Patent Publication Number: US-2013231176-A1

Title: Gaming system and method of providing a gaming session

Description:
PRIORITY CLAIM 
     This application is a continuation of, claims priority to and the benefit of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/874,732, filed on Sep. 2, 2010, which is a continuation of, claims priority to and the benefit of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/425,037, filed on Jun. 19, 2006, now U.S. Pat. No. 7,914,375, which is a continuation of, claims priority to and the benefit of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/293,016, filed on Dec. 2, 2005, which is a continuation of, claims priority to and the benefit of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/001,089, filed on Nov. 2, 2001, now U.S. Pat. No. 7,140,964, which claims priority to and the benefit of U.S. Patent Application No. 60/282,792, filed on Apr. 10, 2001 and which also is a continuation-in-part of, claims priority to and the benefit of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/518,760, filed on Mar. 3, 2000, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,319,127, which is a continuation of, claims priority to and the benefit of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/880,838, filed on Jun. 23, 1997, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,077,163, the entire contents of which are each incorporated by reference herein. 
    
    
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     1. Field of the Invention 
     The present invention relates generally to the structure and operation of at least one gaming device, such as a slot machine, wherein a flat rate price purchases a flat rate play session comprising multiple plays. 
     2. Description of Related Art 
     There are numerous types of gaming devices in use today. Most of these gaming devices, such as slot machines, video blackjack machines, video poker machines, and the like, require the player of the device to purchase individual plays at a set cost or wager per play. Because players can only purchase individual plays, they may stop playing after any individual play. Furthermore, having to purchase each individual play is inconvenient. Thus, a need exists for a gaming device allowing more convenient and efficient methods of play. 
     One scenario in which players seemingly purchase multiple plays on a gaming device during a flat rate play session is entry fee slot machine tournaments. Such tournaments typically involve players paying a fee for a set period of play determined by the casino. During such tournaments, each player plays a specific type and denomination of machine, also determined by the casino, and accumulates points rather than money. Those players accumulating the most points are awarded prizes. 
     Although slot machine tournaments are popular with some players, the tournaments are inflexible and not accommodating to individual player&#39;s preferences. The organizers set the time and duration of the tournament, the cost to play, the amount wagered per play, and the type of machines which are played. Furthermore, the organizers must designate machines for the tournament. Because these machines are available only to tournament players and not the general public, the machine owners lose revenue for all machines designated but not played during a tournament. Thus, a need still exists for a gaming device which allows tournament style play without comprising the revenue stream of a casino, particularly where the player selects the time and duration of the period, the amount wagered per play, and the particular gaming device played. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     In accordance with the present invention, there is provided a method, apparatus and article of manufacture for providing a gaming session using a gaming device. In one embodiment, the method includes identifying at least one price parameter, determining a flat rate price based upon the at least one identified price parameter, and initiating a flat rate play session of the gaming device upon receiving an indication of payment of the flat rate price. The flat rate play session spans a pre-established duration. A duration may comprise a specified amount of time and/or a specified number of game plays (e.g. handle pulls of a slot machine). 
     In one embodiment, the price parameter is a player selected price parameter, such as the amount wagered per play, jackpot structure, length of the flat rate play session, the type of gaming device, time of day, day of the week, and day of the year. In another embodiment, the price parameter is an operator selected price parameter, such as player status rating, availability of gaming devices, and anticipated availability of gaming devices. 
     In accordance with one embodiment, the flat rate play session may be purchased by means of purchasing a contract from a casino, wherein the contract specifies terms such as, for example, a price to be paid by the purchaser for the contract, a duration of play of a gaming device, and a threshold of credits above which the player may collect winnings from a gaming device. The terms of the contract may be determined based on player selected price parameters and/or operator controlled price parameters. Such a contract may involve a third party that acts as an insurer. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         FIG. 1  is an overall schematic view of a system according to one embodiment of the present invention, including a slot machine and a slot network server; 
         FIG. 2   a  is a schematic view of the slot machine of  FIG. 1 ; 
         FIG. 2   b  is a plan view of the slot machine of  FIG. 1 ; 
         FIG. 3  is a schematic view of the slot network server of  FIG. 1 ; 
         FIG. 4  is a schematic view of a casino player database of the server of  FIG. 3 ; 
         FIG. 5  is a schematic view of the flat rate database of the slot machine of  FIG. 2 ; 
         FIG. 6  is a schematic view of the payout table of the slot machine of  FIG. 2 ; 
         FIG. 7  is a schematic view of the calculation table of the slot machine of  FIG. 2 ; 
         FIGS. 8   a  and  8   b  are overall flow diagrams of the operation of the system of  FIG. 1 ; 
         FIG. 9  is a detailed flow diagram of the operation of the system of  FIG. 1 ; 
         FIG. 10  is a flow diagram of the process of terminating play of the system of  FIG. 1 ; 
         FIGS. 11   a  and  11   b  are flow diagrams of the process of resuming play of the system of  FIG. 1 ; 
         FIGS. 12   a  and  12   b  are overall flow diagrams of the operation of another embodiment of the present invention; 
         FIG. 13  is a flow diagram of the process of receiving a payout in the embodiment of  FIG. 12 ; 
         FIG. 14  is a schematic view of the flat rate price package database of the slot machine of  FIG. 2 ; and 
         FIG. 15  is an overall flow diagram of the operation of another embodiment of the present invention. 
         FIG. 16  is an overall schematic view of a system according to another embodiment of the present invention. 
         FIG. 17  is a schematic view of the casino server of  FIG. 16 . 
         FIG. 18  is a schematic view of the insurer device of  FIG. 16 . 
         FIG. 19  is schematic view of the gaming device of  FIG. 16 . 
         FIG. 20  is a schematic view of the player device of  FIG. 16 . 
         FIG. 21  is a table illustrating an embodiment of the player database stored in the casino server of  FIG. 17 . 
         FIG. 22  is a table illustrating an embodiment of the gaming device database stored in the casino server of  FIG. 17 . 
         FIG. 23  is a table illustrating an embodiment of the contract database stored in the casino server of  FIG. 17 . 
         FIG. 24  is a flowchart illustrating a process in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention, the process corresponding to the system illustrated in  FIG. 16 . 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
     Certain preferred embodiments of the present invention will now be described in greater detail with reference to the drawings. Although the embodiments discussed herein are directed to reel slot machines, it should be understood that the present invention is equally applicable to other gaming devices, such as video poker machines, video blackjack machines, video roulette, video keno and the like. 
     The present invention is directed generally to a method and apparatus for operating a gaming device having a flat rate play session. As used herein, flat rate play session is defined as a period of play wherein the player need not make funds available for any play during the play session. The flat rate play session spans multiple plays of the gaming device. These multiple plays are aggregated into intervals or segments of play. It is to be understood that the term interval as used herein could be time, handle pulls, and any other segment in which slot machine play could be divided. For example, two hours, one hundred spins, fifty winning spins, etc. A player enters player identifying information and player selected price parameters at a gaming device. The price parameters define the flat rate play session, describing the duration of play, machine denomination, jackpots active, etc. The gaming device stores the player selected price parameters and proceeds to retrieve the flat rate price of playing the gaming device for the flat rate play session. The player selected price parameters, in combination with operator price parameters, determine the flat rate price. Should the player decide to pay the flat rate price, the player simply deposits that amount into the gaming device or makes a credit account available for the gaming device to debit. For example, it might cost twenty-five dollars to play for half an hour. 
     Once the player initiates play, the gaming device tracks the flat rate play session and stops the play when the session is completed, usually when a time limit has expired. During the play session, the player is not required to deposit any coins. Payouts are made either directly to the player in the form of coins or indirectly in the form of credits to the credit balance stored in the machine. It should be understood that the player balance could be stored in a number of mediums, such as smart cards, credit card accounts, debit cards, and hotel credit accounts. 
     With reference to  FIG. 1 , a system  100  according to one embodiment of the present invention is shown. In general, the system  100  comprises multiple slot machines  102  and a slot network server  106 . In the present embodiment, each slot machine  102 , which is uniquely identified by a machine identification (ID) number, communicates with the slot network server  106  via a slot network  104 . The slot network  104  is preferably a conventional local area network controlled by the server  106 . It is to be understood, however, that other arrangements in which the slot machines  102  communicate with the server  106  are within the scope of the present invention. 
     As will be described in greater detail below, in one embodiment, the slot machine  102  communicates player identifying information to the slot network server  106 . The slot network server  106 , in turn, verifies the player identifying information. The slot machine  102  also calculates a flat rate price based on both player selected and casino determined price parameters and displays the flat rate price to the player. The player may then accept the flat rate price and initiate play. In another embodiment, the present invention may be practiced without server  106 , in an arrangement in which the slot machine  102  calculates the flat rate price. 
     With reference to  FIG. 2   a , the slot machine  102  will now be described in greater detail. The slot machine  102  contains a Central Processing Unit (CPU)  210 , a clock  212 , and an operating system  214  (typically stored in memory as software). The CPU  210  executes instructions of a program stored in Read Only Memory (ROM)  216  for playing the slot machine  102 . The Random Access Memory (RAM)  218  temporarily stores information passed to it by the CPU  210  during play. Also in communication with the CPU  210  is a Random Number Generator (RNG)  220 . 
     With respect to gaming operations, the slot machine  102  operates in a conventional manner. The player starts the machine  102  by inserting a coin into coin acceptor  248 , or using electronic credit, and pressing the starting controller  222 . Under control of a program stored, for example in a data storage device  224  or ROM  216 , the CPU  210  initiates the RNG  220  to generate a number. The CPU  210  looks up the generated random number in a stored probability table  226 , which contains a list which matches random numbers to corresponding outcomes, and finds the appropriate outcome. Based on the identified outcome, the CPU  210  locates the appropriate payout in a stored payout table  228 . The CPU  210  also directs a reel controller  230  to spin reels  232 ,  234 ,  236  and to stop them at a point when they display a combination of symbols corresponding to the appropriate payout. When the player wins, the machine stores the credits in RAM  218  and displays the current balance in video display area  238 . In an alternate embodiment, the slot machine  102  dispenses the coins to a payout tray (not shown), and in another embodiment, the slot network server  106  stores the player credits. 
     A hopper controller  240  is connected to a hopper  242  for dispensing coins. When the player requests to cash out by pushing a cashout button (not shown) on the slot machine  102 , the CPU  210  checks the RAM  218  to see if the player has any credit and, if so, signals the hopper controller  240  to release an appropriate number of coins into a payout tray (not shown). A coin acceptor  248  is also coupled to the CPU  210 . Each coin received by the coin acceptor  248  is registered by the CPU  210 . 
     In alternate embodiments, the slot machine  102  does not include the reel controller  230  and reels  232 ,  234  and  236 . Instead, a video display area  238  graphically displays representations of objects contained in the selected game, such as graphical reels or playing cards. These representations are preferably animated to display playing of the selected game. 
     Also in communication with the CPU  210  is a player tracking device  260 . The tracking device  260  comprises a card reader  266  for reading player identifying information stored on a player tracking card. As used herein, the term player identifying information denotes any information or compilation of information that uniquely identifies a player. In the present embodiment, the identifying information is a player identification (ID) number. Although not so limited, the player tracking card of the present embodiment stores the player ID on a magnetic strip located thereon. Such a magnetic strip and device to read the information stored on the magnetic strip are well known. 
     The player tracking device  260  also includes a display  262  and a player interface  264 . The player interface  264  may include a keypad and/or a touchscreen display. In operation, as discussed below, the slot machine  102  displays a message prompting the player to enter player selected price parameters. In the present embodiment, a player may enter the player selected price parameters via the player interface  264 . Because the player interface  264  is part of the tracking device  260 , it is, therefore, in communication with the CPU  210 . Alternatively, input of selected price parameters may be accomplished through video display area  238  if it is configured with touch screen capabilities. 
     The slot machine  102  also includes a series of bet buttons  272 ,  274 ,  276 . The bet buttons include “Bet 1 coin”  272 , “Bet 2 coins”  274 , and “Bet 3 coins”  276 . The bet buttons  272 ,  274 ,  276  are coupled to the CPU  210 . Therefore, pressing one transmits a signal to the CPU  210  indicating how much a player is wagering on a given play. 
     The databases stored in the data storage device  224  include a probability table  226 , a calculation table  227 , a payout table  228 , a flat rate price package database  229 , and a flat rate database  246 . As discussed in greater detail below, the flat rate database  246  and the calculation table  227  store information related to the flat rate play session and calculation of the flat rate price, respectively. The flat rate price package database  229  stores information describing different pre-established flat rate packages as custom designed by the casino. 
     Also connected to the CPU  210  is a slot network interface  250 . The slot network interface  250  provides a communication path from the slot machine  102  to slot network server  106  through the slot network  104 . Thus, as discussed in greater detail below, information is communicated among the player tracking card, player tracking device  260 , slot machine  102 , and slot network server  106 . 
     With reference to  FIG. 2   b , the plan view of slot machine  102 , will now be described below.  FIG. 2   b  depicts slot machine  102  displaying player selected price parameter options on video display area  238 . Included in the displayed parameters is amount wagered per play  712 , interval  714 , duration of interval  722 , and active pay combinations  720 . As will be described further below, after the player has selected the desired price parameters, the slot machine  102  displays a flat rate price  724 . Once the player has accepted the flat rate price and made the appropriate funds available, play may commence. 
     The slot network server  106  will now be described in greater detail with reference to  FIG. 3 . Like the slot machine  102  of  FIG. 2 , the slot network server  106  has a Central Processing Unit (CPU)  310 . The CPU  310 , which has a clock  312  associated therewith, executes instructions of a program stored in Read Only Memory (ROM)  320 . During execution of the program instructions, the CPU  310  temporarily stores information in the Random Access Memory (RAM)  330 . 
     Additionally, the CPU  310  is coupled to a data storage device  340 , having a flat rate database  246 , transaction processor  342  and a casino player database  344 . In general, the transaction processor  342  manages the contents of the data storage devices  340 . As discussed in detail below, the casino player database  344  stores information specific to each player, including player identifying information. 
     In order to communicate with the slot machines  102 , the slot network server  106  also includes a communication port  350 . The communication port  350  is coupled to the CPU  310  and a slot machine interface  360 . Thus, the CPU  310  can control the communication port  350  to receive information from the data storage device  340  and RAM  330  and transmit the information to the slot machines  102  and vice versa. 
     It is to be understood that because the slot machines  102  are in communication with the slot network server  106 , information stored in a slot machine  102  may be stored in the server  106  and vice versa. Thus, for example, in an alternate embodiment, the server  106  rather than the slot machine  102  includes the payout table  228 , flat rate database  246 , and/or calculation table  227 . 
     The casino player database  344  of the present embodiment, as shown in  FIG. 4 , includes multiple records having multiple fields of information. Specifically, the casino player database  344  comprises multiple records, each record being associated with a particular player, as identified by a player identification (ID) number. The fields within each record include: player identification (ID) number  410 , social security number  412 , name  414 , address  416 , telephone number  418 , credit card number  420 , credit balance  422 , complimentary information, such as total accumulated complimentary points  424 , whether the player is a hotel guest  426 , player status rating  428 , and value of interval remaining  430 . Having information related to one field, such as player ID  410 , allows the slot network server  106  to retrieve all information stored in corresponding fields of that player record. 
     It is to be understood that not all of these identifying fields are necessary for operation of the present embodiment. For example, the name  414 , social security number  412 , address  416 , telephone number  418 , credit card number  420 , and hotel guest  426  fields are merely representative of additional information that may be stored and used for other purposes. In one embodiment, credit card number  420  and hotel guest  426  are used for billing purposes and social security number  412  is used to generate tax forms when a player wins a jackpot over a given amount. 
     Complimentary points awarded  424  is further illustrative of additional information a casino may store in a player&#39;s record. As described below, a player&#39;s complimentary points are displayed to the player when a player tracking card is inserted into the slot machine  102 . In an alternate embodiment, such points may be used in addition, or as an alternative to the credit balance  422  stored in RAM  218  of slot machine  102 . 
     The player status rating  428  contains information representative of the particular player&#39;s relative importance to the casino, as based upon the frequency and duration of the player&#39;s visits, the amount of money wagered, and the like. 
     The value of interval remaining field  430  stores the value of interval remaining in a flat rate play session when a player terminates the play session prior to its expiration. This field will be described in greater detail below. 
     The flat rate database  246  will now be described in greater detail with reference to  FIG. 5 . The flat rate database  246  comprises multiple records, each record pertaining to the flat rate play session of a particular player, as identified by that player&#39;s ID number. Consequently, one field in flat rate database  246  is the player ID number field  510 . Other fields include: player selected price parameters  512 , flat rate price  514 , interval remaining  516 , time audit data  518 , and machine identification (ID) number field  520 . The machine ID number field  520  contains the machine ID number that uniquely identifies the slot machine  102 . It is to be understood that since both the casino player database  244  and the flat rate database  246  include a player ID field,  410  and  510 , respectively, the system  100  can correlate any player information stored in the casino player database  344 , with any player information stored in the flat rate database  246 . 
     The payout table  228  will now be described in greater detail with reference to  FIG. 6 . As shown in  FIG. 6 , the payout table  228  of the present embodiment can be logically represented by five fields of related information. The first field, a pay combination field  610 , identifies the set of possible pay combinations for a given slot machine  102 . Such possible pay combinations include winning pay combinations, or those in which a payout results, and non-winning pay combinations, in which the player receives no payout and consequently loses the amount wagered. Winning pay combinations include, for example, “DOUBLE JACKPOT-DOUBLE JACKPOT-DOUBLE JACKPOT” and “BAR-BAR-BAR.” The pay combinations field  610  also includes a “NON-WINNING OUTCOMES” record, an entry representing the outcomes which result in no payout to the player, such as “PLUM-BELL-ORANGE.” 
     The payout table  228  also includes three payout fields  620 ,  630 ,  640 . Such payout fields  620 ,  630 ,  640  contain the payout information for each of the possible pay combinations identified in the pay combinations field  610 . Each of the payout fields  620 ,  630 ,  640  is identified by the number of coins wagered on a particular play, as selected via the bet buttons  272 ,  274 ,  276 . In the present embodiment, payout table  228  contains a “1 coin” payout field  620 , which is accessed when one coin is wagered, a “2 coins” payout field  630 , which is accessed when two coins are wagered, and a “3 coins” payout field  640 , which is accessed when three coins are wagered. In other words, each field  620 ,  630 ,  640  corresponds to a bet button  272 ,  274 ,  276 , respectively. The payout information provides the number of coins won upon the occurrence of a particular pay combination. Thus, “CHERRY-CHERRY-CHERRY” pays out ten coins when one coin is wagered. 
     Finally, the payout table  228  of the present embodiment includes a pay combination status field  650 . The pay combination status field  650  includes an indication for each winning pay combination, identified in the pay combination field  610 , of whether the player is eligible to win the payout for each outcome. As will be described below, the determination of whether a player is eligible to win a payout for a given outcome is made by the player as part of the player selected price parameters. 
     The calculation table  227  will now be described in greater detail with reference to  FIG. 7 . The calculation table  227  is used by the system  100  in determining the flat rate price  724  (field  514  in the flat rate database  246 ) charged to the player. Specifically, the calculation table  227  contains multiple price parameters which are correlated to a flat rate price  724 . More specifically, these price parameters include player selected price parameters and operator selected price parameters. In general, player selected price parameters include any game related variable that defines the flat rate play session. Furthermore, operator selected price parameters are parameters which the operator of the slot machines  102  selects as affecting the flat rate price  724 . Thus, in the present embodiment, the player selected price parameters in the calculation table  227  include machine type  710 , amount wagered per play  712 , active pay combinations  720 , and length of the flat rate play session  722 . The operator selected price parameters in the calculation table  227  include player status rating  714 , time of day  716 , day of the week  718 , and machine usage  719 . In the present embodiment the flat rate price  724  is predetermined based upon the aforementioned price parameters and stored in the calculation table  227 , as will be described later in  FIGS. 14 and 15 . In an alternate embodiment the flat rate price  724  is calculated based upon these parameters as needed according to a price algorithm stored in memory. For example, the price algorithm may operate as follows: 
     Algorithm for Calculating a Flat Rate Price. 
     The are any number of algorithms that could be used to calculate a flat rate price, and they can be generally described as calculating an expected value to the customer and then adding in a margin for the casino or adjusting the price to reflect the time of day, value of the customer, etc. 
     The first step is to determine a “base” flat rate price. This would be calculated as follows: 
       Base Price=[(amount wagered)×(interval)]×[(expected coins awarded for all active pay combinations over a cycle/expected coin-in over a cycle)].
 
