Patent Publication Number: US-2023157668-A1

Title: System and method for wirelessly powering, sending and receiving information from an instrument in the body

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION(S) 
     The present application claims under 35 U.S.C. § 119, the priority benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 63/015,144 filed Apr. 24, 2020. The disclosure of the foregoing application is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. 
    
    
     FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention relates generally to medical devices and methods, and more particularly, the embodiments of the present invention relate to a wirelessly powered system for accurately tracking a catheter, for example, in a patient&#39;s body using in combination Radio Frequency and/or Ultrasonic backscattering. 
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     Discussion of the Related Art 
     Minimally invasive catheter based endovascular and intracardiac procedures play an increasingly critical role in modern medicine and are used to treat a wide array of medical conditions encompassing the clinical fields of interventional radiology (IR), cardiology (CC) and electrophysiology (EP). The technology that facilitates these procedures must have 3 essential components: instrument tracking/navigation capabilities, the ability to retrieve diagnostic information, and the ability to deliver therapy. In the case of electrophysiology, the system must also be able to pace (electrically excite) the heart. 
     Since blood is opaque, the instruments and procedural environment encountered during endovascular procedures cannot be visualized directly or with light-based cameras. Thus, other forms of imaging have been developed to allow instrument tracking/navigation during these procedures. One of the most widely utilized methods of instrument and anatomy visualization is fluoroscopy/cineangiography. However, radiation-based methods typically produce a bland greyscale 2D representation of patient anatomy, compromising the physician&#39;s ability to perform tasks in spatially complex three-dimensional anatomy and prolonging the amount of training needed to become facile in performing procedures. In addition, fluoroscopy exposes patients and practitioners to ionizing radiation, which can be harmful. 
     Non-ionizing methods to localize and display instruments and the endovascular intracardiac space have been developed including electromagnetic-, impedance-, and ultrasound-based navigation tools. Though these non-ionizing methods have gained traction in electrophysiology, the small field of navigation and the requirement for an active (wired) instrument have precluded their adoption in the fields of interventional cardiology and radiology. 
     Because the fields of interventional cardiology and radiology have a multitude of different, relatively inexpensive, passive catheters, it is to be desired that any system of tracking/visualization should allow post-market adaptation of conventional passive catheters instead of, or in addition to, the creation of custom catheters specifically manufactured to integrate into the tracking/navigation system. Currently this is not possible with conventional systems. 
     Therefore, a need exists to provide a non-ionizing method for accurately tracking and navigating a passive (i.e., remotely powered) moving catheter within a few millimeters of resolution within a desired environment, such as but not limited to, the intracardiac and broader intravascular environment of a patient&#39;s body. Accordingly, the embodiments herein address such a need by providing for a passive flexible catheter using a combination of multiple transducers and RF localization that serves as the feedback to the ultrasound directed energy transfer. Thus, the remotely powered system functions to accurately track the distal end of a moving catheter by way of the use of at least one of: RF signals and ultrasonic backscatter. Unlike other localizing catheters, wireless power and tracking allows for deep precise tracking without a wired catheter. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     In a first aspect, the embodiments are directed to a wirelessly powered system for tracking a moving catheter within a few millimeters of resolution in a patient&#39;s body, that includes an ultrasonic transceiver configured outside of a patient&#39;s body; a moving catheter disposed within a patient&#39;s body and configured with an array of transducer elements about a longitudinal axis of the moving catheter, wherein the array of transducer elements is arranged to transform a frequency received from the ultrasonic transceiver into a resultant stored energy; a module connectively coupled to the array of transducer elements, wherein the module further comprises an energy harvesting integrated circuit, a distal radio frequency (RF) transceiver and a proximal radio frequency transceiver, wherein the module utilizing the resultant stored energy as received by the energy harvesting integrated circuit provides power for the distal radio frequency transceiver and the proximal radio frequency transceiver; at least three receiving terminals configured about the patient&#39;s body, wherein the at least three receiving terminals are configured to receive at least one of one or more ultrasonic backscatter signals resultant from the ultrasonic transmitter and one or more RF frequency signals resultant from the module; and a processor configured to determine the location of the distal end of the moving catheter via triangulation of at least one of the received ultrasonic backscatter signal and the RF signals produced by the module. 
