Patent Publication Number: US-11662155-B2

Title: Pulse loop heat exchanger and manufacturing method of the same

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION 
     This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 16/936,207, filed Jul. 22, 2020, which claims priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/964,130, filed on Jan. 22, 2020, including the specification, drawings and abstract, the entire disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference. 
    
    
     TECHNICAL FIELD 
     Example embodiments relate generally to the field of heat transfer and, more particularly, to pulse loop heat exchangers and manufacturing methods of the same. 
     BACKGROUND 
     During operation of electronic systems, the heat generated by processors must be dissipated quickly and efficiently to keep operating temperature within manufacturer recommended ranges, under, at times, challenging operating conditions. As these electronic systems increase in functionality and applicability so does operating speed of the processors used therein; with an increase in operating speeds and an increase in the number of processors employed, power requirements of the electronic systems also increase, which in turn, increases cooling requirements. 
     Several techniques have been developed for extracting heat from processors in electronic systems. One such technique is an air-cooling system, wherein a heat exchanger is in thermal contact with a processor, transporting heat away from the processor, and then air flowing over the heat exchanger removes heat therefrom. One type of heat exchanger is a pulse loop heat exchanger. In general, a pulse loop heat exchanger is a system comprising a multitude of channels, at least some of which are of capillary dimension. The system may be a closed- or open-looped system. In a closed-looped system, pulse loop heat exchangers are vacuum containers that carry heat from a heat source by evaporation of a working fluid which is spread by a vapor flow filling the vacuum. The vapor flow eventually condenses over cooler surfaces, and, as a result, the heat is distributed from an evaporation surface (heat source interface) to a condensation surface (larger cooling surface area). Flow instabilities occur inside of the pulse loop heat exchangers due to the heat input at the heat source end and heat output at the cooling surface end. Thereafter, condensed fluid flows back to near the evaporation surface. 
     The thermal performance of pulse loop heat exchangers is dependent on the effectiveness of the heat exchangers to dissipate heat via the phase change (liquid-vapor-liquid) mechanism through its channels. An important aspect to achieving desired thermal performance is the effectiveness of the manufacturing method to be simplified, increasing consistency in the manufacturing process. Another important aspect to achieving desired thermal performance is the effectiveness of the manufacturing method to close and seal the heat exchangers to avert poor leak tightness and poor body strength thereabout; which can lead to the loss of working fluid and dry-out, without increasing complexity of the manufacturing method. Yet another important aspect to achieving desired thermal performance is the effectiveness of the manufacturing method to promote fluid and vapor flow without increasing complexity of the manufacturing method. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       Unless specified otherwise, the accompanying drawings illustrate aspects of the innovative subject matter described herein. Referring to the drawings, wherein like reference numerals indicate similar parts throughout the several views, several examples of pulse loop heat exchangers incorporating aspects of the presently disclosed principles are illustrated by way of example, and not by way of limitation. 
         FIG.  1 A  is a schematic perspective view of a pulse loop heat exchanger, according to an example embodiment. 
         FIG.  1 B  is an exploded view of the pulse loop heat exchanger of  FIG.  1 A , according to an example embodiment. 
         FIG.  1 C  is a schematic cross-sectional view of the heat exchanger body of the pulse loop heat exchanger of  FIG.  1 A  along line B-B in  FIG.  1 B , according to an example embodiment. 
         FIG.  2 A  is a schematic cross-sectional view of the pulse loop heat exchanger of  FIG.  1 A  along line A-A in  FIG.  1 A , showing an example working fluid flow pattern according to an example embodiment. 
         FIG.  2 B  is a schematic cross-sectional view a heat exchanger body of the pulse loop heat exchanger of  FIG.  1 A  along line A-A in  FIG.  1 A , showing an example working fluid flow pattern according to an example embodiment. 
         FIG.  3    is a flow chart illustrating a manufacturing method of a pulse loop heat exchanger, according to an example embodiment. 
         FIG.  4 A  is a schematic perspective view of the pulse loop heat exchanger of Step ( 310 ) of the manufacturing method of  FIG.  3   , according to an example embodiment. 
         FIG.  4 B  is a schematic perspective view of the pulse loop heat exchanger of  FIG.  4 A  following Step ( 320 ) of the manufacturing method of  FIG.  3   , according to an example embodiment. 
         FIG.  4 C  is a schematic perspective view of the pulse loop heat exchanger of  FIG.  4 A  following Step ( 340 ) of the manufacturing method of  FIG.  3   , according to an example embodiment. 
         FIG.  5 A  is an exploded view of an alternative pulse loop heat exchanger, according to an example embodiment. 
         FIG.  5 B  is a schematic cross-sectional view of the heat exchanger body of the pulse loop heat exchanger of  FIG.  5 A  along line C-C in  FIG.  5 A , according to an example embodiment. 
         FIG.  6 A  is an exploded view of another alternative pulse loop heat exchanger, according to an example embodiment. 
         FIG.  6 B  is a schematic cross-sectional view of the heat exchanger body of the pulse loop heat exchanger of  FIG.  6 A  along line D-D in  FIG.  6 A , according to an example embodiment. 
         FIG.  7 A  is an exploded view of yet another alternative pulse loop heat exchanger, according to an example embodiment. 
         FIG.  7 B  is a schematic cross-sectional view of the heat exchanger body of the pulse loop heat exchanger of  FIG.  7 A  along line E-E in  FIG.  7 A , according to an example embodiment. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     The following describes various principles related to heat exchanger systems and methods by way of reference to specific examples of heat exchanger systems and methods, including specific arrangements and examples of metal plates, channels and grooves embodying innovative concepts. More particularly, but not exclusively, such innovative principles are described in relation to selected examples of heat exchanger systems and methods and well-known functions or constructions are not described in detail for purposes of succinctness and clarity. Nonetheless, one or more of the disclosed principles can be incorporated in various other embodiments of heat exchanger systems and methods to achieve any of a variety of desired outcomes, characteristics, and/or performance criteria without departing from the scope and spirit of the invention, as will readily be appreciated by those of ordinary skill in the art. 
     Thus, heat exchanger systems and methods having attributes that are different from those specific examples discussed herein can embody one or more of the innovative principles, and can be used in applications not described herein in detail. Accordingly, embodiments of heat exchanger systems and methods not described herein in detail also fall within the scope of this disclosure, as will be appreciated by those of ordinary skill in the relevant art following a review of this disclosure. 
     Example embodiments as disclosed herein are directed to pulse loop heat exchangers, under vacuum, and having a working fluid therein, and manufacturing methods of the same. In an exemplary embodiment, a pulse loop heat exchanger comprises a heat exchanger body, a first continuity plate, and a second continuity plate. As will be described in further detail throughout this specification, the heat exchanger body and first continuity plate and second continuity plate comprise a plurality of channels and grooves on different elevated plane levels, respectfully. The different elevated plane levels result in increased output pressure gain in downward working fluid flow portions of the grooves, boosting thermo-fluidic transport oscillation driving forces throughout the heat exchanger. The second continuity plate comprises a second continuity plate attachment surface having a third elevated continuity channel. In addition to providing for fluid transport and boosting oscillation driving forces, the third elevated continuity channel also provides an internal reservoir. The heat exchanger is formed by an aluminum extrusion and stamping process and comprises three main Steps, a providing Step, a closing and welding Step, and an insertion, vacuuming and closing Step. The material is preferably aluminum, or an aluminum-alloy or the like, although other suitable materials may be substituted as will be appreciated by those of ordinary skill in the art. 
