Patent Publication Number: US-2018052937-A1

Title: Linked Web Presence Pages Associated with a Top Level Domain

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION(S) 
     This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/232,462, filed on Aug. 9, 2016, now allowed, the disclosure of which is hereby incorporated herein by reference thereto. 
    
    
     FIELD 
     The present invention is related to generation and customization of web pages. 
     BACKGROUND 
     In the current realm of digital communication, users share information they consider important over the Internet, using published content such as wikis, blogs, social networking and other Web site content publication forums. Unfortunately, digital content can include valuable as well as biased, false and demagogic information. 
     As such, the Web has become a familiar way of acquiring and sharing information that also allows content owners and network users to contribute and express themselves. Thus, information providers (e.g. Web site owners) and information seekers (e.g. network users) will rely more and more on content available over the Web, and therefore the ability to provide as well as to access trusted Web content will become even more essential. 
     Trustworthiness of Web content, as well as access to content via Web navigation tools, refers to the believability and trustworthiness of a content/navigation tool source. In the case of Web trustworthiness, it refers to the trustworthiness of the content available on the Web. Web content and web page navigation tools can take many forms including text, sounds, videos, and images as well as hyperlinks, drop down menus, etc. 
     It is a disadvantage with the current structure of Web pages that multimedia and/or navigational tools encountered by the network user can unknowingly include false or otherwise malicious content. While it is true that network users and content providers alike enjoy the lower cost and increased access to information provided by the current world of interconnected Web pages, i.e. enabled users to access content from a number of deemed appropriate sources including Websites, blogs, e-news, wikis, e-books, e-libraries and e-journals, what bears important consideration is whether the vast amount of Web information provided and accessed can be relied upon to be trustworthy. As such, it can be very difficult for a typical network user to adequately verify given information without any prior knowledge, and the same is true for content providers in being able to prove to the network users that the information published is accurate and deemed as trustworthy. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       Exemplary embodiments of the invention will now be described in conjunction, with the following drawings, by way of example only, in which: 
         FIG. 1  is a block diagram of components of a domain name registration system; 
         FIG. 2  is a block diagram of an example directory subscription service for the system of  FIG. 1 ; and 
         FIG. 3  is an example configuration of a computer device hosting the directory subscription service of  FIG. 2 . 
     
    
    
     SUMMARY 
     It is an object of the present invention to provide a system to obviate or mitigate at least some of the above presented disadvantages. 
     A first aspect provided is a system for providing a directory service for generating web presence pages made available on a network, the system comprising: a computer processor and memory having instructions stored thereon for implementation by the computer processor to: receive registration information of a domain name by a registrant for a specified top level domain; parse the registration information to obtain a set of keywords; search the network using the set of keywords for publically available information about the registrant; create registrant information based on information obtained from the search using the set of keywords; generate a trusted web presence page of the web presence pages to include at least a first portion of the registrant information as read only content with respect to the registrant, such that the registrant is restricted from customizing the read only content; create a link between a profile page and the trusted web presence page of the web presence pages, the link configured for placement on at least one of the web presence pages such that the profile page and the trusted web presence page would be linked to one another, the profile page to include at least a second portion of the registrant information as customizable content with respect to the registrant, such that the registrant is allowed to customize the customizable content; and publish the trusted web presence page on the network. 
     A second aspect provided is a method for providing a directory service for generating web presence pages made available on a network, the method comprising the steps of: receive registration information of a domain name by a registrant for a specified top level domain; parse the registration information to obtain a set of keywords; search the network using the set of keywords for publically available information about the registrant; create registrant information based on information obtained from the search using the set of keywords; generate a trusted web presence page of the web presence pages to include at least a first portion of the registrant information as read only content with respect to the registrant, such that the registrant is restricted from customizing the read only content; create a link between a profile page and the trusted web presence page of the web presence pages, the link configured for placement on at least one of the web presence pages such that the profile page and the trusted web presence page would be linked to one another, the profile page to include at least a second portion of the registrant information as customizable content with respect to the registrant, such that the registrant is allowed to customize the customizable content; and publish the trusted web presence pages on the network. 
     A third aspect provided is a system for providing a directory service for generating web presence pages made available on a network, the system comprising: a computer processor and memory having instructions stored thereon for implementation by the computer processor to: receive registration information of a domain name by a registrant for a specified top level domain; receive information about the registrant from a plurality of network users; combine the information as aggregate registrant information representing crowd sourced content of the plurality of network users; generate a trusted web presence page of the web presence pages to include at least a portion of the aggregate registrant information as read only content with respect to the registrant, such that the registrant is restricted from customizing the read only content; create a link between a profile page and the trusted web presence page of the web presence pages, the link configured for placement on at least one of the web presence pages such that the profile page and the trusted web presence page would be linked to one another, the profile page to include customizable content with respect to the registrant, such that the registrant is allowed to customize the customizable content; and publish the trusted web presence page on the network. 
     A fourth aspect provided is a system for providing a directory service for generating web presence pages made available on a network, the system comprising: a computer processor and memory having instructions stored thereon for implementation by the computer processor to: receive registration information of a domain name by a registrant for a specified top level domain; provide access to information about the registrant to a plurality of network users, the information being aggregate registrant information representing crowd sourced content; receive individual votes from the plurality of network users on the aggregate registrant information for a specified character of the aggregate registrant information generate a trusted web presence page of the web presence pages to include at least a portion of the aggregate registrant information as read only content with respect to the registrant, such that the registrant is restricted from customizing the read only content; create a link between a profile page and the trusted web presence page of the web presence pages, the link configured for placement on at least one of the web presence pages such that the profile page and the trusted web presence page would be linked to one another, the profile page to include customizable content with respect to the registrant, such that the registrant is allowed to customize the customizable content; and publish the trusted web presence page on the network. 
     A fifth aspect provided is a system for providing a directory service for generating web presence pages made available on a network, the system comprising: a computer processor and memory having instructions stored thereon for implementation by the computer processor to: receive registration information of a domain name by a registrant for a specified top level domain; parse the registration information to obtain a set of keywords; search the network using the set of keywords for publically available information about the registrant; create registrant information based on information obtained from the search using the set of keywords; generate a trusted web presence page of the web presence pages to include at least a portion of the registrant information as read only content with respect to the registrant, such that the registrant is restricted from customizing the read only content; generate a profile page of the web presence pages, the profile page to include customizable content with respect to the registrant such that, the registrant is allowed to customize the customizable content; and publish the web presence pages on the network. 
     A sixth aspect provided is a system for providing a directory service for generating web presence pages made available on a network, the system comprising: a computer processor and memory having instructions stored thereon for implementation by the computer processor to: receive registration information of a domain name by a registrant for a specified top level domain; receive information about the registrant from a plurality of network users combine the information as aggregate registrant information representing crowd sourced content of the plurality of network users; generate a trusted web presence page of the web presence pages to include at least a portion of the aggregate registrant information as read only content with respect to the registrant, such that the registrant is restricted from customizing the read only content; create a profile page of the web presence pages, the profile page including customizable content with respect to the registrant such that the registrant is allowed to customize the customizable content; and publish the web presence pages on the network. 
     A seventh aspect provided is a system for providing a directory service for generating web presence pages made available on a network, the system comprising: a computer processor and memory having instructions stored thereon for implementation by the computer processor to: receive registration information of a domain name by a registrant for a specified top level domain; provide access to information about the registrant to a plurality of network users, the information being aggregate registrant information representing crowd sourced content; receive individual votes from the plurality of network users on the aggregate registrant information for a specified character of the aggregate registrant information; generate a trusted web presence page of the web presence pages to include at least a portion of the aggregate registrant information as read only content with respect to the registrant, such that the registrant is restricted from customizing the read only content; create a profile page the web presence pages, the profile page including customizable content with respect to the registrant such that the registrant is allowed to customize the customizable content; and publish the web presence pages on the network. 
