Patent Publication Number: US-2019181419-A1

Title: Overcharge Electrical Disconnect System

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     The present application claims priority benefit to a provisional patent application entitled “Overcharge Electrical Disconnect Feature” that was filed with the U.S. Patent Office on Dec. 13, 2017, and assigned Ser. No. 62/598,252. 
     The present application is also related to the following disclosures: (i) U.S. non-provisional patent application entitled “Low Profile Pressure Disconnect Device for Lithium Ion Batteries,” which was filed on Sep. 28, 2017, and assigned Ser. No. 15/562,792; (ii) PCT application entitled “Low Profile Pressure Disconnect Device for Lithium Ion Batteries,” which was filed on Dec. 14, 2015, and assigned Serial No. PCT/US16/066663 (republished as WO 2017/106349 on Jun. 22, 2017); (iii) U.S. provisional patent application entitled “Lithium Ion Battery with Modular Bus Bar Assemblies,” which was filed on Sep. 22, 2017, and assigned Ser. No. 62/561,927; (iv) U.S. provisional patent application entitled “Current Interrupt and Vent Systems for Lithium Ion Batteries,” which was filed on Dec. 14, 2016, and assigned Ser. No. 62/266,813; and (v) U.S. 
     provisional patent application entitled “Current Vent/Pressure Disconnect Device System for Lithium Ion Batteries,” which was filed on Sep. 15, 2016, and assigned Ser. No. 62/395,050. The entire contents of the foregoing patent applications are incorporated herein by reference. 
     In addition, the present application is directed to lithium ion battery technology that is related to and draws upon features and functions described in previous patent filings. In particular, the present application is related to the subject matter disclosed in (i) a PCT application entitled “Lithium Ion Battery,” which was filed on Nov. 1, 2013, and assigned Serial No. PCT/US2013/064654 (republished as WO 2014/059348 on Aug. 27, 2015) and its progeny, and (ii) a PCT application entitled “Lithium Ion Battery with Thermal Runaway Protection,” filed on May 21, 2015, and assigned Serial No. PCT/US2015/031948 and its progeny. 
     The entire contents of the foregoing priority provisional patent application, PCT applications, their underlying provisional patent applications and subsequently filed national applications are incorporated herein by reference. 
    
    
     FIELD OF DISCLOSURE 
     The present disclosure relates to lithium ion batteries and, more particularly, to multi-core lithium ion batteries having improved safety and reduced manufacturing costs. 
     BACKGROUND 
     Li-ion cells were initially deployed as batteries for laptops, cell phones and other portable electronics devices. Recently, an increase in larger applications, such as battery electric vehicles (BEV), Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles (PHEV), and Hybrid Electric Vehicles (HEV), electric trains, as well as other larger format systems, such as grid storage (GRID), construction, mining and forestry equipment, forklifts, other driven applications and lead acid replacement (LAR), are entering the market due to the need for lowering of emissions and lowering of gasoline and electricity costs, as well as limiting emissions. A wide variety of Li-ion cells are deployed today in these larger battery applications ranging from use of several thousand of smaller cylindrical and prismatic cells, such as 18650 and 183765 cells, ranging in capacity from 1 Ah to 7 Ah, as well as a few to a few hundred larger cells, such as prismatic or polymer cells having capacities ranging from 15 Ah to 100 Ah. These type of cells are produced by companies such as Panasonic, Sony, Sanyo, ATL, JCI, Boston-Power, SDI, LG Chemical, SK, BAK, BYD, Lishen, Coslight and other Li-ion cell manufacturers. 
     In general, the industry needs to drive to higher energy density in order to achieve longer run time, which for electrified vehicles leads to increased electric range and for grid storage systems translates to longer and more cost effective deployment. In the case of electrified vehicles, and in particular BEVs and PHEVs, an increased energy density leads to an ability to increase driving range of the vehicle, as more capacity can fit into the battery box. The higher energy density also leads to an ability to lower cost per kWh, as the non-active materials, such as the battery box, wiring, BMS electronics, fastening structures, cooling systems, and other components become less costly per kWh. Similarly, for other battery systems, such as grid storage, there is a market need for higher energy density in particular for peak shaving applications (i.e., applications that support reductions in the amount of energy purchased from utilities during peak hours when the charges are highest). Also, cost per kWh is less for high energy density as relatively less real estate and inactive components per kWh can be used. In addition, for highly populated areas, such as the metropolitan areas of New York, Tokyo, Shanghai and Beijing, the sizes of systems need to be minimized. There is a need to fit the battery systems into commercial and residential buildings and containers to contribute to grid peak power reduction strategies, leading to lower electricity cost and reduction of peaker plants (i.e., power plants that run only when there is a high demand for electricity) that operate with low efficiency. 
     Li-ion batteries serving these type of needs must become less costly and of higher energy density to be competitive in the market place when compared to other battery and power delivering technologies. However, as Li-ion cells are packaged more densely, there is a risk that a failure of one cell from abuse may lead to propagating (cascading) runaway in the entire system, with a risk of explosion and fire. This abuse can come from external events, such as crash and fire, and also from internal events, such as inadvertent overcharge due to charging electronics failures or internal shorts due to metal particulates from the manufacturing process. 
     There is a need to find new solutions where abuse failures do not lead to cascading runaway, and to thereby enable systems of higher energy density and lower cost. A cell having reliable non-cascading attributes will enable lower battery pack costs, at least in part based on a reduction in costly packaging structures. 
     A number of solutions have been used in the past for Li-ion cells to mitigate the noted cascading issues:
         1. Vent structures for exhausting flammable gasses and releasing pressure build up inside the cell.   2. Overcharge disconnect devices or pressure safety devices (also called current interrupt devices, CIDs), triggered by high internal pressure where a mechanical frustrum disconnects a cell that has been charged beyond its electrochemical voltage window that can result in the creation/release of flammable gasses that increase cell internal pressure.   3. Separation of cells by distance or fire protecting barriers, such as intumescent coatings, plastics filled with fire retardants, or ceramic structures.   4. Extinguishing systems triggered by heat or smoke       

