Patent Publication Number: US-8974808-B2

Title: Elastic implantable composites and implants comprising same

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This application is based upon and claims the benefit of priority from prior U.S. Provisional Application Nos. 61/140,449, filed Dec. 23, 2008, the entire contents of which are incorporated herein by reference. 
    
    
     BACKGROUND 
     In medicine, certain disorders and conditions require medical implants. Medical implants are often used to replace a damaged biological tissue or fluid, augment or enhance a biological process, enhance the healing of a surgical site, deliver a drug to a localized site within a subject, or perform another biological or structural role. Implants can even be necessary to keep a patient alive. Unfortunately, problems can arise during an implant surgery, or after a patient has received the medical implant. In some instances, the implant can impair healing of the surgical site. For example, the surface of the implant can recruit cellular debris and other biological material that can become infected with bacteria, fungi, or other infectious agents. The subject&#39;s immune system can also recognize the implant as a foreign body and attempt to fight the implant using natural defenses. This often lowers the strength of the subject&#39;s immune system and can lead to further serious problems, such as periprosthetic infections, or other infections at or near the surgical implant site. 
     Accordingly, it can also be desirable to deliver a bioactive agent at or near the tissue adjacent the implant site. Such a bioactive agent can help prevent at least some of the aforementioned problems associated with implants, or enhance the function of the implant itself. Unfortunately, configuring each implant to be capable of locally delivering a bioactive agent is not always possible or practical. For example, regulations for the manufacture of drug products differ significantly from the regulations for the manufacture of medical devices. 
     As such, a need exists for composites that can be applied to an implant or implanted into a subject that effectively provide a bioactive agent at or near tissue adjacent the implant site. These needs and other needs are satisfied by the present invention. 
     SUMMARY 
     Described herein are implantable composites, kits comprising the implantable composites, and implant devices comprising the implantable composites. In one aspect, disclosed are point of use applications, wherein a bioactive agent is applied to a medical device close to the time of use, which allows for the separate and more rapid development of the bioactive agent and the implant device, such that the quality or efficacy of the final implant device is not unduly compromised. 
     In one aspect, the implantable composite comprises an elastic band having at least one continuous elongate surface and comprising a biocompatible polymer and a bioactive agent. 
     In a further aspect, an implant device comprises a disclosed implantable composite contacting at least a portion of the implant device. 
     Also disclosed are methods of applying an implantable composite to an implant device, the method comprising securing an implantable composite onto a surface of an implant device, substantially close to the time when the implant device is implanted in a subject. 
     The advantages of the invention will be set forth in part in the description which follows, and in part will be obvious from the description, or may be learned by practice of the aspects described below. The advantages described below will be realized and attained by means of the elements and combinations particularly pointed out in the appended claims. It is to be understood that both the foregoing general description and the following detailed description are exemplary and explanatory only and are not restrictive. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         FIG. 1  is a drawing of an exemplary implantable composite. 
         FIG. 2  is a drawing of an exemplary implant device comprising an implantable composite. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     Before the present compounds, compositions, composites, articles, devices and/or methods are disclosed and described, it is to be understood that the aspects described below are not limited to specific compounds, compositions, composites, articles, devices, methods, or uses as such may, of course, vary. It is also to be understood that the terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particular aspects only and is not intended to be limiting. 
     In this specification and in the claims that follow, reference will be made to a number of terms that shall be defined to have the following meanings: 
     Throughout this specification, unless the context requires otherwise, the word “comprise,” or variations such as “comprises” or “comprising,” will be understood to imply the inclusion of a stated integer or step or group of integers or steps but not the exclusion of any other integer or step or group of integers or steps. 
     It must be noted that, as used in the specification and the appended claims, the singular forms “a,” “an” and “the” include plural referents unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. Thus, for example, reference to “a bioactive agent” includes mixtures of two or more such agents, and the like. 
     “Optional” or “optionally” means that the subsequently described event or circumstance can or cannot occur, and that the description includes instances where the event or circumstance occurs and instances where it does not. 
     Ranges may be expressed herein as from “about” one particular value, and/or to “about” another particular value. When such a range is expressed, another aspect includes from the one particular value and/or to the other particular value. Similarly, when values are expressed as approximations, by use of the antecedent “about,” it will be understood that the particular value forms another aspect. It will be further understood that the endpoints of each of the ranges are significant both in relation to the other endpoint, and independently of the other endpoint. 
     A weight percent of a component, unless specifically stated to the contrary, is based on the total weight of the formulation or composition in which the component is included. 
     The term “elastic” refers to a resilient material that can be deformed (e.g., stretched or expanded) and subsequently recover from the deformation, i.e., substantially return to its initial state, prior to the deformation. 
     The term “band” refers to a material having at least one continuous elongate surface that forms a loop. 
     The term “biocompatible” refers a substance that is substantially non-toxic to a subject. 
     The term “tacky polymer” refers to a polymer that has at least one surface that is tacky. In one aspect, a “tacky polymer” can act like an adhesive. To that end, a “tacky polymer” can be designed to be capable of adhering to a material or article, such as an implant device, release liner, or tissue or fluid of a subject. 
     “Biodegradable” is generally referred to herein as a material that will erode to soluble species or that will degrade under physiologic conditions to smaller units or chemical species that are, themselves, non-toxic (biocompatible) to the subject and capable of being metabolized, eliminated, or excreted by the subject. 
     A “bioactive agent” refers to an agent that has biological activity. The biological agent can be used to treat, diagnose, cure, mitigate, prevent (i.e., prophylactically), ameliorate, modulate, or have an otherwise favorable effect on a disease, disorder, infection, and the like. A “releasable bioactive agent” is one that can be released from a disclosed band and/or polymer. Bioactive agents also include those substances which affect the structure or function of a subject, or a pro-drug, which becomes bioactive or more bioactive after it has been placed in a predetermined physiological environment. 
