Patent Publication Number: US-2022225671-A1

Title: Closed system capsule with airflow, heat-not-burn (hnb) aerosol-generating devices, and methods of generating an aerosol

Description:
BACKGROUND 
     Field 
     The present disclosure relates to capsules, heat-not-burn (HNB) aerosol-generating devices, and methods of generating an aerosol without involving a substantial pyrolysis of the aerosol-forming substrate. 
     Description of Related Art 
     Some electronic devices are configured to heat a plant material to a temperature that is sufficient to release constituents of the plant material while keeping the temperature below a combustion point of the plant material so as to avoid any substantial pyrolysis of the plant material. Such devices may be referred to as aerosol-generating devices (e.g., heat-not-burn aerosol-generating devices), and the plant material heated may be tobacco. In some instances, the plant material may be introduced directly into a heating chamber of an aerosol-generating device. In other instances, the plant material may be pre-packaged in individual containers to facilitate insertion and removal from an aerosol-generating device. 
     SUMMARY 
     At least one example embodiment relates to a capsule for an aerosol-generating device. 
     In at least one example embodiment, a capsule for an aerosol-generating device, comprises a housing. The housing includes a first frame defining a cavity. The housing defines at least one air inlet and at least one air outlet. The capsule also includes an aerosol-forming substrate at least partially within the cavity, and a heater supported by the first frame. The heater extends across at least a portion of the cavity. The at least one air inlet, the cavity, and the at least one air outlet collectively form at least one airflow pathway through the capsule. The airflow pathway is longer than a thickness of the capsule. 
     In at least one example embodiment, the aerosol-forming substrate includes a plant material. The plant material includes tobacco. 
     In at least one example embodiment, the first frame is an inner frame, and the inner frame comprises a first face, a second face, a first end, a second end, a first side, and a second side. The at least one air inlet extends through the first end of the inner frame and the at least one air outlet extends through the second end of the inner frame. The at least one air inlet includes a first air inlet and a second air inlet. The first air inlet extends through the first side and the second air inlet extends through the first end of the inner frame. The at least one air outlet extends through the second end of the inner frame. 
     In at least one example embodiment, the capsule further comprises a diffuser configured to redistribute air from the at least one air inlet towards the at least one air outlet. The diffuser includes at least one channel on the first face of the inner frame. The diffuser comprises a main channel extending longitudinally from the at least one air inlet, and at least one secondary channel in fluid communication with the main channel. The at least one secondary channel includes at least one parallel channel extending parallel to the main channel and at least one angled channel extending at an angle with respect to the main channel. 
     In at least one example embodiment, the heater is sinuously shaped. 
     At least one example embodiment relates to a capsule assembly for an aerosol-generating device. 
     In at least one example embodiment, a capsule assembly for an aerosol-generating device comprises a capsule. The capsule includes a housing including a first frame defining a cavity. The capsule also includes an aerosol-forming substrate at least partially within the cavity, and a heater supported by the inner frame. The heater extends across at least a portion of the cavity. The capsule assembly also comprises a capsule enclosure surrounding at least a portion of the housing. The capsule enclosure defines at least one air inlet and the at least air outlet. The at least one air inlet, the cavity, and the at least one air outlet collectively form at least one airflow pathway through the capsule assembly. The airflow pathway is longer than a thickness of the capsule. 
     In at least one example embodiment, the capsule enclosure further comprises a capsule enclosure airflow channel extending between the at least one air inlet and the at least one air outlet. The capsule enclosure airflow channel defines a portion of the at least one airflow pathway. The at least one airflow pathway extends diagonally across at least a portion of the cavity in the first frame. In at least one example embodiment, the at least one airflow pathway extends diagonally across at least a portion of the heater and the aerosol-forming substrate. 
     At least one example embodiment relates to an aerosol-generating device. 
     In at least one example embodiment, an aerosol-generating device comprises a device body configured to receive a capsule. The capsule includes a housing including a first frame defining a cavity, at least one air inlet, and at least one air outlet. The capsule also includes an aerosol-forming substrate at least partially within the cavity, and a heater supported by the first frame and extending across at least a portion of the cavity. The at least one air inlet, the cavity, and the at least one air outlet collectively form at least one airflow pathway through the capsule. The airflow pathway is longer than a thickness of the capsule. The aerosol-generating device also includes a plurality of electrodes within the device body. The plurality of electrodes are configured to electrically contact the heater of the capsule. The aerosol-generating device also includes a power source configured to supply an electric current to the heater of the capsule via the plurality of electrodes. 
     In at least one example embodiment, the aerosol-forming substrate includes a plant material. The plant material includes tobacco. 
     In at least one example embodiment, the first frame is an inner frame. The inner frame comprises a first face, a second face, a first end, a second end, a first side, and a second side. 
     In at least one example embodiment, the at least one air inlet extends through the first end of the inner frame and the at least one air outlet extends through the second end of the inner frame. The at least one air inlet includes a first air inlet and a second air inlet. The first air inlet extends through the first side, the second air inlet extends through the first end of the inner frame, and the at least one air outlet extends through the second end of the inner frame. 
     In at least one example embodiment, the capsule further comprises a diffuser configured to redistribute air from the at least one air inlet towards the at least one air outlet. The diffuser includes at least one channel on the first face of the inner frame. In at least one example embodiment, the diffuser comprises a main channel extending longitudinally from the at least one air inlet, and at least one secondary channel in fluid communication with the main channel. The at least one secondary channel includes at least one parallel channel extending parallel to the main channel and at least one angled channel extending at an angle with respect to the main channel. 
     At least one example embodiment relates to a method of generating an aerosol. 
     In at least one example embodiment, a method of generating an aerosol comprises electrically contacting a plurality of electrodes with a capsule. The capsule includes a housing including an inner frame. The housing defines a cavity, at least one air inlet, and at least one air outlet. An aerosol-forming substrate is at least partially within the cavity. The capsule also includes a heater supported by the inner frame. The heater extends across at least a portion of the cavity. The at least one air outlet, the at least one air inlet, the cavity, and the at least one air outlet collectively form at least one airflow pathway through the capsule. The airflow pathway is longer than a thickness of the capsule. The method also includes supplying an electric current to the heater of the capsule via the plurality of electrodes. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       The various features and advantages of the non-limiting embodiments herein may become more apparent upon review of the detailed description in conjunction with the accompanying drawings. The accompanying drawings are merely provided for illustrative purposes and should not be interpreted to limit the scope of the claims. The accompanying drawings are not to be considered as drawn to scale unless explicitly noted. For purposes of clarity, various dimensions of the drawings may have been exaggerated. The patent or application file contains at least one drawing executed in color. Copies of this patent or patent application publication with color drawing(s) will be provided by the Office upon request and payment of the necessary fee. 
         FIG. 1A  is a perspective view of a first side of a capsule for an aerosol-generating device according to an example embodiment. 
         FIG. 1B  is a perspective view of a second side of a capsule for an aerosol-generating device according to an example embodiment. 
         FIG. 2A  is an exploded view of the capsule of  FIGS. 1A and 1B  according to at least one example embodiment. 
         FIG. 2B  is an exploded view of the capsule of  FIGS. 1A and 1B  according to at least one example embodiment. 
         FIG. 3  is a plan view of a patterned sheet in connection with the fabrication of a heater according to at least one example embodiment. 
         FIG. 4  is a view of a capsule including the heater of  FIG. 3  with the second frame removed according to at least one example embodiment. 
         FIG. 5  is a side view of the capsule of  FIG. 4  according to at least one example embodiment, a fourth side being a mirror image of the third side. 
         FIG. 6  is a view of the capsule of  FIG. 5  with the second frame removed illustrating airflow therethrough according to at least one example embodiment. 
         FIG. 7  is a view the capsule of  FIG. 4  illustrating an alternative airflow path therethrough according to at least one example embodiment. 
         FIG. 8  is a view the capsule of  FIG. 4  illustrating an alternative airflow path therethrough according to at least one example embodiment. 
         FIG. 9  is a perspective view of a capsule assembly including a capsule connected with a mouthpiece according to at least one example embodiment. 
         FIG. 10  is a side cross-sectional view of the capsule assembly of  FIG. 9  according to at least one example embodiment. 
         FIG. 11  is a side cross-sectional view along line XI-XI of the capsule assembly of  FIG. 10  according to at least one example embodiment. 
         FIG. 12  is a side cross-sectional view of the assembly of  FIG. 9  according to at least one example embodiment. 
