Patent Publication Number: US-2012046425-A1

Title: Polymeric glycidyl ethers reactive diluents

Description:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     1. Field of the Invention 
     The present invention relates to a thermosettable resin composition including at least one polymeric glycidyl reactive diluent; and a cured product made from the cured thermosettable composition. 
     2. Description of Background and Related Art 
     Monofunctional glycidyl ethers (MGEs) of fatty alcohols are well known reactive diluents for epoxy resins. Due to their epoxy functionalities, epoxidized polyalkylene glycols (PAGs) like polyethylene glycol (PEG), polypropylene glycol (PPG) and polybutylene glycol (PBG) are known as special glycidyl ethers for different purposes, e.g. sizing agents for fibres, flexibilizers for epoxy resins, components for electrodepositable paints, and raw materials for the synthesis of polyols. Even the glycidyl ethers (GEs) from monoalkylated polyalkyl glycols (PAGs) are known, for example, as an additive for various compositions. The GEs derived from those PAGs are typical examples of PGEs. 
     The known PGEs exhibit a good to fair water solubility or at least adequate dispersibility. However, at the same time, the PGEs have only limited cutting power due to many oxygen ether functions in the molecule interacting with the epoxy resin. 
     Several GEs with monomeric structures are known compounds and are used in various applications for example as disclosed in Lee, H. and Neville, K.,  Handbook of Epoxy Resins , McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York, 1967. It would be desirable to provide GEs with polymeric structures to use in applications generally reserved for GEs with monomeric structures. 
     There is only a limited number of known polymer monofunctional GEs, for example, WO 2005058971 discloses radicals derived from C6-C12 0-7 EO-MGE. The C6-C12 0-7 EO-MGE is used as a modifier for starch. EP 1191039 discloses, for example, C12-3EO-MGE for the same purpose. 
     There is still a need in the industry for a polymeric GE that has a cutting power (i.e., the capability of reducing viscosity of a liquid epoxy resin (LER) by blending the GE into the LER; the less amount of GE that is needed for a given end viscosity, the better the cutting power of such GE) better than or comparable to GEs available in the industry such as C12/C14-MGE (Polypox R24) commercially available from e.g. UPPC AG. There is also still a need in the industry for a polymeric GE that has an improved or comparable surface appearance. In addition, there is a need in the industry to provide an improved polymeric GE that does not show a decrease in other of its advantageous properties such as Tg, toughness, wetting properties, chemical resistance, water swelling resistance, and prolonged pot life. 
     It is therefore desired to provide polymeric GEs as reactive diluents for thermosetting resins, such as epoxy resins, with a cutting power comparable to known standard GEs such as for example C12/C14-MGE, without a dramatic decrease in other properties such as chemical resistance, surface appearance and toughness, and with an improvement in properties like wetting or flexibility. 
     It would also be desirable to provide a process for preparing polymeric glycidyl ethers in good yield wherein such polymeric glycidyl ethers may be used as reactive diluents for thermosetting resins such as epoxy resins. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention utilizes polymeric MGEs, for example C12/C14 fatty alcohol, ethoxilated-MGE, of fatty alcohols similar to classical reactive diluents for thermosetting resins. 
     One aspect of the present invention is directed to a thermosettable resin composition including (a) at least one thermosetting resin; (b) at least one polymeric glycidyl reactive diluent; and (c) a hardener. 
     In one embodiment, the thermosettable composition may be at least one epoxy resin. In another embodiment, the at least one polymeric glycidyl reactive diluent may be a monoglycidyl ether of an ethoxylated alcohol. 
     Another aspect of the present invention is directed to a process for producing the above thermosettable resin composition. 
     Still another aspect of the present invention is directed to a cured product comprising the cured thermosettable composition described above. 
     Yet another aspect of the present invention is directed to a process for producing a cured resin thermoset product including the steps of: 
     (I) admixing (a) at least one thermosetting resin; (b) at least one polymeric glycidyl reactive diluent; and (c) a hardener; and 
     (II) curing the mixture of step (I) at an elevated temperature. 
     Surprisingly, it has been found that the compounds of the present invention exhibit both a good cutting power with some amount of enhanced water solubility, as shown in water swelling resistance tests of a cured epoxy system, in which the resinous component (component (a)) is diluted with one of the polymeric GE products of the present invention. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       For the purpose of illustrating the present invention, the following drawings are provided wherein: 
         FIG. 1  is a graphical illustration showing the results of cutting power at different temperatures of a polymeric GE used in a composition of the present invention (Resin II) compared to a GE of the prior art used in a comparative composition (Resin I). 
         FIG. 2  is a graphical illustration in the form of an octagonal spider web graph with eight axis showing the results of chemical resistance testing of a cured resin system of a comparative composition (Resin I). 
