Patent Publication Number: US-2022227177-A1

Title: Pneumatic tire

Description:
TECHNICAL FIELD 
     The present invention relates a pneumatic tire (hereinafter, also simply referred to as “tire”), more particularly a pneumatic tire in which metal monofilaments are used in a belt layer to further improve wear resistance while improving lightweightness and steering stability. 
     BACKGROUND ART 
     Generally, inside a tire that requires strength, a carcass that includes reinforcing cords embedded along the meridian direction of a ring-shaped tire main body is arranged, and a belt layer is arranged on the tire radial-direction outer side of the carcass. This belt layer is usually formed using an elastomer-metal cord composite obtained by coating a metal cord such as a steel cord with an elastomer, and imparts the tire with load resistance, traction resistance, and the like. 
     In recent years, there is an increasing demand for weight reduction of tires for the purpose of improving the fuel efficiency of automobiles. As a means for reducing the tire weight, metal cords for belt reinforcement have been drawing attention, and a large number of technologies for using metal filaments as a belt cord without twisting have been disclosed. For example, Patent Document 1 discloses: a steel cord for tire reinforcement, in which the periphery of a steel cord body composed of a single monofilament is coated with a thermoplastic elastomer composition obtained by dispersing an elastomer in a thermoplastic resin; and a tire including the same. Further, Patent Document 2 discloses a pneumatic radial tire including a steel cord in a belt layer of the tire, in which steel cord two to six main filaments of the same diameter are arranged parallel without being twisted together in such a manner to constitute a single layer as a main filament bundle, and a single straight steel filament of a smaller diameter than the main filaments is wound around the main filament bundle as a wrapping filament. 
     RELATED ART DOCUMENTS 
     Patent Documents 
     [Patent Document 1] JP2010-053495A 
     [Patent Document 2] JP2012-106570A 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     Problems to be Solved by the Invention 
     When metal monofilaments are used as a reinforcing element of a belt layer, the belt weight is reduced and the in-plane rigidity of the belt layer is increased at the same time, so that the steering stability is improved. However, with regard to the wear resistance required as a tire performance, a further improvement is demanded at present. 
     Therefore, an object of the present invention is to provide a pneumatic tire in which metal monofilaments are used in a belt layer to further improve wear resistance while improving lightweightness and steering stability. 
     Means for Solving the Problems 
     The present inventor intensively studied to solve the above-described problems and obtained the following finding as a result. That is, the present inventor discovered that the above-described problems can be solved by not only using metal monofilaments in a belt layer to improve lightweightness and steering stability but also arranging widthwise sipes having a predetermined structure at predetermined positions of a tread portion, thereby completing the present invention. 
     That is, the pneumatic tire of the present invention is a pneumatic tire which includes a belt including at least one belt layer on a tire radial-direction inner side of a tread portion, the pneumatic tire being characterized in that: 
     the belt includes a belt layer in which a reinforcing element containing plural metal filaments aligned in a single row without being twisted together is embedded in an elastomer; 
     the tread portion includes two or more circumferential main grooves arranged within a width of a ground-contact surface, and land portions partitioned by the circumferential main grooves; 
     when two land portions on respective tread width-direction outer sides are defined as shoulder land portions while land portions on a tread width-direction inner side than the shoulder land portions are defined as center land portions, a widthwise sipe extending in the tread width direction is arranged in at least one of the center land portions; 
     the widthwise sipe includes a linear portion linearly extending from the surface of the tread portion toward the tire radial-direction inner side, and a bent portion extending from a tire radial-direction inner end of the linear portion toward the tire radial-direction inner side while bending in a tire circumferential direction; 
     a linear shortest section where the length of the linear portion is the shortest exists in an extending length center portion of the widthwise sipe; and 
     the length of the linear portion increases from the linear shortest section toward at least one of tread widthwise end portions. 
     The “extending length center portion” of the widthwise sipe means a region of 60% in the center of the extending length of the widthwise sipe, and the “tread widthwise end portions” of the widthwise sipe means regions of 20% on the respective ends of the extending length of the widthwise sipe. Further, the term “widthwise” as used in “widthwise sipe” is defined as a direction in a range of ±50° with respect to the tread width direction. 
     In the tire of the present invention, the above-described reinforcing element is preferably a metal filament bundle including 2 to 20 metal filaments. Further, in the tire of the present invention, a gap w 1  between the metal filaments in the metal filament bundle is preferably 0.01 mm to 0.24 mm. Still further, in the tire of the present invention, the metal filaments preferably have a diameter of 0.15 mm to 0.40 mm. Yet still further, in the tire of the present invention, a gap w2 between adjacent metal filament bundles is preferably 0.25 mm to 2.0 mm. 
     In the tire of the present invention, it is preferred that the bent portion have two or more peaks in the extending length center portion of the widthwise sipe, and that the number of peaks in the tread widthwise end portions be less than the number of the peaks in the extending length center portion. In the tire of the present invention, it is also preferred that an amplitude of the bent portion vary in the extending length center portion of the widthwise sipe such that the amplitude is larger on a bottom side than on an opening side, and that the amplitude be constant in the tread widthwise end portions of the widthwise sipe. Further, in the tire of the present invention, it is preferred that the widthwise sipe be arranged in a plural number along a tread circumferential direction, and that a ratio 1/d between a sipe gap  1  of adjacent widthwise sipes in the tread circumferential direction and a sipe depth d of the widthwise sipes satisfy a relationship represented by the following equation: 
       2≤1 /d≤ 4.
 
