Patent Publication Number: US-2015076059-A1

Title: Anaerobic treatment of industrial wastewater

Description:
RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 61/636,000 filed Apr. 20, 2102; U.S. Provisional Application No. 61/725,842 filed Nov. 13, 2012; U.S. application Ser. No. 13/826,410 filed Mar. 14, 2013; U.S. application Ser. No. 13/832,258 filed Mar. 15, 2013; and International Application Number PCT/CA2013/050297 filed on Apr. 18, 2013 which are hereby incorporated by reference. 
    
    
     FIELD 
     This specification relates to a process and apparatus for treating waste products, such as industrial wastewater or industrial solid waste, involving anaerobic digestion. 
     BACKGROUND 
     International Publication Number WO 2012/103629 A1, Anaerobic Fermentation to Produce Biogas, describes a process and apparatus for the anaerobic digestion of organic wastes, preferably to also produce a useful biogas. The waste may have a total solids (TS) concentration of 6% or less while a digester is operated at a higher solids concentration, for example with a feed TS concentration of 8-12%. One or more separation stages downstream of the digester separate active bacteria and undigested organics from the digestate, and return separated matter to the digester. Optionally, a feed thickening apparatus and step may be provided upstream of the digester. The upstream thickener and recycle from the downstream separation stages are operated such that the TS of the combined inputs to the digester is within a desired range. 
     Introduction 
     In a wastewater treatment system and process, feed water is processed in an anaerobic digester. A solid-liquid separation device, for example a sludge screw thickener (SST), treats digestate from the digester in a recirculation loop. The solids portion is returned to the digester to increase the solids retention time and the total suspended solids (TSS) concentration in the digester. Some solids are wasted from the digester to maintain a target solids retention time (SRT) or TSS in the digester. A liquid portion of the digestate, which controls the hydraulic retention time (HRT), is removed from the anaerobic digester through the solid-liquid separation device. Optionally, the liquid portion may be treated further. The flow rate to the solid-liquid separation device is preferably greater than the influent flow rate. The solid-liquid separation device may receive digestate at a TSS concentration of 4% or more and return a solids portion having a TSS concentration of over 10%. The feed water is preferably one or more industrial waste streams having a chemical oxygen demand (COD) concentration of about 20,000 to 50,000 mg/L and a TSS concentration of about 1-5%. The organic loading rate may be about 10-12 kg/COD/m3/day. 
     Without intending to be limited by theory, the system and process are believed to be effective at treating industrial wastewater due to a combination of factors. The soluble organic carbon is reduced quickly while the retention time of particulate organic carbon is increased by the solid-liquid separation device. The solids retention time is also sufficient to remove fats, oils and grease (FOG) which, if not immediately digested, return with the solids portion. Furthermore, active anaerobic bacteria are returned to the digester with the solids portion. Returning bacteria to the digester, in combination with influent containing a high concentration of soluble COD, allows the digester to have a high percentage of its solids as living bacteria. The digester can therefore operate at a high organic loading rate while still maintaining an acceptable food to microorganism ratio and digesting a high percentage of the influent COD. The rapid and extensive digestion is balanced by the solid-liquid separation device receiving digestate at an already significant initial TSS concentration and a flow rate greater than the influent flow rate, returning a solids portion thickened to at least twice the initial solids concentration, and losing less than 5% of the solids fed to it in the liquid portion. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES 
         FIG. 1  is a schematic process flow diagram for a wastewater treatment system. 
         FIG. 2  is a schematic process flow diagram for a first further treatment option for the system of  FIG. 1 . 
         FIG. 3  is a schematic process flow diagram for a second further treatment option for the system of  FIG. 1 . 
         FIG. 4  is a schematic process flow diagram for a first further treatment option for the system of  FIG. 1 . 
         FIG. 5  shows a schematic cross sectional view of a screw press with a screening section. 
         FIG. 6  shows a portion of the screening section of  FIG. 1  with optional screening section mounts and restraints and optional drive mechanisms for rotating the screening body. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
       FIG. 1  shows a system  10  for treating wastewater. The system is primarily intended for treating industrial wastewater. Industrial wastewater tends to have a high chemical oxygen demand (COD), for example 20,000 to 50,000 ppm. A significant portion, for example 50% or more, of the COD may be soluble. The industrial wastewater might, or might not, also have a medium (typically 1-2%) or high (3-5%) total suspended solids (TSS). Industrial wastewater may also have a material concentration of fats, oil or grease (FOG), for example 300 to 4,000 mg/L or about 5 to 15% of the volatile solids (VS) in the industrial wastewater. Optionally, the system may treat a combination of an industrial waste solids stream and an industrial wastewater stream, the combination having characteristics as described above. The waste streams are treated primarily by anaerobic digestion. Optionally, effluent from the anaerobic digester may be subsequently treated with one or more physical, chemical or biological treatments. 
