Patent Publication Number: US-8968721-B2

Title: Delivery vehicle for probiotic bacteria comprising a dry matrix of polysaccharides, saccharides and polyols in a glass form and methods of making same

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION 
     The present application is a continuation-in-part application of and claims priority to copending application U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/351,343 filed on Jan. 17, 2012 which is a divisional application of and claims priority to U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/159,407 filed on Nov. 21, 2008, now U.S. Pat. No. 8,097,245, which was the National Stage of International Application No. PCT/US2006/049434 filed in the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office, PCT Division, on Dec. 28, 2006, which in turn claimed priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 60/754,502 filed on Dec. 28, 2005, the contents of all applications are hereby incorporated by reference herein. 
    
    
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     The disclosure relates generally to the field of a delivery vehicle for probiotic bacteria comprising a dry matrix of polysaccharides, saccharides and polyols in a glass form. Methods of making and uses thereof are also provided. 
     Probiotics are defined as live microbes that beneficially affect the host by modulating mucosal and systemic immunity, as well as improving intestinal function and microbial balance in the intestinal tract. Various nutritional and therapeutic effects have been ascribed to probiotics including: modulating immune response, lowering serum cholesterol concentrations, improving lactose intolerance symptoms, increasing resistance to infectious intestinal diseases, decreasing duration of diarrhea, reducing blood pressure, and helping to prevent colon cancer (Isolauri E et al. 2001, Kailasapathy K and J. 2000, Marteau P R et al. 2001, Perdigon G et al. 2001). In order to exert their beneficial effects on the host, probiotics must remain viable and reach the intestine in large numbers (Favaro-Trindade and Grosso 2002). However, maintaining long term stability of probiotics requires special storage conditions, since viability deteriorates rapidly over a short time period at ambient temperature and humid conditions (Shah 2000). In addition to poor shelf life, a significant loss of viability occurs upon exposure of the probiotics to gastric conditions of low pH and digestive enzymes. Existing preservation methods fail to provide satisfactory viability upon storage and gastric protection, especially if cells are stored at ambient or higher temperature and humidity. 
     Freeze-drying is often used for preservation and storage of bacteria because of the low temperature exposure during drying. However, it has the undesirable characteristics of significantly reducing viability as well as being time and energy-intensive. Freeze-drying involves placing the cells in solution, freezing the solution, and exposing the frozen solid to a vacuum under conditions wherein it remains solid and the water and any other volatile components are removed by sublimation. Standard freeze drying temperature of −30° C. to −70° C. are below the freezing point of water, but are well above the glass transition (Tg) temperature of the drying solution, which results in the undesirable effect of crystallization of water into ice. Freezing bacterial cultures results in substantial physical damage to the bacterial cell wall and subsequent loss of viability. Therefore, avoiding ice formation during cold storage of proteins, viruses, cells, tissues, and organs is an important problem in cryobiology. 
     The freezing point of water can be lowered by adding solutes that lower the vapor pressure of water. Freezing point depression is the physical basis on which essentially all currently used antifreeze agents (e.g., glycols, sugars and salts) perform. The disadvantage of freezing point depressors, known as cryoprotectants, is that large quantities of solutes (10% or more) are required to lower the freezing point by even a few degrees Celsius. At sufficiently high concentrations (typically 50% or more), conventional antifreeze agents can prevent ice formation, allowing aqueous solutions to be cooled to temperatures well below 0° C. without freezing. However, cryoprotectants are generally toxic at the high concentrations required to achieve glass formation or vitrification. 
     Other methods used to prepare dry and stable preparations of probiotics such as desiccation at ambient temperature and spray drying also has drawbacks. Desiccation at low or ambient temperature is slow, requires extra precautions to avoid contamination, and often yields unsatisfactory viability. Spray drying involves short excursions to relatively high processing temperatures and results in viability losses and limited storage times, even when stabilizing excipients are used (Lievense L C, van&#39;t Riet K. 1994). 
     A viable and stable formulation for intestinal targeting of probiotics has been described by Simmonds et al. (2005). The process requires the granulation of lyophilized bacteria with microcrystalline cellulose stabilizers such as skim milk, salts or short chain sugars and a disintegrant such as starch or alginic acid. The granulated semi dry bacteria are then desiccated at 40-70° C. to reduce the residual moisture level to less than 2 percent. This is followed by coating with an enteric agent and plasticizer. This multi-step process results in large particle size (over 425 micron) and still results in up to 1.5 logs loss of viability. An additional disadvantage of this method is the high content of the enteric coating agents (over 25% of the microsphere weight), which are mostly synthetic and not recognized as food grade materials. An inherent disadvantage of a coating procedure is that the relative proportion of the coating to active agent goes up by a cubic function of the particle, as the particle size gets smaller, making the process less usable for the production of particles of sizes less than 300 micron. 
     An alternative method of bacterial preservation has been described which uses a foam formation technique while eliminating the formation of ice crystals (Bronshtein et al. 2004, Roser et al. 2004). This method requires high concentrations of sugars (a combination of methylated mono, di- and oligo-saccharides) in the drying media and a freeze drier that is equipped with a controlled vacuum system and temperature exposure, and the addition of foam forming elements and stabilizers. In spite of some advantages of this method in achieving longer shelf life stability, the foam-preserved bacteria are not protected from gastric excursion. Furthermore this process is difficult and costly to scale up because the foam requires, by definition, large volumes of space under reduced atmospheric pressure (i.e., in a vacuum) for the production of very little mass. In addition, this material is very sensitive to humidity and the product will take up water readily, decreasing the viability of the bacteria. 