     Disclosed are compounds, compositions, and components that can be used for, can be used in conjunction with, can be used in preparation for, or are products of the disclosed methods and compositions. These and other materials are disclosed herein, and it is understood that when combinations, subsets, interactions, groups, etc. of these materials are disclosed that while specific reference of each various individual and collective combinations and permutation of these compounds may not be explicitly disclosed, each is specifically contemplated and described herein. For example, if a number of different polymers and agents are disclosed and discussed, each and every combination and permutation of the polymer and agent are specifically contemplated unless specifically indicated to the contrary. Thus, if a class of molecules A, B, and C are disclosed as well as a class of molecules D, E, and F and an example of a combination molecule, A-D is disclosed, then even if each is not individually recited, each is individually and collectively contemplated. Thus, in this example, each of the combinations A-E, A-F, B-D, B-E, B-F, C-D, C-E, and C-F are specifically contemplated and should be considered disclosed from disclosure of A, B, and C; D, E, and F; and the example combination A-D. Likewise, any subset or combination of these is also specifically contemplated and disclosed. Thus, for example, the sub-group of A-E, B-F, and C-E are specifically contemplated and should be considered disclosed from disclosure of A, B, and C; D, E, and F; and the example combination A-D. This concept applies to all aspects of this disclosure including, but not limited to, steps in methods of making and using the disclosed compositions. Thus, if there are a variety of additional steps that can be performed it is understood that each of these additional steps can be performed with any specific embodiment or combination of embodiments of the disclosed methods, and that each such combination is specifically contemplated and should be considered disclosed. 
     Described herein are implantable composites that can be applied to an implant device, or to a tissue or fluid of a subject. The implantable composites can release a bioactive agent into the subject. The composites described herein allow for controlled-release, extended-release, modified-release, sustained-release, pulsatile-release, delayed-release, or programmed-release of the bioactive agent. 
     In one aspect, the implantable composite comprises an elastic band having at least one continuous elongate surface and comprising a biocompatible polymer and bioactive agent disposed therein the matrix. In one aspect, the bioactive agent is disposed in the band and/or the polymer. In one aspect, the elastic band can be biocompatible or biodegradable. The implantable composites disclosed herein can act, and have properties like, a rubber band. As such, the implantable composite is typically a closed loop that can be attached around an implant device, or tissue or fluid of a subject. 
     With reference to  FIG. 1 , an implantable composite  100  can comprise an elastic band  110  having at least one continuous elongate surface  120  that defines at least one opening  130  therethrough. The band  110  comprises the releasable bioactive agent (not shown) disposed therein the band or on a surface of the band. The elastic band can be expanded and applied to (e.g., expanded and placed around) an implant device, or to an internal tissue or fluid of a subject. In one aspect, the at least one continuous elongate surface can have an opposed second continuous elongate surface. In a further aspect, the elastic band can be a single-layered elastic band. 
     The implantable composites can have any desired size. In general, the size selection of the implantable composite can be influenced by the desired loading of the bioactive agent. Generally, the more bioactive agent that is desired, the larger the implantable composite will be. The size can also be selected so as to provide the desired release properties of the polymer. In addition, when the implantable composite is applied to an implant device, the size of the implant device can be of importance when selecting the size of the implantable composite. For example, it can be desirable for portions of the implant device surface to remain exposed. In these instances, the size of the implant can be selected so as to not completely cover the implant device surface. 
     In one aspect, the opening of the implantable composites can have any desired size, when not expanded, including without limitation diameters of from about 1 cm to about 50 cm or greater, from about 5 cm to about 25 cm, or from about 7 cm to about 15 cm, including those implantable composites comprising one or more openings having a diameter of about 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 30, 40, or 45 cm, or larger. Additionally, the implantable composites can comprise one or more openings having a diameter less than about 1 cm, including for example, from about 0.1 cm to about 1 cm. In a further aspect, the implantable composites can be stretched to any desired size, depending on the degree of elasticity of the elastic band, discussed below. 
     In one aspect, the elastic band can comprise an elastic polymer. Elastic polymers are those that can undergo a reversible elongation at a relatively low stress or strain. Such polymers include without limitation amorphous polymers, polymers with low glass transition temperatures (T g ), polymers with high polymer chain mobility, cross-linked polymers, or a combination thereof. In one aspect, suitable polymers are those that are substantially amorphous and have a low T g . Suitable glass transition temperatures include, without limitation, about 25° C. or less, about 15° C. or less, about 10° C. or less, about 0° C. or less, about −10° C. or less, about −20° C. or less, about −30° C. or less, about −40° C. or less, about −50° C. or less, about −60° C. or less, about −70° C. or less, or less than −70° C. In a further aspect, suitable polymers are those that are cross-linked. The degree of cross-linking for an elastic polymer can be typically selected based on the desired elasticity of the polymer. Generally, at least some degree of cross-linking can be useful to achieve relatively rapid deformation and nearly complete reversibility. 
     Suitable elastic polymers can have a relatively low initial force modulus (e.g., less than 100 N/cm), so that the polymer can be expanded without an inconvenient amount of force. Typically, however, the force modulus should increase beyond the initial force modulus upon expansion of the polymer. In certain aspects, to maintain high strength at a high expansive force, a polymer can be cross-linked, as discussed above, and/or can comprise biocompatible filler materials which add strength to the matrix. Additionally, the polymer can be engineered to undergo a small amount of crystallization at high elongation, which can add strength to the polymer during forceful expansion. Other additives can be added to the polymer to aid in the elastic effect of the band, such as, for example, mineral oils, polyethylene glycol (PEG), fatty acids, carbon black, silica, kaolin, calcium carbonate, plastizers, solvents, or a combination or mixture thereof. 