     Different venting technologies have been disclosed. Most methods are based on scoring the metal lid to allow for an opening to occur in the metal housing to release the overpressure in the container in a controlled way to avoid catastrophic failure of joints or even rupture of walls at uncontrolled container locations. Different score geometries have been used and/or disclosed: e.g., a linear score, a dog bone shaped score or a near full circular score. Such score lines are frequently placed in a location of the container surface where, for this purpose, the gauge section has been reduced mechanically or chemically to form a diaphragm-type structure. 
     A large opening is prone to flashback of a venting flame, which can result in ignition of the entire cell. Small vent openings contribute to further risks that should be avoided. For example, high gas velocities which occur from a partially opened vent can result in atomization of the escaping Li-ion cell electrolyte, forming a highly reactive gas stream. Venting pressures are commonly in the 10 to 15 bar range. There is a need to reduce the risk of flashback during venting, thereby minimizing the risk of fire/explosion of the system. 
     Beyond the vent technologies discussed above, a number of pressure disconnect designs are used and/or disclosed for use in Li-ion batteries. If lithium-ion battery cell are charged beyond the maximum permissible voltage, there is the potential for damage to the cell and, in certain instances, there is the potential for catastrophic results, e.g., thermal runaway that can lead to battery explosion and/or fire. Previously disclosed devices are generally pressure triggered metal structures, such as an inversion dome, which upon overcharge disrupts the current path internally before the vent structure opens. This current path disruption prevents additional charging of the electrode structures and gassing is stopped. 
     The industry has evaluated designs that incorporate fuse-based technology to control the potential fall-out from overcharge situations. However, fuses associated with prior art overcharge safety devices have been positioned internal to the housing of the lithium ion battery. See, e.g., U.S. Patent Publication No. 2014/0272491 to Kohlberger. Internal positioning of the fuse is disadvantageous for multi-core battery designs of the type disclosed herein because, inter alia, overcharge disruption at an individual core may be ineffective to avoid thermal runaway and other undesirable fall-out from an overcharge situation. 
     For some of these solutions to work well for Li-ion batteries, so-called gassing additives, such as CHB (cyclohexylbenzene) and BP (biphenyl), are added, which produces gas at lower voltages than other electrolyte components and can trigger the disconnect before the cell is electrochemically made instable due to the increased reactivity of the chemical system upon higher state of charge. 
     The noted pressure disconnect methods work particularly well for smaller cells, which are generally characterized by container structures that can survive higher pressures without risk of leakage. For large Li-ion cells, the pressure disconnect needs to operate at a lower pressure to limit the risk of explosive failure. 
     There is a need to limit the expansion of the cell container, as any such expansion could prematurely open the cell. Any premature opening of the cell, e.g., opening at seal locations or around feedthrough terminals, would fail the device and also gas leakage would be a fire hazard. In particular, as the cell is expanding, premature vent opening due to mechanical expansion fatigue of the vent can occur. As a result, in current designs, the industry has positioned the vent on the lowest area face of the prismatic can, such as welded lid, where expansion is the most limited, and such lid structures are typically very thick and welded onto the can due to the relatively high pressure caused inside the cell container during abuse. Thus, there is a need to find solutions that allow positioning of the vent on the large area side of a can in certain applications, e.g., to allow for directional flexibility of the venting action. 
     The present disclosure provides advantageous designs that address the needs and shortcomings outlined above. Additional features, functions and benefits of the disclosed battery systems will be apparent from the description which follows, particularly when read in conjunction with the appended figure(s), examples and experimental data. 
     SUMMARY 
     Advantageous casings for lithium ion batteries are provided that include, inter alia, (i) a container or assembly that defines a bottom plate or base, sidewalls and a top plate or lid for encapsulating a housing assembly, (ii) a non-conductive housing assembly for receiving electrochemical units, and (iii) features for electrically disconnecting electrochemical units associated with the lithium ion battery in response to a build up of pressure within the container that exceeds a predetermined pressure threshold. The disclosed container may also advantageously include a vent structure that functions to release pressure from within the container, and a flame arrestor positioned in proximity to the vent structure. 
     In exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure, a casing for a lithium ion battery is provided that includes, inter alia, (i) a container/assembly (or casing) that defines a bottom plate or base, sidewalls and a top plate or lid for encapsulating a non-conductive housing assembly with electrochemical units included therein, wherein one or more of the noted surfaces is deflectable, and (ii) at least one electrically conductive bus bar, e.g., aluminum or copper, that electrically connects the electrochemical units with the casing. At least a portion of the casing is adapted, in response to a pressure build-up within the container/assembly beyond a threshold pressure level, to spatially separate from the electrochemical units, thereby electrically disconnecting the lithium ion battery components positioned within the container. The disclosed casing may further include a vent structure located on an exterior surface of the casing and/or a flame arrestor positioned adjacent the vent structure. 
     In exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure, a bus bar is in electrical contact with the electrochemical units and in electrical contact with a deflectable surface of the container/assembly, e.g., a deflectable bottom plate. The disclosed container/assembly is in electrical contact or communication with one of the battery terminals, i.e., the positive or negative terminal. More particularly, the bus bar may be resistance welded with respect to the deflectable surface, e.g., a deflectable bottom plate. As pressure within the container/assembly increases beyond a threshold level, e.g., in response to a thermal runaway condition, the disclosed container/assembly will begin to expand or deflect. 
     In exemplary embodiments, top and bottom plates—which have the largest surface areas—are adapted to deflect in response to the noted pressure build-up. Thus, in exemplary embodiments, deformation or expansion of the bottom plate may cause the resistance welds between the bottom plate and the bus bar to break, thereby allowing the deflectable bottom plate to bow or deflect outward and create a gap between the bus bar and the bottom plate. This gap between the bus bar and the bottom plate establishes an electrical disconnection between the electrochemical units and the container/assembly. Similar deflection/separation may occur with respect to the top plate of the container/assembly (and/or side wall(s) thereof), and electrical disconnect functionality may be associated with such top plate and/or side wall deflection/separation as well. 
     The deflectable plates may advantageously include a thickness profile whereby the deflectable plates define a greater thickness at and around the centerline of the plates, and a lesser thickness radially outward thereof. The lesser thickness that exists radially outward of the thicker region defined by the deflectable plates facilitates controlled deflection of the plates so as to consistently break the welds and/or establish a desired spacing functionality. In exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure, deflection of the plate(s) is triggered at relatively low pressures, e.g., 5 psig, and the plate(s) preferably deflect quickly once activated to provide highest safety. 
     The disclosed overcharge electrical disconnect features of the present disclosure are most advantageously implemented with a multi-core lithium ion battery assembly of the type disclosed in commonly assigned US Patent Publication No. 2015/0280185 to Lampe-Onnerud et al. The content of the foregoing &#39;185 publication is incorporated by reference herein. In particular, it is noted that the multiple lithium ion cores (i.e., electrochemical units) are positioned in distinct cavities defined by a support member, collectively referred to as a housing assembly, but are not individually sealed. Rather, each of the electrochemical units is open and in communication with a shared atmosphere region defined within the case/container. As a result, any pressure build up that might be associated with a single electrochemical unit is translated to the shared atmosphere region and the increase in pressure is thereby mitigated. In such way, an overcharge electrical disconnect feature of the present disclosure—which is advantageously in pressure communication with the shared atmosphere region—may, due to its larger size compared to being mounted on an individual electrochemical unit, be operational at a lower threshold pressure as compared to conventional lithium ion battery systems that do not include a shared atmosphere region in the manner disclosed in the &#39;185 publication. 
     The pressure at which the overcharge electrical disconnect feature of the present disclosure is activated is generally dependent on the overall design of the lithium ion battery. However, the threshold pressure within the casing which activates the disclosed overcharge electrical disconnect feature is generally 5 psig or greater, and is generally in the range of 5-60 psig. However, the operating range of the overcharge electrical disconnect feature is generally dependent on the interplay between various design parameters for the container (e.g., overall dimensions, material thickness, and mechanical properties) and operating environment (e.g., electrolyte composition, nature/design of the electrochemical units, and voltage level) of the lithium ion battery. 
     In embodiments that also include a vent structure, the pressure at which the vent structure is activated to vent, i.e., release pressurized gas from the casing, is generally at least 5 psig greater than the pressure at which the pressure disconnect device is activated. The overall pressure rating of the casing itself, i.e., the pressure at which the casing may fail, is generally set at a pressure of at least 5 psig greater than the pressure at which the vent structure is activated. The pressure rating of the casing has particular importance with respect to interface welds and other joints/openings that include sealing mechanisms where failures are more likely to occur. 
     Turning to the vent structure that may be provided in exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure, the vent structure may be defined by a score line. A flame arrestor may be advantageously mounted with respect to the container/assembly so as to extend across an area defined by the vent structure internal to the container/assembly. In exemplary embodiments, the flame arrestor may take the form of a mesh structure, e.g., a 30 US mesh. In other exemplary embodiments, the flame arrestor may be fabricated from copper wire. 
     The vent structure of the present disclosure may be adapted to vent in response to a vent pressure of between about 10 psi and 140 psi. The structural limit pressure of the container (P4) may be at least about ten percent greater than the vent pressure. 
     The disclosed lithium ion battery components may be designed use in a variety of applications, e.g., in a battery electric vehicle (BEV), a plug-in hybrid electric vehicle (PHEV), a hybrid electric vehicle (HEV), electric trains, grid storage (GRID), construction, mining, garden, and forestry equipment, forklifts, lead acid replacement (LAR) and other battery-supported devices and systems that typically use multiple lithium ion cells. 
     In further exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure, a casing for a lithium ion battery is provided that includes, inter alia, (i) a container/assembly that defines a bottom plate or base, sidewalls and a top plate or lid/cover; (ii) a vent structure defined with respect to the container/assembly, and (iii) a flame arrestor mounted with respect to the container/assembly so as to overlap the vent structure, wherein when the flame arrestor is configured and dimensioned to reduce the temperature of an exiting gas stream below its auto-ignition temperature, and/or permit relatively free passage of the exiting gas stream through the flame arrestor so as to substantially avoid back pressure associated with discharge of the exiting gas stream therethrough. 
     In exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure, the vent structure may be mounted with respect to different exterior faces of the casing. Thus, for example, the vent structure may be mounted with respect to the top plate/lid casing or with respect to a side wall. Enhanced flexibility in positioning of the vent structure is facilitated for lithium ion battery designs of the type disclosed in the of the &#39;185 publication to Lampe-Onnerud, which features a shared atmosphere region as discussed above. The vent structure may be centrally located with respect to the exterior surface of the top cover or lid of the container/assembly. A flame arrestor may be positioned adjacent the vent structure. 
     In alternative embodiments, a vent structure, or multiple vents, may be located or positioned on the surface opposite the exterior surface of the top cover or lid of the container/assembly, or on such other surface of the casing as may be desired. 
     The disclosed lithium ion battery generally includes a plurality of lithium ion core members, i.e., electrochemical units, positioned within the container/assembly. One or more endothermic materials may be positioned in proximity to one or more of the lithium ion core members. A support member may be positioned in an internal region defined by the container, and the support member may advantageously define a plurality of cavities, such that the plurality of lithium ion core members may be positioned within a corresponding one of the plurality of cavities. 
     The support member may include a kinetic energy absorbing material. The kinetic energy absorbing material may be formed of one of aluminum foam, ceramic, ceramic fiber, and plastic. 
     A plurality of cavity liners may be provided, each positioned between a corresponding one of the lithium ion core members and a surface of a corresponding one of the cavities. The cavity liners may define polymer and metal foil laminated pouches. A cavity liner may be positioned between each of the lithium ion core members and a surface of a corresponding one of the cavities. The cavity liners may be formed of a plastic or aluminum material. The plurality of cavity liners may be formed as part of a monolithic liner member. 
     An electrolyte is generally contained within each of the lithium ion core members. The electrolyte may include a flame retardant, a gas generating agent, and/or a redox shuttle. 
     Each lithium ion core member includes an anode, a cathode and separator disposed between each anode and cathode. An electrical connector is positioned within the container and electrically connects the core members to an electrical terminal external to the container. The fuse may be located at or adjacent to the electrical terminal external to the container. 
     The electrical connector may include two bus bars, the first bus bar interconnecting the anodes of the core members to a positive terminal member of the terminal external to the enclosure, and the second bus bar interconnecting the cathodes of the core members to a negative terminal member of the terminal external to the enclosure. The core members may be connected in parallel or in series. A first set of core members may be connected in parallel and a second set of core members may be connected in parallel. The first set of core members may be connected in series with the second set of core members. 
     The support member may take the form of a honeycomb structure. The container may include a wall having a compressible element which when compressed due to a force impacting the wall creates an electrical short circuit of the lithium ion battery. The cavities defined in the support member and their corresponding core members may take be cylindrical, oblong, or prismatic in shape. The container may also include a fire retardant member in the internal region. 
     The disclosed lithium ion battery may include a fire retardant member, e.g., a fire retardant mesh material affixed to the exterior of the container. 
     The disclosed lithium ion battery may include one or more endothermic materials, e.g., within a ceramic matrix. The endothermic material(s) may be an inorganic gas-generating endothermic material. The endothermic material(s) may be capable of providing thermal insulation properties at and above an upper normal operating temperature associated with the proximate one or more lithium ion core members. The endothermic material(s) may be selected to undergo one or more endothermic reactions between the upper normal operating temperature and a higher threshold temperature above which the lithium ion core member is liable to thermal runaway. The endothermic reaction associated with the endothermic material(s) may result in evolution of gas. 
     The endothermic material(s) may be included within a ceramic matrix, and the ceramic matrix may exhibit sufficient porosity to permit gas generated by an endothermic reaction associated with the endothermic material(s) to vent, thereby removing heat therefrom. See, e.g., WO 2015/179625 to Onnerud et al., the content of which is incorporated herein by reference. 
     The disclosed lithium ion battery may include a vent structure that is actuated at least in part based on an endothermic reaction associated with the endothermic material(s). The lithium ion battery may include an overcharge electrical disconnect feature associated with the casing. The overcharge electrical disconnect feature may advantageously include a deflectable separation feature associated with the outer casing, e.g., the bottom plate, top plate and/or side wall(s). 
     In further exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure, a lithium ion battery is provided that includes a container/casing with (i) a deflectable bottom plate/base, one or more deflectable sidewalls and/or a deflectable top plate/lid for encapsulating a non-conductive housing assembly with electrochemical units included therein, and (ii) at least one electrically conductive bus bar, e.g., aluminum or copper, to electrically connect the electrochemical units with the container/casing. A portion of the casing is adapted, in response to a pressure build-up within the container/casing beyond a threshold pressure level, to outwardly deflect, thereby electrically disconnecting the lithium ion battery components positioned within the container. The disclosed lithium ion battery may also include a vent structure that is adapted to vent in response to a vent pressure, e.g., an internal pressure of between about 10 psi and 140 psi. 
     Additional features, functions and benefits of the present disclosure will be apparent from the detailed description which follows, particularly when read in conjunction with the accompanying figures. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF FIGURES 
       To assist those of skill in the art in making and using the disclosed assemblies, systems and methods, reference is made to the appended figures, wherein: 
         FIG. 1  is a schematic diagram that illustrates the sequence of fail safe mechanisms for a container design according to the present disclosure; 
         FIG. 2  is an exploded view of an exemplary multi-core lithium ion battery according to the present disclosure; 
         FIG. 2A  is an assembled view of the exemplary multi-core lithium ion battery of  FIG. 2  according to the present disclosure; 
         FIG. 3  is an exploded view of an exemplary multi-core subassembly according to the present disclosure; 
         FIG. 3A  is an assembled view of the exemplary multi-core subassembly of  FIG. 3  according to the present disclosure; 
         FIG. 4  is an assembled view of the exemplary multi-core subassembly of  FIG. 3  according to the present disclosure; 
         FIG. 5A  is an assembled view of the exemplary multi-core lithium ion battery according to the present disclosure; 
         FIG. 5B  is a section view of the exemplary multi-core lithium ion battery of  FIG. 5A  according to the present disclosure; 
         FIG. 5C  is a magnified section view of the exemplary multi-core lithium ion battery of  FIG. 5A  according to the present disclosure; 
         FIG. 6  is a plot of pressure and voltage based on percent biphenyl electrolyte for an experimental test according to the present disclosure; 
         FIGS. 7A-7C  includes a top view, section view, and magnified section view, respectively, that shows an expansion of a casing in response to a pressure increase within the casing according to an exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure; 
         FIG. 8A  is a schematic view of exemplary module circuitry associated with a multi-core lithium ion battery in normal operation according to the present disclosure; 
         FIG. 8B  is a schematic view of the exemplary module circuitry associated with a multi-core lithium ion battery of  FIG. 8A  after activation of a pressure disconnect device (“PDD”) according to the present disclosure; 
         FIG. 9  is a schematic view of an exemplary PDD design (in a normal operation state), wherein a fuse is positioned external to a battery casing/cover and in association with the negative terminal thereof; 
         FIG. 10  is a schematic view of the exemplary PDD design of  FIG. 9 , wherein the PDD has been activated in response to an over-pressure condition within the battery casing and the fuse associated with the negative terminal has blown; 
         FIG. 11  is an exploded view of an exemplary multi-core lithium ion battery according to the present disclosure; 
         FIG. 11A  is an assembled view of the exemplary multi-core lithium ion battery of  FIG. 11  according to the present disclosure; 
         FIG. 12  is an exploded view of an exemplary casing assembly with associated safety features according to the present disclosure; 
         FIG. 12A  is an assembled view of the exemplary casing assembly of  FIG. 12  according to the present disclosure; 
         FIG. 13  is an exploded view of an exemplary multi-core lithium ion battery according to the present disclosure; 
         FIG. 13A  is an assembled view of the exemplary multi-core lithium ion battery of  FIG. 13  according to the present disclosure; 
         FIG. 14  an exploded view of a further exemplary multi-core lithium ion battery according to the present disclosure; 
         FIG. 14A  is an assembled view of the exemplary multi-core lithium ion battery of  FIG. 14  according to the present disclosure; 
         FIG. 15A  is an assembled view of the exemplary multi-core lithium ion battery according to the present disclosure; 
         FIG. 15B  is a section view of the exemplary multi-core lithium ion battery of  FIG. 15A  according to the present disclosure; 
         FIG. 15C  is a magnified section view of the exemplary multi-core lithium ion battery of  FIG. 15A  according to the present disclosure; 
         FIGS. 16A-16C  includes a top view, section view, and magnified section view, respectively, that shows an expansion of a casing in response to a pressure increase within the casing according to an exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure; 
         FIGS. 17A-17C  are three (3) schematic side views that show progression of a deflectable dome in response to a pressure increase within a casing according to an exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure; 
         FIG. 18  is a sectional side view of an exemplary deflectable dome according to the present disclosure; 
         FIG. 19  is a plot of charge current, cell voltage and cell surface temperature for an experimental test according to the present disclosure; 
         FIG. 20  is a schematic depiction of a test fixture used to test a pressure disconnect device according to the present disclosure; and 
         FIG. 21  is a plot of current and temperature variation during test of a pressure disconnect device assembly according to the present disclosure. 
     
    
    
     DESCRIPTION OF EXEMPLARY EMBODIMENT(S) 
     In order to overcome the issues noted above and to realize safe and reliable cells across a range of sizes, including large prismatic cells, the present disclosure provides advantageous designs that perform venting and pressure disconnect actions in an effective and reliable manner, without risk for flashback and without nuisance failures in regular use. The designs disclosed herein may be used in combination and/or may be implemented in whole or in part to achieve desirable cell systems. As will be apparent to persons skilled in the art, the disclosed designs have wide ranging applicability and offer significant benefits in a host of applications, including lithium ion battery systems that are designed for use in battery electric vehicles (BEV), Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles (PHEV), Hybrid Electric Vehicles (HEV), electric trains, grid storage (GRID), construction, mining and forestry equipment, forklifts, lead acid replacement (LAR), and other battery supported devices and systems that typically use multiple Li-ion cells. 
     Although the disclosed designs/systems are described largely in the context of a Li-ion cell using an array of individual jelly rolls, such as described in the PCT application entitled Lithium Ion Battery (PCT/US2013/064654) and the PCT application entitled Lithium Ion Battery with Thermal Runaway Protection (PCT/US2015/031948), it is understood by those skilled in the art that the disclosed designs and solutions may also be deployed in other prismatic and other cylindrical cell systems that package one or a plurality of cells (such as those made by AESC, LG) or that package standard prismatic cells having one or more non-separated flat wound or stacked electrode structures (such as those made by SDI, ATL and Panasonic). The disclosed designs/systems may also be used for encapsulating modules of sealed Li-ion cells. Thus, the disclosed overcharge electrical disconnect features, pressure disconnect devices and/or the disclosed vent structures may be incorporated into lithium ion batteries wherein the electrochemical units or jelly rolls are either individually sealed, or not individually sealed. 
     Firstly, it is noted that the typical container structure for a large prismatic Li-ion cells is a rectangular metal container typically made from aluminum. These containers/casings generally expand due to two main factors:
         1. Electrode structures that are cycling will cause the container walls to expand and contract, as lithium is intercalating the anode and cathode structures during charge and discharge. Unless the container is constrained through external pressure, so that this flexing becomes largely elastic, the container will permanently expand. Such expansion results in lowered stack pressure and even separation of electrode structures, leading to poor cycle life and dry out within the electrode structures, unless pressure is applied externally upon the electrodes. Such pressure is typically applied through the module construction, leading to heavy thick gauge material that result in increased weight and volume, with lowered energy density and specific energy, or by creating very thick walls that provide the requisite stack pressure support.   2. The container permanently expands when gas pressure is built up within the cell, during regular use. Such pressures are typically less than 5 psig, which is much less than the pressure walls see from the electrode expansion above.       

