Patent Publication Number: US-2015069429-A1

Title: Method of Manufacturing Addressable and Static Electronic Displays

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO A RELATED APPLICATION 
     This application is a continuation of and claims priority to U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/756,616, filed May 31, 2007, inventors William Johnstone Ray et al., titled “Method of Manufacturing Addressable and Static Electronic Displays”, which is commonly assigned herewith, the entire contents of which are incorporated herein by reference with the same full force and effect as if set forth in their entirety herein, and with priority claimed for all commonly disclosed subject matter. 
    
    
     FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention in general is related to electronic display technology and, in particular, is related to an electronic display technology capable of being printed or coated on a wide variety of substrates, and which further may be electronically addressable in various forms for real-time display of information. 
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     Display technologies have included television cathode ray tubes, plasma displays, and various forms of flat panel displays. Typical television cathode ray tube displays utilize an emissive coating, typically referred to as a “phosphor” on an interior, front surface, which is energized from a scanning electron beam, generally in a pattern referred to as a raster scan. Such television displays have a large, very deep form factor, making them unsuitable for many purposes. 
     Other displays frequently used for television, such as plasma displays, while having a comparatively flat form factor, involve a complex array of plasma cells containing a selected gas or gas mixture. Using row and column addressing to select a picture element (or pixel), as these cells are energized, the contained gas is ionized and emits ultraviolet radiation, causing the pixel or subpixel containing a corresponding color phosphor to emit light. Involving myriad gas-containing and phosphor-lined cells, these displays are complicated and expensive to manufacture, also making them unsuitable for many purposes. 
     Other newer display technologies, such as active and passive matrix liquid crystal displays (“LCDs”), also include such pixel addressability, namely, the capability of individually addressing a selected picture element. Such displays include a complex array of layers of transistors, LCDs, vertically polarizing filters, and horizontally polarizing filters. In such displays, there is often a light source which is always powered on and emitting light, with the light actually transmitted controlled by addressing particular LCDs within an LCD matrix. Such addressing, however, is accomplished through additional layers of transistors, which control the on and off state of a given pixel. 
     Currently, creation of such displays requires semiconductor fabrication techniques to create the controlling transistors, among other things. A wide variety of technologies are involved to fabricate the liquid crystal layer and various polarizing layers. LCD displays also are complicated and expensive to manufacture and, again, unsuitable for many purposes. 
     As a consequence, a need remains for a scalable electronic display, which may provide substantially larger form factors, suitable for applications such as outdoor signage. In addition, for various applications, such an electronic display should provide a printable surface, for direct application of an image to be illuminated. Such an electronic display should also provide for significant durability with a capability to withstand typical environmental conditions, especially for outdoor applications or other applications in environments having variable conditions. 
     A further need remains for a dynamic electronic display which provides for pixel addressability, for the display of dynamically changing information. Such a display further should be capable of fabrication using printing or coating technologies, rather than using complicated and expensive semiconductor fabrication techniques. Such a display should be capable of fabrication in a spectrum of sizes, from a size comparable to a mobile telephone display, to that of a billboard display (or larger). Such a display should also be robust and capable of operating under a wide variety of conditions. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     The exemplary embodiments of the present invention provide a new type of electronic display and a new method of manufacturing such a display, using printing and coating technologies. The inventive electronic display may be regional or static, such as for signage, or which may be addressable, such as for the display of changing information. The inventive display may be fabricated in a wide variety of sizes, from a size comparable to a mobile telephone display, to that of a billboard display (or larger). The exemplary inventive displays are also robust and capable of operating under a wide variety of conditions, including outdoor and other stressful environmental conditions. 
     In an exemplary embodiment, a method of manufacturing an electronic apparatus is provided. The exemplary method comprises: depositing a first conductive medium on a substrate to form a first conductor; depositing a plurality of electronic components; orienting the plurality of electronic components using an applied field; and depositing a second, optically transmissive conductive medium. 
     For selected exemplary embodiments, the substrate has a plurality of cavities, which may be integrally molded in the substrate. For various applications, the substrate may be embossed. For these embodiments, the step of depositing the first conductive medium further comprises depositing the first conductive medium in the plurality of cavities to form a plurality of first conductors. The plurality of cavities may be at least one of the following types of cavities: channels, grooves, or substantially hemispherically-shaped depressions or bores. The step of depositing the second conductive medium may also further comprise depositing the second conductive medium to form a plurality of second conductors. The exemplary method may also further comprise depositing a third conductive medium over or within the plurality of second conductors. 
     Also for selected exemplary embodiments, the step of depositing the first conductive medium further comprises coating the plurality of cavities with the first conductive medium and removing excess first conductive medium by scraping a surface of the substrate using a doctor blade. Similarly, the step of depositing the plurality of electronic components further comprises coating the plurality of cavities with the plurality of electronic components and removing excess plurality of electronic components by scraping a surface of the substrate using a doctor blade. 
     In an exemplary embodiment, the plurality of electronic components are suspended in a binding medium, which may be cured while the plurality of electronic components are oriented by the applied field. Typically, the cured binding medium has a dielectric constant greater than about one, to provide at least some degree of electrical insulation for a selected application. Exemplary curing steps include (1) curing the binding medium using a substantially uniform and substantially constant applied electromagnetic field; (2) curing the binding medium using an applied ultraviolet electromagnetic field; and/or (3) curing the binding medium using an applied visible spectrum electromagnetic field. 
     In another exemplary embodiment, the plurality of electronic components are suspended in a solvent. For this embodiment, the exemplary method further comprises evaporating the solvent; and binding the plurality of electronic components to the plurality of first conductors while the plurality of electronic components are oriented by the applied field. 
     For selected embodiments, the exemplary method may further comprise bonding the plurality of electronic components to the first conductor, such as by abutment to or within the first conductor, or by annealing the plurality of electronic components to the first conductor. 
     In an exemplary embodiment, the first conductive medium is a conductive ink, which may be cured using applied ultraviolet radiation or applied heat. Also in an exemplary embodiment, the second conducting medium is an optically transmissive polymer. 
     The applied field may be an electric field, a magnetic field, or an electromagnetic field, for example. In addition, the exemplary method may further comprise applying a sonic field subsequent to or during the deposition of the plurality of electronic components, or vibrating the substrate subsequent to or during the deposition of the plurality of electronic components. 
     In an exemplary embodiment, the deposition steps further comprise at least one of the following types of deposition: printing, coating, rolling, spraying, layering, sputtering, lamination, screen printing, inkjet printing, electro-optical printing, electroink printing, photoresist printing, thermal printing, laser jet printing, magnetic printing, pad printing, flexographic printing, hybrid offset lithography, Gravure printing, and/or printing. 
     In another exemplary embodiment, the second, optically transmissive conductive medium forms a second conductor and the exemplary method further comprises depositing a third conductive medium over or within the second conductor. 
     The plurality of electronic components may be light emitting diodes or transistors, for example. The electronic apparatus may be an addressable light emitting diode display, a static or regionally-addressable light emitting diode display, or a lighting apparatus, for example. 
     In another exemplary embodiment, a method of manufacturing an electronic apparatus comprises: depositing a first conductive medium within a plurality of cavities of a substrate to form a plurality of first conductors; depositing a plurality of electronic components within the plurality of cavities; orienting the plurality of electronic components using an applied field; and depositing a second, optically transmissive conductive medium to form a plurality of second conductors. 
     In yet another exemplary embodiment, a method of manufacturing an addressable light emitting display comprises: depositing a first conductive medium within a plurality of cavities of a substrate to form a plurality of first conductors; curing the first conductive medium using applied ultraviolet radiation or applied heat; depositing a plurality of light emitting electronic components within the plurality of cavities, the plurality of light emitting electronic components suspended in a binding medium; orienting the plurality of light emitting electronic components using an applied field; bonding the plurality of light emitting electronic components to the plurality of first conductors; curing the binding medium while the plurality of light emitting electronic components are oriented by the applied field; depositing a second, optically transmissive conductive medium to form a plurality of second conductors coupled to the plurality of light emitting electronic components; and depositing a third conductive medium over or within the plurality of second conductors. 
