Patent Publication Number: US-7586573-B2

Title: Substrate for liquid crystal display and liquid crystal display having the same

Description:
This is a divisional of application Ser. No. 11/346,517, filed Feb. 2, 2006, which is a divisional of application Ser. No. 10/408,437, filed Apr. 7, 2003, now U.S. Pat. No. 7,023,516. 

   BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
   1. Field of the Invention 
   The present invention relates to a substrate for a liquid crystal display used in a display section of an information apparatus and a liquid crystal display having the same. 
   2. Description of the Related Art 
   In the field of active matrix liquid crystal displays having a thin film transistor (TFT) at each pixel, efforts have recently been made to increase their size and to allow them to display in higher tones with higher contrast. 
     FIG. 70  shows a configuration of one pixel of a TFT substrate of an active matrix liquid crystal display. As shown in  FIG. 70 , a plurality of gate bus lines  112  extending in the horizontal direction of the figure are formed substantially in parallel with each other (two of those are shown in  FIG. 70 ). A plurality of drain bus lines  114  extending in the vertical direction of the figure are formed substantially in parallel with each other such that they intersect the gate bus lines  112  with an insulation film which is not shown interposed therebetween (two of those are shown in  FIG. 70 ). Regions surrounded by the plurality of gate bus lines  112  and drain bus lines  114  are pixel regions. Pixel electrodes  116  are formed in the pixel regions. Storage capacitor bus lines  118  extending substantially in parallel with the gate bus lines  112  are formed substantially across the middle of the pixel regions. 
   TFTs  110  are formed in the vicinity of the positions where the gate bus lines  112  and the drain bus lines  114  intersect each other. Drain electrodes  122  of the TFTs  110  are extended from the drain bus lines  114  and are formed such that they are located at edges of active semiconductor layers and channel protection films formed on the same (both of which are not shown) on one side thereof. Source electrodes  124  of the TFTs  110  are formed such that they face the drain electrodes  122  with a predetermined gap left therebetween and such that they are located edges of the active semiconductor layers and channel protection films on another side thereof. Regions of the gate bus lines  112  directly under the channel protection films serve as gate electrodes of the TFTs  110 . The source electrodes  124  are electrically connected to pixel electrodes  116  through contact holes (not shown). 
     FIG. 71  shows alignment of liquid crystal molecules in a VA (vertically aligned) mode liquid crystal display fabricated using a TFT substrate as shown in  FIG. 70 . The arrows in the figure represent directions in which the liquid crystal molecules are tilted when a voltage is applied to the liquid crystal layer. 
     FIG. 71  shows three pixels which are defined by a black matrix (BM)  140 . As shown in  FIG. 71 , the liquid crystal molecules are tilted in various directions in the VA mode liquid crystal display that has not been subjected to an aligning process such as rubbing when a voltage is applied to the liquid crystal layer. As a result, alignment regions having different areas are formed in each of the pixels. Further, boundaries (disclination) between alignment regions are visually perceived as dark lines  142  the position of which is different in each pixel. Therefore, when the display screen is viewed in a diagonal direction in particular, irregularities, coarseness, and after images can be visually perceived, and image quality can be thus significantly reduced. 
   Liquid crystal displays are now being used even as monitors of personal computers (PC) and television receivers. In such applications, liquid crystal displays must have wider viewing angles such that they can be properly viewed in any direction. 
   MVA (multi-domain vertical alignment) type liquid crystal displays (hereinafter referred to as “MVA LCDs”) have been proposed as a technique to achieve wider viewing angles (see Article 1, for example). 
     FIGS. 72A and 72B  show a schematic sectional configuration of an MVA LCD.  FIG. 72A  a liquid crystal layer to which no voltage is applied, and  FIG. 72B  shows the liquid crystal layer to which a predetermined voltage is now applied. As shown in  FIGS. 72A and 72B , the MVA LCD has two substrates  302  and  304  which are provided opposite to each other. A transparent electrode (not shown) is formed on both of the substrates  302  and  304 . A plurality of linear protrusions (banks)  306  made of resin are formed in parallel with each other on the substrate  302 , and a plurality of linear protrusions  308  are formed in parallel with each other on the other substrate  304 . The protrusions  306  and  308  are alternately arranged when viewed in a direction perpendicular to substrate surfaces. 
   A liquid crystal layer  160  having negative dielectric constant anisotropy is sealed between the substrates  302  and  304 . As shown in  FIG. 72A , liquid crystal molecules  312  are aligned substantially perpendicularly to the substrate surfaces by an alignment regulating force of a vertical alignment film (not shown) formed on surfaces of the substrates  302  and  304  facing each other. Liquid crystal molecules  312  in the vicinity of the protrusions  306  and  308  are aligned substantially perpendicular to inclined surfaces of the protrusions  306  and  308 . That is, the liquid crystal molecules  312  in the vicinity of the protrusions  306  and  308  are aligned at an angle to the substrate surfaces. 
   As shown in  FIG. 72B , when a predetermined voltage is applied between the transparent electrodes on the substrates  302  and  304 , the liquid crystal molecules  312  in the vicinity of the protrusions  306  and  308  are tilted in a direction perpendicular to the direction in which the protrusions  306  and  308  extend. The tilt is propagated to liquid crystal molecules  312  between the protrusions  306  and  308 , and the liquid crystal molecules  312  between the protrusions  306  and  308  are thus tilted in the same direction. 
   The tilting direction of the liquid crystal molecules  312  can be regulated in each region by providing the protrusions  306  and  308  in such a way. When the protrusions  306  and  308  are formed in two directions substantially perpendicular to each other, the liquid crystal molecules  312  are tilted in four directions in one pixel. Since viewing angle characteristics of different regions are thus mixed, the MVA LCD has a wide viewing angle when displaying white or black. The MVA LCD exhibits a contrast ratio of 10 or more in upward, downward, leftward, and rightward viewing directions each of which is at an angle of 80 deg. to the direction perpendicular to the display screen. 
   (Reference Documents) 
   Article 1: Japanese Patent No. 2947350 
   Article 2: JP-A-2000-305100 
   Article 3: JP-A-2001-249340 
   Article 4: JP-A-2001-249350 
   Article 5: JP-A-2002-40432 
   Article 6: JP-A-2002-40457 
   Article 7: JP-A-2000-47251 
   However, the MVA LCD shown in  FIGS. 72A and 72B  has a problem arises in that it suffers from a low yield of manufacture and a high manufacturing cost because there is a need for an additional step for forming the protrusions  306  and  308 . 
   Another technique is to form a transparent electrode with blank sections (slits) instead of providing protrusions  306  and  308 . However, when a common electrode on a CF substrate is formed with slits, a CF layer is exposed and put in contact with a liquid crystal layer. For example, when resin including a pigment dispersed therein as a color component is used as a CF layer, a problem arises in that inorganic components of the pigment can contaminate a liquid crystal layer and a semiconductor layer. 
     FIG. 73  shows another configuration of a TFT substrate of an MVA LCD. As shown in  FIG. 73 , a pixel electrode  116  has trunk sections  128  extending substantially in parallel with or perpendicularly to bus lines  112  and  114 , branch sections  130  branching from the trunk sections  128  and extending diagonally to the same, and spaces  132  between adjoining branch sections  130 . In an MVA LCD fabricated using the TFT substrate shown in  FIG. 73 , the aligning direction of liquid crystal molecules is determined by the trunk sections  128  and the branch sections  130 . 
   However, since the response time of the liquid crystal molecules in the MVA LCD fabricated using the TFT substrate shown in  FIG. 73  is long, a singular point of an alignment vector of liquid crystal molecules is generated at random on the branch sections  130 . As a result, the position of a singular point is different in each pixel or frame. Therefore, irregularities and coarseness is visually perceived on the display screen when the display screen is viewed in a diagonal direction in particular, which results in the problem of reduction in display quality. 
   SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
   The invention provides a substrate for a liquid crystal display with which high display quality can be achieved without increasing manufacturing steps and a liquid crystal display having the same. 
   The above-described problems are solved by a substrate for a liquid crystal display having an insulated substrate that sandwiches a liquid crystal display in combination with an opposite substrate, a plurality of gate bus lines formed substantially in parallel with each other on the insulated substrate, a plurality of drain bus lines formed such that they intersect the gate bus lines with an insulation film interposed therebetween, pixel regions provided in the form of a matrix on the insulated substrate, a pixel electrode having a plurality of electrode units formed in the pixel regions, slits formed between the electrode units and connection electrodes for connecting the plurality of electrode units with each other, and a thin film transistor formed in each of the pixel regions. 

   
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       FIG. 1  shows a schematic configuration of a liquid crystal display according to Embodiment 1-1 in a first mode for carrying out the invention; 
       FIG. 2  schematically shows an equivalent circuit of the liquid crystal display according to Embodiment 1-1 in the first mode for carrying out the invention; 
       FIG. 3  shows a configuration of a substrate for a liquid crystal display according to Embodiment 1-1 in the first mode for carrying out the invention; 
       FIG. 4  shows a configuration of the liquid crystal display according to Embodiment 1-1 in the first mode for carrying out the invention; 
       FIG. 5  shows a configuration of a substrate for a liquid crystal display according to Embodiment 1-2 in the first mode for carrying out the invention; 
       FIG. 6  shows a modification of the configuration of a substrate for a liquid crystal display according to Embodiment 1-2 in the first mode for carrying out the invention; 
       FIG. 7  shows another modification of the configuration of a substrate for a liquid crystal display according to Embodiment 1-2 in the first mode for carrying out the invention; 
       FIG. 8  shows a configuration of a substrate for a liquid crystal display according to Embodiment 1-3 in the first mode for carrying out the invention; 
       FIG. 9  shows a configuration of a substrate for a liquid crystal display according to Embodiment 1-4 in the first mode for carrying out the invention; 
       FIG. 10  shows a configuration of a substrate for a liquid crystal display according to Embodiment 1-5 in the first mode for carrying out the invention; 
       FIG. 11  shows a modification of the configuration of a substrate for a liquid crystal display according to Embodiment 1-5 in the first mode for carrying out the invention; 
       FIG. 12  shows a configuration of a substrate for a liquid crystal display according to Embodiment 1-6 in the first mode for carrying out the invention; 
       FIG. 13  shows a modification of the configuration of a substrate for a liquid crystal display according to Embodiment 1-6 in the first mode for carrying out the invention; 
       FIG. 14  is a sectional view showing the modification of the configuration of a substrate for a liquid crystal display according to Embodiment 1-6 in the first mode for carrying out the invention; 
       FIG. 15  is a sectional view showing another modification of the configuration of a substrate for a liquid crystal display according to Embodiment 1-6 in the first mode for carrying out the invention; 
       FIG. 16  shows an example of a configuration of a substrate for a liquid crystal display in the first mode for carrying out the invention; 
       FIG. 17  shows an example of a configuration of a substrate for a liquid crystal display in the first mode for carrying out the invention; 
       FIG. 18  shows an example of a configuration of a substrate for a liquid crystal display in the first mode for carrying out the invention; 
       FIG. 19  shows a configuration of a substrate for a liquid crystal display according to Embodiment 2-1 in a second mode for carrying out the invention; 
       FIG. 20  shows a state of alignment of liquid crystal molecules and a state of display of the substrate for a liquid crystal display according to Embodiment 2-1 in the second mode for carrying out the invention; 
       FIG. 21  shows a state of alignment of liquid crystal molecules and a state of display of the substrate for a liquid crystal display according to Embodiment 2-1 in the second mode for carrying out the invention; 
       FIGS. 22A to 22H  show modifications of the configuration of a substrate for a liquid crystal display according to Embodiment 2-1 in the second mode for carrying out the invention; 
       FIGS. 23A to 23C  show modifications of the configuration of a substrate for a liquid crystal display according to Embodiment 2-1 in the second mode for carrying out the invention; 
       FIGS. 24A to 24C  show modifications of the configuration of a substrate for a liquid crystal display according to Embodiment 2-1 in the second mode for carrying out the invention; 
       FIGS. 25A and 25B  show modifications of the configuration of a substrate for a liquid crystal display according to Embodiment 2-1 in the second mode for carrying out the invention; 
       FIGS. 26A to 26D  show modifications of the configuration of a substrate for a liquid crystal display according to Embodiment 2-1 in the second mode for carrying out the invention; 
       FIG. 27  shows a configuration of a substrate for a liquid crystal display according to Embodiment 2-2 in the second mode for carrying out the invention; 
       FIG. 28  shows a state of alignment of liquid crystal molecules and a state of display of the substrate for a liquid crystal display according to Embodiment 2-2 in the second mode for carrying out the invention; 
       FIG. 29  shows a state of alignment of liquid crystal molecules and a state of display of the substrate for a liquid crystal display according to Embodiment 2-2 in the second mode for carrying out the invention; 
       FIG. 30  shows a configuration of a substrate for a liquid crystal display according to Embodiment 2-2 in the second mode for carrying out the invention; 
       FIG. 31  shows a state of alignment of liquid crystal molecules and a state of display of the substrate for a liquid crystal display according to Embodiment 2-2 in the second mode for carrying out the invention; 
       FIG. 32  shows a state of alignment of liquid crystal molecules and a state of display of the substrate for a liquid crystal display according to Embodiment 2-2 in the second mode for carrying out the invention; 
       FIGS. 33A to 33D  show a state of alignment of liquid crystal molecules and a state of display of a liquid crystal display that are the background of a substrate for a liquid crystal display in a third mode for carrying out the invention; 
       FIGS. 34A to 34C  show configurations of a substrate for a liquid crystal display in the third mode for carrying out the invention; 
       FIGS. 35A and 35B  show configurations of a substrate for a liquid crystal display in the third mode for carrying out the invention; 
       FIGS. 36A to 36C  show configurations of a substrate for a liquid crystal display according to Embodiment 3-1 in the third mode for carrying out the invention; 
       FIGS. 37A to 37C  show configurations of a substrate for a liquid crystal display according to Embodiment 3-2 in the third mode for carrying out the invention; 
       FIG. 38  shows an example of a specific configuration of a substrate for a liquid crystal display according to Embodiment 3-2 in the third mode for carrying out the invention; 
       FIG. 39  shows a modification of the configuration of a substrate for a liquid crystal display according to Embodiment 3-2 in the third mode for carrying out the invention; 
       FIGS. 40A to 40C  show configurations of a substrate for a liquid crystal display according to Embodiment 3-3 in the third mode for carrying out the invention; 
       FIGS. 41A to 41C  show configurations of a substrate for a liquid crystal display according to Embodiment 3-4 in the third mode for carrying out the invention; 
       FIGS. 42A and 42B  show configurations of a substrate for a liquid crystal display according to Embodiment 3-5 in the third mode for carrying out the invention; 
       FIGS. 43A to 43C  show configurations of a substrate for a liquid crystal display according to Embodiment 3-6 in the third mode for carrying out the invention; 
       FIGS. 44A to 44C  show configurations of a substrate for a liquid crystal display according to Embodiment 3-7 in the third mode for carrying out the invention; 
       FIGS. 45A to 45C  are sectional views showing configurations of a substrate for a liquid crystal display according to Embodiment 3-8 in the third mode for carrying out the invention; 
       FIGS. 46A to 46D  show configurations of a substrate for a liquid crystal display according to Embodiment 3-8 in the third mode for carrying out the invention; 
       FIGS. 47A to 47C  show configurations of a substrate for a liquid crystal display according to Embodiment 3-9 in the third mode for carrying out the invention; 
       FIG. 48  shows a configuration of a substrate for a liquid crystal display according to Embodiment 3-10 in the third mode for carrying out the invention; 
       FIGS. 49A and 49B  show configurations of a substrate for a liquid crystal display according to Embodiment 3-11 in the third mode for carrying out the invention; 
       FIGS. 50A and 50B  show configurations of a substrate for a liquid crystal display according to Embodiment 3-11 in the third mode for carrying out the invention; 
       FIGS. 51A to 51G  show examples of specific configurations of a substrate for a liquid crystal display according to Embodiment 3-11 in the third mode for carrying out the invention; 
       FIGS. 52A and 52B  illustrate a substrate for a liquid crystal display in a fourth mode for carrying out the invention; 
       FIG. 53  shows a configuration of a substrate for a liquid crystal display according to Embodiment 4-1 in the fourth mode for carrying out the invention; 
       FIG. 54  shows a configuration of a substrate for a liquid crystal display according to Embodiment 4-1 in the fourth mode for carrying out the invention; 
       FIG. 55  shows a configuration of a substrate for a liquid crystal display according to Embodiment 4-2 in the fourth mode for carrying out the invention; 
       FIG. 56  shows a configuration of a substrate for a liquid crystal display according to Embodiment 4-3 in the fourth mode for carrying out the invention; 
       FIGS. 57A and 57B  show a configuration of a substrate for a liquid crystal display according to Embodiment 4-4 in the fourth mode for carrying out the invention; 
       FIG. 58  shows a configuration of a substrate for a liquid crystal display according to Embodiment 4-4 in the fourth mode for carrying out the invention; 
       FIG. 59  shows a configuration of a substrate for a liquid crystal display according to Embodiment 4-5 in the fourth mode for carrying out the invention; 
       FIG. 60  shows a configuration of a substrate for a liquid crystal display according to Embodiment 4-5 in the fourth mode for carrying out the invention; 
       FIG. 61  shows a configuration of a substrate for a liquid crystal display according to Embodiment 5-1 in a fifth mode for carrying out the invention; 
       FIG. 62  is a sectional view showing the configuration of a substrate for a liquid crystal display according to Embodiment 5-1 in the fifth mode for carrying out the invention; 
       FIGS. 63A and 63B  are sectional views showing examples to be compared with the configuration of a substrate for a liquid crystal display according to Embodiment 5-1 in the fifth mode for carrying out the invention; 
       FIG. 64  is a sectional view showing a configuration of a substrate for a liquid crystal display according to Embodiment 5-2 in the fifth mode for carrying out the invention; 
       FIGS. 65A to 65D  are sectional views taken at manufacturing steps showing a method of manufacturing a substrate for a liquid crystal display according to Embodiment 5-2 in the fifth mode for carrying out the invention; 
       FIGS. 66A to 66C  are sectional views taken at manufacturing steps showing the method of manufacturing a substrate for a liquid crystal display according to Embodiment 5-2 in the fifth mode for carrying out the invention; 
       FIGS. 67A to 67C  are sectional views taken at manufacturing steps showing the method of manufacturing a substrate for a liquid crystal display according to Embodiment 5-2 in the fifth mode for carrying out the invention; 
       FIG. 68  shows a configuration of a substrate for a liquid crystal display according to Embodiment 5-3 in the fifth mode for carrying out the invention; 
       FIG. 69  shows a configuration of a substrate for a liquid crystal display according to Embodiment 5-4 in the fifth mode for carrying out the invention; 
       FIG. 70  shows a configuration of one pixel of a substrate for a liquid crystal display according to the related art; 
       FIG. 71  shows a state of alignment of liquid crystal molecules and a state of display of a liquid crystal display according to the related art; 
       FIGS. 72A and 72B  are sectional views showing a schematic configuration of an MVA LCD; and 
       FIG. 73  shows a schematic configuration of a TFT substrate of an MVA LCD. 
