Patent Publication Number: US-2023156763-A1

Title: Creating library of interferers

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This application is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 17/162,511, filed Jan. 29, 2021, which is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 16/733,123, filed Jan. 2, 2020 (now U.S. Pat. No. 10,945,271), which is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 16/538,415, filed Aug. 12, 2019 (now U.S. Pat. No. 10,560,952), which is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 15/974,053, filed May 8, 2018 (now U.S. Pat. No. 10,419,195), which is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 15/209,380, filed Jul. 13, 2016 (now U.S. Pat. No. 9,992,008), which is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 13/960,942, filed Aug. 7, 2013 (now U.S. Pat. No. 9,426,692), which claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 61/792,184, filed Mar. 15, 2013. All sections of the aforementioned applications and patents are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. 
    
    
     FIELD OF THE DISCLOSURE 
     The subject disclosure is related to a method and apparatus for signal interference processing. 
     BACKGROUND 
     In most communication environments involving short range or long range wireless communications, interference from unexpected wireless sources can impact the performance of a communication system leading to lower throughput, dropped calls, reduced bandwidth which can cause traffic congestion, or other adverse effects, which are undesirable. 
     Some service providers of wireless communication systems have addressed interference issues by adding more communication nodes, policing interferers, or utilizing antenna steering techniques to avoid interferers. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       Reference will now be made to the accompanying drawings, which are not necessarily drawn to scale, and wherein: 
         FIG.  1    depicts an illustrative embodiment of a communication system; 
         FIG.  2    depicts an illustrative embodiment of a frequency spectrum of a four carrier CDMA signal; 
         FIG.  3    depicts an illustrative embodiment of a frequency spectrum of a four carrier CDMA signal showing unequal power balancing between the four CDMA carriers and including a narrowband interferer; 
         FIG.  4    depicts an illustrative embodiment of a base station of  FIG.  1   ; 
         FIG.  5    depicts an illustrative embodiment of a frequency spectrum of a four carrier CDMA signal having four CDMA carriers with suppression of a narrowband interferer that results in false positives; 
         FIG.  6    depicts an illustrative embodiment of an interference detection and mitigation system; 
         FIG.  7    depicts an illustrative embodiment of an interference detection and mitigation system; 
         FIG.  8    depicts an illustrative embodiment of signal processing module of  FIG.  7   ; 
         FIG.  9    depicts an illustrative embodiment of plots of a spread spectrum signal; 
         FIG.  10    depicts an illustrative embodiment of a method for interference detection; 
         FIG.  11    depicts illustrative embodiments of the method of  FIG.  10   ; 
         FIG.  12    depicts illustrative embodiments of a series of spread spectrum signals intermixed with an interference signal; 
         FIG.  13    depicts an illustrative embodiment of a graph depicting interference detection efficiency of a system of the subject disclosure; 
         FIG.  14    depicts illustrative embodiments of Long Term Evolution (LTE) time and frequency signal plots; 
         FIG.  15    depicts illustrative embodiments of LTE time and frequency signal plots intermixed with interference signals; 
         FIG.  16    depicts an illustrative embodiment of a method for detecting and mitigating interference signals shown in  FIG.  15   ; 
         FIG.  17    depicts an illustrative embodiment of adaptive thresholds used for detecting and mitigating interference signals shown in  FIG.  15   ; 
         FIG.  18    depicts an illustrative embodiment of resulting LTE signals after mitigating interference according to the method of  FIG.  16   ; 
         FIG.  19    depicts an illustrative embodiment of a method for mitigating interference; 
         FIG.  20    depicts an illustrative embodiment of a communication device that can utilize in whole or in part embodiments of the subject disclosure for detecting and mitigating interference; and 
         FIG.  21    is a diagrammatic representation of a machine in the form of a computer system within which a set of instructions, when executed, may cause the machine to perform any one or more of the methods described herein. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     The subject disclosure describes, among other things, illustrative embodiments for detecting and mitigating interference signals. Other embodiments are included in the subject disclosure. 
     One embodiment of the subject disclosure includes a method for receiving, by a system including a processor, a first communication signal of a wireless communication system and detecting a first signal interference in a first resource block of a plurality of resource blocks in a radio frequency spectrum of the first communication signal. The method also includes searching a plurality of interference profiles of an interference profile library according to the first signal interference and determining an identified source of the first signal interference according to at least approximate matching between the first signal interference and an interference profile of the plurality of interference profiles of the interference profile library. The method further includes retrieving an interference parameter associated with the identified source and mitigating the first signal interference in the first resource block of the first communication signal according to the interference parameter by filtering the first communication signal according to the interference parameter. 
