Patent Publication Number: US-10326969-B2

Title: Vehicle vision system with reduction of temporal noise in images

Description:
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     The present application claims the filing benefits of U.S. provisional applications, Ser. No. 61/919,138, filed Dec. 20, 2013, and Ser. No. 61/864,835, filed Aug. 12, 2013, which are hereby incorporated herein by reference in their entireties. 
    
    
     FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention relates generally to a vehicle vision system for a vehicle and, more particularly, to a vehicle vision system that utilizes one or more cameras at a vehicle. 
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     Use of imaging sensors in vehicle imaging systems is common and known. Examples of such known systems are described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,949,331; 5,670,935 and/or 5,550,677, which are hereby incorporated herein by reference in their entireties. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention provides a vision system or imaging system for a vehicle that utilizes one or more cameras (preferably one or more CMOS cameras) to capture image data representative of images exterior of the vehicle, and provides an algorithm that is applied to image data captured an imaging array of photosensing pixels of the camera, with the algorithm determining and reducing temporal noise in the captured image data. 
     According to an aspect of the present invention, the system may reduce the temporal noise by making a pixel-wise or photosensor element-wise comparison of consecutive frames of captured image data. If a pixel illumination value or luminance value (such as the luminance value of individual pixels from one frame to a subsequent frame or such as the luminance value of groups of pixels, such as a group comprising a red pixel, a green pixel and a blue pixel, from one frame to a subsequent frame) jumps or spikes (in the range of a noise spike), the jump is dampened by not fully adopting its change (such as by weighting the values of those pixels with pixel values of those pixels from the other frame or frames of captured image data). If there is a substantial increase or spike in luminance value (for any given individual pixel or group of pixels), the increase may be indicative of a real change in luminance value at the scene that is being imaged, so the adoption ratio gets increased to weight the jumped or spiked value accordingly. Thus, noise changes may get filtered out or smoothed while substantial changes (not indicative of noise) will not be filtered out or ignored. 
     According to another aspect of the present invention, the system may address or reduce fix pattern noise (FPN) caused by dark Signal non uniformity (DSNU), which appears column wise in the captured image data, and may comprise a steady offset in luminance. By column-wise comparing the green photosensing elements (since green bears illuminance) of a column with a neighboring column and averaging the luminance differences, the base offset of that column can be found and corrected by subtracting it from the values of all of the photosensing elements in that column. 
     These and other objects, advantages, purposes and features of the present invention will become apparent upon review of the following specification in conjunction with the drawings. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         FIG. 1  is a plan view of a vehicle with a vision system that incorporates cameras in accordance with the present invention; 
         FIG. 2  is a noisy color image or frame of a night scene captured by an automotive vehicle front camera while the vehicle is in motion; 
         FIG. 3  is a temporal noise reduced color image as a result of an algorithm in accordance with the present invention; 
         FIG. 4  is a FPNR color image shown in gray tones as a result of the FPNR algorithm in accordance with the invention as described (in the second section) above, having  FIG. 2  as input source; 
         FIG. 5  is a FPNR and TNR color image shown in gray tones as a result of combining the TNR algorithm and FPNR algorithm in accordance with the present invention; 
         FIGS. 6-9  show the operation of the algorithm of the present invention; 
         FIG. 10  is a graph showing a curve of the luminance; 
         FIG. 11A  is a table of values of an array in accordance with the present invention; and 
         FIG. 11B  is a graph of the array of the present invention. 
     
    
    
     DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
     A vehicle vision system and/or driver assist system and/or object detection system and/or alert system operates to capture images exterior of the vehicle and may process the captured image data to display images and to detect objects at or near the vehicle and in the predicted path of the vehicle, such as to assist a driver of the vehicle in maneuvering the vehicle in a rearward direction. The vision system includes an image processor or image processing system that is operable to receive image data from one or more cameras and provide an output to a display device for displaying images representative of the captured image data. Optionally, the vision system may provide a top down or bird&#39;s eye or surround view display and may provide a displayed image that is representative of the subject vehicle, and optionally with the displayed image being customized to at least partially correspond to the actual subject vehicle. 
     Referring now to the drawings and the illustrative embodiments depicted therein, a vehicle  10  includes an imaging system or vision system  12  that includes at least one exterior facing imaging sensor or camera, such as a rearward facing imaging sensor or camera  14   a  (and the system may optionally include multiple exterior facing imaging sensors or cameras, such as a forwardly facing camera  14   b  at the front (or at the windshield) of the vehicle, and a sidewardly/rearwardly facing camera  14   c ,  14   d  at respective sides of the vehicle), which captures images exterior of the vehicle, with the camera having a lens for focusing images at or onto an imaging array or imaging plane or imager of the camera ( FIG. 1 ). The vision system  12  includes a control or electronic control unit (ECU) or processor  18  that is operable to process image data captured by the cameras and may provide displayed images at a display device  16  for viewing by the driver of the vehicle (although shown in  FIG. 1  as being part of or incorporated in or at an interior rearview mirror assembly  20  of the vehicle, the control and/or the display device may be disposed elsewhere at or in the vehicle). The data transfer or signal communication from the camera to the ECU may comprise any suitable data or communication link, such as a vehicle network bus or the like of the equipped vehicle. 
     There are several methods for reducing pixel noise of images captured by imagers. Most are meant for post shot processing of single shots commodity cameras. These are either executed on image enhancement PC programs or in the commodity camera. Both do not require working fast. When enhancing a real time video data stream images there is typically just the time between two consecutive frames, typically less, for executing a noise reduction measure. Because of this, typical noise reduction methods for post shot processing don&#39;t apply for real time video image data stream image enhancing. 
     There are two basic approaches to noise filtering of images: temporal filtering and spatial filtering. There are filters that do both. Spatial filtering often comes or is based on a blurring effect by averaging a to-be-de-noised pixel with its neighborhood pixels. Spatial-temporal filters combine to exploit the neighborhood pixels time domain and frequency domain. Some are based on wavelet based shrinkage [see, for example, Aleksandra Pi{hacek over ( )}zurica; Vladimir Zlokolica; Wilfried Philips; Noise Reduction in Video Sequences Using Wavelet-Domain and temporal filtering, which is hereby incorporated herein by reference in its entirety]. 
     Known temporal filters either show problems on fast moving objects through the image (due to inherent statistical adaption time constants) or require motion determination. In there, rapidly changing regions become spared from temporal filtering but just filtering a steady background [see, for example, Olgierd Stankiewicz; Antoni Roszak; Adam  uczak; Temporal Noise Shaping, Quantization and Coding Methods in Perceptual Audio Coding A Tutorial Introduction, which is hereby incorporated herein by reference in its entirety]. This method is comparably poor when high motion is within the image scene as such when a vehicle camera is capturing the motion flow during driving. 
     The present invention provides an algorithm for temporal noise reduction (TNR) lean in memory space and computing time is suggested. It is well implementable on DSPs, GPUs and processor programs, but is limited in FPGA applications due to its required memory access. 
     Input is the luminance of pixels at the same position. One way to calculate the luminance is L=0.3 R+0.6 G+0.1 B (RGB color room). 
     There may be memory allocated having the identical size as a full single image coming from a video camera. All images have a certain size in spatial and resolution per pixel dimension. 
     A first image I n  (at time step n so one frame later is referred as I n−1 ) coming from the camera may be stored unaltered in that memory which may be called ‘pixel-accumulator’ later on referred as PA. 
     A consecutive (one time step n so a frame later) image I n  coming from the camera is compared to the image in the PA n−1  by pixel wise subtracting the new image I n  from PA n−1  and forming the absolute value of the result afterwards. The resulting difference may be called delta ‘D n ’, see equation (1) below.
 
 D   n =|(PA n−1   −I   n )|  (1)
 
     At times D may be smaller than a certain threshold (off luminance change) T n . The fraction of the new image I n  carried over to PA n  may be different than when D n  may be higher than T n . As a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the fraction of I n  carried over to PA n  may be substantially higher when D n  may be higher than T n  as when D n  may be lower than T n . As a more specific example of the present invention, when D n &lt;T n , then the new value PA n  may be a blend of about 10 percent of the value of the new camera image I n  and about 90 percent of the old value of PA n−1  (see equation (2) below), and when D n &gt;T n , the new value PA n  may be a blend of about 70 percent of the value of the new camera image I n  and about 30 percent of the old value of PA n−1  (see equation (3) below). The blending is done in the actual image format such as RGB.
 
PA n =0.9·PA n−1 +0.1 ·I   n   ;D   n   &lt;T   n   (2)
 
PA n =0.3·PA n−1 +0.7 ·I   n   ;D   n   &gt;T   n   (3)
 
     D as intermediate result can be eliminated;
 
PA n =0.9·PA n−1 +0.1 ·I   n ;|(PA n−1   −I   n )|&lt; T   n   (4)
 
PA n =0.3·PA n−1 +0.7 ·I   n ;|(PA n−1   −I   n )|&gt; T   n   (5)
 
     The output to the further image processing or display at the time step n will then be the pixel-accumulator itself: PA n . The algorithm above describes a temporal filter. The possibility of using filters of any order or a Kalman filter may be incorporated in the present invention. The dependency of the update factor from the difference between current luminance and PA ensures that a rapid change in luminance becomes dominant faster than changes that are small, such as just noise. Rapid changes in luminance may be caused by light sources or reflections moving through the image (typically mainly caused by the ego motion [of the own or subject or equipped vehicle]). Slow adaption to the new values instead would cause follow marks/feathers especially of bright image parts which cross a dark image region.
 