   

   DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
   First Mode for Carrying out the Invention 
   Substrates for a liquid crystal display and liquid crystal displays in a first mode for carrying out the invention will now be specifically described with reference to Embodiments 1-1 to 1-6. 
   Embodiment 1-1 
   A substrate for a liquid crystal display and a liquid crystal display having the same according to Embodiment 1-1 in the first mode for carrying out the invention will now be described with reference to  FIGS. 1 to 4 .  FIG. 1  shows a schematic configuration of a liquid crystal display of the present embodiment. The liquid crystal display has a structure in which a TFT substrate (insulated substrate)  2  having TFT formed thereon and a CF substrate (insulated opposite substrate)  4  having color filters formed thereon are combined in a face-to-face relationship to seal a liquid crystal between the substrates  2  and  4 . 
     FIG. 2  schematically shows an equivalent circuit of elements formed on the TFT substrate  2 . On the TFT substrate  2 , a plurality of gate bus lines  12  extending in the horizontal direction in the figure are formed in parallel with each other. A plurality of drain bus lines  14  extending in the vertical direction in the figure are formed in parallel with each other such that they intersect the gate bus lines  12  with an insulation film interposed therebetween. Each of regions surrounded by the plurality of gate bus lines  12  and drain bus lines  14  serves as a pixel region. A TFT  10  and a pixel electrode  16  are formed in each of the pixel regions that are provided in the form of a matrix. A drain electrode of each TFT  10  is connected to a drain bus line  14  adjacent thereto; a gate electrode of the same is connected to a gate bus line  12  adjacent thereto; and a source electrode of the same is connected to the pixel electrode  16 . A storage capacitor bus line  18  is formed substantially in the middle of each pixel region in parallel with the gate bus lines  12 . The TFTs  10 , the pixel electrodes  16 , the bus lines  12 ,  14  and  16  are formed using a photolithographic process and formed by repeating a series of semiconductor processes that starts with film formation followed by resist application, exposure, developing, etching, and then removal of the resist. 
   Referring to  FIG. 1  again, the TFT substrate  2  is provided with a gate bus line driving circuit  80  having driver ICs for driving the plurality of gate bus lines  12  and a drain bus line driving circuit  81  having driver ICs for driving the plurality of drain bus lines  14 . The driving circuits  80  and  81  output a scan signal and a data signal to a predetermined gate bus line  12  or drain bus line  14  based on a predetermined signal output by a control circuit  82 . A polarizer  83  is provided on a surface of the TFT substrate  2  opposite to the surface of the same on which the elements are formed, and a backlight unit  85  is mounted on a surface of the polarizer  83  opposite to the surface thereof facing the TFT substrate  2 . A polarizer  84  is applied to a surface of the CF substrate  4  opposite to the surface thereof on which color filters are formed. 
     FIG. 3  shows a configuration of one pixel of the TFT substrate  2 . As shown in  FIG. 3 , on the TFT substrate  2 , a plurality of gate bus lines  12  extending in the horizontal direction in the figure are formed substantially in parallel with each other at intervals of 300 μm, for example ( FIG. 3  shows two of those lines). A plurality of drain bus lines  14  extending in the vertical direction in the figure are formed substantially in parallel with each other at intervals of 100 μm, for example, such that they intersect the gate bus lines  12  substantially perpendicular to the same with an insulation film which is not shown interposed therebetween ( FIG. 3  shows two of those lines). Regions surrounded by the plurality of gate bus lines  12  and drain bus lines  14  serve as pixel regions. Storage capacitor bus lines  18  extending substantially in parallel with the gate bus lines  12  are formed such that they traverse the respective pixel regions in the middle thereof. Storage capacitor electrodes  20  for respective pixels are formed on the storage capacitor bus lines  18 . 
   TFTs  10  are formed in the vicinity of the positions where the gate bus lines  12  and the drain bus lines  14  intersect. Drain electrodes  22  of the TFTs  10  are extended from the drain bus lines  14  and are formed such that they are located at edges of active semiconductor layers and channel protection films formed on the same (both of which are not shown) on one side thereof. Source electrodes  24  of the TFTs  10  are formed such that they face the drain electrodes  22  with a predetermined gap left therebetween and such that they are located on edges of the active semiconductor layers and the channel protection films on another side thereof. Regions of the gate bus lines  12  directly under the channel protection films serve as gate electrodes of the TFTs  10 . 
   Pixel electrodes  16  constituted by transparent conductive films such as ITOs (indium tin oxides) are formed in the pixel regions. The pixel electrodes  16  have a rectangular outline and have a plurality of electrode units  26  that are smaller than a pixel region, blank sections (slits)  34  of the electrodes formed between adjoining electrode units  26  and connection electrodes  36  for electrically connecting the electrode units  26  separated by the slits  34  with each other. In  FIG. 3 , three each electrode units  26  (six units in total) are provided on both sides of a storage capacitor bus line  18 , i.e., above and below the same. 
   An electrode unit  26  has crossed electrodes (trunk sections)  28  that extend substantially in parallel with or perpendicularly to the gate bus lines  12  and the drain bus lines  14 . An electrode unit  26  has a plurality of electrodes (branch sections)  30  that branch from the trunk sections  28  and extend in the form of comb teeth at an angle to the trunk sections  28  and blank sections (spaces)  32  between adjoining branch sections  30  of the electrode. An electrode unit  26  is divided into four alignment regions having substantially the same area by the trunk sections  28 . The four arrows in the electrode units  26  represent tilting directions of liquid crystal molecules (directions in which a CF substrate  4  side of the liquid crystal molecules is tilted). When a voltage is applied, liquid crystal molecules are tilted substantially in parallel with the branch sections  30  and toward the trunk sections  28 . 
   A width Wg of an electrode unit  26  in the direction in parallel with the gate bus lines  12  is 77 μm, for example. A width Wd of the same in the direction in parallel with the drain bus lines  14  is 35 μm, for example. The trunk section  28  is at an angle of 45 deg. to the branch section  30 , for example. A width d 1  of a slit  34  is 7 μm for example, and a width d 2  of a space  32  is 3 μm which is smaller than the width d 1  (d 1 &gt;d 2 ). 
   A pixel electrode  16  is formed with a contact region  38  having no space  32  formed therein in the vicinity of the respective source electrode  24 . The pixel electrode  16  is also formed with a contact region  39  having no space  32  formed therein in the vicinity of the respective storage capacitor electrode  20 . The pixel electrode  16  is electrically connected to the source electrode  24  through a contact hole (not shown) formed in the contact region  38  and is electrically connected to the storage capacitor electrode  20  through a contact hole (not shown) formed in the contact region  39 . Some of the branch sections  30  in the vicinity of the contact regions  38  and  39  are formed shorter than other branch sections  30  such that there will be no closed space surrounded by the electrodes. 
     FIG. 4  shows an arrangement of the polarizers of the liquid crystal display of the present embodiment. As shown in  FIG. 4 , the polarizers  83  and  84  are provided in a crossed Nicols relationship with each other on both sides of a liquid crystal layer  48 . A ¼ wave plate  45  is interposed between the liquid crystal layer  48  and the polarizer  83 . A ¼ wave plate  44  is interposed between the liquid crystal layer  48  and the polarizer  84 . Layers having a negative phase difference such as TAC films  46  may be provided between the liquid crystal layer  48  and the ¼ wave plates  45  and  44  to improve viewing angle characteristics. The upper side of the figure is a viewer&#39;s side and the lower side of the figure is a light source side. 
   An optical axis (phase lag axis)  91  of the ¼ wave plate  45  is at an angle of about 45 deg. to an absorbing axis  90  of the polarizer  83 . That is, when light emitted by the light source passes through the polarizer  83  and then the ¼ wave plate  45 , the light becomes circularly polarized light. An optical axis  94  of the ¼ wave plate  44  is at an angle of about 45 deg. to an absorbing axis  95  of the polarizer  84 . The optical axes  94  and  91  of the ¼ wave plates  44  and  45  respectively are substantially orthogonal to each other. In order to achieve a symmetric viewing angle and to optimize viewing angle characteristics when the display screen is viewed downward, upward, rightward and leftward, the polarizers  83  and  84  and the ¼ wave plates  44  and  45  are provided as described below. 
   The absorbing axis  90  of the polarizer  83  is in a direction at a counterclockwise angle of 155 deg. relative to the right side of the display screen (the direction of 3 o&#39;clock) that is to serve as a reference. The optical axis  91  of the ¼ wave plate  45  and an optical axis  92  of the TAC film  46  provided on the light source side of the liquid crystal layer  48  are in a direction at a counterclockwise angle of 20 deg. relative to the right side of the display screen as a reference. An optical axis  93  of the TAC film  46  and the optical axis  94  of the ¼ wave plate  44  provided on the viewer&#39;s side of the liquid crystal layer  48  are in a direction at a counterclockwise angle of 110 deg. relative to the right side of the display screen as a reference. 
   The absorbing axis  95  of the polarizer  84  is in a direction at a counterclockwise angle of 65 deg. relative to the right side of the display screen as a reference. 
   In the present embodiment, a plurality of electrodes units  26  are provided in a pixel region to form a plurality of regions at relatively small intervals, in which regions diagonal fields in different directions are applied to the liquid crystal layer. This increases the tilting angles of the diagonal fields applied to liquid crystal molecules and thereby increases the force of the same to regulate the alignment of liquid crystal molecules. This makes it possible to tilt liquid crystal molecules in desired directions without forming protrusions on the CF substrate  4 . 
   In the present embodiment, the ¼ wave plates  44  and  45  and the polarizers  83  and  84  are provided in the that order outside the substrates  2  and  4 , respectively. This makes it possible to achieve optical transmittance of about 7% in displaying white while optical transmittance is only about 4% when only the polarizers  83  and  84  in a crossed Nicols configuration are used. Thus, the optical transmittance is about 1.5 times that of an MVA LCD (transmittance of about 5%) according to the related art having protrusions formed on the liquid crystal display substrate as shown in  FIG. 70 . It is therefore possible to provide a liquid crystal display that displays with light luminance. 
   Embodiment 1-2 
   A substrate for a liquid crystal display according to Embodiment 1-2 in the present mode for carrying out the invention will now be described with reference to  FIGS. 5 to 7 .  FIG. 5  shows a configuration of one pixel of the substrate for a liquid crystal display of the present embodiment. In the configuration of the TFT substrate  2  shown in  FIG. 3 , a predetermined gap is defined between the source electrodes  24  of the TFTs  10  and the pixel electrodes  16 . The alignment of liquid crystal molecules can be improper in such a gap, which can result in a dark line. In a pixel electrode  16  of a TFT substrate  2  of the present embodiment, branch sections  30  are formed without limiting them to an angle of 45 deg. to trunk sections  30  in order to prevent the generation of a dark line. As shown in  FIG. 5 , branch sections  30  are formed substantially perpendicularly to a drain bus line  14  in a region A in the vicinity of a source electrode  24 . Branch sections  30  are formed substantially perpendicularly to a gate bus line  12  in a region B. Branch sections  30  are formed substantially perpendicularly to a drain bus line  14  in a region C in the vicinity of a storage capacitor electrode  20 . 
     FIG. 6  shows a modification of the configuration of the substrate for a liquid crystal display of the present embodiment. As shown in  FIG. 6 , in a region D in the vicinity of a storage capacitor electrode  20 , branch sections  30  are formed substantially perpendicularly to a storage capacitor bus line  18  or substantially in parallel with the projecting direction of connection electrodes that are formed such that they project from the storage capacitor electrode  20 . 
     FIG. 7  shows another modification of the configuration of the substrate for a liquid crystal display of the present embodiment. As shown in  FIG. 7 , a trunk section  28  is formed diagonally to a gate bus line  12  and a drain bus line  14  and is located on an end of a connection electrode  36  in a region E in the vicinity of a storage capacitor electrode  20 . As a result, the trunk section  28  extends substantially in parallel with branch section  30  to suppress improper alignment of liquid crystal molecules. 
   Embodiment 1-3 
   A substrate for a liquid crystal display according to Embodiment 1-3 in the present mode for carrying out the invention will now be described with reference to  FIG. 8 .  FIG. 8  shows a configuration of one pixel of a substrate for a liquid crystal display of the present embodiment. As shown in  FIG. 8 , slits  34  extending substantially in parallel with drain bus lines  14  are formed in the pixel region. In the upper half of the pixel region in the figure, slits  34  extending substantially in parallel with gate bus lines  12  are formed in a region F. On the contrary, no such slit extending substantially in parallel with the gate bus lines  12  is formed in a region G in the lower half of the pixel region in the figure. Thus, a greater number of electrode units  26  are formed in the upper half of the pixel region compared to the lower half of the pixel region. 
   As a result, in the lower half of the pixel region, liquid crystal molecules on trunk sections  28  extending substantially in parallel with the drain bus lines  14  move inadequately, which results in a long response time. On the contrary, in the upper half of the pixel region, since liquid crystal molecules can be aligned in regions that are more minutely divided, the response time of the liquid crystal molecules can be reduced to achieve good display characteristics. 
   Embodiment 1-4 
   A substrate for a liquid crystal display according to Embodiment 1-4 in the present mode for carrying out the invention will now be described with reference to  FIG. 9 .  FIG. 9  shows a configuration of one pixel of a substrate for a liquid crystal display of the present embodiment. As shown in  FIG. 9 , a pixel electrode  16  has a plurality of electrode units  26 , slits  34  formed between the electrode units  26  and connection electrodes  36  for connecting the plurality of electrode units  26  with each other. Unlike Embodiments 1-1, 1-2 and 1-3, the electrode units  26  have none of the trunk sections  28 , branch sections  30  and spaces  32 . 
   According to the present embodiment, light transmittance that is 10% higher than that achievable in Embodiments 1-2 and 1-3 can be achieved, the response time of liquid crystal molecules is long. 
   Embodiment 1-5 
   A substrate for a liquid crystal display according to Embodiment 1-5 in the present mode for carrying out the invention will now be described with reference to  FIGS. 10 and 11 .  FIG. 10  shows a configuration of one pixel of a substrate for a liquid crystal display of the present embodiment. As shown in  FIG. 10 , branch sections  30  extend only in a direction that is diagonal to gate bus lines  12  and drain bus lines  14  in a region H. This makes it possible to align liquid crystal molecules in a preferable manner because there is no region in which an abrupt change occurs in the aligning direction of liquid crystal molecules. 
     FIG. 11  shows a modification of the configuration of the substrate for a liquid crystal display of the present embodiment. As shown in  FIG. 11 , the present modification is different from the substrate for a liquid crystal display shown in  FIG. 10  in that connection electrodes  36  are formed at an end (regions I) of the pixel region. When the connection electrodes  36  are formed between central portions of electrode units  26 , trunk sections  28  of the plurality of electrode units  26  are connected with the connection electrodes  36 , which consequently forms a linear electrode substantially in parallel with drain bus lines  14 . This substantially increases the length of the trunk sections  28  and prevents a singular point from being formed in a fixed position, which can result in coarseness in display. On the contrary, the present modification makes it possible to fix the position of a singular point, thereby suppressing coarseness in display. 
   Embodiment 1-6 
   A substrate for a liquid crystal display according to Embodiment 1-6 in the present mode for carrying out the invention will now be described with reference to  FIGS. 12 to 15 .  FIG. 12  shows a configuration of one pixel of a substrate for a liquid crystal display of the present embodiment. As shown in  FIG. 12 , in the present embodiment, electrode units  26  similar to those in Embodiment 1-4 shown in  FIG. 9  are formed with a plurality of spaces  33  that extend from peripheral sections of the electrode units  26  substantially in parallel with or perpendicularly to gate bus lines  12  and drain bus lines  14 . This provides a configuration in which the electrode units  26  consisting of trunk sections  28 , branch sections  30  and the spaces  33  have a simplified pattern. In the present embodiment, since the spaces  33  extending substantially perpendicularly to the gate bus lines  12  and the drain bus lines  14  are formed at the periphery of the pixel region, stable alignment of liquid crystal molecules can be achieved. 
     FIG. 13  shows a modification of the configuration of the substrate for a liquid crystal display of the present embodiment. As shown in  FIG. 13 , electrode units  26  are formed in a still simpler pattern in the present modification.  FIG. 14  shows a sectional configuration of the liquid crystal display taken along the line A-A in  FIG. 13 . As shown in  FIG. 14 , for example, an insulation film  54  constituted by a silicon nitride film (SiN film) is formed on an entire top surface of a glass substrate  52  that constitutes a TFT substrate  2 . A drain bus line  14  is formed on the insulation film  54 . For example, a protective film  56  constituted by a SiN film is formed on an entire top surface of the drain bus line  14 . A connection electrode  36  located at the periphery of the pixel region is formed on the protective film  56 . A CF substrate  4  provided in a face-to-face relationship with the TFT substrate  2  has a glass substrate  53  and a common electrode  58  formed on the glass substrate  53 . A cell gap is maintained between the TFT substrate  2  and the CF substrate  4  by a columnar spacer  60  formed of resin on the connection electrodes  36  of the TFT substrate  2 . 
   In the present modification, since an electric field from the connection electrode  36  is blocked by the columnar spacer  60 , disclination occurs in the vicinity of the columnar spacer  60  without fail. This makes it possible to achieve stable alignment of liquid crystal molecules and to achieve good display characteristics. A liquid crystal display according to the modification has transmittance that is about 40% higher than the transmittance of an MVA LCD according to the related art. Further, since the electrode unit  26  is formed in a simple pattern, the shape of the electrode unit  26  will not vary from pixel to pixel when it is patterned. This makes it possible to achieve good display characteristics without irregularities in luminance. 
     FIG. 15  shows another modification of the configuration of the substrate for a liquid crystal display of the present embodiment,  FIG. 15  showing a section corresponding to that in  FIG. 14 . As shown in  FIG. 15 , for example, a dielectric body  62  constituted by an SiN film is formed on a connection electrode  36 . The present modification provides the same advantages as those of the modification shown in  FIG. 14  because an electric field originating from the connection electrode  36  is blocked by the dielectric body  62 . 
   A substrate for a liquid crystal display in the present mode for carrying out the invention is not limited to the configurations described in Embodiments 1-1 to 1-5.  FIG. 16  shows an example of a configuration of a substrate for a liquid crystal display in the present mode for carrying out the invention. As shown in  FIG. 16 , electrode units  26  that are longer in the extending direction of drain bus lines  14  are formed in an upper half of a pixel region, and electrode units  26  that are longer in the extending direction of gate bus lines  12  are formed in a lower half of the pixel region. 