         FIG. 3  is a graphical illustration in the form of an octagonal spider web graph with eight axis showing the results of chemical resistance testing of a cured resin system of the present invention (Resin II). 
         FIG. 4  is a graphical illustration in the form of a bar chart showing the water swelling resistance (water uptake) of a cured resin system of the present invention (Resin II) compared to a comparative cured system (Resin I). 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
     In its broadest scope, the present invention is directed to a thermosettable resin composition utilizing polymeric glycidyl ethers as reactive diluents. Accordingly, the thermosettable resin composition, system or formulation includes a combination of a thermosettable resin composition comprising (a) at least one thermosetting resin such as for example an epoxy resin; (b) at least one polymeric glycidyl reactive diluent such as for example at least one alkoxylated alcohols—MGE; and (c) a hardener such as for example an amine harder. 
     The glycidyl ether polymeric diluent products of the present invention provide a thermosettable resin composition that can be cured; and the resulting cured system exhibits interesting properties such as for example surface appearance enhancement, improved flexibilizing properties, and improved wetting properties. 
     The cutting power of the polymeric products of the present invention is comparable to known MGEs, and the surface properties (in the cured system) are enhanced. Surprisingly, the use of a standard synthesis, i.e, for example, a BF 3 -catalyzed addition of epichlorohydrin (ECH), and subsequent elimination with caustic soda, works well in terms of yield and processability. 
     In one embodiment of the present invention, polymeric GEs prepared from ethoxylated alcohols such as alkoxylated alcohols—MGEs are used as reactive diluents for thermosetting resins such as epoxy resins. 
     In general, the process of the present invention utilizes at least threefold alkoxylated medium-chained alcohols, recognized as polymers; and then the alkoxylated medium-chained alcohols are converted to glycidyl ethers via, for example, an ECH and caustic route. More particularly, the process of preparing a glycidyl ether of the present invention comprises the steps of (i) reacting at least one ethoxylated alcohol compound with epihalohydrin in the presence of a catalyst; (ii) adding a solvent; and then (iii) reacting with an aqueous base such as sodium hydroxide (NaOH) to form the corresponding glycidyl ether. 
     The at least one polymeric glycidyl reactive diluent, component (b) of the present invention includes a monoglycidyl ether of an ethoxylated alcohol, preferably a monoglycidyl ether of at least a threefold ethoxylated aliphatic alcohol. 
     In one embodiment, the thermosettable resin composition includes a monoglycidyl ether of at least a threefold ethoxylated aliphatic alcohol which has from C4 to about C 40 carbon atoms. This monoglycidyl ether of at least a threefold ethoxylated aliphatic alcohol from C4 to C 40 may be branched or linear. Examples of the monoglycidyl ether of at least a threefold ethoxylated aliphatic alcohol from C4 to C40 may include mixtures of different chain length or branched/unbranched hydrocarbon backbones. 
     The at least one polymeric glycidyl ether is present in the thermosettable composition of the present invention in an amount of from about 2 weight percent (wt %) to about 30 wt %; preferably from about 4 wt % to about 20 wt %; and more preferably from about 6 wt % to about 15 wt % based on the weight of the total components in the composition. 
     The at least one polymeric glycidyl ether, component (b), useful in the present invention to be added to a thermosetting resin, component (a), may be synthesized by any well known means in the art. For example a process for making the polymeric glycidyl ethers comprises the steps of (i) reacting at least one ethoxylated alcohol compound with epichlorohydrin in the presence of a catalyst; (ii) adding a solvent; and (iii) reacting with an aqueous NaOH to form the corresponding glycidyl ether. 
     In one embodiment of the present invention, the synthesis of the at least one polymeric glycidyl ether may include a process such as described, for example, in F. Lohse in Houben-Weyl, Methoden der organischen Chemie, Vol 20E (1987) p. 1911-1924, incorporated herein by reference. In general, the above process includes reacting an ethoxylated alcohol with an epihalohydrin catalyzed with a BF 3  catalyst followed by epoxide formation with the addition of an aqueous caustic soda. 
     For example, in preparing the at least one polymeric glycidyl ether, component (b), useful in the present invention, the ethoxylated alcohol useful in the process may be selected from commercially available ethoxylated alcohols such as for example Lutensol XP 30 or Lutensol AO 30 (both commercially available from BASF); Genapol LA 030 (commercially available from Clariant); and mixtures thereof. Preferably, Genapol LA 030 may be used in the present invention because this ethoxylated alcohol contains a C12/C14 backbone that can be obtained from natural sources. 
     In one embodiment, the ethoxylated alcohol compound useful in the process for preparing the at least one polymeric glycidyl ether, may include an alcohol+3 EQ. These examples of the ethoxylated alcohols are polymers preferably containing a degree of ethoxilation of at least 3 and have a molecular distribution. 