     Still further, in the tire of the present invention, it is preferred that, in the center land portions, a ratio Wc/Dc between a width We in the tread width direction and a tread gauge Dc satisfy a relationship represented by the following equation: 
         Wc/Dc≥ 3. 
     Yet still further, in the tire of the present invention, it is preferred that, in the shoulder land portions, a ratio Ws/Ds between a width Ws in the tread width direction and a tread gauge Ds satisfy a relationship represented by the following equation: 
         Ws/Ds≥ 5. 
     Yet still further, in the tire of the present invention, it is preferred that the tread gauge Dc of the center land portions and the tread gauge Ds of the shoulder land portions be both 8.5 mm or less. 
     Effects of the invention 
     According to the present invention, a pneumatic tire in which metal monofilaments are used in a belt layer to further improve wear resistance while improving lightweightness and steering stability can be provided. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         FIG. 1  is a half cross-sectional view illustrating a pneumatic tire according to one preferred embodiment of the present invention. 
         FIG. 2  is a widthwise cross-sectional view illustrating a monofilament belt layer in the pneumatic tire according to one preferred embodiment of the present invention. 
         FIG. 3  is a plan view of a metal filament bundle illustrated in  FIG. 2 . 
         FIG. 4  is a development view illustrating a tread portion of the pneumatic tire according to one preferred embodiment of the present invention. 
         FIGS. 5A and 5B  provide drawings illustrating depthwise cross-sectional shapes of widthwise sipes  18   a  and  18   b  of the tire according to one preferred embodiment of the present invention, in which  FIG. 5A  is an extending length center portion and  FIG. 5B  is a tread widthwise end portion. 
     
    
    