     When the container houses individual jelly rolls that are not individually sealed, i.e., open to a shared atmosphere region, as described in the above-noted PCT applications, the first noted issue above (container wall expansion and contraction) is not a concern as none of the jelly rolls applies pressure on the container wall. However, internal pressure is still a concern. 
     For the case when the container houses electrode structures that apply pressure on the wall, the container generally requires mechanical support to limit expansion, as otherwise the cells would dislocate within the pack and the cell will lose electrode stack pressure, resulting in premature failure of the cell. Absent design innovations described herein, to resolve this fundamental design issue, the wall thickness of the container/casing needs to be increased or external pressure needs to be applied. Obviously, thinner walls are desirable because, inter alia, the thinner the walls can be made, the higher the volumetric capacity as more room for electrodes is available. In general, it is desired to have as low wall thickness as possible without losing structural stability, as thinner walls translate to lowered weight and higher internal volume, leading to increased energy density and specific capacity. 
     If the operational pressure for the pressure disconnect (and/or the vent) is too high, there is an issue in effectively sealing the can or container mechanically or with a laser weld, as the bending action when the container/casing expands has the potential to break the seal, thereby causing a system failure. 
     Further, it has also been found that if a vent opening is too small, the seal or terminal structures may start leaking as pressure increases inside the container/casing and such increased pressure cannot be released fast enough during certain types of abuse, such as an internal short. 
     Referring now to the figures, like parts are marked throughout the specification and figures with the same reference numerals, respectively. Figures are not necessarily to scale and in certain views, parts may have been exaggerated for purposes of clarity. 
       FIG. 1  shows a sequence of fail safe mechanisms for a container/casing design (the x axis schematically represents pressure within the system). P1 represents the pressure for regular operation of the battery, P2 represents the pressure at which an overcharge electrical disconnect feature and/or a pressure disconnect device (if used) should be activated, P3 represents a pressure at which a venting mechanism should be activated, and P4 represents the pressure when the can/container seal, terminal feedthrough and/or other parts of container start leaking (i.e., the overall pressure rating of the container/casing). It is essential for safe operation that spacing of these pressures can be achieved in mass production without an ability that the normal distribution for production of operational pressure of one component enters the region of the normal distribution for another component. 
     For instance, an overcharge disconnect (i.e., overcharge electrical disconnect feature and/or pressure disconnect device) cannot cause premature short circuiting of the battery (i.e., P2 is within the P1 range), as that prematurely disables operation of the battery. Similarly, if the vent does not activate before other structures start leaking (i.e., P3 is within the P4 range), the direction of the venting which results from leaking (or other system failure) cannot be controlled, which may result in venting hot gasses or a flame into a neighboring cell, causing cascading failures. 
     In establishing a vent structure in battery systems of the type disclosed herein, it is desirable to provide a vent mechanism that operates at very low pressures (P3 in  FIG. 1 ) without risking nuisance failures in regular use due to that relatively high metal residuals can be maintained at the score site. This low pressure for P3 in turn allows use of mechanically sealed cans/containers, or alternatively laser welding can be used to seal the can, because the P4 pressure may also be reduced without risking an overlap with P3. Thus, the ability to reliably reduce P3 may translate to an overall improvement in battery system design and operation. 
     Moreover, the area of the vent should be relatively large to allow a reliable opening pressure with a controllable flow area, allowing for quicker pressure release and eliminating atomization of the electrolyte. A larger vent area should generally produce a design with increased safety. 
     In exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure that include a venting mechanism alone (i.e., without an overcharge electrical disconnect feature and/or a pressure disconnect device), the vent pressure (P3) is on the order of about 10 psig to about 140 psig, and the structural limit pressure of the container (P4) is at least about 10% higher than the vent pressure. 
     In exemplary embodiments that include both an overcharge electrical disconnect feature and a venting mechanism, the pressure at which the overcharge electrical disconnect feature is activated is generally dependent on the overall design of the lithium ion battery. However, the threshold pressure within the casing which activates the disclosed overcharge electrical disconnect feature is generally 5 psig or greater, and is generally in the range of 5-60 psig. 
     However, the operating range of the overcharge electrical disconnect feature is generally dependent on the interplay between various design parameters for the container (e.g., overall dimensions, material thickness, and mechanical properties) and operating environment (e.g., electrolyte composition, nature/design of the electrochemical units, and voltage level) of the lithium ion battery. 
     In embodiments that also include a venting mechanism, the pressure at which the vent mechanism is activated to vent, i.e., release pressurized gas from the casing, is generally at least 5 psig greater than the pressure at which the overcharge electrical disconnect feature is activated. Thus, for example, if the overcharge electrical disconnect feature is set to activate at 15 psig, then in exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure, the independent vent structure may be selected so as to vent at 20 psig. Of note, the overall pressure rating of the casing itself, i.e., the pressure at which the casing may fail, is generally set at a pressure of at least 5 psig greater than the pressure at which the vent structure is activated. Thus, in the example described above (activation of overcharge electrical disconnect feature at 15 psig; activation of vent structure at 20 psig), the casing is generally designed to withstand an internal pressure of at least 25 psig. The pressure rating of the casing has particular importance with respect to interface welds and other joints/openings that include sealing mechanisms where failures are more likely to occur. 
     Several vent type geometric shapes exist today and are generally designed to fail at score line(s) defining the vent at specified pressures. The main concern with straight line vents, “Y” vents, and radial vents is that they generally do not open completely since the crack propagation may not always choose the same path. A round vent is generally preferred because it can quickly open a large area and the residual metal flap can quickly bend out of the way so that gas can be released without significant pressure increase of the container. Optimal vent designs are effective in that, upon a venting event, all gas can quickly be released without build-up of increased pressure inside the can/container due to further gas generation. 
     For example, for circular or substantially circular vent openings, an opening diameter of about 1½ inches may provide suitable vent functionality for batteries of the present disclosure, although alternative diameter openings may be employed based on features/functions of a specific battery implementation. For non-circular vent openings, an overall vent area of between about 0.4 cm 2  to about 12 cm 2  may be effectively employed, although again alternative vent areas may be provided based on the features/functions of specific battery implementations. 
     Although an increased vent area limits atomization of the electrolyte in connection with a venting event, there is a risk for flashback. Such flashback can ignite the electrolyte of isolated electrode structures inside the cell that have not failed during the abuse conditions, such as an internal short. In order to limit this risk, a flame arrestor may be advantageously positioned in proximity to the vent in order to prevent a flame front from reentering the enclosure containing the multi-roll structure. In exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure, a flame arrestor is positioned internal to the vent structure, i.e., across the area defined by and/or in the vicinity of the score line that forms/defines the vent structure and/or initiates the vent functionality. 
     In the event of a failure of an individual jellyroll, a large amount of gas is generated (˜10 liters), and this gas is both hot (˜250-300° C.) and flammable. It is likely that this gas will ignite outside of the multi-jellyroll enclosure after a vent occurs. To prevent and/or reduce the likelihood that the flame will enter the cell, a mesh may be advantageously placed/positioned over the vent area to function as a flame arrestor. This mesh functions to reduce the temperature of the exiting gas stream below its auto-ignition temperature. 
     Since the mesh is serving as a heat exchanger, greater surface area and smaller openings reject more heat, but decreasing the open area of the mesh increases the forces on the mesh during a vent. A 30 US standard mesh, 0.012″ wire diameter, has been found to be effective in preventing flashback for the large Li-ion batteries tested. Other mesh sizes are expected to function effectively (e.g., about a 18 US standard mesh to about a 140 US mesh), but the 30 mesh is preferred due to its general supply availability and effective arrestor function for Li-ion batteries. A 30 mesh has an open area of 40%, which means that in a vent at 70 psi, the mesh must withstand instantaneous forces of 70 psi*0.6=42 lbf/in 2  of vent area. For reasonable vent areas, such as those used for the Li-ion application, calculated stresses in the mesh from this loading are modest. For instance, for a 2 inch diameter vent, (larger than can be fit on the sidewall of a conventional battery container), the instantaneous stress in the mesh at vent is roughly: 
       ((pi*1in 2 )*42 lbf/in 2 )/(pi*2 in*0.012*0.6*0.7854)=˜3714 psi
 
     The yield strength of copper is ˜20,000 psi. 
     Exemplary Overcharge Electrical Disconnect Implementations 
     Turning to  FIGS. 2-5 , schematic illustrations of lithium ion battery implementations according to the present disclosure are provided. With initial reference to  FIG. 2 , an exploded view of an exemplary multi-core lithium ion battery  100  is provided. An assembled view of the exemplary lithium ion battery is provided in  FIG. 2A . 
     Battery  100  includes sidewalls  102 , bottom plate  104 , and top plate  106  that define an interior region for receipt of housing assembly  200 . Battery  100  is hermetically sealed. Bottom plate  104  and top plate  106  are configured and dimensioned to cooperate with sidewalls  102  to encase housing assembly  200 . Sidewalls  102 , bottom plate  104 , and top plate  106  may collectively be referred to as battery case or case. The battery case is in electrical contact or communication with one of the battery terminals, i.e., the positive or negative terminal. Further, a plurality (24) of steel balls  108  are positioned on the exterior of top plate  106  to obstruct openings formed in the top plate  106  to facilitate electrolyte introduction to the jelly rolls  208  included in housing assembly  200 . Bottom plate  104  and top plate  106  are substantially rectangular to cooperate with sidewalls  102 . 
     With initial reference to  FIG. 3 , an exploded view of an exemplary housing assembly  200  is provided. An assembled view of the exemplary housing assembly is provided in  FIG. 3A . Housing assembly  200  includes housing  202  that defines a plurality (24) of spaced, substantially cylindrical regions or cavities that are configured and dimensioned to receive jelly roll/jelly roll sleeve subassemblies, as follows:
         An aluminum bus bar  204  that defines a plurality (24) of openings (e.g., circular openings);   A plurality (24) of jelly roll sleeves  206  configured and dimensioned to receive corresponding jelly rolls and to be positioned within the cylindrical regions defined by housing  202 —the jelly roll sleeves  206  may be fabricated of various materials, e.g., polymers or metals, and may take the form of polymer and metal foil laminated foil pouches;   A plurality (24) of jelly rolls  208 , i.e., electrochemical units, configured and dimensioned to be positioned within jelly roll housings  206 ;   A plurality (24) of substantially circular jelly roll backing sheets  210  positioned between bus bar  204  and jelly rolls  208 ;   A plurality (24) of jelly roll covers  212  that are configured and dimensioned to cover jelly rolls  208  positioned within the cavities defined by housing  202 ;   A copper bus bar  214  that defines a substantially H-shaped geometry so as to effect electrical communication with each of the jelly rolls  208 ;   A bus bar insulator  216  that defines a geometry that generally corresponds to the geometry of bus bar  214  so as to insulate the bus bar  214  relative to top plate  106  of battery assembly  100 ;   A plurality (6) of anti-vibration mats  218  that are positioned between the bus bar insulator  216  and top cover  106  to absorb potential vibration and minimize relative movement therebetween;   One or more anti-vibration mats  220  are positioned between sidewalls  102  and the outer wall(s) of housing  202  to further dampen vibration and prevent movement therebetween.       

