Patent Publication Number: US-10784432-B2

Title: Vertical josephson junction superconducting device

Description:
BACKGROUND 
     The subject disclosure relates to superconducting devices, and more specifically, to fabricating a vertical Josephson junction superconducting device using a silicon-on-metal (SOM) substrate. 
     Quantum computing is generally the use of quantum-mechanical phenomena for the purpose of performing computing and information processing functions. Quantum computing can be viewed in contrast to classical computing, which generally operates on binary values with transistors. That is, while classical computers can operate on bit values that are either 0 or 1, quantum computers operate on quantum bits that comprise superpositions of both 0 and 1, can entangle multiple quantum bits, and use interference to obtain computational results. 
     Quantum computing hardware can be different from classical computing hardware. In particular, superconducting quantum circuits generally rely on Josephson junctions, which can be fabricated in a semiconductor device. A Josephson junction generally manifests the Josephson effect of a supercurrent, where current can flow indefinitely across a Josephson junction without an applied voltage. A Josephson junction can be created by weakly coupling two superconductors (a material that conducts electricity without resistance), for example, by a tunnel barrier as described below. 
     Some prior art Josephson junctions can be implemented using shadow evaporation. A problem with fabricating prior art Josephson junctions using shadow evaporation can be that this approach is not scalable, because shadow evaporation can produce non-uniform results on larger substrates, such as 200 mm or 300 mm wafers. Josephson junctions implemented via shadow evaporation can have high variability of the supercurrent. Josephson junctions implemented via shadow evaporation can be made with a lift-off process, which, in turn, can cause flares at the edges of a remaining superconducting layer, can allow for one or more floating superconducting islands to be formed near a Josephson junction (where using undercut in resist, or hard mask, profile); and can have some junction variability (which causes variability of the critical current) caused by undercut and small misalignments in tilted evaporation. Additionally, a problem with shadow evaporation is that a number of choices for both materials and deposition approaches can be limited. 
     There are also Josephson junctions used in single flux quantum (SFQ) computing, which can be vertical, but can have a problem of having an associated loss beyond what is suitable for quantum computing. This associated loss with a SFQ junction can include both loss due to surrounding dielectrics with insufficient loss tangent, and loss in tunnel barrier. Additionally, a SFQ junction generally has a larger area than a quantum bit (qubit) junction. 
     SUMMARY 
     The following presents a summary to provide a basic understanding of one or more embodiments of the invention. This summary is not intended to identify key or critical elements, or delineate any scope of the particular embodiments or any scope of the claims. Its sole purpose is to present concepts in a simplified form as a prelude to the more detailed description that is presented later. In one or more embodiments described herein, devices, systems, chip surface base device structures, computer-implemented methods, apparatus and/or computer program products that facilitate vertical Josephson junction superconducting devices are described. 
     According to an embodiment, a chip surface base device structure is provided. In one example, the chip surface base device structure comprises a substrate comprising crystalline silicon that is physically coupled with a first superconducting layer, wherein the first superconducting layer is physically coupled with a second substrate comprising crystalline silicon. In one or more implementations, the chip surface base device structure can further comprise a vertical Josephson junction located in an etched region of the substrate, the vertical Josephson junction comprising the first superconducting layer, a tunnel barrier layer, and a top superconducting layer. An advantage of such a chip surface base device structure can be that the structure contains vertical Josephson junctions that are more uniform than Josephson junctions from previous techniques. 
     In some examples, the tunnel barrier layer is located on at least one of the first superconducting layer, or a second superconducting layer that is coupled with the first superconducting layer. An advantage of depositing the tunnel barrier layer in this manner can be that such a chip surface base device structure is more reproducible than a chip surface base device structure with a differently positioned tunnel barrier layer. 
     In another embodiment, a method is provided. In one example, the method comprises physically coupling a substrate comprising crystalline silicon with a first superconducting layer. The method can further comprise physically coupling the first superconducting layer with a second substrate comprising crystalline silicon. The method can further comprise etching the substrate. The method can further comprise forming a vertical Josephson junction in the etching of the substrate, the vertical Josephson junction comprising the first superconducting layer, a tunnel barrier layer, and a top superconducting layer. An advantage of such a method can be that it can be used to fabricate vertical Josephson junctions that are more uniform than Josephson junctions fabricated from previous techniques. 
     In some examples, the method further comprises depositing a second superconducting layer between the first superconducting layer and the tunnel barrier layer. An advantage of depositing the second superconducting layer in this manner can be that a height of the second superconducting layer can be used to set a height of the tunnel base layer in the via. 
     In another embodiment, a chip surface base device structure is provided. In one example, the chip surface base device structure comprises a first portion of a superconducting layer that is bonded with a second portion of the superconducting layer, the first portion of the superconducting layer being physically coupled to a substrate, and the second portion of the superconducting layer being physically coupled to a second substrate. In one or more implementations, the chip surface base device structure can further comprise a vertical Josephson junction located in an etched region of the substrate, the vertical Josephson junction comprising a tunnel barrier layer and a top superconducting layer. An advantage of such a chip surface base device structure can be that it contains vertical Josephson junctions that are more uniform than Josephson junctions from previous techniques. 
     In some examples, the tunnel barrier layer is formed on the superconducting layer. An advantage of forming the tunnel barrier layer on the first superconducting layer can be that such a chip surface base device structure is more reproducible than a chip surface base device structure with a differently positioned tunnel barrier layer. 
     In another embodiment, a method is provided. In one example, the method comprises bonding a first portion of a superconducting layer that is physically coupled to a crystalline silicon substrate with a second portion of the superconducting layer that is physically coupled with a second crystalline silicon substrate, the crystalline silicon substrate, the superconducting layer, and the second crystalline silicon substrate comprising a silicon-on-metal (SOM) base. The method can further comprise forming a vertical Josephson junction in an etching of the crystalline silicon substrate, the vertical Josephson junction comprising the superconducting layer, a tunnel barrier layer, and a second superconducting layer. An advantage of such a method can be that it can be used to fabricate vertical Josephson junctions that are more uniform than Josephson junctions fabricated from previous techniques. 
     In another embodiment, a chip surface base device structure is provided. In one example, the chip surface base device structure comprises a substrate comprising crystalline silicon that is physically coupled with a first superconducting layer, wherein the first superconducting layer is physically coupled with a second substrate comprising crystalline silicon; and a vertical Josephson junction that is formed in an etching of the substrate. An advantage of such a chip surface base device structure can be that it contains vertical Josephson junctions that are more uniform than Josephson junctions from previous techniques. 
    
    
     
       DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         FIG. 1  illustrates an example, non-limiting chip surface base device structure in accordance with one or more embodiments described herein. 
         FIG. 2  illustrates the example, non-limiting chip surface base device structure of  FIG. 1  after creation of a via in accordance with one or more embodiments described herein. 
         FIG. 3  illustrates the example, non-limiting chip surface base device structure of  FIG. 2  after depositing a tunnel barrier layer in accordance with one or more embodiments described herein. 
         FIG. 4  illustrates the example, non-limiting chip surface base device structure of  FIG. 2  after depositing a second superconductor in accordance with one or more embodiments described herein. 
         FIG. 5  illustrates the example, non-limiting chip surface base device structure of  FIG. 4  after depositing a tunnel barrier layer in accordance with one or more embodiments described herein. 
         FIG. 6  illustrates the example, non-limiting chip surface base device structure of  FIG. 5  after depositing another superconducting layer, which is thicker than the initial height of the via in accordance with one or more embodiments described herein. 
         FIG. 7  illustrates the example, non-limiting chip surface base device structure of  FIG. 5  after depositing another superconducting layer, which is thinner than the initial height of the via in accordance with one or more embodiments described herein. 
         FIG. 8  illustrates the example, non-limiting chip surface base device structure of  FIG. 6  after removing material down to the top tunnel barrier layer in accordance with one or more embodiments described herein. 
         FIG. 9  illustrates the example, non-limiting chip surface base device structure of  FIG. 8  after removing the top tunnel barrier layer in accordance with one or more embodiments described herein. 
         FIG. 10  illustrates the example, non-limiting chip surface base device structure of  FIG. 6  or  FIG. 7  after removing material down to the top substrate layer in accordance with one or more embodiments described herein. 