     In general, greater than about 80 percent (%) of the alcohol functionalities in the alcohol compound are converted into glycidyl groups; preferably greater than about 90% of the alcohol functionalities in the alcohol compound are converted into glycidyl groups; and most preferably, 100% of the alcohol functionalities in the alcohol compound are converted into glycidyl groups. Any unreacted alcohol groups remaining in the final product is generally less than about 5% and does not detrimentally affect the composition, or the application of the composition, of the present invention. 
     The epihalohydrin useful in preparing the at least one polymeric glycidyl ether, component (b), of the present invention, may be any epihalohydrin known in the art such as for example, epichlorohydrin (ECH), epibromohydrin and mixtures thereof. 
     The concentration of the epihalohydrin that may be used includes a molar ratio of epihalohydrin:OH of from about 1:0.8 to about 1:1.8, preferably from about 1:0.9 to about 1:1.5 and more preferably from about 1:1 to about 1:1.2. 
     The catalyst useful in preparing the at least one polymeric glycidyl ether, component (b), of the present invention, may be any catalyst known in the art used for this purpose. For example, the catalyst may be Lewis acids known in the art. Catalysts include for example, BF 3  ethyl etherate, BF 3  hydrate, Mg(ClO 4 ) 2 , SnCl 4 , and mixtures thereof. 
     The concentration of the catalyst is between about 0.001 wt % to about 5 wt %, preferably between about 0.01 wt % to about 2 wt %, and more preferably between about 0.1 wt % to about 1 wt %, based on the weight of the total reactants. Below the concentration of 0.001 wt %, there is no significant reaction; and above the concentration of 5 wt %, there is a waste of material, formation of unwanted side products, and discoloration in the final product. 
     In preparing the at least one polymeric glycidyl ether, component (b), useful in the present invention, a halohydrin intermediate is formed when an ethoxylated alcohol is reacted with an epihalohydrin catalyzed with a BF 3  catalyst. This step is then followed by epoxide formation with the addition of a basic compound addition. 
     The basic compound useful in preparing the at least one polymeric glycidyl ether, component (b), of the present invention, may be any basic compound known in the art. For example, the basic compound may be an alkali metal hydroxide or alkali metal carbonate. Preferably, the basic compound is used in the aqueous solution. For example, the basic compound may be an aqueous sodium hydroxide (NaOH), calcium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, and mixtures thereof; or a carbonate of sodium, calcium or potassium and mixture thereof; and any combination of basic compounds. 
     The concentration of the aqueous basic compound such as aqueous NaOH used in the process may be between about 1 wt % to about 100 wt %, preferably between about 5 wt % to about 50 wt %, and more preferably between about 10 wt % to about 30 wt %. 
     A solvent may optionally be used in the process for preparing the at least one polymeric glycidyl ether, component (b), of the present invention. For example, one or more solvents selected, for example, from toluene, xylene, butanols, 2-butanone and mixtures thereof may be used. Preferably, the solvent used in the present invention is toluene. 
     The amount of the solvent used in the process may be between about 0 wt % to about 200 wt %, preferably between about 10 wt % to about 150 wt %, and more preferably between about 20 wt % to about 100 wt %, based on the weight of the final product. 
     The final reactive diluent product may display properties such as for example epoxy equivalent (g/equiv.); dynamic viscosity @ 25° C. (mPas); a color (Gardener); easily saponifiable chlorine, as referred to as hydrolysable chlorides (%); and a refractive index. 
     For example, values for the epoxy equivalent (g/equiv.) of the reactive diluent is generally from about 50 to about 5000; preferably from about 100 to about 4000; and more preferably from about 150 to about 2500. 
     For example, values for dynamic viscosity @ 25° C. (mPas) of the reactive diluent is generally from about 5 to about 5000; preferably from about 4 to about 4000; and more preferably from about 1 to about 500. 
     For example, values for color (Gardener) of the reactive diluent is generally from about 0 to about 15; preferably from about 0 to about 10; and more preferably from about 0 to about 5. 
     For example, values for the easily saponifiable chlorine, or hydrolysable chlorides (%) of the reactive diluent is generally from about 0 to about 2%; preferably from about 0.05 to about 1 and more preferably from about 0.01 to about 0.5. 
     In preparing the at least one polymeric glycidyl ether, component (b), of the present invention, for example from ethoxilated fatty alcohols and ECH, the order of reacting the components is as described above. However, order of reacting the MGE component prepared above with the thermosetting resin to form the thermosettable resin composition is not critical, i.e., the components of the thermosettable composition of the present invention, including any other additives, may be mixed in any order. One or more of the MGEs prepared as described above may be used as a reactive diluent for thermosetting resins such as epoxy resins. 
     The concentration of the MGE used in the present invention may be between about 0.01 wt % to about 50 wt %; preferably between about 5 wt % to about 40 wt %; and more preferably between about 10 wt % to about 25 wt %, based on the total weight of the ingredients of the resinous composition. When a concentration above 50 wt % is used, may cause a breakdown of the mechanical properties of the resultant cured product. If a concentration below 0.01 wt % is used, an undesirable high viscosity of the resinous composition may ensue. 