     MODE FOR CARRYING OUT THE INVENTION 
     The pneumatic tire of the present invention will now be described in detail referring to the drawings.  FIG. 1  is a schematic half cross-sectional view illustrating a pneumatic tire according to one preferred embodiment of the present invention. An illustrated tire  10  includes: a tread portion  11  which forms a ground-contact portion; a pair of side wall portions  12  which continuously extend inward in the tire radial direction on the respective sides of the tread portion  11 ; and bead portions  13  which continuously extend on the inner circumferential side of each side wall portion  12 . 
     In the illustrated tire  10 , the tread portion  11 , the side wall portions  12  and the bead portions  13  are reinforced with a carcass  14  which includes a single carcass layer toroidally extending from one bead portion  13  to the other bead portion  13 . In addition, the tread portion  11  is reinforced with a belt  15  which includes at least one belt layer (two belt layers, which are a first belt layer  15   a  and a second belt layer  15   b , in the illustrated example) arranged on the tire radial-direction outer side of the carcass  14  in a crown region. It is noted here that the carcass  14  may be composed of plural carcass layers, and an organic fiber cord extending in a direction substantially perpendicular to the tire circumferential direction, for example, at an angle of 70° to 90°, can be suitably used. In the belt  15 , the cord angle can be 30° or smaller with respect to the tire circumferential direction. 
     First, the belt  15  according to the tire of the present invention will be described. In the tire  10  of the present invention, the belt  15  includes a belt layer (monofilament belt layer; two belt layers  15   a  and  15   b  in the illustrated example) in which a reinforcing element containing plural metal filaments aligned in a single row without being twisted together is embedded in an elastomer. By adopting this configuration, the belt layer(s) can be reduced in thickness as compared to a case where a metal cord obtained by twisting metal filaments together is used as the reinforcing element. In the tire  10  of the present invention, all of the belt layers constituting the belt  15  may be monofilament belt layers, or some of the belt layers may be monofilament belt layers. When some of the belt layers are monofilament belt layers, a known reinforcing element such as a metal cord obtained by twisting metal filaments together can be used in other belt layers. 
     In the tire  10  of the present invention, it is preferred that the metal filaments in the monofilament belt layers be substantially straight metal filaments; however, metal filaments that are two-dimensionally patterned in an undulating shape or a zigzag shape, or metal filaments that are three-dimensionally patterned in a spiral shape may be used as well. The term “straight metal filament” used herein refers to a metal filament that has not been intentionally patterned and thus have no substantial shape. 
       FIG. 2  is a widthwise cross-sectional view illustrating a monofilament belt layer in the pneumatic tire according to one preferred embodiment of the present invention, and  FIG. 3  is a plan view of a metal filament bundle illustrated in  FIG. 2 . As illustrated in  FIGS. 2 and 3 , in the tire  10  of the present invention, the reinforcing element is preferably a metal filament bundle  22  which includes 2 to 20 metal filaments  21 . The metal filaments  21  constitutes preferably 2 or more, more preferably 5 or more, but preferably 20 or less, more preferably  12  or less, still more preferably  10  or less, particularly preferably  9  or less metal filament bundles  22 . In the illustrated example, five metal filaments  21  that are paralleled without being twisted together constitute each metal filament bundle  22 . By bundling the metal filaments  21  in this manner, a sufficient distance w 2  between metal filament bundles  22  can be ensured; therefore, belt edge separation (BES), which is propagation of rubber peeling between adjacent metal filament bundles  22  that starts at the ends of the metal filament bundles  22  on the belt widthwise edges, can be inhibited while reducing the weight through a reduction in the gauge thickness of the belt  15 . 
     In each metal filament bundle  22 , an elastomer  23  hardly infiltrates between adjacent filaments  21  that are in close contact with each other, and this leads to the generation of a non-elastomer-coated region where filaments are not coated with the elastomer  23 . Accordingly, when the metal filament bundle  22  obtained by bundling the metal filaments  21  without twisting them together is used as the reinforcing element of the belt  15 , the metal filaments  21  in such a non-elastomer-coated region are displaced from each other during tire rolling, as a result of which the in-plane rigidity of the belt  15  is reduced, and steering stability may consequently be impaired. Therefore, in the tire  10  of the present invention, it is preferred to allow the elastomer  23  to sufficiently infiltrate between adjacent metal filaments  21  so as to eliminate the above-described defects and thereby enhance the in-plane rigidity of the belt  15  and improve the steering stability. 
     In the tire  10  of the present invention, in order to eliminate the presence of a continuous non-elastomer-coated region between adjacent metal filaments  21  in the metal filament bundle  22  so as not only to ensure a corrosion propagation resistance but also to improve the in-plane rigidity of the belt  15  and thereby obtain a good steering stability-improving effect, the elastomer coating ratio of adjacent metal filaments  21  on a widthwise side surface of the metal filament bundle  22  is preferably 10% or higher, more preferably 20% or higher, per unit length. The adjacent metal filaments  21  are in a state of being coated at a ratio of still more preferably 50% or higher, particularly preferably 80% or higher, most preferably 90% or higher. 
     Accordingly, in the tire  10  of the present invention, a gap w 1  between the metal filaments  21  constituting the metal filament bundle  22  is preferably 0.01 mm to smaller than 0.24 mm. By arranging the gap w 1  in this range between adjacent metal filaments  21 , the elastomer  23  is allowed to sufficiently infiltrate therein, as a result of which the metal filament bundle  22  can undergo out-of-plane deformation when a compressive input is applied thereto, and breakage of the metal filament bundle  22  can thereby be inhibited. By controlling the gap w 1  between the metal filaments  21  to be smaller than 0.24 mm, separation between the metal filaments  21  inside the metal filament bundle  22  can be inhibited. Meanwhile, by controlling the gap w 1  between the metal filaments  21  to be 0.01 mm or larger, the elastomer  23  is allowed to sufficiently infiltrate between the metal filaments  21  inside the metal filament bundle  22 . The gap w 1  is preferably 0.03 mm to 0.20 mm, more preferably 0.03 mm to 0.18 mm. 