       FIG.  1 A  is a schematic perspective view of a pulse loop heat exchanger, according to an exemplary embodiment.  FIG.  1 B  is an exploded view of the pulse loop heat exchanger of  FIG.  1 A , according to an exemplary embodiment.  FIG.  1 C  is a schematic cross-sectional view of the heat exchanger body of the pulse loop heat exchanger of  FIG.  1 A  along line B-B in  FIG.  1 B , according to an exemplary embodiment. Referring to  FIGS.  1 A to  1 C , a pulse loop heat exchanger  100  is provided, comprising a first continuity plate  160 , a second continuity plate  180  and a heat exchanger body  110 . The heat exchanger body  110  comprises a near body end  110 A having a first elevated near-end channel  120  and at least one second elevated near-end channel  122  and a far body end  110 B having a first elevated far-end channel  140  and at least one second elevated far-end channel  148 . The first elevated near-end channel  120  is disposed substantially parallel and nearest to an edge of the first body end  110 A and the at least one second near-end elevated channel  122  is disposed substantially parallel and sequentially next to the first elevated near-end channel  120 . The first elevated far-end channel  140  is disposed substantially parallel and nearest to an edge of the second body end  1108  and the at least one second elevated far-end channel  148  is disposed substantially parallel and sequentially next to the first elevated far-end channel  140 . The first elevated near-end channel  120  is on a same plane (a first plane) as the first elevated far-end channel  140  and the at least one second near-end elevated channel  122  is on a same plane as the at least one second far-end elevated channel  140  (a second plane). The elevation of the first plane is different from that of the second plane. The number of the at least one second elevated near-end channel  122  and the at least one second elevated far-end channel  148  is the same. 
     In an exemplary embodiment, the first continuity plate  160  comprises a continuity plate outer surface  169 , a first continuity plate attachment surface  150 , a first continuity plate end  162 , and a second continuity plate end  168 . The first continuity plate attachment surface  150  comprises a near-end continuity groove  151  having a first elevated near-end continuity groove  153  and a second elevated near-end continuity groove  152 , a far-end continuity groove  158  having a first elevated far-end continuity groove  157  and a second elevated far-end continuity groove  156 . In some embodiments, the first continuity plate attachment surface  150  further comprises at least one second elevated continuity groove  164 . The first elevated near-end continuity groove  153  is disposed parallel and nearest to an edge of the first continuity plate end  162  and the second elevated near-end continuity groove  152  is disposed sequentially next to the first elevated near-end continuity groove  153  and is in communication therewith. The first elevated far-end continuity groove  157  is disposed parallel and nearest to an edge of the second continuity plate end  168  and the second elevated far-end continuity groove  156  is disposed sequentially next to the first elevated far-end continuity groove  156  and is in communication therewith. In some embodiments, the at least one second elevated continuity groove  164  is disposed between the second elevated near-end continuity groove  152  and the second elevated far-end continuity groove  156 . The first elevated near-end continuity groove  153  is on a same plane (first plane) as the first elevated far-end continuity groove  157  and the second near-end elevated continuity groove  152  is on a same plane as the second far-end elevated continuity groove  156  (second plane). The first elevated near-end continuity groove  153  corresponds and communicates with the disposition and dimensions of the first elevated near-end channel  120 . The first elevated far-end continuity groove  157  corresponds and communicates with the disposition and dimensions of the first elevated far-end channel  140 . The second near-end elevated continuity groove  152  corresponds and communicates with the disposition and dimensions of the at least one second elevated near-end channel  122 . The second far-end elevated continuity groove  156  corresponds and communicates with the disposition and dimensions of the at least one second elevated far-end channel  148 . In some embodiments, the at least one second elevated continuity groove  164  is on a same plane as the second near-end elevated continuity groove  152  and the second far-end elevated continuity groove  156  (the second plane). In some embodiments, the at least one second elevated continuity groove  164  corresponds and communicates with the disposition and dimensions of a second elevated near-end channel  122  and a at least one second elevated far-end channel  148 . The elevation of the first plane is different from that of the second plane. The number of the second elevated near-end continuity groove  152  and the second elevated far-end continuity groove  156 , respectively, is the same. In some embodiments, the number of the at least one second elevated continuity groove  164  is one, two, three, four or greater. As an example and not to be limiting, if the number of the second elevated near-end channel  122  and at least one second elevated far-end channel  148  is three, respectively, then two second elevated continuity grooves  164  would correspond and communicate with the disposition and dimensions of a second and third elevated near-end channel  122  and a second and third elevated far-end channel  148 , respectively. 
     In an exemplary embodiment, the second continuity plate  180  comprises a second continuity plate outer surface  189 , a second continuity plate attachment surface  170 , a first second continuity plate end  182 , and a second second continuity plate end  188 . The second continuity plate attachment surface  170  comprises a first elevated near-end continuity groove  171 , a first elevated far-end continuity groove  178 , at least one second elevated continuity groove  175 , and a third elevated continuity channel  176  communicating with the first elevated near-end continuity groove  171  and the first elevated far-end continuity groove  178 . 
     The first elevated near-end continuity groove  171  is disposed substantially parallel and nearest to an edge of the first continuity plate end  182  and the first elevated far-end continuity groove  178  is disposed substantially parallel and nearest to an edge of the second continuity plate end  188 . The at least one second elevated continuity groove  175  is disposed between the first elevated near-end continuity groove  171  and first elevated far-end continuity groove  178  and the third elevated continuity channel  176  is disposed between the first elevated near-end continuity groove  171  and first elevated far-end continuity groove  178  and is in communication therewith. The first elevated near-end continuity groove  171  is on a same plane (a first plane) as the first elevated far-end continuity groove  178 . The at least one second elevated continuity groove  175  and the third elevated continuity channel  176  are on planes, different from that of the first elevated near-end continuity groove  171  (a second plane and a third plane), respectively. The elevation of the first plane is between the elevation of the second plane and third plane. The number of second elevated continuity grooves  175  is the same as the number of second elevated near-end continuity channels  148  and second elevated far-end continuity channels  122 . 
     According to an exemplary embodiment, the number of the at least one second elevated near-end channel  122  is five, the at least one second elevated far-end channel  148  is five, the at least one second elevated continuity groove  175  is five, and the at least one second elevated continuity groove  164  is four; however, the embodiments are not limited thereto. Those of ordinary skill in the relevant art may readily appreciate that the number of the at least one second elevated near-end channel  122 , the at least one second elevated far-end channel  148 , and the at least one second elevated continuity groove  175  can be less than five or greater than five and the at least one second elevated continuity groove  164  can be less than four or greater than four, as long as the number of the at least one second elevated near-end channel  122 , the at least one second elevated far-end channel  148 , and the at least one second elevated continuity groove  175  is at least one, and are the same and the number of second elevated continuity grooves  164  is one less than the number of second elevated near-end channels  122 , second elevated far-end channels  148 , and second elevated continuity grooves  175 . As an example and without limitation, if the number of the at least one second elevated near-end channel  122 , the at least one second elevated far-end channel  148 , and the at least one second elevated continuity groove  175  is one, then the number of the at least one second elevated continuity groove  164  is zero. 
     Generally, the shape and dimensions of the first elevated near-end channel  120 , first elevated far-end channel  140 , at least one second near-end elevated channel  122 , and at least one second elevated far-end channel  148  are the same; however, the embodiments are not limited thereto. 
