Patent Publication Number: US-2004048450-A1

Title: Method for amorphization re-crystallization of si1-xgex films on silicon substrates

Description:
RELATED APPLICATIONS  
     [0001] This Application is related to (1) Method to form relaxed SiGe layer with high Ge content, Ser. No. 10/062,319, filed Jan. 31, 2002; (2) Method to form thick relaxed SiGe layer with trench structure, Ser. No. 10/062,336, filed Jan. 31, 2002; (3) Amorphization Re-crystallization of Si 1−x Ge x  on Silicon film, Ser. No. 10/098,757, filed Mar. 13, 2002; (4) Method to form relaxed SiGe layer with high Ge content using implantation of molecular hydrogen, Ser. No. 10/099,374, filed Mar. 13, 2002; and (5) Implantation at Elevated Temperatures for Amorphization Re-crystallization of Si 1−x Ge x  Films on Silicon Substrates, Ser. No. ______, filed ______. 
    
    
     
       FIELD OF THE INVENTION  
       [0002] This invention relates to devices for high speed CMOS integrated circuits, and specifically to commercial production of VLSI ICs having Si 1−x Ge x  layers by providing a layer of tensile strained silicon on a relaxed Si 1−x Ge x  layer to speed switching speeds for nMOS and pMOS transistors.  
       BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION  
       [0003] There are many publications describing a thick layer of Si 1−x Ge x  with graded Ge composition (x) followed by a thick, relaxed Si 1−x Ge x  layer of constant x capped by a thin silicon film under tensile strain, which is used for fabricating high drain drive current MOS transistors. Due to the lattice parameter mismatch between the Si 1−x Ge x  layers and the silicon substrate, there is a high density of misfit dislocations at the SiGe/Si substrate interface, accompanied by numerous threading dislocations in the SiGe, some of which propagate all the way to the surface. The total SiGe thickness is on the order of several microns and the density of threading dislocations at the surface is still on the order of 1×10 5 cm −2 . However, the very thick Si 1−x Ge x  layer and the high defect density of the conventional Si 1−x Ge x  process is not applicable for large-scale integrated circuit fabrication.  
       [0004] As demonstrated in S. Mantl et al.,  Strain relaxation of epitaxial SiGe layer on silicon  (100)  improved by hydrogen implantation,  Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research B vol. 147, 29 (1999), and expanded upon in the above-identified related Applications 1 and 2, strain relaxed high quality Si 1−x Ge x  layers on silicon can be obtained by hydrogen ion implantation and annealing. Hydrogen ion implantation forms a narrow defect band slightly below the SiGe/Si interface. During subsequent annealing hydrogen platelets and cavities form, nucleating misfit dislocations, and giving rise to strong enhanced strain relaxation in the Si 1−x Ge x  epilayer. Hydrogen ions may also terminate some threading dislocations, preventing them from propagating toward the Si 1−x Ge x  surface. The related Applications 1 and 2 provide methods to reduce defect density and fabricate high drive current MOS transistors on a relaxed Si 1−x Ge x  film having thickness on the order of about only 300 nm. However, the defect density of the Si 1−x Ge x  film by these processes is still not suitable to very large-scale integrated circuit fabrication.  
