Patent Publication Number: US-2023134160-A1

Title: Method Of Preparing A Therapeutic Protein Formulation And Antibody Formulation Produced By Such A Method

Description:
This application is a § 371 filing of PCT/IB2016/055355 filed Sep. 8, 2016, which claims the benefit of priority to U.S. Provisional Application No. 62/222,067 filed Sep. 22, 2015; the entire contents of which are incorporated herein by reference. 
    
    
     REFERENCE TO SEQUENCE LISTING 
     This application is being filed electronically via EFS-Web and includes an electronically submitted sequence listing in .txt format. The .txt file contains a sequence listing entitled “PC72213A_SEQ_LST_ST25.txt” created on Mar. 13, 2018, and having a size of 19 KB. The sequence listing contained in this .txt file is part of the specification and is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety. 
     TECHNICAL FIELD 
     The present invention relates to a method of preparation of a protein formulation including excipients and at least one therapeutic protein. 
     The invention is of particular interest in the field of antibody formulations intended for a therapeutic use and is also directed to an antibody formulation produced by the method. 
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     The invention is more particularly related to methods sequentially comprising:
         providing a solution comprising said protein;   concentrating the protein in the solution by a first ultra-filtration step;   diafiltering the solution thus obtained with a diafiltration buffer including at least one first excipient, whereby a retentate is obtained comprising the protein and the first excipient;   further concentrating the protein in the retentate by a second ultra-filtration step in an ultra-filtration equipment;   adding at least one final excipient, whereby the protein formulation with a desired protein concentration and including said first and final excipients is obtained.       

     In general, the final protein formulations for therapeutic antibodies include at least an amino-acid, such as histidine, which is added during the diafiltration step, and a sugar acting as a stabilizer, such as trehalose. The trehalose is commonly added with the other excipients in the final addition step. 
     In conventional methods applied to therapeutic antibodies, the above steps are performed with a protein solution, once purified by a number of purification steps usually including a virus retaining filtration as the last purification step. The protein solution (or “product”) is concentrated by the first ultra-filtration step, from a concentration of approximately 5 to 20 g/l to a concentration of about 40 to 100 g/l (depending on the protein). Then the concentrated product is diafiltered in a diafiltration buffer, such as histidine. In some instances, the diafiltration buffer may be another standard buffer such as acetate, tris or phosphate. The diafiltration buffer is chosen based on the final protein formulation as well as on any offset that is required due to the Donnan effect. The Donnan effect occurs as the product is concentrated and results in the exclusion of certain charged buffer species, e.g. histidine. The diafiltration buffer is therefore usually adjusted to a higher buffer concentration and a lower pH than are specified for the protein formulation. Once the diafiltration is complete, the product goes through the second ultra-filtration step for concentration to approximately 50% above the desired protein concentration for the final protein formulation. Then the product is removed from the ultra-filtration system and the system is rinsed to recover additional product. With a final concentration of more than 50% above the desired concentration in the protein formulation, all of the rinse can be added back to the product to maximize recovery, without excessively diluting the product. Then the excipients are added (sugar, surfactant, chelator, etc.) as a concentrated solution, usually with a dilution ratio of approximately 4, meaning that 1 unitary volume of the concentrated excipient solution is added to 3 unitary volumes of the product. The dilution ratio of 4 is based on the maximum solubility of the sugar component of the excipient solution, which is usually the limiting factor. If necessary, the product is then further diluted with formulation buffer for adjustment to the final desired concentration. 
     Such conventional methods may therefore not be applicable when it is desired to obtain a highly concentrated protein in the final formulation, and even more when the protein is of particularly high viscosity. 
     For example, in the case of a therapeutic antibody formulation with a desired final concentration of 150 g/l, the viscosity of the molecule precludes concentrating to the targeted value of 50% above the desired final concentration. 
     It is an aim of the invention to provide a method of preparation of a protein formulation that may be applied to highly viscous and highly concentrated proteins. 
     It is a further aim of the invention that the method may be implemented at a manufacturing scale, without negatively affecting the overall yield of the manufacturing process and without incurring extra costs due to an excessive waste of certain excipients. In particular, it is an aim to keep the use of the sugar components, which are particularly costly, at a similar level as the conventional methods. 
     It is still a further aim to preserve the stability of the protein over all the steps of the method and to protect the protein from aggregation. 
     SUMMARY 
     According to a first aspect of the present invention, there is provided a method of the above type further comprising, before the second ultra-filtration step, adding a second excipient to the retentate obtained from the diafiltration step. 
     By moving the addition of a second excipient, in particular the trehalose (or more generally the sugar), to post-diafiltration, the remaining excipients can be added at a much higher concentration in a subsequent step, thus generating a lower dilution of the product. This in turn means that the maximal required concentration can be brought to only about 10% (in some instances between 5 to 15%) above the final desired concentration, as compared to the value of about 50% for the conventional methods. This 10% value is obtainable with standard ultra-filtration equipments, even with higher molecule viscosity. This also allows recovering product from a rinse and thus allows obtaining a 90% yield of the ultra-filtration/dia-filtration process. 
     Also, adding the second excipient (the sugar) before the final concentration protects the protein from aggregation. 
     According to preferred embodiments of the invention:
         the method further includes, after step (e) and before step (f), rinsing the ultra-filtration equipment with a rinse buffer, whereby the recovery of the protein is enhanced;   the rinse buffer comprises the first and the second excipients at concentrations substantially equal to, respectively, the concentrations of the first and of the second excipients in the protein formulation;   the first excipient is an amino-acid, preferably histidine;   the first excipient in the protein formulation has a concentration of between 16 and 24 mM, preferably of between 17 and 23 mM, most preferably of about 20 mM;   the second excipient is a sugar, preferably a disaccharide;   the final excipients include a surfactant, preferably polysorbate 80;   the final excipients include a chelating agent, preferably EDTA;   the protein formulation has a protein concentration of between 110 and 165 g/l;   the protein is an antibody.       

     In a first preferred embodiment:
         the antibody is an anti-PCSK9 (Proprotein Convertase Subtilisin Kexin type 9) antibody;   the anti-PCSK9 antibody is selected from the group consisting of bococizumab, evolocumab (REPATHATM), alirocumab (PRALUENT™), REGN728, 31H4, 11F1, 12H11, 8A1, 8A3, 3C4, 300N, 1D05, LGT209, RG7652, and LY3015014;   the anti-PCSK9 antibody comprises a heavy chain variable region (VH) comprising complementarity determining region one CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 of the amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 1; and a light chain variable region (VL) comprising CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 of the amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 2; or alternatively the anti-PCSK9 antibody comprises a VH CDR1 having the amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 3, 4, or 5, a VH CDR2 having the amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 6 or 7, a VH CDR3 having the amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 8, a VL CDR1 having the amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 9, a VL CDR2 having the amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO:10, and a VL CDR3 having the amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 11;   the protein formulation has a protein concentration of between 135 and 165 g/l, preferably of between 142 and 158 g/l, most preferably of about 150 g/l;   the second excipient in the protein formulation is trehalose at a concentration of between 67.2 and 100.8 g/l, preferably of between 71.4 and 96.6 g/l, most preferably of about 84 g/l;   the final excipients include polysorbate 80 which, in the protein formulation, has a concentration of between 0.16 and 0.24 g/l, preferably of between 0.17 and 0.23 g/l, most preferably of about 0.2 g/l;   the final excipients include EDTA which, in the protein formulation, has a concentration of between 0.04 and 0.06 g/l, preferably of between 0.0425 and 0.0575 g/l, most preferably of about 0.05 g/l;   the protein formulation has a pH of between 5.2 and 5.8, preferably of about 5.5;   the solution provided in step (a) has a protein concentration of between 5 and 20 g/l;   the protein is concentrated to between 80 and 120 g/l, preferably to between 90 and 110 g/l, and most preferably to about 100 g/l, by the first ultra-filtration step;   the protein is concentrated to between 143 and 173 g/l, preferably to between 150 and 166 g/l, and most preferably to about 158 g/l, by the second ultra-filtration step;   the first excipient in the diafiltration buffer has a concentration higher than the concentration of the first excipient in the protein formulation, said concentration of the first excipient in the diafiltration buffer being preferably of between 29.75 and 40.25 mM, most preferably of about 35 mM;   the diafiltration buffer has a pH of between 5.1 and 5.5, preferably about 5.3;   adding the second excipient to the retentate obtained from the diafiltration step is achieved by adding a first additive solution to the retentate, said first additive solution comprising the second excipient at a concentration of between 340 and 460 g/l, preferably of between 380 and 420 g/l, most preferably of about 400 g/l;   the first additive solution comprises the first excipient at a concentration lower than the concentration of the first excipient in the diafiltration buffer and higher than the concentration of the first excipient in the protein formulation, said concentration of the first excipient in the first additive solution being preferably of between 25.5 and 34.5 mM, most preferably of about 30 mM;   the first additive solution further comprises a final excipient;   the first additive solution comprises about 30 mM histidine and about 400 g/l trehalose;   adding the first additive solution to the retentate is performed at a dilution ratio of about 4.15, whereby one volume of the first additive solution is added to approximately 3.15 fold the same volume of the retentate;   adding the final excipients includes the step of adding a second additive solution to the solution obtained from the second ultra-filtration step, said second additive solution comprising the second excipient at a concentration lower than the concentration of the second excipient in the first additive solution and higher than the concentration of the second excipient in the protein formulation;   the second additive solution comprises the first excipient at a concentration substantially equal to the concentration of the first excipient in the protein formulation;   the second additive solution comprises about 20 mM histidine, about 84 g/l trehalose, about 1 g/l EDTA and about 4 g/l polysorbate 80;   adding the second additive solution is performed at a dilution ratio of about 20, whereby one volume of the second additive solution is added to approximately 19 fold the same volume of to the solution obtained from the second ultra-filtration step.       

