Patent Publication Number: US-2006009092-A1

Title: Electric water crafts

Description:
RELATED APPLICATION  
      This patent application is a continuation-in-part of Applicant&#39;s Pending Patent Application entitled “Electric Personal Water Craft” Ser. No. 10/374,477 filed Feb. 25, 2003 which is incorporated herein by this reference. This patent application also claims the benefit of Applicant&#39;s provisional patent application entitled “Electric Personal Water Crafts” filed Aug. 22, 2003 60/497,282 which is hereby incorporated by this reference. 
    
    
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION  
      1. Field of the Invention  
      This present invention relates to an electric water craft with electricity supplied by a fuel cell stack. More specifically, to an electric propulsion system and method for an electric water craft.  
      2. Background Art  
      The personal water craft “PWC” is commonly known as a small marine vessel with limited seating. Prior art PWC&#39;s use an inboard internal combustion engine (ICE) to power a water jet pump. The PWC has limited hull space for electronics, fuel and propulsion systems.  
      The PWC can also be dirty and noisy. The PWC is the subject of restrictions in areas such as national parks (see 36 Code of Federal Regulations 13.63 (h) (i)). The majority of PWC&#39;s are powered by a two-stroke ICE which uses a mixture of gasoline and oil for fuel. Unfortunately, about one third of the oil and gasoline mixture is unburned and introduced into the surrounding environment. The California Air Resources Board (CARB) has reported that a days ride on a 100 horsepower PWC emits the same amount of smog as driving 100,000 miles in a modern automobile, see “Proposed Regulations for Gasoline Spark-Ignition Marine Engines, Draft Proposal Summary” Mobile Source Control Division, State of California Air Resources Board; Jun. 11, 1998.  
      PWCs are water crafts and they are highly maneuverable making them suitable for a variety of recreational, law enforcement and military activities. However, the noise and pollution problems of the ICE can limit their use. Some are constructed with two seats side by side with occupants surrounded by at least a partial hull, others place one or more riders on a raised hull section.  
      Electric motors have been used in small marine and water crafts for fishing and water taxis for slow speed propulsion, navigation and trolling. Electric motors have also been used as secondary low speed propulsion or for low speed navigation in marine crafts which have a primary propulsion provided by an ICE, see generally U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,305,994 and 6,361,385 issued to Bland et. al.  
      Conventional batteries (lead acid) have been used to supply electricity for low speed propulsion of marine water crafts. Conventional batteries are, however, bulky, heavy, and slow to recharge. An electric watercrafts or water taxi has limited weight load bearing capacity and often trade off cargo or passenger carrying capacity for battery carrying capacity. The water taxi is often used in busy commercial or recreational settings and may be in operation beyond the output capacity of a battery supply. This type of usage makes long recharge times, or recharge from the electric grid impractical and/or inconvenient. One costly alternative is to have multiple sets of water taxis with one group recharging while the other group is operational. Accordingly, conventional batteries are a poor choice to power an electric water craft or taxi. i  
      A Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell “PEMFC” generates electricity through the passage of protons from hydrogen atoms through a membrane. The movement of the disassociated electrons around the membrane generates electricity. As shown in equation 1 (the anode half reaction) and equation 2 (the cathode half reaction). 
 
H2&gt;2H++2 e−   Equation 1 
 
 ½O 2+2H++2 e −&gt;H2O+Heat  Equation 2 
 
      The heat generated during the passage of the electrons around the membrane and the formation of water at the cathode. The temperature for practical operation of the PEMFC is about 80 C to about 120 C However, the heat generated during operation, if not removed can cause the PEMFC to exceed  120 C. With increased temperature the performance of the PEMFC can diminish. See generally U.S. Pat. No. 6,066,408 issued to Vitale and Jones. Accordingly, it would also be desirous to have a fuel cell power supply for a water craft with heat management.  
      It would therefore be desirous to have a water craft, with the primary propulsion system being electric, without a conventional battery power supply.  
      Additionally, a self-recharging electric water craft without a large heavy conventional battery supply would also be desired.  
     SUMMARY OF INVENTION  
      Some exemplary implementations are an electric water craft (EWC) which includes fresh water and electric marine craft with a fuel cell providing electricity directly for the propulsion.  
      Some exemplary implementations are an EWC with a fuel cell providing electricity indirectly (via recharging a fast recharging battery) for propulsion.  
      Some exemplary implementations are an EWC with a fuel cell providing electricity directly and indirectly for propulsion.  
      Some exemplary implementations are an EWC a fuel cell providing electricity directly for non-propulsion electrical systems.  
      Some exemplary implementations are an EWC with a fuel cell providing electricity indirectly (via recharging a fast recharging battery) for non-propulsion electrical systems.  
