Patent Publication Number: US-2023142400-A1

Title: Water Seal Design With Antenna Co-Existence On Electronic Device

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     The present application claims the benefit of Application Serial No. 62/913,206, filed Oct. 10, 2019, entitled Water Seal Design With Antenna Co-Existence On Electronic Device, the disclosure of which is hereby incorporated herein by reference. 
    
    
     BACKGROUND 
     For better portability and durability, housings for electronic devices, such as portable electronic devices and wearable devices, may be designed with water resistance. For example, liquid adhesives may be used to seal a housing. However, where components of a small form-factor device are disposed within a limited space inside the housing, overflowing liquid adhesives may contaminate the components inside and affect functions of the device. Alternatively, pressure seals, such as a pressure-sensitive tape or a ring seal, may be used to seal a housing, which do not contaminate components inside the housing. However, such pressure seals may not provide adequate sealing for complex shapes, such as a three-dimensional display cover with a curvature. 
     Electronic devices include one or more antennas for transmitting and receiving signals in various communication bands. Antenna design for small electronic devices can be challenging because of the constrained form factors of such devices. For example, while a smart phone may have limited space for housing its antennas, a smartwatch with a compact form factor may have even less space. The limited space may restrict various dimensions that impact antenna performance, such as dimensions of an antenna’s radiating element, ground plane, and clearance distances to the ground plane and to other antennas. Further, antenna performance for wearable devices may be severely impacted by body effects due to the close proximity to the wearer, which may cause detuning, attenuation, and shadowing of the antenna. 
     SUMMARY 
     The present disclosure provides for an electronic device comprising a housing, a display cover, and a modular component configured to be attached to the housing and to provide a seal between the housing and the display cover. The modular component include a first surface configured to be attached to the display cover; a channel extending along the first surface, the channel configured to hold a liquid adhesive that bonds with the display cover; and a radial protrusion disposed on the first surface, the radial protrusion configured to be in contact with the display cover when the display cover is attached to the housing and to prevent the liquid adhesive from moving out of the channel. 
     The modular component may further include one or more antennas. The one or more antennas may be disposed on the first surface, and the radial protrusion may be disposed between the one or more antennas and the channel such that the radial protrusion prevents the liquid adhesive from moving to the one or more antennas. The radial protrusion may be configured to provide a predetermined clearance distance between the one or more antennas and the display cover. The modular component may be configured to provide a predetermined clearance distance between the one or more antennas and the housing. 
     The display cover may have a three-dimensional shape with one or more curved portions, wherein the channel may be positioned such that the liquid adhesive bonds with the one or more curved portions of the display cover, and wherein the radial protrusion may be configured to be in contact with the one or more curved portions of the display cover. The display cover may have one or more viewing regions with a display underneath and one or more peripheral regions configured to be attached to the housing, wherein the channel may be positioned so that the liquid adhesive bonds with the one or more peripheral regions, and wherein the radial protrusion may be configured to be in contact with the one or more peripheral regions such that the radial protrusion prevents the liquid adhesive from moving to the one or more viewing regions. The radial protrusion may be configured to have dimensions matching at least a portion of an inside surface of the display cover. 
     The modular component may have an arcuate shape configured to fit along a portion of an edge of the housing. The modular component may have a ring shape configured to fit along an entire edge of the housing. 
     An edge of the housing configured to be in contact with the display cover may include an indent providing additional space for holding the liquid adhesive. 
     The housing may be made of a conductive material, and the display cover is made of a dielectric material. 
     The present disclosure further provides for a modular component for sealing a display cover to a housing of an electronic device, the modular component configured to be attached to the housing. The modular component comprising a first surface configured to be attached to the display cover; a channel extending along the first surface, the channel configured to hold a liquid adhesive that bonds with the display cover; and a radial protrusion disposed on the first surface, the radial protrusion configured to be in contact with the display cover when the display cover is attached to the housing and to prevent the liquid adhesive from moving out of the channel. 
     The modular component may further comprise one or more antennas. The one or more antennas may be disposed on the first surface, and the radial protrusion may be disposed between the one or more antennas and the channel. 
     The modular component may have an arcuate shape configured to fit along a portion of an edge of the housing. The modular component may have a ring shape configured to fit along an entire edge of the housing. 
     The present disclosure still further provides for an antenna carrier for an electronic device. The antenna carrier comprises a first surface, the first surface having a first area configured to be attached to an inside surface of a housing of the electronic device; a channel extending along the first surface in the first area, the channel configured to hold a liquid adhesive that bonds with the inside surface of the housing; one or more antennas disposed in a second area on the first surface; and a radial protrusion disposed on the first surface in the first area between the channel and the one or more antennas, the radial protrusion configured to be in contact with the inside surface of the housing to prevent the liquid adhesive from moving out of the channel to the one or more antennas. 
