Patent Publication Number: US-8987490-B2

Title: Method for the production of monohydroxy-functionalized dialkylphosphinic acids, esters, and salts using ethylene oxide, and use thereof

Description:
This invention relates to a method for producing monohydroxy-functionalized dialkylphosphinic acids, esters and salts by means of ethylene oxide and to their use 
     Hitherto there are no methods in existence for producing monohydroxy-functionalized dialkylphosphinic acids, esters and salts that are available economically and on a large industrial scale and more particularly enable a high space-time yield to be achieved. Nor are there any methods that are sufficiently effective without unwelcome halogen compounds as starting materials, nor any where the end products are easy to obtain or isolate and obtainable in a specific and desirable manner under controlled reaction conditions (transesterification for example). 
     We have found that this object is achieved by a method for producing monohydroxy-functionalized dialkylphosphinic acids, esters and salts, which comprises 
     a) reacting a phosphinic acid source (I) 
                         
with olefins (IV)
 
                         
in the presence of a catalyst A to form an alkylphosphonous acid, salt or ester (II)
 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     b) reacting the resulting alkylphosphonous acid, salt or ester (II) with an alkylene oxide (V) 
                         
in the presence of a catalyst B and a base to form the monohydroxy-functionalized dialkylphosphinic acid derivative (III)
 
                         
where R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , R 6 , R 7 , R 8  are identical or different and are each independently H, C 1 -C 18 -alkyl, C 6 -C 18 -aryl, C 6 -C 18 -aralkyl, C 6 -C 18 -alkylaryl, CN, CHO, OC(O)CH 2 CN, CH(OH)C 2 H 5 , CH 2 CH(OH)CH 3 , 9-anthracene, 2-pyrrolidone, (CH 2 ) m OH, (CH 2 ) m NH 2 , (CH 2 ) m NCS, (CH 2 ) m NC(S)NH 2 , (CH 2 ) m SH, (CH 2 ) m S-2-thiazoline, (CH 2 ) m SiMe 3 , C(O)R 9 , (CH 2 ) m C(O)R 9 , CH═CHR 9  and/or CH═CH—C(O)R 9  and where R 9  is C 1 -C 8 -alkyl or C 6 -C 18 -aryl and m is an integer from 0 to 10 and X is H, C 1 -C 18 -alkyl, C 6 -C 18 -aryl, C 6 -C 18 -aralkyl, C 6 -C 18 -alkylaryl, (CH 2 ) k OH, CH 2 —CHOH—CH 2 OH, (CH 2 ) k O(CH 2 ) k H, (CH 2 ) k —CH(OH)—(CH 2 ) k H, (OH 2 —CH 2 O) k H, (CH 2 —C[CH 3 ]HO) k H, (CH 2 —C[CH 3 ]HO) k (CH 2 —CH 2 O) k H, (CH 2 —CH 2 O) k (CH 2 —C[CH 3 ]HO)H, (CH 2 —CH 2 O) k -alkyl, (CH 2 —C[CH 3 ]HO) k -alkyl, (CH 2 —C[CH 3 ]HO) k (CH 2 —CH 2 O) k -alkyl, (CH 2 —CH 2 O) k (CH 2 —C[CH 3 ]HO)O-alkyl, (CH 2 ) k —CH═CH(CH 2 ) k H, (CH 2 ) k NH 2  and/or (CH 2 ) k N[(CH 2 ) k H] 2 , where k is an integer from 0 to 10, and/or Mg, Ca, Al, Sb, Sn, Ge, Ti, Fe, Zr, Zn, Ce, Bi, Sr, Mn, Cu, Ni, Li, Na, K, H and/or a protonated nitrogen base and the catalyst A comprises transition metals and/or transition metal compounds and/or catalyst systems composed of a transition metal and/or transition metal compound and at least one ligand, and the catalyst B comprises a Lewis acid.
 
