Patent Publication Number: US-2023158788-A1

Title: Energy harvesting methods for providing autonomous electrical power to mobile devices

Description:
BACKGROUND 
     This application is a continuation of United States (U.S.) patent application Ser. No. 15/416,456, entitled ENERGY HARVESTING METHODS FOR PROVIDING AUTONOMOUS ELECTRICAL POWER TO MOBILE DEVICES, filed in the United States Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO) on Jan. 26, 2017, which published as US 2018-0212554 A1 on Jul. 26, 2018, and which issued as U.S. Pat. No. 11,554,576 on Jan. 17, 2023, the entire disclosure of which is hereby incorporated by reference herein in its entirety. This application is related to U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/416,384, which was filed on Jan. 26, 2017 and which published as USPTO pre-grant publication number US2018-0212553 A1 on Jul. 26, 2018, and which issued as U.S. Pat. No. 10,525,684 on Jan. 07, 2020 entitled “Energy Harvesting Systems For Providing Autonomous Electrical Power To Mobile Devices”, the disclosure of which is hereby incorporated by reference herein in its entirety. 
     Field of the Disclosed Embodiments 
     This disclosure is directed to a unique method for forming a set of structural features on an outer surface of a mobile device, or a mobile device case, the structural features combining to implement an aesthetically neutral, or aesthetically pleasing, energy harvesting system that provides autonomous electrical power to a mobile device on which the system is installed, and/or to individually electrically-powered components in the mobile device. Color-matched, image-matched and/or texture-matched optical layers, which provide an essentially same appearance from any viewing angle and provide superior light transmission across the range of light impingement angles, are formed over energy harvesting components, including photovoltaic components. 
     Related Art 
     U.S. patent applications Ser. Nos. 15/006,143 (the 143 application), which published as USPTO pre-grant publication number US2016-0306078 A1 on Oct. 20, 2016, entitled “Systems and Methods for Producing Laminates, Layers and Coatings Including Elements for Scattering and Passing Selective Wavelengths of Electromagnetic Energy,” which published from the United States Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO) as U.S. Patent Publication No. US 2016-0306078 A1 on Oct. 20, 2016; and application Ser. No. 15/006,145 (the 145 application), which published as USPTO pre-grant publication number US2016-0306080 A1 on Oct. 20, 2016, entitled “Systems and Methods for Producing Objects Incorporating Selective Electromagnetic Energy Scattering Layers, Laminates and Coatings,” which published from the USPTO as U.S. Patent Publication No. US 2016-0306080 A1 on Oct. 20, 2016, and which issued as U.S. Pat. No. 10,795,062 on Oct. 6, 2020, each of which was filed on Jan. 26, 2016 and the disclosures of which are hereby incorporated by reference herein in their entirety, describe a structure for forming selectably energy transmissive layers and certain real world use cases in which those layers may be particularly advantageously employed. 
     The 143 and 145 applications note that, in recent years, the fields of energy harvesting and ambient energy collection have gained significantly increased interest. Photovoltaic (PV) cell layers and other photocell layers, including thin-film PV-type (TFPV) material layers, are advantageously employed on outer surfaces of particular structures to convert ambient light to electricity. 
     Significant drawbacks to wider proliferation of photocells used in a number of potentially beneficial operating or employment scenarios are that the installations, in many instances, unacceptably adversely affect the aesthetics of the structure, object or host substrate surface on which the PV layers are mounted for use. PV layers typically must be generally visible, and the visual appearance of the PV layers themselves cannot be significantly altered from the comparatively dark greyscale to black presentations provided by the facial surfaces without rendering the layers significantly less efficient, substantially degrading their operation. Presence of photocells and PV layers in most installations is, therefore, easily visually distinguishable, often in an unacceptably distracting, or appearance degrading, manner. Based on these drawbacks and/or limitations, inclusion of photocell arrays, and even sophisticated TFPV material layers, is often avoided in many installations, or in association with many structures, objects or products that may otherwise benefit from the electrical energy harvesting capacity provided by these layers. PV layer installations are often shunned as unacceptable visual detractors or distractors adversely affecting the appearance or ornamental design of the structures, objects or products. 
     The last several decades have seen an expansive proliferation in all manner of self-powered (read “battery-powered”) devices. Developmental efforts are particularly evident in the introduction and commercialization of all manner of mobile computing and/or communicating devices. 
     The original mobile computing and/or communicating devices had very limited capability. Therefore, those devices required only limited battery power to sustain them for extended periods of time without needing to be recharged. Additionally, earlier generation mobile computing and/or communicating devices were often configured to quickly enter standby modes to reduce battery consumption for significant periods of time until the mobile computing and/or communicating devices were activated for use. Today, mobile devices running sophisticated applications are generally always “ON.” 
     Today, many mobile computing and/or communicating devices include applications and components for, for example, device tracking that are active substantially all the time that the mobile computing and/or communicating devices are on. As such, there is a fairly consistent power drain on the batteries, which are supporting increased overall total loads in all modes of operation, and to power individual device components, of the mobile computing and/or communicating devices. 
     Separately, many users increasingly rely on consistent reliability and availability of their mobile computing and/or communicating devices in every activity in which they participate. Put another way, the mobile computing and/or communicating devices are always on and always in use, thereby causing increased power drain on the batteries. Battery technology continues to improve to meet these requirements. The advances in battery technology, however, to address this power drain as the numbers and types of applications, and in instances separately electrically-powered components, provided for user convenience in all manner of mobile devices increases, have tended to lag behind user needs. 