     The one or more antennas may be disposed on the first surface by LDS. The one or more antennas may include a plurality of antennas configured to operate in different frequency ranges. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         FIGS.  1 A and  1 B  illustrate an example device in accordance with aspects of the disclosure. 
         FIGS.  2 A,  2 B, and  2 C  show various views of an example modular component in accordance with aspects of the disclosure. 
         FIG.  3    illustrates an example antenna system in accordance with aspects of the disclosure. 
         FIG.  4    is an example circuit diagram for an example antenna in accordance with aspects of the disclosure. 
         FIG.  5    is a graph showing example performances of an example antenna in accordance with aspects of the disclosure. 
         FIG.  6    is a block diagram illustrating an example system in accordance with aspects of the disclosure. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     Overview 
     The present disclosure generally relates to a modular component for sealing an electronic device. An electronic device, such as a wearable device, may include a housing and a display cover. The electronic device may further include a modular component configured to provide a seal between the display cover and the housing. For instance, the modular component may be configured to be attached to the housing, such as to an edge of the housing. Further, the modular component may have a first surface configured to be attached to the display cover. The modular component may have any of a number of shapes configured to fit along an edge of the housing, such as an arcuate shape or a ring shape, and may be made of any of a number of materials, such as a non-conductive material for antenna integration. 
     To provide a water-resistant seal, the modular component may include a channel where a liquid adhesive may be applied. The channel may extend along the first surface of the modular component that is configured to be attached to the display cover. Dimensions of the channel may be selected based on a number of factors. For example, dimensions of the channel may be selected based on a diameter of a needle used to inject the liquid adhesive. As another example, dimensions of the channel may be selected based on a predetermined threshold volume of liquid adhesive required for a particular level of water-resistance. 
     To prevent leaking or expansion of the liquid adhesive to other areas of the electronic device, the modular component may further include a radial protrusion. The radial protrusion may be configured to be in contact with a peripheral region of the display cover when the display cover is attached to the housing. As such, the radial protrusion may prevent the liquid adhesive from moving out of the channel, such as flowing onto a viewing region of the display cover or onto other components inside the housing. Further, the radial protrusion may be configured to provide guidance for precise positioning of the display cover on the housing. For example, dimensions of the radial protrusion, including curvature, may be selected such that the radial protrusion fits along an inside surface of the display cover. 
     The modular component may further include one or more antennas. For example, the one or more antennas may be disposed on the first surface of the modular component such that the radial protrusion is positioned between the one or more antennas and the channel. As such, the radial protrusion may prevent the liquid adhesive from overflowing to contaminate the antennas. The modular component may be further configured to provide threshold clearance distances between the one or more antennas and the housing, and/or between the one or more antennas and the display cover. For example, dimensions of the modular component and the radial protrusion may be adjusted to provide the clearance distances. The clearance distances may be selected based on desired antenna performances, and based on the materials of the housing and display cover. 
     In some examples, the display cover may have a three dimensional shape, such as having one or more curved portions instead of being a planar sheet of glass. The channel may be extending along the first surface of the modular component in an area that is configured to be attached to the curved portions of the display cover. As such, the liquid adhesive in the channel may bond with the one or more curved portions of the display cover. The radial protrusion may also be configured to be in contact with the one or more curved portions of the display cover, for example by having matching curvatures. 
     The modular component as described herein provides increased water resistance for an electronic device, such as a water resistance of up to 50 meters (equivalent to 5 bars or 5 atmospheres) or more. Structural features of the modular component allow liquid adhesives to be applied, which provide better adhesion with complex three dimensional structures. The structural features protect components in the electronic device by preventing overflow of the liquid adhesives, and also provide guidance for precise positioning of components relative to each other. Antenna integration in the modular component saves space in a small factor device and provides flexibility for both antenna design and device design. For example, adjustments can be made to the modular component to change characteristics of the antenna, instead of compromising dimensions and/or materials of the housing or the display cover. Features of the modular component further provide for reduced effects on the antenna from metallic and dielectric materials in the device, such as the housing and the display cover, greater isolation from the body effects of the user, and reduced exposure of a user’s body to RF radiation. 
     Example Systems 
       FIGS.  1 A and  1 B  illustrate an example device  100  that includes one or more modular components that provide water resistance. As shown, the example device  100  is a wearable device, in particular a smartwatch. However, it should be understood that the one or more modular components may be implemented in any of a variety of devices with a housing and a display cover, including both wearable and non-wearable devices, such as pendants, head-mounted devices, smartphones, tablets, etc.  FIG.  1 A  shows a top view of an exterior of the device  100 , and  FIG.  1 B  shows an exploded view exposing an interior of the device  100 . 
     As shown in  FIG.  1 A , the device  100  has a housing  110  and a display cover  120  attached to or mounted on the housing  110 . The housing  110  may be configured to provide support and protection to various electronic, optical, and/or mechanical components of the device  100 . The housing  110  may be made out of a variety of materials, such as metal, alloy, plastic, glass, ceramics, or any combination of these or other materials. In instances where the housing  110  is at least partially made of a conductive material such as metal, the housing  110  may be configured to provide grounding for one or more components of the device  100 . The housing  110  may be any shape, such as round, rectangular, square, oval, etc. A top surface of the housing  110  may be configured to be attached to the display cover  120 , such as by having an opening with a similar shape as the display cover  120 , and structures such as bezels, mounts, grooves, etc. Where the device  100  is a wearable device, a bottom surface of the housing  110  opposite the display cover  120  may be configured to be in contact with skin or clothing, such as by having a generally flat or smooth surface. The housing  110  may further include other features, such as a button, a crown, etc. 
     The display cover  120  may be configured to protect and enable viewing of and interactions with a display underneath the display cover  120 . For example, the display may be a screen or a touch screen including various electronic, optical, and mechanical components. The display cover  120  may be made of any of a number of transparent materials. For example, the display cover  120  may be made of a dielectric material such as glass, polymers, sapphire, etc. The display cover  120  may be configured to have a similar or different shape as the surface of the housing  110  to which the display cover  120  is attached. In this example shown in  FIG.  1 A , the display cover  120  has the similar round shape as the top surface of the housing  110  to which it is attached. 
     The housing  110  may further be adapted to modularly attach to other components. For example as shown in  FIG.  1 A , where the device  100  is a smartwatch, housing  110  may be adapted to be attached to a watch band  140 . The watch band  140  may be made of any appropriate material, including metal, ceramic, leather, polymers, fabric, or any combination of such materials. In instances where the watch band  140  is at least partially made of a conductive material such as metal, the watch band  140  may be configured to provide grounding for one or more components of the device  100 . 
     Referring to  FIG.  1 B , the perspective view of the device  100  shows that the display cover  120  has a three-dimensional shape. For instance as shown, the display cover  120  may have a planar portion  122 , and an edge  124  that curves around the planar portion  122 . As such, the display cover  120  has a dome-like shape. Alternatively, the display cover  120  may have a two-dimensional shape, such as a planar glass without any curvature, or a substantially two-dimensional shape, such as a planar glass having multiple edges and only some of the edges have a curvature, etc. As another alternative, the display cover  120  may not have any planar portion at all, such as a glass that is semispherical or ellipsoidal in shape. In some instances, the display cover  120  may have one or more viewing regions through which a user may view and interact with a display underneath (such as the planar portion  122 ), and one or more peripheral regions for attaching to the housing  110  (such as the edge  124 ). 
     The exploded view of  FIG.  1 B  also shows that one or more modular components may be disposed in the housing  110 . For instance, the modular component  150  (shown as shaded) may be disposed along an edge  112  of the housing  110 . As such, when the display cover  120  is positioned on the edge  112  of the housing  110 , the modular component  150  is positioned along an inside surface of the display cover  120  a. The modular component  150  may be attached to the housing  110  in any of a number of ways, for example, the modular component  150  may be attached to the housing  110  through an adhesive, such as glue, tape, resin, etc. 
     Further as shown in  FIG.  1 B , the modular component  150  may have an arcuate shape adapted to be attached to a portion of edge  112  of the housing  110 . For example, the edge  112  may have a circumference or perimeter “L,” and the modular component may have a length of “l” that is a fraction of L. As such, the edge  112  of the housing  110  is attached to the display glass  120  via the modular component  150  along some portion(s) of its circumference or perimeter, while along remaining portion(s) of its circumference or perimeter, the edge  112  may be directly connected to the display glass  120  via an adhesive. For example as shown, the remaining portion of the edge  112  may include a ridge  114 , which can be directly attached to the display glass  120  via an adhesive. In some examples, the same liquid adhesive may be used for the entire perimeter of the edge  112  of the housing  110 , both on the modular component  150  and the ridge  114 , to ensure water-resistant seal to the display cover  120 . Such a configuration may create space for positioning one or more components inside the housing  110  near the remaining portion of the edge  112 , such as near ridge  114 . Alternatively, the modular component  150  may have a ring shape (e.g., 360°) configured to be attached to the entire edge  112  of the housing  110 . Such a configuration where the modular component  150  seals the entire edge  112  of the housing  110  may provide increased water resistance. 
     Although the housing  110  is shown in  FIG.  1 B  to have a round shape and edge  112  is shown to have a circular shape, in other instances the housing  110  and edge  112  may have other shapes, such as elliptical, square, triangular, polygon, arbitrary shape, etc. In such instances, the modular component  150  may also be configured to have a shape that fits on a portion of the edge  112  or on the entire edge  112 . For example, the modular component  150  may alternatively be three quarters of an ellipse, three sides of a square, etc. 
       FIGS.  2 A,  2 B, and  2 C  illustrate an example configuration of the modular component  150 .  FIG.  2 A  shows a perspective view of the modular component  150 .  FIGS.  2 B and  2 C  show cross-section views of the modular component  150  in relation to other components of the device  100 . 
     Referring to  FIG.  2 A , the modular component  150  may include various structures to provide a water-resistant seal and antenna integration. For instance, the modular component  150  may have an outer surface  210  and an inner surface  220 , where the outer surface  210  may be configured to be attached to an inside surface of the display cover  120 . One or more surfaces of the modular component  150 , such as the outer surface  210 , the inner surface  220 , and/or bottom surface  222  may be configured to be attached to the housing  110 , such as to the edge  112  of the housing  110 . The outer surface  210  may include structures, such as a channel  230  configured to provide space for holding adhesives and a radial protrusion  240  configured to prevent the adhesives from overflowing. The outer surface  210  of the modular component  150  may further provide one or more regions where antennas may be integrated, such as an upper region  250  of the outer surface  210 . Alternatively or additionally, the inner surface  220  of the modular component  150  may also provide one or more regions where antennas may be integrated, such as an upper region of the inner surface  220  opposite region  250 . 
       FIG.  2 B  further illustrates the modular component  150  in relation to other components of the device  100 . As shown, when the display cover  120  is placed on the housing  110 , the modular component  150  is disposed inside the housing  110  and the display cover  120 . For instance as shown, a lower portion  270  on the outer surface  210  of the modular component  150  may be attached to the edge  112  through an adhesive (shown as shaded). Additionally or alternatively, other surfaces of the modular component  150 , such as inner surface  220  or bottom surface  222 , may also be attached to the housing  110 . The adhesive may be any of a number of types, such as pressure sensitive adhesive (PSA), thermal bond film, heated activated film, UV glue, cyanoacrylate, polyurethane (PUR), hot-melt, one-part or two-part epoxy, etc. 
     Further as shown, channel  230  may be formed in the outer surface  210  of the modular component  150  for holding adhesives. The channel  230  extends along the modular component  150  such that when the display cover  120  is placed on the housing  110 , the channel  230  is next to the display cover  120 . This way, adhesives in the channel  230  may bond the display cover  230  to the modular component  150 . Additionally, the channel  230  may also be positioned near the edge  112  of the housing  110 . As such, adhesives in the channel  230  may provide additional bonding between the housing  110  and the modular component  150 . The channel  230  may run along the entire length l of the modular component  150  as shown in  FIG.  2 A . Alternatively, the channel  230  may only run partially along the length l of the modular component  150 , for example having a length that is a fraction of length l, or being a number of segments along length l. 
     Any of a number types of adhesives may be applied in the channel  230 . For example, a liquid adhesive (shown as shaded) may be applied by inserting a needle in the channel  230  before the display cover  120  is positioned on the housing  110 . Since liquid adhesives may flow and expand to fill spacing, liquid adhesives may in many instances provide better sealing and thus better water resistance than solid adhesives such as tapes. Liquid adhesives may be particularly advantageous where the display cover  120  has a three-dimensional shape as shown, since the liquid adhesive may expand to fill a curved space better than a flat tape. Examples of liquid adhesives include pressure sensitive adhesive (PSA), thermal bond film, heated activated film, UV glue, cyanoacrylate, polyurethane (PUR), hot-melt, one-part or two-part epoxy, etc. In some instances, the liquid adhesive may provide water resistance up to 50 meters (equivalent to 5 bars or 5 atms) or more. 
     However, because of this fluidity, liquid adhesives may leak or expand to unwanted areas, such as onto the viewing regions of the display cover  120  or electronic and/or mechanical components of the device  100 , which may obstruct viewing or otherwise affect the functions of the device  100 . In this regard, above the channel  230 , radial protrusion  240  is configured to prevent the liquid adhesive from leaking or expanding onto the viewing regions of the display cover  120  and/or other electronic or mechanical components of the device  100 . The radial protrusion  240  may run along the modular component  150  next to the channel  230 . As such, the radial protrusion  240  may run along the entire length l of the modular component  150  as shown in  FIG.  2 A , or may only run partially along the length l of the modular component  150 , for example having a length that is a fraction of length l, or being a number of segments along length l. 
     Below the channel  230 , leaking or expansion of the liquid adhesive may be prevented by the outer surface  210  of the modular component  150  and the edge  112  of the housing  100 . Further as shown in  FIG.  2 B , in some instances the edge  112  of the housing  110  may include an indent  116  to provide additional space for applying and holding any overflowing adhesives. 
     The radial protrusion  240  may also be configured to provide guidance for precise positioning of the display cover  120  on the housing  110 . Referring back to  FIG.  1 B , while setting the display cover  120  on the edge  112  of the housing  110  may achieve an accurate position in the z-direction, doing so may result in an offset in the x-y directions between the display cover  120  and the housing  110 , since the edge  112  of the housing  110  may not have the same diameter as the display cover  120 . In this regard, by configuring the radial protrusion  240  with dimensions matching at least a portion of the inside surface  126  of the display cover  120 , accurate positioning between the housing  110  and the display cover  120  in the x-y directions may be achieved when the inside surface  126  of the display cover  120  is in contact with the radial protrusion  240 . For example, where the display cover  120  has a three dimensional shape, the radial protrusion  240  may be configured to have matching curvatures has the inside surface  126  of the display cover  120 . 
