window  5140  has a right edge  5144   a . Similarly, the window  5150  includes a chrome region  5152   a  and a content region  5152   b , and the window  5150  has a left edge  5154   a . As shown in  FIGS. 5QQ-5RR , the left edge  5154   a  of the window  5150  is associated with an attraction zone  5156 . For example, the attraction zone  5156  extends N pixels from the left edge  5154   a  of the window  5150 . For example, if the window  5140  is moved within the attraction zone  5156  associated with the window  5150  (e.g., the movement stops within the attraction zone  5156 ), the right edge  5144   a  of the window  5140  is magnetically attracted to the left edge  5154   a  of the window  5150 . As a result, the right edge  5144   a  of the window  5140  adjoins (e.g., touches) and does not overlap the left edge  5154   a  of the window  5150 . 
       FIGS. 5QQ-5RR  illustrate a sequence in which the right edge  5144   a  of the window  5140  is moved within the attraction zone  5156  associated with the left edge  5154   a  of the window  5150  and the right edge  5144   a  of the window  5140  is adjoined with the left edge  5154   a  of the window  5150 . In  FIG. 5QQ , the window  5140  is dragged with the focus selector  502  by the chrome region  5142   a  according to the movement vector  5146 . For example, the right edge  5144   a  of a window  5140  is moved toward the left edge  5154   a  of the window  5150  according to the movement vector  5146 .  FIG. 5RR  shows the window  5140  within the attraction zone  5156  after the movement vector  5146  is completed. 
     As such, as shown in  FIG. 5SS , the right edge  5144   a  of the window  5140  is adjoined with the left edge  5154   a  of the window  5150 . For example, the window  5140  is adjoined with the window  5150  due to the window  5140  being moved within the attraction zone  5156  associated with the window  5150 . 
       FIGS. 5SS-5TT  illustrate a sequence in which the window  5140  is separated from the window  5150 . In  FIG. 5SS , the window  5140  is dragged with the focus selector  502  by the chrome region  5142   a  according to the movement vector  5156 . For example, the right edge  5144   a  of a window  5140  is moved substantially parallel to the left edge  5154   a  of the window  5150 . As shown in  FIG. 5TT , the right edge  5144   a  of the window  5140  is separated from with the left edge  5154   a  of the window  5150  without satisfying any separation criteria. For example, the movement of the window  5140  continues according to the movement vector  5156  because the window  5140  and the window  5150  were not paired due to the satisfaction of one or more pairing criteria. 
     In some embodiments, when the windows are adjoined via magnetic attraction, the windows are separated when a distance threshold is satisfied. As such, for example, there is a threshold resistance when the first window is moved towards or away from the second window. In some embodiments, when the windows are adjoined via magnetic attraction, the windows are separated without satisfying a distance threshold is satisfied. As such, for example, there is no resistance when the first window is moved towards or away from the second window. 
       FIGS. 5UU - 5 AAA show a window  5160  and a window  5170  displayed within a display area  501  of the display  450 . For example, the window  5160  corresponds to a first application, and the window  5170  corresponds to a second application different from the first application. For example, the window  5160  and the window  5170  correspond to a same application. As shown in  FIGS. 5UU - 5 AAA, the window  5160  includes a chrome region  5162   a  and a content region  5162   b , and the window  5160  has a right edge  5164   a  and a top edge  5164   b . Similarly, the window  5170  includes a chrome region  5172   a  and a content region  5172   b , and the window  5170  has a left edge  5174   a  and a top edge  5174   b.    
       FIGS. 5UU-5WW  illustrate a sequence in which the right edge  5164   a  of the window  5160  is dragged toward the left edge  5174   a  of the window  5170  and the right edge  5164   a  of the window  5160  is paired with the left edge  5174   a  of the window  5170 . In this example, the one or more pairing criteria are satisfied when both an angle criterion and a velocity criterion are satisfied. For example, the angle criterion is satisfied when the angle of the movement deviates from a predefined axis (e.g., an axis normal or perpendicular to the edge being approached) by less than an angular threshold value (e.g., +/−45° from the predefined axis). As such, according to some embodiments, the angle criterion is satisfied when the angle of approach of the movement is between pairing values  516   a  (e.g., 45°) and  516   b  (e.g., 315°). For example, the velocity criterion is satisfied when the velocity of the movement is less than the pairing velocity threshold  518 . 
     In  FIG. 5UU , the right edge  5164   a  of the window  5160  is dragged with the focus selector  502  according to the movement vector  5166 . For example, the right edge  5164   a  of the window  5160  is dragged toward the left edge  5174   a  of the window  5170  according to the movement vector  5166 . As shown in  FIG. 5UU , the angle of the movement vector  5166  (e.g., 15°) relative to a normal associated with the left edge  5174   a  of the window  5170  is between the pairing values  516   a  and  516   b . Furthermore, in  FIG. 5UU , the velocity associated with the movement vector  5166  is less than the pairing velocity threshold  518 . 
     As such, as shown in  FIG. 5VV , the right edge  5164   a  of the window  5160  is paired with the left edge  5174   a  of the window  5170 . For example, the dragging of the right edge  5164   a  of the window  5160  is stopped when the right edge  5164   a  of the window  5160  touches the left edge  5174   a  of the window  5170  due to satisfaction of the angle criterion and the velocity criterion. A first dimension (e.g., the width) of the window  5160  has a value  5168   a  in  FIG. 5UU . The first dimension of the window  5160  has a value  5168   b  in  FIG. 5VV  after the right edge  5164   a  of the window  5160  is paired with the left edge  5174   a  of the window  5170 . For example, the value  5168   a  is less than the value  5168   b . However, in  FIG. 5WW , the focus selector  502  moves past the left edge  5174   a  of the window  5170  according to the movement vector  5166 . 
       FIGS. 5XX-5ZZ  illustrate a sequence in which the top edge  5164   b  of the window  5160  is dragged substantially parallel to the left edge  5174   a  of the window  5170 . In  FIG. 5XX , the top edge  5164   b  of the window  5160  is dragged with the focus selector  502  according to the movement vector  5176 . For example, the top edge  5164   b  of the window  5160  is dragged substantially parallel to the left edge  5174   a  of the window  5170  according to the movement vector  5176 . 
     As such, as shown in  FIG. 5XX-5ZZ , the right edge  5164   a  of the window  5160  remains paired with the left edge  5174   a  of the window  5170 . A second dimension (e.g., the height) of the window  5160  has a value  5177   a  in  FIG. 5XX . The second dimension of the window  5160  has a value  5177   b  in  FIGS. 5YY-5ZZ  after the top edge  5164   b  is dragged substantially parallel to the left edge  5174   a  of the window  5170 . For example, the value  5177   a  is less than the value  5177   b . As shown in  FIGS. 5YY-5ZZ , the parallel movement of the window  510  is constrained by a line  5178   a  associated with the top edge  5174   b  of the window  5170 . 
     As shown in  FIGS. 5YY - 5 AAA, the focus selector  502  moves according to the movement vector  5176  and the right edge  5164   a  of the window  5160  remains paired with the left edge  5174   a  of the window  5170  until the focus selector moves a threshold distance past the line  5178   a . When the threshold distance is satisfied, the window  5160  “jumps” between  FIGS. 5ZZ - 5 AAA so as to be displayed under the focus selector  502  (e.g., a discontinuous animation). 
     FIGS.  5 BBB- 5 GGG show a window  5180  and a window  5190  displayed within a display area  501  of the display  450 . For example, the window  5180  corresponds to a first application, and the window  5190  corresponds to a second application different from the first application. For example, the window  5180  and the window  5190  correspond to a same application. As shown in FIGS.  5 BBB- 5 GGG, the window  5180  includes a chrome region  5182   a  and a content region  5182   b , and the window  5180  has a right edge  5184   a  and a top edge  5184   b . Similarly, the window  5190  includes a chrome region  5192   a  and a content region  5192   b , and the window  5190  has a left edge  5194   a  and a top edge  5194   b.    
     FIGS.  5 BBB- 5 CCC illustrate a sequence in which the right edge  5184   a  of the window  5180  is moved toward the left edge  5194   a  of the window  5190  and the right edge  5184   a  of the window  5180  is paired with the left edge  5194   a  of the window  5190  because the movement of the window  5180  satisfies the one or more pairing criteria. In this example, the one or more pairing criteria are satisfied when both an angle criterion and a distance criterion are satisfied. For example, the angle criterion is satisfied when the angle of the movement deviates from a predefined axis (e.g., an axis normal or perpendicular to the edge being approached) by less than an angular threshold value (e.g., +/−45° from the predefined axis). As such, according to some embodiments, the angle criterion is satisfied when the angle of approach of the movement is between pairing values  516   a  (e.g., 45°) and  516   b  (e.g., 315°). 
     For example, the distance criterion is satisfied when a portion of the magnitude of the movement is less than a distance threshold  5188 . For example, the distance criterion is satisfied when the magnitude of the movement is equal to or greater than the initial distance between the right edge  5184   a  of the window  5180  and the left edge  5194   a  of the window  5190 , but the portion of the magnitude of the movement that extends beyond the left edge  5194   a  of the window  5190  is also less than or equal to the distance threshold  5188 . 
     In FIG.  5 BBB, the window  5180  is dragged with the focus selector  502  by the chrome region  5182   a  according to the movement vector  5186 . For example, the right edge  5184   a  of a window  5180  is moved toward the left edge  5194   a  of the window  5190  according to the movement vector  5186 . As shown in FIG.  5 BBB, the angle of the movement vector  5186  (e.g., 15°) relative to a normal associated with the left edge  5194   a  of the window  5190  is between the pairing values  516   a  and  516   b . Furthermore, in FIG.  5 BBB, the portion of the magnitude of the movement vector  5186  that extends beyond the left edge  5194   a  of the window  5190  is less than the distance threshold  5188 . 
     As such, as shown in FIG.  5 CCC, the right edge  5184   a  of the window  5180  is paired with the left edge  5194   a  of the window  5190 . For example, the movement of the window  5180  is stopped when the right edge  5184   a  of the window  5180  touches the left edge  5194   a  of the window  5190  due to satisfaction of the angle criterion and the distance criterion. 
     FIGS.  5 DDD- 5 EEE illustrate a sequence in which the window  5180  is moved substantially parallel to the left edge  5194   a  of the window  5190  and the right edge  5184   a  of the window  5180  is unpaired from the left edge  5194   a  of the window  5190  according to a determination that the movement of the window  5180  satisfies one or more separation criteria. In this example, the one or more separation criteria are satisfied when either an angle criterion or a distance criterion are satisfied. For example, the angle criterion is satisfied when the angle of the movement deviates from a predefined axis (e.g., an axis normal or perpendicular to the paired edges) by more than an angular threshold value (e.g., +/−45° from the predefined axis). As such, according to some embodiments, the angle criterion is satisfied when the angle of the movement is not between separation values  530   a  (e.g., 45°) and  530   b  (e.g., 135°). For example, the distance criterion is satisfied when a portion of the magnitude of the movement is greater than a distance threshold  5189 . For example, the distance criterion is satisfied when the portion magnitude of the movement that extends beyond the line  5198   a  associated with the top edge  5194   b  of the window  5190  is greater than a distance threshold  5189 . 
     In FIG.  5 DDD, the window  5180  is dragged with the focus selector  502  by the chrome region  5182   a  according to the movement vector  5196 . For example, the right edge  5184   a  of a window  5180  is moved substantially parallel to the left edge  5194   a  of the window  5190  according to the movement vector  5196 . As shown in FIG.  5 DDD, the angle of the movement vector  5196  (e.g., 75°) relative to a normal associated with the left edge  5194   a  of the window  5190  is between the separation values  530   a  and  530   b . Furthermore, in FIG.  5 DDD, the portion of the magnitude of the movement vector  5196  that extends beyond the left edge  5194   a  of the window  5190  extends beyond the line  5198   a  associated with the top edge  5194   b  of the window  5190  is greater than the distance threshold  5189 . 
     As such, as shown in FIG.  5 EEE, the right edge  5184   a  of the window  5180  is unpaired from the left edge  5194   a  of the window  5190 . For example, the window  5180  separates from the window  5190  and moves according to the movement vector  5196  because the angle criterion and the distance criterion associated with the one or more separation criteria are satisfied. 
     FIGS.  5 FFF- 5 GGG illustrate a sequence in which the right edge  5184   a  of the window  5180  is moved toward the left edge  5194   a  of the window  5190  and the right edge  5184   a  of the window  5180  is not paired with the left edge  5194   a  of the window  5190  because the movement of the window  5180  does not satisfy the one or more pairing criteria. In this example, the one or more pairing criteria are satisfied when both an angle criterion and a distance criterion are satisfied. For example, the angle criterion is satisfied when the angle of the movement deviates from a predefined axis (e.g., an axis normal or perpendicular to the edge being approached) by less than an angular threshold value (e.g., +/−45° from the predefined axis). As such, according to some embodiments, the angle criterion is satisfied when the angle of approach of the movement is between pairing values  516   a  (e.g., 45°) and  516   b  (e.g., 315°). 
     For example, the distance criterion is satisfied when a portion of the magnitude of the movement is less than a distance threshold  5188 . For example, the distance criterion is satisfied when the magnitude of the movement is equal to or greater than the initial distance between the right edge  5184   a  of the window  5180  and the left edge  5194   a  of the window  5190 , but the portion of the magnitude of the movement that extends beyond the left edge  5194   a  of the window  5190  is also less than or equal to the distance threshold  5188 . 
     In FIG.  5 FFF, the window  5180  is dragged with the focus selector  502  by the chrome region  5182   a  according to the movement vector  5202 . For example, the right edge  5184   a  of a window  5180  is moved toward the left edge  5194   a  of the window  5190  according to the movement vector  5186 . As shown in FIG.  5 FFF, the angle of the movement vector  5202  (e.g., 15°) relative to a normal associated with the left edge  5194   a  of the window  5190  is between the pairing values  516   a  and  516   b . Furthermore, in FIG.  5 FFF, the portion of the magnitude of the movement vector  5202  that extends beyond the left edge  5194   a  of the window  5190  is greater than the distance threshold  5188 . 
     As such, as shown in FIG.  5 GGG, the right edge  5184   a  of the window  5180  is not paired with the left edge  5194   a  of the window  5190 . For example, the movement of the window  5180  continues according to the movement vector  5202  and overlaps the window  5190  because the distance criterion is not satisfied. 
     FIGS.  5 HHH- 5 JJJ show a window  5210 , a window  5220 , and a window  5230  displayed within a display area  501  of the display  450 . For example, the window  5210  corresponds to a first application, the window  5220  corresponds to a second application, and the window  5230  corresponds to a third application. For example, the window  5210 , the window  5220 , and the window  5230  correspond to a same application. As shown in FIGS.  5 HHH- 5 JJJ, the window  5210  includes a chrome region  5212   a  and a content region  5212   b , and the window  5210  has a left edge  5214   a . Similarly, the window  5220  includes a chrome region  5222   a  and a content region  5222   b , and the window  5220  has a right edge  5224   a . Similarly, the window  5230  includes a chrome region  5232   a  and a content region  5232   b , and the window  5230  has a right edge  5234   a  and a left edge  5234   b.    
     FIGS.  5 HHH- 5 JJJ illustrate a sequence in which the left edge  5214   a  of the window  5210  is moved toward the right edge  5234   a  of the window  5230  and the left edge  5214   a  of the window  5210  is not paired with the right edge  5234   a  of the window  5230  because the window  5230  is partially occluded by the window  5220 . In this example, the one or more pairing criteria are satisfied when both an angle criterion and a velocity criterion are satisfied. For example, the angle criterion is satisfied when the angle of the movement deviates from a predefined axis (e.g., an axis normal or perpendicular to the edge being approached) by less than an angular threshold value (e.g., +/−45° from the predefined axis). As such, according to some embodiments, the angle criterion is satisfied when the angle of approach of the movement is between pairing values  5218   a  (e.g., 135°) and  5218   b  (e.g., 225°). For example, the velocity criterion is satisfied when the velocity of the movement is less than the pairing velocity threshold  518 . 
     In FIG.  5 HHH, the window  5210  is dragged with the focus selector  502  by the chrome region  5212   a  according to the movement vector  5216 . For example, the left edge  5214   a  of the window  5210  is moved toward the right edge  5234   a  of the window  5230  according to the movement vector  5216 . As shown in FIG.  5 HHH, the angle of the movement vector  5216  (e.g., 185°) relative to a normal associated with the right edge  5234   a  of the window  5230  is between the pairing values  5218   a  and  5218   b . Furthermore, in FIG.  5 HHH, the velocity associated with the movement vector  5216  is less than the pairing velocity threshold  518 . 
     However, as shown in  FIG. 5111 , the left edge  5214   a  of the window  5210  is not paired with the right edge  5234   a  of the window  5230 . For example, in FIG.  5 JJJ, the movement of the window  5210  continues according to the movement vector  5216  because the right edge  5234   a  of the window  5230  is partially occluded by the window  5220  (e.g., as shown by the dotted line within the window  5220  in FIGS.  5 HHH- 5 JJJ). In another example, according to some embodiments, assuming that the movement vector  5216  satisfies the one or more pairing criteria and that window  5220  occludes a portion of the left edge  5234   b  by the window  5230  and not a portion of the right edge  5234   a  of the window  5230  (not shown), the left edge  5214   a  of the window  5210  is paired with the right edge  5234   a  of the window  5230 . 
     FIGS.  5 KKK- 5 MMM show a window  5250 , a window  5260 , and a window  5270  displayed within a display area  501  of the display  450 . For example, the window  5250  corresponds to a first application, the window  5260  corresponds to a second application, and the window  5270  corresponds to a third application. For example, the window  5250 , the window  5260 , and the window  5270  correspond to a same application. As shown in FIGS.  5 KKK- 5 MMM, the window  5250  includes a chrome region  5252   a  and a content region  5252   b , and the window  5250  has a left edge  5254   a . Similarly, the window  5260  includes a chrome region  5262   a  and a content region  5262   b , and the window  5260  has a right edge  5264   a . Similarly, the window  5270  includes a chrome region  5272   a  and a content region  5272   b , and the window  5270  has a right edge  5274   a  and a left edge  5274   b.    
