Patent Publication Number: US-8996877-B2

Title: Cryptographically secure authentication device, system and method

Description:
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION 
     This is a continuation application of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/512,095 filed May 25, 2012, which is a 371 of international PCT/US2010/057054 filed Nov. 17, 2010, which claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 61/264,312, filed Nov. 25, 2009, the entire disclosure of which is incorporated by reference. 
    
    
     BACKGROUND 
     The present invention generally relates to a system and method for providing secure authentication of a device, and more particularly, but not exclusively, to providing an authentication system utilizing internal keying of devices, such that private keys are only stored internal to each device. 
     Small, low-power, wireless devices are used in many industrial and civilian application areas, including industrial process monitoring and control, machine health monitoring, environment and habitat monitoring, healthcare applications, building automation, utility monitoring and control, and traffic control. The wireless devices may communicate with one another and/or with a central server. Since the wireless devices may have the ability to perform critical functions, such as controlling traffic signals, controlling electricity and gas usage or controlling entry into a building, it is important that the security of the wireless devices not be compromised. Often wireless devices use cryptographic keys for data encryption and/or authentication. For example, wireless devices may use a symmetric key 128-bit advanced encryption standard for data encryption and/or frame integrity to protect data from being modified by parties without cryptographic keys. At the time of manufacture, producers may use public-key cryptography to embed, or inject, a private key that uniquely identifies a device. The private key may be used for authentication of the device. However, when producers use third-party manufacturers there could be a threat of key leakage, where not all of the keying material is used to manufacture legitimate devices. In this instance an illegitimate device may be embedded with a private key which may allow the illegitimate device unauthorized access to the wireless devices. 
     Furthermore, the private keys embedded into the devices are generated and stored external to the devices, such as in a database or a removable medium. If a third party were to obtain access to the database storing the embedded keys, the third party may be able to gain unauthorized access to one or more of the wireless devices. Instead of having to search through all possible 128-bit keys to obtain access to the devices, the search space of possible keys would be narrowed to the keys stored on the data store. Thus, the security of the wireless devices may rely on the security of the external data store where the set of keys are stored. Compromising the security of the data store may result in compromising the security of the wireless devices having keys stored therein. 
     SUMMARY 
     An electronic device generates identifying values based on a random number generated by an on-board random number generator and the difference between an index number and a reference number. The identifying values are used by a verifying device in authenticating the electronic device without releasing the random number. 
     Other objects and features will be in part apparent and in part pointed out hereinafter. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         FIG. 1  is a block diagram of an exemplary system including a secure authentication device in accordance with one embodiment of the invention. 
         FIG. 2  is a block diagram of a secure authentication device in accordance with one embodiment of the invention. 
         FIG. 3  is a block diagram of a secure authentication device including a processor in accordance with one embodiment of the invention. 
         FIGS. 4A and 4B  are flowcharts illustrating an internal keying operation of the secure authentication device of  FIG. 2 , or other secure authentication device in accordance with embodiments of the invention. 
         FIG. 5  is a flowchart illustrating the operation of a verifying device authenticating the secure authentication device of  FIG. 2 , or other secure authentication device in accordance with embodiments of the invention. 
         FIG. 6  is a flowchart illustrating an authentication operation of the secure authentication device of  FIG. 2 , or other secure authentication device in accordance with embodiments of the invention. 
         FIG. 7  is a flowchart illustrating an internal keying and/or a cryptographic key sharing operation of the secure authentication device of  FIG. 2 , or other secure authentication device in accordance with embodiments of the invention. 
     
    
    
     Corresponding reference characters indicate corresponding parts throughout the drawings. 
     DESCRIPTION 
     In the disclosed embodiments, a secure authentication device, system and method are presented which internally generate and store a private key. The private key is used to generate a unique identifying value (I.V.) for the device. The private key is not accessible other devices, thereby preventing the private key from potentially being accessed by a third party. The secure authentication device utilizes an authentication method in which the device can demonstrate it possesses the private key without disclosing the private key. Thus, authentication is accomplished without the device having to communicate the private key externally. Since the private key is only stored internally on the device, such as in memory of the device, and is never communicated externally to the device, it is very difficult for a third party to compromise the security of the device. 
     Turning now to the drawings,  FIG. 1  provides a block diagram of an electronic device  100  including a secure authentication device  200  in accordance with one embodiment and including a processor  110 . The secure authentication device  200  may provide one or more identifying values to the processor  110  for transmission to a verifying device such as a server  120  or other station, device or system which needs to verify the unique identity of the electronic device  100 . The secure authentication device  200  may be implemented in a microchip, on a system board, or generally through any device capable of interfacing with the processor  110 . The electronic device transmits an identifying value (I.V.), an identification of the electronic device  100  and a current time, all of which is received by the server  120  for use in verifying that the electronic device  100  is authentic. In the embodiment illustrated in  FIG. 1 , the information may be transmitted by a wireless transmission, such as via antennas  130 ,  140 , and/or via some other wireless transmission (such as an infrared transmission), and/or via a wired connection  150  (such as a wired network). 
