Patent Publication Number: US-8968841-B2

Title: Binaphthyl compound, liquid crystal composition, liquid crystal element, and liquid crystal display device

Description:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     1. Field of the Invention 
     One embodiment of the disclosed invention relates to a novel binaphthyl compound, a liquid crystal composition including the binaphthyl compound, a liquid crystal element to which the liquid crystal composition is applied, a liquid crystal display device to which the liquid crystal composition is applied, and manufacturing methods thereof. 
     2. Description of the Related Art 
     In recent years, liquid crystal has been used for a variety of devices; in particular, a liquid crystal display device (liquid crystal display) having features of thinness and lightness has been used for displays in a wide range of fields. 
     For higher resolution of moving images and less motion blur, shorter response time of liquid crystal has been required, and development thereof has been advanced (for example, see Patent Document 1). 
     As an example of a display mode of liquid crystal capable of quick response, a display mode using a liquid crystal in which a blue phase appears is given. The mode using a liquid crystal in which a blue phase appears achieves quick response, does not require an alignment film, and provides a wide viewing angle, and thus has been developed more actively for practical use (for example, see Patent Document 2). 
     REFERENCE 
     Patent Document 
     [Patent Document 1] Japanese Published Patent Application No. 2008-303381 
     [Patent Document 2] PCT International Publication No. 2005-090520 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     An object is to provide a novel material for a liquid crystal composition or a novel liquid crystal composition which can be used for a variety of liquid crystal devices. 
     One embodiment of the disclosed invention is a novel binaphthyl compound represented by General Formula (G1). The binaphthyl compound can function as a chiral material in a liquid crystal composition. 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     Note that in General Formula (G1), Ar 2  represents any of an arylene group having 6 to 12 carbon atoms, a cycloalkylene group having 3 to 12 carbon atoms, and a cycloalkenylene group having 3 to 12 carbon atoms, and m is any of 0 to 3; R 3  represents any of hydrogen, an alkyl group having 1 to 12 carbon atoms, and an alkoxy group having 1 to 12 carbon atoms; and one of R and R 1  represents a substituent represented by General Formula (G2) and the other thereof represents hydrogen.
 
 Ar 1     k —R 2   (G2)
 
     Note that in General Formula (G2), Ar 1  represents any of an arylene group having 6 to 12 carbon atoms, a cycloalkylene group having 3 to 12 carbon atoms, and a cycloalkenylene group having 3 to 12 carbon atoms, and k is any of 1 to 3; and R 2  represents any of hydrogen, an alkyl group having 1 to 12 carbon atoms, and an alkoxy group having 1 to 12 carbon atoms. 
     Another embodiment of the present invention is a binaphthyl compound represented by General Formula (G1-1). 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     Note that in General Formula (G1-1), Ar 1  represents any of an arylene group having 6 to 12 carbon atoms, a cycloalkylene group having 3 to 12 carbon atoms, and a cycloalkenylene group having 3 to 12 carbon atoms, and k is any of 1 to 3; R 2  represents any of hydrogen, an alkyl group having 1 to 12 carbon atoms, and an alkoxy group having 1 to 12 carbon atoms; Ar 2  represents any of an arylene group having 6 to 12 carbon atoms, a cycloalkylene group having 3 to 12 carbon atoms, and a cycloalkenylene group having 3 to 12 carbon atoms, and m is any of 0 to 3; and R 3  represents any of hydrogen, an alkyl group having 1 to 12 carbon atoms, and an alkoxy group having 1 to 12 carbon atoms. 
     Another embodiment of the present invention is a binaphthyl compound represented by General Formula (G1-2). 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     Note that in General Formula (G1-2), Ar 1  represents any of an arylene group having 6 to 12 carbon atoms, a cycloalkylene group having 3 to 12 carbon atoms, and a cycloalkenylene group having 3 to 12 carbon atoms, and k is any of 1 to 3; R 2  represents any of hydrogen, an alkyl group having 1 to 12 carbon atoms, and an alkoxy group having 1 to 12 carbon atoms; Ar 2  represents any of an arylene group having 6 to 12 carbon atoms, a cycloalkylene group having 3 to 12 carbon atoms, and a cycloalkenylene group having 3 to 12 carbon atoms, and m is any of 0 to 3; and R 3  represents any of hydrogen, an alkyl group having 1 to 12 carbon atoms, and an alkoxy group having 1 to 12 carbon atoms. 
     Another embodiment of the present invention is a liquid crystal composition including a nematic liquid crystal and any of the above binaphthyl compounds. 
     Another embodiment of the present invention is a liquid crystal composition which includes a nematic liquid crystal and any of the above binaphthyl compounds and exhibits a blue phase. Note that a blue phase is exhibited in a liquid crystal composition having strong twisting power and has a double twist structure. The liquid crystal composition that can exhibit a blue phase shows a cholesteric phase, a cholesteric blue phase, an isotropic phase, or the like depending on conditions. 
     Indicators of the strength of twisting power include the helical pitch, the selective reflection wavelength, HTP (helical twisting power), and the diffraction wavelength. 
     When the twisting power of the liquid crystal composition is strong, the transmittance of the liquid crystal composition in application of no voltage (at an applied voltage of 0 V) can be low, leading to a higher contrast of a liquid crystal display device including the liquid crystal composition. 
     The liquid crystal composition according to one embodiment of the present invention includes at least the binaphthyl compound represented by General Formula (G1) and a nematic liquid crystal. The binaphthyl compound represented by General Formula (G1) has an asymmetric axis; therefore, when included in a liquid crystal composition, the binaphthyl compound can serve as a chiral material that induces twist of the liquid crystal composition to cause helical orientation. 
     Further, since the binaphthyl compound represented by General Formula (G1) is a chiral material with strong twisting power, the proportion thereof mixed in a liquid crystal composition can be lower than or equal to 15 wt %, preferably lower than or equal to 10 wt %, more preferably lower than or equal to 8 wt %. In general, when a large amount of chiral material is added in order to improve the twisting power of the liquid crystal composition, driving voltage for driving a liquid crystal element including the liquid crystal composition might increase. However, in the liquid crystal composition according to one embodiment of the present invention, a smaller amount of chiral material can be added, so that an increase in the driving voltage of the liquid crystal element can be suppressed. Thus, a reduction in power consumption of the liquid crystal display device including the liquid crystal composition can be achieved. 
     One embodiment of the present invention includes, in its category, a liquid crystal element, and a liquid crystal display device and an electronic device each including the above liquid crystal composition. 
     According to one embodiment of the present invention, a novel binaphthyl compound represented by General Formula (G1) can be provided. Furthermore, a novel liquid crystal composition including a nematic liquid crystal and the binaphthyl compound that is represented by General Formula (G1) and functions as a chiral material can be provided. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         FIGS. 1A and 1B  are conceptual diagrams each illustrating a liquid crystalline compound and a liquid crystal composition. 
         FIGS. 2A and 2B  are diagrams illustrating one mode of a liquid crystal display device. 
         FIGS. 3A to 3D  are diagrams each illustrating one mode of an electrode structure of a liquid crystal display device. 
       FIGS.  4 A 1 ,  4 A 2 , and  4 B are diagrams illustrating liquid crystal display modules. 
         FIGS. 5A to 5F  are diagrams each illustrating an electronic device. 
         FIGS. 6A to 6C  are  1 H NMR charts of S-BN-EPPO6-6(PC3). 
         FIGS. 7A to 7C  are  1 H NMR charts of S-BN-EPPFO6-6(PC3). 
         FIGS. 8A to 8C  are  1 H NMR charts of S-BN-EPFFPO8-6(PC3). 
         FIGS. 9A to 9C  are  1 H NMR charts of S-BN-EPPP7-6(PC3). 
         FIGS. 10A to 10C  are  1 H NMR charts of S-BN-EPPO6-6(CeC3). 
         FIGS. 11A to 11C  are  1 H NMR charts of S-BN-EPPO6-6(PFFF). 
         FIGS. 12A to 12C  are  1 H NMR charts of S-BN-EPPO6-6(PP5). 
         FIG. 13A to 13C  are  1 H NMR charts of S-BN-EPPO6-3(PC3). 
         FIG. 14  is a graph showing a relation between the wavelength of a liquid crystal element made in Example 9 and the intensity of reflected light. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
     Hereinafter, embodiments of the invention disclosed in this specification will be described in detail with reference to the accompanying drawings. Note that the invention disclosed in this specification is not limited to the following description, and it is easily understood by those skilled in the art that modes and details of the invention can be modified in various ways. Therefore, the invention disclosed in this specification is not construed as being limited to the description of the following embodiments or examples. 
     Embodiment 1 
     In this embodiment, a novel binaphthyl compound according to one embodiment of the present invention will be described. 
     One embodiment of the present invention is a binaphthyl compound represented by General Formula (G1). 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     Note that in General Formula (G1), Ar 2  represents any of an arylene group having 6 to 12 carbon atoms, a cycloalkylene group having 3 to 12 carbon atoms, and a cycloalkenylene group having 3 to 12 carbon atoms, and m is any of 0 to 3; R 3  represents any of hydrogen, an alkyl group having 1 to 12 carbon atoms, and an alkoxy group having 1 to 12 carbon atoms; and one of R and R 1  represents a substituent represented by General Formula (G2) and the other thereof represents hydrogen.
 
 Ar 1     k —R 2   (G2)
 
     Note that in General Formula (G2), Ar 1  represents any of an arylene group having 6 to 12 carbon atoms, a cycloalkylene group having 3 to 12 carbon atoms, and a cycloalkenylene group having 3 to 12 carbon atoms, and k is any of 1 to 3; and R 2  represents any of hydrogen, an alkyl group having 1 to 12 carbon atoms, and an alkoxy group having 1 to 12 carbon atoms. 
     Note that in General Formula (G1), Ar 2  or R 3  may have a substituent. In General Formula (G2), Ar 1  or R 2  may have a substituent. Examples of the substituent include fluorine (F), chlorine (Cl), bromine (Br), iodine (I), a cyano group (CN), a trifluoromethylsulfonyl group (SO 2 CF 3 ), a trifluoromethyl group (CF 3 ), a nitro group (NO 2 ), an isothiocyanate group (NCS), and a pentafluorosulfanyl group (SF 5 ). 
     More specifically, one embodiment of the present invention is a binaphthyl compound represented by General Formula (G1-1). 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     Note that in General Formula (G1-1), Ar 1  represents any of an arylene group having 6 to 12 carbon atoms, a cycloalkylene group having 3 to 12 carbon atoms, and a cycloalkenylene group having 3 to 12 carbon atoms, and k is any of 1 to 3; R 2  represents any of hydrogen, an alkyl group having 1 to 12 carbon atoms, and an alkoxy group having 1 to 12 carbon atoms; Ar 2  represents any of an arylene group having 6 to 12 carbon atoms, a cycloalkylene group having 3 to 12 carbon atoms, and a cycloalkenylene group having 3 to 12 carbon atoms, and m is any of 0 to 3; and R 3  represents any of hydrogen, an alkyl group having 1 to 12 carbon atoms, and an alkoxy group having 1 to 12 carbon atoms. 
     Alternatively, one embodiment of the present invention is a binaphthyl compound represented by General Formula (G1-2). 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     Note that in General Formula (G1-2), Ar 1  represents any of an arylene group having 6 to 12 carbon atoms, a cycloalkylene group having 3 to 12 carbon atoms, and a cycloalkenylene group having 3 to 12 carbon atoms, and k is any of 1 to 3; R 2  represents any of hydrogen, an alkyl group having 1 to 12 carbon atoms, and an alkoxy group having 1 to 12 carbon atoms; Ar 2  represents any of an arylene group having 6 to 12 carbon atoms, a cycloalkylene group having 3 to 12 carbon atoms, and a cycloalkenylene group having 3 to 12 carbon atoms, and m is any of 0 to 3; and R 3  represents any of hydrogen, an alkyl group having 1 to 12 carbon atoms, and an alkoxy group having 1 to 12 carbon atoms. 
     Specific examples of the binaphthyl compound represented by General Formula (G1) include binaphthyl compounds represented by Structural Formulas (100) to (123). Note that the present invention is not limited to these examples. 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     A variety of reactions can be applied to a method for synthesizing the binaphthyl compound according to this embodiment. An example of a method for synthesizing the binaphthyl compound represented by General Formula (G1-1) will be described below. 
     The binaphthyl compound represented by General Formula (G1-1) can be synthesized by a synthesis reaction shown by Reaction Formula (K-1). 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     By making a halogen group (X) of a binaphthyl compound (Compound 1) react with a boron compound (Compound 2) through Suzuki-Miyaura coupling or the like, a binaphthyl compound (Compound 3) can be obtained. By making a hydroxyl group of Compound 3 react with an organic halide (Compound 4) through an esterification reaction or the like to be substituted with an ester group, the target binaphthyl compound represented by General Formula (G1-1) can be obtained (Reaction Formula (K-1)). 
     In Reaction Formula (K-1), X represents any of iodine, bromine, and chlorine; Ar 1  represents any of an arylene group having 6 to 12 carbon atoms, a cycloalkylene group having 3 to 12 carbon atoms, and a cycloalkenylene group having 3 to 12 carbon atoms, and k is any of 1 to 3; R 2  represents any of hydrogen, an alkyl group having 1 to 12 carbon atoms, and an alkoxy group having 1 to 12 carbon atoms; Ar 2  represents any of an arylene group having 6 to 12 carbon atoms, a cycloalkylene group having 3 to 12 carbon atoms, and a cycloalkenylene group having 3 to 12 carbon atoms, and m is any of 0 to 3; and R 3  represents any of hydrogen, an alkyl group having 1 to 12 carbon atoms, and an alkoxy group having 1 to 12 carbon atoms. 
     Further, in Reaction Formula (K-1), a compound having an active site at the 6,6′-position of a binaphthyl skeleton is used as Compound 1; however, a compound (Compound 5 shown below) having an active site at the 3,3′-position of the binaphthyl skeleton can be used instead of Compound 1, so that a binaphthyl compound represented by General Formula (G1-2) can be synthesized. The synthesis reaction of this case is shown in Reaction Formula (K-2). 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     Note that the binaphthyl compound including a substituent having an ester bond at the 2,2′-position of a binaphthyl skeleton and including a substituent at the 6,6′-position or 3,3′-position thereof, such as the binaphthyl compound represented by General Formula (G1-1) or (G1-2), is added to a liquid crystal composition, whereby a liquid crystal composition having high HTP can be obtained. 
     As described above, the binaphthyl compound of one embodiment of the present invention can be synthesized. 
     The binaphthyl compound represented by General Formula (G1) has an asymmetric axis; therefore, when included in a liquid crystal composition, the binaphthyl compound can serve as a chiral material that induces twist of the liquid crystal composition to cause helical orientation. 
     The liquid crystal composition including the binaphthyl compound represented by General Formula (G1) as a chiral material can be used for a liquid crystal display device employing a lateral electric field mode such as a blue phase mode, a liquid crystal display device employing a vertical electric field mode such as a TN mode, and the like. 
     The methods, structures, and the like described in this embodiment can be combined as appropriate with any of the methods, structures, and the like described in the other embodiments. 
     Embodiment 2 
     In this embodiment, the liquid crystal composition including a binaphthyl compound according to one embodiment of the present invention described in Embodiment 1, and a liquid crystal element or liquid crystal display device including the liquid crystal composition will be described with reference to  FIGS. 1A and 1B . 
     The liquid crystal composition according to this embodiment includes at least the binaphthyl compound described in Embodiment 1 and a nematic liquid crystal. 
