Patent Publication Number: US-2018032669-A1

Title: Method for designing primer used for polymerase chain reaction and primer set

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS: 
     This application is a continuation of PCT International Application No. PCT/JP2016/060480 filed on Mar. 30, 2016, which claims priority under 35 U.S.C. §119(a) to Japanese Patent Application No. 2015-074299 filed Mar. 31, 2015. Each of the above applications is hereby incorporated by reference, in its entirety, into the present application. 
    
    
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     1. Field of the Invention 
     The present invention relates to a method for designing a primer used for a polymerase chain reaction and a primer set. 
     2. Description of the Related Art 
     In recent years, it has become easier to guarantee the quality and the amount of base sequence data due to the spread of next generation sequencing technology, and therefore, genetic analysis has become easier. Many technical difficulties in whole genome analysis are being resolved due to introduction of next generation sequencing (NGS) technology. However, the total base length of the genome is generally enormous, for example, greater than or equal to 3 billion base pairs in a case of the human genome. Even with NGS technology, it requires considerable cost and time to perform whole genome analysis. 
     On the other hand, it cannot be said that the whole genome analysis is optimal as means for achieving the purpose of detecting gene abnormality. This is because it is sufficient to analyze only a gene region relating to the gene abnormality. The gene region relating to the gene abnormality includes both a coding region and a non-coding region. For this reason, a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method has been spreading as a technique of efficiently performing genetic analysis with accuracy, by amplifying only a necessary specific gene region and performing limited reading on a base sequence thereof. Particularly, a method for selectively amplifying a plurality of gene regions by simultaneously supplying a plurality of types of primers to a certain PCR reaction system is called multiplex PCR. 
     However, in general, it is impossible to set the number of regions simultaneously amplified through a multiplex PCR to be excessively large. As one of the factors, there is a problem in that unnecessary amplification products called primer dimers are generated through a reaction between primers, and therefore, it is impossible to efficiently amplify an objective gene region. This problem is remarkable in a case of, for example, single cell analysis, where the amount of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) which becomes a template for a PCR reaction is extremely small. 
     Means for subjecting a large number of regions to PCR by dividing a base sequence of primers into a constant region and a variable region, arranging identical base sequences in the constant region, and limiting the number of bases in the variable region to be only two, which may not become complementary to each other, out of cytosine (C), thymidine (T), guanine (G), and adenine (A) is disclosed, for example, in WO2004/081225A as means for suppressing the formation of primer dimers. In addition, it is disclosed in WO2008/004691A that the possibility that different target primers may form a primer dimer through multiplex PCR, by calculating a score (local alignment score at the 3′ terminal) showing complementarity at the 3′ terminal between primers regarding all combinations of primers and selecting a combination of primers of which the complementarity to each other is low. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     As a result of studies of the present inventors, an object of the means disclosed in WO2004/081225A is to provide amplification means which is not deviated with respect to the whole genome region by providing a universal primer, and therefore, only a region that is interposed between base sequences which include specific variable regions can be set as a target, and it is impossible to efficiently select only a plurality of the specific regions. In addition, it is important to consider a primer dimer which is formed through annealing of only primer ends in a PCR reaction with respect to a trace amount of template DNA, such as a multiplex PCR from a single cell. However, it is not considered in the means disclosed in WO2008/004691A. The result shows that, in the means disclosed in WO2004/081225A and WO2008/004691A, it has been impossible to efficiently perform selective amplification of only a plurality of regions on the genome at a level required in these days. 
     Therefore, an object of the present invention is to provide a method for designing a primer used for polymerase chain reaction which can selectively amplify an objective gene region efficiently. 
     The present inventors have conducted extensive studies to solve the above-described problems. As a result, they have found that a primer set can be obtained which is used for a polymerase chain reaction and can selectively amplify an objective gene region efficiently in a case where primers selected in both a first stage and a second stage are employed by perfoiining: first stage selection based on a local alignment score obtained by evaluating formability of a primer dimer and obtaining a local alignment score through performing pairwise local alignment on a base sequence of a primer candidate under the condition that a partial sequence to be subjected to comparison includes the 3′ terminal of a base sequence of a primer; and a second stage selection based on a global alignment score obtained by peifolining pairwise global alignment on a base sequence which has a predetermined sequence length and includes the 3′ terminal of the base sequence of the primer candidate, and have completed the present invention. 
     That is, the present invention is the following (1) to (4). 
     (1) A method for designing a primer used for a polymerase chain reaction, the method comprising: a target region selection step of selecting a target region to be amplified through the polymerase chain reaction, from regions on a genome; a primer candidate base sequence generation step of generating at least one base sequence of a primer candidate for amplifying the target region based on each base sequence in vicinity regions at both ends of the target region on the genome; a local alignment step of obtaining a local alignment score by performing pairwise local alignment on the base sequence of the primer candidate under a condition that a partial sequence to be subjected to comparison includes the 3′ terminal of the base sequence of the primer candidate; a first stage selection step of performing first stage selection of the base sequence of the primer candidate based on the local alignment score obtained in the local alignment step; a global alignment step of obtaining a global alignment score by performing pairwise global alignment on a base sequence which has a predetermined sequence length and includes the 3′ terminal of the base sequence of the primer candidate; a second stage selection step of performing second stage selection of a base sequence of the primer candidate based on the global alignment score obtained in the global alignment step; and a primer employment step of employing the base sequence of the primer candidate which has been selected in both of the first stage selection step and the second stage selection step as a base sequence of a primer for amplifying the target region, in which both steps of the local alignment step and the first stage selection step are performed before or after both steps of the global alignment step and the second stage selection step, or performed in parallel with both steps of the global alignment step and the second stage selection step. 
     (2) The method for designing a primer used for a polymerase chain reaction according to the (1), the method further comprising: a first target region selection step of selecting a first target region to be amplified through the polymerase chain reaction, from regions on a genome; a first primer candidate base sequence generation step of generating at least one base sequence of a primer candidate for amplifying the first target region based on each base sequence in vicinity regions at both ends of the first target region on the genome; a first local alignment step of obtaining a local alignment score by performing pairwise local alignment on the base sequence of the primer candidate under a condition that a partial sequence to be subjected to comparison includes the 3′ terminal of the base sequence of the primer candidate; a first step of first stage selection of performing first stage selection of the base sequence of the primer candidate based on the local alignment score obtained in the local alignment step; a first global alignment step of obtaining a global alignment score by performing pairwise global alignment on a base sequence which has a predetermined sequence length and includes the 3′ terminal of the base sequence of the primer candidate; a first step of second stage selection of performing second stage selection of the base sequence of the primer candidate based on the global alignment score obtained in the global alignment step; a first primer employment step of employing the base sequence of the primer candidate which has been selected in both of the first step of first stage selection and the first step of second stage selection as a base sequence of a primer for amplifying the first target region; a second target region selection step of selecting a second target region to be amplified through the polymerase chain reaction, from regions on a genome; a second primer candidate base sequence generation step of generating at