Patent Publication Number: US-7220897-B2

Title: Δ4-desaturase genes and uses thereof

Description:
The subject application is a continuation-in-part of pending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/849,199, filed on May 4, 2001, now abandoned hereby incorporated in its entirety by reference. 
     The subject application is a divisional of pending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/120,637, filed on Apr. 11, 2002 now U.S. Pat. No. 7,045,683, which is hereby incorporated in its entirety by reference. 
    
    
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     1. Technical Field 
     The subject invention relates to the identification and isolation of genes that encode enzymes (e.g.,  Thraustochytrium aureum Δ 4-desaturase,  Schizochytrium aggregatum Δ 4-desaturase and  Isochrysis galbana Δ 4-desaturase) involved in the synthesis of polyunsaturated fatty acids and to uses thereof. In particular, Δ4-desaturase catalyzes the conversion of, for example, adrenic acid (22:4n−6) to ω6-docosapentaenoic acid (22:5n−6) and the conversion of ω3-docosapentaenoic acid (22:5n−3) to docosahexaenoic acid (22:6n−3). The converted products may then be utilized as substrates in the production of other polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs). The product or other polyunsaturated fatty acids may be added to pharmaceutical compositions, nutritional composition, animal feeds as well as other products such as cosmetics. 
     2. Background Information 
     Desaturases are critical in the production of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids that have many important functions. For example, polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) are important components of the plasma membrane of a cell, where they are found in the form of phospholipids. They also serve as precursors to mammalian prostacyclins, eicosanoids, leukotrienes and prostaglandins. 
     Additionally, PUFAs are necessary for the proper development of the developing infant brain as well as for tissue formation and repair. In view of the biological significance of PUFAs, attempts are being made to produce them, as well as intermediates leading to their production, in an efficient manner. 
     A number of enzymes, most notably desaturase and elongases, are involved in PUFA biosynthesis (see  FIG. 1 ). For example, elongase (elo) catalyzes the conversion of γ-linolenic acid (GLA) to dihomo-γ-linolenic acid (DGLA) and of stearidonic acid (18:4n−3) to (n−3)-eicosatetraenoic acid (20:4n−3). Linoleic acid (LA, 18:2n−9,12 or 18:2n−6) is produced from oleic acid (18:1−Δ9) by a Δ12-desaturase. GLA (18:3n−6,9,12) is produced from linoleic acid by a Δ6-desaturase. 
     It must be noted that animals cannot desaturate beyond the Δ9 position and therefore cannot convert oleic acid into linoleic acid. Likewise, γ-linolenic acid (ALA, 18:3n−9,12,15) cannot be synthesized by mammals. However, γ-linolenic acid can be converted to stearidonic acid (STA, 18:4n−6,9,12,15) by a Δ6-desaturase (see PCT publication WO 96/13591 and  The FASEB Journal , Abstracts, Part I, Abstract 3093, page A532 (Experimental Biology 98, San Francisco, Calif., Apr. 18–22, 1998); see also U.S. Pat. No. 5,552,306), followed by elongation to (n−3)-eicosatetraenoic acid (20:4n−8,11,14,17) in mammals and algae. This polyunsaturated fatty acid (i.e., 20:4n−8,11,14,17) can then be converted to eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, 20:5n−5,8,11,14,17) by a Δ5-desaturase. EPA can then, in turn, be converted to ω3-docosapentaenoic acid (22:5n−3) by an elongase. Isolation of an enzyme or its encoding gene, responsible for conversion of ω3-docosapentaenoic acid to docosahexaenoic acid (22:6n−3) has never been reported. Two pathways for this conversion have been proposed (see  FIG. 1  and Sprecher, H.,  Curr. Opin. Clin. Nutr. Metab. Care , Vol.2, p. 135–138, 1999). One of them involves a single enzyme, a Δ4-desaturase such as that of the present invention. In the n−6 pathway, dietary linoleic acid may be converted to adrenic acid through a series of desaturation and elongation steps in mammals (see  FIG. 1 ). Production of ω6-docosapentaenoic acid from adrenic acid is postulated to be mediated by the Δ6-desaturase discussed above. 
     Other eukaryotes, including fungi and plants, have enzymes which desaturate at carbon 12 (see PCT publication WO 94/11516 and U.S. Pat. No. 5,443,974) and carbon 15 (see PCT publication WO 93/11245). The major polyunsaturated fatty acids of animals therefore are either derived from diet and/or from desaturation and elongation of linoleic acid or γ-linolenic acid. In view of these difficulties, it is of significant interest to isolate genes involved in PUFA synthesis from species that naturally produce these fatty acids and to express these genes in a microbial, plant, or animal system which can be altered to provide production of commercial quantities of one or more PUFAs. 
     In view of the above discussion, there is a definite need for the Δ4-desaturase enzyme, the respective genes encoding this enzyme, as well as recombinant methods of producing this enzyme. Additionally, a need exists for oils containing levels of PUFAs beyond those naturally present as well as those enriched in novel PUFAs. Such oils can only be made by isolation and expression of the Δ4-desaturase gene(s). 
     All U.S. patents and publications referred to herein are hereby incorporated in their entirety by reference. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention includes an isolated nucleotide sequence or fragment thereof comprising or complementary to a nucleotide sequence encoding a polypeptide having desaturase activity. The amino acid sequence of the polypeptide has at least 50% sequence identity to an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO:18, SEQ ID NO:19, SEQ ID NO:20, SEQ ID NO:21, SEQ ID NO:37, SEQ ID NO:46 and SEQ ID NO:55. Also, in particular, the present invention encompasses an isolated nucleotide sequence or fragment thereof comprising or complementary to a nucleotide sequence encoding a polypeptide having desaturase activity, wherein the amino acid sequence of said polypeptide has at least 30% identity to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:55. 
     Additionally, the present invention encompasses an isolated nucleotide sequence or fragment thereof comprising or complementary to a nucleotide sequence having at least 50% sequence identity to a nucleotide sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO:14, SEQ ID NO:15 and SEQ ID NO:16, SEQ ID NO:17, SEQ ID NO:36, SEQ ID NO:45 and SEQ ID NO:54. In particular, the present invention includes an isolated nucleotide sequence or fragment thereof comprising or complementary to a nucleotide sequence having at least 40% identity to the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:54. 
     Each of the sequences described above encodes a functionally active desaturase that utilizes a monounsaturated or polyunsaturated fatty acid as a substrate. The nucleotide sequences may be derived for example, from a fungus or an algae. In particular, when the nucleotide sequence comprises SEQ ID NO:14, SEQ ID NO:15, SEQ ID NO:16, SEQ ID NO:17 or SEQ ID NO:45, may be derived, for example, from the fungus  Thraustochytrium aureum . The sequence comprising SEQ ID NO:36 may be derived, for example, from the fungus  Schizochytrium aggregcaum . The sequence comprising SEQ ID NO:54 may bederived, for example, from the algae  Isochrysis galbana . The present invention also includes purified protein and fragments thereof encoded by the above-referenced nucleotide sequences. 
     In particular, the present invention also includes a purified polypeptide which desaturates polyunsaturated fatty acids at carbon 4 and has an amino acid sequence having at least 50% identity to an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO:18, SEQ ID NO:19, SEQ ID NO:20, SEQ ID NO:21, SEQ ID NO:37, SEQ ID NO:46 and SEQ ID NO:55. In particular, the present invention also includes a purified polypeptide which desaturates polyunsaturated fatty acids at carbon 4 and has an amino acid sequence having at least 30% identity to the amino acid sequence of SEQ NO:55. 
     Additionally, the present invention includes a method of producing a desaturase comprising the steps of: isolating a nucleotide sequence comprising or complementary to a nucleotide sequence encoding a polypeptide having an amino acid sequence having at least 50% identity to an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO:18, SEQ ID NO:19, SEQ ID NO:20, SEQ ID NO:21, SEQ ID NO:37, SEQ ID NO:46 and SEQ ID NO:55 (or at least 30% identity to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:55) or having at least 50% sequence identity to a nucleotide sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO:14, SEQ ID NO:15, SEQ ID NO:16, SEQ ID NO:17, SEQ ID NO:36, SEQ ID NO:45 and SEQ ID NO:54 (or having, in particular, at least 40% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO:54); constructing a vector comprising: i) the isolated nucleotide sequence operably linked to ii) a promoter; and introducing said vector into a host cell for a time and under conditions sufficient for expression of the desaturase. The host cell may be, for example, a eukaryotic cell or a prokaryotic cell. In particular, the prokaryotic cell may be, for example,  E. coli , cyanobacteria or  B. subtilis . The eukaryotic cell may be, for example, a mammalian cell, an insect cell, a plant cell or a fungal cell (e.g., a yeast cell such as  Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Saccharomvces carlsbergensis, Candida  spp.,  Lipomyces starkey, Yarrowia lipolytica, Kluyveromyces  spp.,  Hansenula  spp.,  Trichoderma  spp. or  Pichia  spp.). 
     Moreover, the present invention also includes a vector comprising: an isolated nucleotide sequence comprising or complementary to a nucleotide sequence encoding a polypeptide having an amino acid sequence having at least 50% amino acid identity to an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO:18, SEQ ID NO:19, SEQ ID NO:20, SEQ ID NO:21, SEQ ID NO:37, SEQ ID NO:46 and SEQ ID NO:55 (or, in particular, at least 30% amino acid identity to SEQ ID NO:55) or having at least 50% sequence identity to a nucleotide sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO:14, SEQ ID NO:15, SEQ ID NO:16, SEQ ID NO:17, SEQ ID NO:36, SEQ ID NO:45 and SEQ ID NO:54 (or, in particular, at least 40% identity to SEQ ID NO:54), operably linked to a promoter. The invention also includes a host cell comprising this vector. The host cell may be, for example, a eukaryotic cell or a prokaryotic cell. Suitable eukaryotic cells and prokaryotic cells are as defined above. 
     Moreover, the present invention also includes a plant cell, plant or plant tissue comprising the above vector, wherein expression of the nucleotide sequence of the vector results in production of a polyunsaturated fatty acid by the plant cell, plant or plant tissue. The polyunsaturated fatty acid may be, for example, selected from the group consisting of ω6-docosapentaenoic acid or docosahexaenoic acid. The invention also includes one or more plant oils or acids expressed by the above plant cell, plant or plant tissue. 
     Additionally, the present invention also encompasses a transgenic plant comprising the above vector, wherein expression of the nucleotide sequence of the vector results in production of a polyunsaturated fatty acid in seeds of the transgenic plant. 
     The present invention also includes a method (“first method”) for producing a polyunsaturated fatty acid comprising the steps of: isolating a nucleotide sequence comprising or complementary to a nucleotide sequence encoding a polypeptide having an amino acid sequence having at least 50% amino acid sequence identity to an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO:18, SEQ ID NO:19, SEQ ID NO:20, SEQ ID NO:21, SEQ ID NO:37, SEQ ID NO:46 and SEQ ID NO:55 (and, in particular, at least 30% amino acid sequence identity to SEQ ID NO:55) or having at least 50% sequence identity to a nucleotide sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO:14, SEQ ID NO:15, SEQ ID NO:16 and SEQ ID NO:17, SEQ ID NO:36, SEQ ID NO:45, and SEQ ID NO:54 (and, in particular, at least 40% with respect to SEQ ID NO:54); constructing a vector comprising the isolated nucleotide sequence; introducing the vector into a host cell for a time and under conditions sufficient for expression of Δ4-desaturase; and exposing the expressed Δ4-desaturase to a substrate polyunsaturated fatty acid in order to convert the substrate to a product polyunsaturated fatty acid. The substrate polyunsaturated fatty acid may be, for example, adrenic acid or ω3-docospentaenoic acid, and the product polyunsaturated fatty acid may be, for example, ω6-docosapentaenoic acid or docosahexaenoic acid, respectively. This method may further comprise the step of exposing the product polyunsaturated fatty acid to another enzyme (e.g., a Δ4-desaturase, an elongase or another desaturase) in order to convert the product polyunsaturated fatty acid to another polyunsaturated fatty acid (i.e., “second” method). In this method containing the additional step (i.e., “second” method), the product polyunsaturated fatty acid may be, for example, ω6-docosapentaenoic acid, and the “another” polyunsaturated fatty acid may be docosahexaenoic acid. 
     Also, the present invention includes a method of producing a polyunsaturated fatty acid comprising the steps of: exposing a substrate polyunsaturated fatty acid to one or more enzymes selected from the group consisting of a desaturase and an elongase in order to convert the substrate to a product polyunsaturated fatty acid; and exposing the product polyunsaturated fatty acid to a Δ4-desaturase comprising an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO:18, SEQ ID NO:19, SEQ ID NO:20, SEQ ID NO:21, SEQ ID NO:37, SEQ ID NO:46 and SEQ ID NO:55, in order to convert the product polyunsaturated fatty acid to a final product polyunsaturated fatty acid. 
     For example, a substrate polyunsaturated fatty acid (e.g., eicosapentaenoic acid) may be exposed to an elongase or desaturase (e.g., MELO4 or other elongases or desaturases of significance in the biosynthetic pathway) in order to convert the substrate to a product polyunsaturated fatty acid (e.g., ω3-docosapentaenoic acid). The product polyunsaturated fatty acid may then be converted to a “final” product polyunsaturated fatty acid (e.g., docosahexaenoic acid) by exposure to the Δ4-desaturase of the present invention (see  FIG. 1 ). Thus, the Δ4-desaturase is utilized in the last step of the method in order to create the “final” desired product. As another example, one may expose linoleic acid to a Δ6-desaturase in order to create γ-linolenic acid (GLA), and then expose the GLA to an elongase and then to a Δ5-desaturase in order to create arachidonic acid (AA). The AA may then be exposed to an elongase in order to convert it to adrenic acid. Finally, the adrenic acid may be exposed to Δ4-desaturase in order to convert it to ω6-docosapentaenoic acid (see  FIG. 1 ). Thus, the method involves the utilization of a linoleic acid substrate and a series of desaturase and elongase enzymes, in addition to the Δ4-desaturase, in order to arrive at the final product. By use of a similar method, one may also convert the substrate PUFA, γ-linolenic acid to docosoahexaenoic acid. Again, various desaturases and elongase are used to ultimately arrive at ω3-docosapentaenoic acid which is then exposed to one or more of the Δ4-desaturases of the present invention in order to convert it to docosahexaenoic acid. (Possible substrates include those shown in  FIG. 1 , for example, linoleic acid, γ-linolenic acid, stearidonic acid, arachidonic acid, dihomo-γ-linolenic acid, adrenic acid, eicosapentaenoic acid and eicosatetraenoic acid.) 
     The present invention also encompasses a composition comprising at least one polyunsaturated fatty acid selected from the group consisting of the “product” polyunsaturated fatty acid produced according to the methods described above and the “another” polyunsaturated fatty acid produced according to the methods described above. The product polyunsaturated fatty acid may be, for example, ω6-docosapentaenoic acid or docosahexaenoic acid. The another polyunsaturated fatty acid may be, for example, docosahexaenoic acid. 
     Additionally, the present invention encompasses a method of preventing or treating a condition caused by insufficient intake of polyunsaturated fatty acids comprising administering to the patient the composition above in an amount sufficient to effect prevention or treatment. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         FIG. 1  illustrates the fatty acid biosynthetic pathway and the role of Δ4-desaturase in this pathway. 
         FIG. 2  illustrates an amino acid comparison of Δ4-desaturases produced by four different plasmids (SEQ ID NO:18, SEQ ID NO:19, SEQ ID NO:20 and SEQ ID NO:21). 
         FIG. 3  illustrates the nucleotide sequence encoding Δ4-desaturase of  Thraustochytrium aureum  (ATCC 34304) from plasmid pRTΔ5 (SEQ ID NO:14). 
         FIG. 4  illustrates the nucleotide sequence encoding Δ4-desaturase of  Thraustochytrium aureum  (ATCC 34304) from plasmid pRTA6 (SEQ ID NO:15). 
         FIG. 5  illustrates the nucleotide sequence encoding Δ4-desaturase of  Thraustochytrium aureum  (ATCC 34304) from plasmid pRTA7 (SEQ ID NO:16). 
         FIG. 6  illustrates the nucleotide sequence encoding encoding Δ4-desaturase of  Thraustochytrium aureum  (ATCC 34304) from plasmid pRTA8 (SEQ ID NO:17). 
         FIG. 7  illustrates the amino acid sequence of Δ4-desaturase of  Thraustochytrium aureum  (ATCC 34304) from plasmid pRTA5 (SEQ ID NO:18). 
         FIG. 8  illustrates the amino acid sequence of Δ4-desaturase of  Thraustochytrium aureum  (ATCC 34304) from plasmid pRTA6 (SEQ ID NO:19). 
         FIG. 9  illustrates the amino acid sequence of Δ4-desaturase of  Thraustochytrium aureum  (ATCC 34304) from plasmid pRTA7 (SEQ ID NO:20). 
         FIG. 10  illustrates the amino acid sequence of Δ4-desaturase of  Thraustochytrium aureum  (ATCC 34304) from plasmid pRTA8 (SEQ ID NO:21). 
         FIG. 11  illustrates the nucleotide and amino acid sequences described herein. 
         FIG. 12  illustrates the amino acid sequence encoded by the elongase gene MELO4 from a mouse. 
         FIG. 13  illustrates the DNA sequence of the putative Δ4-desaturase ssa.con (SEQ ID NO:24) generated from clones saa9 and saa5 from  S. aggregatum  (ATCC 28209) (see Example VI). 
         FIG. 14  illustrates the amino acid sequence (SEQ ID NO:25) of the putative Δ4-desaturase encoded by the ssa.con DNA sequence from  S. aggregatum  (ATCC 28209) (see Example VI). 
         FIG. 15  illustrates the alignment of the amino acids derived from the translation of the open reading frames of ssa.con DNA from  S. aggregatum  (ATCC 28209) (SEQ ID NO:25) and pRTA7 (SEQ ID NO:68) (see Example VI). 
         FIG. 16  illustrates the DNA sequence of the Δ4-desaturase from pRSA1 (SEQ ID NO:36)  S. aggregatum  (ATCC 28209) (see Example VII). 
         FIG. 17  illustrates the amino acid sequence (SEQ ID NO:37) of the Δ4-desaturase encoded by the pRSA1 DNA sequence from  S. aggregatum  (ATCC 28209) (see Example VII). 
         FIG. 18  illustrates the DNA sequence of the Δ4-desaturase from pRTA11 (SEQ ID NO:45)  T aureum  (BICC 7091) (see Example VII). 
         FIG. 19  illustrates the amino acid sequence (SEQ ID NO:46) of the putative Δ4-desaturase encoded by the pRTA11 DNA sequence from  T. aureum  (BICC 7091) (see Example VII). 
         FIG. 20  illustrates the DNA sequence of the Δ4-desaturase from  Isochrysis galbana  (CCMP1323)(SEQ ID NO:54) present in clone pRIG 6  (see Example IX). 
         FIG. 21  illustrates the amino acid sequence (SEQ ID NO:55) of the Δ4-desaturase encoded by the pRIG 6  DNA sequence from  Isochrysis galbana  (CCMP 1323) (see Example IX). 
         FIG. 22  illustrates the percent identity between the novel Δ4-desaturase from  I. galbana  (CCMP 1323) (SEQ ID NO:69) and the Δ4-desaturase from  Thraustochytrium aureum  (ATCC 34304) (SEQ ID NO:70). 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
     The subject invention relates to the nucleotide and translated amino acid sequences of the Δ4-desaturase gene derived from the fungus  Thraustochytrium aureum  (BICC 7091), the fungus  Schizochytrium aggregatum , and the algae  Isochrysis galbana . Furthermore, the subject invention also includes uses of these genes and of the enzymes encoded by these genes. For example, the genes and corresponding enzymes may be used in the production of polyunsaturated fatty acids such as, for instance, ω6-docosapentaenoic acid and/or docosahexaenoic acid which may be added to pharmaceutical compositions, nutritional compositions and to other valuable products. 
     The Δ4-Desaturase Genes and Enzymes Encoded Thereby 
     As noted above, the enzymes encoded by the Δ4-desaturase genes of the present invention are essential in the production of highly unsaturated polyunsaturated fatty acids having a length greater than 22 carbons. The nucleotide sequences of the isolated  Thraustochytrium aureum Δ 4-desaturase genes, which differed based upon the plasmid created (see Example III), are shown in  FIGS. 3–6 , and the amino acid sequences of the corresponding purified proteins are shown in  FIGS. 7–10 . An additional, isolated  T. aureum  nucleotide sequence is shown in  FIG. 18  (see Example VII), and the encoded amino acid sequence is shown in  FIG. 19 . The nucleotide sequences of the isolated  Schizochytrium aggregatum Δ 4-desaturase sequences are shown in  FIGS. 13 and 16 , and the encoded amino acid sequences are shown in  FIGS. 14 and 17 , respectively. Additionally, the nucleotide sequences of the isolated  Isochrysis galbana Δ 4-desaturase sequence is shown in  FIG. 20 , and the amino acid sequence encoded by the nucleotide sequence is shown in  FIG. 21 . 
     As an example of the importance of the genes of the present invention, the isolated Δ4-desaturase genes convert adrenic acid to ω6-docosapentaenoic acid or convert ω3-docosapentaenoic acid to docosahexaenoic acid. 
     It should be noted that the present invention also encompasses isolated nucleotide sequences (and the corresponding encoded proteins) having sequences comprising, corresponding to, identical to, or complementary to at least about 50%, preferably at least about 60%, and more preferably at least about 70%, even more preferably at least about 80%, and most preferably at least about 90% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 14, SEQ ID NO:15, SEQ ID NO:16 or SEQ ID NO:17 (i.e., the nucleotide sequences of the Δ4-desaturase gene of  Thraustochytrium aureum  (ATCC 34304)), to SEQ ID NO:36 (i.e., the nucleotide sequence of the Δ4-desaturase gene of  Schizochytrium aggregatum  (ATCC 28209) or to SEQ ID NO:45 (i.e., the nucleotide sequence of the Δ4-desaturase gene of  Thraustochytriurn aureum  (BICC 7091)) or to SEQ ID NO:54 (i.e., the nucleotide sequence of the Δ4-desaturase gene of  Isochrysis galabana ), all described herein. With respect to the  I. galbana  sequence, in particular, the present invention also encompasses nucleotide sequences (and the corresponding encoded proteins) having sequences comprising, corresponding to, identical to, or complementary to at least 40%, more preferably at least 60%, even more preferably at least 80%, and most preferably at least 90% of the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:54. (All integers between 40% and 100% are also considered to be within the scope of the present invention with respect to percent identity.) Such sequences may be derived from any source, either isolated from a natural source, or produced via a semi-synthetic route, or synthesized de novo. In particular, such sequences may be isolated or derived from sources other than described in the examples (e.g., bacteria, fungus, algae,  C. elegans , mouse or human). 
     Furthermore, the present invention also encompasses fragments and derivatives of the nucleotide sequences of the present invention (i.e., SEQ ID NO:14, SEQ ID NO:15, SEQ ID NO:16, SEQ ID NO:17, SEQ ID NO:36, SEQ ID NO:45 or SEQ ID NO:54), as well as of the sequences derived from other sources, and having the above-described complementarity, identity or correspondence. Functional equivalents of the above full length sequences and fragments (i.e., sequences having Δ4-desaturase activity, as appropriate) are also encompassed by the present invention. 
     As shown in the computer program called “sbnds_ttdgroup.m” in the Appendix, one coordinate of the location of a source can depend on another variable, such as a different location coordinate; in other words, bounds need not be constants. If location is expressed in two dimensions (such as x-y coordinate pairs), for example, the bounds for the output location coordinate can depend on the value of the other coordinate. The computer program “sbnds_ttdgroup.m” divides x-y space into rectangles forming a grid and describes the bounds on the x location variable by identifying possible (i.e., in-bound) grid rectangles, allowing x to have different upper and lower bounds depending on the value of y. 
     For purposes of the present invention, a “fragment” is of a nucleotide sequence is defined as a contiguous sequence of approximately at least 6, preferably at least about 8, more preferably at least about 10 nucleotides, and even more preferably at least about 15 nucleotides corresponding to a region of the specified nucleotide sequence. 
     The invention also includes a purified polypeptide which desaturates polyunsaturated fatty acids at the carbon 4 position and has at least about 50% amino acid similarity or identity, preferably at least about 60% amino acid similarity or identity, more preferably at least about 70% amino acid similarity or identity, even more preferably at least about 80% amino acid similarity or identity and most preferably at least 90% amino acid similarity or identity to the amino acid sequences (i.e., SEQ ID NO:18 (shown in  FIG. 7 ), SEQ ID NO:19 (shown in  FIG. 8 ), SEQ ID NO:20 (shown in  FIG. 9 ), SEQ ID NO:21 (shown in  FIG. 10 ), SEQ ID NO:37 (shown in  FIG. 17 ), SEQ ID NO:46 (shown in  FIG. 19 ) and SEQ ID NO:55 (shown in  FIG. 21 ) of the above-noted proteins which are, in turn, encoded by the above-described nucleotide sequences. In particular, with respect to the amino acid sequence of the  I. galbana Δ 4-desaturase, the present invention encompasses includes a purified polypeptide which desaturates polyunsaturated fatty acids at the carbon 4 position and has at least about 30% amino acid similarity or identity, preferably at least about 50% amino acid similarity or identity, more preferably at least about 70% amino acid similarity or identity and most preferably at least about 90% amino acid similarity or identity to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:55 (i.e., the amino acid sequence of the  I. galbana Δ 4-desaturase shown in  FIG. 21 ). (All integers between 30% and 100% similarity or identity are also included within the scope of the present invention.) 
     The term “identity” refers to the relatedness of two sequences on a nucleotide-by-nucleotide basis over a particular comparison window or segment. Thus, identity is defined as the degree of sameness, correspondence or equivalence between the same strands (either sense or antisense) of two DNA segments (or two amino acid sequences). “Percentage of sequence identity” is calculated by comparing two optimally aligned sequences over a particular region, determining the number of positions at which the identical base or amino acid occurs in both sequences in order to yield the number of matched positions, dividing the number of such positions by the total number of positions in the segment being compared and multiplying the result by 100. Optimal alignment of sequences may be conducted by the algorithm of Smith &amp; Waterman, Appl. Math. 2:482 (1981), by the algorithm of Needleman &amp; Wunsch, J. Mol. Biol. 48:443 (1970), by the method of Pearson &amp; Lipman, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. (USA) 85:2444 (1988) and by computer programs which implement the relevant algorithms (e.g., Clustal Macaw Pileup Higgins et al., CABIOS. 5L151–153 (1989)), FASTDB (Intelligenetics), BLAST (National Center for Biomedical Information; Altschul et al., Nucleic Acids Research 25:3389–3402 (1997)), PILEUP (Genetics Computer Group, Madison, Wis.) or GAP, BESTFIT, FASTA and TFASTA (Wisconsin Genetics Software Package Release 7.0, Genetics Computer Group, Madison, Wis.). (See U.S. Pat. No. 5,912,120.) 
