Patent Publication Number: US-2018031152-A1

Title: Internally welded pipes

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This application is a continuation of International Patent Application No. PCT/US2015/062558, filed Nov. 24, 2015, which is: (1) a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/228,708, filed Mar. 28, 2014; (2) a continuation-in-part of International Patent Application No. PCT/US2015/022665, filed Mar. 26, 2015; (3) a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/272,914, filed May 8, 2014, which claims priority to U.S. Provisional Application No. 61/826,628, filed May 23, 2013; and (4) a continuation-in-part of International Patent Application No. PCT/US2015/047603, filed Aug. 28, 2015, which claims priority to U.S. Provisional Application No. 62/043,757, filed Aug. 29, 2014. In addition, International Patent Application No. PCT/US2015/062558 claims priority to U.S. Provisional Application No. 62/175,201, filed Jun. 12, 2015 and U.S. Provisional Application No. 62/189,716, filed Jul. 7, 2015. The contents of all of these applications are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. Such incorporation by reference should be understood to include, but not be limited to, each of the claims as originally filed in each of those patent applications. The inventions specifically contemplated by this patent application include those disclosed herein, as well as those specifically claimed in the aforesaid applications that have been incorporated by reference herein. 
    
    
     BACKGROUND 
     Field 
     The present patent application relates to various field systems and methods that are used for the purpose of welding pipe segments of a pipeline. 
     Pipeline systems, which can include long stretches of pipe sections or segments (e.g., miles of pipe segments) comprising steel, stainless steel or other types of metal, are used to transport fluids such as water, oil, and natural gas between two locations (e.g., from a source of origin that may be land or water based to a suitable storage location). Construction of pipeline systems typically involves connection of pipe segments of suitable diameter and lengthwise dimensions together via weld joints, for example, capable of providing a liquid tight seal for the connected pipe segments. 
     During formation of a weld joint between two pipe segments (e.g., two pipe segments having the same or similar transverse cross-sectional dimensions), an end of one pipe section or segment is brought into close proximity or contact with an end of a second pipe section or segment. The pipe segments are held in relation to each other and a weld joint is formed to connect the two ends of the pipe segments using a suitable welding process. After the weld is complete and cleaned, the weld may be inspected. After inspection, it may be desirable to apply external protective coatings to the weld joint. 
     Conventional internal welders frequently include internal alignment mechanisms that expand radially outward to contact the interior of the pipe. Alignment of the two pipe segments is accomplished from inside when extension members of a central member contact the interior of the pipe relatively close to the pipe segment joint faces on either side of the joint as shown in U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,461,264; 3,009,048; 3,551,636; 3,612,808 and GB 1261814 (which is each incorporated herein by reference in its entirety). In order to weld the joint, the structure of the expander should be configured to allow sufficient space to accommodate a rotating torch. It would therefore be advantageous to provide internal alignment that allows sufficient space for a rotating or articulating torch or to align the pipe segments externally so as to eliminate the need for an internal expander which may create significant internal clutter. 
     In addition, the conventional process of internal welding usually involves internal or external alignment and an insertion of the internal welder so that torches align with the face joint. In this process it is sometimes difficult to assess the accuracy of positioning of the internal welder in general and the torch in particular. It is even more difficult to assess the accuracy of the position of the torch as the torch traverses the inside of the pipe along its orbital path during welding. It would therefore be advantageous to provide a system of tracking the structure of or positioning of pipe edges at the pipe interface in order to control the torch by use of the tracked condition of the interface. Specifically, it would be advantageous to first track a profile of the interface with a laser before sending a signal to an electronic controller to direct the position and orientation of the welding torch relative to the tracked pipe interface profile. 
     Furthermore, conventional pipeline welding systems that employ external alignment mechanisms typically support two segments on rollers and manipulate the position and orientation of the segments until alignment is satisfactory. Whether an alignment is satisfactory typically will depend, for example, on industry acceptable high-low gauges that are fairly accurate but are manually operated and positioned at discrete locations and not over the entire pipe interface. In any case, the profile or structure of the interface as observed from the inside of the pipe is not typically a consideration for quality of alignment. It would therefore be advantageous to provide an alignment system in which information about the interface profile as read by the laser is used as an input parameter during the external alignment process. Specifically, it would be advantageous to provide the information from the torch controlling laser to the controller which would utilize the information in controlling external alignment mechanisms. 
     Moreover, conventional pipeline systems for welding pipe segments will typically lack a capability to visually inspect the weld applied by the torch. It therefore would be advantageous to provide a camera that followed the torch weld application and a display for showing an image of the weld in order for an operator to visually inspect the quality of the weld. Other advantages of the present disclosure will be apparent by review of this disclosure. Patentable advantages are not limited to those highlighted in this section. In addition, the advantages addressed herein should be considered independent of one another and not reliant on one another unless specifically noted herein. Additional advantages are also described in the claims provided in this application. 
     In a welding operation, the pipes are typically preheated to a suitable temperature prior to welding, and a significant amount of heat is also generated during the welding process. 
     Sometime after the weld is complete and cleaned, the weld may be inspected. It is desirable to inspect the weld at a temperature closer to the pipe operating temperature than to the raised weld temperature. Therefore, cooling after the welding process may be desired before inspection. After inspection, it may be desirable to apply external protective coatings to the joint. To facilitate this coating, heat may be added to the pipe in order to raise the pipe temperature required for application of certain external coatings (e.g., polypropylene). 
     After such heating, the pipe connection is ideally be allowed to cool to a suitable temperature before further processing steps are performed occur (e.g., before spooling of the connected piping sections or handling/placement of the piping sections in water or at some other suitable location on land). 
     During some pipe fabrication steps (e.g., after welding and before inspection), external portions of the joined pipe are readily accessible and cooling at the external surface is an option. However, during some portions in the process (e.g., after certain materials have been externally applied to the outside surface of the pipe) the external surface is not available on which to conduct a pipe cooling process. 
     Internal cooling could be useful during certain portions of the fabrication process (i.e., even when external cooling is available). Internal cooling within the pipes can be challenging due to the size of the pipes and the difficulty of accessibility to the interior portion of the piping section that is located at or near the weld joint. It would therefore be especially desirable to provide internal cooling so that during portions of the process where external surfaces of the pipe are inaccessible, cooling can be implemented to more quickly condition the pipe for future steps that require lower temperatures (e.g., spooling). 
     Existing pipeline weld inspection processes such as ultrasonic testing and x-ray radiography can be challenging. For example, some processes may require a large team (e.g.  4 , or more personnel) of highly trained personnel to travel to remote locations where the pipeline is being constructed; may require a ruggedized computer to be transported by dedicated truck to and used in remote locations with harsh environments; provide; use inspection equipment which is tethered by network wires (“tethered”) to a dedicated ruggedized computer equipment and truck; may be inefficient because each member of the team may only be needed for certain steps of the process; require a highly trained technician on site to interpret the results of the test; and require that desired analysis be completed and the results written on the pipe before the team can move to inspect a next weld. Of course these are generalities, and not all of these issues are present in all systems. 
     Currently pipe joining technology remains an art relying on the avoidance of error by a worker applying a weld. Some welding technologies require adequate data management, work control and supervision of activities. As a result of such challenges, welding quality, completion time, and economics can also be challenging 
     The present patent application provides improvements over prior art field systems and methods. 
     SUMMARY 
     The present application relates to a field system and methods that can be deployed in the application of pipe welding. The field system provides many embodiments relating to pipe welding systems and methods, that can be used in combination with one another, or individually. Such welding systems and methods, include, for example, internal welding systems and methods, tie-in welding system and methods, pipe inspection systems and methods, pipe handling systems and methods, internal pipe cooling systems and methods, non-destructive testing systems and methods, as well as remote interface and database systems and methods (uLog), to name a few. The application further relates to welded pipes that result from some or all of such processes. 
     One aspect of the present patent application provides a field system for welding two pipes. The field system includes a first pipe engagement structure; a second pipe engagement structure; an inspection detector; a motor; one or more processors; and a weld torch. The first pipe engagement structure is configured to engage the interior surface of a first pipe to enable the first pipe engagement structure to be fixed relative to the first pipe. The second pipe engagement structure is configured to engage the interior surface of a second pipe to enable the second pipe engagement structure to be fixed relative to the second pipe. The inspection detector is positioned between the first pipe engagement structure and the second pipe engagement structure, the inspection detector configured to emit an inspection beam of radiation. The motor is operatively associated with the inspection detector to direct the inspection beam of radiation along an interface region between the pipes. The one or more processors are operatively associated with the inspection detector to determine a profile of the interface region between the pipes. The weld torch is configured to create a weld between the pipes based on the profile of the interface region between the pipes. 
     Another aspect of the present patent application provides a field system for welding two pipes. The field system includes a first pipe engagement structure; a second pipe engagement structure; an inspection detector; one or more orientation motors; one or more processors; and a weld torch assembly. The first pipe engagement structure is configured to engage the interior surface of a first pipe to enable the first pipe engagement structure to be fixed relative to the first pipe. The second pipe engagement structure is configured to engage the interior surface of a second pipe to enable the second pipe engagement structure to be fixed relative to the second pipe. The inspection detector is positioned axially between the first pipe engagement structure and the second pipe engagement structure, the inspection detector configured to inspect an interface region between the pipes and generate profile data based thereon. The one or more orientation motors are operatively associated with the inspection detector to direct the inspection beam of radiation along the interface region between the pipes. The one or more processors are operatively associated with the inspection detector and configured to receive the profile data from the inspection detector to determine one or more characteristics of the interface region between the pipes. The weld torch assembly includes a weld torch and at least one weld torch motor, the weld torch and the at least one weld torch motor being actuated by the one or more processors to create a weld between the pipes based on the one or more characteristics of the interface region between the pipes. 
     Yet another aspect of the present patent application provides a field system for welding two pipes is provided. The field system includes a frame configured to be placed within the pipes; a plurality of rollers configured to rotatably support the frame; a drive motor that drives the rollers to move the frame within the pipes; a brake system that secures the frame from movement at a desired location within the pipes; an inspection detector carried by the frame, the inspection detector configured to detect a characteristic of an interface region between the pipes; a weld torch carried by the frame; one or more battery cells carried by the frame, the one or more battery cells configured to power the drive motor, the inspection detector and the weld torch; and one or more processor operatively connected with the drive motor, the inspection detector and the weld torch. 
     Yet another aspect of the present patent application provides a method for welding a pair of insulated pipes to one another. Each pipe includes a metal pipe interior surrounded by an insulator material. End portions of the pipes to be welded have the metal pipe interior exposed. The method includes aligning the exposed metal pipe ends to be welded, welding the exposed metal pipe ends to one another, heating the exposed end portions of the welded pipes, applying an insulator to the heated exposed end portions of the welded pipes such that the insulator is adhered to an exterior surface of the metal pipe interior, thus insulating the formerly exposed end portions of the pipes, and applying cooling energy from within the pipes to an interior surface of the metal pipes. 
     Yet another aspect of the present patent application provides a system for welding a pair of insulated pipes to one another. Each pipe comprises a metal pipe interior surrounded by an insulator material. End portions of the pipes to be welded have the metal pipe interior exposed. The system includes a weld torch configured to weld the exposed metal pipe ends to one another; a heater configured to heat the exposed end portions of the welded pipes; an insulator supply configured to apply insulator material to the heated exposed end portions of the welded pipes such that the insulator is adhered to an exterior surface of the metal pipe interior, thus insulating the formerly exposed end portions of the pipes; and a cooler system configured to be positioned within the pipes, the cooler system applying cooling energy to an interior surface of the metal pipes to facilitate cooling of the metal pipes after the insulator material is applied. 
     Yet another aspect of the present patent application provides a method for welding a pair of insulated pipes to one another. Each pipe includes a metal pipe interior surrounded by an insulator material. End portions of the pipes to be welded have the metal pipe interior exposed. The method includes aligning the exposed metal pipe ends to be welded, welding the exposed metal pipe ends to one another, heating the exposed end portions of the welded pipes, applying an insulator to the heated exposed end portions of the welded pipes such that the insulator is adhered to an exterior surface of the metal pipe interior, thus insulating the formerly exposed end portions of the pipes, and applying cooling energy from within the pipes to an interior surface of the metal pipes after applying the insulator; and performing a pipeline deployment procedure. Applying the cooling energy reduces a wait time between applying the insulator and performing the pipeline deployment procedure. 
     Yet another aspect of the present patent application provides a welded pipe assembly. The welded pipe assembly includes a first metal pipe having a length of at least 30′ and an exterior diameter of less than 24″; a second metal pipe having a length of at least 30′ and an exterior diameter of less than 24″; weld material connecting the first pipe with the second pipe, the weld material comprising a plurality of weld pass layers, the plurality of weld pass layers including a root pass layer and a hot pass layer disposed on top of the root pass layer, wherein the hot pass layer is positioned closer to an interior longitudinal axis of the welded first and second pipes than the root pass layer. 
     Yet another aspect of the present patent application provides a welded pipe assembly. The assembly includes a first metal pipe having a length of at least 30′ and an exterior diameter of less than 24″; a second metal pipe having a length of at least 30′ and an exterior diameter of less than 24″; a welded joint connecting the first metal pipe and the second metal pipe, the welded joint comprising a first internal bevel formed in the first metal pipe and a second internal bevel formed in the second metal pipe, and a root pass layer of weld material disposed in a region defined by the first internal bevel and the second internal bevel. 
     Yet another aspect of the present patent application provides a pipe cooling system. The pipe cooling system includes a frame, a plurality of rollers, a drive motor, a brake system, a cooler, and one or more processors. The frame is configured to be placed within welded pipes. The plurality of rollers is configured to rotatably support the frame. The drive motor drives the rollers to move the frame within the pipes. The brake system secures the frame from movement at a desired location within the pipes. The cooler is cooler carried by the frame, the cooler applying cooling energy to an interior surface of the metal pipes to facilitate cooling of the welded metal pipes. The one or more processors are operatively connected with the drive motor, the brake system and the cooler. The one or more processors operating the cooler to reduce the temperature of the welded pipes to a predetermined level. 
     Yet another aspect of the present patent application provides a welded pipe assembly. The welded pipe assembly includes a first metal pipe; a second metal pipe and weld material connecting the first metal pipe with the second metal pipe. The first metal pipe has a length of at least 30 feet and an exterior diameter of less than 24 inches. The second metal pipe has a length of at least 30 feet and an exterior diameter of less than 24 inches. The weld material includes a plurality of weld pass layers. The plurality of weld pass layers including a root pass layer and a hot pass layer disposed on top of the root pass layer. The hot pass layer is positioned closer to an interior longitudinal axis of the welded first and second pipes than the root pass layer. 
     Yet another aspect of the present patent application provides a welded pipe assembly. The welded pipe assembly includes a first metal pipe, a second metal pipe and a welded joint connecting the first metal pipe and the second metal pipe. The first metal pipe has a length of at least 30 feet and an exterior diameter of less than 24 inches. The second metal pipe has a length of at least 30 feet and an exterior diameter of less than 24 inches. The welded joint includes a first internal bevel formed in the first metal pipe and a second internal bevel formed in the second metal pipe, and a root pass layer of weld material disposed in a region defined by the first internal bevel and the second internal bevel. 
     Yet another aspect of the present patent application provides a field system for welding two pipes. The field system includes a first pipe engagement structure configured to engage the interior surface of a first pipe to enable the first pipe engagement structure to be fixed relative to the first pipe; a second pipe engagement structure configured to engage the interior surface of a second pipe to enable the second pipe engagement structure to be fixed relative to the second pipe; one or more weld torches configured to be positioned within the pipes to create an internal weld at an interface region between the pipes; a motor operatively associated with the one or more weld torches to rotate the one or more weld torch along the interface region between the pipes; and one or more processors that control the motor and the one or more weld torches, the one or more processors operating the motor and the one or more weld torches to generate a complete circumferential weld along the interface region by rotating the one or more weld torches along the interface region in a single rotational direction until the complete circumferential weld is completed. 
     Yet another aspect of the present patent application provides an inspection system for pre-inspecting an interface region between two pipes to be welded end-to-end. The system includes a frame configured to be placed within the pipes; a plurality of rollers configured to rotatably support the frame; a drive motor that drives the rollers to move the frame within the pipes; a brake system that secures the frame from movement at a desired location within the pipes; a sensor movable with the frame that detects the interface region between the pipes; an inspection detector configured to generate signals based upon a profile of the interface region between the pipes; a motor that rotationally moves the inspection detector along the interface region; and one or more processors operatively associated with the drive motor, the sensor, the inspection detector and the motor, the one or more processors operating the drive motor to move the frame through at least one of the pipes until the sensor detects the interface region, the one or more processors operating the brake system to secure the frame from movement at a location within the pipes that positions the inspection detector in relation to the interface region to enable the inspection detector to detect the profile of the interface region between the pipes; the one or more processors operating the inspection detector and the motor to scan the interface region between the pipes, and in response to detecting one or more undesirable characteristics of the interface region, the one or more processors sending instructions based thereon. 
     Yet another aspect of the present patent application provides a field system for pre-inspecting an interface region between two pipes to be welded end-to-end. The system includes a frame configured to be placed within the pipes; a plurality of rollers configured to rotatably support the frame; a drive motor that drives the rollers to move the frame within the pipes; a brake system that secures the frame from movement at a desired location within the pipes; an inspection detector configured to generate signals based upon a profile of the interface region between the pipes; one or more orientation motors that rotationally moves the inspection detector along the interface region; and one or more processors operatively associated with the drive motor, the inspection detector and the motor, the one or more processors operating the brake system to secure the frame from movement at a location within the pipes that positions the inspection detector in relation to the interface region to enable the inspection detector to detect the profile of the interface region between the pipes; the one or more processors operating the inspection detector and the motor to scan the interface region between the pipes to generate pre-weld profile data, and in response to detecting one or more undesirable characteristics of the pre-weld profile data, the one or more processors sending instructions based thereon. 
     Yet another aspect of the present patent application provides a method for pre-inspecting an interface region between two pipes to be welded end-to-end. The method includes moving a frame within at least one of the pipes to be welded; detecting the interface region between the pipes; securing the frame from movement at the interface region between the pipes; detecting a profile of the interface region between the pipes; and in response to detecting one or more undesirable characteristics of the interface region between the pipes, generating instructions based thereon. 
     Yet another aspect of the present patent application provides a pipe cooling system. The pipe cooling system includes a frame configured to be placed within welded pipes; a plurality of rollers configured to rotatably support the frame; a drive motor that drives the rollers to move the frame within the pipes; a brake system that secures the frame from movement at a desired location within the pipes; a cooler carried by the frame, the cooler applying cooling energy to an interior surface of the metal pipes to facilitate cooling of the welded metal pipes; and one or more processor operatively connected with the drive motor, the brake system and the cooler, the one or more processors operating the cooler to reduce the temperature of the welded pipes to a predetermined level. 
     One aspect of the present patent application provides a method of welding two pipes. The method includes internally clamping a first pipe with a first clamp; internally clamping a second pipe with a second clamp, the first and second pipes being clamped so that they are disposed in end-to-end adjacent relationship, with an interface region therebetween; scanning the interface region from a location within the pipes and between the clamps to obtain profile data from the interface region; welding the two pipes in end-to-end relationship based on the profile data; and internally inspecting the welded pipes from a location within the pipes and between the clamps 
     One aspect of the present patent application provides a welding processing system for facilitating pipe welding remote from a field system for performing pipe weld operations between a first pipe and a second pipe. As an example, the remote field system comprises an inspection detector configured to emit an inspection beam of radiation to scan a profile of an interface region between the first and second pipes and a weld torch configured to create a weld between the first and second pipes based on the profile of the interface region between the first and second pipes. The welding processing system comprises: a receiver configured to receive, from the remote weld system, profile data determined from the scan of the interface region between the pipes by the inspection detector; one or more processors configured to compare one or more characteristics of the profile data of the scan of the interface region with one or more characteristics of predefined profile data of predetermined interface regions and configured to determine control operation data for the remote field system based on the comparison; and a transmitter configured to transmit the control operation data to the remote field system. The control operation data is configured to cause the weld torch to perform one or more welding operations on the interface region between the pipes. 
     One aspect of the present application provides a method for welding pipes. The method comprises: aligning ends of the two pipes to be welded, the pipes comprising a metal pipe interior surrounded by an insulator material, the metal pipe interior being exposed at portions of the pipes adjacent the ends of the pipes to be welded; welding the aligned ends of the pipes to one another from within the pipes to form a weld joint; generating weld data during the welding of the aligned ends, the weld data corresponding to welding parameters associated with the welding; inspecting the welded joint with an inspection laser from within the welded pipes to derive internal weld inspection data; inspecting the welded joint with an inspection radiation source to derive radiation inspection data; transmitting the weld data, the internal weld inspection data, and the radiation inspection data to a remote computer system to derive additional weld data; and receiving the derived additional weld data. The additional weld data is derived from the transmitted data and additional inspection data received by the remote system from inspection of other pipes. 
     One aspect of the present patent application provides a field system for facilitating field testing and physical operations based thereon. The field system comprises: a field device configured to perform an operation that physically affects an object; an inspection device configured to scan the object; and one or more processors communicatively connected to the inspection device and configured to receive inspection data associated with the scan of the object from the inspection device. The one or more processors are communicatively connected to a remote computer system and configured to transmit the inspection data to the remote computer system. The one or more processors are configured to receive data related to performing the operation from the remote computer system responsive to transmitting the inspection data, and cause, based on the operation-related data, the field device to perform the operation that physically affects the object. The operation-related data is derived from the inspection data and other inspection data associated with a separate scan of another object. 
     One aspect of the present patent application provides a method for facilitating field testing and physical operations based thereon. The method comprises: scanning, by an inspection device of a field system, an object to provide inspection data associated with the scan of the object to one or more processors; transmitting, by one or more processors of the field system, the inspection data to a remote computer system; receiving, by the one or more processors, data related to performing an operation that physically affects an object from the remote computer system responsive to transmitting the inspection data; and causing, by the one or more processors, based on the operation-related data, a field device of the field system to perform the operation that physically affects the object. The operation-related data is derived from the inspection data and other inspection data associated with a separate scan of another object. 
     One aspect of the present patent application provides a computer system for facilitating field testing and physical operations based thereon remotely from a field system at which the field testing and physical operations occurs. The remote field system comprises an inspection device configured to scan the object and a field device configured to perform an operation that physically affects the object. The computer system comprises: a receiver configured to receive, from the remote field system, inspection data associated with the scan of the object by the inspection device; one or more processors configured to process the inspection data to generate data related to performing the operation that physically affects the object; and a transmitter configured to transmit the operation-related data to the remote field system to cause the remote field system to perform the operation that physically affects the object, wherein the operation is performed based on the operation-related data. 
     One aspect of the present patent application provides a method for facilitating field testing and physical operations based thereon remotely from a field system at which the field testing and physical operations occurs. The remote field system comprises an inspection device configured to scan the object and a field device configured to perform an operation that physically affects the object. The method comprises: receiving, by a receiver, from the remote field system, inspection data associated with the scan of the object by the inspection device; processing, by one or more processors, the inspection data to generate data related to performing the operation that physically affects the object; and transmitting, by a transmitter, the operation-related data to the remote field system to cause the remote field system to perform the operation that physically affects the object, wherein the operation is performed based on the operation-related data. 
     One aspect of the present patent application provides a computer system for facilitating field testing at a field system and physical operations based thereon. The field system comprises an inspection device configured to scan the object and one or more field devices configured to perform one or more operations that physically affect an object. The computer system comprises a receiver configured to receive, from the field system, inspection data associated with the scan of the object by the inspection device. The scan of the object by the inspection device is subsequent to a performance of the one or more operations by the one or more field devices that physically affected the object. The one or more operations are performed using a first set of input parameters. The computer system also comprises one or more processors configured to: detect, based on the inspection data, a defect related to the object; generate, an operation protocol associated with at least one operation type of the one or more operations responsive to the defect detection, wherein the operation protocol comprises a second set of input parameters having at least one input parameter different from the first set of input parameters; select the operation protocol for performing a subsequent operation similar to at least one of the one or more operations; and generate, based on at least one input parameter of the operation protocol, data related to performing the subsequent operation. The computer system further comprises a transmitter configured to transmit the operation-related data to one or more field systems to cause the one or more field systems to perform the subsequent operation. The subsequent operation is performed based on the operation-related data. 
     One aspect of the present patent application provides method for facilitating field testing at a field system and physical operations based thereon. The field system comprises an inspection device configured to scan the object and one or more field devices configured to perform one or more operations that physically affects an object. The method comprises receiving, by a receiver, from the field system, inspection data associated with the scan of the object by the inspection device. The scan of the object by the inspection device is subsequent to a performance of the one or more operations by the one or more field devices that physically affected the object. The one or more operations are performed using a first set of input parameters. The method also comprises: detecting, by one or more processors, based on the inspection data, a defect related to the object; generating, by the one or more processors, an operation protocol associated with at least one operation type of the one or more operations responsive to the defect detection, wherein the operation protocol comprises a second set of input parameters having at least one input parameter different from the first set of input parameters; selecting, by the one or more processors, the operation protocol for performing a subsequent operation similar to at least one of the one or more operations; generating, by the one or more processors, based on at least one input parameter of the operation protocol, data related to performing the subsequent operation; and transmitting, by a transmitter, the operation-related data to one or more field systems to cause the one or more field systems to perform the subsequent operation. The subsequent operation is performed based on the operation-related data. 
     One aspect of the present patent application provides a computer system for facilitating field testing at a field system and physical operations based thereon. The field system comprises an inspection device configured to scan the object and one or more field devices configured to perform one or more operation that physically affects the object. The computer system comprises a receiver configured to receive, from the field system, inspection data associated with the scan of the object. The scan of the object is subsequent to a performance of the one or more operations that physically affected the object. The one or more operations are performed using a first set of input parameters. The computer system also comprises one or more processors configured to: determine, based on the inspection data, whether a quality of one or more aspects of the object resulting from the one or more operations exceeds a quality standard indicated by a predefined quality profile; generate an operation protocol associated with at least one operation type of the one or more operations, wherein the operation protocol is generated to comprise one or more of the set of input parameters responsive to the quality of the one or more aspects of the object exceeding the quality standard indicated by the predefined quality profile; select the operation protocol for performing a subsequent operation similar to at least one of the one or more operations; and generate, based on at least one input parameter of the operation protocol, data related to performing the subsequent operation. The computer system further comprises a transmitter configured to transmit the operation-related data to one or more field systems to cause the one or more field systems to perform the subsequent operation. The subsequent operation is performed based on the operation-related data. 
     One aspect of the present patent application provides a method for facilitating field testing at a field system and physical operations based thereon. The field system comprises an inspection device configured to scan the object and one or more field devices configured to perform one or more operation that physically affects the object. The method comprises receiving, by a receiver, from the field system, inspection data associated with the scan of the object. The scan of the object is subsequent to a performance of the one or more operations that physically affected the object. The one or more operations are performed using a first set of input parameters. The method also comprise: determining, by one or more processors, based on the inspection data, whether a quality of one or more aspects of the object resulting from the one or more operations exceeds a quality standard indicated by a predefined quality profile; generating, by the one or more processors, an operation protocol associated with at least one operation type of the one or more operations, wherein the operation protocol is generated to comprise one or more of the set of input parameters responsive to the quality of the one or more aspects of the object exceeding the quality standard indicated by the predefined quality profile; selecting, by the one or more processors, the operation protocol for performing a subsequent operation similar to at least one of the one or more operations; generating, by the one or more processors, based on at least one input parameter of the operation protocol, data related to performing the subsequent operation; and transmitting, by the one or more processors, the operation-related data to one or more field systems to cause the one or more field systems to perform the subsequent operation. The subsequent operation is performed based on the operation-related data. 
     One aspect of the present patent application provides a computer system for facilitating field testing and physical operations based thereon. The computer system comprises one or more processors configured to: obtain, from one or more field systems, data related to observations of one or more operations performed on a plurality of objects. The plurality of objects comprises (i) one or more objects determined to have a defect resulting from the one or more observed operations and (ii) one or more objects without the defect. The one or more processors are also configured to: compare, based on the observation-related data, a first set of observations of an operation performed on an object determined to have the defect with one or more other sets of observations of the operation performed on one or more other objects without the defect; determine, based on the comparison, a common difference that the first set of observations has with the one or more other sets of observations; and cause, based on the common difference, an operation trigger to be implemented such that a field system is caused to perform an operation associated with the operation trigger when a circumstance corresponding to the common difference occurs during a subsequent operation that physically affects one or more additional objects. 
     One aspect of the present patent application provides a method for facilitating field testing and physical operations based thereon. The method comprises obtaining, by one or more processors, from one or more field systems, data related to observations of one or more operations performed on a plurality of objects. The plurality of objects comprises (i) one or more objects determined to have a defect resulting from the one or more observed operations and (ii) one or more objects without the defect. The method also comprises: comparing, by the one or more processors, based on the observation-related data, a first set of observations of an operation performed on an object determined to have the defect with one or more other sets of observations of the operation performed on one or more other objects without the defect; determining, by the one or more processors, based on the comparison, a common difference that the first set of observations has with the one or more other sets of observations; and causing, by the one or more processors, based on the common difference, an operation trigger to be implemented such that a field system is caused to perform an operation associated with the operation trigger when a circumstance corresponding to the common difference occurs during a subsequent operation that physically affects one or more additional objects. 
     One aspect of the present patent application provides a system for aligning and welding together two segments of a pipe. The system includes a welding mechanism for applying a weld to a face joint of the two segments, the welding mechanism including an articulating torch, a laser sensor for reading a profile of the face joint, and an electronic controller for receiving information signals from the laser sensor to control the position and/or orientation of the torch; an alignment mechanism for manipulating the orientation of the longitudinal axis of at least one of the segments relative to the other; and wherein the welding mechanism further includes a carriage for securing a position of the welding mechanism in the pipe and a welding portion capable of rotating relative to the supporting portion within the pipe; and wherein the torch and the laser sensor are rotatably supported by the welding portion such that during welding, the torch follows the laser sensor along the face joint. 
     One aspect of the present patent application provides a method of aligning and welding together two segments of a pipe. The method includes the steps of: placing a first pipe segment on an alignment device; inserting an internal welding machine having a laser and a weld torch into the first pipe segment; generally aligning a second pipe segment with the first pipe segment and internal welding machine; griping an external portion of the first and second pipe segments to adjusting an axial position of the internal welding machine so as to generally line up with a face joint of the first and second pipe segments; adjusting a relative alignment of the first and second pipe segments via the alignment device based on a signal from the internal welder; beginning a root weld cycle in which the laser scans the face joint, the torch follows the laser, and the output from the laser is used to control the position of articulated torch, where the position and orientation of the torch with respect to the face joint is controlled to produce a quality weld; determining a face joint profile from the laser; releasing the alignment device and removing internal welding machine from an open pipe segment end; and repositioning a next sequential pipe segment on the external alignment mechanism in preparation for welding of a next joint. 
     One aspect of the present patent application provides an internal heat exchanger (IHEX) for pipeline welding. The internal heat exchanger includes a drive system configured to move the IHEX into a position within at least one pipe section near a weld joint location with another pipe section; a cooling section including cooling structure configured to selectively cool one or more interior surface portions of the at least one pipe section; and a controller in communication with the cooling structure and configured to activate the cooling section when the IHEX is at the position within the at least one pipe section. 
     One aspect of the present patent application provides a welding system. The welding system includes a plurality of welding stations, each welding station including a weld station computer and weld system in communication with the weld station computer, each welding station including one or more sensors, the one or more sensors configured to measure weld data including lead wire speed data; a plurality of wireless devices in communication with the one or more of the welding station computers to receive the weld data including the measured lead wire speed data; and a cloud server in communication with the wireless devices, the cloud server being configured to process the weld data including the lead wire speed data, and configured to determine an amount of consumable welding material used by the plurality of welding stations for a given period of time, wherein the cloud server is configured to communicate the amount of consumable welding material used to one or more of the wireless devices. 
     One aspect of the present patent application provides welding system. The welding system includes a welding station, the welding station including a weld station computer and a weld system in communication with the weld station computer, the weld system including a supply of weld material, a welding device, and a weld supply motor assembly that moves the weld material to the welder device; a weighting device operatively connected with the weld station computer and configured to measure a weight of the supply of weld material and to communicate the weight of the supply of weld material to the weld station computer in the form of weight data; and a sensor operatively connected with the weld supply motor assembly and the weld station computer so as to communicate the speed of the weld supply motor assembly to the weld station computer in the form of speed data; wherein the weld station computer is operatively connected to the weld supply motor assembly and is configured to control the speed of the motor assembly based on the weight data. 
     One aspect of the present patent application provides a method of controlling welding. The method includes measuring, using a weight measuring device, a first weight of a supply of weld material at a first time; measuring, using the weight measuring device, a second weight of the supply of weld material at a second time subsequent to the first time; calculating, using a computer, a difference in measured weight between the first weight and the second weight, the difference in measured weight corresponding to measured used weld material; calculating, using the computer, a theoretical weight of used weld material based on a speed of a motor assembly feeding the weld material to a welding device; comparing, by the computer, the theoretical weight of used weld material to the measured weight of used weld material; and adjusting, by the computer, the speed of the motor assembly so as to correct a slippage of the motor assembly. 
     One aspect of the present patent application provides a welding system. The welding system includes a plurality of welding stations, each welding station including a weld station computer and weld system in communication with the weld station computer, each welding station including one or more sensors, the one or more sensors configured to measure weld data including lead wire speed data; a plurality of wireless devices in communication with the one or more of the welding station computers to receive the weld data including the measured lead wire speed data; and each weld station computer being configured to process the weld data, including the lead wire speed data, for the weld system in communication therewith, the weld station computer configured to determine an amount of consumable welding material used by the weld system for a given period of time and generating consumption data based thereon. 
     One aspect of the present patent application provides a system for pipeline testing. The system includes a testing device adapted to generate nondestructive test data regarding at least a portion of a weld; said testing device communicating said nondestructive test data to a second device which is adapted to receive said nondestructive test data; and said testing device adapted to operate remotely from a means of analyzing said nondestructive test data. 
     One aspect of the present patent application provides a system for nondestructive pipeline testing. The system includes an imaging equipment adapted to generate nondestructive test data regarding a portion of a welded pipe; a remote processing device adapted to receive and process inspection data regarding said portion of said welded pipe. 
     One aspect of the present patent application provides a method of nondestructive pipeline testing. The method includes the steps of: providing an imaging equipment; generating a nondestructive test data; providing a means to provide said nondestructive test data for analysis; and said nondestructive test data provided for analysis at a location remote from the tested portion of a pipe and the equipment proximate to the tested portion of a pipe. 
     One aspect of the present patent application provides a system for pipeline construction. The system includes a system for real-time logging of weld data; and said weld data is provided for analysis by computerized means and/or by subject experts. 
     One aspect of the present patent application provides a computer program product for welding support. The computer program product includes a computer readable program code means which provides to a computer memory a welding data; a computer readable program code means which provides to said memory a data from a data set comprising a pipeline data; a computer readable program code means which processes said welding data and said pipeline data to provide a record output. 
     One aspect of the present patent application provides a method of data management executed on a computer. The method includes the steps of: communicating a first data from a first device to a second device, said first data which is a data regarding a pipeline construction; processing said first data by a cloud-based network means. 
     One aspect of the present patent application provides a computer system. The system includes a first device having a processor which processes a pipeline construction data, said first device communicating said pipeline construction data to a cloud-based memory, said pipeline construction data processed by a cloud-based processor. 
     These and other aspects of the present patent application, as well as the methods of operation and functions of the related elements of structure and the combination of parts and economies of manufacture, will become more apparent upon consideration of the following description and the appended claims with reference to the accompanying drawings, all of which form a part of this specification, wherein like reference numerals designate corresponding parts in the various figures. In one embodiment of the present patent application, the structural components illustrated herein are drawn to scale. It is to be expressly understood, however, that the drawings are for the purpose of illustration and description only and are not intended as a definition of the limits of the present patent application. It shall also be appreciated that the features of one embodiment disclosed herein can be used in other embodiments disclosed herein. As used in the specification and in the claims, the singular form of “a”, “an”, and “the” include plural referents unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. In addition, as used in the specification and the claims, the term “or” means “and/or” unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. It should also be appreciated that some of the components and features discussed herein may be discussed in connection with only one (singular) of such components, and that additional like components which may be disclosed herein may not be discussed in detail for the sake of reducing redundancy. Just for example, where a single weld torch head is described, the same configuration can be used for additional weld torch heads provided in the same system (e.g., in an internal welding system), and can also be used in other welding systems (such as the tie-in internal welders) described herein. Similarly, various components such as the clamps, seals, brakes, weld consumption detection systems, or other components described herein, can be used with various embodiments described herein. For example, the braking system, motors, clamps seals, as described in one embodiment can be applied to other embodiments described herein, as will be appreciated by those skilled in the art. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         FIGS. 1A and 1B  show block diagrams of a method for welding pipe segments, wherein  FIG. 1A  shows a high level block diagram of the method and  FIG. 1B  shows a more detailed block diagram of the method, in accordance with an embodiment of the present patent application; 
         FIG. 2  shows a cross-sectional view of a welded joint connecting a first pipe and a second pipe in accordance with an embodiment of the present patent application; 
         FIGS. 2A and 2B  show bevel details for a single pipe segment and for a joint (prior to welding) between two pipe segments in accordance with an embodiment of the present patent application; 
         FIGS. 2C-2F  show a front view, a perspective view, a side view and a detailed view of a bevel gage used to gage the pipe bevel in accordance with an embodiment of the present patent application; 
         FIGS. 2G-2I  show cross-sectional views of pipelines with weld joints formed between their pipes, where  FIG. 2G  shows a weld joint in which root pass and hot pass weld layers are formed by an internal weld system and the fill and cap pass weld layers are formed by an external weld system,  FIG. 2H  shows a weld joint in which a root pass weld layer is formed by an internal weld system and the hot, fill and cap pass weld layers are formed by an external weld system and  FIG. 2I  shows a weld joint formed by an external weld system in accordance with an embodiment of the present patent application; 
         FIGS. 3-7  show block diagrams of the methods for welding pipe segments for different weld situations in accordance with an embodiment of the present patent application; 
         FIGS. 7A and 7B  show views of an external clamp being used to clamp pipes together from the outside in accordance with an embodiment of the present patent application; 
         FIG. 8  shows a perspective view of a system for welding two pipe segments in accordance with an embodiment of the present patent application; 
         FIG. 9  shows an enlarged view of a pipe interface of two pipe segments to be welded using the system of  FIG. 8  in accordance with an embodiment of the present patent application; 
         FIG. 9A  shows a partial cross-sectional view of the pipeline in which an ideal alignment of a weld torch to an internal bevel (along longitudinal axes of the pipes) in accordance with an embodiment of the present patent application; 
         FIG. 10-1  shows the system of  FIG. 8  in which an internal weld system is inserted into a first pipe segment in accordance with an embodiment of the present patent application; 
         FIGS. 10-2 and 10-3  show the system of  FIG. 8  in which the internal weld system is inserted into the first pipe segment and a second pipe segment is being aligned with the first pipe segment in accordance with an embodiment of the present patent application; 
         FIGS. 10A and 10B  show views of the internal weld system being constructed and arranged to be positioned in pipes having an external diameter of 26 to 28 inches external diameter and in pipes having an external diameter of less than 24 inches, respectively in accordance with an embodiment of the present patent application; 
         FIGS. 10C and 10D  show a left side perspective view and a bottom perspective view of a cradle for carrying and moving the first pipe and the second pipe in accordance with an embodiment of the present patent application; 
         FIGS. 10E and 10F  show two pipe alignment errors, while  FIG. 10E  shows an angular pipe alignment error and  FIG. 10F  shows a position pipe alignment error; 
         FIG. 11  shows the internal weld system for welding two pipe segments in accordance with an embodiment of the present patent application; 
         FIG. 11A  shows a view of an umbilical operatively connected to the internal weld system in accordance with an embodiment of the present patent application; 
         FIG. 12  shows a detailed view of a forward-most section of the internal weld system in accordance with an embodiment of the present patent application; 
         FIGS. 13-22  show views of various components of the forward-most section of the internal weld system in accordance with an embodiment of the present patent application; 
         FIG. 22A  shows an exemplary weld wire spool in accordance with an embodiment of the present patent application; 
         FIG. 22B  shows an exemplary weld feed assembly in accordance with an embodiment of the present patent application; 
         FIGS. 23 and 24  show a front view and a cross-sectional view of a center section of the internal weld system in accordance with an embodiment of the present patent application; 
         FIGS. 25-31  show views of various components of the center section of the internal weld system in accordance with an embodiment of the present patent application; 
         FIGS. 32A and 32B  show side and top views of a drive section of the internal weld system in accordance with an embodiment of the present patent application; 
         FIG. 33  shows a view of the center section of the internal weld system being positioned inside the pipe segments, where both clamps and seals are engaging the inner surfaces of the pipes, and where some components of the center section are not shown for sake of clarity, in accordance with an embodiment of the present patent application; 
         FIG. 34  shows a cross-sectional view of the center section of the internal weld system being positioned inside the pipe segments, where some components of the center section are not shown for sake of clarity, in accordance with an embodiment of the present patent application; 
         FIG. 35  shows a view of the center section of the internal weld system being positioned inside the pipe segments, where only clamps are engaging the inner surfaces of the pipes and where some components of the center section are not shown for sake of clarity, in accordance with an embodiment of the present patent application; 
         FIGS. 35A and 35B  show cross-sectional views of the center section of the internal weld system, where the clamps are in their extended and retracted positions, respectively and where some components of the center section are not shown for sake of clarity, in accordance with an embodiment of the present patent application; 
         FIG. 35C  shows a side (head-on) view of the internal weld system in accordance with an embodiment of the present patent application; 
         FIG. 36  shows a view of a clamp shoe of the internal weld system in accordance with an embodiment of the present patent application; 
         FIG. 37  shows a view of a spider member of an clamp of the internal weld system in accordance with an embodiment of the present patent application; 
         FIG. 38  shows a view of a clamp shoe pin member of the internal weld system in accordance with an embodiment of the present patent application; 
         FIGS. 39 and 40  show views of a hub of the clamp of the internal weld system with the clamp shoe pin member and the link member connected thereto in accordance with an embodiment of the present patent application; 
         FIGS. 41 and 42  show front perspective and rear perspective views of a weld head assembly of the internal weld system in accordance with an embodiment of the present patent application; 
         FIG. 43  shows another rear perspective view of the weld head assembly of the internal weld system, wherein a weld torch of the weld head assembly has been raised to a desired welding position, in accordance with an embodiment of the present patent application; 
         FIGS. 44-46  show a left side perspective view, a perspective view and a cross-sectional view of the weld head assembly, where some components of the weld head assembly are not shown for sake of clarity, in accordance with an embodiment of the present patent application; 
         FIGS. 47, 48 and 49  show perspective views of the weld head assembly, where the weld torch is positioned, by an axial positioning system, in its centered axial position in  FIG. 47 , and the weld torch is positioned, by the axial positioning system, in the right and left axial positions in  FIGS. 48 and 49 , respectively, in accordance with an embodiment of the present patent application; 
         FIGS. 50 and 51  show a left side perspective view and an exploded view of the weld head assembly, where some components of the weld head assembly are not shown for sake of clarity, in accordance with an embodiment of the present patent application; 
         FIG. 52  shows a bottom perspective view of a top positioning member of the weld head assembly in accordance with an embodiment of the present patent application; 
         FIG. 53  shows a top elevational view of the weld head assembly, where some components of the weld head assembly are not shown for sake of clarity, in accordance with an embodiment of the present patent application; 
         FIG. 54  shows a cross-sectional view of the weld head assembly wherein the weld torch is positioned in a normal, non-tilted position in accordance with an embodiment of the present patent application; 
         FIGS. 55 and 56  show a rear perspective view and a cross-sectional view of the weld head assembly, respectively, wherein the weld torch is positioned by a tilt positioning system to +5° of angular tilt in accordance with an embodiment of the present patent application; 
         FIG. 56A  shows a cross-sectional view of the weld head assembly in accordance with an embodiment of the present patent application 
         FIGS. 57 and 58  show a rear perspective view and a cross-sectional view of the weld head assembly, respectively, wherein the weld torch is positioned by a tilt positioning system to −5° of angular tilt in accordance with an embodiment of the present patent application; 
         FIG. 59  shows an exploded view of the weld head assembly, where some components of the weld head assembly are not shown for sake of clarity, in accordance with an embodiment of the present patent application; 
         FIGS. 60A-63  show schematic views of the internal weld system with one weld torch, an inspection camera and two inspection detectors in accordance with an embodiment of the present patent application; 
         FIGS. 64-69  show schematic views of the internal weld system with two weld torches, an inspection camera and an inspection detector in accordance with an embodiment of the present patent application; 
         FIG. 70  shows a schematic diagram showing the flow of compressed air through the internal weld system in accordance with an embodiment of the present patent application; 
         FIG. 71  shows a schematic diagram showing the flow of power, including weld power, communication data, and controls data through the internal weld system in accordance with an embodiment of the present patent application; 
         FIG. 72  shows a schematic diagram showing the flow of shield gas through the internal weld system in accordance with an embodiment of the present patent application; 
         FIGS. 72A, 72B and 72C  show close-up views of an internal weld torch used in a prior art system and the internal weld system, respectively, where the pipes have a gap and radial offset (Hi-Lo) alignment; 
         FIG. 72D  shows exemplary weld parameters that are used for uphill and downhill weld procedures in accordance with an embodiment of the present patent application; 
         FIG. 73  shows a perspective view of a system for welding two externally aligned pipe segments supported on alignment mechanisms in accordance with an embodiment of the present patent application; 
         FIG. 74  shows an enlarged, external view of a pipe interface of two pipe segments to be welded using the system of  FIG. 73  in accordance with an embodiment of the present patent application; 
         FIG. 75  shows the system in which a weld system is inserted into a pipe segment in accordance with an embodiment of the present patent application, wherein one of the pipe segments is not shown for the sake of clarity; 
         FIG. 76  shows an enlarged view of a section of  FIG. 75  showing a weld portion of the weld system positioned for welding in a pipe segment in accordance with an embodiment of the present patent application, wherein one of the pipe segments is not shown for the sake of clarity. 
         FIG. 77  shows a cross-sectional view of  FIG. 76  taken along the axis B-B showing the arrangement of various weld portion elements in accordance with an embodiment of the present patent application; 
         FIGS. 78 and 79  show side views of the weld system of  FIG. 75 , where the pipe segment is not shown for sake of clarity, in accordance with an embodiment of the present patent application; 
         FIG. 80  shows a perspective view of the system of  FIG. 73  in a configuration showing a first procedure in which a pipe segment is placed on an external alignment mechanism in accordance with an embodiment of the present patent application; 
         FIG. 81  shows a perspective view the system of  FIG. 73  in a configuration showing a procedure subsequent to  FIG. 80  in which the weld system is inserted into a pipe segment in accordance with an embodiment of the present patent application; 
         FIG. 82  shows a side view of the weld portion of the system of  FIG. 73  in accordance with an embodiment of the present patent application; 
         FIG. 83  shows an enlarged perspective view of a section of the weld portion of the system of  FIG. 73  in accordance with an embodiment of the present patent application; 
         FIG. 84  shows another enlarged perspective view of a section of the weld portion of the system of  FIG. 73  in accordance with an embodiment of the present patent application; 
         FIG. 85  shows an enlarged perspective view of a rotary mechanism of the system of  FIG. 73  in accordance with an embodiment of the present patent application; 
         FIG. 86  shows a purge and inspection system in accordance with an embodiment of the present patent application; 
         FIG. 87  shows a detailed view of a forward-most section of the purge and inspection system in accordance with an embodiment of the present patent application; 
         FIG. 88  shows a purge assembly of the purge and inspection system in accordance with an embodiment of the present patent application; 
         FIGS. 89 and 90  show a front view and a cross-sectional view of a center section of the purge and inspection system in accordance with an embodiment of the present patent application; 
         FIG. 91  shows purge seals of the purge and inspection system in accordance with an embodiment of the present patent application; 
         FIG. 92  shows of the rotatable hub of the purge and inspection system in accordance with an embodiment of the present patent application; 
         FIG. 93  shows a detailed view of a drive section of the purge and inspection system in accordance with an embodiment of the present patent application; 
         FIG. 94  shows a schematic diagram showing the flow of purge gas through the purge and inspection system in accordance with an embodiment of the present patent application; 
         FIG. 95  shows a schematic diagram showing the flow of compressed air through the purge and inspection system in accordance with an embodiment of the present patent application; 
         FIG. 96  shows a schematic diagram showing the flow of purge gas through the purge and inspection system in accordance with another embodiment of the present patent application; 
         FIG. 97  shows a partial view of the purge and inspection system in accordance with an embodiment of the present patent application; 
         FIG. 98  shows a close-up view of an external weld torch of an external weld system used in the purge and inspection system in accordance with an embodiment of the present patent application; 
         FIGS. 99 and 100  show close-up views of the external weld torch of the external weld system used in a prior art system and the purge and inspection system, respectively, where the pipes have a gap and radial offset (Hi-Lo) alignment; 
         FIG. 101  shows a tie-in internal weld system in accordance with an embodiment of the present patent application; 
         FIG. 102  shows a detailed view of a power section of the tie-in internal weld system in accordance with an embodiment of the present patent application; 
         FIG. 103  shows a schematic diagram showing the flow of power including weld power, communication data, and controls data through the tie-in internal weld system in accordance with an embodiment of the present patent application; 
         FIG. 103A  shows a cross-sectional view of the center section of the tie-in internal weld system, where the clamps are in their retracted positions, and where some components of the center section are not shown for sake of clarity, in accordance with an embodiment of the present patent application; 
         FIG. 103B  shows a method for aligning two pipes, pre-inspecting an interface region between the two pipes to be welded end-to-end, welding the two pipes, post-weld inspecting the weld joint formed between the two pipes in accordance with an embodiment of the present patent application; 
         FIG. 103C  shows a side view of a tie-in internal weld system in accordance with another embodiment of the present patent application; 
         FIG. 103D  shows a perspective view of the tie-in internal weld system in accordance with another embodiment of the present patent application; 
         FIG. 103E  shows a perspective view of weld head assemblies of the tie-in internal weld system in accordance with another embodiment of the present patent application; 
         FIG. 103F  shows a front view of the weld head assemblies of the tie-in internal weld system in accordance with another embodiment of the present patent application; 
         FIGS. 103G-103J  show a procedure in which one or more weld head assemblies are operated in clockwise and counterclockwise directions to perform a welding operation in the tie-in internal weld system in accordance with another embodiment of the present patent application; 
         FIG. 104  shows a perspective view of an exemplary internal cooling system for use in pipeline welding in accordance with an embodiment of the present patent application; 
         FIG. 105  shows a perspective view of the internal cooling system of  FIG. 104  immediately prior to insertion within an end of a pipe section in accordance with an embodiment of the present patent application; 
         FIG. 106  shows a perspective view of the internal cooling system of  FIG. 104  located within a first pipe section that is secured via a weld joint to a second pipe section in accordance with an embodiment of the present patent application; 
         FIG. 107  shows another view of  FIG. 106  in which the internal cooling system is located within the first and second pipe segments at a suitable location in relation to the weld joint to facilitate internal cooling at the weld joint in accordance with an embodiment of the present patent application; 
         FIG. 108  shows a perspective view of the internal cooling system of  FIG. 104  connected with a tie-in clamp in accordance with an embodiment of the present patent application; 
         FIG. 109  shows a perspective view of the internal cooling system of  FIG. 104  connected with a tie-in clamp in accordance with another embodiment of the present patent application; 
         FIGS. 110A and 110B  show perspective and partial perspective views, respectively, of the internal cooling system for use in pipeline welding in accordance with another embodiment of the present patent application; 
         FIGS. 111A and 111B  show partial perspective views of portions of the internal cooling system for use in pipeline welding in accordance with another embodiment of the present patent application, in which the portion of the internal heat exchanger is within two pipe segments secured to each other via a weld joint, and a water pump is provided at an end of a portion of a pipe section; 
         FIGS. 112A and 112B  show partial perspective views of portions of the internal cooling system for use in pipeline welding in accordance with another embodiment of the present patent application, in which the portion of the internal heat exchanger is within two pipe segments secured to each other via a weld joint, and a water pump is provided at an end of a portion of a pipe section; 
         FIG. 113  shows a cross-sectional view of the pipes with their exposed metal pipe ends aligned in accordance with an embodiment of the present patent application; 
         FIG. 114  shows a cross-sectional view of the pipes with the weld joint formed between their exposed metal pipe ends in accordance with an embodiment of the present patent application; 
         FIGS. 115A and 115B  show a cross-sectional view and a perspective view of the pipes with the weld joint formed between their exposed metal pipe ends and a heater positioned on the pipes to heat the exposed end portions of the welded pipes, respectively in accordance with an embodiment of the present patent application; 
         FIGS. 116A and 116B  show a cross-sectional view and a perspective view of the pipes with the weld joint formed between their exposed metal pipe ends and an insulator supply positioned on the pipes to apply an insulator material to the heated the exposed end portions of the welded pipes, respectively in accordance with an embodiment of the present patent application; 
         FIGS. 117A and 117B  show a cross-sectional view and a perspective view of the pipes with the weld joint formed between their exposed metal pipe ends and an insulator supply positioned on the pipes to apply an insulator material to the heated exposed end portions of the welded pipes in accordance with an embodiment of the present patent application; 
         FIG. 118  shows a cross-sectional view of the pipes with the weld joint formed between their exposed metal pipe ends and an insulator adhered to the exterior surface of the metal pipe interior, thus insulating the formerly exposed end portions of the pipes in accordance with an embodiment of the present patent application; 
         FIG. 119  shows a perspective view of a cooler system configured to apply cooling energy to an interior surface of the pipes to facilitate cooling of the pipes after the insulator material is applied in accordance with an embodiment of the present patent application; 
         FIG. 120  shows a partial, cross-sectional view of the cooler system being positioned within the pipes in accordance with an embodiment of the present patent application; 
         FIGS. 121 and 122  show partial, cross-sectional views of the cooler system being positioned within the pipes, where  FIG. 121  shows a heat exchanger of the cooler system positioned in contact with the interior surface of the welded pipes to remove heat from the welded pipes and  FIG. 122  shows the heat exchanger is in its retracted position and is not in contact with the interior surface of the welded pipes in accordance with an embodiment of the present patent application; 
         FIG. 123  shows a perspective view of the cooler system, wherein fluid nozzles configured to apply a cooling liquid onto the interior surface of the welded pipes to remove heat from the welded pipes are shown in accordance with another embodiment of the present patent application; 
         FIGS. 124 and 125  show a perspective view and a front view of a heat exchanger element or a fin member of the cooler system in accordance with another embodiment of the present patent application; 
         FIGS. 126-128  show perspective views of a system that is configured to facilitate the placement of the cooler system within and/or withdrawal of the cooler system from the pipes in accordance with another embodiment of the present patent application; 
         FIG. 129  shows a partial perspective view of the cooler system, where a plurality of rollers configured to engage the interior surface of one or more of the pipes and a drive motor configured to drive the rollers so as to move a frame assembly of the cooler assembly are shown in accordance with another embodiment of the present patent application; 
         FIG. 130  shows a perspective view of a cooler system in accordance with another embodiment of the present patent application; 
         FIG. 131  shows a top view of a motor power source carried by the frame assembly of the cooler system in accordance with another embodiment of the present patent application; 
         FIG. 132  shows a heat exchanger of the cooler system positioned in contact with the interior surface of the welded pipes to remove heat from the welded pipes in accordance with another embodiment of the present patent application; 
         FIGS. 133 and 134  show perspective views of a cooler system in accordance with another embodiment of the present patent application; 
         FIGS. 135 and 136  show a perspective view and a partial cross-section view of a cooler system in accordance with another embodiment of the present patent application; 
         FIG. 136A  shows a perspective view of an ultrasound inspection station that is configured to inspect the weld between the welded metal pipes in accordance with an embodiment of the present patent application; 
         FIG. 136B  shows a method showing the pipeline deployment procedures in accordance with an embodiment of the present patent application; 
         FIGS. 136C and 136D  show schematic views of the S-lay procedure and of the J-lay procedure in accordance with an embodiment of the present patent application; 
         FIG. 136E  shows S-lay and J-lay unspooling barges in accordance with an embodiment of the present patent application; 
         FIG. 137A  shows a system for facilitating field system testing or operations thereof in accordance with another embodiment of the present patent application; 
         FIG. 137B  shows communication links between the remote computer system, the field computer system of the field system, and other components of the field system in accordance with another embodiment of the present patent application; 
         FIG. 137C  shows communication links between the remote computer system and components of the field system without the field computer system in accordance with another embodiment of the present patent application; 
         FIG. 138  shows a flowchart of a method for facilitating, by a field system, field testing and physical operations based thereon in accordance with another embodiment of the present patent application; 
         FIG. 139-142  show flowcharts of methods for facilitating, by a computer system, field testing and physical operations based thereon in accordance with other embodiments of the present patent application; 
         FIG. 143  depict an example of a pipeline in accordance with another embodiment of the present patent application; 
         FIG. 144  shows a welding station in accordance with another embodiment of the present patent application; 
         FIG. 145  show a plurality of pipeline welding stations in accordance with another embodiment of the present patent application; 
         FIG. 146  is a schematic diagram of a system with a plurality of welding stations in communication with a plurality of control and log collection stations in accordance with another embodiment of the present patent application; 
         FIG. 147  is a schematic diagram of a system with a plurality of welding stations in communication with a plurality of control and log collection stations in accordance with another embodiment of the present patent application; 
         FIG. 148  is a schematic diagram of welding station in communication with a network via a WiFi connection in accordance with another embodiment of the present patent application; 
         FIG. 149  is a schematic diagram of a plurality of job sites in communication with a cloud server via a worldwide network (internet) in accordance with another embodiment of the present patent application; 
         FIG. 150  is a schematic diagram of a plurality of welding stations in communication with intermediate computing devices (lead technicians, inspectors, engineers, etc.) which are in turn in communication with a cloud server through the internet in accordance with another embodiment of the present patent application; 
         FIG. 151  is a schematic diagram of a plurality of welding stations in communication with an intermediate computer system (Engineer, quality and Tech terminals) through a wireless (e.g., WiFi) communication channel in accordance with another embodiment of the present patent application; 
         FIG. 152  is a schematic diagram of a plurality of welding stations in communication with a computer system through a wireless (e.g., WiFi) communication channel in accordance with another embodiment of the present patent application; 
         FIG. 153  is a schematic diagram of a plurality of welding stations in communication with a plurality of intermediate computer systems (Engineer, quality and Tech terminals) which in turn are in communication with a cloud server in accordance with another embodiment of the present patent application; 
         FIG. 154  shows an example graphical user interface (“GUI”) for a “Main Screen” of an application for cloud based universal data logging (uLog) implemented by a computer system at the welding station, at the intermediate computer system or at the cloud server in accordance with another embodiment of the present patent application; 
         FIG. 155  shows an example GUI for a “Live Log” screen of the application for cloud based universal data logging (uLog) showing voltages versus time at one welding station in accordance with another embodiment of the present patent application; 
         FIG. 156  shows an example GUI for a “Get Log” screen of the application for cloud based universal data logging (uLog) showing weld data parameters including type of weld event, time, zone, weld travel speed, lead wire travel speed in accordance with another embodiment of the present patent application; 
         FIG. 157  shows an example GUI for a summary report screen of the application for cloud based universal data logging (uLog) displaying various welding parameters including weld time, weld station identification number, weld arc voltage, etc., in accordance with another embodiment of the present patent application; 
         FIG. 158  shows an example GUI for a “Save Data on Log” screen of the application for cloud based universal data logging (uLog) displaying various in accordance with another embodiment of the present patent application; 
         FIG. 159  shows an example GUI for an “Analytics” screen of the application for cloud based universal data logging (uLog) showing two icons for selecting a type of analysis performed (e.g., trends, moving average) in accordance with another embodiment of the present patent application; 
         FIG. 160  shows an example GUI for a “Welding Parameter” screen of the application for cloud based universal data logging (uLog) showing two various for selecting a type of function to be performed in accordance with another embodiment of the present patent application; 
         FIG. 161A  depicts schematically an example of a spool that is configured to carry a weld wire in accordance with another embodiment of the present patent application; 
         FIG. 161B  depicts schematically a lateral view of a hub-transducer that is configured to measure a weight of the spool in accordance with another embodiment of the present patent application; 
         FIG. 161C  depicts another lateral view of the hub-transducer showing the positioning of transducer elements or strain sensors/gauges for measuring weight strain when the spool is mounted on the hub in accordance with another embodiment of the present patent application; 
         FIG. 162  depicts schematically an arrangement where a weld wire in spool mounted to hub is pulled by a motor assembly for feeding the wire  82  to the weld device (not shown) in accordance with another embodiment of the present patent application; 
         FIG. 163  is a flow chart depicting a process of comparing the measured weight and the theoretical weight determined based on the wire feed speed in accordance with another embodiment of the present patent application; 
         FIGS. 164A and 164B  depict enlarged lateral cross-sections of the motor assembly in accordance with another embodiment of the present patent application; 
         FIG. 165  is a diagram of a configuration of the welding system depicting the interconnections of various components of the system in accordance with another embodiment of the present patent application; 
         FIG. 166  shows a non-destructive testing system overview in accordance with another embodiment of the present patent application; 
         FIG. 167  shows a generic embodiment of a non-destructive testing system in accordance with another embodiment of the present patent application; 
         FIG. 168  shows an ultrasonic testing embodiment of a non-destructive testing system in accordance with another embodiment of the present patent application; and 
         FIG. 169  shows a radiographic testing embodiment of a non-destructive testing system in accordance with another embodiment of the present patent application. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     Each of the patents and patent applications listed in the “Cross Reference To Related Applications” section of the present patent application is incorporated by reference in its entirety into the present patent application. Such incorporation by reference should be understood to include, but not be limited to, each of the claims as originally filed in each of those patents and patent applications. 
       FIGS. 1A and 1B  show block diagrams of a method  1000  for welding pipe sections or segments  1022  (e.g.,  1022   a  and  1022   b  as shown in  FIG. 2 ) of a pipeline  1024  (as shown in  FIG. 2 ) together. For example,  FIG. 1A  shows a high level block diagram of the method  1000 , while  FIG. 1B  shows a more detailed block diagram of the method  1000 . 
       FIG. 2  shows a cross-sectional view of a weld joint  1026  connecting the pipe segments  1022  (e.g.,  1022   a  and  1022   b ) of the pipeline  1024 . The pipe segments  1022  (e.g.,  1022   a  and  1022   b ) may interchangeably be referred to herein as pipes or pipe sections. In one embodiment, the weld joint  1026  is a complete circumferential weld connecting the pipe segments  1022  (e.g.,  1022   a  and  1022   b ) end-to-end circumferentially. In one embodiment, the weld joint  1026  may be referred to as a girth weld or a butt weld. In one embodiment, as described in detail below, the pipe segments  1022   a  and  1022   b  are welded together at their beveled end portions. 
     In one embodiment, the first pipe segment  1022   a  and the second pipe segment  1022   b  have a length of at least 30 feet. In one embodiment, the first pipe segment  1022   a  and the second pipe segment  1022   b  have a length of at least 31.5 feet. In one embodiment, the first pipe segment  1022   a  and the second pipe segment  1022   b  have a length of at least 33 feet. In one embodiment, the first pipe segment  1022   a  and the second pipe segment  1022   b  have a length of at least 34.5 feet. In one embodiment, the first pipe segment  1022   a  and the second pipe segment  1022   b  have a length of at least 36 feet. 
     In one embodiment, the first pipe segment  1022   a  and the second pipe segment  1022   b  have an exterior diameter of 24 inches or less. In one embodiment, the exterior diameter of the pipe segment may also be referred to as the outer diameter of the pipe segment. 
     In one embodiment, the first pipe segment  1022   a  and the second pipe segment  1022   b  have a nominal exterior diameter of 24 inches or less. In one embodiment, the first pipe segment  1022   a  and the second pipe segment  1022   b  each have an exterior diameter of 24.1875 inches or less. In one embodiment, the first pipe segment  1022   a  and the second pipe segment  1022   b  each have an exterior diameter of 23.8125 inches or less. 
     In one embodiment, the first pipe segment  1022   a  and the second pipe segment  1022   b  have an exterior diameter of 22.8 inches or less. In one embodiment, the first pipe segment  1022   a  and the second pipe segment  1022   b  have an exterior diameter of 21.6 inches or less. In one embodiment, the first pipe segment  1022   a  and the second pipe segment  1022   b  each have an exterior diameter of 20.4 inches or less. In one embodiment, the first pipe segment  1022   a  and the second pipe segment  1022   b  each have an exterior diameter of 19.2 inches or less. 
     In one embodiment, the first pipe segment  1022   a  and the second pipe segment  1022   b  each have an exterior diameter in the range of 26 to 28 inches. 
     In one embodiment, the first pipe segment  1022   a  and the second pipe segment  1022   b  are made of a metal material. In one embodiment, the first pipe segment  1022   a  and the second pipe segment  1022   b  are made of a carbon steel material. In one embodiment, the first pipe segment  1022   a  and the second pipe segment  1022   b  are made of an alloy steel material. In one embodiment, the first pipe segment  1022   a  and the second pipe segment  1022   b  are made of a low-alloy steel material. In one embodiment, the first pipe segment  1022   a  and the second pipe segment  1022   b  are made of a stainless steel material. In one embodiment, the first pipe segment  1022   a  and the second pipe segment  1022   b  may be made of a American Petroleum Institute specification (API) 5L grade X52 (i.e., 52000 PSI minimum yield strength and 66000 PSI minimum tensile strength) material. In one embodiment, the first pipe segment  1022   a  and the second pipe segment  1022   b  may be made of an API 5L grade X60 (i.e., 60000 PSI minimum yield strength and 75000 PSI minimum tensile strength) material. 
     In one embodiment, the first pipe segment  1022   a  and the second pipe segment  1022   b  may be made completely or in-part from a Corrosion Resistant Alloy (CRA). In one embodiment, the Corrosion Resistant Alloy may include both iron-based alloys such as various grades of stainless steel or nickel-based alloys (i.e., typically known by the trade name, Inconel). 
     In one embodiment, some CRA materials may require shield gas on both sides of the weld. In one embodiment, in such an instance, a purge and inspection system  7001  (as will be described in detail with respect to  FIGS. 86-100 ) may be used within the pipes  1022   a ,  1022   b  to provide a purge gas chamber inside (at interface region of) the pipes to be welded and an external weld system  7500  (as shown in  FIG. 97 ) may be used outside the pipes  1022   a ,  1022   b . In one embodiment, the external weld system  7500  may be configured to provide shield gas outside (e.g., at joint of) the pipes to be welded. 
     In one embodiment, the first pipe segment  1022   a  and the second pipe segment  1022   b  may be made of the same material. In one embodiment, the first pipe segment  1022   a  and the second pipe segment  1022   b  may be made of the different materials. 
     In one embodiment, the first pipe segment  1022   a  and the second pipe segment  1022   b  may be made of bi-metallic materials where the inner portion of the pipe segment is a CRA material and the outer portion of the pipe segment may be either carbon steel or a different CRA material than the inner portion. 
     In one embodiment, as shown in  FIG. 2G , the first pipe segment  1022   a  and the second pipe segment  1022   b  includes a metal pipe interior  5244  surrounded by an insulator/a coating material  5246 . In one embodiment, the end portions of the first pipe segment  1022   a  and the second pipe segment  1022   b  to be welded have the insulator/coating material  5246  removed and the metal pipe interior  5244  exposed. 
     In one embodiment, the first pipe segment  1022   a  and the second pipe segment  1022   b  may be coated on its external surface with a corrosion resistant material/coating when the first pipe segment  1022   a  and the second pipe segment  1022   b  are used in corrosive environments (e.g., sea/salt water/ocean, chemical, etc.). In one embodiment, the first pipe segment  1022   a  and the second pipe segment  1022   b  may be coated on its external surface with a wear resistant material/coating. In one embodiment, the first pipe segment  1022   a  and the second pipe segment  1022   b  may be coated on its external surface with an insulator material/coating. In one embodiment, the first pipe segment  1022   a  and the second pipe segment  1022   b  may be coated on its interior surface with the corrosion resistant material/coating, the wear resistant material/coating, the insulator coating/material or a combination thereof. In one embodiment, the first pipe segment  1022   a  and the second pipe segment  1022   b  may be coated on both its interior and exterior surfaces with the corrosion resistant material/coating, the wear resistant material/coating, the insulator coating/material or a combination thereof. 
     In one embodiment, as shown in  FIGS. 2A and 2B , an end  1038   a  of the pipe  1022   a  is welded to a second end  1038   b  of the pipe  1022   b . In one embodiment, the end  1038   a  of the pipe  1022   a  has an internal bevel surface  5228  and an external bevel surface  5230 . In one embodiment, the end  1038   b  of the pipe  1022   b  has an internal bevel surface  5232  and an external bevel surface  5234 . In one embodiment, as will be clear from the discussions below, a root pass weld layer of weld material is disposed in a region IBR defined by the first internal bevel surface  5228  and the second internal bevel surface  5232  when an internal weld system  5004  is used to deposit the root pass weld layer from within the pipes  1022   a ,  1022   b.    
     In one embodiment, the external bevel surfaces  5230  and  5234  each may include first external bevel surfaces  5230   a  and  5234   a  and second bevel surfaces  5230   b  and  5234   b , respectively. In one embodiment, the first external bevel surfaces  5230   a  and  5234   a  are beveled at an angle EB 1  with respect to an axis N-N that is perpendicular to a longitudinal axes A-A of the pipe segments  1022   a ,  1022   b . In one embodiment, the angle EB 1  may be 5°. 
     In one embodiment, the second external bevel surfaces  5230   b  and  5234   b  are beveled at an angle EB 2  with respect to the axis N-N. In one embodiment, the angle EB 2  is greater than the angle EB 1 . In one embodiment, the angle EB 2  may be 45°. 
     In one embodiment, the external bevel surfaces  5230  and  5234  may each include a single bevel surface. In one embodiment, the external bevel surfaces  5230  and  5234  may each include a single continuous surface having a J-shaped configuration. 
     In one embodiment, the internal bevel surfaces  5228  and  5232  are beveled at an angle IB with respect to the axis N-N. In one embodiment, the angle IB may be 37.5°. In one embodiment, the internal bevel surfaces  5228  and  5232  may have a distance B measured along axis N-N from their respective inner pipe surfaces  5130  and  5132 . In one embodiment, the distance B measured along axis N-N from their respective inner pipe surfaces  5130  and  5132  is 0.05 inches. 
     In one embodiment, the external bevel surfaces  5230  and  5234  and the internal bevel surfaces  5228  and  5232  may be separated from each other by a non-bevel surface. In one embodiment, the non-bevel surface may have a distance NB measured along the axis N-N. In one embodiment, the distance NB measured along axis N-N is 0.05 inches. In one embodiment, the non-bevel surface is optional and the external bevel surfaces  5230  and  5234  and their corresponding internal bevel surfaces  5228  and  5232  may be next to (and touching) each other. 
     In one embodiment, the internal bevel surfaces  5228  and  5232  of the pipe segments  1022   a ,  1022   b  may have the same bevel angle. In one embodiment, the external bevel surfaces  5230  and  5234  of the pipe segments  1022   a ,  1022   b  may have the same bevel angle(s). In another embodiment, the bevel angle of the internal bevel surfaces  5228  and  5232  of the pipe segments  1022   a ,  1022   b  may vary. In another embodiment, the bevel angle(s) of external bevel surfaces  5230  and  5234  of the pipe segments  1022   a ,  1022   b  may vary. 
     In one embodiment, the dimensions B of the internal bevel surfaces, the dimension NB of the non-bevel surface, and the bevel angles IB, EB 1  and EB 2  may vary and depend on the thickness T of the pipe segments  1022   a ,  1022   b.    
     In one embodiment, the end  1038   a  of the pipe  1022   a  and the end  1038   b  of the pipe  1022   b  are joined to have a weld groove  5236  formed therebetween. In one embodiment, the weld groove  5236  may have a V-shaped cross-section. In one embodiment, the end  1038   a  of the pipe  1022   a  and the end  1038   b  of the pipe  1022   b  are constructed and arranged to have J-shaped configurations such that the weld groove formed by joining the end  1038   a  of the pipe  1022   a  and the end  1038   b  of the pipe  1022   b  together has a U-shaped configuration. In another embodiment, the shape of the weld groove depends on the welding parameters or conditions. 
     Referring to  FIG. 2 , in one embodiment, a weld material  1034  is configured to connect the first pipe segment  1022   a  and the second pipe segment  1022   b . In one embodiment, the weld material  1034  may include Inconel material or Inconel alloy material. In one embodiment, the weld material  1034  may include a material that has a higher strength than the material of the pipes. In one embodiment, the weld material  1034  may be a different material than the material of the pipes. For example, in one embodiment, the weld material may include Inconel material or Inconel alloy material and the material of the first pipe segment  1022   a  and the second pipe segment  1022   b  may include a stainless steel material. 
     In one embodiment, the weld material  1034  and/or weld joint  1026  includes a plurality of pass weld layers  1014 ,  1016 ,  1018  and  1020 . For example, in one embodiment, the plurality of pass weld layers  1014 ,  1016 ,  1018  and  1020  may include the root pass weld layer  1014 , the hot pass weld layer  1016 , one or more fill pass weld layers  1018  and the cap pass weld layer  1020  as will be explained in detail below. The pass weld layer(s) may interchangeably be referred to herein as pass layer(s). In one embodiment, the weld pass (e.g., root pass, hot pass, fill pass(es), cap pass) may be a single advancement of the weld tool or weld system along the weld joint  1026 . In one embodiment, a weld bead or a weld layer is formed as a result of each weld pass. 
     In one embodiment, referring to  FIGS. 1A, 1B and 2 , the method  1000  for welding pipe sections or segments  1022   a  and  1022   b  together generally includes a root pass weld procedure  1002 , a hot pass weld procedure  1004 , a fill and cap pass weld procedure  1006 , a weld inspection procedure  1008 , a heating procedure  1010  and a coating procedure  1012 . In one embodiment, the fill and cap pass weld procedure  1006  may include one or more of fill pass weld procedures  1006   a  and a cap pass weld procedure  1006   b . In one embodiment, the method  1000  is generally a multi-pass weld or multi-layer weld procedure that includes, for example, the root pass weld procedure  1002 , the hot pass weld procedure  1004 , and the fill and cap weld procedure  1006 . 
     In one embodiment, one or more of the weld passes (e.g., root pass, hot pass, fill pass(es), cap pass) of the multi-pass weld or a multi-layer weld method  1000  may be performed by the same weld system or tool at different times. In one embodiment, the weld passes may be performed sequentially by same weld system or tool. For example, in one embodiment, the root and hot pass weld procedures may be performed sequentially by an internal weld system  5004  (as will be described in detail below) from interior of the pipes. In one embodiment, the fill and cap pass weld procedures may be performed sequentially by an external weld system  7500  from the exterior of the pipes. 
     In one embodiment, the internal weld system  5004  is generally configured to weld the pipe segments  1022   a  and  1022   b  from inside the pipeline  1024  and the external weld system  7500  is generally configured to weld the pipe segments  1022   a  and  1022   b  from outside the pipeline  1024 . In one embodiment, the welding performed by the internal weld system  5004  may result in a K-shaped weld bead or layer and the welding performed by the external weld system  7500  may result in a J-shaped weld bead or layer. 
     In one embodiment, the hot, fill and cap pass weld procedures may be performed sequentially by the external weld system  7500  from the exterior of the pipes, while only the root pass weld procedure is performed by the internal weld system  5004  (as will be described in detail below) from interior of the pipes. 
     In one embodiment, one or more of the weld passes (e.g., root pass, hot pass, fill pass(es), cap pass) of the multi-pass or multi-layer weld method  1000  may be performed by different weld systems or tools at same or different times. In one embodiment, the weld passes may be performed sequentially by different weld systems or tools. 
     In one embodiment, each of the hot, fill and cap pass weld procedures may be performed in its corresponding weld shack from the exterior of the pipes. In one embodiment, the weld shack is a relatively small enclosure, for example, approximately 12 feet wide, 10 feet long and 8 feet high where an external weld system is mounted and carried from one pipe joint to the next by a back end rig. The weld shack typically is a lightweight metal frame covered with thin sheet metal. The weld shack has a special floor designed to pivot up to allow the weld shack to be lowered onto the pipes and then pivot back down to allow easy access to the pipe. In one embodiment, each of the one or more fill pass weld procedures may be performed in different weld shacks each having an external weld system. 
     In one embodiment, the root pass weld procedure  1002  is the first welding procedure of the multi-pass or multi-layer weld method  1000 . In one embodiment, the root pass weld procedure  1002  is performed by the internal weld system  5004 . In one embodiment, the root pass weld procedure  1002  may be performed by a tie-in internal weld system  3001  (as will be described in detail below) having on-board weld power. 
     In one embodiment, the root pass weld procedure  1002 , when performed with the internal weld system  5004 , may take up to 1.03 minutes. In one embodiment, the cycle time for the root pass weld procedure is 4 minutes (this timing is calculated from when a reach rod or umbilical  5034  is set on an auto travel). In one embodiment, the total cycle time for three cycles of the root pass weld procedure (performed by the internal weld system  5004 ) is 13.15 minutes (including a 2.30 minutes for the spool/weld wire change procedure), and the average cycle time for the root pass weld procedure (performed by the internal weld system  5004 ) is 4.42 minutes. 
     In one embodiment, the root pass weld procedure  1002  may be performed by an external weld system  7500 . In one embodiment, the root pass weld procedure  1002  may be performed by the external weld system  7500  with the purge and inspection system  7001 . In one embodiment, the root pass weld procedure  1002  may be performed by the external weld system with tie-in clamps. In one embodiment, the root pass weld procedure  1002  may be performed by the external weld system  7500  with internally disposed clamps  7050 ,  7052 . In one embodiment, the internally disposed clamps may be standard clamps or purge clamps (e.g., the purge and inspection system  7001 ). 
     In one embodiment, the root pass weld procedure  1002  forms the root pass weld layer  1014 . In one embodiment, as shown in  FIGS. 1A and 1B , the root pass weld layer  1014  is the first weld bead or layer deposited in the multiple pass or a multi-layer welding method  1000 . In one embodiment, the root pass layer may also be referred to as a root sealer bead or layer. In one embodiment, the root pass weld procedure  1002  is performed by Gas Metal Arc Welding (GMAW). In one embodiment, the root pass weld procedure  1002  is performed by Gas Tungsten Arc Welding (GTAW). In one embodiment, the root pass weld procedure  1002  is performed by Short Circuit Gas Metal Arc Welding (GMAW-S). In another embodiment, the root pass weld procedure  1002  is performed by other welding processes as would be appreciated by one skilled in the art. 
     In one embodiment, the hot pass weld procedure  1004  is the second welding procedure of the multi-pass or multi-layer weld method  1000 . In one embodiment, the hot pass weld procedure  1004  is performed by the internal weld system  5004 . In one embodiment, the hot pass weld procedure  1004  may be performed by the tie-in internal weld system  3001  having on-board weld power. 
     In another embodiment, the hot pass weld procedure  1004  is performed by the external weld system  7500 . In one embodiment, the hot pass weld procedure  1004  is performed by the external weld system with internally disposed clamps. In one embodiment, the internally disposed clamps may be standard clamps or purge and inspection clamps. In another embodiment, the hot pass weld procedure  1004  may be performed by a manual welder. In such an embodiment, the pipe ends are configured to include a 30° bevel angle. 
     In one embodiment, the hot pass weld procedure  1004 , when performed with the external weld system (in a weld shack) and in a ditch side location, may take up to 1.06 minutes. In one embodiment, the hot pass weld procedure  1004 , when performed with the external weld system (in a weld shack) and in a work side location, may take up to 58 seconds. In one embodiment, the cycle time for the hot pass weld procedure is 2.38 minutes (this timing is calculated from when the hot pass weld shack is set on the pipe). In one embodiment, the total cycle time for three cycles the hot pass weld procedure performed by the external weld system in a weld shack is 11.35 minutes, and the average cycle time for the hot pass weld procedure performed by the external weld system in a weld shack is 3.45 minutes. 
     In one embodiment, the hot pass weld procedure  1004  forms the hot pass weld layer  1016 . In one embodiment, as shown in  FIG. 2 , the hot pass weld layer  1016  is the second weld bead or layer deposited in the multiple pass or a multi-layer weld method  1000 . In one embodiment, the hot pass weld procedure  1004  immediately follows the root pass weld procedure  1002 . In one embodiment, the hot pass weld procedure  1004  is performed by Gas Metal Arc Welding (GMAW). In one embodiment, the hot pass weld procedure  1004  is performed by Gas Tungsten Arc Welding (GTAW). In one embodiment, the hot pass weld procedure  1004  is performed by Short Circuit Gas Metal Arc Welding (GMAW-S). In another embodiment, the hot pass weld procedure  1004  is performed by other welding processes as would be appreciated by one skilled in the art. 
     In one embodiment, the one or more of fill pass weld procedures  1006   a  and the cap weld procedure  1006   b  of the fill and cap pass weld procedure  1006  are performed by the external weld system  7500 . In one embodiment, the fill and cap pass weld procedure  1006  may be performed at multiple stations. In another embodiment, the fill and cap pass weld procedure  1006  may be performed by a manual welder. In such an embodiment, the pipe ends are configured to include a 30° bevel angle. 
     In one embodiment, the one or more fill pass weld procedures  1006   a  follow (or are performed after) the hot pass weld procedure  1004 . In one embodiment, the one or more fill pass weld procedures  1006   a  form the fill pass weld layer(s)  1018 . The fill pass weld layer(s)  1018  are configured to fill the weld groove and be substantially flush with the surfaces of the pipe segments  1022   a  and  1022   b  of the pipeline  1024 . In one embodiment, the number of fill pass weld procedures  1006   a  in the multiple pass or multi-layer weld method  1000  may vary. In one embodiment, the number of fill pass weld procedures  1006   a  in the multiple pass or multi-layer weld method  1000  may depend on the thickness of the pipe segments  1022   a  and  1022   b  of the pipeline  1024  being welded together. 
     In one embodiment, the fill pass weld procedures  1006   a  are performed by Gas Metal Arc Welding (GMAW). In one embodiment, the fill pass weld procedures  1006   a  are performed by Gas Tungsten Arc Welding (GTAW). In one embodiment, the fill pass weld procedures  1006   a  are performed by Pulsed Gas Metal Arc Welding (GMAW-P). In another embodiment, the fill pass weld procedures  1006   a  are performed by other welding processes as would be appreciated by one skilled in the art. 
     In one embodiment, the cap pass weld procedure  1006   b  is the last or final weld procedure of the multi-pass or multi-layer weld method  1000 . In one embodiment, the cap pass weld procedure  1006   b  follows (or is performed after) the fill pass weld procedure(s)  1006   a . In one embodiment, as shown in  FIG. 2 , the cap pass weld layer  1020  is the weld bead or layer deposited subsequent the fill pass weld procedures  1006   a . In one embodiment, the cap pass weld procedure  1006   b  may also be referred to as a cover pass weld procedure. In one embodiment, the cap pass weld procedure  1006   b  forms the cap pass weld layer  1020 . In one embodiment, as shown in  FIG. 2 , the cap pass weld layer  1020  is the last or final weld bead deposited in the multiple pass or a multi-layer weld method  1000 . In one embodiment, the cap pass weld layer  1020  is configured to be substantially higher than the surfaces of the pipe segments  1022   a  and  1022   b  of the pipeline  1024 . 
     In one embodiment, the cap pass weld procedure  1006   b  is performed by Gas Metal Art Welding (GMAW). In one embodiment, the cap pass weld procedure  1006   b  is performed by Gas Tungsten Art Welding (GTAW). In one embodiment, the cap pass weld procedure  1006   b  is performed by Pulsed Gas Metal Arc Welding (GMAW-P). In another embodiment, the cap pass weld procedure  1006   b  is performed by other welding processes as would be appreciated by one skilled in the art. 
     In one embodiment, the root pass weld procedure  1002  may be the only pass weld procedure of the multi-pass or multi-layer weld method  1000  that is performed by the internal weld system  5004 , while the hot pass weld procedure  1004  and the fill and cap pass weld procedure  1006  are all performed using the external weld system  7500 . 
     In another embodiment, both the root pass weld procedure  1002  and the hot pass weld procedure  1004  of the multi-pass or multi-layer weld method  1000  are performed by the internal weld system  5004 , while the fill and cap pass weld procedure  1006  is performed using the external weld system  7500 . 
     In yet another embodiment, the root pass weld procedure  1002 , the hot pass weld procedure  1004  and the fill and cap pass weld procedure  1006  are performed using the external weld system  7500 . In one embodiment, the purge and inspection clamps are used inside the pipes  1022   a ,  1022   b , while the external weld system  7500  performs the root pass weld procedure  1002 , the hot pass weld procedure  1004  and the fill and cap pass weld procedure  1006 . 
       FIGS. 2G-2I  show cross-sectional views of pipelines  1024  with weld joints  1026  formed therebetween. 
       FIG. 2G  shows a cross-sectional view of the pipeline  1024  with the weld joint  1026  formed therebetween. For example, the weld joint  1026  of  FIG. 2G  includes the root pass weld layer  1014  and the hot pass weld layer  1016  formed by the internal weld system  5004  from interior of the pipes  1022   a ,  1022   b , while the one or more fill pass weld layers  1018  and the cap pass weld layer  1020  are formed by the external weld system  7500  from the exterior of the pipes  1022   a ,  1022   b.    
     The individual weld pass layers (e.g., root pass weld layer  1014 , hot pass weld layer  1016 , fill and cap pass weld layers  1018  and  1020 ) may also be clearly seen in  FIG. 2 . The border  1032  between the weld material  1034  and pipe material  1036  may be easily and clearly distinguished in  FIG. 2 . In one embodiment, the shape of the border  1032  (as illustrated by the line ABCDE) is unique to the pipeline  1024  that is welded (e.g., the root pass weld procedure  1002  and/or the hot pass weld procedure  1004 ) from the inside the pipeline  1024 . 
     In one embodiment, when both the root pass weld procedure  1002  and the hot pass weld procedure  1004  of the multi-pass or multi-layer weld method  1000  are performed by the internal weld system  5004  from inside the pipeline  1024 , the locations of the root pass weld layer  1014  and hot pass weld layer  1016  will swap (e.g., when compared to the weld joint in which the root pass weld procedure is performed by the internal weld system  5004  from inside the pipeline  1024  and the hot pass weld procedure  1004  is performed by the external weld system from outside the pipeline  1024 ). In one embodiment, as shown in  FIGS. 2 and 2G , the hot pass weld layer  1016  is positioned closer to an interior longitudinal axis A-A of the welded first and second pipes  1022   a  and  1022   b  than the root pass weld layer  1014 . 
     In one embodiment, the hot pass weld layer  1016  of the weld material  1034  has at least a portion  5238  thereof disposed closer to the longitudinal axis A-A than interior surfaces  5130 ,  5132  of the welded pipes  1022   a  and  1022   b  in regions  5240  and  5242  of the welded pipes  1022   a  and  1022   b  immediately adjacent to the weld material  1034  on opposite sides of the weld material  1034 . In one embodiment, as shown in  FIGS. 2 and 2G , when both the root pass weld procedure  1002  and the hot pass weld procedure  1004  of the multi-pass or multi-layer weld method  1000  are performed by the internal weld system  5004  from inside the pipeline  1024 , the necked-down area  1028  of the weld joint  1026  occurs further from the inner walls  5130 ,  5132  of the pipeline  1024 . 
     In one embodiment, the root pass weld layer  1014  is disposed in the internal bevel surfaces  5228 ,  5232  of the first and second pipe  1022   a  and  1022   b  and the hot pass weld layer  1016  is disposed on top of the root pass weld layer  1014  (i.e., closer to the interior longitudinal axis A-A). In one embodiment, the internal weld system  5004  is constructed and arranged to perform more than one welding pass from inside the pipeline  1024 . In one embodiment, the internal weld system  5004  is constructed and arranged to be actuated in the radial direction so that the internal weld system  5004  can adjust the height of the weld torch  5502  between the two passes (e.g., the root pass weld procedure  1002  and the hot pass weld procedure  1004 ). 
