Patent Publication Number: US-4650526-A

Title: Post treatment of phosphated metal surfaces by aluminum zirconium metallo-organic complexes

Description:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     This invention relates to an improved metal treatment process, and more particularly, to a new and improved method of treating phosphated metal surfaces to provide more durable and rust-inhibiting coatings. The invention relates particularly to the post treatment of phosphated metal surfaces with an aqueous solution or suspension of metallo-organic complex agents comprised of a chemically united complex aluminum moiety and a tetravalent zirconium moiety which forms a water-insoluble deposit on the phosphated metal surface. 
     It is well known in the metal finishing art that metal surfaces such as aluminum, ferrous, galvanized ferrous and zinc surfaces may be coated with an inorganic phosphate by contacting them with an aqueous phosphating solution. The phosphate coating protects the metal surface to a limited extent against corrosion and serves primarily as an excellent base for the later application of corrosion-inhibiting compositions and siccative organic coating compositions such as paint, lacquer, varnish, primers, synthetic resins, enamel, and the like. 
     The inorganic phosphate coatings generally are formed on a metal surface by means of aqueous solutions which contain phosphate ion and, optionally, certain auxiliary ions including metallic ions such as sodium, manganese, zinc, cadmium, copper, lead, calcium-zinc and antimony ions. These aqueous solutions also may contain non-metallic ions such as ammonium, chloride, bromide, fluoride, nitrate, sulfate, and borate ions. These auxiliary ions influence the reaction with the metal surface, modify the character of the phosphate coating, and adapt it for a wide variety of applications. Other auxiliary agents such as oxidizing agents, coloring agents, and metal cleaning agents also may be incorporated in the phosphating solution. 
     As mentioned above, inorganic phosphate coatings provide an excellent base for the application of siccative organic coatings such as paints or lacquers. The provision of such phosphate coatings has been found to improve both the adhesion of the paint or lacquer film to the metal surface and the corrosion resistance of the painted metal. 
     Solvent-base siccative organic coating compositions have been applied to metal surfaces such as by spraying, dipping, rolling centrifuged dip-spinning, etc. Water-soluble resin base paints and lacquers can be applied by electrophoresis. The electrophoretic application of paint and lacquer involves the phenomena of electro-osmosis and electrolysis, as well as electrophoresis. In this method, an electric current is passed through the paint or lacquer solution while the article to be painted is made an electrode, usually the anode, in the paint or lacquer. 
     Although the adhesion of the siccative organic coating to the metal surface is improved by the phosphate coating, it has been noted, for example, where ferrous metal, galvanized ferrous metal or phosphated ferrous metal parts are provided with a siccative top coat of lacquer or enamel and such top coat is scratched or scored during, for example, handling, forming or assembling operations, the metal substrate becomes a focal point for corrosion and for a phenomenon known as &#34;undercutting&#34;. Undercutting, or the loosening of the top-coat in areas adjacent to a scratch or score causes a progressive flaking of the top-coat from the affected area. In severe cases, the undercutting may extend an inch or more from each side of the scratch or score, causing a loosening and subsequent flaking of the top-coat from a substantial portion, if not all, of the metal article. The undercutting also results in a reduction of the desirable corrosion-resistance properties. 
     It has been suggested in the prior art that the problem of undercutting can be minimized, and the corrosion-proofing properties of siccative coated metal surfaces improved by treating the phosphated metal surface with various chromium-containing acidic solutions prior to the application of the siccative coating. Aqueous solutions containing hexavalent or trivalent chromium compounds, or mixtures of hexavalent and trivalent chromium compounds have been suggested as useful chromium treatments. The chromic acid rinse solutions appear to &#34;seal&#34; the phosphate coating and improve its utility as a base for the application of siccative organic coatings. However, the use of chromium solutions does result in environmental and health problems created by the toxic chromium compounds. Hexavalent chromium compounds are known to be lethal, and the discharge of trivalent chromium compounds as green waste materials is objectionable. 
     Chromium free treatment of phosphate coatings has been suggested in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,110,129; 4,182,637; 4,264,378 and 4,362,577. U.S. Pat. No. 4,110,129 describes the use of an aqueous solution containing a water soluble titanium compound such a titanium fluoride, titanium sodium fluoride or potassium titanyl oxalate and at least one adjuvant compound such as phosphoric acid, phytic acid, or tannin and hydrogen peroxide. U.S. Pat. No. 4,182,637 describes a rinse containing the combination of citric acid and sodium nitrite to enhance corrosion protection. U.S. Pat. No. 4,362,577 describes an aqueous acidic rinse containing hypophosphorous acid, salts of hypophosphorous acid or sodium hypophosphate. U.S. Pat. No. 4,264,378 describes a rinse containing phosphate, a metal cation, and molybdate, vanadate, niobate or tantalate ions. The inventions described in these four patents have a common shortcoming. They do not form insoluble complexes with phosphate and are therefore not suitable for use with electrodeposited paint. It is essential not to carry soluble salts into the paint bath because they throw the electrodeposition process out of balance. Therefore a rinse with deionized water is essential before painting. It follows that the sealing rinse must form an insoluble complex with phosphate, and not be removed by a water rinse, if it is to be compatible with electrodeposited paint. 
     U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,539,048 and 4,539,049 describe the preparation of aluminum zirconium complexes useful as coupling agents. The complexes described in these patents are comprised of a chelated aluminum moiety bridged to a zirconium oxyhalide moiety through an organofunctional ligand. Particular applications for the aluminum-zirconium complexes described in the U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,539,048 and 4,539,049 include reinforcing composite materials, modifying the surfaces of finely divided particles, and imparting water repellancy to paper. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     A method of treating phosphated metal surfaces to improve the corrosion-inhibiting properties and the adhesion of siccative organic coatings thereto is described which comprises treating a phosphated metal surface with an aqueous mixture (solution or suspension) of an aluminum zirconium metallo-organic complex which forms a water-insoluble deposit on the phosphated metal surface. Preferably, the types of aluminum zirconium metallo-organic complexes useful in the process of the invention include products supplied by the Cavedon Chemical Co. under the trade designations CAVCO MOD. The complex treated surface can be coated with a siccative organic coating, a corrosion-inhibiting film of oil, or both. Optionally, though not required, the complex treated phosphated metal surfaces can be rinsed with water prior to the application of a siccative organic coating. Metal surfaces and metal articles treated in accordance with the methods of the present invention also are described. 
     DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
     The method of this invention can be utilized to improve the adhesion of siccative organic coatings to metal surfaces and to improve the corrosion-inhibiting properties of metal surfaces such as aluminum, iron, steel, galvanized and zinc surfaces, as well as alloys thereof. 
     The invention is particularly applicable to such metal surfaces having an inorganic phosphate coating thereon. The preparation and use of aqueous phosphating solutions for depositing inorganic phosphate coatings on metal surfaces is well known in the metal finishing art as shown by U.S. Pat. Nos. 1,206,075; 1,485,025; 2,001,754; 2,859,145; 3,090,709; 3,104,177; 3,307,979, 3,364,081 and 3,458,364. The disclosures of these patents regarding inorganic phosphating solutions and the procedures for using such solutions are hereby incorporated by reference. The inorganic phosphate coatings may be any of those known in the art including zinc phosphate coatings, iron phosphate coatings, lead phosphate coatings, cadmium phosphate coatings, and mixed calcium-zinc phosphate coatings. The iron phosphate coatings can be applied over iron, steel or alloys thereof, and the zinc phosphate coatings generally are applied over iron, steel, zinc, aluminum, or alloys thereof. 
     In view of the extensive commercial development of the phosphating art and the many journal publications and patents describing the preparation and application of phosphating solutions, it is believed unnecesary to lengthen this specification unduly by a detailed recitation of the many ways in which the application of metal phosphate coatings can be accomplished. It should be sufficient to indicate that any of the commonly used phosphating techniques such as spraying, brushing, dipping, roller-coating, or flow-coating may be employed, and that the temperature of the aqueous phosphating solution may vary within wide limits such as, for example, from room temperature to about 100° C. Generally, best results are obtained when the aqueous phosphating solution is used at a temperature within the range of from about 65° to about 100° C. If desired, however, the phosphating baths may be used at higher temperatures when employing super atmospheric pressures. 
     In the ordinary practice of phosphating a metal surface, the surface generally is cleaned initially by physical and/or chemical means to remove any grease, dirt, or oxides, and then it is phosphated in the manner described above. Cleaning solutions are known in the art and generally are aqueous solutions containing sodium hydroxide, sodium carbonate, an alkali metal silicate, alkali metal metaborate, water softeners, phosphates, and surface active agents. Oxide removal is usually accomplished with mineral acid pickles such as sulfuric acid, hydrochloric acid, and phosphoric acid. This removal could be considered as supplemental cleaning. 
     The phosphating operation usually is carried out until the desired weight of the phosphate coating is formed on the metallic surface. The time required to form the coating will vary according to the temperature, the type of phosphating solution employed, the particular technique of applying the phosphating solution, and the coating weight desired. In most instances, however, the time required to produce the phosphate coating of the weight preferred for the purpose of the first step of the present invention will be within the range of from about 1 second to as long as 15 to 40 minutes depending on the type of phosphating solution. When high total acid aqueous phosphating solutions are used, the immersion time is from about a few seconds to one to two minutes. 
     After the desired contact between the surfaces to be treated and the phosphate solution has been effected for the desired period of time, the phosphated article preferably is rinsed, optionally, with water to remove any of the acidic coating solution which may remain on the surface. Preferably, a hot water rinse is used with water temperatures within a range of from about 50° to about 100° C. As with the application of the phosphate coating solution, various contacting techniques may be used, with rinsing by dipping or spraying being preferred. 
     In accordance with the method of the present invention, the phosphated article is treated with an aqueous mixture (solution or suspension) of an aluminum zirconium complex which forms a water-insoluble deposit on the phosphated metal surface. Generally, the aqueous solution or suspension of the complex will contain from about 0.005 to about 5% by volume of the complex and more generally from about 0.01 to about 2% by volume of the complex. When the more dilute solutions of the complexes are used in the method of the invention, it is not necessary to rinse the treated surface with water prior to drying and/or painting. As with the application of the phosphate coating solution, the aqueous solutions or suspensions of the complexes can be applied by various techniques such as spraying, brushing, dipping, roller-coating or flow-coating. The temperature of the complex solution or suspension may be varied over wide limits and is not critical. Acceptable results are obtained at about ambient temperature. 
     The aluminum zirconium complexes useful in the invention comprise the reaction product of a chelated aluminum moiety, an organofunctional ligand, and a zirconium oxyhalide. The organofunctional ligand is complexed with and chemically bound to the chelated aluminum moiety and the zirconium moiety. 
     The chelated aluminum moiety can be represented by the formula 
     