     The polymer used with the implantable composites can comprise any biocompatible and biodegradable or non-biodegradable polymer. The polymers disclosed herein can be homopolymers or copolymers. The polymers can be block or blocky co- or ter-polymers, random co- or ter-polymers, star polymers, or dendrimers. Any desired molecular weight polymer can be used, depending on the desired properties of the implantable composite. In certain aspects, if a high strength implantable composite is desired, then high molecular weight polymers can be used, for example, to meet strength requirements. In other aspects, low or medium molecular weight polymers can be used when, for example, when resorption time of the polymer, rather than material strength is desired. In one aspect, the polymer forms the elastic band. 
     The molecular weight of the polymer can be selected so as to provide a desired property of the implantable composite. In certain aspects, the polymer can be provided by forming a molded composite of the polymer. In such aspects, the molecular weight should be such to allow a sufficient molded composite to form. The molecular weight should also be suitable to allow the polymer to be resiliently expanded. The molecular weight of a polymer is also important from the point of view that molecular weight influences the biodegradation rate of the polymer. For a diffusional mechanism of bioactive agent release, the polymer should remain intact until all of the drug is released from the polymer and then degrade. The drug can also be released from the polymer as the polymer bioerodes. By an appropriate selection of polymeric materials a polymer formulation can be made such that the resulting biodegradable polymer exhibits both diffusional release and biodegradation release properties. Molecular weights can be measured by methods known in the art, including gel permeation chromatography, viscosity, light-scattering, among other methods. 
     The biodegrable polymer can be formulated so as to degrade within a desired time interval, once present in a subject. In some aspects, the time interval can be from about less than one day to about 1 month. Longer time intervals can extend to 6 months, including for example, polymer matrices that degrade from about ≧0 to about 6 months, or from about 1 to about 6 months. In other aspects, the polymer can degrade in longer time intervals, up to 2 years or longer, including, for example, from about ≧0 to about 2 years, or from about 1 month to about 2 years. 
     The desired bioactive agent release mechanism can influence the selection of the polymer. A biodegradable polymer can be selected so as to release or allow the release of a bioactive agent therefrom at a desired lapsed time after the implantable composite has been implanted into a subject. For example, the polymer can be selected to release or allow the release of the bioactive agent prior to the bioactive agent beginning to diminish its activity, as the bioactive agent begins to diminish in activity, when the bioactive agent is partially diminished in activity, for example at least 25%, at least 50% or at least 75% diminished, when the bioactive agent is substantially diminished in activity, or when the bioactive agent is completely gone or no longer has activity. 
     In one aspect, the polymer can be one or more of polyesters, polyhydroxyalkanoates, polyhydroxybutyrates, polydioxanones, polyhydroxyvalerates, polyanhydrides, polyorthoesters, polyphosphazenes, polyphosphates, polyphosphoesters, polydioxanones, polyphosphoesters, polyphosphates, polyphosphonates, polyphosphates, polyhydroxyalkanoates, polycarbonates, polyalkylcarbonates, polyorthocarbonates, polyesteramides, polyamides, polyamines, polypeptides, polyurethanes, polyalkylene alkylates, polyalkylene oxalates, polyalkylene succinates, polyhydroxy fatty acids, polyacetals, polycyanoacrylates, polyketals, polyetheresters, polyethers, polyalkylene glycols, polyalkylene oxides, polyethylene glycols, polyethylene oxides, polypeptides, polysaccharides, or polyvinyl pyrrolidones. Other non-biodegradable but durable polymers include without limitation ethylene-vinyl acetate co-polymer, polytetrafluoroethylene, polypropylene, polyethylene, and the like. Likewise, other suitable non-biodegradable polymers include without limitation silicones and polyurethanes. 
     In a further aspect, the polymer can be a poly(lactide), a poly(glycolide), a poly(lactide-co-glycolide), a poly(caprolactone), a poly(orthoester), a poly(phosphazene), a poly(hydroxybutyrate) or a copolymer containing a poly(hydroxybutarate), a poly(lactide-co-caprolactone), a polycarbonate, a polyesteramide, a polyanhydride, a poly(dioxanone), a poly(alkylene alkylate), a copolymer of polyethylene glycol and a polyorthoester, a biodegradable polyurethane, a poly(amino acid), a polyamide, a polyesteramide, a polyetherester, a polyacetal, a polycyanoacrylate, a poly(oxyethylene)/poly(oxypropylene) copolymer, polyacetals, polyketals, polyphosphoesters, polyhydroxyvalerates or a copolymer containing a polyhydroxyvalerate, polyalkylene oxalates, polyalkylene succinates, poly(maleic acid), and copolymers, terpolymers, combinations, or blends thereof. Other non-biodegradable but durable polymers include without limitation ethylene-vinyl acetate co-polymer, polytetrafluoroethylene, polypropylene, polyethylene, and the like. Likewise, other suitable non-biodegradable polymers include without limitation silicones and polyurethanes. 
     In a still further aspect, useful biodegradable polymers are those that comprise one or more residues of lactic acid, glycolic acid, lactide, glycolide, caprolactone, hydroxybutyrate, hydroxyvalerates, dioxanones, polyethylene glycol (PEG), polyethylene oxide, or a combination thereof. In a still further aspect, useful biodegradable polymers are those that comprise one or more residues of lactide, glycolide, caprolactone, or a combination thereof. 
     In one aspect, useful biodegradable polymers are those that comprise one or more blocks of hydrophilic or water soluble polymers, including, but not limited to, polyethylene glycol, (PEG), or polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP), in combination with one or more blocks another biocompabible or biodegradable polymer that comprises lactide, glycolide, caprolactone, or a combination thereof. 