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT(S) 
     Referring to  FIG. 1 , shown is a domain name registration system  10  providing for a domain name registrant  12  (e.g. domain owner) to request and obtain over a communications network  11  a domain name  14  from a domain name registrar  16  for domain name  14  available (e.g. not yet claimed) in a domain name registry  18  (e.g. a database of all domain names registered in a top-level domain (TLD)), which is managed by a registry operator  20  that also generates zone files which represent a lookup of domain names to IP addresses. Registry operator  20  can also interact with a directory subscription service  22  responsible for generating and maintaining web presence pages  24  (e.g. the page(s)  24  can be hosted by the registry operator  22  and/or the directory subscription service  22 ) associated with domain name  14  obtained by registrant  12 . It is recognized that registrant  12  itself can communicate directly with directory subscription service  22  for registration information  26  used in generation of web presence pages  24 , and/or can communicate registration information  26  indirectly with directory subscription service  22  via registry operator  20 . Further, registry operator  20  can supply any requested registration information  26  to directory subscription service  22  on behalf of registrant  12 . As such, once published on network  11 , network  11  users can access web presence pages  24  via network  11  and accordingly access content  42 , 43  (see  FIG. 2 ) of web presence pages  24 . An example of such access is the network  11  users using a web browser to navigate on network  11  to web presence pages  24  and display content  42 , 43  on a user interface of their computer device. 
     Preferably, the communications network  11  comprises a wide area network such as the Internet, however the network  11  may also comprise one or more local area networks  11 , one or more wide area networks, or a combination thereof. Further, the network  11  need not be a land-based network, but instead may comprise a wireless network and/or a hybrid of a land-based network and a wireless network for enhanced communications flexibility. For example, the communications network  11  can also include Bluetooth™ associated elements. It is recognised that domain name registrar  16 , registry operator  20  and directory subscription service  22  can be implemented on computer devices  100  (see  FIG. 3 ) such as servers and can communicate with one another via the network  11  in client-server relationships. 
     In general, a domain name is an identification string that defines a realm of administrative autonomy, authority, or control on the Internet, whereby domain names are formed by the rules and procedures of a Domain Name System (DNS). Domain names are used in various networking contexts and application-specific naming and addressing purposes, as an Internet Protocol (IP) resource, such as a personal computer used to access the Internet, a server computer hosting a web site, or the web site itself or any other service communicated via the Internet. Domain names are organized in subordinate levels (subdomains) of the DNS root domain, which is nameless. The first-level set of domain names are the TLDs. Below these TDLs in the DNS hierarchy are the second-level and third-level domain names that are typically open for reservation by end-users who wish to connect local area networks to the Internet, create other publicly accessible Internet resources or run web sites. There can be fourth- and fifth-level domains, and so on, with virtually no limitation. The registration of these domain names is usually administered by domain name registrars  16  who sell their services to the public (i.e. registrants  12 ). Individual Internet host computers can use domain names as host identifiers, or hostnames. Hostnames can be defined as the leaf labels in the domain name system usually without further subordinate domain name space and can appear as a component in Uniform Resource Locators (URLs) for Internet resources such as web sites having one or more web pages. Domain names can also be used as simple identification labels to indicate ownership or control of a resource, such as realm identifiers used in the Session Initiation Protocol (SIP), DomainKeys used to verify DNS domains in e-mail systems, and in many other Uniform Resource Identifiers (URIs). For example, the domain name can be a component of a (URL) used to access web sites, for example: URL—http://www.example.info/index.html, Top-level domain name: info, Second-level domain name: example.info, Host name: www.example.info. 
     Domain name  14  can consist of one or more parts, technically called labels, that are conventionally concatenated, and delimited, by dots, such as example.info. The right-most label conveys the TLD, for example, the domain name www.example.info belongs to the TLD info. The hierarchy of domains descends from the right to the left label in the name; each label to the left specifies a subdivision, or subdomain of the domain to the right. For example: the label example specifies a node example.info as a subdomain of the info domain, and www is a label to create www.example.info, a subdomain of example.info. A hostname is a domain name that has at least one associated IP address. For example, the domain names www.example.info and example.info are also hostnames, whereas the info domain is not. However, other TLDs, particularly country code top-level domains, may indeed have an IP address, and if so, they are also hostnames. It is recognized that hostnames can impose restrictions on the characters allowed in the corresponding domain name. A valid hostname is also a valid domain name, but a valid domain name may not necessarily be valid as a hostname. 
     Referring again to  FIG. 1 , domain name registry  18  contains those domain names that are registered for a specific TLD, which is one of the domains at the highest level in the hierarchical Domain Name System (DNS) of the Internet. Practically speaking, TLD names are installed in a root zone of the name space for the TLD and for all domains in lower levels, the TLD is the last part of the domain name, that is, the last label of a fully qualified domain name. It is recognized that there can be a number of different TLD types, such as but not limited to: country-code top-level domains (ccTLD) consisting of two letter domains established for countries or territories; internationalized country code top-level domains (IDN ccTLD) which are ccTLDs in non-latin character sets (e.g., Arabic or Chinese) which are displayed in end-user applications in their language-native script or alphabet but use a Punycode-translated ASCII domain name in the Domain Name System; generic top-level domains (gTLD) which are top-level domains with three or more characters (e.g. GOV, EDU, COM, MIL, ORG, NET and INFO) including unsponsored top-level domains which are domains that operate directly under policies established for the global Internet community and sponsored top-level domains (sTLD) that are proposed and sponsored by private agencies or organizations that establish and enforce rules restricting the eligibility to use the TLD; and infrastructure top-level domain that is one domain, the Address and Routing Parameter Area (ARPA) managed on behalf of the Internet Engineering Task Force for various purposes specified in the Request for Comments publications. 
     Domain names  14  can be formed from the set of alphanumeric ASCII characters (a-z, A-Z, 0-9), but characters are case-insensitive. In addition the hyphen can be permitted if it is surrounded by a characters or digits, i.e. it is not the start or end of a label. Labels are separated by the full stop (period) character in the textual name representation. It is recognized that the membership names  14  can be represented using characters based in other languages as well, including alternate formats as appropriate, as desired. 
     Referring to  FIGS. 1 and 2 , shown is directory subscription service  22  responsible for generation of web presence pages  24 , which are accessible via a specified URI (over the network  11 ) incorporating the domain name  14  associated with the specified TLD maintained in domain name registry  18  using an appropriate network communications protocol (e.g. TCP/IP, HTTP, HTTPS, etc.). For example, the network communications protocol includes rules for data formats for data exchange and rules for network address formats for data exchange that identify both the sender network  11  address and the intended receiver(s) network  11  address. In computing, the URI is a string of characters used to identify a name or a resource. Such identification enables interaction with representations of the resource over a network (typically the World Wide Web) using the specific protocols. Schemes specifying a concrete syntax and associated protocols define each URI, such that URIs can be classified as locators (URLs), as names (URNs), or as both. A uniform resource name (URN) functions like a person&#39;s name, while a uniform resource locator (URL) resembles that person&#39;s street address. In other words: the URN defines an item&#39;s identity, while the URL provides a method for finding the item over the network  11 . 
     From the point of view of a visitor to web presence pages  24 , the content (e.g. content  42  and content  43 ) of web presence pages  24  will be perceived by the visitor as an uber-social media site and trusted source of information (e.g. trusted web presence page(s)  25 ). The objective of web presence pages  24  is to provide a trusted one-stop source for links and access to information and services about a domain name&#39;s registration. For registries focused on organizational registrations, the directory subscription service  22  can offer effective and significant brand protection to registrant  12  (e.g. organization) of domain name  14 . This is especially valuable to small and medium sized organizations, as well as organizations with limited resources to develop and manage a brand. Web presence pages  24  provided by directory subscription service  22  can provide a jumping off platform to external details of registrant  12  that can mitigate phishing and abuse attacks if it is always used as a starting point of contact on network  11 . 