     With initial reference to  FIG. 4 , an assembled bottom view of the exemplary housing assembly  200  is provided. Housing  202  may be fabricated from a non-conductive material, e.g., ceramic, to electrically isolate each jelly roll  208 . To form a more stable positive connection, aluminum bus bar  204  is attached to each jelly roll backing sheet  210 . Various mounting mechanisms may be employed to fix aluminum bus bar  204  to jelly roll backing sheet  210 , e.g., welding ( 222 ), adhesive, mechanical mounting structures, and the like (including combinations thereof). Housing  202  further includes aligning features  224  for interaction with sidewalls (not shown). 
     Of note, with reference to  FIGS. 2 and 2A , the corners of sidewalls  102 , bus bar  204 , housing  202 , bottom plate  104  and top cover  106  are generally radiused at their respective corners to minimize size and facilitate manufacture/assembly. Of further note, jelly rolls  208  positioned within housing  202  define a multi-core assembly that generally share headspace within sidewalls  102 , bottom plate  104 , and top cover  106 , but do not communicate with each other side-to-side. Thus, any build-up in pressure and/or temperature associated with operation of any one or more of jelly rolls  208  will be spread throughout the shared headspace and will be addressed, as necessary, by the safety features described herein below. However, electrolyte associated with a first jelly roll  208  does not communicate with an adjacent jelly roll  208  because the substantially cylindrical regions defined by housing  202  isolate jelly rolls  208  from each other from a side-to-side standpoint. The sleeves  206  further contribute to the side-to-side electrolyte isolation as between adjacent jelly rolls  208 . 
     With further reference to  FIGS. 2, 2A, 3, 3A, 4, 5A, 5B, 5C, 6, 7A, 7B, and 7C  (collectively,  FIGS. 2-7 ), exemplary safety features associated with lithium ion battery  100  include a overcharge electrical disconnect feature and a vent assembly  300 . According to the exemplary battery  100  of  FIGS. 2-7 , operative components of overcharge electrical disconnect feature include bottom plate  104  and aluminum bus bar  204 . Further, vent assembly  300  may be mounted/positioned on sidewalls  102 , on bottom plate  104 , and/or top plate  106 . However, alternative positioning (in whole or in part) of vent assembly  300  may be effectuated without departing from the spirit/scope of the present disclosure, as will be apparent to persons skilled in the art based on the present disclosure. 
     With initial reference to overcharge electrical disconnect feature,  FIGS. 5A and 5B  depict battery assembly  100  prior to the assembly of top plate  106 . Housing  202 , copper bus bar  214 , and insulator  216  have at least one concentric thru hole  110  that ends at the top surface of aluminum bus bar  204 . As was previously mentioned, aluminum bus bar  204  is attached, e.g., welded, to each jelly roll  208  and/or jelly roll backing sheets  210 . In a preferred embodiment, as depicted, there are four concentric thru holes  110  that communicate with the top face of aluminum bus bar  204 , as better shown in  FIG. 5C . Beneath aluminum bus bar  204  is bottom plate  104 , which is rigidly attached, e.g., welded, to sidewalls  102 . Utilizing the concentric thru holes  110 , aluminum bus bar  204  and bottom plate  104  are rigidly attached. Various mounting mechanisms may be employed to fix aluminum bus bar  204  to bottom plate  104 , e.g., welding ( 112 ), adhesive, mechanical mounting structures, and the like (including combinations thereof). Top plate (not shown) is rigidly attached, e.g., welded, to sidewalls  102 , which is rigidly attached to bottom plate  104  to fabricate battery case. In an exemplary embodiment, a non-conductive layer may be situated between top plate  106  and housing  202  (or jelly roll  208  and/or jelly roll backing sheets  210 ) and/or between housing  202  and bottom plate  104 . The non-conductive layer(s) may further include defined areas for electrical connection between jelly rolls  208  (or bus bars  204 ,  214 ) and plates  104 ,  106 . 
     In operation, as depicted in  FIGS. 7A-7C , when the internal pressure  402  of battery case increases, e.g., due to biphenyl activation within the electrolyte, the pressure creates distributed loads on the inside surfaces of battery case due to the shared atmosphere defined within the case.  FIG. 6  depicts a graph of internal pressure for a given voltage based on the percent of biphenyl electrolyte, e.g., 1%, 2.5%, and 5%. As the internal pressure  402  of battery case increases, the potential for expansion and deformation of battery case will also increase. Top plate  106  and bottom plate  104  have the largest surface area and therefore will generally have the greatest potential to expand/bulge as compared to sidewalls  102 . 
     As depicted in  FIG. 7C , the force applied against bottom plate  104  due to increased internal pressure will place the resistance welds  112 , attaching bus bar  204  to bottom plate  104 , under stress and will ultimately cause the resistance welds  112  to break/pop, which creates gap  404  between bus bar  204  and bottom plate  104 . Gap  404  electrically disconnects jelly rolls  208  and/or jelly roll backing sheets  210  relative to bottom plate  104  of battery case, which is in electrical contact with one of the terminals (i.e., positive or negative terminal). Such condition is aptly called an overcharge electrical disconnect feature. In another embodiment, as mentioned above, a non-conductive layer, with specifically defined cutouts, may be positioned between one or both of plates  104 ,  106  and jelly rolls  208  that, in response to an overcharge event, would isolate the electrical disconnection to specific location(s) on plates  104 ,  106 . Of note, the detachment of bottom plate  104  from bus bar  204  may be a partial or full disconnect. In either situation, according to exemplary implementations of the present disclosure, the level of current flow to bottom plate  104  will be reduced, if not eliminated. 
     To facilitate a consistent and/or controlled expansion/bulge of bottom plate  104  and/or top plate  106  in response to internal pressure conditions, score line(s) and/or reduced thickness relative to the area in close proximity to sidewalls  102  may be incorporated. Further, due to the increased surface area of bottom plate  104 /top plate  106  as compared to a conventional PDD device, the overcharge electrical disconnect feature may be more sensitive to significantly smaller internal pressures. For example, a low internal pressure may be created if/when one or more jelly rolls  208  are driven to overcharge in a serial connection and the disclosed bottom plate  104 /top plate  106  may be effective in responding to such limited overcharge condition to interrupt current flow thereto. 
     Although depicted as both bottom plate  104  and top plate  106  expanding/bulging, only one plate needs to expand/bulge in order to break/pop welds  112  to create gap  404 . In the event only one plate expands/bulges, the other plate may have additional material and/or bracing to withstand the increase in internal pressure of the battery case. Further, although described as “top” and “bottom,” with bottom plate breaking/popping the exemplary attachment mechanism, the terms “top” and “bottom” are interchangeable without changing the scope/focus of this disclosure. 
     By leveraging the predictable characteristics of battery assembly  100 , i.e., battery case expansion in response to an increase in internal pressure, safety features may be incorporated into battery assembly  100  without including additional components, thereby maintaining a low-cost battery assembly  100  with advantageous electrical overcharge protection. 
     With reference to vent assembly  300  in  FIGS. 11 and 12 , it is noted that the longer surface, e.g., top surface  109  of sidewalls  102  defines an opening  114 . A flame arrestor  302  and a vent disc  304  are mounted across the opening  114 . A seal is maintained in the region of flame arrestor  302  and vent disc  304  by vent adapter ring  306 . Various mounting mechanisms may be employed to fix vent adapter ring  306  to top wall  109 , e.g., welding, adhesive, mechanical mounting structures, and the like (including combinations thereof). Of note, vent disc  304  is necessarily sealingly engaged relative to top wall  109  and may be formed in situ, e.g., by score line(s) and/or reduced thickness relative to top wall  109 , as is known in the art. 
     As noted above, in the event of a failure of an individual jelly roll (or multiple jelly rolls), a large amount of gas may be generated (˜10 liters), and this gas is both hot (˜250-300° C.) and flammable. It is likely that this gas will ignite outside of the multi-jelly roll enclosure after a vent occurs. To prevent the flame front from entering the casing, a mesh may be provided to function as flame arrestor  302  and may be advantageously placed or positioned over the vent area, i.e., opening  114 . This mesh functions to reduce the temperature of the exiting gas stream below its auto-ignition temperature. Since the mesh is serving as a heat exchanger, greater surface area and smaller openings reject more heat, but decreasing the open area of the mesh increases the forces on the mesh during a vent. 
     In another exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure, a current interruption assembly, i.e., a pressure disconnect device, is provided that may be activated by internal pressure conditions of a lithium ion battery and, particularly, a multi-core lithium ion battery. With reference to  FIGS. 8A-8B , an exemplary battery module that includes a plurality of multi-core lithium ion electrochemical units (e.g., jelly rolls) is schematically depicted. More particularly, the schematic illustrations of  FIGS. 8A-8B  include three (3) distinct multi-core lithium ion electrochemical units. Although three multi-core lithium ion units are schematically depicted in  FIGS. 8A-8B , the present disclosure is not limited by or to implementations that include three multi-core lithium ion units. 
     Each of the multi-core lithium ion electrochemical units is associated with a pressure disconnect device (PDD) and, as shown schematically in  FIG. 8B , the 2 nd  unit has experienced an overcharge condition that has triggered activation of the PDD (as schematically depicted by the “X” in the circuit). Activation of the PDD for the 2 nd  unit has resulted in an external short of the cell and, based on the blown fuse, the electrochemical unit is isolated from the overall circuit. As discussed below, the fuse is advantageously positioned external to the battery casing and is associated with the negative terminal. In response to activation of the PDD, current is by-passed through the casing of the battery. The disclosed PDD would function in addition to the above-mentioned overcharge electrical disconnect feature. Implementation of the two is described in more detail below. 
     Turning to  FIGS. 9 and 10 , schematic views of exemplary PDD assembly  500  that is pressure activated according to the present disclosure are provided. The PDD assembly  500  includes a deflectable/deformable dome  516  associated with a cover  514  of the lithium ion battery casing (not shown). Cover  514  is advantageously fabricated of aluminum, although alternative materials may be employed without departing from the spirit/scope of the present disclosure (e.g., stainless steel). A deflectable/deformable dome  516  is associated with cover  514 . Deflectable/deformable dome  516  may be fabricated from various materials, including aluminum of reduced cross-section relative to the remainder of cover  514 . Thus, deflectable/deformable dome  516  may be integrally formed with cover  514  or attached or adhered with respect to an opening defined in cover  514 , e.g., welded with respect thereto. An insulation layer  518  is positioned between the cover  514  and a PDD activation arm  20 . The insulation layer  518  generally extends into the electrode region  522 , e.g., to electrically isolate the upstanding copper terminal  524  and bus bar  526  from the cover  514 . A fuse element  528  is associated with the electrode region  522  so as to complete the circuit between upstanding terminal  524  and terminal element  525 . 
     As shown in  FIG. 9 , dome  516  and PDD activation arm  520  are initially spaced relative to each other, thereby preventing electrical communication therebetween. A gap in insulation layer  518  is provided adjacent dome  516 , thereby permitting physical contact and electrical communication between dome  516  and PDD activation arm  520  when a threshold internal pressure is reached within the battery casing. In exemplary embodiments, PDD activation arm  520  may define a geometry that cooperates with the geometry of dome  516 , e.g., a mushroom-like knob  530  extending from an end region of activation arm  520 , to ensure effective contact therebetween. Alternative cooperative geometries may be employed, as will be readily apparent to persons skilled in the art. 
     As shown in  FIG. 10 , if the internal pressure within the battery casing exceeds a certain level, the dome  516  will deflect upward into contact with knob  530  of PDD activation arm  520 , thereby completing an electronic circuit between the bus bar  526 , upstanding terminal  524 , fuse  528 , terminal element  525 , activation arm  520  and cover  514 . Completion of this circuit exceeds the capacity of fuse  528 , which “blows” (as shown in  FIG. 10 ), thereby by-passing all current associated with the battery through the casing (including the cover) thereof. 
     Appropriate fuse diameters may be calculated using the Onderdonk equation. 
         I   fuse =Area*SQRT(LOG(( T   melt   −T   ambient )/(234− T   ambient )+1)/Time*33)
 
     Where:
         T melt  is the melting temp of wire in degrees Centigrade   T ambient  is the ambient temp in degrees Centigrade   Time is the melting time in seconds   I fuse  is the fusing current in amps   Area is the wire area in circular mils (where “circular mils” is the diameter of the wire in thousandths of an inch (mils) squared. That is, it is the area of a circle 0.001″ in diameter.)       

     Assuming a 700 amp current for the fusing current, application of the Onderdonk equation yields the following wire diameter results: 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Melting time (s) 
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 1 
                 5 
                 10 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Aluminum wire area (mm 2 ) 
                 2.62 
                 5.86 
                 8.28 
               
               
                   
                 Aluminum wire diameter (mm) 
                 1.83 
                 2.73 
                 3.25 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Thus, the Onderdonk equation shows that, assuming a 700 amp fusing current, an aluminum fuse diameter of 2.73 mm would be effective in the exemplary assembly of  FIGS. 9 and 10  for a melting time of five (5) seconds. Alternative fuse materials/diameters may be employed, as will be readily apparent to persons skilled in the art. 
     Turning to the electrical aspects of battery  600 , the exploded views of  FIGS. 11 and 12  show an exemplary overcharge electrical disconnect feature and pressure disconnect device  700 , incorporated into a battery case. Battery  600  includes upstanding copper terminal  604  which functions as the anode for the disclosed lithium ion battery and is configured and dimensioned to extend upward thru a further opening  616  formed in the top wall  610  of sidewalls  602 . The upstanding terminal  604  is in electric communication with the copper bus bar  214  and bus bar connector  606  internal to sidewalls  602 , and extends thru bus bar connector insulator  608  so as to be exposed upward and outward of sidewalls  602 . The upper end of upstanding copper terminal  604  is positioned within fuse holder  702 , which may define a substantially rectangular, non-conductive (e.g., polymeric) structure that is mounted along the top wall  610  of sidewalls  602 . Upstanding terminal  604  is in electrical communication with terminal contact face  618  by way of fuse  704 . 
     Fuse  704  is positioned within fuse holder  702  and external to sidewalls  602  in electric communication with upstanding copper terminal  604  and terminal contact face  618 . A terminal screw  706  may be provided to secure fuse  704  relative to fuse holder  702  and upstanding terminal  604 , and the fuse components may be electrically isolated within the fuse holder  702  by fuse cover  708 . 
     A substantially U-shaped terminal  710  defines spaced flange surfaces  711  that are in electrical and mounting contact with the top wall  610  of sidewalls  602 . Aluminum bus bar  204  which is internal to sidewalls  602  is in electrical communication with sidewalls  602 , thereby establishing electrical communication with terminal  710 . Terminal  710  may take various geometric forms, as will be readily apparent to persons skilled in the art. Terminal  710  is typically fabricated from aluminum and functions as the cathode for the disclosed lithium ion battery. 
     Thus, the anode terminal contact face  618  and cathode terminal  710  are positioned in a side-by-side relationship on the top wall  610  of casing  602  and are available for electrical connection, thereby allowing energy supply from battery  600  to desired application(s). 
     With reference to exemplary PDD assembly  700 , a conductive dome  712  is positioned with respect to a further opening  620  defined in the top wall  610  of sidewalls  602 . Dome  712  is initially flexed inward relative to sidewalls  602 , and is thereby positioned to respond to an increase in pressure within the outer can by outward/upward deflection thereof. Dome  712  may be mounted with respect to top wall  610  by a dome adapter ring  714  which is typically welded with respect to top wall  610 . In exemplary implementations and for ease of manufacture, dome adapter ring  714  may be pre-welded to the periphery of dome  712 , thereby facilitating the welding operation associated with mounting dome  712  relative to top wall  610  due to the increased surface area provided by dome adapter ring  714 . 
     In the exemplary embodiment depicted in  FIGS. 11-12 , a non-conductive (i.e., insulative) hammer holder  715  is positioned in engagement with a top face of the dome  712 , thereby electrically isolating dome  712  from the underside of terminal contact face  618 , as described below. 
     However, it is contemplated that the non-conductive hammer holder  715  and braid assembly may be eliminated in alternative implementations of the present disclosure, as described herein. In an exemplary non-braid implementation, upward/outward deflection of dome  712  (based on an increased pressure within sidewalls  602 ) may bring dome  712  into direct contact with the underside of terminal contact face  618 . In selecting this approach, care should be taken that the current running thru the dome  712  does not negatively impact the structural integrity of the dome  712 . In this respect, the hammer holder/braid assembly implementation described with reference to the embodiment of  FIGS. 5-8  offers an exemplary approach to avoiding and/or minimizing potential structural damage and/or failure of the dome by electrically isolating the dome from direct contact with the terminal contact face  618 . 
     With further reference to  FIGS. 11 and 12 , hammer holder  715  includes an upward extension that is configured and dimensioned to pass through an opening defined in conductive braid  717  and snap connect to disconnect hammer  320  positioned on the other side of braid  717 . In this way, hammer holder  715  and disconnect hammer  720  are secured with respect to braid  717  and move in concert therewith. The braid  717  is mounted with respect to a braid base  716  by braid clamps  718  and the subassembly is fixed relative to the top wall  610  of sidewalls  602 , e.g., by welding. Of note, conductive braid  717  is extensible so as to accommodate upward movement of dome  712 , hammer holder  715  and disconnect hammer  720  relative to sidewalls  602 . 
     In use and in response to a build-up in pressure within the assembly defined by sidewalls  602  and top plate  106 , dome  712  will deflect upward relative to top wall  610  of sidewalls  602 . Upon sufficient upward deflection, i.e., based on the internal pressure associated with battery  600  reaching a threshold level, disconnect hammer  720  is brought into contact with the underside of terminal contact face  618  which is in electrical communication with fuse  704  within fuse holder  702 . Upward movement of disconnect hammer  720  is permitted due to a “stretching” of braid  717 . Contact between disconnect hammer  720  (which is conductive) completes a circuit that runs from top plate  106  thru braid  717 , hammer head  720 , terminal contact face  618 , fuse  702 , and upstanding terminal  604 . The completion of this circuit will cause fuse  702  to “blow”, thereby breaking the circuit from the multi-core components positioned within the assembly defined by outer can  602  and top plate  106 . Current is bypassed through sidewalls  602 . Of note, all operative components of PDD assembly  700 —with the exception of the deflectable dome  712 —are advantageously positioned external to sidewalls  602 , bottom plate  104 , and top plate  106 . 
     In an exemplary embodiment, PDD assembly  700  may be used in conjunction with the above-mentioned overcharge electrical disconnect feature and vent assembly  300 . In such an embodiment, overcharge electrical disconnect feature would provide an initial response to elevated internal pressure of a battery case, and PDD assembly  700  would act as an additional safety measure (i.e., failsafe mechanism) and respond if the overcharge electrical disconnect feature did not effectively interrupt current flow.  FIGS. 11-13  depict PDD assembly  700  adjacent to vent assembly  300  on the top wall  610  of sidewalls  602 . However, alternative positioning (in whole or in part) of one or both of vent assembly  300  and/or PDD assembly  700  may be effectuated without departing from the spirit/scope of the present disclosure, as will be apparent to persons skilled in the art based on the present disclosure. 
     Turning to  FIGS. 14 and 14A , a further exemplary battery  800  according to the present disclosure is schematically depicted. Battery  800  includes sidewalls  802 , bottom plate (not shown), and top plate  820 , e.g., cover, that define an interior region for receipt of lithium ion battery components. Battery  800  is hermetically sealed. Bottom plate (not shown) and top plate  820  are configured and dimensioned to cooperate with sidewalls  802  to encase the lithium ion battery components. Sidewalls  802 , bottom plate (not shown), and top cover  820  may collectively be referred to as a battery case or case. The battery case is in electrical contact with one of the battery terminals, i.e., the positive or negative terminal. The lithium ion battery components incorporated into battery case are as follows:
         An aluminum bus bar  804  that defines a plurality (24) of openings (e.g., circular openings);   A housing or support structure  806  that defines a plurality (24) of spaced, substantially cylindrical regions or cavities that are configured and dimensioned to receive jelly roll/jelly roll sleeve subassemblies;   A plurality (24) of jelly roll sleeves  808  configured and dimensioned to receive corresponding jelly rolls and to be positioned within the cylindrical regions defined by housing  806 —the jelly roll sleeves  808  may be fabricated of various materials, e.g., polymers or metals, and may take the form of polymer and metal foil laminated foil pouches;   A plurality (24) of jelly rolls  810 , i.e., electrochemical units, configured and dimensioned to be positioned within jelly roll housings  808 ;   A plurality (24) of jelly roll covers  812  that are configured and dimensioned to cover the jelly rolls  810  positioned within the cavities defined by housing  806 ;   A copper bus bar  814  that defines a substantially H-shaped geometry so as to effect electrical communication with each of the jelly rolls  810 ;   A bus bar insulator  816  that defines a geometry that generally corresponds to the geometry of bus bar  814  so as to insulate the bus bar  814  relative to the top cover of the battery assembly;   Insulation tape  813  and  815 , e.g., polyimide tape, that provides further heat resistant insulation above and below copper bus bar  814 ;   A plurality (3) of supports or pillars  811  that extend from housing  806  and that cooperate with top cover  820  to provide support/bracing therebetween—supports  811  may be fixed relative to top cover  820  in various ways, e.g., threading engagement, welding securement, simply interference fit relative to a corresponding aperture, and the like; one of the points of connection relative to top cover  820  is shown in phantom as  823 ;   A plurality (24) of steel balls  822  positioned on the exterior of the top cover  820  to obstruct openings formed in the top cover  820  to facilitate electrolyte introduction to the jelly rolls;   One or more anti-vibration mats  824  are positioned between sidewalls  802  and the outer wall(s) of housing  806  to further dampen vibration and prevent movement therebetween.       