     According to an exemplary embodiment, the shape of the first elevated near-end channel  120 , first elevated far-end channel  140 , at least one second near-end elevated channel  122 , and at least one second elevated far-end channel  148  are quadrilateral and the dimensions are the same; however, the embodiments are not limited thereto. Those of ordinary skill in the relevant art may readily appreciate that the shapes and the dimensions of the first elevated near-end channel  120 , first elevated far-end channel  140 , at least one second near-end elevated channel  122 , and at least one second elevated far-end channel  148  may be non-quadrilateral and different, respectively, depending upon the application, as long as the first elevated near-end channel  120  is on a same plane (first plane) as the first elevated far-end channel  140  and the at least one second near-end elevated channel  122  is on a same plane as the at least one second far-end elevated channel  140  (second plane), and the elevation of the first plane and second plane are different and the first elevated near-end continuity groove  153  and first elevated near-end continuity groove  171  corresponds and communicates with the disposition and dimensions of the first elevated near-end channel  120 , the first elevated far-end continuity groove  157  and first elevated far-end continuity groove  178  corresponds and communicates with the disposition and dimensions of the first elevated far-end channel  140 , the second near-end elevated continuity groove  152  and one half of the at least one second elevated continuity groove  175  corresponds and communicates with the disposition and dimensions of the at least one second elevated near-end channel  122 , and the second far-end elevated continuity groove  156  and one half of the at least one second elevated continuity groove  175  corresponds and communicates with the disposition and dimensions of the at least one second elevated far-end channel  148 . 
     According to an exemplary embodiment, the pulse loop heat exchanger, under vacuum, has a working fluid therein and comprises different elevated channels and grooves. The working fluid is preferably distributed naturally in the form of liquid vapor slugs or bubbles inside of the channels and grooves. A reservoir is preferably provided to mitigate dry-out. The pulse loop heat exchanger comprises an evaporator region, a condenser region, and vapor flow channel regions extending from the evaporator region to the condenser region. When heat from a heat source is applied to the evaporator region, the heat converts the working fluid to vapor and the vapor bubbles become larger within the portion of the pulse loop heat exchanger. Meanwhile, at the condenser region, heat is being removed and the bubbles are reducing in size. The volume expansion due to vaporization and the contraction due to condensation cause an oscillating motion within the channels. The net effect of the temperature gradient between the evaporator and the condenser and the tensions introduced from the channels creates a non-equilibrium pressure condition. Thus, thermo-fluidic transport is provided via the self-sustaining oscillation driving forces with the pressure pulsations being fully thermally driven. The thermo-fluidic transport is further enhanced by the three different elevation plane levels of the channels and grooves, increasing output pressure gain in downward working fluid flow, boosting oscillation driving forces and thus improving thermal performance. 
       FIG.  2 A  is a schematic cross-sectional view of the pulse loop heat exchanger of  FIG.  1 A  along line A-A in  FIG.  1 A , showing a working fluid flow pattern according to an exemplary embodiment.  FIG.  2 B  is a schematic cross-sectional view a heat exchanger body of the pulse loop heat exchanger of  FIG.  1 A  along line A-A in  FIG.  1 A , showing a working fluid flow pattern according to an exemplary embodiment. Referring to  FIGS.  2 A and  2 B , and referring to  FIGS.  1 A to  1 C , in an exemplary embodiment the flow direction in the working fluid flow, in reference to the first elevated far-end channel  140  and first elevated near-end channel  120 , may flow in a counter-clockwise direction before flowing back and forth throughout the at least one second elevated near-end channel  122 , at least one second elevated far-end channel  148 , and groove and channels of the second continuity plate attachment surface  170  and first continuity plate attachment surface  150 , respectively; however, the embodiments are not limited thereto. Depending upon the disposition of the heat source applied to the pulse loop heat exchanger, the flow direction in the working fluid flow, in reference to the first elevated far-end channel  140  and first elevated near-end channel  120 , may flow in a clockwise direction or a combination of a counter-clockwise and clockwise direction. 
     According to an exemplary embodiment, the working fluid flow in the first elevated far-end channel  140  flows 1 FECF to the first elevated far-end continuity groove  178  corresponding and communicating therewith at a same elevation level. Next, the working fluid flows CRCF to the third elevated continuity channel  176  communicating therewith at a lower elevation level. The oscillation driving forces are boosted via the downward working fluid flow to the third elevated continuity channel  176 , increasing output pressure gain of the first elevated far-end continuity groove  178 . The flow direction in the third elevated continuity channel  176  is perpendicular to the flow direction in the first elevated far-end channel  140  and is on a lower elevation level. Following, the working fluid flows CRCF to the first elevated near-end continuity groove  171  communicating therewith at a higher elevation level and then to the first elevated near-end channel  120  corresponding and communicating therewith at a same elevation level. The flow direction in the third elevated continuity channel  176  is perpendicular to the flow direction in first elevated near-end channel  120  and is on a lower elevation level. The working fluid flow in the first elevated near-end channel  120  flows 1 NECF to the first elevated near-end continuity groove  153  corresponding and communicating therewith at a same elevation level, before the working fluid flows NECG to a higher level of the second elevated near-end continuity groove  152  communicating with the first elevated near-end continuity groove  153 , and then to the at least one second elevated near-end channel  122  corresponding and communicating therewith at a same elevation level. The flow direction in the at least one second elevated near-end channel  122  is opposite and parallel to the flow direction in first elevated near-end channel  120  and is on a higher elevation level. The working fluid flow in the at least one second elevated near-end channel  122  flows 2 NECF to the at least one second elevated continuity groove  175  corresponding and communicating therewith at a same elevation level, before flowing to the at least one second elevated far-end channel  148  corresponding and communicating therewith at a same elevation level. The working fluid flow in the at least one second elevated far-end channel  148  flows 2 FECF to the at least one second elevated continuity groove  164  corresponding and communicating therewith at a same elevation level, before continuing the back and forth flow direction movements. The flow direction in the at least one second elevated far-end channel  148  is opposite and parallel to the flow direction in the at least one second elevated near-end channel  122  and is on a same elevation level. The back and forth flow direction movements continue for another four cycles, before the working fluid flow in the at least one second elevated far-end channel  148  flows 2 FECF to the second elevated far-end continuity groove  156  corresponding and communicating therewith at a same elevation level. The working fluid flow in the second elevated far-end continuity groove  156  flows FECG to a lower level of the first elevated far-end continuity groove  157  communicating with second elevated far-end continuity groove  156  to start the flow process once again, flowing to the first elevated far-end channel  140  corresponding and communicating with the first elevated far-end continuity groove  157  at a same elevation level. 
       FIG.  3    is a flow chart illustrating a manufacturing method of a pulse loop heat exchanger, according to an exemplary embodiment.  FIG.  4 A  is a schematic perspective view of the pulse loop heat exchanger of Step ( 310 ) of the manufacturing method of  FIG.  3   , according to an example embodiment. Referring to  FIGS.  3  to  4 A , and referring to  FIGS.  1 A to  2 B , the method  300  of manufacturing a pulse loop heat exchanger, under vacuum, having a working fluid therein, generally comprises three main steps, a providing step (step  310 ), a closing and welding step (step  320 ), and insertion, vacuuming and closing steps (Steps  330 ,  340 , and  350 ). The first step, step  310 , comprises providing a heat exchanger body  110 , a first continuity plate  160 , and a second continuity plate  180 , such as those described above. 
     According to an exemplary embodiment, the heat exchanger body  110  is formed by an aluminum extrusion process. Generally, the extrusion process consists initially of heating an aluminum billet to an appropriate temperature, pushing the billet through a steel die by a hydraulic ram to form an aluminum extruded heat exchanger body, cooling the aluminum extruded heat exchanger body, stretching the aluminum extruded heat exchanger body to ensure straight profiles and release internal stresses, and then, cutting to form the heat exchanger body  110 . 
