Patent Publication Number: US-11654334-B2

Title: Multi-piece solid golf ball

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION 
     This application is a continuation-in-part of copending application Ser. No. 17/216,790 filed on Mar. 30, 2021, claiming priority based on Japanese Patent Application No. 2020-081966 filed in Japan on May 7, 2020, the entire contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference. 
    
    
     TECHNICAL FIELD 
     The present invention relates to a multi-piece solid golf ball composed of four or more layers that include a core, an envelope layer, an intermediate layer and a cover. 
     BACKGROUND ART 
     Many innovations have been made in designing golf balls with a multilayer construction, and numerous balls that satisfy the needs of not only professional golfers, but also skilled and mid-level amateur golfers, have been developed to date. For example, 20 functional multi-piece solid golf balls in which the surface hardnesses of the respective layers—i.e., the core, envelope layer, intermediate layer and cover (outermost layer)—have been optimized are in wide use. Also, a number of technical disclosures have been published that focus on the hardness profile of the core which accounts for most of the ball volume and, by creating various core interior hardness designs, provide high-performance golf balls for 25 professional golfers and mid-level to skilled amateur golfers. 
     Examples of such literature include JP-A H09-248351, JP-A 2006-326301, JP-A 2007-319667, JP-A 2012-071163, JP-A 2007-330789. JP-A 2008-068077, JP-A 2009-095364, JP-A 2016-101254 and JP-A 2016-116627. These disclosures, all of which relate to golf balls having a multilayer construction of four or more layers, focus on, for example, the 30 surface hardnesses of the respective layers—namely, the core, the envelope layer, the intermediate layer and the cover (outermost layer), the relationship between the ball diameter and the core diameter, and the core hardness profile. 
     However, there remains room for improvement in optimizing the hardness profile of the core and the thickness relationship among the layers in these prior-art golf balls. That is, these golf balls, even if they are able to retain a good distance on driver (W #1) shots when hit by mid-level to skilled amateur golfers whose head speeds are not as fast as those of professionals, often fall short in terms of their distance on iron shots. Moreover, with some of these prior-art golf balls, when an attempt is made to obtain a superior distance performance not only on driver shots but also on iron shots, a sufficiently high spin rate on approach shots cannot be achieved, resulting in a ball that does not have a high playability or that has a poor feel at impact on full shots. Accordingly, there exists a desire for the development of a golf ball for mid-level and skilled amateur golfers which, along with having an even further improved flight performance and a good feel, also has a high playability in the short game. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     It is therefore an object of the present invention to provide a golf ball which, when used by mid-level and skilled amateur golfers whose head speeds are not as fast as those of professional golfers, can retain a satisfactory distance on driver shots and also is able to achieve a superior distance on iron shots, has an excellent spin performance on approach shots and is thus optimal in the short game, and moreover has a soft yet good feel at impact on all shots. 
     As a result of extensive investigations. I have discovered that, in a golf ball having a core, an envelope layer, an intermediate layer and a cover, certain desirable effects can be achieved by forming the cover so as to be soft using preferably a urethane resin material as the cover material, by forming the intermediate layer so as to be harder than the cover, by forming the envelope layer as one or a plurality of layers that are softer than the intermediate layer and harder than the surface of the rubber core and by, in the core hardness profile and hardness gradient designs, optimizing the relationship among the hardness gradient from the center of the core to a position 4 mm away, the hardness gradient from a midpoint of the core radius to positions 4 mm away in the center direction and in the surface direction and the hardness gradient from a position 4 mm away from the core surface to the core surface. Namely, the spin rate of the golf ball on full shots can be held down more than in conventional golf balls, resulting in an improved distance. In particular, on full shots with a driver (W #1) or an iron, the ball does not incur excessive spin, enabling a good distance to be achieved, yet the ball is receptive to spin in the short game. In addition, the ball can be imparted with a soft feel at impact. I have found in particular that, for the ordinary mid-level or skilled amateur golfer, a superior distance can be achieved even on iron shots while retaining a good distance on driver (W #1) shots, in addition to which the spin performance on approach shots can be maintained at a high level, thus achieving a superior golf ball that has a high playability. Here, “mid-level or skilled amateur” corresponds to amateur golfers having handicaps of about 15 or less, with mid-level amateurs having a handicap of from 10 to 15 and skilled amateurs having a handicap of 9 or less. 
     Accordingly, the invention provides a multi-piece solid golf ball having a core, an envelope layer, an intermediate layer and a cover, the core being formed of a rubber composition as one or more layer, the envelope layer being formed of a resin material as one or more layer and the intermediate layer and the cover each being formed of a resin material as a single layer. In the golf ball of the invention, the core has a diameter of from 35.1 to 41.3 mm; the ratio (core diameter)/(ball diameter) has a value of at least 0.825; and the core has a hardness profile in which, letting Cc be the Shore C hardness at a center of the core, Cc+4 be the Shore C hardness 4 mm outward from the core center, Cm be the Shore C hardness at a midpoint M between the core center and a surface of the core, Cm-4 and Cm+4 be the respective Shore C hardnesses at positions 4.0 mm inward and 4.0 mm outward from the midpoint M, Cs be the Shore C hardness at the core surface and Cs−4 be the Shore C hardness 4 mm inward from the core surface and defining surface areas A to D as follows: 
     surface area A: ½×4×(Cc+4−Cc) 
     surface area B: ½×4×(Cm−Cm−4) 
     surface area C: ½×4×(Cm+4−Cm) 
     surface area D: ½×4×(Cs−Cs−4), 
     the ratio (surface area C)/(surface area A) has a value of 0.5 or more and Cs−Cc has a value of 20 or more. Also, the center hardness of the core, surface hardness of the core, surface hardness of the sphere obtained by encasing the core with the envelope layer (envelope layer-encased sphere), surface hardness of the sphere obtained by encasing the envelope layer-encased sphere with the intermediate layer (intermediate layer-encased sphere) and surface hardness of the ball have Shore C hardness relationships therebetween which satisfy the following conditions:
 
core surface hardness&lt;surface hardness of envelope layer-encased sphere&lt;surface hardness of intermediate layer-encased sphere&gt;ball surface hardness, and  (1)
 
(surface hardness of envelope layer-encased sphere)−(center hardness of core)≥28.  (2)
 
     Moreover, the envelope layer, intermediate layer and cover have respective thicknesses which satisfy the following condition:
 
cover thickness&lt;intermediate layer thickness  (3)
 
cover thickness&lt;envelope layer thickness  (4)
 
envelope layer thickness 0.8 mm.  (5)
 
     In another preferred embodiment of the inventive golf ball, the ratio (surface area D)/(surface area B) in the core hardness profile has a value of 0.5 or more. 
     In yet another preferred embodiment, the envelope layer has a higher material hardness than the cover. 
     In still another preferred embodiment, the cover material has a Shore D hardness of not more than 53. 
     In a further preferred embodiment, the core center hardness (Cc) is not more than 60. 
     In a still further preferred embodiment, (surface hardness of envelope layer-encased sphere)−(center hardness of core) in formula (2) has a value of at least 30. 
     In another preferred embodiment, the core has a deflection when compressed under a final load of 1,275 N (130 kgf) from an initial load of 98 N (10 kgf) of at least 3.9 mm, and the ball has a deflection when compressed under a final load of 1,275 N (130 kgf) from an initial load of 98 N (10 kgf) of at least 2.8 mm. 
     In still another preferred embodiment, a coating layer is formed on a surface of the cover and the coating layer and the cover have respective material hardnesses such that the value obtained by subtracting the material hardness of the coating layer from the material hardness of the cover is, on the Shore C hardness scale, at least −20 and not more than 25. 
     In a further preferred embodiment, the material of the intermediate layer includes a high-acid ionomer resin having an acid content of at least 16 wt %. 
     In a still further preferred embodiment, the intermediate layer and envelope layer have respective thicknesses which satisfy the following condition
 
intermediate layer thickness≤envelope layer thickness.
 
     ADVANTAGEOUS EFFECTS OF THE INVENTION 
     The multi-piece solid golf ball of the invention does not incur excessive spin on driver (W #1) shots and iron shots, enabling a good distance to be achieved, has a good spin receptivity in the short game, and moreover has a soft feel at impact. Such qualities make this ball highly useful as a golf ball for mid-level and skilled amateur golfers. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DIAGRAMS 
         FIG.  1    is a schematic cross-sectional view of the multi-piece solid golf ball according to the invention. 
         FIG.  2    is a graph that uses core hardness profile data from Example 1 to explain surface areas A to D in the core hardness profile. 
         FIG.  3    is a graph showing the core hardness profiles in Examples 1 to 5 and Comparative Examples 6, 8 and 10. 
         FIG.  4    is a graph showing the core hardness profiles in Comparative Examples 1, 2, 5, 7 and 9. 
         FIGS.  5 A and  5 B  are, respectively, a top view and a side view of the exterior of a golf ball showing the arrangement of dimples common to all of the Examples and Comparative Examples described in the present Specification. 
     
    
    
     DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
     The objects, features and advantages of the invention will become more apparent from the following detailed description taken in conjunction with the appended diagrams. 
     The multi-piece solid golf ball of the invention has a core, an envelope layer, an intermediate layer and a cover. Referring to  FIG.  1   , which shows an embodiment of the inventive golf ball, the ball G has a core  1 , an envelope layer  2  encasing the core  1 , an intermediate layer  3  encasing the envelope layer  2 , and a cover  4  encasing the intermediate layer  3 . The cover  4  is positioned as the outermost layer, with the exception of a coating layer, in the layered construction of the ball. In this invention, the core and the envelope layer may each be independently a single layer or formed as two or more layers. Numerous dimples D are typically formed on the surface of the cover (outermost layer)  4  to enhance the aerodynamic properties of the ball. Although not shown in the diagrams, a coating layer  5  is generally formed on the surface of the cover  4 . Each layer is described in detail below. 
     The core is composed primarily of a rubber material. Specifically, a core-forming rubber composition can be prepared by using a base rubber as the chief component and including, together with this, other ingredients such as a co-crosslinking agent, an organic peroxide, an inert filler and an organosulfur compound. It is preferable to use polybutadiene as the base rubber. 
     Commercial products may be used as the polybutadiene. Illustrative examples include BR01, BR51 and BR730 (from JSR Corporation). The proportion of polybutadiene within the base rubber is preferably at least 60 wt %, and more preferably at least 80 wt %. Rubber ingredients other than the above polybutadienes may be included in the base rubber, provided that doing so does not detract from the advantageous effects of the invention. Examples of rubber ingredients other than the above polybutadienes include other polybutadienes and also other diene rubbers, such as styrene-butadiene rubbers, natural rubbers, isoprene rubbers and ethylene-propylene-diene rubbers. 
     Examples of co-crosslinking agents include unsaturated carboxylic acids and the metal salts of unsaturated carboxylic acids. Specific examples of unsaturated carboxylic acids include acrylic acid, methacrylic acid, maleic acid and fumaric acid. The use of acrylic acid or methacrylic acid is especially preferred. Metal salts of unsaturated carboxylic acids include, without particular limitation, the above unsaturated carboxylic acids that have been neutralized with desired metal ions. Specific examples include the zinc salts and magnesium salts of methacrylic acid and acrylic acid. The use of zinc acrylate is especially preferred. 
     The unsaturated carboxylic acid and/or metal salt thereof is included in an amount, per 100 parts by weight of the base rubber, which is typically at least 5 parts by weight, preferably at least 9 parts by weight, and more preferably at least 13 parts by weight. The amount included is typically not more than 60 parts by weight, preferably not more than 50 parts by weight, and more preferably not more than 40 parts by weight. Too much may make the core too hard, giving the ball an unpleasant feel at impact, whereas too little may lower the rebound. 
     Commercial products may be used as the organic peroxide. Examples of such products that may be suitably used include Percumyl D, Perhexa C-40 and Perhexa 3M (all from NOF Corporation), and Luperco 231XL (from AtoChem Co.). One of these may be used alone, or two or more may be used together. The amount of organic peroxide included per 100 parts by weight of the base rubber is preferably at least 0.1 part by weight, more preferably at least 0.3 part by weight, and even more preferably at least 0.5 part by weight. The upper limit is preferably not more than 5 parts by weight, more preferably not more than 4 parts by weight, even more preferably not more than 3 parts by weight, and most preferably not more than 2.5 parts by weight. When too much or too little is included, it may not be possible to obtain a ball having a good feel, durability and rebound. 
     Another compounding ingredient typically included with the base rubber is an inert filler, preferred examples of which include zinc oxide, barium sulfate and calcium carbonate. One of these may be used alone, or two or more may be used together. The amount of inert filler included per 100 parts by weight of the base rubber is preferably at least 1 part by weight, and more preferably at least 5 parts by weight. The upper limit is preferably not more than 50 parts by weight, more preferably not more than 40 parts by weight, and even more preferably not more than 36 parts by weight. Too much or too little inert filler may make it impossible to obtain a proper weight and a suitable rebound. 
     In addition, an antioxidant may be optionally included. Illustrative examples of suitable commercial antioxidants include Nocrac NS-6 and Nocrac NS-30 (both available from Ouchi Shinko Chemical Industry Co., Ltd.), and Yoshinox 425 (available from Yoshitomi Pharmaceutical Industries, Ltd.). One of these may be used alone, or two or more may be used together. 
     The amount of antioxidant included per 100 parts by weight of the base rubber is set to preferably 0 part by weight or more, more preferably at least 0.05 part by weight, and even more preferably at least 0.1 part by weight. The upper limit is set to preferably not more than 3 parts by weight, more preferably not more than 2 parts by weight, even more preferably not more than 1 part by weight, and most preferably not more than 0.5 part by weight. Too much or too little antioxidant may make it impossible to achieve a suitable ball rebound and durability. 
     An organosulfur compound may be included in the core in order to impart a good resilience. The organosulfur compound is not particularly limited, provided that it can enhance the rebound of the golf ball. Exemplary organosulfur compounds include thiophenols, thionaphthols, halogenated thiophenols, and metal salts of these. Specific examples include pentachlorothiophenol, pentafluorothiophenol, pentabromothiophenol, p-chlorothiophenol, the zinc salt of pentachlorothiophenol, the zinc salt of pentafluorothiophenol, the zinc salt of pentabromothiophenol, the zinc salt of p-chlorothiophenol, and any of the following having 2 to 4 sulfur atoms: diphenylpolysulfides, dibenzylpolysulfides, dibenzoylpolysulfides, dibenzothiazoylpolysulfides and dithiobenzoylpolysulfides. The use of the zinc salt of pentachlorothiophenol is especially preferred. 
     It is recommended that the amount of organosulfur compound included per 100 parts by weight of the base rubber be preferably 0 part by weight or more, more preferably at least 0.05 part by weight, and even more preferably at least 0.1 part by weight, and that the upper limit be preferably not more than 5 parts by weight, more preferably not more than 3 parts by weight, and even more preferably not more than 2.5 parts by weight. Including too much organosulfur compound may make a greater rebound-improving effect (particularly on shots with a W #1) unlikely to be obtained, may make the core too soft or may worsen the feel of the ball at impact. On the other hand, including too little may make a rebound-improving effect unlikely. 
     Decomposition of the organic peroxide within the core formulation can be promoted by the direct addition of water (or a water-containing material) to the core material. The decomposition efficiency of the organic peroxide within the core-forming rubber composition is known to change with temperature; starting at a given temperature, the decomposition efficiency rises with increasing temperature. If the temperature is too high, the amount of decomposed radicals rises excessively, leading to recombination between radicals and, ultimately, deactivation. As a result, fewer radicals act effectively in crosslinking. Here, when a heat of decomposition is generated by decomposition of the organic peroxide at the time of core vulcanization, the vicinity of the core surface remains at substantially the same temperature as the temperature of the vulcanization mold, but the temperature near the core center, due to the build-up of heat of decomposition by the organic peroxide which has decomposed from the outside, becomes considerably higher than the mold temperature. In cases where water (or a water-containing material) is added directly to the core, because the water acts to promote decomposition of the organic peroxide, radical reactions like those described above can be made to differ at the core center and core surface. That is, decomposition of the organic peroxide is further promoted near the center of the core, bringing about greater radical deactivation, which leads to a further decrease in the amount of active radicals. As a result, it is possible to obtain a core in which the crosslink densities at the core center and the core surface differ markedly. It is also possible to obtain a core having different dynamic viscoelastic properties at the core center. 
     The water included in the core material is not particularly limited, and may be distilled water or tap water. The use of distilled water that is free of impurities is especially preferred. The amount of water included per 100 parts by weight of the base rubber is preferably at least 0.1 part by weight, and more preferably at least 0.3 parts by weight. The upper limit is preferably not more than 5 parts by weight, and more preferably not more than 4 parts by weight. 
     The core can be produced by vulcanizing and curing the rubber composition containing the above ingredients. For example, the core can be produced by using a Banbury mixer, roll mill or other mixing apparatus to intensively mix the rubber composition, subsequently compression molding or injection molding the mixture in a core mold, and curing the resulting molded body by suitably heating it under conditions sufficient to allow the organic peroxide or co-crosslinking agent to act, such as at a temperature of between 100 and 200° C., preferably between 140 and 180° C., for 10 to 40 minutes. 
     The core may consist of a single layer alone or may be formed as a plurality of layers, an example of the latter type of core being one having a two-layer construction consisting of an inner core layer and an outer core layer. When the core is formed as a two-layer core consisting of an inner core layer and an outer core layer, the inner core layer and outer core layer materials may each be composed primarily of the above-described rubber material. Also, the rubber material making up the outer core layer encasing the inner core layer may be the same as or different from the inner core layer material. The details here are the same as those given above for the ingredients of the core-forming rubber material. 
     The core has a diameter of from 35.1 to 41.3 mm, the lower limit being preferably at least 35.4 mm, more preferably at least 35.8 mm, and the upper limit being preferably not more than 39.2 mm, more preferably not more than 38.3 mm. When the core diameter is too small, the initial velocity of the ball becomes low or the deflection hardness of the overall ball becomes high, as a result of which the spin rate on full shots rises and the intended distance cannot be attained. On the other hand, when the core diameter is too large, the spin rate on full shots rises and the intended distance cannot be attained, or the durability to cracking on repeated impact worsens. 
     The core has a deflection (mm) when compressed under a final load of 1,275 N (130 kgf) from an initial load of 98 N (10 kgf) which, although not particularly limited, is preferably at least 3.9 mm, more preferably at least 4.0 mm, and even more preferably at least 4.1 mm. The upper limit is preferably not more than 5.1 mm, more preferably not more than 4.8 mm, and even more preferably not more than 4.6 mm. When the core deflection is too small, i.e., when the core is too hard, the spin rate of the ball may rise excessively and a good distance may not be achieved, or the feel at impact may be too hard. On the other hand, when the core deflection is too large, i.e., when the core is too soft, the ball rebound may become too low and a good distance may not be achieved, the feel at impact may be too soft, or the durability to cracking on repeated impact may worsen. 
     Next, the hardness profile of the core is described. The core hardness described below refers to the Shore C hardness. This Shore C hardness is the hardness value measured with a Shore C durometer in accordance with ASTM D2240. 
     The core center hardness Cc, although not particularly limited, may be set to preferably at least 50, more preferably at least 52, and even more preferably at least 54. The upper limit also is not particularly limited, but may be set to preferably not more than 60, more preferably not more than 59, and even more preferably not more than 58. When this value is too large, the spin rate may rise, as a result of which the desired distance may not be attainable, or the feel at impact may become too hard. On the other hand, when this value is too small, the rebound may become low, as a result of which the desired distance may not be attainable, or the durability to cracking on repeated impact may worsen. 
     The hardness Cc+4 at a position 4 mm from the core center, although not particularly limited, may be set to preferably at least 52, more preferably at least 54, and even more preferably at least 56. The upper limit also is not particularly limited, but may be set to preferably not more than 67, more preferably not more than 65, and even more preferably not more than 63. Hardnesses that deviate from these values may lead to undesirable results similar to those described above for the core center hardness (Cc). 
     The cross-sectional hardness Cm at the midpoint M between the center and surface of the core, although not particularly limited, may be set to preferably at least 56, more preferably at least 58, and even more preferably at least 60. The upper limit also is not particularly limited, but may be set to preferably not more than 71, more preferably not more than 69, and even more preferably not more than 67. Hardnesses that deviate from these values may lead to undesirable results similar to those described above for the core center hardness (Cc). 
     The hardness Cm−4 at a position 4 mm inward from the midpoint M between the center and surface of the core, although not particularly limited, may be set to preferably at least 53, more preferably at least 55, and even more preferably at least 57. The upper limit also is not particularly limited, but may be set to preferably not more than 68, more preferably not more than 66, and even more preferably not more than 64. Hardnesses that deviate from these values may lead to undesirable results similar to those described above for the core center hardness (Cc). 
     The hardness Cm+4 at a position 4 mm outward from the midpoint M between the center and surface of the core, although not particularly limited, may be set to preferably at least 62, more preferably at least 64, and even more preferably at least 66. The upper limit also is not particularly limited, but may be set to preferably not more than 77, more preferably not more than 75, and even more preferably not more than 73. Hardnesses that deviate from these values may lead to undesirable results similar to those described above for the core center hardness (Cc). 
     The core surface hardness Cs, although not particularly limited, may be set to preferably at least 75, more preferably at least 78, and even more preferably at least 80. The upper limit also is not particularly limited, but may be set to preferably not more than 90, more preferably not more than 87, and even more preferably not more than 85. When this value is too large, the durability to cracking on repeated impact may worsen or the feel at impact may become too hard. On the other hand, when this value is too small, the rebound may become too low or the spin rate on full shots may rise, as a result of which the intended distance may not be attainable. 
     The hardness Cs−4 at a position 4 mm inward from the core surface, although not particularly limited, may be set to preferably at least 65, more preferably at least 68, and even more preferably at least 70. The upper limit also is not particularly limited, but may be set to preferably not more than 80, more preferably not more than 77, and even more preferably not more than 75. Hardnesses that deviate from these values may lead to undesirable results similar to those described above for the core surface hardness (Cs). 
     The hardness difference between the core center and core surface is optimized so as to make the hardness difference between the core interior and the core exterior large. That is, the value expressed as “core surface hardness−core center hardness,” or Cs−Cc, is set to a Shore C hardness of at least 20, preferably at least 22, and more preferably at least 24. The upper limit is not particularly limited, but may be set to preferably not more than 40, more preferably not more than 35, and even more preferably not more than 30. When the hardness difference is too small, the spin rate on full shots rises, as a result of which the intended distance cannot be attained. On the other hand, when this hardness difference is too large, the durability to cracking on repeated impact may worsen or the initial velocity on shots may become lower, as a result of which the intended distance may not be attainable. As used herein, the core center hardness Cc refers to the hardness measured at the center of the cross-section obtained by cutting the core in half through the center, and the core surface hardness Cs refers to the hardness measured on the spherical surface of the core. 
     In the above-described core hardness profile in this invention, where Cc is the Shore C hardness at the core center, Cc+4 is the Shore C hardness 4 mm outward from the core center, Cm is the Shore C hardness at a midpoint M between the core center and core surface, Cm−4 and Cm+4 are the respective Shore C hardnesses at positions 4.0 mm inward and 4.0 mm outward from the midpoint M, Cs is the Shore C hardness at the core surface and Cs−4 is the Shore C hardness 4 mm inward from the core surface, the surface areas A to D defined as follows: 
     surface area A: ½×4×(Cc+4−Cc) 
     surface area B: ½×4×(Cm−Cm−4) 
     surface area C: ½×4×(Cm+4−Cm) 
     surface area D: ½×4×(Cs−Cs−4), 
     are characterized in that the ratio (surface area C)/(surface area A) has a value of 0.5 or more. This (surface area C)/(surface area A) ratio is preferably at least 1.1, and more preferably at least 1.5; the upper limit is preferably not more than 15.0, more preferably not more than 13.0, and even more preferably not more than 6.0. When this value is too large, the durability to cracking under repeated impact may worsen or the initial velocity on shots may become low and the intended distance may not be attainable. On the other hand, when this value is too small, the spin rate on full shots rises and the intended distance cannot be attained.  FIG.  2    shows a graph that uses core hardness profile data from Example 1 to explain surface areas A to D. As is apparent from the graph, each of surface areas A to D is the surface area of a triangle whose base is the difference between specific distances and whose height is the difference in hardness between the positions at these specific distances. 
     The ratio (surface area D)/(surface area B) has a value which, although not particularly limited, is preferably at least 0.5, more preferably at least 1.0, and even more preferably at least 1.4. The upper limit value is preferably not more than 5.0, more preferably not more than 4.0, and even more preferably not more than 3.0. When this value is too large, the durability to cracking on repeated impact may worsen, or the initial velocity on shots may become low and the intended distance may not be attainable. On the other hand, when this value is too small, the spin rate on full shots may rise and the intended distance may not be attainable. 
     The ratio (surface area C+surface area D)/(surface area A+surface area B) has a value which, although not particularly limited, is preferably at least 1.0, more preferably at least 1.1, and even more preferably at least 1.2, The upper limit value is preferably not more than 4.0, more preferably not more than 3.0, and even more preferably not more than 2.5. When this value is too large, the durability to cracking under repeated impact may worsen, or the initial velocity on shots may become low and the intended distance may not be attainable. On the other hand, when this value is too small, the spin rate on full shots may rise and the intended distance may not be attainable. 
     Next, the envelope layer is described. 
     The envelope layer has a material hardness on the Shore D scale which, although not particularly limited, is preferably at least 48, more preferably at least 50, and even more preferably at least 52. The upper limit is preferably not more than 62, more preferably not more than 60, and even more preferably not more than 56. The surface hardness of the sphere obtained by encasing the core with the envelope layer (envelope layer-encased sphere), expressed on the Shore D scale, is preferably at least 54, more preferably at least 56, and even more preferably at least 58. The upper limit is preferably not more than 68, more preferably not more than 66, and even more preferably not more than 62. When these material and surface hardnesses of the envelope layer are lower than the above ranges, the ball may be too receptive to spin on full shots or the initial velocity may be low, which may result in a poor distance. On the other hand, when these material and surface hardnesses are too high, the feel at impact may be too hard, the durability to cracking on repeated impact may worsen, or the spin rate on full shots may rise, which may result in a poor distance. 
     The material hardness of the envelope layer, expressed on the Shore C scale, is preferably at least 74, more preferably at least 76, and even more preferably at least 79. The upper limit value is preferably not more than 92, more preferably not more than 90, and even more preferably not more than 88. The surface hardness of the envelope layer-encased sphere, expressed on the Shore C scale, is preferably at least 82, more preferably at least 84, and even more preferably at least 87. The upper limit value is preferably not more than 97, more preferably not more than 95, and even more preferably not more than 92. 
     The envelope layer has a thickness which is at least 0.8 mm, preferably at least 0.9 mm, and more preferably at least 1.0 mm. The upper limit in the envelope layer thickness is preferably not more than 2.0 mm, more preferably not more than 1.7 mm, and even more preferably not more than 1.4 mm. When the envelope layer is too thin, the spin rate-lowering effect on full shots may be inadequate and the intended distance may not be attainable. On the other hand, when the envelope layer is too thick, the initial velocity of the ball on shots may become low and the intended distance may not be attainable. Also, it is critical to form the envelope layer so as to be thicker than the subsequently described cover (outermost layer). 
     The envelope layer material is not particularly limited, although preferred use can be made of various types of thermoplastic resin materials. Especially preferred materials include resin compositions containing as the essential ingredients: 
     100 parts by weight of a resin component composed of, in admixture. 
     (A) a base resin of (a-1) an olefin-unsaturated carboxylic acid random copolymer and/or a metal ion neutralization product of an olefin-unsaturated carboxylic acid random copolymer mixed with (a-2) an olefin-unsaturated carboxylic acid-unsaturated carboxylic acid ester random terpolymer and/or a metal ion neutralization product of an olefin-unsaturated carboxylic acid-unsaturated carboxylic acid ester random terpolymer in a weight ratio between 100:0 and 0:100, and 
     (B) a non-ionomeric thermoplastic elastomer 
     in a weight ratio between 100:0 and 50:50; 
     (C) from 5 to 120 parts by weight of a fatty acid and/or fatty acid derivative having a molecular weight of from 228 to 1,500; and 
     (D) from 0.1 to 17 parts by weight of a basic inorganic metal compound capable of neutralizing un-neutralized acid groups in components (A) and (C). 
     Components (A) to (D) in the intermediate layer-forming resin material described in, for example, JP-A 2010-253268 may be advantageously used as above components (A) to (D). 
     A non-ionomeric thermoplastic elastomer may be included in the envelope layer material. The amount of non-ionomeric thermoplastic elastomer included is preferably from 0 to 50 parts by weight per 100 parts by weight of the total amount of the base resin. 
     Exemplary non-ionomeric thermoplastic elastomers include polyolefin elastomers (including polyolefin and metallocene polyolefins), polystyrene elastomers, diene polymers, polyacrylate polymers, polyamide elastomers, polyurethane elastomers, polyester elastomers and polyacetals. A thermoplastic polyether ester elastomer is especially preferred. 
     Depending on the intended use, optional additives may be suitably included in the envelope layer-forming resin material. For example, pigments, dispersants, antioxidants, ultraviolet absorbers and light stabilizers may be added. When these additives are included, the amount added per 100 parts by weight of the overall base resin is preferably at least 0.1 part by weight, and more preferably at least 0.5 part by weight. The upper limit is preferably not more than 10 parts by weight, and more preferably not more than 4 parts by weight. 
     Next, the intermediate layer is described. 
     The intermediate layer has a material hardness on the Shore D scale which, although not particularly limited, is preferably at least 58, more preferably at least 60, and even more preferably at least 63. The upper limit is preferably not more than 70, more preferably not more than 68, and even more preferably not more than 65. The surface hardness of the sphere obtained by encasing the envelope layer-encased sphere with the intermediate layer (intermediate layer-encased sphere), expressed on the Shore D scale, is preferably at least 64, more preferably at least 66, and even more preferably at least 69. The upper limit is preferably not more than 76, more preferably not more than 74, and even more preferably not more than 71. When the material and surface hardnesses of the intermediate layer are lower than the above ranges, the ball may be too receptive to spin on full shots or the initial velocity may become low, as a result of which a good distance may not be attained. On the other hand, when the material and surface hardnesses are too high, the durability to cracking on repeated impact may worsen or the feel at impact on shots with a putter or on short approaches may become too hard. 
     The intermediate layer has a material hardness on the Shore C scale which is preferably at least 87, more preferably at least 89, and even more preferably at least 93. The upper limit value is preferably not more than 100, more preferably not more than 98, and even more preferably not more than 96. The intermediate layer-encased sphere has a surface hardness on the Shore C scale which is preferably at least 90, more preferably at least 93, and even more preferably at least 96. The upper limit value is preferably not more than 100, more preferably not more than 99, and even more preferably not more than 98. 
     The intermediate layer-encased sphere is formed so as to have a surface hardness that is higher than the ball surface hardness. When the ball has a higher surface hardness than the intermediate layer-encased sphere, the spin rate on full shots rises, as a result of which a good distance cannot be achieved, or the controllability in the short game worsens. 
     The intermediate layer has a thickness which is preferably at least 0.7 mm, more preferably at least 0.8 mm, and even more preferably at least 1.0 mm. The upper limit in the intermediate layer thickness is preferably not more than 1.8 mm, more preferably not more than 1.4 mm, and even more preferably not more than 1.2 mm. It is critical for the intermediate layer to be thicker than the subsequently described cover (outermost layer). When the thickness of the intermediate layer falls outside of the above range or is lower than the cover thickness, the spin rate-lowering effect on shots with a driver (W #1) may be inadequate, which may result in a poor distance. Also, when the intermediate layer is thinner than the above range, the durability to cracking on repeated impact and the low-temperature durability may worsen. 
     The intermediate layer material may be suitably selected from among various types of thermoplastic resins that are used as golf ball materials, with the use of the highly neutralized resin material containing components (A) to (D) described above in connection with the envelope layer material or an ionomer resin being preferred. 
     Specific examples of ionomer resin materials include sodium-neutralized ionomer resins and zinc-neutralized ionomer resins. These may be used singly or two or more may be used together. 
     An embodiment that uses in admixture a zinc-neutralized ionomer resin and a sodium-neutralized ionomer resin as the chief materials is especially preferred. The blending ratio therebetween, expressed as the weight ratio (zinc-neutralized ionomer)/(sodium-neutralized ionomer), is from 5/95 to 95/5, preferably from 10/90 to 90/10, and more preferably from 15/85 to 85/15. When the zinc-neutralized ionomer and sodium-neutralized ionomer are not included in a ratio within this range, the rebound may become too low, as a result of which the desired distance may not be achieved, the durability to cracking on repeated impact at normal temperatures may worsen and the durability to cracking at low temperatures (subzero Centigrade) may worsen. 
     The resin material used to form the intermediate layer may be one obtained by blending, of commercially available ionomer resins, a high-acid ionomer resin having an acid content of at least 16 wt % with an ordinary ionomer resin. The high rebound and lower spin rate resulting from the use of such a blend enables a good distance to be achieved on driver (W #1) shots. 
     The amount of unsaturated carboxylic acid included in the high-acid ionomer resin (acid content) is generally at least 16 wt %, preferably at least 17 wt %, and more preferably at least 18 wt %. The upper limit is preferably not more than 22 wt %, more preferably not more than 21 wt %, and even more preferably not more than 20 wt %. When this value is too small, the spin rate on full shots may rise, as a result of which the intended distance may not be attainable. On the other hand, when this value is too large, the feel on impact may become too hard, or the durability to cracking on repeated impact may worsen. 
     The amount of high-acid ionomer resin included per 100 parts by weight of the resin material is preferably at least 10 wt %, more preferably at least 30 wt %, and even more preferably at least 60 wt %. When the content of this high-acid ionomer resin is too low, the spin rate on shots with a driver (W #1) may rise and a good distance may not be attained. 
     Depending on the intended use, optional additives may be suitably included in the intermediate layer material. For example, pigments, dispersants, antioxidants, ultraviolet absorbers and light stabilizers may be added. When these additives are included, the amount added per 100 parts by weight of the base resin is preferably at least 0.1 part by weight, and more preferably at least 0.5 part by weight. The upper limit is preferably not more than 10 parts by weight, and more preferably not more than 4 parts by weight. 
     It is desirable to abrade the surface of the intermediate layer in order to increase adhesion of the intermediate layer material with the polyurethane that is preferably used in the subsequently described cover material. In addition, it is desirable to apply a primer (adhesive) to the surface of the intermediate layer following such abrasion treatment or to add an adhesion reinforcing agent to the intermediate layer material. 
     The intermediate layer material has a specific gravity which is typically less than 1.1, preferably between 0.90 and 1.05, and more preferably between 0.93 and 0.99. Outside of this range, the rebound of the overall ball may decrease and a good distance may not be obtained, or the durability of the ball to cracking on repeated impact may worsen. 
     Next, the cover (outermost layer) is described. 
     The cover has a material hardness on the Shore D scale which, although not particularly limited, is preferably at least 30, more preferably at least 35, and even more preferably at least 40. The upper limit is preferably not more than 53, more preferably not more than 50, and even more preferably not more than 47. The surface hardness of the sphere obtained by encasing the intermediate layer-encased sphere with the cover (i.e., ball surface hardness), expressed on the Shore D scale, is preferably at least 50, more preferably at least 53, and even more preferably at least 56. The upper limit is preferably not more than 70, more preferably not more than 65, and even more preferably not more than 60. When the material hardness of the cover and the ball surface hardness are lower than the above respective ranges, the spin rate of the ball on shots with a driver (W #1) may rise and a good distance may not be achieved. On the other hand, when the material hardness of the cover and the ball surface hardness are too high, the controllability of the ball in the short game may worsen or the scuff resistance may worsen. 
     The material hardness of the cover, expressed on the Shore C scale, is preferably at least 50, more preferably at least 57, and even more preferably at least 63. The upper limit value is preferably not more than 80, more preferably not more than 76, and even more preferably not more than 72. The surface hardness of the ball, expressed on the Shore C scale, is preferably at least 75, more preferably at least 80, and even more preferably at least 85. The upper limit value is preferably not more than 95, more preferably not more than 92, and even more preferably not more than 90. 
     It is preferable for the material hardness of the cover to be lower than the material hardness of the envelope layer. 
     The cover has a thickness of preferably at least 0.3 mm, more preferably at least 0.45 mm, and even more preferably at least 0.6 mm. The upper limit in the cover thickness is preferably not more than 1.2 mm, more preferably not more than 0.9 mm, and even more preferably not more than 0.8 mm. When the cover is too thick, the rebound on full shots with a driver (W #1) or an iron may become inadequate or the spin rate may rise, as a result of which a good distance may not be achieved. On the other hand, when the cover is too thin, the scuff resistance may worsen or the ball may not be fully receptive to spin on approach shots and may thus lack sufficient controllability. 
     Various types of thermoplastic resins employed as cover stock in golf balls may be used as the cover material. For reasons having to do with controllability and scuff resistance, preferred use can be made of a urethane resin. In particular, from the standpoint of the mass productivity of the manufactured balls, it is preferable to use a material that is composed primarily of a thermoplastic polyurethane, and more preferable to form the cover of a resin blend in which the main components are (I) a thermoplastic polyurethane and (II) a polyisocyanate compound. 
     It is recommended that the total weight of components (I) and (II) combined be at least 60%, and preferably at least 70%, of the overall amount of the cover-forming resin composition. Components (I) and (II) are described in detail below. 
     The thermoplastic polyurethane (I) has a structure which includes soft segments composed of a polymeric polyol (polymeric glycol) that is a long-chain polyol, and hard segments composed of a chain extender and a polyisocyanate compound. Here, the long-chain polyol serving as a starting material may be any that has hitherto been used in the art relating to thermoplastic polyurethanes, and is not particularly limited. Illustrative examples include polyester polyols, polyether polyols, polycarbonate polyols, polyester polycarbonate polyols, polyolefin polyols, conjugated diene polymer-based polyols, castor oil-based polyols, silicone-based polyols and vinyl polymer-based polyols. These long-chain polyols may be used singly, or two or more may be used in combination. Of these, in terms of being able to synthesize a thermoplastic polyurethane having a high rebound resilience and excellent low-temperature properties, a polyether polyol is preferred. 
     Any chain extender that has hitherto been employed in the art relating to thermoplastic polyurethanes may be suitably used as the chain extender. For example, low-molecular-weight compounds with a molecular weight of 400 or less which have on the molecule two or more active hydrogen atoms capable of reacting with isocyanate groups are preferred. Illustrative, non-limiting, examples of the chain extender include 1,4-butylene glycol, 1,2-ethylene glycol, 1,3-butanediol, 1,6-hexanediol and 2,2-dimethyl-1,3-propanediol. Of these, the chain extender is preferably an aliphatic diol having from 2 to 12 carbon atoms, and is more preferably 1,4-butylene glycol. 
     Any polyisocyanate compound hitherto employed in the art relating to thermoplastic polyurethanes may be suitably used without particular limitation as the polyisocyanate compound. For example, use may be made of one or more selected from the group consisting of 4,4′-diphenylmethane diisocyanate, 2,4-toluene diisocyanate, 2,6-toluene diisocyanate, p-phenylene diisocyanate, xylylene diisocyanate, 1,5-naphthylene diisocyanate, tetramethylxylene diisocyanate, hydrogenated xylylene diisocyanate, dicyclohexylmethane diisocyanate, tetramethylene diisocyanate, hexamethylene diisocyanate, isophorone diisocyanate, norbornene diisocyanate, trimethylhexamethylene diisocyanate and dimer acid diisocyanate. However, depending on the type of isocyanate, the crosslinking reactions during injection molding may be difficult to control. In the practice of the invention, to provide a balance between stability at the time of production and the properties that are manifested, it is most preferable to use the following aromatic diisocyanate: 
     4,4′-diphenylmethane diisocyanate. 
     Commercially available products may be used as the thermoplastic polyurethane serving as component (I). Illustrative examples include Pandex T-8295, Pandex T-8290 and Pandex T-8260 (all from DIC Covestro Polymer, Ltd.). 
     A thermoplastic elastomer other than the above thermoplastic polyurethanes may also be optionally included as a separate component. i.e., component (III), together with above components (I) and (11). By including this component (III) in the above resin blend, the flowability of the resin blend can be further improved and properties required of the golf ball cover material, such as resilience and scuff resistance, can be increased. 
     The compositional ratio of above components (I), (II) and (III) is not particularly limited. However, to fully elicit the advantageous effects of the invention, the compositional ratio (I):(II):(III) is preferably in the weight ratio range of from 100:2:50 to 100:50:0, and more preferably from 100:2:50 to 100:30:8. 
     In addition, various additives other than the ingredients making up the above thermoplastic polyurethane may be optionally included in this resin blend. For example, pigments, dispersants, antioxidants, light stabilizers, ultraviolet absorbers and internal mold lubricants may be suitably included. 
     The manufacture of multi-piece solid golf balls in which the above-described core, envelope layer, intermediate layer and cover (outermost layer) are formed as successive layers may be carried out by a customary method such as a known injection molding process. For example, a multi-piece golf ball can be produced by successively injection-molding the respective materials for the envelope layer and the intermediate layer over the core in injection molds for each layer so as to obtain the respective layer-encased spheres and then, last of all, injection-molding the material for the cover serving as the outermost layer over the intermediate layer-encased sphere. Alternatively, the encasing lavers may each be formed by enclosing the sphere to be encased within two half-cups that have been pre-molded into hemispherical shapes and then molding under applied heat and pressure. 
     The golf ball has a deflection when compressed under a final load of 1,275 N (130 kgf) from an initial load of 98 N (10 kgf) which, although not particularly limited, is preferably at least 2.8 mm, more preferably at least 2.9 mm, and even more preferably at least 3.0 mm. The upper limit value is preferably not more than 3.8 mm, more preferably not more than 3.6 mm, and even more preferably not more than 3.4 mm. When the deflection by the golf ball is too small, i.e., when the ball is too hard, the spin rate may rise excessively so that the ball does not achieve a good distance, or the feel at impact may be too hard. On the other hand, when the deflection is too large, i.e., when the ball is too soft, the ball rebound may be too low so that the ball does not achieve a good distance, the feel at impact may be too soft, or the durability to cracking under repeated impact may worsen. 
     Hardness Relationships Among Layers 
     In the invention, to achieve both a superior distance performance on full shots and an excellent playability in the short game, it is critical for the surface hardness of the core, the surface hardness of the sphere obtained by encasing the core with the envelope layer (envelope layer-encased sphere), the surface hardness of the sphere obtained by encasing the envelope layer-encased sphere with the intermediate layer (intermediate layer-encased sphere) and the surface hardness of the ball to satisfy the following condition:
 