     It is recognized that the directory subscription service  22  provides or otherwise hosts the web presence pages  24  made available to users of the network  11 , in order to provide access to web-published content associated with the domain name of interest sought by the network user. For example, the web presence pages  24  and associated content can be provided to the network  11  by the directory subscription service  22  as files uploaded via File Transfer Protocol (FTP) or a Web interface of the network  11  (e.g. the Internet). The files representing the web presence pages  24  can be delivered to the Web “as is” or with some processing. The web presence page(s)  24  for a domain name registrant  12  (e.g. domain owner) can be provided as a single page hosted or as a more complex series of pages and associated navigational links between the pages supported via the database and application development platforms (e.g. PHP, Java, Ruby on Rails, ColdFusion, or ASP.NET). However, it is recognized that the application development platforms, when pertaining to content of their web presence pages  24 , inhibits the domain name registrant  12  (e.g. domain owner) from writing or installing scripts for applications like forums and content management published on the web presence pages  24 , as further described below. As such, the directory subscription service  22 , for any content published on the web presence pages  24 , provides none or limited interfaces or control panels to the domain name registrant  12  (e.g. domain owner) for managing the Web server and installing scripts, as well as other modules and service applications like e-mail, as the permanent information (content  42  and/or content  43 ) is perceived by users of the network  11  as independent or trusted information about the domain name registrant  12  that is independent from manipulation of any substantive portions of the content  42 , 43  that is considered as trusted content (registrant information  38  generated and published on the trusted web presence page(s)  25 ) as further described below. 
     The data model for content  42  and content  43  can have a number of different classifications of information, e.g, permanent, transient, and/or temporal). Permanent information (content  42  and/or content  43 ) is data that is discovered and imported directly to a local database  23  of directory subscription service  22 . An example of this type of data is the registration information  26 . For example, permanent information that is physically stored in database  23  can be updated periodically (e.g. daily), confirmed to help ensure accuracy and completeness. Transient information (content  42  and/or content  43 ) is data that is acquired when needed. An example of this type of data is a news feed. Temporal information (content  42  and/or content  43 ) is data that stored in the local database  23  but is only retained for a specific period of time, after which the information is removed. 
     Further, it is recognized that directory subscription service  22  can be embodied as separate from registry operator  20  (e.g. a third party cooperating with registry operator  20  via the network  11 ) or can be embodied as a service hosted (not shown) by registry operator  20  itself, as desired. Directory subscription service  22  generates web presence pages  24  based on registration information  26  obtained from the registry operator  20  and/or registrant  12 , as received via a registration module  30  as a subscription request  32 . 
     Example content of registration information  26  can include several pieces of information connected with the domain name  14 , for example: 1) administrative contact information  26   a  (e.g. contact, name, address, etc.) defining a designated administrative contact to manage the domain name  14  including management of all business information, such as name of record, postal address, and contact information of the official registrant of the domain name  14  and the obligation to conform to the requirements of the domain registry  18  in order to retain the right to use the domain name  14 , as well as installing additional contact information for technical and billing functions; 2) technical contact information  26   b  (e.g. contact name, address, etc.) defining a designated technical contact to manage the name servers of the domain name including assuring conformance of the configurations of the domain name  14  with the requirements of the domain registry  18 , maintaining the domain zone records, and providing continuous functionality of the name servers (that leads to the accessibility of the domain name  14 ); 3) billing contact information  26   c  (e.g. contact name, address, etc.) defining a designated party responsible for receiving billing invoices from the domain name registrar  16  and paying applicable fees; and 4) name servers information  26   d  (e.g. a hostname and the corresponding IP address or just the hostname, which must be resolvable either in the new domain name  14 , or exist elsewhere) defining designated two or more name servers as part of the registration service, for example registrant  18  can specify its own authoritative name servers to host the domain&#39;s resource records. 
     Registration module  30  parses subscription request  32  of registration information  26  to reduce registration information  26  to a set of keywords  34  provided to a search module  36  that will be used to search network  11  for registrant information  38  relevant to keywords  34 . Registrant information  38  can be obtained from network  11  in general without restriction and/or can be obtained from specified sources  13  (trusted information sources that are unbiased towards registrant  12 , examples of such would be sources independent from registrant  12  such as social media sources and/or news feed sources) accessible via network  11 . As registrant information  38  is found, it is provided to a page generation module  40  for use in generating web presence pages  24 . 
     It is recognized that the process of obtaining registrant information  38  relevant to keywords  34  by search module  36 , and generation/amendment of content  42  of web presence pages  24 , can be implemented on an ongoing basis as long as domain name  14  is subscribed. In one embodiment, operationally, search module  36  actively seeks public information available on network  11  about domain name  14  registration on an ongoing basis. This can be accomplished through automated network crawlers that seek out and maintain the timeliness of identified registrant information  38  on a defined periodic basis such as daily, by example. Additionally or alternatively, search module  36  can be configured to receive notifications containing registrant information  38  from third party information suppliers (e.g. Google™ alerts, Facebook™ alerts, etc.). It is also recognized that, optionally, content  42  of trusted web presence page(s)  25  can be generated to include additional private information from private sources; (i.e. information not publically available on network  11 ). 
     A network (e.g. web) crawler is a computer program that browses the network in a methodical, automated manner or in an orderly fashion. This process of network browsing for registrant information  38  is called network crawling or spidering. Spidering can be used as a means of providing up-to-date data for registrant information  38 . Network crawlers are mainly used to create a copy of all the visited network content (e.g. pages) for later processing that will index the downloaded network content to identify relevant registrant information  38  for use as updating or otherwise adding to content  42  of web presence pages  24 . A Web crawler is one type of bot, or software agent. In general, it starts with a list of URLs to visit, called the seeds. As the crawler visits these URLs, it identifies all the hyperlinks in the page and adds them to the list of URLs to visit, called the crawl frontier. URLs from the frontier are recursively visited according to a set of policies. 
     As such, the content  42  can represent data content that is part of a web page, data content that is linked to the web page via network  11  navigational mechanisms (e.g. hyperlinks), data content that is part of DNS resolution support architecture of the web page, etc. It is also recognized that the content  42  can contain information concerning indicators of high or low significance, for example the number of network  11  information sources other than the web presence pages  24  containing similar content  42 , number of or type of network  11  sources relied upon to gather the page content  42 , etc. It is also recognized that spatial positioning of the content  42  on the web presence pages  24  can be used to signify degree of relevance and conventional viewpoints of a community (e.g. peers, customers, competitors, etc.) associated with the content  42  displayed on or otherwise linked to the web presence pages  24 . For example, top and center positioned content  42  information on the web presence pages  24  can be considered as implicitly contained a network  11  level popular viewpoint (greater frequency of occurrence on other network  11  content outside of the web presence pages  24 ) of the registrant&#39;s company/business/service quality, etc. 
     Examples of registrant information  38  can include information such as but not limited to: public information about the registrant  12  available on the network  11 ; news feeds; references to external web sites; bldg entries; social media content from social media sites (e.g. Facebook, LinkedIn, and Twitter); content from trusted sources that are independent from registrant  12  or are otherwise considered as unbiased towards registrant  12 ; and any other information that can be acquired regularly and in a uniform format. Unbiased can be defined as free, from bias, free from all prejudice and favoritism, eminently fair, and/or having views that include both positive and negative aspects towards registrant  12 , etc. Independent can be defined as an individual or organization that is unaffiliated with registrant  12 . 
