Patent Publication Number: US-2022223742-A1

Title: A one-electrode cell and series of two or more cells as a device

Description:
TECHNICAL FIELD 
     The present invention is an all-temperatures electrostatic-effect device comprising a very high permittivity ferroelectric and an electrode, a ferroelectric, a ferroelectricity-induced superconductor, a semiconductor, an insulator, a superconductor, a ferroelectric-based device or parts of thereof. It may also comprise the association of one-electrode ferroelectricity-induced superconductor with one or more than one electrodes, one-electrode cells or full cells. For observation and application of the phenomenon with subsequent harvesting of the generated potential difference, as in the Hall-effect, conductor-terminals are connected in different points of the cell, cells-association, or device. In a device constituted by one or more ferroelectricity-induced superconductor or ferroelectric insulator cells, the cells do not have to be in physical contact with one another; one terminal can be connected to a first cell and the other connected to a third cell without physical contact between any of the three cells. With the spontaneous and dynamic alignment of the dipoles of the ferroelectric, a potential difference is induced in different points of the surface of the cell, cells or device and a current can be harvested by conductor-terminals. Between two or several one-electrode cells, a one-electrode cell and one electrode, full cells, or devices, the electric field produced by the first at the interface is enough to induce a symmetric polarization on the second resulting in an accumulation of the charge carriers on one side of the surface and mirror charges on the other, like in the product of the Hall-effect. 
     BACKGROUND 
     A Ferroelectric material is a material that has spontaneous electric polarization that can be reversed by the application of an external electric field. All ferroelectrics are pyroelectrics, their natural electrical polarization is reversible and temperature related. 
     The Hall-effect is the creation of a potential difference across an electrical conductor. In the original Hall-effect, the potential difference is built-up from mirror charge accumulation due to an applied electric current which is perpendicular to an applied magnetic field. In the present invention, the effect is an electrostatic effect resulting on a potential difference across an electrical insulator or conductor and an electric force from charge built-up; it does not have to involve a transverse applied current or an applied magnetic field. 
     The development of novel architectures for harvesting and subsequently storing energy brings important benefits to humankind. 
     A superconductor is a material capable of showing zero resistance; it is, therefore, a property related with electrons. Superconductors are also able to maintain a current with no applied potential, a property exploited in superconducting electromagnets such as those found in MRI machines. Experiments have demonstrated that currents in superconducting coils can persist for years without any degradation. Several materials have been reported to show superconductivity, like Be, Ti, Zr, Zn, Sn, at low temperatures and the high temperature cuprate superconductors, such as HgBa 2 Ca 2 Cu 3 O x  or the iron based FeSe. The highest temperature superconductor known is H 2 S but it also requires high pressure. 
     A superconductor enables, therefore, the transmission of electrical power without any loss and exhibits no heat dissipation (no Joule effect). 
     Two-dimensional superconductivity can be generated at the interface between two materials with very different permittivities such as a ferroelectric and another material. This is due to an abrupt phase transition occurring at the material/ferroelectric insulator interface (the permittivity changes abruptly), which spontaneously breaks symmetry and induces 2D superconductivity. 
     Superconductivity can happen along the interface of a metal and a ferroelectric with very high permittivity. 2D superconductivity can also happen along the interface of air/ferroelectric, ionic liquid/ferroelectric, semiconductor/ferroelectric such as in the devices presented herein. 
     An electric current can be conducted on the surface of a ferroelectric-superconductor from one interface to another, through the surface, while dipole alignment and polarization remains. This phenomenon can lead to years-long charge, even while discharging a device cell. 