     In a second preferred embodiment:
         the antibody is an anti-IL7R antibody;   preferably, the anti-IL-7R antibody comprises a heavy chain variable region (VH) comprising complementarity determining region one CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 of the amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 13 (examples of the sequences of such CDRs are SEQ ID NOs. 17, 18 and 19 respectively); and a light chain variable region (VL) comprising CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 of the amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 14 (examples of the sequences of such CDRs are SEQ ID Nos. 20, 21 and 22 respectively);   more preferably, the VH region of the anti-IL-7R antibody comprises the amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO. 13, and the VL region of the anti-IL-7R antibody comprises the amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO. 14;   even more preferably, the heavy chain of the anti IL-7R antibody comprises the amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO. 15 and a light chain of the anti IL-17 antibody has the amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO. 16;   the protein formulation has a protein concentration of between 110 and 130 g/l, preferably of about 120 g/l;   the second excipient in the protein formulation is sucrose at a concentration of between 42 and 58 g/l, preferably of about 50 g/l;   the final excipients include polysorbate 80 which, in the protein formulation, has a concentration of between 0.017 and 0.023 g/l, preferably of about 0.02 g/l;   the final excipients include EDTA which, in the protein formulation, has a concentration of between 0.42 and 0.58 g/l, preferably of about 0.5 g/l;   the final excipients include arginine which, in the protein formulation, has a concentration of between 85 and 115 mM, preferably of about 100 mM;   the protein formulation has a pH of between 6.5 and 7.5, preferably of about 7.0;   the solution provided in step (a) has a protein concentration of between 2.6 and 3.4 g/l, preferably of about 3 g/l;   the protein is concentrated to between 36 and 54 g/l, preferably to between 40 and 50 g/l, and most preferably to about 45 g/l, by the first ultra-filtration step;   the protein is concentrated to between 170 and 210 g/l, preferably to about 190 g/l, by the second ultra-filtration step;   the first excipient in the diafiltration buffer has a concentration higher than the concentration of the first excipient in the protein formulation, said concentration of the first excipient in the diafiltration buffer being preferably of between 19 and 25 mM, most preferably of about 22 mM;   the diafiltration buffer includes arginine at a concentration of between 95 and 125 mM, preferably of about 110 mM;   the diafiltration buffer has a pH of between 6.5 and 7.5, preferably about 7.0;   adding the second excipient to the retentate obtained from the diafiltration step is achieved by adding a first additive solution to the retentate, said first additive solution comprising the second excipient at a concentration of between 230 and 320 g/l, preferably of about 275 g/l;   the first additive solution comprises the first excipient at a concentration substantially equal to the concentration of the first excipient in the diafiltration buffer and higher than the concentration of the first excipient in the protein formulation, said concentration of the first excipient in the first additive solution being preferably of between 19 and 25 mM, most preferably of about 22 mM;   the first additive solution further comprises a final excipient;   the first additive solution comprises about 22 mM histidine, 110 mM arginine and about 275 g/l sucrose, at a pH of about 7.0;   adding the first additive solution to the retentate is performed at a dilution ratio of about 5, whereby one volume of the first additive solution is added to approximately 4 fold the same volume of the retentate;   adding the final excipients includes the step of adding a second additive solution to the solution obtained from the second ultra-filtration step, said second additive solution comprising EDTA and polysorbate 80;   adding the second additive solution is performed at a dilution ratio of about 20, whereby one volume of the second additive solution is added to approximately 19 fold the same volume of to the solution obtained from the second ultra-filtration step.       

     According to a second aspect of the invention, there is provided an antibody formulation produced by the foregoing method. 
     In a preferred embodiment, the protein formulation comprises:
         from 135 mg/ml to 165 mg/ml, preferably about 150 mg/ml, of the anti-PCSK9 antibody, and   from 16 mM to 24 mM, preferably about 20 mM, of histidine buffer.       

     In another preferred embodiment, the protein formulation comprises:
         from 135 mg/ml to 165 mg/ml, preferably about 150 mg/ml, of the anti-PCSK9 antibody, and   from 67.2 mg/ml to 100.8 mg/ml, preferably about 84 mg/ml, of trehalose.       

     In another preferred embodiment, the protein formulation comprises:
         from 135 mg/ml to 165 mg/ml, preferably about 150 mg/ml, of the anti-PCSK9 antibody, and   from 0.16 mg/ml to 0.24 mg/ml, preferably about 0.2 mg/ml, of polysorbate.       

     In another preferred embodiment, the protein formulation comprises:
         from 135 mg/ml to 165 mg/ml, preferably about 150 mg/ml, of the anti-PCSK9 antibody,   from 16 mM to 24 mM, preferably about 20 mM, of histidine buffer, and   from 67.2 mg/ml to 100.8 mg/ml, preferably about 84 mg/ml, of trehalose.       

     In another preferred embodiment, the protein formulation comprises:
         from 135 mg/ml to 165 mg/ml, preferably about 150 mg/ml, of the anti-PCSK9 antibody,   from 16 mM to 24 mM, preferably about 20 mM, of histidine buffer, and   from 0.16 mg/ml to 0.24 mg/ml, preferably about 0.2 mg/ml, of polysorbate.       

     In another preferred embodiment, the protein formulation comprises:
         from 135 mg/ml to 165 mg/ml, preferably about 150 mg/ml, of the anti-PCSK9 antibody,   from 67.2 mg/ml to 100.8 mg/ml, preferably about 84 mg/ml, of trehalose, and   from 0.16 mg/ml to 0.24 mg/ml, preferably about 0.2 mg/ml, of polysorbate.       

     In a still preferred embodiment, the protein formulation comprises:
         from 135 mg/ml to 165 mg/ml, preferably about 150 mg/ml, of the anti-PCSK9 antibody,   from 16 mM to 24 mM, preferably about 20 mM, of histidine buffer,   from 67.2 mg/ml to 100.8 mg/ml, preferably about 84 mg/ml, of trehalose, and   from 0.16 mg/ml to 0.24 mg/ml, preferably about 0.2 mg/ml, of polysorbate.       

     In some embodiments, the antibody formulation has a pH of between 5.2 and 5.8, preferably about 5.5. 
     In another preferred embodiment, the protein formulation comprises:
         from 110 g/l to 130 g/l, preferably about 120 g/l, of the anti-IL-7R antibody;   from 17 mM to 23 mM, preferably about 20 mM, of histidine;   from 42 g/l to 58 g/l, preferably about 50 g/l, of sucrose; and   from 0.017 g/l to 0.023 g/l, preferably about 0.02 g/l, of polysorbate and has a pH of between 6.5 and 7.5, preferably about 7.0.       

     SEQ ID NO: 1 to 12 referred to in the foregoing are described in the table below: 
     
       
         
           
               
               
             
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                  1 
                   qvqlvqsgae   vkkpgasvkv   sckasgytft   syymhwvrqa   pgqglewmge   
               
               
                 (VH) 
                 
                   ispfggrtny 
                 
               
               
                   
                   nekfksrvtm   trdtststvy   melsslrsed   tavyycarer   plvasdlwgq   gttvtvss   
               
               
                   
               
               
                  2 
                   diqmtqspss   lsasvgdrvt   itcrasqgis   salawyqqkp   gkapklliys   asyrytgvps   
               
               
                 (VL) 
                   rfsgsgsgtd   ftftisslqp   ediatyycqq   ryslwrtfgq   gtkleik   
               
               
                   
               
               
                  3 
                 SYYMH 
               
               
                 (VH-CDR1) 
                   
               
               
                   
               
               
                  4 
                 GYTFTSY 
               
               
                 (VH-CDR1) 
                   
               
               
                   
               
               
                  5 
                 GYTFTSYYMH 
               
               
                 (VH-CDR1) 
                   
               
               
                   
               
               
                  6 
                 EISPFGGRTNYNEKFKS 
               
               
                 (VH-CDR2) 
                   
               
               
                   
               
               
                  7 
                 ISPFGGR 
               
               
                 (VH-CDR2) 
                   
               
               
                   
               
               
                  8 
                 ERPLYASDL 
               
               
                 (VH-CDR3) 
                   
               
               
                   
               
               
                  9 
                 RASQGISSALA 
               
               
                 (VL-CDR1) 
                   
               
               
                   
               
               
                 10 
                 SASYRYT 
               
               
                 (VL-CDR2) 
                   
               
               
                   
               
               
                 11 
                 QQRYSLWRT 
               
               
                 (VL-CDR3) 
                   
               
               
                   
               
               
                 12  
                 MGTVSSRRSW WPLPLLLLLL LLLGPAGARA QEDEDGDYEE 
               
               
                 (PCSK9 human) 
                 LVLALRSEED GLAEAPEHGT TATFHRCAKD PWRLPGTYVV 
               
               
                   
                 VLKEETHLSQ SERTARRLQA QAARRGYLTK ILHVFHGLLP 
               
               
                   
                 GFLVKMSGDL LELALKLPHV DYIEEDSSVF AQSIPWNLER 
               
               
                   
                 ITPPRYRADE YQPPDGGSLVEVYLLDTSIQ SDHREIEGRV 
               
               
                   
                 MVTDFENVPE EDGTRFHRQA SKCDSHGTHLAGVVSGRDAG 
               
               
                   
                 VAKGASMRSL RVLNCQGKGT VSGTLIGLEF IRKSQLVQPV 
               
               
                   
                 GPLVVLLPLA GGYSRVLNAA CQRLARAGW LVTAAGNFRD 
               
               
                   
                 DACLYSPASA PEVITVGATN AQDQPVTLGT LGTNFGRCVD 
               
               
                   
                 LFAPGEDIIG ASSDCSTCFV SQSGTSQAAA HVAGIAAMML 
               
               
                   
                 SAEPELTLAE LRQRLIHFSAKDVINEAWFP EDQRVLTPNL 
               
               
                   
                 VAALPPSTHG AGWQLFCRTV WSAHSGPTRM ATAVARCAPD 
               
               
                   
                 EELLSCSSFS RSGKRRGERM EAQGGKLVCR AHNAFGGEGV 
               
               
                   
                 YAIARCCLLP QANCSVHTAPPAEASMGTRV HCHQQGHVLT 
               
               
                   
                 GCSSHWEVED LGTHKPPVLR PRGQPNQCVG HREASIHASC 
               
               
                   
                 CHAPGLECKV KEHGIPAPQE QVTVACEEGW TLTGCSALPG 
               
               
                   
                 TSHVLGAYAV DNTCVVRSRDVSTTGSTSEG AVTAVAICCR 
               
               
                   
                 SRHLAQASQE LQ 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     SEQ ID Nos. 13-16 in the forgoing are described in the table below 
     
       
         
           
               
               
             
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                 13 
                 EVQLVESGGGLVKPGGSLRLSCAASGFTFDDSVMHWVRQAPGKGLEWVSLV 
               
