Patent Publication Number: US-2023165156-A1

Title: Magnetoresistive random-access memory (mram) with preserved underlying dielectric layer

Description:
BACKGROUND 
     The present invention relates generally to the field of magnetoresistive random-access memory (MRAM) devices and fabrication, and more particularly to the fabrication of a MRAM device and resulting structure that has a preserved dielectric cap remaining in a logic area of the device. 
     MRAM is a type of non-volatile random-access memory (RAM) which stores data in magnetic domains. Unlike conventional RAM technologies, data in MRAM is not stored as electric charge or current flows, but by magnetic storage elements formed from two ferromagnetic plates, each of which can hold a magnetization, separate by a thin insulating layer. One of the two plates is a permanent magnet set to a particular polarity. The other plate&#39;s magnetization can be changed to match that of an external field to store memory. 
     A magnetic tunnel junction (MTJ) includes two layers of magnetic metal separated by an ultrathin layer of insulator. The insulating layer is so thin that electrons can tunnel through the barrier if a bias voltage is applied between the two metal electrodes. MTJs are used in MRAM. 
     Back end of line (BEOL) is the portion of integrated circuit fabrication where the individual devices (transistors, capacitors, resisters, etc.) get interconnected with wiring on the wafer, the metallization layer. BEOL generally begins when the first layer of metal is deposited on the wafer. BEOL includes contacts, insulating layers (dielectrics), metal levels, and bonding sites for chip-to-package connections. 
     SUMMARY 
     Embodiments of the invention include a method for fabricating a semiconductor device and the resulting structure. The method can include providing a substrate having an embedded memory area interconnect structure and an embedded non-memory area interconnect structure, the memory area interconnect structure comprising metal interconnects formed in dielectric material. The method can also include forming a dielectric cap layer on exposed surfaces of the memory area and the non-memory area. The method can also include forming a bottom metal contact on a first metal interconnect of the memory area interconnect structure, the bottom metal contact in a trench in the dielectric cap layer. The method can also include forming a memory element stack pillar on the bottom metal contact. The method can also include forming a dielectric layer on exposed surfaces of the memory area and the non-memory area utilizing a non-conformal deposition process. The method can also include removing the dielectric layer from sidewalls of the memory element stack pillar. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         FIG.  1    depicts a semiconductor structure after an initial set of processing operations, in accordance with an embodiment of the invention. 
         FIG.  2    depicts a process of forming a dielectric cap, in accordance with an embodiment of the invention. 
         FIG.  3    depicts a process of forming metal contacts and barrier layers in the memory area of the device, in accordance with an embodiment of the invention. 
         FIG.  4    depicts a process of forming a magnetoresistive random-access memory (MRAM) stack and hardmask and patterning a photoresist, in accordance with an embodiment of the invention. 
         FIG.  5    depicts a process of removing portions of a hardmask and a top electrode layer that are not protected by a photoresist and the subsequent removal of the photoresist and remaining portions of organic planarization layer (OPL) and antireflection coating (ARC) layer, in accordance with an embodiment of the invention. 
         FIG.  6    depicts a process of forming MRAM pillars, in accordance with an embodiment of the invention. 
         FIG.  7    depicts a process of forming a dielectric layer, in accordance with an embodiment of the invention. 
         FIG.  8    depicts a process of removing redeposited material and portions of a dielectric layer, in accordance with an embodiment of the invention. 
         FIG.  9    depicts a process of forming a pillar encapsulation layer, in accordance with an embodiment of the invention. 
         FIG.  10    depicts a process of performing an encapsulation etch back, in accordance with an embodiment of the invention. 
         FIG.  11    depicts a process of forming an interlayer dielectric (ILD) layer, in accordance with an embodiment of the invention. 
         FIG.  12    depicts a process of forming contacts and a barrier layer, in accordance with an embodiment of the invention. 
         FIG.  13    depicts a process of performing a partial encapsulation etch back, in accordance with an embodiment of the invention. 
         FIG.  14    depicts a process of forming an ILD layer, in accordance with an embodiment of the invention. 
         FIG.  15    depicts a process of forming contacts and a barrier layer, in accordance with an embodiment of the invention. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     Embodiments of the present invention recognize that, in embedded magnetoresistive random-access memory (MRAM) devices, significant gouging of the dielectric layer underneath the bottom electrode occurs during ion beam etching (IBE) of the magnetic tunnel junction (MTJ) stack. Such a process can remove bottom electrode contact dielectric or dielectric cap layers in the logic area of an MRAM device and expose metal lines of the below interconnect level of the device. For copper metal lines, this causes a significant concern for device and downstream processing due to copper contamination. Current approaches reduce dielectric gouging by reducing IBE over etch and clean up time. However, such approaches induce footing at the base of the MRAM pillar and leaves metal residue on the MTJ sidewall causing junction short. 