     Component (a) useful in the thermosettable composition of the present invention may be selected from known thermosetting resins in the art including at least one resin selected from epoxy resins; isocyanate resins; (meth)acrylic resins; phenolic resins; vinylic resins; styrenic resins; polyester resins; melamine resins; vinylester resins; silicone resins; and mixtures thereof. 
     In one preferred embodiment, the thermosetting resin useful in the present invention includes at least one epoxy resin, component (a). The term “epoxy resin” herein means a compound which possesses one or more vicinal epoxy groups per molecule, i.e., at least one 1,2-epoxy group per molecule. In general, the epoxy resin compound may be a saturated or unsaturated aliphatic, cycloaliphatic, aromatic or heterocyclic compound which possesses at least one 1,2-epoxy group. Such compounds can be substituted, if desired, with one or more non-interfering substituents, such as halogen atoms, hydroxy groups, ether radicals, lower alkyls and the like. The epoxy resin compound may also be monomeric, oligomeric or polymeric, i.e., the epoxy resin may be selected from a monoepoxide, a diepoxide, a multi-functional epoxy resin, a polyepoxide; or mixtures thereof. An extensive enumeration of epoxy resins useful in the present invention is found in Lee, H. and Neville, K., “Handbook of Epoxy Resins,” McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York, 1967, Chapter 2, pages 257-307; incorporated herein by reference. 
     The epoxy resins useful in the present invention may vary and include conventional and commercially available epoxy resins, which may be used alone or in combinations of two or more. In choosing epoxy resins for compositions disclosed herein, consideration should not only be given to properties of the final product, but also to viscosity and other properties that may influence the processing of the resin composition. 
     Particularly suitable epoxy resins known to the skilled worker are based on reaction products of polyfunctional alcohols, phenols, cycloaliphatic carboxylic acids, aromatic amines, or aminophenols with epichlorohydrin. A few non-limiting embodiments include, for example, bisphenol A diglycidyl ether, bisphenol F diglycidyl ether, resorcinol diglycidyl ether, and triglycidyl ethers of para-aminophenols. Other suitable epoxy resins known to the skilled worker include reaction products of epichlorohydrin with o-cresol and, respectively, phenol novolacs. It is also possible to use a mixture of two or more of any of the above epoxy resins. 
     The epoxy resins, component (a), useful in the present invention for the preparation of the curable compositions, may be selected from commercially available products. For example, D.E.R.™ 331, D.E.R.332, D.E.R. 334, D.E.R. 580, D.E.N. 431, D.E.N. 438, D.E.R. 736, or D.E.R. 732 available from The Dow Chemical Company may be used. As an illustration of the present invention, the epoxy resin component (a) may be a liquid epoxy resin, D.E.R. 383 (DGEBPA) having an epoxide equivalent weight of 175-185 g/equiv., a viscosity of 9500 mPa s and a density of 1.16 g/cm 3 . Other commercial epoxy resins that can be used for the epoxy resin component can be D.E.R. 330, D.E.R. 354, or D.E.R. 332. 
     Other suitable epoxy resins useful as component (a) are disclosed in, for example, U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,018,262;7,163,973; 6,887,574; 6,632,893; 6,242,083; 7,037,958; 6,572,971; 6,153,719; and 5,405,688; PCT Publication WO 2006/052727; U.S. Patent Application Publication Nos. 20060293172 and 20050171237; each of which is hereby incorporated herein by reference. 
     In general, the EEW of the epoxy compound useful in the present invention is from about 100 to about 1000, preferably from about 120 to about 800, and most preferably from about 150 to about 500. 
     In general, the viscosity of the epoxy compound used in the present invention is from 0 mPas to about 10000 mPas, preferably from about 1 mPas to about 1000 mPas, and most preferably from about 5 mPas to about 500 mPas. 
     The thermosetting resin, component (a), may be present in the thermosetting composition at a concentration ranging generally from about 10 wt %- to about 95 wt %; preferably from about 20 wt % to about 90 wt %; and more preferably from about 30 wt % to about 80 wt %. 
     The curing agents, (also referred to as a hardener or cross-linking agent) useful in the thermosettable composition, may be selected, for example, from those curing agents well known in the art including, but are not limited to, anhydrides, carboxylic acids, amine compounds, phenolic compounds, polyols, or mixtures thereof. 
     As an illustration of one embodiment wherein the thermosetting resin comprises an epoxy resin, at least one curing agent may be selected from amines, phenolic resins, carboxylic acids, carboxylic anhydrides, or mixtures thereof. 
     As an illustration of one embodiment wherein the thermosetting resin comprises an isocyanate, the at least one curing agent may be selected from at least one polyol. 
     Examples of the curing agent useful in the present invention include any of the curing materials known to be useful for curing epoxy resin based compositions. Such materials include, for example, polyamine, polyamide, polyaminoamide, dicyandiamide, polyphenol, polymeric thiol, polycarboxylic acid and anhydride, polyol, tertiary amine, quaternary ammonium halide, and any combination thereof or the like. Other specific examples of the curing agent include dicyandiamide, phenol novolacs, bisphenol-A novolacs, phenol novolac of dicyclopentadiene, diphenylsulfone, styrene-maleic acid anhydride (SMA) copolymers; and any combination thereof. 
     Dicyandiamide (“dicy”) may be one preferred embodiment of the curing agent useful in the present invention. Dicy has the advantage of providing delayed curing since dicy requires relatively high temperatures for activating its curing properties; and thus, dicy can be added to an epoxy resin and stored at room temperature (about 25° C.). 
     Among the conventional epoxy curing agents, amines or amino a/o amido groups containing substances or mixtures of them are preferred. 
     Generally, the hardener may be present in the composition of the present invention at a concentration ranging generally from about 0.01 wt % to about 50 wt %, and preferably from about 10 wt % to about 40 wt %. 
     One or more other of any of the standard monomeric GEs known in the art may be used in combination with the polymeric GEs of the present invention in the thermosettable composition of the present invention. For example, some standard monomeric GEs (mono- or difunctional, MGE or DGE) useful in the present invention may include C12/C14 MGE (Polypox R 24), o-cresyl-MGE (Polypox R 6), and 1,4-butanediol-DGE (Polypox R 3). 
     The concentration of optional standard monomeric GEs may be generally between about 1% to about 99%, preferably between about 10% to about 90%, and more preferably between about 20% to about 80%, based on the weight of the polymeric GE. 
     The thermosettable composition of the present invention may optionally contain one or more other additives which are useful for their intended uses. For example, the optional additives useful in the present invention thermosettable composition may include, but not limited to, defoamers, wetting agents, stabilizers, surfactants, flow modifiers, pigments, dyes, matting agents, degassing agents, flame retardants, toughening agents, polyols and glycols, curing initiators, curing inhibitors, colorants, pigments, thermoplastics, processing aids, UV blocking compounds, fluorescent compounds, UV stabilizers, inert fillers, antioxidants, impact modifiers including thermoplastic particles, and mixtures thereof. The above list is intended to be exemplary and not limiting. The preferred additives for the, formulation of the present invention may be optimized by the skilled artisan. 
     The concentration of the additional additives is generally between 0 wt % to about 50 wt %, preferably between about 0.01 wt % to about 20 wt %, more preferably between about 0.05 wt % to about 15 wt %, and most preferably between about 0.1 wt % to about 10 wt % based on the weight of the total composition. Below about 0.01 wt %, the additives generally do not provide any further significant advantage to the resultant curing composition; and above about 20 wt %, the properties improvement brought by these additives remains relatively constant. 
     The components for producing the final thermosettable resin composition, including the at least one thermosetting resin such as an epoxy resin, the at least one polymeric GE reactive diluent, the hardener and any other optional additive, can be mixed together, wherein the admixing may be carried out at a temperature of from about 5° C. to about 80° C. 
     In general, the pot life of the thermosettable composition, e.g., the epoxy resin composition used in the present invention is from about 1 minute to about 600 minutes; preferably from about 5 minutes to about 120 minutes; and most preferably from about 15 minutes to about 75 minutes, depending on the hardener used. 
     The final thermosettable formulation can be cured under conventional processing conditions to form a thermoset. In general, the curing reaction may be conducted between about 0° C. and about 180° C., preferably between about 5° C. and about 100° C., more preferably between about 10° C. and about 50° C. Preferably the reaction time is more than about 10 minutes and less than about 48 hours, preferably between about 30 minutes and about 24 hours, and more preferably between about 1 hours and about 6 hours. 
     In general, the Shore D hardness of the cured epoxy resin used in the present invention is from about 10 to about 95, preferably from about 20 to about 90, and most preferably from about 35 to about 85, depending on the hardener used. 
     In general, the Tg of the cured epoxy resin used in the present invention is from 0° C. to about 120° C., preferably from about 10° C. to about 100° C., and most preferably from about 40° C. to about 90° C., depending on the hardener used. 
     In general, the E-modulus of the cured epoxy resin used in the present invention is from 0 N/mm 2  to about 5000 N/mm 2 , preferably from about 100 N/mm 2  to about 3500 N/mm 2 , and most preferably from about 500 N/mm 2  to about 2000 N/mm 2 , depending on the hardener used. 
     As an illustration of the present invention, in general, the thermosettable resin formulations of the present invention may be particularly suitable for applications in civil engineering (CEG) such as for example floorings, coatings, pottings, encapsulations, adhesives, molding, tooling, composites, lacquers, and the like. The present invention compositions may be advantageously used in electrical and electronics applications such as composites, laminates or reactive coating applications. Other applications may include, for example, modification of cellulose, starch, as co-“monomer” for example in fine tuning HLB-values in polyalkylenoxide based tensides or defoamers. The compositions of the present may also be used as adhesion promoters for tire rubber. 
