Patent Publication Number: US-2022229838-A1

Title: Consolidator platform to implement collaborative datasets via distributed computer networks

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO APPLICATIONS 
     This application is a continuation application of copending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 16/697,132, filed Nov. 26, 2019 and entitled, “CONSOLIDATOR PLATFORM TO IMPLEMENT COLLABORATIVE DATASETS VIA DISTRIBUTED COMPUTER NETWORKS,” U.S. patent application Ser. No. 16/697,132 is a continuation application of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/186,515 filed on Jun. 19, 2016, now U.S. Pat. No. 10,515,085 and titled “CONSOLIDATOR PLATFORM TO IMPLEMENT COLLABORATIVE DATASETS VIA DISTRIBUTED COMPUTER NETWORKS,” all which is herein incorporated by reference in their entirety for all purposes. 
    
    
     FIELD 
     Various embodiments relate generally to data science and data analysis, computer software and systems, and wired and wireless network communications to provide an interface between repositories of disparate datasets and computing machine-based entities that seek access to the datasets, and, more specifically, to a computing and data storage platform that facilitates consolidation of one or more datasets, whereby a collaborative data layer and associated logic facilitate, for example, efficient access to collaborative datasets. 
     BACKGROUND 
     Advances in computing hardware and software have fueled exponential growth in the generation of vast amounts of data due to increased computations and analyses in numerous areas, such as in the various scientific and engineering disciplines, as well as in the application of data science techniques to endeavors of good-will (e.g., areas of humanitarian, environmental, medical, social, etc.). Also, advances in conventional data storage technologies provide the ability to store the increasing amounts of generated data. Consequently, traditional data storage and computing technologies have given rise to a phenomenon numerous desperate datasets that have reached sizes (e.g., including trillions of gigabytes of data) and complexity that tradition data-accessing and analytic techniques are generally not well-suited for assessing conventional datasets. 
     Conventional technologies for implementing datasets typically rely on different computing platforms and systems, different database technologies, and different data formats, such as CSV, HTML, JSON, XML, etc. Further, known data-distributing technologies are not well-suited to enable interoperability among datasets. Thus, many typical datasets are warehouses or otherwise reside in conventional data stores as “data silos,” which describe insulated data systems and datasets that are generally incompatible or inadequate to facilitate data interoperability. Moreover, corporate-generated datasets generally may reside in data silos to preserve commercial advantages, even though the sharing of some of the corporate-generated datasets may provide little to no commercial disadvantage and otherwise might provide public benefits if shared altruistically. Additionally, academia-generated datasets also may generally reside in data silos due to limited computing and data system resources and to preserve confidentiality prior to publications of, for example, journals and other academic research papers. While researchers may make their data for available after publication, the form of the data and datasets are not well-suited for access and implementation with other sources of data. 
     Conventional approaches to provide dataset generation and management, while functional, suffer a number of other drawbacks. For example, individuals or organizations, such as non-profit organizations, usually have limited resources and skills to operate the traditional computing and data systems, thereby hindering their access to information that might otherwise provide tremendous benefits. Also, creators of datasets tend to do so for limited purposes, and once the dataset is created, knowledge related to the sources of data and the manner of constructing the dataset is lost. In other examples, some conventional approaches provide remote data storage (e.g., “cloud”-based data storage) to collect differently-formatted repositories of data, however, these approaches are not well-suited to resolve sufficiently the drawbacks of traditional techniques of dataset generation and management. 
     Thus, what is needed is a solution for facilitating techniques to generate, locate, and access datasets, without the limitations of conventional techniques. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       Various embodiments or examples (“examples”) of the invention are disclosed in the following detailed description and the accompanying drawings: 
         FIG. 1  is a diagram depicting a collaborative dataset consolidation system, according to some embodiments; 
         FIG. 2  is a diagram depicting an example of an atomized data point, according to some embodiments; 
         FIG. 3  is a diagram depicting an example of a flow chart to perform a query operation against collaborative datasets, according to some embodiments; 
         FIG. 4  is a diagram depicting operation an example of a collaborative dataset consolidation system, according to some examples; 
         FIG. 5  is a diagram depicting a flow chart to perform an operation of a collaborative dataset consolidation system, according to some embodiments; 
         FIG. 6  is a diagram depicting an example of a dataset analyzer and an inference engine, according to some embodiments; 
         FIG. 7  is a diagram depicting operation of an example of an inference engine, according to some embodiments; 
         FIG. 8  is a diagram depicting a flow chart as an example of ingesting an enhanced dataset into a collaborative dataset consolidation system, according to some embodiments; 
         FIG. 9  is a diagram depicting an example of a dataset ingestion controller, according to various embodiments; 
         FIG. 10  is a diagram depicting a flow chart as an example of managing versioning of dataset, according to some embodiments; 
         FIG. 11  is a diagram depicting an example of an atomized data-based workflow loader, according to various embodiments; 
         FIG. 12  is a diagram depicting a flow chart as an example of loading an atomized dataset into an atomized data point store, according to some embodiments; 
         FIG. 13  is a diagram depicting an example of a dataset query engine, according to some embodiments; 
         FIG. 14  is a diagram depicting a flow chart as an example of querying an atomized dataset stored in an atomized data point store, according to some embodiments; 
         FIG. 15  is a diagram depicting an example of a collaboration manager configured to present collaborative information regarding collaborative datasets, according to some embodiments; and 
         FIG. 16  illustrates examples of various computing platforms configured to provide various functionalities to components of a collaborative dataset consolidation system, according to various embodiments. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     Various embodiments or examples may be implemented in numerous ways, including as a system, a process, an apparatus, a user interface, or a series of program instructions on a computer readable medium such as a computer readable storage medium or a computer network where the program instructions are sent over optical, electronic, or wireless communication links. In general, operations of disclosed processes may be performed in an arbitrary order, unless otherwise provided in the claims. 
     A detailed description of one or more examples is provided below along with accompanying figures. The detailed description is provided in connection with such examples, but is not limited to any particular example. The scope is limited only by the claims, and numerous alternatives, modifications, and equivalents thereof. Numerous specific details are set forth in the following description in order to provide a thorough understanding. These details are provided for the purpose of example and the described techniques may be practiced according to the claims without some or all of these specific details. For clarity, technical material that is known in the technical fields related to the examples has not been described in detail to avoid unnecessarily obscuring the description. 
       FIG. 1  is a diagram depicting a collaborative dataset consolidation system, according to some embodiments. Diagram  100  depicts an example of collaborative dataset consolidation system  110  that may be configured to consolidate one or more datasets to form collaborative datasets. A collaborative dataset, according to some non-limiting examples, is a set of data that may be configured to facilitate data interoperability over disparate computing system platforms, architectures, and data storage devices. Further, a collaborative dataset may also be associated with data configured to establish one or more associations (e.g., metadata) among subsets of dataset attribute data for datasets, whereby attribute data may be used to determine correlations (e.g., data patterns, trends, etc.) among the collaborative datasets. Collaborative dataset consolidation system  110  may then present the correlations via computing devices  109   a  and  109   b  to disseminate dataset-related information to one or more users  108   a  and  108   b . Thus, a community of users  108 , as well as any other participating user, may discover and share dataset-related information of interest in association with collaborative datasets. Collaborative datasets, with or without associated dataset attribute data, may be used to facilitate easier collaborative dataset interoperability among sources of data that may be differently formatted at origination. According to various embodiments, one or more structural and/or functional elements described in  FIG. 1 , as well as below, may be implemented in hardware or software, or both. 
     Collaborative dataset consolidation system  110  is depicted as including a dataset ingestion controller  120 , a dataset query engine  130 , a collaboration manager  160 , a collaborative data repository  162 , and a data repository  140 , according to the example shown. Dataset ingestion controller  120  may be configured to receive data representing a dataset  104   a  having, for example, a particular data format (e.g., CSV, XML, JSON, XLS, MySQL, binary, etc.), and may be further configured to convert dataset  104   a  into a collaborative data format for storage in a portion of data arrangement  142   a  in repository  140 . According to some embodiments, a collaborative data format may be configured to, but need not be required to, format converted dataset  104   a  as an atomized dataset. An atomized dataset may include a data arrangement in which data is stored as an atomized data point  114  that, for example, may be an irreducible or simplest representation of data that may be linkable to other atomized data points, according to some embodiments. Atomized data point  114  may be implemented as a triple or any other data relationship that expresses or implements, for example, a smallest irreducible representation for a binary relationship between two data units. As atomized data points may be linked to each other, data arrangement  142   a  may be represented as a graph, whereby the converted dataset  104   a  (i.e., atomized dataset  104   a ) forms a portion of the graph. In some cases, an atomized dataset facilitates merging of data irrespective of whether, for example, schemas or applications differ. 
     Further, dataset ingestion controller  120  may be configured to identify other datasets that may be relevant to dataset  104   a . In one implementation, dataset ingestion controller  120  may be configured to identify associations, links, references, pointers, etc. that may indicate, for example, similar subject matter between dataset  104   a  and a subset of other datasets (e.g., within or without repository  140 ). In some examples, dataset ingestion controller  120  may be configured to correlate dataset attributes of an atomized data set with other atomized datasets or non-atomized datasets. Dataset ingestion controller  120  or other any other component of collaborative dataset consolidation system  110  may be configured to format or convert a non-atomized dataset (or any other differently-formatted dataset) into a format similar to that of converted dataset  104   a ). Therefore, dataset ingestion controller  120  may determine or otherwise use associations to consolidate datasets to form, for example, consolidated datasets  132   a  and consolidated datasets  132   b.    