     FIG. 17  shows another example of a configuration of a substrate for a liquid crystal display in the present mode for carrying out the invention. As shown in  FIG. 17 , electrode units  26  extending diagonally to bus lines  12  and  14  are formed in a pixel region. Slits  34  are provided at intervals that are smaller than those in an MVA LCD according to the related art. 
     FIG. 18  shows still another example of a configuration of a substrate for a liquid crystal display in the present mode for carrying out the invention. As shown in  FIG. 18 , the shape of electrode units  26  is similar to that in the substrate for a liquid crystal display shown in  FIG. 6 . While connection electrodes  36  are formed in the middle of a pixel region in the substrate for a liquid crystal display shown in  FIG. 6 , connection electrodes  36  in the present example are formed at the periphery of a pixel region. 
   In the present mode for carrying out the invention, it is possible to provide a substrate for a liquid crystal display having good display quality and a liquid crystal display having the same without increasing manufacturing steps. 
   Second Mode for Carrying Out the Invention 
   A description will now be made on a substrate for a liquid crystal display and a liquid crystal display having the same in a second mode for carrying out the invention. In the present mode for carrying out the invention, liquid crystal molecules are tilted in a plurality of desired directions when a voltage is applied thereto while satisfying three conditions that (1) no protrusion made of resin is provided; (2) no alignment regulating force is applied to an alignment film by rubbing the same (i.e., liquid crystal molecules are aligned in a direction perpendicular to a substrate surface); and (3) the aligning direction of liquid crystal molecules is regulated only by changing the pattern in which pixel electrodes  16  on a TFT substrate  2  are formed. 
   A substrate for a liquid crystal display in the present mode for carrying out the invention has a plurality of electrode units  26  in a pixel region, the units being smaller than the pixel region. An electrode unit  26  has trunk sections  28  extending in the form of a cross and branch sections  30  that branch from the trunk sections  28  and extend toward the outside of the electrode unit  26 . 
   When the size of the electrode units  26  is large, the trunk sections  28  are undesirably long. This makes it difficult to regulate the aligning direction of liquid crystal molecules above the trunk sections  28 , which increases the possibility of an alignment defect. When the size of the electrode units  26  is small, the force of the branch sections  30  to regulate the alignment of liquid crystal molecules becomes small. Further, since slits  34  provided to arrange a plurality of electrode units  26  occupy a greater area in a pixel region, display luminance is reduced. It is therefore necessary to form the electrode units  26  in an appropriate size. Specifically, they are to be formed such that the maximum length of the branch sections  30  is 25 μm or less. 
   The present mode for carrying out the invention provides the following advantages. 
   (1) Manufacturing processes can be reduced because there is no need for providing alignment regulating structures such as protrusions on a CF substrate  4 . 
   (2) The tilting direction of liquid crystal molecules is regulated only by the pattern of the pixel electrodes  16  formed on a TFT substrate  2 . Since the pixel electrodes  16  can be formed through a process similar to a process for forming the same according to the related art, there is no increase in manufacturing processes. 
   (3) Alignment films on the substrates  2  and  4  can be formed only by applying vertical alignment films on the same, and there is no need for processes for providing an alignment regulating force such as rubbing with cloth and optical alignment. 
   Since there is no reduction in yield of manufacture attributable to an increase in manufacturing processes as described above, yield of manufacture can be consequently improved. 
   In the present mode for carrying out the invention, the following advantages can be achieved by forming a pixel electrode  16  with a plurality of relatively small electrode units  26 . 
   (4) Since the tilting direction of liquid crystal molecules is regulated by branch sections  30  extending in four direction with one electrode unit  26 , the alignment of liquid crystal molecules can be regulated by a force greater than that provided by configurations according to the related art, which makes reduces the possibility of irregularities in alignment. Since a plurality of electrode units  26  are provided, the influence of an alignment defect can be reduced. 
   (5) Since the length of trunk sections  28  to serve as boundaries between alignment regions is small, a stronger alignment regulating force (orientation) occurs at the trunk sections  28  than in the case of short trunk sections. This makes it possible to prevent the occurrence of a singular point at the trunk sections  28 . 
   (6) Since the electrode units  26  are small, a great alignment regulating force can be generated by an electric field of the pixel electrode  16 , which makes it possible to reduce the response time. 
   Further, a pair of ¼ wave plates  44  and  45  having optical axes orthogonal to each other are provided between a liquid crystal display panel and polarizers  83  and  84  fabricated in the present mode for carrying out the invention. As a result, light can be transmitted even at boundaries between alignment regions when only the polarizers  83  and  84  are provided. Since this prevents the generation of dark lines, it is possible to improve the luminance of the panel as a whole. 
   Connection electrodes  36  for electrically connecting adjoining electrode units  26  are formed at an end of the pixel region that is adjacent to a drain bus line  14 . Since this prevents the trunk sections  28  of the adjoining electrode units  28  from being connected in a straight line, it is possible to prevent an alignment defect from being coupled between the adjoining electrode units  26 . High display characteristics can be thus achieved. Substrates for a liquid crystal displays and liquid crystal displays having the same in the present mode for carrying out the invention will be specifically described below with reference to Embodiments 2-1 to 2-3. 
   Embodiment 2-1 
   A substrate for a liquid crystal display according to Embodiment 2-1 in the present mode for carrying out the invention will now be described with reference to  FIGS. 19 to 26D .  FIG. 19  shows a configuration of a substrate for a liquid crystal display of the present embodiment. As shown in  FIG. 19 , a plurality of gate bus lines extending in the horizontal direction in the figure are formed at intervals of 300 μm for example, and a plurality of drain bus lines  14  extending in the vertical direction in the figure are formed at intervals of 100 μm for example. The gate bus lines  12  and the drain bus lines  14  have a width of 7 μm, for example. Intervals between edges of a gate bus line  12  and a drain bus line  14  and an edge of a pixel electrode  16  are 8 μm, for example. Shorter sides of the pixel electrode  16  that has a substantially rectangular outline are about 77 μm long. 
   The pixel electrode  16  has a plurality of electrode units  26  having a circumference in the form of a rectangle each side of which has a length in the range from 20 μm to 80 μm (twelve electrode units  26  having a circumference in the form of a square of 35 μm×35 μm are formed in  FIG. 19 ). Two electrode units  26  are provided in the direction in which the gate bus lines  12  extend, and six electrode units  26  are provided in the direction in which the drain bus lines  14  extend (three each are provided on both sides of a storage capacitor bus line  18 ). Each of the electrode units  26  has a circumference in the form of a square having four sides that are substantially in parallel with or perpendicular to the gate bus lines  12  and drain bus lines  14 . An electrode unit  26  is formed with crossed trunk sections  28  that linearly extend from a point where lines connecting the vertices of the circumferential square intersect each other to respective end points that are the four vertices of the circumferential square. A trunk section  28  is in the form of a rectangle having a substantially constant width (two sides in the longitudinal direction of the same are substantially in parallel with each other), and the end of the same (in the vicinity of the endpoint) is tapered into a triangular shape in adaptation to the circumferential shape of the electrode unit  26 . A trunk section  28  has a width in the range from 3 μm to 10 μm. An electrode unit  26  has four alignment regions that are defined by the trunk sections  28  and that align liquid crystal molecules indifferent directions respectively. 
   An electrode unit  26  has a plurality of branch sections  30  that branch from the trunk sections  28  and extend substantially in parallel with or perpendicular to the gate bus lines  12  or the drain bus lines  14  (diagonally to the trunk sections  28 ). A branch section  30  has a width in the range from 2 μm to 10 μm (e.g., 3 μm) and a length of 25 μm or less. A space  32  is defined between branch sections  30  adjacent to each other. A space  32  has a width in the range from 2 μm to 10 μm (e.g., 3 μm). For example, the trunk sections  28  and the branch sections  30  define an angle of 45 deg. For example, each side of the circumference of an electrode unit  26  and the branch sections  30  define an angle of 90 deg. 
   While the twelve electrode units  26  have substantially the same configuration, the configuration of some of the electrode units  26  is modified. The pixel electrode  16  must be electrically connected to a source electrode  24  of a TFT  10 . Therefore, the pixel electrode  16  and the source electrode  24  are connected through a contact hole (not shown) formed in a protective film  56  (not shown in  FIG. 19 ). A somewhat large pixel electrode forming layer is required in the region where the pixel electrode  16  and the source electrode  24  are connected to accommodate a margin for a shift of patterning for forming the contact hole. For this reason, the electrode unit  26  at the top left corner of the pixel region shown in  FIG. 19  is provided with a contact region (solid electrode)  38  which is a square region of about 15 μm×15 μm and on which the material of the pixel electrode is formed on the entire surface thereof. 
   A drain electrode  22  of the TFT  10  of the adjacent pixel region located below the illustrated pixel region is formed such that it projects into a lower part of the illustrated pixel region. When the pixel electrode  16  is formed in an overlapping relationship with the drain electrode  22  as viewed in a direction perpendicular to the substrate surface, the alignment of liquid crystal molecules in that region is disturbed, which can result in crosstalk. It is therefore necessary to form the pixel electrode  16  and the drain electrode  22  such that they will not overlap each other. For this purpose, the electrode unit  26  located in that region (the bottom left corner in  FIG. 19 ) must be formed in a configuration that is shorter in the direction in parallel with the drain bus lines  14  (vertical direction). Specifically, the circumferential configuration of the electrode unit  26  in that region is a rectangle of 25 μm×35 μm that is 10 μm shorter in the vertical direction than the other electrode units  26  having a circumferential configuration in the form of a square of 35 μm×35 μm. The starting point of the trunk sections  28  of the same electrode unit  26  is located substantially in the middle thereof, and there are two endpoints on each side of the circumferential rectangle that is substantially in parallel with the gate bus lines  12 . 
   When a plurality of electrode units  26  are arranged, slits  34  are formed between electrode units  26  adjacent to each other for electrically isolating the electrode units  26  from each other. A slit  34  has a width in the range from 4 μm to 10 μm (e.g., 7 μm). The electrode units  26  in the same pixel region must be electrically connected. Therefore, connection electrodes  36  for electrically connecting the electrode units  26  are provided between the electrode units  26 . The connection electrodes  36  are provided in the vicinity of the drain bus lines  14  (the periphery of the pixel region). Specifically, a connection electrode  36  is formed such that it connects two of the four trunk sections  28  of an electrode unit  26  located adjacent to a drain bus line  14 . The connection electrodes  36  extend in a direction that is at an inclination of about 45 deg. from the direction in which the trunk sections  28  extend. Electrode units  26  that are adjacent to each other in the direction of the gate bus lines  12  are connected by a connection electrode  36  formed on a storage capacitor bus line  18  (a storage capacitor electrode  20 ). The storage capacitor bus line  18  is formed such that it overlaps the slits  34  when viewed in a direction perpendicular to the substrate surface. 
   Although not shown in  FIG. 19 , a black matrix  40  for shading edges of the pixel region is formed on a CF substrate  4  that is provided in a face-to-face relationship with the TFT substrate  2 . The black matrix  40  is formed like a grid having a width of 23 μm, for example. The intervals of the grid in the extending direction of the gate bus lines  12  is 100 μm, and the intervals of the grid in the extending direction of the drain bus lines  14  is 300 μm. A CF resin layer in any of red (R), green (G) or blue (B) is formed at each opening of the BM  40 . For example, a common electrode constituted by an ITO is formed on the entire surface of the CF resin layers. 
   Alignment films are formed on surfaces the substrates  2  and  4  that face each other. The alignment films have a vertically aligning property and align liquid crystal molecules in a direction perpendicular to substrate surfaces (surfaces of the alignment films) in a normal state. A liquid crystal display is manufactured by injecting and sealing a liquid crystal having negative dielectric constant anisotropy in a liquid crystal cell provided by combining such substrates  2  and  4 . 
     FIG. 20  shows a state of alignment of liquid crystal molecules in a liquid crystal display according to the present embodiment and a state of display of the same. The arrows in the figure indicate directions in which liquid crystal molecules are tilted when a voltage is applied to the liquid crystal layer.  FIG. 20  shows three pixels defined by a black matrix  40 . As shown in  FIG. 20 , in the liquid crystal display of the present embodiment, four alignment regions are formed in each electrode unit  26 , the diagonal lines of the circumferential square of the unit serving as boundaries. In each of the alignment regions, liquid crystal molecules are tilted toward the center of the electrode unit  26 . The alignment regions in one pixel have substantially equal areas. 
   One electrode unit  26  is formed in a size of about 35 μm×35 μm that is smaller than the size of the pixel region. Therefore, electric fields at the ends of trunk sections  28  and branch sections  30  of a pixel electrode  16  exhibit a relatively great effect, which makes it possible to provide a strong force to regulate the alignment of liquid crystal molecules. In the liquid crystal display of the present embodiment, connection electrodes  36  connecting the electrode units  26  are provided in the vicinity of drain bus lines  14 . Since this reduces the possibility of an alignment defect caused by coupling of tilting directions of liquid crystal molecules on two adjoining electrode units  36  through slits  34 , reduction in display quality can be prevented. 
   Boundaries between alignment regions are visually perceived as dark lines  42 , and regions where the slits  34  are formed are visually perceived as dark lines  43 . However, since such dark lines  42  and  43  are generated in the same position in each pixel, no reduction of display quality occurs. 
     FIG. 21  shows a state of alignment of liquid crystal molecules and a state of display of a liquid crystal display in which ¼ wave plates  44  and  45  and polarizers  83  and  84  are provided in the same order outside respective substrates  2  and  4  for a liquid crystal display according to the present embodiment. As shown in  FIG. 21 , in the liquid crystal display having the ¼ wave plates  44  and  45  and the polarizers  83  and  84  provided in the same order outside the substrates  2  and  4 , since optical transmittance is not dependent upon tilting directions of liquid crystal molecules, no dark line  42  is visually perceived except that singular points formed in the middle of electrode units  36  are visually perceived as dark spots  50 . This makes it possible to present display with high luminance. 
     FIGS. 22A to 25B  show patterns in which an electrode unit  26  may be formed. In  FIGS. 22A to 25B , the arrow shown in each alignment region indicates a tilting direction of liquid crystal molecules.  FIG. 22A  shows a pattern of formation of an electrode unit  26  similar to the electrode unit  26  shown in  FIG. 19 . As shown in  FIG. 22A , end points G 1  to G 4  of trunk sections  28  are located at respective vertices of the circumferential rectangle. A starting point S of the trunk sections  28  is located at the intersection of diagonal lines connecting two of the end points G 1  to G 4  that are not adjacent to each other (i.e., connecting the endpoints G 1  and G 3  and the end points G 2  and G 4 , respectively). In the case of a square circumference, the diagonal lines are orthogonal to each other. Straight lines connecting the starting point S and the four end points G 1  to G 4  serve as boundaries that define alignment regions and appear as dark lines  42  when the liquid crystal display is completed. The branch sections  30  diagonally branch from the trunk sections  28 . The extending direction of the branch sections  30  is at an angle of 90 deg. to any side of the circumference of the electrode unit  26 . 
   The coordinate of the starting point S is a coordinate in the middle of two adjoining end points (i.e., between the end points G 1  and G 2 , G 2  and G 3 , G 3  and G 4 , or G 4  and G 1 ). Two straight lines connecting the starting point S and two adjoining end points define an angle that is smaller than 180 deg. The angle is desirably about 90 deg. By setting such a configuration of the trunk sections  28 , the alignment regions can be provided as four divisions whose configurations are not distorted and whose areas are as close to each other as possible. The configuration of the electrode units  26  may be changed as long as such conditions are satisfied. 
     FIG. 22B  shows a first modification of the pattern in which an electrode unit  26  is formed. As shown in  FIG. 22B , a starting point S is located in any position in an electrode unit  26 . One of end points G 1  to G 4  is located on each side of a rectangle that defines the outline of the electrode unit  26 . In the context of the present mode for carrying out the invention, “a side” includes vertices on both ends of the side. 
     FIG. 22C  shows a second modification of the pattern in which an electrode unit  26  is formed. As shown in  FIG. 22C , a starting point S is located in any position in an electrode unit  26 . End points G 1  and G 4  are located on one side of a rectangle that defines the outline of the electrode unit  26 , and an end point G 3  is located on the side opposite to that side. And, an end point G 2  is located on the another side. 
     FIG. 22D  shows a third modification of the pattern in which an electrode unit  26  is formed. As shown in  FIG. 22D , a starting point S is located in any position in an electrode unit  26 . End points G 1  and G 4  are located on one side of a rectangle that defines the outline of the electrode unit  26 , and end points G 2  and G 3  are respectively located on the two sides other than the side opposite to the above-mentioned side. 
     FIG. 22E  shows a fourth modification of the pattern in which an electrode unit  26  is formed. As shown in  FIG. 22E , a starting point S is located in any position in an electrode unit  26 . End points G 1  and G 4  are located on one side of a rectangle that defines the outline of the electrode unit  26 , and endpoints G 2  and G 3  are located on the side opposite to that side. 
     FIG. 22F  shows a fifth modification of the pattern in which an electrode unit  26  is formed. As shown in  FIG. 22F , a starting point S is located in any position in an electrode unit  26 . End points G 1  to G 4  are respectively located on the vertices of a rectangle that defines the outline of the electrode unit  26 . 
     FIG. 22G  shows a sixth modification of the pattern in which an electrode unit  26  is formed. As shown in  FIG. 22G , end points G 1  to G 4  are respectively located on the sides of a rectangle that defines the outline of an electrode unit  26 , and a starting point S is located on the intersection of straight lines that cross each other to connect two of end points G 1  to G 4  that are not adjacent each other (i.e., to connect the end points G 1  and G 3  and the end points G 2  and G 4 , respectively). 
     FIG. 22H  shows a seventh modification of the pattern in which an electrode unit  26  is formed. As shown in  FIG. 22H , end points G 1  to G 4  are located in positions on respective sides of a rectangle that define the outline of an electrode unit  26 , each side being equally divided in the respective position. A starting point S is located on the intersection of straight lines that cross each other to connect two of end points G 1  to G 4  that are not adjacent to each other (i.e., to connect the end points G 1  and G 3  and the end points G 2  and G 4 , respectively). 