       FIG.  2 C  illustrates antenna integration on the modular component  150 . For instance as shown, the modular component  150  may include a region  250  on the outer surface  210  where one or more antennas  260  may be disposed. To provide insulation to the one or more antennas  260 , the modular component  150  may be made of a non-conductive material, such as plastic, polymer, fiber, resin, etc. 
     Since antenna performance may be negatively affected by proximity to conductive elements, as shown in  FIGS.  2 A and  2 C , the region  250  may be an area on the outer surface  210  above the radial protrusion  240 . As such, a clearance distance “d1” is provided between the one or more antennas  260  and the housing  110 . As shown, the indent  116  in the housing  110  may further increase the clearance distance d1. Further, by disposing the antennas  260  on the outer surface  210 , clearance distances between the antennas  260  and other conductive elements inside the housing  110  may be increased. By positioning the antennas  260  in region  250 , the radial protrusion  240  may prevent liquid adhesives from leaking or expanding onto the antennas  260 . 
     Antenna performance may also be affected by proximity to dielectric materials. Thus as shown, the radial protrusion  240  provides a clearance distance “d2” between the one or more antennas  260  and the display cover  120 . Antenna performance may be affected by the dielectric properties of the display cover  120 , which may depend on dimensions of the display cover  120 . For example, increasing thickness of the display cover  120  may increase dielectric loading effect on the antennas, which may cause degraded radiation efficiency and antenna frequency detuning. As another example, changing curvature of the display cover  120  may result in a change in distance between the antenna and the display cover  120  in some areas, which may also affect antenna frequency tuning and radiation performance. Thus, aspects of the display cover  120  and the clearance distance d2 may be selected based on the required antenna performance. 
     In addition, when the device  100  is a wearable device and worn with the housing  110  in proximity to skin and the display cover  120  at a greater distance from the skin, a distance between the antennas  260  and the skin is increased by positioning the antennas  260  on the modular component  150  as compared to on the housing  110 . The clearance distance d1 therefore also represents increased distance between antennas  260  and the skin, which reduces body effects that may negatively impact antenna performance, such as detuning, attenuation, and shadowing. The increased distance may further reduce radiation on the skin from the antennas  260 . 
     Clearance distances d1 and d2 may be adjusted in any of a number of ways. For example as shown in  FIG.  2 A , clearance distance d1 may be adjusted by increasing a height “h” of the modular component  150 , which may be limited by a height of the display cover  120 . Clearance distance d1 may also be adjusted by changing the relative positions and dimensions of the radial protrusion  240 , the channel  230 , and the antennas  260  along the height h of the modular component  150 . 
     The antennas  260  may be disposed on the modular component  150  using any of a number of manufacturing techniques. As an example, the antennas  260  may be plated onto the modular component  150  via laser direct structuring (“LDS”). In this regard, the modular component  150  may be a resin material including an additive suitable for LDS. A laser may then transfer an antenna pattern to a surface of the modular component, such as top region  250  of the outer surface  210 . The modular component  150  may then go through a metallization process, in which the antenna pattern is plated with one or more metallic materials, resulting in the antennas  260 . 
     The channel  230  and the radial protrusion  240  may have any appropriate dimensions. Dimensions of the channel  230  may be chosen to accommodate a desired amount or volume of adhesive, and/or to allow tools such as a needle to be inserted into the channel  230  for injecting glue. By way of example, the channel  230  may have a depth “d_c” within a range of 0.5 mm-1 mm, and a width “w_c” within a range of 0.6 mm-1 mm. Dimensions of the radial protrusion  240  may be chosen to provide a snug fit with the inner surface  126  of the display cover  120 , and/or to provide an appropriate clearance distance between the antennas  260  and the display cover  120 . By way of example, the radial protrusion  240  may have a height “h_rp” within a range of 0.5 mm-1 mm, and a width “w_rp” within a range of 0.5 mm-1 mm. Although in the example shown in  FIG.  2 B , the height h_rp of the radial protrusion  240  is smaller than the depth d_c of the channel  230 , in other examples the height h_p of the radial protrusion  240  may be the same or greater than the depth d_c of the channel. Where the edge  112  of the housing  110  includes an indent  116 , the indent may have a depth “d_i” within a range of 0.1 mm-1 mm. 
