Patent Publication Number: US-2023162892-A1

Title: Cable For Power-Over-Ethernet Having An Extended Usable Length

Description:
RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This application is a Continuation of U.S. Pat. Application No. 17/385,225, filed, Jul. 26, 2021, which is a Continuation of U.S. Pat. Application No. 16/653,271, filed Oct. 15, 2019 which issued as U.S. Pat. No. 11,107,605 on Aug. 31, 2021, which is a Continuation of U.S. Pat. Application No. 15/080,936, filed Mar. 25, 2016 which issued as U.S. Pat. No. 10,453,589 on Oct. 22, 2019, which claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Pat. Application No. 62/138,575 filed on Mar. 26, 2015, the entire contents of which are incorporated herein by reference. 
    
    
     FIELD 
     The present disclosure is directed to electrical cable and more particularly to cable which simultaneously transmits power and data signals. 
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     Power-Over-Ethernet (POE) is about twenty years old and has been mainstream for about six or seven years. Among other things, it is used to power security cameras. It replaces coaxial cable for this purpose. You could also use fiber optic cable for this purpose but the use of fiber optic cable brings numerous complexities and attendant problems. 
     In POE cable electrical power is transmitted over the same twisted pair wires as the data signals. Typical POE cable is Category 5e or Category 6 (also known as Cat 5e or Cat 6) twisted pair cable. Cat 5e and Cat 6 are open specifications set by the Telecommunications Industry Association (TIA), an offshoot of the Electronic Industries Alliance (EIA). Cat 5e cable is always 24 gauge AWG (American wire gauge). Cat 6 is 23 or 24 gauge AWG. 
     Presently the maximum length of a POE cable having these specifications is 100 meters. Once you go beyond that length you have to add a booster or an intermediate distribution frame (IDF) that is powered off the grid. Users would like to extend that 100 meter distance without having to incorporate boosters or IDF’s, which just add complexity and cost. The TIA publishes a document TSB-184A D4 for Guidelines for Supporting Power Over Balanced Twisted-Pair Cabling. It is noted that this document only is applicable to mid-span power, which requires that a POE injector with a power supply be installed in a tamper-proof cabinet every 328 feet. This increases the cost of the installation and also adds potential points of failure to a video surveillance system. The end-to-end POE power supply approach of the present disclosure only requires that power be supplied on one end of the system. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     In one aspect, the present disclosure concerns a twisted pair cable with a particular gauge, insulation type and connector that permits extending the usable length of power-over-ethernet cable. The cable of the invention has a similar lay of twist as Cat 5e or Cat 6 cable. The twist is necessary to avoid cross-talk. The invention uses 20 AWG solid copper conductors in four twisted pairs. In one embodiment each conductor has FEP (fluorinated ethylene propylene) insulation and an overall FEP jacket. The insulation thickness is 0.012 inches. The connector is an RJ-45 style connector having an insert with holes that can accommodate the conductor and insulation of 20 AWG wires. This cable has successfully performed with video cameras, and no IDF’s or boosters, at lengths of at least 292 meters with full resolution 1080p video at 30 fps using the RJ-45 connectors described herein. This is almost three times the distance standard category 5 or 6 cables can traverse without boosters or IDF’s. 
     An alternate embodiment utilizes 22 AWG conductors with conventional RJ-45 connectors. The reach of this system is more than twice that of the mid-span approach. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         FIG.  1    is a perspective view of one embodiment of the cable with an end of the jacket removed to show the four twisted pairs of wires and a ripcord. 
         FIG.  2    is a cross-section of the cable of  FIG.  1   . 
         FIG.  3    is a side elevation view of a connector used with the cable of the present disclosure. 
         FIG.  4    is an end elevation view of the rear end of the connector of  FIG.  3   , with the shield removed to show only the housing. 
         FIG.  5    is a top plan view of the connector of  FIG.  3   . 
         FIG.  6    is an end elevation view of the front end of the connector of  FIG.  3   . 
         FIG.  7    is a bottom plan view of the connector of  FIG.  3   . 
         FIG.  8    is a side elevation view of a contact blade, on an enlarged scale. 
         FIG.  9    is a perspective view of the insert block used in the connector of  FIG.  3   . 
         FIG.  10    is a top plan view of the insert block of  FIG.  9   . 
         FIG.  11    is an end elevation view of the insert block. 
         FIG.  12    is a side elevation view of the insert block. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     The present disclosure is directed to a cable for power-over-ethernet (POE) applications. The disclosure particularly concerns a method of extending the usable length of POE cables. An end portion of one embodiment of the cable is shown generally at  10  in  FIG.  1   . This embodiment is identified in the table below as UTP  20  AWG Cat6 CMP or CL3P. The cable includes an outer jacket  12  which in this embodiment is made of fluorinated ethylene propylene (FEP). The jacket has a wall thickness of about 0.013″ and a diameter of about 0.248″. The color may vary but an example is translucent blue. Preferably a ripcord  14  is included, although it is not required. A jacket this size has a weight of about 53 lbs/Mft. 
     The jacket  12  surrounds four twisted pairs of wires as seen at  18 ,  20 ,  22 ,  24 . Each pair has two individual wires as shown by the designations A and B. Color codes may vary but, for example, pair  18  could be green x white/green, pair  20  could be brown x white/brown, pair  22  could be blue x white/blue, and pair  24  could be orange x white/orange. The pair lay length could be 1.40″ LHL (8.57 Tw/Ft) (each pair staggered lay length). The cable lay length could be 5.00″ LHL (2.40 Tw/Ft) 
       FIG.  2    shows a cross section of the cable of  FIG.  1   . In  FIG.  2    the twisted pairs  18 - 24  are indicated diagrammatically by the circles. Each wire has a central conductor (one of which is shown at  32 ) which is 20 AWG solid annealed bare copper. The insulation (one of which is shown at  34 ) surrounding the conductor in this embodiment is fluorinated ethylene propylene (FEP) having a wall thickness of 0.012″. 
     The electrical characteristics of the cable include an impedance of 98.80 Ω/Mft±10%, a capacitance of 15.0 pF/ft±10% and a DC resistance of 10.3 Ω/Mft @ 20° C. The cable is UL listed as type CL3P per UL standard  13  and as type CMP c(UL)us 200° C. FT-6 per UL standard 444. All materials used in the manufacture of this cable are RoHS II &amp; REACH Compliant. The maximum operating voltage is 300 V. 
     The cable as described delivers a greater distance while still being able to use connectors whose exterior dimensions are the same as standard RJ-45 connectors but whose interior is adapted to accept  20  AWG conductors. 
     In alternate embodiments polypropylene or PVC insulation could be used that will provide similar results. This will enable cables which are appropriate for all types of installations at a cost commensurate with the physical demands on the cables. That is, the first embodiment as in  FIGS.  1  and  2    with FEP insulation is for plenum-rated cable which can be installed in air ducts and plenum spaces. An alternate embodiment will be cable which will not be plenum-rated but may still be run exposed in any other case and which may penetrate floors in a multi-level dwelling or commercial environment. The low-smoke, zero-halogen product is aimed at customers with a concern regarding the use of PVC and/or in enclosed spaces where the use of halogens as flame retardants could be hazardous. FEP which is used in the plenum-rated product is the highest cost compound that results in the most expensive cable. The other two embodiments will have lower costs as the compounds are about ⅐.sup.th to ⅒.sup.th the cost of FEP. The following table shows exemplary embodiments which have been found to be successful, although it will be understood that additional embodiments are possible. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
                   