         Al.sub.2 (OR.sub.1 O).sub.a A.sub.b B.sub.c                (I) 
    
     wherein: A and B may be halogen, most preferably chlorine, or hydroxy. Preferably A and B are chloro or hydroxy, a is a numerical value ranging from about 0.05 to 2, preferably 0.1 to 1, b is a number ranging from about 0.05 to 5.5, preferably about 1 to 5; and c is a number ranging from 0.05 to 5.5, preferably about 1 to 5, provided that 2a+b+c=6 in the chelate stabilized aluminum reactant. Most preferably A is hydroxy, b ranges from 2 to 5, B is chlorine, and c ranges from 1 to 3.8. 
     In the aluminum containing segment of Formula I, pairs of aluminum atoms are joined by bidentate chelating ligands wherein: 
     (1) --OR 1  O-- is an alpha, beta or alpha, gamma glycol group in which R 1  is an alkyl, alkenyl, or alkynyl group having from 1 to 6 carbon atoms, preferably an alkyl group and preferably having 2 or 3 carbon atoms, such ligands to be used exclusively or in combinations within a given composition, or 
     (2) --OR 1  O-- is an alpha-hydroxy carboxylic acid residue --OCH(R 3 )--COOH having from 2 to 6 carbon atoms, preferably 2 to 3 carbon atoms (i.e. preferably R 3  is H or CH 3 ). 
     In each instance the organic ligand is bound to two aluminum atoms through two oxygen heteroatoms. 
     Examples of chelating ligands (--OR 1  O--) include ethylene glycol, propylene glycol, glycerol, etc. Examples of alpha-hydroxy acids R 3  CH(OH)COO-- are glycolic, lactic, alpha-hydroxybutyric and tartaric acids, and others are known in the art. 
     The zirconium oxyhalide can be represented by the formula 
     
         ZrA.sub.d B.sub.e                                          (II) 
    
     wherein A and B are as defined above. The variables d and e have a numerical value from 0.05 to 4, provided that d+e=4 in the zirconium oxyhalide metallo-organic complex reactant. Preferably there is at least one hydroxy group and one halogen group in the zirconium reactant. More preferably the empirical ratio of hydroxy to the zirconium in this group is from about 1:2 and the ratio of halogen to zirconium is about 2:3, in that reactant. 
     The organofunctional ligand is derived from carboxylic acid and characterized by the formula 
     