     For example, network crawlers can be used to gather specific types of registrant information  38  from visited network content, in order to collect public information about a registration, organize it, and display it on a trusted web presence page(s)  25  of web presence pages  24 . Trusted web presence page(s)  25  is defined as one or more base pages from which all other services and tools offered by directory subscription service  22  can be accessible via links (e.g. hyperlinks) present on the trusted web presence page(s)  25  that can be accessed by network  11  users to navigate to other web content associated with the other web presence pages  24  (or other pages connected thereto). In one embodiment, the public information obtained from network  11  in registrant information  38  is displayed as content  42  as is on trusted web presence page(s)  25 , such that registrant  12  of domain name  14  containing content  42  will have inhibited control over the public information that is collected and displayed on the trusted web presence page(s)  25 . In this manner, customization module  50  of page generation module  40  restricts (e.g. inhibits) customization of content  42  by registrant  12 . The provision of trusted web presence page(s)  25  of web presence pages  24  provides to visitors a trusted and organized display of information about domain name  14  registration (and registrant  12 ) and services with which to interact with registrant  12  (or designee). 
     Registrant information  38  can be obtained from network  11  in general without restriction and/or can be obtained from specified sources  13  (trusted information sources that are unbiased towards registrant  12 , examples of such would be sources independent from registrant  12  such as social media sources and/or news feed sources) accessible via network  11 . Trusted web presence page(s)  25  has content  42  that is generated by from registrant information  38  provided by search module  36 . Search module  36  can include a network  11  search algorithm (e.g. network spider as discussed above). 
     It is also recognized that search module  36  can be configured to implement crowd sourced content as registrant information  38 , such that specified sources  13  can include a plurality of network  11  users (The Crowd) who can present their registrant information  38  content to the search module  38  and optionally grade or otherwise vote on registrant information  38  content of other participants of the Crowd. Crowd sourcing of registrant information  38  by search module  38  can be defined as a process of obtaining registrant information  38  by soliciting individual contributions from a large group of people (i.e. network  11  users considered as an online community of the network  11 ). Crowd sourced registrant information  38  represents combined efforts of numerous self-identified network  11  users, where each contributor, acting on their own initiative, adds a portion of registrant information  38  that combines with those of other network users  11  to achieve an aggregate registrant information  38  that is included in content  42 . It is recognized that aggregate registrant information  38  can be obtained by search module  36  as: a result of direct solicitation (e.g. an information request sent by search module  36  over network  11  and received by particular network  11  user(s) who submit registrant information  38  in response back to search module  36 ); a result of voluntarily contributed content (e.g. information sent, to search module  36  over network  11  by particular network  11  user(s) who submit registrant information  38  to search module  36 ); and/or a combination thereof. It is also recognized that aggregate registrant information  38  can include content obtained by the network crawler from publically available network content (e.g. blog content of network  11  user(s)) matching one or more key search terms utilized by the network crawler as specified by search module  36 . 
     As such, one form of registrant information  38  is an aggregate of content obtained from a plurality of network  11  users specified as belonging to the Crowd by the search module  36 . For example, a Crowd category of specified users  13  can be those network  11  users that remain unsubscribed to subscription service  22 . For example, a Crowd category of specified users  13  can be those network  11  users that are subscribed to subscription service  22 . In any event, it is recognized that network  11  users specified as belonging to the Crowd are regarded as sources independent from registrant  12 . The Crowd is considered an umbrella term for the network  11  users who contribute to aggregate registrant information  38 , such that network users  11  are identified as belonging (i.e. a Crowd content category) to the Crowd by the search module  36 . 
     Demographic data (e.g, representative identification information each of network  11  user of the Crowd) can be collected by the search module  36  and associated with the aggregate registrant information  38 , such that demographic data can be combined as part content  42  included in trusted web presence page(s)  25 . For example, demographic data can include: identification of network  11  user gender; age: geographical region domicile; profession; employment status, marital status, citizenship, specified organization(s) membership; member of subscription service  22  or not, education level, nationality, religion, and/or ethnicity, for example. Demographic data collected by search module  38  of the community of network  11  users associated with aggregated registrant information  38  can be included in content  42  displayed on trusted web presence page(s)  25 . The demographic data can be provided actively by the network  11  user(s) in combination with their submitted registrant information  38  content to search module  36  and/or can be obtained by search module  36  separate from (the network  11  user is previously known to search module  36 —e.g. in a registration database of subscription service  22 ) the submission of the network  11  user of registrant information  38  content to search module  36 . 
     Further, registrant information  38  (e.g. collected external to Crowd sourcing) and/or aggregate registrant information  38  (e.g. collected by Crowd sourcing) can be voted on by network  11  users. The voting process can be coordinated by search module  36  by notifying the network  11  users of registrant information  38  or aggregate registrant information  38  available for evaluation through a formal voting process. Through the formal voting process (i.e. Crowd Voting), search module  36  can gather and summarize a large group&#39;s (e.g. plurality of the network  11  users) opinion and judgment on a specified registrant information  38  and/or aggregate registrant information  38 . As such, it is recognized, that collected votes (by search module  36 ) from the network  11  users can pertain to aggregate registrant information  38  containing content provided by the network  11  users voting on the aggregate registrant information  38 . Alternatively, it is recognized that collected votes (by search module  36 ) from the network  11  users can pertain to aggregate registrant information  38  that is independent (e.g. does not contain) content provided by the network  11  users voting on the aggregate registrant information  38 . Alternatively, it is recognized that collected votes (by search module  36 ) from the network  11  users can pertain to registrant information  38  that is independent (e.g. does not contain) content provided by the network  11  users voting on the aggregate registrant information  38 , in other words registrant information  38  being voted on contains content from specified sources  13  other than the network  11  users voting on the registrant information  38 . 
     An example voting process coordinated by search module  36  can be as follows: 1) receive content pertaining to registrant information  38 ; solicit voting (e.g. send each of the network  11  users a voting request over network  11 , post on web presence pages  24  or other pages of subscription service  22  the content of registrant information  38  for voting for subsequent access by network  11  users interested in providing opinion on the posted registrant information  38  available for vote) from a plurality of network  11  users on a specified (by search module  36 ) character of registrant information  38 ; receive a plurality of votes on the content pertaining to registrant information  38  from a plurality of the network  11  users; and tally the plurality of votes. Search module  36  could further compare the vote tally against a predefined vote, threshold (e.g. stored in storage  23 ). A result of the comparison (e.g. matching or not the threshold) could be presented to the network  11  of users over network  11 . Alternatively or in addition to, the result of the comparison could be used by search module  36  as a decision making tool to incorporate registrant information  38  into content  42  or not. For example, if the result of the comparison is that the registrant information  38  does not satisfy the predefined vote threshold then the registrant information  38  voted on would be excluded from content  42 . For example, if the result of the comparison is that the registrant information  38  does satisfy the predefined vote threshold then the registrant information  38  voted on would be included in content  42 . Further, it is also recognized that search module  36  could receive or otherwise solicit voting on content already included in content  42 , i.e. content available on trusted web presence page(s)  25  by network  11  users via subscription service  22 . 
     In terms of the specified character of registrant information  38 , the character could be selected from character types such as but not limited to: veracity of registrant information  38 ; accuracy of registrant information  38 ; representativeness of registrant information  38  with domain name registrant  12 ; and/or relevancy of registrant information  38  to domain name registrant  12 . For example, registrant information  38  can include organizational history (e.g. specified geographic regions of registrant influence, specified activities. level/degree of involvement with other external organizations, etc.) of registrant  12 . The predefined vote threshold could be a numerical quantity, for example number of votes supporting the specified character of less than X % means that the registrant information  38  voted on is considered, as non-relevant to the domain name registrant  12 , As provided above, the content voted on can be aggregate registrant information  38  that is dependent (e.g. does contain) content provided by the network  11  users voting on as aggregate registrant information  38 . As provided above, the content voted on can be registrant information  38  that is independent (e.g. does contain) content provided by the network  11  users voting on as registrant information  38 . As provided above, the content voted on can be aggregate registrant information  38  that is independent (e.g, does not contain) content provided by the network  11  users voting on as aggregate registrant information  38 . As such, it is recognized that subscription service  22  administers the voting process, e.g, via search module  36  or any other appropriately configured module of subscription service  22 , such that subscription service  22  is responsible for providing registrant information  38  (e.g. aggregate registrant information  38 ) for access by the network  11  users for voting as well as collecting the individual votes and subsequent processing of the votes and resulting action(s) pertaining to the registrant information  38 . 