                 All dimensions in millimeters 
                 UTP 20 AWG Cat5E CMP 
                 UTP 20 AWG Cat5E CM-LSZH 
                 UTP 20 AWG Cat5E CMR 
                 UTP 20 AWG Cat6 CMP or CL3P 
               
               
                 Conductor 
                 Material 
                 Solid annealed bare copper wire 
                 Solid annealed bare copper wire 
                 Solid annealed bare copper wire 
                 Solid annealed bare copper wire 
               
             
            
               
                   
                 Composing 
                 1 / 0.813 
                 1 / 0.813 
                 1 / 0.813 
                 1 / 0.813 
               
               
                   
                 Diameter 
                 0.813 ± 0.01 
                 0.813 ± 0.01 
                 0.813 ± 0.01 
                 0.813 ± 0.01 
               
               
                 Insulation 
                 Material 
                 FEP 
                 HDPE 
                 HDPE 
                 FEP 
               
               
                 Wail thickness, nom 
                 0.2935 
                 0.2935 
                 0 2935 
                 0.3048 
               
               
                 Diameter 
                 1.40 ± 0.05 
                 1.40 ± 0.05 
                 1.40 ± 0.05 
                   
               
               
                 Twisted Pair 
                 Lay length 
                 ≤  38 
 
                 ≤  38 
 
                 ≤  38 
 
                 ≤  38 
 
               
               
                 Diameter 
                 2.80 
                 2.80 
                 2.80 
                   
               
               
                 Cable Core 
                 Composing 
                 4 twisted pairs stranded together 
                 4 twisted pairs stranded together 
                 4 twisted pairs stranded together 
                 4 twisted pairs stranded together 
               
               
                 Lay length 
                 ≤  120 
 
                 ≤  120 
 
                 ≤  120 
 
                 ≤  127 
 
               
               
                 Diameter 
                 5.2 ± 0.5 
                 5.2 ± 0.5 
                 5.2 ± 0.5 
                   
               
               
                 Sheath 
                 Material 
                 FR-PVC 
                 CM-LSZH 
                 FR-PVC 
                 FEP 
               
               
                 Rip cord 
                 Present under the sheath 
                 Present under the sheath 
                 Present under the sheath 
                 Present under the sheath 
               
               
                 Wall thickness 
                 0.50 
                 0.50 
                 0.50 
                 0.33 
               
               
                 Diameter 
                 6.6 ± 0.5 
                 6.6 ± 0.5 
                 6.6 ± 0.5 
                 6.3 
               
               
                 Electrical Performanc e at 20° C. 
                 Conductor resistance 
                 ≤ 9.38 Ω/100m 
                 ≤ 9.38 Ω/100m 
                 ≤ 9.38 Ω/100m 
                 10.3 Ω/Mft ± 10% 
               
               
                 Insulation resistance 
                 ≤5000 MΩKm( DC 500 V Charged 1 Min) 
                 ≤5000 MΩKm(DC 500 V Charged 1 Min) 
                 ≤5000 MQKm(DC 500 V Charged 1 Min) 
                   
               
               
                 Voltage endurance 
                 DC 1599 V/min 
                 DC 1500 V/min 
                 DC 1500 V/min 
                   
               
               
                 Mutual capacitance 
                 ≤7.0 nF/100 m 
                 ≤7.0 nF/100 m 
                 ≤7.0 nF/100 m 
                 15.0 pF/ft ± 10% 
               
               
                 Core-core resistance unbalance 
                 ≤ 5% 
                 ≤ 5% 
                 ≤ 5% 
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     The connector used with the cable of the present disclosure has an enlarged inner diameter of the RJ-45 front side to allow 20 AWG conductors to slide underneath the gold contact prongs. The gold prongs need to accommodate the 20 AWG size and the rear side has a metal clamp to hold the jacket (7.0 mm OD). The outside dimensions of the RJ-45 plug and boot are identical to the size of a regular RJ-45 patch cord, therefore the patch cord can plug into the regular patch panel and/or other connected devices, such as a security camera. Further details of the connector are shown and described below. 
     Tests on the new 20 AWG cable connected to a video camera showed that the cable worked up to 960 feet with a 1920×1080 high-resolution picture, whereas conventional Cat 6 cable worked only to 650 feet and the conventional Cat 5e worked to only 600 feet. This is over a 45% improvement in reach and the cable met all TIA electrical requirements for Cat 5e performance to 100 MHz and extrapolated to 350 MHz. 
     With 960 feet of usable length the present cable can extend 292 meters, which is almost three times the 100 meter distance for convention category cables. It is also possible that the FEP and polyethylene versions may be a little better in reach due to the different dissipation factor between FEP and PE insulation. 
     Some comments are noted here. First, this cable has an advantage since in addition to carrying video and power it also complies with TIA electrical performance requirements for Cat 5e. Second, it is possible to include a spline separator which will minimize cross-talk. Third, CCTV is a good application for the type of cable of the present invention, since the reach is almost tripled. Fourth, when TIA standards were written 100 meters was chosen as the test length of a typical installation, but allowed 300 meters for indoor multi-mode optical fiber. Fifth, security cameras are just one possible application of the present disclosure. Data centers, airport concourse signage and other very large commercial and government installations are examples of other applications which would benefit. There may also be a use for this cable in solar and wind power and control cables, so that one cable could support a typical installation, rather than requiring a bundle of cables. The cable may also extend VOIP distances and network distances by the same lengths as CCTV without the need for IDF equipment or closets. 
       FIGS.  3 - 7    illustrate an RJ-45 style connector  36  used with the cable of the present disclosure. It has a two-part shell including a housing  38  and a shield  40 . The housing is made of a suitable plastic material, such as polycarbonate. The housing is a generally five-sided enclosure having a top wall  42 , side walls  44 , a bottom wall  46  and a front end wall  48 . There is no end wall at the rear edges  50  of the side walls  44 , thereby leaving the housing open for receiving an insert as described below. The side walls  44  are joined near their rear edges  50  by a transverse lip  52  that extends downwardly from the bottom wall  46 . 
     The lip  52  leads into the interior of the housing which includes an angled ramp  54  extending upwardly from the bottom wall  46 . At the top of the ramp are four semi-cylindrical conductor supports  56 , as best seen in  FIG.  4   . The supports  56  are offset from a facing set of four semi-cylindrical conductor guides  58  which extend downwardly from the top wall  42 . The supports  56  and guides  58  define a diameter sufficient to receive 20 AWG wires. A diameter of about 1.50 mm has been found sufficient. The supports  56  and guides  58  are staggered or offset from one another to provide sufficient space for the large diameter wires used herein. 
     The centers of the supports and guides are each aligned with one of eight compartments which are defined by a set of seven partitions  60 . The partitions are vertical plates located forwardly of the ramp  54  and inside the confines of the side walls  44  and front end wall  48 . The front end of the housing has a window or opening at the front lower corner where the front end wall  48  meets the bottom wall  46 . The partitions  60  extend into the window space to create eight compartments that each receive a contact blade  62 . 
     Details of one of the contact blades  62  are seen in  FIG.  8   . The blades may be made of copper alloy plated with a 50 µ-inch layer of gold over a 100 µ-inch underplate of nickel in the contact area. The contact blade  62  is an insulation displacement type blade that has a body  64  which defines a rail  66 . A plurality of prongs  68  extend upwardly from the body  64 . Four of the blades have prongs of extra length to reach the upper row of wires. With the blades  62  installed in the compartments of the connector housing the rails  66  are exposed at the window where they are engageable with a crimping tool during installation of the connector on a cable. After insertion of the wires and their associated insert into the housing, the wires are located in the spaces of the supports  56  and guides  58  and above the prongs of the blades  62 . Then the blades are crimped such that the prongs  68  are forced upwardly into and through the insulation of the wires and into engagement with the conductors of the wires. 
     Exterior features of the connector  36  include a block  70  formed at the corner where the top wall  42  meets the front end wall  48 . A latch  72  is cantilevered from the block  70 . The latch  72  is flexible and engageable in the usual manner with an RJ-45 receptacle to releasably retain the connector  36  in the receptacle. A release lever  74  attached to and extending from the latch can be depressed to allow the latch to escape the receptacle and permit withdrawal of the connector therefrom. 
     The side walls  44  at their front ends have protrusions  76  ( FIGS.  3  and  4   ) of slightly increased thickness compared to the remainder of the side wall. A rectangular hiatus in this increased thickness portion defines a depression  78  in the outer surface of the side wall, as best seen in  FIG.  4   . The depression receives an extension of the shield  40  as will be explained below. 
     Details of the shield  40  will now be described. The shield is preferably made of metal, such as a copper alloy. It is a stamped or otherwise formed sheet that is folded into a four-sided enclosure having a roof  80  joined to a pair of side panels  82  which in turn have a pair of bottom flaps  84 . The bottom flaps are connected to one another at a dovetail joint  86  ( FIG.  7   ). The side panels include a rectangular extension  88  at the forward end. The extension  88  fits in the depression  78  formed in the outer surface of the side walls  44  of the housing. The thickness of the side panel is the same as the thickness of the protrusions  76 . Thus, the outer surfaces of the side walls  44  and side panels  82  are coplanar with one another and present a smooth interface at their junction points. 
     The roof  80  of the shield  40  has two three-sided piercings that form a pair of tabs  90 . The tabs are bent inwardly slightly to engage depressions in the top wall  42  of the housing and thereby retain the shield on the housing. The rear edge of the roof  80  carries a clamp  92  which includes a strap  94  and a stirrup  96 . The clamp starts out upraised as shown in  FIG.  3   . After insertion of the wires the strap  94  gets folded down so the stirrup is placed around the insulation of the wires and then the stirrup  96  is crimped to fasten the wires to the housing and provide strain relief. 
       FIGS.  9 - 12    illustrate an insert  98  that is used to constrain the wires in the desired configuration prior to placing the insert in the housing  38 . The insert has a block  100  through which two staggered rows or four holes  102  are formed. These holes are arrayed similarly to the supports  56  and guides  58  so they align therewith upon placement of the insert in the housing. The diameters defined by the holes are the same as for the supports and guides, namely 1.50 mm. It will be noted in  FIG.  12    that the block  100  is tapered from height of 3.20 mm the front end to 3.40 mm at the back end. This assists with installation of the insert into the housing  38  of the connector  36 . 
     In an alternate embodiment four twisted pairs of 22 AWG wires could be used. These wires are easier to bend and can be used with standard RF-45 connectors. The individual and very tight lay lengths are indicated shown below. The left-hand rotation is normally as shown, which is blue, orange, green and brown. The four twisted pairs are then twisted together in the bundle twist lay noted below, which is also a left-hand lay. Both the individual pairs and the four-pair bundle are twisted in the same left-hand direction and this slightly tightens the twist of the individual pairs. Both operations need to be performed very accurately. The pair lay length could be less than or equal to about 1.496″. The cable lay length could be less than or equal to about 4.724″. More specifically, the lay length of each pair is Blue: 0.5460″; Orange: 0.8996″; Green: 0.6929″; Brown: 0.8047″. Further, the four pairs cabling lay length is 3.9370″. 
     The compatible twist lays indicated result in electrical performance that is vastly superior to that of a Cat 5e cable. Minimizing the cross-talk (high frequency noise) allows the digital signals in the cable to travel two to three times the distance of a Cat 5e cable, which is restricted to 100 meters (328 ft). The unique twist-lay combination together with the 22 AWG conductors minimizes the DC resistance of the cable significantly. Thus, the signal travels a longer distance and is less susceptible to noise. Since this cable meets and vastly exceeds the electrical performance specified for Cat 5e cables by TIA, which is a very good reference point, the cable of the present disclosure is an especially suitable cable for digital video surveillance and other demanding applications which require longer cable lengths than those specified by TIA. 
     The following chart shows test results of the 20 AWG and 22 AWG cables of the present disclosure compared to 23 AWG and 24 AWG cables of the prior art. These tests were performed using an Intellinet 560542 Managed Switch together with three different brands of IP video cameras. Note the 20 AWG and 22 AWG cables of the present disclosure provide usable cable length increases ranging from at least 26% (for 22 AWG on the ACTi and Bosch cameras compared to 23 AWG) to 60% (for 20 AWG on the Axis camera compared to 24 AWG). 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
                 Cable Size 
                 Camera 
                 Resolution 
                 Frames/Sec. 
                 Link 
                 Setting 
                 Cable Length Feet 
               
             
            
               
                 20 AWG 
                 AXIS Q6045 PTZ 
                 1920 X 10S0P 
                 30 
                 LAPTOP 
                 MO OPTIMIZED 
                 960 
               
               
                 BOSCH IP 5000 SMP BOX 
                 1440 X 1080P 
                 12 
                 LAPTOP 
                 1 MP OPTIMIZED H264 
                 900 
               
               
                 ACTi D22FA 5MP * 
                 1920 X 1080P 
                 5 
                 ACTi ENR-1000 DVR 
                 Auto 
                 800 
               
               
                 22 AWG 
                 AXIS Q6045 PTZ 
                 1920 X 1080P 
                 30 
                 LAPTOP 
                 MP OPTIMIZED 
                 875 
               
               
                 BOSCH IP 5000 5MP BOX 
                 1440 X 1080P 
                 12 
                 LAPTOP 
                 1 MP OPTIMIZED H264 
                 825 
               
               
                 ACTi D22FA 5MP 
                 1910 X 1080P 
                 5 
                 ACTi ENR-1000 DVR 
                 Auto 
                 825 
               
               
                 23 AWG (Car 6) 
                 AXIS Q6045 PTZ 
                 1920 X 1080P 
                 30 
                 LAPTOP 
                 MP OPTIMIZED 
                 650 
               
               
                 24 AWG (Cat 5e) 
                 AXIS Q6045 PTZ 
                 1920 X 1080P 
                 Resolution 
                 Frames/Sec. 
                 MP OPTIMIZED 
                 600 
               
               
                 *All using Intellínet 560542 Managed Switch set to 10 MP Managed except * is set to auto 
               
            
           
         
       
     
     It should be understood that various changes and modifications to the presently preferred embodiments described herein will be apparent to those skilled in the art. Such changes and modification can be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention disclosed herein. For example, in addition to the jacket  12 , ripcord  14  and twisted pairs  18 - 24 , an alternate embodiment may include an optional separator, a shield layer, a tape layer and/or a drain wire, the latter of which would be located between the shield and tape layers. The shield layer may be made of aluminum foil and the tape layer may be polyester film, such as Mylar®.