     Embodiments of the present invention disclose a structure and method of forming an MRAM device with minimal bottom electrode dielectric gouging. In such embodiments, a non-conformal deposition (e.g., physical vapor deposition (PVD)) of dielectric material (e.g., SiN, SiC, SiCNH, SiO x ) is done after an IBE main etch, where deposited material is thicker on horizontal surfaces than on, for example, vertical sidewalls of the MRAM pillar(s). In some embodiments, the deposited material is about ten times thicker on the horizontal surface than on the pillar sidewall. Subsequently, an IBE clean-up etch is used to remove dielectric material and redeposited materials from the sidewalls of the MRAM pillar(s). During the IBE clean-up, dielectric gouging on the horizontal surfaces of both memory and logic areas of the device are reduced due to thicker film deposition during prior non-conformal dielectric deposition step(s). Such an approach allows for a more aggressive clean-up process to effectively remove metal residue from MRAM device sidewalls. Embodiments of the present invention recognize that underlying bottom electrode dielectric layers can be better preserved when the final cap dielectric in the logic and memory areas is thicker. 
     It is understood in advance that although example embodiments of the invention are described in connection with a particular transistor architecture, embodiments of the invention are not limited to the particular transistor architectures or materials described in this specification. Rather, embodiments of the present invention are capable of being implemented in conjunction with any other type of transistor architecture or materials now known or later developed. 
     For the sake of brevity, conventional techniques related to semiconductor device and integrated circuit (IC) fabrication may or may not be described in detail herein. Moreover, the various tasks and process steps described herein can be incorporated into a more comprehensive procedure or process having additional steps or functionality not described in detail herein. In particular, various steps in the manufacture of semiconductor devices and semiconductor-based ICs are well known and so, in the interest of brevity, many conventional steps will only be mentioned briefly herein or will be omitted entirely without providing the well-known process details. 
     Detailed embodiments of the claimed structures and methods are disclosed herein; however, it is to be understood that the disclosed embodiments are merely illustrative of the claimed structures and methods that may be embodied in various forms. In addition, each of the examples given in connection with the various embodiments are intended to be illustrative, and not restrictive. Further, the figures are not necessarily to scale, some features may be exaggerated to show details of particular components. Therefore, specific structural and functional details disclosed herein are not to be interpreted as limiting, but merely as a representative basis for teaching one skilled in the art to variously employ the methods and structures of the present disclosure. It is also noted that like and corresponding elements are referred to by like reference numerals. 
     In the following description, numerous specific details are set forth, such as particular structures, components, materials, dimensions, processing steps and techniques, in order to provide an understanding of the various embodiments of the present application. However, it will be appreciated by one of ordinary skill in the art that the various embodiments of the present application may be practiced without these specific details. In other instances, well-known structures or processing steps have not been described in detail in order to avoid obscuring the present application. 
     References in the specification to “one embodiment,” “an embodiment,” “an example embodiment,” etc., indicate that the embodiment described may include a particular feature, structure, or characteristic. Moreover, such phrases are not necessarily referring to the same embodiment. Further, when a particular feature, structure, or characteristic is described in connection with an embodiment, it is submitted that it is within the knowledge of one skilled in the art to affect such feature, structure, or characteristic in connection with other embodiments whether or not explicitly described. 
     For purposes of the description hereinafter, the terms “upper,” “right,” “left,” “vertical,” “horizontal,” “top,” “bottom,” and derivatives thereof shall relate to the disclosed structures and methods, as oriented in the drawing Figures. The terms “overlaying,” “atop,” “positioned on,” or “positioned atop” mean that a first element, such as a first structure, is present on a second element, such as a second structure, wherein intervening elements, such as an interface structure may be present between the first element and the second element. The term “direct contact” means that a first element, such as a first structure, and a second element, such as a second structure, are connected without any intermediary conducting, insulating or semiconductor layers at the interface of the two elements. 