         FIG. 11  illustrates the example, non-limiting chip surface base device structure of  FIG. 10  after depositing another superconducting layer in accordance with one or more embodiments described herein. 
         FIG. 12  illustrates a flow diagram of an example, non-limiting computer-implemented method that facilitates implementing a vertical Josephson junction superconducting device in accordance with one or more embodiments described herein. 
         FIG. 13  illustrates another flow diagram of an example, non-limiting computer-implemented method that facilitates implementing a vertical Josephson junction superconducting device in accordance with one or more embodiments described herein. 
         FIG. 14  illustrates a block diagram of an example, non-limiting operating environment in which one or more embodiments described herein can be facilitated. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     The following detailed description is merely illustrative and is not intended to limit embodiments and/or application or uses of embodiments. Furthermore, there is no intention to be bound by any expressed or implied information presented in the preceding Background or Summary sections, or in the Detailed Description section. 
     One or more embodiments are now described with reference to the drawings, wherein like referenced numerals are used to refer to like elements throughout. In the following description, for purposes of explanation, numerous specific details are set forth in order to provide a more thorough understanding of the one or more embodiments. It is evident, however, in various cases, that the one or more embodiments can be practiced without these specific details. 
     Given the above problems with common implementations of Josephson junctions, the present disclosure can be implemented to produce a vertical Josephson junction computing device that provides a solution to one or more of those problems. Such a vertical Josephson junction computing device can have an advantage of improved scaling because of a reduced footprint relative to that of a non-vertical Josephson junction device. Such a vertical Josephson junction computing device can also have an advantage of providing more choices in both materials and deposition methods relative to a number of choices for a shadow evaporated overlap Josephson junction. Such a vertical Josephson junction computing device can have an advantage of fabrication scaling because the device is compatible with chip manufacturing approaches. Additionally, such a vertical Josephson junction computing device can have an advantage of being embedded in a very low loss environment. 
       FIG. 1  illustrates an example, non-limiting chip surface base device structure in accordance with one or more embodiments described herein. As depicted, chip surface base device structure  100  comprises substrate  102 , superconductor  104 , and substrate  106 . A chip surface base device structure can sometimes be referred to as a chip surface base device structure. Chip surface base device structure  100  can be considered to be a buried metal flow, where the metal is a superconducting material. Then, the top substrate layer—substrate  106 —can be ground to a thickness of approximately 100-200 nm, either before or after substrate  106 , superconductor  104 , and substrate  102  are physically coupled together (as opposed to an electrical coupling, such as between two capacitive plates). In some examples, superconductor  104  can be titanium (Ti), tantalum (Ta), tungsten (W), or titanium nitride (TiN). 
     In some examples, substrate  102  and substrate  106  can have initial thicknesses of approximately 500 micrometers (μm) to 800 μm. Then, in some examples, the various materials used can be used in temperatures up to approximately 500 degrees Celsius (C). In some examples, materials with lower melting points, such as aluminum (Al) can be used, and these materials can begin to deform at approximately 300 C. 
     In some examples, one or both of substrate  102  and substrate  106  can be crystalline silicon (Si), and such a substrate can be referred to as a crystalline silicon substrate. The use of crystalline Si can improve a coherence time of a qubit associated with a vertical Josephson junction as described herein. Additionally, in some examples, a high-resistivity crystalline Si can be utilized, which can further improve coherence time. In some examples, this crystalline Si can be grown. 
     In some examples, a portion of superconductor  104  is deposited onto substrate  102 , and a portion of superconductor  104  is deposited onto substrate  106 . Then, these two portions of superconductor  104  can be bonded together to connect substrate  102  to superconductor  104  to substrate  106 . Put another way, after depositing the respective portions of superconductor  104  on substrate  102  and substrate  106 , respectively, the exposed surface of a first portion of superconductor  104  can then be bonded to the exposed surface of a second portion of superconductor  104 . In some examples, bonding can be effectuated with a low-temperature anneal, or another adhesion approach. 
       FIG. 2  illustrates the example, non-limiting chip surface base device structure of  FIG. 1  after creation of via  208  in accordance with one or more embodiments described herein. As depicted, chip surface base device structure  200  reflects etching a via into substrate  106  of chip surface base device structure  100 . A via  208  can generally comprise an opening through a layer of a chip base surface, through which a conductive connection between two other layers can be formed. Whereas chip surface base device structure  100  has substrate  106 , here substrate  106  has been etched to form via  208 , leaving substrate  206 A and substrate  206 B to remain from what was substrate  106  (with via  208  formed between substrate  206 A and substrate  206 B). The cross-sectional side view of chip surface base device structure  200  shows that substrate  206 A and substrate  206 B are separated. However, it can be appreciated that a hole has been formed in substrate  106 , which is shown in this cross-sectional side view, and that substrate  206 A and substrate  206 B are still connected (e.g., from above, this substrate could look as if a hole was formed in the middle of it). Other materials in cross-sectional side views can be similarly attached though they appear to be separated in the cross-sectional side view. In some cases, via  208  can extend into the superconductor  104 , meaning part of the top of superconductor  104  may be removed at the location of via  208 . 
     In some examples, etch lithography can be implemented to etch via  208 , with a depth of the via of 100-200 nm. In some examples, an aspect ratio of 1:1 between a height and a width of a via can be effectuated. 
       FIG. 3  illustrates the example, non-limiting chip surface base device structure of  FIG. 2  after depositing a tunnel barrier layer in accordance with one or more embodiments described herein. As depicted with chip surface base device structure  300 , a tunnel barrier layer has been deposited on chip surface base device structure  200 , and this tunnel barrier layer comprises tunnel barrier  308 A, tunnel barrier  308 B, and tunnel barrier  308 C. 
     In some examples, tunnel barrier  308 A, tunnel barrier  308 B, and tunnel barrier  308 C can be deposited on chip surface base device structure  200  using a sputter approach, an evaporative approach, or an atomic layer deposition (ALD) approach. In some examples, tunnel barrier  308 A, tunnel barrier  308 B, and tunnel barrier  308 C can be aluminum oxide (Al 2 O 3 ), a non-superconducting metal (sometimes referred to as a “normal” metal), an oxide or a nitride. In some examples, the tunnel barrier  308 B can be grown or chemically induced on the exposed surface (after etch) of superconductor  104 , for example, by oxidation. Depending on the chemical sensitivity of substrate  206 , the surface layers of tunnel barrier  308 A and tunnel barrier  308 C may or may not exist. Generally, a tunnel barrier layer can be a thin layer of non-conducting material. 
     It can be appreciated that additional steps can be performed on chip surface base device structure  300  to further produce a chip surface base device structure, similar to those described with respect to  FIGS. 4-11 . A difference between a chip surface base device structure created using chip surface base device structure  300  and a chip surface base device structure using chip surface base device structure  400  can be found in the presence of a second superconducting layer. In chip surface base device structure  400 , a second superconducting layer is deposited below a tunnel barrier layer, and this second superconducting layer is omitted from chip surface base device structure  300 . 
     An advantage of depositing or growing the tunnel barrier layer on the first superconducting layer can be that such a chip surface base device structure is more reproducible than a chip surface base device structure with a differently positioned tunnel barrier layer. 
       FIG. 4  illustrates the example, non-limiting chip surface base device structure of  FIG. 2  after depositing a second superconductor in accordance with one or more embodiments described herein. As depicted with chip surface base device structure  400 , a second superconductor has been deposited on chip surface base device structure  200 , and this second superconducting layer comprises superconductor  408 A, superconductor  408 B, and superconductor  408 C. Chip surface base device structure  400  can be considered to be an alternative embodiment relative to chip surface base device structure  300 , where in each of these embodiments a different type of layer is deposited onto chip surface base device structure  200 . 