PA n   =k ol·PA n−1   +k nl· I   n   ;D   n   &lt;T   n   (6)
 
PA n   =k oh·PA n−1   +k nh· I   n   ;D   n   &gt;T   n   (7)
 
     Equations (6) and (7) show the general form with its parameters kol (old low), knl (new low), koh (old high) and knh (new high). These parameters and the threshold T may be optimized in any kind of evolutional or hill climbing algorithm. When using other filters or higher order filters, these filter parameters may be optimized in any kind of evolutional or hill climbing algorithm. In all cases, the optimization may run during operation time or offline or is partially preprocessed and partially done during run time. 
     As another aspect of the present invention, the parameter set may be adaptively changing on different light conditions. This may happen in steps or may be interleaved. Optionally, the threshold T may be dependent to the overall image luminance or to local regions luminance level. Optionally, the algorithm may just run at comparably low light conditions and may be off at bright light condition. Optionally, the algorithm may only effect low light image regions within an image while comparably bright illuminated regions are untouched. Optionally, the algorithm may be a subcontrol of an HDR control. 
       FIGS. 2 and 3  show how the algorithm according to the present invention achieves to substantially reduce the temporal noise.  FIG. 2  is a noisy color image (frame out of a video stream) of a night scene (partially bright, partially dark) shown in gray tones as source image captured by an automotive vehicle front camera while the vehicle is in motion.  FIG. 3  is a temporal noise reduced color image shown in gray tones as a result of the algorithm according to the present invention, such as described above. 
     In the implementation of the present invention as described above, there were two fraction ratios of PA n−1  to I n  depending on being above or below a single threshold. As a more advanced implementation of the present invention, the multiplier ‘c’ (carry over) as fraction ratio of PA n−1  and (1-c) (accumulate newly) as a fraction ratio of I n  may be set in a relation of D the and the Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR); c n =R (D n , SNR), see equation (8) below. While PA n  and D n  are calculated pixel-wise, the SNR is determined in general for the whole image. 
     
       
         
           
             
               
                 
                   
                     
                       
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     The relation may be given by a characteristic field array in the system&#39;s memory. An example of such an array is shown in  FIGS. 11A and 11B . 
     The characteristic field array&#39;s entries may be entered according to known imager parameters and a measurement of the noise level dependent on the temperature. 
     During run time, in case the imager provides a proper temperature signal, the Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR) is directly ascertainable out of the imager&#39;s parameter data and the current gain level, if not there may be optional thermal models implemented to estimate the imager&#39;s temperature. The thermal models may be based on start-up temperature (assumed similar to a known temperature of a near device), run time, outside temperature, current consumption and heat resistance of the camera. 
     Optionally, the algorithm may run at comparably low light conditions and may be off during bright light conditions. Optionally, the algorithm may only effect low light image regions within an image while comparably bright illuminated regions are untouched. Optionally, the algorithm may be a subcontrol of an HDR control. 
     It strikes the eye that some vertical shape like noise is still remaining in the image of  FIG. 3 . As another aspect of the present invention, there may be an additional or alternative (as standalone without TNR) algorithm in place to address image noise present non stochastically but more or less statically called ‘Fix pattern noise’ (FPN) (‘fix pattern’ since the noise offset stays in a steady pattern). One of the causes for FPN is the imager&#39;s hardware structure. Each column of pixels possesses one amplifier. In practice, these amplifier have a Dark Signal Non Uniformity (DSNU) in the region of five to ten percent. With the Bayer pattern (of common RGB imagers) pixel array, a column may possess red and green pixels in alternation or alternating blue and green. In RGB, green is typically the dominating color which usually incorporates the majority of the luminance level, such that, for simplification, green can be handled as to be the luminance. 
     The FPN reduction (FPNR) algorithm of the present invention may compare all green values as luminance measure ‘I k ’ of one column ‘k’ with its diagonal right neighbor column ‘k+1’ by subtracting from another in pairs (see, for example,  FIGS. 6 and 7 ). Then the (used) differences are summed up and divided by the total number of (used) lines resulting D k  as being the average of the luminance difference. This is done for all columns ‘m’ (see  FIG. 8 ). The operation may only be done when the luminance of the specific pixels is below a certain threshold A (for processing dark areas only) and the absolute difference of two diagonal neighboring pixel pair |I k −I k+1 | is below a certain value S (for preventing high contrast regions from being equalized). That reduces the number of used difference elements which incur to the mean value of differences D k , with c being the count of used elements in a column (see equation (9) below and  FIG. 9 ). 
     