      Some exemplary implementations are an EWC with a fuel cell providing electricity directly and indirectly for non-propulsion propulsion systems.  
      Some exemplary implementations are an EWC with a photovoltaic array supplying at least a portion of the electricity for propulsion.  
      Some exemplary implementations are an EWC with a photovoltaic array (solar powered) supplying at least a portion of electricity for battery recharging.  
      The electrical propulsion system for the EWC can use output from a fuel cell stack and/or photovoltaic array to recharge a battery supply. Weight can be reduced by utilizing fast recharging batteries such as a nickel-metal hydride battery “NiMH”, a nickel-cadmium battery “NiCd” battery or other fast recharging battery supply. Fast recharging small batteries can be recharged during the use of the EWC with electrical output from an on-board fuel cell stack and/or photovoltaic array during or in-between operation.  
      Electricity from the fuel cell and electrical output from a battery in some exemplary implementations power one or more electric motors. In such an implementation excess electricity produced by the fuel cell stack may also be used to recharge the battery.  
      Electricity from the photovoltaic array, the fuel cell and electrical output from a battery, in some exemplary implementations power one or more electric motors. In such an implementation excess electricity produced by the photovoltaic array and/or the fuel cell may also be used to recharge the battery.  
      Thermal management of a fuel cell stack is accomplished by heat exchange through at least a portion of the hull. Thermal management of the fuel cell stack also can reduce the interior hull temperature. Reducing the interior hull temperature also can reduce the temperature of other components within the hull.  
      For an EWC capable of high speed as few as one electric motor primary propulsion module may be used for the propulsion. A single impeller in a water tunnel can provide a water jet stream, exiting a discharge nozzle at the rear of the craft for propulsion. A directional nozzle affixed to the discharge nozzle can be used for navigation. The combination of a water tunnel, impeller and discharge nozzle form the main components of a water jet propulsion module. The directional nozzle is controllable by the user.  
      An EWC may have two or more electric motors for the primary propulsion. For a dual water jet EWC, with rearward discharge nozzles, navigation can be effected by controlling the discharge of water from either or both of the discharge nozzles and/or by adding controllable directional nozzles. A propulsion module may use conventional propellers on shafts rather than a water jet. Propellers on shafts may be preferred for low speed navigation and propulsion. Navigation of such propellers is controlled through conventional rudders, angulations of the propeller and/or control of the rotational direction and rotational speed of each propeller.  
      The EWC may have one or more rearward motors, and at least one forward motor. By controlling the output of each forward motor and/or the rearward motor, propulsion and navigation of the craft can be controlled.  
      Other features and advantages of the present invention will be set forth, in part, in the descriptions which follow and the accompanying drawings, wherein the preferred embodiments of the present invention are described and shown, and in part, will become apparent to those skilled in the art upon examination of the following detailed description taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings or may be learned by practice of the present invention. The advantages of the present invention may be realized and attained by means of the instrumentalities and combinations particularly pointed out in the appended claims.  
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS  
       FIG. 1A  is an external side view of an EWC.  
       FIG. 1B  is a cut-away side view of the embodiment of  FIG. 1A .  
       FIG. 1C  is a bottom view of the embodiment of  FIG. 1A .  
       FIG. 1D  is a cut-away back view of the embodiment of  FIG. 1A  at line A-A.  
       FIG. 1E  is a top view of the embodiment of  FIG. 1A .  
       FIG. 2  is a block diagram of the major components of the power generation and propulsion system of an EWC.  
       FIG. 3A  is a back view of a dual motor EWC.  
       FIG. 3B  is a partial bottom view of the embodiment of  FIG. 3A .  
       FIG. 3C  is a top view diagram, showing a turn, of the embodiment of  FIG. 3A .  
       FIG. 4  is a block diagram of power and navigation components for a dual motor EWC.  
       FIG. 5  is a partial bottom view of an alternate embodiment of a dual motor EWC.  
       FIG. 6  is a block diagram of power and navigation components for a dual motor EWC.  
       FIG. 7  is a bottom of another embodiment of a EWC.  
       FIG. 8  is a block diagram of power and navigation components for a triple motor EWC.  
       FIG. 9  is a block diagram of the major components of the power generation and propulsion system of an EWC.  
       FIG. 10  is a block diagram of the major components of the power generation and propulsion system of a AC powered EWC.  
       FIG. 11  is a block diagram of the major components of the power generation and propulsion system of a DC powered EWC.  
       FIG. 12  is an illustration of a EWC with photovoltaic array. 
    
    
      It should be appreciated that for simplicity and clarity of illustration, elements shown in the Figures have not necessarily been drawn to scale. For example, the dimensions of some of the elements are exaggerated relative to each other for clarity. Further, where considered appropriate, reference numerals have been repeated among the Figures to indicate corresponding elements.  
