Patent Publication Number: US-2010124976-A1

Title: Gaming Machine With Orientable Indicia and Method

Description:
RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This application is related to U.S. patent application 12/______ entitled “WAGERING GAME WITH ORIENTABLE INDICIA AND METHOD,” filed on Nov. ______, 2008. 
     This application is related to U.S. patent application 12/______ entitled “NETWORKED GAMING SYSTEM WITH ORIENTABLE INDICIA AND METHOD,” filed on Nov. ______, 2008. 
     All of the above referenced applications are hereby incorporated by reference in their entireties for all purposes. 
    
    
     COPYRIGHT NOTICE 
     A portion of the disclosure of this patent document contains material that is subject to copyright protection. The copyright owner has no objection to the facsimile reproduction by anyone of the patent document or the patent disclosure, as it appears in the Patent and Trademark Office patent files or records, but otherwise reserves all copyright rights whatsoever. 
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     1. Field of the Invention 
     The present invention is directed to wagering games, gaming machines, networked gaming systems and methods and, more particularly, to wagering games, gaming machines, networked gaming systems and methods having orientable, positionable or adjustable indicia. 
     2. Description of the Related Art 
     In the prior art, various types of gaming machines have been developed with different features to captivate and maintain player interest. In general, a gaming machine allows a player to play a game in exchange for a wager. Depending on the outcome of the game, the player may be entitled to an award which is paid to the player by the gaming machine, normally in the form of currency or game credits. Gaming machines may include flashing displays, lighted displays, or sound effects to capture a player&#39;s interest in a gaming device. 
     Another important feature of maintaining player interest in a gaming machine includes providing the player with many opportunities to win awards, such as cash or prizes. For example, in some slot machines, the display windows show more than one adjacent symbol on each reel, thereby allowing for multiple-line betting. Feature games of various types have been employed to reward players above the amounts normally awarded on a standard game pay schedule. Generally, such feature games are triggered by predetermined events such as one or more appearances of certain combinations of indicia in a primary game. In order to stimulate interest, feature games are typically set to occur at a gaming machine on a statistical cycle based upon the number of primary game plays. 
     Some gaming machine games today include one or more progressive prize awards. In some configurations, the progressive prize may have a small probability of a player winning it; thus making it possible to have a larger progressive prize. In other game configurations, the progressive prize may be a small amount; thus allowing the player patron to win the progressive prize more frequently. In most typical game configurations, the player wins the progressive prize as a result of a specific game outcome within the primary or main game. 
     While gaming machines including feature games and progressive prizes have been very successful, there remains a need for games that provide a player with enhanced excitement and increased opportunity of winning 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     In accordance with one or more embodiments of the invention, a gaming machine includes a processor operatively coupled to a set of player-operable controls and a first game and a second game operable by the processor in accordance with the player-operable controls. The first game includes a set of possible outcomes displayable to include at least two indicia having visually distinguishable sub-parts. The second game is initiated upon a triggering event associated with the first game. The gaming machine further includes a payout device for awarding one or more awards resulting from adjusting the position of a first displayed sub-part to place it in proximity to a corresponding second displayed sub-part to form a winning combination. 
     In accordance with other embodiments of the invention, a method of operating a gaming machine including a first game and a second game played by a player includes the steps of accepting a wager from a wager-input mechanism and initiating play of a processor-controlled first game according to the wager. The method further includes the steps of displaying a first game outcome on a display, including displaying at least two indicia having visually distinguishable sub-parts. Upon a triggering event associated with the first game, the method further includes the steps of initiating a second processor-controlled game, adjusting the position on the display of a first displayed sub-part to place it in proximity to a corresponding second displayed sub-part to form a second game outcome and determining one or more awards which may be won according to the second game outcome. The method also includes controlling a payment device to pay the determined awards to the player. 
     Other features and advantages will become apparent from the following detailed description, taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, which illustrate by way of example, the features of the various embodiments. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         FIG. 1  provides an overview of a game in accordance with one or more embodiments. 
         FIGS. 2A-2C  illustrate the effects of orienting multi-part indicia in accordance with one or more embodiments. 
         FIG. 3  is a display image associated with an example feature game in accordance with one or more embodiments. 
         FIG. 4  is a perspective view of a gaming machine in accordance with one or more embodiments. 
         FIG. 5  is a block diagram of the physical and logical components of the gaming machine of  FIG. 4  in accordance with one or more embodiments. 
         FIG. 6  is a block diagram of the logical components of a gaming kernel in accordance with one or more embodiments. 
         FIG. 7  is a functional block diagram depicting the steps associated with carrying out an example method in accordance with one or more embodiments. 
         FIG. 8  is a schematic block diagram showing the hardware elements of a networked gaming system in accordance with one or more embodiments. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE EMBODIMENTS 
     Various embodiments are directed to a game, gaming machine, gaming networks and method for playing a game, wherein the game includes adjustable multi-part indicia. The embodiments are illustrated and described herein, by way of example only, and not by way of limitation. Referring now to the drawings, and more particularly to  FIGS. 1-8 , there are shown illustrative examples of games, gaming machines, gaming networks and methods for playing a game in accordance with various aspects of the invention. 
     An example game in accordance with one or more aspects of the invention is shown in  FIGS. 1-3 . Referring to  FIG. 1 , game  100  is implemented using five spinning reels  101 - 105 . Each of 30 pay line patterns (not shown) passes through one indicium on each of the five reels. For example, the first pay line  160  extends horizontally through the center position of each of the five reels  101 - 105 . The number of pay lines and their patterns are by way of example only and may vary. The player selects the number of played pay lines and the number of credits or coins wagered on each line using touch screen controls or gaming device control buttons. The player&#39;s selections are displayed on pay LINES meter  110 , line BET meter  120  and TOTAL BET meter  130  located adjacent to the reels. Win PAID meter  140  and CREDITS meter  150  provide the player with information about the amount paid by the last game played and the total number of credits available for play. The player may collect the balance of his credits by pressing a COLLECT button (not shown). 
     The player initiates game play by pressing a SPIN touch screen button  170 . In some embodiments, the player may simultaneously select all pay lines at the maximum number of coins or credits allowed per line by pressing a MAX BET button (not shown). Buttons (see  FIG. 4 ,  460 ) on gaming machine  400  ( FIG. 4 ) or touch screen buttons similar to button  170  may be used to perform the actions described here without deviating from the scope of the invention. Reels  101 - 105  are made to spin and stop in predetermined stop positions. A determination is then made whether the stop positions of the reels resulted in a winning game outcome. 