     For purposes of the present invention, “complementarity is defined as the degree of relatedness between two DNA segments. It is determined by measuring the ability of the sense strand of one DNA segment to hybridize with the antisense strand of the other DNA segment, under appropriate conditions, to form a double helix. A “complement” is defined as a sequence which pairs to a given sequence based upon the canonic base-pairing rules. For example, a sequence A-G-T in one nucleotide strand is “complementary” to T-C-A in the other strand. 
     In the double helix, adenine appears in one strand, thymine appears in the other strand. Similarly, wherever guanine is found in one strand, cytosine is found in the other. The greater the relatedness between the nucleotide sequences of two DNA segments, the greater the ability to form hybrid duplexes between the strands of the two DNA segments. 
     “Similarity” between two amino acid sequences is defined as the presence of a series of identical as well as conserved amino acid residues in both sequences. The higher the degree of similarity between two amino acid sequences, the higher the correspondence, sameness or equivalence of the two sequences. (“Identity between two amino acid sequences is defined as the presence of a series of exactly alike or invariant amino acid residues in both sequences.) The definitions of “complementarity”, “identity” and “similarity” are well known to those of ordinary skill in the art. 
     “Encoded by” refers to a nucleic acid sequence which codes for a polypeptide sequence, wherein the polypeptide sequence or a portion thereof contains an amino acid sequence of at least 3 amino acids, more preferably at least 8 amino acids, and even more preferably at least 15 amino acids from a polypeptide encoded by the nucleic acid sequence. 
     The present invention also encompasses an isolated nucleotide sequence which encodes PUFA desaturase activity and that is hybridizable, under moderately stringent conditions, to a nucleic acid having a nucleotide sequence comprising or complementary to the nucleotide sequences described above. A nucleic acid molecule is “hybridizable” to another nucleic acid molecule when a single-stranded form of the nucleic acid molecule can anneal to the other nucleic acid molecule under the appropriate conditions of temperature and ionic strength (see Sambrook et al., “Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual, Second Edition (1989), Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y.)). The conditions of temperature and ionic strength determine the “stringency” of-the hybridization. “Hybridization” requires that two nucleic acids contain complementary sequences. However, depending on the stringency of the hybridization, mismatches between bases may occur. The appropriate stringency for hybridizing nucleic acids depends on the length of the nucleic acids and the degree of complementation. Such variables are well known in the art. More specifically, the greater the degree of similarity or homology between two nucleotide sequences, the greater the value of Tm for hybrids of nucleic acids having those sequences. For hybrids of greater than 100 nucleotides in length, equations for calculating Tm have been derived (see Sambrook et al., supra). For hybridization with shorter nucleic acids, the position of mismatches becomes more important, and the length of the oligonucleotide determines its specificity (see Sambrook et al., supra). 
     As used herein, an “isolated nucleic acid fragment or sequence” is a polymer of RNA or DNA that is single-or double-stranded, optionally containing synthetic, non-natural or altered nucleotide bases. An isolated nucleic acid fragment in the form of a polymer of DNA may be comprised of one or more segments of cDNA, genomic DNA or synthetic DNA. (A “fragment” of a specified polynucleotide refers to a polynucleotide sequence which comprises a contiguous sequence of approximately at least about 6 nucleotides, preferably at least about 8 nucleotides, more preferably at least about 10 nucleotides, and even more preferably at least about 15 nucleotides, and most preferable at least about 25 nucleotides identical or complementary to a region of the specified nucleotide sequence.) Nucleotides (usually found in their 5′-monophosphate form) are referred to by their single letter designation as follows: “A” for adenylate or deoxyadenylate (for RNA or DNA, respectively), “C” for cytidylate or deoxycytidylate, “G” for guanylate or deoxyguanylate, “U” for uridylate, “T” for deoxythymidylate, “R” for purines (A or G), “Y” for pyrimidines (C or T), “K” for G or T, “H” for A or C or T, “I” for inosine, and “N” for any nucleotide. 
     The terms “fragment or subfragment that is functionally equivalent” and “functionally equivalent fragment or subfragment” are used interchangeably herein. These terms refer to a portion or subsequence of an isolated nucleic acid fragment in which the ability to alter gene expression or produce a certain phenotype is retained whether or not the fragment or subfragment encodes an active enzyme. For example, the fragment or subfragment can be used in the design of chimeric constructs to produce the desired phenotype in a transformed plant. Chimeric constructs can be designed for use in co-suppression or antisense by linking a nucleic acid fragment or subfragment thereof, whether or not it encodes an active enzyme, in the appropriate orientation relative to a plant promoter sequence. 
     The terms “homology”, “homologous”, “substantially similar” and “corresponding substantially” are used interchangeably herein. They refer to nucleic acid fragments wherein changes in one or more nucleotide bases does not affect the ability of the nucleic acid fragment to mediate gene expression or produce a certain phenotype. These terms also refer to modifications of the nucleic acid fragments of the instant invention such as deletion or insertion of one or more nucleotides that do not substantially alter the functional properties of the resulting nucleic acid fragment relative to the initial, unmodified fragment. It is therefore understood, as those skilled in the art will appreciate, that the invention encompasses more than the specific exemplary sequences. 
     “Gene” refers to a nucleic acid fragment that expresses a specific protein, including regulatory sequences preceding (5′ non-coding sequences) and following (3′ non-coding sequences) the coding sequence. 
     “Native gene” refers to a gene as found in nature with its own regulatory sequences. In contrast,“chimeric construct” refers to a combination of nucleic acid fragments that are not normally found together in nature. Accordingly, a chimeric construct may comprise regulatory sequences and coding sequences that are derived from different sources, or regulatory sequences and coding sequences derived from the same source, but arranged in a manner different than that normally found in nature. (The term “isolated” means that the sequence is removed from its natural environment.) 
     A “foreign” gene refers to a gene not normally found in the host organism, but that is introduced into the host organism by gene transfer. Foreign genes can comprise native genes inserted into a non-native organism, or chimeric constructs. A “transgene” is a gene that has been introduced into the genome by a transformation procedure. 
     “Coding sequence” refers to a DNA sequence that codes for a specific amino acid sequence. “Regulatory sequences” refer to nucleotide sequences located upstream (5′ non-coding sequences), within, or downstream (3′ non-coding sequences) of a coding sequence, and which influence the transcription, RNA processing or stability, or translation of the associated coding sequence. Regulatory sequences may include, but are not limited to, promoters, translation leader sequences, introns, and polyadenylation recognition sequences. 
     “Promoter” refers to a DNA sequence capable of controlling the expression of a coding sequence or functional RNA. The promoter sequence consists of proximal and more distal upstream elements, the latter elements often referred to as enhancers. Accordingly, an “enhancer” is a DNA sequence which can stimulate promoter activity and may be an innate element of the promoter or a heterologous element inserted to enhance the level or tissue-specificity of a promoter. Promoter sequences can also be located within the transcribed portions of genes, and/or downstream of the transcribed sequences. Promoters may be derived in their entirety from a native gene, or be composed of different elements derived from different promoters found in nature, or even comprise synthetic DNA segments. It is understood by those skilled in the art that different promoters may direct the expression of a gene in different tissues or cell types, or at different stages of development, or in response to different environmental conditions. Promoters which cause a gene to be expressed in most host cell types at most times are commonly referred to as “constitutive promoters”. New promoters of various types useful in plant cells are constantly being discovered; numerous examples may be found in the compilation by Okamuro and Goldberg, (1989)  Biochemistry of Plants  15:1–82. It is further recognized that since in most cases the exact boundaries of regulatory sequences have not been completely defined, DNA fragments of some variation may have identical promoter activity. 
     An “intron” is an intervening sequence in a gene that does not encode a portion of the protein sequence. Thus, such sequences are transcribed into RNA but are then excised and are not translated. The term is also used for the excised RNA sequences. An “exon” is a portion of the gene sequence that is transcribed and is found in the mature messenger RNA derived from the gene, but is not necessarily a part of the sequence that encodes the final gene product. 
     The “translation leader sequence” refers to a DNA sequence located between the promoter sequence of a gene and the coding sequence. The translation leader sequence is present in the fully processed mRNA upstream of the translation start sequence. The translation leader sequence may affect processing of the primary transcript to mRNA, mRNA stability or translation efficiency. Examples of translation leader sequences have been described (Turner, R. and Foster, G. D. (1995)  Molecular Biotechnology  3:225). 
     The “3′ non-coding sequences” refer to DNA sequences located downstream of a coding sequence and include polyadenylation recognition sequences and other sequences encoding regulatory signals capable of affecting mRNA processing or gene expression. The polyadenylation signal is usually characterized by affecting the addition of polyadenylic acid tracts to the 3′ end of the mRNA precursor. The use of different 3′ non-coding sequences is exemplified by Ingelbrecht et al., (1989)  Plant Cell  1:671–680. 
     “RNA transcript” refers to the product resulting from RNA polymerase-catalyzed transcription of a DNA sequence. When the RNA transcript is a perfect complementary copy of the DNA sequence, it is referred to as the primary transcript or it may be a RNA sequence derived from post-transcriptional processing of the primary transcript and is referred to as the mature RNA. “Messenger RNA (mRNA)” refers to the RNA that is without introns and that can be translated into protein by the cell. “cDNA” refers to a DNA that is complementary to and synthesized from a mRNA template using the enzyme reverse transcriptase. The cDNA can be single-stranded or converted into the double-stranded form using the Klenow fragment of DNA polymerase I. “Sense” RNA refers to RNA transcript that includes the mRNA and can be translated into protein within a cell or in vitro. “Antisense RNA” refers to an RNA transcript that is complementary to all or part of a target primary transcript or mRNA and that blocks the expression of a target gene (U.S. Pat. No. 5,107,065). The complementarity of an antisense RNA may be with any part of the specific gene transcript, i.e., at the 5′ non-coding sequence, 3′ non-coding sequence, introns, or the coding sequence. “Functional RNA” refers to antisense RNA, ribozyme RNA, or other RNA that may not be translated but yet has an effect on cellular processes. The terms “complement” and “reverse complement” are used interchangeably herein with respect to mRNA transcripts, and are meant to define the antisense RNA of the message. 
     The term “endogenous RNA” refers to any RNA which is encoded by any nucleic acid sequence present in the genome of the host prior to transformation with the recombinant construct of the present invention, whether naturally-occurring or non-naturally occurring, i.e., introduced by recombinant means, mutagenesis, etc. 
     The term “non-naturally occurring” means artificial, not consistent with what is normally found in nature. 
     The term “operably linked” refers to the association of nucleic acid sequences on a single nucleic acid fragment so that the function of one is regulated by the other. For example, a promoter is operably linked with a coding sequence when it is capable of regulating the expression of that coding sequence (i.e., that the coding sequence is under the transcriptional control of the promoter). Coding sequences can be operably linked to regulatory sequences in a sense or antisense orientation. In another example, the complementary RNA regions of the invention can be operably linked, either directly or indirectly, 5′ to the target mRNA, or 3′ to the target mRNA, or within the target mRNA, or a first complementary region is 5′ and its complement is 3′ to the target mRNA. 
     The term “expression”, as used herein, refers to the production of a functional end-product. Expression of a gene involves transcription of the gene and translation of the mRNA into a precursor or mature protein. “Antisense inhibition” refers to the production of antisense RNA transcripts capable of suppressing the expression of the target protein. “Co-suppression” refers to the production of sense RNA transcripts capable of suppressing the expression of identical or substantially similar foreign or endogenous genes (U.S. Pat. No. 5,231,020). 
     “Mature” protein refers to a post-translationally processed polypeptide; i.e., one from which any pre- or propeptides present in the primary translation product have been removed. “Precursor” protein refers to the primary product of translation of mRNA; i.e., with pre- and pro-peptides still present. Pre- and pro-peptides may be but are not limited to intracellular localization signals. 
     “Stable transformation” refers to the transfer of a nucleic acid fragment into a genome of a host organism, resulting in genetically stable inheritance. In contrast, “transient transformation” refers to the transfer of a nucleic acid fragment into the nucleus, or DNA-containing organelle, of a host organism resulting in gene expression without integration or stable inheritance. Host organisms containing the transformed nucleic acid fragments are referred to as “transgenic” organisms. The preferred method of cell transformation of rice, corn and other monocots is the use of particle-accelerated or “gene gun” transformation technology (Klein et al., (1987)  Nature  (London) 327:70–73; U.S. Pat. No. 4,945,050), or an  Agrobacterium -mediated method using an appropriate Ti plasmid containing the transgene (Ishida Y. et al., 1996 , Nature Biotech.  14:745–750). The term “transformation” as used herein refers to both stable transformation and transient transformation. 
     Standard recombinant DNA and molecular cloning techniques used herein are well known in the art and are described more fully in Sambrook, J., Fritsch, E. F. and Maniatis, T.  Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual ; Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press: Cold Spring Harbor, 1989 (hereinafter “Sambrook”). 
     The term “recombinant” refers to an artificial combination of two otherwise separated segments of sequence, e.g., by chemical synthesis or by the manipulation of isolated segments of nucleic acids by genetic engineering techniques. 
     “PCR” or “Polymerase Chain Reaction” is a technique for the synthesis of large quantities of specific DNA segments, consists of a series of repetitive cycles (Perkin Elmer Cetus Instruments, Norwalk, Conn.). Typically, the double stranded DNA is heat denatured, the two primers complementary to the 3′ boundaries of the target segment are annealed at low temperature and then extended at an intermediate temperature. One set of these three consecutive steps is referred to as a cycle. 
     Polymerase chain reaction (“PCR”) is a powerful technique used to amplify DNA millions of fold, by repeated replication of a template, in a short period of time. (Mullis et al,  Cold Spring Harbor Symp. Quant. Biol.  51:263–273 (1986); Erlich et al, European Patent Application 50,424; European Patent Application 84,796; European Patent Application 258,017, European Patent Application 237,362; Mullis, European Patent Application 201,184, Mullis et al U.S. Pat. No. 4,683,202; Erlich, U.S. Pat. No. 4,582,788; and Saiki et al, U.S. Pat. No. 4,683,194). The process utilizes sets of specific in vitro synthesized oligonucleotides to prime DNA synthesis. The design of the primers is dependent upon the sequences of DNA that are desired to be analyzed. The technique is carried out through many cycles (usually 20–50) of melting the template at high temperature, allowing the primers to anneal to complementary sequences within the template and then replicating the template with DNA polymerase. 
     The products of PCR reactions are analyzed by separation in agarose gels followed by ethidium bromide staining and visualization with UV transillumination. Alternatively, radioactive dNTPs can be added to the PCR in order to incorporate label into the products. In this case the products of PCR are visualized by exposure of the gel to x-ray film. The added advantage of radiolabeling PCR products is that the levels of individual amplification products can be quantitated. 
     The terms “recombinant construct”, “expression construct” and “recombinant expression construct” are used interchangeably herein. These terms refer to a functional unit of genetic material that can be inserted into the genome of a cell using standard methodology well known to one skilled in the art. Such construct may be itself or may be used in conjunction with a vector. If a vector is used then the choice of vector is dependent upon the method that will be used to transform host plants as is well known to those skilled in the art. For example, a plasmid vector can be used. The skilled artisan is well aware of the genetic elements that must be present on the vector in order to successfully transform, select and propagate host cells comprising any of the isolated nucleic acid fragments of the invention. The skilled artisan will also recognize that different independent transformation events will result in different levels and patterns of expression (Jones et al., (1985)  EMBO J.  4:2411–2418; De Almeida et al., (1989)  Mol. Gen. Genetics  218:78–86), and thus that multiple events must be screened in order to obtain lines displaying the desired expression level and pattern. Such screening may be accomplished by Southern analysis of DNA, Northern analysis of mRNA expression, Western analysis of protein expression, or phenotypic analysis. 
     Production of the Δ4-Desaturase Enyzme 
     Once the gene encoding the Δ4-desaturase enzyme has been isolated, it may then be introduced into either a prokaryotic or eukaryotic host cell through the use of a vector or construct. The vector, for example, a bacteriophage, cosmid or plasmid, may comprise the nucleotide sequence encoding the Δ4-desaturase enzyme, as well as any regulatory sequence (e.g., promoter) which is functional in the host cell and is able to elicit expression of the desaturase encoded by the nucleotide sequence. The regulatory sequence (e.g., promoter) is in operable association with or operably linked to the nucleotide sequence. (A promoter is said to be “operably linked” with a coding sequence if the promoter affects transcription or expression of the coding sequence.) Suitable promoters include, for example, those from genes encoding alcohol dehydrogenase, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, phosphoglucoisomerase, phosphoglycerate kinase, acid phosphatase, T7, TPI, lactase, metallothionein, cytomegalovirus immediate early, whey acidic protein, glucoamylase, and promoters activated in the presence of galactose, for example, GAL1 and GAL10. Additionally, nucleotide sequences which encode other proteins, oligosaccharides, lipids, etc. may also be included within the vector as well as other regulatory sequences such as a polyadenylatiot signal (e.g., the poly-A signal of SV-40T-antigen, ovalalbumin or bovine growth hormone). The choice of sequences present in the construct is dependent upon the desired expression products as well as the nature of the host cell. 
     As noted above, once the vector has been constructed, it may then be introduced into the host cell of choice by methods known to those of ordinary skill in the art including, for example, transfection, transformation and electroporation (see  Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual,  2 nd  ed., Vol. 1–3, ed. Sambrook et al., Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press (1989)). The host cell is then cultured under suitable conditions permitting expression of the genes leading to the production of the desired PUFA, which is then recovered and purified. 
     Examples of suitable prokaryotic host cells include, for example, bacteria such as  Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis  as well as  Cyanobacteria  such as  Spirulina  spp. (i.e., blue-green algae). Examples of suitable eukaryotic host cells include, for example, mammalian cells, plant cells, yeast cells such as  Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Saccharomyces carlsbergensis, Lipomyces starkey, Candida  spp. such as  Yarrowia  ( Candida )  lipolytica, Kluyveromyces  spp.,  Pichia  spp.,  Trichoderma  spp. or  Hansenula  spp., or fungal cells such as filamentous fungal cells, for example,  Aspergillus, Neurospora  and  Penicillium . Preferably,  Saccharomyces cerevisiae  (baker&#39;s yeast) cells are utilized. 
     Expression in a host cell can be accomplished in a transient or stable fashion. Transient expression can occur from introduced constructs which contain expression signals functional in the host cell, but which constructs do not replicate and rarely integrate in the host cell, or when the host cell is not proliferating. Transient expression also can be accomplished by inducing the activity of a regulatable promoter operably linked to the gene of interest, although such inducible systems frequently exhibit a low basal level of expression. Stable expression can be achieved by introduction of a construct that can integrate into the host genome or that autonomously replicates in the host cell. Stable expression of the gene of interest can be selected through the use of a selectable marker located on or transfected with the expression construct, followed by selection for cells expressing the marker. When stable expression results from integration, the site of the construct&#39;s integration can occur randomly within the host genome or can be targeted through the use of constructs containing regions of homology with the host genome sufficient to target recombination with the host locus. Where constructs are targeted to an endogenous locus, all or some of the transcriptional and translational regulatory regions can be provided by the endogenous locus. 
     A transgenic mammal may also be used in order to express the enzyme of interest (i.e., Δ4-desaturase), and ultimately the PUFA(s) of interest. More specifically, once the above-described construct is created, it may be inserted into the pronucleus of an embryo. The embryo may then be implanted into a recipient female. Alternatively, a nuclear transfer method could also be utilized (Schnieke et al.,  Science  278:2130–2133 (1997)). Gestation and birth are then permitted (see, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 5,750,176 and U.S. Pat. No. 5,700,671). Milk, tissue or other fluid samples from the offspring should then contain altered levels of PUFAs, as compared to the levels normally found in the non-transgenic animal. Subsequent generations may be monitored for production of the altered or enhanced levels of PUFAs and thus incorporation of the gene encoding the desired desaturase enzyme into their genomes. The mammal utilized as the host may be selected from the group consisting of, for example, a mouse, a rat, a rabbit, a pig, a goat, a sheep, a horse and a cow. However, any mammal may be used provided it has the ability to incorporate DNA encoding the enzyme of interest into its genome. 
     For expression of a desaturase polypeptide, functional transcriptional and translational initiation and termination regions are operably linked to the DNA encoding the desaturase polypeptide. Transcriptional and translational initiation and termination regions are derived from a variety of nonexclusive sources, including the DNA to be expressed, genes known or suspected to be capable of expression in the desired system, expression vectors, chemical synthesis, or from an endogenous locus in a host cell. Expression in a plant tissue and/or plant part presents certain efficiencies, particularly where the tissue or part is one which is harvested early, such as seed, leaves, fruits, flowers, roots, etc. Expression can be targeted to that location with the plant by utilizing specific regulatory sequence such as those of U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,463,174, 4,943,674, 5,106,739, 5,175,095, 5,420,034, 5,188,958, and 5,589,379. Alternatively, the expressed protein can be an enzyme which produces a product which may be incorporated, either directly or upon further modifications, into a fluid fraction from the host plant. Expression of a desaturase gene, or antisense desaturase transcripts, can alter the levels of specific PUFAs, or derivatives thereof, found in plant parts and/or plant tissues. The desaturase polypeptide coding region may be expressed either by itself or with other genes, in order to produce tissues and/or plant parts containing higher proportions of desired PUFAs or in which the PUFA composition more closely resembles that of human breast milk (Prieto et al., PCT publication WO 95/24494). The termination region may be derived from the 3′ region of the gene from which the initiation region was obtained or from a different gene. A large number of termination regions are known to and have been found to be satisfactory in a variety of hosts from the same and different genera and species. The termination region usually is selected as a matter of convenience rather than because of any particular property. 
     As noted above, a plant (e.g.,  Glycine max  (soybean) or  Brassica napus  (canola)) or plant tissue may also be utilized as a host or host cell, respectively, for expression of the desaturase enzyme which may, in turn, be utilized in the production of polyunsaturated fatty acids. More specifically, desired PUFAS can be expressed in seed. Methods of isolating seed oils are known in the art. Thus, in addition to providing a source for PUFAs, seed oil components may be manipulated through the expression of the desaturase gene, as well as perhaps other desaturase genes and elongase genes, in order to provide seed oils that can be added to nutritional compositions, pharmaceutical compositions, animal feeds and cosmetics. Once again, a vector which comprises a DNA sequence encoding the desaturase operably linked to a promoter, will be introduced into the plant tissue or plant for a time and under conditions sufficient for expression of the desaturase gene. The vector may also comprise one or more genes that encode other enzymes, for example, Δ5-desaturase, elongase, Δ12-desaturase, Δ15-desaturase, Δ17-desaturase, and/or Δ19-desaturase. The plant tissue or plant may produce the relevant substrate (e.g., adrenic acid or ω3-docosapentaenoic acid) upon which the enzyme acts or a vector encoding enzymes which produce such substrates may be introduced into the plant tissue, plant cell or plant. In addition, substrate may be sprayed on plant tissues expressing the appropriate enzymes. Using these various techniques, one may produce PUFAs (e.g., n−6 unsaturated fatty acids such as ω6-docosapentaenoic acid, or n−3 fatty acids such as docosahexaenoic acid) by use of a plant cell, plant tissue or plant. It should also be noted that the invention also encompasses a transgenic plant comprising the above-described vector, wherein expression of the nucleotide sequence of the vector results in production of a polyunsaturated fatty acid in, for example, the seeds of the transgenic plant. 