     Further, in the tire  10  of the present invention, the metal filaments  21  have a diameter of preferably 0.15 mm to 0.40 mm, more preferably 0.18 mm or larger, still more preferably 0.20 mm or larger, but 0.35 mm or smaller. By controlling the diameter of the metal filaments  21  to be 0.40 mm or smaller, a sufficient effect of reducing the weight of the tire  10  can be obtained. Meanwhile, by controlling the diameter of the metal filaments  21  to be 0.15 mm or larger, a sufficient belt strength can be exerted. 
     Moreover, in the tire  10  of the present invention, a gap w 2  between metal filament bundles  22  is preferably 0.25 mm to 2.0 mm. By controlling the gap w 2  between metal filament bundles  22  to be 0.25 mm or larger, BES can be inhibited in a favorable manner. Meanwhile, by controlling the gap w 2  between metal filament bundles  22  to be 2.0 mm or smaller, good rigidity of the belt  15  can be maintained. The gap w 2  is preferably 0.3 mm to 1.8 mm, more preferably 0.30 mm to 1.5 mm. 
     The elastomer  23  may be any rubber, and examples of the elastomer  23  include, in addition to conventional rubbers: diene-based rubbers and hydrogenation products thereof, such as natural rubbers (NR), isoprene rubbers (IR), epoxidized natural rubbers, styrene-butadiene rubbers (SBR), butadiene rubbers (BR, high-cis BR and low-cis BR), nitrile rubbers (NBR), hydrogenated NBRs, and hydrogenated SBRs; olefin-based rubbers, such as ethylene-propylene rubbers (EPDM and EPM), maleic acid-modified ethylene-propylene rubbers (M-EPM), butyl rubbers (IIR), copolymers of isobutylene and an aromatic vinyl or diene monomer, acrylic rubbers (ACM), and ionomers; halogen-containing rubbers, such as Br-IIR, Cl-IIR, brominated isobutylene-p-methylstyrene copolymers (Br-IPMS), chloroprene rubbers (CR), hydrin rubbers (CHR), chlorosulfonated polyethylene rubbers (CSM), chlorinated polyethylene rubbers (CM), and maleic acid-modified chlorinated polyethylene rubbers (M-CM); silicone rubbers, such as methyl vinyl silicone rubber, dimethyl silicone rubber, and methylphenyl vinyl silicone rubber; sulfur-containing rubbers, such as polysulfide rubbers; fluororubbers, such as vinylidene fluoride-based rubbers, fluorine-containing vinyl ether-based rubbers, tetrafluoroethylene-propylene-based rubbers, fluorine-containing silicone-based rubbers, and fluorine-containing phosphazene-based rubbers; and thermoplastic elastomers, such as styrene-based elastomers, olefin-based elastomers, ester-based elastomers, urethane-based elastomers, and polyamide-based elastomers. 
     In the tire  10  of the present invention, the “metal filaments  21 ” generally refers to wire-like metals that contain steel, namely iron, as a main component (the mass of iron exceeds 50% by mass with respect to a total mass of each metal filament), and the metal filaments  21  may consist of only iron, or may contain a metal other than iron, such as zinc, copper, aluminum, or tin. 
     In the tire  10  of the present invention, the surface state of the metal filaments  21  is not particularly limited, and the metal filaments  21  may take, for example, the following form. That is, for example, the surface of each metal filament  21  has N atoms in an amount of 2% by atom to 60% by atom, and a Cu/Zn ratio of 1 to 4. Further, in each metal filament  21 , for example, the amount of phosphorus contained as an oxide in the filament outermost layer of 5 nm inward in the filament radial direction is 7.0% by atom or less in terms of the ratio with respect to the whole amount excluding the carbon (C) amount. 
     In the tire  10  of the present invention, the surfaces of the metal filaments  21  may be treated by plating. The type of the plating is not particularly limited, and examples thereof include zinc (Zn) plating, copper (Cu) plating, tin (Sn) plating, brass (copper-zinc (Cu—Zn)) plating, bronze (copper-tin (Cu—Sn)) plating, and ternary plating, such as copper-zinc-tin (Cu—Zn—Sn) plating and copper-zinc-cobalt (Cu—Zn—Co) plating. Thereamong, brass plating and copper-zinc-cobalt plating are preferred since a brass-plated metal filament exhibits excellent adhesion with a rubber. In the brass plating, the ratio of copper and zinc (copper:zinc) is usually 60:40 to 70:30 based on mass, and the copper-zinc-cobalt plating usually contains 60 to 75% by mass of copper and 0.5 to 10% by mass of cobalt. The thickness of the resulting plated layer is generally 100 nm to 300 nm. 
     Further, in the tire  10  of the present invention, the diameter, the tensile strength, and the cross-sectional shape of the metal filaments  21  are not particularly limited. For example, as the metal filaments  21 , metal filaments having a tensile strength of 2,500 MPa (250 kg/mm 2 ) or higher can be used. The widthwise cross-sectional shape of the metal filaments  21  is also not particularly limited and may be, for example, elliptical, rectangular, triangular, or polygonal; however, it is preferably circular. In the tire  10  of the present invention, a wrapping filament (spiral filament) may be used as well when it is necessary to restrain the metal filament bundle  22 . 
     Next, the tread portion  11  according to the tire  10  of the present invention will be described.  FIG. 4  is a development view illustrating a tread portion of the pneumatic tire according to one preferred embodiment of the present invention. As illustrated, the tire  10  of the present invention includes: two or more circumferential main grooves  16  (three circumferential grooves  16   a ,  16   b , and  16   c  in the illustrated example) which are arranged within a width of a ground-contact surface of the tread portion  11 ; and land portions  17  (four land portions  17   a ,  17   b ,  17   c , and  17   d  in the illustrated example) which are partitioned by the circumferential main grooves  16 . When two of the land portions  17  on the respective tread width-direction outer sides are defined as shoulder land portions (shoulder land portions  17   c  and  17   d  in the illustrated example) while the land portions  17  on the tread width-direction inner side than the shoulder land portions are defined as center land portions (two center land portions  17   a  and  17   b  in the illustrated example), widthwise sipes (widthwise sipes  18   a  and  18   b  in the illustrated example), which are so-called three-dimensional sipes (3D sipes) each including a bent portion that extends toward the tire radial-direction inner side while bending in the tire circumferential direction, are arranged in at least one of the center land portions  17   a  and  17   b , preferably all of the center land portions. 
