Patent Publication Number: US-2012031039-A1

Title: Hinged clip to eliminate rail

Description:
PRIORITY INFORMATION 
     This invention claims priority to U.S. application Ser. No. 12/880,337, filed Sep. 13, 2010, which in turn claims priority to U.S. Provisional Application No. 61/371,370 filed Aug. 6, 2010, making reference to both documents herein in their entireties. 
    
    
     FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
     This invention relates to support systems for panels and panel-like structures, such as solar energy collection systems, and more particularly to a support system for an array of photovoltaic panels, and a method of quickly assembling the same for activation. 
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     Many conventional photovoltaic (solar) panel arrays include a plurality of solar panels optimally arranged for converting light incident upon the panels to electricity. Various support systems are used for attachment to roofs, free-field ground racks, tracking units, or other substrates/structures. Typically, these support systems are costly, labor-intensive to install, heavy, often structurally inferior, and mechanically complicated. Once the support structure is in place, mounting the solar panels on the support structure can be very difficult. Further, some large solar panels tend to sag and flex, thereby rendering the panel mounting unstable. Panel repair and adjustment are also rendered more difficult thereby. 
     A conventional two dimensional panel support system generally includes off-the-shelf metal framing channels having a C-shaped cross-section, such as those sold under the trademarks UNISTRUT™ or BLIME™. These are improvised for use as vertical and horizontal support members. The photovoltaic (solar) panels  12 , or other panel-like structures, are directly secured to upper support members ( 30  in  FIG. 3 ) and held in place by panel clips or panel holders  45  (as depicted in  FIG. 3 ). These panel clips are found in a wide range of sizes and shapes. The panel clips serve as hold-down devices to secure the panel to the corresponding top support members ( 30 ) in spaced-relationships. The clips  45  are conventionally positioned and attached about the panel edges once each panel is arranged in place. 
     In a conventional, free-field ground rack system for mounting solar panels, as depicted in  FIG. 1 , vertical support elements, such as I-beams  14 , are spaced and securely embedded vertically in the ground. Tilt mounting brackets  16 , are installed at the top of each I-beam, and each tilt mounting bracket is secured to the I-beam such that a tilt bracket flange extends above the I-beam at an angle as best seen in  FIG. 2A . In this arrangment, two UNISTRUT™ lower joists  20  span the tilt mounting brackets  16  and are secured thereto. As seen in  FIG. 2B , UNISTRUT™ rails  30  are positioned across and fastened to lower lower joists  20 . To secure each rail  30  to the corresponding lower joists  20 , a bolt through a bolt hole made in the rail sidewall attaches to a threaded opening in a nut plate (not shown) inserted inside the channel of the UNISTRUT™ joist, so that the nut-like plate engages and tightly secures against the upper flange of the joist&#39;s C-channels as depicted in  FIG. 2A . 
     Once the bi-directional matrix span  10  is assembled, each solar panel  12  is secured in place by panel holding clips  45 , at least a portion of which are secured to the support rails about the perimeter of each panel. At least a portion of the panel clips  45  are put in place, and tightened to support rails  30 . This installation process especially if involving multiple clips  45 , is often costly, inaccurate, dangerous and time-consuming. 
     Another example of a support system for panel like structures is shown in U.S. Pat. No. 5,762,720, issued to Hanoka et al., which describes various mounting brackets used with a UNISTRUT™ channel. Notably, the Hanoka et al. patent uses a solar cell module having an integral mounting structure, i.e. a mounting bracket bonded directly to a surface of the backskin layer of a laminated solar cell module, which is then secured to the channel bracket by bolts or slideably engaging C-shaped members. Other examples of panel support systems are shown in U.S. Pat. No. 6,617,507, issued to Mapes et al.; U.S. Pat. No. 6,370,828, issued to Genschorek; U.S. Pat. No. 4,966,631, issued to Matlin et al.; and U.S. Pat. No. 7,012,188, issued to Erling. All of these patents are incorporated herein as reference. 
     Foldable support arrays  10  of upper support rails  30  and lower support joists  20  are found in the newer art developed by the inventors of the present application. One such example is depicted in  FIG. 4 . A detailed view of the intersection between upper support rail  30  and lower support joist  20  is depicted in  FIG. 5 . The present inventor have developed a number of foldable support systems for solar panels and other panel like structures. These are listed in attached information disclosure documents. 