     The player may view the pay table associated with the primary game on the primary game display by way of a HELP/PAYS or similar button. In alternate embodiments, the pay table may be presented on a second video or printed display attached to the gaming device (i.e. display  453  or “pay glass”  452 ,  FIG. 4 ). A winning combination, for example, could be three or more symbols adjacent to one another on an active pay line. For each winning combination, the game device awards the player the award in the pay table, adjusted as necessary based on the number of credits wagered on the pay line on which the win occurred. For example, three RED 7 symbols adjacent to one another from left-to-right on an active pay line might pay 100 times the player&#39;s wager. 
     In one embodiment of the invention, the indicia on reels  101 - 105  may include two or more sub-parts. At the conclusion of the spinning of the reels and subsequent to any initial winning game outcome determination, feature game play may be initiated. During the feature game, the game or the player may adjust the orientation or alignment of one or more indicia by, for example, sliding, spinning, shifting, flipping, rotating, shuffling or otherwise orienting the indicia in order to align like sub-parts of adjacent symbols to create winning combinations. In one embodiment, the game automatically adjusts the indicia. In other embodiments, the player is allowed to adjust the indicia to try to obtain the best possible award on each pay line. For example, the game cycles through each pay line allowing the player to realign indicia until he indicates he is satisfied, then choices for the next pay line are allowed until all pay lines have been presented. 
     In accordance with one embodiment, as illustrated by  FIG. 2 , is a game entitled Domino Train. Some of the slot symbols or indicia represent dominos ranging from 1/1 to 6/6, with no dominos having a zero. When a game is played, the outcome of the reel spin is examined to determine if any domino symbols are visible on the reels. Winning combinations include three or more domino symbols forming a “train,” where the right-half of the left-most symbol on reel  201  may be coupled with a matching left-half of an adjacent symbol on reel  202 , followed by the right-half of the symbol on reel  202  coupled with a matching left-half of an adjacent symbol on reel  203 , and so on across the reels. For each pay line on which domino symbols are present, each symbol may be re-oriented so as to create the longest possible train, from 3 to 5 symbols in length. 
       FIGS. 2A-C  illustrate various stages of five reels  201 - 205  of a game in accordance with one embodiment of the invention. In  FIG. 2A , domino  220  is adjacent to domino  210 , but their adjacent sub-parts are mismatched. Domino  210  is oriented with three pips or dots on its right-hand side, while domino  220  is oriented with five pips on its left-hand side. Because the interface between the dominos is mismatched, they are not coupled and no train combination exists. 
     However, as shown in  FIG. 2B , domino  220  may be flipped horizontally so that the three pips of domino  210  are then matched with the three pips of domino  220  to form a two-symbol train combination, 1/3-3/5, where each digit represents the pips on a sub-part and the separate reel symbols are coupled by hyphens. 
     Continuing the process, domino  230  may similarly be flipped horizontally so that the five pips of domino  230  are coupled with the five pips of domino  220 , as shown in  FIG. 2C . This action extends the train combination to a three-symbol train combination (1/3-3/5-5/6). The action of flipping domino  230  also results in the coupling of domino  230  and domino  240 , resulting in a train combination of 1/3-3/5-5/6-6/6. Without any further action, it can be seen that domino  240  and domino  250  are already coupled by adjacent sets of six pips as a result of the original orientation of their sub-parts. The flipping of domino  230 , then, ultimately produces a five-symbol train combination: 1/3-3/5-5/6-6/6-6/2. 
     Winning combination for the domino symbols may pay fixed award similar to standard slot machine games, such as 5 credits for 3 dominos, 10 credits for 4 dominos and 50 credits for 5 dominos. Or, the awards may be summations of the pips found on all adjacent dominos with each double domino (both sides the same) acting as a multiplier. Referring to the example on pay line  260  in  FIG. 2C , the award might be ((1+3)+(3+5)+(5+6)+(6+6))×2=86 credits. Many other possibilities of award structures are possible, including progressive awards. 
     In various embodiments, winning combinations may be evaluated across adjacent reels from left-to-right, from right-to-left or both. Additional winning combinations may be awarded when certain indicia do not necessarily accumulate adjacently on a pay line, but rather, appear anywhere on the reels (i.e., “scatter pays”). In addition, “wild” indicia may be used to complete winning combinations. Some “wild” indicia may also cause completed winning combinations to be result in pay amounts in excess of the normal winning combination by way of multiplication or addition, for example, a wild doubler symbol may be used to multiply a winning combination&#39;s award by two. 
     In one or more embodiments, once the symbols along pay line  260  have been evaluated and oriented to achieve the best winning combination, the process continues for some or all of the remaining pay lines of the game, for example, pay line  270 . In one embodiment, the player is awarded the sum of all the winning domino train combinations. In another embodiment, the player is awarded the highest of all winning domino train combinations. 
     In another embodiment with a train theme, only some of the symbols need be reoriented, while other symbols are wild and will pair without realignment. For example, a sub-part of a symbol on reel  201  may contain a caboose icon while a sub-part of a symbol on reel  205  may contain a locomotive icon. Symbols on reels  202 - 204  may contain generic sub-parts, such as a generic railroad car icon that can “couple” with any adjacent railroad car icon-bearing sub-part. In order to form a train, one would only need a caboose icon in the left-most position on pay line  260  and a locomotive icon in the right-most position on pay line  260 . The railroad cars connecting them would not need to be aligned with any particular type of railroad car to couple with cars either side; any type of adjacent railroad car would suffice. 
     In other embodiments, the sub-parts may aligned according to rules other than matching in order to pair or couple adjacent indicia. For example, a sequence may be used in which a “1” may be paired with a “2,” a “2” then being paired with a “3”, etc. In one embodiment, the indicia may be adjusted to have adjacent sub-parts that add up to a particular number, for example, seven. For example, dominoes might be positioned into a three-domino winning combination such as 3/5-2/3-4/3, where 5+2=7 and 3+4=7. 
     In some embodiments, rather than changing the orientation of a particular symbol, winning combinations may be created by instead rearranging one of more sub-parts on at least one symbol to form a series. In still other related embodiments, the indicia may then have more than two sub-parts. For example, three-part symbols may have sub-parts of varying colors or other visually distinguishing aspects. The sub-parts may be adjusted, oriented or shuffled within the confines of their corresponding symbol to create match-ups with the sub-parts of adjacent symbols. 
     In some embodiments, various primary game outcomes may be utilized to trigger the play of a “second screen” feature game, including, but not limited to, awarding feature play when certain symbols appear on a pay line, when certain symbols are scattered, when no symbols of a certain type appear, when a certain winning combination occurs or, regardless of the visible symbols, at random or fixed intervals. The availability of the feature game may be restricted based on the size of the wager. 