     As described above, the binaphthyl compound represented by General Formula (G1) can serve as a chiral material. Further, since the binaphthyl compound represented by General Formula (G1) is a chiral material with strong twisting power, the proportion thereof mixed in a liquid crystal composition can be lower than or equal to 15 wt %, preferably lower than or equal to 10 wt %, more preferably lower than or equal to 8 wt %. 
     There is no particular limitation on the nematic liquid crystal included in the liquid crystal composition according to one embodiment of the present invention, and examples thereof include a biphenyl-based compound, a terphenyl-based compound, a phenylcyclohexyl-based compound, a biphenylcyclohexyl-based compound, a phenylbicyclohexyl-based compound, a benzoic acid phenyl-based compound, a cyclohexyl benzoic acid phenyl-based compound, a phenyl benzoic acid phenyl-based compound, a bicyclohexyl carboxylic acid phenyl-based compound, an azomethine-based compound, an azo-based compound, an azoxy-based compound, a stilbene-based compound, a bicyclohexyl-based compound, a phenylpyrimidine-based compound, a biphenylpyrimidine-based compound, a pyrimidine-based compound, and a biphenyl ethyne-based compound. 
     Note that the liquid crystal composition according to this embodiment includes at least the binaphthyl compound represented by General Formula (G1) and a nematic liquid crystal, and may be a liquid crystal composition which exhibits a blue phase. A blue phase is optically isotropic and thus has no viewing angle dependence. Consequently, an alignment film is not necessarily formed; thus, image quality of a display device can be improved and a manufacturing cost can be reduced. 
     In the case where the liquid crystal composition described in this embodiment is made a liquid crystal composition exhibiting a blue phase, it is preferable that a polymerizable monomer be added to a liquid crystal composition and polymer stabilization treatment be performed in order to broaden the temperature range within which a blue phase is exhibited in a liquid crystal display device. As the polymerizable monomer, for example, a thermopolymerizable (thermosetting) monomer which can be polymerized by heat, a photopolymerizable (photocurable) monomer which can be polymerized by light, or a polymerizable monomer which can be polymerized by heat and light can be used. Further, a polymerization initiator may be added to the liquid crystal composition. 
     The polymerizable monomer may be a monofunctional monomer such as acrylate or methacrylate; a polyfunctional monomer such as diacrylate, triacrylate, dimethacrylate, or trimethacrylate; or a mixture thereof. Further, the polymerizable monomer may have liquid crystallinity, non-liquid crystallinity, or a mixture of them. 
     As the polymerization initiator, a radical polymerization initiator which generates radicals by light irradiation, an acid generator which generates an acid by light irradiation, or a base generator which generates a base by light irradiation may be used. 
     For example, polymer stabilization treatment can be performed in such a manner that a photopolymerizable monomer and a photopolymerization initiator are added to the liquid crystal composition and the liquid crystal composition is irradiated with light having a wavelength at which the photopolymerizable monomer and the photopolymerization initiator react with each other. As the photopolymerizable monomer, typically, a UV polymerizable monomer can be used. When a UV polymerizable monomer is used as a photopolymerizable monomer, the liquid crystal composition may be irradiated with ultraviolet light. 
     This polymer stabilization treatment may be performed on a liquid crystal composition exhibiting an isotropic phase or a liquid crystal composition exhibiting a blue phase under the control of the temperature. A temperature at which the phase changes from a blue phase to an isotropic phase when the temperature rises, or a temperature at which the phase changes from an isotropic phase to a blue phase when the temperature falls is referred to as the phase transition temperature between a blue phase and an isotropic phase. For example, the polymer stabilization treatment can be performed in the following manner: after a liquid crystal composition to which a photopolymerizable monomer is added is heated to exhibit an isotropic phase, the temperature of the liquid crystal composition is gradually lowered so that the phase changes to a blue phase, and then, light irradiation is performed while the temperature at which a blue phase is exhibited is kept. 
       FIGS. 1A and 1B  illustrate examples of a liquid crystal element and a liquid crystal display device according to embodiments of the present invention. 
     Note that in this specification and the like, a liquid crystal element is an element which controls transmission or non-transmission of light by an optical action of liquid crystal and includes at least a pair of electrode layers and a liquid crystal composition interposed therebetween. A liquid crystal element in this embodiment includes at least, between a pair of electrode layers (a pixel electrode layer  230  and a common electrode layer  232  having different potentials), a liquid crystal composition  208  which includes the binaphthyl compound represented by General Formula (G1) shown in Embodiment 1 and a nematic liquid crystal. Note that the liquid crystal composition  208  may include an organic resin. 
       FIGS. 1A and 1B  each illustrate a liquid crystal display device in which the liquid crystal composition  208  including the binaphthyl compound represented by General Formula (G1) and a nematic liquid crystal is provided between a first substrate  200  and a second substrate  201 . A difference between the liquid crystal element and the liquid crystal display device in  FIG. 1A  and those in  FIG. 1B  is positions of the pixel electrode layer  230  and the common electrode layer  232  with respect to the liquid crystal composition  208 . 
     In the liquid crystal element and the liquid crystal display device illustrated in  FIG. 1A , the pixel electrode layer  230  and the common electrode layer  232  are provided between the first substrate  200  and the liquid crystal composition  208  so as to be adjacent to each other. With the structure in  FIG. 1A , a method in which the gray scale is controlled by generating an electric field substantially parallel (i.e., in a lateral direction) to a substrate to move liquid crystal molecules in a plane parallel to the substrate can be used. 
     Note that a liquid crystal composition which includes the binaphthyl compound represented by General Formula (G1) according to one embodiment of the present invention and a nematic liquid crystal may be a liquid crystal composition exhibiting a blue phase. The structure illustrated in  FIG. 1A  is preferable in the case where a liquid crystal composition exhibiting a blue phase is used as the liquid crystal composition  208 . In the structure illustrated in  FIG. 1A , with an electric field formed between the pixel electrode layer  230  and the common electrode layer  232 , a liquid crystal is controlled. An electric field in a lateral direction is formed for the liquid crystal, so that liquid crystal molecules can be controlled using the electric field. The liquid crystal composition exhibiting a blue phase is capable of quick response. Thus, a high-performance liquid crystal element and a high-performance liquid crystal display device can be provided. That is, the liquid crystal molecules aligned to exhibit a blue phase can be controlled in the direction parallel to the substrate, whereby a wide viewing angle can be obtained. 
     For example, such a liquid crystal composition exhibiting a blue phase is capable of quick response, and this can be favorably used for a successive additive color mixing method (a field sequential method) or a three-dimensional display method. In the successive additive color mixing method, light-emitting diodes (LEDs) of RGB or the like are arranged in a backlight unit and color display is performed by time division, and in the three-dimensional display method, a shutter glasses system is used in which images for a right eye and images for a left eye are alternately viewed by time division. 
     In the liquid crystal element and the liquid crystal display device illustrated in  FIG. 1B , the pixel electrode layer  230  and the common electrode layer  232  are provided on the first substrate  200  side and the second substrate  201  side, respectively, with the liquid crystal composition  208  interposed therebetween. With the structure in  FIG. 1B , a method in which the gray scale is controlled by generating an electric field substantially perpendicular to a substrate to move liquid crystal molecules in a plane perpendicular to the substrate can be used. An alignment film  202   a  and an alignment film  202   b  may be provided between the liquid crystal composition  208  and the pixel electrode layer  230  and between the liquid crystal composition  208  and the common electrode layer  232 , respectively. A liquid crystal composition which includes the binaphthyl compound represented by General Formula (G1) according to one embodiment of the present invention and a nematic liquid crystal can be used for liquid crystal elements with a variety of structures and liquid crystal display devices in a variety of modes. 
     The pixel electrode layer  230  and the common electrode layer  232 , which are adjacent to each other with the liquid crystal composition  208  interposed therebetween, have a distance at which liquid crystal in the liquid crystal composition  208  between the pixel electrode layer  230  and the common electrode layer  232  responds to a predetermined voltage which is applied to the pixel electrode layer  230  and the common electrode layer  232 . The voltage applied is controlled depending on the distance as appropriate. 
     Although not illustrated in  FIGS. 1A and 1B , an optical film such as a polarizing plate, a retardation plate, or an anti-reflection film, or the like is provided as appropriate. For example, circular polarization by the polarizing plate and the retardation plate may be used. In addition, a backlight or the like can be used as a light source. 
     In this specification, a substrate provided with a semiconductor element (e.g., a transistor) or a pixel electrode layer is referred to as an element substrate (a first substrate), and a substrate which faces the element substrate with a liquid crystal composition interposed therebetween is referred to as a counter substrate (a second substrate). 
     As a liquid crystal display device according to one embodiment of the present invention, a transmissive liquid crystal display device in which display is performed by transmission of light from a light source, a reflective liquid crystal display device in which display is performed by reflection of incident light, or a transflective liquid crystal display device in which a transmissive type and a reflective type are combined can be provided. 
     In the case of the transmissive liquid crystal display device, a pixel electrode layer, a common electrode layer, a first substrate, a second substrate, and other components such as an insulating film and a conductive film, which are provided in a pixel region through which light is transmitted, have a property of transmitting light in the visible wavelength range. In the liquid crystal display device having the structure illustrated in  FIG. 1A , it is preferable that the pixel electrode layer and the common electrode layer have a light-transmitting property; however, if an opening pattern is provided, a non-light-transmitting material such as a metal film may be used depending on the shape. 
     On the other hand, in the case of the reflective liquid crystal display device, a reflective component which reflects light transmitted through the liquid crystal composition (e.g., a reflective film or substrate) may be provided on the side opposite to the viewing side of the liquid crystal composition. Therefore, a substrate, an insulating film, and a conductive film which are provided between the viewing side and the reflective component and through which light is transmitted have a light-transmitting property with respect to light in the visible wavelength range. Note that in this specification, a light-transmitting property refers to a property of transmitting at least light in the visible wavelength range. In the liquid crystal display device having the structure illustrated in  FIG. 1B , the pixel electrode layer or the common electrode layer on the side opposite to the viewing side may have a light-reflecting property so that it can be used as a reflective component. 
     The pixel electrode layer  230  and the common electrode layer  232  may be formed with the use of one or more of the following: indium tin oxide (ITO), a conductive material in which zinc oxide (ZnO) is mixed into indium oxide, a conductive material in which silicon oxide (SiO 2 ) is mixed into indium oxide, organoindium, organotin, indium oxide containing tungsten oxide, indium zinc oxide containing tungsten oxide, indium oxide containing titanium oxide, and indium tin oxide containing titanium oxide; graphene; metals such as tungsten (W), molybdenum (Mo), zirconium (Zr), hafnium (Hf), vanadium (V), niobium (Nb), tantalum (Ta), chromium (Cr), cobalt (Co), nickel (Ni), titanium (Ti), platinum (Pt), aluminum (Al), copper (Cu), and silver (Ag); alloys thereof; and metal nitrides thereof. 
     As the first substrate  200  and the second substrate  201 , a glass substrate of barium borosilicate glass, aluminoborosilicate glass, or the like, a quartz substrate, a plastic substrate, or the like can be used. Note that in the case of the reflective liquid crystal display device, a metal substrate such as an aluminum substrate or a stainless steel substrate may be used as a substrate on the side opposite to the viewing side. 
     The use of the binaphthyl compound represented by General Formula (G1) as a chiral material of a liquid crystal composition can reduce the additive amount of the chiral material. Thus, with the use of the liquid crystal composition for a liquid crystal element or a liquid crystal display device, the liquid crystal element or the liquid crystal display device can be driven at low voltage. Accordingly, a reduction in power consumption of a liquid crystal display device can be achieved. 
     Further, the liquid crystal composition according to one embodiment of the present invention can exhibit a blue phase and respond quickly. Therefore, by using the liquid crystal composition for a liquid crystal element or a liquid crystal display device, a high-performance liquid crystal element or liquid crystal display device can be provided. 
     The methods, structures, and the like described in this embodiment can be combined as appropriate with any of the methods, structures, and the like described in the other embodiments. 
     Embodiment 3 
     As a liquid crystal display device according to one embodiment of the present invention, a passive matrix liquid crystal display device and an active matrix liquid crystal display device can be provided. In this embodiment, an example of an active matrix liquid crystal display device according to one embodiment of the present invention will be described with reference to  FIGS. 2A and 2B  and  FIGS. 3A to 3D . 
       FIG. 2A  is a plan view of the liquid crystal display device and illustrates one pixel.  FIG. 2B  is a cross-sectional view taken along line X 1 -X 2  in  FIG. 2A . 
     In  FIG. 2A , a plurality of source wiring layers (including a wiring layer  405   a ) is arranged so as to be parallel to (extend in the vertical direction in the drawing) and apart from each other. A plurality of gate wiring layers (including a gate electrode layer  401 ) is provided to extend in a direction substantially perpendicular to the source wiring layers (the horizontal direction in the drawing) and to be apart from each other. Common wiring layer  408  is provided adjacent to the respective plurality of gate wiring layers and extend in a direction substantially parallel to the gate wiring layers, that is, in a direction substantially perpendicular to the source wiring layers (the horizontal direction in the drawing). A substantially rectangular space is surrounded by the source wiring layers, the common wiring layer  408 , and the gate wiring layers. In this space, a pixel electrode layer and a common electrode layer of the liquid crystal display device are provided. A transistor  420  for driving the pixel electrode layer is provided at an upper left corner of the drawing. A plurality of pixel electrode layers and a plurality of transistors are arranged in matrix. 
     In the liquid crystal display device of  FIGS. 2A and 2B , a first electrode layer  447  which is electrically connected to the transistor  420  serves as a pixel electrode layer, while a second electrode layer  446  which is electrically connected to the common wiring layer  408  serves as a common electrode layer. Note that a capacitor is formed by the first electrode layer and the common wiring layer. Although the common electrode layer can operate in a floating state (an electrically isolated state), the potential of the common electrode layer may be set to a fixed potential, preferably to a potential around a common potential (an intermediate potential of an image signal which is transmitted as data) in such a level as not to generate flickers. 
     A method in which the gray scale is controlled by generating an electric field substantially parallel (i.e., in a lateral direction) to a substrate to move liquid crystal molecules in a plane parallel to the substrate can be used. For such a method, an electrode structure used in an IPS mode as illustrated in  FIGS. 2A and 2B  and  FIGS. 3A to 3D  can be employed. 
     In a lateral electric field mode such as an IPS mode, a first electrode layer (e.g., a pixel electrode layer a voltage of which is controlled in each pixel) and a second electrode layer (e.g., a common electrode layer to which a common voltage is supplied in all pixels), each of which has an opening pattern, are located below a liquid crystal composition. Therefore, the first electrode layer  447  and the second electrode layer  446 , one of which is a pixel electrode layer and the other of which is a common electrode layer, are formed over a first substrate  441 , and at least one of the first electrode layer and the second electrode layer is formed over an insulating film. The first electrode layer  447  and the second electrode layer  446  have not a plane shape but various opening patterns including a bent portion or a branched comb-shaped portion. An arrangement of the first electrode layer  447  and the second electrode layer  446 , which complies with both conditions that they have the same shape and they completely overlap with each other, is avoided in order to generate an electric field between the electrodes. 
     The first electrode layer  447  and the second electrode layer  446  may have an electrode structure used in an FFS mode. In a lateral electric field mode such as an FFS mode, a first electrode layer (e.g., a pixel electrode layer a voltage of which is controlled in each pixel) having an opening pattern is located below a liquid crystal composition, and further, a second electrode layer (e.g., a common electrode layer to which a common voltage is supplied in all pixels) having a flat-plate-shape is located below the opening pattern. In this case, the first electrode layer and the second electrode layer, one of which is a pixel electrode layer and the other of which is a common electrode layer, are formed over the first substrate  441 , and the pixel electrode layer and the common electrode layer are stacked with an insulating film (or an interlayer insulating layer) interposed therebetween. One of the pixel electrode layer and the common electrode layer is formed below the insulating film (or the interlayer insulating layer) and has a flat shape, whereas the other is formed above the insulating film (or the interlayer insulating layer) and has various opening patterns including a bent portion or a branched comb-like portion. An arrangement of the first electrode layer  447  and the second electrode layer  446 , which complies with both conditions that they have the same shape and they completely overlap with each other, is avoided in order to generate an electric field between the electrodes. 
