Patent Publication Number: US-2022234927-A1

Title: Mixing systems and methods of mixing

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This application is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 16/938,064, filed Jul. 24, 2020 , which is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 16/239,236, filed Jan. 3, 2019, now U.S. Pat. No. 10,752,532, issued on Aug. 25, 2020, which is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 15/209,557, filed Jul. 13, 2016, which is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 14/198,346, filed Mar. 5, 2014, now U.S. Pat. No. 9,416,037, issued on Aug. 16, 2016, which is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 13/591,495, filed Aug. 22, 2012, now U.S. Pat. No. 8,702,070, issued on Apr. 22, 2014, which is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 12/577,529, filed Oct. 12, 2009, now U.S. Pat. No. 8,505,881, issued on Aug. 13, 2013, all of which are entitled “Mixing Systems and Methods of Mixing” and which are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety. 
    
    
     FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention relates to mixing systems, methods, and components used for mixing fluids, and particularly fluids at wastewater treatment facilities. 
     BACKGROUND 
     Methods and systems for treating wastewater are known in the art. Such methods may include aerobic, anoxic, and anaerobic processes. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention includes a mixing system for mixing fluids. The mixing system may be used for mixing wastewater in a wastewater treatment containment unit. The system includes a source of compressed air connected to a supply line; a valve between the source of compressed air and a supply header; a first line connected to the header; and a nozzle located inside a containment unit, wherein the nozzle is connected to the first line and wherein the nozzle comprises two outlets. 
     The present invention further includes a nozzle for use in a mixing system with the nozzle having a nipple interconnected to a structure forming or capable of forming a partially enclosed channel, and the channel having at least two outlets. 
     The present invention also includes a process for mixing including introducing an intermittent and controlled burst of pressurized gas from a nozzle into a containment unit. In the process, multiple mixing bubbles of varying sizes are formed by the burst, and at least two pluralities of mixing bubbles are introduced nearly simultaneously from a single nozzle. 
     The present invention may be better understood by reference to the description and figures that follow. It is to be understood that the invention is not limited in its application to the specific details as set forth in the following description and figures. The invention is capable of other embodiments and of being practiced or carried out in various ways. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       These and other features, aspects, and advantages of the present invention are better understood when the following detailed description is read with reference to the accompanying drawings, wherein: 
         FIG. 1  is an overhead perspective view of a mixing system in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention; 
         FIG. 2  is a partial perspective view of the mixing system shown  FIG. 1 ; 
         FIG. 3  is a front cut-away view of a controller box in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention; 
         FIG. 4  is a detailed view of a supply header of the present invention having five nozzles, wherein each nozzle is connected to the supply header by way of a first line and a second line; 
         FIG. 5  is a close-up view of a nozzle from  FIG. 4  that is connected to the supply header by way of a first line and a second line; 
         FIG. 6A  is a front, cut-away view of an embodiment of a nozzle of the present invention in which the spacers (shown if  FIG. 6B ) are omitted for clarity. 
         FIG. 6B  is an end view of the nozzle shown in  FIG. 6A ; 
         FIG. 6C  is a top view of the nozzle depicted in  FIG. 6A ; 
         FIG. 7  is a drawing showing the flow of gas into and out of the nozzle depicted in  FIG. 6A ; 
         FIG. 8  is a side view of the nozzle shown in  FIG. 5  showing rising mixing bubbles; 
         FIG. 9  is a drawing that provides a representation of pathways created by the mixing system of the present invention; 
         FIG. 10  is a drawing depicting an embodiment of a mixing method of the present invention in an aerobic wastewater treatment process; and 
         FIG. 11  is a graph comparing mixing test results of the present invention with mixing test results of a conventional mechanical mixer. 
     
    
    