core surface hardness&lt;surface hardness of envelope layer-encased sphere&lt;surface hardness of intermediate layer-encased sphere&gt;ball surface hardness.  (1)
 
     The envelope layer-encased sphere has a higher surface hardness than the core, the difference between these surface hardnesses on the Shore C scale being preferably at least 1, more preferably at least 2, and even more preferably at least 3. The upper limit value is preferably not more than 12, more preferably not more than 8, and even more preferably not more than 5. When this value falls outside of the above range, the spin rate on full shots may rise, as a result of which the intended distance may not be achievable. 
     The intermediate layer-encased sphere has a higher surface hardness than the envelope layer-encased sphere, the difference between these surface hardnesses on the Shore C scale being preferably at least 2, more preferably at least 4, and even more preferably at least 8. The upper limit value is preferably not more than 25, more preferably not more than 17, and even more preferably not more than 14. When this value falls outside of the above range, the spin rate on full shots may rise and the intended distance may not be achievable. 
     The intermediate layer-encased sphere has a higher surface hardness than the ball, the difference between these surface hardnesses on the Shore C scale being preferably at least 2, more preferably at least 4, and even more preferably at least 6. The upper limit value is preferably not more than 25, more preferably not more than 17, and even more preferably not more than 14. When this value is too small, the controllability in the short game may worsen. When this value is too large, the spin rate on full shots may rise, as a result of which the intended distance may not be achievable. 
     In addition, for the golf ball of the invention to have a low spin rate on full shots and achieve a superior distance performance, it is critical for the ball to satisfy the following condition:
 
(surface hardness of envelope layer-encased sphere)−(center hardness of core)≥≥28.  (2)
 
     Here, the value of (surface hardness of envelope layer-encased sphere)−(center hardness of core) is at least 28, preferably at least 29, and more preferably at least 30. The upper limit value is preferably not more than 40, more preferably not more than 37, and even more preferably not more than 35. When this value is too large, the durability to cracking on repeated impact may worsen, or the initial velocity on shots may become low, as a result of which the intended distance may not be attainable. On the other hand, when this value is too small, the spin rate on full shots rises and the intended distance cannot be attained. 
     Relationship Between Core Diameter and Ball Diameter 
     In this invention, to obtain a superior distance performance on full shots not only with a driver (W #1) but also with an iron, it is critical for the value of the ratio (core diameter)/(ball diameter) to be at least 0.825. This value is preferably at least 0.830, and more preferably at least 0.840; the upper limit value is preferably not more than 0.950, more preferably not more than 0.900, and even more preferably not more than 0.880. When this value is too small, the initial velocity of the ball decreases, the deflection hardness of the overall ball becomes high or the spin rate on full shots rises, as a result of which the intended distance cannot be attained. When this value is too large, the spin rate on full shots may rise, as a result of which the intended distance may not be attainable, or the durability to cracking on repeated impact may worsen. 
     Numerous dimples may be formed on the outside surface of the cover. The number of dimples arranged on the cover surface, although not particularly limited, is preferably at least 250, more preferably at least 300, and even more preferably at least 320. The upper limit is preferably not more than 380, more preferably not more than 350, and even more preferably not more than 340. When the number of dimples is higher than this range, the ball trajectory may become lower and the distance traveled by the ball may decrease. On the other hand, when the number of dimples is lower that this range, the ball trajectory may become higher and a good distance may not be achieved. 
     The dimple shapes used may be of one type or may be a combination of two or more types suitably selected from among, for example, circular shapes, various polygonal shapes, dewdrop shapes and oval shapes. When circular dimples are used, the dimple diameter may be set to at least about 2.5 mm and up to about 6.5 mm, and the dimple depth may be set to at least 0.08 mm and up to 0.30 mm. 
     In order for the aerodynamic properties to be fully manifested, it is desirable for the dimple coverage ratio on the spherical surface of the golf ball, i.e., the dimple surface coverage SR, which is the sum of the individual dimple surface areas, each defined by the flat plane circumscribed by the edge of a dimple, as a percentage of the spherical surface area of the ball were the ball to have no dimples thereon, to be set to at least 70% and not more than 90%. Also, to optimize the ball trajectory, it is desirable for the value Vo, defined as the spatial volume of the individual dimples below the flat plane circumscribed by the dimple edge, divided by the volume of the cylinder whose base is the flat plane and whose height is the maximum depth of the dimple from the base, to be set to at least 0.35 and not more than 0.80. Moreover, it is preferable for the ratio VR of the sum of the volumes of the individual dimples, each formed below the flat plane circumscribed by the edge of a dimple, with respect to the volume of the ball sphere were the ball surface to have no dimples thereon, to be set to at least 0.6% and not more than 1.0%. Outside of the above ranges in these respective values, the resulting trajectory may not enable a good distance to be achieved and so the ball may fail to travel a fully satisfactory distance. 
     A coating layer may be formed on the surface of the cover. This coating layer can be formed by applying various types of coating materials. Because the coating layer must be capable of enduring the harsh conditions of golf ball use, it is desirable to use a coating composition in which the chief component is a urethane coating material composed of a polyol and a polyisocyanate. 
     The polyol component is exemplified by acrylic polyols and polyester polyols. These polyols include modified polyols. To further increase workability, other polyols may also be added. 
     It is suitable to use two types of polyester polyols together as the polyol component. In this case, letting the two types of polyester polyol be component (a) and component (b), a polyester polyol in which a cyclic structure has been introduced onto the resin skeleton may be used as the polyester polyol of component (a). Examples include polyester polyols obtained by the polycondensation of a polyol having an alicyclic structure, such as cyclohexane dimethanol, with a polybasic acid; and polyester polyols obtained by the polycondensation of a polyol having an alicyclic structure with a diol or triol and a polybasic acid. A polyester polyol having a branched structure may be used as the polyester polyol of component (b). Examples include polyester polyols having a branched structure, such as NIPPOLAN 800, from Tosoh Corporation. 
     The polyisocyanate is exemplified without particular limitation by commonly used aromatic, aliphatic, alicyclic and other polyisocyanates. Specific examples include tolylene diisocyanate, diphenylmethane diisocyanate, xylylene diisocyanate, tetramethylene diisocyanate, hexamethylene diisocyanate, lysine diisocyanate, isophorone diisocyanate, 1,4-cyclohexylene diisocyanate, naphthalene diisocyanate, trimethylhexamethylene diisocyanate, dicyclohexylmethane diisocyanate and 1-isocyanato-3,3,5-trimethyl-4-isocyanatomethylcyclohexane. These may be used singly or in admixture. 
     Depending on the coating conditions, various types of organic solvents may be mixed into the coating composition. Examples of such organic solvents include aromatic solvents such as toluene, xylene and ethylbenzene; ester solvents such as ethyl acetate, butyl acetate, propylene glycol methyl ether acetate and propylene glycol methyl ether propionate; ketone solvents such as acetone, methyl ethyl ketone, methyl isobutyl ketone and cyclohexanone; ether solvents such as diethylene glycol dimethyl ether, diethylene glycol diethyl ether and dipropylene glycol dimethyl ether; alicyclic hydrocarbon solvents such as cyclohexane, methyl cyclohexane and ethyl cyclohexane; and petroleum hydrocarbon solvents such as mineral spirits. 
     The thickness of the coating layer made of the coating composition, although not particularly limited, is typically from 5 to 40 μm, and preferably from 10 to 20 μm. As used to herein, “coating layer thickness” refers to the coating thickness obtained by averaging the measurements taken at a total of three places: the center of a dimple and two places located at positions between the dimple center and the dimple edge. 
     In this invention, the coating layer composed of the above coating composition has an elastic work recovery that is preferably at least 60%, and more preferably at least 80%. At a coating layer elastic work recovery in this range, the coating layer has a high elasticity and so the self-repairing ability is high, resulting in an outstanding abrasion resistance. Moreover, the performance attributes of golf balls coated with this coating composition can be improved. The method of measuring the elastic work recovery is described below. 
     The elastic work recovery is one parameter of the nanoindentation method for evaluating the physical properties of coating layers, this being a nanohardness test method that controls the indentation load on a micro-newton (μN) order and tracks the indenter depth during indentation to a nanometer (nm) precision. In prior methods, only the size of the deformation (plastic deformation) mark corresponding to the maximum load could be measured. However, in the nanoindentation method, the relationship between the indentation load and the indentation depth can be obtained by continuous automated measurement. Hence, unlike in the past, there are no individual differences between observers when visually measuring a deformation mark under an optical microscope, and so it is thought that the physical properties of the coating layer can be precisely evaluated. Given that the coating layer on the ball surface is strongly affected by the impact of drivers and other clubs and has a not inconsiderable influence on various golf ball properties, measuring the coating layer by the nanohardness test method and carrying out such measurement to a higher precision than in the past is a very effective method of evaluation. 
     The hardness of the coating layer, as expressed on the Shore M hardness scale, is preferably at least 40, and more preferably at least 60. The upper limit is preferably not more than 95, and more preferably not more than 85. This Shore M hardness is obtained in accordance with ASTM D2240. The hardness of the coating layer, as expressed on the Shore C hardness scale, is preferably at least 40 and has an upper limit of preferably not more than 80. This Shore C hardness is obtained in accordance with ASTM D2240. At coating layer hardnesses that are higher than these ranges, the coating may become brittle when the ball is repeatedly struck, which may make it incapable of protecting the cover layer. On the other hand, coating layer hardnesses that are lower than the above range are undesirable because the ball surface is more easily damaged when striking a hard object. 
     Regarding the hardness relationship between the coating layer and the cover, the value obtained by subtracting the material hardness of the coating layer from the material hardness of the cover, expressed on the Shore C hardness scale, is preferably at least −20, more preferably at least −15, and even more preferably at least −10. The upper limit value is preferably not more than 25, more preferably not more than 20, and even more preferably not more than 15. Outside of this range, the coating may readily peel when the ball is struck. 
     When the above coating composition is used, the formation of a coating layer on the surface of golf balls manufactured by a commonly known method can be carried out via the steps of preparing the coating composition at the time of application, applying the composition onto the golf ball surface by a conventional coating operation, and drying the applied composition. The coating method is not particularly limited. For example, spray painting, electrostatic painting or dipping may be suitably used. 
     EXAMPLES 
     The following Examples and Comparative Examples are provided to illustrate the invention, and are not intended to limit the scope thereof. 
     Examples 1 to 8. Comparative Examples 1 to 10 
     Formation of Core 
     Solid cores were produced by preparing rubber compositions for Example 1 and Comparative Examples 1 to 4 shown in Table 1, and then molding and vulcanizing the compositions under vulcanization conditions of 155° C. and 14 minutes. 
     Solid cores in Examples 2 to 8 and Comparative Examples 5 to 10 are produced in the same way, but the vulcanization conditions in Examples 6, 7 and 8 are set to 152° C. and 19 minutes. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
             
               
                 TABLE 1 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Core formulation 
                 Example 
                 Comparative Example 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 (pbw) 
                 1 
                 2 
                 3 
                 4 
                 5 
                 6 
                 7 
                 8 
                 1 
                 2 
                 3 
                 4 
                 5 
                 6 
                 7 
                 8 
                 9 
                 10 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Polybutadiene A 
                 80 
                 80 
                 80 
                 80 
                 80 
                   
                   
                   
                 80 
                 80 
                 80 
                 80 
                 80 
                 80 
                   
                 80 
                 80 
                 80 
               
               
                 Polybutadiene B 
                 20 
                 20 
                 20 
                 20 
                 20 
                   
                   
                   
                 20 
                 20 
                 20 
                 20 
                 20 
                 20 
                 20 
                 20 
                 20 
                 20 
               
               
                 Polybutadiene C 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 100 
                 100 
                 100 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 80 
               
               
                 Zinc acrylate 
                 33.7 
                 31.8 
                 29.9 
                 28.0 
                 27.3 
                 32.7 
                 34.9 
                 34.9 
                 41.3 
                 37.5 
                 43.0 
                 37.2 
                 26.1 
                 33.7 
                 25.5 
                 33.7 
                 33.7 
                 33.7 
               
               
                 Organic 
                 1 
                 1 
                 1 
                 1 
                 1 
                 0.6 
                 0.6 
                 0.6 
                 1 
                 1 
                 1 
                 1 
                 1 
                 1 
                   
                 1 
                 1 
                 1 
               
               
                 peroxide (1) 
               
               
                 Organic 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 1.2 
               
               
                 peroxide (2) 
               
               
                 Water 
                 1 
                 1 
                 1 
                 1 
                 0.4 
                 0.9 
                 0.9 
                 0.9 
                 1 
                 1 
                 1 
                 1 
                 1 
                 1 
                   
                 1 
                 1 
                 1 
               
               
                 Antioxidant 
                 0.1 
                 0.1 
                 0.1 
                 0.1 
                 0.1 
                 0.1 
                 0.1 
                 0.1 
                 0.1 
                 0.1 
                 0.1 
                 0.1 
                 0.1 
                 0.1 
                 0.1 
                 0.1 
                 0.1 
                 0.1 
               
               
                 Zinc oxide 
                 4 
                 4 
                 4 
                 4 
                 4 
                 25.0 
                 27.7 
                 27.7 
                 4 
                 4 
                 4 
                 4 
                 40 
                 4 
                 4 
                 4 
                 4 
                 4 
               
               
                 Barium sulfate 
                 19.2 
                 20.0 
                 20.8 
                 21.7 
                 24.0 
                   
                   
                   
                 15.6 
                 17.4 
                 9.3 
                 11.9 
                 55.4 
                 19.2 
                 23.8 
                 19.2 
                 18.9 
                 19.2 
               
               
                 Zinc salt of 
                 0.5 
                 0.5 
                 0.5 
                 0.5 
                 0.3 
                 1.0 
                 1.0 
                 1.0 
                 0.5 
                 0.5 
                 0.3 
                 0.3 
                 0.5 
                 0.5 
                 0.2 
                 0.5 
                 0.5 
                 0.5 
               
               
                 pentachlo- 
               
               
                 rothiophenol 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Details on the ingredients mentioned in Table 1 are given below.
     Polybutadiene A: Available under the trade name “BR 01” from JSR Corporation   Polybutadiene B: Available under the trade name “BR 51” from JSR Corporation   Polybutadiene C: Available under the trade name “BR 730” from JSR Corporation   Zinc acrylate: “ZN-DA85S” from Nippon Shokubai Co., Ltd.   Organic Peroxide (1): Dicumyl peroxide, available under the trade name “Percumyl D” from NOF Corporation   Organic Peroxide (2): A mixture of 1,1-di(t-butylperoxy)cyclohexane and silica, available under the trade name “Perhexa C-40” from NOF Corporation   Water: Pure water (from Seiki Chemical Industrial Co., Ltd.)   Antioxidant: 2,2′-Methylenebis(4-methyl-6-butylphenol), available under the trade name “Nocrac NS-6” from Ouchi Shinko Chemical Industry Co., Ltd.   Zinc oxide: Available as Grade 3 Zinc Oxide from Sakai Chemical Co., Ltd.   Barium sulfate: Barico #300W (Hakusui Tech)   Zinc salt of pentachlorothiophenol:
       Available from Wako Pure Chemical Industries, Ltd.
 
Formation of Envelope Layer, Intermediate Layer and Cover (Outermost Layer)
   
       

     Next, in Example 1 and Comparative Examples 1 to 4, an envelope layer and an intermediate layer were formed by successively injection-molding the envelope layer and intermediate layer materials formulated as shown in Table 2 over the resulting core, thereby obtaining the respective layer-encased spheres. The cover (outermost layer) was then formed by injection-molding the cover material formulated as shown in the same table over the resulting intermediate layer-encased sphere, thereby producing a multi-piece solid golf ball. A plurality of given dimples common to all of the Examples and Comparative Examples were formed at this time on the surface of the cover. In Comparative Examples 3 and 4, an envelope layer was not formed over the core. 
     Likewise, in Examples 2 to 8 and Comparative Examples 5 to 10, an envelope layer and an intermediate layer are formed in the same way as described above, giving the respective layer-encased spheres. The cover (outermost layer) is then formed by injection-molding the cover material formulated as shown in the same table over the resulting intermediate layer-encased sphere, thereby producing a multi-piece solid golf ball. A plurality of given dimples common to all of the Examples and Comparative Examples are formed at this time on the surface of the cover. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
                 TABLE 2 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Resin composition 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 (pbw) 
                 No. 1 
                 No. 2 
                 No. 3 
                 No. 4 
                 No. 5 
                 No. 6 
                 No. 7 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 HPF 1000 
                 90 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 HPF 2000 
                   
                 100 
               
               
                 Himilan 1605 
                 10 
                   
                 50 
               
               
                 Himilan 1557 
                   
                   
                 15 
                   
                 50 
               
               
                 Himilan 1706 
                   
                   
                 35 
                   
                   
                   
                 15 
               
               
                 AM7318 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 85 
               
               
                 Surlyn 8120 
                   
                   
                   
                 100 
               
               
                 Himilan 1601 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 50 
               
               
                 Trimethylolpropane 
                   
                   
                 1.1 
                   
                 1.1 
                   
                 1.1 
               
               
                 TPU 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 100 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Trade names of the chief materials mentioned in the table are given below.
     HPF 1000: HPF™ 1000, from The Dow Chemical Company   HPF 2000: HPF™ 2000, from The Dow Chemical Company   Himilan: Tonomers available from Dow-Mitsui Polychemicals Co., Ltd.   Surlyn: An ionomer available from The Dow Chemical Company   Trimethylolpropane: TMP, available from Tokyo Chemical Industry Co., Ltd.   TPU: An ether-type thermoplastic polyurethane available under the trade name “Pandex” from DIC Covestro Polymer, Ltd.   AM7318: An ionomer available from Dow-Mitsui Polychemicals Co., Ltd.   

     Eight types of circular dimples are used. The dimples and the dimple pattern are common to all of the Examples and Comparative Examples. Details on the dimples are shown in Table 3 below, and the dimple pattern is shown in  FIG.  5   .  FIG.  5 A  is a top view of the dimples, and  FIG.  5 B  is a side view of the same. 
                                                 TABLE 3                                   Cylinder               Dimple   Num-   Diameter   Depth   Volume   volume   SR   VR       A   ber   (mm)   (mm)   (mm 3 )   ratio   (%)   (%)                                                                A-1   12   4.6   0.118   1.111   0.566   82.3   0.77       A-2   198   4.45   0.117   1.031   0.566       A-3   36   3.85   0.114   0.752   0.566       A-4   12   2.75   0.085   0.286   0.566       A-5   36   4.45   0.126   1.110   0.566       A-6   24   3.85   0.123   0.811   0.566       A-7   6   3.4   0.115   0.558   0.534       A-8   6   3.3   0.115   0.526   0.534       Total   330                    
Dimple Definitions
     Edge: Highest place in cross-section passing through center of dimple.   Diameter: Diameter of flat plane circumscribed by edge of dimple.   Depth: Maximum depth of dimple from flat plane circumscribed by edge of dimple.   SR: Sum of individual dimple surface areas, each defined by flat plane circumscribed by edge of dimple, as a percentage of spherical surface area of ball were it to have no dimples thereon.   Dimple volume: Dimple volume below flat plane circumscribed by edge of dimple.   Cylinder volume ratio: Ratio of dimple volume to volume of cylinder having same diameter and depth as dimple.   VR: Sum of volumes of individual dimples formed below flat plane circumscribed by edge of dimple, as a percentage of volume of ball sphere were it to have no dimples thereon.
 
Formation of Coating Layer
   

     Next, in Example 1 and Comparative Examples 1 to 4, using the coating composition shown in Table 4 below, a coating composition common to all the Examples and Comparative Examples was applied with an air spray gun onto the surface of the cover (outermost layer) on which numerous dimples were formed, thereby producing golf balls having a 15 μm-thick coating layer formed thereon. 
     The above coating is similarly applied in Examples 2 to 5 and Comparative Examples 5 to 10, thereby producing golf balls having a 15 μm-thick coating layer formed thereon. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
               
             
               
                 TABLE 4 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                 Coating  
                 Base  
                 Polyester polyol (A) 
                 23 
               
               
                 composition 
                 resin 
                 Polyesie polyol (B) 
                 15 
               
               
                 (pbw) 
                   
                 Organic solvent 
                 62 
               
               
                   
                 Curing  
                 Isocyanate (HMDI  
                 42 
               
               
                   
                 agent 
                 isocyanurate) 
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 Solvent 
                 58 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Molar blending rat (NCO/OH) 
                 0.89 
               
               
                 Coating  
                 Elastic work recovery (%) 
                 84 
               
               
                 properties 
                 Shore M hardness 
                 84 
               
               
                   
                 Shore C hardness 
                 63 
               
               
                   
                 Thickness (μm) 
                 15 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Polyester Polyol (A) Synthesis Example 
     A reactor equipped with a reflux condenser, a dropping funnel, a gas inlet and a thermometer was charged with 140 parts by weight of trimethylolpropane, 95 parts by weight of ethylene glycol, 157 parts by weight of adipic acid and 58 parts by weight of 1,4-cyclohexanedimethanol, following which the temperature was raised to between 200 and 240° C. under stirring and the reaction was effected by 5 hours of heating. This yielded Polyester Polyol (A) having an acid value of 4, a hydroxyl value of 170 and a weight-average molecular weight (Mw) of 28,000. 
     Next, the Polyester Polyol (A) thus synthesized was dissolved in butyl acetate, thereby preparing a varnish having a nonvolatiles content of 70 wt %. 
     The base resin for the coating composition in Table 4 was prepared by mixing together 23 parts by weight of the above polyester polyol solution, 15 parts by weight of Polyester Polyol (B) (the saturated aliphatic polyester polyol NIPPOLAN 800 from Tosoh Corporation; weight-average molecular weight (Mw), 1,000; 100% solids) and the organic solvent. This mixture had a nonvolatiles content of 38.0 wt %. 
     Elastic Work Recovery 
     The elastic work recovery of the coating material is measured using a coating sheet having a thickness of 50 μm. The ENT-2100 nanohardness tester from Erionix Inc. is used as the measurement apparatus, and the measurement conditions are as follows. 
     Indenter: Berkovich indenter (material: diamond; angle α: 65.03°) 
     Load F: 0.2 mN 
     Loading time: 10 seconds 
     Holding time: 1 second 
     Unloading time: 10 seconds 
     The elastic work recovery is calculated as follows, based on the indentation work W elast  (Nm) due to spring-back deformation of the coating and on the mechanical indentation work W total  (Nm).
 
Elastic work recovery= W   elast   /W   total ×100(%)
 
Shore C Hardness and Shore M Hardness
 
     The Shore C hardness and Shore M hardness in Table 4 above are determined by forming the material being tested into 2 mm thick sheets and stacking three such sheets together to give test specimens. Measurements are taken using a Shore C durometer and a Shore M durometer in accordance with ASTM D2240. 
     Various properties of the resulting golf balls, including the internal hardnesses of the core at various positions, the diameters of the core and each layer-encased sphere, the thickness and material hardness of each layer, and the surface hardness of each layer-encased sphere, are evaluated by the following methods. The results are presented in Tables 5 and 6. 
     Diameters of Core, Envelope Layer-Encased Sphere and Intermediate Layer-Encased Sphere 
     The diameters at five random places on the surface are measured at a temperature of 23.9±1° C. and, using the average of these measurements as the measured value for a single core, envelope layer-encased sphere or intermediate layer-encased sphere, the average diameter for ten such spheres is determined. 
     Ball Diameter 
     The diameter at 15 random dimple-free areas is measured at a temperature of 23.9±1° C. and, using the average of these measurements as the measured value for a single ball, the average diameter for ten balls is determined. 
     Core and Ball Deflections 
     A core or ball is placed on a hard plate and the amount of deflection when compressed under a final load of 1,275 N (130 kgf) from an initial load of 98 N (10 kgf) is measured. The amount of deflection refers in each case to the measured value obtained after holding the core isothermally at 23.9° C. The rate at which pressure is applied by the head compressing the ball or core is set to 10 mm/s. 
     Core Hardness Profile 
     The indenter of a durometer is set substantially perpendicular to the spherical surface of the core, and the core surface hardness on the Shore C hardness scale is measured in accordance with ASTM D2240. The hardnesses at the center and specific positions of the core are measured as Shore C hardness values by perpendicularly pressing the indenter of a durometer against the center portion and the specific positions shown in Tables 5 and 6 on the flat cross-section obtained by cutting the core into hemispheres. The P2 Automatic Rubber Hardness Tester (Kobunshi Keiki Co., Ltd.) equipped with a Shore C durometer can be used for measuring the hardness. The maximum value is read off as the hardness value. Measurements are all carried out in a 23±2° C. environment. The numbers in Tables 5 and 6 are Shore C hardness values. 
     Also, in the core hardness profile, letting Cc be the Shore C hardness at the center of the core, Cc+4 be the Shore C hardness 4 mm outward from the core center, Cm be the Shore C hardness at the midpoint M between the core center and core surface, Cm−4 and Cm+4 be the respective Shore C hardnesses at positions 4.0 mm inward and outward from the midpoint M, Cs be the Shore C hardness at the surface of the core and Cs−4 be the Shore C hardness 4 mm inward from the core surface, the surface areas A to D defined as follows 
     surface area A: ½×4×(Cc+4−Cc) 
     surface area B: ½×4×(Cm−Cm−4) 
     surface area C: ½×4×(Cm+4−Cm) 
     surface area D: ½×4×(Cs−Cs−4). 
     were calculated, and the values of the following three expressions were determined:
 
(surface area  C )/(surface area  A )  (1)
 
(surface area  D )/(surface area  B )  (2)
 
(surface area  C +surface area  D )/(surface area  A +surface area  B ).  (3)
 
     Surface areas A to D in the core hardness profile are explained in  FIG.  2   , which is a graph that illustrates surface areas A to D using the core hardness profile data from Example 1. 
     Also,  FIGS.  3  and  4    show graphs of the core hardness profiles for Examples 1 to 5 and Comparative Examples 1 to 10. 
     Material Hardnesses (Shore D Hardnesses) of Envelope Layer, Intermediate Layer and Cover 
     The resin material for each layer is molded into a sheet having a thickness of 2 mm and left to stand for at least two weeks. The Shore D hardness of each material is then measured in accordance with ASTM D2240. The P2 Automatic Rubber Hardness Tester (Kobunshi Keiki Co., Ltd.) on which a Shore D durometer has been mounted is used for measuring the hardness. The maximum value is read off as the hardness value. Measurements are all carried out in a 23±2° C. environment. 
     Surface Hardnesses (Shore C and Shore D) of Envelope Layer-Encased Sphere, Intermediate Layer-Encased Sphere and Ball 
     These hardnesses are measured by perpendicularly pressing an indenter against the surfaces of the respective spheres. The surface hardness of a ball (cover) is the value measured at a dimple-free area (land) on the surface of the ball. The Shore C and Shore D hardnesses are measured using Shore C and Shore D durometers in accordance with ASTM D2240. A P2 Automatic Rubber Hardness Tester (Kobunshi Keiki Co., Ltd.) on which a Shore C durometer and a Shore D durometer have both been mounted is used for measuring the hardnesses. The maximum value is read off as the hardness value. Measurements are all carried out in a 23±2° C. environment. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
             
               
                   
                 TABLE 5 
               
             
            
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Example 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 1 
                 2 
                 3 
                 4 
                 5 
                 6 
                 7 
                 8 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Construction (piece) 
                 4P 
                 4P 
                 4P 
                 4P 
                 4P 
                 4P 
                 4P 
                 4P 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Core 
                 Diameter (mm) 
                 37.04 
                 37.04 
                 37.04 
                 37.04 
                 36.31 
                 36.33 
                 35.42 
                 35.42 
               
               
                   
                 Weight (g) 
                 31.6 
                 31.6 
                 31.6 
                 31.6 
                 30.0 
                 30.4 
                 28.5 
                 28.5 
               
               
                   
                 Deflection (mm) 
                 4.0 
                 4.1 
                 4.3 
                 4.4 
                 4.6 
                 4.7 
                 4.7 
                 4.7 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Hardness 
                 Core surface hardness (Cs) 
                 86.1 
                 84.3 
                 82.6 
                 82.7 
                 75.6 
                 78.0 
                 76.1 
                 76.1 
               
               
                   
                 profile 
                 Hardness 4 mm inward 
                 76.9 
                 76.3 
                 75.6 
                 74.9 
                 72.2 
                 73.3 
                 70.3 
                 70.3 
               
               
                   
                   
                 from core surface (Cs − 4) 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Hardness at position 4 mm outward 
                 71.9 
                 71.5 
                 71.1 
                 68.8 
                 70.0 
                 71.5 
                 69.4 
                 69.4 
               
               
                   
                   
                 from midpoint M (Cm + 4) 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Hardness at midpoint between 
                 66.9 
                 66.1 
                 65.4 
                 61.4 
                 66.2 
                 60.5 
                 60.9 
                 60.9 
               
               
                   
                   
                 core surface and core center (Cm) 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Hardness at position 4 mm inward 
                 62.6 
                 60.5 
                 58.3 
                 57.5 
                 59.8 
                 54.8 
                 54.5 
                 54.5 
               
               
                   
                   
                 from midpoint M (Cm − 4) 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Hardness at position 4 mm 
                 62.1 
                 60.1 
                 58.0 
                 56.6 
                 58.7 
                 54.1 
                 54.1 
                 54.1 
               
               
                   
                   
                 from core center (Cc + 4) 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Hardness at core center (Cc) 
                 59.0 
                 57.2 
                 55.4 
                 54.4 
                 55.4 
                 52.0 
                 53.4 
                 53.4 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Cs − Cc 
                 27.1 
                 27.1 
                 27.2 
                 28.3 
                 20.2 
                 26.0 
                 22.7 
                 22.7 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Surface area A 
                 6.3 
                 5.8 
                 5.4 
                 4.6 
                 6.7 
                 4.3 
                 1.3 
                 1.3 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Surface area B 
                 8.5 
                 11.3 
                 14.0 
                 7.8 
                 12.9 
                 11.4 
                 12.8 
                 12.8 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Surface area C 
                 10.0 
                 10.7 
                 11.4 
                 14.8 
                 7.6 
                 22.1 
                 17.0 
                 17.0 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Surface area D 
                 18.3 
                 16.1 
                 13.9 
                 15.5 
                 6.8 
                 9.5 
                 11.5 
                 11.5 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Surface area C/Surface area A 
                 1.6 
                 1.8 
                 2.1 
                 3.3 
                 1.1 
                 5.2 
                 12.7 
                 12.7 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Surface area D/Surface area B 
                 2.1 
                 1.4 
                 1.0 
                 2.0 
                 0.5 
                 0.8 
                 0.9 
                 0.9 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Surface area A + Surface area B 
                 14.8 
                 17.1 
                 19.4 
                 12.4 
                 19.6 
                 15.7 
                 14.1 
                 14.1 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Surface area C + Surface area D 
                 28.3 
                 26.8 
                 25.3 
                 30.3 
                 14.4 
                 31.6 
                 28.6 
                 28.6 
               
               
                   
                   
                 (Surface area C + Surface area D)/ 
                 1.9 
                 1.6 
                 1.3 
                 2.5 
                 0.7 
                 2.0 
                 2.0 
                 2.0 
               
               
                   
                   
                 (Surface area A + Surface area B) 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Envelope 
                 Material 
                 No. 1 
                 No. 1 
                 No. 1 
                 No. 1 
                 No. 1 
                 No. 1 
                 No. 1 
                 No. 1 
               
               
                 layer 
                 Thickness (mm) 
                 1.02 
                 1.02 
                 1.02 
                 1.02 
                 1.37 
                 1.30 
                 1.70 
                 1.40 
               
               
                   
                 Material hardness (Shore C) 
                 79 
                 79 
                 79 
                 79 
                 79 
                 79 
                 79 
                 79 
               
               
                   
                 Material hardness (Shore D) 
                 52 
                 52 
                 52 
                 52 
                 52 
                 52 
                 52 
                 52 
               
               
                 Envelope 
                 Outside diameter (mm) 
                 39.07 
                 39.07 
                 39.07 
                 39.07 
                 39.05 
                 38.93 
                 38.81 
                 38.22 
               
               
                 layer- 
                 Weight (g) 
                 36.0 
                 36.0 
                 36.0 
                 36.0 
                 35.9 
                 35.9 
                 35.5 
                 34.1 
               
               
                 encased 
                 Surface hardness (Shore C) 
                 87 
                 87 
                 87 
                 87 
                 87 
                 87 
                 87 
                 87 
               
               
                 sphere 
                 Surface hardness (Shore D) 
                 58 
                 58 
                 58 
                 58 
                 58 
                 58 
                 58 
                 58 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Surface hardness of envelope layer-encased 
                 28 
                 30 
                 32 
                 33 
                 32 
                 35 
                 34 
                 34 
               
               
                 sphere - Core center hardness 
               
               
                 Surface hardness of envelope layer-encased 
                 1 
                 3 
                 4 
                 4 
                 11 
                 9 
                 11 
                 11 
               
               
                 sphere - Core surface hardness 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Intermediate 
                 Material 
                 No. 3 
                 No. 3 
                 No. 3 
                 No. 3 
                 No. 3 
                 No. 7 
                 No. 7 
                 No. 7 
               
               
                 layer 
                 Thickness (mm) 
                 0.98 
                 0.98 
                 0.98 
                 0.98 
                 1.01 
                 1.06 
                 1.11 
                 1.41 
               
               
                   
                 Material hardness (Shore C) 
                 95 
                 95 
                 95 
                 95 
                 95 
                 95 
                 95 
                 95 
               
               
                   
                 Material hardness (Shore D) 
                 64 
                 64 
                 64 
                 64 
                 64 
                 64 
                 64 
                 64 
               
               
                 Intermediate 
                 Outside diameter (mm) 
                 41.04 
                 41.04 
                 41.04 
                 41.04 
                 41.08 
                 41.05 
                 41.03 
                 41.03 
               
               
                 layer- 
                 Weight (g) 
                 40.6 
                 40.6 
                 40.6 
                 40.6 
                 40.7 
                 40.9 
                 40.6 
                 40.6 
               
               
                 encased 
                 Surface hardness (Shore C) 
                 98 
                 98 
                 98 
                 98 
                 98 
                 98 
                 98 
                 98 
               
               
                 sphere 
                 Surface hardness (Shore D) 
                 70 
                 70 
                 70 
                 70 
                 70 
                 71 
                 71 
                 71 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Surface hardness of intermediate 
                 11 
                 11 
                 11 
                 11 
                 11 
                 11 
                 11 
                 11 
               
               
                 layer-encased sphere - 
               
               
                 Surface hardness of envelope 
               
               
                 layer-encased sphere 
               
               
                 Envelope layer thickness - 
                 0.03 
                 0.03 
                 0.03 
                 0.03 
                 0.36 
                 0.24 
                 0.59 
                 −0.01 
               
               
                 Intermediate layer thickness (mm) 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Cover 
                 Material 
                 No. 6 
                 No. 6 
                 No. 6 
                 No. 6 
                 No. 6 
                 No. 6 
                 No. 6 
                 No. 6 
               
               
                   
                 Thickness (mm) 
                 0.83 
                 0.83 
                 0.83 
                 0.83 
                 0.82 
                 0.85 
                 0.83 
                 0.82 
               
               
                   
                 Material hardness (Shore C) 
                 72 
                 72 
                 72 
                 72 
                 72 
                 72 
                 72 
                 72 
               
               
                   
                 Material hardness (Shore D) 
                 47 
                 47 
                 47 
                 47 
                 47 
                 47 
                 47 
                 47 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Material hardness of coating layer (Shore C) 
                 63 
                 63 
                 63 
                 63 
                 63 
                 63 
                 63 
                 63 
               
               
                 Material hardness of cover - 
                 9 
                 9 
                 9 
                 9 
                 9 
                 9 
                 9 
                 9 
               
               
                 Material hardness of coating layer 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Ball 
                 Diameter (mm) 
                 42.70 
                 42.70 
                 42.70 
                 42.70 
                 42.72 
                 42.74 
                 42.70 
                 42.68 
               
               
                   
                 Weight (g) 
                 45.4 
                 45.4 
                 45.4 
                 45.4 
                 45.4 
                 45.6 
                 45.4 
                 45.3 
               
               
                   
                 Deflection (mm) 
                 2.9 
                 3.0 
                 3.2 
                 3.4 
                 3.3 
                 3.3 
                 3.1 
                 3.0 
               
               
                   
                 Surface hardness (Shore C) 
                 88 
                 88 
                 88 
                 88 
                 88 
                 89 
                 89 
                 88 
               
               
                   
                 Surface hardness (Shore D) 
                 60 
                 60 
                 60 
                 60 
                 60 
                 61 
                 61 
                 60 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Surface hardness of intermediate 
                 10 
                 10 
                 10 
                 10 
                 10 
                 9 
                 9 
                 10 
               
               
                 layer-encased sphere - 
               
               
                 Surface hardness of ball (Shore D) 
               
               
                 Core diameter/Ball diameter 
                 0.867 
                 0.867 
                 0.867 
                 0.867 
                 0.850 
                 0.850 
                 0.829 
                 0.830 
               
               
                 Intermediate layer thickness - Cover thickness (mm) 
                 0.15 
                 0.15 
                 0.15 
                 0.15 
                 0.20 
                 0.21 
                 0.28 
                 0.58 
               
               
                 Envelope thickness - Cover thickness (mm) 
                 0.19 
                 0.19 
                 0.19 
                 0.19 
                 0.55 
                 0.45 
                 0.87 
                 0.58 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     
       
         
           
               
               
             
               
                   
                 TABLE 6 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
                 Comparative Example 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 1 
                 2 
                 3 
                 4 
                 5 
                 6 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Construction (piece) 
                 4P 
                 4P 
                 3P 
                 3P 
                 4P 
                 4P 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Core 
                 Diameter (mm) 
                 37.05 
                 37.04 
                 38.64 
                 38.63 
                 26.90 
                 37.04 
               
               
                   
                 Weight (g) 
                 31.6 
                 31.6 
                 35.0 
                 35.0 
                 15.8 
                 31.6 
               
               
                   
                 Deflection (mm) 
                 3.5 
                 3.8 
                 3.2 
                 3.7 
                 4.6 
                 4.0 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Hardness profile 
                 Core surface hardness (Cs) 
                 90.8 
                 87.9 
                 93.9 
                 88.7 
                 79.3 
                 86.1 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Hardness 4 mm inward 
                 76.9 
                 77.6 
                 80.1 
                 77.9 
                 66.0 
                 76.9 
               
               
                   
                   
                 from core surface (Cs − 4) 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Hardness at position 4 mm outward 
                 73.2 
                 72.3 
                 72.2 
                 70.2 
                 72.3 
                 71.9 
               
               
                   
                   
                 from midpoint M (Cm + 4) 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Hardness at midpoint between 
                 68.6 
                 67.7 
                 68.5 
                 64.6 
                 60.5 
                 66.9 
               
               
                   
                   
                 core surface and core center (Cm) 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Hardness at position 4 mm inward 
                 66.4 
                 64.8 
                 67.9 
                 63.5 
                 57.6 
                 62.6 
               
               
                   
                   
                 from midpoint M (Cm − 4) 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Hardness at position 4 mm 
                 65.9 
                 64.2 
                 67.5 
                 62.9 
                 59.0 
                 62.1 
               
               
                   
                   
                 from core center (Cc + 4) 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Hardness at core center (Cc) 
                 62.6 
                 60.8 
                 63.9 
                 57.8 
                 56.9 
                 59.0 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Cs − Cc 
                 28.2 
                 27.1 
                 30.0 
                 30.9 
                 22.4 
                 27.1 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Surface area A 
                 6.7 
                 6.7 
                 7.1 
                 10.2 
                 4.2 
                 6.3 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Surface area B 
                 4.3 
                 5.8 
                 1.2 
                 2.4 
                 5.8 
                 8.5 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Surface area C 
                 9.2 
                 9.3 
                 7.4 
                 11.1 
                 23.6 
                 10.0 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Surface area D 
                 27.8 
                 20.6 
                 27.5 
                 21.5 
                 26.6 
                 18.3 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Surface area C/Surface area A 
                 1.4 
                 1.4 
                 1.0 
                 1.1 
                 5.6 
                 1.6 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Surface area D/Surface area B 
                 6.5 
                 3.6 
                 22.6 
                 9.1 
                 4.6 
                 2.1 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Surface area A + Surface area B 
                 11.0 
                 12.5 
                 8.3 
                 12.5 
                 10.0 
                 14.8 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Surface area C + Surface area D 
                 37.1 
                 29.9 
                 34.9 
                 32.6 
                 50.2 
                 28.3 
               
               
                   
                   
                 (Surface area C + Surface area D)/ 
                 3.4 
                 2.4 
                 4.2 
                 2.6 
                 5.0 
                 1.9 
               
               
                   
                   
                 (Surface area A + Surface area B) 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Envelope 
                 Material 
                 No. 1 
                 No. 1 
                 — 
                 — 
                 No. 1 
                 No. 2 
               
               
                 layer 
                 Thickness (mm) 
                 1.01 
                 1.02 
                 — 
                 — 
                 6.08 
                 1.02 
               
               
                   
                 Material hardness (Shore C) 
                 79 
                 79 
                 — 
                 — 
                 79 
                 72 
               
               
                   
                 Material hardness (Shore D) 
                 52 
                 52 
                 — 
                 — 
                 52 
                 47 
               
               
                 Envelope 
                 Outside diameter (mm) 
                 39.07 
                 39.07 
                 — 
                 — 
                 39.07 
                 39.07 
               
               
                 layer- 
                 Weight (g) 
                 36.0 
                 36.0 
                 — 
                 — 
                 36.0 
                 36.0 
               
               
                 encased 
                 Surface hardness (Shore C) 
                 87 
                 87 
                 — 
                 — 
                 87 
                 80 
               
               
                 sphere 
                 Surface hardness (Shore D) 
                 58 
                 58 
                 — 
                 — 
                 58 
                 53 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Surface hardness of envelope 
                 24 
                 26 
                 — 
                 — 
                 30 
                 21 
               
               
                 layer-encased sphere - 
               
               
                 Core center hardness 
               
               
                 Surface hardness of envelope 
                 −4 
                 −1 
                 — 
                 — 
                 8 
                 −6 
               
               
                 layer-encased sphere - 
               
               
                 Core surface hardness 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Intermediate 
                 Material 
                 No. 3 
                 No. 3 
                 No. 3 
                 No. 3 
                 No. 3 
                 No. 3 
               
               
                 layer 
                 Thickness (mm) 
                 0.98 
                 0.98 
                 1.21 
                 1.22 
                 0.99 
                 0.98 
               
               
                   
                 Material hardness (Shore C) 
                 95 
                 95 
                 95 
                 95 
                 95 
                 95 
               
               
                   
                 Material hardness (Shore D) 
                 64 
                 64 
                 64 
                 64 
                 64 
                 64 
               
               
                 Intermediate 
                 Outside diameter (mm) 
                 41.04 
                 41.04 
                 41.07 
                 41.07 
                 41.05 
                 41.04 
               
               
                 layer- 
                 Weight (g) 
                 40.6 
                 40.6 
                 40.8 
                 40.7 
                 40.6 
                 40.6 
               
               
                 encased 
                 Surface hardness (Shore C) 
                 98 
                 98 
                 98 
                 98 
                 98 
                 98 
               
               
                 sphere 
                 Surface hardness (Shore D) 
                 70 
                 70 
                 70 
                 70 
                 70 
                 70 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Surface hardness of intermediate layer-encased sphere 
                 11 
                 11 
                 — 
                 — 
                 11 
                 18 
               
               
                 Surface hardness of envelope layer-encased sphere 
               
               
                 Envelope layer thickness - 
                 0.03 
                 0.03 
                 — 
                 — 
                 5.09 
                 0.03 
               
               
                 Intermediate layer thickness (mm) 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Cover 
                 Material 
                 No. 6 
                 No. 6 
                 No. 6 
                 No. 6 
                 No. 6 
                 No. 6 
               
               
                   
                 Thickness (mm) 
                 0.83 
                 0.83 
                 0.82 
                 0.81 
                 0.82 
                 0.83 
               
               
                   
                 Material hardness (Shore C) 
                 72 
                 72 
                 72 
                 72 
                 72 
                 72 
               
               
                   
                 Material hardness (Shore D) 
                 47 
                 47 
                 47 
                 47 
                 47 
                 47 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Material hardness of coating layer (Shore C) 
                 63 
                 63 
                 63 
                 63 
                 63 
                 63 
               
               
                 Material hardness of cover - 
                 9 
                 9 
                 9 
                 9 
                 9 
                 9 
               
               
                 Material hardness of coating layer 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Ball 
                 Diameter (mm) 
                 42.71 
                 42.70 
                 42.72 
                 42.70 
                 42.70 
                 42.70 
               
               
                   
                 Weight (g) 
                 45.4 
                 45.4 
                 45.5 
                 45.5 
                 45.4 
                 45.4 
               
               
                   
                 Deflection (mm) 
                 2.4 
                 2.7 
                 2.3 
                 2.7 
                 2.5 
                 3.0 
               
               
                   
                 Surface hardness (Shore C) 
                 88 
                 88 
                 88 
                 88 
                 88 
                 88 
               
               
                   
                 Surface hardness (Shore D) 
                 60 
                 60 
                 60 
                 60 
                 60 
                 60 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Surface hardness of intermediate layer- 
                 10 
                 10 
                 10 
                 10 
                 10 
                 10 
               
               
                 encased sphere - 
               
               
                 Surface hardness of ball (Shore D) 
               
               
                 Core diameter/Ball diameter 
                 0.867 
                 0.867 
                 0.905 
                 0.905 
                 0.630 
                 0.867 
               
               
                 intermediate layer thickness - Cover thickness (mm) 
                 0.15 
                 0.15 
                 0.39 
                 0.41 
                 0.17 
                 0.15 
               
               
                 Envelope thickness - Cover thickness (mm) 
                 0.18 
                 0.19 
                 — 
                 — 
                 5.18 
                 0.19 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Comparative Example 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 7 
                 8 
                 9 
                 10 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Construction (piece) 
                 4P 
                 4P 
                 4P 
                 4P 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Core 
                 Diameter (mm) 
                 37.04 
                 37.04 
                 36.30 
                 37.04 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Weight (g) 
                 31.6 
                 31.6 
                 29.7 
                 31.6 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Deflection (mm) 
                 4.0 
                 4.0 
                 4.0 
                 4.0 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Hardness profile 
                 Core surface hardness (Cs) 
                 80.2 
                 86.1 
                 86.1 
                 86.1 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Hardness 4 mm inward 
                 70.0 
                 76.9 
                 76.9 
                 76.9 
               
               
                   
                   
                 from core surface (Cs − 4) 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Hardness at position 4 mm outward 
                 69.0 
                 71.9 
                 71.9 
                 71.9 
               
               
                   
                   
                 from midpoint M (Cm + 4) 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Hardness at midpoint between 
                 67.3 
                 66.9 
                 66.9 
                 66.9 
               
               
                   
                   
                 core surface and core center (Cm) 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Hardness at position 4 mm inward 
                 67.1 
                 62.6 
                 62.9 
                 62.6 
               
               
                   
                   
                 from midpoint M (Cm − 4) 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Hardness at position 4 mm 
                 66.4 
                 62.1 
                 62.3 
                 62.1 
               
               
                   
                   
                 from core center (Cc + 4) 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Hardness at core center (Cc) 
                 61.3 
                 59.0 
                 60.2 
                 59.0 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Cs − Cc 
                 18.9 
                 27.1 
                 25.9 
                 27.1 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Surface area A 
                 10.2 
                 6.3 
                 4.2 
                 6.3 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Surface area B 
                 0.6 
                 8.5 
                 8.0 
                 8.5 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Surface area C 
                 3.3 
                 10.0 
                 10.0 
                 10.0 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Surface area D 
                 20.4 
                 18.3 
                 18.3 
                 18.3 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Surface area C/Surface area A 
                 0.3 
                 1.6 
                 2.4 
                 1.6 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Surface area D/Surface area B 
                 34.8 
                 2.1 
                 2.3 
                 2.1 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Surface area A + Surface area B 
                 10.8 
                 14.8 
                 12.2 
                 14.8 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Surface area C + Surface area D 
                 23.7 
                 28.3 
                 28.3 
                 28.3 
               
               
                   
                   
                 (Surface area C + Surface area D)/ 
                 2.2 
                 1.9 
                 2.3 
                 1.9 
               
               
                   
                   
                 (Surface area A + Surface area B) 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Envelope 
                 Material 
                 No. 1 
                 No. 1 
                 No. 1 
                 No. 1 
               
               
                   
                 layer 
                 Thickness (mm) 
                 1.02 
                 1.02 
                 1.02 
                 0.72 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Material hardness (Shore C) 
                 79 
                 79 
                 79 
                 79 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Material hardness (Shore D) 
                 52 
                 52 
                 52 
                 52 
               
               
                   
                 Envelope 
                 Outside diameter (mm) 
                 39.07 
                 39.07 
                 38.34 
                 38.47 
               
               
                   
                 layer- 
                 Weight (g) 
                 36.0 
                 36.0 
                 34.0 
                 34.7 
               
               
                   
                 encased 
                 Surface hardness (Shore C) 
                 87 
                 87 
                 87 
                 87 
               
               
                   
                 sphere 
                 Surface hardness (Shore D) 
                 58 
                 58 
                 58 
                 58 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Surface hardness of envelope 
                 26 
                 28 
                 27 
                 28 
               
               
                   
                 layer-encased sphere - 
               
               
                   
                 Core center hardness 
               
               
                   
                 Surface hardness of envelope 
                 7 
                 1 
                 1 
                 1 
               
               
                   
                 layer-encased sphere - 
               
               
                   
                 Core surface hardness 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Intermediate 
                 Material 
                 No. 3 
                 No. 4 
                 No. 3 
                 No. 5 
               
               
                   
                 layer 
                 Thickness (mm) 
                 0.98 
                 0.98 
                 0.98 
                 1.28 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Material hardness (Shore C) 
                 95 
                 70 
                 95 
                 89 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Material hardness (Shore D) 
                 64 
                 45 
                 64 
                 60 
               
               
                   
                 Intermediate 
                 Outside diameter (mm) 
                 41.04 
                 41.04 
                 40.3 
                 41.04 
               
               
                   
                 layer- 
                 Weight (g) 
                 40.6 
                 40.6 
                 38.5 
                 40.7 
               
               
                   
                 encased 
                 Surface hardness (Shore C) 
                 98 
                 78 
                 98 
                 93 
               
               
                   
                 sphere 
                 Surface hardness (Shore D) 
                 70 
                 51 
                 70 
                 66 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Surface hard ness of intermediate layer-encased sphere 
                 11 
                 −9 
                 11 
                 6 
               
               
                   
                 Surface hardness of envelope layer-encased sphere 
               
               
                   
                 Envelope layer thickness - 
                 0.03 
                 0.03 
                 0.04 
                 −0.57 
               
               
                   
                 Intermediate layer thickness (mm) 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Cover 
                 Material 
                 No. 6 
                 No. 6 
                 No. 6 
                 No. 6 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Thickness (mm) 
                 0.83 
                 0.83 
                 1.20 
                 0.83 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Material hardness (Shore C) 
                 72 
                 72 
                 72 
                 72 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Material hardness (Shore D) 
                 47 
                 47 
                 47 
                 47 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Material hardness of coating layer (Shore C) 
                 63 
                 63 
                 63 
                 63 
               
               
                   
                 Material hardness of cover - 
                 9 
                 9 
                 9 
                 9 
               
               
                   
                 Material hardness of coating layer 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Ball 
                 Diameter (mm) 
                 42.70 
                 42.70 
                 42.70 
                 42.70 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Weight (g) 
                 45.4 
                 45.4 
                 45.4 
                 45.4 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Deflection (mm) 
                 2.9 
                 3.3 
                 2.9 
                 2.8 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Surface hardness (Shore C) 
                 88 
                 79 
                 83 
                 86 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Surface hardness (Shore D) 
                 60 
                 52 
                 55 
                 58 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Surface hardness of intermediate layer- 
                 10 
                 −1 
                 15 
                 7 
               
               
                   
                 encased sphere - 
               
               
                   
                 Surface hardness of ball (Shore D) 
               
               
                   
                 Core diameter/Ball diameter 
                 0.867 
                 0.867 
                 0.850 
                 0.867 
               
               
                   
                 intermediate layer thickness - Cover thickness (mm) 
                 0.15 
                 0.16 
                 −0.22 
                 0.45 
               
               
                   
                 Envelope thickness - Cover thickness (mm) 
                 0.43 
                 0.19 
                 −0.18 
                 −0.54 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     The flight (W #1 and I #6), spin rate on approach shots and feel at impact of each golf ball are evaluated by the following methods. The results are shown in Table 7. 
     Evaluation of Flight (W #1) 
     A driver (W #1) is mounted on a golf swing robot and the distance traveled by the ball w % ben struck at a head speed of 45 m/s is measured and rated according to the criteria shown below. The club used is the TourB XD-5 driver (loft angle, 9.5°) manufactured by Bridgestone Sports Co., Ltd. In addition, using an apparatus for measuring the initial conditions, the spin rate is measured immediately after the ball is similarly struck. 
     Rating Criteria 
     Good: Total distance is 226.5 m or more 
     NG: Total distance is less than 226.5 m 
     Evaluation of Flight (I #6) 
     A number six iron (I #6) is mounted on a golf swing robot and the distance traveled by the ball when struck at a head speed of 42 m/s is measured and rated according to the criteria shown below. The club used is the TourB X-CBP I #6 manufactured by Bridgestone Sports Co., Ltd. In addition, using an apparatus for measuring the initial conditions, the spin rate is measured immediately after the ball is similarly struck. 
     Rating Criteria 
     Good: Total distance is 167.0 m or more 
     NG: Total distance is less than 167.0 m 
     Evaluation of Spin Rate on Approach Shots 
     A sand wedge is mounted on a golf swing robot and the amount of spin by the ball when struck at a head speed of 11 m/s is rated according to the criteria shown below. An apparatus for measuring the initial conditions is used to measure the spin rate immediately after the ball is struck. The sand wedge is the TourB XW-1 SW manufactured by Bridgestone Sports Co., Ltd. 
     Rating Criteria 
     Good: Spin rate is 3,000 rpm or more 
     NG: Spin rate is less than 3,000 rpm 
     Feel 
     The feel of the ball when hit with the above driver (W #1) by amateur golfers having head speeds of 40 to 45 m/s and a handicap of 15 or less is rated according to the criteria shown below. 
     Rating Criteria 
     Good: Fifteen or more out of 20 golfers rate the ball as having a soft feel 
     Fair: At least 10 and up to 14 out of 20 golfers rate the ball as having a soft feel 
     NG: Nine or fewer out of 20 golfers rate the ball as having a soft feel 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
             
               
                   
                 TABLE 7 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
                 Example 
                 Comparative Example 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                   
                   
                 1 
                 2 
                 3 
                 4 
                 5 
                 6 
                 7 
                 8 
                 1 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Flight 
                 W#1 
                 Spin 
                 2,503 
                 2,468 
                 2,432 
                 2,396 
                 2,068 
                 2365 
                 2399 
                 2538 
                 2,610 
               
               
                   
                 HS = 
                 rate 
               
               
                   
                 45 m/s 
                 (rpm) 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Total 
                 228.2 
                 227.7 
                 227.2 
                 226.7 
                 228.7 
                 229.3 
                 229.8 
                 230.1 
                 229.6 
               
               
                   
                   
                 distance 
               
               
                   
                   
                 (m) 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Rating 
                 good 
                 good 
                 good 
                 good 
                 good 
                 good 
                 good 
                 good 
                 good 
               
               
                   
                 I#6 
                 Spin 
                 4,451 
                 4,138 
                 3,825 
                 3,512 
                 4,232 
                 3,545 
                 3,585 
                 3,747 
                 5,390 
               
               
                   
                 HS = 
                 rate 
               
               
                   
                 42 m/s 
                 (rpm) 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Total 
                 167.5 
                 169.0 
                 170.4 
                 171.9 
                 168.9 
                 171.7 
                 171.5 
                 168.8 
                 163.1 
               
               
                   
                   
                 distance 
               
               
                   
                   
                 (m) 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Rating 
                 good 
                 good 
                 good 
                 good 
                 good 
                 good 
                 good 
                 good 
                 NG 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Approach shots 
                 Spin 
                 3,331 
                 3,290 
                 3,249 
                 3,208 
                 3,175 
                 3,228 
                 3,269 
                 3,289 
                 3,453 
               
               
                 HS = 
                 rate 
               
               
                 11 m/s 
                 (rpm) 
               
               
                   
                 Rating 
                 good 
                 good 
                 good 
                 good 
                 good 
                 good 
                 good 
                 good 
                 good 
               
               
                 Feel 
                 Rating 
                 good 
                 good 
                 good 
                 good 
                 good 
                 good 
                 good 
                 good 
                 NG 
               
               
                 at impact 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Comparative Example 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 2 
                 3 
                 4 
                 5 
                 6 
                 7 
                 8 
                 9 
                 10 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Flight 
                 W#1 
                 Spin 
                 2,539 
                 2,660 
                 2,536 
                 2,598 
                 2,579 
                 2,608 
                 2,515 
                 2,593 
                 2,645 
               
               
                   
                   
                 HS = 
                 rate 
               
               
                   
                   
                 45 m/s 
                 (rpm) 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 Total 
                 228.6 
                 227.8 
                 227.6 
                 226.3 
                 227.1 
                 227.5 
                 224.2 
                 225.9 
                 226.2 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 distance 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 (m) 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 Rating 
                 good 
                 good 
                 good 
                 NG 
                 good 
                 good 
                 NG 
                 NG 
                 NG 
               
               
                   
                   
                 I#6 
                 Spin 
                 4,764 
                 5,165 
                 4,832 
                 5,190 
                 4,582 
                 4,572 
                 4,422 
                 4,460 
                 4,857 
               
               
                   
                   
                 HS = 
                 rate 
               
               
                   
                   
                 42 m/s 
                 (rpm) 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 Total 
                 166.0 
                 163.2 
                 166.1 
                 164.7 
                 166.4 
                 166.6 
                 165.3 
                 167.1 
                 165.9 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 distance 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 (m) 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 Rating 
                 NG 
                 NG 
                 NG 
                 NG 
                 NG 
                 NG 
                 NG 
                 good 
                 NG 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Approach shots 
                 Spin 
                 3,371 
                 3,439 
                 3,227 
                 3,453 
                 3,322 
                 3,330 
                 3,231 
                 3,375 
                 3,345 
               
               
                   
                 HS = 
                 rate 
               
               
                   
                 11 m/s 
                 (rpm) 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Rating 
                 good 
                 good 
                 good 
                 good 
                 good 
                 good 
                 good 
                 good 
                 good 
               
               
                   
                 Feel 
                 Rating 
                 fair 
                 NG 
                 fair 
                 NG 
                 good 
                 good 
                 good 
                 good 
                 fair 
               
               
                   
                 at impact 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     As demonstrated by the results in Table 7, the golf balls of Comparative Examples 1 to 10 are inferior in the following respects to the golf balls according to the present invention that are obtained in Examples 1 to 8. 
     In Comparative Example 1, the surface hardness of the envelope layer-encased sphere is lower than the surface hardness of the core and the (surface hardness of envelope layer-encased sphere)−(core center hardness) value on the Shore C scale is less than 28. As a result, the spin rate on full shots with an iron (I #6) rises and a satisfactory distance is not achieved. Also, a good feel at impact is not obtained. 
     In Comparative Example 2, the surface hardness of the envelope layer-encased sphere is lower than the surface hardness of the core and the (surface hardness of envelope layer-encased sphere)−(core center hardness) value on the Shore C scale is less than 28. As a result, the spin rate on full shots with an iron (I #6) rises and a satisfactory distance is not achieved. Also, a good feel at impact is not obtained. 
     The golf ball in Comparative Example 3 is a ball having a three-layer construction without an envelope layer. As a result, the spin rate on full shots with an iron (I #6) rises and a satisfactory distance is not achieved. Also, a good feel at impact is not obtained. 
     The golf ball in Comparative Example 4 is a ball having a three-layer construction without an envelope layer. As a result, the spin rate on full shots with an iron (I #6) rises and a satisfactory distance is not achieved. Also, a good feel at impact is not obtained. 
     In Comparative Example 5, the (core diameter)/(ball diameter) ratio is less than 0.825 and the hardness of the ball is high. As a result, the spin rate of the ball rises and the initial velocity on shots is low, and so a satisfactory distance is not achieved on full shots. In addition, a good feel at impact is not obtained. 
     In Comparative Example 6, the (surface hardness of envelope layer-encased sphere)−(core center hardness) value on the Shore C scale is less than 28. As a result, the spin rate on full shots with an iron (I #6) rises and a satisfactory distance is not obtained. 
     In Comparative Example 7, the hardness difference between the surface and center of the core on the Shore C scale is less than 20 and the (surface area C)/(surface area A) value calculated from the core hardness profile is less than 0.5. As a result, the spin rate on full shots with an iron (I #6) rises and a satisfactory distance is not obtained. 
     In Comparative Example 8, ball surface hardness≥surface hardness of intermediate layer-encased sphere; also, surface hardness of intermediate layer-encased sphere S surface hardness of envelope layer-encased sphere. As a result, the initial velocity on shots is low and a satisfactory distance is not obtained on full shots. 
     In Comparative Example 9, the cover is formed thicker than the intermediate layer and the cover is formed thicker than the envelope layer. As a result, the spin rate of the ball on shots with a driver (W #1) rises and a satisfactory distance is not obtained. 
     In Comparative Example 10, the cover is formed thicker than the envelope layer and the thickness of the envelope layer is thinner than 0.8 mm. As a result, the initial velocity on full shots is low and a satisfactory distance is not obtained on full shots. Also, a good feel at impact is not obtained. 
     Japanese Patent Application No. 2020-081966 is incorporated herein by reference. 
     Although some preferred embodiments have been described, many modifications and variations may be made thereto in light of the above teachings. It is therefore to be understood that the invention may be practiced otherwise than as specifically described without departing from the scope of the appended claims.