Patent Publication Number: US-2023156550-A1

Title: Connection establishment method and device

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This application is a Bypass Continuation Application of PCT/CN2021/109636 filed on Jul. 30, 2021, which claims priority to Chinese Patent Application No. 202010763629.7 filed on Jul. 31, 2020, which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. 
    
    
     TECHNICAL FIELD 
     This application belongs to the field of communication technologies, and in particular, relates to a connection establishment method, apparatus, and device. 
     BACKGROUND 
     Usually, a core network (CN) and a radio access network (RAN) are supported in establishing a shared channel for a multicast service, but an air interface sends multicast service data in a multicast or unicast manner. 
     SUMMARY 
     According to a first aspect, a connection establishment method is provided. The method is performed by a first terminal and includes:
     sending first information to a radio access network side device in a case that there are no valid AS security parameters, where   the first information is used to obtain an indication of a connection state operation via the radio access network side device.   

     According to a second aspect, a connection establishment apparatus is provided. The apparatus is applied to a first terminal and includes:
     a first sending module, configured to send first information to a radio access network side device in a case that there are no valid AS security parameters, where   the first information is used to obtain an indication of a connection state operation via the radio access network side device.   

     According to a third aspect, a connection establishment method is provided. The method is performed by a second terminal and includes:
     sending fourth information to a first terminal in a case that there are no valid AS security parameters, where   the fourth information is used to obtain an indication of a connection state operation via the first terminal.   

     According to a fourth aspect, a connection establishment apparatus is provided. The apparatus is applied to a second terminal and includes:
     a fourth sending module, configured to send fourth information to a first terminal in a case that there are no valid AS security parameters,   where the fourth information is used to obtain an indication of a connection state operation via the first terminal.   

     According to a fifth aspect, a connection establishment method is provided. The method is performed by a radio access network side device and includes at least one of:
     receiving first information from a first terminal, and sending or refusing to send the first information to a core network side device, where the first information is used by the core network side device to send or refuse to send third information to the radio access network side device based on the first information; or   receiving the first information from the first terminal, and sending or refusing to send the first information to the core network side device, where the first information is used by the core network side device to send or refuse to send fifth information to the radio access network side device based on the first information.   

     According to a sixth aspect, a connection establishment apparatus is provided. The apparatus is applied to a radio access network side device and includes:
     a fifth receiving module, configured to: receive first information from a first terminal, and send or refuse to send the first information to a core network side device, where the first information is used by the core network side device to send or refuse to send third information to the radio access network side device based on the first information; and   a sixth receiving module, configured to: receive the first information from the first terminal, and send or refuse to send the first information to the core network side device, where the first information is used by the core network side device to send or refuse to send fifth information to the radio access network side device based on the first information.   

     According to a seventh aspect, a connection establishment method is provided. The method is performed by a core network side device and includes:
     receiving, via a radio access network side device, first information from a first terminal, or receiving, via the radio access network side device, first information including fourth information from a second terminal; and   sending or refusing to send third information to the radio access network side device based on the first information, where the third information is used by the radio access network side device to send second information to the first terminal based on the third information; or   sending or refusing to send fifth information to the radio access network side device based on the fourth information, where the fifth information is used by the radio access network side device to send second information to the first terminal based on the fifth information.   

     According to an eighth aspect, a connection establishment apparatus is provided. The apparatus is applied to a core network side device and includes:
     an eighth receiving module, configured to: receive, via a radio access network side device, first information from a first terminal, or receive, via the radio access network side device, first information including fourth information from a second terminal; and   a sixth sending module, configured to send or refuse to send third information to the radio access network side device based on the first information, where the third information is used by the radio access network side device to send second information to the first terminal based on the third information; or   a seventh sending module, configured to send or refuse to send fifth information to the radio access network side device based on the fourth information, where the fifth information is used by the radio access network side device to send second information to the first terminal based on the fifth information.   

     According to a ninth aspect, a terminal is provided, including a processor, a memory, and a program or an instruction stored in the memory and executable on the processor, where when the program or the instruction is executed by the processor, steps of the connection establishment method according to the first aspect or steps of the connection establishment method according to the third aspect are implemented. 
     According to a tenth aspect, a radio access network side device is provided, including a processor, a memory, and a program or an instruction stored in the memory and executable on the processor, where when the program or the instruction is executed by the processor, steps of the connection establishment method according to the fifth aspect are implemented. 
     According to an eleventh aspect, a core network side device is provided, including a processor, a memory, and a program or an instruction stored in the memory and executable on the processor, where when the program or the instruction is executed by the processor, steps of the connection establishment method according to the seventh aspect are implemented. 
     According to a twelfth aspect, a non-transitory computer-readable storage medium is provided. The non-transitory computer-readable storage medium stores a program or an instruction, where when the program or the instruction is executed by a processor, steps of the connection establishment method according to the first aspect, steps of the connection establishment method according to the third aspect, steps of the connection establishment method according to the fifth aspect, or steps of the connection establishment method according to the seventh aspect are implemented. 
     According to a thirteenth aspect, a chip is provided. The chip includes a processor and a communications interface, where the communications interface is coupled to the processor, and the processor is configured to: execute a program or an instruction of a terminal to implement the method according to the first aspect or the method according to the third aspect, execute a program or an instruction of a radio access network side device to implement the method according to the fifth aspect, or execute a program or an instruction of a core network side device to implement the method according to the seventh aspect. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS 
         FIG.  1 A  is a first schematic flowchart of a connection establishment method according to an embodiment of this application; 
         FIG.  1 B  is a schematic diagram of a relay scenario according to an embodiment of this application; 
         FIG.  2    is a second schematic flowchart of a connection establishment method according to an embodiment of this application; 
         FIG.  3    is a third schematic flowchart of a connection establishment method according to an embodiment of this application; 
         FIG.  4    is a fourth schematic flowchart of a connection establishment method according to an embodiment of this application; 
         FIG.  5    is a first schematic structural diagram of a connection establishment apparatus according to an embodiment of this application; 
         FIG.  6    is a second schematic structural diagram of a connection establishment apparatus according to an embodiment of this application; 
         FIG.  7    is a third schematic structural diagram of a connection establishment apparatus according to an embodiment of this application; 
         FIG.  8    is a fourth schematic structural diagram of a connection establishment apparatus according to an embodiment of this application; 
         FIG.  9    is a schematic structural diagram of a communications device according to an embodiment of this application; 
         FIG.  10    is a schematic structural diagram of a terminal according to an embodiment of this application; 
         FIG.  11    is a schematic structural diagram of a radio access network side device according to an embodiment of this application; and 
         FIG.  12    is a schematic structural diagram of a core network side device according to an embodiment of this application. 
     