     The folding support arrays  10  of these support systems solve many problems well known in the art of panel array supports. However, even with a reliable, easily-deployed support array, there are still difficulties in the installation of the panels themselves, especially solar panel arrays. In particular, existing support systems require meticulous on-site assembly of multiple parts, performed by expensive, dedicated field labor. Assembly is often performed in unfavorable working conditions, i.e. in harsh weather and over difficult terrain, without the benefit of quality control safeguards and precision tooling. Misalignment of the overall support assembly often occurs, especially when mounting panels to the upper rails  30  with clips  45 . This can jeopardize the supported solar panels. 
     Another problem is the spacing of the photovoltaic (solar) panels  12 . This is important to accommodate panel expansion and contraction due to the change of the weather. It is important, therefore, that the panels are properly spaced for maximum use of the bi-directional area of the span. Different panel spacing may be required on account of different temperature swings within various geographical areas. It is difficult, however, to precisely space the panels on-site using existing support structures and panel clips  45 , without advanced (and expensive) technical assistance. 
     For example, with one of the existing conventional designs described above (as depicted in  FIGS. 2A and 2B ), until the upper rails  30  are tightly secured to the lower support joists  20 , each upper rail  30  is free to slide along the lower support joists  2  and, therefore, will need to be properly spaced and secured once mounted on-site. Further, since the distance between the two lower joists  2  is fixed on account of the drilled bolt holes through the bracket, it is preferred to drill the holes on-site, so that the lower joists can be precisely aligned to attach through the pre-drilled attachment holes of the tilt bracket. Unfortunately, the operation of drilling the holes on-site requires skilled workers, and even with skilled installation, might still result in misalignment (i.e. improperly spaced or slightly skewed from parallel) of the support structure and/or the solar panels supported by that structure. 
     An additional degree of difficulty is added by the necessity of drilling holes  145  to accommodate connectors for the panel clips or holders  45 . If this is done on site, precise placement of the solar panels becomes extremely difficult. Even if the apertures  145  are precisely drilled at the factory, an additional degree of imprecision is introduced when the panel clips  45  have to be connected to the upper support rails  30  while being positioned to hold panels  12 . This is an awkward arrangement, even in the hands of expert installers. Normally, it is accomplished by connecting one portion of the panel clip  45  to the upper support rail  30 , and then positioning panel  12  to be secured by another portion of panel clip  45 . Of necessity, this adds an additional assembly step for each panel clip  45 , while still offering opportunities to accidently introduce misalignment in the overall panel array  10 . 
     Misalignment difficulties are exacerbated by the flexing of the panels  12  and sagging permitted by the natural flexibility of the panels. The sagging of the panels can cause the panels to work out of their holders, whether they would be holding clips or part of the overall structure of the upper support rail. Improper installation, which occurs frequently in conventional systems, can lead to dislocation of the panels due to sagging or atmospheric conditions. The use of a wide variety of different mounting positions and panel array arrangements also exacerbates the stability problems caused by panel sagging or deflection. Further, certain mounting positions will make the panels  12  more vulnerable to atmospheric disruptions, such as those created by wind and precipitation. All of these variables also complicate electrical connections to the panels. 
     One method of correcting misalignment is through the use of larger and more effective panel clips  45 . However, there are drawbacks in this approach. In particular, there are only a limited number of points at which panel clips can be connected. Accordingly, even with enlarged panel clips  45 , only extremely limited portions of the lengths of panels can be secured. 
     The problems of misalignment due to sagging are further exacerbated in some environments by the accumulation ice on the panels. This adds additional weight without a commensurate structural capability. Icing can also be a problem due to the tendency of water to work into crevasse found throughout the overall panel array  10 . Icing can become particular problematical with respect to panel clips  45  extending beyond the panels  12 , or the support rails  30 . Accordingly, the use of larger panel clips  45  and increased numbers of them have typically added to the problems of ice formation on the overall panel array  10 . 
     Therefore, a need exists for a low-cost, uncomplicated, structurally strong support system, and assembly method, so as to optimally position and easily attach the plurality of photovoltaic panels, while meeting architectural and engineering requirements. Further, there is an urgent need for a panel support system that will maintain the security of the mechanical connections of the solar panels to support rails despite the flexing of the panels (and support structure) caused by any of gravity, vibration, or environmental factors. Likewise, there is an urgent need to simplify the assembly of panel support systems, especially the connections between the upper support rails and panel clips. Such simplification should not compromise the stability or strength of the connections between the panels and the support system. 
     At present, none of the conventional panel support systems offers these capabilities. An improved support system would achieve a precise configuration in the field without extensive work at the installation site. The use of such an improved system would facilitate easy placement of solar panels onto the support structure. The shipping configuration of the improved support system would be such so as to be easily handled in transit while still facilitating rapid deployment. Rapid deployment must be facilitated on any type of substrate providing stable support for the panels, without damaging or otherwise compromising the panels, or substrate. Rapid deployment would also include rapid mechanical connection of the panels using simple panel clips in a manner that would keep the panels secure despite panel flexing, or any number of other factors. The preferred system would also minimize ice accumulation on the panel array, especially at the panel clips. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     It is a primary object of the present invention to improve upon conventional photovoltaic solar panel systems, especially with regard to assembly and installation. 
     It is another object of the present invention to provide a support and installation system for solar panels in which the panels are less likely to be damaged during installation. 
     It is a further object of the present invention to provide a simplified support system for solar panels that is easily installed while still facilitating a precise configuration. 
     It is an additional object of the present invention to provide a solar panel support system that can be assembled very quickly on site, due to fewer assembly steps. 
     It is still another object of the present invention to provide a solar panel support system that can achieve close tolerances during field installation without the necessity of skilled on-site labor. 
     It is still an additional object of the present invention to provide a solar panel support system which can be easily adapted to a wide variety of solar panel array sizes and shapes. 
     It is yet another object of the present invention to provide a solar panel support system which minimizes the necessity for precise measurements at the installation site. 
     It is again a further object of the present invention to provide a solar panel support system that can be arranged at a variety of different positions and exposure angles. 
     It is still an additional object of the present invention to provide a solar panel support system that can be precisely configured to a specific environment. 
     It is another object of the present invention to provide a support system for solar panels and other panel-like structures in which degradation caused by metal-to-metal contact is substantially reduced. 
     It is again another object of the present invention to provide a support system for panel-like structures in which accommodation is made for movement caused by changes in temperatures, humidity or other environmental considerations. 
     It is still a further object of the present invention to provide a simplified connection system for a solar panels using a reduced number of parts. 
     It is still an additional object of the present invention to provide a solar panel mounting system that can accommodate easy installation and removal of panels on adjacent frameworks. 
     It is yet another object of the present invention to provide a roof interface framework for a solar panel support structure which allows easy installation of adjacent panel support systems, without interfering with previously installed panels. 
     It is again an additional object of the present invention to provide a panel support system that permits deployment of multiple support structures on a wide variety of different substrates. 
     It is still another object of the present invention to provide a panel support system wherein a wide variety of different sizes and shapes of panel configurations can be accommodated, and easily installed, as well as removed. 
     It is again a further object of the present invention to provide a panel support system in which panels can be easily attached to support brackets without incurring damage to the panels. 
     It is still another object of the present invention to provide a support system for panels or panel-like structures for a wide range of uses, positions, and configurations. 
     It is still a further object of the present invention to provide a panel mounting system which is entirely self-contained with its own installation interface. 
     It is again an additional object of the present invention to provide a panel mounting system which facilitates quick, secure mounting of the panels once the support system is deployed. 
     It is yet another object of the present invention to provide a panel support system that can accommodate flexing, sagging and other deformation of the panels while maintaining a secure connection thereto. 
     It is yet a further object of the present invention to provide a panel mounting system which facilitates increased panel clip capacity. 
     It is again an additional object of the present invention to provide a panel mounting system that facilitates safe tightening of panel clips. 
     It is yet another object of the present invention to provide a panel clip or connector that can accommodate for flexing of both the panel and the support system. 
     It is still a further object of the present invention to provide a panel connection system that can facilitate rapid installation while maintaining a secure hold on the panels or panel like structures. 
     It is yet an additional object of the present invention to provide support rails configured to ensure a secure panel connection. 
     It is yet a further object of the present invention to reduce the cost of panel support structures by eliminating the overall length of structural aluminum, such as those currently used in conventional systems, without sacrificing the strength of the overall structure. 
     It is still an additional object of the present invention to provide a panel support system admitting to substantial flexibility of configuration. 
     It is again another object of the present invention to provide a panel support system which limits ice formation at various parts of the panel array. 
     It is again a further object of the present invention to provide a panel support system having a profile which limits or avoids overhanging structures extending from the supported panels. 
     It is again another objection of the present invention to provide a panel support system that accommodates folding for transport. 
     It is still an additional object of the present invention to provide a panel support system accommodating protection of panel wiring. 
     It is yet a further object of the present invention to provide a panel support system in which panel clips combine with upper support rails providing reduced weight for the overall panel support array. 
     It is again an additional object of the present invention to provide a panel support system including panel clips that are not susceptible to loosening, or allowing panels to shift as occurs with conventional arrangements having separate support rails and panel support clips. 
     It is the overall goal of the present invention to provide a comprehensive panel mounting system that facilitates rapid, secure installation, including deployment of the panel support structure, and placement of the panels on that support structure. 
     These and other goals and objects of the present invention are provided by a panel array support assembly having a lower support joist and an upper panel holding structure detachably mounted to said lower support joist, said upper panel holding structure comprising at least one slideable upper arm arranged to fit over an external panel. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       Having generally described the nature of the invention, reference will now be made to the accompanying drawings used to illustrate and describe the preferred embodiments thereof. Further, the aforementioned advantages and others will become apparent to those skilled in this art from the following detailed description of the preferred embodiments when considered in light of these drawings, in which: 
         FIG. 1  is a perspective view of an assembled conventional field ground rack support system for securing a plurality of solar panels; 
         FIG. 2A  is a side view of a conventional tilt bracket mount with prior art C-shaped sectional channels secured back-to-back to form support joists to which upper support rails, also shown in  FIG. 2B , are secured; 
         FIG. 2B  shows an end view of prior art upper support rails, each with a C-shaped sectional channel; 
         FIG. 3  is a perspective view of a previously-disclosed support system in a configuration as used with solar panels arranged in a column and in spaced relationship thereon; 
         FIG. 4  is a top view illustrating the bi-directional support frame collapsed to an intermediate folded position; 
         FIG. 5  is an end elevation and partial sectional view depicting a conventional arrangement of a lower support joist, and upper support rail, and a panel clip; 
         FIG. 6A  is an end view of a support clip of the present invention, with a sliding arm in a first position; 
         FIG. 6B  is a top view of  FIG. 6A ; 
         FIG. 6C  is an end view of  FIG. 6A  with the sliding arm in a second or withdrawn position; 
         FIG. 7  is a top view of a section of the sliding arm; and  FIG. 8  is a side view depicting a first installed panel and a partially installed second panel. 
         FIG. 8  is a side view of a panel assembly according to the present invention. 
         FIG. 9  is an end view of a second embodiment of the present invention. 
         FIG. 10  is a side perspective view of a second embodiment of the present invention. 
         FIG. 11  is an end perspective view of a second embodiment of the present invention. 
         FIG. 12  is an end perspective view of the second embodiment of present invention, depicting a connection to two external panels. 
     
    
    
     DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
     As has been previously discussed, conventional panel (solar and other types) support systems tend to be constituted by two dimensional arrays having lower support joists  20  and upper support rails  30 . Panel clips or holders  45  are then field-mounted on the upper support rails so that the panels  12  can be placed thereon, and secured with additional portions of the clips. Even with factory pre-alignment and set up of support joists  20  and upper support raised, conventionally, there is little that can be done about the many assembly steps required to place both the panel clips  45  and the panels on the upper support rails  30 . 
     The present invention, as depicted in  FIGS. 6(   a - c ),  7  and  8 , is a departure from this arrangement. Reinforced clip structure  400 , as depicted in detail by  FIGS. 6(   a )- 6 ( c ), provides a reinforced structure to serve as a clip, and as a substitute for upper support rail  30 , such as that provided in the conventional art previously described herein. This substitution is performed without detriment to the strength and stability of the overall panel array system  10 . The structural stability of the conventional tubular upper support rail  30  depicted in  FIG. 5  is provided by tubular support structure  405  constituting the main body of inventive support clip  400 . The tubular support structure  405  includes two side walls  405 ( a ),  405 ( b ), a lower wall  405 ( c ) and an upper thickened wall  405 ( d ). The upper thickened wall  405 ( d ) includes a threaded portion  405 ( e ) to receive an external connecting screw  406 . 
     Inventive reinforced structure clip  400  is held to a conventional lower support joist  20  (as depicted in  FIG. 8 ) through the use of a U-shaped structure, which operates as a slide. This structure includes two extending legs  402 ( a ),  402 ( b ), which extends on either side of the sidewalls of support joist  20  (not shown in  FIG. 6(   a  &amp;  c )). The two extending legs  402 ( a ),  402 ( b ) are attached to the rest of clip structure  400  through horizontal shoulders  401 ( a ),  401 ( b ), respectively. Besides forming the U-shaped structure to attach clip structure  400 , to a lower support joist  20 , the two shoulder structures  401 ( a ),  401 ( b ) also serve as supports for external panels  12  (as depicted in  FIG. 8) . 
     T-slot  409  is provided between shoulders  401 ( a ),  401 ( b ) to accommodate a bolt head (not shown) that passes through the lower support joists  20  (depicted in  FIG. 8 ). By using T-slot channel  409 , the panel clip structure can be held securely to the lower support joists  20 , an advantage that was not easily achieved in the conventional art where the panel clip had to be attached separately to the upper support rail  30 . By incorporating both the conventional panel clip  45  and the conventional upper support rail  30  into the same structure, (clip structure  400 ), the present invention has achieved superior structural integrity, as well as greater simplicity. Further, enhanced stability is added by the extending legs  402 ( a ),  402 ( b ), of the U-shaped structure so that even greater stability between the two structures (clip structure  400  and lower support joists  20 ) is achieved than has previously been possible with the conventional art. 
     It should be noted that clip structure  400  is preferably made of aluminum. Conventional support joists  20 , upon which the clip structure  400  is mounted, are preferably made of steel. Accordingly, provision must be made for some kind of barrier to prevent a metal-to-metal contact between the aluminum clip structure and the steel support joists. One way of effecting this is through the use of a nylon gasket (not shown) formed over the interior of the U-shaped structure formed by legs  402 ( a ),  402 ( b ), and shoulders  401 ( a ) and  401 ( b ). The gasket can have a hole, to accommodate the bolt (not shown) which will interface with T-slot  409 . The gasket can be formed of nylon, and be contiguous over the U-shape of the support clip  400 . However, other gasket configurations and arrangements can be used. 
     For example, the gasket, or gaskets, can be made to be discontiguous, in a variety of shapes and sizes. Further, while nylon has been proven to work admirably as an insulator, to prevent metal-to-metal contact between aluminum and steel, other materials can also be used. Thus, while some type of gasket is necessary between clip structure  400  and support joists  20 , virtually any arrangement is permissible within the concept of the present invention. 
       FIG. 6(   b ) depicts a top view of support clip  400 . Included in the view is an external tightening screw  406 . The entirety of the width of support clip  400  is approximately 1¾ inches. However, while this is one preferred size, other sizes can be used within the concept of the present invention. Also, the length of slip structure  400  is shown to be foreshortened, and contain only a single tightening screw  406 . While this is suitable for one embodiment of the present invention, not all embodiments of the present invention are so limited. 
     In a first embodiment of the present invention, clip structure  400  can be the approximate length of a conventional clip  45  (as depicted in the conventional art drawings). However, with this configuration, the present invention would still suffer from some of the drawbacks of the conventional art. For example, there would still be a very limited number of points at which the panels  12  could be connected to an underlying support array. While this is adequate for some panel support arrangements  10 , this is not always the case. 
     In another embodiment of the present invention, the length of clip structure  400  can be much greater than that suggested in  FIG. 6(   b ). For example, the length of clip structure  400  can extend for the entire length of the underlying support joists  20 . An appropriate number of tightening screws  406  and accompanying threaded portions could also be provided based upon the requirements of the specific panel array to be mounted. A continuous connection between the clip structure  400  and the panel that the clip is holding for a major portion of the length of that panel provides a much more secure connection than is currently available with conventional art. As a result, many panel flaws and eccentricities (such as sagging, warping, or the like) can be adequately addressed with the present invention. 
     Secure, contiguous connections are only part of the advantage provided by the present clip structure  400 . The present invention further addresses the difficulties normally occurring with placement and securing of panels during the assembly process, and any subsequent repair or maintenance operations that might require removal or adjustment of panels  12 . 
     In order to appreciate the advantages of the present invention, it is necessary to consider the parts of clip structure  400  that hold or otherwise interfacing with external panels  12 . Normally, the panels  12  would rest upon shoulders  401 ( a ) or  401 ( b ). The upper part of the panel would interface with an upper fixed arm such as  408 . In order for clip structure  400  to hold an external panel  12  using shoulder  401 ( b ) and fixed arm  408 , the panel  12  would have to be slid between these two fixed arms. While this may be suitable for one side of the panel, the opposite side would present severe problems if there is an attempt to mount the panel  12  in the same manner. Normally, a panel  12  would have to be slid perpendicularly (in the Z axis extending out of the drawing) in order to be fit into two fixed panel clips on either side of the panel where the clip has fixed upper and lower arms, such as shoulder  401 ( b ) and fixed arm  408 . While this may be practical in some arrangements, it is very often not practical, so that even if the sliding of multiple panels  12  is possible, it can be very awkward. 
     The problem of mounting and dismounting panels  12  within clip structure  400  is solved through the use of hinge or sliding arm  410 , a top view of which is depicted in  FIG. 7 . Sliding arm  410  is attached to the rest of the clip structure  400  by means of slot  410 ( b ) and tightening screw  406 . This means that the entirety of sliding arm  410  is capable of being moved from the position depicted in  FIG. 6(   a ) to the position depicted in  FIG. 6(   c ). In the  FIG. 6(   c ) position, sliding arm  410  is entirely clear of side wall  405 ( b ). This allows a panel  12  (not shown therein) to be placed atop shoulder  410 ( a ) from the top of the clip structure  400 , rather than being slid sideways. 
     Movement of sliding arm  410  is controlled through tension generated by spring  407  and tightening screw  406 . The spring tension generated can render movement of sliding arm  410  to be very difficult. This difficulty can be easily overcome by means of beveled shoulder  410 ( a ) which allows sliding arm  410  to slide easily over the top surface of structure  405 ( d ). The movement of sliding arm  410  is further facilitated by the beveled shoulder  408 ( a ) of fixed arm  408 . The result of this arrangement is that sliding arm  410  can be effectively controlled so that it can be slid back from its extended position (as depicted in  FIG. 6(   a )) to a retracted position (as depicted in  FIG. 6(   c )), and held there without any difficulty. Replacement of the sliding arm  410  into its  FIG. 6(   a ) position is easily facilitated by the same structures that permitted easy sliding and retention in the retracted position. Once sliding arm  410  is returned to the extended position (as depicted in  FIG. 6(   a )), the panel  12  can be tightened in place with little additional effort by simply operating tightening screw  406  to increase the tension of spring  407  on sliding arm  410  (and thus the panel  12  being held firmly by sliding arm  410 ). 
     An example of the aforementioned operation is depicted in  FIG. 8 . In this arrangement, lower support joists  20  are arranged on a substrate  100  (which can be constituted by any surface from a concrete slab, to a roof, to a metal mounting bracket, for example, atop a tilt bracket for an extended length of joist). The lower support joists  20  are held to the substrate by any number of different, conventional mounting techniques, which has been elaborated on in a substantial number of conventional art examples. Further details of these mounting techniques are not necessary for an understanding of the present invention. 
     Multiple clip structures  400  are mounted to the lower support joists  20  as previously described, using the U-shaped structure of the lower support clip, and if desired, bolts extending through the support joists and into the T-slot  409  of support clip  400 . As depicted in  FIG. 8 , the right-hand panel  12  has been fit into a first support clip structure  400 , and the right-hand side of the panel is about to be lowered onto the far right-hand clip structure  400  from above. The sliding arm  410  of the far right-hand support clip  400  has been retracted, and is in the same position as depicted in  FIG. 6(   c ). 
     The arrangement depicted in  FIG. 8  allows for very easy and rapid deployment of panels  12 , in a wide variety of different configurations. The ease of mounting and dismounting panels  12  for arrangements as depicted in  FIG. 8  renders the installation and maintenance of solar panel arrays much less expensive than is the prevailing condition for conventional arrays. 
     A further advantage of the present invention is that the sliding arm  410  can be arranged in virtually any length (along the longitude of clip structure  400 ) that is considered desirable for a particular panel array, or even individual panels. Accordingly, a single panel array can contain any number of different lengths and configurations of sliding arms  410  to better facilitate ease of installation and security of the panels for a particular place in the panel array, or even a particular panel. Likewise, because clip structure  400  is arranged parallel to the lower support joists  20 , the numbers of tightening screws  406  can be changed as needed for a particular place or position in the panel array. For example, a three foot length of clip structure  400  could have two feet of sliding arm  410  arranged at different positions along the length of the clip structure  400 . The lengths of sliding arm  410  could be manufactured to have different numbers of slots for increasingly secure connections between the sliding arm  410  and the panel  12  to be held. 
     Besides the capability of customizing clip structure  400  for a wide variety of uses, there are other advantages. The increased flexibility facilitated by the subject invention is further enhanced by the strength of tubular structure  405 , which provides reinforcement in the holding of the panel  12  that cannot be duplicated with conventional arrangements. Even if sliding arm  410  provides only a limited amount of holding capability, the side walls of tubular structure  405  hold the panels  12  solidly in place. This holding capability limits panel sagging and warping. The result is a much more stable panel array. This is especially important when dealing with solar panels. 
     Another advantage with this embodiment of clip structure  400  is that there are far fewer surfaces and other structures for water accumulation and ice formation. By limiting both, the present design reduces environmental stresses on the overall panel system and its supports. Since less weight must be supported, money can be saved on underlying sub straight supports. If the array is deployed on a structure, such as a roof, then there is far less stress on that structure, minimizing chances of structural failure. Of course, to minimize water accumulation and ice formation, the clip structures  400  must be kept quite short in length. Because of the effectiveness of clip structure  400 , only short lengths are required to securely hold panels  12  in many situations without allowing the panels to become loosened. This arrangement is sufficiently flexible and adaptable that a wide variety of different panel arrangements and environmental conditions can be adequately addressed. 
     In the embodiments depicted by  FIGS. 9 through 12 , the combination panel clip/panel rail  500  is also supported by support joists  20  (not shown). These embodiments are depicted as having substantial length, generally equal to that of panel rails  20  in the conventional art. This is generally different from the first group of embodiments ( FIGS. 6-8 ) in which the combined panel clip/panel rail  400  is preferably of an abbreviated length. However, it should be noted that the length of clip structure  500  can be adjusted so as to be shorter than the normal panel rail  20  length found in the conventional art. However, this is often not an optimum arrangement. 
     The perspective view of  FIG. 10  best depicts the variations possible with these embodiments with the present invention. The structure as depicted is a combined panel clip and panel rail  500 . In contrast with the earlier embodiments, there are no U-shaped arms to fit on either side of a lower support joist  20 . Rather, this group of embodiments uses support from a support joist  20  (not shown), using a bolt head (not shown) in T slot  509 . Because of the greater lengths preferred of clip structure  500 , the U shaped arms of the previous embodiments are not needed for extra support. Rather, the plurality of bolts (not shown) in T slot  509  is sufficient to hold clip structure  500  to the supporting lower joist  20  (not shown). Preferably, clip structure  500  runs the entire length between two support joists  20  to provide a high level of structural support. 
     Unlike one of the previous embodiments in which a plurality of clip structures  400  are located along the length of support joist  20 , in the present embodiments clip structures  500  are contiguous along the entire length of the span between support joist  20  so that panels  12  are held securely along the entireties of the panel edges facing clip structures  500 . Further, this support is particularly robust since is effected by a continuous tubular structure  505  along the panel edges. 
     The panel clip/rail structure  500  is built on tubular structure  505 , which is constituted by two side walls  505 ( b ),  505 ( a ), an upper wall  505 ( d ), and a lower wall  505 ( c ). There is additional thickening in at least a portion of upper wall  505 ( d ) to provide increased stiffness, and in an alternative embodiment to provide a substrate for threading to receive a screw. Further, the T slot structure  509  adds to the stiffness of the lower wall  505 ( c ). Enhanced stiffness is also provided by the wiring channel  507 . This structure is constituted by an upper wall  501 , and a lower wall  502 . Both of these structures have angled extensions  501 ( a ),  502 ( a ), respectively to help hold the wire within wiring channel  507 . These angled extensions,  501 ( a ),  502 ( a ), respectively, also provide additional stiffness along the length of clip structure  500 . 
     On one side of clip structure  500  is a fixed upper arm  508 . Parallel thereto is a lower wall  501 , constituting the top wall of wiring channel  507 . The fixed upper arm  508  and the parallel lower wall  501  are spaced apart from with each other so that thickness of a panel  12  can be slid between the two. In the effect, the top wall  501  of the wiring channel serves in the same way as shoulder  401 ( b ) (in  FIG. 6A ) to support the panel  12  from beneath. The wiring channel  507  and its top wall  501  run the entire length of clip structure  500 . 
     Preferably, the side wall  505 ( a ) with the fixed upper arm  508  and the top wall  501  of wiring channel  507  faces an arrangement such as that seen on the left side of the clip structure  500  in  FIG. 10 . In this arrangement, hinge or sliding arm  510  can be slid out of the way so that a panel  12  can be dropped in from above. The panel  12  is supported from below by a series of short shelves  503 , such as that depicted in  FIG. 10 . The number of shelves  503  can be adjusted based upon the length and weight of panel  12  to be supported, as well as other environmental considerations. The use of the sliding arm  510  on one side of the clip structure  500  allows installation of panels  12  from above the support array, as depicted in  FIG. 8 . 
     While the tightening screw  406  and the spring  407  are not depicted in  FIGS. 9 through 12 , they can nonetheless be used (in an alternative embodiment) in the same manner as depicted in  FIGS. 6A and 6C . However, in the embodiment depicted in  FIGS. 9 through 12 , the hinge or sliding arm  510  can be secured to the rest of the structure in other ways. For example, in one preferred embodiment a slot  511  is formed in the top of clip structure  500  so that a protrusion  512  in sliding arm  510  can interface therewith at any point along the length of the clip structure  500 . Virtually any number of hinges or sliding arms  510  can be slid along slot  511  to hold a panel  12 . Screw slots  510 ( a ) are provided so that sliding arm  510  can hold the panel  12  to clip structure  500 . This is done by drilling a screw hole in the top of clip structure  500 , or in a framed panel  12 . 
     The structure depicted in  FIGS. 9-12  is such that there is very little surface on which water can accumulate and form ice. For example, slot  511  allows water to drain. The use of intermittent shelves  503  limits lower surfaces on which water can accumulate. Bead  513  on top wall  501  prevents water from migrating into the corner of top wall  501  and side wall  505 ( a ). The angle protrusions  501 ( a ),  502 ( a ) also prevent the accumulation of water. The top of the structure is substantially flat, with the exception of sliding arm  510 . This reduces water accumulation and structures which can accumulate ice. Further, most water falling on the top of both clip structures  500  and the panels  12  is drained by slot  511 . As a result, the totality of this arrangement provides an anti-icing configuration. 
     One advantage of using the sliding arms  510  over those depicted in  FIGS. 6A and 6C  is that the sliding arms  510  do not have to be installed until after the panel  12  is put in place. There is no necessity of holding back a spring-biased sliding arm while the panel  12  is installed from above. As a result, the installation technique depicted in  FIG. 8 , wherein the panel  12  can be installed from above the support array, can be carried out. This is done by sliding one edge of panel  12  between fixed arms (either those depicted in  FIG. 6A ,  6 C, or those depicted in  FIGS. 9-12 ), and then allowing the other end of panel  12  to be placed onto a lower support arm  503  before placing the hinged arms over the newly placed panel  12 . This is much more easily carried out if the hinged arms do not have to be held back against a spring bias. 
     Further, the number of spring-biased hinged arms (in the  FIGS. 6A ,  6 C embodiments) is fixed in number. Any addition of hinged arms requires drilling and placement of both screws and springs. Deletion requires that the screws be removed. Both can be arduous processes during the overall installation efforts. With the embodiments of  FIGS. 9-12 , the hinges or sliding arms  510  can be put in place simply by placing a protrusion  512  into slot  511 , and then sliding the sliding arm  510  to the desired point along the length of clip structure  500 . Any number of sliding arms  510  can be used, based upon the requirements of the panels  12  being held and the general environment. 
     While a number of preferred embodiments have been described by way of example, the present invention is not limited thereto. Rather, the present invention should be understood to include any and all variations, modifications, adaptations, permutations, derivations, and embodiments that would occur to one skilled in this art in possession of the teachings of the present invention. Accordingly, the present invention should be construed to be limited only by the following claims.