Patent Publication Number: US-2022227113-A1

Title: Smooth film laminated elastomer articles

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This application is a divisional application of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 16/771,136, filed Jun. 9, 2020, which is a section 371 of International Application No. PCT/US18/66078, filed Dec. 17, 2018, which was published on Jun. 20, 2019 under International Publication No. WO 2019/118983 A1, which claims priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/599,259, titled “Smooth Film Laminated Elastomeric Articles,” filed Dec. 15, 2017, the entire contents of which are incorporated herein by reference. 
    
    
     BACKGROUND OF THE DISCLOSURE 
     The present invention is generally related to elastomeric articles, and more particularly, to elastomeric stoppers and pistons. 
     To protect sensitive drug products from extractable and leachable substances originating from a container for the drug product, which includes an elastomer seal or other closure, e.g., stopper or piston, it is known to include a film laminate on the elastomer seal or closure on the drug contact surface (i.e., in between the drug and the elastomer) to improve product performance, and is an important risk mitigation strategy to avoid or reduce unwanted extractables and leachables from the elastomer. For example, many conventional plastic or glass syringe assemblies have either a coated or uncoated elastomeric piston. For coated pistons, the distal surface, typically referred to as the drug contact surface, is usually coated with an inert film in order to reduce drug interactions with the elastomeric material of the piston. The entire surface of the piston, and more particular the peripheral tubular surface, however, is usually not coated. That is, the cylindrical sidewalls, including sealing ribs, of conventional elastomer pistons are left with bare elastomer, in order to provide adequate sealing. This is also typically the case for coated vial stoppers. That is, the drug contact surface is coated with an inert film, but the bottom of the flange and external sidewalls that contact the vial remain uncoated to provide better sealing effect. As used herein, the sealing surface refers to the circumferential sidewall of a piston or stopper with or without sealing ribs. 
     One consequence of having bare elastomer in contact with the glass barrel is that frictional forces prevent smooth and easy operation of the syringe. As a result, conventionally, the syringe barrel is treated with silicone oil or silicone is “baked-on” it to reduce the static frictional force, which is referred to as the break-loose force, and to reduce the dynamic frictional force, which is referred to as the glide or extrusion force. 
     However, silicone oil has been known to interact with some biological drugs. Silicone oil has also been known to separate from the barrel and become injected into a patient with the drug. Moreover, regulatory guidance typically teaches away from using silicone oil in ophthalmic applications, because lasers are often used for surgery in and around the eye and silicone oil has been known to outgas under high temperatures which occur during laser surgery. 
     What is desired, therefore, is an elastomer which does not interact with the drug or which produces the fewest extractables and leachables. What is also desired is a container system that is not a source of silicone oil. 
     Another drawback associated with manufacturing both partial film laminated stoppers and pistons is that additional manufacturing steps are required, as compared to manufacturing processes for producing unlaminated or fully laminated stoppers and pistons. That is, the elastomeric article undergoes a so-called “two-step” process, in which the piston tip (distal end) or stopper bottom, the ends in contact with the drug product, are first partially cured with the film separately from the respective piston base or stopper flange, and then the piston tip and piston base or stopper bottom and stopper flange are combined and then fully cured in a subsequent step. 
     However, conventional stoppers and pistons typically do not include a film laminated over their entire external surface. This is because even minute imperfections in the laminated film layer would enable percolation of gasses or fluids past the seal between the laminated film layer and the container (i.e., a syringe, cartridge or vial) which may compromise the container closure integrity (CCI). In particular, scratches or small defects which result in a continuous path across the sealing surface, i.e., the interface between the film-side of an elastomer laminated with an inert film and the container (syringe, cartridge or vial) which prevents the drug from escaping to the outside of the container, can severely compromise CCI. For example, on a piston used in a syringe, an axial scratch, perpendicular to the sealing rib and parallel to the longitudinal axis of the syringe would create a path compromising CCI (see  FIG. 4A ). Scratches around the circumference of the piston, parallel to the sealing rib, may also compromise CCI (although such scratches may not necessarily cause CCI failure, such as drug leakage) ( FIG. 4B ). Also, a sufficiently high overall surface roughness (Ra) typically will still allow percolation of drug product or gas through a random path of roughness, and therefore compromise CCI. 
     In systems which use silicone, the silicone itself has been shown to reduce CCI issues. However, in silicone-free drug-containment systems, no silicone is present to reduce CCI issues. 
     Therefore, it would be desirable to provide a silicone-free drug-containment system, in which the closure (i.e., piston or stopper) is entirely film laminated, and in which the CCI at the interface of the sealing surface of the closure and container substrate is maintained at a sufficiently high level. Another benefit of having the entire or a large portion of piston or stopper coated with an inert film, is to protect the elastomer from unintended exposure to chemicals including solvents used in the manufacturing process, such as dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO). DMSO has been known to cause rubber to swell, which may cause some dimensions of a stopper or piston to increase beyond suitable tolerances. 
     Therefore, what is also desired is a piston or stopper having adequate sealing properties which is entirely film-laminated, so that it may be made using a single curing process or step. In addition, it would be desirable to provide film laminated pistons or stoppers configured to be used in a silicone-free glass syringe and having similar sealing and frictional properties as a conventional piston made with the two-step process and coated with silicone oil, or using a syringe or cartridge barrel coated with silicone oil or having based on silicone. 
     BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE DISCLOSURE 
     One embodiment of the present invention is related to a method for manufacturing at least one elastomeric article comprising the steps of: placing into a mold an assembly of an uncured elastomeric sheet, a first film fully covering the elastomeric sheet and a second film covering the first film, such that the second film is in contact with and positioned between the first film and an interior surface of the mold; and curing the assembly in the mold, such that the first film is laminated onto the elastomeric sheet thereby forming the at least one elastomeric article. 