         FIG. 13  is a side cross-sectional view along line XIII-XIII of the capsule assembly of  FIG. 12  according to at least one example embodiment. 
         FIG. 14  is a side cross-sectional view of the capsule assembly of  FIG. 9  according to at least one example embodiment. 
         FIG. 15  is a side cross-sectional view along line XV-XV of the capsule assembly of  FIG. 14  according to at least one example embodiment. 
         FIG. 16  is a side cross-sectional view of the capsule assembly of  FIG. 9  according to at least one example embodiment. 
         FIG. 17  is a side cross-sectional view along line XVII-XVII of the capsule assembly of  FIG. 16  according to at least one example embodiment. 
         FIG. 18  is a side perspective view of a capsule assembly including a capsule enclosed in a capsule enclosure and connected to a mouthpiece according to at least one example embodiment. 
         FIG. 19  is a side cross-sectional view along line XIX-XIX of the capsule, assembly of  FIG. 18  according to at least one example embodiment. 
         FIG. 20  is a side cross-sectional view of the capsule assembly of  FIG. 18  according to at least one example embodiment. 
         FIG. 21  is a side cross-sectional view of the capsule assembly of  FIG. 18  according to at least one example embodiment. 
         FIG. 22  is a side cross-sectional view of the capsule assembly of  FIG. 18  according to at least one example embodiment. 
         FIG. 23  is a schematic illustration of an aerosol generating device for use with a capsule or capsule assembly according to at least one example embodiment. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     Some detailed example embodiments are disclosed herein. However, specific structural and functional details disclosed herein are merely representative for purposes of describing example embodiments. Example embodiments may, however, be embodied in many alternate forms and should not be construed as limited to only the example embodiments set forth herein. 
     Accordingly, while example embodiments are capable of various modifications and alternative forms, example embodiments thereof are shown by way of example in the drawings and will herein be described in detail. It should be understood, however, that there is no intent to limit example embodiments to the particular forms disclosed, but to the contrary, example embodiments are to cover all modifications, equivalents, and alternatives thereof. Like numbers refer to like elements throughout the description of the figures. 
     It should be understood that when an element or layer is referred to as being “on,” “connected to,” “coupled to,” “attached to,” “adjacent to,” or “covering” another element or layer, it may be directly on, connected to, coupled to, attached to, adjacent to or covering the other element or layer or intervening elements or layers may be present. In contrast, when an element is referred to as being “directly on,” “directly connected to,” or “directly coupled to” another element or layer, there are no intervening elements or layers present. Like numbers refer to like elements throughout the specification. As used herein, the term “and/or” includes any and all combinations or sub-combinations of one or more of the associated listed items. 
     It should be understood that, although the terms first, second, third, etc. may be used herein to describe various elements, regions, layers and/or sections, these elements, regions, layers, and/or sections should not be limited by these terms. These terms are only used to distinguish one element, region, layer, or section from another region, layer, or section. Thus, a first element, region, layer, or section discussed below could be termed a second element, region, layer, or section without departing from the teachings of example embodiments. 
     Spatially relative terms (e.g., “beneath,” “below,” “lower,” “above,” “upper,” and the like) may be used herein for ease of description to describe one element or feature&#39;s relationship to another element(s) or feature(s) as illustrated in the figures. It should be understood that the spatially relative terms are intended to encompass different orientations of the device in use or operation in addition to the orientation depicted in the figures. For example, if the device in the figures is turned over, elements described as “below” or “beneath” other elements or features would then be oriented “above” the other elements or features. Thus, the term “below” may encompass both an orientation of above and below. The device may be otherwise oriented (rotated 90 degrees or at other orientations) and the spatially relative descriptors used herein interpreted accordingly. 
     The terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing various example embodiments only and is not intended to be limiting of example embodiments. As used herein, the singular forms “a,” “an,” and “the” are intended to include the plural forms as well, unless the context clearly indicates otherwise. It will be further understood that the terms “includes,” “including,” “comprises,” and/or “comprising,” when used in this specification, specify the presence of stated features, integers, steps, operations, and/or elements, but do not preclude the presence or addition of one or more other features, integers, steps, operations, elements, and/or groups thereof. 
     When the words “about” and “substantially” are used in this specification in connection with a numerical value, it is intended that the associated numerical value include a tolerance of ±10% around the stated numerical value, unless otherwise explicitly defined. Moreover, when the terms “generally” or “substantially” are used in connection with geometric shapes, it is intended that precision of the geometric shape is not required but that latitude for the shape is within the scope of the disclosure. Furthermore, regardless of whether numerical values or shapes are modified as “about,” “generally,” or “substantially,” it will be understood that these values and shapes should be construed as including a manufacturing or operational tolerance (e.g., ±10%) around the stated numerical values or shapes. 
     Unless otherwise defined, all terms (including technical and scientific terms) used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which example embodiments belong. It will be further understood that terms, including those defined in commonly used dictionaries, should be interpreted as having a meaning that is consistent with their meaning in the context of the relevant art and will not be interpreted in an idealized or overly formal sense unless expressly so defined herein. 
     The processing circuitry (control circuitry) may be hardware including logic circuits; a hardware/software combination such as a processor executing software; or a combination thereof. For example, the processing circuitry more specifically may include, but is not limited to, a central processing unit (CPU), an arithmetic logic unit (ALU), a digital signal processor, a microcomputer, a field programmable gate array (FPGA), a System-on-Chip (SoC), a programmable logic unit, a microprocessor, application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC), etc. 
       FIG. 1A  is a perspective view of a first side of a capsule for an aerosol-generating device according to an example embodiment.  FIG. 1B  is a perspective view of a second side of a capsule for an aerosol-generating device according to an example embodiment. 
       FIG. 2A  is an exploded view of the capsule of  FIGS. 1A and 1B  according to at least one example embodiment.  FIG. 2B  is an exploded view of the capsule of  FIGS. 1A and 1B  according to at least one example embodiment. 
     In at least one example embodiment, as shown in  FIGS. 1A, 1B, 2A, and 2B , the capsule  100  may be configured to be received within an aerosol-generating device (e.g., heat-not-burn aerosol-generating device). In the drawings, the capsule  100  has a laminar structure and a generally planar form. The proximal end of the capsule  100  may have a curved proximal edge, and the opposing distal end may have a linear distal edge. In addition, a pair of linear side edges may connect the curved proximal edge and the linear distal edge. The pair of linear side edges may be parallel to each other. Furthermore, the junctions of the linear side edges with the linear distal edge may be in the form of rounded corners. 
     Although the capsule  100  is shown in the figures as resembling a rectangle with a semicircular end (e.g., elongated semicircle, semi-obround), it should be understood that other configurations may be employed. For instance, the shape may be circular such that the capsule  100  has a disk-like appearance. In another instance, the shape of the capsule  100  may be elliptical or racetrack-like. In other instances, the capsule  100  may have a polygonal shape (regular or irregular), including a triangle, a rectangle (e.g., square), a pentagon, a hexagon, a heptagon, or an octagon. The laminar structure and generally planar form of the capsule  100  may facilitate stacking so as to allow a plurality of capsules to be stored in an aerosol-generating device or other receptacle for dispensing a new capsule or receiving a depleted capsule. In an example embodiment, the capsule  100  has a thickness between 1-4 mm (e.g., between 1-2 mm). 
     The capsule  100  may include a housing  105  and a heater  170  within the housing  105 . The housing  105  of the capsule  100  has interior surfaces defining a chamber configured to hold an aerosol-forming substrate  160  (e.g.,  FIGS. 2A and 2B ). In addition, the housing of the capsule  100  has exterior surfaces constituting a first face, an opposing second face, and a side face of the capsule  100 . The first face and the second face of the capsule  100  may be permeable or impermeable to an aerosol based on a desired airflow path through the capsule and/or along and across the heater. The side face of the capsule  100  is between the first face and the second face. The side face may be regarded as a periphery of the capsule  100 . 
     The housing of the capsule  100  includes a first frame  130  and a second frame  140 . The first frame  130  and the second frame  140  may be of the same shape and size (e.g., based on a plan view) and aligned such that the outer sidewalls are substantially flush with each other, although example embodiments are not limited thereto. The first frame  130  and the second frame  140  may be formed of a suitable polymer, such as polyether ether ketone (PEEK), liquid crystal polymer (LCP), and/or ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE). The first frame  130  and the second frame  140  may be connected via a welded arrangement. 