     In specific aspects, the biodegradable polymer can comprise one or more lactide residues. To that end, the polymer can comprise any lactide residue, including all racemic and stereospecific forms of lactide, including, but not limited to, L-lactide, D-lactide, and D,L-lactide, or a mixture thereof. Useful polymers comprising lactide include, but are not limited to poly(L-lactide), poly(D-lactide), and poly(DL-lactide); and poly(lactide-co-glycolide), including poly(L-lactide-co-glycolide), poly(D-lactide-co-glycolide), and poly(DL-lactide-co-glycolide); or copolymers, terpolymers, combinations, or blends thereof. Lactide/glycolide polymers can be conveniently made by melt polymerization through ring opening of lactide and glycolide monomers. Additionally, racemic DL-lactide, L-lactide, and D-lactide polymers are commercially available. The L-polymers are more crystalline and resorb slower than DL-polymers. In addition to copolymers comprising glycolide and DL-lactide or L-lactide, copolymers of L-lactide and DL-lactide are commercially available. Homopolymers of lactide or glycolide are also commercially available. 
     When the biodegradable polymer is poly(lactide-co-glycolide), poly(lactide), or poly(glycolide), the amount of lactide and glycolide in the polymer can vary. In a further aspect, the biodegradable polymer contains 0 to 100 mole %, 40 to 100 mole %, 50 to 100 mole %, 60 to 100 mole %, 70 to 100 mole %, or 80 to 100 mole % lactide and from 0 to 100 mole %, 0 to 60 mole %, 10 to 40 mole %, 20 to 40 mole %, or 30 to 40 mole % glycolide, wherein the amount of lactide and glycolide is 100 mole %. In a further aspect, the biodegradable polymer can be poly(lactide), 95:5 poly(lactide-co-glycolide) 85:15 poly(lactide-co-glycolide), 75:25 poly(lactide-co-glycolide), 65:35 poly(lactide-co-glycolide), or 50:50 poly(lactide-co-glycolide), where the ratios are mole ratios. 
     In a further aspect, the polymer can be a poly(caprolactone) or a poly(lactide-co-caprolactone). In one aspect, the polymer can a poly(lactide-caprolactone), which, in various aspects, can be 95:5 poly(lactide-co-caprolactone) 85:15 poly(lactide-co-caprolactone), 75:25 poly(lactide-co-caprolactone), 65:35 poly(lactide-co-caprolactone), or 50:50 poly(lactide-co-caprolactone), where the ratios are mole ratios. 
     In one aspect, the polymer can be a terpolymer such as those terpolymers disclosed in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/269135, filed Nov. 12, 2008, (U.S. Patent Publication No. 2009/0124535) which is incorporated herein by this reference for all of its teachings of terpolymers and is considered part of this disclosure. 
     It is understood that any combination of the aforementioned biodegradable polymers can be used, including, but not limited to, copolymers thereof, mixtures thereof, or blends thereof. Likewise, it is understood that when a residue of a biodegradable polymer is disclosed, any suitable polymer, copolymer, mixture, or blend, that comprises the disclosed residue, is also considered disclosed. To that end, when multiple residues are individually disclosed (i.e., not in combination with another), it is understood that any combination of the individual residues can be used. Further, any of the above polymers can be processed (e.g., cross-linked to a desired level, to achieve a resiliently expandable polymer. An additional cross-linking agent can be used, and/or radical, cation, or anion cross-linking of the existing polymer can be used. 
     In one aspect, an adhesive can be present on an outer surface of the disclosed implantable composite, that will contact the implant device surface, or the tissue or fluid of the subject, such as surface  120  shown in  FIG. 1 . In certain aspects, the polymer itself can be a tacky polymer, which functions as an adhesive to which an implant device, or tissue or fluid of the subject can adhere. Methods of making the above disclosed polymers tacky are known in the art. Addititives for example, can be added to provide a tacky polymer that can be adhesive. In one aspect, tacky polymers can be those that comprise a T g  of less than about room temperature, including those polymers disclosed above which have glass transition temperatures of less than about room temperature. Thus, in certain aspects, the resiliently expandable polymer can contact a disclosed implant device, tissue or fluid of a subject both elastically and adhesively, through the use of a tacky polymer. 
     In a further aspect, an adhesive, separate from the polymer, can be on the resiliently expandable polymer. The adhesive can be any desired adhesive. Suitable adhesives include without limitation thermoplastics, glycoproteins, mucopolysaccharides, bioadhesives, carbohydrates, starches, dextrin, sugars, gelatin, epoxy, acrylics, rubber, silicones, polyurethanes, pressure sensitive adhesives, polyesters, polyethers, polychloroprene, natural gums, peroxides, silanes, isocyanates, or combinations, mixtures, and blends thereof. 
     In one aspect, the adhesive can be a biodegradable adhesive, including without limitation, poly(lactide-co-caprolactone), poly(glycolide-co-caprolactone), or combinations, mixtures, and blends thereof. 
     The adhesive can be applied to the first surface of the polymer through methods known in the art. Adhesives can be applied, for example, through spin-coating, drop-casting, brushing, or spraying an adhesive composition onto the first surface of the polymer. 
     As discussed above, the implantable composite comprises a bioactive agent. The bioactive agent can be a releasable bioactive agent, i.e., a bioactive agent that can be released from the polymer. In certain aspects, the bioactive agent can be in or on the polymer. 
     Various forms of the bioactive agent can be used, which are capable of being released from polymer into adjacent tissues or fluids. To that end, a liquid or solid bioactive agent can be incorporated into the implantable composites described herein. The bioactive agents are at least very slightly water soluble, and preferably moderately water soluble. The bioactive agents can include salts of the active ingredient. As such, the bioactive agents can be acidic, basic, or amphoteric salts. They can be nonionic molecules, polar molecules, or molecular complexes capable of hydrogen bonding. The bioactive agent can be included in the compositions in the form of, for example, an uncharged molecule, a molecular complex, a salt, an ether, an ester, an amide, polymer drug conjugate, or other form to provide the effective biological or physiological activity. 