     The corners of sidewalls  802 , bus bar  804 , housing  806 , bottom plate (not shown) and top cover  820  are generally radiused at their respective corners to minimize size and facilitate manufacture/assembly. The jelly rolls  810  positioned within housing  806  define a multi-core assembly that generally share headspace within sidewalls  802 , bottom plate (not shown) and top cover  820 , but do not communicate with each other side-to-side. Thus, any build-up in pressure and/or temperature associated with operation of any one or more of the jelly rolls  810  will be spread throughout the shared headspace and will be addressed, as necessary, by the safety features described herein below. However, electrolyte associated with a first jelly roll  810  does not communicate with an adjacent jelly roll  810  because the substantially cylindrical regions defined by housing  806  isolate jelly rolls  810  from each other from a side-to-side standpoint. The sleeves  808  further contribute to the side-to-side electrolyte isolation as between adjacent jelly rolls  810 . 
     Exemplary safety features associated with the disclosed lithium ion battery  800  include an overcharge electrical disconnect feature, a vent assembly  1000 , and a pressure disconnect device (PDD) assembly  900 . Unlike the exemplary battery designs described with reference to  FIGS. 11 and 12 , operative components of the vent assembly  1000  and the PDD assembly  900  are not mounted/positioned relative to the same outer surface of the battery casing, e.g., on a top wall  610  of sidewalls  602  of battery (as shown in  FIGS. 11 and 12 ), but instead are deployed on different outer surfaces of the battery casing. 
     According to the exemplary battery  800  of  FIGS. 14-16 , operative components of overcharge electrical disconnect feature include bottom plate  803  and aluminum bus bar  804 . Further, vent assembly  1000  may be mounted/positioned on sidewalls  802 , on bottom plate  803 , and/or on top plate  820 . However, alternative positioning (in whole or in part) of vent assembly  1000  may be effectuated without departing from the spirit/scope of the present disclosure, as will be apparent to persons skilled in the art based on the present disclosure. 
     With initial reference to overcharge electrical disconnect feature,  FIGS. 15A and 15B  depict battery assembly  800  prior to the assembly of top plate  820 . Housing  806 , copper bus bar  814 , and the two insulators  813 ,  815  have at least one concentric thru hole  807  that ends at the top surface of aluminum bus bar  804 . As was previously mentioned, aluminum bus bar  804  is attached, e.g., welded, to each jelly roll  810  and/or jelly roll backing sheets (not shown). In a preferred embodiment, as depicted, there are four concentric thru holes  807  that end on the top face of aluminum bus bar  804 , as better shown in  FIG. 15C . Beneath aluminum bus bar  804  is bottom plate  803 , which is rigidly attached, e.g., welding, to sidewalls  802 . Utilizing the concentric thru holes  807 , aluminum bus bar  804  and bottom plate  803  are rigidly attached. 
     Various mounting mechanisms may be employed to attach aluminum bus bar  804  to bottom plate  803 , e.g., welding ( 809 ), adhesive, mechanical mounting structures, and the like (including combinations thereof). Top plate (not shown) is rigidly attached, e.g., welding, to sidewalls  802 , which is rigidly attached to bottom plate  803  to fabricate a battery case. 
     In operation, as depicted in  FIGS. 16A-16C , when the internal pressure  1102  of battery case increases due to biphenyl activation within the electrolyte, the pressure creates distributed loads on the inside surfaces of battery case.  FIG. 6  depicts a graph of internal pressure for a given voltage based on the percent of biphenyl electrolyte, e.g., 1%, 2.5%, and 5%. As the internal pressure  1102  of battery case increases, the expansion and deformation of battery case will also increase, along with the voltage. Top plate  820  and bottom plate  803  have the largest surface area and therefore will expand/bulge the most, in comparison to sidewalls  802 . As depicted in  FIG. 16C , the expansion of bottom plate  803  will cause the resistance welds  809 , attaching aluminum bus bar  804  to bottom plate  803 , to break/pop, which creates gap  1104  between aluminum bus bar  804  and bottom plate  803 . Gap  1104  disconnects the electrical connection between jelly rolls  810  and/or jelly roll backing sheets (not shown) and bottom plate  803  of battery case, which is in electrical communication with one of the battery terminals. Such condition is aptly called the overcharge electrical disconnect feature. Of note, the detachment of bottom plate  104  from bus bar  204  may be a partial or full disconnect. In either situation, according to exemplary implementations of the present disclosure, the level of current flow to bottom plate  104  will be reduced, if not eliminated. 
     To facilitate a consistent expansion/bulge of bottom plate  803  and top plate  820 , score line(s) and/or reduced thickness relative to the area in close proximity to sidewalls  802  may be incorporated, as is known in the art. Further, due to the increased surface area of bottom plate  803 /top plate  820  as compared to a conventional PDD device, the overcharge electrical disconnect feature may be more sensitive to significantly smaller internal pressures. 
     Although depicted as both bottom plate  803  and top plate  820  expanding/bulging, only one plate needs to expand/bulge in order to break/pop welds  809  to create gap  1104 . In the event only one plate expands/bulges, the other plate may have additional material and/or bracing to withstand the increase in internal pressure of the battery case. Further, although described as “top” and “bottom,” with bottom plate breaking/popping the attachment mechanism, the terms “top” and “bottom” are interchangeable without changing the scope/focus of this disclosure. 
     By leveraging the known characteristics of battery assembly  800 , i.e., battery case expansion in response to an increase in internal pressure, safety features may be incorporated into battery assembly  800  without including additional components, thereby maintaining a low-cost battery assembly  800  with electrical overcharge protection. 
     With initial reference to vent assembly  1000 , top cover  820  defines an opening  828 . A flame arrestor  1002  and a vent disc  1004  are mounted across the opening  828 . A seal is maintained in the region of flame arrestor  1002  and vent disc  1004 , e.g., by a vent adapter ring (not pictured). Various mounting mechanisms may be employed to fix the structures associated with vent assembly  1000  relative to top cover  820 , e.g., welding, adhesive, mechanical mounting structures, and the like (including combinations thereof). Of note, vent disc  1004  is necessarily sealingly engaged relative to top cover  820  and may be formed in situ, e.g., by score line(s) and/or reduced thickness relative to top cover  820 , as is known in the art. 
     In the event of a failure of an individual jelly roll (or multiple jelly rolls), a large amount of gas may be generated (˜10 liters), and this gas is both hot (˜250-300° C.) and flammable. It is likely that this gas will ignite outside of the multi-jelly roll enclosure after a vent occurs. To prevent the flame front from entering the casing, a mesh may be provided to function as flame arrestor  1002  and may be advantageously placed or positioned over the vent area, i.e., opening  828 . This mesh functions to reduce the temperature of the exiting gas stream below its auto-ignition temperature. Since the mesh is serving as a heat exchanger, greater surface area and smaller openings reject more heat, but decreasing the open area of the mesh increases the forces on the mesh during a vent. 
     In an exemplary embodiment, PDD assembly  900  may be used in conjunction with the above-mentioned overcharge electrical disconnect feature and vent assembly  1000 . In such an embodiment, overcharge electrical disconnect feature would provide an initial response to elevated internal pressure of a battery case, and PDD assembly  900  would act as an additional safety measure (i.e., a failsafe mechanism) and respond if the overcharge electrical disconnect feature did not effectively interrupt current flow. PDD assembly  900  is explained in more detail below. 
     Upstanding copper terminal  825  which functions as the anode for the disclosed lithium ion battery and is configured and dimensioned to extend upward thru an opening  830  formed in the top wall  826  of sidewalls  802 . The upstanding terminal  825  is in electric communication with the copper bus bar  814  and bus bar connector  817  internal to sidewalls  802 , and extends thru bus bar connector insulator  819  so as to be exposed upward and outward of sidewalls  802 . The upper end of upstanding copper terminal  825  is positioned within fuse holder  902 , which may define a substantially rectangular, non-conductive (e.g., polymeric) structure that is mounted along the top wall  826  of sidewalls  802 . Upstanding terminal  825  is in electrical communication with terminal contact face  821  by way of fuse  904 . 
     Fuse  904  is positioned within fuse holder  902  and external to sidewalls  802  in electric communication with upstanding copper terminal  825  and terminal contact face  821 . The fuse components may be electrically isolated within the fuse holder  902  by fuse cover  908 . 
     A substantially U-shaped terminal  910  defines spaced flange surfaces  911  that are in electrical and mounting contact with the top wall  826  of sidewalls  802 . In exemplary embodiments, terminal  910  is positioned over an extension  903  of fuse holder  902  that facilitates positioning of terminal  910 . A conventional O-ring  905  may be received within an aperture formed in the extension  903  to dampen potential vibration/movement of fuse holder  902  relative to top wall  826 . O-ring  905  may be received in an aperture  907  formed in extension  903  such that O-ring engages the surface of top wall  826  and establishes a stable relationship between fuse holder  902  and top wall  826 . 
     Aluminum bus bar  804  which is internal to sidewalls  802  is in electrical communication with sidewalls  802 , thereby establishing electrical communication with terminal  910 . Terminal  910  may take various geometric forms, as will be readily apparent to persons skilled in the art. 
     Terminal  910  is typically fabricated from aluminum and functions as the cathode for the disclosed lithium ion battery  800 . Thus, the anode terminal contact face  821  and cathode terminal  910  are positioned in a side-by-side relationship on the top wall  826  of sidewalls  802  and are available for electrical connection, thereby allowing energy supply from battery  800  to desired application(s). 
     With reference to exemplary PDD assembly  900 , a conductive dome  912  is positioned with respect to a second opening  832  defined in the top wall  826  of sidewalls  802 . Dome  912  defines a region of increased cross-sectional thickness central thereto. Thus, in an exemplary embodiment, a conductive film disc  913  is applied to a central region of dome  912 , e.g., by welding or other adherence method, thereby increasing the cross-sectional dimension of the dome  912  in such central region. 
     Dome  912  is initially flexed inward relative to sidewalls  802 , and is thereby positioned to respond to an increase in pressure within the outer can by outward/upward deflection thereof. Dome  912  may be mounted with respect to top wall  826  by a dome adapter ring which is typically welded to the periphery of dome  912  and then further welded with respect to top wall  826  to fix the periphery of dome  912  relative to top wall  826 . A sealing O-ring  915  may be included to provide an enhanced seal in the region of interface between fuse holder  902  and dome  912 . 
     With reference to  FIGS. 17A-17C , additional features and functions of PDD  900 , including exemplary specifically dome  912  and hammer head  928 , are described according to the present disclosure. Hammer head  928  defines a circumferential flange or head region  930  and a threaded shank  932  extending therefrom. The threaded shank  932  is adapted to engage corresponding threads formed in an aperture  934  defined in fuse holder  902 . Head region  930  cooperates with terminal contact face  821  to define a substantially flush upper face thereof. A drive feature  936  is defined on the head region  930  to facilitate interaction with a tool, e.g., a screw driver or the like, to threadingly engage hammer head  928  relative to aperture  932 . 
     Once threaded into place, hammer head  928  is securely held in the desired position relative to dome  912 , thereby ensuring reliable and exacting electrical contact between dome  912  and hammer head  928  when pressure conditions within the battery casing activate the dome  912 . 
     In the assembled condition shown in  FIGS. 17A-17C , the distal face  938  of hammer head  928  advantageously extends beyond the underside of fuse holder  902 . The central axis of hammer head  928  (shown as dashed line “X” in  FIG. 17B ) is substantially aligned with the center of circular dome  912 . In the initial position of  FIG. 17A , dome  912  is bowed away from the distal face  938  of hammer head  928 . This relative orientation reflects a condition wherein the pressure within the volume bounded by sidewalls  802  and top cover  820  is within normal operating ranges, i.e., not at an elevated level such that a deflection response of dome  912  has been initiated. The pressure associated with normal operating condition of a lithium ion battery according to the present disclosure will vary depending on many factors, including the power/energy capacity of the battery, the number of jelly rolls/electrochemical units positioned within the casing, the volume of the shared atmosphere region, the composition of the electrolyte (including specifically the type and level of degassing agent). 
     In typical lithium ion battery implementations of the present disclosure wherein the battery capacity is 30 Amp-hours or greater, operating pressures under normal conditions are between 0 and 5 psig. Accordingly, operating pressures of between 5 psig and 70 psig may be deemed acceptable for overcharge electrical disconnect feature and PDD activation, although lower pressure ranges, e.g., pressures in the range of 5 psig to 30 psig, may be deemed acceptable pressure operating ranges in exemplary implementations of the present disclosure. The overcharge electrical disconnect feature and PDD of the present disclosure are designed so as to be responsive at a selected pressure (or limited pressure range) within the casing of the battery, e.g., 20 psig±0.1 psig or the like. Of note, the overcharge electrical disconnect feature and PDD activation pressure may be selected at least in part to ensure that the temperature within the battery casing does not exceed acceptable levels, e.g., an internal temperature that does not exceed 110° C. to 120° C. If the internal temperature is permitted to exceed about 110° C. to 120° C., significant issues may arise that could lead to internal short(s) of the jelly roll(s)/electrochemical unit(s) (e.g., based on separator shrinkage or rupturing) and/or thermal runaway. According to the present disclosure, activation of the disclosed overcharge electrical disconnect feature and PDD at the predetermined pressure threshold is generally effective to prevent against thermal runaway and other potentially catastrophic failure conditions. 
     In particular and in exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure, when the internal pressure reaches the overcharge electrical disconnect feature threshold value, the bottom plate expands away from the lithium ion battery components, thereby creating a gap and causing an electrical disconnect between lithium ion battery components and the casing. 
     In particular and in exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure, when the internal pressure reaches the PDD threshold value, the dome disc pops up to contact the hammer head causing a short circuit between positive and negative terminals, which results in fuse failure. After the fuse has failed (i.e., “blown”), the negative terminal connecting to the external circuit is isolated from jelly rolls in the container, and the negative terminal is kept connecting to the positive terminal via the case and hammer head, resulting in current directly flowing from the negative terminal to the case, i.e., by-passing jelly rolls. 
     In an exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure, and as shown in the cross-section of  FIG. 18 , dome  912  (prior to addition of conductive film disc  913 ) may include or define a circumferential groove  940  at an outer periphery thereof (but internal of circumferential mounting flange  942 ). The groove  940  facilitates response of dome  912  to internal pressures developed within the battery casing. 
     In an exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure where dome  912  is fabricated from aluminum such that the central region thickness is about 0.015 to 0.022 inches (with or without film disc  913 ), the diameter of dome  912  (exclusive of mounting flange region  942 ) is about 1.18 inches, and the diameter of dome  912  internal of groove  940  is about 1.03 inches, the radius of the distal face  938  of hammer head  928  is about 0.06 to 0.08 inches, and the activation pressure is about 20 to 25 psig, the distance “D” from the top face of mounting flange  942  to the surface of dome  912  at a center point thereof once the film disc  913  (diameter of about 0.404 inches) is applied to the central region of dome  912  (not shown in  FIG. 18 ) is about 0.115 inches to about 0.123 inches. 
     Of note, as shown in  FIGS. 17A-17C , the distal face  938  of hammer head  928  extends below the plane defined by the lower face of fuse holder  902 , thereby closing the gap between such distal face  938  and the central region of dome  912 . The initial distance “Y” between the distal face  938  of hammer head  928  and the central region of dome  912  (with film disc  913  applied thereto) is approximately 0.063 inches. Thus, the downward extension of hammer head  928  relative to the lower face of fuse holder  902  reduces the required travel distance for dome  912  to contact hammer head  928  and complete an electrical circuit therewith. The initial spacing distance “Y” will vary depending on the specifics of a PDD design based on such factors as the operating pressures to be accommodated within the battery, the design parameters of dome  912  and the pressure at which PDD  900  is to be activated. 
     Once a pressure that meets or exceeds the predetermined pressure threshold is reached within the battery casing, the sequence schematically depicted in  FIGS. 17B and 17C  commences according to an exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure. With reference to the inversion progression of dome  912  in response to an elevated pressure within the battery casing defined by outer can and top cover, dome  912  will deflect upward relative to the distal face  938  of hammer head  928 . As shown in  FIG. 17B , upon sufficient upward deflection—i.e., based on the internal pressure associated with the battery reaching a threshold level—the central region of dome  912  is brought into direct physical contact with the distal face  938  of hammer head  928 . The travel distance required to place dome  912  and hammer head into initial contact is equal to the initial spacing distance “Y”. However, to ensure consistent, continuous and wide area contact over the entirety of the distal face  938  of hammer head  928 , the dome  912  is configured and dimensioned to undergo a minimum travel distance of at least about 0.02 inches greater than the initial spacing distance “Y” when inversion is complete, e.g., as shown in  FIG. 17C . Thus, for example, where initial spacing distance “Y” is about 0.063 inches as described above, the minimum travel distance of dome  912  when fully inverted is at least about 0.083 inches. This minimum travel distance is thus on the order of at least about 120% to 140% of the initial spacing distance “Y”. The “interference” established by the fact that the minimum travel distance of dome  912  exceeds the initial spacing distance “Y” helps to ensure a positive electrical connection in the short circuit mode that enables reliable current bypass from the battery, and minimizes the potential for undesirable temperature increases associated with discharge current. 
     As shown in  FIG. 17C , full inversion of dome  912  causes dome  912  to deform around the distal face  938  of hammer head  928 , thereby further ensuring consistent, continuous and wide area contact of dome  912  relative to hammer head  928 . As will be apparent to persons skilled in the art, a more complete and reliable electrical contact between dome  912  and hammer head  928  reduces the likelihood of burn through of the dome  912 , as well as the disadvantageous potential for electrical surges/pulses due to intermittent contact that can increase the likelihood of temperature rise and thermal runaway of electrochemical units and/or electrolyte. The presence of film disc  913  or other thickening of the central region of dome  912  further enhances the consistent, continuous and wide area contact between dome  912  and hammer head  928 . 
     With further reference to  FIGS. 17A-17C , it is noted the physical proximity and relationship of PDD  900  relative to support structure  806  and jelly rolls/electrochemical units  810 . As schematically depicted in  FIGS. 17A-17C , the side wall  840  of support structure  806  is spaced from the underside of fuse holder  902  in a defined manner, such that the space required for positioning and operation of dome  812  is clearly established and maintained. Thus, a minimum of space need be devoted to accommodating dome  812 , thereby permitting maximal packing density for the electrochemical units  810  without sacrificing PDD operation. The volume within which dome  812  moves constitutes a shared atmosphere region for the unsealed electrochemical units positioned in support structure  806 . As a result of the shared atmosphere region and the relatively large space available for positioning and operation of dome  812 , the disclosed PDD is able to operate effectively and reliably at relatively low pressures, e.g., as low as 10 psig, for batteries with capacities of 30 Ah and higher. 
     Still further, the PDD of the present disclosure may be designed for activation at a first pressure, e.g., 10 to 60 psig (or higher, depending on battery design), the vent assembly may be designed for activation (i.e., pressure release/venting) at a second pressure that is at least 5 to 10 psig higher than the activation pressure of the PDD, and the overall design of the battery casing (i.e., welds, seals, joints and the like) may be designed with a failure pressure rating that is at least 5 to 10 psig higher than the activation pressure of the vent assembly. In this way, the sequence for safety response of the battery design may be established so as to minimize risks associated with battery design and operation. 
     As is apparent from each of the disclosed battery systems, the overcharge electrical disconnect feature, PDD components, and/or the vent structure of the present disclosure, or a combination thereof, advantageously interact with and respond to conditions within the battery casing and incorporated within or mounted thereto. For example, the disclosed aluminum bus bar is mounted to the bottom plate, which is subsequently mounted to the sidewalls, which provides for an electrical connection between the jelly rolls and the casing, as shown in  FIGS. 2, 11, and 14 . Equally beneficial, the vent is mounted with respect to an opening formed directly in the sidewalls in  FIGS. 2, 11-13, 15 , while the disclosed vent is mounted with respect to an opening formed in the cover in  FIG. 14 . Further, the disclosed dome is mounted with respect to an opening formed in the sidewalls itself in  FIGS. 11-15 . 
     No immediate or accessory structure is required to support the overcharge electrical disconnect feature of the present disclosure. Indeed, by leveraging the predictable characteristics of the battery assembly, i.e., battery case expansion in response to an increase in internal pressure, safety features may be incorporated into the battery assembly without including additional components. The simplicity and manufacturing/assembly ease of the disclosed battery systems improves the manufacturability and cost parameters of the disclosed battery systems. Still further, utilizing the casing components for the overcharge electrical protection further enhances the low profile of the disclosed batteries. By low profile is meant the reduced volume or space required to accommodate the disclosed overcharge electrical disconnect feature, while delivering high capacity battery systems, e.g., 30 Ah and higher. 
     No intermediate or accessory structure is required to support the PDD and/or vent structures of the present disclosure. Indeed, only one additional opening relative to the interior of the battery is required according to the embodiments of the present disclosure, i.e., an opening to accommodate passage of the Cu terminal. The simplicity and manufacturing/assembly ease of the disclosed battery systems improves the manufacturability and cost parameters of the disclosed battery systems. Still further, the direct mounting of the PDD and vent assemblies relative to the can and/or lid of the disclosed batteries further enhances the low profile of the disclosed batteries. By low profile is meant the reduced volume or space required to accommodate the disclosed PDD and vent safety structures/systems, while delivering high capacity battery systems, e.g., 30 Ah and higher. 
     Mitigation of Arc Generation Relative to Dome in Exemplary Pressure Disconnect Devices 
     To avoid a potential for dome disc burn-through that might create hole(s) due to arc generation when the dome is activated, two advantageous design options have been developed according to the present disclosure: (i) a thicker dome disc, and (ii) welding additional foil on the disc. The two options may be independently implemented, or they may be implemented in combination. 
     Both thickening of the dome disc and welding additional foil on the dome disc (thereby increasing mass in the region of the dome disc) have been shown to eliminate burn-through hole in the dome disc when applying 800 A DC current. The results of these tests are shown in Tables 1 &amp; 2 set forth below. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 1 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Dome disc in PDD subassembly after applying high DC current 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Dome 
                 Weld 
                   