     SUMMARY 
     The 143 and 145 applications introduce systems and methods that provide particularly formulated energy or light transmissive overlayers, which may be provided to “hide” typical photoelectric energy generating devices. These overlayers, generally in the form of surface treatments and/or coverings, are formulated to support unique energy transmission and light refraction schemes to effectively “trick” the human eye into seeing a generally opaque surface when observed from a light incident side. These overlayers are formulated to support transmission of visual light, or near-visual light, in a manner that allows a substantial percentage (at least 50% and up to  80 +%) of the electromagnetic energy impinging on the surface of the overlayer to penetrate the surface treatments and coverings in a comparatively unfiltered manner. The overlayers also provide an opaque appearing surface that exhibits an essentially same appearance when viewed from any viewing angle, and that support a consistently superior light transmission across a full range of light impingement angles. The energy transmissive layers disclosed in the 143 and 145 applications rely on a particular cooperation between refractive indices of the disclosed micron-sized particles or spheres with cooperating refractive indices of the matrix materials in which those micron-sized particles are suspended for deposition on prepared surfaces. This coincident requirement between the refractive indices of the matrix material and the refractive indices of the suspended particles limits deposition of these material suspensions of particles on substrates to techniques in which the deposition of the materials can be carefully controlled. 
     U.S. patent Applications Ser. Nos. 15/415,851, entitled “Compositions Of Materials For Forming Coatings And Layered Structures Including Elements For Scattering And Passing Selectively Tunable Wavelengths Of Electromagnetic Energy,” and application Ser. No. 15/415,857, entitled “Methods For Making Compositions Of Materials For Forming Coatings And Layered Structures Including Elements For Scattering And Passing Selectively Tunable Wavelengths Of Electromagnetic Energy,” and application Ser. No. 15/415,864, entitled “Delivery Systems and Methods For Compositions Of Materials For Forming Coatings And Layered Structures Including Elements For Scattering And Passing Selectively Tunable Wavelengths Of Electromagnetic Energy,” each of which was filed Jan. 25, 2017, and the disclosures of which are hereby incorporated by reference herein in their entirety improve upon the inventive concepts disclosed in the 143 and 145 applications by controlling the refractive indices of the particles themselves to capture all of the physical parameters leading to independent color selection in the particles, thereby easing reliance on a cooperative synergy between a composition of the particles and a composition of the binder or matrix material in which the particles are suspended. 
     It would be advantageous to apply the selectively colorable and/or texturizable overlayers disclosed in detail in the above applications to energy harvesting systems associated with mobile devices (which will be used throughout the balance of this disclosure to refer to a broad class of mobile and handheld computing, communicating, and/or sensor-included devices), and/or to cases for the mobile devices, to (1) generally extend periods of operation of battery-powered mobile devices between periods of recharge, and/or (2) individually power at least some of the myriad electrical components in the mobile devices. 
     Exemplary embodiments may provide substantially transparent micron-sized particles in a cooperating binder matrix to produce material compositions for layers in which refractive indices of the constituent elements of the layers are cooperatively controlled to produce repeatable coloration in the layers causing them to appear opaque from a light-incident side, and yet retaining a capacity to transmit at least 50%, and as much as  80 +%, of the incident electromagnetic energy therethrough to impinge, for example, on photoelectric or photovoltaic energy harvesters positioned behind the layers. 
     Exemplary embodiments may form energy transmissive layers over photovoltaic arrays on mobile devices and mobile device cases, the energy transmissive layers providing an opaque appearing surface that exhibits an essentially same appearance when viewed from any viewing angle, and supporting a consistently superior light transmission across a full range of light impingement angles. 
     Exemplary embodiments may provide a TFPV material layer on a substrate that is in a form of a mobile device, and particularly a casing for a mobile device. The disclosed TFPV material layers may be adhesively conformed to the discrete mobile device outer or case portions and then hidden by being overcoated with the disclosed energy transmissive overlayer material. 
     Exemplary embodiments may provide electrical circuits that convert the energy collected by the TFPV layer into usable electrical power for use by the electrical component systems in the mobile devices. 
     These and other features, and advantages, of the disclosed systems and methods are described in, or apparent from, the following detailed description of various exemplary embodiments. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       Various exemplary embodiments of the disclosed methods for forming a unique set of structural features on an outer surface of a mobile device or mobile device casing that combine to implement an aesthetically neutral, or aesthetically pleasing, energy harvesting system that is configured to provide autonomous electrical power to the mobile device, and/or to individually electrically-powered components in the mobile device, will be described, in detail, with reference to the following drawings, in which: 
         FIG.  1    illustrates a schematic diagram of an exemplary object energy/light scattering surface layer disposed on a structural body member substrate according to this disclosure; 
         FIG.  2    illustrates a schematic diagram of an exemplary mobile device energy harvesting system including a laminated energy harvesting component with, as one or more of the laminate layers, a TFPV material layer disposed on a mobile device body or casing, and an energy/light scattering layer according to this disclosure disposed over the TFPV material layer; 
         FIGS.  3 A- 3 D  illustrate a series of schematic diagrams of steps in an exemplary process for forming a laminated energy harvesting component, with at least one layer constituted as an energy/light scattering layer, according to this disclosure; 
         FIG.  4    illustrates an exemplary embodiment of a detail of an energy/light scattering layer usable in the energy harvesting systems according to this disclosure; 
         FIG.  5    illustrates a schematic diagram of an exemplary mobile device casing to provide an example of emplacement of a laminated energy harvesting component according to this disclosure on an outer surface of the mobile device casing; 
         FIG.  6    illustrates a schematic diagram of an exemplary assembly line usable for automated forming of the exemplary laminated energy harvesting component on a surface of a mobile device casing according to this disclosure; and 
         FIG.  7    illustrates a flowchart of an exemplary method for integrating a unique energy harvesting system, including an energy/light scattering layer, on a surface of a mobile device casing according to this disclosure. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF EMBODIMENTS 
     The disclosed method for forming a unique set of structural features a surface of a mobile device body or casing that combine to implement an aesthetically neutral, or aesthetically pleasing, energy harvesting system that is configured to provide autonomous electrical power to a mobile device, and/or to individually electrically-powered components in the mobile device, will be described as being particularly usable for extending a period of operation before the mobile device needs to be recharged. The described real-world applications for the disclosed energy harvesting systems should not be considered as limiting those systems to charging, recharging, powering, or otherwise providing electrical power to any particular battery, or other electrical system component, only in any particular type of mobile computing and/or communicating device. Rather, the disclosed embodiments are intended to provide an overview of a particular system that may be implemented to autonomously provide electrical power to virtually any mobile device and/or to any individually electrically-powered component in any mobile device. 
     Reference will be made to substantially transparent multi-layer micron-sized particles, and the material compositions in which those particles may be delivered, and the systems and methods for delivery of those material compositions onto mobile device body structure, and mobile device casing, surfaces that have been previously provided with conformal photovoltaic arrays, particularly in a form of a TFPV material layer, according to this disclosure. The disclosed schemes may include techniques for depositing and curing material compositions that suspend substantially transparent multi-layer micron-sized particles in substantially transparent binder or matrix materials, techniques for developing material compositions into structural layers, and delivery systems and techniques for developing the multi-layered structure, which may be a laminated structure, in which color-selectable electromagnetic energy transmissive layers are formed over the photovoltaic components. These layers, once formed, may selectively scatter specific wavelengths of electromagnetic energy impinging on an energy incident side of the layers, while allowing remaining wavelengths of the electromagnetic energy to pass therethrough. These layers may uniquely implement optical light scattering techniques in such energy transmissive layers to provide an aesthetically neutral outer surface that is substantially comparable to a conventional painted surface. These layers may also provide an opaque appearing surface that exhibits an essentially same appearance when viewed from any viewing angle, and that supports a consistently superior light transmission across a full range of light impingement angles. Because the disclosed “coatings” do not include pigment materials, the overlayers comprised of these substantially transparent materials are not susceptible to fading over time. In order to provide a usable electrical energy, the disclosed overlayers may be particularly formed to selectively scatter particular wavelengths of electromagnetic energy, including light energy in the visual, near-visual or non-visual range, while allowing remaining wavelengths to pass therethrough with a transmissive efficiency of at least 50%, and as much as  80 +%, with respect to the impinging energy. 
     Additional details regarding the above-discussed energy transmissive layers are available in the various related applications catalogued above, the disclosures of which are incorporated by reference herein in their entireties. 
     Exemplary embodiments described and depicted in this disclosure should not be interpreted as being specifically limited to any particularly limiting material composition of the individually-described substantially transparent multi-layer micron-sized particles, and the binder matrices in which those particles may be suspended, except as indicated according to the material properties generally outlined below. Further, the exemplary embodiments described and depicted in this disclosure should not be interpreted as specifically limiting the configuration of any of the described layers, or of the particular mobile devices, or mobile device casings, as substrates on which the disclosed energy harvesting structures may be formed. 
     References will be made to individual ones, or classes, of energy/light collecting sensor components and energy/light activated devices that may be operationally mounted in, installed in or placed behind the disclosed energy/light scattering, light directing or light transmissive layers so as to be hidden from view when an object including such sensor components or devices is viewed from a viewing, observation or light incident outer surface of the object or layer, from which perspective the energy/light scattering, light directing or light transmissive layers may appear “opaque” to the incident electromagnetic energy. These references are intended to be illustrative only and are not intended to limit the disclosed concepts, compositions, processes, techniques, methods, systems and devices in any manner. It should be recognized that any advantageous use of the disclosed structures and schemes for providing an autonomous energy harvesting capability in a mobile device employing systems, methods, techniques, and processes such as those discussed in detail in this disclosure is contemplated as being included within the scope of the disclosed exemplary embodiments. 
     In this regard, the disclosed systems and methods will be described as being particularly adaptable to hiding certain photovoltaic materials, and the emerging class of increasingly efficient TFPV materials or material layers, which are typically mils thick, on the surfaces of, or within objects, behind layers that may appear opaque from a viewing, observation or light incident side. As used throughout the balance of this disclosure, references to TFPV material layers are not intended to exclude other types of photovoltaic materials, and/or any generally known configuration as to any photocells, which may be adapted for use in particular mobile device body structures and casings. 
       FIG.  1    illustrates a schematic diagram  100  of an exemplary object energy/light scattering surface layer  120  disposed on a transparent portion of a body structure  110 . As shown in  FIG.  1   , the energy/light scattering layer  120  is configured to allow first determined wavelengths of energy/light, WLp, to pass through the energy/light scattering layer  120 . The configuration of the energy/light scattering layer  120  simultaneously causes certain second determined wavelengths of energy/light, WLs, to be scattered back in an incident direction substantially as shown. 
     The energy/light scattering layer  120  may be configured of substantially transparent micron-sized particles of varying sizes. In embodiments, these particles may be substantially in a range of 5 microns or less. The substantially transparent micron-sized particles may be stabilized in structural or other layers further comprised of substantially-transparent matrix materials including, but not limited to, dielectric materials. An ability to configure the substantially transparent micron-sized particles to “tune” the light scattering surface of the light scattering layer  120  to scatter particular second determined wavelengths of energy/light, WLs, may provide the capacity of the energy/light scattering layer  120  to produce a desired visual appearance in a single color, multiple colors, or according to an image-wise visual presentation provided by the energy/light scattering layer  120 . Put another way, depending on a particular composition of the substantially transparent micron-sized particles comprising the energy/light scattering layer  120  (or multiple layers), one or more colors, textures, color patterns, or color-patterned images may be visually produced by the energy/light scattering layer  120 . 
     In cases where the incident energy includes wavelengths in the visual spectrum, refractive indices of the energy/light scattering layer  120  may be selectively tuned based on structural compositions of the substantially transparent micron-sized particles, and the substantially-transparent binder or matrix materials in which the particles are suspended. In embodiments for use in mobile device outer structures or mobile device cases/casings according to this disclosure, the energy/light scattering layer  120  may be intended to appear as a single color across a surface of the energy/light scattering layer  120 . To this end, the composition of the particles and matrix scheme across the surface of the energy/light scattering layer  120  may be substantially identical, or homogenous. In embodiments, however, a constituent composition of the energy/light scattering layer  120  may be varied across a surface of the mobile device outer structure or mobile device casing in order to present a complex image-wise depiction, including multiple colors and/or multiple textures. Refractive indices of the energy/light scattering layer  120  may be selectively tuned based on one or more sizes of the particles, one or more material compositions of the particles, one or more physical compositions of the particles, one or more material compositions of any matrix within which the particles may be fixed, interstitial openings or voids between the particles fixed in the matrix, or any combination of the above parameters. 
     A light scattering effect of the energy/light scattering layer  120  may be produced in response to illumination generally from ambient light in a vicinity of, and/or impinging on, the surface of the energy/light scattering layer  120 . Alternatively, the light scattering effect of the energy/light scattering layer  120  may be produced in response to direct illumination generally produced by some directed light source  130  focusing illumination on the light-incident surface of the energy/light scattering layer  110 . 
       FIG.  2    illustrates a schematic diagram  200  of an exemplary mobile device energy harvesting system including a laminated substrate surface energy harvesting component with, as one or more of the laminate layers, a TFPV material layer disposed on a mobile device body structure or mobile device casing, and an energy/light scattering layer according to this disclosure disposed over the TFPV material layer. As shown in  FIG.  2   , the ambient energy/light in a vicinity of the energy/light scattering layer  220 , or the energy/light directed from an energy/light source  230  at the energy/light scattering layer  220 , may pass through a substantially clear overlayer  225 , which may be in the form of a substantially clear protective layer. The energy/light scattering layer  220  may be configured to operate in a same manner as the energy/light scattering layer described above with reference to  FIG.  1   . At least first wavelengths of energy/light, WLp, may pass through the energy/light scattering layer  220 , while at least the second wavelengths of energy/light, WLs, may be scattered back in the incident direction in the manner described above. 
     The at least first wavelengths of energy/light, WLp, may impinge on a TFPV material layer  215  that may be disposed on, or adhered to, a surface of a mobile device body structure or mobile device casing component substrate  210 . The at least first wavelengths of energy/light, WLp, impinging on the TFPV material layer  215  may cause the TFPV material layer  215  to generate electrical energy which may be passed to an electrical energy interface/conditioning circuit  240  to which the TFPV material layer  215  is electrically connected. The electrical energy interface/conditioning circuit  240  may properly translate or otherwise condition the generated electrical energy from the TFPV material layer  215  to be one or more of (1) stored in a compatible mobile device energy storage device  250 , (2) used to directly supplement the mobile device electrical system  260  or (3) provided to directly power one or more mobile device electrically-powered components  270 . In embodiments, the electrical energy generated from the TFPV material layer  215  may bypass the electrical energy interface/conditioning circuit  240  and be fed directly to any of the depicted devices or systems according to the “Direct” line in  FIG.  2   . 
     Mobile devices thus equipped may be provided with at least limited charging capabilities when there is no grid power available, such as in a natural disaster or other emergency, or in any off-grid situation. This resilience may facilitate a critical communications link in those situations. For example, there are a growing number of regions in undeveloped areas of the world with expanding mobile phone service, but lacking commensurate electrical utility services. The disclosed schemes support proliferation of mobile device communicating capabilities in these regions. 
     Also, growing numbers of mobile computing and/or communicating devices have batteries or battery packs that are non-removable by the user. An ability to provide trickle charging for the batteries, and/or battery packs, may extend battery life, and reduce instances that the device would have to be taken into a service center for battery or device replacement. 
       FIGS.  3 A- 3 D  illustrate a series of schematic diagrams of steps in an exemplary process  300  for forming a laminated energy harvesting component, with at least one layer constituted as a light scattering constituent layer, according to this disclosure. 
     As shown in  FIG.  3 A , a substrate component  310  may be provided. The substrate component  310  may be, for example, an outer body structure of a mobile device or a mobile device casing component. 
     As shown in  FIG.  3 B , a photovoltaic layer (or component)  315  may be disposed on the substrate component  310 . The photovoltaic layer  315  may comprise one or more of a photocell, an array of photocells, or a TFPV material layer. Further, the photovoltaic layer  315  may be positioned on a contiguous surface of the substrate component  310 , or may be partially embedded in a cavity in the surface of the substrate component  310 , or may be completely embedded in a cavity in the surface of the substrate component  310  in a manner that an upper surface of the photovoltaic layer  315  substantially corresponds to an upper surface of the substrate component  310 . In embodiments, a TFPV material layer may be adhesively attached to, or formed on, the substrate component  310 . In embodiments, a surface treatment may be applied to portions of the surface of the substrate component  310  that are not covered by the photovoltaic layer  315 . The surface treatment, when applied, is intended to render an optical reflectance of the portions on which the surface treatment is applied to be substantially equal to an optical reflectance of the TFPV material layer in order to provide a consistent undersurface for application of an energy/light scattering layer. 
     As shown in  FIG.  3 C , an energy/light scattering layer  320  may be formed on/over the photovoltaic layer  315  in a manner that first determined wavelengths of the ambient light in the vicinity of the energy/light scattering layer  320  may pass through the energy/light scattering layer  320 , in the manner described above with reference to the embodiments shown in  FIGS.  1  and  2   , while at least second determined wavelengths of the ambient light may be scattered back off the energy/light scattering layer  320  in the incident direction in the manner described above. 
     As shown in  FIG.  3 D , the laminated structure of the energy harvesting component may be finished by covering, or even encapsulating, the laminated structure in a substantially clear, protective overcoat or outer layer  325 . This protective overcoat or outer layer  325  may be in a form of a clear coat finish. 
       FIG.  4    illustrates an exemplary embodiment of a detail of an energy/light scattering layer  400  according to this disclosure. The disclosed schemes, processes, techniques or methods may produce an energy/light scattering layer  400  created using substantially transparent multi-layer micron-sized particles  420 . Those particles may be in range of diameters of 5 microns or less embedded in a substantially-transparent dielectric matrix  410 . As an example, the substantially transparent multi-layer micron-sized particles  420  may include titanium dioxide nanoparticles in a layered form. 
     In embodiments of the energy/light scattering layers, colorations of the layered materials may be achieved through combinations of (1) material compositions of the particles, (2) material compositions of the binders, (3) nominal particle sizes, (4) nominal particle spacings, and (5) interplay between any or all of those material factors. That “interplay” is important. In other embodiments, the material interplay may be captured in varying layers of a substantially transparent multi-layer micron-sized particle, thus requiring the only variables to be controlled as particle size and particle physical composition. Capturing all of the physical parameters in the substantially transparent multi-layer micron-sized particle substantially eliminates any requirement for constituent interplay between the particles and the binder, essentially rendering the particles binder or matrix material agnostic. In embodiments including the multi-layer particles, the binder or matrix material is provided simply to hold the particles where they land. Spacing between the particles is rendered based on a substantially clear, neutral outer coating on the substantially transparent multi-layer micron-sized particles, typically of a substantially transparent dielectric material having a comparatively low (less than 2) index of refraction. The employment of multi-layer particles provides increased latitude in the use of randomized delivery methods, including spray delivery of an aspirated composition of non-pigment particulate material suspended in a comparatively transparent or relatively clear binder material. 
     In embodiments with particles comprised of layered constructions, a core sphere may have a diameter to accommodate an optical path length through the core of approximately one half wavelength of light for the color of interest and may be comprised of 15 or more individual material layers each having a thickness to accommodate an optical path length through the layer of one quarter wavelength of light for the color of interest. For individualized colors from blue to red this layer-on-layer construction surrounding the core sphere may result in an overall particle size of from about 1.9 microns up to 2.6 microns. This range of overall particle sizes for the multi-layered construction of the transparent spheres is comparable to the typical ranges of diameters of paint pigment particles. Apparent colors, patterns or images of light scattering layers may be produced by adjusting refractive indices of the particles according to a size of the spherical core and the layers of material deposited on the spherical core of the particles. Such particle compositions allow for additional degrees of freedom in adjusting the color, transmission and scattering, i.e., in “tuning” the energy/light scattering effects produced by the composition of the energy/light scattering layer. As mentioned above, an outer layer may be formed of a neutral, transparent, often dielectric material of a thickness selected to provide a minimum required separation between the “colorant” layers of the substantially transparent multi-layer micron-sized particles to reduce instances of refractive interference thereby causing variation in the color presentation provided by the light scattering layer. 
     Dielectric materials from which the core sphere and the dielectric materials may be selected may be chosen generally from a group consisting of titanium dioxide, silicon carbide, boron nitride, boron arsenite, aluminum nitride, aluminum phosphide, gallium nitride, gallium phosphide, cadmium sulfide, zinc oxide, zinc selenide, zinc sulfide, zinc telluride, cuprous chloride, tin dioxide, barium titanate, strontium titanate, lithium niobate, nickel oxide, and other similar materials. 
     Particle size is related to the wavelength of interest, in the manner described above, in order to determine the color of the substantially transparent multi-layer micron-sized particles. Spacing between the particles is related to the size in order to reduce interference between the refractions of separate particles. In embodiments, the binder index of refraction may be the same as an outer layer of the particles in order that the outer layer does not optically interact with the next layer inward. In such an instance, the outer layer may be thicker and particle-to-particle optical interaction is minimized. Because where there is a difference in index of refraction (according to Snell&#39;s Law), a reflection occurs. When two reflections are spaced properly, the interaction of multiple reflections is what provides the color. 
     The outer layer may be configured to ensure that the colorant producing layers of the particles are kept separated. In an instance in which the colorant producing layers touch, no interaction reflection is generated. A result of a configuration of a particle according to this scheme is a particle that acts in a form of a Bragg Reflector. Multiple weak reflections of a same wavelength reinforce each other resulting in a strong reflection of a particular wavelength based on the particle size, which determines the particle spacing, and the index of refraction also determines the speed of light which in turn describes the optical wavelength. A number of particles per unit volume of solvent (matrix material) is essentially going to ensure that the particles always touch. 
     The outer layer will typically be thicker than the underlayers of which the substantially transparent multi-layer micron-sized particle is comprised in order to attempt to ensure that safe separation is maintained. If the outer layer is controlled to be composed of a material that is at a same index of refraction as the binder or matrix material, the outer layer does not optically react in interaction with the binder or matrix material. The outer layer will be transparent, and maintain that transparency when immersed in the substantially-transparent binder or matrix material having a same index of refraction as the outer layer of substantially transparent multi-layer micron-sized particles. In this manner, the outermost layers, in their composition and thickness, provide the essential interstitial spacing between the colorant components so as to assure color fidelity. The layers thus formed will yield only the color that is “built in” to the substantially transparent multi- layer micron-sized particles according to the structure of the color yielding/generating underlayers inward of the outermost layers in the manner described below. 
     With enough layers, in a range of 10 to 15, to as many as 30, layers, color concentration would be high enough in each of the particles so as to not require external coloration reinforcement provided by adjacent multi-layer particles. The outer layers are comparatively clear, as is the binder or matrix solution, and preferably having a comparatively same index of refraction as between the material forming the outer layers and the material forming the binder solution. This is to ensure that there is no interaction between the particles in the binder, and no interaction between the particles, specifically the color yielding/generating components of the particles over a longer distance. The outer layers may be comparatively, e.g., 10 times the thickness of each of the underlying dielectric layers. 
     The substantially transparent multi-layer micron-sized particles may be formed in a very tightly-controlled particle build process. A spherical core may be formed in a material or layer deposition process such as, for example, an atomic layer deposition (ALD) process, to achieve the substantially transparent multi-layer micron-sized particles according to the disclosed schemes. Particle deposition control systems exist that can be scaled to produce these substantially transparent multi-layer micron-sized particles. Quality control in the particle build process produces the necessary level of color consistency. There are, however, deposition processes that can be controlled to the units of nanometers thicknesses. 
     Additionally, embodiments of the multi-layered particles may include metallic layers sandwiched in between pairs of dielectric layers. A thickness of the metallic layers may be between 0.01 nm and 10 nm, as long as the metallic layers remain substantially transparent. The presence of such metallic layers is intended to enhance reflectivity properties with respect to the multi-layered structure of the color yielding/generating layers of the substantially transparent multi-layer micron-sized particles. Indium titanium oxide (ITO) is an example of a metallic layer that is conductive, yet substantially transparent. A typical touch screen on a cellular telephone, for example, includes an ITO surface. 
     Any suitable acrylic, polyurethane, clearcoat, or like composed binder or matrix material having a low index of refraction may be adapted to suspend the multi-layer micron-sized particles for application to a broad spectrum of substrate materials. These may include, but not be limited to, for example, synthetic or natural resins such as alkyds, acrylics, vinyl-acrylics, vinyl acetate/ethylene (VAE), polyurethanes, polyesters, melamine resins, epoxy, silanes or siloxanes or oils. It is envisioned that, in the same manner that paint pigment particles are suspended in solution, the substantially transparent multi-layer micron-sized particles according to this disclosure may be suspended in solution as well. Unlike paint pigment particles, however, the optical response of particles according to the disclosed schemes will not “fade” over time because there is no pigment breakdown based on exposure to, for example, ultraviolet (UV) radiation. The disclosed particles may also be substantially insensitive to heat. 
     According to the above, application methodologies that are supportable with particles according to the disclosed schemes include all of those application methodologies that are available for application of paints, inks and other coloration substances to substrates. These include that the particles suspended solutions can be brushed on, rolled on, sprayed on and the like. Separately, the particles may be pre-suspended in the solutions for on-site apparatus mixing into the deliverable solutions at the point of delivery to a substrate surface. The particles may be delivered via conventional aspirated spray systems and/or via aerosol propellants including being premixed with the propellants for conventional “spray can” delivery. Finally, the particles may be dry delivered to a binder-coated substrate. Conventional curing methods may be employed to fix the binder-suspended particles on the various substrates. 
     In the above-described manner, a finished and stabilized apparent colored, multi-component colored, texturized or otherwise image-developed surface transparent light scattering layer is produced. Mass production of such layers could be according to known delivery, deposition and development methods for depositing the light scattering layer forming components on the base structures as layer receiving substrates, and automatically controlling the exposure, activation and/or stabilization of the surface components to achieve a particular colored, multi-colored, texturized and/or image-wise patterned light scattering layer surface. 
     Additives may be included in the binder or matrix materials in which the substantially transparent multi-layer micron-sized particles are, or are to be, suspended to enhance one or more of a capacity for adherence of the formed transmissive layer to a particular substrate, including an adhesive or the like, and a capacity for enhanced curing of the layer, including a photo initiator or the like. 
       FIG.  5    illustrates a schematic diagram of an exemplary mobile device  500  to provide an example of emplacement of a laminated energy harvesting component according to this disclosure on an outer surface of the body structure of the mobile device or on a casing for the mobile device. As shown in  FIG.  5   , a principal substrate surface  510  of a structural body or casing component of a mobile device  500  may be used to host the laminated energy harvesting component  520 . The substrate surface  510  of the structural body or casing component of the mobile device  500  may be partially or substantially completely covered with the laminated structure according to, for example,  FIGS.  2  and  3    above. Regardless of the placement, wired or wireless connection may be provided to, for example, an energy conversion component within (for example on a processor motherboard) the mobile device in order to collect the electrical energy generated by the photovoltaic layers in the laminated structure and to communicate compatible and/or conditioned electrical energy to the mobile device system or system components as described generally above in reference to  FIG.  2   . 
       FIG.  6    illustrates a schematic diagram of an exemplary assembly line usable for automated forming of the exemplary laminated energy harvesting component on an outer surface of a mobile device body structure or casing according to this disclosure. The exemplary system  600  may be used to prepare and build the laminated energy harvesting component structure in a manner similar to that described above with reference to  FIGS.  3 A- 3 D . 
