Patent Publication Number: US-2021186799-A1

Title: Devices for Sexual Stimulation

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This application is a continuation of application Ser. No. 15/577,890 filed Nov. 29, 2017, which is a 371 of international PCT Application No. PCT/IB2016/053151 filed May 27, 2016, which claims priority to Application No. 62/168,479 filed May 29, 2015, the disclosures of which are incorporated herein in their entirety by reference. 
    
    
     TECHNICAL FIELD 
     This disclosure relates to devices used for sexual stimulation. 
     BACKGROUND 
     Objects or devices used for sexual stimulation (commonly known as “sex toys”) can be used to facilitate sexual arousal and orgasm. In many cases, sex toys can provide sexual pleasure by stimulating a user&#39;s erogenous zones (e.g., through mechanical and/or electromagnetic mechanisms). Use of sex toys can provide a user with various psychological and physiological benefits, and in many cases, can promote healthy relationships with others. 
     SUMMARY 
     In an aspect, a sexual stimulation device includes a drive module, a stimulating element, a fulcrum, and a compliant member. The stimulating element has a first end coupled to the drive module in a manner such that the first end of the stimulating element moves along a first path when the drive module is operated. The stimulating element also has a second end opposite the first end. The fulcrum is disposed at a first point along an extension of the stimulating element such that the stimulating element pivots about the first point and the second end of the stimulating element translates according to a second path. The compliant member is coupled to the second end of the stimulating element. 
     Implementations of this aspect can include one or more of the following features. 
     In some implementations, the first path and second path both can be substantially circular. 
     In some implementations, the first path can be substantially circular and the second path is substantially elliptical. 
     In some implementations, the first path can be substantially circular and the second path can be substantially linear. 
     In some implementations, the compliant member can include a sheath. 
     In some implementations, the compliant member can include a housing. 
     In some implementations, the second path can have has a radius of approximately 1.5 mm. 
     In some implementations, the second end of the stimulating element can move along the second path at a frequency of approximately 7000 Hz. 
     In some implementations, the fulcrum can define an aperture, and the stimulating element can extend through the aperture of the fulcrum. 
     In some implementations, a distance between the first point and the first end of the stimulating element can be approximately equal to a distance between the first point and the second end of the stimulating element. 
     In some implementations, a distance between the first point and the first end of the stimulating element can be shorter than a distance between the first point and the second end of the stimulating element. In some implementations, a distance between the first point and the first end of the stimulating element can be longer than a distance between the first point and the second end of the stimulating element. 
     In some implementations, the stimulating element can include a rod extending primarily in a single dimension. 
     In some implementations, the stimulating element can include a rod having one or more bends. 
     In some implementations, the sexual stimulation device can further include a coupling element, where the coupling element is coupled to the drive module along a rotational axis of the drive module, and where the coupling element is coupled to the first end of the stimulating element at a second point off-set from the rotational axis of the drive module. 
     In some implementations, the stimulating element can have a diameter of approximately 2 mm or greater. 
     In another aspect, the present disclosure provides a sexual stimulation device comprising: a drive module comprising one or more motors; a coupling element coupled to the drive module along a rotational axis of the drive module, the coupling element further comprising a mounting point that is off-set from the rotational axis of the drive module; a stimulating element comprising: a first end coupled to the mounting point of the coupling element in a manner such that the first end of the stimulating element moves along a first path when the drive module is operated; and, a second end opposite the first end; a fulcrum disposed at a first point along an extension of the stimulating element such that the stimulating element pivots about the first point and the second end of the stimulating element translates according to a second path; and a compliant member coupled to the second end of the stimulating element. 
     The details of one or more embodiments are set forth in the accompanying drawings and the description below. Other features and advantages will be apparent from the description and drawings, and from the claims. 
    
    
     
       DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS 
         FIG. 1A  is a diagram of an example sexual stimulation device. 
         FIG. 1B  is a diagram of a coupling element of the sexual stimulation device of  FIG. 1A . 
         FIG. 1C  is a diagram of a fulcrum of the sexual stimulation device of  FIG. 1A . 
         FIG. 1D  is a diagram of a sexual stimulation device of  FIG. 1A  having a housing with a sheath. 
         FIG. 1E  is a diagram of a sexual stimulation device of  FIG. 1A  having a housing with a curved sheath. 
         FIGS. 2A-C  are diagrams of example sexual stimulation devices with fulcrums disposed at different positions relative to the stimulating elements of the respective sexual stimulation devices. 
         FIG. 3  is a diagram of another example sexual stimulation device. 
         FIG. 4  is a diagram of another example sexual stimulation device. 
         FIGS. 5A and 5B  are diagrams of another example sexual stimulation device shown without and with a housing, respectively. 
         FIGS. 6A and 6B  are diagrams of another example sexual stimulation device shown without and with a housing, respectively. 
         FIGS. 7A-C  are diagrams of other example sexual stimulation devices. 
         FIG. 8  is a diagram of another example sexual stimulation device. 
         FIGS. 9A-G  are diagrams of example patterns of operation for a drive element. 
         FIGS. 10A-D  are diagrams of other example sexual stimulation devices. 
         FIG. 11  is a diagram of another example sexual stimulation device. 
         FIGS. 12A-B  are diagrams of another example sexual stimulation device. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     Various different types of sexual stimulation devices are described herein. In some cases, a user can operate the sexual stimulation device to stimulate one or more erogenous zones of her body in order to derive sexual pleasure (e.g., as a part of a masturbatory activity). In some cases, a user can operate the sexual stimulation device to provide sexual pleasure for others (e.g., as a part of a shared sexual activity). While some implementations of the device are described herein as being used by and/or for a female, nothing in this description should be taken to limit applications of the device to female users. 
     Implementations of the sexual stimulation device can provide various benefits. For example, in some cases, the sexual stimulation device can allow a user to achieve an orgasm in a relatively short period of time (e.g., less than one minute). In some cases, the operation of the sexual stimulation device can be adjustable (e.g., by a user or a manufacturer), and can be adjusted to suit the needs of several different users or several different types of users. In some cases, the sexual stimulation device can be portable, such that it can be readily transported between different locations. 
