Patent Publication Number: US-2023139417-A1

Title: Magnetite ore pelletizing compositions, devices, systems, and methods using automotive paint sludge as a binder

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This application claims the benefit of priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 63/263,496, filed Nov. 3, 2021, entitled “MAGNETITE ORE PELLETING COMPOSITIONS, DEVICES, SYSTEMS, AND METHODS USING AUTOMOTIVE PAINT SLUDGE AS A BINDER”, the disclosure of which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety for all purposes. 
    
    
     FIELD 
     The disclosed compositions, devices, processes, methods, and systems are directed to pelletizing ore. 
     BACKGROUND 
     Due to environmental and economic concerns, there has been a large push to investigate recycling applications for automotive paint sludge. Automotive paint sludge is considered a nuisance and hazardous waste material within the automotive industry around the world. 
     Automotive paint sludge is a by-product of overspray in the painting booths. Paint sludge can be either water-based or other solvent-based, however, both types contain a combination of inorganic and organic material. The designation of waterborne or solvent-based depends on the type of paint material, i.e., if the paint is contained in a water base, it is waterborne. 
     What is needed is applications that can aid in recycling automotive paint sludge in useful ways. 
     SUMMARY 
     Disclosed herein are methods of recycling automotive paint sludge, the methods comprising steps including combining automotive paint sludge with an ore to create an ore composition; shaping the ore composition to form a pellet; and drying the pellet to aid in hardening the pellet, wherein the combining step may also include adding bentonite and/or limestone to the composition. In many embodiments, the ore may be selected from magnetite ore, hematite ore, or combinations thereof, and the clay may be an expanding clay, for example a clay comprising phyllosilicate. The ore composition may also comprise one or more compounds from Table 1.1 or 1.2, and the drying temperature may be greater than about 850° C. and less than about 1200° C., for example greater than 1000° C. In many embodiments, the disclosed methods may result in pelletized ore with performance characteristics (hardness, resistance to breakage, porosity, reduction, etc.) that may be similar or superior to methods that do not include ore compositions comprising paint sludge. 
     Also disclosed are methods of pelletizing an ore, the methods comprising the steps of combining automotive paint sludge with the ore to create an ore composition; shaping the ore composition to form a pellet; and drying the pellet to aid in hardening the pellet, wherein the combining step may also include bentonite and/or limestone. In many embodiments, the ore may be selected from magnetite ore, hematite ore, or combinations thereof, and the clay may be an expanding clay, for example a clay comprising phyllosilicate. The ore composition may also comprise one or more compounds from Table 1.1 or 1.2, and the drying temperature may be greater than about 850° C. and less than about 1200° C., for example greater than 1000° C. In many embodiments, the disclosed compositions may result in pelletized ore with performance characteristics (hardness, resistance to breakage, porosity, reduction, etc.) that may be similar or superior to existing pellets that do not include paint sludge. 
     Also disclosed are ore pellets comprising an automotive paint sludge and an ore, wherein the ore may comprise a clay and/or limestone. In many embodiments, the ore may be selected from magnetite ore, hematite ore, or combinations thereof, and the clay may be an expanding clay, for example a clay comprising phyllosilicate. In many embodiments, the clay may be bentonite. In many embodiments, the disclosed methods may result in pelletized ore with performance characteristics (hardness, resistance to breakage, porosity, reduction, etc.) that may be similar or superior to methods that do not include ore compositions comprising paint sludge. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         FIG.  1   . Combination of materials: paint sludge (gray), magnetite ore (black) and limestone (white). 
         FIG.  2   . Schematic representation of drop test. 
         FIG.  3   . Schematic diagram of compressive plates and pellet. 
         FIG.  4   . Schematic diagram on saturation process. 
         FIG.  5   . Tube furnace and sample setup for reduction tests. 
         FIG.  6   . Cold Crushing Strength (GCS) for batch 1 pellets. 
         FIG.  7   . Crushing Strength of Dry vs. Fired Batch 1 Pellets at 870 C. 
         FIG.  8   . Crushing Strength of Dry vs. Fired Batch 1 Pellets at 1150 C. 
         FIG.  9   . Cold Crushing Strength for Batch 2 pellets. 
         FIG.  10   . Crushing Strength for Dry vs. Fired Batch 2 Pellets at 870 C. 
         FIG.  11   . Crushing Strength for Dry vs. Fired Batch 2 Pellets at 1150 C. 
         FIG.  12   . Drop Test Numbers for Fired Batch 1 Pellets. 
         FIG.  13   . Drop Test Numbers for Fired Batch 2 Pellets. 
         FIG.  14   . Drop number versus temperature of induration for pellets of batch 1 and 2. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     Described herein are methods, systems, and compositions for pelletizing magnetite. In many embodiments, the compositions may comprise one or more of paint sludge, limestone, bentonite, magnetite and combinations thereof. In many embodiments, the disclosed pellets may be dried and/or sintered at a temperature above about 850° C. and below about 1200° C., for greater than about 15 minutes and less than about 2 hrs. In many embodiments, the resulting magnetite pellets may have characteristics equivalent or superior to magnetite pellets made using existing methods or existing compositions. In many embodiments, the disclosed pellets may exhibit a resistance to compression that is equivalent or superior to pellets comprising existing compositions and made from existing methods. In many embodiments, the The focus of this project was to investigate and develop a recycling application that would employ the use of the automotive paint sludge material as received. The paint sludge was used as a binder for iron ore pellets, typically used for iron- and steelmaking. The development of the type of recycling application conducted during this project was aided by a review of different binders used in iron ore pellets, as well as the various techniques used to recycle automotive paint sludge materials. 
     Two different paint sludge samples were characterized for their organic and inorganic components. It was then determined to be a possible substitute for the standard iron ore pellet binder: bentonite clay. Unlike bentonite, paint sludge has half the concentration of silica and alumina, which are detriments in the ironmaking process. Iron ore pellets were made using magnetite ore, 1.0-3.0 wt. % limestone, 0.0-1.0 wt. % bentonite, and 0.0-1.0 wt. % paint sludge from two different paint shops. The pellet recipes were evaluated via a statistical analysis software where low, middle and high material weight percentages were output to ensure optimized results. The iron ore pellets with paint sludge material as a binder were then tested for their standard physical and chemical properties to make sure they were comparable to pellets made with bentonite clay. 
     Magnetite ore contains iron oxides with the chemical formula Fe 3 O 4  and is ferromagnetic. In most cases, iron ore pelletizing uses either magnetite ore or hematite ore. Generally, other type of ores containing magnetite or hematite as minor constituents would be avoided, unless the ore was processed to increase the concentration of magnetite or hematite and remove other minerals. In most cases, the term limestone refers to calcium carbonate, in less preferred embodiments, other types of calcium carbonates can be used. 
     Various types of bentonite clay can be used in the present embodiments, for example sodium bentonite, calcium bentonite, potassium bentonite, and combinations thereof. In most embodiments, the bentonite may be predominantly phyllosilicate minerals, such as montmorillonite. 
     Automotive paint sludge is a by-product of overspray in the painting booths. Paint sludge is either water-based or solvent-based, however, both types contain a combination of inorganic and organic material. The designation of waterborne or solvent-based depends on the type of paint material, i.e., if the paint is contained in a water base, it is waterborne. Both types of paint sludge may further comprise one or more of uncured polymer resins, metal-containing pigments, curing agents, flotation agents, detackifiers and water. Some examples of components and compounds found in automotive paint sludge are disclosed at Table 1.1. Waterborne paint sludge has been promoted as the environmentally friendly option in comparison, but the entire vehicle painting process does still rely on organic materials. It is for this reason the generation of automotive paint sludge, regardless of its base, is considered one of the largest contributors of hazardous waste in the automotive industry. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 1.1 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Chemical compositions of flocculants and two detackifiers. 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Detackifier for water- 
                 Detackifier for solvent- 
               