least one base sequence of a primer candidate for amplifying the second target region based on each of the base sequences in vicinity regions at both ends of the second target region on the genome; a second local alignment step of obtaining a local alignment score by performing pairwise local alignment on the base sequence of the primer candidate for amplifying the second target region and the base sequence of the primer which has already been employed, under a condition that partial sequences to be subjected to comparison include the 3′ terminal of the base sequence of the primer candidate and the 3′ terminal of the base sequence of the primer which has already been employed; a second step of first stage selection of performing first stage selection of the base sequence of the primer candidate for amplifying the second target region based on the local alignment score; a second global alignment step of obtaining a global alignment score by performing pairwise global alignment on base sequences which have a predetermined sequence length and include the 3′ terminal of the base sequence of the primer candidate for amplifying the second target region and the 3′ terminal of the base sequence of the primer which has already been employed; a second step of second stage selection of performing second stage selection of the base sequence of the primer candidate for amplifying the second target region based on the global alignment score; and a second primer employment step of employing the base sequence of the primer candidate which has been selected in both of the second step of first stage selection and the second step of second stage selection as a base sequence of a primer for amplifying the second target region, in which both steps of the first local alignment step and the first step of first stage selection are performed before or after both steps of the first global alignment step and the first step of second stage selection, or performed in parallel with both steps of the first global alignment step and the first step of second stage selection, both steps of the second local alignment step and the second step of first stage selection are performed before or after both steps of the second global alignment step and the second step of second stage selection, or performed in parallel with both steps of the second global alignment step and the second step of second stage selection, and, in a case where there are three or more of the target regions, the steps from the second target region selection step to the second primer employment step are repeated with respect to all of the target regions until a base sequence of a primer for amplifying each target region is employed. 
     (3) A primer set used for a polymerase chain reaction, wherein more mismatches occur than matches in each local alignment during pairwise local alignment performed on a base sequence of each primer under a condition that a partial sequence to be subjected to comparison includes the 3′ terminal of the base sequence, and more mismatches occur than matches in each global alignment during pairwise global alignment performed on a base sequence which is of an up to three base length and includes the 3′ terminal of the base sequence of each primer. 
     (4) The primer set according to the (3), wherein, in each local alignment during the pairwise local alignment, a total number of mismatches and indels is larger than a number of matches and, in each global alignment during the pairwise global alignment, a total number of mismatches and indels is larger than a number of matches. 
     According to the present invention, it is possible to provide a method for designing a primer used for a polymerase chain reaction which can selectively amplify an objective gene region efficiently. 
     In addition, according to the present invention, it is possible to provide a primer set used for a polymerase chain reaction which can selectively amplify an objective gene region efficiently. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         FIG. 1  is a block diagram of a method for designing a primer of the present invention. 
         FIG. 2  is a view indicating local alignment of a pair of a base sequence represented by SEQ ID No: 1 and a base sequence represented by SEQ ID No: 2 in Example 1. 
         FIG. 3  is a view indicating local alignment of a pair of the base sequence represented by SEQ ID No: 1 and a base sequence represented by SEQ ID No: 3 in Example 1. 
         FIG. 4  is a view indicating local alignment of a pair of the base sequence represented by SEQ ID No: 1 and a base sequence represented by SEQ ID No: 4 in Example 1. 
         FIG. 5  is a view indicating local alignment of a pair of the base sequence represented by SEQ ID No: 1 and a base sequence represented by SEQ ID No: 5 in Example 1. 
         FIG. 6  is a view indicating local alignment of a pair of the base sequence represented by SEQ ID No: 1 and a base sequence represented by SEQ ID No: 6 in Example 1. 
         FIG. 7  is a view indicating local alignment of a pair of the base sequence represented by SEQ ID No: 1 and a base sequence represented by SEQ ID No: 7 in Example 1. 
         FIG. 8  is a view indicating local alignment of a pair of the base sequence represented by SEQ ID No: 1 and a base sequence represented by SEQ ID No: 8 in Example 1. 
         FIG. 9  is a view indicating local alignment of a pair of the base sequence represented by SEQ ID No: 2 and the base sequence represented by SEQ ID No: 3 in Example 1. 
         FIG. 10  is a view indicating local alignment of a pair of the base sequence represented by SEQ ID No: 2 and the base sequence represented by SEQ ID No: 4 in Example 1. 
         FIG. 11  is a view indicating local alignment of a pair of the base sequence represented by SEQ ID No: 2 and the base sequence represented by SEQ ID No: 5 in Example 1. 
         FIG. 12  is a view indicating local alignment of a pair of the base sequence represented by SEQ ID No: 2 and the base sequence represented by SEQ ID No: 6 in Example 1. 
         FIG. 13  is a view indicating local alignment of a pair of the base sequence represented by SEQ ID No: 2 and the base sequence represented by SEQ ID No: 7 in Example 1. 
         FIG. 14  is a view indicating local alignment of a pair of the base sequence represented by SEQ ID No: 2 and the base sequence represented by SEQ ID No: 8 in Example 1. 
         FIG. 15  is a view indicating local alignment of a pair of the base sequence represented by SEQ ID No: 3 and the base sequence represented by SEQ ID No: 4 in Example 1. 
         FIG. 16  is a view indicating local alignment of a pair of the base sequence represented by SEQ ID No: 3 and the base sequence represented by SEQ ID No: 5 in Example 1. 
         FIG. 17  is a view indicating local alignment of a pair of the base sequence represented by SEQ ID No: 3 and the base sequence represented by SEQ ID No: 6 in Example 1. 
         FIG. 18  is a view indicating local alignment of a pair of the base sequence represented by SEQ ID No: 3 and the base sequence represented by SEQ ID No: 7 in Example 1. 
         FIG. 19  is a view indicating local alignment of a pair of the base sequence represented by SEQ ID No: 3 and the base sequence represented by SEQ ID No: 8 in Example 1. 
         FIG. 20  is a view indicating local alignment of a pair of the base sequence represented by SEQ ID No: 4 and the base sequence represented by SEQ ID No: 5 in Example 1. 
         FIG. 21  is a view indicating local alignment of a pair of the base sequence represented by SEQ ID No: 4 and the base sequence represented by SEQ ID No: 6 in Example 1. 
         FIG. 22  is a view indicating local alignment of a pair of the base sequence represented by SEQ ID No: 4 and the base sequence represented by SEQ ID No: 7 in Example 1. 
         FIG. 23  is a view indicating local alignment of a pair of the base sequence represented by SEQ ID No: 4 and the base sequence represented by SEQ ID No: 8 in Example 1. 
         FIG. 24  is a view indicating local alignment of a pair of the base sequence represented by SEQ ID No: 5 and the base sequence represented by SEQ ID No: 6 in Example 1. 
         FIG. 25  is a view indicating local alignment of a pair of the base sequence represented by SEQ ID No: 5 and the base sequence represented by SEQ ID No: 7 in Example 1. 
         FIG. 26  is a view indicating local alignment of a pair of the base sequence represented by SEQ ID No: 5 and the base sequence represented by SEQ ID No: 8 in Example 1. 
         FIG. 27  is a view indicating local alignment of a pair of the base sequence represented by SEQ ID No: 6 and the base sequence represented by SEQ ID No: 7 in Example 1. 
         FIG. 28  is a view indicating local alignment of a pair of the base sequence represented by SEQ ID No: 6 and the base sequence represented by SEQ ID No: 8 in Example 1. 
         FIG. 29  is a view indicating local alignment of a pair of the base sequence represented by SEQ ID No: 7 and the base sequence represented by SEQ ID No: 8 in Example 1. 
         FIG. 30  is a view indicating global alignment of two bases at the 3′ terminal of a pair of arbitrary two base sequences selected from the base sequences represented by SEQ ID No: 1 to 8 in Example 1. 
         FIG. 31  is a view indicating local alignment of a pair of a base sequence represented by SEQ ID No: 9 and a base sequence represented by SEQ ID No: 10 in Comparative Example 1. 
         FIG. 32  is a view indicating local alignment of a pair of a base sequence represented by SEQ ID No: 11 and a base sequence represented by SEQ ID No: 12 in Comparative Example 2. 
         FIG. 33  is a view indicating global alignment of two bases at the 3′ terminal of a pair of the base sequence represented by SEQ ID No: 11 and the base sequence represented by SEQ ID No: 12 in Comparative Example 2. 
     