     As shown in diagram  100 , dataset ingestion controller  120  may be configured to extend a dataset (i.e., the converted dataset  104   a  stored in data arrangement  142   a ) to include, reference, combine, or consolidate with other datasets within data arrangement  142   a  or external thereto. Specifically, dataset ingestion controller  120  may extend an atomized dataset  104   a  to form a larger or enriched dataset, by associating or linking (e.g., via links  111 ) to other datasets, such as external entity datasets  104   b ,  104   c , and  104   n , form one or more consolidated datasets. Note that external entity datasets  104   b ,  104   c , and  104   n  may be converted to form external datasets atomized datasets  142   b ,  142   c , and  142   n , respectively. The term “external dataset,” at least in this case, can refer to a dataset generated externally to system  110  and may or may not be formatted as an atomized dataset. 
     As shown, different entities  105   a ,  105   b , and  105   n  each include a computing device  102  (e.g., representative of one or more servers and/or data processors) and one or more data storage devices  103  (e.g., representative of one or more database and/or data store technologies). Examples of entities  105   a ,  105   b , and  105   n  include individuals, such as data scientists and statisticians, corporations, universities, governments, etc. A user  101   a ,  101   b , and  101   n  (and associated user account identifiers) may interact with entities  105   a ,  105   b , and  105   n , respectively. Each of entities  105   a ,  105   b , and  105   n  may be configured to perform one or more of the following: generating datasets, modifying datasets, querying datasets, analyzing datasets, hosting datasets, and the like, whereby one or more entity datasets  104   b ,  104   c , and  104   n  may be formatted in different data formats. In some cases, these formats may be incompatible for implementation with data stored in repository  140 . As shown, differently-formatted datasets  104   b ,  104   c , and  104   n  may be converted into atomized datasets, each of which is depicted in diagram  100  as being disposed in a dataspace. Namely, atomized datasets  142   b ,  142   c , and  142   n  are depicted as residing in dataspaces  113   a ,  113   b , and  113   n , respectively. In some examples, atomized datasets  142   b ,  142   c , and  142   n  may be represented as graphs. 
     According to some embodiments, atomized datasets  142   b ,  142   c , and  142   n  may be imported into collaborative dataset consolidation system  110  for storage in one or more repositories  140 . In this case, dataset ingestion controller  120  may be configured to receive entity datasets  104   b ,  104   c , and  104   n  for conversion into atomized datasets, as depicted in corresponding dataspaces  113   a ,  113   b , and  113   n . Collaborative data consolidation system  110  may store atomized datasets  142   b ,  142   c , and  142   n  in repository  140  (i.e., internal to system  110 ) or may provide the atomized datasets for storage in respective entities  105   a ,  105   b , and  105   n  (i.e., without or external to system  110 ). Alternatively, any of entities  105   a ,  105   b , and  105   n  may be configured to convert entity datasets  104   b ,  104   c , and  104   n  and store corresponding atomized datasets  142   b ,  142   c , and  142   n  in one or more data storage devices  103 . In this case, atomized datasets  142   b ,  142   c , and  142   n  may be hosted for access by dataset ingestion controller  120  for linking via links  111  to extend datasets with data arrangement  142   a.    
     Thus, collaborative dataset consolidation system  110  is configured to consolidate datasets from a variety of different sources and in a variety of different data formats to form consolidated datasets  132   a  and  132   b . As shown, consolidated dataset  132   a  extends a portion of dataset in data arrangement  142   a  to include portions of atomized datasets  142   b ,  142   c , and  142   n  via links  111 , whereas consolidated dataset  132   b  extends another portion of a dataset in data arrangement  142   a  to include other portions of atomized datasets  142   b  and  142   c  via links  111 . Note that entity dataset  104   n  includes a secured set of protected data  131   c  that may require a level of authorization or authentication to access. Without authorization, link  119  cannot be implemented to access protected data  131   c . For example, user  101   n  may be a system administrator that may program computing device  102   n  to require authorization to gain access to protected data  131   c . In some cases, dataset ingestion controller  120  may or may not provide an indication that link  119  exists based on whether, for example, user  108   a  has authorization to form a consolidated dataset  132   b  to include protected data  131   c.    
     Dataset query engine  130  may be configured to generate one or more queries, responsive to receiving data representing one or more queries via computing device  109   a  from user  108   a . Dataset query engine  130  is configured to apply query data to one or more collaborative datasets, such as consolidated dataset  132   a  and consolidated dataset  132   b , to access the data therein to generate query response data  112 , which may be presented via computing device  109   a  to user  108   a . According to some examples, dataset query engine  130  may be configured to identify one or more collaborative datasets subject to a query to either facilitate an optimized query or determine authorization to access one or more of the datasets, or both. As to the latter, dataset query engine  130  may be configured to determine whether one of users  108   a  and  108   b  is authorized to include protected data  131   c  in a query of consolidated dataset  132   b , whereby the determination may be made at the time (or substantially at the time) dataset query engine  130  identifies one or more datasets subject to a query. 
     Collaboration manager  160  may be configured to assign or identify one or more attributes associated with a dataset, such as a collaborative dataset, and may be further configured to store dataset attributes as collaborative data in repository  162 . Examples of dataset attributes include, but are not limited to, data representing a user account identifier, a user identity (and associated user attributes, such as a user first name, a user last name, a user residential address, a physical or physiological characteristics of a user, etc.), one or more other datasets linked to a particular dataset, one or more other user account identifiers that may be associated with the one or more datasets, data-related activities associated with a dataset (e.g., identity of a user account identifier associated with creating, modifying, querying, etc. a particular dataset), and other similar attributes. Another example of a dataset attribute is a “usage” or type of usage associated with a dataset. For instance, a virus-related dataset (e.g., Zika dataset) may have an attribute describing usage to understand victim characteristics (i.e., to determine a level of susceptibility), an attribute describing usage to identify a vaccine, an attribute describing usage to determine an evolutionary history or origination of the Zika, SARS, MERS, HIV, or other viruses, etc. Further, collaboration manager  160  may be configured to monitor updates to dataset attributes to disseminate the updates to a community of networked users or participants. Therefore, users  108   a  and  108   b , as well as any other user or authorized participant, may receive communications (e.g., via user interface) to discover new or recently-modified dataset-related information in real-time (or near real-time). 
     In view of the foregoing, the structures and/or functionalities depicted in  FIG. 1  illustrate a dataset consolidated system that may be configured to consolidate datasets originating in different data formats with different data technologies, whereby the datasets (e.g., as collaborative datasets) may originate external to the system. Collaborative dataset consolidation system  110 , therefore, may be configured to extend a dataset beyond its initial quantity and quality (e.g., types of data, etc.) of data to include data from other datasets (e.g., atomized datasets) linked to the dataset to form a consolidated dataset. Note that while a consolidated dataset may be configured to persist in repository  140  as a contiguous dataset, collaborative dataset consolidation system  110  is configured to store at least one of atomized datasets  142   a ,  142   b ,  142   c , and  142   n  (e.g., one or more of atomized datasets  142   a ,  142   b ,  142   c , and  142   n  may be stored internally or externally) as well data representing links  111 . Hence, at a given point in time (e.g., during a query), the data associated one of atomized datasets  142   a ,  142   b ,  142   c , and  142   n  may be loaded into an atomic data store against which the query can be performed. Therefore, collaborative dataset consolidation system  110  need not be required to generate massive graphs based on numerous datasets, but rather, collaborative dataset consolidation system  110  may create a graph based on a consolidated dataset in one operational state (of a number of operational states), and can be partitioned in another operational state (but can be linked via links  111  to form the graph). In some cases, different graph portions may persist separately and may be linked together when loaded into a data store to provide resources for a query. Further, collaborative dataset consolidation system  110  may be configured to extend a dataset beyond its initial quantity and quality of data based on using atomized datasets that include atomized data points (e.g., as an addressable data unit or fact), which facilitates linking, joining, or merging the data from disparate data formats or data technologies (e.g., different schemas or applications for which a dataset is formatted). Atomized datasets facilitate data interoperability over disparate computing system platforms, architectures, and data storage devices, according to various embodiments. 
     According to some embodiments, collaborative dataset consolidation system  110  may be configured to provide a granular level of security with which an access to each dataset is determined on a dataset-by-dataset basis (e.g., per-user access or per-user account identifier to establish per-dataset authorization). Therefore, a user may be required to have per-dataset authorization to access a group of datasets less than a total number of datasets (including a single dataset). In some examples, dataset query engine  130  may be configured to assert query-level authorization or authentication. As such, non-users (e.g., participants) without account identifiers (or users without authentication) may apply a query (e.g., limited to a query, for example) to repository  140  without receiving authorization to access system  110  generally. Dataset query engine  130  may implement such a query so long as the query includes, or is otherwise associated with, authorization data. 
