Patent Publication Number: US-2011056457-A1

Title: System and apparatus for condensation of liquid from gas and method of collection of liquid

Description:
FIELD OF THE DISCLOSURE 
     The present disclosure generally relates to an apparatus and system for condensation and collection of a liquid suspended in a gas, and more specifically, to an apparatus for condensation of water from air with a geometry designed to emphasize adiabatic condensation of water using either the Joule-Thompson effect or the Ranque-Hilsch vortex tube effect or a combination of the two. 
     BACKGROUND 
     Liquids may be in stable equilibrium within a gas. For example, water vapor, the gas phase of water under normal atmospheric conditions, is found in air in a relative humidity level ranging from a couple percentiles to saturation. This water vapor is generally evaporated from a liquid through the absorption of kinetic energy. When such water vapor leaves a volume of water, the rest of the water is cooled via a process called evaporative cooling. Humans sweat perspiration at the surface of their skin to cool the body. 
     As water vapor enters the air, relative humidity increases. Humidity is generally expressed in specific humidity or percentage of relative humidity. The temperatures of the atmosphere and the water surface determine the equilibrium vapor pressure. At 100% of relative humidity, the partial pressure of the water vapor is equal to the equilibrium vapor pressure. This effect is also called complete saturation. At a saturated atmospheric atmosphere at a temperature of 30° C., 30 grams of water can be stored in one cubic meter of air (0.03 ounce per cubic foot). 
     Since the molecular weight of water is 18.02 g/mol and the molecular weight of air is approximately 28.57 g/mol at standard temperature and pressure (STP), a mixture of water vapor and air has a molar volume of 22.414 liter/mol at STP. The saturation fraction of water in air at sea level increases from approximately 0.7% at 0° C., to 1.7% at 20° C., to 3% at 30° C. The maximum partial pressure (saturation pressure) of water vapor in air varies with temperature of the air and the water vapor mixture. For a given quantity of water vapor in air, as the air is cooled past the saturation pressure, water is extracted via condensation from the air. This condensation occurs in proximity of the gas on any surface capable of absorbing heat. A plurality of complex devices exist in the marketplace to extract liquids from gases, but these devices are bulky, require activation energy, and have moving parts. Devices and methods of extracting water vapor without activation energy or moving parts are needed. Water collected from condensation can also be blended into fuel in some types of combustion engines. 
     In thermodynamics, the Joule-Thomson effect, also known as the Joule-Kelvin effect or Kelvin-Joule effect, describes the temperature change of a gas or liquid when it is forced through a valve or a conduit while being insulated so that no heat is exchanged with its immediate environment. At room temperature, all gases except for hydrogen, helium, and neon cool upon expansion via the Joule-Thompson effect. An adiabatic (no heat exchanged) expansion of gas can be effected where a gas with a liquid phase at initial pressure P 1  flows into a region of lower pressure P 2  via a release mechanism under steady-state conditions and without a change in kinetic energy. During this process, enthalpy remains unchanged and causes cooling of the gas. This gas may in turn be warmed if placed in contact with a heat sink, which is also cooled in turn. As the gas cools and is placed in contact with a cold surface, condensation of the liquid fraction that reaches localized saturation occurs. 
     The Joule-Kelvin rate of change in temperature (T) with respect to a pressure P in a process at constant enthalpy H is the Joule-Thompson coefficient μ JT . This coefficient is expressed in terms of a gas&#39;s volume (V), the heat capacity at constant pressure CP, and the coefficient of thermal expansion of a gas (α), which is expressed as the following equation: 
     
       
         
           
             
               μ 
               JT 
             
             = 
             
               
                 
                   ( 
                   
                     
                       ∂ 
                       T 
                     
                     
                       ∂ 
                       P 
                     
                   
                   ) 
                 
                 H 
               
               = 
               
                 
                   V 
                   
                     C 
                     P 
                   
                 
                  
                 
                   ( 
                   
                       
                     
                       
                         α 
                          
                         
                             
                         
                          
                         T 
                       
                       - 
                       1 
                     
                     ) 
                   
                   ) 
                 
               
             
           
         
       
     