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS  
      Detailed embodiments of the present invention are disclosed herein; however, it is to be understood that the disclosed embodiments are merely exemplary of the invention, which may be embodied in various forms. Therefore, specific structural and functional details disclosed herein are not to be interpreted as limiting, but merely as a basis for claims and as a representative basis for teaching one skilled in the art to variously employ the present invention in virtually any appropriately detailed structure.  
      Shown in  FIGS. 1A-1E  is an electric water craft “EWC”  10 . The EWC shown has a seat  12  raised above a hull  14 , the hull  14  has hollow portions therein. A handle bar on a support  16  provides a hand hold for a rider. A hand grip control  17  can be mounted on the handle bar on a support  16 . The hand grip control  17 , in this embodiment, is a substantially a motorcycle-type hand throttle which is well known in the art. The hand grip control  17  is used for speed control.  
      A steering nozzle  18  extends from the back of the hull  14 . An electric motor powered by electricity generated from the fuel cell provides the propulsion for the EWC. Those skilled in the art will recognize that the propulsion system for the EWC. shown in the figures is applicable to a small water craft which may have seating within a portion of the hull and/or which may use a steering wheel and lever throttle controls. Vents  19  are provided in the hull  14 .  
      A schematic showing the major components of a fuel cell (FC), “electric water craft” (WC) is shown in  FIG. 2 . The components of the FC EWC are placed inside the hull  14  or extending therefrom. The “proton exchange membrane fuel cell stack” (PEMFC)  100  requires a supply of hydrogen to generate electricity.  
      Hydrogen is delivered to the PEMFC  100  from a hydrogen supply system. Many viable solutions of delivering hydrogen on-demand to a fuel cell tack exist. Those skilled in the art will recognize that most PEMFC work best and last longer when provided a stream of adequately humid substantially pure hydrogen. The source of the hydrogen is less important than the purity and humidity. Many chemical process can generated usable hydrogen from a chemical reaction, as can reformation or compressed and stored hydrogen. Chemical and reformation processes may require filtration or removal of compounds other than hydrogen to deliver a suitably pure hydrogen stream to the PEMFC.  
      In one exemplary implementation at least one refillable hydrogen storage tank  105  with a fill valve  110  connected to a pressure rated hydrogen feed line  111  through which hydrogen flows to the anodes  112  of a fuel cell stack is illustrated. Different PEMFC can utilize hydrogen at different pressure. Normally, as is known in the art, the pressure of the hydrogen dispensed from the tank  105  will be regulated by a pressure regulation device (not shown) and delivered to the anodes  112  at a pressure which is within the operating pressure for the membranes with in the anodes  112 . The hydrogen storage tank should have a pressure rating of at least 1000 psi and more preferably a pressure rating of at least 5000 psi, and most preferably a pressure rating of at least 10,000 psi. The hydrogen feed line  111  passes into a humidity control device  120  which adds moisture to the gaseous hydrogen before it flows to the PEMFC  100 .  
      An is delivered oxygen to the PEMFC  100  from an oxygen supply system. An air compressor  130  draws atmospheric air down an air intake  140  through a filter  150  and directs the compressed air, through an air feed line  132  to the cathode(s)  114  of the PEMFC  100 . The air compressor  130  is connected to a battery  160  to initiate the air compressor  130  operation.  
      The PEMFC  100 , a hydrogen supply system (which delivers pressurized humid hydrogen to the PEMFC  100 ) and an oxygen supply system which delivers pressurized oxygen to the PEMFC  100  working together may be referred to as a “fuel cell power system”. Those skilled in the art will recognize that additional or varied components which perform the same functions as the elements of the Hydrogen supply system or the oxygen supply system may be used as part of a fuel cell power system without departing form the intended scope of the invention herein.  
      Once the PEMFC  100  is operating (generating electricity) a direct current “DC” to DC (DC/DC) converter  200  may be used to step down the voltage and power on board systems such as the compressor  130  and other low voltage components, and to recharge the battery  160 .  
      As indicated in equation 2 the operation of the PEMFC  100  generates heat. The PEMFC  100  is most efficient when operating between about 80 and about 120 C. By thermally connecting the PEMFC  100  with a fuel cell heat exchanger  135 , through a heat exchange region  40  of the hull  14 , to the water environment the heat from operating the PEMFC  100  can be dissipated, dispersed and/or managed. Heat exchangers are well known in the art. In this embodiment the heat exchanger  135  is a finned metallic portion. Other configurations and types of heat exchangers, coolers, or radiators may also be suitable.  