     EXAMPLES 
     The following examples and comparative examples further illustrate the present invention in detail but are not to be construed to limit the scope thereof. The following standard analytical equipments, methods and test procedures are used in the Examples: 
     “EEW” (g/equiv) stands for epoxide equivalent weight. The epoxy equivalent weight (EEW, g/equiv.) of an epoxy compound is measured according to test method DIN 16945. 
     The dynamic (dyn) viscosity @ 25° C. (mPas) of an epoxy compound is measured at 25° C. according to test method described in DIN 53018. 
     Color (Gardener number) is measured according to the process described in DIN 4630. 
     Hydrolyzable chloride or saponifiable chlorine (%) is measured according to DIN ISO 21627/2. 
     The refractive index of a cured system is measured according to DIN 51423. 
     The water swelling test of a thermoset resin sample was carried out as follows: First, because a glycidyl ether is not used alone as an A-component, a mixture of 14 wt % of the glycidyl ether with BisA/BisF (70 wt %:16 wt %) liquid epoxy resin (LER), such as for example D.E.R. 331 or D.E.R. 354, is prepared. This mixture is mixed (1 amine eq. with 1 epoxy eq.) and cured at room temperature (about 23° C.) with an amine adduct hardener (B-component). Cured 2 mm thick films (and films of other compositions, i.e variations of the GE) were immersed in demineralized water and the weight increase is measured against time. The more the weight is increased the worse is the water swelling resistance. 
     The chemical resistance of thermoset resin test samples are tested for different reactive diluents (14 wt % of the glycidyl ether with BisA/BisF (70 wt %:16 wt %) liquid epoxy resin (LER), such as for example D.E.R. 331 or D.E.R. 354, cured with a modified amine hardener, Polypox H 488/L) in different media according to the following method: 
     A 2 mm film is fully cured (7 days (7 d) at room temperature (about 23° C.). A cotton pad is soaked with a test liquid such as for example, gasoline (benzene, mixture of aliphatic hydrocarbons), alcohol mixture (B.P.G. 5b consisting of 46 vol % each ethanol and isopropanol with 4 vol % water), acetic acid (Hac of x wt %), methylisobutylketone (MIBK). The cotton pad is placed on the film&#39;s surface and covered to prevent evaporation of the test liquid. The decrease in Shore D hardness over a predetermined period of time is a good indication for the resistance against the different test liquids. Normally the 7 d value is taken in terms of percentile decrease. 
     The points of the octagonal spider web graph in each of the figures can be compared to determine the Shore D hardness of the samples. The “length” of the shrinkage from the points of the spider web graph is the Shore D hardness after 7 days divided by the initial value, showing that a diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A/F resin modified with for example C12/C14-3EO-MGE can compete with C12/C14-MGE 
     The pot life (minutes) of an epoxy resin is measured according to test method Gelnorm Geltimer TC. 
     The surface quality of an epoxy resin thermoset product is measured at 23° C./50% rH (relative humidity), by visual inspection. Generally, the surface of the resin thermoset should be smooth, glossy, and shiny without any blemishes or other defects. The surface properties for the thermoset resin is designated as “good”, “bad” or “fair.” For example, in the Examples, a “+” is a “good” surface quality which means a smooth, glossy and shiny surface. A “+/−” is a fair surface quality which means that a few bad surface traits are visible on the surface, but mostly good surface traits are visible on the surface. A “−” is a “bad” surface quality which means the surface contains distortions, blemishes, or a carbamate reaction product on the surface (i.e., blushing or whitening); or the surface is tacky. 
     The Shore D after 7 days curing @ 23° C./50% rH of an epoxy resin is measured at 25° C. according to test method DIN 53505. 
     The glass transition temperature [Tg (2 nd  run, ° C.)] of an epoxy resin is measured according to test method DIN 65467 A. 
     The E-modulus (N/mm 2 ) of an epoxy resin is measured according to test method EN ISO 178. 
     Synthesis Example 1 
     Preparation of Polymeric GE 
     500 grams (g) of Lutensol XP 30 (C10-Guerbet alcohol+3 EO, available from BASF) were reacted with 183 g of epichlorohydrin under BF3 catalysis. After addition of 400 g of toluene, subsequent elimination with 173 g of 30% and 175 g of 20% aqueous NaOH lead to the corresponding glycidyl ether. The parameters of the resultant resin are described in Table I. 
     Synthesis Example 2 
     Preparation of Polymeric GE 
     450 g of Lutensol AO 3 (C13/C15-Oxo alcohol+3 EO, available from BASF) were reacted with 136 g of epichlorohydrin under BF 3  catalysis. After addition of 400 g of toluene, subsequent elimination with 130 g of 30% and 130 g of 20% aqueous NaOH lead to the corresponding glycidyl ether. The parameters of the resultant resin are described in Table I. 
     Synthesis Example 3 
     Preparation of Polymeric GE 
     652 g of Genapol LA 030 (C12/C14-Oxo alcohol+3 EO, available from Clariant) were reacted with 212 g of epichlorohydrin under BF 3  catalysis. After addition of 450 g of toluene, subsequent elimination with 233 g of 30% and 155 g of 20% aqueous NaOH lead to the corresponding glycidyl ether. The parameters of the resultant resin are described in Table I. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
               