     In a second aspect, the embodiments are directed to a catheter configured with an array of transducer elements about a longitudinal axis of the catheter, wherein the array of transducer elements is arranged to produce a resultant stored energy; and a module connectively coupled to the array of transducer elements, wherein the module further comprises an energy harvesting integrated circuit, a distal radio frequency transceiver and a proximal radio frequency transceiver, wherein the energy harvesting integrated circuit provides power resultant from the stored energy for the distal radio frequency transceiver and the proximal radio frequency transceiver, wherein the distal radio frequency transceiver and the proximal radio frequency transceiver are configured at a distance within the module for triangular localization calibration of a moving catheter tip position. 
     In another aspect, the embodiments are directed to a method for tracking a moving catheter in a patient&#39;s body that includes: disposing a moving catheter within the patient&#39;s body; transmitting one or more ultrasonic waves from outside of a patient&#39;s body and directed to the patient&#39;s body while the catheter is moving; first receiving the one or more ultrasonic waves at an array of transducer elements configured about the moving catheter, wherein the array of transducer elements transforms a frequency into a resultant stored energy; powering a module coupled to the array of transducer elements, wherein the resultant stored energy powers a distal radio frequency transceiver and a proximal radio frequency transceiver; emitting an RF frequency signal output from the distal radio frequency transceiver and the proximal radio frequency transceiver; second receiving at least one or more backscattered ultrasonic waves and the RF frequency signals at a minimum of three receiving terminals; and processing the RF frequency to triangulate a location of a distal end of the moving catheter. 
     Accordingly, the embodiments herein provide for a novel method, catheter apparatus, and system for wirelessly (i.e., remotely) powering, sending, and receiving information for tracking a moving catheter within a few millimeters of resolution in the body, wherein the embodiments herein that also enable, but are not strictly limited to, the capability of sensing physiologic parameters and electrically stimulating an organ such as the heart. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       Non-limiting and non-exhaustive embodiments of the present invention are described with reference to the following drawings. In the drawings, like reference numerals refer to like parts throughout the various figures unless otherwise specified. 
         FIG.  1    illustrates an example embodiment of a wirelessly powered and localized catheter system with image processing, as disclosed herein. 
         FIG.  2 A  shows a working arrangement of the system for locating a catheter during a procedure. 
         FIG.  2 B  shows the ultrasound generating units configured with an array of ultrasonic transducer elements providing an ultrasonic signal to the implant/module located on the catheter. 
         FIG.  3    is a top down view of a patient lying on a procedure table wearing a custom or commercial garment (tunic) configured with a plurality of integrated sensors (patches) to illustrate a working embodiment of the present invention. 
         FIG.  4    is a schematic demonstrating functions of a localization system according to an embodiment. 
         FIG.  5    is a schematic of an analog signal processing unit circuitry as utilized by the embodiments disclosed herein. 
         FIG.  6 A  shows approximate dimensions and module with general components of the catheter disclosed herein. 
         FIG.  6 B  shows a down the bore view of the catheter and module of the present invention. 
         FIG.  6 C  shows approximate dimensions of one embodiment of a wireless current generating module according to an embodiment. 
         FIG.  7    shows a basic structure of an ultrasonic power transfer system for a bio-medical implant disclosed herein. 
         FIG.  8    shows characteristics of a generated pressure field in a medium changing with distance from a transmitter resulting in near-field and far-field patterns. 
         FIG.  9    shows the Localization/triangulation process utilized herein. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF PRACTICING THE DISCLOSURE 
     In the description of the invention herein, it is understood that a word appearing in the singular encompasses its plural counterpart, and a word appearing in the plural encompasses its singular counterpart, unless implicitly or explicitly understood or stated otherwise. Furthermore, it is understood that for any given component or embodiment described herein, any of the possible candidates or alternatives listed for that component may generally be used individually or in combination with one another, unless implicitly or explicitly understood or stated otherwise. Moreover, it is to be appreciated that the figures, as shown herein, are not necessarily drawn to scale, wherein some of the elements may be drawn merely for clarity of the invention. Also, reference numerals may be repeated among the various figures to show corresponding or analogous elements. Additionally, it will be understood that any list of such candidates or alternatives is merely illustrative, not limiting, unless implicitly or explicitly understood or stated otherwise. In addition, unless otherwise indicated, numbers expressing quantities of ingredients, constituents, reaction conditions and so forth used in the specification and claims are to be understood as being modified by the term “about.” 
     Accordingly, unless indicated to the contrary, the numerical parameters set forth in the specification and attached claims are approximations that may vary depending upon the desired properties sought to be obtained by the subject matter presented herein. At the very least, and not as an attempt to limit the application of the doctrine of equivalents to the scope of the claims, each numerical parameter should at least be construed in light of the number of reported significant digits and by applying ordinary rounding techniques. Notwithstanding that the numerical ranges and parameters setting forth the broad scope of the subject matter presented herein are approximations, the numerical values set forth in the specific examples are reported as precisely as possible. Any numerical values, however, inherently contain certain errors necessarily resulting from the standard deviation found in their respective testing measurements. 
     When a method or process including two or more defined steps is described herein, the defined steps can be carried out in any order or simultaneously, except where the context excludes that possibility. For example, a disclosed method including defined steps can include one or more steps carried out before the defined steps, can include one or more steps carried out after the defined steps, can include one or more steps carried out between the defined steps, or a combination thereof. 
     General Description 
     The embodiments disclosed herein are directed to an autonomous tracking system that accurately locates and transfers higher quantities of power wirelessly to deep-tissue moving catheter implants in a cost-effective manner which is useful for a variety of applications, often medical applications. Such embodiments include a catheter navigation system/apparatus that capitalizes on, for example remotely powered integrated Radio Frequency (RF) transceivers and backscatter-based energy transfer capabilities for tracking and navigating of deep-tissue implants (i.e., a moving catheter tip-based apparatus) of &gt;5 cm up to 10 cm. The transfer power in the otherwise passive moving catheter is provided by an ultrasonic transducer placed near a desired region (e.g., the skin) and the resultant ultrasonic wave induces a power stored capacitively for embedded circuits on the tip of the flexible moving catheter inside, for example, a patient. 
     The remote powering of a moving catheter is accomplished through an array of transducer elements arranged to transform a frequency (1-20 MHz, often 1 MHz) into a usable DC power stored on a capacitor located on the catheter (e.g., the module). The ultrasound-based wireless transfer has proven to be the most efficient as it results in the least attenuation (˜0.1 dB/cm/MHz) and also beneficially allows large energy intensities (7.2 mW/mm 2 ) to be utilized for diagnostic studies. 
     The stored energy provided by the array of transducers powers a module on the moving catheter, where the module has, as part of its configuration, an energy harvesting integrated circuit, a distal radio frequency transceiver, and a proximal radio frequency transceiver but the module is not limited to solely just those components. The distal radio frequency transceiver and the proximal radio frequency transceiver as powered by the stored energy thereafter can be individually clocked to communicate with receiving terminals (also described as receiving patches herein) arranged about a patient for location of the moving catheter tip (distal end) using computer/processor triangulation of the received signals (i.e., often based on signals received by at least three receiving terminals). RF signals received from the catheter transceivers undergo demodulation to baseband, amplification, low pass filtering, and then are assigned to one or more analog to digital converters (ADCs) in a pattern controlled by an analog switch matrix. 
     Moreover, while the RF location arrangement is one capability of the embodiments herein to provide precise and accurate tracking within a few millimeters of resolution and navigation of a moving catheter, the ultrasonic backscattering location capability, which uses time-of-arrival processor deconvolution, additionally and beneficially aids in precisely locating the moving catheter as also interpreted by the coupled computer/processor. To reiterate for the reader, the embodiments herein in combination uses RF and pressure (ultrasonic) waves for tracking and navigation of a moving catheter. To enable these capabilities, the wireless power transfer, as previously stated, serves to energize a small pressure transducer located in the catheter tip and thereafter analog pressure measurements undergo analog to digital conversion (ADC) to result in conversion to an analog sound (backscatter) or RF wave emanating from the moving catheter tip position to sensors on or near the body where the information is digitized and displayed for the user. 
     Specific Description 
     Turning now to the drawings,  FIG.  1    is a block diagram of a wirelessly powered and localized moving catheter system, as generally reference by the numeral  100 , in accordance with embodiments of the present invention. It is to be first noted that like numerals for each figure are often utilized where common components throughout are described. 
     As shown in  FIG.  1   , the wirelessly powered and localized moving catheter system  100  includes a catheter  2  (as to be detailed in  FIG.  6    infra) coupled to a catheter transmit antenna  12 ′. Also shown in  FIG.  1    is an ultrasound generating unit (US-TX)  6  as generally understood by those skilled in the art, at least one or more sensors  10  for receiving RF signals, wherein each sensor  20  has its own a respective RF receive antenna  12 , and a catheter transmit antenna  12 ′ (RF receivers attached to 3D printed antennas) capable of communicating in a back and forth arrangement with receive antenna  12  (as denoted by the double arrows). Also shown in  FIG.  1    is a computer  16 , a signal processor  20  and a display  24  to provide all computational/storage and visual capabilities, etc., in tracking of the moving catheter  2 . 
