Patent Publication Number: US-2020292553-A1

Title: Composition for predicting or diagnosing liver disease, and liver disease prediction or diagnosis method using same

Description:
TECHNICAL FIELD 
     The present invention was made with the support of the Ministry of Education of the Republic of Korea, under Project No. 2016934590, which was conducted under a program entitled “Science and Engineering Individual Basic Research Support” within a project entitled “Collaboration Translational Research for Development of Novel Biomarker for Prediction of Histological Liver Fibrosis Progression in Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease Patient”, by Seoul Metropolitan Government—Seoul National University Boramae Medical Center, under the management of the National Research Foundation of Korea, 1 Nov. 2016 to 31 Oct. 2017. 
     The present invention was also made with the support of the Ministry of Health and Welfare of the Republic of Korea, under Project No. 1465023825, which was conducted under a program entitled “Disease Overcoming Technology Development” within a project entitled “Analysis of Serum Metabolites Through Hepatic Histopathological finding in Large-Scale Korean Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Prospective Cohorts”, by Seoul Metropolitan Government—Seoul National University Boramae Medical Center, under the management of the National Research Foundation of Korea, 10 Apr. 2017 to 31 Dec. 2017. 
     This application claims priority to and the benefit of Korean Patent Application No. 10-2017-0105714 filed in the Korean Intellectual Property Office on 21 Aug. 2017, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference. 
     The present invention relates to a composition for prediction or diagnosis of a liver disease and a method for prediction or diagnosis of a liver disease using the same and, more specifically, to a marker for prediction or diagnosis of liver fibrosis in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and a method for prediction or diagnosis using the same. 
     BACKGROUND ART 
     Growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF15) is widely distributed in mammalian tissues and has been known to play multiple roles in inflammation, cancer, and cardiovascular diseases. In recent years, serum GDF15 levels were found to increase in patients with liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma associated with chronic hepatitis B or C virus infection. Although the roles in the mechanism of GDF15 in liver diseases are not clear, GDF15 has been revealed not only to stimulate the expression of transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF-β1) but also to directly activate the SMAD signal system which plays an important role in liver fibrosis/carcinogenesis pathways. 
     It has been recently reported that sarcopenia is an independent risk factor for non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Since GDF15 expression is up-regulated in muscle-wasting conditions, serum GDF15 levels might influence the histological severity of DAFLD through the control of muscle mass. 
     Accordingly, the pathogenic roles of GDF15 in the development and progression of NAFLD need to be established by investigating whether GDF15 increases the risk of NASH development and advanced fibrosis among biopsy-proven NAFLD patients, independently from known metabolic risk factors, and whether the exposure of hepatocytes to a high concentration of GDF15 influences liver fibrosis. 
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
     Technical Problem 
     The present inventors endeavored to develop a marker for prediction or diagnosis of liver fibrosis in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and a prediction or diagnosis method using the same. 
     As a result, the present inventors established that there is a positive correlation between the growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF15) protein level and liver fibrosis, and thus completed the present invention. 
     Therefore, an aspect of the present invention is to provide a composition for prediction or diagnosis of a liver disease, the composition comprising an agent for measuring the expression of a nucleic acid sequence encoding a growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF15) protein or the activity of the GDF15 protein. 
     Another aspect of the present invention is to provide a method for prediction or diagnosis of a liver disease, the method comprising a measurement step of measuring the expression of a nucleic acid sequence encoding a GDF15 protein or the concentration of the GDF15 protein in a sample. 
     Still another aspect of the present invention is to provide a method for screening a candidate substance for prevention, treatment, or alleviation of a liver disease, the method comprising: 
     a treatment step of treating an analysis sample with a GDF15 protein; and 
     an analysis step of selecting an analysis sample inhibiting the activity of the GDF15 protein. 
     Still another aspect of the present invention is to provide a method for screening a candidate substance for prevention, treatment, or alleviation of a liver disease, the method including: 
     a treatment step of treating an analysis sample with GDF15 protein-expressing cells; and 
     an analysis step of selecting an analysis sample inhibiting the activity of GDF15 protein in the cells. 
     Technical Solution 
     The present invention relates to a composition for prediction or diagnosis of a liver disease and a method for prediction or diagnosis of a liver disease using the same, and more specifically, the present invention includes a marker for prediction or diagnosis of liver fibrosis in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). 
     Hereinafter, the present invention will be described in detail. 
     In accordance with an aspect of the present invention, there is provided a composition for prediction or diagnosis of a liver disease, the composition comprising an agent for measuring the expression of a nucleic acid sequence encoding a growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF15) protein or the activity of the GDF15 protein. 
     The liver disease may be liver fibrosis, liver sclerosis, acute hepatitis, chronic hepatitis, liver cirrhosis, or liver cancer, and for example, may be liver fibrosis, but is not limited thereto. 
     The liver fibrosis may be liver fibrosis in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, but is not limited thereto. 
     The GDF15 protein may comprise the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1 and, for example, may consist of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1. 
     The agent may be an antibody capable of specifically binding to a GDF15 protein or a fragment thereof, but is not limited thereto. 
     The agent may further comprise a detector, which specifically binds to an antibody capable of specifically binding to the GDF15 protein or a fragment thereof. 
     The detector may be: a conjugate labeled with a chromogenic enzyme, a fluorescent substance, a radioactive isotope, or a colloid; or a secondary antibody capable of specifically binding to an antibody capable of specifically binding to the GDF15 protein or a fragment thereof, but is not limited thereto. 
     The GDF15 protein may be derived from a biological sample isolated from a subject. 
     The biological sample may be obtained from blood or biopsy tissue, but is not limited thereto. 
     In accordance with another aspect of the present invention, there is provided a method for prediction or diagnosis of a liver disease, the method comprising a measurement step of measuring the expression of a nucleic acid sequence encoding a growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF15) protein or the concentration of the GDF15 protein in a sample. 
     The liver disease may be liver fibrosis, liver sclerosis, acute hepatitis, chronic hepatitis, liver cirrhosis, or liver cancer, and for example, may be liver fibrosis, but is not limited thereto. 