     Another embodiment of the present invention is directed to an elastomeric article for sealing a container comprising an elastomeric body having an external sidewall surface and an external crown surface, and a first fluoropolymer film layer having an internal surface and an external surface. The internal surface of the first fluoropolymer film layer is laminated to an entirety of the external sidewall and crown surfaces of the elastomeric body. The external crown surface of the first fluoropolymer film layer includes a drug contact surface configured to contact a drug contained in the container, and the external sidewall surface includes a sealing surface configured to contact an interior surface of the container. 
     Another embodiment of the present invention relates to a device for injecting a drug. The device comprises a silicone-free barrel and an elastomeric piston having a laminated film layer in contact with the silicone-free barrel. An interface between the laminated film layer and the silicone-free barrel having a seal which withstands leakage of gas of less than about 6×10 −6  atm*cc/sec. 
     Another embodiment of the present invention relates to a method for manufacturing an elastomeric article comprising the steps of: placing an uncured elastomeric sheet and a first film fully the elastomeric sheet into a mold; curing the elastomeric sheet with the first film in the mold into at least one elastomeric article; removing the elastomeric articles from the mold; and removing the first film from the at least one elastomeric article. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       The following detailed description of aspects of the disclosure will be better understood when read in conjunction with the appended drawings. It should be understood, however, that the invention is not limited to the precise arrangements and instrumentalities shown. In the drawings: 
         FIG. 1  depicts a one-step method of manufacturing an elastomeric article in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention; 
         FIG. 2  depicts the first step of a two-step method of manufacturing an elastomeric article in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention; 
         FIG. 3  depicts the second step of the two-step method of manufacturing an elastomeric article in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention; 
         FIG. 4A  shows a prior art piston having axial scratches perpendicular to the sealing rib and parallel to the axis of rotational symmetry which create a path compromising CCI; 
         FIG. 4B  shows a prior art piston having scratches around the circumference of the piston parallel to the sealing rib, which may compromise CCI; 
         FIGS. 5A and 5C  are scanning electron microscope (SEM) images (150× magnification) of the drug contact surface of an elastomeric piston produced by a method in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention; 
         FIGS. 5B and 5D  are SEM images (150× magnification) of the circumferential side surface, and more particularly a sealing rib, of an elastomeric piston produced by a method in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention; 
         FIGS. 6A and 6C  are SEM images (150× magnification) of the drug contact surface of an elastomeric piston produced by a method which did not utilize a release film layer; 
         FIGS. 6B and 6D  are SEM images (150× magnification) of the circumferential side surface, and more particularly a sealing rib, of an elastomeric piston produced by a method which did not utilize a release film layer; 
         FIG. 7  is a graphical plot of various area roughness parameters of samples of elastomeric articles manufactured by a method in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention and comparative articles; 
         FIG. 8  is a graphical plot of various area roughness parameters of samples of elastomeric articles manufactured by a method in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention and comparative articles, with application of a 2 μm Gaussian filter; 
         FIG. 9  is a graphical plot of various area roughness parameters of samples of elastomeric articles manufactured by a method in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention and comparative articles, with application of a 0.08 μm Gaussian filter; 
         FIG. 10  is a graphical plot of various profile roughness parameters of samples of elastomeric articles manufactured by a method in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention and comparative articles; 
         FIG. 11  graphically depicts single contact profilometry measurements to highlight the surface roughness difference between elastomeric articles produced according to the claimed invention and a conventional elastomeric article; 
         FIG. 12  graphically depicts the measurements of  FIG. 11 ; 
         FIG. 13  shows optical microscopy images of an elastomeric piston according to the present invention, which has an improved surface finish, as compared to those prepared by a conventional process not involving a release film layer; 
         FIG. 14  illustrates CCI in a cyclic olefin polymer container, and more particularly a container formed of a polymer made and/or sold under the trademark Crystal Zenith® and sourced from Daikyo Seiko, Ltd. (hereinafter referred to as “Crystal Zenith® polymer), for Inventive Sample C and Comparative Sample 4 using helium leak testing; 
         FIG. 15  illustrates CCI in Crystal Zenith® polymer, Silicone-Free Glass, and Baked-On Silicone Glass for Inventive Sample C using helium leak testing; 
         FIG. 16  illustrates CCI in Siliconized Glass and Baked-On Silicone Glass for Inventive Sample D and Comparative Sample 5 using helium leak testing; 
         FIGS. 17 and 18  illustrate the force performance of Inventive Sample C. 
         FIG. 19A  depicts an enhanced optical image of the surface of Comparative Sample 1; 
         FIG. 19B  depicts the waviness and roughness profiles of the surface of Comparative Sample 1; 
         FIG. 20A  depicts an enhanced optical image (intensity used to show depth and height) of the surface of Comparative Sample 2; 
         FIG. 20B  depicts the waviness and roughness profiles of the surface of Comparative Sample 2; 
         FIG. 21A  depicts an enhanced optical image of the surface of Comparative Sample 3; 
         FIG. 21B  depicts the waviness and roughness profiles of the surface of Comparative Sample 3; 
         FIG. 22A  depicts an enhanced optical image of the surface of Inventive Sample 1; 
         FIG. 22B  depicts the waviness and roughness profiles of the surface of Inventive Sample 1; 
         FIG. 23A  depicts an enhanced optical image of the surface of Inventive Sample 2; and 
         FIG. 23B  depicts the waviness and roughness profiles of the surface of Inventive Sample 2. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE DISCLOSURE 
     Referring to  FIG. 1 , there is shown a method of manufacturing an elastomeric article, such as a piston  11 , using a first mold  14 , an elastomer sheet  44 , a first film  16  and more particularly an inert film layer or barrier layer  16 , and a second film  46  and more particularly a release film layer  46  in a one-step molding process, and more particularly in a one-step compression molding process. The first mold  14  includes an upper mold half  15  having a protrusion  15   a  and a lower mold half  17  having an open cavity  17   a . The open cavity  17   a  is preferably an open heated mold cavity. In a preferred embodiment, the first mold  14  includes a plurality of upper and lower mold halves  15 ,  17  arranged in an array. 
     The elastomer sheet  44  is preferably formed of one or more elastomeric materials in a partially cured stage. In a preferred embodiment, the elastomeric material is either a thermoset elastomer or a thermoplastic elastomer (TPE). The elastomeric material used for the elastomeric closure can be, for example, a synthetic or natural rubber, such as butyl rubber, isoprene rubber, butadiene rubber, halogenated butyl rubber (e.g., bromobutyl rubber), ethylene propylene terpolymer, silicone rubber, combinations thereof and the like. Preferably, the elastomeric material is a butyl or halobutyl elastomer. 
     The inert film layer  16  is preferably formed of a polymer, and more particularly a highly inert polymer with good barrier properties and lubricity. The film  16  preferably is an olefin polymer and could include a cyclic olefin polymer. More preferably, the inert film layer  16  is formed of a fluoropolymer, such as tetrafluoroethylene or ethylene tetrafluoroethylene. Some non-limiting examples of polymers that may be used to form the inert film layer  16  include tetrafluoroethylene, polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), ethylene tetrafluoroethylene (ETFE), fluorinated ethylene propylene (FEP), polyvinylidene fluoride (PVF), polyvinylidene difluoride (PVDF), polychlorotrifluoroethylene (PCTFE), perfluoroalkoxy alkanes (PFA), ethylene chlorotrifluoroethylene (ECTFE), perfluoroelastomer (FFPM), fluoroelastomer polymer (FPM), polyethylene (PE), cyclic olefin polymer (COP), cyclic olefin copolymer (COC) and polypropylene (PP). The inert film layer  16  preferably has a thickness of from 0.5 μm to 300 μm, more preferably from 10 μm to 150 μm, and most preferably from 25 μm to 100 μm. 
     An even wider array of polymers are suitable for use in forming the release film layer  46 , because the chemical requirements are different. That is, all of the above exemplary polymers identified for the material of the inert film layer  16  may also be used to form the release film layer  46 . In addition, high temperature-compatible polymers, such as polyimides or silicones, are also suitable for use in forming the release film layer  46 . Similar to the inert film layer  16 , the release film layer  46  preferably has a thickness of from 0.5 μm 1 to 300 μm, more preferably from 10 μm to 150 μm, and most preferably from 25 μm to 100 μm. 
     The elastomer sheet  44  has a first surface  44   a  and an opposing second surface  44   b . The inert film layer  16  has a first surface  16   a  and an opposing second surface  16   b . The release film layer  46  has a first surface  46   a  and an opposing second surface  46   b . The first surface  16   a  of the inert film layer  16  may be surface modified/treated to have a lower water contact angle and higher surface energy than unmodified second surface  16   b . Preferably, the first surface  16   a  of the inert film layer  16  is etched, and more preferably plasma etched. Surface modification/treatment of the first surface  16   a  of the inert film layer  16  may permit it to bond to the elastomer sheet  44  strongly after compression molding. Because the second surface  16   b  of the inert film layer  16  is unmodified, it has a higher water contact angle and lower surface energy, which allows it to be more easily detached from an untreated side of another film, such as release film layer  46   
     The elastomer sheet  44 , inert film layer  16 , and release film layer  46  may be firmly joined with each other or independent from one another, in this order, and placed loosely on top of each other when introduced into the first mold  14 . More particularly, for placement in the mold  14 , the release film layer  46  is arranged such that the second surface  46   b  will contact the interior surface  19  of an open cavity  17   a  of the lower mold half  17 ; the inert film layer  16  is arranged such that the second surface  16   b  of the inert film layer  16  is in contact with the first surface  46   a  of the release film layer  46 , and more preferably entirely covered by the first surface  46   a  of the release film layer  46 ; and the elastomer sheet  44  is arranged such that the first surface  44   a  is arranged so as to contact a protrusion  15   a  of the upper mold half  15  and the second surface  44   b  of the elastomer sheet  44  is in contact with the first surface  16   a  of the inert film layer  16 , and more preferably the entirety of the second surface  44   b  of the elastomer sheet  44  is covered by the first surface  16   a  of the inert film layer  16 . The two mold halves  15 ,  17  are then brought into contact with each other, such that each protrusion  15   a  contacts the first surface  44   a  of the elastomer sheet  44  and forces the layered arrangement of the elastomer sheet  44 , inert film layer  16  and release film layer  46  into the open cavity  17   a , so as to compress and mold the arrangement of the elastomer sheet  44 , inert film layer  16 , and release film layer  46  within each open cavity  17   a  in a single compression molding step. 
     This compression molding step is carried out at a temperature of 120° C. to 310° C. and a pressure of about 40 to 350 kg/cm′ for a duration of a few seconds to 30 minutes. More preferably, the single compression molding step is carried out at a temperature of about 120° C. to 220° C. and a pressure of about 40 to 70 kg/cm′ for a duration of about 30 seconds to 30 minutes. Most preferably, the single compression molding step is carried out at a temperature of about 140° C. to 220° C. and a pressure of about 40 to 70 kg/cm 2  for duration of about 2 to 15 minutes. 
     In a preferred embodiment, the compression molding step is carried out at a temperature of 160° C. to 165° C. and a pressure of 50 kg/cm 2  for a duration of about 15 minutes. 
     In another preferred embodiment, the compression molding step is carried out at a temperature of 160° C. to 175° C. and a pressure of about 40 to 70 kg/cm 2  for a duration of about 8 minutes. 
     During the compression molding step, the elastomeric sheet  44  is vulcanized under the influence of heat and pressure and is non-detachably joined with the inert film layer  16 . More particularly, the elastomeric sheet  44  forms the body  21  of the piston  11  and the inert film layer  16  becomes a laminated film  23  non-detachably formed over the surface, and more preferably the sidewall and crown surfaces of the body  21 . This process occurs below the melting temperature of both the inert film layer  16  and the release film layer  46  so that the films do not fuse together. Thus, the release film layer  46 , on the other hand, becomes detachably joined to the laminated film layer  23 . If a film is not melted, the layers can be separated. Different films can be used for the release layer than the film layer on the elastomeric article (dissimilar chemistry and/or higher melting points). For example, polyamide film is used as a release layer in many composites, which melts above 340° C. 