     Ferroelectric-glasses with extremely high dielectric constant such as Li 3-2y M y XO (M=Be, Ca, Mg, Sr, Ba; X=Cl, Br, I), Li 3-3y A y XO (M=B, Al; X=Cl, Br, I), Na 3-2y M y XO (M=Be, Ca, Mg, Sr, Ba; X=Cl, Br, I), Na 3-3y A y XO (M=B, Al; X=Cl, Br, I), K 3-2y M y XO (M=Be, Ca, Mg, Sr, Ba; X=Cl, Br, I), K 3-3y A y XO (M=B, Al; X=Cl, Br, I) or crystalline materials like Li 3-2y-z M y H z XO (M=Be, Ca, Mg, Sr, and Ba; X=Cl, Br, I), Li 3-3y-z A y H z XO (M=B, Al; X=Cl, Br, I), Na 3-2y-z M y H z XO (M=Be, Ca, Mg, Sr, and Ba; X=Cl, Br, I), Na 3-3y-z A y H z XO (M=B, Al; X=Cl, Br, I), K 3-2y-z M y H z XO (M=Be, Ca, Mg, Sr, and Ba; X=Cl, Br, I), K 3-3y-z A y H z XO (M=B, Al; X=Cl, Br, I) where 0≤y≤1 and 0≤z≤3 a mixture of thereof or a mixture of thereof with CaCu 3 Ti 4 O 12 , BaTiO 3 , YBa 2 Cu 3 O 7-x , SrTiO 3  or other ferroelectric or superconductors materials, or their mixtures with Cu 2 O, SiO 2 , Li 2 S, Li 2 O, LiI, Na 2 S, Na 2 O, NaI, K 2 S, K 2 O, KI, Al 2 O 3 , MgB 2 , H 2 O, H 2 S, polymers, ionic liquids, or other solvents or ionic materials can become superconductor at the interface with a material with a substantially different dielectric constant; that material can even be air which make the ferroelectric materials 2D superconductors in the absence of a “cell” or a “device”. 
     A one-electrode cell is, hereafter, a cell constituted by one electrode in contact with a high dielectric constant material. The cell can have a protective layer on the top of the high dielectric constant material. The electrode can be a conductor or a semiconductor or a mixture thereof. The terminals of the cell can be attached to different points in the electrode, possibly located at opposed sides, and can be in contact with the surface of the high dielectric constant material. 
     A full cell is a two, or more, electrodes cell with a ferroelectric material in between them. The electrodes can be similar or dissimilar. 
     An association of one-electrode cells, full cells or a mixture thereof is, hereafter, an association in which the cells were positioned as if they were to be connected to each other (possibly in series) aligning a quasi-parallel side with the closest cell/cells. The cells can be connected through same-type electrodes, or through dissimilar electrodes. The first cell in line can be connected to the third, without the second being connected to the first and third. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention is directed to a ferroelectric-induced potential difference between two different points of a conductor in contact, or just in the proximity of a very high dielectric constant ferroelectric or between the surface of a ferroelectric and the conductor-collector in contact with it, or between two one-electrode cells, or between a full-cell or an association of cells that can perform from below to above room temperature. 
     The present invention is directed to a ferroelectric polarization and electrostatically induced potential difference in a conductor, a semiconductor, a one-electrode cell, a full-cell or a cell association and a ferroelectricity-induced superconductor surface current. 
     It is a feature of this invention to provide ferroelectricity-induced charge accumulation in a conductor, a semiconductor, an insulator, in a cell, or a cell association with no physical contact (physical separated) with the ferroelectric. 
     It is a feature of this invention to provide ferroelectricity-induced charge accumulation in an electrode, a full cell, a cell association, and therefore, induce a potential difference without recurring to Faraday&#39;s law of electromagnetic induction which comprises a change in magnetic flux, without recurring to a magnetic field and a transverse current as in the original Hall-effect, and without recurring to friction or any mechanical interaction with any of the materials. This invention provides, therefore, a way to continuously charge, or self-charge, a cell or a cells association without any physical contact. 
     The present invention disclose a one-electrode cell comprising a ferroelectric-insulator and an electrode, a ferroelectric, a ferroelectricity-induced superconductor, a semiconductor, an insulator, a superconductor, a ferroelectric-based device or parts of thereof with terminals connected to the cell in different points wherein the ferroelectric-insulator has a dielectric constant ε r  higher than 103 at the interface and at temperatures from −40° C. to 170° C. 