       
         
           
             
               
                 
                   
                     
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     By summing all left neighbors plus the current mean difference D 0 + . . . +D k  of a column k with k=1 to k=m, a curve of the luminance  21  is reconstructed. The curves lowest point  22  in  FIG. 10  (which may be any of it) is then set as baseline. 
     For reducing the fix pattern noise during run time, the resulting luminance value V k  at a given column (k) in the curve  23  will be subtracted from each pixel of this column independent of its color. 
       FIG. 4  is a FPNR color image shown in gray tones as a result of the FPNR algorithm according the invention as described (in the second section) above having  FIG. 2  as input source. 
       FIG. 5  is a FPNR and TNR color image shown in gray tones as a result of combining the TNR algorithm and FPNR algorithm in accordance with the present invention as described (in the first and second section) above.  FIG. 3  is already processed by the TNR algorithm and is the source for the FPNR algorithm. 
     The camera or sensor may comprise any suitable camera or sensor. Optionally, the camera may comprise a “smart camera” that includes the imaging sensor array and associated circuitry and image processing circuitry and electrical connectors and the like as part of a camera module, such as by utilizing aspects of the vision systems described in International Publication Nos. WO 2013/081984 and/or WO 2013/081985, which are hereby incorporated herein by reference in their entireties. 
     The system includes an image processor operable to process image data captured by the camera or cameras, such as for detecting objects or other vehicles or pedestrians or the like in the field of view of one or more of the cameras. For example, the image processor may comprise an EyeQ2 or EyeQ3 image processing chip available from Mobileye Vision Technologies Ltd. of Jerusalem, Israel, and may include object detection software (such as the types described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 7,855,755; 7,720,580; and/or 7,038,577, which are hereby incorporated herein by reference in their entireties), and may analyze image data to detect vehicles and/or other objects. Responsive to such image processing, and when an object or other vehicle is detected, the system may generate an alert to the driver of the vehicle and/or may generate an overlay at the displayed image to highlight or enhance display of the detected object or vehicle, in order to enhance the driver&#39;s awareness of the detected object or vehicle or hazardous condition during a driving maneuver of the equipped vehicle. 
     The vehicle may include any type of sensor or sensors, such as imaging sensors or radar sensors or lidar sensors or ladar sensors or ultrasonic sensors or the like. The imaging sensor or camera may capture image data for image processing and may comprise any suitable camera or sensing device, such as, for example, a two dimensional array of a plurality of photosensor elements arranged in at least 640 columns and 480 rows (at least a 640×480 imaging array, such as a megapixel imaging array or the like), with a respective lens focusing images onto respective portions of the array. The photosensor array may comprise a plurality of photosensor elements arranged in a photosensor array having rows and columns. Preferably, the imaging array has at least 300,000 photosensor elements or pixels, more preferably at least 500,000 photosensor elements or pixels and more preferably at least 1 million photosensor elements or pixels. The imaging array may capture color image data, such as via spectral filtering at the array, such as via an RGB (red, green and blue) filter or via a red/red complement filter or such as via an RCC (red, clear, clear) filter or the like. The logic and control circuit of the imaging sensor may function in any known manner, and the image processing and algorithmic processing may comprise any suitable means for processing the images and/or image data. 