     A first permeable or impermeable structure  110  is secured and exposed by the first frame  130 . Similarly, a second permeable or impermeable structure  120  is secured and exposed by the second frame  140 . As will be discussed in more detail herein, a third frame (or inner frame)  150  is disposed between the first permeable or impermeable structure  110  and the second permeable or impermeable structure  120  (as well as between the first frame  130  and the second frame  140 ). The capsule  100  is configured to hold an aerosol-forming substrate  160  (shown and described with respect to  FIGS. 2A and 2B ), which may be within the third frame  150  and between the first permeable or impermeable structure  110  and the second permeable or impermeable structure  120 . A first concavity  133  (e.g., first dimpled portion) in the first frame  130  and a second concavity  143  (e.g., second dimpled portion) in the second frame  140  may be from an injection molding process. In this regard, the size, location, and/or shape of the first concavity  133  and the second concavity  143  may differ (or may be absent altogether) depending on the fabrication technique. 
     The first permeable or impermeable structure  110  and the second permeable or impermeable structure  120  may be in a form of a mesh sheet, a perforated sheet, a solid sheet, or any combination thereof. For instance, both the first permeable or impermeable structure  110  and the second permeable or impermeable structure  120  may be in a form of a solid sheet so as to form a substantially sealed capsule structure if desired to ensure airflow along the aerosol-forming substrate  160  and/or the heater  170 . In another instance, both the first permeable or impermeable structure  110  and the second permeable or impermeable structure  120  may be in a form of a perforated sheet (e.g., 80, 100, or 250 mesh equivalent) so as to allow airflow into the capsule. The perforated sheet may be one that is perforated mechanically or chemically (e.g., via photochemical machining/etching). In yet another instance, one of the first permeable or impermeable structure  110  or the second permeable or impermeable structure  120  may be in a form of a mesh sheet, while the other of the first permeable or impermeable structure  110  or the second permeable or impermeable structure  120  may be in a form of a perforated sheet. The first permeable or impermeable structure  110  and the second permeable or impermeable structure  120  (as well as the first frame  130  and the second frame  140 ) may be substantially the same size based on a plan view (e.g., ±10% of a given dimension). 
     As shown in  FIG. 1A , the combination of the exposed surface of the first permeable or impermeable structure  110  and the adjacent (e.g., substantially coplanar/parallel) surface of the first frame  130  may be regarded as the first face of the capsule  100 . Similarly, as shown in  FIG. 1B , the combination of the exposed surface of the second permeable or impermeable structure  120  and the adjacent (e.g., substantially coplanar/parallel) surface of the second frame  140  may be regarded as the second face of the capsule  100 . In at least one example embodiment, the first face, the second face, or both may include perforated sheets. In at least one example embodiment, the first face, the second face, or both may include mesh sheets. In yet another example embodiment, one of the first face or the second face may include a perforated sheet, while the other of the first face or the second face may include a mesh sheet. In at least one example embodiment, the first face, the second face, or both may include solid sheets so as to substantially seal the capsule except for air inlets and outlets as described herein with respect to  FIGS. 4-23 . 
     As noted supra and as will be discussed herein in more detail, a heater  170  (e.g.,  FIGS. 2A, 2B, and 3 ) may be disposed within the capsule  100  to heat the aerosol-forming substrate  160 . The heater  170  may include, inter alia, a first end section  172  and a second end section  176  configured to receive an electric current from a power source during an activation of the heater  170 . When the heater  170  is activated, the temperature of the aerosol-forming substrate  160  may increase, and an aerosol may be generated and released from the capsule  100 . 
     As shown in  FIGS. 1A-1B , the combination of the exposed surfaces of the third frame  150  and the adjacent sidewalls of the first frame  130  and the second frame  140  may be regarded as the side face of the capsule  100 . Additionally, the first end section  172  and the second end section  176  may be external segments of the heater  170  that also constitute parts of the side face of the capsule  100 . The outward-facing surfaces of the first end section  172  and the second end section  176  of the heater  170  may be coplanar, although example embodiments are not limited thereto. 
     As discussed herein, an aerosol-forming substrate is a material or combination of materials that may yield an aerosol. An aerosol relates to the matter generated or output by the devices disclosed, claimed, and equivalents thereof. The material may include a compound (e.g., nicotine, cannabinoid), wherein an aerosol including the compound is produced when the material is heated. The heating may be below the combustion temperature so as to produce an aerosol without involving a substantial pyrolysis of the aerosol-forming substrate or the substantial generation of combustion byproducts (if any). Thus, in an example embodiment, pyrolysis does not occur during the heating and resulting production of aerosol. In other instances, there may be some pyrolysis and combustion byproducts, but the extent may be considered relatively minor and/or merely incidental. 
     The aerosol-forming substrate may be a fibrous material. For instance, the fibrous material may be a botanical material. The fibrous material is configured to release a compound when heated. The compound may be a naturally occurring constituent of the fibrous material. For instance, the fibrous material may be plant material such as tobacco, and the compound released may be nicotine. The term “tobacco” includes any tobacco plant material including tobacco leaf, tobacco plug, reconstituted tobacco, compressed tobacco, shaped tobacco, or powder tobacco, and combinations thereof from one or more species of tobacco plants, such as  Nicotiana rustica  and  Nicotiana tabacum.    
     In some example embodiments, the tobacco material may include material from any member of the genus  Nicotiana . In addition, the tobacco material may include a blend of two or more different tobacco varieties. Examples of suitable types of tobacco materials that may be used include, but are not limited to, flue-cured tobacco, Burley tobacco, Dark tobacco, Maryland tobacco, Oriental tobacco, rare tobacco, specialty tobacco, blends thereof, and the like. The tobacco material may be provided in any suitable form, including, but not limited to, tobacco lamina, processed tobacco materials, such as volume expanded or puffed tobacco, processed tobacco stems, such as cut-rolled or cut-puffed stems, reconstituted tobacco materials, blends thereof, and the like. In some example embodiments, the tobacco material is in the form of a substantially dry tobacco mass. Furthermore, in some instances, the tobacco material may be mixed and/or combined with at least one of propylene glycol, glycerin, sub-combinations thereof, or combinations thereof. 
     The compound may also be a naturally occurring constituent of a medicinal plant that has a medically-accepted therapeutic effect. For instance, the medicinal plant may be a  cannabis  plant, and the compound may be a cannabinoid. Cannabinoids interact with receptors in the body to produce a wide range of effects. As a result, cannabinoids have been used for a variety of medicinal purposes (e.g., treatment of pain, nausea, epilepsy, psychiatric disorders). The fibrous material may include the leaf and/or flower material from one or more species of  cannabis  plants such as  Cannabis sativa, Cannabis indica , and  Cannabis ruderalis . In some instances, the fibrous material is a mixture of 60-80% (e.g., 70%)  Cannabis sativa  and 20-40% (e.g., 30%)  Cannabis indica.    
     Examples of cannabinoids include tetrahydrocannabinolic acid (THCA), tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), cannabidiolic acid (CBDA), cannabidiol (CBD), cannabinol (CBN), cannabicyclol (CBL), cannabichromene (CBC), and cannabigerol (CBG). Tetrahydrocannabinolic acid (THCA) is a precursor of tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), while cannabidiolic acid (CBDA) is precursor of cannabidiol (CBD). Tetrahydrocannabinolic acid (THCA) and cannabidiolic acid (CBDA) may be converted to tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and cannabidiol (CBD), respectively, via heating. In an example embodiment, heat from a heater (e.g., heater  170  shown in  FIGS. 2A and 2B ) may cause decarboxylation so as to convert the tetrahydrocannabinolic acid (THCA) in the capsule  100  to tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), and/or to convert the cannabidiolic acid (CBDA) in the capsule  100  to cannabidiol (CBD). 
     In instances where both tetrahydrocannabinolic acid (THCA) and tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) are present in the capsule  100 , the decarboxylation and resulting conversion will cause a decrease in tetrahydrocannabinolic acid (THCA) and an increase in tetrahydrocannabinol (THC). At least 50% (e.g., at least 87%) of the tetrahydrocannabinolic acid (THCA) may be converted to tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) during the heating of the capsule  100 . Similarly, in instances where both cannabidiolic acid (CBDA) and cannabidiol (CBD) are present in the capsule  100 , the decarboxylation and resulting conversion will cause a decrease in cannabidiolic acid (CBDA) and an increase in cannabidiol (CBD). At least 50% (e.g., at least 87%) of the cannabidiolic acid (CBDA) may be converted to cannabidiol (CBD) during the heating of the capsule  100 . 