     For example, the following Base Price calculation represents a player selecting three dollar coins per handle pull, an interval of 500 handle pulls, and the top three pay combinations active. For this example we will assume that a complete cycle of the slot machine is 10,648 unique outcomes and that the top three pay combinations would pay 2,160 coins over that cycle. Note also that the expected coins awarded for all active pay combinations over a cycle and the expected coin-in over the cycle should both reflect the same number of coins wagered. Essentially, this ratio reflects the expected monetary return to the payer on a per coin wagered basis. When multiplied by the amount wagered and the number of handle pulls the number reflects the amount of money that the player would be expected to receive from the machine over the interval specified. It should be notes that this amount of money is not necessarily the number of coins entered by the player but rather is the theoretical number of coins of play allowed by the flat rate session. Continuing with the calculation: 
     
       
         
           
             
               
                 
                   
                     Base 
                      
                     
                         
                     
                      
                     Price 
                   
                   = 
                     
                    
                   
                     
                       [ 
                       
                         
                           ( 
                           
                             $ 
                              
                             
                                 
                             
                              
                             3 
                           
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                         × 
                         
                           ( 
                           500 
                           ) 
                         
                       
                       ] 
                     
                     × 
                     
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                         ( 
                         
                           2 
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                            
                           
                             160 
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                           648 
                         
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                     × 
                     .202855 
                   
                 
               
             
             
               
                 
                   = 
                     
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                     $ 
                      
                     
                         
                     
                      
                     304.28 
                   
                 
               
             
           
         
       
     
     Note that if the player were to pay this Base Price he would be essentially getting a fair bet for his money. He would pay $304,28 for the session and expect (over the long run) to get $304.28 back in prize money from the top three active pay combinations. Of course in the short run his results could range from receiving no payouts over the interval to receiving thousands of dollars. Because this base price is a fair bet for the player the casino may want to add in margin for the house, perhaps by multiplying the base price by a predetermined margin factor such as 50%. In this example the Profit Adjusted Price would thus be: 
     
       
         
           
             
               
                 
                   
                     Profit 
                      
                     
                         
                     
                      
                     Adjusted 
                      
                     
                         
                     
                      
                     Price 
                   
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                     $ 
                      
                     
                         
                     
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                     150 
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                     % 
                   
                 
               
             
             
               
                 
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                     $ 
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                     456.42 
                   
                 
               
             
           
         
       
     
     Of course the casino might want to offer flat rate sessions to players without a casino markup under some circumstances, such as part of a promotional package or to reward a particularly loyal customer. In fact the casino might even decrease the base price in some circumstances. 
     The Base Price or (Profit Adjusted Price) could be further modified by various other operator price parameters such as the following: 
     1. Time of Day (TD). 
     Times of the day in which the casino traffic tends to be heavy should result in the player paying a premium for the flat rate session, while quiet times in the casino should offer the player a discount over normal rates. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
             
               
                   
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
                 Midnight to 4 am 
                  70% 
               
               
                   
                  4 am to 8 am 
                  80% 
               
               
                   
                  8 am to 12 pm 
                  90% 
               
               
                   
                 12 pm to 4 pm 
                 100% 
               
               
                   
                  4 pm to 8 pm 
                 120% 
               
               
                   
                  8 pm to Midnight 
                 140% 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     2. Day of Week (DW). 
     With the heaviest volume of visitors falling on Fridays and Saturdays, these days will necessitate higher flat rate session costs. For example: 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
             
               
                   
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
                 Monday to Thursday 
                  80% 
               
               
                   
                 Friday 
                 120% 
               
               
                   
                 Saturday 
                 140% 
               
               
                   
                 Sunday 
                 100% 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     3. Player Status Rating (PSR). 
     For top customers such as high rollers, the cost of a flat rate session may be reduced as a customer retention tool. For example: 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
             
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                 1 
                 (High Roller) 
                  80% 
               
               
                 2 
                 (Good customer) 
                  90% 
               
               
                 3 
                 (Average) 
                 100% 
               
               
                 4 
                 (Low) 
                 120% 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     4. Slot Machine Usage (SMU). 
     When the majority of slot machines in the casino are being used, a premium is applied to the cost of the flat rate play session in order to more evenly distribute play. For example: 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
             
               
                   
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
                 Heavy 
                 120% 
               
               
                   
                 Moderate 
                 100% 
               
               
                   
                 Light 
                  80% 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Sample Calculation. 
     In addition to the above player selected price parameters, the following operator selected parameters are incorporated into the price: The player is in the casino at 2 am on a Wednesday, there is low slot machine usage, and the player has an average rating. The calculations below reflect these conditions: 
     
       
         
           
             
               Base 
                
               
                   
               
                
               Price 
             
             = 
             
               $ 
                
               
                   
               
                
               304.28 
             
           
         
       
       
         
           
             
               
                 
                   
                     Final 
                      
                     
                         
                     
                      
                     flat 
                      
                     
                         
                     
                      
                     rate 
                      
                     
                         
                     
                      
                     price 
                   
                   = 
                     
                    
                   
                     
                       ( 
                       
                         Base 
                          
                         
                             
                         
                          
                         Price 
                       
                       ) 
                     
                     × 
                     TD 
                     × 
                     DW 
                     × 
                     PSR 
                     × 
                     SMU 
                   
                 
               
             
             
               
                 
                   = 
                     
                    
                   