             
               
                 TABLE I 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 Synthesis 
                 Synthesis 
                 Synthesis 
               
               
                 Parameter 
                 Example 1 
                 Example 2 
                 Example 3 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                 Epoxy Equivalent Weight 
                 541 g/equiv 
                 524 g/equiv 
                 539 g/equiv. 
               
               
                 (EEW) 
               
               
                 Dynamic Viscosity @ 25° C. 
                 25 mPas 
                 23 mPas 
                 22 mPas 
               
               
                 Color (Gardner) [APHA] 
                 &lt;1 [17] 
                 &lt;1 [16] 
                 &lt;1 [104] 
               
               
                 Easily Saponifiable Chlorine 
                 0.41% 
                 0.70% 
                 0.97% 
               
               
                 Refractive Index 
                 1.4489 
                 1.4532 
                 1.4531 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Example 1 
     Preparation of Thermosettable Resin and Cured Resin 
     In this Example of the present invention, the components listed in Table II below were mixed together with stirring in the mixing ratios (Ratio of A-Component:B-Component) described in Table II. The Resin I (Comparative Example A) was a mixture of 14 wt % C12/C14 MGE with 70 wt % bisphenol A resin and 16 wt % bisphenol F resin. Resin II (Example 1) was a mixture of 14 wt % C12/C14-3EO-MGE with 70 wt % bisphenol A resin and 16 wt % bisphenol F resin. Before mixing the components together, the bisphenol A resin was preheated to 60° C. and the bisphenol F resin was used at room temperature (about 25° C.). 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
               
             
               
                 TABLE II 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 Comparative 
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 Example 
                 Example 1 
               
               
                 Parameter 
                 Units 
                 A (Resin I) 
                 (Resin II) 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                 Epoxy Number 
                 mg KOH/g 
                 279-303 
                 approx. 280 
               
               
                 Dynamic Viscosity 
                 mPas 
                  750-1150 
                 approx. 1340 
               
               
                 @ 25° C. 
               
               
                 Pot Life with Polypox 
                 minutes 
                 54 
                 61 
               
               
                 H 488 L 
               
               
                 Mixing Ratio of Epoxy Resin 
                   
                 100:48.4 
                 100:46.5 
               
               
                 (A-Component) to 
               
               
                 Polypox H 488 L (B- 
               
               
                 Component) 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     The Comparative Example A and Example 1 resins were subjected to several test procedures and the results of the test procedures are described in the following Tables III-X 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE III 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Hardness 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Comparative 
                 Example 1 
               
               
                   
                 Example A 
                 (Resin 
               
               
                   
                 (Resin I/H 488 L) 
                 II/H 488 L) 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Shore-D @ 23° C./50% 
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 relative humidity after: 
               
               
                   
                 16 hours (h) 
                 45 
                 45 
               
               
                   
                 18 h 
                 52 
                 50 
               
               
                   
                 24 h 
                 61 
                 59 
               
               
                   
                 48 h 
                 70 
                 70 
               
               
                   
                  7 days (d) 
                 79 
                 76 
               
               
                   
                 Shore-D @ 13° C./80% 
               
               
                   
                 relative humidity after: 
               
               
                   
                 18 h 
                 21 
                 21 
               
               
                   
                 24 h 
                 34 
                 31 
               
               
                   
                 48 h 
                 63 
                 63 
               
               
                   
                  7 d 
                 73 
                 72 
               
               
                   
                 pendulum hardness 
               
               
                   
                 @ 23° C./50% relative 
               
               
                   
                 humidity after: 
               
               
                   
                 16 h 
                 29 
                 13 
               
               
                   
                 18 h 
                 33 
                 16 
               
               
                   
                 24 h 
                 44 
                 20 
               
               
                   
                 48 h 
                 98 
                 36 
               
               
                   
                  7 d 
                 150 
                 70 
               
               
                   
                 pendulum hardness 
               
               
                   
                 @ 13° C./80% relative 
               
               
                   
                 humidity after: 
               
               
                   
                 18 h 
               
               
                   
                 24 h 
                 6 
                 8 
               
               
                   
                 48 h 
                 13 
                 13 
               
               
                   
                  7 d 
                 41 
                 40 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE IV 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Surface 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Comparative 
                   
               
               
                   
                 Example A 
                 Example 1 
               
               
                   
                 (Resin I/H 488 L) 
                 (Resin II/H 488 L) 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 23° C./50% rH 
                 + 
                 +/− 
               
               
                   
                 13° C./80% rH 
                 − 
                 − 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 In Table IV: 
               
               
                   
                 + = good; 
               
               
                   
                 +/− = neutral; 
               
               
                   
                 − = bad 
               
            
           
         
       
     
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE V 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Water Spotting Resistance 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Comparative 
                   
               
               
                   
                 Example A 
                 Example 1 
               
               
                   
                 (Resin I/H 488 L) 
                 (Resin II/H 488 L) 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 23° C./50% rH 
                 + 
                 +/− 
               
               
                   
                 13° C./80% rH 
                 − 
                 − 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 In Table V: 
               
               
                   
                 + = good; 
               
               
                   
                 +/− = fair; 
               
               
                   
                 − = bad 
               
            
           
         
       
     
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE VI 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 UV-B-Test (Yellowing)* 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Comparative 
                   
               
               
                   
                 Example A 
                 Example 1 
               
               
                   
                 (Resin I/H 488 L) 
                 (Resin II/H 488 L) 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 6 h UV-B-lamp 
                 8 
                 8 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 *Scale of 1-10 wherein a “10” corresponds to very good. 
               
            
           
         
       
     
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE VII 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Glass Transition Temperature 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Comparative 
                   
               
               
                   
                 Example A 
                 Example 1 
               
               
                 System 
                 (Resin I/H 488 L) 
                 (Resin II/H 488 L) 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Tg 2  after 7 days @ 23° C. 
                 44° C. 
                 51° C. 
               
               
                 Tg 2  after 16 hours @ 80° C., 
                 61° C. 
                 64° C. 
               
               
                 2 nd  run 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE VIII 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Mechanical Values: Pulling According to ISO 527-2 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Comparative 
                   
               
               
                   
                 Example A 
                 Example 1 
               
               
                   
                 (Resin I/H 488 L) 
                 (Resin II/H 488 L) H 488 L 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                 curing conditions 
                 14 days @ 23° C. 
                 14 days @ 23° C. 
               
               
                 E-modulus [N/mm 2 ] 
                 2326 
                 2372 
               
               
                 tensile strength [N/mm 2 ] 
                 39 
                 38 
               
               
                 extension [%] 
                 2.5 
                 3.2 
               
               
                 elongation @ break [%] 
                 3.6 
                 4.6 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE IX 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Mechanical Values: Bending According to ISO 178 (DIN 53452) 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Comparative 
                   
               
               
                   
                 Example A 
                 Example 1 
               
               
                   
                 (Resin I/H 488 L) 
                 (Resin II/H 488 L) 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                 curing conditions 
                 8 days @ 23° C. + 
                 8 days @ 23° C. + 
               
               
                   
                 3 hours @ 80° C. 
                 3 hours @ 80° C. 
               
               
                 E-modulus [N/mm 2 ] 
                 2278 
                 2182 
               
               
                 flexural strength [N/mm 2 ] 
                 73 
                 66 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE X 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Mechanical Values: Compressing According to ISO 604/B/5 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Comparative 
                   
               
               
                   
                 Example A 
                 Example 1 
               
               
                   
                 (Resin I/H 488 L) 
                 (Resin II/H 488 L) 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 curing conditions 
                 14 days @ 23° C. 
                 14 days @ 23° C. 
               
               
                   
                 compressive 
                 75 
                 67 
               
               
                   
                 strength [N/mm 2 ]