Patent Publication Number: US-2021180829-A1

Title: Control of an electric water heater as per a load shedding request signal and a salubrity index

Description:
FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
     The invention generally relates to the power demand management of apparatuses on an electrical network, and more particularly to a system and a method for controlling an electric water heater as per a load shedding request signal and a salubrity index of the water heater measured in a continuous mode. 
     CONTEXT 
     Some management systems of water heaters in peak period of an electrical network are already known. U.S. Pat. No. 8,204,633 (Harbin, III et al.), U.S. Pat. No. 8,588,991 (Forbes, Jr.), U.S. Pat. No. 9,927,131 (Rognli et al.), and US patent application 2012/0118989 (Buescher et al.) provide examples of management systems that allows in particular to remotely interrupt the operation of water heaters and to turn them on again according to the needs of the network. However, bacteria such as legionella may proliferate in the water heaters when their operation is interrupted, posing a risk for human health. It would thus be desirable that the management systems of water heaters have functionalities allowing taking into account the innocuousness of the water heater in particular to legionella and managing the water heaters accordingly. 
     SUMMARY 
     An object of the present invention is to provide a system for continuously evaluating an innocuousness level to bacteria, e.g. legionella, of an electric water heater, e.g. domestic, and for controlling the water heater in a context of power demand management in a safe way for human health. 
     According to an embodiment of the invention, there is provided a system for controlling an electric water heater as per a load shedding request signal, the system comprising:
         a temperature sensor positioned in order to measure a temperature of water in a lower area of a tank of the water heater;   a switch coupled to an electrical power supply circuit of the water heater, an opening and a closing of the switch being controllable by a control signal in order to interrupt or not interrupt an operation of the water heater; and   a controller connected to the temperature sensor and to the switch, the controller being configured to:
           continuously determine a salubrity index of the water heater as a function of the temperature measured by the temperature sensor and a time measurement; and   producing the control signal of the switch so that the switch causes an interruption of the operation of the water heater upon the load shedding request signal only if the salubrity index meets a preestablished criterion.   
               

     According to another embodiment of the invention, there is provided a method for controlling an electric water heater as per a load shedding request signal, the method comprising the steps of:
         positioning a temperature sensor in order to measure a temperature of water in a lower area of a tank of the water heater;   coupling a switch to an electrical power supply of the water heater, an opening and a closing of the switch being controllable by a control signal in order to interrupt or not interrupt an operation of the water heater; and   connecting a controller to the temperature sensor and to the switch, the controller being configured to :
           continuously determine a salubrity index of the water heater as a function of the temperature measured by the temperature sensor and a time measurement; and   producing the control signal of the switch so that the switch causes an interruption of the operation of the water heater upon the load shedding request signal only if the salubrity index meets a preestablished criterion.   
               

     The controller can thus compute an innocuousness index to legionella of the water heater and may decide to cut or to not cut its electrical power supply by means of the switch in order to interrupt the operation of the water heater depending on the computed index, when a load shedding request signal is received by the controller. In this way, the water heater may be authorized to participate or be excluded from participating to a power demand management event as a function of the value of the index. The system may be local, that is to say that the components performing computations and load shedding actions are near the water heater to be controlled. The system may also be decentralized, then involving a remote load manager, e.g. in a cloud network, that interacts with one or several water heaters. The system may in particular quantitatively provide a state of innocuousness or of salubrity of a water heater in real time on a time basis, e.g. daily or other. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       A detailed description of preferred embodiments of the invention will be given herein below with reference to the following drawings: 
         FIG. 1  is a schematic diagram of an electric water heater adapted to an embodiment of the invention. 
         FIG. 2  is a schematic diagram illustrating a local direct control of a water heater according to an embodiment of the invention. 
         FIG. 3  is a schematic diagram illustrating an indirect control of a water heater by a load manager according to an embodiment of the invention. 
         FIG. 4  is a flowchart illustrating a decision algorithm for control of a water heater according to an embodiment of the invention. 
         FIG. 5  is a flowchart illustrating an algorithm for updating a composite index of legionella according to an embodiment of the invention. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
     As used in the context of the present disclosure, the term block represents a set of circuits of a device such as a controller or the like, contributing to one or several functions, unless the context involves a different meaning. 
     As an example, in the context of the present invention, the survival of 2 strains of legionella pneumophilia (hereinafter also called “legionella”) have been measured, including one from a hot water heater, after incubation at 42° C. indicating a potential of heat resistance (Sanden 1989). The first strain (R1243) has been studied at 45, 50, 55, 60 and 66° C. and the second strain (426A) at 53° C. The value D, or the time required for a 90% decrease of the legionella population, is indicated in table 1 that follows. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 1 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Survival of legionella pneumophila serogroup 1 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                   
                   
                 Value D (time required 
               
               
                   
                 Legionella 
                 Temperature 
                 for a 90% decrease) 
               
               
                   
                 pneumophila 
                 (° C.) 
                 (minutes) 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 R1243 
                 45 
                 2500 
               
               
                   
                 R1243 
                 50 
                 380 
               
               
                   
                 R1243 
                 55 
                 13.9 
               
               
                   
                 R1243 
                 60 
                 0.74 
               
               
                   
                 R1243 
                 66 
                 0.45 
               
               
                   
                 426A 
                 53 
                 100 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Table 2 that follows provides the values of D that allows eradicating 90% of the bacterial population for temperatures comprised between 52 and 60° C. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 2 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Value D as a function of the temperature 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Temperature (° C.) 
                 Value D (minutes) 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 52 
                 200 
               
               
                   
                 53 
                 100 
               
               
                   
                 54 
                 60 
               
               
                   
                 55 
                 14 
               
               
                   
                 56 
                 10 
               
               
                   
                 57 
                 5 
               
               
                   
                 58 
                 4 
               
               
                   
                 59 
                 2 
               
               
                   
                 60 
                 1 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     On the basis of the results obtained according to the above tables, an index called Composite (or Contamination) Index of Legionella (CIL) may be developed. The CIL may be the sum of the ratios between an actual time spent at a specific degree and a value D corresponding to this degree, for each degree between minimum and maximum temperatures Tmin and Tmax, for example 52 and 60° C. respectively for the case of Table 2: 
     
       
         
           
             CIL 
             = 
             
               
                 
                   ∑ 
                   
                     T 
                      
                     
                         
                     
                      
                     max 
                   
                 
                 
                   T 
                    
                   
                       
                   
                    
                   min 
                 
               
                
               
                 t 
                 D 
               
             
           
         
       
     
     where: 
     t represents a time in minutes observed at a specific temperature T comprised between (T−0.5) to (T+0.4) in ° C.; and 
     D represents a value corresponding to the specific temperature, in minutes. 
     For example, for two hours at 53° C. and one hour at 54° C., a CIL of 2.2 is obtained (120/100+60/60). A CIL of one (1) means a decontamination capacity close to 90% and a 100% capacity to prevent the proliferation. A CIL of 2.2 means a capacity 2.2 times greater than a CIL of 1. 
     Referring to  FIG. 1 , a water heater adapted to an embodiment of the system according to the invention is illustrated. This configuration of water heater is for explanation purposes and is not limiting because the system according to the invention is applicable to other configurations of water heaters. The water heater comprises a tank  2  surrounded by insulating foam  4 . The tank  2  has a water inlet  6  (normally cold), a water outlet  8  (normally hot), and heating elements  10 ,  12  positioned respectively in upper and lower areas of the tank  2 . The water inlet  6  is provided with a pipe (represented by arrow  14 ) leading the water to the bottom  16  of the tank  2 , in the lower area where the heating element  12  is located. The water inlet  6  has a mouth external to the tank connectable to a source of water such as a municipal water supply or a well (not shown). Preferably, the tank  2  also comprises a lower outlet  18  provided with a valve  20  for allowing the tank  2  to be purged during maintenance operations on the water heater. Thermostats  22 ,  24  are used to control an electrical power supply  26  applied to the heating elements  10 ,  12 , at setpoint temperatures ST generally preset according to standards of risks of skin burns and of bacterial contamination, with respect to the temperatures measured by the thermostats  22 ,  24  at the points  28 ,  30  of the tank  2 . 
     The tank  2  is also provided with a temperature sensor  32  for measuring a temperature TB of water in the lower area of the tank  2 . Preferably, the temperature sensor  32  is located at a height corresponding to a low point of the tank  2 , where the coldest section of the water volume is located, under the lower heating element  12 , for example in the first centimeters of the bottom of the tank  2  of the water heater, such as at a junction of the bottom  34  and a peripheral wall  36  of the tank  2 , because it is a location in the water heater which is more prone to a bacterial proliferation. The temperature sensor  32  may be submerged inside the tank  2  or it may be affixed on an outer face of the tank  2 . The sensor  32  may also be positioned under the tank  2 , at the lowest point. 
     As the lowermost heating element  12  is generally located above the lowermost point of the tank  2 , it cannot be presumed that a thermal conduction and a movement of the water induced by convection are sufficient to heat and maintain the water at the bottom of the tank  2  in thermal conditions favorabe to the destruction of legionella, in a conventional operation mode of the water heater. 
     The operation of the water heater may run as follows. The water heater has an electrical power supply  26 , typically of 3 or 4.5 kilowatts (kW), adapted to the volume of the tank  2 , typically of 180 or 270 liters (40 or 60 gallons). The electrical power supply  26  is connected to the thermostat  22  of the heating element  10 . The thermostats  22 ,  24  may be mechanical (bimetallic thermostats) and may comprise a deadband, that is to say that the triggering and stopping temperatures of the power supply of the heating elements  10 ,  12  are different by a few Celsius degrees (° C.). This temperature distance is referred to as the deadband of a thermostat. The thermostats  22 ,  24  are connected in cascade, that is to say that the upper heating element  10  has priority over the lower heating element  12 . When the temperature T 1  at a height of the upper thermostat  10  having priority (thermostat  1 ) falls below the setpoint temperature ST minus a fraction of the deadband, the heating element  10  is then connected to the electrical power supply  26  of the water heater while the circuit  38  supplying the lower thermostat  24  (thermostat  2 ) is opened (disconnected). The heating of the water by the upper heating element  10  is necessary because a condition T 1 &gt;ST (temperature measured by the thermostat  22 ) is not met (no). After heating the water for a while, the temperature T 1  in relation to the upper thermostat  22  becomes greater than ST plus a fraction of the deadband. In this condition, the upper thermostat  22  (thermostat  1 ), seeing its setpoint satisfied (yes), interrupts the power supply of the upper heating element  10  and diverts the electrical power supply towards the circuit  38  of the lower thermostat  24  (thermostat  2 ). In a condition where the lower thermostat  24  receives the electrical power supply, if the temperature T 2  measured at the height of the lower thermostat  24  drops below the setpoint temperature ST minus a fraction of the deadband, the heating element  12  is then powered. The heating of the water by the lower heating element  12  is then necessary because a condition T 2 &gt;ST is not met (no). After heating the water for a while, the temperature T 2  in relation to the lower thermostat  12  becomes greater than ST plus a fraction of the deadband. In this condition, the lower thermostat  24  (thermostat  2 ), seeing its setpoint satisfied (yes), interrupts the power supply of the lower heating element  12 . 
     Referring to  FIG. 2 , an implementation of the system according to the invention comprises a local controller  40  that allows diagnosing a salubrity of the water heater and taking a final decision, that is if its safe from a public health point of view to interrupt or not interrupt the electrical power supply  26  of the water heater in a demand management context. The local controller  40  has an input  42  for receiving the measurement TB of the temperature sensor  32  located at the bottom of the water heater. The controller  40  has another input  44  for receiving a load shedding request signal indicative of a power demand management event PDM  46  produced by a utility company or a system aggregator. The local controller  40  has an input  52  for receiving the main electrical power supply from the electrical network and intended for the water heater, an output  54  for providing the electrical power supply  26  to the water heater, and a switch  56  coupled between the electrical power supply input  52  and output  54  of the local controller  40 . The switch  56  has a control input  58  for receiving a control signal determining open and closed states of the switch  56 . The switch  56  may also be a separate element of the local controller  40  if desired, as long as its opening and closing are controllable by the control signal so as to interrupt or not interrupt an operation of the water heater. The local controller  40  comprises an arrangement of electronic components that may be powered by the main electrical power supply. The electronic components of the local controller  40  comprise a clock  60  that provides a time measurement t. The local controller  40  executes a continuous process that processes the time measurement t and the measurement TB provided by the temperature sensor  32  and performs and update of a salubrity index SI based for example on the CIL equation (or equivalent) defined hereinabove, as represented by block  62 . The salubrity index SI and the load shedding request signal are then processed by a decision block  64  that may have conditional logic functions to execute a decision algorithm with respect to a preestablished salubrity criterion to determine if the electrical power supply  26  of the water heater may be interrupted without risk regarding legionella or a bacterial proliferation possibly harmful to health. Thus, in response to a load shedding request signal, the switch  56  may be opened to cut the electrical power supply  26  of the water heater only if the salubrity index SI meets the salubrity criterion. For this purpose, a control signal intended for the switch  56  may be generated by the decision block  64  and transmitted to the control input  58  of the switch  56  that responds by adapting its conduction state by connecting or disconnecting the electrical power supply  26  of the water heater to or from the main electrical power supply. The clock  60 , the block  62  and the decision algorithm  64  may be implemented by a circuit with programmable processor and memory (not shown), or by discrete electronic components providing the above described functions of the elements  60 ,  62  and  64 . The salubrity index SI may be determined in a different way than by the CIL and another salubrity criterion may be defined accordingly if desired. For example, a possible criterion is to measure a temperature of 55° C. or more at the bottom of the tank during a minimum of 4 hours per day. The controller  40  connected to the temperature sensor  32  and to the switch  56  is thus configured to continuously determine a salubrity index of the water heater as a function of the temperature measured by the temperature sensor  32  and the time measurement that may be provided by the clock  60 , and to produce the control signal of the switch  56  so that the switch  56  causes an interruption of the operation of the water heater when the load shedding request signal is activated and the salubrity index satisfies the preestablished criterion. The load shedding request signal intended for the water heater may be generated, if desired, depending on whether a client of the water heater accepts or not that his/her water heater be put to contribution during a PDM event, the acceptation being possibly modifiable through time by the client or upon his/her request. 
     The system according to the invention may be applied to different models of electric water heaters, e.g. an ordinary electric water heater similar to that shown in  FIG. 1  before the addition of the temperature sensor  32 , a high temperature water heater, a water heater with a recirculation pump, a water heater with an electric element coming from below. In the case of an ordinary electric water heater, the system according to the invention may be used to prevent it from participating to a PDM (power demand management) request if desired, since this type of water heater is at greater risk of not meting the salubrity criterion SI. The system according to the invention then provides a protection measure for the user with respect to the salubrity of the type of water heater that he or she uses. 
     Referring to  FIG. 3 , an implementation of the system according to the invention may be also achieved so that the final decision of interrupting or not interrupting the electrical power supply of the water heater is taken by a load manager  48  or, more generally, by a process physically separated from the local controller  40 . The decision algorithm of the decision block  64  is then implemented in a load manager  48  acting as a remote controller. A bidirectional communication network or link  50  between the local controller  40  and the load manager  48  allows them to communicate together. The local controller  40  may be configured to transmit the updated value of the salubrity index SI to the load manager  48 . The local controller  40  may also transmit the TB measurement of the temperature sensor  32  to the load manager  48  and the index SI may be computed by the load manager  48  to decide if it may interrupt or not the water heater during a power demand management request. The load manager  48  may have functions that are not limited to the control of a water heater. The load manager  48  may for example receive and share information with other systems such as electric or electronic apparatuses, thermostats or interfaces (not shown) allowing an interaction with the users or clients. A decision of the load manager  48  may consist in managing an operation of several water heaters and other apparatuses as a function of a goal as that of reacting to a PDM event issued by the utility company or the system aggregator. The load manager  48  transmits the decision to the local controller  40  that operates the switch  56  by connecting or disconnecting the electrical power supply  26  of the water heater. The interaction with a client may allow him/her for example to control the operation of his/her water heater as a function of time of use rates, when the computed CIL is indicative of an innocuousness to legionella for a time period of interest where the operation of the water heater is interrupted. The interaction with a client may also allow him or her to remotely control the operation of his/her water heater, for example when the client goes on a trip or is absent for several days. The load manager  48  may be configured to provide communication functions with the client of the water heater, including a transmission of an indicator of the salubrity index to the client and a reception of a command for controlling the operation of the water heater issued by the client, in order to manage the interactions with the client for this purpose. The indicator may be the salubrity index as such or a simple indication that the salubrity index is satisfactory or not, for example via one or more indicator lights in the case of a specialized client interface device (not shown), or via a display of a smart phone, a computer, etc. 
     Referring to  FIG. 4 , the decision algorithm of the decision block  64  executed by the local controller  40  or the load manager  48 , according to one of the above-described configurations, may comprise the following operations to determine the desired state of the switch  56  as a function of the updated value of the salubrity index SI and the load shedding request signal. The salubrity index SI may be such that the higher its value, the lesser risk of contamination by legionella for the water heater. As depicted by block  66 , the salubrity index SI is compared to a predefined threshold beyond which the water heater is considered as being sanitary in the whole of its volume. In the case where the index is calculated according to the above CIL equation, the threshold may be set for example at unity ( 1 ). A value greater than 1 is desirable. If the salubrity index SI does not exceed the threshold, the water heater is deemed insanitary and unfit to participate to a PDM event. In such a case, as depicted by block  68 , the electrical power supply of the water heater is maintained. If a load shedding request signal is active during a period where the water heater is deemed sanitary as depicted by block  70 , a decision to interrupt the electrical power supply of the water heater is taken (yes) as depicted by block  72 . Otherwise, that is to say whether when the water heater is deemed insanitary or in the absence of a PDM event, a decision to maintain the electrical power supply of the water heater is taken (no, towards block  68 ). The decision algorithm  64  may include other functions. For example, the decision to maintain or not to maintain the electrical power supply of the water heater may be transmitted to the switch  56  of the local controller  40  of the water heater (as shown in  FIGS. 2 and 3 ) after a random delay defined within a predetermined time range to avoid a synchronized switching of the electrical power supply of several water heaters responding to a same PDM event. Another example is the possibility for the local controller  40  to provide other services such as managing a resumption of the electrical power supply of the water heater after a power failure, or yet allowing diagnosing, using the evolution of the history of the indexes SI, a malfunction of the water heater for example in the case where one of the heating elements  10 ,  12  or one of the thermostats  22 ,  24  (as shown in  FIG. 1 ) would be potentially defective, or yet for diagnosing a behavioural change using the evolution of the history of the indexes SI. 
     Referring to  FIG. 5 , the salubrity index may be determined by ratios between a time length during which the temperature measured by the temperature sensor  32  is at a specific degree of temperature and a reference time length for the specific degree, for example according to Table 2. The preestablished criterion may be a salubrity index of at least one in order to prevent a proliferation of legionella in the water heater. The computation block  62  may comprise a circular memory  74  having memory slots  76  allocated at intervals of an integration period of the salubrity index SI and in which the ratios are successively stored. A value of the salubrity index may be determined by a sum  82  of ratios stored in the memory slots  76  at a given time. If the CIL is used to determine the salubrity index, the computation block  62  may proceed from an exposure time of the water, at the base of the water heater, at temperatures high enough to promote a destruction of the legionella bacteria. The integration period IP may be set so that the computed CIL minimizes a risk of presence of live legionella in the water heater. The integration period is preferably long enough to fully cover the decontamination period of the water heater under normal conditions, and it is short enough for allowing the CIL to renew itself when a potential incubation period of the bacteria in the temperature ranges where it proliferates is followed by a period where the high temperature promotes instead its destruction. The integration period may be of a few hours to a few days. The computation of the salubrity index with the CIL uses the time t measured by the clock  60  of the local controller  40  (shown in  FIGS. 2 and 3 ) and the temperature TB measured by the sensor  32  located at the bottom of the water heater, calibrated or not if needed. The integration period is subdivided into n intervals dt. A memory slot  76  is allocated to each interval dt within the integration period. Each memory slot  76  has an index number i evolving from 1 to n, corresponding to an iteration of the computation witch is continuously carried out  86 . As depicted by block  84 , each time a delay dt has elapsed since the last iteration, the index of the memory slot in use is incremented by one and returns back to 1 when equal to n. The measurement TB of the temperature sensor  32  may be rounded to the nearest integer Celsius degree (° C.). With Table 2 described above as depicted by block  78 , the time period D corresponding to the rounded temperature is selected. When the rounded temperature TB is outside the values indicated in Table 2, the value D corresponding to the nearest temperature in Table 2 is selected. The value D represents the time required for destroying 90% of the legionella contained in the water exposed at the given temperature. A value of the ratio dt/D is computed as represented by block  80  and is stored  88  in the current memory slot  76 . The CIL index may be computed, for example, at each interval dt, once a day, or when a PDM event notification signal is active. The CIL is the sum of the cumulated values in all the memory slots  76  during the integration period ending at the present moment, as depicted by block  82 . 
     The local controller  40  (shown in  FIGS. 2 and 3 ) may be provided with a backup power source (not shown), such as a rechargeable battery if desired. 
     While embodiments of the invention have been illustrated in the accompanying drawings and described above, it will be evident to those skilled in the art that modifications may be made therein without departing from the invention.