     Furthermore, the compound may be or may additionally include a non-naturally occurring additive that is subsequently introduced into the fibrous material. In one instance, the fibrous material may include a synthetic material. In another instance, the fibrous material may include a natural material such as a cellulose material (e.g., non-tobacco and/or non- cannabis  material). In either instance, the compound introduced may include nicotine, cannabinoids, and/or flavorants. The flavorants may be from natural sources, such as plant extracts (e.g., tobacco extract,  cannabis  extract), and/or artificial sources. In yet another instance, when the fibrous material includes tobacco and/or  cannabis , the compound may be or may additionally include one or more flavorants (e.g., menthol, mint, vanilla). Thus, the compound within the aerosol-forming substrate may include naturally occurring constituents and/or non-naturally occurring additives. In this regard, it should be understood that existing levels of the naturally occurring constituents of the aerosol-forming substrate may be increased through supplementation. For example, the existing levels of nicotine in a quantity of tobacco may be increased through supplementation with an extract containing nicotine. Similarly, the existing levels of one or more cannabinoids in a quantity of  cannabis  may be increased through supplementation with an extract containing such cannabinoids. 
     Referring to  FIGS. 2A and 2B , the first frame  130  has a first interior face and a first exterior face. In addition, the first frame  130  defines a first opening  131 . In an example embodiment, the sidewall of the first opening  131  has opposing linear sections and, optionally, opposing curved sections, wherein one curved section may be adjacent to the proximal end of the first frame  130 , and the other curved section may be adjacent to the opposing distal end of the first frame  130 . The first permeable or impermeable structure  110  may be secured to the first interior face of the first frame  130  so as to be exposed by the first opening  131 . From a difference perspective, the first permeable or impermeable structure  110  may also be regarded as covering the first opening  131 . Furthermore, the first permeable or impermeable structure  110  may define a first aperture  112 . The first aperture  112  may be positioned and sized so as to accommodate the first convexity (not shown), which corresponds to first concavity  133  shown in  FIGS. 2A and 2B , when the first permeable or impermeable structure  110  is secured to the first frame  130 . 
     The second frame  140  has a second interior face and a second exterior face. In addition, the second frame  140  defines a second opening  141 . In an example embodiment, the sidewall of the second opening  141  has opposing linear sections and, optionally, opposing curved sections, wherein one curved section may be adjacent to the proximal end of the second frame  140 , and the other curved section may be adjacent to the opposing distal end of the second frame  140 . The second permeable or impermeable structure  120  may be secured to the second interior face of the second frame  140  so as to be exposed by the second opening  141 . From a different perspective, the second permeable or impermeable structure  120  may also be regarded as covering the second opening  141 . The size and shape of the second opening  141  may correspond to (e.g., mirror) the size and shape of the first opening  131 . Furthermore, the second permeable or impermeable structure  120  may define a second aperture  122 . The second aperture  122  may be positioned and sized so as to accommodate the second convexity  145  when the second permeable or impermeable structure  120  is secured to the second frame  140 . 
     The third frame  150  defines a cavity  151  configured to receive the aerosol-forming substrate  160 . The combination of the sidewall of the cavity  151  and the interior surfaces of the first permeable or impermeable structure  110  and the second permeable or impermeable structure  120  (which cover the cavity  151 ) may be regarded as defining a chamber. In an example embodiment, the sidewall of the cavity  151  has opposing linear sections and opposing curved sections, wherein one curved section is adjacent to the proximal end of the third frame  150 , and the other curved section is adjacent to the opposing distal end of the third frame  150 . The third frame  150  may be substantially the same size as the first permeable or impermeable structure  110  and the second permeable or impermeable structure  120  based on a plan view (e.g., ±10% of a given dimension). The third frame  150  may also define at least one aperture  152  adjacent to an end of the third frame  150 . In addition to the materials of construction for the first frame  130  and the second frame  140 , the third frame  150  may also be formed of other suitable materials, such as ceramic, sintered glass, and/or consolidated fibers (e.g., cardboard). 
     In at least one example embodiment, a heater  170  is configured to extend through the third frame  150  and into the cavity  151 . Additionally, the heater  170  may be regarded as being supported by the third frame  150 . The heater  170  includes a first end section  172 , an intermediate section  174 , and a second end section  176 . The first end section  172  and the second end section  176  of the heater  170  are external segments that also constitute parts of the side face of the capsule  100 . The intermediate section  174  of the heater  170  is an internal segment disposed within the capsule  100  (e.g., within the chamber of the housing containing the aerosol-forming substrate  160 ). The first end section  172 , the intermediate section  174 , and the second end section  176  of the heater  170  are sections of a continuous structure. In an example embodiment, the intermediate section  174  of the heater  170  has a planar and winding form. 
     When the heater  170  is activated, the temperature of the aerosol-forming substrate may increase, and an aerosol may be generated and released from the capsule  100 . 
     In at least one example embodiment, the heater  170  may be formed from a sheet material that may be cut, photo-etched, and stamped into a corrugated form or otherwise processed (e.g., electrochemical etching, die cutting, laser cutting). 
     In an example embodiment, the heater  170  is configured to undergo Joule heating (which is also known as ohmic/resistive heating) upon the application of an electric current thereto. Stated in more detail, the heater  170  may be formed of one or more conductors and configured to produce heat when an electric current passes therethrough. The electric current may be supplied between the first end section  172  and the second end section  176  of the heater  170  from a power source (e.g., battery) within the aerosol-generating device. Suitable conductors for the heater  170  include an iron-based alloy (e.g., stainless steel, iron aluminides), a nickel-based alloy (e.g., nichrome), and/or a ceramic (e.g., ceramic coated with metal). The intermediate section  174  of the heater  170  may have a thickness of about 0.1-0.3 mm (e.g., 0.15-0.25 mm) and a resistance of about 0.5-2.5 Ohms (e.g., 1-2 Ohms). 
     The electric current from the power source within the aerosol-generating device may be transmitted via electrodes configured to electrically contact the first end section  172  and the second end section  176  of the heater  170  when the capsule  100  is inserted into the aerosol-generating device. In a non-limiting embodiment, the electrodes within the aerosol-generating device may be spring-loaded to enhance an engagement with the heater  170  of the capsule  100 . For instance, a spring-loaded first electrode within the aerosol-generating device may have a rounded or beveled engagement portion configured to electrically contact the first end section  172  of the heater  170  such that the engagement portion is seated within the aperture in the first end section  172 . Similarly, a spring-loaded second electrode within the aerosol-generating device may have a rounded or beveled engagement portion configured to electrically contact the second end section  176  of the heater  170  such that the engagement portion is seated within the aperture in the second end section  176 . In such instances, the engagement of the first electrode and the second electrode of the aerosol-generating device with the first end section  172  and the second end section  176 , respectively, of the heater  170  may produce a confirmatory click. The spring-loading of the electrodes may be in a direction that is orthogonal to the plane of the heater  170 . In addition to or in lieu of the spring-loading, the movement (e.g., engagement, release) of the electrodes may be achieved by mechanical actuation. Furthermore, the supply of the electric current from the aerosol-generating device to the capsule  100  may be a manual operation (e.g., button-activated) or an automatic operation (e.g., puff-activated). 
     The aerosol-forming substrate  160  may be disposed within the cavity  151  of the third frame  150  so as to be on one side (as shown in  FIG. 2A ) or both sides (as shown in  FIG. 2B ) of the intermediate section  174  of the heater  170 . In at least one example embodiment, the aerosol-forming substrate  160  may be in a consolidated form (e.g., sheet, pallet, tablet) that is configured to maintain its shape so as to allow the aerosol-forming substrate  160  to be placed in a unified manner within the cavity  151  of the third frame  150 . In such an instance, one mass of the aerosol-forming substrate  160  may be disposed on one side of the intermediate section  174  of the heater  170  as shown in  FIG. 2A . In another example embodiment, as shown in  FIG. 2B , one mass of the aerosol-forming substrate  160  may be disposed on one side of the intermediate section  174  of the heater  170 , while another mass of the aerosol-forming substrate  160  may be disposed on the other side of the intermediate section  174  of the heater  170  (e.g., so as to substantially fill the cavity  151  of the third frame  150  and sandwich/embed the intermediate section  174  of the heater  170  in between). Alternatively, the aerosol-forming substrate  160  may be in a loose form (e.g., particles, fibers, grounds, fragments, shreds) that does not have a set shape but rather is configured to take on the shape of the cavity  151  of the third frame  150  when introduced. 
     The first permeable or impermeable structure  110  and the second permeable or impermeable structure  120  may be secured to the first frame  130  and the second frame  140 , respectively, via a variety of attachment techniques. For instance, the attachment technique may involve injection molding (e.g., insert molding, over molding). In another instance, the attachment technique may involve ultrasonic welding. In other instances, the attachment technique may involve an adhesive (e.g., tape, glue) that has been deemed food-safe or otherwise acceptable by a regulatory authority. Alternatively, in lieu of a separate attachment technique, the first permeable or impermeable structure  110  and the second permeable or impermeable structure  120  may be clamped against the third frame  150  (or otherwise constrained) by the first frame  130  and the second frame  140 , respectively. 
     As shown in  FIGS. 2A and 2B , the first frame  130  includes at least one first connector protruding from the first interior face of the first frame  130 . The at least one first connector of the first frame  130  may be in a form of a first connector  138 . In an example embodiment, the first connector  138  may extend along an edge of the first interior face of the first frame  130  in a form a ridge (e.g., first ridge). The ridge may define a trench extending along its entire length so as to resemble an elevated trench or a recessed/furrowed ridge. In addition or in the alternative, the ridge may have a tapered ridgeline and, as a result, may be referred to as a tapered ridge. Although the first connector  138  is shown as being separated into a plurality of discrete structures (e.g., four discrete structures), it should be understood that example embodiments are not limited thereto. For instance, alternatively, the first connector  138  may be a single, continuous structure extending along the edge so as to completely surround the first interior face of the first frame  130 . 
     Similarly, the second frame  140  includes at least one second connector protruding from the second interior face of the second frame  140 . The at least one second connector of the second frame  140  may be in a form of a second connector  148 . The second connector  148  of the second frame  140  and the first connector  138  of the first frame  130  are complementary structures configured to mate with each other. In an example embodiment, the second connector  148  may extend along an edge of the second interior face of the second frame  140  in a form a ridge (e.g., second ridge). The ridge may define a trench extending along its entire length so as to resemble an elevated trench or a recessed/furrowed ridge. In addition or in the alternative, the ridge may have a tapered ridgeline and, as a result, may be referred to as a tapered ridge. Although the second connector  148  is shown as being separated into a plurality of discrete structures (e.g., four discrete structures), it should be understood that example embodiments are not limited thereto. For instance, alternatively, the second connector  148  may be a single, continuous structure extending along the periphery so as to completely surround the second interior face of the second frame  140 . 
     In the non-limiting embodiment illustrated in  FIGS. 2A and 2B  where the first connector  138  of the first frame  130  is separated into four discrete structures, two of the structures may be elevated trenches, while the other two structures may be tapered ridges. Conversely, the second connector  148  of the second frame  140  may be separated into four discrete structures, wherein two of the structures are tapered ridges, while the other two structures are elevated trenches. The mixed set of elevated trenches and tapered ridges of the first frame  130  are configured to mate with the mixed set of tapered ridges and elevated trenches, respectively, of the second frame  140  during the assembly of the capsule  100 . It should be understood that various combinations of elevated trenches and the tapered ridges are possible for the first frame  130  and the second frame  140 . Furthermore, each of the first permeable or impermeable structure  110  and the second permeable or impermeable structure  120  may have tab-like extensions (e.g., four tab-like extensions) disposed between the discrete structures of the first connector  138  and the second connector  148 , respectively, when the capsule  100  is assembled. 
     A tapered ridge of the first connector  138  and/or the second connector  148  may have a shoulder portion and an inclined portion that rises from the shoulder portion to form a tapered ridgeline. The tapered ridgeline may function as an energy director during assembly (e.g., to facilitate welding). A corresponding elevated trench of the first connector  138  and/or the second connector  148  may have a rim portion and a trench bottom. As shown in  FIGS. 2A and 2B , the trench bottom of the elevated trench may be a planar bottom. Alternatively, the trench bottom of the elevated trench may be a V-shaped bottom. In an example embodiment of a connection between the first frame  130  and the second frame  140 , the inclined portion of a tapered ridge is configured to contact the trench bottom of a corresponding elevated trench, while the shoulder portion of the tapered ridge interfaces with the rim portion of the elevated trench. Thus, the engagement surfaces of the first connector  138  and the second connector  148  may be inversely or complementarily configured to facilitate mating. 
     When the mixed set of elevated trenches and tapered ridges of each frame are grouped such that the elevated trenches are on one linear side edge while the tapered ridges are on the other linear side edge, as shown in  FIGS. 2A and 2B , the first frame  130  and the second frame  140  may be identical parts. In such an instance, orienting the first frame  130  and the second frame  140  to face each other for mating will result in a complementary arrangement. As a result, one part may be used interchangeably as the first frame  130  or the second frame  140 , thus simplifying the method of manufacturing. 
     To assemble the capsule  100 , the first frame  130  may be connected to the second frame  140  after an aerosol-forming substrate  160  is disposed within the cavity  151  of the third frame  150  (e.g., so as to be on both sides of the intermediate section  174  of the heater  170 ). In such an instance, the third frame  150  will be sandwiched between the first permeable or impermeable structure  110  and the second permeable or impermeable structure  120  when the first frame  130  is connected to the second frame  140 . During assembly, the at least one first connector of the first frame  130  is configured to engage with the at least one second connector of the second frame  140  to form at least one connection (e.g., four connections). For instance, an elevated trench (and/or tapered ridge) of the first connector  138  is configured to mate with a corresponding tapered ridge (and/or elevated trench) of the second connector  148 . In addition, the joinder between the first connector  138  of the first frame  130  and the second connector  148  of the second frame  140  may be achieved via a welded arrangement (e.g., ultrasonic welding). Furthermore, the outer sidewall of the first frame  130  may be substantially flush with the outer sidewall of the second frame  140  when the capsule  100  is assembled, although example embodiments are not limited thereto. Once assembled, the capsule  100  is difficult or impracticable to open without damaging the connectors, the frames, and/or other aspects of the capsule  100 . As a result, the capsule  100  is relatively tamper-proof against unauthorized actions by third parties. 
     The capsule  100  has been described as including, inter alia, a first frame  130  that is separate from a second frame  140 . Alternatively, in some instances, the first frame  130  and the second frame  140  may be fabricated as a single structure that is configured to fold during assembly such that the first connector  138  engages with the second connector  148 . For example, the first frame  130  and the second frame  140  may resemble a clamshell structure, wherein the linear distal edge of the first frame  130  is connected to the linear distal edge of the second frame  140  with an integral section of reduced thickness that functions as a fold line. In another example, a linear side edge of the first frame  130  may be connected to a linear side edge of the second frame  140  with an integral section of reduced thickness that functions as a fold line. With a clamshell structure, it should be understood that one or more connections (e.g., along the fold line) may be omitted from the capsule  100 . 
       FIG. 3  is a plan view of a patterned sheet in connection with the fabrication of a heater according to at least one example embodiment. 
     In at least one example embodiment, as shown in  FIG. 3 , a sheet material may be cut or otherwise processed (e.g., stamping, electrochemical etching, die cutting, laser cutting) to produce a patterned sheet  370 . As shown, the patterned sheet  370  includes a heater having a first end section  372 , a first arm portion  373 , an intermediate section  374 , a second arm portion  375 , and a second end section  376 . The first end section  372  and the second end section  376  may define apertures  378   a  and  378   b , respectively. The first arm portion  373  and the second arm portion  375  may function as support structures as well as thermal relief segments. The intermediate section  374  may have a winding form resembling a compressed oscillation or zigzag with a plurality of parallel segments (e.g., eight to twelve parallel segments). The parallel segments can be connected via U-shaped end portions as shown in  FIG. 3 . A sheet portion  309  is connected to the first end section  372 , the first arm portion  373 , the second arm portion  375 , and the second end section  376  via breakout portions  311 . During a subsequent step of the fabrication process, the breakout portions  311  are cut to allow the first end section  372 , the first arm portion  373 , the second arm portion  375 , and the second end section  376  of the heater to be separated from the sheet portion  309 . Although six breakout portions  311  are illustrated, it should be understood that example embodiments are not limited thereto. Furthermore, the first arm portion  373  and the second arm portion  375  may include alignment tabs (e.g., six alignment tabs) adjacent to the breakout portions  311  to facilitate a placement of the heater during the assembly of the capsule. 
       FIG. 4  is a view of a capsule including the heater of  FIG. 3  with the second frame removed according to at least one example embodiment. 
     In an example embodiment, as shown in  FIG. 4 , the capsule is the same as the capsule of  FIGS. 1A, 1B, 2A, and 2B , except that the capsule  400  includes the heater  370  shown and described with respect to  FIG. 3  and the second frame  140  has been removed to show the inner frame  150 , the heater  370 , and openings  410  at least partially defined by the first frame  130 . While not shown in  FIG. 4 , the openings  410  are also at least partially defined by the second frame  140 , such that when the first frame  130  is joined with the second frame  140 , the openings  410  expose portions of the inner (third) frame  150 . 
       FIG. 5  is a side view of the capsule of  FIG. 4  according to at least one example embodiment, a fourth side being a mirror image of the third side. 
     In at least one example embodiment, as shown in  FIG. 5 , the capsule  400  of  FIG. 4  is shown with the second frame  140  joined with the first frame  130 , such that the opening  410  exposes the inner frame  150 . An opening  410  is also on the opposite side of the capsule  400 , but not shown. As shown, the inner frame  150  defines at least one air passage  500  leading from a side edge of the inner frame  150  to the cavity  151  (shown in  FIG. 6 ). In at least one example embodiment, the at least one air passage  500  aligns with the at least one opening  410  so as to allow airflow through the at least one opening  410 , through the at least one air passage  500  to the cavity  151 , and across the heater  370 . 
     In at least one example embodiment, a diameter of the at least one air passage  500  ranges from about 0.1 mm to about 5 mm (e.g., about 0.15 mm to about 4.5 mm, about 0.20 mm to about 4.0 mm, or about 1.25 mm to about 3.5 mm). The diameter of the air passages  500  can be altered so as to achieve a desired resistance-to-draw (RTD) of the aerosol-generating device. 
     In at least one example embodiment, the capsule  400  has a thickness ranging from 1.0 mm to 10.0 mm (e.g. about 2.0 mm to about 9.0 mm, about 3.0 mm to about 8.0 mm, about 4.0 mm to about 7.0 mm or about 5.0 mm to about 6.0 mm). 
       FIG. 6  is a view of the capsule of  FIG. 5  with the second frame removed illustrating airflow therethrough according to at least one example embodiment. 
     In at least one example embodiment, as shown in  FIG. 6 , the capsule  400  includes four openings  410  defines between the first frame  130  and the second frame  140  (as shown in  FIG. 5 ). Each of the openings  410  aligns with an air passage  500  or outlet  600  defined in and extending through the inner frame  150 . When the capsule  400  is placed in an aerosol-generating device (see  FIG. 23 ) and activated, air is drawn through the openings  410  between tab portions  178   a ,  178   b  of the first end section  172  and the second end section  176  and the openings  410  along the sides of the inner frame  150 , and through the air passages  500  in the inner frame. After passing through the air passages  500 , the air travels across the heater  370  and the aerosol-generating material (shown in  FIGS. 2A and 2B ) and exits the capsule  400  via the outlet  600 . In at least one example embodiment, the air and/or vapor exiting via the outlet  600  may then pass through a mouthpiece (described further with respect to  FIGS. 9-23 ). The capsule  400  is generally sealed so as to promote good airflow through all of the openings  410  and air passages  500  as air is pulled through the outlet  600 . For example, the first and second permeable or impermeable structures  110 ,  120  (shown in  FIGS. 1A, 1B, 2A, and 2B ) are air impermeable so as to seal the capsule  400  in at least one example embodiment. Since the capsule  400  is sealed, the air flows generally longitudinally across the heater  370  and the aerosol-forming substrate (shown in  FIGS. 2A and 2B ) so as to prolong contact with the heater  370  and the aerosol-forming substrate. 
     In at least one example embodiment, a diameter of the outlet  600  ranges from about 0.1 mm to about 5 mm (e.g., about 0.15 mm to about 4.5 mm, about 0.20 mm to about 4.0 mm, or about 0.25 mm to about 3.5 mm). The diameter of the outlet  600  can be altered so as to achieve a desired resistance-to-draw (RTD) of the aerosol-generating device. 
       FIG. 7  is a view of the capsule of  FIG. 4  illustrating an alternative airflow path therethrough according to at least one example embodiment. 
     In at least one example embodiment, as shown in  FIG. 7 , the capsule  400  is the same as the capsule  400  of  FIG. 4-6  except that the capsule  400  includes a diffuser  700 , but excludes the side air passages  500  aligned with the openings  410  described in  FIGS. 5-6 . 
     In at least one example embodiment, the capsule  400  includes only one air passage  500  between the tab portions  178   a ,  178   b . The air passage  500  exits into the diffuser  700 , which is configured to direct air and/or redistribute air from the at least one air passage  500  towards the outlet  600 . The diffuser  700  includes at least one channel in a first face  705  of the inner frame  150 . In at least one example embodiment, the diffuser  700  includes a main channel  720  extending from the at least one air passage  500 . The main channel  720  extends in a generally longitudinal direction along a face of the inner frame  150 . The diffuser  700  also includes at least one redistribution channel  710  extending from the main channel  720 . The at least one redistribution channel  710  includes a lateral and/or perpendicular channel extending from and in fluid communication with the main channel  720 . The diffuser  700  also includes at least one longitudinally extending secondary channel  730  extending from the redistribution channel  720 . As shown in  FIG. 7 , the diffuser  700  includes six longitudinally extending secondary channels  730 . In other example embodiments, the diffuser  700  may include between 2 and 20 secondary channels  710  (e.g., 4 to 18, 6 to 16, 8 to 14, or 10 to 12). In some example embodiments, the at least one secondary channel  730  is a straight channel. In at least one example embodiment, the secondary channel  730  may be angled channel with respect to the main channel  720 . The secondary channels  730  may have any suitable shape, and may resemble tree branches extending from the main channel  720 . 
     In at least one example embodiments, the main channel  720 , the redistribution channel  710 , and the at least one secondary channel  730  in the face of the inner frame  150  is about 0.1 mm to about 0.5 mm deep (e.g., about 0.2 mm to about 0.4 mm or about 0.25 mm to about 0.35 mm). Further, the capsule  400  is sealed, such the air flows in through the passage  500  through the diffuser  700 , across the heater  370 , and out through the outlet  600 , such that the airflow pathway through the capsule  400  is longer than a thickness of the capsule. 
       FIG. 8  is a view of the capsule of  FIG. 4  illustrating airflow therethrough according to at least one example embodiment. 
     In at least one example embodiment, as shown in  FIG. 8 , the capsule is the same as the capsule  400  of  FIG. 7  except that the diffuser  700  communicates only with the side openings  410  and the capsule  400  does not include an opening  410  between the tab portions  178   a ,  178   b  or air passages  500  through the inner frame  150 . 
     As shown in  FIG. 8 , the diffuser  700  includes the redistribution channel  710  and the secondary channels  730 . Air enters the capsule  400  via the side openings  410 , travels through the secondary channel  730  adjacent the side openings, through the redistribution channel  710  to other branches of the diffuser  700 , across the heater  370 , and to the outlet  600 . In at least one example embodiment, the channels  710 ,  730  are about 0.25 mm deep in the first face  705  of the inner frame  150 . The airflow pathway through the capsule  400  is longer than a thickness of the capsule. 
       FIG. 9  is a perspective view of a capsule assembly including a capsule connected with a mouthpiece according to at least one example embodiment. 
     In at least one example embodiment, as shown in  FIG. 9 , a capsule assembly  915  includes the capsule of  FIG. 4  and the inner frame  150  includes an extension portion  900  connected to a mouthpiece  910 . 
     As shown in  FIG. 9 , the capsule  400  includes the inner frame  150 , which includes the extension portion  900 . The extension portion  900  and the inner frame  150  can be a single piece that is 3D printed or otherwise formed. The extension portion  900  includes a neck portion  904  and a body portion  906 . The neck portion  904  may be V-shaped, while the body portion  906  may be generally circular in cross-section and have a diameter that is wider than the capsule  400 . The neck portion  904  and the body portion  906  can be any suitable shape that is configured to connect with the mouthpiece  910 . 
     In at least one example embodiment, the mouthpiece  910  may be any suitable mouthpiece such as the mouthpiece described in U.S. Pat. No. 10,064,432, the entire content of which is incorporated herein by reference. For example, the mouthpiece  910  may include at least one outlet  920 . As shown, the mouthpiece  910  includes four outlets  920  and a portion of the mouthpiece  910  fits within the body  906  of the extension portion  900 . In other example embodiments, the mouthpiece  910  may include one or more outlets and/or a portion of the mouthpiece  910  may surround the extension portion  900  of the inner frame  150 . The first frame  130  and the second frame  140  fit around the inner frame  150  and a portion of the extension portion  900  that extends beyond the first and second frames  130 ,  140 . 
       FIG. 10  is a side cross-sectional view of the capsule assembly of  FIG. 9  according to at least one example embodiment. 
     In at least one example embodiment, as shown in  FIG. 10 , the capsule  400  and mouthpiece  910  are the same as shown in  FIGS. 4 and 9 , respectively, but alternative internal features are shown. As shown in  FIG. 10 , the extension portion  900  defines a chamber  1020 . The chamber  1020  is configured to receive a base  1010  of the mouthpiece  910 . The base  1010  of the mouthpiece  910  defines a passage  1000 . The inner frame  150  and the extension portion  900  further define an extension channel  1030 , which extends from the cavity  151  and through a length of the extension portion  900 . The cavity  151  is in fluid communication with the passage  1000  and outlet  920  of the mouthpiece  910 , such that aerosol and/or air exits the capsule  400  and mouthpiece via the outlets  920 . 
       FIG. 11  is a side cross-sectional view along line XI-XI of the capsule assembly of  FIG. 10  according to at least one example embodiment. 
     In at least one example embodiment, as shown in  FIG. 11 , the capsule assembly  915  including the capsule  400  and the mouthpiece  910  are the same as in  FIGS. 9 and 10  except that the capsule  400  includes vents  1110  in communication with the opening  410 . The inner frame  150  defines the vents  1110  on the first and second face thereof. The vents  1110  extend from the and are in fluid communication with the opening  410  adjacent the tab portions  178   a ,  178   b , such that the air flows from the vents  1110  to the cavity  151  when a draw is taken on the mouthpiece  910 . In at least one example embodiment, the vents  1110  may be molded into a surface of the inner frame  150 . The vents  1110  may be about 10 microns deep and/or about 10 microns wide. In some example embodiments, a depth and/or a width of the vents  1110  may be adjusted so as to adjust an amount of air allowed to flow into the capsule  400 . The vents  1110  may be designed so as to maintain the aerosol-forming substrate  160  within the capsule  400 , while creating a comfortable draw for an adult consumer. 
       FIG. 12  is a side cross-sectional view of the assembly of  FIG. 9  according to at least one example embodiment. 
     In at least one example embodiment, as shown in  FIG. 12 , the capsule assembly  915  is the same as in  FIG. 4  and  FIGS. 9-10 , except that instead of the vents  1110  of  FIG. 11 , a channel  1200  is defined by and extends through a portion of the inner frame  150 . As shown in  FIG. 12 , air enters the capsule  400  via the opening  410 , passes through the channel  1200  within the inner frame  150  into the cavity  151 , flows through the extension channel  1030 , into the passage  1000  of the mouthpiece  910 , and out of the capsule assembly  915  via the outlets  920  of the mouthpiece  910 . 
       FIG. 13  is a side cross-sectional view along line XIII-XIII of the capsule assembly of  FIG. 12  according to at least one example embodiment. 
     In at least one example embodiment as shown in  FIG. 13 , the capsule assembly  915  is same as in  FIG. 12 , but the channel  1200  and the vents  1110  are shown in cross-section. 
       FIG. 14  is a side cross-sectional view of the capsule assembly of  FIG. 9  according to at least one example embodiment. 
       FIG. 15  is a side cross-sectional view along line XV-XV of the capsule assembly of  FIG. 14  according to at least one example embodiment. 
     In at least one example embodiment, as shown in  FIGS. 14 and 15 , the capsule assembly is the same as in  FIG. 9  except that the capsule  400  (which is the same as in  FIG. 4 ) includes side channels  1400 , the central channel  1200  in the inner frame  150  (as shown and described with respect to  FIGS. 12-13 ), and the mouthpiece  910  of  FIGS. 9 and 10 . 
     As shown in  FIGS. 14 and 15 , the capsule  400  includes side channels  1400  that align with the openings  410  established between the first frame  130  and the second frame  140 . The capsule  400  also include the central channel  1200  that aligns with the opening  410  established between the first frame  130  and the second frame  140 . When a draw is taken on the mouthpiece  910 , air is pulled into the capsule  400  via the openings  410 , through the side channels  1400  and the central channel  1200 , into the cavity  151 , into the extension channel  1030 , into the passage  1000  and out of the mouthpiece  910  via the outlets  920 . 
     In at least one example embodiment, the central channel  1200  may have a diameter of about 0.5 mm to about 1.5. The side channels  1400  may also have a diameter of about 0.5 mm to about 1.5 mm. For example, the central channel  1200  and the side channels  1400  may each have a diameter of about 1.0 mm. 
       FIG. 16  is a side cross-sectional view of the capsule assembly of  FIG. 9  according to at least one example embodiment. 
       FIG. 17  is a side cross-sectional view along line XVII-XVII of the capsule assembly of  FIG. 16  according to at least one example embodiment. 
     In at least one example embodiment, as shown in  FIGS. 16 and 17 , the capsule assembly is the same as the capsule assembly  915  of  FIGS. 14 and 15  and includes the capsule  400 , which is the same as the capsule of  FIG. 4  except that the capsule  400  also includes two vents  1110  along faces of the inner frame  150  as shown and described with respect to  FIG. 11 . When a draw is taken on the mouthpiece  910 , air is drawn into the capsule  400  through the openings  410  in the bottom portion and sides of the capsule  400 , through the vents  1110 , central channel  1200 , and the side channels  1400 , into the cavity  151 , through the extension channel  1030 , into the passage  1000  of the mouthpiece, and out of the capsule assembly via the outlets  920 . 
     In at least one example embodiment, the central channel  1200  and the side channels  1400  each have a diameter of about 1 mm. 
       FIG. 18  is a side perspective view of a capsule assembly including a capsule enclosed in a capsule enclosure and connected to a mouthpiece according to at least one example embodiment. 
       FIG. 19  is a side cross-sectional view along line XIX-XIX of the capsule assembly of  FIG. 18  according to at least one example embodiment. 
     In at least one example embodiment, as shown in  FIGS. 18 and 19 , the capsule assembly  1800  can include the capsule  400  of  FIG. 4 , the mouthpiece of  FIG. 9 , and further including a capsule enclosure  1810  in lieu of the extension portion shown and described in  FIGS. 9-17 . 
     As shown in  FIGS. 18 and 19 , the capsule enclosure  1810  substantially encloses the capsule  400  so as to seal the capsule  400  (shown in  FIG. 19 ) and force airflow across and/or along the heater  370  within the capsule  400 . As shown in  FIGS. 18 and 19 , the capsule enclosure  1810  includes a first body  1820  and a second body  1830 . The first body  1820  and the second body  1830  may be 3D printed or molded and connected together around portions of the capsule  400  and the mouthpiece  910 . The connection between the first body  1820  and the second body  1830  may be made with any suitable connection including rubber bands, adhesives, and/or mechanical connections formed into the first body  1820  and/or the second body  1830 . 
     In at least one example embodiment, the capsule enclosure  1810  defines a passageway  1900  therethrough. As shown in  FIG. 19 , the passageway  1900  includes a first passageway section  1920  extending through a portion of the first body  1820  and a second passageway section  1930  extending through a portion of the second body  1830 . Further, as shown in  FIG. 19 , the second passageway section  1930  may include an inlet  1940  through which air enters when a draw is taken on the mouthpiece  910 . The air travels through the inlet  1940  to and through the second passageway section  1930  to the capsule  400 . The air may enter the capsule  400  at a top thereof. At the capsule  400 , the air flows through the first permeable or impermeable structure, which in this example embodiment, is permeable. The air then travels through and/or across the aerosol-forming substrate (shown and described with respect to  FIGS. 2A and 2B ) and across the heater  370 . As shown, the airflow is generally longitudinal and/or diagonal across the heater  370 , and exits the capsule  400  at a bottom thereof. The air exits the capsule  400  via the second permeable or impermeable structure  120 , which in this example embodiment, is permeable. The air travels through the second passageway section  1930  through the capsule enclosure exit  1950 , into the passage  1000  of the mouthpiece  910  and out of the capsule assembly  1800  via the outlets  920 . The airflow pathway through the capsule  400  is longer than a thickness of the capsule. 
     In at least one example embodiment, as shown in  FIG. 19 , the tab portions  178   a ,  178   b  of the capsule  400  extend out of the capsule enclosure  1810  so as to facilitate electrical connection with a power supply and/or control circuitry in an aerosol-generating device as described further with respect to  FIG. 23 . 
     In at least one example embodiment, while the mouthpiece  910  is shown centered on the capsule assembly  1800 , the mouthpiece  910  could be arranged off-center so as to avoid and/or reduce the number of turns in the passageway  1900 . 
     Further, the inlet  1940  could be connected to a flow sensor or adjacent area via tubing if desired. 
       FIG. 20  is a side cross-sectional view of the capsule assembly of  FIG. 18  according to at least one example embodiment. 
     In at least one example embodiment, as shown in  FIG. 20 , the capsule assembly  1800  is the same as in  FIGS. 18 and 19 , except that the passageway  1900  is arranged such that air enters the capsule  400  at a bottom thereof and exits at a top thereof. The air travels generally longitudinally and/or diagonally across the capsule so as to prolong contact with the aerosol-forming substrate and/or heater  370 . 
       FIG. 21  is a side cross-sectional view of the capsule assembly of  FIG. 18  according to at least one example embodiment. 
     In at least one example embodiment, as shown in  FIG. 21 , the capsule assembly  1800  is the same as in  FIG. 18  except that the capsule  400  includes a vent  2100  on a first face of the inner frame  150  and the passageway  1900  excludes the second passageway section  1930  and inlet  1940  thereto. 
     As shown in  FIG. 21 , air enters the capsule  400  via the vent  2100  and then passes longitudinally and/or diagonally across the aerosol-forming substrate and/or heater  370  before passing into the first passageway section  1920 , the outlet  1950  and into the passage  1000  of the mouthpiece  910 . The airflow pathway through the capsule  400  is longer than a thickness of the capsule. 
       FIG. 22  is a side cross-sectional view of the capsule assembly of  FIG. 18  according to at least one example embodiment. 
     In at least one example embodiment, as shown in  FIG. 22 , the capsule assembly is the same as that of  FIG. 21 , except that the capsule  400  includes two vents  2100 . As shown, a first vent  2100   a  is on a first face and a second vent  2100   b  is on a second face of the inner frame  150 . Air enters the capsule assembly  1800  via the vents  2100   a ,  2100   b.    
       FIG. 23  is a schematic illustration of an aerosol generating device for use with a capsule according to at least one example embodiment. 
     In at least one example embodiment, as shown in  FIG. 23 , an aerosol-generating device  2300  (e.g., heat-not-burn aerosol-generating device) includes a mouthpiece  2315  and a device body  2325 . A power source  2335  and control circuitry  2345  may be disposed within the device body  2325  of the aerosol-generating device  2300 . At least one air inlet  2365  may be defined in a wall of the device body  2325 . The power source  2335  may include one or more batteries (e.g., rechargeable dual battery arrangement), such as Lithium ion batteries. The aerosol-generating device  2300  is configured to receive a capsule  100 ,  400  and/or capsule assembly as described herein, which may be as described in connection with any of the embodiments herein. The aerosol-generating device  2300  also includes an engagement assembly  2355  configured to electrically contact the capsule  100 ,  400 . The engagement assembly  2355  may include a first electrode  2360  and a second electrode  2362  configured to electrically contact a first end section and a second end section, respectively, of a heater of the capsule. 
     After the capsule  100 ,  400  is inserted into the aerosol-generating device  2300 , the control circuitry  2345  may instruct the power source  2335  to supply an electric current between the first electrode  2360  and the second electrode  2362  of the engagement assembly  2355 . The supply of current from the power source  2335  may be in response to a manual operation (e.g., button-activation) or an automatic operation (e.g., puff-activation). As a result of the current, the capsule  100 ,  400  may be heated to generate an aerosol. In addition, the change in resistance of the heater may be used to monitor and control the aerosolization temperature. The aerosol generated may be drawn from the aerosol-generating device  2300  via the mouthpiece  2315 . 
     In at least one example embodiment, upon activating the aerosol-generating device  2300 , the capsule  100 ,  400  within the device body  2325  may be heated to generate an aerosol. In at least one example embodiment, activation of the aerosol-generating device  2300  may be triggered by the detection of an air flow by a sensor  2375  and/or the generation of a signal associate with the pressing of a first button  2380  and/or a second button  2385 . With regard to the detection of an air flow, a draw or application of negative pressure on the aerosol outlet  2390  of the mouthpiece  2315  will pull ambient air into the device body  2325  via the air inlet  2365 . Once inside the device body  2325 , the air travels through an inlet channel  2395  and is detected by the sensor  2375 . A portion of the air also enters the capsule  100 ,  400  as described herein. 
     The detection of the air flow by the sensor  2375  causes the control circuitry  2345  to instruct the power source  2335  to supply an electric current to the capsule  100 ,  400  via the first end section  172  and the second end section  176  of the heater  170 ,  370  (as described herein). As a result, the temperature of the intermediate section  174  of the heater  170 ,  370  will increase which, in turn, will cause the temperature of the aerosol-forming substrate (e.g., aerosol-forming substrate  160 ) to increase such that volatiles are released by the aerosol-forming substrate  160  to produce an aerosol. The aerosol produced will be entrained by the air flowing through the capsule  100 ,  400 . In particular, the aerosol produced will pass through the capsule  100 ,  400  before exiting the aerosol-generating device  2300  from the aerosol outlet  2390  of the mouthpiece  2315 . 
     The processing circuitry (control circuitry) may be hardware including logic circuits; a hardware/software combination such as a processor executing software; or a combination thereof. For example, the processing circuitry more specifically may include, but is not limited to, a central processing unit (CPU), an arithmetic logic unit (ALU), a digital signal processor, a microcomputer, a field programmable gate array (FPGA), a System-on-Chip (SoC), a programmable logic unit, a microprocessor, application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC), etc. 
     Additional details of the capsule  100 ,  400  and the aerosol-generating device  2300 , including the mouthpiece  2315 , the device body  325 , the power source  2335 , the control circuitry  2345 , the electrodes may be found in U.S. application Ser. No. 15/845,501, filed Dec. 18, 2017, titled “VAPORIZING DEVICES AND METHODS FOR DELIVERING A COMPOUND USING THE SAME,” Atty. Dkt. No. 24000DM-000012-US, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein in its entirety by reference. The capsule, aerosol-forming substrate, and related aspects discussed herein are also described in more detail in U.S. application Ser. No. 16/252,951, filed Jan. 21, 2019, titled “CAPSULE, HEAT-NOT-BURN (HNB) AEROSOL-GENERATING DEVICES, AND METHODS OF GENERATING AN AEROSOL,” Atty. Dkt. No. 24000NV-000521-US, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein in its entirety by reference. 
     Additional details of the substrates, capsules, devices, and methods discussed herein may also be found in U.S. application Ser. No. 16/451,662, filed Jun. 25, 2019, titled “CAPSULES, HEAT-NOT-BURN (HNB) AEROSOL-GENERATING DEVICES, AND METHODS OF GENERATING AN AEROSOL,” Atty. Dkt. No. 24000NV-000522-US; U.S. application Ser. No. 16/252,951, filed Jan. 21, 2019, titled “CAPSULES, HEAT-NOT-BURN (HNB) AEROSOL-GENERATING DEVICES, AND METHODS OF GENERATING AN AEROSOL,” Atty. Dkt. No. 24000NV-000521-US; U.S. application Ser. No. 15/845,501, filed Dec. 18, 2017, titled “VAPORIZING DEVICES AND METHODS FOR DELIVERING A COMPOUND USING THE SAME,” Atty. Dkt. No. 24000DM-000012-US; U.S. application Ser. No. 15/559,308, filed Sep. 18, 2017, titled “VAPORIZER FOR VAPORIZING AN ACTIVE INGREDIENT,” Atty. Dkt. No. 24000DM-000003-US-NP; and U.S. application Ser. No. 16/909,131, filed Jun. 23, 2020, titled “CAPSULES INCLUDING INTERNAL HEATERS, HEAT-NOT-BURN (HNB) AEROSOL-GENERATING DEVICES, AND METHODS OF GENERATING AN AEROSOL,” Atty. Dkt. No. 24000NV-000603-US, the disclosures of each of which are incorporated herein in their entirety by reference. 
     While a number of example embodiments have been disclosed herein, it should be understood that other variations may be possible. Such variations are not to be regarded as a departure from the spirit and scope of the present disclosure, and all such modifications as would be obvious to one skilled in the art are intended to be included within the scope of the following claims.