     After curing or vulcanization, the piston  11  is removed from the first mold  14  and the release film layer  46  is then peeled away from the piston  11 . The release film layer  46  does not adhere to the inert film layer  16 , as such, it can be mechanically separated from the inert film layer  16  as a continuous sheet or as cut portions from the individual pistons by, for example, grasping and pulling, blowing with fluid, or peeling by abrasion, among other techniques. 
     Prior to curing of the assembly of the elastomeric sheet  44 , inert film layer  16  and release film layer  46  in the molding process, the inert film layer  16  has a surface roughness characterized by a first peak density. After the curing process and removal of the release film layer  46 , the inert film layer  16 , and more particularly the laminated film layer  23 , has a surface roughness characterized by a second peak density, and the second peak density is increased relative to the first peak density. Preferably, the peak density of the inert film layer  16  is increased by at least 3%, and more preferably by at least 25%, after the curing process and removal of the release film layer  46 . More particularly, the peak density of the inert film layer  16  is preferably increased by 3% to 165%, and more preferably by 25% to 35%, after the curing process and removal of the release film layer  46 . 
     Although the process is discussed in terms of producing a piston  11 , a skilled artisan would readily appreciate that the same process could be used for producing other elastomeric articles, such as a stopper or other closures. 
     Referring to  FIGS. 2 and 3 , there are shown methods of manufacturing an elastomeric article, such as a piston  12 , according to another embodiment of the present invention. The process of  FIG. 2  utilizes a second mold  24  that is sized and shaped to form a molded portion of an elastomeric article, as a piston crown  12   a . The mold  24  thus serves as the initial mold for the manufacturing process. The process of  FIG. 3  uses the mold  14  (i.e., the mold shown in  FIG. 1 ) that is sized and shaped to form the whole elastomeric article (e.g., the piston  12 ).  FIGS. 2 and 3  together illustrate a two-step molding process, and more particularly in a two-step compression molding process, according to an embodiment of the present invention. 
     Referring to  FIG. 2 , the mold  24  used for the first step of the two-step molding process includes an upper mold half  25  having an open cavity  25   a  and a lower mold half  27  having an open cavity  27   a . The open cavities  25   a ,  27   a  are preferably open heated mold cavities. In a preferred embodiment, the first-step mold  24  includes a plurality of upper and lower mold halves  25 ,  27  arranged in an array. As with the one-step molding process, the elastomer sheet  44 , the inert film layer  16 , and the release film layer  46  may be firmly joined with each other or independent from one another, in this order, and placed loosely on top of each other when introduced into the second mold  24 . The arrangement of the elastomer sheet  44 , the inert film layer  16 , and the release film layer  46  is the same as described above with respect to  FIG. 1 . 
     The process conditions for the molding step shown in  FIG. 2  are the same as those discussed above for the one-step process of  FIG. 1 . As with the one-step process of  FIG. 1 , the elastomeric sheet  44  is vulcanized under the influence of heat and pressure and is non-detachably joined with the inert film layer  16 , such that the vulcanized elastomeric material forms the body  31  of the piston crown  12   a  and the inert film layer  16  becomes a laminated film layer  33  non-detachably formed on the surface of the piston crown  12   a  (i.e., a laminated piston crown  12   a ). The release film layer  46 , on the other hand, is detachably joined to the laminated film layer  33 . 
     After vulcanization, the laminated piston crown  12   a  is removed from the mold  24  with the release film layer  46  intact on the laminated piston crown  12   a . Next, the assembly of the laminated piston crown  12   a  and the release film layer  46  is trimmed and placed into the mold  14 , as shown in  FIG. 3 , such that the release film layer  46  is in contact with the interior surface  19  of an open cavity  17   a  of the lower mold half  17  and the release film layer  46  is sandwiched between the laminated piston crown  12   a  and the open cavity  17   a . In the two-step process of  FIGS. 2 and 3 , therefore, the mold  14  is a second-step mold. 
     Next, a second elastomeric sheet  44  is placed in the first mold  14 , and more particularly over the open cavities  17   a  of the lower mold half  17 . The two mold halves  15 ,  17  are then brought into contact with each other, such that each protrusion  15   a  contacts the first surface  44   a  of the second elastomer sheet  44  and forces the material of the second elastomer sheet  44  into the open cavity  17   a  and into contact with the laminated piston crown  12   a , so as to compress and mold the arrangement of the second elastomer sheet  44  and the laminated piston crown  12   a  within each open cavity  17   a  in compression molding step. Vulcanization proceeds as described above with respect to  FIG. 1 , in order to produce a piston  12  having a removable release film layer  46  for masking the crown portion  12   a  in subsequent operations (such as an operation to produce a piston having silicone oil on only the exposed elastomer sides, but not on the laminated crown portion  12   a ). 
     Prior to curing of the assembly of the elastomeric sheet  44 , inert film layer  16  and release film layer  46  in the molding process, the inert film layer  16  has a surface roughness characterized by a first peak density. After the curing process and removal of the release film layer  46 , the inert film layer  16 , and more particularly the laminated film layer  33 , has a surface roughness characterized by a second peak density. The second peak density is increased relative to the first peak density. Preferably, the peak density of the inert film layer  16  is increased by at least 3%, and more preferably by at least 25%, after the curing process and removal of the release film layer  46 . More particularly, the peak density of the inert film layer  16  is preferably increased by 3% to 165%, and more preferably by 25% to 35%, after the curing process and removal of the release film layer  46 . 
     It will be understood that the first-step mold  24  may alternatively be sized and shaped to form a different portion of a different elastomeric article (e.g., the body of a stopper), instead of a piston crown  12   a , and the second-step mold  14  may be sized and shaped to form a different elastomeric article instead of a piston. 
     Molding an elastomeric article, such as a piston or a stopper, in a two-step process produces an article having a drug interface portion coated with the inert film  16  and the remaining surface of the elastomeric article being uncovered (i.e., bare elastomer). 
     The resulting elastomeric article  11 ,  12  produced by the methods of the present invention is a smooth film-laminated elastomeric article. In one embodiment, the resulting elastomeric article  11 ,  12  is a silicone-free elastomeric article. The release film layer  46 , which is sandwiched between the elastomeric sheet  44  covered with the inert film layer  16  and the mold cavity surface  19 , protects the smooth film-laminated article (i.e., the piston  11 ) from damage during the manufacturing process, such as damage that might occur to the laminated film  23 ,  33  from sliding past the mold surface  19  during the molding and/or demolding steps. The release film layer  46  also protects the laminated film  23 ,  33  from any texture which would have been imparted to it by the mold surface  19  (i.e., it is a mechanical analogy to a low pass filter). The use of the release film layer  46  also protects the laminated film  23 ,  33  from any material contamination which might be imparted to it by the mold surface  19 , such as processing aids used in the molding process, adhered elastomer, or any other environmental contamination. The use of the release film layer  46  creates a unique surface morphology as a result of the intimate surface-to-surface interfacial contact of the laminate films  23 ,  33  and the release film layer  46  and their subsequent separation. 
     Also, use of the release film layer  46  gives the external surface of the laminated film layer  23 ,  33  a mirror-like finish. Thus, elastomeric articles made according to the invention have an exterior surface, and more particularly, an exterior sealing surface, comprised of a laminated film having a mirror-like finish or that substantially-free of striations or substantially smooth.  FIG. 13  compares the texture of a plunger with a laminated film according to the invention to that of a conventional laminated plunger and shows that a plunger according to the invention has an exterior surface that is smooth or with a mirror-like surface (left hand side), as compared to a conventional film laminated plunger with an exterior surface that is rough, with striations and not mirror-like (right hand side). 
     Specific embodiments of the invention will now be described in terms of the following non-limiting examples and experiments. 
     Examples 1-4 
     Examples 1-4 below utilize four elastomeric pistons laminated with PTFE (i.e., a laminated PTFE film layer covering the body of the piston and thus forming the external sidewall and crown surfaces of the piston) and produced according to the process described above with respect to  FIG. 1  with a release film layer of ETFE. For comparison purposes, four elastomeric pistons each having a PTFE barrier layer were produced according to the same process, except that a release film layer was not utilized (hereinafter referred to as Comparative Examples 1-4). The piston crown (shown in  FIGS. 5A and 5C ) and the circumferential sealing surface, and more particularly the primary sealing rib (shown in  FIGS. 5B and 5D ) of Examples 1-4 have an extremely smooth laminated film surface with no clear texture, marks, or striations on the surfaces. In contrast, the laminated film surfaces of the piston crown (shown in  FIGS. 6A and 6C ) and the circumferential sealing surface, and more particularly the primary sealing rib (shown in  FIGS. 6B and 6D ) of each of the Comparative Examples 1˜4 has significant surface features, in the form of broken circles, slashes and striations of random depth and length, pitting of random sizes and depth, flat areas, broken shallow trenches and the like. 
     Test 1 
     A 5-mL elastomeric piston having a laminated PTFE barrier layer was produced according to the process described above with respect to  FIG. 1 , utilizing a release film layer formed of ETFE having a 2 mil (˜50 μm) thickness (the analysis was performed on different areas of the first rib (i.e., the rib closest to the drug contact surface) of the piston to show variation across the surface, and is accordingly referred to in Table 1 as Inventive Samples A and B) (Inv. Samples A and B). For comparison purposes, a bare elastomeric piston was produced using the same process parameters as that used to produce Inv. Samples A and B, but no laminated film layer or release film layer was utilized (referred to in Table 1 as Comparative Sample 1) (Comp. Sample 1); an elastomeric piston provided with a laminated PTFE barrier film was produced according to the same process parameters as used to produce Inv. Samples A and B, except that a release film layer was not utilized (referred to in Table 1 as Comparative Sample 2) (Comp. Sample 2); and a PTFE film before molding was provided (referred to in Table 1 as Comparative Sample 3) (Comp. Sample 3). 
     The surface texture of each piston and film was measured using a Keyence 3D laser scanning confocal microscope. To determine the area roughness parameters, the measurement results were evaluated using ISO 25178 Surface Texture standard in three different manners: first, with no filter applied, as reflected by Ex. A-1 through A-5; second, with a 2 μm Gaussian filter applied to eliminate the high frequency component of the measurement and separate waviness from roughness, in accordance with JIS B 0632:2001 (ISO 11562:1996) and ISO 16610-21:2011, as reflected by Ex. B-1 through B-5; and third, with a 0.08 μm Gaussian filter applied to eliminate the high frequency component of the measurement and separate waviness from roughness, in accordance with JIS B 0632:2001 (ISO 11562:1996) and ISO 16610-21:2011, as reflected by Ex. C-1 through C-5, in order to determine area roughness parameters of each piston and film. The area roughness parameters are summarized in Table 1 and are graphically plotted in  FIGS. 7-9 , where the y-axis is parallel to the longitudinal axis of the piston, such that the drug contact surface of the piston is positioned proximate the top of each graph. 
     Also, the profile roughness parameters of each sample were collected from a Mitutoyo Surftest profilometer using a low-force probe and are summarized in Table 2 and plotted in  FIG. 10 , where the y-axis is parallel to the longitudinal axis of the piston, such that the drug contact surface of the piston is positioned proximate the top of the graph. Optical images showing the surface topography of each sample taken from the 3D laser scanning confocal microscope are provided in  FIGS. 19A, 20A, 21A, 22A and 23A , and surface topography of each sample is shown in  FIGS. 19B, 20B, 21B, 22B and 23B . 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
                 TABLE 1 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Sample 
                 Filter 
                 Sa (μm) 
                 Sz (μm) 
                 Str 
                 Spc (1/mm) 
                 Sdr 
                 Sku 
                 Sal (μm) 
                 Spd (1/mm 2 ) 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Inv. Sample A 
                 None 
                 0.262336 
                 4.1297 
                 0.970222 
                 9266.814 
                 1.878123 
                 5.158748 
                 0.270005 
                 1,259,318.00 
               
               
                 Inv. Sample B 
                 None 
                 0.132787 
                 12.2927 
                 0.978388 
                 5030.206 
                 1.294387 
                 59.67023 
                 0.266522 
                 1,015,401.00 
               
               
                 Comp. Sample 1 
                 None 
                 1.026478 
                 15.1123 
                 0.565495 
                 4409.993 
                 0.578164 
                 5.76451 
                 11.72558 
                 420,438.90 
               
               
                 Comp. Sample 2 
                 None 
                 0.437393 
                 4.5524 
                 0.57411 
                 792.3174 
                 0.017666 
                 5.438234 
                 20.7215 
                 500,808.00 
               
               
                 Comp. Sample 3 
                 None 
                 0.033312 
                 1.2244 
                 0.104636 
                 261.1826 
                 0.001726 
                 58.54961 
                 10.21932 
                 978,239.60 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Inv. Sample A 
                 2 
                 um 
                 0.082208 
                 1.066229 
                 0.634141 
                 526.3015 
                 0.022638 
                 3.521474 
                 8.831092 
                 263,848.80 
               
               
                 Inv. Sample B 
                 2 
                 um 
                 0.073382 
                 3.471453 
                 0.56019 
                 357.6422 
                 0.023383 
                 21.87629 
                 2.06764 
                 206,612.20 
               
               
                 Comp. Sample 1 
                 2 
                 um 
                 0.949232 
                 12.7187 
                 0.544209 
                 656.7781 
                 0.109784 
                 5.733194 
                 12.88502 
                 55,100.75 
               
               
                 Comp. Sample 2 
                 2 
                 um 
                 0.435485 
                 3.973141 
                 0.444705 
                 96.20823 
                 0.005953 
                 5.503678 
                 18.76363 
                 30,802.31 
               
               
                 Comp. Sample 3 
                 2 
                 um 
                 0.031641 
                 1.039648 
                 0.114469 
                 19.44969 
                 0.000249 
                 70.06189 
                 10.11807 
                 100,523.70 
               
               
                 Inv. Sample A 
                 0.08 
                 um 
                 0.176165 
                 2.247206 
                 0.746072 
                 3599.218 
                 0.50764 
                 4.2981 
                 0.561229 
                 900,924.80 
               
               
                 Inv. Sample B 
                 0.08 
                 um 
                 0.106901 
                 7.796973 
                 0.948766 
                 1983.697 
                 0.364732 
                 41.39421 
                 0.555849 
                 704,039.70 
               
               
                 Comp. Sample 1 
                 0.08 
                 um 
                 1.007319 
                 13.58936 
                 0.562905 
                 2201.081 
                 0.322836 
                 5.61202 
                 12.19855 
                 253,028.80 
               
               
                 Comp. Sample 2 
                 0.08 
                 um 
                 0.43421 
                 4.395502 
                 0.562864 
                 400.5178 
                 0.00996 
                 5.406948 
                 20.68207 
                 248,452.10 
               
               
                 Comp. Sample 3 
                 0.08 
                 um 
                 0.033189 
                 12.26598 
                 0.134748 
                 125.5913 
                 0.002295 
                 2699.859 
                 9.075675 
                 671,310.90 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Results are at 50× objective. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
                 TABLE 2 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Sample 
                 Ra (μm) 
                 Rz (μm) 
                 RSm (μm) 
                 Rku 
                 Pc/cm 
                 Rλa (μm) 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Inv. Sample A 
                 0.195011 
                 1.626049 
                 10.28698 
                 5.18205 
                 986.5094 
                 2.363367 
               
               
                 Inv. Sample B 
                 0.123327 
                 2.244208 
                 22.96563 
                 26.7377 
                 481.2344 
                 2.973297 
               
               
                 Comp. Sample 1 
                 0.473978 
                 3.134142 
                 39.95096 
                 3.350478 
                 282.9486 
                 13.34772 
               
               
                 Comp. Sample 2 
                 0.113927 
                 0.568438 
                 44.82615 
                 2.058096 
                 262.8811 
                 9.818667 
               
               
                 Comp. Sample 3 
                 0.025882 
                 0.14815 
                 37.9068 
                 2.304411 
                 272.3878 
                 9.535636 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Referring to Table 1, the parameters measured and/or calculated include arithmetic mean height (Sa), maximum height (Sz), texture aspect ratio (Str), arithmetic mean peak curvature (Spc), developed interfacial area ratio (Sdr), kurtosis (Sku), auto-correction length (Sal), and peak density (Spd). Arithmetic mean height is the average height of the absolute value with respect to the average height (non-absolute value) along the sampling length. Peak density is the number of peaks per unit area. For optical measurements, the smallest detectable peak is a function of the wavelength of the light source. Filtering the data is typically used to remove noise, but it may also be used to effectively define what qualifies as a peak. 
     As will be understood by one skilled in the art, although both arithmetic mean height and peak density are parameters used to characterize surface roughness, these parameters are not necessarily related to or correlated with each other. For example, when an elastomeric article covered by an inert film is molded (without a release layer), the inert film conforms to the surface of the mold, assumes the surface profile of the mold, and theoretically assumes the roughness of the mold. Thus, the peak density and the arithmetic mean height of the inert film are directly related to the peak density and arithmetic mean height of the mold. Subsequent surface treatments on the elastomeric article, such as burnishing, may reduce the height of some of the peaks and effectively reduce the arithmetic mean height. However, the peak density would not necessarily change as a result of these later surface treatments. Thus, arithmetic mean height and peak density cannot be considered to be parameters that can be correlated with each other. 
     Referring to Table 2, the parameters measured and/or calculated include arithmetic mean height (Ra), maximum height (Rz), mean width of profile elements (RSm), kurtosis (Rku), peaks per length (Pc/cm), and arithmetic mean wavelength (Rλa). The parameters shown in Table 2 represent measurements taken along a sampling line, whereas the parameters shown in Table 1 represent measurements taken over an area. The measurement results show that the inert film of Comp. Sample 2 likely assumed the surface profile and roughness of the mold during curing or vulcanization. The mean arithmetic heights (Sa) of the inert film of Inv. Samples A and B were noticeably better than that the mean arithmetic height (Sa) of the bare elastomer of Comp. Sample 1. Also, as can be seen in Table 1, the peak density (Spd) for Inv. Samples A and B increased compared to that of the inert film before molding (i.e., Comp. Sample 3). This is because the external surface of the release film conformed to the interior surface of the mold, while the inert film of Inv. Samples A and B assumed the surface profile and roughness of the release film. Thus, it is clear that the release film layer can be used to purposefully manipulate the surface texture of the inert film layer as a result of the release film layer and inert film layer mechanically interacting with each other during the molding process. 
     Moreover, during the molding process, the inert film layer  16  and the release film layer  46  are stretched around 400% as they are forced into the mold. Stretching the release film layer has two effects. First, surface features may proportionally decrease due to Poisson&#39;s ratio effectively reducing the mean arithmetic height, and second, features analogous to micro cracks may form, effectively creating new peaks and valleys. In addition, removing the release film layer  46  from the inert film layer  16  may create additional peaks. For example, localized contact areas of adhesion between the inert film layer  16  and the release film layer  46  may cause the surface of the inert film to stretch at the contact area when the release film layer  46  is peeled away until the adhesive bonds are broken. The stretching of the inert film  16  leaves residual deformation peaks on its surface. 
     That is, the inventors have surprisingly found that not only does the release film layer  46  protect the laminated film  23 ,  33  from damage, it actually improves the surface texture of the film. More particularly, the surface roughness, characterized by a peak density (with no filter applied), of the inert film  16  is increased by 3.8% to 28.7% by the molding process of the present invention in forming the laminated film  23 ,  33 . The surface roughness, characterized by a peak density (when applying a Gaussian filter of 2.0 microns), of the inert film  16  is increased by from 105.5% to 162.5% by the molding process of the present invention in forming the laminated film  23 ,  33 . The surface roughness, characterized by a peak density (when applying a Gaussian filter of 0.08 microns), of the inert film  16  is increased by from 4.9% to 34.2% by the molding process of the present invention in forming the laminated film  23 ,  33 . 
     Also, in one embodiment, a sealing surface configured to contact the container or syringe along a mutual perimeter circumscribing the elastomeric article has a surface roughness characterized by a peak density greater than 50,000 peaks/mm 2  when applying a Gaussian filter of 2.0 microns or a peak density greater than 300,000 peaks/mm 2  when applying a Gaussian filter of 0.08 microns; preferably the sealing surface has a surface roughness characterized by a peak density greater than 100,000 peaks/mm 2  when applying a Gaussian filter of 2.0 microns or a peak density greater than 500,000 peaks/mm 2  when applying a Gaussian filter of 0.08 microns; more preferably the sealing surface has a surface roughness characterized by a peak density greater than 150,000 peaks/mm 2  when applying a Gaussian filter of 2.0 microns or a peak density greater than 600,000 peaks/mm 2  when applying a Gaussian filter of 0.08 microns; and most preferably the sealing surface has a surface roughness characterized by a peak density greater than 200,000 peaks/mm 2  when applying a Gaussian filter of 2.0 microns or a peak density greater than 700,000 peaks/mm 2  when applying a Gaussian filter of 0.08 microns. 
     With an extremely low, direction-independent surface roughness, elastomeric articles produced according to the present invention form an optimal interface with the container or syringe, and therefore yield improved CCI. The inventive elastomeric article is applicable for use in silicone-free systems, i.e., where there is no silicone oil to assist in mitigating CCI issues. 
     Also, graphically, there is a clear difference in the plots of the surface profile between the inventive elastomeric articles, produced using a release film layer, and conventional elastomeric articles, as shown in  FIG. 11 , even though the average numbers presented for piston faces in the graph ( FIG. 12 ) do not appear drastically different. The curvature to the trace comes from the underlying curvature of the elastomer article. A collection of the quantitative measurements is summarized in  FIG. 12 . 
     The difference in surface finish discussed above is clearly visible in a qualitative visual evaluation. Images in  FIG. 13  show an elastomeric piston according to the present invention, which has an improved surface finish appearing glossy (labeled as “Smooth”), as compared to those prepared by a conventional process not involving a release film layer appearing matte (labeled as “Rough”). The improved surface finish is evenly applied across the sidewall and crown surfaces, while the conventionally produced components possess a larger variability in texture across the visibly rough surface. 
     Test 2 
     In addition to Inv. Samples A and B and Comp. Samples 1-3, a number of 1-mL long elastomeric pistons provided with a laminated PTFE barrier film over the external sidewall and crown surfaces were produced according to the process described above with respect to  FIG. 1 , utilizing a release film layer formed of ETFE having a 2 mil (˜50 μm) thickness (various tests were performed using pistons of this type, and are accordingly referred to in  FIGS. 14, 15, 17, and 18  as Inventive Sample C) (Inv. Sample C); and a number of 1-mL long elastomeric pistons provided with a laminated ETFE barrier film over the external sidewall and crown surfaces were produced according to the same process parameters as used to produce Inv. Sample C (referred to in  FIG. 16  as Inventive Sample D) (Inv. Sample D). For comparison purposes, a number of 1-mL long elastomeric pistons were produced using the same process parameters as that used to produce Inv. Sample C (i.e., having a laminated PTFE barrier film), but no release film layer was utilized (referred to in  FIG. 14  as Comparative Sample 4) (Comp. Sample 4); and a number of 1-mL long elastomeric pistons were produced using the same process parameters as that used to produce Inv. Sample D (i.e., having a laminated ETFE film), but no release film layer was utilized (referred to in  FIG. 16  as Comparative Sample 5) (Comp. Sample 5). 
       FIG. 14  illustrates CCI in Crystal Zenith® polymer with PTFE laminated pistons produced with (Inv. Sample C) and without (Comp. Sample 4) release liners using helium leak testing. Similar to  FIG. 14 ,  FIG. 15  illustrates CCI in Crystal Zenith® polymer, Silicone-Free Glass, and Baked-On Silicone Glass with PTFE laminated pistons produced with release liners (Inv. Sample C) using helium leak testing. In addition,  FIG. 16  illustrates CCI in Siliconized Glass, and Baked-On Silicone Glass with ETFE laminated pistons produced with (Inv. Sample D) and without (Comp. Sample 5) release liners using helium leak testing. The helium leak rate is an industry standard used to quantify the quality of a seal, using helium as an inert tracer gas. Though the same improved surface finish can be imparted to bare rubber articles through an omission of one film layer, CCI is not impacted by the change in surface roughness, likely because its viscoelastic flow fills surface defects under pressure. When the finished article is laminated by a polymer film, the film cannot flow and any surface imperfections (on either sealing surface) create a leakage path.  FIGS. 14-16  illustrates the final roughness of the sealing surface is critical to performance and initial roughness of the film does not necessarily correlate to the functional performance under all circumstances. The threshold value of 6×10 −6  atm*cc/sec for sterility comes from the articles by Kirsch, et. al., titled “Pharmaceutical container/closure integrity,” which is consistent with USP 1207. Although PTFE and ETFE were laminated pistons were produced for these experiments, one having ordinary skill would readily appreciate that other laminates would improve sealing performance of a rubber elastomer using a release liner. 
       FIGS. 17 and 18  illustrate the performance of PTFE laminated pistons produced with a release liner. Specifically,  FIG. 17  illustrates the Break Loose Force and Average Extension Force for Inv. Sample C in Crystal Zenith® polymer, Silicone-Free Glass, and Baked-On Silicone Glass under dry conditions using an Instron BLE method at 304.8 mm/min.  FIG. 18  illustrates the Break Loose Force for Sample C in Crystal Zenith® polymer, Silicone-Free Glass, and Baked-On Silicone Glass under dry and wet conditions using an Instron BLE method at 304.8 mm/min (note tests were not conducted for Sample C in Baked-On Silicone Glass under wet conditions). As with the marked improvement in the sealing performance, PTFE laminated pistons produced with a release liner have similar Break Loose Force and Average Extension Force characteristics as some commercially available pistons that require the use of silicone oil (although commercially available pistons used with silicone oil were not tested in this experiment). The improved force performance is due to the entire contacting surfaces of the piston (i.e., the sidewall and crown surfaces) being coated with a lubricious inert film rather than only the drug interface surface as is typically done (if at all) for pistons intended to be used with silicone oil. Although this experiment only characterized the force performance of PTFE laminated pistons, one having ordinary skill in the art would appreciate that ETFE and other laminated pistons produced with a release liner would also have improved force characteristics in various barrel configurations. 
     The present method could also be used to make an elastomeric article without any laminated film layer (i.e., bare elastomer protected during molding process by release film layer  46 ). Other surface modifications may include chemical functionalization, coatings requiring a smooth substrate. 
     A superior control of surface roughness may enable tunability of total contact area, and therefore improve other functional attributes (i.e., break loose and extrusion forces). Similarly, this may enable product geometries not previously possible. 
     This product could similarly be prepared through the design of new molds. Other possible production methods include, but are not limited to, polished molds, molds without sharp features (to avoid film damage), PTFE (or other polymer) coated molds, alternate mold materials (i.e. polymer or ceramic), alternate mold-release technologies. However, due to the how the release film layer protects the inert film layer from surface features of the mold, the invention lends itself well to rough molds and may extend the service life of any mold—ultimately reducing costs. 
     The invention could be advantageously used in any type of seal used to contain or contact injectable drugs. This includes, but is not limited to pistons, stoppers, and lined seals. The greatest need for the invention is in silicone-free containment systems for injectable medicines, because CCI is critical to maintain in these systems. The invention is more advantageously used for sensitive biologic drugs and intraocularly deliverable drugs. The invention could also be advantageously used to reduce manufacturing costs for any elastomer for containment of injectable medicine which has good barrier properties. 
     The inventive technology could be used for production of fully or partially-film laminated pistons, stoppers, etc., and/or silicone-free closure systems with barrier properties. Preferably, the inventive technology is used for production of fully-film laminated pistons, stoppers, etc., and/or silicone-free closure systems with barrier properties. 
     Certain terminology is used in the following description for convenience only and is not limiting. The words “proximal,” “distal,” “upward,” “downward,” “bottom,” and “top” designate directions in the drawings to which reference is made. The words “inwardly” and “outwardly” refer to directions toward and away from, respectively, a geometric center of the device, and designated parts thereof, in accordance with the present invention. Unless specifically set forth herein, the terms “a,” “an,” and “the” are not limited to one element, but instead should be read as meaning “at least one.” The terminology includes the words noted above, derivatives thereof and words of similar import. 
     It will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that changes could be made to the embodiments described above without departing from the broad inventive concept thereof. It is understood, therefore, that this invention is not limited to the particular embodiments disclosed, but it is intended to cover modifications within the spirit and scope of the present invention.