     This second superconducting layer (superconductor  408 A, superconductor  408 B, and superconductor  408 C) can be a different type of material than the first superconducting layer (superconductor  104 ), or it can be the same type of material as the first superconducting layer. In some examples, depositing this second superconducting layer may initially cause superconductor  408 A, superconductor  408 B, and superconductor  408 C to be connected because some superconducting material is deposited on the interior sides of substrate  206 A and substrate  206 B. Where this occurs, an isotropic etch-back can be performed to disconnect superconductor  408 A from superconductor  408 B, and to disconnect superconductor  408 B from superconductor  408 C (i.e., to remove that portion of the superconducting material that is deposited on the interior sides of substrate  206 A and substrate  206 B). Alternatively, a lithographic patterning step can be performed in alignment with the previous etch step, and the material on the interior sides can be etched anisotropically (as for example with a reactive ion etch) while protecting the center of the via (and superconductor  408 B) from the etch using resist (photoresist or electron-beam resist). 
     Adding superconductor  408 B (and a height of superconductor  408 B, or even whether to add superconductor  408 B) can be used to determine a height of a vertical Josephson junction. The more of superconductor  408 B that is added, the closer the vertical Josephson junction is to a top of the via, and the less of superconductor  408 B that is added (or not adding superconductor  408 B at all), the closer the vertical Josephson junction is to a bottom of the via. Beyond a vertical Josephson junction being formed at the bottom of a via, there can be examples where a vertical Josephson junction can be formed below the bottom of a via. That is, where a via is cleaned before depositing a tunnel barrier layer, this cleaning (e.g., an etching) can remove some material at the bottom of the via, further deepening it. Then, when the tunnel barrier layer is deposited, it can be deposited below the former bottom of the via. 
     Considerations that can be used to determine a placement of a vertical Josephson junction can include how the height of the vertical Josephson junction affects an ability to reproduce such a vertical Josephson junction in fabricating multiple vertical Josephson junctions, and an ability to attach particular materials used in a chip surface base device structure (such as an ability to attach the tunnel barrier layer with a material used for superconductor  104 ). For example, vertical Josephson junction with a tunnel barrier layer closer to a top of a via may result in less variability in fabricating multiple such vertical Josephson junctions. 
     In chip surface base device structure  400 , superconductor  104  and superconductor  408 B are touching, or next to, each other. In general, two superconductors that are placed next to each other in this arrangement or a similar arrangement behave as a single superconductor, and will exhibit a single superconducting phase even where the two superconductors are made up of different materials from each other. 
     In the course of depositing superconductor  408 A, superconductor  408 B, and superconductor  408 C, some superconducting material can be deposited onto the sidewalls of the via—i.e., some superconducting material may connect superconductor  408 A with superconductor  408 B, and some superconducting material may connect superconductor  408 B with superconductor  408 C. This additional superconducting material on the sidewalls of the via can be removed. For example, it can be etched away, such as using a wet etch that is isotropic—i.e., the etch operates the same in all directions. Since the sidewall deposit is thinner by construction (though there can be embodiments where this is not true, such as with conformally grown techniques such as ALD) than that of superconductor  408 A, superconductor  408 B and superconductor  408 C, the sidewall deposit can be etched faster while not etching away superconductor  408 A, superconductor  408 B and superconductor  408 C. In other embodiments, a lithographic patterning step can be performed in alignment with the previous etch step, and the material on the interior sides can be etched anisotropically (as for example with a reactive ion etch) while protecting the center of the via (and superconductor  408 B) from the etch using resist (photoresist or electron-beam resist). 
     An advantage of depositing the second superconducting layer in this manner can be that a height of the second superconducting layer can be used to set a height of the tunnel base layer (that is deposited upon the second superconducting layer, as depicted in  FIG. 5 ) in the via. 
       FIG. 5  illustrates the example, non-limiting chip surface base device structure of  FIG. 4  after depositing a tunnel barrier layer in accordance with one or more embodiments described herein. As depicted with chip surface base device structure  500 , a tunnel barrier layer has been deposited on chip surface base device structure  400 , and this tunnel barrier layer comprises tunnel barrier  510 A, tunnel barrier  510 B, and tunnel barrier  510 C. Thus, like the example chip surface base device structure  300 , chip surface base device structure  500  also comprises a tunnel barrier layer, and a difference between chip surface base device structure  300  and chip surface base device structure  500  is that chip surface base device structure  300  has one layer of a superconductor beneath the tunnel barrier layer, and chip surface base device structure  500  has two layers of a superconductor beneath the tunnel barrier layer. Similar to that described with respect to tunnel barrier  308 A, tunnel barrier  308 B, and tunnel barrier  308 C, here, tunnel barrier  510 A, tunnel barrier  510 B, and tunnel barrier  510 C can be aluminum oxide (Al 2 O 3 ), a non-superconducting metal, an oxide or a nitride. In some examples, the tunnel barrier  510 B can be formed by growth or chemical modification (e.g., oxidation) of the exposed surface (after etch) of superconductor  408 B. 
       FIG. 6  illustrates the example, non-limiting chip surface base device structure of  FIG. 5  after depositing another superconducting layer, which is thicker than the initial height of the via in accordance with one or more embodiments described herein. As depicted with chip surface base device structure  600 , a third superconducting layer has been deposited onto chip surface base device structure  500 , and this third superconducting layer comprises superconductor  610 A, superconductor  610 B, and superconductor  610 C. 
     While each of superconductor  610 A, superconductor  610 B, and superconductor  610 C are depicted as being distinct, it can be appreciated that this depiction is a logical depiction that is used to highlight the via formed between substrate  206 A and substrate  206 B, and that superconductor  610 A, superconductor  610 B, and superconductor  610 C can form a contiguous layer of the superconductor. A similar logical depiction is also used with respect to at least some of the other layers depicted in  FIGS. 1-11 . 
     By depositing another superconducting layer that is thicker than the initial height of the via, the former top superconducting layer (comprising superconductor  408 A and superconductor  408 C) is intentionally electrically shorted (directly in contact with). This intentional shorting is done to ensure that the via is completely filled, and this intentional shorting can be addressed later, such as shown with chip surface base device structure  1000 , where superconductor  408 A and superconductor  408 C have been removed. Additionally, depositing tunnel barrier  510 A, tunnel barrier  510 B, and tunnel barrier  510 C (and conversely tunnel barrier  308 A, tunnel barrier  308 B and tunnel barrier  308 C) can result in deposition of a tunnel barrier layer in the sidewall of substrate  206 A and substrate  206 B. If this sidewall material is not etched back (such as for the isotropic etch back of superconductor  408 A, superconductor  408 B and superconductor  408 C), then there could be a result where superconductor  610 B does not electrically short superconductor  408 A and superconductor  408 C. 
     In some examples, this third superconducting layer can be a different type of material than either the first superconducting layer or the second superconducting layer. For example, the first superconducting layer can be Ti, the second superconducting layer can be Ta, and the third superconducting layer can be TiN. In some examples, either two or three of these layers are of the same type of layer. In some examples, the third superconducting layer is deposited with a greater thickness than the first superconducting layer and/or the second superconducting layer, and this increased thickness can facilitate a better control of removing part or all of the third superconducting layer at a future time (such as depicted with respect to  FIG. 8 ). 
       FIG. 7  illustrates the example, non-limiting chip surface base device structure of  FIG. 5  after depositing another superconducting layer, which is thinner than the initial height of the via in accordance with one or more embodiments described herein. As depicted with chip surface base device structure  700 , a third superconducting layer has been deposited onto chip surface base device structure  500 , and this third superconducting layer comprises superconductor  712 A, superconductor  712 B, and superconductor  712 C. 
     Chip surface base device structure  700  can be viewed in contrast to chip surface base device structure  600 . As depicted in chip surface base device structure  600 , the third superconducting layer is thicker than the initial height of the via formed between substrate  206 A and substrate  206 B. In contrast, in chip surface base device structure  700 , the third superconducting layer is thinner than the initial height of the via formed between substrate  206 A and substrate  206 B. 
       FIG. 8  illustrates the example, non-limiting chip surface base device structure of  FIG. 6  after removing material down to the top tunnel barrier layer in accordance with one or more embodiments described herein. As depicted with chip surface base device structure  800 , and relative to chip surface base device structure  600 , material has been removed down to the height of tunnel barrier  510 A and tunnel barrier  510 B. This material removed comprises superconductor  610 A, some of superconductor  610 B (producing superconductor  810 B), and superconductor  610 C. In some cases, part of tunnel barrier  510 A and tunnel barrier  510 C may also have been removed. 
     In some examples, a chemical-mechanical polarization (CMP) process can be utilized to remove this material. It can be appreciated that a similar approach of removing material can be applied to chip surface base device structure  700 , where superconductor  712 A and superconductor  712 C are removed, as well as, in some embodiments, some of superconductor  712 B. 
       FIG. 9  illustrates the example, non-limiting chip surface base device structure of  FIG. 8  after removing the top tunnel barrier layer in accordance with one or more embodiments described herein. As depicted with chip surface base device structure  900 , and relative to chip surface base device structure  800 , material has been removed down to the height of superconductor  408 A and superconductor  408 C. This material removed comprises tunnel barrier  510 A, tunnel barrier  510 C, and some of superconductor  810 B (producing superconductor  910 B). In some examples, a short-timed CMP process can be utilized to remove this material. In some examples, a short-timed anisotropic etch (such as reactive ion etch, which can be highly selective to oxides such as those used in tunnel barriers) can be utilized to remove this material. 
       FIG. 10  illustrates the example, non-limiting chip surface base device structure of  FIG. 6  after removing material down to the top substrate layer in accordance with one or more embodiments described herein. As depicted with chip surface base device structure  1000 , and relative to chip surface base device structure  900 , material has been removed down to the height of substrate  206 A and substrate  206 B. This material removed comprises superconductor  408 A, superconductor  408 C, and some of superconductor  910 B (producing superconductor  1010 B). 
     In some embodiments, superconductor  1010 B can be referred to as a top superconductor, and an electrode of a vertical Josephson junction formed with superconductor  1010 B can be referred to as a top electrode of the vertical Josephson junction. While the term “top” can be used to identify these particular features, it can be appreciated that the use of “top” does not require a particular orientation of a vertical Josephson junction. That is, in some examples, the chip surface base device structure of  FIG. 10  can be implemented after rotating it 180 degrees, so that what appears at the top of the FIG. would then appear at the bottom of the figure. Further, in some embodiments, a “top” layer can have an additional layer or component or element placed above the layer in some embodiments. All such embodiments are envisaged. 
     In some examples, a short-timed CMP process can be utilized to remove this material.  FIG. 10  also illustrates the example, non-limiting chip surface base device structure of  FIG. 7  after removing material down to the top of superconductor  712 B in accordance with one or more embodiments described herein. 
       FIG. 11  illustrates the example, non-limiting chip surface base device structure of  FIG. 10  after depositing another superconducting layer in accordance with one or more embodiments described herein. As depicted with chip surface base device structure  1100 , a fourth superconducting layer has been deposited on chip surface base device structure  1000 , and this fourth superconducting layer is depicted here as superconductor  1112 . 
     In some examples, this fourth superconducting layer can be same material type as one or more of the first superconducting layer, the second superconducting layer, and the third superconducting layer. In some examples, the fourth superconducting layer is a different material than the first superconducting layer, the second superconducting layer, and the third superconducting layer. In some examples, this fourth superconducting layer (and/or the second superconducting layer or the third superconducting layer) can comprise Niobium (Nb). 
     In some examples, vertical Josephson junction  1114  comprises tunnel barrier  510 B, first electrode  1120  comprising superconductor  1010 B, and top electrode  1118  (located on an opposite side  1116  of the tunnel barrier  510 B from superconductor  1010 B) comprising superconductor  408 B. In some examples, a thickness of the superconductor(s) of the first electrode and a thickness of the superconductor(s) of the second electrode are approximately the same. This thickness can be greater than 100 nm. 
     In examples where a same superconducting material is used for both the first electrode and for the second electrode, the superconducting gap on each side of the tunnel barrier can be equal, which may be utilized in determining a critical current (the critical current generally identifying a maximum supercurrent that can flow across the Josephson junction). A value for a critical current in a vertical Josephson junction can be based on materials used, and surface areas of those materials in the junction. Creating multiple vertical Josephson junctions where the associated critical current is more reproducible between those vertical Josephson junctions can be based on material type(s) used, thickness of those materials, and a size of an opening of the vertical Josephson junction. 
     In some examples, multiple vertical Josephson junctions as depicted in chip surface base device structure  1100  can be formed on one wafer. These multiple vertical Josephson junctions can be formed in parallel, and/or sequentially on a wafer. 
     In some examples, an advantage of a vertical Josephson junction as depicted in chip surface base device structure  1100  is that such a vertical Josephson junction can be reproduced with low variability, and that a variety of materials can be used in fabricating such a vertical Josephson junction. 
       FIG. 12  illustrates a flow diagram of an example, non-limiting computer-implemented method that facilitates implementing a vertical Josephson junction superconducting device in accordance with one or more embodiments described herein. In some examples, flow diagram  1200  can be implemented by operating environment  1400 . It can be appreciated that the operations of flow diagram  1200  can be implemented in a different order than is depicted. It can also be appreciated that the operations of flow diagram  1200  can be implemented in a different order than is depicted. 
     In non-limiting example embodiments, a computing device (or system) (e.g., computer  1412 ) is provided comprising one or more processors and one or more memories that stores executable instructions that, when executed by the one or more processors, can facilitate performance of the operations as described herein, including the non-limiting methods as illustrated in the flow diagrams of  FIG. 12 . As a non-limiting example, the one or more processors can facilitate performance of the methods by directing or controlling one or more equipment operable to perform semiconductor fabrication. 
     An advantage of a method such as depicted in  FIG. 12  can be that it can be used to fabricate vertical Josephson junctions that are more uniform than Josephson junctions fabricated from previous techniques. 
     Operation  1202  depicts physically coupling (e.g., by computer  1412 ) a substrate comprising crystalline silicon with a first superconducting layer. Operation  1204  depicts physically coupling (e.g., by computer  1412 ) the first superconducting layer with a second substrate comprising crystalline silicon. Operation  1206  depicts etching the substrate. 
     An example of this above arrangement can be seen as chip surface base device structure  100 , where the substrate is substrate  106 , the first superconducting layer is superconductor  104 , and the second substrate is substrate  102 . In some examples, a bonding approach is used to physically couple the first substrate, the superconductor, and the second substrate. For example, a first portion of the superconductor can be deposited on the first substrate, and a second portion of the superconductor can be deposited on the second substrate. Then, the first portion of the superconductor and the second portion of the superconductor can be bonded together, thus physically coupling the first substrate, the superconductor, and the second substrate. 
     In some examples, the substrate has a thickness of 100-200 nanometers (nm). This thickness of 100-200 nm can be obtained by acquiring crystalline silicon wafers with that thickness (such as those grown by a manufacturer), or by acquiring crystalline silicon to a thickness greater than 100-200 nm, and then—after physically coupling the substrate, the superconductor, and the second substrate—removing some of the crystalline silicon so that its thickness is then 100-200 nm. 
     An advantage of using crystalline silicon can be that crystalline silicon can be a material that is suitable for forming a vertical Josephson junction as described herein. Crystalline silicon has a low loss tangent in the microwave regime, which can make it suitable for superconducting quantum circuits, which can rely on Josephson junctions as an essential circuit element. 
     Operation  1208  depicts forming (e.g., by computer  1412 ) a vertical Josephson junction in an etching of the substrate, the vertical Josephson junction comprising a tunnel barrier layer and a top superconducting layer. 
     An example of this arrangement of operation  1208  can be seen as chip surface base device structure  900  and as chip surface base device structure  1100 . With chip surface base device structure  900 , the vertical Josephson junction can be the combination of superconductor  408 B, tunnel barrier MOB, and superconductor  910 B. In some examples, superconductor  408 B and superconductor  910 B can be said to be arranged on opposite sides of tunnel barrier  510 B. Then, superconductor  408 B can be considered to be an electrode of the vertical Josephson junction, and superconductor  910 B can be considered to be another electrode of the vertical Josephson junction. 
     With chip surface base device structure  1100 , the vertical Josephson junction can be the combination of superconductor  408 B, tunnel barrier  510 B, and superconductor  1010 B. Then, superconductor  408 B can be considered to be an electrode of the vertical Josephson junction, and superconductor  910 B can be considered to be another electrode of the vertical Josephson junction. 
     In some examples, in operation  1208 , the etching of the substrate comprises a via. This via can be seen, for example, with chip surface base device structure  200 , where the via can be the space between substrate  206 A and substrate  206 C. 
     In some examples, in operation  1208 , the tunnel barrier layer is deposited onto the first superconducting layer or a second superconducting layer. This former arrangement can be seen, for example, with chip surface base device structure  300 , where the tunnel base layer can be tunnel barrier  308 B, and it is deposited directly onto superconductor  104 , which can be the first superconducting layer. Regarding being the tunnel barrier layer being deposited on a second superconducting layer, this latter arrangement can be seen, for example, with chip surface base device structure  500  where the tunnel base layer can be tunnel barrier  510 B, and it is deposited on superconductor  408 B, which can be the second superconducting layer. 
     In some examples, in operation  1208 , the vertical Josephson junction comprises a third superconducting layer that is deposited between the first superconducting layer and the tunnel barrier layer. This arrangement can be seen, for example, with chip surface base device structure  500 , where the tunnel base layer can be tunnel barrier  510 B, the first superconducting layer can be superconductor  104 , and the second superconducting layer can be superconductor  408 B. 
     In some examples, in operation  1208 , the first superconducting layer and the second superconducting layer each comprise an electrode of the vertical Josephson junction. This arrangement can be seen, for example, with chip surface base device structure  1100 , where the first superconducting layer can be superconductor  408 B, and the second superconducting layer can be superconductor  1010 B. 
     In some examples, in operation  1208 , the tunnel barrier layer is deposited by sputtering, evaporating, atomic layer deposition (ALD), growth or chemical modification (for example, oxidation) of the superconductor  104  or  408 B. That is, depositing the tunnel barrier layer can be effectuated by performing the process within a group consisting of sputtering, evaporating, atomic layer deposition, and chemical modification. Sputtering is generally depositing a first material onto a second material by bombarding the second material with particles of the first material. Evaporating is generally evaporating a first material in a vacuum, where vapor particles of the first material travel to a second material, and condense to a solid state on the second material. ALD is generally utilizing a gas phase chemical process to deposit a film of a second material onto a first material. Oxidation as an example of chemical modification can generally involve introducing a partial pressure of oxygen into a chamber containing the substrate in order to create an oxide of the exposed material. 
     In some examples, in operation  1208 , the second superconducting layer is deposited between the second substrate and the tunnel barrier layer. This arrangement can be seen, for example, with chip surface base device structure  500 , where the second superconducting layer can be superconductor  408 B, the second substrate can be substrate  102 , and the tunnel barrier layer can be tunnel barrier  510 B. 
     In some examples, in operation  1208 , a height of the second superconducting layer is shorter than an initial height of the etching of the substrate. This arrangement can be seen, for example, with chip surface base device structure  700 , where the second superconducting layer can be superconductor  712 B, the initial height of the etching of the substrate is a height of what was etched from substrate  106  to form substrate  206 A and substrate  206 B, and the height of superconductor  712 B is less than a height of what was etched from substrate  106  to form substrate  206 A and substrate  206 B. 
     In some examples, in operation  1208 , the second superconducting layer and the third superconducting layer are of a different type. For example, with regard to chip surface base device structure  700 , the second superconducting layer can be superconductor  408 B, and the third superconducting layer can be superconductor  712 B. In such an example, superconductor  408 B can be a first type of superconducting material, and superconductor  712 B can be a second type of superconducting material. 
     In some examples, in operation  1208 , a chemical-mechanical planarization (CMP) is used to remove a portion of the second superconducting layer. For example, with regard to chip surface base device structure  600 , the second superconducting layer can be the combination of superconductor  610 A, superconductor  610 B, and superconductor  610 C. Then, a way in which chip surface base device structure  800  differs from chip surface base device structure  600  is that in chip surface base device structure  800  and relative to chip surface base device structure  600 , superconductor  610 A has been removed, a portion of superconductor  610 B has been removed, and superconductor  610 C has been removed. A CMP that can be used in this removal generally can be an approach to smoothing a surface, or removing material from a surface, with a combined approach of chemical and mechanical forces. 
     In some examples, in operation  1208 , the vertical Josephson junction is formed within a via, and the via is formed using a mask and reactive ion etch (RIE). For example, with regard to the chip surface base device structure  1100 , the vertical Josephson junction can comprise superconductor  408 B, tunnel barrier  510 B, and superconductor  1010 B. This vertical Josephson junction is formed within a via, which can be a space created between substrate  206 A and substrate  206 B (where the space was created from substrate  106  in chip surface base device structure  100 ). This via can be formed using a mask and RIE. A mask can generally be a material or substance that is formed into a shape such that a defined portion of a semiconductor is exposed when a process is applied to add, remove, or modify material in the semiconductor (and another defined portion of the semiconductor is protected by the mask such that this process does not add, remove, or modify material to this protected portion). A RIE can generally be an approach that utilizes chemically reactive plasma to remove material. 
     In some examples, in operation  1208 , CMP is utilized (or performed) to remove a portion of the tunnel barrier layer that is located outside of the via. For example, between chip surface base device structure  800  and chip surface base device structure  900 , some tunnel barrier layer (tunnel barrier  510 A and tunnel barrier  510 C) is removed. Removing tunnel barrier  510 A and tunnel barrier  510 C can be effectuated with CMP. 
     In some examples, in operation  1208 , CMP is utilized (or performed) to remove a portion of the second superconducting layer that is located outside of the via. For example, the second superconducting layer can be the combination of superconductor  408 A and superconductor  408 C (and can also include superconductor  910 B). Between chip surface base device structure  900  and chip surface base device structure  1000 , a portion of this second superconducting layer is removed (which is depicted as all of superconductor  408 A, some of superconductor  910 B, and all of superconductor  408 C being removed to form chip surface base device structure  1000 ). Removing all of superconductor  408 A, some of superconductor  910 B, and all of superconductor  408 C can be effectuated with CMP. 
     In some examples, in operation  1208 , a third superconducting layer is deposited on the second substrate after removing the portion of the second superconducting layer that is located outside of the via. 
     For example, chip surface base device structure  1100  can include superconductor  1112  as the third superconducting layer, and the second substrate can be substrate  206 A and substrate  206 C. Superconductor  1112  can be deposited on substrate  206 A and substrate  206 C, after superconductor  408 A, part of superconductor  910 B, and superconductor  408 C (as depicted in chip surface base device structure  900 ) have been removed from chip surface base device structure  900  to produce chip surface base device structure  1000  (with chip surface base device structure  1100  being created from chip surface base device structure  1000  through depositing superconductor  1112 ). 
       FIG. 13  illustrates another flow diagram of an example, non-limiting computer-implemented method that facilitates implementing a vertical Josephson junction superconducting device in accordance with one or more embodiments described herein. In some examples, flow diagram  1300  can be implemented by operating environment  1400 . It can be appreciated that the operations of flow diagram  1300  can be implemented in a different order than is depicted. 
     In non-limiting example embodiments, a computing device (or system) (e.g., computer  1412 ) is provided comprising one or more processors and one or more memories that stores executable instructions that, when executed by the one or more processors, can facilitate performance of the operations as described herein, including the non-limiting methods as illustrated in the flow diagrams of  FIG. 13 . As a non-limiting example, the one or more processors can facilitate performance of the methods by directing or controlling one or more equipment operable to perform semiconductor fabrication. 
     An advantage of a method as depicted in  FIG. 13  can be that it can be used to fabricate vertical Josephson junctions that are more uniform than Josephson junctions fabricated from previous techniques. 
     Operation  1302  depicts bonding (e.g., by computer  1412 ) a first portion of a superconducting layer that is physically coupled to a crystalline silicon substrate with a second portion of the superconducting layer that is physically coupled with a second crystalline silicon substrate, the superconducting layer, and the second substrate comprising a SOM base. 
     For example, a first portion of the superconductor can be deposited on the first substrate, and a second portion of the superconductor can be deposited on the second substrate. Then, the first portion of the superconductor and the second portion of the superconductor can be bonded together, thus physically coupling the first substrate, the superconductor, and the second substrate. 
     An example of this arrangement of operation  1302  can be seen as chip surface base device structure  100 , where the substrate is substrate  106 , the first superconducting layer is superconductor  104 , and the second substrate is substrate  102 . In some examples, the substrate has a thickness of 100-200 nanometers (nm). This thickness of 100-200 nm can be obtained by growing crystalline silicon to that thickness, or by growing crystalline silicon to a thickness greater than 100-200 nm, and then—after physically coupling the substrate, the superconductor, and the second substrate—removing some of the crystalline silicon so that its thickness is then 100-200 nm. 
     An advantage of using bonding to connect the substrate with the first superconducting layer, and the first superconducting layer with the second substrate can be to electrically isolate components of a chip surface base device structure, such as a vertical Josephson junction formed in the chip surface base device structure. 
     Operation  1304  depicts forming (e.g., by computer  1412 ) a vertical Josephson junction in an etching of the crystalline silicon substrate, the vertical Josephson junction comprising the superconducting layer, a tunnel barrier layer, and a second superconducting layer. 
     An example of this arrangement of operation  1304  can be seen as chip surface base device structure  900  and as chip surface base device structure  1100 . With chip surface base device structure  900 , the vertical Josephson junction can be the combination of superconductor  408 B, tunnel barrier  510 B, and superconductor  910 B. Then, superconductor  408 B can be considered to be an electrode of the vertical Josephson junction, and superconductor  910 B can be considered to be another electrode of the vertical Josephson junction. 
     With chip surface base device structure  1100 , the vertical Josephson junction can be the combination of superconductor  408 B, tunnel barrier  510 B, and superconductor  1010 B. Then, superconductor  408 B can be considered to be an electrode of the vertical Josephson junction, and superconductor  910 B can be considered to be another electrode of the vertical Josephson junction. 
     In some examples, in operation  1304 , the etching of the substrate comprises a via. This via can be seen, for example, with chip surface base device structure  200 , where the via can be the space between substrate  206 A and substrate  206 C. 
     In some examples, in operation  1304 , the tunnel barrier layer is deposited onto the first superconducting layer or a second superconducting layer. This former arrangement can be seen, for example, with chip surface base device structure  300 , where the tunnel base layer can be tunnel barrier  308 B, and it is deposited directly onto superconductor  104 , which can be the first superconducting layer. Regarding being the tunnel barrier layer being deposited on a second superconducting layer, this latter arrangement can be seen, for example, with chip surface base device structure  500  where the tunnel base layer can be tunnel barrier  510 B, and it is deposited on superconductor  408 B, which can be the second superconducting layer. 
     In some examples, in operation  1304 , the vertical Josephson junction comprises a second superconducting layer that is deposited between the first superconducting layer and the tunnel barrier layer. This arrangement can be seen, for example, with chip surface base device structure  500 , where the tunnel base layer can be tunnel barrier  510 B, the first superconducting layer can be superconductor  104 , and the second superconducting layer can be superconductor  408 B. 
     In some examples, in operation  1304 , the first superconducting layer and the second superconducting layer each comprise an electrode of the vertical Josephson junction. This arrangement can be seen, for example, with chip surface base device structure  1100 , where the first superconducting layer can be superconductor  408 B, and the second superconducting layer can be superconductor  1010 B. 
     In some examples, in operation  1304 , the tunnel barrier layer is deposited by sputtering, evaporating, or ALD. 
     In some examples, in operation  1304 , the second superconducting layer is deposited between the first superconducting layer and the tunnel barrier layer. This arrangement can be seen, for example, with chip surface base device structure  500 , where the second superconducting layer can be superconductor  408 B, the first superconducting layer can be superconductor  104 , and the tunnel barrier layer can be tunnel barrier  510 B. 
     In some examples, in operation  1304 , a height of the second superconducting layer is shorter than an initial height of the etching of the substrate. This arrangement can be seen, for example, with chip surface base device structure  700 , where the second superconducting layer can be superconductor  712 B, the initial height of the etching of the substrate is a height of what was etched from substrate  106  to form substrate  206 A and substrate  206 B, and the height of superconductor  712 B is less than a height of what was etched from substrate  106  to form substrate  206 A and substrate  206 B. 
     In some examples, in operation  1304 , the second superconducting layer and the third superconducting layer are of a different type. For example, with regard to chip surface base device structure  700 , the second superconducting layer can be superconductor  408 B, and the third superconducting layer can be superconductor  712 B (which each comprise an electrode of a vertical Josephson junction). In such an example, superconductor  408 B can be a first type of superconducting material, and superconductor  712 B can be a second type of superconducting material. 
     In some examples, in operation  1304 , a CMP is used to remove a portion of the third superconducting layer. For example, with regard to chip surface base device structure  600 , the third superconducting layer can be the combination of superconductor  610 A, superconductor  610 B, and superconductor  610 C. Then, a way in which chip surface base device structure  800  differs from chip surface base device structure  600  is that in chip surface base device structure  800  and relative to chip surface base device structure  600 , superconductor  610 A has been removed, a portion of superconductor  610 B has been removed, and superconductor  610 C has been removed. 
     In some examples, in operation  1304 , the vertical Josephson junction is formed within a via, and the via is formed using a mask and RIE. For example, with regard to the chip surface base device structure  1100 , the vertical Josephson junction can comprise superconductor  408 B, tunnel barrier  510 B, and superconductor  1010 B. This vertical Josephson junction is formed within a via, which can be a space created between substrate  206 A and substrate  206 B (where the space was created from substrate  106  in chip surface base device structure  100 ). This via can be formed using a mask and RIE. 
     In some examples, in operation  1304 , CMP is utilized to remove a portion of the tunnel barrier layer that is located outside of the via. For example, between chip surface base device structure  800  and chip surface base device structure  900 , some tunnel barrier layer (tunnel barrier  510 A and tunnel barrier  510 C) is removed. Removing tunnel barrier  510 A and tunnel barrier  510 C can be effectuated with CMP. 
     In some examples, in operation  1304 , CMP is utilized remove a portion of the second superconducting layer that is located outside of the via. For example, the second superconducting layer can be the combination of superconductor  408 A and superconductor  408 C (and can also include superconductor  910 B). Between chip surface base device structure  900  and chip surface base device structure  1000 , a portion of this second superconducting layer is removed (which is depicted as all of superconductor  408 A, some of superconductor  910 B, and all of superconductor  408 C being removed to form chip surface base device structure  1000 ). Removing all of superconductor  408 A, some of superconductor  910 B, and all of superconductor  408 C can be effectuated with CMP. 
     In some examples, in operation  1304 , a third superconducting layer is deposited on the substrate after removing the portion of the second superconducting layer that is located outside of the via. 
     For example, chip surface base device structure  1100  can include superconductor  1112  as the fourth superconducting layer, and the substrate can be substrate  206 A and substrate  206 B. Superconductor  1112  can be deposited on substrate  206 A and substrate  206 B, after superconductor  408 A, part of superconductor  910 B, and superconductor  408 C (as depicted in chip surface base device structure  900 ) have been removed from chip surface base device structure  900  to produce chip surface base device structure  1000  (with chip surface base device structure  1100  being created from chip surface base device structure  1000  through depositing superconductor  1112 ). 
     In order to provide a context for the various aspects of the disclosed subject matter,  FIG. 14  as well as the following discussion are intended to provide a general description of a suitable environment in which the various aspects of the disclosed subject matter can be implemented. For example, operating environment  1400  can be used to implement aspects of the example, non-limiting computer-implemented methods that facilitates implementing a vertical Josephson junction superconducting device of  FIGS. 12 and 13 . 
       FIG. 14  illustrates a block diagram of an example, non-limiting operating environment in which one or more embodiments described herein can be facilitated. Repetitive description of like elements employed in other embodiments described herein is omitted for sake of brevity. With reference to  FIG. 14 , a suitable operating environment  1400  for implementing various aspects of this disclosure can also include a computer  1412 . The computer  1412  can also include a processing unit  1414 , a system memory  1416 , and a system bus  1418 . The system bus  1418  couples system components including, but not limited to, the system memory  1416  to the processing unit  1414 . The processing unit  1414  can be any of various available processors. Dual microprocessors and other multiprocessor architectures also can be employed as the processing unit  1414 . The system bus  1418  can be any of several types of bus structure(s) including the memory bus or memory controller, a peripheral bus or external bus, and/or a local bus using any variety of available bus architectures including, but not limited to, Industrial Standard Architecture (ISA), Micro-Channel Architecture (MSA), Extended ISA (EISA), Intelligent Drive Electronics (IDE), VESA Local Bus (VLB), Peripheral Component Interconnect (PCI), Card Bus, Universal Serial Bus (USB), Advanced Graphics Port (AGP), Firewire (IEEE 1394), and Small Computer Systems Interface (SCSI). 
     The system memory  1416  can also include volatile memory  1420  and nonvolatile memory  1422 . The basic input/output system (BIOS), containing the basic routines to transfer information between elements within the computer  1412 , such as during start-up, is stored in nonvolatile memory  1422 . By way of illustration, and not limitation, nonvolatile memory  1422  can include read only memory (ROM), programmable ROM (PROM), electrically programmable ROM (EPROM), electrically erasable programmable ROM (EEPROM), flash memory, or nonvolatile random access memory (RAM) (e.g., ferroelectric RAM (FeRAM). Volatile memory  1420  can also include random access memory (RAM), which acts as external cache memory. By way of illustration and not limitation, RAM is available in many forms such as static RAM (SRAM), dynamic RAM (DRAM), synchronous DRAM (SDRAM), double data rate SDRAM (DDR SDRAM), enhanced SDRAM (ESDRAM), Synchlink DRAM (SLDRAM), direct Rambus RAM (DRRAM), direct Rambus dynamic RAM (DRDRAM), and Rambus dynamic RAM. 
     Computer  1412  can also include removable/non-removable, volatile/nonvolatile computer storage media.  FIG. 14  illustrates, for example, a disk storage  1424 . Disk storage  1424  can also include, but is not limited to, devices like a magnetic disk drive, floppy disk drive, tape drive, Jaz drive, Zip drive, LS-100 drive, flash memory card, or memory stick. The disk storage  1424  also can include storage media separately or in combination with other storage media including, but not limited to, an optical disk drive such as a compact disk ROM device (CD-ROM), CD recordable drive (CD-R Drive), CD rewritable drive (CD-RW Drive) or a digital versatile disk ROM drive (DVD-ROM). To facilitate connection of the disk storage  1424  to the system bus  1418 , a removable or non-removable interface is typically used, such as interface  1426 .  FIG. 14  also depicts software that acts as an intermediary between users and the basic computer resources described in the suitable operating environment  1400 . Such software can also include, for example, an operating system  1428 . Operating system  1428 , which can be stored on disk storage  1424 , acts to control and allocate resources of the computer  1412 . 
     System applications  1430  take advantage of the management of resources by operating system  1428  through program modules  1432  and program data  1434 , e.g., stored either in system memory  1416  or on disk storage  1424 . It is to be appreciated that this disclosure can be implemented with various operating systems or combinations of operating systems. A user enters commands or information into the computer  1412  through input device(s)  1436 . Input devices  1436  include, but are not limited to, a pointing device such as a mouse, trackball, stylus, touch pad, keyboard, microphone, joystick, game pad, satellite dish, scanner, TV tuner card, digital camera, digital video camera, web camera, and the like. These and other input devices connect to the processing unit  1414  through the system bus  1418  via interface port(s)  1438 . Interface port(s)  1438  include, for example, a serial port, a parallel port, a game port, and a universal serial bus (USB). Output device(s)  1440  use some of the same type of ports as input device(s)  1436 . Thus, for example, a USB port can be used to provide input to computer  1412 , and to output information from computer  1412  to an output device  1440 . Output adapter  1442  is provided to illustrate that there are some output devices  1440  like monitors, speakers, and printers, among other output devices  1440 , which require special adapters. The output adapters  1442  include, by way of illustration and not limitation, video and sound cards that provide a means of connection between the output device  1440  and the system bus  1418 . It should be noted that other devices and/or systems of devices provide both input and output capabilities such as remote computer(s)  1444 . 
     Computer  1412  can operate in a networked environment using logical connections to one or more remote computers, such as remote computer(s)  1444 . The remote computer(s)  1444  can be a computer, a server, a router, a network PC, a workstation, a microprocessor based appliance, a peer device or other common network node and the like, and typically can also include many or all of the elements described relative to computer  1412 . For purposes of brevity, only a memory storage device  1446  is illustrated with remote computer(s)  1444 . Remote computer(s)  1444  is logically connected to computer  1412  through a network interface  1448  and then physically connected via communication connection  1450 . Network interface  1448  encompasses wire and/or wireless communication networks such as local-area networks (LAN), wide-area networks (WAN), cellular networks, etc. LAN technologies include Fiber Distributed Data Interface (FDDI), Copper Distributed Data Interface (CDDI), Ethernet, Token Ring and the like. WAN technologies include, but are not limited to, point-to-point links, circuit switching networks like Integrated Services Digital Networks (ISDN) and variations thereon, packet switching networks, and Digital Subscriber Lines (DSL). Communication connection(s)  1450  refers to the hardware/software employed to connect the network interface  1448  to the system bus  1418 . While communication connection  1450  is shown for illustrative clarity inside computer  1412 , it can also be external to computer  1412 . The hardware/software for connection to the network interface  1448  can also include, for exemplary purposes only, internal and external technologies such as, modems including regular telephone grade modems, cable modems and DSL modems, ISDN adapters, and Ethernet cards. 
     The present invention can be a system, a method, an apparatus and/or a computer program product at any possible technical detail level of integration. The computer program product can include a computer readable storage medium (or media) having computer readable program instructions thereon for causing a processor to carry out aspects of the present invention. The computer readable storage medium can be a tangible device that can retain and store instructions for use by an instruction execution device. The computer readable storage medium can be, for example, but is not limited to, an electronic storage device, a magnetic storage device, an optical storage device, an electromagnetic storage device, a semiconductor storage device, or any suitable combination of the foregoing. A non-exhaustive list of more specific examples of the computer readable storage medium can also include the following: a portable computer diskette, a hard disk, a random access memory (RAM), a read-only memory (ROM), an erasable programmable read-only memory (EPROM or Flash memory), a static random access memory (SRAM), a portable compact disc read-only memory (CD-ROM), a digital versatile disk (DVD), a memory stick, a floppy disk, a mechanically encoded device such as punch-cards or raised structures in a groove having instructions recorded thereon, and any suitable combination of the foregoing. A computer readable storage medium, as used herein, is not to be construed as being transitory signals per se, such as radio waves or other freely propagating electromagnetic waves, electromagnetic waves propagating through a waveguide or other transmission media (e.g., light pulses passing through a fiber-optic cable), or electrical signals transmitted through a wire. 
     Computer readable program instructions described herein can be downloaded to respective computing/processing devices from a computer readable storage medium or to an external computer or external storage device via a network, for example, the Internet, a local area network, a wide area network and/or a wireless network. The network can comprise copper transmission cables, optical transmission fibers, wireless transmission, routers, firewalls, switches, gateway computers and/or edge servers. A network adapter card or network interface in each computing/processing device receives computer readable program instructions from the network and forwards the computer readable program instructions for storage in a computer readable storage medium within the respective computing/processing device. Computer readable program instructions for carrying out operations of the present invention can be assembler instructions, instruction-set-architecture (ISA) instructions, machine instructions, machine dependent instructions, microcode, firmware instructions, state-setting data, configuration data for integrated circuitry, or either source code or object code written in any combination of one or more programming languages, including an object oriented programming language such as Smalltalk, C++, or the like, and procedural programming languages, such as the “C” programming language or similar programming languages. The computer readable program instructions can execute entirely on the user&#39;s computer, partly on the user&#39;s computer, as a stand-alone software package, partly on the user&#39;s computer and partly on a remote computer or entirely on the remote computer or server. In the latter scenario, the remote computer can be connected to the user&#39;s computer through any type of network, including a local area network (LAN) or a wide area network (WAN), or the connection can be made to an external computer (for example, through the Internet using an Internet Service Provider). In some embodiments, electronic circuitry including, for example, programmable logic circuitry, field-programmable gate arrays (FPGA), or programmable logic arrays (PLA) can execute the computer readable program instructions by utilizing state information of the computer readable program instructions to personalize the electronic circuitry, in order to perform aspects of the present invention. 