     In yet another exemplary embodiment, an addressable light emitting apparatus comprises: a substrate having a plurality of cavities; a plurality of first conductors coupled to the substrate and at least partially within the cavities, the plurality of first conductors having a first and substantially parallel orientation; a plurality of light emitting diodes coupled to the plurality of first conductors and having a second orientation substantially normal to the first orientation; and a plurality of substantially optically transmissive second conductors coupled to the plurality of light emitting diodes and having a third orientation substantially normal to the second orientation and substantially perpendicular to the first orientation. In addition, a plurality of third conductors may be coupled to the plurality of second conductors and having the third orientation. A cured, optically transmissive and electrically insulating material may be coupled to each of the plurality of light emitting diodes. 
     The substrate may be substantially flat and have a thickness of less than two millimeters. For example, the substrate may comprise at least one of the following types of substrates: paper, coated paper, plastic coated paper, embossed paper, fiber paper, cardboard, poster paper, poster board, wood, plastic, rubber, fabric, glass, ceramic, concrete, or stone. 
     The plurality of cavities may be substantially elongated and have the first orientation. Alternatively, the plurality of cavities may be substantially and partially hemispherically-shaped and are disposed in an array. For this latter embodiment, the plurality of first conductors may further comprise a first portion substantially disposed within the plurality of cavities; and a second portion substantially elongated and disposed in the first orientation. 
     In an exemplary embodiment, the plurality of first conductors may comprise a cured conductive ink or a cured conductive polymer. For example, the plurality of first conductors may comprise at least one of the following types of conductors in a cured form: a silver conductive ink, a copper conductive ink, a gold conductive ink, an aluminum conductive ink, a tin conductive ink, a carbon conductive ink, or a conductive polymer. Similarly, the plurality of second conductors may comprise an optically transmissive polymer. For example, the plurality of second conductors may comprise at least one of the following types of optically transmissive polymers: antimony tin oxide, indium tin oxide, or polyethylene-dioxithiophene. 
     In various exemplary embodiments, the plurality of light emitting diodes may be coupled to or within the plurality of first conductors by abutment, or may be annealed to or within the plurality of first conductors. In addition, the plurality of first conductors, the plurality of light emitting diodes and the plurality of second conductors may be deposited through a printing process. 
     In yet another exemplary embodiment, an addressable apparatus comprises: a substrate having a plurality of cavities; a plurality of first conductors coupled to the substrate and at least partially within the cavities, the plurality of first conductors having a first and substantially parallel orientation; a plurality of electronic components coupled to the plurality of first conductors and having a second orientation substantially normal to the first orientation; and a plurality of second conductors coupled to the plurality of electronic components and having a third orientation substantially normal to the second orientation and substantially perpendicular to the first orientation. 
     In yet another exemplary embodiment, a light emitting apparatus comprises: a substrate; a first conductor coupled to the substrate to form a singular, first conductive layer having a first and substantially flat orientation; a plurality of light emitting diodes coupled to the first conductor and having a second orientation substantially normal to the first orientation; and a substantially optically transmissive second conductor coupled to the plurality of light emitting diodes to form a singular, second conductive layer having the first and substantially flat orientation. 
     In such an exemplary embodiment, the substrate may have a plurality of cavities which are substantially elongated and substantially parallel within the first orientation, or the substrate may have a plurality of cavities which are substantially and partially hemispherically-shaped and are disposed in an array. The first conductor may also further comprise a plurality of first conductors, each of the first conductors having a first portion substantially disposed within the plurality of cavities; and a second portion substantially elongated and substantially parallel within the first orientation. In another embodiment, the first conductor may further comprise a plurality of substantially parallel first conductors, and the second conductor may further comprises a plurality of second conductors, each of the second conductors substantially parallel and substantially perpendicular to the plurality of first conductors. 
     Numerous other advantages and features of the present invention will become readily apparent from the following detailed description of the invention and the embodiments thereof, from the claims and from the accompanying drawings. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       The objects, features and advantages of the present invention will be more readily appreciated upon reference to the following disclosure when considered in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, wherein like reference numerals are used to identify identical components in the various views, and wherein reference numerals with alphabetic characters are utilized to identify additional types, instantiations or variations of a selected component embodiment in the various views, in which: 
         FIG. 1  is a perspective view of a first exemplary substrate  100  for an apparatus embodiment in accordance with the teachings of the present invention. 
         FIG. 2  is a cross-sectional view of the first exemplary substrate  100  for an apparatus embodiment in accordance with the teachings of the present invention. 
         FIG. 3  is a perspective view of a first exemplary substrate with a plurality of first conductors having been deposited for an apparatus embodiment in accordance with the teachings of the present invention. 
         FIG. 4  is a cross-sectional view of the first exemplary substrate with a plurality of first conductors for an apparatus embodiment in accordance with the teachings of the present invention. 
         FIG. 5  is a perspective view of a first exemplary substrate  100  with a plurality of first conductors and a plurality of electronic components having been deposited for an apparatus embodiment in accordance with the teachings of the present invention. 
         FIG. 6  is a cross-sectional view of the first exemplary substrate with a plurality of first conductors and a plurality of electronic components having been deposited for an apparatus embodiment in accordance with the teachings of the present invention. 
         FIG. 7  is a cross-sectional view with an electronic equivalent circuit element of an exemplary electronic components oriented in an applied field for an apparatus embodiment in accordance with the teachings of the present invention. 
         FIG. 8  is a perspective view of a second exemplary substrate for an apparatus embodiment in accordance with the teachings of the present invention. 
         FIG. 9  is a cross-sectional view of the second exemplary substrate for an apparatus embodiment in accordance with the teachings of the present invention. 
         FIG. 10  is a perspective view of a second exemplary substrate  200  with a plurality of first conductors having been deposited for an apparatus embodiment in accordance with the teachings of the present invention. 
         FIG. 11  is a cross-sectional view of the second exemplary substrate with a plurality of first conductors for an apparatus embodiment in accordance with the teachings of the present invention. 
         FIG. 12  is a perspective view of a second exemplary substrate with a plurality of first conductors having been deposited for an apparatus embodiment in accordance with the teachings of the present invention. 
         FIG. 13  is a cross-sectional view of the second exemplary substrate with a plurality of first conductors having been deposited for an apparatus embodiment in accordance with the teachings of the present invention. 
         FIG. 14  is a perspective view of a second exemplary substrate with a plurality of first conductors and a plurality of electronic components having been deposited for an apparatus embodiment in accordance with the teachings of the present invention. 
         FIG. 15  is a cross-sectional view of the second exemplary substrate with a plurality of first conductors and a plurality of electronic components having been deposited for an apparatus embodiment in accordance with the teachings of the present invention. 
         FIG. 16  is a first cross-sectional view of a second exemplary apparatus embodiment in accordance with the teachings of the present invention. 
         FIG. 17  is a perspective view of a first exemplary apparatus embodiment in accordance with the teachings of the present invention. 
         FIG. 18  is a perspective view of a second exemplary apparatus embodiment in accordance with the teachings of the present invention. 
         FIG. 19  is a perspective view of a third exemplary apparatus embodiment in accordance with the teachings of the present invention. 
         FIG. 20  is a first cross-sectional view of the first exemplary apparatus embodiment in accordance with the teachings of the present invention. 
         FIG. 21  is a second cross-sectional view of the first exemplary apparatus embodiment in accordance with the teachings of the present invention. 
         FIG. 22  is a second cross-sectional view of a second exemplary apparatus embodiment in accordance with the teachings of the present invention. 
         FIG. 23  is a cross-sectional view of a fourth exemplary apparatus embodiment in accordance with the teachings of the present invention. 
         FIG. 24  is a cross-sectional view of a fifth exemplary apparatus embodiment in accordance with the teachings of the present invention. 
         FIG. 25  is a cross-sectional view of a sixth exemplary apparatus embodiment in accordance with the teachings of the present invention. 
         FIG. 26  is a cross-sectional view of a seventh exemplary apparatus embodiment in accordance with the teachings of the present invention. 
         FIG. 27  is a cross-sectional view of a third exemplary apparatus embodiment in accordance with the teachings of the present invention. 
         FIG. 28  is a cross-sectional view of a third exemplary apparatus embodiment in accordance with the teachings of the present invention. 
         FIG. 29  is a block diagram illustrating a system embodiment in accordance with the teachings of the present invention. 
