Patent Publication Number: US-7586498-B2

Title: Color temperature conversion method, medium, and apparatus for pixel brightness-based color correction

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
   This application claims the benefit of Korean Patent Application No. 10-2004-00012987, filed on Feb. 26, 2004, in the Korean Intellectual Property Office, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein in its entirety by reference. 
   BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
   1. Field of the Invention 
   Embodiments of the present invention relate to color temperature conversion methods, media, and apparatuses, and more particularly, to color temperature conversion methods, media, and apparatuses converting an image from one of a plurality of basic color temperatures provided by an image display device to another color temperature other than the plurality of basic color temperatures, enabling pixels of the image with different brightnesses to have different color temperatures according to a user&#39;s preference. 
   2. Description of the Related Art 
   Conventional image display devices, e.g., those disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,562,460, 4,633,299, 4,788,586, and 5,619,229, convert a color temperature of an image by adjusting the hue of the image or individually controlling red, green, and blue (RGB) video signals. Other conventional image display devices, e.g., those disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,685,071 and 5,495,428, convert the color temperature of an image by using correlation matrices. However, these conventional image display methods may adversely affect image representations, especially when there is a large difference between a current basic color temperature of a given pixel and a target color temperature. The conventional image display devices convert color temperatures of an image, from the current basic color temperature to the target color temperature, thereby producing color distortions as if the image was forced to pass through a predetermined color filter. Such color distortions of the image may become more apparent in portions of the image representing the human skin, compared to other portions of the image because people can easily differentiate natural human skin colors from less natural ones. 
   SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
   Embodiments of the present invention provide color temperature conversion methods, media, and apparatuses that realize as natural an image, with a desired color temperature, as possible and can minimize color distortions of the image, especially in portions representing, for example, the human skin, by converting the color temperature of each pixel of the image based on the brightness and hue of each pixel of the image. 
   Additional aspects and/or advantages of the invention will be set forth in part in the description which follows and, in part, will be obvious from the description, or may be learned by practice of the invention. 
   According to an aspect of the present invention, there is provided a color temperature conversion method for a color temperature conversion apparatus that has a plurality of storage units, controls color temperature of an image display device by comparing a user-set color temperature and each of a plurality of basic color temperatures provided by the image display device and then compensates for color temperature of an input pixel based on comparison results. The color temperature conversion method includes: calculating variables for determining a conversion range, the conversion range being represented by a quadratic curve; determining whether based on the calculated variables the input pixel is to be color-temperature-converted by determining whether the input pixel is within the conversion range; receiving the user-set color temperature and then comparing the user-set color temperature with a basic color temperature of the image display device if the input pixel is to be color-temperature converted; calculating color coordinates of a target point based on the user-set color temperature if there are no matches for the user-set color temperature and for the basic color temperature, and calculating the color coordinates of the target point based on the plurality of basic color temperature that is the match for the user-set color temperature, if there is a match for the user-set color temperature and for the basic color temperature; and converting the color temperature of the input pixel by moving, in the same direction as the reference point to the target point in an amount proportional to the reference point displacement so that the input pixel can be automatically moved along with the reference point of the conversion range. 
   If the quadratic curve is an oval, the calculating of variables for determining a conversion range may include: calculating a basic length of the oval and the lengths of the major and minor axes of the oval with reference to a first storage unit; and calculating coefficients for a rotation matrix based on the angle of the major axis of the oval with the X-axis of the color coordinate system with reference to the first storage unit. 
   The first storage unit may store an adjustment factor for the length of the major axis of the oval, an adjustment factor for the minor axis of the oval, the angle of the major axis of the oval with the X-axis of the color coordinate system, and a brightness scaling factor. 
   The calculating of the color coordinates of the target point based on the user-set color temperature may include: searching a second storage unit&#39;s plurality of basic brightnesses (provided by the image display device) and obtaining two sample brightnesses that are most similar to the input pixel; reading from the second storage unit four pairs of sample color coordinates corresponding to combinations of the user-set color temperature and the two sample brightnesses; and calculating the color coordinates of the target point through interpolation by using the four pairs of sample color coordinates. 
   The second storage unit may store a plurality of basic color temperatures for each brightness and respective pairs of color coordinates. 
   The calculating of the color coordinates of the target point based on one of the basic color temperature that is the match for the user-set color temperature, may include: searching a third storage unit&#39;s plurality of basic brightnesses (provided by the image display device) and obtaining two sample brightnesses that are most similar to the input pixel; reading two pairs of sample color coordinates corresponding to combinations of the basic color temperature that is the match for the user-set color temperature and the two sample brightnesses; and calculating the color coordinates of the target point through interpolation by using the two pairs of sample color coordinates. 
   The third storage unit may store one basic color temperature and pairs of color coordinates respectively corresponding to the basic brightnesses. 
   In the calculating the color coordinates of the target point based on the basic color temperature that is the match for the user-set color temperature, the color coordinates of the target point may be obtained from the third storage unit that stores one basic color temperature and pairs of color coordinates respectively corresponding to the basic brightnesses. 
   The calculating of the color coordinates of a target point based on the user-set color temperature may include: calculating a distance between the quadratic curve and a first point; and calculating color coordinates of a point, to which the input pixel is to be automatically moved along with the reference point of the conversion range, by using the distance between the quadratic curve and the first point and the color coordinates of the target point. 
   The calculating of the distance between the quadratic curve and the first point may include: moving the reference point of the quadratic curve to the origin of the color coordinate system; rotating the quadratic curve by a predetermined rotation angle by using a rotation matrix so that the input pixel can be rotated along with the quadratic curve; calculating color coordinates of the first point, the first point being an intersection point between the quadratic curve and a straight line passing through the origin of the color coordinate system and a point where the input pixel currently resides (after being rotated); and calculating the distance between the origin of the color coordinate system and the first point. 
   According to another aspect of the present invention, there is provided media including computer readable code implementing embodiments of the present invention. 
   According to another aspect of the present invention, there is provided a color temperature conversion apparatus, having a plurality of storage units, that controls the color temperature of an image display device by comparing a user-set color temperature and each of a plurality of basic color temperatures provided by the image display device and then compensates for the color temperature of an input pixel based on the comparison results. The color temperature conversion apparatus includes: a determination unit, which determines whether the input pixel is to be color-temperature-converted; a comparison unit, which compares the user-set color temperature with a basic color temperature of the image display device to obtain a pair of color coordinates of a target point; a color coordinate calculation unit, which calculates color coordinates of a target point based on either the user-set color temperature or the basic color temperature of the image display device depending on whether the user-set color temperature is the same as the basic color temperature of the image display device; and a color coordinate conversion unit, which converts the color temperature of the input pixel by moving the reference point of the conversion range to the target point so that the input pixel can be automatically moved along with the reference point of the conversion range. 
   The determination unit may include: a first storage unit, which stores first information including a brightness scaling factor and adjustment factors for variables for determining the conversion range; a first calculator, which reads the first information from the first storage unit and then obtains second information based on the first information; and a determiner, which receives the second information from the first calculator and then determines whether the input pixel is to be color-temperature-converted by determining, based on the second information, whether the input pixel is within the conversion range. 
   If the conversion range is an oval, the first information may include at least the brightness scaling factor and an adjustment factor for the length of the major axis of the oval, an adjustment factor for the minor axis of the oval, the angle of the major axis of the oval with the X-axis of the color coordinate system. 
   If the conversion range is oval, the second information may include at least a basic length of the oval, the lengths of the major and minor axes of the oval, and coefficients for a rotation matrix. 
   The color temperature calculation unit may include: a second storage unit, which stores a plurality of basic color temperatures for each brightness and the respective pairs of color coordinates; and a second calculator, which calculates the color coordinates of the target point, based on the user-set color temperature, through interpolation by using four pairs of sample color coordinates corresponding to combinations of the user-set color temperature and two sample brightnesses selected from the second storage unit. 
   The color coordinate calculation unit may include: a third storage unit, which stores one basic color temperature and pairs of color coordinates respectively corresponding to the basic brightnesses; and a third calculator, which calculates the color coordinates of the target point, based on the corresponding basic color temperature, through interpolation using two pairs of sample color coordinates corresponding to combinations of the corresponding basic color temperature and two sample brightnesses selected from the third storage unit. 
   According to another aspect of the present invention, there is provided a color temperature conversion apparatus, which receives an image signal including pixels, each having a brightness signal and color difference signals, receives a user-set color temperature and converts the color temperature of an input pixel to match the user-set color temperature based on the brightness of the input pixel. The color temperature conversion apparatus includes: a first storage unit, which stores first information regarding a conversion range for each brightness; a determination unit, which receives the image signal, reads the first information from the first storage unit and determines whether the input pixel is to be color-temperature-converted by determining, based on the first information, whether the color difference signals of the input pixel are within the conversion range; a second storage unit, which stores a plurality of sample color temperatures and the respective pairs of sample color coordinates as second information; and a color temperature conversion unit, which if the input pixel is to be color-temperature-converted, calculates color coordinates of a target point based on the second information (stored in the second storage unit) and converts the color temperature of the input pixel by moving in the same direction as the reference point to the target point in an amount proportional to the reference point displacement so that the input pixel can be automatically moved along with the reference point of the conversion range. 
   If the conversion range is an oval, the first information may include the lengths of the major and minor axes of the oval, and coefficients for a rotation matrix. 

   
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
     These and/or other aspects and advantages of the invention will become apparent and more readily appreciated from the following description of the embodiments, taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings of which: 
       FIG. 1  is a block diagram of a color temperature conversion apparatus, according to an embodiment of the present invention; 
       FIG. 2  is a flowchart of a color temperature conversion method, according to an embodiment of the present invention; 
       FIG. 3  is a diagram illustrating color temperature-based interpolation of target color coordinates between pairs of sample color coordinates; 
       FIG. 4  is a diagram illustrating pixel brightness-based interpolation of the target color coordinates between pairs of sample color coordinates; 
       FIG. 5  is a block diagram of a color temperature conversion apparatus, according to another embodiment of the present invention; 
       FIG. 6  is a block diagram of a color temperature conversion apparatus, according to still another embodiment of the present invention; 
       FIG. 7  is a flowchart of a color temperature conversion method for the color temperature conversion apparatus of  FIG. 6 ; 
       FIG. 8  is a diagram illustrating the relationship between color coordinates of a point, at which a current pixel currently resides, and color coordinates of another point to which the current pixel is to be moved; and 
       FIG. 9  is a diagram illustrating a process of calculating r of  FIG. 8 . 
   

   DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
   Reference will now be made in detail to the embodiments of the present invention, examples of which are illustrated in the accompanying drawings, wherein like reference numerals refer to the like elements throughout. The embodiments are described below to explain the present invention by referring to the figures. 
     FIG. 1  is a block diagram of a color temperature conversion apparatus  100 , according to an embodiment of the present invention. Referring to  FIG. 1 , the color temperature conversion apparatus  100  includes a determination unit  110 , a variable calculation unit  120 , a storage unit  130 , a comparison unit  140 , a first lookup table  150 , a first color coordinate calculation unit  160 , a second color coordinate calculation unit  170 , a second lookup table  180 , and a color coordinate conversion unit  190 . 
   The determination unit  110  receives an image signal, which includes pixels, and variables (hereinafter referred to as conversion range determining variables) for determining a conversion range from the variable calculation unit  120 . The determination unit  110  determines whether a current pixel of the image signal is within the conversion range. That is, using the conversion range determining variables to determine whether the color temperature of the current pixel needs to be converted. Here, each of the pixels of the image signal includes a brightness signal Y and color difference signals Cb and Cr. In addition, the conversion range may be realized as any quadratic curve, in particular, an oval whose center falls on the origin of a color coordinate system. The conversion range realized as an oval in the color coordinate system will be further described below. 
   The variable calculation unit  120  receives the image signal from an external apparatus, receives predetermined information from the storage unit  130 , determines the conversion range determining variables by using the predetermined information, and outputs the determination results to the determination unit  110 . 
   The storage unit  130  stores various adjustment factors, such as the conversion range determining variables, and outputs the various adjustment factors to the variable calculator  120 . 
   The comparison unit  140  receives a color temperature set by a user (hereinafter referred to as a user-set color temperature) and a plurality of basic color temperatures and then compares the user-set color temperature with each of the plurality of basic color temperatures. Here, the plurality of basic color temperatures are a set of color temperatures provided by the image display device. The first color coordinate calculation unit  160  or the second color coordinate calculation unit  170  is selectively used depending on the comparison results. That is, depending on whether there is a match for the user-set color temperature among the plurality of basic color temperatures one of the first color coordinate calculation  160  or the second color coordinate calculation unit  170  will be used. 
   The first lookup table  150  stores the plurality of basic color temperatures and a plurality of basic brightnesses provided by the image display device, and pairs of sample color coordinates corresponding to combinations of the plurality of basic color temperatures and the plurality of basic brightnesses. 
   The first color coordinate calculation unit  160  calculates color coordinates of a target point, to which a reference point of the conversion range, for example, the center of the conversion range, is to be moved, based on the user-set color temperature, one of the plurality of basic color temperatures, which is the match for the user-set color temperature with reference to the first lookup table  150 . 
   The second color coordinate calculation unit  170  calculates color coordinates of another target point, to which a reference point of the conversion range, for example, the center of the conversion range, is to be moved, based on the basic color temperature per brightness with reference to the second lookup table  180 . 
   The second lookup table  180  stores pairs of sample color coordinates corresponding to combinations of one of the plurality of basic color temperatures and the plurality of basic brightnesses. 
   If the current pixel belongs to the conversion range, the color coordinate conversion unit  190  converts the color temperature of the current pixel by moving the center of the conversion range to one of the target points so that the conversion range and pixels contained therein, including the current pixel, can be automatically moved along with the center of the conversion range. 
     FIG. 2  is a flowchart of a color temperature conversion method according to an embodiment of the present invention. 
   Referring to  FIGS. 1 and 2 , in operation S 200 , an image signal is received from outside the color temperature conversion apparatus  100 . The image signal includes a plurality of pixels, and each of the pixels has a brightness signal Y and color difference signals Cb and Cr. In operation S 210 , the variable calculation unit  120  receives predetermined information from the storage unit  130  and determines conversion range determining variables using the predetermined information. The storage unit  130  stores various adjustment factors for determining conversion range determining variables, for example, adjustment factors for the lengths of major and minor axes of an oval, the angle of the major axis of the oval relative to a corresponding X axis of the color coordinate system, and a brightness scaling factor. Adjustment factors are shown in Table 1. 
   
     
       
         
             
             
             
           
             
               TABLE 1 
             
             
                 
             
             
               Index 
               Adjustment factors 
               Constants 
             
             
                 
             
           
          
             
               1 
               Adjustment factor for length of major axis of oval 
               α 
             
             
               2 
               Adjustment factor for length of minor axis of oval 
               β 
             
             
               3 
               Angle of major axis of oval with X-axis 
               θ 
             
             
               4 
               Brightness scaling factor 
               K 
             
             
                 
             
          
         
       
     
   
   Operation S 210  will now be described in greater detail in the following. 
   Fist, a basic length Base_Dist of the oval is calculated by using Equation (1):
 
Base_Dist= k×Y   (1),
 
where k denotes a constant, and Y denotes the brightness of the current pixel.
 
   Second, the length a of the major axis of the oval is calculated by using Equation (2):
 
 a=α× Base_Dist  (2),
 
where α denotes a constant.
 
   Third, the length b of the minor axis of the oval is calculated by using Equation (3):
 
 b=β×α   (3),
 
where β denotes a constant for determining b.
 
   Next, coefficients m 1  and m 2  of a rotation matrix are determined by using the angle θ of the major axis of the oval with the X-axis of the color coordinate system, which is expressed by Equations (4) and (5):
 
 m   1 =cos(−θ)  (4)
 
 m   2 =sin(−θ)  (5)
 
   Fifthly, a variable f that is an inverse square of the length of the major axis of the oval, is calculated by using Equation (6): 
   
     
       
         
           
             
               
                 f 
                 = 
                 
                   1 
                   
                     a 
                     2 
                   
                 
               
             
             
               
                 ( 
                 6 
                 ) 
               
             
           
         
       
     
   
   Finally, g, which is an inverse square of the length of the minor axis of the oval, is calculated by using Equation (7) below: 
   
     
       
         
           
             
               
                 g 
                 = 
                 
                   1 
                   
                     b 
                     2 
                   
                 
               
             
             
               
                 ( 
                 7 
                 ) 
               
             
           
         
       
     
   
   In operation S 220 , the determination unit  110  determines whether the current pixel is within the conversion range using the conversion range determining variables. Operation S 220  will be described in further detail in the following. 
   First, the image signal is received, and pixels of the image signal are processed. Next, the conversion range determining variables m 1 , m 2 , f, and g are received from the variable calculation unit  120  where they are calculated. Then, supposing P(x, y) denotes a current location of the current pixel on the color coordinate system, and P 1 (p 1x , p 1y ) denotes a rotated location, color coordinates p 1x  and p 1y  are respectively obtained by using Equations (8) and (9):
 
 p   1x   =m   1   ×x−m   2   ×y   (8)
 
 p   1y   =m   2   ×x−m   1   ×y   (9)
 
   Finally, it is determined whether the current pixel is within the conversion range or not. That is, whether the color temperature of the current pixel needs to be converted, using Inequality (10). In other words, if the current pixel satisfies Inequality (10), then the current pixel is within the conversion range. Otherwise, the current pixel is determined as being beyond the conversion range, and the color temperature conversion of the current pixel is complete. Thereafter, another round of color temperature conversion can be performed on a subsequent pixel.
 
 f×p   1x   +g×p   1y ≦1  (10)
 
   In operation S 230 , the comparison unit  140  receives a user-set color temperature T u  and one of a plurality of basic color temperatures provided by the image display device; for example, a basic color temperature T w . The comparison unit  140  then compares the user-set color temperature T u  with the basic color temperature T w . The user-set color temperature T u  is input to the comparison unit  140  from the outside of the color temperature conversion apparatus  100 , and the plurality of basic color temperatures are stored in a predetermined portion (e.g., a storage unit) of the color temperature conversion apparatus  100 . The plurality of basic color temperatures may be stored in the second lookup table  180 . 
   In operation S 270 , if the user-set color temperature T u  and the basic color temperature T w  are different, color temperature conversion is performed on the current pixel based on the user-set color temperature T u . 
   Conversely, in operation S 240 , if the user-set color temperature T u  and the basic color temperature T w  are the same, color temperature conversion is performed on the current pixel based on the basic color temperature T w . 
   In operation S 270 , the first color coordinate calculation unit  170  calculates color coordinates (hereinafter referred to as target color coordinates) of a target point, to which the center of the conversion range is to be moved, based on the brightness signal and color difference signals of the current pixel, with reference to the first lookup table  150 . Table 2 is an example of the first lookup table  150 . 
   
     
       
         
             
             
             
             
             
             
             
           
             
               TABLE 2 
             
             
                 
             
             
               Index 
               Brightness 
               T 1   
               T 2   
               . . . 
               T M−1   
               T M   
             
             
                 
             
           
          
             
               1 
               Y 1   
               Cb 1     —     T1 , Cr 1     —     T1   
               Cb 1     —     T2 , Cr 1     —     T2   
               . . . 
               Cb 1     —     TM−1 , Cr 1     —     TM−1   
               Cb 1     —     TM , Cr 1     —     TM   
             
             
               2 
               Y 2   
               Cb 2     —     T1 , Cr 2     —     T1   
               Cb 2     —     T2 , Cr 2     —     T2   
               . . . 
               Cb 2     —     TM−1 , Cr 2     —     TM−1   
               Cb 2     —     TM , Cr 2     —     TM   
             
             
               3 
               Y 3   
               Cb 3     —     T1 , Cr 3     —     T1   
               Cb 3     —     T2 , Cr 3     —     T2   
               . . . 
               Cb 3     —     TM−1 , Cr 3     —     TM−1   
               Cb 3     —     TM , Cr 3     —     TM   
             
             
               4 
               Y 4   
               Cb 4     —     T1 , Cr 4     —     T1   
               Cb 4     —     T2 , Cr 4     —     T2   
               . . . 
               Cb 4     —     TM−1 , Cr 4     —     TM−1   
               Cb 4     —     TM , Cr 4     —     TM   
             
             
               . . . 
               . . . 
               . . . 
               . . . 
               . . . 
               . . . 
               . . . 
             
             
               N − 1 
               Y N−1   
               Cb N−1     —     T1 , Cr N−1     —     T1   
               Cb N−1     —     T2 , Cr N−1     —     T2   
               . . . 
               Cb N−1     —     TM−1 , Cr N−1     —     TM−1   
               Cb N-1     —     TM , Cr N−1     —     TM   
             
             
               N 
               Y N   
               Cb N     —     T1 , Cr N     —     T1   
               Cb N     —     T2 , Cr N     —     T2   
               . . . 
               Cb N     —     TM−1 , Cr N     —     TM−1   
               Cb N     —     TM , Cr N     —     TM   
             
             
                 
             
          
         
       
     
   
   The calculation of the target color coordinates will be described in further detail with reference to Table 2 in the following. 
   First, suppose that the current pixel has a brightness Y. Two sample brightness signals Y l  and Y h , which satisfy Inequality 11 below, are selected from among a plurality of sample brightness signals provided by the first lookup table  150 .
 
Y l &lt;Y≦Y h   (11)
 
   Among the plurality of sample brightnesses, each pair of two consecutive brightnesses have a predetermined difference, and each of the plurality of sample brightnesses has a fixed value. If the plurality of sample brightnesses are 8-bit data, they may have a value between 0 and 255. For example, the first lookup table  150  may have a total of 16 sample brightness signals (N=16) with each pair of consecutive sample brightnesses having a difference of 16. If the 16 sample brightness signals are 0, 16, 32, 48, 64, 80, . . . , 240, and the brightness signal Y of the current pixel is 37, then the two selected sample brightness signals Y l  and Y h  are 32 and 48, respectively. 
   Next, two sample color temperatures that satisfy Inequality (12) are selected from among a plurality of sample color temperatures provided by the first lookup table  150 .
 
T l &lt;T u ≦T h   (12)
 
   Next, if the brightness Y of the current pixel is the same as one of the plurality of sample brightnesses, then there is no need to obtain the brightness of the current pixel through interpolation. The interpolation requires the two sample brightnesses Y l  and Y h , pairs of sample color coordinates (Cb Tl , Cr Tl ) and (Cb Th , Cr Th ), respectively corresponding to combinations of the brightness Y of the current pixel and the selected sample color temperatures T l  and T h  (obtained from the first lookup table  150 ). Thereafter, target color coordinates (Cb Tu , Cr Tu ), corresponding to a combination of the user-set color temperature T u  and the brightness Y of the current pixel, are obtained through interpolation involving the pairs of sample color coordinates (Cb Tl , Cr Tl ) and (Cb Th , Cr Th ) and weight values W tl  and W th . The weight values W tl  and W th  are calculated by taking the differences between T u  and T l  and between T u  and T h , which is expressed by Equations (13) and (14). The target color coordinates Cb Tu  and Cr Tu  are obtained by using Equations (15) and (16), respectively.  FIG. 3  illustrates such color temperature-based interpolation of the target color coordinates (Cb Tu , Cr Tu ) between the two pairs of sample color coordinates (Cb Tl , Cr Tl ) and (Cb Th , Cr Th ). 
   
     
       
         
           
             
               
                 
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                       T 
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                       T 
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                       T 
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                 ( 
                 13 
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                 ( 
                 14 
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                 ( 
                 15 
                 ) 
               
             
           
           
             
               
                 
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                   ⁢ 
                   
                       
                   
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                       ⁢ 
                       
                           
                       
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                         ⁢ 
                         
                             
                         
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                     ⁢ 
                     
                         
                     
                     ⁢ 
                     
                       r 
                       
                         T 
                         ⁢ 
                         
                             
                         
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                       W 
                       
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                         ⁢ 
                         
                             
                         
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                 ( 
                 16 
                 ) 
               
             
           
         
       
     
   
   However, if the brightness Y of the current pixel is not the same as any of the plurality of sample brightnesses, and thus here there is a need to obtain the brightness of the current pixel through interpolation. The interpolation involves the two sample brightnesses Y l  and Y h , pairs of sample color coordinates (Cb Tu     —     yl , Cr Tu     —     yl ), corresponding to a combination of the user-set color temperature T u  and the sample brightness Y l , and (Cb Tu     —     yh , Cr Tu     —     yh ), corresponding to a combination of the user-set color temperature T u  and the sample brightness Y h , and weight values W yl  and W yh . The weight values W yl  and W yh  are obtained by taking the differences between Y and Y l  and between Y and Y h , which is expressed by Equations (17) and (18), respectively. The target color coordinates Cb Tu  and Cr Tu  are obtained by using Equations (19) and (20), respectively. The interpolation of the target color coordinates (Cb Tu , Cr Tu ) between (Cb Tu     —     1 , Cr Tu     —     l ) and (Cb Tu     —     h , Cr Tu     —     h ) is illustrated in  FIG. 4 . 
   
     
       
         
           
             
               
                 
                   W 
                   
                     y 
                     ⁢ 
                     
                         
                     
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                     l 
                   
                 
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                       Y 
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                     - 
                     Y 
                   
                   
                     
                       Y 
                       h 
                     
                     - 
                     
                       Y 
                       l 
                     
                   
                 
               
             
             
               
                 ( 
                 17 
                 ) 
               
             
           
           
             
               
                 
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                     y 
                     ⁢ 
                     
                         
                     
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                     h 
                   
                 
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                     Y 
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                       h 
                     
                     - 
                     
                       Y 
                       l 
                     
                   
                 
               
             
             
               
                 ( 
                 18 
                 ) 
               
             
           
           
             
               
                 
                   C 
                   ⁢ 
                   
                       
                   
                   ⁢ 
                   
                     b 
                     
                       T 
                       ⁢ 
                       
                           
                       
                       ⁢ 
                       u 
                     
                   
                 
                 = 
                 
                   
                     
                       W 
                       
                         y 
                         ⁢ 
                         
                             
                         
                         ⁢ 
                         l 
                       
                     
                     × 
                     C 
                     ⁢ 
                     
                         
                     
                     ⁢ 
                     b 
                     ⁢ 
                     
                         
                     
                     ⁢ 
                     
                       T 
                       
                         
                           u 
                           ⁢ 
                           _ 
                           ⁢ 
                           y 
                         
                         ⁢ 
                         
                             
                         
                         ⁢ 
                         h 
                       
                     
                   
                   + 
                   
                     
                       W 
                       
                         y 
                         ⁢ 
                         
                             
                         
                         ⁢ 
                         h 
                       
                     
                     × 
                     C 
                     ⁢ 
                     
                         
                     
                     ⁢ 
                     b 
                     ⁢ 
                     
                         
                     
                     ⁢ 
                     
                       T 
                       
                         u 
                         ⁢ 
                         _ 
                         ⁢ 
                         y 
                         ⁢ 
                         h 
                       
                     
                   
                 
               
             
             
               
                 ( 
                 19 
                 ) 
               
             
           
           
             
               
                 
                   C 
                   ⁢ 
                   
                       
                   
                   ⁢ 
                   
                     r 
                     
                       T 
                       ⁢ 
                       
                           
                       
                       ⁢ 
                       u 
                     
                   
                 
                 = 
                 
                   
                     
                       W 
                       
                         y 
                         ⁢ 
                         
                             
                         
                         ⁢ 
                         l 
                       
                     
                     × 
                     C 
                     ⁢ 
                     
                         
                     
                     ⁢ 
                     r 
                     ⁢ 
                     
                         
                     
                     ⁢ 
                     
                       T 
                       
                         
                           u 
                           ⁢ 
                           _ 
                           ⁢ 
                           y 
                         
                         ⁢ 
                         
                             
                         
                         ⁢ 
                         l 
                       
                     
                   
                   + 
                   
                     
                       W 
                       
                         y 
                         ⁢ 
                         
                             
                         
                         ⁢ 
                         h 
                       
                     
                     × 
                     C 
                     ⁢ 
                     
                         
                     
                     ⁢ 
                     r 
                     ⁢ 
                     
                         
                     
                     ⁢ 
                     
                       T 
                       
                         
                           u 
                           ⁢ 
                           _ 
                           ⁢ 
                           y 
                         
                         ⁢ 
                         
                             
                         
                         ⁢ 
                         h 
                       
                     
                   
                 
               
             
             
               
                 ( 
                 20 
                 ) 
               
             
           
         
       
     
   
   In operation S 240 , the second color coordinate calculation unit  170  calculates the target color coordinates based on the brightness signal and color difference signals of the current pixel, with reference to the second lookup table  180 . 
   Table 3 shows an example of the second lookup table  180 . 
   
     
       
         
             
             
             
             
           
             
                 
               TABLE 3 
             
             
                 
                 
             
             
                 
               Index 
               Brightness 
               Color coordinates 
             
             
                 
                 
             
           
          
             
                 
               1 
               Y 1   
               Cb 1     —     DT , C 1     —     DT   
             
             
                 
               2 
               Y 2   
               Cb 2     —     DT , Cr 2     —     DT   
             
             
                 
               3 
               Y 3   
               Cb 3     —     DT , Cr 3     —     DT   
             
             
                 
               4 
               Y 4   
               Cb 4     —     DT , Cr 4     —     DT   
             
             
                 
               . . . 
               . . . 
               . . . 
             
             
                 
               N − 1 
               Y N−1   
               Cb N−1     —     DT , Cr N−1     —     DT   
             
             
                 
               N 
               Y N   
               Cb N     —     DT , Cr N     —     DT   
             
             
                 
               N + 1 
               Y N+1   
               Basic color temperature 
             
             
                 
                 
             
          
         
       
     
   
   The operation of calculating the target color coordinates will be described in greater detail in the following. 
   First, two sample brightness signals Y l     —     dt  Y h     —     dt , which satisfy Inequality 21, are searched for in the second lookup table  180 .
 
Y l     —     dt &lt;Y≦Y h     —     dt   (21)
 
   Each of the sample brightness signals Y l     —     dt  Y h     —     dt  has a fixed value. If the two sample brightnesses Y l     —     dt  and Y h     —     dt  are 8-bit data, they have a value between 0 and 255. For example, the second lookup table  180  may store a total of 16 sample brightness signals (N=16) with each pair of consecutive sample brightnesses having a difference of 16. In addition, the 16 sample brightnesses may be, for example, 0, 16, 32, 48, 64, 80, . . . , 240. If the brightness Y of the current pixel has a value of 37, 32 and 48 are selected as the sample brightness signals Y l     —     dt  and Y h     —     dt , respectively. 
   Next, weight values W yl     —     dt  and W yh     —     dt  are obtained by taking the differences between the brightness Y of the current pixel and the sample brightness Y l     —     dt  and between the brightness Y of the current pixel and the sample brightness Y h     —     dt . Then, the target color coordinates (C bTu , C rTu ) are obtained through interpolation by using the Weight values W yl     —     dt  and W yh     —     dt . Specifically, the weight values W yl     —     dt  and W yh     —     dt  are calculated by using Equations (22) and (23) below, respectively, and the target color coordinates (C bTu , C rTu ) are calculated by using Equations (24) and (25). 
   
     
       
         
           
             
               
                 
                   W 
                   
                     y 
                     ⁢ 
                     l 
                     ⁢ 
                     _ 
                     ⁢ 
                     d 
                     ⁢ 
                     t 
                   
                 
                 = 
                 
                   
                     
                       Y 
                       
                         
                           h 
                           ⁢ 
                           _ 
                           ⁢ 
                           d 
                         
                         ⁢ 
                         
                             
                         
                         ⁢ 
                         t 
                       
                     
                     - 
                     Y 
                   
                   
                     
                       T 
                       
                         
                           h 
                           ⁢ 
                           _ 
                           ⁢ 
                           d 
                         
                         ⁢ 
                         
                             
                         
                         ⁢ 
                         h 
                       
                     
                     - 
                     
                       T 
                       
                         l 
                         ⁢ 
                         _ 
                         ⁢ 
                         d 
                         ⁢ 
                         t 
                       
                     
                   
                 
               
             
             
               
                 ( 
                 22 
                 ) 
               
             
           
           
             
               
                 
                   W 
                   
                     y 
                     ⁢ 
                     
                         
                     
                     ⁢ 
                     
                       h 
                       ⁢ 
                       _ 
                       ⁢ 
                       d 
                     
                     ⁢ 
                     
                         
                     
                     ⁢ 
                     t 
                   
                 
                 = 
                 
                   
                     Y 
                     - 
                     
                       Y 
                       
                         
                           l 
                           ⁢ 
                           _ 
                           ⁢ 
                           d 
                         
                         ⁢ 
                         
                             
                         
                         ⁢ 
                         t 
                       
                     
                   
                   
                     
                       T 
                       
                         
                           h 
                           ⁢ 
                           _ 
                           ⁢ 
                           d 
                         
                         ⁢ 
                         
                             
                         
                         ⁢ 
                         h 
                       
                     
                     - 
                     
                       T 
                       
                         
                           l 
                           ⁢ 
                           _ 
                           ⁢ 
                           d 
                         
                         ⁢ 
                         
                             
                         
                         ⁢ 
                         t 
                       
                     
                   
                 
               
             
             
               
                 ( 
                 23 
                 ) 
               
             
           
           
             
               
                 
                   C 
                   ⁢ 
                   
                       
                   
                   ⁢ 
                   
                     b 
                     
                       T 
                       ⁢ 
                       
                           
                       
                       ⁢ 
                       u 
                     
                   
                 
                 = 
                 
                   
                     
                       W 
                       
                         y 
                         ⁢ 
                         
                             
                         
                         ⁢ 
                         
                           l 
                           ⁢ 
                           _d 
                           ⁢ 
                           t 
                         
                       
                     
                     × 
                     C 
                     ⁢ 
                     
                         
                     
                     ⁢ 
                     
                       b 
                       
                         T 
                         ⁢ 
                         
                             
                         
                         ⁢ 
                         
                           u 
                           ⁢ 
                           _ 
                           ⁢ 
                           y 
                         
                         ⁢ 
                         
                             
                         
                         ⁢ 
                         l 
                       
                     
                   
                   + 
                   
                     
                       W 
                       
                         y 
                         ⁢ 
                         
                             
                         
                         ⁢ 
                         
                           h 
                           ⁢ 
                           _ 
                           ⁢ 
                           d 
                         
                         ⁢ 
                         
                             
                         
                         ⁢ 
                         t 
                       
                     
                     × 
                     C 
                     ⁢ 
                     
                         
                     
                     ⁢ 
                     
                       b 
                       
                         T 
                         ⁢ 
                         
                             
                         
                         ⁢ 
                         
                           u 
                           ⁢ 
                           _ 
                           ⁢ 
                           y 
                         
                         ⁢ 
                         
                             
                         
                         ⁢ 
                         h 
                       
                     
                   
                 
               
             
             
               
                 ( 
                 24 
                 ) 
               
             
           
           
             
               
                 
                   C 
                   ⁢ 
                   
                       
                   
                   ⁢ 
                   
                     r 
                     
                       T 
                       ⁢ 
                       
                           
                       
                       ⁢ 
                       u 
                     
                   
                 
                 = 
                 
                   
                     
                       W 
                       
                         y 
                         ⁢ 
                         
                             
                         
                         ⁢ 
                         
                           l 
                           ⁢ 
                           _ 
                           ⁢ 
                           d 
                         
                         ⁢ 
                         
                             
                         
                         ⁢ 
                         t 
                       
                     
                     × 
                     C 
                     ⁢ 
                     
                         
                     
                     ⁢ 
                     
                       r 
                       
                         T 
                         ⁢ 
                         
                             
                         
                         ⁢ 
                         
                           u 
                           ⁢ 
                           _ 
                           ⁢ 
                           y 
                         
                         ⁢ 
                         
                             
                         
                         ⁢ 
                         l 
                       
                     
                   
                   + 
                   
                     
                       W 
                       
                         y 
                         ⁢ 
                         
                             
                         
                         ⁢ 
                         
                           h 
                           ⁢ 
                           _ 
                           ⁢ 
                           d 
                         
                         ⁢ 
                         
                             
                         
                         ⁢ 
                         t 
                       
                     
                     × 
                     C 
                     ⁢ 
                     
                         
                     
                     ⁢ 
                     
                       r 
                       
                         T 
                         ⁢ 
                         
                             
                         
                         ⁢ 
                         
                           u 
                           ⁢ 
                           _ 
                           ⁢ 
                           y 
                         
                         ⁢ 
                         
                             
                         
                         ⁢ 
                         h 
                       
                     
                   
                 
               
             
             
               
                 ( 
                 25 
                 ) 
               
             
           
         
       
     
   
   If the second lookup table  180  stores all brightness levels provided by the image display device (brightness levels corresponding to values from 0 to 255, if each of the brightness levels is represented as 8-bit data) and their respective pairs of sample color coordinates, the pairs of sample color coordinates, corresponding to the brightness levels, can be easily obtained by referring to the second lookup table  180 . Thus, the color temperature conversion apparatus does not need to calculate the weight values W yl     —     dt  and W yh     —     dt  and then perform an interpolation process to obtain the target color coordinates (Cb Tu , Cr Tu ). In order to store all of the brightness levels provided by the image display device and their respective pairs of sample color coordinates, the color temperature conversion apparatus should contain an additional storage space. 
   Referring back to  FIG. 2 , in operation S 250 , the color coordinate conversion unit  190  performs color temperature conversion on the current pixel by moving the center of the conversion range to the target point. Operation S 250  will be described in further detail in the following. 
   First, it is determined whether both color coordinates x and y of a point P, at which the current pixel currently resides, have a value of 0. If both of the color coordinates x and y have a value of 0 (if x=y=0), color coordinates x′ and y′ of a P′, to which the current pixel is to be automatically moved along with the center of the conversion range, are simply replaced with the respective target color coordinates T u (Cb Tu , Cr Tu ). In other words, x′=Cb Tu , and y′=Cr Tu . Thereafter, the color conversion process for the current pixel is complete without the need to perform additional processes on the current pixel. Then, another round of color conversion is performed on a subsequent pixel. 
   Next, when the color coordinates x and y are not zero, a distance r between the center of the conversion range and a point on the boundary of the conversion range, at which a predetermined straight line drawn from the center of the conversion range through a point P 1 ( p1x ,  p1y ) terminates, is calculated using Equation (26): 
   
     
       
         
           
             
               
                 
                   r 
                   = 
                   
                     
                       
                         
                           x 
                           c 
                           2 
                         
                         + 
                         
                           y 
                           c 
                           2 
                         
                       
                     
                     = 
                     
                       
                         
                           1 
                           + 
                           
                             B 
                             2 
                           
                         
                         
                           f 
                           + 
                           
                             g 
                             ⁢ 
                             
                                 
                             
                             ⁢ 
                             
                               B 
                               2 
                             
                           
                         
                       
                     
                   
                 
                 , 
               
             
             
               
                 ( 
                 26 
                 ) 
               
             
           
         
       
     
   
   where B is the slope of the predetermined straight line, defined by: 
             B   =         p   1     ⁢   y         p   1     ⁢   x         ,         
and (x c , y c ) denotes a pair of color coordinates of an intersection point between the predetermined straight line and the conversion range. Here, the predetermined straight line can be represented by the following equation: y=Bx. If p 1 x=0 and p 1 y≠0,
 
           r   =       1   g     .           
If p 1 y=0 and p 1 x≠0,
 
   
     
       
         
           r 
           = 
           
             
               1 
               f 
             
             . 
           
         
       
     
   
   Next, a weight W m  is calculated by using Equation (27) below: 
   
     
       
         
           
             
               
                 
                   
                     W 
                     m 
                   
                   = 
                   
                     
                       
                         r 
                         - 
                         
                            
                           P 
                            
                         
                       
                       r 
                     
                     = 
                     
                       
                         r 
                         - 
                         
                           
                             
                               x 
                               2 
                             
                             + 
                             
                               y 
                               2 
                             
                           
                         
                       
                       r 
                     
                   
                 
                 , 
               
             
             
               
                 ( 
                 27 
                 ) 
               
             
           
         
       
     
   
   where P denotes the point at which the current pixel currently resides. 
   Next, the color coordinates x′ and y′ of the point P′, to which the current pixel is to be moved from P after the color temperature of the current pixel is converted, are calculated by using Equation (28): 
   
     
       
         
           
             
               
                 
                   
                     P 
                     ′ 
                   
                   = 
                   
                     
                       ( 
                       
                         
                           
                             
                               x 
                               ′ 
                             
                           
                         
                         
                           
                             
                               y 
                               ′ 
                             
                           
                         
                       
                       ) 
                     
                     = 
                     
                       
                         ( 
                         
                           
                             
                               x 
                             
                           
                           
                             
                               y 
                             
                           
                         
                         ) 
                       
                       + 
                       
                         
                           W 
                           m 
                         
                         × 
                         
                           ( 
                           
                             
                               
                                 
                                   x 
                                   t 
                                 
                               
                             
                             
                               
                                 
                                   y 
                                   t 
                                 
                               
                             
                           
                           ) 
                         
                       
                     
                   
                 
                 , 
               
             
             
               
                 ( 
                 28 
                 ) 
               
             
           
         
       
     
   
   where x t  and y t  are the target color coordinates Cb Tu  and Cr Tu  obtained in operation S 250 . 
   In operation S 260 , it is determined whether all of the pixels of the image signal have gone through the previously described operations; that is, operations S 200  through S 250 . If all of the pixels of the image signal have already been processed, the color temperature conversion method is complete. Otherwise, operations S 200  through S 250  are repeated until no pixels of the image signal are left unprocessed. 
     FIG. 5  is a block diagram of a color temperature conversion apparatus  500  according to another embodiment of the present invention. Referring to  FIG. 5 , the color temperature conversion apparatus  500  includes a conversion range determination unit  510 , a variable calculation unit  520 , a storage unit  530 , a comparison unit  540 , a first lookup table  550 , a color coordinate calculation unit  560 , a second lookup table  580 , and a color coordinate conversion unit  590 . 
   The color temperature conversion apparatus  500  is similar to the color temperature conversion unit  100  except that the color temperature conversion apparatus  500  does not need the second color coordinate calculation unit  180 . Since the color temperature conversion apparatus  500  does not need the second color coordinate calculation unit  180 , the second lookup table  180  needs to store as many pairs of sample color coordinates as possible. In other words, the second lookup table  180  needs to store all possible pixel brightnesses and the respective pairs of color coordinates. 
     FIG. 6  is a block diagram of a color temperature conversion apparatus  600 , according to still another embodiment of the present invention. Referring to  FIG. 6 , the color temperature conversion apparatus  600  includes elements similar to the color temperature conversion apparatus  100  except for the comparison unit  140 , the first lookup table  150 , and the first color coordinate calculation unit  160 . In other words, the color temperature conversion apparatus  600  includes a determination unit  610 , a variable calculation unit  620 , a storage unit  630 , a color coordinate calculation unit  640 , a lookup table  650 , and a color coordinate conversion unit  660 . The lookup table  650  is the same as the second lookup table  180  except that it does not have a section N+1 concerned with basic color temperatures. 
   Table 4 below is an example of the lookup table  650 . 
   
     
       
         
             
             
             
             
           
             
                 
               TABLE 4 
             
             
                 
                 
             
             
                 
               Index 
               Brightness 
               Color coordinates 
             
             
                 
                 
             
           
          
             
                 
               1 
               Y 1   
               Cb 1     —     DT , Cr 1     —     DT   
             
             
                 
               2 
               Y 2   
               Cb 2     —     DT , Cr 2     —     DT   
             
             
                 
               3 
               Y 3   
               Cb 3     —     DT , Cr 3     —     DT   
             
             
                 
               4 
               Y 4   
               CD 4     —     DT , Cr 4     —     DT   
             
             
                 
               . . . 
               . . . 
               . . . 
             
             
                 
               N − 1 
               Y N−1   
               Cb N−1     —     DT , Cr N−1     —     DT   
             
             
                 
               N 
               Y N   
               Cb N     —     DT , Cr N     —     DT   
             
             
                 
                 
             
          
         
       
     
   
     FIG. 7  is a flowchart of a color temperature conversion method, according to another embodiment of the present invention. Specifically,  FIG. 7  is a flowchart of a color temperature conversion method performed by the color temperature conversion apparatus  600  of  FIG. 6 . Referring to  FIG. 7 , the color temperature conversion method involves calculating conversion range determining variables in operation S 710 , determining whether an input pixel is within a conversion range in operation S 720 , calculating color coordinates corresponding to the brightness of the input pixel in operation S 730 , and converting the color temperature of the input pixel in operation S 740 . 
   The color temperature conversion method of  FIG. 7  is very similar to that of  FIG. 2 . However, the color temperature conversion method of  FIG. 7  simply converts the color temperature of the input pixel based on the brightness of the input pixel rather than have a user manually convert the color temperature of the input pixel. 
     FIG. 8  is a diagram illustrating the movement of an input pixel on a color coordinate system as a result of user-set color temperature conversion by using, so called, moving of mass point in ellipse (MMPE).  FIG. 9  is a diagram illustrating a process of calculating a distance r from the center R of a conversion range to a point on the boundary of the conversion range, at which a predetermined straight line drawn from the center of the conversion range through a point P 1 ( p1x ,  p1y ) terminates. 
   A process of obtaining color coordinates of a point P′(x′, y′) on the color coordinate system, to which the input pixel is to be transferred from a point P(x, y), where it currently resides, will be described in further detail in the following with reference to  FIG. 8 . 
   Referring to  FIG. 8 , if both the point P and a target point R′, to which a reference point R of a conversion range  700  is to be transferred after color temperature conversion is performed on the input pixel, exist within the conversion range  700 , it is possible to calculate color coordinates of a point P′. P′ is the point P is to be automatically moved to when color temperature conversion is performed on the input pixel. 
   A distance s between the reference point R and the target point R′ is obtained by using Equation (29) below:
 
( P′−P ) =a ( R′−R )  (29)
 
   Equation (29) can be rearranged to form Equation (30): 
                 a   =              P   -     P   ′                   R   -     R   ′              =         s   1     s     =       r   1     r                 (   30   )               
where r=r 1 +r 2 =r 1 +∥P−R∥. Accordingly, the point P′ can be obtained by using Equation (31):
 
   
     
       
         
           
             
               
                 
                   P 
                   ′ 
                 
                 = 
                 
                   
                     P 
                     + 
                     
                       
                         
                           r 
                           1 
                         
                         r 
                       
                       ⁢ 
                       
                         ( 
                         
                           
                             R 
                             ′ 
                           
                           - 
                           R 
                         
                         ) 
                       
                     
                   
                   = 
                   
                     P 
                     + 
                     
                       
                         
                           r 
                           - 
                           
                              
                             
                               P 
                               - 
                               R 
                             
                              
                           
                         
                         r 
                       
                       ⁢ 
                       
                         ( 
                         
                           
                             R 
                             ′ 
                           
                           - 
                           R 
                         
                         ) 
                       
                     
                   
                 
               
             
             
               
                 ( 
                 31 
                 ) 
               
             
           
         
       
     
   
   As shown in Equation (31), P′ is determined by R, R′, P, and r. Thus, there is the need to calculate r in order to calculate P′. If the conversion range  700  is circular, r is the radius of the conversion range  700  and thus is always the same, which makes the calculation of P′ easier. 
   Referring to  FIG. 9 , the center of a conversion range  800 , which is oval and is tilted by a predetermined angle θ, is moved to the origin of a color coordinate system ( 810 ), so that the major and minor axes of the conversion range  800  are parallel to the X and Y axes, respectively. Then, a distance r between the center of the conversion range  800  and an intersection point ( x c   , Y c ) between the boundary of the conversion range and a straight line  821  is calculated ( 820 ). The straight line  821 , which is expressed by the equation y=Bx, passes through the center of the conversion range  800  and a point P 1  which is obtained by rotating P by θ. 
   The conversion range  800  can be expressed by the following equation: fx 2 +gy 2 =1 where 
             f   =     1     a   2         ,       and   ⁢           ⁢   g     =       1     b   2       .             
The distance r can be obtained by using Equation (32) below:
 
   
     
       
         
           
             
               
                 r 
                 = 
                 
                   
                     
                       
                         x 
                         c 
                         2 
                       
                       + 
                       
                         y 
                         c 
                         2 
                       
                     
                   
                   = 
                   
                     
                       
                         1 
                         + 
                         
                           B 
                           2 
                         
                       
                       
                         f 
                         + 
                         
                           g 
                           ⁢ 
                           
                               
                           
                           ⁢ 
                           
                             B 
                             2 
                           
                         
                       
                     
                   
                 
               
             
             
               
                 ( 
                 32 
                 ) 
               
             
           
         
       
     
   
   As described above, it is possible to realize any color temperature that a user wants for the brightness of each pixel of an image while minimizing color distortions in the image. 
   Embodiments of the present invention may be implemented through computer readable coding/instructions in a medium, e.g., a computer-readable medium, including but not limited to storage media such as magnetic storage media (ROMs, RAMs, floppy disks, magnetic tapes, etc.), and optically readable media (CD-ROMs, DVDs, etc.). The present invention may also be embodied as a medium having a computer-readable code embodied therein for causing a number of computer systems connected via a network to effect distributed processing. The functional programs, codes and code segments for embodying the present invention may be easily deducted by programmers in the art which the present invention belongs to in view of the above disclosure. 
   Although a few embodiments of the present invention have been shown and described, it would be appreciated by those skilled in the art that changes may be made in these embodiments without departing from the principles and spirit of the invention, the scope of which is defined in the claims and their equivalents.