     Repeat use of reference characters in the present specification and drawings is intended to represent same or analogous features or elements of the invention. 
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF EXEMPLARY EMBODIMENTS 
     Reference will now be made in detail to various embodiments of the invention, one or more examples of which are illustrated in the accompanying drawings. Each example is provided by way of explanation, not limitation, of the invention. In fact, it will be apparent to those skilled in the art that modifications and variations can be made in the present invention without departing from the scope and spirit thereof. For instance, features illustrated or described as part of one embodiment may be used on another embodiment to yield a still further embodiment. Thus, it is intended that the present invention covers such modifications and variations as come within the scope of the appended claims and their equivalents. 
     Referring to  FIG. 1 , an overhead perspective view of an exemplary wastewater treatment mixing system  1  is shown. The system  1  includes a containment unit for wastewater, which is shown in  FIG. 1  as basin  2  having four sidewalls  4  and a bottom  6 . One of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that alternative types of containment units, such as tanks or vessels, are also within the scope of the present invention. The containment unit may additionally have an inlet through which wastewater enters and an outlet through which the treated wastewater exits. In some embodiments, the containment unit may allow for continuous flow of the wastewater whereas other embodiments may restrict the flow of the wastewater. In some embodiments, multiple containment units, of the same type or of differing types, may be present and connected such that the wastewater passes to and through them sequentially as it is treated and/or processed. The remaining components of the wastewater treatment mixing system  1  of the present invention are shown in more detail in additional figures and described therewith. 
       FIG. 2  is a partial perspective view of the mixing system shown  FIG. 1 . As shown in  FIG. 2 , a source of compressed air is shown outside of basin  2  as a compressor  8 . Compressor  8  is connected to supply line  10 , which feeds into a controller box  12 . A conventional regulator  9  may be placed along the supply line to regulate the pressure of pressurized gas from the compressor  8 . In the depicted embodiment, controller box  12  is located outside of basin  2 , but it is understood that the precise placement of controller box  12  may vary. 
     Controller box  12  is shown in further detail in  FIG. 3 , in which, in the particular embodiment depicted, controller box  12  includes eight valves  14  with each having a solenoid valve  16 . Valves  14  are connected with supply line  10 . Each valve  14  has an exhaust pressure sensor  15  that is in communication with a programmable logic controller  20 . Each pressure sensor  15  provides a signal to the programmable logic controller  20  each time the valve  14  to which it is attached opens and closes. If the signals do not fall within a predetermined range, the programmable logic controller  20  generates a fault signal to the plant process control system (not shown) or to the operator. In this manner, mixing system  1  includes an alert for certain malfunctions, such as when a valve  14  is stuck open or stuck closed. The programmable logic controller  20 , which can include a memory (not shown) and a processor (not shown), is also capable of selectively opening and closing each valve  14  located in controller box  12 . Obviously, systems may also be utilized in the context of this invention that use manual manipulation of valves instead of the computerized control system described above. 
     Referring again to  FIG. 2 , four supply headers  18  made of PVC piping are shown, wherein each supply header  18  is connected to a valve  14  in controller box  12 . Supply headers  18  extend from controller box  12  toward bottom  6  of basin  2 . Supply headers  18  also extend in a pattern parallel with bottom  6  in an arrangement in which they are at substantially equally-spaced intervals. As apparent to an ordinary artisan, supply headers  18  can be made of a single, continuous component or, in an alternative embodiment, supply headers  18  can be constructed from multiple components joined by conventional measures, such as welding, adhesive, threading, bending, use of a connector, or other known measures or combinations thereof. In addition, the headers, as well as all of the piping in this system, can be of any construction and material that meets the particular needs of the mixing system. For example, the piping can be made from plastic, galvanized steel, or any other material from which piping is typically formed and which meets the requirements of the particular system. It should also be appreciated that in other embodiments, the location of supply headers  18  can be varied. By way of example, headers  18  can run above basin  2 . 
     In the embodiment depicted in  FIG. 2 , and as also shown in more detail in  FIG. 4 , each of the supply headers  18  has five first lines  22  that extend substantially perpendicular from each supply header  18  and that are substantially parallel to bottom  6 . It is understood that first lines  22  can extend at different angles in other embodiments. As seen in  FIG. 5 , first lines  22  are connected to supply header  18  using a T-type connector  19  with cap  21  sealing the unconnected branch, although any conventional means for connecting can be employed and such means are readily known to a person having ordinary skill in the art. Alternatively, for example, supply header  18  can be integral to first line  22 . Although first lines  22  are depicted in a staggered layout, i.e., each first line  22  extends in the opposite direction from the previous and subsequent first lines  22 , other layouts are within the scope of the present invention. Although, certain advantages may be achieved with the particular layout depicted in the figures hereof. 
     Attached to each first line  22  is a second line  24 , which extends in the same general direction as sidewalls  4 . As shown in  FIGS. 2, 4, and 5 , each second line  24  is connected to a nozzle  30  at the distal end of second line  24  opposite the supply header  18 . The connection between second line  24  and nozzle  30  can be made by any conventional measures, such as those discussed above. It is understood that in other embodiments, the second line  24  can extend at different angles. In the depicted embodiment, as best shown by  FIG. 5 , first line  22  and second line  24  are connected using a T-type connector  23  and are generally at a 90° angle with respect to one another. In  FIG. 5 , nozzle  30  is shown in black shading. 
