Patent Publication Number: US-2022218660-A1

Title: Composition for treating castration-resistant prostate cancer, comprising quassinoids

Description:
TECHNICAL FIELD 
     This patent application claims priority to and the benefit of Korean Patent Application Number 10-2019-0066278 filed Jun. 4, 2019, the content of which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. 
     This patent application claims priority to and the benefit of Korean Patent Application Number 10-2020-0057894 filed May 14, 2019, the content of which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. 
     The present disclosure relates to a composition comprising a quassinoid for treatment of castration-resistant prostate cancer and a method for treatment of castration-resistant prostate cancer, using same. 
     BACKGROUND ART 
     Prostate cancer is the most common cancer in men, ranking second in the cancer mortality rate for men in the United States, and the importance of diagnosis and treatment of prostate cancer is emerging as the incidence thereof increases by 10.5% every year in Korea. 
     The androgen receptor (hereinafter referred to as “AR”) is a transcription factor that plays a pivotal role in the onset and progression of prostate cancer, with 90% or greater of cases accounted for by AR-positive prostate cancer. 
     AR is a ligand-dependent transcription factor that is activated as it binds to the ligand androgen. Prostate specific antigen (PSA), which is a representative target of AR, is utilized as a representative diagnosis marker. 
     Typically used in treating prostate cancer is androgen deprivation therapy (hereinafter referred to “ADT”) in which the synthesis of androgen is inhibited to indirectly suppress the transcriptional activity of AR or anti-androgen therapy in which a medicine binds directly to AR to inhibit the transcriptional activity of AR. 
     Prostate cancer, although initially responding to both of the therapies, eventually progresses to castration-resistant prostate cancer (hereinafter referred to as “CRPC”). However, there are actually no therapies for CRPC. 
     Various causes including AR and coactivator gene amplification, mutations, etc. are known to be responsible for the mechanisms of CRPC progression. In recent years, the expression of AR-V7, which is an AR variant resulting from splicing of the C-terminal binding domain in AR protein, has been reported to be a leading cause of progression into CRPC. 
     Lacking the ligand-binding domain, AR-V7 exhibits ligand-independent transcriptional activity and acts as a main factor promotive of the progression of CRPC because it is resistant to pre-existing medications developed to targeting the C-terminal domain of AR. 
     There is therefore a need for developing a new therapy targeting both AR and AR-V7 in order to overcome limitations of such conventional therapies. 
     SUMMARY 
     Technical Problem 
     Recent reports have reported that drugs such as ailanthone and artesunate repress both transcriptional activity of AR and AR-V7 to inhibit in vitro and in vivo growth of CRPC cells, raising the possibility that drugs can be used as therapeutic agents for CRPC. 
     Based on the fact the reported drugs are all natural products and have antimalarial activity, the present inventors have constructed a library of about 40 natural products reported to be of anti-malarial activity and screened the library to explore the possibility of repositioning antimalarials as drugs capable of inhibiting transcriptional activity of both AR/AR-V7. 
     Accordingly, an aspect of the present disclosure is to provide a pharmaceutical composition comprising a quassinoid for treatment of castration-resistant prostate cancer. 
     Another aspect of the present disclosure is to provide a method for treatment of castration-resistant prostate cancer, the method comprising a step of administering a therapeutically effective amount of quassinoid to a subject in need thereof. 
     Another aspect of the present disclosure is to a use of a quassinoid for treating castration-resistant prostate cancer. 
     Solution to Problem 
     The present disclosure relates to a composition comprising a quassinoid for treatment of castration-resistant prostate cancer and a method for treatment of castration-resistant prostate cancer. 
     Below, a detailed description will be given of the present disclosure. 
     An aspect of the present disclosure is concerned with a pharmaceutical composition comprising a quassinoid for treatment of castration-resistant prostate cancer. 
     As used herein, the term “castration-resistant prostate cancer” (CRPC) refers to prostate cancer that continues to grow even when the blood testosterone levels are at or below the castrate level. Prostate cancer in an early stage requires androgen hormone for the growth thereof whereas the growth of castration-resistant prostate cancer, which is resistant to androgen blockade (deprivation) therapy, continues even in the absence of androgen hormone. Patients with such cancer exhibit very poor prognosis as the cancer progresses even after the testosterone levels are reduced to the castrate level by radiotherapy, surgical therapy, chemotherapy, or the like. 
     In the present disclosure, the quassinoid may be at least one selected from the group consisting of bruceine A, brusatol, and bruceantin, and may be, for example, bruceantin. 
     In the present disclosure, the bruceine A may be the compound having chemical formula 1, below. 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     In the present disclosure, the brusatol may be the compound having chemical formula 2, below. 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     In the present disclosure, the bruceantin may be the compound having chemical formula 3, below. 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     The pharmaceutical composition according to the present disclosure may be administered via various routes. 
     All administration modes including oral, dermal, venous, muscular, subcutaneous routes, and the like may be contemplated in the present disclosure. For example, administration may take a subcutaneous or oral route, but with no limitations thereto. 
     The pharmaceutical composition of the present disclosure may be formulated into oral dosage forms such as pulvises, granules, tablets, capsules, ointments, suspensions, emulsions, syrups, aerosols, etc., or parenteral dosage forms such as transdermal agents, suppositories, and sterile injectable solutions according to typical methods. 
     The pharmaceutical composition of the present disclosure may further comprise a pharmaceutically suitable and physiologically acceptable auxiliary agent such as a carrier, an excipient, and a diluent. 
     Examples of carriers, excipients, and diluents that may be contained in the pharmaceutical composition of the present disclosure include lactose, dextrose, sucrose, sorbitol, mannitol, xylitol, erythritol, maltitol, starch, acacia rubber, alginate, gelatin, calcium phosphate, calcium silicate, cellulose, methyl cellulose, microcrystalline cellulose, polyvinyl pyrrolidone, water, methylhydroxybenzoate, propylhydroxybenzoate, talc, magnesium stearate, and mineral oil. 
     In formulating the pharmaceutical composition of the present disclosure, a diluent or an excipient such as a filler, a thickener, a binder, a humectant, a disintegrant, a surfactant, etc. may be used. 
     Solid formulations for oral administration of the pharmaceutical composition of the present disclosure may take the forms of tablets, pills, pelvises, granules, capsules, and the like. Such solid formulations may be prepared by blending the extract with at least one excipient, for example, starch, calcium carbonate, sucrose, or lactose, gelatin, etc. 
     In addition to simple excipients, lubricants such as magnesium stearate, talc, etc. may be employed. Formulations for oral administration, exemplified by suspension, solutions for internal use, emulsions, syrups, ointments, etc., may include various excipients, for example, humectants, sweeteners, aromatics, preservatives, etc., in addition to simple diluents, such as water, liquid paraffin, etc. 
     Examples of formulations for parenteral administration of the pharmaceutical composition of the present disclosure include sterile aqueous solutions, non-aqueous solutions, suspensions, emulsions, lyophilizates, suppositories, transdermal agents, etc. As the non-aqueous solutions and suspending agents, propylene glycol, polyethylene glycol, vegetable oil such as olive oil, injectable ester such as ethyl oleate, and the like may be used. As a base for suppositories, Witepsol, Macrogol, Tween 61, cacao butter, laurin butter, glycerogelatin, and the like may be used. 
     According to embodiments of applying the pharmaceutical composition of the present disclosure to human bodies, the pharmaceutical composition of the present disclosure may be administered alone to human bodies. However, taking into account the conventional manner of administration and the standard pharmaceutical practice, it may be administered after being mixed with the selected pharmaceutical carriers. 