    
    
     DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
     First, advantageous points of the present invention compared with the related art will be described. 
     The technology disclosed in WO2004/081225A attempts to provide amplification means, which is not deviated with respect to the whole genome region by providing a universal primer. An example of an advantageous point in the present invention with respect to the related art disclosed in WO2004/081225A includes a point that it is possible to selectively amplify an objective gene region efficiently in the present invention whereas the technology disclosed in WO2004/081225A does not selectively amplify a specific gene region. In addition, the technology disclosed in WO2008/004691A attempts to design a primer set in which a primer dimer is hardly formed by performing local alignment on the entire primer base sequence and selecting primers in which complementarity of the entire sequence is low. An example of an advantageous point of the present invention with respect to the related art disclosed in WO2008/004691A includes a point that it is possible to selectively amplify an objective gene region efficiently since the complementarity of the entire sequence including the 3′ terminal is decreased through local alignment and a primer group is generated such that the complementarity of an extremely short partial sequence at the 3′ terminal having a length, for example, about 5 nucleotides or shorter is decreased through global alignment in the present invention whereas it is impossible to sufficiently prevent the formation of the primer dimer only by decreasing the complementarity of the entire sequence. 
     Hereinafter, the present invention will be described in detail. 
     [Method for Designing Primer Used for Polymerase Chain Reaction (First Embodiment)] 
     A first embodiment of the method for designing a primer used for a polymerase chain reaction of the present invention includes: (a) a target region selection step of selecting a target region to be amplified through the above-described polymerase chain reaction, from regions on a genome; (b) a primer candidate base sequence generation step of generating at least one base sequence of a primer candidate for amplifying the above-described target region based on each base sequence in vicinity regions at both ends of the above-described target region on the genome; (c) a local alignment step of obtaining a local alignment score by performing pairwise local alignment on the base sequence of the above-described primer candidate under a condition that a partial sequence to be subjected to comparison includes the 3′ terminal of the base sequence of the above-described primer candidate; (d) a first stage selection step of performing first stage selection of the base sequence of the above-described primer candidate based on the local alignment score obtained in the above-described (c) local alignment step; (e) a global alignment step of obtaining a global alignment score by performing pairwise global alignment on a base sequence which has a predetermined sequence length and includes the 3′ terminal of the base sequence of the above-described primer candidate; (f) a second stage selection step of performing second stage selection of a base sequence of the above-described primer candidate based on the global alignment score obtained in the above-described (e) global alignment step; and (g) a primer employment step of employing the base sequence of the primer candidate which has been selected in both of the above-described (d) first stage selection step and the above-described (f) second stage selection step as a base sequence of a primer for amplifying the above-described target region, in which both steps of the above-described local alignment step and the above-described first stage selection step are performed before or after both steps of the above-described global alignment step and the above-described second stage selection step, or performed in parallel with both steps of the above-described global alignment step and the above-described second stage selection step. 
     Each step of the first embodiment of the method for designing a primer used for a polymerase chain reaction of the present invention will be described in detail. 
     (a) Target Region Selection Step 
     The target region selection step is shown in a block diagram of  FIG. 1  as “(FIRST) TARGET REGION SELECTION STEP”. 
     The target region selection step is a step of selecting a target region to be amplified through a polymerase chain reaction, from regions on a genome. 
     (Regions on Genome) 
     The “regions on a genome” in the present invention refers to a region on genomic DNA in which a site relating to genetic polymorphism, a single gene disease, a multifactorial disease, cancer, or the like exists. Here, the length of a region is not particularly limited, and may be one or more bases. 
     The regions on a genome from which a target region is selected may exist in either a gene region or a non-gene region. Here, the gene region includes: a coding region in which gene encoding proteins, a ribosomal ribonucleic acid (RNA) gene, a transfer RNA gene, and the like exist; and a non-coding region in which an intron dividing a gene, a transcription regulatory region, a 5′ leader sequence, a 3′ leader sequence, and the like exist. In addition, the non-gene region includes: a non-repetitive sequence such as a pseudogene, a spacer, a response element, and a replication origin; and a repetitive sequence such as a tandem repetitive sequence and an interspersed repetitive sequence. 
     Examples of genetic polymorphism include single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP), single nucleotide variant (SNV), short tandem repeat polymorphism (STRP), mutation, and insertion and/or deletion (indel). 
     The single gene disease is a disease caused by single gene abnoilliality. Examples of the abnormality include deletion or duplication of the gene, and/or substitution of a base in a gene, and insertion and/or deletion. A single gene that causes a single gene disease is called a “responsible gene”. 
     The multifactorial disease is a disease in which a plurality of genes are involved in the onset. In some cases, a specific combination or the like of SNP may be related thereto. These genes are called “sensitive genes” in the sense that the genes are susceptible to a disease. 
     Cancer is a disease caused by gene mutation. Similarly to other diseases, there is hereditary (familial) cancer which is called a hereditary tumor (familial tumor) or the like. 
     The number of regions on a genome is not particularly limited. This is because regions on a genome are a candidate list in a case of selecting a target region, and it is unnecessary to design a primer for all the regions even if a large number of regions is listed. 
     (Target Region) 
     The target region is a region selected as an object to be amplified through a polymerase chain reaction from the above-described regions on a genome. Here, the purpose of selection is not limited to detection of genetic polymorphism, diseases, cancer, or the like related to each region, and may be detection of aneuploidy of a chromosome or the like. In addition, the number of purposes of the selection is not limited to one, and may be two or more. 
     The number of regions on a genome to be selected as target regions varies depending on the purpose. The number of regions thereof is not particularly limited as long as it is greater than or equal to one region. In general, the number of regions thereof is preferably greater than or equal to 3 regions, more preferably greater than or equal to 5 regions, and still more preferably greater than or equal to 10 regions. 
     (Polymerase Chain Reaction) 
     In the present invention, the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is a reaction for synthesizing DNA from template DNA using DNA polymerase. Unlike intracellular DNA synthesis, one or more oligonucleotides, in general, two or more oligonucleotides which are called primers are required for synthesizing DNA in PCR. In some cases, a combination of primers simultaneously used in a PCR reaction system is referred to as a primer set. 
     PCR can be easily extended from a simple system in which a region is amplified using a primer set which is a pair to a complex system (multiplex PCR) in which a plurality of regions are simultaneously amplified using a plurality of pairs of primer sets. 
     The advantage of PCR is that it is possible to selectively amplify only a desired region from extremely long DNA molecules of a human genome (3 billion base pairs). In addition, it is possible to obtain a sufficient amount of an amplification product of a desired region using an extremely trace amount of genomic DNA as a template. 
     In addition, another example of an advantage of PCR includes a short period of time of about 2 hours generally required for the amplification even though the period of time depends on the protocols. 
     Still another example of the advantage of PCR is that the process is simple, and therefore, it is possible to perform the amplification using a fully automated desktop device. 
     (b) Primer Candidate Base Sequence Generation Step 
     The primer candidate base sequence generation step is shown in the block diagram of  FIG. 1  as “(FIRST) PRIMER CANDIDATE BASE SEQUENCE GENERATION STEP”. 
     The primer candidate base sequence generation step is a step of generating at least one base sequence of a primer candidate for amplifying a target region based on each base sequence in vicinity regions at both ends of the target region on a genome. 
     The vicinity regions of the target region are collectively called regions on the outside of the 5′ terminal of the target region and regions on the outside of the 3′ terminal of the target region. The inside of the target region is not included in the vicinity regions. 
     The length of a vicinity region is not particularly limited, but is preferably less than or equal to a length that can be expanded through PCR and more preferably less than or equal to the upper limit of a fragment length of DNA for which amplification is desired. A length facilitating application of concentration selection and/or sequence reading is particularly preferable. The length of a vicinity region may be appropriately changed in accordance with the type of enzyme (DNA polymerase) used for PCR. The specific length of a vicinity region is preferably about 20 to 500 bases, more preferably about 20 to 300 bases, still more preferably about 20 to 200 bases, and particularly preferably about 50 to 200 bases. 
     In addition, in a case of generating a base sequence of a primer candidate, points, such as the length of a primer, the GC content (referring to a total mole percentage of guanine (G) and cytosine (C) in all nucleic acid bases), a Tm value (which is a temperature at which 50% of double-stranded DNA is dissociated and becomes single-stranded DNA, and in which Tm is derived from a melting temperature), and deviation of a sequence, to be taken into consideration in a general method for designing a primer are the same. 
     The length of a primer (the number of nucleotides) is not particularly limited, but is preferably 15 mer to 45 mer, more preferably 15 mer to 35 mer, still more preferably 15 mer to 25 mer, and particularly preferably 15 mer to 20 mer. In a case where the length of a primer is within this range, it is easy to design a primer excellent in specificity and amplification efficiency. 
     The GC content is not particularly limited, but is preferably 40 mol % to 60 mol % and more preferably 45 mol % to 55 mol %. In a case where the GC content is within this range, a problem such as a decrease in the specificity and the amplification efficiency due to a high-order structure is less likely to occur. 
     The Tm value is not particularly limited, but is preferably within a range of 50° C. to 65° C. and more preferably within a range of 55° C. to 65° C. 
     The Tm value can be calculated using software such as OLIGO Primer Analysis Software (manufactured by Molecular Biology Insights) or Primer3 (http://www-genome.wi.mit.edu/ftp/distribution/software/). 
     In addition, the Tm value can also be obtained through calculation using the following foi iula from the number of A&#39;s, T&#39;s, G&#39;s, and C&#39;s (which are respectively set as nA, nT, nG, and nC) in a base sequence of a primer. 
       Tm value (° C.)=2( nA+nT )+4( nC+nG )
 
     The method for calculating the Tm value is not limited thereto and can be calculated through various well-known methods in the related art. 
     The base sequence of a primer candidate is preferably set as a sequence in which there is no deviation of bases as a whole. For example, it is desirable to avoid a GC-rich sequence and a partial AT-rich sequence. 
     In addition, it is also desirable to avoid continuation of T and/or C (polypyrimidine) and continuation of A and/or G (polypurine). 
     Furthermore, it is preferable that a 3′ terminal base sequence avoids a GC-rich sequence or an AT-rich sequence. G or C is preferable for a 3′ terminal base, but is not limited thereto. 
     (Specificity-Checking Step) 
     If desired, a specificity-checking step of evaluating specificity of a base sequence of a primer candidate may be performed based on sequence complementarity with respect to genomic DNA of a base sequence of each primer candidate which has been generated in the above-described (b) Primer Candidate Base Sequence Generation Step. 
     In the specificity check, in a case where local alignment of a base sequence of genomic DNA and a base sequence of a primer candidate is performed and a local alignment score is less than a predetermined value, it is possible to evaluate that the complementarity of the base sequence of the primer candidate with respect to genomic DNA is low and the specificity of the base sequence of the primer candidate with respect to genomic DNA is high. Here, it is desirable to perform local alignment on also a complementary chain of genomic DNA. This is because genomic DNA is double-stranded whereas the primer is single-stranded DNA. In addition, a base sequence complementary to the base sequence of the primer candidate may be used instead of the base sequence of the primer candidate. The complementarity can be considered as homology with respect to a complementary chain. 
     In addition, homology search may be performed on genomic DNA base sequence database using the base sequence of the primer candidate as a query sequence. Examples of a homology search tool include Basic Local Alignment Search Tool (BLAST) (Altschul, S. A., et al., “Basic Local Alignment Search Tool”, Journal of Molecular Biology, 1990, October, Vol. 215, pp. 403-410) and FASTA (Pearson, W. R., et al., “Improved tools for biological sequence comparison”, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, National Academy of Sciences, 1988, April, Vol. 85, pp. 2444-2448). It is possible to obtain local alignment as a result of performing the homology search. 
     All of the scoring system and a threshold value of a local alignment score are not particularly limited, and can be appropriately set in accordance with the length of a base sequence of a primer candidate and/or PCR conditions, and the like. In a case of using a homology search tool, a default value of the homology search tool may be used. 
     For example, as the scoring system, it is considered that complementary base (match) =+1, non-complementary base (mismatch)=−1, and insertion and/or deletion (gap penalty)=−3 are employed and the threshold value is set to be +15. 
     In a case where a base sequence of a primer candidate has complementarity to a base sequence at an unexpected position on genomic DNA but has low specificity thereto, in some cases, an artifact is amplified instead of a target region in a case where PCR is performed using a primer of the base sequence of a primer candidate. Therefore, the case where the base sequence of the primer candidate has complementarity to the base sequence at an unexpected position on genomic DNA but has low specificity thereto is excluded. 
     (c) Local Alignment Step 
     The local alignment step is shown in the block diagram of  FIG. 1  as “(FIRST) LOCAL ALIGNMENT STEP”. 
     The local alignment step is a step of obtaining a local alignment score by performing pairwise local alignment on all pairs each consisting of two base sequences extracted from the base sequences of the primer candidates which have been generated in the above-described (b) Primer Candidate Base Sequence Generation Step and is used for amplifying a target region, under a condition that partial sequences to be subjected to comparison include the 3′ terminals of the base sequences of the primer candidates. 
     A combination of pairs of base sequences to be subjected to local alignment may be a combination selected while allowing overlapping, or may be a combination selected without allowing overlapping. However, in a case where formability of a primer dimer between primers of an identical base sequence has not yet been evaluated, the combination selected while allowing overlapping is preferable. 
     The total number of combinations is “ m H 2 = m+1 C 2 =(m+1)!” in a case where the selection is performed while allowing overlapping, and is “ m C 2 =m(m−1)/2” in a case where the selection is performed without allowing overlapping, in which the number of base sequences which have been generated in the above-described (b) Primer Candidate Base Sequence Generation Step is set to be m. 
     In a case where both steps of (e) Global Alignment Step and (f) Second Stage Selection Step to be described below are performed first, the present step and (d) First Stage Selection Step to be described below may be performed on primer candidates selected in (f) Second Stage Selection Step. 
     Local alignment is alignment which is performed on a partial sequence and in which it is possible to locally check a portion with high complementarity. 
     However, in the present invention, the local alignment is different from local alignment usually performed on a base sequence, and is designed such that partial sequences to be subjected to comparison include the 3′ terminals of both base sequences by performing local alignment under the condition that the “partial sequences to be subjected to comparison include the 3′ terminals of the base sequences”. Furthermore, in the present invention, an embodiment is preferable in which partial sequences to be subjected to comparison include the 3′ terminals of both base sequences by performing local alignment under the condition that the “partial sequences to be subjected to comparison include the 3′ terminals of the base sequences”, that is, the condition that “only alignments in which a partial sequence to be subjected to comparison begins at the 3′ terminal of one sequence and ends at the 3′ terminal of the other sequence”. 
     Local alignment may be performed by inserting a gap. The gap means insertion and/or deletion (indel) of a base. 
     In addition, in the local alignment, a case where bases are complementary to each other between base sequence pairs is regarded as a match and a case where bases are not complementary to each other therebetween is regarded as a mismatch. 
     Alignment is performed such that scores for each of the match, the mismatch, and the indel are given and the total score becomes a maximum. The score may be appropriately set. For example, a scoring system may be set as in the following Table 1. “−” in Table 1 represents a gap (insertion and/or deletion (indel)). 

 
     For example, it is considered that local alignment is performed on base sequences of SEQ ID No: 1 and SEQ ID No: 2 shown in the following Table 2. Here, the scoring system is as shown in Table 1. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
             
               
                   
                 TABLE 2 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 Base sequence (5′→3′) 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
                 SEQ ID No: 1: 
                 GCTTGGCCTTGGGAATGTGG 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 SEQ ID No: 2: 
                 GGCAATATGGCCAATGATGG 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     From the base sequences of SEQ ID No: 1 and SEQ ID No: 2, a dot matrix shown in Table 3 is generated. Specifically, the base sequence of SEQ ID No: 1 is arranged from the left to the right in an orientation of 5′ to 3′ and the base sequence of SEQ ID No: 2 is arranged from the bottom to the top in an orientation of 5′ to 3′. “” is filled in a grid of which bases are complementary to each other, and a dot matrix shown in Table 3 is obtained. 

 
     From the dot matrix shown in Table 3, Alignment (pairwise alignment) of partial sequences shown in the following Table 4 is obtained (refer to a diagonal line portion of Table 3). 
     
       
         
           
               
               
             
               
                 TABLE 4 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                 Partial sequence from SEQ ID No: 1: 
                 5′-GAATGTGG-3′ 
               
               
                   
                      || 
               
               
                 Partial sequence from SEQ ID No: 2: 
                 3′-GGTAGTAA-5′ 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Due to match (+1)×2, mismatch (−1)×6, and indel (−3)×0, the local alignment score is “−4”. 
     The alignment (pairwise alignment) can be obtained not only through the dot matrix method exemplified herein, but also through a dynamic programming method, a word method, or various other methods. 
     (d) First Stage Selection Step 
     The first stage selection step is shown in the block diagram of  FIG. 1  as “(FIRST) STEP OF FIRST STAGE SELECTION”. 
     The first stage selection step is a step of performing first stage selection of base sequences of primer candidates which have been generated in the (b) Primer Candidate Base Sequence Generation Step, based on the local alignment score obtained in the above-described (c) Local Alignment Step. 
     A threshold value (first threshold value) of the local alignment score is predetermined. 
     In a case where a local alignment score of a pair of two base sequences is less than the first threshold value, it is determined that the pair of these two base sequences has low dimer foimability, and the following step is performed. In contrast, in a case where a local alignment score of a pair of two base sequences is greater than or equal to the first threshold value, it is determined that the pair of these two base sequences has high dimer formability, and the following step is not performed on the pair. 
     The first threshold value is not particularly limited and can be appropriately set. For example, the first threshold value may be set using a PCR condition such as the amount of genomic DNA which becomes a template for a polymerase chain reaction. 
     Here, in the example in which the above-described (c) Local Alignment Step is shown, a case where the first threshold value is set to “3” is considered. 
     In the above-described example, the local alignment score is “−3” and is less than “3” which is the first threshold value. Therefore, it is possible to determine that the pair of the base sequences of SEQ ID No: 1 and SEQ ID No: 2 has low dimer formability. 
     The present step is performed on all of the pairs for which scores are calculated in the above-described (c) Local Alignment Step. 
     (e) Global Alignment Step 
     The global alignment step is shown in the block diagram of  FIG. 1  as “(FIRST) GLOBAL ALIGNMENT STEP”. 
     The global alignment step is a step of obtaining a global alignment score by performing pairwise global alignment on a base sequence which has a predetermined sequence length and includes the 3′ terminal of the base sequence of the primer candidate regarding all pairs each consisting of two base sequences extracted from the base sequences of the primer candidates which have been generated in the above-described (b) Primer Candidate Base Sequence Generation Step and is used for amplifying a target region. 
     A combination of pairs of base sequences to be subjected to global alignment may be a combination selected while allowing overlapping, or may be a combination selected without allowing overlapping. However, in a case where formability of a primer dimer between primers of an identical base sequence has not yet been evaluated, the combination selected while allowing overlapping is preferable. 
     The total number of combinations is “ m H 2 = ,+1 C 2 =(m+1)!/2(m−1)!” in a case where the selection is performed while allowing overlapping, and is “ m C 2 =m(m−1)/2” in a case where the selection is performed without allowing overlapping, in which the number of base sequences which have been generated in the above-described (b) Primer Candidate Base Sequence Generation Step is set to be m. 
     In a case where both steps of (c) Local Alignment Step and (d) First Stage Selection Step which have been described above are performed first, the present step and (f) Second Stage Selection Step to be described below may be performed on primer candidates selected in (d) First Stage Selection Step. 
     Global alignment is an alignment which is performed on the entire sequence and in which it is possible to check complementarity of the entire sequence. 
     However, here, the “entire sequence” refers to the entirety of a base sequence which has a predetermined sequence length and includes the 3′ terminal of a base sequence of a primer candidate. 
     Global alignment may be performed by inserting a gap. The gap means insertion and/or deletion (indel) of a base. 
     In addition, in the global alignment, a case where bases are complementary to each other between base sequence pairs is regarded as a match and a case where bases are not complementary to each other therebetween is regarded as a mismatch. 
     Alignment is performed such that scores for each of the match, the mismatch, and the indel are given and the total score becomes a maximum. The score may be appropriately set. For example, a scoring system may be set as in Table 1 described above. “−” in Table 1 represents a gap (insertion and/or deletion (indel)). 
     For example, it is considered that global alignment is performed on three bases (refer to portions with capital letters and correspond to the “base sequence which has a predetermined sequence length and includes the 3′ terminal”) at the 3′ terminal of each base sequence of SEQ ID No: 1 and SEQ ID No: 2 shown in the following Table 5. Here, the scoring system is as shown in Table 1. 
     [Table 5] 
     
       
         
           
               
               
             
               
                 TABLE 5 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 Base sequence (5′→3′) 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                 SEQ ID No: 1: 
                 gcttggccttgggaatgTGG 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 SEQ ID No: 2: 
                 ggcaatatggccaatgaTGG 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     In a case of performing global alignment on base sequences of the three bases (portion with capital letters) at the 3′ terminal of the base sequence of SEQ ID No: 1 and the three bases (portion with capital letters) at the 3′ terminal of SEQ ID No: 2 such that the score becomes a maximum, it is possible to obtain alignment (pairwise alignment) shown in the following Table 6. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
             
               
                 TABLE 6 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                 Three bases at 3 terminal of 
                 5′-TGG-3′ 
               
               
                 SEQ ID No: 1: 
                   
               
               
                 Three bases at 3 terminal of 
                 3′-GGT-5′ 
               
               
                 SEQ ID No: 2: 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     As match (+1)×0, mismatch (−1)×3, and indel (−3)×0, the global alignment score is “−3”. 
     The alignment (pairwise alignment) can be obtained through the dot matrix method, a dynamic programming method, a word method, or various other methods. 
     (f) Second Stage Selection Step 
     The second stage selection step is shown in the block diagram of  FIG. 1  as “(FIRST) STEP OF SECOND STAGE SELECTION”. 
     The second stage selection step is a step of performing second stage selection of base sequences of primer candidates which have been generated in the above-described (b) Primer Candidate Base Sequence Generation Step based on the global alignment score obtained in the above-described (e) global alignment step. 
     A threshold value (second threshold value) of the global alignment score is predetermined. 
     In a case where a global alignment score of a pair of two base sequences is less than the second threshold value, it is determined that the pair of these two base sequences has low dimer formability, and the following step is performed. In contrast, in a case where a global alignment score of a pair of two base sequences is greater than or equal to the second threshold value, it is determined that the pair of these two base sequences has high dimer formability, and the following step is not performed on the pair. 
     The second threshold value is not particularly limited and can be appropriately set. For example, the second threshold value may be set using a PCR condition such as the amount of genomic DNA which becomes a template for a polymerase chain reaction. 
     It is possible to set the global alignment score obtained by performing pairwise global alignment on a base sequence which has a predetermined number of bases and includes the 3′ terminal of a base sequence of each primer to be less than the second threshold value by setting a base sequence with several bases from the 3′ terminal of a primer as an identical base sequence. 
     Here, in the example in which the above-described (e) Global Alignment Step is shown, a case where the second threshold value is set to “3” is considered. 
     In the above-described example, the global alignment score is “−3” and is less than “3” which is the second threshold value. Therefore, it is possible to determine that the pair of the base sequences of SEQ ID No: 1 and SEQ ID No: 2 has low dimer formability. 
     The present step is performed on all of the pairs for which scores are calculated in the above-described (e) Global Alignment Step. 
     Both steps of the above-described (c) Local Alignment Step and the above-described (d) First Stage Selection Step may be performed before or after both steps of the above-described (e) Global Alignment Step and the above-described (f) Second Stage Selection Step, or may be performed in parallel with both steps of the above-described (e) Global Alignment Step and the above-described (f) Second Stage Selection Step. 
     In addition, in order to reduce the amount of calculation, it is preferable to perform both steps of the above-described (c) Local Alignment Step and the above-described (d) First Stage Selection Step in a combination which has passed the above-described (f) Second Stage Selection Step after first performing both steps of the above-described (e) Global Alignment Step and the above-described (f) Second Stage Selection Step. Particularly, as the number of target regions and the number of base sequences of primer candidates are increased, the effect of reducing the amount of calculation is increased, and it is possible to speed up the overall processing. 
     This is because the amount of calculation of a global alignment score is smaller than that of a local alignment score which is obtained by searching a partial sequence with high complementarity from the entire base sequence under the condition that the base sequence includes the 3′ terminal and it is possible to speed up the processing since global alignment is performed on a base sequence with a short length called a “predetermined sequence length” in the above-described (e) Global Alignment Step. It is known that the global aligmnent is faster than the local aligmnent in a case of alignment with respect to a sequence having an identical length in a well-known algorithm. 
     (Amplification Sequence Length-Checking Step) 
     If desired, an amplification sequence length-checking step of calculating the distance between ends of base sequences of primer candidates for which it has been deteimined that formability of a primer dimer is low in the above-described (d) First Stage Selection Step and the above-described (f) Second Stage Selection Step, on genomic DNA or chromosomal DNA regarding pairs of the base sequences of the primer candidates, and determining whether the distance is within a predetermined range may be performed. 
     In a case where the distance between the ends of the base sequences is within the predetermined range, it is possible to determine that there is a high possibility that the pairs of the base sequences of the primer candidates can appropriately amplify a target region. The distance between the ends of the base sequences of the primer candidates is not particularly limited, and can be appropriately set in accordance with the PCR condition such as the type of enzyme (DNA polymerase). For example, the distance between the ends of the base sequences of the primer candidates can be set to be within various ranges such as a range of 100 to 200 bases (pair), a range of 120 to 180 bases (pair), a range of 140 to 180 bases (pair) a range of 140 to 160 bases (pair), and a range of 160 to 180 bases (pair). 
     (g) Primer Employment Step 
     The primer employment step is shown in the block diagram of  FIG. 1  as “(FIRST) PRIMER EMPLOYMENT STEP”. 
     The primer employment step is a step of employing a base sequence of a primer candidate which has been selected in both of the above-described (d) First Stage Selection Step and the above-described (f) Second Stage Selection Step, as a base sequence of a primer for amplifying the above-described target region. 
     That is, in the present step, a base sequence of a primer candidate, in which a local alignment score obtained by performing pairwise local alignment on a base sequence of each primer candidate under a condition that a partial sequence to be subjected to comparison includes the 3′ terminal of the base sequence is less than the first threshold value, and a global alignment score obtained by performing pairwise global alignment on a base sequence which has a predetermined number of bases and includes the 3′ terminal of the base sequence of each primer candidate is less than the second threshold value, is employed as a base sequence of a primer for amplifying a target region. 
     For example, it is considered that base sequences of SEQ ID No: I and SEQ ID No: 2 shown in Table 7 are employed as base sequences of primers for amplifying a target region. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
             
               
                 TABLE 7 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 Base sequence (5′→3′) 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                 SEQ ID No: 1: 
                 GCTTGGCCTTGGGAATGTGG 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 SEQ ID No: 2: 
                 GGCAATATGGCCAATGATGG 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     As already described, the local alignment score is “−3” and is less than “3” which is the first threshold value. Moreover, the global alignment score is “−3” and is less than “3” which is the second threshold value. 
     Accordingly, it is possible to employ the base sequence of the primer candidate represented by SEQ ID No: 1 and the base sequence of primer candidate represented by SEQ ID No: 2 as base sequences of primers for amplifying a target region. 
     [Method for Designing Primer Used for Polymerase Chain Reaction (Second Embodiment)] 
     A second embodiment of a method for designing a primer used for a polymerase chain reaction of the invention includes the following steps: (a 1 ) A first target region selection step of selecting a first target region to be amplified through the polymerase chain reaction, from regions on a genome; (b 1 ) a first primer candidate base sequence generation step of generating at least one base sequence of a primer candidate for amplifying the above-described first target region based on each base sequence in vicinity regions at both ends of the above-described first target region on the genome; (c 1 ) a first local alignment step of obtaining a local alignment score by performing pairwise local alignment on the base sequence of the above-described primer candidate under a condition that a partial sequence to be subjected to comparison includes the 3′ terminal of the base sequence of the above-described primer candidate; (d 1 ) a first step of first stage selection of performing first stage selection of the base sequence of the above-described primer candidate based on the local alignment score obtained in the above-described (c 1 ) first local alignment step; (e 1 ) a first global alignment step of obtaining a global alignment score by performing pairwise global alignment on a base sequence which has a predetermined sequence length and includes the 3′ terminal of the base sequence of the above-described primer candidate; (f 1 ) a first step of second stage selection of performing second stage selection of the base sequence of the above-described primer candidate based on the global alignment score obtained in the above-described (e 1 ) first global alignment step; (g 1 ) a first primer employment step of employing the base sequence of the primer candidate which has been selected in both of the above-described (d 1 ) first step of first stage selection and the above-described (f 1 ) first step of second stage selection as a base sequence of a primer for amplifying the above-described first target region; (a n ) an n-th target region selection step of selecting an n-th target region to be amplified through the polymerase chain reaction, from regions on a genome; (b n ) an n-th primer candidate base sequence generation step of generating at least one base sequence of a primer candidate for amplifying the above-described n-th target region based on each base sequence in vicinity regions at both ends of the above-described n-th target region on the genome; (c n ) an n-th local alignment step of obtaining a local alignment score by performing pairwise local alignment on the base sequence of the primer candidate for amplifying the above-described n-th target region and the base sequence of the primer which has already been employed, under a condition that partial sequences to be subjected to comparison include the 3′ terminal of the base sequence of the above-described primer candidate and the 3′ terminal of the above-described base sequence of the primer which has already been employed; (d n ) an n-th step of first stage selection of performing first stage selection of the base sequence of the primer candidate for amplifying the above-described n-th target region based on the local alignment score obtained in the above-described (c n ) n-th local alignment step; (e n ) an n-th global alignment step of obtaining a global alignment score by performing pairwise global alignment on base sequences which have a predetermined sequence length and include the 3′ terminal of the base sequence of the primer candidate for amplifying the above-described n-th target region and the 3′ teiininal of the base sequence of the primer which has already been employed; (f n ) an n-th step of second stage selection of performing second stage selection of the base sequence of the primer candidate for amplifying the above-described n-th target region based on the global alignment score obtained in the above-described (e n ) n-th global alignment step; and (g n ) an n-th primer employment step of employing the base sequence of the primer candidate which has been selected in both of the above-described (d n ) n-th step of first stage selection and the above-described (f n ) n-th step of second stage selection as a base sequence of a primer for amplifying the above-described n-th target region. 
     Here, n is an integer of 2 or more, and each step from the above-described (a n ) n-th target region selection step to the above-described (g n ) n-th primer employment step regarding all target regions is repeated until base sequences of primers for amplifying the target regions are employed and until n reaches a number of target regions selected in the objective region selection step. 
     Here, both steps of the above-described (c 1 ) first local alignment step and the above-described (d 1 ) first step of first stage selection are performed before or after both steps of the above-described (e 1 ) first global alignment step and the above-described (f 1 ) first step of second stage selection, or performed in parallel with the above-described (e 1 ) first global alignment step and the above-described (f 1 ) first step of second stage selection, and both steps of the above-described (c n ) n-th local alignment step and the above-described (d n ) n-th step of first stage selection are performed before or after both steps of the above-described (e n ) n-th global alignment step and the above-described (f n ) n-th step of second stage selection, or performed in parallel with the above-described (e n ) n-th global alignment step and the above-described (f n ) n-th step of second stage selection. 
     Each step of the second embodiment of the method for designing a primer in the present invention will be described in detail. 
     (a 1 ) First Target Region Selection Step 
     (a 1 ) First Target Region Selection Step is shown in the block diagram of  FIG. 1  as “(FIRST) TARGET REGION SELECTION STEP”. 
     (ai) First Target Region Selection Step is the same as the above-described “(a) Target Region Selection Step” of the first embodiment except that one gene region is selected as a first target region from regions on a genome. 
     (b 1 ) First Primer Candidate Base Sequence Generation Step 
     (b 1 ) First Primer Candidate Base Sequence Generation Step is shown in the block diagram of  FIG. 1  as “(FIRST) PRIMER CANDIDATE BASE SEQUENCE GENERATION STEP”. 
     (b 1 ) First Primer Candidate Base Sequence Generation Step is the same as “(b) Primer Candidate Base Sequence Generation Step” of the first embodiment of the designing method of the present invention except that a base sequence of a primer candidate for amplifying the first target region selected in the above-described (a 1 ) First Target Region Selection Step is generated. 
     (Specificity-Checking Step) 
     The specificity-checking step is the same as “Specificity-Checking Step” of the first embodiment of the designing method of the present invention. The present step is an arbitrary step, and may be performed or may not be performed. 
     (c 1 ) First Local Alignment Step 
     (c 1 ) First Local Alignment Step is shown in the block diagram of  FIG. 1  as “(FIRST) LOCAL ALIGNMENT STEP”. 
     (c 1 ) First Local Alignment Step is the same as “(c) Local Alignment Step” of the first embodiment of the designing method of the present invention except that local alignment is performed on the base sequence of the primer candidate for amplifying the first target region generated in the above-described (b 1 ) First Primer Candidate Base Sequence Generation Step. 
     (d 1 ) First Step of First Stage Selection 
     (d 1 ) First Step of First Stage Selection is shown in the block diagram of  FIG. 1  as “(FIRST) STEP OF FIRST STAGE SELECTION”. 
     (d 1 ) First Step of First Stage Selection is the same as “(d) First Stage Selection Step” of the first embodiment of the designing method of the present invention except that the selection is performed on the base sequence of the primer candidate for amplifying the first target region generated in the above-described (b 1 ) First Primer Candidate Base Sequence Generation Step based on the local alignment score obtained in the above-described (c 1 ) First Local Alignment Step. 
     (e 1 ) First Global Alignment Step 
     (e 1 ) First Global Alignment Step is shown in the block diagram of  FIG. 1  as “(FIRST) GLOBAL ALIGNMENT STEP”. 
     (e 1 ) First Global Alignment Step is the same as “(e) Global Alignment Step” of the first embodiment of the designing method of the present invention except that global alignment is performed on the base sequence of the primer candidate for amplifying the first target region generated in the above-described (b 1 ) First Primer Candidate Base Sequence Generation Step. 
     (f 1 ) First Step of Second Stage Selection 
     (f 1 ) First Step of Second Stage Selection is shown in the block diagram of  FIG. 1  as “(FIRST) STEP OF SECOND STAGE SELECTION”. 
     (f 1 ) First Step of Second Stage Selection is the same as “(f) Second Stage Selection Step” of the first embodiment of the designing method of the present invention except that the selection is performed on the base sequence of the primer candidate for amplifying the first target region generated in the above-described (b 1 ) First Primer Candidate Base Sequence Generation Step based on the global alignment score obtained in the above-described (e 1 ) First Global Alignment Step. 
     Similarly to the first embodiment of the designing method of the present invention, both steps of the above-described (c 1 ) First Local Alignment Step and the above-described (d 1 ) First Step of First Stage Selection may be performed before or after both steps of the above-described (e 1 ) First Global Alignment Step and the above-described (f 1 ) First Step of Second Stage Selection, or may be performed in parallel with both steps of the above-described (e 1 ) First Global Alignment Step and the above-described (f 1 ) First Step of Second Stage Selection. 
     In addition, similarly to the first embodiment, in order to reduce the amount of calculation, it is preferable to perform “(c 1 ) First Local Alignment Step” and “(d 1 ) First Step of First Stage Selection” in a combination which has passed the first step of second stage selection after first performing “(e 1 ) First Global Alignment Step” and “(f 1 ) First step of Second Stage Selection”. 
     (Amplification Sequence Length-Checking Step) 
     Amplification Sequence Length-Checking Step is the same as “Amplification Sequence Length-Checking Step” in the first embodiment. The present step is an arbitrary step, and may be performed or may not be performed. 
     (g 1 ) First Primer Employment Step 
     (g 1 ) First Primer Employment Step is shown in the block diagram of  FIG. 1  as “(FIRST) PRIMER EMPLOYMENT STEP”. 
     (g 1 ) First Primer Employment Step is the same as “(g) Primer Employment Step” of the first embodiment of the designing method of the present invention except that the base sequence of the primer candidate for amplifying the first target region generated in the above-described (b 1 ) First Primer Candidate Base Sequence Generation Step is employed. 
     In the second embodiment of the present invention, a primer for amplifying the first target region is designed, and then, a primer for amplifying an n-th (n is an integer of 2 or more) target region is designed. 
     (a n ) n-th Target Region Selection Step 
     (a n ) n-th Target Region Selection Step is shown in the block diagram of  FIG. 1  as “n-th TARGET REGION SELECTION STEP”. 
     (a n ) n-th Target Region Selection Step is the same as the above-described “(a) Target Region Selection Step” of the first embodiment except that one gene region is selected as an n-th target region from regions on a genome in which no target region has been selected up to an (n−1)th target region selection step. 
     The selection of the n-th target region can be simultaneously performed with the selection of an (n−1)th target region, or can be performed after the selection of the (n−1)th target region. Here, n is an integer of 2 or more. 
     (b n ) n-th Primer Candidate Base Sequence Generation Step 
     (b n ) n-th Primer Candidate Base Sequence Generation Step is shown in the block diagram of  FIG. 1  as “n-th PRIMER CANDIDATE BASE SEQUENCE GENERATION STEP”. 
     (b n ) n-th Primer Candidate Base Sequence Generation Step is the same as “(b) Primer Candidate Base Sequence Generation Step” of the first embodiment of the designing method of the present invention except that a base sequence of a primer candidate for amplifying an n-th target region selected in the above-described (a n ) n-th Target Region Selection Step is generated. 
     (Specificity-Checking Step) 
     Specificity-Checking Step is the same as “Specificity-Checking Step” of the first embodiment of the designing method of the present invention. The present step is an arbitrary step, and may be performed or may not be performed. 
     (c n ) n-th Local Alignment Step 
     (c n ) n-th Local Alignment Step is shown in the block diagram of  FIG. 1  as “n-th LOCAL ALIGNMENT STEP”. 
     (c n ) n-th Local Alignment Step is the same as “(c) Local Alignment Step” of the first embodiment of the designing method of the present invention except that local alignment is performed on the base sequence of the primer candidate for amplifying the n-th target region generated in the above-described (b n ) n-th Primer Candidate Base Sequence Generation Step and base sequences of primers which have already been employed. 
     Here, all the base sequences of the primers which have already been employed are base sequences which have been employed as base sequences of primers for amplifying target regions from the first target region to the (n−1)th target region (the same applies hereinafter). 
     (d n ) n-th Step of First Stage Selection 
     (d n ) n-th Step of First Stage Selection is shown in the block diagram of  FIG. 1  as “n-th STEP OF FIRST STAGE SELECTION”. 
     (d n ) n-th Step of First Stage Selection is the same as “(d) First Stage Selection Step” of the first embodiment of the designing method of the present invention except that the selection is performed on the base sequence of the primer candidate for amplifying the n-th target region generated in the above-described (b n ) n-th Primer Candidate Base Sequence Generation Step and the base sequences of the primers which have already been employed, based on the local alignment score obtained in the above-described (c n ) n-th Local Alignment Step. 
     (e n ) n-th Global Alignment Step 
     (e n ) n-th Global Alignment Step is shown in the block diagram of  FIG. 1  as “n-th GLOBAL ALIGNMENT STEP”. 
     (e n ) n-th Global Alignment Step is the same as “(e) Global Alignment Step” of the first embodiment of the designing method of the present invention except that global alignment is performed on the base sequence of the primer candidate for amplifying the n-th target region generated in the above-described (b n ) n-th Primer Candidate Base Sequence Generation Step and the base sequences of the primers which have already been employed. 
     (f n ) n-th Step of Second Stage Selection 
     (f n ) n-th Step of Second Stage Selection is shown in the block diagram of  FIG. 1  as “n-th Step of Second Stage Selection”. 
     (f n ) n-th Step of Second Stage Selection is the same as “(f) Second Stage Selection Step” of the first embodiment of the designing method of the present invention except that the selection is performed on the base sequence of the primer candidate for amplifying the n-th target region generated in the above-described (b n ) n-th Primer Candidate Base Sequence Generation Step based on the global alignment score obtained in the above-described (e n ) n-th Global Alignment Step and the base sequences of the primers which have already been employed. 
     Similarly to the first embodiment of the designing method of the present invention, both steps of the above-described (c n ) n-th Local Alignment Step and the above-described (d n ) n-th Step of First Stage Selection may be performed before or after both steps of the above-described (e n ) n-th Global Alignment Step and the above-described (f n ) n-th Step of Second Stage Selection, or may be performed in parallel with both steps of the above-described (e n ) n-th Global Alignment Step and the above-described (f n ) n-th Step of Second Stage Selection. 
     In addition, in order to reduce the amount of calculation, it is preferable to perform both steps of the above-described (e n ) n-th Local Alignment Step and the above-described (d n ) n-th Stage Selection Step in a combination which has passed the above-described (f n ) n-th Step of Second Stage Selection after performing both steps of the above-described (e n ) n-th Global Alignment Step and the above-described (f n ) n-th Step of Second Stage Selection” first. Particularly, as the number of target regions and the number of base sequences of primer candidates are increased, the effect of reducing the amount of calculation is increased, and it is possible to speed up the overall processing. 
     (Amplification Sequence Length-Checking Step) 
     Amplification Sequence Length-Checking Step is the same as “Amplification Sequence Length-Checking Step” of the first embodiment of the designing method of the present invention. The present step is an arbitrary step, and may be performed or may not be performed. 
     (g n ) n-th Primer Employment Step 
     (g n ) n-th Primer Employment Step is shown in the block diagram of  FIG. 1  as “n-th PRIMER EMPLOYMENT STEP”. 
     (g n ) n-th Primer Employment Step is the same as “(g) Primer Employment Step” of the first embodiment of the designing method of the present invention except that the base sequence of the primer candidate for amplifying the n-th target region generated in the above-described (b n ) n-th Primer Candidate Base Sequence Generation Step is employed. 
     [Primer Set Used for Polymerase Chain Reaction] 
     The primer set used for a polymerase chain reaction of the present invention is a set of primers designed through the above-described method for designing a primer used for a polymerase chain reaction. 
     That is, a local alignment score obtained by performing pairwise local alignment on a base sequence of each primer under a condition that a partial sequence to be subjected to comparison includes the 3′ terminal of the above-described base sequence is less than a first threshold value, and a global alignment score obtained by performing pairwise global alignment on a base sequence which has a predetermined number of bases and the 3′ terminal of the base sequence of each primer is less than a second threshold value. 
     It is possible to set the global alignment score obtained by performing pairwise global alignment on a base sequence which has a predetermined number of bases and includes the 3′ terminal of a base sequence of each primer to be less than the second threshold value by setting a base sequence with several bases from the 3′ terminal of a primer as an identical base sequence. 
     It is possible to perform SNP determination and/or SNV determination on a trace amount of DNA using the present invention. Furthermore, by setting a target region to be an arbitrary position within a specific chromosome, it is possible to know the quantitative ratio for each specific chromosome. Accordingly, it is possible to perform a genome abnormality test, such as new prenatal diagnosis, using single cells or a trace amount of DNA. 
     Hereinafter, the present invention will be described in more detail using Examples, but is not limited to these Examples. 
     EXAMPLES 
     Example 1 
     (1) Selection of Target Region 
     SNP positions shown in Table 8 were selected as target regions. An SNP ID is an identification number used in a single nucleotide polymorphism database (dbSNP) managed by National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
                 TABLE 8 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 Chromosome 
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 SNP ID 
                 Number 
                 Coordinate 
                 Allele 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 rs7981616 
                 13 
                 25265103 
                 A/G 
               
               
                   
                 rs2230233 
                 18 
                 29104698 
                 C/T 
               
               
                   
                 rs2073370 
                 21 
                 35260481 
                 T/C 
               
               
                   
                 rs2379206 
                 X 
                 6995315 
                 C/T 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     (2) Generation of Primer Candidate Base Sequence 
     Primer candidate base sequences (SEQ ID No: 1 to SEQ ID No: 8) shown in Table 9 were respectively generated with respect to the selected target regions. Here, a “forward primer” refers to a primer generated based on a base sequence of the 5′ side region (a region on a side where a coordinate is small) of an SNP position and a “reverse primer” refers to a primer generated based on a base sequence (a base sequence of a complementary chain of chromosome DNA) of the 3′ side region (a region on a side where a coordinate is large) of an SNP position. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
                 TABLE 9 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 Amplification 
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 start/finish 
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 position 
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 Primer candidate 
                 Upper part: 
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 base sequence 
                 amplification 
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 Upper part: 
                 start position 
                   
               
               
                 SEQ 
                 Target 
                 forward primer (5′→3′) 
                 Lower part: 
                 Distance 
               
               
                 ID 
                 region 
                 Lower part: 
                 amplification 
                 between 
               
               
                 No 
                 SNP ID 
                 reverse primer (5′→3′) 
                 finish position 
                 primers 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                 1 
                 rs7981616 
                 GCTTGGCCTTGGGAATGTGG 
                 25264999 
                 180 
               
               
                 2 
                   
                 GGCAATATGGCCAATGATGG 
                 25265178 
                   
               
               
                   
               
               
                 3 
                 rs2230233 
                 TTTGCAGCTTGAAGGGATGG 
                 29104659 
                 161 
               
               
                 4 
                   
                 GAGCATCTGTTTCTATGTGG 
                 29104819 
                   
               
               
                   
               
               
                 5 
                 rs2073370 
                 GCCTCGAAGAGAGGGAATGG 
                 35260401 
                 171 
               
               
                 6 
                   
                 GACCACAATCTCTCCCGTGG 
                 35260571 
                   
               
               
                   
               
               
                 7 
                 rs2379206 
                 AGGAAGATGTCCGGGTCTGG 
                 6995304 
                 170 
               
               
                 8 
                   
                 ATCCACCTGCGGAAACATGG 
                 6995473 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     (3) Evaluation of Dimer Formability 
     In order to exclude a primer candidate base sequence which easily formed a primer dimer, evaluation of the dimer formability was performed using a local alignment score. Then, the dimer formability was further evaluated on a primer candidate base sequence which had been evaluated that the dimer formability was low, using a global alignment score, and a combination of primer candidate base sequences having low dimer formability was obtained. 
     a) Evaluation Using Local Alignment Score 
     Pairwise local alignment was performed on all pairs (28 pairs) of the primer candidate base sequences represented by SEQ ID No: 1 to SEQ ID No: 8 under the condition (constraint condition) that a partial base sequence to be subjected to comparison includes the 3′ terminal of a primer candidate base sequence. The local alignment was set such that an alignment score became a maximum under the above-described constraint condition using the scoring system shown in Table 10. In Table 10, represents a gap (indel: insertion/deletion). 
     A threshold value of the local alignment score was set to 3, and pairs of which the local alignment score was less than 3 were passed. 

 
     The obtained kinds of alignment are shown in  FIG. 2  to  FIG. 29 . Local alignment scores for all of the combinations were less than “3”, and therefore, it was evaluated that all of the combinations had low dimer formability. 
     b) Evaluation Using Global Alignment Score 
     Three bases were extracted from the 3′ terminal of each primer candidate base sequence and global alignment was performed on base sequences (all are 5′-TGG-3′) each consisting of the three bases regarding all of the pairs (28 pairs) of the primer candidate base sequences represented by SEQ ID No: 1 to SEQ ID No: 8. The global alignment was set such that an alignment score became a maximum using a scoring matrix shown in Table 10. The threshold value of the score was set to 3, and pairs of which the global alignment score was less than 3 were passed. In Table 10, “−” represents a gap (indel: insertion/deletion). 
     The obtained alignment was shown in  FIG. 30 . Global alignment scores for all of the pairs were less than “3”, and therefore, it was evaluated that all of the pairs had low dimer formability. 
     (4) Evaluation of Distance between Primers 
     From the combinations of the primer candidate base sequences which had low dimer formability and which were obtained through the above-described “(3) Evaluation of Dimer Formability”, the distance between primers (the length from an amplification start position to an amplification end position) was calculated for each of the pairs (a pair of SEQ ID No: 1 and SEQ ID No: 2, a pair of SEQ ID No: 3 and SEQ ID No: 4, a pair of SEQ ID No: 5 and SEQ ID No: 6, and a pair of SEQ ID No: 7 and SEQ ID No: 8) of the primer candidates for subjecting each target region to PCR amplification. 
     Pairs of which the distance between primers was within a range of 160 to 180 bases were passed. 
     As shown in Table 9, the distance between primers of each pair of all of the primer candidates was within a range of 160 to 180 bases. 
     (5) Confirmation of Primer Set 
     Sets of primers (primer sets) consisting of the base sequences represented by SEQ ID No: 1 to SEQ ID No: 8 were obtained as primer sets for amplifying four SNP positions shown in Table 1 through multiplex PCR. 
     These primer sets can selectively amplify a target region efficiently at the same time through multiplex PCR even in a case where the primer dimer formability was low and an extremely small amount of genomic DNA extracted from a single cell was set as template DNA. 
     Comparative Example 1 
     (1) Generation of Primer Candidate Base Sequence 
     A pair of a base sequence represented by SEQ ID No: 9 and a base sequence represented by SEQ ID No: 10 were generated as primer candidate base sequences. 
     (2) Evaluation of Dimer Formability 
     A threshold value of the local alignment score was set to “3”. Pairs of which the local alignment score was greater than or equal to “3” were regarded to have high dimer formability. The pairs were excluded from the subject of evaluation of the dimer formability to be further performed. 
     Local alignment was perfoi Hied on the pair of the base sequences represented by SEQ ID No: 9 and SEQ ID No: 10 in the same manner as in Example 1. 
     The obtained alignment is shown in  FIG. 31 . The local alignment score of the pair of the base sequences represented by SEQ ID No: 9 and SEQ ID No: 10 was “7” being greater than or equal to “3” which was the threshold value. Therefore, this pair was excluded from the subject of evaluation of the dimer foi inability since this pair had high dimer 
     A primer dimer is formed in a case of actually performing a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using the primer represented by the base sequence of SEQ ID No: 9 and the primer represented by the base sequence of SEQ ID No: 10. It is possible to prevent a dimer obtained from alignment with such a high score, through the first stage selection step. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
               
             
               
                 TABLE 11 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 SEQ 
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 ID 
                 Primer 
               
               
                   
                   
                 No 
                 base sequence (5′→3′) 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                 Comparative 
                 1 
                  9 
                 TGCAGTCATCTTGCTCTACA 
               
               
                 Example 
                   
                 10 
                 ACTTGTGGGACTGTAGAGGA 
               
               
                   
                 2 
                 11 
                 CCCAGTCAATCTAAGCCTCG 
               
               
                   
                   
                 12 
                 GGATCTCTTTGGCAAGTTCG 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Comparative Example 2 
     (1) Generation of Primer Candidate Base Sequence 
     A pair of a base sequence represented by SEQ ID No: 11 and a base sequence represented by SEQ ID No: 12 were generated as primer candidate base sequences. 
     (2) Evaluation of Dimer 
     a) Evaluation Using Local Alignment Score 
     A threshold value of the local alignment score was set to “3”. Pairs of which the local alignment score was less than “3” were passed, and the evaluation of the dimer formability was further performed. 
     Local alignment was performed on a pair of the base sequences represented by SEQ ID No: 11 and SEQ ID No: 12 in the same manner as in Example 1. 
     The obtained alignment is shown in  FIG. 32 . The local alignment score of the pair of the base sequences represented by SEQ ID No: 11 and SEQ ID No: 12 was “−4” being less than “3” which was the threshold value. Therefore, evaluation of the dimer formability was performed on this pair. 
     b) Evaluation Using Global Alignment Score A threshold value of the global alignment score was set to “2”. Pairs of which the global alignment score was greater than or equal to “2” were regarded to have high dimer formability. The pairs were excluded from the subject of evaluation of the primer to be further performed. 
     Global alignment was performed on the pair of the base sequences represented by SEQ ID No: 11 and SEQ ID No: 12 in the same manner as in Example 1. 
     The obtained alignment is shown in  FIG. 33 . The global alignment score of two bases at the 3&#39; terminal of the pair of the base sequences represented by SEQ ID No: 11 and SEQ ID No: 12 was “2” being greater than or equal to “2” which was the threshold value. Therefore, this pair was excluded from the subject of evaluation of the dimer formability since this pair had high dimer formability. 
     In this manner, since a primer dimer is formed with only several bases at the 3′ terminal of a primer, the alignment score is low from the viewpoint of the entire sequence by performing the second stage selection step in addition to the first stage selection step. However, it is possible to prevent the dimer formation through annealing of only the several bases of the 3′ terminal. 
     The present invention can provide a primer set which can selectively amplify an objective region efficiently even in a case where the number of gene regions to be amplified is comparatively small or large and can be applied to applications which include genetic diagnostic applications and in which various PCR methods are used since the present invention is useful in PCR, such as polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification from a single cell, in a case where the trace amount of genomic deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is used as template DNA. 
     SEQUENCE LIST 
     International Application W-5617PCT Method for Designing Primer Used for Polymerase Chain Reaction and Primer Set JP16060480 20160330----00450174151600635458 Normal 20160330154107201601291333311030_P1AP101 —— W-_11.app Based on International Patent Cooperation Treaty