     Following the aluminum extrusion process the heat exchanger body  110  is provided, comprising a near body end  110 A having a first elevated near-end channel  120  and at least one second elevated near-end channel  122  and a far body end  1108  having a first elevated far-end channel  140  and at least one second elevated far-end channel  148 . The first elevated near-end channel  120  is on a same plane (first plane) as the first elevated far-end channel  140  and the at least one second near-end elevated channel  122  is on a same plane as the at least one second far-end elevated channel  140  (a second plane). The elevation of the first plane is preferably different from that of the second plane. 
     In some embodiments, depending upon dimensions and application, axial or circumferential grooves acting as a wick structure, having triangular, rectangular, trapezoidal, reentrant, etc. cross-sectional geometries, may be formed on inner surfaces of the first elevated near-end channel  120 , at least one second elevated near-end channel  122 , first elevated far-end channel  140 , and at least one second elevated far-end channel  148  via the steel die of the extrusion process. The wick structure may preferably be used to facilitate the flow of condensed fluid by capillary force back to the evaporation surface, keeping the evaporation surface wet for large heat fluxes. 
     According to an exemplary embodiment, a first continuity plate  160  and a second continuity plate  180  is made of aluminum, or an aluminum-alloy or the like, and formed by stamping; however, the embodiments are not limited thereto. Those of ordinary skill in the relevant art may readily appreciate that other manufacturing processes may be employed to form the first continuity plate  160  and a second continuity plate  180 , such as CNC machining, and the embodiments are not limited thereto. 
     Following the stamping process the first continuity plate  160  is provided, comprising a continuity plate outer surface  169 , a first continuity plate attachment surface  150 , a first continuity plate end  162 , and a second continuity plate end  168 . The first continuity plate attachment surface  150  comprises a near-end continuity groove  151  having a first elevated near-end continuity groove  153  and a second elevated near-end continuity groove  152 , a far-end continuity groove  158  having a first elevated far-end continuity groove  157  and a second elevated far-end continuity groove  156 . In some embodiments, the first continuity plate attachment surface  150  further comprises at least one second elevated continuity groove  164 . The first elevated near-end continuity groove  153  is on a same plane (a first plane) as the first elevated far-end continuity groove  157  and the second near-end elevated continuity groove  152  is on a same plane as the second far-end elevated continuity groove  156  (second plane). The elevation of the first plane is different from that of the second plane. 
     Following the stamping process the second continuity plate  180  is provided comprising a second continuity plate outer surface  189 , a second continuity plate attachment surface  170 , a first second continuity plate end  182 , and a second second continuity plate end  188 . The second continuity attachment surface  180  comprises a first elevated near-end continuity groove  171 , a first elevated far-end continuity groove  178 , at least one second elevated continuity groove  175 , and a third elevated continuity channel  176  communicating with the first elevated near-end continuity groove  171  and the first elevated far-end continuity groove  178 . The first elevated near-end continuity groove  171  is on a same plane (a first plane) as the first elevated far-end continuity groove  178 . The at least one second elevated continuity groove  175  and the third elevated continuity channel  176  are on planes, different from that of the first elevated near-end continuity groove  171  (a second plane and a third plane), respectively. The elevation of the first plane is preferably between the elevation of the second plane and third plane. 
     Those of ordinary skill in the relevant art can readily appreciate that in alternative embodiments, further heat treatment processes can be employed throughout the manufacturing method of the pulse loop heat exchanger, and the embodiments are not limited to those described. Additionally, those skilled in the relevant art will appreciate that additional steps can be added to the process in order to incorporate additional features into the finished product. Also, the steps can be altered depending upon different requirements. 
       FIG.  4 B  is a schematic perspective view of the pulse loop heat exchanger of  FIG.  4 A  following Step ( 320 ) of the manufacturing method of  FIG.  3   , according to an exemplary embodiment.  FIG.  4 C  is a schematic perspective view of the pulse loop heat exchanger of  FIG.  4 A  following Step ( 340 ) of the manufacturing method of  FIG.  3   , according to an example embodiment. Referring to  FIGS.  4 B and  4 C , and referring to  FIGS.  1 A to  4 A , the method  300  further comprises step  320 : closing and welding the first continuity plate  160  and second continuity plate  180  to the heat exchanger body  110 ; step  330 : inserting and securing a fill tube into the first continuity plate  160 ; step  340 : inserting a working fluid into the pulse loop heat exchanger  100  and vacuuming out air; and step  350 : closing and cutting the fill tube. 
     Those of ordinary skill in the relevant art may readily appreciate that the fill tube may be inserted into a portion of the pulse loop heat exchanger  100 , other than the first continuity plate  160  and the embodiments are not limited thereto. as All that is required is for a working fluid to be inserted into channels and grooves of the pulse loop heat exchanger  100  and air vacuumed out, resulting in an air-tight vacuum seal. 
     The relatively flat, straight lined welding portions of the first continuity plate  160  and second continuity plate  180  to the heat exchanger body  110  provide an effective method to close and seal the pulse loop heat exchanger  100 , avoiding poor leak tightness and poor body strength thereabout; thus, decreasing the possibility of loss of working fluid and dry-out, without increasing the complexity of the manufacturing method. 
     In some embodiments, the working fluid is made of acetone; however, the embodiments are not limited thereto. Other working fluids can be employed, as can be common for those skilled in the relevant art. As a non-limiting example, the working fluid can comprise cyclopentane or n-hexane. As long as the working fluid can be vaporized by a heat source and the vapor can condense back to the working fluid and flow back to the heat source. 
     In some embodiments, any welding method as known by those skilled in the relevant art, such as ultrasonic welding, diffusion welding, laser welding and the like, can be employed, as long as a vacuum seal can be achieved. 
     In some embodiments, the diameters of the at least one second elevated near-end channel  122  and at least one second elevated far-end channel  148  are the same and larger than the diameters of the first elevated near-end channel  120  and first elevated far-end channel  140 , however, the embodiments are not limited thereto. Those of ordinary skill in the art may readily appreciate that the diameters of the channels may be of varying sizes, larger or smaller, and of various amounts, depending upon application and size of the pulse loop heat exchanger  100 . As long as the working fluid is able to freely flow throughout the channels and grooves. 
       FIG.  5 A  is an exploded view of an alternative pulse loop heat exchanger, according to an exemplary embodiment.  FIG.  5 B  is a schematic cross-sectional view of the heat exchanger body of the pulse loop heat exchanger of  FIG.  5 A  along line C-C in  FIG.  5 A , according to an exemplary embodiment. Referring to  FIGS.  5 A and  5 B , an alternative pulse loop heat exchanger  200  is provided, comprising a first continuity plate  260 , a second continuity plate  280  and a heat exchanger body  210 . The heat exchanger body  210  comprises a near body end  210 A having a first elevated near-end channel  220  and at least one second elevated near-end channel  222  and a far body end  2108  having a first elevated far-end channel  240  and at least one second elevated far-end channel  248 . The first elevated near-end channel  220  is disposed substantially parallel and nearest to an edge of the first body end  210 A and the at least one second near-end elevated channel  222  is disposed substantially parallel and sequentially next to the first elevated near-end channel  220 . The first elevated far-end channel  240  is disposed substantially parallel and nearest to an edge of the second body end  2108  and the at least one second elevated far-end channel  248  is disposed substantially parallel and sequentially next to the first elevated far-end channel  240 . The first elevated near-end channel  220  is on a same plane (a first plane) as the first elevated far-end channel  240  and the at least one second near-end elevated channel  222  is on a same plane as the at least one second far-end elevated channel  248  (a second plane). The elevation of the first plane is different from that of the second plane. The number of the at least one second elevated near-end channel  222  and the at least one second elevated far-end channel  248  is the same. 