     In the system  10 , influent A is treated in an anaerobic digester  14 . Influent A preferably has characteristics described in the paragraph above. Influent A may be a single stream or a composite, whether mixed or not, of two or more waste streams. Digestate B, alternatively called effluent or sludge, is sent to a solid-liquid separation unit  15 . The solid-liquid separation unit  15  separates the digestate B into a digestate solids portion C and a digestate liquid portion F. The digestate solids portion C is returned to the anaerobic digester  14 . The digestate solids portion C includes suspended solids such as bacteria, non-digested solids and FOG. Returning the digestate solids portion C to the anaerobic digester  14  while removing some or all of the digestate liquid portion F results in the solids retention time (SRT) of the anaerobic digester  14  being higher than its hydraulic retention time (HRT). The total suspended solids (TSS) content of the anaerobic digester  14  is also higher compared to a digester with the same HRT without digestate solids portion C recycle. 
     The anaerobic digester  14  may be one of numerous vessels and configurations including but not limited to continuous stirred tank reactor (CSTR), plug flow reactor (PFR), suspended growth reactor, attached growth reactor or a combination thereof. CSTRs, which include mixed tank reactors generally, are preferred since they are reliable and inexpensive. However, conventional CSTRs with a 20-30 day HRT and SRT are often inefficient due to a low concentration of active biomass. Low concentrations of active biomass require low organic loading rates and large tank volumes due to the need to avoid bacteria washout and provide an adequate food to micro-organism (F/M) ratio. A low solids concentration in conventional digesters also limits the suspended solids concentration that can be tolerated in the influent A. However, the solid-liquid separation unit  15  decouples the SRT from the HRT. The result is an anaerobic digester  14  capable of handling high loading rates of soluble organics and medium loading rates of particulate organics while providing sufficient solids residence time for particulate solids and FOG to undergo hydrolysis, assimilation and degradation. Additionally, the solid-liquid separation unit  15  minimizes the risk of bacteria washout. 
     The digestate liquid portion F is not returned to the anaerobic digester  14  and may be disposed of. For example, the digestate liquid portion F may be sent to a sewer if permitted in a particular location. Optionally, the digestate liquid portion F may be treated further by one or more chemical, physical or biological treatments steps in a polishing unit  17 . Some specific polishing options will be discussed below in relation to  FIGS. 2 to 4 . The polishing unit  17  produces an effluent H. The effluent H is preferably at least closer than digestate liquid portion F to meeting a desired standard for re-use or disposal of the effluent H. In some cases, the polishing unit  17  may also produce a solids stream or sludge, which is referred to generically in  FIG. 1  as polishing solids portion J. Preferably, the polishing solids portion J is returned to the anaerobic digester  14 . Alternatively, the polishing solids portion J may be sent to a dewatering unit  20 , or treated or disposed of by other methods. 
     A digester sludge D is also removed from the anaerobic digester  14 . The digester sludge D may be removed periodically, for example once a day, or continuously. The digester sludge D may be removed from a separate outlet or from a branch of a line carrying the digestate B. The digester sludge D is sent to a dewatering unit  20 , for example a screw press, a centrifuge, a belt filter press or a plate and frame press. The dewatering unit  20  produces a dewatering liquid portion L and a dewatering solids portion K. The dewatering liquid portion L may be disposed of or treated in the system  10  or another facility. For example, the dewatering liquid portion L may optionally be treated in the polishing unit  17 , if any. The dewatering solids portion K is removed from the system  10 . 
     The dewatering solids portion K is typically dried further to produce a cake that is taken, for example, to a landfill, to a composting facility, or to an incinerator. The dewatering solids portion K contains some solids from the influent A that are inert or volatile but difficult to digest in the anaerobic digester  14  in any reasonable SRT, and also excess biomass produced in the anaerobic digester  14 . Removing the digester sludge D, and in particular the dewatering liquid portion K, limits the concentration of inert or difficult to digest solids and biomass in the anaerobic digester  14 . Removing the digester sludge D also provides the primary control of solids retention time (SRT) and solids concentration in the anaerobic digester  14  since solids in the digestate B are mostly recycled to the anaerobic digester  14 . The amount of digester sludge D removed is such that the solids removed balance backwash yield and non-volatile suspended solids entering the anaerobic digester  14 . The bacterial yield is typically about 8 to 10% of the COD removed in the anaerobic digester  14 . 
     Optionally, a side stream from the digestate solids portion C may be removed from the system  10  in place of, or as a supplement to, removing digester sludge D. In this case, the flow of digestate B to the solid-liquid separation unit  15  is increased by the amount of digestate B that would have been removed in digester sludge D. The solid-liquid separation unit  15  handles a larger flow than when digester sludge D is removed directly from the anaerobic digester  14 . The digestate solids portion C is difficult to mix with a polymer, which is required for some types of dewatering unit  20  such as a centrifuge. However, a sidestream from the digestate solids portion C may be dewatered in a plate and frame press, for example, without adding a polymer. Further, although it is usually desirable to remove solids in the form of a dry cake, in some cases waste solids may be used without extensive dewatering, for example by application to agricultural land. In these cases, dewatering unit  20  may be omitted and solids can be removed from the system  10  through digester sludge D, a sidestream from the digestate solids portion C, or from both. 