     One embodiment of the subject disclosure includes a machine-readable storage medium, including instructions, which when executed by a processor, cause the processor to perform operations for detecting a signal interference of a communication signal of a wireless communication system and detecting an interference profile of a plurality of interference profiles associated with an interference profile library comprising information that substantially matches the signal interference. The instructions also cause the processor to perform operations for identifying a source of the signal interference according to the interference profile and transmitting information indicating the source of the signal interference to a network element of the wireless communication system. 
     One embodiment of the subject disclosure includes a device having a memory to store instructions, and a processor coupled to the memory. Upon execution of the instructions by the processor, the processor performs operations including detecting a signal interference in communication signal of a wireless communication system. The processor also performs operations for comparing spectral data associated with the signal interference to spectral data included in a plurality of interference profiles associated with an interference profile library, detecting at least an approximate match between the spectral data of the signal interference and the spectral data of a first interference profile of the plurality of interference profiles, and suppressing at least a portion of the signal interference in the communication signal according to filter information associated with the first interference profile. 
     Interference signals can be generated from various sources including bi-directional amplifiers, unintended radiation from communication equipment (e.g., faulty transmitters of the carrier or other carriers), wireless microphones, garage door openers and similar production equipment, cross-border cellular (reduced buffer zones), federal and military installations, television transmissions, intermodulation from other transmitters, intermodulation from own faulty components and connectors, and so forth. 
     The embodiments of the subject disclosure can be performed singly or in combination by a mobile communication device, a stationary communication device, base stations, a wireless hub used by a satellite communication system, and/or a system or systems in communication with the base stations, the wireless hub, and/or mobile communication devices. 
     As shown in  FIG.  1   , an exemplary telecommunication system  10  may include mobile units  12 ,  13 A,  13 B,  13 C, and  13 D, a number of base stations, two of which are shown in  FIG.  1    at reference numerals  14  and  16 , and a switching station  18  to which each of the base stations  14 ,  16  may be interfaced. The base stations  14 ,  16  and the switching station  18  may be collectively referred to as network infrastructure. 
     During operation, the mobile units  12 ,  13 A,  13 B,  13 C, and  13 D exchange voice, data or other information with one of the base stations  14 ,  16 , each of which is connected to a conventional land line communication network. For example, information, such as voice information, transferred from the mobile unit  12  to one of the base stations  14 ,  16  is coupled from the base station to the communication network to thereby connect the mobile unit  12  with, for example, a land line telephone so that the land line telephone may receive the voice information. Conversely, information, such as voice information may be transferred from a land line communication network to one of the base stations  14 ,  16 , which in turn transfers the information to the mobile unit  12 . 
     The mobile units  12 ,  13 A,  13 B,  13 C, and  13 D and the base stations  14 ,  16  may exchange information in either narrow band or wide band format. For the purposes of this description, it is assumed that the mobile unit  12  is a narrowband unit and that the mobile units  13 A,  13 B,  13 C, and  13 D are wideband units. Additionally, it is assumed that the base station  14  is a narrowband base station that communicates with the mobile unit  12  and that the base station  16  is a wideband digital base station that communicates with the mobile units  13 A,  13 B,  13 C, and  13 D. 
     Narrow band format communication takes place using, for example, narrowband 200 kilohertz (KHz) channels. The Global system for mobile phone systems (GSM) is one example of a narrow band communication system in which the mobile unit  12  communicates with the base station  14  using narrowband channels. Alternatively, the mobile units  13 A,  13 B,  13 C, and  13 D communicate with the base stations  16  using a form of digital communications such as, for example, code-division multiple access (CDMA), Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS), 3GPP Long Term Evolution (LTE), or other next generation wireless access technologies. CDMA digital communication, for instance, takes place using spread spectrum techniques that broadcast signals having wide bandwidths, such as, for example, 1.2288 megahertz (MHz) bandwidths. 
     The switching station  18  is generally responsible for coordinating the activities of the base stations  14 ,  16  to ensure that the mobile units  12 ,  13 A,  13 B,  13 C, and  13 D are constantly in communication with the base station  14 ,  16  or with some other base stations that are geographically dispersed. For example, the switching station  18  may coordinate communication handoffs of the mobile unit  12  between the base stations  14  and another base station as the mobile unit  12  roams between geographical areas that are covered by the two base stations. 
     One particular problem that may arise in the telecommunication system  10  is when the mobile unit  12  or the base station  14 , each of which communicates using narrowband channels, interferes with the ability of the base station  16  to receive and process wideband digital signals from the digital mobile units  13 A,  13 B,  13 C, and  13 D. In such a situation, the narrowband signal transmitted from the mobile unit  12  or the base station  14  may interfere with the ability of the base station  16  to properly receive wideband communication signals. 