     Furthermore, the invention reveals the one-electrode cell where the ferroelectric-insulator is Li 3-2y M y XO (M=Be, Ca, Mg, Sr, Ba; X=Cl, Br, I), Li 3-3y A y XO (M=B, Al; X=Cl, Br, I), Na 3-2y M y XO (M=Be, Ca, Mg, Sr, Ba; X=Cl, Br, I), Na 3-3y A y XO (M=B, Al; X=Cl, Br, I), K 3-2y M y XO (M=Be, Ca, Mg, Sr, Ba; X=Cl, Br, I), K 3-3y A y XO (M=B, Al; X=Cl, Br, I) or crystalline materials like Li 3-2y-z M y H z XO (M=Be, Ca, Mg, Sr, and Ba; X=Cl, Br, I), Li 3-3y-z A y H z XO (M=B, Al; X=Cl, Br, I), Na 3-2y-z M y H z XO (M=Be, Ca, Mg, Sr, and Ba; X=Cl, Br, I), Na 3-3y-z A y H z XO (M=B, Al; X=Cl, Br, I), K 3-2y-z M y H z XO (M=Be, Ca, Mg, Sr, and Ba; X=Cl, Br, I), K 3-3y-z A y H z XO (M=B, Al; X=Cl, Br, I) where 0≤y≤1 and 0≤z≤3 a mixture of thereof or a mixture of thereof with CaCu 3 Ti 4 O 12 , BaTiO 3 , YBa 2 Cu 3 O 7-x , SrTiO 3  or other ferroelectric or superconductors materials, or their mixtures with Cu 2 O, SiO 2 , Li 2 S, Li 2 O, LiI, Na 2 S, Na 2 O, NaI, K 2 S, K 2 O, KI, Al 2 O 3 , MgB 2 , H 2 O, H 2 S, polymers, ionic liquids, or other solvents or ionic materials. 
     Additionally, the one-electrode cell could present the ferroelectric-insulator mixed with a polymer, a resin, a plasticizer, a glue or another binder. 
     Moreover, the one-electrode cell of the present invention has the possibility that the ferroelectric-insulator is embedded in a matrix such as cellulose, fibre glass, or cloth. 
     The present invention also discloses a one-electrode cell where the electrode-conductor is Al, Zn, Mg, K, Li, Na, an alloy, a compound, a composite, a mixture or a foam. 
     The one-electrode cell can present a configuration in that the electrode-conductor is C, Cu, Fe, Ni, Sn, Ti, brass, bronze, an alloy, a compound, a composite or a foam. 
     The one-electrode cell can present a further configuration in that the electrode-conductor is C-foam, C-nanotubes, C-felt, C-paper, graphite, or graphene. 
     The one-electrode cell can present a further configuration in that the electrode-semiconductor is Si, Ga, GaAs p- or n-doped Si or p- or n-doped Ga or other semiconductors such as BaTiO 3 . 
     The one-electrode cell can present a further configuration in that the electrode and ferroelectric-insulator has a rectangular, a disk, a ring, a toroidal or any regular or irregular shape. 
     The one-electrode cell can present a further configuration in that the electrode and ferroelectric-insulator has a saw shaped edge or any other shape that propitiates charge accumulation. 
     The one-electrode cell can present a further configuration in that the cell is protected by an insulator protective layer. 
     The one-electrode cell can present a further configuration in that the cell is enclosed in a package. 
     The present invention also disclose a series of two or more one-electrode cells as defined above wherein the two or more cells are aligned to each other and the cells are separated by a mm- or cm-distance with no physical contact or wherein the two or more cells are in contact such that the negative electrode of one cell connects with the positive electrode of the next cell adding cell potentials. 
     Furthermore, the invention reveals the series in which the cell is a conductor, a semiconductor or a superconductor. 
     Additionally, the series could present two electrodes that have a ferroelectric-insulator in between. 
     The series can present a further configuration in that a full cell is a series of two one-electrode cell where electrodes are similar or are dissimilar. 
     The series can present a further configuration in that the electrodes are Zn and C. 
     The series can present a further configuration in that a load is connected to the negative electrode of a cell and the positive electrode of a different cell. 
     The series can present a further configuration in that the load is a LED. 
     The series can present a further configuration in that the two conductor electrodes are separated by one or more alternated ferroelectric and/or insulator materials layer-pairs. 
     The use of the cell or the series of two or more one-electrode cells as defined presents several applications, for example: as a device for an energy harvester, energy storage device, part of a transistor, of a computer, of a quantum computer, of a sensor, of a charger, of an actuator, of a thermionic device, of a temperature controller, of the Internet of Things, of a photovoltaic cell, of a panel, of a wind turbine, of a smart grid, of an electric power transmission, of a transformers, of a power storage devices, of an electric motor, of an airplane, of a car, of a boat, of a submarine, of a satellite, of a drone, of a rocket and/or of a space vehicle. 
    
    
     
       DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       These and other features, aspects and advantages of the present invention will become better understood with reference to the following description and appended claims, and accompanying drawings wherein. 
         FIG. 1  is the embodiment of a one-electrode cell seen from its side view; 
         FIG. 2  is the embodiment of a one-electrode cell seen from its top or bottom view; 
         FIG. 3  is the embodiment of two one-electrode cells set as if they were to connect in series but without any physical contact between them; 
         FIG. 4  is the embodiment of one-electrode cell and one conductor electrode set as if cell and electrode were to connect in series but without any physical contact between them; 
         FIG. 5  is the embodiment of one-electrode cell and one semiconductor electrode set as if cell and electrode were to connect in series but without any physical contact between them; 
         FIG. 6  is the embodiment of three one-electrode cells set as if they were to connect in series without any physical contact between the first cell and the second and the second and the third cells; 
         FIG. 7  is the embodiment of two one-electrode cells and an electrode-conductor set as if they were to connect in series but with no physical contact between the first cell and the electrode-conductor and the electrode and the third cell; 
         FIG. 8  is the embodiment of two one-electrode cells and an electrode-semiconductor set as if they were to connect in series but with no physical contact between the first cell and the electrode-semiconductor and this same electrode and the third cell; 
         FIG. 9  is the embodiment of a multilayer cell with alternate layers of the ferroelectric material and insulator in which the insulator retains the ferroelectric-superconducting surface electrons at the interface with an insulator forming a capacitor between the electrons and the positive mirror charge on the insulator; 
         FIG. 10  is the embodiment of a ferroelectric/insulator cell in which the insulator retains the ferroelectric-superconducting surface electrons at the interface forming a capacitor between the electrons and the positive mirror charge on the insulator; 
         FIG. 11  is the embodiment of a ferroelectric/insulator cell in which the insulator retains the ferroelectric-superconducting surface electrons at the interface forming a capacitor between the electrons and the positive mirror charge on the insulator, at the interface insulator/semiconductor another capacitor is spontaneously formed; 
         FIG. 12  is the embodiment of three full cells set as if they were in series but without any physical contact between the first cell and the second and the second and the third cells; 
         FIG. 12  (photos) is an example of  FIG. 12  embodiment; 
         FIG. 13  is an embodiment of a “step” graph corresponding to the measured electrochemical potentials difference between any two electrodes of three full cells set as if they were to connect in series but not allowing any physical contact between the first cell and the second and the second and the third cells; 
         FIG. 14  is the embodiment of a conductor ring, coil or toroidal partially-filled or filled with the ferroelectric material; 
         FIG. 15  is an embodiment of a ferroelectric/insulator/semiconductor cell which can amplify or switch electronic signals; 
         FIG. 16  is an embodiment of a ferroelectric/semiconductors cell which can amplify or switch electronic signals; 
         FIG. 17  is an embodiment of an association in series between a one-electrode cell and a full cell with open circuit voltage, OCV=1.38 V; a red LED that lights at a minimum potential of 1.48 V and minimum input current of 23 μA, which is lit by this association in series; 
         FIG. 18  is an embodiment of an association in series between a one-electrode cell and an electrode-conductor in which a potential difference V F  is observed in the one-electrode cell and a potential difference V C  is observed in the electrode-conductor. 
     
    
    
     DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
     The preferred embodiments of the present invention are illustrated by way of example below and in  FIGS. 1-18 . The latter are just examples and for simplification most of the cells were drawn as squares, but they can be rectangular, disk-like, ring, toroidal, irregular or they can have many edges like a saw to accumulate charge in defined points. 
       FIG. 1  shows a side view of a one-electrode cell  10 , a conductor substrate  100  is put into contact with a ferroelectric insulator  200  with very high dielectric constant. The cell can be protected from moisture by a protective layer or package not represented in  FIG. 1 . The terminals  300  and  310  collect the electrical current after a potential difference has been induced in the cell. 
       FIG. 2  shows a top view  20  of the cell  10  in  FIG. 1 . 
       FIG. 3  shows two cells  20  set  30  as if they were to be connected in series but without any physical contact between them. A “capacitor” is formed between the two cells  20  due to the spontaneous polarization of the ferroelectric-insulator  200 . The insulator between cells can be air, epoxy, Teflon, a polymer, a glue, an ionic liquid or other dielectric material. 
       FIG. 4  shows one cell  20  set  40  as if the cell were to be connected in series with an electrode-conductor  400  but without any physical contact between them. A “capacitor” is formed between cell  20  and electrode  400  due to the spontaneous polarization of the ferroelectric-insulator  200  inducing a Hall-effect in the conductor  400 . 
       FIG. 5  shows one cell  20  set  50  as if the cell were to be connected in series with an electrode-semiconductor  500  but with no physical contact between them. A “capacitor” is formed between cell  20  and electrode  500  due to the spontaneous polarization of the ferroelectric-insulator  200 . If the semiconductor is n- or p-doped a drift of negative or positive charges takes place causing accumulation of charges in the semiconductor and therefore a potential difference for different points at the surface. 
       FIG. 6  shows three cells  20  set  60  as if the cells were to be connected in series but with no physical contact between the first and the second and the second and the third. Two “capacitors” form, between the first and the second cell, and the second and the third cells due to the spontaneous polarization of the ferroelectric-insulator  200 . 
       FIG. 7  shows two cells  20  located in the extremes of the set  70  as if the cells were to be connected in series with an electrode-conductor  400  in between with no physical contact between them. Two “capacitors” are formed, between the first cell and the electrode  400 , and the electrode  400  and the second one-electrode cell due to the spontaneous polarization of the ferroelectric-insulator  200 . 
       FIG. 8  shows two cells  20  located in the extremes of the set  80  as if the cells were to be connected in series with an electrode-semiconductor  500  in between without any physical contact between them. Two “capacitors” are formed, between the first cell and the electrode  500 , and the electrode  500  and the second cell due to the spontaneous polarization of the ferroelectric-insulator  200 . 
       FIG. 9  shows a multilayer cell  90  formed by one or several ferroelectric-insulator  200  and insulator  600  to  620  layers. The insulator can be air, epoxy, Teflon, a polymer, a glue, an ionic liquid, an acrylic or other dielectric material. The very high dielectric constant of the ferroelectric-insulator creates an electric field that polarizes the dielectric. Moreover, the insulators  600  to  620  do not allow most of the surface superconductor electrons to tunnel through them, and instead they polarize at the surface with the ferroelectric due to the electric field spontaneously created by the ferroelectric. Therefore, the insulator will show a potential difference between the two surfaces parallel to the surface of the ferroelectric. 
       FIG. 10  shows a ferroelectric/insulator cell  100 . The insulator  600  can be any dielectric material; at the interface of the cells a capacitor forms due to the spontaneous alignment of the electrochemical potentials and spontaneous polarization of the ferroelectric  200  giving rise to surface superconductivity. 
       FIG. 11  shows a ferroelectric/insulator/semiconductor cell  110 . The insulator can be any dielectric material and at the interface of the cells a capacitor will be formed due to the spontaneous alignment of the electrochemical potentials and spontaneous polarization of the ferroelectric  200  giving rise to surface superconductivity. At the interface insulator  600  and the semiconductor  500  another capacitor is formed. The semiconductor can be Si, Ge, GaAs, GaN, GaP, Cu 2 O or any other material with a band gap energy usually around 0.2≤E g ≤3 eV or higher. 
       FIG. 12  shows three full cells set  120  with terminals  800 ,  810 ,  900 ,  910 ,  1000 , and  1010  as if they were to be connected in series but with no physical contact between cells  700  and  710 , and cells  710  and  720 . Two “capacitors” are formed, the first between cells  700  and  710  and the second between cells  710  and  720 .  FIG. 12   a, b, c  and  d  (photos) shows the photos of an example of set  120 . 
       FIG. 13  shows an example of a “step” graph  130  of the electrochemical potentials in a device  120  constituted by cells of the type  700 ,  710  and  720  each one constituted by dissimilar electrodes of Cu and Al. Measurements of the difference between electrochemical potentials of similar electrodes Cu(1), Cu(2) and Cu(3) and of similar electrodes Al(1), Al(2) and Al(3) as well as measurements of the electrochemical potential difference of combinations of dissimilar cell electrodes were obtained. The maximum potential difference was obtained between dissimilar electrodes of different cells (2) and (3) μ Cu (3)-μ Ag (2)=1.361 V, which marks a clear difference from any other previously reported device. If the cells were connected in series, the potential difference would be V=1.177+1.313+1.000=3.490 V, if the cells were connected in parallel, the potential difference would be the same no matter which two dissimilar electrodes were chosen to measure the potential difference. 
       FIG. 14  shows a shallow ring, coil or toroidal cell  140  in which the ring is filled or partially filled with ferroelectric that is going to polarize spontaneously and eventually show surface superconductivity. The electrons in a ring or toroid are then free to be conducted in the ring. 
       FIG. 15  shows a ferroelectric/insulator/semiconductor cell  150  which can amplify or switch; in this cell the ferroelectric insulator  200  can be negatively polarized at the interface with the insulator  600  and semiconductors  510  and  520  (such as n-doped semiconductors). The negative polarization is due to surface superconductivity and can give rise to a channel where electrons are conducted. 
       FIG. 16  shows a ferroelectric/semiconductors cell  160  which can amplify and switch; in this cell the ferroelectric insulator  200  can be positively polarized at the interface with the semiconductors  500 ,  510  and  520 . The mirror negative charges will be aligned at the interface with the conductor  400 . 
       FIG. 17  shows an example of closed circuit constituted by an association in series  170 , with physical contact between a full cell  2000 , with open circuit voltage OCV 1.38 V, a one-electrode cell  20 , and a red LED. The red LED is lit. Since the OCV of the full cell is not enough to light the red LED, the contribution of the one-electrode cell  20  is proven, which clearly shows that one electrode cell can harvest and store energy. 
       FIG. 18  shows an example of a closed circuit constituted by two cells set  180  as if they were to be associated in series but with no physical contact between the one-electrode cell  20  and an electrode-conductor  400 . As an experiment, the measurement of V F  potential can show V F ≥1.0 V and a current I F ≥200 μA at approximately T≥−70° C. when the cell is heating from liquid nitrogen temperature. In the same experiment, V C ≥0.8 V at T≥20° C. 
     It is well known that for materials like BaTiO 3  which are semiconductors, below the Curie temperature, the high resistance crystal gives rise, in its boundaries, to ferroelectric characteristics with high dielectric constant and a low potential barrier that electrons can easily penetrate resulting in low resistivity (Bain and Chand, Ferroelectrics principles and applications, Wiley-VCH, 2017, chapter 4, pg. 93). 
     The typical sheet carrier density, n 2D , attainable in conventional metal-insulator-semiconductor field emission transistors (FET) is only n 2D ≠1×10 13  cm −2 , which is unsatisfactory for inducing superconductivity. In the cells in the present invention, the superconductivity is observed at low to high temperatures and the number of charge carriers accumulated at the interface electrode/ferroelectric is calculated to be n 2D ≥10 15  cm −2 . 
     The enablement of the ferroelectric-induced superconductivity does not relate to the ferroelectric structure, as the ferroelectric insulator  200  can be an amorphous or a glass, but a great deal with the dynamic coalescence and alignment of the dipoles that enable superconductivity. In the present devices, superconductivity happens at the surface of the very high dielectric constant ferroelectric material in contact with air, a metal or any other material with a very different dielectric constant. 
     It is possible that in the embodiments 30 to 120 electrons can be conducted across the physical insulator barrier between electrodes, cells or devices. 
     The polarization charges on the surface of the Lorentz cavity in a dielectric material (a spherical cavity containing molecules that are polarized in the presence of an electric field) may be considered as forming a continuous distribution. Moreover, if the material is isotropic, all the atoms can be replaced by point dipoles parallel to each other and the electric field due to the dipoles is reduced to zero. Then the total electric field is, 
     
       
         
           
             
               
                 
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     where E is the total electric field, E appl.  is the applied external electric field, P is the polarization vector and ε 0  the vacuum&#39;s permittivity. Oversimplifying for a ferroelectric-insulator  200  like Li 2.99 Ba 0.005 ClO, polarization can reach to P=1.5 C·cm −2  at 25° C. (Braga et al. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2018, 140, 17968-17976) in the absence of an applied electric field which reflects in a really high electric field capable of polarizing other materials at millimetric or higher distance inducing a Hall-effect. The electric field at the interface of two materials that are polarized to align their electrochemical potentials or Fermi levels is E≥10 MVm −1 . This latter electric field is usually observed when the polarized surfaces are separated by a distance d≤: 1 nm. 
     On the other hand, the dielectric losses P l (a power) in an insulating material having capacitance C is obtained from, 
     
       
         
           
             
               
                 
                   
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     Where V is the potential difference f is the frequency and tan δ the dielectric loss tangent. 
     The spontaneous polarization of the ferroelectric-insulator, leads to very high electric fields that can polarize other materials at a mm or cm-distance of the ferroelectric material, inducing mirror charges, and therefore, electric fields and potential differences between different sides of the materials in close proximity with the ferroelectric-insulator. 
     In the one-electrode cell of embodiments  10  and  20 , if the electrode has higher Fermi level than the ferroelectric, the electrode accumulates electrons at the interface with the ferroelectric which accumulates cations whereas the electrons are free to be conducted at the free surface of the ferroelectric-material (in contact with air or a protective layer). An embodiment of this electrode is Al, Zn, Mg, K, Li, Na, Sr or any alloy, compound, mixture or composite with a Fermi level higher than the Fermi level of the ferroelectric. 
     The ferroelectric surface superconductivity facilitates the continuous charge of the one-cell electrode that would be negatively polarized. This polarization can also be achieved by the accumulation of the negative poles of the dipoles of the ferroelectric material. 
     The cells or devices  10  to  180  of this invention can be used for contactless charging of energy storage devices.