     Examples of bioactive agents that incorporated into systems herein include, but are not limited to, peptides, proteins such as hormones, enzymes, antibodies and the like, nucleic acids such as aptamers, iRNA, DNA, RNA, antisense nucleic acid or the like, antisense nucleic acid analogs or the like, low-molecular weight compounds, or high-molecular-weight compounds. Bioactive agents contemplated for use in the disclosed implantable composites include anabolic agents, antacids, anti-asthmatic agents, anti-cholesterolemic and anti-lipid agents, anti-coagulants, anti-convulsants, anti-diarrheals, anti-emetics, anti-infective agents including antibacterial and antimicrobial agents, anti-inflammatory agents, anti-manic agents, antimetabolite agents, anti-nauseants, anti-neoplastic agents, anti-obesity agents, anti-pyretic and analgesic agents, anti-spasmodic agents, anti-thrombotic agents, anti-tussive agents, anti-uricemic agents, anti-anginal agents, antihistamines, appetite suppressants, biologicals, cerebral dilators, coronary dilators, bronchiodilators, cytotoxic agents, decongestants, diuretics, diagnostic agents, erythropoietic agents, expectorants, gastrointestinal sedatives, hyperglycemic agents, hypnotics, hypoglycemic agents, immunomodulating agents, ion exchange resins, laxatives, mineral supplements, mucolytic agents, neuromuscular drugs, peripheral vasodilators, psychotropics, sedatives, stimulants, thyroid and anti-thyroid agents, tissue growth agents, uterine relaxants, vitamins, or antigenic materials. 
     Other bioactive agents include androgen inhibitors, polysaccharides, growth factors, hormones, anti-angiogenesis factors, dextromethorphan, dextromethorphan hydrobromide, noscapine, carbetapentane citrate, chlophedianol hydrochloride, chlorpheniramine maleate, phenindamine tartrate, pyrilamine maleate, doxylamine succinate, phenyltoloxamine citrate, phenylephrine hydrochloride, phenylpropanolamine hydrochloride, pseudoephedrine hydrochloride, ephedrine, codeine phosphate, codeine sulfate morphine, mineral supplements, cholestryramine, N-acetylprocainamide, acetaminophen, aspirin, ibuprofen, phenyl propanolamine hydrochloride, caffeine, guaifenesin, aluminum hydroxide, magnesium hydroxide, peptides, polypeptides, proteins, amino acids, hormones, interferons, cytokines, and vaccines. 
     Representative drugs that can be used as bioactive agents in the implantable composites include, but are not limited to, peptide drugs, protein drugs, desensitizing materials, antigens, anti-infective agents such as antibiotics, antimicrobial agents, antiviral, antibacterial, antiparasitic, antifungal substances and combination thereof, antiallergenics, androgenic steroids, decongestants, hypnotics, steroidal anti-inflammatory agents, anti-cholinergics, sympathomimetics, sedatives, miotics, psychic energizers, tranquilizers, vaccines, estrogens, progestational agents, humoral agents, prostaglandins, analgesics, antispasmodics, antimalarials, antihistamines, cardioactive agents, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents, antiparkinsonian agents, antihypertensive agents, β-adrenergic blocking agents, nutritional agents, and the benzophenanthridine alkaloids. The agent can further be a substance capable of acting as a stimulant, sedative, hypnotic, analgesic, anticonvulsant, and the like. 
     The implantable composite can comprise a large number of bioactive agents either singly or in combination. Other bioactive agents include but are not limited to analgesics such as acetaminophen, acetylsalicylic acid, and the like; anesthetics such as lidocaine, xylocaine, and the like; anorexics such as dexadrine, phendimetrazine tartrate, and the like; antiarthritics such as methylprednisolone, ibuprofen, and the like; antiasthmatics such as terbutaline sulfate, theophylline, ephedrine, and the like; antibiotics such as sulfisoxazole, penicillin G, ampicillin, cephalosporins, amikacin, gentamicin, tetracyclines, chloramphenicol, erythromycin, clindamycin, isoniazid, rifampin, and the like; antifungals such as amphotericin B, nystatin, ketoconazole, and the like; antivirals such as acyclovir, amantadine, and the like; anticancer agents such as cyclophosphamide, methotrexate, etretinate, and the like; anticoagulants such as heparin, warfarin, and the like; anticonvulsants such as phenytoin sodium, diazepam, and the like; antidepressants such as isocarboxazid, amoxapine, and the like; antihistamines such as diphenhydramine HCl, chlorpheniramine maleate, and the like; hormones such as insulin, progestins, estrogens, corticoids, glucocorticoids, androgens, and the like; tranquilizers such as thorazine, diazepam, chlorpromazine HCl, reserpine, chlordiazepoxide HCl, and the like; antispasmodics such as belladonna alkaloids, dicyclomine hydrochloride, and the like; vitamins and minerals such as essential amino acids, calcium, iron, potassium, zinc, vitamin B 12 , and the like; cardiovascular agents such as prazosin HCl, nitroglycerin, propranolol HCl, hydralazine HCl, pancrelipase, succinic acid dehydrogenase, and the like; peptides and proteins such as LHRH, somatostatin, calcitonin, growth hormone, glucagon-like peptides, growth releasing factor, angiotensin, FSH, EGF, bone morphogenic protein (BMP), erythopoeitin (EPO), interferon, interleukin, collagen, fibrinogen, insulin, Factor VIII, Factor IX, Enbrel®, Rituxam®, Herceptin®, alpha-glucosidase, Cerazyme/Ceredose®, vasopressin, ACTH, human serum albumin, gamma globulin, structural proteins, blood product proteins, complex proteins, enzymes, antibodies, monoclonal antibodies, and the like; prostaglandins; nucleic acids; carbohydrates; fats; narcotics such as morphine, codeine, and the like, psychotherapeutics; anti-malarials, L-dopa, diuretics such as furosemide, spironolactone, and the like; antiulcer drugs such as rantidine HCl, cimetidine HCl, and the like. 
     The bioactive agent can also be an immunomodulator, including, for example, cytokines, interleukins, interferon, colony stimulating factor, tumor necrosis factor, and the like; allergens such as cat dander, birch pollen, house dust mite, grass pollen, and the like; antigens of bacterial organisms such as  Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyrogenes, Corynebacterium diphteriae, Listeria monocytogenes, Bacillus anthracis, Clostridium tetani, Clostridium botulinum, Clostridium perfringens, Neisseria meningitides, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Streptococcus mutans. Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella typhi, Haemophilus parainfluenzae, Bordetella pertussis, Francisella tularensis, Yersinia pestis, Vibrio cholerae, Legionella pneumophila, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Mycobacterium leprae, Treponema pallidum, Leptspirosis interrogans, Borrelia burgddorferi, Campylobacter jejuni , and the like; antigens of such viruses as smallpox, influenza A and B, respiratory synctial, parainfluenza, measles, HIV, SARS, varicella-zoster, herpes simplex 1 and 2, cytomeglavirus, Epstein-Barr, rotavirus, rhinovirus, adenovirus, papillomavirus, poliovirus, mumps, rabies, rubella, coxsackieviruses, equine encephalitis, Japanese encephalitis, yellow fever, Rift Valley fever, lymphocytic choriomeningitis, hepatitis B, and the like; antigens of such fungal, protozoan, and parasitic organisms such as  Cryptococcuc neoformans, Histoplasma capsulatum, Candida albicans, Candida tropicalis, Nocardia asteroids, Rickettsia ricketsii, Rickettsia typhi, Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Chlamyda psittaci, Chlamydia trachomatis, Plasmodium falciparum, Trypanasoma brucei, Entamoeba histolytica, Toxoplasma gondii, Trichomonas vaginalis, Schistosoma mansoni , and the like. These antigens may be in the form of whole killed organisms, peptides, proteins, glycoproteins, carbohydrates, or combinations thereof. 
     In a specific aspect, the bioactive agent comprises at least one of an antibiotic, antimicrobial, a growth factor, a growth inhibitor, an immunomodulator, a steroid, or an anti-inflammatory, including without limitation any of those listed above. 
     In a further specific aspect, the bioactive agent comprises an antibiotic. The antibiotic can be, for example, one or more of Amikacin, Gentamicin, Kanamycin, Neomycin, Netilmicin, Streptomycin, Tobramycin, Paromomycin, Ansamycins, Geldanamycin, Herbimycin, Carbacephem, Loracarbef, Carbapenems, Ertapenem, Doripenem, Imipenem/Cilastatin, Meropenem, Cephalosporins (First generation), Cefadroxil, Cefazolin, Cefalotin or Cefalothin, Cefalexin, Cephalosporins (Second generation), Cefaclor, Cefamandole, Cefoxitin, Cefprozil, Cefuroxime, Cephalosporins (Third generation), Cefixime, Cefdinir, Cefditoren, Cefoperazone, Cefotaxime, Cefpodoxime, Ceftazidime, Ceftibuten, Ceftizoxime, Ceftriaxone, Cephalosporins (Fourth generation), Cefepime, Cephalosporins (Fifth generation), Ceftobiprole, Glycopeptides, Teicoplanin, Vancomycin, Macrolides, Azithromycin, Clarithromycin, Dirithromycin, Erythromycin, Roxithromycin, Troleandomycin, Telithromycin, Spectinomycin, Monobactams, Aztreonam, Penicillins, Amoxicillin, Ampicillin, Azlocillin, Carbenicillin, Cloxacillin, Dicloxacillin, Flucloxacillin, Mezlocillin, Meticillin, Nafcillin, Oxacillin, Penicillin, Piperacillin, Ticarcillin, Polypeptides, Bacitracin, Colistin, Polymyxin B, Quinolones, Ciprofloxacin, Enoxacin, Gatifloxacin, Levofloxacin, Lomefloxacin, Moxifloxacin, Norfloxacin, Ofloxacin, Trovafloxacin, Sulfonamides, Mafenide, Prontosil (archaic), Sulfacetamide, Sulfamethizole, Sulfanilimide (archaic), Sulfasalazine, Sulfisoxazole, Trimethoprim, Trimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazole (Co-trimoxazole) (TMP-SMX), Tetracyclines, including Demeclocycline, Doxycycline, Minocycline, Oxytetracycline, Tetracycline, and others; Arsphenamine, Chloramphenicol, Clindamycin, Lincomycin, Ethambutol, Fosfomycin, Fusidic acid, Furazolidone, Isoniazid, Linezolid, Metronidazole, Mupirocin, Nitrofurantoin, Platensimycin, Pyrazinamide, Quinupristin/Dalfopristin, Rifampicin (Rifampin in U.S.), Tinidazole, or a combination thereof. In one aspect, the bioactive agent can be a combination of Rifampicin (Rifampin in U.S.) and Minocycline. 
     It is contemplated that other components such as, for example, excipients, pharmaceutically carriers or adjuvants, microparticles, and the like, can be combined with the polymer and/or the bioactive agent. Thus, in certain aspects, the bioactive agent can be present as a component in a pharmaceutical composition. Pharmaceutical compositions can be conveniently prepared in a desired dosage form, including, for example, a unit dosage form or controlled release dosage form, and prepared by any of the methods well known in the art of pharmacy. In general, pharmaceutical compositions are prepared by uniformly and intimately bringing the bioactive agent into association with a liquid carrier or a finely divided solid carrier, or both. The pharmaceutical carrier employed can be, for example, a solid, liquid, or gas. Examples of solid carriers include lactose, terra alba, sucrose, talc, gelatin, agar, pectin, acacia, magnesium stearate, and stearic acid. Examples of liquid carriers are sugar syrup, peanut oil, olive oil, and water. Examples of gaseous carriers include carbon dioxide and nitrogen. Other pharmaceutically acceptable carriers or components that can be mixed with the bioactive agent can include, for example, a fatty acid, a sugar, a salt, a water-soluble polymer such as polyethylene glycol, a protein, polysacharride, or carboxmethyl cellulose, a surfactant, a plasticizer, a high- or low-molecular-weight porosigen such as polymer or a salt or sugar, or a hydrophobic low-molecular-weight compound such as cholesterol or a wax. 
     In certain aspects, the polymer and bioactive agent are combined or admixed to form a blend or admixture. Admixing methods can be performed using techniques known in the art. For example, the polymer and bioactive agent can be dry blended (i.e., mixing of particulates of the polymer and the agent) using, for example, a Patterson-Kelley V-blender, or granulated prior to processing. 
     In one aspect, the processing of the admixture can be performed under conditions such that the agent is intimately mixed or dispersed throughout the polymer. Alternatively, the processing of the admixture can be performed under conditions such that the agent is localized on or in only a portion or portions of the polymer. To that end, the polymer can include areas that are rich in bioactive agent, and areas that are not as rich. The admixture can be processed by a variety of techniques, such as, for example, melt extruding, injection molding, compression molding, or roller compacting the admixture into a desired shape or structure. 
     Other suitable pharmaceutical carriers include without limitation microparticles. The term “microparticle” is used herein to refer generally to a variety of substantially structures having sizes from about 10 nm to 2000 microns (2 millimeters) and includes microcapsule, microsphere, nanoparticle, nanocapsule, nanosphere as well as particles, in general, that are less than about 2000 microns (2 millimeters). The microparticle can contain and effect the release of the bioactive agent from the polymer. 
     The microparticle can be comprised of any of those polymers mentioned above or any polymer used in the microparticle art. In general, the above mentioned polymers can be cross-linked to a certain level, which thereby can form a microparticle of the polymer, as is known in the art. When a microparticle is present in the polymer, the microparticle can be the same or different as the polymer comprising the bulk of the polymer. The polymer can comprise any desired amount of microparticles, including, for example, from about 1 weight % to about 95 weight %, including 5, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, and 90 weight %, relative to the weight of the total polymer. The microparticle can be combined with the polymer through known methods. 
     In one aspect, the disclosed microparticles can have an average or mean particle size of from about 20 microns to about 125 microns. In one embodiment the range of mean particle size is from about 40 microns to about 90 microns. In another embodiment the range of mean particle sizes is from about 50 microns to about 80 microns. Particle size distributions are measured by laser diffraction techniques known to those of skill in the art. 
     In a further aspect, the bioactive agent can be encapsulated, microencapsulated, or otherwise associated with a microparticle. The microparticle can modulate the release of the bioactive agent. The microparticle can comprise any desired amount of the bioactive agent. For example, the microparticle can comprise 1%, 5%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 95% by weight bioactive agent, relative to the weight of the microparticle, including any range between the disclosed percentages. 
     The microparticles can be made using methods known in the art, including, for example, those methods disclosed in U.S. Patent Publication No. 2007/0190154, published Aug. 16, 2007, and U.S. Pat. No. 5,407,609 to Tice et al., both of which are incorporated herein in their entirety by this reference for teachings of microparticle preparation methods. As will be apparent, depending upon processing conditions, the polymer used as a starting material in the admixing step may or may not be the same polymer present in the final implantable composite. For example, the polymer during processing may undergo polymerization or depolymerization reactions, which ultimately can produce a different polymer that was used prior to processing. Thus, the term “polymer” as used herein covers the polymers used as starting materials as well as the final polymer present in the device produced by the methods described herein. 
     Also disclosed are kits comprising the implantable composites. The kit can comprised one or more disclosed implantable composites, in a package. In one aspect, the kit can comprise the same implantable composite. In another aspect, the kit can comprise a mixture of different implantable composites. For example, the kit can comprise several sets of implantable composites, each having a different size. Such a kit may be useful for point of use applications of the implantable composites, wherein one kit, for example, can provide implantable composites that are compatible in size with a number of different implant devices. 
     Also disclosed are implant devices comprising the implantable composites. The term “device” is any formulation or article that is greater than 1 mm in length in at least one dimension of the device. The device can comprise a disclosed implantable composite. In a further aspect, the device has one dimension that is from 1 mm to 50 mm, 1.2 mm to 45 mm, 1.4 mm to 42 mm, 1.6 mm to 40 mm, 1.8 mm to 38 mm, or 2.0 mm to 36 mm, 5.0 mm to 33 mm, or 10 mm to 30 mm. In a further aspect, the device has one dimension that is greater than 3 cm, even up to or greater than 10 cm, 20 cm, or even 30 cm. 
     In one aspect, the implant device comprises a disclosed implantable composite elastically contacting at least a portion of the implant device. 
     The implant device can comprise any shape, such as a rod, a fiber, a cylinder, a bead, a ribbon, a disc, a wafer, a free-formed shaped solid, or a variety of other shaped solids. The device can have any regular or irregular shape and can have any cross section like circular, rectangular, triangular, oval, and the like. In a further aspect, the device comprises a cylindrical shape, such as a typical shape of an implantable pump. 
     The implant can be comprised of any suitable material, such as a metal (e.g., titanium), metal composite, organic material, polymeric, or even ceramic material. The surface of the implant can be any shaped surface, and may have a porous, beaded or meshed ingrowth surface, as can be present in certain implants. 
     The implant device can be any type of medical implant. The implant devices can include, for example, implants for drug delivery, including drug delivery pumps; orthopedic implants, including spinal implants, implants for osseointegration or bone repair; medical stents, including stents with inherent drug delivery capability; prosthetic implants, including breast implants, muscle implants, and the like; dental implants; ear implants, including cochlear implants and hearing devices; cardiac implants including pacemakers, catheters, etc.; space filling implants; bioelectric implants; neural implants; internal organ implants, including dialysis grafts; defribrillators; monitoring devices; recording devices; stimulators, including deep brain stimulators, nerve stimulators, bladder stimulators, and diaphragm stimulators; implantable identification devices and information chips; artificial organs; drug administering devices; implantable sensors/biosensors; screws; tubes; rods; plates; or artificial joints. 
     In a further aspect, the implant device can be at least one of a pump, pacemaker, defribrillator, or stimulator, including a deep brain stimulator, nerve stimulator, bladder stimulator, or diaphragm stimulator. 
     With reference to  FIG. 2 , an implant device  200  can comprise a first implant device surface  210  that comprises an implantable composite comprised of a elastic band  220 , which is contacting at least a portion, or all, of the device  200 . The device shown in the  FIG. 3  is an implantable pump. 
     Once the implant device is present in a subject, the polymer can degrade, allowing the bioactive agent to be released in or near the tissue that is adjacent the implant site. If desired, a plurality of implantable composites can be applied to the implant device. Additionally, once the implantable composite has served its intended purpose, the implantable composite may fall off the implant device, into adjacent tissues or fluids. 
     Other implant devices that may benefit when used with the disclosed implantable composites include those with one or more active surfaces, e.g., a surface that enhances a connection between a tissue or fluid and the implant device, or a surface that allows for or enhances wound healing. To that end, the disclosed implantable composites can be effective when applied to only a portion of the implant device, allowing for any active surface to remain exposed and functional when the implant device is implanted in a subject. 
     As discussed above, it can be desirable to deliver a bioactive agent at or near the tissue adjacent an implant site. The bioactive agent can help prevent some of the problems associated with implants, such as infection, or enhance the function of the implant itself. It can also be desirable to avoid pre-manufacturing an implant device with bioactive agent releasing capability, as discussed above. It should be appreciated that the composites, methods, and kits disclosed herein can allow for a point of use application of an implantable composite onto the surface of an implant device, thus obviating the need to pre-manufacture implant devices having bioactive agent releasing capability. 
     In one aspect, an implantable composite can be applied to an implant device surface close to or during the time of use. For example, an implantable composite can be applied to an implant device by securing the implantable composite onto the surface of the implant device, substantially close to the time when the implant device is implanted in a subject. In one aspect, the implantable composite can be applied to an implant device in an operating suite, for example, by a physician or nurse. 
     The implantable composite can be secured to the surface of the implant device prior to, at, or after the time when the implant device is implanted in the subject. In one aspect, the implant device comprising the implantable composite can be implanted into the subject. In a further aspect, the implant device can be implanted into the subject, and then the implantable composite can be applied to the surface of the implant device. When implanting smaller implants, it may be beneficial to first apply the implantable composite to the implant device surface. 
     In one aspect, the implantable composite can be secured to the surface of the implant device on the same day (i.e., within 24 hours) of the implant surgery, including, for example, within 23 hours, 20 hours, 15 hours, 10 hours, 5 hours, 3 hours, 2 hours, 1 hour, 30 minutes, 15 minutes, 10 minutes, 5 minutes, 2 minutes, 30 seconds, or during the implant surgery itself. 
     If desired, the implantable composite itself, with or without an implant device, can be implanted onto or in a tissue or fluid of a subject. In one aspect, the implantable composite can be implanted onto or in a tissue or fluid that is near or adjacent to an implant site, i.e., a site where an implant device has been implanted, or near or adjacent to a desired implant site. 
     Typically, before applying the implantable composite to the implant device, the implant device surface can be cleaned or treated to remove any surface contaminants and to promote good adhesion of the polymer. For example, the implantable composite and/or the implant device can be sterilized e.g. by autoclaving under water steam. However, in some aspects, care may be needed to avoid irreversibility deforming the resiliently expandable polymer. The implantable composite or implant device comprising the implantable composite can then be implanted into the subject using known surgical techniques. In certain aspects, it can be desirable to store the implantable composites or kits comprising the composites in a sterilized container or package. In one aspect, the kit can comprise a sterilized package of the implantable composites. 
     The disclosed methods can be used with any of the disclosed implantable composites comprising a releasable bioactive agent. In one aspect, the method comprises expanding the resiliently expandable polymer, thereby increasing the diameter of the opening defined by the at least one polymer surface. The degree of expansion will typically be influenced by the size of the implantable device or tissue that will receive the implantable composite. Once the polymer is expanded, the implantable composite can be placed around an implant, tissue, or fluid, followed by a reduction of the expansive force, to allow the implantable composite to relax and elastically contact at least a portion or the entire surface of the implant device. Optionally, an adhesive can be applied to a portion or the entire first surface of the polymer, or to a portion or the entire implant device surface, to aid in securing the implantable composite to the implant device. 
     The implant device can be implanted in any desired subject. The subject can be a vertebrate, such as a mammal, a fish, a bird, a reptile, or an amphibian. The subject of the herein disclosed methods can be, for example, a human, non-human primate, horse, pig, rabbit, dog, sheep, goat, cow, cat, guinea pig or rodent. The term does not denote a particular age or sex. Thus, adult and newborn subjects, as well as fetuses, whether male or female, are intended to be covered. 
     Various modifications and variations can be made to the compounds, composites, kits, articles, devices, compositions, and methods described herein. Other aspects of the compounds, composites, kits, articles, devices, compositions, and methods described herein will be apparent from consideration of the specification and practice of the compounds, composites, kits, articles, devices, compositions, and methods disclosed herein. It is intended that the specification and examples be considered as exemplary.