     As will be readily appreciated, the base station  16  may receive and process wideband digital signals from more than one of the digital mobile units  13 A,  13 B,  13 C, and  13 D. For example, the base station  16  may be adapted to receive and process four CDMA carriers  40 A- 40 D that fall within a multi-carrier CDMA signal  40 , as shown in  FIG.  2   . In such a situation, narrowband signals transmitted from more than one mobile units, such as, the mobile unit  12 , may interfere with the ability of the base station  16  to properly receive wideband communication signals on any of the four CDMA carriers  40 A- 40 D. For example,  FIG.  3    shows a multi-carrier CDMA signal  42  containing four CDMA carriers  42 A,  42 B,  42 C and  42 D adjacent to each other wherein one of the CDMA carriers  42 C has a narrowband interferer  46  therein. As shown in  FIG.  3   , it is quite often the case that the signal strengths of the CDMA carrier signals  42 A- 42 D are not equal. 
     As disclosed in detail hereinafter, a system and/or a method for multiple channel adaptive filtering or interference suppression may be used in a communication system. In particular, such a system or method may be employed in a wideband communication system to protect against, or to report the presence of, narrowband interference, which has deleterious effects on the performance of the wideband communication system. Additionally, such a system and method may be operated to eliminate interference in CDMA carriers having other CDMA carriers adjacent thereto. 
     As shown in  FIG.  4   , the signal reception path of the base station  16 , which was described as receiving narrowband interference from the mobile unit  12  in conjunction with  FIG.  1   , includes an antenna  50  that provides signals to a low noise amplifier (LNA)  52 . The output of the LNA  52  is coupled to a splitter  54  that splits the signal from the LNA  52  into a number of different paths, one of which may be coupled to an adaptive front end  56  and another of which may be coupled to a narrowband receiver  58 . The output of the adaptive front end  56  is coupled to a wideband receiver  60 , which may, for example, be embodied in a CDMA receiver or any other suitable wideband receiver. The narrowband receiver  58  may be embodied in a 15 KHz bandwidth receiver or in any other suitable narrowband receiver. Although only one signal path is shown in  FIG.  4   , it will be readily understood to those having ordinary skill in the art that such a signal path is merely exemplary and that, in reality, a base station may include two or more such signal paths that may be used to process main and diversity signals received by the base station  16 . 
     It will be readily understood that the illustrations of  FIG.  4    can also be used to describe the components and functions of other forms of communication devices such as a small base station, a femto cell, a WiFi router or access point, a cellular phone, a smart phone, a laptop computer, a tablet, or other forms of wireless communication devices suitable for applying the principles of the subject disclosure. Accordingly, such communication devices can include variants of the components shown in  FIG.  4    and perform the functions that will be described below. For illustration purposes only, the descriptions below will address the base station  16  with an understanding that these embodiments are exemplary and non-limiting to the subject disclosure. 
     Referring back to  FIG.  4   , the outputs of the narrowband receiver  58  and the wideband receiver  60  can be coupled to other systems within the base station  16 . Such systems may perform voice and/or data processing, call processing or any other desired function. Additionally, the adaptive front end module  56  may also be communicatively coupled, via the Internet, telephone lines, cellular network, or any other suitable communication systems, to a reporting and control facility that is remote from the base station  16 . In some networks, the reporting and control facility may be integrated with the switching station  18 . The narrowband receiver  58  may be communicatively coupled to the switching station  18  and may respond to commands that the switching station  18  issues. 
     Each of the components  50 - 60  of the base station  16  shown in  FIG.  4   , except for the adaptive front end module  56 , may be found in a conventional wideband cellular base station  16 , the details of which are well known to those having ordinary skill in the art. It will also be appreciated by those having ordinary skill in the art that  FIG.  4    does not disclose every system or subsystem of the base station  16  and, rather, focuses on the relevant systems and subsystems to the subject disclosure. In particular, it will be readily appreciated that, while not shown in  FIG.  4   , the base station  16  can include a transmission system or other subsystems. It is further appreciated that the adaptive front end module  56  can be an integral subsystem of a wideband cellular base station  16 , or can be a modular subsystem that can be physically placed in different locations of a receiver chain of the base station  16 , such as at or near the antenna  50 , at or near the LNA  52 , or at or near the wideband receiver  60 . 
     During operation of the base station  16 , the antenna  50  receives CDMA carrier signals that are broadcast from the mobile unit  13 A,  13 B,  13 C and  13 D and couples such signals to the LNA  52 , which amplifies the received signals and couples the amplified signals to the splitter  54 . The splitter  54  splits the amplified signal from the LNA  52  and essentially places copies of the amplified signal on each of its output lines. The adaptive front end module  56  receives the signal from the splitter  54  and, if necessary, filters the CDMA carrier signal to remove any undesired narrowband interference and couples the filtered CDMA carrier signal to the wideband receiver  60 . 