     Aspects of the present invention are described herein with reference to flowchart illustrations and/or block diagrams of methods, apparatus (systems), and computer program products according to embodiments of the invention. It will be understood that each block of the flowchart illustrations and/or block diagrams, and combinations of blocks in the flowchart illustrations and/or block diagrams, can be implemented by computer readable program instructions. These computer readable program instructions can be provided to a processor of a general purpose computer, special purpose computer, or other programmable data processing apparatus to produce a machine, such that the instructions, which execute via the processor of the computer or other programmable data processing apparatus, create means for implementing the functions/acts specified in the flowchart and/or block diagram block or blocks. These computer readable program instructions can also be stored in a computer readable storage medium that can direct a computer, a programmable data processing apparatus, and/or other devices to function in a particular manner, such that the computer readable storage medium having instructions stored therein comprises an article of manufacture including instructions which implement aspects of the function/act specified in the flowchart and/or block diagram block or blocks. The computer readable program instructions can also be loaded onto a computer, other programmable data processing apparatus, or other device to cause a series of operational acts to be performed on the computer, other programmable apparatus or other device to produce a computer-implemented process, such that the instructions which execute on the computer, other programmable apparatus, or other device implement the functions/acts specified in the flowchart and/or block diagram block or blocks. 
     The flowchart and block diagrams in the Figures illustrate the architecture, functionality, and operation of possible implementations of systems, methods, and computer program products according to various embodiments of the present invention. In this regard, each block in the flowchart or block diagrams can represent a module, segment, or portion of instructions, which comprises one or more executable instructions for implementing the specified logical function(s). In some alternative implementations, the functions noted in the blocks can occur out of the order noted in the Figures. For example, two blocks shown in succession can, in fact, be executed substantially concurrently, or the blocks can sometimes be executed in the reverse order, depending upon the functionality involved. It will also be noted that each block of the block diagrams and/or flowchart illustration, and combinations of blocks in the block diagrams and/or flowchart illustration, can be implemented by special purpose hardware-based systems that perform the specified functions or acts or carry out combinations of special purpose hardware and computer instructions. 
     While the subject matter has been described above in the general context of computer-executable instructions of a computer program product that runs on a computer and/or computers, those skilled in the art will recognize that this disclosure also can or can be implemented in combination with other program modules. Generally, program modules include routines, programs, components, data structures, etc. that perform particular tasks and/or implement particular abstract data types. Moreover, those skilled in the art will appreciate that the inventive computer-implemented methods can be practiced with other computer system configurations, including single-processor or multiprocessor computer systems, mini-computing devices, mainframe computers, as well as computers, hand-held computing devices (e.g., PDA, phone), microprocessor-based or programmable consumer or industrial electronics, and the like. The illustrated aspects can also be practiced in distributed computing environments in which tasks are performed by remote processing devices that are linked through a communications network. However, some, if not all aspects of this disclosure can be practiced on stand-alone computers. In a distributed computing environment, program modules can be located in both local and remote memory storage devices. 
     As used in this application, the terms “component,” “system,” “platform,” “interface,” and the like, can refer to and/or can include a computer-related entity or an entity related to an operational machine with one or more specific functionalities. The entities disclosed herein can be either hardware, a combination of hardware and software, software, or software in execution. For example, a component can be, but is not limited to being, a process running on a processor, a processor, an object, an executable, a thread of execution, a program, and/or a computer. By way of illustration, both an application running on a server and the server can be a component. One or more components can reside within a process and/or thread of execution and a component can be localized on one computer and/or distributed between two or more computers. In another example, respective components can execute from various computer readable media having various data structures stored thereon. The components can communicate via local and/or remote processes such as in accordance with a signal having one or more data packets (e.g., data from one component interacting with another component in a local system, distributed system, and/or across a network such as the Internet with other systems via the signal). As another example, a component can be an apparatus with specific functionality provided by mechanical parts operated by electric or electronic circuitry, which is operated by a software or firmware application executed by a processor. In such a case, the processor can be internal or external to the apparatus and can execute at least a part of the software or firmware application. As yet another example, a component can be an apparatus that provides specific functionality through electronic components without mechanical parts, wherein the electronic components can include a processor or other means to execute software or firmware that confers at least in part the functionality of the electronic components. In an aspect, a component can emulate an electronic component via a virtual machine, e.g., within a cloud computing system. 
     In addition, the term “or” is intended to mean an inclusive “or” rather than an exclusive “or.” That is, unless specified otherwise, or clear from context, “X employs A or B” is intended to mean any of the natural inclusive permutations. That is, if X employs A; X employs B; or X employs both A and B, then “X employs A or B” is satisfied under any of the foregoing instances. Moreover, articles “a” and “an” as used in the subject specification and annexed drawings should generally be construed to mean “one or more” unless specified otherwise or clear from context to be directed to a singular form. As used herein, the terms “example” and/or “exemplary” are utilized to mean serving as an example, instance, or illustration. For the avoidance of doubt, the subject matter disclosed herein is not limited by such examples. In addition, any aspect or design described herein as an “example” and/or “exemplary” is not necessarily to be construed as preferred or advantageous over other aspects or designs, nor is it meant to preclude equivalent exemplary structures and techniques known to those of ordinary skill in the art. 
     As it is employed in the subject specification, the term “processor” can refer to substantially any computing processing unit or device comprising, but not limited to, single-core processors; single-processors with software multithread execution capability; multi-core processors; multi-core processors with software multithread execution capability; multi-core processors with hardware multithread technology; parallel platforms; and parallel platforms with distributed shared memory. Additionally, a processor can refer to an integrated circuit, an application specific integrated circuit (ASIC), a digital signal processor (DSP), a field programmable gate array (FPGA), a programmable logic controller (PLC), a complex programmable logic device (CPLD), a discrete gate or transistor logic, discrete hardware components, or any combination thereof designed to perform the functions described herein. Further, processors can exploit nano-scale architectures such as, but not limited to, molecular and quantum-dot based transistors, switches and gates, in order to optimize space usage or enhance performance of user equipment. A processor can also be implemented as a combination of computing processing units. In this disclosure, terms such as “store,” “storage,” “data store,” “data storage,” “database,” and substantially any other information storage component relevant to operation and functionality of a component are utilized to refer to “memory components,” entities embodied in a “memory,” or components comprising a memory. It is to be appreciated that memory and/or memory components described herein can be either volatile memory or nonvolatile memory, or can include both volatile and nonvolatile memory. By way of illustration, and not limitation, nonvolatile memory can include read only memory (ROM), programmable ROM (PROM), electrically programmable ROM (EPROM), electrically erasable ROM (EEPROM), flash memory, or nonvolatile random access memory (RAM) (e.g., ferroelectric RAM (FeRAM). Volatile memory can include RAM, which can act as external cache memory, for example. By way of illustration and not limitation, RAM is available in many forms such as synchronous RAM (SRAM), dynamic RAM (DRAM), synchronous DRAM (SDRAM), double data rate SDRAM (DDR SDRAM), enhanced SDRAM (ESDRAM), Synchlink DRAM (SLDRAM), direct Rambus RAM (DRRAM), direct Rambus dynamic RAM (DRDRAM), and Rambus dynamic RAM (RDRAM). Additionally, the disclosed memory components of systems or computer-implemented methods herein are intended to include, without being limited to including, these and any other suitable types of memory. 
     What has been described above include mere examples of systems and computer-implemented methods. It is, of course, not possible to describe every conceivable combination of components or computer-implemented methods for purposes of describing this disclosure, but one of ordinary skill in the art can recognize that many further combinations and permutations of this disclosure are possible. Furthermore, to the extent that the terms “includes,” “has,” “possesses,” and the like are used in the detailed description, claims, appendices and drawings such terms are intended to be inclusive in a manner similar to the term “comprising” as “comprising” is interpreted when employed as a transitional word in a claim. 
     The descriptions of the various embodiments have been presented for purposes of illustration, but are not intended to be exhaustive or limited to the embodiments disclosed. Many modifications and variations will be apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art without departing from the scope and spirit of the described embodiments. The terminology used herein was chosen to best explain the principles of the embodiments, the practical application or technical improvement over technologies found in the marketplace, or to enable others of ordinary skill in the art to understand the embodiments disclosed herein.