         FIG. 30  is a flow chart illustrating a method embodiment in accordance with the teachings of the present invention. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF EXEMPLARY EMBODIMENTS 
     While the present invention is susceptible of embodiment in many different forms, there are shown in the drawings and will be described herein in detail specific exemplary embodiments thereof, with the understanding that the present disclosure is to be considered as an exemplification of the principles of the invention and is not intended to limit the invention to the specific embodiments illustrated. In this respect, before explaining at least one embodiment consistent with the present invention in detail, it is to be understood that the invention is not limited in its application to the details of construction and to the arrangements of components set forth above and below, illustrated in the drawings, or as described in the examples. Methods and apparatuses consistent with the present invention are capable of other embodiments and of being practiced and carried out in various ways. Also, it is to be understood that the phraseology and terminology employed herein, as well as the abstract included below, are for the purposes of description and should not be regarded as limiting. 
     For selected embodiments, the invention disclosed herein is related to U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/023,064, filed Dec. 27, 2004, inventors William Johnstone Ray et al., entitled “Addressable And Printable Emissive Display”, to U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/181,488, filed Jul. 13, 2005, inventors William Johnstone Ray et al., entitled “Addressable And Printable Emissive Display”, and to U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/485,031, filed Jul. 12, 2006, inventors William Johnstone Ray et al., entitled “Static and Addressable Emissive Displays” (the “related applications”) which are commonly assigned herewith, the contents of all of which are incorporated herein by reference, and with priority claimed for all commonly disclosed subject matter. 
       FIG. 1  is a perspective view of a first exemplary substrate  100  for an apparatus embodiment  175 ,  185  in accordance with the teachings of the present invention.  FIG. 2  is a cross-sectional view (through the  25 - 25 ′ plane) of the first exemplary substrate  100  for an apparatus embodiment  175 ,  185  in accordance with the teachings of the present invention. It should be noted that any reference to apparatus  175  should be understood to mean and include its variants, and vice-versa, including apparatuses  175 A,  175 B,  175 C, and  175 D, discussed below. As illustrated in  FIGS. 1 and 2 , the substrate  100  includes a plurality of cavities (or voids)  105 , which for the selected embodiment, are formed as elongated cavities, effectively forming channels, grooves or slots (or, equivalently, depressions, valleys, bores, openings, gaps, orifices, hollows, slits, or passages). Another cavity  105  embodiment is discussed below with reference to  FIG. 8 , which illustrates a plurality of cavities  105  which are shaped to be substantially circular or elliptical depressions or bores  205 , forming a substrate  200  (which differs from substrate  100  only due to the shape of the cavities  205 ). Accordingly, any reference herein to cavities  105  or  205  shall be understood to mean and include the other, or any other cavity of any shape or size. The plurality of cavities  105 ,  205  are spaced-apart, and which will be utilized to shape and define a plurality of first conductors, as discussed below. In addition, the plurality of cavities  105 ,  205  may also be utilized to define a “holding well” for color selection (e.g., for red, green or blue LEDs  120 A, also discussed below). While the cavities or channels  105  are illustrated in  FIG. 1  as substantially parallel and oriented in the same direction, those having skill in the art will recognize that innumerable variations are available, including depth and width of the channels, channel orientation (e.g., circular, elliptical, curvilinear, wavy, sinusoidal, triangular, fanciful, artistic, etc.), spacing variations, type of void or cavity (e.g., channel, depression or bore), etc., and all such variations are considered equivalent and within the scope of the present invention. Substrates  100 ,  200  having additional forms are illustrated and discussed below with reference to  FIGS. 8-16 ,  18 ,  19 ,  22 - 25 ,  27  and  28 . 
     The substrate  100 ,  200  may be formed from or comprise any suitable material, such as plastic, paper, cardboard, or coated paper or cardboard, for example and without limitation. In an exemplary embodiment, the substrate  100 ,  200  comprises an embossed and coated paper or plastic having the plurality of cavities  105 ,  205  formed integrally therein, such as through a molding process, including an embossed paper or embossed paper board commercially available from Sappi, Ltd., for example. The substrate substrate  100 ,  200  may comprise, also for example, any one or more of the following: paper, coated paper, plastic coated paper, fiber paper, cardboard, poster paper, poster board, books, magazines, newspapers, wooden boards, plywood, and other paper or wood-based products in any selected form; plastic materials in any selected form (sheets, film, boards, and so on); natural and synthetic rubber materials and products in any selected form; natural and synthetic fabrics in any selected form; glass, ceramic, and other silicon or silica-derived materials and products, in any selected form; concrete (cured), stone, and other building materials and products; or any other product, currently existing or created in the future. In a first exemplary embodiment, a substrate  100 ,  200  may be selected which provides a degree of electrical insulation (i.e., has a dielectric constant or insulating properties sufficient to provide electrical isolation of the plurality of first conductors  110  deposited or applied on that (first) side of the apparatus  175 , and its variants  175 A,  175 B,  175 C,  175 D,  275 . For example, while a comparatively expensive choice, a silicon wafer also could be utilized as a substrate  100 ,  200 . In other exemplary embodiments, however, a plastic-coated paper product is utilized to form the substrate  100 , such as the patent stock and 100 lb. cover stock available from Sappi, Ltd., or similar coated papers from other paper manufacturers such as Mitsubishi Paper Mills, Mead, and other paper products. In additional exemplary embodiments, any type of substrate  100 ,  200  may be utilized, with additional sealing or encapsulating layers (such as lacquer and vinyl) applied to a surface of the substrate  100 ,  200 , as disclosed in the related applications cited above. 
     In accordance with the present invention, a plurality of first conductors  110  are then applied or deposited within the corresponding plurality of cavities  105 ,  205 . As discussed in greater detail below, for the plurality of cavities  205 , the plurality of first conductors  110  can be deposited in either one step or in two steps, illustrated as plurality of first conductors  110 A and  110 B.  FIG. 3  is a perspective view of a first exemplary substrate  100  with a plurality of first conductors  110  having been deposited for an apparatus embodiment  175 ,  185  in accordance with the teachings of the present invention.  FIG. 4  is a cross-sectional view (through the  30 - 30 ′ plane) of the first exemplary substrate  100  with a plurality of first conductors  110  for an apparatus  175 ,  185  embodiment in accordance with the teachings of the present invention. In an exemplary method of manufacturing the exemplary apparatuses  175 ,  185 ,  275 , a conductive ink (such as a silver (Ag) ink) is printed or otherwise applied to the substrate  100  (or  200 ), and subsequently cured or partially cured (such as through an ultraviolet (uv) curing process), to form the plurality of first conductors  110  (and also may be utilized to form the plurality of third conductors  145 , and also the bus  310 ,  315  of  FIG. 29  and any electrical or other conductive terminations discussed below). 
     Other conductive inks or materials may also be utilized to form the first conductors  110 , third conductors  145 , and any other non-transmissive conductors such as bus  310 ,  315 , such as copper, tin, aluminum, gold, noble metals or carbon inks, gels or other liquid or semi-solid materials. In addition, any other printable or coatable conductive substances may be utilized equivalently to form the first conductors  110 , third conductors  145  and/or bus  310 ,  315 , and exemplary conductive compounds include: (1) From Conductive Compounds (Londonberry, N.H., USA), AG-500, AG-800 and AG-510 Silver conductive inks, which may also include an additional coating UV-1006S ultraviolet curable dielectric (such as part of a first dielectric layer  125 ); (2) From DuPont, 7102 Carbon Conductor (if overprinting 5000 Ag), 7105 Carbon Conductor, 5000 Silver Conductor (also for bus  310 ,  315  of  FIG. 29  and any terminations), 7144 Carbon Conductor (with UV Encapsulants), 7152 Carbon Conductor (with 7165 Encapsulant), and 9145 Silver Conductor (also for bus  310 ,  315  of  FIG. 29  and any terminations); (3) From SunPoly, Inc., 128A Silver conductive ink, 129A Silver and Carbon Conductive Ink, 140A Conductive Ink, and 150A Silver Conductive Ink; and (4) From Dow Corning, Inc., PI-2000 Series Highly Conductive Silver Ink. As discussed below, these compounds may also be utilized to form third conductors  145 , bus  310 ,  315 , and any other conductive traces or connections. In addition, conductive inks and compounds may be available from a wide variety of other sources. 