     FIGS.  5 KKK- 5 MMM illustrate a sequence in which the left edge  5254   a  of the window  5250  is moved toward the right edge  5264   a  of the window  5260  and the left edge  5254   a  of the window  5250  is not paired with the right edge  5264   a  of the window  5260  because the window  5260  is partially occluded by the window  5270 . In this example, the one or more pairing criteria are satisfied when both an angle criterion and a velocity criterion are satisfied. For example, the angle criterion is satisfied when the angle of the movement deviates from a predefined axis (e.g., an axis normal or perpendicular to the edge being approached) by less than an angular threshold value (e.g., +/−45° from the predefined axis). As such, according to some embodiments, the angle criterion is satisfied when the angle of approach of the movement is between pairing values  5218   a  (e.g., 135°) and  5218   b  (e.g., 225°). For example, the velocity criterion is satisfied when the velocity of the movement is less than the pairing velocity threshold  518 . 
     In FIG.  5 KKK, the window  5250  is dragged with the focus selector  502  by the chrome region  5252   a  according to the movement vector  5256 . For example, the left edge  5254   a  of the window  5250  is moved toward the right edge  5264   a  of the window  5260  according to the movement vector  5256 . As shown in FIG.  5 KKK, the angle of the movement vector  5256  (e.g., 185°) relative to a normal associated with the right edge  5264   a  of the window  5260  is between the pairing values  5218   a  and  5218   b . Furthermore, in FIG.  5 KKK, the velocity associated with the movement vector  5256  is less than the pairing velocity threshold  518 . 
     However, as shown in FIG.  5 MMM, the left edge  5254   a  of the window  5250  is not paired with the right edge  5264   a  of the window  5260 . For example, in FIGS.  5 LLL- 5 MMM, the movement of the window  5250  continues according to the movement vector  5256  because the right edge  5264   a  of the window  5260  incident the movement vector  5256  is occluded by the window  5270  (e.g., as shown by the dotted line within the window  5270  in FIGS.  5 KKK- 5 MMM). As such, in this example, the window  5270  occludes the position on the right edge  5264   a  of the window  5260  at which the movement vector  5256  contacts the right edge  5264   a  of the window  5260 . 
       FIGS. 6A-6Y  illustrate example user interfaces for resizing windows in accordance with some embodiments. The user interfaces in these figures are used to illustrate the processes described below, including the processes in  FIGS. 9A-9D . Although some of the examples which follow will be given with reference to inputs on a touch-sensitive surface  451  that is separate from the display  450 , in some embodiments, the device detects inputs on a touch-screen display (where the touch-sensitive surface and the display are combined), as shown in  FIG. 4A . 
       FIGS. 6A-6G  show a window  610  displayed within a display area  601  of the display  450 . As shown in  FIGS. 6A-6G , the window  610  includes a chrome region  612   a  and a content region  612   b . The window  610  has a left edge  614   a , a top edge  614   b , a right edge  614   c , and a bottom edge  614   d . For example, the window  610  corresponds to a first application.  FIGS. 6A-6Y  show a dock  604  within the display area  601  with a plurality of dock icons  607 -A,  607 -B, and  607 -C corresponding to different applications. In  FIGS. 6A-6Y , the display area  601  includes a top edge  606   a , a left edge  606   b , a bottom edge  606   c , and a right edge  606   d.    
       FIGS. 6A-6B  illustrate a sequence in which two edges of the window  610  move to corresponding edges of the display area  601  (e.g., so as to expand two dimensions of the window) in response to a second input type (e.g., a stationary input such as a double click) with the focus selector  602  on a corner of the window  610 .  FIG. 6A  illustrates the focus selector  602  over the corner of the window  610  that is associated with the intersection of the left edge  614   a  and the top edge  614   b  of the window  610 . In some embodiments, the focus selector  602  is displayed as a double headed arrow when positioned over an edge of a window to indicate that the user is interacting with the edge of the window. In some embodiments, the focus selector  602  is displayed as a cursor when positioned inside the chrome region of a window, inside the content region of a window, or outside of a window within the display area  601 . 
     As shown in  FIG. 6B , the left edge  614   a  of the window  610  moves to the left edge  606   b  of the display area  601 , and the top edge  614   b  of the window  610  moves to the top edge  606   a  of the display area  601  in response to the double click with the focus selector  602  on the corner of the window  610  in  FIG. 6A . As shown in  FIG. 6B , the right edge  614   c  of the window  610  does not move to the right edge  606   d  of the display area  601 , and the bottom edge  614   d  of the window  610  does not move to the bottom edge  606   c  of the display area  601 . As shown in  FIGS. 6A-6B , the position of the focus selector  602  does not change due to the stationary input in  FIG. 6A . 
     In some embodiments, an outline of the expanded dimensions of the window  610  are shown within the display area  601  (e.g., as shown by the dotted lines in  FIG. 6A ). The first dimension (e.g., the width) of the window  610  has a value  616   a  in  FIG. 6A  and a value  616   b  in  FIG. 6B . For example, the value  616   b  is greater than the value  616   a . Similarly, the second dimension (e.g., the height) of the window  610  has a value  618   a  in  FIG. 6A  and a value  618   b  in  FIG. 6B . For example, the value  618   b  is greater than the value  618   a.    
       FIGS. 6C-6D  illustrate a sequence in which the two edges of the window  610  move to their former positions in response to a second input type (e.g., a stationary input such as a double click) with the focus selector  602  on a corner of the window  610 .  FIG. 6C  illustrates the focus selector  602  over the corner of the window  610  that is associated with the intersection of the left edge  614   a  and the top edge  614   b . As shown in  FIG. 6D , the left edge  614   a  of the window  610  and the top edge of the window  610  move to their former positions in  FIG. 6A  in response to the double click with the focus selector  602  on the corner of the window  610  in  FIG. 6C . As shown in  FIGS. 6C-6D , the position of the focus selector  602  does not change due to the stationary input in  FIG. 6C . The first dimension (e.g., the width) of the window  610  has the value  616   b  in  FIG. 6C  and the value  616   a  in  FIG. 6D . For example, the value  616   b  is greater than the value  616   a . Similarly, the second dimension (e.g., the height) of the window  610  has the value  618   b  in  FIG. 6C  and the value  618   a  in  FIG. 6D . For example, the value  618   b  is greater than the value  618   a.    
       FIGS. 6E-6G  illustrate a sequence in which two dimensions of the window  610  are resized in response to a first input type (e.g., a selection followed by movement such as a click and drag gesture) with the focus selector  602  on a corner of the window  610 .  FIG. 6E  illustrates dragging the corner of the window  610  that is associated with the intersection of the right edge  614   c  and the top edge  614   b  with the focus selector  602  according to a movement vector  615 . As shown in  FIGS. 6F-6G , the first dimension (e.g., the width) of the window  610  expands and the second dimension (e.g., the height) of the window  610  expands according to the movement vector  615  in  FIG. 6E  that drags the corner of the window  610  that is associated with the intersection of the right edge  614   c  and the top edge  614   b.    
     The first dimension (e.g., the width) of the window  610  has the value  616   a  in  FIG. 6E , the value  616   c  in  FIG. 6F , and the value  616   d  in  FIG. 6G . For example, the value  616   d  is greater than the value  616   c , which is greater than the value  616   a . Similarly, the second dimension (e.g., the height) of the window  610  has the value  618   a  in  FIG. 6E , the value  618   c  in  FIG. 6F , and the value  618   d  in  FIG. 6G . For example, the value  618   d  is greater than the value  618   c , which is greater than the value  618   a.    
       FIGS. 6H-6K  show a window  620  and a window  630  displayed within a display area  601  of the display  450 . For example, the window  620  corresponds to a first application, and the window  630  corresponds to a second application different from the first application. For example, the window  620  and the window  630  correspond to a same application. As shown in  FIGS. 6H-6K , the window  620  includes a chrome region  622   a  and a content region  622   b , and the window  620  has a right edge  624   a  and a left edge  624   b . Similarly, the window  630  includes a chrome region  632   a  and a content region  632   b , and the window  630  has a right edge  634   a.    
       FIGS. 6H-6J  illustrate a sequence in which a respective dimension (e.g., the width) of the window  620  is resized in a first direction (e.g., left-to-right) in response to a user input with the focus selector  602  on an edge of the window  610  that corresponds to the first input type (e.g., a selection followed by movement such as a click and drag gesture).  FIG. 6H  illustrates dragging the right edge  624   a  of the window  620  toward the right edge  606   d  of the display area  601  with the focus selector  602  according to a movement vector  625 . As shown in  FIGS. 6H-6J , the first dimension (e.g., the width) of the window  620  is extended to the right edge  606   d  of the display area  601  in the first direction (e.g., left-to-right) according to the user input that drags the right edge  624   a  of the window  620  to the right edge  606   d  of the display area  601 . The first dimension (e.g., the width) of the window  620  has the value  626   a  in  FIG. 6H , the value  626   b  in  FIG. 6I , and the value  626   c  in  FIG. 6J . For example, the value  626   c  is greater than the value  626   b , which is greater than the value  626   a.    
       FIGS. 6J-6K  illustrate a sequence in which the respective dimension (e.g., the width) of the window  620  is resized in a second direction (e.g., right-to-left) when the user input with the focus selector  602  that corresponds to the first input type (e.g., a selection followed by movement such as a click and drag gesture) satisfies one or more expansion criteria.  FIG. 6J  illustrates maintaining the focus selector  602  at the right edge  606   d  of the display area  601 . For example, the user input holds the right edge  624   a  of the window  620  at the right edge of the display area  601  after dragging the right edge  624   a  of the window  620  to the right edge  606   d  of the display area  601  in  FIG. 6J . In some embodiments, the one or more expansion criteria are satisfied when the click and drag input holds an edge of a window at an edge of the display area for a predefined time duration. In some embodiments, the one or more expansion criteria are satisfied when the magnitude of the click and drag input moves an edge of a window a predefined distance over an edge of the display area. In some embodiments, when the window is moved (or resized) based on an input from a device with a tactile output generator (e.g., a trackpad with a tactile output generator), a tactile output is generated when the window (e.g., window  620 ) is expanded (e.g., based on the satisfaction of expansion criteria such as when the click and drag input holds an edge of a window at an edge of the display area for a predefined time duration) to a boundary in the user interface (e.g., an edge of another window or an edge of the display area). In contrast, in some embodiments, if the window is not expanded (e.g., because the input moving or resizing the window does not meet the expansion criteria), then no tactile output is generated to indicate that the window has been expanded to the boundary in the user interface. 
     As shown in  FIG. 6K , the first dimension (e.g., the width) of the window  620  is extended to the right edge  634   a  of the window  630  in the second direction (e.g., right-to-left) when the user input satisfies the one or more expansion criteria in  FIG. 6G . For example, the left edge  624   b  of the window  620  expands to the right edge  634   a  of the window  630 . For example, assuming that the window  630  was not located between the left edge  624   b  of the window  620  and the left edge  606   b  of the display area  601 , the left edge  624   b  of the window  620  would move to the left edge  606   b  of the display area  601 . Thus, in  FIG. 6K , the extension of first dimension of the window  620  in the second direction is constrained by the intervening window  630 . The first dimension (e.g., the width) of the window  620  has the value  626   c  in  FIG. 6J  and the value  626   d  in  FIG. 6K . For example, the value  626   d  is greater than the value  626   c.    
       FIGS. 6L-6O  show a window  640  displayed within a display area  601  of the display  450 . As shown in  FIGS. 6L-6O , the window  640  includes a chrome region  642   a  and a content region  642   b . The window  640  has a right edge  644   a , a top edge  644   b , a left edge  644   c , and a bottom edge  644   d . For example, the window  640  corresponds to a first application. 
       FIGS. 6L-6M  illustrate a sequence in which a first edge of the window  640  moves to a corresponding first edge of the display area  601  in response to the second input type (e.g., a stationary input such as a double click) with the focus selector  602  on the first edge of the window  640 .  FIG. 6L  illustrates the focus selector  602  over the right edge  644   a  of the window  640 . 
     As shown in  FIG. 6M , the right edge  644   a  of the window  640  moves to the right edge  606   d  of the display area  601  in response to the double click with the focus selector  602  on the right edge  644   a  of the window  640  in  FIG. 6L . As shown in  FIG. 6M , the top edge  644   b  of the window  640  does not move to the top edge  606   a  of the display area  601 , the left edge  644   c  of the window  610  does not move to the left edge  606   b  of the display area  601 , the bottom edge  644   d  of the window  610  does not move to the bottom edge  606   c  of the display area  601 . As shown in  FIGS. 6L-6M , the position of the focus selector  602  does not change due to the stationary input in  FIG. 6L . 
     In some embodiments, an outline of the expanded dimensions of the window  640  are shown within the display area  601  (e.g., as shown in  FIG. 6L ). The first dimension (e.g., the width) of the window  610  has a value  646   a  in  FIG. 6L  and a value  646   b  in  FIG. 6M . For example, the value  646   b  is greater than the value  646   a.    
       FIGS. 6N-6O  illustrate a sequence in which a second edge of the window  640  moves to corresponding second edge of the display area  601  in response to the second input type (e.g., a stationary input such as a double click) with the focus selector  602  on the second edge of the window  640 .  FIG. 6N  illustrates the focus selector  602  over the top edge  644   b  of the window  640 . 
     As shown in  FIG. 6O , the top edge  644   b  of the window  640  moves to the top edge  606   a  of the display area  601  in response to the double click with the focus selector  602  on the top edge  644   b  of the window  640  in  FIG. 6N . As shown in  FIG. 6O , the left edge  644   c  of the window  610  does not move to the left edge  606   b  of the display area  601 , and the bottom edge  644   d  of the window  610  does not move to the bottom edge  606   c  of the display area  601 . As shown in  FIGS. 6N-6O , the position of the focus selector  602  does not change due to the stationary input in  FIG. 6N . 
     In some embodiments, an outline of the expanded dimensions of the window  640  are shown within the display area  601  (e.g., as shown in  FIG. 6N ). The second dimension (e.g., the height) of the window  640  has a value  648   a  in  FIG. 6N  and a value  648   b  in  FIG. 6O . For example, the value  648   b  is greater than the value  648   a.    
       FIGS. 6P-6S  show a window  650  and a window  660  displayed within a display area  601  of the display  450 . For example, the window  650  corresponds to a first application, and the window  660  corresponds to a second application different from the first application. For example, the window  650  and the window  660  correspond to a same application. As shown in  FIGS. 6P-6S , the window  650  includes a chrome region  652   a  and a content region  652   b , and the window  650  has a right edge  654   a , a bottom edge  654   b , a left edge  654   c , and a top edge  654   d . Similarly, the window  660  includes a chrome region  662   a  and a content region  662   b , and the window  660  has a right edge  664   a.    
       FIGS. 6P-6Q  illustrate a sequence in which an edge of the window  650  moves to an intervening edge of the window  660 , which is between the edge of the window  650  and a corresponding edge of the display area  601 , in response to the second input type (e.g., a stationary input such as a double click) with the focus selector  602  on the edge of the window  650 .  FIG. 6P  illustrates the focus selector  602  over the right edge  654   a  of the window  650 . 
     As shown in  FIG. 6Q , the right edge  654   a  of the window  650  moves to the right edge  664   a  of the window  660  in response to the double click with the focus selector  602  on the right edge  654   a  of the window  650  in  FIG. 6P . As shown in  FIG. 6Q , the bottom edge  654   b  of the window  650  does not move to the bottom edge  606   c  of the display area  601 , the left edge  654   c  of the window  650  does not move to the left edge  606   b  of the display area  601 , and the top edge  654   d  of the window  650  does not move to the top edge  606   a  of the display area  601 . As shown in  FIGS. 6P-6Q , the position of the focus selector  602  does not change due to the stationary input in  FIG. 6P . In some embodiments, an outline of the expanded dimensions of the window  650  are shown within the display area  601  (e.g., as shown in  FIG. 6P ). 
     For example, assuming that the window  660  was not located between the right edge  654   a  of the window  650  and the right edge  606   d  of the display area  601 , the right edge  654   a  of the window  650  would move to the right edge  606   d  of the display area  601 . Thus, in  FIG. 6Q , the movement of the right edge  654   a  of the window  650  is constrained by the intervening window  660 . The first dimension (e.g., the width) of the window  650  has a value  656   a  in  FIG. 6P  and a value  656   b  in  FIG. 6Q . For example, the value  656   b  is greater than the value  656   a.    
       FIGS. 6R-6S  illustrate a sequence in which the edge of the window  650  moves to its former position in response to the second input type (e.g., a stationary input such as a double click) with the focus selector  602  on the edge of the window  650 .  FIG. 6R  illustrates the focus selector  602  over the right edge  654   a  of the window  650 . As shown in  FIG. 6S , the right edge  654   a  of the window  650  moves to its former position in  FIG. 6P  in response to the double click with the focus selector  602  on the right edge  654   a  of the window  650  in  FIG. 6R . As shown in  FIGS. 6R-6S , the position of the focus selector  602  does not change due to the stationary input in  FIG. 6R . The first dimension (e.g., the width) of the window  650  has the value  656   b  in  FIG. 6R  and the value  656   a  in  FIG. 6S . For example, the value  656   b  is greater than the value  656   a.    
       FIGS. 6T-6U  show a window  670 , a window  680 , and a window  690  displayed within a display area  601  of the display  450 . For example, the window  670  corresponds to a first application, the window  680  corresponds to a second application, and the window  690  corresponds to a third application. For example, the window  670 , the window  680 , and the window  690  correspond to a same application. As shown in  FIGS. 6T-6U , the window  670  includes a chrome region  672   a  and a content region  672   b , and the window  670  has a top edge  674   a , a right edge  674   b , a bottom edge  674   c , and a left edge  674   d . Similarly, the window  680  includes a chrome region  682   a  and a content region  682   b , and the window  680  has a top edge  684   a . Similarly, the window  690  includes a chrome region  692   a  and a content region  692   b , and the window  690  has a bottom edge  694   a . As shown in  FIG. 6R , the window  670  at least partially overlaps the window  680 . 
       FIGS. 6T-6U  illustrate a sequence in which an edge of the window  670  moves to an intervening edge of the window  690 , which is between the edge of the window  670  and a corresponding edge of the display area  601 , in response to the second input type (e.g., a stationary input such as a double click) with the focus selector  602  on the edge of the window  670 .  FIG. 6T  illustrates the focus selector  602  over the top edge  674   a  of the window  670 . 