     The pharmaceutical composition of the present disclosure may be orally, buccally or sublingually administered in the form of a tablet containing starch or lactose, in the form of a capsule of the composition alone or containing some excipients, or in the form of an elixir or suspension containing some chemicals which provide taste or color. 
     Such liquid preparations may be formulated together with the pharmaceutically acceptable additives such as a suspending agent (e.g., glycerides mixtures such as semi-synthetic glycerides including methyl cellulose or witepsol, or apricot kernel oil with PEG-6 ester, or PEG-8 with caprylic/capric glyceride). 
     A suitable dose of the pharmaceutical composition of the present disclosure varies depending on the patient&#39;s age, body weight, and sex, the mode of administration, health conditions, and disease severity and may be administered once or several times a day with regular time intervals according to the decisions of physicians or pharmacists. The pharmaceutical composition of the present disclosure may be administered at a dose of 1 mg/kg or higher every 2 days or at a dose of 2 mg/kg or higher every 2 days, for example, 2 mg/kg every 2 days, with no limitations thereto. 
     Advantageous Effects of Invention 
     The present disclosure relates to a composition comprising a quassinoid for treatment of castration-resistant prostate cancer and a method for treatment of castration-resistant prostate cancer, using the same. Whereas conventional hormone therapies have the limitation of being unable to target both AR and AR-V7, the present disclosure can target both AR and AR-V7 and exhibits 10- to 20-fold higher potent pharmaceutical efficacy than ailanthone, which has been being developed into a therapeutic agent for castration-resistant prostate cancer. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         FIG. 1 a    shows graphs of primary inhibitor candidates against AR/AR-V7 transcriptional activity, explored through screening of a library of antimalarial agents using a reporter gene assay based on the castration-resistant prostate cell line 22RV1 according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. 
         FIG. 1 b    is a graph of secondary inhibitor candidates against AR/AR-V7 transcriptional activity, explored through screening of a library of antimalarial agents according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. 
         FIG. 1 c    is a graph of tertiary inhibitor candidates against AR/AR-V7 transcriptional activity, explored through screening of a library of antimalarial agents according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. 
         FIG. 2  is a view illustrating chemical structures of quassinoids selected through screening according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. 
         FIG. 3 a    is a graph showing inhibitory effects of the selected quassinoids and the reference compound ailanthone on transcriptional activity of AV-V7 and AR variants in the CRPC cell line 22RV1, along with analyzed IC 50  values, according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. 
         FIG. 3 b    is a graph showing inhibitory effects of the selected quassinoids and the reference compound ailanthone on androgen-dependent AR transcriptional activity in the CRPC cell line 22RV1, along with analyzed IC 50  values, according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. 
         FIG. 4 a    is a graph showing inhibitory effects of enzalutamide on hormone-dependent AR transcriptional activity of the androgen-dependent prostate cancer cell line LNCaP, along with analyzed IC 50  values, according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. 
         FIG. 4 b    is a graph showing inhibitory effects of ailanthone on hormone-dependent AR transcriptional activity of the androgen-dependent prostate cancer cell line LNCaP, along with analyzed IC 50  values, according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. 
         FIG. 4 c    is a graph showing inhibitory effects of bruceine A on hormone-dependent AR transcriptional activity of the androgen-dependent prostate cancer cell line LNCaP, along with analyzed IC 50  values, according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. 
         FIG. 4 d    is a graph showing inhibitory effects of brusatol on hormone-dependent AR transcriptional activity of the androgen-dependent prostate cancer cell line LNCaP, along with analyzed IC 50  values, according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. 
         FIG. 4 e    is a graph showing inhibitory effects of bruceantin on hormone-dependent AR transcriptional activity of the androgen-dependent prostate cancer cell line LNCaP, along with analyzed IC 50  values, according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. 
         FIG. 5  is a graph showing inhibitory effects of the selected quassinoids and the reference compounds enzalutamide and ailanthone on cell growth of the CRPC cell line 22RV1, along with analyzed IC 50  values, according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. 
         FIG. 6  is a graph showing inhibitory activity assay results of the selected bruceantin against cell growth of normal prostate cells and various prostate cancer cells according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. 
         FIG. 7 a    is a graph showing inhibitory activity assay results of bruceantin against tumor growth in mouse models xenografted with the castration-resistant prostate cancer cell line 22RV1 according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. 
         FIG. 7 b    is a graph showing body weight change patterns analyzed with the administration of bruceantin to mouse models xenografted with the castration-resistant prostate cancer cell line 22RV1 according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. 
         FIG. 7 c    is an image showing assay results for inhibitory activity of bruceantin against tumor growth in mouse models xenografted with the castration-resistant prostate cancer cell line 22RV1 according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. 
         FIG. 8 a    shows body weight changes plotted against time by doses of bruceantin subcutaneously injected to mice according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. 
         FIG. 8 b    is a graph showing changes in blood AST/ALT ratio with doses of bruceantin subcutaneously injected to mice according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. 
         FIG. 9 a    is a graph showing inhibitory effects of orally administered bruceantin on tumor growth observed in CRPC xenograft mouse models accordance to an embodiment of the present disclosure. 
         FIG. 9 b    is a graph showing body weight changes with orally administered bruceantin observed in CRPC xenograft mouse models accordance to an embodiment of the present disclosure. 
         FIG. 10  shows graphs of hematobiochemical toxicity assay results in mice to which bruceantin has been subcutaneously and orally administered according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. 
         FIG. 11 a    shows images elucidating anatomical toxicity assay results in mice subcutaneously injected with bruceantin according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. 
         FIG. 11 b    shows images elucidating histological toxicity assay results in mice subcutaneously injected with bruceantin according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. 
         FIG. 12 a    shows images of anatomical toxicity assay results in livers from mice to which bruceantin has been orally administered according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. 
         FIG. 12 b    shows images of anatomical toxicity assay results in kidneys from mice to which bruceantin has been orally administered according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. 
         FIG. 12 c    shows images of anatomical toxicity assay results in spleens from mice to which bruceantin has been orally administered according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. 
         FIG. 12 d    shows images of histological toxicity assay results in mice to which bruceantin has been orally administered according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. 
         FIG. 13  is a schematic diagram illustrating the construction of a CRPC xenograft metastasis mouse model according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. 
         FIG. 14 a    shows images elucidating inhibitory effects of orally administered bruceantin on metastasis in CRPC xenograft metastasis mouse models according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. 
         FIG. 14 b    is a graph showing body weight changes with orally administered bruceantin observed in CRPC xenograft metastasis mouse models accordance to an embodiment of the present disclosure. 
     