     The liquid crystal composition including the binaphthyl compound represented by General Formula (G1) shown in Embodiment 1 and a nematic liquid crystal is used as a liquid crystal composition  444 . The liquid crystal composition  444  may further include an organic resin. In this embodiment, the liquid crystal composition including the binaphthyl compound represented by General Formula (G1) and a nematic liquid crystal and exhibiting a blue phase is used as the liquid crystal composition  444 . The liquid crystal composition  444  is provided in a liquid crystal display device with a blue phase exhibited (with a blue phase shown) by being subjected to polymer stabilization treatment. 
     With an electric field generated between the first electrode layer  447  as the pixel electrode layer and the second electrode layer  446  as the common electrode layer, liquid crystal of the liquid crystal composition  444  is controlled. An electric field in a lateral direction is formed for the liquid crystal, so that liquid crystal molecules can be controlled using the electric field. That is, the liquid crystal molecules aligned to exhibit a blue phase can be controlled in the direction parallel to the substrate, whereby a wide viewing angle can be obtained. 
       FIGS. 3A to 3D  show other examples of the first electrode layer  447  and the second electrode layer  446 . As illustrated in top views of  FIGS. 3A to 3D , first electrode layers  447   a  to  447   d  and second electrode layers  446   a  to  446   d  are arranged alternately. In  FIG. 3A , the first electrode layer  447   a  and the second electrode layer  446   a  have a wavelike shape with curves. In  FIG. 3B , the first electrode layer  447   b  and the second electrode layer  446   b  have a shape with concentric circular openings. In  FIG. 3C , the first electrode layer  447   c  and the second electrode layer  446   c  have a comb-shape and partially overlap with each other. In  FIG. 3D , the first electrode layer  447   d  and the second electrode layer  446   d  have a comb-shape in which the electrode layers are engaged with each other. In the case where the first electrode layers  447   a ,  447   b , and  447   c  overlap with the second electrode layers  446   a ,  446   b , and  446   c , respectively, as illustrated in  FIGS. 3A to 3C , an insulating film is formed between the first electrode layer  447  and the second electrode layer  446  so that the first electrode layer  447  and the second electrode layer  446  are formed over different films. 
     Since the first electrode layer  447  and the second electrode layer  446  have an opening pattern, they are illustrated as divided plural electrode layers in the cross-sectional view of  FIG. 2B . The same applies to the other drawings of this specification. 
     The transistor  420  is an inverted staggered thin film transistor in which the gate electrode layer  401 , a gate insulating layer  402 , a semiconductor layer  403 , and wiring layers  405   a  and  405   b  which function as a source electrode layer and a drain electrode layer are formed over the first substrate  441  which has an insulating surface. 
     There is no particular limitation on a structure of a transistor which can be used for a liquid crystal display device disclosed in this specification. For example, a staggered type or a planar type having a top-gate structure or a bottom-gate structure can be employed. The transistor may have a single-gate structure in which one channel formation region is formed, a double-gate structure in which two channel formation regions are formed, or a triple-gate structure in which three channel formation regions are formed. Alternatively, the transistor may have a dual gate structure including two gate electrode layers positioned over and below a channel region with a gate insulating layer provided therebetween. 
     An insulating film  407  which is in contact with the semiconductor layer  403 , and an insulating film  409  are provided to cover the transistor  420 . An interlayer film  413  is stacked over the insulating film  409 . 
     The first substrate  441  and a second substrate  442  which is a counter substrate are firmly attached to each other with a sealant with the liquid crystal composition  444  interposed therebetween. The liquid crystal composition  444  can be formed by a dispenser method (a dropping method), or an injection method by which a liquid crystal is injected using capillary action or the like after the first substrate  441  is attached to the second substrate  442 . 
     As the sealant, typically, a visible light curable resin, a UV curable resin, or a thermosetting resin is preferably used. Typically, an acrylic resin, an epoxy resin, an amine resin, or the like can be used. Further, a photopolymerization initiator (typically, an ultraviolet light polymerization initiator), a thermosetting agent, a filler, or a coupling agent may be included in the sealant. 
     In this embodiment, a polarizing plate  443   a  is provided on the outer side (on the side opposite to the liquid crystal composition  444 ) of the first substrate  441 , and a polarizing plate  443   b  is provided on the outer side (on the side opposite to the liquid crystal composition  444 ) of the second substrate  442 . In addition to the polarizing plates, an optical film such as a retardation plate or an anti-reflection film may be provided. For example, circular polarization by the polarizing plate and the retardation plate may be used. Through the above-described process, a liquid crystal display device can be completed. 
     Although not illustrated, a backlight, a sidelight, or the like may be used as a light source. Light from the light source is emitted from the side of the first substrate  441  which is an element substrate so as to pass through the second substrate  442  on the viewing side. 
     The first electrode layer  447  and the second electrode layer  446  can be formed using a light-transmitting conductive material such as indium oxide containing tungsten oxide, indium zinc oxide containing tungsten oxide, indium oxide containing titanium oxide, indium tin oxide containing titanium oxide, ITO, indium zinc oxide, indium tin oxide to which silicon oxide is added, or graphene. 
     The first electrode layer  447  and the second electrode layer  446  can be formed using one kind or plural kinds selected from a metal such as tungsten (W), molybdenum (Mo), zirconium (Zr), hafnium (Hf), vanadium (V), niobium (Nb), tantalum (Ta), chromium (Cr), cobalt (Co), nickel (Ni), titanium (Ti), platinum (Pt), aluminum (Al), copper (Cu), or silver (Ag); an alloy thereof; and a nitride thereof. 
     A conductive composition containing a conductive high molecule (also referred to as a conductive polymer) can be used to form the first electrode layer  447  and the second electrode layer  446 . As the conductive high molecule, a so-called π-electron conjugated conductive polymer can be used. Examples include polyaniline or a derivative thereof, polypyrrole or a derivative thereof, polythiophene or a derivative thereof, and a copolymer of two or more of aniline, pyrrole, and thiophene or a derivative thereof. 
     An insulating film serving as a base film may be provided between the first substrate  441  and the gate electrode layer  401 . The gate electrode layer  401  can be formed to have a single-layer or layered structure using a metal material such as molybdenum, titanium, chromium, tantalum, tungsten, aluminum, copper, neodymium, or scandium, or an alloy material which contains any of these materials as its main component. A semiconductor film which is doped with an impurity element such as phosphorus and is typified by a polycrystalline silicon film, or a silicide film of nickel silicide or the like can also be used as the gate electrode layer  401 . By using a light-blocking conductive film as the gate electrode layer  401 , light from a backlight (light emitted through the first substrate  441 ) can be prevented from entering the semiconductor layer  403 . 
     For example, the gate insulating layer  402  can be formed with the use of a silicon oxide film, a gallium oxide film, an aluminum oxide film, a silicon nitride film, a silicon oxynitride film, an aluminum oxynitride film, or a silicon nitride oxide film. Alternatively, a high-k material such as hafnium oxide, yttrium oxide, lanthanum oxide, hafnium silicate, hafnium aluminate, hafnium silicate to which nitrogen is added, or hafnium aluminate to which nitrogen is added may be used as a material for the gate insulating layer  402 . The use of such a high-k material enables a reduction in gate leakage current. 
     Alternatively, the gate insulating layer  402  can be formed using a silicon oxide layer by a CVD method in which an organosilane gas is used. As an organosilane gas, a silicon-containing compound such as tetraethoxysilane (TEOS) (chemical formula: Si(OC 2 H 5 ) 4 ), tetramethylsilane (TMS) (chemical formula: Si(CH 3 ) 4 ), tetramethylcyclotetrasiloxane (TMCTS), octamethylcyclotetrasiloxane (OMCTS), hexamethyldisilazane (HMDS), triethoxysilane (chemical formula: SiH(OC 2 H 5 ) 3 ), or trisdimethylaminosilane (chemical formula: SiH(N(CH 3 ) 2 ) 3 ) can be used. Note that the gate insulating layer  402  may have a single layer structure or a layered structure. 
     A material of the semiconductor layer  403  is not limited to a particular material and may be determined in accordance with characteristics needed for the transistor  420 , as appropriate. Examples of a material which can be used for the semiconductor layer  403  will be described. 
     The semiconductor layer  403  can be formed using the following material: an amorphous semiconductor formed by a chemical vapor deposition method using a semiconductor source gas typified by silane or germane or by a physical vapor deposition method such as sputtering; a polycrystalline semiconductor formed by crystallizing the amorphous semiconductor with the use of light energy or thermal energy; a microcrystalline semiconductor in which a minute crystalline phase and an amorphous phase coexist; or the like. The semiconductor layer can be formed by a sputtering method, an LPCVD method, a plasma CVD method, or the like. 
     A typical example of an amorphous semiconductor is hydrogenated amorphous silicon, while a typical example of a crystalline semiconductor is polysilicon and the like. Polysilicon (polycrystalline silicon) includes so-called high-temperature polysilicon that contains, as its main component, polysilicon formed at a process temperature of 800° C. or higher, so-called low-temperature polysilicon that contains, as its main component, polysilicon formed at a process temperature of 600° C. or lower, and polysilicon formed by crystallizing amorphous silicon by using an element which promotes crystallization, or the like. Needless to say, as described above, a microcrystalline semiconductor or a semiconductor which includes a crystal phase in part of a semiconductor layer can also be used. 
     Alternatively, an oxide semiconductor may be used. In that case, for example, any of the following can be used: indium oxide; tin oxide; zinc oxide; a two-component metal oxide such as an In—Zn-based oxide, a Sn—Zn-based oxide, an Al—Zn-based oxide, a Zn—Mg-based oxide, a Sn—Mg-based oxide, an In—Mg-based oxide, or an In—Ga-based oxide; a three-component metal oxide such as an In—Ga—Zn-based oxide (also referred to as IGZO), an In—Al—Zn-based oxide, an In—Sn—Zn-based oxide, a Sn—Ga—Zn-based oxide, an Al—Ga—Zn-based oxide, a Sn—Al—Zn-based oxide, an In—Hf—Zn-based oxide, an In—La—Zn-based oxide, an In—Ce—Zn-based oxide, an In—Pr—Zn-based oxide, an In—Nd—Zn-based oxide, an In—Sm—Zn-based oxide, an In—Eu—Zn-based oxide, an In—Gd—Zn-based oxide, an In—Tb—Zn-based oxide, an In—Dy—Zn-based oxide, an In—Ho—Zn-based oxide, an In—Er—Zn-based oxide, an In—Tm—Zn-based oxide, an In—Yb—Zn-based oxide, or an In—Lu—Zn-based oxide; and a four-component metal oxide such as an In—Sn—Ga—Zn-based oxide, an In—Hf—Ga—Zn-based oxide, an In—Al—Ga—Zn-based oxide, an In—Sn—Al—Zn-based oxide, an In—Sn—Hf—Zn-based oxide, or an In—Hf—Al—Zn-based oxide. In addition, any of the above oxide semiconductors may contain an element other than In, Ga, Sn, and Zn, for example, SiO 2 . 
     Here, for example, an In—Ga—Zn—O-based oxide semiconductor means an oxide semiconductor containing indium (In), gallium (Ga), and zinc (Zn), and there is no limitation on the composition thereof. 
     For the oxide semiconductor layer, a thin film expressed by a chemical formula of InMO 3 (ZnO) m  (m&gt;0) can be used. Here, M denotes one or more metal elements selected from Ga, Al, Mn, and Co. For example, Ga, Ga and Al, Ga and Mn, or Ga and Co can be given as M. 
     As the oxide semiconductor layer, a CAAC-OS (c-axis aligned crystalline oxide semiconductor) film can be used, for example. In a crystal portion included in the CAAC-OS film, c-axes are aligned in the direction parallel (including the range of −5° to 5°) to a normal vector of the surface where the CAAC-OS film is formed or a normal vector of the surface of the CAAC-OS film, a triangular or hexagonal atomic arrangement is provided when seen from the direction perpendicular to an a-b plane, and metal atoms are arranged in a layered manner or metal atoms and oxygen atoms are arranged in a layered manner when seen from the direction perpendicular (including the range of 85° to 95°) to the c-axis. Note that, among crystal parts, the directions of the a-axis and the b-axis of one crystal part may be different from those of another crystal part. 
     As a material of the wiring layers  405   a  and  405   b  serving as source and drain electrode layers, an element selected from Al, Cr, Ta, Ti, Mo, and W; an alloy containing any of the above elements as its component; an alloy film containing a combination of any of these elements; and the like can be given. Further, in the case where heat treatment is performed, the conductive film preferably has heat resistance against the heat treatment. 
     The gate insulating layer  402 , the semiconductor layer  403 , and the wiring layers  405   a  and  405   b  serving as source and drain electrode layers may be successively formed without being exposed to the air. When the gate insulating layer  402 , the semiconductor layer  403 , and the wiring layers  405   a  and  405   b  are formed successively without being exposed to the air, an interface between the layers can be formed without being contaminated with atmospheric components or impurity elements contained in the air. Thus, variations in characteristics of thin film transistors can be reduced. 
     Note that the semiconductor layer  403  is partly etched so as to have a groove (a depressed portion). 
     As the insulating film  407  and the insulating film  409  which cover the transistor  420 , an inorganic insulating film or an organic insulating film formed by a dry method or a wet method can be used. For example, it is possible to use a silicon nitride film, a silicon oxide film, a silicon oxynitride film, an aluminum oxide film, or a tantalum oxide film, which is formed by a CVD method, a sputtering method, or the like. Alternatively, an organic material such as polyimide, acrylic, a benzocyclobutene-based resin, polyamide, or an epoxy resin can be used. Other than such organic materials, it is also possible to use a low-dielectric constant material (a low-k material), a siloxane-based resin, PSG (phosphosilicate glass), BPSG (borophosphosilicate glass), or the like. A gallium oxide film may also be used as the insulating film  407 . 
     Note that the siloxane-based resin corresponds to a resin including a Si—O—Si bond formed using a siloxane-based material as a starting material. The siloxane-based resin may include as a substituent an organic group (e.g., an alkyl group or an aryl group) or a fluoro group. In addition, the organic group may include a fluoro group. A siloxane-based resin is applied by a coating method and baked; thus, the insulating film  407  can be formed. 
     Alternatively, the insulating film  407  and the insulating film  409  may be formed by stacking a plurality of insulating films formed using any of these materials. For example, the insulating film  407  and the insulating film  409  may each have such a structure that an organic resin film is stacked over an inorganic insulating film. 
     In the above manner, by using the liquid crystal composition including the binaphthyl compound represented by General Formula (G1) and a nematic liquid crystal for a liquid crystal element or a liquid crystal display device, a liquid crystal element or liquid crystal display device that can be driven at a low driving voltage can be provided. Thus, a reduction in power consumption of the liquid crystal display device can be achieved. 
     Further, the liquid crystal composition including the binaphthyl compound represented by General Formula (G1) and a nematic liquid crystal and exhibiting a blue phase is capable of quick response. Thus, by using the liquid crystal composition for a liquid crystal display device, a high-performance liquid crystal display device can be provided. 
     The structures, methods, and the like described in this embodiment can be combined as appropriate with any of the other structures, methods, and the like described in the other embodiments. 
     Embodiment 4 
     A liquid crystal display device having a display function can be manufactured by manufacturing transistors and using the transistors in a pixel portion and further in a driver circuit. Further, part or the whole of the driver circuit can be formed over the same substrate as the pixel portion, using the transistor, whereby a system-on-panel can be obtained. 
     The liquid crystal display device includes a liquid crystal element (also referred to as a liquid crystal display element) as a display element. 
     Further, a liquid crystal display device includes a panel in which a display element is sealed, and a module in which an IC or the like including a controller is mounted to the panel. One embodiment of the present invention also relates to an element substrate, which corresponds to one mode before the display element is completed in a manufacturing process of the liquid crystal display device, and the element substrate is provided with a means for supplying current to the display element in each of a plurality of pixels. Specifically, the element substrate may be in a state in which only a pixel electrode of the display element is provided, a state after formation of a conductive film to be a pixel electrode and before etching of the conductive film to form the pixel electrode, or any other states. 
     Note that a liquid crystal display device in this specification means an image display device, a display device, or a light source (including a lighting device). Further, a liquid crystal display device also refers to all the following modules: a module to which a connector, for example, an FPC (flexible printed circuit), a TAB (tape automated bonding) tape, or a TCP (tape carrier package) is attached, a module in which a printed wiring board is provided at an end of a TCP, and a module in which an IC (integrated circuit) is directly mounted on a display element by a COG (chip on glass) method. 
     The appearance and a cross section of a liquid crystal display panel which corresponds to a liquid crystal display device of one embodiment of the present invention will be described with reference to FIGS.  4 A 1  and  4 A 2  and  4 B. FIGS.  4 A 1  and  4 A 2  are top views of a panel in which transistors  4010  and  4011  and a liquid crystal element  4013  which are formed over a first substrate  4001  are sealed between the first substrate  4001  and a second substrate  4006  with a sealant  4005 .  FIG. 4B  is a cross-sectional view taken along M-N of FIGS.  4 A 1  and  4 A 2 . 
     The sealant  4005  is provided so as to surround a pixel portion  4002  and a scan line driver circuit  4004  which are provided over the first substrate  4001 . The second substrate  4006  is provided over the pixel portion  4002  and the scan line driver circuit  4004 . Thus, the pixel portion  4002  and the scan line driver circuit  4004  are sealed together with a liquid crystal composition  4008 , by the first substrate  4001 , the sealant  4005 , and the second substrate  4006 . 
     In FIG.  4 A 1 , a signal line driver circuit  4003  that is formed using a single crystal semiconductor film or a polycrystalline semiconductor film over a substrate separately prepared is mounted in a region that is different from the region surrounded by the sealant  4005  over the first substrate  4001 . FIG.  4 A 2  illustrates an example in which part of a signal line driver circuit is formed with the use of a transistor which is provided over the first substrate  4001 . A signal line driver circuit  4003   b  is formed over the first substrate  4001  and a signal line driver circuit  4003   a  which is formed using a single crystal semiconductor film or a polycrystalline semiconductor film is mounted over a substrate separately prepared. 
     Note that there is no particular limitation on the connection method of a driver circuit which is separately formed, and a COG method, a wire bonding method, a TAB method, or the like can be used. FIG.  4 A 1  illustrates an example of mounting the signal line driver circuit  4003  by a COG method, and FIG.  4 A 2  illustrates an example of mounting the signal line driver circuit  4003  by a TAB method. 
     The pixel portion  4002  and the scan line driver circuit  4004  provided over the first substrate  4001  include a plurality of transistors.  FIG. 4B  illustrates the transistor  4010  included in the pixel portion  4002  and the transistor  4011  included in the scan line driver circuit  4004 , as an example. An insulating layer  4020  and an interlayer film  4021  are provided over the transistors  4010  and  4011 . 
     Any of the transistors shown in Embodiment 3 can be used as the transistors  4010  and  4011 . 
     Further, a conductive layer may be provided over the interlayer film  4021  or the insulating layer  4020  so as to overlap with a channel formation region of a semiconductor layer of the transistor  4011  for the driver circuit. The conductive layer may have the same potential as or a potential different from that of a gate electrode layer of the transistor  4011  and can function as a second gate electrode layer. Further, the potential of the conductive layer may be GND, or the conductive layer may be in a floating state. 
     A pixel electrode layer  4030  and a common electrode layer  4031  are provided over the interlayer film  4021 , and the pixel electrode layer  4030  is electrically connected to the transistor  4010 . The liquid crystal element  4013  includes the pixel electrode layer  4030 , the common electrode layer  4031 , and the liquid crystal composition  4008 . Note that a polarizing plate  4032   a  and a polarizing plate  4032   b  are provided on the outer sides of the first substrate  4001  and the second substrate  4006 , respectively. 
     A liquid crystal composition including the binaphthyl compound represented by General Formula (G1) shown in Embodiment 1 and a nematic liquid crystal is used as the liquid crystal composition  4008 . The structures of the pixel electrode layer and the common electrode layer described in any of the above embodiments can be used for the pixel electrode layer  4030  and the common electrode layer  4031 . 
     In this embodiment, the liquid crystal composition including the binaphthyl compound represented by General Formula (G1) and a nematic liquid crystal and exhibiting a blue phase is used as the liquid crystal composition  4008 . The liquid crystal composition  4008  is provided in a liquid crystal display device with a blue phase exhibited (with a blue phase shown) by being subjected to polymer stabilization treatment. Therefore, in this embodiment, the pixel electrode layer  4030  and the common electrode layer  4031  have opening patterns illustrated in  FIG. 1A  described in Embodiment 2 or  FIGS. 3A to 3D  described in Embodiment 3. 
     With an electric field generated between the pixel electrode layer  4030  and the common electrode layer  4031 , liquid crystal of the liquid crystal composition  4008  is controlled. An electric field in a lateral direction is formed for the liquid crystal, so that liquid crystal molecules can be controlled using the electric field. That is, the liquid crystal molecules aligned to exhibit a blue phase can be controlled in a direction parallel to the substrate, whereby a wide viewing angle is obtained. 
     As the first substrate  4001  and the second substrate  4006 , glass, plastic, or the like having a light-transmitting property can be used. As plastic, a fiberglass-reinforced plastics (FRP) plate, a poly(vinyl fluoride) (PVF) film, a polyester film, or an acrylic resin film can be used. In addition, a sheet with a structure in which an aluminum foil is interposed between PVF films or polyester films can be used. 
     A columnar spacer denoted by reference numeral  4035  is obtained by selective etching of an insulating film and is provided in order to control the thickness (a cell gap) of the liquid crystal composition  4008 . Alternatively, a spherical spacer may also be used. In the liquid crystal display device including the liquid crystal composition  4008 , the cell gap which is the thickness of the liquid crystal composition is preferably greater than or equal to 1 μm and less than or equal to 20 μm. In this specification, the thickness of a cell gap refers to the length (film thickness) of a thickest part of a liquid crystal composition. 
     Although FIGS.  4 A 1 ,  4 A 2 , and  4 B illustrate examples of transmissive liquid crystal display devices, one embodiment of the present invention can also be applied to a transflective liquid crystal display device and a reflective liquid crystal display device. 
     In the example of the liquid crystal display device illustrated in FIGS.  4 A 1 ,  4 A 2 , and  4 B, the polarizing plate is provided on the outer side (the viewing side) of the substrate; however, the polarizing plate may be provided on the inner side of the substrate. The position of the polarizing plate may be determined as appropriate depending on the material of the polarizing plate and conditions of the manufacturing process. Furthermore, a light-blocking layer serving as a black matrix may be provided. 
     A color filter layer or a light-blocking layer may be formed as part of the interlayer film  4021 . In FIGS.  4 A 1 ,  4 A 2 , and  4 B, a light-blocking layer  4034  is provided on the second substrate  4006  side so as to cover the transistors  4010  and  4011 . With the provision of the light-blocking layer  4034 , the contrast can be increased and the transistors can be stabilized more. 
     In  FIG. 4B , the transistors  4010  and  4011  may be, but is not necessarily, covered with the insulating layer  4020  which functions as a protective film of the transistors. Note that the protective film is provided to prevent entry of contaminant impurities such as organic substance, metal, or moisture existing in the air and is preferably a dense film. For example, the protective film may be formed by a sputtering method to have a single-layer structure or a layered structure including any of a silicon oxide film, a silicon nitride film, a silicon oxynitride film, a silicon nitride oxide film, an aluminum oxide film, an aluminum nitride film, an aluminum oxynitride film, and an aluminum nitride oxide film. 
     Furthermore, a light-transmitting insulating layer may be further formed as a planarizing insulating film. 
     For the pixel electrode layer  4030  and the common electrode layer  4031 , a light-transmitting conductive material can be used. 
     Further, a variety of signals and potentials are supplied to the signal line driver circuit  4003  which is separately formed, the scan line driver circuit  4004 , or the pixel portion  4002  from an FPC  4018 . 
     Further, since the transistor is easily broken by static electricity or the like, a protective circuit for protecting the driver circuits is preferably provided over the same substrate as a gate line or a source line. The protection circuit is preferably formed using a nonlinear element. 
     In FIGS.  4 A 1 ,  4 A 2 , and  4 B, a connection terminal electrode  4015  is formed using the same conductive film as that of the pixel electrode layer  4030 , and a terminal electrode  4016  is formed using the same conductive film as that of source and drain electrode layers of the transistors  4010  and  4011 . 
     The connection terminal electrode  4015  is electrically connected to a terminal included in the FPC  4018  via an anisotropic conductive film  4019 . 
     Although FIGS.  4 A 1 ,  4 A 2 , and  4 B illustrate an example in which the signal line driver circuit  4003  is formed separately and mounted on the first substrate  4001 , one embodiment of the present invention is not limited to this structure. The scan line driver circuit may be separately formed and then mounted, or only part of the signal line driver circuit or part of the scan line driver circuit may be separately formed and then mounted. 
     In the above manner, by using the liquid crystal composition including the binaphthyl compound represented by General Formula (G1) and a nematic liquid crystal for a liquid crystal element or a liquid crystal display device, a liquid crystal element or liquid crystal display device that can be driven at a low driving voltage can be provided. Thus, a reduction in power consumption of the liquid crystal display device can be achieved. 
     Further, the liquid crystal composition including the binaphthyl compound represented by General Formula (G1) and a nematic liquid crystal and exhibiting a blue phase is capable of quick response. Thus, by using the liquid crystal composition for a liquid crystal display device, a high-performance liquid crystal display device can be provided. 
     The structures, methods, and the like described in this embodiment can be combined as appropriate with any of the other structures, methods, and the like described in the other embodiments. 
     Embodiment 5 
     A liquid crystal display device disclosed in this specification can be used for a variety of electronic appliances (including game machines). Examples of such electronic appliances include a television set (also referred to as a television or a television receiver), a monitor of a computer or the like, a camera such as a digital camera or a digital video camera, a digital photo frame, a mobile phone handset (also referred to as a mobile phone or a mobile phone device), a portable game machine, a personal digital assistant, an audio reproducing device, a large game machine such as a pinball machine, and the like. 
       FIG. 5A  illustrates a laptop personal computer, which includes a main body  3001 , a housing  3002 , a display portion  3003 , a keyboard  3004 , and the like. The liquid crystal display device described in any of the above Embodiments is used for the display portion  3003 , whereby a laptop personal computer with low power consumption can be provided. 
       FIG. 5B  illustrates a personal digital assistant (PDA), which includes a main body  3021  provided with a display portion  3023 , an external interface  3025 , operation buttons  3024 , and the like. A stylus  3022  is included as an accessory for operation. The liquid crystal display device described in any of the above Embodiments is used for the display portion  3023 , whereby a personal digital assistant with low power consumption can be provided. 
       FIG. 5C  illustrates an e-book reader, which includes two housings, a housing  2701  and a housing  2703 . The housing  2701  and the housing  2703  are combined with a hinge  2711  so that the e-book reader can be opened and closed with the hinge  2711  as an axis. With such a structure, the e-book reader can operate like a paper book. 
     A display portion  2705  and a display portion  2707  are incorporated in the housing  2701  and the housing  2703 , respectively. The display portion  2705  and the display portion  2707  may display one image or different images. In the structure where different images are displayed in the above display portions, for example, the right display portion (the display portion  2705  in  FIG. 5C ) can display text and the left display portion (the display portion  2707  in  FIG. 5C ) can display images. The liquid crystal display device described in any of the above Embodiments is used for the display portions  2705  and  2707 , whereby an e-book reader with low power consumption can be provided. In the case of using a transflective or reflective liquid crystal display device for the display portion  2705 , the e-book reader may be used in a comparatively bright environment; accordingly, a solar cell may be provided so that power generation by the solar cell and charge by a battery can be performed. When a lithium ion battery is used as the battery, there are advantages of downsizing and the like. 
       FIG. 5C  illustrates an example in which the housing  2701  is provided with an operation portion and the like. For example, the housing  2701  is provided with a power switch  2721 , operation keys  2723 , a speaker  2725 , and the like. With the operation key  2723 , pages can be turned. Note that a keyboard, a pointing device, or the like may also be provided on the surface of the housing, on which the display portion is provided. Furthermore, an external connection terminal (an earphone terminal, a USB terminal, or the like), a recording medium insertion portion, and the like may be provided on the back surface or the side surface of the housing. Further, the e-book reader may have a function of an electronic dictionary. 
     The e-book reader may transmit and receive data wirelessly. Through wireless communication, desired book data or the like can be purchased and downloaded from an electronic book server. 
       FIG. 5D  illustrates a mobile phone, which includes two housings, a housing  2800  and a housing  2801 . The housing  2801  includes a display panel  2802 , a speaker  2803 , a microphone  2804 , a pointing device  2806 , a camera lens  2807 , an external connection terminal  2808 , and the like. The housing  2800  includes a solar cell  2810  for charging the mobile phone, an external memory slot  2811 , and the like. Further, an antenna is incorporated in the housing  2801 . The liquid crystal display device described in any of the above Embodiments is used for the display panel  2802 , whereby a mobile phone with low power consumption can be provided. 
     Further, the display panel  2802  is provided with a touch panel. A plurality of operation keys  2805  which is displayed as images is illustrated by dashed lines in  FIG. 5D . Note that a boosting circuit by which a voltage output from the solar cell  2810  is increased to be sufficiently high for each circuit is also included. 
     In the display panel  2802 , the display direction can be appropriately changed depending on a usage pattern. Further, the mobile phone is provided with the camera lens  2807  on the same surface as the display panel  2802 , and thus it can be used as a video phone. The speaker  2803  and the microphone  2804  can be used for videophone calls, recording and playing sound, and the like as well as voice calls. Further, the housings  2800  and  2801  which are developed as illustrated in  FIG. 5D  can overlap with each other by sliding; thus, the size of the mobile phone can be decreased, which makes the mobile phone suitable for being carried. 
     The external connection terminal  2808  can be connected to an AC adapter and various types of cables such as a USB cable, and charging and data communication with a personal computer are possible. Moreover, a large amount of data can be stored and can be moved by inserting a storage medium into the external memory slot  2811 . 
     Further, in addition to the above functions, an infrared communication function, a television reception function, or the like may be provided. 
       FIG. 5E  illustrates a digital video camera, which includes a main body  3051 , a display portion A  3057 , an eyepiece  3053 , an operation switch  3054 , a display portion B  3055 , a battery  3056 , and the like. The liquid crystal display device described in any of the above Embodiments is used for the display portion A  3057  and the display portion B  3055 , whereby a digital video camera with low power consumption can be provided. 