     It will be understood that when an element as a layer, region or substrate is referred to as being “on” or “over” another element, it can be directly on the other element or intervening elements may also be present. In contrast, when an element is referred to as being “directly on” or “directly over” another element, there are no intervening elements present. It will also be understood that when an element is referred to as being “beneath” or “under” another element, it can be directly beneath or under the other element, or intervening elements may be present. In contrast, when an element is referred to as being “directly beneath” or “directly under” another element, there are no intervening elements present. 
     Turning now to an overview of technologies that are more specifically relevant to aspects of the invention, with the growth of digital data applications, there is a need for increasingly fast and scalable memory technologies for data storage and data-driven computation. Electronic memory can be classified as volatile or non-volatile. Volatile memory retains its stored data only when power is supplied to the memory, but non-volatile memory retains its stored data without constant power. Volatile RAM provides fast read/write speeds and easy re-write capability. However, when system power is switched off, any information not copied from volatile RAM to a hard drive is lost. Although non-volatile memory does not require constant power to retain its stored data, it in general has lower read/write speeds and a relatively limited lifetime in comparison to volatile memory. 
     MRAM is a non-volatile memory that combines a magnetic device with standard silicon-based microelectronics to achieve the combined attributes of non-volatility, high-speed read/write operations, high read/write endurance and data retention. The term “magnetoresistance” describes the effect whereby a change to certain magnetic states of the MTJ storage element (or “bit”) results in a change to the MTJ resistance, hence the name “Magnetoresistive” RAM. A basic MTJ stack includes a free layer and a fixed/reference layer, each of which includes a magnetic material layer. The free and reference layers are separated by a non-magnetic insulating tunnel barrier. The free layer and the reference layer are magnetically de-coupled by the tunnel barrier. The free layer has a variable magnetization direction, and the reference layer has an invariable magnetization direction. 
     An MTJ stack stores information by switching the magnetization state of the free layer. When the free layer&#39;s magnetization direction is parallel to the reference layer&#39;s magnetization direction, the MTJ is in a low resistance state. Conversely, when the free layer&#39;s magnetization direction is anti-parallel to the reference layer&#39;s magnetization direction, the MTJ is in a high resistance state. The difference in resistance of the MTJ can be used to indicate a logical “1” or “0,” thereby storing a bit of information. The tunneling magnetoresistance (TMR or MR) of an MTJ determines the difference in resistance between the high and low resistance states. A relatively high difference between the high and low resistance states facilitates read operations in the MRAM. 
     In embedded MRAM devices, fabrication operations (e.g., ion beam etching) used to form the MTJ stack can result in significant gouging of the dielectric regions that are underneath the bottom electrode of the MTJ. This can result in the removal of most or all of the dielectric cap layer in both memory and logic areas in the MRAM device, thus exposing copper lines of the interconnect (or metallization) layer below. 
     The present invention will now be described in detail with reference to the Figures. 
       FIG.  1    depicts a cross-sectional view of a device at an early stage in the method of forming the device and after an initial set of fabrication operations according to one embodiment of the invention.  FIG.  1    shows the formation of metal lines  150  and barrier layer  140  within substrate  110 , dielectric layer  120 , and dielectric layer  130 . 
     The depicted structure includes a logic area and a memory area that are referenced herein. The logic area comprises the left half of the depicted device and the memory area comprises the right half of the depicted device. 
     In some embodiments of the invention, the substrate  110  can include various middle of line (MOL) and front end of line (FEOL) structures. FEOL structures can include structures such as wells, source/drain (S/D) regions, extension junctions, silicide regions, liners, and the like. The MOL structures can include contacts and other structures that couple to the active regions (e.g., gate/source/drain) of the FEOL structures in the substrate  110 . Networks of metal lines  150  (e.g., conductive lines, conductive wires, barrier layers, and the like) have been formed in substrate  110  as part of the BEOL structures formed during initial portions of the BEOL stage. 
     Substrate  110  is an interlayer dielectric. Substrate  110  serves as an isolation structure for the lines and vias of the structure. Substrate  110  can be made of any suitable dielectric material, such as, for example, low-κ dielectrics (i.e., materials having a small dielectric constant relative to silicon dioxide, i.e., less than about 3.9), ultra-low-κ dielectrics (i.e., materials having a dielectric constant less than 3), tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS), porous silicates, carbon doped oxides, silicon dioxides, silicon nitrides, silicon oxynitrides, silicon carbide (SiC), or other dielectric materials. Any known manner of forming substrate  110  can be utilized, such as, for example, chemical vapor deposition (CVD), plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD), atomic layer deposition (ALD), flowable CVD, spin-on dielectrics, or physical vapor deposition (PVD). 