    
    
     BEST MODE FOR CARRYING OUT THE INVENTION 
     A pharmaceutical composition comprising a quassinoid for treatment of castration-resistant prostate cancer. 
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     A better understanding of the present disclosure may be obtained via the following examples which are set forth to illustrate, but are not to be construed as limiting the present disclosure. 
     EXAMPLE 1 
     Screening 
     A library of antimalarial agents was screened using a luciferase reporter assay to measure changes in AR/AR-V7 transcriptional activity. 
     Briefly, 22RV1 cells, which are representative CRPC cells expressing transcriptional activity of both AR and AR-V7, were transfected with a MMTV-LUC reporter capable of measuring both AR and AR-V7 and treated with various drugs according to the presence and absence of the androgen hormone dihydrotestosterone (hereinafter referred to as “DHT”) (DHT+, conditions for measuring AR transcriptional activity; DHT−, condition for measuring AR-V7 transcriptional activity), followed by measuring changes in AR and AR-V7 transcriptional activity. Screening was made primarily with 10 μM of each drug. Drugs with 50% or higher inhibition against the transcriptional activity were selected and then each used at a concentration of 1 μM for secondary screening and at a concentration of 0.1 μM for tertiary screening. The results are depicted in  FIGS. 1 a  to 1 c    and summarized in Tables 1 to 3. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
             
               
                 TABLE 1 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 MMTV-LUC activity (%) 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Conc. 
                 Compound 
                 DHT− 
                 DHT+ 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 — 
                 100.0 ± 9.2   
                 100.0 ± 8.7   
               
               
                 10 uM 
                 Enzalutamide 
                 79.4 ± 34.6 
                 51.8 ± 0.1  
               
               
                   
                 Ailnahtone 
                 11.6 ± 3.2  
                 2.5 ± 0.4 
               
               
                   
                 Artesunate 
                 107.6 ± 0.8   
                 117.5 ± 9.3   
               
               
                   
                 Artemisinin 
                 106.7 ± 4.3   
                 156.1 ± 17.6  
               
               
                   
                 Dihydroartemisinin 
                 115.3 ± 10.1  
                 137.5 ± 7.0   
               
               
                   
                 Artemether 
                 97.5 ± 19.5 
                 138.2 ± 8.8   
               
               
                   
                 Chloroquine diphosphate 
                 86.3 ± 3.5  
                 106.9 ± 1.0   
               
               
                   
                 Niclosamide 
                 9.4 ± 0.6 
                 2.3 ± 0.5 
               
               
                   
                 Primaquine diphosphate 
                 113.8 ± 17.6  
                 115.6 ± 7.0   
               
               
                   
                 Plumbagin 
                 26.0 ± 7.6  
                 7.1 ± 0.1 
               
               
                   
                 Pyrimethamine 
                 130.5 ± 0.2   
                 149.2 ± 2.4   
               
               
                   
                 Sulfadoxine 
                 116.5 ± 4.4   
                 170.3 ± 11.2  
               
               
                   
                 Hydroxychloroquinesulfate 
                 92.3 ± 2.0  
                 122.1 ± 0.7   
               