                     $304 
                      
                     .28 
                     × 
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                     80 
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                     100 
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                     80 
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                     $304 
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                     44.8 
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     The casino may round up this price to $137 to avoid the need for small change. In the above calculations, the casino might also incorporate floors which prevent the Base Price from going below a level that would be profitable for the house, regardless of the number of positive criterion that were applied to the base price. 
     Those of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that modifications could be made to the formula to reflect different kinds of flat rate sessions. For a session with an interval of one hour (instead of a fixed number of handle pulls) the formula might reflect an expected number of handle pulls per hour for that particular game, perhaps even adjusted to reflect the type of player purchasing the flat rate session. For example, an experienced video poker player might be expected to reach 700 hands per hour while a beginner might only be expected to reach 300 hands per hour. 
     As will also be understood by those skilled in the art, the ultimate goal of many slot machine players is to hit a jackpot payout. The enjoyment of the play, as well as the ability to maximize the chance of hitting a large jackpot, is increased by more play. Play can be increased both by playing longer, and by playing faster. As will be appreciated from a consideration of the process described below, the present invention permits both increased duration, by providing for play at discounted prices, and speed of play, by providing for minimal time delays between plays. 
     The flat rate price package database  229  will now be described in greater detail with reference to  FIG. 14 . The flat rate price package database  229  is used by the system  100  in providing the player with different price package options for flat rate play of the slot machine  100 . Specifically, the flat rate price package database  229  contains multiple combinations, or packages  1410 , of price parameters which correspond to pre-established flat rate prices. More specifically, these price parameters include but are not limited to, interval  1412 , duration of flat rate play  1414 , amount wagered per play  1416 , and pay combination status  1418 . Each combination of price parameters has corresponding flat rate play session prices  1420 . As will be described later in  FIG. 15 , the flat rate price package database  229  is accessed when the player determines he wishes to initiate a flat rate play session. Rather than let the player choose the price parameters, the slot machine  100  lists the different packages stored in the flat rate price package database  229 . The player then chooses the package he likes the most and play commences. 
     Having thus described the components of the present embodiment, the operation of the system  100  will now be described in greater detail with reference to  FIGS. 8-11 , and continuing reference to  FIGS. 1-7 . It is to be understood that the programs stored in ROM  320  of the slot network server  106  and ROM  216  of the slot machine  102  provide the function described below. 
     Turning first to  FIGS. 8   a  and  8   b , the general operation of the system  100  will be described. As shown in step  810 , the slot machine player first inserts the player tracking card into the card reader  266 . The card reader  266  then proceeds to read player identifying information from the tracking card. The player identifying information, namely the player ID number, is communicated from the slot machine  102  to the slot server  106  in step  812 . 
     Upon receiving the player identifying information, the slot network server  106  verifies the information in step  814 . Such verification includes the slot network server  106  searching the casino player database  344  for a record containing the received player ID number in the appropriate field  410 . Once the slot network server  106  verifies the player identifying information, the server  106  transmits a signal to the slot machine  102  acknowledging such verification in step  816 . In alternate embodiments, other information, such as the player&#39;s name  414 , complimentary point total  424 , and player status rating  428  are transmitted to the slot machine  102  for display. 
     In step  818 , the player selects flat rate play via the player interface  264 . The CPU  210  of slot machine  102 , in step  820 , then receives a signal from the player interface  264 , indicating that the player has selected flat rate play. For example, there could be a button specifically for triggering a flat rate play session. The CPU  210 , in response, accesses memory to retrieve player selectable price parameters. Player selectable price parameters are the choices available to a player for entering the player selected price parameters. These player selectable price parameters are controlled by a program stored in ROM  216 . Such player selectable price parameters, in the present embodiment, include the amount wagered per play, (e.g. one, two, or three coins), the length of the flat rate play session, and possible jackpot structures, such as having only the “DOUBLE JACKPOT” and “5 BAR” jackpots active (as illustrated in the payout table  228  of  FIG. 6 ). In an alternate embodiment, the player selectable price parameters are stored as part of the calculation table  227 . 
     Then, as shown in step  822 , the slot machine  102  displays the player selectable price parameters to the player. For example, the parameters could be listed on the video display area  238  for the player, as described previously in  FIG. 2   b . Once the parameters appear, the player simply selects his desired settings. Alternatively, the player may accept one or more default settings. Once the player selectable price parameters are displayed on the display  238 , the player proceeds, in step  824 , to enter player selected price parameters via the player interface  264 . The player selected price parameters also include data which, although not directly inputted by the player, is selected by the player and identified by the slot machine  102 . In the present embodiment, such additional player selected price parameters include type of machine, time of day, and day of the week. 
     It is to be understood that the casino operator of the slot machines  102  may define the scope of the player selectable price parameters, and therefore limit the player selected price parameters in any manner. For example, the length of flat rate play may be limited to periods above a minimum time or to periods that are multiples of thirty minute intervals. The jackpot structure may require that some jackpots remain active. 
     Referring now to  FIG. 8   b , the slot machine  102  CPU  210  receives the player selected price parameters in step  826 . Having received the player selected parameters, the CPU  210  then stores the player selected price parameters, the player identifying information, and the slot machine&#39;s machine ID number in a record in the flat rate database  246 . Specifically, the player ID number is stored in field  510 , the machine ID number is stored in field  520 , and the player selected price parameters are stored in field  512 . Although the player selected price parameters are illustrated as being stored in a single field ( 512 ), it is to be understood that each player selected price parameter may be stored in a separate field. It is also to be understood that in alternate embodiments the player selected price parameters need not be stored in a database, but could be stored in RAM  218 . 
     The slot machine  102  CPU  210  uses the player selected price parameters to determine the flat rate prices. Specifically, in step  828 , the CPU  210  accesses the calculation table  227  and searches for the flat rate price  724  corresponding to the received player selected price parameters  512 , which, in the present embodiment, include machine type  710 , amount wagered per play  712 , time of day  716 , day of the week  718 , active jackpots  720 , and the length of the flat rate play session  722 . The CPU  210  also incorporates operator selected price parameters for the flat rate price  724  such as player status rating  714  and machine availability  719 . As will be appreciated by one skilled in the art, the player status rating  714  is received from the casino player database  344  at any time prior to determination of the flat rate price  724 . Thus, in a preferred embodiment, the slot network server  106  transmits the player status rating  428  to the slot machine  102  along with the verification signal in step  816 . 
     By including the player status rating  714  in the calculation table  277 , a casino may reward frequent players who wager relatively large amounts of money with a lower flat rate price  724 . Thus, the system  100  rewards and encourages frequent play. By including active jackpots  720  in the calculation table  348 , the system  100  allows a casino to discount the flat rate price  724  for those players who choose to enable relatively few winning outcomes in the payout table  228 . Furthermore, by including the price parameters relating to time of day and day of the week in the calculation table  227 , a casino may charge a lower flat rate price  724  for sessions during weekday afternoons or between 2:00 a.m. and 8:00 a.m. in the mornings, thereby encouraging play of the slot machines  102  when they are typically idle. 
     It is to be understood that the aforementioned price parameters in the calculation table  227  are merely representative of the type of variables that may be considered in determining a flat rate price. Thus, it is within the scope of the present invention to include only some of the price parameters, all of the parameters, or additional parameters in the calculation table  227 . 
     As mentioned above, the flat rate price may be based partly upon the availability of slot machines  102 . In such an embodiment, the server  106  tracks whether each slot machine  102  is being used by noting whether outcomes are currently being received from a given slot machine  102 . In another embodiment, the server  106  tracks slot machine availability by tabulating the number of slot machines  102  for which flat rate play is currently enabled. In yet another embodiment, the server  106  tracks slot machine availability by identifying how many slot machines  102  have a player tracking card inserted therein. 
     Another price parameter which may be used is predicted or forecasted slot machine availability. Specifically, such a parameter accounts for anticipated availability of slot machines  102  based upon events at the casino. For example, the calculation table  227  correlates a lower flat rate price  724  to the time of day  716  corresponding to an event, such as a show which many casino players attend. On the other hand, the calculation table  227  correlates a higher flat rate price to the time of day  716  corresponding to the end of the event or heavier casino traffic. This enables a casino to effectively revenue manage their slot machines without resorting to a change in hold percentage which requires regulatory approval. 
     It is to be understood that accounting for slot machine availability need not be accomplished in the calculation table  227 . Rather, in an alternate embodiment, a schedule of events is stored in RAM  218  which is accessed prior to transmitting the flat rate price  724  to the player. If the event schedule indicates that an event is ending during the requested flat rate play session, then the flat rate price  724  will be incremented accordingly. 
     In another embodiment, the flat rate price is based only on operator selected price parameters. A slot machine  102  according to such an embodiment could, for example, provide discounted flat rate play sessions based on player status rating, thereby offering 100 plays for the price of 90 or discounted timed sessions. To encourage repeat, high stakes play, higher player status ratings result in greater discounts. 
     Having determined the flat rate price  724 , the slot machine  102 , in step  830 , displays the duration of the flat rate play session  722  and the flat rate price  724  and requests approval from the player. Once the player accepts the terms of the flat rate play session, flat rate play commences. 
     If the player does not approve the flat rate price  724 , then the player indicates so via the player interface  264 . As indicated by path A in  FIGS. 8   a  and  8   b , the slot machine  102  repeats its operation from step  822 . On the other hand, if the player approves the flat rate price  724 , the player indicates such approval via the player interface  264  in step  832 . Following such approval, the slot machine  102  prompts the player to enter an appropriate amount of money in step  834 . In the present embodiment, the player deposits coins into the coin acceptor  248 . In one embodiment, the player deposits a casino token as payment for the flat rate session. Such tokens may be denominated in dollars, or represent a number of handle pulls. A casino could thus sell a fifty handle pull token, usable on a particular denomination and/or type of machine. Such a token may additionally serve to activate the flat rate session, eliminating the need for the player to select flat rate play via player interface  264 . Alternatively, the player&#39;s credit balance  422  may be debited to pay for the flat rate play session. 
     In some embodiments a casino token may be associated with a particular set of pay combinations which are to be active during a flat rate play session activated via the token. In yet other embodiments a casino token may be associated with (i) a specified duration of time, (ii) a specified number of handle pulls or outcomes, (iii) a specified number of winning handle pulls or outcomes, and/or (iv) a flat rate price package as, for example, described with reference to the flat rate price package database  299  of  FIG. 14 . A gaming device may identify such a token and enter the appropriate flat rate play session by, for example, the size and/or weight of the token or by reading or receiving information from the token (e.g. via a computer chip embedded in the token or special markings on the token). Such a casino token may be, for example, purchased by a person and given to another person as a gift. The recipient may subsequently use the token by inserting it into an appropriate gaming device and essentially playing for “free” (since the person that gave the gift had prepaid for the token) for a specified duration. 
     Once the CPU  210  registers the receipt of money, the CPU  210  reconfigures the slot machine  201  for the flat rate play session in step  836 . Specifically, the CPU  210  generates a signal, or a flag in memory, indicating that there is no need to accept the coins between plays. CPU  210  further sets the active field  650  in the payout table  228  according to the jackpot structure entered by the player. 
     The operation of the slot machine  102  during the flat rate play session will now be described with reference to  FIG. 9  and continuing reference to  FIGS. 1-7 . During the flat rate play session, a slot machine  102  operates generally as described above with reference to  FIG. 2 . However, the slot machine  102  is reconfigured to operate according to the player selected price parameters, if such parameters affect play, and to operate continuously, without requiring payment between each play. Specifically, the flat rate play session begins when the player presses the starting controller  222  in step  910 . The CPU  210  also initiates a countdown of the length of the flat rate play session as stored in the player selected parameters field  512  of the flat rate database  246 . With the start of the session, the CPU  210  stores the start time of the flat rate play session in the flat rate database  246 . Specifically, the start time is stored in the time audit data field  520  in step  912 . In step  914 , the CPU  210  begins to count down the duration of the flat rate play session. Next, in step  916 , the slot machine  102  generates an outcome and accesses payout table  228  to determine the appropriate corresponding number of coins to be paid out. 
     Furthermore, in step  918 , after each outcome is generated, the slot machine  102  determines whether the countdown of the interval remaining  516  has reached zero. It is to be understood that the countdown may be implemented in either software or hardware. Additionally, it is understood that the countdown process discussed herein may be replaced with any suitable means for tracking the duration of the flat rate play session. Interval remaining  516  may also represent the number of handle pulls remaining. 
     In the event that the countdown has not reached zero, the player presses the starting controller  222  in step  920 , thereby initiating another play of the slot machine  102 . In the event that the countdown has reached zero, the CPU  210  generates a signal indicating that the flat rate play session has concluded. The slot machine  102  displays a message indicating this to the player and, in step  922 , stores the end time of the session in the time audit data field  518  of the flat rate database. 
     In an alternate embodiment, the player selected price parameters include the “time between plays.” In this embodiment, the CPU  210  of slot machine  102  controls the time between generating outcomes of successive plays in the slot machine  102  to equal the received “time between plays” player selected price parameter. In another alternate embodiment, the slot machine  102  tracks the number of plays during the flat rate play session. If the number of plays exceeds a predetermined limit, the slot machine  102  automatically terminates the flat rate play session, regardless of the duration of the flat rate play session. 
     Turning now to  FIG. 10 , the operation of the system  100  when the player terminates the flat rate play session prior to the expiration of the session will be described. In step  1010 , the player indicates a desire to terminate the flat rate play session via the player interface  264 . Consequently, the slot machine  102  CPU  210  receives a termination signal and, in step  1012 , displays a message to the player, asking the player to verify termination of the flat rate play session. If the player does not verify termination, then the session continues as described above with reference to  FIG. 9 . On the other hand, if the player verifies termination, shown as step  1014 , the CPU  210  proceeds to store the stop time in the time audit data field  518  of the flat rate database  246  in step  1016 . 
     It is to be understood that having both the start time and the stop time of the flat rate play sessions stored in the flat rate database  246  allows the casino to perform an audit of the session. Specifically, should a player allege that the flat rate play session was shorter than that which was paid for, the casino may access the flat rate database  246  and retrieve the actual start and stop time from the time audit data field  520 . In the present embodiment, this time includes an indication of the day, hour, and minute of the play session. 
     Next, in step  1018 , CPU  210  determines the value of the interval remaining in the flat rate play session and transmits the value to the server  106 . In order to determine the value of the interval remaining, the CPU  210  accesses the calculation table  227 . The value of interval remaining will equal the flat rate price  724  corresponding to the price parameters (i.e., the machine type  710 , amount wagered per play  712 , player status rating  714 , time of day  716 , etc.) used to determine the original flat rate price charged to the player. When determining the value of the interval remaining, however, the value in the length of flat rate play session field  722  is not the original length of the session, but rather is equal to the actual interval remaining in the flat rate play session. Stated succinctly, the slot machine  102  identifies the flat rate price  724  corresponding to the actual interval remaining in the flat rate play session. 
     Once the value of interval remaining is determined, the slot machine  102  transmits the value to the slot network server  106 . Upon receiving the value of interval remaining, the server  106  stores the value in field  430  of the casino player database  344  in the player&#39;s record, as identified by the player ID number  410 . Storing the value is shown as step  1020 . Finally, in step  1022 , the player removes the player tracking card. 
     The process of resuming play at another slot machine  102  will now be described with reference to  FIGS. 11   a  and  11   b . The initial operation of the system  100 , as indicated by steps  1110 - 1128 , proceeds generally as described above with reference to steps  810 - 828  of  FIGS. 8   a  and  8   b.    
     However, once the CPU  210  of slot machine  102  determines a new flat rate price based on the relevant price parameters, the CPU  210  determines whether the player must deposit additional funds. 
     Specifically, in step  1130 , the CPU  210  compares the new flat rate price  724  with the value of interval remaining  430 . The server  106  transmits the value of interval remaining  430 , as stored in the casino player database  344 , to the slot machine  102  in step  1116  so that the comparison may be performed. As indicated by step  1132 , the comparison involves determining whether the new flat rate price  724  is higher than the value of interval remaining  430 . 
     If the new price  724  is not higher than the value of interval remaining  430 , then, in step  1134 , the slot machine allows the player to play the flat rate session at no cost. However, if the new flat rate price  724  is higher than the value of interval remaining  430 , then, in step  1136 , the CPU  210  assigns the difference in the two values as the new flat rate price. Thus, in step  1138 , the CPU  210  displays the new flat rate price on the video display area  238  of the slot machine  102 . Thereafter, operation of the system continues as described above with reference to steps  832 - 836  of  FIG. 8   b.    
     In an alternate embodiment, when a player terminates the flat rate session early, the value of the interval remaining is added to the player&#39;s credit balance, as stored in field  422  of the casino player database  344 . 
     It is to be understood that an embodiment of the present invention need not include both a slot machine and slot network server. For example, an embodiment employing only a slot machine  102  is within the scope of the present invention. Such an embodiment will now be described with reference to  FIGS. 12   a ,  12   b , and  13 , and continuing reference to  FIGS. 2 ,  5 , and  7 . Such an embodiment utilizes the slot machine  102  of  FIG. 2 . 
     Initially, the player selects flat rate play on the slot machine  102  in step  1210 . Once the player selects flat rate play, the flat rate play signal is transmitted from the player interface  264  to the CPU  210  in step  1212 . The CPU  210  then proceeds, in step  1214 , to retrieve the player options for selectable price parameters. Then, in step  1216 , the CPU  210  transmits the player selectable price parameter options to the video display area  238  for viewing. 
     Once the player selectable price parameter options have been displayed to the player, the player inputs the player selected price parameters through the player interface  264 . Then, in step  1220 , the CPU  210  receives the player selected price parameters from the player interface  264 . 
     Once the CPU  210  receives the player selected price parameters, the CPU  210  reconfigures the slot machine  102 . Specifically, the CPU  210  generates a signal, or a flag in memory, indicating that there is no need to accept the coins between plays. CPU  210  further sets the pay combination status field  650  in the payout table  228  according to the jackpot structure entered by the player. In an alternate embodiment in which the player selectable price parameters include the time between the handle pulls, the CPU  210  sets an internal timer. 
     Furthermore, once the slot machine  102  CPU  210  receives the player selected price parameters, it proceeds to access the calculation table  227 . By accessing the calculation table  227 , the CPU  210  retrieves the flat rate price for the flat rate play session. Retrieving the flat rate price is shown as step  1224 . Once the CPU  210  retrieves the flat rate price, it proceeds to transmit the price, the length of the flat rate play session, and payment instructions to the video display area  238  for player viewing in step  1226 . 
     In step  1228 , the player reads the data and instructions on the video display area  238  and inserts money into the coin acceptor  248  or a bill acceptor (not shown) in order to initiate play of the slot machine  102 . In an alternate embodiment, the player enters a stored value card such as a “smart card” into the card reader  266 . Such a smart card has the players credit balance stored thereon. Payment using a smart card further entails the CPU  210  debiting the player&#39;s balance on the smart card by the amount of the flat rate price. Further, the player may enter a credit card into the card reader  266 . 
     In step  1230 , the CPU  210  generates a confirmed payment message indicating that the player has deposited sufficient funds to cover the flat rate price. Consequently, the CPU  210 , in step  1232 , sends the current time to both the video display area  238  and the time audit field  518  of flat rate database  246 . Next, in step  1234 , the CPU  210  initiates the countdown of the interval remaining in the flat rate play session as stored in field  516 . The length of the flat rate play session received from the player is initially stored in field  516 . The slot machine  102  decrements, or counts down, this value as the flat rate play session begins. 
     As shown in step  1236 , the flat rate play session continues in accordance with the player selected price parameters, if such parameters affect play, in step  1236 . During such play, the CPU  210  stores and updates the player&#39;s accumulated credits in RAM  218 . In an alternate embodiment, the slot machine pays out jackpots as they occur. Finally, in step  1238 , the CPU  210  terminates the flat rate play session when the countdown ends. 
     In an alternate embodiment, the interval of the flat rate play session is not a time period, but rather is a maximum number of plays. In such an embodiment, the slot machine  102  stores the number of plays in the flat rate database  246 , as described previously in  FIG. 9 , and, in step  916 , increments a counter for each outcome generated. The counter may be implemented in either software or hardware. Furthermore, in step  918 , the slot machine  102  compares the number of plays stored in the flat rate database  246  to the value of the counter. If the value of the counter equals the stored number of plays, then the flat rate play session is terminated. 
     Turning now to  FIG. 13 , the process of receiving a payout from the present embodiment will be described. As shown as step  1310 , the flat rate play session ends upon the termination of the countdown. Specifically, as shown in step  1312 , the slot machine  102  CPU  210  terminates the flat rate play session by reconfiguring the slot machine  102  to its default values. For example, the CPU  210  resets the pay combination status field  650  in the payout table  228  to reflect the original jackpot structure. The CPU  210  also generates a signal indicating that coins must be received for each play. In short, the player selected price parameters are no longer in effect. 
     In step  1314 , the CPU  210  checks the total credits accumulated, as stored in the RAM  218 , and transmits a payout command to the hopper controller  240 . Consequently, in step  1316 , the slot machine  102  pays out the total number of credits to the player. 
     An alternate embodiment of the present invention will now be described with reference to  FIG. 15 . The operation of slot machine  100 , as indicated by steps  1510 - 1524  below, proceeds generally as described with reference to  FIG. 14 . In this embodiment, the player selects from a list of casino determined price packages, rather than choosing individual price parameters. Each price package, as stored in the flat rate price package database  229  described above, is a combination of different price parameters which correspond to a flat rate play session price. 
     In step  1510 , the player presses a “flat rate play” button on the slot machine  100 . The slot machine  102  CPU  210  receives flat rate play signal from the player interface  264  in step  1512 . In this case, the player interface is an actual “flat rate play” button located on the outside of the slot machine  100 . Next, in step  1514 , the CPU  210  access flat rate price package database  229  from data storage device  224 . The CPU  210  then displays the player selectable price packages on video display area  238  in step  1516 . It is to be understood that the CPU  210  need not display the packages on the video display area  238 , as those package options could be displayed elsewhere on the body of the slot machine  100 . Alternatively, player interface  264  could incorporate several “flat rate play” buttons, each representing a different flat rate price package. 
     Next, in step  1518 , the player selects the desired price package via the player interface  264 . Having already seen what the price of the selected package is, the player then deposits the appropriate amount of money into coin acceptor  248  in step  1520 . For example, the player may have chosen price package four which costs fifty dollars. In return for fifty dollars deposited into the slot machine, the player receives two hundred and fifty handle pulls, with three coins wagered per pull, and with the top three jackpots active in his flat rate play session. These parameters are specified in the flat rate price package database  229 . 
     In step  1522 , the CPU  210  receives an indication of payment from the coin acceptor  248  and reconfigures the parameters of slot machine  100  to meet the specifications of the flat rate price package selected by the player. Finally, in step  1524 , flat rate play begins. 
     It is noted that the flat rate price package database  229  could be located at the slot network server  106  and not at each individual slot machine  100 . When it is located at the server, certain casino or operator selected parameters could be used to determine the price. For example, there could be different flat rate price packages for different times during the day which are based on projected or actual casino traffic and/or slot machine usage. 
     As will be appreciated by one of ordinary skill in the art, the key step in getting players to wager money on gaming devices, such as slot machines, is to bring the players to the casino floor. One way in which casinos can bring additional players to the casino floor, and thereby increase total revenues, is by giving away free samples or rewards with a minimum displacement of traditional pay-per-play players. The present invention may be employed for such a purpose. 
     In one embodiment, for example, the casino could declare a free-play period. During the free-play period, likely chosen by the casino to correspond to down time, when most gaming devices are idle, players insert their player tracking cards into the gaming devices and initiate play without being charged. Specifically, the casino programs the calculation table  227  so that the flat rate price  724  is zero for a given time of day  716  and day of the week  718 . It is anticipated that during such a free-play period, the casino will alter the jackpot structure, causing only a selected jackpot to be active. Thus, the lure of free jackpots will bring additional players to the casino floor who will likely continue playing after the free-play period ends. A further benefit of this embodiment is that it would encourage players to become slot club members. This would result in an increase of players who return to the casino and the customer base which the casino markets to through mailings. 
     It is also to be understood that play of the slot machines during the free-play period need not occur as described above. Thus, in an alternate embodiment, the reels  232 ,  234 ,  236  of the slot machines  102  continuously spin, regardless of whether a player has inserted a tracking card, with the server  106  periodically signaling a jackpot on a random machine. Only when a player has inserted a player tracking card is the jackpot awarded. The server  106  randomly selects a machine ID number and, if the machine  102  is not being played by a pay-per-play player, the server  106  transmits a signal to that slot machine  102  directing it to produce a winning outcome. 
     In an alternate embodiment that achieves substantially the same result of attracting additional players to the floor during down times, the casino issues guests a player tracking card or a smart card having a predetermined free credit balance associated therewith. The casino could then restrict the day and time in which the players could use the free card in a flat rate play session. In another embodiment, the cards provided to guests contain an indication of time, rather than money, for use during a flat rate play session. 
     Although the foregoing embodiments employ static jackpot structure, which stay the same throughout the flat rate play session, it is within the scope of the present invention to employ dynamic jackpot structures, which change during the flat rate play session. In one such embodiment, the dynamic jackpot structure starts with a given number of active jackpots, as indicated in the pay combination status field  650  of the payout table  228 . As the flat rate play session progresses, the number of active jackpots changes. Specifically, as the interval remaining in the flat rate play session decreases, fewer pay combinations are made active. In other words, the slot machine  102  CPU  210  monitors the time and, every fifteen minutes, for example, causes the pay combination status field  650  to change from “active” to “inactive” for a given pay combination  610 . Alternatively, the CPU  210  changes the pay combination status field  650  after a predetermined number of plays. In a further variation of this embodiment, individual jackpots may be decreased instead of or in addition to being eliminated (e.g. the jackpot for a particular outcome may decrease from 10 coins to 8 coins as the play session progresses). 
     As will be appreciated by those skilled in the art, a dynamic jackpot structure based on the time progression of the flat rate play session can increase the revenue generated by the slot machines  102 . Specifically, such a dynamic jackpot structure could be used with a flat rate play session whose duration is not a fixed time, but rather a given number of plays. Because fewer jackpots will be active as time progresses, players have an incentive to use their fixed number of plays within a short time period. Stated succinctly, the present invention increases speed of play. 
     In another embodiment, the jackpot structure is dynamic based not on the progression of the flat rate play session, but rather on the outcomes generated by the slot machine  102 . One such embodiment involves changing a particular jackpot from “active” to “inactive” upon a player hitting the outcome corresponding to that pay combination. For example, a player may begin the flat rate play session with all jackpots active. On one play, the slot machine  102  generates a “CHERRY-CHERRY-CHERRY” outcome  610 . Upon accessing the payout table  228 , the CPU  210  determines that ten coins are to be paid out, credits the player&#39;s accumulated credits accordingly, and causes the pay combination status field  650  corresponding to the “CHERRY-CHERRY-CHERRY” outcome  610  to change from “active” to “inactive”. Thus, a player can only hit a given jackpot once. As will be appreciated by those skilled in the art, such a dynamic jackpot structure will allow slot machine operators to further discount the flat rate price to attract additional players. Furthermore, it is anticipated that players will be willing to forego hitting the same jackpot multiple times because their focus is typically on hitting the highest jackpot once. 
     These and other dynamic jackpot structures may be implemented as either a player selected price parameter or an operator selected price parameter. When implemented as a player selected price parameter, the dynamic jackpot structure is displayed to the player as a player selectable price parameter option. The player, in turn, selects it via the player interface  264 . When implemented as an operator selected price parameter, the dynamic jackpot structure is displayed for player viewing prior to player approval of the flat rate price. Whether the price parameters are selected by the player or the casino operator, the dynamic jackpot structure affects the flat rate price generally as described above, namely, as a field in the calculation table  227  or as a variable in the price algorithm. 
     In some embodiments of the present invention, an individual may purchase a flat rate play session as a gift for another person. For example, an individual may purchase one of the available flat rate price packages of  FIG. 14 . In such an embodiment the individual purchasing a flat rate play session may be provided with a flat rate play session identifier, which the purchase in turn provides to the gift recipient. The flat rate play session identifier may be stored by the casino in association with the price parameters defining the flat rate play session. Thus, when the gift recipient inserts the flat rate play session identifier into a gaming device, the gaming device may communicate with the casino server to determine the parameters of the flat rate play session and set itself to such parameters. A flat rate play session identifier may be provided on, for example, a gift card that is magnetically or optically encoded with the flat rate May session identifier such that it may be read by a gaming device. 
     Contract Embodiment 
     In accordance with some embodiments of the present invention a flat rate play session may be purchased by means of a contract. According to such embodiments a player at a casino may purchase a contract (e.g. from an insurer, such as the casino or another entity) or similar agreement to use a gaming device, such as a slot machine. Costing a fixed amount, the contract insures the player against the possibility of potentially large losses at the slot machine. In accordance with one such embodiment, upon purchasing the contract, a player credit account is set up at the slot machine. The account may begin with zero credits but may begin with another balance in other embodiments. The player is then allowed a fixed number of handle pulls at the slot machine without requiring the player to insert any money. Each handle pull decreases the player account, typically by decreasing the player account by a predetermined amount (e.g. one credit) for each handle pull. This may cause the number of credits to be negative, but play may still continue. If the player achieves a winning outcome, credits can be added to the player account in accordance with the payout for the winning outcome. If, after the fixed number of handle pulls, there are a positive number of credits in the player account, then these may be paid out to the player in the form of cash. If, however, there are less than a predetermined amount of credits (e.g. zero credits) in the player account, then the player receives nothing. The insurer, however, could compensate the casino for, e.g., an amount in the player&#39;s account that is less than a predetermined number. 
     In such an embodiment, the player enjoys the fixed number of pulls without the risk of any loss. The only loss for the player comes from the cost of the contract. 
     One aspect of this invention is a way to price a contract for a block of pulls to be sold to a player. Pricing a contract may involve calculating the expected amount that would have to be paid a player upon the completion of the pulls. The price of the contract would then typically be greater than this expected amount so as to result in an expected profit possibly to be divided amongst the casino and, if it is a separate entity, an insurer. For example, if a player could be expected to receive $30 upon the completion of 1000 pulls, then the contract for the block of 1000 pulls could by sold for $35. 
     The following definitions define the terms used to describe the contract embodiments of the present invention: 
     Contract indicator—an object or information by which a gaming device may recognize a contract in order to execute the contract. For example, a player purchases a contract at casino desk and receives a token that serves as a contract indicator. When the player deposits the token in a gaming device, the gaming device recognizes the contract the player has signed up for and executes the contract accordingly. 
     Execute a contract—to carry out the terms of a contract. A gaming device executes a contract for 200 pulls by generating the 200 outcomes, incrementing and decrementing player credits in accordance with the outcomes, and paying the player, if necessary, at the end of the contract. 
     Gambling contract—An agreement between a player, an insurer, and sometimes a casino (e.g. if different than the insurer) with the following exemplary provisions:
         The player pays the insurer a fixed amount up front.   The player must make a predetermined number of handle pulls, no more and no less.   The player need not pay any additional money after purchasing the contract.   The player keeps any net winnings after all handle pulls have been completed.   If the player has a net loss after the handle pulls have been completed, then the loss is paid to the casino by the insurer.       

     There are many variants of these provisions, and additional provisions are possible. As can be seen, the contract insures a player against excessive losses, and may give the player more handle pulls than would otherwise be possible for the price of the contract. Also, since there may be no additional player decisions required after the player has purchased the contract, the player need not be present for the execution of the contract and may therefore experience the feeling of remote gambling. 
     Gaming Device—Any electrical, mechanical, or electro-mechanical device that accepts wagers, steps through a process to determine an outcome, and pays winnings based on the outcome. The outcome may be randomly generated, as with a slot machine; may be generated through a combination of randomness and player skill, as with video poker; or may be generated entirely through player skill. Gaming devices may include slot machines, video poker machines, video blackjack machines, video roulette machines, video keno machines, video bingo machines, and the like. 
     Gross winnings—the total of a players winnings during the execution of a contract without regard to wagers made by the player. For example, if, after five pulls of a contract, a player has attained one winning outcome with a payout of 4 coins, and one winning outcome with a payout of 20 coins, then the player&#39;s gross winnings thus far are 24 coins. Since gross winnings does not account for wagers a player makes, gross winnings will always be larger than or equal to net winnings. 
     Handle pull—a single play at a gaming device, including video poker, video blackjack, video roulette, video keno, video bingo, and other devices. The definition is intended to be flexible in that a single play might constitute a single complete game, or a single wager. For example, in video blackjack, a player might play a single game in which he splits a pair of sevens, requiring an additional wager. This one game might thereby constitute either one or two handle pulls. 
     Net winnings—the total of a player&#39;s winnings during the execution of a contract minus the amount spent by the player on wagers. In the example cited under the definition of “gross winnings,” the net winnings are 19 coins since the player has won 24 coins but used one coin as a wager on each of the five pulls. 
     Turning now to a detailed description of the contract embodiments of the present invention, various aspects of such embodiments are set forth below. 
     Description of the Contract 
     A typical contract is an agreement between the insurer and a player. The player agrees to pay a fixed amount of money up front. In return, the player may (or must) gamble at a gaming device for a designated amount of time or for a designated number of outcomes. After the player has gambled the requisite amount, the player has the right to keep any winnings that exceed a certain threshold. The player does not, however, pay any losses. Thus, one function of the contract is to insure the player against losses at a gaming device. There are many variations of the contract and a portion of these are described below. 
     Another function of the contract is to allow a player to play a large number of handle pulls without the need of a large bankroll. For example, a player wishing to make 600 pulls at a quarter slot machine would ordinarily require $150 (25 cents×600) in order to assure himself the ability of completing the 600 pulls. However, a contract might allow a player to make 600 pulls by paying only $20. 
     In some embodiments, the contract does not involve an insurer. The function of the contract may be to allow outcomes to be generated for the player while the player is not physically present at the gaming device. In these embodiments, the contract may consist mainly of instructions from the player as to how the slot machine should gamble on the player&#39;s behalf. For example, the instructions will tell the machine how fast to gamble, when to quit, and then where to send winnings. 
     Amount of Play 
     A contract may place one or more of the following exemplary restrictions on play covered by the contract:
         The player must make a minimum number of handle pulls.   The player may not make more than a maximum number of handle pulls.   The player must play for a certain minimum time period.   The player must play for less than a certain maximum time period.   The player must maintain a minimum rate of play.   The player may not exceed a maximum rate of play.   The total coin in over the course of the contract must exceed a certain minimum amount.   The total coin in over the course of the contract must not exceed a certain amount.   The player must play until obtaining a specified outcome.       

     Coin Denomination 
     A contract may specify the size of the wager for each pull. The wager size may be the same as that typically used by the gaming device. For example, if a player signs up for a contract at a quarter slot machine, the wager for each pull of the contract might be a quarter. If the slot machine offers multiple coin bets, the wager for each pull might be a quarter, 50 cents, 75 cents etc. The contract may allow or may force the player to vary the wager from pull to pull. 
     One aspect of a contract may allow all play to occur in “credit mode.” That is, the player need not physically insert money into the gaming device prior to each pull, and money needn&#39;t come out of the gaming device after a player win. Rather, a player&#39;s credit balance may be stored in a player database either in the gaming device or at the casino server. Every time the player then makes a handle pull, credits are deducted from the player&#39;s balance. Every time the player wins, credits are added to the player&#39;s balance. The player&#39;s credit balance can be displayed on the device so that the player may track his progress. 
     Since play may occur in credit mode, each wager might consist of coin denominations that are not standard for the gaming device. For example, a device that typically handles quarters may accept wagers of a nickel, of 40 cents, or even of 12½ cents. 
     Winnings Threshold 
     A contract may describe some threshold of gross winnings, net winnings, or accumulated player credits above which the player keeps any excess. Gross winnings describes the accumulated player wins from each pull of the contract. Thus, a player who makes 600 pulls on a $1 slot machine as part of a contract and wins $3 on each of 100 pulls has gross winnings of $300 ($3/pull×100 pulls). Net winnings are the gross winnings less the accumulated costs of wagering. In the above example, the accumulated costs of wagering are $600 ($1/pull×600 pulls). Thus, in the above example, the player&#39;s net winnings would be negative $300 ($300−$600). Accumulated player credits may mirror a running tally of a player&#39;s net winnings. For example, a player may begin with zero credits, with credits deducted in the amount of any wager, and added in the amount of any winnings. Accumulated player credits may also mirror a running tally of gross winnings, or any other statistic about a player&#39;s performance. 
     At the end of a contract, a player&#39;s accumulated credits may be compared to a threshold. The player may then receive a payout of any excess accumulated credits above the threshold. For example, if the threshold is zero, and the player has 44 credits, each credit representing 25 cents, then the player receives a payout of $11 (44 credits×25 cents/credit). If the player had −12 credits, indicating a net loss of 12 credits, then the player receives nothing. The player does not owe $3 because the contract does not make the player responsible for any losses. 
     The threshold might be at 10 credits, in which case a player with accumulated credits of 30 would receive a payout equivalent to 20 credits at the end of a contract, and a player with 6 credits would receive nothing. A threshold might be at −10 credits, in which case a player with accumulated credits of −6 would receive the equivalent of 4 credits, while a player with −100 credits would receive nothing. 
     Rather than insuring against all of a player&#39;s losses, a contract might insure all losses up to a point and not beyond. Therefore, a contract may have multiple thresholds, each with different functions. A player may, for example, be responsible for any losses beyond a threshold loss of 100 credits. The same player might receive any winnings beyond a threshold of 10 accumulated credits. Thus, if, at the end of the contract, the player has accumulated −125 credits, then the player must pay 25 credits. If the player has accumulated 33 credits, then the player receives a 23 credit payout. If the player has accumulated −49 credits, then the player neither owes nor receives anything. 
     In some embodiments, a threshold delineates a change in the percentage of a player&#39;s winnings or losses between credit tallies above and below the threshold. For example, a player might keep any credits won beyond a threshold of 50. Below 50 credits, the player only keeps 80% of his winnings. Therefore, if a player has 70 credits remaining at the end of a contract, he keeps all 20 credits above 50, and he keeps an additional 40 credits, representing 80% of the first 50 credits. Therefore, the player keeps 60 credits in total. 
     A player may also be responsible for a percentage of losses above or below a certain threshold. For example, a player may be responsible for 50% of losses over 10 credits. Thus, a player who finishes a contract with minus 20 credits owes nothing for the first 10 credits of loss, but owes 5 credits for the next 10 credits of loss. The player therefore owes 5 credits. 
     In the most general sense, a contract specifies a functional relationship between what a player&#39;s accumulated credits are at the end of the contracted number of pulls, and what the player either owes or is due. The function may be piece-wise linear, or may be rather non-linear and convoluted. 
     Where there is potential for a player to owe money at the end of a contract, the player may be required to deposit money into the gaming device in advance so as to prevent the player from walking away when he owes money. The advance payment may later be returned if the player turns out to owe nothing at the end of the contract. 
     In many embodiments, a contract is transparent to the casino. In other words, if the player makes a certain number of pulls, the casino makes the same amount of money whether or not the player happened to be involved in a contract. In these embodiments, however, a casino may collect money that it makes (and the player has lost) from the insurer, rather than from the player. The casino may also act as an intermediary in transactions between the player and the insurer. For example, the casino may collect from the player money that is meant to pay for a contract. The casino may then transfer an equivalent amount of money to the insurer. 
     In other embodiments, a contract is not completely transparent to the casino. That is, the amount of money a casino receives after a certain number of the player&#39;s handle pulls may depend on whether or not the player was in a contract. In one example, a casino agrees that if a player&#39;s accumulated credits at the end of a contract are less than −200, then the casino will only collect 200 credits for the contract&#39;s handle pulls. This example may benefit the insurer, since the insurer doesn&#39;t have to worry about covering player losses in excess of 200 credits. In another example, the casino configures a gaming device to give different odds to a player in contract play versus a player not in contract play. 
     Player Decisions 
     As mentioned previously, players may have some restrictions on the play covered by the contract. For example, a contract may cover an hour&#39;s play at a gaming device, but require the player to make between 600 and 800 pulls in that hour. In some embodiments, however, contracts may allow players to quit early or to play more than is otherwise covered by the contract. For example, a contract might cover an hour&#39;s worth of play. After the first half-hour, the player may be ahead by $100 and wish to quit without risking the loss of the $100 in the subsequent half-hour. He may therefore opt to pay $20 in order to be released from the obligation of continuing the contract. He may then collect his $100 in winnings. 
     A player at a gaming device may reach the end of a contract with accumulated credits just short of an amount necessary to collect winnings. However, the last 17 out of 20 pulls may have been wins for the player. The player may feel as if he has some momentum going for him and therefore may not wish that the contract be finished. In some embodiments, the player may extend the contract. For example, the gaming device might prompt the player, saying, “For only $5 more, we&#39;ll give you another 200 spins added to your contract.” If the player accepts, then the casino or insurer has made a new sale with potential profitability. In some embodiments, the player may be allowed to extend a contract for free, or may even be paid to extend the contract. For example, the player may have winnings of $100 at the end of a contract. The casino, or insurer, may figure that if the player were to keep pulling, he would be likely to lose some of that $100. So the casino may pay the player $5 to take another 200 pulls. 
     In a related embodiment, a player may carry over the accumulated credits from a first contract to a second contract. Thus, a player with 40 accumulated credits at the end of a first contract may begin a second contract with 40 accumulated credits. The player may pay or be paid for carrying over credits. 
     Price 
     In many embodiments, the player pays a fixed sum to buy the contract. In exchange for that fixed sum, the player can then gamble a significant amount with little or no risk of losses. In many embodiments, the insurer takes the risk of the player&#39;s loss. The insurer must therefore price the contract so as to be compensated for the risk it takes. In other embodiments, the casino and the insurer share the profits and losses associated with a contract. To ensure a profit to be divided amongst the two, a contract may be priced in excess of a player&#39;s average win. Note that a player&#39;s loss would count as zero in figuring out the player&#39;s average win, since the player does not have to pay for losses. 
     One method of pricing the contract involves first figuring out what the insurer might expect to pay, on average, to cover a player&#39;s losses. Another method of pricing a contract involves first figuring out what the casino/insurer combination might expect to pay, on average, to compensate a player for his winnings. Both methods involve similar computations. Therefore, computations will be described below with respect to only one or the other method of pricing a contract. 
     Exemplary Price Computations 
     The insurer obtains the gaming device or a component of the gaming device containing significant information about the operation of the gaming device (e.g. the CPU). The insurer then operates the gaming device as a player would when under contract. For example, if the insurer is to sell contracts for 600 pulls, the insurer would make 600 handle pulls at the gaming device and record the number of accumulated credits at the end of the 600 pulls. The insurer may repeat this process of testing contracts at the device for a large number of trials. The insurer may then average what its payments would be over all the trials. Note that while it might take a player days or years to complete, say, 100,000 contracts at a gaming device; the process may be sped up for the insurer by giving the gaming device special instructions to generate outcomes more rapidly. The performance of large number of trials in the manner described above is often called a Monte-Carlo simulation. 
     The following is an example of pricing a contract. Using the method of pricing described above, an insurer simulates the execution of a 600-pull contract. The insurer repeats the simulation four more times. After the first simulation, the player has won $10. After the second, the player has lost $5. After the third, the player has lost $17. After the fourth, the player has lost $8. After the fifth, the player has won $3. To figure out what the insurer must pay, on average, the insurer adds the three losses to get: $5+$17+$8=$30. The insurer then divides by five, the number of simulations, to get: $30/5=$6. The insurer doesn&#39;t care, for the purposes of this calculation, how much the player won when he did win, since the casino is the one paying the player his winnings. Now, in order to obtain an average $4 profit, the insurer might charge $10 for each contract. 
     1) The insurer obtains or creates software that mirrors or models the operation of the gaming device. For example, the software is configured to generate the same outcomes as does the gaming device with the same frequency as the gaming device. For each outcome generated, the software tracks what a player&#39;s accumulated credits would be. As before, the insurer may simulate many contracts and average what its payments would be over all the trials.
 