      As indicated many alternate hydrogen supply systems are known. Also shown in  FIG. 2  is a reformer  175 , which generally comprises a combustion chamber and a reaction chamber, is used to free gaseous hydrogen from a hydrogen rich fuel. The hydrogen rich fuel is supplied to the reformer  175  from an internal fuel tank  180 . A fuel fill valve  185  is used to refill the fuel tank.  
      Reformers for generating hydrogen from hydrogen rich fuels are well represented in the art. No specific reformer is called out for. But rather, a reformer which can provide an adequate quantity of gaseous hydrogen to supply the consumption of the PEMFC  100 . The reformation process is exothermic (heat producing) and a reformer heat exchanger  190  is shown in  FIG. 2 . The reformer heat exchanger  190  is used to thermally connect the reformer  175  to the marine environment (via a heat exchange region  40  of a hull as shown in  FIG. 1C ) to manage the heat generated by the reformer  175 .  
      A fuel system controller  210  is used to control the on/off function of the hydrogen supply valve the 215 and the motor controller  225  for the compressor  130 . In this embodiment electricity from the fuel cell stack is also received by an electric power inverter  235  with its own controller  250 . The electric power inverter converts the DC output of the fuel cell power system to an alternating current “AC” to operate an AC electric motor  260  which drives the water jet propulsion module  270 . In some instances a DC motor may be preferable. The description herein of an AC motor is preferred and not intended as a limitation.  
      The speed of the EWC can be controlled by varying the electrical output of the PEMFC  100 . Some of the procedures to vary the output of the PEMFC  100  is altering the hydrogen flow (via the hydrogen supply valve  215 ) and/or varying the available oxygen (via altering the action of the compressor  130 ). The speed of the EWC can also be controlled by varying the output of the inverter  235  and/or varying the speed of the electric motor  260 . The speed of the electric motor  260  is adjusted by the motor speed control  265 .  
      The size, current requirements, and electrical output of the electric motor  260  are dependent on the intended to usage of the FC EWC. An FC EWC for a single rider may require a less powerful motor than a FC EWC for two or more riders. A high speed EWC for 1 to 4 riders may require more output than a low speed EWC, such as a water taxi for 12 riders.  
      Components of the water jet propulsion module  270 , shown in  FIG. 1B , are a water tunnel  20 , an impeller  22  (connected to a motor shaft  24  which extends from inside the hull  26 , through a sealed guide  27 , into the water tunnel  20 ), a tunnel opening  28  through the bottom of the hull  29 , and a discharge nozzle  32 .  
      The AC electric motor  260 , with motor speed controller  265 , provides the primary propulsion for the EWC. The electric power inverter  235  provides the AC current. When the impeller  22  inside the water tunnel  20  rotates water is directed through the water tunnel  20  and forms a stream of water. The stream of water reaches the discharge nozzle  32  and exits the EWC. In this embodiment a steering nozzle  18  is connected to the discharge nozzle whereby the stream of water is movably directed. The discharge nozzle  32 , in this embodiment, is placed near the centerline of the EWC  33  and at the backside of the hull  36 . The stream of water passes through the steering nozzle and a water jet stream  500  exits. By controlling the direction of the water jet stream  500 , relative to the EWC, the steering nozzle  18  is used in propulsion and navigation of the EWC.  
      The steering nozzle  18  is physically controlled by the movement of the handle bars on a support  16 . An actuator  37  is connected to the handle bars on a support  16  and the steering nozzle  18 . Known in the art are many types of actuators including but not limited to wire-actuators, mechanical, electrical and hydraulic. Accordingly, a detailed description of an actuator is not provided. The actuator  37 , in this embodiment with a linking rod  38 , connects the handle bars  16  to the steering nozzle  18 . Any actuator which react to the movement of the handle bars  16  and will provide a corresponding movement of the steering nozzles  18  can be used without departing from the scope of this invention.  
      The fuel cell heat exchanger  135  is in thermal contact with a heat exchange region  40  of the bottom of the hull  29 . If a reformer  175  is being used to provide hydrogen, a reformer heat exchanger  185  can also be placed in contact with the heat exchange region  40 . The heat exchange region  40  is constructed with good thermal conducting properties whereby the heat from the operation of the PEMFC  100  is dissipated into the marine environment. The heat exchange region  40 , at its interface  41  with the hull bottom  29 , should be constructed to avoid heat damage to itself, the hull, or the interface  41 . The heat exchange region  40  may be constructed with channels, fins or have other surface features, which are known in the art, to increase the surface area for heat exchange. In the present embodiment a metallic material, such as stainless steel can be used to construct the heat exchange region  40 . However, it is within the scope of this disclosure that other metallic and non-metallic materials, such as metal alloys, resins, composites, insert molded metal and plastic, and ceramics may be used to form at least a part of the heat exchange region.  