     Preferably, the monohydroxy-functionalized dialkylphosphinic acid, its salt or ester (III) obtained after step b) is subsequently reacted in a step c) with metal compounds of Mg, Ca, Al, Sb, Sn, Ge, Ti, Fe, Zr, Zn, Ce, Bi, Sr, Mn, Li, Na, K and/or a protonated nitrogen base to form the corresponding monohydroxy-functionalized dialkylphosphinic acid salts (III) of these metals and/or of a nitrogen compound. 
     Preferably, the alkylphosphonous acid, salt or ester (II) obtained after step a) and/or the monohydroxy-functionalized dialkylphosphinic acid, salt or ester (III) obtained after step b) and/or the particular resulting reaction solution thereof are esterified with an alkylene oxide or an alcohol M-OH and/or M′-OH, and the respectively resulting alkylphosphonous ester (II) and/or monohydroxy-functionalized dialkylphosphinic ester (III) are subjected to the further reaction steps b) or c). 
     Preferably, the groups C 6 -C 18 -aryl, C 6 -C 18 -aralkyl and C 6 -C 18 -alkylaryl are substituted with SO 3 X 2 , —C(O)CH 3 , OH, CH 2 OH, CH 3 SO 3 X 2 , PO 3 X 2 , NH 2 , NO 2 , OCH 3 , SH and/or OC(O)CH 3 . 
     Preferably, R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , R 6 , R 7 , R 8  are identical or different and are each independently H, methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, isobutyl, tert-butyl and/or phenyl. 
     Preferably, X is H, Ca, Mg, Al, Zn, Ti, Fe, Ce, methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, isobutyl, tert-butyl, phenyl, ethylene glycol, propyl glycol, butyl glycol, pentyl glycol, hexyl glycol, allyl and/or glycerol. 
     Preferably m=1 to 10 and k=2 to 10. 
     Preferably, the catalyst system A is formed by reaction of a transition metal and/or of a transition metal compound and at least one ligand. 
     Preferably, the transition metals and/or transition metal compounds comprise such from the seventh and eighth transition groups. 
     Preferably, the transition metals and/or transition metal compounds comprise rhodium, nickel, palladium, platinum, ruthenium. 
     Preferably, the catalyst B comprises Lewis acids. 
     Preferably, the bases used in process step b) are metals, metal hydrides, organo-metal compounds and metal alkoxides. 
     Preferably, the alkylene oxides (V) comprise ethylene oxide, 1,2-propylene oxide, 1,2-epoxybutane, 1,2-epoxyethylbenzene, (2,3-epoxypropyl)benzene, 2,3-epoxy-1-propanol and/or 3,4-epoxy-1-butene. 
     Preferably, the alcohol of the general formula M-OH comprises linear or branched, saturated and unsaturated, monohydric organic alcohols having a carbon chain length of C 1 -C 18  and the alcohol of the general formula M′-OH comprises linear or branched, saturated and unsaturated polyhydric organic alcohols having a carbon chain length of C 1 -C 18 . 
     The present invention also provides for the use of monohydroxy-functionalized dialkylphosphinic acids, esters and salts (III) obtained according to one or more of claims  1  to  7  as an intermediate for further syntheses, as a binder, as a crosslinker or accelerant to cure epoxy resins, polyurethanes and unsaturated polyester resins, as polymer stabilizers, as crop protection agents, as a therapeutic or additive in therapeutics for humans and animals, as a sequestrant, as a mineral oil additive, as a corrosion control agent, in washing and cleaning applications and in electronic applications. 
     The present invention likewise provides for the use of monohydroxy-functionalized dialkylphosphinic acids, salts and esters obtained according to one or more of claims  1  to  7  as a flame retardant, more particularly as a flame retardant for clearcoats and intumescent coatings, as a flame retardant for wood and other cellulosic products, as a reactive and/or nonreactive flame retardant for polymers, in the manufacture of flame-retardant polymeric molding materials, in the manufacture of flame-retardant polymeric molded articles and/or for flame-retardant finishing of polyester and cellulose straight and blend fabrics by impregnation. 
     The present invention additionally provides a flame-retardant thermoplastic or thermoset polymeric molding material containing 0.5% to 45% by weight of monohydroxy-functionalized dialkylphosphinic acids, salts or esters obtained according to one or more of claims  1  to  7 , 0.5% to 99% by weight of thermoplastic or thermoset polymer or mixtures thereof, 0% to 55% by weight of additives and 0% to 55% by weight of filler or reinforcing materials, wherein the sum total of the components is 100% by weight. 
     Lastly, the invention also provides flame-retardant thermoplastic or thermoset polymeric molded articles, films, threads and fibers containing 0.5% to 45% by weight of monohydroxy-functionalized dialkylphosphinic acids, salts or esters (III) obtained according to one or more of claims  1  to  7 , 0.5% to 99% by weight of thermoplastic or thermoset polymer or mixtures thereof, 0% to 55% by weight of additives and 0% to 55% by weight of filler or reinforcing materials, wherein the sum total of the components is 100% by weight. 
     All the aforementioned reactions can also be carried out in stages; similarly, the various processing steps can also utilize the respective resulting reaction solutions. 
     Preferably, the monohydroxy-functionalized dialkylphosphinic acid comprises 2-(ethylhydroxyphosphinyl)-1-hydroxyethane, 2-(propylhydroxyphosphinyl)-1-hydroxyethane, 2-(i-propylhydroxyphosphinyl)-1-hydroxyethane, 2-(butylhydroxyphosphinyl)-1-hydroxyethane, 2-(sec-butylhydroxyphosphinyl)-1-hydroxyethane, 2-(i-butylhydroxyphosphinyl)-1-hydroxyethane, 2-(2-phenylethylhydroxyphosphinyl)-1-hydroxyethane, 2-(ethylhydroxyphosphinyl)-1-methyl-1-hydroxyethane, 2-(propylhydroxyphosphinyl)-1-methyl-1-hydroxyethane, 2-(i-propylhydroxyphosphinyl)-1-methyl-1-hydroxyethane, 2-(butylhydroxyphosphinyl)-1-methyl-1-hydroxyethane, 2-(sec-butylhydroxyphosphinyl)-1-methyl-1-hydroxyethane, 2-(i-butylhydroxyphosphinyl)-1-methyl-1-hydroxyethane, 2-(2-phenylethylhydroxyphosphinyl)-1-methyl-1-hydroxyethane. 
     Preferably, the monohydroxy-functionalized dialkylphosphinic ester comprises methyl, ethyl; i-propyl; butyl, phenyl; 2-hydroxyethyl, 2-hydroxypropyl, 3-hydroxpropyl, 4-hydroxybutyl and/or 2,3-dihydroxypropyl ester of the aforementioned monohydroxy-functionalized dialkylphosphinic acids. 
     Preferably, the monohydroxy-functionalized dialkylphosphinic salt comprises an aluminum(III), calcium(II), magnesium(II), cerium(III), titanium(IV) and/or zinc(II) salt of the aforementioned monohydroxy-functionalized dialkylphosphinic acids. 
     Preferably, the transition metals for catalyst A comprise elements of the seventh and eighth transition groups (a metal of group 7, 8, 9 or 10, in modern nomenclature), for example rhenium, ruthenium, cobalt, rhodium, iridium, nickel, palladium, platinum. 
     Preference for use as source of the transition metals and transition metal compounds is given to their metal salts. Suitable salts are those of mineral acids containing the anions fluoride, chloride, bromide, iodide, fluorate, chlorate, bromate, iodate, fluorite, chlorite, bromite, iodite, hypofluorite, hypochlorite, hypobromite, hypoiodite, perfluorate, perchlorate, perbromate, periodate, cyanide, cyanate, nitrate, nitride, nitrite, oxide, hydroxide, borate, sulfate, sulfite, sulfide, persulfate, thiosulfate, sulfamate, phosphate, phosphite, hypophosphite, phosphide, carbonate and sulfonate, for example methanesulfonate, chlorosulfonate, fluorosulfonate, trifluoromethanesulfonate, benzenesulfonate, naphthylsulfonate, toluenesulfonate, t-butylsulfonate, 2-hydroxypropanesulfonate and sulfonated ion exchange resins; and/or organic salts, for example acetylacetonates and salts of a carboxylic acid having up to 20 carbon atoms, for example formate, acetate, propionate, butyrate, oxalate, stearate and citrate including halogenated carboxylic acids having up to 20 carbon atoms, for example trifluoroacetate, trichloroacetate. 
     A further source of the transition metals and transition metal compounds is salts of the transition metals with tetraphenylborate and halogenated tetraphenylborate anions, for example perfluorophenylborate. 
     Suitable salts similarly include double salts and complex salts consisting of one or more transition metal ions and independently one or more alkali metal, alkaline earth metal, ammonium, organic ammonium, phosphonium and organic phosphonium ions and independently one or more of the abovementioned anions. Examples of suitable double salts are ammonium hexachloropalladate and ammonium tetrachloropalladate. 
     Preference for use as a source of the transition metals is given to the transition metal as an element and/or a transition metal compound in its zerovalent state. 
     Preferably, the transition metal salt is used as a metal, or as an alloy with further metals, in which case boron, zirconium, tantalum, tungsten, rhenium, cobalt, iridium, nickel, palladium, platinum and/or gold is preferred here. The transition metal content in the alloy used is preferably 45-99.95% by weight. 
     Preferably, the transition metal is used in microdisperse form (particle size 0.1 mm-100 μm). 
     Preferably, the transition metal is used supported on a metal oxide such as, for example, alumina, silica, titanium dioxide, zirconium dioxide, zinc oxide, nickel oxide, vanadium oxide, chromium oxide, magnesium oxide, Celite®, diatomaceous earth, on a metal carbonate such as, for example, barium carbonate, calcium carbonate, strontium carbonate, on a metal sulfate such as, for example, barium sulfate, calcium sulfate, strontium sulfate, on a metal phosphate such as, for example, aluminum phosphate, vanadium phosphate, on a metal carbide such as, for example, silicone carbide, on a metal aluminate such as, for example, calcium aluminate, on a metal silicate such as, for example, aluminum silicate, chalks, zeolites, bentonite, montmorillonite, hectorite, on functionalized silicates, functionalized silica gels such as, for example, SiliaBond®, QuadraSil™, on functionalized polysiloxanes such as, for example, Deloxan®, on a metal nitride, on carbon, activated carbon, mullite, bauxite, antimonite, scheelite, perovskite, hydrotalcite, heteropolyanions, on functionalized and unfunctionalized cellulose, chitosan, keratin, heteropolyanions, on ion exchangers such as, for example, Amberlite™, Amberjet™, Ambersep™, Dowex®, Lewatit®, ScavNet®, on functionalized polymers such as, for example, Chelex®, QuadraPure™, Smopex®, PolyOrgs®, on polymer-bound phosphanes, phosphane oxides, phosphinates, phosphonates, phosphates, amines, ammonium salts, amides, thioamides, ureas, thioureas, triazines, imidazoles, pyrazoles, pyridines, pyrimidines, pyrazines, thiols, thiol ethers, thiol esters, alcohols, alkoxides, ethers, esters, carboxylic acids, acetates, acetals, peptides, hetarenes, polyethyleneimine/silica and/or dendrimers. 
     Suitable sources for the metal salts and/or transition metals likewise preferably include their complex compounds. Complex compounds of the metal salts and/or transition metals are composed of the metal salts/transition metals and one or more complexing agents. Suitable complexing agents include for example olefins, diolefins, nitriles, dinitriles, carbon monoxide, phosphines, diphosphines, phosphites, diphosphites, dibenzylideneacetone, cyclopentadienyl, indenyl or styrene. Suitable complex compounds of the metal salts and/or transition metals may be supported on the abovementioned support materials. 
     The proportion in which the supported transition metals mentioned are present is preferably in the range from 0.01% to 20% by weight, more preferably from 0.1% to 10% by weight and even more preferably from 0.2% to 5% by weight, based on the total mass of the support material. 
     Suitable sources for transition metals and transition metal compounds include for example palladium, platinum, nickel, rhodium; palladium platinum, nickel or rhodium, on alumina, on silica, on barium carbonate, on barium sulfate, on calcium carbonate, on strontium carbonate, on carbon, on activated carbon; platinum-palladium-gold alloy, aluminum-nickel alloy, iron-nickel alloy, lanthanide-nickel alloy, zirconium-nickel alloy, platinum-iridium alloy, platinum-rhodium alloy; Raney® nickel, nickel-zinc-iron oxide; palladium(II) chloride, palladium(II) bromide, palladium(II) iodide, palladium(II) fluoride, palladium(II) hydride, palladium(II) oxide, palladium(II) peroxide, palladium(Il) cyanide, palladium(II) sulfate, palladium(II) nitrate, palladium(II) phosphide, palladium(II) boride, palladium(II) chromium oxide, palladium(II) cobalt oxide, palladium(II) carbonate hydroxide, palladium(II) cyclohexane butyrate, palladium(II) hydroxide, palladium(II) molybdate, palladium(II) octanoate, palladium(II) oxalate, palladium(II) perchlorate, palladium(II) phthalocyanine, palladium(II) 5,9,14,18,23,27,32,36-octabutoxy-2,3-naphthalocyanine, palladium(II) sulfamate, palladium(II) perchlorate, palladium(II) thiocyanate, palladium(II) bis(2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-3,5-heptanedionate), palladium(II) propionate, palladium(II) acetate, palladium(Il) stearate, palladium(II) 2-ethylhexanoate, palladium(II) acetylacetonate, palladium(II) hexafluoroacetylacetonate, palladium(II) tetrafluoroborate, palladium(II) thiosulfate, palladium(II) trifluoroacetate, palladium(II) phthalocyaninetetrasulfonic acid tetrasodium salt, palladium(II) methyl, palladium(II) cyclopentadienyl, palladium(II) methylcyclopentadienyl, palladium(II) ethylcyclopentadienyl, palladium(II) pentamethylcyclopentadienyl, palladium(II) 2,3,7,8,12,13,17,18-octaethyl-21H,23H-porphine, palladium(II) 5,10,15,20-tetraphenyl-21H,23H-porphine, bis(5-[[4-(dimethylamino)phenyl]imino]-8(5H)-quinolinone), palladium(II) 2,11,20,29-tetra-tert-butyl-2,3-naphthalocyanine, palladium(II) 2,9,16,23-tetraphenoxy-29H,31H-phthalocyanine, palladium(II) 5,10,15,20-tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)-21H,23H-porphine and the 1,4-bis(diphenylphosphine)butane, 1,3-bis(diphenylphosphino)-propane, 2-(2′-di-tert-butylphosphine)biphenyl, acetonitrile, benzonitrile, ethylenediamine, chloroform, 1,2-bis(phenylsulfinyl)ethane, 1,3-bis(2,6-diisopropylphenyl)-imidazolidene)(3-chloropyridyl), 2′-(dimethylamino)-2-biphenylyl, dinorbornylphosphine, 2-(dimethylaminomethyl)ferrocene, allyl, bis(diphenylphosphino)-butane, (N-succinimidyl)bis(triphenylphosphine), dimethylphenylphosphine, methyldiphenylphosphine, 1,10-phenanthroline, 1,5-cyclooctadiene, N,N,N′,N′-tetramethylethylenediamine, triphenylphosphine, tri-o-tolylphosphine, tricyclohexylphosphine, tributylphosphine, triethylphosphine, 2,2′-bis(diphenylphosphino)-1,1′-binaphthyl, 1,3-bis(2,6-diisopropylphenyl)imidazol-2-ylidene, 1,3-bis(mesityl)imidazol-2-ylidene, 1,1′-bis(diphenylphosphino)ferrocene, 1,2-bis(diphenylphosphino)ethane, N-methylimidazole, 2,2′-bipyridine, (bicyclo-[2.2.1]hepta-2,5-diene), bis(di-tert-butyl(4-dimethylaminophenyl)phosphine), bis(tert-butyl isocyanide), 2-methoxyethyl ether, ethylene glycol dimethyl ether, 1,2-dimethoxyethane, bis(1,3-diamino-2-propanol), bis(N,N-diethylethylenediamine), 1,2-diaminocyclohexane, pyridine, 2,2′:6′,2″-terpyridine, diethyl sulfide, ethylene and amine complexes thereof; 
     nickel(II) chloride, nickel(II) bromide, nickel(II) iodide, nickel(II) fluoride, nickel(II) hydride, nickel(II) oxide, nickel(II) peroxide, nickel(II) cyanide, nickel(II) sulfate, nickel(II) nitrate, nickel(II) phosphide, nickel(II) boride, nickel(II) chromium oxide, nickel(II) cobalt oxide, nickel(II) carbonate hydroxide, nickel(II) cyclohexane butyrate, nickel(II) hydroxide, nickel(II) molybdate, nickel(II) octanoate, nickel(II) oxalate, nickel(II) perchlorate, nickel(II) phthalocyanine, nickel(II) 5,9,14,18,23,27,32,36-octabutoxy-2,3-naphthalocyanine, nickel(II) sulfamate, nickel(II) perchlorate, nickel(II) thiocyanate, nickel(II) bis(2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-3,5-heptanedionate), nickel(II) propionate, nickel(II) acetate, nickel(II) stearate, nickel(II) 2-ethylhexanoate, nickel(II) acetylacetonate, nickel(II) hexafluoroacetylacetonate, nickel(II) tetrafluoroborate, nickel(II) thiosulfate, nickel(II) trifluoroacetate, nickel(II) phthalocyaninetetrasulfonic acid tetrasodium salt, nickel(II) methyl, nickel(II) cyclopentadienyl, nickel(II) methylcyclopentadienyl, nickel(II) ethylcyclopentadienyl, nickel(II) pentamethylcyclopentadienyl, nickel(II) 2,3,7,8,12,13,17,18-octaethyl-21H,23H-porphine, nickel(II) 5,10,15,20-tetraphenyl-21H,23H-porphine, nickel(II) bis(5-[[4-(dimethylamino)phenyl]imino]-8(5H)-quinolinone), nickel(II) 2,11,20,29-tetra-tert-butyl-2,3-naphthalocyanine, nickel(II) 2,9,16,23-tetraphenoxy-29H,31H-phthalocyanine, nickel(II) 5,10,15,20-tetrakis-(pentafluorophenyl)-21H,23H-porphine and the 1,4-bis(diphenylphosphine)butane, 1,3-bis(diphenylphosphino)propane, 2-(2′-di-tert-butylphosphine)biphenyl, acetonitrile, benzonitrile, ethylenediamine, chloroform, 1,2-bis(phenylsulfinyl)-ethane, 1,3-bis(2,6-diisopropylphenyl)imidazolidene)(3-chloropyridyl), 2′-(dimethylamino)-2-biphenylyl, dinorbornylphosphine, 2-(dimethylaminomethyl)ferrocene, allyl, bis(diphenylphosphino)butane, (N-succinimidyl)bis(triphenylphosphine), dimethylphenylphosphine, methyldiphenylphosphine, 1,10-phenanthroline, 1,5-cyclooctadiene, N,N,N′,N′-tetramethylethylenediamine, triphenylphosphine, tri-o-tolylphosphine, tricyclohexylphosphine, tributylphosphine, triethylphosphine, 2,2′-bis(diphenylphosphino)-1,1′-binaphthyl, 1,3-bis(2,6-diisopropylphenyl)-imidazol-2-ylidene, 1,3-bis(mesityl)imidazol-2-ylidene, 1,1′-bis(diphenylphosphino)-ferrocene, 1,2-bis(diphenylphosphino)ethane, N-methylimidazole, 2,2′-bipyridine, (bicyclo[2.2.1]hepta-2,5-diene), bis(di-tert-butyl(4-dimethylaminophenyl)-phosphine), bis(tert-butyl isocyanide), 2-methoxyethyl ether, ethylene glycol dimethyl ether, 1,2-dimethoxyethane, bis(1,3-diamino-2-propanol), bis(N,N-diethylethylenediamine), 1,2-diaminocyclohexane, pyridine, 2,2′:6′,2″-terpyridine, diethyl sulfide, ethylene and amine complexes thereof; 
     platinum(II) chloride, platinum(II) bromide, platinum(II) iodide, platinum(II) fluoride, platinum(II) hydride, platinum(II) oxide, platinum(II) peroxide, platinum(II) cyanide, platinum(II) sulfate, platinum(II) nitrate, platinum(II) phosphide, platinum(II) boride, platinum(II) chromium oxide, platinum(II) cobalt oxide, platinum(II) carbonate hydroxide, platinum(II) cyclohexane butyrate, platinum(II) hydroxide, platinum(II) molybdate, platinum(II) octanoate, platinum(II) oxalate, platinum(II) perchlorate, platinum(II) phthalocyanine, platinum(II) 5,9,14,18,23,27,32,36-octabutoxy-2,3-naphthalocyanine, platinum(II) sulfamate, platinum(II) perchlorate, platinum(II) thiocyanate, platinum(II) bis(2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-3,5-heptanedionate), platinum(II) propionate, platinum(II) acetate, platinum(II) stearate, platinum(II) 2-ethylhexanoate, platinum(II) acetylacetonate, platinum(II) hexafluoroacetylacetonate, platinum(II) tetrafluoroborate, platinum(II) thiosulfate, platinum(II) trifluoroacetate, platinum(II) phthalocyaninetetrasulfonic acid tetrasodium salt, platinum(II) methyl, platinum(II) cyclopentadienyl, platinum(II) methylcyclopentadienyl, platinum(II) ethylcyclopentadienyl, platinum(II) pentamethylcyclopentadienyl, platinum(II) 2,3,7,8,12,13,17,18-octaethyl-21H,23H-porphine, platinum(II) 5,10,15,20-tetraphenyl-21H,23H-porphine, platinum(II) bis(5-[[4-(dimethylamino)phenyl]imino]-8(5H)-quinolinone), platinum(II) 2,11,20,29-tetra-tert-butyl-2,3-naphthalocyanine, platinum(II) 2,9,16,23-tetraphenoxy-29H,31H-phthalocyanine, platinum(II) 5,10,15,20-tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)-21H,23H-porphine and the 1,4-bis(diphenylphosphine)butane, 1,3-bis(diphenylphosphino)propane, 2-(2′-di-tert-butylphosphine)biphenyl, acetonitrile, benzonitrile, ethylenediamine, chloroform, 1,2-bis(phenyl-sulfinyl)ethane, 1,3-bis(2,6-diisopropylphenyl)-imidazolidene)(3-chloropyridyl), 2′-(dimethylamino)-2-biphenylyl, dinorbornylphosphine, 2-(dimethylamino-methyl)ferrocene, allyl, bis(diphenylphosphino)-butane, (N-succinimidyl)bis-(triphenylphosphine), dimethylphenylphosphine, methyldiphenylphosphine, 1,10-phenanthroline, 1,5-cyclooctadiene, N,N,N′,N′-tetramethylethylenediamine, triphenylphosphine, tri-o-tolylphosphine, tricyclohexylphosphine, tributylphosphine, triethylphosphine, 2,2′-bis(diphenylphosphino)-1,1′-binaphthyl, 1,3-bis(2,6-diisopropylphenyl)-imidazol-2-ylidene, 1,3-bis(mesityl)imidazol-2-ylidene, 1,1-bis(diphenylphosphino)-ferrocene, 1,2-bis(diphenylphosphino)ethane, N-methylimidazole, 2,2′-bipyridine, (bicyclo[2.2.1]hepta-2,5-diene), bis(di-tert-butyl(4-dimethylaminophenyl)-phosphine), bis(tert-butyl isocyanide), 2-methoxyethyl ether, ethylene glycol dimethyl ether, 1,2-dimethoxyethane, bis(1,3-diamino-2-propanol), bis(N,N-diethylethylenediamine), 1,2-diaminocyclohexane, pyridine, 2,2′:6′,2″-terpyridine, diethyl sulfide, ethylene and amine complexes thereof; 
     rhodium chloride, rhodium bromide, rhodium iodide, rhodium fluoride, rhodium hydride, rhodium oxide, rhodium peroxide, rhodium cyanide, rhodium sulfate, rhodium nitrate, rhodium phosphide, rhodium boride, rhodium chromium oxide, rhodium cobalt oxide, rhodium carbonate hydroxide, rhodium cyclohexane butyrate, rhodium hydroxide, rhodium molybdate, rhodium octanoate, rhodium oxalate, rhodium perchlorate, rhodium phthalocyanine, rhodium 5,9,14,18,23,27,32,36-octabutoxy-2,3-naphthalocyanine, rhodium sulfamate, rhodium perchlorate, rhodium thiocyanate, rhodium bis(2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-3,5-heptanedionate), rhodium propionate, rhodium acetate, rhodium stearate, rhodium 2-ethylhexanoate, rhodium acetylacetonate, rhodium hexafluoroacetylacetonate, rhodium tetrafluoroborate, rhodium thiosulfate, rhodium trifluoroacetate, rhodium phthalocyaninetetrasulfonic acid tetrasodium salt, rhodium methyl, rhodium cyclopentadienyl, rhodium methylcyclopentadienyl, rhodium ethylcyclopentadienyl, rhodium pentamethylcyclopentadienyl, rhodium 2,3,7,8,12,13,17,18-octaethyl-21H,23H-porphine, rhodium 5,10,15,20-tetraphenyl-21H,23H-porphine, rhodium bis(5-[[4-(dimethylamino)phenyl]imino]-8(5H)-quinolinone), rhodium 2,11,20,29-tetra-tert-butyl-2,3-naphthalocyanine, rhodium 2,9,16,23-tetraphenoxy-29H,31H-phthalocyanine, rhodium 5,10,15,20-tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)-21H,23H-porphine and the 1,4-bis(diphenylphosphine)butane, 1,3-bis(diphenylphosphino)propane, 2-(2′-di-tert-butylphosphine)biphenyl, acetonitrile, benzonitrile, ethylenediamine, chloroform, 1,2-bis(phenylsulfinyl)ethane, 1,3-bis(2,6-diisopropylphenyl)-imidazolidene)(3-chloropyridyl), 2′-(dimethylamino)-2-biphenylyl, dinorbornylphosphine, 2-(dimethylaminomethyl)ferrocene, allyl, bis(diphenylphosphino)-butane, (N-succinimidyl)bis(triphenylphosphine), dimethylphenylphosphine, methyldiphenylphosphine, 1,10-phenanthroline, 1,5-cyclooctadiene, N,N,N′,N′-tetramethylethylenediamine, triphenylphosphine, tri-o-tolylphosphine, tricyclohexylphosphine, tributylphosphine, triethylphosphine, 2,2′-bis(diphenylphosphino)-1,1′-binaphthyl, 1,3-bis(2,6-diisopropylphenyl)imidazol-2-ylidene, 1,3-bis(mesityl)imidazol-2-ylidene, 1,1′-bis(diphenylphosphino)ferrocene, 1,2-bis(diphenylphosphino)ethane, N-methylimidazole, 2,2′-bipyridine, (bicyclo[2.2.1]hepta-2,5-diene), bis(di-tert-butyl(4-dimethylaminophenyl)-phosphine), bis(tert-butyl isocyanide), 2-methoxyethyl ether, ethylene glycol dimethyl ether, 1,2-dimethoxyethane, bis(1,3-diamino-2-propanol), bis(N,N-diethylethylenediamine), 1,2-diaminocyclohexane, pyridine, 2,2′:6′,2″-terpyridine, diethyl sulfide, ethylene and amine complexes thereof; 
     potassium hexachloropalladate(IV), sodium hexachloropalladate(IV), ammonium hexachloropalladate(IV), potassium tetrachloropalladate(II), sodium tetrachloropalladate(II), ammonium tetrachloropalladate(II), bromo(tri-tert-butylphosphine)-palladium(I) dimer, (2-methylallyl)palladium(II) chloride dimer, bis(dibenzylideneacetone)palladium(0), tris(dibenzylideneacetone)dipalladium(0), tetrakis-(triphenylphosphine)palladium(0), tetrakis(tricyclohexylphosphine)palladium(0), bis[1,2-bis(diphenylphosphine)ethane]palladium(0), bis(3,5,3′,5′-dimethoxydibenzylideneacetone)palladium(0), bis(tri-tert-butylphosphine)palladium(0), meso-tetraphenyltetrabenzoporphinepalladium, tetrakis(methyldiphenylphosphine)-palladium(0), tris(3,3′,3″-phophinidyne-tris(benzenesulfonato)palladium(0) nonasodium salt, 1,3-bis(2,4,6-trimethylphenyl)imidazol-2-ylidene(1,4-naphthoquinone)palladium(0), 1,3-bis(2,6-diisopropylphenyl)imidazol-2-ylidene(1,4-naphthoquinone)palladium(0) and the chloroform complex thereof; 
     allylnickel(II) chloride dimer, ammoniumnickel(II) sulfate, bis(1,5-cyclooctadiene)nickel(0), bis(triphenylphosphine)dicarbonylnickel(0), tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)nickel(0), tetrakis(triphenyl phosphite)nickel(0), potassium hexafluoronickelate(IV), potassium tetracyanonickelate(II), potassium nickel(IV) paraperiodate, dilithium tetrabromonickelate(II), potassium tetracyanonickelate(II) platinum(IV) chloride, platinum(IV) oxide, platinum(IV) sulfide, potassium hexachloroplatinate(IV), sodium hexachloroplatinate(IV), ammonium hexachloroplatinate(IV), potassium tetrachloroplatinate(II), ammonium tetrachloroplatinate(II), potassium tetracyanoplatinate(II), trimethyl(methylcyclopentadienyl)platinum(IV), cis-diammintetrachloroplatinum(IV), potassium trichloro(ethylene)platinate(II), sodium hexahydroxyplatinate(IV), tetraamineplatinum(II) tetrachloroplatinate(II), tetrabutylammonium hexachloroplatinate(IV), ethylenebis(triphenylphosphine)platinum(0), platinum(0) 1,3-divinyl-1,1,3,3-tetramethyldisiloxane, platinum(0) 2,4,6,8-tetramethyl-2,4,6,8-tetravinylcyclotetrasiloxane, tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)platinum(0), platinum octaethylporphyrine, chloroplatinic acid, carboplatin; chlorobis(ethylene)rhodium dimer, hexarhodium hexadecacarbonyl, chloro(1,5-cyclooctadiene)rhodium dimer, chloro(norbomadiene)rhodium dimer, chloro(1,5-hexadiene)rhodium dimer. 
     The ligands preferably comprise phosphines of the formula (VI)
 
