Patent Publication Number: US-6211340-B1

Title: δ-sarcoglycan antibodies

Description:
This is a divisional of application Ser. No. 08/719,758, filed Sep. 25, 1996, now U.S. Pat. No. 5,837,537. 
    
    
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     The dystrophin-glycoprotein complex (DGC) in skeletal muscle is a complex of sarcolemmal proteins and glycoproteins. It is composed of dystrophin, a cytoskeletal actin-binding protein; the syntrophins, a 59 kDa triplet of intracellular proteins that bind the C-terminal domain of dystrophin; α-dystroglycan, a 156 kDa extracellular proteoglycan which binds the G domain of laminin; β-dystroglycan, a 43 kDa transmembrane glycoprotein which binds the cysteine-rich region of dystrophin, α-, β-, and γ-sarcoglycan, transmembrane glycoproteins of 50, 43, and 35 kDa respectively; and a 25 kDa transmembrane protein. Recent experiments have demonstrated the existence of two complexes within the DGC: the dystroglycan complex, composed of α- and β-dystroglycan, and the sarcoglycan complex, consisting of α-, β-, and γ-sarcoglycan. 
     Defects in DGC components lead to muscle fiber necrosis, the major pathological event in muscular dystrophies. In Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD), mutations in the dystrophin gene cause the loss of dystrophin and a reduction of the dystrophin-associated proteins. One form of congenital muscular dystrophy (CMD) has recently been characterized as being caused by mutations in the laminin α2-chain gene. Limb-girdle muscular dystrophy (LGMD) represents a clinically and genetically heterogeneous class of disorders. They are inherited as either autosomal dominant or recessive traits. An autosomal dominant form, LGMD1A, was mapped to 5q31-q33 (Speer, M. C. et al.,  Am. J. Hum. Genet . 50:1211, 1992; Yamaoka, L. Y. et al.,  Neuromusc. Disord . 4:471, 1994), while six genes involved in the autosomal recessive forms were mapped to 15q15.1 (LGMD2A)(Beckmann, J. S. et al.,  C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris  312:141, 1991), 2p16-pl3 (LGMD2B)(Bashir, R. et al.,  Hum. Mol. Genet . 3:455, 1994), 13q12 (LGMD2C) (Ben Othmane, K. et al.,  Nature Genet . 2:315, 1992; Azibi, K. et al.,  Hum. Mol. Genet . 2:1423, 1993), 17q12-q21.33 (LGMD2D)(Roberds, S. L. et al.,  Cell  78:625, 1994; McNally, E. M., et. al.,  Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. U.S.A . 91:9690, 1994), 4q12 (LG1MD2E) (Lim, L. E., et. al.,  Nat. Genet . 11:257, 1994; Bönnemann, C. G. et al.  Nat. Genet . 11:266, 1995), and most recently to 5q33-q34 (LGMD2F)(Passos-Bueno, M. R., et. al.,  Hum. Mol. Genet . 5:815, 1996). Patients with LGMD2C, 2D and 2E have a deficiency of components of the sarcoglycan complex resulting from mutations in the genes encoding γ-, α-, and β-sarcoglycan respectively. The gene responsible for LGMD2A has been identified as the muscle-specific calpain, whereas the genes responsible for LGMD1A, 2B and 2F are still unknown. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     In one aspect, the present invention relates to a substantially pure nucleic acid sequence encoding a mammalian 35 kDa non-dystrophin component (δ-sarcoglycan) of the dystrophin-glycoprotein complex. The substantially pure nucleic acid sequence is characterized by the ability to hybridize to the DNA sequence of SEQ ID NO:1, or the complement thereof, under stringent hybridization conditions. The substantially pure nucleic acid molecule of the present invention can also be characterized as encoding the amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO:2, or equivalents of said amino acid sequence. The invention also encompasses DNA expression constructs incorporating the substantially pure nucleic acid sequence encoding δ-sarcoglycan, and cells (prokaryotic and eukaryotic) which harbor such an expression construct. Such compositions are useful, for example, in the production of highly pure immunogen for use in stimulating the production of polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies. 
     In another aspect, the present invention relates to immunogenic peptides (or equivalents thereof) which, when used to immunize a mammal, stimulate the production of antibodies which bind specifically to the δ-sarcoglycan. Such peptides are useful, for example, in the production of highly pure immunogen for use in stimulating the production of polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies. 
     Another aspect of the present invention relates to direct sequencing methods for the determination of mutations responsible for disorders such as autosomal recessive limb-girdle muscular dystrophy. Based on the information obtained through direct sequencing, nucleic acid probes can be designed which hybridize specifically to a mutant form of δ-sarcoglycan, or the complement thereof, but not to the DNA of the wild-type form of the gene (or the complement thereof), under stringent hybridization conditions. Such probes are useful, for example, in connection with the diagnosis of autosomal recessive limb-girdle muscular dystrophy. 
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
     FIG. 1 is a diagrammatic representation which shows the chromosomal localization of the δ-sarcoglycan gene. The radiation hybrid map generated for this study (center) is shown aligned with the relevant portions of the December 1995 release of the whole genome maps from the Whitehead Institute (WI). The region linked to LGMD2F in family LG26 the minimal interval for LGMD2F are indicated by the vertical lines on the right. The positioning of δ-sarcoglycan is described in detail below. Selected markers which are on multiple maps are connected with black lines. 
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention is based, in one aspect, on the isolation of a cDNA sequence encoding a mammalian 35 kDa non-dystrophin component of the dystrophin-glycoprotein complex. This component is referred to herein as δ-sarcoglycan. The isolated cDNA of the present invention can be used in a variety of contexts. For example, the sequence information disclosed herein can be used to isolate nucleic acids, other than cDNA, which encode δ-sarcoglycan. Such nucleic acids include, for example, intron-containing genomic DNA sequences. In addition, any complementary nucleic acid (both DNA and RNA) that will form a duplex structure with the δ-sarcoglycan sequence disclosed herein can be included. 
     The isolated cDNA sequence of the present invention can be inserted in an expression vector. Such vectors contain all necessary regulatory signals to promote the expression of a DNA sequence of interest. Expression vectors are typically either prokaryote specific, or eukaryote specific. However, vectors have been developed which can promote the expression of a DNA sequence of interest in either a prokaryotic or eukaryotic system. Such vectors are known as shuttle vectors. 