     As shown in  FIG.  6   , the exemplary system  600  may include an assembly line type transport component  640  which may be in a form of powered roller elements  642 ,  644  about which a movable platform in a form of, for example, a conveyor belt  646  may be provided to move a mobile device body structure or casing past multiple processing station  680 ,  682 ,  684 ,  686  in a direction A to accomplish the layer forming and finishing elements of the laminated energy harvesting component build process. Operation of the transport component may be controlled by a controller  660 . 
     A photovoltaic array or TFPV attachment station  610  may be provided along the assembly line, or separately, to provide for adhesive adherence of, for example, a TFPV material layer on a surface of the mobile device body structure or casing when the mobile device body structure or casing is positioned at processing station  680 . Operation of the TFPV attachment station  610  may be controlled by the controller  660 . 
     A layer forming device  630  may be provided at, for example, processing station  682  as the mobile device body structure or casing moves in direction A from processing station  680 . The layer forming device  630  may comprise a plurality of spray nozzles or spray heads  636 ,  638 , which may be usable to facilitate deposition of a layer forming material over the previously placed TFPV material layer on a surface of the mobile device body structure or casing. 
     The layer forming device  630  may be connected to an air source  615  via piping  617  and may separately be connected to a layer material reservoir  620  via piping  622 . The layer forming device  630  may be usable to obtain a flow of layer material from the layer material reservoir  620  and entrain that layer material in an airstream provided by the air source  615  in a manner that causes aspirated layer material to be ejected from the spray nozzles or spray heads  636 ,  638  in a direction of a surface of the mobile device body structure or casing when the mobile device body structure or casing is positioned at processing station  682 . 
     The layer material reservoir  620  may include separate chambers for a supply of substantially transparent micron-sized particles and for a supply of binder or matrix material. In embodiments, the particles and the matrix material may come premixed, the particles and matrix material may be mixed in the layer material reservoir  620 , or the particles and matrix material may be separately fed to the layer forming device  630  and mixed therein before being entrained in the airstream provided to the layer forming device  630  by the air source  615 . The layer forming device  630  may be a mounting structure or, in embodiments, the layer forming device  630  may be a movable structure mounted to the end of, for example, an articulated arm  634  that is mounted to a base component  632 . In embodiments, a particle and matrix material mixture may be provided in a material supply reservoir of a conventional spray gun with an air source for delivery of the layer material in a delivery operation similar to a conventional spray painting of a surface. In embodiments, an entire surface of the mobile device body structure or casing may be covered with the light scattering layer material, not just the portions of the mobile device body structure or casing covered in the TFPV material layers. In this manner, a consistency of coloration in the mobile device body structure or casing finish may be obtained as between areas including photovoltaic arrays and areas of the surface of the mobile device body structure or casing that do not include such underlying elements. Operation of the components of the layer forming device  630  (including the articulated arm  634  and the base component  632 ), the air source  615 , and/or the layer material reservoir  620 , may be separately controlled by the controller  660 . 
     The mobile device body structure or casing may be translated then to a processing position  684  opposite a layer curing station  650  that may employ known layer fixing methods including using heat, pressure, photo-initiated chemical reactions and the like to cure and/or finish the light scattering layers on the surface of the mobile device body structure or casing. The mobile device body structure or casing may then be translated to a processing station  686  opposite a surface finishing station  670  which may, for example, to deposit a clearcoat over an entire surface of the mobile device body structure or casing, or undertake other finishing processing of the surface of the mobile device body structure or casing. 
     The exemplary system  600  may operate under the control of a processor or controller  660 . Layer and object forming information may be input regarding at least one light scattering layer to be formed and fixed on an object or substrate by the exemplary system  600 . The controller  660  may be provided with object forming data that is devolved, or parsed, into component data to execute a controllable process in which one or more light scattering layers are formed to produce a single color, a multi-color, texturized surface or an image-patterned presentation when viewed from the viewing, observation or light incident side of a finished light scattering layer on the mobile device body structure or casing. 
     The disclosed embodiments may include an exemplary method for integrating a unique energy harvesting system, including an energy/light scattering layer (energy transmissive layer), on a mobile device body structure or casing.  FIG.  7    illustrates a flowchart of such an exemplary method. As shown in  FIG.  7   , operation of the method commences at Step S 700  and proceeds to Step S 710 . 
     In Step S 710 , one or more discrete substrate surfaces of a mobile device body structure or casing may be prepared to receive a layer of TFPV material. Operation of the method proceeds to Step S 720 . 
     In Step S 720 , a layer of TFPV material may be applied to the prepared substrate surface of the mobile device body structure or casing according to an application method that may adhere the layer of TFPV material to the mobile device body structure or casing. Compatible adhesive materials, including chemical, heat, or light activated adhesive materials, may be used to provide the adherence of the TFPV material layer to the mobile device body structure or casing. It should be noted that portions of the mobile device body structure or casing not covered by the TFPV material may be separately or coincidentally prepared with finishes that are comparable to the finish displayed by the TFPV material layer in order that the mobile device body structure or casing may provide a consistent underlying appearance, particularly with regard to an optical reflectance, for application of the energy transmissive layer materials thereon. Operation of the method proceeds to Step S 730 . 
     In Step S 730 , a liquefied mixture of components for forming an energy transmissive layer composed of substantially transparent particles suspended in a substantially transparent liquefied matrix may be deposited over the layer of TFPV material, or over an entire surface of a mobile device body structure or casing. Such deposition may be according to any technique by which a liquefied matrix, which may appear in the form of the paint-like substance, may be applied to any substrate. In this regard, the liquefied mixture may be poured on, rolled on, brushed on, or sprayed on the surface of the mobile device body structure or casing. In this latter case, an airstream may be provided from an air source in which the liquefied mixture may be entrained as one of an aspirated and aerosol liquefied mixture. Operation of the method proceeds to Step S 740 . 