     The polishing solids portion J, if any, may also be removed from the system  10 . However, the polishing solids portion J is typically a small stream with a low concentration of anaerobic microorganisms, and solids that are mostly digestible. Accordingly, removing solids with the polishing solids portion J might be accounted for but is not likely to replace removing the dewatering solids portion K. The polishing solids portion J is preferably returned to the anaerobic digester  14  since it increases biogas production and reduces the amount of solids to be disposed of. 
     Biogas G is produced in the anaerobic digester  14 . The biogas G may be flared but it is preferably sent to a biogas processing unit  18  to produce one or more of gas products M, heat N or power O. The biogas processing unit  18  may include one or more treatment units to upgrade the biogas G. For example, the biogas G may be treated to remove water vapour, particulates, ammonia or carbon dioxide. The biogas G may be upgraded further for injection into a natural gas pipeline, or otherwise as a replacement for natural gas. Alternatively, the biogas G may be burned on site to create heat, electricity or both. For example, the biogas G may be burned in a turbine of a combined heat and power unit. Heat produced from the biogas G may be used in the system  10 , for example to heat the anaerobic digester  14  or to help dry the dewatering solids portion K to a cake. Electricity produced from the biogas G may be used in the system, for example to power pumps or mixers in the anaerobic digester  14 . 
     The anaerobic digester  14  typically comprises one or more tanks, in series or in parallel or both, with mixers. Mixing in the digester tank is affected by the solids content and viscosity of the digestate in the tank. For example, increasing the solids content from 2.5% to 5% will usually result in a ten-fold increase in viscosity. The anaerobic digester  14  is preferably operated at a total solids (TS) content of 4 to 7%, or 5 to 6%. Operating at a 5 to 6% TS content results in a viscosity of 5 to 7 Pa·s (5,000 to 7,000 cP). Digestate with this viscosity cannot be properly mixed with common mixing systems such as top entry, jet, draft tube, linear or gas mixers. The high viscosity and operating temperature (about 38 degrees C. if mesophilic or about 55 degrees C. if thermophilic) also makes electric submersible mixers inadequate as the electric motors tend to overheat. Installing electrical equipment inside a digester tank may also create risks of explosion associated with biogas in the headspace. 
     Mixing is preferably done with high torque, low speed submersible mixers. UTS Products GmbH in Lippetal, Germany manufactures high solids content submersible mixers driven by a hydraulic motor that are typically used for agricultural or industrial solids digesters. These mixers are controlled through service boxes. The service boxes have a retractable skirt designed to isolate the service box from the digester tank headspace. This allows safe mixer servicing without the need to empty the digester tank or stop operation. The service boxes are installed in the digester cover, one on top of each mixer column guide, to access the mixers for service and to enable repositioning or removal of the mixers. Fixed digester covers or double membrane covers are preferred when using the service boxes. Each mixer uses a 22 kW external hydraulic power unit and circulates biodegradable hydraulic oil. If leaks occur inside the digester then the bacteria can degrade the non-toxic leaked oil. 
     Usually two or more mixers are needed per digester tank, depending on the digester tank dimensions. The mixers are located near the tank perimeter and directed to create a rotational movement of the digestate and also to reintroduce floating layers or crusts back into the bulk of the digestate. The UTS hydraulic power units have the ability to drive up to 5 mixers. The mixers have automatic rotation reversal if a sudden torque increase is detected, which could be attributed to rags or an accumulation of hair or other fibers in the mixer blades. The vertical supporting columns of the mixers allow flexibility in directing and positioning the mixers so that the mixing energy can be effectively used. 
     Mixing is done intermittently, usually 20% of the time. Typical mixing intervals are 10 minutes ON and 40 minutes OFF, although other cycles can be used. Continuous mixing is unnecessary and more energy consuming. Further, propionate inhibition can occur with constant mixing in both mesophilic and thermophilic digesters. 
     The anaerobic digester  14  contains microorganisms, primarily bacteria, to digest the influent A to produce biogas G and digestate B. The anaerobic digester  14  is operated at about a 4 to 7%, preferably 5-6%, TSS content. The digestate B has about the same solids content as the tank of the anaerobic digester  14 . Preferred HRT and SRT depend on the degradability of the influent A, SRT is typically over 25 days. The HRT can be as short as 3 hours for mostly soluble COD or up to 3 days for influent A with high TSS content. 
     The anaerobic digester  14  is preferably heated to maintain the temperature in a mesophilic or thermophilic range. Heating may be done using a recirculating sludge loop from the anaerobic digester, into a heat exchanger, and back to the anaerobic digester  14 . External tube-in-tube or double spiral heat exchangers may be used. Due to the viscosity of the digestate, tube-in-tube exchangers require large passages to reduce head losses and facilitate cleaning, and also require internal static flow deflectors in the sludge side to promote sludge turbulence and increase heat transfer efficiency. This type of tube-in-tube exchanger is available from a few manufacturers and is preferred over spiral exchangers, which usually are more costly and have higher friction losses. The recirculating loop uses a positive displacement pump operated with continuous or intermittent pumping. The recirculating loop preferably has an in line grinder to reduce the risk of a heat exchanger plugging with rags or fibers. 
     The digestate may be pumped continuously through the heat exchanger while hot water is pumped through the exchanger as needed to maintain the desired temperature. In this case, temperature control is done on the hot water side of the heat exchanger, automatically introducing new hot water when needed by means of a temperature control valve. Hot water from a boiler or waste heat from burning biogas G may be used to heat the digestate. A heat pump may also be used to recover some heat from the digestate liquid portion F if it is not useful for a polishing treatment. 
     The solid-liquid separation unit  15  operates at about at a TSS recovery of 90% or more, preferably 95% or more. Since the digestate solids portion C returned to the anaerobic digester  14  adds to the influent flow and must be passed back through the solid liquid separation unit  15 , it is beneficial to maximize the thickening ratio of the solid liquid separation unit  15 . Maximizing the thickening ration of the digestate solids portion C also reduces the rate of polymer consumption in the solid liquid separation unit  15 . Polymer consumption is a function of the solids mass loading (flow rate multiplied by solids concentration) that the solid liquid separation unit  15  receives. Flow rate of digestate, and therefore solids mass loading, are reduced as thickening ratio increases. Increasing the thickening ratio also reduces the size of the solid liquid separation unit  15 , which is also a function of solids mass loading. However, it is not desirable to have to move the digestate solids portion C on a conveyor as a cake. Accordingly, the digestate solids portion C is preferably thickened to near the highest concentration that may be pumped back to the anaerobic digester  14 . 
     The TSS of the digestate solids portion C may be 2 to 3 times or more than the TS of the digestate B. The TSS of the digestate solids portion C in the system  10  may be over 10%, preferably 12 to 14%. For example, digestate B at 4 wt % solids may be thickened to produce a digestate solids portion C at 12 wt %. The rate of flow of digestate B to the solid-liquid separation unit  15  is preferably at least as much as the flow rate (Q) of the influent A. Preferably, the rate of flow of digestate B to the solid-liquid separation unit  15  is at least 110% of Q or at least 120% of Q. 
     The solid-liquid separation unit  15  may be a drum, disc, or screw thickener (alternatively called a screw press, a sludge screw thickener or press or a rotary screw thickener or press). Other devices, such as clarifiers, dissolved or cavitation air flotation units, centrifuge thickeners, and membranes, are not useful for producing a digestate solids portion C with over 6% solids. 
     The solid-liquid separation unit  15  may have a screen or mesh having an opening size in the range of about 200 to 500 microns. Digestate B is pumped, for example with a positive displacement pump, from the anaerobic digester  14  to the solid-liquid separation unit  15 . An in-line grinder can be installed in the pipe feeding the solid-liquid separation unit  15  in cases where the influent A contains fibers or large pieces. Digestate solids portion C, for example at 12% to 14% solids, is sent back to the anaerobic digester  14 . For example, digestate solids portion C may drop from the solid-liquid separation unit  15  into a hopper-fed positive displacement pump such as a rotary lobe or progressive cavity pump. 
     Solids recovery is enhanced by adding a polymer to the digestate B to the solid-liquid separation unit  15 . For example, Polymer E, typically in the form of a dilute solution, may be injected upstream of the solid-liquid separation unit  15 . A high shear static mixer or mixing valve is used to disperse the polymer E into the digestate B. Flocculation is done in the pipe between the pump and the solid-liquid separation unit  15  as the digestate B and polymer E approach the solid-liquid separation unit  15 . Typical polymer doses range from 4 to 6 kg per ton of solids. 
     A preferred solid liquid separation unit  15  is an enclosed rotary screw thickener with an internal screw, designed to receive sludge with high initial solids content (3 to 7%). A suitable screw thickener is described in U.S. Provisional Patent Application 61/636,000 which is incorporated by reference. Such a screw thickener (alternatively called a screw press) has an auger shaft within a screening section, the auger shaft having an increased diameter towards an outlet end of the screw press. The screening section has openings sized to remove floc from sludge (for example digestate B), for example 200 to 500 microns or wedgewire with a slot opening in the range from about 0.25 mm to about 0.75 mm. The screening section may be selectively fixed or allowed to rotate. A sprayer system can be used to spray water against the outside of the screening section. The screening section is cleaned periodically by spraying water against the screening section while rotating it. The screening section is enclosed. 
     A screw thickener generally as described in U.S. Provisional Patent Application 61/636,000 is available commercially from UTS. This thickener is enclosed, uses low energy, has low polymer demand and achieves high solids capture. It is designed to receive up to 5 to 7% solids influent and to produce a 12 to 14% solids digestate solids portion C. Such a screw press will be described further below with reference to  FIGS. 5 and 6 . 
       FIG. 5  shows a screw press  110  having an inlet end  106  and an outlet end  108 . The screw press  110  has a cylindrical screening body  112  and a frame  116 . The screening body  112  has a non-porous inlet section  120 , a porous screening section  122  and a non-porous outlet section  124 . The frame  116  similarly has an inlet portion  126 , a central portion  128  and an outlet portion  130 . The inlet portion  126  of the frame  116  may share components with or support the inlet section  120  of the screening body  112 . The central portion  128  of the frame  116  at least partially surrounds the screening section  122  of the screening body  112 . The outlet portion  130  of the frame  116  may share components with or support the outlet section  124  of the screening body  112 . 
     The screw press  110  also has an auger  114  and a drive mechanism  118 . The auger  114  is located within the screening body  112  and is supported by the frame  116 . In particular, the auger  114  and screening body  112  are concentric about a central axis  132  of the screw press  110 . One end of a shaft  160  of the auger  114  is supported through a bearing (not shown) on a stationary post  134  attached to the outlet portion  130  of the frame  116 . The other end of the auger shaft  160  of the auger  114  is supported on a drive shaft  136  of the drive mechanism  118 . A blade  158  of the auger  114  is attached in a spiral around the auger shaft  160  and extends towards, or optionally touches, the inside of the screening body  112 . The drive mechanism  118  is attached to the inlet portion  126  of the frame  116  and comprises a motor  138  and a gearbox  140 . The frame  116  is supported on the ground through a frame  141 . 
     The inlet portion  126  of the frame  116  has an inlet  142  to receive a feed mixture  144  such as digestate B. The central portion  128  of the frame  116  has a liquid outlet  146  to discharge a liquid fraction  148 , such as digestate liquid portion F, of the feed mixture  144 . The outlet portion  130  of the frame  116  has a solids outlet  150  to discharge a solids fraction  152 , such as digestate solids portion C, of the feed mixture  144 . The liquid fraction  148  may have some solids remaining in it but at a reduced solids concentration relative to the feed mixture  144 . The solids fraction  152  may have some liquid in it but at a higher solids concentration than the feed mixture  144 . 
     In operation, the feed mixture  144  is pumped into the inlet  142  at an initial pressure. The drive mechanism  118  rotates the auger  114  causing the blade  158  to convey the feed mixture  144  along the screening body  112 . The auger  114  preferably also increases the pressure of the feed mixture  144 . Liquid and fine solids in the feed mixture  144  are forced through the screening body  112 . These liquids and fine solids are collected in the central portion  128  of the frame  116  and discharged through liquid outlet  146 . The remainder of the feed mixture  44  exits the screening body  112  after passing by a counter pressure cone  160 . Counter pressure cone  160  is biased towards the screening body  112  by a biasing mechanism  162  such as a set of springs or a pneumatic cylinder. The solids fraction  152  drops from the end of the screening body  112  and is discharged from the frame  116  through the solids outlet  150 . 
     The internal volume of the screening section  122  preferably decreases towards the outlet end  108  of the screw press  110 . This helps maintain pressure in the screening section  122  even though the liquids fraction  148  is removed from the feed mixture  144 . A decreasing volume may be obtained by reducing the diameter of the screening section  122 . Alternatively, the pitch of the blades  158  may be decreased towards the outlet end  8  of the screw press. Both of these methods, however, prevent the use of a blade  158  having a uniform outer diameter and pitch, which is more easily manufactured to a tight fit with the screening section  122 . In the screw press  110  of  FIG. 5 , a decreasing internal volume is provided by increasing the diameter of at least a portion of the shaft  160  towards the outlet end  108  of the screw press  110 . 
     The screening section  122  of the screening body  112  has openings of a size and shape adapted to provide a selected degree of separation. For example, the screening section  122  may have smaller openings suited to separating flocculated solids from the digestate B. For example, the screening section  122  may be made from wedgewire with a slot opening in the range from about 0.25 mm to about 0.75 mm. Alternatively, the screening section  122  may be made of other materials or have openings in the range of about 200 to 500 microns. 
     Although any screw press may benefit from having a convenient cleaning method, cleaning is required more frequently when the screening section  122  has small openings. In particular, when the screw press  110  is used to thicken sludge, dismantling the screw press  110  for cleaning is undesirable. The screw press  110  is fitted with a sprayer system  170  to allow cleaning by spraying water against the outside of the screening section  122 . When cleaning is required, water is pumped through a manifold  172  to a series of sprayer heads  174  located inside of the central portion  128  of the frame  116 . The screw press  110  of  FIG. 5  has one manifold  172 , but there may be multiple manifolds  172  spaced around the circumference of the screening body  112 . 
     The water sprayed against the screening section  122  moistens and breaks up accumulations of solids caught in the openings of the screening section. Some of the water may also force its way through the openings of the screening section  122  in a reverse direction. The water is preferably heated. In order to assist the water in cleaning the screening section  122 , the supply of feed mixture  144  may be stopped while the auger  114  continues to rotate for a period of time before the water is sprayed. This reduces the volume or pressure, or both, of the feed mixture  144  inside the screening section  122 . 
     Referring to  FIG. 6 , the screening section  122  may be made up of screen panels  182  having openings  184 . In the construction shown in  FIG. 6 , the screening section  122  is made up of segments  184  each having a cylindrical screen panel  182  attached to a forward flange  186  and a rearward flange  188 . The screening section is built up by attaching the rearward flange  188  of one segment  184  to the forward flange  186  of another segment  184 , optionally by way of fasteners  190 . Other methods of constructing a screening section  122  may also be used. 
     Referring back to  FIG. 5 , a forward flange  186  at one end of the screening section  122  is held within a receiver  194  attached to the frame  116  through the inlet section  120  of the screening body  112 . Alternatively, the receiver  194  may be attached directly to the frame  116 . The receiver  194  contains a bearing, such as a brass or plastic ring or a race of ball bearings, and allows rotation of the screening section  122 . Similarly, a receiver  194  is attached to the frame  116  and holds, but allows rotation of, the other end of the screening section  122 . This second receiver  194  may hold a rearward flange  188  or a supplementary flange  192  fastened to a rearward flange  188 . In this way, at least the screening section  122  of the screening body  112  is allowed to rotate about the central axis  132 . Optionally, one or more non-porous parts of the screening body  112  may also be allowed to rotate. Optionally, intermediate bearing mechanisms  196  may be provided to support, but allow rotation of, the screening section  122 . 
     Referring back to  FIG. 6 , each bearing mechanism  196  has a roller  198  supported through a post  200  by the frame  116 . The roller  198  spins on an axle  202  supported by the post  200 . Three or more bearing mechanisms  196  may be spaced around the circumference of the frame  116  at each longitudinal position shown in  FIG. 5  to better support and center the screening section  122 . A lever  204  supported on the end of an axle  202  is attached to an actuator  206 . When the actuator  206  is moved to the left, the lever  204  bears against a forward flange  186 . The lever  204  may apply friction to reduce the speed of rotation of the screening section  122  or to stop the screening section  122  from rotating. Moving the actuator  206  to the right lessens or removes the friction. Moving the actuator  206  even further to the right moves the lever  204  to the outside of the forward flange  186  so that the screening section  122  can be pulled out of, or inserted into, the frame  116 . 
     An alternative mechanism for supporting or facilitating a desired rotation of the screening section  122  is shown at the top of  FIG. 6 . In this alternative, rearward flanges  188  are made in the form of ring gears. A gear shaft  210  supported by the frame  116  is fitted with gears  212  that engage the rearward flanges  188 . The gear shaft  210  may be supported by the frame  116  at intermediate positions to allow the gears  212  to help support or center the screening section  122 . Alternatively or additionally, the gear shaft  210  may be attached to a brake such that the gear shaft  210  can be used to stop or slow the rotation of the screening section  122 . Alternatively or additionally, the gear shaft  210  may be connected to the gearbox  140  of the drive mechanism  118 , or to a separate drive mechanism, so that the gear shaft  210  can be used to drive the rotation of the screening section  122 . 
     When rotation of the screening section  122  is not restrained, the screening section  122  will tend to rotated with the auger  114  due to friction between the auger  114  and the screening section  122 . Optionally, the screening section  122  may be forced to rotate with the auger  114  by actuating a releasable connection (not shown) between the auger  114  and the screening section  122 . Alternatively, the screening section  122  may be driven by the drive mechanism  118  without applying force through the auger  114 , for example by use of the gear shaft  210  of  FIG. 6 . In all of these examples, the motor  138  is used, directly or indirectly, to rotate the screening section  122 . A separate motor may also be used to rotate the screening section  122 . In some of the examples above, the screening section  122  may be rotated when the auger  114  is not rotating or at a different speed than the auger  114 . In some other examples, such as applying some friction to the screening section  122  while the auger  114  is rotating, the screening section  122  can only be rotated while the auger  114  is rotated but the screening section  122  may rotate at a different speed than the auger  114 . 
     The screening section  122  is preferably rotated while water is sprayed against it during the cleaning process described above. Rotating the screening section  122  allows each part of the screening section to pass under a line of sprayer heads  174 . Multiple manifolds  172  are not required. Rotating the screening section  122  also allows each part of the screening section  122  to be placed at or near the top of the screening section  122  so that gravity may assist in the cleaning. Rotating the screening section  122  also avoids having the bottom of the screening section  122  accumulate solids that fall from upper parts of the screening section  122  during cleaning. Optionally, the screening section  122  may be stopped and the auger  114  may be rotated for a period of time during or after the cleaning procedure to convey backwashed solids out of the screening section  122 . Alternatively, the auger  114  may be rotated at a faster speed than the screening section  122  during the cleaning process to convey material released during cleaning out of the screening section  122 . 
     After the cleaning procedure, the screening section  122  is restrained from rotating, the auger  114  resumes or continues normal rotation, and the supply of feed mixture  144  is restarted. The screening section  122  is typically prevented from rotating during operation of the filter press  110  except when cleaning the screening section  122 . 
     A rotary drum thickener might also be used, but is less desirable. In these, a screen drum rotates with internal welded flights moving the sludge forward as it drains. Some commercially available models can produce a solids content of 8 to 10%, but a solids content in the digestate solids portion C of over 10%, or over 12% is preferred. Rotary drum thickeners are also typically limited to a solids concentration of the digestate D of 3% or less which would prevent operating the anaerobic digester  14  at the preferred solids content of 4 to 7%. Rotary drum thickeners are also less efficient than rotary screw thickeners and are rarely enclosed. An enclosed device is preferred for odor control, since ammonia and hydrogen sulfide would otherwise escape to the atmosphere. Thickening centrifuges can also be used, but these are more costly than screw thickeners and require more energy to operate. 
     The anaerobic digester  14  may operate, for example, at 5% solids with a return of digestate solids portion C thickened to 12-14% solids. Since the solid-liquid separation device  15  returns most of the living bacteria, and the soluble fraction of the influent A promotes rapid bacteria growth, a significant portion of the solids in the anaerobic digester  14  is living bacteria. The F/M ratio can therefore be high relative to standards based on the digester solids content. The anaerobic digester  14  may operate with an organic loading rate (OLR) of about 10-12 kg COD/m3-day. The loading rate of particulate COD can be up to 7 kg COD/m3-d. 
     Ammonia is produced in the anaerobic digester from organic nitrogen being mineralized to ammonia. Alkalinity may need to be added to the anaerobic digester  14  to allow operation with ammonia in the digestate. 
     Digestate liquid portion F may have various contaminants, in particular TSS, COD and ammonia. The TSS concentration is typically in the range of 1,000 to 3,000 mg/L. If the digestate liquid portion F cannot be discharged, for example to a sewer, it may be treated first in the polishing unit  17 . Some examples of polishing units  17  are shown in  FIGS. 2 to 4 . 
     In  FIG. 2 , a first polishing unit  17 A has a dissolved air flotation unit  22 . The dissolved air flotation unit  22  is effective primarily to reduce the suspended solids concentration of the digestate liquid portion F. Chemicals  24 , for example one or more of a coagulant and a polymer, may be added to the digestate liquid portion F. The chemicals  24  help create a floc that floats with micro-bubbles in the dissolved air flotation unit. Solids are recovered in the float and may be returned to the anaerobic digester  14  as polishing solids portion J. The effluent H left after the float is removed still contains COD and ammonia but is suitable for discharge to a sewer in many places. A cavitation air flotation device may be used with chemicals  24  in a similar way. Alternatively, tubular cross flow membranes may also be used to remove suspended solids from the digestate liquid portion F without the use of chemicals  24 . 
     In  FIG. 3 , a second polishing unit  17 B provides biological nutrient removal. If there is a requirement for high quality effluent H for discharge to a water course or for reuse, then it is usually necessary to remove nitrogen, COD and suspended solids with aerobic biological treatment. Aerobic treatment could be by a conventional activated sludge system with nitrogen removal, a membrane bioreactor, or an attached growth system. The second polishing unit  17 B shown is a membrane bioreactor having an anoxic tank  26 , an aerobic tank  28  and an aerobic membrane tank  30 . Alternatively, a clarifier could be substituted for the aerobic membrane tank  30  to create a conventional activated sludge process, optionally with a downstream tertiary filter. Return activated sludge (RAS) is recycled from the separation tank  30  to the anoxic tank  26 . Waste activated sludge (WAS) is taken from the separation tank  30  to a rotary drum thickener  32 . Filtrate R from the rotary drum thickener  32  is sent to the anoxic tank  26 . The recycle through the anoxic tank  26  and aerobic tank  28  removes nitrogen by way of a nitrification—denitrification process. Thickened WAS from the rotary drum thickener  32  may be returned to the anaerobic digester  14  as polishing solids portion J. 
     In  FIG. 4 , a third polishing unit  17 C comprises an anaerobic membrane bioreactor. Digestate liquid portion F is received in a mixing tank  34  and then passes to a membrane tank  36 . Both tanks  34 ,  36  are covered. A biogas compressor  38  recirculates biogas to a membrane unit in the membrane tank  36 . Return sludge S flows from the membrane tank  36  to the mixing tank  34 . The mixing tank  34  allows the membrane tank to operate without over concentrating. The flow rate of return sludge S may be about 3 or 4 times the flow rate of the digestate liquid portion F. For example, the membrane tank might operate at a mixed liquor suspended solids (MLSS) concentration of about 8,000 mg/L while the mixing tank has an MLSS of about 6,000 mg/L. A portion of the return sludge S is removed as waste sludge and returned to the anaerobic digester  14  as polishing solids portion J. The third polishing unit  17 C removes colloidal solids due to the membrane filter. However, because an aerobic biomass is not generated, the membrane surface area and aeration energy required are much lower than for the second polishing unit  17 B. Removing colloidal solids provides increased reduction in TSS and measured COD relative to the first polishing unit  17 A but the ammonia concentration is not significantly reduced. Optionally, an ammonia stripper may be added to the third polishing unit  17 C to recover ammonia for reuse. 
     In comparison, industrial wastewater with a (COD) of 20,000 to 50,000 ppm and up to 1.5% solids could be treated with a DAF unit followed by an anaerobic granular sludge reactor. The DAF unit thickens the wastewater to about 4% solids for feeding to the granular reactor. However, raw industrial wastewater at 4% solids is not typically fed to granular reactors. Raw wastewater at more than about 2% solids tends to have larger solid particles and FOG which are not tolerated by granular reactors and would need to be removed in upstream processes. Removed solids and grease have to be hauled off from industries and do not contribute to the biogas and energy generated. Accordingly, the system  10  is able to receive and treat a wider range of industrial wastes. The system  10  also avoids some operational difficulties with granular sludge systems, such as slow start up and seeding procedures, and avoids the risk of washing out suspended granular biomass. 
     In a modelling exercise, the system  10  was compared to a system having a DAF unit followed by an expanded granular sludge bed (EGSB) reactor. The influent was assumed to be a 0.5 MGD flow of industrial wastewater having 22,800 mg/L tCOD; 10,800 mg/L sCOD; and 10,000 mg/L (1%) TSS. Capital costs for the systems were similar, although the system  10  was about 5% less expensive. The operating cost of the system  10  was over 40% less than the operating cost of the DAF-EGSB system. The cost savings were due in large part to a reduction in solids disposal costs. Although not factored into the operating costs, the system  10  also produced more than twice as much biogas as the DAF-EGSB system. The biogas could be sold or used within the system  10  to further reduce the operating cost and energy consumption of the system  10 . 
     In the description above, the terms solids portion and liquid portion indicate the higher solids content and lower solids content, respectively, of two streams produced from a solid-liquid separation device. The solids portion still contains some liquid, and the liquid portion still contains some solids. Depending on the particular solid-liquid separation device used, the solids portion might be called screenings, cake, retentate, reject, thickened solids, sludge, bottoms or by other terms. The liquid portion might be called effluent, permeate, filtrate, centrate or by other terms. 
     The word “digestate” is sometimes used in the art to refer specifically to the liquid portion of an effluent stream taken from an anaerobic digester. In this specification, however, digestate B is used to refer to a stream drawn from a digester before it is separated. Parts of this specification also relate to anaerobic digesters in the form of mixed tanks or CSTRs. In these cases, the word digestate is also used to refer to the entire mixed contents of the tank and digestate B withdrawn from the tank is similar in composition to digestate in the tank. 
     Unless stated otherwise or apparent form the context, solids contents or concentrations mentioned in this specification are total suspended solids (TSS). In digestate, the total solids (TS) is approximately the same as dried solids (DS) and roughly 10% higher than total suspended solids (TSS). For example, a 5% DS digestate may have 46,000 mg/L of TSS and 4000 mg/L total dissolved solids (TDS). Accordingly, solids contents or concentrations of one type given in this specification can generally be substituted with TS or DS concentrations without causing a material difference in the process. 
     The descriptions of processes and apparatus above are to provide at least one example of an embodiment within each claim but not to limit or define any claim. However, it is possible that a particular process or apparatus described above is not within a specific claim. Process parameters are given as examples of how a system may be operated and are not meant to limit a claim unless explicitly recited in a claim. Other processes for similar applications might operate at parameters within ranges that are 50% or 100% larger in both directions than the parameter ranges described above, or within a 50% or 100% variation from a single parameter described above. If one or more elements or steps described above are used to treat other wastes or under other conditions, then one or more process ranges described above might not be suitable and would be substituted with other appropriate parameters. Various sub sets of the unit processes described in relation to system  10  can be used in other treatment plants. Various sub sets of unit processes in the system  10  described above may also be combined in ways other than those described to produce different systems. Words such as “may”, “preferable” or “typical”, or variations of them in the description above, indicate that a process step or apparatus element is possible, preferable or typical, according to the word used, but still optional and not necessarily part of any claimed invention unless explicitly included in a claim.