     The computer  16 /processor  20  shown in  FIG.  1    can include any known in the art computing device. Example computing  16  devices, as disclosed herein, often includes incorporated individual software modules, components, and the routines utilized may be a computer program, procedure, or process written as source code in C, C#, C++, Java, and/or other suitable programming languages. Image processing and data analysis often incorporated and done in MATLAB® and Origin®. The computer programs, procedures, or processes may be compiled into intermediate, object or machine code and presented for execution by any of the example suitable computing devices discussed above. Various implementations of the source, intermediate, and/or object code and associated data may be stored in one or more computer readable storage media that include read-only memory, random-access memory, magnetic disk storage media, optical storage media, flash memory devices, and/or other suitable media. A computer-readable medium, in accordance with aspects of the present invention, refers to media known and understood by those of ordinary skill in the art, which have encoded information provided in a form that can be read (i.e., scanned/sensed) by a machine/computer/processor  20  and interpreted by the machine&#39;s/computer&#39;s/processor&#39;s hardware and/or software. It is also to be appreciated that as used herein, the term “computer readable storage medium” excludes propagated signals, per se. 
     It is also to be noted that the wirelessly powered and localized moving catheter system,  100  can be configured with a communication interface (not shown) that includes a wireless transmitter/receiver unit to transmit signals from, for example, the processor  20  to other devices (e.g., a network, and/or via a direct connection to another device), and to receive signals from other devices and communicate the received signals back to processor  20 . 
     The display  24  itself can include an electronic display (e.g., including a flat panel display element such as a liquid crystal display element, an organic light-emitting diode display element, an electrophoretic display element, or another type of display element) of any location coordinates and/or physiological measurements provided by the catheter  2 . Moreover, such a display  24  can also include via a graphical user interface (GUI) to aid the user in orchestrating the manipulation and detection location of the catheter as well as storage of any information gathered. In addition, a GUI may be controlled remotely through the use of interconnected networks or the internet to allow for remote access of the system  100  (i.e., from another medical practitioner) from a second dispersed location if it beneficially aids in the overall procedure. 
     With respect to display visualization, the various embodiments enable visual context for the operator to navigate through the internal structures of the body. In some instances, the shape of the catheter  2  while the catheter  2  is moving is to be displayed by the user interface and is predetermined and is known to the system in advance by having been previously scanned and/or configured in a 3D rendering. In other environments, the catheter shape and dimensions may not be preset into the system. In this instance, in various embodiments, the system provides real-time 3D scanning of a moving catheter tip. 
     In one example embodiment, the scanning is performed by a commercially available scanner, such as NextEngine 3D scanner (NextEngine, Santa Monica, Calif., USA). In another embodiment a custom 3D scanner is produced for quickly scanning catheter tips. In some embodiments, the 3D scans of the catheters are subsequently stored and/or catalogued in a library or database of the system (stored in computer  16 , an interconnected database network, or other readable medium), such that any given catheter need only be scanned once before the catheter is preset into the system. 
       FIG.  2 A  shows a general graphical representation of the system  100  of  FIG.  1    incorporated into a working arrangement, to include the generalized Ultrasound Transmitter (US-TX)  6 , the plurality of receiving sensors  10  coupled to the computer  16 /processor  20  often via a serial interface (not shown). Also shown in  FIG.  2 A  is the novel remotely powered passive catheter  2 , which can be configured as a flexible hollow-lumen catheter arranged with an electronic sensing interface (not shown) capable of angiographic applications (e.g., locate narrowing or blockages in blood vessels, measure pressure and oxygen levels, as well as capturing other physiological markers such as pressure, and respiratory activity. The sensed information will modulate the RF carrier at a few kHz which will hence be demodulated and read by the external signal processor. 
     The remotely powered moving catheter  2  as medically disposed within a patient  34 , has as part of its arrangement a wireless module  28  affixed, often adhesively affixed to the catheter  2 . Such a wireless module  28  is arranged with various components to include, but not strictly limited to, i) an ultrasonic-to-DC energy converter (not shown) for converting the received ultrasonic transmission to DC power using a piezoelectric crystal (not shown) operating at a frequency of between 1-20 MHz, often at a frequency of 1 MHz; and ii) a RF transmitter (not shown) operating in the Medical Implant Communication System (MICS) band, i.e., a low-power, short-range (2 m), high-data-rate, 401-406 MHz (the core band is 402-405 MHz) to further include a low-jitter clock source (not shown), frequency multiplier (not shown), and an edge-combining power amplifier, also not shown in  FIG.  2 A . In addition, other medical sensors, to include a physiological sensor may also be coupled to the module. 