     In accordance with one or more embodiments, a triggering event in the primary game initiates a “second screen” feature game as illustrated by  FIG. 3 . For example, three TRAIN symbols on an active primary game pay line may initiate play. In the example, a display  300  includes a “bone yard”  310  made up a set of 28 face-down dominoes  320  numbered from double-zero (blank) through double-6. The player selects eight dominoes from bone yard  310 , which are then moved to the bottom of the display to form a hand  330 . The selected dominoes  331 - 338  are then turned face-up to display their pips. The hand is then arranged to form a train of connecting dominos, either automatically by the game, by the player, or both. In one embodiment, the game and the player alternate arranging a domino in the hand. This continues until the longest possible train has been created. In the example of  FIG. 3 , dominoes  332 ,  333 ,  335 ,  336 ,  337  and  338  have been moved from hand  330  to form train  340 . Dominoes  331  and  334  remain unused in hand  330 . In one embodiment, the value of the train may be equal to the total number of pips in the train. In another embodiment, the value of any winning combination may be doubled for each double domino, a domino having the same number of pips in each of its sub-parts; for example, two and two. In one or more embodiments, the value of the train is multiplied by the total bet on the triggering pay line(s) or by some other factor associated with the wager on the primary game which triggered the feature game. 
     In accordance with one or more embodiments, the feature game of  FIG. 3  may be one of a set of primary games randomly selected for play following initiation of play by the player. For example, multiple primary games are disclosed in U.S. application Ser. No. 11/428,220, entitled “Multiple Primary Games Triggered by Random Number Generator,” filed on Jun. 30, 2006, which is hereby incorporated by reference, in which a gaming machine has at least two distinct primary games. After receiving a wager, the gaming machine determines which primary game to activate. The selected primary game is activated and a game outcome is presented to the player on a game display. A payout may be awarded according to the game outcome. The availability of the game may be restricted based on the size of the wager. 
     In accordance with one or more embodiments of the invention, progressive prizes may be awarded as part of primary or feature game play. The progressive prizes may be calculated by a progressive controller such as a controller manufactured by Mikohn, Inc. The progressive controller monitors wagering during base game play, calculates a current value for one or more progressive jackpot pools and transmits the current pool values to the gaming machine. In one or more embodiments, progressive awards are accumulated during regular play as a percentage, such as three percent, of the game play take. The prizes may be sized according to the preferences of the casino operator. The number of prizes may vary without deviating from the scope of the invention. The size of the prizes is dependent on the amount of play prior to initiating feature play and may come from the contributions of a single gaming machine or a number of linked gaming machines. In another aspect, the prizes may be set amounts established by the casino operator from non-coin-in funds, such as marketing funds. 
     In one or more embodiments, the prizes for feature game play may be accumulated based on funding mechanisms other than a percentage of wagers accumulated by the gaming machine. For example, an operator may initially fund various award pools with a pre-determined amount of money, such as $1000 for one progressive, $500 for a second progressive, $100 for a third progressive and so on. Subsequently, the casino operator may determine to increase the amounts of one or more of the awards at pre-determined times which may be periodically or randomly selected with a range of times or periods. Once a winner has occurred at any level, the award levels may be rolled back to the initial funding level. In one or more embodiments, only the winning award level is rolled back to the initial funding level. 
     In one or more embodiments, the prizes for feature game play may be set amounts, i.e. non-progressive. In one or more embodiments, the algorithms to determine the amounts may be determined by a statistical percentage based on an average take of a gaming machine and the likelihood of the win over a period of time. In the case where one or more gaming machines are networked, a common award table may be utilized where the award algorithms are determined based on an average take (total wagers) of all the networked gaming machines and the likelihood of a win of an award over a period of time. Each award may be calculated in a similar manner based on the likelihood of a winning outcome being achieved during a game play session. 
     Referring to  FIG. 4 , gaming machine  400  is shown, in accordance with one or more embodiments, including cabinet housing  420 , primary game display  440  upon which a primary game and feature game may be displayed, top box  450  which may display multiple progressives that may be won during play of the feature game, player-activated buttons  460 , player tracking panel  436 , bill/voucher acceptor  480  and one or more speakers  490 . Cabinet housing  420  may be a self-standing unit that is generally rectangular in shape and may be manufactured with reinforced steel or other rigid materials which are resistant to tampering and vandalism. Cabinet housing  420  may alternatively be a handheld device including the gaming functionality as discussed herein and including various of the described components herein. For example, a handheld device may be a cell phone, personal data assistant, or laptop or tablet computer, each of which may include a display, a processor, and memory sufficient to support either stand-alone capability such as gaming machine  400  or thin client capability such as that incorporating some of the capability of a remote server. 
     In one or more embodiments, cabinet housing  420  houses a processor, circuitry, and software (not shown) for receiving signals from the player-activated buttons  460 , operating the games, and transmitting signals to the respective displays and speakers. Any shaped cabinet may be implemented with any embodiment of gaming machine  400  so long as it provides access to a player for playing a game. For example, cabinet  420  may comprise a slant-top, bar-top, or table-top style cabinet, including a Bally Cinevision™ or CineReels™ cabinet. The operation of gaming machine  400  is described more fully below. 
     The plurality of player-activated buttons  460  may be used for various functions such as, but not limited to, selecting a wager denomination, selecting a game to be played, selecting a wager amount per game, initiating a game, or cashing out money from gaming machine  400 . Buttons  460  may be operable as input mechanisms and may include mechanical buttons, electromechanical buttons or touch screen buttons. Optionally, a handle  485  may be rotated by a player to initiate a game. 
     In one or more embodiments, buttons  460  may be replaced with various other input mechanisms known in the art such as, but not limited to, a touch screen system, touch pad, track ball, mouse, switches, toggle switches, or other input means used to accept player input. For example, one input means is a universal button module as disclosed in U.S. application Ser. No. 11/106,212, entitled “Universal Button Module,” filed on Apr. 14, 2005, which is hereby incorporated by reference. Generally, the universal button module provides a dynamic button system adaptable for use with various games and capable of adjusting to gaming systems having frequent game changes. More particularly, the universal button module may be used in connection with playing a game on a gaming machine and may be used for such functions as selecting the number of credits to bet per hand. 
     Cabinet housing  420  may optionally include top box  450  which contains “top glass”  452  comprising advertising or payout information related to the game or games available on gaming machine  400 . Player tracking panel  436  includes player tracking card reader  434  and player tracking display  432 . Voucher printer  430  may be integrated into player tracking panel  436  or installed elsewhere in cabinet housing  420  or top box  450 . 
     Game display  440  may present a game of chance wherein a player receives one or more outcomes from a set of potential outcomes. For example, one such game of chance is a video slot machine game. In other aspects of the invention, gaming machine  400  may present a video or mechanical reel slot machine, a video keno game, a lottery game, a bingo game, a Class II bingo game, a roulette game, a craps game, a blackjack game, a mechanical or video representation of a wheel game or the like. 
