Patent Publication Number: US-4322336-A

Title: Compatibly filled/plasticized polymeric compositions

Description:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     1. Field of the Invention 
     The present invention relates to improved filled/plasticized polymeric compositions, and, more especially, to elastomeric compositions wherein the compatibility between the plasticizer, particularly an oil, and the reinforcing filler is markedly enhanced by incorporating therein certain polyamine/alkenyl succinic anhydride additives. The invention also relates to the improved preparation of shaped articles from such compositions, said shaped articles themselves having improved properties. 
     2. Description of the Prior Art 
     Plasticizer or extender oils have long been known to contribute greatly to improving the properties of articles, e.g., tires, shaped from elastomeric compositions, such oils typically being incorporated therein in amounts ranging from about 1 to 100 parts by weight, per 100 parts by weight of elastomer. 
     However, it has proven necessary to improve the compatibility of the plasticizers with the inorganic fillers, and particularly fillers based upon silica particulates. This is because of the generally lipophilic nature of the oils and hydrophilic nature of the silicas, which results in a poor reciprocal or mutual affinity or compatibility. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     Accordingly, a major object of the present invention is the provision of filled/plasticized polymeric, especially elastomeric compositions, and wherein the compatibility between plasticizer and filler is markedly enhanced by incorporating therein a compatibilizing amount of an alkenyl succinimide additive prepared by condensing a polyamine with an alkenyl succinic anhydride, in which the alkenyl radical contains from 3 to 100, and preferably from 3 to 80 carbon atoms. 
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
     More particularly according to this invention, the polyamines which are condensed to prepare the subject alkenyl succinimides include: 
     (I) Polyalkylene amines in which the alkylene radicals are straight or branched chain and contain from 2 to 12 carbon atoms, or such polyalkylene amines bearing at least one substituent on the nitrogen atoms thereof, said substituents being hydroxyalkyl or aminoalkyl radicals; 
     (II) Polyphenylene amines; 
     (III) Polyoxaalkylene amines in which the oxaalkylene radicals are straight or branched chain and contain 2 to 3 carbon atoms; and 
     (IV) Tertiary aminoalkyl amines having the structural formula: ##STR1## in which r represents an ethylene or propylene radical, 
     r&#39; represents a trimethylene or propylene radical, 
     R 1  represents an -r-O-r&#39;-NH 2  or -r&#39;-NH 2  radical, 
     R 2  represents a C 2  -C 4  alkyl or phenyl, -r-O-r&#39;-NH 2  or -r&#39;-NH 2  radical 
     Exemplary of the unsubstituted polyalkylene amines (I) are: 
     [i] Methylene amines, such as trimethylene diamine, tetramethylene diamine, pentamethylene diamine, hexamethylene diamine, heptamethylene diamine, octamethylene diamine, nonamethylene diamine, decamethylene diamine, di(trimethylene) triamine and di(hexamethylene) triamine; 
     [ii] ethylene amines, such as ethylene diamine, diethylene triamine, triethylene tetramine, tetraethylene pentamine and pentaethylene hexamine. 
     [iii] propylene amines, such as propylene diamine, dipropylene triamine, tripropylene tetramine, and the like; and 
     [iv] cyclic homologs thereof of the aminoalkyl piperazine type, such as 1,4-bis(2-aminoethyl)piperazine or 1,4-bis(4-aminobutyl)piperazine. 
     The ethylene polyamines are particularly useful. Same are described in substantial detail under the title &#34;Diamines and Higher Amines&#34; in Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology, 2nd Edition, Kirk and Othmer, Volume 7, pages 27-39, Interscience Publishers, New York (1965). These compounds may be used either alone, or mixed together or with their cyclic homologs. 
     Exemplary of the polyalkylene amines bearing one or more hydroxyalkyl substituents on the nitrogen atoms thereof are those in which the hydroxyalkyl group or groups contain less than 8 carbon atoms, such as: N-(2-hydroxyethyl)-ethylene diamine, N,N-bis(2-hydroxy-ethyl)ethylene diamine, mono-hydroxypropyldiethylene triamine, di-hydroxypropyltetraethylene pentamine, N-(3-hydroxypropyl)tetramethylene diamine, and the like. 
     Exemplary of the polyalkylene amines bearing one or more aminoalkyl substituents on the nitrogen atoms thereof are those in which the aminoalkyl group or groups contain less than 4 carbon atoms, such as: tris(2-aminoethyl)amine, N(2-aminoethyl)tetraethylene pentamine, N,N,N&#39; tris(3-aminopropyl)ethylene diamine, N,N,N&#39;,N&#39; tetrakis(3-aminopropyl)ethylene diamine, and N(3-aminoethyl)trimethylene diamine. 
     Exemplary of the polyphenylene amines (II) are: 
     [i] phenylene diamines; and 
     [ii] bis-2,2-(aminophenyl)propane. 
     Exemplary of the polyoxaalkylene amines (III) are: 
     [i] 1,10-diamino-4,7-dioxadecane; 
     [ii] 1,13-diamino-4,7,10-trioxatridecane; 
     [iii] 1,8-diamino-3,6-dioxa-1,5,8-trimethyloctane; and 
     [iv] tris-1,2,3-(2-amino-3-methylethoxy)propane, and the like. 
     Other examples of polyoxaalkylene amines which can be used are described in French Pat. No. 1,547,228. 
     Exemplary of the tertiary aminoalkyl amines (IV) which can be used are those described in French patent application No. 75.39690, published under No. 2,307,795, and particularly: 
     [i] tris(3-oxa 6-aminohexyl)amine; and 
     [ii] N-ethyl-bis(3-oxa-6-aminohexyl)amine. 
     Of the alkenyl succinic anhydrides which can be used for preparing the alkenyl succinimides, exemplary are those wherein the alkenyl radical is derived from a C 3  -C 30  mono-olefin, an oligomer or polymer of a C 2  -C 30  mono-olefin or a copolymer prepared from said olefins either together or with dienic or vinyl aromatic comonomers. The preferred alkenyl succinic anhydrides are those derived from oligomers or polymers of ethylene, propylene, 1-butene, isobutene, 1,3-cyclohexyl-1-butene or 2-methyl-5-propyl-1-hexene. 
     The alkenyl succinimic anhydrides may be prepared in known manner, by condensing maleic anhydride with an olefin, or an oligomer, polymer or copolymer of the said olefin; the synthesis may be carried out by heating (U.S. Pat. No. 3,306,907) or in the presence of chlorine (U.S. Pat. No. 3,231,587) or bromine (French patent application Ser. No. 74.18915, published under Ser. No. 2,273,014); the synthesis may use equally as well monochlorinated or monobrominated polyolefins as the starting materials, as per French Pat. No. 2,042,558. 
     The technique for condensing alkenyl succinic anhydride with the polyamine for preparing the alkenyl succinimide is carried out in known manner, at a temperature ranging from 80° to 250° C. (U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,172,892 and 3,219,666; French Pat. No. 2,307,845, etc.). 
     It is preferable to carry out this operation at a temperature ranging from 120° to 240° C., and more preferably from 130° to 230° C., with a molar ratio of polyamine: alkenyl succinimic anhydride of less than 1. 
     When the amine used contains two primary amino groups, a molar ratio of from 0.4 to 0.6 will make it possible to obtain compositions containing a major proportion of bis-alkenyl succinimides; a molar ratio in the region of 1, and preferably from 0.7 to 0.95, will provide compositions containing a major proportion of mono-alkenyl succinimides. When the amine contains 3 primary amino groups, a molar ratio of from 0.2 to 0.4 will provide a tris-succinimide. When the amine contains 4 primary amino groups, a molar ratio of from 0.15 to 0.3 will provide a tetrakis-succinimide; and so forth. 
     The plasticizer according to the invention preferably comprises an oil, advantageously one based on aromatic, naphthenic or paraffinic hydrocarbons extracted from certain petroleum fractions. 
     The filled composition may comprise any base polymer; it may comprise, for example, an elastomeric substance such as natural rubber, or SBR, nitrile, polychloroprene or EPDM rubbers, or any other elastomer. 
     In elastomeric materials such as copolymers of styrene-butadiene (SBR) (and) natural rubbers, it is known that 1 to 60 parts by weight of oil per 100 parts of elastomer is typically added. 
     In accordance with the invention, a few percent, particularly from 1 to 5% by weight relative to the plasticizer, is sufficient to obtain significant results. 
     The filler utilized according to the invention advantageously comprises an inorganic filler, which may either be natural or synthetic. 
     Of these, fillers based on calcium carbonate, kaolin, silicas and silico-aluminates are exemplary, without intending the invention to be delimited thereto. 
     This invention, however, is especially applicable to elastomeric compositions filled with the synthetic silicas, particularly with precipitated silicas.* 
    