     FIG. 23A  shows an eighth modification of the pattern in which an electrode unit  26  is formed. As shown in  FIG. 23A , end points G 1  to G 4  are respectively located on the vertices of a rectangle that defines the outline of an electrode unit  26 . A starting point S is located on the intersection of straight lines that cross each other to connect two of the end points G 1  to G 4  that are not adjacent to each other (i.e., to connect the endpoints G 1  and G 3  and the endpoints G 2  and G 4 , respectively). Branch sections  30  extend in a direction at an angle θ 1  in the range from 45 deg. to 90 deg. to one side of the circumference of the electrode unit  26 . In each alignment region, the branch sections  30  extend in directions that are substantially in parallel with each other. In the present modification, the azimuth direction of liquid crystal molecules will be different from those in the above-described embodiment and modifications. However, the present modification can be put in use by providing ¼ wave plates  44  and  45  and polarizers  83  and  84  in the same order outside the substrates  2  and  4  of a liquid crystal display because this makes optical transmittance independent upon the azimuth direction of liquid crystal molecules. 
     FIG. 23B  shows a ninth modification of the pattern in which an electrode unit  26  is formed. As shown in  FIG. 23B , trunk sections  28  have the same configuration as that in the eighth modification. Branch sections  30  extend in a direction at an angle θ 2  of about 45 deg. to one side of the circumference of the electrode unit  26 . In this case, the branch sections  30  branch from only one side of the trunk sections  28 . In each alignment region, the branch sections  30  extend in directions that are substantially in parallel with each other. 
     FIG. 23C  shows a tenth modification of the pattern in which an electrode unit  26  is formed. As shown in  FIG. 23C , trunk sections  28  have the same configuration as that in the eighth and ninth modifications. Branch sections  30  extend in directions that are not in parallel with each other in each alignment region. For example, let us assume that four branch sections  30  extend in directions (clockwise directions with respect to the starting point S) at angles θ 3  (θ 3 ≦90 deg.), θ 4 , θ 5  and θ 6 , respectively, to one side of the circumference of the electrode unit  26 . Then, there is a relationship expressed by 45 deg.≦θ 3 ≦θ 4 ≦θ 5 ≦θ 6 ≦135 deg. That is, the plurality of branch sections  30  extend such that they spread substantially in the form of a fan. When there is a too great difference between the angles θ 3  and θ 6 , the intervals between the branch sections  30  becomes too great at the circumference and too small in the vicinity of the trunk section  28 . This naturally sets a limit on the range of values at which the angles θ 3  to θ 6  can be set. 
     FIG. 24A  shows an eleventh modification of the pattern in which an electrode unit  26  is formed. As shown in  FIG. 24A , trunk sections  28  have a width that gradually decreases from a value at the base portion thereof (starting point) to a value at the ends thereof (end points). 
     FIG. 24B  shows a twelfth modification of the pattern in which an electrode unit  26  is formed. As shown in  FIG. 24B , trunk sections  28  are formed in a rectangular configuration having a substantially constant width. The ends of the trunk sections  28  may stay within the circumferential rectangle and may protrude from the circumferential rectangle. 
     FIG. 24C  shows a thirteenth modification of the pattern in which an electrode unit  26  is formed. As shown in  FIG. 24C , trunk sections  28  are bent in the form of the character “V” in the middle thereof. Since the trunk sections  28  still function as boundaries of alignment regions even when their configuration is modified as shown in  FIGS. 24A ,  24 B and  24 C, there will be no significant change in the alignment of liquid crystal molecules. 
     FIG. 25A  shows a fourteenth modification of the pattern in which an electrode unit  26  is formed. As shown in  FIG. 25A , branch sections  30  have a width that gradually decreases from a value at the base portion thereof connected to a trunk section  28  to a value at the end portions thereof. Although not shown, the branch sections  30  may be formed such that they have a reduced width only at the ends thereof or such that they are bent in the middle thereof. 
     FIG. 25B  shows a fifteenth modification of the pattern in which an electrode unit  26  is formed. As shown in  FIG. 25B , trunk sections  28  located opposite to each other on both sides of a starting point are formed with an offset from each other. Specifically, a width W 2  of the offset is made equal to or greater than a width W 1  of the trunk sections  28  (W 2 ≧W 1 ). This makes it possible to fix the rotating direction of liquid crystal molecules in the vicinity of a singular point (the rotating direction of a boundary domain). Since the trunk sections  28  still function as boundaries of separate alignments even when their configuration is thus modified, there is no significant change in the alignment of liquid crystal molecules. The offset width W 2  may be smaller than the width W 1  of the trunk sections  28  (W 2 &lt;W 1 ). 
     FIGS. 26A to 26D  show patterns in which a connection electrode  36  is formed. In  FIGS. 26A to 26D , the arrows in broken lines shown at a slit  34  indicate tilting directions of liquid crystal molecules above the slit  34 .  FIG. 26A  shows a pattern for formation of a connection electrode  36  that is similar to the connection electrode  36  shown in  FIG. 19 . As shown in  FIG. 26A , the connection electrode  36  is formed between ends of trunk sections  28  face each other with a slit  34  interposed therebetween. 
     FIG. 26B  shows a first modification of the pattern in which a connection electrode  36  is formed. As shown in  FIG. 26B , a connection electrode  36  is formed between ends of branch sections  30  that extend substantially in parallel with each other and that face each other with a slit  34  interposed therebetween. The extending direction of the connection electrode  36  is substantially in parallel with the extending direction of the branch sections  30 . 
     FIG. 26C  shows a second modification of the pattern in which a connection electrode  36  is formed. As shown in  FIG. 26C , a connection electrode  36  is formed between ends of branch sections  30  other than branch sections  30  that face each other with a slit  34  interposed therebetween. The extending direction of the connection electrode  36  is diagonal to the extending direction of the branch sections  30 . 
     FIG. 26D  shows a third modification of the pattern in which a connection electrode  36  is formed. Although not shown, a drain bus line  14  extending in the vertical direction in the figure is formed adjacent to the electrode units  26  on the right side thereof in the figure. As shown in  FIG. 26D , a connection electrode  36  is formed between ends of branch sections  30  that extend toward the drain bus line  14 . It has extensions  36   a  extending substantially in parallel with the extending direction of the branch sections  30  and a connecting portion  36   b  that connects the extensions  36   a  and extends substantially in parallel with the drain bus line  14 . 
   The connection electrode  36  may be replaced with a second connection electrode that is formed from a material different from the materials of the trunk sections  28  and the branch sections  30  and that connects a source electrode  24  and the electrode units  26 . For example, the second connection electrode is formed between the source electrode  24  and the neighborhood of the starting points of the electrode units  26 . 
   The first through fifteenth modifications can provide the same advantages as those of the above-described embodiments. While  FIGS. 22A to 25B  show electrode units  26  having a substantially square circumference, the electrode units  26  may have a rectangular circumference instead. The electrode units  26  may have a circumference in a configuration similar to a rectangle. By way of example, a configuration may be employed in which the neighborhood of each vertex of a rectangle is rounded with a predetermined radius. 
   Embodiment 2-2 
   A substrate for a liquid crystal display according to Embodiment 2-2 in the present mode for carrying out the invention will now be described with reference to  FIGS. 27 to 29 .  FIG. 27  shows a configuration of a substrate for a liquid crystal display of the present embodiment. In the present embodiment, an electrode unit  26  has a rectangular circumference of 77 μm×35 μm. A starting point of trunk sections  28  of the same is located in the middle of the electrode unit  26 , and end points of the trunk sections  28  are located in positions where respective sides of the circumferential rectangle are equally divided. That is, the electrode unit  26  is divided into four alignment regions, i.e., top left, top right, bottom left, and bottom right regions in the figure. Branch sections  30  for regulating the aligning direction of liquid crystal molecules are formed such that they diagonally branch from the trunk sections  28  and define an angle of 45 deg. to gate bus lines  12  and drain bus lines  14 . 
   One electrode unit  26  is provided in the direction in which the gate bus lines  12  extend, and six electrode units  26  are provided in the direction in which the drain bus lines  14  extend (three each are provided on both sides of a storage capacitor bus line  18 ). A connection electrode  36  for connecting adjoining electrode units  26  is formed between trunk sections  28  that face each other with a slit  34  interposed therebtween. 
     FIG. 28  shows a state of alignment of liquid crystal molecules in a liquid crystal display according to the present embodiment and a state of display of the same. The arrows in the figure indicate directions in which liquid crystal molecules are tilted when a voltage is applied to the liquid crystal layer.  FIG. 28  shows three pixels defined by a black matrix  40 . As shown in  FIG. 28 , in the liquid crystal display of the present embodiment, four alignment regions are formed in each electrode unit  26 , the regions being bounded by the trunk sections  28 . In each of the alignment regions, liquid crystal molecules are tilted toward the center of the electrode unit  26 . The alignment regions in one pixel have substantially equal areas. 
   One electrode unit  26  is formed in a size of about 77 μm×35 μm that is smaller than the size of the pixel region. Therefore, electric fields at the ends of trunk sections  28  and branch sections  30  of a pixel electrode  16  exhibit a relatively great effect, which makes it possible to provide a strong force to regulate the alignment of liquid crystal molecules. Boundaries between alignment regions are visually perceived as dark lines  42 , and regions where the slits  34  are formed are visually perceived as dark lines  43 . However, since such dark lines  42  and  43  are generated in the same position in each pixel, no reduction of display quality occurs. 
     FIG. 29  shows a state of alignment of liquid crystal molecules and a state of display of a liquid crystal display in which ¼ wave plates  44  and  45  and polarizers  83  and  84  are provided in the same order outside respective substrates  2  and  4  for a liquid crystal display according to the present embodiment. As shown in  FIG. 29 , in the liquid crystal display having the ¼ wave plates  44  and  45  and the polarizers  83  and  84  provided in the same order outside the substrates  2  and  4 , since optical transmittance is not dependent upon tilting directions of liquid crystal molecules, no dark line  42  is visually perceived except that singular points formed in the middle of electrode units  36  are visually perceived as dark spots  50 . This makes it possible to present display with high luminance. 
   Embodiment 2-3 
   A substrate for a liquid crystal display according to Embodiment 2-3 in the present mode for carrying out the invention will now be described with reference to  FIGS. 30 to 32 .  FIG. 30  shows a configuration of a substrate for a liquid crystal display of the present embodiment. In the present embodiment, a plurality of gate bus line  12  extending in the horizontal direction in the figure are formed at intervals of 225 μm for example, and a plurality of drain bus lines  14  extending in the vertical direction in the figure are formed at intervals of 75 μm, for example. The pixel region is smaller than those in the Embodiments 2-1 and 2-2. For example, the gate bus lines  12  and the drain bus lines  14  have a width of 6 μm. The interval between edges of a gate bus line  12  and a drain bus line  14  and an edge of a pixel electrode  16  is 7 μm, for example. That is, shorter sides of the pixel electrode  16  that has a substantially rectangular circumference are about 55 μm long. 
   An electrode unit  26  has a circumference in the form of a square of 55 μm×55 μm. A starting point of trunk sections  28  is located in the middle of the electrode unit  26 , and end points of the trunk sections  28  are located at the vertices of the circumferential rectangle of the electrode unit  26 , respectively. Branch sections  30  for regulating the aligning direction of liquid crystal molecules are formed such that they diagonally branch from the trunk sections  28  and extend substantially in parallel with or perpendicularly to the gate bus lines  12  or the drain bus lines  14 . For example, the branch sections  30  have a width of 3 μm. Spaces  32  have a width of 3 μm. The trunk sections  28  and the branch sections  30  define an angle of 45 deg., for example. For example, an angle of 90 deg. is defined between the branch sections  30  and each side of the circumference of the electrode unit  26 . 
   One electrode unit  26  is provided in the direction in which the gate bus lines  12  extend, and three electrode units  26  are provided in the direction in which the drain bus lines  14  extend. A storage capacitor bus line  18  is provided such that it overlaps the slits  34  when viewed in a direction perpendicular to a substrate surface. Therefore, the storage capacitor bus line  18  is eccentrically provided in an upper or lower part of the pixel region instead of being provided in the middle of the same. Specifically, a storage capacitor bus line  18  (a storage capacitor electrode  20 ) having a width of 20 μm, for example, is formed, the bus line being centered in a position that is about 150 μm away from the upper gate bus line  12  and about 75 μm away from the lower gate bus line  12 . 
   Two electrode units  26  are provided in an upper open area, and one electrode unit  26  is provided in a lower open area, the storage capacitor bus line  18  bounding those areas. Like Embodiment 2-1, some of the electrode units  26  are modified in configuration. The electrode unit  26  at the top of the pixel region is provided with a contact region  38  which is a square region of about 15 μm×15 μm and on which the material of the pixel electrode is formed on the entire surface thereof. The electrode unit  26  at the bottom of the pixel region is provided with a cutout such that an edge of a drain electrode  22  and the edge of the pixel electrode  16  is spaced from each other by 7 μm, for example. 
   Connection electrodes  36  for connecting adjoining electrode units  26  are provided in the vicinity of the drain bus lines  14  (the periphery of the pixel region). The connection electrodes  36  are formed substantially in parallel with the drain bus lines  14  to connect the trunk sections  28  facing each other with the slits  34  interposed therebetween. The slits  34  have a width of 7 μm, for example. 
   Although not shown in  FIG. 30 , a black matrix  40  for shading edges of the pixel region is formed on a CF substrate  4  that is provided in a face-to-face relationship with the TFT substrate  2 . The black matrix  40  is formed like a grid having a width of 20 μm, for example. The intervals of the grid in the extending direction of the gate bus lines  12  is 75 μm, and the intervals of the grid in the extending direction of the drain bus lines  14  is 225 μm. A CF resin layer in any of red (R), green (G) or blue (B) is formed at each opening of the BM  40 . For example, a common electrode constituted by an ITO is formed on the entire surface of the CF resin layers. 
     FIG. 31  shows a state of alignment of liquid crystal molecules in a liquid crystal display according to the present embodiment and a state of display of the same. The arrows in the figure indicate directions in which liquid crystal molecules are tilted when a voltage is applied to the liquid crystal layer.  FIG. 31  shows three pixels defined by a black matrix  40 . As shown in  FIG. 31 , in the liquid crystal display of the present embodiment, four alignment regions are formed in each electrode unit  26 , the trunk sections  28  bounding those regions. In each of the alignment regions, liquid crystal molecules are tilted toward the center of the electrode unit  26 . The alignment regions in one pixel have substantially equal areas. 
   One electrode unit  26  is formed in a size of about 55 μm×55 μm that is smaller than the size of the pixel region. Therefore, electric fields at the ends of trunk sections  28  and branch sections  30  of a pixel electrode  16  exhibit a relatively great effect, which makes it possible to provide a strong force to regulate the alignment of liquid crystal molecules. Boundaries between alignment regions are visually perceived as dark lines  42 , and regions where the slits  34  are formed are visually perceived as dark lines  43 . However, since such dark lines  42  and  43  are generated in the same position in each pixel, no reduction of display quality occurs. 
     FIG. 32  shows a state of alignment of liquid crystal molecules and a state of display of a liquid crystal display in which ¼ wave plates  44  and  45  and polarizers  83  and  84  are provided in the same order outside respective substrates  2  and  4  for a liquid crystal display according to the present embodiment. As shown in  FIG. 32 , in the liquid crystal display having the ¼ wave plates  44  and  45  and the polarizers  83  and  84  provided in the same order outside the substrates  2  and  4 , since optical transmittance is not dependent upon tilting directions of liquid crystal molecules, no dark line  42  is visually perceived except that singular points formed in the middle of electrode units  36  are visually perceived as dark spots  50 . This makes it possible to present display with high luminance. 
   As described above, in the present mode for carrying out the invention, a force to regulate the alignment of liquid crystal molecules can be provided only by changing the pattern in which pixel electrodes  16  are formed. Further, since defects in alignment of liquid crystal molecules can be reduced, liquid crystal displays having high display quality can be provided with a high yield of manufacture at a low manufacturing cost. When ¼ wave plates  44  and  45  and polarizers  83  and  84  are provided in the same order outside substrates  2  and  4  for a liquid crystal display in the present mode for carrying out the invention, a liquid crystal display having higher luminance can be easily provided. 
   The number of electrode units  26  in one pixel is not limited to the quantities mentioned in the above embodiments. For example, when one electrode unit  26  is provided along gate bus lines  12 , electrode units  26  in a quantity in the range from 2 to 6 are provided along drain bus lines  14 . When two electrode units  26  are provided along gate bus lines  12 , electrode units  26  in a quantity in the range from 4 to 12 are provided along drain bus lines  14 . When three electrode units  26  are provided along gate bus lines  12 , electrode units  26  in a quantity in the range from 6 to 18 are provided along drain bus lines  14 . 
   Third Mode for Carrying Out the Invention 
   A substrate for a liquid crystal display and a liquid crystal display having the same in a third mode for carrying out the invention will now be described. The present mode for carrying out the invention relates to improvement of display characteristics of a liquid crystal display in which alignment control is carried out utilizing fine electrode patterns, and a description will now be made on a liquid crystal display which exhibits stable alignment and suffers from no display defect such as irregularities in display even when subjected to some shock that can be caused in practice by pushing the panel with a finger, for example. 
   Existing mass-produced MVA LCDs are advantageous in that they have higher contrast and wider viewing angles compared to TN type liquid crystal displays that have been widely used. On the contrary, they are sometimes not as good as TN type LCDs in transmittance. This is attributable to the method of alignment control used in MVA type displays. MVA LCD shave linear electrode blank patterns or structures in each pixel to control the alignment of liquid crystal molecules in desired directions taking advantage of a topological effect provided by the linear structures and the effect of distortion of electrical fields acting on the liquid crystal layer that occurs when a voltage is applied. Since it is difficult to apply a predetermined voltage to liquid crystal molecules in the vicinity of the linear structures and blank sections of electrodes, the liquid crystal molecules in such a region are not sufficiently tilted. This reduces transmittance of the pixel. 
   In the case of MVA type alignment control, liquid crystal molecules that are somewhat apart from linear structures or blank sections of electrodes are aligned orthogonally to the longitudinal direction of the linear structures to form a large domain when a voltage is applied. On the contrary, liquid crystal molecules above the linear structures or electrode blank sections are aligned in parallel with the linear structures to form a long and narrow domain. Since alignment of a liquid crystal changes continuously, a region that is at an angle of 45 deg. to the linear structures or a region aligned in the same direction as the polarization axis of polarizers will exist between those domains. This also reduces transmittance. 
   In an attempt to mitigate the problem of low transmittance, studies are being made on a novel MVA method that is a combination of the following two methods. 
   One method is to use circular polarizers. This improves transmittance because transmittance will theoretically be determined only by retardation and will not be dependent upon the aligning direction of liquid crystal molecules. Specifically, while light is not transmitted by a region that is aligned in the same direction as the direction of a polarization axis in a configuration according to the related art, the circular polarization method makes it possible to improve the transmittance of such a region to a value equivalent to the transmittance of a region that is at an angle of 45 deg. to the polarization axis. 