     Mechanical or video/mechanical embodiments may include game displays such as mechanical reels, wheels, or dice as required to present the game to the player. In video/mechanical or pure video embodiments, game display  440  is, typically, a CRT or a flat-panel display in the form of, but not limited to, liquid crystal, plasma, electroluminescent, vacuum fluorescent, field emission, or any other type of panel display known or developed in the art. Game display  440  may be mounted in either a “portrait” or “landscape” orientation and be of standard or “widescreen” dimensions (i.e., a ratio of one dimension to another of at least 16×9). For example, a widescreen display may be 32 inches wide by 18 inches tall. A widescreen display in a “portrait” orientation may be 32 inches tall by 18 inches wide. Additionally, game display  440  preferably includes a touch screen or touch glass system (not shown) and presents player interfaces such as, but not limited to, credit meter (not shown), win meter (not shown) and touch screen buttons (not shown). An example of a touch glass system is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,942,571, entitled “Gaming Device with Direction and Speed Control of Mechanical Reels Using Touch Screen,” which is hereby incorporated by reference. 
     Game display  440  may also present information such as, but not limited to, player information, advertisements and casino promotions, graphic displays, news and sports updates, or even offer an alternate game. This information may be generated through a host computer networked with gaming machine  400  on its own initiative or it may be obtained by request of the player using either one or more of the plurality of player-activated buttons  460 ; the game display itself, if game display  440  comprises a touch screen or similar technology; buttons (not shown) mounted about game display  440  which may permit selections such as those found on an ATM machine, where legends on the screen are associated with respective selecting buttons; or any player input device that offers the required functionality. 
     Cabinet housing  420  incorporates a single game display  440 . However, in alternate embodiments, cabinet housing  420  or top box  450  may house one or more additional displays  453  or components used for various purposes including additional game play screens, animated “top glass,” progressive meters or mechanical or electromechanical devices (not shown) such as, but not limited to, wheels, pointers or reels. The additional displays may or may not include a touch screen or touch glass system. 
     Referring to  FIG. 5 , electronic gaming machine  501  is shown in accordance with one or more embodiments. Electronic gaming machine  501  includes base game integrated circuit board  503  (EGM Processor Board) connected through serial bus line  505  to game monitoring unit (GMU)  507  (such as a Bally MC300 or ACSC NT), and player interface integrated circuit board (PIB)  509  connected to player interface devices  511  over bus lines  513 ,  515 ,  517 ,  519 ,  521 ,  523 . Printer  525  is connected to PIB  509  and GMU  507  over bus lines  527 ,  529 . EGM Processor Board  503 , PIB  509 , and GMU  507  connect to Ethernet switch  531  over bus lines  533 ,  535 ,  537 . Ethernet switch  531  connects to a slot management system (SMS) and a casino management system (CMS) network over bus line  539 . GMU  507  also may connect to the SMS and CMS network over bus line  541 . Speakers  543  connect through audio mixer  545  and bus lines  547 ,  549  to EGM Processor Board  503  and PIB  509 . The proximity and biometric devices and circuitry may be installed by upgrading a commercially available PIB  509 , such as a Bally iView unit. Coding executed on EGM Processor Board  503 , PID  509 , and/or GMU  507  may be upgraded to integrate a game having adjustable multi-part indicia as is more fully described herein. 
     Peripherals  551  connect through bus  553  to EGM Processor Board  503 . For example, a bill/ticket acceptor is typically connected to a game input-output board  553  which is, in turn, connected to a conventional central processing unit (“CPU”) board  503 , such as an Intel Pentium microprocessor mounted on a gaming motherboard. I/O board  553  may be connected to CPU processor board  503  by a serial connection such as RS-232 or USB or may be attached to the processor by a bus such as, but not limited to, an ISA bus. The gaming motherboard may be mounted with other conventional components, such as are found on conventional personal computer motherboards, and loaded with a game program which may include a gaming machine operating system (OS), such as a Bally Alpha OS. Processor board  503  executes a game program that causes processor board  503  to play a game. In one embodiment, the game program provides a slot machine game having adjustable multi-part indicia. The various components and included devices may be installed with conventionally and/or commercially available components, devices, and circuitry into a conventional and/or commercially available gaming machine cabinet, examples of which are described above. 
     When a player has inserted a form of currency such as, for example and without limitation, paper currency, coins or tokens, cashless tickets or vouchers, electronic funds transfers or the like into the currency acceptor, a signal is sent by way of I/O board  553  to processor board  503  which, in turn, assigns an appropriate number of credits for play in accordance with the game program. The player may further control the operation of the gaming machine by way of other peripherals  551 , for example, to select the amount to wager via electromechanical or touch screen buttons. The game starts in response to the player operating a start mechanism such as a handle or touch screen icon. The game program includes a random number generator to provide a display of randomly selected indicia on one or more displays. In some embodiments, the random generator may be physically separate from gaming machine  400 ; for example, it may be part of a central determination host system which provides random game outcomes to the game program. Thereafter, the player may or may not interact with the game through electromechanical or touch screen buttons to change the displayed indicia. Finally, processor board  503  under control of the game program and OS compares the final display of indicia to a pay table. The set of possible game outcomes may include a subset of outcomes related to the triggering of a feature game. In the event the displayed outcome is a member of this subset, processor board  503 , under control of the game program and by way of I/O Board  553 , may cause feature game play to be presented on a feature display. 
     Predetermined payout amounts for certain outcomes, including feature game outcomes, are stored as part of the game program. Such payout amounts are, in response to instructions from processor board  503 , provided to the player in the form of coins, credits or currency via I/O board  553  and a pay mechanism, which may be one or more of a credit meter, a coin hopper, a voucher printer, an electronic funds transfer protocol or any other payout means known or developed in the art. 
     In various embodiments, the game program is stored in a memory device (not shown) connected to or mounted on the gaming motherboard. By way of example, but not by limitation, such memory devices include external memory devices, hard drives, CD-ROMs, DVDs, and flash memory cards. In an alternative embodiment, the game programs are stored in a remote storage device. In one embodiment, the remote storage device is housed in a remote server. The gaming machine may access the remote storage device via a network connection, including but not limited to, a local area network connection, a TCP/IP connection, a wireless connection, or any other means for operatively networking components together. Optionally, other data including graphics, sound files and other media data for use with the EGM are stored in the same or a separate memory device (not shown). Some or all of the game program and its associated data may be loaded from one memory device into another, for example, from flash memory to random access memory (RAM). 
     In one or more embodiments, peripherals may be connected to the system over Ethernet connections directly to the appropriate server or tied to the system controller inside the EGM using USB, serial or Ethernet connections. Each of the respective devices may have upgrades to their firmware utilizing these connections. 
     One example of pseudo-code executed by the game microprocessor may include: 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                 Start 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                 if game activated, 
                 : game may be initiated by a player during normal play by 
               