                 Activation 
                 Applied 
                   
                   
               
               
                 material &amp; 
                 metal &amp; 
                 Hammer 
                 pressure 
                 current 
                   
                 Dome 
               
               
                 thickness 
                 thickness 
                 radius 
                 (psig) 
                 (A) 
                 Fuse 
                 damage 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Al/0.012″ 
                 N/A 
                 0.025″ 
                 20-25 
                 800 
                 Littelfuse 
                 Big burn- 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 MIDI 200A 
                 through hole 
               
               
                 Al/0.012″ 
                 N/A 
                 0.060″ 
                 20-25 
                 800 
                   
                 Small burn- 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 through hole 
               
               
                 Al/0.015″ 
                 N/A 
                 0.060″ 
                 35 
                 800 
                   
                 No burn- 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 through 
               
               
                 Al/0.012″ 
                 0.004″ Al 
                 0.060″ 
                 20-25 
                 800 
                   
                 No burn- 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 through 
               
               
                 Al/0.012″ 
                 0.004″ Al 
                 0.080″ 
                 20-25 
                 800 
                   
                 No burn- 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 through 
               
               
                 Al/0.012″ 
                 N/A 
                 0.025″ 
                 20-25 
                 800 
                 Cadenza 
                 Big burn- 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 through 
               
               
                 Al/0.012″ 
                 0.010″ Al 
                 0.060″ 
                 20-25 
                 900 
                   
                 No burn- 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 through 
               
               
                 Al/0.012″ 
                 Cu tape 
                 0.060″ 
                 20-25 
                 800 
                 Littelfuse 
                 No burn- 
               
               
                   
                 (3M 1187) 
                   
                   
                   
                 MIDI 200A 
                 through 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     The effect of thickness and type of additional welding metal foil on dome disc popping pressure with different thickness Al foils and Cu foil welded on the Al dome disc has been investigated. Based on these studies and as shown in Table 2, the Al foil thickness or Cu foil thickness has no significant effect on dome popping pressure. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 2 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Dome popping pressure with welded additional foil 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                 Additional foil 
                 Foil thickness 
                 Dome popping pressure (psi) 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 material 
                 (inch) 
                 Max 
                 Min 
                 Average 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Al 
                 0.004 
                 22 
                 20 
                 22 
               
               
                 Al 
                 0.010 
                 22 
                 20 
                 21 
               
               
                 Al 
                 0.012 
                 25 
                 19 
                 21 
               
               
                 Cu 
                 0.010 
                 23 
                 20 
                 21 
               
               
                 Specification 
                 N/A 
                 15 
                 25 
                 20 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     The additional metal foil can advantageously act as a sacrificial layer when an arc is generated, thereby protecting the dome disc from burning through. In addition, the larger thermal mass and lower resistance associated with the options disclosed herein beneficially reduces the local heat at the contact area between the hammer and dome disc. It is expected that the thicker and more conductive the foil is, the more effective the disclosed designs will be in preventing the arc from burning through. 
     In implementing designs to mitigate the risk of burn through when the dome is activated, i.e., when the disclosed pressure disconnect device is triggered, it is noted that the selection and use of different materials may be beneficially employed. For example, materials that exhibit a higher melting point may be advantageous because they will less readily burn through. Also, the electrical conductivity of the selected material may benefit the design and operation of the dome trigger, e.g., materials that exhibit greater electrical conductivity will more effectively/rapidly dissipate current from the dome region, thereby reducing the risk of burn through. 
     Indeed, the speed with which the dome (or other PDD trigger mechanism) responds to a pressure disconnect condition impacts on the degree to which the design must mitigate against potential burn through, i.e., the more quickly the dome/trigger responds, the less likely a burn through condition may occur (and vice versa). Thus, for a given PDD release pressure (e.g., 60 psi), a dome/trigger mechanism that is designed to respond at that pressure can be expected to respond at a certain speed based on its material(s) of construction, geometry, thickness/mass, etc. For a second PDD release pressure (e.g., 90 psi), a particular dome/trigger mechanism that is designed to respond at that pressure can be expected to respond at a potentially different speed based on its material(s) of construction, geometry, thickness/mass, etc. According to the present disclosure, the design of the dome/trigger mechanism may be selected (e.g., based on material(s) of construction, geometry, thickness/mass, etc.) so as to prevent burn through in view of the expected speed of PDD response. 
     Experimental Results 
     1. Overcharging Test of Cell with Pressure Disconnect Device 
     a. Test Procedures
         Utilizing a lithium ion battery fabricated according to the design of  FIG. 5 , charge an 80 Ah cell that includes 24 jelly rolls to 100% state of charge (SOC) with a constant current of 16 A at room temperature to 4.2V, followed by constant voltage charge at 4.2V, and ending at current reaching 4 A. Record voltage and capacity.   Overcharge test: charge the cell with a constant current of 32 A.       

     A thermocouple is placed in the center of cell. Terminate charging when the cell&#39;s SOC reached 200%.
         The charge current, cell voltage and cell surface temperature variation during overcharging are plotted in  FIG. 19 .       

     b. Results
         The pressure disconnect device was activated by system conditions at about 4.63V.   After PDD activation, the charge current was by-passing the cell.   The maximum cell surface temperature was 38° C. Except for the blown fuse, the cell exhibited no other changes. Thus, the PDD device functioned effectively to protect the cell from damage.       