     According to an exemplary embodiment, the continuity plate  260  comprises a continuity plate outer surface  269 , a continuity plate attachment surface  250 , a first continuity plate end  262 , and a second continuity plate end  268 . The continuity plate attachment surface  250  comprises a near-end continuity groove  251  having a first elevated near-end continuity groove  253  and a second elevated near-end continuity groove  252 , a far-end continuity groove  258  having a first elevated far-end continuity groove  257  and a second elevated far-end continuity groove  256 . In some embodiments, the continuity plate attachment surface  250  further comprises at least one second elevated continuity groove  264 . The first elevated near-end continuity groove  253  is disposed substantially parallel and nearest to an edge of the first continuity plate end  262  and the second elevated near-end continuity groove  252  is disposed sequentially next to the first elevated near-end continuity groove  253  and is in communication therewith. The first elevated far-end continuity groove  256  is disposed substantially parallel and nearest to an edge of the second continuity plate end  268  and the second elevated far-end continuity groove  257  is disposed sequentially next to the first elevated far-end continuity groove  256  and is in communication therewith. In some embodiments, the at least one second elevated continuity groove  264  is disposed between the second elevated near-end continuity groove  252  and the second elevated far-end continuity groove  257 . The first elevated near-end continuity groove  253  is on a same plane (a first plane) as the first elevated far-end continuity groove  256  and the second near-end elevated continuity groove  252  is on a same plane as the second far-end elevated continuity groove  257  (a second plane). The first elevated near-end continuity groove  253  corresponds and communicates with the disposition and dimensions of the first elevated near-end channel  220 . The first elevated far-end continuity groove  256  corresponds and communicates with the disposition and dimensions of the first elevated far-end channel  240 . The second near-end elevated continuity groove  252  corresponds and communicates with the disposition and dimensions of the at least one second elevated near-end channel  222 . The second far-end elevated continuity groove  257  corresponds and communicates with the disposition and dimensions of the at least one second elevated far-end channel  248 . In some embodiments, the at least one second elevated continuity groove  264  is on a same plane as the second near-end elevated continuity groove  252  and the second far-end elevated continuity groove  257  (a second plane). In some embodiments, the at least one second elevated continuity groove  264  corresponds and communicates with the disposition and dimensions of at least one second elevated near-end channel  222  and a at least one second elevated far-end channel  248 . The elevation of the first plane is different from that of the second plane. The number of the second elevated near-end continuity groove  252  and the second elevated far-end continuity groove  257 , respectively, is the same. In some embodiments, the number of the at least one second elevated continuity groove  264  is one, two, three, four or greater. As an example and not to be limiting, if the number of second elevated near-end channels  222  and second elevated far-end channels  248  is three, respectively, then two second elevated continuity grooves  264  would correspond and communicate with the disposition and dimensions of respective second and third elevated near-end channels  222  and respective second and third elevated far-end channels  248 , respectively. 
     According to an exemplary embodiment, the second continuity plate  280  comprises a second continuity plate outer surface  289 , a second continuity plate attachment surface  270 , a first second continuity plate end  282 , and a second second continuity plate end  288 . The second continuity attachment surface  270  comprises a first elevated near-end continuity groove  271 , a first elevated far-end continuity groove  278 , at least one second elevated continuity groove  275 , and a third elevated continuity channel  276  communicating with the first elevated near-end continuity groove  271  and the first elevated far-end continuity groove  278 . 
     The first elevated near-end continuity groove  271  is disposed substantially parallel and nearest to an edge of the first second continuity plate end  282  and the first elevated far-end continuity/reservoir groove  278  is disposed substantially parallel and nearest to an edge of the second second continuity plate end  288 . The at least one second elevated continuity/reservoir groove  275  is disposed between the first elevated near-end continuity/reservoir groove  271  and first elevated far-end continuity/reservoir groove  278  and the third elevated continuity channel  276  is disposed between the first elevated near-end continuity/reservoir groove  271  and first elevated far-end continuity/reservoir groove  278  and is in communication therewith. The first elevated near-end continuity/reservoir groove  271  is on a same plane (a first plane) as the first elevated far-end continuity/reservoir groove  278 . The at least one second elevated continuity/reservoir groove  275  and the third elevated continuity channel  276  are on planes that are different from that of the first elevated near-end continuity/reservoir groove  271  (a second plane and a third plane), respectively. The elevation of the first plane is preferably between the elevation of the second plane and third plane. The number of second elevated continuity grooves  275  is the same as the number of second elevated near-end continuity grooves  222  and the second elevated far-end continuity groove  248 . 
     According to an exemplary embodiment, the number of the at least one second elevated near-end channels  222  is five, the at least one second elevated far-end channels  248  is five, the at least one second elevated continuity/reservoir grooves  275  is five, and the at least one second elevated continuity grooves  264  is four; however, the embodiments are not limited thereto. 
     According to the exemplary embodiment of  FIGS.  5 A- 5 B , the shape of the first elevated near-end channel  220 , first elevated far-end channel  240 , at least one second near-end elevated channel  222 , and at least one second elevated far-end channel  248  are quadrilateral and the dimensions are not all the same. The width of the first elevated near-end channel  220  is smaller than the width of the first elevated far-end channel  240  and the widths of the sequential at least one second near-end elevated channel  222  and sequential at least one second elevated far-end channel  248  alternate either from a larger width to a smaller width and back to a larger width channel or a smaller width to a larger width and then back to a smaller width channel, and so on. That is, in this exemplary embodiment the second near-end elevated channels  222  and second far-end elevated channels  248  alternate in sequence, and all second near-end elevated channels  222  have the same width, and all second far-end elevated channels  248  have the same width that is smaller than the width of the second near-end elevated channels  222 . Generally, the dimensions of the smaller widths are the same and the dimensions of the larger widths are the same; however, the embodiments are not limited thereto. Those of ordinary skill in the relevant art may readily appreciate that the shapes and the dimensions of the first elevated near-end channel  220 , first elevated far-end channel  240 , at least one second near-end elevated channel  222 , and at least one second elevated far-end channel  248  may be non-quadrilateral and different, respectively, depending upon application, as long as the first elevated near-end channel  220  is on a same plane (a first plane) as the first elevated far-end channel  240  and the at least one second near-end elevated channel  222  is on a same plane as the at least one second far-end elevated channel  240  (a second plane), and the elevation of the first plane and second plane are different and the first elevated near-end continuity groove  253  and first elevated near-end continuity/reservoir groove  271  corresponds and communicates with the disposition and dimensions of the first elevated near-end channel  220 , the first elevated far-end continuity groove  256  and first elevated far-end continuity/reservoir groove  278  corresponds and communicates with the disposition and dimensions of the first elevated far-end channel  240 , the second near-end elevated continuity groove  252  and a portion of the at least one second elevated continuity/reservoir groove  275  corresponds and communicates with the disposition and dimensions of the at least one second elevated near-end channel  222 , and the second far-end elevated continuity groove  257  and a portion of the at least one second elevated continuity/reservoir groove  275  corresponds and communicates with the disposition and dimensions of the at least one second elevated far-end channel  248 . 