     Such silicas are prepared utilizing any one of a number of processes. 
     In a first type of process, an acidifying agent, such as carbonic anhydride or an inorganic acid, is added to an aqueous silicate solution; the addition is terminated following the appearance of opalescence, and a maturing time is observed before the acidification of the medium is resumed, as, e.g., in the processes described in French Pat. No. 2,208,950 or U.S. Pat. No. 3,503,797. 
     In a second type of process, the first interruption of acid addition is made beyond the point of opalescence, i.e., between opalescence and gelling, as described in French Pat. No. 2,159,580. 
     Finally, the addition of acid need not be interrupted, and a solution of alkali metal silicate and a solution of acid in a silicate solution may be added simultaneously, as, e.g., described in French Pat. No. 1,352,354. 
     There are obviously many possible modifications to these processes which make it possible to control the properties of the resultant silica particulates, and the above description is not in any way intended to restrict the type of silica which may be used within the ambit of the present invention. 
     The following are non-limiting examples of actual preparations of several succinimides according to the invention. 
     Various succinimides were prepared, as set forth in Table I; same were prepared from various amines and the two anhydrides: 
     (1) tetrapropenyl succinic anhydride (anhydride I); and 
     (2) polyisobutenyl succinic anhydride (anhydride II). 
     Thus, the following succinimides were prepared in the following manners: 
     Succinimide: 
     832 g of tris(3-oxa-6-aminohexyl)amine (2.6 moles) and 500 ml of xylene were placed in a 5-liter 3-necked flask, fitted with a mechanical agitator, a bromine funnel and a Dean and Starck apparatus to eliminate the water of reaction. The mixture was heated to reflux; then 2075 g of anhydrous tetrapropenyl succinic anhydride (7.8 mole) dissolved in 350 ml of xylene were added over two hours. After 4 hours of reaction, all of the water of the reaction had been eliminated. Xylene was then evaporated under reduced pressure (20 mm Hg). 
     Proportions: nitrogen content=5.21%; theory 5.26%; residual acid no.=6.2 mg KOH/g. 
     Succinimide 2: 
     The following reaction was carried out, using the apparatus described in experiment 1. 
     845 g of 1-10-diamino-4,7-dioxadecane (4.8 moles) and 250 ml of xylene were placed in the flask. The mixture was heated to reflux (of the xylene), then 1,596 g of tetrapropenyl succinic anhydride (6 moles) dissolved in 600 ml of xylene were added over 2 hours. After 5 hours of heating at 150° C. all of the water of the reaction was eliminated. The xylene was evaporated at reduced pressure (30 mm Hg). The product obtained was filtered over Clarcel. 
     Proportions: nitrogen=5.72%; theory=5.75%; residual acid no.=3.25. 
     Succinimide 3: 
     The same apparatus as described in experiment 1 was used, and 336 g of ethylene diamine (5.6 moles) and 200 ml of xylene were placed therein. The mixture was heated to reflux of the xylene; then 1,862 g of tetrapropenyl succinic anhydride (7 moles) dissolved in 600 ml of xylene were added over 1 hr, 30 min. 
     Heating was continued until all of the water from the reaction was eliminated, as well as the xylene. 
     The product obtained, which was slightly turbid, was filtered through Clarcel at 120° C. 
     Proportions: nitrogen=6.5%; theory=7.5%; residual acid no.=1.3. 
     Succinimide 4: 
     The following reaction was carried out with the apparatus described in experiment 1. 
     605 g of para diamino benzene (5.6 moles) and 400 ml of xylene were placed in the flask. The xylene was heated to reflux; then 1862 g of tetrapropenyl succinic anhydride (7 moles) dissolved in 600 ml of xylene were added over 1 hr, 30 min. After 4 hours of reaction all of the water from the reaction was eliminated. The xylene was evaporated at reduced pressure (30 mm Hg). 
     The product obtained was solid when cold and had a red color. 
     Proportions: nitrogen=6.5%; theory=6.69%; residual acid no.=6.85. 
     Succinimide 5: 
     The following reaction was carried out with the apparatus described in experiment 2. 
     942 g of bis-hexamethylene triamine and 400 ml of xylene were placed in the flask. The mixture was heated to reflux of the xylene; then 1,490 g of tetrapropenyl succinic anhydride dissolved in 400 ml of xylene were added over 1 hr, 30 min. After 4 hours a 150° C., all of the water from the reaction had been eliminated. The xylene was evaporated at reduced pressure (15 mm Hg). 
     Proportions: total nitrogen=7.1%; theory=7.3%; residual acid no.=3.87 mg KOH/g. 
     Succinimide 6: 
     A 2-liter 3-necked flask was used, fitted with a mechanical agitator, a bromine funnel, a thermometer and a distillation head, followed by a condenser and a receiver. 665 g of tetrapropenyl succinic anhydride (i.e., 2.5 moles) were poured into the flask and heated to 130° C. 
     189 g of tetraethylene pentamine (i.e., 2 moles) were then introduced over 30 min. The mixture was brought to 160° C. at a pressure of 25 mm Hg. When all of the water formed in the course of the reaction had distilled (3 hours), the mixture was cooled. 
     The nitrogen analysis was as follows: theory=14%; measured=13.8%. 
     Infra-red analysis revealed that all of the succinic anhydride functions had reacted. The presence of characteristic bands of the succinimide group was noted. 
     Succinimide 7: 
     This was a commercial product corresponding to mono-(polyisobutenyl succinimide) derived from tetraethylene pentamine and a succinic polyisobutenyl anhydride having an acid number 74, obtained by condensing maleic anhydride with a polyisobutene having a molecular weight in the vicinity of 1000. 
     