     As shown in  FIG. 6U , the top edge  674   a  of the window  670  moves to the bottom edge  694   a  of the window  690  in response to the double click with the focus selector  602  on the top edge  674   a  of the window  670  in  FIG. 6T . As shown in  FIG. 6U , the right edge  674   b  of the window  670  does not move to the right edge  606   d  of the display area  601 , the bottom edge  674   c  of the window  670  does not move to the bottom edge  606   c  of the display area  601 , and the left edge  674   d  of the window  670  does not move to the left edge  606   b  of the display area  601 . As shown in  FIGS. 6T-6U , the position of the focus selector  602  does not change due to the stationary input in  FIG. 6T . In some embodiments, an outline of the expanded dimensions of the window  670  are shown within the display area  601  (e.g., as shown in  FIG. 6T ). 
     For example, assuming that the window  690  was not located between the top edge  674   a  of the window  670  and the top edge  606   a  of the display area  601 , the top edge  674   a  of the window  670  would move to the top edge  606   a  of the display area  601 . Thus, in  FIG. 6U , the movement of the top edge  674   a  of the window  670  is constrained by the intervening window  690 . 
     Moreover, the top edge  674   a  of the window  670  is not constrained by the top edge  684   a  of the window  680  because the window  670  at least partially overlaps the window  680  prior to the double click with the focus selector  602  on the top edge  674   a  of the window  670  in  FIG. 6T . As such, the movement of the top edge  674   a  of the window  670  is constrained by the intervening window  690  but not by the overlapped (background) window  680 . Similarly, in some embodiments, the movement of edges of windows to edges of the display area are not constrained by occluded edges of windows. The first dimension (e.g., the width) of the window  670  has a value  676   a  in  FIG. 6T  and a value  676   b  in  FIG. 6U . For example, the value  676   b  is greater than the value  676   a.    
       FIGS. 6V-6Y  show a window  6100  and a window  6110  displayed within a display area  601  of the display  450 . For example, the window  6100  corresponds to a first application, and the window  6110  corresponds to a second application different from the first application. For example, the window  6100  and the window  6110  correspond to a same application. As shown in  FIGS. 6V-6Y , the window  6100  includes a chrome region  6102   a  and a content region  6102   b , and the window  6100  has a right edge  6104   a , a bottom edge  6104   b , a left edge  6104   c , and a top edge  6104   d . Similarly, the window  6110  includes a chrome region  6112   a  and a content region  6112   b , and the window  6110  has a left edge  6114   a.    
       FIGS. 6V-6Y  illustrate a sequence in which two edges of the window  6100  move to corresponding edges of the display area  601  in response to a second input type (e.g., a stationary input such as a double click) with the focus selector  602  on a corner of the window  6100 .  FIG. 6V  illustrates the focus selector  602  over the corner of the window  6100  that is associated with the intersection of the right edge  6104   a  and the bottom edge  6104   b  of the window  6100 . 
     As shown in  FIG. 6W , the right edge  6104   a  of the window  6100  moves to the left edge  6114   a  of the window  6110 , and the bottom edge  6104   b  of the window  6100  moves to the bottom edge  606   c  of the display area  601  in response to the double click with the focus selector  602  on the corner of the window  6100  in  FIG. 6V . As shown in  FIG. 6W , the left edge  6104   c  of the window  6100  does not move to the left edge  606   b  of the display area  601 , and the top edge  6104   d  of the window  6100  does not move to the top edge  606   a  of the display area  601 . As shown in  FIGS. 6V-6W , the position of the focus selector  602  does not change due to the stationary input in  FIG. 6W . In some embodiments, an outline of the expanded dimensions of the window  6100  are shown within the display area  601  (e.g., as shown in  FIG. 6V ). 
     In some embodiments, the expansion of dimensions of windows to edges of the display area are not constrained by the dock  604 . In some embodiments, the expansion of dimensions of windows to edges of the display area are constrained by the dock  604 . 
     For example, assuming that the window  6110  was not located between the right edge  6104   a  of the window  6100  and the right edge  606   d  of the display area  601 , the right edge  6104   a  of the window  6100  would move to the right edge  606   d  of the display area  601 . Thus, in  FIG. 6W , the movement of the right edge  6104   a  of the window  6100  is constrained by the intervening window  6110 . The first dimension (e.g., the width) of the window  6100  has a value  6106   a  in  FIG. 6V  and a value  6106   b  in  FIG. 6W . For example, the value  6106   b  is greater than the value  6106   a . Similarly, the second dimension (e.g., the height) of the window  6100  has a value  6108   a  in  FIG. 6V  and a value  6108   b  in  FIG. 6W . For example, the value  6108   b  is greater than the value  6108   a.    
       FIGS. 6X-6Y  illustrate a sequence in which an edge of the window  6100  moves to its former position in response to the second input type (e.g., a stationary input such as a double click) with the focus selector  602  over the edge of the window  6100 . As shown in  FIG. 6Y , the right edge  6104   a  of the window  6100  moves to its former position in  FIG. 6V  in response to the double click with the focus selector  602  on the right edge  6104   a  of the window  6100 . Furthermore, as shown in  FIG. 6Y , the bottom edge  6104   b  of the window  6100  maintains its position in response to the double click with the focus selector  602  on the right edge  6104   a  of the window  6100 . As shown in  FIGS. 6X-6Y , the position of the focus selector  602  does not change due to the stationary input in  FIG. 6X . The first dimension (e.g., the width) of the window  6100  has the value  6106   b  in  FIG. 6X  and the value  6106   a  in  FIG. 6Y . For example, the value  6106   b  is greater than the value  6106   a.    
       FIGS. 7A-7R  illustrate example user interfaces for providing tabbed window functionality in accordance with some embodiments. The user interfaces in these figures are used to illustrate the processes described below, including the processes in  FIGS. 10A-10C . Although some of the examples which follow will be given with reference to inputs on a touch-sensitive surface  451  that is separate from the display  450 , in some embodiments, the device detects inputs on a touch-screen display (where the touch-sensitive surface and the display are combined), as shown in  FIG. 4A . 
       FIGS. 7A-7B  show windows  710 ,  720 , and  730  associated with application A displayed within a display area  701  of the display  450 .  FIGS. 7A-7M  show a dock  704  within the display area  701  with a plurality of dock icons  706 -A,  706 -B, and  706 -C corresponding to different applications. For example, the dock icon  706 -A corresponds to application A (e.g., a web browser application), the dock icon  706 -B corresponds to application B (e.g., a word processing application), and the dock icon  706 -B corresponds to application C (e.g., an image viewing and editing application). 
     As shown in  FIGS. 7A-7B , the window  710  includes a chrome region  712   a  and a content region  712   b . Similarly, the window  720  includes a chrome region  722   a  and a content region  722   b . And, the window  730  includes a chrome region  732   a  and a content region  732   b . In  FIG. 7A , the window  730  is displayed in the foreground as indicated by the shading of the chrome region  732   a.    
     As shown in  FIGS. 7A-7G , a menu bar  709  for application A is also displayed within the display area  701 . In  FIGS. 7A-7G , the menu bar  709  includes a plurality of affordances associated with commands, functions, and/or operations of application A. For example, the menu bar  709  for application A includes: a file affordance  708   a , which, when activated (e.g., with the focus selector  702 ), causes a drop-down menu of file options associated with application A to be overlaid on the display area  701 ; an edit affordance  708   b , which, when activated (e.g., with the focus selector  702 ), causes a drop-down menu of edit options associated with application A to be overlaid on the display area  701 ; a view affordance  708   c , which, when activated (e.g., with the focus selector  702 ), causes a drop-down menu of view options associated with application A to be overlaid on the display area  701 ; a history affordance  708   d , which, when activated (e.g., with the focus selector  702 ), causes a list of previously viewed/visited electronic documents (e.g., documents, images, web pages, etc.) associated with application A to be overlaid on the display area  701 ; a bookmarks affordance  708   e , which, when activated (e.g., with the focus selector  702 ), causes a list of favorited/bookmarked electronic documents (e.g., documents, images, web pages, etc.) associated with application A to be overlaid on the display area  701 ; a window affordance  708   f , which, when activated (e.g., with the focus selector  702 ), causes a drop-down menu of window options associated with application A to be overlaid on the display area  701 ; and a help affordance  708   g , which, when activated (e.g., with the focus selector  702 ), causes a drop-down menu of help options associated with application A to be overlaid on the display area  701 . 
     In  FIGS. 7A-7B , application A is running in the foreground as indicated by the shading of the dock icon  706 -A, and the text description  707  in the menu bar  709 . In  FIGS. 7A-7B , application A is operating in windowed mode (e.g., non-full screen mode), and the operating system is operating in manual tab mode (e.g., the “Manual” behavior described in greater detail with reference to  FIGS. 7E-7G ). As such, in some embodiments, when a new window command is issued to application A (e.g., a new window menu option is selected, a predefined new window gesture is performed, a predefined new window combination of keystrokes is performed such as “Ctrl+N”, a predefined new window verbal command is performed, or the like), a new window is displayed in the display area  701 . 
       FIGS. 7A-7B  illustrate a sequence in which a new window is added to the user interface in response to a new window command issued to an application while the application is in windowed mode.  FIG. 7B  illustrates displaying window  740  associated with application A within the display area  701  in response to a new window command issued to application A (e.g., by way of a “Ctrl+N” operation). As shown in  FIG. 7B , the window  740  includes a chrome region  742   a  and a content region  742   b . In  FIG. 7A , the window  740  is displayed in the foreground as indicated by the shading of the chrome region  742   a.    
       FIGS. 7B-7D  illustrate a sequence in which a plurality of windows associated with a respective application are merged into a single window with tabs for each of the plurality of windows.  FIG. 7B  also illustrates the focus selector  702  at a location corresponding to the window affordance  708   f .  FIG. 7C  illustrates a drop-down menu  746  of window options overlaid on the display area  701  in response to selection of the window affordance  708   f  (e.g., with a single or double click of the focus selector  702 ) in  FIG. 7B . 
     As shown in  FIG. 7C , the drop-down menu  746  of window options includes: a new window affordance  748   a , which, when activated (e.g., with the focus selector  702 ), causes a new window associated with application A to be displayed; a new tab affordance  748   b , which, when activated (e.g., with the focus selector  702 ), causes a new tab associated with application A to be displayed; a “create tabbed window” affordance  748   c , which, when activated (e.g., with the focus selector  702 ), causes open windows to be merged into a single tabbed window; a maximize all windows affordance  748   d , which, when activated (e.g., with the focus selector  702 ), causes open windows associated with application A to be displayed in full screen mode; a cascade windows affordance  748   e , which, when activated (e.g., with the focus selector  702 ), causes open windows associated with application A to be cascaded within the display area  701 ; and a show all windows affordance  748   e , which, when activated (e.g., with the focus selector  702 ), causes open windows associated with application A to be displayed in exposé mode. 
       FIG. 7C  also illustrates the focus selector  702  at a location corresponding to the “create tabbed window” affordance  748   c .  FIG. 7D  illustrates displaying a merged window  750  within the display area  701  in response to selection of the “create tabbed window” affordance  748   c  (e.g., with a single or double click of the focus selector  702 ) in  FIG. 7C . 
     As shown in  FIG. 7D , the merged window  750  includes a chrome region  752   a , a content region  752   b , and a tab bar  752   c . In  FIG. 7D , the tab bar  752   c  includes a tab  756   a  associated with the window  710 , a tab  756   b  associated with the window  720 , a tab  756   c  associated with the window  730 , and a tab  756   d  associated with the window  740  (e.g., from  FIG. 7B ). In  FIG. 7D , the tab  756   d  associated with the window  740  is displayed in the foreground within the merged window  750  as indicated by the shading of the tab  756   d . In  FIG. 7D , the tab bar  752   c  also includes an addition affordance  758  provided to add a new tab associated with application A to the merged window  750 . For example, the new tab is added as a foreground or background tab. 
     In some embodiments, the “create tabbed window” affordance  748   c  enables windows associated with applications that do not have native tab functionality to be displayed in a tabbed window. As such, for example, open windows are resized to a same size and stacked on top of one another such that the foreground window is displayed on the top of the stack. In this example, the tabs are displayed within a virtual tab bar superimposed on the top window of the stack of windows by the operating system. In some embodiments, if another tab is selected within the tab bar, a window associated with selected tab is moved to the top of the stack of windows. 
     In some embodiments, if a close tab command is issued to a tab, the operating system issues a command to the application to close a window that corresponds to the tab. In some embodiments, if a close/exit command is issued to the merged window, the operating system issues a command to the application to close each of the windows that correspond to the tabs in the merged window. According to some embodiments, tabs may be dragged out of the tab bar to move a window out of the stack of windows and to view the window separate from the stack of windows. According to some embodiments, windows may be dragged into the merged window and consequently added to the merged window as a new tab (e.g., either as a foreground or background tab). Thus, in some embodiments, tabbing functionality is enabled by the operating system for applications without native tab functionality. 
       FIGS. 7E-7G  illustrate a sequence in which a tab setting associated with an operating system (OS) is changed.  FIG. 7E  illustrates a dock menu  760  overlaid on the windows  710 ,  720 , and  730  (e.g., from  FIG. 7A ). For example, the dock menu  760  includes a plurality of options associated with the operating system. For example, the dock menu  760  is accessed through a control panel or system preferences interface. As shown in  FIG. 7E , the dock menu  760  includes: a slider  762   a  for adjusting the size of the dock  704 ; a magnification slider  762   d  for adjusting the magnification of size of the dock  704 , a picker menu  762   c  for changing the animation used to minimize windows (e.g., a scaling or genie effect); and a picker menu  762   d  for changing the tabs preference (e.g., “Manual” mode in which open new windows as windows, “Always” mode in which open new windows as tabs, or “Full Screen Only” mode in which open new windows as tabs only while in full screen mode). In  FIG. 7E , the current setting associated with the picker menu  762   c  is the “Genie Effect,” and the current setting associated with the picker menu  762   d  is the “Manual” behavior. As such, for example, the “Manual” behavior was in effect in in  FIGS. 7A-7D . 
     In some embodiments, the tabs preference associated with the picker menu  762   d  applies to applications without native tabbing functionality. In some embodiments, the tabs preference associated with the picker menu  762   d  applies to all applications. In some embodiments, the tabs preference associated with the picker menu  762   d  applies to all application save applications included on an opt-out list. 
       FIG. 7E  also illustrates the focus selector  702  at a location corresponding to current setting for the picker menu  762   d .  FIG. 7F  illustrates a plurality of options for the picker menu  762   d  overlaid on the display area  701 . As shown in  FIG. 7F , the picker menu  762   d  includes a “Manual” option  764   a , where a new window operation issued to an application opens a window and a new tab operation issued to the application opens a new tab when the application has native tabbing functionality. The picker menu  762   d  also includes an “Always” option  764   b , where a new window operation issued to an application opens a new tab and (optionally) a new tab operation issued to the application opens a new window. The picker menu  762   d  further includes a “Full Screen Only” option  764   c , where a new window operation issued to an application while in full screen mode opens a new tab and (optionally) a new tab operation issued to the application while in full screen mode opens a new window. 
       FIG. 7F  also illustrates the focus selector  702  at a location corresponding to the “Always” option  764   b .  FIG. 7G  shows “Always” as the current setting associated with the picker menu  762   d  in response to selection of the “Always” option  764   b  (e.g., with a single or double click of the focus selector  702 ) in  FIG. 7F . As such, for example, the “Always” behavior is in effect in  FIGS. 7H-7M . 
       FIG. 7H  shows a window  761  associated with application B and a window  770  associated with application A displayed within a display area  701  of the display  450 . As shown in  FIG. 7H , the window  761  includes a chrome region  763   a  and a content region  763   b . Similarly, the window  770  includes a chrome region  772   a  and a content region  772   b . In  FIG. 7H , the window  761  is displayed in the foreground as indicated by the shading of the chrome region  763   a . In  FIG. 7H , application B is running in the foreground as indicated by the shading of the dock icon  706 -B, and the text description  707  in the menu bar  709 . 
     As shown in  FIGS. 7H-7J , a menu bar  709  for application B is also displayed within the display area  701 . In  FIGS. 7H-7J , the menu bar  709  includes a plurality of affordances associated with commands, functions, and/or operations of application B. For example, the menu bar  709  for application B includes: a file affordance  778   a , which, when activated (e.g., with the focus selector  702 ), causes a drop-down menu of file options associated with application B to be overlaid on the display area  701 ; an edit affordance  778   b , which, when activated (e.g., with the focus selector  702 ), causes a drop-down menu of edit options associated with application B to be overlaid on the display area  701 ; a view affordance  778   c , which, when activated (e.g., with the focus selector  702 ), causes a drop-down menu of view options associated with application B to be overlaid on the display area  701 ; an insert affordance  778   d , which, when activated (e.g., with the focus selector  702 ), causes a drop-down menu of edit options associated with application B to be overlaid on the display area  701 ; a format affordance  778   e , which, when activated (e.g., with the focus selector  702 ), causes a drop-down menu of formatting options associated with application B to be overlaid on the display area  701 ; a window affordance  778   f , which, when activated (e.g., with the focus selector  702 ), causes a drop-down menu of window options associated with application B to be overlaid on the display area  701 ; and a help affordance  778   g , which, when activated (e.g., with the focus selector  702 ), causes a drop-down menu of help options associated with application B to be overlaid on the display area  701 . 
     In  FIGS. 7H-7M , application B is operating in windowed mode (e.g., non-full screen mode), and the operating system is operating in automatic tab mode (e.g., the “Manual” behavior described in greater detail with reference to  FIGS. 7E-7G ). As such, in some embodiments, when a new window command is issued to application B (e.g., a new window menu option is selected, a predefined new window gesture is performed, a predefined new window combination of keystrokes is performed such as “Ctrl+N”, a predefined new window verbal command is performed, or the like), a merged window is displayed with a background tab associated with the previous foreground window (e.g., the window  761 ) and a new foreground tab associated with the new foreground window. 
       FIGS. 7H-7I  illustrate a sequence in which a new window for a second application is added as a foreground tab within a merged window.  FIG. 7I  illustrates displaying merged window  765  within the display area  701  in response to a new window command issued to application B (e.g., by way of a “Ctrl+N” operation). As shown in  FIG. 7I , the merged window  765  includes a chrome region  767   a , a content region  767   b , and a tab bar  767   c . In  FIG. 7I , the merged window  765  is displayed in the foreground as indicated by the shading of the chrome region  767   a.    