     The liver fibrosis may be liver fibrosis in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, but is not limited thereto. 
     The GDF15 protein may comprise the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1 and, for example, may consist of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1. 
     The GDF15 protein may be derived from a biological sample isolated from a subject. 
     The biological sample may be obtained from blood or biopsy, but is not limited thereto. 
     The measurement step may be performed using any one selected from the group consisting of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), a colorimetric method, an electrochemical method, a fluorimetric method, luminometry, a particle counting method, visual assessment, a scintillation counting method, and immunohistochemical staining, and for example, may be performed using ELISA, but is not limited thereto. 
     In the measurement step, whether the concentration of the GDF15 protein is 1.52 ng/mL or more may be determined. 
     In an example of the present invention, GDF15 levels were classified into four quartiles (Q). Q4 is the highest quartile of GDF15 levels, indicating that the concentration of GDF15 protein was 1.52 ng/mL or more, and in such a case, the prevalence of advanced fibrosis was 41.7%. 
     The GDF15 levels corresponding to Q4 may be considered to be associated with advanced fibrosis, and therefore, GDF15 can be utilized as a marker for predicting or diagnosing liver fibrosis in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) by using a method for determining whether the concentration of GDF15 protein is 1.52 ng/ml or more. 
     In accordance with a still another aspect of the present invention, there is provided a method for screening a candidate substance for prevention, treatment, or alleviation of a liver disease, the method comprising: 
     a treatment step of treating an analysis sample with a growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF15) protein; and 
     an analysis step of selecting an analysis sample inhibiting the activity of the GDF15 protein. 
     The liver disease may be liver fibrosis, liver sclerosis, acute hepatitis, chronic hepatitis, liver cirrhosis, or liver cancer, and for example, may be liver fibrosis, but is not limited thereto. 
     The liver fibrosis may be liver fibrosis in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, but is not limited thereto. 
     The analysis sample may be obtained from blood or biopsy, but is not limited thereto. 
     The analysis step may be performed to measure the activity of GDF15 protein by using a method selected from the group consisting of SDS-PAGE, immunofluorescent assay, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), mass spectrometry, and protein chip assay, but is not limited thereto. 
     The GDF15 protein may include the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1 and, for example, may consist of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1 
     In accordance with a still another aspect of the present invention, there is provided a method for screening a candidate substance for prevention, treatment, or alleviation of a liver disease, the method including: 
     a treatment step of treating an analysis sample with growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF15) protein-expressing cells; and 
     an analysis step of selecting an analysis sample inhibiting the activity of GDF15 protein in the cells. 
     The liver disease may be liver fibrosis, liver sclerosis, acute hepatitis, chronic hepatitis, liver cirrhosis, or liver cancer, and for example, may be liver fibrosis, but is not limited thereto. 
     The liver fibrosis may be liver fibrosis in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, but is not limited thereto. 
     The analysis sample may be obtained from blood or biopsy, but is not limited thereto. 
     The measurement step may be performed, in order to measure the expression of the GDF15 protein, by using a method selected from the group consisting of western blotting, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), immunohistochemical staining, immunoprecipitation, and immunofluorescence, but is not limited thereto. 
     The GDF15 protein may include the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1 and, for example, may consist of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1. 
     Advantageous Effects 
     The present invention is directed to a composition for prediction or diagnosis of a liver disease and a method for prediction or diagnosis of a liver disease using the same, wherein growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF15) protein levels, which are positively correlated with liver fibrosis in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), can be checked through the composition, and thus GDF15 can be effectively used in the prediction and diagnosis of liver fibrosis in NAFLD. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         FIG. 1A  is a graph showing that growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF15) levels increased significantly with the histological severity of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). 
         FIG. 1B  is a graph showing mean GDF15 levels according to steatosis grades. 
         FIG. 1C  is a graph showing mean GDF15 levels according to ballooning grades. 
         FIG. 1D  is a graph showing mean GDF15 levels according to lobular inflammation grades. 
         FIG. 1E  is a graph showing mean GDF15 levels according to fibrosis stages. 
         FIG. 1F  is a graph showing mean GDF15 levels according to the fibrosis stage severity. 
         FIG. 2A  is an image showing liver tissue corresponding to fibrosis stage F0, the liver tissue being stained with Masson&#39;s trichrome. 
         FIG. 2B  is an image showing liver tissue corresponding to fibrosis stage F0, the liver tissue being stained with anti-GDF15 antibody. 
         FIG. 2C  is an image showing liver tissue corresponding to fibrosis stage F1, the liver tissue being stained with Masson&#39;s trichrome. 
         FIG. 2D  is an image showing liver tissue corresponding to fibrosis stage F1, the liver tissue being stained with anti-GDF15 antibody. 
         FIG. 2E  is an image showing liver tissue corresponding to fibrosis stage F2, the liver tissue being stained with Masson&#39;s trichrome. 
         FIG. 2F  is an image showing liver tissue corresponding to fibrosis stage F2, the liver tissue being stained with anti-GDF15 antibody. 
         FIG. 2G  is an image showing liver tissue corresponding to fibrosis stage F3, the liver tissue being stained with Masson&#39;s trichrome. 
         FIG. 2H  is an image showing liver tissue corresponding to fibrosis stage F3, the liver tissue being stained with anti-GDF15 antibody. 
         FIG. 3A  is a graph showing a correlation between the GDF15 level and liver stiffness. 
         FIG. 3B  is a graph showing advanced fibrosis verified according to the serum GDF15 level and diabetes status. 
         FIG. 4A  is an immuno-blotting image of a-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) over time after an extract of LX-2 cells, which are human hepatic stellate cells (HSCs), was treated with recombinant human GDF15 (rhGDF15). 
         FIG. 4B  provides immunofluorescent staining images of α-SMA over time after LX-2 cells were treated with rhGDF15. 
         FIG. 4C  is an immuno-blotting image of α-SMA over time after LX-2 cells were treated with rhGDF15. 
         FIG. 4D  is an immuno-blotting image of α-SMA over time after an extract of hepatocytes was treated with rhGDF15. 
         FIG. 5A  is a graph showing expression levels of GDF15 mRNA after 3 hours of hepatocytes, HSCs, and Kupffer cells were subjected to palmitate treatment. 
         FIG. 5B  is a graph showing expression levels of GDF15 mRNA after 6 hours of hepatocytes, HSCs, and Kupffer cells were subjected to palmitate treatment. 
     