     The ultrasound generating unit (US-TX)  6  generally shown in  FIG.  2 A  can include any transmitter that can provide for sound (pressure) waves of a frequency range of at least 1 MHz and at an FDA approved power level (e.g., 7.2 mW/mm 2 ), as utilized with the embodiments herein. Often such ultrasound transmitters  6  include one or more piezoelectric elements (an array  6 ′ of such elements as shown in  FIG.  2 B ) sandwiched between a pair of electrodes. The electrodes of the piezo-element are connected to a voltage source, and application of voltage to the piezo-element triggers its change of dimensions at a frequency corresponding to that of the applied voltage into the media to which it is coupled, at frequencies present in the excitation pulse. 
     When each voltage pulse is applied, such as in an ultrasonic transmitter array  6 ′, disclosed herein and as shown in  FIG.  2 B , each of the piezoelectric element(s)  6 ″ emits an ultrasonic wave with a central lobe  42 ′ (again see  FIG.  2 B ) at a primary path, such as at the moving catheter tip  2  affixed with module  24 .  FIG.  2 B  also shows undesirable side lobes  42 ′ from each of the piezoelectric element(s)  6 ″ that spreads out from each of the transducer elements  6 ″ of the array  6 ′ at angles other than the primary path, which occurs as transducer element  6 ″ size increases. The embodiments herein thus utilize another beneficial aspect wherein the ultrasonic transmitter array  6 ′ of the embodiments herein are configured to continuously change the transmitter power and the diameter of the array to calibrate an impedance mismatch between the input impedance of one or more piezoelectric transducers and the surrounding tissue impedance as the moving catheter propagates into deeper tissues. Such a design reduces the amplitude of such lobes  42 ″ so as to mitigate unwanted ray paths scattering/reflecting off of anatomical features/other elements not desired to be targeted. 
     Backscattering 
     As another example beneficial embodiment, i.e., for a backscattering-based 2D Time-of Flight (TOA) design, two transducers, e.g., a transducer element  6 ″ from the ultrasonic transmitter array  6 ′ (see  FIG.  2 B ) and a transducer configured in one or more sensors (patches)  10  (see  FIG.  3   ), are arranged to operate as both a transmitter (TX) and a receiver (RX) and each engage in a burst/listen cycle (backscattering) that determines the one-way distance of the moving catheter tip from at least 3 configured sensors  10  (patches). 
     Such one-way distances each produce a circle of possible locations in 2D cartesian coordinates which intersect to define two possible locations, wherein a negative intersection point is discarded due to physical system constraints, leaving the positive intersection point to be obtained from Eq. 1 shown below, so as to determine an object&#39;s position (e.g., the catheter  2  tip) in each dimension. 
     
       
         
           
             
               
                 
                   
                     
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     Another capability of the embodiments herein entails that when an ultrasonic wave e.g.,  42 , of the desired frequency, strikes one or more piezoelectric elements configured on a catheter  2  disclosed herein, (note that often the catheter  2  is often arranged with an array of piezoelectric elements (transducers), those element(s) produce a corresponding voltage across its electrodes, which as designed herein the present inventive embodiments, results in a wave pattern at the induced frequency. Thereafter, sensors (patches)  10  configured with circuitry to be analyzed by computer  16 /processor  20  also aid in location of the moving catheter. Notably, the one or more piezoelectric elements often arranged as a circular array on a catheter  2  of the present invention provides a location not only in in x, y, z orthogonal plains but alleviates pitch, yaw, and roll deleterious effects as the catheter is maneuvered circuitously throughout a patient&#39;s body. 
       FIG.  3    in combination with  FIG.  2 A  shows an exemplary method of operation, wherein the catheter  2  (with the Ultrasound Transmitter (US-TX)  6  near the body) is placed into a patient  34  (also see  FIG.  2   ), who can be arranged with a garment (a tunic) with multitude of external receivers (sensors  10  configured as patches) attached. The elliptical  figures  16    shown in  FIG.  3    are merely to illustrate openings in the tunic for catheter  2  insertion and  FIG.  3    also shows an example communication module  37  arranged if desired to provide information of all of external receivers (sensors  10 ) to the computer  16 /signal processor  20  of system  100 .  FIG.  3    will be understood in light of the following location methods disclosed hereinafter. 
     RF Triangulation 
       FIG.  4    is a schematic illustration demonstrating functions of the localization system (i.e., of a localization of a moving catheter  2  tip having at least two RF transceivers  62 ,  63 ), according to an embodiment. The multitude of body sensor patches  10  are placed over a broad region of the patient&#39;s body  34  (adhesively or arranged on a custom garment (tunic)) at surface locations known to the system. The system can then be programmed to harvest data from all sensors  10  at once or dynamically and strategically select multiple three-patch combinations. Because of the broad distribution of sensor patches  10  over the patient&#39;s body  34 , allows tracking of the catheter  2  while moving over a substantially broader navigation window than conventional impedance-based systems. Moreover, such a network of sensors  10  patches enables both catheter tracking and visualization as well as localization of, for example a non-limiting application, an arrhythmia source in the heart. 
     In each instance the location of the moving catheter in space can be solved as an inverse problem. The distance can be computed from the RF emitting electrode on the catheter to any of the sensor patches  10  in known 3D space and 3 or more patches can be used to triangulate the position of the moving catheter in space, much the same way the Global Positioning System (GPS) is able to locate the position of an object. 
     Thus, the catheter  2 , configured with two or more modules  28  (see  FIG.  2 A ) is in operation medically inserted into a patient  34 . Thereafter, each of the modules  24  are capable of receiving ultrasonic wireless power from Ultrasound Transmitter  6  through a piezoelectric transducer (see Ref Character  60  in  FIG.  6   ), and a power management unit (not shown), and transferring the power to transmit a RF signal at unique frequencies, which is then tracked by the external receivers  23 . The frequencies emitted by the transceivers (e.g.,  62 ,  63  as detailed in  FIG.  6   ) may vary depending on the clinical application but will be in the FDA approved 402-405 MHz Medical Implantable Communications band. In the setting where electrophysiologic signals are recorded by the system such as during electrophysiology procedures, the RF transmission will be modulated using conventional data modulation schemes such as frequency-shift keying (FSK), as known to those of ordinary skill in the art. The transmitted signal will thus comprise both the timestamp information for time-difference-of-arrival algorithm as well as sensed electrophysiological information demodulated by the receivers. 
     When a multitude of sensors  10  (patches) are distributed diffusely over a patient&#39;s  34  torso, the sensors  10  (patches) provide a substantially large area over which the moving catheter can be tracked, which is of considerable practical importance for subspecialties such as interventional radiology (IR), in which the region of procedure focus can vary considerably from procedure to procedure. The distance between the sensors  10  (patches) are dependent on the wavelength of the RF transmission as well as the depth of the module  28  having the configured two or more transceivers (e.g.,  62 ,  63  as shown in  FIG.  6   ). Higher frequencies allow more densely located patches (sensor receivers  10 ) but also suffer from larger attenuation that requires higher power transmission from the two or more transceivers (e.g.,  62 ,  63  in  FIG.  6   ). For higher accuracies, more sensors  10  (patches) can be utilized with the design constraint set by their wavelengths but for triangulation purposes, a minimum of three is desired. 
       FIG.  5    shows example beneficial analog signal processing unit circuitry, denoted as  10 ′, for each active sensor patch  10  (see shown in  FIG.  3    and  FIG.  4   ) converting the measured RF voltage signal into patch sensor  10  data. The antenna terminal  43  on sensor patch  10  receives the RF transmission indicated from the transceivers  62 ,  63  (see  FIG.  4   ) arranged on module  28  affixed to catheter  2  (see  FIG.  6    and description), which is then processed by the integrated radio comprising of the low-noise amplifier, mixer and an amplifier  44 . In a general operation, sensor  10  patch data from each active  10  sensor patch is delivered to the processing unit circuitry  10 ′, then filtered  12  (e.g., low pass filtered), and thereafter converted to a digital signal  47  via the ADC components  48 , as shown in  FIG.  5   . This information is then fed to the system&#39;s computer  16  where it is used to display the catheter tip  2  in the context of internal structures of the patient. In various implementations, the visualization of the catheter tip and the internal structures facilitate the operator navigating the moving catheter and delivering therapy. 
     In another beneficial example embodiment, the relative position of each of the patches is derived from the same ultrasonic wireless transmission-based method, where for calibration purposes, the transmitted US signal is received on the module  28  (e.g., implant of the catheter  2 ). The end-of-period of the US beam transmission signals the end of power conversion and is followed by the RF transmission. The transmitted RF signal is demodulated by the external sensor patches 10 and then propagation time is communicated to the US-TX  6 . In this way, the distance and relative positions between all patches is known. The distances can be calibrated using the another set of electrodes on the catheter that are a known distance from one another or by having 2 or more patches on the patient that are a known distance from one another. 