     In some embodiments, the diameters of the at least one second elevated near-end channel  222  and at least one second elevated far-end channel  248  are the same and larger than the diameters of the first elevated near-end channel  220  and first elevated far-end channel  240 . Also, in some embodiments, the first elevated near-end channel  220  is disposed parallel and nearest to an edge of the first body end  210 A and the at least one second near-end elevated channel  222  is disposed parallel and sequentially next to the first elevated near-end channel  220  and the first elevated far-end channel  240  is disposed parallel and nearest to an edge of the second body end  210 B and the at least one second elevated far-end channel  248  is disposed parallel and sequentially next to the first elevated far-end channel  240 . However, the embodiments are not limited thereto. Those of ordinary skill in the art may readily appreciate that the diameters of the channels may be of varying sizes, larger or smaller, parallel or not parallel to an edge of the first body end  210 A or second body end  210 B, and of various amounts, depending upon application and size of the pulse loop heat exchanger  200 . As long as the working fluid is able to freely flow throughout the channels and grooves. 
       FIG.  6 A  is an exploded view of another alternative pulse loop heat exchanger, according to an example embodiment.  FIG.  6 B  is a schematic cross-sectional view of the heat exchanger body of the pulse loop heat exchanger of  FIG.  6 A  along line D-D in  FIG.  6 A , according to an exemplary embodiment. Referring to  FIGS.  6 A and  6 B , another alternative pulse loop heat exchanger  300  is provided, comprising a first continuity plate  360 , a second continuity plate  380  and a heat exchanger body  310 . The heat exchanger body  310  comprises a near body end  310 A having a first elevated near-end channel  320  and at least one second elevated near-end channel  322  and a far body end  310 B having a first elevated far-end channel  340  and at least one second elevated far-end channel  348 . The first elevated near-end channel  320  is disposed nearest to an edge of the first body end  310 A and at an angle thereto. The at least one second near-end elevated channel  322  is disposed substantially parallel and sequentially next to the first elevated near-end channel  320 . The first elevated far-end channel  340  is disposed nearest to an edge of the second body end  310 B and at an angle thereto. The at least one second elevated far-end channel  348  is disposed substantially parallel and sequentially next to the first elevated far-end channel  340 . The first elevated near-end channel  320  is on a same plane (a first plane) as the first elevated far-end channel  340  and the at least one second near-end elevated channel  322  is on a same plane as the at least one second far-end elevated channel  348  (a second plane). The elevation of the first plane is different from that of the second plane. The number of the at least one second elevated near-end channel  322  and the at least one second elevated far-end channel  348  is the same. 
     According to an exemplary embodiment, the continuity plate  360  comprises a continuity plate outer surface  369 , a continuity plate attachment surface  350 , a first continuity plate end  362 , and a second continuity plate end  368 . The continuity plate attachment surface  350  comprises a near-end continuity groove  351  having a first elevated near-end continuity groove  353  and a second elevated near-end continuity groove  352 , a far-end continuity groove  358  having a first elevated far-end continuity groove  356  and a second elevated far-end continuity groove  357 . In some embodiments, the continuity plate attachment surface  350  further comprises at least one second elevated continuity groove  364 . The first elevated near-end continuity groove  353  is disposed nearest to an edge of the first continuity plate end  362  and the second elevated near-end continuity groove  352  is disposed sequentially next to the first elevated near-end continuity groove  353  and is in communication therewith. The first elevated far-end continuity groove  356  is disposed nearest to an edge of the second continuity plate end  368  and the second elevated far-end continuity groove  357  is disposed sequentially next to the first elevated far-end continuity groove  356  and is in communication therewith. In some embodiments, the at least one second elevated continuity groove  364  is disposed between the second elevated near-end continuity groove  352  and the second elevated far-end continuity groove  357 . The first elevated near-end continuity groove  353  is on a same plane (a first plane) as the first elevated far-end continuity groove  356  and the second near-end elevated continuity groove  352  is on a same plane as the second far-end elevated continuity groove  357  (a second plane). The first elevated near-end continuity groove  353  corresponds and communicates with the disposition and dimensions of the first elevated near-end channel  320 . The first elevated far-end continuity groove  356  corresponds and communicates with the disposition and dimensions of the first elevated far-end channel  340 . The second near-end elevated continuity groove  352  corresponds and communicates with the disposition and dimensions of the at least one second elevated near-end channel  322 . The second far-end elevated continuity groove  357  corresponds and communicates with the disposition and dimensions of the at least one second elevated far-end channel  348 . In some embodiments, the at least one second elevated continuity groove  364  is on a same plane as the second near-end elevated continuity groove  352  and the second far-end elevated continuity groove  357  (a second plane). In some embodiments, the at least one second elevated continuity groove  364  corresponds and communicates with the disposition and dimensions of a second elevated near-end channel  322  and at least one second elevated far-end channel  348 . The elevation of the first plane is different from that of the second plane. The number of the second elevated near-end continuity groove  352  and the second elevated far-end continuity groove  357 , respectively, is the same. In some embodiments, the number of the at least one second elevated continuity groove  364  is zero, one, two, three, four or greater. As an example and not to be limiting, if the number of second elevated near-end channels  322  and second elevated far-end channels  348  is three, respectively, then two second elevated continuity grooves  364  would correspond and communicate with the disposition and dimensions of respective second and third elevated near-end channels  322  and respective second and third elevated far-end channels  348 . 
     According to an exemplary embodiment, the second continuity plate  380  comprises a second continuity plate outer surface  389 , a second continuity plate attachment surface  370 , a first second continuity plate end  382 , and a second second continuity plate end  388 . The continuity/reservoir attachment surface  370  comprises a first elevated near-end continuity/reservoir groove  371 , a first elevated far-end continuity/reservoir groove  378 , at least one second elevated continuity/reservoir groove  375 , and a third elevated continuity channel  376  communicating with the first elevated near-end continuity/reservoir groove  371  and the first elevated far-end continuity/reservoir groove  378 . 
     The first elevated near-end continuity/reservoir groove  371  is disposed nearest to an edge of the first second continuity plate end  382  and the first elevated far-end continuity/reservoir groove  378  is disposed nearest to an edge of the second second continuity plate end  388 . The at least one second elevated continuity/reservoir groove  375  is disposed between the first elevated near-end continuity/reservoir groove  371  and first elevated far-end continuity/reservoir groove  378  and the third elevated continuity channel  376  is disposed between the first elevated near-end continuity/reservoir groove  371  and first elevated far-end continuity/reservoir groove  378  and is in communication therewith. The first elevated near-end continuity/reservoir groove  371  is on a same plane (a first plane) as the first elevated far-end continuity/reservoir groove  378 . The at least one second elevated continuity/reservoir groove  375  and the third elevated continuity channel  376  are on planes that are different from that of the first elevated near-end continuity/reservoir groove  371  (a second plane and a third plane), respectively. The elevation of the first plane is between the elevation of the second plane and third plane. The number of the at least one second elevated continuity/reservoir grooves  375  is the same as the number of the second elevated near-end continuity groove  352  and the second elevated far-end continuity groove  357 . 
     According to an exemplary embodiment, the number of the at least one second elevated near-end channel  322  is five, the at least one second elevated far-end channel  348  is five, the at least one second elevated continuity/reservoir groove  375  is five, and the at least one second elevated continuity groove  364  is four; however, the embodiments are not limited thereto. 