               
                   
                 Amodiaquine dihydrochloride  
                 91.6 ± 2.9  
                 102.2 ± 4.3   
               
               
                   
                 dihydrate 
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Lumefantrine 
                 137.7 ± 9.5   
                 160.7 ± 18.2  
               
               
                   
                 MefloquineHydrochloride 
                 114.3 ± 20.3  
                 109.0 ± 6.3   
               
               
                   
                 10,11-Dehydrocurvularin 
                 16.3 ± 2.5  
                 5.5 ± 0.6 
               
               
                   
                 Astemizole 
                 61.2 ± 5.0  
                 59.5 ± 15.5 
               
               
                   
                 Licochalcone A 
                 202.7 ± 7.1   
                 235.6 ± 0.2   
               
               
                   
                 Quinine hydrochloride 
                 145.1 ± 6.6   
                 156.9 ± 2.3   
               
               
                   
                 Magnolol 
                 129.6 ± 12.0  
                 151.9 ± 8.6   
               
               
                   
                 Andrographolide 
                 157.3 ± 4.3   
                 196.2 ± 5.0   
               
               
                   
                 Phlorizin 
                 154.5 ± 6.6   
                 184.4 ± 12.6  
               
               
                   
                 Ganoderic acid A 
                 140.0 ± 3.8   
                 148.9 ± 2.8   
               
               
                   
                 Bruceine A 
                 11.0 ± 2.5  
                 2.8 ± 0.2 
               
               
                   
                 1,8-Dihydroxyanthraquinone 
                 83.8 ± 2.9  
                 116.0 ± 43.8  
               
               
                   
                 1,8-Diacetoxy-3- 
                 101.0 ± 8.7   
                 98.5 ± 2.1  
               
               
                   
                 carboxyanthraquinone 
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Eurycomanone 
                 17.7 ± 2.7  
                 6.7 ± 0.5 
               
               
                   
                 Aurantio-obtusin 
                 119.2 ± 27.4  
                 124.3 ± 2.2   
               
               
                   
                 Mollugin 
                 94.7 ± 9.5  
                 112.4 ± 11.1  
               
               
                   
                 β, β-Dimethylacrylalkannin 
                 33.3 ± 3.2  
                 19.9 ± 3.5  
               
               
                   
                 Acetylshikonin 
                 38.6 ± 3.2  
                 17.7 ± 1.5  
               
               
                   
                 Aloin A 
                 108.3 ± 5.0   
                 116.3 ± 7.2   
               
               
                   
                 Sennoside A 
                 105.5 ± 4.4   
                 122.3 ± 14.2  
               
               
                   
                 Cryptotanshinone 
                 70.3 ± 3.2  
                 62.7 ± 15.3 
               
               
                   
                 Rhein 
                 83.0 ± 9.2  
                 103.6 ± 3.7   
               
               
                   
                 Brusatol 
                 10.3 ± 2.7  
                 3.2 ± 0.2 
               
               
                   
                 Quassin 
                 109.8 ± 9.0   
                 120.4 ± 5.6   
               
               
                   
                 Curvularin 
                 76.8 ± 3.0  
                 91.6 ± 9.4  
               
               
                   
                 Bruceantin 
                 16.4 ± 2.3  
                 3.9 ± 0.4 
               
               
                   
                 Yadanzioside C 
                 110.4 ± 11.6  
                 5.8 ± 0.7 
               
               
                   
                 Yadanzioside F 
                 133.6 ± 21.7  
                 139.5 ± 11.0  
               
               
                   
                 Yadanzioside I 
                 123.2 ± 10.4  
                 136.0 ± 7.1   
               
               
                   
                 Bruceantinol 
                 81.2 ± 62.1 
                 44.5 ± 2.1  
               
               
                   
                 Bruceanic acid C 
                 68.5 ± 6.3  
                 85.8 ± 14.2 
               
               
                   
                 Bruceine D 
                 7.9 ± 1.3 
                 1.1 ± 0.1 
               
               
                   
                 Bruceantinoside A 
                 6.5 ± 0.9 
                 3.8 ± 1.1 
               
               
                   
                 Dehydrobruceine A 
                 133.8 ± 14.5  
                 164.2 ± 16.0  
               
               
                   
                 (+)-Glaucarubinone 
                 107.6 ± 26.5  
                 117.7 ± 3.5   
               
               
                   
                 Yadanziolide A 
                 8.0 ± 0.6 
                 4.1 ± 0.2 
               
               
                   
                 Yadanziolide B 
                 8.2 ± 1.0 
                 4.0 ± 0.5 
               
               
                   
                 Yadanziolide C 
                 6.0 ± 0.7 
                 1.1 ± 0.1 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
             
               
                 TABLE 2 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 MMTV-LUC activity (%) 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Conc. 
                 Compound 
                 DHT− 
                 DHT+ 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 — 
                 100.0 ± 10.1  
                 100.0 ± 11.4  
               
               
                 1 uM 
                 Enzalutamide 
                 87.4 ± 11.3 
                 96.7 ± 1.7  
               
               
                   
                 Ailnahtone 
                 15.5 ± 2.4  
                 4.5 ± 0.9 
               
               
                   
                 Niclosamide 
                 119.0 ± 10.8  
                 56.7 ± 5.3  
               
               
                   
                 Plumbagin 
                 214.8 ± 16.1  
                 142.9 ± 27.5  
               
               
                   
                 10,11-Dehydrocurvularin 
                 383.1 ± 24.6  
                 206.9 ± 15.0  
               
               
                   
                 Astemizole 
                 136.4 ± 6.4   
                 126.4 ± 3.6   
               
               
                   
                 Bruceine A 
                 13.5 ± 1.7  
                 3.6 ± 0.2 
               
               
                   