       FIG. 5F  illustrates a television device in which a display portion  9603  and the like are incorporated in a housing  9601 . The display portion  9603  can display images. Here, the housing  9601  is supported by a stand  9605 . The liquid crystal display device described in any of the above Embodiments is used for the display portion  9603 , whereby a television device with low power consumption can be provided. 
     The television device can be operated with an operation switch of the housing  9601  or a separate remote controller. Further, the remote controller may be provided with a display portion for displaying data output from the remote controller. 
     Note that the television device is provided with a receiver, a modem, and the like. With the use of the receiver, general television broadcasting can be received. Furthermore, when the television device is connected to a communication network by wired or wireless connection via the modem, one-way (from a transmitter to a receiver) or two-way (between a transmitter and a receiver, between receivers, or the like) data communication can be performed. 
     The structures, methods, and the like described in this embodiment can be combined as appropriate with any of the other structures, methods, and the like described in the other embodiments. 
     Example 1 
     In this example, an example of synthesis of (S)-6,6′-bis[4-(trans-4-n-propylcyclohexyl)phenyl]-1,1′-binaphthyl-2,2′-diyl bis[4-(4-n-hexyloxyphenyl)]benzoate (abbreviation: S-BN-EPPO6-6(PC3)), which is the binaphthyl compound represented by Structural Formula (100) in Embodiment 1, will be described. 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     Step 1: Method for Synthesizing (S)-6,6′-bis[4-(trans-4-n-propylcyclohexyl)phenyl]-1,1′-bi-2-naphthol 
     Into a 200-mL three-neck flask were put 3.2 g (7.3 mmol) of (S)-6,6′-dibromo-1,1′-bi-2-naphthol, 5.4 g (22 mmol) of 4-(trans-4-n-propylcyclohexyl)phenylboronic acid, and 335 mg (1.1 mmol) of tris(2-methylphenyl)phosphine, and the air in the flask was replaced with nitrogen. To this mixture were added 7.3 mL of a 2.0 M potassium carbonate aqueous solution, 3.7 mL of toluene, and 3.7 mL of ethanol and the mixture was degassed by being stirred under reduced pressure. To this mixture was added 49 mg (0.22 mmol) of palladium(II) acetate and stirring was performed under a nitrogen stream at 90° C. for 5 hours. After a predetermined time, an aqueous layer of the obtained mixture was extracted with toluene. The obtained extracted solution and an organic layer were combined and washed with a saturated saline, and then, drying with magnesium sulfate was performed. 
     This mixture was separated by gravity filtration, and the filtrate was concentrated to give an oily brown substance. The obtained oily substance was suction-filtered through Celite (produced by Wako Pure Chemical Industries, Ltd., Catalog No. 531-16855), alumina, and Florisil (produced by Wako Pure Chemical Industries, Ltd., Catalog No. 540-00135). The mixture was concentrated to give an oily yellow substance. To this oily substance was added hexane, followed by irradiation with ultrasonic waves. The solid was collected by suction filtration to give 2.4 g of a white solid of (S)-6,6′-bis[4-(trans-4-n-propylcyclohexyl)phenyl]-1,1′-bi-2-naphthol, which was a target substance, in a yield of 48%. A reaction scheme of Step 1 described above is shown in (E1-1). 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     Step 2: Method for Synthesizing (S)-6,6′-bis[4-(trans-4-n-propylcyclohexyl)phenyl]-1,1′-binaphthyl-2,2′-diyl bis[4-(4-n-hexyloxyphenyl)]benzoate (abbreviation: S-BN-EPPO6-6(PC3)) 
     Into a 50-mL recovery flask were put 0.90 g (1.3 mmol) of (S)-6,6′-bis[4-(trans-4-n-propylcyclohexyl)phenyl]-1,1′-bi-2-naphthol, 1.0 g (3.4 mmol) of 4-n-hexyloxybiphenyl-4′-carboxylic acid, 49 mg (0.40 mmol) of N,N′-dimethyl-4-aminopyridine, and 3.3 mL of dichloromethane, and the mixture was stirred. To this mixture was added 0.63 g (3.3 mmol) of 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)carbodiimide hydrochloride, and stirring was performed in the air at room temperature for 24 hours. After a predetermined time, an aqueous layer of the obtained mixture was extracted with dichloromethane. 
     The obtained extracted solution and an organic layer were combined and washed with a saturated aqueous solution of sodium hydrogen carbonate and saturated saline, and then, drying with magnesium sulfate was performed. This mixture was separated by gravity filtration, and the filtrate was concentrated to give a yellow solid. This solid was purified by silica gel column chromatography (developing solvent: chloroform). The resulting fraction was concentrated to give a yellow solid. 
     This solid was purified by high performance liquid column chromatography (HPLC) (developing solvent: chloroform). The obtained fraction was concentrated to give a yellow solid. This solid was recrystallized with a mixed solvent of toluene and hexane to give 0.73 g of a white solid of (S)-6,6′-bis[4-(trans-4-n-propylcyclohexyl)phenyl]-1,1′-binaphthyl-2,2′-diyl bis[4-(4-n-hexyloxyphenyl)]benzoate, which was a target substance, in a yield of 46%. A reaction scheme of Step 2 described above is shown in (E1-2). 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     This compound was identified as (S)-6,6′-bis[4-(trans-4-n-propylcyclohexyl)phenyl]-1,1′-binaphthyl-2,2′-diyl bis[4-(4-n-hexyloxyphenyl)]benzoate (abbreviation: S-BN-EPPO6-6(PC3)), which was a target substance, by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. 
       1 H NMR data of the obtained substance (S-BN-EPPO6-6(PC3)) are as follows. 
       1 H NMR (CDCl 3 , 300 MHz): δ (ppm)=0.91 (t, 12H), 1.01-1.56 (m, 30H), 1.75-1.96 (m, 12H), 2.52 (t, 2H), 3.98 (t, 4H), 6.93 (d, 4H), 7.31 (d, 4H), 7.42-7.51 (m, 10H), 7.59-7.63 (m, 8H), 7.72 (d, 4H), 8.03 (d, 2H), 8.10 (s, 2H). 
       FIGS. 6A to 6C  show  1 H NMR charts. Note that  FIG. 6B  is an enlarged chart showing a range of 0.5 ppm to 4.5 ppm of  FIG. 6A , and  FIG. 6C  is an enlarged chart showing a range of 6.5 ppm to 8.5 ppm of  FIG. 6A . The measurement results show that S-BN-EPPO6-6(PC3), which was a target substance, was obtained. 
     Furthermore, HTP of a liquid crystal composition, which is a mixture of S-BN-EPPO6-6(PC3) synthesized in this example and a nematic liquid crystal, was measured. The measurement was performed at room temperature by the Grandjean-Cano wedge method. Note that the mixture ratio of a nematic liquid crystal to S-BN-EPPO6-6(PC3) in a liquid crystal composition was 99.9 wt %:0.1 wt % (=nematic liquid crystal:S-BN-EPPO6-6(PC3)). As the nematic liquid crystal, a mixed liquid crystal of a mixed liquid crystal E8 (produced by LCC Corporation, Ltd.), 4-(trans-4-n-propylcyclohexyl)-3′,4′-difluoro-1,1′-biphenyl (abbreviation: CPP-3FF) (produced by Daily Polymer Corporation), and 4-n-pentylbenzoic acid 4-cyano-3-fluorophenyl ester (abbreviation: PEP-5CNF) (produced by Daily Polymer Corporation) was used. The mixture ratio was 40 wt %:30 wt %:30 wt % (=E-8: CPP-3FF:PEP-5CNF). 
     The measurement results show that the HTP of the liquid crystal composition including S-BN-EPPO6-6(PC3) made in this example was about 100 μm −1 , and by adding an extremely small amount of S-BN-EPPO6-6(PC3) made in this example into a liquid crystal composition, a liquid crystal composition with high HTP can be obtained. Thus, S-BN-EPPO6-6(PC3) synthesized in this example is a chiral material having strong twisting power, and the proportion of S-BN-EPPO6-6(PC3) in a liquid crystal composition applied to a liquid crystal element or a liquid crystal display device can be reduced. 
     Thus, S-BN-EPPO6-6(PC3) synthesized in this example is found to be used favorably as a chiral material of a liquid crystal composition. Furthermore, the liquid crystal composition to which one embodiment of the present invention is applied has strong twisting power, so that a liquid crystal display device with higher contrast can be achieved with the use of the liquid crystal composition. 
     Example 2 
     In this example, an example of synthesis of (S)-6,6′-bis[4-(trans-4-n-propylcyclohexyl)phenyl]-1,1′-binaphthyl-2,2′-diyl bis[4-(3-fluoro-4-n-hexyloxyphenyl)]benzoate (abbreviation: S-BN-EPPFO6-6(PC3)), which is the binaphthyl compound represented by Structural Formula (107) in Embodiment 1, will be described. 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     Into a 50-mL recovery flask were put 0.15 g (0.22 mmol) of (S)-6,6′-bis[4-(trans-4-n-propylcyclohexyl)phenyl]-1,1′-bi-2-naphthol, 0.17 g (0.54 mmol) of 3-fluoro-4-n-hexyloxybiphenyl-4′-carboxylic acid, 8.1 mg (66 μmol) of N,N′-dimethyl-4-aminopyridine, and 1.0 mL of dichloromethane, and the mixture was stirred. To this mixture was added 0.10 g (0.52 mmol) of 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)carbodiimide hydrochloride, and stirring was performed in the air at room temperature for 24 hours. After a predetermined time, an aqueous layer of the obtained mixture was extracted with dichloromethane. The obtained extracted solution and an organic layer were combined and washed with a saturated aqueous solution of sodium hydrogen carbonate and saturated saline, and then, drying with magnesium sulfate was performed. 
     This mixture was separated by gravity filtration, and the filtrate was concentrated to give a white solid. This solid was purified by silica gel column chromatography (developing solvent: hexane:ethyl acetate=5:1). The resulting fraction was concentrated to give a white solid. This solid was purified by high performance liquid column chromatography (HPLC) (developing solvent: chloroform). 
     The resulting fraction was concentrated to give a white solid. To this solid was added hexane, followed by irradiation with ultrasonic waves. The solid was collected by suction filtration to give 0.17 g of a white solid of (S)-6,6′-bis[4-(trans-4-n-propylcyclohexyl)phenyl]-1,1′-binaphthyl-2,2′-diyl bis[4-(3-fluoro-4-n-hexyloxyphenyl)]benzoate, which was a target substance, in a yield of 60%. A reaction scheme of the above reaction is shown in (E2). 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     This compound was identified as (S)-6,6′-bis[4-(trans-4-n-propylcyclohexyl)phenyl]-1,1′-binaphthyl-2,2′-diyl bis[4-(3-fluoro-4-n-hexyloxyphenyl)]benzoate (abbreviation: S-BN-EPPFO6-6(PC3)), which was a target substance, by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. 
       1 H NMR data of the obtained substance (S-BN-EPPFO6-6(PC3)) are as follows. 
       1 H NMR (CDCl 3 , 300 MHz): δ(ppm)=0.91 (t, 12H), 1.06-1.53 (m, 30H), 1.81-1.96 (m, 12H), 2.52 (t, 2H), 4.06 (t, 4H), 7.00 (d, 2H), 7.22-7.32 (m, 8H), 7.41 (d, 4H), 7.50 (d, 2H), 7.59-7.63 (m, 8H), 7.71 (d, 4H), 8.04 (d, 2H), 8.10 (s, 2H). 
       FIGS. 7A to 7C  show  1 H NMR charts. Note that  FIG. 7B  is an enlarged chart showing a range of 0.5 ppm to 4.5 ppm of  FIG. 7A , and  FIG. 7C  is an enlarged chart showing a range of 6.5 ppm to 8.5 ppm of  FIG. 7A . The measurement results show that S-BN-EPPFO6-6(PC3), which was a target substance, was obtained. 
     Furthermore, HTP of a liquid crystal composition, which is a mixture of S-BN-EPPFO6-6(PC3) synthesized in this example and a nematic liquid crystal, was measured. The measurement was performed at room temperature by the Grandjean-Cano wedge method. Note that the mixture ratio of a nematic liquid crystal to S-BN-EPPFO6-6(PC3) in a liquid crystal composition was 99.9 wt %:0.1 wt % (=nematic liquid crystal:S-BN-EPPFO6-6(PC3)). As the nematic liquid crystal, a mixed liquid crystal of a mixed liquid crystal E8 (produced by LCC Corporation, Ltd.), 4-(trans-4-n-propylcyclohexyl)-3′,4′-difluoro-1,1′-biphenyl (abbreviation: CPP-3FF) (produced by Daily Polymer Corporation), and 4-n-pentylbenzoic acid 4-cyano-3-fluorophenyl ester (abbreviation: PEP-5CNF) (produced by Daily Polymer Corporation) was used. The mixture ratio was 40 wt %:30 wt %:30 wt % (=E-8: CPP-3FF:PEP-5CNF). 
     The measurement results show that the HTP of the liquid crystal composition including S-BN-EPPFO6-6(PC3) made in this example was about 80 μm −1 , and by adding an extremely small amount of S-BN-EPPFO6-6(PC3) made in this example into a liquid crystal composition, a liquid crystal composition with high HTP can be obtained. Thus, S-BN-EPPFO6-6(PC3) synthesized in this example is a chiral material having strong twisting power, and the proportion of S-BN-EPPFO6-6(PC3) in a liquid crystal composition applied to a liquid crystal element or a liquid crystal display device can be reduced. 
     Thus, S-BN-EPPFO6-6(PC3) synthesized in this example was found to be used favorably as a chiral material of a liquid crystal composition. Furthermore, the liquid crystal composition to which one embodiment of the present invention is applied has strong twisting power, so that a liquid crystal display device with higher contrast can be achieved with the use of the liquid crystal composition. 
     Example 3 
     In this example, an example of synthesis of (S)-6,6′-bis[4-(trans-4-n-propylcyclohexyl)phenyl]-1,1′-binaphthyl-2,2′-diyl bis[2,6-difluoro-4-(4-n-octyloxyphenyl)benzoate (abbreviation: S-BN-EPFFPO8-6(PC3)), which is the binaphthyl compound represented by Structural Formula (108) in Embodiment 1, will be described. 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     Step 1: Method for Synthesizing (S)-6,6′-bis[4-(trans-4-n-propylcyclohexyl)phenyl]-1,1′-binaphthyl-2,2′-diyl bis(4-bromo-2,6-difluoro)benzoate 
     Into a 50-mL recovery flask were put 0.89 g (1.3 mmol) of (S)-6,6′-bis[4-(trans-4-n-propylcyclohexyl)phenyl]-1,1′-bi-2-naphthol, 0.78 g (3.3 mmol) of 4-bromo-2,6-difluorobenzoic acid, 48 mg (0.39 mmol) of N,N′-dimethyl-4-aminopyridine, and 1.3 mL of dichloromethane, and stirring was performed. To this mixture was added 0.63 g (3.3 mmol) of 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)carbodiimide hydrochloride, and stirring was performed in the air at room temperature for 24 hours. After a predetermined time, an aqueous layer of the obtained mixture was extracted with dichloromethane. The obtained extracted solution and an organic layer were combined and washed with a saturated aqueous solution of sodium hydrogen carbonate and saturated saline, and then, drying with magnesium sulfate was performed. 
