Patent Publication Number: US-11375962-B2

Title: Fast foreign object scanner for scanning human bodies

Description:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     Field of the Invention 
     The present invention relates to a scanner for human bodies, particularly a scanner for foreign objects, such as a scanner used in forensic applications. 
     Description of the Related Art 
     Conventional scanners, such as those exemplified by U.S. Pat. No. 7,873,142 B2, suffer from a problem of fast overheating of X-Ray source and interruption of the scanning process for its cooling, and, as a consequence, relatively low throughput. 
     The use of X-ray radiation sources with high parameters of the anode current up to 400 mA has several main challenges:
         fast heating of the x-ray tube, which limits the scanning time to 13-15 seconds;   a long period of time of inactivity between the scan to cool the x-ray tube;   the low period of the lifetime of the x-ray tube and the high cost of replacing it.       

     Accordingly, there is a need in the art for a forensic foreign object scanner that addresses these problems. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     The invention relates to a fast forensic foreign object scanner that substantially overcomes one or more disadvantages of the related art. 
     In an exemplary embodiment, the use of a new combination of a low-current X-ray source up to 2.5 mA and a detector with TDS technology makes it possible to obtain continuously high-quality X-ray photographs without limiting the scanning time and without forced inactivity to cool the X-ray source. 
     Additional features and advantages of the invention will be set forth in the description that follows, and in part will be apparent from the description, or may be learned by practice of the invention. The advantages of the invention will be realized and attained by the structure particularly pointed out in the written description and claims hereof as well as the appended drawings. 
     It is to be understood that both the foregoing general description and the following detailed description are exemplary and explanatory and are intended to provide further explanation of the invention as claimed. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE ATTACHED FIGURES 
       The accompanying drawings, which are included to provide a further understanding of the invention and are incorporated in and constitute a part of this specification, illustrate embodiments of the invention and together with the description serve to explain the principles of the invention. 
       In the drawings: 
         FIG. 1  is a perspective three-dimensional view of the foreign object scanner of the present invention. 
         FIG. 2  is another perspective three-dimensional view of the foreign object scanner of the present invention. 
         FIG. 3  is a side view of the foreign object scanner of the present invention. 
         FIG. 4  is a different side view of the foreign object scanner of the present invention. 
         FIG. 5  is a top view of the foreign object scanner of the present invention. 
         FIG. 6  is a perspective three-dimensional view of the foreign object scanner of the present invention with the table out. 
         FIG. 7  is another perspective three-dimensional view of the foreign object scanner of the present invention with the table out. 
         FIG. 8  is a system block diagram of the system. 
         FIG. 9  is a view looking horizontally towards the head of the body 
         FIG. 10  is a different side view of C-frame (C-arm). 
         FIGS. 11A-11B  is a perspective three-dimensional view of C-frame. 
         FIGS. 12A-12B  show additional views of the C-frame and the detector arrays. 
         FIG. 13  is a positioning precision of the electromagnetic drive. 
         FIG. 14  is a layout of detector boards on the C-frame. 
         FIG. 15 - FIG. 20  show perspective views of a variation of the design with sliding doors. 
         FIG. 21 - FIG. 23  show perspective views of a variation of the design in a lightweight version. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
     Reference will now be made in detail to the preferred embodiments of the present invention, examples of which are illustrated in the accompanying drawings. 
     In order to solve the problem of generating a high-contrast image of the entire human body in a rapid manner, the following combination of elements is utilized for a scanner  100  (see  FIG. 1 ). 
     A set of detector arrays  1002  (see  FIGS. 10 and 14 ) are located on the C-frame  102  (see  FIG. 6 ) (which is itself mounted on a gantry  104 , see  FIG. 1 ), at the same radius from a focal point of the X-ray source. In the particular example, the radius is 1237.6 mm, although, obviously, the particular radius depends on engineering design considerations. In the exemplary embodiment, the active length of each detector array is 153.6 mm and the active width of each detector array is 6.4 mm Each detector array has 64 pixel lines and the size of each pixel is 0.1×0.1 mm. A total of 7 detector arrays are used in this example. The radius line is perpendicular to the center of each detector array  1002  (see  FIG. 14 ). The width of the table  106  (see  FIG. 1 ) that is transparent to the X-rays is 830 mm, in the exemplary embodiment. 
     Such an arrangement of the detector arrays  1002  permits to (1) considerably increase the width of the transparent portion of the table  106  (i.e., the width of the object/body being scanned), while keeping the overall dimensions of the scanner to a minimum; and (2) to generate an image of the object with minimal geometric distortions, which, in turn, permits to (3) use algorithms for generating a high-contrast image. 
     The scanner system includes the following components (see system block diagram in  FIG. 8 ):
         The stand includes:
           Frame  110 ;   Linear drive;   
           Rotating mechanism;   C-frame  102 ;   Detector (see elements  1002  in  FIGS. 10 and 14 );   Radiation system composed of:
           X-Ray generator  902  (see  FIG. 9 );   Collimator;   
           Position control system;   Lifting table;   Electrical cabinet;   Electric equipment;   Casings;   Operator&#39;s AWS composed of:
           Remote control;   Acquisition workstation.   
               

     The rotating mechanism, C-frame, detector and radiation system form a production unit of the system. 
     The use of the selected parameters of the X-ray generator and the detector arrays permit (1) a continuous imaging process that does not require interruptions for cooling of the X-ray source, (2) using TDS technology. The image is processed using a computer, where it is possible to adjust multi-threaded distributed computing using capabilities of a multi-core processor. A 2D digital image is formed so that the number of elements (pixels) along one coordinate (in the scanning direction) is determined by the number of scanning steps (number of counting) and the number of detectors in the direction perpendicular to the scanning direction along the other coordinate. For high speed data processing from the detector and image generation, a personal computer with a processor INTEL CORE i7-8700 or better may be used. Moreover, it is possible to programmatically adjust the priority of distributed computing using the capabilities of multi-thread multi-core computing. This allows to evenly use the computational capabilities of the processor, making the calculation process more productive and reliable. 
     The detector receives X-rays and generates images in TDS (Time Delayed Summation) mode. This is when an object moves across the detector in such a way the same area is imaged by each row of the detector at a time allowing each row to be summed to get a more statistically accurate sample of that section of the object. These samples form lines in the output image and so form a complete scan of the object. 
     In TDS mode, detector pixel values are shifted along rows during image acquisition to compensate for detector motion. This detector is a non-scintillating detector type (e.g., cadmium-telluride) to directly count the photons. 
     This detector allows to generate good quality X-Ray image using relatively low-current X-ray sources, e.g., up to 2.5 mA current requirements for the X-ray source. Compare this with conventional scanners that use scintillator-type detectors, and require a source that has a max current of 400 mA—which means it can only work in this regime only 13-15 sec, and then requires to be off-line for cooling. This, in turn, forces the source to move at high speed, relative to the object being scanned. The present scanner does not need such high speed because doesn&#39;t need cooling after each scanning (in the exemplary embodiment, the scanner has an X-ray source with max. current of 2.5 mA, 200 kV, focal spot 0.8 mm, fan angle of 49.7°, see  FIG. 14 , in one example). 
     The use of an electromagnetic drive permits high-precision in positioning of the C-frame (and of the detector arrays), while the movement of the C-frame is relatively smooth in the lateral direction (the amplitude of the vibrations is less than 50 microns, which again assists in generating a high-quality high-contrast image). The electromagnetic drive is a linear synchronous motor that includes a moving element (anchor) and a magnetic strip (stator). The anchor has a magnetic geared drive that fits into the windings, which is sealed with a thermally conductive compound. The stator includes rare earth magnets of alternating polarity. A typical gap between the anchor and the stator is about 1 mm High positioning precision (see  FIG. 13 , where positioning precision is about 7 microns) is enabled by the fact that no mechanical coupling is needed—this permits high precision of the motor, high reliability, highly stable electromotive force, accurate and high acceleration, and very precise movement and positioning. 
     Given the large width of the table that is possible with the proposed arrangement of the detectors, a body up to 250 kg can be placed on the table and scanned (see  FIG. 9 , showing a view looking horizontally towards the head of the body, exemplary dimensions listed in mm). A larger scanning area (830×2100 mm) is also possible with the proposed arrangement, compared to conventional solutions. 
     The basic design of the scanner  100 , shown in ( FIG. 1 - FIG. 5 ), can have various variants of the design while retaining its basic structural functionality, which allows to obtain high-contrast high-quality images. 
     The basic design can be modified in the X-ray protective design with sliding doors  1502  (see various perspective views shown in  FIG. 15 - FIG. 20 ), which allows to use the scanner without a special X-ray protective room. 
     In the another version, the basic structure can be modified in the lightweight version ( FIG. 21 - FIG. 23 ), which allows to reduce its overall weight, dimensions and provide the visibility of the table with the patient and the scanning process from three sides. while maintaining the specified rigidity of the structure 
     The direct photon counting detector can operate in a dual-energy mode. The advantage of using two energies in comparison with one is the ability to recognize different materials by atomic number (Z), which is achieved by comparing the degree of attenuation of x-rays for different energies, depending on the atomic number of the material. 
     For dual-energy technology, the estimate is based on the ratio between the low-energy (SE1) and high-energy (SE2) signals from the detector. 
     The ratio of the logarithms of the detector responses by the channels for low and high energies is unique for a given effective atomic number in a fairly wide range of atomic numbers of the elements contained in the identified material: 
     
       
         
           
             
               
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     By recognizing the atomic numbers of the elements, it is possible to determine various organic and inorganic materials and with the use of the color palette to color them in different colors. This facilitates the process of detecting various foreign inorganic and organic inclusions in the patient&#39;s body under study. 
     As a further example, the proposed scanner for human bodies can be used for estimate the density of human bodies bones. That allows to diagnose osteoporosis before a broken bone occurs. This test helps to estimate the density of the bones and reduce the chance of breaking a bone. 
     Having thus described a preferred embodiment, it should be apparent to those skilled in the art that certain advantages of the described method and apparatus have been achieved. 
     It should also be appreciated that various modifications, adaptations, and alternative embodiments thereof may be made within the scope and spirit of the present invention. The invention is further defined by the following claims.