    
    
     BEST MODE FOR CARRYING OUT THE INVENTION 
     The present invention is directed to a composition for prediction or diagnosis of a liver disease, the composition comprising an agent for measuring the expression of a nucleic acid sequence encoding a growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF15) protein or the activity of the GDF15 protein. 
     Mode for Carrying Out the Invention 
     Hereinafter, the present invention will be described in more detail with reference to examples. These examples are only for illustrating the present invention, and it would be obvious to those skilled in the art that the scope of the present invention is not construed as being limited to the examples. 
     TEST EXAMPLE 1 
     Subject Selection 
     Subjects were selected based on whether or not they had a radiological evidence of hepatic steatosis. 
     The eligibility criteria for subjects were as follows: 
     (i) at least 18 years old; 
     (ii) bright echogenic liver on ultrasound scanning (increased liver/kidney ecogenicity and posterior attenuation); and 
     (iii) unexplained elevation of alanine transaminase (ALT) levels above the reference value within 6 months. 
     The following exclusion criteria were applied: 
     (i) hepatitis B or C virus infection; 
     (ii) autoimmune hepatitis; 
     (iii) drug-induced liver injury or steatosis; 
     (iv) Wilson disease or haemochromatosis; 
     (v) excessive alcohol consumption (male&gt;30 g/day, female&gt;20 g/day); and 
     (vi) malignancy diagnosis. 
     A test group included patients who underwent live biopsy for suspected nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) or fibrosis. 
     In addition, a control group was established to include sera collected in a liver biopsy of liver tissues and a pre-evaluation for donor liver transplantation or sera collected for characterization of solid liver mass suspected of hepatic adenoma or focal nodular hyperplasia without any evidence of hepatic steatosis, on the basis of radiological results. 
     TEST EXAMPLE 2 
     Measurement 
     A body mass index (BMI, 25 kg/m 2 ) was used as a criterion for obesity on the basis of the World Health Organization Asia-Pacific criteria. 
     Metabolic syndrome was defined on the basis of the revised National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III criteria. 
     The insulin resistance was evaluated for venous blood samples having undergone fast biopsy for 12 hours (overnight) using the homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR). 
     Sarcopenia was evaluated by appendicular skeletal muscle mass (ASM) divided by body weight (ASM/weight, ASM %). 
     Low skeletal muscle mass (LSMM) was defined as appendicular skeletal muscle mass (ASM) divided by BMI (ASM/BMI) according to the Foundation for the National Institutes of Health Sarcopenia Project. 
     Growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF15) levels were measured using a commercially available enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kit (ELISA; R&amp;D Systems, Minneapolis, Minn.). The amino acid sequence information of GDF15 is shown in Table 1 below. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
             
               
                 TABLE 1 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 SEQ 
                   
                   
               
               
                 ID 
                   
                   
               
               
                 NO. 
                 Name 
                 Sequence 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                 1 
                 GDF15 
                 ARARNGDHCPLGPGRCCRLHTVRASLEDLGWADWVLS 
               
               
                   
                   
                 PREVQVTMCIGACPSQFRAANMHAQIKTSLHRLKPDT 
               
               
                   
                   
                 VPAPCCVPASYNPMVLIQKTDTGVSLQTYDDLLAKDC 
               
               
                   
                   
                 HCI 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     For measurement of liver stiffness, transient elastography (TE) was performed to predict advanced fibrosis. The NAFLD fibrosis score (NFS), Fibrosis-4 (Fib4) index, and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) to platelet ratio index (APRI) were calculated to compare these indices against GDF15 in view of diagnostic performance for predicting advanced fibrosis. 
     TEST EXAMPLE 3 
     Liver Histological Evaluation 
     Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) was diagnosed according to the presence or absence of 5% or more macrovesicular steatosis. NASH was diagnosed based on an overall pattern of histological hepatic injury in the form of macrovesicular steatosis. Fibrosis was assessed according to such criteria. Advanced fibrosis was defined only at the stage of F3 or higher. 
     TEST EXAMPLE 4 
     Liver Cell Culture in Presence of GDF15 
     Recombinant human GDF15 (rhGDF15; R&amp;D Systems; 957-GD-025) was added to LX-2 cells (human hepatic stellate cells, KAIST), cultured in the presence of 100 ng/mL GDF15 and 10 ng/mL TGF-β, and primary hepatocytes, directly isolated from the mouse liver, at 100 mg/ml per 3×10 5  cells/6 wells. The levels of fibrosis markers, such as alpha-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) and collagen 1, were assessed by immunoblotting, immunohistochemistry, and immunofluorescence staining. 
     TEST EXAMPLE 5 
     Assessment of GDF15 mRNA Expression Level Change Through Palmitate Treatment 
     Primary hepatic cells were isolated and differentiated into hepatocytes, HSCs, Kupffer cells, and liver sinusoidal endothelial cells (LSECs). Kupffer cells are macrophages present in the liver, and are known to play an essential role in the initiation of inflammation. 
     To distinguish Kupffer cells and LSECs, magnetic-activated cell sorting (MACS) was performed using the MiniMACS™ separator system (MiltenyiBiotec, Seoul, Korea). The purity of LSECs was evaluated by fluorescence-activated cell sorting using anti-PE antibody (purity of 90% or higher). 
     Primary cells were cultured in 1.5 mL of a serum-free medium for 4 hours, and treated with 5(w/w)% of bovine serum albumin (BSA, control), 200 μM palmitate/5(w/w)% BSA solution, and 500 μM palmitate/5(w/w)% BSA, respectively. 
     After 3 and 6 hours, cells were collected and further analyzed. Reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and real-time PCR were performed to assess the expression of GDF15 mRNA after palmitate treatment. 
     TEST EXAMPLE 6 
     Statistical Analysis 
     Between-group differences were evaluated using the independent t test, Mann-Whitney U test, analysis of variance (ANOVA), or Kruskal-Wallis test for continuous variables, and the chi-square test for categorical variables. Spearman&#39;s correlation analysis was performed to assess the relationship between GDF15 levels and histological parameters. 
     A general linear model adjusted for age, gender, and insulin resistance (homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance, HOMA-IR), was used to compare GDF15 levels according to NASH or advanced fibrosis status. 
     To investigate the independent prediction factors of NASH or fibrosis, a binary logistic regression model adjusted for covariates was created. Significance was defined as P&lt;0.05. 
     All statistical analyses were performed using IBM SPSS statistics software version 20.0 (IBM Inc., Armonk, N.Y.). 
     RESULT EXAMPLE 1 
     Clinical Characteristics According to Histological Spectrum of NAFLD 
     As shown in Table 2, 150 NAFLD patients and 40 control subjects were explored. The NAFLD patients were classified into 72 non-alcoholic fatty liver patients (male, 65.3%) and 78 NASH patients (male, 44.9%) through biopsy. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
                 TABLE 2 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 Control 
                 NAFL 
                 NASH 
                 P-value 3   
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                 N 
                 40 
                  72 
                  78 
                   
               
               
                 Male, n (%) 
                 17 (42.5) 
                 47 (65.3) 
                 35 (44.9) 
                 0.732 
               
               
                 Age, year 
                  54.1 ± 13.9 
                  53.0 ±12.1  
                  52.9 ± 16.2 
                 0.903 
               
               
                 Body mass 
                 24.8 
                  27.4 
                  28.4  
                 &lt;0.001 
               