     The widthwise sipes  18   a  and  18   b  will now be described in more detail.  FIGS. 5A  and  5 B provide drawings illustrating depthwise cross-sectional shapes of the widthwise sipes  18   a  and  18   b  of the tire according to one preferred embodiment of the present invention, in which  FIG. 5A  is an extending length center portion and  FIG. 5B  is a tread widthwise end portion. As illustrated in  FIGS. 5A and 5B , the widthwise sipes  18   a  and  18   b  which are 3D sipes arranged in the center land portions  17   a  and  17   b  each include: a linear portion  18   aa  ( 18   ba ) which extends from an opening on the surface of the tread portion  11  toward the tire radial-direction inner side; and a bent portion  18   ab  ( 18   bb ) which extends from a tire radial-direction inner end of the linear portion  18   ab  ( 18   ba ) toward the tire radial-direction inner side while bending in the tire circumferential direction. 
     Further, in the tire  10  of the present invention, a linear shortest section where the length of the linear portion  18   ab  ( 18   ba ) is the shortest exists in the extending length center portion of each widthwise sipe  18   a  ( 18   b ), and the length of the linear portion  18   ab  ( 18   ba ) increases from this linear shortest section toward at least one of the tread widthwise end portions, preferably both of the tread widthwise end portions. For example, the shortest section of the linear portion  18   ab  ( 18   ba ) has a certain width, and the length of the linear portion  18   ab  ( 18   ba ) may gradually increase from one end of this width toward a tread widthwise end portion of the widthwise sipe  18   a  ( 18   b ). Further, in the tread widthwise end portion, the length of the linear portion  18   ab  ( 18   ba ) may be constant. The feature that “a linear shortest section where the length of the linear portion is the shortest exists in the extending length center portion of each widthwise sipe, and the length of the linear portion increases from this linear shortest section toward the tread widthwise end portion(s)” means that the widthwise sipes  18   a  and  18   b  do not have any part where their lengths in the depth direction decrease from the linear shortest section toward the respective tread widthwise ends (both ends). The actions and effects of this structure will now be described. According to the tire  10  of the present invention, in the extending length center portions of the widthwise sipes  18   a  and  18   b  where the rubber swelling amount of block pieces partitioned by the widthwise sipes  18   a  and  18   b  is increased when a load is applied to the tire, the linear portions  18   ab  and  18   ba  have a relatively short length in the depth direction; therefore, the amount of contact between the sipe wall surfaces can be increased, and an effect of the sipe wall surfaces engaging with each other can be enhanced. As a result, the rigidity of the land portions  17   a  and  17   b  can be increased, so that the wear resistance of the tire can be improved. 
     In the tire  10  of the present invention, at a depthwise cross-section, it is preferred that the bent portions  18   ab  and  18   bb  of the widthwise sipes  18   a  and  18   b  each have two or more peaks in the extending length center portion, and that the number of the peaks in the tread widthwise end portions be less than the number of the peaks in the extending length center portion. The reason for this is because, as a result thereof, the amount of contact between the sipe wall surfaces can be increased and an effect of the sipe wall surfaces engaging with each other can be further enhanced, so that the wear resistance of the tire can be further improved. 
     The illustrated tire  10  of the present invention includes an extending length center portion that has four peaks and a tread widthwise end portion that has three peaks; however, various modifications can be made as long as the number of the peaks does not increase from the extending length center portion toward the tread widthwise end portion. As one example, the extending length center portion may be further divided into two regions to form a region having, for example, 5 peaks, and a region having, for example, 4 peaks (the region having 5 peaks is a region further on the extending length center side), and the tread widthwise end portion may be further divided into two regions to form a region having, for example, 3 peaks, and a region having, for example, 2 peaks (the region having 3 peaks is a region further on the extending length center side). In the bent portions  18   ab  and  18   bb  of the widthwise sipes  18   a  and  18   b  in the tire  10  of the present invention, it is preferred that the amplitude within the extending length center portion vary such that it is larger on the bottom side than on the opening side. The reason for this is because, as a result thereof, the amount of contact between the sipe wall surfaces can be increased and an effect of the sipe wall surfaces engaging with each other can be further enhanced, so that the wear resistance of the tire can be further improved. 
     In the extending length center portions of the widthwise sipes  18   a  and  18   b  in the tire  10  of the present invention, the amplitude gradually increases from the opening side toward the bottom side; however, the amplitude is not limited to this mode as long as it does not decrease from the opening side toward the bottom side. For example, a region having a constant first amplitude may be formed on the opening side, and a region having a constant second amplitude larger than the first amplitude may be formed further on the bottom side. In the tread widthwise end portions of the widthwise sipes  18   a  and  18   b , the amplitude is preferably constant. 
     In the tire  10  of the present invention, plural widthwise sipes  18   a  and  18   b  are arranged along the tread circumferential direction, and a ratio 1/d between a sipe gap  1  of adjacent widthwise sipes  18   a  and  18   b  in the tread circumferential direction and a sipe depth d preferably satisfies a relationship represented by the following equation: 
       2≤1/ d≤ 4.
 