     It is recognized that the results of the vote could be included in content  42  and thus associated with registrant information  38  (e.g. aggregate registrant information  38 ) for display on trusted web presence page(s)  25 . It is recognized that the results of the vote could be included in content  43  of profile page(s)  27  and thus associated with any content voted on for display on profile page(s)  27 . 
     Trusted web presence page(s)  25  has content  42  that is generated by page generation module  40  from registrant information  38  identified by search module  36 . Page generation module  40  and search module  36  cooperate to collect public information about a registrant and their domain name  14 , organize it, and include it as content  42  for display on trusted web presence page(s)  25 . Trusted web presence page(s)  25  has content  42  that is trusted by visitors because content  42  can be protected using industry standard best practices (e.g. protecting the domain name&#39;s DNS service using DNS EC and protecting the web site using TLS (HTTPS)), or otherwise restricting access to the database contents of the registry  18  to, specified database administrators). 
     Content  42  being trusted is an important element because it will provide assurance to visitors of trusted web presence page(s)  25  of the quality and provenance of the information contained within content  42 . For example, content  42  can contain information that is “read only” by registrant  12  and therefore provides a true representation or picture of registrant  12  as perceived by various sources publically available on the network  11 . As such, content  42  contains read-only information (with respect to registrant  12 ) that is an aggregation of unbiased and/or independent information obtained from network  11 . In this manner, page generation module  40  restricts any customization (e.g. write ability) of content  42  by registrant  12  while at the same time allows customization of content  43  of profile page  27  by registrant  12 , as further discussed below. 
     In terms of trusted web presence page(s)  25 , read-only content  42  can be information such as but not limited to: (a) Subscriber contact information—this can be pre-seeded with the administrative contact information from the registration data; (b) Registration information—this will be a display of the information commonly available from a Whois query; (c) About information—if a domain name  14  site has an external web site (1 or more) associated with it and the “about page” for the external web site can be identified, then information from that page can be included; (d) Images slide show—if a domain name  14  site has an external web site (1 or more) associated with it, images from the site can be collected and available to visitors of the domain name  14  site as a slide show; (e) News feed—based on the keywords and category associated with registrant  12 , one or more external news sources can be consulted to provide a news feed both directly and indirectly related to registrant  12 ; social media information—based on the keywords and category associated with registrant  12 , one or more social media information sources can be consulted to provide social media information both directly and indirectly related to registrant  12 ; and/or (f) Map—based on the subscriber contact information a map can be created marking the geographical location of registrant  12  that can include physical address and contact information (e.g. including getting directions to the location). 
     Further to the above, in one embodiment registrant  12  can submit feedback/comment messages  44  containing “agree” and/or “disagree” statements for selected portions of registrant, information  38  to module  30 , for subsequent association and incorporation with the respective selected portions o registrant information  38  in content  42  of trusted web presence page(s)  25 . This mechanism of comment can advantageously provide registrant with the ability to present their view of “read-only” content  42  as perceived by visitors. For example, in the case where an untrue (as considered by registrant  12 ) defamatory statement about registrant  12  is included in social media information incorporated in registrant information  38 , registrant has the ability to provide their own comments towards the defamatory statement, thereby reinforcing the unbiased and trusted nature of content  42  as perceived by visitors. In this manner, the read-only content cannot be modified by registrant  12 , however page generation module  40  can be configured to receive feedback/comment messages  44  and post the feedback/comment, messages  44  along side (or otherwise associated) the unamended content  42 , i.e. feedback/comment messages  44  are displayed concurrently with the read-only content  42  such that the information contained within content  42  remains unchanged by the addition of feedback/comment messages  44  with content  42 . Accordingly, in view of the above, content  42  of trusted web presence page(s)  25  can provide for an aggregation of periodically updated public information about registrant  12  that is distributed over a number of sources on network  11 , thus providing a visitor convenient site for accessing unbiased and/or independent information about registrant  12 . 
     In terms of implementation of trusted web presence page(s)  25  by directory subscription service  22 , trusted web presence page(s)  25  can be accessible via the appropriate URI for the network  11  in a number of different forms. In one embodiment, with respect to a URL for trusted web presence page(s)  25 . the preferred choice is for the URL to be a three level domain (3LD), e.g., domain-name.IntDir.TLD, such that “IntDir” represents network  11  addressing for directory subscription service  22 . In this configuration the SLD can be delegated to registrant  12  such that the registrant can use domain-name.TLD according to their own wishes. An alternate choice for the URL is for the registry operator  20  to decide that directory subscription service  22  is the purpose of the domain name and thus it, should be an SLD, e.g., domain-name.TLD. The distinction here is that the SLD is not delegated to registrant  12 . Since the registry operator  20  hosts trusted web presence page(s)  25 , the SLD will be delegated to directory subscription service  22  just as it would be in the 3LD choice. A potential disadvantage to this alternative is that it could be impractical to return the registry to the typical configuration of having the SLD delegated to registrant  12 . 
     It is recognized that if some of registrant information  38  is not available on network  11 , then an indication of its unavailability will be included in content  42  for display as such on trusted web presence page(s)  25 . 
     It is recognized that registration information  26  can be provided to module  30  independently from registrant  12  (e.g. by registry operator  20 ), such that registrant  12  is not a subscriber to directory subscription service  22 . In this case, web presence pages  24  would consist of trusted web presence page(s)  25  and not a profile page  27  (further described below). Accordingly, only in the event of subscription by registrant to directory subscription service  22  would profile page  27  be created and linked to trusted web presence page(s)  25 . The following terminology is used to describe elements of web presence pages  24  and their creation, namely: Registrant  12 —the standard definition of this term in a domain name life cycle is used, i.e. it is the party who requested the creation of the domain name  14  registration in the domain name registry  18 ; Subscriber—a subscriber is registrant  12  that has opted-in their domain name  14  to directory subscription service  22 ; Claimant—a claimant is a subscriber that is expressly associated with a party who will manage the subscription of domain name  14  with directory subscription service  22 ; and Visitor—a visitor is any party who interacts with any element (e.g. web presence pages  24 ) of directory subscription service  22  over network  11 , for example using a network browser of their computer device. 
     As such, the trusted web presence page(s)  25  contains content  42  that is aggregated and generated by page generation module  40  from registrant information  38  identified by search module  36 , which can include registran information obtained via the public information sources on the network  11  which is of an independent nature/influence by the registrant. Page generation module  40  and search module  36  cooperate to collect public information about a registrant and their domain name  14 , organize it, and include it as content  42  for display on trusted web presence page(s)  25 . Trusted web presence page(s)  25  has content  42  that can be trusted by visitors because content  42  being trusted can provide assurance to visitors of trusted web presence page(s)  25  of the quality and provenance of the information contained within content  42 . As such, network  11  navigational links present on the trusted web presence page(s)  25  can be relied upon by the network  11  user to navigate to other network  11  pages (e.g. profile page  27  linked to the trusted web presence page(s)  25 ) that can be considered as appropriate and contain content provided by and attributable to the registrant (i.e. owner) of the web presence pages  24 . In other words, the network  11  user can rely upon page content and navigable links of the web presence pages  24  with respect to information accuracy and navigational security considerations. 