    
    
     DESCRIPTION OF EMBODIMENTS 
     The following clearly describes the technical solutions in the embodiments of this application with reference to the accompanying drawings in the embodiments of this application. Apparently, the described embodiments are some but not all of the embodiments of this application. All other embodiments obtained by a person of ordinary skill in the art based on the embodiments of this application shall fall within the protection scope of this application. 
     The terms “first”, “second”, and the like in the specification and claims of this application are used to distinguish between similar objects instead of describing a specific order or sequence. It should be understood that, data termed in such a way is interchangeable in proper circumstances, so that the embodiments of this application can be implemented in an order other than the order illustrated or described herein. Objects classified by “first” and “second” are usually of a same type, and the quantity of objects is not limited. For example, there may be one or more first objects. In addition, “and/or” used in the specification and claims means at least one of the associated objects. The character “/” generally indicates an “or” relationship between the associated objects. 
     It should be noted that the technology described in the embodiments of this application is not limited to a long term evolution (LTE)/LTE-advanced (LTE-A) system, and may also be used in various wireless communications systems, such as code division multiple access (CDMA), time division multiple access (TDMA), frequency division multiple access (FDMA), orthogonal frequency division multiple access (OFDMA), single-carrier frequency-division multiple access (SC-FDMA), and other systems. The terms “system” and “network” in the embodiments of this application are usually used interchangeably. The technologies described can be applied to the above-mentioned systems and radio technologies as well as other systems and radio technologies. However, a new radio (NR) system is described in the following description for illustrative purposes, and the NR terminology is used in most of the following description, although these technologies can also be applied to applications other than the NR system application, such as the 6-th generation (6G) communications system. 
     In this embodiment of this application, a terminal may be also referred to as a terminal device or user equipment (UE). The terminal may be a terminal side device such as a mobile phone, a tablet personal computer, a laptop computer or referred to as a notebook computer, a personal digital assistant (PDA), a palmtop computer, a netbook, an ultra-mobile personal computer (UMPC), a mobile Internet device (MID), a wearable device, vehicle user equipment (VUE), or pedestrian user equipment (PUE). The wearable device includes a bracelet, a headset, glasses, or the like. It should be noted that a type of the terminal is not limited in the embodiments of this application. A radio access network side device 12 may be a base station. The base station may be referred to as a NodeB, an evolved NodeB, an access point, a base transceiver station (BTS), a radio base station, a radio transceiver, a basic service set (BSS), an extended service set (ESS), a NodeB, an evolved NodeB (eNB), a home NodeB, a home evolved NodeB, a WLAN access point, a WiFi node, a transmission and reception point (TRP), or other certain appropriate terms in the art, provided that the same technical effects are achieved. The base station is not limited to specific technical vocabulary. It should be noted that in the embodiments of this application, a base station in the NR system is merely used as an example, but does not limit a type of the base station. 
     The following content is first described for better understanding of the solutions provided in this application. 
     In an LTE system, a multimedia broadcast and multicast service (MBMS) may be sent in two modes: MBMS single frequency network (MBSFN) and single cell-point to multipoint (SC-PTM). 
     MBSFN mode: A plurality of cells in a same MBSFN region synchronously send a same multicast service. From a UE side, it is equivalent to receiving same data through a plurality of paths. Transmission is performed through a physical multicast channel (PMCH) in an MBSFN subframe. Control information (a control channel parameter, a traffic channel parameter, scheduling information, or the like) and data information of the MBMS are both sent in a broadcast mode, so that both UE in an idle state and UE in a connection state can receive the MBMS. In addition, the data information of the MBMS is sent only in an MBSFN subframe. Control information related to a multicast service is sent through system information (for example, SIB13) and a multicast control channel (MCCH), and data is sent through a multicast traffic channel (MTCH). 
     SC-PTM mode: Transmission is performed through a physical downlink shared channel (PDSCH) scheduled by a physical downlink control channel (PDCCH). Control information is sent through system information (for example, SIB20) and a single cell multicast control channel (SC-MCCH), and data is sent through a single cell multicast traffic channel (SC-MTCH). The SC-MCCH is sent through a PDSCH scheduled by a single cell radio network temporary identifier (SC-RNTI) PDCCH, and the SC-MTCH is sent through a PDSCH scheduled by a group-radio network temporary identifier (G-RNTI) PDCCH. 
     With reference to the accompanying drawings, the following describes the connection establishment method in the embodiments of this application based on embodiments and application scenarios thereof. 
     Usually, a CN and a RAN are supported in establishing a shared channel for a multicast service, but a radio sends multicast service data in a multicast or unicast manner. Therefore, a terminal (UE) does not need to establish a per UE connection with the core network, but only needs to establish a connection with the RAN. Currently, a connection establishment method for this scenario is unavailable. 
     Referring to  FIG.  1 A , an embodiment of this application provides a connection establishment method. The method is performed by a first terminal and includes the following step: 
     Step  101 : Send first information to a radio access network side device in a case that there are no valid AS security parameters, where the first information is used to obtain an indication of a connection state operation via the radio access network side device. 
     In this embodiment of this application, the case that there are no valid AS security parameters may be the following case: The first terminal requests a radio resource control (RRC) connection from the radio access network side device, the radio access network side device agrees to establish the RRC connection, and the first terminal enters a connected state from an idle state, but access stratum (AS) security has not been activated. 
     As an example, the terminal may carry the first information via an RRCSetupComplete message, and send the first information to the radio access network side device. 
     According to this embodiment of this application, after establishing the connection with the radio access network side device, the terminal sends the first information to the radio access network side device, and obtains the indication of the connection state operation via the radio access network side device. In this way, the terminal can obtain the indication of the connection state operation via the radio access network side device, and perform the connection state related operation based on the indication, only when the connection with the radio access network side device is established. Therefore, the terminal is enabled to establish a connection with only the radio access network side device, without being connected to a core network side device all the time. 
     In some implementations, the first information is NAS information. In this way, the connection without the core network side device can be implemented via a signaling process. 
     In some implementations, a core network management state of the first terminal is an idle state. In this way, the connection without the core network side device can be implemented locally. 
     In some implementations, the first information is generated based on a non-access stratum (NAS) security parameter of the first terminal. In this way, the radio access network side device may send the first information to the core network side device, and the core network side device may verify the first terminal based on the first information. 
     Optionally, in some implementations, after the sending first information to a radio access network side device, the method further includes: receiving second information sent by the radio access network side device; and performing a connection state related operation based on the second information. 
     In this embodiment of this application, the performing a connection state related operation based on the second information includes at least one of:
     (1) entering a wirelessly disconnected state, or releasing a wireless connection, where as an example, the wirelessly disconnected state may be an idle state;   (2) switching to or maintaining a wirelessly connected state, or maintaining a wireless connection; or   (3) switching to a core network connected state, or performing a core network-connection establishment process.   