               
                   
                 ; selecting a wager and selecting ‘play’ button, pulling 
               
               
                   
                 ; lever, etc.; during tournament play, the EGM is set to play 
               
               
                   
                 ; without additional wagers, and the player may simply 
               
               
                   
                 ; select ‘play’ button, pull lever, etc. depending upon the ; 
               
               
                   
                 ; game 
               
               
                    call game sequence 
                 ; causing random number generator to 
               
               
                   
                 ; determine a game outcome, presenting a game 
               
               
                   
                 ; display such as mechanically or video spinning 
               
               
                   
                 ; reels for a predetermined period, stopping the 
               
               
                   
                 ; reels to show the determined game outcome, 
               
               
                   
                 ; paying any awards by increasing the credit 
               
               
                   
                 ; meter, advancing any other game state meters, 
               
               
                   
                 ; and transmitting selected game play 
               
               
                   
                 ; information including player information 
               
               
                   
                 ; through the Ethernet switch to the SMS/CMS 
               
               
                   
                 ; network. Depending upon programming, said 
               
               
                   
                 ; information may be transmitted directly by 
               
               
                   
                 ; EGM Processor Board 503 to the SMS/CMS 
               
               
                   
                 ; network; alternatively, EGM Processor Board 
               
               
                   
                 ; 503 may enable the information to be 
               
               
                   
                 ; provided to PID 509 and/or GMU 507 for 
               
               
                   
                 ; transmission to the SMS/CMS). 
               
            
           
           
               
            
               
                 else 
               
               
                     while no activating signals, 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                       call attract mode 
                 ; causing a sample display of a game sequence 
               
               
                   
                 ; or presenting a display of a set of options for a 
               
               
                   
                 ; player to initiate a game sequence such as 
               
               
                   
                 ; minimum wager ($0.25, $1, $5) selection 
               
               
                     wend 
                 ; buttons in the case of a touch panel display. 
               
               
                     go to Start 
                 ; upon one or more activating signals, end 
               
               
                   
                 ; attract mode and return to Start 
               
            
           
           
               
            
               
                 end 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     GMU  507  includes an integrated circuit board and GMU processor and memory including coding for network communications, such as the G2S (game-to-system) protocol from the Gaming Standards Association, Las Vegas, Nev., used for system communications over the network. As shown, GMU  507  may connect to card reader  555  through bus  557  and may thereby obtain player card information and transmit the information over the network through bus  541 . Gaming activity information may be transferred by the EGM Processor Board  503  to GMU  507  where the information may be translated into a network protocol, such as S2S, for transmission to a server, such as a player tracking server, where information about a player&#39;s playing activity may be stored in a designated server database. 
     PID  509  includes an integrated circuit board, PID processor, and memory which includes an operating system, such as Windows CE, a player interface program which may be executable by the PID processor together with various input/output (I/O) drivers for respective devices which connect to PID  509 , such as player interface devices  511 , and which may further include various games or game components playable on PID  509  or playable on a connected network server and PID  509  is operable as the player interface. PID  509  connects to card reader  555  through bus  523 , display  559  through video decoder  561  and bus  521 , such as an LVDS or VGA bus. 
     As part of its programming, the PID processor executes coding to drive display  559  and provide messages and information to a player. Touch screen circuitry interactively connects display  559  and video decoder  561  to PID  509 , such that a player may input information and cause the information to be transmitted to PID  509  either on the player&#39;s initiative or responsive to a query by PID  509 . Additionally soft keys  565  connect through bus  517  to PID  509  and operate together with display  559  to provide information or queries to a player and receive responses or queries from the player. PID  509 , in turn, communicates over the CMS/SMS network through Ethernet switch  531  and busses  535 ,  539  and with respective servers, such as a player tracking server. 
     For example, PID  509  may have coding which is stored in local memory and executable by PID processor upon insertion of a player card into card reader  555  and follows a sequence such as: 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                 Start: 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                 Card detected 
                 ; a signal from card reader transmits to 
               
               
                   
                 ; PID 509 upon insertion 
               
            
           
           
               
            
               
                 Read player card information 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 ; A player card has identifying information 
               
               
                   
                 ; which may be used to identify a 
               
               
                   
                 ; corresponding record in a player 
               
               
                   
                 ; database where player tracking 
               
               
                   
                 ; information is maintained, such as a PIN 
               
               
                   
                 ; number for verifying a patron and the 
               
               
                   
                 ; inserted card. 
               