     Collaboration manager  160  may be configured as, or to implement, a collaborative data layer and associated logic to implement collaborative datasets for facilitating collaboration among consumers of datasets. For example, collaboration manager  160  may be configured to establish one or more associations (e.g., as metadata) among dataset attribute data (for a dataset) and/or other attribute data (for other datasets (e.g., within or without system  110 )). As such, collaboration manager  160  can determine a correlation between data of one dataset to a subset of other datasets. In some cases, collaboration manager  160  may identify and promote a newly-discovered correlation to users associated with a subset of other databases. Or, collaboration manager  160  may disseminate information about activities (e.g., name of a user performing a query, types of data operations performed on a dataset, modifications to a dataset, etc.) for a particular dataset. To illustrate, consider that user  108   a  is situated in South America and is querying a recently-generated dataset that includes data about the Zika virus over different age ranges and genders over various population ranges. Further, consider that user  108   b  is situated in North America and also has generated or curated datasets directed to the Zika virus. Collaborative dataset consolidation system  110  may be configured to determine a correlation between the datasets of users  108   a  and  108   b  (i.e., subsets of data may be classified or annotated as Zika-related). System  110  also may optionally determine whether user  108   b  has interacted with the newly-generated dataset about the Zika virus (whether user, for example, viewed, queried, searched, etc. the dataset). Regardless, collaboration manager  160  may generate a notification to present in a user interface  118  of computing device  109   b . As shown, user  108   b  is informed in an “activity feed” portion  116  of user interface  118  that “Dataset X” has been queried and is recommended to user  108   b  (e.g., based on the correlated scientific and research interests related to the Zika virus). User  108   b , in turn, may modify Dataset X to form Dataset XX, thereby enabling a community of researchers to expeditiously access datasets (e.g., previously-unknown or newly-formed datasets) as they are generated to facilitate scientific collaborations, such as developing a vaccine for the Zika virus. Note that users  101   a ,  101   b , and  101   n  may also receive similar notifications or information, at least some of which present one or more opportunities to collaborate and use, modify, and share datasets in a “viral” fashion. Therefore, collaboration manager  160  and/or other portions of collaborative dataset consolidation system  110  may provide collaborative data and logic layers to implement a “social network” for datasets. 
       FIG. 2  is a diagram depicting an example of an atomized data point, according to some embodiments. Diagram  200  depicts a portion  201  of an atomized dataset that includes an atomized data point  214 . In some examples, the atomized dataset is formed by converting a data format into a format associated with the atomized dataset. In some cases, portion  201  of the atomized dataset can describe a portion of a graph that includes one or more subsets of linked data. Further to diagram  200 , one example of atomized data point  214  is shown as a data representation  214   a , which may be represented by data representing two data units  202   a  and  202   b  (e.g., objects) that may be associated via data representing an association  204  with each other. One or more elements of data representation  214   a  may be configured to be individually and uniquely identifiable (e.g., addressable), either locally or globally in a namespace of any size. For example, elements of data representation  214   a  may be identified by identifier data  290   a ,  290   b , and  290   c.    
     In some embodiments, atomized data point  214   a  may be associated with ancillary data  203  to implement one or more ancillary data functions. For example, consider that association  204  spans over a boundary between an internal dataset, which may include data unit  202   a , and an external dataset (e.g., external to a collaboration dataset consolidation), which may include data unit  202   b . Ancillary data  203  may interrelate via relationship  280  with one or more elements of atomized data point  214   a  such that when data operations regarding atomized data point  214   a  are implemented, ancillary data  203  may be contemporaneously (or substantially contemporaneously) accessed to influence or control a data operation. In one example, a data operation may be a query and ancillary data  203  may include data representing authorization (e.g., credential data) to access atomized data point  214   a  at a query-level data operation (e.g., at a query proxy during a query). Thus, atomized data point  214   a  can be accessed if credential data related to ancillary data  203  is valid (otherwise, a query with which authorization data is absent may be rejected or invalidated). According to some embodiments, credential data, which may or may not be encrypted, may be integrated into or otherwise embedded in one or more of identifier data  290   a ,  290   b , and  290   c . Ancillary data  203  may be disposed in other data portion of atomized data point  214   a , or may be linked (e.g., via a pointer) to a data vault that may contain data representing access permissions or credentials. 
     Atomized data point  214   a  may be implemented in accordance with (or be compatible with) a Resource Description Framework (“RDF”) data model and specification, according to some embodiments. An example of an RDF data model and specification is maintained by the World Wide Web Consortium (“W3C”), which is an international standards community of Member organizations. In some examples, atomized data point  214   a  may be expressed in accordance with Turtle, RDF/XML, N-Triples, N3, or other like RDF-related formats. As such, data unit  202   a , association  204 , and data unit  202   b  may be referred to as a “subject,” “predicate,” and “object,” respectively, in a “triple” data point. In some examples, one or more of identifier data  290   a ,  290   b , and  290   c  may be implemented as, for example, a Uniform Resource Identifier (“URI”), the specification of which is maintained by the Internet Engineering Task Force (“IETF”). According to some examples, credential information (e.g., ancillary data  203 ) may be embedded in a link or a URI (or in a URL) for purposes of authorizing data access and other data processes. Therefore, an atomized data point  214  may be equivalent to a triple data point of the Resource Description Framework (“RDF”) data model and specification, according to some examples. Note that the term “atomized” may be used to describe a data point or a dataset composed of data points represented by a relatively small unit of data. As such, an “atomized” data point is not intended to be limited to a “triple” or to be compliant with RDF; further, an “atomized” dataset is not intended to be limited to RDF-based datasets or their variants. Also, an “atomized” data store is not intended to be limited to a “triplestore,” but these terms are intended to be broader to encompass other equivalent data representations. 
       FIG. 3  is a diagram depicting an example of a flow chart to perform a query operation against collaborative datasets, according to some embodiments. Diagram  300  depicts a flow for an example of querying collaborative datasets in association with a collaborative dataset consolidation system. At  302 , data representing a query may be received into a collaborative dataset consolidation system to query an atomized dataset. The atomized dataset may include subsets of linked atomized data points. In some examples, the dataset may be associated with or correlated to an identifier, such as a user account identifier or a dataset identifier. At  304 , datasets relevant to the query are identified. The datasets may be disposed in disparate data repositories, regardless of whether internal to a system or external thereto. In some cases, a dataset relevant to a query may be identified by the user account identifier, the dataset identifier, or any other data (e.g., metadata or attribute data) that may describe data types and data classifications of the data in the datasets. 
     In some cases, at  304 , a subset of data attributes associated with the query may be determined, such as a description or annotation of the data the subset of data attributes. To illustrate, consider an example in which the subset of data attributes includes data types or classifications that may be found as column in a tabular data format (e.g., prior to atomization or as an alternate view). The collaborative dataset consolidation system may then retrieve a subset of atomized datasets that include data equivalent to (or associated with) one or more of the data attributes. So if the subset of data attributes includes alphanumeric characters (e.g., two-letter codes, such as “AF” for Afghanistan), then the column can be identified as including country code data. Based on the country codes as a “data classification,” the collaborative dataset consolidation system may correlate country code data in other atomized datasets to the dataset (e.g., the queried dataset). Then, the system may retrieve additional atomized datasets that include country codes to form a consolidated dataset. Thus, these datasets may be linked together by country codes. Note that in some cases, the system may implement logic to “infer” that two letters in a “column of data” of a tabular, pre-atomized dataset includes country codes. As such, the system may “derive” an annotation (e.g., a data type or classification) as a “country code.” A dataset ingestion controller may be configured to analyze data and/or data attributes to correlate the same over multiple datasets, the dataset ingestion controller being further configured to infer a data type or classification of a grouping of data (e.g., data disposed in a column or any other data arrangement), according to some embodiments. 
     At  306 , a level of authorization associated with the identifier may be identified to facilitate access to one or more of the datasets for the query. At,  308 , one or more queries may be generated based on a query that may be configured to access the disparate data repositories. At least one of the one or more queries may be formed (e.g., rewritten) as a sub-query. That is, a sub-query may be generated to access a particular data type stored in a particular database engine or data store, either of which may be architected to accommodate a particular data type (e.g., data relating to time-series data, GPU-related processing data, geo-spatial-related data, etc.). At  310 , data representing query results from the disparate data repositories may be retrieved. Note that a data repository from which a portion of the query results are retrieved may be disposed external to a collaborative dataset consolidation system. Further, data representing attributes or characteristics of the query may be passed to collaboration manager, which, in turn, may inform interested users of activities related to the dataset. 
       FIG. 4  is a diagram depicting operation an example of a collaborative dataset consolidation system, according to some examples. Diagram  400  includes a collaborative dataset consolidation system  410 , which, in turn, includes a dataset ingestion controller  420 , a collaboration manager  460 , a dataset query engine  430 , and a repository  440 , which may represent one or more data stores. In the example shown, consider that a user  408   b , which is associated with a user account data  407 , may be authorized to access (via networked computing device  409   b ) collaborative dataset consolidation system to create a dataset and to perform a query. User interface  418   a  of computing device  409   b  may receive a user input signal to activate the ingestion of a data file, such as a CSV formatted file (e.g., “XXX.csv”). Hence, dataset ingestion controller  420  may receive data  401   a  representing the CSV file and may analyze the data to determine dataset attributes. Examples of dataset attributes include annotations, data classifications, data types, a number of data points, a number of columns, a “shape” or distribution of data and/or data values, a normative rating (e.g., a number between 1 to 10 (e.g., as provided by other users)) indicative of the “applicability” or “quality” of the dataset, a number of queries associated with a dataset, a number of dataset versions, identities of users (or associated user identifiers) that analyzed a dataset, a number of user comments related to a dataset, etc.). Dataset ingestion controller  420  may also convert the format of data file  401   a  to an atomized data format to form data representing an atomized dataset  401   b  that may be stored as dataset  442   a  in repository  440 . 
     As part of its processing, dataset ingestion controller  420  may determine that an unspecified column of data  401   a , which includes five (5) integer digits, is a column of “zip code” data. As such, dataset ingestion controller  420  may be configured to derive a data classification or data type “zip code” with which each set of 5 digits can be annotated or associated. Further to the example, consider that dataset ingestion controller  420  may determine that, for example, based on dataset attributes associated with data  401   a  (e.g., zip code as an attribute), both a public dataset  442   b  in external repositories  440   a  and a private dataset  442   c  in external repositories  440   b  may be determined to be relevant to data file  401   a . Individuals  408   c , via a networked computing system, may own, maintain, administer, host or perform other activities in association with public dataset  442   b . Individual  408   d , via a networked computing system, may also own, maintain, administer, and/or host private dataset  442   c , as well as restrict access through a secured boundary  415  to permit authorized usage. 
     Continuing with the example, public dataset  442   b  and private dataset  442   c  may include “zip code”-related data (i.e., data identified or annotated as zip codes). Dataset ingestion controller  420  generates a data message  402   a  that includes an indication that public dataset  442   b  and/or private dataset  442   c  may be relevant to the pending uploaded data file  401   a  (e.g., datasets  442   b  and  442   c  include zip codes). Collaboration manager  460  receive data message  402   a , and, in turn, may generate user interface-related data  403   a  to cause presentation of a notification and user input data configured to accept user input at user interface  418   b.    
     If user  408   b  wishes to “enrich” dataset  401   a , user  408   b  may activate a user input (not shown on interface  418   b ) to generate a user input signal data  403   b  indicating a request to link to one or more other datasets. Collaboration manager  460  may receive user input signal data  403   b , and, in turn, may generate instruction data  402   b  to generate an association (or link  441   a ) between atomized dataset  442   a  and public dataset  442   b  to form a consolidated dataset, thereby extending the dataset of user  408   b  to include knowledge embodied in external repositories  440   a . Therefore, user  408   b &#39;s dataset may be generated as a collaborative dataset as it may be based on the collaboration with public dataset  442   b , and, to some degree, its creators, individuals  408   c . Note that while public dataset  442   b  may be shown external to system  410 , public dataset  442   b  may be ingested via dataset ingestion controller  420  for storage as another atomized dataset in repository  440 . Or, public dataset  442   b  may be imported into system  410  as an atomized dataset in repository  440  (e.g., link  411   a  is disposed within system  410 ). Similarly, if user  408   b  wishes to “enrich” atomized dataset  401   b  with private dataset  442   c , user  408   b  may extend its dataset  442   a  by forming a link  411   b  to private dataset  442   c  to form a collaborative dataset. In particular, dataset  442   a  and private dataset  442   c  may consolidate to form a collaborative dataset (e.g., dataset  442   a  and private dataset  442   c  are linked to facilitate collaboration between users  408   b  and  408   d ). Note that access to private dataset  442   c  may require credential data  417  to permit authorization to pass through secured boundary  415 . Note, too, that while private dataset  442   c  may be shown external to system  410 , private dataset  442   c  may be ingested via dataset ingestion controller  420  for storage as another atomized dataset in repository  440 . Or, private dataset  442   c  may be imported into system  410  as an atomized dataset in repository  440  (e.g., link  411   b  is disposed within system  410 ). According to some examples, credential data  417  may be required even if private dataset  442   c  is stored in repository  440 . Therefore, user  408   d  may maintain dominion (e.g., ownership and control of access rights or privileges, etc.) of an atomized version of private dataset  442   c  when stored in repository  440 . 
     Should user  408   b  desire not to link dataset  442   a  with other datasets, then upon receiving user input signal data  403   b  indicating the same, dataset ingestion controller  420  may store dataset  401   b  as atomized dataset  442   a  without links (or without active links) to public dataset  442   b  or private dataset  442   c . Thereafter, user  408   b  may issue via computing device  409   b  query data  404   a  to dataset query engine  430 , which may be configured to apply one or more queries to dataset  442   a  to receive query results  404   b . Note that dataset ingestion controller  420  need not be limited to performing the above-described function during creation of a dataset. Rather, dataset ingestion controller  420  may continually (or substantially continuously) identify whether any relevant dataset is added or changed (beyond the creation of dataset  442   a ), and initiate a messaging service (e.g., via an activity feed) to notify user  408   b  of such events. According to some examples, atomized dataset  442   a  may be formed as triples compliant with an RDF specification, and repository  440  may be a database storage device formed as a “triplestore.” While dataset  442   a , public dataset  442   b , and private dataset  442   c  are described above as separately partition graphs that may be linked to form consolidated datasets and graphs (e.g., at query time, or during any other data operation), dataset  442   a  may be integrated with either public dataset  442   b  or private dataset  442   c , or both, to form a physically contiguous data arrangement or graph (e.g., a unitary graph without links), according to at least one example. 
       FIG. 5  is a diagram depicting a flow chart to perform an operation of a collaborative dataset consolidation system, according to some embodiments. Diagram  500  depicts a flow for an example of forming and querying collaborative datasets in association with a collaborative dataset consolidation system. At  502 , a data file including a dataset may be received into a collaborative dataset consolidation system, and the dataset may be formatted at  504  to form an atomized dataset (e.g., a first atomized dataset). The atomized dataset may include atomized data points, whereby each atomized data point may include data representing at least two objects (e.g., a subject and an object of a “triple) and an association (e.g., a predicate) between the two objects. At  506 , another atomized dataset (e.g., a second atomized dataset) may be formed to include the first atomized dataset and one or more other atomized datasets. For example, a consolidated dataset, as a second atomized dataset, may include the atomized dataset linked to other atomized datasets. In some cases, other datasets, such as differently-formatted datasets may be converted to a similar format so that the datasets may interoperate with each other as well as the data set of  504 . Thus, an atomized dataset may be formed (e.g., as a consolidated dataset) by linking one or more atomized datasets to the dataset of  504 . According to some embodiments,  506  and related functionalities may be optional. At  508 , data representing a query may be received into the collaborative dataset consolidation system. The query may be associated with an identifier, which may be an attribute of a user, a dataset, or any other component or element associated with a collaborative dataset consolidated system. At  510 , a subset of another atomized dataset relevant to the query may be identified. Here, some portions of the other dataset may be disposed in different data repositories. For example, one or more portions of a second atomized dataset may be identified as being relevant to a query or sub-query. Multiple relevant portions of the second atomized dataset may reside or may be stored in different databases or data stores. At  512 , sub-queries may be generated such that each may be configured to access at least one of the different data repositories. For example a first sub-query may be applied (e.g., re-written) to access a first type of triplestore (e.g., a triplestore architected to function as a BLAZEGRAPH triplestore, which is developed by Systap, LLC of Washington, D.C., U.S.A.), a second sub-query may be configured to access a second type of triple store (e.g., a triplestore architected to function as a STARDOG triplestore, which is developed by Complexible, Inc. of Washington, D.C., U.S.A.), and a third sub-query may be applied to access a first type of triplestore (e.g., a triplestore architected to function as a FUSEKI triplestore, which may be maintained by The Apache Software Foundation of Forest Hill, Md., U.S.A.). At  514 , data representing query results from at least one of the different data repositories may be received. According to various embodiments, the query may be re-written and applied to data stores serially (or substantially serially) or in parallel (or substantially in parallel), or in any combination thereof. 
       FIG. 6  is a diagram depicting an example of a dataset analyzer and an inference engine, according to some embodiments. Diagram  600  includes a dataset ingestion controller  620 , which, in turn, includes a dataset analyzer  630  and a format converter  640 . As shown, dataset ingestion controller  620  may be configured to receive data file  601   a , which may include a dataset formatted in a specific format. An example of a format includes CSV, JSON, XML, XLS, XLS, MySQL, binary, RDF, or other similar data formats. Dataset analyzer  630  may be configured to analyze data file  601   a  to detect and resolve data entry exceptions (e.g., an image embedded in a cell of a tabular file, missing annotations, etc.). Dataset analyzer  630  also may be configured to classify subsets of data (e.g., a column) in data file  601   a  as a particular data type (e.g., integers representing a year expressed in accordance with a Gregorian calendar schema, five digits constitute a zip code, etc.), and the like. Dataset analyzer  630  can be configured to analyze data file  601   a  to note the exceptions in the processing pipeline, and to append, embed, associate, or link user interface features to one or more elements of data file  601   a  to facilitate collaborative user interface functionality (e.g., at a presentation layer) with respect to a user interface. Further, dataset analyzer  630  may be configured to analyze data file  601   a  relative to dataset-related data to determine correlations among dataset attributes of data file  601   a  and other datasets  603   b  (and attributes, such as metadata  603   a ). Once a subset of correlations has been determined, a dataset formatted in data file  601   a  (e.g., as an annotated tabular data file, or as a CSV file) may be enriched, for example, by associating links to the dataset of data file  601   a  to form the dataset of data file  601   b , which, in some cases, may have a similar data format as data file  601   a  (e.g., with data enhancements, corrections, and/or enrichments). Note that while format converter  640  may be configured to convert any CSV, JSON, XML, XLS, RDF, etc. into RDF-related data formats, format converter  640  may also be configured to convert RDF and non-RDF data formats into any of CSV, JSON, XML, XLS, MySQL, binary, XLS, RDF, etc. Note that the operations of dataset analyzer  630  and format converter  640  may be configured to operate in any order serially as well as in parallel (or substantially in parallel). For example, dataset analyzer  630  may analyze datasets to classify portions thereof, either prior to format conversion by formatter converter  640  or subsequent to the format conversion. In some cases, at least one portion of format conversion may occur during dataset analysis performed by dataset analyzer  630 . 
     Format converter  640  may be configured to convert dataset of data file  601   b  into an atomized dataset  601   c , which, in turn, may be stored in system repositories  640   a  that may include one or more atomized data store (e.g., including at least one triplestore). Examples of functionalities to perform such conversions may include, but are not limited to, CSV2RDF data applications to convert CVS datasets to RDF datasets (e.g., as developed by Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute and referenced by the World Wide Web Consortium (“W3C”)), R2RML data applications (e.g., to perform RDB to RDF conversion, as maintained by the World Wide Web Consortium (“W3C”)), and the like. 
     As shown, dataset analyzer  630  may include an inference engine  632 , which, in turn, may include a data classifier  634  and a dataset enrichment manager  636 . Inference engine  632  may be configured to analyze data in data file  601   a  to identify tentative anomalies and to infer corrective actions, or to identify tentative data enrichments (e.g., by joining with other datasets) to extend the data beyond that which is in data file  601   a . Inference engine  632  may receive data from a variety of sources to facilitate operation of inference engine  632  in inferring or interpreting a dataset attribute (e.g., as a derived attribute) based on the analyzed data. Responsive to a request input data via data signal  601   d , for example, a user may enter a correct annotation into a user interface, which may transmit corrective data  601   d  as, for example, an annotation or column heading. Thus, the user may correct or otherwise provide for enhanced accuracy in atomized dataset generation “in-situ,” or during the dataset ingestion and/or graph formation processes. As another example, data from a number of sources may include dataset metadata  603  (e.g., descriptive data or information specifying dataset attributes), dataset data  603   b  (e.g., some or all data stored in system repositories  640   a , which may store graph data), schema data  603   c  (e.g., sources, such as schema.org, that may provide various types and vocabularies), ontology data  603   d  from any suitable ontology (e.g., data compliant with Web Ontology Language (“OWL”), as maintained by the World Wide Web Consortium (“W3C”)), and any other suitable types of data sources. 
     In one example, data classifier  634  may be configured to analyze a column of data to infer a datatype of the data in the column. For instance, data classifier  634  may analyze the column data to infer that the columns include one of the following datatypes: an integer, a string, a time, etc., based on, for example, data from data  601   d , as well as based on data from data  603   a  to  603   d . In another example, data classifier  634  may be configured to analyze a column of data to infer a data classification of the data in the column (e.g., where inferring the data classification may be more sophisticated than identifying or inferring a datatype). For example, consider that a column of ten (10) integer digits is associated with an unspecified or unidentified heading. Data classifier  634  may be configured to deduce the data classification by comparing the data to data from data  601   d , and from data  603   a  to  603   d . Thus, the column of unknown 10-digit data in data  601   a  may be compared to 10-digit columns in other datasets that are associated with an annotation of “phone number.” Thus, data classifier  634  may deduce the unknown 10-digit data in data  601   a  includes phone number data. 
     In yet another example, inference engine  632  may receive data (e.g., datatype or data classification, or both) from an attribute correlator  663 . As shown, attribute correlator  663  may be configured to receive data, including attribute data, from dataset ingestion controller  620 , from data sources (e.g., UI-related/user inputted data  601   d , and data  603   a  to  603   d ), from system repositories  640   a , from external public repository  640   b , from external private repository  640   c , from dominion dataset attribute data store  662 , from dominion user account attribute data store  662 , and from any other sources of data. In the example shown, dominion dataset attribute data store  662  may be configured to store dataset attribute data for most, a predominant amount, or all of data over which collaborative dataset consolidation system has dominion, whereas dominion user account attribute data store  662  may be configured to store user or user account attribute data for most, a predominant amount, or all of the data in its domain. 
     Attribute correlator  663  may be configured to analyze the data to detect patterns that may resolve an issue. For example, attribute correlator  663  may be configured to analyze the data, including datasets, to “learn” whether unknown 10-digit data is likely a “phone number” rather than another data classification. In this case, a probability may be determined that a phone number is a more reasonable conclusion based on, for example, regression analysis or similar analyses. Further, attribute correlator  663  may be configured to detect patterns or classifications among datasets and other data through the use of Bayesian networks, clustering analysis, as well as other known machine learning techniques or deep-learning techniques. Attribute correlator  663  also may be configured to generate enrichment data  607   b  that may include probabilistic or predictive data specifying, for example, a data classification or a link to other datasets to enrich a dataset. According to some examples, attribute correlator  663  may further be configured to analyze data in dataset  601   a , and based on that analysis, attribute correlator  663  may be configured to recommend or implement one or more added columns of data. To illustrate, consider that attribute correlator  663  may be configured to derive a specific correlation based on data  607   a  that describe three (3) columns, whereby those three columns are sufficient to add a fourth (4 th ) column as a derived column. In some cases, the data in the 4 th  column may be derived mathematically via one or more formulae. Therefore, additional data may be used to form, for example, additional “triples” to enrich or augment the initial dataset. 
     In yet another example, inference engine  632  may receive data (e.g., enrichment data  607   b ) from a dataset attribute manager  661 , where enrichment data  607   b  may include derived data or link-related data to form consolidated datasets. Consider that attribute correlator  663  can detect patterns in datasets in repositories  640   a  to  640   c , among other sources of data, whereby the patterns identify or correlate to a subset of relevant datasets that may be linked with the dataset in data  601   a . The linked datasets may form a consolidated dataset that is enriched with supplemental information from other datasets. In this case, attribute correlator  663  may pass the subset of relevant datasets as enrichment data  607   b  to dataset enrichment manager  636 , which, in turn, may be configured to establish the links for a dataset in  601   b . A subset of relevant datasets may be identified as a supplemental subset of supplemental enrichment data  607   b . Thus, converted dataset  601   c  (i.e., an atomized dataset) may include links to establish collaborative dataset formed with consolidated datasets. 
     Dataset attribute manager  661  may be configured to receive correlated attributes derived from attribute correlator  663 . In some cases, correlated attributes may relate to correlated dataset attributes based on data in data store  662  or based on data in data store  664 , among others. Dataset attribute manager  661  also monitors changes in dataset and user account attributes in respective repositories  662  and  664 . When a particular change or update occurs, collaboration manager  660  may be configured to transmit collaborative data  605  to user interfaces of subsets of users that may be associated the attribute change (e.g., users sharing a dataset may receive notification data that the dataset has been updated or queried). 
     Therefore, dataset enrichment manager  636 , according to some examples, may be configured identify correlated datasets based on correlated attributes as determined, for example, by attribute correlator  663 . The correlated attributes, as generated by attribute correlator  663 , may facilitate the use of derived data or link-related data, as attributes, to form associate, combine, join, or merge datasets to form consolidated datasets. A dataset  601   b  may be generated by enriching a dataset  601   a  using dataset attributes to link to other datasets. For example, dataset  601   a  may be enriched with data extracted from (or linked to) other datasets identified by (or sharing similar) dataset attributes, such as data representing a user account identifier, user characteristics, similarities to other datasets, one or more other user account identifiers that may be associated with a dataset, data-related activities associated with a dataset (e.g., identity of a user account identifier associated with creating, modifying, querying, etc. a particular dataset), as well as other attributes, such as a “usage” or type of usage associated with a dataset. For instance, a virus-related dataset (e.g., Zika dataset) may have an attribute describing a context or usage of dataset, such as a usage to characterize susceptible victims, usage to identify a vaccine, usage to determine an evolutionary history of a virus, etc. So, attribute correlator  663  may be configured to correlate datasets via attributes to enrich a particular dataset. 
     According to some embodiments, one or more users or administrators of a collaborative dataset consolidation system may facilitate curation of datasets, as well as assisting in classifying and tagging data with relevant datasets attributes to increase the value of the interconnected dominion of collaborative datasets. According to various embodiments, attribute correlator  663  or any other computing device operating to perform statistical analysis or machine learning may be configured to facilitate curation of datasets, as well as assisting in classifying and tagging data with relevant datasets attributes. In some cases, dataset ingestion controller  620  may be configured to implement third-party connectors to, for example, provide connections through which third-party analytic software and platforms (e.g., R, SAS, Mathematica, etc.) may operate upon an atomized dataset in the dominion of collaborative datasets. 
       FIG. 7  is a diagram depicting operation of an example of an inference engine, according to some embodiments. Diagram  700  depicts an inference engine  780  including a data classifier  781  and a dataset enrichment manager  783 , whereby inference engine  780  is shown to operate on data  706  (e.g., one or more types of data described in  FIG. 6 ), and further operates on annotated tabular data representations of dataset  702 , dataset  722 , dataset  742 , and dataset  762 . Dataset  702  includes rows  710  to  716  that relate each population number  704  to a city  702 . Dataset  722  includes rows  730  to  736  that relate each city  721  to both a geo-location described with a latitude coordinate (“lat”)  724  and a longitude coordinate (“long”)  726 . Dataset  742  includes rows  750  to  756  that relate each name  741  to a number  744 , whereby column  744  omits an annotative description of the values within column  744 . Dataset  762  includes rows, such as row  770 , that relate a pair of geo-coordinates (e.g., latitude coordinate (“lat”)  761  and a longitude coordinate (“long”)  764 ) to a time  766  at which a magnitude  768  occurred during an earthquake. 
     Inference engine  780  may be configured to detect a pattern in the data of column  704  in dataset  702 . For example, column  704  may be determined to relate to cities in Illinois based on the cities shown (or based on additional cities in column  704  that are not shown, such as Skokie, Cicero, etc.). Based on a determination by inference engine  780  that cities  704  likely are within Illinois, then row  716  may be annotated to include annotative portion (“IL”)  790  (e.g., as derived supplemental data) so that Springfield in row  716  can be uniquely identified as “Springfield, Ill.” rather than, for example, “Springfield, Nebr.” or “Springfield, Mass.” Further, inference engine  780  may correlate columns  704  and  721  of datasets  702  and  722 , respectively. As such, each population number in rows  710  to  716  may be correlated to corresponding latitude  724  and longitude  726  coordinates in rows  730  to  734  of dataset  722 . Thus, dataset  702  may be enriched by including latitude  724  and longitude  726  coordinates as a supplemental subset of data. In the event that dataset  762  (and latitude  724  and longitude  726  data) are formatted differently than dataset  702 , then latitude  724  and longitude  726  data may be converted to an atomized data format (e.g., compatible with RDF). Thereafter, a supplemental atomized dataset can be formed by linking or integrating atomized latitude  724  and longitude  726  data with atomized population  704  data in an atomized version of dataset  702 . Similarly, inference engine  780  may correlate columns  724  and  726  of dataset  722  to columns  761  and  764 . As such, earthquake data in row  770  of dataset  762  may be correlated to the city in row  734  (“Springfield, Ill.”) of dataset  722  (or correlated to the city in row  716  of dataset  702  via the linking between columns  704  and  721 ). The earthquake data may be derived via lat/long coordinate-to-earthquake correlations as supplemental data for dataset  702 . Thus, new links (or triples) may be formed to supplement population data  704  with earthquake magnitude data  768 . 
     Inference engine  780  also may be configured to detect a pattern in the data of column  741  in dataset  742 . For example, inference engine  780  may identify data in rows  750  to  756  as “names” without an indication of the data classification for column  744 . Inference engine  780  can analyze other datasets to determine or learn patterns associated with data, for example, in column  741 . In this example, inference engine  780  may determine that names  741  relate to the names of “baseball players.” Therefore, inference engine  780  determines (e.g., predicts or deduces) that numbers in column  744  may describe “batting averages.” As such, a correction request  796  may be transmitted to a user interface to request corrective information or to confirm that column  744  does include batting averages. Correction data  798  may include an annotation (e.g., batting averages) to insert as annotation  794 , or may include an acknowledgment to confirm “batting averages” in correction request data  796  is valid. Note that the functionality of inference engine  780  is not limited to the examples describe in  FIG. 7  and is more expansive than as described in the number of examples. 
       FIG. 8  is a diagram depicting a flow chart as an example of ingesting an enhanced dataset into a collaborative dataset consolidation system, according to some embodiments. Diagram  800  depicts a flow for an example of inferring dataset attributes and generating an atomized dataset in a collaborative dataset consolidation system. At  802 , data representing a dataset having a data format may be received into a collaborative dataset consolidation system. The dataset may be associated with an identifier or other dataset attributes with which to correlate the dataset. At  804 , a subset of data of the dataset is interpreted against subsets of data (e.g., columns of data) for one or more data classifications (e.g., datatypes) to infer or derive at least an inferred attribute for a subset of data (e.g., a column of data). In some examples, the subset of data may relate to a columnar representation of data in an annotated tabular data format, or CSV file. At  806 , the subset of the data may be associated with annotative data identifying the inferred attribute. Examples of an inferred attribute include the inferred “baseball player” names annotation and the inferred “batting averages” annotation, as described in  FIG. 7 . At  808 , the dataset is converted from the data format to an atomized dataset having a specific format, such as an RDF-related data format. The atomized dataset may include a set of atomized data points, whereby each data point may represented as a RDF triple. According to some embodiments, inferred dataset attributes may be used to identify subsets of data in other dataset, which may be used to extend or enrich a dataset. An enriched dataset may be stored as data representing “an enriched graph” in, for example, a triplestore or an RDF store (e.g., based on a graph-based RDF model). In other cases, enriched graphs formed in accordance with the above may be stored in any type of data store or with any database management system. 
       FIG. 9  is a diagram depicting another example of a dataset ingestion controller, according to various embodiments. Diagram  900  depicts a dataset ingestion controller  920  including a dataset analyzer  930 , a data storage manager  938 , a format converter  940 , and an atomized data-based workflow loader  945 . Further, dataset ingestion controller  920  is configured to load atomized data points in an atomized dataset  901   c  into an atomized data point store  950 , which, in some examples, may be implemented as a triplestore. According to some examples, elements depicted in diagram  900  of  FIG. 9  may include structures and/or functions as similarly-named or similarly-numbered elements depicted in other drawings. 
     Data storage manager  938  may be configured to build a corpus of collaborative datasets by, for example, forming “normalized” data files in a collaborative dataset consolidation system, such that a normalized data file may be represented as follows: 
     /hash/XXX,
         where “hash” may be a hashed representation as a filename (i.e., a reduced or compressed representation of the data), whereby a filename may be based on, for example, a hash value of the bites in the raw data, and   where XXX indicates either “raw” (e.g., raw data), “treatment*” (e.g., a treatment file that specifies treatments applied to data, such as identifying each column, etc.) or “meta*” (e.g., an amount of metadata).
 
Further, data storage manager  938  may configure dataset versions to hold an original file name as a pointer to a storage location. In accordance with some examples, identical original files need be stored one time in atomized data point store  950 . Data storage manager  938  may operate to normalize data files into a graph of triples, whereby each dataset version may be loaded into a graph database instance. Also, data storage manager  938  may be configured to maintain searchable endpoints for dataset  910  over one or more versions (e.g., simultaneously).
       

     An example of a data model with which data storage manager  938  stores data is shown as data model  909 . In this model, a dataset  910  may be treated as versions (V 0 )  912 , (V 1 )  912   b  and (Vn)  912   n , and versions may be treated as records or files (f 0 )  911 , (f 1 )  913 , (f 2 )  915 , (f 3 )  917 , and (f 4 )  919 . Dataset  910  may include a directed graph of dataset versions and a set of named references to versions within the dataset. A dataset version  912  may contain a hierarchy of named files, each with a name unique within a version and a version identifier. The dataset version may reference a data file (e.g.,  911  to  919 ). A data file record, or file, they referred to an “original” data file (e.g., the raw user-provided bytes), and any “treatments” to the file that are stored alongside original files these treatments can include, for example a converted file containing the same data represented as triples, or a schema or metadata about the file. In the example shown for data model  909 , version  912   a  may include a copy of a file  911 . A next version  912   b  is shown to include copies of files  913  and  915 , as well as including a pointer  918  to file  911 , whereas a subsequent version  912   n  is shown to include copies of files  917  and  919 , as well as pointers  918  to files  911 ,  913 , and  915 . 
     Version controller  939  may be configured to manage the versioning of dataset  910  by tracking each version as an “immutable” collection of data files and pointers to data files. As the dataset versions are configured to be immutable, when dataset  910  is modified, version controller  939  provides for a next version, whereby new data (e.g., changed data) is stored in a file and pointers to previous files are identified. 
     Atomized data-based workflow loader  945 , according to some examples, may be configured to load graph data onto atomized data point store  950  (e.g., a triplestore) from disk (e.g., an S3 Amazon® cloud storage server). 
       FIG. 10  is a diagram depicting a flow chart as an example of managing versioning of dataset, according to some embodiments. Diagram  1000  depicts a flow for generating, for example, an immutable next version in a collaborative dataset consolidation system. At  1002 , data representing a dataset (e.g., a first dataset) having a data format may be received into a collaborative dataset consolidation system. At  1004 , data representing attributes associated with the dataset may also be received. The attributes may include an account identifier or other dataset or user account attributes. At  1006 , a first version of the dataset associated with a first subset of atomized data points is identified. In some cases, the first subset of atomized data points may be stored in a graph or any other type of database (e.g., a triplestore). A subset of data that varies from the first version of the dataset is identified at  1008 . In some examples, the subset of data that varies from the first version may be modified data of the first dataset, or the subset of data may be data from another dataset that is integrated or linked to the first dataset. In some cases, the subset of data that varies from the first version is being added or deleted from that version to form another version. At  1010 , the subset of data may be converted to a second subset of atomized data points, which may have a specific format similar to the first subset. The subset of data may be another dataset that is converted into the specific format. For example, both may be in triples format. 
     At  1012 , a second version of the dataset is generated to include the first subset of atomized data points and the second subsets of atomized data points. According to some examples, the first version and second version persist as immutable datasets that may be referenced at any or most times (e.g., a first version may be cited as being relied on in a query that contributes to published research results regardless of a second or subsequent version). Further, a second version need not include a copy of the first subset of atomized data points, but rather may store a pointer the first subset of atomized data points along with the second subsets of atomized data points. Therefore, subsequent version may be retained without commensurate increases in memory to store subsequent immutable versions, according to some embodiments. Note, too, that the second version may include the second subsets of atomized data points as a protected dataset that may be authorized for inclusion into the second version (i.e., a user creating the second version may need authorization to include the second subsets of atomized data points). At  1014 , the first subset of atomized data points and the second subset of atomized data points as an atomized dataset are stored in one or more repositories. Therefore, multiple sources of data may provide differently-formatted datasets, whereby flow  1000  may be implemented to transform the formats of each dataset to facilitate interoperability among the transformed datasets. According to various examples, more or fewer of the functionalities set forth in flow  1000  may be omitted or maybe enhanced. 
       FIG. 11  is a diagram depicting an example of an atomized data-based workflow loader, according to various embodiments. Diagram  1100  depicts an atomized data-based workflow loader  1145  that is configured to determine which type of database or data store (e.g., triplestore) for a particular dataset that is be loaded. As shown, workflow loader  1145  includes a dataset requirement determinator  1146  and a product selector  1148 . Dataset requirement determinator  1146  may be configured to determine the loading and/or query requirements for a particular dataset. For example, a particular dataset may include time-series data, GPU-related processing data, geo-spatial-related data, etc., any of which may be implemented optimally on data store  1150  (e.g., data store  1150  has certain product features that are well-suited for processing the particular dataset), but may be suboptimally implemented on data store  1152 . Once the requirements are determined by dataset requirement determinator  1146 , product selector  1148  is configured to select a product, such as triple store (type 1)  1150  for loading the dataset. Next, product selector  1148  can transmit the dataset  1101   a  for loading into product  1150 . Examples of one or more of triplestores  1150  to  1152  may include one or more of a BLAZEGRAPH triplestore, a STARDOG triplestore, or a FUSEKI triplestore, all of which have been described above. Therefore, workflow loader  1145  may be configured to select BLAZEGRAPH triplestore, a STARDOG triplestore, or a FUSEKI triplestore based on each database&#39;s capabilities to perform queries in particular types of data and datasets. 
     Data model  1190  includes a data package representation  1110  that may be associated with a source  1112  (e.g., a dataset to be loaded) and a resource  1111  (e.g., data representations of a triplestore). Thus, data representation  1160  may model operability of “how to load” datasets into a graph  114 , whereas data representation  1162  may model operability of “what to load.” As shown, data representation  1162  may include an instance  1120 , one or more references to a data store  1122 , and one or more references to a product  1124 . In at least one example, data representation  1162  may be equivalent to dataset requirement determinator  1146 , whereas data representation  1160  may be equivalent to product selector  1148 . 
       FIG. 12  is a diagram depicting a flow chart as an example of loading an atomized dataset into an atomized data point store, according to some embodiments. Flow  1200  may begin at  1202 , at which an atomized dataset (e.g., a triple) is received in preparation to load into a data store (e.g., a triplestore). At  1204 , resource requirements data is determined to describe at least one resource requirement. For example, a resource requirement may describe one or more necessary abilities of a triplestore to optimal load and provide graph data. In at least one case, a dataset being loaded by a loader may be optimally used on particular type of data store (e.g., a triplestore configured optimally handle text searches, geo-spatial information, etc.). At  1206 , a particular data store is selected based on an ability or capability of the particular data store to fulfill a requirement to operate an atomized data point store (or triplestore). At  1208 , a load operation of the atomized dataset is performed into the data store. 
       FIG. 13  is a diagram depicting an example of a dataset query engine, according to some embodiments. Diagram  1300  shows a dataset query engine  1330  disposed in a collaborative dataset consolidation system  1310 . According to some examples, elements depicted in diagram  1300  of  FIG. 13  may include structures and/or functions as similarly-named or similarly-numbered elements depicted in other drawings. Dataset query engine  1330  may receive a query to apply to any number of atomized datasets in one or more repositories, such as data stores  1350 ,  1351 , and  1352 , within or without collaborative dataset consolidation system  1310 . Repositories may include those that include linked external datasets (e.g., including imported external datasets, such if protected datasets are imported, whereby restrictions may remain (e.g., security logins)). In some cases, there may be an absence of standards with which to load and manage atomized datasets that may be loaded into disparate data stores. According to some examples, dataset query engine  1330  may be configured to propagate queries, such as queries  1301   a ,  1301   b , and  1301   c  as a federated query  1360  of different datasets disposed over different data schema. Therefore, dataset query engine  1330  may be configured to propagate federated query  1360  over different triplestores, each of which may be architected to have different capabilities and functionalities to implement a triplestore. 
     According to one example, dataset query engine  1330  may be configured to analyze the query to classify portions to form classified query portions (e.g., portions of the query that are classified against categorization schema). Dataset query engine  1330  may be configured to re-write (e.g., partition) the query into a number of query portions based on, for example, the classification type of each query portion. Thus, dataset query engine  1330  may receive a query result from distributed data repositories, at least a portion of which may include disparate distributed triplestores. 
     In some cases, the query may originate as a user query  1302 . That is, a user associated with the user account identifier may submit via a computing device user query  1302 . In this case, user query  1302  may have been authenticated to access collaborative data consolidation system  1330  generally, or to the extent in which permissions and privileges have been granted as defined by, for example, data representing a user account. In other cases, the query may originate as an externally-originated query  1303 . Here, an external computing device hosting an external dataset that is linked to an internal dataset (e.g., a dataset disposed in an internal data store  1350 ) may apply its query to data secretary engine  1330  (e.g., without user account-level authentication that typically is applied to user queries  1302 ). Note that dataset query engine  1330  may be configured to perform query-level authorization processes to ensure authorization of user queries  1302  and externally-originated queries  1303 . 
     Further to diagram  1300 , dataset query engine  1330  is shown to include a parser  1332 , a validator  1334 , a query classifier  1336 , a sub-query generator  1338 , and a query director  1339 . According to some examples, parser  1332  may be configured to parse queries (e.g., queries  1302  and  1303 ) to, among other things, identify one or more datasets subject to the query. Validator  1334  may be configured to receive data representing the identification of each of the datasets subject to the query, and may be further configured to provide per-dataset authorization. For example, the level of authorization for applying queries  1302  and  1303  may be determined by analyzing each dataset against credentials or other authenticating data associated with a computing device or user applying the query. In one instance, if any authorization to access at least one dataset of any number of datasets (related to the query) may be sufficient to reject query. 
     Query classifier  1336  may be configured to analyze each of the identified datasets to classify each of the query portions directed to those datasets. Thus, a number of query portions may be classified the same or differently in accordance with a classification type. According to one classification type, query classifier  1336  may be configured to determine a type of repository (e.g., a type of data store, such as “type 1,” “type 2,” and “type n,”) associated with a portion of a query, and classify a query portion to be applied the particular type of repository. In at least one example, the different types of repository may include different triplestores, such as a BLAZEGRAPH triplestore, a STARDOG triplestore, a FUSEKI triplestore, etc. Each type may indicate that each database may have differing capabilities or approaches to perform queries in a particular manner. 
     According to another classification type, query classifier  1336  may be configured to determine a type of query associated with a query portion. For example, a query portion may related to transactional queries, analytic queries regarding geo-spatial data, queries related to time-series data, queries related to text searches, queries related to graphic processing unit (“GPU”)-optimized data, etc. In some cases, such types of data are loaded into specific types of repositories that are optimally-suited to provide queries of specific types of data. Therefore, query classifier  1336  may classify query portions relative to the types of datasets and data against which the query is applied. According to yet another classification type, query classifier  1336  may be configured to determine a type of query associated with a query portion to an external dataset. For example, a query portion may be identified as being applied to an external dataset. Thus, a query portion may be configured accordingly for application to them external database. Other classification query classification types are within the scope of the various embodiments and examples. In some cases, query classifier  1336  may be configured to classify a query with still yet another type of query based on whether a dataset subject to a query is associated with a specific entity (e.g., a user that owns the dataset, or an authorized user), or whether the dataset to be queried is secured such that a password or other authorization credentials may be required. 
     Sub-query generator  1338  may be configured to generate sub-queries that may be applied as queries  1301   a  to  130   c , as directed by query director  1339 . In some examples, sub-query generate  1338  may be configured to re-write queries  1302  and  1303  to apply portions of the queries to specific data stores  1350  to  1352  to optimize querying of data secretary engine  1330 . According to some examples, query director  1339 , or any component of dataset query engine  1330  (and including dataset query engine  1330 ), may be configured to implement SPARQL as maintained by the W3C Consortium, or any other compliant variant thereof. In some examples, dataset query engine  1330  may not be limited to the aforementioned and may implement any suitable query language. In some examples, dataset query engine  1330  or portions thereof may be implemented as a “query proxy” server or the like. 
       FIG. 14  is a diagram depicting a flow chart as an example of querying an atomized dataset stored in an atomized data point store, according to some embodiments. Flow  1400  may begin at  1402 , at which data representing a query of a consolidated dataset is received into a collaborative dataset consolidation system, the consolidated dataset being stored in an atomized data store. The query may apply to a number of datasets formatted as atomized datasets that are stored in one or more atomized data stores (e.g., one or more triplestores). At  1404 , the query is analyzed to classify portions of the query to form classified query portions. At  1406 , the query may be partitioned (e.g., rewritten) into a number of queries or sub-queries as a function of a classification type. For example, each of the sub-queries may be rewritten or partitioned based on each of the classified query portions. For example, a sub-query may be re-written for transmission to a repository based on a type of repository describing the repository (e.g., one of any type of data store or database technologies, including one of any type of triplestore). At  1408 , data representing a query result may be retrieved from distributed data repositories. In some examples, the query is a federated query of atomized data stores. A federated query may represent multiple queries (e.g., in parallel, or substantially in parallel), according to some examples. In one instance, a federated query may be a SPARQL query executed over a federated graph (e.g., a family of RDF graphs). 
       FIG. 15  is a diagram depicting an example of a collaboration manager configured to present collaborative information regarding collaborative datasets, according to some embodiments. Diagram  1500  depicts a collaboration manager  960  including a dataset attribute manager  961 , and coupled to a collaborative activity repository  1536 . In this example, dataset attribute manager  961  is configured to monitor updates and changes to various subsets of data representing dataset attribute data  1534   a  and various subsets of data representing user attribute data  1534   b , and to identify such updates and changes. Further, dataset attribute manager  961  can be configured to determine which users, such as user  1508 , ought to be presented with activity data for presentation via a computing device  1509  in a user interface  1518 . In some examples, dataset attribute manager  961  can be configured to manage dataset attributes associated with one or more atomized datasets. For example, dataset attribute manager  961  can be configured to analyzing atomized datasets and, for instance, identify a number of queries associated with a atomized dataset, or a subset of account identifiers (e.g., of other users) that include descriptive data that may be correlated to the atomized dataset. To illustrate, consider that other users associated with other account identifiers have generated their own datasets (and metadata), whereby the metadata may include descriptive data (e.g., attribute data) that may be used to generate notifications to interested users of changes or modifications or activities related to a particular dataset. The notifications may be generated as part of an activity feed presented in a user interface, in some examples. 
     Collaboration manager  960  receives the information to be presented to a user  1508  and causes it to be presented at computing device  1509 . As an example, the information presented may include a recommendation to a user to review a particular dataset based on, for example, similarities in dataset attribute data (e.g., users interested in Zika-based datasets generated in Brazil may receive recommendation to access a dataset with the latest dataset for Zika cases in Sao Paulo, Brazil). Note the listed types of attribute data monitored by dataset attribute manager  961  are not intended to be limiting. Therefore, collaborative activity repository  1536  may store other attribute types and attribute—related than is shown. 
       FIG. 16  illustrates examples of various computing platforms configured to provide various functionalities to components of a collaborative dataset consolidation system, according to various embodiments. In some examples, computing platform  1600  may be used to implement computer programs, applications, methods, processes, algorithms, or other software, as well as any hardware implementation thereof, to perform the above-described techniques. 
     In some cases, computing platform  1600  or any portion (e.g., any structural or functional portion) can be disposed in any device, such as a computing device  1690   a , mobile computing device  1690   b , and/or a processing circuit in association with forming and querying collaborative datasets generated and interrelated according to various examples described herein. 
     Computing platform  1600  includes a bus  1602  or other communication mechanism for communicating information, which interconnects subsystems and devices, such as processor  1604 , system memory  1606  (e.g., RAM, etc.), storage device  1608  (e.g., ROM, etc.), an in-memory cache (which may be implemented in RAM  1606  or other portions of computing platform  1600 ), a communication interface  1613  (e.g., an Ethernet or wireless controller, a Bluetooth controller, NFC logic, etc.) to facilitate communications via a port on communication link  1621  to communicate, for example, with a computing device, including mobile computing and/or communication devices with processors, including database devices (e.g., storage devices configured to store atomized datasets, including, but not limited to triplestores, etc.). Processor  1604  can be implemented as one or more graphics processing units (“GPUs”), as one or more central processing units (“CPUs”), such as those manufactured by Intel® Corporation, or as one or more virtual processors, as well as any combination of CPUs and virtual processors. Computing platform  1600  exchanges data representing inputs and outputs via input-and-output devices  1601 , including, but not limited to, keyboards, mice, audio inputs (e.g., speech-to-text driven devices), user interfaces, displays, monitors, cursors, touch-sensitive displays, LCD or LED displays, and other I/O-related devices. 
     Note that in some examples, input-and-output devices  1601  may be implemented as, or otherwise substituted with, a user interface in a computing device associated with a user account identifier in accordance with the various examples described herein. 
     According to some examples, computing platform  1600  performs specific operations by processor  1604  executing one or more sequences of one or more instructions stored in system memory  1606 , and computing platform  1600  can be implemented in a client-server arrangement, peer-to-peer arrangement, or as any mobile computing device, including smart phones and the like. Such instructions or data may be read into system memory  1606  from another computer readable medium, such as storage device  1608 . In some examples, hard-wired circuitry may be used in place of or in combination with software instructions for implementation. Instructions may be embedded in software or firmware. The term “computer readable medium” refers to any tangible medium that participates in providing instructions to processor  1604  for execution. Such a medium may take many forms, including but not limited to, non-volatile media and volatile media. Non-volatile media includes, for example, optical or magnetic disks and the like. Volatile media includes dynamic memory, such as system memory  1606 . 
     Known forms of computer readable media includes, for example, floppy disk, flexible disk, hard disk, magnetic tape, any other magnetic medium, CD-ROM, any other optical medium, punch cards, paper tape, any other physical medium with patterns of holes, RAM, PROM, EPROM, FLASH-EPROM, any other memory chip or cartridge, or any other medium from which a computer can access data. Instructions may further be transmitted or received using a transmission medium. The term “transmission medium” may include any tangible or intangible medium that is capable of storing, encoding or carrying instructions for execution by the machine, and includes digital or analog communications signals or other intangible medium to facilitate communication of such instructions. Transmission media includes coaxial cables, copper wire, and fiber optics, including wires that comprise bus  1602  for transmitting a computer data signal. 
     In some examples, execution of the sequences of instructions may be performed by computing platform  1600 . According to some examples, computing platform  1600  can be coupled by communication link  1621  (e.g., a wired network, such as LAN, PSTN, or any wireless network, including WiFi of various standards and protocols, Bluetooth®, NFC, Zig-Bee, etc.) to any other processor to perform the sequence of instructions in coordination with (or asynchronous to) one another. Computing platform  1600  may transmit and receive messages, data, and instructions, including program code (e.g., application code) through communication link  1621  and communication interface  1613 . Received program code may be executed by processor  1604  as it is received, and/or stored in memory  1606  or other non-volatile storage for later execution. 
     In the example shown, system memory  1606  can include various modules that include executable instructions to implement functionalities described herein. System memory  1606  may include an operating system (“O/S”)  1632 , as well as an application  1636  and/or logic module(s)  1659 . In the example shown in  FIG. 16 , system memory  1606  may include a dataset ingestion controller modules  1652  and/or its components (e.g., a dataset analyzer module  1752 , an inference engine module  1754 , and a format converter module  1756 ), any of which, or one or more portions of which, can be configured to facilitate any one or more components of a collaborative dataset consolidation system by implementing one or more functions described herein. Further, system memory  1606  may include a dataset query engine module  1654  and/or its components (e.g., a parser module  1852 , a validator module  1854 , a sub-query generator module  1856 , and the query classifier module  1858 ), any of which, or one or more portions of which, can be configured to facilitate any one or more components of a collaborative dataset consolidation system by implementing one or more functions described herein. Additionally, system memory  1606  may include a collaboration manager module  1656  and/or any of its components that can be configured to facilitate any one or more components of a collaborative dataset consolidation system by implementing one or more functions described herein. 
     The structures and/or functions of any of the above-described features can be implemented in software, hardware, firmware, circuitry, or a combination thereof. Note that the structures and constituent elements above, as well as their functionality, may be aggregated with one or more other structures or elements. Alternatively, the elements and their functionality may be subdivided into constituent sub-elements, if any. As software, the above-described techniques may be implemented using various types of programming or formatting languages, frameworks, syntax, applications, protocols, objects, or techniques. As hardware and/or firmware, the above-described techniques may be implemented using various types of programming or integrated circuit design languages, including hardware description languages, such as any register transfer language (“RTL”) configured to design field-programmable gate arrays (“FPGAs”), application-specific integrated circuits (“ASICs”), or any other type of integrated circuit. According to some embodiments, the term “module” can refer, for example, to an algorithm or a portion thereof, and/or logic implemented in either hardware circuitry or software, or a combination thereof. These can be varied and are not limited to the examples or descriptions provided. 
     In some embodiments, modules  1652 ,  1654 , and  1656  of  FIG. 16 , or one or more of their components, or any process or device described herein, can be in communication (e.g., wired or wirelessly) with a mobile device, such as a mobile phone or computing device, or can be disposed therein. 
     In some cases, a mobile device, or any networked computing device (not shown) in communication with one or more modules  1659  (modules  1652 ,  1654 , and  1656  of  FIG. 16 ) or one or more of its/their components (or any process or device described herein), can provide at least some of the structures and/or functions of any of the features described herein. As depicted in the above-described figures, the structures and/or functions of any of the above-described features can be implemented in software, hardware, firmware, circuitry, or any combination thereof. Note that the structures and constituent elements above, as well as their functionality, may be aggregated or combined with one or more other structures or elements. Alternatively, the elements and their functionality may be subdivided into constituent sub-elements, if any. As software, at least some of the above-described techniques may be implemented using various types of programming or formatting languages, frameworks, syntax, applications, protocols, objects, or techniques. For example, at least one of the elements depicted in any of the figures can represent one or more algorithms. Or, at least one of the elements can represent a portion of logic including a portion of hardware configured to provide constituent structures and/or functionalities. 
     For example, modules  1652 ,  1654 , and  1656  of  FIG. 16  or one or more of its/their components, or any process or device described herein, can be implemented in one or more computing devices (i.e., any mobile computing device, such as a wearable device, such as a hat or headband, or mobile phone, whether worn or carried) that include one or more processors configured to execute one or more algorithms in memory. Thus, at least some of the elements in the above-described figures can represent one or more algorithms. Or, at least one of the elements can represent a portion of logic including a portion of hardware configured to provide constituent structures and/or functionalities. These can be varied and are not limited to the examples or descriptions provided. 
     As hardware and/or firmware, the above-described structures and techniques can be implemented using various types of programming or integrated circuit design languages, including hardware description languages, such as any register transfer language (“RTL”) configured to design field-programmable gate arrays (“FPGAs”), application-specific integrated circuits (“ASICs”), multi-chip modules, or any other type of integrated circuit. 
     For example, modules  1652 ,  1654 , and  1656  of  FIG. 16 , or one or more of its/their components, or any process or device described herein, can be implemented in one or more computing devices that include one or more circuits. Thus, at least one of the elements in the above-described figures can represent one or more components of hardware. Or, at least one of the elements can represent a portion of logic including a portion of a circuit configured to provide constituent structures and/or functionalities. 
     According to some embodiments, the term “circuit” can refer, for example, to any system including a number of components through which current flows to perform one or more functions, the components including discrete and complex components. Examples of discrete components include transistors, resistors, capacitors, inductors, diodes, and the like, and examples of complex components include memory, processors, analog circuits, digital circuits, and the like, including field-programmable gate arrays (“FPGAs”), application-specific integrated circuits (“ASICs”). Therefore, a circuit can include a system of electronic components and logic components (e.g., logic configured to execute instructions, such that a group of executable instructions of an algorithm, for example, and, thus, is a component of a circuit). According to some embodiments, the term “module” can refer, for example, to an algorithm or a portion thereof, and/or logic implemented in either hardware circuitry or software, or a combination thereof (i.e., a module can be implemented as a circuit). In some embodiments, algorithms and/or the memory in which the algorithms are stored are “components” of a circuit. Thus, the term “circuit” can also refer, for example, to a system of components, including algorithms. These can be varied and are not limited to the examples or descriptions provided. 
     Although the foregoing examples have been described in some detail for purposes of clarity of understanding, the above-described inventive techniques are not limited to the details provided. There are many alternative ways of implementing the above-described invention techniques. The disclosed examples are illustrative and not restrictive.