               
                 index (BMI), 
                 (23.4, 26.3) 
                 (25.0, 29.5) 
                 (25.8, 31.6) 
                   
               
               
                 kg/m 2   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Systolic 
                 123.2 ± 12.9 
                 126.4 ± 13.7 
                 128.8 ± 17.0 
                 0.154 
               
               
                 blood 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 pressure 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 (SBP), mmHg 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Diastolic 
                  77.2 ± 7.4 
                  79.1 ± 11.4 
                  79.6 ± 12.5 
                 0.529 
               
               
                 blood 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 pressure 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 (DBP), mmHg 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Waist 
                 87.1 
                  92.0 
                  95.1  
                 &lt;0.001 
               
               
                 circumference 
                 (82.0, 93.5) 
                 (87.6, 99.6) 
                 (89.1, 103.6) 
                   
               
               
                 (WC), cm 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Diabetes, n 
                  5 (12.5) 
                 25 (34.7) 
                 32 (41.0) 
                 0.003 
               
               
                 (%) 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Hypertension, 
                 15 (37.5) 
                 33 (45.8) 
                 46 (59.0) 
                 0.021 
               
               
                 n (%) 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Metabolic 
                 14 (35.0) 
                 45 (65.2) 
                 61 (79.2) 
                 &lt;0.001 
               
               
                 syndrome, n 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 (%) 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Obesity 1 , n 
                 16 (40.0) 
                 55 (76.4) 
                 65 (83.3) 
                 &lt;0.001 
               
               
                 (%) 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 LSMM 2 , n (%) 
                  2 (5.0) 
                 13 (18.6) 
                 26 (34.2) 
                 &lt;0.001 
               
               
                 ALT, IU/L 
                 22.5 
                  28.0 
                  59.5  
                 &lt;0.001 
               
               
                   
                 (13.3, 34.8) 
                 (22.0, 45.8) 
                 (36.8, 108.0) 
                   
               
               
                 AST, IU/L 
                 25.0 
                  28.5 
                  54.0  
                 &lt;0.001 
               
               
                   
                 (19.3, 37.0) 
                 (22.0, 34.8) 
                 (35.8, 80.3) 
                   
               
               
                 Platelet 
                 228.4 ± 44.7 
                 242.5 ± 62.3 
                 218.6 ± 61.1 
                 0.046 
               
               
                 (Plt), ×10 9 /L 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Albumin, 
                  4.1 ± 0.4 
                  4.2 ± 0.3 
                  4.3 ± 0.3 
                 0.022 
               
               
                 mg/dL 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 HbA1c, % 
                  5.7  
                  5.8  
                  6.2  
                 &lt;0.001 
               
               
                   
                 (5.4, 5.8) 
                 (5.4, 6.5) 
                 (5.6, 7.0) 
                   
               
               
                 Triglyceride, 
                 94.0 
                 145.5 
                 142.0 
                 &lt;0.001 
               
               
                 mg/dL 
                 (71.3, 127.0) 
                 (106.5, 192.0) 
                 (107.0, 191.8) 
                   
               
               
                 LDL 
                 109.3 ± 34.0 
                 103.7 ± 33.6 
                 108.2 ± 30.3 
                 0.602 
               
               
                 cholesterol, 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 mg/dL 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 ASM/BMI 
                  0.73  
                  0.81  
                  0.67  
                 0.005 
               
               
                   
                 (0.60, 0.89) 
                 (0.64, 0.90) 
                 (0.55, 0.81) 
                   
               
               
                 Insulin, 
                  7.8  
                  10.4  
                  15.7  
                 &lt;0.001 
               
               
                 μIU/mL 
                 (6.2, 9.6) 
                 (7.9, 13.2) 
                 (11.0, 25.2) 
                   
               
               
                 Insulin 
                  2.05 
                  2.62 
                  4.30 
                 &lt;0.001 
               
               
                 resistance 
                 (1.69, 2.54) 
                 (1.97, 3.55) 
                 (2.95, 7.86) 
                   
               
               
                 (HOMA-IR) 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 GDF15,  
                  0.71 
                  0.67 
                  1.1 
                 0.002 
               
               
                 ng/mL 
                 (0.41, 1.22) 
                 (0.43, 1.07) 
                 (0.65, 1.83) 
                   
               
               
                 Fibrosis 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 stage 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 0 
                 23 (57.5) 
                 24 (33.3) 
                  4 (5.1) 
                 &lt;0.001 
               
               
                 1 
                 13 (32.5) 
                 42 (58.3) 
                 24 (30.8) 
                   
               
               
                 2 
                  2 (5.0) 
                  2 (2.8) 
                 27 (34.6) 
                   
               
               
                 3 
                  1 (2.5) 
                  4 (5.6) 
                  9 (11.5) 
                   
               
               
                 4 
                  1 (2.5) 
                  0 
                 14 (17.9) 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     As can be seen from Table 2 above, the present inventors found a linear correlation between NAFLD severity and BMI, waist circumference, relevant conditions (diabetes, hypertension, and maculopathy), alanine transaminase (ALT) and aspartate transaminase (AST) levels, and insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) ( 1 BMI≥25 kg/m 2 ,  2 ASM/BMI&lt;0.789 in men and &lt;0.512 in women according to the Foundation for the National Institutes of Health Sarcopenia Project,  3 independent t-test or Mann-Whitney analysis test for continuous variables; chi-square test for categorical variables). 
     As can be confirmed from Table 3, among NAFLD patients (n=150), patients with advanced fibrosis were older, more likely to be female, and had significantly lower serum albumin levels and platelet counts than the values noted among NAFLD patients without advanced fibrosis. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
               
             
               
                 TABLE 3 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 F0-2 
                 F3-4 
                 P-value 3   
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                 N 
                 123 
                  27 
                   
               
               
                 Male, n (%) 
                 73 (59.3) 
                  9 (33.3) 
                 0.014 
               
               
                 Age, year 
                  50.7 ± 14.2 
                  63.1 ± 9.9 
                 &lt;0.001 
               
               
                 Body mass index 
                  27.7  
                  27.4  
                 0.959 
               
               
                 (BMI), kg/m 2   
                 (25.2, 30.6) 
                 (25.6, 30.0) 
                   
               
               
                 Systolic blood 
                 127.3 ± 15.6 
                 129.2 ± 15.2 
                 0.561 
               
               
                 pressure (SBP), 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 mmHg 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Diastolic blood 
                  80.0 ± 12.1 
                  76.4 ± 11.0 
                 0.156 
               
               
                 pressure (DBP), 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 mmHg 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Waist circumference 
                  92.8  
                  93.8  
                 0.459 
               
               
                 (WC), cm 
                 (88.6, 100.5) 
                 (89.0, 102.7) 
                   
               
               
                 Diabetes, n (%) 
                 40 (32.5) 
                 17 (63.0) 
                 0.003 
               
               
                 Hypertension, n (%) 
                 57 (46.3) 
                 22 (81.5) 
                 0.001 
               
               
                 Metabolic syndrome, 
                 85 (70.8) 
                 21 (80.3) 
                 0.303 
               
               
                 n (%) 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Obesity 1 , n (%) 
                 98 (79.7) 
                 22 (81.5) 
                 0.832 
               
               
                 LSMM 2 , n (%) 
                 30 (25.0) 
                  9 (34.6) 
                 0.315 
               
               
                 ALT, IU/L 
                  40.0  
                  46.0  
                 0.492 
               
               
                   
                 (25.0, 75.0) 
                 (28.0, 85.0) 
                   
               
               
                 AST, IU/L 
                  34.0  
                  53.0  
                 0.003 
               
               
                   
                 (25.0, 58.0) 
                 (35.0, 75.0) 
                   
               
               
                 Platelets (Plt), 
                 239.0 ± 60.3 
                 189.2 ± 57.7 
                 &lt;0.001 
               
               
                 ×10 9 /L 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Albumin, mg/dL 
                  4.3 ± 0.3 
                  4.1 ± 0.2 
                 0.028 
               
               
                 HbA1c, % 
                  6.0  
                  6.7  
                 0.005 
               
               
                   
                 (5.5, 6.4) 
                 (5.6, 7.8) 
                   
               
               
                 Triglyceride, mg/dL 
                 144.0  
                 121.0  
                   
               
               
                   
                 (112.0, 192.0) 
                 (82.0, 197.0) 
                 0.136 
               
               
                 LDL cholesterol, 
                 108.6 ± 32.2 
                  94.2 ± 28.2 
                 0.037 
               
               
                 mg/dL 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 ASM/BMI 
                  0.77  
                  0.61  
                 0.008 
               
               
                   
                 (0.61, 0.88) 
                 (0.54, 0.76) 
                   
               
               
                 Insulin, μIU/mL 
                  11.3  
                  19.9  
                 &lt;0.001 
               
               
                   
                 (8.7, 15.6) 
                 (12.5, 24.5) 
                   
               
               
                 Insulin resistance 
                   2.97  
                   5.10  
                 &lt;0.001 
               
               
                 (HOMA-IR) 
                 (2.21, 4.35) 
                 (3.98, 7.91) 
                   
               
               
                 GDF15, ng/mL 
                   0.73  
                   1.81  
                 &lt;0.001 
               
               
                   
                 (0.52, 1.24) 
                 (1.01, 2.17) 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Advanced fibrosis showed a significant correlation with diabetes, hypertension, higher insulin resistance, and lower ASM/BMI (P: 0.003, 0.001, &lt;0.001, 0.008), but not with waist circumference or BMI ( 1 BM≥25 kg/m 2 ,  2 ASM/BMI&lt;0.789 in men and &lt;0.512 in women according to the Foundation for the National Institutes of Health Sarcopenia Project,  3 ANOVA or Kruskal-Wallis test for continuous variables; chi-square test for categorical variables). 
     RESULT EXAMPLE 2 
     Relation Between GDF15 Levels and Advanced Fibrosis 
     As shown in Table 2 above, the GDF15 levels significantly increased with the histological severity of NAFLD. 
     As can be confirmed in  FIG. 1A , NASH patients showed significantly higher GDF15 levels than those shown in controls or NAFL patients. 
     On the other hand, as can be confirmed in  FIG. 1B , there was no association between GDF15 levels and steatosis grades (P=0.202). 
     As can be confirmed in  FIGS. 1C and 1D , serum GDF15 levels increased significantly with the severity of ballooning (Spearman&#39;s p, 0.200; P=0.006) and lobular inflammation (Spearman&#39;s p, 0.271; P&lt;0.001). 
     As can be confirmed in  FIG. 1E , the degree of fibrosis was significantly correlated with serum GDF15 levels (Spearman&#39;s p, 0.337; P&lt;0.001). 
     As can be confirmed in  FIG. 1F , F3 and F4, that is, subjects with advanced fibrosis, showed significantly higher GDF15 levels compared with F0 to F2, that is, those without (P&lt;0.001). 
     As a result, it can be verified that GDF15 levels have a stepwise relationship with the histological severity of NAFLD and a positive correlation with the severity of lobular inflammation, ballooning, and fibrosis. 
     As can be confirmed in  FIG. 2 , immunohistochemical analysis confirmed that hepatic GDF15 expression levels were markedly higher in the subjects with advanced fibrosis shown in  FIG. 2H  than in subjects without advanced fibrosis shown in  FIGS. 2B, 2D, and 2F . 
     Since the GDF15 levels were independently associated with advanced fibrosis (F3), it was investigated whether there was a correlation between GDF15 levels and TE values indicating fibrosis severity and expressed as liver stiffness. 
     As can be confirmed in  FIG. 3A , a significant positive correlation between GDF15 levels and liver stiffness was found (Spearman&#39;s p, 0.525; P&lt;0.001). 
     Next, GDF15 levels were classified into four quartiles (Q), Q1 and Q4 being the lowest and highest quartiles, respectively. The prevalence of advanced fibrosis was 2.2%, 8.2%, 8.5%, and 41.7% in Q1, Q2, Q3, and Q4, respectively (P&lt;0.001). The highest quartile (Q4; GDF15 level 1.52 ng/mL) of GDF15 was significantly associated with advanced fibrosis (unadjusted odds ratio (OR), 10.56; 95% confidence interval (CI), 4.35-25.60; P&lt;0.001). 
     RESULT EXAMPLE 3 
     Confirmation of GDF15 as Determinant Factor of Fibrosis in NAFLD 
     It was subsequently investigated whether the risk of fibrosis progression could be restrictively predicted by means of GDF15 levels only in NAFLD patients. 
     As shown in Table 4, Multivariable Model 1 was adjusted for age, gender, and body mass index as variables. Additionally, Multivariable Model 2 was adjusted for smoking, hypertension, and diabetes in addition to the factors included in Multivariable Model 1; Multivariable Model 3 was adjusted for AST, platelet, and albumin in addition to the factors included in Multivariable Model 2; Multivariable Model 4 was adjusted for HOMA-IR in addition to the factors included in Multivariable Model 3; and Multivariable Model 5 was adjusted for LSMM in addition to the factors included in Multivariable Model 4. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
                   
                 TABLE 4 
               
             
            
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Advanced fibrosis 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                   
                 NASH 
                 (≥F3) 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 NAFLD  
                 OR  
                 P- 
                 OR  
                 P- 
               
               
                   
                 (n = 150) 
                 (95% CI) 
                 value 
                 (95% CI) 
                 value 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Before  
                 1.79 (0.85, 
                 0.123 
                 9.18 (3.65, 
                 &lt;0.001 
               
               
                   
                 adjustment 
                 3.76) 
                   
                 23.12) 
                   
               
               
                   
                 Age, gender 
                 1.94 (0.88, 
                 0.099 
                 6.39 (2.35, 
                 &lt;0.001 
               
               
                   
                 adjusted 
                 4.27) 
                   
                 17.39) 
                   
               
               
                   
                 Multivariable 
                 1.95 (0.88, 
                 0.098 
                 6.39 (2.35, 
                 &lt;0.001 
               
               
                   
                 Model 1 
                 4.31) 
                   
                 17.40) 
                   
               
               
                   
                 Multivariable 
                 1.87 (0.82, 
                 0.135 
                 6.56 (2.20, 
                 0.001 
               
               
                   
                 Model 2 
                 4.27) 
                   
                 19.61) 
                   
               
               
                   
                 Multivariable 
                 1.36 (0.47, 
                 0.575 
                 5.48 (1.71, 
                 0.004 
               
               
                   
                 Model 3 
                 3.96) 
                   
                 17.59) 
                   
               
               
                   
                 Multivariable 
                 1.53 (0.47, 
                 0.480 
                 4.39 (1.08, 
                 0.039 
               
               
                   
                 Model 4 
                 5.02) 
                   
                 17.90) 
                   
               
               
                   
                 Multivariable 
                 1.36 (0.39, 
                 0.630 
                 4.27 (1.04, 
                 0.045 
               
               
                   
                 Model 5 
                 4.75) 
                   
                 17.63) 
                   
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     The GDF15 level in Q4 was significantly associated with advanced fibrosis, which remained significant in the analysis of multivariable models adjusted for age, gender, BMI, smoking status, diabetes, hypertension, AST levels, platelet counts, and albumin levels. 
     Additional adjustment for insulin resistance and LSMM showed statistical significance in the association between the GDF15 level and advanced fibrosis. In contrast, the GDF15 level in Q4 was not associated with the risk of NASH among NAFLD subjects. 
     However, it could be verified that GDF15 functions as an independent determinant factor in advanced fibrosis of NAFLD even after adjustment for LSMM and insulin resistance. 
     RESULT EXAMPLE 4 
     Correlation Between Presence or Absence of Diabetes and Prevalence of Advanced Fibrosis 
     It was investigated whether GDF15 could have a decisive effect on advanced fibrosis regardless of the presence or absence of diabetes. 
     As can be confirmed in  FIG. 3B , the results of stratified analysis using four quartiles of GDF15 levels showed additional differences for the severity of advanced fibrosis. 
     Especially, among subjects with diabetes, the prevalence of advanced fibrosis was 54.2% for GDF15 levels in Q4, and only 12.1% for GDF15 levels in Q1 to Q3. Particularly, when the GDF15 levels correspond to Q4, the prevalence of advanced fibrosis was 31.3% even in non-diabetic patients, indicating a 6-fold higher risk of advanced fibrosis compared with the risk of non-diabetic patients with GDF15 levels corresponding to Q1 to Q3 (OR, 6.72, 95% CI, 1.50-30.13). 
     The prevalence of advanced fibrosis associated with GDF15 levels was 29.8% (17/57) and 10.8% (10/93) in the NAFLD group, regardless of the presence or absence of diabetes (P=0.003, chi-square test). 
     RESULT EXAMPLE 5 
     GDF15 Treatment-Induced Fibrosis in LX-2 Cells 
     As can be confirmed in  FIG. 4A , the expression of existing fibrosis markers, such as α-SMA and collagen 1, was increased in LX-2 cells by rhGDF15 treatment, and cell apoptosis was not influenced by the rhGDF15 treatment. 
     As can be confirmed in  FIG. 4B , immunofluorescent staining results, similar to the immunoblotting results, also showed high expression of α-SMA in the GDF15 treatment for 12 hours, as shown in the portions indicated by the white arrows. 
     As can be confirmed in  FIG. 4C , it was validated that GDF15 induced fibrosis by increasing the phosphorylation of SMAD2 and SMAD3 in human hepatocytes. 
     As can be confirmed in  FIG. 4D , the GDF15 treatment induced fibrosis by upregulating the phosphorylation of SMAD2 and SMAD3 in primary hepatocytes. 
     The α-SMA level increased quickly within 12 hours after GDF15 treatment, and the SMAD phosphorylation was induced very quickly within 3 hours. It was revealed that GDF15 activates human hepatocytes and induces fibrosis since the phosphorylation of SMAD2 and SMAD3, known to play an important role in hepatocyte activation and fibrosis, was increased after the GDF15 treatment. 
     The acute stimulatory effect of GDF15 on hepatocytes was remarkably reduced after 12 hours, suggesting that GDF15 may be involved in the early response to liver injury or inflammation. 
     RESULT EXAMPLE 6 
     Increased GDF15 mRNA Expression by Palmitate Treatment 
     It was investigated whether GDF15 can have a decisive effect on advanced fibrosis regardless of LSMM. Palmitate, known to induce muscle mass reduction, was applied to hepatocytes in a time- and dose-dependent manner, and GDF15 mRNA expression was assessed. 
     As can be confirmed in  FIG. 5A , there is no change in hepatocytes after 3 hours of palmate treatment, and HSCs showed a slightly elevated expression level at 200 μM palmate, with no significance. However, Kupffer cells showed an approximately 2-fold significant increase in GDF15 mRNA expression level at 500 μM palmate (P=0.004). 
     As can be confirmed in  FIG. 5B , there were no significant changes in GDF15 mRNA expression levels in hepatocytes and HSCs after 6 hours of palmate treatment. The expression of GDF15 mRNA in Kupffer cells was increased 2.5-fold at 200 μM palmate (P=0.009), and increased 1.5-fold at 500 μM palmate (P=0.032). 
     Resultantly, it was verified that palmate treatment can increase the expression level of GDF15 mRNA in Kupffer cells, indicating that there is an inverse correlation between GDF15 expression and muscle mass. 
     INDUSTRIAL APPLICABILITY 
     The present invention relates to a composition for prediction or diagnosis of a liver disease and a method for prediction or diagnosis of a liver disease using the same and, more specifically, to a marker for prediction or diagnosis of liver fibrosis in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and a method for prediction or diagnosis using the same.