     As the gas cools, the coefficient μ JT  remains positive as long as the partial derivative of the temperature (∂T) is negative as the partial derivative of the pressure (∂P) also remains negative due to a loss of pressure from P 1  to P 2 . In a gas with a fixed quantity of water vapor, as the pressure drops as the positive Joule-Thompson coefficient between two successive areas in the flow of a gas is calculated. The conditions may exceed the saturation point and force local condensation. What is known in the art is the use of the Joule-Thomson effect to cool down a gas. 
     Another effect known to cool a stream of gas is the Ranque-Hilsch vortex tube. In a mechanical device, compressed gas can be separated into a hot and a cold stream using no moving parts under the Ranque-Hilsch vortex tube effect. Pressurized gas is injected tangentially into swirl chamber and accelerates to a high rate of rotation. Due to the conical nozzle at an end of the tube, only the outer shell of the compressed gas is allowed to escape at that end. The remainder of the gas is forced to return in an inner vortex of reduced diameter within the outer vortex. There is no commonly accepted theory for this effect, and there is debate as to which explanation is best or correct. What is usually agreed upon is that the air in a tube experiences mostly “solid body rotation,” which simply means the rotation rate of angular velocity of the inner gas is the same as that of the outer gas. There are currently very few industrial applications of this effect. One of these rare applications includes using the vortex tube energy separation as a method to recover waste pressure energy from high and low pressure sources. See Sachim U. Nimbalkar, Dr. M. R. Mueller, “Utilizing waster Pressure in Industrial Systems.”  Energy: Production, Distribution, and Conservation ,” ASME-ATI 2006, Milan. What is known in the art is the use of the Ranque-Hilsch vortex tube effect to cool a gas. 
     What is needed is an apparatus and an associated method of use for the cooling of gas and an apparatus also adapted for the extraction and condensed liquid from the gas, along with a method of production of liquid such as water from a gas such as air where the Joule-Thompson effect and the Ranque-Hilsch vortex tube effect are used alternately or in combination. 
     SUMMARY 
     The present disclosure generally relates to an apparatus for the condensation of a liquid suspended in a gas, and more specifically, to an apparatus for the condensation of water from air with a geometry designed to emphasize adiabatic condensation of water using either the Joule-Thompson effect or the Ranque-Hilsch vortex tube effect or a combination of the two. Several embodiments are disclosed and include the use of a Livshits-Teichner generator to extract water and unburned hydrocarbons from exhaust of combustion engines, to collect potable water from exhaust of combustion engines, to use the vortex generation as an improved heat process mechanism, to mix gases and liquid fuel efficiently, and an improved Livshits-Teichner generator with baffles and external condensation. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       Certain embodiments are shown in the drawings. However, it is understood that the present disclosure is not limited to the arrangements and instrumentality shown in the attached drawings. 
         FIG. 1  is schematic plan of a thermodynamic process for the condensation of liquid from gas where water is extracted from a gas such as an hot exhaust gas from an internal combustion engine. 
         FIG. 2  is a cross-sectional view of a Livshits-Teichner generator as part of the thermodynamic process shown as  FIG. 1  according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. 
         FIG. 3  is an isometric view of a Livshits vortex generator used for turbulent mixing and cooling of air as part of the Livshits-Teichner generator of  FIG. 2  according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. 
         FIG. 4  is a half section of the Livshits vortex generator of  FIG. 3 . 
         FIG. 5  is a transparent model of the Livshits vortex generator of  FIG. 3 . 
         FIG. 6  is a end view of another Livshits vortex generator having a smaller internal cavity and a heat exchange structure according to another embodiment of the disclosure. 
         FIG. 7  is a half section of the Livshits vortex generator of  FIG. 6 . 
         FIG. 8  is a half section of another type of heat exchange structure for placement within an internal cavity of a Livshits vortex generator according to another embodiment of the present disclosure. 
         FIG. 9  is another type of heat exchange structure for placement within an internal cavity of a Livshits vortex generator according to another embodiment of the present disclosure. 
         FIG. 10  is an isometric view of another embodiment of Livshits vortex generator used for turbulent mixing and cooling of air as part of the Livshits-Teichner generator of  FIG. 2  where the tangential channels are of variable width according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. 
         FIG. 11  is a transparent version of the half section illustration of the Livshits vortex generator of  FIG. 10 . 
         FIG. 12  is the cross-sectional view of the Livshits-Teichner generator of  FIG. 2  where filtering material is located within the internal cavity. 
         FIG. 13  is the schematic plan of a thermodynamic process for the condensation of liquid from gas where water is extracted from a gas such as hot exhaust gas from an internal combustion engine of  FIG. 1  where a device for the activation of a fuel mix is included as part of the process of the internal combustion engine. 
         FIG. 14  is another half isometric view of another Livshits-Teichner generator according to another embodiment of the present disclosure with kinetic energy brake disks used with several Livshits vortex generators and a water collection end. 
         FIG. 15  is another embodiment of the Livshits vortex generator according to  FIG. 3  with partial internal channels and full external channels according to another embodiment of the present disclosure. 
         FIG. 16  is a plan view of the dynamic flow of gas in a Livshits vortex generator in a Livshits-Teichner generator and external pipe as shown in  FIG. 14  according to another embodiment of the present disclosure. 
         FIG. 17  is the Livshits vortex generator of  FIG. 14  with a diaphragm and a biasing element within the internal cavity of the Livshits vortex generator according to another embodiment of the present disclosure. 
         FIG. 18  is the Livshits vortex generator of  FIG. 14  where the dynamic flow is indicated and the biasing element is shown in an open configuration. 
         FIG. 19  is the Livshits vortex generator of  FIG. 14  where a turbine generator is placed within the internal cavity according to another embodiment of the present disclosure. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
     For the purposes of promoting and understanding the principles disclosed herein, reference is now made to the preferred embodiments illustrated in the drawings, and specific language is used to describe the same. It is nevertheless understood that no limitation of the scope of the invention is hereby intended. Such alterations and further modifications in the illustrated devices and such further applications of the principles disclosed and illustrated herein are contemplated as would normally occur to one skilled in the art to which this disclosure relates. 
     Obtaining liquid from gas, such as water from air or water from exhaust gases of vehicles, can be very desirable when water is not readily available. Water vapor is normally present in air even in extremely dry climates, such as deserts, or in heated exhaust gases of vehicles. Gases can be naturally pressurized or can be pressurized using a pump before they enter a process. In one embodiment, water is collected using a Livshits-Teichner generator  105 ,  109  as seen in  FIG. 2  made of a plurality of Livshits rings  213  to extract water from exhaust gas to blend back into fuel for specific combustion engines where a fraction of water is useful to the fuel mix. In another embodiment, water is collected using the Livshits-Teichner generator to extract potable water from a gas. 
     Because of the compact size of the Livshits ring  213 , and thus the compact size of the Livshits-Teichner generator  105 ,  109 , the generators may be added to existing systems and processes to increase overall efficiency. Further, because no moving parts or external energy is needed aside from the pressure of input gas within the Livshits-Teichner generator  105 ,  109 , no additional energy source is needed and the generators can be used in conjunction with existing engines, fuel pressure pumps, compressors, exhaust gas flow, or any device where liquid separation from a gas is contemplated. In yet another embodiment, condensation may also be used to capture small particles such as soot particles from an exhaust gas to return unburned oxides to the combustion chamber for improved efficiency of devices. 
     While no particular application for the Livshits-Teichner generator  105 ,  109  is given, what is contemplated is the use of the generator in any stationary or nonstationary equipment, such as but not limited to a residential, commercial, industrial, or defensive application. 
       FIG. 1  shows a combustion cycle such as a diesel engine cycle where a tank  104  containing fuel such as diesel fuel is connected with a pump via a fuel pipeline  107  to a device for mixing and activations of a fuel mix  110 . The fuel mix device  110  is described with greater specificity in International Patent Application No. PCT/US2008/075366 filed on Sep. 5, 2008, and International Patent Application No. PCT/2008/075374 also filed on Sep. 5, 2008, where both applications are hereby fully incorporated herein by reference. The device  110  allows for the production of a mixture at an entry of a diesel engine  101  of an incompressible fluid, such as the diesel fuel from the tank  104  mixed with air from a compressor  103  and/or one or several auxiliary liquids such as water introduced at a connector  108  into the mixture. 