     Although one of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that various types of nozzles can be used within the scope of the present invention, a particular embodiment of the present invention is shown in detail in  FIGS. 6A, 6B, and 6C . With reference to these figures, nozzle  30  has a nipple  32 , an upper plate  34 , a lower plate  36 , and spacer  37 . Spacer  37  is omitted from  FIG. 6A  for clarity. Nipple  32 , which is hollow to permit gas flow, is connected to second line  24  (as shown in  FIG. 5 ) and opens into channel  38 . Upper plate  34  and lower plate  36  are parallel to each other and are spaced apart by spacer  37  such that channel  38  is formed between them, wherein channel  38  has outlets  40  at each distal end. In other embodiments, multiple channels are present, wherein each channel may have an outlet at each distal end. By way of example, one embodiment of a nozzle of the present invention has a nipple that connects with three channels, wherein each channel has an outlet at each distal end. 
     In other embodiments, channel  38  can be formed by two plates being directly attached without a spacer wherein the plates have integral grooves that align to form a channel. In yet further embodiments, the nozzle may be interconnected to a tube or pipe, wherein the hollow interior of the tube or pipe functions as channel  38 . It is recognized that one of ordinary skill in the art will readily appreciate other structures suitable to provide for channel  38 . In an additional embodiment, the channel is formed by a single plate having a groove, wherein the plate is located against the bottom of a containment unit such that the groove and bottom collectively form a channel. In one particular embodiment of the present invention, the inner diameter of the nipple  32  measures one inch and the length measures nine inches; the upper plate is twenty inches long by four inches wide by 0.25 inches thick; the lower plate is twenty inches long by seven inches wide by 0.25 inches thick; the spacers are twenty inches long by two inches wide by 0.125 inches thick; and channel  38  and outlets  40  have a height (between upper plate  34  and lower plate  36 ) of 0.25 inches and a width of three inches. In another embodiment, the lower plate is alternatively ten inches wide. In yet another embodiment, the spacers are one inch wide. 
     In some embodiments, the dimensions of the channels and outlets on a nozzle are designed as a function of the number of outlets on the nozzle. For instance, and by way of example, nozzles having more outlets may have narrower channels and outlets than an otherwise identical nozzle having fewer outlets. Similarly, it will be appreciated that the length of a channel can influence the design dimensions of its channel and outlet. In addition, in some embodiments, outlets on a nozzle may be spaced such that adjacent outlets are no closer than the width of the outlets. 
     In operation, wastewater treatment mixing system  1  functions to mix the contents of basin  2 . System  1  operates by compressor  8  providing pressurized gas into supply line  10 . A conventional regulator may be utilized to control the pressure of the pressurized gas. The pressurized gas is generally a gas or fluid that has a lower density than the wastewater mixture (including any added compounds) that is present in basin  2 . The pressurized gas flows through supply line  10  to the valves  14  in controller box  12 . Each valve  14  is capable of opening and closing to selectively and controllably allow the pressurized gas to flow into the supply header  18  corresponding to that particular valve  14 . When a valve  14  is opened, the pressurized gas flows into the respective header  18  for that valve. In one embodiment, the opening and closing of the valve can be controlled by the programmable logic controller  20 . In others, the opening and closing of the valve(s) can be controlled manually. 
     In one embodiment, no more than one valve  14  within control box  12  is open at any given time. When a valve  14  is open, the pressurized gas flows into and through a header  18  corresponding with that particular valve  14 . As sufficient pressurized gas flows into header  18 , it will also fill first line  22  and second line  24 . The gas flow continues into nozzle  30 . The flow of gas in nozzle  30  of  FIG. 6  is shown by arrows in  FIG. 7 . As shown, the gas flows into nozzle  30  by entering nipple  32  and then continues to channel  38  and toward outlets  40 . In general operation, valves  14  are opened in short, cyclic intervals. 
     As a result of the bursts of gas exiting nozzle  30  through outlets  40  and entering basin  2 , nozzle  30  generates a plurality of mixing bubbles  50  in basin  2  that are generally larger in size than the bubbles introduced to the system by conventional aerators used in an aeration process for treating wastewater. Some wastewater processes utilize diffusers that generate small bubbles and the diffusers are not operated in a generally cyclical interval. In the present invention, nozzle  30  is used to introduce cyclic, controlled bursts of compressed gas or other fluid to the contents of basin  2  as shown in  FIG. 8 . The bubbles created by the present invention may be generally repeatable at distinct intervals as desired by the particular fluid mixing flow desired. 
     Mixing bubbles  50  may vary in size, and various parameters may influence the size of the mixing bubbles, such as the size of channel  38  and outlets  40 , the flow rate of the pressurized gas, and the density of the pressurized gas. Generally, when similar supply headers, lines, and nozzles are used throughout a system, mixing bubbles of generally the same volume and size will be formed by each nozzle in the system when operating under similar conditions. Mixing bubbles  50  are generally larger than bubbles created by conventional aerators used in aeration processes for treating wastewater. However, in one embodiment of the present invention, none of mixing bubbles  50  exceed a diameter of six inches. Because the pressurized gas forming mixing bubbles  50  is less dense than the surrounding liquid composition in basin  2 , mixing bubbles  50  rise away from bottom  6  of basin  2  as shown by the arrows in  FIG. 8 . It should be noted that the mixing bubbles shown in  FIG. 8  and all subsequent figures are representative only and are not to scale. The mixing bubbles of the present invention may vary in quantity and size from the depicted representations and their physical characteristics are dependent on a variety of factors as mentioned above. 
     As mixing bubbles  50  rise, a displacement of the adjacent fluid within basin  2  occurs. In particular, the rising mixing bubbles  50  exert a force in an upward direction, and a vacuum is created behind the bubbles. This vacuum can be present behind individual bubbles and can also be present from a grouping of mixing bubbles  50  resulting from a gas burst. The vacuum pulls surrounding fluid from the area around bottom  6  of basin  2  toward the surface (in the direction of the rising mixing bubbles  50 ). 
     The cumulative effect of the periodic release of mixing bubbles  50  is the generation of at least one circular pathway of liquid within the containment unit. As used herein, the term “circular pathway” indicates that near the surface of the liquid level there is a downwardly directed circulation pathway of the fluid. 
     An example of a possible circular pathway created by the rising mixing bubbles  50  and the trailing vacuum created thereby is depicted by the arrows in  FIG. 9 . As shown in  FIG. 9 , mixing bubbles  50  have risen away from bottom  6  of basin  2 . As a result, a circular pathway shown by the non-dashed arrows is created. In addition, the dashed arrows in  FIG. 9  show an additional pathway that can be created by the rising of the bubbles and the vacuums associated therewith. It is understood that these pathways are representative only, and a person of ordinary skill in the art can readily appreciate that additional, alternative, and different pathways can be created by the present invention. 
     The periodic bursts of pressurized gas from nozzles  30  as described above can be controlled and varied in terms of both timing and volume to achieve a desired circulation pathway. In particular, particular valves  14  can be selectively opened and closed to permit a desired amount of pressurized gas to enter into a particular supply header  18 . By controlling the pressurized gas entering each supply header  18 , the resulting burst is also controlled. In a like manner, a desired sequence of bursts from nozzles  30  in communication with different supply headers  18  can be achieved by controlling the sequence of pressurized gas entering supply headers  18 . For instance, in one embodiment the sequence of pressurized gas releases may be timed to move along the basin in the direction of wastewater flow before the pattern is cyclically repeated to create a wave-like effect. 
     In some embodiments of the present system, first lines  22  and second lines  24  have an equal inner diameter that is smaller than the inner diameter of supply header  18  to which they are in communication. In other embodiments, first lines  22  have an inner diameter equal to the inner diameter of the supply header  18  to which it is connected, and the corresponding second lines  24  has a smaller inner diameter. In such an embodiment, supply header  18  and first lines  22  fill with the pressurized gas before pressurized gas enters any adjoining second lines  24 . This flow pattern of pressurized gas results from the wider diameter supply header  18  and first line  22  offering a lesser path of resistance to the pressurized gas than the smaller diameter of second line  24 . In such an embodiment, after supply header  18  and first line  22  have filled with pressurized gas, each second line  24  connected to that header begins to simultaneously fill with pressurized gas that then flows into the connected nozzles  30  at the same rate. In this manner, the pressurized gas entering each nozzle  30  is controlled so that the resulting burst described above occurs simultaneously and of equal magnitude for each nozzle  30  in communication with the same header  18 . In even further embodiments, first line  22  has a smaller inner diameter than supply header  18  to which it is connected, and the corresponding second line  24  has a smaller inner diameter than the second line  24 . It is appreciated that the use of vertical line between the supply header and nozzle is useful to prevent fluids from the containment unit entering the lines or supply header. 
     In yet another embodiment, the system may not include a first line  22 , and second line  24  may connect to supply header  18 . In such an embodiment, second line  24  may also have a smaller inner dinner than supply header  18  to permit equal flow of the pressurized gas in each second line  24  and to each nozzle  30  as described above. As indicated, second line  24  may be a vertical pipe or line extending from first line  22 . However, if improvements can be made to achieve the results of the present invention without the use of a vertical pipe, those are within the scope of this invention. 
     The system of the current invention includes nozzles in a variety of patterns within a containment unit. As shown in the exemplary embodiment shown in  FIGS. 1-2 , nozzles  30  are displaced throughout basin  2  in a grid pattern, with five nozzles in communication with each supply header by way of a second line  24  and a first line  22 , and the nozzles are shown in a staggered pattern. In other embodiments, more or fewer nozzles can be in communication with a header. In yet other embodiments, the arrangement of the nozzles can vary, including being on the same side of a supply header (as opposed to staggered). In addition, in even further embodiments, the supply header may be of a circular shape or serpentine shape as opposed to the linear grid depicted in  FIG. 1 . The particular arrangement of a mixing system of the present invention can depend upon the size of a containment unit and the particular process being performed, and additional and alternative arrangements are appreciated by a person having ordinary skill in the art. In some embodiments, the nozzles may be placed approximately five to ten feet longitudinally along a supply header and offset approximately one to four feet from the header. 
     As shown in the embodiment in  FIGS. 1-2 and 3-5 , nozzles  30  are located on the bottom of the basin. In some embodiments, nozzles  30  can be attached to the bottom  6  of basin  2 . In yet other embodiments, nozzles  30  are placed above the bottom  6  of basin  2 . 
     The present invention has numerous applications. For instance, in a wastewater treatment system, the present invention can increase contact between the wastewater, chemical additives, gas additives, and the working bacteria in the containment unit. By way of example, and without intending to limit the scope of the invention, the present invention can be used in an aerobic process for treating wastewater. In such an aerobic process, conventional aerators or diffusers are placed on or near the bottom of a containment unit. The aerators introduce diffused oxygen into the containment unit, thereby generating small bubbles. An aerobic process also generally includes bacteria and other microorganisms in the wastewater. The oxygen, bacteria, and other microorganisms convert ammonium in the wastewater to nitrate via nitrite, and an anoxic process can then be used to convert the nitrate to an environmentally-harmless nitrogen gas. 