     This mixture was separated by gravity filtration, and the filtrate was concentrated to give a light yellow solid. This solid was purified by silica gel column chromatography (developing solvent: toluene). The resulting fraction was concentrated to give a white solid. To this solid was added hexane, followed by irradiation with ultrasonic waves. The solid was collected by suction filtration to give 1.0 g of a white solid of (S)-6,6′-bis[4-(trans-4-n-propylcyclohexyl)phenyl]-1,1′-binaphthyl-2,2′-diyl bis(4-bromo-2,6-difluoro)benzoate, which was a target substance, in a yield of 67%. A reaction scheme of Step 1 described above is shown in (E3-1). 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     Step 2: Method for Synthesizing (S)-6,6′-bis[4-(trans-4-n-propylcyclohexyl)phenyl]-1,1′-binaphthyl-2,2′-diyl bis[2,6-difluoro-4-(4-n-octyloxyphenyl)benzoate (abbreviation: S-BN-EPFFPO8-6(PC3)) 
     Into a 50-mL three-neck flask were put 1.0 g (0.89 mmol) of (S)-6,6′-bis[4-(trans-4-n-propylcyclohexyl)phenyl]-1,1′-binaphthyl-2,2′-diyl bis(4-bromo-2,6-difluoro)benzoate, 0.57 g (2.3 mmol) of 4-n-octyloxyphenylboronic acid, and 46 mg (0.15 mmol) of tris(2-methylphenyl)phosphine, and the air in the flask was replaced with nitrogen. To this mixture were added 1.0 mL of a 2.0 M potassium carbonate aqueous solution, 3.0 mL of toluene, and 3.0 mL of ethanol and the mixture was degassed by being stirred under reduced pressure. To this mixture was added 7.0 mg (31 μmol) of palladium(II) acetate and stirring was performed under a nitrogen stream at 90° C. for 5 hours. After a predetermined time, an aqueous layer of the obtained mixture was extracted with toluene. The obtained extracted solution and an organic layer were combined and washed with a saturated saline, and then, drying with magnesium sulfate was performed. 
     This mixture was separated by gravity filtration, and the obtained filtrate was concentrated to give a yellow oily substance. This oily substance was purified by silica gel column chromatography (developing solvent, hexane:toluene=1:1). The obtained fraction was concentrated to give a light-yellow solid. This solid was purified by high performance liquid column chromatography (HPLC) (developing solvent: chloroform). 
     The resulting fraction was concentrated to give a white solid. To this solid was added hexane, followed by irradiation with ultrasonic waves. The solid was collected by suction filtration to give 0.90 g of a white solid of (S)-6,6′-bis[4-(trans-4-n-propylcyclohexyl)phenyl]-1,1′-binaphthyl-2,2′-diyl bis[2,6-difluoro-4-(4-n-octyloxyphenyl)benzoate, which was a target substance, in a yield of 75%. A reaction scheme of Step 2 described above is shown in (E3-2). 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     This compound was identified as (S)-6,6′-bis[4-(trans-4-n-propylcyclohexyl)phenyl]-1,1′-binaphthyl-2,2′-diyl bis[2,6-difluoro-4-(4-n-octyloxyphenyl)benzoate (abbreviation: S-BN-EPFFPO8-6(PC3)), which was a target substance, by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. 
       1 H NMR data of the obtained substance (S-BN-EPFFPO8-6(PC3)) are as follows. 
       1 H NMR (CDCl 3 , 300 MHz): δ (ppm)=0.86-0.93 (m, 12H), 1.05-1.53 (m, 38H), 1.75-1.95 (m, 12H), 2.52 (t, 2H), 3.96 (t, 4H), 6.92 (t, 8H), 7.30 (d, 2H), 7.38 (d, 4H), 7.45 (d, 4H), 7.59-7.65 (m, 8H), 8.09 (d, 2H), 8.14 (s, 2H). 
       FIGS. 8A to 8C  show  1 H NMR charts. Note that  FIG. 8B  is an enlarged chart showing a range of 0.5 ppm to 4.5 ppm of  FIG. 8A , and  FIG. 8C  is an enlarged chart showing a range of 6.5 ppm to 8.5 ppm of  FIG. 8A . The measurement results show that S-BN-EPFFPO8-6(PC3), which was a target substance, was obtained. 
     Furthermore, HTP of a liquid crystal composition, which is a mixture of S-BN-EPFFPO8-6(PC3) synthesized in this example and a nematic liquid crystal, was measured. The measurement was performed at room temperature by the Grandjean-Cano wedge method. Note that the mixture ratio of a nematic liquid crystal to S-BN-EPFFPO8-6(PC3) in a liquid crystal composition was 99.9 wt %:0.1 wt % (=nematic liquid crystal:S-BN-EPFFPO8-6(PC3)). As the nematic liquid crystal, a mixed liquid crystal of a mixed liquid crystal E8 (produced by LCC Corporation, Ltd.), 4-(trans-4-n-propylcyclohexyl)-3′,4′-difluoro-1,1′-biphenyl (abbreviation: CPP-3FF) (produced by Daily Polymer Corporation), and 4-n-pentylbenzoic acid 4-cyano-3-fluorophenyl ester (abbreviation: PEP-5CNF) (produced by Daily Polymer Corporation) was used. The mixture ratio was 40 wt %:30 wt %:30 wt % (=E-8: CPP-3FF:PEP-5CNF). 
     The measurement results show that the HTP of the liquid crystal composition including S-BN-EPFFPO8-6(PC3) made in this example was about 70 μm −1 , and by adding an extremely small amount of S-BN-EPFFPO8-6(PC3) made in this example into a liquid crystal composition, a liquid crystal composition with high HTP can be obtained. Thus, S-BN-EPFFPO8-6(PC3) synthesized in this example is a chiral material having strong twisting power, and the proportion of S-BN-EPFFPO8-6(PC3) in a liquid crystal composition applied to a liquid crystal element or a liquid crystal display device can be reduced. 
     Thus, S-BN-EPFFPO8-6(PC3) synthesized in this example was found to be used favorably as a chiral material of a liquid crystal composition. Furthermore, the liquid crystal composition to which one embodiment of the present invention is applied has strong twisting power, so that a liquid crystal display device with higher contrast can be achieved with the use of the liquid crystal composition. 
     Example 4 
     In this example, an example of synthesis of (S)-6,6′-bis[4-(trans-4-n-propylcyclohexyl)phenyl]-1,1′-binaphthyl-2,2′-diyl bis[4-(4-n-heptylbiphenyl-4′-yl)]benzoate (abbreviation: S-BN-EPPP7-6(PC3)), which is the binaphthyl compound represented by Structural Formula (113) in Embodiment 1, will be described. 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     Step 1: Method for Synthesizing (S)-6,6′-bis[4-(trans-4-n-propylcyclohexyl)phenyl]-1,1′-binaphthyl-2,2′-diyl bis(4-bromo)benzoate 
     Into a 50-mL recovery flask were put 1.3 g (1.9 mmol) of (S)-6,6′-bis[4-(trans-4-n-propylcyclohexyl)phenyl]-1,1′-bi-2-naphthol, 0.97 g (4.8 mmol) of 4-bromobenzoic acid, 70 mg (0.57 mmol) of N,N-dimethyl-4-aminopyridine, and 1.9 mL of dichloromethane, and stirring was performed. To this mixture was added 0.92 g (4.8 mmol) of 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)carbodiimide hydrochloride, and stirring was performed in the air at room temperature for 24 hours. After a predetermined time, an aqueous layer of the obtained mixture was extracted with dichloromethane. The obtained extracted solution and an organic layer were combined and washed with a saturated aqueous solution of sodium hydrogen carbonate and saturated saline, and then, drying with magnesium sulfate. 
     This mixture was separated by gravity filtration, and the filtrate was concentrated to give a white solid. To this solid was added hexane, followed by irradiation with ultrasonic waves. The solid was collected by suction filtration. This solid was recrystallized with a mixed solvent of toluene and hexane to give 1.5 g of a white solid of (S)-6,6′-bis[4-(trans-4-n-propylcyclohexyl)phenyl]-1,1′-binaphthyl-2,2′-diyl bis(4-bromo)benzoate in a yield of 74%. A reaction scheme of Step 1 described above is shown in (E4-1). 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     Step 2: Method for Synthesizing (S)-6,6′-bis[4-(trans-4-n-propylcyclohexyl)phenyl]-1,1′-binaphthyl-2,2′-diyl bis[4-(4-n-heptylbiphenyl-4′-yl)]benzoate (abbreviation: S-BN-EPPP7-6(PC3)) 
     Into a 50-mL three-neck flask were put 1.2 g (1.1 mmol) of (S)-6,6′-bis[4-(trans-4-n-propylcyclohexyl)phenyl]-1,1′-binaphthyl-2,2′-diyl bis(4-bromo)benzoate, 1.0 g (3.4 mmol) of 4-heptylbiphenylboronic acid, and 52 mg (0.17 mmol) of tris(2-methylphenyl)phosphine, and the air in the flask was replaced with nitrogen. To this mixture were added 1.1 mL of a 2.0 M potassium carbonate aqueous solution, 2.8 mL of toluene, and 2.8 mL of ethanol and the mixture was degassed by being stirred under reduced pressure. To this mixture was added 7.4 mg (33 μmol) of palladium(II) acetate and stirring was performed under a nitrogen stream at 90° C. for 6.5 hours. After a predetermined time, an aqueous layer of the obtained mixture was extracted with toluene. The obtained extracted solution and an organic layer were combined and washed with a saturated saline, and then, drying with magnesium sulfate was performed. 
     This mixture was separated by gravity filtration, and the obtained filtrate was concentrated to give a light yellow solid. This solid was purified by silica gel column chromatography (developing solvent, hexane:ethyl acetate=10:1). The obtained fraction was concentrated to give a white solid. This solid was purified by high performance liquid column chromatography (HPLC) (developing solvent: chloroform). 
     The resulting fraction was concentrated to give a white solid. To this solid was added hexane, followed by irradiation with ultrasonic waves. The solid was collected by suction filtration to give 0.79 g of a white solid of (S)-6,6′-bis[4-(trans-4-n-propylcyclohexyl)phenyl]-1,1′-binaphthyl-2,2′-diyl bis[4-(4-n-heptylbiphenyl-4′-yl)]benzoate, which was a target substance, in a yield of 53%. A reaction scheme of Step 2 described above is shown in (E4-2). 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     This compound was identified as (S)-6,6′-bis[4-(trans-4-n-propylcyclohexyl)phenyl]-1,1′-binaphthyl-2,2′-diyl bis[4-(4-n-heptylbiphenyl-4′-yl)]benzoate (abbreviation: S-BN-EPPP7-6(PC3)), which was a target substance, by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. 
       1 H NMR data of the obtained substance (S-BN-EPPP7-6(PC3)) are as follows. 
       1 H NMR (CDCl 3 , 300 MHz): δ (ppm)=0.86-0.93 (m, 12H), 1.05-1.52 (m, 34H), 1.60-1.66 (m, 4H), 1.91 (t, 8H), 2.52 (t, 2H), 2.65 (t, 4H), 7.28-7.32 (m, 8H), 7.50-7.70 (m, 26H), 7.76 (d, 4H), 8.05 (d, 2H), 8.11 (s, 2H). 
       FIGS. 9A to 9C  show  1 H NMR charts. Note that  FIG. 9B  is an enlarged chart showing a range of 0.5 ppm to 3.5 ppm of  FIG. 9A , and  FIG. 9C  is an enlarged chart showing a range of 7.0 ppm to 8.5 ppm of  FIG. 9A . The measurement results show that S-BN-EPPP7-6(PC3), which was a target substance, was obtained. 
     Furthermore, HTP of a liquid crystal composition, which is a mixture of S-BN-EPPP7-6(PC3) synthesized in this example and a nematic liquid crystal, was measured. The measurement was performed at room temperature by the Grandjean-Cano wedge method. Note that the mixture ratio of a nematic liquid crystal to S-BN-EPPP7-6(PC3) in a liquid crystal composition was 99.9 wt %:0.1 wt % (=nematic liquid crystal:S-BN-EPPP7-6(PC3)). As the nematic liquid crystal, a mixed liquid crystal of a mixed liquid crystal E8 (produced by LCC Corporation, Ltd.), 4-(trans-4-n-propylcyclohexyl)-3′,4′-difluoro-1,1′-biphenyl (abbreviation: CPP-3FF) (produced by Daily Polymer Corporation), and 4-n-pentylbenzoic acid 4-cyano-3-fluorophenyl ester (abbreviation: PEP-5CNF) (produced by Daily Polymer Corporation) was used. The mixture ratio was 40 wt %:30 wt %:30 wt % (=E-8: CPP-3FF:PEP-5CNF). 
     The measurement results show that the HTP of the liquid crystal composition including S-BN-EPPP7-6(PC3) made in this example was about 80 μm −1 , and by adding an extremely small amount of S-BN-EPPP7-6(PC3) made in this example into a liquid crystal composition, a liquid crystal composition with high HTP can be obtained. Thus, S-BN-EPPP7-6(PC3) synthesized in this example is a chiral material having strong twisting power, and the proportion of S-BN-EPPP7-6(PC3) in a liquid crystal composition applied to a liquid crystal element or a liquid crystal display device can be reduced. 
     Thus, S-BN-EPPP7-6(PC3) synthesized in this example was found to be used favorably as a chiral material of a liquid crystal composition. Furthermore, the liquid crystal composition to which one embodiment of the present invention is applied has strong twisting power, so that a liquid crystal display device with higher contrast can be achieved with the use of the liquid crystal composition. 
     Example 5 
     In this example, an example of synthesis of (S)-6,6′-bis[4-(trans-4-n-propylcyclohexyl)cyclohexen-1-yl]-1,1′-binaphthyl-2,2′-diyl bis[4-(4-n-hexyloxyphenyl)]benzoate (abbreviation: S-BN-EPPO6-6(CeC3)), which is the binaphthyl compound represented by Structural Formula (102) in Embodiment 1, will be described. 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     Step 1: Method for Synthesizing (S)-6,6′-bis[4-(trans-4-n-propylcyclohexyl)cyclohexen-1-yl]-1,1′-bi-2-naphthol 
     Into a 50-mL three-neck flask were put 1.2 g (2.7 mmol) of (S)-6,6′-dibromo-1,1′-bi-2-naphthol, 1.5 g (6.0 mmol) of 4-(trans-4-n-propylcyclohexyl)cyclohexa-1-enylboronic acid, 2.7 mL of a 2.0 M potassium carbonate aqueous solution, 14 mL of 1,4-dioxane, and 347 mg (0.30 mmol) of tetrakistriphenylphosphine palladium, and stirring was performed under a nitrogen stream at 90° C. for 7.5 hours. After a predetermined time, an aqueous layer of the obtained mixture was extracted with toluene. The obtained extracted solution and an organic layer were combined and washed with a saturated saline, and then, drying with magnesium sulfate was performed. 
     This mixture was separated by gravity filtration, and the filtrate was concentrated to give an oily yellow substance. To the obtained oily substance was added hexane, followed by irradiation with ultrasonic waves. The solid was collected by suction filtration to give 0.84 g of a brown solid of (S)-6,6′-bis[4-(trans-4-n-propylcyclohexyl)cyclohexen-1-yl]-1,1′-bi-2-naphthol, which was a target substance, in a yield of 70%. A reaction scheme of Step 1 described above is shown in (E5-1). 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     Step 2: Method for Synthesizing (S)-6,6′-bis[4-(trans-4-n-propylcyclohexyl)cyclohexen-1-yl]-1,1′-binaphthyl-2,2′-diyl bis[4-(4-n-hexyloxyphenyl)]benzoate (abbreviation: S-BN-EPPO6-6(CeC3)) 
     Into a 50-mL recovery flask were put 0.80 g (1.2 mmol) of (S)-6,6′-bis[4-(trans-4-n-propylcyclohexyl)cyclohexen-1-yl]-1,1′-bi-2-naphthol, 0.90 g (3.0 mmol) of 4-n-hexyloxybiphenyl-4′-carboxylic acid, 44 mg (0.36 mmol) of N,N′-dimethyl-4-aminopyridine, and 1.2 mL of dichloromethane, and the mixture was stirred. To this mixture was added 0.58 g (3.0 mmol) of 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)carbodiimide hydrochloride, and stirring was performed in the air at room temperature for 24 hours. After a predetermined time, an aqueous layer of the obtained mixture was extracted with dichloromethane. The obtained extracted solution and an organic layer were combined and washed with a saturated aqueous solution of sodium hydrogen carbonate and saturated saline, and then, drying weigh magnesium sulfate was performed. 