               
                 Access player account 
                 ; a message may be transmitted to a player 
               
               
                   
                 ; tracking server where a player account 
               
               
                   
                 ; database may be maintained and 
               
               
                   
                 ; accessed; the record may be located 
               
               
                   
                 ; using the information from the player 
               
               
                   
                 ; card. 
               
            
           
           
               
            
               
                 Display player welcome message with player&#39;s name 
               
               
                 If player&#39;s account has any information to be displayed, 
               
               
                     Display additional information 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 ; For example, if playe has accumulated 
               
               
                   
                 ; bonus points or has any bonus or promo 
               
               
                   
                 ; awards, then the display may present 
               
               
                   
                 ; that information 
               
            
           
           
               
            
               
                 If player requests access to player&#39;s account, 
               
               
                     Display query requesting input of PIN number 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 ; A virtual key pad may be displayed 
               
               
                   
                 ; upon which the player may press the 
               
               
                   
                 ; correct sequence of keys or a separate 
               
               
                   
                 ; PIN pad may be used, such as PIN pad 
               
               
                   
                 ; 571. 
               
               
                 If PIN confirmed, 
                 ; Upon receipt, the input PIN may be 
               
               
                   
                 ; compared with a stored PIN associated 
               
               
                   
                 ; with the player account. If the input PIN 
               
               
                   
                 ; corresponds then the player is given 
               
               
                   
                 ; access to the account. 
               
               
                     Display available 
                 ; For example, associated with respective 
               
               
                     options 
                 ; soft keys 565, display bonus awards or 
               
               
                   
                 ; promo credits available and enable 
               
               
                   
                 ; activation of bonus awards or download 
               
               
                   
                 ; of promo credits. 
               
            
           
           
               
            
               
                     Send transaction message to EGM Processor Board effecting 
               
               
                     any authorized credit transaction 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 ; EGM Processor Board 503 controls the 
               
               
                   
                 ; credit meter displayed to player and 
               
               
                   
                 ; controls release of credits to patron as 
               
               
                   
                 ; through bus 553 connecting to 
               
               
                   
                 ; peripherals 551. Pursuant to the 
               
               
                   
                 ; transaction signal from PID 509, EGM 
               
               
                   
                 ; Processor Board 503 transmits signal to 
               
               
                   
                 ; credit meter and increases the number 
               
               
                   