     To improve the conversion of the ammonium, mixing within the containment unit of the components may be desired. Whereas aeration bubbles may cause some limited mixing, the influence of the aeration bubbles on the surrounding fluid is limited and only produces a significant effect in the area immediately surrounding the diffuser. Using the system and process described above, improved mixing can be achieved in the aerobic process. In particular, the present invention can provide turbulent displacement of the liquid, gases, bacteria, and microorganisms in the containment unit and thereby beneficially increase the contact of the components. In addition, increased retention time of other gases in the system may be achieved. 
     This above-described application of the present invention in an aerobic wastewater treatment process is illustrated further by  FIG. 10 , in which only a portion of a nozzle and segment of the containment unit are represented. The “x” designations in  FIG. 10  are representative of bacteria and microorganisms present in the fluid within the containment unit. Aerator  60 , which is more typical of a wastewater unit diffuser, generates diffused oxygen bubbles  62 . Mixing bubbles  50  in  FIG. 10  are shown as having already risen away from the bottom  6  of basin  2 , and the resulting pathways shown by the arrows are generated as described above. The bacteria and microorganisms can be turbulently mixed (as represented by wobbling arrows) by the pathways created by the system of the present invention as described above, thereby increasing the contact between the components in the containment unit. A person having ordinary skill in the art will appreciate the representative nature of  FIG. 10  as an example only and recognize that additional mixing can occur than represented by the arrows. 
     In a similar manner, the present invention can be used to improve mixing in an anoxic wastewater treatment process. As described above, the present invention can be used to increase contact between the wastewater, bacteria, and microorganisms in such a process. In particular, because anoxic processes operate in the absence of dissolved oxygen, the minimal mixing provided by aerators in an aerobic process is not present and the present invention is advantageous. 
     As indicated above, a person having ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that the present invention may also be used in other processes and systems. For instance, and without limitation, the present invention may be used in sludge digesters, anaerobic wastewater treatment containment units, wastewater channels, sludge holding tanks, equalization tanks, and pump stations in the same manner described above with any deviations being readily known by a person having skill in the art. 
     In addition, the present invention can be used in conjunction with other conventional structures or components. For instance, the system and nozzle of the present invention can be used in conjunction with one or more mechanical mixers. In addition, the present invention can be used in conjunction with an Integrated Fixed-film Activating Sludge (“IFAS”) system that includes media. Such media are suspended in the wastewater and provide bacteria and other microorganisms a structure on which to attach. Likewise, a knitted matrix fixed-film media, such as the commercially available BioWeb™ product sold by Entex Technologies, can be used in conjunction with the present invention to provide points of attachment for biomass growth. An anchored net, web, or similar structure that may provide another structure upon which the bacteria and other microorganisms can attach can be used in conjunction with the present invention. In some embodiments, any combination of these additional components can be employed, such as both an IFAS and a net, web, or similar structure. 
     The present invention is understood to achieve mixing that is equivalent to or better than that which is achieved using known mechanical mixers. For instance, a test was conducted in which the efficiency of a nozzle of the present invention was used and compared with a mechanical mixer commercially sold under the brand name Flygt 54660. In the test, Rhodamine WT, a known chemical tracer with the ability to absorb green light and emit red light, was added to a composition that was mixed in a basin. The basin in which the test was conducted had dimensions of 55 ft×41.5 ft×24 ft, resulting in a total volume of 409,754 ft3. 
     In one trial, the present invention was tested in an embodiment having four headers, wherein each header was in communication with a four nozzles by way of a first line and a second line. As described above, a separate valve was in communication with each header to selectively permit compressed gas to enter each header. Compressed air at 30 psi was selectively and consecutively fed into each header for 0.5 seconds, with a total of 5.5 seconds elapsing between the pressurized gas entering each header. Thus, each valve was opened for 0.5 seconds every 24 seconds to permit the compressed air to flow into the header corresponding to that valve. In a separate trial, a single commercially available 15 horsepower mechanical mixer sold under the brand name Flygt was used in the same basin. 
     A meter was used to measure the concentration of Rhodamine WT at a point near the exit of the basin, and samples were taken at a central point in the basin and the Rhodamine WT was measured. As shown in  FIG. 11 , in which the concentration of the Rhodamine WT is compared over the time of mixing for both the present invention and the tested mechanical mixer, the present invention generally mixed as well as the mechanical mixer. The present invention is indicated in the legend of  FIG. 11  as “BioMix,” and the mechanical mixer is indicated at “Flygt.” In particular, the graph shows that the concentration of the Rhodamine WT is comparably mixed by the present invention as compared with the tested mechanical mixer. 
     In addition, the test described above further indicates that the nozzle of the present invention mixed in a more energy-efficient manner. In particular, the following parameters applied respectively to each trial: 
                                         Present Invention    Mechanical Mixer                                            Power Factor    0.91    0.55        Amps    6.80    22.00        Volts    483.07    467.65                    
Using the parameters above, the horsepower and kilowatts required to obtain the results shown in  FIG. 11  can be calculated using the following equations, in which “p.f.” represents the power factor:
 
     
       
         
           
             
               
                 
                   
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                         . 
                       
                     
                     
                       7 
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                       1 
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     Using this equation, the present invention required only 6.91 horsepower and 5.155 kW, whereas the mechanical mixer required 13.14 horsepower and 9.801 kW to achieve comparable mixing results. These results indicate that the nozzle of the present invention operated 190% more efficiently than the conventional mixer. Assuming an electricity cost of $0.06 per kilowatt hour and 8760 hours per year of operating the compressor, the present invention represents a savings of $2442.08 per year to achieve comparable in mixing in the containment unit tested. In addition, the present invention does not require mechanical or electrical components to be present within the containment unit, but instead utilizes compressed air. 
     The foregoing description of illustrative embodiments of the invention has been presented only for the purpose of illustration and description and is not intended to be exhaustive or to limit the invention to the precise forms disclosed. Numerous modifications and adaptations thereof will be apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art without departing from the scope of the present invention. 
     It will be understood that each of the elements described above, or two or more together, may also find utility in applications differing from the types described. While the invention has been illustrated and described in the general context of mixing in wastewater treatment systems and processes, it is not intended to be limited to the details shown since various modifications and substitutions can be made without departing in any way from the spirit and scope of the present invention. As such, further modifications and equivalents of the invention herein disclosed may occur to persons skilled in the art using no more than routine experimentation, and all such modifications and equivalents are believed to be within the spirit and scope of the invention as described herein.