                                           TABLE I                                 
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                                                   Appearance             
                          Molar ratio                                     
                                  Total nitrogen                          
                                              Residual                    
                                                   of resultant           
Succinimide                                                               
       Amine        Anhydride                                             
                          amine/anhdride                                  
                                  measured %                              
                                         theory %                         
                                              acid no.                    
                                                   product                
__________________________________________________________________________
1      N(CH.sub.2CH.sub.2O                                                
                    I     1.1     8.6    8.9  2.2  fluid color-           
       (CH.sub.2).sub.3NH.sub.2).sub.3             less liquid            
2      NH.sub.2(CH.sub.2).sub.3O                                          
                    I     0.8     6.5    7.6  1.3  viscous                
       (CH.sub.2)OCH.sub.2).sub.3NH.sub.2          colored liquid         
3      NH.sub.2CH.sub.2CH.sub.2NH.sub.2                                   
                    I     0.8     5.72   5.75 3.25 viscous                
                                                   colored liquid         
        ##STR2##    I     0.8     6.5    6.7  7    red solid              
5      NH.sub.2(CH.sub.2).sub.6                                           
                    I     0.8     7.2    7.3  4    viscous highly         
       NH(CH.sub.2).sub.6NH.sub.2                  colored liquid         
6      tetraethylene                                                      
                    I     0.8     13.1   14        viscous                
       pentamine                                   colored                
__________________________________________________________________________
                                                   liquid                 
 
    
    