     Prokaryotic expression vectors are useful for the preparation of large quantities (e.g., up to milligram quantities) of the protein encoded by the DNA sequence of interest. Eukaryotic expression vectors are useful when the addition of carbohydrate side chains, (i.e. glycosylation) to the protein is important. The carbohydrate sidechains can affect the properties of a protein in a variety of ways including, for example, the ability of the protein to function in vivo or in vitro; the ability of the protein to form a complex and associate with other proteins or nucleic acids; and ability of the protein to bind to an antibody or other molecule specific for the protein of interest. 
     Following purification by conventional methods, recombinantly produced δ-sarcoglycan, or an immunogenic portion of same, can be used as a source of highly purified immunogen for the generation of antibodies. Alternatively, a crude lysate can be used in many circumstances. As disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,308,752, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference, levels of δ-sarcoglycan are greatly reduced in an animal model for Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Thus, antibodies reactive with δ-sarcoglycan, produced as described herein, are useful in connection with diagnosis of muscular dystrophy by the detection of δ-sarcoglycan levels within the cells of a tissue. 
     Polyclonal antibodies can be prepared by immunizing an animal with immunogen prepared as described above using conventional techniques (see e.g., Harlow and Lane (Eds.),  Antibodies, A Laboratory Manual  (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y. (1988)). Briefly, the immunized animal is maintained under conditions whereby antibodies reactive with the immunogen are produced. Blood is collected from the animal upon reaching a desired antibody titer. The serum containing the polyclonal antibodies is separated from the other blood components. The polyclonal antibody-containing serum can optionally be further separated into fractions of particular types of antibodies (e.g., IgG or IgM) or monospecific antibodies can be purified from polyclonal antibody containing serum. 
     Similarly, polyclonal antibody secreting hybridomas can be produced using conventional techniques (see e.g., Harlow and Lane (Eds.),  Antibodies, A Laboratory Manual  (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y. (1988)). In a preferred embodiment, anti-δ-sarcoglycan monoclonal antibodies are produced by murine hybridomas formed by fusion of: a) a mouse myeloma or hybridoma which does not secrete antibody with b) murine spleen cells which secrete antibodies obtained from mice immunized against δ-sarcoglycan as described in the preceding paragraph. 
     Typically, the mice are immunized with a primary injection of δ-sarcoglycan followed by a number of boosting injections of the immunogen. During or after the immunization procedure, sera of the mice is screened to identify those mice in which a substantial immune response has been evoked. For selected mice, the spleen cells are obtained and fusions are performed. Suitable fusion techniques are the Sendai virus technique (Kohler and Milstein,  Nature  256: 495 (1975)), or the polyethylene glycol method (Kennet, “ Monoclonal Antibodies, Hybridomas—A New Dimension in Biological Analysis ”, Eds. Kennet, McKern and Bechtol, Plenum Press, NY (1980)). 
     The hybridomas are then screened for production of antibodies specific for δ-sarcoglycan. A suitable screening technique is a solid phase radioimmunoassay. A solid phase is prepared by coupling δ-sarcoglycan to an insoluble matrix. The immunoadsorbent is brought into contact with culture supernatants of hybridomas. After a period of incubation, the solid phase is separated from the supernatants, then contacted with a labeled antibody against murine immunoglobulin. Label associated with the immunoadsorbent indicates the presence of hybridoma products reactive with δ-sarcoglycan. 
     The monoclonal antibodies can be produced in large quantities by injecting anti-δ-sarcoglycan antibody producing cells into the peritoneal cavity of mice and, after an appropriate time, harvesting ascites fluid from the mice which yield a high titer of homogenous antibody. The monoclonal antibodies are then isolated from the fluid. Alternatively, the antibodies can be produced by culturing anti-δ-sarcoglycan antibodies producing cells in vitro and isolating secreted monoclonal antibodies from the culture medium directly. 
     The Exemplification section which follows describes experiments in which a single immunogenic peptide was used to immunize animals resulting in the production of antibodies which bind specifically to δ-sarcoglycan. More specifically, the peptide specified in SEQ ID NO:3 was demonstrated to stimulate an immune response. Thus, in another aspect, the present invention relates to immunogenic peptides capable of stimulating such a response, or equivalents of such peptides. Equivalents, as used in this context, includes peptides of substantially similar length and amino acid identity to those disclosed but having a conservative amino acid substitution at a non-critical residue. A conservative amino acid substitution is a substitution in which an amino acid residue is replaced with an amino acid residue of differing identity, but whose R group can be characterized as chemically similar. Four common categories which are defined in standard biochemical texts include: polar but uncharged R groups; positively charged R groups; negatively charged R groups; and hydrophobic R groups. A preferred conservative substitution involves the substitution of a second hydrophobic residue for a first hydrophobic residue, the first and second hydrophobic residues differing primarily in the size of the R group. The hydrophobic reside would be predicted to be located internally in the folded peptide structure and the mild perturbation caused only by a change in the size of an R group at an internal location in the folded peptide structure would not be predicted to alter the antigenic properties of the peptide. 
     The present invention encompasses not only the nucleic acid sequence disclosed in SEQ ID NO: 1, and fragments thereof, but also related DNA sequences which hybridize to the DNA of SEQ ID NO: 1, or the complement thereof under stringent hybridization conditions. Such related DNA sequences would include, for example, DNA encoding isoforms produced through alternative splicing. A nucleic acid sequence would fall within the scope of the invention, for example, under the following circumstances. The DNA molecule represented in SEQ ID NO: 1 is fixed to a solid support and a second DNA molecule to be tested for the ability to hybridize to the DNA of SEQ ID NO: 1 is detectably labeled and suspended in a hybridization buffer consisting essentially of 50% formamide, 5×SSPE (1×SSPE is 0.15 mM NaCl, 1 mM Na-EDTA, 10 mM Na-phosphate (pH 7.0), 5×Denhardt&#39;s solution (0.1% polyvinylpyrrolidone, 0.1% Ficoll)). The hybridization buffer is contacted with the solid support at a temperature of about 45° C. for a period of several hours. The hybridization solution is then removed, and non-specifically bound nucleic acid is removed by repeated washing with 1×SSC at increasing temperatures (up to 65° C.). 
     The substantially pure nucleic acid molecule of the present invention can also be characterized as encoding the amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO:2, or equivalents of said amino acid sequence. Equivalents, as used in this context, includes sequences of substantially amino acid identity to those disclosed but having a conservative amino acid substitution at a non-critical residue. A conservative amino acid substitution is a substitution in which an amino acid residue is replaced with an amino acid residue of differing identity, but whose R group can be characterized as chemically similar. As discussed previously, four common categories which are defined in standard biochemical texts include: polar but uncharged R groups; positively charged R groups; negatively charged R groups; and hydrophobic R groups. A preferred conservative substitution involves the substitution of a second hydrophobic residue for a first hydrophobic residue, the first and second hydrophobic residues differing primarily in the size of the R group. The hydrophobic reside would be predicted to be located internally in the folded peptide structure and the mild perturbation caused only by a change in the size of an R group at an internal location in the folded peptide structure would not be predicted to alter the antigenic properties of the peptide. 
     In another aspect, the present invention relates to diagnostic screening techniques useful for the identification of mutations within the δ-sarcoglycan gene which are responsible for certain myopathies such as autosomal recessive limb-girdle muscular dystrophy. Initial identification of mutations responsible for such conditions can be made, for example, by producing cDNA from the mRNA of an individual suffering from limb-girdle muscular dystrophy, or from an individual whose family history indicates a predisposition to the indicated syndrome. The sequence of nucleotides in the cDNA is then determined by conventional techniques. This determined sequence is then compared to the wild-type sequence disclosed in SEQ ID NO: 1. Differences between the determined cDNA sequence, and that disclosed in SEQ ID NO: 1 are candidate deleterious mutations. 
     To determine whether such mutations are responsible, for example, for autosomal recessive limb-girdle muscular dystrophy, experiments could be designed in which the defective gene carrying the identified mutation is introduced into an otherwise normal cellular background wherein the gene encoding wild-type δ-sarcoglycan has been deleted or otherwise inactivated. The ability of the mutant δ-sarcoglycan to participate in the assembly of the sarcoglycan complex can be assessed using conventional techniques such as those described in the Exemplification section which follows. 
     By conducting experiments of this type, a variety of mutations can be identified which affect the assembly of the sarcoglycan complex. Improper assembly of this complex is known to be associated with limb-girdle muscular dystrophy. Thus, given the identification of such mutations it is possible to design nucleic acid probes useful for the detection of such mutations within a DNA molecule. The use of such probes for the identification of a specific mutation in a DNA molecule is much simpler than the determination of the entire sequence, followed by comparison to wild-type. In preferred embodiments, such probes have a length of between about 20-30 nucleotides, with a single mismatch relative to the wild-type sequence. 
     Another aspect of the present invention includes the complementation of a defective mutant gene (e.g., identified as describe above) in an affected individual by the introduction of a genetic construct carrying DNA encoding functional δ-sarcoglycan. The introduction of such a complementary copy of the δ-sarcoglycan gene can be accomplished through the use of any of the conventional techniques which are known to be effective. 
     EXEMPLIFICATION 
     I. Experimental Procedures 
     Peptide Sequencing and Isolation of Human δ-Sarcoglycan cDNA. 
     Peptides of the 35 kDa component of purified rabbit skeletal muscle DGC were obtained as previously described (Jung, D. et al.  FEBS Lett . 381:15, 1996). These peptide sequences were used to search the database of expressed sequence tags (dbEST) using the TBLASTN search program at the National Center for Biotechnology Information. An EST isolated from human placenta cDNA library was identified. Clone 259220, from which EST was generated, was obtained from Research Genetics, Inc. The clone was fully sequenced on both strands using an Applied Biosystems, Inc. automated sequencer and determined to contain the full coding region of the human δ-sarcoglycan cDNA. Primary structure and site detection analysis were performed using PC/GENE software (Oxford Molecular). 
     Northern Blot Analysis. 
     CLONTECH adult human multiple tissue northern blots containing 2 μg of poly(A)+RNA per lane were probed with the full length δ-sarcoglycan cDNA clone. 
     Antibodies to Components of the Dystrophin Glycoprotein Complex. 
     Antibodies against the different components of the dystrophin-glycoprotein complex were produced in a goat using the purified rabbit skeletal muscle dystrophin-glycoprotein complex (Campbell, K. P. &amp; Kahl, S. D.,  Nature  338:259, 1989) as previously performed with a sheep (Ohlendieck, K., and Campbell, K. P.,  J. Cell. Biol . 115:1685, 1991) (Elmira Biologicals). Goat 20 antiserum recognizes all components of the DGC and specific antibodies were affinity purified using immobilon P strips of DGC components or fusion proteins of DGC components. Monoclonal antibodies VIA42 against dystrophin, and IVD31 against α-sarcoglycan were previously characterized (Ervasti, J. M.,et. al.,  Nature  345:315, 1990). Affinity-purified rabbit #172 antibody against δ-sarcoglycan and affinity-purified sheep #0025 antibody against γ-sarcoglycan were previously characterized (Lim, L. E., et. al.  Nat. Genet . 11:257, 1995; Jung, D. et al.  FEBS Lett . 381:1521, 1996). Monoclonal antibody against human laminin (MAB1922) α2 chain was purchased from Chemicon. 
     δ-Sarcoglycan Antibodies. 
     A peptide corresponding to the rabbit skeletal muscle δ-sarcoglycan sequence amino acids 166 to 176, was chemically synthesized with an additional cysteine at the N-terminus. This synthetic peptide was conjugated with the N-terminal cysteine of keyhole limpet hemocyanin (Pierce Chemical Co.) using m-maleimidobenzoic acid-N-hydroxysuccinimide ester (Pierce Chemical Co.), mixed with Freund&#39;s adjuvant (Sigma Chemical Co.) and injected into sheep #0074. Polyclonal antibodies against the peptide were affinity purified from crude sera using BSA-conjugated peptide as previously described (Lim, L. E., et. al.,  Nat. Genet . 11:257, 1995). 
     Fusion Protein Constructs. 
     The extracellular domains of γ-sarcoglycan (amino acids 62-291) and δ-sarcoglycan (amino acids 93-256) were amplified by PCR in a Perkin Elmer Thermocycler using specific primers containing BamHI or EcoRI restriction sites. Following restriction digest with BamHI and EcoRI, the products were subcloned into pGEX2TK (Smith, D. B. and Johnson, K. S., Gene 67:31, 1988) and introduced into DH5α cells. Overnight cultures (50 ml) were diluted 1:10 and induced with IPTG (United States Biochemicals) to promote fusion protein production. Fusion proteins were purified on a glutathione-agarose column. 
     Immunoblot and Immunofluorescence Analysis. 
     Crude rabbit skeletal muscle sarcolemma, purified DGC (Ervasti, J. M., et. al.,  J. Biol. Chem . 266:9161, 1991), and isolated sarcoglycan complex (Ohlendieck, K., et. al.,  J. Cell. Biol . 112:135, 1991) were prepared as previously described. Proteins were resolved on a 3%-12%, 3%-20%, 5%-12% or 10% SDS polyacrylamide gel, stained with Coomassie blue or transferred to nitrocellulose by electroblotting. Blots were incubated overnight in a 1:15 dilution of affinity-purified anti-δ-sarcoglycan antibody, 1:15 dilution of affinity-purified anti-γ-sarcoglycan antibody or 1:15 dilution of affinity-purified anti-Fusion protein M from goat 20 antibody in Blotto (5% nonfat dried milk in TBS [20 mM Tris-HCl, 200 mM NaCl, pH 7.4]). Blots were then incubated with a horseradish peroxidase-conjugated anti-sheep IgG or anti-goat IgG secondary antibody (Boehringer Mannheim) for 1 hr. Antibody staining was detected with H 2 O 2  in TBS with 4-chloro-1-naphthol as a substrate or by ECL (Amersham). Coomassie Blue stained gels were analyzed densitometrically using a Molecular Dynamics Model 300A scanning densitometer. 
     For immunofluorescence, 7 μm transverse cryosections were prepared from control, DMD and LGMD muscle biopsies. The following procedures were performed at room temperature. Sections were treated with AB blocking solutions (Vector), blocked with 5% BSA in PBS for 30 min., and then incubated with a 1:20 dilution of affinity-purified anti-δ-sarcoglycan antibody in 5% BSA/PBS for 90 min. Antibodies against the following components of the DGC were also tested: dystrophin, laminin α2 chain, α-sarcoglycan, β-sarcoglycan, and γ-sarcoglycan. After extensive washing with PBS/1% BSA, sections were incubated with biotinylated secondary antibodies (1:500) for 30 min., washed with PBS/1% BSA, and then incubated with FITC-conjugated streptavidin (1:1000) for 30 min. After rinsing with PBS, sections were mounted with FITC-guard (Testog) and observed under a Zeiss Axioplan fluorescence microscope. 
     Enzymatic Deglycosylation. 
     DGC (0.5 mg/ml) in 20 mM NaHPO 4  pH 7.5, 50 mM EDTA and 0.2% SDS was boiled for 2 min and incubated 16 hr at 37° C. after addition of 1% Triton X100 and 5U of endoglycosidase/PNGaseF (Oxford Glycosystems). After incubation the samples were resolved on 10% or 5%-15% SDS-PAGE and analyzed either on Western blot with the affinity-purified anti-δ-sarcoglycan and affinity-purified anti-γ-sarcoglycan antibodies or by Coomassie blue staining. 
     Localization of the δ-Sarcoglycan Gene to Chromosome 5q33-q34. 
     Primers corresponding to human δ-sarcoglycan cDNA nucleotides 781-800 (sense) and 1040-1060 (anti-sense) were used to amplify a 280 bp product. The following cycling parameters were used: 94° C., 3 min; (94° C., :30 min 58° C., :30 min 72° C., :30 min)×35; 72° C., 7 min. DNA from a panel of 25 human rodent somatic cell hybrids (BIOS Corporation) containing various combinations of human chromosomes or different region of chromosome 5q and DNA isolated from 180 chromosome 5-specific radiation hybrids were analyzed by PCR. PCR products were separated using 3% agarose and the hybrids scored for the presence or absence of the specific PCR product using ethidium bromide. The position of the δ-sarcoglycan locus relative to previously analyzed markers was determined using the rh2pt and rhmaxlik programs (Boehnke M., et. al.,  Am. J. Hum. Genet . 49:1174, 1991). 
     II. Results 
     δ-Sarcoglycan cDNA and Primary Structure Analysis 
     To characterize the 35 kDa component of the DGC, purified rabbit skeletal muscle DGC was separated by SDS-PAGE and transferred to PVDF membrane. The region of the membrane containing the 35 kDa protein was excised and the immobilized protein was digested with trypsin. Peptides were purified by reverse-phase HPLC and subjected to amino acid sequencing by Edman degradation. Different peptide sequences were obtained (Table 1). These peptide sequence fragments were compared with the protein sequence of the recently reported γ-sarcoglycan primary structure, a 35 kDa component of the DGC. Several of these peptide sequences were not found in the reported γ-sarcoglycan sequence, indicating the existence of at least a second protein of similar molecular weight within the DGC. 
     To characterize this second 35 kDa protein, the GenBank database of expressed sequence tags (dbEST) was searched with the unidentified peptide sequences. An EST encoding one of the peptide fragments was identified and isolated from a normalized human placenta cDNA library constructed by Dr. Bento Soares et al. (Bento Soares, M. et al.,  Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A . 91:9228, 1994). Clone 259220, from which the EST was generated, was obtained from the IMAGE Consortium and fully sequenced on both strands. The 1.1 kb cDNA sequence contains a single 768 bp open reading frame with a presumptive initiator methionine at nucleotide 38 preceded by an in-frame stop codon, a stop codon at nucleotide 806, and a poly(A)+ tail. The open reading frame encodes a protein of 256 amino acids with a predicted molecular weight of 29 kDa, a predicted isoelectric point of 9.48 and contains most of the 35 kDa peptides that were not present in the primary structure of γ-sarcoglycan (Table 1, SEQ ID NO:1). Amino acid sequence analysis revealed a single transmembrane domain and no N-terminal signal sequence. Therefore, the protein is likely to be a type II transmembrane protein with an intracellular N-terminus. This membrane topology is consistent with the location of two putative N-linked glycosylation sites, which are C-terminal to the transmembrane domain. The predicted membrane organization is similar to that of α-, β-, and γ-sarcoglycan, all of them having single transmembrane domains, large extracellular and small intracellular domains. Furthermore, the amino acid sequence is about 60% identical to γ-sarcoglycan, suggesting a similarity in function for these proteins. No significant homologies to other previously characterized proteins or domains were found in the databases. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
             
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 Position in 
                 Position in 
               
               
                 Amino Acid Sequence 
                 γ-SG 
                 δ-SG 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                 EQYLTATE (SEQ ID NO:4) 
                  3-11 
                   
               
               
                 DGLILEGES (SEQ ID NO:5) 
                 76-84 
               
               
                 LKVGPQXVEVQSQQXQINS (SEQ ID NO:6) 
                 126-144 
               
               
                 SLFTVDEEEVVVGTDRL (SEQ ID NO:7) 
                 148-165 
               
               
                 VTGPEGALFEHSVETPLV (SEQ ID NO:8) 
                 167-184 
               
               
                 SLSMDAP (SEQ ID NO:9) 
                 200-207 
               
               
                 LVQGTQAASG (SEQ ID NO:10) 
                 248-257 
               
               
                 STMPGSVGPQVYK (SEQ ID NO:11) 
                   
                 12-24 
               
               
                 GLKLEGDSEFLQPLYAK (SEQ ID NO:12) 
                   
                 76-92 
               
               
                 EIQSRPGNALYFK (SEQ ID NO:13) 
                   
                  93-105 
               
               
                 NVTVNILDQTK (SEQ ID NO:14) 
                   
                 109-120 
               
               
                 VLTQLITGP (SEQ ID NO:15) 
                   
                 121-129 
               
               
                 KFEVK (SEQ ID NO:16) 
                   
                 139-142 
               
               
                 LFSADMNNXVVGAFR (SEQ ID NO:17) 
                   
                 149-163 
               
               
                 VLGAEGTVFPK (SEQ ID NO:3) 
                   
                 166-176 
               
               
                 IETPNVR (SEQ ID NO:18) 
                   
                 178-184 
               
               
                 ADPFKEL (SEQ ID NO:19) 
                   
                 185-191 
               
               
                 SLVMEAP (SEQ ID NO:20) 
                   
                 199-205 
               
               
                 VEINAEAGNMEA (SEQ ID NO:21) 
                   
                 208-219 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Tissue Distribution of δ-sarcoglycan mRNA 
     To determine the tissue distribution of δ-sarcoglycan, Northern blot analysis of RNA from multiple human adult tissues was performed with the full length coding region of δ-sarcoglycan. A predominant transcript of approximately 1.4 kb is detected in skeletal and cardiac muscle. Signals of 4.3, and 9.5 kb were also detected in these tissues when probing with the full length coding region of δ-sarcoglycan. This result suggests the existence of alternatively spliced and/or polyadenylated forms of the message. The expression pattern is similar to that of α- and γ-sarcoglycan transcripts which are only expressed in skeletal and cardiac muscle, but differs from the β-sarcoglycan transcript which is ubiquitously expressed. 
     Molecular Organization of the Sarcoglycan Complex 
     To characterize the δ-sarcoglycan protein, polyclonal antibodies were produced against a specific synthetic peptide (amino acids 166-176). This peptide sequence is not conserved entirely in γ-sarcoglycan and likely represents a unique epitope for δ-sarcoglycan in the extracellular domain. To determine the specificity of the affinity-purified anti-δ-sarcoglycan peptide antibodies, glutathione-S-transferase (GST) fusion proteins, containing either the extracellular domain of γ-sarcoglycan (FP-N) or the extracellular domain of δ-sarcoglycan (FP-M) were constructed. These fusion proteins were then tested for reactivity with the affinity-purified anti-δ-sarcoglycan peptide antibodies. Affinity-purified anti-γ-sarcoglycan peptide antibodies stained fusion protein N but not fusion protein M, whereas affinity-purified anti-δ-sarcoglycan peptide antibodies stained fusion protein M but not fusion protein N. In addition, an affinity purified anti FP-M from goat serum immunized with the entire DGC stained both fusion protein N and M. These results confirm the specificity of the antibodies for γ- and δ-sarcoglycan. Furthermore, the fact that affinity purified anti FP-M antibodies react with both fusion protein N and M, demonstrate the sequence homology between γ- and δ-sarcoglycan. The δ-sarcoglycan affinity-purified antibodies reacted on immunoblotting with a single protein band at 35 kDa in rabbit skeletal crude sarcolemmal membranes and purified DGC. The sarcolemmal staining was much weaker than in the purified DGC, indicating an enrichment of δ-sarcoglycan in the DGC. In immunofluorescence studies, affinity-purified anti-peptide antibodies selectively stained the sarcolemma of human skeletal muscle. Skeletal muscle from DMD patients showing a reduction of DGC components also showed reduced sarcolemmal expression of δ-sarcoglycan by immunofluorescence analysis. Thus, enrichment of δ-sarcoglycan in the DGC and its reduction in muscle from DMD patients demonstrated that it is an integral component of the DGC. 
     It has been previously demonstrated that α-, β-, and γ-sarcoglycan are tightly associated in the sarcolemma and so constitute the sarcoglycan complex within the DGC. The high degree of sequence similarity between γ- and δ-sarcoglycan suggested that the latter may also be a member of the sarcoglycan complex. To address this question, a western blot transfer of the sarcoglycan complex, prepared from a fraction enriched in microsomes, was probed with affinity-purified anti δ-sarcoglycan peptide antibodies. δ-Sarcoglycan was specifically detected in the purified sarcoglycan complex demonstrating. its tight association with α-, β- and γ-sarcoglycan. 
     Similarity in molecular weight between γ- and δ-sarcoglycan has so far rendered these proteins indistinguishable from each other by SDS PAGE. However, as determined by western blot, treatment of purified DGC with endoglycosidase F/PNGase F resulted in a decrease of the apparent molecular weight of γ-sarcoglycan by approximately 2 kDa whereas the apparent molecular weight of δ-sarcoglycan decreased by approximately 3 kDa. Therefore, deglycosylation of γ- and δ-sarcoglycan allows the separation of these two proteins by SDS PAGE. This finding also confirms the N-linked glycosylation of δ-sarcoglycan predicted by sequence analysis and suggests that the discrepancy between the calculated and apparent molecular weights is primarily due to glycosylation. These results demonstrate again the specificity of both γ- and δ-sarcoglycan antibodies. Furthermore, densitometric analysis of Coomassie blue-stained SDS PAGE of endoglycosidase F/PNGase F treated DGC showed the four sarcoglycan proteins to be equal on a stoichiometric basis. 
     Chromosomal Localization 
     To determine the chromosomal localization of the δ-sarcoglycan gene, primers were designed in order to amplify a fragment of the δ-sarcoglycan gene from a panel of human rodent somatic cell hybrids containing various combinations of human chromosomes. Using this method, the human δ-sarcoglycan gene was assigned to chromosome 5q. To narrow down the chromosomal region, the same process was used to analyze DNA isolated from human rodent somatic cell hybrids containing various fragments of chromosome 5q. The δ-sarcoglycan gene was mapped to 5q31.3-q33.2, a region that overlaps with the candidate interval for autosomal dominant LGMD1A. A radiation hybrid panel was analyzed which allowed precise mapping of the gene between markers D5S497 and D5S378 (FIG.  1  and Table 2). A new form of LGMD has recently been described that is linked to 5q33-q34 (LGMD2F) and mapped between markers D5S470 and D5S820, a region that overlaps the interval defined by markers D5S497 and D5S378 (FIG.  1 ). The chromosomal localization of the δ-sarcoglycan gene to 5q33-q34 together with the involvement of the other sarcoglycans in LGMDs, makes δ-sarcoglycan a strong candidate for LGMD2F. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
               
             
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Locus 
                 cR6000 
                 LOD 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 D5S673 
                 73.7 
                 6.89 
               
               
                   
                 D5S497 
                 48 
                 11.27 
               
               
                   
                 L31466 
                 43 
                 11.19 
               
               
                   
                 L31443 
                 37.8 
                 13.29 
               
               
                   
                 L31456 
                 20.8 
                 19.90 
               
               
                   
                 D5S440E 
                 26.1 
                 17.70 
               
               
                   
                 D5S378 
                 34.0 
                 14.52 
               
               
                   
                 D5S412 
                 51.3 
                 10.82 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Sarcoglycan Complex in LGMD 
     It has been demonstrated that mutations in α-, β-, or γ-sarcoglycan lead to LGMD, characterized by a marked reduction of the sarcoglycan complex. Since δ-sarcoglycan is a novel member of this complex, we examined the status of this protein in skeletal muscle biopsy specimens from patients with characterized LGMD2C, 2D and 2E. Immunofluorescence analysis revealed an altered expression of δ-sarcoglycan compared to normal human skeletal muscle. Some patients showed absence of the protein whereas in others some sarcolemmal staining was still observed. In addition to a reduced expression of δ-sarcoglycan, those patients also showed a reduction or total loss of the other sarcoglycan proteins. Therefore, a common feature of LGMD2C, 2D and 2E is a specific absence of the sarcoglycan complex at the sarcolemma. 
     
       
         
           
             21 
           
           
             
               1110 base pairs 
               nucleic acid 
               single 
               linear 
             
             
               DNA (genomic) 
             
             
               unknown 
             
             
               CDS 
                39..809 
             
              1
TTACTGCCGG GAGTGTTGAG TGAAGGGACC AGGTGGAG ATG ATG CCT CAG GAG         53
                                          Met Met Pro Gln Glu
                                            1               5
CAG TAC ACT CAC CAC CGG AGC ACC ATG CCT GGC TCT GTG GGG CCA CAG      101
Gln Tyr Thr His His Arg Ser Thr Met Pro Gly Ser Val Gly Pro Gln
                 10                  15                  20
GTA TAC AAG GTG GGG ATT TAT GGC TGG CGG AAA CGA TGC CTG TAT TTC      149
Val Tyr Lys Val Gly Ile Tyr Gly Trp Arg Lys Arg Cys Leu Tyr Phe
             25                  30                  35
TTT GTC CTG CTC CTC ATG ATT TTA ATA CTG GTG AAC TTG GCC ATG ACC      197
Phe Val Leu Leu Leu Met Ile Leu Ile Leu Val Asn Leu Ala Met Thr
         40                  45                  50
ATC TGG ATT CTC AAA GTC ATG AAC TTC ACA ATT GAT GGA ATG GGA AAC      245
Ile Trp Ile Leu Lys Val Met Asn Phe Thr Ile Asp Gly Met Gly Asn
     55                  60                  65
CTG AGG ATC ACA GAA AAA GGT CTA AAG CTA GAA GGA GAC TCT GAA TTC      293
Leu Arg Ile Thr Glu Lys Gly Leu Lys Leu Glu Gly Asp Ser Glu Phe
 70                  75                  80                  85
TTA CAA CCT CTC TAC GCC AAA GAA ATC CAG TCC CGA CCA GGT AAT GCC      341
Leu Gln Pro Leu Tyr Ala Lys Glu Ile Gln Ser Arg Pro Gly Asn Ala
                 90                  95                 100
CTG TAC TTC AAG TCT GCC AGA AAT GTT ACA GTG AAC ATT CTC AAT GAC      389
Leu Tyr Phe Lys Ser Ala Arg Asn Val Thr Val Asn Ile Leu Asn Asp
            105                 110                 115
CAG ACT AAA GTG CTA ACT CAG CTT ATA ACA GGT CCA AAA GCC GTA GAA      437
Gln Thr Lys Val Leu Thr Gln Leu Ile Thr Gly Pro Lys Ala Val Glu
        120                 125                 130
GCT TAT GGT AAA AAA TTT GAG GTA AAA ACT GTT TCT GGA AAA TTG CTC      485
Ala Tyr Gly Lys Lys Phe Glu Val Lys Thr Val Ser Gly Lys Leu Leu
    135                 140                 145
TTC TCT GCA GAC AAT AAT GAA GTG GTA GTA GGA GCT GAA AGA TTA CGA      533
Phe Ser Ala Asp Asn Asn Glu Val Val Val Gly Ala Glu Arg Leu Arg
150                 155                 160                 165
GTT TTA GGA GCG GAG GGC ACA GTG TTC CCT AAA TCT ATA GAA ACA CCT      581
Val Leu Gly Ala Glu Gly Thr Val Phe Pro Lys Ser Ile Glu Thr Pro
                170                 175                 180
AAT GTC AGG GCA GAC CCC TTC AAA GAA CTA AGG TTG GAG TCC CCA ACC      629
Asn Val Arg Ala Asp Pro Phe Lys Glu Leu Arg Leu Glu Ser Pro Thr
            185                 190                 195
CGG TCT CTA GTG ATG GAG GCC CCA AAA GGA GTG GAA ATC AAT GCA GAA      677
Arg Ser Leu Val Met Glu Ala Pro Lys Gly Val Glu Ile Asn Ala Glu
        200                 205                 210
GCT GGC AAT ATG GAA GCC ACC TGC AGG ACA GAG CTG AGA CTG GAA TCC      725
Ala Gly Asn Met Glu Ala Thr Cys Arg Thr Glu Leu Arg Leu Glu Ser
    215                 220                 225
AAA GAT GGA GAG GTG AGG GAT GAG AAG GAC AGA AGT TCA AAG AGC TAC      773
Lys Asp Gly Glu Val Arg Asp Glu Lys Asp Arg Ser Ser Lys Ser Tyr
230                 235                 240                 245
AGC TTC AAC AGG CCA ACC CTT CCC ATA ACT GGT TGACCTCGGA GTTGGATCCT    826
Ser Phe Asn Arg Pro Thr Leu Pro Ile Thr Gly
                250                 255
ACAGTGTATC AACAAAAGGA GCCAAGCAGG TTTTATTTCT GAAACAATTA ATTGAGCAGC    886
ATGATTATAA GCCAAACCCA CAATCCATCA AAGTGATGAT TTCTTATTTG TAAAATGCGG    946
AGATAATGGC ATGTATTCCA AGTACAGAAT TATATGACCA TGAAAATGAA TGCTATTTTC   1006
AAATTCTCTC TTGTCACCTT AAAATAAGAT TTTGTTAGCC AACATAATTA AGCTGTATAT   1066
ATTATACACA TCTGGCTCAA GAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAA AAAA                    1110 
           
           
             
               256 amino acids 
               amino acid 
               linear 
             
             
               protein 
             
             
               unknown 
             
              2
Met Met Pro Gln Glu Gln Tyr Thr His His Arg Ser Thr Met Pro Gly
  1               5                  10                  15
Ser Val Gly Pro Gln Val Tyr Lys Val Gly Ile Tyr Gly Trp Arg Lys
             20                  25                  30
Arg Cys Leu Tyr Phe Phe Val Leu Leu Leu Met Ile Leu Ile Leu Val
         35                  40                  45
Asn Leu Ala Met Thr Ile Trp Ile Leu Lys Val Met Asn Phe Thr Ile
     50                  55                  60
Asp Gly Met Gly Asn Leu Arg Ile Thr Glu Lys Gly Leu Lys Leu Glu
 65                  70                  75                  80
Gly Asp Ser Glu Phe Leu Gln Pro Leu Tyr Ala Lys Glu Ile Gln Ser
                 85                  90                  95
Arg Pro Gly Asn Ala Leu Tyr Phe Lys Ser Ala Arg Asn Val Thr Val
            100                 105                 110
Asn Ile Leu Asn Asp Gln Thr Lys Val Leu Thr Gln Leu Ile Thr Gly
        115                 120                 125
Pro Lys Ala Val Glu Ala Tyr Gly Lys Lys Phe Glu Val Lys Thr Val
    130                 135                 140
Ser Gly Lys Leu Leu Phe Ser Ala Asp Asn Asn Glu Val Val Val Gly
145                 150                 155                 160
Ala Glu Arg Leu Arg Val Leu Gly Ala Glu Gly Thr Val Phe Pro Lys
                165                 170                 175
Ser Ile Glu Thr Pro Asn Val Arg Ala Asp Pro Phe Lys Glu Leu Arg
            180                 185                 190
Leu Glu Ser Pro Thr Arg Ser Leu Val Met Glu Ala Pro Lys Gly Val
        195                 200                 205
Glu Ile Asn Ala Glu Ala Gly Asn Met Glu Ala Thr Cys Arg Thr Glu
    210                 215                 220
Leu Arg Leu Glu Ser Lys Asp Gly Glu Val Arg Asp Glu Lys Asp Arg
225                 230                 235                 240
Ser Ser Lys Ser Tyr Ser Phe Asn Arg Pro Thr Leu Pro Ile Thr Gly
                245                 250                 255 
           
           
             
               11 amino acids 
               amino acid 
               single 
               linear 
             
             
               peptide 
             
             
               unknown 
             
              3
Val Leu Gly Ala Glu Gly Thr Val Phe Pro Lys
1               5                   10 
           
           
             
               8 amino acids 
               amino acid 
               single 
               linear 
             
             
               peptide 
             
             
               unknown 
             
              4
Glu Gln Tyr Leu Thr Ala Thr Glu
               5 
           
           
             
               9 amino acids 
               amino acid 
               single 
               linear 
             
             
               peptide 
             
             
               unknown 
             
              5
Asp Gly Leu Ile Leu Glu Gly Glu Ser
1               5 
           
           
             
               19 amino acids 
               amino acid 
               single 
               linear 
             
             
               peptide 
             
             
               unknown 
             
              6
Leu Lys Val Gly Pro Gln Xaa Val Glu Val Gln Ser Gln Gln Xaa Gln
1               5                   10                  15
Ile Asn Ser 
           
           
             
               17 amino acids 
               amino acid 
               single 
               linear 
             
             
               peptide 
             
             
               unknown 
             
              7
Ser Leu Phe Thr Val Asp Glu Glu Glu Val Val Val Gly Thr Asp Arg
1               5                   10                  15
Leu 
           
           
             
               18 amino acids 
               amino acid 
               single 
               linear 
             
             
               peptide 
             
             
               unknown 
             
              8
Val Thr Gly Pro Glu Gly Ala Leu Phe Glu His Ser Val Glu Thr Pro
1               5                   10                  15
Leu Val 
           
           
             
               7 amino acids 
               amino acid 
               single 
               linear 
             
             
               peptide 
             
             
               unknown 
             
              9
Ser Leu Ser Met Asp Ala Pro
1               5 
           
           
             
               10 amino acids 
               amino acid 
               single 
               linear 
             
             
               peptide 
             
             
               unknown 
             
              10
Leu Val Gln Gly Thr Gln Ala Ala Ser Gly
1               5                   10 
           
           
             
               13 amino acids 
               amino acid 
               single 
               linear 
             
             
               peptide 
             
             
               unknown 
             
              11
Ser Thr Met Pro Gly Ser Val Gly Pro Gln Val Tyr Lys
1               5                   10 
           
           
             
               17 amino acids 
               amino acid 
               single 
               linear 
             
             
               peptide 
             
             
               unknown 
             
              12
Gly Leu Lys Leu Glu Gly Asp Ser Glu Phe Leu Gln Pro Leu Tyr Ala
1               5                   10                  15
Lys 
           
           
             
               13 amino acids 
               amino acid 
               single 
               linear 
             
             
               peptide 
             
             
               unknown 
             
              13
Glu Ile Gln Ser Arg Pro Gly Asn Ala Leu Tyr Phe Lys
1               5                   10 
           
           
             
               11 amino acids 
               amino acid 
               single 
               linear 
             
             
               peptide 
             
             
               unknown 
             
              14
Asn Val Thr Val Asn Ile Leu Asp Gln Thr Lys
1               5                   10 
           
           
             
               9 amino acids 
               amino acid 
               single 
               linear 
             
             
               peptide 
             
             
               unknown 
             
              15
Val Leu Thr Gln Leu Ile Thr Gly Pro
1               5 
           
           
             
               5 amino acids 
               amino acid 
               single 
               linear 
             
             
               peptide 
             
             
               unknown 
             
              16
Lys Phe Glu Val Lys
1               5 
           
           
             
               15 amino acids 
               amino acid 
               single 
               linear 
             
             
               peptide 
             
             
               unknown 
             
              17
Leu Phe Ser Ala Asp Met Asn Asn Xaa Val Val Gly Ala Phe Arg
1               5                   10                  15 
           
           
             
               7 amino acids 
               amino acid 
               single 
               linear 
             
             
               peptide 
             
             
               unknown 
             
              18
Ile Glu Thr Pro Asn Val Arg
1               5 
           
           
             
               7 amino acids 
               amino acid 
               single 
               linear 
             
             
               peptide 
             
             
               unknown 
             
              19
Ala Asp Pro Phe Lys Glu Leu
1               5 
           
           
             
               7 amino acids 
               amino acid 
               single 
               linear 
             
             
               peptide 
             
             
               unknown 
             
              20
Ser Leu Val Met Glu Ala Pro
1               5 
           
           
             
               12 amino acids 
               amino acid 
               single 
               linear 
             
             
               peptide 
             
             
               unknown 
             
              21
Val Glu Ile Asn Ala Glu Ala Gly Asn Met Glu Ala
1               5                   10