2) The insurer mathematically models potential outcomes of one handle pull of the gaming device using a random variable with a probability mass function (PMF) or probability density function (PDF). With these functions, the x-axis may represent potential winnings, such as −$1 or $3, which can occur from a single handle pull. The example of −$1 indicates the player has paid $1 for the pull but has won nothing. The example of $3 indicates that the player has paid $1 for the pull and won $4. The y-axis of these functions represents the probability or probability density of each outcome occurring. The probability of the player getting −$1 on a pull might be 0.8, while the probability of the player getting $3 might be 0.2. A PMF for the number of accumulated credits at the end of a contract can then be created by summing the random variables representing individual handle pulls. If each pull is independent with an identical PMF, as is common with slot machines, then the PMF for the results of the entire contract can be created using repeated convolutions of the PMF&#39;s for individual handle pulls. If, for example, 600 pulls are involved, then the PMF for single a handle pull may be convolved with itself 599 times to generate a PMF for the entire contract. Using this resultant PMF, the insurer can easily calculate how much it would expect to pay to cover a player&#39;s losses on each contract. If the resultant random variable is denoted by w, and the insurer would by required to pay for any player losses, then the insurer&#39;s expected payment is given by Σ− ∞   0  w*probability(w).
 
3) In the method described above, Fourier Transforms, Z transforms, Laplace Transforms, or other transforms can be used to aid in the calculation of the repeated convolutions. Such a use of transforms is well known in the art.
 
4) As is well known in the art, with many classes of random variables, repeated summation results in a Gaussian probability distribution. This distribution has the shape of the familiar bell curve. The Gaussian distribution has the advantage of being fully described by only two parameters, a mean and a standard deviation. If a Gaussian probability distribution is used to approximate the sum of a large number of independent, identically distributed random variables, such as those that often describe handle pulls, then the mean and standard deviation of the Gaussian distribution is very easily calculated based on the mean and standard deviation of a random variable describing an individual pull. Such calculations are well known in the art. Thus, a Gaussian distribution can easily be generated to approximate the PMF of a player&#39;s accumulated credits at the end of a contract. Using this distribution, the insurer can calculate the amount it would be required to pay, on average, to cover a player&#39;s losses. The method of calculation is similar to that described in 3). If a Gaussian PDF is used as an approximation, then an integral sign replaces the summation sign, and “probability” is replaced by “probability density.”
 
     The following is an example of using a Gaussian probability density function to approximate the amount a casino would be required to pay, on average to, to compensate a player for his winnings at the end of a contract. The contract may then be priced in excess of this amount to ensure an average profit for the casino/insurer combination. A Gaussian function is given by the formula, f(x)=1/√(2πσ)exp(−(x−μ) 2 /(2σ 2 )). In this formula, σ is the standard deviation, and μ is the mean. Now, let us suppose that a single handle pull of a slot machine results in a required payout to the player described by a probability mass function with mean μ 0  and standard deviation a σ 0 . Then, assuming each handle pull is independent, n handle pulls of the slot machine may be described by a function with mean μ=μ 0 n and standard deviation σ=σ 0 √n. Furthermore, if n is large, then the function describing a casino&#39;s aggregate payout after n handle pulls may be approximated by the Gaussian function f(x), whose formula is given above. 
     To calculate what a casino would have to pay to compensate a player for his winnings, on average, we note that the casino pays when the player wins, but receives nothing when a player loses. Therefore, the expected payment of the casino is given by: 
       ∫ −∞   0 0 *f ( x ) dx+∫   0   ∞   x*f ( x ) dx=∫   0   ∞   x*f ( x ) dx.  
 
     We proceed to solve the integral: 
     
       
         
           
             
               
                 
                   
                     
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     We deal with the two terms separately: 
     
       
         
           
             
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     The integral is the cumulative distribution function for a zero mean, unit standard deviation Gaussian, for which tables exist. We denote it by N(−μ/σ). Continuing: 
     
       
         
           
             
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     Recombining the two terms we get: 
       ∫ 0   ∞   x*f ( x ) dx=n   3/4 σ 0   3/2 exp(− nμ   0   2 /(2σ 0   2 ))/√(2π)+ n   5/4 μ 0 √σ 0 [1− N (−√ nμ   0 /σ 0 )]
 
     If we were to graph the above as a function of n, the number of pulls, we would see that initially, as the number of pulls in a contract gets larger, a casino could expect to pay more money to compensate a player for his winnings. However, there would reach a point, beyond which more pulls in a contract would actually decrease the amount a casino could expect to pay to compensate a player for his winnings. This illustrates an important feature of contracts. Having more pulls in a contract is not necessarily an advantage for a player. 
     5) A casino or insurer may start with a first price for a contract, and then evolve the price as more and more of the contracts are purchased and executed. For example, if an insurer loses money on the first few contracts it sells, then it may increase the price of the contract. If the insurer makes large profits on its first few contracts, then it may reduce the price. 
     Once the insurer has determined what it can expect to pay, on average, to cover a player&#39;s losses, the insurer may price the contract so as to give itself a desired profit margin. For example, if the insurer can expect to pay, on average, $15 to cover a player&#39;s losses, then the insurer might price the contract at $20 to insure itself a $5 average profit. 
     Automatic Play 
     A contract may require certain behaviors of the player. As mentioned, these behaviors may include maintaining a certain rate of play, or performing a minimum number of handle pulls. The gaming device on which a contract is executed may take various steps to ensure that the behaviors are performed. To this end, the gaming device may initiate handle pulls automatically or may fail to register handle pulls that the player attempts to initiate. For example, if the player must make at least one handle pull every 10 seconds, and the player has failed to make any handle pulls in 9 seconds, then the gaming device may automatically initiate a handle pull for the player on the tenth second. As another example, a player may be restricted from making more than one pull every 10 seconds. If in the same 10-second interval, the player attempts to make more than one handle pull, the second handle pull may not be initiated, at least until the next 10-second interval. 
     As can be seen from the above two examples, the player may maintain some control over his gambling behavior even while the gaming device forces him to comply with the contract. So a player who must make a pull every 10 seconds still has control over whether the pull occurs on the first second of an interval or the eighth second of an interval. Such control can be psychologically important, because many players feel that the exact moment at which the handle pull is initiated has an important effect on the ultimate outcome. 
     In some cases, a player may not desire to make any active decisions once a contract has been initiated and may simply put a gaming device into “automatic play.” The player may later have the option of taking the gaming device out of automatic play and of manually initiating handle pulls. 
     Offering the Contract 
     A contract may be offered to a player in a number of ways. A gaming device may use text or synthesized voice to ask a person whether or not he would like to sign up for a contract. A casino attendant may offer a contract to a player, or signs at a casino may point a player towards a casino desk where he may then purchase a contract. 
     A number of circumstances may trigger the casino or an insurer to offer a contract to the player. For example, the player may have lost most of an initial stake deposited into a gaming device. A player may be slowing his play, or may no longer be inserting coins into the machine. The time of day may be a player&#39;s typical lunch time or departure time. A player may have the opportunity to enter into a contract only if he also agrees to do business with a particular merchant or group of merchants. The player may have the opportunity to enter into a contract if the casino or insurer deems him a good, valuable, or loyal customer. 
     Agreeing to the Contract 
     A player may specify a desired contract in a number of ways. At a gaming device, a player may use a touch screen to indicate his desire to enter into a specific contract. Using the touch screen, the player may select from a menu of possible contracts. For example, the menu might list several contracts with different time durations or different prices. The player could then select a contract by touching an area of the screen next to his desired contract. 
     The player might use menus to customize a contract for himself. The player might use a first menu to select a duration of the contract (e.g. 600 pulls, or ½ hour). A second menu might be used to select a rate of play. A third menu might be used for coin denomination. Many other menus are possible for other contract features. Once the player has selected several contract features, the gaming device may select the remaining feature so as to make the contract profitable for the insurer. For example, once the player has chosen a number of pulls and a coin denomination, the gaming device might choose the price of the contract. 
     Rather than a touch screen, a player may use special buttons, keys, or voice input to specify a desired contract or contract terms. 
     In some embodiments, a player chooses a contract prior to approaching the gaming device or even the casino. A player might select a contract on the Internet. On the Internet, the player might specify terms of the contract, such as the number of pulls, the rate of play, the cost, the payout tables, the winning symbol combinations, etc. The player may then print out a code or a document describing the terms of the contract. The player then brings the code or document to a gaming device that then recognizes what contract the player has chosen. When the player signs up for a contract, a description of the contract might be sent electronically directly to the gaming device. The player might then only identify himself at the gaming device in order to initiate contract play. 
     Other terms of a contract a player may agree to or specify include: the font size of the machine, the noise level of the machine&#39;s sound effects, the particular game (e.g. number of reels, number of pay lines), the brightness of the display, etc. 
     Signature 
     To confirm entry into a contract, a player might sign a document that may contain the terms of the contract. The document may be printed from a gaming device or from the Internet, or may be obtained from a counter at a casino. The signed document may then be deposited into an opening in the gaming device, may be returned to a casino counter, or may be kept by the player. The player might also sign an area on a touch screen or other sensing device. 
     A player might also confirm entry into a contract simply by paying for it. The player might pay be depositing tokens, coins or other currency into the gaming device. The player might pay using a credit or debit card. The player might also pay from a player credit account established with the casino. The player might pay at a counter of the casino and might receive a contract or a contract indicator to bring to a gaming device. The gaming device might then recognize the contract indicator by, for example, a bar code, and then execute the contract. 
     Instruction Sets 
     A typical contract may cover and/or require a large number of handle pulls by the player. Now ordinarily, when a player is gambling at a gaming device for a long period of time, the player makes a number of decisions related to his gambling. Should the player play more quickly or more slowly? Should the player double his bet after a loss? Should the player quit after a sizable win? Should the player take a short break to use the restroom? 
     Since the contract covers a large number of pulls, it is possible for the some player decisions to be made beforehand and included in the contract. A gaming device may then act on the decisions specified in the contract without further input from the player. For example, while negotiating a contract for an hour of play at 10 pulls per minute, a player might decide he&#39;d like a 15 minute break between the first ½ hour and the second ½ hour of pulls. The gaming device might then execute the contract for the first half hour by automatically spinning and generating outcomes for the first ½ hour. The gaming device might then freeze for 15 minutes, preventing other players from stepping in and allowing the contract holding player to take his 15 minute break. The device can then unlock after 15 minutes, perhaps with the entry of a password, and resume the generation of outcomes. 
     One important aspect of having a player&#39;s decisions spelled out before hand in the contract is that the player need not even be present at the gaming device. A player can sign up for a contract at a casino in Las Vegas, and then have the contract executed automatically by a gaming device. The player can then view a running tally of his accumulated credits over the Internet while in Virginia, for example. 
     In general, player instructions built into a contract will include some action to be performed as well as some triggering condition for the action. As an example, a player instruction may be to increase the rate of handle pulls provided accumulated player credits exceed 100. In this example, the action is to increase the rate of handle pulls, and the triggering condition is whether accumulated player credits exceed 100. The following player actions may be part of a players instructions:
         Increase or decrease a wager amount on one or more handle pulls.   Increase or decrease a rate of wagering.   Cease gambling.   Change the way outcomes are displayed.       

     The following conditions may trigger the above actions
         The player has just won or lost on one or more handle pulls.   The player has just won a certain amount on one or more handle pulls.   Any player defined sequence of wins and losses has occurred on prior handle pulls.   The player has approached or left the vicinity of the gaming device.   The current time has reached a particular time of day.       

     One advantage of contracts executed by the gaming device is that a gaming device can gamble at speeds a human is incapable of achieving. For example a player is on a winning streak, but must soon join his family for lunch. Rather than cash out and leave, he decides to accelerate his play to 2 pulls per second. He therefore enters a into a contract which is to be executed by the machine at 2 pulls per second for the next 8 minutes. In this contract, an insurer is not involved. The contract simply serves as a means of increasing the rate of play. As it happens, the player loses all his money in 6 minutes, and so the contract ends. 
     Player instructions may tell the slot machine to play faster when the player is present or is observing in some way, and to play more slowly while the player is asleep. For example, the rate of pulls may be twice as fast during the day as at night. The rate of play may likewise be faster when an infrared detector in the slot machine senses the heat of the player&#39;s presence. 
     Player instructions may also tell a gaming device how to play certain games involving player decisions. For example, a player may leave instructions to use basic strategy in a game of video blackjack, or to play according to published theory in a game of video poker. The player may add instructions to always draw to a four card open-ended straight flush. 
     Times of Execution 
     A contract may be executed over a range of different time periods. The outcomes, the accumulated player credits, and the player winnings may or may not be displayed to the player at the same time at which the outcomes are being generated. 
     In one embodiment, all the outcomes needed for a contract are generated very rapidly by a gaming device, perhaps all in less than a second. The outcomes may then be displayed to the player over a much longer time frame so as to give the player a more exciting gaming experience. 
     In another embodiment, outcomes may be continuously generated at a rate comparable to that with which a player might make handle pulls on his own. This embodiment might be entertaining for a player if the player is sitting at the gaming device or watching the outcomes being generated from a home computer. 
     In another embodiment, outcomes are generated on a periodic basis at fixed times every day, week, hour, etc. For example, outcomes for a 600-pull contract may be generated 100 outcomes at a time, each block being generated from 8 pm-9 pm on Sunday. Thus, it would take just under six weeks for the entire contract to be executed. This method of execution may be ideal if a player has a schedule as to when he enjoys watching outcomes being generated. For example, the player might enjoy seeing outcomes generated while he watches his favorite show on Sundays from 8 pm to 9 pm. This method of execution might also be ideal for the casino if slow business periods occur on a periodic basis where the entire contract cannot be executed in a single period. 
     In still another embodiment, outcomes are generated on a flexible basis, either when it is convenient for the casino or for the player. In this embodiment, the casino may wait for a gaming device to be free of use before using it to generate the next couple of outcomes of a contract. Alternatively, the player may signal the gaming device any time he is ready to have the next few outcomes generated 
     Viewing the Contract&#39;s Execution 
     As discussed, a player may enjoy watching from a remote location as the outcomes of his contracts are generated. Since the player is not physically at the slot machine, the outcomes must be presented to the player via some graphical representation. In one embodiment, a camera simply films the gaming device generating the player&#39;s outcomes. The image from the camera is transmitted to the player device via the Internet, the cable system, satellite, etc. The player device might be, for example, a TV or a personal computer. In another embodiment, the generated outcomes are recorded either by the gaming device, by a camera watching the device, or by a casino employee. The generation of the outcomes is then graphically recreated for the player in a manner not necessarily consistent with the physical appearance of the gaming device that generated the outcomes. For example, a gaming device generates the outcome: cherry-orange-lemon. The gaming device then transmits, via the casino server and the Internet, a bit sequence indicating the outcomes cherry-orange-lemon. Perhaps the bits “0000” represent cherry, “0011” represent orange, and “1111” represent lemon. The bit sequence is transmitted to a player&#39;s home computer, where a software program displays a cartoon representation of a slot machine. The cartoon shows the reels spinning and stopping with the outcome: cherry-orange-lemon. The cartoon representation of the slot machine may not look anything like the slot machine that originally generated the outcomes. In some embodiments, a player views a combination of the actual image of his gaming device, and a computer-rendered version of a gaming device. For example, a cartoon of the reels spinning might be displayed within the frame of an actual image of the slot machine, without the reels. 
     In some embodiments, the player does not view a graphical representation of the outcomes, but sees the outcomes as text, such as “seven-bar-bar,” “s-b-b,” “7-b-b,” etc. The player may not even see the outcomes, just how much he has won or lost on every pull. Thus, the player may view a periodically updated tally of his accumulated credits. He may only view his total accumulated credits, or his take home winnings, after all outcomes have been generated. 
     Any graphical or textual representation of the player&#39;s outcomes, accumulated credits, or other contract information may be displayed either on an entire portion of a computer or TV screen, or on a smaller portion of the screen. For example, a small cartoon slot machine may reside in a box in the upper right hand corner of a TV screen that simultaneously displays a regular TV show. A player watching television need then only glance up at the corner of his screen to follow the progress of his contract. Representation of outcomes may also be place in an email message to the player. 
     Of course, the various representations of outcomes may be used just as well with a player physically present at the gaming device or at the casino. 
     In some embodiments, the player calls up a number to monitor the progress of his contract. He may enter a code or password when prompted by a voice response unit (VRU) and thereby access the outcomes from his particular contract. 
     A player may be sent updates on his contract only when certain triggering conditions are met. For example, a player may only wish for updates when he wins more than 100 credits on a spin, or when the contract terminates. 
     Revenue Management 
     As discussed previously, the pricing of a contract will often take into account the expected amount an insurer must pay to a casino to cover a player&#39;s losses, or the expected amount that a casino and insurer in combination can expect to pay to compensate the player for his winnings. Pricing of contracts may account for additional factors such as, for example: 
     Times or dates on which the contract is to be executed. 
     The gaming device on which the contract is to be executed 
     Flexibility in the contract&#39;s execution. 
     A player&#39;s playing history. 
     The importance of the player as a customer of the casino. 
     For example, a contract which is to be executed during a period of low customer activity at a casino may be priced at a discount. This is because a casino would like to encourage the use of gaming devices that are otherwise empty. Alternatively, a casino may want to discourage the purchase of contracts during times of high customer traffic, and so contracts may be higher priced at such times. 
     If a contract has flexibility as to when it may be executed, then this allows the casino to execute contracts only during times when gaming devices would not otherwise be in use. Therefore, such a contract might be priced more favorably. 
     A contract that is executed at an unpopular gaming device, for example, might be priced more favorably for the player so as to encourage the use of that device. 
     If a player shows signs of nearing the end of his gambling session, a contract might be priced at a discount for that player. For example, a player might be slowing his rate of play, indicating boredom. A player might be lowering his wager size, indicating a decreasing bankroll. A player might simply have been at a gaming device for such a long time that he would almost necessarily be hungry enough to leave at any moment. Providing a discount on a contract to such players would encourage them to remain gambling for at least the time it takes to execute the contract. 
     Settlement 
     In some embodiments, the casino acts as the intermediary in transactions between a player and the insurer. The casino is an intermediary, for example, when its gaming devices collect a player&#39;s payment for a contract, even though that payment is meant to go to the insurer. The casino is also an intermediary when it does not collect losses from a player, but from an insurer. 
     Since the casino may engage in many transactions with the insurer, it would potentially be inefficient for the casino to transfer money to the insurer, or vice versa, after every transaction. Therefore, the casino or the insurer may maintain records of how much one owes the other. The casino and the insurer may then settle their accounts periodically. If the casino owes the insurer money, then the casino may wire money to the insurer. If the insurer owes the casino, then the insurer may wire money. Of course, many other methods of settlement are possible. 
     In cases where a contract has resulted in a net win for the player, the player must be paid. If the player is at the casino, he may enter into a gaming device a password or other identifier of himself or of his contract. The gaming device may then access a database in the casino server containing the details of the contract, including the amount owed to the player. The gaming device may then payout the amount owed in the form of cash, tokens, paper receipts or vouchers, digital cash, digital receipts, etc. The player may also collect his winnings at a casino desk, perhaps after presenting identification. 
     If a player is remote from a casino when his contract has finished executing, then the player may be sent his winnings either by the insurer or the casino. If the insurer provides the winnings, then the casino may later reimburse the insurer in the amount of the winnings. The winnings may be sent in the form of cash, check, money order, etc. The winnings may be sent by postal mail, by wire transfer, by direct deposit, by email as digital cash, etc. 
     In some embodiments, the casino may simply keep the player&#39;s winnings in a player account at a casino, to be accessed by the player next time he visits the casino. The winnings may, in the mean time, accumulate interest. The casino (or insurer) may also alert the player that his contract has finished executing and that he has winnings. The player may be instructed to come to the casino and pick them up. 
     In some embodiments, the player may have left instructions to take any winnings from a first contract and purchase a second contract. This allows for the notion of a meta-contract. Just as a contract may specify how to allocate money for pulls, a meta-contract would describe how to allocate money for contracts. There could then be meta-meta-contracts, and so on. 
     Numerous variations on the above-described contract embodiments of the present invention may be practiced without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention. For example, a player may be halfway through a contract and have negative 200 accumulated credits. The player might therefore lose all hope of winning enough to overcome the 200-credit deficit, and so lose interest in the contract. Therefore, in one embodiment, a player who is well below a threshold number of accumulated credits for winning may play for an altered pay table. Low paying outcomes may be eliminated, while the likelihood of achieving high paying outcomes may increase. This is because a player with a 200-credit deficit probably doesn&#39;t care about a win of ten credits, but does care about a win of 500 credits. The overall hold percentage of the machine may remain constant. In some embodiments, the alteration of the pay tables is an automatic function of the number of pulls remaining and the credit deficit of the player. In other embodiments, the player must request an alteration of the pay tables. As an example, a player may select an option that says, “Let me play just for the jackpot. Eliminate everything else and make the jackpot more likely.” The player may or may not have to pay for an alteration of the pay tables. In a more general sense, the pay tables may change such that the standard deviation of the payout for a particular handle pull changes even as hold percentage may remain constant. 
     In another embodiment, a player might purchase a contract at a casino desk and receive a token that indicates the type of contract. The player might then deposit the token into a gaming device. The gaming device would then recognize the token and be able to execute the contract. 
     A player may have the privilege of entering into favorable contracts after a fixed amount of initial betting. For example, if the player wagers for an hour, he may be able to enter into a contract where each pull is at true odds. That is each pull pays back, on average, the same amount that was put in. Typically the pull pays back less. In yet another embodiment, a player may receive better odds on contract play when he is recommended to the casino by a friend. 
     In some embodiments, certain results of a pull may terminate a contract early. For example, if a player hits the jackpot, the contract may terminate. In other embodiments a player&#39;s accumulated credits can be displayed to a player as a function of time in the form of a graph. The graph may look much like graphs used to plot the price of a stock market index as a function of time. In some embodiments, a player wins money or some other prize if the graph takes on a certain shape. For example, if the line of the graph is such that it slips between several sets of markers (much like a skier on a slalom course), then the player may win a large prize. 
     In some embodiments, a player&#39;s winnings on each pull of the contract are reinvested into the contract, whereas in other embodiments they are not. In one example, a player purchases a contract for $100. The player instructs the gaming device to gamble the $100 until it is all gone. However, any winnings are not to be used to gamble, they are to be sent directly to the player. In a second example, the player purchases a contract for $100 and instructs the gaming device to gamble the $100 until it is gone or until it has become $200. Here, the player elects to reinvest winnings, using the winnings to pay for new handle pulls even after $100 worth of handle pulls has been made already. 
     A contract may reward a player based on any second order data, or meta-data about one or more outcomes. Examples include rewarding the player if three like outcomes occur in a row, if 20 cherries come up in 10 sequential spins, if the players accumulated credits ever reach 100, etc. An example previously mentioned is rewarding a player based on the pattern of a graph of accumulated winnings as a function of time. A player might choose the “meta-outcomes” on which he desires to be rewarded, and the gaming device may figure the corresponding odds and the size of the reward should the meta-outcome occur. 
     A player may be rewarded with the downside of a sequence of outcomes much as buying insurance gives him the upside. For example, a player pays a fixed sum of money, and collects winnings for every dollar in the negative the contract finishes at. Thus, if a contract ends with the player having minus 20 accumulated credits, then the player collects 20 credits. 
     A contract may apply to a “best 100” sequence of a larger sequence of pulls. For example, the player pays $100 for a contract of 1000 pulls. From those 1000 pulls, the player gets to choose any 100 consecutive outcomes to determine his winnings, and can disregard the rest of the outcomes. Thus the player can say he wants to use outcomes  506  through  605 . Perhaps there was a hot streak during that sequence. The player&#39;s winnings are then determined solely based on what happened between pulls  506  and  605 . This might result in winnings of $200, whereas having counted all 1000 pulls would have resulted in a net loss for the player. Of course, the gaming device may automatically choose the most favorable sequence for the player. 
     A player may choose his favorite outcome and receive higher payouts for that outcome, special privileges for receiving that outcome (e.g. the ability to terminate a contract), etc. 
     Returning now to the figures,  FIG. 16  is a schematic representation of an embodiment of a system configured to carry out the contract embodiments described above. The system  1600  comprises a casino server  1605  in communication with insurer device  1610 , a gaming device  1615 , and a player device  1620 . As used herein, a device (including the casino server  1605 , the insurer device  1610 , the gaming device  1615  and/or the player device  1620 ) may communicate, for example, through a communication network such as a Local Area Network (LAN), a Wide Area Network (WAN), a Metropolitan Area Network (MAN), a Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN), a proprietary network, a Wireless Access Protocol (WAP) network, or an Internet Protocol (IP) network such as the Internet, an intranet or an extranet. Moreover, as used herein, a communication network includes those enabled by wired or wireless technology. 
     It should be understood that any number of gaming devices and any number of player devices can be used in system  1600 . Although system  1600  includes both a casino server  1605  and an insurer device  1610  as illustrated, one or the other of these elements may be omitted (for example, the insurer device may be omitted in embodiments that do not include an insurer or where the casino acts as the insurer). Similarly, although system  1600  includes both a gaming device  1615  and a player device  1620  as illustrated, one or more of these embodiments may be omitted (for example, the player device may be omitted if the casino has not implemented remote gaming). Further, some or all of the functionality of a casino server  1605  may be carried out by insurer device  1610  and vice versa. Similarly, some or all of the functionality of casino server  1605  and/or insurer device  1610  may be carried out by gaming device  1615  and vice versa. In one embodiment, the casino server  1605  comprises one or more computers that are connected to a remote database server. 
     Turning now to  FIG. 17 , therein depicted is schematic illustration of a casino server  1605 . Casino server  1605  is an illustration of an embodiment of the casino server of the same number in  FIG. 16 . Casino server  1605  comprises a processor  1705  in communication with a communications port  1710  and storage device  1715 . Contained in storage device  1715  is a program  1720 , a player database  1725 , a gaming device database  1725 , and a contracts database  1730 . Each of these databases will be described in detail below. The processor  1705  performs instructions of the program  1720 , and thereby operates in accordance with the present invention. The program  1720  may be stored in a compressed, uncompiled and/or encrypted format. The program  1720  furthermore includes program elements that may be necessary, such as an operating system, a database management system, and “device drivers” used by the processor  210  to interface with peripheral devices. Appropriate program elements are known to those skilled in the art. 
     Note that the processor  1705  and the storage device  1715  may be, for example, located entirely within a single computer or other computing device or located in separate devices coupled through a communication channel. 
     Turning now to  FIG. 18 , therein depicted is a schematic illustration of an insurer device  1610 . Insurer device  1610  is an illustration of an embodiment of the insurer device  1610  of the same number in  FIG. 16 . Insurer device comprises a processor  1805  in communication with a communications port  1810  and a storage device  1815 . Storage device  1815  stores a program  1820 . The processor  1805  performs instructions of the program  1820 , and thereby operates in accordance with the present invention. The program  1820  may be stored in a compressed, uncompiled and/or encrypted format. The program  1820  furthermore includes program elements that may be necessary, such as an operating system, a database management system, and “device drivers” used by the processor  1805  to interface with peripheral devices. Appropriate program elements are known to those skilled in the art. Note that the processor  1805  and the storage device  1815  may be, for example, located entirely within a single computer or other computing device or located in separate devices coupled through a communication channel. 
     Turning now to  FIG. 19 , therein depicted is a schematic illustration of a gaming device  1615 . Gaming device  1615  is an illustration of an embodiment of the gaming device of the same number depicted in  FIG. 16 . Gaming device  1615  comprises a processor  1905  in communication with a communications port  1910 , an input device  1915 , an output device  1920 , and a storage device  1925 . Storage device  1925  stores a program  1930 . The processor  1905  performs instructions of the program  1930 , and thereby operates in accordance with the present invention. The program  1930  may be stored in a compressed, uncompiled and/or encrypted format. The program  1930  furthermore includes program elements that may be necessary, such as an operating system, a database management system, and “device drivers” used by the processor  1905  to interface with peripheral devices. Appropriate program elements are known to those skilled in the art. 
     Note that the processor  1905  and the storage device  1925  may be, for example, located entirely within a single computer or other computing device or located in separate devices coupled through a communication channel. 
     Input device  1915  may comprise, for example, a player slot card interface, a keypad, a touch-screen, a microphone and/or any other device which allows a player to input information into gaming device  1615 . Output device  1920  may comprise, for example, a display area, a microphone, and/or any other device that allows gaming device  1615  to output information to a player. Gaming device  1615  may comprise, for example, a slot machine, video poker machine, video keno machine, or a video blackjack machine. A combination of these type of machines may be used in embodiments where casino server  1605  is in communication with more than one gaming device  1615 . 
     Turning now to  FIG. 20 , therein depicted is a schematic illustration of a player device  1620 . Player device  1620  is an illustration of an embodiment of the player device of the same number depicted in  FIG. 16 . Player device  1620  may be, for example, a personal computer (PC), laptop, personal digital assistant, a cellular telephone, a pager, and/or any other device that allows a player to remotely monitor and participate in play of a gaming device in accordance with the present invention. Player device  1620  comprises a processor  2005  in communication with a communications port  2010  and a storage device  2015 . Storage device  2015  stores a program  2020 . The processor  2005  performs instructions of the program  2020 , and thereby operates in accordance with the present invention. The program  2020  may be stored in a compressed, uncompiled and/or encrypted format. The program  2020  furthermore includes program elements that may be necessary, such as an operating system, a database management system, and “device drivers” used by the processor  2005  to interface with peripheral devices. Appropriate program elements are known to those skilled in the art. Note that the processor  2005  and the storage device  2015  may be, for example, located entirely within a single computer or other computing device or located in separate devices coupled through a communication channel. 
     It should be noted that any and all of the processors  1705 ,  1805 ,  1905 , and  2005  may comprise one or more microprocessors such as one or more INTEL® Pentium® processors. Further, any and all of the storage devices  1720 ,  1815 ,  1925 , and  2015  may comprise any appropriate storage device, including combinations of magnetic storage devices (e.g., magnetic tape and hard disk drives), optical storage devices and semiconductor memory devices, such as Random Access Memory (RAM) devices and Read Only Memory (ROM) devices. 
     Examples of databases that may be used in connection with the system  1600  will now be described in detail with respect to  FIGS. 21 through 23 . Each figure depicts a database in which the data is organized according to a data structure in accordance with embodiments of the present invention. The data may be stored, for example, on a computer readable medium and be accessible by a program executed on a data processing system. The schematic illustrations and accompanying descriptions of the databases presented herein are exemplary, and any number of other database arrangements could be employed besides those suggested by the figures. 
     Player Database 
     Referring to  FIG. 21 , a table represents one embodiment of the player database  1720  that may be stored at the casino server  1605  shown in  FIG. 16  according to an embodiment of the present invention. The table includes entries identifying players that may be participating in contracts for flat rate play sessions with system  1600 . The table also defines fields  2105 ,  2110 ,  2115 ,  2120 ,  2125 ,  2130 , and  2135  for each of the entries. The fields specify (i) a player identifier  2105  that uniquely identifies a player; (ii) a name  2110  associated with the player; (iii) an address  2115  that facilitates communications with the player; (iv) a financial account identifier  2120 , such as a credit or debit card account, associated with the player through which payment may be obtained and to which player winnings may be credited; (v) demographic information  2125  that may be utilized to determine a price or other terms for a contract; (vi) credits  2130  that represent the amount of casino credits associated with the player; and (vii) a lifetime coin in  2135  that represents the amount of coin in wagered by the player over the course of his or her relationship with the casino and/or insurer. 
     Gaming Device Database 
     Referring to  FIG. 22 , a table represents one embodiment of the gaming device database  1725  that may be stored at the casino server  1605  shown in  FIG. 16  according to an embodiment of the present invention. The table includes entries identifying gaming devices operated by the casino. The table also defines fields  2205 ,  2210 , and  2215  for each of the entries. The fields specify a (i) a gaming device identifier  2205  that identifies a gaming device; (ii) a name  2210  associated with the gaming devices, such as, for example, Diamond Mine®; and (iii) a manufacturer  2215  of the gaming device. 
     Contract Database 
     Referring to  FIG. 23 , a table represents one embodiment of the contract database  1730  that may be stored at the casino server  1605  shown in  FIG. 16  according to an embodiment of the present invention. The table includes entries identifying contracts that may or have been purchased via the system  1600 . The table also defines fields  2305 ,  2310 ,  2315 ,  2320 ,  2325 ,  2330 ,  2335 ,  2340 , and  2345  for each of the entries. The fields specify (i) a contract identifier  2305  that identifies a contract that has been purchased or is available for purchase by a player; (ii) a player identifier  2310  that identifies a player, if any, that may be associated with the contract; (iii) an initial bankroll  2315 ; (iv) a description  2320  that describes the terms of the contract; (v) a cost  2325  of the contract; (vi) a result  2330  that indicates the current status of the contract; (vii) an amount owed the player  2335 ; (viii) an amount owed the insurer  2340 ; and (ix) a total amount owed the insurer  2345 . 
     A method that may be used in connection with the system  1600  according to an embodiment of the present invention will now be described in detail with respect to  FIG. 24 . The method shown in  FIG. 24  may be performed, for example, by a casino server  1605  in response to a player&#39;s request to purchase a contract and after determining the price and terms of the contract the player wishes to purchase. This flow chart does not imply a fixed order to the steps, and embodiments of the present invention may be practiced in other orders. 
     The method  2400  begins upon receipt of payment from a player for a fixed number of pulls in step  2405 . In other embodiments this step may comprise receipt of payment for a fixed duration of time during which the player may play. Receipt of payment may comprise, for example, receipt of a monetary input into a gaming device  1615  or receipt of (and, e.g. approval of a charge on) a financial account identifier. The received payment, or an indication of it, is then transmitted to an insurer in step  2410 . Outcomes are then generated for a fixed number of pulls in step  2415 . An adjustment of a tally of the player&#39;s accumulated credits based on the outcomes is performed in step  2420 . 
     In step  2425  it is determined whether the adjusted tally exceeds a predetermined threshold. If it does, the method  2400  proceeds to step  2435  where the player is paid the amount by which the tally exceeds the threshold. Payment to the player may be achieved by, for example, outputting a monetary amount comprising the payment to the player at the gaming device or by crediting the amount of the payment to a financial account identifier associated with the player. If it is determined in step  2425  that the adjusted tally does not exceed the predetermined threshold then the method  2400  proceeds to step  2430  in which the amount by which the tally falls short of the threshold is collected from the insurer. 
     CONCLUSION 
     Although the foregoing preferred embodiments employ slot machines, it is within the scope of the present invention to employ other types of gaming devices, such as video poker machines, video roulette machines, and the like. For example, in an embodiment using a video poker machine, the player selected price parameters include identifying only specific card hands, such as a royal flush, as active in the jackpot structure. 
     Thus, while the present invention has been described in terms of certain preferred embodiments, other embodiments that are apparent to those of skill in the art are also intended to be within the scope of the present invention. For example, the present invention may be practiced by an online casino utilizing only software and not involving traditional slot machines. Accordingly, the scope of the present invention is intended to be limited only by the claims appended hereto.