PR 10   3   (VI)
 
where the R 10  radicals are each independently hydrogen, straight-chain, branched or cyclic C 1 -C 20 -alkyl, C 6 -C 20 -alkylaryl, C 2 -C 20 -alkenyl, C 2 -C 20 -alkynyl, C 1 -C 20 -carboxylate, C 1 -C 20 -alkoxy, C 2 -C 20 -alkenyloxy, C 2 -C 20 -alkynyloxy, C 2 -C 20 -alkoxycarbonyl, C 1 -C 20 -alkylthio, C 1 -C 20 -alkylsulfonyl, C 1 -C 20 -alkylsulfinyl, silyl and/or their derivatives and/or phenyl substituted by at least one R 11 , or naphthyl substituted by at least one R 11 . R 11  in each occurrence is independently hydrogen, fluorine, chlorine, bromine, iodine, NH 2 , nitro, hydroxyl, cyano, formyl, straight-chain, branched or cyclic C 1 -C 20 -alkyl, C 1 -C 20 -alkoxy, HN(C 1 -C 20 -alkyl), N(C 1 -C 20 -alkyl) 2 , —CO 2 —(C 1 -C 20 -alkyl), —CON(C 1 -C 20 -alkyl) 2 , —OCO(C 1 -C 20 -alkyl), NHCO(C 1 -C 20 -alkyl), C 1 -C 20 -Acyl, —SO 3 M, —SO 2 N(R 12 )M, —CO 2 M, —PO 3 M 2 , —AsO 3 M 2 , —SiO 2 M, —C(CF 3 ) 2 OM (M=H, Li, Na or K), where R 12  is hydrogen, fluorine, chlorine, bromine, iodine, straight-chain, branched or cyclic C 1 -C 20 -alkyl, C 2 -C 20 -alkenyl, C 2 -C 20 -alkynyl, C 1 -C 20 -carboxylate, C 1 -C 20 -alkoxy, C 2 -C 20 -alkenyloxy, C 2 -C 20 -alkynyloxy, C 2 -C 20 -alkoxycarbonyl, C 1 -C 20 -alkylthio, C 1 -C 20 -alkylsulfonyl, C 1 -C 20 -alkylsulfinyl, silyl and/or their derivatives, aryl, C 6 -C 20 -arylalkyl, C 6 -C 20 -alkylaryl, phenyl and/or biphenyl. Preferably, the R 10  groups are all identical.
 