      Other components connect to the fuel cell power system include, but are not limited to, the water management which is shown in this embodiment as a condenser  280  which receives an exhaust stream from the cathode and condenses the water therein. The condenser  280  can provide water for use in the humidity control device  120 . The condensed water can be stored in a reservoir  290 . In some embodiments a DC/DC converter may be connected to the fuel cell power system, in other embodiments a power inverter  235  may be used to covert the DC to AC.  
      In  FIGS. 3A and 3B  the FC EWC  50  also has a hull  52  with a seat  53 . Dual fixed discharge nozzles  32  &amp;  32 ′, extend through the back of the hull  56 . The dual fixed discharge nozzles  32  &amp;  32 ′ are shown at a fixed angled with the water jet stream  500  &amp;  500 ′ directed towards the centerline  61  of the hull  60 . The first and second electric motors  260  &amp;  260 ′ are each connected to a water jet propulsion module  270  and generally operates as described in reference to the embodiment described in  FIGS. 1A-1E .  
      In this embodiment the water jet streams  500  &amp;  500 ′ exits each water tunnel the discharge nozzles  32  &amp;  32 ′. Weight shifting and varying the volume of discharged water in each of the water jet streams  500  &amp;  500 ′ provide the propulsion and navigation. The volume of discharged water in a water jet stream is a time measurement. By varying the volume of water discharged over a period of time the EWC can be navigated, as shown in  FIG. 3C .  
      A load splitter  300 , shown in  FIG. 4  receives the electrical output from the inverter  235 . The load splitter can divide up the power directed to each motor  260  &amp;  260 ′. The load splitter  300  is controlled by a load splitter controller  310 . The PEMFC  100  within the fuel cell power supply, supplies the current to the inverter  235 . In this embodiment the movement of the handle bars  16  communicates with the load splitter controller  310  to vary the power to each motor  260  &amp;  260 ′.  
      To turn the EWC left (shown in  FIG. 3C ) a user moves the handle bars  16  along the direction of arrow  62 . The handle bar  16  movement communicates with the load splitter controller which directs the load splitter  300  to increases the electrical output to the right motor  260  as compared to the electrical output to the left motor  260 ′. The change in output to the electrical motors  260  &amp;  260 ′ causes a change in the volume of discharged water in the water jet streams  500  &amp;  500 ′. A rider can increase or decrease the forward speed of the EWC by adjustment of the total electrical output provided to the load splitter  300 , via the hand grip  17 .  
      Electric motor(s)  260  can also power a propeller (not shown) extending from a hull. The use of the aforementioned water jet propulsion module (an impeller in a water tunnel with a discharge nozzle) to produce a water jet stream for propulsion is not a limitation of this invention. A propeller connected to a motor shaft can be used to provide propulsion and navigation to a fuel cell powered electric water craft. An impeller is preferred for those EWCs which have a rider above the hull, such a EWC can have riders approaching the EWC from the water and or falling off the EWC the impeller eliminates the risk of injury from a propeller.  
      A dual motor EWC with dual with dual steerable nozzles  18  &amp;  18 ′ is shown in  FIGS. 5 &amp; 6 . In this embodiment the load splitter  300  provides equal electrical output to each motor  260  &amp;  260 ′. Navigation is by the same general mechanism described in reference to the embodiment shown in  FIG. 1A-1E . The steering nozzles  18  &amp;  18 ′ are located on either side of the centerline  61  and move together. The steering nozzles are physically connected to each water jet propulsion module  270 . The steering nozzles  18  &amp;  18 ′ are controlled by the movement of the handle bars  16  which is connected to an actuator  37 .  
      The load splitter  300 , in this embodiment, splits the load substantially evenly (generally to produce the same RPM per motor) between each motor  260  &amp;  260 ′.  
      A triple electric motor EWC  70  is shown in  FIGS. 7 &amp; 8 . In this embodiment the load splitter  300  provides electrical output to the rear motor  260  (and rearward water jet propulsion module  270 ) and to the two forward steering motors  410  &amp;  410 ′. The forward steering motors  410  &amp;  410 ′, each with a motor controller  415  &amp;  415 ′, are angled away from the center line  61  and each is connected to a forward water jet propulsion module  420  &amp;  420 ′. In this embodiment the forward steering motors and/or the propulsion modules  420  &amp;  420 ′ are primarily for navigation and need not be of a size or output for primary propulsion. The jet propulsion modules  270 ,  420  and  420 ′ indicated may be replaced with propeller modules. Propeller modules are preferred for low speed propulsion and navigation in crafts such as water taxis.  
      As previously described, a load splitter  300  operates to direct a portion of the electricity from the PEMFC  100  (which is a part of the fuel cell power system) to the different motors. Specifically, to the rear motor  260  and the forward steering motors  410  &amp;  410 ′, as needed. To steer the EWC left a rider (not shown) engages an actuator  37  which communicates with the load splitter controller  310  to power the right forward steering motor  410 ′. The propulsion modules  27   
      In this embodiment the actuator is an actuator system which communicates with the load splitter controller  310  comprises dual foot controls  430  &amp;  430 ′. In this embodiment the foot controls  430  &amp;  430 ′ actuates the load splitter controller  310 . The foot controls may be mechanical, hydraulic, or “by-wire” (electrical). To turn the EWC left a rider (not shown) places uneven pressure on the dual foot controls, with more pressure on the left foot control  430 , the change in pressure on the left foot control  430  actuates the load splitter controller  310  and the load splitter  300  increase the electrical output to the right forward steering motor  410 ′. A rider can increase or decrease the forward of the EWC by adjustment of the total electrical output provided to the load splitter  300 , via the hand grip  17 . The foot controls  430  &amp;  430 ′ could also be used to control a mechanical actuator to control steering nozzles.  
      Shown in  FIG. 9  is a schematic for the major components of a system and method for another FC EWC. The components of the FC EWC are placed inside the hull  14  or extending therefrom. The hydrogen may be provided from any suitable source. Shown in this implementation is a hydrogen supply system to the PEMFC  100  from a refillable hydrogen storage tank  105  with a fill valve  110  connected to a pressure rated hydrogen feed line  111  which is connected to the anode(s)  112  of the fuel cell stack. The hydrogen storage tank should have a pressure rating of at least 1000 psi and more preferably a pressure rating of at least 5000 psi, and most preferably a pressure rating of at least 10,000 psi.  
      During operation of the fuel cell power system, the hydrogen feed line  111  passes through a humidity control device  120  to add moisture to the gaseous hydrogen before it flows to the PEMFC  100 . An oxygen supply system provides oxygen to the PEMFC  100 . As previously described the air compressor  130  draws atmospheric air down an air intake  140  through a filter  150  and directs the compressed air, through an air feed line  132  to the cathode(s)  114  of the PEMFC  100 . The air compressor  130  is connected to a battery  160  to initiate the air compressor  130  operation. Vents  19  are provided in the hull.  
      Once the fuel cell power system (and the PEMFC  100  therein) is operating (generating electricity) a DC/DC converter  200  is used to step down the voltage and power on board systems such as the compressor  130  and other low voltage components, and recharge the battery  160 , which in this embodiment is preferably a NiMH battery or other fast recharging battery.  
      The NiMH battery  160  or other fast charging battery can be used as a co-primary power supply along with the electricity generated from the output of the PEMFC  100  with a portion of the electricity for the motors supplied by the battery  160  and a portion of the electricity supplied from the PEMFC  100 .  
      The NiMH battery or other fast charging battery  160  can be used as the primary power supply for the propulsion with the battery  160  recharged by the output of the PEMFC  100 , of the fuel cell power system, via the DC/DC converter  200 . A battery  160  refers to a suitable size battery power supply which may be a single battery or multiple batteries connected in series or parallel, depending on the power requirements of the water craft and/or the propulsion system.  
      A sensor  202  may be added to monitor the recharging of the battery  160 . The sensor  202 , when connected to the fuel system controller  210  (not shown) can be used to control the recharging of the battery  160  via the available electrical output from the PEMFC  100 . The sensor  202 , when connected to the DC/DC converter  200  can be used to control the recharge rate of the battery  160 . The sensor may be connected to both the fuel system controller  210  and the DC/DC converter.  
      As indicated in equation 2 the operation of the PEMFC  100  generates heat. The PEMFC  100  is most efficient when operating between about 80 and about 120 C. By thermally connecting the PEMFC  100  with a fuel cell heat exchanger  135 , through a heat exchange region  40  of the hull  14 , to the marine environment the heat from operating the PEMFC  100  can be dissipated, dispersed and/or managed. Heat exchangers are well known in the art. In this embodiment the heat exchanger  135  is a finned metallic portion. Other configurations and types of heat exchangers, coolers, or radiators may also be suitable.  
      An alternate hydrogen supply is also shown in  FIG. 2 . A reformer  175 , which generally comprises a combustion chamber and a reaction chamber, is used to free gaseous hydrogen from a hydrogen rich fuel. The hydrogen rich fuel is supplied to the reformer  175  from an internal fuel tank  180 . A fuel fill valve  185  is used to refill the fuel tank.  
      Reformers for generating hydrogen from hydrogen rich fuels are well represented in the art. No specific reformer is called out for. But rather, a reformer which can provide an adequate quantity of gaseous hydrogen to supply the consumption of the fuel cell stack  100 . The reformation process is exothermic (heat producing) and a reformer heat exchanger  190  is shown in  FIG. 2 . The reformer heat exchanger  190  is used to thermally connects the reformer  175  to the marine environment (via a heat exchange region  40  of the EWC hull shown in  FIG. 1C ) to manage the heat generated by the reformer  175 .  
      A fuel system controller  210 , is used to control the on/off function of the hydrogen supply valve the 215 and the compressor  130  motor controller  225 . Electricity from the fuel cell stack is also received by an electric power inverter  235  with its own controller  250 . The electric power inverter converts the DC voltage from the PEMFC  100  to AC voltage to operate an AC electric motor  260 , with a speed controller motor, which drives the water jet propulsion module  270 . In some instances a DC motor may be preferable. The illustration of an AC motor is not a limitation. Those skilled in the art will recognize that the DC/AC inverter may be by-passed or removed and the DC, conditioned through a DC/DC converter to provide the correct voltage to DC motor(s), in place of the AC motor(s).  
      In this embodiment the power inverter controller  250  is used to manage the available DC from the PEMFC  100 , the battery  160  or both the PEMFC  100  (of the fuel cell power system) and battery  160 .  
      In a DC implementation the inverter is not required, but rather the DC/DC converter can be used to provide DC at the appropriate level for DC propulsion. In a hybrid fuel cell/battery EWC implementation the output available from the battery  160  may also need to be conditioned to meet the DC needs of the DC motor(s). A controller can manage what proportion of DC supplied to the motor is from the PEMFC  100  and what proportion is from the battery  160 . The PEMFC may supply between 0 and about 100% of the electricity to the electric motor, The battery  160  may supply between 0 and about 100% of the electricity to the electric motor.  
      The speed of the EWC can be controlled by varying the electrical output of the fuel cell stack  100  and/or the flow of power from the battery  160 . The output of the fuel cell stack  100  can be varied by altering the hydrogen flow, via the hydrogen supply valve and/or altering the action of the compressor  130  and thereby varying the available oxygen. The speed of the EWC can also be controlled by varying the output of the inverter  235  and/or varying the speed of the electric motor  260 . The speed of the electric motor  260  is adjusted by the motor speed control  265 .  
      The size, current requirements, and output (Kilowatts) of the electric motor  260  are dependent on the intended to usage of the FC EWC. An FC EWC for a single rider may require a less powerful motor than a FC EWC for two or more riders. An EWC with a 6-7 knot maximum speed has different electrical output requirements than a EWC operating at 25 knots. A PEMFC with a nominal output of as little as about 1 kilowatts may be sufficient to recharge the battery  160 . Those skilled in the art will recognize that depending on the type of battery to be recharged, the current requirements of the motor, the weigh, water conditions, and the performance requirements of the EWC a PEMFC with a nominal output above 1 kilowatts may be preferred.  
      Components of the water jet water jet propulsion module  270 , shown in  FIG. 1B , are a water tunnel  20 , an impeller  22  (connected to a motor shaft  24  which extends from inside the hull  26 , through a sealed guide  27 , into the water tunnel  20 ), a tunnel opening  28  through the bottom of the hull  29 , and a discharge nozzle  32 .  
      The AC electric motor  260 , with motor speed controller  265 , provides the primary propulsion for the EWC. The electric power inverter  235  provides the AC current. When the impeller  22  inside the water tunnel  20  rotates water is directed through the water tunnel  20  and forms a stream of water. The stream of water reaches the discharge nozzle  32  and exits the EWC. In this embodiment a steering nozzle  18  is connected to the discharge nozzle whereby the stream of water is movably directed. The discharge nozzle  32 , in this embodiment, is placed near the centerline of the EWC  33  and at the backside of the hull  36 . The stream of water passes through the steering nozzle and a water jet stream  500  exits. By controlling the direction of the water jet stream  500 , relative to the EWC, the steering nozzle  18  is used in propulsion and navigation of the EWC.  
      The steering nozzle  18  is physically controlled by the movement of the handle bars on a support  16 . An actuator  37  is connected to the handle bars on a support  16  and the steering nozzle  18 . Known in the art are many types of actuators including but not limited to wire-actuators, mechanical, electrical and hydraulic. Accordingly, a detailed description of an actuator is not provided. The actuator  37 , in this embodiment with a linking rod  38 , connects the handle bars  16  to the steering nozzle  18 . Any actuator which react to the movement of the handle bars  16  and will provide a corresponding movement of the steering nozzles  18  can be used without departing from the scope of this invention.  