                 ; of credits by the authorized amount. 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Player interface devices  511  are linked into the virtual private network of the system components in gaming machine  501 . The system components include the iVIEW processing board and game monitoring unit (GMU) processing board. These system components may connect over a network to the slot management system (such as a commercially available Bally SDS/SMS) and/or casino management system (such as a commercially available Bally CMP/CMS). 
     The GMU system component has a connection to the base game through a serial SAS connection and is connected to various servers using, for example, HTTPs over Ethernet. Through this connection, firmware, media, operating system software, gaming machine configurations can be downloaded to the system components from the servers. This data is authenticated prior to install on the system components. 
     The system components include the iVIEW processing board and game monitoring unit (GMU) processing board. The GMU and iVIEW can combined into one like the commercially available Bally GTM iVIEW device. This device may have a video mixing technology to mix the EGM processor&#39;s video signals with the iVIEW display onto the top box monitor or any monitor on the gaming device. 
     In accordance with one or more embodiments,  FIG. 6  is a functional block diagram of a gaming kernel  600  of a game program under control of processor board  503 . The game program uses gaming kernel  600  by calling into application programming interface (API)  602 , which is part of game manager  603 . The components of game kernel  600  as shown in  FIG. 6  are only illustrative, and should not be considered limiting. For example, the number of managers may be changed, additional managers may be added or some managers may be removed without deviating from the scope and spirit of the invention. 
     As shown in the example, there are three layers: a hardware layer  605 ; an operating system layer  610 , such as, but not limited to, Linux; and a game kernel layer  600  having game manager  603  therein. In one or more embodiments, the use of a standard operating system  610 , such a UNIX-based or Windows-based operating system, allows game developers interfacing to the gaming kernel to use any of a number of standard development tools and environments available for the operating systems. This is in contrast to the use of proprietary, low level interfaces which may require significant time and engineering investments for each game upgrade, hardware upgrade, or feature upgrade. The game kernel layer  600  executes at the user level of the operating system  610 , and itself contains a major component called the I/O Board Server  615 . To properly set the bounds of game application software (making integrity checking easier), all game applications interact with gaming kernel  600  using a single API  602  in game manager  603 . This enables game applications to make use of a well-defined, consistent interface, as well as making access points to gaming kernel  600  controlled, where overall access is controlled using separate processes. 
     For example, game manager  603  parses an incoming command stream and, when a command dealing with I/O comes in (arrow  604 ), the command is sent to an applicable library routine  612 . Library routine  612  decides what it needs from a device, and sends commands to I/O Board Server  615  (see arrow  608 ). A few specific drivers remain in operating system  610 &#39;s kernel, shown as those below line  606 . These are built-in, primitive, or privileged drivers that are (i) general (ii) kept to a minimum and (iii) are easier to leave than extract. In such cases, the low-level communications is handled within operating system  610  and the contents passed to library routines  612 . 
     Thus, in a few cases library routines may interact with drivers inside operating system  610 , which is why arrow  608  is shown as having three directions (between library utilities  612  and I/O Board Server  615 , or between library utilities  612  and certain drivers in operating system  610 ). No matter which path is taken, the logic needed to work with each device is coded into modules in the user layer of the diagram. Operating system  610  is kept as simple, stripped down, and common across as many hardware platforms as possible. The library utilities and user-level drivers change as dictated by the game cabinet or game machine in which it will run. Thus, each game cabinet or game machine may have an industry standard processor board  505  connected to a unique, relatively dumb, and as inexpensive as possible I/O adapter board  540 , plus a gaming kernel  600  which will have the game-machine-unique library routines and I/O Board Server  615  components needed to enable game applications to interact with the gaming machine cabinet. Note that these differences are invisible to the game application software with the exception of certain functional differences (i.e., if a gaming cabinet has stereo sound, the game application will be able make use of API  602  to use the capability over that of a cabinet having traditional monaural sound). 
     Game manager  603  provides an interface into game kernel  600 , providing consistent, predictable, and backwards compatible calling methods, syntax, and capabilities by way of game application API  602 . This enables the game developer to be free of dealing directly with the hardware, including the freedom to not have to deal with low-level drivers as well as the freedom to not have to program lower level managers  630 , although lower level managers  630  may be accessible through game manager  603 &#39;s interface  602  if a programmer has the need. In addition to the freedom derived from not having to deal with the hardware level drivers and the freedom of having consistent, callable, object-oriented interfaces to software managers of those components (drivers), game manager  603  provides access to a set of upper level managers  620  also having the advantages of consistent callable, object-oriented interfaces, and further providing the types and kinds of base functionality required in casino-type games. Game manager  603 , providing all the advantages of its consistent and richly functional interface  602  as supported by the rest of game kernel  600 , thus provides a game developer with a multitude of advantages. 
     Game manager  603  may have several objects within itself, including an initialization object (not shown). The initialization object performs the initialization of the entire game machine, including other objects, after game manager  603  has started its internal objects and servers in appropriate order. In order to carry out this function, the kernel&#39;s configuration manager  621  is among the first objects to be started; configuration manager  621  has data needed to initialize and correctly configure other objects or servers. 
     The upper level managers  620  of game kernel  600  may include game event log manager  622  which provides, at the least, a logging or logger base class, enabling other logging objects to be derived from this base object. The logger object is a generic logger; that is, it is not aware of the contents of logged messages and events. The log manager&#39;s ( 622 ) job is to log events in non-volatile event log space. The size of the space may be fixed, although the size of the logged event is typically not. When the event space or log space fills up, one embodiment will delete the oldest logged event (each logged event will have a time/date stamp, as well as other needed information such as length), providing space to record the new event. In this embodiment, the most recent events will thus be found in the log space, regardless of their relative importance. Further provided is the capability to read the stored logs for event review. 
     In accordance with one embodiment, meter manager  623  manages the various meters embodied in the game kernel  600 . This includes the accounting information for the game machine and game play. There are hard meters (counters) and soft meters; the soft meters may be stored in non-volatile storage such as non-volatile battery-backed RAM to prevent loss. Further, a backup copy of the soft meters may be stored in a separate non-volatile storage such as EEPROM. In one embodiment, meter manager  623  receives its initialization data for the meters, during startup, from configuration manager  621 . While running, the cash in ( 624 ) and cash out ( 625 ) managers call the meter manager&#39;s ( 623 ) update functions to update the meters. Meter manager  623  will, on occasion, create backup copies of the soft meters by storing the soft meters&#39; readings in EEPROM. This is accomplished by calling and using EEPROM manager  631 . 
     In accordance with still other embodiments, progressive manager  626  manages progressive games playable from the game machine. Event manager  627  is generic, like log manager  622 , and is used to manage various gaming machine events. Focus manager  628  correlates which process has control of various focus items. Tilt manager  632  is an object that receives a list of errors (if any) from configuration manager  621  at initialization, and during game play from processes, managers, drivers, etc. that may generate errors. Random number generator manager  629  is provided to allow easy programming access to a random number generator (RNG), as a RNG is required in virtually all casino-style (gambling) games. RNG manager  629  includes the capability of using multiple seeds. 
     In accordance with one or more embodiments, a credit manager object (not shown) manages the current state of credits (cash value or cash equivalent) in the game machine, including any available winnings, and further provides denomination conversion services. Cash out manager  625  has the responsibility of configuring and managing monetary output devices. During initialization, cash out manager  625 , using data from configuration manager  621 , sets the cash out devices correctly and selects any selectable cash out denominations. During play, a game application may post a cash out event through the event manager  627  (the same way all events are handled), and using a callback posted by cash out manager  625 , cash out manager  625  is informed of the event. Cash out manager  625  updates the credit object, updates its state in non-volatile memory, and sends an appropriate control message to the device manager that corresponds to the dispensing device. As the device dispenses dispensable media, there will typically be event messages being sent back and forth between the device and cash out manager  625  until the dispensing finishes, after which cash out manager  625 , having updated the credit manager and any other game state (such as some associated with meter manager  623 ) that needs to be updated for this set of actions, sends a cash out completion event to event manager  627  and to the game application thereby. Cash in manager  624  functions similarly to cash out manager  625 , only controlling, interfacing with, and taking care of actions associated with cashing in events, cash in devices, and associated meters and crediting. 