     Suitable phosphines(VI) are for example trimethylphosphine, triethylphosphine, tripropylphosphine, triisopropylphosphine, tributylphosphine, triisobutylphosphine, triisopentylphosphine, trihexylphosphine, tricyclohexylphosphine, trioctylphosphine, tridecylphosphine, triphenylphosphine, diphenylmethylphosphine, phenyldimethylphosphine, tri(o-tolyl)phosphine, tri(p-tolyl)phosphine, ethyldiphenylphosphine, dicyclohexylphenylphosphine, 2-pyridyldiphenylphosphine, bis(6-methyl-2-pyridyl)phenylphosphine, tri(p-chlorophenyl)phosphine, tri(p-methoxyphenyl)phosphine, diphenyl(2-sulfonatophenyl)phosphine; potassium, sodium and ammonium salts of diphenyl(3-sulfonatophenyl)phosphine, bis(4,6-dimethyl-3-sulfonatophenyl)(2,4-dimethylphenyl)phosphine, bis(3-sulfonatophenyl)phenylphosphines, tris(4,6-dimethyl-3-sulfonatophenyl)phosphines, tris(2-sulfonatophenyl)phosphines, tris(3-sulfonatophenyl)phosphines; 2-bis(diphenylphosphinoethyl)trimethylammonium iodide, 2′-dicyclohexylphosphino-2,6-dimethoxy-3-sulfonato-1,1′-biphenyl sodium salt, trimethyl phosphite and/or triphenyl phosphite. 
     The ligands more preferably comprise bidentate ligands of the general formula
 
R 10   2 M″-Z-M″R 10   2   (VII).
 
     In this formula, each M″ independently is N, P, As or Sb. 
     M″ is preferably the same in the two occurrences and more preferably is a phosphorus atom. 
     Each R 10  group independently represents the radicals described under formula (VI). The R 10  groups are preferably all identical. 
     Z is preferably a bivalent bridging group which contains at least 1 bridging atom, preferably from 2 to 6 bridging atoms. 
     Bridging atoms can be selected from carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, silicon and sulfur atoms. Z is preferably an organic bridging group containing at least one carbon atom. Z is preferably an organic bridging group containing 1 to 6 bridging atoms, of which at least two are carbon atoms, which may be substituted or unsubstituted. 
     Preferred Z groups are —CH 2 —, —CH 2 —CH 2 —, —CH 2 —CH 2 —CH 2 —, —CH 2 —CH(CH 3 )—CH 2 —, —CH 2 —C(CH 3 ) 2 —CH 2 —, —CH 2 —C(C 2 H 5 )—CH 2 —, —CH 2 —Si(CH 3 ) 2 —CH 2 —, —CH 2 —O—CH 2 —, —CH 2 —CH 2 —CH 2 —CH 2 —, —CH 2 —CH(C 2 H 5 )—CH 2 —, —CH 2 —CH(n-Pr)—CH and —CH 2 —CH(n-Bu)-CH 2 —, substituted or unsubstituted 1,2-phenyl, 1,2-cyclohexyl, 1,1′- or 1,2-ferrocenyl radicals, 2,2′-(1,1′-biphenyl), 4,5-xanthene and/or oxydi-2,1-phenylene radicals. 
     Examples of suitable bidentate phosphine ligands (VII) are for example 1,2-bis-(dimethylphosphino)ethane, 1,2-bis(diethylphosphino)ethane, 1,2-bis(dipropylphosphino)ethane, 1,2-bis(diisopropylphosphino)ethane, 1,2-bis(dibutylphosphino)ethane, 1,2-bis(di-tert-butylphosphino)ethane, 1,2-bis(dicyclohexylphosphino)ethane, 1,2-bis(diphenylphosphino)ethane; 1,3-bis(dicyclohexylphosphino)propane, 1,3-bis(diisopropylphosphino)propane, 1,3-bis(di-tert-butylphosphino)propane, 1,3-bis(diphenylphosphino)propane; 1,4-bis(diisopropylphosphino)butane, 1,4-bis(diphenylphosphino)butane; 1,5-bis(dicyclohexylphosphino)pentane; 1,2-bis(di-tert-butylphosphino)benzene, 1,2-bis(diphenylphosphino)benzene, 1,2-bis(dicyclohexylphosphino)benzene, 1,2-bis(dicyclopentylphosphino)benzene, 1,3-bis(di-tert-butylphosphino)benzene, 1,3-bis(diphenylphosphino)benzene, 1,3-bis(dicyclohexylphosphino)benzene, 1,3-bis(dicyclopentylphosphino)benzene; 9,9-dimethyl-4,5-bis(diphenylphosphino)-xanthene, 9,9-dimethyl-4,5-bis(diphenylphosphino)-2,7-di-tert-butylxanthene, 9,9-dimethyl-4,5-bis(di-tert-butylphosphino)xanthene, 1,1′-bis(diphenylphosphino)-ferrocene, 2,2′-bis(diphenylphosphino)-1,1′-binaphthyl, 2,2′-bis(di-p-tolyl-phosphino)-1,1′-binaphthyl, (oxydi-2,1-phenylene)bis(diphenylphosphine), 2,5-(diisopropylphospholano)benzene, 2,3-O-isopropropylidene-2,3-dihydroxy-1,4-bis(diphenylphosphino)butane, 2,2′-bis(di-tert-butylphosphino)-1,1′-biphenyl, 2,2′-bis(dicyclohexylphosphino)-1,1′-biphenyl, 2,2′-bis(diphenylphosphino)-1,1′-biphenyl, 2-(di-tert-butylphosphino)-2′-(N,N-dimethylamino)biphenyl, 2-(dicyclohexylphosphino)-2′-(N,N-dimethylamino)biphenyl, 2-(diphenylphosphino)-2′-(N,N-dimethylamino)biphenyl, 2-(diphenylphosphino)ethylamine, 2-[2-(diphenylphosphino)ethyl]pyridine; potassium, sodium and ammonium salts of 1,2-bis(di-4-sulfonatophenylphosphino)benzene, (2,2′-bis[[bis(3-sulfonatophenyl)phosphino]methyl]-4,4′,7,7′-tetrasulfonato-1,1′-binapthyl, (2,2′-bis[[bis(3-sulfonatophenyl)phosphino]methyl]-5,5′-tetrasulfonato-1,1′-biphenyl, (2,2′-bis[[bis(3-sulfonatophenyl)phosphino]methyl]-1,1′-binaphthyl, (2,2′-bis[[bis(3-sulfonatophenyl)phosphino]methyl]-1,1′-biphenyl, 9,9-dimethyl-4,5-bis(diphenylphosphino)-2,7-sulfonatoxanthene, 9,9-dimethyl-4,5-bis(di-tert-butylphosphino)-2,7-sulfonatoxanthene, 1,2-bis(di-4-sulfonatophenylphosphino)benzene, meso-tetrakis(4-sulfonatophenyl)porphine, meso-tetrakis(2,6-dichloro-3-sulfonatophenyl)porphine, meso-tetrakis(3-sulfonatomesityl)porphine, tetrakis(4-carboxy-phenyl)porphine and 5,11,17,23-sulfonato-25,26,27,28-tetrahydroxycalix[4]arene. 
     Moreover, the ligands of the formula (VI) and (VII) can be attached to a suitable polymer or inorganic substrate by the R 10  radicals and/or the bridging group. 
     The molar transition metal/ligand ratio of the catalyst system is in the range 1:0.01 to 1:100, preferably in the range from 1:0.05 to 1:10 and more preferably in the range from 1:1 to 1:4. 
     The reactions in the process stages a), b) and c) preferably take place, if desired, in an atmosphere comprising further gaseous constituents such as nitrogen, oxygen, argon, carbon dioxide for example; the temperature is in the range from −20 to 340° C., more particularly in the range from 20 to 180° C., and total pressure is in the range from 1 to 100 bar. 
     The products, the transition metal, the transition metal compound, the catalyst system, the ligand and/or the starting materials are optionally isolated after the process stages a), b) and c) by distillation or rectification, by crystallization or precipitation, by filtration or centrifugation, by adsorption or chromatography or other known methods. 
     According to the present invention, solvents, auxiliaries and any other volatile constituents are removed by distillation, filtration and/or extraction for example. 
     The reactions in the process stages a), b) and c) are preferably carried out, if desired, in absorption columns, spray towers, bubble columns, stirred tanks, trickle bed reactors, flow tubes, loop reactors and/or kneaders. 
     Suitable mixing elements include for example anchor, blade, MIG, propeller, impeller and turbine stirrers, cross beaters, disperser disks, hollow (sparging) stirrers, rotor-stator mixers, static mixers, Venturi nozzles and/or mammoth pumps. 
     The intensity of mixing experienced by the reaction solutions/mixtures corresponds to a rotation Reynolds number in the range from 1 to 1 000 000 and preferably in the range from 100 to 100 000. 
     It is preferable for an intensive commixing of the respective reactants etc. to be effected by an energy input in the range from 0.080 to 10 kW/m 3 , preferably 0.30-1.65 kW/m 3 . 
     During the reaction, the particular catalyst A or B is preferably homogeneous and/or heterogeneous in action. Therefore, the particular heterogeneous catalyst is effective during the reaction as a suspension or bound to a solid phase. 
     Preferably, the particular catalyst A or B is generated in situ before the reaction and/or at the start of the reaction and/or during the reaction. 
     Preferably, the particular reaction takes place in a solvent as a single-phase system in homogeneous or heterogeneous mixture and/or in the gas phase. 
     When a multi-phase system is used, a phase transfer catalyst may be used in addition. 
     The reactions of the present invention can be carried out in liquid phase, in the gas phase or else in supercritical phase. The particular catalyst A or B is preferably used in the case of liquids in homogeneous form or as a suspension, while a fixed bed arrangement is advantageous in the case of gas phase or supercritical operation. 
     Suitable solvents are water, alcohols, e.g. methanol, ethanol, isopropanol, n-propanol, n-butanol, isobutanol, tert-butanol, n-amyl alcohol, isoamyl alcohol, tert-amyl alcohol, n-hexanol, n-octanol, isooctanol, n-tridecanol, benzyl alcohol, etc. Preference is further given to glycols, e.g. ethylene glycol, 1,2-propanediol, 1,3-propanediol, 1,3-butanediol, 1,4-butanediol, diethylene glycol etc.; aliphatic hydrocarbons such as pentane, hexane, heptane, octane, and petroleum ether, naphtha, kerosene, petroleum, paraffin oil, etc.; aromatic hydrocarbons such as benzene, toluene, xylene, mesitylene, ethylbenzene, diethylbenzene, etc.; halogenated hydrocarbons, such as methylene chloride, chloroform, 1,2-dichloro-ethane, chlorobenzene, carbon tetrachloride, tetrabromoethylene, etc.; alicyclic hydrocarbons, such as cyclopentane, cyclohexane, and, methylcyclohexane, etc.; ethers, such as anisole (methyl phenyl ether), tert-butyl methyl ether, dibenzyl ether, diethyl ether, dioxane, diphenyl ether, methyl vinyl ether, tetrahydrofuran, triisopropyl ether etc.; glycol ethers, such as diethylene glycol diethyl ether, diethylene glycol dimethyl ether (diglyme), diethylene glycol monobutyl ether, diethylene glycol monomethyl ether, 1,2-dimethoxyethane (DME, monoglyme), ethylene glycol monobutyl ether, triethylene glycol dimethyl ether (triglyme), triethylene glycol monomethyl ether etc.; ketones, such as acetone, diisobutyl ketone, methyl n-propyl ketone; methyl ethyl ketone, methyl isobutyl ketone etc.; esters, such as methyl formate, methyl acetate, ethyl acetate, n-propyl acetate, and n-butyl acetate, etc.; carboxylic acids, such as formic acid, acetic acid, propionic acid, butyric acid, etc. One or more of these compounds can be used, alone or in combination. 
     Suitable solvents also encompass the phosphinic acid sources and olefins used. These have advantages in the form of higher space-time yield. 
     It is preferable that the reaction be carried out under the autogenous vapor pressure of the olefin and/or of the solvent. 
     Preferably, R 1 , R 2 , R 3  and R 4  of olefin (IV) are the same or different and each is independently H, methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl n-butyl, isobutyl, tert-butyl and/or phenyl. 
     Preference is also given to using functionalized olefins such as allyl isothiocyanate, allyl methacrylate, 2-allylphenol, N-allylthiourea, 2-(allylthio)-2-thiazoline, allyltrimethylsillane, allyl acetate, allyl acetoacetate, allyl alcohol, allylamine, allylbenzene, allyl cyanide, allyl cyanoacetate, allylanisole, trans-2-pentenal, cis-2-pentenenitrile, 1-penten-3-ol, 4-penten-1-ol, 4-penten-2-ol, trans-2-hexenal, trans-2-hexen-1-ol, cis-3-hexen-1-ol, 5-hexen-1-ol, styrene, -methylstyrene, 4-methylstyrene, vinyl acetate, 9-vinylanthracene, 2-vinylpyridine, 4-vinylpyridine and 1-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone. 
     The partial pressure of the olefin during the reaction is preferably 0.01-100 bar and more preferably 0.1-10 bar. 
     The phosphinic acid/olefin molar ratio for the reaction is preferably in the range from 1:10 000 to 1:0.001 and more preferably in the range from 1:30 to 1:0.01. 
     The phosphinic acid/catalyst molar ratio for the reaction is preferably in the range from 1:1 to 1:0.00000001 and more preferably in the range from 1:0.01 to 1:0.000001. 
     The phosphinic acid/solvent molar ratio for the reaction is preferably in the range from 1:10 000 to 1:0 and more preferably in the range from 1:50 to 1:1. 
     One method the present invention provides for producing compounds of the formula (II) comprises reacting a phosphinic acid source with olefins in the presence of a catalyst and freeing the product (II) (alkylphosphonous acid, salts or esters) of catalyst, transition metal or transition metal compound as the case may be, ligand, complexing agent, salts and by-products. 
     The present invention provides that the catalyst, the catalyst system, the transition metal and/or the transition metal compound are separated off by adding an auxiliary 1 and removing the catalyst, the catalyst system, the transition metal and/or the transition metal compound by extraction and/or filtration. 
     The present invention provides that the ligand and/or complexing agent is separated off by extraction with auxiliary 2 and/or distillation with auxiliary 2. 
     Auxiliary 1 is preferably water and/or at least one member of the group of metal scavengers. Preferred metal scavengers are metal oxides, such as aluminum oxide, silicon dioxide, titanium dioxide, zirconium dioxide, zinc oxide, nickel oxide, vanadium oxide, chromium oxide, magnesium oxide, Celite®, kieselguhr, metal carbonates, such as barium carbonate, calcium carbonate, strontium carbonate, metal sulfates, such as barium sulfate, calcium sulfate, strontium sulfate, metal phosphates, such as aluminum phosphate, vanadium phosphate, metal carbides, such as silicone carbide, metal aluminates, such as calcium aluminate, metal silicates, such as aluminum silicate, chalks, zeolites, bentonite, montmorillonite, hectorite, functionalized silicates, functionalized silica gels, such as SiliaBond®, QuadraSil™, functionalized polysiloxanes, such as Deloxan®, metal nitrides, carbon, activated carbon, mullite, bauxite, antimonite, scheelite, perovskite, hydrotalcite, functionalized and unfunctionalized cellulose, chitosan, keratin, heteropolyanions, ion exchangers, such as Amberlite™, Amberjet™, Ambersep™, Dowex®, Lewatit®, ScavNet®, functionalized polymers, such as Chelex®, QuadraPure™, Smopex®, PolyOrgs®, polymer-bound phosphanes, phosphane oxides, phosphinates, phosphonates, phosphates, amines, ammonium salts, amides, thioamides, urea, thioureas, triazines, imidazoles, pyrazoles, pyridines, pyrimidines, pyrazines, thiols, thiol ethers, thiol esters, alcohols, alkoxides, ethers, esters, carboxylic acids, acetates, acetals, peptides, hetarenes, polyethyleneimine/silicon dioxide, and/or dendrimers. 
     It is preferable that the amounts added of auxiliary 1 correspond to 0.1-40% by weight loading of the metal on auxiliary 1. 
     It is preferable that auxiliary 1 be used at temperatures of from 20 to 90° C. 
     It is preferable that the residence time of auxiliary 1 be from 0.5 to 360 minutes. 
     Auxiliary 2 is preferably the aforementioned solvent of the present invention as are preferably used in process stage a). 
     The esterification of the monohydroxy-functionalized dialkylphosphinic acid (III) or of the alkylphosphonous acid derivatives (II) and also of the phosphinic acid source (I) to form the corresponding esters can be achieved for example by reaction with higher-boiling alcohols by removing the resultant water by azeotropic distillation, or, by reaction with epoxides (alkylene oxides). 
     Preferably, following step a), the alkylphosphonous acid (II) is directly esterified with an alcohol of the general formula M-OH and/or M′-OH or by reaction with alkylene oxides, as indicated hereinbelow. 
     M-OH preferably comprises primary, secondary or tertiary alcohols having a carbon chain length of C 1 -C 18 . Particular preference is given to methanol, ethanol, propanol, isopropanol, n-butanol, 2-butanol, tert-butanol, amyl alcohol and/or hexanol. 
     M′-OH preferably comprises ethylene glycol, 1,2-propylene glycol, 1,3-propylene glycol, 1,4-butanediol, 2,2-dimethylpropane-1,3-diol, neopentyl glycol, 1,6-hexane-diol, 1,4-cyclohexanedimethanol, glycerol, trishydroxymethylethane, trishydroxymethylpropane, pentaerythritol, sorbitol, mannitol, α-naphthol, polyethylene glycols, polypropylene glycols and/or EO-PO block polymers. 
     Also useful as M-OH and M′-OH are mono- or polyhydric unsaturated alcohols having a carbon chain length of C 1 -C 18 , for example n-but-2-en-1-ol, 1,4-butenediol and allyl alcohol. 
     Also useful as M-OH and M′-OH are reaction products of monohydric alcohols with one or more molecules of alkylene oxides, particular preference is given to ethylene oxide and 1,2-propylene oxide. Preference is given to 2-methoxyethanol, 2-ethoxyethanol, 2-n-butoxyethanol, 2-(2′-ethylhexyloxy)ethanol, 2-n-dodecoxy-ethanol, methyl diglycol, ethyl diglycol, isopropyl diglycol, fatty alcohol polyglycol ethers and aryl polyglycol ethers. 
     M-OH and M′-OH are also preferably reaction products of polyhydric alcohols with one or, more molecules of alkylene oxide, more particularly diglycol and triglycol and also adducts of 1 to 6 molecules of ethylene oxide or propylene oxide onto glycerol, trishydroxymethylpropane or pentaerythritol. 
     Useful M-OH and M′-OH further include reaction products of water with one or more molecules of alkylene oxide. Preference is given to polyethylene glycols and poly-1,2-propylene glycols of various molecular sizes having an average molecular weight of 100-1000 g/mol and more preferably of 150-350 g/mol. 
     Preference for use as M-OH and M′-OH is also given to reaction products of ethylene oxide with poly-1,2-propylene glycols or fatty alcohol propylene glycols; similarly reaction products of 1,2-propylene oxide with polyethylene glycols or fatty alcohol ethoxylates. Preference is given to such reaction products with an average molecular weight of 100-1000 g/mol, more preferably of 150-450 g/mol. 
     Also useful as M-OH and M′-OH are reaction products of alkylene oxides with ammonia, primary or secondary amines, hydrogen sulfide, mercaptans, oxygen acids of phosphorus and C 2 -C 6  dicarboxylic acids. Suitable reaction products of ethylene oxide with nitrogen compounds are triethanolamine, methyldiethanolamine, n-butyldiethanolamine, n-dodecyldiethanolamine, dimethylethanolamine, n-butylmethylethanolamine, di-n-butylethanolamine, n-dodecylmethylethanolamine, tetrahydroxyethylethylenediamine or pentahydroxyethyldiethylenetriamine. 
     Preferred alkylene oxides are ethylene oxide, 1,2-propylene oxide, 1,2-epoxy-butane, 1,2-epoxyethylbenzene, (2,3-epoxypropyl)benzene, 2,3-epoxy-1-propanol and 3,4-epoxy-1-butene. 
     Suitable solvents are the solvents mentioned in process step a) and also the M-OH and M′-OH alcohols used and alkylene oxides. These offer advantages in the form of a higher, space-time yield. 
     The reaction is preferably carried out under the autogenous vapor pressure of the employed alcohol M-OH and M′-OH and alkylene oxide and/or of the solvent. 
     Preferably, the reaction is carried out at a partial pressure of the employed alcohol M-OH and M′-OH and alkylene oxide of 0.01-100 bar, more preferably at a partial pressure of the olefin of 0.1-10 bar. 
     The reaction is preferably carried out at a temperature in the range from −20 to 340° C. and is more preferably carried out at a temperature in the range from 20 to 180° C. 
     The reaction is preferably carried out at a total pressure in the range from 1 to 100 bar. 
     The reaction is preferably carried out in a molar ratio for the alcohol or alkylene oxide component to the phosphinic acid source (I) or alkylphosphonous acid (II) or monohydroxy-functionalized dialkylphosphinic acid (III) ranging from 10 000:1 to 0.001:1 and more preferably from 1000:1 to 0.01:1. 
     The reaction is preferably carried out in a molar ratio for the phosphinic acid source (I) or alkylphosphonous acid (II) or monohydroxy-functionalized dialkylphosphinic acid (III) to the solvent ranging from 1:10 000 to 1:0 and more preferably in a phosphinic acid/solvent molar ratio ranging from 1:50 to 1:1. 
     Preferred catalysts B as used for process step b) for the reaction of the alkyl-phosphonous acid, salts or esters (II) with an alkylene oxide (V) to form the monohydroxy-functionalized dialkylphosphinic acid, salts and esters (III) are Lewis acids. 
     Preferred Lewis acids include in particular metal salts, preferably metal halides, such as fluorides, chlorides, bromides, iodides; and sulfates, sulfonates, haloalkylsulfonates, perhaloalkylsulfonates, for example fluoroalkylsulfonates or perfluoroalkylsulfonates; haloacetates, perhaloacetates, carboxylates and phosphates such as for example PO 4   3− , HPO 4   2− , H 2 PO 4   − ; CF 3 COO − , C 7 H 15 OSO 2   −  or SO 4   2− . 
     The Lewis acid preferably comprises organic or inorganic metal compounds in which the cation is selected from the group consisting of scandium, titanium, vanadium, chromium, manganese, iron, cobalt, copper, zinc, boron, aluminum, yttrium, zirconium, niobium, molybdenum, cadmium, rhenium beryllium, gallium, indium, thallium, hafnium, erbium, germanium, tungsten, palladium, thorium and tin. Examples comprise ZnBr 2 , ZnI 2 , ZnCl 2 , ZnSO 4 , CuCl 2 , CuCl, CU(O 3 SCF 3 ) 2 , CoCl 2 , CoI 2 , FeI 2 , FeCl 3 , FeCl 2 , FeCl 2 (THF) 2 , TiCl 4 (THF) 2 , TiCl 4 , TiCl 3 , ClTi(O-i-Propyl) 3 , Ti(OMe) 4 , Ti(OEt) 4 , Ti(O-i-Pr) 4 , Ti(O-n-Pr) 4 , MnCl 2 , ScCl 3 , AlCl 3 , (C 8 H 17 )AlCl 2 , (C 8 H 17 ) 2 AlCl, (i-C 4 H 9 ) 2 AlCl, (C 6 H 5 ) 2 AlCl, (C 6 H 5 )AlCl 2 , Al(OMe) 3 , Al(OEt) 3 , Al(O-i-Pr) 3 , Al(O-s-Bu) 3 , ReCl 5 , ZrCl 4 , NbCl 5 , VCl 3 , CrCl 2 , MoCl 5 , YCl 3 , CdCl 2 , LaCl 3 , Er(O 3 SCF 3 ) 3 , Yb(O 2 CCF 3 ) 3 , SmCl 3 , TaCl 5 . 
     Also useful are organometallic compounds, such as (C 6 H 5 ) 3 SnX where X is CF 3 SO 3 , CH 3 C 6 H 4 SO 3  and RAlCl 2 , R 2 AlCl, R 3 Al, (RO) 3 Al, R 3 TiCl, (RO) 4 Ti, RSnO 3 SCF 3 , R 3 B and B(OR) 3 , where R is selected from H, C 1 -C 12 -alkyl, C 6 -C 18 -aryl, C 6 -C 18 -alkylaryl, C 1 -C 7 -alkyl-substituted aryl free radicals and aryl free radicals substituted with cyano-substituted alkyl groups having 1 to 7 carbon atoms, for example PhAlCl 2 , Cu(O 3 SCF 3 ) 3 . 
     Preferred bases of the process stage b) are metals, metal hydrides, organometal compounds and metal alkoxides such as for example lithium, lithium hydride, lithium aluminohydride, methyllithium, butyllithium, t-butyllithium, lithium diisopropylamide, sodium, sodium hydride, sodium methoxide, sodium ethoxide or sodium butoxide, potassium methoxide, potassium ethoxide or potassium butoxide. 
     The catalyst B is preferably used in amounts of 0.05 to 110 mol % based on the particular alkylene oxide (V). 
     The catalyst B is more preferably used in amounts of 0.5 to 50 mol % based on the particular alkylene oxide (V). 
     The catalyst B is preferably used in amounts of 0.001 to 110 mol %, based on the phosphorus-containing compound. 
     The catalyst B is more preferably used in amounts of 0.1 to 50 mol %, based on the phosphorus-containing compound. 
     The base is preferably used in amounts of 0.05 to 150 mol % based on the particular alkylene oxide (V). 
     The base is preferably used in amounts of 0.001 to 150 mol %, based on the phosphorus-containing compound. 
     The base is preferably metered in at a rate of 0.01 to 500 mol % of catalyst per hour, based on the phosphorus-containing compound. 
     Suitable solvents are those used above in method step a). 
     The reaction of the alkylphosphonous acids (II) with an alkylene oxide (V) is preferably carried out at a temperature of −100 to 250° C. and more preferably at −78 to 100° C. 
     The atmosphere for the reaction with an alkylene oxide (V) preferably consists of constituents of the solvent and alkylene oxide (V) to an extent of 50% to 99.9% by weight, preferably 70-95%. 
     The reaction during the addition of the alkylene oxide (V) is preferably carried out at a pressure of 1-20 bar. 
     In a further embodiment of the method, the product mixture obtained after process stage a) and/or b) is worked up. 
     The monohydroxy-functionalized dialkylphosphinic acid or salt (III) can thereafter be converted into further metal salts. 
     The metal compounds which are used in process stage c) preferably comprise compounds of the metals Mg, Ca, Al, Sb, Sn, Ge, Ti, Fe, Zr, Zn, Ce, Bi, Sr, Mn, Li, Na, K, more preferably Mg, Ca, Al, Ti, Zn, Sn, Ce, Fe. 
     Suitable solvents for process stage c) are those used above in process stage a). 
     The reaction of process stage c) is preferably carried out in an aqueous medium. 
     Process stage c) preferably comprises reacting the monohydroxy-functionalized dialkylphosphinic acids, esters and/or alkali metal salts (III) obtained after process stage b) with metal compounds of Mg, Ca, Al, Zn, Ti, Sn, Zr, Ce or Fe to form the monohydroxy-functionalized dialkylphosphinic acid salts (III) of these metals. 
     The reaction is carried out in a molar ratio of monohydroxy-functionalized dialkylphosphinic acid, ester or salt (III) to metal in the range from 8:1 to 1:3 (for tetravalent metal ions or metals having a stable tetravalent oxidation state), from 6:1 to 1:3 (for trivalent metal ions or metals having a stable trivalent oxidation state), from 4:1 to 1:3 (for divalent metal ions or metals having a stable divalent oxidation state) and from 3:1 to 1:4 (for monovalent metal ions or metals having a stable monovalent oxidation state). 
     Preferably, monohydroxy-functionalized dialkylphosphinic acid, ester or salt (III) obtained in process stage b) is converted into the corresponding dialkylphosphinic acid and the latter is reacted in process stage d) with metal compounds of Mg, Ca, Al, Zn, Ti, Sn, Zr, Ce or Fe to form the monohydroxy-functionalized dialkylphosphinic acid salts (III) of these metals. 
     Preferably, monohydroxy-functionalized dialkylphosphinic acid/ester (III) obtained in process stage b) is converted to a dialkylphosphinic acid alkali metal salt and the latter is reacted in process stage d) with metal compounds of Mg, Ca, Al, Zn, Ti, Sn, Zr, Ce or Fe to form the monohydroxy-functionalized dialkylphosphinic acid salts (III) of these metals. 
     The metal compounds of Mg, Ca, Al, Zn, Ti, Sn, Zr, Ce or Fe for process stage c) preferably comprise metals, metal oxides, hydroxides, oxide hydroxides, borates, carbonates, hydroxocarbonates, hydroxocarbonate hydrates, mixed metal hydroxocarbonates, mixed metal hydroxocarbonate hydrates, phosphates, sulfates, sulfate hydrates, hydroxosulfate hydrates, mixed metal hydroxosulfate hydrates, oxysulfates, acetates, nitrates, fluorides, fluoride hydrates, chlorides, chloride hydrates, oxychlorides, bromides, iodides, iodide hydrates, carboxylic acid derivatives and/or alkoxides. 
     The metal compounds preferably comprise aluminum chloride, aluminum hydroxide, aluminum nitrate, aluminum sulfate, titanyl sulfate, zinc nitrate, zinc oxide, zinc hydroxide and/or zinc sulfate. 
     Also suitable are aluminum metal, fluoride, hydroxychloride, bromide, iodide, sulfide, selenide; phosphide, hypophosphite, antimonide, nitride; carbide, hexafluorosilicate; hydride, calcium hydride, borohydride; chlorate; sodium aluminum sulfate, aluminum potassium sulfate, aluminum ammonium sulfate, nitrate, metaphosphate, phosphate, silicate, magnesium silicate, carbonate, hydrotalcite, sodium carbonate, borate, thiocyanate oxide, oxide hydroxide, their corresponding hydrates and/or polyaluminum hydroxy compounds, which preferably have an aluminum content of 9 to 40% by weight. 
     Also suitable are aluminum salts of mono-, di-, oligo-, polycarboxylic acids such as, for example, aluminum diacetate, acetotartrate, formate, lactate, oxalate, tartrate, oleate, palmitate, stearate, trifluoromethanesulfonate, benzoate, salicylate, 8-oxyquinolate. 
     Likewise suitable are elemental, metallic zinc and also zinc salts such as for example zinc halides (zinc fluoride, zinc chlorides, zinc bromide, zinc iodide). 
     Also suitable are zinc borate, carbonate, hydroxide carbonate, silicate, hexafluorosilicate, stannate, hydroxide stannate, magnesium aluminum hydroxide carbonate; nitrate, nitrite, phosphate, pyrophosphate; sulfate, phosphide, selenide, telluride and zinc salts of the oxoacids of the seventh main group (hypohalites, halites, halates, for example zinc iodate, perhalates, for example zinc perchlorate); zinc salts of the pseudohalides (zinc thiocyanate, zinc cyanate, zinc cyanide); zinc oxides, peroxides, hydroxides or mixed zinc oxide hydroxides. 
     Preference is given to zinc salts of the oxoacids of transition metals (for example zinc chromate(VI) hydroxide, chromite, molybdate, permanganate). 
     Also suitable are zinc salts of mono-, di-, oligo-, polycarboxylic acids, for example zinc formate, acetate, trifluoroacetate, propionate, butyrate, valerate, caprylate, oleate, stearate, oxalate, tartrate, citrate, benzoate, salicylate, lactate, acrylate, maleate, succinate, salts of amino acids (glycine), of acidic hydroxyl functions (zinc phenoxide etc), zinc p-phenolsulfonate, acetylacetonate, stannate, dimethyldithiocarbamate, trifluoromethanesulfonate. 
     In the case of titanium compounds, metallic titanium is suitable as is titanium(III) and/or (IV) chloride, nitrate, sulfate, formate, acetate, bromide, fluoride, oxychloride, oxysulfate, oxide, n-propoxide, n-butoxide, isopropoxide, ethoxide, 2-ethylhexyl oxide. 
     Also suitable is metallic tin and also tin salts (tin(II) and/or (IV) chloride); tin oxides and tin alkoxide such as, for example, tin(IV) tert-butoxide. 
     Cerium(III) fluoride, chloride and nitrate are also suitable. 
     In the case of zirconium compounds, metallic zirconium is preferred as are zirconium salts such as zirconium chloride, zirconium sulfate, zirconyl acetate, zirconyl chloride. Zirconium oxides and also zirconium (IV) tert-butoxide are also preferred. 
     The reaction in process stage c) is preferably carried out at a solids content of the monohydroxy-functionalized dialkylphosphinic acid salts in the range from 0.1% to 70% by weight, preferably 5% to 40% by weight. 
     The reaction in process stage d) is preferably carried out at a temperature of 20 to 250° C., preferably at a temperature of 80 to 120° C. 
     The reaction in process stage c) is preferably carried out at a pressure between 0.01 and 1000 bar, preferably 0.1 to 100 bar. 
     The reaction in process stage c) preferably takes place during a reaction time in the range from 1*10 −7  to 1000 h. 
     Preferably, the monohydroxy-functionalized dialkylphosphinic acid salt (III) removed after process stage c) from the reaction mixture by filtration and/or centrifugation is dried. 
     Preferably, the product mixture obtained after process stage b) is reacted with the metal compounds without further purification. 
     Preferred solvents are the solvents mentioned in process step a). 
     The reaction in process stage b) and/or c) is preferably carried out in the solvent system given by stage a). 
     The reaction in process stage c) is preferred in a modified solvent system. Acidic components, solubilizers, foam inhibitors, etc are added for this purpose. 
     In a further embodiment of the method, the product mixture obtained after process stage a) and/or b) is worked up. 
     In a further embodiment of the method, the product mixture obtained after process stage b) is worked up and thereafter the monohydroxy-functionalized dialkylphosphinic acids and/or salts or esters (III) obtained after process stage b) are reacted in process stage c) with the metal compounds. 
     Preferably, the product mixture after process stage b) is worked up by isolating the monohydroxy-functionalized dialkylphosphinic acids and/or salts or esters (III) by removing the solvent system, for example by evaporation. 
     Preferably, the monohydroxy-functionalized dialkylphosphinic acid salt (III) of the metals Mg, Ca, Al, Zn, Ti, Sn, Zr, Ce or Fe selectively has a residual moisture content of 0.01% to 10% by weight, preferably of 0.1% to 1% by weight, an average particle size of 0.1 to 2000 μm, preferably of 10 to 500 μm, a bulk density of 80 to 800 g/l, preferably 200 to 700 g/l, and a Pfrengle flowability of 0.5 to 10, preferably of 1 to 5. 
     The molded articles, films, threads and fibers more preferably contain from 5% to 30% by weight of the monohydroxy-functionalized dialkylphosphinic acid/ester/salts produced according to one or more of claims  1  to  7 , from 5% to 80% by weight of polymer or mixtures thereof, from 5% to 40% by weight of additives and from 5% to 40% by weight of filler, wherein the sum total of the components is always 100% by weight. 
     The additives preferably comprise antioxidants, antistats, blowing agents, further flame retardants, heat stabilizers, impact modifiers, processing aids, lubricants, light stabilizers, antidripping agents, compatibilizers, reinforcing agents, fillers, nucleus-forming agents, nucleating agents, additives for laser marking, hydrolysis stabilizers, chain extenders, color pigments, softeners, plasticizers and/or plasticizing agents. 
     Preference is given to a flame retardant containing 0.1 to 90% by weight of the monocarboxy-functionalized dialkylphosphinic acid, ester and salts (III) and 0.1% to 50% by weight of further additives, more preferably diols. 
     Preferred additives are also aluminum trihydrate, antimony oxide, brominated aromatic or cycloaliphatic hydrocarbons, phenols, ethers, chloroparaffin, hexachlorocyclopentadiene adducts, red phosphorus, melamine derivatives, melamine cyanurates, ammonium polyphosphates and magnesium hydroxide. Preferred additives are also further flame retardants, more particularly salts of dialkylphosphinic acids. 
     More particularly, the present invention provides for the use of the present invention monohydroxy-functionalized dialkylphosphinic acid, esters and salts (III) as flame retardants or as an intermediate in the manufacture of flame retardants for thermoplastic polymers such as polyesters, polystyrene or polyamide and for thermoset polymers such as unsaturated polyester resins, epoxy resins, polyurethanes or acrylates. 
     Suitable polyesters are derived from dicarboxylic acids and their esters and diols and/or from hydroxycarboxylic acids or the corresponding lactones. It is particularly preferable to use terephthalic acid and ethylene glycol, 1,3-propanediol and 1,3-butanediol. 
     Suitable polyesters include inter alia polyethylene terephthalate, polybutylene terephthalate (Celanex® 2500, Celanex® 2002, from Celanese; Ultradur®, from BASF), poly-1,4-dimethylolcyclohexane terephthalate, polyhydroxybenzoates, and also block polyether esters derived from polyethers having hydroxyl end groups; and also polyesters modified with polycarbonates or MBS. 
     Synthetic linear polyesters having permanent flame retardancy are composed of dicarboxylic acid components, diol components of the present invention monohydroxy-functionalized dialkylphosphinic acids and ester, or of the monohydroxy-functionalized dialkylphosphinic acids and esters produced by the method of the present invention as phosphorus-containing chain members. The phosphorus-containing chain members account for 2-20% by weight of the dicarboxylic acid component of the polyester. The resulting phosphorus content in the polymer is preferably 0.1-5% by weight, more preferably 0.5-3% by weight. 
     The following steps can be carried out with or by addition of the compounds produced according to the present invention. 
     Preferably, the molding material is produced from the free dicarboxylic acid and diols by initially esterifying directly and then polycondensing. 
     When proceeding from dicarboxylic esters, more particularly dimethyl esters, it is preferable to first transesterify and then to polycondense by using catalysts customary for this purpose. 
     Polyester production may preferably proceed by adding customary additives (crosslinking agents, matting agents and stabilizing agents, nucleating agents, dyes and fillers, etc) in addition to the customary catalysts. 
     The esterification and/or transesterification involved in polyester production is preferably carried out at temperatures of 100-300° C., more preferably at 150-250° C. 
     The polycondensation involved in polyester production preferably takes place at pressures between 0.1 to 1.5 mbar and temperatures of 150-450° C., more preferably at 200-300° C. 
     The flame-retardant polyester molding materials produced according to the present invention are preferably used in polyester molded articles. 
     Preferred polyester molded articles are threads, fibers, self-supporting films/sheets and molded articles containing mainly terephthalic acid as dicarboxylic acid component and mainly ethylene glycol as diol component. 
     The resulting phosphorus content in threads and fibers produced from flame-retardant polyesters is preferably 0.1%-18%, more preferably 0.5%-15% by weight and in the case of self-supporting films/sheets 0.2%-15%, preferably 0.9%-12% by weight. 
     Suitable polystyrenes are polystyrene, poly(p-methylstyrene) and/or poly(alpha-methylstyrene). 
     Suitable polystyrenes preferably comprise copolymers of styrene or alpha-methylstyrene with dienes or acrylic derivatives, for example styrene-butadiene, styrene-acrylonitrile, styrene-alkyl methacrylate, styrene-butadiene-alkyl acrylate and styrene-butadiene-alkyl methacrylate, styrene-maleic anhydride, styrene-acrylonitrile-methyl acrylate; mixtures of high impact strength from styrene copolymers and another polymer, for example a polyacrylate, a diene polymer or an ethylene-propylene-diene terpolymer; also block copolymers of styrene, for example styrene-butadiene-styrene, styrene-isoprene-styrene, styrene-ethylene/butylene-styrene or styrene-ethylene/propylene-styrene. 
     Suitable polystyrenes preferably also comprise graft copolymers of styrene or alpha-methylstyrene, for example styrene on polybutadiene, styrene on polybutadiene-styrene or polybutadiene-acrylonitrile copolymers, styrene and acrylonitrile (or methacrylonitrile) on polybutadiene; styrene, acrylonitrile and methyl methacrylate on polybutadiene; styrene and maleic anhydride on polybutadiene; styrene, acrylonitrile and maleic anhydride or maleimide on polybutadiene; styrene and maleimide on polybutadiene, styrene and alkyl acrylates or alkyl methacrylates on polybutadiene, styrene and acrylonitrile on ethylene-propylene-diene terpolymers, styrene and acrylonitrile on poly(alkyl acrylate)s or poly(alkyl methacrylate)s, styrene and acrylonitrile on acrylate-butadiene copolymers, and also their mixtures, as are also known for example as ABS, MBS, ASA or AES polymers. 
     The polymers preferably comprise polyamides and copolyamides derived from diamines and dicarboxylic acids and/or from aminocarboxylic acids or the corresponding lactams, such as nylon-2,12, nylon-4, nylon-4,6, nylon-6, nylon-6,6, nylon-6,9, nylon-6,10, nylon-6,12, nylon-6,66, nylon-7,7, nylon-8,8, nylon-9,9, nylon-10,9, nylon-10,10, nylon-11, nylon-12, and so on. Such polyamides are known for example under the trade names Nylon®, from DuPont, Ultramid®, from BASF, Akulon® K122, from DSM, Zytel® 7301, from DuPont; Durethan® B 29, from Bayer and Grillamid®, from Ems Chemie. 
     Also suitable are aromatic polyamides proceeding from m-xylene, diamine and adipic acid; polyamides produced from hexamethylenediamine and iso- and/or terephthalic acid and optionally an elastomer as modifier, for example poly-2,4,4-trimethylhexamethyleneterephthalamide or poly-m-phenyleneisophthalamide, block copolymers of the aforementioned polyamides with polyolefins, olefin copolymers, ionomers or chemically bonded or grafted elastomers or with polyethers, for example with polyethylene glycol, polypropylene glycol or polytetramethylene glycol. Also EPDM- or ABS-modified polyamides or copolyamides; and also polyamides condensed during processing (“RIM polyamide systems”). 
     The monohydroxy-functionalized dialkylphosphinic acid/ester/salts produced according to one or more of claims  1  to  7  are preferably used in molding materials further used for producing polymeric molded articles. 
     It is particularly preferable for the flame-retardant molding material to contain from 5% to 30% by weight of monohydroxy-functionalized dialkylphosphinic acids, salts or esters produced according to one or more of claims  1  to  7 , from 5% to 80% by weight of polymer or mixtures thereof, from 5% to 40% by weight of additives and 5% to 40% by weight of filler, wherein the sum total of the components is always 100% by weight. 
     The present invention also provides flame retardants containing monohydroxy-functionalized dialkylphosphinic acids, salts or esters produced according to one or more of claims  1  to  7 . 
     The present invention also provides polymeric molding materials and also polymeric molded articles, films, threads and fibers containing the monohydroxy-functionalized dialkylphosphinic acid salts (III) of the metals Mg, Ca, Al, Zn, Ti, Sn, Zr, Ce or Fe produced according to the present invention. 
     The examples which follow illustrate the invention. 
     Production, processing and testing of flame-retardant polymeric molding materials and flame-retardant polymeric molded articles. 
     The flame-retardant components are mixed with the polymeric pellets and any additives and incorporated on a twin-screw extruder (Leistritz LSM® 30/34) at temperatures of 230 to 260° C. (glassfiber-reinforced PBT) or of 260 to 280° C. (glassfiber-reinforced PA 66). The homogenized polymeric strand was hauled off, water bath cooled and then pelletized. 
     After sufficient drying, the molding materials were processed on an injection molding machine (Aarburg Allrounder) at melt temperatures of 240 to 270° C. (glassfiber-reinforced PBT) or of 260 to 290° C. (glassfiber-reinforced PA 66) to give test specimens. The test specimens are subsequently flammability tested and classified using the UL 94 (Underwriter Laboratories) test. 
     UL 94 (Underwriter Laboratories) fire classification was determined on test specimens from each mixture, using test specimens 1.5 mm in thickness. 
     The UL 94 fire classifications are as follows: 
     V-0 afterflame time never longer than 10 sec, total of afterflame times for 10 flame applications not more than 50 sec, no flaming drops, no complete consumption of the specimen, afterglow time for specimens never longer than 30 sec after end of flame application. 
     V-1 afterflame time never longer than 30 sec after end of flame application, total of afterflame time for 10 flame applications not more than 250 sec, afterglow time for specimens never longer than 60 sec after end of flame application, other criteria as for V-0 
     V-2 cotton indicator ignited by flaming drops, other criteria as for V-1 not classifiable (ncl): does not comply with fire classification V-2. 
     Some investigated specimens were also tested for their LOI value. The LOI (Limiting Oxygen Index) value is determined according to ISO 4589. According to ISO 4589, the LOI is the lowest oxygen concentration in volume percent which in a mixture of oxygen and nitrogen will support combustion of the plastic. The higher the LOI value, the greater the flammability resistance of the material tested. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
               