     In one embodiment, additional weld pass layer(s) may be disposed on top of the hot pass layer  1016  and positioned closer to the interior longitudinal axis A-A of the welded first and second pipes  1022   a ,  1022   b  than the hot pass layer  1016 . For example, in one embodiment, the one or more fill pass weld layers  1018  may be performed by the internal weld system  5004  such that the one or more fill pass weld layers  1018  are disposed on top of the hot pass layer  1016  and positioned closer to the interior longitudinal axis A-A of the welded first and second pipes  1022   a ,  1022   b  than the hot pass layer  1016 . For example, in one embodiment, the one or more fill pass weld layers  1018  and the cap pass weld layers  1020  may be performed by the internal weld system  5004  such that the one or more fill pass weld layers  1018  and the cap pass weld layers  1020  are disposed on top of the hot pass layer  1016  and positioned closer to the interior longitudinal axis A-A of the welded first and second pipes  1022   a ,  1022   b  than the hot pass layer  1016 . 
     In another embodiment, the one or more fill pass weld layers  1018  and the cap pass weld layer  1020  are disposed in the external bevel surfaces  5230 ,  5234  of the first and second pipe  1022   a  and  1022   b  and may be performed by the external weld system  7500  from outside the pipeline  1024 . 
       FIG. 2H  shows a cross-sectional view of the pipeline  1024  with the weld joint  1026  formed therebetween. For example, the weld joint  1026  of  FIG. 2H  includes the root pass weld layer  1014  formed by the internal weld system  5004  from interior of the pipes  1022   a ,  1022   b , while the hot pass weld layer  1016 , the one or more fill pass weld layers  1018 , and the cap pass layer  1020  are formed by the external weld system  7500  from the exterior of the pipes  1022   a ,  1022   b . In one embodiment, the root pass weld layer  1014  is disposed in the internal bevel  5228 ,  5232  of the first and second pipe  1022   a  and  1022   b . In one embodiment, the hot pass weld layer  1016 , the one or more fill pass weld layers  1018  and the cap pass weld layer  1020  are disposed in the external bevel surfaces  5230 ,  5234  of the first and second pipe  1022   a  and  1022   b.    
       FIG. 2I  shows a cross-sectional view of the pipeline  1024  with the weld joint  1026  formed therebetween. For example, the weld joint  1026  of  FIG. 2I  includes the root pass weld layer  1014 , the hot pass weld layer  1016 , the one or more fill pass weld layers  1018  and  1020  formed by the external weld system  7500  from the exterior of the pipes  1022   a ,  1022   b . In one embodiment, the root pass weld layer  1014 , the hot pass weld layer  1016 , the one or more fill pass weld layers  1018  and the cap pass weld layer  1020  are all disposed in the external bevel surfaces  5230 ,  5234  of the first and second pipe  1022   a  and  1022   b.    
     In one embodiment, after the weld joint  1026  is completed, the weld joint  1026  may be inspected during the weld inspection procedure  1008 . In one embodiment, the weld inspection procedure  1008  is performed after the fill and cap pass weld procedure  1006 . In one embodiment, the weld joint  1026  may be cleaned before the weld inspection procedure  1008 . In one embodiment, a significant amount of heat may be generated during the welding procedures (e.g., procedures  1002 ,  1004 , and  1006 ). In one embodiment, the weld inspection procedure  1008  is carried out at an operating temperature that is less than at the higher weld temperature. In one embodiment, the weld joint  1026  may be cooled before the weld inspection procedure  1008  by an internal cooling system  2010  or  6500  (as described in detail below). In one embodiment, the weld inspection procedure  1008  may include any type of nondestructive testing/inspection of the weld joint  1026 . 
     In one embodiment, the weld inspection procedure  1008  may include an Automated Ultrasound Testing (AUT). In one embodiment, the Automated Ultrasound Testing of the weld joint  1026  may be used for both onshore and offshore pipeline weld applications. In one embodiment, the AUT is configured to be used in high-production environments. In one embodiment, the AUT is configured to be used for detecting and sizing weld flaws. 
     In one embodiment, the Automated Ultrasound Testing is performed by an AUT scanner system (e.g.,  6801  as shown in  FIG. 136A ). In one embodiment, the AUT scanner system includes an ultrasonic sensor system. In one embodiment, the AUT scanner system may be portable. In one embodiment, the AUT scanner system may also include a data acquisition system that is operatively connected to the ultrasonic sensor system. In one embodiment, the ultrasonic sensor system may include an emitter that is configured to send, for example, ultrasonic signals (e.g., wave pulses) into the pipe segments  1022   a  and  1022   b  and/or the girth weld  1026  therebetween. In one embodiment, the ultrasonic signals or pulses may be sent at a rate from 1 Hz to 20,000 Hz. In one embodiment, the frequency of the ultrasonic sound wave may vary from 0.5 MHz to 23 MHz. 
     In one embodiment, the ultrasonic signals or pulses, sent by the emitter, are configured to reflect off the boundaries where the density of the girth weld  1026  changes. In one embodiment, the ultrasonic sensor system may include a receiver that is configured to receive/detect the reflected pulses. In one embodiment, the receiver is configured to measure the intensity of the reflected pulse and produce an electronic signal proportional to the intensity of the reflected pulse. In one embodiment, the emitter and receiver of the ultrasonic sensor system may have multiple elements or components. In one embodiment, the emitter of the ultrasonic sensor system may be selectively activated to target the ultrasonic pulse at a specific location. 
     In one embodiment, a range of Automated Ultrasonic Testing (AUT) may include Time of Flight Diffraction (ToFD), Phased Array (PA), corrosion mapping, and/or complete weld inspection. In one embodiment, the Time of Flight Diffraction (ToFD) ultrasonic weld inspection may be used when multiple weld bevels are to be evaluated. 
     In one embodiment, the AUT weld inspection procedure may include a full-coverage pulse-echo ultrasonic weld inspection. In one embodiment, the pulse-echo ultrasonic inspection techniques use Phased Array (PA) probes coupled with ToFD inspection to provide very accurate weld flaw measurements. In one embodiment, the welds may be divided into zones (zonal discrimination) that are evaluated individually, with the results being reassembled into a comprehensive weld analysis. In one embodiment, a linear and sectorial scanning may provide superior weld examination. In one embodiment, the ToFD ultrasonic weld inspection may be used to supplement the full-coverage pulse-echo ultrasonic weld inspection. 
     In yet another embodiment, the weld inspection procedure  1008  may include an X-ray radiography Testing. In one embodiment, the X-ray radiography Testing is performed by an X-ray radiography system. In one embodiment, the X-ray radiography system includes an emitter that is configured to send an X-ray radiation into the pipe segments  1022   a  and  1022   b  and the girth weld  1026  therebetween. In one embodiment, the intensity of the X-ray radiation may be attenuated by the material of the pipe segments  1022   a  and  1022   b  and girth weld  1026  therebetween. In one embodiment, the X-ray radiography system includes a receiver that is configured to measure the intensity of the X-ray radiation that passes through the material of the pipe segments  1022   a  and  1022   b  and girth weld  1026  therebetween. 
     In one embodiment, the weld inspection procedure  1008  may include Gamma and close proximity radiography inspection. In one embodiment, the weld inspection procedure  1008  may include Magnetic Particle Inspection (MPI) or Dye Penetrant Inspection (DPI). In one embodiment, the weld inspection procedure  1008  may include any other Non-Destructive Testing (NDT), for example, but not limited to, Guided Wave Ultrasonic testing, eddy current testing, hardness testing, Tank Floor Testing (MFL), Positive Material Identification, Corrosion Mapping Surveys, etc. In one embodiment, the Non-Destructive Testing (NDT) may generally refer to any testing configured to identify weld defects without damaging the pipes and/or the weld formed therebetween. 
     Referring to  FIG. 2G , in one embodiment, as discussed above, each pipe segment  1022   a ,  1022   b  includes the metal pipe interior  5244  surrounded by external protective coatings (e.g., an insulator material)  5246 . In one embodiment, end portions  5248  and  5250  of the pipe segments  1022   a ,  1022   b  to be welded have the metal pipe interior exposed. 
     In one embodiment, after the weld inspection procedure  1008 , external protective coatings are applied back to the weld joint  1026 . For example, an insulator is applied to the exposed end portions  5248 ,  5250  of the welded pipes  1022   a ,  1022   b  such that the insulator  5246 A (as shown in  FIG. 118 ) is adhered to an exterior surface  5254  of the metal pipe interior  5244 , thus insulating the formerly exposed end portions  5248 ,  5250  of the pipes  1022   a ,  1022   b.    
     In one embodiment, to facilitate the application of the external protective coatings or the insulator, the weld joint  1026  and the surrounding portions of the pipe segments  1022   a  and  1022   b  of the pipeline  1024  are heated to a predetermined coating temperature. In one embodiment, the exposed end portions  5248 ,  5250  of the welded pipes  1022   a ,  1022   b  are heated. In one embodiment, the predetermined coating temperature is the temperature that is required for the application of the external protective coatings or the insulator. In one embodiment, the predetermined coating temperature is configured to provide a good adhesion or bonding between the external protective coatings or the insulator and the pipeline  1024 . 
     In one embodiment, the heating procedure  1010  is performed after the weld inspection procedure  1008 . In one embodiment, an induction pre-heating procedure may be used to heat the exposed end portions  5248 ,  5250  of the welded pipes  1022   a ,  1022   b  of the pipeline  1024  in preparation for application of the coating material(s) or the insulator. 
     In one embodiment, the heating procedure  1010  is performed by a heating system  5304  (shown and explained with respect to  FIGS. 115A and 115B ). In one embodiment, the heating system may include an electrical heating system. In one embodiment, the heating system may include Ultra high frequency (UHF) induction coils that are configured to rapidly heat the exposed end portions  5248 ,  5250  of the welded pipes  1022   a ,  1022   b  of the pipeline  1024  up to the required coating temperature. In one embodiment, the heating system is also configured to regulate the temperature of the exposed end portions  5248 ,  5250  of the welded pipes  1022   a ,  1022   b  of the pipeline  1024  to maintain a suitable coating application temperature. In one embodiment, the heating system may include a heating feedback system configured to enable the heating system to achieve and maintain the required coating temperature and a temperature sensor operatively coupled to the feedback system. In one embodiment, the temperature sensor may be a contact or a non-contact temperature sensor. In one embodiment, the heating feedback system may include one or more sensors that are configured to sense other parameters of the heating procedure—heating time, etc. 
     In one embodiment, the coating procedure  1012  is performed immediately after the heating procedure  1010 . In one embodiment, the coating procedure  1012  is performed in a coating shack (i.e., similar in construction to the weld shack) having a coating head that is constructed and arranged to apply/spray/provide insulator/coating/epoxy mixture to the exposed end portions  5248 ,  5250  of the welded pipes  1022   a ,  1022   b  of the pipeline  1024 . In one embodiment, the coating head completes the coating procedure in less than a minute. In one embodiment, the coating head completes the coating procedure in 50 seconds. 
     In one embodiment, an insulator/coating is applied to the heated exposed end portions  5248 ,  5250  of the welded pipes such that the insulator/coating  5246 A (as shown in  FIG. 118 ) is adhered to the exterior surface  5254  of the metal pipe interior, thus insulating the formerly exposed end portions  5248 ,  5250  of the pipes  1022   a ,  1022   b.    
     In one embodiment, the coatings are applied to external surfaces or areas of the pipe segments  1022   a  and  1022   b  surrounding the weld joint  1026  to provide an insulation barrier in order to prevent or minimize corrosion at weld areas. 
     In one embodiment, the coatings may include polypropylene coatings. In one embodiment, the coatings may include polyethylene coatings. In one embodiment, the coatings may include polyurathane coatings. In one embodiment, the coatings may include insulation (e.g., heat loss) coatings. In one embodiment, the coatings may include anti-corrosion coatings. In one embodiment, the coatings may include wear-resistant coatings. In one embodiment, the coatings may include fusion bonded epoxy (FBE). In one embodiment, the coatings may include fusion bonded epoxy (FBE) plus chemically modified polypropylene (CMPP) or polyethylene (CMPE) dual powder base layers. In one embodiment, the chemically modified polypropylene (CMPP) or polyethylene (CMPE) layer is then followed immediately by the polypropylene (PP) or polyethylene (PE) tape. In one embodiment, the coatings may include Multi-Component Liquid coatings (MCL) (e.g., urethane and epoxy based MCL coatings). In one embodiment, the coatings may include a field joint coating (FJC). 
     In one embodiment, the coatings may include an Injection Molded polypropylene. In such an embodiment, the pipeline  1024  is pre-heated to a temperature of 180° C. to receive the Injection Molded polypropylene coating. 
     In one embodiment, an automated equipment may be used to apply coating materials at the weld joint  1026 . In one embodiment, the coating delivery system may include Injection Molded Coating System as shown and described in detail with respect to  FIGS. 117A and 117B . In one embodiment, the coating delivery system may include a flame-spray coating system. In one embodiment, the insulation/coatings may be applied to the exposed regions of the weld joint using a nozzle device. In one embodiment, the nozzle device is configured to spray insulation materials onto the exposed region of pipe at the region of the welds. In one embodiment, the nozzle device is shown and described with respect to  FIGS. 116A-116B . 
     In one embodiment, an abrasive blasting procedure may be used to prepare the pipeline  1024  for the coatings. In one embodiment, the abrasive blasting procedure may be performed prior to the heating procedure  1010 . In one embodiment, the oxidized pipe weld joint is sandblasted to remove all contaminants. 
     In one embodiment, the coating system may include a coating feedback system configured to enable the coating system to achieve the desired coatings on the pipeline  1024  and one or more sensors operatively connected to the coating feedback system. In one embodiment, the one or more sensors are configured to sense the following parameters of the coating procedure—heating time, heating temperature, coating material temperature, coating material volume, etc. 
     In one embodiment, the method  1000  may include other procedures that are not shown in  FIG. 1A . In one embodiment, these other procedures of the method  1000  are shown in and explained with respect to  FIG. 1B . 
     In one embodiment, the method  1000  may include a pipe preparation procedure  1040 , a pipe alignment procedure  1042 , an optional weld inspection procedure  1044 , a repair procedure  1046 , a cooling procedure  1048 , and a pipeline deployment procedure  1050 . In one embodiment, each of these procedures is optional. 
     In one embodiment, the pipe preparation procedure  1040  is performed prior to the root pass weld procedure  1002 . In one embodiment, the pipe preparation procedure  1040  is performed prior to the pipe alignment procedure  1042 . 
     In one embodiment, the pipe preparation procedure  1040  may include a cutting procedure  1040   a . In one embodiment, the cutting procedure  1040   a  is performed for preparation of the edge or end portions of the pipe segments  1022   a ,  1022   b  for welding. In one embodiment, during the cutting procedure  1040   a , the pipe segments  1022   a  and  1022   b  that are to be welded together are cut into the desired dimensions. In one embodiment, the cutting procedure  1040   a  may be performed at the manufacturer&#39;s location. 
     In one embodiment, the method may include a stringing procedure in which the pipes are distributed according to a design plan (before the pipe joining/welding procedure). In one embodiment, each joint of the pipe segment has a specific place in the pipeline. The stringing crew ensures that each piece of pipe is placed where it belongs. Inspectors check the pipe&#39;s designated numbers to ensure that the joints are in the correct order. 
     In one embodiment, the method may include a bending procedure in which the pipes are bent to fit the right-of-way&#39;s topography. In one embodiment, the pipe is inserted into a bender and a mandrel is then positioned in the pipe. The mandrel is constructed and arranged to apply pressure inside the pipe to prevent buckling while bending. The operator positions the pipe and makes the bend. The pipe is removed from the bender after the bend is made. After the bending procedure, each piece of pipe is set in place. 
     In one embodiment, the pipe preparation procedure  1040  may include a beveling procedure  1040   b . In one embodiment, the beveling procedure  1040   b  is performed for preparation of the edge or end portions of the pipe segments  1022   a  and  1022   b  for welding. In one embodiment, during the beveling procedure  1040   b , the end portions of the pipe sections or segments  1022   a  and  1022   b  that are to be welded together are beveled into the desired dimensions. In one embodiment, the desired bevels may be machined into the end portions of the pipe segments  1022 . In one embodiment, a pipe facing machine is inserted in the pipe and is anchored to the pipe (by raising its internal clamp shoes). In one embodiment, the beveling procedure  1040   b  may take 10 seconds. In one embodiment, the operator may manually check the formed bevel using a bevel gage  5801  shown in  FIGS. 2C-2F .  FIGS. 2C-2E  show a front view, a perspective view and a side view of the bevel gage  5801 , respectively, while  FIG. 2F  shows a detailed view of detail A in  FIG. 2C . In one embodiment, the beveling procedures  1040   a ,  1040   b  may be performed at the manufacturer&#39;s location. 
     In one embodiment, the standard bevel depth for field welding from the inside of the pipe is 0.050 inches. In one embodiment, the weld bead is about 3 millimeters tall so that the weld bead protrudes from the surface by 0.05 to 0.07 inches. For making two weld passes (e.g., root and hot pass welds), in one embodiment, the bevel may be cut to a depth of 0.150 to 0.170 inches. 
     In one embodiment, the pipe alignment procedure  1042  is performed prior to the root pass weld procedure  1002 . In one embodiment, the pipe alignment procedure  1042  is performed between the pipe preparation procedure  1040  and the root pass weld procedure  1002 . In one embodiment, a preheat procedure may be performed, prior to the welding procedure (i.e., root pass weld procedure), to heat the pipe to over 100° C. so as to evaporate all moisture from the surface of the pipe. 
     In one embodiment, referring to  FIG. 2G , the pipe alignment procedure  1042  may include providing a second pipe  1022   a  at the second end  1038   b  of the first pipe  1022   b , and aligning the ends  1038   a ,  1038   b  of the first and second pipes  1022   a ,  1022   b  that are to be welded. In one embodiment, the internal weld system  5004  may include a feedback system (e.g., using inspection detector  5056 , one or more processors  5140 , orientation motors  5030 ,  5074 , external cradle  5330 ,  6010 A,  6010 B, internal clamps  5144 ,  5144 ,  7050 ,  7052  as will be explained in detail below) that is configured to sense whether the ends  1038   a ,  1038   b  of the first and second pipes  1022   a ,  1022   b  are properly aligned. The term “motor” as used herein broadly refers to any type of electromechanical motor, such as an electric motor, hydraulic motor, pneumatic motor, just for example. 
     In one embodiment, the optional weld inspection procedure  1044  may be performed between the hot pass weld procedure  1004  and the fill and cap weld procedure  1006 . In one embodiment, the optional weld inspection procedure  1044  may include X-ray radiography inspection. In one embodiment, the X-ray radiography inspection is performed by an X-ray radiography system. In one embodiment, the X-ray radiography system includes an emitter that is configured to send an x-ray radiation into the pipe segments  1022   a  and  1022   b  and the root and hot pass weld layers formed therebetween. In one embodiment, the intensity of the X-ray radiation may be attenuated by the material of the pipe segments  1022   a  and  1022   b  and the root and hot pass weld layers  1014 ,  1016  formed therebetween. In one embodiment, the X-ray radiography system includes a receiver that is configured to measure the intensity of the x-ray radiation that passes through the material of the pipe segments  1022   a  and  1022   b  and the root and hot pass weld layers  1014 ,  1016  formed therebetween. In another embodiment, the weld inspection procedure  1044  may include Gamma and close proximity radiography inspection. 
     In one embodiment, the repair procedure  1046  is performed after the weld inspection procedure  1008  and before the heating and coating procedures  1010  and  1012 . In one embodiment, the repair procedure  1046  is configured to repair any weld defects that are detected during the weld inspection procedure  1008 . 
     The weld repair procedure noted herein can be one of a variety of types. In one embodiment, an additional welding operation is performed on top of the previous weld to remedy any weld defect. In another embodiment, the defective weld may be ground down or optionally entirely cut out (manually or automatically) before any subsequent repair welding operation is conducted. 
     In one embodiment, after the heating and coating procedures  1010  and  1012 , the pipeline  1024  is allowed to cool to a suitable temperature before further processing steps can occur (e.g., before spooling of the connected pipe segments or handling/placement of the pipe segments in water or at some other suitable location on land). In one embodiment, the cooling procedure  1048  is performed after the coating procedure  1012 . In one embodiment, the cooling procedure  1048  is performed by a cooling system  2010 ,  2110 ,  2210 ,  6500  (as shown in and described with respect to  FIGS. 104-112B and 119-136 ) that is configured to remove heat from the welded pipes so as to reduce their temperature to an acceptable temperature for effective spooling. For example, the pipeline should be below a predetermined temperature (e.g., 50 to 70° C.) to carry out the spooling procedure, the S-lay procedure, etc. In one embodiment, the cooling system may be an internal cooling system that is configured to cool the welded pipes from inside the pipeline  1024 . 
     In one embodiment, the welded pipes may also be allowed to air cool over time. In one embodiment, the welded pipes may be cooled by spraying or pouring water on the outside of the insulation/coatings on the pipeline. In one embodiment, the water spraying or pouring procedure may be carried out in one or more stations. 
     In one embodiment, the cooling procedure  1048  is performed, for example, for a barge welding procedure, a spool base Tie-in welding procedure, and a spool base main line welding procedure. In one embodiment, the onshore main line welding procedure and the onshore tie-in welding procedure may not have a separate cooling procedure. 
     In one embodiment, the pipeline deployment/lowering procedure  1050  is performed after the coating procedure  1012 . In one embodiment, the pipeline deployment/lowering procedure  1050  is performed after the cooling procedure  1048 . 
     In one embodiment, the pipeline deployment procedure  1050  may include a spooling procedure  1050   a , a S-lay procedure  1050   b , or a pipeline lowering procedure  1050   c.    
     In one embodiment, the spooling procedure  1050   a  is configured to spool the pipeline onto the vessel, which transports the pipeline to its final destination or location. In one embodiment, the pipeline should be below a predetermined temperature (e.g., 50 to 70° C.) to carry out the spooling procedure  1050   a . In one embodiment, the predetermined temperature (e.g., 50 to 70° C.) is configured to avoid any damage during the spooling procedure  1050   a.    
     In one embodiment, the S-lay procedure is an offshore pipe-lay procedure in which the pipeline is lowered to the sea in a horizontal position. In one embodiment, during the S-lay procedure  1050   b , the pipeline is pushed off the end of the vessel in an S-shaped curve. In one embodiment, the pipeline should be below a predetermined temperature (e.g., 50 to 70° C.) to carry out the S-lay procedure  1050   b . In one embodiment, the predetermined temperature (e.g., 50 to 70° C.) is configured to avoid any damage during the S-lay procedure  1050   b.    
     The spooling procedure, the S-lay procedure and the J-lay procedure are described in detail with respect to  FIGS. 136B-E . 
     In one embodiment, the pipeline lowering procedure  1050   c  is configured to position/lower the pipeline into a pre-dug ditch. 
     In one embodiment, the pipeline weld condition/situations may be classified into five categories, namely, onshore main line weld procedure, onshore tie-in weld procedure, spool base main line weld procedure, spool base tie-in weld procedure, and barge weld procedure. 
     The onshore main line welding procedure is shown in  FIG. 3 . The onshore main line welding procedure is generally performed at a ground level and adjacent to a pre-dug ditch in which the pipeline will be disposed. In one embodiment, the onshore pipelines are welded together in sections, for example, up to 1 mile long. The welding stations of the onshore welding are near each other. The before welding procedures and after welding procedures of the onshore welding process are decoupled from the actual welding procedure itself so that the before and after welding procedures can occur at their own pace. After the segments of pipeline are welded together, they are lowered into the pre-dug ditch. 
     The onshore tie-in weld procedure is shown in  FIG. 4 . The onshore tie-in weld procedure generally occurs in a pre-dug ditch in which the pipeline will be disposed. That is, the sections or segments are cut to length and welded together in the pre-dug ditch. 
     The spool base main line weld procedure is shown in  FIG. 5 . The spool base main line weld procedure is generally performed in a factory-like setting. All procedures of the spool base main line weld procedure happen within the factory-like setting and in a coordinated, assembly line process. For example, the pipes are welded, inspected and coated along a firing line to form a pipe stalk (e.g., sometimes as long as 7 kilometers). The pipe stalks are stored until they can be spooled onto a vessel for transport to their final location. That is, when the ship/barge is away from the spool base, the welded pipe is stored in long sections. The pipe stalks are reeled onto big spools on barges (typically J-lay) and unspooled when the barge arrives at the job location. 
     The spool base tie-in weld procedure is shown in  FIG. 6 . The spool base tie-in weld procedure is used to join the pre-assembled pipeline sections or segments together as they are being spooled onto the vessel/ship, which generally transports the pipeline to its final location. It is the cooling of this joint after coating that limits the spooling rate. All procedures of the spool base Tie-In weld are performed at the same station. 
     Barge weld procedure is shown in  FIG. 7 . The barge weld procedure is generally performed in a factory-like setting on-board a floating vessel. All procedures of the barge weld procedure are generally performed within the factory-like setting and in a coordinated, assembly line process. The pipeline is deployed in its final location as it comes off the vessel. 
     Each of these pipeline weld situations may have one or more weld procedures described with respect to  FIGS. 1A and 1B . One or more systems described in this patent application (e.g., the internal weld system  5004 , the tie-in internal weld system  3001 , purge and inspection system  7001 , the external weld system  7500 , and the internal cooling system  2010 ) may be used in the operational procedures of these pipeline weld situations. 
     For example, referring to  FIG. 3 , the onshore main line weld procedure begins the with pipe preparation procedure in which an automated weld-friendly bevel is machined into each end of the pipes. This may be done by an advance crew that is working a short distance ahead of the welding crew. After the pipe preparation procedure, a root pass weld procedure is performed. In one embodiment, the root pass weld procedure may be performed by the internal weld system  5004 . In another embodiment, the root pass weld procedure may be performed by an external weld system  7500  with internal positioned clamp(s)  7050 ,  7052 . After the root pass weld procedure, the hot pass weld procedure is performed. The hot pass weld procedure may be performed either by the external weld system or by the internal weld system  5004 . 
     In one embodiment, both the hot and root pass weld procedures are performed by the internal weld system  5004 . In another embodiment, only the root pass weld procedure is performed by the internal weld system  5004 , while the hot pass weld procedure is performed by the external weld system  7500 . 
     In one embodiment, the fill and cap pass weld procedure is performed after the hot pass weld procedure. In one embodiment, the fill and cap pass weld procedure may be performed by the external weld system  7500 . In one embodiment, the fill and cap pass weld procedure may be performed at multiple stations. 
     After the fill and cap pass weld procedure, the weld inspection procedure is performed. For example, Ultrasonic, x-ray radiography or Magnetic inspection may be used to inspect the weld area. Any weld defects detected during the weld inspection procedure are repaired during the weld repair procedure. The welded pipe is coated with Fusion Bonded Epoxy coating. The Fusion Bonded Epoxy coating is applied to the (heated) exposed end portions of the welded pipes such that the Fusion Bonded Epoxy coating is adhered to an exterior surface of the pipe interior. The coating procedure may be done by an autonomous crew that is working behind the repair crew. The pipeline is then lowered into the pre-dug ditch. The pipeline lowering procedure may be done by an autonomous crew that is working behind the coating crew. 
     Referring to  FIG. 4 , the onshore tie-in weld procedure begins with the pipe preparation procedure. The exact pipe lengths are not known in advance, so overlap is designed into the onshore tie-in weld procedure. Once the pipes are in the ditch, one pipe is cut to the correct length and the desired bevel is machined into the end of the pipe. After the pipe preparation procedure, a root pass weld procedure is performed. 
     In one embodiment, the root pass weld procedure may be performed by the tie-in internal weld system  3001 . In another embodiment, the root pass weld procedure may be performed by the tie-in clamp system with an external weld system  7500 . In another embodiment, the root pass weld procedure may be performed by a manual welder with externally positioned clamps. 
     After the root pass weld procedure, the hot pass weld procedure is performed. In one embodiment, the hot pass weld procedure may be performed by the tie-in internal weld system  3001 . In another embodiment, the hot pass weld procedure may be performed by the external weld system  7500 . In another embodiment, the hot pass weld procedure may be performed by a manual welder. 
     In one embodiment, both the hot and root pass weld procedures are performed by the tie-in internal weld system  3001 . In another embodiment, only the root pass weld procedure is performed by the tie-in internal weld system  3001 , while the hot pass weld procedure is performed by the external weld system  7500 . 
     The fill and cap pass weld procedure is performed after the hot pass weld procedure. In one embodiment, the fill and cap pass weld procedure may be performed by the external weld system  7500 . In another embodiment, the fill and cap pass weld procedure may be performed by the manual welder. The fill and cap pass weld procedure is done from the exterior of the pipes. After the fill and cap pass weld procedure, the weld inspection procedure is performed. For example, Ultrasonic, x-ray radiography or Magnetic inspection may be used to inspect the weld area. The weld inspection procedure is done by an autonomous crew that is working behind the welding crew. Any weld defects detected during the weld inspection procedure are repaired during the weld repair procedure. The repair procedure is performed by an autonomous crew that is working behind the inspection crew. The welded pipe is coated with Fusion Bonded Epoxy coating. The Fusion Bonded Epoxy coating is applied to the (heated) exposed end portions of the welded pipes such that the Fusion Bonded Epoxy coating is adhered to an exterior surface of the pipe interior. The coating procedure may be done by an autonomous crew that is working behind the repair crew. 
     Referring to  FIG. 5 , the spool base main line weld procedure begins with the pipe preparation procedure in which an appropriate bevel is machined into the ends of the pipe. After the pipe preparation procedure, a root pass weld procedure is performed. In one embodiment, the root pass weld procedure may be performed by the internal weld system  5004 . In another embodiment, the root pass weld procedure may be performed by the purge and inspection system  7001  with the external weld system  7500 . In another embodiment, the root pass weld procedure may be performed by the internal clamps with the external weld system. 
     After the root pass weld procedure, the hot pass weld procedure is performed. In one embodiment, the hot pass weld procedure may be performed by the internal weld system  5004 . In another embodiment, the hot pass weld procedure may be performed by the external weld system  7500 . 
     In one embodiment, both the hot and root pass weld procedures are performed by the internal weld system  5004 . In another embodiment, only the root pass weld procedure is performed by the internal weld system  5004 , while the hot pass weld procedure is performed by the external weld system  7500 . In yet another embodiment, the root pass weld procedure is performed by the external weld system  7500  with internal purge clamps  7001 , while the hot pass weld procedure is performed by the external weld system  7500 . 
     The X-ray radiography weld inspection procedure is performed after the hot pass weld procedure. The X-ray radiography weld inspection procedure is optional. 
     The fill and cap pass weld procedure is performed after the hot pass weld procedure and X-ray radiography weld inspection procedure. In one embodiment, the fill and cap pass weld procedure may be performed by the external weld system. In one embodiment, the fill and cap pass weld procedure may be performed at multiple stations. 
     After the fill and cap pass weld procedure, the weld inspection procedure is performed to perform the weld inspection of the weld joint. For example, Ultrasonic, x-ray radiography or Magnetic inspection may be used to inspect the weld area. Any weld defects detected during the weld inspection procedure are repaired during the weld repair procedure. The welded pipe is coated with the Injection Molded Polypropylene coating. The Injection Molded Polypropylene coating is applied to the (pre-heated to 180° C.) exposed end portions of the welded pipes such that the Injection Molded Polypropylene coating is adhered to an exterior surface of the pipe interior. Cooling procedure is performed after the coating procedure. The pipes may be allowed to air cool over time. 
     Referring to  FIG. 6 , the spool base tie-in weld procedure begins with the pipe preparation procedure in which an appropriate bevel is machined into the ends of the pipe. After the pipe preparation procedure, a root pass weld procedure is performed. In one embodiment, the root pass weld procedure may be performed by the tie-in internal weld system  3001 . In another embodiment, the root pass weld procedure may be performed by the purge clamp system  7001  with an external weld system  7500 . In another embodiment, the root pass weld procedure may be performed by the internal clamps with the external weld system. 
     After the root pass weld procedure, the hot pass weld procedure is performed. In one embodiment, the hot pass weld procedure may be performed by the tie-in internal weld system  3001 . In another embodiment, the hot pass weld procedure may be performed by the external weld system. 
     In one embodiment, both the hot and root pass weld procedures are performed by the tie-in internal weld system  3001 . In another embodiment, only the root pass weld procedure is performed by the tie-in internal weld system  3001 . 
     The X-ray radiography weld inspection procedure is performed after the hot pass weld procedure. The X-ray radiography weld inspection procedure is optional. 
     The fill and cap pass weld procedure is performed after the hot pass weld procedure. In one embodiment, the fill and cap pass weld procedure may be performed by the external weld system. In one embodiment, the fill and cap pass weld procedure may be performed at multiple stations. 
     After the fill and cap pass weld procedure, the weld inspection procedure is performed to perform the weld inspection of the weld joint. For example, Ultrasonic, x-ray radiography or Magnetic inspection may be used to inspect the weld area. Any weld defects detected during the weld inspection procedure are repaired during the weld repair procedure. The welded pipe is coated with the Injection Molded Polypropylene coating. The Injection Molded Polypropylene coating is applied to the (pre-heated to 180° C.) exposed end portions of the welded pipes such that the Injection Molded Polypropylene coating is adhered to an exterior surface of the pipe interior. Cooling procedure is performed after the coating procedure. In one embodiment, the pipes may be cooled by pouring or spraying water on the outside surfaces of the insulation. In another embodiment, the pipes may be cooled by an internal cooling system. In one embodiment, the pipes may be spooled onto the vessel after the cooling procedure. In one embodiment, the pipes should be below a temperature of between 50 and 70° C. during the spooling procedure so as to avoid any damage during the spooling process. In one embodiment, all the procedures of the spool base tie-in weld sequence may occur at the same location. 
     Referring to  FIG. 7 , the barge weld procedure begins with the pipe preparation procedure in which an appropriate bevel is machined into the ends of the pipe. After the pipe preparation procedure, a root pass weld procedure is performed. In one embodiment, the root pass weld procedure may be performed by the internal weld system  5004 . In another embodiment, the root pass weld procedure may be performed by the purge clamp system  7001  with an external weld system  7500 . In another embodiment, the root pass weld procedure may be performed by the internal clamps with the external weld system  7500 . 
     After the root pass weld procedure, the hot pass weld procedure is performed. In one embodiment, the pipes advance to the hot pass weld procedure after the root pass weld procedure is complete. In one embodiment, the hot pass weld procedure may be performed by the internal weld system  5004 . In another embodiment, the hot pass weld procedure may be performed by the external weld system. 
     In one embodiment, both the hot and root pass weld procedures are performed by the internal weld system  5004 . In another embodiment, only the root pass weld procedure is performed by the internal weld system  5004 . The X-ray radiography weld inspection procedure is performed after the hot pass weld procedure. The X-ray radiography weld inspection procedure is optional. 
     The fill and cap pass weld procedure is performed after the hot pass weld procedure and X-ray radiography weld inspection procedure. In one embodiment, the fill and cap pass weld procedure may be performed by the external weld system. In one embodiment, the fill and cap pass weld procedure may be performed at multiple stations. 
     After the fill and cap pass weld procedure, the weld inspection procedure is performed to perform the weld inspection. For example, Ultrasonic, x-ray radiography or Magnetic inspection may be used to inspect the weld area. Any weld defects detected during the weld inspection procedure are repaired during the weld repair procedure. The welded pipe is coated with the Injection Molded Polypropylene coating. The Injection Molded Polypropylene coating is applied to the (pre-heated to 180° C.) exposed end portions of the welded pipes such that the Injection Molded Polypropylene coating is adhered to an exterior surface of the pipe interior. The cooling procedure is performed after the coating procedure. In one embodiment, the pipes may be cooled by pouring or spraying water on the outside surfaces of the insulation. In one embodiment, the cooling procedure may be performed at multiple stations. In another embodiment, the pipes may be cooled by an internal cooling system. In one embodiment, the pipes may be pushed off the end of the vessel in a S-shaped configuration. In one embodiment, the pipes should be below a temperature of between 50 and 70° C. during the S-lay procedure so as to avoid any damage during the S-lay procedure. 
     In one embodiment, a field system  5000  for welding two pipes  1022   a ,  1022   b  is provided. The term “field system” as used herein is a generic term intended to refer to the system(s) disclosed herein as a whole, and/or any of the subsystems by themselves. Just for example, the “field system” can refer to the combination of the internal inspection system, external welder, internal pipe cooler, and ultrasound non-destructive testing system, together with the remote uLog processing system (e.g., remote computer system  13704 ). In another example, the “field system” can refer to the internal weld system alone, the internal inspection system alone, the internal cooling system alone, the tie-in welder alone, for example. That is, the “field system” can refer to the internal weld system  5004  alone, the internal inspection system  7001  alone, the internal cooling system  6500  alone, the tie-in welder  3001  alone, for example. 
     As shown in  FIGS. 8, 9, 10-1, 10-2 and 10-3 , in one embodiment, each pipe segment  1022   a  or  1022   b  has the longitudinal axis as shown by arrow A-A. As will be clear from the discussion below, the field system  5000  is configured to support multiple pipe segments  1022   a ,  1022   b  and adjust their positions and/or orientations until the pipe segments  1022   a ,  1022   b  are both aligned such that their longitudinal axes A-A are collinear and one end of each of the pipe segments  1022   a ,  1022   b  abuts at interface edges.  FIG. 9  illustrates an enlarged detailed view of the field system  5000  of  FIG. 8  in which the edges form a pipe interface  5002  (also known as a “fit up” joint). In one embodiment, the field system  5000  includes an internal weld system  5004  that applies a weld to the interior of the interface  5002  from inside the fitted up pipe segments  1022   a ,  1022   b . To apply a weld to the interior of joint  5002 , the internal weld system  5004  is rolled into an end of one of the pipe segments  1022   b  as shown in  FIG. 10-1 . The second pipe segment  1022   a  is then placed and manipulated until both pipe segments  1022   a ,  1022   b  are satisfactorily aligned. In one embodiment, the internal weld system  5004  applies a weld (e.g., a gas metal arc weld “GMAW”) from inside the pipe segments  1022   a ,  1022   b  to a face or edge joint of the pipe segment  1022   a ,  1022   b  and into a v-shaped opening formed by chamfered/beveled edges of the two pipe segments  1022   a ,  1022   b  (other cross-sectional shapes other than a v-shaped opening may also be used). 
       FIG. 9A  shows a partial cross-sectional view of the pipeline  1024  displaying an ideal alignment of a weld torch  5502  of the internal weld system  5004  to the internal bevel surfaces  5228  and  5232  (along longitudinal axes A-A of the pipes  1022   a ,  1022   b ). In the illustrated embodiment, the pipes  1022   a ,  1022   b  are perfectly aligned with each other and do not have any Hi-Lo (i.e., a height difference between the bevel edges of the pipes  1022   a ,  1022   b  after the pipe alignment). 
     In one embodiment, the field system  5000  may include external clamps  5302  that are used to clamp pipes together from the outside (external to the pipes). In one embodiment, the external clamps  5302  have bars across the weld joint and welding may be done manually. In one embodiment, the external clamps  5302  may be hydraulically operated or may be mechanically operated (e.g., using a hand lever). For example, in one embodiment, the external clamps  5302  may be a tipton clamp as shown in  FIGS. 7A and 7B . 
     In one embodiment, the internal weld system  5004  is connected to an external structure/system (i.e., external to the pipes  1022   a ,  1022   b  being welded) by an umbilical  5034  (as shown in  FIG. 10-1 ). In one embodiment, the external system is the remote uLog processing system. In one embodiment, the umbilical  5034  may be between 40 and 80 feet long (e.g., for a pipe that is 40 or 80 feet long). In one embodiment, the umbilical  5034  may be referred to as a reach rod. In one embodiment, the reach rod/umbilical  5034  may be fixedly connected to the internal weld system  5004 . That is, the reach rod/umbilical  5034  is a permanent piece of the internal weld system  5004 . In one embodiment, the umbilical  5034  includes a structural tubular member that protects all of the cables, wiring and hoses (e.g., that connect the external structure/system and the internal weld system  5004 ) from damage. 
     In one embodiment, when the internal weld system  5004  is traveling from one pipe (weld) joint to the next pipe (weld) joint, the umbilical  5034  is disconnected at a disconnection point, DP (as shown in  FIG. 10-2 ). This disconnection facilitates the new/incoming pipe segment  1022   a  to be placed in position with respect to the first pipe  1022   b .  FIG. 10-2  shows that the cables, hoses and wires (e.g., that connect the external structure/system and the internal weld system  5004 ) at the end of the reach rod/umbilical  5034  are disconnected and that the new/incoming pipe segment  1022   a  is being placed in position with respect to the first pipe  1022   b.    
     As shown in  FIG. 10-3 , in one embodiment, after the incoming pipe  1002   a  is placed in position with respect to the first pipe  1002   b , the umbilical  5034  may hang/extend out of the incoming pipe  1002   a  by a distance, HD. In one embodiment, the distance, HD that the umbilical  5034  may hang/extend out of the incoming pipe  1002   a  is in between 1 and 5 feet. 
     The umbilical  5034  is generally used to convey fluids (compressed air), send electrical signals and/or send communication signals between the external structure/system and the internal weld system  5004 . In one embodiment, the tie-in internal weld system  3001  does not include the reach rod or the umbilical. 
     For example, the umbilical  5034  may include weld power lines configured to deliver power to the weld torches. In one embodiment, the umbilical  5034  includes three weld power lines to independently deliver power to the three associated weld torches in the internal weld system  5004 . In one embodiment, the number of weld power lines in the umbilical  5034  may vary and depend on the number of weld torches in the internal weld system  5004 . 
     In one embodiment, the umbilical  5034  may include communication lines configured to communicate with the inspection detector  5056 , the inspection camera  5112 , and/or other electronic modules (e.g., to start or stop welding) of the internal weld system  5004 . In one embodiment, the communications to the internal weld system  5004 , including to the inspection detector  5056 , to the inspection camera  5112 , and/or to other electronic modules of the internal weld system  5004 , may be performed wirelessly. It should be appreciated that where a plurality of weld torches are provided, a plurality of inspection detectors/lasers  5056  may also be provided. 
     In one embodiment, the umbilical  5034  may include a fluid communication line configured to supply compressed air to the internal weld system  5004 . In one embodiment, the umbilical  5034  may include another (separate) power line configured to deliver power to the batteries  5116  to recharge them. In one embodiment, the separate power line to recharge the batteries  5116  is optional. In one embodiment, the umbilical  5034  may include a separate power line configured to deliver power to one or more electronic modules and/or the motors of the internal weld system  5004 . In another embodiment, this separate power line is optional. 
     In one embodiment, the internal weld system  5004  is used for pipes having an internal diameter of 26 to 28 inches with 0 to 1 inch pipe wall thickness. Therefore, the internal weld system  5004  is configured to fit in holes between 24 and 28 inches. In one embodiment, the internal weld system  5004  is used for pipes having an internal diameter of 24 inches or less with pipe wall thickness of 0 to 1 inch. In one embodiment, the internal weld system  5004  is used for pipes having an external diameter of 24 inches or less. In one embodiment, the internal weld system  5004  is used for pipes having an external diameter of 26 to 28 inches. 
       FIG. 10A  shows the internal weld system  5004  being constructed, sized and positioned in pipes having an internal diameter of 26 inches with 1 inch pipe wall thickness. For example, in one embodiment, the external diameter of the frame structure of the internal weld system  5004  is 23.32 inches in relation to the internal diameter of 26 inches (with 1 inch pipe wall thickness) of the pipes. For example, for 26 inch internal diameter pipe (with 1 inch pipe wall thickness), the outer diameter of the frame structure (not including its wheels) of the internal weld system  5004  is 23.32 inches. 
       FIG. 10B  shows the internal weld system  5004  being constructed, sized and positioned in pipes having an internal diameter of 24 inches with 1 inch pipe wall thickness. For example, in one embodiment, the external diameter of the frame structure of the internal weld system  5004  is 21.32 inches in relation to the internal diameter of 24 inches (with 1 inch pipe wall thickness) of the pipes. For example, for 24 inch internal diameter pipe, the outer diameter of the frame structure (not including its wheels) of the internal weld system  5004  is 21.32 inches. 
     In one embodiment, the diameter of the frame of the internal weld system  5004  may be a function of the internal weld system&#39;s ability to fit through the pipe bends. In one embodiment, the standard minimum bend radius of the pipe is 30 times D, where D is the external or outer diameter of the pipe. That is, the radius of the centerline of the pipe is 30 times the outer or external diameter of the pipe. For example, for a 26″ outer or external diameter pipe, the minimum bend radius the internal weld system  5004  needs to traverse is 780 inches (i.e., (26 inches)×30). For example, for a 24″ outer or external diameter pipe, the minimum bend radius the internal weld system  5004  needs to traverse is 720 inches (i.e., (24 inches)×30). In one embodiment, the longer the frame of the internal weld system  5004  is constructed, the narrower it has to get. 
     In one embodiment, as shown in the  FIGS. 10C and 10D , the field system  5000  may include a cradle  5330  for carrying and moving the first pipe  1022   a  and the second pipe  1022   b . In one embodiment, the cradle  5330  is configured to provide the second pipe  1022   a  at the second end  1038   b  of the first pipe  1022   b  after the frame assembly of the internal weld system  5004  is positioned at the second end of the first pipe  1022   b . In one embodiment, the cradle  5330  may be referred to as a Line Up Module (LUM). 
     In one embodiment, there may be as many cradles as needed to hold the pipe  1022   a ,  1022   b . For example, if the pipe  1022   a  or  1022   b  is small and flexible, there may be as many as four cradles spaced along the length of the pipe  1022   a  or  1022   b . If the pipe  1022   a  or  1022   b  is large and stiff, there may be as few as two cradles along the length of the pipe  1022   a  or  1022   b.    
     In one embodiment, two cradles may be used for carrying and moving the pipe such that each cradle is positioned at an end of the pipe. In one embodiment, three cradles may be used for carrying and moving the pipe such that two cradles are positioned at the ends of the pipe and one cradle is positioned at the center section of the pipe. In one embodiment, the centrally positioned cradle is configured to simply provide support and is not configured to be articulated. In one embodiment, the cradles  5330  used for incoming pipe  1022   a  may all be configured to be actuatable to carry, move, and provide the incoming pipe  1022   a  at the second end of the first pipe  1022   b  (after the frame assembly of the internal weld system  5004  is positioned at the second end of the first pipe  1022   b ) and re-align the incoming pipe  1022   a  in the event the pre-weld profile data determines adjustment is required. 
     In one embodiment, the cradle  5330  may include a set of actuated rollers  5332  external to the pipes  1022   a ,  1022   b . In one embodiment, the rollers  5332  of the cradle  5330  may be referred to as the exterior rotatable members. In one embodiment, an exterior surface  5346  and/or  5348  (as shown in  FIG. 2G ) of the first pipe  1022   a  and/or the second pipe  1022   b  is movably engaged by the exterior rotatable member(s)  5332  to facilitate adjustment of the relative positioning of the pipes  1022   a ,  1022   b  based on the instructions from the one or more processors  5140 . 
     In one embodiment, the cradle  5330  includes a fixed frame  5334  that is configured to be fixedly connected to a surface (e.g., ground), a first moveable frame  5336  that is configured to be moveable to position the pipe horizontally, and a second moveable frame  5338  that is configured to be moveable to position the pipe vertically. 
     In one embodiment, the cradle  5330  may be hydraulically operated. For example, hydraulic cylinders  5340  positioned on the sides of the cradle  5330  may be configured to move the second moveable frame  5338 . In one embodiment, the hydraulic cylinder(s)  5342  positioned under the cradle  5330  may be configured to move the first moveable frame  5336 . In one embodiment, the motion of the cradles  5330  (positioned at both ends of the pipes) may be coordinated to adjust the linear movement of the pipe  1022   a  or  1022   b  in all three directions (up-down, left-right, forward-back) and adjust the angular movement of the pipe  1022   a  or  1022   b  in in two directions (pitch, yaw)). 
     In one embodiment, the cradle  5330  is operatively associated with to the one or more processors  5140 . In one embodiment, the cradle  5330  is connected wirelessly or using a wired connection to the one or more processors  5140  such that, in the event the pre-weld profile data determines adjustment is required, the hydraulic cylinders  5340  and  5342  are adjusted to move and re-align the incoming pipe  1022   a  based on the pre-weld profile data. In one embodiment, the externally positioned rollers  5332  may be operatively connected to and controlled by the one or more processors  5140  via the first moveable frame  5336  and/or the second moveable frame  5338 . 
     In one embodiment, the cradle  5300  may be electrically operated. For example,  FIG. 73  shows electrically operated cradles  6010 A and  6010 B. In one embodiment, the rollers of the cradles  6010 A and  6010 B may be driven by motors to move the pipe  1022   a  or  1022   b  linearly and/or angularly. In one embodiment, the cradles  6010 A and  6010 B may include motors operatively connected to lead screw arrangements that enable the movement of the first moveable frame and/or the second moveable frame. 
     In general, when aligning the pipes for the welding procedure, there may be two pipe alignment errors, for example, an angular pipe alignment error and positional pipe alignment error. As shown in  FIG. 10E , the angular alignment error causes a gap  5344  on one side of the pipe. As shown in  FIG. 10F , the positional alignment error causes opposite Hi-Lo, i.e. high on one side (e.g.,  1022   b ), low on the other side (e.g.,  1022   a ). 
     In one embodiment, the cradles  5330  or the cradles  6010 A and  6010 B may be used in the offshore pipeline alignment and welding procedures. In the offshore pipeline applications, both angular and positional pipe alignment errors may be corrected by sending the control signals from the one or more processors  5140  to the cradles  5330  or the cradles  6010 A and  6010 B (to control the associated rollers  5332 ). Thus, the one or more processors  5140  are configured to adjust the relative positioning between the pipes (to correct their alignment errors) by controlling the cradles  5330  or the cradles  6010 A and  6010 B. In one embodiment, the one or more processors  5140  are configured to operate the cradle  5330  to enable relative movement between the first pipe  1022   a  and the second pipe  1002   b  based on the pre-weld profile data to alter an interface region  5136  between the pipes  1022   a ,  1022   b  prior to the welding operation based on the instructions from the one or more processors  5140 . 
     In one embodiment, the pipes  1022   a ,  1002   b  may be aligned by a crane and the clamp (internal or external). In one embodiment, the clamp may be constructed and arranged to align the two pipes  1022   a ,  1002   b  both horizontally and vertically. In one embodiment, the crane is configured to control axial position and the two angles (pitch and yaw). 
     In one embodiment, referring to  FIG. 11 , the internal weld system  5004  includes a forward-most section  5006 , a center section  5008  and a drive section  5010 . 
     In one embodiment, frame members of the forward-most section  5006 , the center section  5008  and the drive section  5010  may be together may be referred to as a frame assembly or as the frame of the internal weld system  5004 . In one embodiment, the frame or frame assembly of the internal weld system  5004  may be configured to support all of the components of each of the forward-most section  5006 , the center section  5008  and the drive section  5010 . In one embodiment, the frame or frame assembly of the internal weld system  5004  may include forward-most section frame  5026  (as shown in  FIG. 12 ), center section frame  5068  (as shown in  FIG. 23 ), and drive section frame  5278  (as shown in  FIG. 32A ). In one embodiment, the frame or frame assembly of the internal weld system  5004  is configured to be placed within the pipes  1022   a ,  1022   b.    
     In one embodiment, the forward-most section  5006  is the section where external cables, wiring and hoses from the external system/structure (external to the pipes to be welded) connect. In one embodiment, the forward-most section  5006  is configured to house all of the weld support components as described in detail below. In one embodiment, the center section  5008  is configured to align the pipe segments  1022   a ,  1022   b  and perform the welding procedures. In one embodiment, the drive section  5010  is configured to move the internal weld system  5004  from one pipe joint to the next pipe joint. In one embodiment, the drive section  5010  is also configured to house batteries, compressed air and shield gas that the rest of the internal weld system  5004  needs to operate. 
     In one embodiment, some components of the internal weld system  5004  are positioned such that half of the component is positioned in the forward-most section  5006  and the remaining half of the component is positioned in the center section  5008 . In one embodiment, some components of the internal weld system  5004  are positioned in the one of the three sections of the internal weld system  5004  but are connected to another of the three sections of the internal weld system  5004 . For example, a component of the internal weld system  5004  is positioned in the forward-most section  5006  of the internal weld system  5004  and is connected to only the center section  5008  of the internal weld system  5004 . 
       FIG. 12  shows a detailed view of the forward-most section  5006  of the internal weld system  5004 . In one embodiment, the forward-most section  5006  of the internal weld system  5004  includes a tow hitch  5012 , a forward-most electronics module  5014 , a front slip ring  5016 , a front clamp control valve  5018 , a wire feed assembly  5020 , a front position sensor  5022 , adjustable ramps  5024 , a forward-most section frame  5026 , guide wheels  5028 , a front rotation motor  5030 , and a front rotary union  5032 . In one embodiment, the forward-most electronics module  5014  may include the one or more processors  5014 . In one embodiment, the front clamp control valve  5018 , the front position sensor  5022 , and the front rotation motor  5030  may be operatively connected to the one or more processors  5140 . 
       FIGS. 13-22  show views of various components of the forward-most section  5006  of the internal weld system  5004 . For example,  FIG. 13  shows the tow hitch  5012 ,  FIG. 14  shows the front rotary union  5032 ,  FIG. 15  shows the front slip ring  5016 ,  FIG. 16  shows the forward-most section frame  5026 ,  FIG. 17  shows the adjustable ramps  5024 ,  FIG. 18  shows the guide wheels  5028 ,  FIG. 19  shows the front rotation motor  5030 ,  FIG. 20  shows the front clamp control valve  5018 ,  FIG. 21  shows the front position sensor  5022 , and  FIG. 22  shows the wire feed assembly  5020 , respectively. 
       FIG. 11A  shows a view of the umbilical  5034  in which the internal weld system  5004  is configured to attached at a first end  5035  of the umbilical  5034  and an operator control system  5039  is configured to be attached to a second end  5037  of the umbilical  5034 . In one embodiment, the first end  5035  of the umbilical  5034  is connected to the tow hitch  5012  of the forward-most section  5006  of the internal weld system  5004 . In one embodiment, the communications (of the internal weld system  5004 ) with the Ulog system are configured to happen through one or more processors or modules in the operator control system  5039 . In one embodiment, the operator control system  5039  is positioned external to the pipes  1022   a ,  1022   b  being welded. 
     In one embodiment, the forward-most section frame  5026  is constructed and arranged to house/support all of the components of the forward-most section  5006  of the internal weld system  5004 . In one embodiment, the forward-most section frame  5026  is constructed and arranged to provide mounting points for all of the components at the front of the internal weld system  5004  and protect these components from damage. In one embodiment, the forward-most section frame  5026  is constructed and arranged to guide new pipe segments into alignment with the old/existing pipe segments. In one embodiment, the forward-most section frame  5026  may be made from steel or any other material as would be appreciated by one skilled in the art. 
     In one embodiment, the forward-most frame  5026  is constructed and arranged to have a nose cone shaped configuration to enable the internal weld system  5004  to easily move into the new pipe segment when joining/welding the new pipe segment with the old/existing pipe segment. In one embodiment, the nose cone shaped configuration of the forward-most frame  5026  may function as an alignment structure that is configured to facilitate alignment of the second pipe  1022   b  with the first pipe  1022   a . In one embodiment, the nose cone shaped alignment structure is configured to project outwardly from the second end of the first pipe  1022   a  to facilitate alignment of the second pipe  1022   b  with the first pipe  1022   a.    
     In one embodiment, referring to  FIG. 12 , the forward-most section frame  5026  includes a sensor  5352  configured to sense an end of the pipe when the frame of the internal weld system  5004  returns to pipe opening after welding a preceding pipe. In one embodiment, the sensor  5352  may be configured to be moveable with the frame of the internal weld system  5004 . In one embodiment, the sensor  5352  is operatively connected to or associated with the one or more processors  5140 . 
     In one embodiment, the sensor  5352  may be a rotary switch. For example, the rotary switch may have a downwardly projecting prod or wire biased into the interior pipe surface and configured to slidingly engage the interior pipe surface until it reaches the pipe and extends downwardly after reaching the pipe end to actuate the rotary switch, thus detecting the end of the pipe. For example, when the forward-most section frame  5026  reaches the end of the pipe, where a portion thereof will project outwardly of the pipe for receiving the end of the next pipe to be welded, the wire is configured to extend outwardly from its normal position to detect the end of the pipe. In another embodiment, the sensor  5352  may be a linear encoder that is configured to be operatively connected to the wheels/rollers of the internal weld system  5004  to determine the distance traveled by the internal weld system  5004  and use that information to sense/detect the end of the known pipe length. 
     In one embodiment, the sensor  5352  is configured to detect the interface region  5136  between the pipes  1022   a ,  1022   b . In one embodiment, the one or more processors  5140  are configured to operate drive motors  5124  to move the frame of the internal weld system  5004  through at least one of the pipes  1022   a ,  1022   b  until the sensor  5352  detects the interface region  5136 . In one embodiment, the sensor  5352  is configured to detect when the frame of the internal weld system  5004  is positioned at the interface region between the pipes  1002   a ,  1022   b . In one embodiment, the sensor  5352  may be the inspection sensor  5056 . In one embodiment, the sensor  5352  may be a laser. In one embodiment, the sensor  5352  may be the inspection camera  5112 . In one embodiment, the inspection detector  5056  and/or the inspection camera  5112  are configured to also perform the sensing function of the sensor  5352 . 
     In one embodiment, referring to  FIG. 12 , an end portion  5208  of the forward-most section frame  5026  is configured to be connected to a flange portion  5210  (as shown in  FIG. 23 ) of a front clamp  5142  of the center section  5008 . In one embodiment, the end portion  5208  of the forward-most section frame  5026  is configured to be connected to the flange portion  5210  of the front clamp  5142  of the center section  5008  using fastening members, for example, bolts  5212  (as shown in  FIG. 23 ). 
     The front rotary union  5032  in the forward-most section  5006  is shown in  FIGS. 12 and 14 . A rotary union is generally a union or a coupling that is constructed and arranged to allow for rotation of two combined/united members. The rotary union is constructed and arranged to provide a seal between a stationary supply passage (pipe or tubing) and a rotating member (drum, cylinder or spindle) to permit the flow of a fluid into and/or out of the rotating member. Fluids generally used with the rotary unions include compressed air and purge gas. The rotary union generally includes a housing, a shaft, a seal and a bearing. The bearings and seal are assembled around the shaft. The bearings are used to allow a member of the rotary joint, either the shaft or the housing, to rotate. The seal is constructed and arranged to prevent the fluid medium (e.g., compressed air or purge gas) from leaking outside the rotary union while in operation. A rotary union locks onto an input valve while rotating to meet an outlet valve. During this time the fluid flows into the rotary union from its source and is held within the rotary union during its movement. This fluid leaves the rotary union when the valve openings meet during rotation and more fluid flows into the rotary union again for the next rotation. 
     In one embodiment, the front rotary union  5032  is configured to allow for the flow of compressed air therethrough. In one embodiment, the front rotary union  5032  (e.g., described in connection with  FIG. 25 , for example) is constructed and arranged to receive the compressed air from a rear rotary union  5072  (via, e.g., a rear slip ring  5080 , a rotatable hub  5078  and the front slip ring  5016 ). The rear rotary union has essentially the same components and operates in essentially the same way as the front rotary union  5032  and hence not illustrated in the same detail as front rotary union  5032 . 
     In one embodiment, the front rotary union  5032  is constructed and arranged to send a portion of the received compressed air to the front clamp control valve  5018  (to actuate and operate the front clamp  5142 ) via the valve  5204 . In one embodiment, the front rotary union  5032  is constructed and arranged to send the remaining portion of the received compressed air to a compressor or an external air supply tank  5029  (as shown in  FIG. 70 ) to recharge the system (e.g., fill the tank with compressed air) via the valve  5204 . In one embodiment, the remaining portion of the received compressed air sent to the compressor or external air supply tank  5029  (as shown in  FIG. 70 ) passes through the front rotary union  5032 . 
     In one embodiment, referring to  FIG. 70 , two valves  5115  and  5117  are configured to be closed until the start of the refill procedure. During the refill procedure, the compressed air from the external air supply tank  5029  travels through the valve  5115 ,  5117 , and  5204  to the front rotary union  5032 , from the front rotary union  5032  to the rear rotary union  5072 , and then through the valves  5198 ,  5196 ,  5194  and  5113  to the compressed air tank  5128  to refill the compressed air tank  5128  with the compressed air. In one embodiment, the entire fluid communication path (or the supply fluid communication line) between the external air supply tank  5029  and the compressed air tank  5128  is maintained at tank pressure during the refill procedure. 
     In one embodiment, the front rotary union  5032  in the forward-most section  5006  is also configured to allow the compressed air from the umbilical  5034  to be connected to the wire feed assembly  5020  which is rotatably mounted on a rotatable hub  5078  of the center section  5008 . 
     The front slip ring  5016  in the forward-most section  5006  is shown in  FIGS. 12 and 15 . A slip ring is an electromechanical device (electrical connector) that is constructed and arranged to allow the transmission of power and communication signals from a stationary structure to a rotating structure. A slip ring can be used in any electromechanical system that requires unrestrained, continuous rotation while transmitting power and/or data signals. The slip ring includes a stationary structure (brush) which rubs on the outside diameter of a rotating structure. As the rotating structure turns, the electric current or signal is conducted through the stationary structure to the rotating structure making the connection. The stationary structure may be a graphite or metal contact (brush) and the rotating structure may be a metal ring. Additional ring/brush assemblies are stacked along the rotating axis if more than one electrical circuit is needed. Either the brushes or the rings are stationary and the other component rotates. 
     In one embodiment, the front slip ring  5016  is configured to allow the transmission of communication signals from the forward-most electronics module  5014  to a wire feed electronics module  5046  of the wire feed assembly  5020 . In one embodiment, the front slip ring  5016  is also configured to allow the transmission of (welding) power and the transmission of communication signals from the umbilical  5034  to the internal weld system  5004 . 
     In one embodiment, as shown in  FIGS. 12 and 17 , the adjustable ramps  5024  are constructed and arranged to improve the alignment of the pipe segments  1022   a ,  1022   b . In one embodiment, the adjustable ramps  5024  are constructed and arranged to be adjustable to accommodate different pipe sizes. In one embodiment, the adjustable ramps  5024  are constructed and arranged to also protect the center section  5008  from being hit by the incoming pipe segment  1022   b . In one embodiment, the adjustable ramps  5024  of the internal weld system  5004  are constructed and arranged to be adjustable to extend a little more than the retracted clamp shoes (i.e., the clamp shoes  5157  in their retracted positions) but extend less than the extended clamp shoes (i.e., the clamp shoes  5157  in their extended positions). 
     In one embodiment, as shown in  FIGS. 12 and 18 , the guide wheels  5028  are constructed and arranged to prevent the incoming pipe segment  1022   b  from scraping the sides of the forward-most section  5006 . In one embodiment, the guide wheels  5028  are constructed and arranged to be adjustable to accommodate different pipe sizes. In one embodiment, the guide wheels  5028  are passive members. 
     In one embodiment, as shown in  FIG. 12 , the forward-most electronics module  5014  includes communication connections to the umbilical  1034  and to the front slip ring  5016 . For example, in one embodiment, the forward-most electronics module  5014  is configured to communicate power and communication signals to and from the umbilical  5034  and is configured to communicate power and communication signals to and from the front slip ring  5016 . 
     In one embodiment, the forward-most electronics module  5014  is also configured to control the operation of the front rotation motor  5030  and the front clamp control valve  5018 . In one embodiment, the forward-most electronics module  5014  is further configured to receive signals from the front position sensor  5022 . 
     The front rotation motor  5030  in the forward-most section  5006  is shown in  FIGS. 12 and 19 . In one embodiment, the front rotation motor  5030  is electronically synchronized with a rear rotation motor  5074  positioned in the center section  5008  (described below). In one embodiment, together the two rotation motors  5030  and  5074  are configured to rotate the rotatable hub  5078  of the center section  5008  while maintaining the front and rear clamps  5142  and  5144  stationary. 
     In one embodiment, the front rotation motor  5030  may include an offset gear drive (due to packaging constraints). For example, in one embodiment, the front rotation motor  5030  has an electric motor having a rotor, a rotary shaft rotated by the rotor, and an external gear  5021   a  supported by the rotary motor shaft and having external teeth thereon. The external gear  5021   a  may engage an offset gear  5021   b , also having external teeth. An opposite end of the offset gear  5021   b  also has external teeth  5021   c . The external teeth  5021   c  of the external/driver gear are constructed and arranged to engage with internal teeth  5023  (as shown in  FIG. 19 ) formed on an inner circumferential surface on a driven (annulus) gear member  5021  of the wire feed assembly  5020  to transmit torque from the front rotation motor  5030  to the wire feed assembly  5020 . In one embodiment, the external teeth  5021   c  of the external/driver gear are constructed and arranged to engage with the internal teeth  5023  formed on the driven (annulus) gear member  5021  of the wire feed assembly  5020  using a gear train arrangement (see  FIG. 19 ) to transmit torque from the front rotation motor  5030  to the wire feed assembly  5020 . 
     In one embodiment, as shown in  FIGS. 12 and 20 , the front clamp control valve  5018  is configured to receive the compressed air from the stationary side of the front rotary union  5032 . 
     In one embodiment, the front clamp control valve  5018  is operatively connected to receive control signals from the forward electronics module  5014 . In one embodiment, the front clamp control valve  5018  is configured to supply the compressed air to actuate and operate the front clamp  5142 , when it receives signals from the forward-most electronics module  5014 . 
     In one embodiment, as shown in  FIGS. 12 and 21 , the front position sensor  5022  may be a proximity sensor and specially profiled encoder wheel. In one embodiment, the encoder wheel is constructed and arranged to be rotatably mounted on the wire feed assembly  5020  so as to be rotated with the rotatable hub  5078 . 
     In one embodiment, the front position sensor  5022  is operatively connected to send control signals to the forward electronics module  5014 . In one embodiment, the proximity sensor of the front position sensor  5022  may be configured to send control signals to the forward-most electronics module  5014  when the sensor is at a high point on the encoder wheel. In one embodiment, the forward-most electronics module  5014  is configured to use the signals received from the front position sensor  5022  to determine the orientation of the forward-most section  5006  relative to the rest of the internal weld system  5004  (e.g., rotatable hub  5078 ). 
     In one embodiment, as shown in  FIGS. 12, 22, 22A and 22B , the wire feed assembly  5020  includes a wire spool holder  5036 , a wire straightener  5038 , a weld wire bowden (guide) tube  5040 , a shield gas control valve  5042 , a wire feed system  5044 , the wire feed electronics module  5046 , and a wire feed assembly frame  5048 . In one embodiment, an exemplary weld wire spool  5272  is shown in  FIG. 22A . In one embodiment, the wire straightener  5038 , the shield gas control valve  5042 , and the wire feed system  5044  may be operatively connected to one or more processors  5140 . In one embodiment, the wire feed electronics module  5046  may include one or more processors  5140 . 
     In one embodiment, the wire feed assembly  5020  is constructed and arranged to house the wire spools  5272 , the wire spool holders, the wire straighteners, the wire feed system, and the shield gas control valves for each of three illustrated weld torches  5502  in the center section  5008  of the internal weld system  5004 . In the illustrated embodiment, the wire feed assembly  5020  includes three wire spool holders  5036 , three wire straighteners  5038 , three weld wire bowden (guide) tubes  5040 , three shield gas control valves  5042 , and three wire feed systems  5044  associated with three illustrated weld torches  5502  in the center section  5008  of the internal weld system  5004 . In one embodiment, the number of the wire spool holders, the wire straighteners, the weld wire bowden (guide) tubes, the shield gas control valves, the weld wire/electrode spools and the wire feed systems in the internal weld system  5004  may vary and depend on the number of the weld torches. 
     In one embodiment, the weld wire spool  5272  has a size of 7 (⅞) inches and a weight of 10 pounds. In one embodiment, the size of the electrode or weld wire is 0.03 inches. In one embodiment, the electrode or weld wire is made of a carbon steel material. In one embodiment, the electrode or weld wire is a ER70S-6 carbon steel MIG weld wire manufactured, for example, by Chicago Electric Welding Systems. In one embodiment, the electrode or weld wire is designed for use with various shield gas mixtures such as 100% Carbon dioxide (CO 2 ), a mixture of 75% Argon and 25% CO 2 , or a mixture of 98% Argon and 2% O 2 . 
     In one embodiment, the wire feed assembly  5020  is constructed and arranged to be connected to the rotatable hub  5078  of the center section  5008 , so that rotation of the wire feed module  5020  via the front rotation motor is directly translated to the rotatable hub  5078 . In one embodiment, the wire feed assembly  5020  is constructed and arranged to be fastened (e.g., using fastening members) to the rotatable hub  5078  of the center section  5008 . In one embodiment, the wire feed assembly  5020  is also constructed and arranged to house electronics for operating all of the motors in the wire feed assembly  5020  and the rotatable hub  5078 . 
     In one embodiment, the wire feed assembly frame  5048  is constructed and arranged to be hollow so as to allow power, communication signals, shield gas, weld wire/electrode, motor control signals, and compressed air to pass into, out of, and through it. 
     In one embodiment, as shown in  FIG. 22 , the wire spool holder  5036  is constructed and arranged to receive and hold weld wire/electrode spools (not shown) for use by the internal weld system  5004 . In one embodiment, the wire spool holder  5036  may include a retainer member  5220  configured to retain the weld wire/electrode spool therein. 
     In one embodiment, the retainer member  5220  may be removable positioned on a shaft  5226  of the wire spool holder  5036  using a lock member  5222  attached to the retainer member  5220 . The lock member  5222  may include a smaller diameter region and a larger diameter region. In one embodiment, a lock member receiving opening may be formed on the shaft  5226  as having a cross-sectional shape of a generally enclosed circle, with a side opening  5224  extending outwardly from the shaft  5226 . With such a configuration, the lock member  5222  may slidably be positioned such that either the larger diameter region or the smaller diameter region is within the generally enclosed circular cross-sectional shape of the lock member receiving opening. When the larger diameter region is positioned in the lock member receiving opening, the shaft  5226  surrounds the larger diameter region, which is unable to pass through the side opening  5224 , locking the retainer member  5220  to the shaft  5226  due to the engagement between the lock member  5222  and the lock member receiving opening. Alternatively, where the lock member  5222  is positioned such that the smaller diameter region is generally surrounded by the lock member receiving opening, the retainer member  5220  may freely be removed from the shaft  5226 , as the smaller diameter region may pass through the side opening  5224 . In another embodiment, the retainer member  5220  may be removable attached to the shaft  5226  of the wire spool holder  5036  using a retaining screw. 
     The weld wire or electrode that comes off of the weld wire/electrode spool may have a permanent bend to it. In one embodiment, the wire straightener  5038  is configured to remove the permanent bend and make the weld wire straight (e.g., by bending the weld wire in the other direction). The straight configuration of the weld wire helps the weld wire to pass through the weld wire bowden (guide) tube  5040  more easily. Also, providing straight weld wire to the weld torch  5502  results in more consistent welds. In one embodiment, the wire straightener  5038  is optional. 
     In one embodiment, the weld wire bowden (guide) tube  5040  is constructed and arranged to guide the weld wire/electrode from the wire feed system  5044  to the weld torch  5502 . In one embodiment, the weld wire bowden (guide) tube  5040  attached at both its ends. In one embodiment, the weld wire is sheathed by the weld wire bowden (guide) tube  5040 . 
     In one embodiment, the wire feed system  5044  is constructed and arranged to pull the weld wire through the wire straightener  5038  from the weld wire spool  5272  and push the weld wire through the weld wire bowden (guide) tube  5040  to the weld torch  5502 . 
     In one embodiment, the wire feed system  5044  is configured to be automatically controlled to deliver the appropriate amount of wire to the weld torch  5502 . In one embodiment, the wire feed system  5044  may include motor and two serrated wheels that are configured pull weld wire through the wire straightener  5038  from the weld wire spool  5272  and push the weld wire through the weld wire bowden (guide) tube  5040  to the weld torch  5502 . In one embodiment, the motor(s) of the wire feed system  5004  may include an encoder that is configured to measure the revolutions of the motor. In one embodiment, the motor(s) of the wire feed system  5004  are operatively connected to the one or more processors  5140 . This information may be used by the one or more processors  5140  to determine how much wire is fed to the weld torch  5502  and to regulate the amount of the weld wire is being fed to the weld torch  5502 . In one embodiment, as the rotatable hub  5078  is rotated, the weld wire/electrode is fed to the torch  5502  by the wire feed assembly  5020 . 
     In one embodiment, the shield gas control valve  5042  is configured to control the flow of the shield gas to the weld torch through a shield gas line. In one embodiment, each weld torch  5502  has a corresponding shield gas control valve  5042  connected to it. 
     In one embodiment, the shield gas is stored in the drive section  5010  and is brought to the wire feed assembly  5020  by a hose/shield gas line for distribution to the one or more weld torches  5502 . In one embodiment, the shield gas control valve  5042  is configured to receive the shield gas from the rear rotary union  5072  (e.g., via the rear slip ring  5080  and the rotatable hub  5078 ). 
     In one embodiment, the shield gas control valve  5042  is operatively connected to receive control signals from the wire feed electronics module  5046 . In one embodiment, the shield gas control valve  5042  is configured to supply the shield gas to the corresponding weld torch, when it receives signals from the wire feed electronics module  5046 . 
     In one embodiment, the wire feed electronics module  5046  is configured to send and receive power and communication signals upstream through the front slip ring  5016  to the forward-most electronics module  5014 . In one embodiment, the wire feed electronics module  5046  is configured to send and receive power and communication signals downstream through the rear slip ring  5080  to a center section electronics module  5064 . 
     In one embodiment, the wire feed electronics module  5046  is configured to control all of the motors and valves attached to the rotatable hub  5078  of the center section  5008 . For example, the wire feed electronics module  5046  is configured to control the wire feed system, axial motion of the weld torch  5502 , radial motion of the weld torch  5502 , tilt motion of the weld torch  5502 , and/or flow and delivery of the shield gas. That is, the wire feed electronics module  5046  is operatively connected to the shield gas control valve(s)  5042  to control the flow and delivery of the shield gas to the weld torch (es)  5502 . 
     In one embodiment, the wire feed electronics module  5046  is operatively connected to the axial weld torch motor  5550  to control the axial motion of the weld torch  5502 . In one embodiment, the wire feed electronics module  5046  is operatively connected to the radial weld torch motor  5512  to control the radial motion of the weld torch  5502 . In one embodiment, the wire feed electronics module  5046  is operatively connected to the tilt weld torch motor  5588  to control the tilt motion of the weld torch  5502 . In one embodiment, the axial weld torch motor  5550 , the radial weld torch motor and the tilt weld torch motor  5588  may either individually or together be referred to as “weld torch motor(s)”. 
     In one embodiment, the wire feed electronics module  5046  is configured to communicate with and control an inspection detector  5056  and an inspection camera  5112  both rotatably mounted on the rotatable hub  5078 . In one embodiment, the inspection detector  5056  is carried by the frame assembly of the internal weld system  5004 . In one embodiment, the inspection camera  5112  is carried by the frame assembly of the internal weld system  5004 . 
     In one embodiment, the inspection detector  5056  may include an inspection laser, a three dimensional inspection camera, an inspection ultrasound sensor system, an inspection electrical capacitive probe, and any other inspection detectors as would be appreciated by one skilled in the art. 
       FIGS. 23 and 24  show a front view and a cross-sectional view of the center section  5008  of the internal weld system  5004 . In one embodiment, as discussed above, the forward-most frame  5026  of the forward-most section  5006  is connected to the front clamp  5142  of the center section  5008 , and the wire feed assembly  5020  is rotatably connected to the rotatable hub  5078 . 
     In one embodiment, the center section  5008  of the internal weld system  5004  includes the front clamp  5142  (or first pipe engagement structure  5052 ), the inspection detector  5056 , a weld head assembly or torch module  5500 , a rear clamp  5144  (and second pipe engagement structure  5054 ), a rear clamp control valve  5062 , the center section electronics module  5064 , toe wheels  5066 , a center section frame  5068 , adjustable ramps  5070 , the rear rotary union  5072 , the rear rotation motor  5074 , a rear position sensor  5076 , the rotation module  5078 , and the rear slip ring  5080 . 
     In one embodiment, the front clamp  5142  (or first pipe engagement structure  5052 ), the inspection detector  5056 , the weld head assembly or torch assembly  5500 , the rear clamp  5144  (and second pipe engagement structure  5054 ), the rear clamp control valve  5062 , the rear rotation motor  5074 , the rear position sensor  5076  are operatively connected to the one or more processors  5140 . In one embodiment, the inspection camera  5112  is operatively connected to the one or more processors  5140 . In one embodiment, the center section electronics module  5064  may include the one or more processors  5140 . The term “pipe engagement structure” as used herein can refer to a clamp for fixedly securing to a pipe surface, or an interior seal that is configured to create a gas seal against the pipe interior surface, or the combination of both the aforementioned clamp and seal. For example, in one embodiment, the first pipe engagement structure  5052  may be the first clamp  5142 , the first seal  5146  or a combination thereof. In one embodiment, the second pipe engagement structure  5054  may be the second clamp  5144 , the second seal  5148  or a combination thereof. In one embodiment, the first and second pipe engagement structures  5052  and  5054  are carried by the frame assembly of the internal weld system  5004 . 
       FIGS. 25-31  show views of various components of the center section  5008  of the internal weld system  5004 . For example,  FIG. 25  shows the rear rotary union  5072 ,  FIG. 26  shows the rear slip ring  5080 ,  FIG. 27  shows the center section frame  5068  and the adjustable ramps  5070 ,  FIG. 28  shows the toe wheels  5066 ,  FIG. 29  shows the rear clamp control valve  5062 ,  FIG. 30  shows the front clamp  5142 , and  FIG. 31  shows the rotation module  5078 , respectively. 
     The rear rotary union  5072  in the center section  5008  is shown in  FIGS. 23, 24 and 25 . In one embodiment, the structure and operation of the rear rotary union  5072  is similar to the front rotary union  5032 , and hence the structure and operation of the rear rotary union  5072  will not be described in detail here, except for the differences noted below. 
     In one embodiment, the rear rotary union  5072  is configured to allow for the flow of compressed air and the flow of shield gas (or purge gas) therethrough. In one embodiment, the rear rotary union  5072  in the center section  5008  is configured to allow the compressed air from a compressed air tank  5128  (as shown in  FIGS. 32A  and B) of the drive section  5010  to be connected through the rotatable hub  5078  of the center section  5008  to the front rotary union  5032 . In one embodiment, the rear rotary union  5072  in the center section  5008  is also configured to connect shield gas tanks  5114  (as shown in  FIGS. 32A and 32B ) in the drive section  5010  to the shield gas control valves  5042  in the wire feed assembly  5020  of the forward-most section  5006 . 
     In one embodiment, the rear rotary union  5072  is constructed and arranged to send a portion of the received compressed air to the rear clamp control valve  5062  (to operate the rear clamp  5144 ). In one embodiment, the rear rotary union  5072  is constructed and arranged to send the remaining portion of the received compressed air to the front rotary union  5032  (e.g., via the rear slip ring  5080 , the rotatable hub  5078  and the front slip ring  5016 ). In one embodiment, the remaining portion of the received compressed air sent to the front rotary union  5032  passes through the rear rotary union  5072 . 
     In one embodiment, the front and rear rotary unions  5032  and  5072  of the present patent application may be of the type which is available commercially under the name Series 012 2 Pass Threaded Shaft Unions, manufactured by the Rotary Systems, Inc. In another embodiment, the front and rear rotary unions of the present patent application may be any rotary union that would be appreciated by one skilled in the art. 
     In one embodiment, the structure and operation of the rear slip ring  5080  is similar to the front slip ring  5016 , and hence the structure and operation of the rear slip ring  5080  will not be described in detail here, except for the differences noted below. 
     In one embodiment, as shown in  FIGS. 23, 24 and 26 , the rear slip ring  5080  in the center section  5008  is configured to allow the transmission of communication signals between the wire feed electronics module  5046  and the center section electronics module  5064 . 
     In one embodiment, the front and rear slip rings  5016  and  5080  of the present patent application may be of the type which is available commercially under the name AC6275, manufactured by the Moog, Inc. In one embodiment, the front and rear slip rings  5016  and  5080  of the present patent application may be rated 50 amps. In another embodiment, the front and rear slip rings of the present patent application may be any rotary union that would be appreciated by one skilled in the art. 
     In one embodiment, as shown in  FIGS. 23 and 24 , the center section electronics module  5064  in the center section  5008  includes communication cables to the wire feed assembly  5020  through the rear slip ring  5080  and communication cables to the drive section  5010 . In one embodiment, the center section electronics module  5064  in the center section  5008  is configured to control the rear rotation motor  5074  and receive signals from the rear position sensor  5076 . In one embodiment, the center section electronics module  5064  in the center section  5008  is also configured to control the rear clamp control valve  5062 . 
     In one embodiment, as shown in  FIGS. 23, 24 and 27 , the center section frame  5068  is constructed and arranged to house/support all of the components of the center section  5008  of the internal weld system  5004 . In one embodiment, the center section frame  5068  is constructed and arranged to provide mounting points for all of the components located in the center section  5008  and protects these components from damage. In one embodiment, the center section frame  5068  is also constructed and arranged to connect to the drive section  5010  through a U-joint that allows the internal weld system  5004  to bend in curved pipes. In one embodiment, the center section frame  5068  may be made from steel or any other material as would be appreciated by one skilled in the art. 
     In one embodiment, an end portion  5214  of the center section frame  5068  is configured to be connected to a flange portion  5216  of the rear clamp  5144 . In one embodiment, the end portion  5214  of the center section frame  5068  is configured to be connected to the flange portion  5216  of the rear clamp  5144  using fastening members, for example, bolts  5218 . 
     In one embodiment, as shown in  FIGS. 23, 24 and 27 , the adjustable ramps  5070  are constructed and arranged to help center the internal weld system  5004  when the internal weld system  5004  is being placed into a pipe. In one embodiment, the adjustable ramps  5070  are also constructed and arranged to protect the center section  5008  from being hit by the end of the pipe segment. In one embodiment, the adjustable ramps  5070  are constructed and arranged to be adjustable to accommodate different pipe sizes. 
     In one embodiment, as shown in  FIGS. 23, 24 and 28 , the toe wheels  5066  are constructed and arranged to support the weight of the center section  5008 . In one embodiment, the toe wheels  5066  are constructed and arranged to be sprung to protect the internal weld system  5004  from jarring shocks when the internal weld system  5004  crosses over a weld bead. In one embodiment, the toe wheels  5066  are constructed and arranged to have an adjustable toe angle to help the internal weld system  5004  run straight in the pipe. In one embodiment, the toe wheels  5066  are constructed and arranged to be adjustable in height for different pipe sizes. In one embodiment, the toe wheels  5066  are passive members. 
     In one embodiment, as shown in  FIGS. 23, 24 and 29 , the rear clamp control valve  5062  is constructed and arranged to receive the compressed air from the stationary side of the rear rotary union  5072 . 
     In one embodiment, the rear clamp control valve  5062  is operatively connected to receive control signals from the center section electronics module  5064 . In one embodiment, the rear clamp control valve  5062  is configured to supply the compressed air to actuate and operate the rear clamp  5144 , when it receives signals from the center section electronics module  5064 . 
     In one embodiment, as shown in  FIG. 24 , the rear position sensor  5076  may be a proximity sensor and specially profiled encoder wheel. In one embodiment, the encoder wheel is constructed and arranged to be rotatably mounted on the rotatable hub  5078 . 
     In one embodiment, the rear position sensor  5076  is operatively connected to send control signals to the center section electronics module  5064 . For example, in one embodiment, the proximity sensor of the rear position sensor  5076  may be configured to send control signals to the center section electronics module  5064  when the sensor is at a high point on the encoder wheel. In one embodiment, the center section electronics module  5064  is configured to use the signals received from the rear position sensor  5076  to determine the orientation of the center section  5008  relative to the rest of the internal weld system  5004  (e.g., rotatable hub  5078 ). 
     The rear rotation motor  5074  in the center section  5008  is shown in  FIG. 24 . In one embodiment, the rear rotation motor  5074  is electronically synchronized with the front rotation motor  5030  such that the rotation motors  5030  and  5074  together are configured to rotate the rotatable hub  5078  of the center section  5008  while maintaining the front and rear clamps  5142 ,  5144  stationary. In one embodiment, the rotation motors  5030  and  5074  are configured to rotate the weld torch  5502  circumferentially (360° rotation) along an interface region  5136 . In one embodiment, the rotation motors  5030  and  5074 , configured to direct the inspection beam of radiation, are also configured to drive the weld torch  5502  at least 360° relative to the pipe axis A-A so as to complete a rotationally continuous, root pass weld. 
     In one embodiment, the front rotation motor  5030  and the rear rotation motor  5074  may be referred to as the orientation motors. In one embodiment, the front rotation motor  5030  and the rear rotation motor  5074  are operatively associated with the one or more processors  5140 . 
     In one embodiment, the rear rotation motor  5074  has an electric motor having a rotor, a rotary shaft rotated by the rotor, and a driver gear supported by the rotary shaft and having teeth thereon. The teeth of the driver gear are constructed and arranged to engage with teeth formed on a driven gear member  5079  of the rotatable hub  5078  to transmit torque from the rear rotation motor  5074  to the rotatable hub  5078 . 
     In one embodiment, the rotatable hub  5078  is constructed and arranged to rotate during welding, pre-weld scan and post-weld scan procedures. In one embodiment, the rotatable hub  5078  is positioned between the first and second clamps  5142  and  5144 . Since the first and second clamps  5142  and  5144  are not physically linked to each other, the front rotation motor  5030  and the rear rotation motor  5074  at each end of the rotatable hub  5078  are synchronized to keep the two pipes  1022   a ,  1022   b  from moving relative to each other. In one embodiment, the two pipe engagement structures  5142 ,  5144  may be rotated relative to each other by turning the front rotation motor  5030  and the rear rotation motor  5074 , for example, at different speeds and/or different directions. In one embodiment, only when the front rotation motor  5030  and the rear rotation motor  5074  are turning at the same speed and in the same direction, that the weld torch  5502  and the inspection detector  5056  rotate along the interface region  5136  between the pipes  1022   a ,  1022   b  (e.g., without moving the pipe engagement structures  5142 ,  5144 ). 
     In one embodiment, a central portion  5077  of the rotatable hub  5078  includes slots/openings through which the shield gas hoses, the bowden tubes, the weld power cables, the motor cables, the inspection detector cables, and the camera cables are configured to pass. 
     In one embodiment, as shown in  FIGS. 23, 24 and 30 , the front clamp  5142  has a hollow configuration. In one embodiment, an opening  5082  through the center of the front clamp  5142  is constructed and arranged to be large enough to allow all of the required cables and hoses to pass therethrough. In one embodiment, the opening  5082  of the front clamp  5142  is also constructed and arranged to allow for a structural member that is required to support the weight of the front half of the internal weld system  5004  as well as to maintain alignment of the two halves/pipe segments  1022   a ,  1022   b  of the weld joint. In one embodiment, the front and rear clamps  5142 ,  5144  are constructed and arranged to be mounted to the rotatable hub  5078 , for example, by angular contact ball bearings  5108 ,  5098  that are preloaded to provide stiffness. 
     In one embodiment, the interior surface  5130 ,  5132  of the first pipe  1022   a  and/or the second pipe  1022   b  is engaged and manipulated by the first clamp  5142  and the second clamp  5144 , respectively to adjust the relative positioning of the pipes based on the instructions from the one or more processors  5140 . In one embodiment, the adjustment of the relative positioning of the pipes  1022   a ,  1022   b  is achieved without disengaging the first pipe engagement structure  5144  from the interior surface  5132  of the first pipe  1022   b  and without disengaging the second pipe engaging structure  5142  from the interior surface  5130  of the second pipe  1022   a . This can be done because the rotation motors  5030  and  5074  are configured to rotate the pipes  1022   a ,  1022   b  without disengaging the pipe engagement structures  5144 ,  5142  as described in this application. 