     2. Test of Pressure Disconnect Device Assembly 
     The test setup is shown in  FIG. 20  was utilized to test a pressure disconnect device according to the present disclosure. The pressure disconnect device assembly includes a pressure dome that is welded on an aluminum coupon, a hammer, a fuse and a fuse holder. The test fixture has an adaptor to adapt the pressure dome. A pre-determined pressure is applied through the pressure dome adaptor. A thermocouple is attached on the pressure dome near the edge of the hammer contact area. Current clamps are connected to the assembly and a 900 amp current is applied. 
     Apply pressure of 25 psi to activate the unit. The current and temperature variation during the test are plotted in  FIG. 21 . The fuse was blown approximately 0.6 seconds after the pressure dome activation. The maximum temperature measured at the pressure dome is about 86° C. Thus, the pressure disconnect device operated as desired, and would have been effective in protecting a cell if mounted with respect to a lithium battery as described herein. 
     Exemplary Multi-Core Lithium Ion Battery Systems/Assemblies 
     In exemplary implementations of the present disclosure, a vent structure is defined in the lid of a multi-core lithium ion battery container. If a vent pressure is reached, a substantially instantaneous fracture of the vent structure along the score line takes place, thereby releasing pressure/gas from the vent opening—and through the 30 mesh flame arrestor—as the vent structure deflects relative to the metal flap, i.e., the unscored region of the vent structure. 
     Advantageous multi-core lithium ion battery structures according to the present disclosure offer reduced production costs and improved safety while providing the benefits of a larger size battery, such as ease of assembly of arrays of such batteries and an ability to tailor power to energy ratios. The advantageous systems disclosed herein have applicability in multi-core cell structures and a multi-cell battery modules. It is understood by those skilled in the art that the Li-ion structures described below can also in most cases be used for other electrochemical units using an active core, such as a jelly roll, and an electrolyte. Potential alternative implementations include ultracapacitors, such as those described in U.S. Pat. No. 8,233,267, and nickel metal hydride battery or a wound lead acid battery systems. 
     In an exemplary embodiment, a lithium ion battery is provided that includes an assembly of multiple cores that are connected to a positive and negative current collector, originating from its anode and cathode electrodes. The lithium ion battery includes a plurality of jelly rolls, positive and negative current collectors, and a metal case. In one embodiment, the jelly roll has at least one bare current collector area welded directly onto a negative or positive bus bar, which is electrically joining multiple jelly rolls. In another embodiment, at least one of the bare current collector areas of the jelly rolls is directly welded onto a surrounding case structure, without using a bus bar for that connection. In this case, the case functions as the bus bar. This can be accomplished by either welding the rolls straight to the case, i.e., a metal can, or by using a sleeve structure, where a bottom fitted bus bar having welded jelly rolls is in turn welded onto the can structure. The bare anode current collector is generally Cu foil and the bare cathode current collector is generally Al foil for a Li-ion battery. The metal plate, which bare electrodes are welded onto, is referred to as the negative bus bar (or NBB), and the bar cathode connected bus bar end in the jelly roll is referred to as the positive bus bar (or PBB). In one embodiment, there are slit openings corresponding to the position of each individual jelly rolls of the NBB to allow an opening for electrolyte filling. This allows for some cases the electrolyte to be contained by the jelly roll itself and no additional electrolyte containing components, such as metal or plastic liners, are needed. In another exemplary embodiment, a single core electrochemical assembly is provided, where the NBB and PBB are welded onto the bare anode and cathode current ends in the jelly roll, respectively. A slit opening may be provided in the NBB. The assembly is inserted into a metal sleeve. The PBB may be welded onto the wall of the metal sleeve as the bottom of the metal case. 
     According to the present disclosure, exemplary multi-core lithium ion batteries are also described having a sealed enclosure with a support member disposed within the sealed enclosure. The support member includes a plurality of cavities and a plurality of lithium ion core members, disposed within a corresponding one of the plurality of cavities. There are a plurality of cavity liners, each positioned between a corresponding one of the lithium ion core members and a surface of a corresponding one of the cavities. The support member includes a kinetic energy absorbing material and the kinetic energy absorbing material is formed of one of aluminum foam, ceramic, and plastic. There are cavity liners formed of a plastic or aluminum material and the plurality of cavity liners are formed as part of a monolithic liner member. Instead of a plastic liner, also open aluminum cylindrical sleeves or can structures may be used to contain the core members. There is further included an electrolyte contained within each of the cores and the electrolyte includes at least one of a flame retardant, a gas generating agent, and a redox shuttle. Each lithium ion core member includes an anode, a cathode and separator disposed between each anode and cathode. There is further included an electrical connector within said enclosure electrically connecting the core members to an electrical terminal external to the sealed enclosure. The electrical connector includes two bus bars, the first bus bar interconnecting the anodes of the core members to a positive terminal member of the terminal external to the enclosure, and the second bus bar interconnecting the cathodes of the core members to a negative terminal member of the terminal external to the enclosure. 
     In another aspect of the disclosure, the core members are connected in parallel or they are connected in series. Alternatively, a first set of core members are connected in parallel and a second set of core members are connected in parallel, and the first set of core members is connected in series with the second set of core members. The support member is in the form of a honeycomb structure. The kinetic energy absorbing material includes compressible media. The enclosure includes a wall having a compressible element which, when compressed due to a force impacting the wall, creates an electrical short circuit of the lithium ion battery. The cavities in the support member and their corresponding core members are one of cylindrical, oblong, and prismatic in shape. The at least one of the cavities and its corresponding core member may have different shapes than the other cavities and their corresponding core members. 
     In another aspect of the disclosure, the at least one of the core members has high power characteristics and at least one of the core members has high energy characteristics. The anodes of the core members are formed of the same material and the cathodes of the core members are formed of the same material. Each separator member may include a ceramic coating and each anode and each cathode may include a ceramic coating. At least one of the core members includes one of an anode and cathode of a different thickness than the thickness of the anodes and cathodes of the other core members. At least one cathode includes at least two out of the Compound A through M group of materials. Each cathode includes a surface modifier. Each anode includes Li metal or one of carbon or graphite. Each anode includes Si. Each core member includes a rolled anode, cathode and separator structure or each core member includes a stacked anode, cathode and separator structure. 
     In another aspect of this disclosure, the core members have substantially the same electrical capacity. At least one of the core members has a different electrical capacity as compared to the other core members. At least one of the core members is optimized for power storage and at least one of the core members is optimized for energy storage. There is further included a tab for electrically connecting each anode to the first bus bar and a tab for electrically connecting each cathode to the second bus bar, wherein each tab includes a means for interrupting the flow of electrical current through each said tab when a predetermined current has been exceeded. The first bus bar includes a fuse element, proximate each point of interconnection between the anodes to the first bus bar and the second bus bar includes a fuse element proximate each point of interconnection between the cathodes to the second bus bar, for interrupting the flow of electrical current through the fuse elements when a predetermined current has been exceeded. There is further included a protective sleeve surrounding each of the core members and each protective sleeve is disposed outside of the cavity containing its corresponding core member. 
     In yet another aspect of the disclosure, there are include sensing wires electrically interconnected with the core members configured to enable electrical monitoring and balancing of the core members. The sealed enclosure includes a fire retardant member and the fire retardant member includes a fire retardant mesh material affixed to the exterior of the enclosure. 
     In another embodiment, there is described a multi-core lithium ion battery that includes a sealed enclosure. A support member is disposed within the sealed enclosure, the support member including a plurality of cavities, wherein the support member includes a kinetic energy absorbing material. There are a plurality of lithium ion core members disposed within a corresponding one of the plurality of cavities. There is further included a plurality of cavity liners, each positioned between a corresponding one of the lithium ion core members and a surface of a corresponding one of the cavities. The cavity liners are formed of a plastic or aluminum material (e.g., polymer and metal foil laminated pouches) and the plurality of cavity liners may be formed as part of a monolithic liner member. The kinetic energy absorbing material is formed of one of aluminum foam, ceramic, and plastic. 
     In another aspect of the disclosure, there is an electrolyte contained within each of the cores and the electrolyte includes at least one of a flame retardant, a gas generating agent, and a redox shuttle. Each lithium ion core member includes an anode, a cathode and separator disposed between each anode and cathode. There is further included an electrical connector within the enclosure electrically connecting the core members to an electrical terminal external to the sealed enclosure. The electrical connector includes two bus bars, the first bus bar interconnecting the anodes of the core members to a positive terminal member of the terminal external to the enclosure, and the second bus bar interconnecting the cathodes of the core members to a negative terminal member of the terminal external to the enclosure. The core members may be connected in parallel. The core members may be connected in series. A first set of core members may be connected in parallel and a second set of core members may be connected in parallel, and the first set of core members may be connected in series with the second set of core members. 
     In another aspect, the support member is in the form of a honeycomb structure. The kinetic energy absorbing material includes compressible media. The lithium enclosure includes a wall having a compressible element which, when compressed due to a force impacting the wall, creates an electrical short circuit of the lithium ion battery. The cavities in the support member and their corresponding core members are one of cylindrical, oblong, and prismatic in shape. At least one of the cavities and its corresponding core member may have different shapes as compared to the other cavities and their corresponding core members. At least one of the core members may have high power characteristics and at least one of the core members may have high energy characteristics. The anodes of the core members may be formed of the same material and the cathodes of the core members may be formed of the same material. Each separator member may include a ceramic coating. Each anode and each cathode may include a ceramic coating. At least one of the core members may include one of an anode and cathode of a different thickness as compared to the thickness of the anodes and cathodes of the other core members. 
     In yet another aspect, at least one cathode includes at least two out of the Compound A through M group of materials. Each cathode may include a surface modifier. Each anode includes Li metal, carbon, graphite or Si. Each core member may include a rolled anode, cathode and separator structure. Each core member may include a stacked anode, cathode and separator structure. The core members may have substantially the same electrical capacity. At least one of the core members may have a different electrical capacity as compared to the other core members. At least one of the core members may be optimized for power storage and at least one of the core members may be optimized for energy storage. 
     In another aspect of the disclosure, there is further included a tab for electrically connecting each anode to the first bus bar and a tab for electrically connecting each cathode to the second bus bar, wherein each tab includes a means/mechanism/structure for interrupting the flow of electrical current through each said tab when a predetermined current has been exceeded. The first bus bar may include a fuse element, proximate each point of interconnection between the anodes to the first bus bar and a fuse element and/or proximate each point of interconnection between the cathodes to the second bus bar, for interrupting the flow of electrical current through the fuse elements when a predetermined current has been exceeded. There may further be included a protective sleeve surrounding each of the core members and each protective sleeve may be disposed outside of the cavity containing its corresponding core member. 
     In another embodiment of the disclosure, sensing wires are electrically interconnected with the core members configured to enable electrical monitoring and balancing of the core members. The sealed enclosure may include a fire retardant member and the fire retardant member may include a fire retardant mesh material affixed to the exterior of the enclosure. 
     In another embodiment, a multi-core lithium ion battery is described which includes a sealed enclosure, with a lithium ion cell region and a shared atmosphere region in the interior of the enclosure. A support member is disposed within the lithium ion cell region of the sealed enclosure and the support member includes a plurality of cavities, each cavity having an end open to the shared atmosphere region. A plurality of lithium ion core members are provided, each having an anode and a cathode, disposed within a corresponding one of the plurality of cavities, wherein the anode and the cathode are exposed to the shared atmosphere region by way of the open end of the cavity and the anode and the cathode are substantially surrounded by the cavity along their lengths. The support member may include a kinetic energy absorbing material. The kinetic energy absorbing material is formed of one of aluminum foam, ceramic and plastic. 
     In another aspect, there are a plurality of cavity liners, each positioned between a corresponding one of the lithium ion core members and a surface of a corresponding one of the cavities. The cavity liners may be formed of a plastic or aluminum material. The pluralities of cavity liners may be formed as part of a monolithic liner member. An electrolyte is contained within each of the cores and the electrolyte may include at least one of a flame retardant, a gas generating agent, and a redox shuttle. Each lithium ion core member includes an anode, a cathode and separator disposed between each anode and cathode. There is an electrical connector within the enclosure electrically connecting the core members to an electrical terminal external to the sealed enclosure. The electrical connector includes two bus bars, the first bus bar interconnecting the anodes of the core members to a positive terminal member of the terminal external to the enclosure, and the second bus bar interconnecting the cathodes of the core members to a negative terminal member of the terminal external to the enclosure. 
     In yet another aspect, the core members are connected in parallel or the core members are connected in series. Alternatively, a first set of core members are connected in parallel and a second set of core members are connected in parallel, and the first set of core members is connected in series with the second set of core members. 
     In another embodiment, a lithium ion battery is described and includes a sealed enclosure and at least one lithium ion core member disposed within the sealed enclosure. The lithium ion core member include an anode and a cathode, wherein the cathode includes at least two compounds selected from the group of Compounds A through M. There may be only one lithium ion core member. The sealed enclosure may be a polymer bag or the sealed enclosure may be a metal canister. Each cathode may include at least two compounds selected from group of compounds B, C, D, E, F, G, L and M and may further include a surface modifier. Each cathode may include at least two compounds selected from group of Compounds B, D, F, G, and L. The battery may be charged to a voltage higher than 4.2V. Each anode may include one of carbon and graphite. Each anode may include Si. 
     In yet another embodiment, a lithium ion battery is described having a sealed enclosure and at least one lithium ion core member disposed within the sealed enclosure. The lithium ion core member includes an anode and a cathode. An electrical connector within the enclosure electrically connects the at least one core member to an electrical terminal external to the sealed enclosure; wherein the electrical connector includes a means/mechanism/structure for interrupting the flow of electrical current through the electrical connector when a predetermined current has been exceeded. The electrical connector includes two bus bars, the first bus bar interconnecting the anodes of the core members to a positive terminal member of the terminal external to the enclosure, and the second bus bar interconnecting the cathodes of the core members to a negative terminal member of the terminal external to the enclosure. The electrical connector may further include a tab for electrically connecting each anode to the first bus bar tab and/or for electrically connecting each cathode to the second bus bar, wherein each tab includes a means/mechanism/structure for interrupting the flow of electrical current through each tab when a predetermined current has been exceeded. The first bus bar may include a fuse element, proximate each point of interconnection between the anodes to the first bus bar, and the second bus bar may include a fuse element, proximate each point of interconnection between the cathodes to the second bus bar, for interrupting the flow of electrical current through the fuse elements when a predetermined current has been exceeded. 
     The present disclosure further provides lithium ion batteries that include, inter alia, materials that provide advantageous endothermic functionalities that contribute to the safety and/or stability of the batteries, e.g., by managing heat/temperature conditions and reducing the likelihood and/or magnitude of potential thermal runaway conditions. In exemplary implementations of the present disclosure, the endothermic materials/systems include a ceramic matrix that incorporates an inorganic gas-generating endothermic material. The disclosed endothermic materials/systems may be incorporated into the lithium battery in various ways and at various levels, as described in greater detail below. 
     In use, the disclosed endothermic materials/systems operate such that if the temperature rises above a predetermined level, e.g., a maximum level associated with normal operation, the endothermic materials/systems serve to provide one or more functions for the purposes of preventing and/or minimizing the potential for thermal runaway. For example, the disclosed endothermic materials/systems may advantageously provide one or more of the following functionalities: (i) thermal insulation (particularly at high temperatures); (ii) energy absorption; (iii) venting of gases produced, in whole or in part, from endothermic reaction(s) associated with the endothermic materials/systems, (iv) raising total pressure within the battery structure; (v) removal of absorbed heat from the battery system via venting of gases produced during the endothermic reaction(s) associated with the endothermic materials/systems, and/or (vi) dilution of toxic gases (if present) and their safe expulsion (in whole or in part) from the battery system. It is further noted that the vent gases associated with the endothermic reaction(s) dilute the electrolyte gases to provide an opportunity to postpone or eliminate the ignition point and/or flammability associated with the electrolyte gases. 
     The thermal insulating characteristics of the disclosed endothermic materials/systems are advantageous in their combination of properties at different stages of their application to lithium ion battery systems. In the as-made state, the endothermic materials/systems provide thermal insulation during small temperature rises or during the initial segments of a thermal event. At these relatively low temperatures, the insulation functionality serves to contain heat generation while allowing limited conduction to slowly diffuse the thermal energy to the whole of the thermal mass. At these low temperatures, the endothermic materials/systems materials are selected and/or designed not to undergo any endothermic gas-generating reactions. This provides a window to allow for temperature excursions without causing any permanent damage to the insulation and/or lithium ion battery as a whole. For lithium ion type storage devices, the general range associated as excursions or low-level rises are between 60° C. and 200° C. Through the selection of inorganic endothermic materials/systems that resist endothermic reaction in the noted temperature range, lithium ion batteries may be provided that initiate a second endothermic function at a desired elevated temperature. Thus, according to the present disclosure, it is generally desired that endothermic reaction(s) associated with the disclosed endothermic materials/systems are first initiated in temperature ranges of from 60° C. to significantly above 200° C. Exemplary endothermic materials/systems for use according to the present disclosure include, but are not limited to those set forth in Table 3 hereinbelow. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
             
               
                 TABLE 3 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 Approximate onset of 
               
               
                 Mineral 
                 Chemical Formula 
                 Decomposition (° C.) 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                 Nesquehonite 
                 MgCO 3 •3H 2 O 
                  70-100 
               
               
                 Gypsum 
                 CaSO 4 •2H 2 O 
                  60-130 
               
               
                 Magnesium phosphate 
                 Mg 3 (PO 4 ) 2 •8H 2 O 
                 140-150 
               
               
                 octahydrate 
               
               
                 Aluminium hydroxide 
                 Al(OH) 3   
                 180-200 
               
               
                 Hydromagnesite 
                 Mg 5 (CO 3 ) 4 (OH) 2 •4H 2 O 
                 220-240 
               
               
                 Dawsonite 
                 NaAl(OH) 2 CO 3   
                 240-260 
               
               
                 Magnesium hydroxide 
                 Mg(OH) 2   
                 300-320 
               
               
                 Magnesium carbonate 
                 MgO•CO 2(0.96) H 2 O (0.3)   
                 340-350 
               
               
                 subhydrate 
               
               
                 Boehmite 
                 AlO(OH) 
                 340-350 
               
               
                 Calcium hydroxide 
                 Ca(OH) 2   
                 430-450 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     These endothermic materials typically contain hydroxyl or hydrous components, possibly in combination with other carbonates or sulphates. Alternative materials include non-hydrous carbonates, sulphates and phosphates. A common example would be sodium bicarbonate which decomposes above 50° C. to give sodium carbonate, carbon dioxide and water. If a thermal event associated with a lithium ion battery does result in a temperature rise above the activation temperature for endothermic reaction(s) of the selected endothermic gas-generating material, then the disclosed endothermic materials/systems material will advantageously begin absorbing thermal energy and thereby provide both cooling as well as thermal insulation to the lithium ion battery system. The amount of energy absorption possible generally depends on the amount and type of endothermic gas-generating material incorporated into the formula, as well as the overall design/positioning of the endothermic materials/systems relative to the source of energy generation within the lithium ion battery. The exact amount of addition and type(s) of endothermic materials/systems for a given application are selected to work in concert with the insulating material such that the heat absorbed is sufficient to allow the insulating material to conduct the remaining entrapped heat to the whole of the thermal mass of the energy storage device/lithium ion battery. By distributing the heat to the whole thermal mass in a controlled manner, the temperature of the adjacent cells can be kept below the critical decomposition or ignition temperatures. However, if the heat flow through the insulating material is too large, i.e., energy conduction exceeds a threshold level, then adjacent cells will reach decomposition or ignition temperatures before the mass as a whole can dissipate the stored heat. 
     With these parameters in mind, the insulating materials associated with the present disclosure are designed and/or selected to be thermally stable against excessive shrinkage across the entire temperature range of a typical thermal event for lithium ion battery systems, which can reach temperatures in excess of 900° C. This insulation-related requirement is in contrast to many insulation materials that are based on low melting glass fibers, carbon fibers, or fillers which shrink extensively and even ignite at temperatures above 300° C. This insulation-related requirement also distinguishes the insulation functionality disclosed herein from intumescent materials, since the presently disclosed materials do not require design of device components to withstand expansion pressure. Thus, unlike other energy storage insulation systems using phase change materials, the endothermic materials/systems of the present disclosure are not organic and hence do not combust when exposed to oxygen at elevated temperatures. Moreover, the evolution of gas by the disclosed endothermic materials/systems, with its dual purpose of removing heat and diluting any toxic gases from the energy storage devices/lithium ion battery system, is particularly advantageous in controlling and/or avoiding thermal runaway conditions. 
     According to exemplary embodiments, the disclosed endothermic materials/systems desirably provide mechanical strength and stability to the energy storage device/lithium ion battery in which they are used. The disclosed endothermic materials/systems may have a high porosity, i.e., a porosity that allows the material to be slightly compressible. This can be of benefit during assembly because parts can be press fit together, resulting in a very tightly held package. This in turn provides vibrational and shock resistance desired for automotive, aerospace and industrial environments. 
     Of note, the mechanical properties of the disclosed endothermic materials/systems generally change if a thermal event occurs of sufficient magnitude that endothermic reaction(s) are initiated. For example, the evolution of gases associated with the endothermic reaction(s) may reduce the mechanical ability of the endothermic materials/systems to maintain the initial assembled pressure. However, energy storage devices/lithium ion batteries that experience thermal events of this magnitude will generally no longer be fit-for-service and, therefore, the change in mechanical properties can be accepted for most applications. According to exemplary implementations of the present disclosure, the evolution of gases associated with endothermic reaction(s) leaves behind a porous insulating matrix. 
     The gases produced by the disclosed endothermic gas-generating endothermic materials/systems include (but are not limited to) CO 2 , H 2 O and/or combinations thereof. The evolution of these gases provides for a series of subsequent and/or associated functions. First, the generation of gases between an upper normal operating temperature and a higher threshold temperature above which the energy storage device/lithium ion battery is liable to uncontrolled discharge/thermal runaway can advantageously function as a means of forcing a venting system for the energy storage device/lithium ion battery to open. 
     The generation of the gases may serve to partially dilute any toxic and/or corrosive vapors generated during a thermal event. Once the venting system activates, the released gases also serve to carry out heat energy as they exit out of the device through the venting system. The generation of gases by the disclosed endothermic materials/systems also helps to force any toxic gases out of the energy storage device/lithium ion battery through the venting system. 
     In addition, by diluting any gases formed during thermal runaway, the potential for ignition of the gases is reduced. 
     The endothermic materials/systems may be incorporated and/or implemented as part of energy storage devices/lithium ion battery systems in various ways and at various levels. For example, the disclosed endothermic materials/systems may be incorporated through processes such as dry pressing, vacuum forming, infiltration and direct injection. Moreover, the disclosed endothermic materials/systems may be positioned in one or more locations within an energy storage device/lithium ion battery so as to provide the desired temperature/energy control functions. 
     A preferred mechanical seal for securing a lid relative to the can/container according to the present disclosure is a double seam. Double seaming is a means of connecting a top or bottom to a sidewall of a can by a particular pattern of edge folding. Double seamed joints can withstand significant internal pressure and intimately tie the top and sidewall together, but because of the extreme bends required in the joint the two flanges to be seamed together must be sufficiently thin—for aluminum sheet, double seamed joints are possible at thicknesses of less than 0.5 mm. If the operating pressure of the cell requires a thicker lid or can, provisions must be made to ensure that the seaming flanges of these thicker members must be reduced to 0.5 mm or less of thickness to make double seaming a possible method for sealing the can. 
     The overall design of the sealing mechanisms and its dependency on design parameters (overall dimensions, material thickness, and mechanical properties) for the container structure are highly interdependent as they affect the mechanical response to internal pressure especially and also external loads. This in turn also affects the venting and pressure disconnect structures. Certain sealing mechanisms, such as the low cost double seam, may only be used when venting pressure is low. Other sealing mechanisms, such as laser welding, are more robust, but still are dependent on limiting pressure when the container is not constrained. 
     Material properties and dimensions are dependent on the methods chosen to effect the sealing of the closure. These interdependencies are complex and their relationships in the design space is not intuitive. The inventors have found that certain structures are particularly useful when optimizing functionality and cost of large Li-ion cells. 
     One major goal is to limit the overall growth of the container dimension when subjected to normal operating conditions of the cell. This growth amount is highly dependent on the length and width of the container, the thickness of the top and the joining method of the top closure to the container wall (See  FIGS. 8 through 10  for examples of the thickness impact on displacements for a fixed container dimension). For a rectangular container the larger the plan view dimensions (length and width of the lid) the thicker the lid has to be in order to meet the deformation limit at operating pressure. From the governing equations ( FIG. 7 ) for maximum deflection of a rectangular plate subject to a pressure load the deflection is a inverse cubic relation to the thickness for fixed boundary dimensions and further the deflection is a nominally a 5 th  order function of the ling dimension of the plate. This drives one to grow the lid thickness very quickly as the container dimensions change. This is undesired as weight and volume is increased. Further the stresses at the boundary decrease as the inverse of the thickness squared which will have the benefit of reducing the stresses at the most critical region of the container the sealing joint. The displacements and stresses within the lid and/or walls can also be reduced by limiting the effective span of the wall or lid through the addition of supports, either in the form of tie members connecting the lid to the bas or opposite walls to one another. These tie points will effectively shorten the a or b dimensions in the equations in  FIG. 1  and thus positively impact the displacement versus pressure profile of the container (see  FIG. 11 ). These results play well with the concept of welding the lid to the container wall, but becomes a significant design challenge to mechanically joining the lid to the container. The mechanical joining processes require the container wall and/or lid remain below a certain thickness to allow for the required mechanical deformation that mechanically locks and seals the lid to the container. 
     The mechanical joints (double seam and crimp among others) can require the lid and container wall to be much thinner than required to resist the operating pressure of the cell. These restrictions can be mitigated through a number of mechanical processes to alter the thickness of the material local to the joints (e.g. coining, machining, ironing, etc.). Once the thickness is reduced to facilitate the joining the newly developed stresses at the joint must be analyzed and optimized. These same issues must be further addressed and considered in the overload case where pressures are allowed to go much higher than the operating pressure. As outlined elsewhere there are 4 pressure regimes that must be considered, the operating pressure limit is governed by the deformation limits of the container in its operating environment. For the container once the pressure exits the normal cell operating limit the events are to be considered anomalous and thus new requirements are imposed on the container. Once the container exits the operating pressure regime the limits for container expansion are relaxed but now the lid to container wall joint is required to contain the pressure beyond the value set in regime  4  where the container releases the internal pressure through a venting device built into the container. In the over pressure event the stresses in the joint become the governing design feature and the potential for strength change in the HAZ of a laser welded lid must be considered as well as the strength change due to thickness reduction required to make the joint with a mechanical method. These design trade-offs are complex and non obvious and require significant understanding of materials, manufacturing processes and joining methods and those interact with one another during the manufacturing of the containers. 
     Example 1 
     A 30 mesh copper wire mesh supplied was tested successfully with a vent design to make sure that it neither tore, nor extruded through the vent when pressure was relieved. An acrylic adhesive was used to attach the mesh relative to the underside of the sheet metal in these tests. The required hole size of a flame arrestor mesh is determined by the auto-ignition temperature of the evolved gas, and its velocity. 
     If the pressure drop across the mesh at steady state during a vent were over the vent pressure, the gas evolution would continue to pressurize the container, even though the vent was open. This would be undesirable, but seems unlikely. The view that pressurization in such circumstances is unlikely is bolstered by experimental results at http://naca.central.cranfield.ac.uk/reports/arc/cp/0538.pdf, which show that actual pressure drops across a similar mesh with a wool filter element in a wind tunnel at air speeds from Mach 2 to 4 were less than 1 psi. 
     The disclosed flame arrestor advantageously lowers the temperature of the exiting gas to below the auto-ignition temperature through heat transfer functionality. Although exemplary implementations of the present disclosure employ a mesh (e.g., a 30 US mesh) to achieve the noted heat absorption, the heat transfer functionality could be accomplished by passing the gas through a fine mesh, an open cell foam, a thin tube describing a tortuous path, a long straight tube of sufficiently small diameter, or a perforated sheet. In all the cases listed in the prior sentence, the gas path obstruction must be fabricated of sufficiently conductive material that the gas temperature is lowered to below the auto-ignition temperature. 
     A vent having a substantially circular opening and a copper 30 mesh was mounted onto a lid of a 80 Ah cell using 23 individual jelly rolls made of graphite anodes and NMC cathodes. A second cell was tested similarly with the difference that the jelly rolls had NCA based cathodes and a capacity of 94 Ah. The container was made of Aluminum 3003-0 metal. Both cells were charged to its full capacity obtained at 4.2V. An internal short was implanted into one of the jelly roll as described by NREL. The internal short device, ISD, used was designed to short the cell when a temperature of 52° C. was reached at the ISD site. The cell was heated to above 70° C. to achieve this. Upon shorting the cell, the cell vented and the jelly roll containing the ISD device was completely burned while neighboring jelly rolls was not brought into cascading runaway, showing that the vent was effective in preventing flashback to the other jelly roll in the system. 
     Although the present disclosure has been described with reference to exemplary implementations, the present disclosure is not limited by or to such exemplary implementations. Rather, various modifications, refinements and/or alternative implementations may be adopted without departing from the spirit or scope of the present disclosure.