                 Eurycomanone 
                 59.1 ± 7.6  
                 51.3 ± 4.6  
               
               
                   
                 β, β-Dimethylacrylalkannin 
                 100.2 ± 11.4  
                 107.9 ± 7.0   
               
               
                   
                 Acetylshikonin 
                 103.0 ± 7.7   
                 113.0 ± 16.6  
               
               
                   
                 Brusatol 
                 14.0 ± 1.3  
                 4.0 ± 0.5 
               
               
                   
                 Bruceantin 
                 15.2 ± 1.6  
                 4.4 ± 0.3 
               
               
                   
                 Yadanzioside C 
                 118.9 ± 18.1  
                 55.6 ± 0.7  
               
               
                   
                 Bruceantinol 
                 73.5 ± 11.9 
                 118.9 ± 21.8  
               
               
                   
                 Bruceine D 
                 7.0 ± 1.2 
                 2.0 ± 0.2 
               
               
                   
                 Bruceantinoside A 
                 11.5 ± 5.6  
                 8.0 ± 0.2 
               
               
                   
                 Yadanziolide A 
                 54.1 ± 13.0 
                 58.3 ± 10.9 
               
               
                   
                 Yadanziolide B 
                 7.2 ± 0.8 
                 4.2 ± 0.4 
               
               
                   
                 Yadanziolide C 
                 17.4 ± 3.1  
                 12.1 ± 2.0  
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
               
             
               
                   
                 TABLE 3 
               
             
            
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 MMTV-LUC activity (%) 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Conc. 
                 Compound 
                 DHT− 
                 DHT+ 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 — 
                 100.0 ± 8.9   
                 100.0 ± 3.0   
               
               
                   
                 0.1 uM 
                 Ailnahtone 
                 27.0 ± 2.0  
                 9.2 ± 0.4 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Bruceine A 
                 19.5 ± 20.7 
                 5.7 ± 1.0 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Eurycomanone 
                 127.9 ± 12.0  
                 107.7 ± 4.7   
               
               
                   
                   
                 Brusatol 
                 18.9 ± 20.2 
                 5.7 ± 0.6 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Bruceantin 
                 13.4 ± 2.5  
                 4.0 ± 0.5 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Bruceine D 
                 46.0 ± 6.4  
                 32.6 ± 6.2  
               
               
                   
                   
                 Bruceantinoside A 
                 44.9 ± 5.5  
                 61.0 ± 7.3  
               
               
                   
                   
                 Yadanziolide C 
                 80.5 ± 2.9  
                 92.5 ± 0.9  
               
               
                   
                   
                 Yadanziolide B 
                 23.1 ± 5.2  
                 32.8 ± 9.0  
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     As can be seen in  FIGS. 1 a  to 1 c    and Tables 1 to 3, the quassinoids bruceantin, brusatol, and bruceine A were explored as potent candidates inhibitory of both AR/AR-V7 transcriptional activity, and their structural formulas are given in  FIG. 2 . 
     EXAMPLE 2 
     Inhibitory Activity against AR-V7 and AR Transcriptional Activity and IC 50  Assay 
     Ailanthone, which was recently reported to be the most potent inhibitor against both AR/AR-V7 transcriptional activity, was used as a reference compound in the assay. 
     In brief, 22RV1 cells were transfected with an MMTV-LUC reporter and treated with various drugs at 7 concentrations ranging from 1 nM to 100 nM for each drug according to the presence and absence of the androgen hormone DHT (DHT+, conditions for measuring AR transcriptional activity; DHT−, condition for measuring AR-V7 transcriptional activity), followed by analyzing inhibitory activity against AR and AR-V7 transcriptional activity and measuring IC 50 . The results are depicted in  FIGS. 3 a  and 3 b    and summarized in Table 4. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
                 TABLE 4 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 IC 50  (nM) 
                 ailanthone 
                 bruceine A 
                 brusatol 
                 bruceantin 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 DHT− 
                 35.45 
                 14.32 
                 14.04 
                 3.14 
               
               
                 DHT+ 
                 19.78 
                 9.45 
                 6.23 
                 2.08 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     In addition, LNCaP cells were transfected with an MMTV-LUC reporter and treated with various drugs at 7 concentrations ranging from 1 nM to 100 nM for each drug according to the presence and absence of the androgen hormone DHT, followed by analyzing inhibition against hormone-dependent AR transcriptional activity and measuring IC 50 . The results are depicted in  FIGS. 4 a  to 4 e    and summarized in Table 5. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
                 TABLE 5 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 IC 50  (nM) 
                 Enzalutamide 
                 Ailanthone 
                 Bruceine A 
                 Brusatol 
                 Bruceantin 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                 DHT+ 
                 152.90 
                 40.83 
                 15.03 
                 11.74 
                 2.05 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     As can be understood from the data of  FIGS. 3 a  to 4 e    and Tables 4 and 5, bruceantin, brusatol, and bruceine A all exhibited activity as more potent inhibitors against AR/AR-V7 transcriptional activity in both CRPC 22RV1 cells and androgen-dependent LNCaP cells than ailanthone. 
     EXAMPLE 3 
     Cell Growth Inhibiting Activity and IC 50  Assay 
     The selected quassinoids bruceine A, brusatol, and bruceantin, and the reference compounds enzalutamide and ailanthone were assayed for inhibitory activity against 22RV1 cell growth by MTT. 
     In brief, 22RV1 cells were seeded at a density of 1×10 4  cells/well into 96-well plates and treated with each drug at 6 concentrations ranging from 5 nM to 200 nM for 72 hours. Afterwards, an MTT dye solution and a solubilization solution/stop mix were added according to an MTT assay method, followed by reading absorbance at 570 nm to analyze cell viability and IC 50 . The data are depicted in  FIG. 5  and summarized in Table 6. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
                   