         R.sub.2 COOH                                               (III) 
    
     and the ligand is derived from one or more of the following carboxylic acids 
     (1) An alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl or aralkyl carboxylic acid having from 2 to 36 carbon atoms, the preferred range being 4 to 18 carbon atoms; 
     (2) an aminofunctional carboxylic acid having from 2 to 36 carbon atoms, the preferred range being 4 to 18 carbon atoms; 
     (3) a dibasic carboxylic acid having from 2 to 18 carbon atoms wherein both carboxy groups are preferably terminal, the preferred range being 2 to 6 carbon atoms, or; 
     (4) acid anhydrides of dibasic acids having from 2 to 18 carbon atoms, the preferred range being 2 to 6 carbon atoms; 
     (5) a mercapto functional carboxylic acid having from 2 to 18 carbon atoms, the preferred range being 2 to 6 carbon atoms; 
     (6) an epoxy functional carboxylic acid having from 2 to 18 carbon atoms, preferably from 2 to 6 carbon atoms. 
     An extensive variety of --OC(R 2 )O-- anionic ligands is useful in the preparation of the subject compositions. Examples of specific dibasic acids include the anions of oxalic, malonic, succinic, glutonic, adipic, tartaric, itaconic, maleic, fumaric, phthalic and terephthalic. Examples of fatty acids, include myristic, palmitic, stearic, oleic, linoleic and linolenic acids. In some compositions, in accordance with the present invention, the hydrophobicity imparted by the fatty acids provides a preferred material. 
     Examples of specific aminofunctional carboxylate anions, --OC(R 2 )O-- include the anions of glycine, alanine, beta-alanine, valine, leucine, isoleucine, phenyl-alanine, tyrosine, serine, threonine, methionine, cysteine, cystine, proline, hydroxyproline, aspartic, and glutaric acids. 
     Examples of specific monobasic carboxylate anions, --OC(R 2 )O-- include the anions of acetic, propionic, butyric, pentanoic, hexanoic, heptanoic, octanoic, dodecanoic, myristic, palmitic, stearic, isostearic, propenoic, 2-methylpropenoic, butenoic, hexenoic, benzoic and cinnammic acids. 
     Examples of the anhydrides of dibasic acids include phthalic, isphthalic and terephthalic anhydrides. 
     The aluminum zirconium complexes used in the method of this invention preferably are prepared in solvents such as lower alkyl alcohols having from 1 to 6 carbon atoms, lower alkyl ketones containing from 1 to 6 carbon atoms, or water. Mixtures thereof are particularly preferred wherein the water content is between about 5% to 20%. In one embodiment, the solvent is a mixture comprising a plurality of lower alkyl alcohols (preferably methanol/isopropanol) in an amount of about 55-95% by weight, a lower alkyl ketone (preferably acetone) in an amount of from 0 to about 20% and water in the range of about 1 to 45%. If a solid product is desired, the product may be separated from the solvent by techniques well known in the art such as spray drying, freeze drying, solvent stripping, etc. 
     In another embodiment, the aluminum zirconium complexes can be prepared in solvents which are substantially water-free, and the products obtained in this manner are soluble in various non-aqueous solvents, and such products can be used as coupling agents in systems adversely affected by the presence of water. The aluminum zirconium complexes prepared in the absence of water are soluble in a wide variety of non-aqueous solvents such as alcohols, ketones, carboxylic acids, carboxylic acid esters, tetrahydrofuran, dioxane, dimethyl formamid, dimethyl acetamid, carbon tetrachloride, mineral oil, toluene, xylene, etc. 
     The preparation of aluminum zirconium complexes which are useful in the method of the present invention are described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,539,048 and 4,539,049, and the specifications of both patents are hereby incorporated by reference for their disclosure of aluminum zirconium complexes and methods of preparing aluminum zirconium complexes which are useful in the method of the present invention. 
     Briefly, the processes for preparing the aluminum zirconium complexes are as follows: 
     Hydrolytically stable products having good shelf life can be prepared by complexation of the dimeric aluminum chlorohydrate moiety with a bidentate chelating ligand which imparts hydrolytic stability, such as an alpha, beta or alpha, gamma glycol having from 1 to 6 carbon atoms, the preferred ligands having 2 to 3 carbon atoms; or with an alpha-hydroxy carboxylic acid having 2 to 6 carbon atoms. Such complexation should utilize a mole ratio of complexing ligand to dimeric aluminum of 0.05 to 2,  the preferred ratio being 0.10 to 1. The stabilized aluminum complex can be prepared as either an isolated composition prior to introduction of the zirconium moiety in solvent solution or prepared in situ with zirconium oxychloride, the preferred route being preparation of the stabilized aluminum complex as a separate, isolated composition wherein the aluminum complex solution is dried to remove water and other solvents, and subsequently redispersed in nonaqueous media. Preferably the dimeric aluminum reactant is dissolved in methanol, whereupon propylene glycol is added and the mixture refluxed at 65°-70° C. for one hour to form the stabilized dimeric aluminum complex. 
     Complexation with --OC(R 2 )O--, the organofunctional ligand, can be achieved either upon introduction of the ligand to a solution containing only zirconium oxychloride, or after the introduction and reaction of the zirconium oxychloride with the aforementioned stabilized aluminum chlorohydrate. This reaction should employ a mole ratio of --OC(R 2 )O-- to total metal of 0.05 to 2, the most preferred ratio being 0.10 to 0.50. The route elected for synthesis will result in a significant difference in end product composition as characterized by physical and compositional properties with each type of complex useful in particular types of applications. 
     The basicity of the dimeric aluminum chlorohydrate moiety critically alters both the reactivity of such with the zirconium moiety and the resultant performance of the aluminum zirconium metallo-organic complex end product. In this application, the basicity is defined in terms of a divalent aluminum reactant typified by the general formula: 
     
         Al.sub.2 OH.sub.b Cl.sub.c 
    
     wherein b+c=6, and basicity is equal to b/6. The basicity can be varied from 0 to 5/6 (0.83) by reaction of the aluminum chlorohydrate with a chloride source exemplified by, but not restricted to, HCl. Preparation of a reduced (less than 5/6) basicity dimeric aluminum chlorohydrate specie with invariant compositions occurs by careful comingling of the hydrochloric acid and aluminum chlorohydrate so as to maintain a constant temperature of 30° C. to 100° C. resulting from the exothermic addition, the preferred temperature being 40° C. to 60° C. The reduced basicity product can then be reacted with the aforementioned bidentate ligands, --OR 1  O-- and --OCH(R 3 )COO. 
    