    
     In order to further illustrate the present invention and the advantages thereof, the following specific examples are given, it being understood that same are intended only as illustrative and in nowise limitative. 
     EXAMPLE 1 
     A first serie of tests was carried out to illustrate the influence of a succinimide according to the invention on the improvement in oil/filler compatibility, using the same oil and the same filler. 
     The so-called &#34;wetting point WP and flow point FP&#34; method was used to demonstrate this improvement. The method is described by Patton in Point Flow and Pigment Dispersion--Interscience Publishers, John Wiley and Sons--New York 1964. 
     By this method, the wetting point WP is determined by adding oil, drop-by-drop, to a known quantity of filler. The oil gradually displaces the air and the mixture of filler and oil forms a paste. A small cylinder is formed with the paste, which can be rolled under a spatula without breaking or sticking to the support (see FIGS. 1, 2 and 3). 
     The results are expressed in cm 3  of oil per 100 g of filler. 
     When the wetting point has been determined thus, the addition of oil is continued until the oil/filler mix is fluid enough to flow freely on a plane inclined at 45°. The results are expressed in cm 3  of oil per 100 g of filler, and the difference Δ (FP-WP) between the flow point and the wetting point is calculated. Affinity improved as the value Δ (FP-WP) decreases. 
     The oil was a Dutrex 729 FC oil having a density of 1.015 at 15°-14° C., in accordance with ASTM D 1298. 
     Other characteristics of the oil were: 
     Kinematic viscosity: 
     20° C. cs in accordance with ASTM D 445 8440; 
     50° C. cs in accordance with ASTM D 445 268. 
     The silica was a precipitated silica, marketed by the assignee hereof under the name of Zeosil 45. The principal properties of the silica were as follows: 
     
         ______________________________________                                    
[i]    Weight loss when heated to 900° C.                          
                               12.5 max.                                  
[ii]   pH (5g/100 cc)          6.5 ± 0.3                               
[iii]  BET surface area        200 m.sup.2 /g                             
8 iv]  Diameter of ultimate particles                                     
                               20 m μ m                                
[v]    Uptake of DOP oil (dioctyl phthalate)                              
                               at least 300                               
                               cc/100 g                                   
[vi]   Amount of particles of a size as to                                
       be collected on screen as in ASTM 80                               
                               &lt;5%.                                       
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     The results obtained from testing the seven additives according to the invention are depicted in FIG. 4 in respect of the flow points. 
     It will be appreciated that these are lowered considerably. Given that the wetting points are virtually the same, i.e., in the vicinity of 314, FIG. 4 dramatically illustrates the markedly enhanced results obtained per this invention. 
     EXAMPLE 2 
     In a second series of tests, the influence of the two succinimides 6 and 7 was then compared with various known additives. The results are reported in Table II and illustrated in FIG. 5 (which reflects the results for succinimide 6 only, the samples being reported from left to right beginning with the reference). 
     
                                           TABLE II                                
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        Reference                                                         
               oil + butyl                                                
                       oil +   oil +     oil +     oil +                  
ADDITIVES                                                                 
        oil only                                                          
               glycol  silicon methanolamine                              
                                         mercaptosilane                   
                                                   NP 6                   
__________________________________________________________________________
% in oil                                                                  
        --     2    5   2   5   2    5    2    5    2   5                 
WP      315    --  308 306 300 316  314  312  311  308 304                
FP      592    --  572 560 546 594  590  600  600  560 550                
Δ FP--WP                                                            
        277    --  264 254 246 278  276  288  289  252 246                
__________________________________________________________________________
        oil +   oil +   oil +    oil +  oil +  oil + oil +                
ADDITIVES                                                                 
        Cemulsol NP2                                                      
                Cemulsol NP 9                                             
                        Cemulsol FM 33                                    
                                 Pluronic L 61                            
                                        Tetronic 704                      
                                               additive                   
                                                     additive             
__________________________________________________________________________
                                                     7                    
% in oil                                                                  
         2   5   2   5   2   5    2  5   2  5   2  5  2  5                
WP      300 296 314 316 316 318  314                                      
                                    314 308                               
                                           306 314                        
                                                  316                     
                                                     314                  
                                                        314               
FP      566 570 566 558 560 548  572                                      
                                    564 540                               
                                           522 398                        
                                                  396                     
                                                     380                  
                                                        380               
Δ FP--WP                                                            
        266 274 252 242 244 230  258                                      
                                    250 232                               
                                           216 84 80 66 66                
__________________________________________________________________________
 NP = nonyl phenol with 2 OE, 9 OE; FM ethoxyl propylene alcohol, base    
 C.sub.12 ; Pluronic L61: mixed ethylene oxide/propylene oxide condensate,
 10% ethylene oxide  90% propylene oxide  average WP of propylene oxide 1 
 750; Tetronic 704 condensation of ethylene oxide and propylene with      
 ethylene diamine.                                                        
 
    
     EXAMPLE 3 
     Table III below illustrates the effect of the proportion of additive to oil, while continuing to use the same filler, the same oil and additive 6. 
     It will be seen that very significant results are obtained from that stage where 1% of additive was added. These results are also reported in FIG. 4. 
     
                       TABLE III                                                   
______________________________________                                    
         Reference                                                        
ADDITIVE oil only  OIL + additive 1                                       
______________________________________                                    
% in oil  0        0.1    0.2  0.5  1.0  2.0  5.0                         
WP       315       314    316  314  315  314  316                         
FP       592       540    492  448  404  398  396                         
FP--WP   277       226    176  134   89   84   80                         
______________________________________                                    
 
    
     EXAMPLE 4 
     Two other fillers were employed, while again continuing to use the same oil and the same additive. The first was a micronized silica marketed under the name of Tixosil 33 J. This had the same BET surface area as the previous silica and an identical ultimate particle size, but its DOP uptake was high, 400 cc/100 g. 
     The second filler was an amorphous silica-aluminate (Zeolex 25), obtained by precipitation and having the following chemical composition by weight: 
     
         ______________________________________                                    
        SiO.sub.2                                                         
               80.2                                                       
        Al.sub.2 O.sub.3                                                  
               9.3                                                        
        Na.sub.2 O                                                        
               5.7                                                        
        combined                                                          
        water  4.8                                                        
______________________________________                                    
 
    
     and the following properties: 
     
         ______________________________________                                    
[i]    Weight loss on heating (900° C.)                            
                            12 max.                                       
[ii]   pH (5 g/100 cc)      9.8 ± 0.2                                  
[iii]  BET surface area     160 m.sup.2 /g                                
[iv]   Diameter of ultimate particles                                     
                            20 m μ m                                   
[v]    Uptake of oil (DOP)  at least                                      
                            230 cc/100 g                                  
[vi]   Amount of particles of a size                                      
       as to be collected on a screen                                     
       as in ASTM 325       5%                                            
______________________________________                                    
 
    
     Table IV below records the results obtained, again using the same additive (6). 
     
                       TABLE IV                                                    
______________________________________                                    
       Additive                                                           
Filler %         WP      FP     Δ                                   
                                      R = FP/WP                           
______________________________________                                    
Zeolex 0         210     590    380   2.8                                 
25     1         192     270     78   1.40                                
       2         186     260     74   1.40                                
Tixosil                                                                   
       0         398     1256   858   3.15                                
33 J   1         404     694    290   1.71                                
       2         402     608    206   1.51                                
       5.0       406     572    166   1.40                                
______________________________________                                    
 
    
     These results thus corroborate those previously reported. 
     EXAMPLE 5 
     In this example, the silica was the same as that used in the beginning experiments (Zeosil 45), the additive was the same as before (additive 6), but the nature of the plasticizer was changed by utilizing dioctylphthalate (DOP) and an alkylbenzene (Progiline 151). 
     The results obtained are reported in Table V below: 
     
                       TABLE V                                                     
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        Additive                                                          
Oil     %        WP      FP    Δ                                    
                                     R* = FP/WP                           
______________________________________                                    
DOP     0        328     646   318   1.97                                 
        2        324     386    62   1.19                                 
Alkyl-  0        332     696   362   2.09                                 
benzene 2        336     470 134                                          
                               1.40                                       
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 *The closer R is to 1, the more marked is the improvement.               
 
    
     The example thus evidences that various oils and plasticizers may be used, and that the effect consistent herewith is maintained. 
     EXAMPLE 6 
     This example used the same plasticizers as Example 5, namely, dioctylphthalate and alkylbenzene, in the same properties and with the same additive 6, but used two completely different fillers. The first was a white kaolin clay marketed under the name of Argilec B 24, with the following properties: 
     
         ______________________________________                                    
Physical properties:                                                      
______________________________________                                    
(1) Particle size:                                                        
    Distribution of particles according to diameter:                      
    above 20 microns             0                                        
    from 20 to 50 microns        2%                                       
    from 15 to 9 microns         1%                                       
    from 9 to 4.5 microns        8%                                       
    from 4.5 to 2 microns        11.5%                                    
    from 2 to 1 micron           8.5%                                     
    below 1 micron               69%                                      
(2) Apparent density:                                                     
    not compacted                0.326                                    
    compacted                    0.460                                    
(3) Humidity:                                                             
    below 0.5% at bagging stage;                                          
    equilibrium after normal recovery:                                    
    approximately 1%                                                      
(4) pH:                                                                   
    from 5 to 6                                                           
(5) Chemical analysis:                                                    
    weight loss on heating       12.97                                    
    silica                       45.91                                    
    (including 1.50% free silica)                                         
    titanium anhydride           1.39                                     
    alumina                      37.04                                    
    iron sesquioxide             1.58                                     
    lime                         0.41                                     
    magnesia                     traces                                   
    sodium oxide, potassium oxide                                         
                                 0.89                                     
    lead                         0.00                                     
    copper                       0.00                                     
    manganese as MnO             0.003                                    
    Total                        100.193                                  
______________________________________                                    
 
    
     The average percentage of free silica, 1.50% was for the greater part in colloidal and thus non-abrasive form. 
     The second filler used in this example was a Champagne white chalk which had undergone grinding, advanced selection and surface treatment and is marketed under the name of OMYA BSH. 
     
         ______________________________________                                    
Chemical composition before treatment:                                    
CaCO3                   98.5 to 98.7%                                     
HCl insoluble           0.09%                                             
silica (SiO.sub.2)      0.08%                                             
Fe.sub.2 O.sub.3        0.20%                                             
Al.sub.2 O.sub.3        0.15%                                             
MgO                     Traces                                            
Mn maximum              0.02%                                             
maximum humidity        0.10%                                             
SO.sub.4                0.15%                                             
Physical and physico-chemical properties:                                 
Fineness:                                                                 
passing through 325 screen                                                
                        99.99%                                            
% of particles less than 10 μm in                                      
diameter                99.9%                                             
% of particles less than 5 μm in                                       
diameter                85 to 87                                          
% of particles less than 3 μm in                                       
diameter                60 to 68                                          
mean statistical diameter of particles                                    
                        1 to 3 μm                                      
Shape of particles: fragments of coccoliths                               
Specific weight: 2.7                                                      
Apparent density at minimum volume: 1.1                                   
Index of refraction: 1.5                                                  
Whiteness when dry: (green Tristimulus filter): 84.5 ± 1               
(MgO = 100)                                                               
Opacifying power: strong                                                  
Absorption of DOP: 18 to 19 g per 100 g of powder.                        
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     Results obtained are reported in Table VII below: 
     
                       TABLE VI                                                    
______________________________________                                    
             %                                                            
Oil          additive WP     FP   Δ                                 
                                      R = WP/FP                           
______________________________________                                    
KAOLIN  DOP      0        70   150  80  2.14                              
                 2        70   140  70  2.00                              
        Alkyl-   0        70   160  90  2.29                              
        benzene  2        70   145  75  2.07                              
CHALK   DOP      0        40    80  40  2.00                              
                 2        40    75  35  1.88                              
        Alkyl-   0        45    85  40  1.89                              
        benzene  2        45    75  30  1.67                              
______________________________________                                    
 
    
     Again, a substantial improvement in compatibility between oil and filler was noted, due to the additive according to the invention. 
     Trials were also carried out on a rubber mix. The following tests were carried out: 
     STATIC AND DYNAMIC MECHANICAL TESTS: 
     (1) Monsanto Rheometer (ASTM D 2084): 
     Measured the rheological properties of the mix during vulcanization: 
     
         ______________________________________                                    
Minimum torque (mC): consistency of unvulcanized mix                      
(&#34;crude &#34; mix) at testing temperature;                                    
Maximum torque (MC): consistency of mix after cross-linking;              
Δ torque: MC - mC, related to the cross-linking rate;               
Induction Period: time taken to initiate cross-linking at                 
testing temperature;                                                      
Index: related to the speed of vulcanization (optimum                     
time - induction period);                                                 
 ##STR3##                                                                 
 ##STR4##                                                                 
 Y mn = optimum time.                                                     
______________________________________                                    
 
    
     These properties are described in particular in the Encyclopedia of Polymer Science and Technology, Volume 12, page 265 (Interscience Publishers--John Wiley &amp; Sons, Inc.). 
     (2) Static properties: 
     Those which are measured in accordance with the following standards: 
     (a) ASTM D 412-51 T 
     Resistance to breaking kg/cm 2   
     Elongation % 
     Modulus 
     (b) ASTM D 2240-75 
     Shore A hardness 
     (c) NF T 47-126 
     Tear strength 
     (d) DIN 53516 
     Abrasion (resistance to) 
     (3) Dynamic properties: 
     ASTM D 623-67 
     Goodrich Flexometer 
     This apparatus is for subjecting a vulcanizate to alternating deformation to determine its resistance to fatigue. 
     (a) Static compression (SC %): deflection under constant load. 
     (b) Permanent deformation (PD %): % of residual deformation after test. 
     (c) Dynamic compression (DC %): % of deformation during test. 
     ODC: Dynamic compression at beginning of test. 
     FDC: Dynamic compression at end of test. 
     ΔDC=FDC-ODC development of dynamic compression; related to resistance to fatigue. 
     (d) ΔT base: ΔT; between the temperature at the surface of the sample (at its base) and the temperature of the chamber. 
     (e) ΔT core: ΔT; between the temperature at the core of the sample and the temperature of the chamber. 
     (f) Test conditions: 
     load 24 lbs, deflection 22.2%, frequency 21.4 Hz, temperature of chamber=50° C. 
     EXAMPLE 7 
     In this example, the filler used was a silica of the Zeosil 45 type, and the succinimide was #6. 
     The following recipe was used in this example (in parts by weight): 
     
         ______________________________________                                    
[i]   Butadiene-styrene copolymer extended with                           
      oils + (SBR 1712)          60.00                                    
[ii]  Polybutadiene (BR 1220)    40.00                                    
[iii] Silica                     60.00                                    
[iv]  Aromatic oil (Dutrex 729 F-C)                                       
                                 20.00                                    
[v]   Zinc oxide                 4.00                                     
[vi]  Stearic acid               1.50                                     
[vii] N-isopropyl-N-phenyl-para-phenylenediamine                          
      (antioxidant PERMANAX IPPD)                                         
                                 1.50                                     
[viii]                                                                    
      N-(1,3-dimethyl butyl)-N&#39;-phenyl-p-                                 
      phenylenediamine           1.5                                      
      (antioxidant PERMANAX 6 PPD)                                        
[ix]  Polyethylene glycol (PEG 4000)                                      
                                 3.00                                     
[x]   N-cyclohexyl-2-benzothiozyl sulphenamide                            
      (Vulcafor CBS)             3.00                                     
[ix]  Succinimide in accordance with tests                                
      (see Table II)                                                      
[xii] Sulfur                     2.8                                      
______________________________________                                    
 
    
     The process was carried out in a 1-liter internal BANBURY mixer, then continued in a cylinder mixer. 
     The results are reported in Table VII below. 
     It will be seen, in particular, that the minimum torque drops as a function of the amount of succinimide, corresponding to a reduction in viscosity, without any marked change in the other properties. It will also be noted that there is a favorable effect on the modulus, which increased; on heating, which decreased (ΔT core); and on the permanent deformation, which was reduced. 
     