     As shown in the diagram of  FIG. 1 , water is introduced at the connector  108  from a first Livshits-Teichner generator  109  for producing water from exhaust gases of the diesel engine  101 . The engine  101  produces exhaust gases with water at a gas pipe  102  as byproduct of the burning reaction in the engine. In the diesel cycle, water vapor is often produced as a byproduct along with unburned hydrocarbons. As shown, part of the exhaust is diverted to the Livshits-Teichner generator  109  for extraction of water as explained hereafter and regeneration of the unburned fuel. 
       FIG. 1  shows that the first Livshits-Teichner generator  109  produces water and also traps small sooty particles of carbon that may be transported back into the fuel mixture to improve the efficiency of the overall cycle.  FIG. 1  also shows a second Livshits-Teichner generator  105  for extracting water from the exhaust fumes at gas pipe  102 . According to another embodiment described hereinafter, the second Livshits-Teichner generator  105  is used only for capturing water without soot particles to extract potable water at the output  106  of the device. In  FIG. 1 , the compressor  103  produces compressed air for operating the first Livshits-Teichner generator  109 , the second Livshits-Teichner generator  105 , and the device for mixing and activations of a fuel mix  110 . One of ordinary skill in the art will recognize that while a compressor  103  is shown as a source for pressurized gas for these devices  109 ,  105 , and  110 , what is contemplated is the use of any source of pressurized gas, either from an external source or an internal source, such as the outlet of the Livshits-Teichner generators  105 ,  109 . 
       FIG. 13  shows the same diagram as found in  FIG. 1  but where a second external source of fuel in a tank  1801  is connected to another inlet of the device for mixing and activations of a fuel mix  110 . The source of fuel is a liquefied natural gas or other gaseous fuel released in a third Livshits-Teichner generator  1802  also connected to the compressor  103  for the purpose of vortex mixing, temperature control, or extraction of a fraction of partial pressure of a liquid in suspension in the gas fuel.  FIGS. 1 and 13  show generally the versatility of the Livshits-Teichner generator generally as part of any thermodynamic system for the control of the characteristics of a gas, such as the extraction of a liquid from a gas, drying a gas, heating or cooling a gas, or even the possibility of mixing gases. 
     Turning now to the Livshits-Teichner generator  105  or  109  itself, which is shown in greater detail in  FIG. 2 , the device includes the output of a fluid such as portable water  106  or hydrocarbon-filled condensed water  108  as shown in  FIG. 1 . The device has an outer shell made of an external cylindrical housing  204  connected to two end flanges  212 ,  206 . Within the main portion of the generator  105 ,  109 , a series of Livshits rings  213  are stacked vertically on top of each other. Several embodiments of these rings  213  are shown at  FIGS. 3-5 ,  10 - 11 , and  15 . In  FIG. 2 , only the top ring  201  and the bottom ring  202  are shown in detail. The other rings are shown figuratively as being stacked between rings  201 ,  202 . For example, the Livshits-Teichner generator shown in  FIG. 14  shows only two stacked rings  1918 .  FIG. 2  illustrates a generator  105  having 10 stacked rings  213 . The use of any number of ring to create a generator of a desired size and configuration is contemplated. The size of the Livshits rings  213  are also calibrated to optimize the flow and create the needed pressure decrease to obtain the proper level of condensation resulting from localized saturation. 
     In one embodiment, the Livshits rings  213  are carved out from a single block of metal having high thermal storage capacity. The rings  213  may be made of stainless steel, but other metals, such as, for example, titanium, iron, aluminum, and copper, are contemplated.  FIG. 2  shows the Livshits-Teichner generator  105  in a vertical configuration. In this configuration, liquid condensate drops under gravity to the bottom receptacle  205  where it can be collected before exiting the generator  105  via the outlet  106 . While the generator  105  is shown in a vertical orientation, one of ordinary skill in the art of heat exchangers will understand that the orientation of the generator  105  can be changed with adequate design modifications to produce a collection vessel at the bottom of the housing made of a top flange  212 , a bottom flange  206 , and a housing wall  204  fixed using a fixation means to the top and bottom flanges  212 ,  206 , respectively. 
     In  FIG. 2 , the stacked rings  213  are oriented so the largest thickness of metal on the outer edge of the ring is located closest to the middle portion of the generator  105 . While this configuration is optimized to increase thermal inertial and condensation capacity, the rings  213  can be stacked in any configuration within the generator  105 . A heat exchange pipe  203  can be slid into the inner opening of the rings  213  to insulate the incoming gas within the exchanger device for cooling to a release exit gas as shown by the arrow or when insulated and the gas do not mix via the flange opening  207 . As shown by large arrows on the upper and lower ends of the generator  105  in this embodiment, the pipe  203  isolates the structure and allows it to operate as a heat exchange to remove heat from the pipe  203  and ultimately from the exhaust gas. If instead of a pipe  203  capable of insulating the flows, a heat exchanger as shown in  FIG. 7  is used, the incoming compressed air shown by the arrows can be merged and mixed into the upcoming stream of gas to be dried. Returning to  FIG. 2 , small openings  209  can be made for the compressed and cooled air to reach the flange opening  207  on one side and for the dripping water droplets to enter the receptacle  205  on the other side. 
     An opened area  214 , such as a cylindrical internal cavity, can be made between the rings  213  and the pipe  203  to allow for the vortex be created.  FIG. 3  is an isometric view of a Livshits ring  213  in a Livshits vortex generator  105 ,  109  according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.  FIGS. 4-5  are a half- and a semitransparent views of the ring  213  to illustrate the geometry and flow of the compressed air within the ring  213 . Compressed air is placed in contact with the external surface of the ring  213  as shown by the arrow, and more specifically, is in contact with a ring channel  302 . Pressurized gas then flows in openings  303  down into grooves  306  that open into an internal cavity  307  shown here as a cylindrical cavity with a cylindrical surface. 
     In one embodiment, to simplify the manufacture of the Livshits ring  213 , the openings  303  are performed in a top surface  308  to the ring channel  302 , and the grooves  306  are carved in the top surface  308 . In a preferred embodiment, the openings  303  are parallel to the principal axis of the Livshits-Teichner generator  105  and tangential to the ring channel  302 , and the grooves  306  are tangential to the openings  303  and are oriented inwardly from the openings  303  to the internal cavity  307  to create a directional flow of the gas traveling along from the ring channel  302  then up and through an opening  303  and through the groove  306  to finally arrive in the internal cavity  307 . Arrows illustrate the directional flow created in the internal cavity  307 . 
     Once the gas has traveled along the ring channel  302 , up the opening  303 , and along the groove  306 , it is then released into the internal cavity  307  using the Bernoulli principle but at a different pressure, thus creating a Joule-Thompson cooling effect. The same gas, is then pushed in a vortex configuration in the internal cavity  307  creating a Ranque-Hilsch vortex tube cooling effect. The grooves  306  as shown have a variable section and a rounded lower surface  305  but can also have a flat section. These grooves  306  are once again designed for simplicity in manufacturing (e.g., the need to carve out a groove instead of drilling a full hole) by having the grooves  306  closed by placing the top surface  308  against an adjacent flat surface such as an adjacent Livshits ring  213 . Boring holes to form the passageway for gas from the internal cavity  307  to the openings  303  or even boring a passageway directly from the internal cavity  307  to the ring channel  302  is also contemplated. 
     In the above embodiment, the grooves  308  are shown with a variable section that decreases as the groove  308  gets closer to the internal cavity  307 . This configuration allows the limitation and control of the pressure loss along the groove portion and thus create the greatest pressure drop (P 1 −P 2 ) localized at the opening between the groove  308  and the internal cavity  307 . As a consequence, the temperature loss under the Joule-Thompson cooling effect is greatest at the surface of the internal cavity  307 . Also, because of the creation of a vortex in the internal cavity  307  based on the orientation of the grooves  308 , the Ranque-Hilsch vortex tube cooling effect is also greatest at the surface of the internal cavity  307 . 
       FIG. 4  shows a particular geometry of the groove openings  309  in the internal cavity  307  and shows how the walls  304  are inclined as part of the ring channel  302  to help with the flow of gas and the transportation of excess condensation. In a preferred embodiment as shown in  FIG. 4 , the Livshits ring  213  is made of a single block of metal. The thickest portion of metal between the grooves  308  and the ring channel  302  serves as a heat sink for the accumulation of a greater portion of the heat from the cooling effect at the groove opening  309 . While one configuration of groove is shown, operating in tandem with the openings  303 , resulting in the creation at of two concurring cooling effect on the internal cavity  307 , the creation of any structure capable of recreating these conditions via a series of directional flow channels in structures is contemplated. 
       FIG. 6  and associated  FIG. 7  illustrate a Livshits ring  213  where an internal heat exchange structure  602  is equipped with different openings  601 ,  603  and radial fins for allowing greater surface area connection between an internal gas from an external source  701  and the compressed gas. In one embodiment, the internal heat exchange structure  602  does not cover the area where openings release gas past the groove openings  309  to preserve the Ranque-Hilsch vortex tube cooling effect. While small segments are shown  FIGS. 6-7  in the shape of pie slices,  FIG. 8  shows a different configuration of heat exchange structure  902  that may be used instead of the internal heat exchange structure  602  where fins are located both on the external  901  and the internal  903  portion of the heat exchange. One obvious advantage is to preserve in the central part of the internal cavity  307  even when equipped with the structure  902  a strong central flow of gas and a capacity to produce a strong vortex. 
       FIG. 9  shows yet another type of internal heat exchange structure  1001  made with square external radial fins  1006  with circular openings  1007  and small longitudinal fins  1002 , also with longitudinal square openings. While three different types of internal heat exchange structure  602 ,  902 , and  1001  are shown in  FIGS. 6-9 , respectively, the use of any type of heat exchange technology, either fixed to the internal cavity  307  of the Livshits ring  213  or a longer structure that can be slid into the internal cavity  307  formed by a plurality of stacked Livshits rings  213  as part of a Livshits-Teichner generator  105 , is contemplated. 
       FIG. 12  shows a Livshits-Teichner generator  105  where, in lieu of a rigid heat exchange, a wire mesh  1701  made of a deformed wire is inserted into the internal cavity  307 . In another embodiment of the Livshits ring  213  as shown on  FIGS. 10-11 , the internal cavity  307  is smaller in order to maintain a high velocity of air to compensate for the pressure reduction associated with the wire mesh  1701  slid into the internal cavity  307 . By using an internal cavity  307  having a small radius, the Ranque-Hilsch vortex tube cooling effect is increased and the Joule-Thompson cooling effect is proportionally decreased. 
     The Livshits-Teichner generator  105  offers many commercial advantages including its compactness, its operation without moving parts, the lack of need for an external energy source aside from a source of pressurized gas, the ability to install this technology on existing systems, and the modular capacity of the system that allows for the change to different configurations by simply changing a portion of the generator. In the case of efficient removal of water and unburned hydrocarbons from exhaust gases, the gases are filtered and reused as part of the cycle for an ultimate reduction in harmful gas emission. While a handful of uses are described, the implementation of this technology to any field where gases or liquids must be mixed, separated, and/or cooled is contemplated. 
       FIG. 14  shows another embodiment of the Livshits-Teichner generator  1900  with other flow changes. The generator  1900  still includes an inlet  1909  for the entry of compressed air that ultimately travels along a channel  1907  down a flange opening  1906  to an intermediate flange  1913  and into an internal chamber  1905 , also known as the high-pressure chamber, located between an external housing  1902  and an internal support membrane  1903 . The air then flows into the heart of the generator  1900  from the internal chamber  1905  via a series of windows  1904  made in the internal support membrane  1903 . In one embodiment, these windows  1904  are semi-elliptical in shape, but any geometry of window is contemplated as long as its opening aligns with the ring channels  1917  in each of the Livshits rings  1918 . 
     A series of baffles  1912 ,  1915 ,  1911 , and  1916 , each with different size holes located at different radii from the center, creates a baffle area where the air must travel as shown by the arrow before it leaves the generator  1900 . Bolts are used to connect the top flange  1908  with the bottom flange  1914 , closing the intermediate flange  1913  over both the internal support membrane  1903  and the external housing  1902 . Screws are used along with connection rods  1901  to fasten the device in place. While one industrial method of closure is illustrated, all other commonly known methods are contemplated, such as but not limited to external clips, the use of an external casing, magnetic elements, seal-locked flanges, clipped-in flanges, and the like. 
     In the Livshits-Teichner generator  1900 , the bottom Livshits ring as shown is modified to include holes  1919  for draining excess water  1920  that may condense on the external surface of the rings  1918 .  FIG. 15  shows another embodiment of a Livshits ring  2000  where drain grooves  2002  and  2005  are made on both the internal  2002  and the external surface  2005  of the ring  2000 . These drain grooves  2002 ,  2005  allow for easy transfer of liquid along these surfaces and increase the effective contact area of these surfaces. As shown, the absence of a groove is found in the area where gas is released from the grooves  2004 . While regularly spaced grooves  2002 ,  2005  are shown around the periphery of the ring  2000 , the use of any type of passageway capable of transporting fluid or gas effectively from one location to another is contemplated. For example, these grooves  2002 ,  2005  may be calibrated in size and shape based on the pressure in the internal chamber  1905  and the surface tension of the liquid to be transported. For example, if water droplets must be able to slide down the grooves, the grooves  2002 ,  2005  must be of sufficient size and geometry to allow for droplets to fall down and be transported under their own weight. 
       FIG. 16  shows how air can flow in the generator  1900  in the internal chamber  1905  through the different windows (shown by the arrows).  FIG. 17  shows the use of a diaphragm  2301  on the internal surface  2303  of the internal cavity. Small holes can be made to offer further reduction in area and create a wider area where the Joule-Thompson cooling effect can take place. An internal biasing element  2304  with small, window-sized areas are aligned with any puncture holes made in the diaphragm  2301  can be used to control the opening of the diaphragm  2301 . The membranes located in the internal surface  2303  area allow for the protection and insulation of the Livshits ring  2000  to prevent heat transfer into the ring  2000 . For example, in a case where primarily the gas must be cooled, such a system may be useful. Finally,  FIG. 18  shows a turbine  2501  with pales  2503  that can be inserted into the cavity to recycle a portion of the vortex momentum into electricity. 
     In one embodiment, the Livshits-Teichner generator has a cylindrical surface of 245 mm and a height of 800 mm where 15 Livshits rings are stacked in the generator. The use of the Livshits-Teichner generator in conjunction with entry filters to purify the resulting condensate is also contemplated. In yet another embodiment, oil vapor can be removed from compressed air, including, for example, cryogenic devices where pump defects result in evaporation of oil into a very low-pressure stream. Pre- or post-water treatment is also contemplated, such as the inclusion of calcium or other minerals to stabilize demineralized water products. Zeolites can also be used as an alternative to filtration. 
     In one embodiment, the apparatus for the condensation of a liquid in suspension in a gas includes a high pressure gas chamber  214  with a pressurized input gas released therein as shown by the arrow in  FIG. 16  and where the apparatus includes an opening  303  as shown on  FIG. 3  for an expansive release of the pressurized input gas from the high-pressure gas chamber  304  to a low-pressure gas chamber  307  in the embodiment shown in  FIG. 3 . The low-pressure gas chamber  307  may include a condensation surface for collecting a portion of the liquid suspended in the gas as the expansive release cools the gas during the passage from a high-pressure state to a low-pressure state and saturates a portion of the liquid suspended in the cooled gas on the condensation surface and the cooling results from a Joule-Thompson expansive cooling of the gas and a Ranque-Hilsch vortex tube cooling of the gas as described above. 
     In the apparatus shown in  FIG. 3 , the high-pressure gas chamber  304  includes a circumferential cavity on the external portion of a ring  213  and the low-pressure gas chamber  307  is made of a cylindrical internal cavity in the center portion of the ring  213 . The opening  303  may also include a vertical opening shown in dashed lines in  FIG. 5  tangential to the circumferential cavity  304  and an angled groove  306  and where the gas is released from the circumferential cavity  304  to the cylindrical internal cavity  307  via the vertical opening  303  and the angled groove  306  and is subsequently released at an angle in the cylindrical internal cavity. The groove  306  may be angled  305  to decrease linearly the section of the groove  306  to increase the speed of the flow. 
       FIG. 14  shows a generator  1900  with a baffle area as shown on top  1911 ,  1912 ,  1915 , and  1916  for the condensation of condensate in the gas moving back up the structure as shown by the arrow. The baffle area may includes a series of adjacent plates  1911 ,  1912 ,  1915 , and  1916  with a plurality of venting holes  1910  wherein the location of the venting holes on each adjacent place is sufficient to create a serpentine circulation of the gas between adjacent plates. The baffle area may also include a series of adjacent plates with each front and back in opposition, where each plate is in perpendicular alignment with the cylindrical cavity where cooling occurs. 
     The rings  213  may include an external surface continuous with the circumferential cavity  304  and an internal surface continuous with the cylindrical internal cavity  307  where both the external surface and the internal surface includes drain grooves a shown in  FIG. 18 . 
     In another embodiment, the condensation cavity for the condensation of a liquid suspended in a gas includes a low-pressure cylindrical cavity wall shown as the wall of cavity  307  having a length along its axis including a plurality of angled openings created by the grooves  306  shown in  FIG. 18  along the length of the cavity for releasing circumferentially within the cylindrical cavity  307  a pressurized gas where the pressurized gas expands at the angled openings into the low-pressure cylindrical cavity  307 , the pressurized gas also enables creation of a vortex of the gas at low pressure into the low-pressure cylindrical cavity  307  for cooling, and the vortex and the expansion cools the high-pressure gas wherein a liquid suspended in the gas condenses on the low-pressure cylindrical cavity wall. 
     As shown in  FIGS. 2 and 14 , for example, the low-pressure cylindrical cavity wall is formed by stacking at least two rings  213 , each with a cylindrical internal cavity  307  in the center of each ring  213  where the angled openings are a series of grooves  306  made at regular angular intervals shown as 8 grooves along a 360° circle on the radius of each of the at least two rings  213 . 
       FIGS. 1 and 13  show a water extraction system for the condensation of a liquid suspended in a gas, the system including a compressor  103  having a pressurized gas outlet for exiting high-pressure gas, a Livshits-Teichner generator  105 ,  109 , or  1802 , respectively, with a high-pressure gas chamber  1905  connected to the pressurized gas outlet of the compressor  103  where the high-pressure gas includes a liquid such as water in suspension, and an opening for an expansive release of the pressurized input gas from the high-pressure gas chamber  1905  to a low-pressure gas chamber  307 , wherein the low-pressure gas chamber includes a condensation surface such as the walls of low-pressure gas chamber  307  or the inner grooved surface  3  for collecting a portion of the liquid suspended in the gas. 
     The expansive release cools the gas during the passage from a high-pressure state to a low-pressure state and saturates a portion of the liquid suspended in the cooled gas onto the condensation surface, the cooling resulting from a Joule-Thompson expansive cooling of the gas and a Ranque-Hilsch vortex tube cooling of the gas. Water as condensate is then collected in the collector. As shown in  FIG. 1 , the high-pressure gas at generator  109  may include exhaust gas  102  from an internal combustion engine  101 . 
     Finally, what is described is a method for the collection of a liquid suspended in a gas, comprising the steps of cooling a gas having a liquid in suspension below a saturation temperature of the liquid, wherein the cooling results from a Joule-Thompson expansive release of the gas at an opening and the creation of a Ranque-Hilsch vortex tube cooling within a cavity with the opening, allowing for the cooled gas in the cavity to contact a surface to allow the condensation of a saturated liquid portion at the surface and the collection of the saturated fluid. 
     The step of collecting the saturated water with unburned hydrocarbon particles is introduced into an engine producing exhaust gas to improve overall fuel efficiency of the engine, and the water with unburned hydrocarbon particles may be introduced back into the engine using a device for mixing and activation of fuel mix as shown in  FIGS. 1 and 13 . 
     It is understood that the preceding detailed description of some examples and embodiments of the present invention may allow numerous changes to the disclosed embodiments in accordance with the disclosure made herein without departing from the spirit or scope of the invention. The preceding description, therefore, is not meant to limit the scope of the invention but to provide sufficient disclosure to one of ordinary skill in the art to practice the invention without undue burden.