     For example, the vision system and/or processing and/or camera and/or circuitry may utilize aspects described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 7,005,974; 5,760,962; 5,877,897; 5,796,094; 5,949,331; 6,222,447; 6,302,545; 6,396,397; 6,498,620; 6,523,964; 6,611,202; 6,201,642; 6,690,268; 6,717,610; 6,757,109; 6,802,617; 6,806,452; 6,822,563; 6,891,563; 6,946,978; 7,859,565; 5,550,677; 5,670,935; 6,636,258; 7,145,519; 7,161,616; 7,230,640; 7,248,283; 7,295,229; 7,301,466; 7,592,928; 7,881,496; 7,720,580; 7,038,577; 6,882,287; 5,929,786 and/or 5,786,772, and/or International Publication Nos. WO 2011/028686; WO 2010/099416; WO 2012/061567; WO 2012/068331; WO 2012/075250; WO 2012/103193; WO 2012/0116043; WO 2012/0145313; WO 2012/0145501; WO 2012/145818; WO 2012/145822; WO 2012/158167; WO 2012/075250; WO 2012/0116043; WO 2012/0145501; WO 2012/154919; WO 2013/019707; WO 2013/016409; WO 2013/019795; WO 2013/067083; WO 2013/070539; WO 2013/043661; WO 2013/048994; WO 2013/063014, WO 2013/081984; WO 2013/081985; WO 2013/074604; WO 2013/086249; WO 2013/103548; WO 2013/109869; WO 2013/123161; WO 2013/126715; WO 2013/043661; WO 2013/158592 and/or PCT Application No. PCT/US2014/042229, filed Jun. 13, 2014, and published Dec. 24, 2014 as International Publication No. WO 2014/204794, and/or U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/324,696, filed Jul. 7, 2014, now U.S. Pat. No. 9,701,258; Ser. No. 14/369,229, filed Jun. 27, 2014, now U.S. Pat. No. 9,491,342; Ser. No. 14/316,940, filed Jun. 27, 2014, and published Jan. 8, 2015 as U.S. Patent Publication No. US-2015-0009010; Ser. 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No. 9,723,272; Ser. No. 14/016,790, filed Oct. 3, 2013, now U.S. Pat. No. 9,761,142; Ser. No. 14/036,723, filed Sep. 25, 2013, now U.S. Pat. No. 9,446,713; Ser. No. 14/016,790, filed Sep. 3, 2013, now U.S. Pat. No. 9,761,142; Ser. No. 14/001,272, filed Aug. 23, 2013, now U.S. Pat. No. 9,233,641; Ser. No. 13/970,868, filed Aug. 20, 2013, now U.S. Pat. No. 9,365,162; Ser. No. 13/964,134, filed Aug. 12, 2013, now U.S. Pat. No. 9,340,227; Ser. No. 13/942,758, filed Jul. 16, 2013, and published on Jan. 23, 2014 as U.S. Patent Publication No. US-2014-0025240; Ser. No. 13/942,753, filed Jul. 16, 2013, and published Jan. 30, 2014 as U.S. Patent Publication No. US-2014-0028852; Ser. No. 13/927,680, filed Jun. 26, 2013, and published Jan. 2, 2014 as U.S. Patent Publication No. US-204-00015907; Ser. No. 13/916,051, filed Jun. 12, 2013, now U.S. Pat. No. 9,077,098; Ser. No. 13/894,870, filed May 15, 2013, now U.S. Pat. No. 10,089,537; Ser. No. 13/887,724, filed May 6, 2013, now U.S. Pat. No. 9,670,895; Ser. No. 13/852,190, filed Mar. 28, 2013, and published Aug. 29, 2013 as U.S. Patent Publication No. US-2013-0222593; Ser. No. 13/851,378, filed Mar. 27, 2013, now U.S. Pat. No. 9,319,637; Ser. No. 13/848,796, filed Mar. 22, 2012, and published Oct. 24, 2013 as U.S. Patent Publication No. US-2013-0278769; Ser. No. 13/847,815, filed Mar. 20, 2013, and published Oct. 31, 2013 as U.S. Patent Publication No. US-2013-0286193; Ser. No. 13/800,697, filed Mar. 13, 2013, now U.S. Pat. No. 10,182,228; Ser. No. 13/785,099, filed Mar. 5, 2013, now U.S. Pat. No. 9,565,342; Ser. No. 13/779,881, filed Feb. 28, 2013, now U.S. Pat. No. 8,694,224; Ser. No. 13/774,317, filed Feb. 22, 2013, now U.S. Pat. No. 9,269,263; Ser. No. 13/774,315, filed Feb. 22, 2013, and published Aug. 22, 2013 as U.S. Patent Publication No. US-2013-0215271; Ser. No. 13/681,963, filed Nov. 20, 2012, now U.S. Pat. No. 9,264,673; Ser. No. 13/660,306, filed Oct. 25, 2012, now U.S. Pat. No. 9,143,898; Ser. No. 13/653,577, filed Oct. 17, 2012, now U.S. Pat. No. 9,174,574; and/or Ser. No. 13/534,657, filed Jun. 27, 2012, and published Jan. 3, 2013 as U.S. Patent Publication No. US-2013-0002873, and/or U.S. provisional applications, Ser. No. 62/018,868, filed Jun. 30, 2014; Ser. No. 62/018,867, filed Jun. 30, 2014; Ser. No. 62/010,597, filed Jun. 11, 2014; Ser. No. 62/010,596, filed Jun. 11, 2014; Ser. No. 62/007,542, filed Jun. 4, 2014; Ser. No. 62/006,391, filed Jun. 2, 2014; Ser. No. 62/003,734, filed May 28, 2014; Ser. No. 62/001,796, filed May 22, 2014; Ser. No. 62/001,796, filed May 22, 2014; Ser. No. 61/993,736, filed May 15, 2014; Ser. 61/991,810, filed May 12, 2014; Ser. No. 61/991,809, filed May 12, 2014; Ser. No. 61/990,927, filed May 9, 2014; Ser. No. 61/989,652, filed May 7, 2014; Ser. No. 61/981,938, filed Apr. 21, 2014; Ser. No. 61/977,941, filed Apr. 10, 2014; Ser. No. 61/977,940. filed Apr. 10, 2014; Ser. No. 61/977,929, filed Apr. 10, 2014; Ser. No. 61/973,922, filed Apr. 2, 2014; Ser. No. 61/972,708, filed Mar. 31, 2014; Ser. No. 61/972,707, filed Mar. 31, 2014; Ser. No. 61/969,474, filed Mar. 24, 2014; Ser. No. 61/955,831, filed