     A composition containing a sugar (trehalose) partly in amorphous glassy phase and partly in crystalline hydrate phase has been proposed by Franks et al (2003). The crystalline hydrate phase serves as an agent to dehydrate the amorphous phase, thereby enhancing the glass transition temperature of the amorphous glassy state. This composition was shown to stabilize single molecules such as proteins or nucleotides. The glass transition temperature of a mixture depends, among other factors, on its chemical composition (sugars, proteins, salts) and the moisture content, with water acting as a plasticizer, depressing the glass temperature. If, at any time, the glass transition temperature (Tg) is exceeded, either by exposure to heat or in consequence of moisture migration into the product, the amorphous glassy state may become liable to irreversible phase separation by crystallization. If crystallization occurs, any residual amorphous phase will then be composed of the other components and the moisture, resulting in a further depression of the glass transition temperature. 
     A glass is an amorphous solid state that is obtained by controlled desiccation of a solution. The advantage of the glassy phase in achieving long term stability results from the fact that diffusion in glassy (vitrified) materials occurs at extremely low rates (e.g., microns/year). Glassy materials normally appear as homogeneous, transparent, brittle solids, which can be ground or milled into a powder. The optimal benefits of vitrification for long-term storage are observed under conditions where Tg is greater than the storage temperature. The Tg is directly dependent on water activity and temperature, and may be modified by selecting an appropriate combination of solutes (i.e., polysaccharides, sugars, salts and proteins). 
     Glass formation occurs naturally in some plant and arthropod species that are very desiccation tolerant. A number of mosses and ferns, so-called resurrection plants, can undergo severe desiccation and survive for many years in a quiescent metabolic state only to revive upon the return of water to the environment. In most cases, the adaptation characteristic is to increase internal concentrations of certain saccharides such as trehalose to a level that form glassy states. 
     Prior to the current disclosure, no one has been able to provide a common and cost effective solution to the separate problems facing the probiotic industry, namely maintaining long shelf life stability {i.e., viability) of bacterial cells at ambient temperatures and high water activities (or high humidity) and providing gastric protection to minimize losses of probiotic viability during the transit through the stomach. The present invention overcomes these problems. 
     BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention encompasses compositions and methods of producing microparticles comprising a solid matrix in a glass form suitable for oral delivery. The compositions include a combination of a polysaccharide, a saccharide, a polyol and a probiotic bacteria. These compositions are designed to provide longer shelf life stability at ambient temperature in high water activity environments, and gastric protection of the probiotic. Furthermore, the method of production of this matrix involves processes that result in a minimal loss of probiotic viability. 
     Accordingly, one aspect of the invention comprises a preservation mixture of carbohydrates including at least one polysaccharide, one saccharide (di- or oligo saccharide) and one polyol and at least one bacterium to be incorporated in the carbohydrate mixture. 
     In a preferred aspect, the bacteria in the preservation carbohydrate mixture are probiotic bacteria selected from, but not limited to the group consisting live  Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium, Enterococcus, Propionobacterium, Bacillus , and  Streptococcus.    
     In another aspect of the invention the polysaccharide in the preservation mixture provides gastric protection and control release mechanism that gradually release the microbes at their site of action along the fore and hind gut of the animal or man. Examples of polysaccharides with gastric protection and a controlled release mechanism are hydrocolloid forming polysaccharides selected from the group including, but not limited to starch (including non-digestible starch), pectin, inulin, xanthan gum, alginate, alginic acid, chitosan, carrageenan, carboxymethyl cellulose, methyl cellulose, guar gum, gum arabic, locust bean gum and combinations thereof. Also preferably, the concentration of the polysaccharides in the preservation mixture is less than 10% w/v and more preferably less than 5% w/v of the preservation mixture. 
     In another aspect of the invention the saccharide/polyol combination in the preservation mixture is formulated so that it does not crystallize during drying and long-term storage at ambient temperature. A suitable glass formulation system includes, but is not limited to, trehalose/glycerol, trehalose/mannitol, trehalose/maltitol, trehalose/isomalt, trehalose/adonitol, trehalose/lactitol, trehalose/sorbitol, sucrose/glycerol, sucrose/mannitol, sucrose/maltitol, sucrose/isomalt, sucrose/adonitol, sucrose/lactitol, sucrose/sorbitol, inulin/glycerol, inulin/mannitol, inulin/maltitol, inulin/isomalt, inulin/adonitol, inulin/lactitol, and inulin/sorbitol. Trehalose is a naturally occurring, non-reducing disaccharide, which is associated with the prevention of desiccation damage in certain plants, microbes and animals that can dry out without damage and revive when rehydrated. Trehalose also has been shown to be useful in preventing denaturation of proteins, viruses and foodstuffs during desiccation (Chen et al. 2001, Crowe and Crowe 1992, Liao et al. 2002). Compared to sucrose, the glass transition temperature of trehalose is significantly higher (110° C. vs only 65° C.) (Crowe et al. 1998). However, a saccharide alone is not always sufficient to stabilize bacteria especially at high temperature and humidity. In addition, cell membranes are more permeable to external sugar alcohols than to external trehalose (Krallish I et al. 1997, Linders L J et al. 1997, Qiu L et al. 2000). It is the synergetic effect of di-, and/or oligo-saccharides, such as trehalose, sucrose or inulin and sugar alcohols that provide better protection and improve cell viability over extended period of storage. Preferably, the concentration of the both saccharide and polyol in the mixture is less than 60% w/v and more preferably less than 40% w/v of the preservation mixture. The ratio between the saccharide and the polyol is preferably about 3:1, although a ratio of 1:3 saccharide/polyol is also similarly effective in the preservation of certain probiotic species. 
     The present invention also provides methods of drying the mixture in glass form with a minimum loss of viability. It was discovered that vitrifying and efficient drying of the preservation mixture under vacuum was possible by foam formation as described by Bronshtein (2004). In the present invention, the need to foam the mixture is eliminated by forming a gel or cross-linking the polysaccharides in the preservation mixture and slicing it to small pieces in order to dry it under vacuum. It also reduced the formation of a rubbery product which happened often in the foaming process. Preferably, the preservation mixture, including the probiotic, is allowed to gel at low temperature and is then sliced and vacuum dried under conditions suitable for glass formation. More preferably the polysaccharide in the mixture is selected from the group of cross-linkable polysaccharides such as alginate, pectin or chitosan. The mixture is then extruded into Ca ++  bath and the strings or particles collected, rinsed with water, and then soaked in a suitable saccharide/polyol mixture followed by vacuum drying under conditions suitable for glass formation. 
     The present invention also provides methods of vacuum drying the preservation matrix without foaming or ice formation. The glass formation drying method comprises maintaining an initial vacuum of about 2,500 mTOR for a period of time followed by drying at less than 100 mTOR for another period of time. The initial product temperature is preferably maintained at or about −10 to about 40° C. during the period at partially reduced pressure (2,500 mTOR) and then increased to about 40 to 50° C., as the atmospheric pressure is decreased to less than 100 mTOR. A final drying step at 20° C. under maximum vacuum (ca. 10 mTOR) for additional period of time can also be of benefit for the final water removal. The dry matrix can then be ground or milled and, if necessary, sieved to a desired particulate powder. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES 
         FIG. 1  is a flow diagram showing a method of counter-current desiccation of a wet matrix hydro gel using a powdered saccharide (trehalose) as a stabilizing mixture. 
         FIG. 2  is a graph that depicts the effect of trehalose concentration in the drying medium on bacteria viability. Maximal viability  L. rhamnosus  was achieved at 0.5 M trehalose concentration.  L. rhamnosus  was air-dried for 3 days in a laminar flow hood in the presence of increasing concentration trehalose. 
         FIG. 3  is a bar graph that depicts the effect of saccharides and polyols (at total concentration of 24% w/v in drying medium) on the after drying viability of  L. pracasei.    
         FIG. 4  is a bar graph that depicts the effect of different proportions of saccharides/polyols (trehalose/mannitol or trehalose/isomalt) in a mixture of polysaccharides (2% starch, 1% sodium alginate and 0.5% pectin) on viability of  L. acidophilus  after vacuum drying (the total concentration of the saccharides and polyols is 30% w/v). 
         FIG. 5  is a bar graph that depicts the effect of polysaccharide mix (2% starch, 1% sodium alginate and 0.5% pectin) with 3:1 trehalose/isomalt (the total concentration of the saccharides/polyols is 40% w/v) on viability of dry  L. acidophilus  in 45° C. at 0% or 33% relative humidity. 
         FIG. 6  is a bar graph that depicts the effect of full stomach (12% non fat skim milk, 2% glucose, 1% yeast extract and 0.05% cysteine; pH 2) or empty stomach (0.32% pepsin, 0.2% sodium chloride, pH 1.2) simulated gastric juices on  L. paracasei  dried in free form or in glass form of polysaccharide/saccharide/polyol mix. 
         FIG. 7  is a bar graph that depicts the effect of empty stomach (0.32% pepsin, 0.2% sodium chloride, pH 1.2) simulated gastric juice on  L. acidophilus  dried in free form or in glass form of polysaccharide/saccharide/polyol mix. 
         FIGS. 8  A and B are is a pair of graphs which depict the effect of carbohydrate/polysaccharide/egg albumen mix (trehalose/alginate/pectin/egg albumen 30:1.5:0.5:10) on viability of dry  Lactobacillus  GG in 40° C. at 15% or 33% relative humidity. 
         FIG. 9  shows the effect of monosaccharide, disaccharide and oligosaccharides carbohydrates (trehlose, sucrose, galactose and inulin) on viability of dry  Lactobacillus rhamnosus  sp. in 33% relative humidity and at 30° C. or 40° C. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
     The disclosure relates to a composition that is a solid glass matrix comprising a polysaccharide, saccharides, polyols and probiotic bacteria and methods for the efficient large scale production of this composition. 
     DEFINITIONS 
     As used herein, each of the following terms has the meaning associated with it in this section. 
     “Polysaccharides” refers to compounds consisting of a large number of monosaccharides linked with glycosidic bonds. As used herein, the term polysaccharide refers only to those containing more than ten monosaccharide residues. 
     “Saccharides” includes monosaccharides disaccharides and oligosaccharides. 
     “Polyols” refers in general to chemical compounds containing multiple hydroxyl groups. As used herein the term polyol means sugar alcohol, which is a hydrogenated form of carbohydrate, whose carbonyl group (aldehyde or ketone, reducing sugar) has been reduced to a primary or secondary hydroxyl group. Some common sugar alcohols are: mannitol, sorbitol, xylitol, isomalt, maltitol, lactitol 
     “Vitrification” (i.e., glass formation) means formation of a glassy or noncrystalline amorphous material. As used herein the term glass or glassy state means a liquid phase of such high viscosity and low water content that all chemical reactions are slowed to a near standstill, and the bacteria cells become quiescent. 
     “Crystallization” refers to the formation of solid crystals from a homogeneous solution. It is essentially a solid-liquid separation. 
     “Cryoprotectant” refers to a chemical or compound that is used to prevent the formation of ice crystals during the supercooling of a water containing mixture. 
     Fundamental to this invention is a polysaccharide capable of forming a strong gel matrix. This matrix preferably retains the bacteria and the preservation mixture even after being sliced into small pieces or formed into thin threads, strings, or particles. Additionally, the polysaccharide matrix preferably possesses a controlled release mechanism that protects the bacteria in the stomach, but is able to release the bacteria at their site of action along the intestine. 
     Several polysaccharides exhibit these requirements and are suitable for use as described herein. High amylose starch is a polysaccharide capable of forming firm gel after hydrating the starch granules in boiling water, dispersing the granules with the aid of high shear mixer and then cooling the solution to about 0-10° C. The firmness and strength of the gel depend on the concentration of the starch in the solution, with a maximal workable concentration of up to 10% w/v. The sliced starch gel matrix is also capable of retaining the live bacteria in the preservation mixture, and since it is mostly non-digestible by intestinal or gastric juices, the bacteria are protected from gastric destruction while within the starch matrix. The controlled release mechanism is provided by the fact that high amylose starch is readily digestible by the gut microflora at which time the delivered live bacteria are then released in their intact form. 
     Pectin is another suitable polysaccharide that performs very similar to high amylose starch. Pectin has an additional advantage since the strength of the pectin gel matrix can be further increased by the addition of divalent cations such as Ca ++  that forms bridges between carboxyl groups of the sugar polymers. 
     In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, alginate or a combination of alginate and non-digestible starch is used. Alginate can form a firm gel matrix by cross-linking with divalent cations. The alginate containing preservation solution can be hardened into a firm gel matrix by internally cross-linking the alginate polysaccharides with Ca ++  and then slicing the gel into small pieces while the bacteria and the preservation mixture are fully retained within the gel matrix. Another method of cross linking the solution containing alginate and preservation mixture is by extruding thin threads or strings of the solution into Ca ++  bath. The strings harden instantly upon interaction with Ca ++ . The thin strings are harvested, rinsed with fresh water and then soaked again in the preservation solution but without the presence of polysaccharides. Another suitable method is to inject the thin threads into Ca ++  bath, which also contains a preservation mixture at equal concentration and proportion of that of the extruded solution. An alternative method of preparation of the matrix is to spray atomize the mixture into a bath containing Ca ++  cations. In such a procedure, small microparticles from 50 to 500 microns are produced. Such particles are harvested, rinsed and soaked in the preservation medium, or the bath itself may contain the preservation mixture as described above for the production of thin threads or strings. 
     In one embodiment, the level of Ca ++  in the bath is constantly monitored and only sufficient amount of cations necessary to cross link the alginate are added at a time. This eliminates the need to rinse excessive Ca ++  from the strings or particles, thereby retaining all the sugar in the matrix, which would otherwise be washed away. In one preferred mode of the present invention, monitoring the Ca ++  cations within a range of 0.25-0.5% w/v in the cross-linking bath is sufficient to harden the extruded alginate solution without any damage to the probiotic bacteria. The gastric protection and controlled release trigger is also fulfilled by the use of alginate polysaccharide. A polymeric matrix containing alginate remains firm in the acidic environment of the stomach, thereby protecting the bacteria, but quickly disintegrates in the higher pH and phosphate-rich environment of the intestine. This results in the release of the probiotic bacteria at their site of action along the intestine. 
     The purpose of the preservation mixture is to provide protection from temperature and moisture excursions of the final product without undue loss of viability of the probiotic bacteria. An ideal mixture contains a combination of saccharides and sugar alcohols that form an amorphous glassy phase with a glass transition temperature (Tg) well above ambient temperature and water activity of the product. Trehalose alone is not always sufficient to stabilize bacteria, especially at high temperature and humidity. A more suitable mixture was found to be a combination of trehalose and additional sugar alcohol that provides a synergetic effect of better protection and improved cell viability over extended periods of storage. In addition to sugar alcohols and other long chain polyalcohols, other preservation agents include sucrose, lacto sucrose, raffinose, maltodextrose, sepharose and dextran. These compounds may synergistically improve the preservation of certain bacteria species. 
     The concentration and proportion of different carbohydrates in the preservation mixture depends on several factors, but most particularly on the bacteria species, strain, and drying conditions. The present invention discloses several optimal concentrations and sugar proportions suitable for inclusion in the preservation mixture for a number of probiotic bacteria. Preferably, the carbohydrate concentration should be less than about 50%, as higher concentrations may interfere with effective drying. 
     The preservation mixture optionally includes other additives that contribute to the overall stability of the probiotic bacteria. Suitable additives include proteins, amino acids, diluents, chelating agents, buffers, preservatives, stabilizers, antioxidants, and lubricants. Specific examples of such additives would include, but are not limited to: amino acids, lysine, glycine, L leucine, isoleucine, arginine, cysteine; proteins, human serum proteins, egg albumin, gelatin; buffers, various sodium phosphate buffers, citric/citrate buffers; preservatives, derivatives of hydroxybenzoic acids; antioxidants, vitamin E, ascorbic acid; lubricants, water miscible silicone/silicates; chelating agents, citric acid, EDTA, EGTA. 
     In a preferred mode of the present invention, the sliced gel or thin threads or strings are dried in such a way that a glass is formed. Several drying methods can be employed, including, but not limited to, air drying at ambient temperature, spray drying, fluidized bed drying, vacuum drying, and freeze drying. As used herein, the dry glassy preservation mixture containing the dried bacteria cells preferably contains a residual moisture content of less than about 5%, and, more preferably, less than about 2%. 
     Drying is preferably performed under vacuum in a freeze drier at a product temperature above the freezing temperature of water under such conditions. In general, vacuum drying are performed in two stages. The first stage involves moderately reduced pressure (ca. 2500 mTOR), while the second stage involves lower pressures (i.e., higher vacuum −100 mTOR) at higher product temperature (up to about 50° C.). This process can be achieved using a programmable control system for vacuum pressure and shelf temperature. The vacuum and shelf temperature conditions for the first drying stage are adjusted empirically according the size of the drier, heat transfer capacity, and the product load, but the goal is to keep the product above its freezing temperature while maximizing the water evaporation rate. In one embodiment, the shelf temperature is initially maintained at about 20° C. for about 16 hours, followed by gradually increasing the temperature to about 50° C. for the following 48 hours. These drying conditions allow the formation of glassy state wherein the bacteria are locked in a quiescent state inside the polysaccharide matrix. 
     In a preferred embodiment, the probiotic bacteria are dried as follows: the initial vacuum pressure is adjusted to about 2500 mTOR, with initial shelf temperature of 40° C. for 12 hours, followed by incrementally reducing the atmospheric pressure (i.e., increasing the vacuum) to less than 100 mTOR at a rate of 125 mTOR/hr. Once the vacuum reaches 100 mTOR, the sample is maintained at 40° C. for an additional 12 hours. Following this protocol, the drying procedure is completed within 48 hours without substantially compromising viability. In accordance with the present invention, the large surface area of the sliced and chopped gel or strings greatly increases evaporation rate without the need to boil or foam the product, thus eliminating inconsistent drying conditions and splattering of the foaming product solution in the vacuum chamber. Additionally, the disclosed composition and method of drying results in a higher loading capacity of product as compared to the foam drying method, that permits only a thin layer of solution to foam and dry efficiently. 
     An alternative drying procedure for the freshly prepared matrix strings or particles includes a controlled desiccation of the matrix by addition of the hydrogel to a certain volume (preferably 1:10 by weight) of dry powdered saccharide such as trehalose or dry powdered preservation mixture. During this process, the hydrogel is rapidly desiccated at ambient temperature, concentrating the preservation material in the matrix itself. The process is preferably set up in a counter-current fashion where the fully hydrated hydrogel matrix containing the bacteria is added to one end of the process stream and fresh, dry powdered preservation saccharide flows from the opposite direction ( FIG. 1 ). The wetted powdered saccharide material are dried at elevated temperature and reused while the partially desiccated hydrogel then goes on to the second stage of vacuum drying described above. This process significantly reduces the drying time and process costs. 
     The resultant matrix-bound glass material containing the dried, stabilized probiotic bacteria has a Tg sufficiently high to preserve the bacteria at ambient temperature (up to 30° C.) in a relative humidity of 33%. Generally, the higher the Tg, the higher the allowable storage temperature and humidity. Tg of the dry glassy preservation mixture of the present invention is determined using standard techniques in the art, such as differential scanning calorimetry. 
     The methods and compositions of the invention facilitate the development of several products, including, but not limited to: live bacterial vaccines in a dry stable form, live bacterial nutraceuticals (probiotics) in a dry stable form, live bacterial starter cultures in a dry stable form, live bacteria in a dry stable form for agricultural, aquaculture, or bioremedial use, and live bacterial cultures in a dry stable form for the biotechnology industry. 
     The following examples illustrate various aspects of the present invention, relating to producing a delivery vehicle comprising a dry and stable matrix of polysaccharides, saccharides, polyols and probiotic bacteria in a glass form. The compositions and drying methods are adapted to stabilize and preserve several probiotic bacteria in storage and gastric environment. 
     EXAMPLES 
     The subject matter of this disclosure is now described with reference to the following Examples. These Examples are provided for the purpose of illustration only, and the subject matter is not limited to these Examples, but rather encompasses all variations which are evident as a result of the teaching provided herein. 
     Example 1 
     High amylose starch (100 g Novation, National Starch and Chemical, Bridgewater, N.J.) was mixed with 150 ml of water at ambient temperature. The starch mixture was then slowly added to 850 ml of boiling water under vigorous mixing using a standard household blender. Once complete dispersion of the starch granules was observed (using a binocular microscope), the starch solution was allowed to cool and 300 g of trehalose and 100 g isomalt (both from Cargill Minneapolis, Minn.) were then dissolved in the mixture. Sodium alginate (15 g) was added to the slurry and the entire mixture was allowed to cool to room temperature.  Lactobacillus paracasei  (200 g frozen paste direct from fermentation harvest) was then mixed well into the slurry and the slurry was extruded into a 1000 ml bath (held at 0-5° C.) containing 5 g CaCl 2 , 300 g trehalose and 100 g isomalt using a syringe equipped with 18 G needle. The CaCl 2  bath was gently stirred while injecting the slurry. The matrix strings were allowed to cross-link for 30 minutes and were then harvested and blotted on paper towel. The composition of the gel matrix is provided in Table 1. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 1 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Gel matrix composition (g dry weight/100 g) 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 a. 
                 High amylose (70% amylose) 
                 10 
                 g 
               
               
                 b. 
                 trehalose 
                 30 
                 g 
               
               
                 c. 
                 Isomalt 
                 10 
                 g 
               
               
                 d. 
                 Sodium Alginate 
                 1.5 
                 g 
               
               
                 e. 
                 
                   L. paracasei 
                 
                 20 
                 g 
               
               
                 f. 
                 Water 
                 100 
                 g 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     The thin threads were loaded on a tray (13×10 inch) and placed in a freeze drier (Virtis Advantage, Virtis, Gardiner, N.Y.). The condenser was set to −70° C. and shelf temperature was set to 40° C. When the product had warmed up to the shelf temperature (measured by a pair of temperature sensors plugged in the wet material), the vacuum was initiated and controlled at about 2500 mTOR with an external vacuum controller (Thyr-Cont, Electronic, GmbH). As the atmospheric pressure decreased, the product temperature fell to and stabilized at about −2° C. After 12 hours, the product temperature had increased to about 10° C. At this point, the atmospheric pressure was dropped by about 500 mTOR every 4 hours until full vacuum pressure of 10 mTOR was established. Over this time period of increasing vacuum, the product temperature was carefully maintained at or above −5° C. Twelve hours after establishing full vacuum, the dried product was taken out of the freeze drier and ground to fine powder using standard coffee grinder. 
     Example 2 
     100 g of trehalose and 300 g isomalt (both from Cargill Minneapolis, Minn.) were added to 1000 ml water and allowed to dissolve. Sodium alginate (15 g) was mixed into the slurry and allowed to cool down to room temperature.  Lactobacillus paracasei  (200 g frozen paste as in Example 1) was then added to the slurry, followed by 5 g of calcium phosphate dibasic and 5 g of gluconolactone. The slurry was allowed to cross-link at room temperature over the next 4 hours. The firm gel was sliced to thin and long threads through cheese grinder and blotted on paper towel. The composition of the gel matrix is provided in Table 2. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 2 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Gel matrix composition (g dry weight/100 g) 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 a. 
                 trehalose 
                 10 
                 g 
               
               
                 b. 
                 Isomalt 
                 30 
                 g 
               
               
                 c. 
                 Sodium Alginate 
                 1.5 
                 g 
               
               
                 d. 
                 
                   L. paracasei 
                 
                 20 
                 g 
               
               
                 e. 
                 Water 
                 100 
                 g 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     The thin threads were loaded on a tray (13×10 inch) and placed in a freeze drier for drying as outlined in example 1. 
     Example 3 
     300 g of trehalose (Cargill Minneapolis, Minn.) and 100 g mannitol (Sigma) were added to 1000 ml water and allowed to dissolve. Sodium alginate (15 g) and pectin (5 g) were mixed into the slurry and the slurry was allowed to cool down to room temperature.  Lactobacillus acidophilus  (200 g frozen paste, directly from a fermentation harvest) was mixed well into the slurry. The slurry was then extruded through a syringe equipped with 18 G needle into 1000 ml bath (0-5° C.) containing 5 g CaCl 2 , 300 g trehalose and 100 g mannitol. The CaCl 2  bath was gently stirred while extruding the slurry. The formed strings were allowed to cross-link for 30 minutes, harvested, and blotted on paper towel. The composition of the gel matrix is provided in Table 3. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 3 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Gel matrix composition (g dry weight/100 g) 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 a. 
                 trehalose 
                 30 
                 g 
               
               
                 b. 
                 Mannitol 
                 10 
                 g 
               
               
                 c. 
                 Sodium Alginate 
                 1.5 
                 g 
               
               
                 d. 
                 Pectin 
                 0.5 
                 g 
               
               
                 e. 
                 
                   L. acidophilus 
                 
                 20 
                 g 
               
               
                 f. 
                 Water 
                 100 
                 g 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     The thin threads were loaded on a tray (13×10 inch) and placed in a freeze drier for drying as outlined in example 1. 
     Example 4 
     Optimizing Trehalose Concentration in the Preservation Media 
     Dry powdered  L. rhamnosus  (LCS-742, Morinaga Milk Industry Co., LTD., Kanagawa, Japan) was added to various concentrations of trehalose in bacterial culture media (L.MRS) and allowed to desiccate in a laminar flow hood at ambient temperature for 3 days. Bacteria viability as a function of trehalose concentration was measured at the end of the 3-day drying period. Dry bacterial powder or desiccated samples were reconstituted in sterile 50 mM PBS buffer pH 7.4. After homogenizing, solutions of reconstituted cultures were diluted (by 10-fold increments) in PBS buffer and plated in triplicate on L.MRS agar. After incubation at 35° C. for 48-72 hours, the number of colony forming units (CFU) was determined and  L. rhamnosus  viability was found to be highest at an initial trehalose concentration of 0.5 M ( FIG. 2 ). 
     Example 5 
     The Effect of Different Sugar Alcohols on Drying Preservation of  L. paracasei    
       L. paracasei  was prepared and dried as described in example 2 except that total sugar concentration was 24% and starch concentration was 2% in the preservation media. Several sugar alcohols were tested for their effect on the bacteria viability after drying.  FIG. 3  shows that trehalose and sorbitol provided the best protection for the bacteria using this drying and preservation process. 
     Example 6 
     The Effect of Different Sugar Proportions on Drying Preservation of  L. acidophilus    
       L. acidophilus  was dried as described in example 3 except that different proportions of trehalose/mannitol or trehalose/isomalt were used and the final mixture contained a combination of 3 polysaccharides (2% starch, 1% sodium alginate and 0.5% pectin). The viability of  L. acidophilus  after vacuum drying is shown in  FIG. 4 . In all cases, the preserved bacteria had a far greater viability compared with bacteria dried without the saccharide/polyol mixtures, and the different ratios of saccharide to polyol used in the preservations mixtures yielded similar protection capabilities for  L. acidophilus.    
     Example 7 
     Stability of  L. acidophilus  in 45° C. At 0% or 33% Relative Humidity 
       L. acidophilus  was dried as described in example 6. The dried bacteria was placed in temperature and humidity control incubator set at 45° C. and 0% relative humidity, or 45° C. and 33% relative humidity for 4 hours. Viability of the bacteria was measured before and after the temperature and humidity exposure.  FIG. 5  shows that the polysaccharide mixture (2% starch, 1% sodium alginate and 0.5% pectin) provided additional protection to that of trehalose/isomalt alone or free bacteria. 
     Example 8 
     Stability of the Composition of the Present Invention in Simulated Gastric Juices 
       L. acidophilus  and  L. paracasei  were prepared and dried as described in example 2. The dry powder matrix-glass bacteria was then exposed for 2 hours to simulated gastric juice (full stomach—12% non fat skim milk, 2% glucose, 1% yeast extract and 0.05% cysteine; pH 2; or empty stomach—0.32% pepsin, 0.2% sodium chloride, pH 1.2). Bacterial viabilities were recorded before and after the exposure to the simulated gastric juices.  FIGS. 6 and 7  demonstrate a significant protection of the bacteria in the drying composition of the instant invention in the different gastric conditions. 
     Example 9 
     300 g of trehalose (Cargill Minneapolis, Minn.) and 100 g egg albumen (Sigma) were added to 1000 ml water and allowed to dissolve. Sodium alginate (15 g) and pectin (5 g) were mixed into the slurry and the slurry was allowed to cool down to room temperature.  Lactobacillus  GG (200 g frozen paste direct from fermentation harvest) was then added to the slurry, followed by 5 g of calcium phosphate dibasic and 5 g of gluconplactone. The slurry was allowed to cross-link at room temperature over the next 4 hours. The firm gel was sliced to thin and long threads through cheese grinder and blotted on paper towel. The composition of the gel matrix is provided in Table 4. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 4 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Gel matrix composition (g dry weight/100 g) 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 a. 
                 trehalose 
                 30 
                 g 
               
               
                 b. 
                 egg albumen 
                 10 
                 g 
               
               
                 c. 
                 Sodium Alginate 
                 1.5 
                 g 
               
               
                 d. 
                 Pectin 
                 0.5 
                 g 
               
               
                 e. 
                   Lactobacillus  GG 
                 20 
                 g 
               
               
                 f. 
                 Water 
                 100 
                 g 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     The thin threads were loaded on a tray (13×10 inch) and placed in a freeze drier for drying as outlined in example 1. 
     Example 10 
     Stability of the Composition of the Present Invention in 40° C. and 15% or 33% Relative Humidity 
       Lactobacillus  GG was dried as described in example 9. The dried bacteria powder was placed in temperature and humidity control incubator set at 40° C. and 0% relative humidity, or 40° C. and 33% relative humidity for 4 weeks. Viability of the bacteria was measured every 7 days.  FIG. 8  shows that the carbohydrates/polysaccharide/egg albumen mixture (30% trehalose, 10% egg albumen, 1.5% sodium alginate and 0.5% pectin) provided additional protection to that of trehalose/isomalt alone or free bacteria. 
     Example 11 
     Preparation of Various Compositions Containing Monosaccharide, Disaccharide or Oligosaccharides Carbohydrates (Trehlose, Sucrose, Galactose or Inulin) 
     Four solutions containing galactose, sucrose, trehalose or inulin were prepared. Each solution contained six (6) g of trehalose and 120 g of isomalt (both from Cargill Minneapolis, Minn.) dissolved in 400 ml warm water (40° C.). A saccharide (40 g of galactose, sucrose, trehalose or inulin) was mixed into the solution and the solution was allowed to cool down to room temperature.  Lactobacillus rhamnosus  sp. (80 g frozen paste direct from fermentation harvest) was then added to each solution, followed by 2 g of calcium carbonate and 2 g of gluconolactone. The slurries were allowed to cross-link at room temperature over the next 4 hours. The firm gels were sliced to thin and long threads through cheese grinder. 
     The thin threads were loaded on trays and placed in a freeze drier (Model 25 SRC, Virtis, Gardiner, N.Y.). The condenser was set to −45° C., vacuum pressure applied at 2500 mTorr and shelf temperature adjusted to +40° C. As the atmospheric pressure decreased, the product temperature fell to and stabilized at about −10 to around −1° C. The primary drying step was continued for 15 hours. The vacuum then increased by 300 mTORR every 2 h until full vacuum of about 100 mTORR established. A secondary drying step was then followed at full vacuum and shelf temperature maintained at 40° C. for additional 12 hours. All compositions were completely dried and water activity varied between 0.223-0.253 Aw. The dried compositions were taken out of the freeze drier and ground to fine powder using standard coffee grinder. 
     Example 12 
     Viability of Dry  Lactobacillus rhamnosus  Sp. in 33% Relative Humidity and 30° C. or 40° C. Effect of Compositions Containing Monosaccharide, Disaccharide or Oligosaccharides Carbohydrates (Trehlose, Sucrose, Galactose or Inulin) 
       Lactobacillus rhamnosus  sp. was dried as described in example 4. The dried bacteria was placed in temperature and humidity control incubator set at 30° C. or 40° C. and 33% relative humidity for 4 weeks and 5 weeks, respectively. Viability of the bacteria was measured periodically.  FIG. 9  show that the monosaccharide glactose didn&#39;t provide any protection as compared to a dry free bacteria composition containing no sugar. The disaccharides trehalose and sucrose and the oligosaccharide inulin were equally effective and provided significant protection of about 2-3 logs better viability after 28 days at 30° C. and 33% relative humidity or 35 days at 40° C. and 33% relative humidity. Thus it is clear that sucrose is as effective as trehalose, and oligosaccharides are as effective as the disaccharide because the loss of viability of bacteria was low in all three examples. 
     REFERENCES 
     The following literature references are cited herein.
     Bronshtein, V., C. Isaac, And G. Djordjevic. 2004. Preservation Of Bacterial Cells At Ambient Temperatures, EP 1402003.   Chen, T., J. P. Acker, A. Eroglu, S. Cheley, H. Bayley, A. Fowler, and M. Toner. 2001. Beneficial effect of intracellular trehalose on the membrane integrity of dried mammalian cells.  Cryobiology  43: 168-81.   Crowe, J. H., J. F. Carpenter, and L. M. Crowe. 1998. The role of vitrification in anhydrobiosis.  Annu Rev Physiol  60: 73-103.   Crowe, L. M., and J. H. Crowe. 1992. Anhydrobiosis: a strategy for survival.  Adv Space Res  12: 239-47.   Favaro-Trindade, C. S., and C. R. Grosso. 2002. Microencapsulation of  L. acidophilus  (La-05) and  B. lactis  (Bb-12) and evaluation of their survival at the pH values of the stomach and in bile.  J Microencapsul  19: 485-94.   Franks, F., B. J. Aldous, and A. Auffret. 2003. Stable compositions, U.S. Pat. No. 6,503,411.   Isolauri E, Sutas Y, Kankaanpaa P, Arvilommi H, and S. S. 2001. Probiotics: effects on immunity. Review.  Am J Clin Nutr.  73: 444S-450S.   Kailasapathy K, and C. J. 2000. Survival and therapeutic potential of probiotic organisms with reference to  Lactobacillus  acidophilus and  Bifidobacterium  spp. Review.  Immunol Cell Biol.  78: 80-88.   Krallish I, Jeppsson H 3  Rapoport A, and H.-H. B. 1997. Effect of xylitol and trehalose on dry resistance of yeasts.  Appl Microbiol Biotechnol.  47: 447-51.   Liao, Y. H., M. B. Brown, A. Quader, and G. P. Martin. 2002. Protective mechanism of stabilizing excipients against dehydration in the freeze-drying of proteins.  Pharm Res  19: 1854-61.   Linders L J 5  Wolkers W F, Hoekstra F A, and v. t. R. K. 1997. Affect of added carbohydrates on membrane phase behavior and survival of dried  Lactobacillus plantarum. ECryobiology.  35: 31-40.   Lievense L C, van&#39;t Riet K. 1994. Convective drying of bacteria. II. Factors influencing survival.  Adv Biochem Eng Biotechnol.  51:71-89.   Marteau P R, de Vrese M, Cellier C J, and S. J. 2001. Protection from gastrointestinal diseases with the use of probiotics. Review.  Am JCHn Nutr.  73: 430S-436S.   Perdigon G, Fuller R, and R. R. 2001. Lactic acid bacteria and their effect on the immune system. Review.  Curr Issues Intest Microbiol.  2: 27-42.   Qiu L, Lacey M J, and Bedding R A. 2000. Permeability of the infective juveniles of  Steinernema carpocapsae  to glycerol during osmotic dehydration and its effect on biochemical adaptation and energy metabolism.  Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem MoI Biol.  125: 411-9.   Roser, B. J., J. Kampinga, C. Colaco, and J. Blair. 2004. Solid dose delivery vehicle and methods of making same, U.S. Pat. No. 6,811,792.   Shah, N. P. 2000. Probiotic bacteria: selective enumeration and survival in dairy foods.  J Dairy Sd  83: 894-907.   Simmons, D. L., P. Moslemy, G. D. Paquette, D. Guerin, and M.-H. Joly. 2005. Stable probiotic microsphere compositions and their methods of preparation, PA20050266069.   

     The disclosure of every patent, patent application, and publication cited herein is hereby incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. 
     While this subject matter has been disclosed with reference to specific embodiments, it is apparent that, other embodiments and variations can be devised by others skilled in the. art without departing from the true spirit and scope of the subject matter described herein. The appended claims include all such embodiments and equivalent variations.