     As shown in  FIG. 7I , the tab bar  767   c  includes a tab  764   a  that corresponds to the window  761  (e.g., from  FIG. 7H ) and a tab  764   b  that corresponds to the new window associated with application B. In  FIG. 7I , the tab  764   b  associated with the new window is displayed in the foreground within the merged window  765  as indicated by the shading of the tab  764   b . In  FIG. 7I , the tab bar  767   c  also includes an addition affordance  766  for adding a new tab associated with application B to the merged window  765 . For example, the new tab is added as a foreground or background tab. 
     In some embodiments, the merged window  765  enables windows associated with applications that do not have native tab functionality to be displayed in a tabbed window. As such, for example, the windows that correspond to the tabs  764   a  and  764   b  are resized to a same size and stacked on top of one another such that the foreground window is displayed on the top of the stack of windows (e.g., the new window associated with the tab  764   b  in  FIG. 7I ). According to some embodiments, the tabs are displayed within a virtual tab bar superimposed on the new foreground window by the operating system. Thus, in some embodiments, tabbing functionality is enabled by the operating system for applications without native tab functionality. 
       FIGS. 7I-7J  illustrate a sequence in which the foreground tab within the merged window is changed.  FIG. 7I  also illustrates the focus selector  702  at a location corresponding to the tab  764   a .  FIG. 7J  shows that the tab  764   a  associated the window  761  (e.g., from  FIG. 7H ) is displayed in the foreground within the merged window  765  as indicated by the shading of the tab  764   a  in response to selection of the tab  764   a  (e.g., with a single or double click of the focus selector  702 ) in  FIG. 7I . As such, according to some embodiments, the window  761  (e.g., from  FIG. 7H ) is moved to the top of the stack of windows associated with the tabs  764   a  and  764   b , and the virtual tab bar  767   c  is redisplayed on top of the window  761 . 
       FIGS. 7J-7K  illustrate a sequence in which a window for a first application is added as a foreground tab in the merged window.  FIG. 7J  also illustrates dragging the window  770  associated with application A by the chrome region  772   a  to the tab bar  767   c  of the merged window  765  with the focus selector  702 .  FIG. 7K  shows a tab  764   c  that corresponds to the window  770  (e.g., from  FIG. 7J ) in response to dragging the window  770  into the tab bar  767   c  in  FIG. 7J . In  FIG. 7K , the tab  764   c  corresponds to the window  770  (e.g., from  FIG. 7J ) is displayed in the foreground within the merged window  765  as indicated by the shading of the tab  764   c . Furthermore, in  FIG. 7K , application A is running in the foreground as indicated by the shading of the dock icon  706 -A, and the text description  707  in the menu bar  709 . 
     As such, according to some embodiments, the window  770  (e.g., from  FIG. 7J ) is added to the top of the stack of windows associated with the tabs  764   a ,  764   b , and  764   c , and the virtual tab bar  767   c  is redisplayed on top of the window  770 . Thus, the merged window  765  includes tabs the  764   a  and  764   b  that correspond to windows associated with application B and the tab  764   c  corresponding to a window associated with application A. 
       FIGS. 7K-7L  illustrate a sequence in which a tab is rearranged within the tab bar of the merged window.  FIG. 7K  also illustrates dragging the tab  764   c  from a first location to the second location within the tab bar  767   c  with the focus selector  702 .  FIG. 7L  shows the tab  764   c  between tabs  764   b  and  764   b  (e.g., a different location as compared to  FIG. 7K ) in response to dragging the tab  764   c  within the tab bar  767   c  in  FIG. 7K . 
       FIGS. 7L-7M  illustrate a sequence in which a tab is dragged out of the tab bar of the merged window.  FIG. 7L  illustrates dragging the tab  764   b  out of the tab bar  767   c  of the merged window  765  with the focus selector  702 .  FIG. 7M  illustrates displaying a window  780  associated with application B within the display area  701  in response to dragging the tab  764   b  out of the tab bar  767   c  in  FIG. 7L . For example, the window  780  corresponds to the tab  764   b  in  FIG. 7L . 
     As shown in  FIG. 7M , the window  780  includes a chrome region  782   a  and a content region  782   b . In  FIG. 7M , the window  780  is displayed in the foreground as indicated by the shading of the chrome region  782   a . In  FIG. 7M , application B is running in the foreground as indicated by the shading of the dock icon  706 -B, and the text description  707  in the menu bar  709 . 
       FIGS. 7N-7O  show window  790  associated with application C displayed within a display area  701  of the display  450 . As shown in  FIGS. 7N-7O , the window  790  includes a chrome region  792   a  and a content region  792   b . In  FIG. 7N , the window  790  is displayed in the foreground as indicated by the shading of the chrome region  792   a.    
     As shown in  FIGS. 7N-7O , a menu bar  709  for application C is also displayed within the display area  701 . In  FIGS. 7N-7O , the menu bar  709  includes a plurality of affordances associated with commands, functions, and/or operations of application C. For example, the menu bar  709  for application C includes: a file affordance  798   a , which, when activated (e.g., with the focus selector  702 ), causes a drop-down menu of file options associated with application C to be overlaid on the display area  701 ; an edit affordance  798   b , which, when activated (e.g., with the focus selector  702 ), causes a drop-down menu of edit options associated with application C to be overlaid on the display area  701 ; a view affordance  798   c , which, when activated (e.g., with the focus selector  702 ), causes a drop-down menu of view options associated with application C to be overlaid on the display area  701 ; an go affordance  798   d , which, when activated (e.g., with the focus selector  702 ), causes a drop-down menu of navigation options associated with application C to be overlaid on the display area  701 ; a tools affordance  798   e , which, when activated (e.g., with the focus selector  702 ), causes a drop-down menu of tools associated with application C to be overlaid on the display area  701 ; a window affordance  798   f , which, when activated (e.g., with the focus selector  702 ), causes a drop-down menu of window options associated with application C to be overlaid on the display area  701 ; and a help affordance  798   g , which, when activated (e.g., with the focus selector  702 ), causes a drop-down menu of help options associated with application C to be overlaid on the display area  701 . 
     In  FIGS. 7N-7O , application C is running in the foreground as indicated by the text description  707  in the menu bar  709 . In  FIGS. 7N-7O , application C is operating in full screen mode, and the operating system is operating in full screen tab mode (e.g., the “Full Screen Only” behavior described in greater detail with reference to  FIGS. 7E-7G ). As such, in some embodiments, when a new window command is issued to application C (e.g., a new window menu option is selected, a predefined new window gesture is performed, a predefined new window combination of keystrokes is performed such as “Ctrl+N”, a predefined new window verbal command is performed, or the like), a merged window in full screen mode is displayed with a background tab associated with the previous foreground window (e.g., the window  790 ) and a new foreground tab associated with the new foreground window. 
       FIGS. 7N-7O  illustrate a sequence in which a new tab is added to a window in response to a new window command issued to an application while the application is in full screen mode.  FIG. 7O  illustrates displaying merged window  795  within the display area  701  in response to a new window command issued to application C (e.g., by way of a “Ctrl+N” operation). As shown in  FIG. 7O , the merged window  795  includes a chrome region  797   a , a content region  797   b , and a tab bar  797   c . In  FIG. 7O , the merged window  795  is displayed in the foreground as indicated by the shading of the chrome region  797   a.    
     As shown in  FIG. 7O , the tab bar  797   c  includes a tab  794   a  that corresponds to the window  790  (e.g., from  FIG. 7N ) and a tab  794   b  that corresponds to the new associated with application C. In  FIG. 7O , the tab  794   b  associated with the new window is displayed in the foreground within the merged window  795  as indicated by the shading of the tab  794   b . In  FIG. 7N , the tab bar  797   c  also includes an addition affordance  796  for adding a new tab associated with application C to the merged window  795 . For example, the new tab is added as a foreground or background tab. 
     In some embodiments, the merged window  795  enables windows associated with applications that do not have native tab functionality to be displayed in a tabbed window. As such, for example, the windows that correspond to the tabs  794   a  and  794   b  are full screen windows stacked on top of one another such that the foreground window is displayed on the top of the stack (e.g., the new window associated with the tab  794   b  in  FIG. 7O ). According to some embodiments, the tabs are displayed within a virtual tab bar superimposed on the new foreground window by the operating system. Thus, in some embodiments, tabbing functionality is enabled by the operating system for applications without native tab functionality. 
       FIGS. 7P-7R  are similar to and adapted from  FIG. 7A . As such,  FIG. 7A  and  FIGS. 7P-7R  include similar user interfaces and elements labeled with the same reference number in both figures have the same function, with only the differences are described herein for the sake of brevity. In  FIGS. 7P-7R , application A is running in the foreground as indicated by the shading of the dock icon  706 -A, and the text description  707  in the menu bar  709 .  FIGS. 7P-7R  shows a window  7100  associated with application A displayed within a display area  701  of the display  450 . As shown in  FIGS. 7P-7R , the window  7100  includes a chrome region  7102   a , a content region  7102   b , and a tab bar  7102   c . In  FIG. 7P , the window  7100  is displayed in the foreground as indicated by the shading of the chrome region  7102   a.    
     In  FIG. 7P , the tab bar  7102   c  includes a tab  7106   a  and a tab  7106   b . In  FIG. 7P , the tab  7106   b  is displayed in the foreground within the window  7100  as indicated by the shading of the tab  7106   b . In  FIG. 7P , the tab bar  7102   c  also includes an addition affordance  7108  provided to add a new tab associated with application A to the window  7100 . For example, the new tab is added as a foreground or background tab. 
     In  FIGS. 7P-7R , the window  7100  has native tab functionality (e.g., the application A is opted out of the global tab setting). As shown in  FIGS. 7P-7R , application A is operating in windowed mode (e.g., non-full screen mode). As such, in some embodiments, when a new window command is issued to application A (e.g., a new window menu option is selected, a predefined new window gesture is performed, a predefined new window combination of keystrokes is performed such as “Ctrl+N”, a predefined new window verbal command is performed, or the like), a new window associated with the application A is displayed within the display area  701  (e.g., as shown in  FIG. 7R ). As such, in some embodiments, when a new tab command is issued to application A (e.g., a new tab menu option is selected, a predefined new tab gesture is performed, a predefined new tab combination of keystrokes is performed such as “Ctrl+T”, a predefined new tab verbal command is performed, or the like), a new foreground tab associated with the application A is displayed within the window  7100  (e.g., as shown in  FIG. 7Q ). 
       FIGS. 7P-7Q  illustrate a sequence in which a new tab is added the tabbed window in response to a new tab command issued to application A while operating in windowed mode.  FIG. 7Q  illustrates displaying a new tab  7106   c  within the tab bar  7102   c  in response to a new window command issued to application A (e.g., by way of a “Ctrl+N” operation). 
       FIG. 7P  and  FIG. 7R  illustrate a sequence in which a new window is added the tabbed window in response to a new tab command issued to application A while operating in windowed mode.  FIG. 7R  illustrates displaying a new window  7110  in response to a new window command issued to application A (e.g., by way of a “Ctrl+T” operation). As shown in  FIG. 7R , the window  7110  includes a chrome region  7112   a  and a content region  7112   b.    
       FIGS. 8A-8E  illustrate a flow diagram of a method  800  of pairing edges of windows in accordance with some embodiments. The method  800  is performed at an electronic device (e.g., the portable multifunction device  100  in  FIG. 1A , or the device  300  in  FIG. 3 ) with a one or more processors, non-transitory memory, a display, and an input device. In some embodiments, the display is a touch-screen display and the input device is on or integrated with the display. In some embodiments, the display is separate from the input device. Some operations in method  800  are, optionally, combined and/or the order of some operations is, optionally, changed. 
     As described below, the method  800  provides an intuitive way to pair edges of windows. The method reduces the cognitive burden on a user when pairing edges of windows, thereby creating a more efficient human-machine interface. For battery-operated electronic devices, enabling a user to pair edges of windows faster and more efficiently conserves power and increases the time between battery charges. 
     The device displays ( 802 ), on the display, a first window and a second window within a display area, the first window having a first edge parallel to a second edge of the second window. In some embodiments, the first and second windows are rectangular. In some embodiments, the first and second windows are arranged horizontally within the display area with a non-zero distance between the first and second window. For example, the first edge is the right edge of the first window, and the second edge if the left edge of the second window. In another example, the first edge is the left edge of the first window, and the second edge if the right edge of the second window. In some embodiments, the first and second windows are arranged vertically within the display area with a non-zero distance between the first and second windows. For example, the first edge is the bottom edge of the first window, and the second edge if the top edge of the second window. In another example, the first edge is the top edge of the first window, and the second edge if the bottom edge of the second window.  FIG. 5A , for example, shows a first window  510  and a second window  520  displayed within the display area  501 , where the right edge  514   a  of the first window  510  (e.g., the first edge) is parallel to the left edge  524   a  of the second window  520  (e.g., the second edge). 
     The device detects ( 804 ) a first user input, via the input device, moving the first edge of the first window toward the second edge of the second window. In some embodiments, the first user input is associated with a movement vector incident to the second edge. For example, assuming that the first and second windows are arranged horizontally, a right edge of the first window is moved toward a left edge of the second window. In another example, assuming the first and second windows are arranged vertically, a top edge of the first window is moved toward a bottom edge of a second window. 
     In some embodiments, the first user input corresponds to ( 806 ) moving the first window within the display area by dragging the first window toward the second window. In some embodiments, the first user input includes selection of the chrome region of the first window with a focus selector and movement of the first window (e.g., a click and drag the window), where the first edge leads the movement associated with the first user input. As one example,  FIGS. 5A-5C  show a sequence in which the window  510  is moved towards the window  520 . As another example,  FIGS. 5U-5W  show a sequence in which the window  560  is moved toward the window  570 . 
     In some embodiments, the first user input corresponds to ( 808 ) resizing the first window within the display area by dragging the first edge of the first window toward the second window. In some embodiments, the first user input includes selection of the edge of the first window with a focus selector and movement of the first edge (e.g., click and drag the first edge), where the first edge leads the movement associated with the first user input. As one example,  FIGS. 5UU-5WW  show a sequence in which the right edge  5164   a  of the window  5160  is dragged toward the left edge  5174   a  of the window  5170 . 
     In response to detecting the first user input, and in accordance with a determination that the first user input does not satisfy the one or more pairing criteria, the device continues ( 810 ) the movement of the first window based on the first user input so that the first window at least partially overlaps the second window. As one example,  FIGS. 5KK-5LL  illustrate a sequence in which the window  5100  is moved toward the left edge  5114   a  of the window  5110 . In this example, the right edge  5104   a  of the window  5100  does not pair with the left edge  5114   a  of the window  5110  and the window  5100  moves over the window  5110  because a first pairing criterion (e.g., the angle criterion) is not satisfied. As another example,  FIGS. 5MM-5NN  illustrate a sequence in which the window  5100  is moved toward the left edge  5114   a  of the window  5110 . In this example, the right edge  5104   a  of the window  5100  does not pair with the left edge  5114   a  of the window  5110  and the window  5100  moves over the window  5110  because a second pairing criterion (e.g., the velocity criterion) is not satisfied. As yet another example,  FIGS. 5FF-5GG  illustrate a sequence in which the window  5180  is moved toward the left edge  5194   a  of the window  5190 . In this example, the right edge  5184   a  of the window  5180  does not pair with the left edge  5194   a  of the window  5190  and the window  5180  moves over the window  5190  because a third pairing criterion (e.g., the distance criterion) is not satisfied. As such, according to some embodiments, windows are moved and aligned according to conventional behavior when the one or more pairing criteria are not satisfied according to user expectations. 
     In response to detecting the first user input, and in accordance with a determination that the first user input satisfies one or more pairing criteria (e.g., one or more conditions for pairing the first and second windows). the device pairs ( 812 ) the first edge of the first window to the second edge of the second window such that the first window stops moving in response to the first user input before it overlaps the second window, where the one or more pairing criteria include a first pairing criterion that is met when the first input corresponds to movement of the first edge toward the second edge that deviates from a predefined axis by less than an angular threshold value. 
     According to some embodiments, the first window is paired with the second window by stopping the movement of first edge of the first window so that the first edge of the first window is touching (and not overlapping) the second edge of the second window. As such, pairing the windows includes stopping the movement of the first window once the first and second edges are adjoining. For example, no pixels associated with the first window overlap the second window. For example, there are 0 pixels between the first and second windows. In some embodiments, there is no magnetic attraction between the first and second windows. Instead, the movement at least reaches the second edge of the second window but not more than a threshold value past the second edge. For example, the user deliberately moves the first window to be side-by-side or stacked with the second window. Continuing with this example, if the one or more pairing criteria are satisfied, the first and second windows are paired. As such, according to some embodiments, the user is able to more easily manage the alignment and arrangement of windows within the display area saving the user time and effort. 
     In some embodiments, the predefined axis is perpendicular to or normal to the first edge and the second edge. For example, in some embodiments, the angle criterion is satisfied when the angle of approach deviates less than 45° or 60° relative to a normal of the second edge of the second window. As such, the first and second edges are paired when the first user input is substantially parallel to the second edge, and the first and second edges overlap when the first user input is substantially perpendicular to the second edge. 
     In some embodiments, a second pairing criterion of the one or more pairing criteria includes ( 814 ) a velocity threshold value, and satisfying the second pairing criterion includes determining that that a velocity associated with the first user input breaches the velocity threshold value. As one example,  FIGS. 5A-5C  show a sequence in which the right edge  514   a  of the window  510  is paired with the left edge  524   a  of the window  520  due to satisfaction of the angle criterion (e.g., the angle of the movement vector  508  deviates less than the values  516   a  and  516   b  from a normal of the left edge  524   a  of the window  520 ) and the velocity criterion (e.g., the velocity of the movement vector  508  is less than the pairing threshold velocity  518 ). As another example,  FIGS. 5U-5W  show a sequence in which the top edge  564   a  of the window  560  is paired with the bottom edge  574   a  of the window  570  due to satisfaction of the angle criterion (e.g., the angle of the movement vector  566  deviates less than the values  568   a  and  568   b  from a normal of the bottom edge  574   a  of the window  570 ) and the velocity criterion (e.g., the velocity of the movement vector  566  is less than the pairing threshold velocity  518 ). 
     In some embodiments, a third pairing criterion of the one or more pairing criteria includes ( 816 ) a distance threshold value, and satisfying the third pairing criterion includes determining that the input corresponds to movement of the first edge of the window in a respective direction to the edge of the second window without corresponding to more than a threshold amount of movement in the respective direction. In some embodiments, the third pairing criterion when a magnitude of the first user input is greater than or equal to an initial distance value between the first edge of the first window and the second edge of the second window prior to the first user input, and when the magnitude of the first user input is less than or equal a sum of the initial distance and the distance threshold value. As such, the magnitude of the first user input at least touches the first and second edges but is not greater than a threshold distance beyond the second edge. As one example, FIGS.  5 BBB- 5 CCC show a sequence in which the right edge  5184   a  of the window  5180  is paired with the left edge  5194   a  of the window  5190  due to satisfaction of the angle criterion (e.g., the angle of the movement vector  5186  deviates less than the values  516   a  and  516   b  from a normal of the left edge  5194   a  of the window  5190 ) and the distance criterion (e.g., the magnitude of a component of the movement vector  5186  that is over the left edge  5194   a  of the window  5190  is less than the distance threshold  5188 ). 
     In some embodiments, the device ( 820 ): while the first edge of the first window is paired with the second edge of the second window, detecting a second user input, via the input device, moves the first window away from the second window; and, in response to the second user input, unpairs the first edge of the first window from the second edge of the second window and moves the first window according to a movement vector associated with the second user input. According to some embodiments, if the second user input moves the second window substantially perpendicular to and away from the first edge of the first window, the second window similarly separates from the first window. In some embodiments, the second user input is associated with a movement vector having a component perpendicular to the second edge that satisfies an angular separation threshold criterion. For example, the angular separation criterion is satisfied when the angle of the second user input deviates from a normal of the second edge by less than a threshold angle value. In some embodiments, the windows are immediately unpaired when the second user input is perpendicular to and away from the paired edges (e.g., a 180° angle relative to a normal of the second edge). As such, the windows are unpaired without a distance separation criterion or without any resistance if the angular separation criterion is satisfied. In some embodiments, the windows are unpaired when the second user input is perpendicular to and away from the paired edges and satisfies a distance separation criterion. As such, according to some embodiments, the user is able to unpair windows without resistance. This, for example, enables the user is able to more easily manage the alignment and arrangement of windows within the display area saving the user time and effort. 
     For example,  FIGS. 5K-5M  show a sequence in which the window  510  is moved away from the window  520  at a 180° angle relative to a normal of the left edge  524   a  of the window  520 . In this example, the right edge  514   a  of the window  510  is unpaired from the left edge  524   a  of the window  520  without satisfying a distance criterion. 
     In some embodiments, the device ( 822 ): while the first edge of the first window is paired with the second edge of the second window, detects a second component of the first user input moving the first window away from the second window; and, in response to the second component of the first user input and in accordance with a determination that a magnitude of the second component breaches a distance threshold (e.g., at least equal to the magnitude of the first component), unpairs the first edge of the first window from the second edge of the second window and moves the first window according to a movement vector associated with the second component of the first user input. For example, a first component of the first user input moves the first edge towards the second wedge, and a second component of the first user input moves the first edge away from the second edge. In some embodiments, for continuous movement, the first window is unpaired from the second window when the first window is moved by at least the distance the first window was moved to pair the first and second windows (e.g., the distance threshold). As such, according to some embodiments, the user is able to unpair windows with some resistance. This, for example, enables the user is able to more easily manage the alignment and arrangement of windows within the display area saving the user time and effort. 
     In some embodiments, while the first edge of the first window is paired with the second edge of the second window, the device detects ( 824 ) a second user input, via the input device, moving the first window toward the second edge of the second window. In response to detecting the second user input, and in accordance with a determination that the second user input satisfies one or more separation criteria (e.g., one or more conditions for separating the first and second paired windows), the device unpairs the first edge of the first window from the second edge of the second window and moves the first window over the second window according to a movement vector associated with the second user input. In response to detecting the second user input, and in accordance with a determination that the second user input does not satisfy the one or more separation criteria, the device maintains the pairing between the first edge of the first window and the second edge of the second window and foregoes moving the first window over the second window. According to some embodiments, if the second user input moves the second window substantially perpendicular to and toward the first edge of the first window, the second window similarly separates from the first window or remains paired with the first window. In some embodiments, when the movement is substantially perpendicular to and toward from the paired edges, the windows are unpaired when the second user input satisfies the angular separation criterion (e.g., the angle of the movement towards the second edge deviates less than +/−45° from a normal of the second edge) and a distance criterion (e.g., the magnitude of the movement is greater than or equal to a separation distance threshold). As such, according to some embodiments, the user is able to unpair windows with some resistance by reducing the accidental unpairing of windows from each other. This, for example, enables the user is able to more easily manage the alignment and arrangement of windows within the display area saving the user time and effort. 
     For example,  FIGS. 5Q-5T  show a sequence in which the window  510  is moved toward the window  520 . In this example, the right edge  514   a  of the window  510  unpaired from the left edge  524   a  of the window  520  due to satisfaction of the angular separation criterion (e.g., the angle of the movement vector  548  deviates from the normal of the second edge by less than the values  552   a  and  552   b ) and the distance criterion (e.g., the magnitude of the movement vector  548  is greater than the separation distance threshold  550 ). 
     In some embodiments, if the second user input is perpendicular to and away from the second edge of the second window, the paired windows are separated when the magnitude of the second user input exceeds a first predefined value. In some embodiments, if the second user input is perpendicular to and toward from the second edge of the second window, the paired windows are separated when the magnitude of the second user input exceeds a second predefined value. In some embodiments, if the second user input is substantially parallel to the first edge of the first window, the paired windows are separated when the magnitude of the second user input exceeds the second predefined value and an angle of the second user input exceeds a predefined value relative to a normal of the second edge of the second window. In some embodiments, the second predefined value is greater than the first predefined value. 
     In some embodiments, moving the first window over the second window according to the movement vector associated with the second user input includes ( 826 ): in accordance with a determination that the second user input corresponds to moving a focus selector over the second window, displaying an animation such that moving the first window over the second window is discontinuous (e.g., “jump” the first window such that the chrome region appears under the focus selector when the unpairing occurs); and in accordance with a determination that the second user input does not correspond to moving the focus selector over the second window, foregoing displaying the animation such that moving the first window over the second window is continuous. In some embodiments, the first window jumps, if the focus selector moves out from over window while window is paired with another window (e.g., when a bottom window in a stack of paired windows is dragged toward the top window). However, the first window does not “jump”, if the focus selector does not move out from over the window (e.g., when a left window in a side-by-side pair of windows is dragged toward the right window). As such, according to some embodiments, the first window “catches up” to the focus selector so as to provide a smooth user experience. As one example,  FIGS. 5Q-5T  show a sequence in which the right edge  514   a  of the window  510  unpaired from the left edge  524   a  of the window  520 . In  FIGS. 5S , the focus selector moves into the content region  522   b  of the window  520  according to the movement vector  548 . However, as shown in  FIGS. 5S-5T , the window  510  discontinuously “jumps” under the location of the focus selector  502  when the distance separation criterion is satisfied. 
     In some embodiments, while the first edge of the first window is paired with the second edge of the second window, the device detects ( 828 ) a second user input, via the input device, which corresponds to movement of the first edge relative to the second edge. In response to detecting the second user input, and in accordance with a determination that the second user input corresponds to movement of the first window such that the first edge of the first window moves over the second edge, the device delays movement of the first window until the second user input has reached a movement threshold. In response to detecting the second user input, and in accordance with a determination that the second user input corresponds to movement of the first window such that the first edge of the first window moves away from the second edge, the device starts to move the first window before the second user input has reached the movement threshold. As one example,  FIGS. 5Q-5T  show a sequence in which the right edge  514   a  of the window  510  is unpaired from the left edge  524   a  of the window  520  when the movement vector  548  distance separation criterion is satisfied (e.g., delay movement). As another example,  FIGS. 5K-5M  show a sequence in which the right edge  514   a  of the window  510  is immediately unpaired from the left edge  524   a  of the window  520  (e.g., do not delay movement). 
     In some embodiments, while the first edge of the first window is paired with the second edge of the second window, the device detects ( 830 ) a second user input, via the input device, moving the first window along the second edge of the second window. In response to detecting the second user input, and in accordance with a determination that the second user input satisfies one or more separation criteria, the device unpairs the first edge of the first window from the second edge of the second window and moves the first window according to a movement vector associated with the second user input. In response to detecting the second user input, and in accordance with a determination that the second user input does not satisfy any of the one or more separation criteria, the device maintains the pairing between the first edge of the first window and the second edge of the second window and moves the first window parallel to the second edge of the second window according to the second user input. In one example, assuming that the first and second windows are paired side-by-side, if first window is moved away from or toward the second window, the first window is separated from the second window. In another example, assuming that the first and second windows are paired side-by-side, if the first window is moved substantially parallel to the second window toward the top or bottom of the second window, the first window slides parallel to the second window and remains paired with the second window. As such, according to some embodiments, the user is able to more easily manage the alignment and arrangement of windows within the display area saving the user time and effort. 
     In some embodiments, the separation criteria are the converse of the pairing criteria. In some embodiments, the separation criteria are similar to and adapted from the pairing criteria. For example, the separation criteria are satisfied when the second user exceeds a predefined escape velocity, the angle of the second user input relative to a parallel of the second edge of the second window is greater than a predefined value, and/or the magnitude of the second user input is greater than a predefined value. 
     As one example,  FIGS. 5N-5P  show a sequence in which the right edge  514   a  of the window  510  is unpaired from the left edge  524   a  of the window  520  due to satisfaction of the angular separation criterion (e.g., the angle of the movement vector  544  deviates less than +/−45° from a normal of the second edge) and the distance separation criterion (e.g., the magnitude of the movement vector  544  is greater than the separation distance threshold  546 ). As another example,  FIGS. 5D-5F  show a sequence in which the right edge  514   a  of the window  510  remains paired with the left edge  524   a  of the window  520  because the angular separation criterion (e.g., the angle of the movement vector  526  deviates more than +/−45° from a normal of the second edge) and the velocity separation criterion (e.g., the velocity of the movement vector  526  is less than the separation velocity threshold  532 ) are not satisfied. 
     In some embodiments, the parallel movement of the first window is constrained ( 832 ) by a third edge of the second window, and the third edge of the second window is perpendicular to the second edge of the second window. For example, the first window stops moving when an edge of the first window that is parallel to the third edge of the second window is aligned with the third edge of the second window. In some embodiments, the parallel sliding movement is not constrained by the third edge of the second window. For example, in  FIGS. 5E-5F , the parallel movement of the window  510  is constrained by the line  528   a  associated with the top edge  524   b  of the window  520 . In some embodiments, the parallel movement is not constrained by the third edge of the second window. As such, according to some embodiments, the user is able to more easily manage the alignment and arrangement of windows within the display area saving the user time and effort (e.g., windows with equal height or width). 
     In some embodiments, while the first edge of the first window is paired with the second edge of the second window, the device detects ( 834 ) a second user input, via the input device, moving the second window along the first edge of the first window. In response to detecting the second user input, and in accordance with a determination that the second user input satisfies one or more separation criteria, the device unpairs the second edge of the second window from the first edge of the first window and moves the second window according to second user input. In response to detecting the second user input, and in accordance with a determination that the second user input does not satisfy any of the one or more of the separation criteria, the device maintains the pairing between the first edge of the first window and the second edge of the second window and moves the second window parallel to the first edge of the first window according to a movement vector associated with the second user input. As such, according to some embodiments, the user is able to more easily manage the alignment and arrangement of windows within the display area saving the user time and effort. In one example, assuming that the first and second windows are paired side-by-side, if second window is moved away from or toward the first window, the second window is separated from the first window. In another example, assuming that the first and second windows are paired side-by-side, if the second window is moved substantially parallel to the first window toward the top or bottom of the second window, the second window slides parallel to the first window and remains paired with the first window. In some embodiments, the parallel movement of the second window is bound by to a fourth edge of the first window, where the fourth edge of the first window is perpendicular to the first edge of the first window. 
     In some embodiments, while the first edge of the first window is paired with the second edge of the second window, the device detects ( 836 ) a second user input, via the input device, dragging a respective edge of the first window along the second edge of the second window, where the respective edge of the first window is perpendicular to the second edge of the second window. In response to detecting the second user input, the device resizes a dimension of the first window associated with the respective edge according to the second user input. As one example,  FIGS. 5XX-5ZZ  show a sequence in which the top edge  5164   b  of the window  5160  is dragged along the left edge  5174   a  of the window  5170 . In this example, a second dimension (e.g., the height) of the window  5160  is expanded from a value  5177   a  to a value  5177   b , where the value  5177   b  is greater than the value  5177   a . According to some embodiments, if the second user input drags an edge of the second window that is perpendicular to the first edge of the first window in a direction parallel to the first edge of the first window, the second window is resized. 
     In some embodiments, the resized dimension of the first window is constrained ( 838 ) by a third edge of the second window, and the third edge of the second window is perpendicular to the second edge of the second window. As one example,  FIGS. 5XX-5ZZ  show a sequence in which the top edge  5164   b  of the window  5160  is dragged along the left edge  5174   a  of the window  5170 . In this example, the movement off the top edge  5164   b  of the window  5160  is constrained by the line  5178   a  associated with the top edge  5174   b  of the window  5170 . In some embodiments, the parallel resizing is not constrained by the third edge of the second window. 
     In some embodiments, in response to detecting the first user input, and in accordance with a determination that the first user input satisfies one or more pairing criteria and that the first window is overlapping the second window, the device continues ( 840 ) the movement of the first window based on the first user input and displaying the first window at least partially overlapping the second window. For example, there is a non-zero distance between the first and second windows. Furthermore, the first and second edges are not both bottom edges of their respective windows, and the first and second edges are not both top edges of their respective windows. As such, edges of windows that are being approached from inside the window cannot be paired with such as edges where the edge of the first window is already overlapping the second window when it is approaching the edge of the second window. For example,  FIGS. 5OO-5PP  show a sequence in which the right edge  5124   a  of the window  5120  does not pair with the right edge  5134   a  of the window  5130  because the window  5120  partially overlaps the window  5130  even though the pairing criteria are satisfied (e.g., the angle criterion and the velocity criterion). As such, according to some embodiments, the user is able to more easily manage the alignment and arrangement of windows within the display area saving the user time and effort. 
     In some embodiments, in response to detecting the first user input, and in accordance with a determination that the first user input satisfies one or more pairing criteria and that the second edge of the second window is occluded within the display area, the device continues ( 842 ) the movement of the first window based on the first user input and displaying the first window at least partially overlaps the second window. In some embodiments, edges of windows that are hidden in the user interface, such as windows that are occluded by other windows, cannot be paired with. As one example, FIGS.  5 HHH- 5 JJJ show a sequence in which the left edge  5214   a  of the window  5210  does not pair with the right edge  5234   a  of the window  5230  because the right edge  5234   a  of the window  5230  is partially occluded by the window  5220  even though the pairing criteria are satisfied (e.g., the angle criterion and the velocity criterion). As another example, FIGS.  5 KKK- 5 MMM show a sequence in which the left edge  5254   a  of the window  5250  does not pair with the right edge  5264   a  of the window  5260  because the right edge  5264   a  of the window  5260  incident the movement vector  5256  is occluded by the window  5270 . As such, according to some embodiments, the user is able to more easily manage the alignment and arrangement of windows within the display area saving the user time and effort. 
     It should be understood that the particular order in which the operations in  FIGS. 8A-8E  have been described is merely example and is not intended to indicate that the described order is the only order in which the operations could be performed. One of ordinary skill in the art would recognize various ways to reorder the operations described herein. Additionally, it should be noted that details of other processes described herein with respect to other methods described herein (e.g., methods  900  and  1000 ) are also applicable in an analogous manner to method  800  described above with respect to  FIGS. 8A-8E . For example, the user interface objects and focus selectors described above with reference to method  800  optionally have one or more of the characteristics of the user interface objects and focus selectors described herein with reference to other methods described herein (e.g., methods  900  and  1000 ). For brevity, these details are not repeated here. 
       FIGS. 9A-9D  illustrate a flow diagram of a method  900  of resizing windows in accordance with some embodiments. The method  900  is performed at an electronic device (e.g., the portable multifunction device  100  in  FIG. 1A , or the device  300  in  FIG. 3 ) with a one or more processors, non-transitory memory, a display, and an input device. In some embodiments, the display is a touch-screen display and the input device is on or integrated with the display. In some embodiments, the display is separate from the input device. Some operations in method  900  are, optionally, combined and/or the order of some operations is, optionally, changed. 
     As described below, the method  900  provides an intuitive way to resize windows. The method reduces the cognitive burden on a user when resizing windows, thereby creating a more efficient human-machine interface. For battery-operated electronic devices, enabling a user to resize windows faster and more efficiently conserves power and increases the time between battery charges. 
     The device displays ( 902 ), on the display, a first window in a display area. For example, the first window is rectangular with four edges. As one example,  FIG. 6A  shows a window  610  with a left edge  614   a , a top edge  614   b , a right edge  614   c , and a bottom edge  614   d  displayed within the display area  601 . In this example, a first dimension (e.g., the width) of the window  610  has a value  616   a , and a second dimension (e.g., the height) of the window  610  has a value  618   a.    
     The device detects ( 904 ) a first user input, via the input device, associated with one or more edges of the first window. For example, the first user input includes a selection followed by movement such as a click and drag gesture on an edge or corner of the first window with the focus selector. In another example, the first user input includes a stationary input such as a single or double click on an edge or corner of the first window with the focus selector. 
     In response to detecting the first user input, and in accordance with a determination that the first user input corresponds to a first input type (e.g., dragging an edge of the first window), the device resizes ( 906 ) one or more dimensions of the first window that correspond to the one or more edges of the first window based on a movement vector (e.g., distance and direction) associated with the first user input. As one example, click on the right edge of the first window and drag to resize the width of the first window. As another example, click on the corner of the first window and drag to resize the height and width of the first window. For example,  FIGS. 6E-6G  show a sequence in which the first and second dimensions of the window  610  are resized in response to a click and drag gesture on a corner associated with the intersection of the top edge  614   b  and the right edge  614   c  of the window  610 . In this example, in  FIGS. 6E-6F , the first dimension (e.g., the width) of the window  610  is increased from the value  616   a  to the value  616   c , and the second dimension (e.g., the height) of the window  610  is increased from the value  618   a  to the value  618   c . Continuing with this example, in  FIGS. 6F-6G , the first dimension (e.g., the width) of the window  610  is increased from the value  616   c  to the value  616   d , and the second dimension (e.g., the height) of the window  610  is increased from the value  618   c  to the value  618   d . As such, according to some embodiments, the user is able to more easily manage the resizing of windows within the display area saving the user time and effort. 
     In some embodiments, the first input type corresponds to ( 908 ) an input that includes a selection followed by movement. In some embodiments, when the first user input corresponds to the first input type, the first user input includes a selection followed by movement such as a click and drag gesture on an edge of the first window with the focus selector. In some embodiments, when the first user input corresponds to the first input type, the first user input includes a selection followed by movement such as a click and drag gesture on a corner of the first window with the focus selector. 
     In some embodiments, resizing the one or more dimensions of the first window that correspond to the one or more edges of the first window includes ( 910 ): in accordance with a determination that the first user input satisfies one or more expansion criteria, resizing one dimension of the first window to two parallel edges of the display area; and, in accordance with a determination that the first user input does not satisfy the one or more expansion criteria, resizing the one dimension of the first window to one edge of the display area. For example, an edge of the window is dragged toward an edge of display area based on a magnitude of a first portion of a gesture (e.g., the portion of the dragging gesture to the edge of the display area). In some embodiments, if the expansion criteria are met for a second portion of the gesture (e.g., the portion of the dragging gesture at the edge of the display area), the opposite edge of the window is moved toward the opposite edge of the display area. In some embodiments, if the expansion criteria are not met for the second portion of the gesture, forgo moving the opposite edge of the window to the opposite edge of the display area. In some embodiments, the expansion criteria are satisfied if the dragging gesture is held at the edge of the display area for a threshold duration. In some embodiments, the expansion criteria are satisfied when the magnitude of dragging gesture over the edge of the display area is greater than or equal to a threshold distance. As such, according to some embodiments, the user is able to more easily resize windows within the display area saving the user time and effort. 
     For example, the right edge of the window is dragged to the right edge of the display area and held there for X seconds. If X is greater than the time threshold, move the left edge of the window to the left edge of the display area. However, if X is less than the time threshold, maintain the left edge of the window in its position prior to the first user input. As one example,  FIGS. 6H-6J  show a sequence in which the right edge  624   a  of the window  620  is dragged to the right edge  606   d  of the display area  601 . As such, a dimension (e.g., the width) of the window  620  is increased from the value  626   a  to the value  626   c  in a first direction (e.g., left-to-right). Continuing with this example,  FIGS. 6J-6I  show a sequence in which left edge  624   b  of the window  620  is moved to the right edge  634   a  of the window  630  when the expansion criteria are satisfied (e.g., the focus selector  602  is held at the right edge  606   d  of the display area  601  for X seconds). As such, the dimension (e.g., the width) of the window  620  is increased from the value  626   c  to the value  626   d  in a second direction (e.g., right-to-left). 
     In some embodiments, resizing the one or more dimensions of the first window that correspond to the one or more edges of the first window includes ( 912 ): in accordance with a determination that the first user input satisfies one or more expansion criteria, resizing a first dimension of the first window to a first set of two parallel edges of the display area and resizing a second dimension of the first window to a second set of parallel edges of the display area, where the first and second sets of parallel edges of the display area are distinct; and, in accordance with a determination that the first user input does not satisfy the one or more expansion criteria, resizing the first dimension of the first window to a first edge of the display area and the second dimension of the first window to a second edge of the display area. 
     In some embodiments, a magnitude of the movement vector associated with the first user input is ( 914 ) less than a distance between the one or more edges of the first window and one or more corresponding edges of the display area, and the one or more edges of the first window are not co-located with the one or more corresponding edges of the display area after resizing the one or more dimensions of the first window that correspond to the one or more edges of the first window based on the movement vector (e.g., distance and direction) associated with the first user input. As one example,  FIGS. 6E-6G  show a sequence in which the first and second dimensions of the window  610  are resized in response to a click and drag gesture on a corner associated with the intersection of the top edge  614   b  and the right edge  614   c  of the window  610 . In this example, after resizing the window  610 , the top edge  614   b  of the window  610  is not co-located with the top edge  606   a  of the display area  601 , and the right edge  614   c  of the window  610  is not co-located with the right edge  606   d  of the display area  601 . 
     In response to detecting the first user input, and in accordance with a determination that the first user input corresponds to a second input type (e.g., a stationary input such as a single or double click on an edge or corner of the first window), the device moves ( 916 ) the one or more edges of the first window (e.g., so as to expand the window) to one or more corresponding edges of the display area while maintaining respective one or more opposite edges of the first window. As one example, if the user double clicks on the top edge of the first window, the top edge of the first window moves to a top edge of the display area in order to increase the height of the first window. As another example, if the user double clicks on the top-right corner of the first window, the top and right edges of the first window move the top and right edges of the display area. In some embodiments, a double click inside of the chrome of the first window causes the window to expand in all directions (e.g., go full screen). In some embodiments, a double click inside of the chrome of the first window causes the window to expand in both vertical directions. As such, according to some embodiments, the user is able to more easily the resize windows within the display area saving the user time and effort. 
     In some embodiments, the second input type corresponds to ( 918 ) a stationary input. In some embodiments, when the first user input corresponds to the second input type, the first user input includes a stationary input such as a single or double click on an edge of the first window. In some embodiments, when the first user input corresponds to the second input type, the first user input includes a stationary input such as a single or double click on a corner of the first window. 
     In some embodiments, moving the one or more edges of the first window to one or more corresponding edges of the display area includes ( 920 ) moving a single edge of the first window to a corresponding edge of the display area in accordance with a determination that the first user input corresponds to the single edge of the first window. As one example,  FIGS. 6L-6M  show a sequence in which the right edge  644   a  of the window  640  moves to the right edge  606   d  of the display area  601  in response to the second input type (e.g., the stationary input) on the right edge  644   a  of the window  640 . As such, a first dimension (e.g., the width) of the window  640  increases from the value  646   a  to the value  646   b . As another example,  FIGS. 6N-6O  show a sequence in which the top edge  644   b  of the window  640  moves to the top edge  606   a  of the display area  601  in response to the second input type (e.g., the stationary input) on the top edge  644   b  of the window  640 . As such, a second dimension (e.g., the height) of the window  640  increases from the value  648   a  to the value  648   b . As such, according to some embodiments, the user is able to more easily resize a dimension of a window in one direction saving the user time and effort when managing the alignment and arrangement of windows within the display area. 
     In some embodiments, the device ( 922 ): after moving the single edge of the first window to the edge of the display area that corresponds to the single edge of the first window, detecting a second user input, via the input device, associated with the single edge of the first window; and, in response to detecting the second user input, and in accordance with a determination that the second user input corresponds to the second input type (e.g. a stationary input such as a double click), moving the single edge of the first window to a position at which the single edge was located on the display prior (e.g., immediately prior) detecting to the first user input. For example, after moving the top edge of the first window to the top edge of the display area due to a first double click on the top edge of the first window, if the user double clicks on the top edge of the first window for a second time, the top edge of the first window moves to its former position prior to the first double click. As such, according to some embodiments, the user is able to more easily revert a dimension of a window to a former size in one direction saving the user time and effort when managing the alignment and arrangement of windows within the display area. 
     For example,  FIGS. 6P-6Q  show a sequence in which the right edge  654   a  of the window  650  moves to the left edge  664   a  of the window  660  in response to the second input type (e.g., the stationary input) on the right edge  654   a  of the window  650 . As such, a first dimension (e.g., the width) of the window  650  increases from the value  656   a  to the value  656   b . Continuing with this example,  FIGS. 6Q-6R  show a sequence in which the right edge  654   a  of the window  650  moves to its former position in  FIG. 6P  in response to the second input type (e.g., the stationary input) on the right edge  654   a  of the window  650 . As such, a first dimension (e.g., the width) of the window  650  decreases from the value  656   b  to the value  656   a.    
     In some embodiments, prior to detecting the first user input, a second window is displayed ( 924 ) within the display area between the first window and the edge of the display area that corresponds to the single edge of the first window, and, in accordance with a determination that first user input corresponds to the single edge of the first window and the second input type (e.g. a stationary input such as a double click), the movement of the single edge of the first window to the corresponding edge of the display area is bound by an edge of the second window that is parallel to the single edge of the first window. For example, the second window is located between the top edge of the first window and the top edge of the display area. As such, if the user double clicks on the top edge of the first window, move the top edge of the first window to the bottom edge of the second window. In some embodiments, if the second window is partially occluded ignore this behavior. For example,  FIGS. 6P-6Q  show a sequence in which the right edge  654   a  of the window  650  moves to the left edge  664   a  of the window  660  in response to the second input type (e.g., the stationary input) on the right edge  654   a  of the window  650 . As such, the movement of the right edge  654   a  of the window  650  is constrained by the window  660 , which intervenes between the right edge  654   a  of the window  650  and the right edge  606   d  of the display area  601 . 
     In some embodiments, moving the one or more edges of the first window to one or more corresponding edges of the display area includes ( 926 ) moving two edges of the first window that are adjacent to a corner of the first window to two corresponding edges of the display area in accordance with a determination that the first user input corresponds to the corner of the first window. In some embodiments, the two edges of the first window intersect (or are adjacent to) one another. Similarly, the corresponding two edges of the display area intersect (or are adjacent to) one another. As such, according to some embodiments, the user is able to more easily resize a first dimension of a window in one direction and a second dimension of the window in one direction saving the user time and effort when managing the alignment and arrangement of windows within the display area. 
     As one example,  FIGS. 6A-6B  show a sequence in which the left edge  614   a  of the window  610  moves to the left edge  606   b  of the display area  601  and the top edge  614   b  of the window  610  moves to the top edge  606   a  of the display area  601  in response to the second input type (e.g., the stationary input) on the corner of the window  610  associated with the intersection of the left edge  614   a  and the top edge  614   b . As such, the first dimension (e.g., the width) of the window  610  increases from a value  616   a  to a value  616   b , and the second dimension (e.g., the height) of the window  610  increases from a value  618   a  to a value  618   b.    
     In some embodiments, after moving two edges of the first window that are adjacent to the corner of the first window to the two corresponding edges of the display area, the device detects ( 928 ) a second user input, via the input device, associated with at least one edge of the first window. In response to detecting the second user input, and in accordance with a determination that the second user input corresponds to a single edge of the first window and in accordance with a determination that the second user input corresponds to the second input type (e.g. a stationary input such as a double click), the device moves the single edge of the first window to a position at which the single edge was located on the display prior (e.g., immediately prior) detecting to the first user input. In response to detecting the second user input, and in accordance with a determination that the second user input corresponds to a corner of the first window and in accordance with a determination that the second user input corresponds to the second input type (e.g. a stationary input such as a double click), the device moves the two edges of the first window that correspond to the corner of the first window to position at which the two edges were located on the display prior (e.g., immediately prior) detecting to the first user input. As such, according to some embodiments, the user is able to more easily revert one or more dimensions of a window to a former size in one direction saving the user time and effort when managing the alignment and arrangement of windows within the display area. 
     For example, after the top edge of the first window moves to the top edge of the display area and the left edge of the first window to the left edge of the display area due to a first double click on the top-left edge of the first window, if the user double clicks on the top-left edge of the first window for a second time, the top and left edges of the first window move back to their former positions prior to the first double click. As one example,  FIGS. 6C-6D  show a sequence in which the top edge  614   b  and the left edge  614   a  of the window  610  move to their former positions in  FIG. 6A  in response to the second input type (e.g., the stationary input) on the corner the window  610  associated with the intersection of the top edge  614   b  and the left edge  614   a  of the window  610 . As such, the first dimension (e.g., the width) of the window  610  decreases from the value  616   b  to the value  616   a , and the second dimension (e.g., the height) of the window  610  decreases from the value  618   b  to the value  618   a.    
     For example, after the top edge of the first window moves to the top edge of the display area and the left edge of the first window to the left edge of the display area due to a first double click on the top-left edge of the first window, if the user double clicks on the top edge of the first window for a second time, the top edge of the first window moves back to its former positions prior to the first double click and the left edge of the first window maintains its position after the first double click. As one example,  FIGS. 6V-6W  show a sequence in which the right edge  6104   a  of the window  6100  moves to the right edge  6116   a  of the window  6110  and the bottom edge  6104   b  of the window  6100  moves to the bottom edge  606   c  of the display area  601  in response to the second input type (e.g., the stationary input) on the corner of the window  610  associated with the intersection of the right edge  6104   a  and the bottom edge  6104   b . As such, the first dimension (e.g., the width) of the window  6100  increases from a value  6106   a  to a value  6106   b , and the second dimension (e.g., the height) of the window  6100  increases from a value  6108   a  to a value  6108   b . Continuing with this example,  FIGS. 6X-6Y  show a sequence in which the right edge  6104   a  of the window  6100  move to its former position in  FIG. 6V  and the bottom edge  6104   b  maintains its position in response to the second input type (e.g., the stationary input) on the right edge  6104   a  of the window  6100 . As such, the first dimension (e.g., the width) of the window  6100  decreases from the value  6106   b  to the value  6106   a.    
     In some embodiments, prior to detecting the first user input, a second window is displayed ( 930 ) within the display area between the first window and at least one of the two corresponding edges of the display area, and, in accordance with a determination that first user input corresponds to the corner of the first window and in accordance with a determination that second user input corresponds to the second input type (e.g. a stationary input such as a double click), the movement of at least one of the two edges of the first window that are adjacent to the corner of the first window to two corresponding edges of the display area is bound by at least one edge of the second window that is parallel to the two edges of the first window. For example,  FIGS. 6V-6W  show a sequence in which the right edge  6104   a  of the window  6100  moves to the right edge  6116   a  of the window  6110  and the bottom edge  6104   b  of the window  6100  moves to the bottom edge  606   c  of the display area  601  in response to the second input type (e.g., the stationary input) on the corner of the window  610  associated with the intersection of the right edge  6104   a  and the bottom edge  6104   b . As such, the movement of the right edge  6104   a  of the window  6100  is constrained by the window  6110 , which intervenes between the right edge  6104   a  of the window  6100  and the right edge  606   d  of the display area  601 . 
     In some embodiments, in response to detecting the first user input, and in accordance with a determination that the first user input corresponds to a third input type, the device moves ( 932 ) one or more edges of the first window to one or more corresponding edges of the display areas. In some embodiments, the third user input type corresponds to a stationary input within a predefined region of the first window. For example, when the first user input corresponds to the third input type the first user input includes a double or single click on the chrome region of the first window. In one example, a first dimension (e.g., the height) of the first window expands to two parallel edges of the display area (e.g., both vertical directions) in response to the third input type. In another example, a second dimension (e.g., the width) of the first window expands to two parallel edges of the display area (e.g., both horizontal directions) in response to the third input type. In yet another example, the dimensions of the first window expand to fill the display area (e.g., full screen mode) in response to the third input type. As such, according to some embodiments, the user is able to more easily manage the resizing of windows within the display area saving the user time and effort. 
     It should be understood that the particular order in which the operations in  FIGS. 9A-9D  have been described is merely example and is not intended to indicate that the described order is the only order in which the operations could be performed. One of ordinary skill in the art would recognize various ways to reorder the operations described herein. Additionally, it should be noted that details of other processes described herein with respect to other methods described herein (e.g., methods  800  and  1000 ) are also applicable in an analogous manner to method  900  described above with respect to  FIGS. 9A-9D . For example, the user interface objects and focus selectors described above with reference to method  900  optionally have one or more of the characteristics of the user interface objects and focus selectors described herein with reference to other methods described herein (e.g., methods  800  and  1000 ). For brevity, these details are not repeated here. 
       FIGS. 10A-10C  illustrate a flow diagram of a method  1000  of providing tabbed window functionality in accordance with some embodiments. The method  1000  is performed at an electronic device (e.g., the portable multifunction device  100  in  FIG. 1A , or the device  300  in  FIG. 3 ) with a one or more processors, non-transitory memory, a display, and an input device. In some embodiments, the display is a touch-screen display and the input device is on or integrated with the display. In some embodiments, the display is separate from the input device. Some operations in method  1000  are, optionally, combined and/or the order of some operations is, optionally, changed. 
     As described below, the method  1000  provides an intuitive way to provide tabbed window functionality. The method reduces the cognitive burden on a user when providing tabbed window functionality, thereby creating a more efficient human-machine interface. For battery-operated electronic devices, enabling a user to utilize tabbed window functionality faster and more efficiently conserves power and increases the time between battery charges. 
     The device displays ( 1002 ), on the display, a first window associated with a first application within a display area. In some embodiments, the first window is currently in the foreground or “in focus” within the display area. As one example,  FIG. 7A  shows a window  730  associated with application A operating in windowed mode (e.g., non-full screen mode). In  FIG. 7A , the window  730  is displayed in the foreground as indicated by the shading of the chrome region  732   a . As another example,  FIG. 7N  shows a window  790  associated with application C operating in full screen mode (e.g., non-windowed mode). In  FIG. 7N , the window  790  is displayed in the foreground as indicated by the shading of the chrome region  792   a.    
     The device detects ( 1004 ) a first user input, via the input device, that corresponds to a request to add a second window associated with the first application. 
     In some embodiments, the first user input corresponds to ( 1006 ) selection of an affordance within the first window that causes an instruction to be sent to the first application to generate a new window associated with the first application. For example, with reference to  FIG. 7A , the window  730  includes an affordance (not shown) provided to open a new window associated with application A. As another example, with reference to  FIG. 7C , the drop-down menu  746  includes a new window affordance  748   a  provided to open a new window associated with application A. 
     In some embodiments, the first user input corresponds to ( 1008 ) a combination of one or more keystrokes that causes an instruction to be sent to the first application to generate a new window associated with the first application. For example, the combination of one or more keystrokes that causes an instruction to be sent to the application to generate a new window associated with the application is a “Ctrl+N” combination. As one example,  FIGS. 7A-7B  show a sequence in which a new window  740  is displayed within the display area  701  in response to a “Ctrl+N” keystroke combination issued to application A while application A is operating in windowed mode. As another example,  FIGS. 7N-7O  show a sequence in which a merged window  795  is created with a tab  794   a  for the previous window  790  and new tab  794   b  is displayed in response to a “Ctrl+N” keystroke combination issued to application C while application C is operating in full screen mode. 
     In some embodiments, a combination of one or more keystrokes that causes an instruction to be sent to the first application to generate a new tab associated with the first application results in a new window associated with the first application (e.g., “Ctrl+T”). In some embodiments, if a user input corresponds to a combination of one or more keystrokes that causes an instruction to be sent to the first application to generate a new tab associated with the first application plus a modifier key (e.g., “Ctrl+Opt+T”), a new window associated with the first application is displayed. In some embodiments, if a user input corresponds to a combination of one or more keystrokes that causes an instruction to be sent to the first application to generate a new window associated with the first application plus a modifier key (e.g., “Ctrl+Opt+N”), a new tab associated with the first application is displayed. 
     In response to detecting the first user input, and in accordance with a determination that the first window is displayed within the display area in full screen mode, the device adds ( 1010 ) the second window as a new tab within a tab bar associated with the first window. In some embodiments, the first window becomes a background tab, and the new tab associated with the second window is displayed in the foreground. In some embodiments, the new tab associated with the second window is added as a background tab and the first window remains in the foreground. For example,  FIGS. 7N-7O  show a sequence in which a merged window  795  is created with a tab  794   a  for the previous window  790  and new tab  794   b  is displayed in response to a new window command (e.g., a “Ctrl+N” keystroke combination) issued to application C while application C is operating in full screen mode. Thus, according to some embodiments, tabbing functionality is enabled by the operating system for applications without native tab functionality. This, for example, provides the user with a more intuitive interface that is less cluttered. 
     In some embodiments, adding the second window as the new tab within the tab bar associated with the first window includes ( 1012 ) displaying the second window as a tab within the second window as the new tab within the tab bar associated with the first window after the second application generates the second window. In some embodiments, the first application does not have native tabbing functionality. Thus, the operating system treats the new window as a virtual tab and overlays the tab bar on the first and second windows independent of the first application. As such, for example, in  FIG. 7O , the windows that correspond to the tabs  794   a  and  794   b  are full screen windows stacked on top of one another such that the foreground window is displayed on the top of the stack (e.g., the new window associated with the tab  794   b  in  FIG. 7O ). According to some embodiments, the tabs are displayed within a virtual tab bar superimposed on the new foreground window by the operating system. Thus, in some embodiments, tabbing functionality is enabled by the operating system for applications without native tab functionality. This, for example, provides the user with a more intuitive interface that is less cluttered. 
     In some embodiments, adding the second window as a new tab within a tab bar associated with the first window includes ( 1014 ): determining whether a global tabbed window functionality is enabled; and, in accordance with the determination that the first window is displayed within the display area in full screen mode and in accordance with a determination that the global tabbed window setting is enabled, adding the second window as a new tab within a tab bar associated with the first window. In some embodiments, the operating system includes a global tab setting that can be adjusted to enable tabbed windows to be created manually, to always be created, or to only be created when an application is operating in full screen mode. For example,  FIGS. 7E-7G  show a sequence in which the global tab setting is changed from “Manual” to “Always.” In some embodiments, the tabs preference associated with the picker menu  762   d  in  FIGS. 7E-7G  applies to applications without native tabbing functionality. This, for example, provides the user with a more intuitive interface that is less cluttered. In some embodiments, the tabs preference associated with the picker menu  762   d  in  FIGS. 7E-7G  applies to all applications. In some embodiments, the tabs preference associated with the picker menu  762   d  applies in  FIGS. 7E-7G  to all application but ones included on an opt-out list. 
     As shown in  FIG. 7F , the picker menu  762   d  includes a “Manual” option  764   a , where a new window operation issued to the foreground application opens a window associated with the foreground application and a new tab operation issued to the foreground application opens a new tab associated with the foreground application when the foreground application has native tabbing functionality. In some embodiments, entry of a modifier key plus new window key combination overrides the default setting. For example, open in tabbed window associated with the foreground application if default is to open in a new window (e.g., the “Manual” behavior). As another example, open in a new window associated with the foreground application if default is to open in tabbed window (e.g., the “Always” behavior). In some embodiments, entry of a modifier key plus clicking on a dock icon overrides the default setting. As one example, open in tabbed window for the application that corresponds to the dock icon if default is to open in a new window (e.g., the “Manual” behavior). As another example, open in a new window for the application that corresponds to the dock icon if default is to open in tabbed window (e.g., the “Always” behavior). 
     As shown in  FIG. 7F , the picker menu  762   d  also includes an “Always” option  764   b , where a new window operation issued to the foreground application opens a new tab associated with the foreground application and (optionally) a new tab operation issued to the foreground application opens a new window associated with the foreground application. As shown in  FIG. 7F , the picker menu  762   d  further includes a “Full Screen Only” option  764   c , where a new window operation issued to the foreground application while in full screen mode opens a new tab associated with the foreground application and (optionally) a new tab operation issued to the foreground application while in full screen mode opens a new window associated with the foreground application. 
     As one example, the “Always” behavior applies to  FIGS. 7H-7M  after changing the global tab setting from “Manual” to “Always” in  FIGS. 7E-7G . As another example, the “Manual” behavior applies to  FIGS. 7A-7D  before changing the global tab setting from “Manual” to “Always” in  FIGS. 7E-7G . As another example, the “Full Screen Only” behavior applies to  FIGS. 7N-7O . 
     In some embodiments, the first application is not included ( 1016 ) on an opt-out list for the global tabbed window functionality. In some embodiments, the global tab setting applies to all application that are not included on an opt-out list. For example, the opt-out list includes applications with native tab functionality, user specified application, and/or application developed by the same developer as the operating system. Thus, according to some embodiments, applications with native tab functionality may be exempted from the global tab setting thereby avoiding potentially duplicitous tabbing functionality. 
     In some embodiments, after detecting the first user input, the device detects ( 1018 ) a subsequent user input, via the input device, to add a third window associated with a second application. In response to detecting the subsequent user input, and in accordance with a determination that the first window is displayed within the display area in full screen mode, the device adds the third window as a new tab in a tab bar associated with the first window. In response to detecting the subsequent user input, and in accordance with a determination that the first window is displayed within the display area in windowed mode, the device displays the third window as a separate window within the display area. For example, with reference to  FIGS. 7N-7O , another tab would be added to the merged window  795  if a subsequent new window command was issued to a different application (not shown). For example, with reference to  FIGS. 7A-7B , another window would be added within the display area  701  if a subsequent new window command was issued to a different application (not shown). Thus, according to some embodiments, tabbing functionality is enabled across multiple applications. For example, a merged window with tabs for more multiple applications provides the user with a more intuitive interface that is less cluttered. 
     In response to detecting the first user input, and in accordance with a determination that the first window is displayed within the display area in windowed mode, the device displays ( 1020 ) the second window separate from the first window within the display area. In some embodiments, the second window is positioned behind the first window, and the first window remains in the foreground or “in focus”. In some embodiments, the second window is overlaid on the first window, and the second window is the foreground window or “in focus”. As one example,  FIGS. 7A-7B  show a sequence in which a new window  740  is displayed within the display area  701  in response to a new window command (e.g., a “Ctrl+N” keystroke combination) issued to application A while application A is operating in windowed mode. 
     In some embodiments, after displaying the second window separate from the first window within the display area, the device detects ( 1022 ) a second user input, via the input device, to merge the first and second windows into a single tabbed window, and, in response to detecting the second user input, the device replaces display of the separate first and second windows with a merged window that includes a tab bar with a first tab associated with the first window and a second tab associated with the second window. According to some embodiments, generation of tabbed windows from multiple open windows is handled by the operating system. For example, the operating system hides open windows other than a “top” open window associated with a foreground tab and moves/resizes the hidden windows when they are requested to be displayed so that they are displayed on top of one another. Thus, in some embodiments, tabbing functionality is enabled by the operating system for applications without native tab functionality. This, for example, provides the user with a more intuitive interface that is less cluttered. 
     In some embodiments, the application is not aware of the fact that its windows are being displayed in a single tabbed window. According to some embodiments, the application is able to perform operations with respect to the windows as it normally would, treating them as though they were just stacked on top of each other. For example, to improve performance, the application is optionally asked to resize windows only when the windows are moved to the foreground of the tabbed window. 
     For example,  FIGS. 7B-7D  show a sequence in which a plurality of windows  710 ,  720 ,  730 , and  740  associated with application A are merged into a single merged window  750  with tabs  756   a ,  756   b ,  756   c , and  756   d  corresponding to the plurality of windows  710 ,  720 ,  730 , and  740 . In some embodiments, the “create tabbed window” affordance  748   c  within the drop-down menu  746  in  FIG. 7C  enables windows associated with applications that do not have native tab functionality to be displayed in a tabbed window. As such, for example, open windows  710 ,  720 ,  730 , and  740  are resized to a same size and stacked on top of one another such that the foreground window is displayed on the top of the stack (e.g., the window  740  associated with the tab  756   d ). In this example, the tabs  756   a ,  756   b ,  756   c , and  756   d  are displayed within a virtual tab bar  752   c , which is superimposed on the top window of the stack of windows by the operating system. For example, if another tab is selected within the tab bar  752   c , a window associated with selected tab is moved to the top of the stack of windows. 
     According to some embodiments, if a close tab command is issued to one of the tabs  756   a ,  756   b ,  756   c , and  756   d , the operating system issues a command to application A to close a window that corresponds to the tab. According to some embodiments, if a close/exit command is issued to the merged window  750 , the operating system issues a command to application A to close each of the windows  710 ,  720 ,  730 , and  740  that correspond to the tabs  756   a ,  756   b ,  756   c , and  756   d  in the merged window  750 . 
     According to some embodiments, if one of the tabs  756   a ,  756   b ,  756   c , and  756   d  is dragged out of the tab bar  752   c , a window corresponding to the tab is displayed separate from the stack of windows (e.g., as shown in  FIGS. 7L-7M ). In some embodiments, the tabs  756   a ,  756   b ,  756   c , and  756   d  may be dragged out of the merged window  750  and into a spaces bar associated with the top edge of the display area  701 . According to some embodiments, if a window is dragged into the merged window  750 , a new tab is added to the merged window  750  as either a foreground or background tab (e.g., as shown in  FIGS. 7J-7K ). 
     In some embodiments, the tab bar is displayed ( 1024 ) in a chrome region of the merged window, and where the tab bar is generated and controlled independent of the first application. In some embodiments, the first application does not have native tabbing functionality. Thus, according to some embodiments, the operating system treats the first and second windows as virtual tabs and displays the tab bar independent of the first application. This, for example, provides the user with a more intuitive interface that is less cluttered. For example, with reference to  FIG. 7D , the tabs  756   a ,  756   b ,  756   c , and  756   d  are displayed within a virtual tab bar  752   c  superimposed on the top window of the stack of windows by the operating system. In this example, the virtual tab bar  752   c  is superimposed on the chrome region of the window  740  associated with the foreground tab  756   d . As such, in  FIG. 7D , the window  740  is the top window in the stack of windows  710 ,  720 ,  730 , and  740 . 
     In some embodiments, after displaying the merged window, the device detects ( 1026 ) a third user input, via the input device, to close the merged window, and, in response to detecting the third user input, the device sends window close instructions to the first application to close the first and second windows. For example, with reference to  FIG. 7D , if a close/exit command (e.g., selection of a close affordance in the chrome region  752   a ) is issued to the merged window  750 , the operating system issues a command to application A to close each of the windows  710 ,  720 ,  730 , and  740  that correspond to the tabs  756   a ,  756   b ,  756   c , and  756   d  in the merged window  750  (not shown). 
     In some embodiments, after displaying the merged window, the device detects ( 1028 ) a third user input, via the input device, dragging a third window separate from the merged window into the tab bar of the merged window, where the third window is associated with a second application; and, in response to the third user input, the device adds a new tab associated with the third window to the tab bar of the merged window. For example, the third window includes one or more tabs corresponding to windows of the second application. For example,  FIGS. 7J-7K  show a sequence in which the window  770  associated with application A is added as a new foreground tab  764   c  to the merged window  765  that includes the tabs  764   a  and  764   b  associated with application B. As such, in FIG.  7 K, the merged window  765  includes the tabs  764   a  and  764   b  associated with application B and the foreground tab  764   c  associated with application A. Thus, according to some embodiments, the tabbing functionality provided by operating system operates similar to application with native tabbing functionality. 
     In some embodiments, after displaying the merged window, the device detects ( 1030 ) a third user input, via the input device, dragging the merged window into a third window separate from the merged window, where the third window is associated with a second application, and, in response to the third user input, the device adds a new tab associated with the third window to the tab bar of the merged window. In some embodiments, a virtual tab bar is overlaid on the third window and tabs are created within the new virtual tab bar for the third window and the tabs of the merged window. For example, with reference to  FIG. 7J , the merged window  765  is dragged into the chrome region  772   a  of the window  770  (not shown). As a result, continuing with this example, a virtual tab bar with a tab corresponding to the window  770  and the tabs  764   a  and  764   b  is overlaid on a merged window (not shown). Thus, according to some embodiments, the tabbing functionality provided by operating system operates similar to application with native tabbing functionality. This, for example, provides the user with a more intuitive interface that is less cluttered. 
     In some embodiments, after adding the new tab associated with the third window to the tab bar of the merged window, the device detects ( 1032 ) a fourth user input, via the input device, to close the merged window, and, in response to detecting the fourth user input, the device sends a first window close instruction to the first application to close the first and second windows and a second window close instruction to the second application to close the third window. For example, with reference to  FIG. 7K , if a close/exit command (e.g., selection of a close affordance in the chrome region  767   a ) is issued to the merged window  765 , the operating system issues a command to application A to close each of the windows that correspond to the tabs  764   a  and  764   b  and the window that corresponds to the tab  764   c  (not shown). 
     It should be understood that the particular order in which the operations in  FIGS. 10A-10C  have been described is merely example and is not intended to indicate that the described order is the only order in which the operations could be performed. One of ordinary skill in the art would recognize various ways to reorder the operations described herein. Additionally, it should be noted that details of other processes described herein with respect to other methods described herein (e.g., methods  800  and  900 ) are also applicable in an analogous manner to method  1000  described above with respect to  FIGS. 10A-10C . For example, the user interface objects and focus selectors described above with reference to method  1000  optionally have one or more of the characteristics of the user interface objects and focus selectors described herein with reference to other methods described herein (e.g., methods  800  and  900 ). For brevity, these details are not repeated here. 
     In accordance with some embodiments,  FIG. 11  shows a functional block diagram of an electronic device  1100  configured in accordance with the principles of the various described embodiments. The functional blocks of the device are, optionally, implemented by hardware, software, firmware, or a combination thereof to carry out the principles of the various described embodiments. It is understood by persons of skill in the art that the functional blocks described in  FIG. 11  are, optionally, combined or separated into sub-blocks to implement the principles of the various described embodiments. Therefore, the description herein optionally supports any possible combination or separation or further definition of the functional blocks described herein. 
     As shown in  FIG. 11 , an electronic device  1100  includes a display unit  1102  configured to display a user interface, one or more input units  1104  configured to receive user inputs, and a processing unit  1108  coupled to the display unit  1102  and the one or more input units  1104 . In some embodiments, the processing unit  1108  includes: a display control unit  1110 , an input detecting unit  1112 , a pairing unit  1114 , and an unpairing unit  1116 . 
     The processing unit  1108  is configured to: enable display of (e.g., with the display control unit  1110 ), on the display unit  1102 , a first window and a second window within a display area, the first window having a first edge parallel to a second edge of the second window; and detecting (e.g., with the input detecting unit  1112 ) a first user input, via the one or more input units  1103 , moving the first edge of the first window toward the second edge of the second window. In response to detecting the first user input, and in accordance with a determination that the first user input satisfies one or more pairing criteria, the processing unit  1108  is further configured to pair (e.g., with the pairing unit  1114 ) the first edge of the first window to the second edge of the second window such that the first window stops moving in response to the first user input before it overlaps the second, where the one or more pairing criteria include a first pairing criterion that is met when the first input corresponds to movement of the first edge toward the second edge that deviates from a predefined axis by less than an angular threshold value. In response to detecting the first user input, and in accordance with a determination that the first user input does not satisfy the one or more pairing criteria, the processing unit  1108  is further configured to continue the movement (e.g., with the display control unit  1110 ) of the first window based on the first user input so that the first window at least partially overlaps the second window. 
     In some embodiments, the first user input corresponds to moving the first window within the display area by dragging the first window toward the second window. 
     In some embodiments, the first user input corresponds to resizing the first window within the display area by dragging the first edge of the first window toward the second window. 
     In some embodiments, a second pairing criterion of the one or more pairing criteria includes a velocity threshold value, and satisfying the second pairing criterion includes determining that that a velocity associated with the first user input breaches the velocity threshold value. 
     In some embodiments, a third pairing criterion of the one or more pairing criteria includes a distance threshold value, and satisfying the third pairing criterion includes determining that the input corresponds to movement of the first edge of the window in a respective direction to the edge of the second window without corresponding to more than a threshold amount of movement in the respective direction. 
     In some embodiments, in response to detecting the first user input, and in accordance with a determination that the first user input satisfies one or more pairing criteria and that the first window is overlapping the second window, the processing unit  1108  is further configured to continue the movement (e.g., with the display control unit  1110 ) of the first window based on the first user input and enable display of (e.g., with the display control unit  1110 ) the first window at least partially overlapping the second window. 
     In some embodiments, in response to detecting the first user input, and in accordance with a determination that the first user input satisfies one or more pairing criteria and that the second edge of the second window is occluded within the display area, the processing unit  1108  is further configured to continue the movement (e.g., with the display control unit  1110 ) of the first window based on the first user input and enable display of (e.g., with the display control unit  1110 ) the first window at least partially overlaps the second window. 
     In some embodiments, while the first edge of the first window is paired with the second edge of the second window, the processing unit  1108  is further configured to detect (e.g., with the input detecting unit  1112 ) a second user input, via the one or more input units  1104 , moving the first window away from the second window. In response to the second user input, the processing unit  1108  is further configured to unpair (e.g., with unpairing unit  1116 ) the first edge of the first window from the second edge of the second window and move (e.g., with the display control unit  1110 ) the first window according to a movement vector associated with the second user input. 
     In some embodiments, while the first edge of the first window is paired with the second edge of the second window, the processing unit  1108  is further configured to detect (e.g., with the input detecting unit  1112 ) a second component of the first user input moving the first window away from the second window. In response to the second component of the first user input and in accordance with a determination that a magnitude of the second component breaches a distance threshold, the processing unit  1108  is further configured to unpair (e.g., with unpairing unit  1116 ) the first edge of the first window from the second edge of the second window and move (e.g., with the display control unit  1110 ) the first window according to a movement vector associated with the second component of the first user input. 
     In some embodiments, while the first edge of the first window is paired with the second edge of the second window, the processing unit  1108  is further configured to detect (e.g., with the input detecting unit  1112 ) a second user input, via the one or more input units  1104 , moving the first window toward the second edge of the second window. In response to detecting the second user input, and in accordance with a determination that the second user input satisfies one or more separation criteria, the processing unit  1108  is further configured to unpair (e.g., with unpairing unit  1116 ) the first edge of the first window from the second edge of the second window and move (e.g., with the display control unit  1110 ) the first window over the second window according to a movement vector associated with the second user input. In response to detecting the second user input, and in accordance with a determination that the second user input does not satisfy the one or more separation criteria, processing unit  1108  is further configured to maintain (e.g., with the pairing unit  1114 ) the pairing between the first edge of the first window and the second edge of the second window and forego moving the first window over the second window. 
     In some embodiments, moving the first window over the second window according to the movement vector associated with the second user input includes: in accordance with a determination that the second user input corresponds to moving a focus selector over the second window, displaying an animation such that moving the first window over the second window is discontinuous; and, in accordance with a determination that the second user input does not correspond to moving the focus selector over the second window, foregoing displaying the animation such that moving the first window over the second window is continuous. 
     In some embodiments, while the first edge of the first window is paired with the second edge of the second window, the processing unit  1108  is further configured to detect (e.g., with the input detecting unit  1112 ) a second user input, via the one or more input units  1104 , that corresponds to movement of the first edge relative to the second edge. In response to detecting the second user input, and in accordance with a determination that the second user input corresponds to movement of the first window such that the first edge of the first window moves over the second edge, the processing unit  1108  is further configured to delay (e.g., with the display control unit  1110 ) movement of the first window until the second user input has reached a movement threshold. In response to detecting the second user input, and in accordance with a determination that the second user input corresponds to movement of the first window such that the first edge of the first window moves away from the second edge, the processing unit  1108  is further configured to start (e.g., with the display control unit  1110 ) to move the first window before the second user input has reached the movement threshold. 
     In some embodiments, while the first edge of the first window is paired with the second edge of the second window, the processing unit  1108  is further configured to detect (e.g., with the input detecting unit  1112 ) a second user input, via the one or more input units  1104 , moving the first window along the second edge of the second window. In response to detecting the second user input, and in accordance with a determination that the second user input satisfies one or more separation criteria, the processing unit  1108  is further configured to unpair (e.g., with unpairing unit  1116 ) the first edge of the first window from the second edge of the second window and move (e.g., with the display control unit  1110 ) the first window according to a movement vector associated with the second user input. In response to detecting the second user input, and in accordance with a determination that the second user input does not satisfy any of the one or more separation criteria, the processing unit  1108  is further configured to maintain (e.g., with the pairing unit  1114 ) the pairing between the first edge of the first window and the second edge of the second window and move (e.g., with the display control unit  1110 ) the first window parallel to the second edge of the second window according to the second user input. 
     In some embodiments, the parallel movement of the first window is constrained by a third edge of the second window, and the third edge of the second window is perpendicular to the second edge of the second window. 
     In some embodiments, while the first edge of the first window is paired with the second edge of the second window, the processing unit  1108  is further configured to detect (e.g., with the input detecting unit  1112 ) a second user input, via the one or more input units  1104 , moving the second window along the first edge of the first window. In response to detecting the second user input, and in accordance with a determination that the second user input satisfies one or more separation criteria, the processing unit  1108  is further configured to unpair (e.g., with unpairing unit  1116 ) the second edge of the second window from the first edge of the first window and move (e.g., with the display control unit  1110 ) the second window according to second user input. In response to detecting the second user input, and in accordance with a determination that the second user input does not satisfy any of the one or more of the separation criteria, the processing unit  1108  is further configured to maintain (e.g., with the pairing unit  1114 ) the pairing between the first edge of the first window and the second edge of the second window and move (e.g., with the display control unit  1110 ) the second window parallel to the first edge of the first window according to a movement vector associated with the second user input. 
     In some embodiments, while the first edge of the first window is paired with the second edge of the second window, the processing unit  1108  is further configured to detect (e.g., with the input detecting unit  1112 ) a second user input, via the one or more input units  1104 , dragging a respective edge of the first window along the second edge of the second window, where the respective edge of the first window is perpendicular to the second edge of the second window. In response to detecting the second user input, the processing unit  1108  is further configured to resize (e.g., with the display control unit  1110 ) a dimension of the first window associated with the respective edge according to the second user input. 
     In some embodiments, the resized dimension of the first window is constrained by a third edge of the second window, and the third edge of the second window is perpendicular to the second edge of the second window. 
     In accordance with some embodiments,  FIG. 12  shows a functional block diagram of an electronic device  1200  configured in accordance with the principles of the various described embodiments. The functional blocks of the device are, optionally, implemented by hardware, software, firmware, or a combination thereof to carry out the principles of the various described embodiments. It is understood by persons of skill in the art that the functional blocks described in  FIG. 12  are, optionally, combined or separated into sub-blocks to implement the principles of the various described embodiments. Therefore, the description herein optionally supports any possible combination or separation or further definition of the functional blocks described herein. 
     As shown in  FIG. 12 , an electronic device  1200  includes a display unit  1202  configured to display a user interface, one or more input units  1204  configured to receive user inputs, and a processing unit  1208  coupled to the display unit  1202  and the one or more input units  1204 . In some embodiments, the processing unit  1208  includes: a display control unit  1210 , an input detecting unit  1212 , an input type determining unit  1214 , and an expansion determining unit  1216 . 
     The processing unit  1208  is configured to: enable display of (e.g., with the display control unit  1210 ), on the display unit  1202 , a first window in a display area; and detect (e.g., with the input detecting unit  1212 ) a first user input, via the one or more input units  1204 , associated with one or more edges of the first window. In response to detecting the first user input, and in accordance with a determination (e.g., with the input type determining unit  1214 ) that the first user input corresponds to a first input type, the processing unit  1208  is further configured to resize (e.g., with the display control unit  1210 ) one or more dimensions of the first window that correspond to the one or more edges of the first window based on a movement associated with the first user input. In response to detecting the first user input, and in accordance with a determination (e.g., with the input type determining unit  1214 ) that the first user input corresponds to a second input type, the processing unit  1208  is further configured to move (e.g., with the display control unit  1210 ) the one or more edges of the first window to one or more corresponding edges of the display area while maintaining respective one or more opposite edges of the first window. 
     In some embodiments, the first input type corresponds to an input that includes a selection followed by movement. 
     In some embodiments, the second input type corresponds to a stationary input. 
     In some embodiments, moving the one or more edges of the first window to one or more corresponding edges of the display area includes moving a single edge of the first window to a corresponding edge of the display area in accordance with a determination that the first user input corresponds to the single edge of the first window. 
     In some embodiments, after moving the single edge of the first window to the edge of the display area that corresponds to the single edge of the first window, the processing unit  1208  is further configured to detect (e.g., with the input detecting unit  1212 ) a second user input, via the one or more input unit  1204 , associated with the single edge of the first window. In response to detecting the second user input, and in accordance with a determination (e.g., with the input type determining unit  1214 ) that the second user input corresponds to the second input, the processing unit  1208  is further configured to move (e.g., with the display control unit  1210 ) the single edge of the first window to a position at which the single edge was located on the display unit  1202  prior detecting to the first user input. 
     In some embodiments, prior to detecting the first user input, a second window is displayed within the display area between the first window and the edge of the display area that corresponds to the single edge of the first window, and, in accordance with a determination (e.g., with the input type determining unit  1214 ) that first user input corresponds to the single edge of the first window and the second input type, the movement of the single edge of the first window to the corresponding edge of the display area is bound by an edge of the second window that is parallel to the single edge of the first window. 
     In some embodiments, moving the one or more edges of the first window to one or more corresponding edges of the display area includes moving two edges of the first window that are adjacent to a corner of the first window to two corresponding edges of the display area in accordance with a determination that the first user input corresponds to the corner of the first window. 
     In some embodiments, after moving two edges of the first window that are adjacent to the corner of the first window to the two corresponding edges of the display area, the processing unit  1208  is further configured to detect (e.g., with the input detecting unit  1212 ) a second user input, via the one or more input unit  1204 , associated with at least one edge of the first window. In response to detecting the second user input, and in accordance with a determination that the second user input corresponds to a single edge of the first window and in accordance with a determination (e.g., with the input type determining unit  1214 ) that the second user input corresponds to the second input, the processing unit  1208  is further configured to move (e.g., with the display control unit  1210 ) the single edge of the first window to a position at which the single edge was located on the display unit  1202  prior detecting to the first user input. In response to detecting the second user input, and in accordance with a determination that the second user input corresponds to a corner of the first window and in accordance with a determination (e.g., with the input type determining unit  1214 ) that the second user input corresponds to the second input type, the processing unit  1208  is further configured to move (e.g., with the display control unit  1210 ) the two edges of the first window that correspond to the corner of the first window to position at which the two edges were located on the display unit  1202  prior detecting to the first user input. 
     In some embodiments, prior to detecting the first user input, a second window is displayed within the display area between the first window and at least one of the two corresponding edges of the display area, and, in accordance with a determination that first user input corresponds to the corner of the first window and in accordance with a determination (e.g., with the input type determining unit  1214 ) that second user input corresponds to the second input type, the movement of at least one of the two edges of the first window that are adjacent to the corner of the first window to two corresponding edges of the display area is bound by at least one edge of the second window that is parallel to the two edges of the first window. 
     In some embodiments, resizing the one or more dimensions of the first window that correspond to the one or more edges of the first window includes: in accordance with a determination (e.g., with the expansion determining unit  1216 ) that the first user input satisfies one or more expansion criteria, resizing one dimension of the first window to two parallel edges of the display area; and, in accordance with a determination (e.g., with the expansion determining unit  1216 ) that the first user input does not satisfy the one or more expansion criteria, resizing the one dimension of the first window to one edge of the display area. 
     In some embodiments, resizing the one or more dimensions of the first window that correspond to the one or more edges of the first window includes: in accordance with a determination (e.g., with the expansion determining unit  1216 ) that the first user input satisfies one or more expansion criteria, resizing a first dimension of the first window to a first set of two parallel edges of the display area and resizing a second dimension of the first window to a second set of parallel edges of the display area, where the first and second sets of parallel edges of the display area are distinct; and, in accordance with a determination (e.g., with the expansion determining unit  1216 ) that the first user input does not satisfy the one or more expansion criteria, resizing the first dimension of the first window to a first edge of the display area and the second dimension of the first window to a second edge of the display area. 
     In some embodiments, a magnitude of the movement vector associated with the first user input is less than a distance between the one or more edges of the first window and one or more corresponding edges of the display area, and the one or more edges of the first window are not co-located with the one or more corresponding edges of the display area after resizing the one or more dimensions of the first window that correspond to the one or more edges of the first window based on the movement vector associated with the first user input. 
     In some embodiments, in response to detecting the first user input, and in accordance with a determination (e.g., with the input type determining unit  1214 ) that the first user input corresponds to a third input type, the processing unit  1208  is further configured to move (e.g., with the display control unit  1210 ) one or more edges of the first window to one or more corresponding edges of the display area. 
     In accordance with some embodiments,  FIG. 13  shows a functional block diagram of an electronic device  1300  configured in accordance with the principles of the various described embodiments. The functional blocks of the device are, optionally, implemented by hardware, software, firmware, or a combination thereof to carry out the principles of the various described embodiments. It is understood by persons of skill in the art that the functional blocks described in  FIG. 13  are, optionally, combined or separated into sub-blocks to implement the principles of the various described embodiments. Therefore, the description herein optionally supports any possible combination or separation or further definition of the functional blocks described herein. 
     As shown in  FIG. 13 , an electronic device  1300  includes a display unit  1302  configured to display a user interface, one or more input units  1304  configured to receive user inputs, and a processing unit  1308  coupled to the display unit  1302  and the one or more input units  1304 . In some embodiments, the processing unit  1308  includes: a display control unit  1310 , an input detecting unit  1312 , a determining unit  1314 , and a tab management unit  1316 . 
     The processing unit  1308  is configured to: enable display of (e.g., with the display control unit  1310 ), on the display unit  1302 , a first window associated with a first application within a display area; and detect (e.g., with the input detecting unit  1312 ) a first user input, via the one or more input unit  1304 , that corresponds to a request to add a second window associated with the first application. In response to detecting the first user input, and in accordance with a determination (e.g., with the determining unit  1314 ) that the first window is displayed within the display area in full screen mode, the processing unit  1308  is further configured to add (e.g., with the tab management unit  1316 ) the second window as a new tab within a tab bar associated with the first window. In response to detecting the first user input, and in accordance with a determination (e.g., with the determining unit  1314 ) that the first window is displayed within the display area in windowed mode, the processing unit  1308  is further configured to enable display of (e.g., with the display control unit  1310 ) the second window separate from the first window within the display area. 
     In some embodiments, the first user input corresponds to selection of an affordance within the first window that causes an instruction to be sent to the first application to generate a new window associated with the first application. 
     In some embodiments, the first user input corresponds to a combination of one or more keystrokes that causes an instruction to be sent to the first application to generate a new window associated with the first application. 
     In some embodiments, adding the second window as the new tab within the tab bar associated with the first window includes displaying the second window as a tab within the second window as the new tab within the tab bar associated with the first window after the second application generates the second window. 
     In some embodiments, adding the second window as a new tab within a tab bar associated with the first window includes: determining whether a global tabbed window functionality is enabled; and, in accordance with the determination that the first window is displayed within the display area in full screen mode and in accordance with a determination that the global tabbed window setting is enabled, adding the second window as a new tab within a tab bar associated with the first window. 
     In some embodiments, the first application is not included on an opt-out list for the global tabbed window functionality. 
     In some embodiments, after displaying the second window separate from the first window within the display area, the processing unit  1308  is further configured to detect (e.g., with the input detecting unit  1312 ) a second user input, via the one or more input units  1304 , to merge the first and second windows into a single tabbed window. In response to detecting the second user input, the processing unit  1308  is further configured to replace display of (e.g., with the display control unit  1310 ) the separate first and second windows with a merged window that includes a tab bar with a first tab associated with the first window and a second tab associated with the second window. 
     In some embodiments, the tab bar is displayed in a chrome region of the merged window, and the tab bar is generated and controlled independent of the first application. 
     In some embodiments, after displaying the merged window, the processing unit  1308  is further configured to detect (e.g., with the input detecting unit  1312 ) a third user input, via the one or more input units  1304 , to close the merged window, and, in response to detecting the third user input, the processing unit  1308  is further configured to send (e.g., with the tab management unit  1316 ) window close instructions to the first application to close the first and second windows. 
     In some embodiments, after displaying the merged window, the processing unit  1308  is further configured to detect (e.g., with the input detecting unit  1312 ) a third user input, via the one or more input units  1304 , dragging a third window separate from the merged window into the tab bar of the merged window, where the third window is associated with a second application, and, in response to the third user input, the processing unit  1308  is further configured to add (e.g., with the tab management unit  1316 ) a new tab associated with the third window to the tab bar of the merged window. 
     In some embodiments, after displaying the merged window, the processing unit  1308  is further configured to detect (e.g., with the input detecting unit  1312 ) a third user input, via the one or more input units  1304 , dragging the merged window into a third window separate from the merged window, where the third window is associated with a second application, and, in response to the third user input, the processing unit  1308  is further configured to add (e.g., with the tab management unit  1316 ) a new tab associated with the third window to the tab bar of the merged window. 
     In some embodiments, after adding the new tab associated with the third window to the tab bar of the merged window, the processing unit  1308  is further configured to detect (e.g., with the input detecting unit  1312 ) a fourth user input, via the one or more input units  1304 , close the merged window, and, in response to detecting the fourth user input, the processing unit  1308  is further configured to send (e.g., with the tab management unit  1316 ) a first window close instruction to the first application to close the first and second windows and a second window close instruction to the second application to close the third window. 
     In some embodiments, after detecting the first user input, the processing unit  1308  is further configured to detect (e.g., with the input detecting unit  1312 ) a subsequent user input, via the one or more input units  1304 , to add a third window associated with a second application. In response to detecting the subsequent user input, and in accordance with a determination (e.g., with the determining unit  1314 ) that the first window is displayed within the display area in full screen mode, the processing unit  1308  is further configured to add (e.g., with the tab management unit  1316 ) the third window as a new tab in a tab bar associated with the first window. In response to detecting the subsequent user input, and in accordance with a determination (e.g., with the determining unit  1314 ) that the first window is displayed within the display area in windowed mode, the processing unit  1308  is further configured to enable display of (e.g., with the display control unit  1310 ) the third window as a separate window within the display area. 
     The operations in the information processing methods described above are, optionally implemented by running one or more functional modules in information processing apparatus such as general purpose processors (e.g., as described above with respect to  FIGS. 1A and 3 ) or application specific chips. 
     The operations described above with reference to  FIGS. 8A-8E, 9A-9D , and  10 A- 10 C are, optionally, implemented by components depicted in  FIGS. 1A-1B  or  FIGS. 11-13 . For example, detection operation  804 , detection operation  904 , and detection operation  1004  are, optionally, implemented by event sorter  170 , event recognizer  180 , and event handler  190 . Event monitor  171  in event sorter  170  detects a contact on touch-sensitive display  112 , and event dispatcher module  174  delivers the event information to application  136 - 1 . A respective event recognizer  180  of application  136 - 1  compares the event information to respective event definitions  186 , and determines whether a first contact at a first location on the touch-sensitive surface (or whether rotation of the device) corresponds to a predefined event or sub-event, such as selection of an object on a user interface, or rotation of the device from one orientation to another. When a respective predefined event or sub-event is detected, event recognizer  180  activates an event handler  190  associated with the detection of the event or sub-event. Event handler  190  optionally uses or calls data updater  176  or object updater  177  to update the application internal state  192 . In some embodiments, event handler  190  accesses a respective GUI updater  178  to update what is displayed by the application. Similarly, it would be clear to a person having ordinary skill in the art how other processes can be implemented based on the components depicted in  FIGS. 1A-1B . 
     The foregoing description, for purpose of explanation, has been described with reference to specific embodiments. However, the illustrative discussions above are not intended to be exhaustive or to limit the invention to the precise forms disclosed. Many modifications and variations are possible in view of the above teachings. The embodiments were chosen and described in order to best explain the principles of the invention and its practical applications, to thereby enable others skilled in the art to best use the invention and various described embodiments with various modifications as are suited to the particular use contemplated.