     Conductive polymers may also be utilized to form the plurality of first conductors  110 , third conductors  145  and/or bus  310 ,  315 . For example, polyethylene-dioxithiophene may be utilized, such as the polyethylene-dioxithiophene commercially available under the trade name “Orgacon” from Agfa Corp. of Ridgefield Park, N.J., USA. Other conductive polymers, without limitation, which may be utilized equivalently include polyaniline and polypyrrole polymers, for example. 
     In an exemplary embodiment, an embossed substrate  100  is utilized, such that the substrate  100  has an alternating series of ridges forming (generally smooth) peaks and valleys, generally all having a substantially parallel orientation, respectively illustrated as raised (or non-channel) portions  115  and cavities (e.g., channels)  105 . Conductive inks or polymers may then be applied to remain in either the embossed peaks or valleys, and preferably not to remain in both the peaks and valleys for addressable displays, creating a plurality of first conductors  110  which are not only substantially parallel, but which also have a physical separation from each other determined by the embossing. Indeed, when the conductive inks or polymers are applied to the embossed valleys, the corresponding first plurality of conductors  110  are also separated from each other by the embossed peaks, creating a physical and insulated separation in addition to being spaced apart. For example, conductive inks or polymers may be applied to an embossed substrate in its entirety, and then utilizing a “doctor blade”, the conductive inks or polymers are removed from all of the peaks, such as by scraping the blade across the surface of the substrate  100 ,  200  having a coating of a conductive ink, leaving the conductive inks or polymers to form a first plurality of conductors  110  having a substantially parallel orientation. Alternatively, conductive inks or polymers may be applied (using negligible or zero pressure) to the embossed peaks only, such as by tip printing, also leaving the conductive inks or polymers to form a first plurality of conductors having a substantially parallel orientation. 
     For example, a conductive ink may be coated or otherwise applied in excess over the entire or most of the substrate  100 ,  200  with the excess conductive ink subsequently removed using a “doctor blade” or other type of scraping as known in the printing arts, followed by uv curing of the conductive ink within the plurality of channels  105 . Using such a doctor blade, the conductive ink within the plurality of cavities  105 ,  205  is allowed to remain in place, with the balance of the conductive ink (such as covering the non-channel portions of the substrate (raised portions  115 ) being removed by the scraping process, such as due to contact from the doctor blade. Depending upon the type of printing, including the stiffness of the doctor blade and the applied pressure, the conductive ink may form a meniscus within each of the plurality of cavities  105 ,  205  or may bow upward instead, for example. Those having skill in the electronic or printing arts will recognize innumerable variations in the ways in which the plurality of first conductors  110  may be formed, with all such variations considered equivalent and within the scope of the present invention. 
     As a consequence, as used herein, “printing” means, refers to and includes any and all printing, coating, rolling, spraying, layering, sputtering, deposition, lamination and/or affixing processes, whether impact or non-impact, currently known or developed in the future, including without limitation screen printing, inkjet printing, electro-optical printing, electroink printing, photoresist and other resist printing, thermal printing, laser jet printing, magnetic printing, pad printing, flexographic printing, hybrid offset lithography, Gravure and other intaglio printing. All such processes are considered printing processes herein, may be utilized equivalently, and are within the scope of the present invention. Also significant, the exemplary printing processes do not require significant manufacturing controls or restrictions. No specific temperatures or pressures are required. No clean room or filtered air is required beyond the standards of known printing processes. For consistency, however, such as for proper alignment (registration) of the various successively applied layers forming the various embodiments, relatively constant temperature (with a possible exception, discussed below) and humidity may be desirable. In addition, the various compounds utilized may be contained within various polymers, binders or other dispersion agents which may be heat-cured or dried, air dried under ambient conditions, or uv cured, for example, and all such variations are within the scope of the present invention. 
     A particular advantage of use of a substrate  100 ,  200  having a plurality of cavities  105 ,  205  is that printing registration is not required to be exact, and a one-dimensional or relative registration may be sufficient for the successive applications of the different materials and layers forming the apparatus  175 ,  185 ,  275 . 
     It should be noted that depending upon the selected embodiment, the substrate  100 ,  200  may have a substantially flat, smooth or even surface, without a plurality of cavities  105 ,  205 . For example, when a static display apparatus  275  is formed, a substrate  100 ,  200  may be utilized which has a substantially flat, smooth or even surface, and one or more first conductors  110  may also be deposited as one electrode or as one or more separate electrodes (which also may be substantially flat), as a capability or adaptability for separate addressing of a plurality of first conductors  110  would not be required. As discussed in greater detail below, the resulting apparatus is highly useful for applications such as lighting or static displays. Such an apparatus  275  embodiment is illustrated in  FIG. 19 , with corresponding cross-sections illustrated in  FIGS. 27 and 28 . 
     Following deposition of the plurality of first conductors  110 , the material (such as a conductive ink or polymer) may be cured or partially cured, to form a solid or semi-solid. In other embodiments, the plurality of first conductors  110  may remain in a liquid form and cured subsequently. Following the deposition of the plurality of first conductors  110 , with any such curing, partial curing, or non-curing, a suspension of a plurality of electronic components  120  (e.g., light-emitting diodes (“LEDs”)  120 A or transistors  120 B) in an insulating binder  135  is applied over the plurality of first conductors  110 , and the plurality of electronic components  120  are then oriented using an applied field  150 , such as an electrical or magnetic field, for example. In an exemplary embodiment, a sonic field is also applied at least partially concurrently with the application of a substantially uniform electrical field. The sonic field is utilized to provide some mechanical vibration to the plurality of electronic components  120 , to reduce potentially any inertia of the plurality of electronic components  120  and possibly aid in their orientation by the applied electrical or magnetic field; in other embodiments, other means or forms of vibration or inertial reduction may be utilized equivalently. 
     The suspension of a plurality of electronic components  120  in an insulating binder  135  may be applied, for example, through a printing or coating process, such as by printing within the plurality of cavities  105 ,  205  having the plurality of first conductors  110 . Also for example, the suspension of a plurality of electronic components  120  in an insulating binder  135  may be coated over the substrate and plurality of first conductors  110 , with any excess removed using a doctor blade or other scraping process. In an exemplary apparatus  175 ,  185 ,  275  embodiment, the plurality of electronic components  120  are oriented (via an applied field  150 ) to be substantially perpendicular to the plane of the substrate  100 ,  200 .  FIG. 5  is a perspective view and  FIG. 6  is a cross-sectional view (through the  35 - 35 ′ plane) of a first exemplary substrate  100  with a plurality of first conductors  110  and a plurality of electronic components  120  having been deposited in an insulating binder  135  and oriented in an applied field  150  for an apparatus  175 ,  185 ,  275  embodiment in accordance with the teachings of the present invention. 
       FIG. 7  is a simplified cross-sectional view with an electronic equivalent circuit element  160  of an exemplary electronic component  120 , illustrated as a diode  120 A, oriented in an applied field  150  for an apparatus  175 ,  185  embodiment in accordance with the teachings of the present invention. As illustrated, the diode  120 A comprises a pn junction  155  which, due to its dopant composition, has an intrinsic voltage and corresponding electromagnetic field. Also as illustrated, the diode  120 A or other exemplary electronic component  120  may further comprise first and second conductors  125  and  130 , respectively, which may be formed during fabrication as part of or integrated with the exemplary electronic component  120 . The present invention advantageously exploits effects due to the intrinsic voltage, in which a suspended diode  120 A or other exemplary electronic component  120  has such an intrinsic voltage and may exhibit a dipole effect. More specifically, when freely suspended and allowed to move (such as within the insulating binder  135 ), such a dipole will move or rotate in response to an applied electromagnetic field ( 150 ), to become parallel (or antiparallel, depending on the polarity) with the applied field  150 . 
     Other types of applied fields  150  may also be utilized, in addition to static or dynamic electrical, magnetic, and/or electromagnetic fields. For example, a sonic field may be utilized to orient certain types of electronic components or particles and bond them to the plurality of first conductors. Other types of radiation, such as uv radiation, or laser light (such as used to provide laser tweezers), may also be used as the applied field  150 . Temperature curing and/or bonding may also be utilized, depending on the selected embodiment and the selected electronic components. The strength of the applied field  150  may also be varied, for example, to provide sufficient force to create a sufficient electrical contact between the electronic components and the plurality of first conductors. Also, the orientation of the applied field may be varied, such as to be perpendicular to the channels  105  but parallel to the plane of the substrate  100 , for example, depending upon the type of electronic components which are being oriented. The ability of the electronic components such as LEDs  120 A to be oriented in a field, such as an electrical field, may also be utilized to differentiate working LEDs  120 A from non-working LEDs  120 A (which may be defective and not exhibit the dipole effect discussed above). 
     In addition, in exemplary embodiment, electronic components such as LEDs  120 A may be differentially deposited, such as printing a first row/cavity of red LEDs  120 A, a second first row/cavity of green LEDs  120 A, a third first row/cavity of blue LEDs  120 A, a fourth first row/cavity of red LEDs  120 A, etc., creating a color dynamic display, as discussed below, with each such LED  120 A capable of emitting light of the corresponding color (wavelength), and with each such LED  120 A defining a pixel or sub-pixel. 
     The insulating binder  135  may also include reflective, diffusing or scattering particles, for example, to aid in light transmission in a direction normal to the substrate  100 . Also, the electronic components  120  may be any type of micro- or nano-machine or device, in addition to the illustrated diodes and transistors. For example, plasma tubes (used in plasma displays) may be formed, deposited and oriented using the applied field  150 . 
     Accordingly, referring to  FIGS. 5 ,  6  and  7 , when the plurality of electronic components  120  (e.g., light-emitting diodes  120 A or transistors  120 B) in an insulating binder  135  is applied over the plurality of first conductors  110 , and the plurality of electronic components  120  are then oriented using an applied field  150  (such as an electrical or magnetic field) as illustrated (with the applied field perpendicular to the plane of the substrate  100 ), the plurality of electronic components  120  also become oriented in a direction perpendicular to the plane of the substrate  100 . Once the plurality of electronic components  120  are aligned or oriented, the insulating binder  135  is then cured, holding the oriented plurality of electronic components  120  in place. With such orientation, the plurality of electronic components  120  make corresponding electrical contacts with the plurality of first conductors  110 ; the first and second conductors  125  and  130  formed as part of the plurality of electronic components  120  may also facilitate the creation of such electrical contacts with the plurality of first conductors  110 . In addition, the creation of such electrical contacts may be further facilitated when the plurality of first conductors  110  have not yet been cured or have only been partially cured, such that the aligned, oriented plurality of electronic components  120  become embedded within the plurality of first conductors  110 , followed by curing both the insulating binder  135  and plurality of first conductors  110  with the aligned, oriented plurality of electronic components  120  in place. 
     In exemplary embodiments, the field  150  may be applied in any of various manners; for example, the applied field may be pulsed initially, such as to help align the plurality of electronic components  120  in the same orientation (e.g., p side adjacent to the plurality of first conductors  110  or n-side adjacent to the plurality of first conductors  110 ), followed by maintaining the applied field  150  in a comparatively constant manner to stabilize the plurality of electronic components  120  while the insulating binder  135  is cured or otherwise solidified. In an exemplary embodiment, the field  150  is applied substantially uniformly and is substantially constant while the insulating binder  135  is uv cured. A sonic field may also be applied initially with an electric field, followed by discontinuing the sonic field and continuing to apply the electric field  150  substantially uniformly and constantly while the insulating binder  135  is uv cured. In another exemplary embodiment, a DC electric field  150  is applied substantially uniformly and is substantially constant while the insulating binder  135  is non-uv cured, using other wavelengths of electromagnetic radiation, such as within the visible spectrum. In yet another exemplary embodiment, a DC electric field  150  is applied substantially uniformly and is substantially constant while (1) the insulating binder  135  is non-uv cured, using other wavelengths of electromagnetic radiation, such as within the visible spectrum, followed by (2) uv curing, or vice-versa. In another exemplary embodiment, a substantially constant DC electric field  150  is applied substantially uniformly and it provides the curing of the insulating binder  135 . In another exemplary embodiment, a substantially constant DC electric field  150  is applied substantially uniformly and it provides the curing of the insulating binder  135 , followed by additional curing from an AC electromagnetic field, which may be uv or non-uv wavelengths. Also in an exemplary embodiments, upper and lower electrodes (not separately illustrated) having various shapes may be utilized to create the substantially uniform electric field, such as having the shape of a flat sheet or grate. 
     The insulating (or dielectric) binder  135 , and any second insulating (or dielectric) binder  170 , may be comprised of any curable compounded having a reasonably high dielectric constant sufficient to provide electrical insulation between the plurality of first conductors  110  and the plurality of second conductors  140  discussed below. A wide variety of dielectric compounds may be utilized, and all are within the scope of the present invention, and may be included within heat- or uv-curable binders, for example, to form the insulating binder  135 ,  170 . Exemplary dielectric compounds utilized to form the insulating (or dielectric) binder  135  include, without limitation: (1) From Conductive Compounds, a barium titanate dielectric; (2) From DuPont, 5018A Clear UV Cure Ink, 5018G Green UV Cure Ink, 5018 Blue UV Cure Ink, 7153 High K Dielectric Insulator, and 8153 High K Dielectric Insulator; (3) From SunPoly, Inc., 305D UV Curable dielectric ink and 308D UV Curable dielectric ink; and (4) from various suppliers, Titanium Dioxide-filled UV curable inks. 
     Those having skill in the art will also recognize that various removable or etchable compounds may also be utilized. For example, once the plurality of electronic components  120  have been embedded within or make sufficient electrical contact with the plurality of first conductors  110 , have been properly oriented, followed by curing, all or part of the insulating binder  135  may be removed, such as through an acid or ion etching process. Such an etching or washing process may also facilitate providing additional electrical contacts with the plurality of electronic components  120 , such as the subsequent formation of electrical contacts with the plurality of second conductors  140  at the corresponding second ends of the plurality of electronic components  120 . Following such an etching or washing process, another or additional dielectric binders also may be applied and allowed to cure, depending upon the selected embodiment. 
     In another variation, the electronic components  120  are suspended in a solvent (instead of the binder  135 ) and oriented using the applied field. The solvent is then allowed to evaporate, such as through the application of heat, and while the electronic components are still properly oriented, they are bonded to the plurality of first conductors, such as through annealing or other application of heat. 
     As discussed below with reference to  FIG. 26 , the ordering between the deposition of the plurality of first conductors and the deposition of the plurality of electronic components in an insulating binder may also be reversed. 
       FIGS. 8-16  serve to illustrate an additional apparatus embodiment  175 C, using cavities  205  (in a substrate  200 ), which are shaped differently than the cavities  105 , and are discussed herein only to the extent that the different shape may require additional or different steps to form the apparatus  175 C. 
       FIG. 8  is a perspective view of a second exemplary substrate  200  for an apparatus embodiment in accordance with the teachings of the present invention.  FIG. 9  is a cross-sectional view (through the  45 - 45 ′ plane) of the second exemplary substrate  200  for an apparatus embodiment in accordance with the teachings of the present invention. As illustrated, the substrate  200  differs from the substrate  100  only insofar as the plurality of cavities  105 ,  205  are shaped differently. The substrate  200  has substantially circular or hemi-spherical shaped depressions, dimples or bores, illustrated as cavities  205 , rather than elongated channels or grooves. For example, the cavities  205  may be partially spherically-shaped (e.g., a quarter or an eighth of a sphere) and arranged in a Cartesian array. 
       FIG. 10  is a perspective view of a second exemplary substrate  200  with a plurality of first conductors  110 A having been deposited for an apparatus embodiment in accordance with the teachings of the present invention.  FIG. 11  is a cross-sectional view (through the  50 - 50 ′ plane) of the second exemplary substrate  200  with a plurality of first conductors  110 A for an apparatus embodiment in accordance with the teachings of the present invention. As discussed above, the plurality of first conductors  110 A may be formed identically to the plurality of first conductors  110 , using identical or similar compounds and methods. Rather than forming a series of “wires” however, each of the plurality of first conductors  110 A forms an individual conductive “dot” or substantially-circularly shaped conductor. 
       FIG. 12  is a perspective view of a second exemplary substrate  200  with a plurality of first conductors  110 A and  110 B having been deposited for an apparatus embodiment in accordance with the teachings of the present invention.  FIG. 13  is a cross-sectional view (through the  55 - 55 ′ plane) of the second exemplary substrate  200  with a plurality of first conductors  110 A and  110 B having been deposited for an apparatus embodiment in accordance with the teachings of the present invention. As mentioned above,  FIGS. 10-13  illustrate the deposition of the plurality of first conductors  110  in two steps, as the plurality of first conductors  110 A and  110 B. The plurality of first conductors  110 B are deposited to make electrical contact with the plurality of first conductors  110 A, e.g., forming or providing leads to the plurality of first conductors  110 A, and are shaped to form elongated or “wire” shaped conductors, to provide access to the plurality of first conductors  110 A to and from the more peripheral sections of the substrate  200 . The plurality of first conductors  110 B then allow electrical conduction to the plurality of first conductors  110 A, and subsequently to electronic components  120 . 
     Alternatively, the plurality of first conductors  110  may be deposited in one step in this embodiment. For example, the plurality of first conductors  110  may be printed using a conductive ink, as illustrated for plurality of first conductors  110 B, with a portion allowed to flow or drip into the cavities  205  to form the plurality of first conductors  110 A. 
       FIG. 14  is a perspective view of a second exemplary substrate  200  with a plurality of first conductors  110 A and  110 B and a plurality of electronic components  120  having been deposited for an apparatus embodiment in accordance with the teachings of the present invention.  FIG. 15  is a cross-sectional view (through the  60 - 60 ′ plane) of the second exemplary substrate  200  with a plurality of first conductors  110 A and  110 B and a plurality of electronic components  120  having been deposited for an apparatus embodiment in accordance with the teachings of the present invention. The plurality of electronic components  120  may be deposited, oriented and cured in an insulating (or dielectric) binder  135  as previously discussed. 
       FIG. 18  is a perspective view of a second exemplary apparatus embodiment in accordance with the teachings of the present invention.  FIG. 16  is a first cross-sectional view (through the  65 - 65 ′ plane) and  FIG. 22  is a second cross-sectional view (through the  66 - 66 ′ plane) of a second exemplary apparatus embodiment in accordance with the teachings of the present invention, and are similar to the cross-sectional views of  FIGS. 20 and 21 , discussed below. It should be noted, however, that because the plurality of first conductors  110 B are exposed in  FIGS. 14 and 15 , rather than confined within a channel-shaped cavity  105 , a second insulating layer  170  has been applied over the plurality of first conductors  110 B, such as through a printing or coating process, prior to deposition of a plurality of second conductors  140  or a single second conductor  140  (e.g., a second conductive layer). In addition, the second insulating layer  170  may be comprised of any of the insulating or dielectric compounds previously discussed. 
       FIG. 17  is a perspective view of a first exemplary apparatus embodiment  175  in accordance with the teachings of the present invention.  FIG. 20  is a first cross-sectional view (through the  40 - 40 ′ plane) and  FIG. 21  is a second cross-sectional view (through the  41 - 41 ′ plane) of the first exemplary apparatus embodiment in accordance with the teachings of the present invention.  FIG. 19  is a perspective view of a third exemplary apparatus embodiment  275  in accordance with the teachings of the present invention.  FIG. 27  is a first cross-sectional view (through the  70 - 70 ′ plane) and  FIG. 28  is a second cross-sectional view (through the  71 - 71 ′ plane) of the third exemplary apparatus embodiment in accordance with the teachings of the present invention. 
     Referring to  FIGS. 16-28 , following orientation of the plurality of electronic components  120  and curing of the supporting and stabilizing insulating binder  135 , and following deposition of an additional insulating layer(s) (e.g.,  170 , discussed above), an optically transmissive (or transparent) second conductor  140  is applied. Such a transmissive second conductor  140  may be applied as a single electrode to form a static or regional display, or for lighting applications, as illustrated in  FIG. 19 , or as a plurality of second conductors  140  (as illustrated in  FIGS. 17 and 18 ) to form an addressable display. The transmissive second conductor(s)  140  may be comprised of any compound which: (1) has sufficient conductivity to energize selected portions of the apparatus  175 ,  185 ,  275  in a predetermined or selected period of time; and (2) has at least a predetermined or selected level of transparency or transmissibility for the selected wavelength(s) of electromagnetic radiation, such as for portions of the visible spectrum. For example, when the present invention is utilized for a static display having a comparatively smaller form factor, the conductivity time or speed in which the transmissive second conductor(s)  140  provides energy across the display to energize the plurality of electronic components  120  is comparatively less significant than for other applications, such as for active displays of time-varying information (e.g., computer displays) or for static displays having a comparatively larger form factor. As a consequence, the choice of materials to form the transmissive second conductor(s)  140  may differ, depending on the selected application of the apparatus  175 ,  185 ,  275  and depending upon the utilization of optional one or more third conductors  145  (discussed below). 
     The one or more transmissive second conductor(s)  140  are applied over exposed portions of the plurality of electronic components  120  (held in place by the insulating binder  135 ), and any additional insulating layer(s), using a printing or coating process as known or may become known in the printing or coating arts, with proper control provided for any selected alignment or registration. For example, in the various exemplary embodiments discussed below, a plurality of transmissive second conductors  140  is utilized to create multiple, electrically isolated electrodes (individual transparent wires), which may be formed during one or more printing cycles, and which should be properly aligned in comparison with the plurality of first conductors  110 , to provide for proper pixel selection using corresponding pixel addressing, as may be necessary or desirable for a selected application. A selected pixel is then formed by the region of overlap between a selected first conductor  110  and a selected second conductor  140 , which when energized, provide power to the corresponding electronic component  120  contained therein, such as to cause light emission from a diode  120 A. In other applications, such as for static displays or signage, in which the transmissive second conductor  140  may be a unitary sheet as illustrated in  FIG. 19 , for example, such alignment issues are comparatively less significant. 
     In the exemplary embodiment of apparatus  175 ,  185 ,  275 , polyethylene-dioxithiophene (e.g., Orgacon), a polyaniline or polypyrrole polymer, indium tin oxide (ITO) and/or antimony tin oxide (ATO) is utilized to form the transmissive second conductor(s)  140 . While ITO or ATO provides sufficient transparency for visible light, its impedance or resistance is comparatively high (e.g., 20 kΩ), generating a correspondingly comparatively high (i.e., slow) time constant for electrical transmission across this layer of the apparatus  175 ,  185 ,  275 , such as down a corresponding electrode. Other compounds having comparatively less impedance may also be utilized, such as polyethylene-dioxithiophene. As a consequence, in some of the exemplary embodiments, one or more third conductors  145  having a comparatively lower impedance or resistance is or may be incorporated into corresponding transmissive second conductor(s)  140 , to reduce the overall impedance or resistance of this layer, decrease conduction time, and also increase the responsiveness of the apparatus  175 ,  185 ,  275  to changing information for dynamic displays. As indicated above, for static displays having larger form factors, such one or more third conductors  145  may be utilized to provide more rapid illumination, enabling the energizing of the more central portions of the area to be illuminated, which would otherwise remain non-energized and dark, due to the insufficient conduction of many types of compounds which may be selected for use in the transmissive second conductor(s)  140 . This is also significant for illumination in various patterns for larger displays, such as for rapid blinking or sequential illumination of different display regions. For example, to form one or more third conductors  145 , one or more fine wires may be formed using a conductive ink or polymer (e.g., a silver ink or a polyethylene-dioxithiophene polymer) printed over corresponding strips or wires of the transmissive second conductor(s)  140 , or one or more fine wires (e.g., having a grid pattern) may be formed using a conductive ink or polymer printed over a larger, unitary transparent second conductor  140  in larger displays, to provide for increased conduction speed throughout the transparent second conductor  140 . 
     In an exemplary addressable display embodiment, the one or more third conductors  145  are formed as a series of fine wires using a conductive ink, with one or two wires disposed centrally in the longitudinal axis of each second conductor of the plurality of second conductors  140 , and having a width comparable to the separation between each of the second conductors of the plurality of second conductors  140 . In this embodiment, an illuminated region may have a visual appearance of two illuminated pixels, depending upon the selected resolution. In another exemplary embodiment, each of the one or more third conductors  145  may have a “ladder” shape, with two longitudinal wires being connected to each other by perpendicular wires. 
     Other compounds which may be utilized equivalently to form the transmissive second conductor(s)  140  include indium tin oxide (ITO) as mentioned above, and other transmissive conductors as are currently known or may become known in the art, including one or more of the conductive polymers discussed above, such as polyethylene-dioxithiophene available under the trade name “Orgacon”. Representative transmissive conductive materials are available, for example, from DuPont, such as 7162 and 7164 ATO translucent conductor. The transmissive second conductor(s)  140  may also be combined with various binders, such as binders which are curable under various conditions, such as exposure to ultraviolet radiation (uv curable). 
     Referring again to  FIG. 19 , as mentioned above, the first conductive medium may be deposited to form a first conductor  110 , rather than a plurality of first conductors  110 . For example, the first conductor  110  may be printed as a larger, flat electrode over the substrate  100 ,  200 . Similarly, the second conductive medium may be deposited to form a second conductor  140 , rather than a plurality of first conductors  140 . As an option, one or more third conductors  145  may also be included in this exemplary embodiment. When the first and second conductors are then energized, resulting in the provision of power to the plurality of electronic components such as diodes  120 A, the diodes  120 A emit light in the visible spectrum. The resulting apparatus  275 , therefore, has particular usefulness for lighting applications and for static display applications. 
       FIG. 27  is a first cross-sectional view (through the  70 - 70 ′ plane) of the third exemplary apparatus embodiment in accordance with the teachings of the present invention.  FIG. 28  is a second cross-sectional view (through the  71 - 71 ′ plane) of the third exemplary apparatus embodiment in accordance with the teachings of the present invention. As indicated above, the third apparatus utilizes a single first conductor  110  and a single second conductor  140 , and optionally may also include one or more third conductors  145  over or within the second conductor  140 . 
     Not separately illustrated in  FIGS. 16-28 , following deposition of the transmissive second conductor(s)  140  and the optional one or more third conductors  145 , various protective coatings may be applied, as indicated in the related applications incorporated herein by reference. For example, the various spaces  42  between the second conductors  140  may be filled in by any of various optically transmissive or opaque materials. In addition, various colors (such as red, green and blue (“RGB”)) may be overprinted, defining colored pixels over each of the plurality of electronic components  120 . In another alternative, such as when light-emitting diodes  120 A are utilized, the various LEDs  120 A may be selected to provide corresponding colors, such as corresponding RGB colors, and printed and aligned to form corresponding pixels. 
     When one or more of the plurality of first conductors  110  and one or more of the plurality of transmissive second conductor(s)  140  (and the optional one or more third conductors  145 ) are energized, such as through the application of a corresponding voltage, energy will be supplied to each of the electronic components  120  (e.g., LEDs  120 A) at the corresponding intersections (overlapping areas) of the energized first conductors  110  and second conductor(s)  140 , defining a pixel, for example. Accordingly, by selectively energizing the first conductors  110  and second conductor(s)  140 , the apparatus  175 ,  185  provides a pixel-addressable, dynamic display. For example, the plurality of first conductors  110  may comprise a corresponding plurality of rows, with the plurality of transmissive second conductor(s)  140  (and the optional one or more third conductors  145 ) comprising a corresponding plurality of columns, with each pixel defined by the intersection or overlapping of a corresponding row and corresponding column. When a second conductor  140  is formed as a unitary sheet, also for example and as illustrated in  FIG. 19 , energizing of the conductors  110 ,  140  will provide power to substantially all (or most) of the plurality of electronic components  120 , such as to provide light emission for a static display. 
       FIG. 23  is a cross-sectional view of a fourth exemplary apparatus embodiment  175 A in accordance with the teachings of the present invention.  FIG. 24  is a cross-sectional view of a fifth exemplary apparatus embodiment  175 B in accordance with the teachings of the present invention.  FIGS. 23 and 24  illustrate apparatuses with substrates  100 A and  100 B, respectively, having different shapes or forms of cavities  105  and ridges/peaks  115 , such as triangular or curvilinear channels or grooves, for example. 
       FIG. 25  is a cross-sectional view of a sixth exemplary apparatus embodiment  185  in accordance with the teachings of the present invention. The apparatus  185  differs from the apparatus  175  insofar as the corresponding electronic components  120 B are three-terminal components, such as transistors (BJTs or FETs), rather than two-terminal components (such as LEDs  120 A). For such an exemplary embodiment, additional conductors are utilized, such as fourth conductors  165 , with an additional insulating layer  170 , as illustrated. These additional, respective conducting and insulating elements also may be formed through the printing and coating processes discussed above, as additional steps. 
       FIG. 26  is a cross-sectional view of a seventh exemplary apparatus embodiment  175 D in accordance with the teachings of the present invention. As previously discussed, the ordering between the deposition of the plurality of first conductors  110  and the deposition of the plurality of electronic components  120  in an insulating binder  135  may also be reversed. As illustrated in  FIG. 26 , the plurality of electronic components  120  in an insulating binder  135  may be deposited into the channels  105  first, then oriented and cured as discussed above. Then, the plurality of first conductors  110  may be formed, such as by printing and curing a conductive ink about or around the electronic components. 
       FIG. 29  is a block diagram illustrating a system embodiment  300  in accordance with the teachings of the present invention. The system  300  includes an apparatus  175 ,  185  (such as an addressable display), with the various pluralities of first conductors  110  and the plurality of transmissive second conductor(s)  140  (and the optional one or more third conductors  145 ) coupled through lines or connectors  310  (which may be in the form of a bus) to control bus  315 , for coupling to controller (or, equivalently, control logic block)  320 , and for coupling to a power source  350 , which may be a DC power source (such as a battery or a photovoltaic cell) or an AC power source (such as household or building power). The controller  320  comprises a processor  325 , a memory  330 , and an input/output (I/O) interface  335 . 
     A “processor”  325  may be any type of controller or processor, and may be embodied as one or more processors  325 , adapted to perform the functionality discussed herein. As the term processor is used herein, a processor  325  may include use of a single integrated circuit (“IC”), or may include use of a plurality of integrated circuits or other components connected, arranged or grouped together, such as controllers, microprocessors, digital signal processors (“DSPs”), parallel processors, multiple core processors, custom ICs, application specific integrated circuits (“ASICs”), field programmable gate arrays (“FPGAs”), adaptive computing ICs, associated memory (such as RAM, DRAM and ROM), and other ICs and components. As a consequence, as used herein, the term processor should be understood to equivalently mean and include a single IC, or arrangement of custom ICs, ASICs, processors, microprocessors, controllers, FPGAs, adaptive computing ICs, or some other grouping of integrated circuits which perform the functions discussed below, with associated memory, such as microprocessor memory or additional RAM, DRAM, SDRAM, SRAM, MRAM, ROM, FLASH, EPROM or EPROM. A processor (such as processor  325 ), with its associated memory, may be adapted or configured (via programming, FPGA interconnection, or hard-wiring) to perform the methodology of the invention, such as selective pixel addressing. For example, the methodology may be programmed and stored, in a processor  325  with its associated memory (and/or memory  330 ) and other equivalent components, as a set of program instructions or other code (or equivalent configuration or other program) for subsequent execution when the processor is operative (i.e., powered on and functioning). Equivalently, when the processor  325  may implemented in whole or part as FPGAs, custom ICs and/or ASICs, the FPGAs, custom ICs or ASICs also may be designed, configured and/or hard-wired to implement the methodology of the invention. For example, the processor  325  may be implemented as an arrangement of processors, controllers, microprocessors, DSPs and/or ASICs, collectively referred to as a “controller” or “processor”, which are respectively programmed, designed, adapted or configured to implement the methodology of the invention, in conjunction with a memory  330 . 
     A processor (such as processor  325 ), with its associated memory, may be configured (via programming, FPGA interconnection, or hard-wiring) to control the energizing of (applied voltages to) the various pluralities of first conductors  110  and the plurality of transmissive second conductor(s)  140  (and the optional one or more third conductors  145 ), for corresponding control over what information is being displayed. For example, static or time-varying display information may be programmed and stored, configured and/or hard-wired, in a processor  325  with its associated memory (and/or memory  330 ) and other equivalent components, as a set of program instructions (or equivalent configuration or other program) for subsequent execution when the processor  325  is operative. 
     The memory  330 , which may include a data repository (or database), may be embodied in any number of forms, including within any computer or other machine-readable data storage medium, memory device or other storage or communication device for storage or communication of information, currently known or which becomes available in the future, including, but not limited to, a memory integrated circuit (“IC”), or memory portion of an integrated circuit (such as the resident memory within a processor  325 ), whether volatile or non-volatile, whether removable or non-removable, including without limitation RAM, FLASH, DRAM, SDRAM, SRAM, MRAM, FeRAM, ROM, EPROM or EPROM, or any other form of memory device, such as a magnetic hard drive, an optical drive, a magnetic disk or tape drive, a hard disk drive, other machine-readable storage or memory media such as a floppy disk, a CDROM, a CD-RW, digital versatile disk (DVD) or other optical memory, or any other type of memory, storage medium, or data storage apparatus or circuit, which is known or which becomes known, depending upon the selected embodiment. In addition, such computer readable media includes any form of communication media which embodies computer readable instructions, data structures, program modules or other data in a data signal or modulated signal, such as an electromagnetic or optical carrier wave or other transport mechanism, including any information delivery media, which may encode data or other information in a signal, wired or wirelessly, including electromagnetic, optical, acoustic, RF or infrared signals, and so on. The memory  330  may be adapted to store various look up tables, parameters, coefficients, other information and data, programs or instructions (of the software of the present invention), and other types of tables such as database tables. 
     As indicated above, the processor  325  is programmed, using software and data structures of the invention, for example, to perform the methodology of the present invention. As a consequence, the system and method of the present invention may be embodied as software which provides such programming or other instructions, such as a set of instructions and/or metadata embodied within a computer readable medium, discussed above. In addition, metadata may also be utilized to define the various data structures of a look up table or a database. Such software may be in the form of source or object code, by way of example and without limitation. Source code further may be compiled into some form of instructions or object code (including assembly language instructions or configuration information). The software, source code or metadata of the present invention may be embodied as any type of code, such as C, C++, SystemC, LISA, XML, Java, Brew, SQL and its variations, or any other type of programming language which performs the functionality discussed herein, including various hardware definition or hardware modeling languages (e.g., Verilog, VHDL, RTL) and resulting database files (e.g., GDSII). As a consequence, a “construct”, “program construct”, “software construct” or “software”, as used equivalently herein, means and refers to any programming language, of any kind, with any syntax or signatures, which provides or can be interpreted to provide the associated functionality or methodology specified (when instantiated or loaded into a processor or computer and executed, including the processor  325 , for example). 
     The software, metadata, or other source code of the present invention and any resulting bit file (object code, database, or look up table) may be embodied within any tangible storage medium, such as any of the computer or other machine-readable data storage media, as computer-readable instructions, data structures, program modules or other data, such as discussed above with respect to the memory  330 , e.g., a floppy disk, a CDROM, a CD-RW, a DVD, a magnetic hard drive, an optical drive, or any other type of data storage apparatus or medium, as mentioned above. 
     The I/O interface  335  may be implemented as known or may become known in the art, and may include impedance matching capability, voltage translation for a low voltage processor to interface with a higher voltage control bus  315 , and various switching mechanisms (e.g., transistors) to turn various lines or connectors  310  on or off in response to signaling from the processor  325 . In addition, the I/O interface  335  may also be adapted to receive and/or transmit signals externally to the system  300 , such as through hard-wiring or RF signaling, for example, to receive information in real-time to control a dynamic display, for example. 
     In addition to the controller  320  illustrated in  FIG. 29 , those of skill in the art will recognize that there are innumerable equivalent configurations, layouts, kinds and types of control circuitry known in the art, which are within the scope of the present invention. 
       FIG. 30  is a flow chart illustrating a method embodiment in accordance with the teachings of the present invention, for forming or otherwise manufacturing the apparatus  175 ,  185 , and provides a useful summary. Beginning with start step  400 , the method deposits a plurality of first conductors within a corresponding plurality of channels of a substrate, step  405 , such as by printing a conductive ink, followed by curing or partially curing the conductive ink, step  410 . A plurality of electronic components, typically suspended in a binder, are then deposited over the plurality of first conductors in the corresponding channels, step  415 . The electronic components are then oriented using an applied field, step  420 . With the oriented electronic components, the binder is then cured, resulting in stabilized or fixed electronic components in electrical contact at a first end with the plurality of first conductors, step  425 . As an option, additional insulating layers may also be applied. Next, a plurality of transmissive second conductors are then deposited and cured, making electrical contact at a second end with the plurality of electronic components, step  430 . In exemplary embodiments, such as for an addressable display, the plurality of transmissive second conductors are oriented substantially perpendicular to the plurality of first conductors. Optionally, a plurality of third conductors are then deposited (and cured) over the corresponding plurality of transmissive second conductors, step  435 , followed by any deposition (such as through printing) of selected colors or protective coatings, step  440 , and the method may end, return step  445 . 
     Although the invention has been described with respect to specific embodiments thereof, these embodiments are merely illustrative and not restrictive of the invention. In the description herein, numerous specific details are provided, such as examples of electronic components, electronic and structural connections, materials, and structural variations, to provide a thorough understanding of embodiments of the present invention. One skilled in the relevant art will recognize, however, that an embodiment of the invention can be practiced without one or more of the specific details, or with other apparatus, systems, assemblies, components, materials, parts, etc. In other instances, well-known structures, materials, or operations are not specifically shown or described in detail to avoid obscuring aspects of embodiments of the present invention. In addition, the various Figures are not drawn to scale and should not be regarded as limiting. 
     Reference throughout this specification to “one embodiment”, “an embodiment”, or a specific “embodiment” means that a particular feature, structure, or characteristic described in connection with the embodiment is included in at least one embodiment of the present invention and not necessarily in all embodiments, and further, are not necessarily referring to the same embodiment. Furthermore, the particular features, structures, or characteristics of any specific embodiment of the present invention may be combined in any suitable manner and in any suitable combination with one or more other embodiments, including the use of selected features without corresponding use of other features. In addition, many modifications may be made to adapt a particular application, situation or material to the essential scope and spirit of the present invention. It is to be understood that other variations and modifications of the embodiments of the present invention described and illustrated herein are possible in light of the teachings herein and are to be considered part of the spirit and scope of the present invention. 
     It will also be appreciated that one or more of the elements depicted in the Figures can also be implemented in a more separate or integrated manner, or even removed or rendered inoperable in certain cases, as may be useful in accordance with a particular application. Integrally formed combinations of components are also within the scope of the invention, particularly for embodiments in which a separation or combination of discrete components is unclear or indiscernible. In addition, use of the term “coupled” herein, including in its various forms such as “coupling” or “couplable”, means and includes any direct or indirect electrical, structural or magnetic coupling, connection or attachment, or adaptation or capability for such a direct or indirect electrical, structural or magnetic coupling, connection or attachment, including integrally formed components and components which are coupled via or through another component. 
     As used herein for purposes of the present invention, the term “LED” and its plural form “LEDs” should be understood to include any electroluminescent diode or other type of carrier injection- or junction-based system which is capable of generating radiation in response to an electrical signal, including without limitation, various semiconductor- or carbon-based structures which emit light in response to a current or voltage, light emitting polymers, organic LEDs, and so on, including within the visible spectrum, or other spectra such as ultraviolet or infrared, of any bandwidth, or of any color or color temperature. 
     Furthermore, any signal arrows in the drawings/Figures should be considered only exemplary, and not limiting, unless otherwise specifically noted. Combinations of components of steps will also be considered within the scope of the present invention, particularly where the ability to separate or combine is unclear or foreseeable. The disjunctive term “or”, as used herein and throughout the claims that follow, is generally intended to mean “and/or”, having both conjunctive and disjunctive meanings (and is not confined to an “exclusive or” meaning), unless otherwise indicated. As used in the description herein and throughout the claims that follow, “a”, “an”, and “the” include plural references unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. Also as used in the description herein and throughout the claims that follow, the meaning of “in” includes “in” and “on” unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. 
     The foregoing description of illustrated embodiments of the present invention, including what is described in the summary or in the abstract, is not intended to be exhaustive or to limit the invention to the precise forms disclosed herein. From the foregoing, it will be observed that numerous variations, modifications and substitutions are intended and may be effected without departing from the spirit and scope of the novel concept of the invention. It is to be understood that no limitation with respect to the specific methods and apparatus illustrated herein is intended or should be inferred. It is, of course, intended to cover by the appended claims all such modifications as fall within the scope of the claims.