     The regeneration, development, and cultivation of plants from single plant protoplast transformants or from various transformed explants is well known in the art (Weissbach and Weissbach, In: Methods for Plant Molecular Biology, (Eds.), Academic Press, Inc. San Diego, Calif., (1988)). This regeneration and growth process typically includes the steps of selection of transformed cells, culturing those individualized cells through the usual stages of embryonic development through the rooted plantlet stage. Transgenic embryos and seeds are similarly regenerated. The resulting transgenic rooted shoots are thereafter planted in an appropriate plant growth medium such as soil. 
     The development or regeneration of plants containing the foreign, exogenous gene that encodes a protein of interest is well known in the art. Preferably, the regenerated plants are self-pollinated to provide homozygous transgenic plants. Otherwise, pollen obtained from the regenerated plants is crossed to seed-grown plants of agronomically important lines. Conversely, pollen from plants of these important lines is used to pollinate regenerated plants. A transgenic plant of the present invention containing a desired polypeptide is cultivated using methods well known to one skilled in the art. 
     There are a variety of methods for the regeneration of plants from plant tissue. The particular method of regeneration will depend on the starting plant tissue and the particular plant species to be regenerated. 
     Methods for transforming dicots, primarily by use of  Agrobacterium tumefaciens , and obtaining transgenic plants have been published for cotton (U.S. Pat. No. 5,004,863, U.S. Pat. No. 5,159,135, U.S. Pat. No. 5,518,908); soybean (U.S. Pat. No. 5,569,834, U.S. Pat. No. 5,416,011, McCabe et. al.,  BiolTechnology  6:923 (1988), Christou et al.,  Plant Physiol.  87:671–674 (1988)); Brassica (U.S. Pat. No. 5,463,174); peanut (Cheng et al.,  Plant Cell Rep.  15:653–657 (1996), McKently et al.,  Plant Cell Rep.  14:699–703 (1995)); papaya; and pea (Grant et al.,  Plant Cell Rep.  15:254–258, (1995)). 
     Transformation of monocotyledons using electroporation, particle bombardment, and  Agrobacterium  have also been reported. Transformation and plant regeneration have been achieved in asparagus (Bytebier et al.,  Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci . ( USA ) 84:5354, (1987)); barley (Wan and Lemaux,  Plant Physiol  104:37 (1994));  Zea mays  (Rhodes et al.,  Science  240:204 (1988), Gordon-Kamm et al.,  Plant Cell  2:603–618 (1990), Fromm et al.,  BiolTechnology  8:833 (1990), Koziel et al.,  BiolTechnology  11:194, (1993), Armstrong et al.,  Crop Science  35:550–557 (1995)); oat (Somers et al.,  BiolTechnology  10:1589 (1992)); orchard grass (Horn et al.,  Plant Cell Rep.  7:469 (1988)); rice (Toriyama et al.,  TheorAppl. Genet.  205:34 (1986); Part et al.,  Plant Mol. Biol.  32:1135–1148, (1996); Abedinia et al.,  Aust. J. Plant Physiol.  24:133–141 (1997); Zhang and Wu,  Theor. Appl. Genet.  76:835 (1988); Zhang et al.  Plant Cell Rep.  7:379, (1988); Battraw and Hall,  Plant Sci.  86:191–202 (1992); Christou et al.,  Bio/Technology  9:957 (1991)); rye (De la Pena et al.,  Nature  325:274 (1987)); sugarcane (Bower and Birch,  Plant J.  2:409 (1992)); tall fescue (Wang et al.,  BiolTechnology  10:691 (1992)), and wheat (Vasil et al.,  BiolTechnology  10:667 (1992); U.S. Pat. No. 5,631,152). 
     Assays for gene expression based on the transient expression of cloned nucleic acid constructs have been developed by introducing the nucleic acid molecules into plant cells by polyethylene glycol treatment, electroporation, or particle bombardment (Marcotte et al.,  Nature  335:454–457 (1988); Marcotte et al.,  Plant Cell  1:523–532 (1989); McCarty et al.,  Cell  66:895–905 (1991); Hattori et al.,  Genes Dev.  6:609–618 (1992); Goff et al.,  EMBO J.  9:2517–2522 (1990)). 
     Transient expression systems may be used to functionally dissect gene constructs (see generally, Maliga et al., Methods in Plant Molecular Biology, Cold Spring Harbor Press (1995)). It is understood that any of the nucleic acid molecules of the present invention can be introduced into a plant cell in a permanent or transient manner in combination with other genetic, elements such as vectors, promoters, enhancers etc. 
     In addition to the above discussed procedures, practitioners are familiar with the standard resource materials which describe specific conditions and procedures for the construction, manipulation and isolation of macromolecules (e.g., DNA molecules, plasmids, etc.), generation of recombinant organisms and the screening and isolating of clones, (see for example, Sambrook et al., Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual, Cold Spring Harbor Press (1989); Maliga et al., Methods in Plant Molecular Biology, Cold Spring Harbor Press (1995); Birren et al., Genome Analysis: Detecting Genes, 1, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y. (1998); Birren et al., Genome Analysis: Analyzing DNA, 2, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y. (1998); Plant Molecular Biology: A Laboratory Manual, eds. Clark, Springer, New York (1997)). 
     The substrates which may be produced by the host cell either naturally or transgenically, as well as the enzymes which may be encoded by DNA sequences present in the vector which is subsequently introduced into the host cell, are shown in  FIG. 1 . 
     Uses of the Δ4-Desaturase Gene and Enzyme Encoded Thereby 
     As noted above, the isolated desaturase genes and the desaturase enzymes encoded thereby have many uses. For example, the gene and corresponding enzyme may be used indirectly or directly in the production of polyunsaturated fatty acids, for example, Δ4-desaturase may be used in the production of ω6-docosapentaenoic acid or docosahexaenoic acid. “Directly” is meant to encompass the situation where the enzyme directly converts the acid to another acid, the latter of which is utilized in a composition (e.g., the conversion of adrenic acid to ω6-docosapentaenoic acid). “Indirectly” is meant to encompass the situation where an acid is converted to another acid (i.e., a pathway intermediate) by the desaturase (e.g., adrenic acid to ω6-docosapentaenoic acid) and then the latter acid is converted to another acid by use of a desaturase or non-desaturase enzyme (e.g., ω6-docosapentaenoic acid to docosahexaenoic acid by Δ19-desaturase). Also, the present invention includes “indirect” situations in which the PUFA is first converted to another polyunsaturated fatty acid by a non-Δ4-desaturase enzyme (for example, an elongase or another desaturase) and then converted to a final product via Δ4-desaturase. For example, eicosapentaenoic acid may be converted to ω3-docosapentaenoic acid by an elongase, and then converted to docosahexaenoic acid by a Δ4-desaturase. These polyunsaturated fatty acids (i.e., those produced either directly or indirectly by activity of the desaturase enzyme) may be added to, for example, nutritional compositions, pharmaceutical compositions, cosmetics, and animal feeds, all of which are encompassed by the present invention. These uses are described, in detail, below. 
     Nutritional Compositions 
     The present invention includes nutritional compositions. Such compositions, for purposes of the present invention, include any food or preparation for human consumption including for enteral or parenteral consumption, which when taken into the body (a) serve to nourish or build up tissues or supply energy and/or (b) maintain, restore or support adequate nutritional status or metabolic function. 
     The nutritional composition of the present invention comprises at least one oil or acid produced directly or indirectly by use of the desaturase gene, in accordance with the present invention, and may either be in a solid or liquid form. Additionally, the composition may include edible macronutrients, vitamins and minerals in amounts desired for a particular use. The amount of such ingredients will vary depending on whether the composition is intended for use with normal, healthy infants, children or adults having specialized needs such as those which accompany certain metabolic conditions (e.g., metabolic disorders). 
     Examples of macronutrients which may be added to the composition include but are not limited to edible fats, carbohydrates and proteins. Examples of such edible fats include but are not limited to coconut oil, borage oil, fungal oil, black current oil, soy oil, and mono- and diglycerides. Examples of such carbohydrates include but are not limited to glucose, edible lactose and hydrolyzed search. Additionally, examples of proteins which may be utilized in the nutritional composition of the invention include but are not limited to soy proteins, electrodialysed whey, electrodialysed skim milk, milk whey, or the hydrolysates of these proteins. 
     With respect to vitamins and minerals, the following may be added to the nutritional compositions of the present invention: calcium, phosphorus, potassium, sodium, chloride, magnesium, manganese, iron, copper, zinc, selenium, iodine, and Vitamins A, E, D, C, and the B complex. Other such vitamins and minerals may also be added. 
     The components utilized in the nutritional compositions of the present invention will be of semi-purified or purified origin. By semi-purified or purified is meant a material which has been prepared by purification of a natural material or by synthesis. 
     Examples of nutritional compositions of the present invention include but are not limited to infant formulas, dietary supplements (e.g., adult nutritional products and oil), dietary substitutes, and rehydration compositions. Nutritional compositions of particular interest include but are not limited to those utilized for enteral and parenteral supplementation for infants, specialist infant formulas, supplements for the elderly, and supplements for those with gastrointestinal difficulties and/or malabsorption. 
     The nutritional composition of the present invention may also be added to food even when supplementation of the diet is not required. For example, the composition may be added to food of any type including but not limited to margarines, modified butters, cheeses, milk, yogurt, chocolate, candy, snacks, salad oils, cooking oils, cooking fats, meats, fish and beverages. 
     In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the nutritional composition is an enteral nutritional product, more preferably, an adult or pediatric enteral nutritional product. This composition may be administered to adults or children experiencing stress or having specialized needs due to chronic or acute disease states. The composition may comprise, in addition to polyunsaturated fatty acids produced in accordance with the present invention, macronutrients, vitamins and minerals as described above. The macronutrients may be present in amounts equivalent to those present in human milk or on an energy basis, i.e., on a per calorie basis. 
     Methods for formulating liquid or solid enteral and parenteral nutritional formulas are well known in the art. (See also the Examples below.) 
     The enteral formula, for example, may be sterilized and subsequently utilized on a ready-to-feed (RTF) basis or stored in a concentrated liquid or powder. The powder can be prepared by spray drying the formula prepared as indicated above, and reconstituting it by rehydrating the concentrate. Adult and pediatric nutritional formulas are well known in the art and are commercially available (e.g., SIMILAC®, ENSURE®, JEVITY® and ALIMENTUM®,from Ross Products Division, Abbott Laboratories, Columbus, Ohio). An oil or acid produced in accordance with the present invention may be added to any of these formulas. 
     The energy density of the nutritional compositions of the present invention, when in liquid form, may range from about 0.6 Kcal to about 3 Kcal per ml. When in solid or powdered form, the nutritional supplements may contain from about 1.2 to more than 9 Kcals per gram, preferably about 3 to 7 Kcals per gm. In general, the osmolality of a liquid product should be less than 700 mOsm and, more preferably, less than 660 mOsm. 
     The nutritional formula may include macronutrients, vitamins, and minerals, as noted above, in addition to the PUFAs produced in accordance with the present invention. The presence of these additional components helps the individual ingest the minimum daily requirements of these elements. In addition to the provision of PUFAs, it may also be desirable to add zinc, copper, folic acid and antioxidants to the composition. It is believed that these substances boost a stressed immune system and will therefore provide further benefits to the individual receiving the composition. A pharmaceutical composition may also be supplemented with these elements. 
     In a more preferred embodiment, the nutritional composition comprises, in addition to antioxidants and at least one PUFA, a source of carbohydrate wherein at least 5 weight percent of the carbohydrate is indigestible oligosaccharide. In a more preferred embodiment, the nutritional composition additionally comprises protein, taurine, and carnitine. 
     As noted above, the PUFAs produced in accordance with the present invention, or derivatives thereof, may be added to a dietary substitute or supplement, particularly an infant formula, for patients undergoing intravenous feeding or for preventing or treating malnutrition or other conditions or disease states. As background, it should be noted that human breast milk has a fatty acid profile comprising from about 0.15% to about 0.36% as DHA, from about 0.03% to about 0.13% as EPA, from about 0.30% to about 0.88% as AA, from about 0.22% to about 0.67% as DGLA, and from about 0.27% to about 1.04% as GLA. Thus, fatty acids such as AA, EPA and/or docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), produced in accordance with the present invention, can be used to alter, for example, the composition of infant formulas in order to better replicate the PUFA content of human breast milk or to alter the presence of PUFAs normally found in a non-human mammal&#39;s milk. In particular, a composition for use in a pharmacologic or food supplement, particularly a breast milk substitute or supplement, will preferably comprise one or more of AA, DGLA and GLA. More preferably, the oil will comprise from about 0.3 to 30% AA, from about 0.2 to 30% DGLA, and/or from about 0.2 to about 30% GLA. 
     Parenteral nutritional compositions comprising from about 2 to about 30 weight percent fatty acids calculated as triglycerides are encompassed by the present invention. The preferred composition has about 1 to about 25 weight percent of the total PUFA composition as GLA (U.S. Pat. No. 5,196,198). Other vitamins, particularly fat-soluble vitamins such as vitamin A, D, E and L-carnitine can optionally be included. When desired, a preservative such as alpha-tocopherol may be added in an amount of about 0.1% by weight. 
     In addition, the ratios of AA, DGLA and GLA can be adapted for a particular given end use. When formulated as a breast milk supplement or substitute, a composition which comprises one or more of AA, DGLA and GLA will be provided in a ratio of about 1:19:30 to about 6:1:0.2, respectively. For example, the breast milk of animals can vary in ratios of AA:DGLA:GLA ranging from 1:19:30 to 6:1:0.2, which includes intermediate ratios which are preferably about 1:1:1, 1:2:1, 1:1:4. When produced together in a host cell, adjusting the rate and percent of conversion of a precursor substrate such as GLA and DGLA to AA can be used to precisely control the PUFA ratios. For example, a 5% to 10% conversion rate of DGLA to AA can be used to produce an AA to DGLA ratio of about 1:19, whereas a conversion rate of about 75% TO 80% can be used to produce an AA to DGLA ratio of about 6:1. Therefore, whether in a cell culture system or in a host animal, regulating the timing, extent and specificity of desaturase expression, as well as the expression of other desaturases and elongases, can be used to modulate PUFA levels and ratios. The PUFAs produced in accordance with the present invention (e.g., AA and EPA) may then be combined with other PUFAs/acids (e.g., GLA) in the desired concentrations and ratios. 
     Additionally, PUFA produced in accordance with the present invention or host cells containing them may also be used as animal food supplements to alter an animal&#39;s tissue or milk fatty acid composition to one more desirable for human or animal consumption. 
     Pharmaceutical Compositions 
     The present invention also encompasses a pharmaceutical composition comprising one or more of the acids and/or resulting oils produced using the desaturase genes, in accordance with the methods described herein. More specifically, such a pharmaceutical composition may comprise one or more of the acids and/or oils as well as a standard, well-known, non-toxic pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, adjuvant or vehicle such as, for example, phosphate buffered saline, water, ethanol, polyols, vegetable oils, a wetting agent or an emulsion such as a water/oil emulsion. The composition may be in either a liquid or solid form. For example, the composition may be in the form of a tablet, capsule, ingestible liquid or powder, injectible, or topical ointment or cream. Proper fluidity can be maintained, for example, by the maintenance of the required particle size in the case of dispersions and by the use of surfactants. It may also be desirable to include isotonic agents, for example, sugars, sodium chloride and the like. Besides such inert diluents, the composition can also include adjuvants, such as wetting agents, emulsifying and suspending agents, sweetening agents, flavoring agents and perfuming agents. 
     Suspensions, in addition to the active compounds, may comprise suspending agents such as, for example, ethoxylated isostearyl alcohols, polyoxyethylene sorbitol and sorbitan esters, microcrystalline cellulose, aluminum metahydroxide, bentonite, agar-agar and tragacanth or mixtures of these substances. 
     Solid dosage forms such as tablets and capsules can be prepared using techniques well known in the art. For example, PUFAs produced in accordance with the present invention can be tableted with conventional tablet bases such as lactose, sucrose, and cornstarch in combination with binders such as acacia, cornstarch or gelatin, disintegrating agents such as potato starch or alginic acid, and a lubricant such as stearic acid or magnesium stearate. Capsules can be prepared by incorporating these excipients into a gelatin capsule along with antioxidants and the relevant PUFA(s). The antioxidant and PUFA components should fit within the guidelines presented above. 
     For intravenous administration, the PUFAs produced in accordance with the present invention or derivatives thereof may be incorporated into commercial formulations such as Intralipids™. The typical normal adult plasma fatty acid profile comprises 6.64 to 9.46% of AA, 1.45 to 3.11% of DGLA, and 0.02 to 0.08% of GLA. These PUFAs or their metabolic precursors can be administered alone or in combination with other PUFAs in order to achieve a normal fatty acid profile in a patient. Where desired, the individual components of the formulations may be provided individually, in kit form, for single or multiple use. A typical dosage of a particular fatty acid is from 0.1 mg to 20 g (up to 100 g) daily and is preferably from 10 mg to 1, 2, 5 or 10 g daily. 
     Possible routes of administration of the pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention include, for example, enteral (e.g., oral and rectal) and parenteral. For example, a liquid preparation may be administered, for example, orally or rectally. Additionally, a homogenous mixture can be completely dispersed in water, admixed under sterile conditions with physiologically acceptable diluents, preservatives, buffers or propellants in order tc form a spray or inhalant. 
     The route of administration will, of course, depend upon the desired effect. For example, if the composition is being utilized to treat rough, dry, or aging skin, to treat injured or burned skin, or to treat skin or hair affected by a disease or condition, it may perhaps be applied topically. 
     The dosage of the composition to be administered to the patient may be determined by one of ordinary skill in the art and depends upon various factors such as weight of the patient, age of the patient, immune status of the patient, etc. 
     With respect to form, the composition may be, for example, a solution, a dispersion, a suspension, an emulsion or a sterile powder which is then reconstituted. 
     The present invention also includes the treatment of various disorders by use of the pharmaceutical and/or nutritional compositions described herein. In particular, the compositions of the present invention may be used to treat restenosis after angioplasty. Furthermore, symptoms of inflammation, rheumatoid arthritis, asthma and psoriasis may also be treated with the compositions of the invention. Evidence also indicates that PUFAs may be involved in calcium metabolism; thus, the compositions of the present invention may, perhaps, be utilized in the treatment or prevention of osteoporosis and of kidney or urinary tract stones. 
     Additionally, the compositions of the present invention may also be used in the treatment of cancer. Malignant cells have been shown to have altered fatty acid compositions. Addition of fatty acids has been shown to slow their growth, cause cell death and increase their susceptibility to chemotherapeutic agents. Moreover, the compositions of the present invention may also be useful for treating cachexia associated with cancer. 
     The compositions of the present invention may also be used to treat diabetes (see U.S. Pat. No. 4,826,877 and Horrobin et al.,  Am. J. Clin. Nutr . Vol. 57 (Suppl.) 732S–737S). Altered fatty acid metabolism and composition have been demonstrated in diabetic animals. 
     Furthermore, the compositions of the present invention, comprising PUFAs produced either directly or indirectly through the use of the desaturase enzymes, may also be used in the treatment of eczema, in the reduction of blood pressure, and in the improvement of mathematics examination scores. Additionally, the compositions of the present invention may be used in inhibition of platelet aggregation, induction of vasodilation, reduction in cholesterol levels, inhibition of proliferation of vessel wall smooth muscle and fibrous tissue (Brenner et al.,  Adv. Exp. Med. Biol . Vol. 83, p.85–101, 1976), reduction or prevention of gastrointestinal bleeding and other side effects of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (see U.S. Pat. No. 4,666,701), prevention or treatment of endometriosis and premenstrual syndrome (see U.S. Pat. No. 4,758,592), and treatment of myalgic encephalomyelitis and chronic fatigue after viral infections (see U.S. Pat. No. 5,116,871). 
     Further uses of the compositions of the present invention include use in the treatment of AIDS, multiple sclerosis, and inflammatory skin disorders, as well as for maintenance of general health. 
     Additionally, the composition of the present invention may be utilized for cosmetic purposes. It may be added to pre-existing cosmetic compositions such that a mixture is formed or may be used as a sole composition. 
     Veterinary Applications 
     It should be noted that the above-described pharmaceutical and nutritional compositions may be utilized in connection with animals (i.e., domestic or non-domestic), as well as humans, as animals experience many of the same needs and conditions as humans. For example, the oil or acids of the present invention may be utilized in animal feed supplements, animal feed substitutes, animal vitamins or in animal topical ointments. 
     The present invention may be illustrated by the use of the following non-limiting examples: 
     EXAMPLE I 
     Design of Degenerate Oligonucleotides for the Isolation of Desaturases from  Thraustochytrium aureum  and cDNA Library Construction 
     The fatty acid composition analysis of the marine fungus  Thraustochytrium aureum  ( T. aureum ) (ATCC 34304) was investigated to determine the types and amounts of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs). This fungus had substantial amounts of longer chain PUFAs such as arachidonic acid (ARA, 20:4n−6) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, 20:5 n—3). However,  T. aureum  also produced PUFAs such as adrenic acid (ADA, 22:4n−6), ω6-docosapentaenoic acid (ω6-DPA 22:5n−6), ω3-docosapentaenoic acid (ω3-DPA 22:5n−3), with the highest amount of fatty acid being docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6n−3) (see  FIG. 1 ). Thus in addition to Δ6-, Δ5- and Δ7-desaturases,  T. aureum  probably contains a Δ19-desaturase which converts ADA to ω3-DPA or ω6-DPA to DHA and/or a Δ4-desaturase which desaturates ADA to ω6-DPA or ω3-DPA to DHA. The goal was therefore to attempt to isolate the predicted desaturase genes from  T. aureum , and to verify the functionality of the enzymes by expression in an alternate host. 
     To isolate genes encoding for functional desaturase enzymes, a cDNA library was constructed.  T. aureum  (ATCC 34304) cells were grown in BY+ Media (#790, Difco, Detroit, Mich.) at room temperature for 4 days, in the presence of light, and with constant agitation (250 rpm) to obtain the maximum biomass. These cells were harvested by centrifugation at 5000 rpm for 10 minutes and rinsed in ice-cold RNase-free water. These cells were then lysed in a French press at 10,000 psi, and the lysed cells were directly collected into TB buffered phenol. Proteins from the cell lysate were removed by repeated phenol: chloroform (1:1 v/v) extraction, followed by a chloroform extraction. The nucleic acids from the aqueous phase were precipitated at −70° C. for 30 minutes using 0.3 M (final concentration) sodium acetate (pH 5.6) and one volume of isopropanol. The precipitated nucleic acids were collected by centrifugation at 15,000 rpm for 30 minutes at 4° C., vacuum-dried for 5 minutes and then treated with DNaseI (RNase-free) in 1× DNase buffer (20 mM Tris-Cl, pH 8.0; 5 mM MgCl 2 ) for 15 minutes at room temperature. The reaction was quenched with 5 mM EDTA (pH 8.0) and the RNA further purified using the Qiagen RNeasy Maxi kit (Qiagen, Valencia, Calif.) as per the manufacturer&#39;s protocol. 
     Messenger RNA was isolated from total RNA using oligo dT cellulose resin, and the pBluescript II XR library construction kit (Stratagene, La Jolla, Calif.) was used to synthesize double stranded cDNA which was then directionally cloned (5′ EcoRJ/3′ XhoI) into pBluescript II SK(+) vector (Stratagene, La Jolla, Calif.). The  T. aureum  library contained approximately 2.5×106 clones each with an average insert size of approximately 700 bp. Genomic DNA from PUFA-producing  T. aureum  cultures was isolated by crushing the culture in liquid nitrogen and was purified using Qiagen Genomic DNA Extraction Kit (Qiagen, Valencia, Calif.). 
     The approach taken was to design degenerate oligonucleotides (primers) that represent amino acid motifs that are conserved in known desaturases. These primers could be then used in a PCR reaction to identify a fragment containing the conserved regions in the predicted desaturase genes from fungi. Since the only fungal desaturases which have been identified are Δ5- and Δ6-desaturase genes from  Mortierella alpina  (Genbank accession numbers AF067650, AB020032, respectively), desaturase sequences from plants as well as animals were taken into consideration during the design of these degenerate primers. In particular, known Δ5- and Δ6-desaturase sequences from the following organisms were used for the design of these degenerate primers:  Mortierella alpina, Borago officinalis, Helianthus annuus, Brassica napus, Dictyostelium discoideum, Rattus norvegicus, Mus musculus, Homo sapiens, Caenorhabditis elegans, Arabidopsis thaliana , and  Ricinus communis . The degenerate primers used were as follows using the CODEHOP Blockmaker program (http://blocks.fhcrc.org/codehop.html): 
                            a. Protein motif 1:               NH 3 - VYDVTEWVKRHPGG -COOH               Primer RO 834:       5′-GTBTAYGAYGTBACCGARTGGGTBAAGCGYC   (SEQ ID NO: 1)               AYCCBGGHGGH-3′               B. Protein Motif 2:       NH 3 - GASANWWKHQHNVHH -COOH               Primer RO835 (Forward):       5-′GGHGCYTCCGCYAACTGGTGGAAGCAYCAGC   (SEQ ID NO: 2)               AYAACGTBCAYCAY-3′               Primer RO836 (Reverse):       5-′RTGRTGVACGTTRTGCTGRTGCTTCCACCAG   (SEQ ID NO: 3)               TTRGCGGARGCDCC-3′               C. Protein Motif 3:       NH 3 - NYQIEHHLFPTM -COOH               Primer RO838 (Reverse):       5′-TTGATRGTCTARCTYGTRGTRGASAARGGVT   (SEQ ID NO: 4)               GGTAC-3′            
In addition, two more primers were designed based on the 2nd and 3rd conserved ‘Histidine-box’ found in known  6-desaturases. These were:
 