Mar. 20, 2014; Ser. No. 61/953,970, filed Mar. 17, 2014; Ser. No. 61/952,335, filed Mar. 13, 2014; Ser. No. 61/952,334, filed Mar. 13, 2014; Ser. No. 61/950,261, filed Mar. 10, 2014; Ser. No. 61/950,261, filed Mar. 10, 2014; Ser. No. 61/947,638, filed Mar. 4, 2014; Ser. No. 61/947,053, filed Mar. 3, 2014; Ser. No. 61/941,568, filed Feb. 19, 2014; Ser. No. 61/935,485, filed Feb. 4, 2014; Ser. No. 61/935,056, filed Feb. 3, 2014; Ser. No. 61/935,055, filed Feb. 3, 2014; Ser. No. 61/919,129, filed Dec. 20, 2013; Ser. No. 61/919,130, filed Dec. 20, 2013; Ser. No. 61/919,131, filed Dec. 20, 2013; Ser. No. 61/919,147, filed Dec. 20, 2013; Ser. No. 61/919,133, filed Dec. 20, 2013; Ser. No. 61/918,290, filed Dec. 19, 2013; Ser. No. 61/915,218, filed Dec. 12, 2013; Ser. No. 61/912,146, filed Dec. 5, 2013; Ser. No. 61/911,666, filed Dec. 4, 2013; Ser. No. 61/905,461, filed Nov. 18, 2013; Ser. No. 61/905,462, filed Nov. 18, 2013; Ser. No. 61/901,127, filed Nov. 7, 2013; Ser. No. 61/895,610, filed Oct. 25, 2013; Ser. No. 61/879,837, filed Sep. 19, 2013; Ser. No. 61/875,351, filed Sep. 9, 2013; Ser. No. 61/869,195, filed. Aug. 23, 2013; Ser. No. 61/864,836, filed Aug. 12, 2013; Ser. No. 61/864,838, filed Aug. 12, 2013 and/or Ser. No. 61/844,173, filed Jul. 9, 2013; which are all hereby incorporated herein by reference in their entireties. The system may communicate with other communication systems via any suitable means, such as by utilizing aspects of the systems described in International Publication Nos. WO/2010/144900; WO 2013/043661 and/or WO 2013/081985, and/or U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/202,005, filed Aug. 17, 2011, now U.S. Pat. No. 9,126,525, which are hereby incorporated herein by reference in their entireties. 
     The imaging device and control and image processor and any associated illumination source, if applicable, may comprise any suitable components, and may utilize aspects of the cameras and vision systems described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,550,677; 5,877,897; 6,498,620; 5,670,935; 5,796,094; 6,396,397; 6,806,452; 6,690,268; 7,005,974; 7,937,667; 7,123,168; 7,004,606; 6,946,978; 7,038,577; 6,353,392; 6,320,176; 6,313,454; and/or 6,824,281, and/or International Publication Nos. WO 2010/099416; WO 2011/028686; and/or WO 2013/016409, and/or U.S. Pat. Publication No. US 2010-0020170, and/or U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/534,657, filed Jun. 27, 2012, and published Jan. 3, 2013 as U.S. Patent Publication No. US-2013-0002873, which are all hereby incorporated herein by reference in their entireties. The camera or cameras may comprise any suitable cameras or imaging sensors or camera modules, and may utilize aspects of the cameras or sensors described in U.S. Publication No. US-2009-0244361 and/or U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/260,400, filed Sep. 26, 2011, now U.S. Pat. No. 8,542,451, and/or U.S. Pat. Nos. 7,965,336 and/or 7,480,149, which are hereby incorporated herein by reference in their entireties. The imaging array sensor may comprise any suitable sensor, and may utilize various imaging sensors or imaging array sensors or cameras or the like, such as a CMOS imaging array sensor, a CCD sensor or other sensors or the like, such as the types described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,550,677; 5,670,935; 5,760,962; 5,715,093; 5,877,897; 6,922,292; 6,757,109; 6,717,610; 6,590,719; 6,201,642; 6,498,620; 5,796,094; 6,097,023; 6,320,176; 6,559,435; 6,831,261; 6,806,452; 6,396,397; 6,822,563; 6,946,978; 7,339,149; 7,038,577; 7,004,606; 7,720,580; and/or 7,965,336, and/or International Publication Nos. WO/2009/036176 and/or WO/2009/046268, which are all hereby incorporated herein by reference in their entireties. 
     The camera module and circuit chip or board and imaging sensor may be implemented and operated in connection with various vehicular vision-based systems, and/or may be operable utilizing the principles of such other vehicular systems, such as a vehicle headlamp control system, such as the type disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,796,094; 6,097,023; 6,320,176; 6,559,435; 6,831,261; 7,004,606; 7,339,149; and/or 7,526,103, which are all hereby incorporated herein by reference in their entireties, a rain sensor, such as the types disclosed in commonly assigned U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,353,392; 6,313,454; 6,320,176; and/or 7,480,149, which are hereby incorporated herein by reference in their entireties, a vehicle vision system, such as a forwardly, sidewardly or rearwardly directed vehicle vision system utilizing principles disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,550,677; 5,670,935; 5,760,962; 5,877,897; 5,949,331; 6,222,447; 6,302,545; 6,396,397; 6,498,620; 6,523,964; 6,611,202; 6,201,642; 6,690,268; 6,717,610; 6,757,109; 6,802,617; 6,806,452; 6,822,563; 6,891,563; 6,946,978; and/or 7,859,565, which are all hereby incorporated herein by reference in their entireties, a trailer hitching aid or tow check system, such as the type disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 7,005,974, which is hereby incorporated herein by reference in its entirety, a reverse or sideward imaging system, such as for a lane change assistance system or lane departure warning system or for a blind spot or object detection system, such as imaging or detection systems of the types disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 7,881,496; 7,720,580; 7,038,577; 5,929,786 and/or 5,786,772, and/or U.S. provisional applications, Ser. No. 60/628,709, filed Nov. 17, 2004; Ser. No. 60/614,644, filed Sep. 30, 2004; Ser. No. 60/618,686, filed Oct. 14, 2004; Ser. No. 60/638,687, filed Dec. 23, 2004, which are hereby incorporated herein by reference in their entireties, a video device for internal cabin surveillance and/or video telephone function, such as disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,760,962; 5,877,897; 6,690,268; and/or 7,370,983, and/or U.S. Publication No. US-2006-0050018, which are hereby incorporated herein by reference in their entireties, a traffic sign recognition system, a system for determining a distance to a leading or trailing vehicle or object, such as a system utilizing the principles disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,396,397 and/or 7,123,168, which are hereby incorporated herein by reference in their entireties, and/or the like. 
     Optionally, the circuit board or chip may include circuitry for the imaging array sensor and or other electronic accessories or features, such as by utilizing compass-on-a-chip or EC driver-on-a-chip technology and aspects such as described in U.S. Pat. No. 7,255,451 and/or U.S. Pat. No. 7,480,149; and/or U.S. Publication No. US-2006-0061008 and/or U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/578,732, filed Oct. 14, 2009, now U.S. Pat. No. 9,487,144, which are hereby incorporated herein by reference in their entireties. 
     Optionally, the vision system may include a display for displaying images captured by one or more of the imaging sensors for viewing by the driver of the vehicle while the driver is normally operating the vehicle. Optionally, for example, the vision system may include a video display device disposed at or in the interior rearview mirror assembly of the vehicle, such as by utilizing aspects of the video mirror display systems described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,690,268 and/or U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/333,337, filed Dec. 21, 2011, now U.S. Pat. No. 9,264,672, which are hereby incorporated herein by reference in their entireties. The video mirror display may comprise any suitable devices and systems and optionally may utilize aspects of the compass display systems described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 7,370,983; 7,329,013; 7,308,341; 7,289,037; 7,249,860; 7,004,593; 4,546,551; 5,699,044; 4,953,305; 5,576,687; 5,632,092; 5,677,851; 5,708,410; 5,737,226; 5,802,727; 5,878,370; 6,087,953; 6,173,508; 6,222,460; 6,513,252; and/or 6,642,851, and/or European patent application, published Oct. 11, 2000 under Publication No. EP 0 1043566, and/or U.S. Publication No. US-2006-0061008, which are all hereby incorporated herein by reference in their entireties. Optionally, the video mirror display screen or device may be operable to display images captured by a rearward viewing camera of the vehicle during a reversing maneuver of the vehicle (such as responsive to the vehicle gear actuator being placed in a reverse gear position or the like) to assist the driver in backing up the vehicle, and optionally may be operable to display the compass heading or directional heading character or icon when the vehicle is not undertaking a reversing maneuver, such as when the vehicle is being driven in a forward direction along a road (such as by utilizing aspects of the display system described in International Publication No. WO 2012/051500, which is hereby incorporated herein by reference in its entirety). 