     By controlling the ratio 1/d to be 2 or higher, the rigidity of the block pieces partitioned by the widthwise sipes  18   a  and  18   b  can be secured to ensure wear resistance. Meanwhile, by controlling the ratio 1/d to be 4 or lower, the number of the sipes can be secured to ensure the wet performance. 
     Further, in the tire  10  of the present invention, a ratio Wc/Dc in the center land portions  17   a  and  17   b  between a width We in the tread width direction and a tread gauge Dc preferably satisfies a relationship represented by the following equation: 
         Wc/Dc≥ 3. 
     This is because, by controlling the ratio Wc/Dc to be 3 or higher, the rigidity of the center land portions  17   a  and  17   b  is ensured, so that a further improvement in wear resistance can be ensured. 
     Moreover, in the tire  10  of the present invention, a ratio Ws/Ds in the shoulder land portions  17   c  and  17   d  between a width Ws in the tread width direction and a tread gauge Ds preferably satisfies a relationship represented by the following equation: 
         Ws/Ds≥ 5. 
     This is because, by controlling the ratio Ws/Ds to be 5 or higher, the rigidity of the shoulder land portions  17   c  and  17   d  is ensured, so that a further improvement in wear resistance can be ensured. 
     In the tire  10  of the present invention, the tread gauge Dc of the center land portions  17   a  and  17   b  and the tread gauge Ds of the shoulder land portions  17   c  and  17   d  are both preferably 8.5 mm or less, more preferably 6.0 mm or less. This is because, by controlling the Dc and the Ds in this range, the rigidity of the center land portions  17   a  and  17   b  as well as the rigidity of the shoulder land portions  17   c  and  17   d  are ensured, so that wear resistance can be further improved. 
     In the tread portion  11  of the tire  10  of the present invention, the above-described 3D sipes only need to be arranged in at least one of the center land portions; however, for example, as illustrated, the 3D sipes may be arranged in all of the center land portions, and the widthwise sipes  18   c  and  18   d  of the shoulder land portions  17   c  and  17   d  may also be 3D sipes having the above-described structure. In addition, in the center land portions and the shoulder land portions, linear sipes that are different from the 3D sipes having the above-described structure and have no bent portion in the depth direction may be arranged as well. Further, these 3D sipes having the above-described structure and sipes that are linear in the depth direction may be arranged in plural numbers at predetermined pitch intervals along the tread circumferential direction. 
     In the tire  10  of the present invention, the width of the circumferential main grooves  16  is not particularly limited, and may be 5 to 20 mm. Further the depth (maximum depth) of the circumferential main grooves  16  is preferably 6.5 mm or less, more preferably 6.0 mm or less. The reason for these is because the rigidity of the land portions  17  is thereby ensured, so that wear resistance can be further improved. In consideration of the drainage performance, the depth (maximum depth) of the circumferential main grooves  16  is preferably 5.5 mm or greater. 
     As illustrated in  FIG. 4 , in a plan view of the tread portion  11 , the widthwise sipes  18   a  arranged in the center land portion  17   a  each include: a curved portion which extends in a curved manner from the circumferential main groove  16   c  positioned in a half section on one side of the tread width direction toward the tread width-direction inner side; and a linear portion which is connected to this curved portion, linearly extends inclined with respect to the tread width direction, and is connected to the circumferential main groove  16   a  extending on the tire equatorial plane CL. However, the tire  10  of the present invention is not limited to this configuration. The linear portion may be inclined at an angle of, but not particularly limited to, 15° to 50° with respect to the tread width direction. 
     Further, as illustrated in  FIG. 4 , in the center land portion  17   b , plural widthwise sipes  18   b  may be arranged at a predetermined pitch interval (in the example illustrated in  FIG. 4 , at substantially the same pitch interval as the widthwise sipes  18   a ) along the tread circumferential direction. In the illustrated example, the widthwise sipes  18   b  linearly extend inclined with respect to the tread width direction; however, the tire  10  of the present invention is not limited to this configuration. The widthwise sipes  18   b  may be inclined at an angle of, but not particularly limited to, 15° to 50° with respect to the tread width direction. 
     Moreover, as illustrated in  FIG. 4 , in the shoulder land portion  17   c , a widthwise groove  19   a  which extends inclined with respect to the tread width direction from a tread edge TE toward the tread width-direction inner side and terminates within the shoulder land portion  17   c  may be arranged. In addition, the shoulder land portion  17   c  includes a widthwise sipe  18   c  which is in communication with the circumferential main groove  16   c  and extends inclined with respect to the tread width direction from the end of the widthwise groove  19   a  toward the tread width-direction inner side. The widthwise groove  19   a  and the widthwise sipe  18   c  may each be arranged in a plural number at a predetermined pitch interval (in the illustrated example, at a pitch interval twice as large as that of the widthwise sipes  18   a ) along the tread circumferential direction. These widthwise grooves  19   a  and widthwise sipes  18   c  may be inclined at an angle of, but not particularly limited to, 0° to 20° with respect to the tread width direction. The width of the widthwise grooves  19   a  is not particularly limited and may be, for example, 1 to 4 mm, and the depth (maximum depth) of the widthwise grooves  19   a  is also not particularly limited and may be, for example, 3 to 5 mm. 
     As illustrated in  FIG. 4 , the widthwise grooves  19   a  terminate within the shoulder land portion  17   c  without communicating with the circumferential main groove  16   c , and the pitch interval along the tread circumferential direction is set larger than in the pitch interval in the center land portions  17   a  and  17   b  where only the widthwise sipes  18   a  and  18   b  are arranged, whereby the rigidity of the shoulder land portion  17   c  is ensured and a difference in rigidity between the shoulder land portion  17   c  and the center land portions  17   a  and  17   b  having no widthwise groove is reduced, so that wear resistance and uneven wear resistance are ensured. 
     Further, as illustrated in  FIG. 4 , the shoulder land portion  17   d  includes a widthwise groove  19   b  which extends inclined with respect to the tread width direction from the tread edge TE toward the tread width-direction inner side and terminates within the shoulder land portion  17   d . In addition, in the illustrated example, the shoulder land portion  17   d  includes a widthwise sipe  18   d  which is in communication with the circumferential main groove  16   b  and extends inclined with respect to the tread width direction from the tread edge TE toward the tread width-direction inner side. The widthwise groove  19   b  and the widthwise sipe  18   d  are arranged in plural numbers alternately to each other in the tread circumferential direction at a predetermined pitch interval (in the illustrated example, at substantially the same pitch interval as the widthwise sipes  18   a ). By this, a balance of the rigidity in the shoulder land portion  17   d  can be ensured. These widthwise grooves  19   b  and the widthwise sipes  18   d  may be inclined at an angle of 0° to 20° with respect to the tread width direction. The width of the widthwise grooves  19   b  is not particularly limited and may be, for example, 1 to 4 mm, and the depth (maximum depth) of the widthwise grooves  19   b  is also not particularly limited and may be, for example, 3 to 5 mm. 
     As illustrated in  FIG. 4 , the widthwise grooves  19   b  terminate within the land portion  17   d  without communicating with the circumferential main groove  16   b , and the widthwise grooves  19   b  and the widthwise sipes  18   d  are arranged alternately along the tread circumferential direction, whereby the rigidity of the shoulder land portion  17   d  is ensured and a difference in rigidity between the shoulder land portion  17   d  and the center land portions  17   a  and  17   b  having no widthwise groove  19   b  is reduced, so that wear resistance and uneven wear resistance are ensured. 
     For example, the linear portions  18   ab  and  18   ba  of the widthwise sipes  18   a  and  18   b  may have an increasing length along the depth direction from each extending length center portion toward both of the tread widthwise end portions; however, the length of the widthwise sipes  18   a  and  18   b  in the depth direction may increase from the respective extending length center portions of the widthwise sipes  18   a  and  18   b  to only either one of the tread widthwise end portions. Further, with regard to the tread portion  11 , for example, the widthwise sipes  18   a  and  18   b  extend across the land portions  17   a  and  17   b , respectively; however, the widthwise sipes  18   a  and  18   b  may terminate inside the land portions  17   a  and  17   b , respectively. The widthwise sipes  18   a  and  18   b  may extend in various shapes, such as a linear shape, a curved shape, and a zigzag shape, along the tread width direction. 
     The tire of the present invention has been described thus far, and the tire  10  of the present invention is not particularly limited, except for the structure of the belt  15  and the structure of the tread portion  11 . For example, a belt reinforcing layer may be arranged on the tire radial-direction outer side of the belt  15 , and another reinforcing member may be used as well. As a gas filled into the tire  10  of the present invention, normal air or an air having an adjusted oxygen partial pressure, as well as an inert gas such as nitrogen, argon or helium, can be used. The tire  10  of the present invention can be suitably used as a tire of a passenger vehicle, or a tire of a truck or a bus. 
     EXAMPLES 
     The present invention will now be described in more detail by way of Examples thereof. 
     Examples and Comparative Example 
     Reinforcing elements having a structure conforming to the respective conditions shown in Table 1 below were prepared using steel filaments. The thus obtained reinforcing elements were each coated from both above and below with a rubber-made sheet of about 0.5 mm in thickness, and the resultants were vulcanized at 160° C. for 20 minutes to produce rubber-steel cord composites to be used in belt layers. A coating rubber was prepared by blending and kneading in accordance with a conventional method. 
     &lt;Belt In-Plane Rigidity&gt; 
     Using intersecting belt layer samples that were prepared from each of the above-obtained rubber-steel cord composites, the in-plane rigidity was evaluated as an index of steering stability. The belt angle was set at ±28° with respect to the tire circumferential direction. A jig was set on each of two spots underneath and one spot on top of each intersecting belt layer sample, and a load applied to the sample when the jig was pressed at one spot on top was evaluated as the in-plane rigidity. The results thereof are shown together in Table 1 in terms of index values, taking the value of Comparative Example as 100. It is noted here that the evaluation of the belt in-plane rigidity serves as an indicator relating to steering stability. 
     &lt;Wear Resistance&gt; 
     Tires of the type illustrated in  FIG. 1  (size: 205/55R16) were produced using the respective rubber-steel cord composites as intersecting belt layers, and the wear resistance was evaluated in accordance with the below-described procedure. The belt angle was ±28° with respect to the tire circumferential direction. The tread portion  11  had the same configuration as illustrated in the development view of  FIG. 4 , and sipes having the structure shown in Table 1 were arranged in all of the land portions. The conditions of the sipes are as shown in Table 1. 
     The thus obtained tires were each mounted on a rim, inflated to a predetermined internal pressure and then fitted to a vehicle, and the wear resistance was estimated when the vehicle was driven in various driving modes on an ordinary road having a dry surface. The symbols “x” and “◯” in Table 1 indicate the followings. 
     x: The sipes cause a reduction in the shear rigidity of the land portions, and the wear resistance is reduced. 
     ◯: An improvement in the in-plane rigidity by monofilament structure formation and an improvement in the shear rigidity of the land portions by three-dimensional sipes are likely to occur, and the wear resistance of the tire is expected to be improved. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
                   
                 TABLE 1 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Comparative 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Example 
                 Example 1 
                 Example 2 
                 Example 3 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Sipe 
                 Sipe width (mm) 
                 0.4 
                 0.3 
                 0.3 
                 0.3 
               
               
                   
                 Sipe depth (mm) 
                 3.9 
                 5.5 
                 5.5 
                 5.5 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Extending 
                 Length of 
                 1.5 
                 1.5 
                 1.5 
                 1.5 
               
               
                   
                 length 
                 linear 
               
               
                   
                 center 
                 portion 
               
               
                   
                 portion 
                 (mm) 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Number of 
                 3 
                 5 
                 5 
                 5 
               
               
                   
                   
                 peaks 
               
               
                   
                   
                 (count) 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Amplitude 
                 constant 
                 gradually 
                 gradually 
                 gradually 
               
               
                   
                   
                 of bent 
                   
                 increasing 
                 increasing 
                 increasing 
               
               
                   
                   
                 portion 
                   
                 toward the 
                 toward the 
                 toward the 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 groove 
                 groove 
                 groove 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 bottom 
                 bottom 
                 bottom 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 side 
                 side 
                 side 
               
               
                   
                 Tread 
                 Length of 
                 1.5 
                 2 
                 2 
                 2 
               
               
                   
                 widthwise 
                 linear 
               
               
                   
                 end 
                 portion 
               
               
                   
                 portion 
                 (mm) 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Number of 
                 3 
                 3 
                 3 
                 3 
               
               
                   
                   
                 peaks 
               
               
                   
                   
                 (count) 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Amplitude 
                 constant 
                 constant 
                 constant 
                 constant 
               
               
                   
                   
                 of bent 
               
               
                   
                   
                 portion 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Belt layer 
                 Reinforcing element 
                 2 + 3 
                 0.3 mm × 3 
                 0.26 mm × 5 
                 0.24 mm × 7 
               
               
                   
                 structure 
               
               
                   
                 Gap w1 (mm) 
                 — 
                 0.15 
                 0.15 
                 0.1 
               
               
                   
                 Gap w2 (mm) 
                 0.47 to 0.91 
                 0.64 
                 0.48 
                 0.66 
               
               
                   
                 End count (/50 mm) 
                 37.88 
                 27.24 
                 21.00 
                 16.98 
               
               
                 Evaluation 
                 Belt in-plane rigidity 
                 100 
                 119 
                 105 
                 119 
               
               
                   
                 Wear resistance 
                 x 
                 ∘ 
                 ∘ 
                 ∘ 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     From Table 1, it is seen that the present invention can further improve wear resistance while improving lightweightness and steering stability. 
     DESCRIPTION OF SYMBOLS 
       10 : pneumatic tire (tire) 
       11 : tread portion 
       12 : side wall portion 
       13 : bead portion 
       14 : carcass 
       15 : belt 
       15   a ,  15   b : belt layer 
       16 : circumferential main groove 
       17 : land portion 
       18 : widthwise sipe 
       19 : widthwise groove 
       21 : metal filament 
       22 : metal filament bundle 
       23 : elastomer