               
                 (VH) 
                 GWDGFFTYYADSVKGRFTISRDNAKNSLYLQMNSLRAEDTAVYYCARQGDYM 
               
               
                   
                 GNNWGQGTLVTVSS 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 14 
                 NFMLTQPHSVSESPGKTVTISCTRSSGSIDSSYVQWYQQRPGSSPTTVI 
               
               
                 (VL) 
                 YEDDQRPSGVPDRFSGSIDSSSNSASLTISGLKTEDEADYYCQSYDFHH 
               
               
                   
                 LVFGGGTKLTVL 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 15 
                 EVQLVESGGGLVKPGGSLRLSCAASGFTFDDSVMHWVRQAPGKGLEW 
               
               
                   
                 VSLVGWDGFFTYYADSVKGRFTISRDNAKNSLYLQMNSLRAEDTAVYYC 
               
               
                   
                 ARQGDYMGNNWGQGTLVTVSSASTKGPSVFPLAPSSKSTSGGTAALG 
               
               
                   
                 CLVKDYFPEPVTVSWNSGALTSGVHTFPAVLQSSGLYSLSSWTVPSSS 
               
               
                   
                 LGTQTYICNVNHKPSNTKVDKKVAPELLGGPSVFLFPPKPKDTLMISRTP 
               
               
                   
                 EVTCVVVDVSHEDPEVKFNWYVDGVEVHNAKTKPREEQYNSTYRVSV 
               
               
                   
                 LTVLHQDWLNGKEYKCKVSNKALPAPIEKTISKAKGQPREPQVYTLPPSR 
               
               
                   
                 EEMTKNQVSLTCLVKGFYPSDIAVEWESNGQPENNYKTTPPVLDSDGSF 
               
               
                   
                 FLYSKLTVDKSRWQQGNVFSCSVMHEALHNHYTQKSLSLSPGK 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 16 
                 NFMLTQPHSVSESPGKTVTISCTRSSGSIDSSYVQWYQQRPGSSPTTVI 
               
               
                   
                 YEDDQRPSGVPDRFSGSIDSSSNSASLTISGLKTEDEADYYCQSYDFHH 
               
               
                   
                 LVFGGGTKLTVLQPKAAPSVTLFPPSSEELQANKATLVCLISDFYPGAVT 
               
               
                   
                 VAWKADSSPVKAGVETTTPSKQSNNKYAASSYLSLTPEQWKSHRSYSC 
               
               
                   
                 QVTHEGSTVEKTVAPTECS 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 17 (VH-CDR1) 
                 DSVMH 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 18 (VH-CDR2) 
                 LVGWDGFFTYYADSVKG 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 19 (VH-CDR3) 
                 QGDYMGNN 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 20 (VL-CDR1) 
                 TRSSGSIDSSYVQ 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 21 (VL-CDR2) 
                 EDDQRPS 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 22 (VL-CDR3) 
                 QSYDFHHLV 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     The following definitions will be used in the present description and claims:
         the term “protein formulation” designates the final product including the protein of interest and excipients. When referring to proteins intended for a therapeutic use, the term “Drug Substance” may be used instead of “protein formulation” and the protein of interest may be designated by the term “active ingredient” or “product”. The “excipients” are defined by all the constituents of the “protein formulation”, which are not the “protein” or “active ingredient”. The excipients typically include protein stabilizers, surfactants, amino-acids e.g. contributing to protein stabilization, etc . . . ;   in connection with the dia-filtration step, the term “retentate” refers to the solution retained on the retentate side of the membrane and containing the molecules that are too large to pass through the membrane, such as the protein of interest. The retentate is the solution that is transferred to the subsequent part of the ultra-filtration/dia-filtration system. The other solution circulated on the other side (the permeate side) of the membrane in the dia-filtration part of the system is referred to as the “dia-filtration buffer” (or “basal buffer”);   the term “concentrated pool” designates the solution directly obtained from the final ultra-filtration step;   the term “final excipients” designates the excipients that are added to the “concentrated pool” after the final ultra-filtration step i.e. after the final concentration step;   the term “nx spike”, with n a numeral value, designates a solution of excipients that is added to a certain volume of the protein-containing solution, with a dilution ratio equal to n, which means that one volume of the solution of excipients is added to n−1 fold the same volume of the protein-containing solution. For example a 4× spike is a solution that is added according to the ratio: 1 volume of the spike for 3 volumes of the protein-containing solution;   unless stated otherwise, the terms “approximately”, “about” or “substantially” associated with a numeral value mean within a range of ±5% of said value;   “viscosity,” as used herein, may be “absolute viscosity” or “kinematic viscosity.” “Absolute viscosity,” sometimes called dynamic or simple viscosity, is a quantity that describes a fluid&#39;s resistance to flow. “Kinematic viscosity” is the quotient of absolute viscosity and fluid density. Kinematic viscosity is frequently reported when characterizing the resistive flow of a fluid using a capillary viscometer. When two fluids of equal volume are placed in identical capillary viscometers and allowed to flow by gravity, a viscous fluid takes longer than a less viscous fluid to flow through the capillary. If one fluid takes 200 seconds to complete its flow and another fluid takes 400 seconds, the second fluid is twice as viscous as the first on a kinematic viscosity scale. If both fluids have equal density, the second fluid is twice as viscous as the first on an absolute viscosity scale. The dimensions of kinematic viscosity are L 2 /T where L represents length and T represents time. The SI units of kinematic viscosity are m 2 /s. Commonly, kinematic viscosity is expressed in centistokes, cSt, which is equivalent to mm 2 /s. The dimensions of absolute viscosity are M/L/T, where M represents mass and L and T represent length and time, respectively. The SI units of absolute viscosity are Pas, which is equivalent to kg/m/s. The absolute viscosity is commonly expressed in units of centiPoise, cP, which is equivalent to milliPascal-second, mPa·s. In the context of the invention, an antibody is deemed to be of high viscosity if its viscosity is at least 20 cP.       

     For conciseness, the acronyms “UF”, “DF” and “UF/DF” (or “UFDF”) may be used across the description and should be understood as follows: “UF” means “ultra-filtration, “DF” means “dia-filtration” and “UF/DF” (or “UFDF”) means “ultra-filtration/dia-filtration”. The method of the invention, which is defined as a method of preparation of a protein formulation, may be referred to as a UFDF method. 
     The invention will now be further illustrated by the following Examples, each in connection with a specific therapeutic monoclonal antibody and a specific formulation of this monoclonal antibody. The Examples are provided for illustrative purpose only and should not be construed as limiting the scope of the invention. 
     A—EXAMPLE 1 
     In illustrative Example 1, the protein of interest is bococizumab, a PCSK9-targeting monoclonal antibody that specifically binds to PCSK9 (Proprotein Convertase Subtilisin Kexin type 9), e.g. SEQ ID NO: 12 or Uniprot Accession Number Q8NBP7. The method has been designed to achieve a targeted product concentration of 150 g/l in the Drug Substance, with the Drug Substance including the following excipients at a pH of 5.5:
         histidine at a 20 mM concentration,   trehalose at a 84 g/l concentration, and   PS80 (PolySorbate 80) at a 0.2 g/l concentration.       

     It is deemed acceptable that the above requirements are achieved with a tolerance of ±8 g/l in the protein concentration, of ±15% in the excipients concentration and of ±0.2 in the pH value. 
     In terms of yield, the method is required to achieve a product recovery of more than 90%. 
     Experiments have been conducted for defining preferred operating modes and establishing that the method of the invention is suitable for achieving the above requirements (while conventional methods are not). Some of these experiments are presented in the following part of the description. 
     A.1 Materials 
     The starting material used for experiments was a fully purified bococizumab solution that had been processed through a MabSelect® column to remove excipient components prior to use. After MabSelect® purification, the eluate was adjusted to pH 5.0 by acetic acid, resulting in a product concentration of 17.09 g/l. 
     Ultra-Filtration/Dia-Filtration Device 
     All experiments were performed using a GE Crossflow® system (300 ml reservoir) fitted with Pellicon® 3 (30 KDa, C-screen, 88 cm 2 ) regenerated cellulose membranes or Sartocon® (30 KDa E-channel 200 cm 2 ) regenerated cellulose membranes. TransMembrane Pressure (TMP) was maintained at approximately 14-22 psi with P Feed  less than 55 psi. Unless otherwise specified, all rinses were generated by recirculating rinse buffer for at least 15 minutes, then concentrating to the minimal working volume of the system. 
     A.2 Experimental Design and Results 
     Determination of Trehalose Solubility 
     An initial experiment was completed to evaluate the limit of the trehalose solubility in 30 mM histidine pH 5.35 solution (the histidine concentration and pH are adjusted from the final specifications to account for the exclusion of the histidine ion as the protein concentration increases). To obtain the 150 g/l final Drug Substance target, the minimal concentration of the concentrated pool would need to be 180 g/l with a 6× trehalose/EDTA/PS80 spike, or 187.5 g/l with a 5× trehalose/EDTA/PS80 spike. At the trehalose concentration required to provide a 6× spike (˜500 g/l), the trehalose did not dissolve (particulates were still present) at room temperature (22° C.) after extended stirring and had to be heated to 30° C. to dissolve. The solution was filtered through a 0.22 μm Pall Acrodisc® syringe filter under 15 psi pressure without re-precipitating at room temperature. 
     However, this manufacturing method may be difficult to scale up, therefore the maximum practical concentration for the trehalose spike may be capped at 5× (˜420 g/l trehalose). 
     Accordingly, in a preferred process, the trehalose concentration of the spike solution may be about 400 g/l. 
     Process Development 
     A first experiment was designed to test the histidine concentration needed in the dia-filtration solution, to check the histidine concentration in the dia-filtered solution at different protein concentrations (76.6 g/l and 114 g/l), and to generate material for density measurement. The starting material was concentrated to 76.6 g/l using a 200 cm 2  Sartocon® E-channel membrane at a load capacity of 345 g/m 2 , and then dia-filtered with 35 mM histidine, pH 5.26 buffer. The flux of the dia-filtration was 17 LMH (liters/m 2 /hour) at 300 LMH feed flowrate and 22 psi TMP. The material was then further concentrated to 213 g/l (data not shown) and samples of both the diafiltered pool and final concentrated material were analyzed for histidine and trehalose concentration (see Table 1). 
     A second experiment was performed to determine if diafiltered material containing trehalose resulted in a lower final concentration versus material without trehalose in the diafiltration buffer. The starting material was concentrated to 114 g/L and diafiltered with 35 mM histidine, pH 5.26 buffer. The diafiltration flux was 10 LMH under the operational conditions described in Table 2, Experiment 2A. The diafiltered solution was concentrated to 184.9 g/L at &lt;55 psi of feed pressure and 22 psi of TMP. The concentrated material was drained from the reservoir and combined with the 35 mM histidine, pH 5.26 rinse solution to achieve a concentration of 153.7 g/L. The pool was spiked with 4× trehalose excipient buffer (30 mM histidine, 400 g/L trehalose, pH 5.4) to achieve a final protein concentration of 114 g/L. The spiked solution was then concentrated to 202.4 g/L under the operational conditions described in Table 2, Experiment 2B. The concentration step was stopped at 15 LMH feed flow rate due to pump limitations. 
     Table 1 shows that both the histidine and trehalose concentrations in all concentrated samples were within 10% of the final target specification, 20 mM histidine and 84 g/L trehalose. 
     This information provides an acceptable operating range of the diafiltration concentration from 75-114 g/L, within which the final excipient concentrations meet concentration specifications. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 1 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Initial Evaluation Excipient Concentration Results 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Concentration 
                 Histidine 
                 Trehalose 
               
               
                 Sample Name 
                 (g/L) 
                 (mM) 
                 (g/L) 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Diafiltration Exp 1 
                 76.6 
                 29.81 
                 Not Tested 
               
               
                 Concentration Exp 1 
                 213 
                 19.63 
               
               
                 Load Exp 2B 
                 114 
                 26.19 
                 83.82 
               
               
                 Concentration Exp2B 
                 202.4 
                 18.67 
                 76.37 
               
               
                 Diafiltration Buffer 
                 N/A 
                 34.34 
                 Not Tested 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 2 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Initial Evaluation Process Data 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                 UFDF System and Load 
                 706263-18-Exp2A 
                 706263-18-Exp2B 
               
               
                 Charge 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                 Membrane Type 
                 Sartocon E-channel 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                 Membrane Area, m2 
                 0.02 
                 0.02 
               
               
                 UF Protein Challenge (g/m 2 ) 
                 572 
                 490 
               
               
                 Concentration 1 
               
               
                 Load Volume (ml) 
                 338.2 
                 NA 
               
               
                 Load Concentration (g/L) 
                 33.8 
               
               
                 Concentration 1 (g/L) 
                 114 
               
               
                 Concentration 1 Process 
                 Not recorded 
               
               
                 Time (hr) 
               
               
                 Diafiltration 
               
               
                 Diafiltration Buffer 
                 35 mM Histidine 
                 NA 
               
               
                   
                 pH 5.26 
               
               
                 Diavolumes (TOV) 
                 8 
               
               
                 Feed Flow Rate (LMH) 
                 300 
               
               
                 Average Permeate Flux 
                 10 
               
               
                 (LMH) 
               
               
                 Average TMP (psi) 
                 22 
               
               
                 Diafiltration Process 
                 4 
               
               
                 Time (hr) 
               
               
                 Concentration 2 
               
               
                 Spike Solution 
                 NA 
                 30 mM Histidine, 
               
               
                   
                   
                 400 g/L trehalose 
               
               
                   
                   
                 pH 5.4 
               
               
                 Post Spike Concentration 
                 NA 
                 114 
               
               
                 (g/L) 
               
               
                 Average TMP (psi) 
                 22 
                 22 
               
               
                 Final Flow Rate (LMH) 
                 Not recorded 
                 15 
               
               
                 Product Volume (ml) 
                 48.1 
                 Not recorded 
               
               
                 Product Concentration (g/L) 
                 184.9 
                 202.4 
               
               
                 Concentration 2 Process 
                 Not recorded 
                 ~1 
               
               
                 Time (hr)* 
               
               
                 Retentate pH 
                 5.50 
                 5.51 
               
               
                 Rinse 
               
               
                 Rinse Buffer 
                 35 mM Histidine 
                 20 mM Histidine, 
               
               
                   
                 pH 5.26 
                 84 g/L trehalose 
               
               
                   
                   
                 pH 5.5 
               
               
                 Rinse Volume (ml) 
                 26 
                 Not recorded 
               
               
                 Rinse Concentration (g/L) 
                 58.7 
                 54.5 
               
               
                 Rinse pH 
                 Not recorded 
                 5.52 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 *The actual time was not recorded or could not be retrieved, it is based on a calculation of the flux and volume processed. 
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Additional experimentation was performed to evaluate changes in histidine and trehalose concentration as a function of protein concentration at end of the concentration 2 step. The starting material was concentrated to 105.9 g/l and dia-filtered with 35 mM histidine, pH 5.29 buffer using a 200 cm 2  Sartocon® E-channel to membrane. The flux of the dia-filtration was 12 LMH at a feed flow rate of 300 LMH and 22 psi TMP. The dia-filtered material was then spiked with 4× trehalose excipient solution. The spike solution was added directly into the reservoir and mixed for 15 minutes, then the material was concentrated to 172, 188 and 209 g/l final concentration (see Table 3). As shown in Table 4, the histidine concentration dropped as the protein concentration increased, but all values were within 10% of the target concentration of 20 mM histidine, 84 g/L trehalose. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 3 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Additional Development Process Data 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 UFDF System and Load Charge 
                 Notebook: 706263-20 
               
               
                   
                 Membrane Type 
                 Sartocon Slice E-channel 
               
               
                   
                 Membrane Area, m2 
                 0.02 
               
               
                   
                 UF Protein Challenge (g/m 2 ) 
                 477 
               
               
                   
                 Concentration 1 
               
               
                   
                 Load Volume (ml) 
                 558.1 
               
               
                   
                 Load Concentration (g/L) 
                 17.09 
               
               
                   
                 Final Concentration (g/L) 
                 105.9 
               
               
                   
                 Diafiltration 
               
               
                   
                 Diafiltration Buffer 
                 35 mM Histidine pH 5.29 
               
               
                   
                 Diavolumes (TOV) 
                 8 
               
               
                   
                 Feed Flow Rate (LMH) 
                 300 
               
               
                   
                 Average TMP (psi) 
                 22 
               
               
                   
                 Average Permeate Flux (LMH) 
                 12 
               
               
                   
                 Diafiltration Time (hr) 
                 3 
               
               
                   
                 Concentration 2 
               
               
                   
                 Spike Solution 
                 30 mM Histidine, 400 g/L 
               
               
                   
                   
                 trehalose pH 5.22 
               
               
                   
                 Post Spike Concentration (g/L) 
                 78.6 
               
               
                   
                 Solution pH (At Spike) 
                 5.38 
               
               
                   
                 Average TMP (psi) 
                 22 
               
               
                   
                 Process Time (hr)* 
                 ~1 
               
               
                   
                 Product volume (ml) 
                 32.1 
               
               
                   
                 Product Concentration (g/L) 
                 209 
               
               
                   
                 Retentate pH 
                 5.53 
               
               
                   
                 Yield Recovery (%) 
                 76.6 
               
               
                   
                 Rinse 
               
               
                   
                 Rinse Buffer 
                 20 mM Histidine, 84 g/L 
               
               
                   
                   
                 trehalose pH 5.5 
               
               
                   
                 Rinse Volume (ml) 
                 31.6 
               
               
                   
                 Rinse Concentration (g/L) 
                 53.2 
               
               
                   
                 Rinse pH 
                 5.48 
               
               
                   
                 Rinse Recovery (%) 
                 19.2 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 *The actual time was not recorded or could not be retrieved, it is based on a calculation of the flux and volume processed. 
               
            
           
         
       
     
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 4 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Additional Development Excipient Concentration Results 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Concentration 
                 Histidine 
                 Trehalose 
               
               
                 Sample Name 
                 (g/L) 
                 (mM) 
                 (g/L) 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Diafiltration Pool 
                 109.4 
                 27.81 
                 Not Tested 
               
               
                 Concentration Load 
                 78.6 
                 27.57 
                 94.02 
               
               
                 Concentration 1 
                 172 
                 20.15 
                 84.65 
               
               
                 Concentration 2 
                 188 
                 19.47 
                 84.24 
               
               
                 Concentration 3 
                 209 
                 18.11 
                 81.86 
               
               
                 Spike Buffer 
                 N/A 
                 27.83 
                 392.88 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     The method was scaled up to the 500 L pilot scale (Lot 12P126J603-MV-B): see Table 5 for process details. 517 g of Capto Adhere® purified material was concentrated to 107 g/l using a 0.5 m 2  Millipore® V-screen membrane, and then dia-filtered with 35 mM histidine, pH 5.29 buffer, a feed flow rate of 1000 LMH and a feed pressure of 40 psi. The retentate was then spiked with 4× trehalose solution (30 mM histidine, 400 g/l trehalose, pH 5.22), which was added directly into the to reservoir taking into account the system hold-up volume. The spiked material was then concentrated to 202 g/l, and the concentrated product removed from the system. The skid was rinsed with 20 mM histidine, 84 g/l trehalose, pH 5.50 buffer, and the rinse added to the concentrated material. The measured concentration of the final combined solution was 160 g/l with an overall yield of 97.1%. 
     Table 6 summarizes the excipient concentration and product quality results for the experiment, which shows that the final combined pool levels were within 10% of the aforementioned targeted concentrations, without any significant effect on product quality as measured by SEC when compared to past final UF values. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 5 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Pilot Scale Process Data 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 UFDF System and Load Charge 
                 12P120J603-MV-B 
               
               
                   
                 Equipment 
                 Millipore System 
               
               
                   
                 Membrane Type 
                 Millipore 30K V screen RC 
               
               
                   
                 Membrane Area, m2 
                 0.5 
               
               
                   
                 UF Protein Challenge (g/m 2 ) 
                 1142 
               
               
                   
                 Concentration 1 
               
               
                   
                 Load Volume (L) 
                 7.5 
               
               
                   
                 Load Concentration (g/L) 
                 67.85 
               
               
                   
                 Process Time (minutes) 
                 18 
               
               
                   
                 Final Concentration (g/L) 
                 107 
               
               
                   
                 Diafiltration 
               
               
                   
                 Diafiltration Buffer 
                 35 mM histidine pH 5.3 
               
               
                   
                 Diavolumes (TOV) 
                 8 
               
               
                   
                 Feed Flow Rate (LMH) 
                 ~1000 
               
               
                   
                 Average Flux (LMH) 
                 20 
               
               
                   
                 Diafiltration Time (hours) 
                 3.75 
               
               
                   
                 Concentration 2 
               
               
                   
                 Spike Solution 
                 30 mM Histidine, 400 g/L 
               
               
                   
                   
                 trehalose pH 5.22 
               
               
                   
                 Average TMP (psi) 
                 &lt;28 
               
               
                   
                 Final flow Rate (LMH) 
                 108 
               
               
                   
                 Process Volume (L) 
                 2.2 
               
               
                   
                 Process Time (hr) 
                 1 
               
               
                   
                 Product Concentration (g/L) 
                 202 
               
               
                   
                 Product pH 
                 5.44 
               
               
                   
                 Yield Recovery (%) 
                 85.7 
               
               
                   
                 Rinse 
               
               
                   
                 Rinse Buffer 
                 20 mM histidine, 84 g/L 
               
               
                   
                   
                 trehalose pH 5.5 
               
               
                   
                 Rinse Volume (L) 
                 1.1 
               
               
                   
                 Rinse concentration (g/L) 
                 53.7 
               
               
                   
                 Rinse pH 
                 5.55 
               
               
                   
                 Rinse Recovery (%) 
                 11.4 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 6 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Pilot Scale Excipient and Product Quality Results 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Concentration 
                 Histidine 
                 Trehalose 
                 Total 
                   
                 Total 
               
               
                 Sample Name 
                 (mg/ml) 
                 (mM) 
                 (g/L) 
                 HMMS 
                 Monomer 
                 LMMS 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Diafiltered Pool 
                 107 
                 28.28 
                 N/A 
                 1.0 
                 99.0 
                 &lt;0.1% 
               
               
                 Post-Spike Pool 
                 78.6 
                 28.04 
                 90.35 
                 0.8 
                 99.2 
                 &lt;0.1% 
               
               
                 Concentration 2 Pool 
                 202 
                 21.57 
                 88.21 
                 0.9 
                 99.1 
                 &lt;0.1% 
               
               
                 Rinse Pool 
                 53.7 
                 18.94 
                 80.47 
                 0.7 
                 99.2 
                 &lt;0.1% 
               
               
                 Final Pool 
                 160 
                 21.28 
                 88.25 
                 1.2 
                 98.8 
                 &lt;0.1% 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 DF Buffer 
                 N/A 
                 34.80 
                 N/A 
                 N/A 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Excipient Buffer 
                   
                 31.52 
                 413.75  
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Rinse Buffer 
                   
                 19.93 
                 83.26 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Evaluation of Dia-Filtration Process 
     Protein Density and Viscosity at Different Concentrations 
       FIG.  1    plots the viscosity of bococizumab versus product concentration in (i) 20 to mM histidine, pH 5.5 and (ii) 20 mM histidine, 84 g/l trehalose, pH 5.5. The graph shows that at approximately 175 g/l the viscosity reaches the 30 cP value, which is considered the cutoff for viable UFDF processing at large scale. 
     Densities of bococizumab in (i) 20 mM histidine, pH 5.5 and (ii) 20 mM histidine, 84 g/l trehalose, pH 5.5 solutions were measured and are shown in  FIG.  2    and  FIG.  3   . The data shows that the density is slightly less in histidine buffer as compared to histidine/trehalose buffer, which is as expected. 
     Based on the experiments above, it was found that the targeted concentrations in the Drug Substance could be achieved at a manufacturing scale by with a DF buffer containing histidine, without trehalose. 
     The results from the experiments showed not only that the method of the invention resulted in acceptable yield, protein and excipient final concentrations, but also that it required lower protein concentration prior to the excipient spike, as compared to conventional methods (158 g/L versus 188 g/L). Such a lower protein concentration is easier to achieve on a regular basis as the process is scaled up. In addition, the method of the invention is advantageous over the conventional methods due to the better cost-of-goods profile achieved by removing trehalose from the diafiltration buffer. 
     It has been found that the UFDF process utilizing a Millipore® C-screen membrane, as an alternative to the Millipore® V-screen membrane, consistently resulted in a concentration greater than 175 g/l, which was sufficient to allow addition of the wash to pool (rinse) while still remaining above the 158 g/l needed prior to a 20x excipient spike. To ensure that the process would work with a trehalose spike, the process utilizing a C-Screen membrane was evaluated both at the laboratory and pilot scale. 
     The process was evaluated at the laboratory scale using Millipore® PLCTK C-Screen cassettes, utilizing the ultrafiltration (UF) run conditions outlined in Table 7. 
     For the TFF (Tangential flow Filtration) equipment, the lab scale process was performed employing a feed flow rate range of 30-300 LMH at an achievable pressure limit of approximately 50-55 psi as the operational limits. The upper feed flow rate of 300 LMH, where most of the process will occur, has a principle impact on process time, where reduced feed flow results in lower process flux which increases process pump time. The lower feed flow rate of 30 LMH is critical to the final concentration achievable, due to the increased viscosity increasing the pressure drop through the retentate channels, therefore lower flow rates enable pumping of more viscous solutions. 
     During the lab scale process run in the presence of approximately 84 g/l Trehalose a final concentration of 177 g/l was achieved in the final retentate pool with a feed flow rate of 30 LMH and feed pressure of 50 psi. The wash fractions from the lab scale runs were measured separately for yield as displayed in Table 8. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 7 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Laboratory Scale Run Conditions 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                   
                 Feed Pressure 
                 Retentate Pressure 
                   
               
               
                 Step 
                 Solution 
                 (psig) 
                 (psig) 
                 Target 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Equilibration 
                 10 mM Histidine, 50 
                 20 
                 (±2) 
                 10 
                 (±2) 
                 ±0.2 pH Units 
               
               
                   
                 mM NaCl, pH 6.4 
               
               
                 Concentration 1 
                 VRF Product Pool 
                 34 
                 (±6) 
                 16 
                 (±6) 
                 600-1000 g/m 2   
               
               
                 Diafiltration 
                 35 mM Histidine pH 
                 34 
                 (±6) 
                 16 
                 (±6) 
                 &gt;7 TOV 
               
               
                   
                 5.3 
               
               
                 Concentration 2 
                 Diafiltration Pool 
                 35 
                 (±20) 
                 10 
                 (±10) 
                 20-30% over DS 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Target 
               
               
                 Buffer Flush 
                 20 mM Histidine, 84 
                 30 
                 (±20) 
                 10 
                 (±10) 
                 Concentration 
               
               
                   
                 g/L Trehalose, pH 5.5 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Dependent 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 8 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Results of Laboratory Scale Development Experiments 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                   
                 Conc. 1 Flux 
                 Diafiltration Flux 
                 Conc. 2 Flux 
                   
               
               
                   
                 Load 
                 (LMH) &amp; 
                 (LMH) &amp; 
                 (LMH) &amp; 
                 % Yield 
               
               
                   
                 Challenge 
                 Pressures 
                 Pressures 
                 Pressures 
                 Ret/ 
               
               
                 Experiment 
                 (g/m 2 ) 
                 (P feed /P ret ) 
                 (P feed /P ret ) 
                 (P feed /P ret ) 
                 Flush 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 No 
                 354* 
                 90-20 
                 25-42 
                 35-4 
                 85/13 
               
               
                 Trehalose 
                   
                 (35/15) 
                 (35/15) 
                 (50/0) 
               
               
                 With 
                 354* 
                 20-90 
                 25-42 
                 45-4 
                 85/13 
               
               
                 Trehalose 
                   
                 (35/15) 
                 (35/15) 
                 (50/0) 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 *Lower load challenge is employed at lab scale due to material limitations and process cycling time and represents a worst case yield recovery option. 
               
            
           
         
       
     
     The laboratory scale process flux profile may be seen in  FIG.  4   , where the vertical line indicates the starting point for reducing the feed flow rate to keep the feed pressure below ˜50 psi with an open retentate (zero psi), where a reduction in process flux occurs due to reducing the cross flow rate.  FIG.  5    shows the process feed channel pressure drop and the feed flow rate during the final concentration. In the lab scale system, the flow is manually adjusted by reducing the feed pump rate as the feed pressure approaches ˜50 psi. 
     Pilot Scale Confirmation Batches 
     The UFDF process with the C-screen membrane was performed at the 500 L scale to confirm that the final concentration targets could be achieved. The process is shown in Table 9 and the process data for the 3 lots performed in the pilot facility is shown in Table 10. 
     The results show that the process achieved high recoveries and that concentrations met the intermediate and final targets. In addition, the excipient concentrations for lot 13P120J604 were measured at 21.2 mM histidine, 85.4 g/l trehalose, and 0.051 g/l EDTA, which are within the target specifications of ±15%. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 9 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 UFDF Process Parameters for Pilot Scale Manufacturing 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                 Parameter 
                 Details 
                 Category 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Membrane 
                 Millipore PLCTK (30 kDa cellulose) C-Screen 
                   
               
               
                 Membrane Surface Area 
                 500-1350 g/m 2   
                 Control Limit 
               
               
                 Operating Temperature 
                 18-25° C. 
                 Control Limit 
               
               
                 Equilibration Buffer 
                 10 mM Histidine, 50 mM NaCl, pH 6.4 
               
               
                 Pre-filter 
                 ≤3000 L/m 2  for a 0.2 um filter 
                 Target 
               
               
                 Diafiltration Buffer 
                 35 mM Histidine pH 5.3 
               
               
                 Dilution Buffer 
                 30 mM Histidine, 400 g/L Trehalose, pH 5.4 
               
               
                 Final UF Flush Buffer 
                 20 mM Histidine, 84 g/L Trehalose, pH 5.5 
               
               
                 Filter Conditioning/Equilibration 
                 ≥10 L/m 2   
                 Target Range 
               
               
                 Maximum Inlet &amp; Retentate 
                 ≤80 psig 
                 Control Limit 
               
               
                 Pressure 
               
               
                 Concentration 1 Inlet Pressure 
                 Setpoint 35 psig, target range 22-55 psig 
                 Target Range 
               
               
                 Concentration 1 Retentate 
                 Setpoint 15 psig, target range 0-40 psig 
                 Target Range 
               
               
                 Pressure 
               
               
                 Target Crossflow Rate 
                 0-10 L/min/m 2   
                 Target Range 
               
               
                 Permeate Flux 
                 0-50 LMH 
                 Expected 
               
               
                 Diafiltration Inlet Pressure 
                 Setpoint 40 psig, target range 22-55 psig 
                 Target Range 
               
               
                 Diafiltration Retentate Pressure 
                 Setpoint 15 psig, target range 0-40 psig 
                 Target Range 
               
               
                 Diafiltration Concentration 
                 70-90 g/L based on tank volume of 350-450 L 
                 Target 
               
               
                   
                 70-110 g/L 
                 Target Range 
               
               
                 Diafiltration Volume 
                 Minimum 8 TOV&#39;s 
                 Target Range 
               
               
                 Permeate pH and Conductivity 
                 After 8 TOVs verify pH is 5.5 ± 0.20 units. Continue 
                 Control Limit 
               
               
                 (Diafiltration End) 
                 diafiltration until target is met. 
               
               
                 4X Trehalose Buffer Addition 
                 Add 30 mM Histidine, 400 g/L Trehalose pH 5.4 after DF 
                 Control Limit 
               
               
                   
                 at 1:3 ratio 
               
               
                 Concentration 2 Inlet Pressure 
                 Setpoint 22-55 psig, target range 20-60 psig 
                 Target Range 
               
               
                 Concentration 2 Retentate 
                 Setpoint 0 psig, target range 0-40 psig 
                 Target Range 
               
               
                 Pressure 
               
               
                 Retentate Concentration 
                 170-190 g/L (per material balance in tank) 
                 Target 
               
               
                   
                 &gt;158 g/L (actual retentate concentration) 
                 Control Limit 
               
               
                 Buffer Flush 
                 minimal volume recirculated rinse 
               
               
                 UF Pool Concentration Target 
                 158 ± 10 g/L before 20X EDTA/PS80 Spike 
                 Control Limit 
               
               
                 UF Pool Density 
                 Density calculation: 0.0004 * Concentration + 1.0126 
               
               
                 Post-filter 
                 ≤450 L/m 2  for a 0.2 um Filter 
                 Target 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                 Process Notes 
                 Diafiltration Concentration based on 32-42 kg 
               
               
                   
                 in 350-450 L retentate tank volume 
               
               
                   
                 Add 4X trehalose buffer directly into tank after diafiltration. 
               
               
                   
                 Addition at 1:3 ratio of total volume (volume in tank + system hold volume). 
               
               
                   
                 Circulate for 10 minutes and concentrate to &gt;158 mg/ml. 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 10 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 UFDF Process Data for 3 Pilot Scale Batches 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Batch # 
                 UNITS 
                 13P120J604 
                 13P120J605 
                 13P120J606 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 UF Filter Type 
                   
                 30 kD Millipore 
                 30 kD Millipore 
                 30 kD Millipore 
               
               
                   
                   
                 C-screen 
                 C-screen 
                 C-screen 
               
               
                 UF Total Area 
                 m2 
                 1.14 
                 1.14 
                 1.14 
               
               
                 Load Volume 
                 L 
                 68.9 L/30.56 L 
                 81.53 L/26.57 L 
                 85.2 L/32.0 L 
               
               
                 Load Concentration 
                 g/L 
                 11.03 g/L/10.9 g/L 
                 11.04 g/L/11.22 g/L 
                 8.79 g/L/11.51 g/L 
               
               
                 UF Protein Challenge 
                 g/m2 
                 959 
                 950 
                 982 
               
               
                 UF Volumetric Challenge 
                 l/m2 
                 87.2 
                 95 
                 103 
               
               
                 Concentration 1 Start Time 
                 AM/PM 
                 08:21 
                 08:21 
                 09:08 
               
               
                 Concentration 1 End Time 
                 AM/PM 
                 11:38 
                 12:07 
                 15:02 
               
               
                 Concentration 1 Permeate 
                 L 
                 86.66 
                 97.66 
                 107.16 
               
               
                 Volume 
               
               
                 Concentration 1 Feed Pressure 
                 psig 
                 35 
                 35 
                 35 
               
               
                 Concentration 1 Retentate 
                 psig 
                 15 
                 15 
                 15 
               
               
                 Pressure 
               
               
                 Concentration 1 Permeate 
                 psig 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
               
               
                 Pressure 
               
               
                 Concentration 1 End Retentate 
                 L 
                 12.8 
                 10.4 
                 10.2 
               
               
                 volume 
               
               
                 Concentration 1 Average Flux 
                 L/m2/h 
                 23.1 
                 22.7 
                 15.9 
               
               
                 Concentration 1 Average TMP 
                 psig 
                 25 
                 25 
                 25 
               
               
                 Diafiltration Start Time 
                 AM/PM 
                 11:49 
                 12:14 
                 10:05 
               
               
                 Diafiltration End Time 
                 AM/PM 
                 14:45 
                 16:22 
                 13:39 
               
               
                 Diafiltration Permeate Volume 
                 L 
                 109 
                 82.76 
                 103 
               
               
                 DiaVolumes 
                   
                 8.0 
                 8.0 
                 8.0 
               
               
                 Diafiltration Feed Pressure 
                 psig 
                 40 
                 40 
                 40 
               
               
                 Diafiltration Retentate Pressure 
                 psig 
                 15 
                 15 
                 15 
               
               
                 Diafiltration Permeate Pressure 
                 psig 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
               
               
                 Diafiltration Average Flux 
                 L/m2/h 
                 32.6 
                 18.8 
                 25.3 
               
               
                 Diafiltration Average TMP 
                 psig 
                 27.5 
                 27.5 
                 27.5 
               
               
                 Concentration 2 Start Time 
                 AM/PM 
                 15:15 
                 16:45 
                 14:02 
               
               
                 Concentration 2 End Time 
                 AM/PM 
                 15:55 
                 17:27 
                 14:45 
               
               
                 Concentration 2 Feed Pressure 
                 psig 
                 25-55 
                 25-55 
                 25-55 
               
               
                 Concentration 2 Retentate 
                 psig 
                 0-2 
                 0-2 
                 0-2 
               
               
                 Pressure 
               
               
                 Concentration 2 Permeate 
                 psig 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
               
               
                 Pressure 
               
               
                 Concentration 2 Permeate 
                 L 
                 7.1 
                 7.9 
                 6.8 
               
               
                 Volume 
               
               
                 Concentration 2 Average Flux 
                 L/m2/h 
                 9.3 
                 9.9 
                 8.3 
               
               
                 Concentration 2 Average TMP 
                   
                 20 
                 20 
                 20 
               
               
                 (psig) 
               
               
                 Product Pool Volume 
                 L 
                 6.433 
                 6.337 
                 7.175 
               
               
                 Product Pool Concentration 
                 g/L 
                 158.6 
                 157.5 
                 156.6 
               
               
                 Recovery 
                 % 
                 95 
                 92 
                 99 
               
               
                 Wash Pool Volume 
                 L 
                 833 
                 915 
                 790 
               
               
                 Wash Pool Concentration 
                 g/L 
                 62.88 
                 63.20 
                 54.28 
               
               
                 Wash Pool Grams 
                 g 
                 52 
                 58 
                 43 
               
               
                 Wash Pool Ratio 
                 g/m2 
                 5.14% 
                 5.79% 
                 3.82% 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     A.3 Conclusions 
     The above-described experiments were able to demonstrate 92-99% step yield while achieving the Drug Substance target. 
     The Example demonstrates that a UFDF method according to the invention is suitable for the preparation of a highly concentrated (150 g/l) bococizumab Drug Substance with the pH and all excipient concentrations in the acceptable ranges. The same may be achieved with other proteins with the same benefits, especially with proteins having a particularly high viscosity. 
     B—EXAMPLE 2 
     In illustrative Example 2, the protein of interest is antibody C1GM, an IL-7R antagonist monoclonal antibody that specifically binds to IL-7R. The method has been designed to achieve a targeted product concentration of 120 g/l in the Drug Substance, with the Drug Substance including the following excipients at a pH of 7.0:
         histidine at a 20 mM concentration,   arginine at a 100 mM concentration,   sucrose at a 50 g/l concentration,   PS80 (PolySorbate 80) at a 0.02 g/l concentration, and   EDTA at a 0.5 g/l concentration.       

     It is deemed acceptable that the above requirements are achieved with a tolerance of ±10 g/l in the protein concentration, of ±15% in the excipients concentration and of ±0.5 in the pH value. 
     In terms of yield, the method is required to achieve a product recovery of more than 85%. 
     The starting material used for the experiments described below was a fully purified solution that had been processed through MabSelect® and Q membrane chromatography. 
     Ultrafiltration/Diafiltration Device 
     All experiments were performed using a GE Crossflow system (300 mL reservoir) or the Quattroflow 198   pump system fitted with Pellicon 3® (30 KDa, C-screen, 88 cm 2 ) regenerated cellulose membranes. Transmembrane pressure (TMP) was maintained at approximately 14-22 psi with P Feed &lt;55 psi. Unless otherwise specified, all rinses were generated by recirculating rinse buffer for &gt;15 minutes, then concentrating to the minimal working volume of the system. 
     Analytical Assays 
     UV-visible spectrophotometry for protein concentration was performed using the Thermo Scientific Nanodrop 2000C™, or Solo VPE™ from C Technologies Inc. The extinction coefficient at 280 nm, as determined experimentally by ARD, is 1.51 mL*mg −1 *cm −1 . 
     Experiments 
     Experiment 1 
     The starting material was spiked with 5% of 2 M NaCl and adjusted to pH 7.0 with 2 M Tris base, concentrated to 50 g/L, diafiltered with 22 mM histidine, 110 mM arginine pH 7.0, spiked with 5× sucrose buffer (22 mM histidine, 110 mM arginine, 275 g/L sucrose pH 7.0), and concentrated to 146.9 g/L at a feed flow rate of ˜34 LMH, as detailed in Table 11. The pH of the concentrated solution was 7.00. The UF system was flushed in a single pass mode (without recirculation) with the diafiltration solution, resulting in a concentration of 33 g/L. The overall yield was approximately 88%. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 11 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Diafiltration and Concentration with Arginine Buffer pH 7.0 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                 Notebook 
                 706263-77 
               
               
                 Pump 
                 Quattro Flow 
               
               
                 UF Protein Challenge (g/m 2 ) 
                 348 
               
               
                 Concentration 1 
               
               
                 Load Volume (L) 
                 1.36 
               
               
                 Load Concentration (g/L) 
                 2.25 
               
               
                 Feed Flow Rate (LMH) 
                 Varied 
               
               
                 Feed Pressure (psi) 
                 &lt;50 
               
               
                 Concentration 1 Time (minutes) 
                 320 
               
               
                 Concentration 1 Concentration 
                 49.8 
               
               
                 (g/L) 
               
               
                 Diafiltration 
               
               
                 Diafiltration Buffer 
                 22 mM histidine, 110 mM 
               
               
                   
                 Arginine, pH 7.0 
               
               
                 DiaVolumes (TOV) 
                 8 
               
               
                 Feed Flow Rate @ DF (LMH) 
                 300 
               
               
                 Feed Pressure @ DF (psi) 
                 40 
               
               
                 TMP @ DF (psi) 
                 20 
               
               
                 Permeate Flow Rate @ DF (LMH) 
                 11.5-16.5 
               
               
                 Diafiltration Time (minutes) 
                 220 
               
               
                 Concentration 2 
               
               
                 Spike Solution 
                 22 mM histidine, 110 mM 
               
               
                   
                 Arginine, 275 g/L sucrose pH 7.0 
               
               
                 TMP @ Concentration 2 (psi) 
                 &lt;25 
               
               
                 Max Feed Pressure (psi) 
                 50 
               
               
                 Flow rate at End (LMH) 
                 34 
               
               
                 Concentration 2 Time (minutes) 
                 Not recorded 
               
               
                 Final Concentration (g/L) 
                 146.9 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Tables 12-14 show the excipient, CGE and SEC assay results. The histidine, arginine, and sucrose concentrations in the final concentrated material were all within ±10% of the desired value. There was no new aggregation formed during the UF process, nor any change in the level of fragmentation. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 12 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Process Excipient Concentrations for Arginine Buffer pH 7.0 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Protein 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Concentration 
                 Arginine 
                 Histidine 
                 Sucrose 
               
               
                 Sample Name 
                 (g/L) 
                 (mM) 
                 (mM) 
                 (g/L) 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Diafiltrate 
                 50.1 
                 113.7 
                 22.6 
                 N/A 
               
               
                 Post-Spike 
                 38.2 
                 110.0 
                 21.9 
                 55.0 
               
               
                 Final 
                 146.9 
                 108.5 
                 19.8 
                 50.0 
               
               
                 Concentrate 
               
               
                 System Rinse 
                 33 
                 111.1 
                 22.1 
                 49.9 
               
               
                 Diafiltration 
                 N/A 
                 116.1 
                 23.6 
                 N/A 
               
               
                 Buffer 
               
               
                 5X Sucrose 
                 N/A 
                 87.6 
                 15.8 
                 277.6  
               
               
                 Buffer 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 13 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 nrCGE and rCGE Results for Arginine Buffer pH 7.0 Experiment 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 nrCGE 
                 rCGE 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                   
                 % 
                   
                   
                 % 
                   
               
               
                   
                 % 
                 Frag- 
                 % 
                 % 
                 Frag- 
                 % 
               
               
                 Sample 
                 IgG 
                 ment 
                 Other 
                 HC + LC 
                 ment 
                 Other 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 ANTI-IL-7R 
                 97.5 
                 2.5 
                 0 
                 98.7 
                 0.5 
                 0.8 
               
               
                 Reference 
               
               
                 Diafiltrate 
                 96.2 
                 3.8 
                 0 
                 98.8 
                 0.5 
                 0.7 
               
               
                 Post-Spike 
                 96.2 
                 3.8 
                 0 
                 99.1 
                 0.3 
                 0.5 
               
               
                 Final Concentrate 
                 96.3 
                 3.7 
                 0 
                 98.9 
                 0.5 
                 0.6 
               
               
                 System Rinse 
                 96.8 
                 3.2 
                 0 
                 99.1 
                 0.3 
                 0.6 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 14 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 SEC Results for Arginine Buffer pH 7.0 Experiment 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Sample Name 
                 % HMMS 
                 % LMMS 
                 % Monomer 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Diafilitrate 
                 0.6 
                 0.2 
                 99.2 
               
               
                   
                 Post-Spike 
                 0.6 
                 0.2 
                 99.2 
               
               
                   
                 Final Concentrate 
                 0.6 
                 0.2 
                 99.2 
               
               
                   
                 System Rinse 
                 0.6 
                 0.2 
                 99.2 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Experiment 2 
     The experiment was repeated, as detailed in Table 15, the only difference being the way the spike volume was calculated. The total volume in the UF system prior to the spike was calculated from the overall material balance (the total load divided by the to diafiltrate concentration) versus adding the volume in the reservoir plus the system hold-up volume. After the 5X sucrose spike, the protein was concentrated to 183.6 g/L at ˜34 LMH feed flow rate and P feed &lt;50 psi. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 15 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Diafiltration and Concentration with Arginine Buffer at pH 7.0 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                 Notebook 
                 706263-78 
               
               
                 Pump 
                 Quattro Flow 
               
               
                 UF Protein Challenge (g/m 2 ) 
                 387 
               
               
                 Concentration 1 
               
               
                 Load Volume (L) 
                 1.5 
               
               
                 Load Concentration (g/L) 
                 2.27 
               
               
                 Feed Flow Rate (LMH) 
                 varied 
               
               
                 Feed Pressure (psi) 
                 &lt;50 
               
               
                 Concentration 1 Time (minutes) 
                 400 
               
               
                 Concentration 1 Concentration 
                 43 
               
               
                 (g/L) 
               
               
                 Diafiltration 
               
               
                 Diafiltration Buffer 
                 22 mM histidine, 110 mM 
               
               
                   
                 Arginine, pH 7.0 
               
               
                 DiaVolumes (TOV) 
                 10 
               
               
                 Feed Flow Rate @ DF (LMH) 
                 300 
               
               
                 Feed Pressure @ DF (psi) 
                 28 
               
               
                 TMP @ DF (psi) 
                 20 
               
               
                 Permeate Flow Rate @ DF (LMH) 
                 13.4-19.1 
               
               
                 Diafiltration Time (minutes) 
                 300 
               
               
                 Concentration 2 
               
               
                 Spike Solution 
                 22 mM histidine, 110 mM Arginine, 
               
               
                   
                 275 g/L sucrose pH 7.0 
               
               
                 TMP @ Concentration 2 (psi) 
                 &lt;25 
               
               
                 Max Feed Pressure (psi) 
                 50 
               
               
                 Flow Rate at End (LMH) 
                 34 
               
               
                 Concentration 2 Time (minutes) 
                 Not recorded 
               
               
                 Final Concentration (g/L) 
                 183.6 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Table 16 shows that the excipient concentrations, histidine, arginine, and sucrose concentrations in the final material were within ±10% of the desired target value. The difference in how the spike volume was calculated did not appear to have any significant effect on the final excipient concentrations. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 16 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Excipient Concentrations for Arginine pH 7.0 Buffer 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Protein 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Concentration 
                 Arginine 
                 Histidine 
                 Sucrose 
               
               
                 Sample Name 
                 (g/L) 
                 (mM) 
                 (mM) 
                 (g/L) 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Diafiltrate 
                 43.71 
                 112.9 
                 21.8 
                 ND 
               
               
                 Post-Spike 
                 36.2 
                 113.1 
                 22.1 
                 55.6 
               
               
                 Final Concentrate 
                 182 
                 106.9 
                 19.4 
                 48.5 
               
               
                 5X Spike Buffer 
                 N/A 
                 102.1 
                 22.2 
                 266.7 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Experiment 3 
     The experiment was repeated for a third time after the final formulation was nominated, and the results are detailed in Table . After diafiltration, the addition volume of the 5× spike solution was calculated as outlined in Experiment 2. The protein was concentrated to 190 g/L at ˜34 LMH feed flow rate and P feed &lt;50 psi. The UF system was rinsed with 20 mM histidine, 100 mM arginine, 50 g/L sucrose, pH 7.0 in the single pass mode. The protein concentration in the combined retentate and rinse pool was 151 g/L, resulting in an overall yield of approximately 84%. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 17 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Diafiltration and Concentration with Arginine Buffer at pH 7.0 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                 Notebook 
                 706263-79 
               
               
                 Pump 
                 Quattro Flow 
               
               
                 UF Protein Challenge (g/m 2 ) 
                 500 
               
               
                 Concentration 1 
               
               
                 Load Volume (L) 
                 1.96 
               
               
                 Load Concentration (g/L) 
                 2.25 
               
               
                 Feed Pressure (psi) 
                 &lt;50 
               
               
                 Concentration 1 Time (minutes) 
                 Not recorded 
               
               
                 Concentration 1 Concentration 
                 45.4 
               
               
                 (g/L) 
               
               
                 Diafiltration 
               
               
                 Diafiltration Buffer 
                 22 mM histidine, 110 mM 
               
               
                   
                 Arginine, pH 7.0 
               
               
                 DiaVolumes (TOV) 
                 8 
               
               
                 Feed Flow Rate @ DF (LMH) 
                 450 
               
               
                 Feed Pressure @ DF (psi) 
                 30 
               
               
                 TMP @ DF (psi) 
                 25 
               
               
                 Permeate Flow Rate @ DF (LMH) 
                 18 
               
               
                 Diafiltration Time (minutes) 
                 300 
               
               
                 Concentration 2A 
               
               
                 Spike Solution 
                 22 mM histidine, 110 mM 
               
               
                   
                 Arginine, 275 g/L sucrose pH 7.0 
               
               
                 TMP @ Concentration 2 (psi) 
                 &lt;25 
               
               
                 Max Feed Pressure (psi) 
                 50 
               
               
                 Flow Rate at End (LMH) 
                 34 
               
               
                 Concentration 2 Time (minutes) 
                 Not recorded 
               
               
                 Final Concentration (g/L) 
                 190 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Table 18 summarizes the excipient concentrations, showing that the histidine, arginine, and sucrose concentrations were all within ±10% of the desired value. Table 19 and Table 20 indicate that no additional aggregation or fragmentation was formed during the UFDF process. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 18 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Excipient Concentrations for Arginine pH 7.0 Buffer 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Protein 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Concentration 
                 Histidine 
                 Arginine 
                 Sucrose 
               
               
                 Samples 
                 (g/L) 
                 (mM) 
                 (mM) 
                 (g/L) 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Diafiltrate 
                 45.4 
                 22 
                 110.4 
                 N/A 
               
               
                 Post-Spike 
                 37.3 
                 22 
                 110.9 
                 55.5 
               
               
                 Concentration 2 
                 190 
                 19.5 
                 102 
                 49.7 
               
               
                 System Rinse 
                 37.6 
                 20.5 
                 102.2 
                 52.2 
               
               
                 Final ANTI-IL-7R 
                 151.6 
                 19.9 
                 102.7 
                 48.9 
               
               
                 Material 
               
               
                 Diafiltration Buffer 
                 N/A 
                 22.2 
                 110.3 
                 N/A 
               
               
                 5X Spike Buffer 
                 N/A 
                 22.2 
                 110.4 
                 274.4  
               
               
                 Rinse Buffer 
                 N/A 
                 20 
                 99.1 
                 51.8 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 19 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 nrCGE and rCGE Results for Arginine pH 7.0 Buffer 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 nrCGE 
                 rCGE 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                   
                 % 
                   
                   
                 % 
                   
               
               
                   
                 % 
                 Frag- 
                 % 
                 % 
                 Frag- 
                 % 
               
               
                 Sample 
                 IgG 
                 ment 
                 Other 
                 HC + LC 
                 ment 
                 Other 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 ANTI-IL-7R 
                 97.1 
                 2.9 
                 &lt;0.3 
                 98.7 
                 0.5 
                 0.8 
               
               
                 Reference 
               
               
                 ANTI-IL-7R 
                 96.2 
                 3.8 
                 &lt;0.3 
                 98.9 
                 0.4 
                 0.7 
               
               
                 diafiltrate 
               
               
                 ANTI-IL-7R spike 
                 96.1 
                 3.9 
                 &lt;0.3 
                 99 
                 0.4 
                 0.7 
               
               
                 ANTI-IL-7R 
                 95.2 
                 4.5 
                 0.3 
                 99 
                 0.3 
                 0.8 
               
               
                 concentrate 
               
               
                 ANTI-IL-7R rinse 
                 96.1 
                 3.9 
                 &lt;0.3 
                 99 
                 0.3 
                 0.7 
               
               
                 ANTI-IL-7R final 
                 95.3 
                 4.4 
                 0.3 
                 99 
                 0.3 
                 0.7 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 20 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 SEC Results for Arginine pH 7.0 Buffer 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                   
                 % Total 
                 % Total 
                 % 
               
               
                   
                 Sample Name 
                 HMMS 
                 LMMS 
                 Monomer 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 ANTI-IL-7R Std 
                 0.6 
                 0.2 
                 99.1 
               
               
                   
                 ANTI-IL-7R 
                 0.5 
                 0.3 
                 99.3 
               
               
                   
                 Diafiltrate 
               
               
                   
                 ANTI-IL-7R Spiked 
                 0.5 
                 0.3 
                 99.3 
               
               
                   
                 ANTI-IL-7R Con 
                 0.8 
                 0.3 
                 98.9 
               
               
                   
                 ANTI-IL-7R Rinse 
                 0.5 
                 0.3 
                 99.3 
               
               
                   
                 ANTI-IL-7R Final 
                 0.7 
                 0.3 
                 99 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     The process as performed in Experiment 3 above results in acceptable concentration values for all of the excipients and the protein of interest, and does not appear to have an effect on either formation of aggregate or fragmentation. This process will be scaled up to the pilot scale to ensure that it performs as expected. 
     Pilot Scale UFDF Process to The UF process developed above (Experiment 3) was tested in the Pilot Plant using a Millipore® C-screen regenerated cellulose membrane, and using material purified from a 500 L scale bioreactor. 
     During the unit operation, detailed in Table 21, 86 L of starting material at a starting product concentration of 2.92 g/L was spiked with 5% of 2 M NaCl, then concentrated to 44.6 g/L. The material was then diafiltered with 22 mM histidine, 110 mM arginine, pH 7.0 at a feed flow rate of approximately 150 LMH and P feed &lt;40 psi. After 8 TOV diafiltration, the retentate was spiked with 22 mM histidine, 110 mM arginine, 275 g/L sucrose pH 7.0, and recirculated for 10 minutes, then concentrated to 191.4 g/L. The concentration process was stopped at 30 LMH permeate flow rate and P feed &lt;50 psi. The skid was then rinsed with 20 mM histidine, 100 mm histidine, 50 g/L sucrose, pH 7.0 in single pass mode. The overall yield was approximately 87%. The entire UF process took approximately 5 hours to complete. 
     A UF pool at a concentration of 135.4 g/L was created by mixing the retentate pool, the rinse pool, and additional rinse buffer. The pool was filtered through a Millipore® 05/0.2 um Opticap Express SHC at 59 L/m 2  throughput. A 20× EDTA and PS80 excipient buffer was spiked into the UF pool to produce Drug Substance at a final concentration of 129.4 g/L. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 21 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Pilot Scale UF Process Data 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                 UFDF System and Load Charge 
                   
               
               
                 Membrane Type 
                 Millipore 30K C screen RC 
               
               
                 Membrane Area, m2 
                 2.28 
               
               
                 UF Protein Challenge (g/m 2 ) 
                 123 
               
               
                 Concentration 1 
               
               
                 Load Volume (L) 
                 96 
               
               
                 Load Concentration (g/L) 
                 2.923 
               
               
                 Concentration 1 Time (minutes) 
                 ~120 
               
               
                 Concentration 1 Concentration 
                 44.6 
               
               
                 (g/L) 
               
               
                 Diafiltration 
               
               
                 Diafiltration Buffer 
                 22 mM Histidine, 110 mM 
               
               
                   
                 Arginine pH 7.0 
               
               
                 DiaVolumes (TOV) 
                 8 
               
               
                 Retentate Flow Rate @ DF (LMH) 
                 131.6 
               
               
                 Feed Pressure @ DF (psi) 
                 29 
               
               
                 TMP @ DF (psi) 
                 24 
               
               
                 Permeate Flow Rate @ DF (LMH) 
                 18.4 
               
               
                 Diafiltration Time (minutes) 
                 80 
               
               
                 Concentration 2 
               
               
                 Spike Solution 
                 22 mM Histidine, 110 mM 
               
               
                   
                 Arginine, 275 g/L 
               
               
                   
                 Sucrose pH 7.0 
               
               
                 TMP @ Concentration 2 (psi) 
                 25 
               
               
                 Retentate Flow Rate @ End (LMH) 
                 30 
               
               
                 Concentration 2 Final Volume (L) 
                 0.738 
               
               
                 Concentration 2 Time (minutes) 
                 ~30 
               
               
                 Concentration 2 Concentration 
                 191.4 
               
               
                 (g/L) 
               
               
                 Concentration 2 Recovery (%) 
                 50.35 
               
               
                 Rinse 
               
               
                 Rinse Buffer 
                 20 mM Histidine, 100 mM 
               
               
                   
                 Arginine, 50 g/L Sucrose 
               
               
                   
                 pH 7.0 
               
               
                 Rinse Final Volume (mL) 
                 1057 
               
               
                 Rinse Concentration (g/L) 
                 97.3 
               
               
                 Rinse Recovery (%) 
                 36.7 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     The excipient concentrations are summarized in Table 22, which shows that the histidine, arginine, and sucrose concentrations in the final pool were within ±15% of the target values. The targeted range during the process development at lab scale was set at ±10% of the target values for all excipient concentrations, but the acceptance range at large scale was set at ±15% to allow for latitude during scale-up. Table 23 and Table 24 summarize the product quality results from the run, which show that no increase in aggregation or fragmentation was detected. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 22 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Pilot Scale Run Excipient Concentration Results 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Concentration 
                 Arginine 
                 Histidine 
                 Sucrose 
               
               
                 Sample Name 
                 (g/L) 
                 (mM) 
                 (mM) 
                 (g/L) 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Diafiltration Pool 
                 44.6 
                 111.4 
                 22.2 
                 N/A 
               
               
                 5X Spiked Pool 
                 32.9 
                 111.2 
                 22.1 
                 46.3 
               
               
                 Concentration 2 
                 191.4 
                 105.8 
                 20.1 
                 43.9 
               
               
                 Retentate 
               
               
                 Final Rinse Pool 
                 97.3 
                 101.8 
                 19.9 
                 46.4 
               
               
                 Drug Substance 
                 135.4 
                 103.9 
                 20.2 
                 43.8 
               
               
                 UF Buffer 
                 N/A 
                 110.6 
                 22.2 
                 N/A 
               
               
                 5X Spike 
                 N/A 
                 112.7 
                 22.5 
                 269.5  
               
               
                 Rinse Buffer 
                 N/A 
                 101.0 
                 20.4 
                 46.9 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 23 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Pilot Scale Run SEC Results 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                   
                 % Total 
                 % Total 
                 % 
               
               
                   
                 Sample Name 
                 HMMS 
                 LMMS 
                 Monomer 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 ANTI-IL-7R Reference 
                 0.6 
                 0.4 
                 99.0 
               
               
                   
                 UF Load 
                 0.5 
                 0.4 
                 99.2 
               
               
                   
                 Concentration 2 UF 
                 0.7 
                 0.4 
                 98.9 
               
               
                   
                 Retentate 
               
               
                   
                 Final Rinse Pool 
                 0.6 
                 0.3 
                 99.1 
               
               
                   
                 Drug Substance 
                 0.6 
                 0.3 
                 99.0 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 24 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Pilot Scale Run nrCGE Results 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Sample 
                 % IgG 
                 % Fragment 
                 % Other 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 ANTI-IL-7R Reference 
                 96.5 
                 3.1 
                 0.3 
               
               
                   
                 UF Load 
                 96.7 
                 3.3 
                 0.0 
               
               
                   
                 Diafiltration Pool 
                 97.3 
                 2.7 
                 0.0 
               
               
                   
                 Concentration 2 UF 
                 96.2 
                 3.4 
                 0.3 
               
               
                   
                 Retentate 
               
               
                   
                 Final Rinse Pool 
                 97.1 
                 2.9 
                 0.0 
               
               
                   
                 Drug Substance 
                 96.5 
                 3.5 
                 0.0 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Conclusions 
     In conclusion, the above-described experiments demonstrate the successful process to development of a UFDF process for &gt;120 mg/ml drug substance for the ANTI-IL-7R antibody of interest. The UFDF process includes an initial concentration, a diafiltration, a sucrose spike prior to a final concentration, then spiking with the remaining excipients. The pH and all excipient concentrations in the developed process are in the acceptable ranges.