               
                 Flocculant 
                 based paint sludge 
                 based paint sludge 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Level 
                   
                 Level 
                   
                 Level 
               
               
                 Content 
                 (%) 
                 Content 
                 (%) 
                 Content 
                 (%) 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Acetic acid 
                 10 
                 Aluminum 
                 20 
                 Aluminum 
                 20 
               
               
                   
                   
                 sulfate 
                   
                 sulfate 
               
               
                 Ammonium 
                 3 
                 Ammonium, 
                 0.25 
                 Amines, 
                 0.25 
               
               
                 chloride 
                   
                 diallyl- 
                   
                 polyethyl- 
               
               
                   
                   
                 dimethyl-, 
                   
                 enepoly-, 
               
               
                   
                   
                 chloride, 
                   
                 polymers 
               
               
                   
                   
                 polymers 
                   
                 with 1,2- 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 dichloro- 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 ethane 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     However, the new millennia also brought new environmental concerns across all industries, as well as increases in fees for the storage of hazardous material. In response, the automotive industry has become the leader in promoting zero waste. This has also led many, if not all, automotive companies to seek other techniques for recycling their paint sludge. Previous research methods include attempting to extract valuable metals or utilizing it for construction materials. 
     Iron ore pellets are used in the steel making process with bentonite clay as the current industry standard binder. This investigation seeks to develop comparable iron ore pellets with a paint sludge binder by employing similar testing techniques used for traditional iron ore pellets. 
     In addition to the experimental results presented, the implications of these results will be discussed as they relate to the two major ironmaking methods: blast furnace and direct reduction. The blast furnace (BF) is considered an indirect reduction of iron in combination with a converter, while direct reduction produces direct reduced iron (DRI). It is critical to examine how the use of a different iron ore pellet binder affects the ironmaking process in both the blast furnace and direct reduction processes since each has differences in feed requirements and allowances. 
     The goal of this research project was to investigate the effectiveness of using waterborne automotive paint sludge as a binder for making iron ore pellets. The typical binder used for iron ore pellets is bentonite clay, however, due to the high costs and low availability, alternatives to bentonite clay have been researched for years. Bentonite clay also increases the concentration of silica and alumina, which are considered detrimental in the downstream ironmaking process. Too much silica and alumina increase the acidity of the slag while it is being processed in a blast furnace. Increased slag acidity increases the viscosity of the slag and the difficultly in tapping the slag. This is not a superficial issue that can be easily solved since the operations of a blast furnace cannot be turned on and off easily. In addition to the issues associated with the blast furnace, pellets for use in DRI should also not contain high concentrations of silica or alumina because there is not a lot of room of impurities or to resolve the impurities within the DRI process. 
     Many of the previously investigated alternative binders were sought to eliminate or limit the silica and alumina. Organic materials, such as polymers, have been intensely studied as an alternative binder to bentonite clay because their long chains can hold together the pellets similar to bentonite. Because they are organic material, they may also add heat to the BF or DRI process, aiding in the energy costs. However, organic materials are very expensive, and, in many cases, the cost associated with creating an organic binder for the amount of pellets used cannot be justified. For these reasons, Applicants focused on automotive paint sludge for a technical and economical alternative binder. It not only contains a substantial amount of organic material, including polymers, and low amount of silica and alumina, but is also economically favorable for automotive companies. 
     Recycling of automotive paint sludge is an important topic of late because many automotive companies are trying to reduce the amount of waste placed in landfills. The paint sludge consists of organic and inorganic material, in this case, mostly titanium dioxide with significantly lower percentages of silica and alumina compared to bentonite. To test how well the paint sludge could substitute as a binder compared to bentonite, iron ore pellets were made of typical industrial standard with and without bentonite. These pellets were subject to a crushing strength test, a drop test, determination of apparent porosity and percent reduction. All these properties are considered important for the durability and efficiency of the iron ore pellets. It was determined that iron ore pellets where the bentonite was completely and partially replaced with paint sludge materials (sourced, for the present studies, from two different paint shops), had comparable cold crushing strength values above 250 kg/pellet as per industry standards. Cold crushing is done after the pellets are “indurated” or “fired” at a temperature higher than 1000° C. and then cooled so they are technically “cold.” In addition to the cold crushing strength values, the pellets also withstood multiple drops above 8 drop which is also typical of industry standards. Apparent porosity and percent reduction were also determined to have suitable values showing that paint sludge can replace bentonite as a binder. 
     The disclosed pelletizing methods and compositions may include the use of paint sludge. In many embodiments, the paint sludge may be water-based or solvent-based paint. In some embodiments, paint sludge may further include one or more of the compounds shown in Table 1.1. The amount of paint sludge in the pellet may be from about 0.0-2.0 wt. % of the pellet, for example from about 0.5 to 1.0 wt %, for example greater than about 0.01 wt %, 0.01 wt %, 0.02 wt %, 0.03 wt %, 0.04 wt %, 0.05 wt %, 0.06 wt %, 0.07 wt %, 0.08 wt %, 0.09 wt %, 0.1 wt %, 0.2 wt %, 0.4 wt %, 0.6 wt %, 0.8 wt %, 1.0 wt %, 1.2 wt %, 1.4 wt %, 1.6 wt %, or 1.8 wt % paint sludge and less than about 2.2 wt %, 2.0 wt %, 1.8 wt %, 1.6 wt %, 1.4 wt %, 1.2 wt %, 1.0 wt %, 0.8 wt %, 0.6 wt %, 0.4 wt %, 0.2 wt %, 0.1 wt %, 0.09 wt %, 0.08 wt %, 0.07 wt %, 0.06 wt %, 0.05 wt %, 0.04 wt %, 0.03 wt %, or 0.02 wt % paint sludge. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 1.2 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Chemical composition of three solvent-based paints. 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Level 
                 Level 
                 Level 
               
               
                 Material 
                 (%) a   
                 (%) b   
                 (%) c   
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 n-buthyl acetate 
                 35 
                 3 
                   