                                           TABLE VII                               
__________________________________________________________________________
SUCCINIMIDE                                                               
(as % of silica)                                                          
                0       1       2       3       4                         
__________________________________________________________________________
Rheometer at 150° C.                                               
                18.5-94.0                                                 
                        19-97   17.5-94 15-93   11-88.5                   
Torque: Min Max                                                           
ΔTorques  75.5    78      76.5    78      77.5                      
Induction period-Index                                                    
                9mn30s-3mn-15s                                            
                        10mn-4mn15s                                       
                                9mn30s-3mn                                
                                        8mn-5mn 6mn30s-6mn                
Optimum         12mn45s 14mn15s 13mn30s 13 mn   12mn30s                   
STATIC PROPERTIES   σ σ σ σ σ               
Resistance to breaking                                                    
                96.2                                                      
                    5.8 81.8                                              
                            4.5 89.8    79.0                              
                                            4.6 84.5                      
                                                    4.8                   
kg/cm.sup.2                                                               
Shore A hardness                                                          
                67  --  66  --  65  --  66  --  66  --                    
Modulus at 100% All                                                       
                15.3                                                      
                    0.8 17  1.4 17  1.0 17  0.6 18  1.1                   
Modulus at 300% All                                                       
                37.3                                                      
                    1.2 45.5                                              
                            2.7 45.5                                      
                                    1.3 46.5                              
                                            0.8 48  3.6                   
Elongation %    567 23  440 26.5                                          
                                456 32  435 15  880 23                    
Abrasion DIN (losses)                                                     
                168 --  169 --  169 --  170 --  166 --                    
GOODRICH FLEXOMETER                                                       
Static compression                                                        
                11      11      10.9    10.4    12.3                      
% (SC)                                                                    
Original dynamic                                                          
                8       5.5     5.95    5.55    7.4                       
compression (ODC) %                                                       
Final dynamic   9.8     7.3     8.25    7.15    9.2                       
compression (FDC) %                                                       
ΔFDC - ODC                                                          
                1.8     1.8     2.30    1.55    1.80                      
ΔT. base °C.                                                 
                27      26      27.5    27.0    27.0                      
ΔT. core °C.                                                 
                105     97.5    104.5   102.5   100.0                     
Permanent deformation %                                                   
                5.05    4.05    4.35    3.7     3.5                       
__________________________________________________________________________
 σ = standard deviation                                             
 
    
     EXAMPLE 8 
     This example, while continuing use of the same silica, the same oil and the same additive, used a natural rubber. 
     The formulation used was as follows, in parts by weight: 
     
         ______________________________________                                    
[i]    Natural rubber SMR 5.sub.L                                         
                            100.00                                        
[ii]   Stearic acid         1.50                                          
[iii]  Zinc Oxide           4.00                                          
[iv]   Antioxidant (PERMANAX 6 PPD)                                       
                            1.5                                           
       IPPD                 1.5                                           
[v]    Vulcafor CBS         1.80                                          
[vi]   Oil DUTREX 729 FC    20.00                                         
[vii]  Silica               60.00                                         
[viii] Polyethylene glycol (PEG 4000)                                     
                            3.00                                          
[ix]   Sulfur               2.80                                          
[x]    Succinimide          as in Table 8                                 
______________________________________                                    
 
    
     The treatment was the same as in Example 7. 
     
                                           TABLE VIII                              
__________________________________________________________________________
ADDITIVES                                                                 
(as % of silica)                                                          
                0.0     2.0     4.0     6.0                               
__________________________________________________________________________
Rheometer at 150° C.                                               
Torque: Min Max 24-91   21-85   16-83   11-76                             
Torques         67      64      67      65                                
Induction period                                                          
                7mn45s-9mn30s                                             
                        7mn-8mn30s                                        
                                4mn45s-8mn30s                             
                                        4mn45s-8mn30s                     
Optimum time    17mn15s 15mn30s 13mn15s 13mn                              
STATIC PROPERTIES   σ σ σ σ                       
Resistance to break-                                                      
ing kg/cm.sup.2 205 13  207 11.6                                          
                                209 9.3 207 6.7                           
Shore A hardness                                                          
                72      68      68      67                                
Modulus at 100% All                                                       
                14  0.3 15  1.3 14.5                                      
                                    0.8 14  1.5                           
Modulus at 300% All                                                       
                31  1.4 35  1.6 34  2.9 31  3.80                          
Elongation %    728 20.5                                                  
                        715 16.5                                          
                                722 32  734 37                            
Tearing kg/cm   36.2                                                      
                    2.2 35.0                                              
                            1.8 35.9                                      
                                    4.1 35.5                              
                                            3.5                           
Abrasion DIN (losses)                                                     
                232     235     229     251                               
GOODRICH FLEXOMETER                                                       
L-24 lbs D-22.2%                                                          
50° C.mma.                                                         
Static compression %                                                      
                10.0    10.3    10.2    11.9                              
Original dynamic                                                          
compression %   14.1    11.3    11.0    11.2                              
Final dynamic                                                             
compression %   39.4    28.4    21.5    20.7                              
ΔFDC-ODC  25.3    17.1    10.5    9.5                               
ΔT. Base  73      45      33.5    27.0                              
ΔT. Core  150     128     105     94.0                              
Permanent deformation                                                     
                33.1    18.0    11.87   10.3                              
__________________________________________________________________________
 
    
     It will be seen that the minimum torque decreases considerably from 24 to 11. The very positive effect on the reduction in core heating should also be noted. 
     EXAMPLE 9 
     Finally, a test run was carried out by incorporating the same succinimide, in the following formulation, while retaining the same oil and the same silica: 
     