     In a further example, in accordance with one or more embodiments, I/O server  615  may write data to the gaming machine EEPROM memory, which is located in the gaming machine cabinet and holds meter storage that must be kept even in the event of power failure. Game manager  603  calls the I/O library functions to write data to the EEPROM. The I/O server  615  receives the request and starts a low priority EEPROM thread  616  within I/O server  615  to write the data. This thread uses a sequence of 8 bit command and data writes to the EEPROM device to write the appropriate data in the proper location within the device. Any errors detected will be sent as IPC messages to game manager  603 . All of this processing is asynchronous. 
     In accordance with one embodiment, button module  617  within I/O server  615 , polls (or is sent) the state of buttons every 2 ms. These inputs are debounced by keeping a history of input samples. Certain sequences of samples are required to detect a button was pressed, in which case the I/O server  615  sends an inter-process communication event to game manager  603  that a button was pressed or released. In some embodiments, the gaming machine may have intelligent distributed I/O which debounces the buttons, in which case button module  617  may be able to communicate with the remote intelligent button processor to get the button events and simply relay them to game manager  603  via IPC messages. In still another embodiment, the I/O library may be used for pay out requests from the game application. For example, hopper module  618  must start the hopper motor, constantly monitor the coin sensing lines of the hopper, debounce them, and send an IPC message to the game manager  603  when each coin is paid. 
     Further details, including disclosure of lower level fault handling and/or processing, are included in U.S. Pat. No. 7,351,151 entitled “Gaming Board Set and Gaming Kernel for Game Cabinets” and provisional U.S. patent application No. 60/313,743, entitled “Form Fitting Upgrade Board Set For Existing Game Cabinets,” filed Aug. 20, 2001; said patent and provisional are both fully incorporated herein by explicit reference. 
     A logical flow diagram generally depicting the steps associated with a method  700  for carrying out a game having adjustable multi-part indicia, in accordance with one aspect of the invention, is presented in  FIG. 7 . The order of actions as shown in  FIG. 7  is only illustrative, and should not be considered limiting. For example, the order of the actions may be changed, additional steps may be added or some steps may be removed without deviating from the scope and spirit of the invention. 
     First at block  710 , a primary game play is played by a player as described above. In one embodiment, the player places a wager and starts the game, whereby each reel then displays a representation of a slot machine reel spin before stopping with particular indicia displayed to the player. A win occurs if a series of indicia (BAR, BAR, BAR, for example) appears on one or more pay lines or scattered, as described above, and the player may be paid for any winning symbol combinations at block  720 . At block  730 , it is determined whether all pay lines have been evaluated for any possible feature awards in accordance with one or more embodiments of the invention. Initially, the answer to this question is typically “no,” since no pay lines will have yet been examined for adjacent multi-part indicia as described above, and play continues at box  740 , where the next pay line for evaluation is selected according to the rules of the game. 
     It will be appreciated that, in accordance with some embodiments, there may be no feature-eligible pay lines to be evaluated at the conclusion of the primary game play. For example, the player may have to wager a minimum amount on each pay line in order to be eligible to receive feature awards. In this case, all pay lines are considered evaluated at box  730  and no award is paid at box  790  prior to beginning a new primary game at box  710 . 
     In the case where one or more pay lines remains to be evaluated, the next pay line is selected at box  740 , where it is evaluated for any adjacent multi-part indicia. If there are no adjacent multi-part indicia, for example, dominoes, on the selected pay line, there can be no additional feature award as a result of the pay line and the game cycles back to box  730  to see if feature game play is complete. If, however, one or more multi-part indicia exist on the selected pay line at box  750 , it is further determined at box  760  whether a winning combination of indicia may be coupled, linked or otherwise connected by realigning or reorienting the indicia so that common sub-parts are placed adjacent to one another. If not, the game continues at box  730 , where it is once again determined whether feature game play is complete. Otherwise, one or more indicia may be flipped, spun, turned, slid or otherwise realigned or reoriented at box  770  in order to create the most connections (i.e., the longest “train”) and largest award possible. This, in turn, results in maximizing the award achievable by the player. Any winning amount associated with the realignment of multi-part indicia on the selected pay line is added to a feature game award running total at box  780 , then the game continues at box  730  as described above. Once all pay lines have been evaluated for feature game awards at box  730 , the total feature award is paid to the player and the game continues at box  710  with the start of a new primary game. 
     Referring to  FIG. 8 , enterprise gaming system  801  is shown in accordance with one or more embodiments. Enterprise gaming system  801  may include one casino or multiple locations and generally includes a network of gaming machines  803 , floor management system (SMS)  805 , and casino management system (CMS)  807 . SMS  805  may include load balancer  811 , network services servers  813 , player interface (iVIEW) content servers  815 , certificate services server  817 , floor radio dispatch receiver/transmitters (RDC)  819 , floor transaction servers  821  and game engines  823 , each of which may connect over network bus  825  to gaming machines  803 . CMS  807  may include location tracking server  831 , WRG RTCEM server  833 , data warehouse server  835 , player tracking server  837 , biometric server  839 , analysis services server  841 , third party interface server  843 , slot accounting server  845 , floor accounting server  847 , progressives server  849 , promo control server  851 , bonus game (such as Bally Live Rewards) server  853 , download control server  855 , player history database  857 , configuration management server  859 , browser manager  861 , tournament engine server  863  connecting through bus  865  to server host  867  and gaming machines  803 . The various servers and gaming machines  803  may connect to the network with various conventional network connections (such as, for example, USB, serial, parallel, RS485, Ethernet). Additional servers which may be incorporated with CMS  807  include a responsible gaming limit server (not shown), advertisement server (not shown), and a control station server (not shown) where an operator or authorized personnel may select options and input new programming to adjust each of the respective servers and gaming machines  803 . SMS  805  may also have additional servers including a control station (not shown) through which authorized personnel may select options, modify programming, and obtain reports of the connected servers and devices, and obtain reports. The various CMS and SMS servers are descriptively entitled to reflect the functional executable programming stored thereon and the nature of databases maintained and utilized in performing their respective functions. 
     Gaming machines  803  include various peripheral components that may be connected with USB, serial, parallel, RS-485 or Ethernet devices/architectures to the system components within the respective gaming machine. The GMU has a connection to the base game through a serial SAS connection. The system components in the gaming cabinet may be connected to the servers using HTTPs or G2S over Ethernet. Using CMS  807  and/or SMS  305  servers and devices, firmware, media, operating systems, and configurations may be downloaded to the system components of respective gaming machines for upgrading or managing floor content and offerings in accordance with operator selections or automatically depending upon CMS  807  and SMS  805  master programming. The data and programming updates to gaming machines  803  are authenticated using conventional techniques prior to install on the system components. 
     In various embodiments, any of the gaming machines  803  may be a mechanical reel spinning slot machine, video slot machine, video poker machine, keno machine, video blackjack machine, or a gaming machine offering one or more of the above described games including a group play game. Alternately, gaming machines  803  may provide a game with adjustable multi-part indicia as one of a set of multiple primary games selected for play by a random number generator, as described above. A gaming system of the type described above also allows a plurality of games in accordance with the various embodiments of the invention to be linked under the control of a group game server (not shown) for cooperative or competitive play in a particular area, carousel, casino or between casinos located in geographically separate areas. For example, one or more examples of group games under control of a group game server are disclosed in U.S. application Ser. No. 11/938,079, entitled “Networked System and Method for Group Play Gaming,” filed on Nov. 9, 2007, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety for all purposes. 
     The various embodiments described above are provided by way of illustration only and should not be construed to limit the claimed invention. For example, it may further be appreciated that a game in accordance with one or more aspects of the invention may be associated with a table game such a poker or blackjack. For example, a player may receive a chance to win one or more game plays on a gaming machine located adjacent the table, the opportunity based on cards or hands received during play of the table game. The game plays would provide multiple opportunities to win an award according to results achieved by iteratively adjusting displayed indicia having multiple parts to form winning combinations as described above. 
     Those skilled in the art will readily recognize various modifications and changes that may be made to the claimed invention without following the example embodiments and applications illustrated and described herein, and without departing from the true spirit and scope of the claimed invention, which is set forth in the following claims.