Patent Publication Number: US-10322040-B2

Title: Absorbent articles with improved cores

Description:
FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention generally relates to an absorbent core for use in an absorbent article, and more particularly to an absorbent core with absorbent particulate polymer material. 
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     Disposable absorbent articles for receiving and retaining bodily discharges such as urine or feces are generally known in the art. Examples of these include disposable diapers, training pants and adult incontinence articles. Typically, disposable diapers comprise a liquid pervious topsheet that faces the wearer&#39;s body, a liquid impervious backsheet that faces the wearer&#39;s clothing and an absorbent core interposed between the liquid pervious topsheet and the backsheet. 
     Since their introduction into the market place, disposable diapers have continued to improve regarding comfort, fit and functionalities. 
     An important component of disposable absorbent articles is the absorbent core structure. The absorbent core structure typically includes absorbent polymer material, such as hydrogel-forming polymer material, also referred to as absorbent gelling material, AGM, or super-absorbent polymer, SAP. This absorbent polymer material ensures that large amounts of bodily fluids, e.g. urine, can be absorbed by the absorbent article during its use and be locked away, thus providing low rewet and good skin dryness. 
     Traditionally, the absorbent polymer material is incorporated into the absorbent core structure with cellulose or cellulosic fibres. However, over the past years, significant effort has been spent to make thinner absorbent core structures which can still acquire and store large quantities of discharged body fluids, in particular urine. Hereto, it has been proposed to reduce or eliminate these cellulose fibres from the absorbent core structures. To maintain the mechanical stability of the absorbent core structures, small quantities of a fiberized net structure may be added to stabilize the absorbent polymer material. To reduce stiffness in the absorbent core, the core may also comprise channels, areas substantially free of absorbent polymer particles or absorbent polymer material. The channels provide improved liquid transport, and hence faster acquisition, and more efficient liquid absorbency over the whole absorbent structure. 
     One consequence of thinner and denser core structures and channels is that the reduced void volume results in higher total expansion of the absorbent core with the consequence that the forces exerted on the core seals upon swelling of the absorbent cores are increased compared to conventional absorbent cores. Thus, there is a need to improve the bond strength of the core end seals and the channel seals. Additionally, there is a need for core adhesives and materials that can form fiberized net structures that can promote the stability of the absorbent polymer material, such as through formation of a less dense net structure, while still providing strength. 
     Accordingly, there is a need to improve the bond strength of the core and channel seals, and to provide greater stability of the core integrity. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     An absorbent core extending in a lateral direction and a longitudinal direction, the absorbent core having a front edge, a back edge, and two side edges, the absorbent core comprising: 
     a first substrate and a second substrate, wherein each substrate comprises an inner surface and an outer surface, 
     an absorbent material comprising an absorbent particulate polymer disposed between the first substrate and the second substrate in an absorbent particulate polymer material area, the absorbent particulate polymer material area encompassing one or more channel area(s) that are substantially free of absorbent material, 
     a hot melt adhesive applied directly to the inner surface of at least one of the first or second substrate, wherein the adhesive bonds the inner surface of the first substrate to the inner surface of the second substrate through the one or more channel area(s) substantially free of absorbent material; and 
     wherein the bond of the inner surface of the first substrate to the inner surface of the second substrate through the one or more channel area(s) substantially free of absorbent material has a normalized initial channel hang time of at least about 70 minutes and a normalized final channel hang time of at least about 800 minutes. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS 
         FIG. 1  is a plan view of a diaper in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. 
         FIG. 2  is a cross sectional view of the diaper shown in  FIG. 1  taken along the sectional line  2 - 2  of  FIG. 1 . 
         FIG. 3  is a partial cross sectional view of an absorbent core layer in accordance with an embodiment of this invention. 
         FIG. 4  is a partial cross sectional view of an absorbent core layer in accordance with another embodiment of this invention. 
         FIG. 5  is a plan view of the absorbent core layer illustrated in  FIG. 3 . 
         FIG. 6  is a plan view of a second absorbent core layer in accordance with an embodiment of this invention. 
         FIG. 7 a    is a partial sectional view of an absorbent core comprising a combination of the first and second absorbent core layers illustrated in  FIGS. 5 and 6 . 
         FIG. 7 b    is a partial sectional view of an absorbent core comprising a combination of the first and second absorbent core layers illustrated in  FIGS. 5 and 6 . 
         FIG. 8  is a plan view of the absorbent core illustrated in  FIGS. 7 a    and  7   b.    
         FIG. 9  shows a perspective view of an absorbent structure. 
         FIG. 10  shows a cross sectional view of an alternative absorbent core. 
         FIG. 11  is a schematic illustration of a process for making an absorbent core in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     Definitions 
     “Absorbent article” refers to devices that absorb and contain body exudates, and, more specifically, refers to devices that are placed against or in proximity to the body of the wearer to absorb and contain the various exudates discharged from the body. Absorbent articles may include diapers, training pants, adult incontinence undergarments, feminine hygiene products, breast pads, care mats, bibs, wound dressing products, and the like. As used herein, the term “body fluids” or “body exudates” includes, but is not limited to, urine, blood, vaginal discharges, breast milk, sweat and fecal matter. 
     “Absorbent core” or “absorbent structure” means a structure typically disposed between a topsheet and backsheet of an absorbent article for absorbing and containing liquid received by the absorbent article and may comprise one or more substrates, absorbent polymer material disposed on the one or more substrates, and a thermoplastic composition on the absorbent particulate polymer material and at least a portion of the one or more substrates for immobilizing the absorbent particulate polymer material on the one or more substrates. In a multilayer absorbent core, the absorbent core may also include a cover layer. The one or more substrates and the cover layer may comprise a nonwoven. Further, the absorbent core may be substantially cellulose free. The absorbent core does not include an acquisition system, a topsheet, or a backsheet of the absorbent article. In a certain embodiment, the absorbent core may consist essentially of the one or more substrates, the absorbent polymer material, the fiberized net structure, and optionally the cover layer. 
     “Absorbent polymer material,” “absorbent gelling material,” “AGM,” “superabsorbent,” “superabsorbent polymer material”, and “superabsorbent material” are used herein interchangeably and refer to cross linked polymeric materials that can absorb at least 5 times their weight of an aqueous 0.9% saline solution as measured using the Centrifuge Retention Capacity test (Edana 441.2-01). 
     “Absorbent particulate polymer material” is used herein to refer to an absorbent polymer material which is in particulate form so as to be flowable in the dry state. 
     “Absorbent particulate polymer material area”, “superabsorbent polymer material area” or “absorbent material deposition area” as used herein refers to the area of the core wherein the first substrate and second substrate are separated by a multiplicity of superabsorbent particles. In  FIG. 8 , the boundary of the absorbent particulate polymer material area is defined by the perimeter of the overlapping circles. There may be some extraneous superabsorbent particles outside of this perimeter between the first substrate and second substrate. 
     “Airfelt” is used herein to refer to comminuted wood pulp, which is a form of cellulosic fiber. 
     “Comprise,” “comprising,” and “comprises” are open ended terms, each specifies the presence of what follows, e.g., a component, but does not preclude the presence of other features, e.g., elements, steps, components known in the art, or disclosed herein. 
     “Consisting essentially of” is used herein to limit the scope of subject matter, such as that in a claim, to the specified materials or steps and those that do not materially affect the basic and novel characteristics of the subject matter. 
     “Disposable” is used in its ordinary sense to mean an article that is disposed or discarded after a limited number of usage events over varying lengths of time, for example, less than about 20 events, less than about 10 events, less than about 5 events, or less than about 2 events. 
     “Diaper” refers to an absorbent article generally worn by infants and incontinent persons about the lower torso so as to encircle the waist and legs of the wearer and that is specifically adapted to receive and contain urinary and fecal waste. As used herein, term “diaper” also includes “pants” which is defined below. 
     “Fiber” and “filament” are used interchangeably. 
     “Fiberized net structure” as used herein is understood to comprise a polymer composition from which strands or a net structure is formed and applied to the superabsorbent material with the intent to immobilize the superabsorbent material in both the dry and wet state. The fiberized net structure of the present invention forms a fibrous network over the superabsorbent material. 
     A “nonwoven” is a manufactured sheet, web or batt of directionally or randomly orientated fibers, bonded by friction, and/or cohesion and/or adhesion, excluding paper and products which are woven, knitted, tufted, stitch-bonded incorporating binding yarns or filaments, or felted by wet-milling, whether or not additionally needled. The fibers may be of natural or man-made origin and may be staple or continuous filaments or be formed in situ. Commercially available fibers have diameters ranging from less than about 0.001 mm to more than about 0.2 mm and they come in several different forms: short fibers (known as staple, or chopped), continuous single fibers (filaments or monofilaments), untwisted bundles of continuous filaments (tow), and twisted bundles of continuous filaments (yarn). Nonwoven fabrics can be formed by many processes such as meltblowing, spunbonding, solvent spinning, electrospinning, and carding. The basis weight of nonwoven fabrics is usually expressed in grams per square meter (gsm). 
     “Pant” or “training pant”, as used herein, refer to disposable garments having a waist opening and leg openings designed for infant or adult wearers. A pant may be placed in position on the wearer by inserting the wearer&#39;s legs into the leg openings and sliding the pant into position about a wearer&#39;s lower torso. A pant may be preformed by any suitable technique including, but not limited to, joining together portions of the article using refastenable and/or non-refastenable bonds (e.g., seam, weld, adhesive, cohesive bond, fastener, etc.). A pant may be preformed anywhere along the circumference of the article (e.g., side fastened, front waist fastened). While the terms “pant” or “pants” are used herein, pants are also commonly referred to as “closed diapers,” “prefastened diapers,” “pull-on diapers,” “training pants,” and “diaper-pants”. Suitable pants are disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,246,433, issued to Hasse, et al. on Sep. 21, 1993; U.S. Pat. No. 5,569,234, issued to Buell et al. on Oct. 29, 1996; U.S. Pat. No. 6,120,487, issued to Ashton on Sep. 19, 2000; U.S. Pat. No. 6,120,489, issued to Johnson et al. on Sep. 19, 2000; U.S. Pat. No. 4,940,464, issued to Van Gompel et al. on Jul. 10, 1990; U.S. Pat. No. 5,092,861, issued to Nomura et al. on Mar. 3, 1992; U.S. Patent Publication No. 2003/0233082 A1, entitled “Highly Flexible And Low Deformation Fastening Device”, filed on Jun. 13, 2002; U.S. Pat. No. 5,897,545, issued to Kline et al. on Apr. 27, 1999; U.S. Pat. No. 5,957,908, issued to Kline et al on Sep. 28, 1999. 
     As used herein, the term “substantially” means generally the same or uniform but allowing for or having minor fluctuations from a defined property, definition, etc. For example, small measurable or immeasurable fluctuations in a measured property described herein, such as viscosity, melting point, etc. may result from human error or methodology precision. Other fluctuations are caused by inherent variations in the manufacturing process, thermal history of a formulation, and the like. The compositions of the present invention, nonetheless, would be said to be substantially having the property as reported. 
     “Substantially cellulose free” is used herein to describe an article, such as an absorbent core, that contains less than 10% by weight cellulosic fibers, less than 5% cellulosic fibers, less than 1% cellulosic fibers, no cellulosic fibers, or no more than an immaterial amount of cellulosic fibers. An immaterial amount of cellulosic material would not materially affect the thinness, flexibility, or absorbency of an absorbent core. 
     As used herein, the term “substrate” means any item having at least a partially or fully solidified fiber or planar surface. In some cases, a single substrate may be positioned in a way that it is referred to as two or more substrates; for example a folded film or folded non-woven, or two sides of a cardboard sheet folded over, wherein the two sides are adhesively bonded together. The substrates can be impermeable, permeable, porous or nonporous. In some cases, a substrate may be referred to as a supporting sheet. 
     Article 
       FIG. 1  is a plan view of an article, such as a diaper,  10  according to a certain embodiment of the present invention. The diaper  10  is shown in its flat out, uncontracted state (i.e., without elastic induced contraction) and portions of the diaper  10  are cut away to more clearly show the underlying structure of the diaper  10 . A portion of the diaper  10  that contacts a wearer is facing the viewer in  FIG. 1 . The diaper  10  generally may comprise a chassis  12  and an absorbent core  14  disposed in the chassis. 
     The chassis  12  of the diaper  10  in  FIG. 1  may comprise the main body of the diaper  10 . The chassis  12  may comprise an outer covering  16  including a topsheet  18 , which may be liquid pervious, and/or a backsheet  20 , which may be liquid impervious. The absorbent core  14  may be encased between the topsheet  18  and the backsheet  20 . The chassis  12  may also include side panels  22 , elasticized leg cuffs  24 , and an elastic waist feature  26 . 
     The leg cuffs  24  and the elastic waist feature  26  may each typically comprise elastic members  28 . One end portion of the diaper  10  may be configured as a first waist of the diaper  10 . An opposite end portion of the diaper  10  may be configured as a second waist region  32  of the diaper  10 . An intermediate portion of the diaper  10  may be configured as a crotch region  34 , which extends longitudinally between the first and second waist regions  30  and  32 . The waist regions  30  and  32  may include elastic elements such that they gather about the waist of the wearer to provide improved fit and containment (elastic waist feature  26 ). The crotch region  34  is that portion of the diaper  10  which, when the diaper  10  is worn, is generally positioned between the wearer&#39;s legs. 
     The diaper  10  is depicted in  FIG. 1  with its longitudinal axis  36  and its transverse axis  38 . The periphery  40  of the diaper  10  is defined by the outer edges of the diaper  10  in which the longitudinal edges  42  run generally parallel to the longitudinal axis  36  of the diaper  10  and the end edges  44  run between the longitudinal edges  42  generally parallel to the transverse axis  38  of the diaper  10 . The chassis  12  may also comprise a fastening system, which may include at least one fastening member  46  and at least one stored landing zone  48 . 
     The diaper  10  may also include such other features as are known in the art including front and rear ear panels, waist cap features, elastics and the like to provide better fit, containment and aesthetic characteristics. Such additional features are well known in the art and are e.g., described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,860,003 and 5,151,092. 
     In order to keep the diaper  10  in place about the wearer, at least a portion of the first waist region  30  may be attached by the fastening member  46  to at least a portion of the second waist region  32  to form leg opening(s) and an article waist. When fastened, the fastening system carries a tensile load around the article waist. The fastening system may allow an article user to hold one element of the fastening system, such as the fastening member  46 , and connect the first waist region  30  to the second waist region  32  in at least two places. This may be achieved through manipulation of bond strengths between the fastening device elements. 
     According to certain embodiments, the diaper  10  may be provided with a re-closable fastening system or may alternatively be provided in the form of a pant-type diaper. When the absorbent article is a diaper, it may comprise a re-closable fastening system joined to the chassis for securing the diaper to a wearer. When the absorbent article is a pant-type diaper, the article may comprise at least two side panels joined to the chassis and to each other to form a pant. The fastening system and any component thereof may include any material suitable for such a use, including but not limited to plastics, films, foams, nonwoven, woven, paper, laminates, fiber reinforced plastics and the like, or combinations thereof. In certain embodiments, the materials making up the fastening device may be flexible. The flexibility may allow the fastening system to conform to the shape of the body and thus, reduce the likelihood that the fastening system will irritate or injure the wearer&#39;s skin. 
     For unitary absorbent articles, the chassis  12  and absorbent core  14  may form the main structure of the diaper  10  with other features added to form the composite diaper structure. While the topsheet  18 , the backsheet  20 , and the absorbent core  14  may be assembled in a variety of well-known configurations, preferred diaper configurations are described generally in U.S. Pat. No. 5,554,145 entitled “Absorbent Article With Multiple Zone Structural Elastic-Like Film Web Extensible Waist Feature” issued to Roe et al. on Sep. 10, 1996; U.S. Pat. No. 5,569,234 entitled “Disposable Pull-On Pant” issued to Buell et al. on Oct. 29, 1996; and U.S. Pat. No. 6,004,306 entitled “Absorbent Article With Multi-Directional Extensible Side Panels” issued to Robles et al. on Dec. 21, 1999. 
     The topsheet  18  in  FIG. 1  may be fully or partially elasticized or may be foreshortened to provide a void space between the topsheet  18  and the absorbent core  14 . Exemplary structures including elasticized or foreshortened topsheets are described in more detail in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,037,416 and 5,269,775. 
     The topsheet may be compliant, soft feeling, and non-irritating to the wearer&#39;s skin and may be elastically stretchable in one or more directions. Further, the topsheet may be liquid pervious, permitting liquids (e.g., menses, urine, and/or runny feces) to penetrate through its thickness. Various topsheets may also comprise a hydrophilic material, for example, which is configured to draw bodily fluids into an absorbent core of the chassis when these fluids are expelled from the body. A suitable topsheet may be manufactured from a wide range of materials, such as woven and nonwoven materials, apertured or hydroformed thermoplastic films, apertured nonwovens, porous foams, reticulated foams, reticulated thermoplastic films, and/or thermoplastic scrims, for example. Suitable apertured films may comprise those described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,929,135, 4,324,246, 4,342,314, 4,463,045, 5,006,394, 5,628,097, 5,916,661, 6,545,197, and 6,107,539. 
     Apertured film or nonwoven topsheets typically may be pervious to bodily exudates, yet non-absorbent, and have a reduced tendency to allow fluids to pass back through and rewet the wearer&#39;s skin. Suitable woven and nonwoven materials may comprise natural fibers, such as, for example, wood or cotton fibers, synthetic fibers, such as, for example, polyester, polypropylene, or polyethylene fibers, or combinations thereof. If the topsheet comprises fibers, the fibers may be spunbond, carded, wet-laid, meltblown, hydroentangled, or otherwise processed, for example, as is generally known in the art. 
     The topsheet may comprise a skin care lotion. Examples of suitable lotions include, but are not limited to, those described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,607,760; 5,609,587; 5,635,191; 5,643,588; and 5,968,025, and as described in U.S. Application No. 61/391,353, and as described in U.S. Pub. No. 2014-0257216. Beyond these compositions, the absorbent article may comprise soluble cyclodextrin derivatives such as those described in U.S. Pub. No. 2014/0274870. 
     Additionally, the topsheet of the present disclosure may be a tufted laminate web as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 7,410,683, and/or may be an apertured web as disclosed in PCT/CN2014/083769 having an international filing date of Aug. 6, 2014. 
     In one embodiment, the topsheet may comprise graphics such that depth perception is created as described in U.S. Pat. No. 7,163,528. In other embodiments, the topsheet may be an integrated acquisition layer and topsheet as described in U.S. Ser. Nos. 14/680,426 or 14/634,928. 
     In one embodiment, the absorbent article may comprise a backsheet. The backsheet may be impervious, or at least partially impervious, to fluids or body exudates (e.g., menses, urine, and/or runny feces) and may be manufactured from a thin plastic film, although other flexible liquid impervious materials may also be used. The backsheet may prevent the body exudates or fluids absorbed and contained in an absorbent core of the absorbent article from wetting articles which contact the absorbent article, such as bedsheets, pajamas, clothes, and/or undergarments. The backsheet may comprise a woven or nonwoven material, polymeric films such as thermoplastic films of polyethylene or polypropylene, and/or a multi-layer or composite materials comprising a film and a nonwoven material (e.g., having an inner film layer and an outer nonwoven layer). A suitable backsheet may comprise a polyethylene film having a thickness of from about 0.012 mm (0.5 mils) to about 0.051 mm (2.0 mils). Examples of polyethylene films are manufactured by Clopay Corporation of Cincinnati, Ohio, under the designation BR-120 and BR-121, and by Tredegar Film Products of Terre Haute, Ind., under the designation XP-39385. 
     One suitable material for the backsheet can be a liquid impervious thermoplastic film having a thickness of from about 0.012 mm (0.50 mil) to about 0.051 mm (2.0 mils), for example including polyethylene or polypropylene. Typically, the backsheet can have a basis weight of from about 5 g/m2 to about 35 g/m2. The backsheet can be typically positioned adjacent the outer-facing surface of the absorbent core and can be joined thereto. For example, the backsheet may be secured to the absorbent core by a uniform continuous layer of adhesive, a patterned layer of adhesive, or an array of separate lines, spirals, or spots of adhesive. Illustrative, but non-limiting adhesives, include adhesives manufactured by H. B. Fuller Company of St. Paul, Minn., U.S.A., and marketed as HL-1358J. An example of a suitable attachment device including an open pattern network of filaments of adhesive is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,573,986. Another suitable attachment device including several lines of adhesive filaments swirled into a spiral pattern is illustrated by the apparatus and methods shown in U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,911,173; 4,785,996; and 4,842,666. Alternatively, the attachment device may include heat bonds, pressure bonds, ultrasonic bonds, dynamic mechanical bonds, or any other suitable attachment device or combinations of these attachment devices. 
     In one embodiment, the backsheet may be embossed and/or matte-finished to provide a more cloth-like appearance. Further, the backsheet may permit vapors to escape from the absorbent core of the absorbent article (i.e., the backsheet is breathable) while still preventing, or at least inhibiting, fluids or body exudates from passing through the backsheet. In one embodiment, the size of the backsheet may be dictated by the size of the absorbent article and the design or configuration of the absorbent article to be formed, for example. 
     The backsheet  20  may be joined with the topsheet  18 . Suitable backsheet films include those manufactured by Tredegar Industries Inc. of Terre Haute, Ind. and sold under the trade names X15306, X10962, and X10964. Other suitable backsheet materials may include breathable materials that permit vapors to escape from the diaper  10  while still preventing liquid exudates from passing through the backsheet  10 . Exemplary breathable materials may include materials such as woven webs, nonwoven webs, composite materials such as film-coated nonwoven webs, and microporous films such as manufactured by Mitsui Toatsu Co., of Japan under the designation ESPOIR NO and by EXXON Chemical Co., of Bay City, Tex., under the designation EXXAIRE. Suitable breathable composite materials comprising polymer blends are available from Clopay Corporation, Cincinnati, Ohio under the name HYTREL blend P18-3097. Such breathable composite materials are described in greater detail in PCT Application No. WO 95/16746, published on Jun. 22, 1995 in the name of E. I. DuPont. Other breathable backsheets including nonwoven webs and apertured formed films are described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,571,096 issued to Dobrin et al. on Nov. 5, 1996. 
     In certain embodiments, the backsheet of the present invention may have a water vapor transmission rate (WVTR) of greater than about 2000 g/24 h/m 2 , greater than about 3000 g/24 h/m 2 , greater than about 5000 g/24 h/m 2 , greater than about 6000 g/24 h/m 2 , greater than about 7000 g/24 h/m 2 , greater than about 8000 g/24 h/m 2 , greater than about 9000 g/24 h/m 2 , greater than about 10000 g/24 h/m 2 , greater than about 11000 g/24 h/m 2 , greater than about 12000 g/24 h/m 2 , greater than about 15000 g/24 h/m 2 , measured according to WSP 70.5 (08) at 37.8° C. and 60% Relative Humidity. 
       FIG. 2  shows a cross section of  FIG. 1  taken along the sectional line  2 - 2  of  FIG. 1 . Starting from the wearer facing side, the diaper  10  may comprise the topsheet  18 , the components of the absorbent core  14 , and the backsheet  20 . According to a certain embodiment, the diaper  10  may also comprise an acquisition system  50  disposed between the liquid permeable topsheet  18  and a wearer facing side of the absorbent core  14 . The acquisition system  50  may be in direct contact with the absorbent core. The acquisition system  50  may comprise a single layer or multiple layers, such as an upper acquisition layer  52  facing towards the wearer&#39;s skin and a lower acquisition  54  layer facing the garment of the wearer. According to a certain embodiment, the acquisition system  50  may function to receive a surge of liquid, such as a gush of urine. In other words, the acquisition system  50  may serve as a temporary reservoir for liquid until the absorbent core  14  can absorb the liquid. 
     In a certain embodiment, the acquisition system  50  may comprise chemically cross-linked cellulosic fibers. Such cross-linked cellulosic fibers may have desirable absorbency properties. Exemplary chemically cross-linked cellulosic fibers are disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,137,537. According to certain embodiments, the cross-linked cellulosic fibers may be crimped, twisted, or curled, or a combination thereof including crimped, twisted, and curled. 
     In a certain embodiment, one or both of the upper and lower acquisition layers  52  and  54  may comprise a non-woven, which may be hydrophilic. Further, according to a certain embodiment, one or both of the upper and lower acquisition layers  52  and  54  may comprise the chemically cross-linked cellulosic fibers, which may or may not form part of a nonwoven material. According to an exemplary embodiment, the upper acquisition layer  52  may comprise a nonwoven, without the cross-linked cellulosic fibers, and the lower acquisition layer  54  may comprise the chemically cross-linked cellulosic fibers. Further, according to an embodiment, the lower acquisition layer  54  may comprise the chemically cross-linked cellulosic fibers mixed with other fibers such as natural or synthetic polymeric fibers. According to exemplary embodiments, such other natural or synthetic polymeric fibers may include high surface area fibers, thermoplastic binding fibers, polyethylene fibers, polypropylene fibers, PET fibers, rayon fibers, lyocell fibers, and mixtures thereof. According to a particular embodiment, the lower acquisition layer  54  has a total dry weight, the cross-linked cellulosic fibers are present on a dry weight basis in the upper acquisition layer in an amount from about 30% to about 95% by weight of the lower acquisition layer  54 , and the other natural or synthetic polymeric fibers are present on a dry weight basis in the lower acquisition layer  54  in an amount from about 70% to about 5% by weight of the lower acquisition layer  54 . 
     According to a certain embodiment, the lower acquisition layer  54  desirably has a high fluid uptake capability. Fluid uptake is measured in grams of absorbed fluid per gram of absorbent material and is expressed by the value of “maximum uptake.” A high fluid uptake corresponds therefore to a high capacity of the material and is beneficial, because it ensures the complete acquisition of fluids to be absorbed by an acquisition material. According to exemplary embodiments, the lower acquisition layer  54  has a maximum uptake of about 10 g/g. 
     Suitable non-woven materials for the upper and lower acquisition layers  52  and  54  include, but are not limited to SMS material, comprising a spunbonded, a melt-blown and a further spunbonded layer. In certain embodiments, permanently hydrophilic non-wovens, and in particular, nonwovens with durably hydrophilic coatings are desirable. Additional suitable embodiments may in particular be formed by a nonwoven web, such as a carded nonwoven, a spunbond nonwoven (“S”) or a meltblown nonwoven (“M”), and laminates of any of these. For example spunmelt polypropylene nonwovens are suitable, in particular those having a laminate web SMS, or SMMS, or SSMMS, structure, and having a basis weight range of about 5 gsm to 15 gsm. Suitable materials are for example disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 7,744,576, US2011/0268932A1, US2011/0319848A1, or US2011/0250413A1. Nonwoven materials provided from synthetic fibers may be used, such as polyethylene, polyethylene terephthalate, and in particular polypropylene. 
     As polymers used for nonwoven production may be inherently hydrophobic, they may be coated with hydrophilic coatings. One way to produce nonwovens with durably hydrophilic coatings, is via applying a hydrophilic monomer and a radical polymerization initiator onto the nonwoven, and conducting a polymerization activated via UV light resulting in monomer chemically bound to the surface of the nonwoven as described in co-pending U.S. Patent Publication No. 2005/0159720. Another way to produce nonwovens with durably hydrophilic coatings is to coat the nonwoven with hydrophilic nanoparticles as described in co-pending applications U.S. Pat. No. 7,112,621 to Rohrbaugh et al. and in PCT Application Publication WO 02/064877. 
     Typically, nanoparticles have a largest dimension of below 750 nm. Nanoparticles with sizes ranging from 2 to 750 nm may be economically produced. An advantage of nanoparticles is that many of them can be easily dispersed in water solution to enable coating application onto the nonwoven, they typically form transparent coatings, and the coatings applied from water solutions are typically sufficiently durable to exposure to water. Nanoparticles can be organic or inorganic, synthetic or natural. Inorganic nanoparticles generally exist as oxides, silicates, and/or, carbonates. Typical examples of suitable nanoparticles are layered clay minerals (e.g., LAPONITE™ from Southern Clay Products, Inc. (USA), and Boehmite alumina (e.g., Disperal P2™ from North American Sasol. Inc.). According to a certain embodiment, a suitable nanoparticle coated non-woven is that disclosed in patent application Ser. No. 10/758,066 entitled “Disposable absorbent article comprising a durable hydrophilic core wrap” to Ekaterina Anatolyevna Ponomarenko and Mattias NMN Schmidt. 
     Further useful non-wovens are described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,645,569 to Cramer et al., U.S. Pat. No. 6,863,933 to Cramer et al., U.S. Pat. No. 7,112,621 to Rohrbaugh et al., and co-pending patent application Ser. No. 10/338,603 to Cramer et al. and Ser. No. 10/338,610 to Cramer et al. 
     In some cases, the nonwoven surface can be pre-treated with high energy treatment (corona, plasma) prior to application of nanoparticle coatings. High energy pre-treatment typically temporarily increases the surface energy of a low surface energy surface (such as PP) and thus enables better wetting of a nonwoven by the nanoparticle dispersion in water. 
     Notably, permanently hydrophilic non-wovens are also useful in other parts of an absorbent article. For example, topsheets and absorbent core layers comprising permanently hydrophilic non-wovens as described above have been found to work well. 
     According to a certain embodiment, the upper acquisition layer  52  may comprise a material that provides good recovery when external pressure is applied and removed. Further, according to a certain embodiment, the upper acquisition layer  52  may comprise a blend of different fibers selected, for example from the types of polymeric fibers described above. In some embodiments, at least a portion of the fibers may exhibit a spiral-crimp which has a helical shape. In some embodiments, the upper acquisition layer  52  may comprise fibers having different degrees or types of crimping, or both. For example, one embodiment may include a mixture of fibers having about 8 to about 12 crimps per inch (cpi) or about 9 to about 10 cpi, and other fibers having about 4 to about 8 cpi or about 5 to about 7 cpi. Different types of crimps include, but are not limited to a 2D crimp or “flat crimp” and a 3D or spiral-crimp. According to a certain embodiment, the fibers may include bi-component fibers, which are individual fibers each comprising different materials, usually a first and a second polymeric material. It is believed that the use of side-by-side bi-component fibers is beneficial for imparting a spiral-crimp to the fibers. 
     The upper acquisition layer  52  may be stabilized by a latex binder, for example a styrene-butadiene latex binder (SB latex), in a certain embodiment. Processes for obtaining such lattices are known, for example, from EP 149 880 (Kwok) and US 2003/0105190 (Diehl et al.). In certain embodiments, the binder may be present in the upper acquisition layer  52  in excess of about 12%, about 14% or about 16% by weight. For certain embodiments, SB latex is available under the trade name GENFLO™ 3160 (OMNOVA Solutions Inc.; Akron, Ohio). 
     Absorbent Core 
     The absorbent core  14  in  FIGS. 1-8  generally is disposed between the topsheet  18  and the backsheet  20  and comprises two layers, a first absorbent layer  60  and a second absorbent layer  62 . As best shown in  FIG. 3 , the first absorbent layer  60  of the absorbent core  14  comprises a substrate  64 , an absorbent particulate polymer material (such as a superabsorbent polymer material)  66  on the substrate  64 , and a thermoplastic composition (such as a fiberized net structure)  68  on the absorbent particulate polymer material  66  and at least portions of the first substrate  64  as a means for covering and immobilizing the absorbent particulate polymer material  66  on the first substrate  64 . According to another embodiment illustrated in  FIG. 4 , the first absorbent layer  60  of the absorbent core  14  may also include a cover layer  70  on the thermoplastic composition  68 . 
     Likewise, as best illustrated in  FIG. 2 , the second absorbent layer  62  of the absorbent core  14  may also include a substrate  72 , an absorbent particulate polymer material (such as a superabsorbent polymer material)  74  on the second substrate  72 , and a thermoplastic composition (such as a fiberized net structure)  76  on the absorbent particulate polymer material  74  and at least a portion of the second substrate  72  for immobilizing the absorbent particulate polymer material  74  on the second substrate  72 . Although not illustrated, the second absorbent layer  62  may also include a cover layer such as the cover layer  70  illustrated in  FIG. 4 . The first and second absorbent layers may be combined together such that at least a portion of the fiberized net structure of the first absorbent layer contacts at least a portion of the fiberized net structure of the second absorbent layer. 
     The substrate  64  of the first absorbent layer  60  may be referred to as a dusting layer, in other embodiments a core cover, and has a first surface or outer surface  78  which faces the backsheet  20  of the diaper  10  and a second surface or inner surface  80  which faces the absorbent particulate polymer material  66 . Likewise, the substrate  72  of the second absorbent layer  62  may be referred to as a core cover and has a first surface or outer surface  82  facing the topsheet  18  of the diaper  10  and a second surface or inner surface  84  facing the absorbent particulate polymer material  74 . In some embodiments, the first substrate  64  and the second substrate  72  may both be core covers or core wrap material. The first and second substrates  64  and  72  may be adhered to one another with adhesive about the periphery to form an envelope about the absorbent particulate polymer materials  66  and  74  to hold the absorbent particulate polymer material  66  and  74  within the absorbent core  14 . The absorbent core may then have a front edge  35 , a back edge  37 , and two side edges  39 . The bonded periphery at the front edge  35  may form a front end seal and the bonded periphery at the back edge  37  may form a back end seal. The thermoplastic composition  68 ,  76  may in some embodiments be an adhesive material. Any suitable adhesive can be used for this, for example so-called hotmelt adhesives. 
     According to a certain embodiment, the substrates  64  and  72  of the first and second absorbent layers  60  and  62  may be a nonwoven material, such as those nonwoven materials described above. In certain embodiments, the nonwovens are porous and in one embodiment has a pore size of about 32 microns. 
     The thermoplastic composition  68  and  76  may serve to cover and at least partially immobilize the absorbent particulate polymer material  66  and  74 . In one embodiment of the present invention, the thermoplastic composition  68  and  76  can be disposed essentially uniformly within the absorbent particulate polymer material  66  and  74 , between the particles of the superabsorbent material. However, in a certain embodiment, the thermoplastic composition  68  and  76  may be provided as a fibrous net structure which is at least partially in contact with the absorbent particulate polymer material  66  and  74  and partially in contact with the substrate layers  64  and  72  of the first and second absorbent layers  60  and  62 .  FIGS. 3, 4, and 7  show such a structure, and in that structure, the absorbent particulate polymer material  66  and  74  is provided as a discontinuous layer, and a layer of fibrous thermoplastic composition  68  and  76  is laid down onto the layer of absorbent particulate polymer material  66  and  74 , such that the thermoplastic composition  68  and  76  is in direct contact with the absorbent particulate polymer material  66  and  74 , but also in direct contact with the second surfaces  80  and  84  of the substrates  64  and  72 , where the substrates are not covered by the absorbent particulate polymer material  66  and  74 . The fiberized net structures of each substrate,  68  and  76 , may essentially be one fiberized net structure, each contacting the other. This imparts an essentially three-dimensional structure to the fibrous net structures  68  and  76 , which in itself is essentially a two-dimensional structure of relatively small thickness, as compared to the dimension in length and width directions. In other words, the thermoplastic composition  68  and  76  undulates between the absorbent particulate polymer material  66  and  74  and the second surfaces of the substrates  64  and  72 , forming a fiberized net structure  68  and  76 . 
     The thermoplastic composition  68  and  76  may provide cavities to cover the absorbent particulate polymer material  66  and  74 , and thereby immobilize the material. In a further aspect, the thermoplastic composition  68  and  76  may bond to the substrates  64  and  72  and thus affix the absorbent particulate polymer material  66  and  74  to the substrates  64  and  72 . Thus, in accordance with certain embodiments, the thermoplastic composition  68  and  76  immobilizes the absorbent particulate polymer material  66  and  74  when wet, such that the absorbent core  14  achieves an absorbent particulate polymer material loss of no more than about 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 20%, 10% according to the Wet Immobilization Test described herein. Some thermoplastic compositions will also penetrate into both the absorbent particulate polymer material  66  and  74  and the substrates  64  and  72 , thus providing for further immobilization and affixation. Of course, while the thermoplastic compositions disclosed herein provide a much improved wet immobilization (i.e., immobilization of absorbent material when the article is wet or at least partially loaded), these thermoplastic compositions may also provide a very good immobilization of absorbent material when the absorbent core  14  is dry. The thermoplastic adhesive material  68  and  76  may also be referred to as a hot melt adhesive. As noted above, in some embodiments, the thermoplastic composition is an adhesive, and in other embodiments, it may be a fiberized net structure, a film, nanofibers, and/or other forms. 
     The thermoplastic composition may function as a fibrous structure that entraps the absorbent particulate polymer  66  and prevents substantial movement. Thermoplastic compositions most useful for immobilizing the absorbent particulate polymer material  66  and  74  combine good cohesion and good flexibility to reduce the likelihood that the thermoplastic composition breaks in response to strain. Good adhesion ability may promote good contact between the thermoplastic composition  68  and  76  and the absorbent particulate polymer material  66  and  74  and the substrates  64  and  72 . When the absorbent core  14  absorbs liquid, the absorbent particulate polymer material  66  and  74  swells and subjects the thermoplastic composition  68  and  76  to external forces. In certain embodiments, the thermoplastic composition  68  and  76  may allow for such swelling, without imparting too many compressive forces, which would restrain the absorbent particulate polymer material  66  and  74  from swelling. Elasticity and flexibility in the thermoplastic composition also promotes overall article flexibility and its preferred ability to conform to the wearer. The thermoplastic composition may have high G′ values, but may still be not too stiff to work as a fiberized structure in absorbent articles. A composition with a relatively high G′, such as greater than 1.2×10 6  Pa, means a stiffer composition. The thermoplastic compositions in the present invention may be less dense, thus providing more volume at the same basis weight. This is particularly true for compositions comprising polyolefins. 
     The absorbent core  14  may also comprise an auxiliary adhesive which is not illustrated in the figures. The auxiliary adhesive may be deposited on the first and second substrates  64  and  72  of the respective first and second absorbent layers  60  and  62  before application of the absorbent particulate polymer material  66  and  74  for enhancing adhesion of the absorbent particulate polymer materials  66  and  74  and the thermoplastic composition  68  and  76  to the respective substrates  64  and  72 . It may be preferable to deposit the auxiliary adhesive on a nonwoven that is the most hydrophilic for improved bonding. The auxiliary glue may also aid in immobilizing the absorbent particulate polymer material  66  and  74  and may comprise the same thermoplastic composition as described hereinabove or may also comprise other or additional adhesives including but not limited to sprayable hot melt adhesives. The auxiliary glue may be applied to the substrates  64  and  72  by any suitable means, but according to certain embodiments, may be applied in about 0.5 to about 1 mm wide slots spaced about 0.5 to about 2 mm apart. 
     In some embodiments, the absorbent core may comprise a single thermoplastic composition that acts in some places as a fiberized net structure and in other places as a more traditional hot melt adhesive. For example, such a thermoplastic composition may provide the immobilization of the absorbent particulate polymer material  66  as discussed above, while also providing adhesive strength for the front end seal and back end seal, for the side edges of the core, and/or for the substrates  64  and  72  in general, such as discussed for the auxiliary adhesive. In some situations, no auxiliary adhesive would be necessary. In other embodiments, one thermoplastic composition may be used to provide a fiberized net structure to immobilize the absorbent particulate polymer, while an auxiliary adhesive is used in conjunction with the thermoplastic composition to adhere materials in other areas in the core. 
     The fiberized net structure composition and/or any hot melt adhesive may be applied in the absorbent particulate polymer material area at a basis weight of from about 2 grams/meter 2  to about 7 grams/meter 2  (gsm), in some embodiments from about 2 gsm to about 9 gsm, or from about 4 gsm to about 9 gsm. This may be a combined basis weight from application on a first and a second substrate, for example, 4 and 3 gsm, respectively, or 5 and 4 gsm, respectively. The auxiliary adhesive may be applied in the absorbent particulate polymer material area in any amount from 0 to about 8 gsm, in some embodiments, about 5 gsm, in other embodiments about 8 gsm. The total amount of adhesive and fiberized net structure material may be from about 2 gsm to about 15 gsm in the absorbent particulate polymer material area. The front end seal may have from about 10 gsm to about 35 gsm of adhesive. Similarly, the back end seal may have from about 10 gsm to about 35 gsm of adhesive. In some embodiments, either or both of the front and back end seals may have from about 5 gsm to 15 gsm of adhesive. In some embodiments, the amount of adhesive in an end seal may be a combination of the fiberized net structure composition, the auxiliary adhesive, and the end seal adhesive. 
     In certain embodiments, the thermoplastic composition  68  and  76  may comprise, in its entirety, a single thermoplastic polymer or a blend of thermoplastic polymers, having a softening point, as determined by the ASTM Method D-28-99 “Ring and Ball Softening Point”, in the range between 50° C. and 300° C., in some embodiments in the range between 75 and 150° C., or alternatively the thermoplastic composition may be a hot melt adhesive comprising at least one thermoplastic polymer in combination with other thermoplastic diluents such as tackifying resins, plasticizers and additives such as antioxidants. In certain embodiments, the thermoplastic polymer composition has typically a molecular weight (Mw) of more than 10,000 and a glass transition temperature (Tg) usually below room temperature or −20° C.&gt;Tg&lt;18° C. In certain embodiments, typical concentrations of the polymer in a hot melt are in the range of about 10 to about 60% by weight. In certain embodiments, thermoplastic polymers may be water insensitive. 
     Suitable thermoplastic polymers that may be employed are metallocene polyolefins, such as ethylene polymers prepared using single-site or metallocene catalysts. Therein, at least one comonomer can be polymerized with ethylene to make a copolymer, terpolymer or higher order polymer. Also applicable are amorphous polyolefins or amorphous polyalphaolefins (APAO) which are homopolymers, copolymers or terpolymers of C2 to C8 alpha olefins. Also suitable thermoplastic polymers may include styrenic block copolymers, such as SIS, SEBS, and SBS, combinations of styrenic block copolymers, and combinations of styrenic block copolymers and polyolefins. 
     Also suitable, for example, is NW1414 available from H.B. Fuller Company. Also appropriate are propylene-based polymers. The thermoplastic polymers, thermoplastic composition, and/or any auxiliary adhesive may be exemplified by the materials described in U.S. 2014/0358100. The material may include two different propylene-based polymers. The propylene-based polymers may be propylene homopolymers, or one or more of the two different propylene-based polymers may be copolymers with one or more other monomers (e.g., ethylene, butene, pentene, octene, etc.). The propylene-based polymers may be based entirely on olefins, i.e., do not contain any functional groups. The propylene-based polymers may comprise greater than about 75% by weight propylene or even greater than about 80% by weight propylene. The propylene-based polymers may have a polydispersity (Mw/Mn) of less than about 5, less than about 3, or even about 2. Propylene-based polymers may have a density of no greater than about 0.89, or no greater than about 0.88. The thermoplastic composition and/or adhesives may comprise a first propylene-based polymer that has a Mw (molecular weight) of at most about 75,000, at most about 60,000, at most about 50,000, or between about 30,000 and about 70,000, wherein the first propylene-based polymer may be present in the overall composition in an amount of at least about 20%, 25%, or 30% by weight, or from about 15% to about 50% by weight, or from about 25% to about 45% by weight. Exemplary first polymers may include LICOCENE PP1602 and LICOCENE PP2602 both available from Clariant International Ltd. (Muttenz, Switzerland) and L-MODU X400S and L-MODU X600S available from Idemitsu Kosan Co., Ltd. (Japan). The composition may also comprise a second propylene-based polymer that has a Mw of at least about 100,000, at least about 125,000, at least about 150,000, or between about 125,000 and about 400,000, or between about 150,000 and about 250,000. The second propylene-based polymer may be present in the composition in an amount of at most about 20% by weight, at most about 15%, by weight, at most about 8% by weight, or from about 2% by weight to about 15% by weight, or from about 3% by weight to about 10% by weight. Exemplary second polymers may include VISTAMAXX 6202 and VISTAMAXX 6102 available from ExxonMobil Chemical (Houston, Tex.) and VERSIFY 3300 available from Dow Chemical Company (Houston, Tex.). The total propylene-based polymer content of a composition may be at least about 20% by weight, at least about 25% by weight, at least about 30% by weight, at least about 35% by weight, or from about 35% by weight to about 50% by weight. The composition may include a third polymer, such as a styrenic block copolymer, which may be hydrogenated. Useful hydrogenated styrene block copolymers include, e.g., styrene-ethylene/butadiene-styrene block copolymer, styrene-ethylene/propylene-styrene block copolymer, styrene-ethylene/ethylene-propylene-styrene block copolymer, and combinations thereof. The styrenic block copolymer may have a styrene content of less than about 20% by weight, less than about 18% by weight, or even less than about 15% by weight. The styrene block copolymer may also have a Melt Flow when tested according to ASTM 1238 (230° C., 5 kg) of less than about 25 g/10 min, less than about 20 g/10 min, less than about 10 g/10 min, or even less than about 5 g/10 min. Exemplary hydrogenated styrene block copolymers are commercially available under a variety of trade designations including, e.g., the SEPTON series of trade designations from Kuraray Co., Ltd (Houston, Tex.) including, e.g., SEPTON S2063 and S2007 hydrogenated styrene-isoprene-styrene block copolymers, the KRATON G series of trade designations from Kraton Performance Polymers Inc. (Houston, Tex.) including, e.g., KRATON G 1645M, KRATON G 1657 styrene-ethylene/butadiene-styrene block copolymers. The materials may include no greater than about 20% by weight, no greater than about 15% by weight, from about 2% to 20% by weight, or even from about 5% to 15% by weight of the third polymer. Also, the composition may include and crystalline polyethylene oxide. In some embodiments, the tackifying resin has a Mw below 5,000 and a Tg above room temperature, with concentrations of the resin in a hot melt are in the range of about 30 to about 60%. Suitable classes of tackifying resins include, for example, aromatic, aliphatic and cycloaliphatic hydrocarbon resins, mixed aromatic and aliphatic modified hydrocarbon resins, aromatic modified aliphatic hydrocarbon resins, and hydrogenated versions thereof terpenes, modified terpenes and hydrogenated versions thereof natural rosins, modified rosins, rosin esters, and hydrogenated versions thereof, and combinations thereof. Suitable tackifying agents include, for example, the ESCOREZ series of trade designations from Exxon Mobil Chemical Company (Houston, Tex.) including ESCOREZ 5400 and ESCOREZ 5600, the EASTOTAC series of trade designations from Eastman Chemical (Kingsport, Tenn.) including EASTOTAC H-100R and EASTOTAC H-100L, and the WINGTACK series of trade designations from Cray Valley HSC (Exton, Pa.) including WINGTACK 86, WINGTACK EXTRA, and WINTACK 95 and the PICCOTAC and KRISTALEX series of trade designations from Eastman Chemical Company (Kingsport, Tenn.) including, e.g., PICCOTAC 8095 and KRISTALEX 3100. In some embodiments, the composition may comprise from at least about 10% by weight, at least about 20% by weight, or from about 5% by weight to about 60% by weight, or from about 10% by weight to about 40% by weight tackifying agent. In some embodiments, the thermoplastic composition, either in an adhesive form or as a fiberized net structure, may be free of any tackifying agent, or may be substantially tackifier-free. 
     In some embodiments, the plasticizer has a low Mw of typically less than 1,000 and a Tg below room temperature, with a typical concentration of about 0 to about 20%, in some embodiments, about 10 to about 20%. Suitable plasticizers include, for example, naphthenic oils, paraffinic oils (e.g., cycloparaffin oils), mineral oils, paraffinic adipate esters, olefin oligomers (e.g., oligomers of polypropylene, polybutene, and hydrogenated polyisoprene), polybutenes, polyisoprene, hydrogenated polyisoprene, polybutadiene, benzoate esters, animal oil, plant oils (e.g. castor oil, soybean oil), derivatives of oils, glycerol esters of fatty acids, polyesters, polyethers, lactic acid derivatives and combinations thereof. Exemplary commercially available plasticizers include CALSOL 550 oil from Calumet Specialty Products Partners, LP (Indianapolis, Ind.), KAYDOL OIL from Sonneborn (Tarrytown N.Y.) PARAPOL polybutene from Exxon Mobil Chemical Company (Houston, Tex.), OPPANOL polyisobutylene from BASF (Ludwigsjhafen, Germany), KRYSTOL 550 mineral oil from Petrochem Carless Limited (Surrey, England) and PURETOL 15 mineral oil from Petro Canada Lubricants Inc. (Mississauga, Ontario). The plasticizer may be present in an amount at most about 25% by weight, 20% by weight, 18% by weight, or from about 5% to about 30% by weight, or from about 10% to about 20% by weight. The adhesive/fiberized net structure composition may include a wax. Useful classes of wax may include, e.g., paraffin waxes, microcrystalline waxes, high density low molecular weight polyethylene waxes, by-product polyethylene waxes, polypropylene waxes, Fischer-Tropsch waxes, oxidized Fischer-Tropsch waxes, functionalized waxes such as acid, anhydride, and hydroxyl modified waxes, animal waxes, vegetable waxes (e.g., soy wax) and combinations thereof. Useful waxes are commercially available from a variety of suppliers including EPOLENE N and C series of trade designations from Westlake Chemical Corporation (Houston, Tex.) including e.g., EPOLENE N-21 and the LICOCENE series of trade designations from Clariant International Ltd. (Muttenz, Switzerland) including e.g. TP LICOCENE PP 6102. The composition may include no greater than about 10% by weight, no greater than about 5% by weight, from about 1% by weight to about 10% by weight, or even from about 1% to about 5% by weight wax. The adhesive/fiberized net structure composition may also include additional components including, e.g., stabilizers, antioxidants, additional polymers (e.g., styrenic block copolymers, amorphous poly-alpha olefins, polyethylene copolymers), adhesion promoters, ultraviolet light stabilizers, corrosion inhibitors, colorants (e.g., pigments and dyes), fillers, surfactants, wetness indicators, superabsorbents and combinations thereof. Useful antioxidants include, e.g., pentaerythritol tetrakis[3,(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)propionate], 2,2′-methylene bis(4-methyl-6-tert-butylphenol), phosphites including, e.g., tris-(p-nonylphenyl)-phosphite (TNPP) and bis(2,4-di-tert-butylphenyl)4,4′-diphenylene-diphosphonite, di-stearyl-3,3′-thiodipropionate (DSTDP), and combinations thereof. Useful antioxidants are commercially available under a variety of trade designations including, e.g., the IRGANOX series of trade designations including, e.g., IRGANOX 1010, IRGANOX 565, and IRGANOX 1076 hindered phenolic antioxidants and IRGAFOS 168 phosphite antioxidant, all of which are available from BASF Corporation (Florham Park, N.J.), and ETHYL 702 4,4′-methylene bis(2,6-di-tert-butylphenol). When present, the composition preferably includes from about 0.1% by weight to about 2% by weight antioxidant. 
     The thermoplastic composition  68 ,  76  may in some embodiments be an adhesive material. Any suitable adhesive can be used for this, for example so-called hotmelt adhesive. For example, Henkel DM3800, can be used. In certain embodiments, the thermoplastic composition  68  and  76  is present in the form of fibers. In some embodiments, the fiberized net structure will have a range of thickness from about 1 to about 90 micrometers, in some embodiments, from about 1 to about 75 micrometers, in some embodiments from about 1 to about 50 micrometers, and in still other embodiments from about 1 to about 35 micrometers, and an average maximum fiber-to-fiber distance of about 0.1 mm to about 5 mm or about 0.3 mm to about 6 mm. The average fiber thickness may be about 30 micrometers, or may be from about 15 to about 45 micrometers. To improve the adhesion of the thermoplastic composition as an adhesive material to the substrates  64  and  72  or to any other layer, in particular any other non-woven layer, such layers may be pre-treated with an auxiliary adhesive. 
     The fiberized net structure may consist of continuous extruded polymer/adhesive strands, which create a net structure with irregular strand or filament thickness or with irregular open areas (pores or maximum strand to strand distance). Continuous polymer/adhesive strands may overlap and form strand crossings or overlaps with different diameters. The applied fiberized net structure may build a three-dimensional net in the absorbent core as described herein. At equivalent basis weights, a fiberized net structure with thicker fibers may be more open and irregular than a fiberized net structure with thinner fibers. It is believed that the thicker fibers can maintain heat in the fiber longer, which can allow the fiberized net structure to wet and penetrate a nonwoven better, allowing for better bond strength. 
     If, for example, the core has channels (as discussed below) and the channels are then more secure, that is, are permanent channels, the more open structure of the fiberized net structure allows the AGM or superabsorbent polymer material to adjust or move within its confined area. 
     In certain embodiments, the thermoplastic composition  68  and  76 , and/or any auxiliary adhesive, will meet at least one, or several, or all of the following parameters: 
     An exemplary thermoplastic composition  68  and  76  may have a storage modulus G′ measured at 21° C. of at least about 1.2×10 6  Pa as measured by the test method detailed below. It is unexpected that the thermoplastic compositions of the present invention have high G′ values but are not too stiff to work as a fiberized net structure or a hot melt adhesive in absorbent articles. An adhesive with a relatively high G′, such as greater than 1.2×10 6  Pa, means a stiffer adhesive. 
     When the absorbent article contains channels, the thermoplastic composition and/or adhesive material(s) may not only help in immobilizing the absorbent material on the supporting sheet or substrate, but it may also help in maintaining the integrity of the channels in the absorbent structure absorbent core during storage and/or during use of the disposable article. The thermoplastic and/or adhesive materials may help to avoid that a significant amount of absorbent material migrates into the channels. Furthermore, when the materials are applied in the channels or on the supporting sheet portions coinciding with the channels it may thereby help to adhere the substrate of the absorbent structure to said walls, and/or to a further material, as will be described in further details below. In some embodiments, an adhesive may be a thermoplastic adhesive material. That is, in some embodiments, a thermoplastic composition may be applied as fibers, forming a fibrous network that immobilizes the absorbent material on the substrates, or supporting sheet as discussed below. The thermoplastic fibers may be partially in contact with the substrate of the absorbent structure; if applied also in the channels, it (further) anchors the absorbent layer to the substrate. 
     The thermoplastic composition material may for example allow for such swelling, without breaking and without imparting too many compressive forces, which would restrain the absorbent polymer particles from swelling. 
     A typical parameter for a thermoplastic composition suitable for use in the present disclosure can be a loss Factor tan δ at 60° C. (6.28 mrad/s) of below the value of 1, or below the value of 0.5. The loss Factor tan δ at 60° C. is correlated with the cohesive character of an adhesive at elevated ambient temperatures. The lower tan δ, the more an adhesive behaves like a solid rather than a liquid, i.e. the lower its tendency to flow or to migrate and the lower the tendency of an adhesive superstructure as described herein to deteriorate or even to collapse over time. This value is hence particularly important if the absorbent article is used in a hot climate. 
     It may be beneficial, e.g. for process reasons and/or performance reasons, that the thermoplastic adhesive material has a viscosity of between 800 and 8000 mPa·s, or from 1000 mPa·s to 6000 mPa·s or from 1500 mPa·s to 7000 mPa·s or to 5000 mPa·s or to 3000 mPa·s or to 2500 mPa·s, at 163° C., as measurable by ASTM D3236-88, using spindle 27, 20 pmp, 20 minutes preheating at the temperature, and stirring for 10 min. 
     The thermoplastic composition may have a softening point of between 60° C. and 150° C., or between 75° C. and 135° C., or between 90° C. and 130° C., or between 100° C. and 115° C., as can be determined with ASTM E28-99 (Herzog method; using glycerine). 
     In one embodiment herein, the thermoplastic component may be hydrophilic, having a contact angle of less than 90°, or less than 80° or less than 75° or less than 70°, as measurable with ASTM D 5725-99. 
     The cover layer  70  shown in  FIG. 4  may comprise the same material as the substrates  64  and  72 , or may comprise a different material. In certain embodiments, suitable materials for the cover layer  70  are the non-woven materials, typically the materials described above as useful for the substrates  64  and  72 . The nonwovens may be hydrophilic and/or hydrophobic. 
     A printing system  130  for making an absorbent core  14  in accordance with an embodiment of this invention is illustrated in  FIG. 11  and may generally comprise a first printing unit  132  for forming the first absorbent layer  60  of the absorbent core  14  and a second printing unit  134  for forming the second absorbent layer  62  of the absorbent core  14 . 
     The first printing unit  132  may comprise a first auxiliary adhesive applicator  136  for applying an auxiliary adhesive to the substrate  64 , which may be a nonwoven web, a first rotatable support roll  140  for receiving the substrate  64 , a hopper  142  for holding absorbent particulate polymer material  66 , a printing roll  144  for transferring the absorbent particulate polymer material  66  to the substrate  64 , and a thermoplastic composition material applicator  146  for applying the thermoplastic composition material  68  to the substrate  64  and the absorbent particulate polymer  66  material thereon. 
     The second printing unit  134  may comprise a second auxiliary adhesive applicator  148  for applying an auxiliary adhesive to the second substrate  72 , a second rotatable support roll  152  for receiving the second substrate  72 , a second hopper  154  for holding the absorbent particulate polymer material  74 , a second printing roll  156  for transferring the absorbent particulate polymer material  74  from the hopper  154  to the second substrate  72 , and a second thermoplastic composition material applicator  158  for applying the thermoplastic composition material  76  to the second substrate  72  and the absorbent particulate polymer material  74  thereon. 
     The printing system  130  also includes a guide roller  160  for guiding the formed absorbent core from a nip  162  between the first and second rotatable support rolls  140  and  152 . 
     The first and second auxiliary applicators  136  and  148  and the first and second thermoplastic composition material applicators  146  and  158  may be a nozzle system which can provide a relatively thin but wide curtain of thermoplastic composition material. In some embodiments, a contact application such as a slot gun may be used, while other embodiments may be contactless (spray glue) applications. In some cases, only one of the auxiliary applicators  136  and  148  may be switched on, while in other cases both may be on at the same time, depending on the adhesive design. 
     As illustrated in  FIGS. 1-8 , the absorbent particulate polymer material  66  and  74  is deposited on the respective substrates  64  and  72  of the first and second absorbent layers  60  and  62  in clusters  90  of particles to form a grid pattern  92  comprising land areas  94  and junction areas  96  between the land areas  94 . As defined herein, land areas  94  are areas where the fiberized net structure does not contact the nonwoven substrate or the auxiliary adhesive directly; junction areas  96  are areas where the thermoplastic adhesive material does contact the nonwoven substrate or the auxiliary adhesive (discussed below) directly; junction areas  96  are areas where the fiberized net structure does contact the nonwoven substrate or the auxiliary adhesive directly. The junction areas  96  in the grid pattern  92  contain little or no absorbent particulate polymer material  66  and  74 . The land areas  94  and junction areas  96  can have a variety of shapes including, but not limited to, circular, oval, square, rectangular, triangular, and the like. 
     The grid pattern shown in  FIG. 8  is a square grid with regular spacing and size of the land areas. Other grid patterns including hexagonal, rhombic, orthorhombic, parallelogram, triangular, rectangular, and combinations thereof may also be used. The spacing between the grid lines may be regular or irregular. 
     The size of the land areas  94  in the grid patterns  92  may vary. According to certain embodiments, the width  119  of the land areas  94  in the grid patterns  92  ranges from about 8 mm to about 12 mm. In a certain embodiment, the width of the land areas  94  is about 10 mm. The junction areas  96 , on the other hand, in certain embodiments, have a width or larger span of less than about 5 mm, less than about 3 mm, less than about 2 mm, less than about 1.5 mm, less than about 1 mm, or less than about 0.5 mm. 
     As shown in  FIG. 8 , the absorbent core  14  has a longitudinal axis  100  extending from a rear end  102  to a front end  104  and a transverse axis  106  perpendicular to the longitudinal axis  100  extending from a first edge  108  to a second edge  110 . The grid pattern  92  of absorbent particulate polymer material clusters  90  is arranged on the substrates  64  and  72  of the respective absorbent layers  60  and  62  such that the grid pattern  92  formed by the arrangement of land areas  94  and junction areas  96  forms a pattern angle  112 . The pattern angle  112  may be 0, greater than 0, or 15 to 30 degrees, or from about 5 to about 85 degrees, or from about 10 to about 60 degrees, or from about 15 to about 30 degrees. 
     As best seen in  FIGS. 7 a , 7 b   , and  8 , the first and second layers  60  and  62  may be combined to form the absorbent core  14 . The absorbent core  14  has an absorbent particulate polymer material area  114  bounded by a pattern length  116  and a pattern width  118 . The extent and shape of the absorbent particulate polymer material area  114  may vary depending on the desired application of the absorbent core  14  and the particular absorbent article in which it may be incorporated. In a certain embodiment, however, the absorbent particulate polymer material area  114  extends substantially entirely across the absorbent core  14 , such as is illustrated in  FIG. 8 . 
     The first and second absorbent layers  60  and  62  may be combined together to form the absorbent core  14  such that the grid patterns  92  of the respective first and second absorbent layers  62  and  64  are offset from one another along the length and/or width of the absorbent core  14 . The respective grid patterns  92  may be offset such that the absorbent particulate polymer material  66  and  74  is substantially continuously distributed across the absorbent particulate polymer area  114 . In a certain embodiment, absorbent particulate polymer material  66  and  74  is substantially continuously distributed across the absorbent particulate polymer material area  114  despite the individual grid patterns  92  comprising absorbent particulate polymer material  66  and  74  discontinuously distributed across the first and second substrates  64  and  72  in clusters  90 . In a certain embodiment, the grid patterns may be offset such that the land areas  94  of the first absorbent layer  60  face the junction areas  96  of the second absorbent layer  62  and the land areas of the second absorbent layer  62  face the junction areas  96  of the first absorbent layer  60 . When the land areas  94  and junction areas  96  are appropriately sized and arranged, the resulting combination of absorbent particulate polymer material  66  and  74  is a substantially continuous layer of absorbent particular polymer material across the absorbent particulate polymer material area  114  of the absorbent core  14  (i.e. first and second substrates  64  and  72  do not form a plurality of pockets, each containing a cluster  90  of absorbent particulate polymer material  66  therebetween). In a certain embodiment, respective grid patterns  92  of the first and second absorbent layer  60  and  62  may be substantially the same. 
     In a certain embodiment as illustrated in  FIG. 8 , the amount of absorbent particulate polymer material  66  and  74  may vary along the length  116  of the grid pattern  92 . In a certain embodiment, the grid pattern may be divided into absorbent zones  120 ,  122 ,  124 , and  126 , in which the amount of absorbent particulate polymer material  66  and  74  varies from zone to zone. As used herein, “absorbent zone” refers to a region of the absorbent particulate polymer material area having boundaries that are perpendicular to the longitudinal axis shown in  FIG. 8 . The amount of absorbent particulate polymer material  66  and  74  may, in a certain embodiment, gradually transition from one of the plurality of absorbent zones  120 ,  122 ,  124 , and  126  to another. This gradual transition in amount of absorbent particulate polymer material  66  and  74  may reduce the possibility of cracks forming in the absorbent core  14 . 
     The amount of absorbent particulate polymer material  66  and  74  present in the absorbent core  14  may vary, but in certain embodiments, is present in the absorbent core in an amount greater than about 80% by weight of the absorbent core, or greater than about 85% by weight of the absorbent core, or greater than about 90% by weight of the absorbent core, or greater than about 95% by weight of the core. In a particular embodiment, the absorbent core  14  consists essentially of the first and second substrates  64  and  72 , the absorbent particulate polymer material  66  and  74 , and the thermoplastic composition  68  and  76 . In an embodiment, the absorbent core  14  may be substantially cellulose free. 
     According to certain embodiments, the weight of absorbent particulate polymer material  66  and  74  in at least one freely selected first square measuring 1 cm×1 cm may be at least about 10%, or 20%, or 30%, 40% or 50% higher than the weight of absorbent particulate polymer material  66  and  74  in at least one freely selected second square measuring 1 cm×1 cm. In a certain embodiment, the first and the second square are centered about the longitudinal axis. 
     The absorbent particulate polymer material area, according to an exemplary embodiment, may have a relatively narrow width in the crotch area of the absorbent article for increased wearing comfort. Hence, the absorbent particulate polymer material area, according to an embodiment, may have a width as measured along a transverse line which is positioned at equal distance to the front edge and the rear edge of the absorbent article, which is less than about 100 mm, 90 mm, 80 mm, 70 mm, 60 mm or even less than about 50 mm. 
     It has been found that, for most absorbent articles such as diapers, the liquid discharge occurs predominately in the front half of the diaper. The front half of the absorbent core  14  should therefore comprise most of the absorbent capacity of the core. Thus, according to certain embodiments, the front half of said absorbent core  14  may comprise more than about 60% of the superabsorbent material, or more than about 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, or 90% of the superabsorbent material. 
     The absorbent core of the invention may comprise a core wrap enclosing the absorbent material. In some embodiments, the core wrap may be both the first and second substrates. The core wrap may be formed by two substrates, typically nonwoven material which may be at least partially sealed along the sides of the absorbent core. The first nonwoven may substantially form the top side of the core wrap and the second nonwoven substantially the bottom side of the core wrap. The core wrap may be at least partially sealed along its front side, back side and/or two longitudinal sides to improve the containment of the absorbent material during use. A C-wrap seal may be for example provided on the longitudinal sides of the core if improved containment is desired. Exemplary C-wrap description may be found in U.S. application Ser. No. 14/560,211. Typical core wraps comprise two substrates which are attached to one another, but the core wrap may also be made of a single substrate folded around the absorbent material, or may comprises several substrates. When two substrates are used, these may be typically attached to another along at least part of the periphery of the absorbent core to form a seal. Typically neither first nor second substrates need to be shaped, so that they can be rectangularly cut for ease of production but other shapes are not excluded. 
     The substrates are advantageously attached to another to form a seal along all the edges of the core. Typical seals are the so-called C-wrap and sandwich wrap. In a C-wrap, one of the substrate, e.g. the first substrate, has flaps extending over the opposed edges of the core which are then folded over the other substrate. These flaps are bonded to the external surface of the other substrate, typically by adhesive. This so called C-wrap construction can provide benefits such as improved resistance to bursting in a wet loaded state compared to a sandwich seal. 
     The front side and back side of the core wrap may then also be sealed for example by adhering the first substrate and second substrate to another to provide complete enclosing of the absorbent material across the whole of the periphery of the core. For the front side and back side of the core, the first and second substrate may extend and be joined together in a substantially planar direction, forming a so-called sandwich construction. In the so-called sandwich seal construction, the first and second substrates both have material extension outwardly of the absorbent material deposition area which are then sealed flat along the whole or parts of the periphery of the core typically by gluing and/or heat/pressure bonding. 
     The terms “seal” and “enclosing” are to be understood in a broad sense. The seal does not need to be continuous along the whole periphery of the core wrap but may be discontinuous along part or the whole of it, such as formed by a series of seal points spaced on a line. Typically a seal may be formed by gluing and/or thermal bonding. The core wrap may also be formed by a single substrate which may enclose the absorbent material as in a parcel wrap and be for example sealed along the front side and back side of the core and one longitudinally extending seal. 
     The core wrap may be formed by any materials suitable for enclosing the absorbent material. Typical substrate materials used in the production of conventional cores may be used, in particular nonwovens but also paper, tissues, films, wovens, or laminate of any of these. The core wrap may in particular be formed by a nonwoven web, such as a carded nonwoven, a spunbond nonwoven (“S”) or a meltblown nonwoven (“M”), and laminates of any of these. For example spunmelt polypropylene nonwovens are suitable, in particular those having a laminate web SMS, or SMMS, or SSMMS, structure, and having a basis weight range of about 5 gsm to 15 gsm. Suitable materials are for example disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 7,744,576, US2011/0268932A1, US2011/0319848A1, or US2011/0250413A1. Nonwoven materials provided from synthetic fibers may be used, such as polyethylene, Polyethylene terephthalate, and in particular polypropylene. 
     In certain embodiments, the absorbent core  14  may further comprise any absorbent material that is generally compressible, conformable, non-irritating to the wearer&#39;s skin, and capable of absorbing and retaining liquids such as urine and other certain body exudates. In such embodiments, the absorbent core  14  may comprise a wide variety of liquid-absorbent materials commonly used in disposable diapers and other absorbent articles such as comminuted wood pulp, which is generally referred to as airfelt, creped cellulose wadding, melt blown polymers, including co-form, chemically stiffened, modified or cross-linked cellulosic fibers, tissue, including tissue wraps and tissue laminates, absorbent foams, absorbent sponges, or any other known absorbent material or combinations of materials. The absorbent core  14  may further comprise minor amounts (typically less than about 10%) of materials, such as adhesives, waxes, oils and the like. 
     Exemplary absorbent structures for use as the absorbent assemblies are described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,610,678 (Weisman et al.); U.S. Pat. No. 4,834,735 (Alemany et al.); U.S. Pat. No. 4,888,231 (Angstadt); U.S. Pat. No. 5,260,345 (DesMarais et al.); U.S. Pat. No. 5,387,207 (Dyer et al.); U.S. Pat. No. 5,397,316 (LaVon et al.); and U.S. Pat. No. 5,625,222 (DesMarais et al.). 
     The absorbent article may further comprise at least one wetness indicator which is visible from the exterior of the article and which changes appearance when contacted with a body exudates, in particular urine. The wetness indicator (not shown) may be placed, when seen from the exterior of the article, between the two channel-forming areas  226  of  FIG. 9 , and/or between any of the channel-forming areas  226  and any of the lateral edge or both. The wetness indicators of the present invention may be according to any wetness indicating system known in the art. It is known that wetness indicator can provide an appearing signal, a disappearing signal or a color change signal, and combinations thereof. The wetness indicator may advantageously provide a color change signal, which may be typically obtained by a composition having a first color when dry and a second color different form the first color when wet, both colors being discernible by an external observer considering the article in a dry and a wet state. 
     The wetness indicator may in particular be a color change composition comprising a suitable pH indicator or another chemical substance that changes color when contacted with urine. Such compositions are for example disclosed in WO03/070138A2 or US2012/165771 (Ruman). More generally, the wetness indicator compositions of the invention may be as disclosed in WO2010/120705 (Klofta), comprising a colorant, a matrix and a stabilizer. The color change composition may be a hot-melt adhesive, which allows for an easy application of the composition on a substrate component of the article for example by a slot coating process or printed adhesive coating as disclosed e.g. in US2011274834 (Brown). The wetness indicator composition may be applied on any layer of the absorbent article using a conventional technique, for example printing, spraying or coating, during the making of the absorbent article. The layer may advantageously be the inner surface of the backsheet or the outer surface of the bottom side of the core wrap. This allows the wetness indicator to be visible from the exterior of the article by transparency through the backsheet while keeping the wetness indicator composition within the article. The wetness indicator may in particular be easily applied on a layer such a nonwoven or film by a slot-coating process especially if the composition is can be applied as a hot-melt. 
     Channels 
     In some embodiments, the absorbent core may comprise channels, or areas substantially free of absorbent polymer particles or absorbent polymer material. The channels may provide improved liquid transport, and hence faster acquisition, and more efficient liquid absorbency over the whole absorbent structure, in addition to reducing the stiffness of partially or fully loaded cores. 
     As shown in  FIG. 9 , the absorbent structure  213  comprises a first substrate (a supporting sheet)  216 , and an absorbent layer  217  of absorbent material  250 . The absorbent material  250  comprises at least a superabsorbent polymer material (absorbent particulate polymer material) and optionally a cellulosic material, such as a cellulose, e.g. pulp, or modified cellulose in a absorbent particulate polymer material area. 
     The absorbent structure  213  also comprises one or more thermoplastic compositions, as described above. The absorbent layer  217  is three dimensional and comprises a first substantially longitudinal channel  226  and a second substantially longitudinal channel  226  that are substantially free of said superabsorbent polymer material. Other materials may be present in said channels  226 , as further described below, for example said one or more thermoplastic compositions and/or a fiberized net structure  240 . 
     The absorbent structure  213  and the absorbent layer  217  each have a longitudinal dimension and average length L, e.g. extending in the longitudinal dimension of the structure or layer and a transverse dimension and average width W, e.g. extending in the transverse dimension of the structure or layer. The absorbent structure  213  and the absorbent layer  217  each have a front region, being in use towards the front of the user, back region, being in use towards the back of the user, and therein between a crotch region, each extending the full transverse width of the structure/layer, and each having ⅓ of the average length of the structure/layer. 
     The absorbent structure  213  and the absorbent layer  217  each have a pair of opposing longitudinal side edges  218  extending in the longitudinal dimension of the structure or layer and a pair of opposing transverse edges  219 , e.g. front transverse edge being in use towards the front of a user (wearer), and a back transverse edge being in use towards the back of a user. 
     The absorbent layer  217  comprises at least a first channel  226  and second channel  226  that are substantially free of (e.g. free of) said superabsorbent polymer particles, said channels  226  extending through the thickness height of the absorbent layer  217 . By “substantially free” it is meant that in each of these areas the basis weight of the absorbent material is at least less than 25%, in particular less than 20%, less than 10%, of the average basis weight of the absorbent material in the rest of the absorbent material deposition area of the core. In particular there can be no absorbent material in these areas  226 . (It should be understood that, accidentally, a small, negligible amount of superabsorbent polymer particles may be present in the channel, which does not contribute to the overall functionality). When the absorbent layer  217  comprises cellulosic or cellulose, in some embodiments the said first and second channels  226  are also free of such cellulosic/cellulose material. 
     The first and second channel  226  each extend substantially longitudinally, which means typically that each channel  226  extends more in the longitudinal dimension than in the transverse dimension, and typically at least twice as much in the longitudinal dimension than in the transverse dimension. 
     Thus, this includes channels  226  that are completely longitudinal and parallel to the longitudinal direction of said absorbent layer  217 ; and this includes channels  226  that may curve, provided the radius of curvature is typically at least equal (optionally at least 1.5 or at least 2.0 times this average transverse dimension) to the average transverse dimension of the absorbent layer; and this includes channels  226  that are straight but under an angle of (e.g. from 5°) up to 30°, or for example up to 20°, or up to 10° with a line parallel to the longitudinal axis. In some embodiments, there may be no completely or substantially transverse channels present in at least said crotch region, or no such channels at all. Further descriptions of channels, including various dimensions and arrangements, are described in U.S. patent application Ser. Nos. 13/491,642, 13/491,643, 13/491,644, and 13/491,648. 
     The channels  226  may typically be so-called “permanent” channels  226 . By permanent, it is meant that the integrity of the channels  226  is at least partially maintained both in the dry state and in the wet state, including during friction by the wearer thereon. 
     Permanent channels  226  may be obtained by provision of one or more thermoplastic compositions that immobilize said absorbent material  250 , and/or said channels  226 , e.g. or said absorbent layer  217 , and/or that immobilize said supporting sheet  216  into said channels  226 , or part thereof. As shown in  FIG. 10 , the absorbent core  207  may comprise in particular permanent channels formed by bonding of a first supporting sheet or first substrate  216  and a second supporting sheet or second substrate  216 ′ through the channels. Typically, glue may be used to bond both supporting sheets throughout the channel, but it is possible to bond via other known means, for example ultrasonic bonding, or heat bonding. The supporting layers can be continuously bonded or intermittently bonded along the channels. 
     Such channels provide for fast liquid acquisition which reduces risk of leakages. The permanent channels help to avoid saturation of the absorbent layer in the region of fluid discharge (such saturation increases the risk of leakages). Furthermore, whilst decreasing the overall amount of superabsorbent polymer material in the absorbent structure is reduced (by providing channels free of such material), the fluid handling properties of the absorbent structure, or diaper, are improved. Permanent channels also have the further advantage that in the wet state the absorbent material is more restricted to move within the core and remains in its intended application area, thus providing better fit and fluid absorption. This can be demonstrated by comparing the amount of AGM loss in a wet state according to the WAIIT test for a core having two absorbent layers with permanent channels relative to a similar core with the same amount of AGM and glue but having no channels. 
     In short, the WAIIT test determines the amount of non-immobilized absorbent particulate material amount in the cores in wet conditions. Further information regarding the test can be found in US 2008/0312622 A1. A permanent channel according to the disclosure has a percentage of integrity of at least 20%, or 30%, or 40%, or 50%, or 60, or 70%, or 80%, or 90% following this test. 
     One or more thermoplastic composition(s)  240  (fiberized net structure and/or a hot melt adhesive) may be present between said supporting sheet  216  and said absorbent layer  217 , or parts thereof. For example, an adhesive material may be applied to portions of said supporting sheet  216  that are to coincide with the channels  226 , so that in said channels the supporting sheet can be bonded with said adhesive to the walls of the channel, or part thereof or to a further material; and/or the adhesive may be applied to portions of the supporting sheet  216  that are to coincide with the absorbent material  250 , to immobilize said material and avoid extensive migration thereof into said channels; the adhesive may be applied over substantially the whole surface area of the supporting sheet  216 , e.g. substantially continuously and/or homogeneously. This may for example be a thermoplastic hotmelt adhesive applied by printing, slot coating or spraying. 
     In addition, or alternatively, the absorbent structure may comprise one or more adhesive materials applied on said absorbent layer or part thereof, that is already supported by said supporting sheet, (herein referred to as “first adhesive material”) e.g. after said absorbent material is combined with/deposited on said supporting sheet to form an absorbent layer. This may for example be a thermoplastic fibrous adhesive. In some embodiments, this may be applied continuously over the absorbent layer, hence over the absorbent material and in the channels, to immobilize the absorbent layer and to optionally also adhere the supporting sheet in said channel, as described above. 
     It should be understood that the first and second adhesive material may be the same or different type of adhesive, for example as a thermoplastic hotmelt adhesive. 
     In some embodiments, said one or more adhesive material are at least present in the channels, for example at least said first adhesive material, or both said first and second adhesive material. It may thus be present on the longitudinal walls of the channels (extending the height of the absorbent layer and the length thereof). If the supporting sheet material folds into said channels, or part thereof, e.g. the supporting sheet has undulations into said channels or part thereof, said undulations may be fixed to said walls or part thereof, to ensure the channels are maintained (at least partially) during use. 
     The absorbent structure may comprise two or more than two channels, for example at least 4, or at least 5 or at least 6. Some or all of these may be substantially parallel to one another, for example being all straight and completely longitudinally, and/or two or more or all may be mirror images of one another in the longitudinal axis, or two or more may be curved or angled and for example mirror images of one another in the longitudinal axis, and two or more may be differently curved or straight, and for example mirror images of one another in the longitudinal axis. 
     The absorbent structure typically comprises one or more further material(s) (e.g. a second substrate) to cover the absorbent layer, herein referred to as a second substrate; for the avoidance of any doubt, this is not a layer consisting of an adhesive material, however the second substrate may be a layer comprising adhesive, for example on the surface that is to contact the absorbent layer of the absorbent structure. Thus, the second substrate may comprise on the surface to be placed adjacent said absorbent layer of the absorbent structure, an adhesive material. The resulting structure is herein referred to as “absorbent core  207 ”. 
     This second substrate may be a further absorbent structure, with a second absorbent layer and a second supporting sheet  216 ′, so that both absorbent layers are sandwiched between said supporting sheets  216 ;  216 ′. The second absorbent structure may be identical to the first absorbent structure, or they may both be absorbent structure with channels  226 ;  226 ′, but they may be different, for example having different channels, different number of channels, different adhesive, different adhesive application or combinations thereof. 
     In some embodiments, the second substrate may be a part of the supporting sheet  216 , which is folded over the absorbent layer  217  and then sealed along the peripheral edges, to enclose the absorbent layer  217 . 
     In some embodiments, the further substrate is a further supporting sheet, i.e. the absorbent structure  213  is covered with a further supporting sheet  216 ′, said absorbent layer then being sandwiched between the two supporting sheets. 
     The supporting sheet of the first structure and/or the second supporting sheet of the acquisition material layer may fold into the channels of the first absorbent structure and/or optionally into the channels of the acquisition material layer, if present, or part of these channels. The one or more adhesive material(s) may be at least present in the channels, or part thereof, and the supporting sheets may be adhered to one another in said channels by one or more of these adhesive material(s). Another second adhesive may be present between the second supporting sheet and the acquisition material layer. Another adhesive (not represented) may be placed between the acquisition material layer and the absorbent layer, in addition to the thermoplastic composition  240 , to improve better adhesion of both layers. 
     In any of these cases, the second substrate can then be sealed to the supporting sheet along the peripheral edges thereof, to enclose the absorbent layer(s). 
     In any of these cases the supporting sheet or acquisition layer/sheet may fold into (i.e. undulate into) said channels or part thereof, as shown in  FIG. 10 . 
     It may be adhered to the supporting sheet of the absorbent structure of the disclosure in said channels, e.g. by an adhesive material, as described herein, ie., the substrate  216  (nonwoven dusting layer or second substrate) may be laminated to substrate  216 ′ (core cover or first substrate) or visa versa. Alternatively, or in addition, it may be adhered to the walls of the channels or part thereof. 
     In some embodiments the absorbent structure comprises such a further material overlaying said absorbent layer, and a pressure means is applied selectively to said supporting sheet and/or to said further material, in those parts that coincide with said channels, to pressurize said supporting sheet and/or said further material into said channels of the absorbent structure and/or into the channels of a further (second) absorbent structure if present, to aid formulation of said undulations and/or to aid adhering of the further material and said supporting sheet to one another in said channel, if an adhesive material is present as described herein. 
     Further various embodiments of channels in an absorbent structure or core may be found in U.S. Ser. No. 13/491,642. Processes for making absorbent cores with channels may be such as those described in U.S. Ser. Nos. 14/615,467 and 14/615,456. 
     In one of the embodiment herein, the supporting sheet  216  has undulations that fold (undulate) into said first and second channels  226 , and optionally in to said further channel(s), of part thereof. For example the undulations may extend over about the full longitudinal dimension of the channel; they may for example extend to complete average height of the absorbent layer  217 /channel, or for example only up to 75% thereof, or up to 50% of the average height of the absorbent layer  217 /channel. This aids immobilization of the absorbent material  250  adjacent said channels  226  and said channels  226  of said layers. 
     The undulations may be adhered with said one or more adhesive material, e.g. said second adhesive material, to said walls of said channels  226 . The supporting sheet  216  may alternatively, or in addition, be adhered in said channels  226  to said further material, e.g. second supporting sheet  216 , describe herein above, e.g. with said first and/or second adhesive. 
     The absorbent structure may comprise one or more adhesive material. In some embodiments, it comprises a first adhesive material and/or a second adhesive material, as described above, and in the manner described above. 
     The absorbent core herein may comprise a further second absorbent structure that may comprise one or more adhesive materials. 
     Absorbent Material 
     The absorbent layer  217  comprises absorbent material  250 ,  66 , and  74 , that comprises superabsorbent polymer material (e.g. particles), optionally combined with cellulosic material (including for example cellulose, comminuted wood pulp in the form of fibers). The further material described above (e.g. a further, second absorbent structure (not represented) may include an absorbent material, and the following may apply thereto too. 
     In some embodiment, the absorbent material  250  may comprise at least 60%, or at least 70% by weight of superabsorbent polymer material, and at the most 40% or at the most 30% of cellulosic material. 
     In some other embodiments, the absorbent layer  217  comprises absorbent material  250  that consists substantially of absorbent polymer material, e.g. particles, e.g. less than 5% by weight (of the absorbent material  250 ) of cellulosic material is present; and said absorbent layer  217 /absorbent structure  213 , may be free of cellulosic material. 
     Typically, the superabsorbent polymer material is in the form of particles. Suitable for use in the absorbent layer  217  can comprise any superabsorbent polymer particles known from superabsorbent literature, for example such as described in Modern Superabsorbent Polymer Technology, F. L. Buchholz, A. T. Graham, Wiley 1998. The absorbent polymer particles may be spherical, spherical-like or irregular shaped particles, such as Vienna-sausage shaped particles, or ellipsoid shaped particles of the kind typically obtained from inverse phase suspension polymerizations. The particles can also be optionally agglomerated at least to some extent to form larger irregular particles. 
     In some embodiments herein, the absorbent material  250  as a whole and/or said particulate superabsorbent polymer material at least, has a high sorption capacity, e.g. having a CRC of for example at least 20 g/g, or at 30 g/g. Upper limits may for example be up to 150 g/g, or up to 100 g/g. 
     In some embodiments herein, the absorbent material  250  comprising or consisting of superabsorbent polymer particles that are formed from polyacrylic acid polymers/polyacrylate polymers, for example having a neutralization degree of from 60% to 90%, or about 75%, having for example sodium counter ions. 
     The superabsorbent polymer may be polyacrylates and polyacrylic acid polymers that are internally and/or surface cross-linked. Suitable material are described in the PCT Patent Application WO 07/047598 or for example WO 07/046052 or for example WO2009/155265 and WO2009/155264. In some embodiments, suitable superabsorbent polymer particles may be obtained by current state of the art production processes as is more particularly as described in WO 2006/083584. The superabsorbent polymers may be internally cross-linked, i.e. the polymerization is carried out in the presence of compounds having two or more polymerizable groups which can be free-radically copolymerized into the polymer network. Useful crosslinkers include for example ethylene glycol dimethacrylate, diethylene glycol diacrylate, allyl methacrylate, trimethylolpropane triacrylate, triallylamine, tetraallyloxyethane as described in EP-A 530 438, di- and triacrylates as described in EP-A 547 847, EP-A 559 476, EP-A 632 068, WO 93/21237, WO 03/104299, WO 03/104300, WO 03/104301 and in DE-A 103 31 450, mixed acrylates which, as well as acrylate groups, include further ethylenically unsaturated groups, as described in DE-A 103 31 456 and DE-A 103 55 401, or crosslinker mixtures as described for example in DE-A 195 43 368, DE-A 196 46 484, WO 90/15830 and WO 02/32962 as well as cross-linkers described in WO2009/155265. The superabsorbent polymer particles may be externally surface cross-linked, or: post cross-linked). Useful post-crosslinkers include compounds including two or more groups capable of forming covalent bonds with the carboxylate groups of the polymers. Useful compounds include for example alkoxysilyl compounds, polyaziridines, polyamines, polyamidoamines, di- or polyglycidyl compounds as described in EP-A 083 022, EP-A 543 303 and EP-A 937 736, polyhydric alcohols as described in DE-C 33 14 019, cyclic carbonates as described in DE-A 40 20 780, 2-oxazolidone and its derivatives, such as N-(2-hydroxyethyl)-2-oxazolidone as described in DE-A 198 07 502, bis- and poly-2-oxazolidones as described in DE-A 198 07 992, 2-oxotetrahydro-1,3-oxazine and its derivatives as described in DE-A 198 54 573, N-acyl-2-oxazolidones as described in DE-A 198 54 574, cyclic ureas as described in DE-A 102 04 937, bicyclic amide acetals as described in DE-A 103 34 584, oxetane and cyclic ureas as described in EP-A 1 199 327 and morpholine-2,3-dione and its derivatives as described in WO 03/031482. 
     The superabsorbent polymers or particles thereof may have surface modifications, such as being coated or partially coated with a coating agent. Examples of coated absorbent polymer particles are disclosed in WO2009/155265. The coating agent may be such that it renders the absorbent polymer particles more hydrophilic. For example, it may be hydrophilic (for example, fumed) silica, such as Aerosils. The coating agent may be a polymer, such as an elastic polymer or a film-forming polymer or an elastic film-forming polymer, which forms an elastomeric (elastic) film coating on the particle. The coating may be a homogeneous and/or uniform coating on the surface of the absorbent polymer particles. The coating agent may be applied at a level of from 0.1% to 5%. 
     The superabsorbent polymer particles may have a particle sizes in the range from 45 μm to 4000 μm, more specifically a particle size distribution within the range of from 45 μm to about 2000 μm, or from about 100 μm to about 1000 or to 850 μm. The particle size distribution of a material in particulate form can be determined as it is known in the art, for example by means of dry sieve analysis (EDANA 420.02 “Particle Size distribution). 
     In some embodiments herein, the superabsorbent material is in the form of particles with a mass medium particle size up to 2 mm, or between 50 microns and 2 mm or to 1 mm, or from 100 or 200 or 300 or 400 or 500 μm, or to 1000 or to 800 or to 700 μm; as can for example be measured by the method set out in for example EP-A-0691133. In some embodiments of the disclosure, the superabsorbent polymer material is in the form of particles whereof at least 80% by weight are particles of a size between 50 μm and 1200 μm and having a mass median particle size between any of the range combinations above. In addition, or in another embodiment of the disclosure, said particles are essentially spherical. In yet another or additional embodiment of the disclosure the superabsorbent polymer material has a relatively narrow range of particle sizes, e.g. with the majority (e.g. at least 80%, at least 90% or even at least 95% by weight) of particles having a particle size between 50 μm and 1000 μm, between 100 μm and 800 μm, between 200 μm and 600 μm. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
                 TABLE 1 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 option 
                 Unit 
                 1 
                 2 
                 3 
                 4 
                 5 
                 6 
                 7 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                 Fiberized net structure 
                   
                 PO1 
                 PO1 
                 PO1 
                 PO1 
                 PO2 
                 PO5 
                 PO1 
               
               
                 composition 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Auxiliary adhesive 
                   
                 PO1 
                 PO1 
                 PO1 
                 PO3 
                 PO2 
                 PO5 
                 PO1 
               
               
                 Total weight of  
                 [g/m 2 ] 
                 4/3 = 7 
                 4/3 = 7 
                 4/3 = 7 
                 4/3 = 7 
                 4/3 = 7 
                 4/3 = 7 
                 2/2 = 4 
               
               
                 fiberized net structure 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 composition 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 First substrate/Second 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 substrate 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Total weight of 
                 [g/m 2 ] 
                 15 
                 9 
                 7 
                 15 
                 15 
                 15 
                 12 
               
               
                 fiberized net structure 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 composition + auxiliary 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 adhesive 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Total weight of front 
                 [g/m 2 ] 
                 35 
                 19 
                 12 
                 35 
                 35 
                 35 
                 32 
               
               
                 or back end seal 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 adhesive 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Wet immobilization 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Room temperature, 
                 [%] 
                 27 
                 27 
                 25 
                 29 
                 50 
                 51 
                 27 
               
               
                 initial 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 60 C/6 hour aged 
                 [%] 
                 35 
                 32 
                 34 
                 30 
                 31 
                 48 
                 41 
               
               
                 Core end seal hang 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 times Back end  
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 seal/Front end seal 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Normalized initial core 
                 [min] 
                 1717/3327 
                 434/864 
                 25/138 
                 166/109 
                 1172/1172 
                 539/1162 
                 1526/1342 
               
               
                 end seal hang time 
                   
                 &gt;480 
                 &gt;60 
                 &lt;200 
                 &lt;200 
                 &gt;720 
                 &gt;480 
                 &gt;720 
               
               
                 (initial ~2 hrs after 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 production at room 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 temperature) 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Normalized final core 
                 [min] 
                 1346*/1346* 
                 770/421 
                 30/64 
                 215/157 
                 1315/1069 
                 1256/1256 
                 1285/1285 
               
               
                 end seal hang time 
                   
                 &gt;480 
                 &gt;250 
                 &lt;100 
                 &lt;200 
                 &gt;720 
                 &gt;480 
                 &gt;720 
               
               
                 (Final-60 C/6 hour 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 aged) 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Normalized core end 
                 [min] 
                 1020*/1020* 
                 996/1002 
                 N/A (not 
                 494/355 
                 N/A 
                 N/A 
                 N/A 
               
               
                 seal hang time at 
                   
                 &gt;720 
                 &gt;480 
                 available) 
                 &gt;250 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 50 C/2 weeks aged 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Channel hang times 
                 [min] 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 (2 channels; left/right) 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Normalized initial 
                 [min] 
                 1449/1057 
                 1008/1321 
                 645/750 
                 294/306 
                 1020/1020 
                 1377/1377 
                 1738/1738 
               
               
                 channel hang time 
                   
                 &gt;480 
                 &gt;70 
                 &gt;70 
                 &lt;300 
                 &gt;480 
                 &gt;720 
                 &gt;720 
               
               
                 (initial ~2 hrs after 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 production at room 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 temperature) 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Normalized final 
                 [min] 
                 997*/997* 
                 974*/974 
                 848/954 
                 482/583 
                 1119/1119 
                 1172/1172 
                 1199/1199 
               
               
                 channel hang time 
                   
                 &gt;800 
                 &gt;800 
                 &gt;500 
                 &lt;500 
                 &gt;800 
                 &gt;800 
                 &gt;1000 
               
               
                 (final-60 C/6 hours 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 aged) 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Normalized channel 
                 [min] 
                 1002/1002 
                 1243/1377* 
                 1354/1409* 
                 908/908 
                 N/A 
                 N/A 
                 N/A 
               
               
                 hang time at 50 C/2 
                   
                 &gt;1000 
                 &gt;1000 
                 &gt;600 
                 &gt;600 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 weeks aged 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Wet normalized initial 
                 [min] 
                 1119*/1119* 
                 N/A 
                 1082/857 
                 1136/628 
                 952/952 
                 952/952 
                 941/941 
               
               
                 channel hang time 
                   
                 &gt;1000 
                   
                 &gt;600 
                 &gt;1000 
                 &gt;600 
                 &gt;900 
                 &gt;900 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 *Test aborted 
               
            
           
         
       
     
     In table 1, absorbent cores or structures were made as described herein, using 10 gsm hydrophilic nonwoven core cover material (first substrate) and a 10 gsm hydrophobic nonwoven dusting layer (second substrate), and absorbent material as described herein. Core adhesives and/or fiberized net structures used may be a polyolefin-based material as described herein. For example, it may be H.B. Fuller NW1414 (PO1), or may be polypropylene-based, a blend of polyolefin polymers compounded with one or more hydrocarbon tackifying resins and plasticizers (PO2 or PO5), or materials such as Henkel DM3800 (PO3). The table displays the wet immobilization of each core (initial and aged), the core end seal hang times, and channel hang times (dry and wet), using the test methods described herein. 
     The normalized initial core end seal hang time of the present invention may be at least about 60 minutes, in some cases at least about 480 minutes, at least about 600 minutes, or at least about 720 minutes. The normalized final core end seal hang time may be at least about 250 minutes, in some cases at least about 480 minutes, or at least about 720 minutes. The normalized initial channel hang time may be at least about 70 minutes, in some cases at least about 480 minutes, or at least about 720 minutes. The normalized final channel hang time may be at least about 800 minutes, in some case at least about 1000 minutes. A channel hang time of at least about 480 minutes may be considered a permanent channel bond. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 2 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 G′, viscosity and ring &amp; ball softening point data 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Viscosity @ T = 163° C. 
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 [mPas], spindel 27, 
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 20 rpm; 20 min 
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 preheating, 10 min 
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 DMA 
                 DMA 
                 DMA 
                 DMA 
                   
                 stirring 
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 G′ 
                 G′ 
                 G′ 
                 G′ 
                   
                 OR 
                   
               
               
                   
                 Tg in 
                 [Pa] 
                 [Pa] 
                 [Pa] 
                 [Pa] 
                 Viscosity 
                 **Viscosity @ 
                   
               
               
                   
                 [° C.] 
                 Temperature 
                 Temperature 
                 Temperature 
                 Temperature 
                 @ 
                 T = 150° C. [mPas], 
                 Ring &amp; 
               
               
                   
                 (Frequency 
                 21° C. 
                 35° C. 
                 60° C. 
                 90° C. 
                 T = 
                 spindel 27, 20 rpm; 
                 Ball 
               
               
                 Glue 
                 6.28 
                 Frequency 
                 Frequency 
                 Frequency 
                 Frequency 
                 175° C. 
                 20 min preheating, 
                 Softening 
               
               
                 Code 
                 rad/s) 
                 6.28 rad/s 
                 6.28 rad/s 
                 6.28 rad/s 
                 6.28 rad/s 
                 [mPas] 
                 10 min stirring 
                 [° C.] 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 PO1 
                 13 
                 7.80 × 10 6   
                 3.52 × 10 6   
                 1.40 × 10 6   
                 0.25 × 10 6   
                 2,620 
                 5000 
                 109 
               
               
                 PO4 
                 N/A 
                 N/A 
                 N/A 
                 N/A 
                 N/A 
                 3,010 
                 5700 
                 109 
               
               
                 PO3 
                 2 
                 5.24 × 10 6   
                 2.85 × 10 6   
                 1.02 × 10 6   
                 0.21 × 10 6   
                 3,500 
                  7000** 
                 81 
               
               
                 PO2 
                 5 
                 6.35 × 10 6   
                 3.33 × 10 6   
                 0.94 × 10 6   
                   5 × 10 3   
                 3,800 
                 5500 
                 82 
               
               
                 PO5 
                 6 
                 3.63 × 10 6   
                 1.86 × 10 6   
                 0.55 × 10 6   
                 1.41 × 10 4   
                 4,600 
                 6700 
                 84 
               
               
                 PO6 
                 N/A 
                 N/A 
                 N/A 
                 N/A 
                 N/A 
                 2,500 
                  3800** 
                 ~90 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     In Table 2, Storage Modulus G′ at 21° C. is reflected to describe the thermoplastic hotmelt properties of core adhesives and/or fiberized net structures at lab measurement conditions of T=21° C. for PO1, PO2, PO5, and PO3 as described in table 1, as well as for PO4 and PO6, which are polyolefin-based core adhesives and/or fiberized net structures, as described herein. Storage Modulus G′ at 35° C. is reflected to describe the thermoplastic hotmelt properties during hygiene product usage, and Storage Modulus G′ at 60° C. and 90° C. are reflected to describe the thermoplastic hotmelt properties during hygiene product storage conditions, i.e. environment of global climate zones or transportation. 
     Thermoplastic compositions with a G′ at 21° C. and 6.28 rad/s greater than about 1.2×10 6  Pa will likely have a high G′ at higher temperatures, such as 60° C. and/or 90° C. up to the melting point. These high G′ levels at higher temperatures present processing challenges in contact and/or contactless applications, i.e. slot coating, summit, curtain coater, spiral, omega, etc., due to, for example, higher viscosities. However, if these thermoplastic compositions, such as thermoplastic adhesive materials, properly wet and penetrate into the primary and secondary substrates, they can create mechanical bonding via a greater than 300° or even 360° flow around sufficient individual substrate fibers, and build up their final internal molecule structure and strength. They can yield strong bonds with exceptional bonding hang times. 
     The storage modulus measured at 60° C. and 90° C. may be a measure for the form stability of the thermoplastic adhesive material at elevated ambient temperatures. This value is particularly important if the absorbent product is used in a hot climate where the thermoplastic adhesive material would lose its integrity if the storage modulus G′ at 60° C. and 90° C. is not sufficiently high. 
     Test Methods 
     1. Bonded Nonwovens Hang Time (Core End Seal and Channel Hang Time) 
     Purpose 
     Cores utilizing perimeter sealing of core contents to prevent the core materials from migrating to contact babies&#39; skin must have seals strong enough to withstand the swelling pressures of the core materials and the pressures exerted from baby. This method determines the strength of the seal by measuring how long the perimeter seal can withstand a constantly applied force. 
     [For Channel hang time only: The purpose of the printed channel specific Normalized Core Hang Time (=&gt;Normalized Channel Core Hang Time=NChHT) is to determine the bond strength of the AGM free channels. The bond strength of printed AGM free channels in AFF (air felt free or cellulose free) laminates has an impact on diaper performance as a too weak bonding might result in inferior core integrity and less wet fit. This method determines the strength of the substrate to substrate bond by measuring how long the bonding is able to withstand a constantly applied force (static peel force). 
     Scope 
     Applicable for all diapers or absorbent cores having fully encapsulated cores with a core endflap (core front and back end seals). Diapers or cores may be air felt free. Core may have AGM free channels. Channel specific Normalized Core Hang Time (or Normalized channel hang time, NChHT) applicable for cores with AGM free channels showing the following parameters: minimum distance between channels at the measuring point of 10 mm and a minimum channel free distance at the measuring point of 20 mm to the core bag edge to ensure a proper clamping of the nonwoven into the clamps. 
     Equipment 
     
         
         
           
             Clips Medium Binder Clips 25 mm Capacity #72050. ACCO World Product. Other suppliers: Yihai Products (#Y10003), Universal Office Products (#10210), Diamond (#977114), or equivalent 
             Clips . . . Large Binder Clips 2 inch (50.8 mm). ACCO World Product. Other suppliers: Yihai Products, Universal Office Products, Diamond, or equivalent 
             Test Stand . . . RT-10 room temperature (Shear Tester) w/timer. ChemInstruments, 510 Commercial Drive, Fairfield Ohio 45014-9797, USA; or equivalent. (See  FIG. 1 ) Must be placed in a vibration free area 
             Weight . . . Endseal: Normalized Core Hang Time (NCHT): 0.200 g (+/−1 g) TW200 Shear Tester Weight with hook on top (to attach to the clip). ChemInstruments, 510 Commercial Drive, Fairfield Ohio 45014-9797, USA; or equivalent; 
             . . . Channel specific Normalized Core Hang Time (NChHT): 150 g (+/−1 g) TW150 Shear Tester Weight with hook on top (to attach to the clip). ChemInstruments, 510 Commercial Drive, Fairfield Ohio 45014-9797, USA; or equivalent 
             . . . Cutting Tools Scissors and a 25.4 mm (1 inch) cutter (convenient source, (see  FIG. 2 ), e.g. JDC Precision Sample Cutter made by Thwings-Albert Instrument Company Philadelphia USA, cat#99, cut width 25.4 mm, accuracy at least +/−0.1 mm) 
             Metal . . . Ruler Traceable to NIST, DIN, JIS or other comparable National Standard, graduated in mm, longer than the length to be measured 
             Marker Permanent Fine-tip waterproof marker with no more than 2 mm pen width from convenient source 
             Sticks . . . Optional: Sticks from a convenient source, min. length=sample with, stick weight &lt;0.1 g 
             Temperature . . . Testo-temperature device (or equivalent) to measure temperature at sample height. 
             Measurement . . . With an accuracy of ±0.5° C. and ±2.5% RH in the range between −10° C. and +50° C. 
             Device . . . Testo GmbH &amp; Co., Postbox 1140, D-79849 Lenzkirch (www.testo.com) Article number for Testo 625: 0563 6251. 
           
         
       
    
     Sample preparation: For normalized initial core end seal hang time and normalized initial channel hang time, test at room temperature about 2 hours after production. For normalized final core end seal hang time and normalized final channel hang time, test aged sample, meaning after 6 hours at 60° C.
         1. Open the diaper topsheet side up and place it flat onto a table. For pull-ups open side seams and remove waistbands. Hold the diaper with one hand and carefully remove Ears, Leg Elastics and BLCs along the BLC continuous bond (outer edge) on both Operator Side (OS) and Drive Side (DS) (see  FIG. 3 ).   2. Gently remove topsheet and acquisition system without damaging the core endflap gluing.       

     Back/Front Edge Bonding Specific Sample Preparation:
         1. If the edge of the core encapsulation material is folded under the core, unfold the endflap. If this is not possible without tearing any core materials, discard the sample and pull another sample.   2. The center of the core will be tested. Lay the pad onto the 25.4 mm cutter centered over the center of the core. Provide sufficient length on the cutter to ensure sufficient length (at least 65 mm) and cut the sample. Label the sample either “UTE”/Front or “TE”/Back with the marker   3. After cut is made by the 25.4 mm cutter, use the scissors to cut sample from the pad. Ensure that the sample measures 70 mm+/−5 mm. If the sample is too long, use scissors to cut off the necessary amount of material at the open end of the sample (area with core material). If the sample is too short, discard the sample and pull another sample.   4. Put each sample under the UV-light to identify the AGM edge and mark a line along the AGM edge at TE/Diaper Front and UTE/Diaper Back.   5. Gently open samples like a book up to the marked line and gently remove core material that is between Nonwoven Core Cover (NWCC) and Nonwoven Dusting Layer (NWDL).   6. Optional Step: Use marker to mark the edge of glued area. This should follow the shape of where the NWCC and NWDL are glued together. (line may not be straight).       

     Side Seal Specific Sample Preparation:
         1. Inspect the core side seal glue at Drive Side (DS) and Operator Side (OS) for “open” areas, such as open channels, because of missing glue, with free access to the core materials (AGM)
           a) If no open areas are present proceed with step 2.   b) In case of “open” areas skip further testing and report a Failure.   
           2. Label the cut samples appropriate, e.g. DS.   3. Lay the pad on the 25.4 mm cutter approximately in the middle of the crotch area. If you choose to cut and measure at a different position, note down where, e.g. OS-TE or DS-UTE.   4. Cut the pad in cross machine direction with the 25.4 mm cutter, use the scissors to cut sample in half   5. Optional: Measure the width of the sample at the gluing on the NWCC side. The width has to be 25±2 mm.   6. Put each sample under the UV-light to identify the AGM edge and mark a line along the AGM edge   7. Open samples like a book up to the marked inner line and gently remove core material that is between Nonwoven Core Cover and Nonwoven Dusting Layer.       

     Channel Specific Sample Preparation:
         1. Label the cut samples appropriate, e.g. DS/OS (driveside/operator side, or left/right)   2. Put each sample under the UV-light to identify the beginning and the end of the channels in the front and in the back and mark a line in cross direction.   3. Define the center of the channel area by using a ruler and mark as the centerline.   4. Lay the pad on the 25.4 mm cutter and align to the centerline cutting the sample out of the TE area.   5. Cut the pad in cross direction and optionally measure the width of cut sample (target=25±2 mm).   6. Use the scissors to cut the sample that there are at least a 5 mm channel free flap at the inner side (cutting in machine direction) to get an OS and a DS sample. All samples will be tested/opened from the outside of the core.   7. Optional: Put each sample under the UV-light to identify the channel AGM edge and mark a line along the AGM edges of the channel.   8. Open samples from the outside of the core like a book up to the beginning of the printed channel (respectively the first marked line if you have marked it) and gently remove core material that is between Nonwoven Core Cover and Nonwoven Dusting Layer.       

     Test Procedure: 
     Set up the tester in an area where the temperature is constant and ensure that the tester has at least 2 h time to reach the temperature of the environment. The same applies to the samples which usually will have the same temperature as the environment and can then be measured right away. However if this is not the case one needs to wait at least 2 h to reach the temperature of the environment prior to the start of the measurement.
         1. The equipment may be operated between 17.5° C.-28.5° C. for AFF products.   2. Roll the topsheet side part of the sample around a stick, which is not heavier than 0.2 g (AGM to the inside) and staple it for fixation. You may cut the stick with scissors if it is longer than the sample width. The stick ensures that the samples do not slip from the clamp.   3. Clamp the backsheet side/dusting layer side of the sample strip into the jaw of the large binder clip hanging at the top of the tester bar.   4. Clamp the other binder clip (medium) to the nonwoven core cover.   5. Once all test samples have been prepared, (can setup multiple tests at one time) begin picking up the weights from the tester switch (this will begin the timer) and slowly attach the 200 g weights for End flap or Side Seal or 150 g for AGM free channels to the lower binder clips and lower slowly until the weights hangs freely on the test strip.   6. As soon as the weight is released, push the timer reset button for that sample to begin the timer at 0 minutes. NOTE: The timer must be checked to ensure that it has begun counting from 0.0 min. The operator should look for the number to change from 0.0 min to 0.1 min.   7. Repeat procedure above for each sample prepared.   8. Measure and note down the temperature T a  of the tester area at the sample height to the nearest 0.1° C. at the start of the measurement. The allowed temperature range is 17.5° C.-28.5° C. Measure the temperature at the beginning and at the end of the measurement. T a  is the average temperature between the two.   9. The timers will stop automatically once the sample weight has fallen. This is the Hang time for that sample.       

     Calculation: 
     A) Temperature Adjustment to 23° C. (Normalization). Use the following calculation to adjust for temperatures 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
         
         
           
             t23° C.: Corrected hang time in [min] at T=23 [° C.] 
             t a : actual hang time in [min] at the temperature T a    
             T a : temperature [° C.] of the test equipment and the sample during the measurement 
           
         
       
    
     The result actual hang time and the actual temperature are input of t a  and T a  using the above equation t 23° C. . 
     Reporting: 
     Measure and Write Down the Following Values:
         The actual temperature T a  to the nearest 0.1° C.   The actual hang time t a  to the nearest 0.1 min   The transformed hang time (t23° C.) to the nearest 0.1 (normalized hang time).       

     Wet normalized initial channel hang time is calculated by the normalized initial channel hang time test method, except sample is first dipped in 200 ml 0.9% NaCl @ T=21° C. for 30 minutes and then tested. 
     2. Dynamic Mechanical Analysis (DMA) to Determine G′ for Thermoplastic Compositions 
     Temperature Sweep—Principle 
     A dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) is done. An oscillatory shear stress is continuously applied to the adhesive resulting in an oscillatory strain at constant amplitude, which is small enough to ensure fully recoverable deformation, whereas the temperature is increased (or decreased) in discrete steps. The relationship between the sinusoidal stress applied and the resulting strain response as well as the shift between both measures on the time axis are measured. The results are quantified by Storage Modulus [G′], Loss Modulus [G″] and Loss Factor [tan δ] of the adhesive in dependence of temperature. 
     Instrument: 
     TA Instruments DHR-3 
     Procedure:
         1. Use a rheometer with 20 mm plate/plate geometry consisting of an upper steel plate (diameter: 20 mm) and a lower peltier or heating plate enabling temperature control. The rheometer needs to be capable of applying temperatures from 0° C. to 150° C.   2. Calibrate Rheometer according to instrument manual.   3. Cut off and weigh a piece of adhesive of 0.37 g+/−0.01 g and place it onto the centre of the Peltier or heating plate of the rheometer and set the temperature to 150° C.   4. After the adhesive is molten, slowly lower the upper plate to the geometry gap of 1000 micrometer. The velocity of the rheometer head must not exceed 1000 micrometer per second in order to achieve good contact between the adhesive and the upper plate without damaging the adhesive sample.   5. Cover the geometry with the geometry cover for 2 minutes so that the upper plate can heat up and the adhesive gets completely molten.   6. Remove the cover and rotate the upper plate manually to distribute the adhesive evenly between the upper plate and the Peltier or heating plate and to ensure full contact of the adhesive to the upper plate.   7. Afterwards cover the geometry with the geometry cover for another 2 minutes.   8. Remove the geometry cover and check whether the adhesive is distributed evenly.   9. Perform a pre-shearing at a shear rate of 2.5 seconds−1 for 1 minute to condition the adhesive.   10. After pre-shearing keep the temperature at 150° C. for 1 minute to let the adhesive settle and recover from pre-shearing.   11. Set Axial force control to 0.0 N with a sensitivity +/−0.1 N   12. Cool down to 25° C. and wait for 1 hour   13. Cool down to 10° C. and wait for 10 minutes   14. Start Temperature Sweep from 10 to 110° C. with temperature step of 2° C.
           Equilibrate at each temperature step for 60 s.   Strain Amplitude: 0.03%   Angular frequency: 6.28319 rad/s
 
Calculation/Reporting
 
From the temperature sweep report the following parameters:
   
           Glass transition temperature in ° C.   (The glass transition temperature is defined at the peak maximum of the tan δ value   Cross-over temperature in ° C.   (The cross-over-temperature is found at the end of the rubber-plateau towards higher temperatures indicating the beginning of the terminal zone. At the cross-over-temperature storage- and loss modulus equal and tan δ value is 1)   Storage modulus at 21° C., 35° C., 60° C. and 90° C. in Pascal.
 
3. Wet Immobilization Test
 
Equipment
   Graduated Cylinder   Stop watch (±0.1 sec)   Scissors   Light Box   Pen   Test solution: 0.90% saline solution at 23+/−2° C.   Metal ruler traceable to NIST, DIN, JIS or other comparable National Standard   PVC/metal dishes with a flat surface inside and a minimum length of the core bag length (n) to be measured and a maximum length n+30 mm, width of 105±5 mm, height of 30-80 mm or equivalent   Electronic Force Gauge (Range 0 to 50 Kg)   Wet Immobilization Impact Tester Equipment (WAIIT), Design package number: BM-00112.59500-R01 available from T.M.G. Technisches Buero Manfred Gruna
 
Facilities:
 
Standard laboratory conditions, temperature: 23° C.±2° C., relative humidity: &lt;55%
 
Sample Preparation
   1. Open the product, topsheet side up.   2. Unfold the diaper and cut the cuff elastics approximately every 2.5 cm to avoid chassis tension.   3. For pull-up products open the side seams and remove the waistbands.   4. Lay the core bag flat and rectangular topsheet side up onto the light box surface without any folds.   5. Switch on the light box to clearly identify the absorbent core outer edges.   6. With a ruler, draw a line at the front and back absorbent core outer edges.   7. Measure the distance (A), between the two markers and divide the value by 2, this will be calculated distance (B).   8. Measure the calculated distance (B) from front marker towards the middle of the core bag and mark it. At this marker draw a line in the cross direction.
 
Test Procedure
 
WAIIT Calibration:
   1. Make sure that the sliding board is in the lower position. Open the front door of the WAIIT tester and connect the force gauge hook to the upper sample clamp of the WAIIT. Make sure that the clamp is closed before connecting the spring-balance.   2. Use both hands on the spring-balance to lift continuously and as slowly as possible up the sliding board towards the upper position. Record the average value (m 1 ) during the execution to the nearest 0.02 kg.   3. Guide down the sliding board as slowly as possible to the lower position and record the average value (m 2 ) read off during execution to the nearest 0.02 kg.   4. Calculate and report the delta of m 1 -m 2  to the nearest 0.01 kg. If the delta is 0.6 kg±0.3 kg continue measurement. Otherwise, an adjustment of the sliding board is necessary. Make sure that the sliding board is in lower position and check the sliding path for any contamination or damage. Check if the position of the sliding board to the sliding path is correctly adjusted by shaking the board. For easy gliding some clearance is needed. If not present, readjust the system.
 
WAIIT Test Settings:
   Drop height is 50 cm.   Diaper load (l D ) is 73% of the core capacity (cc); l D =0.73×cc.   Core capacity (cc) is calculated as: cc=m SAP ×SAP GV , where m SAP  is the mass of superabsorbent polymer (SAP) present in the diaper and SAP GV  is the free swelling capacity of the superabsorbent polymer. Free swelling capacity of the superabsorbent polymer is determined with the method described in WO 2006/062258. The mass of the superabsorbent polymer present in the diaper is the average mass present in ten products.
 
Test Execution:
   1. Reset the balance to zero (tare), put the dry core bag on the balance, weigh and report it to the nearest 0.1 g.   2. Measure the appropriate volume Saline (0.9% NaCl in deionized water) with the graduated cylinder.   3. Lay the core bag, topsheet side up, flat into the PVC dish. Pour the saline evenly over the core bag.   4. Take the PVC dish and hold it slanting in different directions, to allow any free liquid to be absorbed. Products with poly-backsheet need to be turned after a minimum waiting time of 2 minutes so that liquid under the backsheet can be absorbed. Wait for 10 minutes (+/−1 minute) to allow all saline to be absorbed. Some drops may retain in the PVC dish. Use only the defined PVC/metal dish to guarantee homogenous liquid distribution and less retained liquid.   5. Reset the balance to zero (tare), put the wet core bag on the balance. Weigh and report it to the nearest 0.1 g. Fold the core bag just once to make it fit on the balance. Check to see if the wet core bag weight is out of limit (defined as “dry core bag weight+diaper load±4 ml”). For example, 12 g dry core bag weight+150 ml load=162 g wet core bag weight. If the actual wet weight on the scale is between 158 g and 166 g, the pad can be used for shaking. Otherwise scrap the pad and use the next one.   6. Take the loaded core bag and cut the pad along the marked line in the cross direction.   7. Put the back of the wet core bag onto the balance (m 1 ). Weigh and report it to the nearest 0.1 g.   8. Take the wet core and clamp the end seal side in the top clamp of the sample holder of the WAIIT (open end of the core oriented down). Next, clamp both sides of the core with the side clamps of the sample holder making sure that the product is fixed to the sample holder along the whole product length. Make sure not to clamp the absorbent core, only the nonwoven; for some products this means securing the product with only the barrier leg cuff.   9. Lift up the sliding board to the upper position by using both hands until the board is engaged.   10. Close the safety front door and release the slide blade.   11. Reset the balance to zero (tare), take the tested core bag out of the WAIIT and put it on the balance (m 2 ). Report the weight to the nearest 0.1 g.   12. Repeat steps 7 to 11 with front of the wet core bag.
 
Reporting:
   1. Record the dry core bag weight to the nearest 0.1 g.   2. Record the wet weight before (m 1 front/back ) and after (m 2 front/back ) testing, both to the nearest 0.1 g.   3. Calculate and report the average weight loss (Δm) to the nearest 0.1 g: Δm=(m 1front +m 1back )−(m 2front +m 2back )   4. Calculate and report the weight loss in percent to the nearest 1%, (Δm rel ): (Δm rel )=(((m 1front +m 1back )−(m 2front +m 2back ))×100)/(m 1front +m 1back )   5. Calculate and report Wet Immobilization (WI) as: WI=100%−Δm rel          

     The dimensions and values disclosed herein are not to be understood as being strictly limited to the exact numerical values recited. Instead, unless otherwise specified, each such dimension is intended to mean both the recited value and a functionally equivalent range surrounding that value. For example, a dimension disclosed as “40 mm” is intended to mean “about 40 mm.” 
     Every document cited herein, including any cross referenced or related patent or application, is hereby incorporated herein by reference in its entirety unless expressly excluded or otherwise limited. The citation of any document is not an admission that it is prior art with respect to any invention disclosed or claimed herein or that it alone, or in any combination with any other reference or references, teaches, suggests or discloses any such invention. Further, to the extent that any meaning or definition of a term in this document conflicts with any meaning or definition of the same term in a document incorporated by reference, the meaning or definition assigned to that term in this document shall govern. 
     While particular embodiments of the present invention have been illustrated and described, it would be obvious to those skilled in the art that various other changes and modifications can be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. It is therefore intended to cover in the appended claims all such changes and modifications that are within the scope of this invention.