                 TABLE 6 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 IC 50   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 ENZ 
                 ailanthone 
                 bruceine A 
                 brusatol 
                 bruceantin 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
                 ND 
                 33.50 
                 16.48 
                 15.12 
                 2.07 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     As can be seen in  FIG. 5  and Table 6, bruceantin was identified to have 16-fold more potent inhibitory activity against CRPC cell growth than ailanthone. 
     EXAMPLE 4 
     Assay for Inhibitory Activity of Bruceantin against Cell Growth 
     Bruceantin was analyzed for inhibitory activity against cell growth of normal prostate cells (RWPE-1), AR-negative prostate cancer cells (DU145, PC3), AR-positive hormone-dependent prostate cancer cells (LNCaP, C4-2B), AR- &amp; AR-V7-positive castration-resistant prostate cancer cells (C4-2B-MDVR and 22RV1) by an MTT assay method. 
     In brief, the cell lines were each seeded at a density of 1×10 4  cells/well into 96-well plates and incubated with each of the drugs at three concentrations ranging from 1 nM to 5 nM for 72 hours. Afterwards, an MTT dye solution and a solubilization solution/stop mix were added according to an MTT assay method, followed by reading absorbance at 570 nm to analyze cell viability. The data are depicted in  FIG. 6 . 
     As can be seen in  FIG. 6 , bruceantin was found to have inhibitory activity specifically against AR- and AR-V7-positive prostate cancer cells than normal prostate cells and AR-negative prostate cancer cells. 
     The data imply that bruceantin specifically targets both AR and AR-V7 and is sufficiently worth developing as a therapeutic agent for use for targeting the progressive prostate cancer AR/AR-V7-positive CRPC as well as AR-positive prostate cancer in the early stage. 
     EXAMPLE 5 
     Inhibitory Activity of Bruceantin against Tumor Growth 
     While being subcutaneously injected with bruceantin at a dose of 1 mg/kg/every 3 days, 22RV1-xenografted mouse models were monitored for inhibitory effects on tumor growth and body weights. The results are depicted in  FIGS. 7 a  to 8 b    and summarized in Tables 7 to 10. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
               
             
               
                   
                 TABLE 7 
               
             
            
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Tumor 
                 DMSO 
                 1 mg/kg 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Day 
                 ave 
                 stdev 
                 ave 
                 stdev 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                  0 
                 65.6 
                 17.0 
                 57.5 
                 11.3 
               
               
                   
                  3 
                 72.8 
                 14.9 
                 81.7 
                 27.1 
               
               
                   
                  6 
                 166.0 
                 58.5 
                 161.6 
                 55.4 
               
               
                   
                  9 
                 266.6 
                 87.2 
                 250.2 
                 135.4 
               
               
                   
                 12 
                 546.6 
                 258.9 
                 428.0 
                 152.4 
               
               
                   
                 15 
                 733.4 
                 172.1 
                 676.3 
                 181.8 
               
               
                   
                 18 
                 1167.3 
                 224.6 
                 895.7 
                 273.0 
               
               
                   
                 21 
                 1522.6 
                 323.1 
                 938.5 
                 320.6 
               
               
                   
                 24 
                 1908.3 
                 127.7 
                 1005.7 
                 136.0 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
               
             
               
                   
                 TABLE 8 
               
             
            
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Weight 
                 DMSO 
                 1 mg/kg 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Day 
                 ave 
                 stdev 
                 ave 
                 stdev 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                  0 
                 19.8 
                 1.1 
                 20.0 
                 2.3 
               
               
                   
                  3 
                 20.0 
                 1.0 
                 19.8 
                 2.2 
               
               
                   
                  6 
                 20.4 
                 0.5 
                 20.0 
                 2.1 
               
               
                   
                  9 
                 20.4 
                 0.9 
                 20.6 
                 2.6 
               
               
                   
                 12 
                 20.2 
                 0.8 
                 20.2 
                 2.7 
               
               
                   
                 15 
                 20.6 
                 0.9 
                 19.8 
                 2.8 
               
               
                   
                 18 
                 21.2 
                 0.8 
                 19.6 
                 3.1 
               
               
                   
                 21 
                 19.8 
                 0.8 
                 19.4 
                 2.3 
               
               
                   
                 24 
                 20.0 
                 1.2 
                 18.6 
                 3.1 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
                 TABLE 9 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Weight 
                 DMSO 
                 0.25 mg/kg 
                 0.5 mg/kg 
                 1 mg/kg 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 days 
                 ave 
                 stdev 
                 ave 
                 stdev 
                 ave 
                 stdev 
                 ave 
                 stdev 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 0 
                 16.8 
                 1.3 
                 16.0 
                 1.8 
                 15.8 
                 1.5 
                 16.5 
                 1.0 
               
               
                 3 
                 16.8 
                 1.0 
                 16.8 
                 1.3 
                 16.3 
                 1.5 
                 16.8 
                 1.3 
               
               
                 6 
                 17.0 
                 1.4 
                 17.3 
                 1.3 
                 16.5 
                 1.7 
                 17.3 
                 1.0 
               
               
                 9 
                 17.3 
                 1.3 
                 18.3 
                 1.3 
                 18.3 
                 1.3 
                 18.5 
                 0.6 
               
               
                 12 
                 17.8 
                 1.5 
                 20.0 
                 1.4 
                 18.0 
                 1.4 
                 19.8 
                 1.5 
               
               
                 15 
                 19.0 
                 2.2 
                 21.5 
                 0.6 
                 18.7 
                 2.5 
                 19.5 
                 2.6 
               
               
                 18 
                 20.0 
                 1.8 
                 22.0 
                 0.8 
                 19.7 
                 2.5 
                 21.0 
                 2.2 
               
               
                 21 
                 19.5 
                 1.9 
                 22.0 
                 1.2 
                 19.7 
                 3.1 
                 21.5 
                 1.9 
               
               
                 24 
                 19.8 
                 1.7 
                 22.5 
                 0.6 
                 20.7 
                 2.5 
                 21.8 
                 2.2 
               
               
                 27 
                 20.5 
                 1.9 
                 22.5 
                 0.6 
                 21.0 
                 3.0 
                 22.5 
                 1.9 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
               
             
               
                   
                 TABLE 10 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 AST/ALT 
                 ave 
                 stdev 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 DMSO 
                 2.4 
                 1.4 
               
               
                   
                 0.25 mg/kg 
                 2.3 
                 0.6 
               
               
                   
                 0.5 mg/kg 
                 2.5 
                 0.9 
               
               
                   
                 1 mg/kg 
                 3.3 
                 0.6 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     As can be seen in  FIGS. 7 a  to 7 c   , CRPC mouse xenograft model experiments were performed using nude mice and 22RV1 cells, identifying that a dose of 1 mg/kg of bruceantin can effectively inhibit in vivo tumor growth of CRPC cells. 
     In addition, as shown in  FIGS. 8 a  and 8 b   , a dose of 1 mg/kg of bruceantin was found to have no effect on weights of the mice nor to cause hepatotoxicity. 
     EXAMPLE 6 
     Assay for Pharmaceutical Efficacy of Orally Administered Bruceantin in CRPC Xenograft Mouse Model 
     In mouse models xenografted with the castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) cell line 22RV1, bruceantin was analyzed for inhibitory effect on tumor growth. To this end, bruceantin was orally administered at a dose of 2 mg/kg/every 2 days to 22RV1 xenograft mouse models during which inhibition effects on tumor growth and body weights were monitored. The results are depicted in  FIGS. 9 a  and 9 b    and Tables 11 and 12. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
             
               
                 TABLE 11 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Tumor 
                 CON 
                 BCT 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Day 
                 ave 
                 stdev 
                 ave 
                 stdev 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                  0 
                 78.588 
                 24.6579 
                 73.0453 
                 34.77342 
               
               
                  3 
                 86.8976 
                 22.71908 
                 89.5358 
                 20.76171 
               
               
                  5 
                 158.5855 
                 61.27517 
                 75.35 
                 7.167657 
               
               
                  7 
                 187.565 
                 47.10095 
                 88.811 
                 17.01849 
               
               
                  9 
                 251.8748 
                 75.00192 
                 157.6571 
                 14.79558 
               
               
                 11 
                 425.1111 
                 155.4311 
                 189.9515 
                 62.37772 
               
               
                 13 
                 560.3242 
                 139.3798 
                 256.5573 
                 83.592 
               
               
                 15 
                 716.193 
                 133.8083 
                 348.6721 
                 122.5188 
               
               
                 17 
                 929.6541 
                 224.8357 
                 485.1394 
                 233.2228 
               
               
                 19 
                 1191.658 
                 383.5053 
                 567.0807 
                 258.086 
               
               
                 21 
                 1383.706 
                 524.9933 
                 616.549 
                 371.1777 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
             
               
                 TABLE 12 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Weight 
                 CON 
                 BCT 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Day 
                 ave 
                 stdev 
                 ave 
                 stdev 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                  0 
                 18 
                 0.707107 
                 18.4 
                 0.894427 
               
               
                  3 
                 18.8 
                 0.447214 
                 18.4 
                 0.547723 
               
               
                  5 
                 19.2 
                 1.095445 
                 19.4 
                 0.894427 
               
               
                  7 
                 19.8 
                 1.095445 
                 19.4 
                 1.140175 
               
               
                  9 
                 20.2 
                 0.83666 
                 19.8 
                 1.30384 
               
               
                 11 
                 19.8 
                 1.30384 
                 20.2 
                 1.095445 
               
               
                 13 
                 19.8 
                 0.83666 
                 20 
                 1.224745 
               
               
                 15 
                 20.2 
                 0.83666 
                 20.8 
                 0.83666 
               
               
                 17 
                 20.4 
                 0.547723 
                 19.2 
                 0.447214 
               
               
                 19 
                 19.6 
                 0.547723 
                 19.8 
                 1.643168 
               
               
                 21 
                 19.2 
                 0.83666 
                 20.2 
                 1.095445 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     As can be seen in  FIGS. 9 a  and 9 b    and Tables 11 and 12, bruceantin was found to effectively inhibit tumor growth without changing the body weight. 
     EXAMPLE 7 
     Hematobiochemical Toxicity Assay of Bruceantin in Subcutaneously Injected Mouse 
     Bloods from mice after subcutaneous injection and oral administration of bruceantin thereto were quantitatively analyzed for toxicity biomarkers. Briefly, in order to analyze toxicity of bruceantin in vivo, bloods from 22RV1 xenograft mouse models were measured for various serological indices after subcutaneous injection at a dose of 1 mg/kg/every 3 days (IP) and oral administration at a dose of 2 mg/kg/every 2 days (p.o.), and the results are depicted in  FIG. 10  and summarized in Table 13. 
     ALT: Alanine transaminase 
     AST: Aspartate transaminase 
     LDH: Lactate dehydrogenase 
     CR: Creatinine 
     CPK: Creatine phosphokinase 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
               
             
               
                 TABLE 13 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 Ctrl 
                 BCT 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                   
                 ave 
                 stdev 
                 ave 
                 stdev 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 I.P. 
                 ALT 
                 56.4 
                 28.01428 
                 61.2 
                 26.03267 
               
               
                   
                 AST 
                 283.8 
                 56.82605 
                 351 
                 139.4758 
               
               
                   
                 AST/ALT 
                 5.047834 
                 1.41858 
                 6.408889 
                 1.873642 
               
               
                   
