Patent Publication Number: US-2018041552-A1

Title: Systems and methods for shared broadcasting

Description:
FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
     The present technology relates to the field of content broadcasting. More particularly, the present technology relates to techniques for broadcasting live content. 
     BACKGROUND 
     Today, people often utilize computing devices (or systems) for a wide variety of purposes. Users can use their computing devices to, for example, interact with one another, access content, share content, and create content. In some cases, content items can include postings from members of a social network. The postings may include text and media content items, such as images, videos, and audio. The postings may be published to the social network for consumption by others. 
     SUMMARY 
     Various embodiments of the present disclosure can include systems, methods, and non-transitory computer readable media configured to determine one or more users in a list associated with a live content stream that is being broadcasted using a computing device of a first user, wherein each user in the list is eligible to join the live content stream as a co-broadcaster. A ranking for the users in the list based on one or more criteria is determined. The ranked list is provided to the computing device of the first user, wherein the first user is able to select one or more of the users in the list to join the live content stream as a co-broadcaster. 
     In an embodiment, the list corresponds to a guest list in which the users have enrolled for purposes of joining the live content stream as co-broadcasters. 
     In an embodiment, users included in the list are viewing the live content stream being broadcasted. 
     In an embodiment, the systems, methods, and non-transitory computer readable media are configured to obtain respective social affinity scores for each of the users in the list, wherein each social affinity score measures a relationship between a user in the list and the first user in a social networking system and order users in the list based on their respective social affinity scores. 
     In an embodiment, the systems, methods, and non-transitory computer readable media are configured to obtain a respective number of interactions between each user in the list and the first user in a social networking system and order users in the list based on their respective number of interactions. 
     In an embodiment, the interactions are measured based on at least one of: a number of posts liked, a number of comments posted, a number of content item re-shares, a number of post reactions, or a number of messages exchanged. 
     In an embodiment, the systems, methods, and non-transitory computer readable media are configured to obtain a respective number of interests that are shared between each user in the list and the first user in a social networking system and order users in the list based on their respective number of shared interests. 
     In an embodiment, a user interest is determined based on at least one of: an interest specified by the user in a social profile, an interest determined based on the user&#39;s activity in the social networking system, or a page that was fanned by the user in the social networking system. 
     In an embodiment, the systems, methods, and non-transitory computer readable media are configured to obtain a respective number of times each user in the list has viewed one or more live content streams broadcasted by the first user and order users in the list based on their respective number of views. 
     In an embodiment, the systems, methods, and non-transitory computer readable media are configured to obtain a respective amount of time each user in the list has viewed the live content stream being broadcasted by the first user and order users in the list based on their respective amounts of time. 
     It should be appreciated that many other features, applications, embodiments, and/or variations of the disclosed technology will be apparent from the accompanying drawings and from the following detailed description. Additional and/or alternative implementations of the structures, systems, non-transitory computer readable media, and methods described herein can be employed without departing from the principles of the disclosed technology. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         FIG. 1  illustrates an example system including an example content provider module configured to provide access to various content items, according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. 
         FIG. 2  illustrates an example of a co-broadcasting module, according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. 
         FIGS. 3A-C  illustrate example interfaces for adding co-broadcasters from a guest list, according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. 
         FIGS. 4A-C  illustrate example interfaces for inviting users to a broadcast, according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. 
         FIG. 5  illustrates an example process for ranking a list of potential co-broadcasters, according to various embodiments of the present disclosure. 
         FIG. 6  illustrates a network diagram of an example system including an example social networking system that can be utilized in various scenarios, according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. 
         FIG. 7  illustrates an example of a computer system or computing device that can be utilized in various scenarios, according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. 
     
    
    
     The figures depict various embodiments of the disclosed technology for purposes of illustration only, wherein the figures use like reference numerals to identify like elements. One skilled in the art will readily recognize from the following discussion that alternative embodiments of the structures and methods illustrated in the figures can be employed without departing from the principles of the disclosed technology described herein. 
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     Approaches for Shared Broadcasting 
     Today, people often utilize computing devices (or systems) for a wide variety of purposes. Users can use their computing devices to, for example, interact with one another, access content, share content, and create content. In some cases, content items can include postings from members of a social network. The postings may include text and media content items, such as images, videos, and audio. The postings may be published to the social network for consumption by others. 
     Under conventional approaches, content may be broadcast through a content provider (e.g., social networking system) using various broadcast mediums (e.g., Internet broadcasting, etc.). In one example, a live content stream can include content that is being captured and streamed live by a user (e.g., a broadcaster). For example, the broadcaster can capture and stream an event (e.g., a live video of the broadcaster, concert, speech, etc.) as part of a live content stream. Such events can be captured using computing devices (e.g., mobile devices with audio and video capture capabilities) and/or standalone devices (e.g., video cameras and microphones). A user (e.g., a viewer) operating a computing device can access the live content stream through the content provider. In response, the content provider encodes and provides data corresponding to the live content stream to the user&#39;s computing device over a network (e.g., the Internet) in real-time. The computing device can decode and present the live content stream, for example, through a display screen of the computing device. In general, the live content stream continues to be provided to the user&#39;s computing device until the broadcaster discontinues broadcasting the live content stream or the user instructs the computing device to stop accessing the live content stream, for example. In some instances, the broadcaster may want to add one or more co-broadcasters to the live content stream. Under conventional approaches, the co-broadcasters would need to be in the same geographic location as the broadcaster so that all participants can be included in the subject matter being captured and streamed from the same computing device. Such restrictions, therefore, do not contemplate a live content stream having co-broadcasters that are in different geographic locations and/or broadcasting from different computing devices. Accordingly, such conventional approaches may not be effective in addressing these and other problems arising in computer technology. 
     An improved approach rooted in computer technology overcomes the foregoing and other disadvantages associated with conventional approaches specifically arising in the realm of computer technology. In various embodiments, a content provider (e.g., social networking system) is configured to allow co-broadcasters to participate in the same live content stream while still broadcasting from separate geographic locations and/or computing devices. For example, in some embodiments, a first user may broadcast a live content stream using a computing device. In this example, the first user can invite a second user to join the live content stream as a co-broadcaster. The second user can capture and provide a separate live content stream from the second user&#39;s computing device. The second user may or may not be located at the first user&#39;s geographic location. The second user&#39;s live content stream can then be merged with the first user&#39;s live content stream so that both the first user and the second user appear together in a merged live content stream. In some embodiments, the merged live content stream can be divided into a first region in which the first user&#39;s live content stream is presented and a second region in which the second user&#39;s live content stream is presented. In some embodiments, the second user indicates an interest in joining the first user&#39;s broadcast as a co-broadcaster. For example, the second user can send a request to the content provider to join a guest list associated with the first user&#39;s live content stream. The broadcaster can then view and select users from the guest list to join the broadcast. In various embodiments, users in the guest list can be ranked based on various criteria. In some embodiments, the first user invites the second user to join the broadcast as a co-broadcaster. For example, the first user can access an interface that includes a first region in which the live content stream is displayed and a second region in which icons (e.g., chat head bubbles) corresponding to users that are viewing the live content stream are displayed. In this example, the first user can invite the second user by performing one or more touch screen gestures to the second user&#39;s chat head bubble in the second region. In some embodiments, the first user performs a touch screen gesture to select and drag the second user&#39;s chat head bubble from the second region into the first region. Other touch screen gestures may be performed on the second user&#39;s chat head bubble to initiate the invitation including, for example, a swipe gesture, slide gesture, tap gesture, double tap gesture, pinch gesture, spread gesture, rotate gesture, flick gesture, etc. In various embodiments, the icons corresponding to users shown in the second region of the interface can be ranked based on various criteria. 