     According to an exemplary embodiment, the shape of the first elevated near-end channel  320 , first elevated far-end channel  340 , at least one second near-end elevated channel  322 , and at least one second elevated far-end channel  348  are quadrilateral and the dimensions are not all the same. The width of the first elevated near-end channel  320  is smaller than the width of the first elevated far-end channel  340  and the widths of the sequential at least one second near-end elevated channel  322  and sequential at least one second elevated far-end channel  348  alternate either from a larger width to a smaller width and back to a larger width channel or a smaller width to a larger width and then back to a smaller width channel, and so on. That is, in this exemplary embodiment the second near-end elevated channels  322  and second far-end elevated channels  348  alternate in sequence, and all second near-end elevated channels  322  have the same width, and all second far-end elevated channels  348  have the same width that is smaller than the width of the second near-end elevated channels  322 . Generally, the dimensions of the smaller widths are the same and the dimensions of the larger widths are the same; however, the embodiments are not limited thereto. 
     According to an exemplary embodiment, the first elevated near-end channel  320  is disposed nearest to an edge of the first body end  310 A and at an angle thereto and the at least one second near-end elevated channel  322  is disposed substantially parallel and sequentially next to the angled first elevated near-end channel  320 . The first elevated far-end channel  340  is disposed nearest to an edge of the second body end  310 B at an angle thereto and the at least one second elevated far-end channel  348  is disposed substantially parallel and sequentially next to the angled first elevated far-end channel  340 . In the illustrated embodiment, the end of the first elevated near-end channel  320  nearest to the edge of the first body end  310 A is the end where the first elevated near-end channel  320  communicates with the first elevated near-end continuity groove  353 . Because channel  320  is at an angle relative to edge  310 A, the distance from the edge of the first body end  310 A where the first elevated near-end channel  320  communicates with the first elevated near-end continuity groove  371  is greater than the distance from the edge of the first body end  310 A where the first elevated near-end channel  320  communicates with the first elevated near-end continuity groove  353 . Similarly, the distance from the edge of the second body end  310 B where the first elevated far-end channel  340  communicates with the second far-end elevated continuity groove  356  is greater than the distance from the edge of the first body end  310 A where the first elevated near-end channel  320  communicates with the second second continuity plate end  378 . However, the embodiments are not limited thereto. 
       FIG.  7 A  is an exploded view of yet another alternative pulse loop heat exchanger, according to an example embodiment.  FIG.  7 B  is a schematic cross-sectional view of the heat exchanger body of the pulse loop heat exchanger of  FIG.  7 A  along line E-E in  FIG.  7 A , according to an exemplary embodiment. Referring to  FIGS.  7 A and  7 B , yet another alternative pulse loop heat exchanger  400  is provided, comprising a first continuity plate  460 , a second continuity plate  480  and a heat exchanger body  410 . The heat exchanger body  410  comprises a near body end  410 A having a first elevated near-end channel  420  and at least one second elevated near-end channel  422  and a far body end  410 B having a first elevated far-end channel  440  and at least one second elevated far-end channel  448 . The first elevated near-end channel  420  is disposed nearest to an edge of the first body end  410 A and at an angle thereto. The at least one second near-end elevated channel  422  is disposed substantially parallel and sequentially next to the first elevated near-end channel  420 . The first elevated far-end channel  440  is disposed nearest to an edge of the second body end  410 B and at an angle thereto. The at least one second elevated far-end channel  448  is disposed substantially parallel and sequentially next to the first elevated far-end channel  440 . The first elevated near-end channel  420  is on a same plane (a first plane) as the first elevated far-end channel  440  and the at least one second near-end elevated channel  422  is on a same plane as the at least one second far-end elevated channel  448  (a second plane). The elevation of the first plane is different from that of the second plane. The number of the at least one second elevated near-end channels  422  and the at least one second elevated far-end channels  448  is the same. 
     According to an exemplary embodiment, the continuity plate  460  comprises a continuity plate outer surface  469 , a continuity plate attachment surface  450 , a first continuity plate end  462 , and a second continuity plate end  468 . The continuity plate attachment surface  450  comprises a near-end continuity groove  451  having a first elevated near-end continuity groove  453  and a second elevated near-end continuity groove  452 , a far-end continuity groove  458  having a first elevated far-end continuity groove  456  and a second elevated far-end continuity groove  457 . In some embodiments, the continuity plate attachment surface  450  further comprises at least one second elevated continuity groove  464 . The first elevated near-end continuity groove  453  is disposed nearest to an edge of the first continuity plate end  462  and the second elevated near-end continuity groove  452  is disposed sequentially next to the first elevated near-end continuity groove  453  and is in communication therewith. The first elevated far-end continuity groove  456  is disposed nearest to an edge of the second continuity plate end  468  and the second elevated far-end continuity groove  457  is disposed sequentially next to the first elevated far-end continuity groove  456  and is in communication therewith. In some embodiments, the at least one second elevated continuity groove  464  is disposed between the second elevated near-end continuity groove  452  and the second elevated far-end continuity groove  457 . The first elevated near-end continuity groove  453  is on a same plane (a first plane) as the first elevated far-end continuity groove  456  and the second near-end elevated continuity groove  452  is on a same plane as the second far-end elevated continuity groove  457  (a second plane). The first elevated near-end continuity groove  453  corresponds and communicates with the disposition and dimensions of the first elevated near-end channel  420 . The first elevated far-end continuity groove  456  corresponds and communicates with the disposition and dimensions of the first elevated far-end channel  440 . The second near-end elevated continuity groove  452  corresponds and communicates with the disposition and dimensions of the at least one second elevated near-end channel  422 . The second far-end elevated continuity groove  457  corresponds and communicates with the disposition and dimensions of the at least one second elevated far-end channel  448 . In some embodiments, the at least one second elevated continuity groove  464  is on a same plane as the second near-end elevated continuity groove  452  and the second far-end elevated continuity groove  457  (a second plane). In some embodiments, the at least one second elevated continuity groove  464  corresponds and communicates with the disposition and dimensions of a second elevated near-end channel  422  and at least one second elevated far-end channel  448 . The elevation of the first plane is different from that of the second plane. The number of the second elevated near-end continuity groove  452  and the second elevated far-end continuity groove  457 , respectively, is the same. In some embodiments, the number of the at least one second elevated continuity groove  464  is one, two, three, four or greater. As an example and not to be limiting, if the number of the second elevated near-end channel  422  and the second elevated far-end channel  448  is three, respectively, then two second elevated continuity grooves  464  would correspond and communicate with the disposition and dimensions of a second and third elevated near-end channel  422  and a second and third elevated far-end channel  448 , respectively. 
     According to an exemplary embodiment, the second continuity plate  480  comprises a second continuity plate outer surface  489 , a second continuity plate attachment surface  470 , a first second continuity plate end  482 , and a second second continuity plate end  488 . The second continuity plate attachment surface  470  comprises a first elevated near-end continuity groove  471 , a first elevated far-end continuity groove  478 , at least one second elevated continuity groove  475 , and a third elevated continuity channel  476  communicating with the first elevated near-end continuity groove  471  and the first elevated far-end continuity groove  478 . 
     The first elevated near-end continuity groove  471  is disposed nearest to an edge of the first second continuity plate end  482  and the first elevated far-end continuity groove  478  is disposed nearest to an edge of the second second continuity plate end  478 . The at least one second elevated continuity groove  475  is disposed between the first elevated near-end continuity groove  471  and first elevated far-end continuity groove  478  and the third elevated continuity channel  476  is disposed between the first elevated near-end continuity groove  471  and first elevated far-end continuity groove  478  and is in communication therewith. The first elevated near-end continuity groove  471  is on a same plane (a first plane) as the first elevated far-end continuity groove  478 . The at least one second elevated continuity/reservoir groove  475  and the third elevated continuity channel  476  are on planes that are different from that of the first elevated near-end continuity/reservoir groove  471  (a second plane and a third plane), respectively. The elevation of the first plane is between the elevation of the second plane and third plane. The number of the at least one second elevated continuity groove  475  is the same as the number of the second elevated near-end continuity groove  422  and the second elevated far-end continuity groove  448 . 