      The fuel cell heat exchanger  135  is in thermal contact with a heat exchange region  40  of the bottom of the hull  29 . If a reformer  175  is being used to provide hydrogen, a reformer heat exchanger  185  can also be placed in contact with the heat exchange region  40 . The heat exchange region  40  is constructed with good thermal conducting properties whereby the heat from the operation of the PEMFC  100  is dissipated into the water environment. The heat exchange region  40 , at its interface  41  with the hull bottom  29 , should be constructed to avoid heat damage to itself, the hull, or the interface  41 . The heat exchange region may be constructed with channels, fins or have other surface features, which are known in the art, to increase the surface area for heat exchange. In the present embodiment a metallic material, such as stainless steel can be used to construct the heat exchange region  40 . However, it is within the scope of this disclosure that other metallic and non-metallic materials, such as metal alloys, resins, composites, insert molded metal and plastic, and ceramics may be used to form at least a part of the heat exchange region.  
      Shown in  FIG. 10  is a schematic for the major components of a system and method for another FC EWC. The components of the FC EWC are placed inside a hull  14  or extending therefrom. The hydrogen may be provided from any suitable source to a pressure rated hydrogen feed line  111  which is connected to the anode(s)  112  of the fuel cell stack.  
      During operation of the fuel cell power system, the hydrogen feed line  111  may pass through a humidity control device  120  to add moisture to the gaseous hydrogen before it flows to the PEMFC  100 . If the hydrogen stream is derived from a source which provides humid hydrogen the humidly control device  120  may be by-passed. An oxygen supply system provides oxygen to the PEMFC  100 . As previously described the air compressor  130  draws atmospheric air down an air intake  140  through a filter  150  and directs the filtered compressed air, through an air feed line  132  to the cathode(s)  114  of the PEMFC  100 . The air compressor  130  is connected to a battery  160  to initiate the air compressor  130  operation. Vents  19  are provided in the hull.  
      Once the fuel cell power system (and the PEMFC  100  therein) is operating (generating electricity) a DC/DC converter  200  is used to step down the voltage and power on board systems such as the compressor  130  and other low voltage components, and recharge the battery  160 , which in this embodiment is preferably a NiMH battery or other fast recharging battery.  
      A photovoltaic array  605  utilizing connected photovoltaic thin films or cells can be added to provide additional electrical current. The current may be used for a portion of the propulsion, running non-propulsion electronics, and/or for recharging the battery  160 . The photovoltaic array is shown connected to the DC/DC converter  200  before supplying electricity to the battery  160 . Depending on the output of the photovoltaic array the need to step-down the voltage may not be required and the DC/DC converter  200  may be by-passed. The photovoltaic array  605  may also supply electricity directly to the inverter  235  for use by the electric motor  260 .  
      In  FIG. 10  the electrical output from the PEMFC is shown conditioned by the DC/DC converter  200  before being provided to the inverter  235  for use by the electric motor  260 . Although one electric motor is shown  260  multiple electric motors may be used as described in other implementations. The electric motor drives a water jet propulsion module  270  or a propeller and shaft propulsion module  700 .  
      In  FIG. 11  the electrical output from the PEMFC is shown conditioned by the DC/DC converter  200  before being provided directly for use by the DC electric motor  260 . A controller  251  ,ay be used to vary the available DC output provided by the DC/DC converter  200 .  
       FIG. 12  shows a water taxi EWC with propulsion modules having propellers on shafts  700  and a photovoltaic array  605  consisting of connected cells or thin films  610  supported on a raised canopy  615  on canopy supports  620 . The PEMFC is within the hull and thermal management is through a heat exchange region  40  of the hull  14 , to the water environment. Thereby the heat from operating the PEMFC  100  can be dissipated, dispersed and/or managed. In this embodiment the fuel cell heat exchanger  135  is a finned metallic portion. Other configurations and types of heat exchangers, coolers, or radiators may also be suitable.  
      The NiMH battery  160  or other fast charging battery can be used as a co-primary power supply for the electric motor  260  along with electricity generated from the output of the PEMFC  100  and/or the electricity generated form the photovoltaic array  605 .  
      The NiMH battery or other fast charging battery  160  can be used as the primary power supply for the propulsion with the battery  160  recharged by the output of the PEMFC  100  and/or the output form the photovoltaic array  605 . A battery  160  refers to a suitable size battery power supply which may be a single battery or multiple batteries connected in series or parallel, depending on the power requirements of the water craft and/or the propulsion system.  
      A sensor  202  may be added to monitor the recharging of the battery  160 . The sensor  202 , when connected to the fuel system controller  210  can be used to control the recharging of the battery  160  via the available electrical output from the PEMFC  100 . The sensor  202 , when connected to the DC/DC converter  200  can be used to control the recharge rate of the battery  160 . The sensor may be connected to both the fuel system controller  210  and the DC/DC converter.  
      Since certain changes may be made in the above apparatus without departing from the scope of the invention herein involved, it is intended that all matter contained in the above description, as shown in the accompanying drawing, shall be interpreted in an illustrative, and not a limiting sense.