     Optionally, in some implementations, the default operation is performed if the first terminal does not receive the second information within the time specified in the protocol or configured by the network. 
     As an example, the first terminal starts a first timer when starting to send the first information to the radio access network side device, when finishing sending the first information to the radio access network side device, or after sending the first information to the radio access network side device, where duration of the first timer may be specified in the protocol or configured by the network. 
     The first timer is stopped if the second information is received in a running period of the first timer. 
     The default operation is performed when the first timer expires. 
     In this embodiment of this application, the default operation includes one of:
     entering a wirelessly disconnected state, or releasing a wireless connection;   switching to or maintaining a wirelessly connected state, or maintaining a wireless connection; or   switching to a core network connected state, or performing a core network-connection establishment process.   

     Optionally, referring to  FIG.  1 B  which shows a relay scenario, the first terminal is a relay terminal of the second terminal, that is, the first terminal is relay UE (for example, a layer 2 relay UE), and the second terminal is remote UE. 
     For this scenario, the method further includes:
     (1) receiving fourth information sent by a second terminal; and   (2) sending the first information to the radio access network side device.   

     In this embodiment of this application, the first information is the fourth information, or the first information is generated based on a NAS security parameter of the first terminal and the fourth information. Optionally, the fourth information is generated based on a NAS security parameter of the second terminal. 
     Optionally, after the sending first information to a radio access network side device, the method further includes:
     (3) receiving second information sent by the radio access network side device; and   (4) sending sixth information to the second terminal based on the second information, where the sixth information is used to indicate that the second terminal performs a connection state related operation.   

     In this embodiment of this application, the first terminal receives the fourth information from the second terminal; sends the fourth information as the first information to the radio access network side device, or generates the first information based on the NAS security parameter of the first terminal and the fourth information and sends the first information to the radio access network side device; and then sends, to the second terminal based on the second information returned by the radio access network side device, sixth information used for indicating the second terminal to execute the connection state related operation. In this way, a terminal (for example, a remote terminal) is also enabled, in a relay scenario, to establish a connection with only a radio access network side device. 
     Referring to  FIG.  2   , an embodiment of this application provides a connection establishment method. The method is performed by a second terminal and includes the following step: 
     Step  201 : Send fourth information to a first terminal in a case that there are no valid AS security parameters, where the fourth information is used to obtain an indication of a connection state operation via the first terminal. 
     In this embodiment of this application, referring to a scenario shown in  FIG.  1 B , the first terminal is a relay terminal of the second terminal, that is, the first terminal is relay UE, and the second terminal is remote UE. 
     The case that there are no valid AS security parameters may be the following case: The second terminal requests, via the first terminal, an RRC connection from the radio access network side device, the radio access network side device agrees to establish the RRC connection, and the second terminal enters a connected state from an idle state, but AS security has not been activated. 
     As an example, the first terminal may carry the fourth information via an RRCSetupComplete message, and send the fourth information from the second terminal to the radio access network side device. 
     In some implementations, a core network management state of the second terminal is an idle state. In this method, the connection without the core network side device can be implemented locally. 
     In some implementations, the fourth information is generated based on a NAS security parameter of the second terminal. In this case, the second terminal may send the fourth information to the radio access network side device via the first terminal (it may be understood that, the following may be determined with reference to the description of the first terminal side method: the first terminal may send the fourth information as the first information to the radio access network side device, or generate the first information based on the NAS security parameter of the first terminal and the fourth information and send the first information to the radio access network side device); then, the radio access network side device sends the fourth information to the core network side device (for example, the radio access network device sends the fourth information to a core network device of the second terminal); and the core network side device verifies the second terminal based on the fourth information. 
     It should be noted that, the first information may be generated based on the NAS security parameter of the first terminal and the fourth information. In this case, as an example, after receiving the first information, the radio access network side device sends the fourth information included in the first information to the core network device of the second terminal, and the core network device of the second terminal verifies the second terminal based on the fourth information; or the radio access network side device sends information in the first information other than the fourth information to a core network device of the first terminal, and the core network device of the first terminal verifies the first terminal based on the received information. It should be noted that the core network device of the second terminal and the core network device of the first terminal may be a same core network device, or may be different core network devices. 
     Optionally, after the sending fourth information to a first terminal, the method further includes: receiving sixth information sent by the first terminal; and performing a connection state related operation based on the sixth information. 
     In this embodiment of this application, the performing a connection state related operation includes at least one of:
     (1) entering a wirelessly inter-device disconnected state, or releasing a wireless inter-device connection, where as an example, the wirelessly disconnected state may be an idle state;   (2) switching to or maintaining a wirelessly inter-device connected state, or maintaining a wireless inter-device connection; or   (3) switching to a core network connected state, or performing a core network-connection establishment process.   

     Optionally, in some implementations, the default operation is performed if the second terminal does not receive the sixth information within the time specified in the protocol or configured by the network. 
     In this embodiment of this application, the default operation includes any one of:
     entering a wirelessly inter-device disconnected state, or releasing a wireless inter-device connection;   switching to or maintaining a wirelessly inter-device connected state, or maintaining a wireless inter-device connection; or   switching to a core network connected state, or performing a core network-connection establishment process.   

     As an example, the inter-device connection may be a PC5 connection. For example, the releasing a wireless inter-device connection may be understood as releasing an inter-device PC5 connection; and the maintaining a wireless inter-device connection may be understood as maintaining an inter-device PC5 connection. 
     Referring to  FIG.  3   , an embodiment of this application provides a connection establishment method. The method is performed by a radio access network side device and includes at least one of the following steps: 
     Step  301 : Receive first information from a first terminal, and send or refuse to send the first information to a core network side device, where the first information is used by the core network side device to send or refuse to send third information to the radio access network side device based on the first information. 
     Step  302 : Receive the first information from the first terminal, and send or refuse to send the first information to the core network side device, where the first information is used by the core network side device to send or refuse to send fifth information to the radio access network side device based on the first information. 
     It should be noted that, the following may be learned from the foregoing descriptions of the procedure of the first terminal side method and the procedure of the second terminal side method: The method in this embodiment of this application may also be establishing a connection in a relay scenario. The foregoing step  301  is an execution procedure for a radio access network side device in a non-relay scenario; and the foregoing step  302  is an execution procedure for a radio access network side device in a relay scenario. 
     In this embodiment of this application, after receiving the first information from the first terminal, the radio access network side device may choose to send the first information to the core network side device, or may refuse to send the first information, that is, determine not to send the first information to the core network side device. 
     In some implementations, the first information is NAS information. For example, the first information is AS information. In this method, the first terminal is enabled to be not connected to the core network side device via a signaling process. 
     Optionally, in some implementations, the method further includes: 
     receiving the third information sent by the core network side device, and/or receiving the fifth information sent by the core network side device, and sending second information to the first terminal based on the third information and/or the fifth information, where the second information is used for indicating a connection state operation. 
     In this embodiment of this application, the foregoing core network side device includes the core network side device of the first terminal and the core network side device of the second terminal, and the two core network side devices may be the same or different. In an actual implementation process, the radio access network side device may receive only the third information from the core network side device, receive only the fifth information from the core network side device, or receive both the third information and the fifth information from the core network side device. The radio access network side device sends, to the first terminal based on the third information and/or the fifth information, the second information for indicating the connection state operation. 
     For example,
     if the radio access network side device receives the third information from the core network side device, and the third information indicates that the first terminal enters a wirelessly disconnected state or releases a wireless connection, the radio access network side device determines the second terminal based on the third information, and sends the second information to the first terminal, where the second information indicates that the first terminal enters the wirelessly disconnected state or releases the wireless connection;   if the radio access network side device receives the third information from the core network side device, and the third information indicates that the first terminal switches to or maintains a wirelessly connected state or maintains a wireless connection, the radio access network side device determines the second terminal based on the third information, and sends the second information to the first terminal, where the second information indicates that the first terminal switches to or maintains the wirelessly connected state or maintains the wireless connection; and   if the radio access network side device receives the third information from the core network side device, and the third information indicates that the first terminal switches to a core network connected state or to execute a core network-connection establishment process, the radio access network side device determines the second terminal based on the third information, and sends the second information to the first terminal, where the second information indicates that the first terminal switches to the core network connected state or to execute the core network-connection establishment process.   

     A process in which the radio access network side device sends the second terminal to the first terminal based on the fifth information is similar to the process of sending the second information to the first terminal based on the third information. Details are not described again. 
     It should be noted that, if the radio access network side device receives the third information and the fifth information, the second information needs to be sent based on the third information and the fifth information. As an example, if the third information indicates that the first terminal switches to or maintains the wirelessly connected state, and the fifth information indicates that the first terminal enters the wirelessly disconnected state or releases the wireless connection, the radio access network side device sends the second information, where the second information indicates that the first terminal enters the wirelessly disconnected state or releases the wireless connection. As another example, if the third information indicates that the first terminal switches to or maintains the wirelessly connected state, and the fifth information indicates that the first terminal switches to or maintains the wirelessly connected state, the radio access network side device sends the second information, where the second information indicates that the first terminal switches to or maintains the wirelessly connected state or maintains the wireless connection. 
     Optionally, in some implementations, the default operation is performed if the radio access network side device does not receive the third information and/or the fifth information within the time specified in the protocol or configured by the network. 
     As an example, the radio access network side device starts a second timer when starting to send the first information to the core network side device, when finishing sending the first information to the core network side device, or after sending the first information to the core network side device, where duration of the second timer may be specified in the protocol or configured by the network. 
     The second timer is stopped if the third information and/or the fifth information is received in a running period of the second timer. 
     The default operation is performed when the second timer expires. 
     As another example, the radio access network side device starts a third timer when starting to send the first information to the core network side device, when finishing sending the first information to the core network side device, or after sending the first information to the core network side device, where duration of the third timer may be specified in the protocol or configured by the network. 
     The third timer is stopped if the third information and/or the fifth information are/is received in a running period of the third timer. 
     The radio access network device sends the second information based on the received third information and/or fifth information when the third timer has not expired. The default operation is performed if the radio access network side device has not received the third information and/or the fifth information when the first timer expires. 
     In some implementations, the default operation includes: sending or refusing to send second information to the first terminal, where the second information is used to indicate a connection state operation. 
     Optionally, in some implementations, after the receiving first information from a first terminal, and sending or refusing to send the first information to a core network side device, the method further includes: sending second information to the first terminal, where the second information is used for indicating a connection state operation. 
     In this embodiment of this application, after sending the first information to the core network side device, the radio access network side device may directly send, to the first terminal, the second information for indicating the connection state operation, that is, the radio access network side device does not need to receive the third information and/or the fifth information from the core network side device. 
     In another example, the radio access network side device may refuse to send the first information to the core network side device. In this case, the radio access network side device may send the second information to a terminal device, or may not send the second information to the first terminal. In a case that the radio access network side device sends the second information to the first terminal, as an example, the radio access network side device sends the second information in a case that the radio access network side device does not support the first terminal in establishing only a wireless connection (for example, an air interface-based wireless connection or an RRC connection), where the second information indicates a release operation, for example, the second information indicates a core network-connection operation (for example, indicates a core network-connection operation of the first terminal). As another example, the radio access network side device sends the second information in a case that the radio access network side device supports the terminal device in establishing only a wireless connection (for example, an air interface-based wireless connection or an RRC connection), where the second information indicates a connection operation. 
     Optionally, the second information may include at least one of:
     (1) an indication of a release operation, for example, when the second information indicates the release operation, a terminal device switches to or enters a wirelessly disconnected state, or releases a wireless connection;   (2) an indication of a connection operation, for example, when the second information indicates the connection operation, a terminal device switches to or maintains a wirelessly connected state, or maintains a wireless connection;   (3) an indication of a core network-connection operation of the first terminal, for example, when the second information indicates the core network-connection operation of the first terminal, a terminal device switches to a core network connected state, or executes a core network-connection establishment process;   (4) an indication of a release operation of an inter-device connection, for example, when the second information indicates the release operation of the inter-device connection, a terminal (for example, the second terminal) enters a wirelessly inter-device disconnected state, or releases a wireless inter-device connection;   (5) an indication of a connection operation of an inter-device connection, for example, when the second information indicates the connection operation of the inter-device connection, a terminal (for example, the second terminal) switches to or maintains a wirelessly inter-device connected state, or maintains a wireless inter-device connection; or   (6) an indication of a core network-connection operation of a second terminal. For example, when the second information indicates the core network-connection operation of the second terminal, a terminal (for example, the second terminal) switches to a core network connected state, or executes a core network-connection establishment process.   

     Optionally, the radio access network side device may provide radio bearer configuration information for the terminal. The radio bearer configuration information may be used to receive multicast service data. For example, if the terminal (for example, the first terminal) maintains a connection state with a base station, the base station provides the radio bearer configuration information for the terminal, For example, if the radio bearer configuration information is configuration information of a data radio bearer (DRB), the configuration information may be used to receive multicast service data. 
     Referring to  FIG.  4   , an embodiment of this application provides a connection establishment method. The method is performed by a core network side device and includes the following steps: 
     Step  401 : Receive, via a radio access network side device, first information from a first terminal, or receive, via the radio access network side device, first information including fourth information from a second terminal; and perform step  402  if the first information from the first terminal is received, or perform step  403  if the first information including the fourth information from the second terminal is received. 
     Step  402 : Send or refuse to send third information to the radio access network side device based on the first information, where the third information is used by the radio access network side device to send second information to the first terminal based on the third information. 
     Step  403 : Send or refuse to send fifth information to the radio access network side device based on the fourth information, where the fifth information is used by the radio access network side device to send second information to the first terminal based on the fifth information. 
     In this embodiment of this application, the following may be learned from the foregoing descriptions of the procedure of the first terminal side method and the procedure of the second terminal side method: The method in this embodiment of this application may also be establishing a connection in a relay scenario. The foregoing steps  401  and  402  are an execution procedure for a radio access network side device in a non-relay scenario; and the foregoing steps  401  and  403  are an execution procedure for a radio access network side device in a relay scenario. It may be understood that the first information including the fourth information from the second terminal means that the first terminal may send the fourth information as the first information to the radio access network side device, or generate the first information based on the NAS security parameter of the first terminal and the fourth information and send the first information to the radio access network side device; and then the radio access network side device sends the first information to the core network side device. 
     In some implementations, the first information is NAS information, and the fourth information is NAS information. In other words, the first terminal and the second terminal are enabled to be not connected to the core network side device via a signaling process. 
     In some implementations, a core network management state of the first terminal is an idle state, and/or a core network management state of the second terminal is an idle state. In other words, the first terminal and the second terminal are enabled to be not connected to the core network side device locally. 
     Optionally, after step  402 , the method further includes: verifying the first information based on a NAS security parameter of the first terminal, or verifying the first information based on the NAS security parameter of the first terminal and a NAS security parameter of the second terminal, and sending or refusing to send the third information according to a verification result. 
     Alternatively, after step  403 , the method further includes: verifying the fourth information based on the NAS security parameter of the second terminal, and sending or refusing to send the fifth information according to a verification result. 
     In this embodiment of this application, the first terminal and/or the second terminal are authenticated via the core network side device. For example:
     if the third information is sent to the radio access network side device when the core network side device fails to verify the first terminal, the third information indicates that the first terminal enters the wirelessly disconnected state or releases the wireless connection;   if the third information is sent to the radio access network side device when the core network side device succeeds in verifying the first terminal, the third information indicates that the first terminal switches to or maintains the wirelessly connected state or maintains the wireless connection; and   if the third information is sent to the radio access network side device when the core network side device succeeds in verifying the first terminal, the third information indicates that the first terminal switches to the core network connected state or to execute the core network-connection establishment process.   

     Verifying of the second terminal is similar to the foregoing verifying of the first terminal. Details are not described again. 
     It should be noted that, the connection establishment method provided in this embodiment of this application may be performed by a connection establishment apparatus, or by a control module that is in the connection establishment apparatus and that is configured to perform the connection establishment method. In this embodiment of this application, that a connection establishment apparatus performs the connection establishment method is used as an example to describe a connection establishment apparatus provided in an embodiment of this application. 
     Referring to  FIG.  5   , an embodiment of this application provides a connection establishment apparatus  500 . The apparatus  500  is applied to a first terminal and includes: 
     a first sending module  501 , configured to send first information to a radio access network side device in a case that there are no valid AS security parameters. 
     The first information is used to obtain an indication of a connection state operation via the radio access network side device. 
     In some implementations, the first information is NAS information. 
     In some implementations, a core network management state of the first terminal is an idle state. 
     In some implementations, the first information is generated based on a NAS security parameter of the first terminal. 
     In some implementations, the apparatus further includes:
     a first receiving module, configured to receive second information sent by the radio access network side device; and   a first execution module, configured to perform a connection state related operation based on the second information.   

     In some implementations, the first execution module is further configured to perform at least one of the following steps:
     entering a wirelessly disconnected state, or releasing a wireless connection;   switching to or maintaining a wirelessly connected state, or maintaining a wireless connection; or   switching to a core network connected state, or performing a core network-connection establishment process.   

     In some implementations, the apparatus further includes: 
     a second execution module, configured to perform a default operation in a case that second information is not received within time specified in a protocol or configured by a network. 
     In some implementations, the default operation includes one of:
     switching to or maintaining a wirelessly connected state;   switching to or maintaining a wirelessly connected state, or maintaining a wireless connection; or   switching to a core network connected state, or performing a core network-connection establishment process.   

     In some implementations, the apparatus further includes:
     a second receiving module, configured to receive fourth information sent by a second terminal; and   a second sending module, configured to send the first information to the radio access network side device.   

     In some implementations, the first information is the fourth information, or the first information is generated based on a NAS security parameter of the first terminal and the fourth information. 
     In some implementations, the apparatus further includes:
     a third receiving module, configured to receive second information sent by the radio access network side device; and   a third sending module, configured to send sixth information to the second terminal based on the second information, where   the sixth information is used to indicate that the second terminal performs a connection state related operation.   

     In some implementations, the fourth information is generated based on a NAS security parameter of the second terminal. 
     Referring to  FIG.  6   , an embodiment of this application provides a connection establishment apparatus  600 . The apparatus  600  is applied to a second terminal and includes: 
     a fourth sending module  601 , configured to send fourth information to a first terminal in a case that there are no valid AS security parameters. 
     The fourth information is used to obtain an indication of a connection state operation via the first terminal. 
     In some implementations, a core network management state of the second terminal is an idle state. 
     In some implementations, the fourth information is generated based on a NAS security parameter of the second terminal. 
     In some implementations, the apparatus further includes:
     a fourth receiving module, configured to receive sixth information sent by the first terminal; and   a third execution module, configured to perform a connection state related operation based on the sixth information.   

     In some implementations, the third execution module is further configured to perform at least one of the following steps:
     entering a wirelessly inter-device disconnected state, or releasing a wireless inter-device connection;   switching to or maintaining a wirelessly inter-device connected state, or maintaining a wireless inter-device connection; or   switching to a core network connected state, or performing a core network-connection establishment process.   

     In some implementations, the apparatus further includes: 
     a fourth execution module, configured to perform a default operation in a case that sixth information is not received within time specified in a protocol or configured by a network. 
     In some implementations, the default operation includes any one of:
     entering a wirelessly inter-device disconnected state, or releasing a wireless inter-device connection;   switching to or maintaining a wirelessly inter-device connected state, or maintaining a wireless inter-device connection; or   switching to a core network connected state, or performing a core network-connection establishment process.   

     Referring to  FIG.  7   , an embodiment of this application provides a connection establishment apparatus  700 . The apparatus  700  is applied to a radio access network side device and includes:
     a fifth receiving module  701 , configured to: receive first information from a first terminal, and send or refuse to send the first information to a core network side device, where the first information is used by the core network side device to send or refuse to send third information to the radio access network side device based on the first information; and   a sixth receiving module  702 , configured to: receive the first information from the first terminal, and send or refuse to send the first information to the core network side device, where the first information is used by the core network side device to send or refuse to send fifth information to the radio access network side device based on the first information.   

     In some implementations, the apparatus further includes: 
     a fifth sending module, configured to send second information to the first terminal, where the second information is used for indicating a connection state operation. 
     In some implementations, the first information is NAS information. 
     In some implementations, the apparatus further includes:
     a seventh receiving module, configured to: receive the third information sent by the core network side device, and/or receive the fifth information sent by the core network side device; and   a sixth sending module, configured to send second information to the first terminal based on the third information and/or the fifth information, where the second information is used for indicating a connection state operation.   

     In some implementations, the apparatus further includes: 
     a fifth execution module, configured to perform a default operation in a case that the third information and/or the fifth information are/is not received within time specified in a protocol or configured by a network. 
     In some implementations, the default operation includes: sending or refusing to send second information to the first terminal, where the second information is used to indicate a connection state operation. 
     In some implementations, the second information includes at least one of:
     an indication of a release operation, for example, when the second information indicates the release operation, a terminal device switches to or enters a wirelessly disconnected state, or releases a wireless connection, and as an example, the second information may be an RRCRelease message;   an indication of a connection operation, for example, when the second information indicates the connection operation, a terminal device switches to or maintains a wirelessly connected state, or maintains a wireless connection; and   an indication of a core network-connection operation of the first terminal, for example, when the second information indicates the core network-connection operation of the first terminal, a terminal device switches to a core network connected state, or executes a core network-connection establishment process;   an indication of a release operation of an inter-device connection, for example, when the second information indicates the release operation of the inter-device connection, a terminal (for example, the second terminal) enters a wirelessly inter-device disconnected state, or releases a wireless inter-device connection;   an indication of a connection operation of an inter-device connection, for example, when the second information indicates the connection operation of the inter-device connection, a terminal (for example, the second terminal) switches to or maintains a wirelessly inter-device connected state, or maintains a wireless inter-device connection; or   an indication of a core network-connection operation of a second terminal, for example, when the second information indicates the core network-connection operation of the second terminal, a terminal (for example, the second terminal) switches to a core network connected state, or executes a core network-connection establishment process.   

     Referring to  FIG.  8   , an embodiment of this application provides a connection establishment apparatus  800 . The apparatus is applied to a core network side device and includes:
     an eighth receiving module  801 , configured to: receive, via a radio access network side device, first information from a first terminal, or receive, via the radio access network side device, first information including fourth information from a second terminal; and   a seventh sending module  802 , configured to: send or refuse to send third information to the radio access network side device based on the first information, where the third information is used by the radio access network side device to send second information to the first terminal based on the third information; or   an eighth sending module  803 , configured to: send or refuse to send fifth information to the radio access network side device based on the fourth information, where the fifth information is used by the radio access network side device to send second information to the first terminal based on the fifth information.   

     In some implementations, the first information is NAS information, and the fourth information is NAS information. 
     In some implementations, a core network management state of the first terminal is an idle state, and/or a core network management state of the second terminal is an idle state. 
     In some implementations, the apparatus further includes:
     a first verifying module, configured to: verify the first information based on a NAS security parameter of the first terminal, or verify the first information based on the NAS security parameter of the first terminal and a NAS security parameter of the second terminal; and   a ninth sending module, configured to send or refuse to send the third information according to a verification result; or   a second verifying module, configured to verify the fourth information based on a NAS security parameter of the second terminal; and   a tenth sending module, configured to send or refuse to send the fifth information according to a verification result.   

     According to the embodiments of this application, after establishing a connection with a radio access network side device, a terminal sends first information to the radio access network side device, and obtains a connection state operation via the radio access network side device. In this way, the terminal is enabled to establish a connection with only the radio access network side device, without being connected to a core network side device all the time. 
     The connection establishment apparatus in this embodiment of this application may be an apparatus, or may be a component, an integrated circuit, or a chip in a terminal. The apparatus may be a mobile terminal, or a non-mobile terminal. For example, the mobile terminal may include but is not limited to the types of the terminal enumerated above; and the non-mobile terminal may be a server, a network attached storage (NAS), a personal computer (PC), a television (TV), an automated teller machine, or a self-service machine. This is not limited in this embodiment of this application. 
     The connection establishment apparatus in the embodiments of this application may be an apparatus with an operating system. The operating system may be an Android operating system, an iOS operating system, or another possible operating system, which is not limited in this embodiment of this application. 
     The connection establishment apparatus provided in this embodiment of this application can implement the processes implemented in the method embodiments in  FIG.  1    to  FIG.  4   , with the same technical effects achieved. To avoid repetition, details are not described herein again. 
     Optionally, as shown in  FIG.  9   , an embodiment of this application further provides a communications device  900 , including a processor  901 , a memory  902 , and a program or an instruction stored in the memory  902  and executable on the processor  901 . For example, in a case that the communications device  900  is a first terminal, when the program or the instruction is executed by the processor  901 , the processes of the embodiments of the connection establishment method applied to the first terminal and the second terminal are implemented, with the same technical effects achieved. In a case that the communications device  900  is a radio access network side device, when the program or the instruction is executed by the processor  901 , the processes of the foregoing embodiments of the connection establishment method applied to the radio access network side device are implemented, with the same technical effects achieved. In a case that the communications device  900  is a core network side device, when the program or the instruction is executed by the processor  901 , the processes of the foregoing embodiments of the connection establishment method applied to the core network side device are implemented, with the same technical effects achieved. To avoid repetition, details are not described herein again. 
       FIG.  10    is a schematic structural diagram of hardware of a terminal according to an embodiment of this application. 
     The terminal  1000  includes but is not limited to components such as a radio frequency unit  1001 , a network module  1002 , an audio output unit  1003 , an input unit  1004 , a sensor  1005 , a display unit  1006 , a user input unit  1007 , an interface unit  1008 , a memory  1009 , and a processor  1010 . 
     A person skilled in the art can understand that the terminal  1000  may further include a power supply (for example, a battery) supplying power to the components. The power supply may be logically connected to the processor  1010  through a power management system. In this way, functions such as charge management, discharge management, and power consumption management are implemented through the power management system. The structure of the terminal shown in  FIG.  10    does not constitute a limitation on the terminal. The terminal may include more or fewer components than those shown in the figure, or some components may be combined, or there may be a different component arrangement. Details are not described herein. 
     It should be understood that in this embodiment of this application, the input unit  1004  may include a graphics processing unit (GPU)  10041  and a microphone  10042 , and the graphics processing unit  10041  processes image data of a static image or a video obtained by an image capture apparatus (for example, a camera) in a video capture mode or an image capture mode. The display unit  1006  may include a display panel  10061 . The display panel  10061  may be configured in a form of a liquid crystal display, an organic light-emitting diode, or the like. The user input unit  1007  includes a touch panel  10071  and another input device  10072 . The touch panel  10071  is also referred to as a touchscreen. The touch panel  10071  may include two parts: a touch detection apparatus and a touch controller. The another input device  10072  may include but is not limited to a physical keyboard, a functional key (for example, a volume control key or a power on/off key), a trackball, a mouse, and a joystick. Details are not described herein. 
     In this embodiment of this application, the radio frequency unit  1001  receives downlink data from the radio access network side device, and transmits the downlink data to the processor  1010  for processing; and in addition, transmits uplink data to the radio access network side device. Generally, the radio frequency unit  1001  includes but is not limited to an antenna, at least one amplifier, a transceiver, a coupler, a low noise amplifier, and a duplexer, and the like. 
     The memory  1009  may be configured to store a software program or instruction and various data. The memory  1009  may mainly include a program or instruction storage area and a data storage area. The program or instruction storage area may store an operating system, an application program or instruction required by at least one function (for example, a sound play function or an image display function), and the like. In addition, the memory  1009  may include a high-speed random access memory, and may further include a non-volatile memory. The non-volatile memory may be a read-only memory (ROM), a programmable read-only memory (PROM), an erasable programmable read-only memory (EPROM), an electrically erasable programmable read-only memory (EEPROM), or a flash memory, for example, at least one disk storage component, a flash memory component, or another non-volatile solid-state storage component. 
     The processor  1010  may include one or more processing units. Optionally, the processor  1010  may integrate an application processor with a modem processor. The application processor mainly processes the operating system, a user interface, the application program or instruction, and the like. The modem processor mainly processes wireless communication, for example, is a baseband processor. It may be understood that, alternatively, the modem processor may not be integrated into the processor  1010 . 
     The radio frequency unit  1000  is configured to send first information to a radio access network side device in a case that there are no valid AS security parameters. 
     The first information is used to obtain an indication of a connection state operation via the radio access network side device. 
     According to the embodiments of this application, after establishing a connection with a radio access network side device, a first terminal sends first information to the radio access network side device, and obtains a connection state operation via the radio access network side device. In this way, the first terminal is enabled to establish a connection with only the radio access network side device, without being connected to a core network side device all the time. 
     Optionally, the first information is NAS information. 
     Optionally, a core network management state of the first terminal is an idle state. 
     Optionally, the first information is generated based on a NAS security parameter of the first terminal. 
     Optionally, the radio frequency unit  1000  is configured to receive second information sent by the radio access network side device. 
     The processor  1010  is configured to perform a connection state related operation based on the second information. 
     Optionally, the processor  1010  is configured to perform at least one of the following steps:
     entering a wirelessly disconnected state, or releasing a wireless connection;   switching to or maintaining a wirelessly connected state, or maintaining a wireless connection; or   switching to a core network connected state, or performing a core network-connection establishment process.   

     Optionally, the processor  1010  is configured to: 
     performing a default operation in a case that second information is not received within time specified in a protocol or configured by a network. 
     Optionally, the default operation includes one of:
     switching to or maintaining a wirelessly connected state;   switching to or maintaining a wirelessly connected state, or maintaining a wireless connection; or   switching to a core network connected state, or performing a core network-connection establishment process.   

     Optionally, the radio frequency unit  1000  is configured to receive fourth information sent by a second terminal. 
     The processor  1010  is configured to send the first information to the radio access network side device. 
     Optionally, the first information is the fourth information, or the first information is generated based on a NAS security parameter of the first terminal and the fourth information. 
     Optionally, the radio frequency unit  1000  is configured to receive second information sent by the radio access network side device. 
     The radio frequency unit  1000  is configured to send sixth information to the second terminal based on the second information. 
     The sixth information is used to indicate that the second terminal performs a connection state related operation. 
     Optionally, the fourth information is generated based on a NAS security parameter of the second terminal. 
     In some implementations, the radio frequency unit  1000  is configured to send fourth information to a first terminal in a case that there are no valid AS security parameters. 
     The fourth information is used to obtain an indication of a connection state operation via the first terminal. 
     Optionally, a core network management state of the second terminal is an idle state. 
     Optionally, the fourth information is generated based on a NAS security parameter of the second terminal. 
     Optionally, the radio frequency unit  1000  is configured to receive sixth information sent by the first terminal. 
     The processor  1010  is configured to perform a connection state related operation based on the sixth information. 
     Optionally, the processor  1010  is configured to perform at least one of the following steps:
     entering a wirelessly inter-device disconnected state, or releasing a wireless inter-device connection;   switching to or maintaining a wirelessly inter-device connected state, or maintaining a wireless inter-device connection; or   switching to a core network connected state, or performing a core network-connection establishment process.   

     Optionally, the processor  1010  is configured to: 
     perform a default operation in a case that sixth information is not received within time specified in a protocol or configured by a network. 
     Optionally, the default operation includes any one of:
     entering a wirelessly inter-device disconnected state, or releasing a wireless inter-device connection;   switching to or maintaining a wirelessly inter-device connected state, or maintaining a wireless inter-device connection; or   switching to a core network connected state, or performing a core network-connection establishment process.   

     For example, an embodiment of this application further provides a radio access network side device. As shown in  FIG.  11   , the radio access network side device  1100  includes an antenna  111 , a radio frequency apparatus  112 , and a baseband apparatus  113 . The antenna  111  is connected to the radio frequency apparatus  112 . In an uplink direction, the radio frequency apparatus  112  receives information through the antenna  111 , and sends the received information to the baseband apparatus  113  for processing. In a downlink direction, the baseband apparatus  113  processes to-be-sent information, and sends the to-be-sent information to the radio frequency apparatus  112 . After processing the received information, the radio frequency apparatus  112  sends the information through the antenna  111 . 
     The radio frequency apparatus  112  may be located in the baseband apparatus  113 , and the method performed by the radio access network side device in the foregoing embodiment may be implemented in the baseband apparatus  113 . The baseband apparatus  113  includes a processor  114  and a memory  115 . 
     The baseband apparatus  113  may include, for example, at least one baseband board. A plurality of chips are disposed on the baseband board. As shown in  FIG.  11   , one of the chips is, for example, the processor  114 , which is connected to the memory  115 , so as to invoke a program in the memory  115  to perform operations of the network device shown in the foregoing method embodiments. 
     The baseband apparatus  113  may further include a network interface  116 , configured to exchange information with the radio frequency apparatus  112 . The interface is, for example, a common public radio interface (CPRI). 
     For example, the radio access network side device in this embodiment of the present application further includes a program or an instruction stored in the memory  115  and executable on the processor  114 . The processor  114  invokes the program or the instruction in the memory  115  to perform the method performed by the modules shown in  FIG.  7   , with the same technical effects achieved. To avoid repetition, details are not described herein again. 
     For example, an embodiment of this application further provides a core network side device. As shown in  FIG.  12   , the core network side device  1200  includes an antenna  121 , a radio frequency apparatus  122 , and a baseband apparatus  123 . The antenna  121  is connected to the radio frequency apparatus  122 . In an uplink direction, the radio frequency apparatus  122  receives information through the antenna  121 , and sends the received information to the baseband apparatus  123  for processing. In a downlink direction, the baseband apparatus  123  processes to-be-sent information, and sends the to-be-sent information to the radio frequency apparatus  122 . After processing the received information, the radio frequency apparatus  122  sends the information through the antenna  121 . 
     The foregoing band processing apparatus may be located in the baseband apparatus  123 , and the method performed by the radio access network side device in the foregoing embodiment may be implemented in the baseband apparatus  123 . The baseband apparatus  123  includes a processor  124  and a memory  125 . 
     The baseband apparatus  123  may include, for example, at least one baseband board. A plurality of chips are disposed on the baseband board. As shown in  FIG.  12   , one of the chips is, for example, the processor  124 , which is connected to the memory  125 , so as to invoke a program in the memory  125  to perform operations of the network device shown in the foregoing method embodiments. 
     The baseband apparatus  123  may further include a network interface  126 , configured to exchange information with the radio frequency apparatus  122 . The interface is, for example, a common public radio interface (CPRI). 
     For example, the radio access network side device in this embodiment of the present application further includes a program or an instruction stored in the memory  125  and executable on the processor  124 . The processor  124  invokes the program or the instruction in the memory  125  to perform the method performed by the modules shown in  FIG.  8   , with the same technical effects achieved. To avoid repetition, details are not described herein again. 
     An embodiment of this application further provides a non-transitory computer-readable storage medium. The non-transitory computer-readable storage medium stores a program or an instruction, and when the program or the instruction is executed by a processor, the processes of the foregoing embodiments of the connection establishment method are implemented, with the same technical effects achieved. To avoid repetition, details are not described herein again. 
     The processor is a processor in the terminal in the foregoing embodiment. The non-transitory computer-readable storage medium includes a computer read-only memory (ROM), a random access memory (RAM), a magnetic disk, or an optical disc. 
     An embodiment of this application further provides a chip. The chip includes a processor and a communications interface. The communications interface is coupled to the processor. The processor is configured to: execute a program or an instruction of a terminal to implement the processes of the foregoing embodiments of the connection establishment method, execute a program or an instruction of a radio access network side device to implement the processes of the foregoing embodiments of the connection establishment method, or execute a program or an instruction of a core network side device to implement the processes of the foregoing embodiments of the connection establishment method, with the same technical effects achieved. To avoid repetition, details are not described herein again. 
     It should be understood that the chip mentioned in the embodiments of this application may also be referred to as a system-level chip, a system chip, a chip system, or a system-on-a-chip. 
     An embodiment of this application further provides a computer program product. The computer program product is stored in a non-volatile storage medium, and configured to: be executed by at least one processor to implement the method according to the first aspect or the processes of the foregoing embodiments of the connection establishment method, execute a program or an instruction of a radio access network side device to implement the processes of the foregoing embodiments of the connection establishment method, or execute a program or an instruction of a core network side device to implement the processes of the foregoing embodiments of the connection establishment method, with the same technical effects achieved. To avoid repetition, details are not described herein again. 
     It may be understood that the embodiments described in the present application can be implemented by hardware, software, firmware, middleware, microcode, or a combination thereof. For implementation with hardware, modules, units, sub-modules, sub-units, and the like may be implemented in one or more application specific integrated circuits (ASIC), a digital signal processor (DSP), a digital signal processing device (DSPD), a programmable logic device (PLD), a field-programmable gate array (FPGA), a general-purpose processor, a controller, a micro-controller, a micro-processor, another electronic unit for implementing the functions of this application, or a combination thereof. 
     It should be noted that, in this specification, the terms “include”, “comprise”, or any of their variants are intended to cover a non-exclusive inclusion, so that a process, a method, an article, or an apparatus that includes a series of elements includes not only those elements but also other elements that are not expressly listed, or further includes elements inherent to such a process, method, article, or apparatus. In the absence of more restrictions, an element defined by “including a ...” does not exclude another same element in a process, method, article, or apparatus that includes the element. In addition, it should be noted that the scope of the methods and apparatuses in the embodiments of this application is not limited to performing functions in the order shown or discussed, but may also include performing the functions substantially concurrently or in the reverse order depending on the functions involved. For example, the described methods can be performed in an order different from that described, and various steps can be added, omitted, or combined. In addition, features described with reference to some examples may be combined in other examples. 
     Based on the descriptions of the foregoing implementations, those skilled in the art may clearly understand that the method in the foregoing embodiment may be implemented by software in addition to a necessary universal hardware platform or by hardware only. Based on such an understanding, the technical solutions of this application essentially or the part contributing to the prior art may be implemented in the form of a software product. The computer software product is stored in a storage medium (such as a ROM/RAM, a magnetic disk, or an optical disc), and includes several instructions for indicating that a terminal (which may be a mobile phone, a computer, a server, an air conditioner, a network device, or the like) performs the methods described in the embodiments of this application. 
     The embodiments of this application are described above with reference to the accompanying drawings, but this application is not limited to the foregoing implementations. The foregoing implementations are merely illustrative instead of restrictive. Under the enlightenment of this application, persons of ordinary skills in the art may make many forms without departing from the essence of this application and the scope of protection of claims, all of which fall within the protection of this application.