    
     The following examples illustrate the method of preparing the aluminum-zirconium complexes useful in the present invention. Unless otherwise indicated in the following examples and elsewhere in this application, all parts and percentages are by weight, and temperatures are in degrees centigrade. 
     EXAMPLE 1 
     Aluminum chlorohydrate, 0.197 moles aluminum (21.38 g. 5/6 basic) is dissolved in an equal part of water. The solution is brought to reflux, whereupon a methanolic solution of propylene glycol, 0.0985 moles (7.49 g), is fed to the reactor and reflux maintained subsequent to the addition for 1/2 hour. The reaction product solution is placed in a drying oven at 110° C.-120° C. for one hour to remove solvent. The dried powder recovered in this manner is sec-propanolato aluminum chlorohydrate, 1/2 basicity. An alcohol solution is prepared by dissolving 27.42 g of the powder (0.97 mole Al) in methanol. 
     Zirconium oxychloride powder, (44.8% Zr) 0.0329 moles Zr (685 g), is combined with 60.00 g of isopropyl alcohol, 30.00 g of acetone, and 4.00 g of concentrated hydrochloride acid. 
     The zirconium oxychloride solution as described is heated to 45° C.-60° Ca whereupon the soluton of sec-propanolato aluminum chlorohydrate is added. The mixture is heated to reflux and maintained at this temperature for one hour. 
     Adipic acid (12 g, 0.0823 mole) is added and heating at the reflux temperature is continued until complexation is complete. 
     The product prepared in this manner has a specific gravity of 0.937 g/ml; flash point of 67° F.; active matter of 22.7%; pH (2% solution) of 3.8; aluminum content 2.65%; zirconium content 1.55%; and water content of 1.28%. 
     EXAMPLE 2 
     Zirconium oxychloride powder, (44.8% Zr) 0.0376 moles Zr (7.79  g), is combined with 68.27 g of isopropyl alcohol, 34.14 g of acetone, and 4.55 g of concentrated hydrochloric acid. 
     An alcoholic solution of the sec-propanolato aluminum chlorohydrate is prepared by dissolving a 27.96 g portion of the sec-propanolato aluminum chlorohydrate (1/2 basic) powder prepared in Example 1, in 28.63 g of methanol. Subsequent to complete dissolution, concentrated hydrochloric acid, 11.10 g is slowly added to the reactor with agitation. The rate of addition is controlled to prevent the reaction exotherm from exceeding 50° C. The aluminum intermediate formed thereby is 1/3 basic. 
     The zirconium oxychloride solution is heated to 45° C. to 60° C. whereupon the reduced basicity (1/3 basic) sec-propanolato aluminum chlorohydrate solution is added. The reaction mixture is then heated to reflux and maintained at that temperature for one hour. 
     Adipic acid, 0.0935 moles (13.66 g) is added and reflux continued until complexation is complete. 
     The complex obtained in this manner has a specific gravity of 0.974 g/ml; flash point of 67° C.; active matter of 24.1%; pH (2% solution) of 4.2; aluminum content 2.65%; zirconium content of 1.55%; and water content of 5.0. 
     EXAMPLE 3 
     Zirconium oxychloride powder, (44.8% Zr) 0.0329 moles Zr (6.85 g), is combined with 60.00 g of isopropyl alcohol, 30.00 g of acetone, and 4.00 g of concentrated hydrochloric acid. 
     An alcoholic solution of chlorohydrate is prepared by dissolving a 27.929 portion of the sec-propanolato aluminum chlorohydrate, 0.197 moles Al (prepared in Example 1) in 35 g of methanol. 
     The zirconium oxychloride solution is heated to 45° C.-60° C. whereupon the solution of sec-propanolato aluminum chlorohydrate is added. The mixture formed thereby is heated to reflux and such temperature is maintained for one hour. 
     A blend of fatty acids, consisting of 90% C 14 , 10% C 12  and C 16 , (18.74 g, 0.0822 mole), is added and reflux continued until complexation is at least 70% complete. 
     The complex obtained in this manner has a specific gravity of 0.923 g/ml; a flash point of 67° F.; active matter of 25.7%; pH (2% solution) of 4.5; aluminum content of 2.65%; zirconium content of 1.55%; and water content 1.28%. 
     EXAMPLES 4-18 
     Other aluminum zirconium complexes can be prepared by procedures similar to that described in Examples 1-3 by substituting different acidic reactants and using different ratios of Al:Zr. Examples of such complexes are shown in the following table. 
     
                                           TABLE I                                 
__________________________________________________________________________
R.sub.3 CH.sub.2 (OH)COOH          Basicity                               
or                            Moles                                       
                                   Dimeric                                
--OR.sub.1 O--    R.sub.2 COOH                                            
                              Al:Zr                                       
                                   Aluminum                               
__________________________________________________________________________
Ex. 4                                                                     
     --OCH(CH.sub.3)CH.sub.2 --O--                                        
                  CH.sub.2 ═C(CH.sub.3)COOH                           
                              6:1  0.50                                   
Ex. 5                                                                     
     --OCH(CH.sub.3)CH.sub.2 --O--                                        
                  CH.sub.2 ═C(CH.sub.3)COOH                           
                              9:1  0.50                                   
Ex. 6                                                                     
     --OCH(CH.sub.3)CH.sub.2 --O--                                        
                  NH.sub.2 --CH.sub.2 CH.sub.2 COOH                       
                              9:1  0.50                                   
Ex. 7                                                                     
     --OCH(CH.sub.3)CH.sub.2 O--                                          
                  HOOCCOOH    6:1  0.50                                   
Ex. 8                                                                     
     --OCH(CH.sub.3)CH.sub.2 O--                                          
                  HOOC(CH.sub.2)COOH                                      
                              6:1  0.50                                   
Ex. 9                                                                     
     --OCH(CH.sub.3)CH.sub.2 O--                                          
                  HOOC(CH.sub.2).sub.2 COOH                               
                              6:1  0.50                                   
Ex. 10                                                                    
     --OCH(CH.sub.3)CH.sub.2 O--                                          
                  HOOC(CH.sub.2).sub.3 COOH                               
                              6:1  0.50                                   
Ex. 11                                                                    
     --OCH(CH.sub.3)CH.sub.2 O--                                          
                  HOOC(CH.sub.2).sub.4 COOH                               
                              6:1  0.50                                   
Ex. 12                                                                    
     --OCH(CH.sub.3)CH.sub.2 O--                                          
                  HOOCCOOH    6:1  0.33                                   
Ex. 13                                                                    
     --OCH(CH.sub.3)CH.sub.2 O--                                          
                  HOOC(CH.sub.2)COOH                                      
                              6:1  0.33                                   
Ex. 14                                                                    
     --OCH(CH.sub.3)CH.sub.2 O--                                          
                  HOOC(CH.sub.2).sub.2 COOH                               
                              6:1  0.33                                   
Ex. 15                                                                    
     --OCH(CH.sub.3)CH.sub.2 O--                                          
                  HOOC(CH.sub.2).sub.3 COOH                               
                              6:1  0.33                                   
Ex. 16                                                                    
     --OCH(CH.sub.3)CH.sub.2 O--                                          
                  HOOC(CH.sub.2).sub.4 COOH                               
                              6:1  0.33                                   
Ex. 17                                                                    
     HO--CH.sub.2 COOH                                                    
                  CH.sub.2 ═C(CH.sub.3)COOH                           
                              6:1  0.50                                   
Ex. 18                                                                    
     HO--CH.sub.2 COOH                                                    
                  CH.sub.2 ═C(CH.sub.3)COOH                           
                              6:1  0.33                                   
__________________________________________________________________________
 
    
     Aluminum zirconium complexes useful in the method of the present invention are commercially available from the Cavedon Chemical Company, Inc., Woonsocket, RI, 02895 under the general trade designation &#34;CAVCO MOD&#34;. 
     Aminofunctional zircoaluminates are available under the designations CAVCO MOD A and APG. CAVCO MOD A is identified as an aminofunctional zircoaluminate in alcohol having a total metal content of 4.1 to 4.4%, a specific gravity of 0.923 g/ml, a pH (2% solution) of 4.2, a total concentration of complex organics of 5.0 to 6.0 and an active matter content of 20.3% by weight. CAVCO MOD APG is an aminofunctional zircoaluminate solution in propylene glycol having a specific gravity of 1.150 g/ml, but otherwise having the same properties as described above for CAVCO MOD A. 
     CAVCO MOD C is a carboxyfunctional zircoaluminate dissolved in a lower alcohol or alcohol mixture and having a total metal content of 4.3-4.8%, specific gravity 0.937 g/ml, a pH (2% solution) of 4.0, a total concentration of complexed organics of 6.0 to 8.0, and an active matter content of 22.7%. CAVCO MOD CPM is a carboxyfunctional zircoaluminate dissolved in propylene glycol, methyl ether, and characterized by a total metal content of 4.3-4.8%, a specific gravity of 1.0615 g/ml, a pH (2% solution) of 3.8, an active matter content of 22.7%, and a total complexed organics of 6.0-8.0%. CAVCO MOD CPG is a carboxyfunctional zircoaluminate dissolved in propylene glycol and having similar characteristics to CPM except the specific gravity is 1.156 g/ml and the pH (2% solution) is 3.1. 
     The commercially available CAVCO MOD products described above are diluted for use in process of the present invention to about 0.5-5% by volume in water. Generally, it is desirable to use aqueous systems containing from about 0.005 to about 5% by volume of the aluminum zirconium complex. 
     The time of contact between the phosphated metal surface and the solution or suspension of the complex in accordance with the method of the invention is not critical and may be varied over a wide range. The time of contact can be as little as five or ten seconds to as much as ten minutes or more. In most instances, a contact time of from about ten seconds up to about one or two minutes is sufficient. 
     After the metal surface has been treated with the aluminum zirconium complex, it is dried. Drying can be effected by allowing it to drain and dry at ambient temperature, by subjecting the treated surface to a current of hot air, by passing the treated surface through a heated zone, etc. 
     Optionally the aluminum zirconium complex treated phosphated metal surface is rinsed with water prior to any application of a siccative organic coating. The water rinse removes impurities and any aluminum zirconium complexes from the surface whose presence may interfere with the application of the organic coating. 
     The treated and dried metal surface may then be provided with a siccative organic top-coat such as a top-coat of paint, enamel, varnish, lacquer, synthetic resin, primer, etc., to provide further protection and/or decorative effects. Such top-coats may be applied by conventional means such as by spraying, brushing, dipping, roller coating, or electrophoresis. After application of the top-coat, the treated metal surface is dried either by exposure to air or by means of a baking technique, depending on the nature of the siccative top-coat material. 
     The siccative organic coating compositions may be organic solvent based compositions. The organic solvents generally employed in the protective coating industry include benzene, toluene, xylene, mesitylene, ethylene dichloride, trichloroethylene, diisopropyl ether, aromatic petroleum spirits, turpentine, dipentene, amyl acetate, methyl isobutyl ketone, etc. 
     The siccative organic coating composition may also be a water base or emulsion paint such as synthetic latex paints derived from acrylic resins, polyvinyl alcohol resins, alkyd resins, melamine resins, epoxy resins, phenolic resins, etc., by emulsification thereof with water, as well as water-soluble paints derived from water-soluble alkyd resins, acrylic resins, and the like. 
     The organic coating compositions may also contain conventional improving agents such as pigment extenders, anti-skinning agents, driers, gloss agents, color stabilizers, etc. 
     The siccative organic coating composition may be applied to the aluminum zirconium complex treated phosphated metal surface by techniques well known in the art for applying siccative organic coatings such as paints. For example, the coating may be applied by dipping, brushing, spraying, roller-coating, flow-coating, and by the electrophoretic process of painting metal surfaces. Often, the electrophoretic process is preferred because of the improved results which are obtained. 
     In the electrophoretic process, the metal article to be coated is placed in an electrolytic solution which contains water-emulsified colloidal paint particles. The aluminum zirconium complex treated phosphated metal surface to be painted may be either the anode or the cathode depending on the characteristics of the paint which is used. The electrophoretic application of the siccative organic coating may be carried out in various ways as are known to those skilled in the art. 
     The metallic pigments which may be included in the siccative organic coating compositions may be aluminum, stainless steel, bronze, copper, nickel or zinc powder pigments, and these may be either leafing or non-leafing type. The pigments may be used in the form of fine flakes or foils. Preferably the metallic pigments are such as to deposit a film on the metal articles having a bright metallic appearance. Accordingly, aluminum metal pigments are preferred. 
     The amount of metallic pigment included in the coating composition can be varied depending on the desired end result with respect to brightness and corrosion resistance. Generally the resin to pigment weight ratio will vary between about 2.5/1 to 4.5/1 and more preferably from about 3.25/1 to 3.75/1. 
     The corrosion-inhibiting properties of the aluminum zirconium complex treated phosphated metal surfaces can be further improved by applying a seal coating of a rust-inhibiting oil over the aluminum zirconium complex treated phosphate or over the siccative organic coatings described above. Although the metal parts which have been phosphated, treated with the aluminum zirconium complex, and coated with a siccative organic coating in the manner described above exhibit improved resistance to corrosion, it has been found that the inhibition of corrosion of the metal parts can be increased further by applying a seal coating of a rust inhibiting oil over the organic coating. 
     This seal coating, which can be applied in lieu of or in addition to the siccative organic coating, can be a straight undiluted oil such as any oil which is liquid or soluble in a solvent under the conditions of application. Examples of such oils include kerosene, fuel oil, gas oil, synthetic oils such as dioctyl adipate and dinonyl sebacate and naturally occurring oils such as castor oil, olive oil, sesame seed oil or mineral oils. Mineral oils are preferred because of their low cost and availability. Generally the oils will be fluid oils ranging in viscosity from about 40 Saybolt Universal seconds at 38° C. to about 200 Saybolt seconds at about 100° C. 
     The oils may be mixed with organic solvents including those used in the paint and lacquer industries, such as xylene, mesitylene, benzene, aromatic petroleum spirits, lauryl alcohol, dianyl naphthalene, dicapryl diphenyl oxide, didodecyl benzene, methyl isobutyl ketone and chloronated alkanes such as ethylene dichloride and 1,2-dichloropropene. Mixtures of these solvents are useful. On drying the seal coating, the more volatile solvents evaporate and leave a seal coating of oil as a rust-inhibiting film. 
     The oil seal coating can be applied as an emulsified water:oil mixture containing wetting or surface active agents followed by drying to remove the water. One advantage of the water:oil mixtures is that no hazardous organic solvents are involved in the process. 
     The oil which is applied as the top seal coat also may contain other compositions which improve the rust-inhibiting properties of the oil. Compositions which are known in the art may be included in the oil to be applied as the seal coat, generally in amounts up to about 2-25% or higher. One example of a preferred type of additive composition is metal-containing phosphate complexes such as can be prepared by the reaction of (a) a polyvalent metal salt of the acid phosphate esters derived from the reaction of phosphorus pentoxide with a mixture of monohydric alcohol and from about 0.25 to 4.0 equivalents of a polyhydric alcohol, with (b) at least about 0.1 equivalent of an organic epoxide. Thin films of these complexes in oil over the phosphated and painted metal parts are effective in inhibiting the corrosion of the metal surfaces. 
     These types of metal-containing phosphate complexes which are contemplated as being useful in the process of the invention are described in U.S. Pat. No. 3,215,715 and disclosure of the patent is hereby incorporated by reference. 
     In general, the acid phosphate esters required for the preparation of starting material (a) are obtained by the reaction of phosphorus pentoxide with a mixture of a monohydric alcohol and a polyhydric alcohol. The precise nature of the reaction is not entirely clear, but it is known that a mixture of phosphate esters is formed. 
     The monohydric alcohols useful in the preparation of starting materials (a) are principally the non-benzenod alcohols, that is, the aliphatic and cycloaliphatic alcohols, although in some instances aromatic and/or heterocyclic substituents may be present. Suitable monohydric alcohols include propyl, isopropyl, butyl, amyl, hexyl, cyclohexyl, methylcyclohexyl, octyl, tridecyl, benzyl and oleyl alcohols. Mixtures of such alcohols also can be used if desired. Substituents such as chloro, bromo, nitro, nitroso, ester, ether, keto, etc. which do not prevent the desired reaction also may be present in the alcohol. In most instances, however, the monohydric alcohol will be an unsubstituted alkanol. 
     The polyhydric alcohols useful in the preparation of starting materials (a) are principally glycols, i.e., dihydric alcohols, although trihydric, tetrahydric and higher polyhydric alcohols may be used. In some instances, they may contain aromatic and/or heterocyclic substituents as well as other substituents such as chloro, bromo, nitro, ether, ester, keto, etc. Examples of suitable polyhydric alcohols include ethylene glycol, diethylene glycol, triethylene glycol, propylene glycol, 1,3-butanediol, glycerol, glycerol monooleate, mono-benzylether of glycerol, pentaerythritol and sorbitol dioctanoate. Mixtures of these polyhydric alcohols can be used. 
     The reaction between the alcohol mixture and the phosphorus pentoxide is exothermic and can be carried out conveniently at a temperature ranging from room temperature or below to a temperature just below the decomposition point of the mixture. Generally temperatures within a range of from about 40° to about 200° C. are satisfactory. The reaction time varies according to the temperature and to the reactivity of the alcohols. At higher temperatures as little as 5 or 10 minutes may be sufficient for complete reaction, while at room temperature, 12 or more hours may be required. 
     The reaction may be conducted in the presence of an inert solvent to facilitate mixing and handling. Typical solvents include petroleum aromatic spirits boiling in the range of 120°-200° C., benzene, xylene, toluene, and ethylene dichloride. In most instances, the solvent is allowed to remain in the acid phosphate esters and ultimately in the final metal-containing organic phosphate complex which serves as a vehicle for the convenient application of films to the painted articles. 
     The conversion of the acid phosphate esters to the polyvalent metal salt can be carried out by any of the usual methods for preparing salts of organic acids. The polyvalent metal of starting material (a) may be any light or heavy polyvalent metal such as zinc, cadmium, lead, iron, cobalt, nickel, barium, calcium, strontium, magnesium, copper, bismuth, tin, chromium, or manganese. The polyvalent metals of Group II of the periodic table generally are preferred. One example of a highly effective starting material (a) is the zinc salt of the acid phosphate esters formed by the reaction of a mixture of equivalent amounts of isooctyl alcohol and dipropylene glycol with phosphorus pentoxide. 
     As mentioned above, the complex is obtained by reacting the polyvalent metal salts (a) with (b) an organic epoxide. Organic epoxide suitable for the purpose of this invention include the various substituted and unsubstituted alkylene oxides containing at least two aliphatic carbon atoms, such as, e.g., ethylene oxide, 1,2-propylene oxide, 1,3-propylene oxide, 1,2-butylene oxide, pentamethylene oxide, hexamethylene oxide, 1,2-octylene oxide, cyclohexene oxide, styrene oxide, alpha-methyl styrene oxide, beta-propiolactone, methyl epoxycaprylate, ethyl epoxypalmitate, and epoxidized soyabean oil. Of the various available organic epoxides, it is preferred to use those which contain at least 12 carbon atoms. Especially preferred are those epoxides which contain at least 12 carbon atoms and also a carboxylic ester group in the molecule. Thus, the commercially available epoxidized carboxylic ester, butyl epoxystearate, is very satisfactory as starting material (b) for the purpose of this invention. If desired, the organic epoxide may also contain substituents such as chloro, bromo, fluoro, nitro, nitroso, ether, sulfide and keto, in the molecule. 
     Complexes prepared using as little as 0.1 or 0.25 equivalent or as much as 1.5 or 2 or more equivalents of the organic epoxide per equivalent of polyvalent metal salt are satisfactory for the purpose of this invention. For reasons of economy and optimum corrosion inhibition, however, it is generally preferred to use about equivalent amounts of the two starting materials. 
     The reaction between the organic epoxide and the polyvalent metal salt of the acid phosphate esters is only slightly exothermic, so in order to insure complete reaction some heat generally is supplied to the reaction mass. The time and temperature for this reaction are not particularly critical; satisfactory results may be obtained by maintaining the mass for 0.5-6 hours at a temperature within the range of from about 40° C. to about 150° C. Ordinarily the product is clear and does not require filtration. In some instances, however, it may be desirable to filter the product, particularly when the polyvalent metal salt starting material has not been purified. 
     The following examples illustrate some of the types of metal-containing organic phosphate complexes which can be incorporated into the seal coat in accordance with the procedures described above. 
     EXAMPLE A 
     Dipropylene glycol (49 parts, 0.73 equivalent), 95 parts (0.73 eqivalent) of isooctyl alcohol, and 133 parts of aromatic petroleum spirits boiling in the range 316°-349° F. are introduced into a reaction vessel. The whole is stirred at room temperature and 60 parts (0.42 mole) of phosphorus pentoxide is introduced portionwise over a period of about 0.5 hour. The heat of reaction causes the temperature to rise to about 80° C. After all of the phosphorus pentoxide has been added, the whole is stirred for an additional 0.5 hour at 93° C. The resulting acid phosphate esters show an acid number of 91 with bromphenol blue as an indicator. 
     The mixture of acid phosphate esters is converted to the corresponding zinc salt by reacting it with 34.5 parts of zinc oxide for 2.5 hours at 93° C. Thereafter 356 parts (one equivalent per equivalent of zinc salt) of butyl epoxystearate is added to the zinc salt at 88° C. over a period of about one hour and the whole is stirred for 4 hours at 90° C. Filtration of the mass yields 684 parts of a zinc-containing organic phosphate complex having the following analysis: 
     
         ______________________________________                                    
Percent phosphorus                                                        
                  3.55                                                    
Percent zinc      3.78                                                    
Specific gravity   1.009                                                  
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     EXAMPLE B 
     A zinc-containing organic phosphate complex is made in the manner set forth in Example A except for the following differences: 58 parts of 1,2-propylene oxide is used in lieu of the butyl epoxystearate and the reaction between the zinc salt of the acid phosphate esters and the 1,2-propylene oxide is carried out at 30°-35° C. rather than 88°-90° C. 
     Examples of oils and oil:water emulsions containing a metal containing organic phosphate complex of the type described above are as follows: 
     EXAMPLE C 
     An oil mixture is prepared containing 60 parts of mineral oil, 2 parts of triethanolamine, 3 parts of oleic acid, 15 parts of a sodium sulfonate wetting agent and 20 parts of the product of Example A. 
     EXAMPLE D 
     The mixture of this example comprises 65 parts of mineral oil, 2 parts of triethanolamine, 3 parts of oleic acid, 15 parts of the product of Example B and 15 parts of a sodium sulfonate wetting agent. 
     EXAMPLE E 
     An emulsion is prepared by vigorously mixing 20 parts of the oil of Example C with 80 parts of water. 
     The following examples are presented to illustrate specific embodiments of the method of the present invention and to illustrate the desirable results obtained. These examples are intended for purposes of illustration only and are not to be construed as limiting the scope of the invention, except as the latter is defined by the appended claims. Unless otherwise indicated in the following examples and elsewhere in the specification and claims, all parts, percentages and ratios are by weight, and all temperatures are in degrees centigrade. 
     EXAMPLE I 
     Steel panels (10 cm×10 cm) are cleaned for one minute with a commercial alkaline cleaner used at 3% by volume and at about 49° C. The metal panels are then rinsed for 30 seconds in tap water at ambient temperature and dried with warm air. 
     The panels are phosphated with an iron phosphate solution prepared from commercially available iron phosphate concentrate (Man-Gill 52107) at a concentration of 4% by volume. The panels are immersed in the phosphating solution at a temperature of about 55° C. for one minute. The solution has a negative free acid of 2. The phosphated panels then are rinsed with water at ambient temperature for 30 seconds. 
     The thus prepared phosphated and rinsed panels are then treated with deionized water, or a commercially available trivalent chromium rinse (Irco Rinse 52810 available from Man-Gill Chemical Company, Cleveland, Ohio) or 1% v aqueous solutions of one of three aluminum zirconium complexes identified below by immersion in the liquid for about 30 seconds at ambient temperature. Following such treatment with the chrome rinse or aluminum zirconium complex, the panels are subjected to a 15-second rinse in de-ionized water and dried. 
     In order to demonstrate the improved properties obtained by treating the panels with the aluminum zirconium complexes in accordance with the method of the present invention, all of the above panels were painted with a typical commercial white alkyd paint and cured at about 177° C. 
     These prepared panels (as well as the panels in the following examples) are subjected to a standard Salt Spray Corrosion Test. The test procedure and the apparatus used for this test are described in ASTM procedure B-117. In this test the treated and painted panels are scribed twice to form an X on the panel, each scribe being about 6 to 7 cm. The scribed panels are subjected to the salt spray test. The test utilizes a chamber in which a mist of spray of 5% aqueous sodium chloride is maintained in contact with the test panels for a given period of time at about 35° C. Upon removal of the panels from the test chamber, the panels are dried and the scribe is taped with masking tape which is pulled off at an angle of about 45°. Adhesion loss is recorded as the average number of 1/16 inch increments of loss of paint from each side of the scribe. 
     The results of the 100 hour salt spray test conducted on the panels of this example are summarized in the following Table II. 
     
                       TABLE II                                                    
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Treatment        Adhesion Loss                                            
______________________________________                                    
Trivalent chromium                                                        
                 0                                                        
CAVCO MOD A      0                                                        
CAVCO MOD APG    0                                                        
CAVCO MOD CPM    0-1                                                      
Water            4-6                                                      
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     EXAMPLE II 
     The procedure of Example I is repeated on steel panels except that the iron phosphate coating is replaced by a zinc phosphate coating. The zinc phosphate coating is deposited as follows. Steel panels are cleaned and rinsed as in Example I and thereafter given a second 30-second rinse in an ambient water suspension of a titanium phosphate conditioner (Man-Gill 51219) at 0.25 oz/gal. The cleaned and rinsed panels are then treated with a commercially available zinc phosphate solution prepared from Man-Gill 51355 applied at 2% by volume at a temperature of about 55° C. The commercially available zinc phosphating solution was modified by the addition of 0.05% of a sodium nitrite activator. The phosphated panels are rinsed with water as in Example I and thereafter treated with an aluminum zirconium complex, or a trivalent chromium rinse, or deionized water followed by painting as described in Example I. 
     The painted and dried panels are subjected to the salt spray test as described in Example I except that the duration of the test in this Example is 240 hours. The results of the salt spray test are summarized in the following Table III. 
     
                       TABLE III                                                   
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Treatment        Adhesion Loss                                            
______________________________________                                    
Trivalent chromium                                                        
                 0                                                        
CAVCO MOD CPM    0-1                                                      
CAVCO MOD A      0-1                                                      
CAVCO MOD APG    0-1                                                      
Water            3-5                                                      
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     EXAMPLE III 
     The treatment of the panels in this Example is identical to the treatment in Example II with the exception that the panels are galvanized steel panels and the temperature of the zinc phosphate bath is about 60° C. The results of an 80-hour salt spray test are summarized in the following Table IV. 
     
                       TABLE IV                                                    
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Treatment        Adhesion Loss                                            
______________________________________                                    
Trivalent chromium                                                        
                 0                                                        
CAVCO MOD A      0                                                        
CAVCO MOD APG    0                                                        
CAVCO MOD CPM    0-1                                                      
Water            3                                                        
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     EXAMPLE IV 
     The general procedure of Example I is repeated except that the iron phosphate solution is replaced by a calcium-zinc phosphate solution prepared by adding 2.5% by volume of commercially available Man-Gill 51504 to 1.25% by volume of Man-Gill Zinc Phosphate 51339. The free acid of this bath is 1.0, and the bath is applied to steel at about 78° C. for one minute. The painted panels prepared in this Example are subjected to a 390-hour salt spray test, and the results are summarized in the following Table V. 
     
                       TABLE V                                                     
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Treatment        Adhesion Loss                                            
______________________________________                                    
Trivalent chromium                                                        
                 0-1                                                      
CAVCO MOD A      0-2                                                      
CAVCO MOD APG    0-2                                                      
CAVCO MOD CPM    1-3                                                      
Water            4-6                                                      
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     In the following Examples V-VIII, the procedures of Examples I-IV generally are repeated with the following exceptions: the aluminum zirconium complexes are used at 0.25 pt. by volume per 100 gals. of water; the trivalent chromium rinse is replaced by a hexavalent chromium rinse available commercially under the general trade designation Man-Gill 52807; the hexavalent chromium rinse is used at 0.25 pt. by volume per 100 gals. of water; and there is no rinse with deionized water after treatment with hexavalent chromium or the aluminum zirconium complex solutions. 
     EXAMPLE V 
     The panels utilized in this Example are prepared in accordance with the procedure of Example I modified as described above. The results of a 100-hour salt spray test are summarized in the following Table VI. 
     
                       TABLE VI                                                    
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Treatment        Adhesion Loss                                            
______________________________________                                    
Hexavalent chromium                                                       
                 0                                                        
CAVCO MOD A      0-1                                                      
CAVCO MOD APG    0-1                                                      
CAVCO MOD CPM    0-1                                                      
Water            4-6                                                      
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     EXAMPLE VI 
     Steel panels are treated in accordance with the procedure described for Example I modified as described above. The results of a 240-hour salt spray test are summarized in the following Table VII. 
     
                       TABLE VII                                                   
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Hexavalent chromium                                                       
                   0-1                                                    
CAVCO MOD APG      0                                                      
CAVCO MOD A        0-1                                                    
CAVCO MOD CPM      3-4                                                    
Water              3-5                                                    
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     EXAMPLE VII 
     The procedure of Example III is repeated on galvanized steel except for the modifications described above. The results of an 80-hour salt spray test are summarized in the following Table VIII. 
     
                       TABLE VIII                                                  
______________________________________                                    
Hexavalent chromium                                                       
                   0-1                                                    
CAVCO MOD APG      0-1                                                    
CAVCO MOD A        1-2                                                    
CAVCO MOD CPM      2-3                                                    
Water              3                                                      
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     EXAMPLE VIII 
     The procedure of Example IV is repeated on steel except for the modifications described above. The results of a 390-hour salt spray test are summarized in the following Table IX. 
     
                       TABLE IX                                                    
______________________________________                                    
Treatment        Adhesion Loss                                            
______________________________________                                    
Hexavalent chromium                                                       
                 0-1                                                      
CAVCO MOD CPM    0-1                                                      
CAVCO MOD A      0-2                                                      
CAVCO MOD APG    0-2                                                      
Water            4-6                                                      
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     The are many variables in conversion coating technology which are utilized in commercial practice. The advantages of the method of the present invention and the improvements which are obtained generally appear to be independent of most variables. For example, desirable results are obtained whether the aluminum zirconium complexes are applied by immersion or spray. Immersion generally is accomplished by swirling the metal in the bath, and spraying is accomplished at pressures of about 5 to 10 psi. The dry-off temperatures utilized after application of the aluminum zirconium complex to the phosphated metal surface generally range from about 35°-120° C. The aluminum zirconium complexes do not appear to be temperature sensitive at these temperatures. 
     In some instances, phosphated metal surfaces are baked before painting in order to remove any water of hydration which may be present. In the method of the present invention, baking at 350° F. (177° C.) for five minutes does not affect performance of the aluminum zirconium complexes. 
     When the aluminum zirconium complexes are used at 1% by volume in water and followed by a deionized water rinse, it does not appear to matter whether the bath is prepared with tap water (conductivity of 300 micromhos) or deionized water (40 micromohs or less). However, when the aluminum zirconium complexes are used at 0.25 pt. by volume per 100 gals., it is preferred to use deionized water for best results. 
     As can be seen from the above examples, a water rinse after treatment with the aluminum zirconium complexes at low concentration is not essential. However, in a preferred embodiment, the aluminum zirconium complex treated phosphated metal surfaces are rinsed with water prior to painting. 
     The following examples illustrate the method of the invention when an oil top coat is applied to a metal article treated with an aluminum zirconium complex with and without a coating of paint. 
     EXAMPLE IX (no paint) 
     The procedure of Example I is repeated except that the panels are not painted but given the following oil treatment. The aluminum zirconium complex treated panels are immersed in the emulsion of Example E which is maintained at 15-20 percent by volume for approximately 60 seconds. The oil temperature is 80°-90° C. After removal from the oil, the panels are allowed to air dry until all of the emulsion has broken and no emulsion appearance remains on the panel. 
     EXAMPLE X (over paint) 
     The procedure of Example I is repeated and the painted panels, after curing, are immersed in the emulsion of Example E which is maintained at 15-20 percent by volume for approximately 60 seconds. The oil temperature is 80°-90° C. After removal from the oil, the panels are allowed to air dry until all of the emulsion has broken and no emulsion appearance remains on the panel.