   The other method is to control alignment using electrode units  26  having fine electrode patterns. According to the related art, several electrode blank sections or linear structures in the form of lines having a width of about 10 μm are provided in a pixel of about 100 μm×300 μm, which has resulted in a great loss of transmittance. On the contrary, it was revealed that liquid crystal molecules can be controlled in a certain direction by using a plurality of electrode units  26  having fine electrode patterns comprised of repetitive lines and spaces having a width of about 3 μm, for example, as described above as first and second modes for carrying out the invention. In this case, liquid crystal molecules are aligned in parallel with the longitudinal direction of the fine patterns, and substantially no reduction in transmittance is observed. Thus, the use of the group of electrode units  26  also makes it possible to improve transmittance. 
   However, it was revealed that a liquid crystal display employing such methods suffers from irregularities in display when subjected to some shock that can be caused in practice by pressing the panel with a finger, for example. The state of alignment of such a panel was examined to identify the cause. The results are shown in  FIGS. 33A to 33D . The results were obtained by observing the panel with the circular polarizers replaced by ordinary linear polarizers in order to observe the state of alignment in detail. 
     FIGS. 33A and 33B  show the panel displaying in a normal state without being subjected to any shock.  FIG. 33A  is a microphotograph showing the state of display of a predetermined display area.  FIG. 33B  shows the configuration of an electrode unit  26  and the state of occurrence of singular points. In the present example, a pixel electrode  16  is used which has substantially the same electrode pattern as that shown in  FIG. 26A  in the second mode for carrying out the invention and which is accompanied by connection electrodes  36  formed on both sides thereof. Small rod-shaped objects present in the electrode patterns shown in  FIGS. 33B and 33D  indicate the aligning direction of liquid crystal molecules lcm. In the following description, elements identical to those used in the first and second modes for carrying out the invention will be indicated by like reference numerals and will not be described here. As shown in  FIGS. 33A and 33B , when a voltage is applied to the electrode unit  26 , domains are formed according to alignment control performed by a group of fine electrode patterns of the electrode unit  26 . Singular points of alignment vectors (vertically aligned spot-like regions) are formed at boundaries between the domains. As shown in  FIGS. 33A and 33B , three regions were observed, i.e., a region having a singular point with strengths=+1 (represented as “region a” in  FIG. 33A ), a region having a singular point with strength s=−1 (represented as “region b” in  FIG. 33A ) and a region having singular points with strength s=−1, +1 and −1 which line up in the that order of strength (represented as “region c” in  FIG. 33A ). In  FIGS. 33B and 33D , the singular points with strength s=+1 are marked with the dots, and the singular points with strength s=−1 are marked with the circles. 
   Next,  FIGS. 33C and 33D  show the panel with a shock given to the same by pressing the display surface of the panel with a finger.  FIG. 33C  is a microphotograph showing the state of display of the predetermined display area, and  FIG. 33D  shows the configuration of the electrode unit  26  and the state of occurrence of singular points. As shown in  FIGS. 33C and 33D , the state of alignment significantly changes in the part that has been shocked by pressing the panel display surface with a finger and the neighborhood of the same, and the aligning direction is stabilized in such a state. As will be understood by comparing them with  FIGS. 33A and 33B , display domains are connected with each other across the regions where domain boundaries have existed, and the singular points have disappeared. 
   According to the method of display using circular polarizers, in theory, a change in the state of alignment (aligning direction) is not visually perceived as a difference in luminance when the panel is viewed in a direction normal to the same. However, if the panel is viewed at whatever small angle, the apparent angle defined by the polarization axis of a linear polarizer that forms a part of the circular polarizer and the optical axis of a phase difference plate (λ/4 plate) will be different from the angle between them as viewed in the normal direction, and the apparent phase difference of the phase difference plate itself will change. Thus, the characteristics of the circular polarizer will deviate from idealistic circular polarization. As a result, when there is a significant change in alignment, irregularities of luminance will be observed on the panel in practice even if a circular polarizer is used. 
   As thus described, irregularities in display are considered attributable to the fact that a press with a finger can change the alignment of liquid crystal molecules in a pixel significantly. In the present mode for carrying out the invention, a liquid crystal display will be described which is kept in a stable state of alignment to prevent any display defect such as irregularity of display even when subjected to some shock that can be caused in practice by pressing the panel with a finger, for example. 
   A first principle behind stabilization of alignment in the present mode for carrying out the invention will now be described. Singular points are thus formed at boundaries between liquid crystal domains in most cases, as shown in  FIGS. 33A to 33D . In the configuration shown in  FIGS. 33A to 33D , no active control is performed over the positions where singular points are formed. This seems to be a reason for the fact that singular points easily move or disappear when subjected to a shock such as a press with a finger. Further, movement or disappearance of singular points is accompanied by significant changes in alignment such as coupling of domains across domain boundaries. 
   That is, it is assumed that liquid crystal domains are coupled with each other as a result of disappearance of singular points. Conversely, it is assumed that coupling of liquid crystal domains will not occur when singular points are formed with stability. In particular, the three states of formation of singular points are states that the electrode structure shown in  FIGS. 33A to 33D  can inherently produce with stability. It is therefore considered most preferable to provide a measure to produce such states of singular points easily in order to achieve stable alignment. 
   From such a point of view, the stable formation of regions a, b and c as shown in  FIGS. 33A to 33D  may be achieved in configurations as shown in  FIG. 34A to 34C . In the configuration shown in  FIG. 34A , a region a having a singular point with strength s=+1 is formed at the intersection of crossed trunk sections  28  of an electrode unit  26 ; a region c having singular points with strength s=−1, +1 and −1 which line up in that order of strength is formed at a slit  34  in an upper part of the figure; and a region b having a singular point with strength s=−1 is formed at a slit  34  in a lower part of the figure. In the configuration shown in  FIG. 34B , a region a having a singular point with strength s=+1 is formed at the intersection of crossed trunk sections  28  of an electrode unit  26 , and a region b having a singular point with strength s=−1 is formed at both of upper and lower slits  34  in the figure. Further, in the configuration shown in  FIG. 34C , a region a having a singular point with strength s=+1 is formed at the intersection of crossed trunk sections  28  of an electrode unit  26 , and a region c having singular points with strength s=−1, +1 and −1 which line up in that order of strength is formed at both of upper and lower slits  34  in the figure. 
   A singular point control section for fixing singular points must be provided to prevent the singular points from moving away the respective positions shown in  FIGS. 34A to 34C . Structures for the singular point control section and positions to provide the same will be described later with reference to specific embodiments. A significant movement of a singular point can be suppressed even in the presence of a shock caused by a press with a finger by providing the singular point control section. Further, domain boundaries will be formed with stability, which makes it possible to prevent domains from being coupled with each other across domain boundaries. Thus, significant turbulences in alignment of a liquid crystal can be reduced to mitigate irregularities in display. 
     FIGS. 35A and 35B  show a second principle behind alignment stabilization in the present mode for carrying out the invention. According to the principle, a linear vertical alignment control section  200  for vertically and linearly aligning liquid crystal molecules lcm is provided in a predetermined position of a boundary between liquid crystal domains, as shown in  FIG. 35A . Further, a linear vertical alignment control section  202  for vertically and linearly aligning liquid crystal molecules lcm is provided in a predetermined position of a boundary between liquid crystal domains, as shown in  FIG. 35B . Both of the vertical alignment control sections  200  and  202  have the same effect as that of the singular point control section described above in relation to the first principle, and they can prevent domains from being coupled with each other across boundaries to suppress significant turbulences in alignment of a liquid crystal and to thereby mitigate irregularities in display. Liquid crystal molecules are vertically aligned at a singular point, and the singular point control section may therefore be regarded as a vertical alignment control section in a broader sense. 
   In order to achieve more stable alignment, the linear vertical alignment control sections  200  and  202  according to the second principle are more effective than the method of control according to the first principle in which singular points are controlled primarily on a point-by-point basis. The reason is that linear control makes it possible to suppress coupling of liquid crystal domains over a wider range than the control on a point-by-point basis. Since a vertically aligned region under control appears as black display, a reduction in luminance occurs when a great number of regions are occupied by the vertical alignment control sections  200  or  202 . Therefore, singular point control on a point-by-point basis according to the first principle is preferred when priority is given to luminance. 
   A substrate for a liquid crystal display and a liquid crystal display having the same in the present mode for carrying out the invention will now be specifically described with reference to Embodiments 3-1 to 3-11. 
   Embodiment 3-1 
   Embodiment 3-1 will now be described with reference to  FIGS. 36A to 36C . In the present embodiment, as shown in  FIGS. 36A to 36C , singular point control sections  400   a  to  400   f ,  402  and  404  as described in relation to the first principle were formed on a TFT substrate  2  on which pixel electrodes  16  were formed. In the example of arrangement shown in  FIG. 36A , the singular point control sections  400   a  to  400   f  are formed as insulating convex structures having a substantially square bottom configuration on vertices of the circumference of each electrode unit  26  and on connection electrodes  36 . By arranging the singular point control sections  400   a  to  400   f  in such a manner, singular points with strength s=+1 (regions a) can be provided at the intersection of the crossed trunk sections  28  of the electrode units  26 . 
   In the example of arrangement shown in  FIG. 36B , the singular point control section  402  is formed as an insulating convex structure above a slit  34  between electrode units  26 , the structure having a substantially rectangular bottom configuration whose longitudinal direction is in alignment with the longitudinal direction of the slit  34 . The singular point control section (convex structure)  402  has a linear convex configuration that is discontinuous in the middle thereof. A singular point with strength s=−1 (a region b) can be provided substantially in the middle of the slit  34  between the electrode units  26  by providing the singular point control section  402 . 
   In the example of arrangement shown in  FIG. 36C , the singular point control section  404  is formed as an insulating convex structure above a slit  34  between electrode units  26 , the structure having a substantially rectangular bottom configuration whose longitudinal direction is in alignment with the longitudinal direction of the slit  34 . The singular point control section (convex structure)  404  has a linear convex configuration that is discontinuous above two connection electrodes  36 . Singular points with strength s=−1, +1 and −1 that line up in that order of strength (a region c) can be provided at the slit  34  between the electrode units  26  by providing the singular point control section  404 . 
   A method of manufacturing an LCD according to the present embodiment will now be briefly described. 
   A substrate OA-2 having a thickness of 0.7 mm (manufactured by Nippon Electric Glass Co., Ltd.) is used as a TFT substrate  2 , the substrate being a substrate for a liquid crystal display as shown in  FIGS. 1 and 2  similar to those described in the first and second modes for carrying out the invention. Although not shown in  FIGS. 36A to 36C , TFTs  10  and bus lines  12  and  14  are formed in addition to pixel electrodes  16  on the TFT substrate  2 . A pixel electrode  16  is configured by combining a plurality of electrode units  26  similar to that shown in  FIG. 26A . Trunk sections  30  of the electrode unit  26  have a width db of 3 μm, and spaces  32  of the same have a width ds of 3 μm. The layout of the pixel electrodes comprised of a plurality of electrode units, the TFTs and the bus lines is similar to that shown in  FIG. 30 . Specifically, while  FIGS. 36A to 36C  show examples in which two electrode units are provided, three electrode units were provided in one pixel on the actual TFT substrate. 
   A photosensitive resin was applied to the TFT substrate  2  which was then patterned using a photolithographic process, and insulating convex sections to become singular point control sections  400   a  to  400   f ,  402  and  404  were formed in respective positions as shown in  FIGS. 36A to 36C . An acryl type material manufactured by JSR was used as the photosensitive resin material. The bottoms of the singular point control sections  400   a  to  400   f  are in the form of a square which is 10 μm in the vertical and horizontal directions. The bottom of the singular point control section  402  is in the form of two rectangles each of which is 10 μm and 30 μm in the vertical and horizontal directions, respectively. Referring to the configuration of the bottom of the singular point control section  404 , it has square configurations which are 10 μm in the vertical and horizontal directions on both sides thereof and has a rectangular configuration which is 10 μm and 40 μm in the vertical and horizontal directions respectively in the middle thereof. Any of the convex sections has a height of about 1.5 μm. 
   An opposite electrode is formed on an opposite substrate. Color filters may be provided on either substrate. Next, vertical alignment films were applied to the TFT substrate and the opposite substrate. A polyimide material manufactured by JSR may be used as the material of the alignment films. Next, the substrates were combined with spacers interposed therebetween to fabricate an open cell. Resin spacers manufactured by Sumitomo Fine Chemicals Co., Ltd were used as the spacers. The spacers had a diameter of 4 μm. The function of the spacers can be provided by forming protrusions having a height equivalent to the cell gap using the material from which the singular point control sections are formed. This eliminates a need for dispersing bead spacers or forming resin spacers separately. 
   A liquid crystal was injected into the open cell using a vacuum injection process. The liquid crystal material used was a material having negative dielectric anisotropy manufactured by Merck Japan Company. A voltage was applied to a panel thus obtained, and the state of alignment of the same was observed. As a result, singular points having strength s=+1 and −1 of alignment vectors had been formed in the positions indicated by dots and circles in the figures, respectively. When the panel was shocked by pressing the same with a finger, although slight changes occurred in the state of liquid crystal domains at the singular points and their neighborhood immediately after the press, the state of alignment before to the press was quickly restored. Then, any irregularity in display was no longer observed. 
   Embodiment 3-2 
   Embodiment 3-2 will now be described with reference to  FIGS. 37A to 37C . In the present embodiment, as shown in  FIGS. 37A ,  37 B and  37 C, singular point control sections  406 ,  408  and  410  as described in relation to the first principle were formed on an opposite substrate that was provided opposite to a TFT substrate  2 . In the example of arrangement shown in  FIG. 37A , the singular point control sections  406  are formed as insulating convex structures having a substantially square bottom configuration on the opposite substrate at intersections between trunk sections  28  of electrode units  26 . By arranging the singular point control sections  406  in such a manner, singular points with strength s=+1 (regions a) can be provided at the intersection of the crossed trunk sections  28  of the electrode units  26 . 
   In the example of arrangement shown in  FIG. 37B , the singular point control section  408  is formed as a square insulating convex structure on the opposite substrate such that it is located in the middle of a slit  34  between electrode units  26 . A singular point with strength s=−1 (a region b) can be provided substantially in the middle of the slit  34  between the electrode units  26  by providing the singular point control section  408 . 
   In the example of arrangement shown in  FIG. 37C , the singular point control sections  410  are formed as insulating convex structures having a square bottom configuration on the opposite substrate such that they are located above connection electrodes  36  on both sides of a slit  34  between electrode units  26 . Singular points with strength s=−1, +1 and −1 that line up in that order of strength (a region c) can be provided at the slit  34  between the electrode units  26  by providing the singular point control section  410 . 
   Each of the singular point control sections  406 ,  408  and  410  is a square of about 10 μm. Instead of forming the insulating convex sections, electrode blank sections corresponding to the convex patterns may be provided on an opposite electrode. 
   A voltage was applied to a liquid crystal panel fabricated according to the present embodiment, and the state of alignment of the same was observed. As a result, singular points having strength s=+1 and −1 of alignment vectors had been formed in the positions indicated by dots and circles in the figures, respectively. When the panel was shocked by pressing the same with a finger, although slight changes occurred in the state of liquid crystal domains at the singular points and their neighborhood immediately after the press, the state of alignment before to the press was quickly restored. Then, any irregularity in display was no longer observed. 
     FIG. 38  shows a specific example of a configuration according to Embodiment 3-1.  FIG. 38  is a plan view showing a configuration of three pixels adjacent to each other in the horizontal direction in the figure and the neighborhood of the same. Each of the pixels has a substantially rectangular outline. Each of the pixels has a pixel electrode  16  in which electrode units  26  are formed in three rows and two columns above and below a storage capacitor bus line  18  that extends through the pixel substantially in the middle thereof. The electrode units  26  in  FIG. 38  are a combination of electrode units  26  as shown in  FIGS. 13 and 19 . Connection electrodes  36  are formed on the side of drain bus lines  14 . Singular point control sections  410 ′ constituted by insulating convex structures are formed on the substrate that has the connection electrodes  36 . This configuration is equivalent to a configuration provided by removing one side of the structure  402  in  FIG. 36B . In such a configuration, it is also possible to provide singular points with strength s=−1 (regions b) substantially in the middle of gaps between the electrode units  26 . 
     FIG. 39  shows another modification of the present embodiment. The pixel shown in  FIG. 39  has electrode units  26  and  26 ′ which are line-symmetrically configured about a slit  34  located substantially in the middle of them. On the left side of the slit  34  in the figure, a connection electrode  36  is formed to connect the electrode units  26  and  26 ′. A singular point control section  410 ″ constituted by an insulating convex structure is formed on an opposite substrate in association with trunk sections  28  and the connection electrode  36 . In such a configuration, it is also possible to provide a singular point with strength s=−1 (a region b) above the connection electrode  36  at the slit  34  between the electrode units  26  and  26 ′ and to provide singular points with strength s=+1 within the ranges where the structure traverses the electrodes (the ranges where the structure diagonally traverses in  FIG. 39 ). 
   Embodiment 3-3 
   Embodiment 3-3 will now be described with reference to  FIGS. 40A to 40C . In the present embodiment, as shown in  FIGS. 40A ,  40 B and  40 C, singular point control sections  412 ,  414  and  416  constituted by conductive convex structures were formed on a TFT substrate. In the example of arrangement shown in  FIG. 40A , an insulating convex structure having a substantially square bottom configuration are formed under an intersection of trunk sections  28  of each electrode unit  26 . A photosensitive material similar to that in Embodiment 3-1 is used for the insulating convex structure. Alternatively, the insulating convex structure can be formed by selectively leaving an insulation layer or wiring layer that has been formed on the TFT substrate for forming TFTs in the position where the convex section is to be formed. Thus, there is formed singular point control sections  412  constituted by conductive convex structures which protrude at the intersections of the electrode trunk sections  28 . By arranging the singular point control sections  412  in such a manner, singular points with strength s=+1 (regions a) can be provided at the intersection of the crossed trunk sections  28  of the electrode units  26 . 
   In the example of arrangement shown in  FIG. 40B , the singular point control section  414  is located on a TFT substrate. An insulating convex structure having a substantially square bottom configuration is formed under a central portion of a slit  34  between electrode units  26 , thereby forming the singular point control section  414  into which electrode branch sections  30  in the vicinity of the slit  34  protrude. A singular point with strength s=−1 (a region b) can be provided substantially in the middle of the slit  34  between the electrode units  26  by providing the singular point control section  414 . 
   In the example of arrangement shown in  FIG. 40C , the singular point control sections  416  are located on a TFT substrate. Insulating convex structures having a substantially square bottom configuration are formed under connection electrodes  36 ,  36  on both sides of a slit  34  between electrode units  26 , thereby forming the singular point control sections  416  into which the connection electrodes  36  protrude. Singular points with strength s=−1, +1 and −1 that line up in that order of strength (a region c) can be provided at the slit  34  between the electrode units  26  by providing the singular point control sections  416 . 
   Each of the singular point control sections  412 ,  414  and  416  is a square of about 10 μm, and they have a height of about 1.5 μm. 
   A voltage was applied to a liquid crystal panel fabricated according to the present embodiment, and the state of alignment of the same was observed. As a result, singular points having strength s=+1 and −1 of alignment vectors had been formed in the positions indicated by dots and circles in the figures, respectively. When the panel was shocked by pressing the same with a finger, although slight changes occurred in the state of liquid crystal domains at the singular points and their neighborhood immediately after the press, the state of alignment before to the press was quickly restored. Then, any irregularity in display was no longer observed. 
   Embodiment 3-4 
   Embodiment 3-4 will now be described with reference to  FIGS. 41A to 41C . In the present embodiment, as shown in  FIGS. 41A ,  41 B and  41 C, singular point control sections  418   a  to  418   f ,  420  and  422  constituted by conductive convex structures were formed on an opposite substrate. In the example of arrangement shown in  FIG. 41A , the singular point control sections  418   a  to  418   f  are formed by forming insulating convex structures having a substantially square bottom configuration (with an area of about 10 μm square and a height of about 1.5 μm) under an opposite electrode in positions opposite to vertices of the circumference of electrode units  26  and connection electrodes  36 . A photosensitive material similar to that in embodiment 3-1 is used for the insulating convex structures. This forms conductive convex structures into which the opposite electrode protrudes. The conductive convex structures are provided as the singular point control sections  418   a  to  418   f , which makes it possible to provide singular points with strength s=+1 (regions a) at the intersections of the crossed trunk sections  28  of the electrode units  26 . 
   In the example of arrangement shown in  FIG. 41B , the singular point control sections  420  are formed as conductive convex structures having a square bottom configuration (with an area of about 10 μm square and a height of about 1.5 μm) in respective positions opposite to two connection electrodes  36  on both sides of a slit  34 . A singular point with strength s=−1 (a region b) can be provided substantially in the middle of the slit  34  between the electrode units  26  by providing the singular point control sections  420 . 
   In the example of arrangement shown in  FIG. 41C , the singular point control section  422  is formed as a rectangular conductive convex structure (which has side portions of about 10 μm square and a central portion of 10 μm×40 μm and which has a height of about 1.5 μm) on an opposite substrate above a slit  34  between electrode units  26 , the longitudinal direction of the bottom of the structure being aligned with the longitudinal direction of the slit  34 . The singular point control section  422  is in the form of a linear protrusion that is discontinuous in positions opposite to two connection electrodes  36 . Singular points with strength s=−1, +1 and −1 that line up in that order of strength (a region c) can be provided at the slit  34  between the electrode units  26  by providing the singular point control section  422 . 
   A voltage was applied to a liquid crystal panel thus obtained, and the state of alignment of the same was observed. As a result, singular points having strength s=+1 and −1 of alignment vectors had been formed in the positions indicated by dots and circles in the figures, respectively. When the panel was shocked by pressing the same with a finger, although slight changes occurred in the state of liquid crystal domains at the singular points and their neighborhood immediately after the press, the state of alignment before to the press was quickly restored. Then, any irregularity in display was no longer observed. 
   Embodiment 3-5 
   Embodiment 3-5 will now be described with reference to  FIGS. 42A and 42B . In the present embodiment, as shown in  FIGS. 42A and 42B , singular point control sections  424  and  426  constituted by insulating concave structures were formed on a TFT substrate. In the example of arrangement shown in  FIG. 42A , the singular point control section  424  is formed substantially in the middle of a slit  34  as a concave structure having a square bottom configuration (with an area of about 10 μm square and a depth of about 1 μm). A singular point with strength s=−1 (a region b) can be provided substantially in the middle of a slit  34  between electrode units  26  by providing the singular point control section  424 . 
   In the example of arrangement shown in  FIG. 42B , the singular point control sections  426  are formed under connection electrodes  36  as concave structures having a square bottom configuration (with an area of about 10 μm square and a depth of about 1 μm). Singular points with strength s=−1, +1 and −1 that line up in that order of strength (a region c) can be provided at a slit  34  between electrode units  26  by providing the singular point control sections  426 . 
   The concave sections were provided by applying the above-described photosensitive material to the entire surface of the substrate and thereafter removing the photosensitive material only from the locations to become the concave sections. Alternatively, the concave sections may be provided by forming holes in an insulation layer or wiring layer formed when TFTs are formed on the substrate. 
   A voltage was applied to a liquid crystal panel thus obtained, and the state of alignment of the same was observed. As a result, singular points having strength s=+1 and −1 of alignment vectors had been formed in the positions indicated by dots and circles in the figures, respectively. When the panel was shocked by pressing the same with a finger, although slight changes occurred in the state of liquid crystal domains at the singular points and their neighborhood immediately after the press, the state of alignment before to the press was quickly restored. Then, any irregularity in display was no longer observed. 
   Embodiment 3-6 
   Embodiment 3-6 will now be described with reference to  FIGS. 43A to 43C . In the present embodiment, as shown in  FIGS. 43A ,  43 B and  43 C, singular point control sections  428   a  to  428   f ,  430  and  432  constituted by conductive concave structures were formed on a TFT substrate. In the example of arrangement shown in  FIG. 43A , the singular point control sections  428   a  to  428   f  are formed as conductive concave structures having a square bottom configuration (with an area of about 10 μm square and a depth of about 1 μm) under vertices of the circumference of electrode units  26  and connection electrodes  36 , respectively. Singular points with strength s=+1 (regions a) can be provided at the intersections of crossed trunk sections  28  of the electrode units  26  by providing the singular point control sections  428   a  to  428   f.    
   In the example of arrangement shown in  FIG. 43B , the singular point control section  430  is formed as a rectangular conductive concave structure (which has side portions of about 10 μm square and a central portion of 10 μm×40 μm and which has a depth of about 1 μm) above a slit  34  between electrode units  26 , the longitudinal direction of the bottom of the structure being aligned with the longitudinal direction of the slit  34 . The singular point control section  430  has a linear configuration that is discontinuous in the middle thereof. 
   A singular point with strength s=−1 (a region b) can be provided substantially in the middle of the slit  34  between the electrode units  26  by providing the singular point control section  430 . 
   In the example of arrangement shown in  FIG. 43C , the singular point control section  432  is formed as a rectangular conductive concave structure above a slit  34  between electrode units  26 , the longitudinal direction of the bottom of the structure being aligned with the longitudinal direction of the slit  34 . The singular point control section  432  has a linear configuration that is discontinuous above two connection electrodes  36 . Singular points with strength s=−1, +1 and −1 that line up in that order of strength (a region c) can be provided at the slit  34  between the electrode units  26  by providing the singular point control section  432 . 
   The concave sections were provided by applying the above-described photosensitive material to the entire surface of the substrate and thereafter removing the photosensitive material only from the locations to become the concave sections. Alternatively, the concave sections may be provided by forming holes in an insulation layer or wiring layer formed when TFTs are formed on the substrate. 
   A voltage was applied to a liquid crystal panel thus obtained, and the state of alignment of the same was observed. As a result, singular points having strength s=+1 and −1 of alignment vectors had been formed in the positions indicated by dots and circles in the figures, respectively. When the panel was shocked by pressing the same with a finger, although slight changes occurred in the state of liquid crystal domains at the singular points and their neighborhood immediately after the press, the state of alignment before to the press was quickly restored. Then, any irregularity in display was no longer observed. 
   Embodiment 3-7 
   Embodiment 3-7 will now be described with reference to  FIGS. 44A to 44C . In the present embodiment, as shown in  FIGS. 44A ,  44 B and  44 C, singular point control sections  434 ,  436  and  438  as described in relation to the first principle were formed on an opposite substrate provided in a face-to-face relationship with a TFT substrate. In the example of arrangement shown in  FIG. 44A , the singular point control sections  434  are formed as conductive concave structures having a substantially square bottom configuration on the opposite substrate at intersections between trunk sections  28  of electrode units  26 . Singular points with strength s=+1 (a region a) can be provided at the intersections between the crossed trunk sections  28  of the electrode units  26  by providing the singular point control sections  434  in such a manner. 
   In the example of arrangement shown in  FIG. 44B , the singular point control section  436  is formed as a conductive concave structure having a square configuration such that it is located on an opposite substrate and in the middle of a slit  34  between electrode units  26 . A singular point with strength s=−1 (a region b) can be provided substantially in the middle of the slit  34  between the electrode units  26  by providing the singular point control section  436 . 
   In the example of arrangement shown in  FIG. 44C , the singular point control sections  438  are formed as conductive concave structures having a square bottom configuration such that they are located above connection electrodes  36  on both sides of a slit  34  between electrode units  26 . Singular points with strength s=−1, +1 and −1 that line up in that order of strength (a region c) can be provided at the slit  34  between the electrode units  26  by providing the singular point control sections  438 . 
   The concave sections were provided by applying the above-described photosensitive material to the entire surface of the substrate and thereafter removing the photosensitive material only from the locations to become the concave sections. Further, the conductive concave sections were obtained by forming the opposite substrate above the concave sections. The concave sections were squares of 10 μm, and they had a depth of 1 μm. 
   A voltage was applied to a liquid crystal panel fabricated according to the present embodiment, and the state of alignment of the same was observed. As a result, singular points having strength s=+1 and −1 of alignment vectors had been formed in the positions indicated by dots and circles in the figures, respectively. When the panel was shocked by pressing the same with a finger, although slight changes occurred in the state of liquid crystal domains at the singular points and their neighborhood immediately after the press, the state of alignment before to the press was quickly restored. Then, any irregularity in display was no longer observed. 
   Embodiment 3-8 
   Embodiment 3-8 will now be described with reference to  FIGS. 45A to 45D . A singular point control section in the present embodiment is characterized in that it is a concave or convex structure comprised of both of a portion having insulating properties and a portion having conductivity.  FIGS. 45A to 45C  show examples of such a feature.  FIGS. 45A to 45C  schematically show sections of an LCD panel taken vertically to the substrate surfaces.  FIG. 45A  shows a state in which a liquid crystal layer  48  is sealed between a TFT substrate  2  that is a glass substrate  52  having a protective film  56  formed thereon and a CF substrate  4  that is a glass substrate  53  having a common electrode  58  formed thereon. 
   A singular point control section  440  that is an insulating concave structure is formed in the protective film  56  on the TFT substrate  2 . Vertical alignment films that are not shown are formed on the sides of the substrates  2  and  4  facing the liquid crystal layer  48 . Therefore, liquid crystal molecules lcm above the singular point control section  440  are slightly tilted such that they converge toward the CF substrate  4  according to the concave configuration of the singular point control section  440  even when no voltage is applied, and they are tilted further in the same tilting direction when a voltage is applied. 
   Referring to  FIG. 45B , a singular point control section  442  that is a conductive concave structure is formed in a protective film  56  on a TFT substrate  2 , a conductive film  16 ′ that is a part of a pixel electrode  16  being formed on the same. When a voltage is applied, since an electric line of force E having a shape as shown is generated, liquid crystal molecules lcm above the singular point control section  442  are tilted such that they spread toward a CF substrate  4 . 
     FIG. 45C  shows control carried out by combining the insulating concave section and the conductive concave section. As shown in  FIGS. 45A and 45B , a singular point is formed above either of the insulating and conductive concave sections, and liquid crystal molecules lcm are aligned about the singular point. However, the insulating concave section and the conductive concave section control the alignment in opposite directions. When a singular point control section  444  having the conductive film  16 ′ on only one half of a concave section thereof is formed as shown in  FIG. 45C , liquid crystal molecules lcm can be controlled in one direction with the concave section. 
     FIGS. 46A to 46D  show applications of singular point control sections  444  as shown in  FIG. 45C  to actual electrode units  26 . In an example that is shown in  FIG. 46A  and  FIG. 46B  showing a section taken along the line X-X in  FIG. 46A , singular point control sections  444  are formed as concave structures having a square bottom configuration (with an area of about 10 μm square and a depth of about 1 μm) that are provided such that the right half of the concave sections (that is located outwardly of the pixel than the center of the concave section) is substantially covered by connection electrodes  36 . By providing the singular point control sections  444  in such a manner, singular points with strength s=−1 are formed above the connection electrodes  36  without fail. Therefore, singular points that line up in the order of their strength s=−1, +1 and −1 (a region c) can be provided at a slit  34  between electrode units  26 . 
   In an example that is shown in  FIG. 46C  and  FIG. 46D  showing a section taken along the line Y-Y in  FIG. 46C , singular point control sections  446  are formed as concave structures having a square bottom configuration (with an area of about 10 μm square and a depth of about 1 μm) that are provided such that the left half of the concave sections (that is located inwardly of the pixel than the center of the concave section) is substantially covered by connection electrodes  36 . By providing the singular point control sections  446  in such a manner, a singular point with strength s=−1 (a region b) can be fixed substantially in the middle of a slit  34  without forming singular points above the connection electrodes  36 . 
   Embodiment 3-9 
   Embodiment 3-9 will now be described with reference to  FIGS. 47A to 47C .  FIG. 47A  shows a state of a substrate surface as viewed in a direction normal to the same;  FIG. 47B  shows a section taken along the line A-A in  FIG. 47A ; and  FIG. 47C  shows a section taken along the line B-B in  FIG. 47A . As shown in  FIGS. 47A to 47C , a singular point control section  448  of the present embodiment is a single concave pattern that has both of a portion having insulating properties and a portion having conductivity. In a region where branch sections (groups of fine electrode patterns)  30  extending in the vertical and horizontal direction are connected to each other through trunk sections (X-shaped electrodes)  28 , a concave section is provided in the middle of the character X. As a result, the concave section has both of a portion having insulating properties and a portion having conductivity, as shown in  FIGS. 47B and 47C . While a concave section having conductivity and a concave section having insulating properties inherently control alignment in opposite directions as shown in  FIGS. 45A and 45B , the concave section of the present embodiment follows alignment control exterted by a concave section having insulating properties and exhibits the state of alignment of a singular point with strength s=+1 (a region a). This is considered attributable to that fact that the section is inherently stable in the state of alignment of a region a and that a conductive concave or convex feature tends to exert weaker control than a concave or convex feature having insulating properties when they have the same width and height. 
   Embodiment 3-10 
   Embodiment 3-10 will now be described with reference to  FIG. 48 . The present embodiment adopts the second principle of alignment stabilization described with reference to  FIGS. 35A and 35B . As shown in  FIG. 48 , neither convex section nor concave section was formed, and there was formed a vertical alignment control section  202  having an electrode blank section that was formed by providing a slit  34  having a great width (a blank width a) between electrode units  26 . As a result, liquid crystal molecules lcm were linearly and vertically aligned with the slit  34  with stability. 
   When the panel was shocked by pressing the same with a finger, although slight changes occurred in the state of liquid crystal domains at the vertical alignment control section  202  and its neighborhood immediately after the press, the state of alignment before to the press was quickly restored. Then, any irregularity in display was no longer observed. While it preferred that the vertical alignment control section  202  has a great width a, transmittance is reduced when it is too great. The width is at least greater than the cell thickness and is preferably twice the cell thickness or more. In this case, the blank width a of the vertical alignment control section  202  was 12 μm while the cell thickness was 4 μm. A blank width a in the range from 4 to 6 μm resulted in irregularities of display when the panel was pressed with a finger and resulted in an unstable state of alignment. 
   Embodiment 3-11 
   Embodiment 3-11 will now be described with reference to  FIGS. 49A and 49B . The present embodiment also adopts the second principle. Neither convex section nor concave section was formed, and a vertical alignment control section  204  was formed by newly providing an electrode for vertical alignment control independent of a pixel electrode  16  in at least a part of a slit  34  between electrode unit  26 .  FIG. 49A  shows an example in which the vertical alignment control section  204  is formed in the entire area of the slit  34  in the longitudinal direction thereof.  FIG. 49B  shows an example in which vertical alignment control sections  206  are formed in two regions where two slits  34  are present on both sides of a connection electrode  36 . 
   A potential that is equal to a potential at an opposite electrode is applied to the vertical alignment control electrodes of the vertical alignment control sections  204  and  206 . Since no voltage is therefore applied between the vertical alignment control electrodes of the vertical alignment control sections  204  and  206 , liquid crystal molecules lcm above the vertical alignment control sections  204  and  206  can be vertically aligned with stability. Singular points with strength s=−1 are formed on those of the connection electrodes  36 . 
   In the case of a liquid crystal panel that is driven by switching devices such as TFTs, the vertical alignment control electrodes of the vertical alignment control sections  204  and  206  can be formed using storage capacitor bus lines. Thus, the vertical alignment control sections  204  and  206  can be formed at the same time when the storage capacitor bus lines are formed. Since this eliminates a need for providing a separate process for forming the vertical alignment control sections  204  and  206 , there will be an advantage in that yield of manufacture will be improved and manufacturing costs can be suppressed. 
     FIGS. 50A and 50B  show schematic configurations in which the electrodes of the vertical alignment control sections  204  and  206  are formed utilizing a storage capacitor bus line  18  (a TFT is not shown). In  FIG. 50A , connection electrodes  36  are provided in the vicinity of drain bus lines  14  (at the periphery of the pixel region). In  FIG. 50B , connection electrodes  36  are provided substantially in the middle of sides of the circumference of electrode units  26 . In both of the figures, wires branch from the storage capacitor bus line  18  and extend in the vertical direction in the figure along the drain bus lines  14  to be connected to vertical alignment control electrodes of the vertical alignment control sections  204  and  206  formed at the respective slits  34 .  FIGS. 50A and 50B  also show the positions of point-like protrusions  210  formed on an opposite substrate for enhancing regulation of alignment. 
     FIGS. 51A to 51G  show examples of specific configurations according to the present embodiment.  FIGS. 51A to 51E  are plane views showing configurations of one pixel and the neighborhood of the same. Each of the pixels has an outer configuration substantially in the form of a rectangle of about 86 μm×260 μm. Each of the pixels has a pixel electrode  16  formed with electrode units  26  in three rows and two columns above and below a storage capacitor bus line  18  that extends through the pixel substantially in the middle thereof. In the electrode units  26  shown in  FIGS. 51A and 51E , trunk sections  28  are in the form of an X-shaped intersection. In the electrode units  26  shown in  FIGS. 51B and 51D , trunk sections  28  are in the form of a + shaped intersection. Connection electrodes  36  in  FIGS. 51A ,  51 C and  51 E are formed on the side of the drain bus lines  14 , and connection electrodes  36  in  FIGS. 51B and 51D  are formed in the vicinity of mid points of sides of the circumference of electrode units  26 . 
   As shown in those figures, wires branch from the storage capacitor bus line  18  and extend in the vertical direction along the drain bus lines  14 , and H-shaped storage capacitor wiring is formed in each pixel. Vertical alignment control electrodes of vertical alignment control sections  206  are extracted from the H-shaped storage capacitor wiring into each slit  34 .  FIGS. 51A to 51G  also show the positions of point-like protrusions  210  formed on an opposite substrate for enhancing alignment regulation. The point-like protrusions  210  are formed such that they are located substantially in the middle of the respective electrode units  26 . In the pixel configuration shown in each of  FIGS. 51A to 51G , since no voltage is applied between both of the H-shaped storage capacitor wiring and the vertical alignment control electrodes of the vertical alignment control sections  206  and the opposite electrode, liquid crystal molecules lcm above the H-shaped storage capacitor wiring and the vertical alignment control sections  206  can be vertically aligned with stability. Further, singular points with strength s=−1 are formed on both connection electrodes  36 . 
   As described above, the present mode for carrying out the invention makes it possible to provide a liquid crystal display which is in a stable state of alignment and which does not suffer from display defects such as irregularities in display even when subjected to some shock that can be caused in practice by pressing the panel with a finger, for example. 
   Fourth Mode for Carrying Out the Invention 
   A substrate for a liquid crystal display and a liquid crystal display having the same in a fourth mode for carrying out the invention will no be described. The present mode for carrying out the invention relates to a method of reliably regulating the alignment of a liquid crystal in a vertical alignment type display without providing structures for alignment regulation on an opposite substrate. 
   An MVA type LCD exhibits a contrast ratio of 10 or more with a viewing angle of 80 deg. in upward, downward, leftward and rightward viewing directions when displaying white or black. However, it must be formed with linear protrusions for alignment control made of resin at least on either substrate. This results in a possibility of a reduction of yield of manufacture attributable to an additional step for forming the linear protrusions. 
     FIGS. 52A and 52B  show examples of connection between electrode units.  FIG. 52A  shows a structure in which five and three square electrode units  526  are arranged in the vertical and horizontal directions respectively in the form of a matrix with slits  534  interposed therebetween. Adjoining electrode units  526  are electrically connected through connection electrodes  536  that extend substantially from the mid points of one side thereof.  FIG. 52B  shows a structure in which a plurality of electrode units  526  arranged similarly to those in  FIG. 52A  are connected through connection electrodes  536  at corners of the circumference thereof adjacent to each other. 
   In the structures shown in  FIGS. 52A and 52B , a plurality of electrode units  526  are connected in a straight line through connection electrodes  536  as indicated by the straight arrows in the figures. Therefore, when the position of a singular point with strength s=+1 formed in each of the plurality of electrode units  526  arranged in a straight line becomes instable, the singular points will be likely to move significantly through the connection electrodes  536  serving as passages, which considerably increases the probability of propagation of an alignment defect throughout the pixel. 
   In the present mode for carrying out the invention, liquid crystal molecules are tilted in a plurality of desired directions when a voltage is applied thereto while satisfying conditions that (1) no bank-shaped structure made of resin is formed; (2) no alignment regulating force is applied to an alignment film by rubbing the same (i.e., liquid crystal molecules are aligned in a direction perpendicular to a substrate); and (3) the aligning direction of liquid crystal molecules is regulated only by the configuration of pixel electrodes on a TFT substrate  2 . 
   In order to achieve this, in the present mode for carrying out the invention, pixel electrodes provided on a TFT substrate are configured as follows. First, the pixel electrode at each pixel is provided as a combination of a plurality of electrode units having a rectangular or similar configuration. Connection electrodes for electrically connecting the plurality of electrode units are provided as described below. 
   A plurality of electrode units adjacent to each other are separated by slits provided along sides of the circumference of the electrode units. A connection electrode is formed on either of ends of one side of the circumference of an electrode unit. When connection electrodes are provided at a plurality of sides of the circumference of an electrode unit, a pixel pattern is employed in which when a connection electrode is provided at an end of only either of two adjoining sides at the corner where the two sides meet each other. When a plurality of electrode units are provided in such a manner, a pixel electrode pattern as shown in  FIG. 53  is obtained, for example (first approach). 
   Electrode units may alternatively be configured as follows. A long and narrow space is formed on each side of the circumference of an electrode unit such that the space extends from a part of the side toward one of the sides adjoining the same, the space being a little short of the other side. The spaces that start on the respective sides are provided such that they extend toward the respective adjacent sides in the same rotating direction about the center of the electrode unit. The rotating direction may be either of the clockwise and counterclockwise directions. Electrode units designed as thus described are provided adjacent to each other with slits interposed therebetween in the same manner as the first approach. The electrode units provided adjacent to each other are electrically connected by providing connection electrodes at circumferential edges thereof (second approach). 
   The slits separating the plurality of electrode units have a width of 6 μm or more and a length of 10 μm or less, and the connection electrodes for electrically connecting the plurality of electrode units have a width of 5 μm or less. 
   The present mode for carrying out the invention provides the following advantages when used for LCD manufacturing processes. 
   (1) Since there is no need for additional structures on an opposite substrate at all, processes for forming structures on the opposite substrate can be eliminated. 
   (2) The alignment of liquid crystal molecules is regulated by patterning pixel electrodes on a TFT substrate appropriately. Since this can be achieved by using the same process as a process for forming an ordinary “solid” pixel electrode pattern, there is no additional process. 
   (3) Referring to alignment films to be formed on the substrates, it is only required to apply or form vertical alignment films, and there is no need for a process to provide them with an alignment regulating force such as a rubbing process or an optical alignment process. 
   Since the advantages described in the above (1) to (3) eliminate factors that can reduce yield of manufacture through an increase in the number of processes, yield of manufacture can be consequently improved. 
   The following advantages can be achieved by configuring the pixel electrode in each pixel according to the above-described first or second approach. 
   (4) According to the first approach, since one connection electrode connects only two electrode units in a straight line, a turbulence of alignment can be confined in a small region even when the position of a singular point with strength s=+1 is disturbed. 
   (5) According to the second approach, there are only two electrode units that are connected in a straight line with one connection electrode, and the region connected in a straight line with the connection electrode is small. Therefore, a turbulence of alignment can be confined in a small region even when the position of a singular point with strength s=+1 is disturbed. 
   (6) When the slits provided around an electrode unit have a width of 6 μm or more, electrical fields at edges of the electrode unit have a greater effect, and desired alignment can therefore be achieved in the electrode unit. Conversely, when the slits have a smaller width, the diagonal fields have a smaller effect, and the alignment can be disturbed. 
   (7) The size of an electrode unit can be reduced to enhance the effect of diagonal fields at edges of the electrode unit, the shorter the slits provided around the electrode unit. While the size of the electrode unit is desirably as small as possible, a smaller electrode unit size means a slit section with a greater area and means a reduction in luminance consequently. Therefore, an electrode unit must have an appropriate size, and an idealistic width of the same is about 40 μm. The maximum length of one slit is therefore 100 μm. 
   (8) When the width of the connection electrodes is too large, a singular point with strength s=+1 can move into an adjacent electrode unit, which results in instable alignment. When the width is 5 μm or less, the movement of a singular point with strength s=+1 is less likely to occur, which results in stable alignment. 
   When a liquid crystal panel fabricated using a substrate for a liquid crystal display in the present mode for carrying out the invention is sandwiched between a pair of λ/4-plates orthogonal to each other located above and under the same, it is possible to eliminate disclination lines at boundaries between separately aligned regions that are generated when the panel is sandwiched only by linear polarizers, and the luminance of the panel as a whole can be increased because the quantity of light transmitted by the region of the lines can be increased. 
   Substrates for a liquid crystal displays and liquid crystal display having the same in the present mode for carrying out the invention will now be specifically described with reference to Embodiments 4-1 to 4-5. 
   Embodiment 4-1 
   Embodiment 4-1 will now be described with reference to  FIGS. 53 and 54 .  FIG. 53  shows a positional relationship between electrode units  26  arranged in the form of a matrix having five rows and four columns and connection electrodes  36  for electrically connecting the electrode units  26 . In  FIG. 53 , the plurality of electrode units  26  that are adjacent to each other are separated by slits  34  provided along sides of the circumference of the electrode units  26 . A connection electrode  36  is formed on either of ends of one side of the circumference of an electrode unit  26 . At a corner of an electrode unit  26  where adjoining sides of the same meet each other, a connection electrode  36  is provided only at the end of either of the sides. In such a configuration, since one connection electrode  36  connects only two electrode units  26  in a straight line as indicated by the arrows in  FIG. 53 , a turbulence of alignment can be confined in a small region even if the position of a singular point with strength s=+1 is disturbed. 
     FIG. 54  shows a pixel formed using the positional relationship between electrode units  26  and connection electrodes  36  shown in  FIG. 53 . The pitch of pixel in the direction of drain bus lines  14  (the longitudinal direction of the pixels) is 300 μm, and the pitch of the pixels in the direction of gate bus lines  12  is 100 μm. A TFT substrate  2  is formed with the drain bus lines  14  and gate bus lines  12  that have a width of 7 μm, and a pixel electrode  16  is formed of an ITO in a position that is 8 μm away from each of the lines. That is, the pixel electrode  16  is formed in a region having a width of 77 μm. The configuration of the pattern of the pixel electrode  16  will be described later. A TFT  10  is formed in the vicinity of the intersection between the drain bus line  14  and the gate bus line  12  at each pixel. 
   The pixel electrode  16  is comprised of a plurality of electrode units  26 . An electrode unit  26  is a “solid” electrode having a square circumferential configuration of 19 μm×19 μm. A slit  34  having a width of 6 μm is provided between adjoining electrode units  26 . A connection electrode  36  is formed at one end of a side of an electrode unit  26  that is in the form of a square to establish connection to an adjacent electrode unit  26 . No connection electrode  36  is formed at the other end of that side. That is, one connection electrode  36  is formed at each corner of the square, and four connection electrodes  36  are formed like a wind mill when the circumferential section is viewed as whole. The connection electrodes  36  have a width of 3.5 μm. Electrode units  26  having the connection electrodes  36  thus formed thereon are arranged adjacent to each other such that the connection electrodes  36  of each other are connected. Slits  34  having a width of 6 μm are formed between adjoining electrode units  26 . Referring to the positional relationship between slits  34  that are adjacent to each other, they are provided such that an end of one of the slits  34  is located in the middle of the other slit  34  in the longitudinal direction thereof with a connection electrode  36  interposed between the slits, and the longitudinal directions of the adjoining slits  34  are orthogonal to each other. 
   The pixel electrode  16  is connected to a source electrode of the TFT  10  through a contact hole formed in an insulation layer (the hole and the layer are not shown). Since this results in a need for a margin to form the contact hole, a somewhat large transparent electrode is required in the region where the pixel electrode  16  and the source electrode are connected. For this reason, a “sold” electrode of about 15 μm square is provided only in such a region. 
   A drain electrode of the TFT  10  for an adjacent pixel is provided under the illustrated pixel. Therefore, in order to prevent the drain electrode from disturbing alignment and generating crosstalk, the pixel electrode  16  is provided such that an edge thereof is 7 μm away from the drain electrode to prevent the pixel electrode  16  and the drain electrode from overlapping each other. 
   A black matrix having a width of 23 μm in the direction of drain bus lines  14  is provided at pitches of 300 μm and 100 μm on a CF substrate (opposite substrate)  4 . A color filter (CF) layer in red (R), green (G) or blue (B) is formed at each opening, and a common electrode that is “solid” in the entire region thereof is formed of an ITO over the openings. No bank-shaped alignment regulating structure is formed at all on the opposite substrate  4 . 
   Vertical alignment films are formed on the substrates, and liquid crystal molecules are aligned in a direction perpendicular to substrate surfaces (surfaces of the alignment films) when no voltage is applied. The TFT substrate  2  and the opposite substrate  4  are combined with a predetermined cell gap left therebetween, and a liquid crystal having negative dielectric anisotropy is injected and sealed between them. 
   When a liquid crystal panel having such a configuration is driven in an ordinary way, in one of the electrode units  26  of a pixel electrode  16 , separate alignments in four general directions from the edges of the square (i.e., the regions that constitute the sides thereof) toward the center thereof can be achieved. Since one electrode unit  26  has a relatively small configuration, i.e., a size of 19 μm×19 μm, electrical fields at edges of the pixels have a great effect that provides a great alignment regulating force. Since the slits  34  provided in the pixel electrodes  16  allow the distances of straight regions connected by the connection electrodes  36  to be made small, alignment defects attributable to coupling of alignment regions between adjoining electrode units  26  are less likely to occur, and any reduction in display quality can be prevented even if such a defect occurs. 
   Embodiment 4-2 
   Embodiment 4-2 will now be described with reference to  FIG. 55 . While electrode units  26  have the same configuration as that in  FIG. 53 , a structure is employed in which connection electrodes  36  are provided only three sides of the circumference of the electrode units  26  and no connection electrode  36  is provided on the remaining side. In such a configuration, since the number of connections between adjoining electrode units  26  can be reduced, the probability of occurrence of alignment defects attributable to movement of singular points with strength s=+1 can be reduced further. 
   Embodiment 4-3 
   Embodiment 4-3 will now be described with reference to  FIG. 56 . While electrode units  26  have the same configuration as that in  FIG. 53 , the embodiment is a combination of electrode units  26  having connection electrodes  36  provided on all sides of the circumference thereof and electrode units  26  having connection electrodes  36  only on two opposite sides of the circumference thereof and having no connection electrodes  26  on the remaining two sides. In such a configuration, since the number of connections between adjoining electrode units  26  can be reduced, the probability of occurrence of alignment defects attributable to movement of singular points with strength s=+1 can be reduced further. 
   Embodiment 4-4 
   Embodiment 4-4 will now be described with reference to  FIGS. 57A to 58 .  FIG. 57A  shows a configuration of one electrode unit  26  according to the present embodiment, and  FIG. 57B  shows a positional relationship between electrode units  26  arranged in the form of a matrix having three rows and two columns and connection electrodes  36  for electrically connecting the electrode units  26 . 
   The electrode units  26  have a circumferential configuration in the form of a square of 35 μm×35 μm. One electrode unit  26  is provided with four spaces  33  having a width of 6 μm that start at a part of respective sides. The spaces  33  desirably start at positions close to the centers of the respective sides. Specifically, a space  33  is extended from a starting point that is about 14 μm away from the right end of the side at the bottom among the four sides of the square shown in  FIG. 57A , the space extending at an angle of 45 deg. to that side toward the adjacent side on the right-hand side of the same. Since the electrode will be cut when the space  33  is extended up to the adjacent side on the right-hand side, the electrode must be left on the side toward which the space  33  extends without fail. The configuration of the electrode unit  26  shown in  FIG. 57A  is obtained by providing such a space  33  on each side of the square. 
   A structure as shown in  FIG. 58  will be provided by arranging two electrode units  26  having such a configuration along gate bus lines  12  and six of the same along drain bus lines  14 . Electrode units  26  adjacent to each other are separated by slits  34  having a width of 7 μm. A connection electrode  36  for electrically connecting each electrode unit  26  is provided at edges of the pixel electrode  16 . The purpose is to reduce the length of continuous regions in the form of a straight line on the pixel electrode  16 . This makes it possible to reduce the possibility of alignment defects attributable to coupling of alignment regions between the electrode units  26  that are adjacent to each other with the slits  34  interposed therebetween and to prevent any reduction is display quality even if such an alignment defect occurs. 
   Embodiment 4-5 
   Embodiment 4-5 will now be described with reference to  FIGS. 59 and 60 . In the present embodiment, the pitch of pixels in the direction of drain bus lines  14  (in the longitudinal direction of the pixels) is 225 μm. The pitch of the pixels in the direction of gate bus lines  12  is 75 μm. This is an example in which the size of one pixel itself is smaller than those in Embodiment 4-1 and 4-4. 
   The drain bus lines  14  and the gate bus lines  12  that have a width of 6 μm are formed on a TFT substrate  2 , and a pixel electrode  16  is formed of an ITO in a position that is 7 μm away from each of the lines. That is, the pixel electrode  16  is formed in a region having a width of 55 μm. The configuration of the pattern of the pixel electrode  16  will be described later. A TFT  10  is formed in the vicinity of the intersection between the drain bus line  14  and the gate bus line  12  at each pixel. 
   The pixel electrode  16  is comprised of a plurality of electrode units  26 . An electrode unit  26  is an electrode having a square circumferential configuration of 24.5 μm×24.5 μm. A slit  34  having a width of 6 μm is provided between adjoining electrode units  26 . A connection electrode  36  is formed at one end of a side of an electrode unit  26  that is in the form of a square to establish connection to an adjacent electrode unit  26 . No connection electrode  36  is formed at the other end of that side, and no connection electrode is formed at the end of the side adjacent to the corner where the connection electrode  36  is formed. That is, one connection electrode  36  is formed at each corner of the square to provide a configuration like a wind mill. The connection electrodes  36  have a width of 3.5 μm. Electrode units  26  having the connection electrodes  36  thus formed thereon are arranged adjacent to each other such that the connection electrodes  36  of each other are connected. Slits  34  having a width of 6 μm are formed between adjoining electrode units  26 . Referring to the positional relationship between slits  34  that are adjacent to each other, they are provided such that an end of one of the slits  34  is located in the middle of the other slit  34  in the longitudinal direction thereof with a connection electrode  36  interposed between the slits, and the longitudinal directions of the adjoining slits  34  are orthogonal to each other. 
   Two electrode units  26  thus fabricated are arranged in the horizontal direction (the extending direction of the gate bus lines  12 ), and six units are arranged in the vertical direction (the extending direction of the drain bus lines  14 ). A storage capacitor bus line  18  is eccentrically provided in an upper or lower part of the pixel instead of the middle of the same because it is to provided in alignment with a slit  34  that is defined when the electrode units  26  are arranged. Specifically, a storage capacitor electrode  20  having a width of 20 μm is provided around a position that is about 150 μm away from the lower gate bus line  12  and about 75 μm away from the upper gate bus line  12 . Eight (2×4) electrode units  26  and four (2×2) electrode units  26  are provided in lower and upper opening regions respectively, the regions being bounded by the storage capacitor bus line  18 . A part of an electrode unit  26  must be modified in configuration such that it does not overlap a TFT region of an adjacent pixel just as seen in Embodiment 4-1. 
   The pixel electrode  16  is connected to a source electrode of the TFT  10  through a contact hole formed in an insulation layer (the hole and the layer are not shown). Since this results in a need for a margin to form the contact hole, a somewhat large transparent electrode is required in the region where the pixel electrode  16  and the source electrode are connected. For this reason, a “sold” electrode of about 15 μm square is provided only in such a region. 
   A drain electrode of the TFT  10  for the adjacent pixel is provided under the illustrated pixel. Therefore, in order to prevent the drain electrode from disturbing alignment and generating crosstalk, the pixel electrode  16  is provided such that an edge thereof is 7 μm away from the drain electrode to prevent the pixel electrode  16  and the drain electrode from overlapping each other. 
   A black matrix having a width of 20 μm in the direction of drain bus lines  14  is provided at pitches of 225 μm×75 μm on a CF substrate (opposite substrate)  4 . A CF layer in red (R), green (G) or blue (B) is formed at each opening, and a common electrode that is “solid” in the entire region thereof is formed of an ITO over the openings. No bank-shaped alignment regulating structure is formed at all on the opposite substrate  4 . 
   Vertical alignment films are formed on the substrates, and liquid crystal molecules are aligned in a direction perpendicular to substrate surfaces (surfaces of the alignment films) when no voltage is applied. The TFT substrate  2  and the opposite substrate  4  are combined with a predetermined cell gap left therebetween, and a liquid crystal having negative dielectric anisotropy is injected and sealed between them. 
   When a liquid crystal panel having such a configuration is driven in an ordinary way, in one of the electrode units  26  of a pixel electrode  16 , separate alignments in four general directions from the edges of the square (i.e., the regions that constitute the sides thereof) toward the center thereof can be achieved. Since one electrode unit  26  has a relatively small configuration, i.e., a size of 24.5 μm×24.5 μm, electrical fields at edges of the pixels have a great effect that provides a great alignment regulating force. Since the slits  34  provided in the pixel electrodes  16  allow the distances of straight regions connected by the connection electrodes  36  to be made small, alignment defects attributable to coupling of alignment regions between adjoining electrode units  26  are less likely to occur, and any reduction in display quality can be prevented even if such a defect occurs. 
     FIG. 60  shows a pixel electrode  16  that is obtained by changing the configuration of the pixel units  26  in the pixel structure shown in  FIG. 59  into that shown in  FIGS. 57A and 57B . In the structure of the pixel electrode  16  shown in  FIG. 60 , three electrode units  26  as shown in  FIGS. 57A and 57B  are arranged in the vertical direction (the extending direction of drain bus lines  14 ). A storage capacitor bus line  18  is eccentrically provided in an upper or lower part of the pixel instead of the middle of the same because it is to provided in alignment with a slit  34  that is defined when the electrode units  26  are arranged. Two electrode units  26  and one electrode unit  26  are provided in lower and upper opening regions respectively, the regions being bounded by the storage capacitor bus line  18 . A part of an electrode unit  26  is modified in configuration such that it does not overlap a TFT region of an adjacent pixel just as seen in Embodiment 4-1. This reduces the possibility of alignment defects attributable to coupling of alignment regions between adjoining electrode units  26  that are adjacent to each other with a slit  34  interposed therebetween and makes it possible to prevent any reduction in display quality even if such a defect occurs. 
   As described above, in the present mode for carrying out the invention, an alignment regulating force can be provided only by a step of patterning pixel electrodes, and the occurrence of alignment defects can be reduced. This makes it possible to fabricate LCDs having high image quality with high yield of manufacture. Display with high luminance can be presented easily by providing circular polarizers having optical axes orthogonal to each other on the top and bottom of an LCD panel in the present mode for carrying out the invention. 
   Fifth Mode for Carrying Out the Invention 
   Substrates for a liquid crystal display and liquid crystal displays having the same in a fifth mode for carrying out the invention will now be described. As described in the section of the fourth mode for carrying out the invention, MVA LCDs and ASV LCD according to the related art have the problem of low yield of manufacture because they require a step for forming bank-shaped resin patterns. Further, when a liquid crystal moves at the instant of switching of a pixel electrode from a low tone to a high tone, singular points with strength s=+1 can move through connection electrodes that electrically connect electrode patterns adjacent to each other, and the singular points can be fixed as they are. Such a phenomenon is displayed as an after-image. 
   When the surface of a liquid crystal panel is pressed with a finger, liquid crystal molecules are physically urged and tilted. Singular points with strength s=+1 move also in such a case, and singular points with strength s=+1 can move not only through connection electrodes but also beyond the region of slits between electrode patterns where no connection electrode is provided. 
   Singular points with strength s=+1 move beyond slits between electrode patterns under the following conditions. 
   (1) The intervals of slits between electrode patterns adjacent to each other are small. 
   (2) The electrode patterns themselves do not have sufficient parts to regulate alignment such as fine slits, and the electrodes themselves occupy a great area. 
   (3) Relatively high tones are displayed (normally, singular points do not move at in the case of low tones). 
   There is another problem in that when a pixel electrode is put in contact with a source electrode of a TFT, a singular point with strength s=+1 which must be formed in the middle of the pixel electrode can drift toward the source electrode under the influence of an electric field of the source electrode, which can result in an after-image. 
   In the present mode for carrying out the invention, the following structure is employed to eliminate after-images attributable to vibration of a liquid crystal display and irregularities that is caused when the surface of the display is pressed with a finger and to prevent any increase in the number of processes for manufacturing the same. 
   (1) In a pixel electrode for one pixel, the position of each of electrode patterns in the cell is kept lower than a peripheral section of each electrode pattern. As a result, a configuration is provided in which a wall constituted by an insulation layer is formed around the electrode pattern that forms a part of the pixel electrode. In this case, since the insulation layer is formed in a region where no electrode exists, it is possible to achieve the same effect as that provided by forming banks between adjoining electrode patterns. This makes it possible to prevent movement and coupling of a singular point with strength s=+1 between adjoining electrode patterns. 
   (2) In a pixel electrode for one pixel, a contact hole of an electrode pattern that is in direct contact with a TFT is provided in the middle of the electrode pattern, and a source electrode of the TFT is extended to the contact hole of the electrode pattern. When the contact hole is provided in the middle of the electrode pattern, the position where a singular point with strength s=+1 is generated by the electrode pattern agrees with the position where the singular point with strength s=+1 is attracted to the region of the contact hole. This means that the singular point with strength s=+1 is generated in the same position without fail. Since any shift will not occur in the position of each pixel where a singular point with strength s=+1 is generated as thus described, no after-image will be generated. 
   (3) Electrode units that are located at electrode edges adjacent to gate bus lines or that are in contact with source electrodes of TFTs are made smaller than electrode units in other regions. Electrode units in regions where a singular point with strength s=+1 is likely to be collapsed are thus intentionally made small to reduce the influence of abnormality of singular points when it actually takes place, which makes it possible to make the ratio between separately aligned domains less likely to become imbalanced. It is assumed that this reduces the occurrence of alignment defects that result in coarse display and after-images in a macroscopic view. 
   Substrates for a liquid crystal display and liquid crystal displays having the same in the present mode for carrying out the invention will now be specifically described with reference to Embodiments 5-1 to 5-4. 
   Embodiment 5-1 
   Embodiment 5-1 will now be described with reference to  FIGS. 61 and 62 .  FIG. 61  shows a pixel in which a plurality of electrode units  26  are formed.  FIG. 62  shows a section taken along the line D-D in  FIG. 61 . The pitch of pixels in the direction of drain bus lines  14  (the longitudinal direction of the pixels) is 300 μm, and the pitch of the pixels in the direction of gate bus lines  12  is 100 μm. 
   The drain bus lines  14  and the gate bus lines  12  that have a width of 7 μm are formed on a glass substrate  52  of a TFT substrate  2 . A first insulation layer  500  primarily made of SiO 2  is formed between the drain bus lines  14  and the gate bus lines  12 , and a second insulation layer  502  is further formed (see  FIG. 62 ). Openings are formed in predetermined positions of the second insulation layer  502 . The positions of the openings will be described below. 
   (1) An opening is formed in the layer in a region associated with a source electrode of a TFT  10 . This is essential because there the electrode must be connected to a pixel electrode  16 . A hole in the form of a square of about 5 μm is formed above the source electrode in the region where it is put in contact with an electrode unit  26 . 
   (2) An opening sized to accommodate electrode units  26  is formed in the position where the electrode units  26  are to be formed later. For example, let us assume that one electrode unit  26  has a square circumferential configuration of 35 μm×35 μm; two electrode units  26  are arranged in the horizontal direction in one pixel; and six electrode units  26  are arranged in the vertical direction. Then, a hole having a size of 37 μm×37 μm is provided in the second insulation layer  502  in association with the positions of the electrode units  26  thus arranged. 
   Thereafter, an ITO layer to serve as the pixel electrode  16  is formed on the entire surface using a sputtering process. Then, the ITO later is patterned using a wet etching process to form the plurality of electrode units  26 . At this time, the electrode units  26  are formed in a hole  504  of 37 μm×37 μm that has been formed in the second insulation layer  502  at the previous step. Connection electrodes  36  having a width of about 4 μm are simultaneously formed in predetermined positions because each of the electrode units  26  should not be electrically isolated. 
   A drain electrode of a TFT  10  for an adjacent pixel is provided under the illustrated pixel. Therefore, in order to prevent a turbulence in alignment or crosstalk attributable to the drain electrode, the pixel electrode  16  is provided such that an edge thereof is 7 μm away from the drain electrode to prevent the pixel electrode  16  and the drain electrode from overlapping each other. 
   On a CF substrate (opposite substrate)  4 , a black matrix having a width of 23 μm is provided in the direction of the drain bus lines  14  at pitches of 300 μm×100 μm. A color filter (CF) layer in red (R), green (G) or blue (B) is formed at each opening, and a common electrode that is “solid” in the entire region thereof is formed of an ITO over the openings. No bank-shaped alignment regulating structure is formed at all on the opposite substrate  4 . 
   Vertical alignment films are formed on the substrates, and liquid crystal molecules are aligned in a direction perpendicular to substrate surfaces (surfaces of the alignment films) when no voltage is applied. The TFT substrate  2  and the opposite substrate  4  are combined with a predetermined cell gap left therebetween, and a liquid crystal having negative dielectric anisotropy is injected and sealed between them. 
   When a liquid crystal panel having such a configuration is driven in an ordinary way, in one of the electrode units  26  of a pixel electrode  16 , separate alignments in four general directions from the edges of the square (i.e., the regions that constitute the sides thereof) toward the center thereof can be achieved. 
     FIGS. 63A and 63B  show a section of a pixel having a structure according to the related art as a comparative example.  FIG. 63A  shows a state of alignment of liquid crystal molecules lcm sealed between a TFT substrate  2  and a CF substrate  4 . Two electrode units  26  that adjoin each other with a slit  34  interposed therebetween are formed on the TFT substrate  2 . When a voltage is applied, the liquid crystal molecules l cm are aligned as illustrated, and a singular point with strength s=+1 is present above the slit  34 . However, when a force F is exerted on the panel as a result of a press with a finger, the liquid crystal molecules lcm are aligned in one direction as illustrated, and the singular point with strength s=+1 moves away from the slit  34  or disappears. On the contrary, according to the present embodiment, electrical fields at edges of the pixel have a great effect, and a great alignment regulating force can be provided. Further, since the second insulation layer  502  of the slit  34  in the pixel electrode  16  serves as a bank-shaped alignment regulating structure as shown in  FIG. 62 , alignment defects attributable to coupling of alignment regions between adjoining electrode units  26  are less likely to occur, and any reduction in display quality can be prevented even if such a defect occurs. 
   Embodiment 5-2 
   Embodiment 5-2 will now be described with reference to  FIGS. 64 to 67C .  FIG. 64  shows a section taken along the same position as the line E-E in  FIG. 61 .  FIGS. 65A to 67C  show sectional views taken at manufacturing steps in the same position as that shown in  FIG. 64 . The configuration of electrode units  26  will not be described because it is the same as that in Embodiment 5-1. The present embodiment is different from Embodiment 5-1 in that an ITO layer to serve as pixel electrodes  16  is formed first. As shown in  FIG. 65  A, an ITO film  510  is first formed on a glass substrate  52 . Next, the ITO film  510  is patterned using a wet etching process to form pixel electrodes  16  including electrode units  26  and connection electrodes  36  as shown in  FIG. 65B . Then, an insulation film  514  is formed on the entire surface (see  FIG. 65C ). Next, a film of a gate electrode material  516  is formed on the entire surface as shown in  FIG. 65D . 
   The gate electrode material  516  is then patterned to form gate bus lines  12  as shown in  FIG. 66A . Next, a gate insulation film  518  is formed as shown in  FIG. 66B , and a semiconductor layer which is not shown is formed and then patterned to form a channel layer (not shown) on the gate bus lines (gate electrodes)  12 . Next, contact holes  520  are formed to expose the surface of the electrode unit  26  as shown in  FIG. 66C . 
   Then, a metal layer  522  for forming drain bus lines is formed and patterned as shown in  FIG. 67A  to form drain bus lines  14 , drain electrodes  22  and source electrodes  24 , thereby fabricating TFTs  10  (see  FIG. 67B ). Next, the gate insulation film  518  and the insulation film  514  are etched using a dry etching process in predetermined regions to form insulation layers  524  on the connection electrodes  36 , and this completes a TFT substrate  2  in which regions where the pixel electrodes  16  are to be formed are lower than other regions. 
   In the structure of the present embodiment, since the insulation layers  524  are formed only above slits  34  and the connection electrodes  36  for electrically connecting the electrode units  26  of the pixel electrodes  16 , it is possible to prevent movement of singular points with strength s=+1 that has occurred in the region of the connection electrodes  36  according to the related art. This makes it possible to provide a pixel structure which does not suffer from alignment defects when pressed with a finger or vibrated. Further, the pixel structure can be formed using manufacturing processes that are similar to those in the related art. 
   Embodiment 5-3 
   Embodiment 5-3 will now be described with reference to  FIG. 68 . In the present embodiment, the pitch of pixels in the direction of drain bus lines  14  is 225 μm. The pitch of the pixels in the direction of gate bus lines  12  is 75 μm. This is an example in which the size of one pixel itself is smaller than that in Embodiment 5-1. 
   The drain bus lines  14  and the gate bus lines  12  that have a width of 6 μm are formed on a TFT substrate  2 , and pixel electrodes  16  constituted by ITOs are formed at a distance of 7 μm from each of the lines. That is, a region where a pixel electrode  16  is to be formed has a width of 55 μm. The configuration of the pattern of the pixel electrode  16  will be described later. A TFT  10  is formed in the vicinity of an intersection between the drain bus line  14  and the gate bus line  12  at each pixel. 
   A pixel electrode  16  is configured by arranging three electrode units  26  in total in one row in the horizontal direction and three columns in the vertical direction. An electrode unit  26  is an electrode having a square circumferential configuration of 55 μm×55 μm. The electrode units  26  are provided adjacent to each other with slits  34  having a width of 8 μm interposed therebetween and are electrically connected by connection electrodes  36  having a width of 4 μm. A contact hole  530  of a size of about 5 μm is provided substantially in the middle of an electrode unit  26  that is directly connected to the TFT  10  among the electrode units  26  that constitute the pixel electrode  16 . The electrode unit  26  is formed solidly in a region substantially in the middle thereof that ranges 5 μm around the contact hole  530  such that the electrode is formed in the contact hole  530  without fail. The source electrode  24  is disposed under the electrode unit  26  with an insulation layer interposed therebetween, and it must be configured such that protrusion of the same from trunk sections  28  and branch section  30  of the electrode unit  26  is minimized. The reason is that spaces  32  in the electrode unit  26  will not function as intended when the source electrode  24  is formed under the spaces  32  because the source electrode  24  and the electrode unit  26  are at the same potential. 
   This makes it possible to prevent a singular point with strength s=+1 which must be formed in the middle of the electrode unit  26  from drifting toward the source electrode  24  under the influence of an electric field of the source electrode  24  when the pixel electrode  16  is put in contact with the source electrode  24  of the TFT  10 . It is therefore possible to reduce a feel of coarseness in display attributable to such a phenomenon. 
   Embodiment 5-4 
   Embodiment 5-4 will be described with reference to FIG.  69 . In the present embodiment, pixel pitches are the same as those in Embodiment 5-3. 
   A pixel electrode  16  is configured by combining first electrode units  26  and second electrode units  26 ′. The first electrode units  26  have a square configuration of 55 μm×55 μm, and the second electrode units  26 ′ have a square configuration of 24 μm×24 μm. In the pixel electrode  16 , the second electrode units  26 ′ are provided at the top and bottom ends of the pixel in two rows in the horizontal direction and one row in the vertical direction. The first electrode units  26  are provided in one horizontal and two vertical rows between the second electrode units  26 ′ at the top and bottom ends. 
   In the present embodiment, the second electrode units  26 ′ that are located at electrode edges adjacent to gate bus lines  12  or in contact with source electrodes  24  of TFTs  10  are made smaller than the electrode units  26  located in other regions. The electrode units  26 ′ in regions where a singular point with strength s=+1 is likely to be collapsed are thus intentionally made small to reduce the influence of abnormality of singular points when it actually takes place, which makes it possible to make the ratio between separately aligned domains less likely to become imbalanced. This suppresses the occurrence of alignment defects that result in coarse display and after-images in a macroscopic view. 
   As described above, in the present mode for carrying out the invention, fluctuations of the positions where singular points are generated can be suppressed without increasing manufacturing processes by using a structure in which banks constituted by an insulation layer are formed around electrode patterns of pixel electrodes. 
   A hole for contact with a TFT is provided in the middle of an electrode pattern, which makes it possible to generate singular points in positions that are aligned with each other, thereby suppressing generation of after-images. 
   The invention is not limited to the above-described modes for carrying out the same and may be modified in various ways. 
   For example, while a plurality of electrode units  26  having substantially the same configuration are provided in a pixel region in the above-described modes for carrying out the invention, this is not limiting the invention, and a plurality of electrode units having different configurations may be provided in combination. By way of example, a configuration is possible in which a plurality of electrode units  26  in two types of configurations are respectively provided above and under a storage capacitor bus line  18  in a line symmetrical relationship with each other about the storage capacitor bus line  18 . 
   Further, while MVA LCDs have been referred to as examples in the above-described modes for carrying out the invention, the invention is not limited to the same and may be applied to other types of liquid crystal displays such as TN (twisted nematic) mode displays. 
   Furthermore, while transmissive liquid crystal displays have been referred to as examples in the above-described modes for carrying out the invention, the invention is not limited to the same and may be applied to other types of liquid crystal displays such as reflective displays and transflective displays in which a pixel electrode  16  is constituted by a conductive film having light reflecting properties. 
   While liquid crystal displays having color filters formed on a CF substrate  4  provided opposite to a TFT substrate  2  have been referred to as examples in the above-described modes for carrying out the invention, the invention is not limited to the same and may be applied to liquid crystal displays having the so-called CF-on-TFT structure in which color filters are formed on a TFT substrate  2 . 
   As described above, the invention makes it possible to provide a substrate for a liquid crystal display and a liquid crystal display having the same that provide good display characteristics without increasing manufacturing steps.