     Although in the examples described above, the modular component  150  is shown to provide sealing for an electronic device with a display cover, the modular component  150  may also provide sealing for an electronic device without a display cover. For instance, for an electronic device without a display cover (for example an earbud), two halves or portions of a housing may be sealed by the modular component  150  in a similar way as described above, where channel  230  may provide space for applying liquid adhesives, radial protrusion  240  may prevent the liquid adhesives from overflowing, etc. For example, the outside surface  210  of the modular component  150  may have an area configured to be attached to an inside surface of the housing  110 , and another area where one or more antennas  260  may be disposed. In the area configured to be attached to the inside surface of the housing  110 , the channel  240  may extend along the outside surface  210  for application of adhesives, and radial protrusion  230  may be disposed along the outside surface  210  between the channel  240  and the one or more antennas  260  in order to prevent the adhesives from moving onto the one or more antennas  260 . 
       FIG.  3    illustrates an example antenna system  300  that may be provided in device  100 .  FIG.  3    shows a top view of a horizontal cross section of the device  100 , exposing one view of the antenna system  300 . Referring to  FIG.  3   , the antenna system  300  may include a first antenna  310  and a second antenna  320 . The first antenna  310  and the second antenna  320  may be configured to operate around the same or different sets of resonant frequencies. By way of example only, the first antenna  310  may be configured to operate in frequency ranges of GNSS frequency bands, which may include GPS frequency band centered around 1575.42 MHz, GLONASS frequency band between 1596-1607 MHz, BeiDou frequency band centered around 1561.098 MHz. The second antenna  320  may be configured to operate in frequency ranges between 2400 MHz and 2484 MHz for WiFi and Bluetooth signals. Although only two antennas are shown in the example antenna system  300 , other antenna systems may include a smaller or greater number of antennas. 
     Referring to  FIG.  3   , the first antenna  310  and second antenna  320  may each be a semi-loop antenna. The first antenna  310  and the second antenna  320  may each include a radiating element  312 ,  322  having an arcuate shape (each shown as a bold line). Radiating elements are conductive elements configured to support currents or fields that contribute directly to the radiation patterns of the antenna. In this regard, the radiating elements  312 ,  322  may be made of any of a number of conductive materials, such as metals and alloys. The first antenna  310  and the second antenna  320  may each be positioned around a periphery of the housing  110 , for example by plating the radiating elements  312 ,  322  onto the modular component  150  as described in the examples above. As another example, the first antenna  310  and/or the second antenna  320  may include multiple radiating elements coupled to each other, such as two arcuate-shaped radiating elements capacitively coupled to each other (e.g., positioned within close proximity but separated by air or a dielectric material). 
     The first antenna  310  and the second antenna  320  may each have a feed, such as feeds  314 ,  324  respectively. The feeds  314 ,  324  may each be positioned near an end of the respective radiating elements  312 ,  322 . The feeds  314 ,  324  may be connected to transceivers and/or radio sources (not shown). For instance, the feeds  314 ,  324  may be configured to feed radio waves from a radio source, via a transmitter, to the rest of the antenna structure including the radiating elements  312 ,  322  respectively. The feeds  314 ,  324  may also be configured to collect incoming radio waves received at the radiating elements  312 ,  322  respectively, convert the incoming radio waves into to electric currents, and pass the electric currents to one or more receivers. In some examples, the first antenna  310  and/or the second antenna  320  may be capacitively fed by a feed structure positioned proximate to the feed  312 ,  324  respectively. 
     The first antenna  310  and the second antenna  320  may each have one or more ground connections, such as ground connections  316 ,  326  respectively. As further shown in  FIG.  3   , the ground connections  316 ,  326  may each be positioned near an end of the respective radiating elements  312 ,  322 . The first antenna  310  and the second antenna  320  may further have a ground plane (not shown). A ground plane is a conducting surface that serves as a reflecting surface for radio waves received and/or transmitted by the radiating elements of an antenna. For example, the ground plane for the first antenna  310  and/or the second antenna  320  may be formed by one or more conductive components of the device  100 , such as housing  110 , watch band  140 , etc. 
     Dimensions of the radiating elements  312 ,  322  may be selected for supporting operation in different frequency ranges. For example, dimensions of the radiating element  312 , such as length, may be selected for operation in GNSS frequency bands. For instance, the length may be selected so that the radiating element  312  has resonant frequencies in the GNSS frequency bands. Likewise, dimensions of the radiating element  322 , such as length, may be selected for operation in WiFi and Bluetooth frequencies. For instance, the length may be selected so that the radiating element  322  has resonant frequencies in the WiFi and Bluetooth frequency bands. 
     As alternative to semi-loop antennas, the first antenna  310  and/or the second antenna  320  may be any other types of antenna, such as a monopole antenna, a dipole antenna, a planar antenna, a slot antenna, a hybrid antenna, a loop antenna, an inverted-F antenna, etc. As such, the radiating elements  312 ,  322  may have any other appropriate shape. For example, where the housing  110  has a rectangular shape, and the modular component  150  spans three edges of the rectangle, the radiating elements  312 ,  322  may each have a planar shape along one or more edges of the modular component  150 . 