     The electronic device  100  may be any device which requires authentication. For example, the electronic device  100  may be a meter reading device used in a remote meter reading system, in which case the processor  110  may communicate with a sever and transmits information to the server regarding the meter reading. In this example, the meter reading device may need to authenticate with a billing server to verify the values provided by the meter reading device. Alternatively, the electronic device  100  may be a mobile phone which authenticates with a mobile phone network using an international mobile equipment identifier (IMEI). Thus, the processor  110  would be a mobile phone processor for operating the mobile phone and transmitting information, including voice information. Alternatively, the electronic device  100  may be wireless sensor which operates in a wireless network requiring authentication. 
     In one embodiment, one or more of a plurality of the electronic devices  100  may be paired with a server  120  when the electronic device  100  is manufactured. Each secure authentication device  200  has its own private key generator on board and generates its own private key. In addition, each device  200  may identify (or is assigned) an end date/time in the future to associate with its private key. The identified end date/time should be sufficiently far enough in the future so as to outlast the life expectancy of the device, such as a date/time fifty years into the future. The secure authentication device  200  stores the private key and the identified end date/time internally, such as in a non-volatile memory. 
     In operation, each secure authentication device  200  determines an amount of time between the current date/time and the end date/time. The amount of time can be measured in any unit, such as seconds, milliseconds, minutes, etc. Each secure authentication device  200  performs a number of hashes on the private key derived from the amount of time and provides the resulting hash (i.e., a first identifying value) to the processor  110 . The number of hashes may be the difference, a linear value derived from the difference or some other value based in whole or in part on the difference. The processor  110  transmits the following information to the server  120 : the first identifying value, the current date/time provided by a clock  160 , and an identifier (an “ID”) of the electronic device  100 , such as an IMEI of a mobile phone. The server  120  includes an interface  122  for receiving the transmitted information and a processor  124  operatively connected to the interface  122  and a memory  126 , such as in a data store. The processor stores in the memory  126  the identifier of the electronic device  100 , the first identifying value, and the current date/time. However, the secure authentication device  200  never provides the private key to the server  120 . Thus, the private key is not transmitted so that the private key cannot be obtained by a third party by receiving the transmitted information or by accessing the server  120 . As a result, the security of the device  100  and the server  120  are not compromised. The initial keying operations of the secure authentication device are discussed in more detail in  FIG. 4  below. 
     The server  120  can authenticate each electronic device  100 , or the electronic device  100  can initiate authentication with the server at a later time (referred to as a “later current date/time”). During authentication, each secure authentication device  200  determines the later current date/time and determines the amount of time (e.g., seconds) between the later current date/time and the end date/time stored on the secure authentication device  200 . The secure authentication device  200  hashes the private key based on the amount of time (e.g., the hashes may be a number of times derived from the number of seconds between the later current date/time and the end date/time) to generate a second identifying value. The secure authentication device  200  provides the second identifying value to the processor  110  which provides the second identifying value to the server  120 , along with the device identifier and the later current date/time. The server  120  determines the amount of time (e.g., the number of seconds) between the later current date/time received from the secure authentication device  200  and the prior date/time last received when the electronic device  100  was authenticated (e.g., the immediately previous current date/time of the first identifying value). If the electronic device  100  was not previously authenticated, this prior date/time would be the date/time when the electronic device  100  was first paired with the server. The server  120  determines the amount of time (e.g., the difference in number of seconds) between the later current date/time and the prior dates/times and hashes the received second identifying value a number of times derived from the amount of time (e.g., the number of seconds). The resulting second identifying value should be equal to the previous (first) identifying value received from the secure authentication device  200  of device  100 . In particular, if the resulting value is equal to the previous (first) identifying value received from the secure authentication device  200  of device  100 , then the authentication is confirmed. Otherwise, if the resulting value is not equal to the previous (first) identifying value received from the secure authentication device  200  of device  100 , then the authentication fails and the device is not authenticated. The operations of verifying or authenticating a secure authentication device  200  are discussed in more detail in  FIGS. 4-5  below. 
     Since the private key is only stored within the secure authentication device  200 , only the secure authentication device  200  could perform a number of hashes on the private key derived from an amount of time between the end date/time and the later current date/time, and provide the result to the server  120 . The server then continues to hash the identifying value a number of times derived from the amount of time (e.g., the number of seconds) since the prior identifying value was received from the secure authentication device  200 . If a strong hash function is used, such as a Secure Hash Algorithm-256 (SHA-256), it may be very difficult for a third party to reverse the hash the number of times to identify the private key. Thus, it may be very difficult for a third party to determine the private key based on the identifying values provided by the secure authentication device  200 . 
       FIG. 2  is a block diagram of the secure authentication device  200  according to one embodiment. The secure authentication device  200  includes an optional interface  220  (shown with dashed lines), a private key generator  230  (e.g., an entropy source) for generating a private key (P.K.), a non-volatile memory  240  for storing at least the private key, an index source  250  providing an index number, a hash engine  260 , and a logical interconnection  270  between the private key generator  230 , the non-volatile memory  240 , the index source  250 , the hash engine  260 , and the optional interface  220 . The hash engine  260  uses the private key to generate the identifying value (I.V.) which is provided to a communication device  280  via the logical interconnection  270  and any optional interface  220 . As noted herein, the identifying value is for use in authenticating the device  200 . The interface  220  is optional because the logical interconnection  270  may communicate directly with the communication device  280 . The optional interface  220  may be a serial interface, an inter-integrated circuit (I 2 C) interface, a system packet interface (SPI), or generally any interface capable of communicating between the logical connection  270  and the communication device  280  (e.g., a mobile phone). The interface  220  may be wired and/or wireless and may be part of the communication device  280 . 
     The logical interconnection  270  may be any circuit capable of communicating between the private key generator  230 , the non-volatile memory  240 , the index source  250 , the hash engine  260 , and the communication device  280  via the optional interface  220 . For example, the logical interconnection  230  may be an application specific integrated circuit (ASIC), a field-programmable gate array (FPGA), a complex programmable logic device (CPLD), or generally any programmable logic or programmable device. 
     The hash engine  260  may be any engine capable of performing a hash, such as a cryptographic hash. In one embodiment, the hash engine  240  performs one or more of Secure Hash Algorithm (SHA) hashes, such as SHA-256, or SHA-512, RACE Integrity Primitives Evaluation Message Digest (RIPEMD) hashes, such as RIPEMD-128 or RIPEMD-160, Message-Digest algorithm 5 (MD5) hashes, or generally any hash algorithm. In one embodiment, the hash engine  260  may implement a symmetric cryptographic authentication protocol, such as TESLA (timed efficient stream loss-tolerant authentication). 
     The private key generator  230  may be any source capable of generating a substantially random number to be used as a private key. In one embodiment, the private key generator  230  may be the random number generator disclosed in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/511,405 (US 2013/0013657 A1) entitled “Random Number Generator,” filed on Nov. 18, 2010 which claims priority from U.S. Patent Application No. 61/264,625 which was filed the same day as the U.S. Patent Application No. 61/264,312 from which the present application claims priority. U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/511,405 (US 2013/0013657 A1) is incorporated by reference herein. The memory  240  may be non-volatile memory capable of storing a private key, such as a random number, and an end date/time. The index source  250  may be a clock source, an internal oscillator, or generally any oscillating signal generator source integral with or separate from the device  200 . Alternatively, the index source  250  may be internal time references (or the ability to determine the approximate passage of time) which do not require active power or clock sources. As used herein, the index source  250  may be a port or input to device  200  so that the index generator or clock would be external to device  200 . 
     In operation in one embodiment, the private key generator  230  generates a random number to be used as the private key (P.K.). In this embodiment, it is assumed that the index source  250  is a clock, that the index number may represent a current date/time and that a future end date/time is used as a reference number. The reference number may be stored in the memory  240 , in which case the logical interconnection has internal logic configured such that only a hash engine  260  can access the reference number. Alternatively, the reference number may be stored in a separate memory (not shown). The logical interconnection  230  stores the random number in the memory  240 , and the logical interconnection has internal logic configured such that only the hash engine  260  can access the random number. When the secure authentication device  200  is paired with a verifying device such as server  120 , the logical interconnection  270  identifies the current date/time and indicates to the hash engine  260  a number of seconds from the end date/time stored in the memory  240  and the current date/time. The current date/time may be identified internally by the secure authentication device  200  so as to prevent a third party from providing a date/time in the future to the secure authentication device  200 . The hash engine  260  then performs a number of hashes on the random number, the number of hashes derived from the number of seconds. The resulting hash value (i.e., the identifying value I.V.), the current date/time, and an identifier of the secure authentication device  200  are provided to the server  120 . In one embodiment, the identifier of the secure authentication device  200  is pre-programmed into the memory  240  of the secure authentication device  200 . 
     Alternatively, the server  120  may provide an identifier to the secure authentication device  200  upon receiving the hash value and the current date/time from the secure authentication device  200 . In this embodiment, the secure authentication device  200  stores the device identifier in the memory  260 , and the server  120  stores the hash value, the current date/time and the device identifier externally to the secure authentication device  200 , such as in a data store. The initial keying operations of the secure authentication device are discussed in more detail in  FIG. 4  below. 
     In an authentication operation, the logical interconnection  270  indicates to the hash engine  260  the difference in seconds between the current date/time as indicated by the clock and the end date/time stored in memory  240 . The hash engine  260  performs a number of hashes on the random number derived from the indicated number of seconds. The logical interconnection  270  via the optional interface  220  provides the hash value, the current date/time and the device identifier to a verifying device such as server  120 . The server  120  then continues to hash the hash value for a number of times derived from the number of seconds since the prior authentication of the secure authentication device  200  or the initialization of the secure authentication device  200 . The resulting hash value should equal the previous hash value provided by the secure authentication device  200 . The operations of verifying or authenticating a secure authentication device  200  are discussed in more detail in  FIGS. 4-5  below. 
     Thus, in one embodiment as illustrated in  FIG. 2 , the invention comprises a device including the logical interconnection  270  and the non-volatile memory  240  connected to the logical interconnection  270 . The private key generator  230  generates the private key P.K. and is connected to the logical interconnection  270  for providing the private key P.K. via the logical interconnection  270  to the non-volatile memory  240  for storing the private key P.K. in the non-volatile memory  240 . The hash engine  260  connects to the logical interconnection  270  and receives the private key P.K. via the logical interconnection  270 , performing a number of hashes on the private key P.K. to generate the identifying value I.V., the number of hashes based on the index number indicated by the index source  250  (e.g., based on the difference between the index number and a reference number). The logical interconnection  270  via the optional interface  220  provides the identifying value I.V. to a verifying device, such as server  120 . 
     In one embodiment, the logical interconnection  270 , the private key generator  230 , the non-volatile memory  240  and the hash engine  260  constitute a unitary, integrated device, such as an ASIC, and/or FPGA, and/or CPLD. The unitary, integrated device is configured such that the logical interconnection  270  stores the private key only in the non-volatile memory  240  and provides the private key stored in the non-volatile memory  240  only to the hash engine  260 . As a result, the unitary, integrated device is configured such that the private key stored in the non-volatile memory is inaccessible by other devices so that other devices cannot obtain the private key to compromise security. In other words, other devices cannot read the private key stored in the unitary, integrated device because such a device does not present a port or input/output which can be accessed. 
     In one embodiment implementing TESLA (timed efficient stream loss-tolerant authentication), it is contemplated that the number of hashes by the hash engine  260  is based on and may be derived from the difference between the index number provided by the index source  250  and a reference number. For example, if the index source is a clock source and the index number is a clock number, then the number of hashes may be based on the difference between the clock number and a reference time. As a more specific example, the clock number may be a current timestamp and the reference time may be an end timestamp so that the number of hashes is based on the difference between the current timestamp and an end timestamp. In some embodiments, the end timestamp comprises a far future date to exceed the life expectancy of the secure authentication device  200 . As used herein, a far future date means a date such as the current date/time plus at least ten years or a date such as the current date/time plus at least fifty years or more. 
     In one embodiment implementing TESLA (timed efficient stream loss-tolerant authentication), it is contemplated that the secure authentication device  200  comprises a cryptographically secure authentication chip, which uses the private key generator  230  to create a “base key” named K 0  which is a root key and is not released publicly. This base key K 0  is used as an origin for the TESLA key chain which consists of indices 1 . . . N and associated keys K 1  . . . K N  where each successive key K i  is computed as a cryptographically secure hash of the previous key K i−1  using the formula K i =SHA256_HASH(i−1|K i−1 ). During the manufacturing of the device  200  an authorized facility, upon initialization and internal keying, only N and K N  are disclosed from the device  200  and represent “a cryptographic DNA signature” for the device  200 . In this manner, a TESLA key-chain is created internal to the device  200  and is not exposed. Subsequent releases of indices and keys from the device  200  can later be used for absolute authentication of an endpoint, indicating its pedigree as an authorized manufactured product. 
       FIG. 3  is a block diagram of a secure authentication device having a processor, referred to herein as a secure authentication processor  300 , according to one embodiment. The secure authentication processor  300  includes a processor  330 , an index source such as a clock source  340 , a private key generator  350 , and a memory  360 . The device  300  may include an optional interface  320  for communicating with a communication device  370 , such as a mobile phone. The interface  320  is optional because the processor  330  may communicate directly with the communication device  370 . The processor  330  may be a microprocessor, a controller, or generally any processor. In this embodiment, the processor  330  provides the interconnection between the private key generator and the memory  260 . In one embodiment, the processor  330  is part of a circuit which is not accessible externally to the circuit, which may be an ASIC, and/or FPGA, and/or CPLD. It is also contemplated that the processor  330  may be configured or programmed to perform one or more hash algorithms, such as a Secure Hash Algorithm (SHA) hashes, RACE Integrity Primitives Evaluation Message Digest (RIPEMD) hashes, Message-Digest algorithm 5 (MD5) hashes, or generally any hash algorithms. Alternatively, the processor may interconnect with a separate hash engine (not shown in  FIG. 3 ; see  FIG. 2 , for example). Alternatively, the processor  330  may be a separate processor such as a processor of a communication device  370 . However, using a separate processor as processor  330  may impact the security of the device  300  if the separate processor is accessible, as it may permit other devices to access the private key stored in the memory  360 . The private key generator  350  may be any source capable of generating a substantially random number to be used as a private key. 
     In operation in one embodiment, the private key generator  350  generates a random number to be used as a private key. The processor  330  determines an end date/time and stores the end date/time and the random number in the memory  360 . When the secure authentication processor  300  is paired with a verifying device such as server  120 , the processor  330  identifies the current date/time and determines a difference such as a number of seconds from the end date/time stored in the memory  360  and the current date/time. The current date/time is often identified internally by the secure authentication processor  300  so as to prevent a third party from providing a date/time in the future to the secure authentication processor  300 . The processor  330  then performs a number of hashes derived from the number of seconds on the random number. The resulting hash value, the current date/time, and an identifier of the secure authentication processor  300  are provided to a verifying device, such as server  120  to which the processor is paired. The identifier of the secure authentication processor  300  may be pre-programmed into the memory  360  of the secure authentication processor  300 . Alternatively, the verifying device may provide an identifier to the secure authentication processor  300  upon receiving the hash value and the current date/time from the secure authentication processor  300 . The secure authentication processor  300  stores the device identifier in the memory  360 , and the verifying device stores the hash value, the current date/time and the device identifier externally to the secure authentication processor  300 , such as in a data store. The initial keying operations of the secure authentication processor  300  are discussed in more detail in  FIG. 4  below. 
     In an authentication operation, the processor  330  retrieves the end date/time and the random number from the memory  360 . The processor  330  identifies the current date/time and determines the number of seconds between the current date/time and the end date/time. The processor  330  then performs a number of hashes on the random number derived from the determined number of seconds. The processor  330  via the optional interface  320  provides the hash value, the current date/time and the device identifier to a verifying device, such as server  120 . The verifying device then continues to hash the hash value for a number of times derived from the number of seconds since the prior authentication of the secure authentication processor  300  or the initialization of the secure authentication processor  300 . The resulting hash value should equal the previous hash value provided by the secure authentication processor  300 . The operations of verifying or authenticating a secure authentication processor  300  are discussed in more detail in  FIGS. 4-5  below. Alternatively, in one embodiment, the processor  330  may use a reference and an index number instead of the end date/time and the current date/time. 
       FIG. 4A  is a flow chart illustrating an exemplary internal keying operation of the secure authentication device of  FIG. 2 , or other secure authentication devices embodiments of the invention. The operations of  FIG. 4A  are described as being performed by the secure authentication device  200 , or specific components thereof However, the operations may be performed by any of the components of the secure authentication device  200  or of the secure authentication processor  300 , such as any of the components described in  FIGS. 2-3  above. For explanatory purposes, the operations of  FIG. 4A  are illustrated and discussed as linear. However, the operations of  FIG. 4A  may also operate in parallel, i.e. one or more of the operations may be performed simultaneously. In one embodiment, the internal keying operation of  FIG. 4A  may be implemented in computer/processor executable instructions stored on a computer/processor readable tangible storage media, such as a non-volatile memory. In another embodiment, the instructions may be implemented by programmable logic. 
     At  401 , a random number is generated by the private key generator  230  of the secure authentication device  200 . At  402 , the secure authentication device  200  identifies or determines a reference number (e.g., an end date/time). Alternatively, the reference number may be programmed into the memory  260  of the secure authentication device  200  at the time of manufacture. In one embodiment, the index number is taken from a series of decreasing numbers so that the second index number generated at a later time of authentication is less than the first index generated at an earlier time. 
     At  403 , the secure authentication device  200  stores the random number and the reference number, such as in the memory  240 . At  404 , the secure authentication device  200  determines a difference between the reference number and an index number, such as provided by index source  250 . At  405 , the secure authentication device  200  hashes the random number a number of times derived from the determined difference. At  406 , the secure authentication device  200  outputs, the hash, the index number and/or a device identifier to a verifying device such as a server  120  to which the device  200  is paired. The verifying device may assign a device identifier to the secure authentication device  200  and/or may provide the device identifier to the secure authentication device  200 . The secure authentication device  200  may store the device identifier in the memory  240 . Since the device  200  stores the random number in memory  240  via the logic interconnection  270 , the random number is not accessible externally so that other device cannot access the random number and compromise the security of the device. 
       FIG. 4B  is a flow chart illustrating another exemplary internal keying operation of the secure authentication device of  FIG. 2 , or other secure authentication devices embodiments of the invention. The operations of  FIG. 4B  are described as being performed by the secure authentication device  200 , or specific components thereof However, the operations may be performed by any of the components of the secure authentication device  200  or of the secure authentication processor  300 , such as any of the components described in  FIGS. 2-3  above. For explanatory purposes, the operations of  FIG. 4B  are illustrated and discussed as linear. However, the operations of  FIG. 4B  may also operate in parallel, i.e. one or more of the operations may be performed simultaneously. In one embodiment, the internal keying operation of  FIG. 4B  may be implemented in computer/processor executable instructions stored on a computer/processor readable tangible storage media, such as a non-volatile memory. In another embodiment, the instructions may be implemented by programmable logic. 
     At  410 , a random number is generated by the private key generator  230  of the secure authentication device  200 . At  420 , the secure authentication device  200  identifies an end date/time. The end date/time may be identified such that the end date/time exceeds the life expectancy of the secure authentication device  200 , such as the current date/time plus fifty years. Alternatively, the end date/time may be programmed into the memory  260  of the secure authentication device  200  at the time of manufacture. 
     At  430 , the secure authentication device  200  stores the random number and the end date/time, such as in the memory  240 . At  440 , the secure authentication device  200  determines an amount of time from the current date/time to the end date/time. The amount of time may be measured in any increment of time, such as seconds, minutes, milliseconds, days, etc. At  450 , the secure authentication device  200  hashes the random number a number of times derived from the determined amount of time. At  460 , the secure authentication device  200  outputs, the hash, the current date/time and a device identifier to a verifying device, such as a server  120  to which the device  200  is paired. Alternatively, the secure authentication device  200  may output the hash and the current date/time. The verifying device may assign a device identifier to the secure authentication device  200  and/or may provide the device identifier to the secure authentication device  200 . The secure authentication device  200  may store the device identifier in the memory  240 . 
       FIG. 5  is a flowchart illustrating the operation of a verifying device such as server  120  authenticating the secure authentication device  200 , or other secure authentication devices. For explanatory purposes, the operations of  FIG. 5  are illustrated and discussed as operating linearly. However, the operations of  FIG. 5  may also operate in parallel, i.e. one or more of the operations may operate simultaneously. 
     At  510 , the server  120  requests the secure authentication device  200  to authenticate itself. Alternatively or in addition, the secure authentication device  200  may initiate a request to authenticate itself with the server  120 . For example, the secure authentication device  200  may wish to communicate data to the server  120 , and the server  120  may require that the secure authentication device  210  authenticate before communicating the data. At  520 , the processor  124  of server  120  receives from the secure authentication device  200  via interface  122  the following information: a device identifier, a date/time and a hash value. The received information is stored in memory  126 . At  530 , the processor  124  of the server  120  retrieves from memory  126  the date/time of the prior authentication of the secure authentication device  200  associated with the device identifier, such as from a data store. The server  120  also retrieves from memory  126  the prior hash value received from the secure authentication device  200 . The date/time of the prior authentication of the secure authentication device  200  associated with the device identifier and the prior hash value received from the secure authentication device  200  may be from the initial pairing of the device  200  with the server  120 . 
     At  540 , the processor  124  of server  120  determines the amount of time from the received date/time to the prior authentication date/time. The amount of time may be measured in any time increment, such as seconds, minutes, days, etc; however, the time increment should be the same time increment used when the secure authentication device  200  was paired with the server  120 . For example, if the time increment used when the secure authentication device  200  was paired with the server  120  was measured in seconds, then the amount of time from the receive date/time to the prior authentication date/time should also be measured in seconds. 
     At  550 , the processor  124  of the server  120  hashes the hash value received from the secure authentication device  200  a number of times derived from the determined amount of time. For example, if the determined amount of time is one hundred seconds, the secure authentication device  200  may hash the hash value one hundred times. At  555 , the processor  124  of the server  120  determines whether the result of the hash equals the prior hash value received from the secure authentication device  200 . If, at  555 , the processor  124  of the server  120  determines that the result of the hash does not equal the prior received hash, the server  120  moves to  560 . At  560 , the processor  124  of the server  120  determines that the authentication of the secure authentication device  200  has failed. The server  120  may communicate to the secure authentication device  200  that the authentication has failed. If, at  555 , the processor  124  of the server  120  determines that the result of the hash equals the prior received hash, the server  120  moves to  570 . At  570 , the processor  124  of the server  120  determines that the authentication is successful. The server  120  may communicate to the secure authentication device  200  that the authentication has failed. 
       FIG. 6  is a flowchart illustrating an authentication operation of the secure authentication device of  FIG. 2 , or other secure authentication devices. The operations of  FIG. 6  are described as being performed by the secure authentication device  200 , or specific components thereof However, the operations may be performed by any of the components of the secure authentication device  200  or of the secure authentication processor  300 , such as any of the components described in  FIGS. 2-3  above. For explanatory purposes, the operations of  FIG. 6  are illustrated and discussed as operating linearly. However, the operations of  FIG. 6  may also operate in parallel, i.e. one or more of the operations may operate simultaneously. 
     At  610 , the secure authentication device  200  receives an authentication request, such as from a server  120 . Alternatively or in addition, the secure authentication device  200  may request to authenticate with the server  120 . For example, the secure authentication device  200  may wish to communicate data, or perform an action on the server  120 , or vice-versa. Alternatively, the server  120  may wish to verify the identity of the secure authentication device  200 . At  620 , the secure authentication device  200  retrieves the random number and the end date/time (i.e., a reference number) from the memory  260 . At  630 , the secure authentication device  200  determines an amount of time from a current date/time to the end date/time (i.e., the device  200  determines a difference between an index number and the reference number). The amount of time may be measured in any increment of time, such as seconds, minutes, days, etc. 
     At  640 , the secure authentication device  200  hashes the random number a number of times derived from the determined amount of time (i.e., based on the difference). For example, if the amount of time is one thousand seconds, the secure authentication device  200  may hash the random number one thousand times. At  650 , the secure authentication device  200  provides the hash value, the current date/time, and a device identifier, if any, to the server  120 , such as through the optional interface  220  (i.e., the device  200  provides the identifying value and the index number to the verifying device for use in authenticating the device). 
       FIG. 7  is a flowchart illustrating an internal keying and/or a cryptographic key sharing operation of the secure authentication device of  FIGS. 1-3 , or other secure authentication devices. The operations of  FIG. 7  are illustrated and described as being performed by secure authentication devices  200 , or specific components thereof. However, the operations may be performed by any of the components of the secure authentication devices  200  or of the secure authentication processor  300 , such as any of the components described in  FIGS. 1-3  above. For explanatory purposes, the operations of  FIG. 7  are discussed as operating linearly. However, the operations of  FIG. 7  may also operate in parallel, i.e. one or more of the operations may operate simultaneously. For explanatory purposes, the operations of  FIG. 7  are discussed with regard to the sharing of cryptographic keys used in the hashing operations. However, the operations of  FIG. 7  may also include the sharing of private keys with the cryptographic keys or the sharing of only private keys. 
     At  710 , a first secure authentication device  200  and a second secure authentication device  200 ′ are identified. In one embodiment, the second secure device  200 ′ comprises the server  120 . The first and second secure authentication devices may be devices which may engage in secure communications. At  720 , the first secure authentication device  200  is connected to the second secure authentication device  200 ′. The secure authentication devices may be connected using a wired connection, so as to minimize the risk of the communication being intercepted or otherwise determined Alternatively, the secure authentication devices may be connected using a wireless connection. At  730 , the connected secure authentication devices perform secure key establishment to arrive at a common root key and/or a common private key to be used by their hash engines (example is Diffie Hellman key exchange). At  740 , the devices are disconnected from each other and separated, ready for use. The messages may be encrypted and/or authenticated using the operations discussed in  FIGS. 4-6  and/or as noted below. 
     At  750 , the first secure authentication device  200  and the second secure authentication device  200 ′ use the shared root key to communicate encrypted messages back and forth, and/or to authenticate communications back and forth. With regard to communication between the first secure authentication device  200  and the second secure authentication device  200 ′, both devices have the same authentication chain for the aforementioned use, and both can also compute a separate crypto-key-chain. Secure communications between the devices by using identical crypto-keys (for symmetric key cryptography) is now possible by the first device exposing only a common index number to the second device. Since the crypto keys and/or the random numbers have not been exposed externally by the devices, communications between the devices may be substantially secure. 
     With regard to one of the devices authenticating the other, the following is also contemplated as an alternative or in addition to the above. At  760 , the first device  200  may authenticate the second device  200 ′ by providing a random private key to the second device  200 ′ (or visa versa). The first device uses the shared common root key to compute a first identifying value based on the provided random private key. At  770 , the second device would use the shared common root key to compute a second identifying value based on the provided random private key. The computed second identifying value is provided to the first device to authenticate the second device. At  780 , the first device compares the second identifying value to its first identifying value. If the second identifying value equals the first identifying value, the second device is authenticated; otherwise, the second device is not authenticated. In other words, the second device verifies to the first device that it knows the shared root key and is able to perform the same hashing operations as the first device on a random private key provided by the first device to the second device. 
     Thus, in one embodiment, the invention comprises a method for cryptographically pairing a first device  200  having a first hash engine  260  and a first private key generator  230  for generating a first private key P.K. to a second device  200 ′. At  710 , the second device  200 ′ having a second hash engine  260 ′ and a second private key generator  230 ′ for generating a second private key P.K.&#39; is identified. The first device  200  and the second device  200 ′ are connected at  720  and generate a common root key at  730 . The devices are disconnected at  740 . The common root key and the first private key are used by the first hash engine  260  of the first device  200  to cryptographically communicate with the second device  200 ′ and the common root key and the second private key are used by the second hash engine  260 ′ of the second device  200  to cryptographically communicate with the first device  200 . 
     In another embodiment, a method for pairing devices for cryptographic communication is provided. A first device  200  and a second device  200 ′ are identified at  710 . Each device may be as illustrated in  FIG. 2 . The first device  200  is connected to the second device  200 ′ and a common root key is generated by the connected devices for use by each hash engine of each device. The first device  200  uses the common root key via its hash engine to cryptographically communicate with the second device  200 ′ and visa versa. Optionally, each device may have an index source for use by the hash engine wherein each hash engine generates an identifying value based on the index source, the private key and the common root key. The generated identifying value is provided via the logical interconnection for use in authenticating the device. 
     In one embodiment, a cryptographic electronic device  200  is provided including a private key generator  230  for generating a private key P.K.; a non-volatile memory  240  for storing at least the private key; a hash engine  260  using the private key and using a common root key used by at least one other device  200 ′ to which this device  200  is paired; and a logical interconnection  270  between the private key generator, the non-volatile memory and the hash engine. The hash engine generates an identifying value based on the private key and the common root key. The identifying value is provided via the logical interconnection for use in authenticating the device  200  with the other device  200 ′ and the common root key is used to cryptographically communicate with the other device  200 ′. 
     In one embodiment, a system for cryptographic communication comprises a plurality of devices, wherein each device  200  comprises:
     a private key generator  230  for generating a private key;   a non-volatile memory  240  for storing at least the private key;   a hash engine  260  using a common root key and the private key; and   a logical interconnection  270  between the private key generator, the non-volatile memory, and the hash engine.
 
Each of the devices shares the common root key which is generated by connecting the devices together. Each of the hash engines of each of the devices  200  is configured to use the common root key to cryptographically communicate with other devices  200 ′ of the plurality of devices.
   

     As a result, two separate chains can be computed using (at least) a single different bit in the hash chain for each computed chain, and thus the two chains generate two identifying values, each of which appears to be “unrelated” to the other unless one knows the “root random” (i.e., the root key and/or the random number) by which both chains and resulting identifying values were generated. This provides both authentication and cryptographic security using the same mechanism but two different chains. 
     The methods described herein may be implemented by software programs executable by a computer system. Further, implementations may include distributed processing, component/object distributed processing, and parallel processing. Alternatively or in addition, virtual computer system processing maybe constructed to implement one or more of the methods or functionality as described herein. 
     The illustrations described herein are intended to provide a general understanding of the structure of various embodiments. The illustrations are not intended to serve as a complete description of all of the elements and features of apparatus, processors, and systems that utilize the structures or methods described herein. Many other embodiments may be apparent to those of skill in the art upon reviewing the disclosure. Other embodiments may be utilized and derived from the disclosure, such that structural and logical substitutions and changes may be made without departing from the scope of the disclosure. Additionally, the illustrations are merely representational and may not be drawn to scale. Certain proportions within the illustrations may be exaggerated, while other proportions may be minimized Accordingly, the disclosure and the figures are to be regarded as illustrative rather than restrictive. 
     The above disclosed subject matter is to be considered illustrative, and not restrictive, and the appended claims are intended to cover all such modifications, enhancements, and other embodiments, which fall within the true spirit and scope of the description. Thus, to the maximum extent allowed by law, the scope is to be determined by the broadest permissible interpretation of the following claims and their equivalents, and shall not be restricted or limited by the foregoing detailed description. 
     For purposes of illustration, programs and other executable program components, such as the operating system, are illustrated herein as discrete blocks. It is recognized, however, that such programs and components reside at various times in different storage components of the computer, and are executed by the data processor(s) of the computer. 
     Although described in connection with an exemplary computing system environment, embodiments of the invention are operational with numerous other general purpose or special purpose computing system environments or configurations. The computing system environment is not intended to suggest any limitation as to the scope of use or functionality of any aspect of the invention. Moreover, the computing system environment should not be interpreted as having any dependency or requirement relating to any one or combination of components illustrated in the exemplary operating environment. Examples of well known computing systems, environments, and/or configurations that may be suitable for use with aspects of the invention include, but are not limited to, personal computers, server computers, hand-held or laptop devices, multiprocessor systems, microprocessor-based systems, set top boxes, programmable consumer electronics, mobile telephones, network PCs, minicomputers, mainframe computers, distributed computing environments that include any of the above systems or devices, and the like. 
     Embodiments of the invention may be described in the general context of computer-executable instructions, such as program modules, executed by one or more computers or other devices. Generally, program modules include, but are not limited to, routines, programs, objects, components, and data structures that perform particular tasks or implement particular abstract data types. Aspects of the invention may also be practiced in distributed computing environments where tasks are performed by remote processing devices that are linked through a communications network. In a distributed computing environment, program modules may be located in both local and remote computer storage media including memory storage devices. 
     In operation, computers and/or servers may execute the computer-executable instructions such as those illustrated herein to implement aspects of the invention. 
     The order of execution or performance of the operations in embodiments of the invention illustrated and described herein is not essential, unless otherwise specified. That is, the operations may be performed in any order, unless otherwise specified, and embodiments of the invention may include additional or fewer operations than those disclosed herein. For example, it is contemplated that executing or performing a particular operation before, contemporaneously with, or after another operation is within the scope of aspects of the invention. 
     Embodiments of the invention may be implemented with computer-executable instructions. The computer-executable instructions may be organized into one or more computer-executable components or modules on a tangible computer readable storage medium. Aspects of the invention may be implemented with any number and organization of such components or modules. For example, aspects of the invention are not limited to the specific computer-executable instructions or the specific components or modules illustrated in the figures and described herein. Other embodiments of the invention may include different computer-executable instructions or components having more or less functionality than illustrated and described herein. 
     When introducing elements of aspects of the invention or the embodiments thereof, the articles “a,” “an,” “the,” and “said” are intended to mean that there are one or more of the elements. The terms “comprising,” “including,” and “having” are intended to be inclusive and mean that there may be additional elements other than the listed elements. 
     In view of the above, it will be seen that several advantages of the invention are achieved and other advantageous results attained. 
     Not all of the depicted components illustrated or described may be required. In addition, some implementations and embodiments may include additional components. Variations in the arrangement and type of the components may be made without departing from the spirit or scope of the claims as set forth herein. Additional, different or fewer components may be provided and components may be combined. Alternatively or in addition, a component may be implemented by several components. 
     Having described aspects of the invention in detail, it will be apparent that modifications and variations are possible without departing from the scope of aspects of the invention as defined in the appended claims. As various changes could be made in the above constructions, products, and methods without departing from the scope of aspects of the invention, it is intended that all matter contained in the above description and shown in the accompanying drawings shall be interpreted as illustrative and not in a limiting sense.