     A simplified diagram of an example sexual stimulation device  100  is shown in  FIG. 1A . The sexual stimulation device  100  includes a power supply  110 , a drive module  120 , a coupling element  130 , a stimulating element  140 , a fulcrum  150 , a control module  160 , and a housing  170 . In an example usage of the sexual stimulation device  100 , a user grasps the housing  170  and activates the drive module  120  (e.g., by inputting commands through the control module  160 ). When activated, the drive module  120  displaces the stimulating element  140  in a continuous or periodic manner, resulting in a vibration of the stimulating element  140 . The user then presses a portion of the stimulating element  140  against an erogenous zone of her body (e.g., against her clitoris or her urethra) in order to facilitate sexual stimulation. 
     The power supply  110  provides electric energy to the sexual stimulation device  100 . In the example shown in  FIG. 1A , the power supply  110  is electrically coupled to drive module  120  and the control module  160  (e.g., through a conductive wire or trace) in order to provide each of these components with sufficient electric energy to operate. In practice, however, the power supply  110  need not be electrically coupled to both. For example, in some cases, the control module  160  might not require electric energy to operate, and the power supply  110  can be electrically coupled to only the drive module  120 . 
     The power supply  110  can provide electric energy in a variety of ways, depending on the implementation. For instance, in some cases, the power supply  110  can include an electric battery that converts stored chemical energy (e.g., energy contained within one or more electrochemical cells) into electrical energy. As examples, the power supply  110  can include one or more alkaline batteries, nickel-metal hydride batteries, lithium ion batteries, lithium polymer batteries, nickel cadmium batteries, or any other type of battery. 
     In some cases, the power supply  110  can provide electric energy, at least in part, by obtaining electric energy from an outside source. For instance, in some cases, the power supply  110  can be coupled to an external electric source (e.g., a household electrical system, external generator, or other external power source) and convert electrical energy obtained from the external electric source for use by the sexual stimulation device  100 . As an example, the power supply  110  can include one or more voltage converters (e.g., direct current (DC) convertors, alternating current (AC) converters, AD-to-DC converters, or DC-to-AC converters) in order to provide electrical energy at a voltage, current, and frequency that can be readily used by the other components of the sexual stimulation device  100 . 
     In some cases, the power supply  110  can include modules to recharge one or more of the batteries contained within the sexual stimulation device  100 . For example, in some cases, the power supply  110  can include a connection port that allows a user to connect a conductive cable coupled to an external source of electric energy. Electric energy received from this external source can then be used to recharge the batteries. 
     As another example, in some cases, the power supply  110  can include an inductive charging elements that allows a user to place the sexual stimulation device  100  in proximity with an inductive power transmitter. Electric energy received from this inductive power transmitter can then be used to recharge the batteries. For example, the power supply  110  can include electrically conductive coils positioned within the sexual stimulation device (e.g., wrapped around a battery of the power supply  110  and/or positioned at an end of the sexual stimulation device  100 ). The inductive power transmitter can include corresponding coils configured to electrically interface with the coils of the power supply  110  (e.g., configured to insert into the coils of the power supply  110 , insert around the coils of the power supply  110 , or position above or below the coils of the power supply  110 ). The user can recharge the sexual stimulation device  100  by coupling the sexual stimulation device  100  to the inductive power transmitter to inductively charge the power supply  110 , then remove the sexual stimulation device  100  after charging. 
     The drive module  120  converts electric energy into mechanical energy (e.g., movement). As an example, the drive module  120  can include one or more electric motors. When electric energy (e.g., from the power supply  110 ) is applied to the drive module  120 , the drive module  120  applies a force to a drive element  122  (e.g., a drive shaft), such that the drive element  122  is rotated in a circular direction  124  about rotational axis  126 . In some cases, the drive module  120  can generate force in a continuous manner. For example, in some implementations, when the drive module  120  is active, the drive module  120  can continuously rotate the drive element  122 . In some cases, the drive module  120  can generate force in a periodic manner. For example, in some implementations, when the drive module  120  is active, the drive module  120  can periodically rotate the drive element  122  according to a particular pattern (e.g., according to a particular angular velocity, duty cycle, and waveform). In some cases, the drive module  120  can generate force according to other patterns (e.g., according to a particular pulse rate), or in some cases, irregularly without a particular pattern (e.g., randomly). In some cases, the operation of the drive module  120  can be controlled by the user (e.g., selectively turned on and off, or selectively switched between different patterns of operation). 
     The drive module  120  is coupled to stimulating element  140  through the coupling element  130 , such that movement of the drive module  120  results in a corresponding movement of the stimulating element  140 . In the example shown in  FIG. 1A , the coupling element  130  is physically connected to both the drive element  122  of the drive module  120  and the stimulating element  140 , such that movement of the drive element  122  results in corresponding movement of the stimulating element  140 . In some cases, the coupling element  130  can convert one type of movement by the drive module  120  into a different type of movement by the stimulating element  140 . For instance, in the example shown in  FIG. 1A , an end  142  of the stimulating element  140  is linked to the coupling element  130  at a mounting point  132  offset from the rotational axis  126  of the drive element  122  (e.g., an off-center mount or hole on the coupling element  130 ). Thus, rotation of the drive element  122  causes the stimulating element  140  to undergo periodic motion (e.g., a circular motion about the rotational axis  126 ). 
     The coupling element  130  shown in  FIG. 1A  is shown in greater detail in  FIG. 1B . As shown in  FIG. 1B , the coupling element  130  includes a mounting point  132  offset from the center of the coupling element  130 . Thus, when the coupling element  130  is rotated about the rotational axis  126 , the mounting point  132  will traverse a circular path (or a substantially circular path) about the rotational axis  126 . Likewise, when the end  142  of the stimulating element  140  is coupled to the coupling element  130  at the mounting point  132 , the end  142  will also traverse a circular path (or a substantially circular path) about the rotational axis  126 . 
     The coupling element  130  is dimensioned such that the stimulating element  140  can be securely coupled to the coupling element  130  at the mounting point  132 . In some cases, the mounting point  132  includes an aperture that accepts the insertion of the stimulating element  140 . The stimulating element  140  can be secured within this aperture (e.g., using an adhesive, a screw, a pin, a latch, or any other suitable mechanism). In some cases, although the stimulating element  140  is secured to the coupling element  130 , the stimulating element  140  can freely rotate with respect to the coupling element  130 . This can be useful, for example, as it allows the coupling element  130  to rotate in order to translate the stimulating element  140  about a circular path, while not requiring that the stimulating element  140  itself rotate along with the coupling element  130 . 