     Dielectric layer  120  is formed over the substrate  110 . Dielectric layer  120  can be any suitable dielectric material such as, for example, SiN, SiCN(H), TEOS, SiO, or other oxide materials. Dielectric layer  120  can be deposited using CVD, PECVD, PVD, or other deposition processes. 
     Dielectric layer  130  is formed over dielectric layer  120 . Dielectric layer  130  can be any suitable insulating material such as, for example, silicon dioxide, silicon nitride, nitrogen doped silicon carbide (SiC), and the like. In some embodiments, dielectric layer  130  is an ultra-low-κ dielectric (i.e., a material having a dielectric constant less than 3). Dielectric layer  130  can be deposited using CVD, PECVD, PVD, or other deposition processes. 
     The interconnect structure that comprises metal lines  150 , in accordance with aspects of the invention, can be fabricated by patterning metal lines in a trench using lithography and etch. 
     In some embodiments of the invention, metal lines  150  include a conductive material formed or deposited in a trench of a metallization layer using known BEOL processes. In the depicted embodiment, the trenches are formed in dielectric layer  130 , dielectric layer  120 , and substrate  110 . In some embodiments of the invention, metal lines  150  are overfilled above a surface of the trench (not shown), forming overfill that can be removed using, for example, a chemical-mechanical planarization (CMP) process. Metal lines  150  can be made of any suitable conducting material, such as, for example, metal (e.g., tungsten (W), titanium (Ti), tantalum (Ta), Ru, zirconium (Zr), Co, Cu, aluminum (Al), platinum (Pt)), alloys thereof (e.g., AlCu, CuMn, CuTi), conducting metallic compound material (e.g., tantalum nitride, TiN, tantalum carbide, titanium carbide, titanium aluminum carbide, tungsten silicide, tungsten nitride, cobalt silicide, nickel silicide), conductive carbon, or any suitable combination of such materials. In some embodiments of the invention, metal lines  150  are copper lines (copper interconnect). Metal lines  150  can be formed or deposited using, for example, CVD, PECVD, PVD, sputtering, plating, chemical solution deposition, and electroless plating. Metal lines  150  can further include a barrier layer  140  between the metal fill of the metal lines  150  and the surfaces of the trenches. 
     In some embodiments of the invention, barrier layer  140  can be formed between metal lines  150  and the surfaces of the trenches. Barrier layer  140  can serve as a diffusion barrier, preventing the copper (or other metal) from diffusing into, or doping, the surrounding dielectric materials, which can degrade the surrounding dielectric material properties. Silicon, for example, forms deep-level traps when doped with copper. Barrier layer  140  can be titanium (Ti), titanium nitride (TiN), tantalum (Ta), tantalum nitride (TaN), ruthenium (Ru), tungsten (W), tungsten nitride (WN), combinations thereof, or another high melting point metal or conductive metal nitride where the barrier layer  140  can prevent diffusion and/or alloying of the metal contact fill material (used to form the metal lines  150 ) with a top source/drain material, and/or anode/cathode material. In embodiments of the invention, the barrier layer  140  can be deposited by ALD, CVD, metalorganic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD), PECVD, or combinations thereof. In embodiments of the invention, the metal fill of the metal lines  150  can be formed by ALD, CVD, and/or PVD. 
       FIG.  2    depicts a cross-sectional view of fabrication steps, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.  FIG.  3    shows the formation of dielectric cap  210 . 
     Dielectric cap  210  is formed over dielectric layer  130  and exposed portions of metal lines  150  and barrier layer  140 . Dielectric cap  210  can be any suitable dielectric material such as, for example, SiN, SiCN(H), TEOS, SiO x , or other oxide materials. Dielectric cap  210  can be deposited using CVD, PECVD, PVD, or other deposition processes. 
       FIG.  3    depicts a cross-sectional view of fabrication steps, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.  FIG.  3    shows the formation of metal contacts  320  and barrier layers  310  in the memory area of the device. 
     Metal contacts  320  each act as bottom contacts for MRAM pillars. 
     One or more vias may be formed by an etching process, such as RIE, laser ablation, or any wet etch process which can be used to selectively remove a portion of material such as dielectric cap  210 . A hardmask (not shown) may be patterned using photoresist to expose areas of dielectric cap  210  where trenches are desired and the hardmask may be utilized during the etching process in the creation of the trenches. The etching process only removes portions of dielectric cap  210  not protected by the hardmask and the etching process stops at metal lines  150 . 
     In some embodiments, subsequent to the formation of the vias, the hardmask is removed. In general, the process of removing the hardmask involves the use of an etching process such as RIE, laser ablation, or any wet etch process which can be used to selectively remove a portion of material, such as the hardmask. In some embodiments, prior to the removal of the hardmask, the photoresist (not shown) is removed. The process of removing the photoresist is similar to that of the process of removing the hardmask. 
     In some embodiments of the invention, metal contact  320  includes a conductive material formed or deposited in a via using known BEOL processes. In some embodiments of the invention, metal contact  320  is overfilled above a surface of the trench (not shown), forming overfill that can be removed using, for example, a CMP process. Metal contact  320  can be made of any suitable conducting material, such as, for example, metal (e.g., W, Ti, Ta, Ru, Zr, Co, Cu, Al, Pt), alloys thereof (e.g., AlCu, CuMn, CuTi), conducting metallic compound material (e.g., tantalum nitride, TiN, tantalum carbide, titanium carbide, titanium aluminum carbide, tungsten silicide, tungsten nitride, cobalt silicide, nickel silicide), conductive carbon, or any suitable combination of such materials. Metal contact  320  can be formed or deposited using, for example, CVD, PECVD, PVD, sputtering, plating, chemical solution deposition, and electroless plating. Metal contact  320  can further include a barrier layer  310  between the metal fill of metal contact  320  and dielectric cap  210 . 
     In some embodiments of the invention, barrier layer  310  can be formed between metal contact  320  and dielectric cap  210 . Barrier layer  310  can serve as a diffusion barrier, preventing the copper (or other metal) from diffusing into, or doping, the surrounding dielectric materials, which can degrade the surrounding dielectric material properties. Silicon, for example, forms deep-level traps when doped with copper. Barrier layer  310  can be Ti, TiN, Ta, TaN, Ru, W, WN, combinations thereof, or another high melting point metal or conductive metal nitride where the barrier layer  310  can prevent diffusion and/or alloying of the metal contact fill material (used to form metal contact  320 ) with a top source/drain material, and/or anode/cathode material. In embodiments of the invention, barrier layer  310  can be deposited by ALD, CVD, MOCVD, PECVD, or combinations thereof. In embodiments of the invention, the metal fill of the metal contact  820  can be formed by ALD, CVD, and/or PVD. 
       FIG.  4    depicts a cross-sectional view of fabrication steps, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.  FIG.  4    shows the formation of the MRAM stack and hardmask and patterning of photoresist  470 . 
     Bottom electrode layer  410  is formed over exposed surfaces of dielectric cap  210 , barrier layer  310 , and metal contacts  320 . Bottom electrode layer  410  is deposited using any suitable means such as, for example, CVD or ALD. Bottom electrode layer  410  may be Ti, TiN, Ta, TaN, Ru, HfN, Nb, NbN, W, WN, WCN, Mo, Cr, V, Pd, Pt, Rh, Sc, Al, combinations thereof, or another high melting point metal or conductive metal nitride. 
     Known fabrication techniques are utilized to form an MRAM stack according to one or more embodiments. The MRAM stack can be formed by depositing MTJ stack  420 , a top electrode layer  430 , hardmask  440 , along with a tri-level mask (organic planarization layer (OPL)  450 , antireflection coating (ARC) layer  460 , and photoresist  470 ) where the photoresist  470  covers the MRAM stack at a desired location for an MRAM pillar. 
     MTJ stack  420  includes a free layer and a fixed/reference layer, each of which includes a magnetic material. The free and reference layers are separated by a non-magnetic insulating tunnel barrier. The free layer and the reference layer are magnetically de-coupled by the tunnel barrier. The free layer has a variable magnetization direction, and the reference layer has an invariable magnetization direction. A wide variety of layers and elements (e.g., an MTJ cap, multiple free/reference layers) can be included in MTJ stack  420 . MTJ stack  420  is deposited over bottom electrode layer  410  using known fabrication operations. 
     Top electrode layer  430  is formed over MTJ stack  420 . Top electrode layer  430  is deposited using any suitable means such as, for example, CVD or ALD. Top electrode layer  430  may be Ti, TiN, Ta, TaN, Ru, HfN, Nb, NbN, W, WN, WCN, Mo, Cr, V, Pd, Pt, Rh, Sc, Al, combinations thereof, or another high melting point metal or conductive metal nitride. 
     Hardmask  440  is formed over top electrode layer  430 . Hardmask  440  is deposited using any suitable means such as, for example, CVD or ALD. Hardmask  440  can be made of any suitable dielectric material, such as, for example, TEOS, silicon dioxides, silicon nitrides, silicon oxynitrides, SiC, or other non-porous dielectric materials. 
     OPL  450  is formed on hardmask  440 . OPL  450  can be spun on and baked, or can be deposited by CVD. OPL  450  may be, for example, a self-planarizing organic material that includes carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and optionally nitrogen, fluorine, and silicon. In one embodiment, the self-planarizing organic material can be a polymer with sufficiently low viscosity so that the top surface of the applied polymer forms a planar horizontal surface. In one embodiment, OPL  450  can include a transparent organic polymer. 
     ARC layer  460  is formed on OPL  450 . ARC layer  460  is deposited using any suitable means such as, for example, spin coat, CVD, or ALD. ARC layer  460  can include SiARC, although other ARC layer materials can be employed. 
     Photoresist  470  is deposited on top of ARC layer  460 . Photoresist  470  may be a light-sensitive polymer that acts as a lithography mask. In various embodiments, standard photolithographic processes are used to define a pattern of ARC layer  460  in a layer of photoresist  470  deposited on ARC layer  460 . The desired pattern may then be formed in by removing ARC layer  460 , OPL  450 , and hardmask  440  from the areas not protected by the pattern in the photoresist  470  layer. ARC layer  460 , OPL  450 , and hardmask  440  are removed using, for example, RIE. RIE uses chemically reactive plasma, generated by an electromagnetic field, to remove various materials. A person of ordinary skill in the art will recognize that the type of plasma used will depend on the material of which ARC layer  460 , OPL  450 , and hardmask  440  are composed, or that other etch processes such as wet chemical etching or laser ablation may be used. 
       FIG.  5    depicts a cross-sectional view of fabrication steps, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.  FIG.  5    shows the removal of portions of hardmask  440  and top electrode layer  430  not protected by photoresist  470  and subsequent removal of photoresist  470  and remaining portions of OPL  450  and ARC layer  460 . 
     Photoresist  970  is patterned using lithography to form pillars which are then transferred to top electrode layer  930  using RIE. The process of removing photoresist  970  and remaining portions of OPL  950  and ARC layer  960  generally involves the use of an etching process such as RIE, laser ablation, or any etch process which can be used to selectively remove a portion of material such as photoresist  970 , OPL  950 , and/or ARC layer  960 . In some embodiments, the process for removing OPL  950  may be an ashing process. For example, the remaining portions of OPL  950  may be removed by a O 2  or N 2 /H 2  plasma. 
       FIG.  6    depicts a cross-sectional view of fabrication steps, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.  FIG.  6    shows the formation of MRAM pillars. 
     In some embodiments, the pillar pattern is transferred from top electrode layer  430  to MTJ stack  420  and bottom electrode layer  410  using an etching operations such as, for example, IBE. A portion of the dielectric cap  210  remains after the IBE protecting metal contact  320  in the memory area and interconnect structures in the logic area from IBE gouging. In one or more embodiments, the critical dimension of metal contact  320  is smaller (i.e. has a narrower width) than that of bottom electrode layer  310  and/or MTJ stack  420  to prevent exposure of metal contact  320  during MTJ pillar patterning using IBE. This reduces the possibility of any additional metal sputtering and redeposition on MTJ pillars after etching and reduces risk of tunnel junction shorts. 
     In some embodiments, as a result of the IBE process, redeposited material  510  may be present on sidewalls of the MRAM pillars. Such redeposited material may be, for example, metal. Redeposited material  510  will be subsequently removed during an IBE clean-up etch, as described with reference to  FIG.  8   . 
       FIG.  7    depicts a cross-sectional view of fabrication steps, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.  FIG.  7    shows the formation of dielectric layer  710 . 
     Dielectric layer  710  can be deposited using a non-conformal deposition process such as PVD. Such a deposition process results in deposited material of dielectric layer  710  being thicker on horizontal surfaces as compared to the vertical sidewalls of the pillars. Dielectric layer  710  can be any suitable dielectric material including, but not limited to, SiN, SiCN(H), or SiC. In some embodiments, dielectric layer  710  is about ten times thicker on horizontal surfaces as compared to the thickness on the vertical sidewalls of the pillars. 
       FIG.  8    depicts a cross-sectional view of fabrication steps, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.  FIG.  8    shows the removal of redeposited material  510  and portions of dielectric layer  710 . 
     In some embodiments, the pillar pattern is again transferred from top electrode layer  430  to MTJ stack  420  and bottom electrode layer  410  using an etching operations such as, for example, IBE. A portion of the dielectric layer  710  remains on horizontal portions of the device after the IBE due to the horizontal surfaces originally having a thicker layer of dielectric layer  710 . The removal of redeposited material  510  and dielectric layer  710  is a part of a clean-up etch process. Dielectric gouging on the horizontal surfaces is reduced due to the thicker film deposited during the preceding non-conformal deposition of dielectric layer  710 . Accordingly, a more aggressive clean-up process can be used to effectively remove all metal residue from the MRAM pillar sidewalls, such as redeposited material  510 . 
       FIG.  9    depicts a cross-sectional view of fabrication steps, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.  FIG.  9    shows the formation of pillar encapsulation layer  910 . 
     Pillar encapsulation layer  910  can be conformally deposited over exposed portions of the device using any known deposition process such as, for example, CVD or ALD. Pillar encapsulation layer  910  can be any suitable dielectric material including, but not limited to, SiN, SiCN(H), or SiC. 
       FIG.  10    depicts a cross-sectional view of fabrication steps, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.  FIG.  10    shows an encapsulation etch back of portions of pillar encapsulation layer  910 . 
     An anisotropic etch process can be used to perform the encapsulation etch back. As depicted, this can result in portions of pillar encapsulation layer  910  being removed from lateral surfaces stopping on dielectric layer  710 , but remaining on the sidewalls of the MRAM pillars. This is due to the slower etch rate at the sidewall caused by the anisotropic etch process. The etch back depth may vary based on the desired final structure of the device. In some embodiments, subsequent to the etch back, the combined thickness of dielectric layer  710  and dielectric cap  210  is greater than fifty nanometers. 
       FIG.  11    depicts a cross-sectional view of fabrication steps, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.  FIG.  11    shows the formation of interlayer dielectric (ILD) layer  1110 . 
     ILD layer  1110  can be deposited over the exposed portions of the device. ILD layer  1110  may be any type of interlayer dielectric material including, for example, ultra-low-κ dielectrics (i.e., materials having a dielectric constant less than 3). 
       FIG.  12    depicts a cross-sectional view of fabrication steps, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.  FIG.  12    shows the formation of contacts  1220  and barrier layer  1210 . 
     Known fabrication techniques are utilized to form contacts  1220  in the memory region and logic region, according to one or more embodiments of the invention. Trenches can be formed in ILD layer  1110 , dielectric layer  710 , and dielectric cap  210  to expose portions of top electrode layers  430  in the memory area and portions of the interconnect structures in the logic area (e.g., metal lines  150 ). 
     A barrier layer  1210  can be formed in the trenches followed by deposition of contacts  1220 . Barrier layer  1210  can be Ti, TiN, Ta, TaN, Ru, W, WN, WCN, combinations thereof, or another high melting point metal or conductive metal nitride. In embodiments of the invention, the barrier layer  1210  can be deposited by ALD, CVD, MOCVD, PECVD, or combinations thereof. 
     Contacts  1220  can be made of any suitable conducting material, such as, for example, metal (e.g., W, Ti, Ta, Ru, Zr, Co, Cu, Al, Pt), alloys thereof (e.g., AlCu, CuMn, CuTi), conducting metallic compound material (e.g., tantalum nitride, TiN, tantalum carbide, titanium carbide, titanium aluminum carbide, tungsten silicide, tungsten nitride, cobalt silicide, nickel silicide), conductive carbon, or any suitable combination of such materials. A resist, such as a photoresist along with tri-layer lithographic stack, can be deposited and patterned to form the trenches for the metal lines and contacts  1220 . In some embodiments of the invention, contacts  1220  are overfilled above a surface of the trench (not shown), forming overfill that can be removed using, for example, a CMP process. 
       FIGS.  13 - 15    depict embodiments of the present invention that are formed according to a different fabrication process. 
     The fabrication process depicted by  FIG.  13    is performed on the same device originally depicted in  FIG.  9   . Accordingly, the initial fabrication steps are similar to those already described with respect to  FIGS.  1 - 9   . 
       FIG.  13    depicts a cross-sectional view of fabrication steps, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.  FIG.  10    shows a partial encapsulation etch back of portions of pillar encapsulation layer  910 . 
     An anisotropic etch process can be used to perform the encapsulation etch back. As depicted, this can result in portions of pillar encapsulation layer  910  being removed from lateral surfaces, with portions of pillar encapsulation layer  910  still remaining on both dielectric layer  710  and the sidewalls of the MRAM pillars. This is due to the slower etch rate at the sidewall caused by the anisotropic etch process. The etch back depth may vary based on the desired final structure of the device. In some embodiments, subsequent to the etch back, the combined thickness of dielectric layer  710  and dielectric cap  210  is greater than fifty nanometers. 
       FIG.  14    depicts a cross-sectional view of fabrication steps, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.  FIG.  11    shows the formation of interlayer dielectric (ILD) layer  1410 . 
     ILD layer  1410  can be deposited over the exposed portions of the device. ILD layer  1410  may be any type of interlayer dielectric material including, for example, ultra-low-κ dielectrics (i.e., materials having a dielectric constant less than 3). 
       FIG.  15    depicts a cross-sectional view of fabrication steps, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.  FIG.  15    shows the formation of contacts  1520  and barrier layer  1510 . 
     Known fabrication techniques are utilized to form contacts  1520  in the memory region and logic region, according to one or more embodiments of the invention. Trenches can be formed in ILD layer  1410 , pillar encapsulation layer  910 , dielectric layer  710 , and dielectric cap  210  to expose portions of top electrode layers  430  in the memory area and portions of the interconnect structures in the logic area (e.g., metal lines  150 ). 
     A barrier layer  1510  can be formed in the trenches followed by deposition of contacts  1520 . Barrier layer  1510  can be Ti, TiN, Ta, TaN, Ru, W, WN, WCN, combinations thereof, or another high melting point metal or conductive metal nitride. In embodiments of the invention, the barrier layer  1510  can be deposited by ALD, CVD, MOCVD, PECVD, or combinations thereof. 
     Contacts  1520  can be made of any suitable conducting material, such as, for example, metal (e.g., W, Ti, Ta, Ru, Zr, Co, Cu, Al, Pt), alloys thereof (e.g., AlCu, CuMn, CuTi), conducting metallic compound material (e.g., tantalum nitride, TiN, tantalum carbide, titanium carbide, titanium aluminum carbide, tungsten silicide, tungsten nitride, cobalt silicide, nickel silicide), conductive carbon, or any suitable combination of such materials. A resist, such as a photoresist along with tri-layer lithographic stack, can be deposited and patterned to form the trenches for the metal lines and contacts  1520 . In some embodiments of the invention, contacts  1520  are overfilled above a surface of the trench (not shown), forming overfill that can be removed using, for example, a CMP process. 
     The resulting structure includes an MRAM device with minimum bottom electrode dielectric gouging. The underlying bottom electrode dielectric is preserved and a thicker multilayer final dielectric cap layer remains in both the logic and memory areas of the device. Such an approach allows longer IBE over etch and clean-up etch preventing footing at the base of MRAM pillars and eliminating metal residue from residing on MTJ sidewalls of the resulting structure. By preventing metal residue from residing on the MTJ sidewalls, junction shorts can be prevented. 
     The resulting integrated circuit chips can be distributed by the fabricator in raw wafer form (that is, as a single wafer that has multiple unpackaged chips), as a bare die, or in a packaged form. In the latter case the chip is mounted in a single chip package (such as a plastic carrier, with leads that are affixed to a motherboard or other higher level carrier) or in a multichip package (such as a ceramic carrier that has either or both surface interconnections or buried interconnections). In any case the chip is then integrated with other chips, discrete circuit elements, and/or other signal processing devices as part of either (a) an intermediate product, such as a motherboard, or (b) an end product. The end product can be any product that includes integrated circuit chips, ranging from toys and other low-end applications to advanced computer products having a display, a keyboard or other input device, and a central processor. 
     The terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particular embodiments only and is not intended to be limiting of the invention. As used herein, the singular forms “a,” “an,” and “the” are intended to include the plural forms as well, unless the context clearly indicates otherwise. It will be further understood that the terms “comprises” and/or “comprising,” when used in this specification, specify the presence of stated features, integers, steps, operations, elements, and/or components, but do not preclude the presence or addition of one or more other features, integers, steps, operations, elements, components, and/or groups thereof. 
     While the present application has been particularly shown and described with respect to preferred embodiments thereof, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that the foregoing and other changes in forms and details may be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the present application. It is therefore intended that the present application not be limited to the exact forms and details described and illustrated, but fall within the scope of the appended claims.