     In one embodiment, as shown in  FIGS. 23, 24 and 30 , the front clamp  5142  generally includes a piston  5084 , a cylinder  5086 , a bushing  5088 , clamp shoe pin members  5090 , link members  5092 , a shaft  5094 , a hub  5096 , a front bearing  5098 , a spider member  5100 , a bell housing  5102 , a front plate  5104 , a rear plate  5106 , a rear bearing  5108 , and a sleeve  5110 . In one embodiment, the rear bearing  5108  and the front bearing  5098  are configured to support the rotatable hub  5078 . In one embodiment, the rear clamp  5144  has the same structure, configuration and operation as described above with respect to the front clamp  5142  and hence the structure, configuration and operation of the rear clamp  5144  will not be described in detail here. 
     In one embodiment, the front clamp  5142  is configured to clamp one of the pipes  1022   a ,  1022   b  and the second clamp  5144  is configured to clamp the other of the pipes  1022   a ,  1022   b . In one embodiment, one of the clamps  5142 ,  5144  may be referred to as a first clamp and the other of the clamps  5142 ,  5144  may be referred to as the second clamp. In one embodiment, the clamps  5142 ,  5144  of the internal weld system  5004  may either individually or together be referred to as the brake system of the internal weld system  5004  that secures the frame of the internal weld system  5004  at a desired location within the pipes  1022   a ,  1022   b . In one embodiment, the front and rear clamps  5142 ,  5144  are radially extending clamps that engage the interior surface  5130 ,  5132  of the pipes  1022   a ,  1022   b , respectively to secure the frame of the internal weld system  5004  from movement. The operation of the front and rear clamps  5142  and  5144  will be discussed in detail below. 
     In one embodiment, the internal weld system  5004  includes the first pipe engagement structure  5052 , the second pipe engagement structure  5054 , the inspection detector  5056 , the one or more processors  5140 ; and the weld torch  5502 . In one embodiment, the inspection detector  5056 , the inspection camera  5112 , the weld torch  5502  and the weld head assembly  5500  are rotatably mounted on the rotatable hub  5078 . The structure, configuration and operation of each of the first pipe engagement structure  5052 , the second pipe engagement structure  5054 , the inspection detector  5056 , the inspection camera  5112 , the weld torch  5502  and the weld head assembly  5500  are described in detail with respect to the  FIGS. 30 and 33-59  and their related descriptions. 
       FIGS. 32A and 32B  show detailed side and top views of the drive section  5010  of the internal weld system  5004 . In one embodiment, the drive section  5010  of the internal weld system  5004  includes the shield gas tanks  5114 , batteries  5116 , drive section electronics module  5118 , pneumatic valves  5120 , drive wheels or rollers  5122 , drive motors  5124 , brakes  5126  and the compressed air tank  5128 . In one embodiment, the pneumatic valves  5120  include a brake valve  5190  and a drive wheel valve  5192  (both shown in  FIG. 70 ). In one embodiment, the drive section  5010  of the internal weld system  5004  includes drive section frame  5278 . In one embodiment, the drive section frame  5278  may be made from steel or any other material as would be appreciated by one skilled in the art. 
     In one embodiment, the drive section electronics module  5118  may include the one or more processors  5140 . In one embodiment, the pneumatic valves  5120  (the brake valve  5190  and the drive wheel valve  5192 ), and the drive motors  5124  may be operatively connected to the one or more processors  5140 . 
     In one embodiment, the drive section  5010  may be connected to the center section  5008  via a universal joint  5123  and spring members  5125 . 
     In one embodiment, the shield gas tanks  5114  are constructed and arranged to hold the shield gas required for the weld torches  5502 . In one embodiment, the hoses are constructed and arranged to connect the shield gas tanks  5114  to the rear rotary union  5072  in the center section  5008 . 
     In one embodiment, the batteries  5116  are Lithium ion batteries. In one embodiment, the batteries  5116  are configured to power all of the electronics as well as the electric drive motors  5124  of the internal weld system  5004 . For example, in one embodiment, the batteries  5116  are configured to power the center section electronics module  5064 , the forward-most section electronics module  5014 , the drive section electronics module  5118  and the weed feed electronics module  5046 . In one embodiment, the batteries  5116  may be operatively connected to the one or more processors  5114 . 
     In one embodiment, the batteries  5116  are also configured to power the radial weld torch motor  5512 , the tilt weld torch motor  5588 , the axial weld torch motor  5550 , the motors of the wire feed systems  5044 , the front and rear rotation motors  5030  and  5074 , and the drive motors  5124 . In one embodiment, the batteries  5116  are not configured to supply to weld power. In one embodiment, the batteries  5116  are configured to deliver power to just the drive section electronics module  5118  and the drive motors  5124 , while the power to the rest of the motors and the electronic modules of the internal weld system  5004 , including the radial weld torch motor  5512 , the tilt weld torch motor  5588 , the axial weld torch motor  5550 , the motors of the wire feed systems  5044 , the front and rear rotation motors  5030  and  5074 , the center section electronics module  5064 , the forward-most section electronics module  5014 , and the weed feed electronics module  5046 , is supplied from an external power source via the reach rod/umbilical  5034 . 
     In one embodiment, the drive motors  5124  are configured to drive the rollers or wheels  5122  to move the frame assembly (including the first pipe engagement structure  5052 , the second pipe engagement structure  5054 , the weld torch(es)  5502  and the inspection detector  5056 ) of the internal weld system  5004 , from the first end of the pipe  1022   a ,  1022   b  to the second end of the pipe  1022   a ,  1022   b  along an interior  5130 ,  5132  of the pipe  1022   a ,  1022   b . In one embodiment, the drive motors  5124  of the drive section  5010  are configured to move the frame of the internal weld system  5004  down the pipeline  1004  after each weld is completed. In one embodiment, the drive motors  5124  of the drive section  5010  are configured to both accelerate and decelerate the internal weld system  5004  in the pipeline  1004 . 
     In one embodiment, the power source is carried by the frame assembly of the internal weld system  5004  and is configured to power the drive motors  5124 . In one embodiment, the drive motors  5124  of the drive section  5010  are electrically powered. In one embodiment, the drive motors  5124  of the drive section  5010  are powered by the batteries  5116 . 
     In one embodiment, the drive rollers  5122  are configured to engage the interior surfaces  5130 ,  5132  of one or more of the pipes  1022   a ,  1022   b . In one embodiment, the drive rollers  5122  are operatively connected to the drive motors  5124  of the drive section  5010 . In one embodiment, the drive rollers  5122  is configured to be actuated by a pneumatic cylinder  5137  that is operatively associated with the pneumatic valves  5120  to receive the compressed air from the compressed air tank  5128 . In one embodiment, the drive rollers  5122  are made of an elastomeric material or a rubber material. 
     In one embodiment, the drive rollers  5122  are configured to enable the movement of the internal weld system  5004  down the pipeline  1004  after each weld is completed. In one embodiment, the internal weld system  5004  may include a plurality of drive rollers  5122  that are configured to rotatably support the frame or frame assembly of the internal weld system  5004 . For example, in one embodiment, the internal weld system  5004  includes four active drive wheels. That is, two drive wheels on each side that are 180° apart. In one embodiment, the number of drive wheels may vary. In one embodiment, the drive rollers  5122  may include treads thereon to increase their traction when the internal weld system  5004  is driving through the pipeline. 
     In one embodiment, two of the four drive rollers  5122  may be directly connected to and driven by their respective drive motors  5124 . In one embodiment, the other two drive rollers  5122  may be connected to the motor driven drive wheels by chains  5111  and are driven by the motor driven drive wheels. 
     In one embodiment, the drive rollers  5122  are constructed and arranged for driving the weld system  5004  inside the pipes  1022   a ,  1022   b  until the weld system  5004  is at the desired location. In one embodiment, the drive rollers  5122  are constructed and arranged to be pressed against the inside of the pipe by a pneumatic cylinder. 
     In one embodiment, the brake  5126  is configured to be actuated by a pneumatic cylinder  5133  that is operatively associated with the pneumatic valves  5120  to receive the compressed air from the compressed air tank  5128 . In one embodiment, the brake  5126  of the internal weld system  5004  is for emergency use. For example, the brake  5126  can be used in case the drive motors  5124  of the drive section  5010  fail to decelerate the internal weld system  5004  for some reason. For example, the brake  5126  may be applied on hillsides to keep the internal weld system  5004  from rolling deep into the pipeline  1004  or falling out of the pipe depending on slope direction. In one embodiment, the brake  5126  is configured to be either manually or automatically controlled. 
     In one embodiment, the brake  5126  may also be used to secure the frame of the internal weld system  5004  in place within the pipes during the welding procedure, the pre-weld scan procedure and/or the post weld scan procedure. For example, the brake  5126  may be configured to secure the frame of the internal weld system  5004  from movement at a desired location within the pipes during the welding procedure, the pre-weld scan procedure and/or the post weld scan procedure. 
     In one embodiment, the compressed air tank  5128  is constructed and arranged to hold the air for operating the brake  5126 , the drive rollers  5122 , and the front and the rear clamps  5142 ,  5144 . In one embodiment, the compressed air tank  5128  is constructed and arranged to be connected to the umbilical  5034  through both the front and rear rotary unions  5032 ,  5072  so that compressed air tank  5128  may be refilled as needed. 
     In one embodiment, the pneumatic valves  5120  are constructed and arranged to control air to the two pneumatic cylinders that are configured to engage and operate the brake  5126  and the drive rollers  5122 , respectively. 
     In one embodiment, the drive section electronics module  5118  is configured to allow the transmission of the communication signals upstream to the center section electronics module  5064 . In one embodiment, the drive section electronics module  5118  is also configured to control the drive motors  5124  and the two pneumatic valves  5120 . 
     In one embodiment, the one or more processors  5140  are configured to operate the drive motors  5124  to move the frame of the internal weld system  5004  through at least one of the pipes  1022   a ,  1022   b  until the sensor  5352  detects the interface region  5136  between the pipes  1022   a ,  1022   b . In one embodiment, the one or more processors  5140  are configured to operate the brake system of the internal weld system  5004  to secure the frame of the internal weld system  5004  from movement at a location within the pipes  1022   a ,  1022   b  that positions the inspection detector  5056  in relation to the interface region  5136  to enable the inspection detector  5056  to detect the profile of the interface region  5136  between the pipes  1022   a ,  1022   b.    
       FIG. 33  shows a view of the center section  5008  of the internal weld system  5004  being positioned inside the pipe segments  1022   a ,  1022   b , where some components of the center section  5008  are not shown for sake of clarity. For example, the front and rear clamps  5142 ,  5144 , the rotatable hub  5078 , the weld head assembly  5500 , the inspection detector  5056  and the inspection camera  5112  are shown in  FIG. 33 . 
     In one embodiment, the field system  5000  for welding two pipes includes a computer system  5138  for facilitating pipe welding. In one embodiment, the computer system  5138  includes the one or more processors  5140  that are communicatively connected to the weld system  5004 . In one embodiment, the computer system  5138  and its one or more processors  5140  may be communicatively connected to the weld system  5004  (and one or more components thereof) via one or more wired or wireless communication links. As an example, the wired communication links may comprise one or more Ethernet links, coaxial communication links, Fiber Optic communication links, or other wired communication links. As another example, the wireless communication links may comprise one or more Wi-Fi communication links, Bluetooth communication links, near-field communication (NFC) communication links, cellular communication links, or other wireless communication links. In one embodiment, one or more components of the weld system  5004  may be communicatively connected to one another via one or more of the foregoing wired or wireless communication links. In one embodiment, it may be advantageous to utilize one or more wireless communications links to enable the one or more processors  5140  or one or more components of the weld system  5004  to communicate with one another to reduce the number of communication cables in the weld system  5004  to reduce potential entanglement of the cables that could delay operations or damage other components of the weld system  5004 . For example, by reducing the number of communication cables in the weld system  5004  in some embodiments may reduce potential entanglement of the cables during rotation of an inspection device (e.g., inspection laser, inspection camera, or other inspection device), a weld torch, or other component of the weld system  5004 . 
     In one embodiment, the computer system  5138  and its one or more processors  5140  may be positioned in the field system  5000 . In another embodiment, the computer system  5138  and its one or more processors  5140  may be positioned remotely from the field system  5000 . In one embodiment, the one or more processors  5140  may include a digital processor, an analog processor, a digital circuit designed to process information, an analog circuit designed to process information, a state machine, and/or other mechanisms for electronically processing information. 
     It should be appreciated that the “one or more processors” as disclosed herein may constitute a single processor that is located on-board and local to the particular system or component being discussed, off-board and local to the particular system or component being discussed, or remotely located to the particular system or component being discussed. In addition, the connection with the one or more processors can be wired or wireless. Further, the “one or more processors” may also refer to a plurality of processors that are on-board and local, a plurality of processors that are off-board and local, a plurality of processors that are remote, or any combination of on-board (and local), off-board (and local), and remote processors. In referring to on-board processors, such processors refer to processors that are carried physically (i.e., physically connected, and move with) by the particular system or component. In referring to off-board processors, these refer to processors that are local to a job-site and communicate wirelessly with on-board electronics. Off-board processors can also refer to electronics that are tethered to the on-board system (e.g., through a reach rod), and are local to the job site. Seen in another light, if the processor moves with the reach rod, it may also be considered an “on-board” processor. 
     In one embodiment, the first pipe engagement structure  5052  is configured to engage an interior surface  5130  of the first pipe  1022   a  to enable the first pipe engagement structure  5052  to be fixed relative to the first pipe  1022   a . In one embodiment, the second pipe engagement structure  5054  is configured to engage an interior surface  5132  of the second pipe  1022   b  to enable the second pipe engagement structure  5054  to be fixed relative to the second pipe  1022   b.    
     In one embodiment, the inspection detector  5056  is positioned between the first pipe engagement structure  5052  and the second pipe engagement structure  5054  and is configured to emit an inspection beam of radiation. In one embodiment, an inspection detector motor is operatively associated with the inspection detector  5056  to direct the inspection beam of radiation along the interface region  5136  between the pipes  1022   a ,  1022   b . In one embodiment, the front and rear rotation motors  5030  and  5074  may individually or together be referred to as the inspection detector motor. In one embodiment, the front and rear rotation motors  5030  and  5074  are configured to rotationally move the inspection detector  5056  along the interface region  5136 . In one embodiment, the inspection detector  5056  is configured to generate signals based upon a profile of the interface region  5136  between the pipes  1022   a ,  1022   b . In one embodiment, the interface region  5136  is an annular interface region. In one embodiment, the interface region  5136  is in the interior of the pipes  1022   a ,  1022   b  at regions of the pipes  1022   a ,  1022   b  adjacent to where the weld would go. 
     The term “interface region” as used herein refers to the interior surfaces of the pipes to be welded in the area, and optionally in the adjacent vicinity, where the weld material is to be deposited. The interface region includes at least a portion, or optionally the entirety, of the internal bevel of both pipes to be welded, if such bevels are provided. In one embodiment, the interface region includes the entirety of the beveled surfaces and also extends beyond the beveled surface, if bevels are provided. 
     In one embodiment, the wheels  5028  on the forward-most section  5006  of the internal weld system are constructed and arranged to keep the clamps from dragging on the inner surfaces of the pipe. The less the wheels  5028  extend out, the easier the internal weld system fits through the pipe bends. In one embodiment, the wheels  5028  may be adjustable. In one embodiment, the wheels  5028  may not be adjustable. In one embodiment, the sprung or toe wheels  5066  (as shown in  FIG. 23 ) at the rear clamp  5144  and the adjustable wheels  5276  (as shown in  FIG. 32A ) at the back of the drive section  5008  are constructed and arranged so that the clamp centerline is about 0.25 inches below the pipe centerline. With this configuration, when the clamps expand against the inner surfaces of the pipe, the expander picks the clamp up off of the wheels rather than compress the wheels into the pipe&#39;s inner walls 
     In some embodiments, the “pipe engagement structure” comprises a clamp that securely engages a pipe surface. The clamp, for example, can include one or more shoes or other support structure configured to fixedly engage with a pipe surface so as to prevent movement thereof. In another embodiment, the “pipe engagement structure” comprises a seal that sealingly engages the interior surface of a pipe so as to inhibit gas from passing therethrough. Such seal may comprise, for example, an inflatable bladder, a resilient structure, or other engineered structure that engages the interior pipe surface to inhibit gas from passing therethrough. Such seal can be used in a purging operator to remove oxygen from a region in the pipe to be welded, so as to prevent or reduce oxidation as a result of the welding process. In yet another embodiment, the pipe engagement structure comprises a combination of a clamp and a seal, or one or more clamps and/or one or more seals. 
     In one embodiment, the first pipe engagement structure  5052  includes the first clamp  5142  and the second pipe engagement structure  5054  includes the second clamp  5144 . 
     In one embodiment, the first pipe engagement structure  5052  includes a first seal  5146  and the second pipe engagement structure  5054  includes a second seal  5148 . 
     In one embodiment, the second seal  5148  and the second clamp  5144  may be referred to as the rear seal  5148  and the rear clamp  5144 , respectively. In one embodiment, the first seal  5146  and the first clamp  5142  may be referred to as the front seal  5146  and the front clamp  5142 , respectively. 
     In one embodiment, the first pipe engagement structure  5052  includes the clamp  5142  and the second pipe engagement structure  5054  includes the seal  5148 . In one embodiment, the first pipe engagement structure  5052  includes the seal  5146  and the second pipe engagement structure  5054  includes the clamp  5144 . 
     In one embodiment, the first pipe engagement structure  5052  includes the clamp  5142  and the seal  5146  and the second pipe engagement structure  5054  includes the clamp  5144  and the seal  5148 . In one embodiment, the first pipe engagement structure  5052  includes the clamp  5142  and the seal  5146  and the second pipe engagement structure  5054  includes the clamp  5144 . In one embodiment, the first pipe engagement structure  5052  includes the clamp  5142  and the seal  5146  and the second pipe engagement structure  5054  includes the seal  5148 . In one embodiment, the first pipe engagement structure  5052  includes the clamp  5142  and the second pipe engagement structure  5054  includes the clamp  5144  and the seal  5148 . In one embodiment, the first pipe engagement structure  5052  includes the seal  5146  and the second pipe engagement structure  5054  includes the clamp  5144  and the seal  5148 . 
     In the configuration where there is a seal on one side of the inspection detector  5056  and the inspection camera  5112  and a clamp of the other (opposite) side of the inspection detector  5056  and the inspection camera  5112 , a high pressure purge gas is sent into a region between the clamp and the seal. The purge gas from the region between the clamp and the seal may leak through the slight gap between the pipes about to be welded and may also be exhausted from the pipes on the side of the inspection detector  5056  and the inspection camera  5112  where there is no seal and has just the clamp. This optional configuration prevents the over pressurization of the region between the clamp and the seal (e.g., in comparison with arrangements having two seals, one on either side of the inspection detector  5056  and the camera  5112 ), without the provision of a regulator to regulate pressure with the purge gas region, and/or a separate over pressurization relief valve for the region between the clamp and the seal. The continuous supply of the high pressure purge gas into the region between the clamp and the seal is configured to reduce the oxygen in a region in the vicinity of the weld torch during a welding operation. 
     In another embodiment, the first and the second seals may optionally have openings therethrough to prevent over pressurization of the purge gas chamber formed between the first and the second seals. In another embodiment, one or both of the seals, where an inflatable seal bladder is provided for the seal, may be partially inflated to provide a predefined or calculated gap therearound to allow flow out of the purge area at a desired rate. 
     Where two purge seals  5146 ,  5148  are provided, inert gas is introduced into the purge chamber therebetween. It should be understood, however, that the purge seals  5146 ,  5148  need not (and typically do not) create a perfect seal. Inert gas is leaked, for example, through the gap between the two pipes  1022   a ,  1022   b  being welded. The inert purge gas may also leak around the seals  5146 ,  5148 , which need not be perfect. Of course, during the welding operation, the gap between the pipes  1022   a ,  1022   b  is slowly closed and sealed. As a result, the pressure within the purge chamber between the pipes  1022   a ,  1022   b  may rise as the weld between the pipes  1022   a ,  1022   b  is created. As such, the pressure sensor provided within the purge chamber detects the pressure within the purge chamber and generates signals to the one or more processors  5140 , which in turn communicates with one or more valves and/or one or more regulators, so as to control or regulate the purge gas pressure within the purge chamber to prevent over-pressurization. Over-pressurization within the purge chamber would apply a greater than desired outwardly directed gas force through the gap between the pipes to be welded and potentially alter a desired outcome of the weld. In a different embodiment, only a single seal  5146 ,  5148  is provided to create a purge chamber that is sealed on only one side. This arrangement still provides a reasonable purge chamber, which is largely devoid of oxygen, and also prevents any possibility of over-pressurization. In such embodiment, inert purge gas will leak not only from the gap between the pipes, but also through an end of the pipe that is not sealed, and hence may consume more gas in comparison with the double sealed embodiment. 
     In one embodiment, the inspection detector  5056  and the inspection camera  5112  are configured to be positioned axially (with respect to the pipe axis) between the first clamp  5142  and the second seal  5148 . That is, the first clamp  5142  and the second seal  5148  are each positioned on axially opposite sides of the inspection detector  5056  and the inspection camera  5112 . 
     In one embodiment, the inspection detector  5056  and the inspection camera  5112  are configured to be positioned axially (with respect to the pipe axis) between the first seal  5146  and the second clamp  5144 . That is, the first seal  5146  and the second clamp  5144  are each positioned on axially opposite sides of the inspection detector  5056  and the inspection camera  5112 . 
     In one embodiment, the inspection detector  5056  and the inspection camera  5112  are configured to be positioned axially (with respect to the pipe axis) between the first clamp  5142  and the second clamp  5144 . That is, the first clamp  5142  and the second clamp  5144  are each positioned on axially opposite sides of the inspection detector  5056  and the inspection camera  5112 . 
     In one embodiment, the inspection detector  5056  and the inspection camera  5112  are configured to be positioned axially (with respect to the pipe axis) between the first seal  5146  and the second seal  5148 . That is, the first seal  5146  and the second seal  5148  are each positioned on axially opposite sides of the inspection detector  5056  and the inspection camera  5112 . 
     In one embodiment, the inspection detector  5056  and the inspection camera  5112  are configured to be positioned axially (with respect to the pipe axis) between the first seal  5146 , the first clamp  5142 , the second clamp  5144  and the second seal  5148 . That is, the first seal  5146  and the first clamp  5142  are positioned axially on one side of the inspection detector  5056  and the inspection camera  5112  and the second clamp  5144  and the second seal  5148  are positioned axially on the other side of the inspection detector  5056  and the inspection camera  5112 . 
     In one embodiment, the inspection detector  5056  and the inspection camera  5112  are configured to be positioned axially (with respect to the pipe axis) between the first seal  5146 , the first clamp  5142  and the second seal  5148 . That is, the first seal  5146  and the first clamp  5142  are positioned axially on one side of the inspection detector  5056  and the inspection camera  5112  and the second seal  5148  is positioned axially on the other (opposite) side of the inspection detector  5056  and the inspection camera  5112 . 
     In one embodiment, the inspection detector  5056  and the inspection camera  5112  are configured to be positioned axially (with respect to the pipe axis) between the first seal  5146 , the second seal  5148  and the second clamp  5144 . That is, the second seal  5148  and the second clamp  5144  are positioned axially on one side of the inspection detector  5056  and the inspection camera  5112  and the first seal  5146  is positioned axially on the other (opposite) side of the inspection detector  5056  and the inspection camera  5112 . 
     In one embodiment, the inspection detector  5056  and the inspection camera  5112  are configured to be positioned axially (with respect to the pipe axis) between the first seal  5146 , the first clamp  5142  and the second clamp  5144 . That is, the first seal  5146  and the first clamp  5142  are positioned axially on one side of the inspection detector  5056  and the inspection camera  5112  and the second clamp  5144  is positioned axially on the other (opposite) side of the inspection detector  5056  and the inspection camera  5112 . 
     In one embodiment, the inspection detector  5056  and the inspection camera  5112  are configured to be positioned axially (with respect to the pipe axis) between the first clamp  5142 , the second seal  5148  and the second clamp  5144 . That is, the second seal  5148  and the second clamp  5144  are positioned axially on one side of the inspection detector  5056  and the inspection camera  5112  and the first clamp  5142  is positioned axially on the other (opposite) side of the inspection detector  5056  and the inspection camera  5112 . 
     In one or more embodiments, because the inspection detector  5056  is positioned between the clamps  5142 ,  5144 , it is able to extract profile data from between the clamps  5142 ,  5144  after the clamps  5142 ,  5144  have been clamped in place. As such the inspection detector  5056  can continue to scan and detect the profile of the interface region  5136  during a welding operation. This is beneficial for some applications, as the interface region  5136  may change slightly as the two pipes  1022   a ,  1022   b  are being welded, as the welded connection itself may change the interface region  5136  in other areas that have not been welded yet. Hence, the inspection detector  5056  allows for a detection and determination of any change in one or more characteristics of the interface region  5136  on-the-fly, or in “real time” at regions of the interface region  5136  about to be welded. In addition, because the inspection detector  5056  is positioned between the clamps  5142 ,  5144 , it is able to extract pre-weld profile data from the interface region  5136  after the clamping force is applied by the clamps  5142 ,  5144 . The clamping force of the clamps  5142 ,  5144  themselves may alter the interface region  5136 . For example, the clamping force may slightly alter the distance between the pipe ends and/a relative height displacement between the pipe ends at certain (or all) regions of the interface region  5136 . In addition, the clamping force applied by the clamps  5142 ,  5144  may change a roundness of one or both of the pipes (e.g., the first clamp may alter the roundness of the first pipe to be welded and/or the second clamp may alter the roundness of the second pipe to be welded. In one embodiment, for example, the clamp shoes for any one of the clamps  5142 ,  5144  are symmetrically provided and evenly circumferentially spaced about the interior of the pipe being engaged. In addition, the outermost surface of each clamp shoe may be equally spaced from the central axis of the clamp. The spacing of each clamp shoe can be set to be slightly larger than the inner diameter of the pipe. In that way, if each clamp shoe is extended to its maximum position, the clamping force of the clamp  5142 ,  5144  can be used to change the shape of a slightly out of round pipe to one that is more rounded. Until the fully clamping force is applied by both clamps  5142 ,  5144 , the profile of the interface region  5136  is not yet fully determined because of the shape changing possibility. The inspection detector  5136  describe herein can be used to determine the profile after clamping has been applied. 
     In one or more embodiments, because the inspection detector  5056  and/or camera  5112  is positioned between the two seals, the inspection detector  5056  and/or camera  5112  are able to extract profile data from between the seals  5146 ,  5148  after the seals  5146 ,  5148  have been engaged with the interior surfaces  5130 ,  5132  of the pipes  1022   a ,  1022   b  to be welded. As such the inspection detector  5056  can continue to scan and detect the profile of the interface region  5136  before, during and/or after a welding operation in which the regions between the seals  5146 ,  5148  have been provided or filled with a purge gas. This is beneficial for some applications, as the interface region  5136  may be inspected by the inspection detector  5056  and/or camera  5112 , before, during, and/or after a welding operation without breaking the seal  5146 ,  5148 . If, for example, the inspection detector  5056  and/or camera  5112  (together with the one or more processors  5140 ) determine(s) that a slight modification to the weld, or an additional welding operation is desired, such modification or additional welding operation can be accomplished without the need to reestablish the purge chamber (for example, in comparison to a contemplated arrangement in which a post-weld inspection detector and/or camera are located outside the purge chamber, and introducing the inspection detector  5056  and/or camera  5112  to inspect the welded interface region  5136  only after the purge chamber has been broken). Thus, the inspection detector  5056  can be used to scan the interface region  5136  between the pipes  1022   a ,  1022   b  to determine the profile of the interface region  5136  between the pipes  1022   a ,  1022   b  subsequent to a welding operation and generate post-weld profile data based on the scan, and this post-weld profile data can be obtained, and optionally a corrective or other additional weld can be achieved based on the post-weld profile data, without releasing the clamps  5142 ,  5144  and/or seals  5146 ,  5148 . 
     In one embodiment, the clamps  5142 ,  5144  are configured to rotate. In one embodiment, the clamps  5142 ,  5144  are configured to rotate in opposite directions to one another. 
     In addition, as described herein, the present system enables relative rotation between the first clamp and the second clamp  5142 ,  5144 , after they have been clamped to the first and second pipe interiors  5130 ,  5132  respectively. This can be accomplished by the one or more orientation motors  5030 ,  5074  operating one or both of the clamps  5142 ,  5144  as described herein. Such relative rotation of the pipes  1022   a ,  1022   b  can be conducted in response to pre-weld profile data determining that a better rotational match between the pipe ends is available and can be accomplished by relative rotation of one or both of the clamps  5142 ,  5144 . Such relative rotation is accomplished without the need to unclamp the first and second clamps  5142 ,  5144 , and while the inspection detector  5056  remains axially positioned between the clamps  5142 ,  5144 . After the first and/or second pipe  1022   a ,  1022   b  is rotated, a new profile of the interface region  5136  exists, and the inspection detector  5056  can be again used to scan the interface region  5136  to obtain new pre-weld profile data. It should be appreciated that because neither clamp  5142 ,  5144  needs to be released to obtain the new pre-weld profile data, unnecessary downtime can be avoided. During the relative rotation of the pipes  1022   a ,  1022   b , it should be appreciated that, in one embodiment, the rollers  5332  of the external cradle  5330  ( 6010 A,  6010 B) can be used (as instructed by the one or more processors  5140 ) to work in conjunction with the one or more clamps  5142 ,  5144  to effect such relative rotation. 
     In one embodiment, the clamps  5142 ,  5144  and the seals  5146 ,  5148  are positioned inside the pipes  1022   a ,  1022   b  to form an internal sealed region/area. In one embodiment, the clamps  5142 ,  5144  and the seals  5146 ,  5148  are configured to seal opposite sides of a seam to be welded. 
     In one embodiment, the clamp  5142  and the seal  5146  are activated together and the clamp  5144  and the seal  5148  are activated together. In one embodiment, the clamps  5142 ,  5144  and the seals  5146 ,  5148  are controlled by the same valve. 
     In one embodiment, the seals  5146 ,  5148  are activated with the clamp  5142 . In one embodiment, the seals  5146 ,  5148  are activated with the clamp  5144 . In one embodiment, the clamp  5142  and the seal  5146  are activated independently and the clamp  5144  and the seal  5148  are activated independently. In one embodiment, a separate seal control system may be configured to operate both the seals  5146 ,  5148  that is independent (and separate from) of a clamp control system that is configured to operate both the clamps  5142 ,  5144 . 
     In one embodiment, the clamp  5144  is positioned relative to the end of the pipe  1022   b . In one embodiment, the clamp  5142  and the seal  5146  are then activated together. In one embodiment, when the pipe  1022   a  is positioned relative to the pipe  1022   b , the clamp  5144  and the seal  5148  are activated together. 
     In one embodiment, the clamps  5142 ,  5144  are configured to be moveable between a retracted position (as shown in  FIG. 35B ) where the clamps  5142 ,  5144  are not in contact with the inner surfaces  5130 ,  5132  of the pipes  1022   a ,  1022   b  and an extended position (as shown in  FIG. 35A ) where the clamps  5142 ,  5144  are configured to apply clamp forces on the inner surfaces  5130 ,  5132  of the pipes  1022   a ,  1022   b . In one embodiment, the clamps  5142 ,  5144  are constructed and arranged to engage (make contact) with the pipes  1022   a ,  1022   b  and transmit forces that grip and shape the pipes  1022   a ,  1022   b.    
     In one embodiment, the structure, configuration and operation of the clamps  5142 ,  5144  are shown and explained with respect to  FIGS. 30, and 33-42 . For example,  FIGS. 33 and 34  show a perspective and a cross-sectional of the center section  5008  of the internal weld system  5004  being positioned inside the pipe segments  1022   a ,  1022   b , where both clamps  5142 ,  5144  and seals  5146 ,  5148  are engaging the inner surfaces  5130  and  5132  of the pipes segments  1022   a ,  1022   b  and where some components of the center section  5008  are not shown for sake of clarity;  FIG. 35  shows a view of the center section  5008  of the internal weld system  5004  being positioned inside the pipe segments  1022   a ,  1022   b , where only clamps  5142 ,  5144  (no seals) are engaging the inner surfaces  5130  and  5132  of the pipes segments  1022   a ,  1022   b  and where some components of the center section are not shown for sake of clarity;  FIG. 36  shows a perspective view of the clamp shoe  5157  attached to the clamp shoe pin member  5090  positioned in the spider member  5100 ;  FIG. 37  shows a perspective view of the spider member  5100 ;  FIG. 38  shows a perspective view of the clamp shoe pin member  5090 ; and  FIGS. 39 and 40  show perspective views of the hub  5096  of the clamps  5142  or  5144  with the clamp shoe pin members  5090  and the link members  5092  connected thereto. 
     In one embodiment, as shown in  FIG. 35C , the clamps  5142 ,  5144  are shown in retracted position to show how the ramps  5026 ,  5070  extend slightly higher. In  FIG. 35C , the weld torches  5502  are shown in their extended positions. Typically, the weld torches  5502  would only be extended after the clamps  5142 ,  5144  are extended. 
     In one embodiment, referring to  FIG. 36 , the weld system  5004  may include a plurality of first clamp shoes  5157  circumferentially, equally spaced apart from each other on its respective spider member  5100  and a plurality of second clamp shoes  5157  circumferentially, equally spaced apart from each other on its respective spider member  5100 . 
     In one embodiment, the clamp shoes  5157  may have different heights for different size pipes and may be fine-tuned, for example, with shims or any other adjustment members. In one embodiment, the clamps shoes  5157  may be self-centering members. In one embodiment, the clamp shoes  5157  of the internal weld system  5004  are constructed and arranged to have a radial clearance of about 1 inch to the inner surfaces of the pipe. 
     In one embodiment, each clamp shoe  5157  includes pipe surface contact members (or surfaces)  5156 . In one embodiment, the pipe surface contact members  5156  are constructed and arranged to frictionally engage, when the clamps  5152 ,  5154  are extended, the inner surfaces  5130 ,  5132  of the pipes  1022   a ,  1022   b  on either side of the interface region  5136 . 
     In one embodiment, referring to  FIGS. 30 and 36-38 , each clamp shoe  5157  is constructed and arranged to be connected to and positioned on its associated clamp shoe pin member  5090 . In one embodiment, the clamp shoe pin member  5090  is constructed and arranged to extend through its corresponding opening  5158  in the spider member  5100 . In one embodiment, the openings  5158  in the spider member  5100  are constructed and arranged to generally extend radially in the spider member  5100  so as to enable a radial movement (e.g., up and down radial movement) of the clamp shoe pin member  5090  in the corresponding opening  5158  in the spider member  5100 . In one embodiment, the spider member  5100  may be any member that is constructed and arranged to facilitate movement of the clamp shoe pin members  5090  such that the clamps  5142 ,  5144  apply clamping forces on the inner surfaces  5130 ,  5132  of the pipes  1022   a ,  1022   b.    
     In one embodiment, referring to  FIG. 38 , one end  5164  of the clamp shoe pin member  5090  is attached to the clamp shoe  5157  and the other end  5166  of the clamp shoe pin member  5090  is connected to the link member  5092 . In one embodiment, the end  5166  of the clamp shoe pin member  5090  includes a notch  5168  that is constructed and arranged to receive the link member  5092  therein. In one embodiment, the end  5166  of the clamp shoe pin member  5090  also includes openings  5170  that constructed and arranged to receive fastening members  5172  to connect the link member  5092  to the end  5166  of the clamp shoe pin member  5090 . 
     In one embodiment, referring to  FIG. 37 , the spider member  5100  may include openings  5162  that are constructed and arranged to enable the connection between the clamp shoe pin members  5090  and the link members  5092 . In one embodiment, the openings  5162  of the spider member  5100  are also constructed and arranged to enable the movement of the link member  5092  when the clamps  5142 ,  5144  are moved between their retracted and extended positions. In one embodiment, the spider member  5100  is attached to the respective clamps  5142  or  5144 . 
     In one embodiment, the link member  5092  is an elongated member with openings formed at its end portions. In one embodiment, the end portions of the link member have generally rounded configurations to enable the movement of the link member  5092  when the clamps  5142 ,  5144  are moved between their retracted and extended positions 
     In one embodiment, referring to  FIGS. 30, 39 and 40 , one end of the link member  5092  is connected to the clamp shoe pin member  5090  and the other end of the link member  5092  is connected to the hub  5096 . In one embodiment, each clamp shoe is thus connected to the hub  5096  via its associated clamp shoe pin member  5090  and link member  5092 . 
     In one embodiment, the hub  5096  may include notches  5174  (as shown in  FIG. 40 ) that are constructed and arranged to enable the connections between the link members  5092  and the hub  5096 . In one embodiment, the notches  5174  of the hub  5096  are also constructed and arranged to enable the movement of the link members  5092  in the notches  5174  when the clamps are moved between their retracted and extended positions. 
     In one embodiment, referring to  FIG. 30 , the clamp  5152  or  5154  includes the cylinder  5086 , the piston  5084  and the shaft  5094 . In one embodiment, the piston  5084  is configured to be movable axially in the cylinder  5086 , and the shaft  5094  is secured to the piston  5084 . In one embodiment, the shaft  5094  is movable with the piston  5084 . 
     In one embodiment, the hub  5096  is constructed and arranged to be connected to the shaft  5094  that is longitudinally moved by the axially, reciprocating piston  5084 , for example, driven by fluid (hydraulic or pneumatic) pressure inside the cylinder  5086 . 
     The clamps  5142 ,  5144  are moved from the retracted position (as shown in  FIG. 35B ) where the clamps  5142 ,  5144  are not in contact with the inner surfaces  5130 ,  5132  of the pipes  1022   a ,  1022   b  to the extended position (as shown in  FIG. 35A ) where the clamps  5142 ,  5144  are configured to apply clamp forces on the inner surfaces  5130 ,  5132  of the pipes  1022   a ,  1022   b , by activating the cylinder  5086  so that the piston  5084  is axially moved in the cylinder  5086 . In one embodiment, the compressed air from the front rotary union  5032  through the front clamp control valve  5018  enter a port  5031  (as shown in  FIG. 30 ). The compressed air entering the port  5031  pushes the piston  5084  forward to move the clamps  5142 ,  5144  to their extended position. 
     That is, the axial movement of the piston  5084  causes an axial movement of the shaft  5094  connected to the piston  5084 . In one embodiment, the axial movement of the shaft  5094  in turn causes an axial movement of the hub  5096 . In one embodiment, the axial movement of the hub  5096  is translated to a radial movement of the clamp shoe pin members  5090  via their link members  5092 . Thus, the radial clamp forces are generated by fluid pressure of the compressed air acting on the piston  5084  that drives the link members  5092  that convert the axial movement of the piston  5084  (via the shaft  5094  and the hub  5096 ) to a radial movement of the clamps shoes  5157 . 
     In one embodiment, the size of the cylinder, the applied fluid pressure, and the sizes of various components of the clamps  5142  and  5144  may be changed to control the clamp forces being applied by the clamps on the inner surfaces  5130 ,  5132  of the pipes  1022   a ,  1022   b.    
     In one embodiment, the seals  5146 ,  5148  have a generally donut or annular shaped configuration to allow a portion of the center section (e.g., the front clamp  5142  or the rear clamp  5144 ) to pass therethrough. In one embodiment, the seals  5146 ,  5148  are constructed and arranged to be radially expandable members. In one embodiment, the seals  5146 ,  5148  are constructed and arranged to be connected to a pneumatic or a hydraulic line that conveys fluid to the seals  5146 ,  5148  to inflate them. As the seals  5146 ,  5148  inflate, they are constructed and arranged to engage the inner surfaces  5130 ,  5132  of the pipes  1022   a ,  1022   b , respectively forming a chamber  5150  therebetween. In one embodiment, the seal  5146 , when inflated, engaged the inner surface  5130  of the pipe  1022   a  and the seal  5148 , when inflated, engaged the inner surface  5132  of the pipe  1022   b . In one embodiment, the seals  5146 ,  5148 , when inflated, engage on opposite sides of the interface region  5136 . In one embodiment, the chamber  5150  is a closed volume that may be referred to as a purge gas chamber. In one embodiment, the chamber  5150  is constructed and arranged to receive a purge gas therein. 
     In one embodiment, the internal weld system  5004  may include the purge gas tank configured to provide purge gas between the inflated first seal  5146  and the inflated second seal  5148  to reduce oxygen from between the inflated first and the second seals  5146  and  5148  during a welding operation. In one embodiment, the purge tank may be positioned in the drive section  5010  of the internal weld system  5004 . In one embodiment, the purge gas is configured to prevent oxidation during a welding procedure. In one embodiment, the purge gas is an inert gas. In one embodiment, the purge gas may include argon, helium, nitrogen, or a combination thereof. In one embodiment, the purge gas may include a combination of argon and CO 2 . 
     In one embodiment, the purge gas is pumped into the internal sealed region that is formed between the inflated first and the second seals  5146 ,  5148 . By keeping the sealed, internal region free of oxygen, oxidation that may result from the extreme heats that take place during the welding procedure may be prevented. 
     In one embodiment, the internal weld system  5004  may include an oxygen sensor  5176  and a pressure sensor  5178 . In one embodiment, the oxygen and pressure sensors  5176  and  5178  are operatively connected to the one or more processors  5140 . In one embodiment, the oxygen and pressure sensors  5176  and  5178  are constructed and arranged to be positioned on the rotatable hub  5078 . In another embodiment, the oxygen and pressure sensors  5176  and  5178  are constructed and arranged to be positioned on the spider member  5100  (e.g., between the clamps). 
     In one embodiment, the oxygen sensor  5176  is configured to measure oxygen content of the gas in the purge chamber  5150  and send an oxygen content data, which is indicative of the oxygen content of the gas in the purge chamber  5150 , to the one or more processors  5140 . In one embodiment, the one or more processors  5140  are configured to receive the oxygen content data, compare the received oxygen content data to its predetermined oxygen content value, and generate an excess oxygen gas signal if the oxygen content data is greater than the predetermined oxygen content value. In one embodiment, based on the excess oxygen gas signal, the internal weld system  5004  may be configured to open a valve structure to allow purge gas (from the purge gas source/tank) to flow into the purge chamber  5150  until the measured oxygen content falls below the predetermined oxygen content value. In one embodiment, based on the excess oxygen gas signal, the internal weld system  5004  may be configured to stop the welding procedure. 
     In one embodiment, the pressure sensor  5178  is configured to measure pressure of the inert gas in the purge chamber  5150  and send pressure data, which is indicative of the pressure of the inert gas in the purge chamber  5150 , to the one or more processors  5140 . In one embodiment, the one or more processors  5140  are configured to receive the pressure data, compare the received pressure data to its predetermined pressure value, and generate an overpressure signal if the pressure data is greater than the predetermined pressure value. In one embodiment, based on the overpressure signal, the internal weld system  5004  may be configured to open an exhaust valve structure to release the pressure in the purge chamber  5150  until the measured pressure falls below the predetermined pressure value. In one embodiment, based on the overpressure signal, the internal weld system  5004  may be configured to stop the welding procedure. 
     In one embodiment, the seals  5146 ,  5148 , the purge gas tank, the purge gas chamber  5150  formed between the seals  5146 ,  5148 , the oxygen and pressure sensors  5176  and  5178  that monitor the gas in the purge gas chamber  5150  are all optional. 
     In one embodiment, referring to  FIG. 33 , the internal weld system  5004  includes the inspection camera  5112  configured to be positioned between the first pipe engagement structure  5052  and the second pipe engagement structure  5054 . In one embodiment, the inspection camera  5112  is constructed and arranged to be rotatably mounted on and connected to the rotatable hub  5078 . 
     In one embodiment, the inspection camera  5112  is operatively connected to the one or more processors  5140 . In one embodiment, the inspection camera  5112  is configured to send camera inspection data prior to, subsequent to, or during a weld operation to the one or more processors  5140 . 
     In one embodiment, the camera inspection data may generally include image(s), captured by the inspection camera  5112 , of the weld joint. In one embodiment, the inspection camera  5112  is configured to capture image(s) of weld joint during or subsequent to the weld operation. 
     In one embodiment, the camera inspection data may generally include image(s), captured by the inspection camera  5112 , of the interface region  5136  between the pipes  1022   a ,  1022   b . In one embodiment, the inspection camera  5112  is configured to capture image(s) of the interface region  5136  between the pipes  1022   a ,  1022   b  prior to or during the weld operation. 
     In one embodiment, the inspection camera  5112  may be any device that is configured for capturing/viewing the weld joint or the interface region  5136  between the pipes  1022   a ,  1022   b . In one embodiment, the camera device  5112  may be a two-dimensional (2D) camera for visual inspection of the weld joint or the interface region  5136  between the pipes  1022   a ,  1022   b.    
     In one embodiment, the inspection camera  5112  may be a two-dimensional (2D) charge-coupled device (CCD) color camera. In one embodiment, the one or more processors  5140  that are associated with the inspection camera  5112  may be configured to analyze the image(s) captured by the inspection camera  5112  to detect any defects present in the weld joint. In one embodiment, a visual signal may be delivered to an external operator display based on the analysis. For example, the 2D camera may be a color camera and a change in coloration may indicate a weld defect to the operator. In one embodiment, a perceived change in profile may also indicate a weld defect. 
     In one embodiment, the inspection camera  5112  is configured to obtain a thermal image of (e.g., various color regions of the metal) of the weld joint/region. This thermal image is then analyzed to determine what temperatures the different regions of the weld joint/region have reached. 
     In one embodiment, the images provided by the inspection camera  5112  may be color images. In one embodiment, the one or more processors  5140  that are associated with the inspection camera  5112  may be configured to analyze the color of each pixel of the received image to determine the temperature associated with that pixel. 
     In another embodiment, the images provided by the inspection camera  5112  may be grayscale images. In one embodiment, the one or more processors  5140  that are associated with the inspection camera  5112  may be configured to analyze the intensity or brightness of each pixel of the received image to determine the temperature associated with that pixel. In one embodiment, the one or more processors  5140  that are associated with the inspection camera  5112  may be configured to analyze the properties of the pixels of the received image to determine if the temperature is outside the threshold or predetermined temperature range (and is a relatively very high or relatively very low) and or if there is a large temperature difference between adjacent pixels. In one embodiment, the abnormal temperature(s) or temperature differences may be an indication of the occurrence of a weld defect. 
     For example, in one embodiment, the image may be analyzed to determine whether a region or regions of the weld joint/region have reached a relatively very high or relatively very low temperature. In one embodiment, the image may be analyzed to determine whether a region or regions of the weld joint/region have temperature differential/changes. In one embodiment, a temperature of each region of the weld joint/region is determined, and the determined temperature of each region of the weld joint/region is compared with a threshold or predetermined temperature range to determine whether a region or regions of the weld joint/region have reached a relatively very high temperature, and/or a region or regions of the weld joint/region have temperature differential/changes. 
     In one embodiment, the inspection camera  5112  is configured to follow the weld torch  5502  so that an operator can inspect the weld as soon as the weld is created by the weld torch  5502 . 
     In various embodiments, the inspection detector comprises a laser, 3D camera, ultrasound, and an electric capacitive probe. Where a laser is used, the type of laser can be a Laser Displacement Sensor. In one embodiment, the laser can be LK-G5000 series Ultra High-Speed/High-Accuracy Laser Displacement Sensor manufactured by Keyence. In one embodiment, the laser can be a smart laser sensor, such as, Smart Laser Sensor SLS-050 manufactured by Meta Vision Systems Inc. 
     In one embodiment, the inspection detector may include an emitter for emitting the inspection beam of radiation, and a receiver for receiving inspection signals from reflected radiation. In one or more embodiments, the detector&#39;s receiver comprises a sensor that detects the reflected radiation and generates signals based upon the reflected radiation. The signals are received by the one or more processors. In one embodiment, the signals contain data and information corresponding to the three dimensional profile of the interface region between pipes to be welded and can be used to detect, for example, the relative heights of the adjacent pipe surfaces at the regions to be welded, the relative spacing between the pipes, any non-uniformities in the adjacent surfaces to be welded (e.g., at the bevels thereof). In addition, because the inspector detector is scanned along the entire interface between the pipes, it can determine the specific interface profile at any particular region of the scan. This information can be used by the one or more processors to control the operation of the weld torch to provide a customized/tailored weld that is tailored specifically to the structural profile of the pipes to be welded at the interface region thereof. 
     In one embodiment, the system  5000  may include housings  5852 ,  5854  (as shown in  FIG. 31 ) that are configured to house and protect the inspection detector  5056  and the inspection camera  5112 , respectively from flying hot weld sparks (spatter) and/or other debris that may fly towards the inspection detector  5056  and/or the inspection camera  5112  during a welding operation. 
     In one embodiment, the housings  5852 ,  5854  of the inspection detector  5056  and/or the inspection camera  5112  may be made of polycarbonate material. In one embodiment, portions of the housings  5852 ,  5854  may be configured to be removable to facilitate cleaning (e.g., removal of the weld spatter or other weld debris therefrom) or repair. In one embodiment, the portions of the housings  5852 ,  5854  may include camera lens shield or inspection detector lens shield. In one embodiment, portions of the housings  5852 ,  5854  of the inspection detector  5056  and/or the inspection camera  5112  may be configured to be disposable so that portions of the housings  5852 ,  5854  may be easily replaced when they are clogged with the weld spatter or other weld debris. For example, in one embodiment, the inspection camera  5112  may include a (rectangular) polycarbonate member in front of its lens that may be replaced when obstructed/blocked by the weld spatter or other weld debris. 
     In one embodiment, the pre-weld inspection, the on-the-fly inspection and the post-weld inspection may be performed by the inspection detector  5056 . In one embodiment, the pre-weld inspection, the on-the-fly inspection and the post-weld inspection may be performed by the inspection detector  5056  and the inspection camera  5112 . 
     In one embodiment, the inspection detector  5056  includes an emitter  5180  for emitting the beam of radiation, and a receiver  5182  for receiving inspection signals from reflected radiation. In one embodiment, the inspection detector  5056  transmits radiation towards the interface region  5136 . In one embodiment, the received  5182  of the inspection detector  5136  is configured for receiving radiation reflected from the surfaces of the interface region  5136  and generating electronic signals based thereon. In one embodiment, the receiver or sensor  5182  of the inspection detector  5056  is configured to sense the reflected signal to detect 3D topography of the weld joint/region. The inspection detector  5056  may interchangeably be referred to herein as the inspection laser. 
     In one embodiment, the inspection detector  5136  includes a plurality of inspection detectors that transmit radiation towards the interface region  5136 . In one embodiment, each inspection detector may include a receiver for receiving radiation reflected from the surfaces of the interface region  5136  and generating electronic signals based thereon. 
     In one embodiment, the inspection detector  5056  may include a Laser Displacement Sensor. In one embodiment, the inspection detector  5056  may include a Complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) sensor. In one embodiment, the inspection detector  5056  may include High Definition Ernostar type lens. In one embodiment, the one or more processors  5140  that are associated with the inspection detector  5056  are configured to use triangulation to detect the position of the reflected light on the RS-CMOS sensor. 
     In one embodiment, the inspection detector  5056  may receive its power from the wire feed electronics module  5046 . In one embodiment, the wire feed electronics module  5046  is configured to receive its power from the batteries  5116  in the drive section  5010  via the rear slip ring  5080 . Thus, the inspection detector  5056  receives its power from the batteries  5116  in the drive section  5010  via the rear slip ring  5080  and the wire feed electronics module  5046 . This may be the case when the cables, hoses, and/or wires to the reach rod/umbilical  5034  are disconnected from the system  5004 , for example, when the system  5004  is traveling from one weld joint to the next weld joint. 
     In another embodiment, the inspection detector  5056  may receive its power directly from the umbilical/reach rod  5034 . For example, when the cables, hoses, and/or wires to the reach rod/umbilical  5034  are connected from the system  5004 , the inspection detector  5056  may receive its power directly from the umbilical/reach rod  5034 . 
     It should be appreciated that, in some embodiments, power to and communication from the inspection detector  5056  and/or camera  5112  may be desired. Such power and/or communication of the inspection detector  5056  and/or camera  5112  may take place with components, such as the one or more processors  5140  and/or a power source, that are outside of the pipe engagement structures (e.g., outside of the clamps  5142 ,  5144  and/or seals  5146 ,  5148 ). In some embodiments, where the power and/or communication takes place through a hardwired (as opposed to wireless) communication and/or power line, such hardwired line may take into account rotation by the rotatable hub  5078 , for example, to reduce or prevent twisting and/or tangling of the hardwired line. As such, in one example as described herein, the hardwired line (which can transmit information and/or power) can be provided with (i) a movable portion that moves with inspection detector  5056  while the inspection detector  5056  directs the inspection beam along the interface region under the rotational force of the one or more orientation motors, and (ii) a stationary portion that remains fixed during movement of the movable portion. The stationary and rotational portions of the hardwired line can be connected via the described slip ring that provides the interface between the movable and fixed portions of the hardwired line to enable the signals to pass from the movable portion to the stationary portion. It should be appreciated that either a single hardwired line (e.g., with multiple, discreet wires) can be used, or a plurality of hardwired lines (separate lines for power and communication). In addition, if on-board power is provided to the inspection detector, then only a communication line may pass through the slip ring. If wireless communication with the inspection detector is provided, then only a power line may pass through the slip ring. If on-board power and wireless communication is provided, then a hardwired communication need not be provided. 
     Similarly to what has been described with respect to the hardwired communication line, it may also be desirable to provide the inert gas to an axial location between the pipe engagement structures (e.g., between clamps and/or seals) through a pneumatic line or tube for carrying pressurized inert gas. There may also be a desire to reduce twisting and/or tangling of the pneumatic line which might otherwise take place during rotation of the rotatable hub  5078 . As such, the pneumatic line can be provided with the stationary portion connected with the inert gas source and the movable portion that extends into the rotatable hub, the movable portion being coupled to the stationary portion through the rotary union. The rotary union permits relative rotation between the stationary and movable pneumatic portions. 
     In one embodiment, the inspection detector  5056  may be operatively associated with the inspection motor to direct a beam of radiation along the interface region  5136  between the pipes  1022   a  and  1022   b . In one embodiment, the inspection detector  5056  and the inspection motor may be operatively associated with one or more processors  5140 . In one embodiment, the first and second rotation motors  5030  and  5074  together may be interchangeably referred to as the inspection motor. 
     In one embodiment, the inspection detector  5056  is configured to detect a characteristic of the interface region  5136  between the pipes  1022   a ,  1022   b . In one embodiment, the characteristic of the interface region  5136  may include a gap between the pipes  1022   a ,  1022   b . In one embodiment, the characteristic of the interface region  5136  may include a radial offset (e.g., high/low) between the pipes  1022   a ,  1022   b . In one embodiment, the characteristic of the interface region  5136  may include geometry at each weld location. In one embodiment, the characteristic of the interface region  5136  may include chips, gauges, or any irregularities in the pipes  1022   a ,  1022   b . In one embodiment, the characteristic of the interface region  5136  may include roundness of the pipes  1022   a ,  1022   b . In one embodiment, the characteristic of the interface region  5136  may include contours of bevels of the pipes  1022   a ,  1022   b  (after pipe alignment). In one embodiment, the characteristic of the interface region  5136  may include various color regions of the metal of the weld joint/region. For example, these color regions are analyzed to determine what temperatures the different regions of the weld joint/region have reached. 
     In one embodiment, the inspection detector  5056  may be configured to detect the characteristic of the interface region  5136  between the pipes  1022   a ,  1022   b , for example, before the weld torch  5502  has been activated to commence securing/welding the pipes  1022   a ,  1022   b  to one another. For example, the characteristic of the interface region  5136  may include a pipe bevel geometry, a gap between internal adjoining ends of the pipes  1022   a ,  1022   b  (after pipe alignment), a gap between bevels of the pipes  1022   a ,  1022   b  (after pipe alignment), etc. In one embodiment, the inspection detector  5056  may be configured to detect the characteristic of the interface region  5136  between the pipes  1022   a ,  1022   b , for example,  1022   b  during a welding operation, at a region of the interface prior to weld material being deposited thereon. For example, the characteristic of the interface region  5136  may include a height difference between the bevel edges of the pipes after their alignment. In one embodiment, the characteristic of the interface region  5136  may include high-low differences between the adjacent edges of the pipes (e.g., at the interior beveled portions thereof). In one embodiment, the inspection detector  5056  may be configured to detect the characteristic of the interface region  5136  between the pipes  1022   a ,  1022   b , for example, subsequent to a welding operation. For example, the characteristic of the interface region  5136  may include a characteristic of the formed weld beads, weld shape parameters such as mismatch, bead concavity, the re-entrant angle. 
     In one embodiment, the one or more processors  5140  are configured to operate the inspection detector  5056  and the motor  5030 ,  5074  to scan the interface region  5136  between the pipes  1022   a ,  1022   b.    
     In one embodiment, the one or more processors  5140  are configured to interact with the inspection detector  5056  to scan the interface region  5136  between the pipes  1022   a  and  1022   b  to determine a profile of the interface region  5136  between the pipes  1022   a  and  1022   b  prior to a welding procedure and generate pre-weld profile data based thereon. 
     The term “profile” as used herein is a generic term in referring to physical attributes of the interface region to be welded between the pipes. The term “profile data” refers to data, corresponding to the profile, that can be derived from the interface region. For example, such data can be obtained by scanning the interface region with an inspection detector, such as a laser. The profile data can contain numerous types of information about the profile, such different types of information are referred to herein as “characteristics.” 
     In one embodiment, the one or more processors  5140  are configured to interact with the inspection detector  5056  to scan the interface region  5136  between the pipes  1022   a ,  1022   b  to determine the profile of the interface region  5136  between the pipes  1022   a  and  1022   b  during a welding procedure, at a region of the interface  5136  prior to weld material being deposited thereon, and generate on-the-fly profile data. In one embodiment, the one or more processors  5140  are configured to generate weld signals to control the weld torch  5502  based on the on-the-fly profile data. The on-the-fly profile data is described in detail below. The term “on-the-fly” as used herein also means or refers to “real-time,” meaning that the sensing or detection is used by the one or more processors during a current welding operation to control the welder. Of course, because the inspection detector, weld torch trails the inspection detector/inspection laser be a defined amount, some buffering (or slight time delay) takes place between the receipt of the profile data, and the use of such by the one or more processors to control the weld torch. 
     In one embodiment, the one or more processors  5140  are configured to interact with the inspection detector  5056  to scan the interface region  5136  between the pipes  1022   a ,  1022   b  to determine the profile of the interface region  5136  between the pipes  1022   a  and  1022   b  subsequent to a welding procedure and generate post-weld profile data based thereon. The post-weld profile data is described in detail below. 
     In one embodiment, the inspection detector  5056  is configured to work in conjunction with the weld torch  5502  of the weld system  5004  to sense interface joint profile or/and weld material profile to apply weld material to the edge joint in the appropriate location and amount. In one embodiment, the inspection detector  5056  is configured to survey the weld and send a signal to the one or more processors  5140  of the articulating weld head  5502  to control movement of the weld head  5502  around the entire edge joint. Specifically, the weld torch  5502  is configured to follow the inspection detector as the weld head control system continuously receives weld profile information from the edge joint. The information is then used to continuously adjust the weld torch  5502  to achieve the desired weld structure/profile. 
     In one embodiment, the internal weld system  5004  may include one inspection detector per weld torch  5502 . In one embodiment, the internal weld system  5004  includes three weld torches  5502  and three associated inspection detectors  5056 . In another embodiment, the internal weld system  5004  may include two inspection detectors per weld torch  5502 . In one embodiment, the number of inspection detectors used in the internal weld system  5004  may vary. 
     In one embodiment, the field system  5000  of the present patent application is an intelligent internal inspection system that places the internal automation, including the inspection camera  5112 , the inspection detector  5056 , and the weld head or torch  5502  between the spaced clamps  5142 ,  5144  and the sealed structure  5146 ,  5148 . In one embodiment, the field system  5000  of the present patent application is an intelligent internal inspection system that places the inspection camera  5112  and the inspection detector  5056  between the spaced clamps  5142 ,  5144  and the sealed structure  5146 ,  5148 . In one embodiment, the field system  5000  of the present patent application is an intelligent internal inspection system that places the internal automation, including the inspection camera  5112 , the inspection detector  5056 , and the weld head or torch  5502  between the spaced clamps  5142 ,  5144 . 
     In one embodiment, the weld system is attached to the rear of the line-up clamp, becoming an inline analytical tool that minimizes the downtime associated with using a third-party tool. In one embodiment, both the inspection camera  5112  and the inspection detector  5056  are used for inspecting the weld. In one embodiment, the inspection camera  5112  is configured to capture a two-dimensional image of the weld and analyze the color of the weld. Since the color of the weld is indicative of what temperature the material was raised to during the welding procedure, the information obtained by the inspection camera  5112  helps determine whether the weld was done correctly. In one embodiment, the inspection detector  5056  is configured to analyze the profile of the weld. In one embodiment, the inspection detector  5056  in conjunction with the two-dimensional (2D) charge-coupled device (CCD) color camera  5112  is configured to perform a root inspection directly after the root and hot pass weld procedures. In one embodiment, the weld system  5004  is configured to provide the root pass weld layer profile and the 2D raw color image that show the discoloration and any geometrical defects of the root pass weld layer. In one embodiment, the weld system  5004  is configured to create a permanent record of the root pass weld layer profile and visual image that can be stored and replayed in the user&#39;s electronic device (e.g., laptop). 
     In one embodiment, the inspection performed by the inspection detector  5056  in conjunction with the color camera  5112  may be used as a reference for the AUT weld inspection. In one embodiment, the inspection performed by the inspection detector  5056  in conjunction with the color camera  5112  may be used as a “go, no-go” (pass/fail test (or check)) for the root and hot pass welds. In one embodiment, if a root defect is found, the weld joint can be cut and prepped in the same station, far before the defect callout would happen after all the passes had been deposited, so a significant waste of production time can be avoided. 
     In one embodiment, the internal weld system  5004  includes a feedback system that is configured to be operatively connected to a plurality of sensors and the one or more processors  5140 . In one embodiment, the one or more processors  5140  are configured to analyze the data provided by the plurality of sensors. In one embodiment, one of the plurality of sensors include a temperature sensor that is configured to provide an indication of the temperature(s) of the weld joint and/or monitor the temperature during the welding procedure. In one embodiment, one of the plurality of sensors includes a weld material sensor that is configured to monitor the weld material usage during the welding procedure. In one embodiment, one of the plurality of sensors may include sensors that are configured to monitor speed and time of the welding procedure. 
       FIG. 41  shows a front perspective view of the weld head assembly  5500 , while  FIGS. 42 and 43  show rear perspective view of the weld head assembly  5500 .  FIGS. 44-46  show a left side perspective view, a right side perspective view and a cross-sectional view of the weld head assembly  5500 , where some components of the weld head assembly  5500  are not shown for sake of clarity. 
     In one embodiment, in the illustrated embodiment, the center section  5008  may have three weld torches  5502 . In another embodiment, the center section  5008  may have two weld torches  5502 . In yet another embodiment, the center section  5008  may have only one weld torch  5502 . In one embodiment, the number of weld torches may vary. 
     In one embodiment, the weld head assembly  5500  includes the weld torch  5502  and a weld torch housing assembly  5504 . In one embodiment, the weld torch  5502  includes a weld tip  5503 . In one embodiment, the weld head assembly  5500  (the weld torch  5502  and the weld torch housing assembly  5504 ) is carried by the frame or frame assembly of the internal weld system  5004 . 
     In one embodiment, the weld torch  5502  is constructed and arranged to feed or guide a consumable electrode wire  5507  into the weld area/zone. The consumable electrode wire  5507  is supplied from a source (e.g., a wire reel or spool) through the wire feed system  5044 . In one embodiment, the weld torch  5502  is constructed and arranged to be connected to a power supply (e.g., a constant voltage power supply). In one embodiment, an electric arc forms between a consumable electrode wire  5507  and the pipes  1022   a ,  1022   b , which heats the pipes  1022   a ,  1022   b , causing them to melt, and join. In one embodiment, along with the consumable electrode wire  5507 , a shield gas is fed through the weld torch  5502 , which shields the weld procedure from contaminants in the air. In one embodiment, the shield gas is fed to the weld area/zone through the weld torch nozzle that may include a gas cup  5505 . In one embodiment, the electrode  5507  may extend beyond the end of the gas cup  5505 . 
     In one embodiment, the shield gas stored in the drive section  5010  is brought to the wire feed assembly  5020  by a hose/shield gas line for distribution to the one or more weld torches  5502 . In one embodiment, the shield gas control valve  5042  is configured to receive the shield gas from the rear rotary union  5072  (e.g., via the rear slip ring  5080 , the rotatable hub  5078  and the front slip ring  5016 ). In one embodiment, the shield gas control valve  5042  is configured to control the flow of the shield gas to the weld torch  5502  through a shield gas line. In one embodiment, each weld torch  5502  has a corresponding shield gas control valve  5042  connected to it. In one embodiment, the shield gas control valve  5042  is configured to supply the shield gas to the corresponding weld torch  5502 , when it receives signals from the wire feed electronics module  5046 . 
     In one embodiment, the weld torch  5502  is configured to be carried by the frame assembly of the internal weld system  5004  and configured to create a weld at the end of the second end of the first pipe  1022   a . In one embodiment, the weld torch  5502  is configured to be positioned internally within to the first pipe  1022   a  and/or second pipe  1022   b  to provide an internal welding operation. In one embodiment, the internally positioned weld torch  5502  is mounted to (positioned on) and connected to the rotatable hub  5078 . 
     In one embodiment, the weld torch  5502  may have at least three degrees of freedom. In one embodiment, the degrees of freedom of articulation allow the weld torch  5502  to be very effective and efficient in filling in interface profiles optimally and where necessary. 
     The degree of freedom generally refers to the freedom of movement of the weld torch  5502  in the three-dimensional space. The translational movement or displacement generally refers to linear movement or displacement along the three mutually perpendicular X, Y and Z axes. 
     In one embodiment, the term position as used herein generally refers to the translational movement or displacement. In one embodiment, position may be relative or absolute. 
     In one embodiment, the coordinate system may include: a Y axis, which is aligned substantially parallel to the longitudinal axis A-A (as shown in  FIG. 8 ) of the pipes  1022   a ,  1022   b ; a X axis, which is perpendicular to the Y axis; and a Z axis, which is perpendicular to the Y axis and is aligned substantially parallel to a radial axis R-R (as shown in  FIG. 8 ) of the pipes  1022   a ,  1022   b . For example, the translational movement along the X axis generally refers to a forward and backward movement. The translational movement along the Y axis generally refers to a left to right side movement. The translational movement along the Z axis generally refers to an up and down movement. 
     The rotational movement or displacement generally refers to rotation about these same three mutually perpendicular X, Y and Z axes. The rotation about the three mutually perpendicular X, Y and Z axes is generally referred to as yaw (Z-axis), pitch (Y-axis) and roll (X-axis). For example, the rotational movement about the X axis generally refers to a left or right side tilting movement. The rotational movement about the Y axis generally refers to a forward or (rearward) backward tilting movement. The rotational movement about the Z axis generally refers to a left or right turning movement. 
     In one embodiment, the term orientation as used herein generally refers to the rotational movement or displacement. In one embodiment, orientation may be relative or absolute. 
     In one embodiment, the at least three degrees of freedom may include two translational movements of the weld torch  5502  along two of the three mutually perpendicular X, Y and Z axes and one rotational movement of the weld torch  5502  about one of the same three mutually perpendicular X, Y and Z axes. 
     In one embodiment, the two translational movements of the weld torch  5502  along two of the three mutually perpendicular X, Y and Z axes may include an up and down movement of the weld torch  5502  and a side to side (e.g., left to right) movement of the weld torch  5502 . In one embodiment, the up and down movement of the weld torch  5502  may be referred to as a radial movement (i.e., substantially parallel to the radial axis R-R of the pipes  1022   a ,  1022   b ) of the weld torch  5502 , and the side to side (left to right) movement of the weld torch  5502  may be referred to as an axial movement (i.e., substantially parallel to the longitudinal axis A-A of the pipes  1022   a ,  1022   b ) of the weld torch  5502 . 
     In one embodiment, the one rotational movement of the weld torch  5502  about one of the same three mutually perpendicular X, Y and Z axes may include a forward or (rearward) backward tilting movement of the weld torch  5502 . 
     In one embodiment, the weld torch  5502  is mounted for movement about a pivot point P (as shown in the  FIGS. 54, 56 and 58 ) at or adjacent to the weld tip  5503  of the weld torch  5502  such that a weld pool created at the weld tip  5503  generally coincides with the pivot point P. In one embodiment, the pivot point P is positioned forwardly of the weld tip  5503 . For example, in one embodiment, the weld torch  5502  has been designed to pivot about the pivot point P (as shown in the  FIGS. 54, 56 and 58 ) where the electrode wire  5507  makes contact with the pipe  1022   a ,  1022   b . In one embodiment, the weld torch  5502  is mounted for movement such that it articulates about an axis that is proximate to the weld torch tip  5503 . In one embodiment, the axis passes through the pivot point P and is substantially parallel to the longitudinal axis A-A of the pipes  1022   a ,  1022   b.    
     In one embodiment, the weld torch  5502  is operatively connected to one or more weld torch motors  5596 . In one embodiment, the one or more weld torch motors  5596  and the weld torch  5502  are configured to be positioned within an interior of the first and/or second pipes  1022   a ,  1022   b . In one embodiment, one or more weld torch motors  5596  are configured to move the weld torch  5502  relative to the first and second pipe engagement structures  5052 ,  5054  after they are fixed relative to the first pipe and second pipe  1022   a ,  1022   b  respectively. 
     In one embodiment, the one or more processors  5140  are configured to control the one or more weld torch motors  5596  to control a position and orientation of the weld torch  5502 . For example, as will be described in detail below, the one or more weld torch motors  5596  may include the radial weld torch motor  5512  that is configured to control the radial position and orientation of the weld torch  5502 , the axial weld torch motor  5550  that is configured to control the axial position and orientation of the weld torch  5502  and the tilt weld torch motor  5588  that is configured to control the tilt position and orientation of the weld torch  5502 . 
     In one embodiment, the motors  5030  and  5074  are configured for moving the weld torch  5502  circumferentially about the interface region  5136  and also to move the inspection detector  5056  about the interface region  5136  simultaneously with the weld torch  5502 . In one embodiment, the weld torch  5502  is trailing the inspection detector  5056 . In one embodiment, the front and rear rotation motors  5030  and  5074  are configured to rotate the rotatable hub  5078  and to rotate the weld torches  5502 , the inspection detector  5056  and the inspection camera  5112  all positioned on and connected to the rotatable hub  5078 . In one embodiment, the front and rear rotation motors  5030  and  5074  may be interchangeably referred to as the circumferential weld torch motors. 
     In one embodiment, the one or more processors  5140  are operatively connected with the one or more orientation motors  5030  and  5074  to rotate the first clamp  5142  relative to the second clamp  5144 , so as to rotate the first pipe  1022   a  relative to the second pipe  1022   b , based on the instructions from the one or more processors  5140 . 
     In one embodiment, the motors  5030  and  5074  are configured to move the weld torch  5502  circumferentially about the interface region  5136  and are also configured to move the inspection camera  5112  about the interface region  5136  simultaneously with the weld torch  5502 . In one embodiment, the weld torch  5502  is trailing the inspection camera  5112 . In one embodiment, the inspection camera  5112  is trailing the weld torch  5502 . 
     In one embodiment, the motors  5030  and  5074  are configured to move the weld torch  5502  circumferentially about the interface region  5136  and are also configured to move both the inspection camera  5112  and the inspection detector  5056  about the interface region  5136  simultaneously with the weld torch  5502 . In one embodiment, the weld torch  5502  is trailing both the inspection detector  5056  and the inspection camera  5112 . In one embodiment, the weld torch  5502  is trailing the inspection detector  5056  and is leading the inspection camera  5112 . 
     In one embodiment, the motors  5030  and  5074  are configured to drive the weld torch  5502  in a first rotational direction during the root pass weld and to drive the weld torch  5502  in a second direction, opposite the first direction, during the hot pass weld. 
     In one embodiment, the motors  5030  and  5074  are configured to drive the weld torch  5502  at least 360° relative to the pipe axis A-A (as shown in  FIG. 8 ) so as to complete a rotationally continuous root pass weld. In one embodiment, 360° rotation of the weld torch  5502  relative to the pipe axis A-A (around the interior surface of the pipe) is possible because the weld torch  5502  is mounted on the rotatable hub  5078  (i.e., configured to be axial rotation). 
     In one embodiment, one or more weld torch motors  5596  are configured to move the weld torch  5502  longitudinally (as shown in  FIGS. 48 and 49 ) within the pipes  1022   a ,  1022   b , toward and away from the inner surface  5130 ,  5132  (as shown in  FIG. 33 ) of the pipes  1022   a ,  1022   b . In one embodiment, one or more weld torch motors  5596  are configured to move the weld torch  5502  angularly relative to the weld (as shown in  FIGS. 56 and 58 ). In one embodiment, the motors  5030  and  5074  are configured to move the weld torch  5502  circumferentially along the interface region  5136 . 
     In one embodiment, the weld head assembly  5500  includes a radial positioning system  5506  that is configured to enable the radial movement of the weld torch  5502 , an axial positioning system  5508  that is configured to enable the axial movement of the weld torch  5502 . and a tilt positioning system  5510  that is configured to enable the tilt movement of the weld torch  5502 . 
     In one embodiment, the torch housing assembly  5504  is constructed and arranged to enclose the weld torch  5502 , the radial positioning system  5506 , the axial positioning system  5508  and the tilt positioning system  5510  therein. In one embodiment, the torch housing assembly  5504  is configured to protect the components of the weld torch  5502  and various components of its positioning systems  5506 ,  5508 , and  5510  from the welding heat and spatter. 
     In one embodiment, the torch housing assembly  5504  may include a base member  5509  and two side housing members  5511  and  5513 . For example, the base member  5509  may be connected to the side housing members  5511  and  5513  using any suitable fastening mechanism (e.g., fastener members  5527 ). In one embodiment, the torch housing assembly  5504  may include a first transverse housing member  5522  and an opposing, second transverse housing member  5523  that are constructed and arranged to connect the side housing members  5511  and  5513  to each other at their top end portions. For example, the first and second transverse housing members  5522 ,  5523  may be connected to the side housing members  5511  and  5513  using any suitable fastening mechanism (e.g., fastener members  5525 ). 
     In one embodiment, referring to  FIGS. 41-46 , the weld torch  5502  is mounted for movement, by the radial positioning system  5506 , such that the weld tip  5503  is configured to move towards and away from the weld surface  5130 ,  5132  of the pipes  1022   a ,  1022   b . In one embodiment, the one or more processors  5140  are configured to control the one or more weld torch motors  5512  to adjust a radial distance of the weld tip  5503  from within the pipes  1022   a ,  1022   b  to the interface region  5136 . 
     In one embodiment, the one or more processors  5140  are configured to control the one or more weld torch motors  5512  to move the weld tip  5503  radially away from the interface region  5136  after the root pass weld so as to accommodate the weld material deposited in the root pass weld and provide a hot pass weld on top of the root pass weld from within the pipes  1022   a ,  1022   b  (closer to the longitudinal axis A-A). 
     In one embodiment, the one or more processors  5140  that are configured to control the one or more weld torch motors may be part of the wire feed electronics module  5046 . 
     In one embodiment, the radial positioning system  5506  is configured to enable the weld torch  5502  to move radially to track variations in the pipe shape, to adjust the weld tip-to-work piece (e.g., pipe) distance for multiple passes (e.g., root and hot pass weld procedures), and to retract away from the pipes  1022   a ,  1022   b  when the internal weld system is travelling. 
     In one embodiment, the radial positioning system  5506  is configured to provide the weld torch  5502  with a 1.25 inch radial travel. In one embodiment, the weld torch  5502  is moveable by the radial positioning system  5506  between a normal, non-raised configuration and a raised configuration. As shown in  FIG. 43 , the weld torch  5502  has been raised (to its raised configuration) by the radial positioning system  5506  so that the weld torch  5502  is positioned at the correct/desired/predetermined distance from the pipes  1022   a ,  1022   b  for the welding procedure. 
     In one embodiment, the radial positioning system  5506  may include a linear actuator. In one embodiment, the radial positioning system  5506  may include the radial weld torch (electric) motor  5512 , a lead screw  5514 , and a lead nut  5516 . In one embodiment, the motor  5512  is configured (e.g., mechanically connected) to rotate the lead screw  5514 . In one embodiment, the motor  5512  is configured to rotate either clockwise or counter clockwise direction so as to cause the raising or lowering of the weld torch  5502  substantially parallel to the radial axis R-R (as shown in  FIG. 8 ) of the pipes  1022   a ,  1022   b . In one embodiment, the motor  5512  is configured to be directly connected to rotate the lead screw  5514 . In another embodiment, the motor  5512  is configured to be indirectly connected, e.g., through a series of gears or a gearbox, to rotate the lead screw  5514 . 
     In one embodiment, the lead screw  5514  includes threads machined on its outer surface and extending along its length. In one embodiment, the lead nut  5516  is constructed and arranged to be threaded onto the lead screw  5514  and includes complimentary threads machined on its inner surface. 
     In one embodiment, the radial positioning system  5506  includes two front vertical guide rod members  5518  and  5520  that are positioned parallel to and on both sides of the lead screw  5514 . In one embodiment, the front vertical guide rod members  5518  and  5520  are each connected to the base member  5509  of the torch housing assembly  5504  on one end thereof and connected to the first transverse housing member  5522  on the other end thereof. In one embodiment, the end portions of the front vertical guide rod members  5518  and  5520  are received in openings formed in the base member  5509  of the torch housing assembly  5504  to connect the front vertical guide rod members  5518  and  5520  to the base member  5509  of the torch housing assembly  5504 . In one embodiment, the end portions of the front vertical guide rod members  5518  and  5520  are received in openings formed in the first transverse housing member  5522  to connect the front vertical guide rod members  5518  and  5520  to the first transverse housing member  5522 . 
     In one embodiment, an end portion of the lead screw  5514  (that is opposite to its end portion connected to the motor  5512 ) is constructed and arranged to pass through an opening  5534  in the first transverse housing member  5522 . 
     In one embodiment, the radial positioning system  5506  includes two rear vertical guide rod members  5600  and  5602  that are positioned parallel to the lead screw  5514  and the two front vertical guide rod members  5518  and  5520 . In one embodiment, the rear vertical guide rod members  5600  and  5602  are each connected to the base member  5509  of the torch housing assembly  5504  on one end thereof and connected to the second transverse housing member  5523  on the other end thereof. In one embodiment, the end portions of the rear vertical guide rod members  5600  and  5602  are received in openings formed in the base member  5509  of the torch housing assembly  5504  to connect the rear vertical guide rod members  5600  and  5602  to the base member  5509  of the torch housing assembly  5504 . In one embodiment, the end portions of the rear vertical guide rod members  5600  and  5602  are received in openings formed in the second transverse housing member  5523  to connect the rear vertical guide rod members  5600  and  5602  to the second transverse housing member  5523 . 
     In one embodiment, the radial positioning system  5506  also includes a transverse radial positioning member  5524  and two vertical radial positioning members  5526 . In one embodiment, the two vertical radial positioning members  5526  are connected to both end portions of the transverse radial positioning member  5524 . In one embodiment, the transverse radial positioning member  5524  and the two vertical radial positioning members  5526  of the radial positioning system  5506  are configured to be movable during the radial movement of the weld torch  5502 . 
     In one embodiment, the transverse radial positioning member  5524  may have protruding end portions  5528  that are configured to engage with notches or protruding end portions receiving openings  5530  of the two vertical radial positioning members  5526 . In one embodiment, after the protruding end portions  5528  of the transverse radial positioning member  5524  are received in the notches or protruding end portions receiving openings  5530  of the two vertical radial positioning members  5526 , the transverse radial positioning member  5524  and the two vertical radial positioning members  5526  may then be securely connected to each other using any suitable fastening mechanism (e.g., fastener members  5532 ). 
     In one embodiment, the transverse radial positioning member  5524  includes openings to receive the front vertical guide rod members  5518  and  5520  threrethrough. This configuration enables the transverse radial positioning member  5524  to be slidable to adjusted positions on the front vertical guide rod members  5518  and  5520 . In one embodiment, the lead screw  5514  is configured to pass through a central opening  5536  of the transverse radial positioning member  5524 . 
     In one embodiment, the radial positioning system  5506  also includes two rear radial positioning members  5604  and  5606 . In one embodiment, the two vertical radial positioning members  5526  are connected to the two rear radial positioning members  5604  and  5606 . In one embodiment, the two rear radial positioning members  5604  and  5606  and the two vertical radial positioning members  5526  of the radial positioning system  5506  are configured to be movable during the radial movement of the weld torch  5502 . 
     In one embodiment, each rear radial positioning members  5604  and  5606  have end portions that are configured to engage with end portions of its corresponding vertical radial positioning member  5526 . In one embodiment, after the end portions of the rear radial positioning members  5604  and  5606  are engaged with end portions of the two vertical radial positioning members  5526 , each rear radial positioning member  5604  and  5606  may then be securely connected to its corresponding vertical radial positioning member  5526  using any suitable fastening mechanism (e.g., fastener members  5608 ). 
     In one embodiment, the rear radial positioning members  5604  and  5606  include openings to receive the rear vertical guide rod members  5600  and  5602 , respectively threrethrough. This configuration enables the rear radial positioning members  5604  and  5606  to be slidable to adjusted positions on the rear vertical guide rod members  5600  and  5602 . 
     In one embodiment, the lead nut  5516  is configured to interlock with a portion of the transverse radial positioning member  5524  so that the rotation of the lead nut  5516  is prevented along with the lead screw  5514 . That is, the lead nut  5516  is restrained from rotating along with the lead screw  5514 , therefore the lead nut  5516  is configured to travel up and down the lead screw  5514 . In one embodiment, the lead nut  5516  is interlocked and positioned in the central opening  5536  of the transverse radial positioning member  5524 . In one embodiment, the lead screw  5514  is configured to pass through an opening of the interlocked lead nut  5516 . 
     In one embodiment, the two vertical radial positioning members  5526  are connected to each other using a front and a rear transverse support members  5610  and  5612 . For example, the front transverse support member  5610  is constructed and arranged to be connected to the front, and bottom portions of the two vertical radial positioning members  5526  using any suitable fastening mechanism (e.g., fastener members  5614 ). The rear transverse support member  5612  is constructed and arranged to be connected to the rear and bottom portions of the two vertical radial positioning members  5526  using any suitable fastening mechanism (e.g., fastener members  5616 ). 
     In one embodiment, the weld assembly  5500  also includes two vertical positioning members  5538  and a top positioning member  5540 . In one embodiment, the two vertical positioning members  5538  are each connected to end portions of the top positioning member  5540 . In one embodiment, the end portions of the top positioning member  5540  each may have a L-shaped configuration. In one embodiment, corresponding connection portions of the two vertical positioning members  5538  may include complementary shaped configurations that are configured to engage with the L-shaped configurations of the end portions of the top positioning member  5540 . In one embodiment, after the L-shaped configurations of the end portions of the top positioning member  5540  are engaged with the complementary shaped configurations of corresponding connection portions of the two vertical positioning members  5538 , the top positioning member  5540  and the two vertical positioning members  5538  may then be securely connected to each other using any suitable fastening mechanism (e.g., fastener members  5542 ). 
     In one embodiment, the axial positioning system  5508  is configured to enable the weld torch  5502  to move axially to keep the weld torch  5502  in the weld bevel as the weld torch  5502  travels around the pipe and to allow the weld torch  5502  to oscillate within the weld bevel if needed to completely fill the bevel. 
       FIG. 47  shows the weld torch  5502  positioned in a normal, centered axial position. In one embodiment, the axial positioning system  5508  is configured to provide the weld torch  5502  with a +/−1 inch axial travel. For example, as shown in  FIGS. 48 and 49 , the weld torch  5502  has been moved by the axial positioning system  5508  to +1 inch of axial travel and −1 inch of axial travel, respectively so that the weld torch  5502  is positioned at the correct/desired/predetermined distance from the pipe for welding. 
       FIGS. 50 and 51  show a left side perspective view and an exploded view of the weld head assembly  5500 , where some components of the weld head assembly  5500  are not shown for sake of clarity.  FIG. 52  shows a bottom perspective view of the top positioning member  5540  of the weld head assembly.  FIG. 53  shows a top elevational view of the weld head assembly  5500 , where some components of the weld head assembly  5500  are not shown for sake of clarity. 
     In one embodiment, referring to  FIGS. 50-53 , the axial positioning system  5508  may be a linear actuator. In one embodiment, the axial positioning system  5508  may include the axial weld torch (electric) motor  5550 , a lead screw  5552 , and a lead nut  5554 . In one embodiment, the structure, the configuration and the operation of each of the motor  5550 , the lead screw  5552  and the lead nut  5554  of the axial positioning system  5508  is similar to the motor  5512 , the lead screw  5514  and the lead nut  5516  of the radial positioning system  5506  and, hence, will not be described in great detail here. In one embodiment, when the lead screw  5552  is rotated by the motor  5550 , the lead nut  5554  is driven along the threads. 
     In one embodiment, the axial positioning system  5508  includes two horizontal guide rod members  5556  and  5558  that are positioned parallel to and on both sides of the horizontally positioned lead screw  5552 . In one embodiment, each of the horizontal guide rod members  5556  and  5558  are connected to the top positioning member  5540  at both of their ends. In one embodiment, the end portions of the horizontal guide rod members  5556  and  5558  are received in openings formed in the top positioning member  5540  to connect the horizontal guide rod members  5556  and  5558  with the top positioning member  5540 . In one embodiment, at least one end portion of each of the horizontal guide rod members  5556  and  5558  includes a protruding member  5560  that is configured to be received in a corresponding protruding member receiving portion  5562  formed in the opening of the top positioning member  5540  to secure the horizontal guide rod members  5556  and  5558  with the top positioning member  5540 . 
     In one embodiment, the weld head assembly  5500  includes a weld torch frame  5564  that is configured to receive the weld torch  5502  therein. In one embodiment, the weld torch frame  5564  includes three horizontally extending openings  5566 ,  5568 , and  5570  and a vertically extending opening  5572  formed therein. In one embodiment, the horizontal guide rod members  5556  and  5558  are configured to pass through the openings  5566  and  5570  of the weld torch frame  5564 , respectively. In one embodiment, the horizontally positioned lead screw  5552  is configured to pass through the opening  5568  of the weld torch frame  5564 . In one embodiment, the weld torch  5502  is configured to pass through the opening  5572  of the weld torch frame  5564 . In one embodiment, the weld torch frame  5564  may include a support portion  5574  that is configured to support portions of the weld torch  5502 , when the weld torch  5502  is received in the opening  5572  of the weld torch frame  5564 . 
     In one embodiment, a portion  5584  of the weld torch frame  5564  is configured to engage with a portion  5586  of the weld torch  5502  so as to prevent any rotation of the weld torch  5502 , when the weld torch  5502  is received in the opening  5572  of the weld torch frame  5564 . 
     In one embodiment, the motor  5550  is configured (e.g., mechanically connected) to rotate the lead screw  5552 . In one embodiment, the motor  5512  is configured to rotate either clockwise or counter clockwise direction so as to cause the left or right side movement of weld torch  5502  substantially parallel to the axial axis A-A (as shown in  FIG. 8 ) of the pipes  1022   a ,  1022   b . In one embodiment, the motor  5550  is configured to be indirectly connected, e.g., through a series of gears  5576 ,  5578 , and  5580 , to rotate the lead screw  5552 . That is, the motor  5550  comprises an output shaft  5582  and the motor  5550  is operably connected to the lead screw  5552  through the gears  5576 ,  5578 , and  5580  engaging the output shaft  5582  of the motor  5550 . In one embodiment, the gear  5576  is connected to the output shaft  5582  of the motor  5550 , the gear  5580  is connected or attached to the lead screw  5552 , and the gears  5576  and  5580  are coupled to each other via the gear  5578 . By connecting the motor  5550  to the lead screw  5552  through the gears  5576 ,  5578 , and  5580 , the lead screw  5552  turns when the motor  5550  operates. In another embodiment, the motor  5550  is configured to be directly connected (i.e., without the gear arrangement) to rotate the lead screw  5552 . 