     The stimulating element  140  is coupled to the coupling element  130  and is displaced by movement of the drive module  120 . While the stimulating element  140  is moved by the drive module  120 , a user can press the stimulating element  140  against her body in order to provide physical stimulation to the contacted region. For example, in some cases, the user can press the end  144  of the stimulating element  140  against an erogenous zone, such that the periodic motion of the end  144  provides physical stimulation. As another example, in some cases, the user can press a portion of the stimulating element  140  between the ends  142  and  144  against an erogenous zone. 
     The dimensions of the stimulating element  140  can vary, depending on the application. For example, in some cases, the stimulating element  140  can have a diameter of approximately 2 mm. In other cases, the stimulating element  140  can have a diameter greater than 2 mm (e.g., approximately 3 mm, 4 mm, 5 mm, 6 mm, 7 mm, and so forth). In other cases, the stimulating element  140  can have a diameter less than 2 mm (e.g., approximately 1.5 mm, 1 mm, 0.5 mm, and so forth). A stimulating element having a larger diameter can be beneficial in some cases, as the relatively larger diameter may improve the device&#39;s effectiveness in providing sexual stimulation for some users (e.g., due to an increase in surface area of the stimulating element), and/or may be more aesthetically pleasing to some users. A stimulating element having a smaller diameter can be beneficial in some cases, as the relatively smaller diameter may reduce the vibration and/or noise generated by the sexual stimulating device during use, and thus may be more comfortable or more discreet for the user. Thus, the diameter of the stimulating element  140  can be varied to balance at least these two consideration. Further in some cases, the dimensions of the ends of the stimulating element  140  can differ from the rest of the stimulating element  140 . For example, in some implementations, the end  144  can be enlarged relative to the other portions of the stimulating element  140 . The end  144  can have, for instance, a tear-drop, spherical, or other shape. The diameter of the end  144  can be, for example, between approximately 2 mm and 5 mm. Other diameters are also possible, depending on the implementation. 
     The fulcrum  150  defines an aperture  152 , and is positioned about the stimulating element  140  along the rotational axis  126 . The fulcrum  150  dictates the degree to which the stimulating element  140  moves in response to movement of the drive module  120 . For example, when the end  142  of the stimulating element  140  is offset from the rotational axis  126  in a direction  146  orthogonal to the rotational axis  126 , the fulcrum  150  causes the stimulating element  140  to pivot at their point of contact. As a result, the opposite end  144  is displaced in the opposite direction  148  orthogonal to the rotational axis  126 . Thus, as the end  142  of the stimulating element  140  traverses a circular path about the rotational axis  126 , the end  144  likewise traverses a circular path about the rotational axis  126 . 
     The fulcrum  150  shown in  FIG. 1A  is shown in greater detail in  FIG. 1C . As shown in  FIG. 1C , the fulcrum  150  defines an aperture  152  through the center of the fulcrum  150 . The aperture  152  is dimensioned such that the stimulating element  140  can be inserted through the aperture  152 , and thus, through the fulcrum  150 . The fulcrum  150  also includes two notches  154  along the front and rear of the fulcrum  150 . The notches  154  are each positioned surrounding the aperture  152 , and have a diameter larger than that of the aperture  152 , thus allowing the stimulating element  140  to pivot about the fulcrum  150 . The fulcrum  150  also includes a groove  156 . The groove  156  can, in some cases, provide a mounting point for the fulcrum  150 , such that the fulcrum can be securely fixed to the housing  170 . In some cases, the fulcrum is composed of a material (e.g., a polymer, a silicone, or a thermoplastic material) that is sufficiently hard to efficiently transfer energy from the drive module  120  to the stimulating element  140  and resist wear, while sufficiently soft or elastic to reduce noise and damping under load. 
     In some cases, the drive module  120 , the coupling element  130 , the stimulating element  140 , and the fulcrum  150  can be arranged to reduce the amount of vibration and/or sound that is generated during operation. For example, in some cases, the drive module  120  can be coupled to the coupling element  130 , the stimulating element  140 , and the fulcrum  150  such that the load placed upon the drive module  120  is substantially balanced (e.g., such that drive module  120  does not experience substantial off-center loads along its axis of rotation during operation). As a result, the drive module  120  can operate more stably and/or more quietly. This can be beneficial, as it allows a user to operate the sexual stimulating device  100  more stably and/or discreetly. 
     The control module  160  controls the operation of the sexual stimulation device  100 . In some implementations, the control module  160  allows the user to input commands in order to control the operation of the sexual stimulation device  100 . As an example, in some cases, the user can input commands to switch the sexual stimulation device  100  on or off, adjust the speed of operation of the drive module  120 , or adjust a pattern of movement by the drive module  120 . In some implementations, the control module  160  can include one or more input elements such as buttons, switches, dials, knobs, levers, touch sensitive elements (e.g., resistive or capacitive touch sensors) that allow the user to select between several different commands. In some cases, the control module  160  includes separate input elements (e.g., separate buttons) for each individual command. In some cases, the user can repeatedly press a single button to switch the sexual stimulation device  100  between multiple different operating states. As an example, in some implementations, a user can press a button to switch the device from a power off state to a low operating state (e.g., a state in which the drive module  120  rotates drive element  122  relatively slowly). The user can press the button again to switch the device to a medium operating state (e.g., a state in which the drive module  120  rotates drive element  122  more quickly), press the button again to switch the device to a high operating state (e.g., a state in which the drive module  120  rotates drive element  122  more quickly still), and press the button again to switch the device back to the power off state. In some cases, in response to an inputted command, the control module  160  interprets the command, and directly adjusts the operation of the appropriate component of the sexual stimulation device  100 . For example, in some cases, the user can input commands to switch the sexual stimulation device  100  on or off, adjust the speed of operation of the drive module  120 , or adjust a pattern of movement by the drive module  120 ; in response, the control module  160  adjusts the operation of the drive module  120  (e.g., by regulating the electrical power that is delivered from the power supply  110  to the drive module  120  in a particular manner so as to achieve the desired operation). 
     In some cases, in response to an inputted command, the control module  160  does not directly adjust the operation of the components of the sexual stimulation device  100 , and instead relays the inputted commands to the appropriate component. For example, in some cases, when the user inputs a command to adjust a pattern of movement by the drive module  120 , the control module  160  can transmit that inputted command to the drive module  120  for execution by the drive module  120 . 
     The control module  160  can also present information of the user regarding the operational status of the sexual stimulation device  100  (e.g., whether the sexual stimulation device  100  is on or off, the power state of the sexual stimulation device  100 , the speed at which the drive module  120  is operating, the pattern according to which the drive module  120  is operating, and so forth). In some cases, the control module  160  can include one or more indicator lights (e.g., light emitting diodes, LEDs) or display screens that visually present this information to a user. 
     The housing  170  provides support and protection for the other components of the sexual stimulation device  100 . In the example shown in  FIG. 1A , the power supply  110 , the drive module  120 , the fulcrum  150 , and the control module  160  are secured to the housing  170 , such that they cannot move with respect to one another during operation of the sexual stimulation device  100 . The housing  170  can be made of a single materials or a combination of multiple different materials. For example, in some cases, the housing  170  can be made of plastic, metal, rubber, wood, ceramic, glass, silicon, or combinations thereof. 
     In some cases, the housing  170  can partially enclose the other components of the sexual stimulation device  100 , such that some of the components are either fully or partially exposed. For example, in some implementations, the housing  170  can leave the end  144  of the stimulating element  140  fully or partially exposed, such that the end  144  can directly contact a user&#39;s body. 
     In some cases, however, the housing  170  can fully or substantially fully enclose the other components of the sexual stimulation device  100 , such that each of the components is contained within the housing  170 . For example, in some cases, the housing can include a compliant member that encloses the end  144 . A compliant member can include, for instance, a sheath made of a soft or compliant material, a coating or layer applied over the stimulating element  140 , (e.g., one or more layers of paints or molded materials such as silicon), a skirt that surrounds part or all of the stimulating element  140 , or combinations thereof. Thus, in some cases, the stimulating element  140  need not directly contact a user&#39;s body during use of the sexual stimulation device. Instead, movement of the stimulating element  140  causes a corresponding movement of the housing (e.g., a movement of the compliant member). Accordingly, the user can press a portion of the housing along the stimulating element  140  (e.g., the compliant member) against her body in order to obtain sexual stimulation. In some cases, the compliant member can be integrally formed with other portions of the housing. In other cases, the compliant member can be separate component than the other portions of the housing. In some cases, the user can remove the compliant member from the device in order to clean and/or replace the compliant member independent of the other portions of the housing. 
     As an example, a sexual stimulation device  100  is shown in  FIG. 1D . In this example, the components of the device are enclosed by a housing  170  (including a compliant sheath  172  enclosing the end  144  of the stimulating element  140 ). As another example, a sexual stimulation device  100  is shown in  FIG. 1E  having a curved sheath  174 . Although example housings  170  and sheaths are shown and described, these are merely illustrative examples. In practice, housings having other arrangements are also possible, depending on the implementation. 
     In some cases, the position of the fulcrum  150  can be adjusted along the extension of the stimulating element  140 , such that end  144  is moves differently in response to movement of the end  142 . For example,  FIG. 2A  shows an example sexual stimulation device  100  (for illustrative purposes, only the drive module  120 , the coupling element  130 , the stimulating element  140 , and the fulcrum  150  are shown). The end  142  of the stimulating element  140  is offset by a radius r from the rotational axis  126 . In this example, the fulcrum  150  is positioned at the center of the stimulating element  140 . Thus, when the coupling element  130  traverses a circular path about the rotational axis  126 , this causes the end  142  to also transverse a circular path having a radius r. The range of motion of the stimulating element  140  is illustrated as cones  210 . 
     However, referring to  FIG. 2B , if the fulcrum  150  is positioned at a point closer to the end  142  of the stimulating element  140 , the stimulating element  140  will pivot at a point closer to the end  142 . Thus, when the end  142  of the stimulating element  140  traverses a circular path having a radius r, the end  144  traverses a circular path having a radius r′ greater than r. The range of motion of the stimulating element  140  is illustrated as cones  220 . 
     Conversely, referring to  FIG. 2C , if the fulcrum  150  is positioned at a point closer to the end  144  of the stimulating element  140 , the stimulating element  140  will pivot at a point closer to the end  144 . Thus, when the end  142  of the stimulating element  140  traverses a circular path having a radius r, the end  144  traverses a circular path having a radius r″ less than r. The range of motion of the stimulating element  140  is illustrated as cones  230 . 
     In some cases, the fulcrum  150  can be positioned at a point along stimulating element  140  such that the end  144  of the stimulating element  140  traverses a circular path having a specific radius in response to movement of the end  142 . In some cases, the position of the fulcrum  150  can be changed, such that the end  144  traverses a circular path having a greater or lesser radius in response to movement of the end  142 . In some cases, the position of the fulcrum  150  can be adjusted by a user such that this degree of movement can be specified by the user. For example, in some cases, the fulcrum can be slideably secured to the housing (e.g., positioned along a sliding track within the housing), such that it can slide along the length of the stimulating element  140 . As another example, in some cases, the fulcrum can be secured via screw threads that encircle the stimulating element, such that rotating the fulcrum within the screw threads causes the fulcrum to translate along the length of the stimulating element  140 . In some cases, the position of the fulcrum  150  can be adjusted by a manufacturer (e.g., during construction of the sexual stimulation device  100 ) such that this degree movement can be specified by the manufacturer. 
     In some cases, the size of the aperture  152  (e.g., the diameter) also can be adjusted such that end  144  moves differently in response to movement of the end  142 . For example, if the aperture  152  has a diameter that is substantially similar to the outer diameter of the stimulating element  140  (e.g., such that the stimulating element  140  is flush or nearly flush against the fulcrum  150 ), movement of the end  142  will result in a relatively greater degree of movement of the end  144 . However, if the aperture  152  has a diameter that is larger than the outer diameter of the stimulating element  140  (e.g., such that the stimulating element  140  is relatively loose within the fulcrum  150 ), movement of the end  142  will result in a relatively lesser degree of movement of the end  144 . Thus, the aperture  152  can also be adjusted in order to obtain a desired pattern of movement of the end  144 . In some cases, the size of the aperture  152  can be substantially similar to the outer diameter of the stimulating element  140 , such that a seal is formed between them. This can be beneficial in some cases, as it can prevent or otherwise reduce the introduction of contaminants (e.g., dirt, dust, and liquids) into the sexual stimulating device. 
     In some cases, the sexual stimulation device  100  can move the stimulating element  140  in a particular way in order to achieve a particular beneficial effect. For example, in some implementations, the sexual stimulation device can be configured such that during operation, the end  144  of the stimulating element  140  traverses a circular path having a radius of approximately 1.5 mm (e.g., a diameter of between 1 mm to 2 mm), at a frequency of approximately 7 kHz (e.g., between 6.5 kHz to 8 kHz), and at a 100% duty cycle. Other radii (e.g., approximately 0.5 mm, 1 mm, 2 mm, 2.5 mm or other radius), frequencies (e.g., approximately 1 kHz, 3 kHz, 5 kHz, 9 kHz, or other frequency), and/or duty cycles (e.g., less than 1% to less than 100%) can alternatively be used. In some cases, when the user presses the  144  against an erogenous zone of the body (e.g., the clitoris or the urethra), the user can achieve an orgasm in a relatively short period of time (e.g., a minute or less). 
     Although an example movement of the end  144  is described, this is merely one example. In practice, the stimulating element  140  might move different during operation of the sexual stimulation device  100 , depending on the implementation. 
     Although a sexual stimulation device  100  is shown in  FIG. 1A , this is merely an illustrative example. In practice, a sexual stimulation device can have different arrangements of components, as well as additional components or fewer components, depending on the implementation. 
     For example, another example sexual stimulation device  300  is shown in  FIG. 3 . In this example, the sexual stimulation device  300  includes a housing  170  having a first portion  310  and a second portion  320 . When the first portion  310  and the second portion  320  are coupled to each other, the housing  170  fully encloses several of the components of the sexual stimulation device  300  (e.g., the power supply  110 , the drive module  120 , the coupling element  130 , and the fulcrum  150 ), but only partially encloses the stimulating element  140 . As the end  144  of the stimulating element  140  is exposed and not enclosed by the housing  170 , the user can directly place the end  144  against her body. The first portion  310  and the second portion  320  can be separated from each other in order to expose components contained within the housing  170 . This can be beneficial, for example, in facilitating cleaning and servicing of the sexual stimulation device  300 . In some cases, the first portion  310  and the second portion  320  can be made of different materials. For as example, the first portion  310  can be made of a relatively firmer material (e.g., a firm plastic), while the second portion  320  can be made of a relatively more compliant material (e.g., silicon or rubber). This can be beneficial, for example, as it allows a user to securely grasp the sexual stimulation device  300  along the first portion  310 , while providing a more ergonomic second portion  320  when the sexual stimulation device  300  is in use. 
     Although the foregoing examples show a stimulating element  140  that is substantially straight, in practice, this need not be the case. For instance, another example sexual stimulation device  400  is shown in  FIG. 4 . For illustrative purposes, only a drive module  120 , a coupling element  130 , a stimulating element  402 , and the fulcrum  150  are shown. 
     In a similar manner as described with respect to  FIG. 1A , the example sexual stimulation device  400  shown in  FIG. 4  includes a drive module  120  that is coupled to a stimulating element  410  through the coupling element  130 , such that movement of the drive module  120  results in a corresponding movement of the stimulating element  410 . Likewise, an end  412  of the stimulating element  410  is linked to the coupling element  130  at a point  132  offset from the rotational axis  126  of the drive element  122  (e.g., an off-center mounting point or hole on the coupling element  130 ). Thus, rotation of the drive element  122  in a circular direction  124  about rotational axis  126  causes the stimulating element  410  to undergo periodic motion. 
     In this example, the stimulating element  410  is not substantially straight, and instead bends at several places. However, in a similar manner as described with respect to  FIG. 1A , the fulcrum  150  also dictates the degree to which the stimulating element  410  moves in response to movement of the drive module  120 . For example, when the end  412  of the stimulating element  410  is offset from the rotational axis  126  in a direction  420 , the fulcrum  150  causes the stimulating element  410  to pivot at their point of contact. As a result, the opposite end  414  is displaced in the opposite direction  422 . Thus, as the end  412  of the stimulating element  140  traverses a circular path about the rotational axis  126 , the end  414  likewise traverses a circular path. However, due to the bends in the stimulating element  410 , the end  414  does not necessarily transverse a circular path about the rotational axis  126 . The range of motion of the stimulating element  410  is illustrated as circles and ellipses  430 . This can be beneficial, for example, as the bends in the stimulating element  410  cause different portions of the stimulating element  410  to move differently than other portions of the stimulating element (e.g., such that different portions of the stimulating element move along paths having different dimensions and/or shapes). Thus, the sexual stimulating device can provide different physical sensations to a user depending on which portion of the stimulating element  410  is pressed against the user&#39;s body. Bending the stimulating element  410  can also be beneficial for ergonomic purposes (e.g., by placing the stimulating element  410  in a position that is more comfortable to a user). 
     In a similar manner as described with respect to  FIG. 1A , the position of the fulcrum  150  can be adjusted along the extension of stimulating element  410  and/or the size of the aperture can be varied, such that end  414  is rotated differently in response to rotation of the end  412 . For example, the fulcrum  150  can be positioned closer to the end  412  of the stimulating element  140  in order to facilitate a greater degree of motion in the opposite end  414 , or the fulcrum  150  can be positioned closer to the end  414  in order to facilitate a lesser degree of motion in the end  412 . Likewise, the aperture  152  can be increased or decreased in diameter to facilitate a lesser or greater degree of motion in the end  414 , respectively. Further still, the bends of the stimulating element  410  can also be adjusted (e.g., by bending the stimulating element  410  to a greater or lesser degree) in order to facilitate a lesser or greater degree of motion in the end  414 , 
     Another example sexual stimulation device  500  is shown in  FIGS. 5A and 5B  without and with a housing  540 , respectively. For illustrative purposes, again, only a drive module  120 , a coupling element  130 , a stimulating element  510 , and the fulcrum  150  are shown. 
     In a similar manner as described with respect to  FIG. 1A , the example sexual stimulation device  500  shown in  FIGS. 5A and 5B  includes a drive module  120  that is coupled to a stimulating element  510  through the coupling element  130 , such that movement of the drive module  120  results in a corresponding movement of the stimulating element  510 . Likewise, the end  512  of the stimulating element  510  is linked to the coupling element  130  at a point  132  offset from the rotational axis  126  of the drive element  122  (e.g., an off-center mounting point or hole on the coupling element  130 ). Thus, rotation of the drive element  122  in a circular direction  124  about rotational axis  126  causes the stimulating element  510  to undergo periodic motion. 
     Again, in this example, the stimulating element  510  is not substantially straight, and instead bends at several places. However, in a similar manner as described with respect to  FIG. 1A , the fulcrum  150  also dictates the degree to which the stimulating element  510  moves in response to movement of the drive module  120 . For example, when the end  512  of the stimulating element  510  is offset from the rotational axis  126  in a direction  520 , the fulcrum  150  causes the stimulating element  510  to pivot at their point of contact. As a result, the opposite end  514  is displaced in the direction  522 . Thus, as the end  512  of the stimulating element  510  traverses a circular path about the rotational axis  126 , the end  514  likewise traverses a circular path. However, due to the bends in the stimulating element  510 , the end  514  does not necessarily transverse a circular path about the rotational axis  126 . The range of motion of the stimulating element  510  is illustrated as ellipses  530 . In a similar manner as above, this can be beneficial, for example, as the bends in the stimulating element  510  cause different portions of the stimulating element  510  to move differently than other portions of the stimulating element (e.g., such that different portions of the stimulating element move along paths having different dimensions and/or shapes). Thus, the sexual stimulating device can provide different physical sensations to a user depending on which portion of the stimulating element  510  is pressed against the user&#39;s body. Bending the stimulating element  510  can also be beneficial for ergonomic purposes (e.g., by placing the stimulating element  510  in a position that is more comfortable to a user). For example, as shown in  FIG. 5 , bending the stimulating element  510  results in a relatively long portion of the stimulating element  510  that can be readily pressed against the user&#39;s body. 
     In a similar manner as described with respect to  FIG. 1A , the position of the fulcrum  150  can be adjusted along the extension of stimulating element  510  and/or the size of the aperture can be varied, such that end  514  is rotated differently in response to rotation of the end  512 . For example, the fulcrum  150  can be positioned closer to the end  514  of the stimulating element  510  in order to facilitate a greater degree of motion in the opposite end  514 , or the fulcrum  150  can be positioned closer to the end  514  in order to facilitate a lesser degree of motion in the end  514 . Likewise, the aperture  152  can be increased or decreased in diameter to facilitate a lesser or greater degree of motion in the end  514 , respectively. Further still, the bends of the stimulating element  510  can also be adjusted (e.g., by bending the stimulating element  510  to a greater or lesser degree) in order to facilitate a lesser or greater degree of motion in the end  514 , 
     The example sexual stimulation device  500  shown in  FIG. 5A  is shown with a housing  540  in  FIG. 5B . Here, the housing  540  fully encloses several of the components of the sexual stimulation device  500  (e.g., the power supply  110 , the drive module  120 , and the coupling element  130 ), but only partially encloses the stimulating element  510  and the fulcrum  150 . As the end  514  is exposed and not enclosed by the housing  540 , the user can directly place the end  514  against her body. 
     Further, although the foregoing examples show a stimulating element having a tip that traverses in a circular or elliptical path during operation, this need not be the case. In some cases, the tip of a stimulating element can move according to a linear path or any other type of path, depending on the implementation. As an example, another example sexual stimulation device  600  is shown in  FIGS. 6A and 6B  without and with a housing  650 , respectively. For illustrative purposes, only a drive module  120 , a coupling element  630 , a stimulating element  610 , and two fulcrums  150  are shown. 
     In a similar manner as described with respect to  FIG. 1A , the example sexual stimulation device  600  shown in  FIGS. 6A and 6B  includes a drive module  120  that is coupled to the stimulating element  610  through the coupling element  630 , such that movement of the drive module  120  results in a corresponding movement of the stimulating element  610 . However, in this example, the drive element  122  of the drive module  120  includes an extension portion  602  that is off-set from the rotational axis  126 . This extension portion is dimensioned such that it slots into a horizontally extending aperture  632  of the coupling element  630 . Thus, when the drive element  122  rotates, the extension portion  602  slides horizontally along the aperture  632 , but applies an upward or downward force on the coupling element  630 . 
     The coupling element  630  is rotationally locked (e.g., with respect to the housing  650 ), but can translate freely in the vertical dimension  640 . Thus, as the drive element  122  rotates, the upward or downward force applied by the extension portion  602  causes the coupling element  630  to move upward or downward. Accordingly, a continuous rotation of the drive element  122  causes the coupling element  630  to cyclically move upward or downward according to a particular period. In some cases, the coupling element  630  can be secured to a sliding track (e.g., a track defined by the housing  650 ), such that it does not rotate with respect to the housing  650 , but can translate in the vertical dimension  640 . 
     In this example, the stimulating element  610  is bent, such that a first end  612  and a second end  614  of the stimulating element  610  are each linked to the coupling element  630 . Thus, movement of the coupling element  630  also results in a corresponding movement of the stimulating element  610 . 
     In a similar manner as described with respect to  FIG. 1A , the fulcrums  150  also dictate the degree to which the stimulating element  610  moves in response to movement of the drive module  120 . For example, when the drive module  120  rotates the drive element  122 , the coupling element  630  is forced upward by the extension portion  602 . Correspondingly, the ends  612  and  614  of the stimulating element  610  are also moved upward, causing the stimulating element  610  to pivot at their point of contact with the fulcrums  150 . As a result, the medial portion  616  of the stimulating element  610  is moved downward. Similarly, as the drive module  120  continues to rotate the drive element  122 , the coupling element  630  is forced downward by the extension portion  602 . Correspondingly, the ends  612  and  614  of the stimulating element  610  are also moved downward, causing the stimulating element  610  to pivot at their point of contact with the fulcrums  150 . As a result, the medial portion  616  of the stimulating element  610  is moved upward. The range of motion of the stimulating element  610  is illustrated as lines  660 . 
     The example sexual stimulation device  600  shown in  FIG. 6A  is shown with a housing  650  in  FIG. 6B . Here, the housing  650  fully encloses several of the components of the sexual stimulation device  600  (e.g., the power supply  110 , the drive module  120 , and the coupling element  630 ), but only partially encloses the stimulating element  610  and the fulcrums  150 . As the medial portion  616  is exposed and not enclosed by the housing  650 , the user can directly place the medial portion  616  against her body. 
     Although the foregoing examples show example stimulating elements, these are also merely illustrative examples. In practice, a sexual stimulation device can have different stimulating elements, depending on the implementation. For example,  FIG. 7A  shows an example sexual stimulation device  700  having a stimulating element  710  that extends from a housing  702  and enlarges gradually towards an end  712 . As another example,  FIG. 7B  shows another example sexual stimulation device  720  having a stimulating element  730  that extends from a housing  722  and bifurcates into top ends  732   a - b . As yet another example,  FIG. 7C  shows a sexual stimulation device  740  having a stimulating element  750  that extends from a housing  742  that includes several undulations  752  along its length. Other variations or combinations of variations are also possible, depending on the implementation. 
     Further still, although the foregoing examples show stimulating elements linked to coupling elements  130  at points offset from the rotational axes of the drive elements  122 , this need not be in the case. For example, in some implementations, a stimulating element can be linked to a coupling element  130  at a point along the rotational axis of the drive element  122 . In these implementations, the sexual stimulation device need not include a fulcrum  150 . Instead, the stimulating element can be bent or curved away from the rotational axes of the drive element  122 , such that the end of the stimulating element opposite the drive element  122  traverses a circular path when the drive module  120  is active. The path of the end of the stimulating element opposite the drive element  122  can be adjusted, for example, by modifying the bending or curvature of the stimulating element. 
     As an example, a sexual stimulation device  800  shown in  FIG. 8 . In this example, the sexual stimulation device  800  includes a stimulating element  802  that is bent or curved away from the rotational axis  804  of the drive element, such that the end of the stimulating element  806  traverses a circular path when the drive module is active. As described above, in some implementations, when a drive module is active, the drive module can periodically rotate a drive element according to a particular pattern (e.g., according to a particular angular velocity, duty cycle, or waveform). As examples,  FIGS. 9A-G  show several different patterns  900   a - g , respectively, each having different angular velocities, duty cycles, and/or waveforms. In some cases, a sexual stimulation device can allow to user to select from among several different patterns so that the user can customize her experience. 
     Further, although example housings are shown above, these are merely illustrative examples. In practice, housings having different arrangements are also possible, depending on the implementation. As examples,  FIGS. 10A-D  show sexual stimulation devices  1000   a - d , each having a different housing  1010   a - d , respectively. As shown in  FIGS. 10B and 10C , in some implementations, a sexual stimulation device can have a housing with an integral sheath enclosing an end of a stimulating element. 
     As another example,  FIG. 11  shows a sexual stimulation device  1100  having a housing  1110 . For illustrative purposes, the housing  1110  is depicted as transparent. However, in practice, portions of the housing  1110  can be transparent, translucent, and/or opaque, depending on the implementation. As shown in  FIG. 11 , the housing  1110  has an integral sheath  1112  enclosing an end  1114  of a stimulating element. 
     Further still, although the foregoing examples show sexual stimulation devices having a single drive module  120 , this also need not be the case. In some cases a sexual stimulation device can include multiple drive modules  120  (e.g., two, three, four, or move) operating independently or in combination in order to provide a particular effect. 
     Further still, although several of the foregoing example sexual simulation devices have a fulcrum that is separate and distinct from the housing (e.g., as shown in  FIG. 1A ), this need not be the case. In some cases, the fulcrum and the housing can be integrally formed as a single component. As an example, the housing can be configured to define an aperture (e.g., similar to the aperture  152  shown in  FIG. 1C ), such that when the end of the stimulating element is offset from the rotational axis of the drive module in a direction orthogonal to the rotational axis, the housing itself causes the stimulating element to pivot at their point of contact. As a result, the ends of the stimulating element are each displaced in opposite directions. Thus, as one end of the stimulating element traverses a circular path about the rotational axis, the opposite end likewise traverses a circular path about the rotational axis. This configuration may be beneficial, as it reduces the number of parts in the sexual simulation device, and can make the device easier to manufacture or service. 
     As an example,  FIG. 12A  shows a cross-sectional view of a sexual stimulation device  1200 . A portion of the sexual stimulation device  1200  is shown in greater detail in  FIG. 12B . In this example, the sexual stimulation device  1200  includes an inner housing  1202  that encloses the components of the sexual stimulation device  1200 , including a stimulating element  1204 , a coupling element  1206 , a drive module  1224 , a power supply  1226 , and a control module  1228 . The stimulating element  1204 , the coupling element  1206 , the drive module  1224 , the power supply  1226 , and the control module  1228  can be similar to those described with respect to  FIGS. 1A and 1B . For instance, the end  1208  stimulating element  1204  can be linked to the coupling element  1206  at a mounting point offset from the rotational axis of a drive module (e.g., through an off-center mount or hole on the coupling element  1206 ). Thus, rotation of the drive module and the coupling element  1206  causes the stimulating element  1204  to undergo periodic motion (e.g., a circular motion about a rotational axis). 
     The inner housing  1202  also defines an aperture  1210 , through which the stimulating element  1204  is inserted. When the end  1208  of the stimulating element  1204  is offset in a direction orthogonal to the rotational axis of the drive module (e.g., in a direction outward from the page), the inner housing  1202  causes the stimulating element  1204  to pivot at their point of contact. As a result, the opposite end  1212  of the stimulating element is displaced in the opposite direction orthogonal to the rotational axis (e.g., in a direction inward into the page). Thus, as the end  1208  of the stimulating element  1204  traverses a circular path about a rotational axis, the opposite end  1212  likewise traverses a circular path about the rotational axis. 
     The end  1212  of the stimulating element  1204  is covered by a compliant member or sheath  1214 . The compliant member or sheath  1214  can be similar to that described with respect to  FIGS. 1A, 1D, and 1E . Accordingly, movement of the stimulating element  1204  causes a corresponding movement of the compliant member or sheath  1214 , and the user can press the compliant member or sheath  1214  against her body in order to obtain sexual stimulation. 
     In some cases, the compliant member or sheath  1214  can be reversibly detachable from the sexual stimulation device  1200  (e.g., by reversibly inserting into an annular groove  1216  defined by an outer housing  1218 ). This can be beneficial, as it allows the user to remove and replace the compliant member or sheath  1214  during maintenance or cleaning. In some cases, a small crevice can be defined between the compliant member or sheath  1214  and the outer housing  1218 . In other cases, the compliant member or sheath  1214  and the outer housing  1218  can converge seamlessly or nearly seamlessly, such that there is little or no space between them. 
     In some cases, the compliant member or sheath  1214 , the stimulating element  1204 , and the aperture  1210  can be configured to reduce or minimize the transference of vibration to the inner housing  1202  and/or the outer housing  1218 . This can be beneficial as it can reduce the amount of noise that is generated by the sexual stimulation device  1200  during use. This can also be beneficial as it can make the device easier to handle and/or reduce a user&#39;s hand fatigue during use. 
     As an example, this can be achieved by minimizing or otherwise reducing the mass of the compliant member or sheath  1214  and/or the mass of the simulating element  1204  between the end  1208  and its point of pivot at the aperture  1210 , while also having sufficiently high masses to provide effective stimulation to a user. For instance, in some cases, the mass of the compliant member or sheath  1214  can be approximately 2 g or less (e.g., 2.0 g, 1.9 g, 1.8 g, and so forth) and be constructed from a relatively low-density semi-rigid flexible material, such as a high durometer silicon, acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS), polyether ether ketone (PEEK), Ultem (e.g., as produced by SABIC), or a thermal plastic elastomer TPE). 
     Further, in some cases, the mass of the stimulating element can be approximately 1.5 g or less (e.g., 1.5 g, 1.3 g, 1.1 g, 0.9 g, and so forth), and be constructed from a relatively stiff metal (e.g., steel, titanium, and so forth) or stiff plastic (e.g., Ultem, PEEK, and so forth). Further, the portion of the stimulating element  1204  between the outermost periphery of the outer housing  1218  and its pivot point at the aperture  1210  (labeled as length  1230 ) can be approximately 7.0 mm or less (e.g., 7.0 g, 6.5 g, 6.0 g, 5.5 g, 5.0 g, and so forth). 
     In some cases, the length of the stimulating element  1204  from the end  1208  to its pivot point (labeled as length  1232 ) can be approximately equal to the length from the pivot point of the stimulating element to the end of the compliant member or sheath  1214  (labeled as length  1234 ) (e.g., within 1 mm, 2 mm, 3 mm, 4 mm, 5 mm of each other). Thus, the amplitude of oscillation of the end  1208  of the stimulating element  1204  is approximately the same as the amplitude of oscillation of the end  1236  of the compliant member or sheath  1214 . As an example, the length  1230  can be approximately 5 mm, the length  1232  can be approximately 35 mm, and the length  1234  can be approximately 38 mm. The end  1236  and the end  1208  can each be offset from the axis of rotation by approximately 1.2 mm, resulting in an elliptical range of motion with a major axis of approximately 2.4 mm (e.g., 2.3 mm, 2.4 mm, 2.5 mm, and so forth). Although example lengths are provided, there are merely illustrative examples. Other lengths are also possible, depending on the implementation. 
     As shown in  FIG. 12B , the compliant member or sheath  1214  can be rounded and enlarged at its end  1236 . In some cases, the diameter of the end  1236  can be between approximately 2 mm and 5 mm. The compliant member or sheath  1214  can sufficiently stiff to deliver stimulation to the user, while remaining flexible enough to withstand being dropped without breaking or permanently bending. In some cases, the compliant member or sheath  1214  can be relatively more rigid than flexible. In some cases, the compliant member can be coated with a different material (e.g., a low durometer silicon material) and/or constructed using multiple different components (e.g., an inner layer of high durometer silicon, and an outer layer of low durometer silicon). 
     Further, the size and shape of the compliant member or sheath  1214  can differ, depending on its intended use. For example, as described above, the compliant member or sheath  1214  can be rounded and enlarged at its end  1236 , and the diameter of the end  1236  can be between approximately 2 mm and 5 mm. This configuration can be used, for example, for clitoral stimulation. As another example, in some cases, the compliant member or sheath  1214  can be sized and shaped to insert into a user&#39;s urethra in provide urethral stimulation. For instance, compliant member or member or sheath  1214  can have a diameter between 6 mm and 8 mm, either at the end  1236 , along a portion of its extension, or along its entirety. In some cases, the compliant member or sheath  1214  can be interchangeable by the user, thereby enabling the user to customize the sexual stimulation device based on her preferences. 
     As shown in  FIG. 12B , the sexual stimulation device  1200  can also include a seal  1220  to prevent the ingress of moisture into the sexual stimulation device  1200 . As an example, the seal  1220  can be placed between the inner housing  1202  and the outer housing  1218  to prevent moisture from entering into the inner housing  1202 . In some cases, the seal  1220  can be integrally formed with the inner housing  1202  or the outer housing  1218 . The seal  1220  can be constructed from a moisture-resistant material, such as rubber, plastic, silicone, glass, metal, or other such material. In some cases, instead of or in addition to the seal  1220 , an adhesive can be used to join the compliant member or sheath  1214  to the outer housing  1218  to prevent the ingress of moisture. 
     As shown in  FIGS. 12A-B , the sexual stimulating device  1200  can include two housings: an inner housing  1202  and an outer housing  1218 . This can be beneficial, for example, as it allows one housing (e.g., the inner housing  1202 ) to be formed from a relatively rigid material to support the structure of the sexual situation device  1200 , while allowing for the other housing (e.g., the outer housing  1218 ) to be formed from a relatively soft material for user comfort. However, in some cases, the inner housing  1202  and the outer housing  1218  can be integrally formed as a single housing structure. 
     As shown in  FIG. 12B , in some cases, the stimulating element  1204  can include a protrusion  1222 . This protrusion  1222  can be positioned along the length of the stimulating element  1204  such that it abuts the inner housing  1202  near the aperture  1210 . This can be beneficial, for example, as it prevents the stimulating element  1204  from escaping the inner housing  1202  through the aperture  1210 . In some cases, the stimulating element  1204  can be retained within the sexual stimulating device  1200  by bonding the stimulating element  1204  to the compliant member or sheath  1214  (e.g., permanently or substantially permanently), and bonding the compliant member or sheath  1214  to the outer housing  1218  (e.g., permanently or substantially permanently). In some cases, the stimulating element  1204 , compliant member or sheath  1214 , and the outer housing  1218  can be bonded in this manner, irrespective of the presence of the protrusion  1222 . 
     Although  FIGS. 12A-B  depict the stimulating element  1204  as being inserted into the compliant member or sheath  1214 , this need not be the case. In some implementations, the stimulating element  1204  and the compliant member or sheath  1214  can coupled in other ways, such as through a butt joint. 
     A number of embodiments have been described. Nevertheless, it will be understood that various modifications may be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the disclosure. Accordingly, other embodiments are within the scope of the following claims.