       FIG. 1  illustrates an example system  100  including an example content provider module  102  configured to provide access to various content items, according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. As shown in the example of  FIG. 1 , the content provider module  102  can include a content upload module  104 , a live stream module  106 , a content module  108 , and a co-broadcasting module  110 . In some instances, the example system  100  can include at least one data store  112 . The components (e.g., modules, elements, etc.) shown in this figure and all figures herein are examples only, and other implementations may include additional, fewer, integrated, or different components. Some components may not be shown so as not to obscure relevant details. 
     In some embodiments, the content provider module  102  can be implemented, in part or in whole, as software, hardware, or any combination thereof. In general, a module as discussed herein can be associated with software, hardware, or any combination thereof. In some implementations, one or more functions, tasks, and/or operations of modules can be carried out or performed by software routines, software processes, hardware, and/or any combination thereof. In some cases, the content provider module  102  can be implemented, in part or in whole, as software running on one or more computing devices or systems, such as on a user or client computing device. In one example, the content provider module  102  or at least a portion thereof can be implemented as or within an application (e.g., app), a program, or an applet, etc., running on a user computing device or a client computing system, such as the user device  610  of  FIG. 6 . In another example, the content provider module  102  or at least a portion thereof can be implemented using one or more computing devices or systems that include one or more servers, such as network servers or cloud servers. In some instances, the content provider module  102  can, in part or in whole, be implemented within or configured to operate in conjunction with a social networking system (or service), such as the social networking system  630  of  FIG. 6 . 
     The content provider module  102  can be configured to communicate and/or operate with the at least one data store  112 , as shown in the example system  100 . The at least one data store  112  can be configured to store and maintain various types of data. For example, the data store  112  can store information describing various content that is being streamed live through the social networking system and/or content items that have been posted by users of the social networking system. In some implementations, the at least one data store  112  can store information associated with the social networking system (e.g., the social networking system  630  of  FIG. 6 ). The information associated with the social networking system can include data about users, social connections, social interactions, locations, geo-fenced areas, maps, places, events, pages, groups, posts, communications, content, feeds, account settings, privacy settings, a social graph, and various other types of data. In some implementations, the at least one data store  112  can store information associated with users, such as user identifiers, user information, profile information, user specified settings, content produced or posted by users, and various other types of user data. 
     The content provider module  102  can be configured to provide users with access to content items that are posted through a social networking system. For example, a user can interact with an interface that is provided by a software application (e.g., a social networking application) running on a computing device of the user. This interface can include an option for posting, or uploading, content items to the social networking system. When posting a content item, the content upload module  104  can be utilized to communicate data describing the content item from the computing device to the social networking system. Such content items may include text, images, audio, and videos, for example. The social networking system can then provide the content item through the social networking system including, for example, in one or more news feeds. In some embodiments, the interface can also include an option for live streaming content through the social networking system. When initiating a live content stream, the live stream module  106  can be utilized to communicate data (e.g., audio data, video data, etc.) corresponding to the content to be streamed live from the computing device and through the social networking system. The live stream module  106  can utilize any generally known techniques that allow for live streaming of content including, for example, the Real Time Messaging Protocol (RTMP). In various embodiments, the computing device from which the live content stream is being provided can be equipped to capture data (e.g., video data, audio data, etc.) corresponding to the live content stream. 
     The interface provided by the software application can also be used to access posted content items, for example, using the content module  108 . For example, the content module  108  can include content items in a user&#39;s news feed. Such content items may include on-demand content items (e.g., video on-demand or “VOD”) as well as content that is being streamed live. In this example, the user can access content items while browsing the news feed. In another example, the user can access content items by performing searches through the interface. For example, the user can search for a given content item or live content stream, for a user that posted a content item or live content stream, and/or for search terms that correspond to a content item or live content stream. In one example, the user may select an option to view a live content stream and, in response, the social networking system can send data corresponding to the live content stream to a computing device of the user. In this example, the social networking system can continue sending data corresponding to the live content stream until, for example, the broadcaster of the live content stream discontinues streaming or if the user selects an option to discontinue playback of the live content stream. The co-broadcasting module  110  can be configured to provide various options for adding co-broadcasters to live content streams and/or removing co-broadcasters that were added to live content streams. More details regarding the co-broadcasting module  110  will be provided below with reference to  FIG. 2 . 
       FIG. 2  illustrates an example of a co-broadcasting module  202 , according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. In some embodiments, the co-broadcasting module  110  of  FIG. 1  can be implemented as the co-broadcasting module  202 . As shown in  FIG. 2 , the co-broadcasting module  202  can include a guest list enrollment module  204 , a guest list review module  206 , a viewer module  208 , a user selection module  210 , a stream merge module  212 , a stream unmerge module  214 , and a ranking module  216 . 
     In various embodiments, the co-broadcaster module  202  can be utilized to add co-broadcasters to live content streams and/or to remove co-broadcasters from live content streams. For example, a user operating a computing device can access (e.g., view) a live content stream through a content provider. In one example, the live content stream may accessed through a content item included in a news feed corresponding to the user. In another example, the user may have searched for the live content stream through the content provider. When accessed, the content provider can encode and send data corresponding to the live content stream to the computing device of the user. The computing device can decode and present video data corresponding to the live content stream, for example, in an interface being provided through a display screen of the computing device. Any audio data corresponding to the live content stream can be played or reproduced, for example, through an audio output source (e.g., speaker(s)) associated with the computing device. In some embodiments, while the live content stream is being accessed, the interface can provide the user with one or more options for interacting with the live content stream. For example, the interface can include an option for “liking” the live content stream, one or more options for reacting to the live content stream, or an option for posting comments in response to the live content stream, to name some examples. 
     In some embodiments, the interface includes an option for joining a list of co-broadcaster candidates (e.g., a guest list) associated with the live content stream. This guest list can be used by the broadcaster of the live content stream to identify other users that are interested in joining the live content stream as co-broadcasters. In some embodiments, when the user selects an option to join the guest list, the guest list enrollment module  204  can be configured to obtain various types of information from the user. Such information can be made available to the broadcaster when determining whether to invite the user to join the live content stream as a co-broadcaster. In some embodiments, the guest list enrollment module  204  can prompt the user to provide information such as a description of the user, the user&#39;s reasons for wanting to join the live content stream as a co-broadcaster, how the user plans to contribute to the broadcast, and any topics and/or performances that the user plans to present while co-broadcasting. When prompting the user for information, the guest list enrollment module  204  can provide an interface that provides any prompts (or questions) for the user as well as any pre-defined options and/or freeform fields through which the user can provide responses to the prompts. In some embodiments, the guest list enrollment module  204  can prompt the user to provide responses to one or more questionnaires that are defined, or created, by the broadcaster. In some embodiments, the guest list enrollment module  204  can prompt the user to provide one or more self-portrait images (e.g., a selfie). In such embodiments, the guest list enrollment module  204  can activate a camera in the user&#39;s computing device and the user can select an option to capture the image using the computing device. Once captured, the guest list enrollment module  204  can provide the user with an option to re-take the image and an option to confirm upload of the captured image to the content provider for sharing with the broadcaster. In some embodiments, the user is prevented from uploading an existing self-portrait image and, therefore, must take a self-portrait image at the time of joining the guest list. In some embodiments, the guest list enrollment module  204  can prompt the user to provide a video (e.g., audition tape) of the user auditioning for the role of co-broadcaster. In such embodiments, the guest list enrollment module  204  can activate a camera in the user&#39;s computing device and the user can select an option to begin recording the video using the computing device. Once captured, the guest list enrollment module  204  can provide the user with an option to re-take the video and an option to confirm upload of the video to the content provider for sharing with the broadcaster. In some embodiments, the user is prevented from uploading an existing video of the user and, therefore, must take the video at the time of joining the guest list. In some embodiments, the length of the video is limited to a pre-defined length (e.g., a pre-defined number of seconds, minutes, etc.). 
     The guest list review module  206  can be configured to provide the broadcaster of the live content stream with a list of users that have joined the guest list associated with the broadcaster&#39;s live content stream. In some embodiments, the list is provided through a separate interface that is accessible only to the broadcaster. The broadcaster can interact with the list while broadcasting the live content stream to view information about each of the candidate co-broadcasters including their responses to any questions, their self-portrait images, and/or their audition videos. The guest list review module  206  can also provide the broadcaster with options to invite one or more of the candidates in the list to join the broadcast as co-broadcasters. In some embodiments, the broadcaster can permit other users (e.g., co-broadcasters, moderators, etc.) to access the list for purposes of reviewing co-broadcasting candidates and/or selecting co-broadcasters to join the live content stream. In some instances, none of the users included in the guest list may be of interest to the broadcaster. In such instances, the broadcaster can select an option to search for other users to invite to join the broadcast as co-broadcasters. In one example, the broadcaster may invite a social connection (e.g., friend) in a social networking system. In some instances, the broadcaster may search for another user that is separately broadcasting a live content stream. For example, another user may be broadcasting on the same topic or event as the broadcaster. In this example, the broadcaster may interact with the interface to send an invite to the other user. 
     Any users that are invited to join as co-broadcasters can be provided invite notifications, for example, through their respective computing devices. A user can choose to accept or decline the invitation to join. In some embodiments, when the user declines the invitation, a notification is provided to the broadcaster indicating that the invitation was declined. In some embodiments, when the user accepts the invitation, the user&#39;s computing device is instructed to capture and provide a separate live content stream to the content provider, as described above. Once the user&#39;s separate live content stream is active, the stream merge module  212  merges the broadcaster&#39;s live content stream and the user&#39;s live content stream so that both the broadcaster (i.e., primary broadcaster) and the user (i.e., co-broadcaster) appear in a merged live content stream. In some embodiments, the merged live content stream is presented to users as a split screen that is divided into a first region and a second region. In such embodiments, the broadcaster&#39;s live content stream is presented in the first region while the co-broadcaster&#39;s live content stream is presented in the second region. In one example, the split screen may be divided horizontally so that the first region is positioned above the second region. In another example, the split screen may be divided vertically so that the first region and the second region are positioned side-by-side. In some embodiments, the regions may be sized differently for broadcasters and co-broadcasters. For example, the first region in which the broadcaster&#39;s live content stream is presented may be larger than the second region in which the co-broadcaster&#39;s live content stream is presented. In some embodiments, additional co-broadcasters can be added to the merged live content stream, as described above. In such embodiments, the screen may be divided accordingly to accommodate the additional co-broadcasters. 
     There may be instances in which a co-broadcaster needs to be removed from the merged live content stream. In some embodiments, the co-broadcaster can select an option to end their broadcast. In such embodiments, the stream unmerge module  214  unmerges the merged live content stream to disconnect the live content stream corresponding to the co-broadcaster. In some embodiments, the primary broadcaster and/or authorized users (e.g., moderators, etc.) are permitted to remove, or disconnect, any co-broadcasters from the merged live content stream. Once disconnected, the live content stream continues broadcasting without the co-broadcaster. 
     Rather than waiting for users to join the guest list, in some embodiments, the broadcaster of the live content stream can invite users to join the live content stream as co-broadcasters. For example, in some embodiments, the broadcaster is able to search for users to be invited to join the live content stream broadcast as co-broadcasters. In some embodiments, the broadcaster is able to invite users that are currently viewing the live content stream broadcast. For example, in some embodiments, when broadcasting the live content stream, the broadcaster can access an interface through a display screen of the broadcaster&#39;s computing device. The interface can include a first region in which the live content stream being broadcasted is presented, for example, to allow the broadcaster to monitor the live content stream. The interface can also include a second region through which the broadcaster can access various information relating to the broadcast. For example, in some embodiments, the interface includes a second region that displays comments that were posted by various users in response to the live content stream. In some embodiments, the broadcaster can access information describing users that are viewing the live content stream. For example, the broadcaster can select an option through the interface to access a list of users that are viewing the live content stream. In another example, the broadcaster can perform a swipe gesture in the second region in which comments are being displayed to access the list of users that are viewing the live content stream. The viewer module  208  can determine which users are viewing the live content stream. The viewer module  208  can then provide the list of users for display, for example, in the second region of the interface. In some embodiments, the list of users is presented as a set of icons (e.g., chat head bubbles) that each correspond to one of the users that are viewing the live content stream. In one example, a chat head bubble corresponding to a user can be an image of the user. The image may correspond to an image being used in a social profile of the user in a social networking system. In some embodiments, the chat head bubble for the user can include other types of information including, for example, the user&#39;s name, how long the user has been viewing the live content stream (e.g., a number of minutes, hours, etc.), the data connection strength or quality of the user&#39;s computing device (e.g., the strength or quality of the user&#39;s mobile signal, Internet connection, etc.), to name some examples. 
     The broadcaster can review the list of users to identify one or more users to invite to join the broadcast. As mentioned, this list of users can be presented in the interface as a set of chat head bubbles that each correspond to a user. In some embodiments, when inviting a user to join the broadcast, the broadcaster can perform a touch gesture (e.g., touch and hold) on a region of the display screen that corresponds to the user&#39;s chat head bubble. In such embodiments, the broadcaster can then perform a drag gesture to virtually drag the user&#39;s chat head bubble into a region of the display screen in which the live content stream is being presented. For example, as mentioned, the interface may be divided into a first region in which the live content stream being broadcasted is presented and a second region in which the set of user chat head bubbles are presented. In this example, the broadcaster can invite a user to join the broadcast by performing gestures to virtually touch and drag the user&#39;s chat head bubble from the second region of the interface into the first region of the interface. 
     Once the user&#39;s chat head bubble has been moved into the first region, the user selection module  210  is configured to send one or more invite notifications to the user. In one example, such invite notifications can be provided to the user as notifications through the user&#39;s computing device. In some embodiments, such invite notifications are provided to the user as messages sent to the user in a social networking system. A user can choose to accept or decline the invitation to join the broadcast. In some embodiments, when the user declines the invitation, a notification is provided to the broadcaster indicating that the invitation was declined. In some embodiments, when the user accepts the invitation, the user&#39;s computing device is instructed to capture and provide a separate live content stream to the content provider, as described above. Once the user&#39;s separate live content stream is active, the stream merge module  212  merges the broadcaster&#39;s live content stream and the user&#39;s live content stream so that both the broadcaster (i.e., primary broadcaster) and the user (i.e., co-broadcaster) appear in a merged live content stream. In some embodiments, the merged live content stream is presented to users as a split screen that is divided into a first region and a second region. In such embodiments, the broadcaster&#39;s live content stream is presented in the first region while the co-broadcaster&#39;s live content stream is presented in the second region. In one example, the split screen may be divided horizontally so that the first region is positioned above the second region. In another example, the split screen may be divided vertically so that the first region and the second region are positioned side-by-side. In some embodiments, the regions may be sized differently for broadcasters and co-broadcasters. For example, the first region in which the broadcaster&#39;s live content stream is presented may be larger than the second region in which the co-broadcaster&#39;s live content stream is presented. In some embodiments, additional co-broadcasters can be added to the merged live content stream, as described above. In such embodiments, the screen may be divided accordingly to accommodate the additional co-broadcasters. 
     In some embodiments, the ranking module  216  is configured to rank the list of users in the guest list, as illustrated in the examples of  FIGS. 3A-C . In some embodiments, the ranking module  216  can rank each user in the guest list based on the user&#39;s relationship to the broadcaster. In one example, users that are social connections (e.g., friends) of the broadcaster, as recognized by a social networking system, are ranked higher than users that are not social connections. In another example, users that have a stronger relationship to the broadcaster are ranked higher than other users. The relationship strength between two users may be measured using one or more social affinity scores that are managed by the social networking system. For example, the social networking system can maintain a social graph in which the broadcaster and the users are each represented as a node. In this example, a social affinity score for the broadcaster and a first user can be represented using an edge that connects the node corresponding to the broadcaster and the node corresponding to the first user. In some embodiments, the social graph can also maintain various types of information for users including, for example, their interests (e.g., interests specified by the users in their respective social profiles, interests demonstrated by the users based on their interactions in the social networking system, any pages in the social networking system of which the users are fans including pages relating to a certain topic and/or entity, etc.). In some embodiments, the social affinity score is bi-directional and measures an overall strength of a relationship between two users. In various embodiments, a bi-directional social affinity score for two users may be adjusted upward or downward depending on a number of times and/or how frequently the two users have interacted with each other. Such interactions may involve the two users communicating (e.g., sending messages to each other) in the social networking system, interacting with content items posted by one another (e.g., liking posts, commenting in response to posts, sharing posts, reacting to posts, etc.), and/or referencing each other (e.g., mentions) in their posts, to name some examples. In some embodiments, the social affinity score is uni-directional. In such embodiments, a first social affinity score may measure the strength of a first user&#39;s relationship to a second user. Similarly, a second social affinity score may measure the strength of the second user&#39;s relationship to the first user. In various embodiments, a uni-directional social affinity score that measures the first user&#39;s relationship to the second user may be adjusted upward or downward depending on a number of times and/or how frequently the first user interacts with the second user. Such interactions may involve the first user communicating with the second user (e.g., sending messages), the first user interacting with content items posted by the second user (e.g., liking posts, commenting in response to posts, sharing posts, reacting to posts, etc.), and/or the first user referencing the second user (e.g., mentions) in posts, to name some examples. 
     In some embodiments, the ranking module  216  ranks users in the guest list based on a number of times the users have accessed, or viewed, any of the broadcaster&#39;s live content streams. For example, users in the guest list that access the broadcaster&#39;s live content streams more often can be ranked higher than the other users. In some embodiments, the ranking module  216  ranks users in the guest list based on a total amount of time, or duration, that the users have accessed, or viewed, the broadcaster&#39;s live content stream. For example, a user that has watched 30 minutes of the broadcaster&#39;s live content stream can be ranked higher than a user that has watched only 2 minutes of the broadcaster&#39;s live content stream. In some embodiments, the ranking module  216  ranks users in the guest list based on a number of shared, or overlapping, interests. For example, a first user in the guest list that shares two interests with the broadcaster can be ranked higher than a second user that only shares one interest with the broadcaster. In some embodiments, the ranking module  216  ranks users in the guest list based on a number of times the users have interacted with the broadcaster in the social networking system. As mentioned, such interactions can involve communicating with the broadcaster (e.g., sending messages), liking the broadcaster&#39;s posts, commenting in response to the broadcaster&#39;s posts, sharing the broadcaster&#39;s posts, and/or selecting reaction options in response to the broadcaster&#39;s posts, to name some examples. For example, users in the guest list that interact with the broadcaster more often can be ranked higher than the other users. In some embodiments, the ranking module  216  can rank users in the guest list based on their respective status or position categorization. For example, in some embodiments, a user&#39;s ranking in the guest list can be determined based at least in part on the user being a public figure as recognized by the social networking system. In some embodiments, a user&#39;s ranking in the guest list can be determined based at least in part on the user being an influencer as recognized by the social networking system. In some embodiments, a user&#39;s ranking in the guest list can be determined based at least in part on the user being an expert (on some topic) as recognized by the social networking system. 
     In various embodiments, the ranking module  216  is also configured to rank a list of users that are viewing the broadcaster&#39;s live content stream, as illustrated in the examples of  FIGS. 4A-C . The list of users can be ranked using one or more of the approaches described above. For example, in some embodiments, the ranking module  216  ranks each user in the list of users based on the user&#39;s respective relationship to the broadcaster. In one example, users that are social connections (e.g., friends) of the broadcaster, as recognized by the social networking system, can be ranked higher than users that are not. In another example, users that have a stronger relationship to the broadcaster can be ranked higher than other users. In some embodiments, the ranking module  216  ranks the list of users that are viewing the broadcaster&#39;s live content stream based on a number of times the users have accessed, or viewed, any of the broadcaster&#39;s live content streams. For example, users that access the broadcaster&#39;s live content streams more can be ranked higher than the other users. In some embodiments, the ranking module  216  ranks the list of users that are viewing the broadcaster&#39;s live content stream based on a number of shared, or overlapping, interests. For example, a first user that shares two interests with the broadcaster can be ranked higher than a second user that only shares one interest with the broadcaster. In some embodiments, the ranking module  216  ranks the list of users that are viewing the broadcaster&#39;s live content stream based on a number of times the users have interacted with the broadcaster in the social networking system. 
       FIG. 3A  illustrates an example  300  of an interface  304  for adding co-broadcasters from a guest list, according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. The interface  304  is presented on a display screen of the computing device  302 . The interface  304  may be provided through an application (e.g., a web browser, a social networking application, etc.) running on the computing device  302 . In this example, the user (e.g., broadcaster) operating the computing device  302  is broadcasting a live content stream that is being recorded using the computing device  302 . As a result, the interface  304  includes a region  306  in which the live content stream being broadcasted is displayed. The interface  304  also includes a region  308  in which comments posted by various users in response to the live content stream are displayed. The broadcaster can select the option  310  to end the live content stream broadcast. 
     In some embodiments, the broadcaster can select an option  312  to view a guest list associated with the live content stream. As mentioned, users can join the guest list to indicate their interest in joining the live content stream as co-broadcasters. When the option  312  is selected, the broadcaster can be presented an interface  324  as illustrated in the example  320  of  FIG. 3B . As shown,  FIG. 3B  illustrates an interface  324  that includes a region  326  in which the live content stream being broadcasted is displayed. In some embodiments, the live content stream displayed in the region  326  is modified (e.g., blurred) to signify that the broadcaster has entered a guest list access mode. The interface  324  also displays a guest list associated with the live content stream. In some embodiments, the guest list  334  is presented as a grid of frames and each frame corresponds to a user that is enrolled in the guest list. In various embodiments, the list of users in the guest list  334  can be ranked, or ordered, based on various criteria, as described above. For example, in  FIG. 3B , the users in the guest list  334  are ranked based on their respective social affinity scores with respect to the broadcaster. In this example, the user Beth has the highest social affinity score and is therefore included first in the guest list  334 . Based on their respective social affinity scores, the remaining users in the guest list  334  are ranked as follows: Michael, followed by Jack, followed by Ronnie, followed by Lois, ending with George, who has the lowest social affinity score. 
     In some embodiments, a user is only able to join a guest list associated with a live content stream while the user is accessing, or viewing, the live content stream. Each frame corresponding to a user can provide information about the user. For example, in some embodiments, a frame can include a region in which a profile image of the user is displayed. The profile image may correspond to an image used in a social profile of the user in a social networking system, for example. In some embodiments, the frame can also include a region in which a self-portrait image (e.g., selfie) of the user is displayed. In some embodiments, the frame can also include information describing the user (e.g., user name, the user&#39;s response(s) any questions posed by the broadcaster, etc.). Each frame can also include an option  342  to view additional information about the user including, for example, any information provided by the user, the user&#39;s self-portrait image, the user&#39;s audition video, to name some examples. The broadcaster can select one or more users from the guest list  334 , for example, by performing a selection gesture (e.g., tap gesture). Once selected, the broadcaster can select an option  336  to invite the selected users. In some embodiments, the broadcaster can select an option  338  to search for and invite other users that are not in the guest list  334  to join the broadcast. Once finished, the broadcaster can select an option  340  to close the guest view access mode and, as a result, the broadcaster can return to the interface  304  illustrated in  FIG. 3A .  FIG. 3C  illustrates an example split screen interface  364  that displays a merged live content stream of the broadcaster and a co-broadcaster. In this example, the interface  364  includes a first region  366  in which the live content stream corresponding to the broadcaster is displayed and a second region  368  in which the live content stream corresponding to the co-broadcaster is displayed. In some embodiments, the broadcaster can select an option  370  to remove, or disconnect, the co-broadcaster from the broadcast. The interface  364  can also include a region in which comments posted by users (including other forms of user engagement measurements, e.g., likes, reactions, etc.) in response to the live content stream are displayed. In some embodiments, rather than having a user select options through the interfaces to perform various actions, the user may instead perform one or more touch screens gestures to achieve the same result. Such gestures can include, for example, a swipe gesture, slide gesture, tap gesture, double tap gesture, pinch gesture, spread gesture, rotate gesture, flick gesture, etc. 
       FIG. 4A  illustrates an example  400  of an interface  404  for inviting users to a broadcast, according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. The interface  404  is presented on a display screen of the computing device  402 . The interface  404  may be provided through an application (e.g., a web browser, a social networking application, etc.) running on the computing device  402 . In this example, the interface  404  includes a region  406  in which a live content stream that is being broadcasted through a content provider using the computing device  402  is displayed. The interface  404  also includes a region  408  in which chat head bubbles are displayed for users that are accessing the live content stream. The interface also includes an option  410  that the broadcasting user can select to end the live content stream. In various embodiments, the chat head bubbles displayed in the region  408  can be ranked, or ordered, based on various criteria, as described above. For example, in  FIG. 4A , the chat head bubbles in the region  408  are ranked based on a number of shared interests with the broadcaster. In this example, the user Cena and the broadcaster have the most number of shared interests and therefore the chat head bubble corresponding to Cena is included first in the region  408 . The remaining chat head bubbles in the region  408  are similarly ranked based on the respective number of interests the users share with the broadcaster. 
     As mentioned, the broadcasting user can invite other users to join the broadcast as co-broadcasters. For example, as illustrated in the example  430  of  FIG. 4B , the broadcasting user can invite a user to join the broadcast by performing a touch screen gesture to drag a chat head bubble  412  corresponding to the user into the region  406  in which the live content stream is being shown. After the user&#39;s chat head bubble has been placed, or dropped, into the region  406 , one or more invite notifications can be sent to the user, as described above. If the user accepts the invitation to join the broadcast, the user&#39;s computing device is instructed to capture and provide a separate live content stream to the content provider, as described above. Once the user&#39;s separate live content stream is active, the live content streams of both the broadcasting user and the user appear in a merged live content stream, as illustrated in the example  460  of  FIG. 4C . In some embodiments, the merged live content stream is presented to users as a split screen  464  that is divided into a first region  466  and a second region  468 . In such embodiments, the broadcaster&#39;s live content stream can be presented in the first region  466  while the co-broadcaster&#39;s live content stream can be presented in the second region  468 . In some embodiments, the second region  468  can display the chat head bubble corresponding to the user. In such embodiments, the broadcasting user can perform one or more touch screen gestures on the chat head bubble to remove the co-broadcasting user from the broadcast. For example, the broadcasting user can perform a swipe gesture on the chat head bubble  412  to cause the user&#39;s separate live content stream to be disconnected. As a result, the split screen  464  can be collapsed so only the live content stream of the broadcasting user in the first region  466  is shown. 
       FIG. 5  illustrates an example process  500  for ranking a list of potential co-broadcasters, according to various embodiments of the present disclosure. It should be appreciated that there can be additional, fewer, or alternative steps performed in similar or alternative orders, or in parallel, within the scope of the various embodiments discussed herein unless otherwise stated. 
     At block  502 , the example process  500  determines one or more users in a list associated with a live content stream that is being broadcasted using a computing device of a first user, wherein each user in the list is eligible to join the live content stream as a co-broadcaster. At block  504 , a ranking for the users in the list based on one or more criteria is determined. At block  506 , the ranked list is provided to the computing device of the first user, wherein the first user is able to select one or more of the users in the list to join the live content stream as a co-broadcaster. 
     It is contemplated that there can be many other uses, applications, and/or variations associated with the various embodiments of the present disclosure. For example, in some cases, user can choose whether or not to opt-in to utilize the disclosed technology. The disclosed technology can also ensure that various privacy settings and preferences are maintained and can prevent private information from being divulged. In another example, various embodiments of the present disclosure can learn, improve, and/or be refined over time. 
     Social Networking System—Example Implementation 
       FIG. 6  illustrates a network diagram of an example system  600  that can be utilized in various scenarios, in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure. The system  600  includes one or more user devices  610 , one or more external systems  620 , a social networking system (or service)  630 , and a network  650 . In an embodiment, the social networking service, provider, and/or system discussed in connection with the embodiments described above may be implemented as the social networking system  630 . For purposes of illustration, the embodiment of the system  600 , shown by  FIG. 6 , includes a single external system  620  and a single user device  610 . However, in other embodiments, the system  600  may include more user devices  610  and/or more external systems  620 . In certain embodiments, the social networking system  630  is operated by a social network provider, whereas the external systems  620  are separate from the social networking system  630  in that they may be operated by different entities. In various embodiments, however, the social networking system  630  and the external systems  620  operate in conjunction to provide social networking services to users (or members) of the social networking system  630 . In this sense, the social networking system  630  provides a platform or backbone, which other systems, such as external systems  620 , may use to provide social networking services and functionalities to users across the Internet. 
     The user device  610  comprises one or more computing devices (or systems) that can receive input from a user and transmit and receive data via the network  650 . In one embodiment, the user device  610  is a conventional computer system executing, for example, a Microsoft Windows compatible operating system (OS), Apple OS X, and/or a Linux distribution. In another embodiment, the user device  610  can be a computing device or a device having computer functionality, such as a smart-phone, a tablet, a personal digital assistant (PDA), a mobile telephone, a laptop computer, a wearable device (e.g., a pair of glasses, a watch, a bracelet, etc.), a camera, an appliance, etc. The user device  610  is configured to communicate via the network  650 . The user device  610  can execute an application, for example, a browser application that allows a user of the user device  610  to interact with the social networking system  630 . In another embodiment, the user device  610  interacts with the social networking system  630  through an application programming interface (API) provided by the native operating system of the user device  610 , such as iOS and ANDROID. The user device  610  is configured to communicate with the external system  620  and the social networking system  630  via the network  650 , which may comprise any combination of local area and/or wide area networks, using wired and/or wireless communication systems. 
     In one embodiment, the network  650  uses standard communications technologies and protocols. Thus, the network  650  can include links using technologies such as Ethernet, 802.11, worldwide interoperability for microwave access (WiMAX), 3G, 4G, CDMA, GSM, LTE, digital subscriber line (DSL), etc. Similarly, the networking protocols used on the network  650  can include multiprotocol label switching (MPLS), transmission control protocol/Internet protocol (TCP/IP), User Datagram Protocol (UDP), hypertext transport protocol (HTTP), simple mail transfer protocol (SMTP), file transfer protocol (FTP), and the like. The data exchanged over the network  650  can be represented using technologies and/or formats including hypertext markup language (HTML) and extensible markup language (XML). In addition, all or some links can be encrypted using conventional encryption technologies such as secure sockets layer (SSL), transport layer security (TLS), and Internet Protocol security (IPsec). 
     In one embodiment, the user device  610  may display content from the external system  620  and/or from the social networking system  630  by processing a markup language document  614  received from the external system  620  and from the social networking system  630  using a browser application  612 . The markup language document  614  identifies content and one or more instructions describing formatting or presentation of the content. By executing the instructions included in the markup language document  614 , the browser application  612  displays the identified content using the format or presentation described by the markup language document  614 . For example, the markup language document  614  includes instructions for generating and displaying a web page having multiple frames that include text and/or image data retrieved from the external system  620  and the social networking system  630 . In various embodiments, the markup language document  614  comprises a data file including extensible markup language (XML) data, extensible hypertext markup language (XHTML) data, or other markup language data. Additionally, the markup language document  614  may include JavaScript Object Notation (JSON) data, JSON with padding (JSONP), and JavaScript data to facilitate data-interchange between the external system  620  and the user device  610 . The browser application  612  on the user device  610  may use a JavaScript compiler to decode the markup language document  614 . 
     The markup language document  614  may also include, or link to, applications or application frameworks such as FLASH™ or Unity™ applications, the Silverlight™ application framework, etc. 
     In one embodiment, the user device  610  also includes one or more cookies  616  including data indicating whether a user of the user device  610  is logged into the social networking system  630 , which may enable modification of the data communicated from the social networking system  630  to the user device  610 . 
     The external system  620  includes one or more web servers that include one or more web pages  622   a ,  622   b , which are communicated to the user device  610  using the network  650 . The external system  620  is separate from the social networking system  630 . For example, the external system  620  is associated with a first domain, while the social networking system  630  is associated with a separate social networking domain. Web pages  622   a ,  622   b , included in the external system  620 , comprise markup language documents  614  identifying content and including instructions specifying formatting or presentation of the identified content. As discussed previously, it should be appreciated that there can be many variations or other possibilities. 
     The social networking system  630  includes one or more computing devices for a social network, including a plurality of users, and providing users of the social network with the ability to communicate and interact with other users of the social network. In some instances, the social network can be represented by a graph, i.e., a data structure including edges and nodes. Other data structures can also be used to represent the social network, including but not limited to databases, objects, classes, meta elements, files, or any other data structure. The social networking system  630  may be administered, managed, or controlled by an operator. The operator of the social networking system  630  may be a human being, an automated application, or a series of applications for managing content, regulating policies, and collecting usage metrics within the social networking system  630 . Any type of operator may be used. 
     Users may join the social networking system  630  and then add connections to any number of other users of the social networking system  630  to whom they desire to be connected. As used herein, the term “friend” refers to any other user of the social networking system  630  to whom a user has formed a connection, association, or relationship via the social networking system  630 . For example, in an embodiment, if users in the social networking system  630  are represented as nodes in the social graph, the term “friend” can refer to an edge formed between and directly connecting two user nodes. 
     Connections may be added explicitly by a user or may be automatically created by the social networking system  630  based on common characteristics of the users (e.g., users who are alumni of the same educational institution). For example, a first user specifically selects a particular other user to be a friend. Connections in the social networking system  630  are usually in both directions, but need not be, so the terms “user” and “friend” depend on the frame of reference. Connections between users of the social networking system  630  are usually bilateral (“two-way”), or “mutual,” but connections may also be unilateral, or “one-way.” For example, if Bob and Joe are both users of the social networking system  630  and connected to each other, Bob and Joe are each other&#39;s connections. If, on the other hand, Bob wishes to connect to Joe to view data communicated to the social networking system  630  by Joe, but Joe does not wish to form a mutual connection, a unilateral connection may be established. The connection between users may be a direct connection; however, some embodiments of the social networking system  630  allow the connection to be indirect via one or more levels of connections or degrees of separation. 
     In addition to establishing and maintaining connections between users and allowing interactions between users, the social networking system  630  provides users with the ability to take actions on various types of items supported by the social networking system  630 . These items may include groups or networks (i.e., social networks of people, entities, and concepts) to which users of the social networking system  630  may belong, events or calendar entries in which a user might be interested, computer-based applications that a user may use via the social networking system  630 , transactions that allow users to buy or sell items via services provided by or through the social networking system  630 , and interactions with advertisements that a user may perform on or off the social networking system  630 . These are just a few examples of the items upon which a user may act on the social networking system  630 , and many others are possible. A user may interact with anything that is capable of being represented in the social networking system  630  or in the external system  620 , separate from the social networking system  630 , or coupled to the social networking system  630  via the network  650 . 
     The social networking system  630  is also capable of linking a variety of entities. For example, the social networking system  630  enables users to interact with each other as well as external systems  620  or other entities through an API, a web service, or other communication channels. The social networking system  630  generates and maintains the “social graph” comprising a plurality of nodes interconnected by a plurality of edges. Each node in the social graph may represent an entity that can act on another node and/or that can be acted on by another node. The social graph may include various types of nodes. Examples of types of nodes include users, non-person entities, content items, web pages, groups, activities, messages, concepts, and any other things that can be represented by an object in the social networking system  630 . An edge between two nodes in the social graph may represent a particular kind of connection, or association, between the two nodes, which may result from node relationships or from an action that was performed by one of the nodes on the other node. In some cases, the edges between nodes can be weighted. The weight of an edge can represent an attribute associated with the edge, such as a strength of the connection or association between nodes. Different types of edges can be provided with different weights. For example, an edge created when one user “likes” another user may be given one weight, while an edge created when a user befriends another user may be given a different weight. 
     As an example, when a first user identifies a second user as a friend, an edge in the social graph is generated connecting a node representing the first user and a second node representing the second user. As various nodes relate or interact with each other, the social networking system  630  modifies edges connecting the various nodes to reflect the relationships and interactions. 
     The social networking system  630  also includes user-generated content, which enhances a user&#39;s interactions with the social networking system  630 . User-generated content may include anything a user can add, upload, send, or “post” to the social networking system  630 . For example, a user communicates posts to the social networking system  630  from a user device  610 . Posts may include data such as status updates or other textual data, location information, images such as photos, videos, links, music or other similar data and/or media. Content may also be added to the social networking system  630  by a third party. Content “items” are represented as objects in the social networking system  630 . In this way, users of the social networking system  630  are encouraged to communicate with each other by posting text and content items of various types of media through various communication channels. Such communication increases the interaction of users with each other and increases the frequency with which users interact with the social networking system  630 . 
     The social networking system  630  includes a web server  632 , an API request server  634 , a user profile store  636 , a connection store  638 , an action logger  640 , an activity log  642 , and an authorization server  644 . In an embodiment of the invention, the social networking system  630  may include additional, fewer, or different components for various applications. Other components, such as network interfaces, security mechanisms, load balancers, failover servers, management and network operations consoles, and the like are not shown so as to not obscure the details of the system. 
     The user profile store  636  maintains information about user accounts, including biographic, demographic, and other types of descriptive information, such as work experience, educational history, hobbies or preferences, location, and the like that has been declared by users or inferred by the social networking system  630 . This information is stored in the user profile store  636  such that each user is uniquely identified. The social networking system  630  also stores data describing one or more connections between different users in the connection store  638 . The connection information may indicate users who have similar or common work experience, group memberships, hobbies, or educational history. Additionally, the social networking system  630  includes user-defined connections between different users, allowing users to specify their relationships with other users. For example, user-defined connections allow users to generate relationships with other users that parallel the users&#39; real-life relationships, such as friends, co-workers, partners, and so forth. Users may select from predefined types of connections, or define their own connection types as needed. Connections with other nodes in the social networking system  630 , such as non-person entities, buckets, cluster centers, images, interests, pages, external systems, concepts, and the like are also stored in the connection store  638 . 
     The social networking system  630  maintains data about objects with which a user may interact. To maintain this data, the user profile store  636  and the connection store  638  store instances of the corresponding type of objects maintained by the social networking system  630 . Each object type has information fields that are suitable for storing information appropriate to the type of object. For example, the user profile store  636  contains data structures with fields suitable for describing a user&#39;s account and information related to a user&#39;s account. When a new object of a particular type is created, the social networking system  630  initializes a new data structure of the corresponding type, assigns a unique object identifier to it, and begins to add data to the object as needed. This might occur, for example, when a user becomes a user of the social networking system  630 , the social networking system  630  generates a new instance of a user profile in the user profile store  636 , assigns a unique identifier to the user account, and begins to populate the fields of the user account with information provided by the user. 
     The connection store  638  includes data structures suitable for describing a user&#39;s connections to other users, connections to external systems  620  or connections to other entities. The connection store  638  may also associate a connection type with a user&#39;s connections, which may be used in conjunction with the user&#39;s privacy setting to regulate access to information about the user. In an embodiment of the invention, the user profile store  636  and the connection store  638  may be implemented as a federated database. 
     Data stored in the connection store  638 , the user profile store  636 , and the activity log  642  enables the social networking system  630  to generate the social graph that uses nodes to identify various objects and edges connecting nodes to identify relationships between different objects. For example, if a first user establishes a connection with a second user in the social networking system  630 , user accounts of the first user and the second user from the user profile store  636  may act as nodes in the social graph. The connection between the first user and the second user stored by the connection store  638  is an edge between the nodes associated with the first user and the second user. Continuing this example, the second user may then send the first user a message within the social networking system  630 . The action of sending the message, which may be stored, is another edge between the two nodes in the social graph representing the first user and the second user. Additionally, the message itself may be identified and included in the social graph as another node connected to the nodes representing the first user and the second user. 
     In another example, a first user may tag a second user in an image that is maintained by the social networking system  630  (or, alternatively, in an image maintained by another system outside of the social networking system  630 ). The image may itself be represented as a node in the social networking system  630 . This tagging action may create edges between the first user and the second user as well as create an edge between each of the users and the image, which is also a node in the social graph. In yet another example, if a user confirms attending an event, the user and the event are nodes obtained from the user profile store  636 , where the attendance of the event is an edge between the nodes that may be retrieved from the activity log  642 . By generating and maintaining the social graph, the social networking system  630  includes data describing many different types of objects and the interactions and connections among those objects, providing a rich source of socially relevant information. 
     The web server  632  links the social networking system  630  to one or more user devices  610  and/or one or more external systems  620  via the network  650 . The web server  632  serves web pages, as well as other web-related content, such as Java, JavaScript, Flash, XML, and so forth. The web server  632  may include a mail server or other messaging functionality for receiving and routing messages between the social networking system  630  and one or more user devices  610 . The messages can be instant messages, queued messages (e.g., email), text and SMS messages, or any other suitable messaging format. 
     The API request server  634  allows one or more external systems  620  and user devices  610  to call access information from the social networking system  630  by calling one or more API functions. The API request server  634  may also allow external systems  620  to send information to the social networking system  630  by calling APIs. The external system  620 , in one embodiment, sends an API request to the social networking system  630  via the network  650 , and the API request server  634  receives the API request. The API request server  634  processes the request by calling an API associated with the API request to generate an appropriate response, which the API request server  634  communicates to the external system  620  via the network  650 . For example, responsive to an API request, the API request server  634  collects data associated with a user, such as the user&#39;s connections that have logged into the external system  620 , and communicates the collected data to the external system  620 . In another embodiment, the user device  610  communicates with the social networking system  630  via APIs in the same manner as external systems  620 . 
     The action logger  640  is capable of receiving communications from the web server  632  about user actions on and/or off the social networking system  630 . The action logger  640  populates the activity log  642  with information about user actions, enabling the social networking system  630  to discover various actions taken by its users within the social networking system  630  and outside of the social networking system  630 . Any action that a particular user takes with respect to another node on the social networking system  630  may be associated with each user&#39;s account, through information maintained in the activity log  642  or in a similar database or other data repository. Examples of actions taken by a user within the social networking system  630  that are identified and stored may include, for example, adding a connection to another user, sending a message to another user, reading a message from another user, viewing content associated with another user, attending an event posted by another user, posting an image, attempting to post an image, or other actions interacting with another user or another object. When a user takes an action within the social networking system  630 , the action is recorded in the activity log  642 . In one embodiment, the social networking system  630  maintains the activity log  642  as a database of entries. When an action is taken within the social networking system  630 , an entry for the action is added to the activity log  642 . The activity log  642  may be referred to as an action log. 
     Additionally, user actions may be associated with concepts and actions that occur within an entity outside of the social networking system  630 , such as an external system  620  that is separate from the social networking system  630 . For example, the action logger  640  may receive data describing a user&#39;s interaction with an external system  620  from the web server  632 . In this example, the external system  620  reports a user&#39;s interaction according to structured actions and objects in the social graph. 
     Other examples of actions where a user interacts with an external system  620  include a user expressing an interest in an external system  620  or another entity, a user posting a comment to the social networking system  630  that discusses an external system  620  or a web page  622   a  within the external system  620 , a user posting to the social networking system  630  a Uniform Resource Locator (URL) or other identifier associated with an external system  620 , a user attending an event associated with an external system  620 , or any other action by a user that is related to an external system  620 . Thus, the activity log  642  may include actions describing interactions between a user of the social networking system  630  and an external system  620  that is separate from the social networking system  630 . 
     The authorization server  644  enforces one or more privacy settings of the users of the social networking system  630 . A privacy setting of a user determines how particular information associated with a user can be shared. The privacy setting comprises the specification of particular information associated with a user and the specification of the entity or entities with whom the information can be shared. Examples of entities with which information can be shared may include other users, applications, external systems  620 , or any entity that can potentially access the information. The information that can be shared by a user comprises user account information, such as profile photos, phone numbers associated with the user, user&#39;s connections, actions taken by the user such as adding a connection, changing user profile information, and the like. 
     The privacy setting specification may be provided at different levels of granularity. For example, the privacy setting may identify specific information to be shared with other users; the privacy setting identifies a work phone number or a specific set of related information, such as, personal information including profile photo, home phone number, and status. Alternatively, the privacy setting may apply to all the information associated with the user. The specification of the set of entities that can access particular information can also be specified at various levels of granularity. Various sets of entities with which information can be shared may include, for example, all friends of the user, all friends of friends, all applications, or all external systems  620 . One embodiment allows the specification of the set of entities to comprise an enumeration of entities. For example, the user may provide a list of external systems  620  that are allowed to access certain information. Another embodiment allows the specification to comprise a set of entities along with exceptions that are not allowed to access the information. For example, a user may allow all external systems  620  to access the user&#39;s work information, but specify a list of external systems  620  that are not allowed to access the work information. Certain embodiments call the list of exceptions that are not allowed to access certain information a “block list”. External systems  620  belonging to a block list specified by a user are blocked from accessing the information specified in the privacy setting. Various combinations of granularity of specification of information, and granularity of specification of entities, with which information is shared are possible. For example, all personal information may be shared with friends whereas all work information may be shared with friends of friends. 
     The authorization server  644  contains logic to determine if certain information associated with a user can be accessed by a user&#39;s friends, external systems  620 , and/or other applications and entities. The external system  620  may need authorization from the authorization server  644  to access the user&#39;s more private and sensitive information, such as the user&#39;s work phone number. Based on the user&#39;s privacy settings, the authorization server  644  determines if another user, the external system  620 , an application, or another entity is allowed to access information associated with the user, including information about actions taken by the user. 
     In some embodiments, the social networking system  630  can include a content provider module  646 . The content provider module  646  can, for example, be implemented as the content provider module  102  of  FIG. 1 . In some embodiments, the user device  610  can include a live stream module  618 . The live stream module  618  can, for example, be implemented as the live stream module  106  of  FIG. 1 . As discussed previously, it should be appreciated that there can be many variations or other possibilities. 
     Hardware Implementation 
     The foregoing processes and features can be implemented by a wide variety of machine and computer system architectures and in a wide variety of network and computing environments.  FIG. 7  illustrates an example of a computer system  700  that may be used to implement one or more of the embodiments described herein in accordance with an embodiment of the invention. The computer system  700  includes sets of instructions for causing the computer system  700  to perform the processes and features discussed herein. The computer system  700  may be connected (e.g., networked) to other machines. In a networked deployment, the computer system  700  may operate in the capacity of a server machine or a client machine in a client-server network environment, or as a peer machine in a peer-to-peer (or distributed) network environment. In an embodiment of the invention, the computer system  700  may be the social networking system  630 , the user device  610 , and the external system  720 , or a component thereof. In an embodiment of the invention, the computer system  700  may be one server among many that constitutes all or part of the social networking system  630 . 
     The computer system  700  includes a processor  702 , a cache  704 , and one or more executable modules and drivers, stored on a computer-readable medium, directed to the processes and features described herein. Additionally, the computer system  700  includes a high performance input/output (I/O) bus  706  and a standard I/O bus  708 . A host bridge  710  couples processor  702  to high performance I/O bus  706 , whereas I/O bus bridge  712  couples the two buses  706  and  708  to each other. A system memory  714  and one or more network interfaces  716  couple to high performance I/O bus  706 . The computer system  700  may further include video memory and a display device coupled to the video memory (not shown). Mass storage  718  and I/O ports  720  couple to the standard I/O bus  708 . The computer system  700  may optionally include a keyboard and pointing device, a display device, or other input/output devices (not shown) coupled to the standard I/O bus  708 . Collectively, these elements are intended to represent a broad category of computer hardware systems, including but not limited to computer systems based on the x86-compatible processors manufactured by Intel Corporation of Santa Clara, Calif., and the x86-compatible processors manufactured by Advanced Micro Devices (AMD), Inc., of Sunnyvale, Calif., as well as any other suitable processor. 
     An operating system manages and controls the operation of the computer system  700 , including the input and output of data to and from software applications (not shown). The operating system provides an interface between the software applications being executed on the system and the hardware components of the system. Any suitable operating system may be used, such as the LINUX Operating System, the Apple Macintosh Operating System, available from Apple Computer Inc. of Cupertino, Calif., UNIX operating systems, Microsoft® Windows® operating systems, BSD operating systems, and the like. Other implementations are possible. 
     The elements of the computer system  700  are described in greater detail below. In particular, the network interface  716  provides communication between the computer system  700  and any of a wide range of networks, such as an Ethernet (e.g., IEEE 802.3) network, a backplane, etc. The mass storage  718  provides permanent storage for the data and programming instructions to perform the above-described processes and features implemented by the respective computing systems identified above, whereas the system memory  714  (e.g., DRAM) provides temporary storage for the data and programming instructions when executed by the processor  702 . The I/O ports  720  may be one or more serial and/or parallel communication ports that provide communication between additional peripheral devices, which may be coupled to the computer system  700 . 
     The computer system  700  may include a variety of system architectures, and various components of the computer system  700  may be rearranged. For example, the cache  704  may be on-chip with processor  702 . Alternatively, the cache  704  and the processor  702  may be packed together as a “processor module”, with processor  702  being referred to as the “processor core”. Furthermore, certain embodiments of the invention may neither require nor include all of the above components. For example, peripheral devices coupled to the standard I/O bus  708  may couple to the high performance I/O bus  706 . In addition, in some embodiments, only a single bus may exist, with the components of the computer system  700  being coupled to the single bus. Moreover, the computer system  700  may include additional components, such as additional processors, storage devices, or memories. 
     In general, the processes and features described herein may be implemented as part of an operating system or a specific application, component, program, object, module, or series of instructions referred to as “programs”. For example, one or more programs may be used to execute specific processes described herein. The programs typically comprise one or more instructions in various memory and storage devices in the computer system  700  that, when read and executed by one or more processors, cause the computer system  700  to perform operations to execute the processes and features described herein. The processes and features described herein may be implemented in software, firmware, hardware (e.g., an application specific integrated circuit), or any combination thereof. 
     In one implementation, the processes and features described herein are implemented as a series of executable modules run by the computer system  700 , individually or collectively in a distributed computing environment. The foregoing modules may be realized by hardware, executable modules stored on a computer-readable medium (or machine-readable medium), or a combination of both. For example, the modules may comprise a plurality or series of instructions to be executed by a processor in a hardware system, such as the processor  702 . Initially, the series of instructions may be stored on a storage device, such as the mass storage  718 . However, the series of instructions can be stored on any suitable computer readable storage medium. Furthermore, the series of instructions need not be stored locally, and could be received from a remote storage device, such as a server on a network, via the network interface  716 . The instructions are copied from the storage device, such as the mass storage  718 , into the system memory  714  and then accessed and executed by the processor  702 . In various implementations, a module or modules can be executed by a processor or multiple processors in one or multiple locations, such as multiple servers in a parallel processing environment. 
     Examples of computer-readable media include, but are not limited to, recordable type media such as volatile and non-volatile memory devices; solid state memories; floppy and other removable disks; hard disk drives; magnetic media; optical disks (e.g., Compact Disk Read-Only Memory (CD ROMS), Digital Versatile Disks (DVDs)); other similar non-transitory (or transitory), tangible (or non-tangible) storage medium; or any type of medium suitable for storing, encoding, or carrying a series of instructions for execution by the computer system  700  to perform any one or more of the processes and features described herein. 
     For purposes of explanation, numerous specific details are set forth in order to provide a thorough understanding of the description. It will be apparent, however, to one skilled in the art that embodiments of the disclosure can be practiced without these specific details. In some instances, modules, structures, processes, features, and devices are shown in block diagram form in order to avoid obscuring the description. In other instances, functional block diagrams and flow diagrams are shown to represent data and logic flows. The components of block diagrams and flow diagrams (e.g., modules, blocks, structures, devices, features, etc.) may be variously combined, separated, removed, reordered, and replaced in a manner other than as expressly described and depicted herein. 
     Reference in this specification to “one embodiment”, “an embodiment”, “other embodiments”, “one series of embodiments”, “some embodiments”, “various embodiments”, or the like means that a particular feature, design, structure, or characteristic described in connection with the embodiment is included in at least one embodiment of the disclosure. The appearances of, for example, the phrase “in one embodiment” or “in an embodiment” in various places in the specification are not necessarily all referring to the same embodiment, nor are separate or alternative embodiments mutually exclusive of other embodiments. Moreover, whether or not there is express reference to an “embodiment” or the like, various features are described, which may be variously combined and included in some embodiments, but also variously omitted in other embodiments. Similarly, various features are described that may be preferences or requirements for some embodiments, but not other embodiments. 
     The language used herein has been principally selected for readability and instructional purposes, and it may not have been selected to delineate or circumscribe the inventive subject matter. It is therefore intended that the scope of the invention be limited not by this detailed description, but rather by any claims that issue on an application based hereon. Accordingly, the disclosure of the embodiments of the invention is intended to be illustrative, but not limiting, of the scope of the invention, which is set forth in the following claims.