     Referring again to  FIG. 2 , web presence pages  24  can also include profile page(s)  27 , such that trusted web presence page(s)  25  and profile page(s)  27  are directly linked to one another via web, page navigational mechanisms such as hyperlinks. As such, it is recognized that any web page navigational mechanisms on the trusted web page(s)  25  can be advantageously used by a network  1  user navigate to other pages (e.g. profile page(s)  27 ) considered trusted as containing web page content sanctioned as appropriate and accurate by the registrant  12  of the web presence pages  24 . A profile page related to a trusted web presence page(s) can be obtained by a registrant upon subscription to directory subscription service  22 . For example, profile page(s)  27  could contain a link  48  that when accessed directs the visitor to trusted web presence page(s)  25  and/or trusted web presence page(s)  25  could contain a link  46  that when accessed directs the visitor to profile page(s)  27 . In this manner, visitor can be assured that profile page(s)  27  is associated with the read-only information content  42  resident trusted web presence page(s)  25  and vice versa. As such, utilization of the web presence pages  24  by the registrant  12 , as either the only web published content for the registrant, or as part of a larger collection of web pages published by the registrant  12 , to serve web content to network  11  users can advantageously provide the network  11  users with some assurance that the web content as well as any web functionality of the web pages is trustable and actually sanctioned by the registrant  12 . This advantage of trustworthiness is considered important in today&#39;s world of numerous websites and content that can be false or otherwise malicious in nature. 
     Profile page(s)  27  includes interactive services and features (as content  43 ) as provided or otherwise enabled by directory subscription service  22 . Registrant  12  operating as a claimant can enable and disable (e.g. customize) portions of services and features (i.e. content  43 ) of profile page(s)  27 , which is different as compared to the read-only interaction they have with content  42  of trusted web presence page(s)  25 . Therefore, contrary to the content of the trusted web presence page(s)  25 , application development platforms pertaining to content of their web pages  27  provides to the domain name registrant  12  (e.g. domain owner) writing or installing scripts for applications like forums and content management published on the web pages  27 , as further described below. As such, the directory subscription service  22 , for any content published on the web pages  27 , provides interfaces or control panels to the domain name registrant  12  (e.g. domain owner) for managing the Web server and installing scripts, as well as other modules and service applications like e-mail. The customization of content  43  can be provided by registrant  12  through customization messages  52  (containing additional content  54  and/or customization instructions  54 ) sent by registrant  12  to customization module  50  for use in dynamically updating content  43  of their profile page(s)  27 . 
     Interactive services/features as content  43  are such that registrants  12  can specify additional content  54  and/or customization instructions  54  such as social media “like” and “follow” links, e.g., Facebook, LinkedIn, and Twitter as the content of profile page(s)  27 . Additional content  54  and/or customization instructions  54  can be chat services included in interactive services/feature so that visitors to profile page  27  can select a “live person” with whom to communicate regarding the web site represented by profile page  27 . In terms of organizations involved with payment, additional content  54  and/or customization instructions  54  can be payment services made available so that visitors can direct funds to registrant  12 . Further, profile page  27  can include additional content  54  and/or customization instructions  54  for services/features (e.g. email groups, search functions within the TLD of domain name  14 , etc.) that provide for registrants  12  themselves to have a means to get introduced and self-organize with other similar or related registrants  12 . The content  43  (e.g. Additional content  54  and/or customization instructions  54 ) listed above are presented as examples and expressly do not limit the services and functionality to be explored and included in profile pages  27 . 
     The profile pages  27  contain customizable, content (i.e. services and features as content  43 ) that is provided by registrant  12  in messages  52  to directory subscription service  22  for interaction with visitors to their profile page  27 . The content  43  can also include customizable content (e.g. in format and/or content and/or positional placement on their profile page  27 ) for: basic information regarding registrant  12  (e.g. in terms of an organization—their name, what they do, etc.); possible information from licensing organizations (or proof of verification); content and functionality similar to a social media (e.g. Facebook™) page for organization/group (one liner with status), which can be as simple as a direct link to a third party hosted social media page (facebook.com/domain-name.TLD) of the registrant to actually including content reposted from the third party hosted social media page; multimedia (photos, video, etc) obtained as content  43  obtained or otherwise sourced from registrant  12 ; basic static information of registrant  12  (logo, contact, external website, etc) such that registrant has control over the format and/or content of the static information; donation mechanisms (in the case of charitable organizations); news or update activities (text or media, feeds, etc.) of registrant  12  as specified or otherwise uploaded by registrant  12  to directory subscription service  22  for presentation on profile page  27  of registrant  12 ; ability to provide direct links by registrant  12  in order to share third party hosted social media content via their profile page  27 ; and/or searchable entries within the TLD of profile page  27 ; social media linking (with button to add to expand) (e.g. Twitter™ feed, Facebook™, Flickr™, LinkedIn™). 
     It is also recognized that any web page navigation mechanisms (e.g. hyperlinks) included in the profile page(s)  27  can be added or amended by the registrant  12  using, the web page  27  development tools as provided by the hosting server of the profile page  27 . However it is noted that any navigational mechanisms of the profile page  27  linked to the trusted web page(s)  25  is provided as read only by the registrant  12 . As such, similar to the trusted web page(s)  25  content, any navigation mechanisms linking to or from the trusted web page(s)  25  is also considered as permanent or otherwise trusted “content”, thereby providing the network  11  user with a sense of trustworthiness for any web page navigation functionality leading to or from the trusted web page(s)  25 . 
     It is recognized that profile page  27  can have a common template layout that can be pre-populated by generation module  40  using registrant information  38  as a starting point for content  43  from which registrant  12  can customize via customization module  50 . Further, registrant  12  can augment content  43  using registrant  12  submitted tags and/or categorization of content  43  to customization module  50 . Accordingly, registrant  12  has some limited control via customization module  50  over the information in content  43  that is displayed and can have access to enable and disable a number of additional services/features of content  43 . 
     In an alternative embodiment, it is not required for a trusted web presence page(s)  25  to be claimed by registrant  12  through directory subscription service  22 . However, in the case where registrant  12  is a claimant, once trusted web presence page(s)  25  is claimed registrant  12  (acting as claimant of trusted web presence page(s)  25 ) can then have some limited control over the information in content  43  that is displayed and can have access to enable and disable a number of additional services/features of content  43 . In addition, the claimant can have access to a variety of statistics, alerts, and notifications to help them manage how their profile page  27  is perceived by the community-at-large. This ability for registrant  12  acting as claimant to customize or otherwise have access to their profile page  27  is dependent upon registrant claiming their trusted web presence page(s)  25 . 
     One example is profile page  27  is generated with pre-populated information derived from registrant information  38  prior to registrant  12  claiming their trusted web presence page(s)  25 , however customization of their profile page  27  is restricted (not allowed) by customization module  50  until after registrant  12  claims their trusted web presence page(s)  25 . In a different example, profile page  27  is not generated (i.e. does not exist or is otherwise riot available via the network  11 ) with pre-populated information derived from registrant information  38  prior to registrant  12  claiming their trusted web presence page(s)  25 . Upon claiming their trusted web presence page(s)  25  (e.g. via registration or subscription to directory subscription service  22  by registrant  12 ), page generation module  50  would use registrant information  38  to pre-populate content  43  of their profile page  27  and also allow customization of content  43  of profile page  27  by registrant  12  (e.g. through customization module  50 ) as a result of registrant  12  claiming their trusted web presence page(s)  25 . It is recognized that web content can include multi-media content as well as inter-web page navigation mechanisms/functionality. 
     As such, network  11  navigational links present on the profile page  27  can be relied upon by the network  11  user to navigate to other network  11  pages (e.g. other websites associated with the registrant&#39;s business/service offerings, other websites associated customers of the registrant amongst others that are part of the community(ies) of which the registrant belongs, designated/directed network  11  content compatible with the registrant&#39;s business and community viewpoint(s), etc.) that can be considered as appropriate and contain content associated with, provided by and/or attributable to the registrant (i.e. owner) of the web presence pages  24 . In other words, the network  11  user can rely upon page content and navigable links of the profile pages  27  with respect to information accuracy, information relevancy, and/or navigational security considerations, as defined by the registrant  12 , as defined by the registrant  12 . 
     Web Navigation 
     Web navigation can be defined as a process of navigating a network of information resources (e.g. web presence pages  24  as well as pages stemming to and from the web presence pages  24 ) associated with the registrant  12  in the World Wide Web  11  (or other communications network  11 ), which are organized as hypertext or hypermedia. The user interface by the network  11  user that is used to implement Web navigation is a web browser provisioned in the user computer device. Examples of Web page navigation mechanisms can include mechanism such as but not limited to: 
     Web navigations vary in styles between different websites as well as within a certain site. The availability of different navigational styles allows for the information in the website to be delivered easily and directly. This also differentiates between categories and the sites themselves to indicate what the vital information is and to enable the users access to more information and facts discussed within the website. Across the globe, different cultures prefer certain styles for web navigations, allowing for a more enjoyable and functional experience as navigational styles expand and differentiate. Zheng has summarized and compared some common navigation system designs from an information seeking perspective,[9][10] including: Text Links (e.g. anchor text, link label, link text, or link title is the visible, clickable text in a hyperlink); Navigation Bar (e.g. navigation bar or (navigation system) is a section of a website or online page intended to aid visitors in travelling through the online document); Sitemap (e.g. is a list of pages of a web site accessible to crawlers or users. It can be either a document in any form used as a planning tool for Web design, or a Web page that lists the pages on a Web site, typically organized in hierarchical fashion); Dropdown Menu (e.g. in computing with graphical user interfaces, a dropdown menu or drop-down menu or drop-down list is a user interface control GUI element (“widget” or “control”), similar to a list box, which allows the user to choose one value from a list); Flyout Menu (e.g. in computing with graphical user interfaces, a menu that flies out (either down or to the side) when you click or hover (mouseover) some GUI element); Named anchor (e.g. an anchor element is called an anchor because web designers can use it to anchor a URL to some text on a web page. When users view the web page in a browser, they can click the text to activate the link and visit the page whose URL is in the link). 
     Referring again to  FIG. 2 , generation module  40  provides for generation of the content of the web presence pages  24  using the registrant information  38  as well as any registrant supplied information  54  via messages  52 . As an example embodiment, web presence pages  24  can be generated by generation module  40  (and profile page  27  amended by customization module  50 ) using a markup language, examples are structural markers such as tags or delimiters (e.g. HTML (HyperText Markup Language), XHTML (Extensible HyperText Markup Language), XML (Extensible Markup Language), etc.). Markup is typically omitted from the version of the text (e.g. content  42 , 43 ) that is displayed for end-user consumption of web presence pages  24 . Some markup languages, such, as HTML, have presentation semantics, meaning that their specification prescribes how the structured data (e.g. content  42 , 43 ) are to be presented, but other markup languages, like XML, have no predefined semantics. XHTML can be considered as a blend of HTML and XML capabilities. 
     As an embodiment of markup language used to construct web presence pages  24  by generation module  40 , HTML is one of the document formats of the World Wide Web. HTML, which is an instance of SGML (Standard Generalized Markup Language) is a main markup language for displaying web pages and other information that can be displayed in a web browser. HTML is written in the form of HTML elements consisting of tags enclosed in angle brackets (like &lt;html&gt;), within the web page content (e.g. content  42 , 43 ). The purpose of a web browser (of the visitor) is to read HTML documents (of web presence pages  24 ) and use the HTML and associated delimited content (e.g. content  42 , 43 ) to interpret and compose text, images and other material (e.g. content  42 , 43 ) into visual or audible web page content (of web presence pages  24 ). The browser of the visitor does not display the HTML tags, but uses the tags to interpret the content (e.g. content  42 , 43 ) of web presence pages  24 . Therefore, HTML elements can be used to form the budding blocks of content (e.g. content  42 , 43 ) of web presence pages  24 . HTML can provide for images and objects (e.g. content  42 , 43 ) to be embedded and can be used to create interactive forms. HTML can provide a means to create structured documents by denoting structural semantics for text (e.g. content  42 , 43 ) such as headings, paragraphs, lists, links, quotes and other items. HTML can embed scripts (e.g. content  42 , 43 ) in languages such as JavaScript which affect the behavior of HTML web presence pages  24 . Web browsers can also refer to Cascading Style Sheets (CSS) to define the appearance and layout of text and other material (e.g. content  42 , 43 ). It is recognized that the structural markers of the markup language (e.g. HTML) can be included in messages  52  for use by customization module  50  in customization of content  43 . 
     Access to web presence pages  24  by network  11  users can be provided by registry operator  20  and/or directory subscription service  22  responsible for generating and maintaining web presence pages  24  (e.g. the page(s)  24  can be hosted by the registry operator  22  and/or the directory subscription service  22 ). For example, registration module  40  (or another appropriately configured module), operated by registry operator  20  or directory subscription service  22 , can be configured to control access by the network  11  users of content  42 , 43  on web presence pages  24 . For example, registration module  40  would have access to respective access credentials associated in storage  18 , 23  with each set of web presence pages  24 . The access credentials (e.g. user name and password, specified user role, etc.) could define what portion of the content  42 , 43  is allowed access to by the network  11  user. For example, any content classified as public could be accessed by any of the network  11  users (e.g. content  42 , 43  not associated with a specified or unique set of access credentials). For example, any content  42 , 43  classified as private (e.g. content  42 ,  43  associated with a specified or unique set of access credentials) could be accessed only by a restricted set of network  11  user(s) (of the plurality of network  11  users) providing the required access credentials to the registration module  40 . Further, any content  42 , 43  classified as registrant (e.g. content  42 , 43  associated only with the registrant  12  using a specified or unique set of access credentials) could be accessed only by the registrant  12  when providing the required access credentials to the registration module  40 . 
     As such, all or a portion of the content  42 , 43  of the web presence pages  24  could be available as public access to the network  11  users. Alternatively or in addition to, all or a portion of the content  42 , 43  of the web presence pages  24  could be available as private access to the network  11  users who present a validated (by the registration module  40 ) set of access credentials before gaining access to the restricted content  42 , 43 . Alternatively or in addition to, all or a portion of the content  42 , 43  of the web presence pages  24  could be available as registrant access to registrant  12  who presents a validated (by the registration module  40 ) set of registrant access credentials before gaining access to the registrant restricted content  42 , 43 . An example of public access could be access to content  42 , 43  by any general network  11  user not registered, recognized or otherwise associated with registrant  12 , i.e. the network  11  user not having had assigned or otherwise having no knowledge of a predefined set of access credentials associated with web presence pages  24  (e.g. known to registration module  40 ). An example of private access could be access to content  42 , 43  by any network  11  user registered, recognized or otherwise associated with registrant  12 , i.e. the network  11  user having had assigned or otherwise having knowledge of a predefined set of access credentials associated with web presence pages  24  (e.g. known to registration module  40 ). An example of registrant access could be access to content  42 , 43  by registrant  12  registered, recognized or otherwise associated with web presence pages  24 , i.e. registrant  12  having assigned or otherwise having knowledge of a predefined set of registrant access credentials associated with web presence pages  24  (e.g. known to registration module  40 ). 
     In this manner, an advantage of using access credentials to gain access to all or a portion of content  42 , 43  is that selected portion(s) of content  42 , 43  can be coordinated by registrant  12  for personal, public, or private consumption. 
     In view of the above descriptions of storage  18 , 23  for the computer devices  100  (see  FIG. 3 ) of registry operator  20  and directory subscription service  22 , storage  18 , 23  can be configured as keeping the stored data (e.g. domain name  14 , web presence pages  24  respectively) in order and the principal (or only) operations on the stored data are the addition/amendment of or removal of the stored data from storage  18 , 23  (e.g. FIFO, FIAO, etc.). For example, storage  18 , 23  can be a linear data structure for containing and subsequent, accessing of the stored data and/or can be a non-linear data structure for containing and subsequent accessing of the stored data. 
     Further, storage  18 , 23  receives various entities such as data that are stored and held to be processed later. In these contexts, storage  18 , 23  can perform the function of a buffer, which is a region of memory used to temporarily hold data while it is being moved from one place to another (i.e. between the between computer devices  100 ). Typically, the data is stored in the memory when moving the data between processes within/between one or more computers. It is recognised that storage  18 , 23  can be implemented in hardware, software, or a combination thereof. The storage  18 , 23  is used in the network system  10  when there is a difference between the rate/time at which data is received and the rate/time at which the data can be processed (e.g. ultimately by the devices  100 ). 
     Further, it will be understood by a person skilled in the art that memory/storage  18 , 23  described herein is the physical place where data can be held in an electromagnetic or optical form for access by the computer processors/modules. There can be two general usages: first, memory is frequently used to mean the devices and data connected to the computer through input/output operations such as hard disk and tape systems and other forms of storage not including computer memory and other in-computer storage. Second, in a more formal usage, memory/storage  18 , 23  has been divided into: (1) primary storage, which holds data in memory (sometimes called random access memory or RAM) and other “built-in” devices such as the processor&#39;s L1 cache, and (2) secondary storage, which holds data on hard disks, tapes, and other devices requiring input/output operations. Primary storage can be faster to access than secondary storage because of the proximity of the storage to the processor or because of the nature of the storage devices. On the other hand, secondary storage can hold much more data than primary storage. In addition to RAM, primary storage includes read-only memory (ROM) and L1 and L2 cache memory, In addition to hard disks, secondary storage includes a range of device types and technologies, including diskettes, Zip drives, redundant array of independent disks (RAID) systems, and holographic storage. Devices that hold storage are, collectively known as storage media. 
     A database is one embodiment of memory  18 , 23  as a collection of information that is organized so that it can easily be accessed, managed, and updated. In one view, databases can be classified according to types of content: bibliographic, full-text, numeric, and images. In computing, databases are sometimes classified according to their organizational approach. The most prevalent approach is the relational database, a tabular database in which data is defined so that it can be reorganized and accessed in a number of different ways. A distributed database is one that can be dispersed or replicated among different points in a network. An object-oriented programming database is one that is congruent with the data defined in object classes and subclasses. Computer databases typically contain aggregations of data records or files, such as sales transactions, product catalogs and inventories, and customer profiles. Typically, a database manager provides users the capabilities of controlling read/write access, specifying report generation, and analyzing usage. Databases and database managers are prevalent in large mainframe systems, but are also present in smaller distributed workstation and mid-range systems such as the AS/400 and on personal computers. SQL (Structured Query Language) is a standard language for making interactive queries from and updating a database such as IBM&#39;s DB2, Microsoft&#39;s Access, and database products from Oracle, Sybase, and Computer Associates. 
     Memory/storage  18 , 23  can also be defined as a physical electronic holding place for instructions and data that the computer&#39;s microprocessor can reach quickly. When the computer is in normal operation, its memory usually contains the main parts of the operating system and some or all of the application programs and related data that are being used. Memory is often used as a shorter synonym for random access memory (RAM). This kind of memory is located on one or more microchips that are physically close to the microprocessor in the computer. 
     In terms of a server, it is recognised that the computer devices  100  can be configured as hardware, software, or typically a combination of both hardware and software to provide a network entity that operates as a socket listener. It is recognised that any computerised process that shares a resource (e.g. data) to one or more client processes can be classified as a server in the network system  10 . The term server can also, be generalized to describe a host that is deployed to execute one or more such programs, such that the host can be one or more configured computers that link other computers or electronic devices together via the network  11 . The computer devices  100  implementing functionality of registry operator  20  and directory subscription service  22  can provide specialized services across the network  11 , for example to private users inside a large organization or to public users via the Internet  11 . In the network system  10 , the servers can have dedicated functionality and/or can share functionality as described. Enterprise servers are servers that are used in a business context and can be run on/by any capable computer hardware. In the hardware sense, the word server typically designates computer models intended for running software applications under the heavy demand of a network  11  environment. In this client-server configuration one or more machines, either a computer or a computer appliance, share information with each other with one acting as a host for the other. While nearly any personal computer is capable of acting, as a network server, a dedicated server will contain features making it more suitable for production environments. These features may include a faster CPU, increased high-performance RAM, and typically more than one large hard drive. More obvious distinctions include marked redundancy in power supplies, network connections, and even the servers themselves. 
     Referring to  FIG. 3 , a computing device  100  implementing functionality of registry operator  20  and directory subscription service  22  can include a network connection interface  101 , such as a network interface card or a modem, coupled via connection  118  to a device infrastructure  104 . The connection interface  101  is connectable during operation of the devices to the network  11  (e.g. an intranet and/or an extranet such as the Internet), which enables the devices to communicate with each other as appropriate. The network  11  can support the communication of the communications  32 ,  44 ,  52 , and the related content. 
     Referring again to  FIG. 3 , the device  100  can also have a user interface  102 , coupled to the device infrastructure  104  by connection  122 , to interact with a user (e.g. server administrator not shown). The user interface  102  can include one or more user input devices such as but not limited to a QWERTY keyboard, a keypad, a stylus, a mouse, a microphone and the, user output device such as an LCD screen display and/or a speaker. If the screen is touch sensitive, then the display can also be used as the user input device as controlled by the device infrastructure  104 . 
     Referring again to  FIG. 3 , operation of the device  100  is facilitated by the device infrastructure  104 . The device infrastructure  104  includes one or more computer processors  108  and can include an associated memory  122  (e.g. memory  18 , 23 ). The computer processor  108  facilitates performance of the device  100  configured for the intended task (e.g. of the respective module(s) of directory subscription service  22 ) through operation of the network interface  101 , the user interface  102  and other application programs/hardware of the device  100  by executing task related instructions. These task related instructions can be provided by an operating system, and/or software applications located in the memory  122 , and/or by operability that is configured into the electronic/digital circuitry of the processor(s)  108  designed to perform the specific task(s). Further, it is recognized that the device infrastructure  104  can include a computer readable storage medium coupled to the processor  108  for providing instructions to the processor  108  and/or to load/update the instructions  107  (e.g. modules  30 , 36 , 40 , 50 ). The computer readable medium can include hardware and/or software such as, by way of example only, magnetic disks, magnetic tape, optically readable medium such as CD/DVD ROMS, and memory cards. In each case, the computer readable medium may take the form of a small disk, floppy diskette, cassette, hard disk drive, solid-state memory card, or RAM provided in the memory module. It should be noted that the above listed example computer readable mediums can be used either alone or in combination. 
     Further, it is recognized that the computing device  100  can include the executable applications comprising code or machine readable instructions for implementing predetermined functions/operations including those of an operating system and the modules, for example. The processor  108  as used herein is a configured device and/or set of machine-readable instructions for performing operations as described by example above, including those operations as performed by any or all of the modules  30 , 36 , 40 , 50 . As used herein, the processor  108  may comprise any one or combination of, hardware, firmware, and/or software. The processor  108  acts upon information by manipulating, analyzing, modifying, converting or transmitting information for use by an executable procedure or an information device, and/or by routing the information with respect to an output device. The processor  108  may use or comprise the capabilities of a controller or microprocessor, for example. Accordingly, any of the functionality of the modules may be implemented in hardware, software or a combination of both, Accordingly, the use of a processor  108  as a device and/or as a set of machine-readable instructions is hereafter referred to generically as a processor/module for sake of simplicity. Further, it is recognised that the directory subscription service  22  can include one or more of the computing devices  100  (comprising hardware and/or software) for implementing the modules, as desired. 
     It will be understood in view of the above that the computing devices  100  may be, although depicted as a single computer system, may be implemented as a network of computer processors, as desired.