         ______________________________________                                    
[i]  70/30 Styrene-butadiene rubber containing                            
     30% of block polystyrene (Solprene TR 411)                           
                               50.0                                       
[ii] Styrene-butadiene thermoplastic elastomer                            
     of the simplified general formula                                    
     SSS-BBBB-SSS (Careflex IR - 4122)                                    
                               50                                         
[iii]                                                                     
     Silica                    5.0                                        
[iv] Oil                       20.00                                      
[v]  Anti - UV                 0.2                                        
[vi] Antioxidant               0.2                                        
[vii]                                                                     
     Succinimide according to invention                                   
                               0; 0.2; 0.5;                               
                               1.0; 2.0                                   
______________________________________                                    
 
    
     The material was treated as follows: 
     The blends prepared in an internal laboratory mixer (1 liter) were injected under the following conditions: 
     
         ______________________________________                                    
Feed temperature        155° C.                                    
Temperature             160° C.                                    
Temperature             165° C.                                    
Mold 100 × 100 × 4                                            
                        165° C.                                    
______________________________________                                    
 
    
     The results obtained are summarized in Table IX below: 
     
                       TABLE IX                                                    
______________________________________                                    
SUCCINIMIDES                                                              
            0       0.2     0.5   1.0    2.0                              
______________________________________                                    
Resistance to                                                             
            98      118     113   123    130                              
breaking kg/cm.sup.2                                                      
Shore A hardness                                                          
            68      67      68    68     67                               
Modulus 300%                                                              
            21      15      14    16     14                               
Elongation %                                                              
            1020    1230    1280  1350   1340                             
Surface     Poor    Poor    Poor  Average                                 
                                         Good                             
condition                                                                 
Color       light   light   light light  light                            
            yellow  yellow  yellow                                        
                                  yellow yellow                           
Resistance to                                                             
            11      21.5    18.5  20.5   19                               
tearing kg/cm                                                             
______________________________________                                    
 
    
     EXAMPLE 10 
     This example, used a natural rubber, and additive brought on a silica. The formulation used was as follows, in parts by weight: 
     
         ______________________________________                                    
(i)   Natural rubber SMR 5L                                               
                           100.00                                         
(ii)  Stearic acid         1.50                                           
(iii) Zinc oxide           4.00                                           
(iv)  Antioxidant (Permanax 6PPD)                                         
                           1.50                                           
      (Permanax IPPD)      1.50                                           
(v)   Vulcafor CBS         1.50                                           
(vi)  Oil Dutrex           20.00                                          
(vii) precipitated silica (BET area)                                      
                           60.00                                          
      of 172 m2/g)                                                        
(viii)                                                                    
      Polyethylene glycol (PEG 4000)                                      
                           3.00                                           
(ix)  Sulfur               2.80                                           
(x)   Succinimide          see tables 10 and 11.                          
______________________________________                                    
 
    
     
                       TABLE 10                                                    
______________________________________                                    
                         BANBURY -                                        
               BANBURY   DOUBLE                                           
               ONE MIXING                                                 
                         MIXING                                           
______________________________________                                    
Succinimide % as % of                                                     
                  0.0    4.0.sup.(1)                                      
                                  0.0  4.0.sup.(1)                        
active product                                                            
Rheometer Monsanto                                                        
at 150°0 C.                                                        
Torque Min.      24.0    15.5    21.5  12.5                               
Torque Max.      81.0    75.0    82.0  69.5                               
Δ Torque   57.0    59.5    60.5  57.0                               
Scorch time = T + 2                                                       
                  8.0     4.75    9.25  5.75                              
T.90 - T 2       11.5     9.75    10.50                                   
                                        9.50                              
Optimum time = T.90                                                       
                 19.5    14.5     19.75                                   
                                        15.25                             
Resistance to breaking kg/cm.sup.2                                        
                 201     214     196   196                                
Hardness shore A 66      62      64    62                                 
Modulus 100% kg/cm.sup.2                                                  
                 15      17      14    15                                 
Modulus 300%     35      40      37    39                                 
Elongation       672     684     687   642                                
Tearing kg/cm    52      65      61    68                                 
Abrasion DIN     285     276     300   305                                
______________________________________                                    
 .sup.(1) 4% as active product, 6% as product on silica.                  
 
    
     
                       TABLE 11                                                    
______________________________________                                    
                             BANBURY -                                    
                 BANBURY -   DOUBLE                                       
ADDITIVES        ONE MIXING  MIXING                                       
______________________________________                                    
Additives        0.0     4.0     0.0   4.0                                
Dynamic properties                                                        
Goodrich flexometer                                                       
State compression                                                         
                 13.3    12.2    13.6  24.5                               
Original dynamic compression                                              
                 14.7    12.1    14.5  14.2                               
Final Dynamic compression                                                 
                 40      25.7     40   26.1                               
Δ CFD - CDO %                                                       
                 25      13.6    25.5  11.9                               
ΔT. base 0° C.                                               
                 &gt;60     34      53.5  30.5                               
ΔT. core   &gt;150    107.5   130   93.5                               
Permananentdeformation                                                    
                 22.5    12.3    21.7  12.8                               
______________________________________                                    
 
    
     It will be seen that, with the succinimide according to the invention, resistance to breaking improves steadily in relation to the amount of additive. 
     Resistance to tearing is very markedly enhanced from 11 to 20 kg, whatever the amount of additive. 
     The surface condition steadily improved. 
     And after the material had been stored for several weeks, no sweating was observed and the color remained clear and stable. 
     While the invention has been described in terms of various preferred embodiments, the skilled artisan will appreciate that various modifications, substitutions, omissions, and changes may be made without departing from the spirit thereof. Accordingly, it is intended that the scope of the present invention be limited solely by the scope of the following claims.