     This mixture was separated by gravity filtration, and the obtained filtrate was concentrated to give a brown solid. This solid was purified by silica gel column chromatography (developing solvent, hexane:ethyl acetate=5:1). The obtained fraction was concentrated to give a yellow solid. This solid was purified by high performance liquid column chromatography (HPLC) (developing solvent: chloroform). The resulting fraction was concentrated to give a white solid. 
     To this solid was added hexane, followed by irradiation with ultrasonic waves. The solid was collected by suction filtration to give 0.28 g of a white solid of (S)-6,6′-bis[4-(trans-4-n-propylcyclohexyl)cyclohexen-1-yl]-1,1′-binaphthyl-2,2′-diyl bis[4-(4-n-hexyloxyphenyl)]benzoate, which was a target substance, in a yield of 19%. A reaction scheme of Step 2 described above is shown in (E5-2). 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     This compound was identified as (S)-6,6′-bis[4-(trans-4-n-propylcyclohexyl)cyclohexen-1-yl]-1,1′-binaphthyl-2,2′-diyl bis[4-(4-n-hexyloxyphenyl)]benzoate (abbreviation: S-BN-EPPO6-6(CeC3)), which was a target substance, by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. 
       1 H NMR data of the obtained substance (S-BN-EPPO6-6(CeC3)) are as follows. 
       1 H NMR (CDCl 3 , 300 MHz): δ (ppm)=0.86-0.93 (m, 12H), 0.96-1.52 (m, 36H), 1.77-1.84 (m, 12H), 1.99 (s, 4H), 2.29 (d, 2H), 2.57 (t, 4H), 3.99 (t, 4H), 6.25 (s, 2H), 6.94 (d, 4H), 7.30 (d, 2H), 7.43-7.55 (m, 12H), 7.73 (d, 4H), 7.82 (s, 2H), 7.93 (d, 2H). 
       FIGS. 10A to 10C  show  1 H NMR charts. Note that  FIG. 10B  is an enlarged chart showing a range of 0.5 ppm to 4.5 ppm of  FIG. 10A , and  FIG. 10C  is an enlarged chart showing a range of 6.0 ppm to 8.5 ppm of  FIG. 10A . The measurement results show that S-BN-EPPO6-6(CeC3), which was a target substance, was obtained. 
     Furthermore, HTP of a liquid crystal composition, which is a mixture of S-BN-EPPO6-6(CeC3) synthesized in this example and a nematic liquid crystal, was measured. The measurement was performed at room temperature by the Grandjean-Cano wedge method. Note that the mixture ratio of a nematic liquid crystal to S-BN-EPPO6-6(CeC3) in a liquid crystal composition was 99.9 wt %:0.1 wt % (=nematic liquid crystal:S-BN-EPPO6-6(CeC3)). As the nematic liquid crystal, a mixed liquid crystal of a mixed liquid crystal E8 (produced by LCC Corporation, Ltd.), 4-(trans-4-n-propylcyclohexyl)-3′,4′-difluoro-1,1′-biphenyl (abbreviation: CPP-3FF) (produced by Daily Polymer Corporation), and 4-n-pentylbenzoic acid 4-cyano-3-fluorophenyl ester (abbreviation: PEP-5CNF) (produced by Daily Polymer Corporation) was used. The mixture ratio was 40 wt %:30 wt %:30 wt % (=E-8: CPP-3FF:PEP-5CNF). 
     The measurement results show that the HTP of the liquid crystal composition including S-BN-EPPO6-6(CeC3) made in this example was about 110 μm −1 , and by adding an extremely small amount of S-BN-EPPO6-6(CeC3) made in this example into a liquid crystal composition, a liquid crystal composition with high HTP can be obtained. Thus, S-BN-EPPO6-6(CeC3) synthesized in this example is a chiral material having strong twisting power, and the proportion of S-BN-EPPO6-6(CeC3) in a liquid crystal composition applied to a liquid crystal element or a liquid crystal display device can be reduced. 
     Thus, S-BN-EPPO6-6(CeC3) synthesized in this example was found to be used favorably as a chiral material of a liquid crystal composition. Furthermore, the liquid crystal composition to which one embodiment of the present invention is applied has strong twisting power, so that a liquid crystal display device with higher contrast can be achieved with the use of the liquid crystal composition. 
     Example 6 
     In this example, an example of synthesis of (S)-6,6′-bis[3,4,5-trifluorophenyl]-1,1′-binaphthyl-2,2′-diyl bis[4-(4-n-hexyloxyphenyl)]benzoate (abbreviation: S-BN-EPPO6-6(PFFF)), which is the binaphthyl compound represented by Structural Formula (106) in Embodiment 1, will be described. 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     Step 1: Method for Synthesizing (S)-6,6′-bis(3,4,5-trifluorophenyl)-1,1′-bi-2-naphthol 
     Into a 100-mL three-neck flask were put 1.2 g (2.7 mmol) of (S)-6,6′-dibromo-1,1′-bi-2-naphthol, 1.4 g (8.1 mmol) of 3,4,5-trifluorophenylboronic acid, and 125 mg (0.41 mmol) of tris(2-methylphenyl)phosphine, and the air in the flask was replaced with nitrogen. To this mixture were added 2.7 mL of a 2.0 M potassium carbonate aqueous solution, 6.8 mL of toluene, and 6.8 mL of ethanol and the mixture was degassed by being stirred under reduced pressure. To this mixture was added 18 mg (81 μmol) of palladium(II) acetate and stirring was performed under a nitrogen stream at 90° C. for 7.5 hours. After a predetermined time, an aqueous layer of the obtained mixture was extracted with toluene. The obtained extracted solution and an organic layer were combined and washed with a saturated saline, and then, drying with magnesium sulfate was performed. 
     This mixture was separated by gravity filtration, and the filtrate was concentrated to give a white solid. To the obtained solid was added hexane, followed by irradiation with ultrasonic waves. The solid was collected by suction filtration to give 1.2 g of a white solid of (S)-6,6′-bis(3,4,5-trifluorophenyl)-1,1′-bi-2-naphthol, which was a target substance, in a yield of 83%. A reaction scheme of Step 1 described above is shown in (E6-1). 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     Step 2: Method for Synthesizing (S)-6,6′-bis[3,4,5-trifluorophenyl]-1,1′-binaphthyl-2,2′-diyl bis[4-(4-n-hexyloxyphenyl)]benzoate (abbreviation: S-BN-EPPO6-6(PFFF)) 
     Into a 50-mL recovery flask were put 0.80 g (1.1 mmol) of (S)-6,6′-bis(3,4,5-trifluorophenyl)-1,1′-bi-2-naphthol, 0.84 g (2.8 mmol) of 4-n-hexyloxybiphenyl-4′-carboxylic acid, 40 mg (0.33 mmol) of N,N′-dimethyl-4-aminopyridine, and 1.1 mL of dichloromethane, and the mixture was stirred. To this mixture was added 0.54 g (2.8 mmol) of 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)carbodiimide hydrochloride, and stirring was performed in the air at room temperature for 24 hours. After a predetermined time, an aqueous layer of the obtained mixture was extracted with dichloromethane. The obtained extracted solution and an organic layer were combined and washed with a saturated aqueous solution of sodium hydrogen carbonate and saturated saline, and then, drying with magnesium sulfate was performed. 
     This mixture was separated by gravity filtration, and the obtained filtrate was concentrated to give a white solid. This solid was purified by silica gel column chromatography (developing solvent, hexane:ethyl acetate=5:1). The obtained fraction was concentrated to give a white solid. This solid was purified by high performance liquid column chromatography (HPLC) (developing solvent: chloroform). The resulting fraction was concentrated to give a white solid. 
     To this solid was added hexane, followed by irradiation with ultrasonic waves. The solid was collected by suction filtration to give 0.49 g of a white solid of (S)-6,6′-bis[3,4,5-trifluorophenyl]-1,1′-binaphthyl-2,2′-diyl bis[4-(4-n-hexyloxyphenyl)]benzoate, which was a target substance, in a yield of 40%. A reaction scheme of Step 2 described above is shown in (E6-2). 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     This compound was identified as (S)-6,6′-bis[3,4,5-trifluorophenyl]-1,1′-binaphthyl-2,2′-diyl bis[4-(4-n-hexyloxyphenyl)]benzoate (abbreviation: S-BN-EPPO6-6(PFFF)), which was a target substance, by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. 
       1 H NMR data of the obtained substance (S-BN-EPPO6-6(PFFF)) are as follows. 
       1 H NMR (CDCl 3 , 300 MHz): δ (ppm)=0.91 (t, 6H), 1.34-1.47 (m, 12H), 1.75-1.84 (m, 4H), 3.99 (t, 4H), 6.94 (d, 4H), 7.29 (d, 4H), 7.46-7.49 (m, 12H), 7.66 (d, 2H), 7.76 (d, 4H), 8.04 (d, 2H), 8.08 (s, 2H). 
       FIGS. 11A to 11C  show  1 H NMR charts. Note that  FIG. 11B  is an enlarged chart showing a range of 0.5 ppm to 4.5 ppm of  FIG. 11A , and  FIG. 11C  is an enlarged chart showing a range of 6.5 ppm to 8.5 ppm of  FIG. 11A . The measurement results show that S-BN-EPPO6-6(PFFF), which was a target substance, was obtained. 
     Furthermore, HTP of a liquid crystal composition, which is a mixture of S-BN-EPPO6-6(PFFF) synthesized in this example and a nematic liquid crystal, was measured. The measurement was performed at room temperature by the Grandjean-Cano wedge method. Note that the mixture ratio of a nematic liquid crystal to S-BN-EPPO6-6(PFFF) in a liquid crystal composition was 99.9 wt %:0.1 wt % (=nematic liquid crystal:S-BN-EPPO6-6(PFFF)). As the nematic liquid crystal, a mixed liquid crystal of a mixed liquid crystal E8 (produced by LCC Corporation, Ltd.), 4-(trans-4-n-propylcyclohexyl)-3′,4′-difluoro-1,1′-biphenyl (abbreviation: CPP-3FF) (produced by Daily Polymer Corporation), and 4-n-pentylbenzoic acid 4-cyano-3-fluorophenyl ester (abbreviation: PEP-5CNF) (produced by Daily Polymer Corporation) was used. The mixture ratio was 40 wt %:30 wt %:30 wt % (=E-8: CPP-3FF:PEP-5CNF). 
     The measurement results show that the HTP of the liquid crystal composition including S-BN-EPPO6-6(PFFF) made in this example was about 60 μm −1 , and by adding an extremely small amount of S-BN-EPPO6-6(PFFF) made in this example into a liquid crystal composition, a liquid crystal composition with high HTP can be obtained. Thus, S-BN-EPPO6-6(PFFF) synthesized in this example is a chiral material having strong twisting power, and the proportion of S-BN-EPPO6-6(PFFF) in a liquid crystal composition applied to a liquid crystal element or a liquid crystal display device can be reduced. 
     Thus, S-BN-EPPO6-6(PFFF) synthesized in this example was found to be used favorably as a chiral material of a liquid crystal composition. Furthermore, the liquid crystal composition to which one embodiment of the present invention is applied has strong twisting power, so that a liquid crystal display device with higher contrast can be achieved with the use of the liquid crystal composition. 
     Example 7 
     In this example, an example of synthesis of (S)-6,6′-bis[4-n-pentylbiphenyl-4′-yl]-1,1′-binaphthyl-2,2′-diyl bis[4-(4-n-hexyloxyphenyl)]benzoate (abbreviation: S-BN-EPPO6-6(PP5)), which is the binaphthyl compound represented by Structural Formula (114) in Embodiment 1, will be described. 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     Step 1: Method for Synthesizing (S)-6,6′-bis(4-n-pentylbiphenyl)-1,1′-bi-2-naphthol 
     Into a 50-mL three-neck flask were put 0.40 g (0.90 mmol) of (S)-6,6′-dibromo-1,1′-bi-2-naphthol, 0.59 g (2.2 mmol) of 4′-pentyl-4-biphenylboronic acid, and 37 mg (0.12 mmol) of tris(2-methylphenyl)phosphine, and the air in the flask was replaced with nitrogen. To this mixture were added 0.90 mL of a 2.0 M potassium carbonate aqueous solution, 2.3 mL of toluene, and 2.3 mL of ethanol and the mixture was degassed by being stirred under reduced pressure. To this mixture was added 4.5 mg (20 μmol) of palladium(II) acetate and stirring was performed under a nitrogen stream at 90° C. for 4.5 hours. After a predetermined time, an aqueous layer of the obtained mixture was extracted with toluene. The obtained extracted solution and an organic layer were combined and washed with a saturated saline, and then, drying with magnesium sulfate was performed. 
     This mixture was separated by gravity filtration, and the obtained filtrate was concentrated to give a white solid. The obtained solid was purified by silica gel column chromatography (developing solvent, hexane:ethyl acetate=5:1 and then 2:1). The solid was concentrated to give 0.37 g of a white solid of (S)-6,6′-bis(4-n-pentylbiphenyl)-1,1′-bi-2-naphthol, which was a target substance, in a yield of 56%. A reaction scheme of Step 1 described above is shown in (E7-1). 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     Step 2: Method for Synthesizing (S)-6,6′-bis[4-n-pentylbiphenyl-4′-yl]-1,1′-binaphthyl-2,2′-diyl bis[4-(4-n-hexyloxyphenyl)]benzoate (abbreviation: S-BN-EPPO6-6(PP5)) 
     Into a 50-mL recovery flask were put 0.37 g (0.51 mmol) of (S)-6,6′-bis(4-n-pentylbiphenyl)-1,1′-bi-2-naphthol, 0.39 g (1.3 mmol) of 4-n-hexyloxybiphenyl-4′-carboxylic acid, 18 mg (0.15 mmol) of N,N′-dimethyl-4-aminopyridine, and 1.0 mL of dichloromethane, and the mixture was stirred. To this mixture was added 0.25 g (1.3 mmol) of 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)carbodiimide hydrochloride, and stirring was performed in the air at room temperature for 24 hours. After a predetermined time, an aqueous layer of the obtained mixture was extracted with dichloromethane. The obtained extracted solution and an organic layer were combined and washed with a saturated aqueous solution of sodium hydrogen carbonate and saturated saline, and then, drying with magnesium sulfate was performed. 
     This mixture was separated by gravity filtration, and the obtained filtrate was concentrated to give a yellow solid. This solid was purified by silica gel column chromatography (developing solvent, hexane:ethyl acetate=5:1 and then ethyl acetate). The obtained fraction was concentrated to give a light yellow solid. This solid was purified by high performance liquid column chromatography (HPLC) (developing solvent: chloroform). The resulting fraction was concentrated to give a light yellow solid. 