             
               
                   
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
                 LOI 
                   23 
                 flammable 
               
               
                   
                 LOI 
                 24-28 
                 potentially flammable 
               
               
                   
                 LOI 
                 29-35 
                 flame resistant 
               
               
                   
                 LOI 
                 &gt;36 
                 particularly flame-resistant 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Chemicals and abbreviations used
         VE water completely ion-free water   AIBN azobis(isobutyronitrile), (from WAKO Chemicals GmbH)   WakoV65 2,2′-azobis(2,4-dimethylvaleronitrile), (from WAKO Chemicals GmbH)   Deloxan® THP II metal scavenger (from Evonik Industries AG)       

    
    
     EXAMPLE 1 
     At room temperature, a three-neck flask equipped with stirrer and high-performance condenser is initially charged with 188 g of water and this initial charge is devolatilized by stirring and passing nitrogen through it. Then, under nitrogen, 0.2 mg of palladium(II) sulfate and 2.3 mg of tris(3-sulfophenyl)phosphine trisodium salt are added, the mixture is stirred, and then 66 g of phosphinic acid in 66 g of water are added. The reaction solution is transferred to a 2 l Büchi reactor and charged with ethylene under superatmospheric pressure while stirring and the reaction mixture is heated to 80° C. After 28 g of ethylene has been taken up, the system is cooled down and free ethylene is discharged. The reaction mixture is freed of solvent on a rotary evaporator. The residue is admixed with 100 g of VE water, then filtered and the filtrate is extracted with toluene, thereafter freed of solvent on a rotary evaporator and the resulting ethylphosphonous acid (92 g (98% of theory)) is collected. 
     EXAMPLE 2 
     Example 1 is repeated with 99 g of phosphinic acid, 396 g of butanol, 42 g of ethylene, 6.9 mg of tris(dibenzylideneacetone)dipalladium and 9.5 mg of 4,5-bis-(diphenylphosphino)-9,9-dimethylxanthene, for purification over a column charged with Deloxan® THP II and the further addition of n-butanol. At a reaction temperature of 80-110° C., the water formed is removed by azeotropic distillation. The product (butyl ethylphosphonite) is purified by distillation at reduced pressure. Yield: 189 g (84% of theory). 
     EXAMPLE 3 
     Example 1 is repeated with 198 g of phosphinic acid, 198 g of water, 84 g of ethylene, 6.1 mg of palladium(II) sulfate and 25.8 mg of 9,9-dimethyl-4,5-bis-(diphenylphosphino)-2,7-sulfonatoxanthene disodium salt, for purification over a column charged with Deloxan® THP II and the further addition of n-butanol. At a reaction temperature of 80-110° C., the water formed is removed by azeotropic distillation. The product (butyl ethylphosphonite) is purified by distillation at reduced pressure. Yield: 374 g (83% of theory). 
     EXAMPLE 4 
     A 500 ml five-neck flask equipped with gas inlet tube, thermometer, high-performance stirrer and reflux condenser with gas incineration is charged with 94 g (1 mol) of ethylphosphonous acid (produced as in Example 1). Ethylene oxide is introduced at room temperature. A reaction temperature of 70° C. is set with cooling, followed by further reaction at 80° C. for one hour. The ethylene oxide takeup is 65.7 g. The acid number of the product is less than 1 mg KOH/g. Yield: 129 g (94% of theory) of 2-hydroxyethyl ethylphosphonite as colorless, water-clear product. 
     EXAMPLE 5 
     4.5 g (30 mmol) of butyl ethylphosphonite (produced as in Example 3) are dissolved in 30 ml of toluene and admixed at −78° C. with 12 ml (30 mmol) of a 2.5 molar solution of butyllithium in hexane. After stirring for 15 minutes 5.68 g (40 mmol) of boron trifluoride etherate are added and ethylene oxide is passed in followed by further reaction for two hours. Then, aqueous ammonium chloride solution is added followed by warming to room temperature. This is followed by concentrating in vacuo, taking up in diethyl ether, removal of insoluble salts by filtration and renewed concentrating. Chromatographic purification leaves 4.2 g (73% of theory) of butyl ethyl(2-hydroxyethyl)phosphinate as oil. 
     EXAMPLE 6 
     4.5 g (30 mmol) of butyl ethylphosphonite (produced as in Example 2) are dissolved in 30 ml of toluene and at 0° C. admixed with 0.72 g (30 mmol) of sodium hydride. After stirring for one hour 5.68 g (40 mmol) of boron trifluoride etherate are added and ethylene oxide is passed in followed by further reaction for two hours. Then, aqueous ammonium chloride solution is added followed by warming to room temperature. This is followed by concentrating in vacuo, taking up in diethyl ether, removal of insoluble salts by filtration and renewed concentrating. Chromatographic purification leaves 4.5 g (78% of theory) of butyl ethyl(2-hydroxyethyl)phosphinate as oil. 
     EXAMPLE 7 
     In a stirred apparatus, 194 g (1 mol) of butyl ethyl(2-hydroxyethyl)phosphinate (produced as in Example 5) are dissolved in 200 ml (2 mol) of concentrated hydrochloric acid. The efficiently stirred mixture is heated to about 90° C. and reacted at that temperature for about 8 hours. The water is then completely distilled off in vacuo. The residue is taken up in acetic acid and extracted. The solvent of the filtrate is removed in vacuo to obtain 143 g (94% of theory) of ethyl-(2-hydroxyethyl)phosphinic acid as oil. 
     EXAMPLE 8 
     A stirred apparatus is initially charged with 150 g of butanol, 65 g of water, 150 g (3.75 mol) of sodium hydroxide and 242.5 g (1.25 mol) of butyl ethyl(2-hydroxy-ethyl)phosphinate (produced as in Example 6). The stirred mixture is heated to about 120° C. and reacted for 6 hours. Then, 250 ml of water are added and the butanol is distilled off. Following the addition of 500 ml of water, the mixture is neutralized by addition of about 184 g (1.88 mol) of concentrated sulfuric acid. The water is then distilled off in vacuo. The residue is taken up in tetrahydrofuran, extracted and the insoluble salts are filtered off. The solvent of the filtrate is distilled off in vacuo to obtain 220 g (98% of theory) of ethyl(2-hydroxyethyl)-phosphinic acid as oil. 
     EXAMPLE 9 
     828 g (6 mol) of ethyl(2-hydroxyethyl)phosphinic acid (produced as in Example 8) are dissolved in 860 g of water and initially charged into a 5 l five-neck flask equipped with thermometer, reflux condenser, high-performance stirrer and dropping funnel and neutralized with about 480 g (6 mol) of 50% sodium hydroxide solution. A mixture of 1291 g of a 46% aqueous solution of Al 2 (SO 4 ) 3 .14 H 2 O is added at 85° C. The solid material obtained is subsequently filtered off, washed with hot water and dried at 130° C. in vacuo. Yield: 803 g (91% of theory) of ethyl-(2-hydroxyethyl)phosphinic acid aluminum(III) salt as colorless salt. 
     EXAMPLE 10 
     138 g (1 mol) of ethyl(2-hydroxyethyl)phosphinic acid (produced as in Example 7) and 85 g of titanium tetrabutoxide are refluxed in 500 ml of toluene for 40 hours. The resulting butanol is distilled off from time to time with proportions of toluene. The solution formed is subsequently freed of solvent to leave 136 g (91% of theory) of ethyl(2-hydroxyethyl)phosphinic acid titanium salt. 
     EXAMPLE 11 
     414 g (3 mol) of ethyl(2-hydroxyethyl)phosphinic acid (produced as in Example 8) are at 85° C. dissolved in 400 ml of toluene and admixed with 888 g (12 mol) of butanol. At a reaction temperature of about 100° C., the water formed is removed by azeotropic distillation to leave 500 g (86% of theory) of butyl ethyl(2-hydroxyethyl)phosphinate. 
     EXAMPLE 12 
     414 g (3.0 mol) of ethyl(2-hydroxyethyl)phosphinic acid (produced as in Example 7) are at 80° C. dissolved in 400 ml of toluene and admixed with 594 g (6.6 mol) of 1,4-butanediol and esterified at about 100° C. in a distillation apparatus equipped with water trap during 4 h. On completion of the esterification the toluene is removed in vacuo to leave 504 g (80% of theory) of 4-hydroxybutyl ethyl-(2-hydroxyethyl)phosphinate as colorless oil. 
     EXAMPLE 13 
     To 388 g (2 mol) of butyl ethyl(2-hydroxyethyl)phosphinate (produced as in Example 5) are added 155 g (2.5 mol) of ethylene glycol and 0.4 g of potassium titanyloxalate, followed by stirring at 200° C. for 2 h. Volatiles are distilled off by gradual evacuation to leave 315 g (96% of theory) of 2-hydroxyethyl ethyl-(2-hydroxyethyl)phosphinate. 
     EXAMPLE 14 
     A 500 ml five-neck flask equipped with gas inlet tube, thermometer, high-performance stirrer and reflux condenser with gas incineration is charged with 138 g (1 mol) of ethyl(2-hydroxyethyl)phosphinic acid (produced as in Example 8) and ethylene oxide is passed in. A reaction temperature of 70° C. is set, followed by further reaction for 1 h. The ethylene oxide takeup is 64.8 g. The acid number of the product is less than 1 mg KOH/g. 173 g (95% of theory) of 2-hydroxyethyl ethyl(2-hydroxyethyl)phosphinate as colorless, water-clear liquid were obtained. 
     EXAMPLE 15 
     To 18.2 g of 2-hydroxyethyl ethyl(2-hydroxyethyl)phosphinate (produced as in Example 14) are added 290 g of terephthalic acid, 188 g of ethylene glycol and 0.34 g of zinc acetate, and the mixture is heated to 200° C. for 2 h. Then, 0.29 g of trisodium phosphate anhydrate and 0.14 g of antimony(III) oxide are added, followed by heating to 280° C. and subsequent evacuation. 
     The melt obtained (349 g, phosphorus content 0.9%) is used to injection mold test specimens 1.6 mm in thickness for measurement of the limiting oxygen index (LOI) to ISO 4589-2 and also for the UL 94 flammability test. The test specimens thus produced gave an LOI of 40 and were UL 94 classified as flammability class V-0. Corresponding test specimens without 2-hydroxyethyl ethyl(2-hydroxyethyl)-phosphinate gave an LOI of just 31 and were UL 94 classified as flammability class V-2 only. The polyester molded article containing 2-hydroxyethyl ethyl(2-hydroxyethyl)phosphinate hence clearly has flame-retardant properties. 
     EXAMPLE 16 
     To 11.6 g of ethyl(2-hydroxyethyl)phosphinic acid (produced as in Example 7) are added to 12.9 g of 1,3-propylene glycol and at 160° C. the water formed by esterification is stripped off. Then, 378 g of dimethyl terephthalate, 152 g of 1,3-propanediol, 0.22 g of tetrabutyl titanate and 0.05 g of lithium acetate are added and the mixture is initially heated at 130 to 180° C. for 2 h with stirring and thereafter at 270° C. The polymer (431 g) contains 0.6% of phosphorus, the LOI is 34. 
     EXAMPLE 17 
     To 11.6 g of ethyl(2-hydroxyethyl)phosphinic acid (produced as in Example 8) are added 367 g of dimethyl terephthalate, 170 g of 1,4-butanediol, 0.22 g of tetrabutyl titanate and 0.05 g of lithium acetate and the mixture is initially heated at 130 to 180° C. for 2 h with stirring and thereafter at 270° C. The polymer (424 g) contains 0.6% of phosphorus, the LOI is 34, the LOI of untreated polybutylene terephthalate is 23. 
     EXAMPLE 18 
     In a 250 ml five-neck flask equipped with reflux condenser, stirrer, thermometer and nitrogen inlet, 100 g of a bisphenol A bisglycidyl ether having an epoxy value of 0.55 mol/100 g (Beckopox EP 140, from Solutia) and 17.9 g (0.13 mol) of ethyl-(2-hydroxyethyl)phosphinic acid (produced analogously to Example 8) are heated to not more than 150° C. with stirring. A clear melt forms after 30 min. After a further hour of stirring at 150° C., the melt is cooled down and triturated to obtain 116.4 g of a white powder having a phosphorus content of 3.3% by weight. 
     EXAMPLE 19 
     In a 2 l flask equipped with stirrer, water trap, thermometer, reflux condenser and nitrogen inlet, 29.4 g of phthalic anhydride, 19.6 g of maleic anhydride, 24.8 g of propylene glycol, 14.4 g of 2-hydroxyethyl ethyl(2-hydroxyethyl)phosphinate (produced as in Example 14), 20 g of xylene and 50 mg of hydroquinone are heated to 100° C. while stirring and with nitrogen being passed through. The heating operation is stopped when the exothermic reaction is started. After the reaction has died down, stirring is continued at about 190° C. After 14 g of water have been separated off, the xylene is distilled off and the polymer melt is cooled down. This gives 89.6 g of a white powder having a phosphorus content of 2.3% by weight. 
     EXAMPLE 20 
     A mixture of 50% by weight of polybutylene terephthalate, 20% by weight of ethyl-(2-hydroxyethyl)phosphinic acid aluminum(III) salt (produced as in Example 9) and 30% by weight of glass fibers are compounded on a twin-screw extruder (Leistritz LSM 30/34) at temperatures of 230 to 260° C. to form a polymeric molding material. The homogenized polymeric strand was hauled off, water bath cooled and then pelletized. After drying, the molding materials are processed on an injection molding machine (Aarburg Allrounder) at 240 to 270° C. to form polymeric molded articles which achieved a UL-94 classification of V-0. 
     EXAMPLE 21 
     A mixture of 53% by weight of nylon-6,6, 30% by weight of glass fibers, 17% by weight of ethyl(2-hydroxyethyl)phosphinic acid titanium salt (produced as in Example 10) are compounded on a twin-screw extruder (Leistritz LSM 30/34) to form polymeric molding materials. The homogenized polymeric strand was hauled off, water bath cooled and then pelletized. After drying, the molding materials are processed on an injection molding machine (Aarburg Allrounder) at 260 to 290° C. to form polymeric molded articles which achieved a UL-94 classification of V-0.