       FIG.  6 A ,  FIG.  6 B , and  FIG.  6 C  show working example configurations and example dimensions of the remotely powered moving catheter  2 , often for RF signal generation, as disclosed herein. In combination,  FIG.  6 A ,  FIG.  6 B , and  FIG.  6 C  show the module  28 , as described earlier, fabricated as a cylinder with an outer diameter (denoted as D 2  in  FIG.  6 B ), as shown, that depends on the outer diameter (denoted as D 2  in  FIG.  6 B ) of the catheter  2  of which can be a custom or commercially available catheter. A number of methods can be utilized to attach the module (implant)  28  to a catheter  2 . 
     As an example embodiment, the module (implant)  28 , often having width and length dimensions denoted as X, Y in  FIG.  6 A  and  FIG.  6 C , is formed as a flat sheet with a biocompatible backing adhesive (not shown). Example width X and length Y dimensions are respectively 25 mm for the length Y and 9 mm for the X dimension noting that such a width largely depends on the catheter  2  diameter. Thickness for module  28  also can range but is nominally at about 0.5 mm. 
     In particular,  FIG.  6 A  shows the catheter  2 , with a distal end  70  (i.e., the tip) and a proximal end  72  coupled to a hub (not shown), as known and understood by those of ordinary skill in the art, of which is outside of the patient  34 . Also shown are proximal  62  and distal  63  transceivers although more such receivers can be incorporated when warranted. Also generally shown is the transducer  60  that is simplistically being shown but is more often in actuality, an array of transducers  60  configured circumferentially about the diameter of the module  28  affixed to the catheter  2 , a design that alleviates pitch, yaw, and roll deleterious effects as the catheter is maneuvered circuitously throughout a patient&#39;s body, as stated previously. The integrated circuit  65  in  FIG.  6 A  and  FIG.  6 B  generally embodies the power harvesting and management to include but is not limited to i) an ultrasonic-to-DC energy converter for converting the received ultrasonic transmission to DC power using a piezoelectric crystal operating at 1 MHz; ii) a RF transmitter operating in the MICS band comprising of a low-jitter clock source, frequency multiplier and edge-combining power amplifier. 
     For even more accurate localization of the moving catheter distal end  70 , the system  100  of the present invention utilizes at least two or more transceivers affixed to the module  28  for calibration of provided signal information. Accurate determination of the distal tip of the moving catheter is accomplished through the calibration of the proximal and distal transceivers. First, the proximal  62  and distal transceivers  63  are localized through triangulation with patches located on the exterior of the patient. Thereafter a known distance (denoted as d in  FIG.  6 C , i.e., the distance between the proximal  62  and distal transceiver  63 ) is used to calibrate the outputs between the proximal and distal transceivers communicating with 3 or more sensors (patches)  10 . The computer  16  based system receiving such often-wired patch sensor  10  data then deconvolves the information and calibrates the received signals to provide a more accurate determination of the distal end  70  of the catheter  2  while moving the catheter within the patient  34 . 
     Accordingly, the module  28 , often with the adhesive backing is affixed to the catheter  2  (e.g., a passive hollow-lumen angiographic catheter  2 , by wrapping the adhesive around the shaft of the catheter  2 , as visualized of the module (implant)  28  viewed down the longitudinal axis (denoted as A in  FIG.  6 A  and  FIG.  6 B ) to provide the final arrangement shown in  FIG.  6 B  and as shown in the side view of  FIG.  6 A . A measuring template (not shown) can be used to ensure placement of the module (implant)  28  is at a consistent distance from the distal end  70  of the catheter  2  tip. 
     Ultrasound Transfer 
     The basic structure of an ultrasonic power transfer system for a bio-medical implant is shown in  FIG.  7   . In this specific example, an external ultrasonic transmitter denoted as U 1  converts electrical energy into a pressure wave (denoted as ultrasonic) that is transferred through the body tissue  80 . The pressure wave is captured by the miniaturized device at the distal end of the catheter (D)  70  (see  FIG.  6 A ) and transformed into a usable energy stored on a capacitor (not shown) inside the mm-sized implant (module  28 ). It is noted that the characteristics of the generated pressure field in a medium change with distance from the transmitter and is split into near-field and far-fields as shown in the inset in  FIG.  8   . At a certain distance (i.e., a Rayleigh distance) the acoustic pressure beam begins to diverge. Beyond this field, there is a decay in the intensity of the pressure field. Given the intensity of the acoustic beam is maximum at Rayleigh distance, it is often desired that the energy transducing module  28  (often in mm dimensions) with the piezoelectric transducer now denoted as U 2  will be placed within the Rayleigh distance to achieve the maximum power conversion efficiencies to be converted into usable power (note power management in dashed box of  FIG.  7   ) and thus capable of transmitting localized information as discussed above. In a specific example of an embodiment of the present disclosure, the received ultrasound beam on the module is transformed into a usable DC power stored on a capacitor for localization. 
     The acoustic impedances are calculated in units of Rayl where 1 rayl=1 Pa·s/m=kg/s/m2. Consequently, a larger vibration amplitude often is generated by the external transmitter to push the desired acoustic power to desired levels. In the state-of-the-art, the piezoelectric impedance is matched to the tissue impedance by inserting a single or multi-layer material with thickness off λ\4. The acoustic pressure wave propagation yields peak pressure at multiple locations that can be calculated as shown by Eq. 2: 
         X   max ( m )=( D   2 −λ(2 m+ 1) 2 )/(4λ(2 m+ 1)),   (2)
 
     where m is a positive integer, λ is the wavelength and D is the diameter of the transmitter array. Varying the wavelength and the diameter of the transmitter, different peak pressure locations are established over the implants trajectory and optimize the transfer of energy. Embodiments of RF wireless power transfer in the 402-405 MHz Medical Implantable Communication Band are described in this work. 
     Embodiments to localize the implant using time-difference-of-arrival for deep-tissue floating is beneficially incorporated as previously discussed. The time-of-flight comprises of the propagation time from the external ultrasound transmission to its conversion to DC power (t 1 ), start-up time of the implant device to emitting a RF pulse (t 2 ), and finally, detection of emitted RF signal by the external patches placed on for example, a wearable garment (tunic)  36  (see  FIG.  3   ).  FIG.  9    shows the Localization/triangulation process to determine accurate positions of the module  28  (implant). 
     To reiterate, the RF transmission frequency band is selected in the 402-405 MHz Medical Implantable Communications (MICS) band for higher transmission distances. A multitude of body surface sensors  10  (patches (at least 3)) serve as the receivers where voltage is measured, and a distance from the patches to the sources on the catheter can be calibrated and calculated. 
     Wavelengths for ultrasound, as utilized herein, are comparable to millimeter-sized implants, resulting in better aperture matching and efficient energy coupling. These benefits allow for larger available power than other inductive techniques opening up new high-power applications (&gt;100 μW) and enabling implant operation at greater depths. For these reasons ultrasonic power delivery is selected for deep-tissue medical implants. 
     It is also to be appreciated that the catheter is also adapted for physiology data harvesting. In such arrangements, wireless power transfer serves to energize a small pressure transducer configured on a catheter of the present invention. Analog pressure measurements undergo analog to digital conversion (ADC) and subsequent conversion to an analog sound or RF wave emanating from the catheter tip to sensors on or near the body where the information again is digitized and displayed for the user. In another example embodiment, physiological intracardiac electrogram voltages are captured by a sensor located on the tip of the catheter. These undergo ADC conversion and are again converted to an analog sound wave that is transmitted to the body to be detected on sensors at or near the skin surface where the signal is re-digitized and sent to process circuitry for amplification, filtering and display. 
     As known to those of ordinary skill in the art, in electrophysiology (EP) studies, there are numerous catheters involved but typically only one catheter is moved at a time. For this reason and beneficially, a two-frequency system can be utilized herein for EP applications implemented with multiple catheters. In an embodiment, a timeclock controls which electrodes emit a RF signal of a particular frequency and for what percentage of time. In this way, the roving position of the roving catheter is computed and updated more frequently, whereas the relative time allocated to emitting RF signal from (and thus updating the position of) stationary diagnostic catheters is proportionally less. In addition, to confirm that a given catheter is stationary relative to a previous interrogation, only one electrode pair needs be sampled at any given time. Should the system find that the position of the supposed stationary catheter is not static, a more thorough sampling of the catheter  2  in question can be performed and the user alerted to the change in position, if applicable. 
     It is also noted that the embodiments disclosed herein provides a unique non-ionizing wireless approach to catheter tracking in addition to harvesting physiological data during, for example, endovascular and intracardiac procedures, such as, but not limited to CC, IR, and EP procedures that can be easily adapted to an aftermarket passive catheter. 
     It is to be understood that features described with regard to the various embodiments herein may be mixed and matched in any combination without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. Although different selected embodiments have been illustrated and described in detail, it is to be appreciated that they are exemplary, and that a variety of substitutions and alterations are possible without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention.