Patent Publication Number: US-2007122476-A1

Title: Storage stable thyroxine active drug formulations and methods for their production

Description:
This application is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 11/143,645 filed Jun. 3, 2005, which is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 10/443,135 filed May 22, 2003, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,936,274, which is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 09/987,130 filed Nov. 13, 2001, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,645,526. 
    
    
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION  
      1. Field of the Invention  
      The invention relates generally to the field of medicinal formulations, and more particularly to methods of preparing storage stable pharmaceutical compositions in unit dosage form of levothyroxine sodium with increased shelf life and compositions made by these methods.  
      2. Description of the Background Art  
      Thyroxine active drugs are known for both therapeutic and prophylactic treatment of thyroid disorders. For example, levothyroxine sodium is prescribed for thyroid hormone replacement therapy in cases of reduced or absent thyroid function in e.g., ailments such as myxedema, cretinism and obesity. See, for example, Post and Warren in  Analytical Profiles of Drug Substances , Vol. 5, Florey (ed.); Academic Press, New York (1976), pp. 226-281. Levothyroxine sodium is quite unstable, hygroscopic and degrades rapidly when subjected to high humidity, light or high temperature. See, for example, Won,  Pharm. Res.  9(1):131-137, 1992. Because of the chemicophysical properties of the drug, formulations of levothyroxine sodium have extremely short stability duration, worsened under conditions of high humidity and temperature. Tablets may decompose approximately 1 percent per month. Gupta et. al.,  J. Clin. Pharm. Ther.  15:331-335, 1990. The stability problem has been so widespread that some drug companies marketing levothyroxine sodium tablets have been forced to recall various batches due to lack of stability.  
      Formulations containing levothyroxine sodium have been known in the art since the late 1950s. There have been recent attempts to develop more stable dosage formulations of levothyroxine sodium. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 5,635,209 discloses levothyroxine sodium in combination with potassium iodide as part of a stabilizing excipient. In the manufacture of this formulation, levothyroxine sodium was first mixed with microcrystalline cellulose, and then added to a dried granulation of potassium iodide and microcrystalline cellulose. The formulation purportedly provided increased active drug potency over a three month period in comparison to then commercially available formulations.  
      U.S. Pat. No. 5,225,204 discloses a complex of levothyroxine sodium and a cellulose, polyvinylpyrrolidone or Poloxamer. The formulation may be prepared by dissolving the drug complex in a polar organic solvent, adding a cellulose carrier to the liquid, and drying the resulting mixture to obtain a complex of levothyroxine sodium and polyvinylpyrrolidone or Poloxamer adsorbed on the cellulose carrier.  
      Although purportedly increasing the stability of the formulation, the deposition onto cellulose may have resulted in some increased stability due to improved content uniformity. Tests of such combinations yielded stability results at best equal to commercially available preparations such as those described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,955,105, and in some cases substantially worse.  
      The inventors of this stabilized composition teach one of skill in the art away from the use of carbohydrates in levothyroxine sodium formulations, stating that instability of the dosage form was the result of an interaction between the active drug substance and carbohydrate excipients.  
      The inventors of U.S. Pat. No. 5,955,105 also teach that the instability of thyroxine drugs is due to an interaction between the drug and the excipient. These inventors incorporated into the formulation a soluble glucose polymer designed to eliminate the interaction between the drug and other excipients contained in the final blend.  
      Because of degradation of the active ingredient in currently available formulations of levothyroxine sodium, new methods of formulating solid dosage forms of this drug would be highly desirable. Although different methods for producing a formulation stable enough to meet requirements for shelf-life have been attempted, no method has been entirely successful. There is, then, a great need for new formulations of thyroxine active drugs with increased stability and shelf life.  
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION  
      The present invention relates to methods and compositions which increase the stability of levothyroxine sodium and other thyroxine active drugs. This invention prevents the decreases in effective dosage which plague prior art thyroxine active drug formulations and substantially increases shelf life. The compositions include an active thyroxine drug with an alditol and a saccharide. Other optional ingredients in the composition include but are not limited to pharmaceutically acceptable excipients such as cellulose polymers or carbohydrates, disintegrants, lubricants and glidants.  
      Accordingly, the present invention provides a storage stable oral pharmaceutical composition which comprises a therapeutically effective amount of a thyroxine active drug and stabilizing amounts of an alditol and a saccharide. In a preferred embodiment, the thyroxine active drug is levothyroxine sodium, the alditol is mannitol, and the saccharide is sucrose. In yet another embodiment, compositions of the invention comprise at least one further pharmaceutical excipient, such as a carbohydrate, a starch or a modified starch, for example microcrystalline cellulose. In yet a further embodiment, this invention provides storage stable oral pharmaceutical compositions in unit dosage form comprising the compositions discussed above, and particularly a storage stable oral dosage form composition which comprises levothyroxine sodium, mannitol, sucrose, and optionally further comprises microcrystalline cellulose, polyvinylpyrrolidone, crospovidone, magnesium stearate, sodium lauryl sulfate, and colloidal silicon dioxide. The invention preferably provides such storage stable oral dosage forms in the form of tablets.  
      A preferred embodiment of the invention encompasses a storage stable oral pharmaceutical composition which comprises a therapeutically effective amount of levothyroxine sodium; about 58% by weight mannitol; about 14% by weight sucrose; about 25% by weight microcrystalline cellulose; about 1.5% by weight polyvinylpyrrolidone; about 1.4% by weight magnesium stearate; about 0.3% by weight colloidal silicon dioxide; and about 0.1% by weight sodium lauryl sulfate.  
      Another preferred embodiment of the invention encompasses a storage stable oral pharmaceutical composition which comprises a therapeutically effective amount of levothyroxine sodium; about 39% by weight mannitol; about 23% by weight sucrose; about 28% by weight microcrystalline cellulose; about 1.5% by weight polyvinylpyrrolidone; about 6% by weight crospovidone; about 2% by weight magnesium stearate; about 0.3% by weight colloidal silicon dioxide; and about 0.1% by weight sodium lauryl sulfate. 
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION  
      The present invention relates to storage stable granulation intermediates and oral pharmaceutical compositions in unit dosage form of a thyroxine active drug and methods by which they are produced. The methods involve a granulation intermediate containing the thyroxine active drug substance, an alditol, and a monosaccharide or disaccharide to provide a formulation with an increase of stability of both the granulation intermediates and the final oral dosage forms prepared from these granulation intermediates. Thus, the present invention provides a stable dosage form in which the dosage of thyroxine active drug is maintained at a predictable level for a longer period of time.  
      Formulations of levothyroxine with greatly increased resistance to degradation can be produced by providing excipients which reduce or eliminate degradation of the active substance. Although the prior art indicates that reaction between levothyroxine sodium and certain carbohydrate, monosaccharide or disaccharide excipients is responsible for the poor stability of the drug, the present inventive formulation achieves surprisingly stable levothyroxine dosage forms using these previously disfavored excipients. Additionally, preferred formulations are maintained at a pH of less than about 10.  
      The methods and formulations of this invention take advantage of the discovery that including an alditol and a saccharide results in a surprisingly stable levothyroxine sodium composition. This invention can be used to produce stable formulations of any natural or synthetic thyroid hormone replacement drug. Therefore, although the following description and example refer to  
                 
 
 compositions and methods using levothyroxine sodium, the hormone medications of the general formula hormone ations of invention is understood to encompass other thyroid hormone medications of the general formula wherein R 1  and R 3  may be the same or different and are selected from hydrogen; halogen; alkyl; aryl; cycloalkyl; heterocycloalkyl; amide; alcohol; acid; ester; ether; acyl; alkenyl; and alkynyl; wherein R 2  is  
                 
 
 wherein R 4  and R 5  may be the same or different and are selected from hydrogen; halogen; alkyl; aryl; cycloalkyl; heterocycloalkyl; amide; alcohol; acid; ester; ether; acyl; alkenyl; and alkynyl. The medication can be in the form of a free acid, a free base, an organic salt, an inorganic salt, or a hydrate. Liothyronine is an example of a drug encompassed by the above-mentioned general formula. 
 
      According to this invention, stabilized pharmaceutical compositions are produced by blending the active ingredient with an alditol and a saccharide such as a monosaccharide or disaccharide to form a granulation intermediate. Addition of any additional pharmaceutical excipients, diluents or granulation aids is optional. Generally, further pharmaceutical excipients are added to produce final oral dosage forms such as tablets or capsules.  
      Formulations according to this invention are made according to the following general steps. Those of skill in the art are aware of equivalent methods and variations which produce the same general result. Therefore, the general instructions and the example which follows should not be considered to be strictly limiting. The active thyroxine ingredient, for example, levothyroxine sodium, is blended with an alditol and/or a saccharide to form a pre-blend for ease of handling. Preferred granulation intermediates are produced by making a wet granulation of the active ingredient with an alditol such as mannitol, a saccharide such as sucrose and a granulation aid such as microcrystalline cellulose. Preferably, the active ingredient is blended first with the alditol, sucrose is then added and the material is blended again. According to the invention, further excipients such as microcrystalline cellulose (also polyvinylpyrrolidone as binder) may also be incorporated into the granulation, but need not be added until the active ingredient is intimately mixed with the alditol and/or the sucrose. Therefore, the microcrystalline cellulose or other diluent functions as a granulation aid and compression enhancer (for tablet or capsule formulations) and not as a specific carrier for the thyroxine active drug.  
      In preferred embodiments, the wet granulation is dried, milled and optionally further blended. The granulation intermediate then may be stored or directly mixed with further ingredients to form a composition suitable for compression into tablets, filling into capsules or dissolved or suspended to form a liquid dosage form.  
      Without wishing to be bound by theory, it is believed that the stabilizing effect achieved with the inventive formulations is due to the presence of the alditol and the saccharide in the final dosage form, and specifically the mixing of the alditol and saccharide with the active ingredient at an early stage of manufacture. Preferably, processing of the active ingredient should be conducted at temperatures below about 45° C.  
      Alditols which are suitable for use in this invention are those whose presence stabilizes the thyroxine drug. Alditols are widely known in the art. Preferred alditols include, but are not limited to, one or more of the following: mannitol, sorbitol, maltitol and xylitol. Most preferably, the alditol is mannitol. Saccharides for use with this invention are those that stabilize the thyroxine drug. Such saccharides include one or more monosaccharides, disaccharides and oligosaccharides composed of 2-10 monosaccharides. Monosaccharides, also known as reducing sugars, which may be used in the present invention generally include aldoses, hemiacetals and cyclic hemiacetals. Disaccharides are generally defined as two monosaccharide units joined together by a glycoside linkage. Oligosaccharides are generally defined as carbohydrates that hydrolyze to yield 2 to 10 molecules of a monosaccharide. Preferred monosaccharides, disaccharides, and oligosaccharides include, but are not limited to: sucrose, maltose, cellobiose, lactose, trehalose, glucose, fructose, galactose, ribose or deoxyribose. Preferably, the saccharide is a monosaccharide or a disaccharide, and more preferably is a disaccharide. The most preferred saccharide is sucrose.  
      Pharmaceutical compositions of this invention may be prepared for administration orally, rectally, vaginally, transmucosally, transdermally, parenterally, subcutaneously, and intramuscularly. Pharmaceutically acceptable excipients which are suitable for use in formulations for these methods of administration are known to those of skill in the art and may be included in formulations according to this invention. Generally, excipients contemplated for use in the inventive formulations may include, but are not limited to adjuvants; preservatives; buffers; fillers, extenders, carriers, binders and diluents; glidants and lubricants; surfactants, wetting agents and surface active agents; suspending agents and solvents. Compounds such as dyes and colorants, sweeteners, flavorings, perfuming agents and taste-masking ingredients also may be included in formulations according to this invention. Any pharmaceutically acceptable excipient, such as ingredients to aid in processing or to improve taste or appearance are contemplated for use with these formulations. Further excipients may be included according to the judgment of the pharmaceutical scientist formulating the medicament. In addition, other active ingredients may be included to produce a dual or multiple ingredient medication.  
      Exemplary surfactants and surface active agents may be selected from known pharmaceutical excipients such as, for example, gelatin, casein, lecithin, gum acacia, stearic acid or other fatty acids, benzalkonium chloride, calcium stearate, glyceryl monostearate or other fatty acid salts, polyethylene glycols, silicon dioxide, methylcelluloses or carboxymethylcelluloses, sodium stearyl fumarate, magnesium stearate, alginate, or any other surface modifying compounds known in the art. Compounds which function as wetting agents, such as, for example, pharmaceutically acceptable detergents and cetyl alcohols also are contemplated for use with the inventive formulations.  
      Lubricants such as talc, calcium stearate, sodium stearyl fumarate, stearic acid, magnesium stearate, solid polyethylene glycols and cocoa butter are useful with the inventive formulations, as are one or more binders, fillers or extenders such as starches, lactose or other sugars, polyvinylpyrrolidone, sodium citrate, dicalcium phosphate and other alkaline inorganic salts, carboxylmethylcellulose and other cellulose polymers, alginates, gelatins, microcrystalline cellulose, sorbitol, sodium chloride, chitosan, hydrogenated vegetable oil, kaolin, glycerol palmitostearate, magnesium carbonate, and calcium carbonate.  
      Solid dosage forms which may be prepared according to this invention can include tablets, capsules, rectal or vaginal suppositories, pills, dragees, lozenges, granules, beads, microspheres, pellets and powders, or any combination thereof. Formulations also may be prepared in the form of solutions, suspensions, emulsions, syrups and elixirs. These liquid dosage forms may include liquid diluents in addition to the solid ingredients discussed above. Such diluents may include, but are not limited to solvents, solubilizing agents, suspending agents and emulsifiers such as water or saline solutions, ethanol and other pharmaceutically acceptable alcohols; ethyl carbonate; ethyl acetate; propylene glycol; dimethyl formamide; pharmaceutically acceptable oils such as cottonseed, corn, olive, castor and sesame; fatty acid esters of sorbitan; polyoxyethylene sorbitol; and agar-agar. Formulations can be either immediate or modified release.  
      The formulations of this invention may be used for any convenient dosage amount of the active ingredient. Generally, the level of the active ingredient may be increased or decreased according to the judgment of the physician, pharmacist, pharmaceutical scientist or other person of skill in the art. The amount of the remaining non-active ingredients can be adjusted as needed. Preferably, the amount of alditol is adjusted to compensate for changes in the amount of active ingredient.  
      The preferred active ingredient in the formulations of this invention is levothyroxine sodium. Therapeutically effective dosage amounts for this drug generally range from about 0.1 μg to about 5000 μg and are most preferably from about 25 μg to about 300 μg. Exemplary dosages therefore include, but are not limited to 20 μg, 25 μg, 50 μg, 75 μg, 88 μg, 100 μg 112 μg, 125 μg, 150 μg, 175 μg, 200 μg and 300 μg. Preferred solid dosage forms prepared according to this invention contain the following compounds: levothyroxine sodium (active drug substance); mannitol; microcrystalline cellulose (diluent); polyvinylpyrrolidone (binder); sucrose; crospovidone (disintegrant); magnesium stearate (lubricant); sodium lauryl sulfate (surfactant); and colloidal silicon dioxide (glidant).  
      Formulations of thyroxine active drugs prepared according to this invention contain about 0.1 μg to about 5000 μg thyroxine active drug substance, preferably about 1 μg to about 1000 μg and most preferably about 25 μg to about 300 μg. Alditols should be present at from about 5% to about 90% (by weight) of the final formulation, preferably from about 15% to about 80% and most preferably from about 25% to about 70%. Filler, such as carbohydrates (starch or cellulose polymer), for example microcrystalline cellulose, generally should comprise from about 5% to about 90% by weight of the final formulations, preferably from about 15% to about 80% and most preferably from about 25% to about 70%. Final dosage forms generally contain from about 5% to about 70% saccharide, by weight, preferably from about 10% to about 60%, and most preferably from about 20% to about 40%. Further optional ingredients in the final dosage form may include a disintegrant, which if present, generally forms from about 2% to about 30% of the final formulation by weight, preferably from about 2% to about 15% and most preferably from about 3% to about 10%. Lubricants may be present in the final formulation at from about 0.1% to about 5% by weight, preferably from about 0.2% to about 3% and most preferably from about 0.5% to about 2.5%. Glidants may be present in final formulations according to this invention at from about 0.05% to about 2% by weight, preferably from about 0.075% to about 1% and most preferably from about 0.1% to about 0.5%. Surfactants may be present in final formulation according to this invention at from about 0.005% to about 1% by weight, preferably from about 0.01% to about 0.5% by weight, and most preferably from about 0.01% to about 0.2%. Binders may be present in final formulation according to this invention at from about 0.1% to about 10% by weight, preferably from about 0.5% to about 5% by weight, and most preferably from about 1% to about 3% by weight.  
      After the solid ingredients of the formulation are blended, the stabilized drug preparation preferably is compressed into tablets. Alternatively, the preparation may be used to fill capsules such as hard gelatin capsules or used to prepare any other convenient solid dosage form. Compositions according to the invention may be stored in the form of powders, granulates, intermediates, suspensions, or solutions prior to addition of additional desired pharmaceutical excipients for the production of final dosage forms such as tablets or solid-filled capsules, or final liquid dosage forms such as solutions, syrups, suspensions, emulsions and the like.  
      The following example further illustrates the invention and is not to be construed to limit the claims in any manner.  
     EXAMPLE 1  
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 1 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Levothyroxine 25 mcg tablets were prepared using the 
               