     As indicated above, in embodiments, the liquefied mixture may include formed multi-layered substantially transparent particles suspended in a substantially transparent liquefied matrix material to form the liquefied mixture. The substantially transparent liquefied matrix material may be selected to have an index of refraction similar to the substantially clear outer layers or shells of the substantially transparent particles in order to substantially reduce any potential for refractive interference between adjacent particles when deposited on the surface of the mobile device body structure or casing. The substantially transparent liquefied matrix material may include components to aid in adherence of the finished energy transmissive layers on the portions of the surface of the mobile device body structure or casing on which those layers are ultimately formed. The substantially transparent liquefied matrix material may include components to aid in fixing of the substantially transparent particles in the layer, including heat-activated and/or light-activated hardeners. The sizing of the particles to be less than 5 microns expands the latitude by which the substantially transparent particles suspended in the matrix material may be delivered to the surface of the mobile device body structure or casing by rendering those particles compatible with the spray techniques discussed above. As such, in a delivery process that mirrors conventional spray painting, the aspirated liquefied mixture may be deposited on the prepared surface to form the energy transmissive layer that passes certain wavelengths of energy/light through the layer and scatters other selectable wavelengths of energy/light to render a perceptibly single color, multi-color, patterned, texturized or image-wise presentation of scattered light from the light incident surface based on one or more delivery passes for depositing the energy transmissive layer materials according to the above-described schemes. 
     In Step S 740 , the deposited liquefied mixture may be developed, cured, or otherwise fixed over the TFPV material layer, and on any other portions of the overall surface of the mobile device body structure or casing onto which the liquefied mixture is deposited for coloration of those portions of the mobile device body structure or casing to form a fixed energy transmissive layer thereon. Operation of the method proceeds to Step S 750 . 
     In Step S 750 , a protective coating may be applied over the energy transmissive layer. The protective coating may take a form of, for example, a commercial clearcoat finishing composition. Operation of the method proceeds to Step S 760 . 
     In Step S 760 , the applied protective coating may be cured or otherwise fixed over the energy transmissive layer formed on the surface of the mobile device body structure or casing. Operation of the method proceeds to Step S 770 . 
     In Step S 770 , in instances in which the mobile device casing is a separate component of the overall mobile device body structure, the finished mobile device casing may be assembled to the mobile device body structure. Operation of the method proceeds to Step S 780 . 
     In Step S 780 , wired (or wireless) connections may be made from an electrical output of the layer of TFPV material to a compatible and/or conditioning circuit that is configured to provide a connection of the energy harvesting component in the form of the layered structure including the TFPV material layer to one or more of an electrically-powered component in a mobile device, an electrical power source in the mobile device and/or an electrical power storage device in the mobile device. Operation of the method proceeds to Step S 790 . 
     In Step S 790 , the mobile device may be transported for further finish processing according to known methods. Operation of the method proceeds to Step S 800 , where operation of the method ceases. 
     The above-described exemplary particle and material formulations, layered component build processes, and systems and methods for applying laminated energy harvesting components to portions of a mobile device body structure or casing reference certain conventional components, energy harvesting elements, materials, and real-world use cases to provide a brief, general description of suitable operating, product processing, energy/light scattering (transmissive) layer forming and mobile device body structure or casing modification and integration environments in which the subject matter of this disclosure may be implemented for familiarity and ease of understanding. Although not required, embodiments of the disclosure may be provided, at least in part, in a form of hardware control circuits, firmware, or software computer-executable instructions to control or carry out the laminated structure development functions described above. These may include individual program modules executed by processors. 
     Those skilled in the optics, electrical generation and mobile device production arts will appreciate that other embodiments of the disclosed subject matter may be practiced in many disparate film forming, layer forming, laminate layer forming and mobile device production systems, techniques, processes and/or devices, including various machining, molding, additive and subtractive layer forming and manufacturing methods, of many different configurations. 
     Embodiments within the scope of this disclosure may include processor components that may implement certain of the steps described above via computer-readable media having stored computer-executable instructions or data structures recorded thereon that can be accessed, read and executed by one or more processors for controlling the disclosed energy/light scattering layer forming and mobile device integration schemes. Such computer-readable media can be any available media that can be accessed by a processor, general purpose or special purpose computer. By way of example, and not limitation, such computer-readable media can comprise RAM, ROM, EEPROM, CD-ROM, flash drives, data memory cards or other analog or digital data storage device that can be used to carry or store desired program elements or steps in the form of accessible computer-executable instructions or data structures for carrying into effect, for example, computer-aided design (CAD) or computer-aided manufacturing (CAM) of particular objects, object structures, layers, and/or layer components. 
     Computer-executable instructions include, for example, non-transitory instructions and data that can be executed and accessed respectively to cause a processor to perform certain of the above-specified functions, individually or in various combinations. Computer-executable instructions may also include program modules that are remotely stored for access and execution by a processor. 
     The exemplary depicted sequence of method steps represent one example of a corresponding sequence of acts for implementing the functions described in the steps of the above-outlined exemplary method. The exemplary depicted steps may be executed in any reasonable order to carry into effect the objectives of the disclosed embodiments. No particular order to the disclosed steps of the methods is necessarily implied by the depiction in  FIG.  7   , except where a particular method step is a necessary precondition to execution of any other method step. 
     Although the above description may contain specific details, they should not be construed as limiting the claims in any way. Other configurations of the described embodiments of the disclosed systems and methods are part of the scope of this disclosure. 
     It will be appreciated that various of the above-disclosed and other features and functions, or alternatives thereof, may be desirably combined into many other different systems or applications. Also, various alternatives, modifications, variations or improvements therein may be subsequently made by those skilled in the art which are also intended to be encompassed by the following claims.