     According to an exemplary embodiment, the number of the at least one second elevated near-end channel  422  is five, the at least one second elevated far-end channel  448  is five, the at least one second elevated continuity/reservoir groove  475  is five, and the at least one second elevated continuity groove  464  is four; however, the embodiments are not limited thereto. 
     According to an exemplary embodiment, the shape of the first elevated near-end channel  420 , first elevated far-end channel  440 , at least one second near-end elevated channel  422 , and at least one second elevated far-end channel  448  are quadrilateral and the dimensions are not all the same. The width of the first elevated near-end channel  420  is larger than the width of the first elevated far-end channel  440  and the widths of the sequential at least one second near-end elevated channels  422  and sequential at least one second elevated far-end channels  448  alternate either from a larger width to a smaller width and back to a larger width channel or a smaller width to a larger width and then back to a smaller width channel, and so on. That is, in this exemplary embodiment the second near-end elevated channels  422  and second far-end elevated channels  448  alternate in sequence, and all second near-end elevated channels  422  have the same width, and all second far-end elevated channels  448  have the same width that is smaller than the width of the second near-end elevated channels  422 . Generally, the dimensions of the smaller widths are the same and the dimensions of the larger widths are the same; however, the embodiments are not limited thereto. 
     According to an exemplary embodiment, the first elevated near-end channel  420  is disposed nearest to an edge of the first body end  410 A and at an angle thereto and the at least one second near-end elevated channel  422  is disposed substantially parallel and sequentially next to the angled first elevated near-end channel  420  and the first elevated far-end channel  440  is disposed nearest to an edge of the second body end  4108  at an angle thereto and the at least one second elevated far-end channel  448  is disposed substantially parallel and sequentially next to the angled first elevated far-end channel  440 . In the illustrated embodiment, the end of the first elevated near-end channel  420  furthest to the edge of the first body end  410 A is the end where the first elevated near-end channel  420  communicates with the first elevated near-end continuity groove  453 . The distance from the edge of the first body end  410 A where the first elevated near-end channel  420  communicates with the first elevated near-end continuity groove  471  is less than the distance from the edge of the first body end  410 A where the first elevated near-end channel  420  communicates with the first elevated near-end continuity groove  453 . The distance from the edge of the second body end  4108  where the first elevated far-end channel  440  communicates with the second far-end elevated continuity groove  456  is less than the distance from the edge of the first body end  410 A where the first elevated near-end channel  420  communicates with the second second continuity plate end  478 . However, the embodiments are not limited thereto. 
     Those of ordinary skill in the relevant art may readily appreciate that the shapes, the dimensions, and disposition of the first elevated near-end channel  320 ,  420 , first elevated far-end channel  340 ,  440 , at least one second near-end elevated channel  322 ,  422  and at least one second elevated far-end channel  348 ,  448  may be non-quadrilateral and different, respectively, depending upon application, as long as the first elevated near-end channel  320 ,  420  is on a same plane (a first plane) as the first elevated far-end channel  340 ,  440  and the at least one second near-end elevated channel  322 ,  422  is on a same plane as the at least one second far-end elevated channel  340 ,  440  (a second plane), and the elevation of the first plane and second plane are different and the first elevated near-end continuity groove  353 ,  453  and first elevated near-end second continuity groove  371 ,  471  corresponds and communicates with the disposition and dimensions of the first elevated near-end channel  320 ,  420 , the first elevated far-end continuity groove  356 ,  456  and first elevated far-end second continuity groove  378 ,  478  corresponds and communicates with the disposition and dimensions of the first elevated far-end channel  340 ,  440 , the second near-end elevated continuity groove  352 ,  452  and a portion of the at least one second elevated second continuity groove  375 ,  475  corresponds and communicates with the disposition and dimensions of the at least one second elevated near-end channel  322 ,  422 , and the second far-end elevated continuity groove  357 ,  457  and a portion of the at least one second elevated second continuity groove  375 ,  475  corresponds and communicates with the disposition and dimensions of the at least one second elevated far-end channel  348 ,  448 . 
     In the herein described embodiments, and using the first embodiment figures as an example, pulse loop heat exchangers, under vacuum, having a working fluid therein, comprise a heat exchanger body  110 , a first continuity plate  160 , and a second continuity plate  180  are provided. The heat exchanger body  110  and first continuity plate  160  and second continuity plate  180  comprise a plurality of channels and grooves on different elevated plane levels, respectfully. The different elevated plane levels result in increased output pressure gain in downward working fluid flow portions of the grooves, boosting thermo-fluidic transport oscillation driving forces throughout the pulse loop heat exchanger  100 . The second continuity plate  180  comprises a second continuity plate attachment surface  170  having a third elevated continuity channel  176 . In addition to providing for fluid transport and boosting oscillation driving forces, the third elevated continuity channel  176  also provides an internal reservoir. The pulse loop heat exchanger  100  is formed by an aluminum extrusion and stamping process and comprises three main steps, a providing step, a closing and welding step, and an insertion, vacuuming and closing step. Consistency in the manufacturing method is assured via the simplified and effective aluminum extrusion and stamping process. Also, the relatively flat, straight lined welding portions of the first continuity plate  160  and second continuity plate  180  to the heat exchanger body  110  provide an effective method to close and seal the pulse loop heat exchanger  100 , averting poor leak tightness and poor body strength thereabout; thus, decreasing the possibility of loss of working fluid and dry-out, without increasing the complexity of the manufacturing method. 
     The presently disclosed inventive concepts are not intended to be limited to the embodiments shown herein, but are to be accorded their full scope consistent with the principles underlying the disclosed concepts herein. Directions and references to an element, such as “up,” “down,”, “upper,” “lower,” “horizontal,” “vertical,” “left,” “right,” and the like, do not imply absolute relationships, positions, and/or orientations. Terms of an element, such as “first” and “second” are not literal, but, distinguishing terms. As used herein, terms “comprises” or “comprising” encompass the notions of “including” and “having” and specify the presence of elements, operations, and/or groups or combinations thereof and do not imply preclusion of the presence or addition of one or more other elements, operations and/or groups or combinations thereof. Sequence of operations do not imply absoluteness unless specifically so stated. Reference to an element in the singular, such as by use of the article “a” or “an”, is not intended to mean “one and only one” unless specifically so stated, but rather “one or more”. As used herein, “and/or” means “and” or “or”, as well as “and” and “or.” As used herein, ranges and subranges mean all ranges including whole and/or fractional values therein and language which defines or modifies ranges and subranges, such as “at least,” “greater than,” “less than,” “no more than,” and the like, mean subranges and/or an upper or lower limit. All structural and functional equivalents to the elements of the various embodiments described throughout the disclosure that are known or later come to be known to those of ordinary skill in the relevant art are intended to be encompassed by the features described and claimed herein. Moreover, nothing disclosed herein is intended to be dedicated to the public regardless of whether such disclosure may ultimately explicitly be recited in the claims. No element or concept disclosed herein or hereafter presented shall be construed under the provisions of 35 USC 112(f) unless the element or concept is expressly recited using the phrase “means for” or “step for”. 
     In view of the many possible embodiments to which the disclosed principles can be applied, we reserve the right to claim any and all combinations of features and acts described herein, including the right to claim all that comes within the scope and spirit of the foregoing description, as well as the combinations recited, literally and equivalently, in the following claims and any claims presented anytime throughout prosecution of this application or any application claiming benefit of or priority from this application.