               
                 following ingredients: 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                 0.0334% Levothyroxine Sodium Granulation Intermediate 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Levothyroxine Sodium 
                 567.2 
                 mg 
               
               
                   
                 Mannitol 
                 723.4 
                 g 
               
               
                   
                 Sucrose 
                 425.0 
                 g 
               
               
                   
                 Microcrystalline Cellulose 
                 517.0 
                 g 
               
               
                   
                 Polyvinylpyrrolidone K30 
                 34.0 
                 g 
               
               
                   
                 Purified Water 
                 165.0 
                 g 
               
               
                   
                 Ethanol 200 proof 
                 29.0 
                 g 
               
            
           
           
               
            
               
                 Levothyroxine Sodium 25 mcg Tablets 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 0.0334% Levothyroxine Sodium Granulation 
                 1125.0 
                 g 
               
               
                   
                 Intermediate 
               
               
                   
                 Colloidal Silicon Dioxide 
                 5.3 
                 g 
               
               
                   
                 Magnesium Stearate/Sodium Lauryl Sulfate 94/6 
                 30.0 
                 g 
               
               
                   
                 FD&amp;C Yellow Aluminum Lake No. 6 
                 4.5 
                 g 
               
               
                   
                 Microcrystalline Cellulose 
                 136.5 
                 g 
               
               
                   
                 Mannitol 
                 648.8 
                 g 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
      The mannitol and the levothyroxine sodium were blended for 10 minutes using conventional mixing equipment. The blended material, microcrystalline cellulose, and the sucrose were then passed through a hammer mill and the milled materials were blended for 15 minutes. With continuous mixing, the powders were granulated with a 15% w/w hydroalcoholic solution of polyvinylpyrrolidone. Additional water was added as needed for consistency of the granulation. The wet granulation mixture was dried in a fluidized bed dryer at 40° C. until the moisture content was less then 4%. The dried granulation was sized by passing it through a hammer mill then blended for 5 minutes using conventional mixing equipment.  
      The colloidal silicon dioxide, the magnesium stearate/sodium lauryl sulfate (94/6), and the FD&amp;C Yellow Aluminum Lake No. 6 lake were blended for 3 minutes and the mixture was passed through a # 30  mesh screen. The microcrystalline cellulose and the mannitol were sized by screening and milling, respectively. The screened ingredients were then blended with the levothyroxine sodium granulation intermediate for 15 minutes until uniform. The mixture was compressed into tablets, each weighing approximately 130 mg, on a rotary tableting machine.  
      Table 2 represents the stability data generated for storage of tablets made according to Example 1. These tablets were stored at 25, 40, and 50° C. for 5 days at ambient humidity in 75 cc standard HDPE pharmaceutical containers. Samples of these tablets were analyzed for drug potency using an HPLC standard assay. Evaluation of the potency for these tablets demonstrates that the stabilized formulation of Example 1 yields a product which demonstrates good stability at all temperatures at or below 40° C.  
               TABLE 2                          Stability Data                             Temperature   Potency                                         25° C.   100.9%           40° C.   99.3%           50° C.   93.3%