                 LDH 
                 1045.2 
                 526.4534 
                 1098.6 
                 587.5575 
               
               
                   
                 Cr 
                 0.102 
                 0.026833 
                 0.156 
                 0.057706 
               
               
                   
                 CK 
                 188.4 
                 78.21317 
                 180 
                 136.8539 
               
               
                 P.O. 
                 ALT 
                 67.2 
                 11.54123 
                 72 
                 25.71964 
               
               
                   
                 AST 
                 277.2 
                 75.07796 
                 263.4 
                 75.34122 
               
               
                   
                 AST/ALT 
                 4.081746 
                 1.167746 
                 3.657719 
                 0.898977 
               
               
                   
                 LDH 
                 1724.4 
                 424.4889 
                 1456.8 
                 546.8178 
               
               
                   
                 Cr 
                 0.174 
                 0.098133 
                 0.138 
                 0.105214 
               
               
                   
                 CK 
                 334.5 
                 91.7006 
                 247.5 
                 195.7217 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     As can be seen in  FIG. 10  and Table 13, bruceantin was observed to exhibit no toxicity on blood indices, compared to the control vehicle. 
     EXAMPLE 8 
     Anatomical and Histological Toxicity Assay of Bruceantin in Subcutaneously Injected Mouse 
     Anatomical and histological toxicity assays were performed on livers, kidneys and spleens from the mice subcutaneously injected with bruceantin. In order to analyze in vivo toxicity of bruceantin, liver, kidney, and spleen tissues from 22RV1 xenograft mouse models were analyzed after subcutaneous injection at a dose of 1 mg/kg/every 3 days, and the results are depicted in  FIGS. 11 a    and  11   b.    
     As can be seen in  FIGS. 11 a    and  11   b,  bruceantin was found to show no morphological and histological changes (toxicity) in each tissue, compared to the control vehicle. 
     EXAMPLE 9 
     Anatomical and Histological Toxicity Assay of Bruceantin in Orally Administered Mouse 
     Anatomical and histological toxicity assays were performed on livers, kidneys and spleens from the mice to which bruceantin had been orally administered. In order to analyze in vivo toxicity of bruceantin, liver, kidney, and spleen tissues from 22RV1 xenograft mouse models were analyzed after oral administration at a dose of 2 mg/kg/every 2 days, and the results are depicted in  FIGS. 12 a    and  12   d.    
     As can be seen in  FIGS. 12 a  and 12 d   , bruceantin was found to show no morphological and histological changes (toxicity) in each tissue, compared to the control vehicle. 
     EXAMPLE 10 
     Construction of CRPC Xenograft Metastasis Mouse Model 
     In order construct metastasis mouse models with the castration-resistant prostate cancer cell line 22RV1, the cells were subcutaneously injected into nude mice and the tumors was grown. Then, the tumors were harvested and injected into the left cardiac ventricle of nude mice to construct metastasis mouse models (see  FIG. 13 ). 
     EXAMPLE 11 
     Assay for Inhibitory Effect of Orally Administered Bruceantin on Metastasis in CRPC Xenograft Metastasis Mouse Model 
     In the metastasis mouse models using the castration-resistant prostate cancer cell line 22RV1, bruceantin was analyzed for inhibitory effect on tumor metastasis and growth. In brief, the metastasis mice were monitored for inhibitory effects on tumor metastasis and growth and body weight while bruceantin was orally administered at a dose of 2 mg/kg/every 2 days thereto. The results are depicted in  FIGS. 14 a  and 14 b    and Table 14. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
               
             
               
                   
                 TABLE 14 
               
             
            
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 weight 
                 CON 
                 BCT 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Day 
                 ave 
                 stdev 
                 ave 
                 stdev 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                  1 
                 16.875 
                 1.290994 
                 16 
                 1.195229 
               
               
                   
                  3 
                 17.5 
                 1.272418 
                 16.75 
                 1.164965 
               
               
                   
                  5 
                 18.125 
                 1.573592 
                 17 
                 1.309307 
               
               
                   
                  7 
                 18.75 
                 1.9518 
                 17.25 
                 1.28174 
               
               
                   
                  9 
                 19.25 
                 2.13809 
                 18.125 
                 1.125992 
               
               
                   
                 11 
                 20.25 
                 1.908627 
                 19.375 
                 1.407886 
               
               
                   
                 13 
                 20.375 
                 1.995531 
                 19.625 
                 1.505941 
               
               
                   
                 15 
                 20.5 
                 2.070197 
                 19.625 
                 1.30247 
               
               
                   
                 17 
                 21.125 
                 2.03101 
                 20.375 
                 1.505941 
               
               
                   
                 19 
                 21.125 
                 1.95941 
                 20.375 
                 1.187735 
               
               
                   
                 21 
                 21.125 
                 2.03101 
                 20.5 
                 1.195229 
               
               
                   
                 23 
                 21.375 
                 2.263846 
                 20.625 
                 1.505941 
               
               
                   
                 25 
                 22 
                 1.927248 
                 21.25 
                 0.886405 
               
               
                   
                 27 
                 21.75 
                 1.832251 
                 21.125 
                 1.246423 
               
               
                   
                 29 
                 22.125 
                 1.885092 
                 21.625 
                 1.505941 
               
               
                   
                 31 
                 22.375 
                 1.846812 
                 21.625 
                 1.30247 
               
               
                   
                 33 
                 22.5 
                 1.690309 
                 21.625 
                 1.30247 
               
               
                   
                 35 
                 22.625 
                 1.505941 
                 21.75 
                 1.752549 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     As can be seen in  FIGS. 14 a  and 14 b    and Table 14, bruceantin was found to inhibit metastatic tumor growth and the number of metastases without changing the body weight.