     Optionally, the vision system (utilizing the forward facing camera and a rearward facing camera and other cameras disposed at the vehicle with exterior fields of view) may be part of or may provide a display of a top-down view or birds-eye view system of the vehicle or a surround view at the vehicle, such as by utilizing aspects of the vision systems described in International Publication Nos. WO 2010/099416; WO 2011/028686; WO 2012/075250; WO 2013/019795; WO 2012/075250; WO 2012/145822; WO 2013/081985; WO 2013/086249; and/or WO 2013/109869, and/or U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/333,337, filed Dec. 21, 2011, now U.S. Pat. No. 9,264,672, which are hereby incorporated herein by reference in their entireties 7,255,451 and/or U.S. Pat. No. 7,480,149; and/or U.S. Publication No. US-2006-0061008 and/or U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/578,732, filed Oct. 14, 2009, now U.S. Pat. No. 9,487,144, which are hereby incorporated herein by reference in their entireties. 
     Optionally, a video mirror display may be disposed rearward of and behind the reflective element assembly and may comprise a display such as the types disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,530,240; 6,329,925; 7,855,755; 7,626,749; 7,581,859; 7,446,650; 7,370,983; 7,338,177; 7,274,501; 7,255,451; 7,195,381; 7,184,190; 5,668,663; 5,724,187 and/or 6,690,268, and/or in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/091,525, filed Apr. 25, 2008, now U.S. Pat. No. 7,855,755; Ser. No. 11/226,628, filed Sep. 14, 2005 and published Mar. 23, 2006 as U.S. Publication No. US-2006-0061008; and/or Ser. No. 10/538,724, filed Jun. 13, 2005 and published Mar. 9, 2006 as U.S. Publication No. US-2006-0050018, which are all hereby incorporated herein by reference in their entireties. The display is viewable through the reflective element when the display is activated to display information. The display element may be any type of display element, such as a vacuum fluorescent (VF) display element, a light emitting diode (LED) display element, such as an organic light emitting diode (OLED) or an inorganic light emitting diode, an electroluminescent (EL) display element, a liquid crystal display (LCD) element, a video screen display element or backlit thin film transistor (TFT) display element or the like, and may be operable to display various information (as discrete characters, icons or the like, or in a multi-pixel manner) to the driver of the vehicle, such as passenger side inflatable restraint (PSIR) information, tire pressure status, and/or the like. The mirror assembly and/or display may utilize aspects described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 7,184,190; 7,255,451; 7,446,924 and/or 7,338,177, which are all hereby incorporated herein by reference in their entireties. The thicknesses and materials of the coatings on the substrates of the reflective element may be selected to provide a desired color or tint to the mirror reflective element, such as a blue colored reflector, such as is known in the art and such as described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,910,854; 6,420,036; and/or 7,274,501, which are hereby incorporated herein by reference in their entireties. 
     Optionally, the display or displays and any associated user inputs may be associated with various accessories or systems, such as, for example, a tire pressure monitoring system or a passenger air bag status or a garage door opening system or a telematics system or any other accessory or system of the mirror assembly or of the vehicle or of an accessory module or console of the vehicle, such as an accessory module or console of the types described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 7,289,037; 6,877,888; 6,824,281; 6,690,268; 6,672,744; 6,386,742; and/or 6,124,886, and/or U.S. Publication No. US-2006-0050018, which are hereby incorporated herein by reference in their entireties. 
     Changes and modifications in the specifically described embodiments can be carried out without departing from the principles of the invention, which is intended to be limited only by the scope of the appended claims, as interpreted according to the principles of patent law including the doctrine of equivalents.