     In instances where the antennas are plated on a surface of the modular component  150 , some or all of the radiating elements, feeds, and/or ground connections may be plated, while other components, such as radio source, transceivers, transmitters, tuning circuitry, ground plane, etc. may be provided elsewhere in the housing  110 , such as on a circuit board. 
       FIG.  4    shows an example circuit  400  for an antenna, such as the first antenna  310  or the second antenna  320 . As shown, the first antenna  310  is connected to the radio source  410 , for example at feed  314  (not shown). A matching network  420  may be provided between the radio source  410  and the feed  314 . A matching network is an impedance transforming circuitry that ensures proper impedance matching by transforming either or both impedances of a radio source and a load. The matching network  420  may include components such as inductors and capacitors. For instance, the matching network  420  may increase or decrease impedance of the radio source  410  to match an impedance of the first antenna  310 . Alternatively or additionally, the matching network  420  may increase or decrease impedance of the first antenna  310 —the load—to match an impedance of the radio source 
     Additionally or alternatively, one or more tuners  430  may be provided between the radio source  410  and the first antenna  310  and connected to the feed  314 . For example, the one or more tuners  430   may include an impedance tuner and/or an aperture tuner. An aperture tuner is configured to change an aperture size of one or more radiating elements of an antenna, which affects a resonant frequency of the antenna. An impedance tuner is configured to change an impedance of one or more radiating elements of an antenna, which also affects a resonant frequency of the antenna. 
     In some instances, the one or more tuners  430  may include multiple tuners, such as a first tuner that selects a resonant frequency of the first antenna  310  within a communication band, and a second tuner that fine tunes within the selected communication band. Additionally, a pre-matching circuit (not shown) may be connected to the one or more tuners  430  to customize the one or more tuners  430  as needed. The one or more tuners  430  may improve frequency match, antenna efficiency, and reduce specific absorption rate. 
     The one or more tuners  430  may be active tuners controlled by the antenna control circuit (not shown in  FIG.  4   , shown as  661  in  FIG.  6   ). In this regard, the one or more tuners  430  may tune between different communication bands based on any of a number of network requirements, such as signal strength and user traffic. For example, the one or more tuners  430  may be configured such that, when signal strength drops below a low quality threshold for the GNSS band that the first antenna  310  is currently tuned to, the one or more tuners  440  may change an aperture size and/or an impedance of the radiating elements of the first antenna  310  to change its resonant frequency (changing tuning state), and to fine tune within that range. 
       FIG.  5    shows an example performance graph of an antenna system, such as an antenna system including both the first antenna  310  and the second antenna  320 . Graph  500  plots s parameter for GNSS, WiFi, and Bluetooth frequency ranges. The s parameter for an antenna describes the relationship between the input and reflected or pass-through power of the antenna. Here, the s parameter plotted is S11, which is the return loss of the antenna. The first antenna  310  is shown to be tuned to one or more GNASS frequency bands around 1575 MHz, which may include GPS frequency band centered around 1575.42 MHz, GLONASS frequency band between 1596-1607 MHz, and BeiDou frequency band centered around 1561.098 MHz. Further, the second antenna  320  is shown to be tuned to WiFi and Bluetooth frequency bands between 2400 MHz and 2484 MHz. As another example (not shown), the first antenna  310  and/or the second antenna  320  may additionally or alternatively be tuned to other frequency bands, such as LTE frequency bands. In this regard, the first antenna  310  and/or the second antenna  320  may be tuned by a tuning circuit such as circuit  400 . Although the example graph  600  shows performance for an antenna system with two antennas, in other example antenna systems with a smaller or greater number of antennas, the antennas may be tuned to fewer or more frequency bands. For example, another antenna system may include a third antenna tuned to one or more LTE frequency bands. 
       FIG.  6    shows an example system  600  in accordance with aspects of the disclosure. The example system  600  may be included as part of the device  100 . The system  600  has one or more computing devices, such as computing device(s)  610  containing one or more processor(s)  612 , memory  614  and other components typically present in a personal computing device. The one or more processor(s)  612  may be processors such as commercially available CPUs. Alternatively, the one or more processors may be a dedicated device such as an ASIC, a single or multi-core controller, or other hardware-based processor. 
     The memory  614  stores information accessible by the one or more processor(s)  612 , including instructions  616  and data  618  that may be executed or otherwise used by processor(s)  612 . The memory  614  may be, e.g., a solid state memory or other type of non-transitory memory capable of storing information accessible by the processor(s), including write-capable and/or read-only memories. 
     The instructions  616  may be any set of instructions to be executed directly (such as machine code) or indirectly (such as scripts) by the processor. For example, the instructions may be stored as computing device code on the computing device-readable medium. In that regard, the terms “instructions” and “programs” may be used interchangeably herein. The instructions may be stored in object code format for direct processing by the processor, or in any other computing device language including scripts or collections of independent source code modules that are interpreted on demand or compiled in advance. Functions, methods and routines of the instructions are explained in detail below. 
     User interface  620  may include user input(s)  630  and output device(s)  640 . For instance, user input(s)  630  may include mechanical actuators  632 , soft actuators  634 , and microphone  636 . The mechanical actuators  632  may include a crown, buttons, switches and other components. The soft actuators  634  may be incorporated into a touchscreen. For example, touch sensors for touchscreen may be incorporated in the display cover  120  or components of the display under the display cover  120 . 
     The output device(s)  640  may include a user display  642 , audio output  644 , and haptic or tactile feedback  646 . For example, the user display  642  may be a screen or a touch screen for displaying information to the user. The audio outputs  644  may include components such as speakers, transducers, etc. The haptic interface or other tactile feedback  646  may components such as haptic motors for providing non-visual and non-audible information to the wearer. 
     The user interface  620  may include additional components as well. By way of example, one or more sensor(s)  650  may be located on or within the housing  110 . For example, touch sensors may be incorporated into the display cover  120  or the housing  110 . The sensor(s)  650  may also include an accelerometer, e.g., a 3-axis accelerometer, a gyroscope, a magnetometer, a barometric pressure sensor, an ambient temperature sensor, etc. Additional or different sensors may also be employed. The user interface  620  may also include one or more camera(s)  652 . For example the camera(s)  652  may be incorporated into the user display  642 . 
     To obtain information from and send information to remote devices, the system  600  may include a communication subsystem  660  having a wireless network connection module  662 , a wireless ad hoc connection module  664 , and/or a wired connection module  666 . The wireless network connection module  662  may be configured to support communication via cellular, LTE, 4G, WiFi, GPS, and other networked architectures. The wireless ad hoc connection module  664  may be configured to support Bluetooth®, Bluetooth LE, near field communications, and other wireless arrangements. And the wired connection module  666  may include a USB, micro USB, USB type C or other connector, for example to receive data and/or power from a laptop, tablet, smartphone or other device. 
     The communication subsystem  660  may include one or more antenna control circuits  661 , which controls an antenna system  663 . For example, the antenna system  663  may be the antenna system  300 . The antenna control circuit  661  may control the feeding of the first antenna  310  and the second antenna  420  of the antenna system  300 . The antenna control circuit  661  may further control tuning of the first antenna  310  and the second antenna  320 , such as impedance tuners, aperture tuners, and or matching networks. While not shown, the communication subsystem  660  has a baseband section for processing data and a transceiver section for transmitting data to and receiving data from remote devices. The transceivers may operate at RF frequencies via one or more antennae, such as the first antenna  310  and the second antenna  320 . 
     The system  600  includes one or more power source(s)  670  that provide power to the various components of the system. The power source(s)  670  may include a battery, such as battery  672 , winding mechanism, solar cell or combination thereof. The computing devices may be operatively couples to the other subsystems and components via a wired bus or other link, including wireless links. 
     The system  600  also includes a position determination module  680 , which may include a GPS chipset  682  or other positioning system components. Information from the sensor(s)  650  and/or from data received or determined from remote devices (e.g., wireless base stations or wireless access points), can be employed by the position determination module  680  to calculate or otherwise estimate the physical location of the system  600 . 
     The system  600  includes one or more internal clock(s)  690  that provide timing information, which can be used for time measurement for apps and other programs run by the smartwatch, and basic operations by the computing device(s)  610 , GPS  682 , and communication subsystem  660 . 
     The modular component as described herein provide increased water resistance for an electronic device, such as a water resistance of 50 meters (equivalent to 5 bars or 5 atmospheres). Structural features of the modular component allow liquid adhesives to be applied, which provide better adhesion with complex three dimensional structures. The structural features protect components in the electronic device by preventing overflow of the liquid adhesives, and also provide guidance for precise positioning of components relative to each other. Antenna integration in the modular component saves space in a small factor device and provides flexibility for both antenna design and device design. For example, adjustments can be made to the modular component to change characteristics of the antenna, instead of compromising dimensions and/or materials of the housing or the display cover. Features of the modular component further provide for reduced effects on the antenna from metallic and dielectric materials in the device, such as the housing and the display cover, greater isolation from the body effects of the user, and reduced exposure of a user’s body to RF radiation. 
     Unless otherwise stated, the foregoing alternative examples are not mutually exclusive, but may be implemented in various combinations to achieve unique advantages. As these and other variations and combinations of the features discussed above can be utilized without departing from the subject matter defined by the claims, the foregoing description of the embodiments should be taken by way of illustration rather than by way of limitation of the subject matter defined by the claims. In addition, the provision of the examples described herein, as well as clauses phrased as “such as,” “including” and the like, should not be interpreted as limiting the subject matter of the claims to the specific examples; rather, the examples are intended to illustrate only one of many possible embodiments. Further, the same reference numbers in different drawings can identify the same or similar elements.