Patent Publication Number: US-2022223753-A1

Title: Solar panel

Description:
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 16/111,578 filed Aug. 24, 2018, which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/210,516 titled “Solar Panel” and filed Jul. 14, 2016, which claims benefit of priority to U.S. Provisional Application No. 62/206,667 titled “Solar Panel” filed Aug. 18, 2015. Each of the foregoing applications is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. 
    
    
     FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
     The invention relates generally to solar cell modules in which the solar cells are arranged in a shingled manner, and more particularly to such solar modules in which rear surface electrical connections between solar cells in electrically parallel rows of solar cells provide detour current paths through the solar module around any underperforming solar cells. 
     BACKGROUND 
     Alternate sources of energy are needed to satisfy ever increasing world-wide energy demands. Solar energy resources are sufficient in many geographical regions to satisfy such demands, in part, by provision of electric power generated with solar (e.g., photovoltaic) cells. 
     SUMMARY 
     In one aspect, a solar module comprises a plurality of super cells arranged in two or more physically parallel rows with the rows electrically connected to each other in parallel. Each super cell comprises a plurality of rectangular silicon solar cells arranged in line with long sides of adjacent silicon solar cells overlapping and conductively bonded directly to each other to electrically connect the silicon solar cells in series. The solar module also comprises a plurality of detour electrical interconnects each of which is arranged to extend perpendicularly to the rows of super cells to electrically connect rear surfaces of at least one pair of solar cells located side-by-side in adjacent rows to provide detour current paths through the module around one or more other solar cells in the event that the one or more other solar cells provide insufficient current for normal operation of the module. These detour current paths do not pass through bypass diodes. 
     These and other embodiments, features and advantages of the present invention will become more apparent to those skilled in the art when taken with reference to the following more detailed description of the invention in conjunction with the accompanying drawings that are first briefly described. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         FIG. 1  shows a cross-sectional diagram of a string of series-connected solar cells arranged in a shingled manner with the ends of adjacent solar cells overlapping to form a shingled super cell. 
         FIG. 2  shows a diagram of the front surface of an example rectangular solar module comprising a plurality of rectangular shingled super cells, with the long side of each super cell having a length of approximately the full length of the long side of the module. The super cells are arranged with their long sides parallel to the long sides of the module. 
         FIGS. 3-11  show diagrams of the rear surfaces of example solar modules in which electrical interconnections between rear surfaces of solar cells in adjacent rows of super cells provide alternative current paths (i.e., detours) through the solar module around damaged, shaded, or otherwise underperforming solar cells. 
         FIGS. 12A-12B  show rear surface metallization of individual solar cells and detour electrical connections between super cells allowing current to flow around a horizontal crack in a solar cell. 
         FIG. 13  shows a typical crack pattern in a conventional solar module after uniform mechanical loading. 
         FIG. 14A  shows an example patterned metallized back sheet that provides electrical connections corresponding to those provided by the electrical interconnects and return wires shown in  FIG. 10 .  FIG. 14B  shows a close-up view of electrical interconnections to bypass diodes in the junction box shown in  FIG. 14A . 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     The following detailed description should be read with reference to the drawings, in which identical reference numbers refer to like elements throughout the different figures. The drawings, which are not necessarily to scale, depict selective embodiments and are not intended to limit the scope of the invention. The detailed description illustrates by way of example, not by way of limitation, the principles of the invention. This description will clearly enable one skilled in the art to make and use the invention, and describes several embodiments, adaptations, variations, alternatives and uses of the invention, including what is presently believed to be the best mode of carrying out the invention. 
     As used in this specification and the appended claims, the singular forms “a,” “an,” and “the” include plural referents unless the context clearly indicates otherwise. Also, the term “parallel” is intended to mean “substantially parallel” and to encompass minor deviations from parallel geometries. The term “perpendicular” is intended to mean “perpendicular or substantially perpendicular” and to encompass minor deviations from perpendicular geometries rather than to require that any perpendicular arrangement described herein be exactly perpendicular. The term “square” is intended to mean “square or substantially square” and to encompass minor deviations from square shapes, for example substantially square shapes having chamfered (e.g., rounded or otherwise truncated) corners. The term “rectangular” is intended to mean “rectangular or substantially rectangular” and to encompass minor deviations from rectangular shapes, for example substantially rectangular shapes having chamfered (e.g., rounded or otherwise truncated) corners. 
     This specification discloses high-efficiency solar modules (also referred to herein as solar panels) comprising silicon solar cells arranged in an overlapping shingled manner and electrically connected in series by conductive bonds between adjacent overlapping solar cells to form super cells, with the super cells arranged in physically parallel rows in the solar module. A super cell may comprise any suitable number of solar cells. The super cells may have lengths spanning essentially the full length or width of the solar module, for example, or two or more super cells may be arranged end-to-end in a row. This arrangement hides solar cell-to-solar cell electrical interconnections and increases the efficiency and the aesthetic attractiveness of the module. 
     Advantageously, the solar modules described herein include electrical interconnects between rear surfaces of solar cells in adjacent rows of super cells that provide alternative current paths (i.e., detours) through the solar panel around damaged, shaded, or otherwise underperforming solar cells. These detour current paths do not pass through bypass diodes. 
     Turning now to the figures for a more detailed understanding of the solar modules described in this specification,  FIG. 1  shows a cross-sectional view of a string of series-connected solar cells  10  arranged in a shingled manner with the ends of adjacent solar cells overlapping and electrically connected to form a super cell  100 . Each solar cell  10  comprises a semiconductor diode structure and electrical contacts to the semiconductor diode structure by which electric current generated in solar cell  10  when it is illuminated by light may be provided to an external load. 
     In the examples described in this specification, each solar cell  10  is a rectangular crystalline silicon solar cell having front (sun side) surface and rear (shaded side) surface metallization patterns providing electrical contact to opposite sides of an n-p junction, the front surface metallization pattern is disposed on a semiconductor layer of n-type conductivity, and the rear surface metallization pattern is disposed on a semiconductor layer of p-type conductivity. However, other material systems, diode structures, physical dimensions, or electrical contact arrangements may be used if suitable. For example, the front (sun side) surface metallization pattern may be disposed on a semiconductor layer of p-type conductivity, and the rear (shaded side) surface metallization pattern disposed on a semiconductor layer of n-type conductivity. 
     Rectangular solar cells  10  may be prepared, for example, by separating a standard sized square or pseudo-square solar cell wafer into two or more (i.e., N) rectangular solar cells each having a length equal to the side length (e.g., 156 millimeters) of the standard sized solar cell wafer and a width equal to a fraction (i.e., about 1/N) of the side length of the standard sized solar cell wafer. N may be, for example, 2 to 20 or more, for example 6 or 8. 
     Referring again to  FIG. 1 , in super cell  100  adjacent solar cells  10  are conductively bonded directly to each other in the region in which they overlap by an electrically conductive bonding material that electrically connects the front surface metallization pattern of one solar cell to the rear surface metallization pattern of the adjacent solar cell. Suitable electrically conductive bonding materials may include, for example, electrically conductive adhesives and electrically conductive adhesive films and adhesive tapes, and conventional solders. 
       FIG. 2  shows a front view of an example rectangular solar module  200  comprising six rectangular super cells  100 , each of which has a length approximately equal to the length of the long sides of the solar module. The super cells are arranged as six parallel rows with their long sides oriented parallel to the long sides of the module. A similarly configured solar module may include more or fewer rows of such side-length super cells than shown in this example. In other variations the super cells may each have a length approximately equal to the length of a short side of a rectangular solar module, and be arranged in parallel rows with their long sides oriented parallel to the short sides of the module. In yet other arrangements each row may comprise two or more super cells, which may be electrically interconnected in series for example. The modules may have shorts sides having a length, for example, of about 1 meter and long sides having a length, for example, of about 1.5 to about 2.0 meters. Any other suitable shapes (e.g., square) and dimensions for the solar modules may also be used. A super cell may comprise any suitable number of rectangular solar cells of any suitable dimensions. Similarly, a row of super cells may comprise any suitable number of rectangular solar cells of any suitable dimensions arranged in one or more super cells. 
     Solar modules as described herein typically comprise many more (e.g., N times) as many solar cells as a conventional module of the same size because N rectangular solar cells are formed from a single conventional sized solar cell wafer. Optionally, the super cells formed from these solar cells may be arranged in an electrically parallel/series combination that provides current and voltage outputs similar to those provided by a solar module of about the same size comprising series-connected conventional size solar cells. For example, if a conventional module includes M conventional size solar cells electrically connected in series, then a corresponding shingled super cell module comprising N electrically parallel rows of super cells with each super cell row comprising M series connected rectangular solar cells (each having 1/N the area of a conventional solar cell) would provide about the same voltage and current output as the conventional module. 
     The example solar modules of  FIG. 2  and of  FIGS. 3-11  (described below) comprise six rows of super cells all of which are electrically interconnected in parallel by terminal interconnects  250  at opposite ends of the rows. Because of the electrically parallel arrangement, the voltage across each row (voltage between one end of the row and the other) is the same though the current through each row may be different. “Detour” electrical interconnect arrangements similar to those described below with respect to  FIGS. 3-11  may also be employed in solar modules comprising fewer rows of super cells and/or in which some but not all rows of super cells are electrically connected in parallel. 
     Typically, though not necessarily, the solar modules described herein comprise one or more (e.g., three) bypass diodes. If a solar cell arranged electrically in parallel with one of the bypass diodes significantly limits current due to shading, cracking, or otherwise suboptimal cell performance, the bypass diode will become forward biased and electrically bypass that solar cell or a portion of the module including that solar cell. This prevents formation of a dangerous hot spot around the current limiting cell and improves performance of the module. 
     Because the solar modules described herein include super cells electrically connected in parallel, there is an opportunity to improve performance further by providing alternate current paths (i.e. detours) so that in the event that one cell in a super cell is severely shaded or otherwise current limiting an adjacent string of cells in an electrically parallel super cell can try to compensate by operating at a higher current. These detour paths pass through the rear surface metallization of solar cells and through detour electrical interconnects that electrically connect equal voltage pairs of solar cells located side-by-side in adjacent super cell rows in the module. Conduction through the rear surface metallization of the solar cells enable the bypass and detour architectures using detour interconnects and/or planar patterned metallized back sheets described herein. 
     In the extreme case all rows of super cells are electrically connected in parallel and every solar cell would have detour connectors attached to at least one cell in a different (e.g., adjacent) row to provide alternative current paths. However, detour connectors can instead be placed on a subset of cells to statistically reduce the likelihood that damage from cracking or other failure mechanisms significantly degrades performance of the module. 
     Furthermore, detour connections can be concentrated in areas of the module most likely to experience cell cracking, such as for example along well know stress lines from mechanical loading. Cracks can be created by several mechanisms, may be dependent on the way the module is mounted in the field or on the roof, and may occur in predictable patterns based on the mounting method and the source of stress. Wind and snow load create specific stress and hence cracking. Walking on the module may create cracks. Severe hail may create another type of crack. While initially cracks may not cause electrical disconnects or otherwise degrade a module&#39;s performance, the cracks may expand as the module goes though heating and cooling cycles and eventually significantly affect module performance. Cracks in monocrystalline and polycrystalline cells may behave differently. 
     The detour electrical connections between the rear surface metallization on solar cells in adjacent rows may be made, for example, using short copper interconnects that bridge a gap between the rows and that are conductively bonded at opposite ends to the rear surfaces of the solar cells. The detour interconnects may be bonded to the solar cells (e.g., to contact pads on the rear surface of the solar cells) using solder or conductive glue or other conductive adhesive, for example, or by any other suitable method. Any portion of a detour interconnect that would otherwise be visible from the front of the solar module (i.e., through a gap between rows) may be covered with a black coating or black tape, or otherwise darkened or hidden, to preserve an “all black” look from a front view of the module. In operation, the conductive detour current path may include portions of the rear surface (e.g., aluminum) cell metallization as well as the detour interconnect. 
     Alternatively, the detour interconnections between solar cells in a “line” of solar cells oriented perpendicularly to the super cell rows may be made for example with a single long approximately module-width crossing ribbon that is conductively bonded to the rear surface of each cell in the line. This approach may be preferred for example for modules including very large numbers of solar cells, for example a module having six rows of super cells with each row having eighty solar cells. Such a module would otherwise require 400 separate short interconnects to provide detour paths for each cell. 
     The detour interconnections (short or long) may be made in the same way as “hidden tap” interconnections to bypass diodes, as described for example in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/674,983 titled “Shingled Solar Cell Panel Employing Hidden Taps” filed Mar. 31, 2015, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. The &#39;983 application also discloses rear surface metallization patterns and contact pads for hidden tap interconnections to bypass diodes that facilitate detour interconnections as described herein as well. As shown in  FIGS. 3-11 , for example, the detour paths and the connections to bypass diodes in a solar module may be made using the same or substantially similar types of interconnects. 
     The detour interconnections may also be made, for example, using a patterned metallized back sheet conductively bonded to the rear surfaces of the solar cells, with the patterned metallization on the back sheet providing the detour current interconnections. The patterned metallization on the back sheet may also provide electrical connections to bypass diodes and/or to a junction box. (See discussion of  FIGS. 14A-14B  below, for example). Typically, the metallization pattern on the back sheet is single layer planar. 
     In the example solar module  300  of  FIG. 3 , all available detour paths are installed. That is, the rear surface metallization of each solar cell  10  is electrically connected to the rear surface metallization of its neighbor solar cell (or solar cells) in adjacent super cell rows by detour interconnectors  275 . Two of the detour interconnections ( 275 A and  275 B) are also electrically connected via return wires (conductors)  280 A and  280 B to three bypass diodes (not shown) in junction box  290 . Return wires  280 C and  280 D electrically connect the bypass diodes to terminal interconnects  250 . The other detour interconnections in line across the rows with detour interconnect  275 A or  275 B serve as hidden taps to the bypass diodes in addition to providing detour current paths. (Similar arrangements with detour interconnects also providing hidden taps to bypass diodes are shown in other figures, as well). 
     In  FIG. 3  and the other figures described below, it should be understood that return wires such as  280 A- 280 D, for example, are electrically insulated from the solar cells and conductors over which they pass, except at their ends. For example, return wire  280 B in  FIG. 3  is electrically connected (e.g., conductively bonded) to detour electrical interconnect  275 B but electrically insulated from the other detour electrical interconnects over which it passes on the way to junction box  290 . This may be accomplished for example with a strip of insulation placed between the return wire and the rear surfaces of the solar cells and other module components. 
     The example solar module  400  of  FIG. 4  is similar to that of  FIG. 3 , except that in solar module  400  every other (i.e., alternating) solar cell along a super cell row has detours installed. 
     In example solar module  500  of  FIG. 5 , detour interconnects  275  are installed in a pattern designed to compensate for a typical crack pattern that may result from uniform mechanical loading of a solar module. The crack pattern is shown in  FIG. 13  superimposed on a sketch of a conventional ribbon tabbed solar module, with the crack pattern generally indicated by lines  305 . In the example of  FIG. 5 , conductors  280 A and  280 B are conductively bonded to the rear surface metallization of solar cells  10 A and  10 B, respectively, to electrically connect them to bypass diodes in junction box  290   
     Detour interconnects may be installed at any suitable intervals along a super cell row. The intervals may be equal or approximately equal, or instead vary in length along the row. In example solar modules  600  ( FIG. 6 ) and  700  ( FIG. 7 ), detour interconnects  275  are installed in four approximately evenly spaced lines across the module. In example solar modules  800  ( FIG. 8 ) and  900  ( FIG. 9 ), detour interconnects  275  are installed in five lines across the module, with the interval between detour interconnects greater at one end of the module than at the other end of the module. In example solar module  1000  ( FIG. 10 ), detour interconnects  275  are installed in six lines across the module, with the interval between interconnects greater in the central portion of the module than at the ends of the module. In example solar module  1100  ( FIG. 11 ), detour interconnects  275  are installed in nine lines across the module in combination with five series-connected bypass diodes, with two lines of interconnects between each adjacent pair of bypass diodes. 
     If the solar module comprises bypass diodes, any suitable number of bypass diodes may be used and they may be spaced along the super cell rows at any suitable interval. The bypass diodes may be installed in a junction box, or alternatively embedded in a laminate comprising the solar cells. Example solar modules  300 ,  400 ,  500 , and  1000  each include three series-connected bypass diodes (not shown) arranged in junction box  290 . In example solar modules  600 ,  700 ,  900 , and  1100  five series-connected bypass diodes  310  are embedded in the solar cell laminate. In example solar cell module  800  three series-connected bypass diodes  310  are embedded in the laminate. Example solar modules  700  and  900  each include two junction boxes  290 A and  290 B, one at each end of the module, each providing a single (e.g., positive or negative) output. 
     Referring now to  FIGS. 12A-12B , a crack (e.g., crack  330 ) oriented along the long axis of a solar cell  10  can substantially reduce current flow perpendicular to the long axis of the cell, which is the direction in which current generally and preferably flows through the solar cells during normal operation of the modules described herein (i.e., when not taking a detour path). The use of detour electrical interconnects as described above can provide a detour path around the cracked cell. 
     A detour current path around and over the crack can also be provided within the cell, as shown in  FIGS. 12A-12B . In particular, detour interconnect contact pads  320  on the rear surface of the solar cell are positioned at the short ends of the solar cell and elongated parallel to the short ends to substantially span the width of the solar cell. Detour interconnects  275  that are conductively bonded to these contact pads provide a crack jumping current path, allowing current within the cell to make its way to an interconnect  275 , go over or around the crack, and then back to the other part of the solar cell as shown for example by arrows  335 . 
     Referring now to  FIGS. 14A-14B , example patterned metallized back sheet  350  provides detour current paths and electrical connections to bypass diodes  310  in a junction box  290  corresponding to those provided by detour interconnects  275  and return wires  280 A- 280 D shown in  FIG. 10 . (The junction box is not part of the back sheet, but is located in the module with respect to the back sheet as shown in the figures). In particular, the metallization pattern comprises a positive return region  355 , a negative return region  360 , a first bypass diode return path  365 , a second bypass diode return path  370 , two rows of detour interconnect regions  375 A that also serve as hidden taps to the bypass diodes, and three additional rows of detour interconnect regions  375 B. Metallization is removed from the sheet, for example as indicated at  380 , to electrically isolate the various regions from each other. 
     Although in the example solar modules described above each rectangular solar cell  10  has long sides having a length equal to the side length of a conventional silicon solar cell wafer, alternatively the long sides of solar cells  10  can be a fraction (e.g., ½, ⅓, ¼, or less) of the side length of a conventional solar cell wafer. The number of rows of super cells in a module can be correspondingly increased, for example by the reciprocal of that fraction (or by one or more rows less than the reciprocal to leave room for gaps between rows). For example, each full length solar cell  10  in solar module  300  ( FIG. 3 ) could be replaced by two solar cells of ½ length arranged in eleven or twelve rows of super cells, or in any other suitable number of rows of super cells. The rectangular solar cells could have dimensions of ⅙ by ½ the side length of a conventional solar cell wafer, for example. Reducing cell length in this manner may increase the robustness of the cells with respect to cracking, and reduce the impact of a cracked cell on performance of the module. Further, the use of detour electrical interconnects or metallized backing sheets as described above with smaller cells as just described can increase the number of detour current paths available through the module (compared to the use of full length cells), further reducing the impact of a cracked cell on performance. 
     This disclosure is illustrative and not limiting. Further modifications will be apparent to one skilled in the art in light of this disclosure and are intended to fall within the scope of the appended claims.