     To this solid was added hexane, followed by irradiation with ultrasonic waves. The solid was collected by suction filtration to give 0.38 g of a white solid of (S)-6,6′-bis[4-n-pentylbiphenyl-4′-yl]-1,1′-binaphthyl-2,2′-diyl bis[4-(4-n-hexyloxyphenyl)]benzoate, which was a target substance, in a yield of 58%. A reaction scheme of Step 2 described above is shown in (E7-2). 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     This compound was identified as (S)-6,6′-bis[4-n-pentylbiphenyl-4′-yl]-1,1′-binaphthyl-2,2′-diyl bis[4-(4-n-hexyloxyphenyl)]benzoate (abbreviation: S-BN-EPPO6-6(PP5)), which was a target substance, by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. 
       1 H NMR data of the obtained substance (S-BN-EPPO6-6(PP5)) are as follows. 
       1 H NMR (CDCl 3 , 300 MHz): δ (ppm)=0.91 (t, 12H), 1.34-1.52 (m, 20H), 1.55-1.79 (m, 8H), 2.66 (t, 4H), 3.98 (t, 4H), 6.93 (d, 4H), 7.29 (s, 2H), 7.44-7.78 (m, 32H), 8.07 (d, 2H), 8.17 (s, 2H). 
       FIGS. 12A to 12C  show  1 H NMR charts. Note that  FIG. 12B  is an enlarged chart showing a range of 0.5 ppm to 4.5 ppm of  FIG. 12A , and  FIG. 12C  is an enlarged chart showing a range of 6.5 ppm to 8.5 ppm of  FIG. 12A . The measurement results show that S-BN-EPPO6-6(PP5), which was a target substance, was obtained. 
     Furthermore, HTP of a liquid crystal composition, which is a mixture of S-BN-EPPO6-6(PP5) synthesized in this example and a nematic liquid crystal, was measured. The measurement was performed at room temperature by the Grandjean-Cano wedge method. Note that the mixture ratio of a nematic liquid crystal to S-BN-EPPO6-6(PP5) in a liquid crystal composition was 99.9 wt %:0.1 wt % (=nematic liquid crystal:S-BN-EPPO6-6(PP5)). As the nematic liquid crystal, a mixed liquid crystal of a mixed liquid crystal E8 (produced by LCC Corporation, Ltd.), 4-(trans-4-n-propylcyclohexyl)-3′,4′-difluoro-1,1′-biphenyl (abbreviation: CPP-3FF) (produced by Daily Polymer Corporation), and 4-n-pentylbenzoic acid 4-cyano-3-fluorophenyl ester (abbreviation: PEP-5CNF) (produced by Daily Polymer Corporation) was used. The mixture ratio was 40 wt %:30 wt %:30 wt % (=E-8: CPP-3FF:PEP-5CNF). 
     The measurement results show that the HTP of the liquid crystal composition including S-BN-EPPO6-6(PP5) made in this example was about 100 μm −1 , and by adding an extremely small amount of S-BN-EPPO6-6(PP5) made in this example into a liquid crystal composition, a liquid crystal composition with high HTP can be obtained. Thus, S-BN-EPPO6-6(PP5) synthesized in this example is a chiral material having strong twisting power, and the proportion of S-BN-EPPO6-6(PP5) in a liquid crystal composition applied to a liquid crystal element or a liquid crystal display device can be reduced. 
     Thus, S-BN-EPPO6-6(PP5) synthesized in this example was found to be used favorably as a chiral material of a liquid crystal composition. Furthermore, the liquid crystal composition to which one embodiment of the present invention is applied has strong twisting power, so that a liquid crystal display device with higher contrast can be achieved with the use of the liquid crystal composition. 
     Example 8 
     In this example, an example of synthesis of (S)-3,3′-bis[4-(trans-4-n-propylcyclohexyl)phenyl]-1,1′-binaphthyl-2,2′-diyl bis[4-(4-n-hexyloxyphenyl)]benzoate (abbreviation: S-BN-EPPO6-3(PC3)), which is the binaphthyl compound represented by Structural Formula (119) in Embodiment 1, will be described. 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     Step 1: Method for Synthesizing (S)-3,3′-bis[4-(trans-4-n-propylcyclohexyl)phenyl]-1,1′-bi-2-naphthol 
     Into a 100-mL three-neck flask were put 2.0 g (4.5 mmol) of (S)-3,3′-dibromo-1,1′-bi-2-naphthol, 2.7 g (11 mmol) of 4-(trans-4-n-propylcyclohexyl)phenylboronic acid, and 183 mg (0.60 mmol) of tris(2-methylphenyl)phosphine, and the air in the flask was replaced with nitrogen. To this mixture were added 4.5 mL of a 2.0 M potassium carbonate aqueous solution, 11 mL of toluene, and 11 mL of ethanol and the mixture was degassed by being stirred under reduced pressure. To this mixture was added 25 mg (0.11 mmol) of palladium(II) acetate and stirring was performed under a nitrogen stream at 90° C. for 12.5 hours. After a predetermined time, an aqueous layer of the obtained mixture was extracted with toluene. The obtained extracted solution and an organic layer were combined and washed with a saturated saline, and then, drying with magnesium sulfate was performed. 
     The mixture was separated by gravity filtration, and the obtained filtrate was concentrated to give a yellow oily substance. This oily substance was purified by silica gel column chromatography (developing solvent, hexane:ethyl acetate=10:1 and then 5:1). To this solid was added hexane, followed by irradiation with ultrasonic waves. The solid was collected by suction filtration to give 2.4 g of a white solid of (S)-3,3′-bis[4-(trans-4-n-propylcyclohexyl)phenyl]-1,1′-bi-2-naphthol, which was a target substance, in a yield of 76%. A reaction scheme of Step 1 described above is shown in (E8-1). 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     Step 2: Method for Synthesizing (S)-3,3′-bis[4-(trans-4-n-propylcyclohexyl)phenyl]-1,1′-binaphthyl-2,2′-diyl bis[4-(4-n-hexyloxyphenyl)]benzoate (abbreviation: S-BN-EPPO6-3(PC3)) 
     Into a 50-mL recovery flask were put 0.86 g (1.3 mmol) of (S)-3,3′-bis[4-(trans-4-n-propylcyclohexyl)phenyl]-1,1′-bi-2-naphthol, 0.99 g (3.3 mmol) of 4-n-hexyloxybiphenyl-4′-carboxylic acid, 49 mg (0.40 mmol) of N,N′-dimethyl-4-aminopyridine, and 3.3 mL of dichloromethane, and the mixture was stirred. To this mixture was added 0.63 g (3.3 mmol) of 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)carbodiimide hydrochloride, and stirring was performed in the air at room temperature for 24 hours. After a predetermined time, an aqueous layer of the obtained mixture was extracted with dichloromethane. The obtained extracted solution and an organic layer were combined and washed with a saturated aqueous solution of sodium hydrogen carbonate and saturated saline, and then, drying with magnesium sulfate was performed. 
     This mixture was separated by gravity filtration, and the obtained filtrate was concentrated to give a brown solid. This solid was purified by silica gel column chromatography (developing solvent: toluene). The obtained fraction was concentrated to give a white solid. This solid was purified by high performance liquid column chromatography (HPLC) (developing solvent: chloroform). The resulting fraction was concentrated to give a light yellow solid. 
     To this solid was added methanol, followed by irradiation with ultrasonic waves. The solid was collected by suction filtration to give 0.67 g of a white solid of (S)-3,3′-bis[4-(trans-4-n-propylcyclohexyl)phenyl]-1,1′-binaphthyl-2,2′-diyl bis[4-(4-n-hexyloxyphenyl)]benzoate, which was a target substance, in a yield of 42%. A reaction scheme of Step 2 described above is shown in (E8-2). 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     This compound was identified as (S)-3,3′-bis[4-(trans-4-n-propylcyclohexyl)phenyl]-1,1′-binaphthyl-2,2′-diyl bis[4-(4-n-hexyloxyphenyl)]benzoate (abbreviation: S-BN-EPPO6-3(PC3)), which was a target substance, by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. 
       1 H NMR data of the obtained substance (S-BN-EPPO6-3(PC3)) are as follows. 
       1 H NMR (CDCl 3 , 300 MHz): δ (ppm) 0.84-0.89 (m, 12H), 0.94-1.45 (m, 30H), 1.73 (t, 12H), 2.33 (t, 2H), 3.93 (t, 4H), 6.88 (d, 4H), 7.06 (s, 4H), 7.28-7.42 (m, 18H), 7.52 (d, 4H), 7.82 (d, 2H), 7.88 (s, 2H). 
       FIGS. 13A to 13C  show  1 H NMR charts. Note that  FIG. 13B  is an enlarged chart showing a range of 0.5 ppm to 4.5 ppm of  FIG. 13A , and  FIG. 13C  is an enlarged chart showing a range of 6.5 ppm to 8.5 ppm of  FIG. 13A . The measurement results show that S-BN-EPPO6-3(PC3), which was a target substance, was obtained. 
     Furthermore, HTP of a liquid crystal composition, which is a mixture of S-BN-EPPO6-3(PC3) synthesized in this example and a nematic liquid crystal, was measured. The measurement was performed at room temperature by the Grandjean-Cano wedge method. Note that the mixture ratio of a nematic liquid crystal to S-BN-EPPO6-3(PC3) in a liquid crystal composition was 99.9 wt %:0.1 wt % (=nematic liquid crystal:S-BN-EPPO6-3(PC3)). As the nematic liquid crystal, a mixed liquid crystal of a mixed liquid crystal E8 (produced by LCC Corporation, Ltd.), 4-(trans-4-n-propylcyclohexyl)-3′,4′-difluoro-1,1′-biphenyl (abbreviation: CPP-3FF) (produced by Daily Polymer Corporation), and 4-n-pentylbenzoic acid 4-cyano-3-fluorophenyl ester (abbreviation: PEP-5CNF) (produced by Daily Polymer Corporation) was used. The mixture ratio was 40 wt %:30 wt %:30 wt % (=E-8: CPP-3FF:PEP-5CNF). 
     The measurement results show that the HTP of the liquid crystal composition including S-BN-EPPO6-3(PC3) made in this example was about 70 μm −1 , and by adding an extremely small amount of S-BN-EPPO6-3(PC3) made in this example into a liquid crystal composition, a liquid crystal composition with high HTP can be obtained. Thus, S-BN-EPPO6-3(PC3) synthesized in this example is a chiral material having strong twisting power, and the proportion of S-BN-EPPO6-3(PC3) in a liquid crystal composition applied to a liquid crystal element or a liquid crystal display device can be reduced. 
     Thus, S-BN-EPPO6-3(PC3) synthesized in this example was found to be used favorably as a chiral material of a liquid crystal composition. Furthermore, the liquid crystal composition to which one embodiment of the present invention is applied has strong twisting power, so that a liquid crystal display device with higher contrast can be achieved with the use of the liquid crystal composition. 
     Example 9 
     In this example, the liquid crystal composition according to one embodiment of the present invention and a liquid crystal element including the liquid crystal composition were made, and the characteristics of the liquid crystal composition and the liquid crystal element were evaluated. 
     In this example, a liquid crystal composition was made by mixing S-BN-EPFFPO8-6(PC3) synthesized in Example 3 and a nematic liquid crystal. Note that the mixture ratio of a nematic liquid crystal to S-BN-EPFFPO8-6(PC3) in the liquid crystal composition was 92.5 wt %:7.5 wt % (=nematic liquid crystal:S-BN-EPFFPO8-6(PC3)). As the nematic liquid crystal, a mixed liquid crystal of a mixed liquid crystal E-8 (produced by LCC Corporation, Ltd.), 4-(trans-4-n-propylcyclohexyl)-3′,4′-difluoro-1,1′-biphenyl (abbreviation: CPP-3FF) (produced by Daily Polymer Corporation), and 4-n-pentylbenzoic acid 4-cyano-3-fluorophenyl ester (abbreviation: PEP-5CNF) (produced by Daily Polymer Corporation) was used. The mixture ratio was 40 wt %:30 wt %:30 wt % (=E-8: CPP-3FF:PEP-5CNF). 
     Structural formulae of S-BN-EPFFPO8-6(PC3), CPP-3FF, and PEP-5CNF, which are used for the liquid crystal composition made in this example, are shown below. 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     In this example, a liquid crystal element was manufactured using the above liquid crystal composition. The liquid crystal element of this example was manufactured in such a manner that a glass substrate over which a pixel electrode layer and a common electrode layer were formed and a glass substrate serving as a counter substrate were bonded to each other using sealant with a space (4 μm) provided therebetween and then a liquid crystal composition of this example, which was stirred in an isotropic phase, was injected between the substrates by an injection method. 
     The pixel electrode layer and the common electrode layer were formed using indium tin oxide containing silicon oxide (ITSO) by a sputtering method. The thickness of each of the pixel electrode layer and the common electrode layer was 110 nm, their widths were each 2 μm, and the distance between the pixel electrode layer and the common electrode layer was 2 μm. Further, an ultraviolet and heat curable sealing material was used for the sealant. As curing treatment, ultraviolet (irradiance of 100 mW/cm 2 ) irradiation treatment was performed for 90 seconds, and then, heat treatment was performed at 120° C. for 1 hour. 
     A spectrum of the intensity of reflected light from the liquid crystal composition in the liquid crystal element manufactured in this example was measured. For the measurement, a polarizing microscope (MX-61L produced by Olympus Corporation), a temperature controller (HCS302-MK1000 produced by Instec, Inc.), and a microspectroscope (LVmicroUV/VIS produced by Lambda Vision Inc.) were used. 
     In this example, the liquid crystal composition in the liquid crystal element was made to be an isotropic phase. Then, the liquid crystal composition was observed with a polarizing microscope while the temperature was decreased by 1.0° C. per minute with a temperature controller. In this manner, the temperature range where the liquid crystal composition exhibited a blue phase was measured. In the liquid crystal composition of this example, the phase transition temperature between an isotropic phase and a blue phase was 48.3° C., and a phase transition temperature between a blue phase and a cholesteric phase was 46° C. 
     Next, the liquid crystal element was set at a given constant temperature within the temperature range where a blue phase was exhibited, and the spectrum of the intensity of reflected light from the liquid crystal composition was measured with the microspectroscope. 
     Note that a measurement mode of the microspectroscope in the measurement of the spectrum of the intensity of reflected light in this example was a reflective mode; polarizers were in crossed nicols; the measurement area was 12 μmφ; and the measurement wavelength was 250 nm to 800 nm. Since the measurement area was small, for the measurement, an area where the color of a blue phase had a long wavelength was determined with a monitor of the microspectroscope. Note that the measurement was performed from the side of the glass substrate serving as the counter substrate, over which the pixel electrode layer and the common electrode layer were not formed, in order to avoid an influence of the electrode layers in measurement. 
       FIG. 14  shows the spectrum of the intensity of reflected light from the liquid crystal composition in the liquid crystal element in this example. In the reflectance spectrum of the liquid crystal composition, a peak of the diffraction wavelength was detected. The detected peak of the diffraction wavelength in the reflectance spectrum refers to the peak with the maximum value on the longest wavelength side. 
     Note that the diffraction wavelength can be evaluated only in a blue phase, so that it is effective for evaluation of the twisting power of a blue phase. As the diffraction wavelength is on the shorter wavelength side, the liquid crystal composition has a smaller crystal lattice of a blue phase and stronger twisting power. 
     The peak of the diffraction wavelength on the longest wavelength side in the reflectance spectrum of the liquid crystal composition in the liquid crystal element of this example was 363 nm. 
     The above results indicate that the liquid crystal composition according to one embodiment of the present invention can exhibit a blue phase even when the additive amount of the chiral material is lower than or equal to 7.5 wt %, by including the binaphthyl compound represented by General Formula (G1) as the chiral material. 
     This application is based on Japanese Patent Application serial no. 2012-076719 filed with Japan Patent Office on Mar. 29, 2012, the entire contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference.