Patent Publication Number: US-6033816-A

Title: Electrophotographic photoreceptors with charge generation by polymer blends

Description:
TECHNICAL FIELD 
     This invention relates to improved photoconductive elements for electrostatic imaging. More specifically, this invention pertains to charge generation binders (polymers) of blends with polyvinylbutyral to enhance the electrical characteristics, i.e. increased sensitivity, and decreased dark decay. This invention seeks improvement in the electrical characteristics derived by the use of the binder, rather than increasing the pigment or charge transport molecule in the formulation. 
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     An organic photoconductor typically comprises an anodized layer on a conductive subtrate such as aluminum drum or a barrier layer, a charge generation layer (CGL) and a charge transport layer (CTL). The charge generation layer is made of a pigment, such as metal free or metal-phthalocyanine, squaraine, bisazo compound or a combination of a bisazo and trisazo compounds. The mechanical integrity to a charge generation (CG) layer is often derived from a polymeric support. Various polymer binders have been used for this purpose. Some of these polymers are polyvinylbutyral, polycarbonates, epoxy resin, polyacrylate, polyesters, phenoxy resin, phenolic resins to name a few. In the case of phthalocyanines, polyvinylbutyrals (PVBs) have been the polymers of choice. This polymer may be used in combination with other polymers. Although the patent literature abounds in a number of publications with respect to the use of PVB, and a mention of phenoxy resin as a supporting binder, no mention is made of the role of the phenoxy resin, or the use of blends corresponding to phenoxy, epoxy or epoxy novolac resin with PVB. This invention focuses on the improved electrical properties derived from the phenoxy resin, epoxy resin or epoxy novolac resins, when used as a supporting polymer binder in the charge generation layer. The improved electrical characteristics relate to improved dark decay and sensitivity, while retaining good adhesion (with respect to PVB) and structural integrity. 
     Phenoxy resins have been reported to serve as polymer binders for bisazo pigments. EP 708 374 A1 (1996) demonstrates the use of a phenoxy resin as a binder for a bisazo pigment. The authors refer to some agglomeration in some of the dispersion formulation based on the phenoxy resin, but attributed this to the combination of the coupler residue and the azo pigment. Some of the other patents relating to either a use or a possible use of the phenoxy resins as binders with bisazo pigments are JP 03158862 A (1991), JP 03116152 A (1991) and JP 01198762 A (1989). The Japanese patent 03282554 A (1991) demonstrates the use of a phenoxy resin as a binder for a metal-free phthalocyanine and using 1,1,2-trichloroethane as a solvent. Other patents pertaining to the phthalocyanine based phenoxy resin formulations include JP 02280169 A (1990), GB 2 231 166 A (1990), U.S. Pat. No. 4,983,483 (1993) to name a few. Limburg et al. (EP 295 126 A2, 1993 and U.S. Pat. No. 4,818,650, 1987 have discussed the use of a polyarylamine phenoxy resin as part of the charge transport layer in the preparation of a photoreceptor. The above photoreceptor was shown to exhibit improved resistance to cracking during mechanical cycling. Phenoxy resin based polymers have also been used as undercoats in the preparation of photoconductors (e.g. JP 03136064 A, 1991). 
     The use of the phenoxy resin as a binder is hence fairly well known. However, it was surprising to note in this invention, that the phenoxy resin can be used to improve the electrical characteristics of the photoconductor. The use of the phenoxy resin as blends results in improved electrical characteristics, without having to increase either the pigment or charge transport molecule concentration, which in turn relates to lower cost of the resulting photoconductor drum. The use of the polymer in formulations investigated in this invention has not been reported in the patent literature. The importance of this invention can be extended to the use of the phenoxy resins in the preparation of photoconductors required for high speed printer applications which would require high sensitivities, low dark decays and use in any environmental condition (ambient, hot/humid or cold/dry). The dark decay for these formulations improve by 5-40%, the change in electricals in various environments is usually less than 35 V and the sensitivity measured at most energies are improved, in comparisons to photoconductors comprising of PVB as CG binder only. 
     The inventors found that the use of the phenoxy resins as a pure binder results in highly unstable dispersions of the titanyl phthalocyanine and hence cannot be used in the coating process of photoconductor drums. However, the use of the phenoxy resins as a blend with PVB, results in stable dispersions and the resulting photoconductor drums are found to exhibit superior electrophotographic properties such as low dark decay&#39;s and high electrical sensitivity&#39;s. 
     The use of epoxy novolac resins as a binder polymer in the charge generation layer of an electrophotographic photoreceptor is not known in patent literature. Epoxy resins have been used in the preparation of barrier layers, adhesive layers and charge generation layers. In a similar manner, phenolic resins have been shown to improve the adhesion of the CG layer to the aluminum core. Epoxy-novolac resins are essentially a combination of the epoxy resins and the phenolic resins. The resin system can be cross-linked either chemically or thermally. The cross-linked resins usually result in enhanced mechanical properties in comparison to their precursors. The thermal cross-linking reaction can essentially be brought about during the curing of the CG layer. The chemical cross-linking may be brought about by the addition of catalysts such as titanium alkoxides. The epoxy functionality and the phenolic functionality not only impart good mechanical integrity to the charge generation binder, but also improved adhesion of the CG layer to the aluminum core. 
     Several patents in the literature refer to the epoxy resins as possible in binders in the sub-layer, charge generation or charge transport layers. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 5,240,801, 1993 lists the epoxy resin as a polymer for a protective coat layer. JP 621194257 A, 1987 suggests the use of epoxy resin as a binder for an oxazole charge transport molecule. EP 180 930 A2 (1986) (Mitsubishi Chem. Ind.) lists several binders for CG layer of which polyvinylbutyral and epoxy resin are two of them. JP 56097352 A, 1981 lists binders in a general manner as those derived from addition or condensation reactions and refer to the epoxy resins as an example. 
     DISCLOSURE OF THE INVENTION 
     In summary, it may be concluded that: 
     a) An electrophotographic photoconductor drum may be prepared using a blend of polyvinylbutyral and phenoxy resin, epoxy novolac resins, or epoxy resins in the CG formulation or layer by a dip-coating process, followed by a charge transport layer coating, with enhanced electrical sensitivity and decreaed dark decay of the photoconductor. The charge transport layer comprises a resin having a charge transport molecule dispersed therein. 
     b) The above resins may be used as blends with polyvinylbutyral (for example), at levels of 5-95% by weight of the polymer binder. The CG systems thus formed, result in improved electrical characteristics with various charge transport molecules namely, benzidines and hydrazones, and may be used with other transport molecules such as arylamines. 
     c) The dispersions prepared are stable for extended periods and result in good coating quality. 
     d) The photoconductor drums show good environmental stability with respect to their electricals and print quality 
     e) The molecular weight of the phenoxy resins may be in the range of 7,000-16,000 g/mol number average molecular weight. 
     f) The epoxy novolac resins may have a number average molecular weight of 400-1300 g/mol, and may be substituted with groups such as hydrogen, methyl etc. 
     g) The epoxy resins may have a molecular weight of 3,000-10,000 g/mol weight average molecular weight. 
     DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
     One embodiment of the present invention comprises a photoconductive member comprising a conductive substrate, a charge generation layer and a charge transport layer on the charge generation layer and having a charge transport molecule dispersed therein. Preferably, the charge generation layer consists essentially of a blend of oxotitanium phthalocyanine pigment, polyvinylbutyral and an epoxy capped polymer which is a derivative of bisphenol and epichlorohydrin, wherein the harge generation layer has a pigment to binder weight ratio of from 35/65 to 45/55. More preferably, the epoxy capped polymer has a formula of: ##STR1## where n is an integer. Preferably, the above epoxy capped polymer has a weight average molecular weight of from 4,294 to about 26,869. More preferably, the polymer has a molecular weight of from 6,782 to about 26,869. In another preferred embodiment, the polyvinylbutyral and epoxy capped polymer are used in a weight ratio of about 75/25 to about 10/90 of polyvinylbutyral to epoxy capped polymer. 
     In another embodiment, the present invention comprises a photoconductive member comprising a conductive substrate, a charge generation layer and a charge transport layer on the charge generation layer and having a charge transport molecule dispersed therein. Preferably, the charge generation layer consists essentially of a blend of oxotitanium phthalocyanine pigment, polyvinylbutyral and an epoxy novolac resin, wherein the charge generation layer has a pigment to binder weight ratio of from 35/65 to 45/55. Preferably, the polyvinylbutyral and epoxy novolac resin are used in a weight ratio in a range of about 90/10 to about 25/75 polyvinylbutyral to epoxy novolac resin. Unless otherwise specifically stated, the materials of this specification have the following structure. 
     BX-55Z and BM-S polyvinylbutyral (PVB): ##STR2## Number Ave. molecular Wt.: 98,000 g/lmol PHENOXY RESINS 
     PKHH, PKHJ, PKHM and PKFE phenoxy resin: ##STR3## where n˜38-60 Number Ave. Molecular Wt.: 
     PKHH: 11,000 g/mol 
     PHHJ: 12,000 g/mol 
     PKHM: 7,000 g/mol 
     PKFE: 16,000 g/mol 
     EPOXY NOVOLAC RESINS 
     P(GE-F): poly[(phenylene glycidylether)-co-formaldehyde] ##STR4## R═H or CH 3  where R═H; resin is P(GE-F) above where R--CH 3 , resin is poly[(o-cresyl glycidylether)-co-formaldehyde]. 
     Number Ave. molecular Wt.: about 600-1270 g/mol 
     PC(GE-DCP): poly[phenylene glycidylether-co-dicyclopentadiene] ##STR5## Number Ave. molecular Wt.: about 490 g/mol EPOXY RESINS ##STR6## n=an integer consistent with the molecular weight of the resin Wt. Ave. Molecular Weight: 
     EPON 1001: 4,294 g/mol 
     EPON 1004: 6,782 g/mol 
     EPON 1009: 26,869 g/mol 
     BENZIDINE: 
     N,N 1  -bis(3-methylphenyl)-N,N 1  -bisphenylbenzidine ##STR7## DEH ##STR8## POLYCARBONATE:MAKROLON--5208 polycarbonate ##STR9## APEC 9201 polycarbonate ##STR10## 
     The term &#34;blend&#34; is used in the normal sense of a thorough mixture. 
     The phenoxy resins with number average molecular weight, Mn: 7,000-16,000 g/mol (average molecular weight, Mw: 40,000-80,000) were used as blends with polyvinylbutyral (BX-55Z and BM-S, Sekisui Chemical Co.). This work pertains to the use of the phenoxy resins (PKHH, PKHJ, PKHM and PKFE; Phenoxy Associates, S.C., Phenoxy Resin: Scientific Polymer Products, New York) as blends in charge generation formulations. A formulation consisting of 45/55 pigment (oxotitanium phthalocyanine) to binder, showed improved dark decay and electrical characteristics when the PVB binder was suitably blended with the phenoxy resin. The weight ratios used were 75/25, 25/75 and 10/90 of PVB/phenoxy resin. The dispersions were stable for the PVB/phenoxy blends. All data presented below correspond to the use of the same transport formulation, namely a polycarbonate (MAKROLON-5208, Bayer) and 30% benzidine (N,N&#39;-bis(3-methylphenyl)-N,N&#39;-bisphenyl-benzidine) at 20% solids in a mixture of tetrahydrofuran and 1,4-dioxane. 
     In contrast, the use of phenoxy resin without any PVB as binder for the oxotitanium phthalocyanine resulted in an unstable dispersion (phase separation). The PVB/phenoxy blends (75/25) resulted in good coating quality for the CG layer, whereas the higher phenoxy resin blends (75/25 phenoxy/PVB) required the drums to be double-dipped to obtain optimum optical densities in the CG layer, when coated at 3% solids, although at 6% solids the CGs required a single-dip. The CG layers were coated with a benzidine-polycarbonate transport layer with a cure at 120° C. for 1 h, to a coat weight of about 20 mg/in 2 . The adhesion of the CG layer to the aluminum drum core was improved with the higher temperature cure, exhibiting similar or improved adhesion of the coatings to the core in comparison to the standard BX-55Z based formulations. In comparison to the BX-55Z PVB as CG binder, the phenoxy resin blends with BX-55Z showed improved electrical characteristics. The dark decay--time data and the electrical characteristics for the blends at various cure conditions are shown in Tables 1 and 2, respectively. 
     
                       TABLE 1                                                     
______________________________________                                    
Variation of Dark Decay with Time: BX-55Z/Phenoxy Resins                  
(75/25);(45/55) Pigment/Binder                                            
             Dark Decay (V/sec)                                           
CG BINDER (CURE)                                                          
               1 sec     10 sec  30 sec                                   
                                       60 sec                             
______________________________________                                    
BX55Z (100C/5 min)                                                        
               26        129     219   305                                
BX55Z/PKHH (Amb. Cure)                                                    
               26        139     267   379                                
BX55Z/PKHH (50C/5 min)                                                    
               19        72      142   214                                
BX55Z/PKHH (100C/5 min)                                                   
               22        81      145   212                                
BX55Z/PKHJ (Amb. Cure)                                                    
               22        80      147   213                                
BX55Z/PKHJ (50C/5 min)                                                    
               20        73      138   200                                
BX55Z/PKHJ (100C/5 min)                                                   
               20        85      145   218                                
______________________________________                                    
 
    
     
                       TABLE 2                                                     
______________________________________                                    
Electrical Characteristics of BX-55Z/Phenoxy Resins (75/25);              
(45/55 Pigment/Binder)                                                    
                   Charge Voltage                                         
                              V.sub.0.23                                  
CG BINDER (CURE)   (-Vo)      (-V)                                        
______________________________________                                    
BX-55Z (100C/5 min)                                                       
                   658        157                                         
BX-55Z/PKHH (Amb. Cure)                                                   
                   638        105                                         
BX-55Z/PKHH (50/5 min)                                                    
                   643        112                                         
BX-55Z/PKHH (100C/5 min)                                                  
                   645        110                                         
BX-55Z/PKHJ (Amb. Cure)                                                   
                   643        105                                         
BX-55Z/PKHJ (50C/5 min)                                                   
                   645        105                                         
BX-55Z/PKHJ (100C/5 min)                                                  
                   645        112                                         
______________________________________                                    
 V.sub.0.23 : Voltage at an Energy of 0.23 uJ/cm2                         
 All phenoxy resin blends had optical density of about 1.30               
 
    
     In order to test the hypothesis that the phenoxy resin had a role in the improved electrical characteristics, a formulation was made such that the pigment concentration was decreased, namely, 35% instead of 45%. The results were identical to the 45/55 pigment/binder ratio. The photoconductor drums exhibited lower dark decays and improved electrical characteristics. The dark decay and sensitivities were substantially improved for the higher phenoxy resin ratios. The electrical response characteristics are shown in Table 3: 
     
                       TABLE 3                                                     
______________________________________                                    
Electrical Characteristics: BX-55Z/Phenoxy Resins;                        
(35/65 Pigment/Binder)                                                    
                  Charge Voltage                                          
                             V.sub.0.23                                   
CG BINDER         (-Vo)      (-V)                                         
______________________________________                                    
BX-55Z            658        237                                          
BX-55Z/PKHH (75/25                                                        
                  658        188                                          
BX-55Z/PKHJ (75/25)                                                       
                  658        180                                          
BX-55Z/PKHH* (25/75)                                                      
                  658        122                                          
BX-55Z/PKHJ* (25/75)                                                      
                  660        116                                          
______________________________________                                    
 *Drums were doubledipped in CG formulation                               
 All drums had optical density of 1.30-1.40                               
 V.sub.0.23 : Voltage at an Energy of 0.23 uJ/cm2                         
 
    
     An extension of this work was to study the effect of the phenoxy resin on low molecular weight PVB. The resin chosen for this purpose was the BM-S PVB (Sekisui Chemical Co., Mn of 48000 g/mol) which has a lower molecular weight than the BX-55Z PVB (Mn of 98000 g/mol). The blends prepared were the 75/25 and the 25/75 of BM-S/phenoxy resin, respectively. The CG dispersions involving the blends were stable and gave good coating quality. The dark decay and electrical characteristics were improved, more significantly for the drums that were double-dipped in the CG formulation (for optimum properties, proper choice of the optical density was critical), in comparison to the BM-S standard formulation. As is evident from the electrical characteristics in Table 4, the sensitivity of the drums are increased if the drums are double-dipped in the CG layer coating process, which in turn correspond to higher optical densities. 
     
                       TABLE 4                                                     
______________________________________                                    
Electrical Characteristics: BM-S/Phenoxy Resins                           
(45/55 Pigment/Binder)                                                    
                  Charge Voltage                                          
                             V.sub.0.23                                   
CG BINDER         (-Vo)      (-V)                                         
______________________________________                                    
BM-S              658        117                                          
BM-S/PKHH (75/25) 658        135                                          
BM-S/PKHJ (75/25  658        142                                          
BM-S/PKHH* (75/25)                                                        
                  650        82                                           
BM-S/PKHJ* (75/25)                                                        
                  653        85                                           
BM-S/PKHH (25/75) 658        163                                          
BM-S/PKHJ (25/75) 658        160                                          
BM-S/PKHH* (25/75)                                                        
                  657        85                                           
BM-S/PKHJ* (25/75)                                                        
                  657        83                                           
______________________________________                                    
 *Drums were doubledipped in CG formulation, optical density of 1.35,     
 optical density of all others was 1.20                                   
 V.sub.0.23 : Voltage at an Energy of 0.23 uJ/cm2                         
 
    
     Formulations containing a (bisphenol-TMC-co-bisphenol-A) polycarbonate [(BPTMC-co-BPA)PC, APEC 9201, Bayer]-benzidine transport solution were coated on a standard CG layer (BX-55Z) and the phenoxy resin/BX-55Z blend, and interestingly the phenoxy resin drums exhibited lower dark decays and improved electrical behavior. The electrical characteristics for the PVB/(bisphenol-TMC-co-bisphenol-A) polycarbonate are shown in Table 5. 
     Another significant improvement in the use of the phenoxy resin was the limited fluctuation in the electrical characteristics at various environmental conditions. 
     The drums formulated with the phenoxy resin/PVB blends were subjected to different conditions, such as ambient, hot/humid and cold/dry. The electrical response stability at different environments is evident in the phenoxy resin blends, as seen in Table 5. 
     
                       TABLE 5                                                     
______________________________________                                    
Electrical Characteristics for the CG/CT binders                          
              AMBIENT                                                     
              (72F/40% COLD/DRY (60F/08%                                  
              RH)      RH)                                                
CG BINDER       -V.sub.0                                                  
                       -V.sub.0.23                                        
                               -V.sub.0                                   
                                      -V.sub.0.23                         
______________________________________                                    
BX55Z//(BPTMC-co-BPA)PC                                                   
                658    185                                                
BX55Z/PKHH (75/24)//                                                      
                662    145                                                
(BPTMC-co-BPZ)PC                                                          
BX55Z                                                                     
(45/55, PIGMENT/BINDER)                                                   
                658    192     645    225                                 
BX55Z/PKHH (25/75)                                                        
                647    112     642    140                                 
BX55Z/PKHJ (25/75)                                                        
                647    115     642    152                                 
BX55Z           658    237     660    282                                 
(35/65, PIGMENT/BINDER)                                                   
BX66Z/PKHH (25/75)                                                        
                658    122     660    155                                 
______________________________________                                    
 
    
     A significant improvement in the electrical behavior at various environments is further manifested in the print quality that one obtains for the photoconductor under these environmental conditions. In contrast to the standard BX55Z based formulation, the phenoxy resin blends, exhibited good isopel optical density (O.D.) and single pel 20 performance at ambient, hot/humid and cold/dry conditions. For example while the isopel O.D. for BX55Z at ambient, and cold/dry were 0.31 and 0.18, those for the phenoxy resin blend (25/75 BX55/PKHH) were 0.62 and 0.32. Print quality is usually improved if the isopel O.D. is high and the loss of single pel in cold/dry conditions is not observed for the phenoxy resin blends. 
     The epoxy novolac resins used as blends were poly[(phenylene glycidyl ether)-co-formaldehyde] [P(GE-F)] (Mn of˜605) and poly[(phenylene glycidyl ether)-co-dicyclopentadiene] [P(GE-DCP)] (Mn of˜490) with PVB (S-Lec-B [BX-55Z and BM-S], Sekisui Chemical Co.). Formulations consisting of 45/55 pigment (oxotitanium phthalocyanine) to binder, showed improved dark decay and electrical characteristics when the PVB binder was blended with epoxy novolac resin. The blends were prepared at weight ratios of 90/10, 75/25, 50/50 and 25/75 of the PVB to the epoxy novolac resin. All stable formulations resulted in good coating quality. The CG layers involving the above formulations were typically cured at 100° C. for 5 min. The charge transport (CT) layers coated on the CG layers were benzidine-polycarbonate and cured at 120° C. for 1 h, to a coat weight of about 20 mg/in2. The electrical characteristics of drums coated with the above formulations are given in Table 6. 
     
                                           TABLE 6                                 
__________________________________________________________________________
Electrical Characteristics of Epoxy Novolac Resin CG Blends               
with Benzidine Transport (45% Pigment and 30% Transport                   
concentrations)                                                           
Binder                      Dark                                          
(Charge Generation                                                        
               Optical                                                    
                   Charge                                                 
                       Discharge                                          
                            Decay                                         
                                Back-                                     
                                    Isopel                                
Layer)   Environment                                                      
               Density                                                    
                   (-V)                                                   
                       (-V) (V/sec)                                       
                                ground                                    
                                    O.D.                                  
__________________________________________________________________________
BX-55Z   Ambient*                                                         
               1.55                                                       
                   662 192  18  0.45                                      
                                    0.29                                  
         cold/dry**                                                       
                   662 225      0.35                                      
                                    0.18                                  
BX-55Z/P Ambient                                                          
               1.36                                                       
                   658 147  25  0.61                                      
                                    0.42                                  
(GE-DCP) (90/10)                                                          
         cold/dry  645 195      1.23                                      
                                    0.22                                  
BX-55Z/P Ambient                                                          
               1.24                                                       
                   662 90   21  0.62                                      
                                    0.56                                  
(GE-DCP) (75/25)                                                          
         cold/dry  663 110      0.32                                      
                                    0.35                                  
BX-55Z/P Ambient                                                          
               1.38                                                       
                   662 82   20  0.45                                      
                                    0.64                                  
(GE-DCP) (50/50)                                                          
         cold/dry  660 102      0.49                                      
                                    0.37                                  
BX-55Z/P Ambient                                                          
               1.33                                                       
                   663 100  12  0.37                                      
                                    0.55                                  
(GE-DCP) (25/75)                                                          
         cold/dry  662 135      0.59                                      
                                    0.29                                  
BX-55Z/P Ambient                                                          
               1.36                                                       
                   663 117  34  0.51                                      
                                    0.57                                  
(GE-F) (75/25)                                                            
         cold/dry  660 137      0.64                                      
                                    0.33                                  
BX-55Z/P Ambient                                                          
               1.37                                                       
                   663 97   22  0.40                                      
                                    0.60                                  
(GE-F) (50/50)                                                            
         cold/dry  662 120      0.49                                      
                                    0.33                                  
BX-55Z/P Ambient                                                          
               1.35                                                       
                   663 98   18  0.71                                      
                                    0.58                                  
(GE-F) (25/75)                                                            
         cold/dry  662 130      0.39                                      
                                    0.29                                  
__________________________________________________________________________
 *Ambient: 72° F./40% Relative Humidity (RH)                       
 **Cold/Dry: 60° F. /08% RH                                        
 Discharge Voltage corresponds to voltage at energy of 0.23 uJ/cm2        
 
    
     As is evident from Table 6, the addition of the epoxy novolac resin in the CG layer improves the electrical sensitivity and the dark decay. Another significant improvement derived from this system, is the stability of the photoconductor drum&#39;s electricals at different environmental conditions. While more often than not, the electricals slow down to a large extent in a cold/dry condition (60° F./08% relative humidity), the epoxy novolac resin blends show a small variation and result in better print quality [background and the isopel optical density (Isopel O.D.)] in comparison to the non-epoxy novolac resin blend. In most cases, the electrical discharge voltage at an energy of 0.23 uJ/cm2 show a variation of about 20-30 V with the change in environment (72° F./40% RH to 60° F./08% RH), and the photoconductor exhibits better sensitivity than the non-epoxy novolac resin drum at ambient condition (72° F./40% RH). 
     In order to test the theory that the improved electricals were derived from the use of the epoxy novolac resin, that resin was blended with a lower molecular weight PVB, namely BM-S (Mn of 48000 g/mol). The results were identical to the BX-55Z formulation experiment, i.e. improved electrical sensitivity and dark decay (Table 7). 
     
                                           TABLE 7                                 
__________________________________________________________________________
Electrical Characteristics of Epoxy Novolac Resin Based CG with           
Benzidine                                                                 
Transport (45% Pigment concentration)                                     
               Optical      Dark                                          
               Density                                                    
                   Charge                                                 
                       Discharge                                          
                            Decay                                         
                                Back                                      
                                    Isopel                                
Binder   Environment                                                      
               (O.D.)                                                     
                   (-V)                                                   
                       (-V) (V/sec)                                       
                                ground                                    
                                    O.D.                                  
__________________________________________________________________________
BM-S     Ambiemt                                                          
               1.21                                                       
                   658 117  20  0.77                                      
                                    0.43                                  
         cold/dry  660 187      0.66                                      
                                    0.23                                  
BM-S/P (GE-DCP)                                                           
         Ambient                                                          
               1.29                                                       
                   662 102  17  0.58                                      
                                    0.46                                  
(90/10)  cold/dry  662 138      0.53                                      
                                    0.28                                  
__________________________________________________________________________
 
    
     It may be argued that the increased sensitivity and decreased dark decay are due to the use of a lower molecular weight binder in the CG. The advantage derived is that, whereas the epoxy novolac resin as a CG binder (100%) results in an unstable dispersion, and the use of a PVB as a CG binder results in lower sensitivity, the combination of the polymers results in a stable dispersion and optimum electricals. While the use of a low molecular weight PVB may result in increased sensitivity (BM-S Vs BX-55Z), it is clear that the blend involving the epoxy resin increases the sensitivity irrespective of the molecular weight of the PVB binder. The use of a low molecular weight PVB often results in CG wash, during the CT coating. However, this problem is alleviated by the use of the epoxy novolac resin blend. 
     To further test the validity of this invention, formulations based on lower pigment level namely 25% and 35% were chosen, and photoconductor drums formulated. As seen in Tables 8 and 9, the theory that the use of the epoxy novolac resin blend in the CG results in improved electrical characteristics still holds. 
     
                                           TABLE 8                                 
__________________________________________________________________________
Electrical Characteristics of Epoxy Novolac Resin Based CG with           
Benzidine                                                                 
Transport (35% Pigment concentration)                                     
               Optical      Dark                                          
               Density                                                    
                   Charge                                                 
                       Discharge                                          
                            Decay                                         
                                Back                                      
                                    Isopel                                
Binder   Environment                                                      
               (O.D.)                                                     
                   (-V)                                                   
                       (-V) (V/sec)                                       
                                ground                                    
                                    O.D.                                  
__________________________________________________________________________
BM-55Z   Ambiemt                                                          
               1.4 660 275  70  0.61                                      
                                    0.29                                  
         60/08     665 310      0.47                                      
                                    0.20                                  
BX-55Z/P Ambient                                                          
               1.29                                                       
                   663 115  27  0.12                                      
                                    0.55                                  
(GE-DCP) (75/25)                                                          
         60/08     665 147      0.48                                      
                                    0.33                                  
BX-55Z/P Ambient                                                          
               1.29                                                       
                   665 122  27  0.58                                      
                                    0.46                                  
(GE-F) (75/25)                                                            
         60/08     665 160      0.53                                      
                                    0.28                                  
__________________________________________________________________________
 
    
     
                                           TABLE 9                                 
__________________________________________________________________________
Electrical Characteristics of Epoxy Novolac Resin Based CG with           
Benzidine                                                                 
Transport (25% Pigment concentration)                                     
               Optical      Dark                                          
               Density                                                    
                   Charge                                                 
                       Discharge                                          
                            Decay                                         
                                Back                                      
                                    Isopel                                
Binder   Environment                                                      
               (O.D.)                                                     
                   (-V)                                                   
                       (-V) (V/sec)                                       
                                ground                                    
                                    O.D.                                  
__________________________________________________________________________
BM-55Z   Ambiemt                                                          
               1.28                                                       
                   660 277  68  0.62                                      
                                    0.29                                  
         cold/dry  665 313      0.35                                      
                                    0.18                                  
BX-55Z/P Ambient                                                          
               1.34                                                       
                   662 197  60  0.11                                      
                                    0.41                                  
(GE-DCP) (75/25)                                                          
         cold/dry  665 230      0.47                                      
                                    0.25                                  
BX-55Z/P Ambient                                                          
               1.38                                                       
                   663 202  40  0.35                                      
                                    0.42                                  
(GE-F) (75/25)                                                            
         cold/dry  663 237      0.41                                      
                                    0.25                                  
__________________________________________________________________________
 
    
     To further explore the use of the epoxy resin CG, tests were carried out with a different charge transport molecule namely p-diethylaminobenzaldehyde diphenylhydrazone (DEH). Significant improvements in the electrical sensitivity were observed for formulations containing the epoxy novolac resin, both at 35% and 45% pigment levels. A summary of the results for the DEH system are given in Table 10. It may be noted that the DEH drums were not UV cured following the cure of the CT layer. 
     
                       TABLE 10                                                    
______________________________________                                    
Electrical Characteristics of Epoxy Novolac Resin Based CG with DEH       
Transport                                                                 
                     Optical       Dis-  Dark                             
            Environ- Density Charge                                       
                                   charge                                 
                                         Decay                            
Binder      ment     (O.D.)  (-V)  (-V)  (V/sec)                          
______________________________________                                    
BX-55Z      Ambient  1.4     693   275   23                               
(45% Pigment)                                                             
BX-55Z/P    Ambient  1.42    692   141   20                               
(GE-co-DCP) (90/10)                                                       
BX-55Z/P    Ambient  1.49    695   135   15                               
(GE-co-F) (90/10)                                                         
BX-55Z      Ambient  1.38    695   243   25                               
(35% Pigment)                                                             
BX-55Z/P    Ambient  1.41    695   162   18                               
(GE-co-DCP) (90/10)                                                       
BX-55Z/P    Ambient  1.48    697   157   21                               
(GE-co-F) (90/10)                                                         
______________________________________                                    
 
    
     The epoxy resins used as blends were EPON 1001, 1004 and 1009 (Shell Chemicals ) with polyvinylbutyral (S-Lec-B [BX-55Z], Sekisui Chemical Co.). The EPON resins are epoxy capped polymers which are derivations of bisphenol and epichlorohydrin having weight average molecular weight of 4294, 6782, and 26,869 g/mol respectively. Formulations consisting of 45/55 and 35/65 pigment (oxotitanium phthalocyanine) to binder, showed improved dark decay and electrical characteristics when the PVB binder was blended with epoxy novolac resin. The blends were prepared at weight ratios of, 75/25, 25/75 and 10/90 of the PVB to the epoxy resin. All stable formulations resulted in good coating quality. The CG layers involving the above formulations were typically cured at 100° C. for 5 min. The charge transport (CT) layers coated on the CG layers were benzidine-polycarbonate and cured at 120° C. for 1 h, to a coat weight of about 20 mg/in2. The electrical characteristics of drums coated with the above formulations are given in Table 11. 
     
                       TABLE 11                                                    
______________________________________                                    
Electrical Characteristics of Epoxy Resin (EPON 1004) CG Blends with      
Benzidine Transport (45% Pigment and 30% Transport concentrations)        
                                  Charge                                  
CG BINDER       Optical Dark Decay                                        
                                  Voltage                                 
                                        V.sub.0.23                        
(CURE)          Density (V/sec)   (-V.sub.0)                              
                                        (-V)                              
______________________________________                                    
BX-55Z          1.68    20        698   190                               
BX-55Z/EPON 1004 (75/25)                                                  
                1.48    14        695   88                                
BX-55Z/EPON 1004 (75/25)                                                  
                1.35    10        700   132                               
BX-55Z/EPON 1004 (25/75)                                                  
                1.34    9         699   148                               
BX-55Z/EPON 1004 (10/90)                                                  
                1.34    9         696   187                               
______________________________________                                    
 V.sub.0.23 : Voltage at an Energy of 0.23 uJ/cm2                         
 
    
     
                       TABLE 12                                                    
______________________________________                                    
Electrical Characteristics of Epoxy Resin (EPON 1004) CG Blends with      
Benzidine Transport (35% Pigment and 30% Transport concentrations)        
                                  Charge                                  
CG BINDER       Optical Dark Decay                                        
                                  Voltage                                 
                                        V.sub.0.23                        
(CURE)          Density (V/sec)   (-V.sub.0)                              
                                        (-V)                              
______________________________________                                    
BX-55Z          1.29    45        684   237                               
BX-55Z/EPON 1004 (75/25)                                                  
                1.82    42        686   156                               
BX-55Z/EPON 1004 (75/25)                                                  
                1.33    23        696   141                               
BX-55Z/EPON 1004 (25/75)                                                  
                1.61    19        698   81                                
BX-55Z/EPON 1004 (25/75)                                                  
                1.3     15        695   161                               
BX-55Z/EPON 1004 (10/90)                                                  
                1.34    13        693   134                               
BX-55Z/EPON 1004 (10/90)                                                  
                1.23    9         694   194                               
______________________________________                                    
 V.sub.0.23 : Voltage at an Energy of 0.23 uJ/cm2                         
 
    
     It is hence clear from the tables 11 and 12, that the use of BX-55Z/EPON blends results in a photoconductor with highly improved electrical characteristics of an electrophotographic photoreceptor. The results were identical for the use of the PVB/Epoxy resin CG formulations with different transports in the charge transport layer, such as diethylaminobenzaldehyde diphenylhydrazone (DEH) and diphenylaminobenzaldehyde diphenylhydrazone (TPH). 
    
    
     FORMULATION OF PHENOXY RESIN 
     COMPARATIVE EXAMPLE 1 
     A charge generation formulation consisting of a 45/55 pigment/binder ratio was prepared as follows: 
     Oxotitanium phthalocyanine (7.4 g), polyvinylbutyral (BX-55Z, Sekisui Chemical Co., 9.00 g) with Potter&#39;s glass beads (60 ml) was added to a mixture of 2-butanone (50 g) and cyclohexanone (50 g), in an amber glass bottle, and agitated in a paint-shaker for 12 h and diluted to about 3% solids with 2-butanone (400 g). An anodized aluminum drum was then dip-coated with the CG formulation and dried at 100° C. for 5 min. The transport layer formulation was prepared from a bisphenol-A polycarbonate (MAKROLON-5208, Bayer, 62.30 g), benzidine (26.70 g) in tetrahydrofuran (249 g) and 1,4-dioxane (106 g). The CG layer coated drums were dip-coated in the CT formulation, dried at 120° C. for 1 h, to obtain a coat weight of about 20 mg/in2. The electrical characteristics of this drum were: Charge voltage (Vo): -683 V, residual voltage (Vr): -80 V, dark decay: 24 V/sec, Voltage at E(0.23 uJ/cm2) of -135 V. 
     COMPARATIVE EXAMPLE 2 
     A formulation involving BM-S as the PVB binder at 45/55 pigment binder ratio was prepared as follows: 
     Oxotitanium phthalocyanine (7.4 g), polyvinylbutyral (BM-S, Sekisui Chemical Co., 9.00 g) with Potter&#39;s glass beads (60 ml) was added to a mixture of 2-butanone (50 g) and cyclohexanone (50 g), in an amber glass bottle, milled for 12 h and diluted to about 3% solids with 2-butanone (400 g). An anodized aluminum drum was then dip-coated with the CG formulation and dried at 100° C. for 5 min. The transport layer formulation was prepared from a bisphenol-A polycarbonate (MAKROLON-5208, Bayer, 62.30 g), benzidine (26.70 g) in tetrahydrofuran (249 g) and 1,4-dioxane (106 g). The CG layer coated drums were dip-coated in the CT formulation, dried at 120° C. for 1 h, to obtain a coat weight of about 20 mg/in2. The electrical characteristics of this drum were: Charge voltage (Vo): -689 V, residual voltage (Vr): -60 V, dark decay: 20 V/sec, Voltage at E(/0.23 uJ/cm2): -120 V. 
     COMPARATIVE EXAMPLE 3 
     A formulation involving BX-55Z as the PVB binder at 35/65 pigment binder ratio was prepared as follows: 
     Oxotitanium phthalocyanine (4.0 g), polyvinylbutyral (BX-55Z, 8.12 g) with Potter&#39;s glass beads (60 ml) was added to a mixture of 2-butanone (50 g) and cyclohexanone (50 g), in an amber glass bottle, agitated in a paint-shaker for 12 h and diluted to about 3% solids with 2-butanone (400 g). An anodized aluminum drum was then dip-coated with the CG formulation and dried at 100° C. for 5 min. The transport layer formulation was prepared from a bisphenol-A polycarbonate (MAKROLON-5208, Bayer, 62.30 g), benzidine (26.70 g) in tetrahydrofuran (249 g) and 1,4-dioxane (106 g). The C/G layer coated drums were dip-coated in the CT formulation, dried at 120° C. for 1 h, to obtain a coat weight of about 20 mg/in2. The electrical characteristics of this drum were: Charge voltage (Vo): -683 V, residual voltage (Vr): -140 V, dark decay: 51 V/sec, Voltage at E(0.23 uJ/cm2): -256 V. 
     EXAMPLE 1 
     A typical formulation involving a BX-55Z/phenoxy resin (75/25) at 45/55 pigment/binder ratio was prepared as follows: 
     Oxotitanium phthalocyanine (7.4 g), polyvinylbutyral (BX-55Z, 6.820 g), a phenoxy resin (PKHH, Phenoxy associates, 2.28 g) with Potter&#39;s glass beads (60 ml) was added to a mixture of 2-butanone (50 g) and cyclohexanone (50 g), in an amber glass bottle, agitated in a paint-shaker for 12 h and diluted to about 3% solids with 2-butanone (400 g). An anodized aluminum drum was then dip-coated with the CG formulation and dried at 100° C. for 5 min. The transport layer formulation was prepared from a bisphenol-A polycarbonate (MAKROLON-5208, Bayer, 62.30 g), benzidine (26.70 g) in tetrahydrofuran (249 g) and 1,4-dioxane (106 g). The CG layer coated drums were dip-coated in the CT formulation, dried at 120° C. for 1 h, to obtain a coat weight of about 20.9 mg/in2. The electrical characteristics of this drum were: Charge voltage (Vo): -645 V, residual voltage (Vr): -110 V, dark decay: 22 V/sec, Voltage at E(0.23 uJ/cm2): -175 V. 
     EXAMPLE 2 
     A typical formulation involving a BX-55Z/phenoxy resin (25/75) at 45/55 pigment/binder ratio was prepared as follows: 
     Oxotitanium phthalocyanine (7.4 g), polyvinylbutyral (BX-55Z, 2.28 g), a phenoxy resin (PKHH, Phenoxy associates, 6.82 g) with Potter&#39;s glass beads (60 ml) was added to a mixture of 2-butanone (50 g) and cyclohexanone (50 g), in an amber glass bottle, agitated in a paint-shaker for 12 h and diluted to about 3% solids with 2-butanone (400 g). An anodized aluminum drum was then dip-coated with the CG formulation, air-dried for 1 minute and dip-coated in the CG layer and dried at 100° C. for 5 min. The transport layer formulation was prepared from a bisphenol-A polycarbonate (MAKROLON-5208, Bayer, 62.30 g), benzidine (26.70 g) in tetrahydrofuran (249 g) and 1,4-dioxane (106 g). The CG layer coated drums were dip-coated in the CT formulation, dried at 120° C. for 1 h, to obtain a coat weight of about 21 mg/in2. The electrical characteristics of this drum were: Charge voltage (Vo): -693 V, residual voltage (Vr): -90 V, dark decay: 15 V/sec, Voltage at E(0.23 uJ/cm2): -112 V. 
     EXAMPLE 3 
     A typical formulation involving a BM-S/phenoxy resin (25/75) at 45/55 pigment/binder ratio was prepared as follows: 
     Oxotitanium phthalocyanine (7.4 g), polyvinylbutyral (BX-55Z, 6.820 g), a phenoxy resin (PKHH, Phenoxy associates, 2.28 g) with Potter&#39;s glass beads (60 ml) was added to a mixture of 2-butanone (50 g) and cyclohexanone (50 g), in an amber glass bottle, agitated in a paint-shaker for 12 h and diluted to about 3% solids with 2-butanone (400 g). An anodized aluminum drum was then dip-coated with the CG formulation, dried at room temperature for 1 min., dip-coated in the CG layer and dried at 100° C. for 5 min. The transport layer formulation was prepared from a bisphenol-A polycarbonate (MAKROLON-5208, Bayer, 62.30 g), benzidine (26.70 g) in tetrahydrofuran (249 g) and 1,4-dioxane (106 g). The CG layer coated drums were dip-coated in the CT formulation, dried at 120° C. for 1 h, to obtain a coat weight of about 19.6 mg/in2. The electrical characteristics of this drum were: Charge voltage (Vo): -696 V, residual voltage (Vr): -73 V, dark decay: 14 V/sec, Voltage at E(0.23 uJ/cm2): -133 V. 
     PREPARATION OF EPOXY NOVOLAC BASED FORMULATIONS: 
     EXAMPLE 4 
     A typical formulation involving a BX-55Z/epoxy novolac resin (75/25) at 45/55 pigment/binder ratio was prepared as follows: 
     Oxotitanium phthalocyanine (7.42 g), polyvinylbutyral (BX-55Z, 6.80 g), an epoxy novolac resin (poly[(phenylglycidyl ether)-co-dicyclopentadiene] Aldrich Chemical Co., 2.27 g) with Potter&#39;s glass beads (60 ml) were added to a mixture of 2-butanone (75 g) and cyclohexanone (50 g), in an amber glass bottle, agitated in a paint-shaker for 12 h and diluted with 2-butanone (325 g). An anodized aluminum drum was then dip-coated with the CG formulation and dried at 100° C. for 5 min. The transport layer formulation was prepared from a bisphenol-A polycarbonate (MAKROLON-5208, Bayer, 62.30 g), benzidine (26.70 g) in tetrahydrofuran (249 g) and 1,4-dioxane (106 g). The CG layer coated drums were dip-coated in the CT formulation, dried at 120° C. for 1 h, to obtain a coat weight of about 20.5 mg/in2. The electrical characteristics of this drum were: Charge voltage (Vo): -662 V, Voltage at E(0.23 uJ/cm2): -90 V and dark decay: 25 V/sec, . 
     EXAMPLE 5 
     A typical formulation involving a BM-S/epoxy novolac resin (75/25) at 45/55 pigment/binder ratio was prepared as follows: 
     Oxotitanium phthalocyanine (7.42 g), polyvinylbutyral (BM-S, 6.80 g), an epoxy novolac resin (poly[(phenylglycidyl ether)-co-dicyclopentadiene] Aldrich Chemical Co., 2.27 g) with Potter&#39;s glass beads (60 ml) were added to a mixture of 2-butanone (50 g) and cyclohexanone (75 g), in an amber glass bottle, agitated in a paint-shaker for 12 h and diluted with 2-butanone (325 g). An anodized aluminum drum was then dip-coated with the CG formulation, and dried at 100° C. for 5 min. The transport layer formulation was prepared from a bisphenol-A polycarbonate (MAKROLON-5208, Bayer, 62.30 g), benzidine (26.70 g) in tetrahydrofuran (249 g) and 1,4-dioxane (106 g). The CG layer coated drums were dip-coated in the CT formulation, dried at 120° C. for 1 h, to obtain a coat weight of about 20 mg/in2. The electrical characteristics of this drum were: Charge voltage (Vo): -662 V, Voltage at E(0.23 uJ/cm2): -102 V and dark decay: 17 V/sec. 
     EXAMPLE 6 
     A typical formulation involving a BX-55Z/epoxy novolac resin (25/75) at 45/55 pigment/binder ratio and DEH transport was prepared as follows: 
     Oxotitanium phthalocyanine (9.38 g), polyvinylbutyral (BX-55Z, 8.59 g), an epoxy novolac resin (poly[(phenylglycidyl ether)-co-formaldehyde] Aldrich Chemical Co., 2.86g ) with Potter&#39;s glass beads (60 ml) were added to a mixture of 2-butanone (85 g) and cyclohexanone (40 g), in an amber glass bottle, agitated in a paint-shaker for 12 h and diluted with 2-butanone (275 g). An anodized aluminum drum was then dip-coated with the CG formulation, and dried at 100° C. for 5 min. The transport layer formulation was prepared from a bisphenol-A polycarbonate (MAKROLON-5208, Bayer, 37.6 g), DEH (37.10 g), PE-200 (4.58 g), acetosol yellow (0.68 g) in tetrahydrofuran (259.6g) and 1,4-dioxane (111.4 g). The CG layer coated drums were dip-coated in the CT formulation, dried at 120° C. for 1 h, to obtain a coat weight of about 16.1 mg/in2. The electrical characteristics of this drum were: Charge voltage (Vo): -695 V, Voltage at E(0.23 uJ/cm2): -135 V and dark decay: 15 V/sec, . 
     PREPARATION OF EPOXY RESIN BASED FORMULATIONS: 
     EXAMPLE 7 
     A typical formulation involving a BX-55Z/epoxy resin (75/25) at 45/55 pigment/binder ratio was prepared as follows: 
     Oxotitanium phthalocyanine (7.0 g), polyvinylbutyral (BX-55Z, 6.82 g), a epoxy resin (EPON 1004, Shell Co., 2.28 g) with Potter&#39;s glass beads (60 ml) was added to a mixture of 2-butanone (32 g) and cyclohexanone (32 g), in an amber glass bottle, agitated in a paint-shaker for 12 h and diluted to about 4.7% solids with 2-butanone (258 g). An anodized aluminum drum was then dip-coated with the CG formulation and dried at 100° C. for 5 min. The transport layer formulation was prepared from a bisphenol-A polycarbonate (MAKROLON-5208, Bayer, 62.30 g), benzidine (26.70 g) in tetrahydrofuran (249 g) and 1,4-dioxane (106 g). The CG layer coated drums were dip-coated in the CT formulation, dried at 120° C. for 1 h, to obtain a coat weight of about 16 mg/in2. The electrical characteristics of this drum were: Charge voltage (Vo): -696 V, residual voltage (Vr): -48 V, dark decay: 14 V/sec, Voltage at E(0.23 uJ/cm2): -88 V. 
     EXAMPLE 8 
     A typical formulation involving a BX-55Z/epoxy resin (25/75) at 45/55 pigment/binder ratio was prepared as follows: 
     Oxotitanium phthalocyanine (7.0 g), polyvinylbutyral (BX-55Z, 2.28 g), a epoxy resin (EPON 1004, Shell Co., 6.82 g) with Potter&#39;s glass beads (60 ml) was added to a mixture of 2-butanone (32 g) and cyclohexanone (32 g), in an amber glass bottle, agitated in a paint-shaker for 12 h and diluted to about 4.7% solids with 2-butanone (258 g). An anodized aluminum drum was then dip-coated with the CG formulation and dried at 100° C. for 5 min. The transport layer formulation was prepared from a bisphenol-A polycarbonate (MAKROLON-5208, Bayer, 62.30 g), benzidine (26.70 g) in tetrahydrofuran (249 g) and 1,4-dioxane (106 g). The CG layer coated drums were dip-coated in the CT formulation, dried at 120° C. for 1 h, to obtain a coat weight of about 16 mg/in2. The electrical characteristics of this drum were: Charge voltage (Vo): -699 V, residual voltage (Vr): -77 V, dark decay: 9 V/sec, Voltage at E(0.23 uJ/cm2): -148 V. 
     EXAMPLE 9 
     A typical formulation involving a BX-55Z/epoxy resin (75/25) at 35/65 pigment/binder ratio was prepared as follows: 
     Oxotitanium phthalocyanine (5.25 g), polyvinylbutyral (BX-55Z, 7.31 g), a epoxy resin (EPON 1004, Shell Co., 2.44 g) with Potter&#39;s glass beads (60 ml) was added to a mixture of 2-butanone (30g) and cyclohexanone (30 g), in an amber glass bottle, agitated in a paint-shaker for 12 h and diluted to about 5% solids with 2-butanone (240 g). An anodized aluminum drum was then dip-coated with the CG formulation, and dried at 100° C. for 5 min. The transport layer formulation was prepared from a bisphenol-A polycarbonate (MAKROLON-5208, Bayer, 62.30 g), benzidine (26.70 g) in tetrahydrofuran (249 g) and 1,4-dioxane (106 g). The CG layer coated drums were dip-coated in the CT formulation, dried at 120° C. for 1 h, to obtain a coat weight of about 24 mg/in2. The electrical characteristics of this drum were: Charge voltage (Vo): -696 V, residual voltage (Vr): -80 V, dark decay: 23 V/sec, Voltage at E(0.23 uJ/cm2): -141 V. 
     EXAMPLE 10 
     A typical formulation involving a BX-55Z/epoxy resin (25/75) at 35/65 pigment/binder ratio was prepared as follows: 
     Oxotitanium phthalocyanine (5.25 g), polyvinylbutyral (BX-55Z, 2.44 g), a epoxy resin (EPON 1004, Shell Co., 7.31 g) with Potter&#39;s glass beads (60 ml) was added to a mixture of 2-butanone (30g) and cyclohexanone (30 g), in an amber glass bottle, agitated in a paint-shaker for 12 h and diluted to about 5% solids with 2-butanone (240 g). An anodized aluminum drum was then dip-coated with the CG formulation, dried at 100° C. for 5 min. The transport layer formulation was prepared from a bisphenol-A polycarbonate (MAKROLON-5208, Bayer, 62.30 g), benzidine (26.70 g) in tetrahydrofuran (249 g) and 1,4-dioxane (106 g). The CG layer coated drums were dip-coated in the CT formulation, dried at 120° C. for 1 h, to obtain a coat weight of about 24 mg/in2. The electrical characteristics of this drum were: Charge voltage (Vo): -698 V, residual voltage (Vr): -65 V, dark decay: 19 V/sec, Voltage at E(0.23 uJ/cm2): -81 V. 
     Variation from these specific implementations will be apparent and can be anticipated.