                                    Primer RO753                   5′-CATCATCATXGGRAAXARRTGRTG-3′   (SEQ ID NO: 5)                       Primer RO754           5′-CTACTACTACTACAYCAYACXTAYAC   (SEQ ID NO: 6)                       XAAY-3′.            
The degeneracy code for the oligonucleotide sequences was: B=C,G,T; H=A,C,T; S=C,G; R=A,G; V=A,C,G; Y=C,T; D=A,T,C; X=A,C,G,T
 
     EXAMPLE II 
     Use of Degenerate Oligonucleotides for the Isolation of a Desaturase from a Fungus 
     To isolate putative desaturase genes, total RNA was isolated using the lithium chloride method (Hoge, et al. (1982) Exp. Mycol. 6:225–232). Approximately 5 μg was reverse transcribed using the SuperScript Preamplification system (LifeTechnologies, Rockville, Md.) to produce first strand cDNA. The following primer combinations were used: RO8341836, RO834/838, RO8351836, RO8351838 and RO753/754 were used in several PCR reactions with different thermocycling parameters and Taq polymerase at annealing temperatures below 60° C., but no bands were produced. 
     In additional attempts to isolate fragments of desaturases, the degenerate primers RO834/838 (designed with the block maker program) and RO753/754 were used in a 50 μl reaction. The following components were combined: 2 μl of the first strand cDNA template, 20 mM Tris-HCl, pH 8.4, 50 mM KCl, 1.5 mM MgCl 2 , 200 μM each deoxyribonucleotide triphosphate, 0.2 pmole final concentration of each primer and cDNA polymerase (Clonetech, Palo Alto, Calif.). Thermocycling was carried out as follows: an initial denaturation at 94° C. for 3 minutes, followed by 35 cycles of; denaturation at 94° C. for 30 seconds, annealing at 60° C. for 30 seconds and extension at 72° C. for 1 minute. This was followed by a final extension at 72° C. for 7 minutes. Two faint bands of approximately 1000 bp were detected for primers RO834/838, while a slightly smaller but more intense band of 800–900 bp was found with the primer pair RO753/754. The reactions were separated on a 1% agarose gel, excised, and purified with the QiaQuick Gel Extraction Kit (Qiagen, Valencia, Calif.). The staggered ends on these fragments were ‘filled-in’ using T4 DNA polymerase (LifeTechnologies, Rockville, Md.) as per manufacture&#39;s specifications, and these DNA fragments were cloned into the PCR-Blunt vector (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, Calif.). The recombinant plasmids were transformed into TOP10 supercompetent cells (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, Calif.) and clones were partially sequenced. 
     Subsequently, the sequences of clone 30-3 (reaction with [RO834/838]) and clone 17-1(reaction with RO753/754) were found to overlap to create a 1313 bp fragment. The fragment was translated and Tfasta used to search the GenBank database. The highest match was  Mortierella alpina Δ 5-desaturase (Genbank accession #AF067654) (27% homology in 202 amino acids),  Spirulina platensis Δ 6-desaturase (Genbank accession number X87094) (30% homology in 121 amino acids),  Dictyostelium discoideum Δ 5-desaturase (Genbank accession number AB02931) (26% homology in 131 amino acids), and  M. alpina Δ 6-desaturase (accession number AF 110510 (30% homology in 86 amino acids). Since there was a reasonable degree of amino acid homology to known desaturases, a full-length gene encoding a potential desaturase was sought to determine its activity when expressed in yeast. 
     EXAMPLE III 
     Isolation of the Full Length Gene Sequence From  T. aureum  (ATCC 34304) 
     To find the full-length gene, two separate PCR reactions were carried out in an attempt to determine the two ends of putative desaturase from the cDNA library. For the 3′ end of the gene, RO898 (SEQ ID NO:7) (5′-CCCAGTCACGACGTTGTAAAACGACGGCCAG-3′) (designed based on the sequence of the pBluescript SK(+) vector (Stragene, La Jolla, Calif.) was used in a PCR amplification reaction along with a gene specific primer RO930 (SEQ ID NO:8)(5′-GACGATTAACAAGGTGATTTCCCAGGATGTC). In this case, the Advantage -GC cDNA PCR kit (Clonetech, Palo Alto, Calif.) was used to overcome PCR amplification problems that occur with GC rich sequences (61% for 1313 bp fragment). PCR thermocycling conditions were as follows: the template was initially denatured at 94° C. for 3 minutes, followed by 30 cycles of [94° C. for 30 seconds, 52° C. for 30 seconds, and 72° C. for 1 minute], and finally an extension cycle at 72° C. for 7 minutes with 20 pmoles of each primer. The PCR products thus obtained was resolved on a 1% agarose gel, excised, and gel purified using the Qiagen Gel Extraction Kit (Qiagen, Valencia, Calif.). The staggered ends on the fragment was ‘filled-in’ using T4 DNA polymerase (LifeTechnologies, Rockville, Md.) as per manufactures specifications and cloned into the PCR-Blunt vector (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, Calif.) as described in Example II. Clone 93-3 sequence overlapped the original 1313 bp fragment and was found to contain an open reading frame, a stop codon, and a poly A tail indicating that this was the 3′ end of the gene. Two primers were designed based on clone 93-3 sequence near the stop codon with an XhoI created site (underlined) as follows: RO973 (SEQ ID NO:9) (5′-GACTAACTCGAGTCACGTGGACCAGGCCGTGAGGTCCT-3′) and RO974 (SEQ ID NO:10) (5′-GACTAACTCGAGTTGACGAGGTTTGTAT GTTCGGCGGTTTGCTTG-3′). Two primers were deliberately chosen because RO973, that contained the stop codon, was high in GC (60%) and might not amplify well. On the other hand, RO974, downstream of the stop codon, was much lower in GC (48%). 
     Following the same protocol as described above to isolate the 5′ end of the gene, RO899 (SEQ ID NO:11) (5′-AGCGGATAACAATTTCACACAGGAAACAGC-3′) (designed based on the sequence of the pBluescript SK(+) vector) and the gene specific oligonucleotide RO1004 (SEQ ID NO:12) (5′-TGGCTACCGTCGTGCTGGATGCAAGTTCCG-3′) were used for amplification of the cDNA library. Amplification was carried out using 10 pmols of each primer and the cDNA polymerase kit (Clonetech, Palo Alto, Calif.). The reaction conditions included an initial denaturation at 94° C. for 1 minute, followed by 30 cycles of [94° C. for 30 seconds, 68° C. for 3 minutes], and finally an extension cycle at 68° C. for 5 minutes. The PCR products thus obtained were cloned into the PCR-Blunt vector (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, Calif.) following the same protocol as described above. The recombinant plasmids were transformed into TOP10 supercompetent cells (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, Calif.), and clones were sequenced. Clone 1004-5 contained an open reading frame, several start codons, and overlapped the original 1313 bp sequence indicating that this was the 5′ end of the gene. 
     To isolate the full-length gene, a primer for the 5′ end of the putative desaturase was designed with a created EcoRI (underlined) as follows: RO1046 (SEQ ID NO:13) (5′-CGCATGGAATTCATGACGGTCGGGTTTGACGAAACGGTG-3′). 
     To isolate a full-length clone, both RO1046/973 and RO1046/974 were used with cDNA isolated from the library and genomic DNA as a target. Both cDNA polymerase (Clonetech, Palo Alto, Calif.) and -GC Advantage Polymerase (Clonetech, Palo Alto, Calif.) were used to amplify their respective targets with 10 pmol of primer with the following reaction conditions: an initial denaturation at 94° C. for 1 minute, followed by 30 cycles of [94° C. for 30 seconds, 68° C. for 3 minutes], and finally an extension cycle at 68° C. for 5 minutes. The reactions were gel purified, cut with EcoRI/XhoI and cloned into EcoRI/XhoI prepared yeast expression vector pYX242 (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, Calif.) that had been treated with shrimp alkaline phosphatase (Roche, Indianapolis, Ind.) to prevent recircularization. Initial analysis of the full-length sequences showed several base changes. Clones 112-3 and 112-5 (designated pRTA7 and 8, respectively) were derived from the amplification with genomic DNA and -GC Advantage polymerase using primers RO1046/974. Clone 110-3 (designated pRTA5) was derived from a reaction with RO1046/973, genomic DNA target and cDNA polymerase. Clone 111-1 (designated pRTA6) was isolated from the reaction using RO1046/974, cDNA target and -GC Advantage polymerase kit. The sequence of these four plasmids, pRTA5 (SEQ ID NO:14), pRTA6 (SEQ ID NO:15), pRTA7 (SEQ ID NO:16), pRTA8 (SEQ ID NO:17) is shown in  FIGS. 3–6 , respectively. (Plasmids pRTA7 and pRTA8 were deposited with the American Type Culture Collection, 10801 University Boulevard, Manassas, Va. 20110 on Apr. 19, 2001 and were accorded accession numbers PTA-3301 and PTA-3300, respectively.) This putative desaturase of 1548 bp and 515 amino acids (see  FIGS. 7–10  and SEQ ID NOS:18, 19, 20, 21, respectively) had many of the characteristics of described desaturases. The amino acids corresponding to the 5′ end of the enzyme are homologous to cytochrome b5. There are also number of histidine boxes at the following amino acids: 178–183-(Q)HDGSH (SEQ ID NO:59); 213–219-(Q)HVLGHH (SEQ ID NO:60); 262–265-HPWH (SEQ ID NO:61); 271–275-HKFQH (SEQ ID NO:62); and 452–457(H)QIEHH (SEQ ID NO:63). At least either an H or a Q precedes three of these histidine boxes which is unusual.  Dictyostelium discoideum  (Genbank accession number AB029311) has two similar boxes [(Q)HVIGHH (SEQ ID NO:64) and (H)QVVHII (SEQ ID NO:65)], while  M. alpina  (Genbank accession number AF067654) has (Q)HMLGHH (SEQ ID NO:66) and  Synechocystis sp . only has one (H)QVTHH (SEQ ID 67). 
     The sequences of the various putative desaturases differed from each other. Several of the base changes resulted in a change in amino acid, as shown in Table 1. These differences could be naturally occurring variants, introduced by PCR mismatch during final amplification, or a PCR error when the initial cDNA was produced. There are 7 individual amino acid changes between the four plasmids, none of which are shared (see  FIG. 2A  and B, underlined and bold amino acids). These differences could alter the activity of the encoded enzyme. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 1 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Amino Acid Differences in Different Clones 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Amino 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Acid 
               
               
                 Number 
                 PRTA5 
                 PRTA6 
                 PRTA7 
                 PRTA8 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 99 
                 F 
                 S 
                 F 
                 F 
               
               
                 280 
                 F 
                 F 
                 L 
                 F 
               
               
                 284 
                 F 
                 F 
                 F 
                 S 
               
               
                 317 
                 Y 
                 Y 
                 N 
                 Y 
               
               
                 332 
                 T 
                 M 
                 M 
                 M 
               
               
                 410 
                 T 
                 T 
                 T 
                 A 
               
               
                 513 
                 R 
                 W 
                 W 
                 W 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     EXAMPLE IV 
     Expression of Plasmids Containing Putative Desaturases in Yeast 
     All four plasmids were transformed into competent  Saccharomyces cerevisiae  strain 334. Yeast transformation was carried out using the Alkali-Cation Yeast Transformation Kit (BIO 101, Vista, Calif.) according to conditions specified by the manufacturer. Transformants were selected for leucine auxotrophy on media lacking leucine (DOB [-Leu]). To detect the specific desaturase activity of these clones, transformants were grown in the presence of 50 μM specific fatty acid substrates as listed below:
     a. Linoleic acid (18:2n−6) (conversion to alpha-linolenic acid would indicate Δ15-desaturase activity and conversion to gamma-linolenic acid would indicate desaturase activity)   b. Alpha-linolenic acid (18:3n−3) (conversion to stearidonic acid would indicate Δ6-desaturase activity)   c. Arachidonic acid (20:4n−6) (conversion to eicosapentaenoic acid would indicate Δ17 desaturase activity).   d. Adrenic acid (22:4−6) (conversion to ω3-docosapentaenoic acid would indicate Δ19-activity or conversion to ω6-docosapentaenoic acid would indicate Δ4-desaturase activity.   e. ω3-Docosapentaenoic acid (22:5:n−3) (conversion to docosahexaenoic would indicate Δ4-desaturase activity
 
The negative control strain was  S. cerevisiae    334  containing the unaltered pYX242 vector, and these were grown simultaneously.
   

     The cultures were vigorously agitated (250 rpm) and grown for 48 hours a 24° C. in the presence of 50 μM(final concentration) of the various substrates in 50 ml of media lacking leucine after inoculation with overnight growth of single colonies in yeast peptone dextrose broth (YPD) at 30° C. The cells were pelleted, and the pellets vortexed in methanol; chloroform was added along with tritridecanoin (as an internal standard). These mixtures were incubated for at least an hour at room temperature or at 4° C. overnight. The chloroform layer was extracted and filtered through a Whatman filter with 1 gm anhydrous sodium sulfate to remove particulates and residual water. The organic solvents were evaporated at 40° C. under a stream of nitrogen. The extracted lipids were then derivitized to fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) for gas chromatography analysis (GC) by adding 2 mls of 0.5 N potassium hydroxide in methanol to a closed tube. The samples were heated to 95° C.–100° C. for 30 minutes and cooled to room temperature. Approximately 2 ml of 14% borontrifluoride in methanol was added and the heating repeated. After the extracted lipid mixture cooled, 2 ml of water and 1 ml of hexane were added to extract the fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) for analysis by GC. The percent conversion was calculated by dividing the product produced by the sum of (the product produced + the substrate added) and then multiplying by 100. 
     The results showed conversion of ω-3DPA to DHA and ADA to ω6-DPA. This would indicate Δ4-desaturase activity (see Table 2). 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 2 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Percent Conversion of Different Substrate Concentrations to Product 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 25 uM 
                 50 uM 
                 100 uM 
                 25 uM 
                 50 uM 
                 100 uM 
               
               
                 Clone 
                 22:4n − 6 
                 22:4n − 6 
                 22:4n − 6 
                 22:5n − 3 
                 22:5n − 3 
                 22:5n − 3 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 PYX242 (control) 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 1.28 
               
               
                 PRTA5 
                 3.91 
                 0.9 
                 1.24 
                 10 
                 6.89 
                 3.1 
               
               
                 PRTA6 
                 4.69 
                 2.77 
                 1.18 
                 14.26 
                 8.52 
                 4.98 
               
               
                 PRTA7 
                 10.97 
                 6.11 
                 3.14 
                 36.34 
                 17.52 
                 9.92 
               
               
                 PRTA8 
                 5.55 
                 2.43 
                 0.92 
                 19.44 
                 8.52 
                 4.33 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 22:4n − 6 to 22:5n − 6 (Adrenic acid to ω6-Docosapentaenoic acid) 
               
               
                 22:5n − 3 to 22:6n − 3 (ω3-Docosapentaenoic acid to Docosahexaenoic acid) 
               
            
           
         
       
     
     In particular, this is the first demonstration of a Δ4-desaturase gene with in vivo expression data. The conversion for the four clones ranged from 3.91% to 10.97% for production of ω6-DPA from ADA and 10% to 36.34% for production of DHA from ω3DPA. The enzyme appears to be much more active in the production of DHA rather than ω6-DPA, as indicated by the reduced percent conversion, 36.34% vs 10.97%, respectively, for 25 μm of substrate for clone pRTA7. At 100 μm concentration of either substrate, the percent conversion (see Table 2) as well as the amount of product produced (data not shown) decreased, indicating that there may be feedback inhibition of the desaturation step by the substrate. The amount of ω3-DPA (22:5n−3) incorporated (as a percent of the total lipid) is similar for all four plasmids (see Table 3, below). However the amount produced as a percent of the total does vary from 2.74(PRTA5) to 8.11% (PRTA7). The difference in the conversion rates and percent produced could be due to the difference in sequence, hence amino acid variation of the encoded enzyme in the four plasmids. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 3 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Fatty Acid as a Percentage of Total Lipid Extracted from Yeast 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 22:4(n − 6) 
                 22:5(n − 3) 
                 22:5(n − 6) 
                 22:6(n − 3) 
               
               
                 Clone 
                 Incorporated 
                 Produced 
                 Incorporated 
                 Produced 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 PYX242 
                 38.96 
                 0 
                 11.2 
                 0 
               
               
                 (control) 
               
               
                 PRTA5 
                 14.5 
                 0.59 
                 19.8 
                 2.74 
               
               
                 PRTA6 
                 16.07 
                 0.79 
                 17.97 
                 4.38 
               
               
                 PRTA7 
                 39.88 
                 4.91 
                 14.21 
                 8.11 
               
               
                 PRTA8 
                 36.94 
                 2.17 
                 17.45 
                 4.25 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 25 μM substrate data shown 
               
               
                 Key: 
               
               
                 22:4(n − 6) = Adrenic acid 
               
               
                 22:5(n − 3) = ω3-Docosapentaenoic acid 
               
               
                 22:5(n − 6) = ω6-Docosapentaenoic acid 
               
               
                 22:6(n − 3) = Docosahexaenoic acid 
               
            
           
         
       
     
     This data shows unequivocally that these plasmids indeed encode aAΔ4-desaturase, which has preferred activity on conversion of ω3-DPA to DHA activity over conversion of ADA to ω6-DPA. 
     EXAMPLE V 
     Expression of Δ4-desaturase with the Mouse Elongase in Yeast 
     The plasmids pRTA7 and pRTA8 (which had the two highest percent conversion) may be individually co-transformed with pRMELO4, a clone that contains a mouse elongase gene from pRAE-84 (see U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/624,670 incorporated herein in its entirety by reference). The mouse elongase of 879 base pairs (see  FIG. 12  and SEQ ID NO:22) may be cloned as an EcoRI/SalI fragment in the yeast expression vector pYES2 (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, Calif.) at the EcoRI/XhoI sites. This elongase of 292 amino acids catalyzes several of the elongation steps in the PUFA pathway, specifically AA to ADA and EPA to ω3-DPA. ADA and ω3-DPA are substrates for the Δ4-desaturase. Yeast transformants may be selected on minimal media lacking leucine and uracil (DOB[-Leu-Ura]) for selection of Δ4-desaturase (pRTA7 or pRTA8) and pRMELO4 (mouse elongase). Growth and expression of the yeast culture containing pRMELO4 and pRTA7 or pRTA8 in minimal media lacking uracil and leucine and 2% galactose may result in elongation of exogenously added AA to ADA and Δ4 desaturation to ω6-DPA. Additionally, supplementation of EPA to the yeast minimal media may result in elongation to ω3-DPA by the elongase which may then be desaturated by the Δ4-desaturase to produce DHA as shown in  FIG. 1 . This has been previously demonstrated with elongases and other desaturases to produce AA and EPA (see PCT application WO 00/12720) and provides parallel experimental data to show that elongation of a substrate and subsequent desaturation can take place in vivo in an organism such as yeast and potentially other organisms. Further, the present data demonstrates the ability of the Δ4-desaturase to work with another enzyme in the PUFA biosynthetic pathway to produce either ω6-DPA or DHA from the precursors AA and EPA, respectively. 
     EXAMPLE VI 
     Homologue of Δ4-desaturase from  Schizochytrium aggregatum  (ATCC 28209) 
     In parallel to Example II, RNA was isolated by the acid phenol method from  Schizochytrium aggregatum  ( S. aggregatum ) ATCC 28209. Briefly, pellets of  S. aggregatum  were washed with cold deionized water and repelleted for 5 minutes at 3000 rpm. Approximatley 10 ml of TES solution (10 mM Tris-CL pH 7.5, 10 mM EDTA, and 0.50 SDS) was used to resuspend the pellet. Then 10 ml of acid phenol was added and incubation followed for one hour at 65° C. The pellet was placed on ice for 5 minutes, centrifuged for 5 minutes at 1000×g at 4° C., and the aqueous phase transferred to a new tube. An additional 10 ml of acid phenol was added to the aqueous phase, the mixture vortexed and separated as before. The aqueous phase containing the nucleic acids was transferred to a new tube. Approximately 1 ml of sodium acetate pH 5.3 and 25 ml of ice-cold ethanol were added for overnight precipitation at −70 C. The next day, the tubes were centrifuged for 15 minutes at 14,000 rpm at 4° C. and the supernatant decanted. The pellet was washed with 10 ml of 70% ethanol and centrifuged as in the previous step. The pellet was dried and resuspended in 500 ul of RNAse free deionized water. The RNA was further purified using the Qiagen RNeasy Maxikit (Qiagen, Valencia, Calif.) as per the manufacturer&#39;s protocol. 
     cDNA was generated using oligo dT with the SuperScript Preamplification system (Life Technologies, Rockville, Md.) with 5 ug of RNA from  S. aggregatum . Since  S. aggregatum  produces large quantities of DHA, a Δ4-desaturase would be required for DHA production. In an identical experiment, primers RO753 (SEQ ID NO:5) and RO754 (SEQ ID NO:6) were used in the same reaction as in Example II to produce a band around 800 base pairs. As before the DNA generated from the PCR reaction was separated on a 1% gel, excised, purified, and cloned into the PCR-Blunt vector (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, Calif.). The DNA sequence generated from clones saa9 and san5 overlapped to create the sequence saa.con (SEQ ID NO:24 and  FIG. 13 ). The translation of the open reading frame of saa.con DNA sequence to an amino acid sequence (SEQ ID NO:25 and  FIG. 14 ) aligned with pRTA7 is shown in  FIG. 15 . The amino acid sequence of the Δ4-desaturase from clone pRTA7 has 79.1% identity with the translated saa.con sequence over 249 amino acids. This sequence, due to its high identity with a known Δ4-desaturase, is most likely a fragment of a Δ4-desaturase from  S. aggregatum . This example provides evidence that this procedure can be used to isolate Δ4-desaturases from other organisms. 
     EXAMPLE VII 
     Isolation of Δ4-Desaturase Nucleotide Sequences from  Schizochytrium aggregatum  (ATCC 28209) and  Thraustochytriuum aureum  (BICC 7091) 
     To isolate the 5′ and 3′-ends, new primers were designed based on the internal sequence of the isolated  S. aggregatum  fragment shown in Example VI. For the 5 prime end of the gene, RO1240 (SEQ ID NO:26) (5′-CCC TCG ATG ATG TGG TTG ACG ATG AAC -3′) was used and subsequently 5 prime nested primer RO1239 (SEQ ID NO:27) (5′-CGG AGC ATG GGG TAG GTG CTG AAG AC-3′). For the 3 prime end, RO1236 (SEQ ID NO:28) (5′-CCA ACT GCC GTT ACG CCA GCA AGT-3′) was used followed by 3 prime nested primer RO1237 (SEQ ID NO:29) (5′-CAA GCT CTT CTT CAT CGC CCA CTT TTC G-3′), for a second reaction to isolate the other end of the gene. RACE (rapid amplification of cDNA ends) ready cDNA was used as a target for the reactions. To prepare this material, approximately 5 μg of total RNA was used according the manufacturer&#39;s direction with the GENRACER™ kit (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, Calif.) and SUPERSCRIPT II™, enzyme (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, Calif.) for reverse transcription to produce cDNA target. For the initial amplification of the ends, the following thermocycling protocol was used in a Perkin Elmer 9600: initial melt at 94° C. for 2 minutes followed by 5 cycles of 94° C. for 30 seconds and 72° C. for 3 minutes, 10 cycles of 94° C. 30 seconds, 70° C. for 30 seconds, and 72° C. for 3 minutes and 20 cycles of 94° C. for 30 seconds, 68° C. for 30 seconds and 72° C. for 3 minutes, followed by an extension of 72° C. for 10 minutes. The first PCR reaction was performed with 10 pMol of RO1240 and 30 pMol GeneRacer™ 5 prime primer (SEQ ID NO:30) (5′-CGA CTG GAG CAC GAG GAC ACT GA-3′) or RO1236 and GeneRacer™ 3 prime primer (SEQ ID NO:31) (5′-GCT GTC AAC GAT ACG CTA CGT AAC G-3′). The reaction contained 1 ul of cDNA in a final volume of 50 ul with Platimum Taq™ PCRx (Clonetech, Palo Alto, Calif.) using MgS0 4  according to the manufacturer&#39;s directions. A nested reaction was performed with 1 ul of the initial reaction, 10 pmol of nested primer RO1239 and 30 pmol of the GENERACER™ nested 5 prime primer (SEQ ID NO:32) (5′-GGA CAC TGA CAT GGA CTG AAG GAG TA-3′) or GeneRacer™ nested 3 prime primer (SEQ ID NO:33) (5′-CGC TAC GTA ACG GCA TGA CAG TG-3′) and nested primer RO1237 using the same conditions as the first reaction. Agarose gel analysis of the PCR products showed a band around 800 base pairs for the 5 prime reaction and approximately 600 base pairs for the 3 prime reaction. Subsequent cloning into pCR Blunt (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, Calif.), transformation into Top10 competent cells (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, Calif.), and sequencing revealed an open reading frame with both a start and stop codon. Primers RO1241 (SEQ ID NO:34) (5′-GAT ATC GAA TTC ATG ACG GTG GGC GGC GAT GAG G-3′) and RO1242 (SEQ ID NO:35) (5′-GTA CTT AAG CTT TCA CTT GGA CTT GGG GTG GTC C-3′) with restrictions sites added for cloning (see underlined EcoRI, and HindIII respectively) were used to isolate a full length gene. As shown above, 10 pmol of primers RO1241 and 1242 were used with Platimum Taq™ PCRx (Clonetech, PaloAltc, Calif.) using MgS0 4  according to the manufacturer&#39;s protocol with 2 ul of the cDNA as target. The thermocycling parameters were as follows: initial melt at 94° C. for 2 minutes followed by 5 cycles of 94° C. for 30 seconds and 72° C. for 2 minutes, 5 cycles of 94° C. 30 seconds, 70° C. for 2 minutes and 20 cycles of 94° C. for 30 seconds, 65° C. for 30 seconds and 68° C. for 2 minutes, followed by an extension of 68° C. for 10 minutes. The large product of the reaction was gel purified using the QIAQUICK gel purification kit (Qiagen, Valencia, Calif.) cut with EcoRI and HindIII and ligated to pYX242 EcoRI/HindIII linearized DNA with the Rapid ligation kit (Roche, Indianapolis, Ind.) and designated pRSA-1. The clone pRSA1 contained a full length gene of 1530 bp (SEQ ID NO:36,  FIG. 16 ) and an open reading frame of 509 amino acids (SEQ IN NO:37,  FIG. 17 ). (Plasmid pRSA-1 was deposited with the American Type Culture Collection, 10801 University Boulevard, Manassas, Va. 20110 on Mar. 27, 2002 and was accorded accession number PTA-4186.) 
     The second Δ4-desaturase was identified by a partial sequence isolated using the primer combination of RO1201 (SEQ ID NO:38) (5′-CGT GTT CGC TGC CTT TGT CGG AAC TTG CAT CC-3′ and RO1202 (SEQ ID NO:39) (5′-TTG ACA ATA AAC ATG GAG GCG AGG ACC TCT CCG-3′) based on the sequence of pRTA7 (SEQ IN NO:16) as described in Example III. The genomic DNA (gDNA), was prepared as described in Example I, from  Thraustochytrium aureum  (BICC 7091) (Biocon India Ltd., Bangalore, India). PCR amplification was carried out in a 100 μl volume containing: 5 μl of isolated T7091 gDNA, 1.0 U of cDNA Polymerase (Clonetech, PaloAlto, Calif.) and 10 pMol of primers according the manufacturer&#39;s protocol. Thermocycler conditions in Perkin Elmer 9600 were as follows: 94° C. for 3 min, then 35 cycles of 94° C. for 30 sec., 60° C. for 30 sec., and 72° C. for 1 min. PCR was followed by an additional extension at 72° C. for 7 minutes. A 600 bp fragment was gel purified, ends filled-in using T4 DNA Polymerase (LifeTechnologies, Rockville, Md., cloned into the pCR-Blunt vector (Invitrogen, Co., Carlsbad, Calif.), and the recombinant plasmids transformed into TOP10 supercompetent cells (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, Calif.). Sequencing of the clones revealed high homology with pRTA7 (82.1% in 196 amino acids). 
     For isolation of a full-length gene, a cDNA library was constructed with mRNA isolated from total RNA using oligo dT cellulose resin. The pBluescript II XR library construction kit (Stratagene, La Jolla, Calif.) was then used to synthesize double stranded cDNA which was then directionally cloned (5′NotI/3′EcoRI) into pBluescript II KS(+) vector. The  T. aureum  (BICC 7091) library contained approximately 1.89×108 clones, each with an average insert size of approximately 1300 bp. 
     Primers RO1210 (SEQ ID NO:40) (5′-GCT GGT TGG ACT TTG GAC ATG ATT GGA TCC-3′) and RO1211 (SEQ ID NO:41) (5′-TAC ATT GGC AGG CCA ACC ATG TAG AGA ACG-3′) were designed to amplify 5′ and 3′ sequences, respectively. RO1210/RO899 (SEQ ID NO:11) and RO1211/RO898(SEQ ID NO:7) were set up with cDNA Polymerase (Clonetech, PaloAlto, Calif.), 5 ul of cDNA from the library under the same conditions as described for isolating the original fragment earlier in this example. After cloning and sequencing of fragments an additional internal primer RO1214 (SEQ ID NO:42) (5′-GGA TTC AAT CAT GTC CAA AGT CCA ACC AGC-3′) with RO898 from the vector was used to identify the 5′ end of the gene. In a 50 μl reaction, 10 pmol of each primer with 5 ul of library DNA as target with Platimum Taq™ PCRx (Clonetech, PaloAlto, Calif.) with MgS0 4  was used according to the manufacturer&#39;s protocol. The cycling protocol was as follows: an initial melt of 94° C. for 5 minutes followed by 35 cycles of 94° C. for 45 seconds, 55° C. for 30 seconds, 68° C. for 2 minutes and an extension cycle of 72° C. for 7 minutes. 
     The full-length Δ4-desaturase from  T. aureum  (BICC 7091) was isolated with 5′ primer RO1223 (SEQ ID NO:43) (5′-TCT GAT GAA TTC ATG ACG GCC GGA TTT GAA GAA G-3′) and 3′ primer RO1224 (SEQ ID NO:44) (5′-GTC TAG CTC GAG TTA GTT CTT GTC CCA GGC AGG CA-3′) with added restriction sites EcoRI and XhoI (underlined), respectively, added for cloning purposes. In a 50 μl reaction, 10 pmol of each primer, with 5 ul of library DNA as target, with Platimum Taq™ PCRx (Clonetech, PaloAlto, Calif.) with MgSO 4  according to the manufacturer&#39;s protocol, were used. The cycling protocol was as follows: an initial melt of 94° C. for 5 minutes followed by 35 cycles of 94° C. for 45 seconds, 55° C. for 30 seconds, 68° C. for 2 minutes and an extension cycle of 72° C. for 7 minutes. The single band was separated on an agarose gel, purified, cut with EcoRI and XhoI, and ligated to pYX242 linearized with the same enzymes. Sequence analysis of the full-length clone designated, pRTA11 (see  FIG. 18 ) (SEQ ID NO:45) revealed an open reading frame of 1542 base pairs encoding a protein of 513 amino acids (see  FIG. 19 ) (SEQ ID NO:46). (Plasmid pRTA11 was deposited with the American Type Culture Collection, 10801 University Boulevard, Manassas, Va. 20110 on Mar. 27, 2002 and was accorded accession numbers PTA-4187.) 
     EXAMPLE VIII 
     Expression of Putative Δ4-Desaturases pRSA1 and pRTA11 in Yeast 
     Both plasmids were transformed into competent  Saccharomyces cerevisiae  strain 334 and grown as described in Example IV with either 50 μM ADA or ω3-DPA. As shown in Table 4, both ω6-DPA and DHA were produced when 334 (pRSA1) or (pRTA11) was grown with ADA or ω3-DPA, which are the products of a Δ4-desaturation. 
                     TABLE 4                  Fatty Acid as a Percentage of Total Lipid Extracted from Yeast                                     22:4(n − 6)   22:5(n − 6)   22:5(n − 3)   22:6(n − 3)       Clone   Incorporated   Produced   Incorporated   Produced                                         PYX242   15.03   0   20.46   0.25       (control)       PYX242   55.36   0   62.98   0.42       (control)       PRTA11   50.73   5.42   42.39   9.17               Key:       22:4(n − 6) = Adrenic acid       22:5(n − 3) = ω3-Docosapentaenoic acid       22:5(n − 6) = ω6-Docosapentaenoic acid       22:6(n − 3) = Docosahexaenoic acid            
When the percent conversion of the substrate to product was calculated as described in Table 5, the preferred substrate, by virtue of the higher percent conversion, was the ω3-DPA to produce DHA. This data shows clearly that these plasmids also encode Δ4-desaturases.
 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 5 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Percent Conversion of Two Substrates to Product 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                   
                 50 uM 
                 50 uM 
               
               
                   
                 Clone 
                 22:4n − 6 
                 22:5n − 3 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 PYX242 
                 0 
                 1.2 
               
               
                   
                 (control) 
               
               
                   
                 PRSA1 
                 3.64 
                 9.7 
               
               
                   
                 PYX242 
                 0 
                 0.66 
               
               
                   
                 (control) 
               
               
                   
                 PRTA11 
                 9.65 
                 17.78 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 22:4n − 6 to 22:5n − 6 (Adrenic acid to ω6-Docosapentaenoic acid) 
               
               
                   
                 22:5n − 3 to 22:6n − 3 (ω3-Docosapentaenoic acid to Docosahexaenoic acid) 
               
            
           
         
       
     
     EXAMPLE IX 
     Demonstration of Co-expression of a Δ4-desaturase with a Mouse Elongase in Yeast 
     As described in Example V, the  T.aureum  (ATCC 34304) Δ4-desaturase was co-transformed with the mouse elongase pRMELO4 (recloned from the plasmid pRAE84 into pYES2). 
     Table 6 shows that when 10 μM of the substrate EPA (20:5n−3) was added, the elongase was able to add two carbons to EPA to produce ω3-DPA, and the desaturase converted ω3-DPA to DHA. No DHA was produced by the control transformation 334(pYX242/pYES2). A small amount of ω3-DPA was seen in the control, but was a contaminant of the added substrate EPA. Thus,  T. aureum Δ 4-desaturase was able to produce a product in a heterologous expression system that was the product of another heterologous enzyme (the mouse elongase) from the PUFA biosynthetic pathway to produce the expected PUFA. 
     This demonstrates that Δ4-desaturase can indeed work with other heterologous enzymes in the PUFA pathway in a heterologous expression system such as yeast. 
                     TABLE 6                  Fatty Acid (μg) Extracted Lipid from Yeast                                                 DHA                   ω3-DPA   Produced               EPA   Produced by   by           Clone   Incorporated   elongase   desaturase                                                 PYX242/   59.38   2.54   0           PYES2           (control)           PRTA7/   47.04   14.76   1.55           PRMELO4           (mouse           elongase)                       10 μM substrate added            
10 μM substrate added
 
     EXAMPLE IX 
     Isolation of a Novel Desaturase Gene from the Algae  Isochrysis galbana  (CCMP1323) 
     The fatty acid composition of the algae  Isochrysis galbana  ( I. galbana ) (CCMP 1323) was investigated to determine the polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) produced by this organism. This algae showed a substantial amount of long chain PUFA including omega 3-docosapentaenoic acid (omega 3-DPA, 22:5n−3) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6n−3). In fact DHA was present in the highest amount representing 19% of the total lipid. Thus,  I. galbana  was predicted to possess a Δ4-desaturase capable of converting omega 3-DPA to DHA. The goal was therefore to isolate the predicted Δ4-desaturase gene from  I. galbana , and to verify the functionality of the enzyme by expression in an alternate host. 
     Frozen pellets of  I. galbana  were obtained from Provasoli-Guillard National Center for Culture of Marine Phytoplankton (CCMP, West Boothbay Harbor, Me.). These pellets were crushed in liquid nitrogen and total RNA was extracted from  I. galbana  by using the QIAGEN RNEASY MAXI Kit (Qiagen, as per manufacturers instructions. From this total RNA, mRNA was isolated using oligo dT cellulose resin, which was then used for the construction of a cDNA library using the pBluescript II XR library construction kit (Stratagene, La Jolla, Calif.). The cDNA thus produced was directionally cloned (5′NotI/3′EcoRI) into pBluescript II KS (+) vector. The  I. galbana  library contained approximately 9.4×10 4  clones per μl, each with an average insert size of approximately 1300 bp. Two thousand primary clones from this library were sequenced from the 5′ end using the M13 forward primer (SEQ NO ID:47) (5′-AGC GGA TAA CAA TTT CAC ACA GG-3′). Sequencing was carried out using the ABI QIAGEN RNEASY MAXI sequencing kit (Applied Biosystems, Calif.) and the QIAGEN RNEASY MAXI Capillary DNA sequencer (Amersham biosciences, Piscataway, N.J.). 
     A 647 bp clone containing the 3′ end of this novel Δ4-desaturase designated ‘iso25-Δ09’ was obtained from sequencing of the 2000 library clones. This fragment shared ˜30% amino acid sequence identity with other known delta 5 and delta 6 desaturases. Since this fragment did not contain the stop codon of the gene, additional-clones containing the 3′ end of this gene were obtained by PCR amplification of the cDNA library (template) using the 3′-end vector primer RO899 (SEQ ID NO:11) and RO1270 (SEQ ID NO:48) (5′-CAC CTG GCT CGA GTC GAC GAT GAT GG-3′). PCR amplification was carried out using Platinum Taq (HF) DNA polymerase (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, Calif.). Amplification was carried out in a 50 μl total volume containing: 1 μl of the cDNA library ligation mixture, PCR buffer containing 20 mM Tris-Cl, pH 8.4, 50 mM KCl (final concentration), 200 μM each deoxyribonucleotide triphosphate, 10 pmole of each primer, 1.5 mM MgSO 4 , and 0.5 μl of Platinum Taq (HF) DNA polymerase. Amplification was carried out as follows using the Perkin Elmer 9600 machine: initial melt at 94° C. for 2 minutes followed by 5 cycles of 94° C. for 30 seconds and 72° C. for 3 minutes, 10 cycles of 94° C. 30 seconds, 70° C. for 30 seconds, and 72° C. for 3 minutes and 20 cycles of 94° C. for 30 seconds, 68° C. for 30 seconds and 72° C. for 3 minutes, followed by an extension of 72° C. for 10 minutes. From this amplification no bands were visible which might have been due to the low amounts of this gene in the library. Thus 2 μl of this PCR reaction was used as a template for a second PCR reaction involving Platinum Taq (HF) DNA polymerase under that same PCR components as described above. However, this time amplification was carried out as follows: initial denaturation at 94° C. for 3 minute, followed by 30 cycles of the following: 94° C. for 45 sec, 55° C. for 30 sec, 68° C. for 2 min. The reaction was terminated at 4° C. A 670 bp PCR band was thus obtained which was gel purified, and cloned into PCR-Blunt vector (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, Calif.). The recombinant plasmids were transformed into TOP10 supercompetent cells (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, Calif.), and clones were sequenced and analyzed. Clones ‘iso25-Δ09-6’ and iso25-Δ09-1′ were thus obtained that contained the 3′ end of the gene along with the ‘TAA’ stop codon and the poly-A tail. This clone did overlap with the original ‘iso25-Δ09’ fragment. 
     To isolate the 5′ end of this gene, RACE (rapid amplification of cDNA ends) ready cDNA was used as a target for the reactions. To prepare this material, approximately 5 μg of total RNA was used according the manufacturer&#39;s direction with the GENERACER™ kit (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, Calif.) and SUPERSCRIPT™ enzyme (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, Calif.) for reverse transcription to produce cDNA target. This cDNA was then used as a template for a PCR reaction involving 30 pmol GENERACER™ 5′ primer (SEQ ID NO:30) (5′-CGA CTG GAG CAC GAG GAC ACT GA-3′) in combination with 10 pmols of any one of the following gene-specific primers: 
                            RO1286               5′- CGT ACC CGG TGC AAT AGA AGG   (SEQ ID NO: 49)               TGA G -3′               RO1287       5′- CCA TCA TCG TCG ACT CGA GCC   (SEQ ID NO: 50)               AGG TG -3′               RO1288       5′- TGT GGA GCC ATG TGG TGC TCG   (SEQ ID NO: 51)               ATC TG -3′               RO1271       5′- TGT GGA GCC ATG TGG TGC TCG   (SEQ ID NO: 52)               ATC TG -3′            
PCR amplification was carried out using Platinum Taq DNA polymerase (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, Calif.) in a 50 μl total volume containing: 1 μl of the RACE-cDNA, PCR buffer containing 20 mM Tris-Cl, pH 8.4, 50 mM KCl (final concentration), 200 μM each deoxyribonucleotide triphosphate, 1.5 mM MgSO 4 , and 0.5 μl of Platinum Taq DNA polymerase. Amplification was carried out as follows using the Perkin Elmer 9600 machine: initial melt at 94° C. for 2 minutes followed by 5 cycles of 94° C. for 30 seconds and 72° C. for 3 minutes, 10 cycles of 94° C. 30 seconds, 70° C. for 30 seconds, and 72° C. for 3 minutes and 20 cycles of 94° C. for 30 seconds, 68° C. for 30 seconds and 72° C. for 3 minutes, followed by an extension of 72° C. for 10 minutes. All these primer combinations resulted in bands, which were gel purified, filled-in with T4-DNA polymerase, cloned into PCR-blunt vector and transformed into TOP 10 supercompetent cells. Sequencing of these clones like ‘iso25-A09-33-5’, ‘iso25-A09-31-3’, iso25-A09 30-1’ and iso25-A09-32-3’ revealed the 5′ end of this gene containing the ‘ATG’ start site, the cytochrome b5 domain and two histidine boxes. These clones overlapped each other and also overlapped the original ‘iso25-A09’ fragment that contained the third histidine box.
 
     To isolate the full length of this gene both genomic DNA, as well as cDNA obtained (from RACE), were used as templates in PCR reactions with the following primers: 
                            RO 1400               5′- TCA ACA  GAA TTC   ATG  TGC AAC   (SEQ ID NO: 52)               GCG GCG CAG GTC GAG ACG CAG -3′            
(This forward primer contained an EcoRI site (underlined) along with the ‘ATG’ start site (bold) suitable for cloning into the yeast expression vector pYX242).
 
                            RO 1401 (SEQ ID NO:53)           5′-AAA AGA  AAG  CTT   TTA  GTC CGC CTT GAC                          CGT GTC GAC CAA AGC-3′            
(This reverse primer contained a HindIII site (underlined) along with the ‘TAA’ stop site (bold) for cloning into pYX242). PCR amplification was carried out using Advantage-GC cDNA polymerase (Clonetech, Palo Alto, CA) in a 50 μl total volume containing: 1 μl of the RACE-cDNA or 2 μl of genomic DNA, PCR buffer containing [40 mM Tricine-KOH pH 9.2, 15 mM KOAc (final concentration), 3.5 mM Mg(OAc) 2 , 5% DMSO, 3.75 μg/ml BSA, 200 μM each deoxyribonucleotide triphosphate, 1 M GC-melt, and 1 μl of Advantage-GC cDNA polymerase. The thermocycling protocol included an initial denaturation at 94° C. for 1 mm, followed by 30 cycles of the following a final extension at 68° C. for 5 minutes, followed by termination at 4° C.
 
     A ˜1.35 kb band was obtained which was gel purified, digested with the restriction enzymes EcoRI/HindIII for 2 hours, cleaned through the QiaQuick PCR purification kit (Qiagen, Valencia, Calif.), and cloned into the pYX242 yeast expression vector (Novagen, Madison, Wis.) previously digested with EcoRI/HindIII. This construct was labeled pRIG6 and consisted of the ‘iso25-Δ09’ full length gene isolated from RACE-derived cDNA and the pYX242 vector. This was transformed into yeast SC334 for expression studies. 
     The full length gene of ‘iso25-A09’ present in pRJG6 was 1302 bp in length (SEQ ID NO:54) ( FIG. 20 ) and encoded a protein of 433 amino acids (SEQ ID NO:55) ( FIG. 21 ). A tFastA search of the deduced protein sequence of this gene showed the protein to have 30.6% identity with the Δ5-desaturase from  I. galbana  (U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/054,534 incorporated in its entirety by reference). Also, the predicted protein of this gene was 30.8% identical to the Δ4-desaturase from  Thraustochyfrium aureum  (ATCC 34304)( FIG. 22 ). (Further, the DNA sequence of the gene was found to exhibit 42.37% sequence identity to the nucleotide sequence encoding the  T aureum  (ATCC 34304)) Δ4-desaturase, 43% identity to the nucleotide sequence encoding the  S. aggregalum  (ATCC 28209) Δ4-desaturase, and 39.7% identity to the nucleotide sequence encoding the  T. aureum  (BICC7091) Δ4-desaturase sequence.) Like all front-end desaturating enzyme genes like Δ5- and Δ6-desaturase, this gene contains a cytochrome b5 domain within the 5′-end of its sequence. This cytochrome b5 is thought to function as the immediate electron donor for the desaturases, and functions in a number of oxidation-reduction reactions involving NADH-dependent desaturation. This gene also possessed the three histidine-rich motifs that are present in all membrane-bound desaturases. These are present at position 153 to 158 (HMGGH) (SEQ ID NO:71), 188 to 193 (HNKHH) (SEQ ID NO:72), and 347 to 352 (QIEHH) (SEQ ID NO:73). These histidine-rich boxes are believed to co-ordinate the diiron-oxo structure at the enzyme&#39;s active site, and are necessary for enzyme activity. These features are consistent with this gene product being a member of the membrane-bound desaturase/hydroxylase family of the diiron-oxo proteins (3) and also being a front-end desaturating enzyme. The G+C content of this gene is 64.2%. 
     EXAMPLE X 
     Expression of pRIG6, a Novel Desaturase from  Isochrysis galbana  (CCMP 1323), in Yeast 
     To determine the substrate specificity and the class of reaction catalyzed by a novel desaturase from  I. galbana , the pRIG6 construct was heterologously expressed in a  Saccharomyces cerevisiae  (SC334), as described below. Since  S. cerevisiae  cannot synthesize fatty acids beyond oleic acid (OA, 18:1 n−9), it is an ideal system to use to determine enzyme activity on substrates longer than OA since no background enzyme activity will be detected. Here, substrates can be exogenously supplied to the host, taken up by the cell and acted on by the expressed protein of the transformed gene. 
     Clone pRIG6, which consisted of the full-length ‘iso25-Δ09’ desaturase from  I. galbana  cloned into pYX242, was transformed into  Saccharomyces cerevisiae  (SC334) using the Alkali-Cation Yeast Transformation kit (BIO 101, Vista, Calif.). Transformants were selected for leucine auxotrophy on media lacking leucine (DOB [-Leu]). To detect the specific desaturase activity of these clones, transformants were grown in the presence of 50 μM specific fatty acid substrates as listed below:
     a. Linoleic acid (LA, 18:2n−6)—conversion to α-linolenic acid (ALA, 18:3n−3) indicates Δ15-desaturase activity; conversion to gamma-linolenic acid indicates Δ6-desaturase activity.   b. Dihomo-gamma-linolenic acid (20:3n−6)—conversion to eicosatetraenoic acid (ETA, 20:4n−3) indicates Δ17-desaturase activity; conversion to arachidonic acid (ARA, 20:4n−6) indicates Δ5-desaturase activity.   c. Omega-6-eicosadienoic acid (20:2n−6)-conversion to Dihomo-gamma-linolenic acid (20:3n−6) indicates Δ8-desaturase activity.   d. Adrenic acid (22:4n−6)-conversion to ω6-docosapentaenoic acid (22:5n−6) indicates Δ4-desaturase activity.   e. Omega 3-docosapentaenoic acid (22:5n−3)—conversion to Docosahexaenoic acid (22:6n−3) indicates Δ4-desaturase activity.
 
The negative control strain consisted of  S. cerevisiae  transformed with the pYX242 vector, and these cultures were grown simultaneously and analyzed.
   

     The cultures were vigorously agitated (250 rpm) and grown for 48 hours a 24° C. in the presence of 50 μM (final concentration) of the various substrates (Table 7). The cells were spun down, washed once in distilled water, and the pellets vortexed in methanol; chloroform was added along with tridecanoin (as an internal standard). These mixtures were incubated for at least an hour at room temperature, or at 4° C. overnight. The chloroform layer was extracted and filtered through a Whatman filter with 1 gm anhydrous sodium sulfate to remove particulates and residual water. The organic solvents were evaporated at 40° C. under a stream of nitrogen. The extracted lipids were then derivitized to fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) for gas chromatography analysis (GC) by adding 2 ml 0.5 N potassium hydroxide in methanol to a closed tube. The samples were heated to 95° C.–100° C. for 30 minutes and cooled to room temperature. Approximately 2 ml 14% borontrifluoride in methanol was added and the heating repeated. After the extracted lipid mixture cooled, 2 ml of water and 1 ml of hexane were added to extract the FAME for analysis by GC. The percent conversion was calculated using the formula: 
     
       
         
           
             
               % 
               ⁢ 
               
                   
               
               ⁢ 
               Conversion 
             
             = 
             
               
                 
                   [ 
                   
                     % 
                     ⁢ 
                     
                         
                     
                     ⁢ 
                     Product 
                   
                   ] 
                 
                 
                   [ 
                   
                     
                       % 
                       ⁢ 
                       
                           
                       
                       ⁢ 
                       Product 
                     
                     + 
                     
                       % 
                       ⁢ 
                       
                           
                       
                       ⁢ 
                       Substrate 
                     
                   
                   ] 
                 
               
               × 
               100 
             
           
         
       
     
     Table 7 shows the substrate specificity of the novel desaturase expressed in yeast. Here, the expressed pRIG6 clone was capable of converting 15.3% of ω3-docosapentaenoic acid (22:5n−3) to docosahexaenoic acid (22:5 n−3), indicating that the gene was a Δ4-desaturase. In addition, this enzyme was capable of converting 11% of adrenic acid (22:4n−6) to ω6-docosapentaenoic acid (22:5n−6), which also indicated Δ4-desaturase activity. 
     The fatty acids of interest are represented as a percentage of the total lipids extracted from yeast. GC/MS was employed to identify the products. Under these conditions, the clones did not exhibit other desaturase activities. This confirmed the gene isolated to be a novel Δ4-desaturase gene. No background substrate conversion was detected with using just the vector alone. This data indicates that this novel Δ4-desaturase can be expressed in a heterologous system and would thus be useful in the production of transgenic oil containing DHA. 
                     TABLE 7                    Isochrysis galbana  (CCMP 1323) Delta 4-Desaturase       Expression in Baker&#39;s Yeast at 24° C.                                     Desaturase   Substrate*   Substrate   % Conversion       Clone   activity   Incorpor.   Produced   of Substrate               pRIG6   Δ6   LA   GLA   0               (8.35%)   (0%)       (pYX242 + Delta 4   Δ5   DGLA   AA   0               (16.34%)   (0.29%)           Δ8   ω6-EDA   DGLA   0               (19.53%)   (0%)           Δ4   ADA   ω6-DPA     11%               (23.93%)   (3.15%)           Δ4   ω3-DPA   DHA   15.3%               (32.57%)   (5.89%)       Control   Δ6   LA   GLA   0               (9.18%)   (0%)       (pYX242)   Δ5   DGLA   AA   0               (10.5%)   (0%)           Δ8   ω6-EDA   DGLA   0               (16.56%)   (0%)           Δ4   ADA   ω6-DPA   0               (15.55%)   (0%)           Δ4   ω3-DPA   DHA   0               (26.03%)   (0.29%)               *50 μM substrate used       Numbers in parenthesis represent fatty acid as a percentage of total lipids from yeast       Key:       LA = Linoleic acid (18:2n − 6)       GLA = Gamma-linolenic acid (18:3n − 6)       DGLA = Dihomo-gamma-linolenic acid (20:3n − 6)       AA = Arachidonic acid (20:4n − 6)       ω6-EDA = omega-6 Eicosadienoic acid (20:2n − 6)       ADA = Adrenic acid (22:4n − 6)       ω3-DPA = omega-3 Docosapentaenoic acid (22:5n − 6)       ω6-DPA = omega-6 Docosapentaenoic acid (22:5n − 3)       DHA = Docosahexaenoic acid (22:6n − 3)            
Nutritional Compositions
 
     The PUFAs described in the Detailed Description may be utilized in various nutritional supplements, infant formulations, nutritional substitutes and other nutritional solutions. 
     I. Infant Formulation 
     A. ISOMIL® Soy Formula with Iron: 
     Usage: As a beverage for infants, children and adults with an allergy or sensitivity to cows milk. A feeding for patients with disorders for which lactose should be avoided: lactase deficiency, lactose intolerance and galactosemia. 
     Features: 
     
         
         
           
             Soy protein isolate to avoid symptoms of cow&#39;s-milk-protein allergy or sensitivity. 
             Lactose-free formulation to avoid lactose-associated diarrhea. 
             Low osmolality (240 mOs/kg water) to reduce risk of osmotic diarrhea. 
             Dual carbohydrates (corn syrup and sucrose) designed to enhance carbohydrate absorption and reduce the risk of exceeding the absorptive capacity of the damaged gut. 
             1.8 mg of Iron (as ferrous sulfate) per 100 Calories to help prevent iron deficiency. 
             Recommended levels of vitamins and minerals. 
             Vegetable oils to provide recommended levels of essential fatty acids. 
             Milk-white color, milk-like consistency and pleasant aroma. 
           
         
       
    
     Ingredients: (Pareve) 85% water, 4.9% corn syrup, 2.6% sugar (sucrose), 2.1% soy oil, 1.9% soy protein isolate, 1.4% coconut oil, 0.15% calcium citrate, 0.11% calcium phosphate tribasic, potassium citrate, potassium phosphate monobasic, potassium chloride, mono- and disglycerides, soy lecithin, carrageenan, ascorbic acid, L-methionine, magnesium chloride, potassium phosphate dibasic, sodium chloride, choline chloride, taurine, ferrous sulfate, m-inositol, alpha-tocopheryl acetate, zinc sulfate, L-carnitine, niacinamide, calcium pantothenate, cupric sulfate, vitamin A palmitate, thiamine chloride hydrochloride, riboflavin, pyridoxine hydrochloride, folic acid, manganese sulfate, potassium iodide, phylloquinone, biotin, sodium selenite, vitamin D3 and cyanocobalamin. 
     B. ISOMIL® DF Soy Formula For Diarrhea: 
     Usage: As a short-term feeding for the dietary management of diarrhea in infants and toddlers. 
     Features: 
     
         
         
           
             First infant formula to contain added dietary fiber from soy fiber specifically for diarrhea management. 
             Clinically shown to reduce the duration of loose, watery stools during mild to severe diarrhea in infants. 
             Nutritionally complete to meet the nutritional needs of the infant. 
             Soy protein isolate with added L-methionine meets or exceeds an infant&#39;s requirement for all essential amino acids. 
             Lactose-free formulation to avoid lactose-associated diarrhea. 
             Low osmolality (240 mOsm/kg water) to reduce the risk of osmotic diarrhea. 
             Dual carbohydrates (corn syrup and sucrose) designed to enhance carbohydrate absorption and reduce the risk of exceeding the absorptive capacity of the damaged gut. 
             Meets or exceeds the vitamin and mineral levels recommended by the Committee on Nutrition of the American Academy of Pediatrics and required by the Infant Formula Act. 
             1.8 mg of iron (as ferrous sulfate) per 100 Calories to help prevent iron deficiency. 
             Vegetable oils to provide recommended levels of essential fatty acids. 
           
         
       
    
     Ingredients: (Pareve) 86% water, 4.8% corn syrup, 2.5% sugar (sucrose), 2.1% soy oil, 2.0% soy protein isolate, 1.4% coconut oil, 0.77% soy fiber, 0.12% calcium citrate, 0.11% calcium phosphate tribasic, 0.10% potassium citrate, potassium chloride, potassium phosphate monobasic, mono and diglycerides, soy lecithin, carrageenan, magnesium chloride, ascorbic acid, L-methionine, potassium phosphate dibasic, sodium chloride, choline chloride, taurine, ferrous sulfate, m-inositol, alpha-tocopheryl acetate, zinc sulfate, L-carnitine, niacinamide, calcium pantothenate, cupric sulfate, vitamin A palmitate, thiamine chloride hydrochloride, riboflavin, pyridoxine hydrochloride, folic acid, manganese sulfate, potassium iodide, phylloquinone, biotin, sodium selenite, vitamin D3 and cyanocobalamin. 
     C. ISOMIL® SF Sucrose-Free Soy Formula With Iron: 
     Usage: As a beverage for infants, children and adults with an allergy or sensitivity to cow&#39;s-milk protein or an intolerance to sucrose. A feeding for patients with disorders for which lactose and sucrose should be avoided. 
     Features: 
     
         
         
           
             Soy protein isolate to avoid symptoms of cow&#39;s-milk-protein allergy or sensitivity. 
             Lactose-free formulation to avoid lactose-associated diarrhea (carbohydrate source is Polycose® Glucose Polymers). 
             Sucrose free for the patient who cannot tolerate sucrose. 
             Low osmolality (180 mOsm/kg water) to reduce risk of osmotic diarrhea. 
             1.8 mg of iron (as ferrous sulfate) per 100 Calories to help prevent iron deficiency. 
             Recommended levels of vitamins and minerals. 
             Vegetable oils to provide recommended levels of essential fatty acids. 
             Milk-white color, milk-like consistency and pleasant aroma. 
           
         
       
    
     Ingredients: (Pareve) 75% water, 11.8% hydrolized cornstarch, 4.1% soy oil, 4.1% soy protein isolate, 2.8% coconut oil, 1.0% modified cornstarch, 0.38% calcium phosphate tribasic, 0.17% potassium citrate, 0.13% potassium chloride, mono- and diglycerides, soy lecithin, magnesium chloride, abscorbic acid, L-methionine, calcium carbonate, sodium chloride, choline chloride, carrageenan, taurine, ferrous sulfate, m-inositol, alpha-tocopheryl acetate, zinc sulfate,L-carnitine, niacinamide, calcium pantothenate, cupric sulfate, vitamin A palmitate, thiamine chloride hydrochloride, riboflavin, pyridoxine hydrochloride, folic acid, manganese sulfate, potassium iodide, phylloquinone, biotin, sodium selenite, vitamin D3 and cyanocobalamin. 
     D. ISOMIL® 20 Soy Formula With Iron Ready To Feed, 20 Cal/fl oz.: 
     Usage: When a soy feeding is desired. 
     Ingredients: (Pareve) 85% water, 4.9% corn syrup, 2.6% sugar(sucrose), 2.1% soy oil, 1.9% soy protein isolate, 1.4% coconut oil, 0.15% calcium citrate, 0.11% calcium phosphate tribasic, potassium citrate, potassium phosphate monobasic, potassium chloride, mono- and diglycerides, soy lecithin, carrageenan, abscorbic acid, L-methionine, magnesium chloride, potassium phosphate dibasic, sodium chloride, choline chloride, taurine, ferrous sulfate, m-inositol, alpha-tocopheryl acetate, zinc sulfate, L-carnitine, niacinamide, calcium pantothenate, cupric sulfate, vitamin A palmitate, thiamine chloride hydrochloride, riboflavin, pyridoxine hydrochloride, folic acid, manganese sulfate, potassium iodide, phylloquinone, biotin, sodium selenite, vitamin D3 and cyanocobalamin. 
     E. SIMILAC® Infant Formula: 
     Usage: When an infant formula is needed: if the decision is made to discontinue breastfeeding before age 1 year, if a supplement to breastfeeding is needed or as a routine feeding if breastfeeding is not adopted. 
     Features: 
     
         
         
           
             Protein of appropriate quality and quantity for good growth; heat-denatured, which reduces the risk of milk-associated enteric blood loss. 
             Fat from a blend of vegetable oils (doubly homogenized), providing essential linoleic acid that is easily absorbed. 
             Carbohydrate as lactose in proportion similar to that of human milk. 
             Low renal solute load to minimize stress on developing organs. 
             Powder, Concentrated Liquid and Ready To Feed forms. 
           
         
       
    
     Ingredients: (-D) Water, nonfat milk, lactose, soy oil, coconut oil, mono- and diglycerides, soy lecithin, abscorbic acid, carrageenan, choline chloride, taurine, m-inositol, alpha-tocopheryl acetate, zinc sulfate, niacinamide, ferrous sulfate, calcium pantothenate, cupric sulfate, vitamin A palmitate, thiamine chloride hydrochloride, riboflavin, pyridoxine hydrochloride, folic acid, manganese sulfate, phylloquinone, biotin, sodium selenite, vitamin D3 and cyanocobalamin. 
     F. SIMILAC® NeoCare Premature Infant Formula With Iron: 
     Usage: For premature infants&#39; special nutritional needs after hospital discharge. Similac NeoCare is a nutritionally complete formula developed to provide premature infants with extra calories, protein, vitamins and minerals needed to promote catch-up growth and support development. 
     Features: 
     
         
         
           
             Reduces the need for caloric and vitamin supplementation. More calories (22 Cal/fl oz) than standard term formulas (20 Cal/fl oz). 
             Highly absorbed fat blend, with medium-chain triglycerides 
           
         
       
    
     (MCToil) to help meet the special digestive needs of premature infants.
         Higher levels of protein, vitamins and minerals per 100 calories to extend the nutritional support initiated in-hospital.   More calcium and phosphorus for improved bone mineralization.       

     Ingredients: -D Corn syrup solids, nonfat milk, lactose, whey protein concentrate, soy oil, high-oleic safflower oil, fractionated coconut oil (medium chain triglycerides), coconut oil, potassium citrate, calcium phosphate tribasic, calcium carbonate, ascorbic acid, magnesium chloride, potassium chloride, sodium chloride, taurine, ferrous sulfate, m-inositol, choline chloride, ascorbyl palmitate, L-carnitine, alpha-tocopheryl acetate, zinc sulfate, niacinamide, mixed tocopherols, sodium citrate, calcium pantothenate, cupric sulfate, thiamine chloride hydrochloride, vitamin A palmitate, beta carotene, riboflavin, pyridoxine hydrochloride, folic acid, manganese sulfate, phylloquinone, biotin, sodium selenite, vitamin D3 and cyanocobalamin. 
     G. SIMILAC Natural Care Low-Iron Human Milk Fortifier Ready To Use, 24 Cal/fl oz.: 
     Usage: Designed to be mixed with human milk or to be fed alternatively with human milk to low-birth-weight infants. 
     Ingredients: -D Water, nonfat milk, hydrolyzed cornstarch, lactose, fractionated coconut oil (medium-chain triglycerides), whey protein concentrate, soy oil, coconut oil, calcium phosphate tribasic, potassium citrate, magnesium chloride, sodium citrate, ascorbic acid, calcium carbonate, mono and diglycerides, soy lecithin, carrageenan, choline chloride, m-inositol, taurine, niacinamide, L-carnitine, alpha tocopheryl acetate, zinc sulfate, potassium chloride, calcium pantothenate, ferrous sulfate, cupric sulfate, riboflavin, vitamin A palmitate, thiamine chloride hydrochloride, pyridoxine hydrochloride, biotin, folic acid, manganese sulfate, phylloquinone, vitamin D3, sodium selenite and cyanocobalamin. 
     Various PUFAs of this invention can be substituted and/or added to the infant formulae described above and to other infant formulae known to those in the art. 
     II. Nutritional Formulations 
     A. Ensure® 
     Usage: ENSURE is a low-residue liquid food designed primarily as an oral nutritional supplement to be used with or between meals or, in appropriate amounts, as a meal replacement. ENSURE is lactose- and gluten-free, and is suitable for use in modified diets, including low-cholesterol diets. Although it is primarily an oral supplement, it can be fed by tube. 
     Patient Conditions: 
     
         
         
           
             For patients on modified diets 
             For elderly patients at nutrition risk 
             For patients with involuntary weight loss 
             For patients recovering from illness or surgery 
             For patients who need a low-residue diet 
           
         
       
    
     Ingredients: -D Water, Sugar (Sucrose), Maltodextrin (Corn), Calcium and Sodium Caseinates, High-Oleic Safflower Oil, Soy Protein Isolate, Soy Oil, Canola Oil, Potassium Citrate, Calcium Phosphate Tribasic, Sodium Citrate, Magnesium Chloride, Magnesium Phosphate Dibasic, Artificial Flavor, Sodium Chloride, Soy Lecithin, Choline Chloride, Ascorbic Acid, Carrageenan, Zinc Sulfate, Ferrous Sulfate, Alpha-Tocopheryl Acetate, Gellan Gum, Niacinamide, Calcium Pantothenate, Manganese Sulfate, Cupric Sulfate, Vitamin A Palmitate, Thiamine Chloride Hydrochloride, Pyridoxine Hydrochloride, Riboflavin, Folic Acid, Sodium Molybdate, Chromium Chloride, Biotin, Potassium Iodide, Sodium Selenate. 
     B.Ensure® Bars: 
     Usage: ENSURE BARS are complete, balanced nutrition for supplemental use between or with meals. They provide a delicious, nutrient-rich alternative to other snacks. ENSURE BARS contain &lt;1 g lactose/bar, and Chocolate Fudge Brownie flavor is gluten-free. (Honey Graham Crunch flavor contains gluten.) 
     Patient Conditions: 
     
         
         
           
             For patients who need extra calories, protein, vitamins and minerals. 
             Especially useful for people who do not take in enough calories and nutrients. 
             For people who have the ability to chew and swallow 
             Not to be used by anyone with a peanut allergy or any type of allergy to nuts. 
           
         
       
    
     Ingredients: Honey Graham Crunch—High-Fructose Corn Syrup, Soy Protein Isolate, Brown Sugar, Honey, Maltodextrin (Corn), Crisp Rice (Milled Rice, Sugar [Sucrose], Salt [Sodium Chloride] and Malt), Oat Bran, Partially Hydrogenated Cottonseed and Soy Oils, Soy Polysaccharide, Glycerine, Whey Protein Concentrate, Polydextrose, Fructose, Calcium Caseinate, Cocoa Powder, Artificial Flavors, Canola Oil, High-Oleic Safflower Oil, Nonfat Dry Milk, Whey Powder, Soy Lecithin and Corn Oil. Manufactured in a facility that processes nuts. 
     Vitamins and Minerals: Calcium Phosphate Tribasic, Potassium Phosphate Dibasic, Magnesium Oxide, Salt (Sodium Chloride), Potassium Chloride, Ascorbic Acid, Ferric Orthophosphate, Alpha-T6copheryl Acetate, Niacinamide, Zinc Oxide, Calcium Pantothenate, Copper Gluconate, Manganese Sulfate, Riboflavin, Beta Carotene, Pyridoxine Hydrochloride, Thiamine Mononitrate, Folic Acid, Biotin, Chromium Chloride, Potassium Iodide, Sodium Selenate, Sodium Molybdate, Phylloquinone, Vitamin D3 and Cyanocobalamin. 
     Protein: Honey Graham Crunch—The protein source is a blend of soy protein isolate and milk proteins. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
             
               
                   
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
                 Soy protein isolate 
                 74% 
               
               
                   
                 Milk proteins 
                 26% 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Fat: Honey Graham Crunch—The fat source is a blend of partially hydrogenated cottonseed and soybean, canola, high oleic safflower, oils, and soy lecithin. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
             
               
                   
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
                 Partially hydrogenated 
                 76% 
               
               
                   
                 cottonseed and soybean oil 
               
               
                   
                 Canola oil 
                 8% 
               
               
                   
                 High-oleic safflower oil 
                 8% 
               
               
                   
                 Corn oil 
                 4% 
               
               
                   
                 Soy lecithin 
                 4% 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Carbohydrate: Honey Graham Crunch—The carbohydrate source is a combination of high-fructose corn syrup, brown sugar, maltodextrin, honey, crisp rice, glycerine, soy polysaccharide, and oat bran. 
                                                High-fructose corn syrup   24%           Brown sugar   21%           Maltodextrin   12%           Honey   11%           Crisp rice   9%           Glycerine   9%           Soy Polysaccharide   7%           Oat bran   7%                        
C. Ensure® High Protein:
 
     Usage: ENSURE HIGH PROTEIN is a concentrated, high-protein liquid food designed for people who require additional calories, protein, vitamins, and minerals in their diets. It can be used as an oral nutritional supplement with or between meals or, in appropriate amounts, as a meal replacement. ENSURE HIGH PROTEIN is lactose- and gluten-free, and is suitable for use by people recovering from general surgery or hip fractures and by patients at risk for pressure ulcers. 
     Patient Conditions: 
     
         
         
           
             For patients who require additional calories, protein, vitamins, and minerals, such as patients recovering from general surgery or hip fractures, patients at risk for pressure ulcers, and patients on low-cholesterol diets.
 
Features:
 
             Low in saturated fat 
             Contains 6 g of total fat and &lt;5 mg of cholesterol per serving 
             Rich, creamy taste 
             Excellent source of protein, calcium, and other essential vitamins and minerals 
             For low-cholesterol diets 
             Lactose-free, easily digested
 
Ingredients:
 
           
         
       
    
     Vanilla Supreme: -D Water, Sugar (Sucrose), Maltodextrin (Corn), Calcium and Sodium Caseinates, High-OIeic Safflower Oil, Soy Protein Isolate, Soy Oil, Canola Oil, Potassium Citrate, Calcium Phosphate Tribasic, Sodium Citrate, Magnesium Chloride, Magnesium Phosphate Dibasic, Artificial Flavor, Sodium Chloride, Soy Lecithin, Choline Chloride, Ascorbic Acid, Carrageenan, Zinc Sulfate, Ferrous Suffate, Alpha-Tocopheryl Acetate, Gellan Gum, Niacinamide, Calcium Pantothenate, Manganese Sulfate, Cupric Sulfate, Vitamin A Palmitate, Thiamine Chloride Hydrochloride, Pyridoxine Hydrochloride, Riboflavin, Folic Acid, Sodium Molybdate, Chromium Chloride, Biotin, Potassium Iodide, Sodium Selenate, Phylloquinone, Vitamin D3 and Cyanocobalamin. 
     Protein: 
     The protein source is a blend of two high-biologic-value proteins: casein and soy. 
                                                Sodium and calcium caseinates   85%           Soy protein isolate   15%                        
Fat:
 
     The fat source is a blend of three oils: high-oleic safflower, canola, and soy. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
             
               
                   
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
                 High-oleic safflower oil 
                 40% 
               
               
                   
                 Canola oil 
                 30% 
               
               
                   
                 Soy oil 
                 30% 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     The level of fat in ENSURE HIGH PROTEIN meets American Heart Association (AHA) guidelines. The 6 grams of fat in ENSURE HIGH PROTEIN represent 24% of the total calories, with 2.6% of the fat being from saturated fatty acids and 7.9% from polyunsaturated fatty acids. These values are within the AHA guidelines of &lt;30% of total calories from fat, &lt;10% of the calories from saturated fatty acids, and &lt;10% of total calories from polyunsaturated fatty acids. 
     Carbohydrate: 
     ENSURE HIGH PROTEIN contains a combination of maltodextrin and sucrose. The mild sweetness and flavor variety (vanilla supreme, chocolate royal, wild berry, and banana), plus VARI-FLAVORS® Flavor Pacs in pecan, cherry, strawberry, lemon, and orange, help to prevent flavor fatigue and aid in patient compliance. 
     Vanilla and other nonchocolate flavors: 
                                                Vanilla and other nonchocolate flavors:               Sucrose   60%           Maltodextrin   40%           Chocolate:           Sucrose   70%           Maltodextrin   30%                        
D. Ensure® Light
 
     Usage: ENSURE LIGHT is a low-fat liquid food designed for use as an oral nutritional supplement with or between meals. ENSURE LIGHT is lactose- and gluten-free, and is suitable for use in modified diets, including low-cholesterol diets. 
     Patient Conditions: 
     
         
         
           
             For normal-weight or overweight patients who need extra nutrition in a supplement that contains 50% less fat and 20% fewer calories than ENSURE. 
             For healthy adults who do not eat right and need extra nutrition.
 
Features:
 
             Low in fat and saturated fat 
             Contains 3 g of total fat per serving and &lt;5 mg cholesterol 
             Rich, creamy taste 
             Excellent source of calcium and other essential vitamins and minerals 
             For low-cholesterol diets 
             Lactose-free, easily digested
 
Ingredients:
 
           
         
       
    
     French Vanilla: -D Water, Maltodextrin (Corn), Sugar (Sucrose), Calcium Caseinate, High-Oleic Safflower Oil, Canola Oil, Magnesium Chloride, Sodium Citrate, Potassium Citrate, Potassium Phosphate Dibasic, Magnesium Phosphate Dibasic, Natural and Artificial Flavor, Calcium Phosphate Tribasic, Cellulose Gel, Choline Chloride, Soy Lecithin, Carrageenan, Salt (Sodium Chloride), Ascorbic Acid, Cellulose Gum, Ferrous Sulfate, Alpha-Tocopheryl Acetate, Zinc Sulfate, Niacinamide, Manganese Sulfate, Calcium Pantothenate, Cupric Sulfate, Thiamine Chloride Hydrochloride, Vitamin A Palmitate, Pyridoxine Hydrochloride, Riboflavin, Chromium Chloride, Folic Acid, Sodium Molybdate, Biotin, Potassium Iodide, Sodium Selenate, Phylloquinone, Vitamin D3 and Cyanocobalamin. 
     Protein: 
     The protein source is calcium caseinate. 
                                                Calcium caseinate   100%                        
Fat:
 
     The fat source is a blend of two oils: high-oleic safflower and canola. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
             
               
                   
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
                 High-oleic safflower oil 
                 70% 
               
               
                   
                 Canola oil 
                 30% 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     The level of fat in ENSURE LIGHT meets American Heart Association (AHA) guidelines. The 3 grams of fat in ENSURE LIGHT represent 13.5% of the total calories, with 1.4% of the fat being from saturated fatty acids and 2.6% from polyunsaturated fatty acids. These values are within the AHA guidelines of &lt;30% of total calories from fat, &lt;10% of the, calories from saturated fatty acids, and &lt;10% of total calories from polyunsaturated fatty acids. 
     Carbohydrate: 
     ENSURE LIGHT contains a combination of maltodextrin and sucrose. The chocolate flavor contains corn syrup as well. The mild sweetness and flavor variety (French vanilla, chocolate supreme, strawberry swirl), plus VARI-FLAVORS® Flavor Pacs in pecan, cherry, strawberry, lemon, and orange, help to prevent flavor fatigue and aid in patient compliance. 
     Vanilla and other nonchocolate flavors: 
                                                Sucrose   51%           Maltodextrin   49%                        
Chocolate:
 
                                                Sucrose   47.0%           Corn Syrup   26.5%           Maltodextrin   26.5%                        
Vitamins and Minerals:
 
     An 8-fl-oz serving of ENSURE LIGHT provides at least 25% of the RDIs for 24 key vitamins and minerals. 
     Caffeine: 
     Chocolate flavor contains 2.1 mg caffeine/8 fl oz. 
     E.Ensure Plus® 
     Usage: ENSURE PLUS is a high-calorie, low-residue liquid food for use when extra calories and nutrients, but a normal concentration of protein, are needed. It is designed primarily as an oral nutritional supplement to be used with or between meals or, in appropriate amounts, as a meal replacement. ENSURE PLUS is lactose- and gluten-free. Although it is primarily an oral nutritional supplement, it can be fed by tube. 
     Patient Conditions: 
     
         
         
           
             For patients who require extra calories and nutrients, but a normal concentration of protein, in a limited volume. 
             For patients who need to gain or maintain healthy weight.
 
Features:
 
             Rich, creamy taste 
             Good source of essential vitamins and minerals
 
Ingredients:
 
           
         
       
    
     Vanilla: -D Water, Corn Syrup, Maltodextrin (Corn), Corn Oil, Sodium and Calcium Caseinates, Sugar (Sucrose), Soy Protein Isolate, Magnesium Chloride, Potassium Citrate, Calcium Phosphate Tribasic, Soy Lecithin, Natural and Artificial Flavor, Sodium Citrate, Potassium Chloride, Choline Chloride, Ascorbic Acid, Carrageenan, Zinc Sulfate, Ferrous Sulfate, Alpha-Tocopheryl Acetate, Niacinamide, Calcium Pantothenate, Manganese Sulfate, Cupric Sulfate, Thiamine Chloride Hydrochloride, Pyridoxine Hydrochloride, Riboflavin, Vitamin A Palmitate, Folic Acid, Biotin, Chromium Chloride, Sodium Molybdate, Potassium Iodide, Sodium Selenite, Phylloquinone, Cyanocobalamin and Vitamin D3. 
     Protein: 
     The protein source is a blend of two high-biologic-value proteins: casein and soy. 
                                                Sodium and calcium caseinates   84%           Soy protein isolate   16%                        
Fat:
 
     The fat source is corn oil. 
                                                Corn oil   100%                        
Carbohydrate:
 
     ENSURE PLUS contains a combination of maltodextrin and sucrose. The mild sweetness and flavor variety (vanilla, chocolate, strawberry, coffee, buffer pecan, and eggnog), plus VARI-FLAVORS® Flavor Pacs in pecan, cherry, strawberry, lemon, and orange, help to prevent flavor fatigue and aid in patient compliance. 
     Vanilla, strawberry, butter pecan, and coffee flavors: 
     Corn Syrup
         39%       

     Maltodextrin
         38%       

     Sucrose
         23%       

     Chocolate and eggnog flavors: 
     Corn Syrup
         36%       

     Maltodextrin
         34%       

     Sucrose
         30%
 
Vitamins and Minerals:
       

     An 8-fl-oz serving of ENSURE PLUS provides at least 15% of the RDIs for 25 key Vitamins and minerals. 
     Caffeine: 
     Chocolate flavor contains 3.1 mg Caffeine/8 fl oz. Coffee flavor contains a trace amount of caffeine. 
     F. Ensure Plus® HN 
     Usage: ENSURE PLUS HN is a nutritionally complete high-calorie, high-nitrogen liquid food designed for people with higher calorie and protein needs or limited volume tolerance. It may be used for oral supplementation or for total nutritional support by tube. ENSURE PLUS HN is lactose- and gluten-free. 
     Patient Conditions: 
     
         
         
           
             For patients with increased calorie and protein needs, such as following surgery or injury. 
             For patients with limited volume tolerance and early satiety.
 
Features:
 
             For supplemental or total nutrition 
             For oral or tube feeding 
             1.5 CaVmL, 
             High nitrogen 
             Calorically dense
 
Ingredients:
 
           
         
       
    
     Vanilla: -D Water, Maltodextrin (Corn), Sodium and Calcium Caseinates, Corn Oil, Sugar (Sucrose), Soy Protein Isolate, Magnesium Chloride, Potassium Citrate, Calcium Phosphate Tribasic, Soy Lecithin, Natural and Artificial Flavor, Sodium Citrate, Choline Chloride, Ascorbic Acid, Taurine, L-Carnitine, Zinc Sulfate, Ferrous Sulfate, Alpha-Tocopheryl Acetate, Niacinamide, Carrageenan, Calcium Pantothenate, Manganese Sulfate, Cupric Sulfate, Thiamine Chloride Hydrochloride, Pyridoxine Hydrochloride, Riboflavin, Vitamin A Palmitate, Folic Acid, Biotin, Chromium Chloride, Sodium Molybdate, Potassium Iodide, Sodium Selenite, Phylloquinone, Cyanocobalamin and Vitamin D3. 
     G.Ensure® Powder: 
     Usage: ENSURE POWDER (reconstituted with water) is a low-residu liquid food designed primarily as an oral nutritional supplement to be used with or between meals. ENSURE POWDER is lactose- and gluten-free, and is suitable for use in modified diets, including low-cholesterol diets. 
     Patient Conditions: 
     
         
         
           
             For patients on modified diets 
             For elderly patients at nutrition risk 
             For patients recovering from illness/surgery 
             For patients who need a low-residue diet
 
Features:
 
             Convenient, easy to mix 
             Low in saturated fat 
             Contains 9 g of total fat and &lt;5 mg of cholesterol per serving 
             High in vitamins and minerals 
             For low-cholesterol diets 
             Lactose-free, easily digested 
           
         
       
    
     Ingredients: -D Corn Syrup, Maltodextrin (Corn), Sugar (Sucrose), Corn Oil, Sodium and Calcium Caseinates, Soy Protein Isolate, Artificial Flavor, Potassium Citrate, Magnesium Chloride, Sodium Citrate, Calcium Phosphate Tribasic, Potassium Chloride, Soy Lecithin, Ascorbic Acid, Choline Chloride, Zinc Sulfate, Ferrous Sulfate, Alpha-Tocopheryl Acetate, Niacinamide, Calcium Pantothenate, Manganese Sulfate, Thiamine Chloride Hydrochloride, Cupric Sulfate, Pyridoxine Hydrochloride, Riboflavin, Vitamin A Palmitate, Folic Acid, Biotin, Sodium Molybdate, Chromium Chloride, Potassium Iodide, Sodium Selenate, Phylloquinone, Vitamin D3 and Cyanocobalamin. 
     Protein: 
     The protein source is a blend of two high-biologic-value proteins: casein and soy. 
                                                Sodium and calcium caseinates   84%           Soy protein isolate   16%                        
Fat:
 
     The fat source is corn oil. 
                                                Corn oil   100%                        
Carbohydrate:
 
     ENSURE POWDER contains a combination of corn syrup, maltodextrin, and sucrose. The mild sweetness of ENSURE POWDER, plus VARI-FLAVORS® Flavor Pacs in pecan, cherry, strawberry, lemon, and orange, helps to prevent flavor fatigue and aid in patient compliance. 
     Vanilla: 
                                                Corn Syrup   35%           Maltodextrin   35%           Sucrose   30%                        
H. Ensure® Pudding
 
     Usage: ENSURE PUDDING is a nutrient-dense supplement providing balanced nutrition in a nonliquid form to be used with or between meals. It is appropriate for consistency-modified diets (e.g., soft, pureed, or full liquid) or for people with swallowing impairments. ENSURE PUDDING is gluten-free. 
     Patient Conditions: 
     
         
         
           
             For patients on consistency-modified diets (e.g., soft, pureed, or full liquid) 
             For patients with swallowing impairments
 
Features:
 
             Rich and creamy, good taste 
             Good source of essential vitamins and minerals 
             Convenient-needs no refrigeration 
             Gluten-free 
           
         
       
    
     Nutrient Profile per 5 oz: Calories 250, Protein 10.9%, Total Fat 34.9%, Carbohydrate 54.2% 
     Ingredients: 
     Vanilla: -D Nonfat Milk, Water, Sugar (Sucrose), Partially Hydrogenated Soybean Oil, Modified Food Starch, Magnesium Sulfate, Sodium Stearoyl Lactylate, Sodium Phosphate Dibasic, Artificial Flavor, Ascorbic Acid, Zinc Sulfate, Ferrous Sulfate, Alpha-Tocopheryl Acetate, Choline Chloride, Niacinamide, Manganese Sulfate, Calcium Pantothenate, FD&amp;C Yellow #5, Potassium Citrate, Cupric Sulfate, Vitamin A Palmitate, Thiamine Chloride Hydrochloride, Pyridoxine Hydrochloride, Riboflavin, FD&amp;C Yellow #6, Folic Acid, Biotin, Phylloquinone, Vitamin D3 and Cyanocobalamin. 
     Protein: 
     The protein source is nonfat milk. 
                                                Nonfat milk   100%                        
Fat:
 
     The fat source is hydrogenated soybean oil. 
                                                Hydrogenated soybean oil   100%                        
Carbohydrate:
 
     ENSURE PUDDING contains a combination of sucrose and modified food starch. The mild sweetness and flavor variety (vanilla, chocolate, butterscotch, and tapioca) help prevent flavor fatigue. The product contains 9.2 grams of lactose per serving. 
     Vanilla and other nonchocolate flavors: 
     Sucrose
         56%       

     Lactose
         27%       

     Modified food starch
         17%       

     Chocolate: 
     Sucrose
         58%       

     Lactose
         26%       

     Modified food starch
         16%
 
I. Ensure® With Fiber:
       

     Usage: ENSURE WITH FIBER is a fiber-containing, nutritionally complete liquid food designed for people who can benefit from increased dietary fiber and nutrients. ENSURE WITH FIBER is suitable for people who do not require a low-residue diet. It can be fed orally or by tube, and can be used as a nutritional supplement to a regular diet or, in appropriate amounts, as a meal replacement. ENSURE WITH FIBER is lactose- and gluten-free, and is suitable for use in modified diets, including low-cholesterol diets. 
     Patient Conditions: 
     
         
         
           
             For patients who can benefit from increased dietary fiber and nutrients
 
Features:
 
             New advanced formula-low in saturated fat, higher in vitamins and minerals 
             Contains 6 g of total fat and &lt;5 mg of cholesterol per serving 
             Rich, creamy taste 
             Good source of fiber 
             Excellent source of essential vitamins and minerals 
             For low-cholesterol diets 
             Lactose- and gluten-free
 
Ingredients:
 
           
         
       
    
     Vanilla: -D Water; Maltodextrin (Corn), Sugar (Sucrose), Sodium and Calcium Caseinates, Oat Fiber, High-Oleic Safflower Oil, Canola Oil, Soy Protein Isolate, Corn Oil, Soy Fiber, Calcium Phosphate Tribasic, Magnesium Chloride, Potassium Citrate, Cellulose Gel, Soy Lecithin, Potassium Phosphate Dibasic, Sodium Citrate, Natural and Artificial Flavors, Choline Chloride, Magnesium Phosphate, Ascorbic Acid, Cellulose Gum, Potassium Chloride, Carrageenan, Ferrous Sulfate, Alpha-Tocopheryl Acetate, Zinc Sulfate, Niacinamide, Manganese Sulfate, Calcium Pantothenate, Cupric Sulfate, Vitamin A Palmitate, Thiamine Chloride Hydrochloride, Pyridoxine Hydrochloride, Riboflavin, Folic Acid, Chromium Chloride, Biotin, Sodium Molybdate, Potassium Iodide, Sodium Selenate, Phylloquinone, Vitamin D3 and Cyanocobalamin. 
     Protein: 
     The protein source is a blend of two high-biologic-value proteins-casein and soy. 
                                                Sodium and calcium caseinates   80%           Soy protein isolate   20%                        
Fat:
 
     The fat source is a blend of three oils: high-oleic safflower, canola, and corn. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
             
               
                   
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
                 High-oleic safflower oil 
                 40% 
               
               
                   
                 Canola oil 
                 40% 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Corn oil 20% 
     The level of fat in ENSURE WITH FIBER meets American Heart Association (AHA) guidelines. The 6 grams of fat in ENSURE WITH FIBER represent 22% of the total calories, with 2.01% of the fat being from saturated fatty acids and 6.7% from polyunsaturated fatty acids. These values are within the AHA guidelines of &lt;30% of total calories from fat, &lt;10% of the calories from saturated fatty acids, and &lt;10% of total calories from polyunsaturated fatty acids. 
     Carbohydrate: 
     ENSURE WITH FIBER contains a combination of maltodextrin and sucrose. The mild sweetness and flavor variety (vanilla, chocolate, and butter pecan), plus VARI-FLAVORS® Flavor Pacs in pecan, cherry, strawberry, lemon, and orange, help to prevent flavor fatigue and aid in patient compliance. 
     Vanilla and other Nonchocolate Flavors: 
                                                Maltodextrin   66%           Sucrose   25%           Oat Fiber   7%           Soy Fiber   2%                        
Chocolate:
 
                                                Maltodextrin   55%           Sucrose   36%           Oat Fiber   7%           Soy Fiber   2%                        
Fiber:
 
     The fiber blend used in ENSURE WITH FIBER consists of oat fiber and soy polysaccharide. This blend results in approximately 4 grams of total dietary fiber per 8-fl. oz can. The ratio of insoluble to soluble fiber is 95:5. 
     The various nutritional supplements described above and known to others of skill in the art can be substituted and/or supplemented with the PUFAs produced in accordance with the present invention. 
     J.OXEPA™ Nutritional Product 
     Oxepa is a low-carbohydrate, calorically dense, enteral nutritional product designed for the dietary management of patients with or at risk for ARDS. It has a unique combination of ingredients, including a patented oil blend containing eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA from fish oil), γ-linolenic acid (GLA from borage oil), and elevated antioxidant levels. 
     Caloric Distribution: 
     Caloric density is high at 1.5 Cal/mL (355 Cal/8 fl oz), to minimize the volume required to meet energy needs. 
     The distribution of Calories in Oxepa is shown in Table A. 
                     TABLE A                  Caloric Distribution of Oxepa                                         per                       8 fl oz.   per liter   % of Cal                                                 Calories   355   1,500   —           Fat (g)   22.2   93.7   55.2           Carbohydrate (g)   25   105.5   28.1           Protein (g)   14.8   62.5   16.7           Water (g)   186   785   —                        
Fat:
         Oxepa contains 22.2 g of fat per 8-fl oz serving (93.7 g/L).   The fat source is an oil blend of 31.8% canola oil, 25% medium-chain triglycerides (MCTs), 20% borage oil, 20% fish oil, and 3.2% soy lecithin. The typical fatty acid profile of Oxepa is shown in Table B.       
     OXEPA provides a balanced amount of polyunsaturated, monounsaturated, and saturated fatty acids, as shown in Table VI. 
     Medium-chain trigylcerides (MCTs)—25% of the fat blend—aid gastric emptying because they are absorbed by the intestinal tract without emulsification by bile acids. 
     The various fatty acid components of Oxepa™ nutritional product can be substituted and/or supplemented with the PUFAs produced in accordance with this invention. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE B 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Typical Fatty Acid Profile 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                   
                   
                 g/8 fl 
                   
               
               
                   
                 Fatty Acids 
                 % Total 
                 oz* 
                 9/L* 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Caproic (6:0) 
                 0.2 
                 0.04 
                 0.18 
               
               
                   
                 Caprylic (8:0) 
                 14.69 
                 3.1 
                 13.07 
               
               
                   
                 Capric (10:0) 
                 11.06 
                 2.33 
                 9.87 
               
               
                   
                 Palmitic (16:0) 
                 5.59 
                 1.18 
                 4.98 
               
               
                   
                 Palmitoleic 
                 1.82 
                 0.38 
                 1.62 
               
               
                   
                 Stearic 
                 1.94 
                 0.39 
                 1.64 
               
               
                   
                 Oleic 
                 24.44 
                 5.16 
                 21.75 
               
               
                   
                 Linoleic 
                 16.28 
                 3.44 
                 14.49 
               
               
                   
                 α-Linolenic 
                 3.47 
                 0.73 
                 3.09 
               
               
                   
                 γ-Linolenic 
                 4.82 
                 1.02 
                 4.29 
               
               
                   
                 Eicosapentaenoic 
                 5.11 
                 1.08 
                 4.55 
               
               
                   
                 n-3-Docosapentaenoic 
                 0.55 
                 0.12 
                 0.49 
               
               
                   
                 Docosahexaenoic 
                 2.27 
                 0.48 
                 2.02 
               
               
                   
                 Others 
                 7.55 
                 1.52 
                 6.72 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Fatty acids equal approximately 95% of total fat. 
                     TABLE C               Fat Profile of Oxepa.                                                % of total calories from fat   55.2           Polyunsaturated fatty acids   31.44 g/L           Monounsaturated fatty acids   25.53 g/L           Saturated fatty acids   32.38 g/L           n − 6 to n − 3 ratio   1.75:1           Cholesterol    9.49 mg/8 fl oz                40.1 mg/L                        
Carbohydrate:
         The carbohydrate content is 25.0 g per 8-fl-oz serving (105.5 g/L).   The carbohydrate sources are 45% maltodextrin (a complex carbohydrate) and 55% sucrose (a simple sugar), both of which are readily digested and absorbed.   The high-fat and low-carbohydrate content of Oxepa is designed to minimize carbon dioxide (CO2) production. High CO2 levels can complicate weaning in ventilator-dependent patients. The low level of carbohydrate also may be useful for those patients who have developed stress-induced hyperglycemia.       
     OXEPA is lactose-free. 
     Dietary carbohydrate, the amino acids from protein, and the glycerol moiety of fats can be converted to glucose within the body. Throughout this process, the carbohydrate requirements of glucose-dependent tissues (such as the central nervous system and red blood cells) are met. However, a diet free of carbohydrates can lead to ketosis, excessive catabolism of tissue protein, and loss of fluid and electrolytes. These effects can be prevented by daily ingestion of 50 to 100 g of digestible carbohydrate, if caloric intake is adequate. The carbohydrate level in Oxepa is also sufficient to minimize gluconeogenesis, if energy needs are being met. 
     Protein: 
     
         
         
           
             Oxepa contains 14.8 g of protein per 8-fl-oz serving (62.5 g/L). 
             The total calorie/nitrogen ratio (150:1) meets the need of stressed patients. 
             Oxepa provides enough protein to promote anabolism and the maintenance of lean body mass without precipitating respiratory problems. High protein intakes are a concern in patients with respiratory insufficiency. Although protein has little effect on CO 2  production, a high protein diet will increase ventilatory drive. 
             The protein sources of Oxepa are 86.8% sodium caseinate and 13.2% calcium caseinate. 
             The amino acid profile of the protein system in Oxepa meets or surpasses the standard for high quality protein set by the National Academy of Sciences. 
           
         
       
    
     OXEPA is gluten-free.