       [0005] Related Application 3 discloses a method to further reduce the defect density in Si 1−x Ge x  films. In this related method, a buried amorphous region in the film is fabricated, e.g., with Si +  ion implantation, and then recrystallized through solid phase epitaxy (SPE) using as the seed the undamaged crystalline Si 1−x Ge x  region at the surface. However, the process window for making a buried amorphous region in SiGe may be rather narrow, because it has been consistently reported that SiGe is much more easily damaged by Si +  ion implantation than silicon, A. N. Larsen et al.,  MeV ion implantation induced damage in relaxed Si   1−x   Ge   x , J. Appl. Phys., vol. 81, 2208 (1997); T. E. Haynes, et al.,  Damage accumulation during ion implantation of unstrained Si   1−x   Ge   x    alloy layers,  Appl. Phys. Lett., vol. 61, 61 (1992); and D. Y. C. Lie, et al.,  Damage and strain in epitaxial Ge   x   Si   1−x    films irradiated with Si,  J. Appl. Phys. Vol. 74, 6039 (1993). The critical dose for amorphization, (φ c ), decreases with increasing Ge concentration. This holds true for both strained and relaxed SiGe. For 2MeV Si +  ions implanted at 27° C., φ c =6.7e14 cm −2  for 20% Ge but only 4.6e14 cm 2  for 30% Ge, per Larsen et al. For 100 keV Si +  ions implanted at room temperature, it has been reported that φ c =7e14 cm −2  and 2.5e14 cm −2  for pure silicon and 10% Ge, respectively, Lie et al. For 80-90 keV Si +  ions implanted at 77K, it has been reported that φ c =1.5, 1.0, 0.8, and 0.5 e14 cm −2 for 0%, 15%, 50%, and 100% Ge, respectively, Haynes et al. This effect is thought to be due to both an increase in the average energy density per ion deposited in the collision cascade and a stabilization of the damage through a reduction of defect mobility, Haynes et al. and Lie et al. There is also a strong dependence on the wafer temperature during implant, T 1 , with the damage decreasing at higher T1 , so φ c  will depend on temperature, Haynes et al.  
       [0006] A substrate having a Si 1−x Ge x  layer with graded composition is often used for growing tensile-strained silicon films, wherein the highest Ge concentration is located at the surface, as described in related Application 1. In this case, it may be even more difficult to avoid damaging or amorphizing the surface layer, because the higher Ge content makes the surface more susceptible to damage. If so, there will be no crystalline seed at the surface to nucleate SPE, and SPE will proceed only from the bottom, usually resulting in a heavily defected film. The instant invention is a method for preserving the crystallinity of the surface layer, in order to use it as a seed for SPE of the underlying amorphized Si 1−x Ge x  film.  
       SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION  
       [0007] A method of fabricating a Si 1−X Ge X  film on a silicon substrate includes preparing a silicon substrate; epitaxially depositing a Si 1−X Ge X  layer on the silicon substrate forming a Si 1−X Ge X /Si interface there between; epitaxially growing a silicon cap on the Si 1−X Ge X  layer; implanting hydrogen ions through the Si 1−x Ge X  layer to a depth of between about 3 nm to 100 nm below the Si 1−X Ge X /Si interface; amorphizing the Si 1−X Ge X  layer to form an amorphous, graded SiGe layer; and annealing the structure at a temperature of between about 650° C. to 1100° C. for between about ten seconds and sixty minutes to recrystallize the SiGe layer.  
       [0008] It is an object of the invention to provide a method to produce low defect density, 200 nm to 500 nm thick relaxed Si 1−X Ge X  films with Ge content of up to 50% or more at the top surface for large-scale integrated circuit application.  
       [0009] Another object of the invention is to provide a method of commercial production of VLSI ICs having Si 1−x Ge x  layers.  
       [0010] A further object of the invention is to provide a strained silicon layer on a relaxed Si 1−x Ge x  layer.  
       [0011] Another object of the invention is to provide Si/Si 1−x Ge x  structure which will speed up the switching speed of nMOS and pMOS transistors.  
       [0012] This summary and objectives of the invention are provided to enable quick comprehension of the nature of the invention. A more thorough understanding of the invention may be obtained by reference to the following detailed description of the preferred embodiment of the invention in connection with the drawings. 
     
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS  
     [0013]FIG. 1 depicts an as-grown film.  
     [0014]FIG. 2 depicts a cross-section of the film after hydrogen and Si +  or Ge +  implantation, but before any annealing.  
     [0015]FIG. 3 is a “snap-shot” of a film cross-section during SPE recrystallization.  
     [0016]FIG. 4 depicts a cross-section of the film after SPE recrystallization. 
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT  
     [0017] As previously explained, SiGe is more easily damaged by ion implantation than is Si, making it difficult to produce a buried amorphous layer in SiGe. However, if the SiGe is covered with a thin silicon cap before ion implantation, the crystallinity of the silicon cap is more easily preserved and is able to form a template for solid phase epitaxy (SPE) of the underlying amorphized SiGe layer. The method of the invention involves amorphization/re-crystallization of a Si 1−x Ge x  film having a thin silicon cap there over, in conjunction with hydrogen ion implantation to minimize defect density in the Si 1−x Ge x  epilayer.  
     [0018] However, SPE of amorphized strained SiGe with more than 10% Ge has been observed to result in a heavily defected film, containing microtwins and stacking faults, which have been explained as being a stress relief mechanism, D. C. Paine, et al.,  The growth of strained Si   1−x   Ge   x    alloys on  (001)  silicon using solid phase epitaxy,  J. Mater. Res., vol. 5, 1023 (1990); and C. Lee, et al.,  Kinetics of solid phase epitaxial regrowth in amorphized Si   0 88   Ge   0.12    measured by time - resolved reflectivity,  Appl. Phys. Lett., vol. 62, 501 (1993). Correspondingly, it has been reported that SPE of relaxed SiGe amorphized by Si +  ion implantation results in a much better crystal than SPE of strained SiGe, Q. Z. Hong, et al.,  Solid phase epitaxy of stressed and stress - relaxed Ge—Si alloys,  J. Appl. Phys. Vol. 71, 1768 (1992). Furthermore, the SPE recrystallization rate of strained SiGe is slower than that of silicon while the rate for relaxed SiGe is higher, id. This is attributed to changes in the activation barrier for SPE, id.  
     [0019] In this invention, variations of the fabrication method are disclosed in which the strained SiGe layer with silicon cap is first relaxed, e.g., by implanting hydrogen, either H+ or H 2 +, as described in related Application 4, and annealing. Then, the buried amorphous SiGe region is produced by implanting Si +  or Ge +  and a low-defect, relaxed SiGe film is fabricated by SPE recrystallization using the top silicon cap as a seed.  
     [0020]FIG. 1 illustrates the as-grown Si 1−x Ge x  pseudomorphic (strained) film and a relaxed silicon cap, generally at 10. A silicon substrate  12  is prepared according to state-of-the-art techniques. A graded Si 1−x Ge x  epitaxial layer  14  is grown to a thickness such that there is no relaxation in the Si 1−x Ge x  layer at the growth temperature. Such a film may be thermodynamically metastable but still free of dislocations. The value of x at the bottom of the Si 1−X Ge x  layer, that is at the Si 1−x Ge x  /Si interface, may be lower than about 0.05, while at the top surface of the Si 1−x Ge x  layer it is between about 0.2 to 0.5, or higher, as required. The Ge concentration may be increased linearly, stepwise, or in some other fashion with increasing Si 1−x Ge x  thickness. This is suitable for a Si 1−x Ge x  film thickness of between about 200 nm to 500 nm. Because the SiGe film is not relaxed the top surface, it is free from defects. Alternatively, a Si 1−x Ge x  epitaxial layer with constant value of x may be grown, but for any given value of x at the top surface, a thinner film is required to avoid the nucleation of dislocations and resulting relaxation.  
     [0021] A thin epitaxial silicon cap  16  is grown on top of the Si 1−x Ge x  epitaxial layer. The thickness should be much less than that of the SiGe; e.g., on the order of between about 10 nm to 20 nm. This silicon cap is relaxed during deposition and has the same cubic structure and lattice constant as the silicon substrate. At a later stage in the method of the invention, this silicon cap will be tensily strained. The upper limit of the thickness of silicon cap layer  16  is dependent on the expected subsequent strain reduction and the temperatures to which the entire structure will be subjected.  
     [0022]FIG. 2 illustrates the wafer  20  after implantation of Si +  or Ge +  ions, for the case in which there is no anneal after hydrogen implantation. Hydrogen ions (H+), on the order of between about 1×10 16  cm −2  to 4×10 16 cm −2  are implanted into the Si 1−x Ge x  film at an appropriate ion energy, e.g., between about 30 keV to 80 keV, to form a layer  22  having a projected depth of between about 3 nm to 100 nm deeper than the Si 1−x Ge x  /Si interface. Alternatively, singly ionized molecular hydrogen, H 2 +, having half the dose and twice the energy of H+, may be used, as described in related Application 4. Another alternative is to implant boron with the hydrogen, or to use helium ions. In this instance, hydrogen ions are implanted at a dose of between about 5×10 15  cm −2  to 2×10 16  cm −2  and an energy of between about 30 keV to 80 keV, and the boron ions are implanted at a dose of between about 5×10 12  cm −2  to 5×10 6  cm −2 , and at an energy level sufficient to penetrate the surface to a depth similar to that of the hydrogen ions. Helium ions may be implanted at a dose of between about 1×10 16  cm −2  to 4×10 16  cm −2 , again, at an energy level sufficient to penetrate the surface to a depth similar to that of the hydrogen ions.  
     [0023] At this point, the thin films may be annealed to relax the SiGe layer. The preferred annealing temperature is between about 700° C. to 1100° C. The preferred annealing time is between about 10 seconds to 60 minutes, or longer. Rapid thermal annealing or furnace annealing may be used. During the anneal, hydrogen ions implanted under the Si 1−x Ge x /Si interface form hydrogen platelets and cavities which enhance nucleation of misfit dislocations and thus improve the efficiency of relaxation. Alternatively, annealing may be delayed until after implantation of the amorphizing species.  
     [0024] A high dose, e.g., 5×10 3  cm −2  to 5×10 5  cm −2  of heavy ions, such as silicon ions, at an energy of between about 30 keV to 500 keV, or germanium ions, at an energy of between about 60 keV to 1000 keV, are implanted into the Si 1−x Ge x  epilayer to amorphize the Si 1−x Ge x  epilayer, forming an amorphous, graded SiGe layer  24 . Ideally the entire Si 1−x Ge x  layer, except the top 10 nm to 50 nm, is converted to an amorphous structure. Therefore, multi-energy ion implantation is preferred for thicker Si 1−x Ge x  films. However, even if the top of the Si 1−x Ge x  layer is amorphized, silicon cap  16   a  is more resistant to implant damage and should remain crystalline, i.e. defect free.  
     [0025]FIG. 3 illustrates the solid phase epitaxy re-growth during annealing, generally at  30 . Next, the wafers undergo high temperature annealing resulting in solid phase re-crystallization. The annealing temperature is between about 650° C. to 1100° C., and the annealing time is between about 10 seconds to 60 minutes, or longer. Rapid thermal annealing or furnace annealing may be used. Recrystallization proceeds from both the top high quality silicon cap layer, resulting in a recrystallized SiGe layer  32 , and from the Si 1−x Ge x /Si interface. However, a region  34 , which is recrystallized from the lower interface, is likely to be heavily defected because of strain. Therefore, the amorphizing species must be implanted sufficiently deep so that these defects are located below the space charge region during transistor operation. Moreover, the rate of recrystallization from the SiGe/Si interface may be slower, resulting in most of the SiGe film being recrystallized from the top silicon cap layer, which is desirable.  
     [0026]FIG. 4 illustrates the wafer  40  with a nearly defect free, relaxed, re-crystallized Si 1−x Ge x  layer having a tensile-strained thin silicon cap. When the SiGe film  42  re-crystallizes, it is relaxed. This forces the much thinner silicon cap,  16   b,  to be under tensile strain, which is the desired outcome for production of high mobility MOS transistors. However, during the annealing steps substantial amounts of Ge may diffuse into the silicon cap. If necessary, a thin, tensile-strained pure silicon cap  44  may be epitaxially grown on top of the initial thin silicon cap, to a thickness of between about 10 nm to 200 nm. This layer is sufficiently thin that it will not generate dislocations during deposition nor during any subsequent high temperature processing steps. The Si/Si 1−x Ge x  structure formed by the method of the invention is operable to speed up the switching speed of nMOS and pMOS transistors.  
     [0027] Thus, an improved method for amorphization re-crystallization of Si 1−x Ge x  films on silicon substrates has been disclosed. It will be appreciated that further variations and modifications thereof may be made within the scope of the invention as defined in the appended claims.