     In one embodiment, the lead nut  5554  is configured to interlock with a portion of the weld torch frame  5564  so that the lead nut  5554  is prevented from rotation along with the lead screw  5552 . That is, the lead nut  5554  is restrained from rotating along with the lead screw  5552 , therefore the lead nut  5554  is configured to travel/move side to side (i.e., substantially parallel to the axial direction Y-Y as shown in  FIG. 53 ) with the lead screw  5552 . In one embodiment, the lead nut  5554  is interlocked and positioned in the opening  5568  of the weld torch frame  5564 . In one embodiment, the lead screw  5552  is configured to pass through an opening of the interlocked lead nut  5554 . 
     In one embodiment, the tilt positioning system  5510  is configured to enable the weld torch  5502  to change its tilt angle in the plane of travel to account for changes in the direction of welding relative to the direction of gravity. In one embodiment, the tilt angle of the weld torch  5502  may be changed to accommodate the force of gravity. In one embodiment, the tilt angle of the weld torch  5502  may be adjusted to compensate for different orientation due to gravity. In one embodiment, the angular orientation of the weld torch  5502  is controlled based upon the profile of the interface region. In one embodiment, the tilt angle of the weld torch  5502  may be adjusted based on the on-the-fly weld profile data. In one embodiment, the tilt angle of the weld torch  5502  may be adjusted based on the on-the-fly weld profile data to accommodate and/or compensate for other weld conditions (i.e., not just the force of gravity). 
     Because the weld torch is able to articulate during the weld operation, it is able to take into account gravitational forces acting on the weld pool, as the weld torch rotates about the fixed pipe. Specifically, the angle of the weld torch can change by being operated by the at least one weld torch motor (i.e., the tilt weld torch motor  5588 ), based upon whether the weld is torch it traveling upwardly against the force of gravity, or downwardly with the force of gravity. The one or more motors (e.g., tilt weld torch motor  5588 ) can also change the weld angle within to rotational plane based up the specific location within the upwards or downwards travel of the weld torch. It should be appreciated that because the weld torch can be articulated for some embodiments, it can be better angled to accommodate the force of gravity, and need not be set in a fixed position under the assumption, for example, that it would only be traveling downwardly, with the force of gravity. In some embodiments, as noted above, the present application contemplates that welding can be accomplished while the weld torch is moving upwardly (against the force of gravity) or downwardly (with the force of gravity). In addition, the weld torch can be articulated based on the different rotational position (e.g., a welding operation conducted at 10 degrees from top dead center may ideally slightly different requirements than a weld conducted at 90 degrees from top dead center, due to (for example) gravitational forces applied to the weld pool, as well as the tendency for the weld pool to adhere to the interior surface of the pipe differently at different positions on the pipe to be welded. 
     In one embodiment, the motors  5030  and  5074  that direct the inspection detector  5056  also rotates the weld torch  5502  circumferentially about a rotational plane to create the weld along the interface region  5136 . In one embodiment, the tilt positioning motor  5588  that angularly articulates the weld torch  5502  generally within the rotational plane. In one embodiment, the angular orientation of the weld torch  5502  is controlled based upon the position of the torch. In one embodiment, the weld torch  5502  is configured to pivot along the weld seam about the rotational plane. 
     In one embodiment, the weld torch  5502  may be configured such that the weld torch  5502  may include a different torch tilt angle for each 90° of rotation. For example, in one embodiment, the weld torch  5502  may include a tilt angle 1 when performing the weld procedure in a section boundary 1 from 2 o&#39;clock position to 5 o&#39;clock position, the weld torch  5502  may include a tilt angle 2 when performing the weld procedure in a section boundary 2 from 5 o&#39;clock position to 8 o&#39;clock position, the weld torch  5502  may include a tilt angle 3 when performing the weld procedure in a section boundary 3 from 8 o&#39;clock position to 11 o&#39;clock position, and the weld torch  5502  may include a tilt angle 4 when performing the weld procedure in a section boundary 4 from 11 o&#39;clock position to 2 o&#39;clock position. In one embodiment, the weld torch  5502  may be configured such that the weld torch  5502  may include a different torch tilt angle for each 30° of rotation. In one embodiment, the weld torch  5502  may be configured such that the weld torch  5502  may include a different torch tilt angle for each 60° of rotation. In one embodiment, the weld torch  5502  may be configured such that the weld torch  5502  may include a different torch tilt angle for each 120° of rotation. In one embodiment, the weld torch  5502  may be configured such that the weld torch  5502  may include a different torch tilt angle for any desired degrees of rotation. 
     In one embodiment, the weld torch  5502  may be configured to have a continuously variable torch tilt angle to compensate for or accommodate the continuously changing orientation of the weld torch due to gravity. In one embodiment, the weld torch  5502  may be configured to progressively change the torch tilt angle based upon the position at which the weld torch is (i.e., the position of the weld troch along the circumferential weld). 
       FIG. 54  shows the weld torch  5502  is positioned in a normal, non-tilted position. In one embodiment, the tilt positioning system  5510  is configured to provide the weld torch  5502  with a +/−5° of angular tilt. For example, as shown in  FIGS. 55 and 56 , the weld torch  5502  has been moved by the tilt positioning system  5510  to +5° of angular tilt so that the weld torch  5502  is positioned at the correct/desired/predetermined distance from the pipe for welding. As shown in  FIGS. 57 and 58 , the weld torch  5502  has been moved by the tilt positioning system  5510  to −5° of angular tilt, respectively so that the weld torch  5502  is positioned at the correct/desired/predetermined distance from the pipe for welding. In another embodiment, the tilt positioning system  5510  is configured to provide the weld torch  5502  with a +/−7° of angular tilt. In one embodiment, the tilt positioning system  5510  is configured to provide the weld torch  5502  with less than +/−5° of angular tilt. 
     In one embodiment, a circumferential arc between the pivot point P and a point of impingement PI (as shown in  FIGS. 56 and 58 ) of the inspection beam of radiation upon the interface region remains generally constant during a welding procedure. In one embodiment, the one or more processors  5140  have knowledge of a constant arcuate distance between the pivot point P (e.g., weld tip) and the point of inspection PI, so that the one or more processors  5140  are configured to control the articulation and pivoting movement of the weld torch  5502  based on the pre-weld profile inspection data. 
     The configuration of the weld torch  5502  that enables the weld torch  5502  to pivot about the pivot point P allows the angle of the weld torch  5502  to be changed while welding without affecting the speed at which the weld torch  5502  is travelling. For example, this is especially useful for weld systems with multiple weld torches. In one embodiment, the weld torches will not have their angles changed at the same time, in which case it would be beneficial for a torch&#39;s angle to be changed without any adverse effects on the other weld torches. 
     In one embodiment, the tilt positioning system  5510  includes the tilt weld torch motor  5588 , guide rail members  5544 , and guide rollers  5546 . In one embodiment, the guide rail members  5544  are configured to be engaged with the guide rollers  5546  to facilitate the tilt positioning of the weld torch  5502 . In the illustrated embodiment, the guide rollers  5546  may include two upper and two lower guide rollers. In one embodiment, the tilt positioning system  5510  includes one guide rail member  5544  and its four associated guide rollers  5546  positioned on opposing sides of the weld torch assembly  5500 . 
     In one embodiment, the guide rollers  5546  are constructed and arranged to be connected to their corresponding vertical positioning members  5538 . In one embodiment, each vertical radial positioning member  5526  is configured to be connected with a corresponding guide rail member  5544  using any suitable fastening mechanism (e.g., fastener members  5548 ). This configuration enables each vertical radial positioning member  5526  to be connected to the corresponding vertical positioning members  5538  through the engagement of the corresponding guide rail member  5544  and the guide rollers  5546 . 
     In one embodiment, the motor  5588  is configured (e.g., mechanically connected) to rotate a gear  5590 . In one embodiment, the motor  5588  is configured to rotate either clockwise or counter clockwise direction so as to cause the forward or rearward tilt movement of weld torch  5502 . In one embodiment, the motor  5588  is configured to be connected, e.g., through the gear  5590 , to the guide rail member  5544 . That is, the motor  5588  comprises an output shaft  5592 , and the gear  5590  is connected to the output shaft  5592  of the motor  5588 . By connecting the motor  5588  to the guide rail member  5544  through the gear  5590 , the guide rail  5544  moves when the motor  5588  operates. 
     In one embodiment, the guide rail member  5544  is configured to guide the upper and lower guide rollers  5546 . In one embodiment, the upper and lower guide rollers  5546  are biased against the guide rail member  5544  such that the upper and lower guide rollers  5546  are configured to cause the corresponding vertical positioning member  5538  (connected thereto) to move and thereby enable the weld torch  5502  to change its tilt angle in the plane of travel. 
     In one embodiment, the two opposing vertical positioning members  5538  are connected to each other via the top positioning member  5540  such that the movement in one of the vertical positioning members  5538  (i.e., caused by the motor  5588 ) causes a similar movement in the other of the vertical positioning members  5538 . The configuration of the two horizontal guide rod members  5556  and  5558  being connected to the top positioning member  5540  at both of their ends also facilitates the translation of the movement from one of the vertical positioning members  5538  to the other. 
     The operation of the radial positioning system  5506  is discussed in detail below. When the lead screw  5514  is rotated by the motor  5512 , the lead nut  5516  is driven along the threads. In one embodiment, the direction of motion of the lead nut  5516  depends on the direction of rotation of the lead screw  5514  by the motor  5512 . 
     As the lead nut  5516  is interlocked in the opening  5536  of the transverse radial positioning member  5524 , the transverse radial positioning member  5524  is configured to travel/move (up or down) the lead screw  5514  along with the lead nut  5516 . The slidable engagement between the transverse radial positioning member  5524  and the front vertical guide rod members  5518  and  5520  also facilitate this (up or down) travel/movement of the transverse radial positioning member  5524 . 
     Also, as the transverse radial positioning member  5524  is connected to the two vertical radial positioning members  5526 , the (up or down) movement of the transverse radial positioning member  5524  causes the (up or down) movement of the two vertical radial positioning members  5526 . 
     The two vertical radial positioning members  5526  are also connected to the two rear radial positioning members  5604  and  5606 . The (up or down) movement of the two vertical radial positioning members  5526  causes the (up or down) movement of the two rear radial positioning members  5604  and  5606  on the rear vertical guide rod members  5600  and  5602 . The slidable engagement between the rear radial positioning members  5604  and  5606  and the rear vertical guide rod members  5600  and  5602  also aid the (up or down) travel/movement of the two vertical radial positioning members  5526 . 
     As discussed above, each vertical radial positioning member  5526  is connected with the corresponding vertical positioning members  5538  through the engagement of the corresponding guide rail member  5544  and guide rollers  5546 . Thus, the (up or down) movement of each vertical radial positioning member  5526  also causes the (up or down) movement of its corresponding vertical positioning member  5538 . As the two vertical positioning members  5538  are securely connected to the top positioning member  5540 , the (up or down) movement of the two vertical positioning members  5538  causes the (up or down) movement of the top positioning member  5540 . 
     As the weld torch  5502  is connected to the top positioning member  5540  via the horizontal lead screw  5552 , the two horizontal guide rod members  5556  and  5558  and the weld torch frame  5564 , the (up or down) movement of the top positioning member  5540  also causes the (up or down) movement of the weld torch  5502 . Thus, the weld torch  5502  is mounted for movement, by the radial positioning system  5506 , such that the weld tip  5503  is configured to move towards and away from the weld surface of the pipes  1022   a ,  1022   b.    
     The operation of the axial positioning system  5508  is discussed in detail below. When the lead screw  5552  is rotated by the motor  5550  via the gears  5576 ,  5578  and  5580 , the lead nut  5554  is driven along the threads. In one embodiment, the direction of motion of the lead nut  5554  depends on the direction of rotation of the lead screw  5552  by the motor  5550 . 
     As the lead nut  5554  is interlocked in the opening  5568  of the weld torch frame  5564 , the weld torch frame  5564  is configured to travel/move (side to side) along with the lead nut  5554 . The slidable engagement between the weld torch frame  5564  and the horizontal guide rod members  5556  and  5558  also facilitate this (side to side) travel/movement of the weld torch frame  5564 . The slidable engagement between the two horizontal guide rod members  5556  and  5558  and the weld torch frame  5564  also aid the (side to side) travel/movement of the weld torch frame  5564  (and the weld torch  5502 ). In one embodiment, the amount of the axial movement of the weld torch frame  5564  is restricted by an elongated opening  5594  in the top positioning member  5540 . 
     The operation of the tilt positioning system  5510  is discussed in detail below. When the gear  5590  is rotated by the motor  5588 , the guide rail member  5544  is driven along the teeth. In one embodiment, the direction of motion of the guide rail member  5544  depends on the direction of rotation of the gear  5590  by the motor  5588 . 
     In one embodiment, the upper and lower guide rollers  5546  that are biased against the guide rail  5544  are configured to cause the corresponding vertical positioning member  5538  (connected to the guide rollers  5546 ) to move/tilt. 
     In one embodiment, the configuration of the two opposing vertical positioning members  5538  being connected to each other via the top positioning member  5540  is such that the movement in one of the vertical positioning members  5538  (i.e., caused by the motor  5588 ) causes a similar movement in the other of the vertical positioning members  5538 . The configuration of the two horizontal guide rod members  5556  and  5558  being connected to the top positioning member  5540  at both of their ends also facilitates the translation of the movement from one of the vertical positioning members  5538  to the other. 
     When the vertical positioning members  5538  and the top positioning member  5540  (along with the two horizontal guide rod members  5556  and  5558 ) are moved/titled, this movement enables the weld torch  5502  (connected to the two horizontal guide rod members  5556  and  5558  via the weld torch frame  5564 ) to change the tilt angle of the weld torch  5502  in the plane of travel. 
     As noted herein, the weld torch is mounted for movement in a manner such that when it is driven by the tilt weld torch motor  5588 , it is articulated or pivoted about a point that is at, or slightly in front, the weld torch tip. For example, the weld torch tip may articulate about a point that sits in the weld pool that it creates during a welding operation. As a result, the position of the weld pool will not change relative to a radius drawn to the weld pool, irrespective of the fact that the weld torch may be articulated by the tilt weld torch motor. Thus, arc length between the weld pool and the point at which the radiation beam emitted from the inspection laser impinges upon the inner surface of the pipes to be welded (e.g., at the interface region) remains constant as the orientation motors rotate the weld torch and the inspection laser, irrespective of the articulation of the weld torch by the tilt weld torch motor. And because the speed and the orientation motors are also controlled and known by the one or more processors, the one or more processors can control weld parameters at a particular region of the interface region, knowing the fixed arc length and based on the processor calculating the detected weld profile at the upcoming region in front of the weld tip. In one embodiment, the orientation motors are provided with angular encoders operatively connected to the one or more processors to enable the one or more processors to determine the rotational position of the motors and hence the clamps and pipes as well. In another embodiment, signals from the inspection detector (e.g., inspection laser) are be used to detect movement of the pipe being welded, with such signals being used by the one or more processors, knowing the fixed arc length, to control the torch at the appropriate location corresponding to the determined position of the weld torch. In another embodiment, the point to articulation of the weld torch need not be at the position in front of, or at, the weld tip, and arc length between the weld pool and point of inspection laser beam impingement upon the interface regions need not remain constant. Instead, the one or more processors, receiving positional information of the weld torch tip from the one or more weld torch motors and/or the inspection detector is used to calculate the actual position of the weld tip relative to the pipe in real time (“on the fly”) in order to control the one or more weld torch motors to position the weld torch tip in the desired location based upon the profile data received from the inspection detector. 
     As noted herein, the weld torch is mounted to be moved or driven by the one or more motors in a generally radial direction, along the longitudinal axis of the weld torch tip, either towards or away from the interior surface of the pipe being welded. It should be appreciated that because the longitudinal axis of the weld torch (e.g., through its weld torch tip) is likely not aligned with the radius of the pipe being welded (taken from the central axis) or the radius of the rotatable central hub, due to the fact that the weld torch is typically angled in a forward weld direction (and articulated by the tilt weld torch motor  5588 , when referring to the “radial” movement of the weld torch and its tip towards and away from the interior surface of the pipe (e.g., the interface region), such radial movement is being used in the context described above. For example, such radial movement of the weld torch can be considered to refer to longitudinal movement of the weld torch along the weld torch tip axis. Because the weld torch is mounted for movement by the at least one weld torch motor, and specifically the radial weld torch motor  5512  to enable the torch tip is to move towards and away from the weld surface, the weld tip can be moved further away from the interface region after each weld pass to accommodate for weld material build-up. After the first and second pipe engagement structures are fixed relative to the pipes, the weld torch can be used to complete a full root weld pass, the “root” weld pass being the first weld applied between the pipe ends (e.g., one full 360 degree weld). After the root weld pass is completed, the weld tip can be moved (retracted) slight away from interior surface of the pipes (and in particular away from the weld material of the applied root pass weld) so that the second weld pass (also referred to as the “hot” pass weld can be conducted with the weld tip at an appropriate distance from the root pass weld material. 
     In one embodiment, the one or more processors  5140  operating the motors  5030  and  5074  and the one or more weld torches  5502  to generate a complete circumferential weld along the interface region  5136  by rotating the one or more weld torches  5502  along the interface region  5502  in a single rotational direction until the complete circumferential weld is completed. 
     In one embodiment, the one or more weld torches  5502  include a plurality of weld torches. In one embodiment, at least one of the plurality of weld torches weld in an upwards rotational direction while at least another of the plurality of weld torches and weld in an downwards rotational direction. 
     In one embodiment, the weld tip is configured to be pointing in the weld direction. In one embodiment, the weld torch is always pointing into the direction of travel. That is, basically, the weld tip is pointing generally in the direction of travel. In one embodiment, the weld torch tilt angle is slightly higher when the weld torch  5502  is performing an uphill weld procedure (where the weld torch  5502  is welding in an upwards rotational direction) and the weld torch tilt angle is slightly less performing a downhill weld procedure (where the weld torch  5502  is welding in a downwards rotational direction). 
     In one embodiment, the internal weld system is configured to perform the downhill weld procedure (i.e., weld in the downwards rotational direction) when using a short-arc weld procedure. 
     In one embodiment, when the internal weld system is configured to perform the uphill weld procedure (i.e., weld in the upwards rotational direction), the productivity and the quality of the weld may be improved. In one embodiment, the uphill weld procedure is configured to provide an option to weld both sides of the pipe at the same time instead of the downhill weld procedure being performed on each side in succession. For example, this may a multi-weld torch operation and having multiple weld overlaps. Alternatively, this may provide an option to weld 360° in one, continuous pass to produce a weld with only one overlap. In one embodiment, the requirements of the customer and the size of the pipe may dictate which approach would be used. 
     In one embodiment, unless there is a quality requirement for only having one weld overlap joint, the weld may be performed with as many weld torches as they fit inside the pipe. In one embodiment, the internal weld system  5004  may include four weld torches, six weld torches, or eight weld torches with half of those weld torches performing the weld in the downwards rotational direction and the other half of the weld torches performing the weld in the upwards rotational direction. In one embodiment, the half of those weld torches are configured to perform the clockwise weld procedure and the other half of the weld torches are configured to perform the counterclockwise weld procedure. In one embodiment, four weld torches of the internal weld system  5004  may be positioned 90° apart from each other and are configured to rotate 90° each. In one embodiment, six weld torches of the internal weld system  5004  may be positioned 60° apart from each other and are configured to rotate 60° each. In one embodiment, eight weld torches of the internal weld system  5004  may be positioned 45° apart from each other and are configured to rotate 45° each. In one embodiment, the internal weld system  5004  may include two weld torches positioned 180° apart from each other and are configured to rotate 180° each. In one embodiment, the internal weld system  5004  may include one weld torch that is configured to rotate 360°. 
     The ability to weld upwards as well as in the downwards direction may improve weld operation speed (weld throughput time) and also improve weld quality (by taking into account the gravitational forces at different locations). Also, where multiple weld torches are provided, welding can take place both upwardly and downwardly at the same time (e.g., plural, circumferentially spaced weld torches, moving in the same rotational direction and simultaneously applying weld material), with at least one weld torch moving upwards while at least another moves downwards. This is time efficient, for example, in comparison with welding downhill on each side of the pipe in sequence. Alternatively, in one embodiment, a single weld torch can be used to conduct a single 360-degree weld to provide a continuous weld, with no overlap of weld portions. Such overlap would occur when more than one weld torch is used and the end of each weld seam portion from a trailing weld torch needs to connect with and slightly overlap with the beginning of the weld seam portion applied by a weld torch in front of the trailing weld torch. As a result, for some applications where it may be desired to avoid portions of weld overlap (which make weld pass slightly less uniform at the points of overlap), the continuous 360-degree internal weld can be useful. 
     In one embodiment, the weld torches all point in a forward weld direction. In other words, they are pointed slightly in the weld direction so that the weld torch tip “pushes” the weld, rather than trailing the weld. This is true whether the weld torch is positioned internally, as in some embodiments, or externally as in other embodiments described herein. This is illustrated with respect to internal welder, as shown in  FIG. 56A . In one embodiment, the weld torch tips are pointing at an angle θ (e.g., a “lead angle”) of between 3 degrees to 7 degrees. The lead angle θ is defined as an angle measured between a line (radius) R from the axial center of the pipes being welded to weld torch tip (or the weld pool) as shown in  FIG. 56A  (the line R can also be considered the radius taken from the axial center of the rotational hub  5078  to the torch tip or weld pool), and a line passing through the longitudinal axis A of the weld torch tip. In the illustration of  FIG. 56A , the weld torch is being rotationally moved in a counterclockwise direction, as depicted by the arrow D. That lead angle θ can be changed by operation of the tilt weld torch motor  5588  as the weld torch is moved circumferentially around the interior of pipes by the orientation motor. It is contemplated that the lead angle θ will be slightly higher (e.g., 6 degrees) when the weld torch is traveling upwardly, and slightly lower (e.g., 4 degrees) when traveling downwardly. In addition, in one embodiment, the lead angle θ can change continuously throughout the travel of a particular weld torch. In another embodiment, the pipe can be divided into sectors, with the weld angle θ being changed based on the sector. For example, in considering the full 360 degrees or movement to correspond to the hour hand on a clock, the pipe can be divided into the various o&#39;clock sectors: 2-5, 5-8, 8-11, 11-2. The one or more motors can be operated by the one or more processors to change at the sector boundaries. 
     As will be appreciated from  FIG. 56A , welding is being conducted in an counterclockwise direction in the depiction shown. For welding in a clockwise direction, the one or more processors  5140  sends a signal to the one or more torch motors so that the gear  5590  is rotated and the weld torch  5502  is pivoted (e.g., about point P), such that the axis through the torch (line A) is moved to the opposite side of the radial line R. As such, the angle θ will be negative for clockwise welding. This will enable the weld torch to point in the forwards direction (“pushing” the weld pool) when welding in the clockwise direction. 
     In one embodiment, as shown in  FIGS. 60A-63 , the internal weld system  5004  may include one weld torch WT, a camera C and two inspection detectors L 1  and L 2 . In one embodiment, the weld torch WT and the camera C are separated by a 180° angle. In one embodiment, the angle between the camera and the weld torch WT may vary. 
     In one embodiment, one of the two inspection detectors L 1  and L 2  may be a leading inspection detector that is configured to lead the weld torch WT during the welding procedure and also to provide pre-weld data. In one embodiment, the other of the two inspection detectors L 1  and L 2  may be a trailing inspection detector that is configured to trail the weld torch WT during the welding procedure and to provide post-weld data. 
     In one embodiment, the inspection detector L 1  and the weld torch WT are separated by a 20° angle. In one embodiment, the inspection detector L 2  and the weld torch WT are separated by a 20° angle. In one embodiment, the angle between the inspection detector L 2  and the weld torch WT and the angle between the inspection detector L 1  and the weld torch WT may vary. 
     In one embodiment, the angle between the inspection detector L 2  and the weld torch WT and the angle between the inspection detector L 1  and the weld torch WT may be adjustable. For example, in one embodiment, when L 1  is a leading inspection detector, then the angle between the inspection detector L 1  and the weld torch WT is 20° or less and the angle between the trailing inspection detector L 2  and the weld torch WT is more than 20°. In one embodiment, when L 2  is a leading inspection detector, then the angle between the inspection detector L 2  and the weld torch WT is 20° or less and the angle between the trailing inspection detector L 1  and the weld torch WT is more than 20°. 
     In one embodiment, as shown in  FIG. 60A , the inspection detector L 1  is positioned at its start position. In one embodiment, referring to  FIG. 60B , the weld torch WT starts the welding procedure when the weld torch WT is positioned at Start WT  In one embodiment, the weld torch WT is configured to travel in a clockwise direction (as indicated by arrow T 1 ) during the welding procedure. In one embodiment, referring to  FIG. 61 , the weld torch WT ends the welding procedure when the weld torch WT reaches Stop WT . In one embodiment, a weld bead WB 1  formed by the weld torch WT as it travels from Start WT  to Stop WT  in the clockwise direction indicated by the arrow T 1 . In one embodiment, as shown in  FIGS. 60B and 61 , the torch WT follows the inspection detector L 1  during its travel from Start WT  to Stop WT  in the clockwise direction indicated by the arrow T 1 . After the welding procedure, the weld torch WT is moved in a counter clockwise direction (i.e., opposite to the direction of the arrow T 1 ) such that the inspection detector L 2  is positioned back at its start position, Start WT . 
     In one embodiment, referring to  FIG. 62 , the weld torch WT starts the welding procedure when the weld torch WT is positioned at Start WT . In one embodiment, the weld torch WT is configured to travel in a counterclockwise direction (as indicated by arrow T 2 ) during the welding procedure. In one embodiment, referring to  FIG. 63 , the weld torch WT ends the welding procedure when the weld torch WT reaches Stop WT . In one embodiment, a weld bead WB 2  formed by the weld torch WT as it travels from Start WT  to Stop WT  in the counterclockwise direction indicated by the arrow T 2 . In one embodiment, as shown in  FIGS. 62-63 , the torch WT follows the inspection detector L 2  during its travel from Start WT  to Stop WT  in the counterclockwise direction indicated by the arrow T 2 . After the welding procedure, the weld torch WT is moved in a clockwise direction (i.e., opposite to the direction of the arrow T 2 ) such that the laser L 1  is positioned back at its start position, Start WT . 
     In one embodiment, as shown in  FIGS. 64-69 , the internal weld system  5004  may include two weld torches WT 1  and WT 2 , a camera C and one inspection detector L. In one embodiment, the inspection detector L and the weld torch WT 1  are separated by a 20° angle. In one embodiment, the inspection detector L and the weld torch WT 2  are separated by a 20° angle. In one embodiment, the inspection detector L and the camera C are separated by a 180° angle. 
     In one embodiment, as shown in  FIG. 64 , the inspection detector L is positioned at its start position. In one embodiment, referring to  FIG. 65 , the weld torch WT 1  starts the welding procedure when the weld torch WT 1  is positioned at Start WT1  In one embodiment, the weld torch WT 1  is configured to travel in a clockwise direction (as indicated by arrow T 1 ) during the welding procedure. In one embodiment, referring to  FIG. 66 , the weld torch WT 1  ends the welding procedure when the weld torch WT 1  reaches Stop WT1 . In one embodiment, as shown in  FIG. 66 , a weld bead WB WT1  is formed by the weld torch WT 1  as it travels from Start WT1  to Stop WT1  in the clockwise direction indicated by the arrow T 1 . In one embodiment, as shown in  FIGS. 64-66 , the torch WT 1  follows the inspection detector L during its travel from Start WT1  to Stop WT1  in the clockwise direction indicated by the arrow T 1 . After the welding procedure, the weld torch WT 1  is moved in a counter clockwise direction (i.e., opposite to the direction of the arrow T 1 ) such that the inspection detector L is positioned back at its start position as shown in  FIG. 67 . 
     In one embodiment, referring to  FIG. 68 , the weld torch WT 2  starts the welding procedure when the weld torch WT 2  is positioned at Start WT2 . In one embodiment, the weld torch WT 2  is configured to travel in a counterclockwise direction (as indicated by arrow T 2 ) during the welding procedure. In one embodiment, referring to  FIG. 69 , the weld torch WT 2  ends the welding procedure when the weld torch WT 2  reaches Stop WT2 . In one embodiment, a weld bead WB WT2  is formed by the weld torch WT 2  as it travels from Start WT2  to Stop WT2  in the counterclockwise direction indicated by the arrow T 2  as shown in  FIG. 69 . In one embodiment, as shown in  FIGS. 68-69 , the torch WT 2  follows the inspection detector L during its travel from Start WT2  to Stop WT2  in the counterclockwise direction indicated by the arrow T 2 . After the welding procedure, the weld torch WT 2  is moved in a clockwise direction (i.e., opposite to the direction of the arrow T 2 ) such that the inspection detector L is positioned back at its start position as shown in  FIGS. 64 and 67 . 
     In one embodiment, the internal weld system  5004  may include one weld torch and one inspection detector. In one embodiment, the angle between the inspection detector and the weld torch may be 20° or less. In one embodiment, the inspection detector and the weld torch may be separated by an arc length AL (as shown in  FIG. 64 ) of 3 inches. In one embodiment, the inspection detector and the weld torch may be separated by an arc length AL of 4 inches. In one embodiment, the angle between the inspection detector and the weld torch is 19°. In one embodiment, the angle between the inspection detector and the weld torch is 16°. In one embodiment, the angle between the inspection detector and the weld torch is 14°. In one embodiment, the angle between the inspection detector and the weld torch is 12°. 
       FIG. 70  shows a schematic diagram showing the flow of compressed air through the internal weld system  5004 , where some components of the internal weld system  5004  are not shown for sake of clarity and to better illustrate the other components and/or features of the internal weld system  5004 . 
     Referring to  FIG. 70 , the compressed air tank  5128 , the brake cylinder  5133 , the drive wheel cylinder  5137 , brake valve  5190  and drive wheel valve  5192  are shown in the drive section  5010  of the internal weld system  5004 . The rear rotary union  5072 , the rear clamp control valve  5062 , the rear clamp  5144  and the front clamp  5142  are shown in the center section  5008  of the internal weld system  5004 . The front rotary union  5032  and the front clamp control valve  5018  are shown in the forward-most section  5006  of the internal weld system  5004 . 
     In one embodiment, the compressed air tank  5128  has two separate fluid communication lines connected via a valve  5113 . In one embodiment, the compressed air tank  5128  is in fluid communication through fluid communication lines with the brake valve  5190  (and the brake cylinder  5133 ), the drive wheel valve  5192  (and the drive wheel cylinder  5137 ), the rear clamp control valve  5062  (and the rear clamp  5144 ), the rear rotary union  5072 , the front rotary union  5032 , the front clamp control valve  5018  (and the front clamp  5142 ), and the compressor  5029 . 
     The compressed air stored in the compressed air tank  5128  is sent through the fluid line to a valve  5194 . A portion of the compressed air received by the valve  5194  is sent to the brake valve  5190  and the remaining portion of the compressed air received by the valve  5194  is sent to a valve  5196 . The brake valve  5190  is in fluid communication through lines  5198  and  5199  with the brake cylinder  5133 . In one embodiment, the brake valve  5190  is configured to supply the compressed air to actuate the brake cylinder  5133 , when it receives signals from the drive section electronics module  5118 . The compressed air operates the brake cylinder  5133  which through its operation provides a brake force to the drive rollers  5122 . In one embodiment, the brake cylinder  5133  and the brake valve  5190  may be referred to as a brake system that is configured to secure the frame of the internal weld system  5004  from movement at a desired location within the pipes  1022   a ,  1022   b . In one embodiment, the brake system that is configured to secure the frame of the internal weld system  5004  from movement at a desired location within the pipes  1022   a ,  1022   b  may include a wheel/roller lock. In one embodiment, the wheel/roller lock is configured to prevent the one or more of the rollers  5122  to secure the frame of the internal weld system  5004  from movement. In one embodiment, the brake system may also include a motor lock. In one embodiment, the motor lock is configured to prevent the rotation of the drive motors  5124  that drive the rollers  5122  for the locomotion of the frame of the internal weld system  5004 . 
     A portion of the compressed air received by the valve  5196  is sent to the drive wheel valve  5192  and the remaining portion of the compressed air received by the valve  5196  is sent to a valve  5198 . The drive wheel valve  5192  is in fluid communication through lines  5200  and  5201  with the drive wheel cylinder  5137 . In one embodiment, the drive wheel valve  5192  is configured to supply the compressed air to actuate the drive wheel cylinder  5137 , when it receives signals from the drive section electronics module  5118 . The compressed air operates the drive wheel cylinder  5137  which through its operation provides a drive force to the drive rollers  5122 . In one embodiment, the drive wheel cylinder  5137  may be operatively connected to an axle having the drive rollers  5122  thereon. In one embodiment, the drive wheel cylinder  5137  may be operatively connected to the axle via one or more gear arrangements. 
     In one embodiment, both the drive wheel cylinder  5137  and the brake cylinder  5133  are retracted when loading the internal weld system  5004  into the pipes. In one embodiment, the drive wheel cylinder  5137  is retracted only when the internal weld system  5004  is taken out of the pipes. In one embodiment, the drive wheel cylinder  5137  is extended to accelerate or decelerate (the travel of) the internal weld system  5004  in the pipes 
     A portion of the compressed air received by the valve  5198  is sent to the rear rotary union  5072  and the remaining portion of the compressed air received by the valve  5198  is sent to the rear clamp control valve  5062 . The rear clamp control valve  5062  is in fluid communication through lines  5202  and  5203  with the rear clamp  5144 . In one embodiment, the fluid communication line  5202  is used for the extension of the clamps  5144  and the fluid communication line  5203  is used for the retraction of the clamps  5144 . In one embodiment, the rear clamp control valve  5062  is configured to supply the compressed air to actuate and operate the rear clamp  5144 , when it receives signals from the center section electronics module  5064 . 
     The compressed air output by the rear rotary union  5072  is sent to the front rotary union  5032 . The compressed air output by the front rotary union  5032  is sent to a valve  5204 . A portion of the compressed air received by the valve  5204  is sent to the front clamp control valve  5018  and the remaining portion of the compressed air received by the valve  5204  is sent to the compressor  5029 . In one embodiment, the compressor  5029  is configured to recharge the system (e.g., fill the tank with compressed air) using the received compressed air. 
     The front clamp control valve  5018  is in fluid communication through lines  5206  and  5207  with the front clamp  5142 . In one embodiment, the fluid communication line  5206  is used for the extension of the front clamp  5142  and the fluid communication line  5207  is used for the retraction of the front clamp  5142 . In one embodiment, the front clamp control valve  5018  is configured to supply the compressed air to actuate and operate the front clamp  5142 , when it receives signals from the forward-most electronics module  5014 . 
       FIG. 71  shows a schematic diagram showing the flow of power including weld power, communication data, and controls data through the internal weld system  5004 , where some components of the internal weld system  5004  are not shown for sake of clarity and to better illustrate the other components and/or features of the internal weld system  5004 . 
     Referring to  FIG. 71 , the forward-most electronics module  5014 , the front rotation motor  5030 , the front position sensor  5022 , the front clamp control valve  5018 , the front slip ring  5016 , the wire feed electronics module  5046  of the wire feed assembly  5020 , the wire feed systems  5044 , and the shield gas control valve  5042  are shown in the forward-most section  5006  of the internal weld system  5004 . The rotatable hub  5078 , the weld torches  5502 , the inspection detectors  5056 , the inspection camera  5112 , the front clamp  5142  and the rear clamp  5144 , the rear slip ring  5080 , the center section electronics module  5064 , the rear position sensor  5076 , the rear clamp control valve  5062 , and the rear rotation motor  5074  are shown in the center section  5008  of the internal weld system  5004 . The batteries  5116 , the drive section electronics module  5118 , the brake valve  5190 , the drive wheel valve  5192 , and the drive motors  5124  are shown in the drive section  5010  of the internal weld system  5004 . 
     In one embodiment, the weld power is received by the internal weld system  5004  from the umbilical  5034 . In one embodiment, the weld power, from the umbilical  5034 , is supplied to the weld torches  5502  via the front slip ring  5016 . 
     In one embodiment, the batteries  5116  of the drive section  5010  are configured to supply the power to all the electronics modules in the internal weld system  5004 , including the forward-most electronics module  5014 , the wire feed electronics module  5046 , the center section electronics module  5064  and the drive section electronics module  5118 . In one embodiment, the batteries  5116  of the drive section  5010  are configured to supply the power to all the electric drive motors in the internal weld system  5004 , including the front rotation motor  5030 , the motors of the wire feed systems  5044 , the rear rotation motor  5074 , the drive motors  5124 , the axial weld torch motor  5550 , the radial weld torch motor  5512 , and the tilt weld torch motor  5588 . 
     In one embodiment, the power of the batteries  5116  is directly supplied to the rear slip ring  5080 , the center section electronics module  5064  and the drive section electronics module  5118 . In one embodiment, the power of the batteries  5116  is supplied to the front slip ring  5016  via the rear slip ring  5080 . That is, the power of the batteries  5116  transfers from the rear slip ring  5080  to the front slip ring  5016 . In one embodiment, the power from the batteries  5116  is supplied from the front slip ring  5016  to the forward-most electronics module  5014  and the wire feed electronics module  5046 . 
     In one embodiment, the power of the batteries  5116  is supplied from the forward-most electronics module  5014  to the front rotation motor  5030  and from the wire feed electronics module  5046  to the motors of the wire feed systems  5044 . In one embodiment, the power of the batteries  5116  is supplied from the center section electronics module  5064  to the rear rotation motor  5074 . In one embodiment, the power of the batteries  5116  is supplied from the drive section electronics module  5118  to the drive motors  5124 . In one embodiment, the power of the batteries  5116  is supplied from the wire feed electronics module  5046  to the axial weld torch motor  5550 , the radial weld torch motor  5512 , and the tilt weld torch motor  5588 . 
     In one embodiment, the batteries  5116  are also configured to supply the power to the inspection camera  5112  and the inspection detectors  5056 . For example, the power of the batteries  5116  is supplied from the wire feed electronics module  5046  to the inspection camera  5112  and the inspection detectors  5056 . 
     In one embodiment, the batteries  5116  are also configured to supply the power to the front position sensor  5022  and the rear position sensor  5076 . For example, the power of the batteries  5116  is supplied from the forward-most electronics module  5014  to the front position sensor  5022  and from the center section electronics module  5064  to the rear position sensor  5076 . 
     In one embodiment, the batteries  5116  are also configured to supply the power to the front clamp control valve  5018 , the shield gas control valve  5042 , the rear clamp control valve  5062 , the brake valve  5190 , and the drive wheel valve  5192 . For example, the power of the batteries  5116  is supplied from the forward-most electronics module  5014  to the front clamp control valve  5018 , from the wire feed electronics module  5046  to the shield gas control valve  5042 , from the center section electronics module  5064  to the rear clamp control valve  5062 , and from the drive section electronics module  5118  to the brake valve  5190 , and the drive wheel valve  5192 . 
     In one embodiment, the internal weld system  5004  is configured to receive and send communication signals via the umbilical  5034  to the external computer system (e.g., have one or more processors). In one embodiment, a received communication signal may travel from the umbilical  5034  to the forward-most electronics module  5014 , then to the wire feed electronics module  5046  via the front slip ring  5016 , then to the center section electronics module  5064  via the rear slip ring  5080 , and then to the drive section electronics module  5118 . 
     In one embodiment, a communication signal may travel (in the opposite direction to the received signal) from the drive section electronics module  5118 , then to the center section electronics module  5064 , then to the wire feed electronics module  5046  via the rear slip ring  5080 , then to the forward-most electronics module  5014  via the front slip ring  5016 , and to the umbilical (and to the external computer system having one or more processors). 
     In one or more embodiments describe herein, and as may be appreciated from  FIG. 71 , the one or more processors  5140  are operatively associated with inspection detector  5056 , e.g., inspection laser (or optionally plural inspection detectors  5056  where more than one is provided) through a hardwired communication line or lines  5056   a  that transmits signals from the inspection laser  5056  to the one or more processors  5140 . The hardwired communication line has (i) a movable portion  5056   b  that moves with inspection detector(s)  5056  while the inspection laser directs the inspection beam along the interface region, and (ii) a stationary portion  5056   c  that remains fixed during movement of the movable portion  5056   b . The system further comprises the previously described front slip ring  5016  (which can be, from one perspective, considered part of the hardwired communication line) that provides an interface between a section of the movable portion  5056   b  and a section of the fixed portion  5056   c  of the communication line to enable the signals to pass from the movable portion  5056   b  to the stationary portion  5056   c.    
     It should be appreciated that the hardwired communication line or lines  5056   a  (including the movable and stationary portions thereof) are also configured (or alternatively configured if wireless communications are provided for the inspection detectors  5056  to communicate with the one or more processors) to transmit power to the inspection detectors  5056  through the slip ring  5016 . 
     The slip ring  5016  comprises an outer stator  5016   a  and an inner rotor  5016   b  (see  FIG. 26 ). The inner rotor  5016   b  and stator  5016   a  have a bearing  5016   k  therebetween. The stator  5016   a  is fixedly mounted with respect to the center frame  5068  (see  FIGS. 23 and 24 ), while the rotor  5016   b  is connected with the rotatable hub  5078  at its central axis (e.g., see  FIG. 24 ). The rotor  5016   b  is rotated along with the rotatable hub  5078  when the hub is driven for rotation. The stator  5016   a  is connected with the stationary portion  5056   c  of the hardwire communication line, and rotor  5016   b  connected with the movable portion  5056   b  of the hardwire communication line, as shown in  FIG. 26 . As seen in  FIG. 26 , the rotor  5016   b  of the front slip ring  5016  has a hollow cylindrical configuration, with a central passage  5016   d  therethrough. The passage  5016   d  allow the passage of other conduits or lines therethrough, and specifically, for example, pneumatic lines from the front rotary union (such as external compressed air lines that will be communicated to compressed air tank  5128 ). 
     As can be appreciated, the hardwiring between the inspection detector  5056  and the one or more processors  5140  can, in some embodiments, travel through other components as well. For example, as shown in  FIG. 71 , the communication line from the inspection detector  5056  may travel through the wire feed electronics  5046  before being received by the slip ring  5016 . 
     The slip ring  5016  permits the movable portion  5056   b  of the communication line to move with rotatable hub  5078 , as the hub  5078  rotates during a scanning operation of the inspection detector  5056 , during a pre-weld scan of the interface region between the pipes prior to a welding operation, as well as during the on-the-fly scan of the interface region between the pipes during a welding operation. 
     It should also be appreciated that the slip ring  5016  is further configured to couple the communication connection between the one or more processors  5140  and the inspection camera  5112 , as well as provide power to the inspection camera  5112 . This can be done through the same hardwired communication line or lines  5056   a  The one or more processors  5140  are configured to receive camera inspection data from the inspection camera  5112  prior to, subsequent to, or during a weld operation. The movable portion  5056   b  moves with the camera (and rotatable hub  5078 ) while the camera scans the interface region, and stationary portion  5056   c  remains fixed during movement of the movable portion  5056   b  that communicates with the camera  5112 . 
     It should further be appreciated that the same slip ring  5016  (and/or slip ring  5080 ) are configured to communicate power to other components that may rotate with the rotatable hub  5078 . For example, as illustrated in  FIG. 35B , weld power lines  5502   k  for providing weld power to the weld torches  5502 , and power and command lines  5550   k  for controlling and powering the one or more weld torch motors  5550 ,  5512 ,  5588  for controlling the weld torch are all lines that are configured to pass through slip ring  5016 . For example, for illustrative purposes in  FIGS. 26 and 35B , the stationary portion of the hardware power line for the weld power line  5502   k  is labeled as  5112   c  and the movable portion of the weld power line is labeled as  5112   b . It can be appreciated that they could alternatively be represented by showing additional lines into the same slip ring  5016 , or shown in connection with a separate slip ring. 
     Similarly, a hardwired communication line  5550   k  can be provided through slip ring  5016  to provide command (and control), as well as power to the torch motors  5550 ,  5512 ,  5588 . For sake of simplicity sake, and without the need for redundancy, the movable portion  5550   m  is of this hardwired line  5550   k  is shown in  FIG. 35B , but not shown in  FIG. 26 . It should be appreciated that this  FIG. 26 , as well as  FIG. 71 , are used to illustrate how slip ring  5016  (or another slip ring) can be used to transmit power and communication to the weld torches  5502  as the weld torches are rotated with the rotatable hub  5078 , and as they are powered and controlled to create a weld during a welding operation. 
     As shown in  FIG. 35B  (and several other figures), the rotatable hub  5078  has a generally hollow cylindrical portion  5078   a . The middle of the cylindrical portion, at a region that is generally axially aligned with the weld torches, lasers and camera, has a plurality of openings or slots  5078   b  therethrough. The openings  5078   b  allow the movable power lines and communication lines from the slip ring  5016  (and optionally from slip ring  5080 ) to pass radially outwardly from the interior  5078   c  of the rotatable hub  5078  to the exterior of the hub  5078  for connection with the weld torches, lasers, and camera. 
     It should be appreciated that while the rotatable hub  5078  shown and described herein has a generally cylindrical configuration, the hub can be of a different shape. The rotatable hub can be of any tubular shape (e.g., with a hollow square or triangular configuration, just for example). In addition, the rotatable hub can also be interchangeably termed a “rotatable frame.” 
     As shown and described above, the inspection detector  5056  is mounted on the exterior of the tubular hub, the tubular hub having opposite ends and a radial opening  5078   b  between the ends. The movable portion  5056   b  of the power and communication lines extending from the front slip ring  5016  and wire feed electronics module  5046  extends through the interior  5078   c  of the tubular hub  5078 , through the radial opening  5078   b , and connected with the one or more inspection detectors  5056 . 
     As can also be appreciated from  FIGS. 24 and 35B , a pneumatic line  5032   a  carrying shield gas (an inert gas) passes through the rear rotary union  5072 , through the opening  5080   d  in the slip ring, and travels through the hollow interior  5078   c  of the rotatable hub  5078  to one of the shield gas valves  5042  (see  FIG. 72 ), the valves being mounted in the wire feed electronics module  5046  (see  FIG. 71 ) which is mounted on the rotatable hub  5078  for rotation therewith. The pneumatic line  5032   a , which is a movable line that moves with the rotation of the rotatable hub  5078 , after connecting with the shield gas valves  5042 , doubles back and again extends through the hollow interior  5078   c  of the rotatable hub  5078  (thus two lines  5032   a  are shown in  FIG. 24 ). The pneumatic line  5032   a  passes through one or more of the openings  5078   b  so as to be directed into the vicinity of the tip of the weld torch  5502 . The pneumatic line  5032   a  shown in  FIG. 35B  comprise movable portions of the pneumatic line that will rotate with rotation of the rotatable hub.  5078 . 
       FIG. 25  is a partial sectional view of the front rotary union  5032 , which is essentially of the same construction of the rear rotary union  5072 . The front rotary union  5032  is used to communicate compressed air from an external source  5029  to an on-board compressed air tank  5128 . The front rotary union comprises a stator  5032   d  and a rotor  5032   e . The rotor  5032   e  is mounted on the stator  5032   d  by ball bearings  5032   f . The stator  5032   d  is fixed relative to the center frame  5068 , and the rotor  5032   e  is coupled to the movable portion  5072   d  of the pneumatic line, the opposite end of movable portion  5072   d  connecting with the rotor or the rear rotary union  5072 . The movable portion  5072   d  of the pneumatic line passes through the central passage  5016   d  of the slip ring  5016  so as to be introduced into the interior  5078   c  of the rotatable hub  5078  and then to the rotor of the rear rotary union  5072 . 
     It should be appreciated that while front slip ring  5016  is illustrated in  FIG. 26  and the front rotary union  5032  is illustrated in  FIG. 25 , the same configurations for each will apply to the rear rotary union  5072  and the rear slip ring  5080 . 
     The manner in which the movable portion of the pneumatic line passes through the central passage  5016   d  of slip ring  5016  can be further appreciated from the cross sectional view of  FIG. 24 , which illustrates this attribute in the context of how this applies to the rear slip ring  5080  and rear rotary union  5072 . Specifically, the rear rotary union  5072  has an outer stator  5072   a  and an inner rotor  5072   b . The rotor  5072   b  receives compressed air from a rotatable pneumatic supply line  5072   d  (See  FIGS. 24 and 70 ; it should be appreciated that  FIG. 70  is a schematic drawings and the line  5072   d  is drawn schematically in  FIG. 70 , but passes through the interior  5078   c  of the rotatable hub as shown in  FIG. 24 ). The rotatable supply line  5072   d  is connected at its opposite end to the rotor of the front rotary union  5032 . Specifically, the external supply tank  5029  first passes the compressed gas through the stator of the front rotary union  5032  and then exits out through the rotor of the front rotary union  5032 . The front rotary union  5032  has its rotor operatively connected with the rotatable hub  5078  so as to be rotatable together. The rotatable supply line  5072   d  passes from the rotor of the front rotary union  5032  to the rotor  5072   b  of the rear rotary union  5072 . The compressed air passed through the stator  5072   a  of the rear rotary union to a stationary pneumatic supply line  5072   f  extending therefrom. The fixed pneumatic supply line  5072   f  is connected through valves to the compressed air tank  5128 , which receives compressed air from the external supply tank  5029  periodically, when tank  5128  is depleted. As seen in  FIG. 24 , the rotatable supply line  5072   d  passes from the rotor  5072   b  through the central opening  5080   d  in the rear slip ring  5080 . The movable pneumatic supply line  5072   d  then passes through the through passage  5078   c  within the rotatable hub  5078  for connection with the front rotary union  5032 . 
     As can be seen in  FIG. 24 , the rear slip ring  5080  has an inner rotor  5080   r , an outer stator  5080   s , and a bearing  5080   m  therebetween. 
     As can also be appreciated from  FIGS. 24, 72 , the rear rotary union  5072  also has another stationary line  5072   g  that receives shield gas from the shield gas tanks  5262  to be described in greater detail later. The shield gas passes from the stator  5072   a  to the rotor  5072   b , and then out from the rotor through the movable pneumatic line  5032   a . The movable pneumatic line  5032   a  passes through the opening  5080   d  in the slip ring and into passage  5078   c . The pneumatic line  5032   a  moves with the rotation of the rotatable hub  5078 . The opposite end of the pneumatic line  5032   a  connects with the shield gas valves  5042  and then doubles back (hence two lines  5032   a  shown in  FIG. 24 ) and passes to weld torches  5502 . In traveling to the weld torches  5502 , the movable pneumatic line  5032   a  passes through the openings  5078   b  in the rotatable hub  5078 , as can be appreciated from  FIG. 72 . 
     Although not described in detail here, it should be appreciated that the provision of the shield gas through the rear rotary union  5072  will also apply to passage of purge gas from purge gas tanks  7070  through rear rotary union  7072  as shown in  FIG. 94  described later. 
     In  FIG. 25 , the front rotary union  5032  is illustrated as having two inlet and outlet ports. As shown, only one of the ports for communicating compressed air through pneumatic line (stationary portion  5032   c  and movable portion  5072   d ) is used. The other ports are not functional for the front rotary union, but both ports will be used for the rear rotary union  5072  as will be appreciated from the above description. 
     It should also be appreciated, that in some embodiments, wireless communication may be provided to/from the inspection detector, camera and/or weld torch, in which case the use of a slip ring for certain functionality can be by passed. 
     In one embodiment, the communications signals may not traverse the entire communication path between the umbilical  5034  and the drive section electronics module  5118  and may travel between specific devices/modules of the communication path. 
     In one embodiment, all the electronics modules in the internal weld system  5004 , including the forward-most electronics module  5014 , the wire feed electronics module  5046 , the center section electronics module  5064  and the drive section electronics module  5118  may each include a memory, a secondary storage device, and one or more processors configured to perform system controls. In one embodiment, all the electronics modules in the internal weld system  5004  may be configured to receive, process, store, retrieve and transmit signals (sensor or control) and data. In one embodiment, these electronics modules may contain other components. For example, various circuitry such as, for example, power supply circuitry, signal conditioning circuitry, solenoid driver circuitry, and/or any other circuitry that is known in the art may be incorporated in the electronics modules. In one embodiment, all the electronics modules in the internal weld system  5004  may be configured to transmit control signals that are used to direct the operation of the devices operatively connected thereto and receive data or other signals (sensor) from the devices operatively connected thereto. 
     For example, the forward-most electronics module  5014  is operatively coupled to the front rotation motor  5030 , the front position sensor  5022 , and the front clamp control valve  5018 . In one embodiment, the forward-most electronics module  5014  is configured to transmit control signals to control the operation of the front rotation motor  5030  and the front clamp control valve  5018  and receive sensor signals from the front position sensor  5022 . 
     In one embodiment, the wire feed electronics module  5046  is operatively coupled to the shield gas control valve  5042 , the motors of the wire feed systems  5044 , the axial weld torch motor  5550 , the radial weld torch motor  5512 , and the tilt weld torch motor  5588 . In one embodiment, the wire feed electronics module  5046  is configured to transmit control signals to control the operation of the shield gas control valve  5042 , the motors of the wire feed systems  5044 , the axial weld torch motor  5550 , the radial weld torch motor  5512 , and the tilt weld torch motor  5588 . 
     In one embodiment, the center section electronics module  5064  is operatively coupled to the rear rotation motor  5074 , the rear position sensor  5076 , and the rear clamp control valve  5062 . In one embodiment, the center section electronics module  5064  is configured to transmit control signals to control the operation of the rear rotation motor  5074  and rear clamp control valve  5062 , and receive sensor signals from the rear position sensor  5076 . 
     In one embodiment, the drive section electronics module  5118  is operatively coupled to the drive motors  5124 , the brake valve  5190 , and the drive wheel valve  5192 . In one embodiment, the drive section electronics module  5118  is configured to transmit control signals to control the operation of the drive motors  5124 , the brake valve  5190 , and the drive wheel valve  5192 . 
       FIG. 72  shows a schematic diagram showing the flow of shield gas through the internal weld system  5004 , where some components of the internal weld system  5004  are not shown for sake of clarity and to better illustrate the other components and/or features of the internal weld system  5004 . 
     In one embodiment, an inert/shield gas supply line is configured to direct inert/shield gas from the inert/shield gas source  5262  to a region between the first and second clamps  5142 ,  5144 , and towards a region in a vicinity of the weld tip  5503  of the weld torch  5502 , to reduce oxygen in the vicinity of the weld tip  5503  during a welding operation. 
     Referring to  FIG. 72 , the shield gas tanks  5262  are shown in the drive section  5010  of the internal weld system  5004 . In one embodiment, a high pressure regulator  5264  may be positioned in the drive section  5010  of the internal weld system  5004 . In one embodiment, the high pressure regulator  5264  may be positioned in the center section  5008  of the internal weld system  5004 . In one embodiment, the rear rotary union  5072 , the welding torches  5502 , the rotatable hub  5078 , the front and rear clamps  5142 ,  5144 , and the front and rear clamps  5142  and  5144  are shown in the center section  5008  of the internal weld system  5004 . In one embodiment, the front and rear seals  5146  and  5148  may be positioned in the center section  5008  of the internal weld system  5004 . The shield gas valves  5042  are shown in the forward-most section  5006  of the internal weld system  5004 . 
     In one embodiment, the shield gas tanks  5262  are configured to be maintained at a pressure of 500-2400 psi. The shield gas tanks  5262  are in fluid communication through fluid communication lines with the rear rotary union  5072 . In one embodiment, the shield gas tanks  5262  are in fluid communication with the rear rotary union  5072  via a valve  5266  and the high pressure regulator  5264 . In one embodiment, the high pressure regulator  5264  is configured to automatically cut off the flow of the purge gas at a pressure of 75 psi. That is, the high pressure regulator  5264  is typically set to reduce the pressure in the shield gas tanks  5262  to about 75 psi in the fluid communication line downstream of the high pressure regulator  5264 , and from the rear rotary union  5072  to the shield gas valves  5042 . 
     In one embodiment, the rear rotary union  5072  is in fluid communication through fluid communication lines with the shield valves  5042 . In one embodiment, the shield gas stored in the shield gas tanks  5262  is sent through the fluid communication lines to the rear rotary union  5072 , and then through the fluid communication lines from the rear rotary union  5072  to the shield gas valves  5042 . In one embodiment, each shield gas control valve  5042  is configured to control the flow of the shield gas to the corresponding weld torch  5502  through a shield gas line  5268 . In one embodiment, each weld torch  5502  has a corresponding shield gas control valve  5042  connected to it. In one embodiment, the shield gas control valve  5042  is operatively connected to receive control signals from the wire feed electronics module  5046 . In one embodiment, the shield gas control valve  5042  is configured to supply the shield gas to the corresponding weld torch, when it receives signals from the wire feed electronics module  5046 . 
     In one embodiment, the drive section  5010  of the internal weld system  5004  may include the purge gas tanks, the shield gas tanks  5262  and the compressed air gas tanks. In one embodiment, the shield gas from the shield gas tanks  5262  is only used to supply shield gas to the weld torches  5502 . In one embodiment, separate purge gas tanks may be configured to fill and maintain the purge gas in the purge gas chamber. In one embodiment, the compressed air is used to inflate the seals  5146  and  5148  and to expand the clamps  5142  and  5144 . 
     In one embodiment, the drive section  5010  of the internal weld system  5004  may include the compressed air gas tanks and the purge/shield gas tanks. That is, the shield and purge gas tanks are one and the same. In one embodiment, the compressed air from the compressed air gas tanks is used to inflate the seals  5146  and  5148  and to expand the clamps  5142  and  5144 . In one embodiment, the seals  5146  and  5148  are optional in the internal weld system  5004 . In one embodiment, the shield gas to the weld torches  5502  and the purge gas to the purge gas chamber are supplied by the same gas tank having purge/shield gas. In one embodiment, the supply of the purge gas to the purge gas chamber is optional. 
     In one embodiment, the drive section  5010  of the internal weld system  5004  may only include the purge/shield gas tanks (i.e., no compressed air gas tanks). This may be the case for small internal weld systems. In one embodiment, the purge/shield gas tanks are configured to supply the purge/shield gas to the weld torches  5502 , the purge/shield gas to the purge gas chamber, and the purge/shield gas to inflate the seals  5146  and  5148  and to expand the clamps  5142  and  5144 . In one embodiment, the seals  5146  and  5148  are optional in the internal weld system  5004 . In one embodiment, the supply of the purge gas to the purge gas chamber is optional. 
       FIGS. 72A, 72B and 72C  show close-up views of the internal weld torch used in a prior art system and the internal weld system  5004 , respectively, where the pipes have a gap and radial offset (Hi-Lo) alignment. For example, as shown in  FIG. 72A , the pipes  1022   a ,  1022   b  have a 1 millimeter gap and radial offset (Hi-Lo). 
     As shown in  FIG. 72B , in the prior art system, the raised edge of the pipe shields the left side of the weld groove causing reduced weld penetration. As shown in  FIG. 72C , the one or more processors  5140  associated with the internal weld system  5004  are configured to receive weld profile data (e.g., prior to, during and subsequent to the welding procedure) and are configured, based on the received weld profile data, to shift its internal weld torch  5502  and/or to tilt its external weld torch  5502  to achieve a full weld penetration. Thus, the weld profile data from the internal weld system  5004  may be used to make better weld. 
     In one embodiment, the one or more processors  5140  are configured to receive profile data related to welding of the interface region  5136  between the first pipe  1022   a  and the second pipe  1022   b  from the field system  5000 . In one embodiment, the related profile data is based on a scan of the interface region  5136  between the pipes  1022   a ,  1022   b . In one embodiment, the one or more processors  5140  are configured to compare one or more characteristics of the related profile data with one or more predefined profile characteristics to generate a response to the field system  5000 . In one embodiment, the one or more processors  5140  are configured to transmit the response to the field system  5000  to cause the field system  5000  to perform one or more operations based on the response. In one embodiment, the one or more processors  5140  are configured to transmit a signal to the field system  5000  to stop welding-related procedure, change or develop a welding protocol, save or further analyze profile data of the interface region  5136 , save or further analyze pre-weld profile data, save or further analyze post-weld profile data, affirm or modify a version thereof, etc. 
     In one embodiment, the one or more processors  5140  are operatively associated with the inspection detector  5056  to determine a profile of the interface region  5136  between the pipes  1022   a ,  1022   b . In one embodiment, the weld torch  5502  is configured to create a weld at the interface region  5136  between the pipes  1022   a ,  1022   b  based on the profile of the interface region  5136  between the pipes  1022   a ,  1022   b . In one embodiment, the weld torch (e.g., of the external weld system  7500 ) is configured to create a weld between the pipes  1022   a ,  1022   b  based on the profile of the interface region  5136  between the pipes  1022   a ,  1022   b.    
     In one embodiment, the one or more processors  5140  are configured to receive inspection data from the inspection detector  5056  prior to, subsequent to, or during a weld operation. In one embodiment, the one or more processors  5140  are configured to receive camera inspection data from the inspection camera  5112  prior to, subsequent to, or during a weld operation. In one embodiment, the one or more processors  5140  are configured to receive inspection data from the inspection detector  5056  and the camera inspection data from the inspection camera  5112  prior to, subsequent to, or during a weld operation. 
     In one embodiment, the inspection camera  5112  is configured to scan the welded interface region  5136  after a welding operation. In one embodiment, the inspection camera  5112  is configured to send signals to the one or more processors  5140  based on the scan. In one embodiment, the one or more processors  5140  are configured to determine a characteristic of the welded interface region  5136  based on the signals from the inspection camera  5112 . 
     In one embodiment, the one or more processors  5140  are configured to analyze the data to automatically detect undercuts or other shape deviations. 
     In one embodiment, if a characteristic of the interface region  5136  is greater than a predetermined threshold, it may be referred to as an undesirable characteristic of the interface region  5136 . In one embodiment, if a characteristic of the interface region  5136  is greater than a predetermined threshold and a difference between the characteristic and the predetermined threshold is falling within a predetermined acceptable/allowable range, it is determined that the undesirable characteristic of the interface region  5136  does not need correction. In one embodiment, if a characteristic of the interface region  5136  is greater than a predetermined threshold and a difference between the characteristic and the predetermined threshold is not falling within a predetermined acceptable/allowable range, it is determined that the undesirable characteristic of the interface region  5136  needs correction. 
     In one embodiment, if a characteristic of the interface region  5136  is less than a predetermined threshold, it may be referred to as undesirable characteristic of the interface region  5136 . In one embodiment, if a characteristic of the interface region  5136  is less than a predetermined threshold and a difference between the characteristic and the predetermined threshold is falling within a predetermined acceptable/allowable range, it is determined that the undesirable characteristic of the interface region  5136  does not need correction. In one embodiment, if a characteristic of the interface region  5136  is less than a predetermined threshold and a difference between the characteristic and the predetermined threshold is not falling within a predetermined acceptable/allowable range, it is determined that the undesirable characteristic of the interface region  5136  needs correction. 
     In one embodiment, if a characteristic of the interface region  5136  is not within a predetermined range, it may be referred to as undesirable characteristic of the interface region  5136 . In one embodiment, if a characteristic of the interface region  5136  is not within a predetermined range and is falling within an acceptable/allowable range, it is determined that the undesirable characteristic of the interface region  5136  does not need correction. In one embodiment, if a characteristic of the interface region  5136  is not within a predetermined range and is not falling within the acceptable/allowable range, it is determined that the undesirable characteristic of the interface region  5136  does not need correction. 
     In one embodiment, the one or more processors  5140  are configured to receive the electronic signals (e.g., generated by the receiver of the inspection detector  5136 ) to determine whether the undesirable characteristic of the interface region  5136  should be corrected. In one embodiment, in response to detecting one or more undesirable characteristics of the interface region  5136 , the one or more processors  5140  are configured to send instructions to the motor  5030 ,  5074  controlling an axially rotational position of one of the pipes to cause the motor  5030 ,  5074  to rotate the one of the pipes  1022   a ,  1022   b  relative to the other of the pipes  1022   a ,  1022   b  to correct the undesirable characteristic. In one embodiment, the motor  5030 ,  5074  is configured for moving a radially extending clamp  5142 ,  5144 . 
     In one embodiment, the weld torch  5502 , operatively connected with the one or more processors  5140 , is configured to perform a weld operation to weld the pipes  1022   a ,  1022   b  together in response to the one or more processors  5140  detecting that no undesirable characteristics exist. 
     In one embodiment, the one or more processors  5140  are configured to interact with the inspection detector  5056  to scan the interface region  5136  between the pipes  1022   a ,  1022   b  to determine the profile of the interface region  5136  between the pipes  1022   a ,  1022   b  prior to a welding operation and generate pre-weld profile data based thereon. In one embodiment, the one or more processors  5140  are configured to interact with the inspection detector  5056  to scan the entire interface region  5136  between the pipes  1022   a ,  1022   b  to generate the pre-weld profile data prior to weld material being applied to weld the two pipes  1022   a ,  1022   b  together. In one embodiment, the one or more processors  5140  are configured to interact with the inspection detector  5056  to scan the interface region  5136  to obtain the pre-weld profile data subsequent to the first clamp  5142  and the second clamp  5144  engaging with the first pipe and second pipe  1022   a ,  1022   b , respectively. 
     Additionally, or alternatively, the one or more processors  5140  are configured to interact with the inspection camera  5112 , x-ray radiography inspection device, gamma ray inspection device, ultrasonic inspection device, magnetic particle inspection device, eddy current inspection device or other inspection devices to scan the interface region  5136  between the pipes  1022   a ,  1022   b  to determine the profile of the interface region  5136  prior to the welding operation. 
     The pre-weld scan/inspection procedure is the same for the tie-in internal weld system  3001  and the purge and inspection system  7001 , and, therefore, will not be described again with reference to the tie-in internal weld system  3001  and the purge and inspection system  7001 . 
     In various embodiments, the “pre-weld” profile data described herein refers to data obtained from the inspection detector (e.g., such as by an inspection laser) that has scanned the interface region between two pipes to be welded before the weld torch has been activated to commence securing the pipes to one another. This pre-weld profile data is communicated to the one or more processors to determine whether the pipes are sufficiently aligned prior to any weld material being deposited to the interface region. In one embodiment, if misalignment is detected, e.g., by a determination by the one or more processors that the misalignment is outside an acceptable misalignment value, the one or more processors are configured to send signals to the cradles that engage with the exterior surfaces of the pipes. One or both of the cradles can be adjusted based on output signals from the pre-weld profile data to adjust relative positioning between the pipes to bring the alignment of the interface region within an acceptable misalignment value. 
     It should be appreciated that, given slight inconsistencies in the pipe structures, absolutely perfect alignment is often (and typically) not achieved. Nevertheless, such perfect alignment is unnecessary so long as the alignment is within a tolerance range suitable for a good weld. 
     In one embodiment, the pre-weld profile data may include pipe ovality/roundness data. In one embodiment, the pipe ovality/roundness data may include location and size of minimum inner diameter, location and size of maximum inner diameter, pipe average inner diameter, pipe average wall thickness, location and size of minimum wall thickness, and/or location and size of maximum wall thickness. In one embodiment, the pipe ovality/roundness data may include a comparison between each of location and size of minimum inner diameter, location and size of maximum inner diameter, location and size of minimum wall thickness, and location and size of maximum wall thickness, and their respective predetermined values. In one embodiment, the pipe ovality/roundness data may include a comparison between each of pipe average inner diameter and pipe average wall thickness, and their respective predetermined values. In one embodiment, the pipe ovality/roundness data may include inner diameter deviations of the pipe at all locations on the circumference of the pipe based on the comparison. 
     In one embodiment, the pre-weld profile data may include pipe bevel profile data. In one embodiment, the pipe bevel profile data may include pipe bevel geometry. In one embodiment, the pipe bevel profile data may include a comparison between each of size and shape of the pipe bevel, root face (land) thickness of the pipe bevel, bevel angle of the pipe bevel, offset of the pipe bevel, and root angle of the pipe bevel, and their respective predetermined values. In one embodiment, the pipe bevel profile data may include pipe bevel deviations of the pipe at all locations on the circumference of the pipe based on the comparison. 
     In one embodiment, the pre-weld profile data may include weld joint fit-up and alignment data. In one embodiment, the weld joint fit-up and alignment data may include data on the gap between internal adjoining ends of the pipes (after pipe alignment). In one embodiment, the weld joint fit-up and alignment data may include data on the gap between bevels of the pipes (after pipe alignment). In one embodiment, the weld joint fit-up and alignment data may include location and size of minimum gap, location and size of maximum gap, and/or average gap. In one embodiment, the weld joint fit-up and alignment data may include a comparison between each of location and size of minimum gap, and location and size of maximum gap, and their respective predetermined values. In one embodiment, the weld joint fit-up and alignment data may include a comparison between average gap and its respective predetermined value. In one embodiment, the weld joint fit-up and alignment data may include gap deviations of the pipes at all locations on the circumference of the pipes based on the comparison. In one embodiment, the weld joint fit-up and alignment data may include the minimal differences in height between the pipes (e.g., what is acceptable alignment), etc. 
     In one embodiment, the one or more processors  5140  are configured to interact with the inspection detector  5056  to scan the interface region  5136  subsequent to the first clamp  5142  and the second clamp  5144  engaging with the first pipe  1022   a  and second pipe  1022   b , respectively. In one embodiment, the one or more processors  5140  are configured to be operatively connected with the first pipe engagement structure  5052  and the second pipe engagement structure  5054 . In one embodiment, the one or more processors  5140  are configured to operate the first pipe engagement structure  5052  and/or the second pipe engagement structure  5054  based on the pre-weld profile data to alter the interface region  5136  between the pipes  1022   a ,  1022   b  prior to the welding operation. 
     In one embodiment, the one or more processors  5140  are configured to alter the interface region  5136  between the pipes  1022   a ,  1022   b  prior to the welding operation by driving the first pipe engagement structure  5052  and/or the second pipe engagement structure  5054  to change the roundness (or ovality) of the first pipe  1022   a  and/or second pipe  1022   b  based on the pre-weld profile data. For example, in one embodiment, the one or more processors  5140  are configured to alter the interface region  5136  between the pipes  1022   a ,  1022   b  prior to the welding operation by selectively driving the one or more clamp shoes  5157  of the clamps  5142  and/or  5144  to change the roundness of the first pipe  1022   a  and/or second pipe  1022   b  based on the pre-weld profile data. 
     In one embodiment, the one or more processors  5140  are configured to alter the interface region  5136  between the pipes  1022   a ,  1022   b  prior to the welding operation by driving the first pipe engagement structure  5052  and/or the second pipe engagement structure  5054  to rotate and/or axially move the first pipe  1022   a  and/or second pipe  1022   b  based on the pre-weld profile data. In one embodiment, the one or more processors  5140  are configured to alter the interface region  5136  between the pipes  1022   a ,  1022   b  prior to the welding operation by rotating one pipe  1022   a  or  1022   b  relative to the other  1022   a  or  1022   b.    
     In one embodiment, the one or more processors  5140  are configured to develop a welding protocol based on the pre-weld profile data. In one embodiment, the welding protocol includes a welding speed and weld torch position protocol. 
     In one embodiment, the one or more processors  5140  are configured to operate the cradles  5330  (as shown in  FIGS. 10A and 10B ) or  6010 A and  6010 B (as shown in  FIG. 73 ) for providing the incoming pipe  1022   a  at the second end of the pipe  1022   b  (after the frame assembly of the internal weld system  5004  is positioned at the second end of the pipe  1022   b ) based on the pre-weld profile data to alter interface region  5136  between the pipes  1022   a ,  1022   b  prior to the welding operation. In one embodiment, the one or more processors  5140  are configured to control the externally positioned rollers  5332  the cradles  5330  for providing the incoming pipe  1022   a  at the second end of the pipe  1022   b  (after the frame assembly of the internal weld system  5004  is positioned at the second end of the first pipe  1022   b ) based on the pre-weld profile data. 
     In one embodiment, the one or more processors  5140  are configured to operate the cradles  5330  (as shown in  FIGS. 10A and 10B ) or  6010 A and  6010 B (as shown in  FIG. 73 ) to generate relative movement between the first pipe  1022   a  and second pipe  1022   b  based on the pre-weld profile data to alter interface region  5136  between the pipes  1022   a ,  1022   b  prior to the welding operation. In one embodiment, an exterior surface  5346  and/or  5348  (as shown in  FIG. 2G ) of the first pipe  1022   a  and/or second pipe  1022   b  is engaged to adjust the relative positioning of the pipes  1022   a ,  1022   b  in the event the pre-weld profile data determines adjustment is required. In one embodiment, the cradles  5330  (as shown in  FIGS. 10A and 10B ) and  6010 A and  6010 B (as shown in  FIG. 73 ) are operated by the one or more processors  5140  (or otherwise controlled) to engage the exterior surfaces  5346  and/or  5348  (as shown in  FIG. 2G ) of the first pipe  1022   a  and/or second pipe  1022   b  to adjust the relative positioning of the pipes  1022   a ,  1022   b  in the event the pre-weld profile data determines adjustment is required. 
     In one embodiment, the first clamp and/or the second clamp  5142 ,  5144  are released to enable adjustment of relative positioning of the pipes  1022   a ,  1022   b  in the event the pre-weld profile data determined adjustment is required. In one embodiment, the first and second clamps are internally positioned clamps and are released to enable adjustment of relative positioning of the pipes  1022   a ,  1022   b  in the event the pre-weld profile data determined adjustment is required. In one embodiment, the first and second clamps are externally positioned clamps and are released to enable adjustment of relative positioning of the pipes  1022   a ,  1022   b  in the event the pre-weld profile data determined adjustment is required. In one embodiment, the first and second clamps include both internally positioned clamps and the externally positioned clamps. In one embodiment, both the internally positioned clamps and the externally positioned clamps are released to enable adjustment of relative positioning of the pipes  1022   a ,  1022   b  in the event the pre-weld profile data determined adjustment is required. 
     In one embodiment, the adjustment of the relative positioning of the pipes  1022   a ,  1022   b  (based on the pre-weld profile data) may be either automatically performed by the processors  5140  controlling the externally positioned rollers  5332  (as shown in  FIGS. 10A and 10B ) or performed by an operator using a crane and (internal and/or external) clamps. In one embodiment, the adjustment of the relative positioning of the pipes  1022   a ,  1022   b  (based on the pre-weld profile data) may also be referred to as re-alignment of the pipes  1022   a ,  1022   b.    
     In one embodiment, the adjustment of the relative positioning of the pipes  1022   a ,  1022   b  (based on the pre-weld profile data) may include an adjustment along the longitudinal axis of the pipes  1022   a ,  1022   b , and/or an adjustment along the radial axis of the pipes  1022   a ,  1022   b . In one embodiment, the adjustment of the relative positioning of the pipes  1022   a ,  1022   b  (based on the pre-weld profile data) may include position adjustment and orientation adjustment of the pipes  1022   a ,  1022   b . In one embodiment, the adjustment of the relative positioning of the pipes  1022   a ,  1022   b  (based on the pre-weld profile data) may include up and down movement and longitudinal movement (along the longitudinal axis of the pipes  1022   a ,  1022   b ). 
     In one embodiment, the internal and/or external clamp(s) (holding the pipes  1022   a ,  1022   b  in place during the pre-weld procedure) are released and a crane, electronically controlled externally positioned rollers  5332  or other such devices may be used to maneuver the pipe based on the pre-weld profile data. In one embodiment, the internal and/or external clamp(s) (holding the pipes  1022   a ,  1022   b  in place during the pre-weld procedure) are released before the re-alignment procedure. In one embodiment, after the re-alignment of the pipes  1022   a ,  1022   b , the pipes  1022   a ,  1022   b  are clamped back using the external and/or internal clamps. 
     In one embodiment, a new pipe to be welded  1022   a  may be rotated about its longitudinal axis relative to the prior pipe that has been welded  1022   b , based on the pre-weld profile data that has been obtained from the inspection detector (e.g., the inspection laser)  5056 . Specifically, the pre-weld profile data can be used to determine that, in some instances, the relative rotational positions of the pipes  1022   a  and  1022   b  can be changed to effect a better match for welding. For example, if each of the pipes  1022   a ,  1022   b  has a slight ovality to them, then matching the pipes so that major axis of each of the two pipes are generally aligned and the minor axis of each of the two pipes are generally aligned, can have an overall beneficial effect. Thus, in one embodiment, the inspection detector  5056  can generate signals that are processed by the one or more processors  5140  to determine a more beneficial rotational position for the incoming pipe  1022   a  to be welded. Such rotation can be accomplished by the one or more processors  5140  activating the front rotation motor  5030  to rotate the pipe  1022   a  prior to a welding operation. In particular, to rotate the incoming pipe  1022   a , the center frame  5068  remains rotatably fixed with respect to the previously welded pipe. This rotationally fixed relationship between the center frame  5068  and pipe  1022   b  is accomplished by having the rear clamp  5144  actuated by the one or more processors  5140  to be securely engaged with the interior surface of pipe  1022   b  to prevent relative rotation therebetween. In addition to the rear clamp  5144  and the center frame  5068  being rotationally fixed with respect to the pipe, the rear rotation motor  5074  is not activated by the processor  5140  and its motor shaft is locked from rotation. As a result of the rear rotation motor shaft being prevented from rotation, the entire rotatable hub  5078  remains rotatably fixed relative to the center frame  5068  and the pipe  1022   b . The front rotation motor  5030  is then activated. Its shaft rotates to drive the gear train as shown in  FIG. 19  and described above so that gear teeth  23  rotatably engage the gear teach  5023  of the ring gear  5021 . Because the wire feed module  5020  (which is fixed to the rotatable hub  5078 ) and the rotatable hub  5078  are fixed from rotation, the front rotation motor  5030  and gear  5023  operatively connected thereto is driven circumferentially along the ring gear  5021 . This rotational driving force posed on the front rotation motor  5030  rotatably moves the entire forward-most section frame  5026  to which the motor  5030  is connected. The rotation of the forward-most section frame  5026 , in turn, rotatably drives the front clamp  5142 . The clamp  5142  rotates around the rotatable hub  5078  on the bearings  5108 ,  5098  that are between the clamp  5142  and the rotatable hub  5078 . Because the clamp  5142  is extended and clamped to the interior surface of the pipe  1022   a , the pipe  1022   a  is rotated as a result to the located determined by the one or more processors  5140  based upon the pre-weld scanned information received from the inspection detector  5056 . During rotation of the pipe  1022   a , if an external cradle ( 5330 ,  6010 A,  6010 B) is engaging the exterior surface of the pipe, the rollers  5332  on the external cradle ( 5330 ,  6010 A,  6010 B) are instructed by the one or more processors  5140  to optionally be in a free-wheeling state where they are passive, or optionally the one or more motors operatively connected with the rollers  5332  are instructed by the one or more processors  5140  to drive to rollers  5332  at a rotational speed commensurate with (similar to or the same as) the speed at which the front rotation motor  5030  drives the rotation from inside the pipe  1022   a . This latter approach provides rotational forces to the pipe  1022   a  from both inside and outside the pipe, although in some embodiments, either driving force alone may be sufficient. 
     In the embodiment just described, the clamps  5142  and  5144  are engaged with the associated pipes  1022   a  and  1022   b  to prevent relative rotation between the frame  5026  and pipe  1022   a , and to prevent rotation between the center frame  5068  and the pipe  1022   b . In one or more embodiments, however, the clamps  5142  and  5144  need not be responsible for this function. Instead, wheels operatively associated with both frames may be configured to engage the associated pipes with sufficient friction and/or outward force to prevent relative rotation between the pipes and frames. In one embodiment, the wheels the effect or permit locomotion between the frames and the pipes permit generally longitudinal movement only between the frames and pipes and prevent relative rotational movement therebetween. This can be true for wheels on one or more of the frames. The wheel engagement option can be used on only one of the frames, on both of the frames, and can optionally be used in combination with the clamping methodology for one or both of the frames. 
     The pipe rotation techniques described herein can also be used to return the frames to a desired “start” or “home” rotational position after a welding operation is completed and a new pipe comes in for the next pre-weld scan. 
     In one embodiment, the one or more processors  5140  are configured to send the pre-weld profile data to a remote processor for further processing. 
     In one embodiment, the one or more processors  5140  are configured to interact with the inspection detector  5056  to scan the interface region  5136  between the pipes  1022   a ,  1022   b  to determine the profile of the interface region  5136  between the pipes  1022   a ,  1022   b  during a welding operation, at a region of the interface prior to weld material being deposited thereon, and generate on-the-fly profile data. 
     The on-the-fly scan/inspection procedure is the same for the tie-in internal weld system  3001  and the purge and inspection system  7001 , and, therefore, will not be described again with reference to the tie-in internal weld system  3001  and the purge and inspection system  7001 . 
     In various embodiments, the on-the-fly profile data refers to data obtained from the inspection detector during a welding operation. For example, the on-the-fly profile data is taken from a position immediately before (in front of) the region that is being welded (for example, 1-6 inches in front of the region being welded). In particular, the inspection detector scans the interface region in the region about to be welded so as to provide data on the profile of the interface region immediately before the weld material is deposited. It should be appreciated that the profile of the interface region between the pipes may change slightly as increasing more of the interface region is welded. In other words, the sequential welding itself may slightly alter the alignment/positioning of the pipes at the interface region at the portions of the interface region yet to be welded. The inspection detector measures the profile of the interface region immediately before the weld torch deposit&#39;s weld material on the yet-to-be welded regions of the interface region, and signals from the inspection detector are received and used by the one or more processors to output signals/instructions to the weld torch and/or its motors to control various weld torch parameters to tailor the weld to the pipes as they are being welded. The weld torch parameters can include one or more of the following: wire feed speed, wire consumption, oscillation width, oscillation waveform, oscillation amplitude, weld time, gas flow rate, power levels of the weld arc, weld current, weld voltage, weld impedance, weld torch travel speed, position of the weld tip of the weld torch along the pipe axis, angular positioning of the weld tip of the weld torch with respect to its rotational plane and/or the distance of the weld tip of the weld torch to the inner surfaces of the pipes to be welded. 
     In one embodiment, the on-the-fly weld profile data may include a high-low (Hi-Lo) data. In one embodiment, the high-low (Hi-Lo) may generally refer to a height difference between the bevel edges of the pipes after their alignment. In one embodiment, the high-low (Hi-Lo) data may include a comparison between each of location and size of minimum height difference, and location and size of maximum height difference, and their respective predetermined values. In one embodiment, the high-low (Hi-Lo) data may include a comparison between average height difference and its respective predetermined value. In one embodiment, the high-low (Hi-Lo) data may include height difference deviations of the pipes at all locations on the circumference of the pipes based on the comparison. 
     In one embodiment, the on-the-fly weld profile data may include weld joint characteristics. 
     In one embodiment, the on-the-fly weld profile data may include width of the weld joint and root gap of the weld joint. 
     In one embodiment, the one or more processors  5140  are configured to generate weld signals to control the weld torch  5502  based on the on-the-fly profile data. In one embodiment, the one or more processors  5140  are configured to control a position and speed of the weld torch  5502  based on-the-fly profile data during a weld operation. In one embodiment, the torch motor  5588  is operatively connected to the one or more processors  5140  to control an angle of the weld torch  5502  during the weld operation. 
     In one embodiment, the one or processors  5140  are configured to instruct the one or more torch motors  5512  to move the weld tip  5503  further away from the interface region  5136  after each weld pass to accommodate for weld material build-up. In one embodiment, the one or processors  5140  are configured to control the axial weld torch motor  5550  to control the axial motion of the weld torch  5502  (i.e., move the weld tip  5503  further away from the interface region  5136 ). 
     In one embodiment, the one or more processors  5140  are configured to generate an initial plotted weld profile based on the pre-weld profile data and modify/adapt the initial plotted weld profile based the on-the-fly profile data. 
     In one embodiment, wire feed speed, oscillation width, power levels of the weld arc, and/or the distance of the weld tip  5503  of the weld torch  5502  to the surfaces of the pipes to be welded may be controlled based the on-the-fly profile data. 
     In one embodiment, the one or more processors  5140  are configured to interact with the inspection detector  5056  to scan the interface region  5136  between the pipes  1022   a ,  1022   b  to determine the profile of the interface region  5136  between the pipes  1022   a ,  1022   b  subsequent to a welding operation and generate post-weld profile data based thereon. In one embodiment, the post-weld profile data is obtained with the inspection detector  5056  positioned within the first pipe  1022   a  and/or the second pipe  1022   b , without disengaging the first pipe engagement structure  5052  or the second pipe engaging structure  5054  from the interior surface  5130  of the first pipe  1022   a  or the interior surface  5132  of the second pipe  1022   b , respectively. 
     The post-weld scan/inspection procedure is the same for the tie-in internal weld system  3001  and the purge and inspection system  7001 , and, therefore, will not be described again with reference to the tie-in internal weld system  3001  and the purge and inspection system  7001 . 
     Additionally, or alternatively, the one or more processors  5140  are configured to interact with the inspection camera  5112 , x-ray radiography inspection device, gamma ray inspection device, ultrasonic inspection device, magnetic particle inspection device, eddy current inspection device or other inspection devices to scan the interface region  5136  between the pipes  1022   a ,  1022   b  to determine the profile of the interface region  5136  subsequent to a welding operation. 
     In one embodiment, the post-weld profile data may include profile(s) of the formed weld beads. In one embodiment, the post-weld profile data may include profile(s) of the formed root pass weld layer. In one embodiment, the post-weld profile data may include weld shape characteristics such as mismatch, bead concavity, and the re-entrant angle. 
     In one embodiment, the one or more processors  5140  are configured to cause, based on the post-weld profile data, another weld operation to be performed on the interface region  5136  between the pipes  1022   a ,  1022   b.    
     Certain weld variables/parameters have well known relationships. That is, a change in one weld variable/parameter has a corresponding change in the other weld variable/parameter. The weld variable/parameters, such as, weld current, weld voltage, weld torch travel speed, and heat input are all connected. For example, if the weld current increases and all other weld variable/parameters remain constant, then voltage should decrease. Also, if the weld torch travel speed increases and all other weld variables/parameters remain constant, then heat input should decrease. In one embodiment, the one or more processors  5140  are configured to analyze of the data gathered (e.g., prior to, subsequent to, or during a weld operation) to detect problems and make process/parameter changes. In one embodiment, based on the analysis and detection, the one or more processors  5140  are configured to take the internal weld system  5004  off-line for maintenance as needed to prevent a recurrence. 
     In one embodiment, every data point collected/received by the one or more processors  5140  prior to, subsequent to, or during a weld operation is compared to its corresponding (Gold Standard) ideal weld value. If any process variables differ by more than a set/predetermined limit, these differences can be flagged. If the differences persist for longer than the maximum allowable defect size, the weld process can be stopped so that the weld can be repaired. Over time, the ideal weld values and the allowable limits may be improved as more weld data is collected. 
     In one embodiment, the one or more processors may be configured to see what happened right before the deviation occurred and determine if there is a deficiency in the control loop programming that allowed the deviation to occur. If so, the one or more processors can send an updated control loop program to the internal weld system  5004  and observe if the change improves the performance of the internal weld system  5004 . 
     In one embodiment, the one or more processors may also be configured to monitor the commands being given to the internal weld system  5004  locally by the operator. If these commands are determined to cause the weld defects, the one or more processors are configured to send a message to the operator to stop providing commands to the internal weld system  5004 . If the commands are determined to prevent weld defects, the one or more processors are configured to send a message to all operators instructing them to begin using the commands. 
     In one embodiment, the one or more processors are configured to collect and analyze the Non-Destructive Test (NDT) data. In one embodiment, the locations where the weld defects are detected can be compared back to the weld parameters that were logged at the same location, even if the defect is small enough to not require repair. In one embodiment, the one or more processors will be able to know about the weld defects that would not be included in a traditional inspection report. This gives the one or more processors a very good statistical sample for every welding parameter and the quality of the resulting weld. This statistical model can be used to determine the best settings for each welding parameter as well as the allowable deviation from the setting. These new parameters can be communicated directly to the internal weld system  5004  as each new NDT scan improves the statistical model. 
     In one embodiment, as described herein, the computer system  5138  (comprising the one or more processors  5140 ) may be a computer system local to the field system  5000 . In another embodiment, as described herein, the computer system  5138  may be a computer system positioned remotely from the field system  5000  (e.g., remote computer system  13704  or other remote computer system) and may be communicatively connected to the field system  5000  or a local computer system thereof. 
     In one embodiment, the one or more processors  5140  may receive (via a receiver) inspection data associated with an inspection of the interface region  5136  between the pipes  1022   a ,  1022   b  from the field system  5000  (e.g., raw data from the inspection devices, 2D or 3D imaging data, or other data from the inspection). One or more inspection devices used for the inspection may comprise one or any combination of an inspection laser, an inspection camera, an x-ray radiography inspection device, a gamma ray inspection device, an ultrasonic inspection device, a magnetic particle inspection device, eddy current inspection device, a temperature monitor, or other inspection device. The inspection data may respectively comprise one or any combination of laser inspection data, camera inspection data, x-ray inspection data, gamma ray inspection data, ultrasound inspection data, magnetic particle inspection data, eddy current inspection data, temperature inspection data, or other inspection data. 
     In one embodiment, the one or more processors  5140  may automatically generate a response comprising profile data for the interface region  5136  (e.g., pre-weld profile data, on-the-fly profile data, post-weld profile data, or other data) based on the received inspection data, and transmit (via a transmitter) the profile data to the field system  5000 . In one embodiment, for example, where the received inspection data is based on a scan of the interface region prior to a welding operation, the one or more processors  5140  may use the received inspection data to generate a response comprising pre-weld profile data for the interface region  5136 , and transmit (via a transmitter) the pre-weld profile data to the field system  5000 . In one embodiment, where the received inspection data is based on a scan of the interface region during a welding operation, the one or more processors  5140  may use the received inspection data to generate a response comprising on-the-fly-weld profile data for the interface region  5136 , and transmit (via a transmitter) the on-the-fly profile data to the field system  5000 . In one embodiment, where the received inspection data is based on a scan of the interface region subsequent a welding operation, the one or more processors  5140  may use the received inspection data to generate a response comprising post-weld profile data for the interface region  5136 , and transmit (via a transmitter) the post-weld profile data to the field system  5000 . 
     In one embodiment, the one or more processors  5140  may automatically generate a response comprising one or more welding protocols or other operation protocols based on the received inspection data, and transmit (via a transmitter) the operation protocols as control operation data to the field system  5000 . As an example, upon receipt of the operation protocols, the field system  5000  may perform one or more operations based on the received operation protocols. In another embodiment, the one or more processors  5140  may generate profile data based on the received inspection data to obtain the profile data for the interface region  5136  (e.g., pre-weld profile data, on-the-fly profile data, post-weld profile data, or other profile data). In a further embodiment, the one or more processors  5140  may use the profile data to obtain the welding protocols or other operation protocols, and transmit (via a transmitter) the operation protocols to the field system  5000 . 
     In one embodiment, the one or more processors  5140  may generate a welding protocol or other operation protocol based on inspection data associated with one or more other pipes (other than pipes  1022   a ,  1022   b ), data related to input parameters (e.g., welding or other parameters) used to perform one or more operations (e.g., welding or other operations) on the other pipes, data related to observations of the operations, or other data. As an example, the one or more processors  5140  may obtain the inspection data from one or more field systems, and analyze the inspection data to determine whether and which of the pipes have defects. The processors may then compare one or more sets of observations of an operation performed on one or more objects determined to have a defect (after the performance of the operation) against one or more other sets of observations of the same operation performed on one or more other objects without the defect to determine the circumstances that likely caused the defect (as described in further detail herein elsewhere). Based on the comparison, the one or more processors  5140  may generate the welding protocol or other operation protocol such that the operation protocol avoids or would otherwise addresses the circumstances (likely to have caused the defect) when the operation protocol is used for one or more subsequent operations (e.g., subsequent operations that are the same or similar to the operation performed and observed). 
     In one embodiment, the one or more processors  5140  may obtain pre-weld profile data for the interface region  5136  (between the pipes  1022   a ,  1022   b ), where the pre-weld profile data is based a scan of the interface region  5136  at the field system  5000  prior to a welding operation. As an example, the one or more processors may receive the pre-weld profile data from the field system  5000 . As another example, the one or more processors  5140  may generate the pre-weld profile data based on inspection data received from the field system  5000 . Upon obtainment, the one or more processors  5136  may analyze the pre-weld profile data to generate a response to the field system  5000 . In one embodiment, the one or more processors  5140  may compare one or more characteristics of the pre-weld profile data (e.g., pipe ovality/roundness characteristics, pipe bevel profile characteristics, weld joint fit-up and alignment characteristics, or other characteristics) with one or more characteristics of acceptable predefined pre-weld profiles. Based on the comparison, the processors  5140  may transmit (via a transmitter) a response as control operation data to field system  5000  indicating whether the field system  5000  is to begin the welding operation. 
     As an example, the response may specify that the interface region  5136  is within specification for the welding operation, indicating that the field system  5000  is to be begin the welding operation. The response may additionally or alternatively comprise one or more welding protocols for the welding operation. As another example, the response may specify that the interface region  5136  is not within specification, indicating that the field system  5000  should not perform the welding operation on the interface region  5136  in its current state. In one use case, the response may indicate a need to alter the interface region  5136  prior to the welding operation (e.g., a need to realign the pipes  1022   a ,  1022   b  or other alternations). As such, the response may cause the field system  5000  to operate a pipe engagement structure of the field system  5000  to alter the interface region  5136  prior to the welding operation so that the interface region  5136  is within specification for the welding operation. 
     In one embodiment, the one or more processors  5140  may compare one or more characteristics of profile data (obtain based on a scan of the interface region  5136  at the field system  5000 ) with one or more predefined profile characteristics to determine one or more matching characteristics. Based on the matching characteristics, for example, the one or more processors  5140  may automatically determine one or more welding protocols for welding the interface region  5136  between the pipes  1022   a ,  1022   b , and transmit (via a transmitter) the one or more welding protocols to the field system  5000  to cause the field system  5000  to perform a welding operation on the interface region  5136  based on the one or more welding protocols. As an example, a welding protocol may comprise one or more input parameters, such as wire feed speed, wire consumption, oscillation width, oscillation waveform, oscillation amplitude, weld time, gas flow rate, power levels of the weld arc, weld current, weld voltage, weld impedance, weld torch travel speed, position of the weld tip of the weld torch along the pipe axis, angular positioning of the weld tip of the weld torch with respect to its rotational plane, the distance of the weld tip of the weld torch to the inner surfaces of the pipes to be welded, or other parameters. 
     In one embodiment, the one or more processors  5140  may obtain on-the-fly profile data for the interface region  5136  (between the pipes  1022   a ,  1022   b ), where the on-the-fly profile data is based a scan of the interface region  5136  at the field system  5000  during a welding operation. As an example, the one or more processors  5140  may receive (via a receiver) the on-the-fly profile data from the field system  5000 . As another example, the one or more processors  5140  may generate the on-the-fly profile data based on inspection data received from the field system  5000 . Upon obtainment, the one or more processors  5140  may analyze the on-the-fly profile data to generate a response to the field system  5000 . In one embodiment, the one or more processors  5140  may compare one or more characteristics of the on-the-fly profile data (e.g., pipe ovality/roundness characteristics, pipe bevel profile characteristics, weld joint fit-up and alignment characteristics, weld shape characteristics, or other characteristics) with one or more characteristics of acceptable predefined profiles (e.g., predefined pre-weld profiles, predefined post-weld profiles, or other profiles). Based on the comparison, the processors  5140  may transmit a response to field system  5000  comprising on-the-fly updates to one or more welding characteristics for the welding operation. As an example, the response may cause the field system  5000  to control a weld torch based on the on-the fly-updates to the welding characteristics during the welding operation. 
     In one embodiment, the one or more processors  5140  may obtain post-weld profile data for the interface region  5136  (between the pipes  1022   a ,  1022   b ), where the post-weld profile data is based a scan of the interface region  5136  at the field system  5000  subsequent to a welding operation. As an example, the one or more processors  5140  may receive (via a receiver) the post-weld profile data from the field system  5000 . As another example, the one or more processors  5140  may generate the post-weld profile data based on inspection data received from the field system  5000 . Upon obtainment, the one or more processors  5140  may analyze the on-the-fly profile to generate a response to the field system  5000 . In one embodiment, the one or more processors  5140  may compare one or more characteristics of the post-weld profile data (e.g., weld shape characteristics or other characteristics) with one or more characteristics of acceptable predefined post-weld profiles. Based on the comparison, the processors  5140  may transmit (via a transmitter) a response to field system  5000  indicating whether a result of the welding operation is acceptable. Additionally or alternatively, the one or more processors  5140  may automatically determine one or more welding protocols for a subsequent operation (e.g., an operation that repairs or compensates for a defect resulting from the welding operation, an operation that typically follows the welding operation if no defect of significance is detected, etc.), and include the one or more welding protocols in the transmitted response. 
     As an example, if the welding operation is for a root pass, the response may specify that the root pass layer resulting from the welding operation is within specification, and the response may specify that preparation for a subsequent welding operation for a hot pass is to begin. As such, the response may cause the field system  5000  to initiate performance of the hot pass operation on the interface region  5136 . As another example, the response may specify that the resulting root pass layer is not within specification. In one use case, for instance, the response may specify that the field system  5000  should not proceed with the hot pass operation until further notice. In another use case, the response may specify that the field system  5000  is to proceed with a different welding protocol (than otherwise pre-planned for the hot pass operation), where the different welding protocol repairs or compensates for the resulting root pass layer not being within specification. 
     In one embodiment, where the one or more processors  5140  are local to the field system  5000  (e.g., part of a computer system local to the field system  5000 ), the one or more processors  5140  may transmit, to a remote computer system, inspection data associated with an inspection of a region (e.g., interface region  5136  or other region) between the pipes  1022   a ,  1022   b . The transmitted inspection data may, for example, comprise one or any combination of the types of inspection data described herein. In one embodiment, the one or more processors  5140  may receive (via a receiver) a response from the remote computer system responsive to transmitting the inspection data to the remote computer system (e.g., a response comprising pre-weld profile data, on-the-fly profile data, post-weld profile data, an affirmation of transmitted profile data, a welding or other operation protocol, an alert indicating a defect, or other data). In one embodiment, the response may be derived from the transmitted inspection data and additional data received by the remote computer system. As an example, the additional data may be related to observations of one or more operations performed on other pipes, inspection of the other pipes, one or more input parameters used to perform the observed operations, or other data (as described herein). In this way, for example, one or more operations in a field system (e.g., field system  5000  or other field system) may be managed based on previously unavailable large data pools with data from the same field system and/or other field systems. For example, the data pools (comprising data on the observation of operations on the other pipes, the inspection of the other pipes, the input parameters for performing the observed operations, or other data from the same field system or other field systems) may be used to generate and select one or more welding or other operation protocols for subsequent operations (as described herein) to prevent or reduce weld defects or create better welds for current and future customers. As another example, the large pool of data from different field systems may be used to improve inspection and analysis thereof (as described herein) to provide current and future customers with better products (e.g., by reducing weld defects, detecting defects earlier in the process, etc.). 
     In one embodiment, where the one or more processors  5140  are local to the field system  5000  (e.g., part of a computer system local to the field system  5000 ), the one or more processors  5140  may transmit a profile of the interface region  5136  between the pipes  1022   a ,  1022   b  to a remote computer system (e.g., a profile derived based on a scan of the interface region  5136 ). In response, the one or more processors  5140  may receive (via a receiver) an affirmation of the profile of the interface region or a modified version of the profile of the interface region  5136  from the remote computer system. In one embodiment, the one or more processors may cause a weld torch of the weld system  5004  to create a weld at the interface region  5136  based on the affirmation or the modified version of the profile of the interface region  3136 . 
     As an example, the one or more processors  5140  of the field system  5000  may cause one or more inspection devices to inspect the interface region  5136  between the pipes  1022   a ,  1022   b  to obtain inspection data (e.g., raw data from the inspection devices, 2D or 3D imaging data, or other data from the inspection). The inspection devices used for the inspection may comprise one or any combination of the types of inspection devices described herein. The obtained inspection data may respectively comprise one or any combination of the types of inspection data described herein. As a further example, the one or more processors  5140  may determine the profile of the interface region  5136  based on the obtained inspection data, but may also transmit the inspection data to the remote computer system to assess the inspection data. The one or more processors  5140  may transmit its determined profile of the interface region  5136  to the remote computer system for an accuracy check. Based on its own assessment of the inspection data, the remote computer system may respond to the one or more processors  5140  with an affirmation of the profile of the interface region  5136 , an indication that the profile provided is inaccurate, or other response. Additionally or alternatively, if the profile provided is inaccurate, the remote computer system may respond with its own modified version of the profile of the interface region  5316  derived from the remote computer system&#39;s assessment of the inspection data. Responsive to receipt of an affirmation, for instance, the one or more processors  5140  may cause a weld torch of the weld system  5004  to begin or continue a welding operation based on its determined profile of the interface region  5136  to create the weld at the interface region  5316 . If, however, a modified version of the profile is received, the one or more processors  5140  may cause a weld torch of the weld system  5004  to begin or continue a welding operation based on the modified version of the profile to create the weld at the interface region  5316 . 
     In one embodiment, where the one or more processors  5140  are local to the field system  5000  (e.g., part of a computer system local to the field system  5000 ), the one or more processors  5140  may interact with an inspection laser of the weld system  5004  to scan the interface region  5136  between the pipes  1022   a ,  1022   b  to determine a profile of the interface region  5136  prior to a welding operation and generate pre-weld profile data based on the scan. In a further embodiment, the one or more processors  5140  may transmit the pre-weld profile data to a remote computer system. In response, the one or more processors  5140  may receive (via a receiver) an affirmation of the pre-weld profile data or a modified version of the pre-weld profile data from the remote computer system. In one embodiment, the one or more processors may operate pipe engagement structure  5052  and/or pipe engagement structure  5054  based on the affirmation or the modified version of the pre-weld profile data to alter the interface region  5136  between the pipes prior to the welding operation. 
     As an example, the one or more processors  5140  of the field system  5000  may cause one or more inspection devices to inspect the interface region  5136  between the pipes  1022   a ,  1022   b  to obtain inspection data prior to a welding operation on the interface region  5136 . The inspection devices used for the inspection may comprise one or any combination of the types of inspection devices described herein. The obtained inspection data may respectively comprise one or any combination of the types of inspection data described herein. The one or more processors  5140  may generate pre-weld profile data based on the obtained inspection data, but may also transmit the inspection data to the remote computer system to assess the inspection data. The one or more processors  5140  may transmit its generated pre-weld profile data to the remote computer system for an accuracy check. Based on its own assessment of the inspection data, the remote computer system may respond to the one or more processors  5140  with an affirmation of the pre-weld profile data, an indication that the pre-weld profile data provided is inaccurate, or other response. Additionally or alternatively, if the pre-weld profile data provided is inaccurate, the remote computer system may respond with its own modified version of the pre-weld profile data derived from the remote computer system&#39;s assessment of the inspection data. As a further example, if the pre-weld profile data indicates that the pipes  1022   a ,  1022   b  are misaligned, and an affirmation of the pre-weld profile data is received, the one or more processors  5140  may cause pipe engagement structures  5052 ,  5054  realign the pipes  1022   a ,  1022   b  prior to a welding operation to create the weld at the interface region  5136 . If, however, a modified version of the pre-weld profile data is received, the one or more processors  5140  may instead utilize the modified version to perform subsequent operations, such as using the modified version to determine whether realignment is needed and how it is to be performed, to select a welding protocol to use to create a weld at the interface region  5136 , etc. 
     In one embodiment, where the one or more processors  5140  are local to the field system  5000  (e.g., part of a computer system local to the field system  5000 ), the one or more processors may develop a welding protocol based on the affirmation or the modified version of the pre-weld profile data (received from the remote computer system). As an example, if the affirmation of the pre-weld profile data is received, the one or more processors  5140  may use its generated pre-weld profile data to develop a welding protocol to be used to perform a welding operation on the interface region  5136 . As another example, if the modified version of the pre-weld profile data is received, the one or more processors  5140  may use the modified version to develop a welding protocol to be used to perform a welding operation on the interface region  5136 . 
     In one embodiment, where the one or more processors  5140  are local to the field system  5000  (e.g., part of a computer system local to the field system  5000 ), the one or more processors  5140  may interact with an inspection laser of the weld system  5004  to scan the interface region  5136  between the pipes  1022   a ,  1022   b  to determine the profile of the interface region  5136  during a welding operation and generate on-the-fly profile data based on the scan. In a further embodiment, the one or more processors  5140  may transmit (via a transmitter) the on-the-fly profile data to a remote computer system. In response, the one or more processors  5140  may receive (via a receiver) an affirmation of the on-the-fly profile data or a modified version of the on-the-fly profile data from the remote computer system. In one embodiment, the one or more processors  5140  may control a weld torch of the weld system  5004  based on the affirmation or the modified version of the one-the-fly profile data during the welding operation. 
     As an example, the one or more processors  5140  of the field system  5000  may cause one or more inspection devices to inspect the interface region  5136  between the pipes  1022   a ,  1022   b  to obtain inspection data during a welding operation on the interface region  5136 . The inspection devices used for the inspection may comprise one or any combination of the types of inspection devices described herein. The obtained inspection data may respectively comprise one or any combination of the types of inspection data described herein. The one or more processors  5140  may generate on-the-fly profile data based on the obtained inspection data, but may also transmit the inspection data to the remote computer system to assess the inspection data. The one or more processors  5140  may transmit its generated on-the-fly profile data to the remote computer system for an accuracy check. Based on its own assessment of the inspection data, the remote computer system may respond to the one or more processors  5140  with an affirmation of the on-the-fly profile data, an indication that the on-the-fly profile data provided is inaccurate, or other response. Additionally or alternatively, if the post-weld profile data provided is inaccurate, the remote computer system may respond with its own modified version of the on-the-fly profile data derived from the remote computer system&#39;s assessment of the inspection data. 
     As a further example, if the affirmation of the on-the-fly profile data is received, the one or more processors  5140  may use its generated on-the-fly profile data to update the welding parameters being used to control the weld torch of the weld system  5004  protocol (to perform the welding operation on the interface region  5136 ) as the welding operation is being performed. As another example, if the modified version of the on-the-fly profile data is received, the one or more processors  5140  may use the modified version to update the welding parameters being used to control the weld torch of the weld system  5004  protocol (to perform the welding operation on the interface region  5136 ) as the welding operation is being performed. 
     In one embodiment, where the one or more processors  5140  are local to the field system  5000  (e.g., part of a computer system local to the field system  5000 ), the one or more processors  5140  may interact with an inspection laser of the weld system  5004  to scan the interface region  5136  between the pipes  1022   a ,  1022   b  to determine the profile of the interface region  5136  subsequent to a welding operation and generate post-weld profile data based on the scan. In a further embodiment, the one or more processors  5140  may transmit the post-weld profile data to a remote computer system. In response, the one or more processors  5140  may receive (via a receiver) an affirmation of the post-weld profile data or a modified version of the post-weld profile data from the remote computer system. 
     As an example, the one or more processors  5140  of the field system  5000  may cause one or more inspection devices to inspect the interface region  5136  between the pipes  1022   a ,  1022   b  to obtain inspection data subsequent to a welding operation on the interface region  5136 . The inspection devices used for the inspection may comprise one or any combination of the types of inspection devices described herein. The obtained inspection data may respectively comprise one or any combination of the types of inspection data described herein. The one or more processors  5140  may generate post-weld profile data based on the obtained inspection data, but may also transmit the inspection data to the remote computer system to assess the inspection data. The one or more processors  5140  may transmit its generated post-weld profile data to the remote computer system for an accuracy check. Based on its own assessment of the inspection data, the remote computer system may respond to the one or more processors  5140  with an affirmation of the post-weld profile data, an indication that the post-weld profile data provided is inaccurate, or other response. Additionally or alternatively, if the post-weld profile data provided is inaccurate, the remote computer system may respond with its own modified version of the post-weld profile data derived from the remote computer system&#39;s assessment of the inspection data. 
     In one embodiment, where the one or more processors  5140  are local to the field system  5000  (e.g., part of a computer system local to the field system  5000 ), the one or more processors  5140  may cause, based on the affirmation or the modified version of the post-weld profile data (received from the remote computer system), another weld operation to be performed on the interface region  5136  between the pipes. As an example, if the affirmation of the post-weld profile data is received, the one or more processors  5140  may use its generated post-weld profile data to determine whether a result of a welding operation has one or more defects, whether the interface region  5136  is ready for the next stage of operations, or other determinations. In one use case, for instance, upon completing a root pass operation in the interface region  5316 , post-weld profile data of the root pass layer in the interface region  5316  may reveal that the root pass layer is insufficiently thick. In response, the post-weld profile data may be utilized to determine welding parameters for a welding operation to repair the insufficient thickness or welding parameters for a hot pass operation to produce a hot pass layer (on the root pass layer) that compensates for the insufficient thickness of the root pass layer. As another example, if the modified version of the pre-weld profile data is received, the one or more processors  5140  may use the modified version to perform the foregoing in lieu of its generated post-weld profile data. 
     In one embodiment, the welding parameters that affect the quality of the weld may include voltage, current, weld torch travel speed, wire feed speed, gas flow, etc. In one embodiment, the other welding parameters that affect the quality of the weld may include impedance, temperature, etc. 
     In one embodiment, the voltage used during the welding procedure may affect the weld bead width and weld bead shape. In one embodiment, the voltage is measured in volts. In one embodiment, the weld system may include a voltage sensor configured to measure the voltage of the power source that is used to create the welding arc. 
     In one embodiment, the current used during the welding procedure may affect the penetration of the weld bead. In one embodiment, the current is measured in amperes. In one embodiment, the weld system may include a current sensor configured to measure the current of the power source that is used to create the welding arc. 
     In one embodiment, the weld feed speed is a rate of travel of a weld electrode, during the welding procedure, along a joint being welded. In one embodiment, the weld electrode is fed from a welding torch. In one embodiment, the weld speed may be controlled by controlling the welding torch that feeds the weld electrode. In one embodiment, the weld speed during the welding procedure may affect the size of the weld bead and/or the penetration of the weld bead. In one embodiment, the weld speed is measured in millimeters/second or inches/minutes. 
     In one embodiment, the wire feed speed/wire usage is a rate at which the weld electrode material/filler material is being consumed (or fed into the weld) during the welding procedure. In one embodiment, the wire feed speed is measured in millimeters/second or inches/minutes. In one embodiment, the weld system may include a wire feed speed sensor that is configured to sense a flow of the weld electrode material. 
     In one embodiment, the rate of change of the weight of the spool allows the weld system to measure the rate at which weld wire  5007  is feeding into the weld. In one embodiment, the feed motor runs at a set/predetermined rate, but the wheel that pushes the wire  5007  may slip due to either minor variations in the wire  5007  or due to wear of the feed wheel itself. These slips may be temporary in nature, and their presence may be logged and used in the quality control feedback loop. If the slippage is persistent, the one or more processors  5140  may be configured to increase the speed of the feed motor to compensate. Over time, the speed overdrive ratio may need to be increased. Eventually it will not be possible to compensate, and the weld system  5004  will be taken out of service for maintenance. In one embodiment, tracking the rate of overdrive ratio increase across all weld systems allows the one or more processors to determine the best limit for the maximum allowable overdrive ratio. That setting may then be transmitted to all of the weld systems in service. In one embodiment, the one or more processors  5140  may be configured to update the value at any time as data becomes available in order to minimize process interruptions and minimize the frequency of machine down time for maintenance. 
     In one embodiment, the weld system may include a gas flow sensor that is configured to sense/detect the flow rate of the shield gases used in the welding procedure. In one embodiment, the shield gas may be an active gas that is configured to shield the molten weld pool. In one embodiment, the gas flow sensor is configured to provide a signal proportional to the gas flow rate in the shield gas line. In one embodiment, the one or more processors  5140  of the field system  5000  are configured to stop welding if the gas flow rate of the shield gas is not within a predetermined gas flow rate range. 
     In one embodiment, the pipes are preheated before the welding procedure. In one embodiment, the temperature of the pipes may be monitored by one or more temperature sensors of the weld system. In one embodiment, the one or more temperature sensors are configured to measure the temperature of the pipe at each point along the weld. In one embodiment, the one or more processors  5140  of the field system  5000  are configured to stop the welding procedure if the temperatures of the pipes are not within a predetermined temperature range. 
     In one embodiment, the weld system may include an impedance sensor that is configured to sense/detect an input electrical impedance of the weld system. 
     In one embodiment, the correct wire/weld electrode/filler material is to be used for each welding pass. For example, the only difference between two spools of wire is a 0.1 millimeter difference in the wire diameter. If the manufacturer label for the spool of wire has been smudged or has faded, the wrong spool could be loaded onto the weld system. An RFID tag on the spool has a spool identifier. In one embodiment, the RFID tag on the spool may be read by a sensor on the weld system. If the RFID tag has the wrong spool identifier, the weld system is configured to not feed the wire material and to alert the user to change to the correct wire. 
     In one embodiment, the spool weight may be monitored by the one or more processors  5140  of the field system  5000 . If the weld wire runs out during a weld procedure, the voltage signal that the processor uses to manage the distance between the weld tip and the work piece goes to zero. The processor moves the tip closer to the work piece in response which causes the tip to touch the molten weld metal and cause a copper inclusion defect. Therefore, knowing the exact weight of the wire remaining on the spool helps the weld system prevent the start of a welding pass that requires more weld wire than what is available. Also, if the spool weight stops changing, then that may be an indication of an empty spool or a failure in a wire feeding mechanism. In either case, the one or more processors  5140  of the field system  5000  are configured to stop the welding procedure. 
     In one embodiment, the one or more processors  5140  of the field system  5000  are configured to track the weight of every spool in real time. Each welding pass in a weld joint requires a different amount of wire due to the change in diameter and the change in the width of the weld groove being filled. 
     If the one or more processors  5140  of the field system  5000  determines that a spool will end up with too little wire to complete the next weld pass, but that it would have enough wire to complete a different weld pass, the one or more processors  5140  of the field system  5000  may be configured to inform an operator to remove the spool and give it to a different operator. For example, a spool starts with 10 pounds of wire, and the weld pass being performed by the weld system requires 1.3 pounds of wire. The weld system will be able to complete its weld passes on 7 weld joints before the spool has too little wire. 
     When that spool is removed after the 7 th  weld pass, that spool will have 0.9 pounds of wire on it that will be wasted. If there is another weld pass that requires, for example, 1.1 pounds of wire, then the one or more processors  5140  of the field system  5000  are configured to alert the operator to remove the spool after only 6 weld passes. In this case, the spool will have 2.2 pounds of wire remaining. That spool can then be used for the weld pass that needs only 1.1 pounds of wire to complete 2 such weld passes (and waste no wire). 
     In one embodiment, the weld wire  5507  passes through the weld tip  5503 . The tip weld tip  5503  also carries a high welding current. Both these factors cause the bore of the weld tip  5503  to wear. As this happens the contact point inside shifts which inherently affects the arc characteristics and hence the weld quality. In one embodiment, the weld parameters like voltage, current, wirefeed, power and impedance are monitored in real time. That data is sent to a tablet via the one or more processors to be analyzed for signature comparison of the above mentioned variables due the computationally intensive nature of analysis. When the analysis detects an impending problem, the internal weld system  5004  and the operator are sent a message to change the weld tip  5503  before the next weld. Additionally, this data may be used in the quality control feedback loop. In one embodiment, the results from the quality control feedback loop may be used to update the weld tip deterioration signatures on the fly. 
     In one embodiment, the exemplary weld parameters that are used for the uphill and downhill weld procedures are shown in  FIG. 72D . For example, in one embodiment, at least one of the plurality of weld torches  5502  weld in an upwards rotational direction (i.e., uphill) while at least another of the plurality of weld torches  5502  weld in an downwards rotational direction (i.e., downhill). In one embodiment, the weld parameters shown here are exemplary and are by no means optimized or inclusive of everything that may need to be changed during these welding procedures. In one embodiment, the travel speed for the downhill weld procedure is 13.5 inches/minute and for the uphill procedure is 10.0 inches/minute. In one embodiment, the amplitude of the cross-groove oscillation is 0.09 inches for the downhill weld procedure and 0.15 inches for the uphill weld procedure. In one embodiment, the oscillation speed is 160 beats per minute for the downhill weld procedure and 130 beats per minute for the uphill weld procedure. In one embodiment, the wave control  1  (i.e., related to the wire feed speed) is 400 for the downhill weld procedure to  370  for the uphill weld procedure. In one embodiment, the weld passes were welded at 16.5V with the power supply controlling voltage. 
     The operation of the internal weld system  5004  is now described. In one embodiment, the internal weld system  5004  is configured to be operated through a repeating cycle of operation. 
     After it has been determined that a weld has been completed in the current weld joint, the one or more processors  5140  are configured to send communication signals to the wire feed electronics module  5046  to control (via control signals) the weld torch motors  5512 ,  5550 ,  5588  (via) to retract the weld torches  5502  to their original, retracted positions. The one or more processors  5140  are also configured to send communication signals to the forward-most section electronics module  5014  to control/turn off (via control signals) the front clamp control valve  5018  to retract the first engagement structure  5052  to its original, retracted position and send communication signals to the center section electronics module  5064  to control/turn off (via control signals) the rear clamp control valve  5062  to retract the second engagement structure  5054  to its original, retracted position. The internal weld system  5004  (including the weld torches  5502  and the clamps  5144 ,  5142 ) has to be moved to the next weld joint. 
     In one embodiment, the one or more processors  5140  are configured to send communication signals to the drive section electronics module  5118  to control (via control signals) the drive motors  5124  to accelerate the internal weld system  5004  to travel a predetermined speed and then decelerate and stop at the next weld joint. In one embodiment, the predetermined speed at which the internal weld system  5004  accelerates may be 6 feet/second. 
     When the second engagement structure  5054  is positioned at the next weld joint, the drive section electronics module  5118  sends communication signals to the wire feed electronics module  5046  to check alignment with the end of the pipe. In one embodiment, the wire feed electronics module  5046  is configured to operate (turn on) the one or more inspection detectors  5056  to measure where the second engagement structure  5054  are in relation to the end of the pipe. In one embodiment, the rotatable hub  5072  may not be operated when the one or more inspection detectors  5056  are measuring where the second engagement structure  5054  are in relation to the end of the pipe. 
     In one embodiment, the wire feed electronics module  5046  is configured send the measured distance data to the drive section electronics module  5118 . In one embodiment, the drive section electronics module  5118  is configured to control (via control signals) the drive motors  5124  to move the first and second engagement structures  5052 ,  5054  by the measured distance data. 
     In one embodiment, when the second engagement structure  5054  is properly aligned and positioned in relation to the end of the pipe, the drive section electronics module  5118  is configured to send communication signals to the center section electronics module  5064  that the internal weld system  5004  is in position at the next weld joint. In one embodiment, the center section electronics module  5064  controls (opens via control signals) the rear clamp control valve  5062  to raise the second engagement structure  5054  and grip the old/existing pipe. 
     The next/new pipe segment  1002   a  is then brought in, and slid over the forward-most section  5006  of the internal weld system  5004  into position by the working crew. At this time, the one or more processors  5140  are configured to send communication signals to the wire feed electronics module  5046  to operate the one or more inspection detectors  5056  to check the alignment of the pipes. In one embodiment, the one or more processors  5140  may rotate the rotatable hub  5078  to take measurements at multiple locations. 
     If the pipe alignment data is within a predetermined tolerance, the wire feed electronics module  5046  sends communication signals to the forward-most electronics module  5014  to actuate the front clamp  5142 . In one embodiment, the forward-most electronics module  5014  controls/opens (via control signals) the front clamp control valve  5018  to raise the first engagement structure  5052  and grip the new pipe segment  1002   a.    
     If the pipe alignment data is not within the predetermined tolerance, the wire feed electronics module  5046  sends communication signals (a message) to the one or more processors  5140  identifying the misalignment between the pipes  1022   a ,  1022   b . In one embodiment, this information may be relayed to a crane operator by traditional crane operator hand signals or by an electronic signal to a computer display terminal in the crane cab. 
     After the pipes are clamped, the one or more processors  5140  are configured to send communication signals to the wire feed electronics module  5046  to operate the one or more 1 inspection detectors  5056  to measure the gap and radial offset (Hi-Lo) at a plurality of points along the circumference of the weld joint. In one embodiment, this data is communicated out to the one or more processors  5140  and compared against the allowable tolerances. 
     If the joint fit up (i.e., the gap and radial offset (Hi-Lo)) is within a predetermined tolerance, either the one or more processors  5140  or the wire feed electronics module  5046  sends communication signals to the operator indicating that welding may begin or sends communication signals to the wire feed electronics module  5046  to automatically begin the welding procedure. 
     If the joint fit up (i.e., the gap and radial offset (Hi-Lo)) is not within the predetermined tolerance, a warning is sent to the operator, who can restart the clamping sequence or override the warning. In one embodiment, the internal weld system  5004  is configured to weld up to a 4 millimeters of the gap and radial offset (Hi-Lo). 
     In one embodiment, the wire feed electronics module  5046  is configured to automatically begin the welding procedure. In one embodiment, the one or more processors  5140  are configured to send communication signals through the umbilical  5034  to a weld power supply to turn on the weld power supply to the weld torch(es)  5502 . In one embodiment, the wire feed electronics module  5046  is configured to control/move one or more weld torches  5502  radially, axially and/or angularly to a proper welding position. In one embodiment, the wire feed electronics module  5046  moves one or more weld torches  5502  radially, axially and/or angularly to the correct working distance from the pipe and to the center of the weld joint as measured by the one or more inspection detector(s)  5056 . 
     In one embodiment, the wire feed electronics module  5046  is also configured to operate (turn on) the shield gas valve(s)  5042  to supply shield gas to the weld torch(es)  5502  and operate the motors of the weld feed system  5044  to begin feeding weld wire or electrode to the weld torch(es)  5502 . 
     In one embodiment, the wire feed electronics module  5046  sends communication signals to both the forward-most section electronics module  5014  and the center section electronics module  5064  to begin rotation of the rotatable hub  5078 . In one embodiment, the wire feed electronics module  5046  sends communication signals to both the forward-most section electronics module  5014  and the center section electronics module  5064  to synchronize the front rotation motor  5030  and the rear rotation motor  5074 . In one embodiment, the forward-most section electronics module  5014  sends control signals to operate the front rotation motor  5030  and the center section electronics module  5064  sends control signals to operate the rear rotation motor  5074 . The front rotation motor  5030  and the rear rotation motor  5074  are configured to rotate the rotatable hub  5078  while keeping the front and rear clamps  5142 ,  5144  stationary. In one embodiment, the rotatable hub  5078  continues to rotate for the full length of the weld. 
     In one embodiment, the wire feed electronics module  5046  is configured to operate the one or more inspection detector(s)  5056  to locate the center of the weld joint and move the weld torch  5502  axially to follow the weld joint. 
     In one embodiment, the wire feed electronics module  5046  is configured to measure the voltage of the weld power. The measured voltage data may be used by the wire feed electronics module  5046  to determine the distance of the weld torch  5502  from the pipe. In one embodiment, the wire feed electronics module  5046  is configured to adjust the weld torch  5502  radially to maintain a constant distance of the weld torch  5502  from the pipe. In one embodiment, the wire feed electronics module  5046  may oscillate the weld torch  5502  axially to improve weld quality. 
     In one embodiment, the wire feed electronics module  5046  is configured to change the tilt angle of the weld torch  5502  based on which portion of the weld joint is being welded. For example, the tilt angle of the weld torch  5502  in the plane of travel is adjusted to compensate for gravity. 
     In one embodiment, the wire feed electronics module  5046  may be configured to vary the wire feed speed or send communication signals to the weld power supply (via the umbilical  5034 ) to vary the welding current based on the measurement data from the one or more inspection detectors  5056 . 
     In one embodiment, the welding procedure may be performed by one weld torch in one weld pass by rotating 360°. In one embodiment, the start and stop position of the weld may be anywhere along the weld joint. 
     In one embodiment, the welding procedure may be performed with N equally spaced weld torches  5502  where the rotatable hub  5078  rotates through (360/N) degrees to deposit one weld pass. In one embodiment, the welding procedure may be performed with N equally spaced weld torches  5502  where the rotatable hub  5078  rotates through (2 times (360/N)) degrees to deposit two weld passes. For example, in one embodiment, where the internal weld system  5004  has three equally spaced weld torches  5502 , the rotatable hub  5078  rotates through 120° to deposit one weld pass and rotates through 240° to deposit two weld passes. 
     When the weld torches  5502  reach a point where the previous weld torch  5502  started its weld pass, the one or more inspection detectors  5056  detect the existing weld bead and the wire feed electronics module  5046  is configured to move the weld torches  5502  in radially to compensate. 
     In one embodiment, the two welding passes may be deposited as above with a pause between the weld passes for a full laser and visual post weld inspection. In one embodiment, the welding may be done 360° with N unequally spaced torches  5502  with each weld torch  5502  depositing a successive weld pass for a total of N weld passes in 360° plus the distance from the first torch to the Nth torch. 
     After it has been determined that the weld has been completed, the one or more processors  5140  are configured to send communication signals to the wire feed electronics module  5046  to control (via control signals) the weld torch motors  5512 ,  5550 ,  5588  (via) to retract the weld torches  5502  to their original, retracted positions. For example, the weld torches  5502  may be retracted back to their original, home positions for each axis (radial, axial, tilt). 
     In one embodiment, the rotatable hub  5078  continues to rotate while the wire feed electronics module  5046  operates the one or more inspection detectors  5056  and one 2D camera  5112  to inspect the quality of the weld. In one embodiment, if certain types of weld defects (e.g. under fill, lack of reinforcement) are discovered, the one or more processors  5140  are configured to send communication signals to the wire feed electronics module  5046  to move a weld torch  5502  to that location and apply additional weld material to repair the defect. 
     Once the inspection and any repairs are completed and verified by the operator, the operator may sends communication signals to the forward-most electronics module  5014  to control/turn off (via control signals) the front clamp control valve  5018  to retract the first engagement structure  5052  to its original, retracted position and send communication signals to the center section electronics module  5064  to control/turn off (via control signals) the rear clamp control valve  5062  to retract the second engagement structure  5054  to its original, retracted position. 
     In the offshore pipeline applications, both angular and positional pipe alignment errors may be corrected by sending the control signals from the one or more processors  5140  to the cradles  5330  or the cradles  6010 A and  6010 B (to control the associated rollers  5332 ). 
     In one embodiment, the purge and inspection system  7001  or the internal weld system  5004  may include one clamp that is constructed and arranged to grip the inner surface of the first pipe  1022   b . In one embodiment, the cradles  5330  or the cradles  6010 A and  6010 B are configured to move the second/incoming pipe  1022   a  into position. In one embodiment, the one or more processors  7062  or  5140  are configured to interact with the inspection detector  5056  or  7042  to check the alignment between the pipes and send control signals to the cradles  5330  or the cradles  6010 A and  6010 B to fix any pipe alignment errors (angular or positional). In one embodiment, the control signals from the one or more processors  5140  are configured to adjust the relative positioning between the pipes (to correct their alignment errors). In one embodiment, this procedure may be used on small or thick walled pipes that have a very low (&lt;20) diameter to wall thickness ratio because no amount of clamping power can noticeably change the shape of low D/t pipe. 
     In one embodiment, the purge and inspection system  7001  or the internal weld system  5004  may include two clamps. For example, one clamp is constructed and arranged to grip the inner surface of the first pipe  1022   b . In one embodiment, the cradles  5330  or the cradles  6010 A and  6010 B are configured to move the second/incoming pipe  1022   a  into position. In one embodiment, the second clamp is constructed and arranged to grip the inner surface of the second/incoming pipe  1022   a . In one embodiment, the one or more processors  7062  or  5140  are configured to interact with the inspection detector  5056  or  7042  to check the alignment between the pipes. For example, if the alignment is not good, the second clamp releases the second pipe  1022   a . The one or more processors  7062  or  5140  are configured to send control signals to the cradles  5330  or the cradles  6010 A and  6010 B to fix any pipe alignment errors (angular or positional). In one embodiment, the control signals from the one or more processors  5140  are configured to adjust the relative positioning between the pipes (to correct their alignment errors), for example, by altering the positioning of the pipe  1022   a . The procedure may continue until the acceptable pipe alignment is achieved by the inspection detector or a predefined number of attempts (e.g., 10) at which time the second pipe  1022   a  is rejected and a new second pipe is moved into place. 
     In one embodiment, the crane and the clamp alignment is used in the onshore pipeline alignment and welding procedure. In the onshore pipeline applications, the angular pipe alignment error may be corrected by providing the instructions to the crane operator and the positional alignment error may be corrected by providing the instructions to the workers to place a shim between the clamp and the pipe. 
     In one embodiment, the purge and inspection system  7001  or the internal weld system  5004  may include one clamp that is constructed and arranged to grip the inner surface of the first pipe  1022   b . In one embodiment, the crane operator moves the second/incoming pipe  1022   a  into position and the workers place the external clamp around the joint. In one embodiment, the one or more processors  7062  or  5140  are configured to interact with the inspection detector  5056  or  7042  to check the alignment between the pipes. If the inspection detector  5056  or  7042  detects angular misalignment/pipe alignment error, instructions are sent to the crane operator to correct angular misalignment/pipe alignment error and the workers release the clamp while the pipe is being moved. If the inspection detector  5056  or  7042  detects positional misalignment/pipe alignment error, instructions are sent to the workers for the placement and thickness of the shims needed to correct positional misalignment/pipe alignment error. The workers remove the clamp, place the shims, and replace the clamp. The process repeats until the pipe alignment is accepted by the inspection detector. 
     In one embodiment, the purge and inspection system  7001  or the internal weld system  5004  may include two clamps. For example, one clamp is constructed and arranged to grip the inner surface of the first pipe  1022   b . In one embodiment, the crane operator moves the second/incoming pipe  1022   a  into position. In one embodiment, the second clamp is constructed and arranged to grip the inner surface of the second/incoming pipe  1022   a . In one embodiment, the one or more processors  7062  or  5140  are configured to interact with the inspection detector  5056  or  7042  to check the alignment between the pipes. If the inspection detector  5056  or  7042  detects an angular misalignment/pipe alignment error, the second clamp releases the second pipe and instructions are sent to the crane operator to correct the misalignment. If the inspection detector  5056  or  7042  detects a positional misalignment/pipe alignment error, the second clamp releases the second pipe and instructions are sent to the workers for the placement and thickness of the shims needed to correct positional misalignment/pipe alignment error. The crane operator moves the second pipe away from the first pipe, the workers place the shims. The crane operator moves the second pipe back into position. The second clamp grips the second pipe. The process repeats until the pipe alignment is accepted by the inspection detector. 
       FIG. 103B  shows the pipe alignment, welding and inspection procedures of the internal weld system  5004 . 
     In one embodiment, the inspection detector  5056  scans 360° of the interface region  5136  between the pipes  1022   a ,  1022   b  before any welding takes place. In one embodiment, during the procedure of generating the pre-weld profile data, the inspection detector  5056  is positioned between the clamps and/or seals of the internal weld system  5004  and is turned on. In one embodiment, the weld torch(es)  5502  are turned off during the procedure of generating the pre-weld profile data. In one embodiment, the one or more processors  5140  are configured to interact with the inspection detector  5056  to scan the interface region  5136  to obtain the pre-weld profile data subsequent to the first clamp  5142  and the second clamp  5144  engaging with the first pipe  1022   a  and second pipe  1022   b , respectively. 
     In one embodiment, the cradles  5330  (as shown in  FIGS. 10A and 10B ) and  6010 A and  6010 B (as shown in  FIG. 73 ) are operated by the one or more processors  5140  (or otherwise controlled) to engage the exterior surfaces  5346  and/or  5348  (as shown in  FIG. 2G ) of the first pipe  1022   a  and/or second pipe  1022   b  to adjust the relative positioning of the pipes  1022   a ,  1022   b  in the event the pre-weld profile data determines adjustment is required. In one embodiment, an interior surface  5130 ,  5132  of the first pipe  1022   a  and/or the second pipe  1022   b  is engaged and manipulated by the first clamp  5142  and the second clamp  5144 , respectively to adjust the relative positioning of the pipes  1022   a ,  1022   b  in the event the pre-weld profile data determines adjustment is required. 
     In one embodiment, during the procedure of generating the on-the-fly weld profile data, the inspection detector  5056  is positioned between the clamps and/or seals of the internal weld system  5004  and is turned on. In one embodiment, the one or more processors  5140  are configured to control a position and speed of the weld torch  5502  (or  7502 ) based on the on-the-fly weld profile data. In one embodiment, the on-the-fly scan/inspection procedure is performed during the root pass weld procedure, the hot pass weld procedure, the fill pass weld procedure, and the cap pass weld procedure. In one embodiment, an optional radiography inspection procedure (e.g.,  1044  as shown in and described with respect to  FIG. 1B ) may be performed between the on-the-fly scan/inspection &amp; hot pass weld procedure and the on-the-fly scan/inspection &amp; fill and cap pass weld procedure. 
     In one embodiment, the inspection detector  5056  scans 360° of the interface region  5136  between the pipes  1022   a ,  1022   b  subsequent to a welding operation. In one embodiment, during the procedure of generating the post-weld profile data, the inspection detector  5056  is positioned between the clamps and/or seals of the internal weld system  5004  and is turned on. In one embodiment, the weld torch(es)  5502  are turned off during the procedure of generating the post-weld profile data. 
     In one embodiment, a weld inspection procedure (e.g.,  1008  as shown in and described with respect to  FIG. 1B ) may be performed after the post-weld scan/inspection procedure. 
     The procedures of  FIG. 103B  are described with respect to the internal weld system  5004 . However, as shown in  FIG. 103B , it is contemplated that the same procedures apply the tie-in internal weld system  3001  and the purge and inspection system  7001 , and, therefore, will not be described again with reference to the tie-in internal weld system  3001  and the purge and inspection system  7001 . 
     Because, in one or more embodiments, the pipe has been welded from the interior, (i.e. the root pass weld has been applied from inside the pipe) the resulting root weld can be superior in that it better takes into account any mismatch and/or high-low regions within the pipe. In addition, if a hot weld pass (a second weld layer on top of the root pass layer) is also applied internally, the pipe can also be provided with positive root enforcement on top of the root weld pass. The hot weld pass, and even a further weld pass applied internally, can provide a small curved bump that extends slightly internally in the pipe to further reinforce the pipe. For example, the internal diameter of the pipe could be structured to be slightly smaller at the region of the weld than the internal diameter of the welded pipe at regions that contain just the pipe material without the weld. In one aspect of this application, the hot pass layer of the weld material has at least a portion thereof disposed closer to the longitudinal axis of the pipe than the interior surfaces of the welded pipes in regions of the welded pipes immediately adjacent to the weld material on opposite sides of the weld material. 
     In some embodiments, the internal weld system  5004  disclosed herein is configured to weld pipes that are at least 30′ long. In other embodiments, the internal weld system  5004 ,  3001  disclosed herein is configured to weld pipes that are 26″ in diameter or less. In yet other embodiments, the internal weld system  5004  can weld pipes that are less than 24″ in diameter. In yet other embodiments, the internal weld system  5004  disclosed herein is configured to weld pipes that are both, at least 30′ long and less than 24″ in diameter. 
       FIGS. 73-85  show and disclose another embodiment of the internal weld system in accordance with another embodiment of the present patent application. 
     The present patent application provides a system for aligning and welding together the faces of two pipe segments. The system includes an external alignment mechanism and a welding mechanism. The external alignment mechanisms may be as sophisticated as the line up modules shown in the drawings or as simple as a tipton clamp as illustrated in U.S. Pat. No. 1,693,064. The mechanisms used may also be suitable for on or off shore pipeline construction. U.S. Pat. No. 1,693,064 is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. Whatever mechanism is employed, the external alignment mechanism supports and adjustably positions each segment so that the segments are substantially collinear or axially aligned along their longitudinal axes. 
     The external alignment mechanism may support a pipe segment and may include powered features that allow the position and orientation of the pipe to be adjusted. Specifically, the external alignment mechanism may include rollers that allow the pipe to move longitudinally. The pipe may also be supported by rollers that allow the pipe to be rolled about the longitudinal axis and moved up and down. The position and orientation adjustments may be automatic as by motor power or hydraulic power controlled at an operator station or fed into a central controller that automatically controls an aligns the segments based on predetermined alignment parameters or feedback from an internal laser reading an interface or joint profile. 
     The welding mechanism is an internal welding machine that applies a weld (e.g., a gas metal arc weld “GMAW”) from inside the pipe segments to a face or edge joint of the segment and into a v-shaped opening formed by chamfered edges of the two pipe segments (other cross-sectional shapes other than a V may be used also). The welding mechanism includes a carriage capable of engaging the inner walls of the pipe to secure or lock itself within the pipe in a fixed position and a welding portion rotatably supported from the carriage within the pipe. Specifically, the internal welder is located within the aligned pipe and then positioned longitudinally so that a weld head or torch is in longitudinal proximity to the edge joint. The welding mechanism also includes a rotary mechanism for rotating the welding portion relative to the carriage. The weld head or torch is rotatably supported on the welding portion about the pipe longitudinal axis so that the torch may closely follow the entire interior joint interface in an orbital rotation. Specifically, during welding, the torch of the articulating head follows the edge joint around the entire interior circumference of the pipe applying weld material. In addition to circular rotation relative to the carriage, various control elements may move the weld head axially along the pipe relative to the carriage, radially toward and away from the joint, and pivotally about a point or axis (e.g., an axis parallel or perpendicular to pipe longitudinal axis A-A). A controller may direct the torches pivoting. These degrees of freedom of articulation allow the weld head to be very effective and efficient in filling in interface profiles optimally and where necessary. 
     The welding mechanism also includes a laser tracking mechanism that works in conjunction with the torch of the welding portion to sense interface joint profile or/and weld material profile to apply weld material to the edge joint in the appropriate location and amount. The laser mechanism surveys the weld and sends a signal to the controller of the articulating weld head to control movement of the head around the entire edge joint. Specifically, the torch follows the laser as the weld head control system continuously receives weld profile information from the edge joint. The information is then used to continuously adjust the torch to achieve the desired weld structure. 
     In addition to the laser tracking mechanism, the system may include a 2D camera for visual inspection of the weld. The 2D camera is mounted on the welding portion and follows the torch so that an operator can inspect the weld as soon as it is created by the torch. A visual signal is delivered to an external operator display. For example, the 2D camera may be a color camera and a change in coloration may indicate a weld defect to the operator. A perceived change in profile may also indicate a defect. 
     Referring to  FIGS. 73-75 , the system for welding pipeline segments together is described as follows.  FIG. 73  shows an external alignment mechanism  6010 A and  6010 B which is capable of supporting, positioning, and repositioning multiple lengths of pipeline. Each mechanism  6010 A and  6010 B may include supports (e.g., rollers) upon which a length of pipeline may be supported. A longitudinal roller  6012  moveably supports pipeline segment  6105  such that segment  6105  may be repositioned along its longitudinal direction defined by arrow A. In addition, rotational rollers  6014  are rotatable about an axis parallel to axis A-A of support segment  6105  on either side of segment  6105  enabling them to rotate or adjust the angular orientation of segment  6105  about axis A-A. External alignment mechanism  6010  is able to automatically manipulate multiple segments into various positions and orientations via motors, hydraulics, etc. For example the segments may be raised, lowered, rotated, tilted, pivoted, etc. 
     As shown in  FIG. 73 , the external alignment mechanisms  6010 A and  6010 B support multiple segments  6105 ,  6110  and adjust their position and orientation until segments  6105 ,  6110  are both aligned such that their longitudinal axes A-A are collinear and one end of each of the segments  6105 ,  6110  abuts at interface edges. Specifically,  FIG. 74  illustrates an enlarged view of detail  6100  of  FIG. 73  in which the edges form a pipe interface  6120  (known as a “fit up” joint). 
     The pipeline aligning and weld system of the present patent application applies a weld to the interior of the interface  6120  from inside the fitted up segments  6105 ,  6110 . To apply a weld to the interior of the joint  6120 , an internal welding mechanism  6300  is rolled into an end of one of the segments  6105  as shown in  FIG. 75 . A second segment  6110  is then placed on the external alignment mechanism  6010 B and manipulated until both the segments  6105 ,  6110  are satisfactorily aligned. An external force may then be applied to a reach rod  6345  of the internal welding mechanism  6300  or the mechanism may include automatic self propulsion means for adjusting its axial position within the aligned segments  6105 ,  6110 . 
     As shown in  FIGS. 76-79 , the welding mechanism  6300  includes a carriage  6301  and a welding portion  6302 . The carriage  6301  includes at least one alignment mechanism  6340 A,  6340 B which may expand radially to engage the interior surface of segments  6105  or  6110 . This expansion and engagement both secures the axial/longitudinal position of the welding mechanism  6300  relative to segment  6105 ,  6110  and aligns or radially centers the welding mechanism  6300  within the segments  6105 ,  6110 . The carriage  6301  also includes a body  6311  on which rotating mechanism  6335  is supported. The body  6311  is comprised of multiple elongated structural support members that extend between alignment mechanism  6340 A and  6340 B. As discussed below the welding portion  6302  includes a similar corresponding structure  6313 . 
     The welding portion  6302  is rotatably connected to the carriage  6301  and extends from an end of the carriage  6301 . The relative rotation between the carriage  6301  and the welding portion  6302  is facilitated by a rotary mechanism  6335 . The rotary mechanism  6335  is secured to the carriage  6301  and automatically (via a motor and gears) rotates welding portion  6302  relative to the carriage  6301  about longitudinal axis A-A. The welding portion  6302  may be cantilevered from the carriage  6301  or may be supported by an additional alignment mechanism  6340 C located so that torch  6305  is positioned between alignment mechanisms  6340 B and  6340 C. When alignment mechanism  6340 C is provided, the welding portion  6302  is rotatable relative to and between both the alignment mechanisms  6340 B and  6340 C when the alignment mechanisms  6340 B and  6340 C expand to secure themselves to the interior of a segment. Furthermore, the carriage  6301  may include a reach rod  6345  which can be structured as an elongated extension from the carriage  6301  which an operator may grasp to insert/push or retract/pull the welding mechanism  6300  to axially position it within a segment  6105 ,  6110 . 
       FIG. 76  shows an enlarged view of section  6200  of  FIG. 75  in which only segment  6105  is present and segment  6110  is absent. As shown in  FIG. 76 , the welding portion  6302  includes a welding group  6303  which comprises a torch  6305 , a laser sensor  6310 , and a color camera  6320 . The welding portion  6302  further has a body  6313  on which torch  6305 , the laser sensor  6310 , and the color camera  6320  are supported. The laser  6310  tracks an interior joint of segments  6105 ,  6110 , and detects an interface profile to be used to position the torch  6305  in applying a weld to the joint interface. The body  6313  extends between the alignment mechanism  6340 B and  6340 C. Section  6200  shows the welding mechanism  6300  located inside the segment  6105  with the torch  6305  generally pointed in a radially outward direction and positioned to apply a weld to face joint  6120 .  FIG. 77  shows an embodiment of a general schematic cross-sectional view of the welding mechanism  6300  through section B-B which shows welding group  6303  looking in the direction of insertion of the welding mechanism  6300 .  FIG. 77  also shows a direction D of rotation of the welding group  6303  when it is rotated by the rotary mechanism  6335 . Therefore, a welding action on a particular point along weld joint  6120  will first be acted on by the laser sensor  6310  followed by the torch  6305  and finally by the 2D inspection camera  6320 . 
       FIGS. 82-84  illustrate multiple perspectives of the welding portion  6302 .  FIG. 82  shows a wire delivery system  6322 . The wire delivery system  6322  includes a wire spool storage  6323 , an optional wire straightener  6325 , and a wire feed mechanism  6330  which is automatically controlled to deliver the appropriate amount of wire to the torch  6305 . As the rotary mechanism  6335  rotates the welding portion  6302 , wire is fed to the torch  6305  by wire delivery mechanism  322 . 
     As mentioned above, the torch  6305  may be positioned and oriented in multiple ways by multiple mechanisms. The torch  6305  is supported on a manipulator. The manipulator includes a radial positioner, an axial positioner and a pivoter. Specifically, a radial positioner  6307  (e.g., a rack and pinion) on which the torch  6305  is supported is capable of moving the torch radially toward and away from the interior surface of segments  6105 ,  6110 . In other words, towards and away from the interface of the segments  6105 ,  6110  to be welded. In addition, an axial positioner  6309  (e.g., a rack and pinion) may move the torch  6305  axially within segments  6105 ,  6110 . The manipulator also includes a pivoter  6308  that allows the torch to pivot (e.g., about an axis parallel to segment longitudinal axis A-A). The pivotal movement by the pivoter  6308  may be powered by a motor and gears  6306 . For example, the motor may be a stepper motor. 
     The torch manipulator may compound the manipulative movements of the above mentioned elements by dependently supporting the elements. For example, the body  6313  may support the axial positioner which in turn supports the radial positioner which in turn supports the pivoter which in turn supports the torch. Similarly, the axial positioner may be supported by the radial positioner. Furthermore, any order of support may be employed. 
     The elements of the manipulator are controlled by a controller which receives as input, a series of signals including a signal from the laser  6310  and then processes the information before transmitting a signal to at least the radial positioner  6307 , the axial positioner  6309 , the pivoter  6308 , and the wire delivery system  6322 . The torch  6305  is then repositioned and reoriented continuously according to predetermined parameters of the controller based on signals from profile reading laser  6310 . 
     The operation of the present internal welding system will now be described.  FIGS. 73, 80 and 81  illustrate the process of positioning and welding the segments  6105  and  6110  together. In operation, one or more of the following lettered steps may be executed so that: a) a pipe segment  6105  is placed on the alignment device/pipe stand  6010 A; b) the internal welding machine  6300  is then inserted into the pipe segment  6105 ; c) a second pipe segment  6110  is then aligned with the pipe segment  6105  and the welding mechanism  6300  is pulled forward by the reach rod  6345  or automatically driven so that the torch  6305  generally lines up with faces joint  6120  of the pipe segments  6105 ,  6110 ; d) the alignment mechanisms  6340 A,  6340 B (and if necessary  6340 C) are then engaged to secure the welding mechanism  6300  within the pipe segments  6105 ,  6110 ; e) in one embodiment (optional), the rotary mechanism  6335  rotates the weld head  6305  to perform an initial scan of interface joint  6120  of the pipe segments  6105 ,  6110  by the laser sensor device  6310  to ensure optimal fit up; f) if required, steps (c), (d) and (e) may be repeated, i.e. the pipe segments  6105 ,  6110  are realigned/rotated and rescanned by the laser  6310 , to improve “fit up”; g) optionally, the internal alignment mechanism  6340 C on the rear of the welding mechanism  6300  is engaged to hold the axial position of the welding mechanism  3600  with respect to both the pipe sections  6105 ,  6110 ; h) with the welding mechanism  6300  secure in the pipe segments  6105  and  6110 , the root weld (first weld) cycle begins so that the laser  6310  scans the pipe interface  6120 , the torch  6305  follows the laser  6310 , and the output from the laser  6310  is used to control the position of the articulated torch  6305 , where the position and orientation of the torch  6305  with respect to the interface  6120  is controlled so as to produce the best quality weld; i) in addition to a signal from the laser  6310 , thru the arc current monitoring can also be used in directing the torch position; j) after the completion of a 360° weld, the weld head  6305  is rotated back to an original position; k) the profile (using the laser  6310 ) and the visual inspections (with the 2D color camera  6320 ) are performed either in the previous step (j) or on a separate inspection run; l) after inspection, aligning mechanism  6340 A-C are released and welding mechanism  6300  is pulled or driven forward towards the open end of the welded pipe  6105 ,  6110  and with the nose of the welding mechanism  6300  exposed, like (b), the pipe segment  6110  is placed on external alignment mechanism  6010 B and advanced to the next joint; m) steps (c) to (l) are then repeated for the entire production run. 
     In one embodiment, a signal from the laser sensor  6310  is sent to an electronic controller of the external alignment mechanism  6010  to automatically reposition one or both of the segments  6105 ,  6110  for a more desirable face joint  6120  arrangement. Furthermore, the foregoing steps may be executed in the stated order. However, variations in the order are also contemplated. 
     In another embodiment, instead of stopping after the first 360° weld, the rotation is continued to lay another weld pass, the laser  6310  could be used to inspect &amp; track simultaneously while the trailing 2D color camera continues inspection after the second weld. 
     In still another embodiment, instead of welding a complete 360° weld, the weld is performed in two 180° halves with the same start position. This implementation would require either multiple laser sensors for tracking or a mechanism to physically oscillate the laser and/or the torch in order to maintain the tracking sensor&#39;s lead position in both directions of rotation (i.e., rotate the torch and laser so that they switch positions). 
     In one embodiment, the present patent application discloses a tie-in internal weld system  3001 . In one embodiment, the tie-in internal weld system  3001  incorporates all of the features of the internal weld system  5004 . In one embodiment, the additional features of the tie-in internal weld system  3001  may include a large capacity battery so that the tie-in internal weld system  3001  can travel long distances, and has on-board weld power. In one embodiment, the tie-in internal weld system  3001  is configured to operate autonomously so that there is no external cables to the tie-in internal weld system  3001 . 
     As a result of the welding power, locomotion power, and other required power being carried on-board (the full battery system carried by the frame), the tie-in internal weld system  3001  can be used to traverse very long spans of pipe, and perform a welding operation at such locations. This is achievable as the system need not be tethered for power from an external power source. 
     In one embodiment, the tie-in internal weld system  3001  may also include a device for pulling the pipes together to close any gaps. In one embodiment, the device for pulling the pipes together to close any gaps may be referred to as an ungapping device. In one embodiment, the upgapping device is constructed and arranged such that one of the clamps is configured to be moveable relative to the other clamp. In one embodiment, the upgapping device is constructed and arranged to be external to the main weld section. In one embodiment, the upgapping device is constructed and arranged to be within the pipes. 
     In one embodiment, the tie-in internal weld system  3001  includes the forward-most section  3002 , the center section  3004 , and the drive section  3006  that are similar to that in the internal weld system,  5004 . In one embodiment, the structure, configuration, components, and operation of the forward-most section  3002 , the center section  3004  and the drive section  3006  of the tie-in internal weld system  3001  are similar to the forward-most section, the center section and the drive section of the internal weld system  5004  described in detail above, and, therefore, the structure, configuration, components, and operation of the forward-most section  3002 , the center section  3004  and the drive section  3006  of the tie-in internal weld system  3001  will not be described in detail here. In one embodiment, the electronics module of the forward-most section  3002 , the electronics module of the center section  3004 , and the electronics module of the drive section  3006  each include one or more processors. 
     For example, the tie-in internal weld system  3001  includes a frame that is configured to be placed within the pipes  1022   a ,  1022   b , a plurality of rollers  3125  that are configured to rotatably support the frame of the tie-in internal weld system  3001 , a drive motor  3124  that drives the rollers  3125  to move the frame of the tie-in internal weld system  3001  within the pipes  1022   a ,  1022   b , a brake system that secures the frame of the tie-in internal weld system  3001  from movement at a desired location within the pipes  1022   a ,  1022   b , an inspection detector that is carried by the frame of the tie-in internal weld system  3001  and configured to detect a characteristic of an interface region between the pipes  1022   a ,  1022   b , and a weld torch carried by the frame of the tie-in internal weld system  3001 . In one embodiment, like the internal weld system  5004 , the brake system of the tie-in internal weld system  3001  may include the clamps of the tie-in internal weld system  3001  that are configured to clamp to the pipes  1022   a ,  1022   b , respectively. In one embodiment, like the internal weld system  5004 , the brake system of the tie-in internal weld system  3001  may include the brake cylinder and the brake valve of the tie-in internal weld system  3001 . In one embodiment, the structure, configuration, and/or operation of the rollers  3125 , the drive motor  3124 , the inspection detector, and the weld torch the tie-in internal weld system  3001  are similar that of the internal weld system  5004  and, therefore will not be described in detail here. 
     In one embodiment, the tie-in internal weld system  3001  also includes one or more processors that are operatively connected with the drive motor  3124 , the inspection detector and the weld torch. The configuration and operation of the one or more processors of the tie-in internal weld system  3001  are similar to that of the internal weld system  3004  and, therefore will not be described in detail here. 
     In one embodiment, the tie-in internal weld system  3001  is entirely untethered. Specifically, the tie-in internal weld system  3001  need not include the reach rod or the umbilical and all the communications to and from the tie-in internal weld system  3001  are entirely wireless. In one embodiment, the tie-in internal weld system  3001  may include a transmitter that is configured to transmit all the communication signals entirely wirelessly from the tie-in internal weld system  3001  to the remote uLog processing system and a receiver that is configured to receive all the communication signals entirely wirelessly from the remote uLog processing system. In one embodiment, the one or more processors and/or all the electronic modules of the tie-in internal weld system  3001  are configured to communicate entirely wirelessly with the remote uLog processing system. In one embodiment, the inspection detector, the inspection camera, all the sensors, all the motors, all the valves and/or other components/elements of the tie-in internal weld system  3001  are configured to communicate entirely wirelessly with the remote uLog processing system. 
     In one embodiment, any information from the tie-in internal weld system can be communicated wirelessly with systems outside the pipe by WiFi, Bluetooth, NFC, by radio frequency, or through cell tower transmissions, just for example. In some embodiments where appropriate, the information is communicated by use of repeaters or extenders, where the transmission signal is to travel long distances or through curved areas. 
     In one embodiment, the one or more processors and one or more sensors of the tie-in internal weld system  3001  are configured to monitor the charge levels of the on-board weld power supply, on-board locomotion power supply, and other on-board power supplies. For example, the voltage output by these power supplies may be (continuously or at regular intervals) monitored. In one embodiment, the transmitter of the tie-in internal weld system  3001  transmits the monitored battery life/charge level information entirely wirelessly to the remote uLog processing system for further processing. For example, the monitored charge level information of the on-board power supplies may be used to determine an estimated remaining operating time of the tie-in internal weld system  3001 . In one embodiment, the one or processors of the tie-in internal weld system  3001  may be configured to determine the estimated remaining operating time of the tie-in internal weld system  3001  locally on the tie-in internal weld system  3001 . In one embodiment, the remote uLog processing system may be configured to determine the estimated remaining operating time of the tie-in internal weld system  3001  based on the wirelessly transmitted battery life/charge level information. In one embodiment, the remote uLog processing system may be configured to transmit the estimated remaining operating time of the tie-in internal weld system  3001  to the one or more processors of the tie-in internal weld system  3001 . In one embodiment, the remote uLog processing system may also be configured to transmit (entirely wirelessly to the tie-in internal weld system  3001 ) further instructions about the operation of the tie-in internal weld system  3001  based on the estimated remaining operating time of the tie-in internal weld system  3001 . 
     In one embodiment, the one or more processors and one or more sensors of the tie-in internal weld system  3001  are configured to monitor the gas levels of the on-board inert (shield/purge) gas supply, the on-board air supply, and other on-board gas supplies (e.g., volume or pressure of the compressed air in the on-board compressed air tanks, volume of pressure of the shield or purge gas in the on-board shield/purge gas tanks, etc.). For example, the gas consumption of these gas supplies may be monitored (continuously or at regular intervals). In one embodiment, the transmitter of the tie-in internal weld system  3001  transmits the monitored gas level information entirely wirelessly to the remote uLog processing system for further processing. For example, the monitored gas level information of the on-board gas supplies may be used to determine an estimated remaining operating time of the tie-in weld system  3001 . In one embodiment, the one or more processors of the tie-in internal weld system  3001  may be configured to determine the estimated remaining operating time of the tie-in internal weld system  3001  locally on the tie-in internal weld system  3001 . In one embodiment, the remote uLog processing system may be configured to determine the estimated remaining operating time of the tie-in internal weld system  3001  based on the wirelessly transmitted gas level information. In one embodiment, the remote uLog processing system may be configured to transmit the estimated remaining operating time of the tie-in internal weld system  3001  to the one or more processors of the tie-in internal weld system  3001 . In one embodiment, the remote uLog processing system may also be configured to transmit (entirely wirelessly to the tie-in internal weld system  3001 ) further instructions about the operation of the tie-in internal weld system  3001  based on the estimated remaining operating time of the tie-in internal weld system  3001 . 
     In one embodiment, the one or more processors and one or more sensors of the tie-in internal weld system  3001  are configured to monitor the weld wire material levels of the tie-in internal weld system  3001 . For example, the rotations of the wire feed motor (that dispenses the weld wire) and the weight of the remaining weld wire material in the tie-in internal weld system  3001  may be monitored (continuously or at regular intervals) to determine weld wire material levels of the tie-in internal weld system  3001 . In one embodiment, the transmitter of the tie-in internal weld system  3001  transmits the monitored weld wire material level information entirely wirelessly to the remote uLog processing system for further processing. For example, the monitored weld wire material level information may be used to determine an estimated remaining operating time of the tie-in internal weld system  3001  (e.g., before the weld wire material runs out or is below a minimum threshold level for operating the tie-in internal weld system  3001 ). In one embodiment, the one or more processors of the tie-in internal weld system  3001  may be configured to determine the estimated remaining operating time of the tie-in internal weld system  3001  locally on the tie-in internal weld system  3001 . In one embodiment, the remote uLog processing system may be configured to determine the estimated remaining operating time of the tie-in internal weld system based on the wirelessly transmitted weld wire material level information. In one embodiment, the remote uLog processing system may be configured to transmit the estimated remaining operating time of the tie-in internal weld system  3001  to the one or more processors of the tie-in internal weld system  3001 . In one embodiment, the remote uLog processing system may also be configured to transmit (entirely wirelessly to the tie-in internal weld system  3001 ) further instructions about the operation of the tie-in internal weld system  3001  based on the estimated remaining operating time of the tie-in internal weld system  3001 . 
     In one embodiment, the remote uLog processing system receives battery charge data from numerous tie-in internal weld systems at different locations (for example, different locations across a country or across the globe) and establishes a data base thereon. That data base is used by the uLog processing system to determine, based on a large data set, expected battery life times based on different operating parameters of the internal weld system. This can be used by the uLog processing system and/or by one or more processors of the tie-in internal weld system  3001  to anticipate battery life times for various components based upon present operating conditions of those components. This information can be used by the one or more processors to reduce or regulate power consumption of one or more components by modifying one or more operating parameters. For example, weld speed, weld wire speed, voltage, and current, can all be regulated (e.g., lowered) to conserve battery life if the one or more processors determine that such operating conditions can be modified without adversely affecting the associated operation being performed. 
     In one embodiment, the battery life, voltage output, and any of the operating parameters are sent wirelessly to a user interface, such as a computer monitor having computer display, so that they can be monitored by a user. 
     In one embodiment, the tie-in internal weld system  3001  also includes the power section  3008  positioned next to the drive section  3006  (i.e., at the back of the tie-in internal weld system  3001 ). 
     In one embodiment, referring to  FIG. 101 , the forward-most section  3002  includes forward-most section frame  3522 , the center section  3004  includes a center section frame  3524 , the drive section  3006  includes a drive section frame  3526 , and the power section  3008  includes a power section frame  3528 . In one embodiment, the frame or frame assembly of tie-in internal weld system  3001  includes the forward-most section frame  3522 , the center section frame  3524 , the drive section frame  3526  and the power section frame  3528 . In one embodiment, the frame or frame assembly of the tie-in internal weld system  3001  is configured to be placed within the pipes  1022   a ,  1022   b.    
     In one embodiment, the power section  3008  includes an universal joint  3010 , a motor power source  3012 , a weld torch power source  3014 , weld power supplies  3016 , and adjustable wheels  3018 . 
     In one embodiment, the drive section  3006  may be connected to the power section  3008  via the universal joint  3010 . In one embodiment, the universal joint  3010  is constructed and arranged to allow the tie-in internal weld system  3001  to articulate around bends in the pipeline. 
     In one embodiment, the weld torch power source  3014  may include a plurality of weld torch power batteries  3014   a - 3014   e . In one embodiment, the weld torch power source  3014  is configured to power the weld torch(es)  3502 . In one embodiment, the weld torch power source  3014  is carried by the frame assembly of the tie-in internal weld system  3001 . In one embodiment, the number of the weld torch power batteries may vary. In one embodiment, the weld torch power source  3014  is configured to supply electrical power to the weld torch power supplies  3016  for generating a welding arc. In one embodiment, the weld torch power source  3014  is separate from the other electrical systems so that, if the weld torch power is depleted, the rest of the tie-in internal weld system  3001  can still operational. 
     In one embodiment, the motor power source  3012  is configured to power the electric drive motors  3124  in the drive section  3006 . In one embodiment, the motor power source  3012  may include a plurality of motor power batteries  3012   a - 3012   e . In one embodiment, the motor power source  3012  may also be referred to as the drive power source. In one embodiment, the motor power source  3012  is carried by the frame assembly of the tie-in internal weld system  3001 . In one embodiment, the number of the motor power batteries may vary. In one embodiment, the motor power source  3012  is only used for drive (i.e., to supply power to the electric drive motors  3124  in the drive section  3006 ) so that, in case, the other battery packs  3014   a - 3014   e  are depleted, the tie-in internal weld system  3001  will not be trapped in the pipeline. 
     In one embodiment, the motor power source  3012  (including the batteries  3012   a - e ) and the weld torch power source  3014  (including the batteries  3014   a - e ) are carried by the frame of the tie-in internal weld system  3001 . In one embodiment, the one or more battery cells (e.g., motor power source  3012 , the weld torch power source  3014 , batteries  3514 , etc.) of the tie-in internal weld system  3001  are configured to power the drive motor  3124 , the inspection detector and the weld torch. In one embodiment, the one or more battery cells  3514 ,  3012  or  3014  of the tie-in internal weld system  3001  may include a plurality of independent battery cells. In one embodiment, the battery cells  3014 ,  3014   a - e  for the weld torch are independent of the battery cells  3012 ,  3012   a - e ,  3514  for the drive motor and the inspection detector. In one embodiment, the battery cells  3012 ,  3012   a - e  for the drive motor  3124  are independent of the battery cells  3514  for the inspection detector. That is, in one embodiment, the battery cells  3012 ,  3012   a - e  are configured to power the drive motors  3124 , the battery cells  3514  are configured to power the inspection detector, and the battery cells  3014 ,  3014   a - e  are configured to power the weld torch of the tie-in internal weld system  3001 . 
     In one embodiment, referring to  FIG. 101 , the drive motors  3124  are configured to drive rollers  3125  so as to move the frame or frame assembly of the tie-in weld system  3001 , the first pipe engagement structure  3127 , the second pipe engagement  3129  and the inspection detector  3130  of the tie-in internal weld system  3001  along the at least one of the pipes  1022   a ,  1022   b  within its interior. In one embodiment, the drive rollers  3125  are configured to engage the interior surfaces  5130 ,  5132  of one or more of the pipes  1022   a ,  1022   b . In one embodiment, the tie-in internal weld system  3001  includes a plurality of drive rollers  3125  that are configured to rotatably support the frame or frame assembly of the tie-in weld system  3001 . 
     In one embodiment, the weld power supplies  3016  are configured to take the DC power from the weld torch power source  3014  and transform the DC power to the correct current and voltage waveforms for the weld procedure being performed by the welding torches  3502 . 
     In one embodiment, the adjustable wheels  3018  are constructed and arranged to be adjusted so that the power section  3008  of the tie-in internal weld system  3001  runs straight and level in the pipeline. 
       FIG. 103  shows a schematic diagram showing the flow of power including weld power, communication data, and controls data through the tie-in internal weld system  3001 , where some components of the tie-in internal weld system  3001  are not shown for sake of clarity and to better illustrate the other components and/or features of the tie-in internal weld system  3001 . 
     The flow of communication data and controls data through the tie-in internal weld system  3001  in  FIG. 103  are similar to the flow of communication data and controls data through the internal weld system  5004  in  FIG. 71 , except for the differences noted below. 
     In one embodiment, the drive section electronics module  3126  is configured to be operatively connected to the drive batteries  3012  positioned/located in the power section  3008  of the tie-in internal weld system  3001 . 
     In one embodiment, the batteries  3012  of the power section  3008  are connected to the drive motors  3124  of the tie-in internal weld system  3001  via the drive section electronics module  3126 . 
     The flow of weld power through the tie-in internal weld system  3001  in  FIGS. 103 and 103A  is different from the flow of weld power through the internal weld system  5004  in  FIG. 71 . 
     For example, the weld power comes from different directions in the internal weld system  5004  and the tie-in internal weld system  3001 . That is, unlike the internal weld system  5004  where the weld power comes from the front of the system via its umbilical  5034 , the weld power comes from the back for the tie-in internal weld system  3001 . This configuration where the weld power comes from the back of the tie-in internal weld system  3001  may be made possible by adding a second slip ring or by turning the weld portion around and pushing it backwards through the pipe (which may make it difficult to access the spools of the weld wire for maintenance). 
     In one embodiment, the weld power is received by the welding torches  3502  of the tie-in internal weld system  3001  from the on-board weld torch power source  3014 . In one embodiment, the weld power, from the on-board weld torch power source  3014 , is supplied to the weld power supplies  3016 . In one embodiment, the weld power supplies  3016  are configured for generating a welding arc. That is, the weld power supplies  3016  are configured to take the DC power from the weld torch power source  3014  and transform the DC power to the correct current and voltage waveforms for the weld procedure being performed by the welding torches  3502 . In one embodiment, the correct current and voltage waveforms from the weld power supplies  3016  are supplied to the weld torches  5502  via the rear slip ring  3512 . 
     Like the internal weld system  5004 , in one embodiment, the batteries  3514  of the drive section  3006  are configured to supply the power to all the electronics modules in the tie-in internal weld system  3001 , including the forward-most electronics module, the wire feed electronics module, the center section electronics module and the drive section electronics module  3126 , and are also configured to supply the power to all the electric drive motors in the tie-in internal weld system  3001 , including the front rotation motor, the motors of the wire feed systems, the rear rotation motor, the axial weld torch motor, the radial weld torch motor, and the tilt weld torch motor. In one embodiment, the batteries  3514  are configured to power the inspection camera and/or the inspection detector of the tie-in internal weld system  3001 . However, the batteries  3514  of the drive section  3006  are not configured to supply the power to the drive motors  3124  of the tie-in internal weld system  3001 . In one embodiment, the batteries  3012  of the power section  3008  are configured to supply the power to the drive motors  3124  of the tie-in internal weld system  3001 . In one embodiment, the batteries  3012  of the power section  3008  are connected to the drive motors  3124  of the tie-in internal weld system  3001  via the drive section electronics module  3126 . 
     In one embodiment, the batteries used in the tie-in internal weld system  3001  may be electrically chained together to get higher current and higher energy content. For example, two 12 volts batteries may be chained together to obtain 24 volts. In one embodiment, both batteries are mounted to the same frame and wired together in series. In one embodiment, the batteries may also be connected to each other (e.g., via a universal joint or otherwise) so that the batteries may articulate with respect to one another to maneuver a pipe. 
     In one embodiment, the tie-in internal weld system  3001  may include four batteries of which one battery may be used for driving the tie-in internal weld system  3001  and the other three batteries may be connected in parallel and may be used for the welding procedures in the tie-in internal weld system  3001 . 
     In one embodiment, the tie-in internal weld system  3001  may use internally positioned (positioned inside the pipes) clamps or externally positioned (positioned outside the pipes) clamps. For example, in one embodiment, the tie-in internal weld system  3001  may use internally positioned (positioned inside the pipes) clamps during its welding procedures. In one embodiment, the tie-in internal weld system  3001  may use externally positioned (positioned outside the pipes) clamps during an internal scanning procedure (where the internally positioned laser/detector and/or other device are configured to scan the weld joint from inside the pipes). 
     A tie-in weld is conducted to weld a long stretch of pipe to another long stretch of pipe. Generally speaking the new pipe to be welded is at least 120 feet long, and can be over two miles long. The tie in internal welding machine disclosed herein has on-board battery power and can be used to perform a tie in root weld pass, and optionally also a hot weld pass from inside the pipe. 
     In one embodiment, the pipes are externally aligned. Like the internal weld machine disclosed herein, the tie-in welder can be provided with only a single weld head (with a single weld torch) or a plurality of weld heads (e.g., anywhere from 2 to 8, just for example). 
     As shown in  FIGS. 103C and 103D , and as will be appreciated from the prior discussions herein, the tie-in weld machine  9000  has a nose cone section  9002  for electronics, support wheels  9004 , an on-board welding power supply  9006 , and a pair of clamps  9008  that ensure that the tie-in internal welder is concentric to the pipe. As will be described in more detail later, the tie-in welder includes clockwise and counterclockwise weld head “cartridges”  9010 , with individual lasers and 2D color cameras. In  FIGS. 103C and 103D , the tie-in welder machine is shown positioned within a slightly curved (e.g., 30D bent) pipe  9012  having an inner diameter of 38 inches. As also shown in  FIGS. 103C and 103D , the tie-in welder has a drive system and brakes  9014  that are 90 degrees offset to reduce length, as well as an on-board power source (i.e., battery pack)  9020  for the drive motor and brakes. 
     As will be appreciated from  FIGS. 103E-J , and the following description, the model shown has four weld heads, two that will rotate clockwise (weld heads  9022  and  9024 ) during a welding operation and two that will rotate counterclockwise (weld heads  9032  and  9034 ) during a welding operation. In an alternate embodiment, all 4 weld heads shown are rotated in a single rotational direction as described elsewhere in this application. In addition, in the embodiment shown in  FIGS. 103E-J , four on-board welding power sources/supplies (e.g., batteries), labelled  9042 ,  9044 ,  9046 ,  9048  are provided. The more welding heads/torches that are provided, the shorter the weld cycle time can be. This is true whether the welding is done in a single rotational direction or both clockwise and counterclockwise directions. It should be appreciated, however, that rotating in a single rotational direction may be faster than rotating both clockwise and counterclockwise, the latter of which may employ a reversal of motor direction. 
     Each weld head  9022 ,  9024 ,  9032 , and  9034  has the following equipment: a weld torch, at least one torch motor of the type previously described herein to allow for angular, axial, and side to side movement of each torch, a wire feeder, wire straightener and wire spool to feed the welding wire material to the weld torch. A laser inspection/detector device of the type previously described is also provided to guide the welding torch and inspect the weld. Further, a color CCD/CMOS camera is used to inspect the weld in the manner previously described. 
     Each weld head is associated and connected with one of the four power supplies  9042 ,  9044 ,  9046  and  9048 . The four weld heads and four power supplies are all mounted on a rotating assembly  9050 . The rotating assembly performs the same function as the rotatable hub  5078  previously described. The rotating assembly can be driven by one or more orientation motors, as previously described. 
     To effect a welding operation, the tie-in weld machine is fed into one open end of one of the pipes, for example the shorter pipe or the one with the lesser obstructions to be driven out. The face of the second pipe is matched and aligned (externally) with the face of the first pipe. The tie-in weld machine is driven to where the weld heads are directly at the pipe interface region. The laser detector provides feedback, and the at least one weld torch motor aligns the weld torch tips at the appropriate position at the interface. The clamps  9008  are actuated and expanded (they function as an expander) to make the tie-in weld machine concentric with the pipes, and the clamps are engaged to hold the position on the tie-in weld machine. When the tie-in weld machine is secured by the clamps, the rotational axis of the rotatable mechanism  9050  is co-axial with the longitudinal axis of the pipe  9012 . 
     In one embodiment, welding is achieve by first operating weld heads  9032  and  9034  in a counterclockwise direction. As shown in  FIG. 103H , the four weld heads are rotationally spaced 90 degrees apart. Weld heads  9032  starts at 12 o&#39;clock and  9034  starts at 9 O&#39;clock as shown in  FIG. 103H , as they commence welding. The rotating assembly  9050  rotates 90 degrees until weld head  9032  ends at 9 o&#39;clock and weld head  9034  ends at 6 o&#39;clock (see progression through  FIGS. 103H and 1031 ). At this point, the weld heads  9032  and  9034  discontinue welding (at  FIG. 103I ), and weld heads  9022  and  9024  commence welding (at  FIG. 103I ). The one or more orientation motors then rotate the rotatable assembly  9050  in a clockwise direction as shown in  FIG. 103J  until weld head  9022  ends up at 3 o&#39;clock and weld head  9024  ends up at 6 o&#39;clock. In this manner, a full root weld pass is completed. 
     After the root weld has been laid, the rest of the welding may be completed from the outside, either using automatic welding machines or manually. The expanders or clamps are then disengaged and the tie-in welder is driven out to the open end of the pipe. 
     In one embodiment, each of the power supplies  9042 ,  9044 ,  9046  and  9048  comprises a rechargeable battery cartridge than can be inserted in an associated opening  9062 ,  9064 ,  9066  and  9068 . When inserted into the opening, the battery cartridge becomes electrically connected to its associated weld head. Each battery cartridge can be easily removed for recharging and then replaced. 
     As shown, the tie-in welder has a self-powered drive and brake mechanism  9014 , powered by the on-board welding power source  9020 . This tie-in welder can utilize all of the attributes of the internal welding machine without the on-board power capability, in various previous embodiments described herein. 
     In this tie-in welder embodiment described, it can be appreciated that a plurality (e.g., two) of the weld torches are dedicated to clockwise welding, while another plurality (e.g., two) are dedicated to counterclockwise welding. In addition, as described, all weld torches conduct the weld in a downwards direction. As such, the weld torches can optionally be fixed at a predetermined weld angle (this is true for any of the internal welding machines disclosed herein, whether a tie-in untethered type or a tethered type) so that the torch tip is pointing in the forward weld direction (the weld pool is being “pushed”). Alternatively, as was discussed above with respect to  FIG. 56A , the weld torches can be mounted for pivotal movement about point P so that the weld torch axis A can be positioned on either side of the radial line R. This alternative enables the same weld torch to be used for both clockwise and counterclockwise welding, by pivoting the weld torch so that it can pivot in the forwards weld direction irrespective of whether the welding is conducted in clockwise or counterclockwise direction. 
     In one embodiment, the weld torch is configured to be positioned externally to the first pipe  1022   a  and/second pipe  1022   b  to provide an external welding operation. In one embodiment, the externally positioned weld torch is mounted to an outer surface of the pipes  1022   a ,  1022   b.    
     In one embodiment, referring to  FIG. 86 , the present patent application provides the purge and inspection system  7001 . For example, in one embodiment, the first pipe segment  1022   a  and the second pipe segment  1022   b  each may be made completely or in-part from some Corrosion Resistant Alloy (CRA) materials that may require shield gas on both sides of the weld. In one embodiment, the purge and inspection system  7001  may be positioned internally within the pipes  1022   a ,  1022   b  to provide a purge gas chamber  7054  (as shown in  FIG. 89 ) inside the pipes  1022   a ,  1022   b  and around the interface region  5136  (as shown in  FIG. 97 ), while an external weld system  7500  (as shown in  FIG. 97 ) performs the welding procedure (including the root pass weld procedure  1002 , the hot pass weld procedure  1004  and the fill and cap weld procedure  1006 ) at the interface region  5136  from outside the pipes  1022   a ,  1022   b.    
     In one embodiment, the purge and inspection system  7001  also provides internal clamps that are positioned internally within the pipes  1022   a ,  1022   b  to be welded. That is, in one embodiment, clamps  7050  and  7052  of the purge and inspection system  7001  are configured to clamp the inner surfaces  5130 ,  5132  (as shown in  FIG. 33 ) of the pipes  1022   a ,  1022   b  to be welded. 
     In one embodiment, the purge and inspection system  7001  also provides inspection detector  7042  and/or inspection camera  7044  that are positioned internally within the pipes  1022   a ,  1022   b . In one embodiment, the inspection detector  7042  and/or inspection camera  7044  of the purge and inspection system  7001  are positioned in the purge gas chamber  7054  of the purge and inspection system  7001 . In one embodiment, one or more processors  7062  (as shown in  FIG. 90 ) of the purge and inspection system  7001  are configured to interact with the inspection detector  7042  and/or inspection camera  7044  to scan the interface region  5136  between the pipes  1022   a ,  1022   b  to determine the profile of the interface region  5136  between the pipes  1022   a ,  1022   b  prior to, during and subsequent to the welding procedure, to generate pre-weld profile data, on-the-fly weld profile data, and post-weld profile data based on the scanned data, and to control the external weld system  7500  or its operation based on the generated pre-weld profile data, on-the-fly weld profile data, or post-weld profile data. 
     In one embodiment, the purge and inspection system  7001  may be used for the first pipe segment  1022   a  and the second pipe segment  1022   b  having an external diameter of 26 to 28 inches. In one embodiment, the purge and inspection system  7001  may be used for the first pipe segment  1022   a  and the second pipe segment  1022   b  having an external diameter of less than 24 inches. 
     In one embodiment, the purge and inspection system  7001  includes a forward-most section  7002 , a center section  7004  and a drive section  7006 . In one embodiment, the structure, configuration, components, and operation of the forward-most section, the center section and the drive section of the purge and inspection system  7001  are similar to the forward-most section, the center section and the drive section of the internal weld system  5004  described in detail above, and, therefore, the structure, configuration, components, and operation of the forward-most section, the center section and the drive section of the purge and inspection system  7001  will not be described in detail here, except for the differences noted below. 
     Unlike the center section of the internal weld system  5004 , the center section  7004  does not include the weld torch assembly mounted on its rotatable hub. In one embodiment, the center section  7004  of the purge and inspection system  7001  includes the inspection detector  7042  mounted on its rotatable hub  7012 . In one embodiment, the center section  7004  of the purge and inspection system  7001  includes the inspection detector  7042  and the inspection camera  7044  mounted on its rotatable hub  7012 . In one embodiment, the center section  7004  of the purge and inspection system  7001  includes the inspection camera  7044  mounted on its rotatable hub  7012 . 
     In one embodiment, the forward-most section  7002  houses all of the purge support components. In one embodiment, the center section  7004  is the part of the purge and inspection system  7001  that aligns the pipe, seals the purge area, and inspects the weld. In one embodiment, the drive section  7006  houses the batteries, compressed air and purge gas that the rest of the purge and inspection system  7001  needs to operate. 
       FIG. 87  shows a detailed view of the forward-most section  7002  of the purge and inspection system  7001  and  FIG. 88  shows a detailed view of a purge assembly of the forward-most section  7002 . In one embodiment, the forward-most section  7002  of the purge and inspection system  7001  includes a tow hitch, a forward-most electronics module, a front slip ring, a front clamp control valve, a front position sensor, adjustable ramps, a forward-most section frame, guide wheels, a front rotation motor, and a front rotary union  7104 , and the structure and operation of each of these components are similar those in the forward-most section of the internal weld system  5004 . 
     In one embodiment, the forward-most section  7002  of the purge and inspection system  7001  does not include a wire feed assembly. Instead, the forward-most section  7002  of the purge and inspection system  7001  includes the purge assembly  7014 . 
     In one embodiment, the purge assembly  7014  is rotatably connected to the rotatable hub  7012  of the center section  7004  such that, when the rotatable hub  7012  is rotated by the first and second rotation motors, the purge assembly, connected to the rotatable hub  7012 , also rotates with the rotatable hub  7012 . 
     In one embodiment, the purge assembly  7014  is configured to house valves, sensors, and regulators to control the flow of purge gas into the purge gas chamber  7054 . In one embodiment, the purge assembly  7014  is also configured to house the electronics for operating all of the components in the purge assembly and the rotatable hub  7012 . 
     In one embodiment, referring to  FIG. 88 , the purge assembly  7014  includes a low purge valve  7016 , a primary low purge regulator  7018 , a secondary low purge regulator  7020 , a high purge valve  7022 , a high purge regulator  7024 , an oxygen sensor  7026 , a pump  7028 , a purge assembly frame  7030 , and a purge electronics module  7032 . 
     In one embodiment, the low purge valve  7016  is configured to control the flow of purge gas into the purge gas chamber  7054 . In one embodiment, low purge is generally referred to as a purge when the purge and inspection system  7001  is maintaining the inert atmosphere inside the purge gas chamber  7054 . In one embodiment, output from the low purge valve  7016  goes to the primary low purge regulator  7018 . In one embodiment, the low purge valve  7016  is always open (or on) except when seals  7046  and  7048  (as shown in  FIG. 89 ) are not inflated and there is no purging in the purge and inspection system  7001 . 
     In one embodiment, the primary low purge regulator  7018  is configured to reduce the pressure of the purge gas from the pressure of 5 psi down to the pressure of 0.5 psi. In one embodiment, the output from the primary low purge regulator  7018  goes to the secondary low purge regulator  7020 . In one embodiment, the primary low purge regulator  7018  is configured to be manually set. 
     In one embodiment, the secondary low purge regulator  7020  is an electronic device that is configured to control the pressure (between 0.1 and 0.5 psi) of the purge gas flowing into the purge gas chamber  7054  through a closed-loop feedback. In one embodiment, the output from the secondary low purge regulator  7020  goes to the purge gas chamber  7054 . 
     In one embodiment, the high purge valve  7022  is configured to control the flow of purge gas into the purge gas chamber  7054 . In one embodiment, high purge is generally referred to as a purge when the purge and inspection system  7001  is establishing the inert atmosphere inside the purge gas chamber  7054 . In one embodiment, the output from the high purge valve  7022  goes to the high purge regulator  7024 . In one embodiment, the high purge valve  7022  is configured to shut off when the oxygen (as measured by the oxygen sensor  7026 ) in the purge gas chamber  7054  is below a predetermined oxygen content value. 
     In one embodiment, the high purge regulator  7024  is configured to reduce the pressure of the purge gas from the supply pressure (up to 75 psi) down to the maximum desired low purge pressure (typically 5-20 psi). In one embodiment, output from the high purge regulator  7024  goes to the purge gas chamber  7054 . In one embodiment, the high purge regulator  7024  is configured to be manually set. In one embodiment, the high purge regulator  7024  is configured to be open or operational until the oxygen (as measured by the oxygen sensor  7026 ) in the purge gas chamber  7054  is below the predetermined oxygen content value. 
     In one embodiment, the oxygen sensor&#39;s  7026  input is connected to an exit port of the purge gas chamber  7054 . In one embodiment, the oxygen sensor  7026  is operatively connected to the one or more processors  7062 . In one embodiment, the oxygen sensor is configured to detect an amount of oxygen between the first seal and the second seal  7046  and  7048 . In one embodiment, the oxygen sensor  7026  is configured to measure oxygen content of the gas in the purge chamber  7054  and to send an oxygen content data, which is indicative of the oxygen content of the gas in the purge chamber  7054 , to the one or more processors  7062 . In one embodiment, the oxygen sensor  7026  is configured to measure the level of oxygen present in the gas leaving the purge gas chamber  7054  and send the oxygen content data to the purge electronics module  7032 . 
     In one embodiment, the one or more processors  7062  are configured to enable the welding operation after the amount of oxygen between the first seal and the second seal  7046  and  7048  is below a threshold level or predetermined oxygen content value. In one embodiment, the one or more processors  7062  are configured to receive the oxygen content data, compare the received oxygen content data to its predetermined oxygen content value, and generate an excess oxygen gas signal if the oxygen content data is greater than the predetermined oxygen content value. In one embodiment, based on the excess oxygen gas signal, the purge and clamp system  7100  may be configured to open the high purge regulator  7024  to allow purge gas (from the purge gas source/tank  7070 ) to flow into the purge chamber  7054  until the measured oxygen content falls below the predetermined oxygen content value. In one embodiment, based on the excess oxygen gas signal, the one or more processors  7062  of the purge and clamp system  7100  may send communication signals to the external weld system  7500  to stop the welding procedure. 
     In one embodiment, the predetermined oxygen content value is 500 parts per million (ppm). In one embodiment, the oxygen content value may be within a predetermined range of 50 to 100 ppm. 
     In one embodiment, during the low purge, the low pressure in the purge gas chamber  7054  does not generate sufficient flow through the oxygen sensor  7026 . In one embodiment, the pump  7028  is used to draw the gas through the oxygen sensor  7026  from the purge gas chamber  7054 . In one embodiment, the pump  7028  may be used continuously or intermittently. In one embodiment, the pump  7028  is used for the low purge operation. 
     In one embodiment, the purge electronics module  7032  is configured to pass communications upstream through the front slip ring  7034  to the forward-most section electronics module  7036 . In one embodiment, the purge electronics module  7032  is configured to pass communications downstream through the rear slip ring  7038  to the center section electronics module  7040 . 
     In one embodiment, the purge electronics module  7032  is configured to control all of the sensors and valves attached to the rotatable hub  7012  of the center section  7004 . For example, in one embodiment, the purge electronics module  7032  is configured to control the oxygen sensor  7026 , the pump  7028 , the low purge valve  7016 , the high purge valve  7022  and the secondary low purge regulator  7020 . In one embodiment, the purge electronics module  7032  is configured to communicate with and control the one or more inspection detectors  7042  and the camera  7044 . 
       FIGS. 89 and 90  show a front view and a cross-sectional view of the center section  7004  of the purge and inspection system  7001 , and the structure and operation of each of these components are similar those in the center section of the internal weld system  5004 .  FIG. 91  shows a detailed view of purge seal  7046  or  7048  and  FIG. 92  shows a detailed view of the rotatable hub  7012 . 
     In one embodiment, as discussed above, the frame of the forward-most section  7002  is connected to the front clamp  7050  (as shown in  FIG. 95 ) of the center section  7004 , and the purge assembly  7014  is rotatably connected to the rotatable hub  7012 . 
     In one embodiment, the center section  7004  of the purge and inspection system  7001  includes the front clamp  7050 , a first and second pipe engagement structures  7050  and  7052 , the inspection detector  7042 , the inspection camera  7044  (as shown in  FIG. 92 ), a rear clamp  7052 , a rear clamp control valve  7058 , a center section electronics module  7040 , toe wheels, a center section frame, adjustable ramps, the rear rotary union  7072 , the rear rotation motor, a rear position sensor, the rotation module  7012 , the purge seals  7046  and  7048  and the rear slip ring  7038 . 
     In one embodiment, the purge seals  7046  and  7048  are configured to inflate at the same time as the clamps  7050  and  7052  are actuated. When both the purge seals  7046  and  7048  are inflated, they are constructed and arranged to engage the inner surfaces  5130 ,  5132  of the pipes  1022   a ,  1022   b , respectively forming the chamber  7054  therebetween. In one embodiment, the purge seals  7046  and  7048 , when inflated, engage on opposite sides of the interface region  5136 . In one embodiment, the chamber  7054  is a closed volume that may be referred to as a purge gas chamber  7054 . In one embodiment, the chamber  7054  is constructed and arranged to receive a purge gas (or an insert gas) therein. 
     In one embodiment, the front clamp control valve  7056  and the rear clamp control valve  7058  are continuous 4-way directional valves (e.g., having four hydraulic connections, corresponding to inlet port (P), actuator ports (A and B), and return port (T), and one physical signal port connection (S)). For example, in one embodiment, one of the actuator ports A or B are used for extending their corresponding clamps  7050  or  7052  and inflating their corresponding seal  7046  or  7048  and the other of the actuator ports A or B are used for retracting their corresponding clamps  7050  or  7052  and deflating their corresponding seal  7046  or  7048 . 
       FIG. 93  shows a detailed side view of the drive section  7006  of the purge and inspection system  7001 . In one embodiment, the drive section  7006  of the purge and inspection system  7001  includes the shield gas tanks  7070 , batteries, drive section electronics module  7064 , pneumatic valves, drive wheels, drive motors  7068 , brakes and the compressed air tank, and the structure and operation of each of these components are similar those in the drive section of the internal weld system  5004 . 
       FIG. 94  shows a schematic diagram showing the flow of purge gas through the purge and inspection system  7001 , where some components of the purge and inspection system  7001  are not shown for sake of clarity and to better illustrate the other components and/or features of the purge and inspection system  7001 . 
     In one embodiment, an inert/purge gas supply line is configured to communicate purge/insert inert gas source  7070  to the region  7054  between the first seal and the second seal  7046  and  7048 . In one embodiment, the gas from the inert/purge gas source  7070  is directed into the region  7054  between the first seal and the second seal  7046  and  7048  to reduce oxidation during a welding operation. 
     Referring to  FIG. 94 , the purge gas tanks  7070  are shown in the drive section  7006  of the purge and inspection system  7001 . In one embodiment, a high pressure regulator  7074  may be positioned in the drive section  7006  of the purge and inspection system  7001 . In one embodiment, the high pressure regulator  7074  may be positioned in the center section  7004  of the purge and inspection system  7001 . In one embodiment, the rear rotary union  707 , the rotatable hub  7012 , the purge gas chamber  7054 , the front and rear clamps  7050  and  7052 , and the front and rear seals  7046  and  7048  are shown in the center section  7004  of the purge and inspection system  7001 . The low purge valve  7016 , the primary low purge regulator  7018 , the secondary low purge regulator  7020 , the high purge valve  7022 , the high purge regulator  7024 , the oxygen sensor  7026 , and the pump  7028  are shown in the forward-most section  7002  of the purge and inspection system  7001 . 
     In one embodiment, the purge gas tanks  7070  are configured to be maintained at a pressure of 500-2400 psi. The purge gas tanks  7070  are in fluid communication through fluid communication lines with the rear rotary union  7072 . In one embodiment, the purge gas tanks  7070  are in fluid communication with the rear rotary union  7072  via a valve  7071  and the high pressure regulator  7074 . In one embodiment, the high pressure regulator  7074  is configured to automatically cut off the flow of the purge gas at a pressure of 75 psi. That is, the high pressure regulator  7074  is typically set to reduce the pressure in the purge gas tanks  7070  to about 75 psi in the fluid communication line downstream of the high pressure regulator  7074 , and from the rear rotary union  7072  to the low purge valve  7016  and the high purge valve  7022 . 
     In one embodiment, the rear rotary union  7072  is in fluid communication through fluid communication lines with the low purge valve  7016  and the high purge valve  7022 . In one embodiment, the purge gas stored in the purge gas tanks  7070  is sent through the fluid communication lines to the rear rotary union  7072 , and then through the fluid communication lines from the rear rotary union  7072  to the low purge valve  7016  and the high purge valve  7022 . 
     In one embodiment, the high purge regulator  7024  is connected to an outlet of the high purge valve  7022 . That is, the high purge regulator  7024  is positioned downstream of the high purge valve  7022 . In one embodiment, the high purge regulator  7024  is set to reduce the pressure output by the high purge valve  7022  to typically between 30 and 5 psi in the fluid communication line downstream of the high purge regulator  7024 , and between the high purge regulator  7024  and the purge gas chamber  7054 . 
     In one embodiment, a fluid communication line extends from the low purge valve  7016  to the primary low purge regulator  7018 . In one embodiment, the primary low purge regulator  7018  is connected to an outlet of the low purge valve  7016 . That is, the primary low purge regulator  7018  is positioned downstream of the low purge valve  7016 . 
     In one embodiment, the primary low purge regulator  7018  is typically set to reduce the pressure output by the low purge valve  7016  to about between 0.5 and 5 psi in the fluid communication line downstream of the primary low purge regulator  7018 , and between the primary low purge regulator  7018  and the secondary low purge regulator  7020 . 
     In one embodiment, a fluid communication line extends from the primary low purge regulator  7018  to the secondary low purge regulator  7020 . In one embodiment, the secondary low purge regulator  7020  is positioned downstream of the primary low purge regulator  7018 . 
     In one embodiment, the secondary low purge regulator  7020  is set to reduce the pressure output by the primary low purge regulator  7018  to typically between 0.1 and 0.5 psi in the fluid communication line downstream of the secondary low purge regulator  7020 , and between the secondary low purge regulator  7020  and the purge gas chamber  7054 . 
     In one embodiment, the welding procedure is started at a pressure of about 0.5 psi and, during the welding procedure, when the leakage of the purge gas through the weld joint slows as a result of welding (e.g., based on how much gap between the pipe ends is welded), the secondary low purge regulator  7020  may then be throttled back to 0.1 psi. 
     In one embodiment, the pump  7028  is in fluid communication (through fluid communication lines) with the output/exit port of the purge gas chamber  7054  on one side and is in fluid communication (through fluid communication lines) with the oxygen sensor  7026  on the other side. In one embodiment, the pump  7028  is in fluid communication with the output of the purge gas chamber  7054  such that the pump  7028  is configured to operate (either continuously or intermittently) to draw a sample of the gas from the purge gas chamber  7054 . 
     In one embodiment, the purge gas from the purge gas tanks  7070  is only used to fill and maintain the purge gas in the purge gas chamber  7054 . In one embodiment, the compressed air is used to inflate the seals  7046  and  7048  and to expand the clamps  7050  and  7052 . In one embodiment, the drive section  7006  of the purge and inspection system  7001  may include both the purge gas tanks  7070  and also the compressed air gas tanks. 
       FIG. 95  shows a schematic diagram showing the flow of compressed air through the purge and inspection system  7001 , where some components of the purge and inspection system  7001  are not shown for sake of clarity and to better illustrate the other components and/or features of the purge and inspection system  7001 . 
     The flow of compressed air through the purge and inspection system  7001  in  FIG. 95  is similar to the flow of compressed air through the internal weld system  5004  in  FIG. 70 , except for the differences noted below. 
     In one embodiment, a valve  7076  is positioned on a fluid communication line  7078 . In one embodiment, the fluid communication line  7078  is between the rear clamp control valve  7058 , the rear clamps  7052  and the rear seal  7046  and is configured to supply compressed air to expand the rear seal  7046  of the rear clamps  7052 . In one embodiment, one output of the valve  7076  is configured to supply compressed air to expand the rear clamps  7052  and the other output of the valve  7076  is configured to supply compressed air to inflate the rear seal  7046 . 
     In one embodiment, a valve  7082  is positioned on a fluid communication line  7084 . In one embodiment, the fluid communication line  7084  is between the front clamp control valve  7056  and the front clamp  7050  and the front seal  7046  and is configured to supply compressed air to expand the front clamps  7050  and the front seal  7046 . In one embodiment, one output of the valve  7082  is configured to supply compressed air to expand the front clamps  7050  and the other output of the valve  7082  is configured to supply compressed air to inflate the front seal  7046 . 
       FIG. 96  shows a schematic diagram showing the flow of purge gas through the purge and inspection system  7001 , where some components of the purge and inspection system  7001  are not shown for sake of clarity and to better illustrate the other components and/or features of the purge and inspection system  7001 . For example, in one embodiment, in smaller purge and inspection systems  7001 , the purge gas is used to not only to fill and maintain the purge gas in the purge gas chamber  7054  but also to inflate the seals  7046  and  7048  and to expand the clamps  7050  and  7052 . 
     The flow of purge gas through the purge and inspection system  7001  in  FIG. 96  is similar to the flow of purge gas through the purge and inspection system  7001  in  FIG. 94 , except for the differences noted below. 
     In one embodiment, the rear rotary union  7072  is in fluid communication through fluid communication lines with the low purge valve  7016 , the high purge valve  7022  and the front rotary union  7104 . In one embodiment, the purge gas stored in the purge gas tanks  7070  is sent through the fluid communication lines to the rear rotary union  7072 , and then through the fluid communication lines from the rear rotary union  7072  to the low purge valve  7016  and the high purge valve  7022 . In one embodiment, the purge gas is also sent through the fluid communication lines from the rear rotary union  7072  to the front rotary union  7104 . The front rotary union has essentially the same components and operates in essentially the same way as the front rotary union  5032  shown in  FIG. 25  and hence not illustrated in the same detail as front rotary union  5032 . 
     In one embodiment, the purge gas is sent through the fluid communication lines from the rear rotary union  7072  to the rear clamp control valve  7058 . In one embodiment, the purge gas from the rear clamp control valve  7058  is supplied via fluid communication line  7088  to expand the rear clamps  7052  and is supplied via fluid communication line  7090  to inflate the rear seal  7048 . In one embodiment, a pressure regulator  7092  is positioned on the fluid communication line  7090  and is configured to automatically cut off the flow of the purge gas to the seal  7048  at a predetermined pressure. In one embodiment, the purge gas from the rear clamps  7052  is received by the rear clamp control valve  7058  via fluid communication line  7094  to retract the rear clamps  7052 . 
     In one embodiment, the purge gas is sent through the fluid communication lines from the front rotary union  7104  to the front clamp control valve  7056 . In one embodiment, the purge gas from the front clamp control valve  7056  is supplied via fluid communication line  7098  to expand the front clamps  7050  and is supplied via fluid communication line  7100  to inflate the front seal  7046 . In one embodiment, a pressure regulator  7102  is positioned on the fluid communication line  7100  and is configured to automatically cut off the flow of the purge gas to the seal  7046  at a predetermined pressure. In one embodiment, the purge gas from the front clamps  7050  is received by the front clamp control valve  7056  via fluid communication line  7096  to retract the front clamps  7050 . 
       FIG. 97  shows a partial view of the purge and inspection system  7001  in which the inspection detector  7042  and the camera  7044  are configured to perform the inspection from inside the pipes while an external weld torch  7502  of the external weld system  7500  is configured to perform the welding external to the pipes  1022   a ,  1022   b . In one embodiment, the externally positioned weld torch  7502  may be mounted to an outer surface of one of the first pipe and the second pipe  1022   a ,  1022   b.    
     For example, in  FIG. 97 , an ideal alignment of the weld torch  7502  to a bevel  7106  (along the longitudinal axis A-A of the pipes  1022   a ,  1022   b ) is shown.  FIG. 98  shows a close-up view of the weld torch  7502  being aligned perfectly with the bevel  7106 . The pipes  1022   a ,  1022   b  shown in  FIGS. 97 and 98  are perfectly aligned and do not have any Hi-Lo. 
       FIGS. 99 and 100  show close-up views of the external weld torch of the external weld system used in a prior art system and the purge and inspection system  7001 , respectively, where the pipes have a gap and radial offset (Hi-Lo) alignment. For example, as shown in  FIGS. 99 and 100 , the pipes  1022   a ,  1022   b  have a 1 millimeter gap and radial offset (Hi-Lo). 
     As shown in  FIG. 99 , in the prior art system, the raised edge of the pipe shields the right side of the weld groove causing reduced weld penetration. As shown in  FIG. 100 , the external weld system  7500  used with the purge and inspection system  7001  is configured to receive weld profile data (e.g., prior to, during and subsequent to the welding procedure) from the purge and inspection system  7001  and is configured, based on the received weld profile data, to shift its external weld torch  7502  and/or to tilt its external weld torch  7502  to achieve a full weld penetration. Thus, the weld profile data from the purge and inspection system  7001  may be used by the external weld system  7500  to make better weld. 
     The operation of the purge and inspection system  7001  is now described. In one embodiment, the purge and inspection system  7001  is configured to be operated through a repeating cycle of operation. 
     After it has been determined that a weld has been completed in the current weld joint, one or more processors  7062  (of a computer system  7060 ) are configured to send communication signals to the purge electronics module  7032  to control (via control signals) the low purge valve  7016 , the high purge valve  7022  and the secondary low purge regulator  7020  to deflate the purge seals  7046  and  7048 . The one or more processors  7062  are also configured to send communication signals to the forward-most section electronics module  7036  to control/turn off (via control signals) the front clamp control valve  7056  to retract the first engagement structure  7050  to its original, retracted position and/or to deflate the purge seal  7046 . The one or more processors  7062  are also configured to send communication signals to the center section electronics module  7040  to control/turn off (via control signals) the rear clamp control valve  7058  to retract the second engagement structure  7052  to its original, retracted position and/or to deflate the purge seals  7048 . The purge and inspection system  7001  (including the purge seals  7046  and  7048  and the clamps  7050  and  7052 ) has to be moved to the next weld joint. 
     In one embodiment, the one or more processors  7062  are configured to send communication signals to the drive section electronics module  7064  to control (via control signals) the drive motors  7068  to accelerate the purge and inspection system  7001  to travel a predetermined speed and then decelerate and stop at the next weld joint. In one embodiment, the predetermined speed at which the purge and inspection system  7001  accelerates may be 6 feet/second. 
     When the second engagement structure  7052  is positioned at the next weld joint, the drive section electronics module  7064  sends communication signals to the purge electronics module  7032  to check alignment with the end of the pipe. In one embodiment, the purge electronics module  7032  is configured to operate (turn on) the one or more inspection detectors  7042  to measure where the second engagement structure  7052  are in relation to the end of the pipe. In one embodiment, the rotatable hub  7012  may not be operated when the one or more inspection detectors  7042  are measuring where the second engagement structure  7052  are in relation to the end of the pipe. 
     In one embodiment, the purge electronics module  7032  is configured send the measured distance data to the drive section electronics module  7064 . In one embodiment, the drive section electronics module  7064  is configured to control (via control signals) the drive motors  7068  to move the second engagement structure  7052  by the measured distance data. 
     In one embodiment, when the second engagement structure  7052  is properly aligned and positioned in relation to the end of the pipe, the drive section electronics module  7064  is configured to send communication signals to the center section electronics module  7040  that the purge and inspection system  7001  is in position at the next weld joint. In one embodiment, the center section electronics module  7040  controls (opens via control signals) the rear clamp control valve  7058  to raise the second engagement structure  7052  and grip the old/existing pipe. In one embodiment, the center section electronics module  7040  controls (opens via control signals) the rear clamp control valve  7058  to inflate the rear seal  7048  at the same time. 
     The next/new pipe segment  1002   a  is then brought in, and slid over the forward-most section  7002  of the purge and inspection system  7001  into position by the working crew. At this time, the one or more processors  7062  are configured to send communication signals to the purge electronics module  7032  to operate the one or more inspection detectors  7042  to check the alignment of the pipes. In one embodiment, the one or more processors  7062  may rotate the rotatable hub  7012  to take measurements at multiple locations. 
     If the pipe alignment data is within a predetermined tolerance, the purge electronics module  7032  sends communication signals to the forward-most electronics module  7036  to actuate and operate the front clamp  7050 . In one embodiment, the forward-most electronics module  7036  controls/opens (via control signals) the front clamp control valve  7056  to raise the first engagement structure  7052  and grip the new pipe segment  1002   a . In one embodiment, the forward-most electronics module  7036  controls/opens (via control signals) the front clamp control valve  7056  to inflate the front seal  7046  at the same time. 
     If the pipe alignment data is not within the predetermined tolerance, the purge electronics module  7032  sends communication signals (a message) to the one or more processors  7062  identifying the misalignment between the pipes  1022   a ,  1022   b . In one embodiment, this information may be relayed to a crane operator by traditional crane operator hand signals or by an electronic signal to a computer display terminal in the crane cab. 
     After the pipe is clamped, the one or more processors  7062  are configured to send communication signals to the purge electronics module  7032  to operate the one or more inspection detectors  7042  to measure the gap and radial offset (Hi-Lo) at a plurality of points along the circumference of the weld joint. In one embodiment, this data is communicated out to the one or more processors  7062  and compared against the allowable tolerances. 
     If the joint fit up (i.e., the gap and radial offset (Hi-Lo)) is within a predetermined tolerance, either the one or more processors  7062  or the purge electronics module  7032  sends communication signals to the operator indicating that welding may begin. 
     If the joint fit up (i.e., the gap and radial offset (Hi-Lo)) is not within the predetermined tolerance, a warning is sent to the operator, who can restart the clamping sequence or override the warning. 
     In one embodiment, the purge electronics module  7032  is configured to send control signals to the high purge valve  7022  to open and the high purge regulator  7024  to operate. In one embodiment, the purge electronics module  7032  is configured to continuously monitor the reading of the oxygen content level in the purge gas chamber  7054  from the oxygen sensor  7026 . When the oxygen sensor&#39;s  7026  measurement data is below the predetermined oxygen content value (e.g., 500 parts per million (ppm)), the purge electronics module  7032  is configured to send control signals to the high purge valve  7022  to close and the low purge valve  7016  to open. In one embodiment, the oxygen sensor&#39;s  7026  measurement data is to be within a predetermined range (e.g., 50 to 100 ppm). 
     In one embodiment, while the high purge valve  7022  is open, the purge electronics module  7032  together with the forward-most section electronics module  7036  and the center section electronics module  7040  are configured to use the one or more inspection detectors  7042  to measure the gap and Hi-Lo of the weld joint at a plurality of points along the circumference of the weld joint. The results of the scan are communicated to the one or more processors  7062  to pre-program the external weld system  7500 . 
     In one embodiment, after the low purge valve  7016  is closed, the secondary low purge regulator  7020  is configured to maintain a constant, set pressure in the purge gas chamber  7054 . In one embodiment, the secondary low purge regulator  7020  is configured to maintain the pressure between 0.1 and 0.5 psi and is configured to stop its operation when the pressure is above 0.5 psi. 
     In one embodiment, the pressure starts out at a relatively high value (e.g., 5 psi) and is progressively gets to lower values as the weld proceeds. In one embodiment, the secondary low purge regulator  7020  may include a pressure sensor that is configured to communicate with the one or more processors  7062 . In one embodiment, the pressure sensor is configured to measure pressure of the purge gas in the purge chamber  7054  and send a pressure data, which is indicative of the pressure of the purge gas in the purge chamber  7054 , to the one or more processors  7062 . In one embodiment, the one or more processors  7062  are configured to receive the pressure data, compare the received pressure data to its predetermined pressure value, and generate an overpressure signal if the pressure data is greater than the predetermined pressure value of 0.5 psi. In one embodiment, based on the overpressure signal, the purge and inspection system  7100  may be configured to open an exhaust valve structure to release the pressure in the purge chamber  7054  until the measured pressure falls below the predetermined pressure value. In one embodiment, based on the overpressure signal, the purge and inspection system  7100  may be configured to send communication signals to the external weld system to stop the welding procedure. 
     In one embodiment, communication signals are sent out the umbilical that correct purge gas level has been reached and the weld procedure can begin. In one embodiment, the operator issues the commands to the external weld system  7500  to begin the welding procedure. In one embodiment, the commands are automatically sent from the one or more processors  7062  to the external weld system  7500  to begin the welding procedure. 
     In one embodiment, the purge electronics module  7032  together with the forward-most section electronics module  7036  and the center section electronics module  7040  are configured to use the one or more inspection detectors  7042  to measure the gap and Hi-Lo of the weld joint a short distance ahead of where the external weld system  7500  is currently welding. In one embodiment, the inspection data from the inspection detector  7042  may be communicated in real-time to the one or more processors  7062  which use the inspection data to send updated welding parameters to the external weld system  7500 . 
     In one embodiment, the external weld system  7500  is configured to communicate its position to the one or more processors  7062  which relay the information to the purge electronics module  7032  so that the purge electronics module  7032  can maintain the proper purge gas chamber pressure and control the position of the inspection detector  7042  appropriately. 
     In one embodiment, the weld procedure may be performed in several different ways. 
     In one embodiment, the weld procedure may be performed top to bottom on one side of the pipes and then top to bottom on the other side of the pipes. In one embodiment, the first weld is completed before the second weld begins. In this situation, the inspection detector  7042  scans ahead of the weld in real-time. 
     In one embodiment, the weld procedure may be performed top to bottom on each side of the pipe with the second weld starting before the first weld finishes. In one embodiment, the inspection detector  7042  scans a distance ahead of one weld faster than the welder is traveling then rapidly change position to the other weld to scan ahead of it. In one embodiment, the inspection detector  7042  may alternate between the two weld locations until the first weld finishes. 
     In one embodiment, the weld procedure may be performed all the way the pipes around in one pass with the inspection detector  7042  scanning a short distance ahead of the weld. 
     In one embodiment, after the weld is complete, the rotatable hub  7012  continues to rotate while the purge electronics module  7032  uses the inspection detector  7042  and the camera  7044  to inspect the weld. In one embodiment, the weld inspection data is communicated to the one or more processors  7062 . 
     In one embodiment, if one or more weld defects are detected in the weld inspection data, the weld defects can be repaired while the clamps  7050  and  7052  are still in position and the purge gas chamber  7054  is still filled with inert gas. 
     In one embodiment, once the inspection and any repairs are complete and verified by the operator, the operator sends a command to the forward-most section electronics module  7036  and the center section electronics module  7040  to turn off the front and rear clamp control valves  7056  and  7058 , lower/retract the clamping shoes  7050  and  7052 , and deflate the seals  7046  and  7048 . 
     In one embodiment, the one or more processors  7062  of the purge and inspection system  7100  may operatively connected to the forward-most electronics module of the purge and inspection system  7100 , the purge electronics module  7032 , the center section electronics module of the purge and inspection system  7100 , and the drive section electronics module  7064 . 
     In one embodiment, the field system of the present patent application may include one or more of splitters/hubs/routers that are configured to transmit data, control signals and communication signals between the one or more processors  5140  or  7062  and one or more electronics modules described in this application. 
     During pipeline forming procedures (e.g., for offshore or on land (on shore) applications), one section of pipe  1022   a  or  1022   b  is connected to another section of pipe  1022   b  or  1022   a  at a tie-in weld (the location at which the two pipe sections are welded together) by aligning two facing ends of the pipe sections together and forming the weld joint  1026 . Such a weld joint  1026  connects the two pipe sections  1022   a ,  1022   b  at their facing ends such that the weld joint  1026  yields a fluid tight seal and thus a continuous fluid passage between the two joined pipe sections. Each pipe section  1022   a ,  1022   b  may be considerably long (e.g., hundreds or thousands of feet or even as long as 1 mile), making it difficult to provide internal cooling within the pipe sections  1022   a ,  1022   b  at or near the tie-in weld location after the weld joint  1026  has been formed. In particular, placement of a cooling structure as well as removal of such structure internally within the pipe sections  1022   a ,  1022   b  for cooling at the weld joint  1026  could be challenge. 
     The internal cooling system of the present application provides internal cooling within pipe sections  1022   a ,  1022   b  after the pipe sections have been secured together via the weld joint  1026 . In one embodiment, the internal cooling system may be an internal heat exchanger that may be referred to as “IHEX.” In one embodiment, the internal cooling system includes a cooling section to provide direct cooling to internal surface portions of pipe sections  1022   a ,  1022   b , and a control section or controller that is configured to control components of the cooling section and further is configured to facilitate mobility of the internal cooling system within pipe sections  1022   a ,  1022   b . In one embodiment, the cooling section utilizes a coolant to provide cooling internally within pipe sections  1022   a ,  1022   b . In one embodiment, the internal cooling system may further include a coolant supply section that includes coolant to be supplied to the cooling section during operation of the internal cooling system. In one embodiment, the internal cooling system of the present patent application includes a mechanism configured for internally cooling the pipe sections  1022   a ,  1022   b  after being welded together as well as a mechanism for placement of the internal cooling system within and retrieval of the internal cooling system from the pipe sections  1022   a ,  1022   b  during the pipeline forming process, which results in a reduction in the time required to cool the pipe sections after heating and also a speed up in progress through the stations necessary for fabrication. 
       FIG. 104  shows an exemplary internal cooling system  2010  of the present patent application. In one embodiment, the internal cooling system  2010  includes a suitably rigid frame that houses components of the internal cooling system, where the frame comprises a plurality of longitudinally or lengthwise extending rods  2019 ,  2021  constructed of one or more suitable materials (e.g., a metal such as steel or other suitably rigid and durable materials) and has a suitable configuration to permit insertion of the frame within pipe sections to facilitate internal cooling within the pipe sections  1022   a ,  1022   b.    
     A first section  2011  of the frame includes a coolant supply source  2012  comprising one or more tanks (a single tank is shown in  FIG. 104 ) secured within the first section  2011 . The coolant supply source tanks may include any suitable cooling fluid including, but not limited to, water, a cryogenic fluid such as liquid argon or liquid nitrogen, etc. A second, cooling section  2016  is secured at an intermediate location of the frame adjacent the first section  2011  and communicates with the coolant supply source  2012  via a suitable valve structure  2014  (e.g., shown in  FIG. 104  as one or more valves, regulators, piping, etc.) that facilitates supply of coolant from the coolant supply source  2012  to outlet nozzles  2007  of the cooling section  2016  at one or more suitable pressures and/or flow rates. 
     A third section  2018  of the frame is disposed adjacent the cooling section  2016  and comprises a plurality of rods  2021  that form a caged enclosure surrounding a controller  2020 . A pneumatic and/or an electronic drive system  2022  may also be at least partially disposed within the third section  2018  and may include one or more motor-controlled rollers  2025  and/or any other suitable locomotive structure(s) configured to engage with internal surface portions of pipe sections when the internal cooling system  2010  is disposed within such pipe sections to control movement of the internal cooling system  2010  in forward and reverse directions within pipe sections during procedures as described herein. In one embodiment, the drive system  2022  may be in communication (e.g., hardwire or wireless communication) with the controller  2020  to facilitate control, via the controller  2020 , of forward and reverse movements of the internal cooling system  2010  during procedures (e.g., control of a motor of the drive system  2022  by the controller  2020  controls rotation of the roller(s) and thus forward or rear movement of the internal cooling system  2010 ). In one embodiment, the drive system  2022  may be substantially encompassed within and/or as part of the frame of the internal cooling system  2010 . In one embodiment, the drive system  2022  may include a structure that extends beyond the frame. In one embodiment, the drive system  2022  may include a suitable cable structure that extends from the internal cooling system  2010  and through one or more pipe sections to an open end of a pipe section, where the cable structure is used to facilitate forward and/or reverse movement of the internal cooling system  2010  within pipe sections (e.g., via a winch structure provided within the internal cooling system frame and/or at an anchored location exterior to the pipe sections and connected with the cable structure). In one embodiment, the rollers may also be provided at one end of the internal cooling system  2010  (e.g., rollers  2023  provided at a terminal end of the frame first section  2011  as shown in  FIG. 104 ) to enhance mobility of the internal cooling system  2010  within pipe sections  1022   a ,  1022   b.    
     In one embodiment, the controller  2020  may include at least one suitable processor that controls operations of the internal cooling system  2010  via suitable control process logic instructions stored within a memory of the controller as well as electronic signals provided remotely via another user-controlled device disposed at a suitable distance from the internal cooling system. In one embodiment, the controller  2020  may be configured to communicate with a remote control device operable by a user (e.g., a computer, hand control device, or any other suitable electronic device) via electronic signals, where the electronic signals are communicated via a wireless or hardwire link between the controller  2020  and the remote control device. In one embodiment, the remote control device is shown in  FIG. 104  as a computer  2030  (e.g., laptop, notepad, personal digital assistant, smart phone, etc.) that communicates with the controller  2020  via a wireless communication link (shown as the dashed line in  FIG. 104 ). Electronic signal communications may include two way communications between the controller  2020  and the remote control device, such that the controller  2020  is configured to provide information to the remote control device (such as measured internal temperature information and/or other types of measured conditions within the pipe sections) as well as received control information to effect remote control operations of the internal cooling system  2010 . 
     In one embodiment, one or more electronic sensors  2017  may be provided at one or more suitable locations within the internal cooling system frame and may be in communication (via hardwire or wireless communication link) with the controller  2020  to provide information about conditions within the pipe sections during procedures. For example, in one embodiment, the one or more electronic sensors  2017  comprise one or more temperature sensors (e.g., IR temperature sensors, RTD temperature sensors, thermocouples, etc.) may be provided at one or more different locations at the first section  2011 , the cooling section  2016  and/or third section  2018  of the internal cooling system  2010 , where the temperature sensors are configured to measure temperature and provide such measured temperature information to the controller  2020  during procedures. In one embodiment, the one or more electronic sensors  2017  comprise pressure and/or flow rate sensors may be provided at one or more suitable locations within the tank(s)  2012  of the coolant source  2012 , within the valve structure  2014  and/or proximate the outlet nozzles  2007  of the cooling section  2016 , where measured pressure and/or flow rate information is provided by such sensors to the controller  2020  during procedures. It should be appreciated that the sensors  2017  can also comprise a combination of temperature and pressure sensors. In one embodiment, one or more cameras  2027 , controlled by the controller  2020  (and remotely controlled by the remote control device), may also be provided at one or more suitable locations to facilitate a view within the pipe sections (e.g., to determine a suitable location for positioning the internal cooling system  2010  within the pipe sections  1022   a ,  1022   b  during procedures). Example pressure/temperature sensors and/or cameras are generically shown at locations  2017  and  2027  in  FIG. 104 . 
     In one embodiment, the internal cooling system  2010  may include a suitable power supply source to provide electrical power to the controller  2020 , the drive system  2022 , the electronic sensors, the valve structure  2014  (e.g., to electronically control one or more valves and thus control flow of coolant from the coolant supply source  2012  to the cooling section  2016 ). In one embodiment, the power supply source may be contained within the internal cooling system frame (e.g., one or more batteries disposed in a battery pack provided within the third section  2018  or at any other suitable location within the internal cooling system frame). In one embodiment, the power supply source may be located external to the pipe sections, where an electrical cable connects the power supply source with the internal cooling system  2010  to provide electrical power to the various components of the internal cooling system. 
     In one embodiment, the cooling section  2016  may include any suitable structure that facilitates cooling via heat exchange with the internal weld portion as well as other internal wall portions of the pipe sections. In one embodiment, the coolant from the coolant supply source  2012  is provided via the valve section  2014  to the cooling section  2016 . In one embodiment, the cooling section  2016  include a plurality of nozzles  2007  disposed around an external periphery of the cooling section  2016  to facilitate a flow of coolant at a suitable flow rate (as controlled by the valve section  2014  and nozzle design of the cooling section nozzles  2007 ) from the cooling section  2016  toward the internal surfaces at the weld joint and other internal portions of the two joined pipe sections. 
     The operation of the internal cooling system  2010  in relation to pipeline welding procedures is now described with reference to  FIGS. 105-107 . In preparation for welding an open end of the first pipe section  1022   a  to a facing open end of the second pipe section  1022   b , the two pipe sections  1022   a ,  1022   b  are axially aligned in position with each other. In one embodiment, the two pipe sections  1022   a ,  1022   b  may be held in such alignment with a tie-in clamp (not shown in  FIGS. 105-107 ). A suitable tie-in clamp (e.g., clamps  5302  (positioned external to the pipe) as disclosed elsewhere in this application) may be externally secured to the facing ends of the pipe sections  1022   a ,  1022   b  to hold the sections  1022   a ,  1022   b  in place in relation to each other during the welding procedure. In one embodiment, an internal tie-in clamp (e.g., internal clamps  5142 ,  5144  (positioned inside the pipe) as disclosed elsewhere in this application) may be used to hold the facing ends in place during the welding procedure. Both types of tie-in clamps (external and internal) are known in the pipe welding art and are thus not described in further detail herein. After the tie-in clamp is applied to hold the ends of the pipe sections  1022   a ,  1022   b  in place in relation to each other, the weld joint  1026  is formed at the tie-in weld location (i.e., at the two facing open ends of the first and second pipe sections). The weld joint  1026  is formed in the manner as described in detail above and may include the root pass weld layer, hot pass weld layer, the fill pass weld layer(s) and the cap pass weld layer to ensure a proper weld joint is formed. In one embodiment, the formation of the weld joint  1026  may involve a preheating of the facing ends of the first and second pipe sections  1022   a ,  1022   b  to a minimum temperature of about 150° C. The remainder of the welding procedure may cause a temperature rise around the weld joint as high as about 300° C. After the weld joint  1026  is formed, the weld joint  1026  is typically AUT (ultrasonic tested) and/or X-ray inspected, as disclosed elsewhere in this application, to confirm the quality/integrity of the weld joint  1026 . In one embodiment, the AUT weld inspection may not be conducted above temperatures of about 50° C. to about 75° C. (T max ), where T max  is the highest temperature at which inspection may be effectively conducted. Furthermore, the AUT weld inspection procedure of the pipe fabrication procedure has to be halted until the pipe temperatures near the weld joint  1026  are reduced to a temperature around such inspection temperature range. The internal cooling system of the present application is configured to remove heat from the weld area in order to reduce the temperature of the pipe weld area at least down to the acceptable AUT inspection temperature (T max ). 
     In one embodiment, after the weld inspection procedure, the field joint coating (FJC) is also applied to external areas of the pipe sections  1022   a ,  1022   b  surrounding the weld joint  1026  to provide an insulation barrier in order to prevent or minimize corrosion at weld areas. Such insulation may usually be applied effectively only when the pipe temperature is above a minimum pipe temperature T min . Heat is therefore added to the welded area until the pipe temperature in the weld area to be insulated rises back up to around 220 to 240° C. (T min ), where T min  is the lowest temperature at which insulation may be effectively applied to the insulation area. 
     After the coating/insulation application procedure, the pipe may be spooled for in-the-field installation. However, at temperatures around T min  the spooling procedure cannot be accomplished effectively while maintaining weld integrity. Therefore, the pipe fabrication procedure again may be stalled while the pipe temperature is gradually allowed to drop naturally (relative to ambient temperature) from T min  to an acceptable spooling temperature (T max ), where T max  is the highest/maximum temperature at which the pipe may be effectively spooled. In one embodiment, the internal cooling system of the present application is configured to again remove heat from the weld area in order to reduce the temperature to a maximum temperature of about 50 to about 75° C. (T max ) acceptable for effective spooling (winding the pipe onto a spool). Therefore, the internal cooling system of the present application is configured to reduce the temperature before the weld inspection procedure and/or reduces the temperature before the spooling procedure in order to minimize the time it takes to weld, inspect, insulate, and spool a length of pipe segments. 
     During the operational period at which the pipe sections  1022   a ,  1022   b  are being welded together (with subsequent application of the coating/insulation), the internal cooling system  2010  is loaded within an open end of pipe section  1022   a  as shown in  FIG. 105 . In one embodiment, one or both pipe sections  1022   a ,  1022   b  may comprise a single unit of pipe. In another embodiment, one of pipe sections  1022   a ,  1022   b  may comprise a plurality of pipe units welded together. In one embodiment, when one of the pipe sections  1022   a  or  1022   b  comprises a plurality of pipe units already welded together, it may be desirable to load the internal cooling system  2010  at the pipe section  1022   a  or  1022   b  comprising a single unit of pipe (or the pipe section having the shorter length) so as to reduce the time necessary for the internal cooling system  2010  to travel within the pipe section to reach the tie-in weld location. Thus, in one embodiment, the pipe section  1022   a  may comprise a single pipe unit that is being connected with a longer section of pipe represented by the pipe section  1022   b  (e.g., two or more pipe units connected via weld joints). 
     In one embodiment, the internal cooling system  2010  is loaded into the open end of the pipe section  1022   a  (i.e., the end that opposes the open end facing the open end of pipe section  1022   b  that defines the tie-in weld location) such that the first section  2011  of the internal cooling system frame serves as the front end and thus enters first within pipe section  1022   a . In one embodiment, the internal cooling system  2010  is moved (leading with the first section  2011 ) within the pipe section  1022   a  to a suitable position proximate the tie-in weld location as shown in  FIG. 106 . In one embodiment, the controller  2020  (which may be remotely controlled by a user) is configured to control operation of the drive system  2022  (e.g., by controlling one or more motors which move the rollers  2025  in contact with internal wall portions of pipe section  1022   a ) to facilitate advancement of the internal cooling system  2010  within the pipe section  1022   a  and toward the tie-in weld location. Upon reaching a suitable location proximate the tie-in weld location (e.g., a location of the internal cooling system as shown in  FIG. 106 ), the controller  2020  may control the drive system  2022  so as to cease further movement of the internal cooling system  2010  until such time as cooling procedures are to be initiated. For example, a camera  2027  mounted at a suitable location on the first section  2011  and which is controlled by the controller  2020  may provide video images to the remote control device so that a user may determine how close the internal cooling system is to the weld joint  1026 . In one embodiment, in combination with video images provided by the camera  2027 , one or more temperature sensors  2017  suitably located on the internal cooling system  2010  frame that measures internal temperatures within pipe section  1022   a  and provide such temperature information to the controller  2020 . When one or more measured temperatures reach a threshold value (e.g., about 100° C. or greater), this may provide an indication that the internal cooling system  2010  has reached a location proximate the weld joint  1026 . Any other suitable mechanism may also be utilized to provide a suitable indication of the location of the internal cooling system  2010  within the pipe section  1022   a  during its movement toward the tie-in weld location. 
     Upon reaching the desired location that is proximate or near the tie-in weld location, a cooling procedure may be performed after the weld joint  1026  is formed and before the AUT/X-ray inspection has occurred (if required). In one embodiment, the cooling procedure may be performed after the pipe is reheated for application of an external coating, and an FJC has been applied (if required). In one embodiment, when the internal cooling system  2010  reaches a suitable location within pipe section  1022   a  that is proximate the tie-in weld location and before completion of the welding procedure, the internal cooling system  2010  is kept in its position and is ready to be used for cooling as soon as the welding or reheating procedure is completed. The cooling procedure is performed by first positioning the cooling section  2016  at a suitable location (e.g., relative to the weld joint  1026 , such as shown in  FIG. 107 ). This may be achieved by advancing the internal cooling system  2010  from its position in  FIG. 106  to its position in  FIG. 107  via the controller  2020  (which is user controlled via the remote control device) controlling the drive system  2022  until the internal cooling system  2010  is at the desirable position. Movement to such location (e.g., as shown in  FIG. 107 ) may be achieved based upon video images within the pipe sections  1022   a ,  1022   b  being provided to the remote control device, temperature sensor information being provided to the remote control device and/or via any other suitable mechanism. 
     Upon reaching a desired location within the pipe sections  1022   a ,  1022   b  (e.g., where the cooling section  2016  is disposed in close proximity to the weld joint  1026  as shown in  FIG. 107 ), the controller  2020  (which may be user controlled via the remote control device) controls operation of the valve structure  2014  (e.g., via control of one or more electronic valves) to facilitate a flow of coolant from the coolant supply source  2012  at a suitable pressure and/or flow rate to the cooling section  2016 , where the coolant flows from the nozzles  2007  disposed at the cooling section  2016  and suitably oriented to direct coolant flow away from the cooling section  2016  and toward inner wall surface portions within the pipe sections  1022   a ,  1022   b . The temperature sensor(s) monitor the internal temperature at the internal cooling system  2010  within the pipe sections  1022   a ,  1022   b  and provide measured temperature information to the controller  2020 . Upon reaching a sufficient temperature within pipe sections  1022   a ,  1022   b  (as measured by the temperature sensor(s), e.g., a temperature of T max ° C. or lower), the controller  2020  may control the valve structure  2014  to cease flow of coolant to the cooling section  2016 . 
     In one embodiment, the internal cooling system  2010  may be moved in forward or reverse directions, via control of the drive system  2022  by the controller  2020 , to provide further cooling procedures (as desired and based upon measured internal pipe temperatures) at other locations along internal wall surface portions of the pipe section  1022   a  and/or the pipe section  1022   b . When it has been determined that sufficient cooling has been achieved, the internal cooling system  2010  may be withdrawn from the connected pipe sections  1022   a ,  1022   b . For example, the internal cooling system  2010  may be moved in reverse, by controlling the drive system  2022  via the controller  2020 , to move toward the free and open end of the pipe section  1022   a  such that the third section  2018  would emerge first from the pipe section  1022   a . A further pipe section may then be aligned (the internal cooling system may remain inside section  1022   a  as the new section is fitted up to  1022   a ) with the free and open end of pipe section  1022   a  (now connected via the weld joint  1026  with pipe section  1022   b ) to form a tie-in weld location, and the process is then repeated in which the internal cooling system  2010  enters via the free and open end of the further pipe section and is advanced toward the tie-in weld location for performing cooling procedures at the weld joint to be formed between the pipe sections. 
     While the drive system  2022  shown in the embodiment of  FIGS. 104-107  comprises the rollers  2025  operable by a motor system that is controlled by the controller  2020 , the drive system  2022  for the internal cooling system may also implement any suitable mechanism capable of providing user-controlled movements of the internal cooling system within the pipe sections. For example, one or more cable/winch systems may be implemented, in which one or more winches may be provided as part of the internal cooling system and/or located at one or more anchor points that are external to the pipe sections. A cable extends between each winch and a connection point (either at the internal cooling system or a connection point external to the pipe sections) so as to facilitate placement of the internal cooling system within and/or withdrawal of the internal cooling system from the pipe sections during procedures. 
     It is noted that the procedures described above in relation to the internal cooling system may be performed for any types of tie-in weld applications between pipe sections in a pipeline system. For example, the internal cooling system may be used in creating pipelines for offshore, underwater applications as well as mainline applications. In one embodiment, the internal cooling system  2010  may be used for the spool base tie-in weld sequence (as shown in described with respect to  FIG. 6 ) and barge weld sequence (as shown in described with respect to  FIG. 7 ). 
     In a mainline application, 40 foot (12 meter) to 80 foot (24 meter) pipe sections are welded together to form long “tie-in” sections. In scenarios in which an umbilical cable may be required for controlling movement and/or other procedures of the internal cooling system, the umbilical cable may be at least 240 feet (72 meters) in length. The procedure of loading the internal cooling system within a pipe section and moving the internal cooling system into position for cooling after a welding procedure (with optional AUT/X-ray weld inspection and coating/insulation/FJC application) takes place in similar to that previously described in relation to  FIGS. 104-107 . 
       FIG. 108  shows an internal cooling system  2010 - 1  in accordance with another embodiment of the present patent application. The internal cooling system  2010 - 1  is similar to the embodiments previously described, except for the differences as will be noted below. In one embodiment, the internal cooling system  2010 - 1  is configured to connect with an internal tie-in clamp  2060  at an end section  2024  of the third frame section  2018  of the internal cooling system  2010 - 1 . In one embodiment, the internal tie-in clamp  2060  includes a frame  2062  with a suitable configuration that allows for insertion of the tie-in clamp  2060  within the pipe sections (e.g., pipe sections  1022   a  and  1022   b ) and includes a section  2064  that is configured to align and hold two open and facing ends of pipe sections  1022   a ,  1022   b  in place at the tie-in weld location (e.g., by expanding to form a frictional engagement with the internal wall surface portions of the pipe sections at their facing ends when the tie-in clamp  2060  is suitably positioned within the pipe sections  1022   a  and  1022   b ). In one embodiment, the section  2064  and the clamp  60  correspond to the sections in the internal weld system  5004  having the first pipe clamp  5142  and the second pipe clamp  5144 . In one embodiment, a connection member  2080  (e.g., a rod or spring member) is configured to connect an end  2066  of the tie-in clamp  2060  with the end section  2024  of the frame of the internal cooling system  2010 - 1 . 
     In one embodiment, the internal cooling system  2010 - 1  may be a trailer member for the tie-in clamp  2060 . For example, the tie-in clamp  2060 , with internal cooling system  2010 - 1  connected thereto (via the connection member  2080 ) may be inserted at its end  2065  (i.e., an end of the frame that opposes the frame end  2066  which connects with the internal cooling system  2010 - 1  via the connection member  2080 ) into a pipe section, where movement of the tie-in clamp  2060  within the pipe section also results in corresponding movement of the internal cooling system  2010 - 1  within the pipe section. In one embodiment, the internal cooling system  2010 - 1  may be inserted via its first frame section  2011  into the pipe section and then moved into position so as to also bring the tie-in clamp  2060  into suitable alignment with the tie-in weld location between the two aligned pipe sections. In one embodiment, the drive system  2022  of the internal cooling system  2010 - 1  may be used to move the tie-in clamp  2060 /internal cooling system  2010 - 1  combined structure to a suitable location within the pipe sections or, alternatively, any other suitable drive mechanism may also be utilized to move such structure within the pipe sections (e.g., one or more cable/winch systems). 
     In one embodiment, the tie-in clamp  2060  holds the ends of the pipe sections  1022   a ,  1022   b  together until the weld joint  1026  is formed. In one embodiment, the section  2064  and the clamp  60  correspond to the sections in the internal weld system  5004  having the first pipe clamp  5142  and the second pipe clamp  5144 . After formation of the weld joint  1026  (and formation of the coatings as needed), the tie-in clamp  2060  may be disengaged from the internal wall surface portions of the pipe sections to facilitate movement of the internal cooling system  2010 - 1  to a suitable location (e.g., such that cooling section  2016  is aligned with the weld joint) to initiate internal cooling within the pipe sections  1022   a ,  1022   b.    
       FIG. 109  discloses another embodiment for connecting the internal cooling system to an internal tie-in clamp, in which a longer connection member  2082  (e.g., an elongated rod) is provided to connect the internal cooling system  2010 - 1  with the tie-in clamp  2060 . In one embodiment, the connection member  2082  has a greater lengthwise dimension than the connection member  2080  (shown in  FIG. 108 ), which minimizes heating of the internal cooling system  2010 - 1  during welding procedures (due to a greater separation distance between internal cooling system and tie-in clamp). 
     In one embodiment, the procedure includes loading of the tie-in clamp  2060  with internal cooling system  2010 - 1  into one of the pipe sections and aligned so that the tie-in clamp  2060  holds the two facing ends of the pipe sections in place at the tie-in weld location. After certain welding procedures are performed (e.g., the root and hot pass weld procedures), the tie-in clamp  2060  with the internal cooling system  2010 - 1  may be moved together and away from the tie-in weld location to avoid exposure to further heat from the ongoing welding process needed to complete the weld joint. In one embodiment, if the connecting member has a sufficient length (e.g., connection member  2082  of  FIG. 109 ), the tie-in clamp  2060  with the internal cooling system  2010 - 1  may be moved such that the tie-in clamp is on one side while the internal cooling system is on the other side of the tie-in weld location (with only the connection member  2082  being disposed directly under or in close proximity in relation to the tie-in weld location). After completion of welding and AUT/X-ray inspection(s) (if required), and further after any coating/insulation/FJC has been applied, the tie-in clamp  2060  with the internal cooling system  2010 - 1  may be moved into position such that the cooling section  2016  of the internal cooling system is in close proximity with the weld joint and cooling procedures may be performed (e.g., in a manner similar to that previously described in relation to the embodiment of FIGS. 104-107). 
     In one embodiment, the cooling section of the internal cooling system may be implemented with any sort of cooling structure to rapidly and/or efficiently cool the pipe sections at the newly formed weld joint and therefore is not limited to the example embodiments shown in  FIGS. 104-109 . For example, in one embodiment, the cooling structure integrated as part of the internal cooling system may include, without limitation, cooling fans (e.g., fans  2122  shown and described below) that force air across internal surface portions of pipe sections and/or across heat exchange fins or other cooling elements of the internal cooling system cooling section, discharging of liquid and/or gaseous fluids (e.g., cryogenic fluids, liquids, air) at suitable pressures and temperatures from the nozzles  2007  or  2318  of the cooling section  2016  or  2316  toward internal surface portions of the pipe sections, utilizing cooling fluids in a closed circuit recirculating loop (e.g., pump  2212 , manifold  220 , and fin members  2218  as shown in  FIGS. 111A and 111   b ) and across heat exchange structure of the cooling section, utilizing thermoelectric cooling (e.g., via Peltier devices in direct contact with internal wall surface portions of the pipe sections), etc. 
       FIGS. 110A and 110B  show an internal cooling system  2110  in accordance with another embodiment of the present patent application. The internal cooling system  2110  is similar to the embodiments previously described, except for the differences as will be noted below. In one embodiment, the cooling section  2116  of the internal cooling system  2110  comprises a heat sink including a plurality of fin members  2118  arranged around the periphery of and extending radially outward from a central support member  2120  of the cooling section  2116  and include curved outer surface portions that correspond with the curved internal surface portions of the pipe sections toward which the fins  2118  extend. In one embodiment, each fin member  2118  includes a plurality of thin material sections that extend from a central heat sink location of the cooling section  2116  radially outward toward a curved end wall section of the fin member  2118 . In one embodiment, the fin members  2118  are constructed of a material having a suitable thermal conductivity (e.g., copper, aluminum, etc.) to facilitate a high rate of heat transfer from the internal wall surface portions of the pipes sections  1022   a ,  1022   b  to the heat sink of the cooling section  2116 . In one embodiment, the fin members  2118  include open channels  2120  defined between neighboring thin material sections, where the open channels  2120  extend in a lengthwise direction through the fin members. In one embodiment, electric fans  2122  may be mounted to the central support member  2123  and located in close proximity with ends of the fin members  2118  and in alignment with the fin channels  2120 . In one embodiment, the electric fans  2122  provide a flow of air through the fin channels  2120  to cool the fin members  2118  and thus force heat via convective air currents from the heat sink of the cooling section  2116 . In one embodiment, the fans  2122  are in communication (e.g., via a hardwire or wireless communication link) with controller  2020  to facilitate selective operation of the fans  2122  during cooling procedures In one embodiment, each fan  2122  may be implemented with a variable speed of operation so as to selectively control the fan speed and corresponding air flow rate through fin members  2118  differently and as needed during the cooling procedure. 
     The procedure of the internal cooling system  2110  of  FIGS. 110A and 110B  is similar to that previously described for the embodiment of  FIGS. 104-107  in relation to placement of the internal cooling system during the welding procedure and positioning for cooling after welding procedures have been completed. During cooling, the fans  2122  may be activated to provide a flow of cooling air at one or more desired flow rates through the channels  2120  of the fin members  2118 . In one embodiment, the fin members  2118  draw heat from the interior wall surface portions of the pipe sections  1022   a ,  1022   b  (including at the weld joint  1026 ) toward the central support member  2123  of the cooling section  2116 , and forced air currents provided by the fans  2122  remove the heat from the fin members  2118 , thus achieving a cooling of the pipe sections  1022   a ,  1022   b  at the location of the cooling section  2116 . As described in previous embodiments, temperature sensors of the internal cooling system may provide measured temperature information to the controller  2020 , and such measured temperature information may be used to control operation of the fans  2122  (including changing fan speeds of one or more fans  2122 ) during the cooling procedure. When a desired temperature is reached within the pipe sections  1022   a ,  1022   b , the fans  2122  may be turned off via the controller  2020 . In one embodiment, the internal cooling system  2110  may further be moved to different positions as needed within the pipe sections  1022   a ,  1022   b  to effect cooling at different locations. 
       FIGS. 111A and 111B  show an internal cooling system  2210  in accordance with another embodiment of the present patent application. The internal cooling system  2210  is similar to the embodiments previously described, except for the differences as will be noted below. In one embodiment, the internal cooling system  2210  includes a cooling section  2216  that includes a series of fin members  2218  arranged along a periphery of and extending radially outward from a central support member  2223  of the cooling section  2216 , where the fin members  2218  have a similar exterior shape or profile as the fin members  2118  of the embodiment of  FIGS. 110A and 110B . In one embodiment, the fin members  2218  may also be constructed of a material having a suitable thermal conductivity (e.g., aluminum or copper). However, each fin member  2218  may have a hollow and sealed interior to facilitate a flow of coolant fluid through the fin member  2218 . In one embodiment, each fin member  2218  includes an inlet at one end and an outlet at another end, and suitable piping structure is provided to facilitate a recirculating flow circuit of a coolant from a pump  2212  to the fin member  2218 , where the coolant flows through the fin member  2218  and back to the pump  2212 . Any suitable type of coolant (e.g., water, a cryogenic fluid such as liquid nitrogen or liquid argon, etc.) may be utilized. 
     In one embodiment, the pump  2212  (shown in  FIG. 111A ) may be positioned externally from the pipe sections  1022   a ,  1022   b , with supply and return flow conduits  2214  extending between the pump  2212  and a manifold structure  2220  (shown in  FIG. 111B ). In one embodiment, the manifold structure  2220  includes a plurality of pipe connections that connect with the inlets and outlets of the fin members  2218 . Thus, the cooling section  2216  facilitates heat exchange between the circulating flow of coolant within the fin members  2218  and the interior wall surface portions of the pipe sections  1022   a ,  1022   b  (e.g., at or near the weld joint  1026 ) during the cooling procedures. 
     In one embodiment, the pump  2212  may be controlled (via a suitable hardwire or wireless communication link) via the controller of internal cooling system  2210 . Alternatively, the pump  2212  may be externally controlled (since it is easily user accessible). The coolant flow by the pump  2212  may be controlled based upon measured temperature information provided by one or more temperature sensors at the internal cooling system  2210 . Once a desired temperature has been achieved within the pipe sections  1022   a ,  1022   b , the pump may be de-activated or turned off to cease the recirculating flow of coolant and to facilitate movement of the internal cooling system  2210  within the pipe sections  1022   a ,  1022   b.    
       FIGS. 112A and 112B  show an internal cooling system  2310  in accordance with another embodiment of the present patent application. The internal cooling system  2310  is similar to the embodiments previously described, except for the differences as will be noted below. In one embodiment, the internal cooling system  2310  includes a cooling section  2316  that has a plurality of spray nozzles  2318  positioned around a central support member  2323  of the cooling section  2316 . In one embodiment, the spray nozzles  2318  are positioned in generally linear rows extending lengthwise along the central support member  2323 . Suitable piping structure is provided at each end of each linear row of spray nozzles  2318 , where the piping structure connects with a manifold  2320 . The manifold  2320  connects via a fluid conduit  2314  to a coolant pump  2312  provided externally or outside of the pipe sections. In one embodiment, operation of the coolant pump  2312  provides a flow of coolant (e.g., water, a cryogenic fluid such as liquid nitrogen or liquid argon, etc.) from a coolant source through the manifold  2320  and out of the spray nozzles  2318  and toward the interior surface portions of the pipe sections  1022   a ,  1022   b  (including at the weld joint  1026 ). While the embodiment of  FIGS. 112A and 112B  show the pump  2312  located exterior to the pipe sections  1022   a ,  1022   b , it is noted that the cooling section  2316  with alignment of the spray nozzles  318  may also be readily implemented for the embodiment of  FIGS. 104-107  (i.e., where the manifold  2320  and the spray nozzles  2318  receive coolant from coolant source  2012 ). The cooling procedures of the internal cooling system  2310  may be performed in a similar manner as described for the previous embodiments, where the pump  2312  may be controlled via the controller of the internal cooling system  2310  and/or externally and where coolant flow may be implemented based upon measured temperature information provided by temperature sensors disposed on the internal cooling system  2310 . 
     Thus, the internal cooling system of the present patent application is configured to provide improvements for pipeline welding procedures, including enhancement of cooling of connected pipe sections upon formation of weld joints by providing controlled cooling internally within the pipe sections and reducing production time (since cooling can occur faster and more efficiently, increasing the number of weld joins between pipe sections that can occur in a given time period). Further, the number of work stations associated with welding procedures and also resources associated with such welding procedures can be reduced. For example, the work space required for welding pipe sections together can be reduced, and this can become particularly beneficial in scenarios in which work space is limited (e.g., on barges or other water vessels). 
     In one embodiment, a method for welding a pair of insulated pipes (e.g., pipes  1022   a ,  1022   b  as shown in  FIG. 113 ) to one another is provided. As shown in  FIG. 113 , each pipe  1022   a ,  1022   b  includes the metal pipe interior  5244  surrounded by the insulator material  5246 . In one embodiment, the end portions  5248 ,  5250  of the pipes  1022   a ,  1022   b  to be welded have the metal pipe interior  5244  exposed. 
     In one embodiment, referring to  FIGS. 113-134 , the method includes aligning the exposed metal pipe ends  5248 ,  5250  to be welded, welding the exposed metal pipe ends  5248 ,  5250  to one another, heating the exposed end portions  5248 ,  5250  of the welded pipes  1022   a ,  1022   b , applying an insulator  5246  to the heated exposed end portions  5248 ,  5250  of the welded pipes such that the insulator  5246 A (as shown in  FIG. 118 ) is adhered to the exterior surface  5254  of the metal pipe interior  5244 , thus insulating the formerly exposed end portions  5248 ,  5250  of the pipes  1022   a ,  1022   b , and applying cooling energy from within the pipes  1022   a ,  1022   b  to an interior surface  5130   a ,  5130   b  of the metal pipes  1022   a ,  1022   b.    
     In one embodiment, the applying cooling energy from within the pipes to the interior surface of the metal pipes is performed after applying the insulator. In one embodiment, the method also includes performing a pipeline deployment procedure. In one embodiment, applying the cooling energy reduces a wait time between applying the insulator and performing the pipeline deployment procedure. In one embodiment, the pipeline deployment procedure is a spooling procedure. In one embodiment, the pipeline deployment procedure is a S-lay procedure. In one embodiment, the pipeline development procedure is a pipeline lowering procedure. In one embodiment, the pipe deployment procedure is described with respect to  FIG. 1B  of the present patent application. 
     In one embodiment, the cradles  5330  (as shown in  FIGS. 10A and 10B ) or cradles  6010 A and  6010 B (as shown in  FIG. 73 ) are used for carrying and moving the pipes  1022   a  and  1022   b  and for providing the exposed metal pipe end  5248  of the incoming pipe  1022   a  at the exposed metal pipe end  5250  of the pipe  1022   b . That is, the cradles  5330  or  6010 A/ 6010 B are used to align of the exposed metal pipe ends  5248 ,  5250  to be welded. 
     In one embodiment, the alignment of the exposed metal pipe ends  5248 ,  5250  to be welded may be automatically performed by the one or more processors  5140  controlling the cradles  5330  (or  6010 A or  6010 B), may be performed by hydraulically controlling cradles  5330  (or  6010 A or  6010 B), or may be performed by an operator using a crane and a clamp (internal or external) arrangement. In one embodiment, after the alignment of the pipes  1022   a ,  1022   b , the pipes  1022   a ,  1022   b  may be clamped using the external clamps  5302  (as shown in  FIGS. 7A and 7B ) and/or internal clamps  5142  or  5144 . In one embodiment, as described in this application, one or more external or internal clamps may be used during the alignment of the exposed metal pipe ends  5248 ,  5250  (to be welded). That is, the one or more external or internal clamps may be used independently and/or in combination with the cradles. In one embodiment, the operation of the one or more external or internal clamps and the cradles may be controlled by the one or more processors  5140 . 
     In one embodiment, the one or more processors  5140  are configured to operate the cradles  5330  (or  6010 A and  6010 B) to adjust the relative positioning of the pipes  1022   a ,  1022   b  based on the pre-weld profile data. In one embodiment, the pre-weld profile data may be obtained for one or more inspection detectors that are operatively connected to the one or more processors  5140 . In one embodiment, the adjustment of the relative positioning of the pipes  1022   a ,  1022   b  (based on the pre-weld profile data) may include an adjustment along the longitudinal axis of the pipes  1022   a ,  1022   b , and/or an adjustment along the radial axis of the pipes  1022   a ,  1022   b . In one embodiment, after the adjustment of the pipes  1022   a ,  1022   b , the pipes  1022   a ,  1022   b  are clamped back using the external and/or internal clamps.  FIG. 113  shows the pipes  1022   a ,  1022   b  with their exposed metal pipe ends  5248 ,  5250  correctly aligned and ready for the welding procedure. 
       FIG. 114  shows the pipes  1022   a ,  1022   b  with the weld joint  1026  formed between their exposed metal pipe ends  5248 ,  5250 . In one embodiment, an internally positioned (e.g., inside the pipes  1022   a ,  1022   b ) weld torch  5502  may be configured to weld the exposed metal pipe ends  5248 ,  5250  to one another. In one embodiment, an externally positioned (e.g., outside/external the pipes  1022   a ,  1022   b ) weld torch  7502  may be configured to weld the exposed metal pipe ends  5248 ,  5250  to one another. In one embodiment, a combination of the internally positioned weld torch  5502  and externally positioned weld torch  7502  may be used to weld the exposed metal pipe ends  5248 ,  5250  to one another. In one embodiment, the externally positioned weld torch  7502  and/or the internally positioned weld torch  5502  are operatively connected to the one or more processors  5140 . 
     In one embodiment, referring to  FIGS. 115A and 115B , a heater  5304  may be configured to heat the exposed end portions  5248 ,  5250  of the welded pipes  1022   a ,  1022   b . In one embodiment, the heater  5304  may be an induction heating system used to heat the exposed end portions  5248 ,  5250  of the welded pipes  1022   a ,  1022   b  of the pipeline  1024  in preparation for application of the coating material(s) or the insulator. In one embodiment, the heater  5304  may include Ultra high frequency (UHF) induction coils that are configured to rapidly heat the exposed end portions  5248 ,  5250  of the welded pipes  1022   a ,  1022   b  of the pipeline  1024  up to the required coating temperature. In one embodiment, the heater  5304  may use two induction coils. In one embodiment, the heater  5304  may be an electrical heating system. In one embodiment, the heater  5304  may be a radiant heating system. In one embodiment, induction coils  5307  of the heater  5304  are shown in  FIG. 115A . 
     As shown in  FIGS. 115A and 115B , the heater  5304  is configured to circumferentially surround the exposed end portions  5248 ,  5250  of the welded pipes  1022   a ,  1022   b  of the pipeline  1024 . In one embodiment, the heater  5304  may include two half round, annular heater members  5304   a  and  5304   b . In one embodiment, the two half round, annular heater members  5304   a  and  5304   b  are pivotally connected to each other by a joint  5305  at the top and are releasably connected to each other via one or more connector members (not shown) at the bottom. 
     In one embodiment, the heater  5304  is also configured to regulate the temperature of the exposed end portions  5248 ,  5250  of the welded pipes  1022   a ,  1022   b  of the pipeline  1024  to maintain a suitable coating application temperature. In one embodiment, the heater  5304  may also include a heater feedback system configured to enable the heater  5304  achieve and maintain the required coating temperature and a temperature sensor operatively coupled to the heater feedback system. In one embodiment, the temperature sensor may be a contact or a non-contact temperature sensor. In one embodiment, the heater feedback system may include other sensors that are configured to sense other parameters of the heating procedure, for example, heating time, etc. In one embodiment, through the feedback signals from the one or more sensors, the heater feedback system is configured to regulate the current in the inductor coils to achieve the required coating temperature. In one embodiment, the heater  5304  and its feedback system may be operatively connected to the one or more processors  5140 . In one embodiment, the one or more processors  5140  may be configured to control the operation of the heater  5304  and its feedback system. 
     In one embodiment, referring to  FIGS. 116A, 116B, 117A and 117B , an insulator supply  5306  configured to apply insulator material  5312  to the heated exposed end portions  5248 ,  5250  of the welded pipes  1022   a ,  1022   b  such that the insulator  5246 A (as shown in  FIG. 118 ) is adhered to the exterior surface  5254  of the metal pipe interior  5244 , thus insulating the formerly exposed end portions  5248 ,  5250  of the welded pipes  1022   a ,  1022   b . In one embodiment, the insulator supply  5306  comprising a container  5310  configured to contain the insulator material  5312  and an output nozzle  5308  configured to spray the insulator material  5312  onto the exposed end portions  5248 ,  5250  of the welded pipes  1022   a ,  1022   b . In one embodiment, the container  5310  configured to contain the insulator material  5312  may be pressurized. 
     In one embodiment, the insulator supply  5306  may include a feedback system configured to enable the insulator supply  5306  to achieve the desired coatings on the pipeline  1024  and one or more sensors operatively connected to the feedback system. In one embodiment, the one or more sensors may be configured to sense the following parameters of the insulator application procedure—insulator material temperature, insulator material volume, etc. 
     In one embodiment, referring to  FIGS. 116A and 116B , the insulator supply  5306  is an automated system and includes a coating frame  5393  that is configured to be positioned on the weld joint  1026  area. In one embodiment, the coating frame  5393  of the insulator supply  5306  is configured to be pre-programmed to rotate around the weld joint  1026  area so as to achieve the desired dry film thickness of the insulator material. That is, the coating frame  5393  is constructed and arranged to move evenly around the weld joint  1026  area. In one embodiment, the spray head (including the container  5310  and the output nozzle  5308 ) is mounted on the coating frame  5393  in a specific position (e.g., perpendicular to the heated exposed end portions  5248 ,  5250  of the welded pipes  1022   a ,  1022   b ). 
     In one embodiment, the insulator supply  5306 , shown in  FIGS. 116A and 116B , is configured to apply Fusion Bonded Epoxy insulator material to the heated exposed end portions  5248 ,  5250  of the welded pipes  1022   a ,  1022   b  such that the Fusion Bonded Epoxy insulator  5246 A (as shown in  FIG. 118 ) is adhered to the exterior surface  5254  of the metal pipe interior  5244 , thus insulating the formerly exposed end portions  5248 ,  5250  of the welded pipes  1022   a ,  1022   b.    
     In one embodiment, the insulator supply  5306 , shown in  FIGS. 117A and 117B , is configured to apply Injection Molded Polypropylene insulator material to the heated exposed end portions  5248 ,  5250  of the welded pipes  1022   a ,  1022   b  such that the Injection Molded Polypropylene insulator  5246  is adhered to the exterior surface  5254  of the metal pipe interior  5244 . In one embodiment, the insulator supply  5306  of  FIGS. 117A and 117B  may be used to apply Injection Molded Polyurethane insulator material to the heated exposed end portions  5248 ,  5250  of the welded pipes  1022   a ,  1022   b  such that the Injection Molded Polyurethane insulator  5246  is adhered to the exterior surface  5254  of the metal pipe interior  5244 . 
     Referring to  FIGS. 117A and 117B , in one embodiment, the insulator supply  5306  is an automated system and includes a mold  5381  that configured to circumferentially surround the welded joint  1026  area and to create an annular gap  5383  for the injection molded insulator material  5246  to fill. In one embodiment, a hydraulically operated valve (not shown) is configured to supply/inject the molten insulator material  5385  into the annular gap  5383 . The supplied/injected molten insulator material  5385  enters the mold  5381  (and the annular gap  5383 ) encasing the welded joint  1026  area and forming the inner/inside profile of the mold  5381 . In one embodiment, chilled water may be supplied to the mold to cool the outer profile of the insulator material such that the Injection Molded Polyurethane insulator  5246  is adhered to the exterior surface  5254  of the metal pipe interior  5244 , thus insulating the formerly exposed end portions  5248 ,  5250  of the welded pipes  1022   a ,  1022   b.    
     In one embodiment, the insulator supply  5306  shown and described above with respect to  FIGS. 116A and 116B  may be used for onshore pipeline applications. In one embodiment, the insulator supply  5306  shown and described above with respect to  FIGS. 117A and/or 117B  may be used for offshore pipeline applications. 
     In one embodiment, the insulator supply  5306  shown and described above with respect to  FIGS. 116A, 116B, 117A and/or 117B  may also be used to apply other insulator materials, described elsewhere in this application, and/or other insulated materials as would be appreciated by one skilled in the art to the heated exposed end portions  5248 ,  5250  of the welded pipes  1022   a ,  1022   b.    
     In one embodiment, the insulator supply  5306  and its corresponding feedback system may be operatively connected to the one or more processors  5140 . In one embodiment, the one or more processors  5140  may be configured to control the operation of the insulator supply  5306  and its corresponding feedback system. 
     In one embodiment,  FIG. 118  shows the pipeline  1024  in which the insulator material is applied to the heated exposed end portions  5248 ,  5250  of the welded pipes  1022   a ,  1022   b  such that the insulator  5246 A is adhered to the exterior surface  5254  of the metal pipe interior  5244 , thus, insulating the formerly exposed end portions of the pipes  1022   a ,  1022   b.    
     In one embodiment, referring to  FIGS. 119 and 120 , a cooler system  6500  is configured to be positioned within the pipes  1022   a ,  1022   b . In one embodiment, the cooler system  6500  includes a frame, a plurality of rollers  6530 , a drive motor  6532 , and a brake system. In one embodiment, a forward-most frame  6618 , a center frame  6634 , and a rear frame  6522  of the cooler system  6500  may be together referred to as the frame of the cooler system  6500 . 
     For example, the frame is configured to be placed within welded pipes  1022   a ,  1022   b , the plurality of rollers  6530  is configured to rotatably support the frame, the drive motor  6532  drives the rollers  6530  to move the frame within the pipes  1022   a ,  1022   b , and the brake system secures the frame from movement at a desired location within the pipes  1022   a ,  1022   b . The structure, configuration and operation of the plurality of rollers, the drive motor, and the brake system of the cooler system  6500  are similar to the plurality of rollers, the drive motor, and the brake system of the internal weld systems described in this application, and therefore they will not be described in detail here. For example, in one embodiment, the brake system of the cooler system  6500  may include one or more clamps that clamp circumferentially spaced locations on the interior surface  5130 ,  5132  of the welded pipes  1022   a ,  1022   b . In another embodiment, the brake system of the cooler system  6500  may include a wheel lock that prevents rotation of the rollers  6530 . 
     In one embodiment, the cooler system  6500  includes a cooler carried by the frame and applies cooling energy to the interior surface  5130   a ,  5132   a  of the metal pipes  1022   a ,  1022   b  to facilitate cooling of the welded metal pipes  1022   a ,  1022   b . In one embodiment, the cooler includes a heat exchanger  6502  that carries cooling fluid therein and has a pipe contacting surface  6572  that contacts the interior surface  5130   a ,  5132   a  of the pipe  1022   a ,  1022   b  to facilitate cooling of the welded pipes  1022   a ,  1022   b . In one embodiment, the cooler system  6500  includes a heat exchanger motor  6552  configured to move the heat exchanger  6502  radially outwardly so that the pipe contacting surface  6572  can be moved outwardly to engage the interior surface  5130   a ,  5132   a  of the welded pipes  1022   a ,  1022   b  after the frame is positioned at the desired location within the pipes  1022   a ,  1022   b.    
     In one embodiment, the cooler system  6500  includes one or more processors that are operatively connected with the drive motor  6532 , the brake system and the cooler  6502 . In one embodiment, the one or more processors are configured to operate the cooler  6502  to reduce the temperature of the welded pipes  1022   a ,  1022   b  to a predetermined level. For example in one embodiment, the cooler system includes one or more temperature sensors  2017   a  that are operatively communicated (wired or wirelessly) with the one or more processors to determine a temperature of the pipes. In one embodiment, cooling power can be continued until a predetermined threshold temperature is detected. 
     In one embodiment, the one or more processors are communicatively connected to the brake system, the drive motor  6532  or the cooler  6502  via one or more wired or wireless connections. Wireless connections may comprise, for example, a Wi-Fi connection, a Bluetooth connection, an NFC connection, a cellular connection, or other wireless connection. 
     In one embodiment, the one or more processors, which receive pipe temperature information from the temperature sensor  2017   a , are communicatively connected to a remote computer system and configured to transmit pipe cooling data to the remote computer system. In one embodiment, the cooling data transmitted by the one or more processors includes cooling time curve information. In one embodiment, the cooling time curve information includes change of pipe temperature over time. In one embodiment, the remote computer system contains cooling data from other weld systems, and calculates expected time until the temperature of the welded pipes is below a threshold. In one embodiment, the expected time is sent to the one or more processors. 
     In one embodiment, the cooler system  6500  may include a user interface, and wherein the expected time and/or pipe temperature is sent to the user interface by the one or more processors. The user interface can be a computer, for example, having a display. 
     In one embodiment, the expected time for the pipe (at least the portion of the pipe at issue) being cooled to a certain threshold temperature is calculated, at least in part, based on the size (for example, the circumference, thickness, thermal mass, or any combination thereof) of the welded pipe. In another embodiment, the calculation is further based upon a cooling energy output of the cooler. For example, this cooling energy output may be based on the volume of water or gas being directed at the pipe surface, the starting temperature of the pipe or gas, etc. As another example, cooling energy for a closed fluid system heat exchanger may be known in advance, or calculated based upon its operating parameters (fluid speed, fluid temperature, thermal transfer efficiency, etc.). 
     In another embodiment, the cooling energy output of the cooling system, and/or expected cooling time, is based upon information received from the remote cloud based computer system which contains a large central data base of information obtained from several remotely operated cooler systems. In one embodiment, the cooling energy output is predetermined. In one embodiment, the one or more processors are communicatively connected to a remote computer system and configured to transmit coolant consumption data (e.g., the amount of water used to cool the pipe of a known size needed to reach the threshold temperature. 
     In one embodiment, the cooler system  6500  may be entirely untethered. Specifically, the cooler system  6500  need not include the reach rod or the umbilical and all the communications to and from the cooler system  6500  are entirely wireless. In one embodiment, the cooler system  6500  may include a transmitter that is configured to transmit all the communication signals entirely wirelessly from the cooler system  6500  to the remote uLog processing system and a receiver that is configured to receive all the communication signals entirely wirelessly from the remote uLog processing system. In one embodiment, the one or more processors and/or all the electronic modules of cooler system  6500  are configured to communicate entirely wirelessly with the remote uLog processing system. In one embodiment, all the sensors, all the motors, all the valves and/or other components/elements of the cooler system  6500  are configured to communicate entirely wirelessly with the remote uLog processing system. 
     In one embodiment, any information from the cooler system  6500  can be communicated wirelessly with systems outside the pipe by WiFi, Bluetooth, NFC, by radio frequency, or through cell tower transmissions, just for example. In some embodiments where appropriate, the information is communicated by use of repeaters or extenders, where the transmission signal is to travel long distances or through curved areas. 
     In one embodiment, the one or more processors and one or more sensors of the cooler system  6500  are configured to monitor the charge levels of the on-board cooling power supply, on-board locomotion power supply, and other on-board power supplies. For example, the voltage output by these power supplies may be (continuously or at regular intervals) monitored. In one embodiment, the transmitter of the cooler system  6500  transmits the monitored battery life/charge level information entirely wirelessly to the remote uLog processing system for further processing. For example, the monitored charge level information of the on-board power supplies may be used to determine an estimated remaining operating time of the cooler system  6500 . In one embodiment, the one or processors of the cooler system  6500  may be configured to determine the estimated remaining operating time of the cooler system  6500  locally on the cooler system  6500 . In one embodiment, the remote uLog processing system may be configured to determine the estimated remaining operating time of the cooler system  6500  based on the wirelessly transmitted battery life/charge level information. In one embodiment, the remote uLog processing system may be configured to transmit the estimated remaining operating time of the cooler system  6500  to the one or more processors of the cooler system  6500 . In one embodiment, the remote uLog processing system may also be configured to transmit (entirely wirelessly to the cooler system  6500 ) further instructions about the operation of the cooler system  6500  based on the estimated remaining operating time of the cooler system  6500 . 
     In one embodiment, the one or more processors and one or more sensors of the cooler system  6500  are configured to monitor the levels of the on-board coolant supply/tank. For example, the pressure and/volume of the coolant supply tanks may be (continuously or at regular intervals) monitored. In one embodiment, the transmitter of the cooler system  6500  transmits the monitored coolant consumption data entirely wirelessly to the remote uLog processing system for further processing. 
     For example, the monitored coolant consumption data may be used to determine an estimated remaining operating time of the cooler system  6500  before the coolant refill/recharge. In one embodiment, the one or processors of the cooler system  6500  may be configured to determine the estimated remaining operating time of the cooler system  6500  (e.g., before the coolant recharge) locally on the cooler system  6500 . In one embodiment, the remote uLog processing system may be configured to determine the estimated remaining operating time of the cooler system  6500  (e.g., before the next coolant recharge) based on the wirelessly transmitted coolant consumption data. In one embodiment, the remote uLog processing system may be configured to transmit the estimated remaining operating time of the cooler system  6500  (e.g., before the coolant recharge) to the one or more processors of the cooler system  6500 . In one embodiment, the remote uLog processing system may also be configured to transmit (entirely wirelessly to the cooler system  6500 ) further instructions about the operation of the cooler system  6500  based on the estimated operating time of the cooler system  6500  (e.g., before the coolant recharge). 
     In one embodiment, the remote uLog processing system receives battery charge data from numerous cooler systems at different locations (for example, different locations across a country or across the globe) and establishes a data base thereon. That database is used by the uLog processing system to determine, based on a large data set, expected battery life times based on different operating parameters of the cooler system. This can used by the uLog and/or by one or more processors of the cooler system  6500  to anticipate battery life times for various components based upon present operating conditions of those components. This information can be used by the one or more processors to reduce or regulate power consumption of one or more components by modifying one or more operating parameters. For example, cooling rate, voltage, and/or current can all be regulated (e.g., lowered) to conserve battery life if the one or more processors determine that such operating conditions can be modified without adversely affecting the associated operation being performed. 
     In one embodiment, the battery life, voltage output, coolant levels and any of the operating parameters are sent wirelessly to a user interface, such as a computer monitor having computer display, so that they can be monitored by a user. 
     In one embodiment, like the cooler system  6500 , all other cooler systems (e.g.,  2010 ,  2110 ,  2210 ,  2310 ) described in the application are configured to communicate wireless with the remote uLog processing system. 
     In one embodiment, referring to  FIG. 120 , the cooler system  6500  is configured to apply cooling energy to the interior surface  5130   a ,  5132   a  of the metal pipes  1022   a ,  1022   b  to facilitate cooling of the metal pipes  1022   a ,  1022   b  after the insulator material  5312  is applied. In one embodiment, the cooler system  6500  comprises a heat exchanger or cooler  6502  configured to carry a movable fluid therethrough. That is, the cooling energy is applied by the moveable fluid disposed within the heat exchanger  6502 . In one embodiment, the movable fluid may be a gas or liquid. 
     For example, in one embodiment, as shown in  FIGS. 119-122 , the heat exchanger  6502  may have liquid passage lines  6593  therein that carry the movable liquid therethrough and the cooling energy is applied by the moveable liquid disposed within the fluid passage lines  6593  of the heat exchanger  6502 . In one embodiment, as shown in  FIGS. 124-125 , the heat exchanger  6502  may have air channels  6576  therein that carry the moveable air therethrough and the cooling energy is applied by the moveable air disposed within the air channels  6576  of the heat exchanger  6502 . 
     In one embodiment, a contact surface  6572  of the heat exchanger  6502  is configured to be positioned in contact with the interior surface  5130   a ,  5132   a  of the welded pipes  1022   a ,  1022   b  to remove heat from the welded pipes  1022   a ,  1022   b.    
     In one embodiment, the contact surface  6572  of the heat exchanger  6502  may be a conformable, thermally conductive surface. For example, in one embodiment, the contact surface  6572  of the heat exchanger  6502  is constructed and shaped to conform closely to the interior surfaces of the welded pipes  1022   a ,  1022   b  to remove heat from the welded pipes  1022   a ,  1022   b . In one embodiment, the contact surface  6572  of the heat exchanger  6502  is constructed and arranged to be thermally conductive. 
     In one embodiment, the cooling energy is applied by a fluid released within the interior of the pipes  1022   a ,  1022   b  such that the fluid directly contacts the interior surface  5130   a ,  5132   a  of the pipes  1022   a ,  1022   b . In one embodiment, the fluid includes a liquid. In one embodiment, the fluid includes a gas. For example, in one embodiment, the fluid nozzles  6562  (as shown in  FIG. 123 ) are configured to apply (or spray) a cooling fluid (directly) onto the interior surface  5130   a ,  5132   a  of the welded pipes  1022   a ,  1022   b  to remove heat from the welded pipes  1022   a ,  1022   b . In one embodiment, the blower  6505  (as shown in  FIG. 133 ) is configured to apply (or blow) a cooling gas (directly) onto the interior surface  5130   a ,  5132   a  of the welded pipes  1022   a ,  1022   b  to remove heat from the welded pipes  1022   a ,  1022   b.    
     In one embodiment, the contact surface  6572  of the heat exchanger  6502  is configured to be positioned in contact with the interior surface  5130   a ,  5132   a  of the welded pipes  1022   a ,  1022   b  to remove heat from the welded pipes  1022   a ,  1022   b . For example, as shown in  FIGS. 119-121, 124, 130 and 132 , the contact surface(s)  6572  of each of these different types of heat exchangers  6502  are configured to be positioned in contact with the interior surface  5130   a ,  5132   a  of the welded pipes  1022   a ,  1022   b  to remove heat from the welded pipes  1022   a ,  1022   b.    
     Referring to  FIGS. 119-122 , the heat exchanger  6502  of the cooler system  6500  may include a plurality of heat exchanger elements or fins  6580  positioned at circumferentially spaced apart locations on a center frame  6634 . In one embodiment, each heat exchanger element  6580  may have one or more coolant lines  6593  passing therethrough. In one embodiment, each heat exchanger element or fin  6580  is supported on the center frame  6634  and is operatively connected to an actuator mechanism  6582 . In one embodiment, the actuator mechanism  6582  is configured to move each heat exchanger element or fin  6580  between its extended position (as shown in  FIGS. 120 and 121 ) and its retracted position (as shown in  FIG. 122 ). In one embodiment, as shown in  FIG. 122 , there is a radial gap G between the contact surfaces  6572  of the heat exchanger elements  6580  and the inner surfaces  5130   a ,  5132   a  of the pipes  1022   a ,  1022   b , when the heat exchanger elements  6580  are in their retracted positions. 
     In one embodiment, the actuator mechanism  6582  may include a piston  6586 , a cylinder  6584 , a plurality of first members  6588  and a plurality of second members  6590 . In one embodiment, the number of the first and second members may depend on the number of heat exchanger element  6580  being used. 
     In one embodiment, there may be two actuator mechanisms, where one actuator mechanism is positioned (axially along the pipe axis) on one side of the heat exchanger element  6580  and the other actuator mechanism is positioned (axially along the pipe axis) on the other side of the heat exchanger element  6580 . In one embodiment, the two actuator mechanisms may operate simultaneously to move the heat exchanger elements  6580  between their extended and retracted positions. In one embodiment, there may be only one actuator mechanism that is configured to move each heat exchanger element or fin  6580  between its extended position (as shown in  FIGS. 120 and 121 ) and its retracted position (as shown in  FIG. 122 ). 
     In one embodiment, each second member  6590  is constructed and arranged to be connected to the heat exchanger element  6580  on one end and to the first member  6588  on the other end. In one embodiment, each first member  6588  is constructed and arranged to be connected to the second member  6590  on one end and to a portion of the positon  6586  (or a member moveable by the piston  6586 ) on the other end. 
     In one embodiment, the second member  6590  is constructed and arranged to positioned in a radially extending opening  6592  in a (fixed) frame member  6594  such that the radially extending opening  6592  facilitates a radial movement (e.g., up and down radial movement) of the second member  6590  therein. 
     In one embodiment, the piston  6586  is configured to be movable axially in the cylinder  6584 . In one embodiment, the first members  6588  moved by the axially, reciprocating piston  6586 , for example, driven by fluid (hydraulic or pneumatic) pressure inside the cylinder  6584 . 
     The heat exchanger elements  6580  are moved from their retracted positions (as shown in  FIG. 122 ) where the contact surfaces  6572  of the heat exchanger elements  6580  are not in contact with the inner surfaces  5130   a ,  5132   a  of the pipes  1022   a ,  1022   b  to their extended positions (as shown in  FIGS. 120 and 121 ) where the contact surfaces  6572  of the heat exchanger elements  6580  are configured to be in contact with the inner surfaces  5130   a ,  5132   a  of the pipes  1022   a ,  1022   b , by activating the cylinder  6584  so that the piston  6586  is axially moved in the cylinder  6584 . The compressed air entering a port  6503  pushes the piston  6586  to move the heat exchanger elements  6580  to their extended positions. 
     In one embodiment, the axial movement of the piston  6586  is translated to radial movements of the second members  6590  via the first members  6588 . Thus, the radial contact forces are generated by fluid pressure of the compressed air acting on the piston  6586 . The piston  6586  drives the first members  6588  that convert the axial movement of the piston  6586  to radial movements of the second members  6590 . As each heat exchanger element  6580  is operatively connected to the second members  6590 , the radial movements of the second members  6590  cause the radial movement of the heat exchanger element  6580  between its extended and retracted positions. 
     In one embodiment, the size of the cylinder, the applied fluid pressure, and the sizes of various components of the actuator mechanism  6582  may be changed to control the extension and retraction of the heat exchanger elements  6580 . 
     In one embodiment, as shown in  FIG. 123 , the cooler system  6500  may include a fluid nozzle  6562  configured to apply a cooling liquid onto the interior surface  5130   a ,  5130   b  of the welded pipes  1022   a ,  1022   b  to remove heat from the welded pipes  1022   a ,  1022   b . In one embodiment the fluid nozzle  6562  is a water nozzle that blows/sprays water onto the interior surface  5130   a ,  5132   a  of the pipe  1022   a ,  1022   b  to facilitate cooling of the welded pipes  1022   a ,  1022   b.    
     In one embodiment, the heat exchanger  6502  may include a plurality of fluid nozzles  6562  that are positioned circumferentially and axially (along the pipe axis) spaced apart locations. In one embodiment, each fluid nozzle  6562  is configured to receive the cooling liquid from a coolant source  6564  via a coolant supply line  6566  and via one or more valves. In one embodiment, the coolant is gas or liquid. In one embodiment, the received coolant is sprayed by the fluid nozzles  6562  onto the interior surface  5130   a ,  5132   a  of the welded pipes  1022   a ,  1022   b  to remove heat from the welded pipes  1022   a ,  1022   b.    
       FIGS. 124 and 125  show a heat exchanger element or fin  6574  that is configured to be extendable, for example, using the actuator mechanism  6582  shown and described with respect to  FIGS. 120-122 . In one embodiment, the contact surface  6572  of the heat exchanger element or fin  6574 , when the heat exchanger element or fin  6574  is in extended position, is configured to be positioned in contact with the interior surface  5130   a ,  5132   a  of the welded pipes  1022   a ,  1022   b  to remove heat from the welded pipes  1022   a ,  1022   b . In one embodiment, the heat exchanger may include a plurality of such heat exchanger element or fin  6574  positioned at circumferentially spaced apart locations and that may be extended and retracted by an actuating mechanism (e.g., a pneumatic or other). In one embodiment, the heat exchanger element or fin  6574  may include a plurality of fluids (air) channels  6576  therein that are configured to allow the fluid to pass therethrough. In one embodiment, the channels  6576  may be radially extending and circumferentially spaced apart. 
     Referring to  FIGS. 126-128 , in one embodiment, the cooler system  6500  may include a drive system  6602 . In one embodiment, the drive system  6602  may include a cable structure  6604  that extends from the internal cooler system  6500  and through one or more pipes  1022   a ,  1022   b  to an open end  6606  of a pipe  1022   a . In one embodiment, the cable structure  6604  is used to facilitate a forward movement of the internal cooler system  6500  within the pipes  1022   a ,  1022   b.    
     In one embodiment, the one or more cable/winch systems  6608  and  6604  may be implemented, in which one or more winches  6608  may be provided as part of the internal cooler system  6500  and/or located at one or more anchor points (e.g.,  6610 ) that are external to the pipes  1022   a ,  1022   b . In one embodiment, a winch structure may be provided within the internal cooler system  6500  frame. 
     For example, in one embodiment, a winch structure  6608  is provided at an anchored location  6610  exterior to the pipes  1022   a ,  1022   b  and connected to the cable structure  6604 . That is, referring to  FIGS. 127 and 128 , one end  6612  of the cable structure  6604  is connected to the winch structure  6608  and the other end  6614  of the cable structure  6604  is connected to a member  6616  of a forward-most frame  6618  of the cooler system  6500 . This configuration of the cable structure  6604  and the winch structure  6608  facilitate a forward movement of the internal cooler system  6500  within the pipes  1022   a ,  1022   b.    
     In one embodiment, another cable structure may be connected to a member  6620  of a rear frame  6622  (as shown in  FIG. 119 ) of the cooler system  6500  to facilitate reverse movement internal cooler system  6500  within the pipes  1022   a ,  1022   b . This cable structure may be operated by another winch structure (e.g., provided at an anchored location rearwardly and exterior to the pipes  1022   a ,  1022   b ) to facilitate a reverse movement internal cooler system  6500  within pipe sections  1022   a ,  1022   b.    
     Thus, the cable structure  6604  extends between the winch  6608  and a connection point (either at the internal cooler system  6500  or a connection point external to the pipes  1022   a ,  1022   b ) to facilitate placement of the internal cooler system  6500  within and/or withdrawal of the internal cooler system  6500  from the pipes  1022   a ,  1022   b  during procedures. 
     In one embodiment, as shown in  FIG. 129 , the cooler system  6500  may include a plurality of rollers  6530  configured to engage the interior surface  5130 ,  5132  of one or more of the pipes  1022   a ,  1022   b  and a drive motor  6532  configured to drive the rollers  6530  so as to move a frame assembly  6503  (including the forward-most frame  6618 , the center frame  6634 , and the drive frame  6622 ) of the cooler system  6500 . 
     In one embodiment, the cooler electronics module  6528  is configured to control operation of the drive system  6602  (e.g., by controlling one or more motors  6532  (which move the rollers  6530  in contact with internal wall portions of pipe)) to facilitate advancement of the internal cooling system  2010  within the pipe  1022   a  and toward the weld location. In one embodiment, the cooler electronics module  6528  of the internal cooler system  6500  are configured to communicate with the one or more processors  5140  and one or more other processors or electronic modules (e.g., operatively connected with the different weld systems, operatively connected with the cradles, the clamps or other pipe alignment systems and/or positioned at a remote location from these systems) as described in this application. 
     In the illustrated embodiment, each roller  6530  of the cooler system  6500  is operatively connected with its corresponding drive motor  6532 . That is, four drive motors  6532  are connected to four rollers  6330  as shown. In another embodiment, two rollers  6530  may be directly connected to two drive motors  6532 , and the other two rollers  6530  may be operatively connected to the two rollers  6530  that are directly connected to the drive motors  6532 . 
     In one embodiment, as shown in  FIGS. 130 and 131 , the cooler system  6500  may include a power supply source  6526  to provide electrical power to the cooler electronics module  6528  of the cooler system  6500 , the drive system  6602 , the electronic sensors, the valve structure (e.g., to electronically control one or more valves  6522  and thus control flow of the coolant from the coolant supply source  6524  to the heat exchanger  6502 ). In one embodiment, the power supply source  6526  is carried by the frame assembly of the cooler system  6500 . In one embodiment, the power supply source  6526  includes a plurality of battery cells or battery packs that are carried by the rear frame  6622  of the cooler system  6500 . In one embodiment, seven batteries are shown. In one embodiment, the number of batteries may vary. In one embodiment, the number of batteries may depend on the type of the heat exchanger being used and/or other power requirements of the cooler system  6500 . In the illustrated embodiment, the power supply source  6526  is shown in a cooler system having a thermo electric heat exchanger. It is contemplated, however, that the power supply source  6526  may be used with the cooler systems having any type of heat exchanger as described in this application. 
     In one embodiment, the one or more battery cells carried by the frame of the cooler system  6500  are configured to power the drive motor  6532  and the brake system of the cooler system  6500 . In one embodiment, the one or more battery cells carried by the frame of the cooler system  6500  are configured to power the cooler  6502  of the cooler system  6500 . 
     In one embodiment, as shown in  FIGS. 130 and 132 , the heat exchanger  6502  of the cooler system  6500  may be a thermo electric heat exchanger  6502 . For example, the thermo electric heat exchanger may be a Peltier device. 
     In one embodiment, the thermo electric heat exchanger  6502  may have a plurality of frame members  6538  positioned at circumferentially spaced apart locations on a shaft member  6542  of the cooler system  6500 . In the illustrated embodiment, six frame members  6538  are shown. In one embodiment, the number of the frame members  6538  may vary. In one embodiment, each frame member  6538  may have a plurality of thermoelectric heat transfer elements  6544  positioned thereon. In illustrated embodiment, six thermoelectric heat transfer elements  6544  are positioned on each frame member  6538 . In one embodiment, the number of the thermoelectric heat transfer elements  6544  positioned on each frame member  6538  may vary. 
     In one embodiment, the frame members  6538  may be supported on the shaft member  6542  of the cooler system  6500  via support members  6540  (e.g., two). In one embodiment, the support members  6540  may be extended and retracted by an actuating mechanism. In one embodiment, the actuating mechanism is configured to extend the support members  6540  such the frame members  6538  and the thermoelectric elements  6544  positioned thereon are positioned in contact with the interior surface  5130   a ,  5132   a  of the welded pipes to remove heat from the welded pipes  1022   a ,  1022   b . In one embodiment, the actuating mechanism may be pneumatically controlled or may be controlled in any other way as would be appreciated by one skilled in the art. 
     In one embodiment, as shown in  FIG. 133 , the heat exchanger  6502  of the cooler system  6500  may be a blower  6505  configured to blow a cooling gas onto the interior surface  5130   a ,  5132   a  of the welded pipes  1022   a ,  1022   b  to remove heat from the welded pipes  1022   a ,  1022   b . In one embodiment, the blower blows air onto the interior surface  5130   a ,  5132   a  of the pipe  1022   a ,  1022   b  to facilitate cooling of the welded pipes  1022   a ,  1022   b . In one embodiment, the blower  6505  may include a frame member  6550  have a plurality of holes  6552  thereon. In one embodiment, the frame member  6550  is constructed and arranged to receive air from the outlet of a compressed air (e.g., high pressure) source  6554 . In one embodiment, the frame member  6550  is constructed and arranged to receive air from the outlet of a motor driven fan. In one embodiment, the holes  6552  formed on the frame member  6550  are configured to function as outlets for delivering received air to the interior surface  5130   a ,  5132   a  of the welded pipes to remove heat from the welded pipes  1022   a ,  1022   b.    
     In one embodiment, as shown in  FIG. 134 , a camera  6556  mounted at a location CL on the first section  6558  and is controlled by the cooler electronics module  6528  may provide video images to a remote control device so that a user may determine how close the internal cooler system  6500  is to the weld joint  1026 . 
     In one embodiment, as shown in  FIGS. 135 and 136 , the cooler system  6500  includes a blower  6650  configured to blow a cooling gas onto the interior surface  5130   a ,  5132   a  of the welded pipes  1022   a ,  1022   b  to remove heat from the welded pipes  1022   a ,  1022   b . In one embodiment, the blower  6505  includes a fan. In one embodiment, the structure, positioned and operation of the blower  6505  may be similar to the fan  2122  as described in detail elsewhere in this application. 
     In one embodiment, referring to  FIGS. 135 and 136 , the heat exchanger elements  6580  are moved from their retracted positions (as shown in  FIG. 136 ) where the contact surfaces  6572  of the heat exchanger elements  6580  are not in contact with the inner surfaces  5130   a ,  5132   a  of the pipes  1022   a ,  1022   b  to their extended positions where the contact surfaces  6572  of the heat exchanger elements  6580  are configured to be in contact with the inner surfaces  5130   a ,  5132   a  of the pipes  1022   a ,  1022   b , by operating an actuating mechanism  6664 . 
     In one embodiment, the actuator mechanism  6664  may be a linear actuator. In one embodiment, the actuator mechanism  6664  may include a motor  6652 , a lead screw  6654 , a lead nut  6656 , a plurality of first members  6664  and a plurality of second members  6666 . In one embodiment, the number of the first and second members may depend on the number of heat exchanger element  6580  being used. In one embodiment, each second member  6666  is constructed and arranged to be connected to the heat exchanger element  6580  on one end and to the first member  6664  on the other end. In one embodiment, each first member  6664  is constructed and arranged to be connected to the second member  6666  on one end and to a member  6662  moveable by the motor  6652  on the other end. 
     In one embodiment, the motor  6652  is configured (e.g., mechanically connected) to rotate the lead screw  6654 . In one embodiment, the motor  6652  is configured to rotate either clockwise or counter clockwise direction so as to cause the raising or lowering of the heat transfer elements  6580  substantially perpendicular to the pipe axis of the pipes  1022   a ,  1022   b . In one embodiment, the motor  6652  is configured to be directly connected to rotate the lead screw  6654 . In another embodiment, the motor  6652  is configured to be indirectly connected, e.g., through a series of gears or a gearbox, to rotate the lead screw  6654 . 
     In one embodiment, the lead screw  6654  includes threads machined on its outer surface and extending along its length. In one embodiment, the lead nut  6656  is constructed and arranged to be threaded onto the lead screw  5514  and includes complimentary threads machined on its inner surface. 
     In one embodiment, the lead nut  6656  is configured to interlock with a portion of a member  6662  so that the rotation of the lead nut  6656  is prevented along with the lead screw  6654 . That is, the lead nut  6656  is restrained from rotating along with the lead screw  6654 , therefore the lead nut  6656  is configured to travel up and down the lead screw  6654 . In one embodiment, the lead nut  6656  is interlocked and positioned in an opening of the member  6662 . In one embodiment, the lead screw  5514  is configured to pass through an opening of the interlocked lead nut  5516 . 
     The operation of the actuator mechanism  6664  is discussed in detail below. When the lead screw  6654  is rotated by the motor  6652 , the lead nut  6656  is driven along the threads. In one embodiment, the direction of motion of the lead nut  6656  depends on the direction of rotation of the lead screw  6654  by the motor  6652 . As the lead nut  6656  is interlocked in the opening of the member  6662 , the member  6662  is configured to travel the lead screw  6654  along with the lead nut  6656 . That is, the member  6662  translates linearly (right to left or left to right) as the motor  6652  rotates. Also, as the member  6662  is connected to the first members  6658 , the movement of the member  6662  causes the movement of the first members  6658 . As the second members  6660  are connected to the first members  6658 , the movement of the first members  6658  causes the radial (up or down) movement of the second members  6660 . That is, the linear translation of the member  6662  is converted to the radial (up or down) movement of the second members  6660  through the first members  6658 . 
     As the heat exchanger element  6580  is connected to the second members  6660 , the radial (up or down) movement of the second members  6660  causes the radial (up or down) movement in the heat exchanger element  6580 . Thus, the motor  6652  is configured to move the contact surfaces  6572  of the heat exchanger elements  6580  outwardly into engagement with the interior surface  5130   a ,  5132   a  of the metal pipes  1022   a ,  1022   b.    
     In one embodiment, the time that the cooler system takes to cool the pipes (e.g., after the coating procedure and before the spooling procedure) may be in the range between 90 and 150 minutes. 
     Because the cooler system can be used to apply the cooling energy to an interior surface of the metal pipes, from within the pipes, the time for cooling of the metal pipes can be reduced (for example, in comparison to permitting natural cooling of the metal pipes, or in comparison to applying a coolant on top of the insulator material). This, for example, can facilitate cooling of the metal pipes after the insulator material is applied to a welded pipe, which should be pre-heated prior to application of the weld material. As a result, the welded pipe can be put into service or otherwise further processed more quickly. Specifically, after the welded pipe has been heated to apply the insulator material, and insulator applied, it should not be subjected to high stresses that may take place in a deployment procedure. For example, in some embodiments, the welded pipe and its insulation (which insulation is applied only after the welded pipe temperature is heated to a temperature of at least 160° C.) is intended to be wound on a spool in a spooling operation. Such spooling operation is conducted ideally only after the welded and insulated metal pipe has been cooled to below a threshold level (e.g., below 50° C.). The use of the internal cooler can expedite achieving cooling of the metal pipe to below the threshold level. In another application of the internal cooler system, after the pipes are welded (and before application of the insulator). 
     The spooling operation is one of a number of deployment procedures that may be conducted ideally only after the welded pipe is below a threshold temperature (e.g., by operation of the internal cooler). Other deployment procedures may include an S-lay procedure and/or J-lay procedure on a pipe laying barge. The welded pipe should be below a threshold temperature before the pipe should be submerged into the water (e.g., sea or ocean). 
     In addition, in another application, it may be desirable to inspect the weld with an ultrasound detector, in an ultrasound inspection system. The ultrasound inspection station is configured to operate ideally below a threshold temperature (e.g., below 80° C.), which can more quickly be obtained (after the pipe is heated as a result of the welding operation) by use of the cooler system. Thus, in one system, the cooler can be used prior to an ultrasound inspection system operation, which would be conducted after welding and before the pipe is re-heated for application of the insulation material. 
     In one embodiment, referring to  FIG. 136A , an ultrasound inspection station  6801  that is configured to inspect the weld between the welded metal pipes  1022   a ,  1022   b  is provided. In one embodiment, the cooler system  6500  is configured to facilitate cooling of the metal pipes  1022   a ,  1022   b  after the pipes  1022   a ,  1022   b  are welded and before inspection of the weld by the ultrasound inspection station  6801 . 
     In one embodiment, a temperature sensor (e.g.,  2017   a  as shown in  FIGS. 104-109 ) may be used to determine the temperature of the pipe  1022   a ,  1022   b  in the vicinity of the weld  1026 . For example, referring to  FIG. 107 , the temperature sensor  2017   a  is configured to be positioned on the internal cooler system and in the vicinity of the weld  1026 . In one embodiment, the temperature sensor  2017   a  may be positioned near the heat transfer elements or fins of the internal cooler system to measure the temperature of the (inner diameter) inner surfaces  5130 ,  5132  of the pipe  1022   a ,  1022   b . In another embodiment, the temperature sensor may be positioned at the ultrasound inspection station  6801 . In one embodiment, the temperature sensor may be a contact or a non-contact temperature sensor. 
     In one embodiment, the temperature sensor  2017   a  that senses a temperature of the pipes  1022   a ,  1022   b  may be operatively communicating with the one or more processors. In one embodiment, the one or more processors send operating instructions to the cooler  6502  based on signals received from the temperature sensor  2017   a . In one embodiment, the one or more processors operate the cooler until the sensor  2017   a  and the processor determines that the temperature of the pipes  1022   a ,  1022   b  is below a threshold temperature. 
     In one embodiment, one or more processors may be configured to determine that temperature of the pipe  1022   a ,  1022   b  in the vicinity of the weld  1026  is below a predetermined temperature threshold. In one embodiment, the temperature sensor may be configured to detect that temperature of the pipe  1022   a ,  1022   b  in the vicinity of the weld  1026  is below a predetermined temperature threshold. 
     In one embodiment, the inspection by the ultrasound inspection station  6801  commences after the temperature sensor  2017   a  detects that the temperature of the pipe  1022   a ,  1022   b  in the vicinity of the weld  1026  is below a predetermined temperature threshold. 
       FIG. 136B  shows a method for the pipeline deployment.  FIGS. 136C and 136D  show schematic views of the S-lay pipe deployment system and J-lay pipe deployment system.  FIG. 136E  shows S-lay and J-lay unspooling barges. 
     In one embodiment, pipes  1022   a ,  1022   b  (e.g., about 40 feet or 80 feet long) are manufactured during the pipe manufacturing procedure  6902 . In one embodiment, the manufactured pipes are stored at pipe storage  6904  before sending the pipes for further processing, for example, to a S-lay barge  6942  (as shown in  FIG. 136C ), a spool base or a J-lay barge  6944  (as shown in  FIG. 136D ). In one embodiment, the pipe storage may include a plurality of storage racks. 
     In one embodiment, at the spoolbase procedure  6914 , the manufactured pipe sections are received by the spoolbase, these pipe sections are joined, at the spoolbase, to form long pipe sections, and these long pipe sections are then spooled and loaded on to a vessel, ship, or barge. In one embodiment, the spoolbase may include semi-automatic or automatic welding systems, field joint coating systems, nondestructive inspection and testing systems, storage racks, roller systems, and/or other pipe handling equipment for the fabrication, spooling, and loading of rigid pipeline before installation. 
     In one embodiment, the pipe stalks are reeled onto big spools on barges (as shown in  FIG. 136E ) and unspooled when the barge arrives at the job location. In one embodiment, the spooled pipe stalks are unspooled on the vessel, ship, or barge at procedure  6916  and the pipe sections are then deployed at procedure  6918 . In one embodiment, the “unspooling” vessel, ship, or barge may be a J-lay barge or a S-lay barge.  FIG. 136E  shows S-lay and J-lay unspooling barges. 
     In one embodiment, the S-lay barge  6942  receives the stored pipe sections from the pipe storage. In one embodiment, at procedure  6906 , the S-lay barge  6942  uses its on-board systems to produce long pipe sections. In one embodiment, at procedure  6906 , automatic weld systems, pipe facing systems, backup clamps, purge clamps and/or other support equipment are used on the S-lay barge  6942  to produce long pipe sections. In one embodiment, the S-lay pipe deployment procedure is used for offshore pipeline applications. In one embodiment, the S-lay pipe deployment procedure is used shallow and intermediate waters. In one embodiment, the S-lay pipe deployment procedure allows the pipe leave the vessel in a horizontal position. In one embodiment, the S-lay pipe deployment procedure provides high production rates. As shown in  FIG. 136C , the S-lay barge  6942  is constructed and arranged to deploy the pipe sections in a S-shaped pipe configuration. 
     In one embodiment, the J-lay barge  6944  receives the stored pipe sections from the pipe storage. In one embodiment, at procedure  6908 , the J-lay barge  6944  uses its on-board systems to produce long pipe sections. In one embodiment, at procedure  6908 , automatic weld systems, pipe facing systems, J-lay clamps, and/or other support equipment are used on the J-lay barge  6944  to produce long pipe sections. In one embodiment, the J-lay pipe deployment procedure is used for offshore pipeline applications. In one embodiment, the J-lay pipe deployment procedure is used for deep-water work. In one embodiment, the J-lay pipe deployment procedure allows the pipe to leave the lay system in a position which is very close to vertical. This means that a pipeline is installed with much reduced stresses on the pipe. As shown in  FIG. 136D , the J-lay barge  6944  is constructed and arranged to deploy the pipe sections in a J-shaped pipe configuration. 
     Control, positioning and communication with the internal welder system, the tie-in welder system, and/or the pipe cooler systems, when located within a pipe can be accomplished in a variety of ways, as described herein. In yet another embodiment, position of the system within the pipe can be detected by a low frequency electromagnetic signal transmission from a coil placed in close proximity parallel to the pipe outer surface. This signal is detected by a pair of orthogonal receiving coils mounted on the system in the pipe, in close proximity to the pipe inner surface. The phases of the received signals with respect to the transmitted signal and the ratio of the amplitudes of the two received signals is used to estimate the relative position of the transmitter and the receivers. Control of the system within the pipe (i.e., internal welder, tie-in welder, or cooler system, etc.) along with transmission of information can also accomplished via a high frequency direct sequence spread spectrum radio link between one or more processors (e.g., within a computer console) outside the pipe and one or more processors mounted on the system in the pipe. The details of this deployment can be appreciated from U.S. Pat. No. 6,092,406, incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. 
     In one embodiment, the internal weld system  5004 ,  3001  may include a weld material consumption device. In one embodiment, the external weld system  7500  may include a weld material consumption device. In one embodiment, the weld material consumption device may be a part of the wire feed assembly  5020  of the internal weld system  5004 . 
     In one embodiment, the weld consumption device may have structure and operation similar to the device(s) as shown in and described with respect to  161 A- 165  of this application. For example, in one embodiment, the structure, configuration and operation of the spool  5272  (as shown in  FIG. 22A ) used the internal weld system  5004  may be similar to the spool  14480  as shown and described with respect to  FIG. 161A . In one embodiment, the structure, configuration and operation of the motors of the wire feed assembly  5020  of the internal weld system  5004  may be similar to the motor  14490  as shown in and described with respect to  FIGS. 162, 164A , and  164 B. Also, in one embodiment, the wire feed assembly  5020  of the internal weld system  5004  may include a weight sensor that is configured to sense the depletion of the consumable material. The structure, configuration and operation of the weight sensor of the internal weld system  5004  may be similar to the weight sensor  14484  as shown in and described with respect to  FIG. 161C . In one embodiment, the internal weld system  5004  may include other sensors (e.g., shown in  161 B) to determine an amount of consumable weld material used by the internal weld system  5004  for a given period of time. 
     In one embodiment, the one or more processors  5140  operatively associated with the internal weld system  5004  may be configured to determine the wire feed speed from the speed of the motors of the wire feed assembly  5020  as described in elsewhere in this application. In one embodiment, the one or more processors  5140  operatively associated with the internal weld system  5004  may be configured to determine an amount of consumable weld material used by the internal weld system  5004  for a given period of time and generate weld material consumption data based thereon. In one embodiment, a transmitter of the internal weld system  5004  may transmit the weld material consumption data entirely wirelessly to the remote uLog processing system for further processing. In one embodiment, the remote uLog processing system may also be configured to transmit (entirely wirelessly to the internal weld system, the external weld system and/or the tie-in internal weld system) further instructions about the operation of the internal weld system, the external weld system and/or the tie-in internal weld system based on the processed weld material consumption data. For example, the instructions may include correcting a slippage of the motors of the wire feed assembly by increasing the speed of the motor of the wire feed assembly of the internal weld system, the external weld system and/or the tie-in internal weld system. In one embodiment, the one or more processors  5140  of the internal weld system  5004  may use the procedures shown in and described with respect to  FIGS. 163 and 165  to determine weld material consumption data, the processed weld material consumption data, etc. 
     In one embodiment, the structure and operation of the weld consumption device is described above with respect to the internal weld system  5004 . In one embodiment, the external weld system  7500  and the tie-in internal weld system  3001  may include a weld consumption device with similar structure and operation. That is, in one embodiment, the hub, electronics, software and pictures being sent by the weld material consumption devices of the internal weld system and the external weld system are generic to both the devices. However, the shape and size the weld material consumption devices of the internal weld system  5004 ,  3001  and the external weld system  7500  may change. In one embodiment, the weld material consumption devices of the internal weld system  5004 ,  3001  and the external weld system  7500  may have different shaped configurations and/or different geometries. In one embodiment, the weld material consumption device may be configured to detect unauthorized wire spool being used in the internal weld system  5004 ,  3001  or the external weld system  7500 . 
     Field System Testing and Operations 
       FIG. 137A  shows a system  13700  for facilitating field system testing or operations thereof, in accordance with one or more embodiments. As shown in  FIG. 137 , the system  13700  may comprise one or more field systems  13702  (or field systems  13702   a - 13702   n ), one or more remote computer systems  13704 , and one or more networks  150  via which components of the system  13700  may communicate with one another. A field system  13702  may comprise one or more field devices  13712 , one or more inspection devices  13714 , one or more field computer systems  13716 , or other components. A remote computer system  13704  may comprise one or more processors  13730  configured to execute one or more subsystems, such as object profile subsystem  13732 , operation manager subsystem  13734 , operation protocol subsystem  13736 , operation monitoring subsystem  13738 , operation trigger subsystem  13740 , presentation subsystem  13742 , or other components. As described below, in one or more embodiments, operations of the respective components of remote computer system  13704  may be performed by one or more processors of remote computer system  13704 . It should be noted that, while one or more operations are described herein as being performed by components of remote computer system  13704 , those operations may, in some embodiments, be performed by components of field system  13702  (e.g., field computer system  13716 ) or other components of system  13700 . 
     In one embodiment, the field system  13702  may be the field system  5000 . In one embodiment, if the computer system  5138  is local to the field system  5000 , the field computer system  13716  may be the local computer system  5138 , and the field computer system processors  13718  may be the local computer system processors  5140 . If the computer system  5138  is positioned remotely from the field system  5000 , the remote computer system  13704  may be the remote computer system  5138 , and the remote computer system processors  13730  may be the remote computer system processors  5140 . 
       FIG. 137B  shows communication links between the remote computer system  13730 , the field computer system  13716  of the field system  13702 , and other components of the field system  13702 , in accordance with one or more embodiments. In one embodiment, the remote computer system  13704  (or its processors  13730 ) may communicate with one or more other components of the field system  13702  via the field computer system  13716  (and one or more wired or wireless communication links between the field computer system  13716  and the remote computer system  13704 ). As an example, the field computer system processors  13718  may receive inspection data, input parameters, operation observation data, or other data from one or more of the other systems of the field system  13702  (or their respective processors  13720 ), such as weld system  3001  (e.g., tie-in internal weld system  3001 ), weld system  5004  (e.g., internal weld system  5004 ), cooler system  6500  (e.g., internal cooler system  6500 ), purge and inspection system  7001 , weld system  7500  (e.g., external weld system  7500 ), or other systems  13724  of the field system  13702  (e.g., cradles or other pipe alignment systems, other inspection systems, etc.). The field computer system processors  13718  may transmit (via a transmitter) the inspection data, the input parameters, operation observation data, or other data to the remote computer system  13704 , and, in response, receive a response comprising profile data (e.g., pre-weld profile data, on-the-fly-profile data, post-weld profile data, etc.), instructions for performing operations on an object, alerts (e.g., indicating a defect if a defect exists, an indication to begin or stop an operation, etc.), or other data from the remote computer system  13704 . In one use case, if the response comprises profile data, the field computer system processors  13718  may use the profile data to generate alerts (e.g., indicating a defect if a defect exists, an indication to begin or stop an operation, etc.), obtain instructions for performing an operation on an object, etc. In another use case, if the response comprises instructions for performing an operation on an object, the field computer system processors  13718  may transmit the instructions to the appropriate system of the field system  13702  to cause that system to perform the operation in accordance with the transmitted instructions. 
     In one embodiment, it may be beneficial to utilize one or more wireless communications links to enable one or more components of the remote computer system  13704 , the field computer system  13716 , weld system  3001 , weld system  5004 , cooler system  6500 , purge and inspection system  7001 , or weld system  7500  to communicate with one another to reduce the number of communication cables in the various systems of the field system  13702  to reduce potential entanglement of the cables that could delay operations or damage other components of those systems. For example, by reducing the number of communication cables in weld system  3001 , weld system  5004 , purge and inspection system  7001 , or weld system  7500  in some embodiments may reduce potential entanglement of the cables during rotation of an inspection device (e.g., inspection laser, inspection camera, or other inspection device), a weld torch, or other component of those systems. 
       FIG. 137C  shows communication links between the remote computer system  13730  and components of the field system  13702  without the field computer system  13716 , in accordance with one or more embodiments. In one embodiment, the remote computer system  13704  (or its processors  13730 ) may communicate with one or more other components of the field system  13702  via one or more wired or wireless communication links between the various systems of field system  13702  and the remote computer system  13704  (e.g., without the need for a separate field computer system  13716 ). As an example, the remote computer system processors  13730  may receive inspection data, input parameters, operation observation data, or other data from one or more of the systems of the field system  13702  (or their respective electronic modules), such as weld system  3001  (e.g., tie-in internal weld system  3001 ), weld system  5004  (e.g., internal weld system  5004 ), cooler system  6500  (e.g., internal cooler system  6500 ), purge and inspection system  7001 , weld system  7500  (e.g., external weld system  7500 ), or other systems  13724  of the field system  13702  (e.g., internal cooler. In response, the respective systems of the field system  13702  receive one or more responses comprising profile data (e.g., pre-weld profile data, on-the-fly-profile data, post-weld profile data, etc.), instructions for performing operations on an object, alerts (e.g., indicating a defect if a defect exists, an indication to begin or stop an operation, etc.), or other data from the remote computer system  13704 . In one use case, for example, if one of the systems of the field system  13702  receives a response comprising instructions for performing an operation on an object, that system may perform the operation in accordance with the transmitted instructions. 
     As another example, one or more of the electronics modules  5014 ,  5046 ,  5064 ,  5118 , or other components of weld system  5004  may comprise one or more processors configured to communicate with the field computer system  13716  (or its processors  13718 ), the remote computer system (or its processors  13730 ), or other components of the weld system  5004  via one or more wired or wireless communication links. In one scenario, for instance, one or more of the electronics modules  5014 ,  5046 ,  5064 ,  5118  may receive data from one or more sensors or inspection devices of the weld system  5004 , process the sensor or inspection data, transmit the sensor or inspection data to the field computer system processors  13718  or to the remote computer system processors  13730 , generate signals to control one or more motors or other mechanics of the weld system  5004  to perform one or more operations, etc. 
     As another example, one or more of the electronics modules  3126 ,  13722 , or other components of weld system  3001  may comprise one or more processors configured to communicate with the field computer system  13716  (or its processors  13718 ), the remote computer system (or its processors  13730 ), or other components of the weld system  3001  via one or more wired or wireless communication links. In one scenario, for instance, one or more of the electronics modules  3126 ,  13722  may receive data from one or more sensors or inspection devices of the weld system  5004 , process the sensor or inspection data, transmit the sensor or inspection data to the field computer system processors  13718  or to the remote computer system processors  13730 , generate signals to control one or more motors or other mechanics of the weld system  3001  to perform one or more operations, etc. 
     As another example, one or more of the electronics modules  6528 ,  13722 , or other components of cooler system  6500  may comprise one or more processors configured to communicate with the field computer system  13716  (or its processors  13718 ), the remote computer system (or its processors  13730 ), or other components of the cooler system  6500  via one or more wired or wireless communication links. In one scenario, for instance, one or more of the electronics modules  6528 ,  13722  may receive data from one or more sensors or inspection devices of the cooler system  6500 , process the sensor or inspection data, transmit the sensor or inspection data to the field computer system processors  13718  or to the remote computer system processors  13730 , generate signals to control one or more motors or other mechanics of the cooler system  6500  to perform one or more operations, etc. 
     As another example, one or more of the electronics modules  7032 ,  7036 ,  7040 ,  7064 , or other components of purge and inspection system  7001  may comprise one or more processors configured to communicate with the field computer system  13716  (or its processors  13718 ), the remote computer system (or its processors  13730 ), or other components of the purge and inspection system  7001  via one or more wired or wireless communication links. In one scenario, for instance, one or more of the electronics modules  7032 , 7036 ,  7040 ,  7064  may receive data from one or more sensors or inspection devices of the purge and inspection system  7001 , process the sensor or inspection data, transmit the sensor or inspection data to the field computer system processors  13718  or to the remote computer system processors  13730 , generate signals to control one or more motors or other mechanics of the purge and inspection system to perform one or more operations, etc. 
     As another example, one or more of the electronics modules  3126 ,  13722 , or other components of weld system  3001  may comprise one or more processors configured to communicate with the field computer system  13716  (or its processors  13718 ), the remote computer system (or its processors  13730 ), or other components of the weld system  3001  via one or more wired or wireless communication links. In one scenario, for instance, one or more of the electronics modules  3126 ,  13722  may receive data from one or more sensors or inspection devices of the weld system  5004 , process the sensor or inspection data, transmit the sensor or inspection data to the field computer system processors  13718  or to the remote computer system processors  13730 , generate signals to control one or more motors or other mechanics of the weld system  3001  to perform one or more operations, etc. 
     In one embodiment, a field system (e.g., field system  5000 , field system  13702 , etc.) may work with one or more remote computer systems (e.g., the computer system  5138  that is positioned remotely from field system  5000 , remote computer  13704 , etc.) to facilitate field testing or physical operations based thereon. The field system may comprise one or more components that may be communicatively connected to one another and/or one or more components of the remote computer systems. In one embodiment, one or more field devices (e.g., field devices  13712 ) of the field system may be caused to perform one or more operations based on inspections of one or more objects. As an example, an inspection device (e.g., inspection device  13714 ) of the field system may inspect an object. One or more processors of the field system (e.g., processors  13718  of field computer system  13716 ) may receive, from the inspection device, inspection data associated with the inspection of the object. Based on the inspection data, the processors may cause a field device of the field system to perform an operation that physically affects the object. The inspection device may comprise an inspection laser, an inspection camera, an x-ray radiography inspection device, a gamma ray inspection device, an ultrasonic inspection device, a magnetic particle inspection device, eddy current inspection device, a temperature monitor, or other inspection device. The inspection data may comprise laser inspection data, camera inspection data, x-ray inspection data, gamma ray inspection data, ultrasound inspection data, magnetic particle inspection data, eddy current inspection data, temperature inspection data, or other inspection data. 
     In one embodiment, the processors of the field system (e.g., processors  13718  of field computer system  13716 ) may process the inspection data to generate data related to performing the operation that physically affects the object, and cause the field device to perform the operation based on the operation-related data. In one embodiment, the processors of the field system may transmit (via a transmitter) the inspection data to a remote computer system. Responsive to transmitting the inspection data, the processors may receive, from the remote computer system, data related to performing an operation that physically affects the object. As an example, the operation-related data may be generated at the remote computer system based on the inspection data. Upon receipt of the operation-related data, the processors may cause the field device to perform the operation based on the operation-related data. The processors may cause the field device to perform the operation by transmitting the operation-related data to the field device (e.g., in a format that the field device can interpret and use to perform the operation), use the operation-related data to control the field device to perform the operation, monitoring and providing on-the-fly updates for performing the operation (e.g., by monitoring the object during the performance of the operation), or other techniques. 
     In one embodiment, the inspection data may be processed to automatically determine whether the object has one or more defects, whether the object is ready for the next stage of operations, or other information. As an example, if one or more defects are detected based on the inspection data, the operation-related data that is generated may relate to performing an operation to address the detected defects. As another example, if it is determined that the object is ready for the next stage of operations, the operation-related data that is generated may relate to performing an operation associated with the next stage of operations. 
     The field device (e.g., field device  13712 ) may comprise a welding device, a coating device, an alignment device, a heating device, a cooling device, a shielding device, an inspection device, or other device. The operation-related data may comprise welding-related instructions, coating-related instructions, alteration-related instructions, alignment-related instructions, or other instructions or data. Welding-related instructions may comprise instructions related to welding an interface region between a first object and a second object (e.g., an interface region between pipes or other objects), instructions related to wire feed speed, wire consumption, oscillation width, oscillation waveform, oscillation amplitude, weld time, gas flow rate, power levels of the weld arc, weld current, weld voltage, weld impedance, weld torch travel speed, position of the weld tip of the weld torch along the pipe axis, angular positioning of the weld tip of the weld torch with respect to its rotational plane, the distance of the weld tip of the weld torch to the inner surfaces of the pipes to be welded—etc., for welding, or other welding-related instructions. Coating-related instructions may comprise instructions for coating an object (e.g., coating a pipe or other object), instructions related to preheat temperature, coating thickness, or other coating-related instructions. Alteration-related instructions may comprise instructions related to enlarging at least a portion of an object, instructions related to reducing at least a portion of an object, instructions related to resizing at least a portion of an object (e.g., radially resizing, proportionally resizing, etc.), modifying a shape of at least a portion of an object, or other alteration-related instructions. Alignment-related instructions may comprise instructions related to aligning at least a portion of an object with at least a portion of another object, or other alignment-related instructions. 
     In one embodiment, based on inspection data associated with an inspection of an interface region between a first object and a second object, one or more processors of a field system (e.g., processors  13718  of field computer system  13716 ) may obtain data related to performing a welding operation on the interface region. As an example, the processors may transmit (via a transmitter) the inspection data to a remote computer system (e.g., remote computer system  13704 ), and, in response, the processors may obtain instructions related to welding the interface region from the remote computer system. The processors may cause a field device to weld the interface region based on the welding-related instructions. 
     In one use case, if it is determined based on the inspection data that a first weld pass layer has a defect (but nevertheless amendable via a second weld pass), the welding-related instructions may comprise instructions for the second weld pass such that the second weld pass is to compensate for the defect of the first weld pass layer. As an example, if the first weld pass layer is determined to be insufficiently thick, the welding-related instructions may comprise instructions for greater weld time or weld wire usage (than if the first weld pass layer was determined to be sufficiently thick) for the second weld pass. As such, the resulting second weld pass layer may be thicker (than it otherwise would have been) to compensate for the insufficiently thick first weld pass layer. As another example, if the first weld pass layer is determined to be too thick, the welding-related instructions may comprise instructions for less weld time or weld wire usage (than if the first weld pass layer was determined to be appropriately thick) for the second weld pass. In this way, the resulting second weld pass layer may be thinner (than it otherwise would have been) to compensate for the extra thickness of the first weld pass layer. 
     In another use case, if a defect is detected in a first weld pass layer, the welding-related instructions may not necessarily comprise instructions to repair or compensate for the detected defect. As an example, a repair may not be recommended for a defect based on a size of the defect failing to satisfy a predefined defect size threshold (e.g., a minimum repairable defect size for recommending a repair). The predefined defect size threshold may, for example, corresponding to a defect size that would have no significant negative affect on the quality of the weld. As such, in this use case, if the size of the defect in the first weld pass layer is smaller than the predefined defect size threshold, the welding-related instructions may simply comprise instructions for the next weld pass layer as if the defect was not detected. 
     In one embodiment, based on inspection data associated with an inspection of an object, one or more processors of a field system (e.g., processors  13718  of field computer system  13716 ) may obtain data related to coating the object. As an example, the processors may transmit (via a transmitter) the inspection data to a remote computer system (e.g. remote computer system  13704 ), and, in response, the processors may obtain instructions related to coating the object from the remote computer system. The processors may cause a field device to apply one or more layers of coating to the object based on the coating-related instructions. In one use case, if it is determined based on the inspection data that welding of the object is completed and that the completed weld is within specification, the remote computer system may transmit instructions to begin coating the object to the processors of the field system. 
     In one embodiment, based on inspection data associated with an inspection of an object, one or more processors of a field system (e.g., processors  13718  of field computer system  13716 ) may obtain data related to altering a size, a shape, or other aspect of the object. As an example, the processors may transmit (via a transmitter) the inspection data to a remote computer system (e.g., remote computer system  13704 ), and, in response, the processors may obtain instructions related to altering the object from the remote computer system. The processors may cause a field device to enlarge at least a portion of the object, reduce at least a portion of the object, radially resize at least a portion of the object, alter a shape of at least a portion of the object (e.g., machining a new bevel on the end of a pipe or performing shape alternations), or perform other alterations to the object based on the alteration-related instructions. 
     In one embodiment, based on inspection data associated with an inspection of an object, one or more processors of a field system (e.g., processors  13718  of field computer system  13716 ) may obtain data related to aligning the object. As an example, the processors may transmit (via a transmitter) the inspection data to a remote computer system (e.g., remote computer system  13704 ), and, in response, the processors may obtain instructions related to aligning the object from the remote computer system. The processors may cause a field device to align at least a portion of the object with at least a portion of another object based on the alignment-related instructions. In one use case, for instance, where the objects are pipes, and the remote computer system&#39;s analysis of the inspection data indicates that an alignment error, the alignment-related instructions received from the remote computer system may comprise instructions to alter the position of at least one of the pipes that would fix the alignment error (e.g., angular error that caused a gap between the pipes, positional error that caused Hi-Lo issues, etc.). 
     In one embodiment, one or more operations may be caused to be performed on one or more objects based on inspections of multiple objects. In this way, for example, inspection data from inspections of multiple objects may be utilized to perform analysis on the objects as a whole. In some scenarios, such analysis may otherwise be incomplete if isolated to inspection data from a single object. As an example, although individual pipes of a pipeline may each be within specification, the pipeline or a portion thereof (comprising multiple ones of the individual pipes) as a whole may be out of specification. As another example, although individual pipes of the pipeline may be ready for the next stage of operations, the pipeline or the pipeline portion as a whole may not be ready for the next stage of operations. By using the inspection data from inspections of each of the pipes of the pipeline or the pipeline portion, a more complete analysis on the pipe or the pipeline portion as a whole may be performed. 
     In one embodiment, one or more processors of a field system (e.g., processors  13718  of field computer system  13716 ) may receive (via a receiver) first inspection data associated with an inspection of a first object and second inspection data associated with an inspection of a second object. Based on the first inspection data and the second inspection data, the processors may cause a field device of the field system to perform an operation that physically affects one or more objects. The first inspection data and the second inspection data may each comprise at least one of laser inspection data, camera inspection data, x-ray inspection data, gamma ray inspection data, ultrasound inspection data, magnetic particle inspection data, eddy current inspection data, temperature inspection data, or other inspection data. The inspection of the first object and the inspection of the second object may be performed by the same inspection device or different inspection devices. 
     In one embodiment, the processors of the field system (e.g., processors  13718  of field computer system  13716 ) may process the first inspection data and the second inspection data to generate data related to performing an operation that physically affects an object, and cause the field device to perform the operation based on the operation-related data. In one embodiment, the processors of the field system may transmit the first inspection data and the second inspection data to a remote computer system (e.g., remote computer system  13704 ). Responsive to transmitting the first inspection data and the second inspection data, the processors may receive, from the remote computer system, data related to performing the operation that physically affects the object. As an example, the operation-related data may be generated at the remote computer system based on the first inspection data and the second inspection data. Upon receipt of the operation-related data, the processors of the field system may cause the field device to perform the operation based on the operation-related data. 
     In one embodiment, operation-related data (on which performance of an operation on an object is based) may additionally or alternatively be based on one or more input parameters of one or more operations performed on one or more objects (e.g., the object, another object, etc.). As an example, a field device of a field system may perform the operations prior to an inspection of the object. The input parameters of the prior-performed operations, inspection data associated with the inspection of the object, or other data may be transmitted to a remote computer system. Upon receipt of the transmitted data, the remote computer system may generate the operation-related data based on the input parameters, the inspection data, or other data. If, for example, a defect is detected based on the inspection data, the input parameters may be analyzed in connection with the detected detect to determine a cause of the defect (e.g., actual output does not match theoretical output of the input parameters), and the operation-related data may be generated such that the operation-related data may be used to perform an operation that is to repair or compensate for the detected defect or the cause of the defect. 
     In one use case, if a first weld pass layer resulting from a welding operation is determined to be insufficiently thick (based on inspection data associated with an inspection of the first weld pass layer), input parameters for the weld operation may be taken in account to determine a cause of the insufficient thickness of the first weld pass layer. For example, if insufficient weld time or weld wire is determined to be a cause of the insufficient thickness, welding-related instructions for a second weld pass may be generated to comprise input parameters calibrated to compensate for the insufficient thickness of the first weld pass layer or the determined cause thereof (e.g., greater weld time, greater wire usage, etc.). 
     Processing of Data From a Field System 
     In one embodiment, a computer system (e.g., computer system  5138 , remote computer system  13704 , field computer system  13716 , etc.) may work with one or more field systems (e.g., field system  5000 , field system  13702 ) to facilitate field testing or physical operations based thereon. The computer system may comprise one or more processors or other components that may be communicatively connected to one another and/or one or more components of one or more field systems. The computer system may be a local computer system with respect to at least one of the field systems or a remote computer system with respect to at least one of the field system. In one embodiment, the processors of the computer system may receive, from a field system, inspection data associated with an inspection of an object. The processors may process the inspection data to generate data related to performing an operation that physically affects the object. The processors may transmit the operation-related data to the field system to cause the field system to perform the operation that physically affects the object. As an example, the field system may perform the operation based on the operation-related data. As described herein, the operation-related data may comprise welding-related instructions, coating-related instructions, alteration-related instructions, alignment-related instructions, or other instructions or data. 
     In one embodiment, the processors of the computer system may receive (via a receiver) inspection data associated with inspections of multiple objects from one or more field systems, and generate, based on the inspection data, data related to performing an operation that physically affects an object of at least one of the field systems. The processors may transmit the operation-related data to the field system to cause the field system to perform the operation that physically affects the object. The inspection data associated with inspections of each object may comprise at least one of laser inspection data, camera inspection data, x-ray inspection data, gamma ray inspection data, ultrasound inspection data, magnetic particle inspection data, eddy current inspection data, temperature inspection data, or other inspection data. The inspections of the multiple objects may be performed by the same inspection device or different inspection devices. 
     In one embodiment, operation-related data (on which performance of an operation on an object is based) may additionally or alternatively be based on one or more input parameters of one or more operations performed on the object. As an example, a field device (e.g., field device  13712 ) of a field system may perform the operations prior to an inspection of the object. The processors of the computer system may obtain the input parameters of the prior-performed operations, inspection data associated with the inspection of the object, or other data from the field system or other sources. The processors of the computer system may generate the operation-related data based on the obtained data. For example, if a defect is detected based on the inspection data, the input parameters may be analyzed in connection with the detected defect to determine a cause of the defect (e.g., actual output does not match theoretical output of the input parameters), and the operation-related data may be generated such that the operation-related data may be used to perform an operation that is to repair or compensate for the detected defect or the cause of the defect. 
     In one embodiment, operation-related data (on which performance of an operation on an object is based) may additionally or alternatively be based on observations of one or more operations performed on one or more other objects. In one embodiment, the processors of the computer system may monitor one or more operations on one or more objects. As an example, the processors may monitor the operations via one or more inspection devices, such as one or any combination of an inspection laser, an inspection camera, an x-ray radiography inspection device, a gamma ray inspection device, an ultrasonic inspection device, a magnetic particle inspection device, eddy current inspection device, a temperature monitor, or other inspection device. During such monitoring, the processors may obtain data related to observations of the operations, such as observations of one or more field devices during performance of the operations, observations of the objects during performance of the operations, observations of environmental conditions during performance of the operations, or other observations. The processors may compare the observations to determine circumstances that are likely causes of defects, and may generate operation-related data for subsequent operations to avoid or mitigate such defects. In one embodiment, the processors of the computer system may compare one or more sets of observations of an operation performed on one or more objects determined to have a defect (after the performance of the operation) against one or more other sets of observations of the same operation performed on one or more other objects without the defect to determine the circumstances that likely caused the defect (as described in further detail herein elsewhere). In one embodiment, the determination of such circumstances may be stored and used (e.g., in conjunction with the determination of such circumstances occurring in other field systems) to (i) generate and select one or more operation protocols for subsequent operations (as described herein) to prevent or reduce defects, (ii) enable detection of defects earlier in the process (e.g., as described herein via active monitoring as operations are performed, on-the-fly inspection during an operation, etc.), or (iii) provide other advantages to create better products for current and future customers. 
     As an example, analysis of inspection data for multiple welds and the operation observation data for those welds may reveal that lack of fusion defects are significantly more likely when the welding voltage drops by more than 0.5V below a welding voltage input parameter while the torch is welding between the 2 o&#39;clock and 4 o&#39;clock positions on a pipe. In contrast, the welding voltage can drop 1.2V below the welding voltage input at other positions on the pipe without causing a lack of fusion defect. Based on these observations, the processors of the computer system may generate and send new welding input parameters that instruct the welding devices to increase the welding voltage by 0.7V when the torch is between the 2 o&#39;clock and 4 o&#39;clock positions. As another example, if the analysis reveals that the welding voltage drop circumstance causes lack of fusion defects while the torch is welding downhill (but not while welding uphill), the generated new welding input parameters may instruct the welding devices to implement the welding voltage increase only when the torch is welding downhill. As yet another example, if the analysis reveals that the welding voltage drop circumstance causes lack of fusion defects for external welds (but not for internal welds), the generated new welding input parameters may instruct external welding devices to implement the welding voltage increase. 
     In one embodiment, the processors of the computer system may obtain inspection data associated with inspections of one or more objects, and compare the inspection data against a predefined quality profile for the objects. Based on the comparison, the processors may determine whether the object has one or more defects, whether the object is ready for the next stage of operations, or other information. As an example, if one or more defects are detected based on the inspection data, the operation-related data that is generated may relate to performing an operation to address the detected defects. As another example, if it is determined that the object is ready for the next stage of operations, the operation-related data that is generated may relate to performing an operation associated with the next stage of operations. 
     As an example, the predefined quality profile may comprise one or more size criteria, shape criteria, consistency criteria, alignment criteria, temperature criteria, color criteria, or other criteria. In one use case, a predefined quality profile for a pipe of a pipeline may comprise one or more acceptable ranges for the interior diameter of the pipe, the exterior diameter of the pipe, the thickness of the pipe, the size of the interface region between the pipe and another pipe to which the pipe is or is to be welded, the height of the weld in the interior of the pipe, the height of the weld on the exterior of the pipe, the temperature of the weld material or the pipe (e.g., during a welding operation), the color of the weld material or the pipe during a welding operation (e.g., which may indicate the temperature of the weld material or the pipe), or other criteria. The predefined quality profile may correspond to a particular level of quality, such as a “gold” standard of quality (e.g., a high level of quality), a minimum required level of quality, etc. 
     In one embodiment, the processors of the computer system may provide inspection data associated with inspections of one or more objects, one or more analytical results from an analysis of the inspection data, or other data for presentation to a user (e.g., an operator, an inspector, a manager, or other user). In one embodiment, the processors may receive a user input of the user indicating a defect related to at least one of the objects. As an example, the user may specify where and what the defect is on an object. Based on the specified defect, the processors may generate operation-related data that may be used to cause a field system to perform an operation to repair or compensate for the defect related to the object. 
     In one embodiment, one or more operation triggers may be provided to address circumstances that result in one or more defects (e.g., in an object, a group of objects, a project, etc.). As an example, despite using the same input parameters for a particular operation, field devices utilizing those input parameters to perform the operation may perform the operation differently from one another, which may cause an object (operated on by one field device) to have a defect while another object (operated on by another field device) may be free of defects. These differences in results may be caused by one or more of the actual inputs to the field devices being different from expected inputs, one or more of the actual outputs of the field devices being different from expected outputs, one or more imperfections in objects on which the field devices are operating, one or more actual operational conditions being different from acceptable operational conditions (e.g., environmental conditions, object misalignment or misplacement, etc.), or other circumstances. 
     In one embodiment, the processors of the computer system may monitor one or more operations on one or more objects. During such monitoring, the processors may obtain data related to observations of the operations, such as observations of one or more field devices during performance of the operations, observations of the objects during performance of the operations, observations of environmental conditions during performance of the operations, or other observations. The processors may compare the observations with one another to generate one or more operation triggers. Upon implementation of such triggers, one or more field systems may cause one or more operations to be performed responsive to one or more subsequent observations satisfying respective ones of the triggers. The triggers may comprise one or more triggers that cause operations for preventing or otherwise reducing defects, or other triggers. 
     In one embodiment, based on the data related to the observations of the operations, the processors of the computer system may compare a first set of observations of an operation performed on an object determined to have a defect (after the performance of the operation) against one or more other sets of observations of the same operation performed on one or more other objects without the defect. Upon comparison, the processors may determine one or more differences between the first set of observations and the other sets of observations. Based on the differences, the processors may generate one or more triggers associated with one or more operations (e.g., an operation for preventing the defect or other operation). As an example, if there are common differences between the first set of observations and each of the other sets of observations, it may be likely that the observed circumstances corresponding to the common differences caused the defect. As such, if those circumstances are observed during a subsequent operation, one or more operations for addressing those circumstances may be effectuated to prevent the defect from occurring (e.g., by halting the subsequent operation until the circumstances are no longer occurring, by modifying the input parameters for the subsequent operation to compensate for the circumstances, by generating an alert indicating the circumstances, etc.). 
     In one embodiment, based on the data related to the observations of the operations, the processors of the computer system may compare a second set of observations of the same operation performed on another object determined to have a defect (after performance of the operation) against the other sets of observations (of the same operation performed on the other objects without the defect). Upon comparison, the processors may determine one or more differences between the second set of observations and the other sets of observations. As an example, the processors may then compare (i) the common differences between the first set of observations and each of the other sets of observations with (ii) the common differences between the second set of observations and each of the other sets of observations to determine the differences shared by the first and second sets of observations (e.g., the similarities the first and second sets of observations share with one another that are common differences with other sets of observations for other objects without the defect). Based on the differences common to both the first and second sets, the processors may generate one or more triggers associated with one or more operations (e.g., an operation for preventing the defect or other operation). 
     In one use case, by comparing one or more sets of observations of a welding operation for a root pass (for one or more interface regions between pipes), the processors of the computer system may determine common differences that at least one set of observations of the welding operation (that produced a defect in its root pass) has with other sets of observations of the welding operation that produced a root pass without the defect. As an example, if the common differences comprise a certain deviation between one or more measured inputs and the input parameters used for the welding operation, the processors may generate one or more triggers that activate one or more operations for addressing the deviation when such deviation is detected. For example, subsequent welding operations for a root pass may be monitored and, if the deviation from the input parameters used by a welding device for the root pass welding operation occurs, the generated triggers may cause its associated operations to be performed to address the deviation (e.g., modifying the input parameters to cause the actual inputs for the welding operation to be within expected input ranges associated with the unmodified input parameters, generating an alert that is provided to an operator or other individual or system, stopping the welding operation, etc.). In other use cases, one or more similar types of triggers may be generated for addressing circumstances during a coating operation, a pre-heating operation, a cooling operation, an alignment operation, a shielding operation, an inspection operation, or other operation, respectively. 
     In another use case, during monitoring of a subsequent operation on an object, a circumstance corresponding to observations common to objects with defects may be detected. In response, an operation trigger for the circumstance may cause an operation associated with the operation trigger to be performed the object. As an example, the processors of the computer system may modify one or more input parameters for the subsequent operation or another operation to be performed after the subsequent operation. The processors may, for instance, modify the input parameters for the subsequent operation during the subsequent operation, modify the input parameters for the other following operation prior to the other following operation, or perform other modification operations associated with the operation trigger. The input parameters that are modified may comprises one or more welding parameters, coating parameters, alignment parameters, alteration parameters, or other parameters. As another example, the processors may stop the subsequent operation (e.g., halting the subsequent operation until further notice), generate an alert during the subsequent operation indicating the circumstances (e.g., generating and transmitting the alert to a field system performing the subsequent operation, providing the alert to a manager, field operator, or other personnel, etc.), or perform other operations associated with the operation trigger. In this way, for example, the foregoing operation triggers and/or active monitoring may enable detection of defects earlier in the process and prevent or reduce defects to provide more effective and efficient operations and provide current and future customers with better products. 
     Operation Protocols and Operations Based Thereon 
     In one embodiment, one or more operation protocols for performing one or more operations may be generated based on inspections of one or more objects. As an example, the processors of the computer system (e.g., computer system  5138 , remote computer system  13704 , field computer system  13716 , etc.) may receive, from a field system (e.g., field system  5000 , field system  13702 , etc.), inspection data associated with an inspection of an object (e.g., an inspection prior to the performance of one or more operations that physically affect the object, an inspection during the performance of the operations, an inspection subsequent to the performance of the operations, etc.). The processors may generate an operation protocol (associated with at least one operation type of the operations) based on the inspection data and one or more input parameters used to perform the operations. The operation protocol may, for instance, comprise a welding protocol, a coating protocol, an alignment protocol, an alteration protocol, or other protocol. One or more parameters of the operation protocol may comprise one or more welding parameters, coating parameters, alignment parameters, alteration parameters, or other parameters. 
     In one embodiment, the processors of the computer system may select the operation protocol for performing a subsequent operation similar to at least one of the operations (that physically affected the object). The processors may generate, based on at least one input parameter of the operation protocol, data related to performing the subsequent operation. The processors may transmit the operation-related data to the field system to cause the field system to perform the subsequent operation. As an example, the field system may perform the subsequent operation based on the operation-related data. 
     In one embodiment, based on the inspection data, the processors of the computer system may detect a defect related to the object. Responsive to the defect detection, the processors may generate the operation protocol such that the operation protocol comprises a set of input parameters having at least one input parameter different from a set of input parameters used to perform the operations. As an example, a predefined operation protocol may be used to perform an operation on the object. If a defect with the object is detected based on an inspection of the object, the predefined operation protocol may be modified to avoid similar defects when the predefined operation protocol is utilized for one or more subsequent operations similar to the operation that likely caused the detected defect with the object. The modified operation protocol may be stored as a new predefined operation protocol, replace the previous version of the predefined operation protocol, etc. 
     In one use case, a predefined welding operation protocol may be used to perform a welding operation to weld two pipes together, where the predefined welding operation protocol may comprise inputs parameters related to wire feed speed, wire consumption, oscillation width, oscillation waveform, oscillation amplitude, weld time, gas flow rate, power levels of the weld arc, weld current, weld voltage, weld impedance, weld torch travel speed, position of the weld tip of the weld torch along the pipe axis, angular positioning of the weld tip of the weld torch with respect to its rotational plane, the distance of the weld tip of the weld torch to the inner surfaces of the pipes to be welded, or other parameters. If, for instance, it is determined that the welding operation produced a weld pass layer of insufficient thickness, the predefined welding operation protocol may be modified to allow for greater weld time, greater wire usage (e.g., increased wire feed speed), or other changes to the input parameters of the predefined welding operation protocol. As such, when the modified operation protocol is subsequently used to perform a similar operation on two similar pipes, the modification to the input parameters may prevent the thickness insufficiency issue. 
     In one embodiment, based on the inspection data, the processors of the computer system may determine whether a quality of one or more aspects of the object resulting from the operations (that physically affected the object) meets or exceeds a quality standard indicated by a predefined quality profile. As an example, the processors may generate the operation protocol such that the operation protocol comprises one or more input parameters (used to perform the operations) responsive to the quality of the aspects of the object meeting or exceeding the quality standard indicated by the predefined quality profile. The predefined quality profile may correspond to a particular level of quality, such as a “gold” standard of quality (e.g., a high level of quality), a minimum required level of quality, etc. If the quality of the aspects of the object meets or exceeds the quality standard indicated by the predefined quality profile, the input parameters (used to perform the operations that produce such results) may be used to generate the operation protocol (e.g., such that the operation protocol comprises some or all of the input parameters). In this way, for example, the operation protocol may be used to perform one or more subsequent operations similar to the operation that produced such results so that the subsequent operations will produce a similar quality. 
     As another example, if the quality of the aspects of the object fails to satisfy the quality standard (indicated by the predefined quality profile), the processors may generate the operation protocol such that the operation protocol does not comprise one or more input parameters (used to perform the operations that resulted in the inspected state of the object). In one use case, if a predefined operation protocol (comprising the input parameters used to perform the operations) was selected for performing at least one of the operations, and the quality of the aspects of the resulting object failed to satisfy a minimum required level of quality, one or more input parameters of the predefined operation protocol may be modified to avoid subsequent unsatisfactory results when the predefined operation protocol is used to perform subsequent operations. 
     In one embodiment, the processors of the computer system may obtain inspection data associated with inspections of one or more objects, and compare the inspection data against a predefined quality profile for the objects to determine whether the quality of one or more aspects of the objects meets or exceeds a quality standard indicated by the predefined quality profile. As an example, based on the comparison, the processors may determine whether an object has one or more defects, whether the object is ready for the next stage of operations, or other information. As another example, responsive to the quality of the aspects of an object exceeding the quality standard indicated by the predefined qualify profile, the processors may generate a new quality profile based on the inspection data, where the new quality profile indicates a new quality standard that is based on the inspection data. The new quality profile may, for example, be stored in a database for use in analyzing one or more aspects resulting from one or more subsequent operations. 
     In one embodiment, the processors of the computer system may provide inspection data associated with inspections of one or more objects, one or more analytical results from an analysis of the inspection data, or other data for presentation to a user (e.g., an operator, an inspector, a manager, or other user). In one embodiment, the processors may receive a user input of the user indicating a level of quality of one or more aspects of an object resulting from one or more operations (e.g., a low level of quality, a high level of quality, etc.). Responsive to the user input, the processors may generate a new quality profile associated with the indicated level of quality, where the new quality profile indicates a new quality standard that is based on the inspection data. The new quality profile may, for example, be stored in a database for use in analyzing one or more aspects resulting from one or more subsequent operations. 
     In one embodiment, the processors of the computer system may generate one or more operation protocols based on data related to input parameters used to perform one or more operations, data related to observation of the operations, inspection data associated with an inspection of objects on which the operations are performed (e.g., prior to, during, or subsequent to an operation), or other data. As an example, the processors may analyze the inspection data to determine whether and which of the objects have defects. The processors may then compare one or more sets of observations of an operation performed on one or more objects determined to have a defect (after the performance of the operation) against one or more other sets of observations of the same operation performed on one or more other objects without the defect to determine the circumstances that likely caused the defect (as described in further detail herein elsewhere). Based on the comparison, the processors may generate the operation protocols such that the operation protocols avoid or would otherwise address the circumstances (likely to have caused the defect) when the operation protocols are used for one or more subsequent operations (e.g., subsequent operations that are the same or similar to the operation performed and observed). 
     As a further example, if it is observed that input parameters used to perform the operation on one or more objects are different from input parameters used to perform the operation on one or more other objects, the processors may compare these observations with one another to determine whether the differences in input parameters likely caused the defect. For instance, the observations may be compared to determine common differences between the input parameters used to perform the operation on objects with a resulting defect and the input parameters used to perform the operations on objects without the defect. Based on the common differences, the processors may generate the operation protocols such that the operation protocols avoid including the input parameters that likely caused the defect. The generated operation protocols may be stored so that the operation protocols may be used in one or more subsequent operations (e.g., subsequent operations that are the same or similar to the operation performed and observed). For example, in one use case with respect to welding protocols, analysis of inspection data for multiple welds and the operation observation data for those welds may reveal that lack of fusion defects are significantly more likely when the welding voltage drops by more than 0.5V below a welding voltage input parameter while the torch is welding between the 2 o&#39;clock and 4 o&#39;clock positions on a pipe. In contrast, the welding voltage can drop 1.2V below the welding voltage input at other positions on the pipe without causing a lack of fusion defect. Based on these observations, the processors of the computer system may generate welding protocols comprising new welding input parameters that indicates a need to increase the welding voltage by 0.7V when the torch is between the 2 o&#39;clock and 4 o&#39;clock positions. 
     Additional Example Flowcharts 
       FIG. 138  shows a flowchart of a method  13800  for facilitating, by a field system (e.g., one of field systems  13702 ), field testing and physical operations based thereon, in accordance with one or more embodiments. The processing operations of the method presented below are intended to be illustrative and non-limiting. In some embodiments, for example, the method may be accomplished with one or more additional operations not described, and/or without one or more of the operations discussed. Additionally, the order in which the processing operations of the methods are illustrated (and described below) is not intended to be limiting. In some embodiments, the method may be implemented at least by one or more processing devices (e.g., a digital processor, an analog processor, a digital circuit designed to process information, an analog circuit designed to process information, a state machine, and/or other mechanisms for electronically processing information). The processing devices may include one or more devices executing some or all of the operations of the methods in response to instructions stored electronically on an electronic storage medium. The processing devices may include one or more devices configured through hardware, firmware, and/or software to be specifically designed for execution of one or more of the operations of the method. 
     In one embodiment, an object may a scanned ( 13802 ). As an example, the object may be scanned prior to, during, or subsequent to an operation that physically affects the object being performed on the object to derive inspection data. Operation  13802  may be performed by an inspection device that is the same or similar to the inspection device  13714 , in accordance with one or more embodiments. As an example, the inspection device may comprise an inspection laser, an inspection camera, an x-ray radiography inspection device, a gamma ray inspection device, an ultrasonic inspection device, a magnetic particle inspection device, eddy current inspection device, a temperature monitor, or other inspection device. The inspection data may comprise laser inspection data, camera inspection data, x-ray inspection data, gamma ray inspection data, ultrasound inspection data, magnetic particle inspection data, eddy current inspection data, temperature inspection data, or other inspection data. 
     In one embodiment, inspection data associated with the scan of the object may be obtained ( 13804 ). Operation  13804  may be performed by a field computer system that is the same or similar to the field computer system  13716 , in accordance with one or more embodiments. 
     In one embodiment, the inspection data may be transmitted to a remote computer system (e.g., the remote computer system  13720 ) ( 13806 ). Operation  13806  may be performed by a field computer system that is the same or similar to the field computer system  13716 , in accordance with one or more embodiments. 
     In one embodiment, data related to performing an operation that physically affects the object may be obtained from the remote computer system responsive to transmitting the inspection data ( 13808 ). As an example, the operation-related data may be derived from the inspection data. As another example, the operation-related data may be derived by the remote computer system from the inspection data, other inspection data associated with a scan of another object, input parameters used to perform operations on the respective objects prior to the scans, or other data. Operation  13808  may be performed by a field computer system that is the same or similar to the field computer system  13716 , in accordance with one or more embodiments. 
     In one embodiment, based on the operation-related data, a field device of the field system may be caused to perform the operation that physically affects the objected ( 13810 ). Operation  13810  may be performed by a field computer system that is the same or similar to the field computer system  13716 , in accordance with one or more embodiments. 
     In one embodiment, with respect to  FIG. 138 , the operation-related data may comprise welding-related instructions, such as instructions related to wire feed speed, wire consumption, oscillation width, oscillation waveform, oscillation amplitude, weld time, gas flow rate, power levels of the weld arc, weld current, weld voltage, weld impedance, weld torch travel speed, position of the weld tip of the weld torch along the pipe axis, angular positioning of the weld tip of the weld torch with respect to its rotational plane, the distance of the weld tip of the weld torch to the inner surfaces of the pipes to be welded, or other instructions. Based on the welding-related instructions, a field device of the field system may be caused to perform a welding operation on a first object and a second object (e.g., welding two pipes together, welding two other objects together, etc.). 
     In one embodiment, with respect to  FIG. 138 , the operation-related data may comprise coating-related instructions, such as instructions related to preheat temperature, coating thickness, or other instructions. Based on the coating-related instructions, a field device of the field system may be caused to apply one or more layers of coating to an object. 
     In one embodiment, with respect to  FIG. 138 , the operation-related data may comprise alignment-related instructions. Based on the alignment-related instructions, a field device of the field system may be caused to align an object (e.g., aligning two pipes for welding, aligning other objects with one another, etc.). 
     In one embodiment, with respect to  FIG. 138 , the operation-related data may comprise alteration-related instructions. Based on the alteration-related instructions, a field device of the field system may be caused to alter an object, such as enlarging at least a portion of the object, reducing at least a portion of the object, resizing at least a portion of the object, modifying a shape of at least a portion of the object, or other alterations. 
       FIG. 139  shows a flowchart of a method  13900  for facilitating, by a computer system, field testing and physical operations based thereon, in accordance with one or more embodiments. The processing operations of the method presented below are intended to be illustrative and non-limiting. In some embodiments, for example, the method may be accomplished with one or more additional operations not described, and/or without one or more of the operations discussed. Additionally, the order in which the processing operations of the methods are illustrated (and described below) is not intended to be limiting. In some embodiments, the method may be implemented at least by one or more processing devices (e.g., a digital processor, an analog processor, a digital circuit designed to process information, an analog circuit designed to process information, a state machine, and/or other mechanisms for electronically processing information). The processing devices may include one or more devices executing some or all of the operations of the methods in response to instructions stored electronically on an electronic storage medium. The processing devices may include one or more devices configured through hardware, firmware, and/or software to be specifically designed for execution of one or more of the operations of the method. 
     In one embodiment, inspection data associated with a scan of an object may be obtained from a field system ( 13902 ). Operation  13902  may be performed by an object profile subsystem that is the same or similar to the object profile subsystem  13732 , in accordance with one or more embodiments. As an example, the inspection data may comprise laser inspection data, camera inspection data, x-ray inspection data, gamma ray inspection data, ultrasound inspection data, magnetic particle inspection data, eddy current inspection data, temperature inspection data, or other inspection data. 
     In one embodiment, one or more input parameters of one or more operations performed on the object may be obtained ( 13904 ). As an example, the operations performed on the object may be operations that physically affected the object and were performed on the object prior to the scan of the object (on which the inspection data is based). The input parameters may be input parameters used to perform the operations on the object (e.g., welding parameters, coating parameters, or other input parameters). Operation  13904  may be performed by an operation monitoring subsystem that is the same or similar to the operation monitoring subsystem  13738 , in accordance with one or more embodiments. 
     In one embodiment, the inspection data and the input parameters may be processed to generate data related to perform an operation that physically affects the object ( 13906 ). As an example, the operation-related data may comprise one or more of the types of operation-related data described above with respect to  FIG. 138  (e.g., welding-related instructions, coating related instructions, etc.). Operation  13906  may be performed by an operation manager subsystem that is the same or similar to the operation manager subsystem  13734 , in accordance with one or more embodiments. 
     In one embodiment, the operation-related data may be transmitted to the field system to cause the field system to perform the operation, where the operation is performed based on the operation-related data ( 13908 ). As an example, the operations that the field system may be caused to perform may comprise one or more of the types of operations (that a field device of the field system is caused to perform) described above with respect to  FIG. 138 . Operation  13908  may be performed by an operation manager subsystem that is the same or similar to the operation manager subsystem  13734 , in accordance with one or more embodiments. 
       FIG. 140  shows a flowchart of a method  14000  for facilitating, by a computer system, field testing and physical operations based thereon, in accordance with one or more embodiments. The processing operations of the method presented below are intended to be illustrative and non-limiting. In some embodiments, for example, the method may be accomplished with one or more additional operations not described, and/or without one or more of the operations discussed. Additionally, the order in which the processing operations of the methods are illustrated (and described below) is not intended to be limiting. In some embodiments, the method may be implemented at least by one or more processing devices (e.g., a digital processor, an analog processor, a digital circuit designed to process information, an analog circuit designed to process information, a state machine, and/or other mechanisms for electronically processing information). The processing devices may include one or more devices executing some or all of the operations of the methods in response to instructions stored electronically on an electronic storage medium. The processing devices may include one or more devices configured through hardware, firmware, and/or software to be specifically designed for execution of one or more of the operations of the method. 
     In one embodiment, a defect related to an object may be detected based on inspection data associated with a scan of the object ( 14002 ). As an example, the scan may be performed subsequent to an operation that was performed on the object using a first set of input parameters (e.g., welding parameters, coating parameters, or other input parameters). The inspection data may be received from a field system, where the inspection data may comprise laser inspection data, camera inspection data, x-ray inspection data, gamma ray inspection data, ultrasound inspection data, magnetic particle inspection data, eddy current inspection data, temperature inspection data, or other inspection data. Operation  14002  may be performed by an object profile subsystem that is the same or similar to the object profile subsystem  13732 , in accordance with one or more embodiments. 
     In one embodiment, an operation protocol associated with an operation type of the operation (that was performed on the object using the first set of input parameters) may be generated ( 14004 ). As an example, the operation protocol may be generated such that the operation protocol comprises a second set of input parameters different from the first set of input parameters (e.g., that was used to perform the operation that likely caused the defect). In one use case, for example, the first set of input parameters and the inspection data may be analyzed to determine which of the parameters likely caused the defect, and those parameters (determined to have likely caused the defect) may be modified to generate the second set of input parameters for the operation protocol. Upon generation, the operation profile may be stored in a database (e.g., an operation protocol database or other database) for use with subsequent operations. Operation  14004  may be performed by an operation protocol subsystem that is the same or similar to the operation protocol subsystem  13736 , in accordance with one or more embodiments. 
     In one embodiment, the operation protocol may be selected for performing a subsequent operation similar to the operation (performed on the object using the first set of input parameters) ( 14006 ). As an example, if the previous operation was a welding operation for a root pass, the subsequent operation may also be a welding operation for a root pass. As another example, if the previous operation was a welding operation for a hot pass, the subsequent operation may also be a welding operation for a hot pass. Operation  14006  may be performed by an operation protocol subsystem that is the same or similar to the operation protocol subsystem  13736 , in accordance with one or more embodiments. 
     In one embodiment, data related to performing the subsequent operation may be generated based on at least one parameter of the operation protocol ( 14008 ). Operation  14008  may be performed by an operation manager subsystem that is the same or similar to the operation manager subsystem  13734 , in accordance with one or more embodiments. 
     In one embodiment, the operation-related data may be transmitted to the field system to cause the field system to perform the subsequent operation, where the subsequent operation is performed based on the operation-related data ( 14010 ). Operation  14010  may be performed by an operation manager subsystem that is the same or similar to the operation manager subsystem  13734 , in accordance with one or more embodiments. 
       FIG. 141  shows a flowchart of a method  14100  for facilitating, by a computer system, field testing and physical operations based thereon, in accordance with one or more embodiments. The processing operations of the method presented below are intended to be illustrative and non-limiting. In some embodiments, for example, the method may be accomplished with one or more additional operations not described, and/or without one or more of the operations discussed. Additionally, the order in which the processing operations of the methods are illustrated (and described below) is not intended to be limiting. In some embodiments, the method may be implemented at least by one or more processing devices (e.g., a digital processor, an analog processor, a digital circuit designed to process information, an analog circuit designed to process information, a state machine, and/or other mechanisms for electronically processing information). The processing devices may include one or more devices executing some or all of the operations of the methods in response to instructions stored electronically on an electronic storage medium. The processing devices may include one or more devices configured through hardware, firmware, and/or software to be specifically designed for execution of one or more of the operations of the method. 
     In one embodiment, a quality of one or more aspects of an object may be determined based on inspection data associated with a scan of the object ( 14102 ). As an example, the scan may be performed subsequent to an operation that was performed on the object using a set of input parameters (e.g., welding parameters, coating parameters, or other input parameters). The inspection data may be received from a field system, where the inspection data may comprise laser inspection data, camera inspection data, x-ray inspection data, gamma ray inspection data, ultrasound inspection data, magnetic particle inspection data, eddy current inspection data, temperature inspection data, or other inspection data. Operation  14102  may be performed by an object profile subsystem that is the same or similar to the object profile subsystem  13732 , in accordance with one or more embodiments. 
     In one embodiment, responsive to the quality exceeding a quality standard (indicated by a predefined quality profile), an operation protocol associated with an operation type of the operation (that was performed on the object using the set of input parameters) may be generated ( 14104 ). As an example, the operation protocol may be generated such that the operation protocol comprises one or more parameters of the set of input parameters (used to perform the operation). As another example, the operation protocol may be generated such that the operation protocol comprises all the parameters of the set of input parameters. Upon generation, the operation profile may be stored in a database (e.g., an operation protocol database or other database) for use with subsequent operations. Operation  14104  may be performed by an operation protocol subsystem that is the same or similar to the operation protocol subsystem  13736 , in accordance with one or more embodiments. 
     In one embodiment, the operation protocol may be selected for performing a subsequent operation similar to the operation (performed on the object using the first set of input parameters) ( 14106 ). Operation  14106  may be performed by an operation protocol subsystem that is the same or similar to the operation protocol subsystem  13736 , in accordance with one or more embodiments. 
     In one embodiment, data related to performing the subsequent operation may be generated based on at least one parameter of the operation protocol ( 14108 ). Operation  14108  may be performed by an operation manager subsystem that is the same or similar to the operation manager subsystem  13734 , in accordance with one or more embodiments. 
     In one embodiment, the operation-related data may be transmitted to the field system to cause the field system to perform the subsequent operation, where the subsequent operation is performed based on the operation-related data ( 14110 ). Operation  14110  may be performed by an operation manager subsystem that is the same or similar to the operation manager subsystem  13734 , in accordance with one or more embodiments. 
       FIG. 142  shows a flowchart of a method  14200  for facilitating, by a computer system, field testing and physical operations based thereon, in accordance with one or more embodiments. The processing operations of the method presented below are intended to be illustrative and non-limiting. In some embodiments, for example, the method may be accomplished with one or more additional operations not described, and/or without one or more of the operations discussed. Additionally, the order in which the processing operations of the methods are illustrated (and described below) is not intended to be limiting. In some embodiments, the method may be implemented at least by one or more processing devices (e.g., a digital processor, an analog processor, a digital circuit designed to process information, an analog circuit designed to process information, a state machine, and/or other mechanisms for electronically processing information). The processing devices may include one or more devices executing some or all of the operations of the methods in response to instructions stored electronically on an electronic storage medium. The processing devices may include one or more devices configured through hardware, firmware, and/or software to be specifically designed for execution of one or more of the operations of the method. 
     In one embodiment, one or more operations being performed on one or more objects may be monitored ( 14202 ). Operation  14202  may be performed by an operation monitoring subsystem that is the same or similar to the operation monitoring subsystem  13738 , in accordance with one or more embodiments. 
     In one embodiment, data related to observations of the operations may be obtained based on the monitoring ( 14204 ). As an example, the observation-related data may comprise data related to observations of one or more field devices during performance of the operations, observations of the objects during performance of the operations, observations of environmental conditions during performance of the operations, or other observations. Operation  14204  may be performed by an operation monitoring subsystem that is the same or similar to the operation monitoring subsystem  13738 , in accordance with one or more embodiments. 
     In one embodiment, one or more sets of observations of an operation (performed on one or more objects determined to have a defect) may be compared with one or more other sets of observations of the operation (performed on one or more other operations without the defect) ( 14206 ). Operation  14206  may be performed by an operation protocol subsystem that is the same or similar to the operation protocol subsystem  13736 , in accordance with one or more embodiments. 
     In one embodiment, one or more common differences of the sets of observations (corresponding to the defective objects) with the other sets of observations (corresponding to the objects without the defect) may be determined based on the comparison ( 14208 ). Operation  14208  may be performed by an operation protocol subsystem that is the same or similar to the operation protocol subsystem  13736 , in accordance with one or more embodiments. 
     In one embodiment, one or more operation triggers may be implemented based on the common differences ( 14210 ). As an example, upon implementation of an operation trigger based on one of the common differences, the operation trigger may cause an associated operation to be performed when a circumstance corresponding to the common different occurs in a subsequent operation. Operation  14210  may be performed by an operation protocol subsystem that is the same or similar to the operation protocol subsystem  13740 , in accordance with one or more embodiments. 
     In one embodiment, the universal cloud logging system (herein also as “uLog”, or “uLog system”, or “uCloud”) is a system of software, hardware, equipment and telecommunications networks which seamlessly gather welding data to provide for quality control and management, weld data logging, task and project management, safety and inspection control and management, real time weld activity monitoring and data reporting and visualization. The uLog system can use wired systems and devices and/or wireless systems and devices and/or Bluetooth systems and devices and/or cloud-based systems and devices. The uLog system can use software technology, mobile device and desktop technology, telecommunications technology and other technologies in products, apparatus, systems, processes and methods achieving high quality welding, inspection, control, management and safety results. The uLog system can be used in onshore, offshore, ship-based, platform-based, structure-based, or other construction conditions. In an embodiment, the uLog can process Bluetooth communications and data can be transmitted to the uLog for processing by Bluetooth or any other wireless means. 
     In an embodiment uLog has tools which seamlessly gather welding data and/or welding data logs. The uLog system can in its many and varied embodiments use welding data and other pipeline construction and related data to produce one or more of the following: analytic results, field reports, control data, quality control data, automatically generated administrative reports, daily summaries, data archives, welding records, materials use data, quality control records and project management records. 
     In an embodiment, the uLog can be used to maintain and/or generate procedure qualification records (“PQR”) and data relating thereto. The uLog functionality can also be used to record, develop, maintain and manage welding procedure specifications (“WPS”). 
     The uLog can provide for a user to see, record, track, measure, and analyze log data regarding one or more welds and/or welding activities and/or pipeline construction and/or coating activities and/or inspection activities and/or management activities. By use of the uLog and its analytical functionalities a user can achieve improved weld quality and quantify welding process results. In its many and varied embodiments, the uLog can have functionalities to process data in real-time or based upon historical data. This allows a user to make decisions in real time and/or based upon historical data. In an embodiment, the uLog can provide a user real time data regarding any aspect of ongoing welding, coating, inspection, pipe handling, project management, pipeline construction and/or construction activities and achieves real-time quality control of welding and/or welding activities and/or other activities regarding pipeline construction. In another embodiment, the uLog can also provide functionalities regarding construction management, project management, accounting, inventory and materials management, as well as financial controls and auditing of both financials and materials. The uLog can also provide functionalities regarding human resources management and timekeeping, as well as payroll accounting and support. 
     Without limitation, various embodiments of the present disclosure can be, for example, embodied as a computer system, a method, a cloud-based service, or a computer program product. Accordingly, various embodiments can take the form of an entirely hardware embodiment, an entirely software embodiment (e.g., one or more computer application, such as an “App” (or “App”) to be implemented on a mobile device and/or an application to be implanted on a desktop computer), or an embodiment combining software and hardware aspects. Furthermore, embodiments can take the form of a computer program product stored on a computer-readable storage medium having computer-readable instructions (e.g., software) embodied in the storage medium. Various embodiments can take the form of web-implemented computer software. Any suitable computer-readable storage medium can be utilized including, for example, hard disks, compact disks, DVDs, optical storage devices, solid state storage devices, and/or magnetic storage devices. 
     Various embodiments are described below with reference to schematics, block diagrams, images and flowchart illustrations of methods, apparatuses (e.g., systems) and computer program products. It should be understood that each block of the block diagrams and flowchart illustrations, and combinations of blocks in the block diagrams and flowchart illustrations, respectively, can be implemented by a computer executing computer program instructions. These computer program instructions can be loaded onto a general purpose computer, special purpose computer, or other programmable data processing apparatus to produce a machine, such that the instructions which execute on the computer or other programmable data processing apparatus create means for implementing the functions specified in the flowchart block or blocks. 
     These computer program instructions can also be stored in a computer-readable memory that can direct a computer or other programmable data processing apparatus to function in a manner such that the instructions stored in the computer-readable memory produce an article of manufacture that can be configured for implementing the function specified in the flowchart block or blocks. The computer program instructions can also be loaded onto a computer or other programmable data processing apparatus to cause a series of operational steps to be performed on the computer or other programmable apparatus to produce a computer implemented process such that the instructions that execute on the computer or other programmable apparatus provide steps for implementing the functions specified in the flowchart block or blocks. 
     Accordingly, blocks of the block diagrams and flowchart illustrations support combinations of mechanisms for performing the specified functions, combinations of steps for performing the specified functions, and program instructions for performing the specified functions. It should also be understood that each block of the block diagrams and flowchart illustrations, and combinations of blocks in the block diagrams and flowchart illustrations, can be implemented by special purpose hardware-based computer systems that perform the specified functions or steps, or combinations of special purpose hardware and other hardware executing appropriate computer instructions. Implementation can also be by special purpose software and equipment running special purpose software and/or applications. The entire system can be accessible from various computer platforms, including mobile devices. 
       FIG. 143  contains images of land based pipelines. The uLog can be used in the manufacturing of any pipeline in any construction environment. Construction environments can be on land, off shore, both on land and off shore, under water, sub-sea, on a facility, on a ship, on a barge, on a platform, on a structure, in space, or in any other construction environment. For example, the uLog can be used in the control of welding of pipelines. 
       FIG. 144  shows a welding station  14410 , according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. The uLog can be used in conjunction with the weld station  14410 . The uLog can process data from the weld station  14410 . The weld station may include a welding machine or weld system  14412 , a welder  14414  or an automated or robot weld system. In an embodiment, the welding machine or weld system  14412  is an orbital welding machine. An example of a welding machine or weld system  14412  is described in U.S. Pat. No. 3,974,356 to Nelson et al., issued on Aug. 10, 1976, the entire content of which is incorporated herein by reference. The welding station  14410  may be controlled by a computer system  14416  to control the welding process and also acquire data about the welding process. The uLog implemented on the computer system  14416  can control the welding station  14410  including the welding machine  14412  and can also process data from a workpiece  14418  such as a pipe and/or regarding work or welding applied upon the workpiece (e.g., the pipe)  14418 . 
       FIG. 145  shows a plurality of pipeline welding stations  14410  (a pipeline welding spread  14420 ), according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. The uLog can be used on the pipeline welding spread  14420 . The uLog can process data from one or more welding stations  14410  in the pipeline welding spread  14420 . In an embodiment, the uLog can process data from a number or many welding stations  14410 . There is no limitation to the locations of the weld stations  14410 . Pipelines  14418  can be very long and the one or more stations can be at any location without limitation. Further, the uLog supports processing data from multiple projects and/or activities and/or tasks and/or people at the same time. The uLog user expertise can be used across projects and well as within projects. The uLog allows a user to work with data from one or a number of projects simultaneously or in series, in real-time or on an historical basis. 
       FIG. 146  is a schematic diagram of a system with a plurality of welding stations  14410  in communication with a plurality of control and log collection stations (computer systems)  14416 , according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. In an embodiment, welding data can be collected at a log collection station  14416  associated with a welding station  14410 . The control and log collection stations  14416  can process data for one or more welds and/or weld stations  14410 . The data collection and/or processing can originate from pipeline construction, the weld station equipment, operator, welder or other data entry means. In non-limiting example, equipment processors, embedded processors, computers, sensors, process control devices, wired or wireless analog and digital devices and hand-held data processors can be used to gather, communicate and/or process weld station and/or weld system data. In an embodiment, one or more technicians can control the weld station(s)  14410  and control and log collection station(s)  14416 . There is no limit to the number of log collections stations  14416  which can be used with uLog. The log collection station  14416  together with the weld station  14410  for a weld system  14422 . 
       FIG. 147  is a schematic diagram of a system with a plurality of welding stations  14410  in communication with a plurality of control and log collection stations  14416 , according to another embodiment of the present disclosure. In an embodiment, welding data can be collected from each welding station  14410  or weld system  14422 . In another embodiment, welding data can be collected from a number of stations or weld systems  14410 . There is no limit to the number of welding stations  14410  and/or weld systems  14422 . 
       FIG. 148  is a schematic diagram of welding station  14410  in communication with a wireless network  14424  via a wireless connection (e.g., WiFi connection)  14426 , according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. For example, the welding station  14410  can be provided with a wireless communications capability, such as Bluetooth, WiFi, cellular communication, satellite phone, or other wireless means. For non-limiting example, a welding station  14410  can have one or more of a welding process computer, server or processing unit  14416  which can gather and process weld system data. As shown in  FIG. 148 , the welding station  14410  includes two welding machines or weld systems  14412 . In an embodiment, the weld systems  14412  include an orbital weld system. One of the welding machines  14412  is a clockwise (CW) welding machine or system and the other welding machine  14412  is a counterclockwise (CCW) welding machine or system. 
       FIG. 149  is a schematic diagram of a plurality of job sites  14430  in communication with a cloud server  14432  via a worldwide network (internet), according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. The uLog can be configured on a local, regional, project or worldwide basis. The implementation of the uLog is without geographic limitation. One or many jobsites  14430  can be networked with the uLog. In an embodiment, users, personnel, managers, engineers, departments, companies, specialists, workers, customers and a multitude of other parties can be networked to uLog. Each job site  14430  includes a welding station  14410  operated by welder  14414  (as shown in  FIG. 144 ), a lead technician  14434 , and a welding engineer  14436 , etc. Each job site  14430  is configured to communicate with the cloud server  14432  via a dedicated communication line or communication channel  14440  or via the internet  14442 . The cloud server  14432  can be accessed by a system manager  14438  and Engineering  14439 . A storage device  14433  in communication with the cloud server can be provided for storing welding data. 
       FIG. 150  is a schematic diagram of a plurality of welding stations  14410  in communication with intermediate computing devices  14450  operated by technical managers (lead technicians  14452 , inspectors  14454 , engineers  14456 , etc.) through communication channels or lines  14458 , according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. For example, each welding station  14410  can communicate with one or more of the intermediate computing devices  14450 . Similarly, each intermediate computing device  14450  is configured to communicate with one or more of the welding stations  14410 . The intermediate computing devices  14450  are in turn configured to communicate with cloud server  14432  through the internet  14442 . Portions of the uLog program are configured to run on the cloud server  14432 , other portions of the uLog are configured to run on the intermediate computing devices  14450  and yet other portions are configured to be implemented on the welding station computer/server  14416 . Each portion or component of the uLog operates in synergy with other portions or components to provide a seamless management of the overall system. In an embodiment the uLog can optionally have differentiated worldwide network capabilities and spread network capabilities. In another embodiment, all capabilities are fully integrated; and in yet another embodiment can be without differentiation. 
       FIG. 151  is a schematic diagram of a plurality of welding stations  14412  in communication with an intermediate computer system  14450  (operated by Engineer, Quality and Tech terminals) through a wireless (e.g., WiFi) communication channel  14426  to wireless communication network  14424 , according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. The intermediate computer system can be any type of a computing device including a tablet, a phone, smartphone, PDA and/or other wireless device(s) for data entry, processing, communications, input, output and other functions. The intermediate computer runs the uLog program and can be operated by engineering, quality control, users, supervising technicians and others. In an embodiment, the uLog running at the intermediate computer  14450  provides data, processes data and communicates data or information with the welding station computer  14416  located at each of the welding stations  14410 . 
       FIG. 152  is a schematic diagram of a plurality of welding stations  14410  in communication with intermediate computer system  14450  through a wireless (e.g., WiFi) communication channel  14426  into wireless communication network  14424 , according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.  FIG. 152  shows a spread network configuration. Intermediate computer system  14450  has wireless capability such as WiFi or Cellular (3G, 4G, etc.) allowing it to communicate wirelessly with any of the welding stations  14410 . The intermediate computer  14450  can be any type of mobile wireless device, such as a smartphone, table or PDA that can connect anywhere in the wireless network  14424 . In an embodiment, the uLog program or system can use a mesh network processing data through a mesh wireless (e.g., WiFi) network  14424 . For example, a welding station server  14416  of a welding station  14410  can communicate with a uLog device  14450  via a mesh wireless network  14424  and can connect anywhere within the mesh network  14424 . In an embodiment, mesh networking can be used in a spread network configuration. 
       FIG. 153  is a schematic diagram of a plurality of welding stations  14410  in communication with a plurality of intermediate computer systems  14450  (operated by Engineer  14456 , inspectors  14454 , lead technician  14452 , etc.) which in turn are in communication with cloud server  14432 , according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.  FIG. 153  shows a data flow diagram for an overall network configuration. In an embodiment, the overall network configuration can be a worldwide network configuration. The overall network configuration can be used by managers, engineers, inspectors, technicians, lead technicians, welding engineers, welders and weld stations, as well as others. In an embodiment, the uLog overall network configuration can optionally have data flow differentiated by worldwide network capabilities and spread network capabilities. In another embodiment, all capabilities are fully integrated without differentiation. Similar to the configuration shown in  FIG. 150 , for example, each welding station  14410  can communicate with one or more of the intermediate computing devices  14450 . Each intermediate computing device  14450  is configured to communicate with one or more of the welding stations  14410 . The intermediate computing devices  14450  are in turn configured to communicate with cloud server  14432  through the internet  14442 . Portions of the uLog program are configured to run on the cloud server  14432 , other portions of the uLog are configured to run on the intermediate computing devices  14450  and yet other portions are configured to be implemented on the welding station computer/server  14416 . Each portion or component of the uLog program or system operates in synergy with other portions or components to provide a seamless management of the overall system. In an embodiment the uLog can optionally have differentiated worldwide network capabilities and spread network capabilities. In another embodiment, all capabilities are fully integrated; and in yet another embodiment can be without differentiation. 
       FIG. 154  shows an example graphical user interface (“GUI”) for a “Main Screen”  14460  of an application for cloud based universal data logging (uLog) implemented by a computer system at the welding station  14410 , at the intermediate computer system  14450  or at the cloud server  14432 , according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. In an embodiment, the uLog provides numerous features for data retrieval, data analysis, data analytics, data mining, data logging and reporting. The GUI  14460  includes a plurality of icons  14461  through  14468 . Each icon when activated (for example by a mouse click or by finger touch) opens an application. For example, icon  14461  is associated with application Admin configured to be operated by the administrator for setting up administrative features of the uLog. The icon  14462  is associated with Weld parameters configured for inputting weld parameters. The icon  14463  is associated with the function “Log.” The icon  14464  is associated with “Report”. The icon  14465  is associated with “Job Set up.” The icon  14466  is associated with “Analytics.” The icon  14468  is associated with uploading and saving data on the Cloud (i.e, saving data on the cloud server  14432  or storage device  14433 . Therefore, as it can be appreciated, the uLog universal logging functionalities can include, but are not limited to processing data and information regarding: administration, weld parameters, logs, records, reports, job setup, inspection, quality control, coating, pipe handling, user and/or administrative diagnostics, analytics and data for processing locally and/or by cloud-based means. 
     The scope of this disclosure encompasses the methods and means to achieve the disclosed pipeline welding and construction support, as well as encompassing any article, product, means, and methods for producing and using any software, application, computer executable code, programming, logical sequences, or other form of electronic or automated means to achieve and/or use the methods herein. Such products, articles and means include for example, but are not limited to, a software application product provided on a fixed media, such as a disk, or in a physical memory, or in a memory stick, or as a software application product, or as an application provided by digital download, or provided by other means. This application expressly encompasses installed, uninstalled, compiled and not compiled versions of any software product or equivalent product capable of being used, implemented, installed or otherwise made active to use, achieve and/or practice the methods disclosed herein. In addition to its normal and customary meanings, the recitation “computer readable program code means” is intended to be broadly construed to encompass any kind and type of computer readable program code, executable code, software as a service, web service, cloud service, or cloud-based process, embedded application, software application product provided on a fixed media, such as a disk, or in a physical memory, or in flash memory, or in a memory stick, or as a software application product, or as an application provided by digital download, or encoded on programmable hardware, or provided by other means which can be employed to make, use, sell, practice, achieve, engage in, produce, function or operate the methods disclosed herein. The application is to be broadly construed in this regard and not limited to any means of delivery or to any product form for providing or using, achieving and/or practicing the computer readable program code products, means and/or methods disclosed herein. In embodiments, all of the methods herein can be produced and provided to a user as a software product(s), software application(s), computer readable program code means(s) or any other article(s) or device(s) which can be used to achieve any, some or all of the results, calculations and/or numerical methods disclosed herein. 
     In an embodiment, a user can setup a job locally or in the cloud. In a cloud-based example, a user can use and/or inherit job related information from the cloud to be retrieved by or pushed to the user&#39;s device and or machine (e.g., computer  14416  associated with welding machine  14412 ). Setup of a job on or by means of the Cloud, can activate device  14416  to inherit the job related information from the cloud to be pushed to the device and/or machine  14416 . In another embodiment, uLog provides single point data integrity maintenance. Machine to cloud (M2C) and cloud to machine (C2M) data storage and retrieval are also functions provided by uCloud. 
     In an embodiment, a centralized location can be used where the details of the job client can be entered, processed and maintained, or retrieved automatically by uLog. The uLog can also use a distributed approach to data management and processing. The uLog can create and attach job specific parameter files to be deployed on a job managed by the right authorities with assigned user privilege levels. This job related information can be inherited by the assigned user and pushed to computers  14416  associated with welding machines  14412  (cloud to machine; “C2M”). Changes made to the job related information are collected from computers  14416  associated with welding machines  14412  and synced (synchronized) back to the (machine to cloud; “M2C”) cloud (i.e., cloud server  14432 ). The cloud server  14432  provides a single point where some or all data are processed by uLog. 
     The uLog can process, record analyze and use data from one, more or all of the following types of equipment: welding machines, pipe bending equipment, pipe handling equipment, end prep equipment, clamps, padding and/or crushing equipment, double jointing equipment and/or systems, weighting equipment and/or systems, conveying equipment and/or systems, laybarge equipment and construction/management systems. The uLog can also be an enterprise resource planning (ERP) system or work with an ERP system. 
     The uLog can use and/or process data from any one or more of the following types of welding equipment. Such welding equipment can be for example, but is not limited to: manual welding equipment, automatic welding equipment, external welding machine, internal welding machine, a single torch welder, a dual torch welder, a multitorch welder, high productivity weld systems, an inspection system, an internal inspection system, an external inspection system. 
     The uLog can use and/or process data from any one or more of the following types of pipe bending equipment: bending machines, wedge mandrels, hydraulic wedge mandrels, plug mandrels, hydraulic plug mandrels, pneumatic mandrels, pneumatic wedge mandrels. The uLog can use and/or process data from any one or more of the following types of pipe handing equipment: DECKHAND® equipment (CRC-Evans, Houston, Tex.), vehicles, construction vehicles and equipment adapted to produce a data for use or processing. The uLog can use and/or process data from any one or more of the following types of equipment: bending sets and dies, angle measurement equipment and devices, compressors, cradles, booms and/or supports, demagnetizing equipment, tires, wheels, and track wheels. 
     The uLog can use and/or process data from any one or more of the following types of equipment: an end prep station for increasing land on pipe bevel, line-up station for pipe alignment and an external weld, capping fill station for applying external weld cap, internal weld station for applying internal weld, power trailer or containers with diesel generator and welding rectifiers, pipe skids and supports for transferring the pipe from station to station, internal pneumatic line-up clamps and pipe facing machines, sub-arc welding machines and processing equipment. 
     The uLog can also use and/or process data from any one or more of the following types of equipment: Laybarge Equipment, pipe handling, double jointing, joint coating equipment, coating equipment, onshore equipment, offshore equipment, deepwater equipment, shallow-water equipment, roller units, conveyers, pipe transfer equipment, support frames, support units, roller modules, longitudinal conveyer roller modules, pipe elevators, pipe supports, roller type pipe supports (PSA and PSF), pipe transfer carriages, PTC-V pipe transfer carriages, stern pipe supports, adjustable height pipe supports, SPSA roller-type stern pipe support, TPSA track-type pipe support, transverse conveyers, walking beam type conveyers and TV-C-W transverse conveyers. 
     The uLog can use and/or process data from any one or more of the following types of processes and methods: welding, pipe welding, pipeline welding, coating, joint coating, field joint coating, inspection, quality assurance, nondestructive testing, heat treatment, management, offshore management, onshore management, managed services, welding support, spoolbase management and micro-alloying. 
     In an embodiment, uLog can be used for deployment of daily job statistics from cloud and from mobile device. Creation of PQR and/or WPS and/or daily reports can be produced from a mobile platform and/or on cloud, or by other means. Analytics of collected data on cloud and mobile device provide feedback to the control system to improve quality and defect prediction. In an embodiment uLog provides integrated pipe joint tagging, synced with data logs. The uLog can also use single point Capture of data logs, provide machine setup information and process software revisions. 
     The uLog can also execute automatic error reporting of machine status, automatically stamp a job location on job records, as well as perform synchronized capture of job related parameter change notes from all users for a given project. Additionally, Consolidated Project related report to customers from single point can also be generated by uLog. 
       FIG. 155  shows an example GUI for a “Live Log” screen of the application for cloud based universal data logging (uLog) showing voltages versus time at one welding station, according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. In an embodiment, the uLog executes a centralized data capture of data from all pipe welding handling, coating related machines, as well as each of the types of data relevant to such machine and activities. Current live activity summary for weld, coating and inspection can be generated. Various parameters are reported on a table including: an event number, a time stamp, a zone identification, a tilt in degrees of the welding device or weld system, a travel speed of the welding device, a lead volts or voltage applied to the weld wire, a lead amps (A) or current applied to the weld wire, a lead wire speed or the speed of the weld wire, etc. For example, various parameters including lead weld wire speed (i.e., speed of the weld wire) and the speed of the welding device (travel speed), as well as other parameters can be reported in a form of table and/or graphs. In addition, a voltage applied to the weld wire can also be displayed in a table and/or as a graph versus time. 
     Optionally, electronic signatures to PQR/WPS documents can be supported by uLog. Optionally, the uLog can process system parameter version control and rollback. In an embodiment, the uLog also has functionalities for deployment of daily job statistics from cloud and/or mobile devices. For non-limiting example, the uLog can execute data management and can provide the user reports regarding the number of welds done for a given time period (e.g., per hour, in one day, in one week, etc.) and can report the amount of a consumable (e.g., welding material) used for a given period (e.g., per hour, in one day . . . ) or other measure. Job and error reports can also be produced by uLog. 
     In an embodiment, uLog can send an email and/or SMS (text message) or other notification to appropriate authorities. The uLog can also be used to for financial functions, accounting auditing, time keeping and other management tasks. For example, the uLog can invoice a customer in a timely manner. In an embodiment, the invoice can be generated based on the number of welds, or based on the use and/or waste of consumable. The uLog provides a quantification system and supports the efficient invoicing and accounting of pipeline welding projects. 
     The uLog can also be used for automatic resupply of materials and/or equipment and/or other resources or inventory on a project. The many and varied functions of the uLog disclosed herein can reduce disruption on the job, downtime, wastage and other negative occurrences during construction. 
       FIG. 156  shows an example GUI for a “Get Log” screen of the application for cloud based universal data logging (uLog) showing weld data parameters including type of weld event, time, zone, weld travel speed (travel speed of the weld system), lead wire travel speed (weld wire speed), according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.  FIG. 156  shows various parameters that are reported on a table including: a weld identification or type number, an event number, a time stamp, a zone identification, a tilt in degrees of the welding device or weld system, a travel speed of the welding device, a lead volts or voltage applied to the weld wire, a lead amps (A) or current applied to the weld wire, and a lead wire speed (the speed of the weld wire). In an embodiment, uLog can automatically stamp job location on job records. In other examples, the data logs can be time stamped and can reflect the time zones, as shown in the table depicted in  FIG. 156 . Time stamps can be synchronized from the GPS and/or based upon data present and/or pushed to the uLog such that the logs reflect the time zone they were captured in. 
       FIG. 157  shows an example GUI for a summary report screen of the application for cloud based universal data logging (uLog) displaying various welding parameters including weld time, weld station identification number, weld arc voltage, etc., according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. In an embodiment, uLog can create and/or generate PQR and/or WPS and/or summary reports and/or daily reports all done from mobile platform and on cloud. PQR, WPS, summary and daily reports can be manually produced or automatically generated. The uLog can generate one, more or all of these types of reports on a schedule, ad hoc or simultaneously. The uLog provides the benefit of processing common and consistent data. The same collected data can be used to generate reports at the same or different locations and/or output devices. 
     Rules of reporting can be established on uLog and can be configurable. In an embodiment, critical data for a given project can be synchronized on cloud. The uLog provides for the creation of a project qualification binder that is to be sent to user and/or client of a user and/or other recipient at the end of a qualification process with electronic signatures for approval. The uLog reduces time and expense in creation of these reports and approved documents. 
       FIG. 158  shows an example GUI for a “Save Data on Log” screen of the application for cloud based universal data logging (uLog) displaying various, according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. The uLog provides data storage services of an unlimited nature. The pipeline construction industry is worldwide and its projects can be geographically dispersed. Additionally, pipeline construction can occur under harsh environments and climates. The uLog allows data to be stored and protected from anywhere a user and/or equipment can be present. The data can also be synchronized or otherwise processed. For example data can be saved to the cloud from a job, log, welding station, weld parameter, reports and job locations. In an embodiment location data can be saved in addition to technical and/or management data. 
       FIG. 159  shows an example GUI for an “Analytics” screen of the application for cloud based universal data logging (uLog) showing two icons for selecting a type of analysis performed (e.g., trends, moving average), according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. In an embodiment, uLog analytics can process and provide data trends, moving averages and/or any type of data processing which a user requires. In an embodiment, uLog can have pipeline data cloud logging, reporting and analytics systems. For example, analytics can be conducted on collected data to provide feedback to the control system to improve quality and defect prediction of welds and/or construction equipment, activities and operations. In an embodiment, data can be collected by means of the cloud and/or one or more mobile devices. In an embodiment, the uLog supports a synchronized capture of job related parameter change notes from all users for a given project. In another embodiment, uLog can monitor, analyze and report current live activity and provide live summary data and summary report(s) for welding, coating and inspection activities. The uLog system can execute system parameter version control and rollback. The uLog system also achieves single point capture of data logs, machine setup information and software revisions. In yet another embodiment, integrated pipe joint tagging can be achieved and synced with data logs. 
       FIG. 160  shows an example GUI for a “Welding Parameter” screen of the application for cloud based universal data logging (uLog) showing two various mechanisms for selecting a type of function to be performed (e.g., get welding parameters (WP), set welding parameters (WP), view welding parameters WP . . . ), according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. In an embodiment, uLog cloud based logging can execute any of the following activities and/or processes: get weld parameters, set weld parameters, view and process weld parameter notes, view and process weld parameter passes, as well as rolling back weld parameters. In an embodiment the uLog can contain any, more or all of the following: Pipeline Miles reward(s) functionalities, Pipe Miles functionalities, uLog functionalities, M2C functionalities and C2M functionalities. 
     A welder or weld technician may waste weld wire if the welder replaces the spool too soon before most of the wire is consumed. In addition, the welding process can be interrupted if the spool runs out of wire during the weld process causing downtime and defect repair. One method to address these problems in the present embodiment is to rely on wire feed motor speed to determine lead wire speed and thus determine the length of weld wire that is consumed during a certain period of time. However, this method may carry errors due to slippage of the wire on the wire feed motor wheel or incorrect starting weight. As a result, a determination of the length of wire based on the speed of the motor may not be accurate. In addition, an incorrect starting weight may lead the user to believe that enough wire is available in the spool to perform a weld (if the initial or start weight is over estimated for example) whereas in reality the amount of wire remaining in the spool is not sufficient to complete a weld. In order to cure this deficiency, a device is used to measure the weight of the spool of wire in real time while the motor pulls the wire weld. By measuring the weight of the spool, the user or welder can determine if enough wire is remaining in the spool to complete a weld before the weld is started. As a result, the weight of the wire can be determined at all times which substantially eliminate the uncertainty due to slippage or unknown starting weight of the spool. Furthermore, the weight can be compared to the lead wire feed speed to determine whether the wire is feeding at the intended speed. 
       FIG. 161A  depicts schematically an example of a spool  14480  that is configured to carry a weld wire, according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.  FIG. 161B  depicts schematically a lateral view of hub-transducer  14482  that is configured to measure a weight of the spool  14480 , according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.  FIG. 161C  depicts another lateral view of the hub-transducer showing the positioning of transducer elements or strain sensors/gauges  14484  for measuring weight strain when the spool  14480  is mounted on the hub  14482 , according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. As shown in  FIG. 161B , when the spool is mounted on the hub  14482 , the weight of the spool will exert a force on the axle  14482 A of the hub  14482  which will in turn exert a strain on the lateral hub  14482 B. Strain sensors  14484  are provided on the lateral hub  14482 B to sense the strain applied by the weight of the spool. Examples of strain sensors that can be used to measure strain are piezo-electric elements. The strain sensors  14484  convert a strain force into a measured voltage. Hence, by measuring the voltage, one can determine the weight of the spool  14482 . In an embodiment, a temperature sensor (not shown) can be provided in the hub and positioned to capture the temperature of the hub in order to apply corrections to the strain sensor measurement for a wide range of temperatures. 
       FIG. 162  depicts schematically an arrangement where a weld wire  14486  in spool  14480  mounted to hub  14482  is pulled by a motor assembly  14490  for feeding the wire  14482  to the weld device (not shown), according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. The weld wire  14486  is pulled by the motor assembly  14490 . In an embodiment, the rotation speed of the motor assembly (used to determine lead wire speed) can be measured by sensor  14492 . In an embodiment, the motor assembly uses a motor with an adequate rotational speed (rotation per minute or RPM measured by sensor  14492 ) to achieve a desired feed speed of the wire to the weld device. In another embodiment, the rotation of the motor assembly can be changed according to a desired wire feed (lead wire speed) speed measured by sensor  14492 . The motor assembly  14490  is configured to supply or feed weld wire  14486  to the welding device  14500  to weld a workpiece  144101  (e.g., a pipe, etc.). A speed of the welding device  14500  is measured by speed sensor  14502 . The speed sensor  14502  is also configured to measure various parameters of the weld or weld data. 
       FIGS. 164A and 164B  depict enlarged lateral cross-sections of the motor assembly  14490 , according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. As shown, the motor assembly includes a motor  14491  and feed wheel  14493 . The motor  14491  engages the feed wheel  14493  to rotate the feed wheel  14493 . The motor assembly  14490  further includes a pinch roller  14495  that comes in contact with feed wheel  14493 . A tension spring  14497  is provided to bias the pinch roller  14495  towards the feed wheel  14493 . The weld wire  14486  is inserted between the feed wheel  14493  and the pinch roller  14495 . Hence, the pinch roller  14495  pushes on wire  14486  to bring the wire  14486  in contact with the feed wheel  14493 . As a result a rotation of the feed wheel  14493  and the pinch roller  14495  as illustrated by the arrows in  FIG. 164B  would be translated, in theory, into a linear movement of the wire  14486 , as shown by the arrow. In an embodiment, teeth are provided on the feed wheel  14493  so as to grasp the wire  14486  through friction and force the wire  14486  to move. However, situations may occur where the wire  14486  is not fully gripped by the feed wheel  14493 . In this case, the wire  14486  may slip because although the feed wheel  14493  rotates, this rotation of feed wheel  14493  does not translate into precise linear movement of the wire  14486 . For example, this may occur when, the teeth on the feed wheel  14493  are worn (thus not providing sufficient friction to grasp the wire  14486 ), or when the pinch roller  14495  is worn (thus not exerting enough pressure or force on the wire  14486  to the push the wire  14486  against the feed wheel  14493 ), or when the tension spring  14497  loses its preload (thus leading to the pinch roller  14495  not exerting enough pressure or force on the wire  14486 ), or when the nut  14499  holding the feed wheel  14493  becomes loose (thus leading to feed wheel not grasping the wire  14486 ), or any combination thereof. As shown in  FIG. 164A , the motor assembly  14490  includes rotation speed sensor  14492  that is configured and arranged to measure the rotation speed of the motor  14491 . An output  14498  is provided for inputting and outputting data into and from the motor assembly  14490 , the data including the speed of the motor  14491 . The data from output  14498  is sent to computer  14416  associated with welding station  14410 . 
       FIG. 165  is a diagram of a configuration of the weld system depicting the interconnections of various components of the system, according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. As shown in  FIG. 165 , a rotation speed of the motor assembly  14490  is measured by rotation speed sensor (RPM sensor)  14492 . In addition, the weight of the weld wire spool  14480  is measured by the weight sensor(s)  14484  in the hub-transducer  14482 . The speed of the welding device  14500  is measured by the speed sensor  14502 . All parameters or data measured by the rotation speed sensor  14492 , the weight sensor  14483  and the speed sensor  14502  are input into computer  14416  at wed station  14410 . In an embodiment, the computer  14416  can be managed by intermediated computer  14450 . Intermediate computer  14450  can be a wireless device such as a tablet, a mobile device, a smart phone, a laptop, etc. Therefore, the intermediate computer  14450  can have access to the data at the computer  14416  including the data from RPM sensor  14492 , weight sensor  14484  and speed sensor  14502 . The intermediate computer  14450  is further in communication (e.g., wirelessly) with the cloud server  14432  where the data from the computer  14416  can be stored and/or further processed. In an embodiment of the present disclosure, the intermediate computer is not used. In which case the computer  14416  is connected directly (e.g., wirelessly) to the cloud server  14432 . 
     As stated in the above paragraphs, due to potential slippage, the measurement of the speed of the motor assembly (e.g., speed of the feed wheel  14493 ) alone, in some embodiments, may not be sufficient to provide an accurate amount of weld wire that is used or consumed by the weld machine or system. Indeed, even if a rotation of the feed wheel  14493  is measured accurately, the rotation of the wheel would be translated in theory into a movement and therefore into a certain length. However, due to slippage, the wire does not move and hence the length determined based on the rotation of or rotation speed of the wheel does not correspond to a real wire length. As a result, a weight of the spool of weld wire may also be measured. In an embodiment, the weight of a new and unused wire spool is about 15 kgs (15000 grams). In an embodiment, the weight of the wire spool is measured with a precision of about 100 grams over 15000 grams, that is with a precision of approximately 0.7%. Therefore, the weight provides a relatively good measurement method to determine the amount of weld wire remaining in the spool. In an embodiment, the weight of the spool is captured or measured periodically and is logged with a time stamp and communicated to the uLog every time the spool rotation stops. An indicator such as a buzzer or light flashing or the like can indicate to the welder that it is time to reload another spool. In addition, the weld machine may not commence a weld operation in this situation, in one embodiment. The indicator can indicate a weight threshold at which a complete weld cannot be completed. 
     In an embodiment, RF modules are further provided to read a spool serial number, manufactured weight of the spool, spool type, project name, and any detail that is fed on the RF tag mounted on the spool. This data can be transferred on the cloud via the uLog with any additional detail needed. If an old spool is reused, the system will compare the serial number against a database of already used spools and extract the last available weight from the cloud, compare the same against the new weight reading, prior to the start of work. A buzzer or indicator light is available on the system to indicate to the operator, that the details on the RF Tag have been read and communicated via CAN. The use of RF system will eliminate any manual book keeping work needed to keep track of the number of spools used, their serial numbers and further identify the work stations they are used at. In case weld wires with wrong compositions/diameters are shipped out, the system can identify this from the RF tag properties, alarming the operator of this deviation. This can go fairly unnoticed if the system was entirely manual. 
     In an embodiment, a difference DW between a weight W1 measured at time T1 and a weight W2 measured at a later time T2 can be calculated. The difference in weight DW (where DW=W1−W2) corresponds to the weight of wire that is consumed during a welding process. This weight difference DW can be compared to a theoretical weight TW. The theoretical weight TW can be obtained using the rotation speed R of the motor or a linear speed of the wire S (the linear speed S depends from the rotation speed R). The theoretical weight TW can be calculated using the following equation (1). 
         TW =( T 2− T 1)× S ×(Diameter of wire)2×(Density of wire material)×π/4  (1)
 
     If, hypothetically, there is no slippage, then the theoretical weight TW should be equal to the measured weight DW. If, on the other hand slippage occurred during a process between time T1 and time T2, then the theoretical weight TW would be greater than the measured weight DW, In this case, a ratio R between theoretical weight TW and measured weight DW is greater than 1 (R=TW/DW &gt;1) and/or the difference Δ between the theoretical weight TW and the measured weight DW is greater than zero (Δ=TW−DW&gt;0). As a result, if after a certain period of time or number of measurements, it is noted that the difference between the measured weight and the theoretical/calculated weight persists, the speed of the motor assembly  14490  can be adjusted or compensated in order to have a calculated/theoretical weight substantially equal the measured weight. Hence, the measured weight is compared to the theoretical weight (determined from the wire feed speed) to determine if the wire is fed at the intended feed speed. In one embodiment, this determination can be accomplished locally at the welder side or by using the uLog system at the cloud server  14432 . 
       FIG. 163  is a flowchart depicting a process of comparing the measured weight and the theoretical weight determined based on the wire feed speed, according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. As it can be appreciated from the above paragraphs, the process start by measuring a first weight W1 of the wire spool at a first time (T1), at S 10 . The process further includes measuring a second weight W2 of the spool at a second time T2, after a certain time has elapsed from time T1, at S 12  (T2&gt;T1). The process also includes calculating a difference between the first measured weight W1 and the second measured weight at time T2, at S 14 . The process includes calculating a theoretical weight based on wire feed speed, at S 16 . At S 18 , the theoretical weight based on the wire feed speed is compared to the calculated weight difference, and if the theoretical weight is greater or smaller than the calculated weight difference, at S 18 , a speed of the motor assembly pulling the wire is adjusted, at S 20 . The process is repeated after another increment in time, after the speed of the motor assembly is adjusted. If the theoretical weight is the same as the calculated weight difference, then the process is also repeated after another increment in time without adjusting the speed of the motor assembly. This process is repeated at a plurality of time increments in order to monitor and/or correct any potential slippage of the motor assembly  14490 . 
     This process can be implemented locally by the uLog system at the computer  14416  associated with the weld station  14410  or implemented by the uLog system at the cloud server  14432 , or implemented by the uLog system at the intermediate computer  14450  described in the above paragraphs. 
     In an embodiment, it may be desirable to monitor usage of wire at different welding stations  14410  to evaluate the overall efficiency of the weld system. For example, this will allow a predictive indication of the amount of spool needed on large projects based on previous learning. For example, usage of spools can be uploaded to the uLog system stored and processed by the cloud server  14432 . For example, each of the welding stations  14410  can upload usage data of spools to the uLog system to the cloud server using the previously described network configurations, and based on a historical usage of a quantity of wire spools and using a machine learning algorithm (MLA), the uLog system can predict an average future usage of wire spools (or quantity of weld wire). For example, based on usage patterns over certain weld parameters, the uLog system can determine a threshold at which a complete weld cannot be completed. As a result, the uLog system can alert the welder using an indicator (e.g., a buzzer, flashing light, etc.) that the wire in the spool is depleted and that a complete weld cannot be finished based on a theoretical threshold determined using the machine learning algorithm. For example, the cloud server  14432  running the uLog can be configured to provide a feedback to one or more of the plurality of the weld station computer  14416  to alert a welder that a complete weld cannot be finished based on a theoretical threshold determined using the machine learning algorithm. 
     In a further embodiment, when there is a discrepancy between the theoretical weight determined based on the feed speed of the wire (measured by sensor  14492 ) and the measured weight (W2−W1), where W2 and W1 are measured by weight sensors  14484 , instead of adjusting the speed of the motor assembly  14490 , a speed of the welding device  14500  (or travel speed) can be adjusted to match a speed V obtained from the measured weight W2−W1. 
     As it can be appreciated from the above paragraphs, there is provided a weld system comprising a plurality of welding stations  14410 . Each weld station  14410  includes a weld station computer  14416  and weld system  14412  in communication with the weld station computer  14416 . Each weld station  14410  includes one or more sensors  14492 ,  14502 , the one or more sensors  14492 ,  14502  being configured to measure weld data including lead wire speed data (measured by speed sensor  14492 ), as depicted, for example in  FIG. 162 . The system further includes a plurality of wireless devices  14450  in communication with the one or more of the weld station computers to receive the weld data including the measured lead wire speed data. The system also includes a cloud server  14432  in communication with the wireless devices  14450 , the cloud server  14432  being configured to process the weld data including the lead wire speed data, and configured to determine an amount of consumable welding material used by the plurality of welding stations  14410  for a given period of time. The cloud server  14432  is configured to communicate the amount of consumable weld used to one or more of the wireless devices. 
     In an embodiment, the weld data further includes travel speed data of the weld system. In an embodiment, the wireless devices  14450  are configured to further receive the travel speed data of the weld system. In an embodiment, the cloud server  14432  is further configured to process the travel speed data. 
     As it can be appreciated from the above paragraphs, there is also provided a weld system having a welding station, the welding station including a weld station computer and a weld system in communication with the weld station computer. The weld system includes a supply of weld material  14480 , a welding device  14500 , and a weld supply motor assembly  14490  that moves the weld material  14486  in the weld supply material  14480  to the welder device. The weld system further includes a weighting device  14482  operatively connected with the weld station computer  14416  and configured to measure a weight of the supply of weld material  14480  and to communicate the weight of the supply of weld material  14480  to the weld station computer  14416  in the form of weight data, and a sensor  14492  operatively connected with the weld supply motor assembly  14490  and the weld station computer  14416  so as to communicate the speed of the weld supply motor assembly  14490  to the weld station computer  14416  in the form of speed data. The weld station computer  14416  is operatively connected to the weld supply motor assembly  14490  and is configured to control the speed of the motor assembly  14490  based on the weight data. 
     As it can be further appreciated from the above paragraphs, there is provided a weld system including a plurality of welding stations  14410 , each welding station  14410  including a weld station computer  14416  and weld system  14500  in communication with the weld station computer  14416 , each welding station  14410  including one or more sensors  14492 , the one or more sensors  14492  configured to measure weld data including lead wire speed data. The weld system also includes a plurality of wireless devices  14450  in communication with the one or more of the welding station computers  14416  to receive the weld data including the measured lead wire speed data. Each weld station computer  14416  is configured to process the weld data, including the lead wire speed data, for the weld system  14500  in communication therewith. The weld station computer  14416  is further configured to determine an amount of consumable welding material used by the weld system  14500  for a given period of time and generating consumption data based thereon. 
     In an embodiment, each welding station  14410  further includes a motor  14490  for moving the lead wire at the lead wire speed, wherein the lead wire speed data is determined based upon a speed of the motor  14490 , each welding station  14410  further comprising a weight sensor  14484  that senses a weight depletion of the consumable material. The weight sensor  14484  provides output signals to the weld station computer  14416 . The weld station computer  14416  utilizes the output signals to determine the consumption data. In an embodiment, the weld station computer  14416  utilizes the consumption data to control the speed of the motor  14490 . In an embodiment, the system further includes a cloud server  14432  for receiving the consumption data, together with the lead wire speed data, to correlate the consumption data with the lead wire speed data. 
       FIG. 166  shows a system overview which can be used with a broad variety of testing and inspection equipment, means, processes and methods. In the generic example of  FIG. 166 , pipeline  16610  can be built at the behest of an owning company  16670  by connecting a plurality of pipe segments together by means of girth welds. This construction can be done by owning company  16670 , a third-party, or other party. During the construction process, nondestructive testing and inspection can be conducted to ensure that the pipeline will not fail in its specified service within quality control parameters. To support this goal, for example, one or more welds, such as girth welds can be inspected and tested by one or more testing means, processes or methods, such as ultrasonic testing or radiography testing. 
     For example a field worker  16650  can place a testing device, such as an imaging device  16620  on the pipeline in proximity to each of the girth welds. The testing device, which can be an imaging device, can collect data regarding the internal structure of the girth weld for analysis. This data can be any type of data desired for analysis by an inspector or other person or needed for any computer processing. For example, if an ultrasonic testing method or radiographic testing method or both is used, one or more signals can be transmitted to a pipeline and/or a weld, such as a girth weld, and the data and information in response to such signals can be collected, processed, and analyzed by one or more computers and/or one or more people. 
     In an embodiment, the responses to the signals can be received, processed, digitized, compressed, transmitted, and communicated ( 16625 ) to a device or receiver separate (or which can be separate from the testing device which generated the signal(s) and/or received the response(s); and which can be located remotely or at a remote facility  16630 . Herein, the device, facility or computer which receives data from the testing unit and which is separate or can be separated from the testing unit will be referred to as the “remote entity.” The remote entity is broadly encompassing of any device, facility or person, or other which can receive, use, perceive, process or transform any data from the testing unit. The breadth of scope of this term can range from a memory device, such as a memory stick, to a distributed control system, a cloud based processor, a cell phone, a smart phone, a computer, a digital processor, a receiver, a capability, an enterprise wide control system, or a remote facility or remote central processing facility, or other device, person or location. In an embodiment, the remote entity can be a remote facility which can be a computing, processing, and monitoring center. The remote entity, such as a remote facility, can be networked, wirelessly networked, based in the cloud, based in a hybrid cloud, or located at a physical facility or associated with a person, company, capability, use, entity or other. In an embodiment, the remote entity can be owned and/or controlled by any desired person, client, company, organization, inspector, third-party, operator, worker, or other. 
     In an embodiment, the remote entity, such as the remote facility, can use a computer to process testing and/or inspection data, such as compressed data, to determine the size, shape, location, and orientation of any defects present in the weld and/or pipe. Test data and/or inspection data, or analytical results, can be communicated ( 16635 ) to an inspection specialist  16640  who can examine the data or verify analytical results, or otherwise use all or part of the data provided to the inspection specialist  16640 . Herein, “test data” and “nondestructive test data” are used synonymously. As an example, results, or results verified by the inspection specialist, can be communicated ( 16645 ) to the field worker  16650 . This supports the repair of defects, or the management of defect repair processes for welds and pipelines. Optionally, the verified results can be communicated to the Quality Assurance Inspector  16660  and the Owning Company  16670 . 
     Technologies, processes, means and methods used herein can extend to and be used for pipe testing and inspection. The equipment, processes and devices disclosed here have a scope of use extending far beyond welds. 
       FIG. 167  shows an embodiment of the system which can be used with any of a broad variety of testing methodologies and with many types of equipment. As shown in  FIG. 167 , in an embodiment one or more girth welds can be inspected. The girth welds  167110  that hold pipelines  167100  together can be inspected before the pipeline can be put in service. One field personnel  167500  or a plurality of field personnel  167500  can travel along a pipeline having one, or more, of a girth weld  167110 . They can stop at each girth weld and use imaging equipment  167200  to take images of the internal structure respectively of the one, or more, of the girth weld  167110 . The number of the girth welds  167500  to be inspected can range from 1 to a very large number, such as 5 million. 
     Inspection data and images can be generated, processed, recorded, detected, digitized, compressed and transmitted on-site or to a remotely located facility, such as a remotely located central facility  167300 . At the remotely located central facility  167300 , a computer  167310  can processes the inspection data and images (which can be digital images, or other data image, or data set) to determine the size, shape, orientation and location of any defects present in a tested weld. The computer can also identify which defects are significant enough and/or large enough to have a significant effect on the integrity of the pipeline by executing computer executable code using computer executable logic. If a defect is identify by the computer processing, one or more defects can be communicated to an inspection specialist  167400  who can verify the presence and significance of computer identified defects. 
     Alternatively, the inspector can view the inspection data directly and draw a conclusion from the inspector&#39;s training and experience. Optionally, the inspector&#39;s conclusions can be verified by computer processing. 
     The verified results, whether computer-generated or human-generated, can then be transmitted to the field workers  167500  by computer means, or telephonically, so that the welds can be repaired. The inspection results can also be sent to a Quality Assurance Inspector  167600 , the company that owns the pipeline  167700 , or other interested or intended party. 
     In an embodiment, pipeline  167100  can be built at the behest of owning company  167700  by connecting a plurality of pipe segments  167120 A,  167120 B together by means of girth welds  167110 . In order to ensure that the pipeline will not fail in service, it is desired by the builder, or others, that the girth welds be inspected by non-destructive means. These means can include magnetic particle inspection, dye penetrant inspection, ultrasonic testing and X-ray radiography. Ultrasonic testing and x-ray radiography are both data intensive imaging methods. 
     The analytical work to evaluate test and/or inspection data requires one or more highly-trained technicians  167400 ,  167520  and specialized imaging equipment  167200 . The imaging equipment which can be used can have an emitter  167210 , a receiver  167220 , and an analog-to-digital (A/D) converter  167230 . One or more field workers  167520  can transport the imaging equipment  167200  to a weld along the pipeline by means a support truck  167530 , or other vehicle. 
     The imaging equipment can be of any useful type, such as ultrasonic or radiographic. 
     At a segment connection, the field workers can place the imaging equipment on or near the pipeline in proximity to the girth weld  167110 . A field worker can activate the imaging equipment. The emitter portion can send a signal ( 167215 ) into the pipe segments and/or girth weld. The signal can be ultrasonic sound wave pulses in the case of ultrasonic testing, or can be x-ray radiation in the case of x-ray radiography. 
     In the case of ultrasonic testing, the ultrasonic pulses can reflect off of boundaries where the density of the girth weld  167110  changes. Boundaries between metal and air give the strongest reflections. The reflected pulses can be detected by the receiver. The receiver can measure the intensity of the reflected pulse ( 167222 ) and can produce an electronic signal proportional to the intensity of the reflected pulse. In an embodiment, the emitter and receiver can have multiple elements. Optionally, the emitter elements can be selectively activated to target the ultrasonic pulse at a specific location. 
     In the case of x-ray radiography, the intensity of the x-ray is attenuated by the material in the pipe segments and girth weld. The receiver can measure the intensity of the radiation that passes through the material ( 167224 ). 
     In an embodiment, the imaging equipment can be mounted to a motor driven carriage which can move along the girth weld at a constant rate. The A/D converter can digitize the signal ( 167226 ) from the receiver and can compress the digitized data. The compressed imaging data and carriage location ( 167235 ) can be communicated to a computer  167310  at a remote entity, such as a remote facility  167300 . The communication can be via a cable, transport of physical media, wireless, network, cloud, radio transmission or other. 
     In the non-limiting example of  FIG. 167 , at the remote facility  167300 , the computer  167310  can analyze the data ( 167235 ). The analysis can be executed in one or more steps. For example, the computation engine  167320  can identify signals ( 167222 ,  167224 ) that can indicate the presence of anomalies in the girth weld  167110 . The anomalous signals ( 167325 ) can be communicated to the AI engine  167330 . The AI engine can be a computer which runs computer executable code, relational logic and/or artificial intelligent programming. The AI engine can determine the size, shape, orientation, and location of the defects ( 167335 ) that caused the anomalous signals ( 167325 ). The AI engine can execute computer executable program code using rule based logic to determine which defects are significant to the integrity of the pipeline and must be repaired, which are not. The computer  167310  can send the data ( 167335 ) describing the zero or more defects to the inspection technician  167400 , quality assurance inspector  167600 , owning company  167700 , and field personnel  167500 , or others. 
     In an embodiment, the inspection technician can choose to review ( 167215 ) the data ( 167335 ) before it is communicated to the quality assurance inspector, owning company, field personnel, or others. The inspection technician can also change the identification of a defect from significant to non-significant or non-significant to significant, or otherwise modify or annotate any results produced by computer or otherwise. The defect data ( 167335 ) which is associated with a significant defect can be can be communicated to the field personnel  167500 . The data can be transmitted to the one or more field workers  167520 . The one or more field workers can mark the locations and size of the significant defects on the weld(s) and/or pipeline ( 167525 ) for repair by the repair welder  167510 , or others. Alternatively, the data can be transmitted directly to the repair welder  167510 , or others. 
       FIG. 168  shows an ultrasonic testing embodiment. As shown in  FIG. 168 , in an embodiment one or more girth welds can be inspected by ultrasonic testing. The girth welds  168110  that hold pipelines  168100  together can be inspected before the pipeline can be put in service. One field personnel  168500  or a plurality of field personnel  168500  can travel along a pipeline having one, or more, of a girth weld  168110 . They can stop at each girth weld and use ultrasonic testing equipment  168200  to take images of the internal structure of the weld. Those images can be digitized, compressed and transmitted to a remote facility, such as a remotely located central facility  168300 . At the remotely located central facility, a computer  168310  can process the inspection data, such as ultrasonic data, image data or images to determine the size, shape, orientation, and location of any defects present in a tested weld. The number of the girth welds  168110  inspected can range from 168 to a very large number, such as 5 million. 
     The computer can also identify which defects are significant enough and/or large enough to have a significant effect on the integrity of the pipeline by executing computer executable code using computer executable logic. If a defect is identify by the computer processing, one or more defects can be communicated to an inspection specialist  168400 , who can be an ultrasonic testing specialist, who can verify the presence and significance of a computer identified defect. 
     Alternatively, the inspector can view the inspection data directly and draw a conclusion from the inspector&#39;s training and experience. Optionally, the inspector&#39;s conclusions can be verified by computer processing. 
     The verified results, whether computer generated or human generated, can then be transmitted to the field personnel  168500  by computer means, or telephonically, so that the welds can be repaired. The inspection results can also be sent to a Quality Assurance Inspector  168600 , the company that owns the pipeline  168700 , or other interested or intended party. 
     In the embodiment of  FIG. 168 , a pipeline  168100  is built at the behest of Owning Company  168700  by connecting a plurality of Pipe Segments  168120 A,  168120 B together by means of Girth Welds  168110 . In order to ensure that the pipeline will not fail in service, it is desired that the girth welds be inspected by non-destructive means. These means can include magnetic particle inspection, dye penetrant inspection, ultrasonic testing and X-ray radiography. Ultrasonic testing is a data intensive imaging method. It requires a one or more highly-trained technicians  168400 ,  168520  and specialized imaging equipment  168200 . 
     The imaging equipment can have an emitter  168210 , a receiver  168220 , and an A/D converter  168230 . One or more field workers  168520  can transport the imaging equipment  168200  along the pipeline by means of support truck  168530 , or other vehicle. The field workers can place the imaging equipment on the pipeline in proximity to the girth weld  168110 , at the girth weld, which is to be tested. A field worker can activate the imaging equipment. The emitter portion can send ultrasonic pulses ( 168215 ) into the pipe segments and girth weld. The pulses can be sent at a rate from 1 Hz to 20,000 Hz. The frequency of the ultrasonic sound wave can vary from 0.5 MHz to 23 MHz. The ultrasonic pulses can reflect off of boundaries where the density changes in the girth weld  168110  or in the pipe. Boundaries between metal and air give the strongest reflections. The reflected pulses can be detected by the receiver. The receiver measures the intensity of the reflected pulse ( 168222 ) and produces an electronic signal proportional to the intensity. The emitter and receiver can have multiple elements. The emitter elements can be selectively activated to target the ultrasonic pulse at a specific location. 
     The imaging equipment is mounted to a motor driven carriage which can move along the girth weld at a constant rate. The A/D converter can digitize the signal ( 168226 ) from the receiver and can compress the digitized data. The compressed imaging data and carriage location ( 168235 ) can be communicated to a remote entity, such as a computer  168310  which can optionally be at a remote facility  168300 . The communication can be via a cable, transport of physical media, wireless, network, cloud, radio transmission or other. 
     In the embodiment of  FIG. 168 , at the remote facility  168300 , the computer  168310  can analyze the data ( 168235 ). The analysis can be done in steps. A computation engine  168320  can identify signals ( 168222 ) that can indicate the presence of anomalies in the girth weld  168110 . The anomalous signals ( 168325 ) are communicated to the AI engine  168330 . The AI engine can determine the size, shape, orientation and location of the defects ( 168335 ) that caused the anomalous signals ( 168325 ). The AI engine can determine which defects are significant to the integrity of the pipeline and must be repaired. The computer  168310  sends the data ( 168335 ) describing the zero or more defects to the inspection technician  168400 , quality assurance inspector  168600 , owning company  168700 , field personnel  168500 , or others. 
     Optionally, the inspection technician can receive the data directly and conduct an analysis apart from the AI. Optionally, in such scenario, the inspection technician can use the AI to check or confirm the inspection technician&#39;s results. 
     Optionally, the inspection technician can choose to review ( 168405 ) the data ( 168335 ) before it is communicated to the quality assurance inspector, owning company, and/or field personnel, or others. The inspection technician can also change the identification of a defect from significant to non-significant or non-significant to significant. 
     The defect data ( 168335 ) which is associated with a significant defect can be communicated to the field personnel  168500 . The data can be transmitted to the one or more field workers  168520 . The one or more field workers can mark the locations and size of the significant defects on the pipeline ( 168525 ) for later repair by the repair welder  168510 . Alternatively, the data can be transmitted directly to the repair welder  168510 . 
       FIG. 169  shows a radiographic testing embodiment. As shown in  FIG. 169 , in an embodiment one or more girth welds can be inspected by radiographic testing. The girth welds  169110  that hold pipelines  169100  together can be inspected before the pipeline can be put in service. One field personnel  169500  or a plurality of field personnel  169500  can travel along a pipeline having one, or more, of a girth weld  169110 . They can stop at each girth weld  169110  and use x-ray equipment  169200  to gather data and/or take images of the internal structure of each girth weld  169110 . 
     The inspection data and/or images can be digitized, compressed and transmitted to a remote facility, such as a remotely located central facility  169300 . At the remotely located central facility, a computer  169310  can process the inspection data, such as ultrasonic data, image data or images to determine the size, shape, orientation and location of any defects present in a tested weld. The number of the girth welds  169110  inspected can range from 1 to a very large number, such as 5 million. 
     The computer can also identify which defects are significant enough and/or large enough to have a significant effect on the integrity of the pipeline by executing computer executable code using computer executable logic. If a defect is identify by the computer processing, one or more defects can be communicated to an inspection specialist  169400 , who can be a radiography testing specialist, who can verify the presence and significance of a computer identified defect. 
     Alternatively, the inspector can view the inspection data directly and draw a conclusion from the inspector&#39;s experience. Optionally, the inspector&#39;s conclusions can be verified by computer processing. 
     The verified results, whether computer generated or human generated, can then be transmitted to the field workers  169500  by computer means, or telephonically, so that the welds can be repaired. The inspection results can also be sent to a Quality Assurance Inspector  169600 , the company that owns the pipeline  169700 , or other interested or intended party. 
     In an embodiment, as shown in  FIG. 169 , a pipeline  169100  can be built at the behest of owning company  169700  by connecting a plurality of pipe segments  169120 A,  169120 B together by means of girth welds  169110 . In order to ensure that the pipeline will not fail in service, it is desired that the girth welds be inspected by non-destructive means. These means can include magnetic particle inspection, dye penetrant inspection, ultrasonic testing and x-ray radiography. Ultrasonic testing and x-ray radiography are both data intensive imaging methods. They require one or more highly-trained technicians  169400 ,  169520  and specialized imaging equipment  169200 . The imaging equipment can consist of an emitter  169210 , a receiver  169220 , and an A/D converter  169230 . One or more field workers  169520  can transport the imaging equipment  169200  along the pipeline by means of support truck  169530 . At each segment connection, the field workers can place the imaging equipment on or near the pipeline in proximity to the girth weld  169110 . A field worker can activate the imaging equipment. The emitter portion can send an x-ray radiation ( 169215 ) into the pipe segments and girth weld. The intensity of the x-ray can be attenuated by the material in the pipe segments and girth weld. The receiver can measure the intensity of the radiation that passes through the material ( 169224 ). 
     The imaging equipment can be mounted to a motor driven carriage which can move along the girth weld at a constant rate. The A/D converter can digitize the signal  169226  from the receiver and can compresses the digitized data. The compressed imaging data and carriage location ( 169235 ) can be communicated to a computer  169310  at a remote facility  169300 . The communication can be via cable, transport of physical media, or radio transmission. 
     In the example as shown in  FIG. 169 , at the remote facility  169300 , the computer  169310  can analyze the data ( 169235 ). The analysis can be executed in steps. The computation engine  169320  can identify signals ( 169224 ) that can indicate the presence of anomalies in the girth weld  169110 . The anomalous signals ( 169325 ) can be communicated to the AI engine  169330 . The AI engine can determine the size, shape, orientation, and location of the defects ( 169335 ) that caused the anomalous signals ( 169325 ). The AI engine can determine which defects are significant to the integrity of the pipeline and must be repaired. Optionally, these steps can be conducted by the inspection technician based upon the test and/or inspection data with or without the support of the AI. 
     In the embodiment of  FIG. 169 , the computer  169310  can send the data ( 169335 ) describing the zero or more defects to the inspection technician  169400 , quality assurance inspector  169600 , owning company  169700 , and field personnel  169500 , or others. The inspection technician can choose to review ( 169405 ) the data ( 169335 ) before it is communicated to the quality assurance inspector, owning company, and/or field personnel. The inspection technician can also change the identification of a defect from significant to non-significant, or non-significant to significant. 
     The defect data ( 169335 ) which is associated with a significant defect can be communicated to the field personnel  169500 . 
     The data can be transmitted to the one or more field workers  169520 . The one or more field workers can mark the locations and size of the significant defects on the pipeline ( 169525 ) for later repair by the repair welder  169510 . Alternatively, the data can be transmitted directly to the repair welder  169510 . 
     In one embodiment, a computer system may comprise a first device having a processor which processes a pipeline construction data, where the first device communicates the pipeline construction data to a cloud-based memory, and the pipeline construction data is processed by a cloud-based processor. 
     In one embodiment, the pipeline construction data comprises welding data, pipe handling data, a coating data, inspection data, or other data. 
     In one embodiment, the first device comprises an equipment of a welding station, an equipment of a pipeline welding spread operation, an automatic welding tool, a vision welding system, an inspection system, or other device. 
     In one embodiment, first data may be communicated from a first device to a second device, where the first data comprises data regarding a pipeline construction. The first data may be processed by cloud-based network means. 
     In one embodiment, the first data (communicated from the first device to the second device) may comprise weld data, pipe handling data, coating data, inspection data, management data, or other data. 
     In one embodiment, a computer program product for welding support may comprise computer readable program code means which provides to a computer memory a welding data; computer readable program code means which provides to the memory a data from a data set comprising a pipeline data; and computer readable program code means which processes the welding data and the pipeline data to provide a record output. 
     In one embodiment, the computer program product for welding support may comprise a program executable code of a rule-based logic to process the welding data by a welding support program code, a program executable code of a rule-based logic to process the welding data by an inspection program code, a program executable code of a rule-based logic used to process the welding data by a management program code or a quality control program code, or other program executable code. 
     In one embodiment, a welding system may comprise a plurality of welding stations, each welding station including a weld station computer and weld system in communication with the weld station computer, where each welding station comprises one or more sensors, and the one or more sensors configured to measure weld data comprises lead wire speed data. The welding system may comprise a plurality of wireless devices in communication with the one or more of the welding station computers to receive the weld data including the measured lead wire speed data; and a cloud server in communication with the wireless devices. The cloud server is configured to process the weld data comprising the lead wire speed data, and configured to determine an amount of consumable welding material used by the plurality of welding stations for a given period of time. The cloud server is configured to communicate the amount of consumable welding material used to one or more of the wireless devices. 
     In one embodiment, the welding system may comprise an orbital welder. As an example, the orbital welder may comprise a clockwise (CW) and counterclockwise (CCW) welding system. 
     In one embodiment, the measured weld data may further comprise travel speed data of the weld system. In one embodiment, the plurality of wireless devices are configured to further receive the travel speed data of the weld system. In one embodiment, the cloud server is further configured to process the travel speed data. 
     In one embodiment, if a current in the weld system is high, the weld station computer instructs the weld system to slow down a speed of the weld system or controls a position of a torch in the weld system. 
     In one embodiment, a welding system may comprise a welding station. The welding station may comprise a weld station computer and a weld system in communication with the weld station computer. The weld system may comprise a supply of weld material, a welding device, and a weld supply motor assembly that moves the weld material to the welder device. In one embodiment, the welding system may further comprise a weighting device operatively connected with the weld station computer and configured to measure a weight of the supply of weld material and to communicate the weight of the supply of weld material to the weld station computer in the form of weight data; and a sensor operatively connected with the weld supply motor assembly and the weld station computer so as to communicate the speed of the weld supply motor assembly to the weld station computer in the form of speed data. The weld station computer is operatively connected to the weld supply motor assembly and is configured to control the speed of the motor assembly based on the weight data. 
     In one embodiment, the welding device may comprise an orbital welding machine. In one embodiment, the supply of weld material includes a spool configured to carry a weld wire. In one embodiment, the weighting device includes a hub-transducer, where the hub-transducer is configured to carry the spool. In one embodiment, the weighting device includes strain sensors mounted on a hub of the hub-transducer. In one embodiment, the strain sensor are configured and arranged to sense a strain applied by the weight of the spool. In one embodiment, the motor assembly comprises a motor and a feed wheel operatively connected to the motor. In one embodiment, the motor assembly comprises a pinch roller configured to push on a weld wire to bring the weld wire in contact with the feed wheel so that a rotation of the feed wheel results in a movement of the wire. In one embodiment, the feed wheel is configured to rotationally engage the wire to move the wire. 
     In one embodiment, the weld station computer is configured to measure a weight difference between a weight of the supply of weld material measured at a first time and a weight of the supply of weld material measured at a second time subsequent to the first time, the weight difference corresponding to a measured weight of weld material consumed between the first time and the second time. In one embodiment, the weld station computer is configured to calculate a theoretical weight of consumed weld material based on a rotation speed of the weld supply motor assembly. In one embodiment, the weld station computer is configured to calculate a difference or a ratio or both between the measured weight of weld material and a theoretical weight of consumed weld material. In one embodiment, the weld station computer is configured to compare the measured weight of weld material and the theoretical weight of consumed weld material, and if there is a discrepancy, where the weld station computer indicates that slippage occurred and controls the speed of the motor assembly to adjust a rotation speed of the motor assembly. In one embodiment, the weld station computer is configured to repeat a comparison between the measured weight of weld material and the theoretical weight of consumed weld material at a plurality of increments in time. 
     In one embodiment, the welding system may comprise a cloud server in communication with the weld station computer, where the cloud server is configured to process the speed of the weld supply motor assembly and the weight of the supply of weld material received from the weld station computer to store a historical data about a usage of weld material. 
     In one embodiment, the cloud server is further configured to process the speed of the weld supply motor assembly and the weight of the supply of weld material received from a plurality of weld station computers associated with a plurality of weld stations to store a historical data about a usage of weld material at each of the plurality of weld stations. In one embodiment, the cloud server is configured to predict an average future usage of weld material based on the historical data and using a machine learning algorithm. In one embodiment, the cloud server is configured to determine a threshold of weld material needed to complete a complete weld based on usage patterns and the historical data. In one embodiment, the cloud server is configured to provide a feedback to one or more of the plurality of the weld station computer to alert a welder that a complete weld cannot be finished based on a theoretical threshold determined using the machine learning algorithm. 
     In one embodiment, the weld station computer is configured to control a speed of the welding device to adjust the speed of the welding device to match a speed obtained from the measured weight of the supply of weld material. 
     In one embodiment, a first weight of a supply of weld material at a first time may be measured using a weight measuring device. A second weight of the supply of weld material may be measured using the weight measuring device at a second time subsequent to the first time. A difference in measured weight between the first weight and the second weight may be calculate using a computer, where the difference in measured weight corresponding to measured used weld material. A theoretical weight of used weld material is calculated using the computer based on a speed of a motor assembly feeding the weld material to a welding device. The theoretical weight of used weld material may be compared by the computer to the measured weight of used weld material. The speed of the motor assembly may be adjusted by the computer so as to correct a slippage of the motor assembly. 
     In one embodiment, the measuring of the first weight, the measuring of the second weight, the calculating of the weight difference corresponding to the measured used weld material, the calculating of the theoretical weight of used weld material, the comparing of the theoretical weight of used weld material to the measured weight of used weld material, at a plurality of time increments, and the adjusting the speed of the motor assembly when the slippage of motor assembly occurs may be repeated. 
     In one embodiment, a welding system may comprise a plurality of welding stations, where each welding station includes a weld station computer and weld system in communication with the weld station computer, each welding station includes one or more sensors, and the one or more sensors are configured to measure weld data including lead wire speed data. The welding system may also comprise a plurality of wireless devices in communication with the one or more of the welding station computers to receive the weld data including the measured lead wire speed data. Each weld station computer is configured to process the weld data, including the lead wire speed data, for the weld system in communication therewith, and the weld station computer is configured to determine an amount of consumable welding material used by the weld system for a given period of time and generating consumption data based thereon. 
     In one embodiment, each welding station of the welding system may comprise a motor for moving the lead wire at the lead wire speed, where the lead wire speed data is determined based upon a speed of the motor, each welding station further comprises a weight sensor that senses a weight depletion of the consumable material, the weight sensor provides output signals to the weld station computer, and the weld station computer utilizes the output signals to determine the consumption data. In one embodiment, the weld station computer utilizes the consumption data to control the speed of the motor. 
     In one embodiment, the welding system may comprise a cloud server for receiving the consumption data, together with the lead wire speed data, to correlate the consumption data with the lead wire speed data. 
     In one embodiment, a system for pipeline testing may comprise a testing device adapted to generate nondestructive test data regarding at least a portion of a weld. The testing device may communicate the nondestructive test data to a second device which is adapted to receive the nondestructive test data. The testing device may be adapted to operate remotely from a means of analyzing the nondestructive test data. 
     In one embodiment, the testing device is adapted to transmit nondestructive test data for wireless communication. In one embodiment, the testing device is adapted to transmit nondestructive test data to a recording media which is not permanently attached to the testing device. In one embodiment, the testing device is adapted to transmit nondestructive test data to an external digital recording device. 
     In one embodiment, a system for nondestructive pipeline testing may comprise an imaging equipment adapted to generate nondestructive test data regarding a portion of a welded pipe; and a remote processing device adapted to receive and process inspection data regarding the portion of the welded pipe. 
     In one embodiment, the remote processing device is adapted to analyze pipe data. In one embodiment, the remote processing device is adapted to analyze weld data. In one embodiment, the remote processing device is adapted to execute computer executable code to identify significant weld defects from the nondestructive test data. 
     In one embodiment, the remote processing device is adapted to execute computer executable code of an algorithm to identify significant weld defects from the nondestructive test data. In one embodiment, the remote processing device is adapted to execute computer executable code of an artificial intelligence to identify significant weld defects from the nondestructive test data. In one embodiment, the remote processing device is adapted to execute computer executable code of a rule based logic to identify significant weld defects from the nondestructive test data. 
     In one embodiment, the nondestructive test data may comprise one or more of the following data: location, size, orientation, shape and significance of any defects that caused anomalies in the nondestructive test data. In one embodiment, the nondestructive test data may be analyzed without human computations, or analytical intervention. In one embodiment, the nondestructive test data may be analyzed in part by computer analysis and in part by human work. 
     In one embodiment, a method of nondestructive pipeline testing may comprise providing an imaging equipment; generating a nondestructive test data; providing a means to provide the nondestructive test data for analysis; and the nondestructive test data provided for analysis at a location remote from the tested portion of a pipe and the equipment proximate to the tested portion of a pipe. 
     In one embodiment, the method may further comprise providing the nondestructive test data for analysis at a location remote from the tested portion of a pipe and a support vehicle. In one embodiment, the method may further comprise providing for analysis at a location remote from the tested portion and any computer proximate to the tested portion of a pipe or the test location. 
     In one embodiment, the method may further comprise processing digital NDT data at a location substantially removed from where the data is collected. In one embodiment, the method may further comprise communicating NDT data to a location substantially removed from where the data is collected by means of wireless data transmission. In one embodiment, the method may further comprise communicating NDT data to a location substantially removed from where the data is collected by means of transport of physical media. In one embodiment, the method may further comprise communicating NDT data to a location substantially removed from where the data is collected by means of data transmission cable. In one embodiment, the method may further comprise communicating NDT data to a location substantially removed from where the data is collected by means of a combination of methods. 
     In one embodiment, the method may further comprise communicating the results of the analysis at the substantially removed location to the location where the data is collected. In one embodiment, the method may further comprise communicating the results of the analysis at the substantially removed location to specialists at another substantially removed location. 
     In one embodiment, the method may further comprise analyzing digital automated ultrasonic test data. In one embodiment, the method may further comprise communicating automated ultrasonic test data to a location substantially removed from where the data is collected by means of wireless data transmission; and processing the digital automated ultrasonic test data at a location substantially removed from where the data is collected. In one embodiment, the method may further comprise communicating automated ultrasonic test data to a location substantially removed from where the data is collected by means of transport of physical media. 
     In one embodiment, the method may further comprise communicating automated ultrasonic test data to a location substantially removed from where the data is collected by means of data transmission cable. In one embodiment, the method may further comprise communicating automated ultrasonic test data to a location substantially removed from where the data is collected by means of a combination of methods. In one embodiment, the method may further comprise using a computer algorithm to identify significant weld defects from the automated ultrasonic test data. 
     In one embodiment, the method may further comprise processing digital radiography data at a location substantially removed from where the data is collected. In one embodiment, the method may further comprise communicating digital radiography data to a location substantially removed from where the data is collected by means of wireless data transmission. In one embodiment, the method may further comprise communicating digital radiography data to a location substantially removed from where the data is collected by means of transport of physical media. In one embodiment, the method may further comprise communicating digital radiography data to a location substantially removed from where the data is collected by means of data transmission cable. 
     In one embodiment, the method may further comprise communicating digital radiography data to a location substantially removed from where the data is collected by means of a combination of methods. In one embodiment, the method may further comprise using a computer algorithm to identify significant weld defects from the digital radiography data. 
     In one embodiment, a system for pipeline construction may comprise a system for real-time logging of weld data, where the weld data is provided for analysis by computerized means and/or by subject experts. In one embodiment, the weld data comprises a weld data, a pipe handling data, a coating data, an inspection data, a management data, or other data. In one embodiment, the system may further comprise a system for aggregating all available weld data into a single data set having all data pertaining to each weld related or adapted for analysis by computerized means and/or subject experts. 
     In one embodiment, the system may further comprise a machine readable code executing rule-based program logic to identify correlations between different data about a weld and to identify defects in that weld. In one embodiment, the system may further comprise a machine readable code executing rule-based program logic to identify correlations between the same data about different welds and the presence or absence of defects in those welds. 
     In one embodiment, a system for aligning and welding together two segments of a pipe may comprise a welding mechanism for applying a weld to a face joint of the two segments. The welding mechanism may include an articulating torch, a laser sensor for reading a profile of the face joint, and an electronic controller for receiving information signals from the laser sensor to control the position and/or orientation of the torch. The system may further comprise an alignment mechanism for manipulating the orientation of the longitudinal axis of at least one of the segments relative to the other. The welding mechanism may further include a carriage for securing a position of the welding mechanism in the pipe and a welding portion capable of rotating relative to the supporting portion within the pipe. The torch and the laser sensor may be rotatably supported by the welding portion such that, during welding, the torch follows the laser sensor along the face joint. 
     In one embodiment, the weld mechanism may further includes a camera for optically sensing a joint face. In one embodiment, the articulating movement of a torch head on the torch may include one of radial translation movement toward and away from the face joint, translation movement in a direction of the longitudinal axis of the segments, pivotal movement relative to the weld mechanism about an axis that is parallel to the pipe segment longitudinal axis, and pivotal movement relative to the weld head about an axis that is perpendicular to the pipe segment longitudinal axis. 
     In one embodiment, the alignment mechanism manipulates the orientation of the at least one segment by contact with an exterior of the at least one segment. In one embodiment, the electronic controller receives a signal from the laser sensor to direct the alignment mechanism to adjust the relative positions of the pipe segments based on predetermined alignment parameters. 
     In one embodiment, the weld mechanism rotates within and relative to an interior of a face joint of two segments so that the torch follows the laser sensor, and the laser sensor provides continuous face joint profile data to the electronic controller which in turn continuously directs the positioning of the torch. 
     In one embodiment, the camera follows the torch along a weld joint path, and the camera sends a signal to an operation station display to allow an operator to inspect an image of a portion of the weld. 
     In one embodiment, a method of aligning and welding together two segments of a pipe may comprise placing a first pipe segment on an alignment device; inserting an internal welding machine having a laser and a weld torch into the first pipe segment; generally aligning a second pipe segment with the first pipe segment and internal welding machine; griping an external portion of the first and second pipe segments to adjusting an axial position of the internal welding machine so as to generally line up with a face joint of the first and second pipe segments; adjusting a relative alignment of the first and second pipe segments via the alignment device based on a signal from the internal welder; beginning a root weld cycle in which the laser scans the face joint, the torch follows the laser, and the output from the laser is used to control the position of articulated torch, where the position and orientation of the torch with respect to the face joint is controlled to produce a quality weld; determining a face joint profile from the laser; releasing the alignment device and removing internal welding machine from an open pipe segment end; and repositioning a next sequential pipe segment on the external alignment mechanism in preparation for welding of a next joint. 
     In one embodiment, the method may further comprise providing a rotary mechanism on which the laser and torch rotate to perform an initial scan of the face joint by laser sensor; and; generating a signal from the rotating laser to direct alignment of the first and pipe second by the alignment device before welding begins. 
     In one embodiment, an internal heat exchanger (IHEX) for pipeline welding may comprise a drive system configured to move the IHEX into a position within at least one pipe section near a weld joint location with another pipe section; a cooling section including cooling structure configured to selectively cool one or more interior surface portions of the at least one pipe section; and a controller in communication with the cooling structure and configured to activate the cooling section when the IHEX is at the position within the at least one pipe section. 
     In one embodiment, the IHEX may further comprise a connection member configured to secure the IHEX to an internal tie-in clamp. In one embodiment, the drive system may comprise at least one roller activated by a motor controlled by the controller and configured to move the IHEX within the at least one pipe section in forward and reverse directions. In one embodiment, the drive system may comprise a cable and winch system, where the winch is configured for anchoring at a location external to the at least one pipe section and the cable extends between the winch and a support structure of the IHEX that includes the controller and the cooling section. 
     In one embodiment, the controller is further in communication with a remote control device so as to facilitate selective activation of the cooling section via the remote control device. In one embodiment, the cooling section comprises at least one nozzle configured to spray a coolant toward an interior wall surface portion of the at least one pipe section; and a coolant supply source configured to deliver coolant to the at least one nozzle. 
     In one embodiment, the IHEX may further comprise a frame including a first section that includes the coolant supply source, an intermediate section that includes the cooling section, and a third section that includes the controller. In one embodiment, the coolant supply source may comprise a coolant pump located remotely from the cooling section such that the coolant pump is located exterior to the at least one pipe section when the cooling section is disposed within the at least one pipe section, and the coolant pump is connected to the at least one nozzle via at least one fluid conduit. In one embodiment, the at least one nozzle comprises a plurality of nozzles arranged in a plurality of rows, and the rows are arranged around a periphery of a central support member of the cooling section. 
     In one embodiment, the cooling section comprises a plurality of fin members extending radially outward from and spaced around a periphery of a central support member of the cooling section. In one embodiment, at least one fin member includes at least one channel extending through the fin member, and the cooling section further comprises at least one fan that is controllable by the controller and is in proximity and aligned with the at least one fin member so as to direct a flow of air through the at least one channel of the at least one fin member. 
     In one embodiment, at least one fin member comprises a hollow enclosure including an inlet and an outlet, and the cooling section further comprises a circulating coolant flow circuit to selectively flow coolant through the hollow enclosure of the at least one fin member. 
     In one embodiment, the IHEX may comprise one or more temperature sensors disposed at one or more locations along the IHEX and in communication with the controller. The one or more temperature sensors measures a temperature at one or more locations within the at least one pipe section and provide measured temperature information to the controller, and the controller is configured to selectively control activation and operation of the cooling section based upon the measured temperature information. 
     The technology disclosed herein solve the significant technical problem of how to test, inspect and ensure the quality of the thousands and millions of welds in pipeline systems by using equipment and methods which are reliable and technically sound. In an embodiment, a system for pipeline testing can have a testing device adapted to generate nondestructive test data (“NDT”) regarding at least a portion of a weld, or an entire weld. The testing device can communicate the nondestructive test data to a second device which is adapted to receive the nondestructive test data. The testing device can be adapted to operate remotely from a means of analyzing the nondestructive test data. The system for pipeline testing can have a testing device adapted to transmit nondestructive test data for wireless communication. The system for pipeline testing can have a testing device adapted to transmit nondestructive test data to a recording media which is not permanently attached to the testing device. The system for pipeline testing can have a testing device adapted to transmit nondestructive test data to an external digital recording device. A system for nondestructive pipeline testing can have: an imaging equipment adapted to generate nondestructive test data regarding a portion of a welded pipe; a remote processing device adapted to receive and process inspection data regarding the portion of the welded pipe. The system for nondestructive pipeline testing can have a remote processing device adapted to analyze pipe data. The system for nondestructive pipeline testing can have a remote processing device adapted to analyze weld data. The system for nondestructive pipeline testing can have a remote processing device adapted to execute computer executable code to identify significant weld defects from the nondestructive test data. The system for nondestructive pipeline testing can have a remote processing device adapted to execute computer executable code of an algorithm to identify significant weld defects from the nondestructive test data. The system for nondestructive pipeline testing can have a remote processing device adapted to execute computer executable code of an artificial intelligence to identify significant weld defects from the nondestructive test data. The system for nondestructive pipeline testing can have a remote processing device adapted to execute computer executable code of a rule based logic to identify one or more significant weld defects from the nondestructive test data. The weld defects identified can be of different types such as occlusions, lack of material, material properties, brittleness, density, thickness, air bubbles, gas bubbles, and others. The system for nondestructive pipeline testing can have a nondestructive test data such as one or more of the following data: location, size, orientation, shape and significance of any defects that caused anomalies in the scan. The system for nondestructive pipeline testing which can have a nondestructive test data which can be analyzed by the system automatically and without human computations, or human analytical intervention. In an embodiment, a method of nondestructive pipeline testing can have the steps of: providing an imaging equipment; generating a nondestructive test data; providing a means to provide the nondestructive test data for analysis; and providing the nondestructive test data for analysis at a location remote from the tested portion of a pipe and the equipment proximate to the tested portion of a pipe. The method of nondestructive pipeline testing can have the step of providing the nondestructive test data for analysis at a location remote from the tested portion of a pipe and a support vehicle. The method of nondestructive pipeline testing can have the step of providing the nondestructive test data for analysis at a location remote from the tested portion and any computer proximate to the tested portion of a pipe or the test location. The method of nondestructive pipeline testing can have the step of processing digital NDT data at a location substantially removed from where the data is collected. The method of nondestructive pipeline testing can have the step of communicating NDT data to a location substantially removed from where the data is collected by means of wireless data transmission. The method of nondestructive pipeline testing can have the step of communicating NDT data to a location substantially removed from where the data is collected by means of transport of physical media. The method of nondestructive pipeline testing can have the step of communicating NDT data to a location substantially removed from where the data is collected by means of data transmission cable. The method of nondestructive pipeline testing can have the step of communicating NDT data to a location substantially removed from where the data is collected by means of a combination of methods. The method of nondestructive pipeline testing can have the step of: communicating the results of the analysis at the substantially removed location to the location where the data is collected. The method of nondestructive pipeline testing can have the step of communicating the results of the analysis at the substantially removed location to specialists at another substantially removed location. The method of nondestructive pipeline testing can have the step of analyzing digital automated ultrasonic test data (also as, digital “AUT” data). The method of nondestructive pipeline testing can have the step of processing digital automated ultrasonic test data at a location substantially removed from where the data is collected. The method of nondestructive pipeline testing can have the step of processing digital automated ultrasonic test data at a location substantially removed from where the data is collected by means of wireless data transmission. The method of nondestructive pipeline testing can have the step of communicating automated ultrasonic test data to a location substantially removed from where the data is collected by means of wireless data transmission. The method of nondestructive pipeline testing can have the step of communicating automated ultrasonic test data to a location substantially removed from where the data is collected by means of transport of physical media. The method of nondestructive pipeline testing can have the step of communicating automated ultrasonic test data to a location substantially removed from where the data is collected by means of data transmission cable. The method of nondestructive pipeline testing can have the step of communicating automated ultrasonic test data to a location substantially removed from where the data is collected by means of a combination of methods. The method of nondestructive pipeline testing can have the step of using a computer algorithm to identify significant weld defects from the automated ultrasonic test data. The method of nondestructive pipeline testing can have the step of processing digital radiography data at a location substantially removed from where the data is collected. The method of nondestructive pipeline testing can have the step of communicating digital radiography data to a location substantially removed from where the data is collected by means of wireless data transmission. The method of nondestructive pipeline testing can have the step of communicating digital radiography data to a location substantially removed from where the data is collected by means of transport of physical media. The method of nondestructive pipeline testing can have the step of communicating digital radiography data to a location substantially removed from where the data is collected by means of data transmission cable. The method of nondestructive pipeline testing can have the step of communicating digital radiography data to a location substantially removed from where the data is collected by means of a combination of methods. The method of nondestructive pipeline testing can have the step of using a computer algorithm to identify significant weld defects from the digital radiography data. In an embodiment, the universal cloud logging system (“uLog”) disclosed herein can have a computer system which has a first device having a processor which processes a pipeline construction data, the first device can communicate the pipeline construction data to a cloud-based memory. The pipeline construction data can be processed by a cloud-based processor. The uLog can process any one or more pipeline construction data for example, but not limited to: a welding data, a pipe handling data, a coating data and an inspection data. The uLog can process data from any one or more of the following devices and/or equipment: a welding station, a pipeline welding spread operation, a welding tool, an automatic welding tool, a manual welding tool, a vision welding system, a single torch automatic welder or welding machine, a dual torch automatic welder or welding machine, an external welder or welding machine, an internal welder or welding machine, an inspection system, a smartphone, a cell phone, a personal data assistant (PDA), a laptop, a tablet, a computer, a digital device, a wireless device and an equipment used by a welder, technician, worker, inspector, coating applier and/or manager. The uLog can use a method of data management executed on a computer, comprising the steps of: communicating a first data from a first device to a second device, the first data which is a data regarding a pipeline construction; and processing the first data by a cloud-based network means. The data which can be communicated by the first device and/or processed by the second device and/or processed by the network of the uLog can be any one or more of the following: a weld data, a pipe handling data, a coating data, a weld data, an inspection data, a heat treatment data and a management data or other pipeline-related construction and/or management data. In an embodiment, the method of data management by means of the uLog can include the additional method step of processing the first data and/or data by a network means which can be a wired network means or wireless network means. In another embodiment, the method of data management by means of the uLog can include the additional method step of processing the first data and/or data by network means which is a wireless network means, telecommunications means or WiFi means. In yet another embodiment, the method of data management by means of the uLog can include the additional method step of processing the first data by the network means which is a cloud-based network means. In an embodiment, the uLog can be a computer program product for welding support which has: a computer readable program code means which provides to a computer memory a welding data; a computer readable program code means which provides to the memory a data from a data set comprising a pipeline data; and a computer readable program code means which processes the welding data and the pipeline data to provide a record output and/or an output resulting from the execution of program logic and/or analytics. In an embodiment, the computer program product for welding support can further have a program executable code of a rule-based logic which processes the welding data by a welding support program code. In another embodiment, the computer program product for welding support can further have a program executable code of a rule-based logic which processes the welding data by an inspection program code. In yet another embodiment, the computer program product for welding support can further have a program executable code of a rule-based logic which processes the welding data by a management program code or a quality control program code. A system for pipeline construction can have a system for real-time logging of weld data. The weld data is provided for analysis by computerized means and/or by subject experts. The system for pipeline construction can use weld data which has one or more of a weld data, a pipe handling data, a coating data, an inspection data, and a management data. The system for pipeline construction can further have a system for aggregating all available weld data into a single data set having all data pertaining to each weld related or adapted for analysis by computerized means and/or subject experts. The system for pipeline construction can further have a machine readable code executing rule-based program logic to identify correlations between different data about a weld and to identify defects in that weld. The system for pipeline construction can further have a machine readable code executing rule-based program logic to identify correlations between the same data about different welds. 
     In an embodiment, the universal cloud logging system (“uLog”) disclosed herein can have a computer system which has a first device having a processor which processes a pipeline construction data, the first device can communicate the pipeline construction data to a cloud-based memory. The pipeline construction data can be processed by a cloud-based processor. The uLog can process any one or more pipeline construction data for example, but not limited to: a welding data, a pipe handling data, a coating data and an inspection data. The uLog can process data from any one or more of the following devices and/or equipment: a welding station, a pipeline welding spread operation, a welding tool, an automatic welding tool, a manual welding tool, a vision welding system, a single torch automatic welder or welding machine, a dual torch automatic welder or welding machine, an external welder or welding machine, an internal welder or welding machine, an inspection system, a smartphone, a cell phone, a personal data assistant (PDA), a laptop, a tablet, a computer, a digital device, a wireless device and an equipment used by a welder, technician, worker, inspector, coating applier and/or manager. 
     The uLog can use a method of data management executed on a computer, comprising the steps of: communicating a first data from a first device to a second device, the first data which is a data regarding a pipeline construction; and processing the first data by a cloud-based network means. The data which can be communicated by the first device and/or processed by the second device and/or processed by the network of the uLog can be any one or more of the following: a weld data, a pipe handling data, a coating data, a weld data, an inspection data, a heat treatment data and a management data or other pipeline-related construction and/or management data. In an embodiment, the method of data management by means of the uLog can include the additional method step of processing the first data and/or data by a network means which can be a wired network means or wireless network means. In another embodiment, the method of data management by means of the uLog can include the additional method step of processing the first data and/or data by network means which is a wireless network means, telecommunications means or WiFi means. In yet another embodiment, the method of data management by means of the uLog can include the additional method step of processing the first data by the network means which is a cloud-based network means. In an embodiment, the uLog can be a computer program product for welding support which has: a computer readable program code means which provides to a computer memory a welding data; a computer readable program code means which provides to the memory a data from a data set comprising a pipeline data; and a computer readable program code means which processes the welding data and the pipeline data to provide a record output and/or an output resulting from the execution of program logic and/or analytics. 
     In an embodiment, the computer program product for welding support can further have a program executable code of a rule-based logic which processes the welding data by a welding support program code. In another embodiment, the computer program product for welding support can further have a program executable code of a rule-based logic which processes the welding data by an inspection program code. In yet another embodiment, the computer program product for welding support can further have a program executable code of a rule-based logic which processes the welding data by a management program code or a quality control program code. The present patent application in its several aspects and embodiments solves the problems discussed above and significantly advances the technology of welding, pipe handling, coating, pipeline construction, construction, management and inspection technologies. 
     Although the present patent application has been described in detail for the purpose of illustration, it is to be understood that such detail is solely for that purpose and that the present patent application is not limited to the disclosed embodiments, but, on the contrary, is intended to cover modifications and equivalent arrangements that are within the spirit and scope of the appended claims. In addition, it is to be understood that the present patent application contemplates that, to the extent possible, one or more features of any embodiment can be combined with one or more features of any other embodiment.