               
               
                 xylene 
                 5 
                 18 
                 41.64 
               
               
                 butan-1-ol 
                 3 
                 14 
               
               
                 1,3,5-triazine-2,4,6-triamine, 
                 20 
               
               
                 polymer with formaldehyde 
               
               
                 butylated ethylbenzene 
                 1 
                 1 
               
               
                 naphta (petroleum), hydrotreated 
                 1 
                 3 
               
               
                 light 
               
               
                 2-(2-butoxyethoxy) ethanol 
                 1 
               
               
                 heptane 
                 1 
               
               
                 naphta (petroleum) light alkylate 
                 0.25 
               
               
                 solvent naphta (petroleum) light a. 
                 0.25 
               
               
                 naphta (petroleum) 
                 0.25 
               
               
                 hydrodesulphurized heavy 
               
               
                 1,2,4-trimethylbenzene 
                 0.25 
               
               
                 solvent naphta (petroleum), 
                 0.2 
               
               
                 medium aliphatic 
               
               
                 methanol 
                   
                 2 
               
               
                 melamine formaldehyde 
                   
                 12 
               
               
                 cumene 
                   
                 1 
               
               
                 3-methacryloxypropy-trimethoxy-silane 
                   
                 5 
               
               
                 polymethylmethacrylate 
                   
                 42 
               
               
                 carbon black 
                   
                   
                 3.15 
               
               
                 calcium carbonate 
                   
                   
                 8.97 
               
               
                 thickener 
                   
                   
                 2.97 
               
               
                 triethylamine 
                   
                   
                 0.32 
               
               
                 toluene 
                   
                   
                 19.92 
               
               
                 drying agents 
                   
                   
                 1.59 
               
               
                 talc 
                   
                   
                 9.98 
               
               
                 polycarboxylic acid 
                   
                   
                 0.54 
               
               
                 methyl-ethyl-cetoxime 
                   
                   
                 0.16 
               
               
                 bonding agent 
                   
                   
                 1 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   a Composition of the paint used at automotive plant in Turkey. 
               
               
                   b Composition of the paint produced by DuPont. 
               
               
                   c Composition of the paint reported by Arce et al. (2010). 
               
            
           
         
       
     
     The disclosed pelletizing methods and compositions may include the use of a clay. In many embodiments, the clay may be an expanding clay, a clay comprising phyllosilicates, a clay comprising montmorillonite, and combinations thereof. In some embodiments, the clay may be bentonite. The amount of bentonite in the pellet may be from about 0.0-2.0 wt. % of the pellet, for example from about 0.5 to 1.0 wt %, for example greater than about 0.01 wt %, 0.01 wt %, 0.02 wt %, 0.03 wt %, 0.04 wt %, 0.05 wt %, 0.06 wt %, 0.07 wt %, 0.08 wt %, 0.09 wt %, 0.1 wt %, 0.2 wt %, 0.4 wt %, 0.6 wt %, 0.8 wt %, 1.0 wt %, 1.2 wt %, 1.4 wt %, 1.6 wt %, or 1.8 wt % bentonite and less than about 2.2 wt %, 2.0 wt %, 1.8 wt %, 1.6 wt %, 1.4 wt %, 1.2 wt %, 1.0 wt %, 0.8 wt %, 0.6 wt %, 0.4 wt %, 0.2 wt %, 0.1 wt %, 0.09 wt %, 0.08 wt %, 0.07 wt %, 0.06 wt %, 0.05 wt %, 0.04 wt %, 0.03 wt %, or 0.02 wt % bentonite. 
     The disclosed pelletizing methods and compositions may include the use of limestone. In some embodiments, the amount of limestone may be from about 0.0-5.0 wt. % of the pellet, for example from about 0.5 to 3.0 wt %, for example greater than about 0.01 wt %, 0.01 wt %, 0.02 wt %, 0.03 wt %, 0.04 wt %, 0.05 wt %, 0.06 wt %, 0.07 wt %, 0.08 wt %, 0.09 wt %, 0.1 wt %, 0.2 wt %, 0.4 wt %, 0.6 wt %, 0.8 wt %, 1.0 wt %, 1.2 wt %, 1.4 wt %, 1.6 wt %, 1.8 wt %, 2.0 wt %, 2.2 wt %, 2.4 wt %, 2.6 wt %, 2.8 wt %, 3.0 wt %, 3.2 wt %, 3.4 wt %, 3.6 wt %, 3.8 wt %, 4.0 wt %, 4.2 wt %, 4.4 wt %, 4.6 wt %, 4.8 wt %, or 4.9 wt % limestone and less than about 5.0 wt %, 4.8 wt %, 4.6 wt %, 4.4 wt %, 4.2 wt %, 4.0 wt %, 3.8 wt %, 3.6 wt %, 3.4 wt %, 3.2 wt %, 3.0 wt %, 2.8 wt %, 2.6 wt %, 2.4 wt %, 2.2 wt %, 2.0 wt %, 1.8 wt %, 1.6 wt %, 1.4 wt %, 1.2 wt %, 1.0 wt %, 0.8 wt %, 0.6 wt %, 0.4 wt %, 0.2 wt %, 0.1 wt %, 0.09 wt %, 0.08 wt %, 0.07 wt %, 0.06 wt %, 0.05 wt %, 0.04 wt %, 0.03 wt %, or 0.02 wt % limestone. In some embodiments, limestone may refer to substantially pure calcium carbonate. 
     Various temperatures may be used to dry, cure, or sinter the pellet after formation. In many embodiments, the temperature may be from about 850° C. to about 1200° C., for example 870° C. to about 1150° C., such as greater than about 850° C., 870° C., 890° C., 910° C., 930° C., 950° C., 970° C., 990° C., 1010° C., 1030° C., 1050° C., 1070° C., 1090° C., 1110° C., 1130° C., 1150° C., 1170° C., 1190° C., or 1210° C., and less than about 1220, 1210° C., 1190° C., 1170° C., 1150° C., 1130° C., 1110° C., 1090° C., 1070° C., 1050° C., 1030° C., 1010° C., 990° C., 970° C., 950° C., 930° C., 910° C., 890° C., 870° C., or 860° C. 
     The pellets may be dried, cured, or sintered for various times. In many embodiments the pellets are dried for more than 15 minutes and less than about 2 hrs, for example about 30 to about 90 minutes, such as greater than 10 min, 20 min, 30 min, 40 min, 50 min, 60 min, 70 min, 80 min, 90 min, 100 min, 110 min, or 115 min, and less than about 130 min, 12 min, 110 min, 100 min, 90 min, 80 min, 70 min, 60 min, 50 min, 40 min, 30 min, or 20 min. The term ‘about’ may modify the number by +/−1-10%, for example 1-5%. 
     EXAMPLES 
     Example 1—Design of Experiments 
     A  2   n  half-factorial design was chosen for this project due to insufficient raw materials for the experiments, where “n” is the number of controllable factors included in the experiment by the user. The controllable factors included weight percent addition of paint sludge, weight percent addition of bentonite, weight percent addition of limestone, temperature of induration and time of induration. The values of each factor were chosen based on current industry values, the literature review, as well as the project&#39;s experimental need. In putting the information into Stat-Ease, the following DOE was produced shown in Table 1.3. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 1.3 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Design of experiments for iron ore pellets with paint sludge binder. 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Factor 2: 
                 Factor 3: 
                 Factor 4: 
                 Factor 5: 
               
               
                 Facter 1: 
                 Paint Sludge 
                 Bentonite 
                 Limestone 
                 Induration 
               
               
                 Temperature 
                 addition 
                 addition 
                 addition 
                 Time 
               
               
                 (Celsius) 
                 (wt. %) 
                 (wt. %) 
                 (wt. %) 
                 (minutes) 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 High 
                 1150 
                 1.0 
                 1.0 
                 3.0 
                 90 
               
               
                 Mid 
                 1010 
                 0.5 
                 0.5 
                 1.5 
                 60 
               
               
                 Low 
                 870 
                 0.0 
                 0.0 
                 0.0 
                 30 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 2 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Half- Factorial Design Order for Batch 1 of Paint Sludge. 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                   
                 Factor 2: 
                 Factor 3: 
                 Factor 4: 
                 Factor 5: 
               
               
                   
                 Factor 1: 
                 Paint Sludge 
                 Bentonite 
                 Limestone 
                 Induration 
               
               
                   
                 Temperature 
                 addition 
                 addition 
                 addition 
                 Time 
               
               
                 Run 
                 (Celsius) 
                 (wt. %) 
                 (wt. %) 
                 (wt. %) 
                 (minutes) 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 1 
                 1150 
                 1 
                 0 
                 0 
                 90 
               
               
                 2 
                 1010 
                 0.5 
                 0.5 
                 1.5 
                 60 
               
               
                 3 
                 870 
                 0 
                 1 
                 3 
                 90 
               
               
                 4 
                 1150 
                 0 
                 0 
                 3 
                 90 
               
               
                 5 
                 870 
                 1 
                 1 
                 3 
                 30 
               
               
                 6 
                 1150 
                 0 
                 1 
                 3 
                 30 
               
               
                 7 
                 870 
                 0 
                 0 
                 3 
                 30 
               
               
                 8 
                 870 
                 1 
                 0 
                 3 
                 90 
               
               
                 9 
                 1150 
                 0 
                 1 
                 0 
                 90 
               
               
                 10 
                 870 
                 0 
                 1 
                 0 
                 30 
               
               
                 11 
                 870 
                 1 
                 1 
                 0 
                 90 
               
               
                 12 
                 1150 
                 1 
                 1 
                 3 
                 90 
               
               
                 13 
                 1010 
                 0.5 
                 0.5 
                 1.5 
                 60 
               
               
                 14 
                 1010 
                 0.5 
                 0.5 
                 1.5 
                 60 
               
               
                 15 
                 1150 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 30 
               
               
                 16 
                 1150 
                 1 
                 1 
                 0 
                 30 
               
               
                 17 
                 870 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 90 
               
               
                 18 
                 1150 
                 1 
                 0 
                 3 
                 30 
               
               
                 19 
                 870 
                 1 
                 0 
                 0 
                 30 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     As seen in Table 2, a total of 19 runs were done for the first batch of paint sludge. A second sample was labeled as batch 2 of paint sludge and the half-factorial design is presented in Table 3. This presented with another set of 19 runs, totaling 38 between both samples of paint sludge. Runs 1-19 represent batch 1, while runs 20-38 represent batch 2. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 3 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Half-Factorial Design Order for Batch 2 of Paint Sludge. 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                   
                 Factor 2: 
                 Factor 3: 
                 Factor 4: 
                 Factor 5: 
               
               
                   
                 Factor 1: 
                 Paint Sludge 
                 Bentonite 
                 Limestone 
                 Induration 
               
               
                   
                 Temperature 
                 addition 
                 addition 
                 addition 
                 Time 
               
               
                 Run 
                 (Celsius) 
                 (wt. %) 
                 (wt. %) 
                 (wt. %) 
                 (minutes) 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 20 
                 1150 
                 1 
                 0 
                 0 
                 90 
               
               
                 21 
                 1010 
                 0.5 
                 0.5 
                 1.5 
                 60 
               
               
                 22 
                 870 
                 0 
                 1 
                 3 
                 90 
               
               
                 23 
                 1150 
                 0 
                 0 
                 3 
                 90 
               
               
                 24 
                 870 
                 1 
                 1 
                 3 
                 30 
               
               
                 25 
                 1150 
                 0 
                 1 
                 3 
                 30 
               
               
                 26 
                 870 
                 0 
                 0 
                 3 
                 30 
               
               
                 27 
                 870 
                 1 
                 0 
                 3 
                 90 
               
               
                 28 
                 1150 
                 0 
                 1 
                 0 
                 90 
               
               
                 29 
                 870 
                 0 
                 1 
                 0 
                 30 
               
               
                 30 
                 870 
                 1 
                 1 
                 0 
                 90 
               
               
                 31 
                 1150 
                 1 
                 1 
                 3 
                 90 
               
               
                 32 
                 1010 
                 0.5 
                 0.5 
                 1.5 
                 60 
               
               
                 33 
                 1010 
                 0.5 
                 0.5 
                 1.5 
                 60 
               
               
                 34 
                 1150 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 30 
               
               
                 35 
                 1150 
                 1 
                 1 
                 0 
                 30 
               
               
                 36 
                 870 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 90 
               
               
                 37 
                 1150 
                 1 
                 0 
                 3 
                 30 
               
               
                 38 
                 870 
                 1 
                 0 
                 0 
                 30 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     The responses for this study are shown in Table 4 for all the runs done. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 4 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Responses for half-factorial design order. 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Runs 
                 Response 1: 
                 Response 2: 
                 Response 3: 
                 Response 4: 
                 Response 6: 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 1-38 
                 Green Crushing 
                 Cold Crushing 
                 Drop Test 
                 Apparent 
                 Percent 
               
               
                   
                 Strength 
                 Strength (CCS) 
                 (Number of drops 
                 Porosity (%) 
                 Reduction 
               
               
                   
                 (Newtons) 
                 (Newtons) 
                 until fracture) 
                   
                 (%) 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Based on the information from the design of experiments, a variety of magnetite, paint sludge, bentonite and limestone combinations were given. The combinations include: 
     0 wt. % paint sludge, 0 wt. % bentonite, 0 wt. % limestone, and 100 wt. % magnetite ore. 
     0 wt. % paint sludge, 1 wt. % bentonite, 0 wt. % limestone, and 99 wt. % magnetite ore. 
     0 wt. % paint sludge, 0 wt. % bentonite, 3 wt. % limestone, and 97 wt. % magnetite ore. 
     0 wt. % paint sludge, 1 wt. % bentonite, 3 wt. % limestone, and 96 wt. % magnetite ore. 
     0.5 wt. % paint sludge, 0.5 wt. % bentonite, 1.5 wt. % limestone, and 97.5 wt. % magnetite ore. 
     1 wt. % paint sludge, 0 wt. % bentonite, 0 wt. % limestone, and 99 wt. % magnetite ore. 
     1 wt. % paint sludge, 1 wt. % bentonite, 0 wt. % limestone, and 98 wt. % magnetite ore. 
     1 wt. % paint sludge, 0 wt. % bentonite, 3 wt. % limestone, and 96 wt. % magnetite ore. 
     1 wt. % paint sludge, 1 wt. % bentonite, 3 wt. % limestone, and 95 wt. % magnetite ore. 
     Example 2—Testing Methods 
     First, the materials were combined and mixed in a Tupperware™ container. A spray bottle is also used to moisten the materials. About 15-25 sprays per 100 grams of total material, which equals to about 1-1.5 mL of water for the specific spray bottle used in this project—or about 1-1.5 mL water per 15-20 pellets. This provided just enough water to wet the material but not enough to overly saturate it. A small amount of material was then taken and rolled into a sphere between the palms of the hand as shown in  FIG.  1   . As described in the literature review, pellets used in the DRI and blast furnace ironmaking processes are between about 9 and about 16 mm in diameter and the same diameter range was used in this project as well. About 15-20 green pellets (i.e. freshly formed pellets prior to drying or firing) were made from 100 grams of material. This procedure was repeated for all the combinations of paint sludge, bentonite, limestone and magnetite ore provided above. After the green pellets were made, they were dried in a furnace for 12 hours at 100° C. After drying, the pellets are considered dry pellets and placed in a furnace for induration. Based on the design of experiments, specific combinations were fired at different temperatures and times. In many embodiments, pellets may be manufactured using a disc pelletizer. 
     Pellets with the following combinations of materials were fired at 870° C. for 30 minutes: 
     0 wt. % paint sludge, 0 wt. % bentonite, 3 wt. % limestone, and 97 wt. % magnetite ore. 
     0 wt. % paint sludge, 1 wt. % bentonite, 0 wt. % limestone, and 99 wt. % magnetite ore. 
     1 wt. % paint sludge, 1 wt. % bentonite, 3 wt. % limestone, and 95 wt. % magnetite ore. 
     1 wt. % paint sludge, 0 wt. % bentonite, 0 wt. % limestone, and 99 wt. % magnetite ore. 
     Pellets with the following combinations of materials were fired at 870° C. for 90 minutes: 
     0 wt. % paint sludge, 1 wt. % bentonite, 3 wt. % limestone, and 96 wt. % magnetite ore. 
     0 wt. % paint sludge, 0 wt. % bentonite, 0 wt. % limestone, and 100 wt. % magnetite ore. 
     1 wt. % paint sludge, 0 wt. % bentonite, 3 wt. % limestone, and 96 wt. % magnetite ore. 
     1 wt. % paint sludge, 1 wt. % bentonite, 0 wt. % limestone, and 98 wt. % magnetite ore. 
     The next set of pellets were fired at 1010° C. for 60 minutes for the following combination of materials: 
     0.5 wt. % paint sludge, 0.5 wt. % bentonite, 1.5 wt. % limestone, and 97.5 wt. % magnetite ore. Pellets with the following combination of materials were fired at 1150° C. for 30 minutes: 
     0 wt. % paint sludge, 1 wt. % bentonite, 3 wt. % limestone, and 96 wt. % magnetite ore. 
     0 wt. % paint sludge, 0 wt. % bentonite, 0 wt. % limestone, and 100 wt. % magnetite ore. 
     1 wt. % paint sludge, 1 wt. % bentonite, 0 wt. % limestone, and 98 wt. % magnetite ore. 
     1 wt. % paint sludge, 0 wt. % bentonite, 3 wt. % limestone, and 96 wt. % magnetite ore. 
     Finally, pellets with the following combination of materials were fired at 1150° C. for 90 minutes: 
     1 wt. % paint sludge, 0 wt. % bentonite, 0 wt. % limestone, and 99 wt. % magnetite ore. 
     0 wt. % paint sludge, 0 wt. % bentonite, 3 wt. % limestone, and 97 wt. % magnetite ore. 
     0 wt. % paint sludge, 1 wt. % bentonite, 0 wt. % limestone, and 99 wt. % magnetite ore. 
     1 wt. % paint sludge, 1 wt. % bentonite, 3 wt. % limestone, and 96 wt. % magnetite ore. 
     Example 3— Drop Test Method 
     When the green pellets were initially made, a drop test was conducted. Drop tests reveal how well the dry and fired pellets will handle transportation during the industrial pelletization process. 
     The pellets were dropped from one meter, measured using a meter stick, onto a steel plate until, counting the number of drops until they fracture.  FIG.  2    shows a schematic diagram of the drop test setup. From each combination set, 5 pellets were tested from batch 1 and batch 2 resulting in a total of 90 dry pellets. The average value of each set of 5 was recorded as the drop number for that specific material combination. 5 fired pellets from each of the material combinations for 870° C. for 30 and 90 minutes, 1010° C. for 60 minutes, and 1150° C. for 30 and 90 minutes, were tested and the average drop number was recorded. This was done for batch 1 and batch 2 pellets, resulting in a total of 170 fired pellets tested. 
     Example 3—Compression Test Method 
     The compressive strength tests were done in accordance with the ASTM E382-20 Standard Test Method for Determination of Crushing Strength of Iron Ore Pellets and Direct-Reduced Iron. This standard test method is similar to the ISO 4700 standard for cold crushing of iron ore pellets. The crushing strength of an iron ore pellet is determined by applying a load to a pellet at a specific speed until the pellet is fractured. 
     This compression test was done for all the dry pellets made from each of the 9 material combinations. From each combination set, 5 pellets were tested from each resulting in a total of 90 dry pellets. The average value of each set of 5 was recorded as the crushing strength for that specific material combination. Since the fired pellets were indurated at different temperatures and times, 5 fired pellets from each of the material combinations for 870° C. for 30 and 90 minutes, 1010° C. for 60 minutes, and 1150° C. for 30 and 90 minutes, were tested and the average was recorded. This was done for batch 1 and batch 2 pellets, resulting in a total of 170 fired pellets tested. 
     Example 4—Porosity Test Method 
     The procedure used to calculate the apparent porosity of fired pellets is the ASTM C20-00(2015) Standard Test Methods for Apparent Porosity, Water Absorption, Apparent Specific Gravity, and Bulk Density of Burned Refractory Brick and Shapes by Boiling Water [85]. Apparent porosity is the percentage ratio of the void space in a sample to the total bulk volume of the sample. Equation 3 describes the calculation of apparent porosity, Wsat is the weight of saturated sample, Wdry is the weight of the sample in air, and Wsus is the weight of sample suspended in water. 
       Apparent Porosity,%= W   sat    
     monoxide gas valve was opened, and the flow rate was adjusted slowly to 150 mL/min, while the nitrogen gas was increased to 100 mL/min. The ratio of carbon monoxide to nitrogen gas was 60 to 40. At the desired flow rates, the carbon monoxide gas was kept flowing for 30 minutes and then shut closed. The furnace was allowed to cool before the pellets were removed. The pellets were weighed, and their diameters measured using a caliper. Since the pellets are not perfectly spherical, two separate diameters were measured. The pellets were then placed back into the tube furnace and the process was repeated until a weight and diameter measurement was taken after 120 minutes. The same procedure was completed at 900° C. and 950° C. for each of the four-time intervals. 
     The second procedure involved reducing the pellets determined by the factorial design for batch 1 and batch 2 pellets. Four to five pellets at a time were placed on the metal mesh and then into the tube furnace. The furnace was heated to 950° C. with 50-60 mL/min of nitrogen gas flowing. Once the furnace reached the desired temperature, the carbon monoxide gas was opened and increased to a flow rate of 150 mL/min. The nitrogen gas was also increased to 100 mL/min. Both gases were kept at this rate for one hour. The carbon monoxide was slowly shut off and the nitrogen gas flow was decreased to 50 mL/min while the furnace was cooled down. After the furnace was cooled, the pellets were taken out, weighed and their diameter&#39;s measured and recorded. A total of 38 pellet combinations were reduced by this procedure. (19 from each batch with the type of pellet shown below) PS=paint sludge, B=bentonite, LS=limestone. Results are shown at Tables 11 and 12 (Apparent porosity and Percent Reduction of Batch 1 pellets and Batch 2 pellets, respectively). 
     Example 6—Experimental Results 
     Table 6 shows the crushing strength values in increasing order for dry and fired pellets made from the paint sludge sample from batch 1. As seen in the table, the biggest indicator of increased cold crushing strength is increased temperature. Most of the values of cold crushing strength above 250 kg/pellet were seen in pellets indurated at 1010° C. and 1150° C. They were also left at that induration temperature for 60 minutes or longer. The type of pellets that pass the 250 kg/pellet threshold are the following: 
     1 wt. % paint sludge, 1 wt. % bentonite, and 0 wt. % limestone 
     1 wt. % paint sludge, 1 wt. % bentonite, and 3 wt. % limestone 
     0 wt. % paint sludge, 1 wt. % bentonite, and 3 wt. % limestone 
     0.5 wt. % paint sludge, 0.5 wt. % bentonite, and 1.5 wt. % limestone 
     1 wt. % paint sludge, 0 wt. % bentonite, and 3 wt. % limestone 
     0 wt. % paint sludge, 0 wt. % bentonite, and 0 wt. % limestone 
     1 wt. % paint sludge, 0 wt. % bentonite, and 0 wt. % limestone 
     Some of this material combinations can also be found in Table 5 to not pass the crushing strength threshold and that is due to low temperature of 870° C. and short induration time. 
     A question driving this research was if waterborne automotive paint sludge could replace all or some of the bentonite additions made when producing iron ore pellets. Based on the data in Table 21, 0.5PS_0.5B_1.5LS, 1PS_0B_3LS, and 1PS_0B_0LS (numbers are percentages, and PS=paint sludge, B=bentonite, LS=limestone) pellet types prove this to be possible with the paint sludge from batch 1. The pellet type 0PS_0B_0LS is interesting because at 1150° C. for 30 minutes, it does not pass the crushing strength threshold, however, kept at that temperature for 90 minutes, the cold crushing strength increases from 249 to 254. Without wishing to be confined by theory, this result may be due to the small amounts the bentonite phase found in the AMICS analysis of the magnetite ore sample. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 6 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Batch 1 pellet dry and cold crushing strength. 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                   
                   
                 Dry 
                 Cold 
               
               
                   
                 Temper- 
                   
                 Crushing 
                 Crushing 
               
               
                   
                 ature 
                 Time 
                 Strength 
                 Strength 
               
               
                 Pellet Type 
                 (Celsius) 
                 (minutes) 
                 (kg/pellet) 
                 (kg/pellet) 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 0PS-0B-0LS 
                 870 
                 90 
                 12 
                 197 
               
               
                 0PS-0B-3LS 
                 870 
                 30 
                 11 
                 210 
               
               
                 0PS-1B-0LS 
                 870 
                 30 
                 12 
                 219 
               
               
                 1PS-0B-0LS 
                 870 
                 30 
                 13 
                 219 
               
               
                 0PS-1B-3LS 
                 870 
                 90 
                 10 
                 240 
               
               
                 1PS-0B-3LS 
                 870 
                 90 
                 12 
                 245 
               
               
                 0PS-0B-0LS 
                 1150 
                 30 
                 26 
                 249 
               
               
                 1PS-1B-0LS 
                 870 
                 30 
                 11 
                 253 
               
               
                 1PS-1B-3LS 
                 870 
                 30 
                 13 
                 254 
               
               
                 0PS-1B-3LS 
                 1150 
                 30 
                 21 
                 254 
               
               
                 0PS-1B-0LS 
                 1150 
                 90 
                 27 
                 254 
               
               
                 1PS-1B-0LS 
                 1150 
                 90 
                 14 
                 259 
               
               
                 0.5PS-0.5B-1.5LS 
                 1010 
                 60 
                 23 
                 259 
               
               
                 1PS-0B-3LB 
                 1150 
                 30 
                 28 
                 261 
               
               
                 0.5PS-0.5B-1.5LS 
                 1010 
                 60 
                 21 
                 264 
               
               
                 0PS-0B-3LS 
                 1150 
                 90 
                 26 
                 265 
               
               
                 0.5PS-0.5B-1.5LS 
                 1010 
                 60 
                 20 
                 268 
               
               
                 1PS-0B-0LS 
                 1150 
                 90 
                 29 
                 269 
               
               
                 1PS-1B-3LS 
                 1150 
                 90 
                 23 
                 284 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
       FIG.  6    shows another representation of how different temperatures affect the cold crushing strength of pellets of the same material combinations. In all pellet type combinations, an increase in temperature increases the cold crushing strength. Pellet type 0.5PS_0.5 B_1.5LS shows one value of cold crushing strength because it was solely indurated at 1010° C., while the other pellet types were indurated at both 870° C. and 1150° C. 
     A comparison between the crushing strength of dry and fired pellet types are shown in  FIG.  7    and  FIG.  8   , for pellets fired at 870° C. and 1150° C., respectively. 
     These figures highlight the differences in chemical and physical strengthening mechanisms occurring while the pellet is exposed to different temperatures. A dry pellet is dried at 100° C. and is considered more fragile than green pellets because the capillary forces that held the green pellets together are now gone due to water evaporation. The water evaporation leaves the dry pellets mechanically weakened, and it may be argued that the plasticity behavior once present in the green pellets is now gone. As shown in  FIG.  7    and  FIG.  8   , the dry crushing strength values are significantly lower compared to those fired at 870° C. and 1150° C. However, once the pellets have been indurated, they do become mechanically stronger but for different reasons at the two temperatures. Pellets indurated at 870° C. become denser due to the phase change occurring during the oxidation from magnetite to hematite. On the other hand, pellets indurated at 1150° C. are shown to have higher crushing strength values because of sintering effects. Sintering in iron ore pellets occurs above 1000° C. and is a contributor to the strength of iron ore pellets. 
     Crushing Strength Test Results for Batch 2 Pellets 
     Table 8 shows the dry and cold crushing strength values for both dry and fired pellets in increasing cold crushing strength values. As mentioned before, increased temperature is shown to be the biggest indicator of increased pellet cold crushing strength. 
     The same 250 kg/pellet crushing strength threshold was applied to Table 8 and it shows the following pellet type combinations as passing that value: 
     0.5 wt. % paint sludge, 0.5 wt. % bentonite, and 1.5 wt. % limestone 
     1 wt. % paint sludge, 1 wt. % bentonite, and 0 wt. % limestone 
     1 wt. % paint sludge, 0 wt. % bentonite, and 0 wt. % limestone 
     1 wt. % paint sludge, 0 wt. % bentonite, and 3 wt. % limestone 
     0 wt. % paint sludge, 1 wt. % bentonite, and 0 wt. % limestone 
     1 wt. % paint sludge, 1 wt. % bentonite, and 3 wt. % limestone 
     Some of these pellet type combinations are also seen in Table 8 to have crushing strength values below 250 kg/pellet, but those are due to their low induration temperature of 870° C. All the pellets that had crushing strength values over 250 kg/pellet were indurated at 1010° C. or 1150° C. for 60 minutes or 90 minutes.  FIG.  9    is another representation of this as it shows the cold crushing strength increase with increased temperature for pellets of the same material combination. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 8 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Batch 2 pellets dry and cold crushing strength. 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                   
                   
                 Dry 
                 Cold 
               
               
                   
                 Temper- 
                   
                 Crushing 
                 Crushing 
               
               
                   
                 ature 
                 Time 
                 Strength 
                 Strength 
               
               
                 Pellet Type 
                 (Celsius) 
                 (minutes) 
                 (kg/pellet) 
                 (kg/pellet) 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 0PS-0B-0LS 
                 870 
                 90 
                 12 
                 190 
               
               
                 1PS-1B-3LS 
                 870 
                 30 
                 13 
                 200 
               
               
                 0PS-0B-3LS 
                 870 
                 30 
                 11 
                 213 
               
               
                 1PS-0B-0LS 
                 870 
                 30 
                 13 
                 214 
               
               
                 0PS-1B-0LS 
                 870 
                 30 
                 12 
                 221 
               
               
                 1PS-1B-0LS 
                 870 
                 30 
                 11 
                 228 
               
               
                 0PS-0B-0LS 
                 1150 
                 30 
                 26 
                 230 
               
               
                 1PS-0B-3LS 
                 870 
                 90 
                 12 
                 245 
               
               
                 0PS-1B-3LS 
                 870 
                 90 
                 10 
                 249 
               
               
                 0PS-0B-3LS 
                 1150 
                 90 
                 26 
                 249 
               
               
                 0.5PS-0.5B-1.5LS 
                 1010 
                 60 
                 23 
                 262 
               
               
                 1PS-1B-0LS 
                 1150 
                 90 
                 14 
                 264 
               
               
                 1PS-0B-0LS 
                 1150 
                 90 
                 29 
                 265 
               
               
                 0.5PS-0.5B-1.5LS 
                 1010 
                 60 
                 20 
                 268 
               
               
                 1PS-0B-3LS 
                 1150 
                 30 
                 28 
                 270 
               
               
                 0.5PS-0.5B-1.5LS 
                 1010 
                 60 
                 21 
                 273 
               
               
                 0PS-1B-0LS 
                 1150 
                 90 
                 27 
                 276 
               
               
                 1PS-1B-3LS 
                 1150 
                 30 
                 13 
                 278 
               
               
                 1PS-1B-3LS 
                 1150 
                 90 
                 23 
                 284 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
       FIG.  10    and  FIG.  11    show the crushing strength for dry and fired pellets indurated at 870° C. and 1150° C., respectively. As mentioned in the previous section, differences in dry and cold crushing strength are most likely due to water evaporation in the dry pellets and the formation of denser hematite pellets at 870° C. Of course, as the temperature increased to 1150° C., sintering effects begin to substantially strengthen the pellets compared to what is seen at 870° C. 
     Drop Test Results for Batch 1 Pellets 
     A drop or impact test is conducted on the pellets as another measure in determining how well the pellets will withstand transportation and handling. Most literature data suggest drop number values over 8 as durable for fired pellets. The drop test differs from the compression test in that the pellet is free falling and, typically, one part of the pellet is impacted at a time. 
     Table 9 shows the drop test numbers for dry and fired pellets in increasing drop number for fired pellets. All the pellet types that passed the 8 drop number value were pellets indurated a high temperature: 1010° C. and 1150° C. In Table 9 we see that some of the pellets that pass the drop number threshold were pellets with no additions of bentonite, and consisted of paint sludge, magnetite, and/or limestone (e.g., 1PS_0B_3LS and 1PS_0B_0LS) or half of the bentonite addition was replaced with paint sludge (0.5PS_0.5B_1.5LS). It can be concluded then that magnetite ore pellets substituted completely or partially with automotive paint sludge still display impact values comparable to pellets with bentonite clay. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 9 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Drop number for dry and fired batch 1 pellets. 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                   
                   
                 Drop 
                 Drop 
               
               
                   
                 Temper- 
                   
                 number 
                 number 
               
               
                   
                 ature 
                 Time 
                 for dry 
                 for fired 
               
               
                 Pellet Type 
                 (Celsius) 
                 (minutes) 
                 pellets 
                 pellets 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 0PS-0B-0LS 
                 1150 
                 30 
                 1 
                 1 
               
               
                 0PS-1B-0LS 
                 870 
                 30 
                 1 
                 4 
               
               
                 1PS-0B-0LS 
                 870 
                 30 
                 2 
                 4 
               
               
                 1PS-1B-3LS 
                 870 
                 30 
                 4 
                 4 
               
               
                 0PS-1B-3LS 
                 870 
                 90 
                 2 
                 5 
               
               
                 0PS-0B-3LS 
                 870 
                 30 
                 4 
                 5 
               
               
                 1PS-1B-0LS 
                 870 
                 30 
                 1 
                 7 
               
               
                 0PS-0B-0LS 
                 870 
                 90 
                 2 
                 7 
               
               
                 1PS-0B-3LS 
                 870 
                 90 
                 3 
                 7 
               
               
                 0.5PS-0.5B-1.5LS 
                 1010 
                 60 
                 6 
                 9 
               
               
                 1PS-0B-3LS 
                 1150 
                 30 
                 6 
                 9 
               
               
                 0PS-1B-3LS 
                 1150 
                 30 
                 7 
                 9 
               
               
                 0PS-0B-3LS 
                 1150 
                 90 
                 5 
                 10 
               
               
                 0PS-1B-0LS 
                 1150 
                 90 
                 6 
                 10 
               
               
                 0.5PS-0.5B-1.5LS 
                 1010 
                 60 
                 7 
                 10 
               
               
                 1PS-1B-3LS 
                 1150 
                 90 
                 4 
                 11 
               
               
                 1PS-1B-0LS 
                 1150 
                 90 
                 6 
                 11 
               
               
                 1PS-0B-0LS 
                 1150 
                 90 
                 5 
                 12 
               
               
                 0.5PS-0.5B-1.5LS 
                 1010 
                 60 
                 5 
                 12 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
       FIG.  12    shows the drop test values for fired pellets made from batch 1 paint sludge material for induration temperatures 870° C., 1010° C., 1150° C. This graph shows the temperature dependence again, implying the importance of sintering in the strengthening of iron ore pellets. The pellet type 0PS_0B_0LS does not show any promising impact values, most likely due to the lack of bentonite and paint sludge materials. 
     Drop Test Results for Batch 2 Pellets 
     As discussed in the section before, the same drop number of 8 is considered the durable threshold for suitable iron ore pellets. Most of the pellets that pass this threshold value are pellets indurated at 1010° C. and 1150° C. where sintering effects significantly increase the strength and hardness of a pellet. Table 10 shows pellet type combinations that do not include the addition of bentonite or the partial addition of bentonite (e.g., 0.5PS_0.5B_1.5LS and 1PS_0B_0LS, and 1PS_0B_3LS), indicating the paint sludge material as a suitable complete or partial substitution. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 10 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Drop number for dry and fired batch 2 pellets. 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                   
                   
                 Drop 
                 Drop 
               
               
                   
                 Temper- 
                   
                 Number 
                 Number 
               
               
                   
                 ature 
                 Time 
                 for dry 
                 for fired 
               
               
                 Pellet Type 
                 (Celsius) 
                 (minutes) 
                 pellets 
                 pellets 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 0PS-0B-0LS 
                 870 
                 90 
                 2 
                 2 
               
               
                 0PS-0B-0LS 
                 1150 
                 30 
                 2 
                 3 
               
               
                 0PS-0B-3LS 
                 870 
                 30 
                 2 
                 4 
               
               
                 0PS-1B-0LS 
                 870 
                 30 
                 2 
                 4 
               
               
                 1PS-1B-0LS 
                 870 
                 30 
                 2 
                 5 
               
               
                 1PS-0B-3LS 
                 870 
                 90 
                 3 
                 5 
               
               
                 1PS-1B-3LS 
                 870 
                 30 
                 3 
                 5 
               
               
                 0PS-1B-3LS 
                 870 
                 90 
                 2 
                 6 
               
               
                 0PS-1B-0LS 
                 1150 
                 90 
                 7 
                 9 
               
               
                 0.5PS-0.5B-1.5LS 
                 1010 
                 60 
                 5 
                 10 
               
               
                 0PS-0B-3LS 
                 1150 
                 90 
                 6 
                 10 
               
               
                 1PS-1B-3LS 
                 1150 
                 90 
                 7 
                 10 
               
               
                 0.5PS-0.5B-1.5LS 
                 1010 
                 60 
                 8 
                 10 
               
               
                 1PS-0B-0LS 
                 870 
                 30 
                 2 
                 11 
               
               
                 1PS-0B-3LS 
                 1150 
                 30 
                 5 
                 11 
               
               
                 1PS-0B-0LS 
                 1150 
                 90 
                 6 
                 11 
               
               
                 0.5PS-0.5B-1.5LS 
                 1010 
                 60 
                 6 
                 11 
               
               
                 0PS-1B-3LS 
                 1150 
                 30 
                 7 
                 11 
               
               
                 1PS-1B-0LS 
                 1150 
                 90 
                 7 
                 11 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
       FIG.  13    displays the drop number values for fired pellets from batch 2 paint sludge material indurated at 870° C., 1010° C. and 1150° C. While not all the fired pellets drop number, values pass the 8 drop threshold, it does show how the temperature dependence; the pellets withstand more drops as their induration temperature increases. The pellet type 0PS_0B_0LS cannot withstand numerous drops due to the lack of bentonite and paint sludge material to strengthen the pellets. 
     Finally,  FIG.  14    shows a comparison between drop test values between batch 1 and batch 2 fired pellets. Pellets indurated above 1000° C. are shown to withstand multiple drops and are considered durable enough for handling and transportation in a manner typical of an industrial pelletizing plant. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 11 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Apparent porosity and Percent Reduction of batch 1 pellets. 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Temper- 
                   
                 Apparent 
                 Percent 
               
               
                   
                 ature 
                 Time 
                 Porosity 
                 Reduction 
               
               
                 Pellet Type 
                 (Celsius) 
                 (minutes) 
                 (%) 
                 (%) 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 0PS-1B-3LS 
                 870 
                 90 
                 43.33 
                 47.2 
               
               
                 0PS-1B-3LS 
                 1150 
                 30 
                 44.68 
                 75.2 
               
               
                 1PS-1B-3LS 
                 870 
                 30 
                 47.46 
                 42.4 
               
               
                 1PS-1B-3LS 
                 1150 
                 90 
                 47.92 
                 84.7 
               
               
                 0PS-0B-3LS 
                 870 
                 30 
                 15.00 
                 34.6 
               
               
                 0PS-0B-3LS 
                 1150 
                 90 
                 45.45 
                 76.2 
               
               
                 1PS-0B-3LS 
                 870 
                 90 
                 45.00 
                 51.8 
               
               
                 1PS-0B-3LS 
                 1150 
                 30 
                 46.81 
                 78.6 
               
               
                 0PS-1B-0LS 
                 870 
                 30 
                 36.84 
                 57.4 
               
               
                 0PS-1B-0LS 
                 1150 
                 90 
                 39.71 
                 75.9 
               
               
                 1PS-1B-0LS 
                 870 
                 30 
                 48.00 
                 54.7 
               
               
                 1PS-1B-0LS 
                 1150 
                 90 
                 44.44 
                 75.4 
               
               
                 0PS-0B-0LS 
                 870 
                 90 
                 44.44 
                 49.6 
               
               
                 0PS-0B-0L5 
                 1150 
                 30 
                 47.78 
                 75.1 
               
               
                 1PS-0B-0LS 
                 870 
                 30 
                 30.61 
                 50.4 
               
               
                 1PS-0B-0LS 
                 1150 
                 90 
                 44.64 
                 68.5 
               
               
                 0.5PS-0.5B-1.5LS 
                 1010 
                 60 
                 43.33 
                 63.2 
               
               
                 0.5PS-0.5B-1.5LS 
                 1010 
                 60 
                 43.28 
                 60.5 
               
               
                 0.5PS-0.5B-1.5LS 
                 1010 
                 60 
                 46.94 
                 64.7 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 12 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Apparent porosity and Percent Reduction of batch 2 pellets. 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Temper- 
                   
                 Apparent 
                 Percent 
               
               
                   
                 ature 
                 Time 
                 Porosity 
                 Reduction 
               
               
                 Pellet Type 
                 (Celsius) 
                 (minutes) 
                 (%) 
                 (%) 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 0PS-1B-3LS 
                 870 
                 90 
                 43.3 
                 45.4 
               
               
                 0PS-1B-3LS 
                 1150 
                 30 
                 63.3 
                 72.3 
               
               
                 1PS-1B-3LS 
                 870 
                 30 
                 42.3 
                 43.7 
               
               
                 1PS-1B-3LS 
                 1150 
                 90 
                 42.4 
                 86.5 
               
               
                 0PS-0B-3LS 
                 870 
                 30 
                 28.6 
                 36.8 
               
               
                 0PS-0B-3LS 
                 1150 
                 90 
                 47.6 
                 73.4 
               
               
                 1PS-0B-3LS 
                 870 
                 90 
                 32.1 
                 51.3 
               
               
                 1PS-0B-3LS 
                 1150 
                 30 
                 42.1 
                 74.3 
               
               
                 0PS-1B-0LS 
                 870 
                 30 
                 20.0 
                 56.3 
               
               
                 0PS-1B-0LS 
                 1150 
                 90 
                 48.8 
                 75.4 
               
               
                 1PS-1B-0LS 
                 870 
                 30 
                 31.7 
                 54.4 
               
               
                 1PS-1B-0LS 
                 1150 
                 90 
                 51.9 
                 75.3 
               
               
                 0PS-0B-0LS 
                 870 
                 90 
                 15.2 
                 45.3 
               
               
                 0PS-0B-0LS 
                 1150 
                 30 
                 42.2 
                 74.2 
               
               
                 1PS-0B-0LS 
                 870 
                 30 
                 20.5 
                 54.3 
               
               
                 1PS-0B-0LS 
                 1150 
                 90 
                 40.0 
                 67.3 
               
               
                 0.5PS-0.5B-1.5LS 
                 1010 
                 60 
                 42.1 
                 65.1 
               
               
                 0.5PS-0.5B-1.5LS 
                 1010 
                 60 
                 48.9 
                 68.9 
               
               
                 0.5PS-0.5B-1.SLS 
                 1010 
                 60 
                 47.7 
                 70.2 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     While multiple embodiments are disclosed, still other embodiments of the present invention will become apparent to those skilled in the art from the following detailed description. As will be apparent, the invention is capable of modifications in various obvious aspects, all without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention. Accordingly, the detailed description is to be regarded as illustrative in nature and not restrictive. 
     All references disclosed herein, whether patent or non-patent, are hereby incorporated by reference as if each was included at its citation, in its entirety. In case of conflict between reference and specification, the present specification, including definitions, will control. 
     Although the present disclosure has been described with a certain degree of particularity, it is understood the disclosure has been made by way of example, and changes in detail or structure may be made without departing from the spirit of the disclosure as defined in the appended claims.