     As noted previously,  FIG.  2    illustrates an ideal frequency spectrum  40  of a CDMA carrier signal that may be received at the antenna  50 , amplified and split by the LNA  52  and the splitter  54  and coupled to the adaptive front end module  56 . If the CDMA carrier signal received at the antenna  50  has a frequency spectrum  40  as shown in  FIG.  2    without any narrowband interference, the adaptive front end will not filter the CDMA carrier signal and will simply couple the wideband signal directly through the adaptive front end module  56  to the wideband receiver  60 . 
     However, as noted previously, it is possible that the CDMA carrier signal transmitted by the mobile units  13 A- 13 D and received by the antenna  50  has a frequency spectrum as shown in  FIG.  3    which contains a multi-carrier CDMA signal  42  that includes not only the four CDMA carriers  42 A,  42 B,  42 C and  42 D from the mobile units  13 A,  13 B,  13 C and  13 D having unequal CDMA carrier strengths, but also includes narrowband interferer  46 , as shown in  FIG.  3   , which in this illustration is caused by mobile unit  12 . If a multi-carrier CDMA signal having a multi-carrier CDMA signal  42  including narrowband interferer  46  is received by the antenna  50  and amplified, split and presented to the adaptive front end module  56 , it will filter the multi-carrier CDMA signal  42  to produce a filtered frequency spectrum  43  as shown in  FIG.  5   . 
     The filtered multi-carrier CDMA signal  43  has the narrowband interferer  46  removed, as shown by the notch  46 A. The filtered multi-carrier CDMA signal  43  is then coupled from the adaptive front end module  56  to the wideband receiver  60 , so that the filtered multi-carrier CDMA signal  43  may be demodulated. Although some of the multi-carrier CDMA signal  42  was removed during filtering by the adaptive front end module  56 , sufficient multi-carrier CDMA signal  43  remains to enable the wideband receiver  60  to recover the information that was broadcast by mobile unit(s). Accordingly, in general terms, the adaptive front end module  56  selectively filters multi-carrier CDMA signals to remove narrowband interference therefrom. Further detail regarding the adaptive front end module  56  and its operation is provided below in conjunction with  FIGS.  6 - 21   . 
       FIG.  3    depicts another example embodiment of the adaptive front end module  56 . As noted earlier, the adaptive front end module  56  can be utilized by any communication device including cellular phones, smartphones, tablets, small base stations, femto cells, WiFi access points, and so on. In the illustration of  FIG.  3   , the adaptive front end module  56  can include a radio  60  comprising two stages, a receiver stage  62  and a transmitter stage  64 , each coupled to an antenna assembly  66 ,  66 ′, which may comprise one of more antennas for the radio  60 . The radio  60  has a first receiver stage coupled to the antenna assembly  66  and includes an adaptive front-end controller  68  that receives the input RF signal from the antenna and performs adaptive signal processing on that RF signal before providing the modified RF signal to an analog-to-digital converter  70 , which then passes the adapted RF signal to a digital RF tuner  72 . 
     As shown in  FIG.  6   , the adaptive front end controller  68  of the receiver stage  62  includes two RF signal samplers  74 ,  76  connected between an RF adaptive filter stage  78  that is controlled by controller  80 . The adaptive filter stage  78  may have a plurality of tunable digital filters that can sample an incoming signal and selectively provide bandpass or bandstop signal shaping of an incoming RF signal, whether it is an entire wideband communication signal or a narrowband signal or various combinations of both. A controller  80  is coupled to the samplers  74 ,  76  and filter stage  78  and serves as an RF link adapter that along with the sampler  74  monitors the input RF signal from the antenna  66  and determines various RF signal characteristics such as the interferences and noise within the RF signal. The controller  80  is configured to execute any number of a variety of signal processing algorithms to analyze the received RF signal, and determine a filter state for the filter stage  78 . 
     By providing tuning coefficient data to the filter stage  78 , the adaptive front end controller  68  acts to pre-filter the received RF signal before the signal is sent to the RF tuner  72 , which analyzes the filtered RF signal for integrity and/or for other applications such as cognitive radio applications. After filtering, the radio tuner  72  may then perform channel demodulation, data analysis, and local broadcasting functions. The RF tuner  72  may be considered the receiver side of an overall radio tuner, while RF tuner  72 ′ may be considered the transmitter side of the same radio tuner. Prior to sending the filtered RF signal, the sampler  76  may provide an indication of the filtered RF signal to the controller  80  in a feedback manner for further adjusting of the adaptive filter stage  78 . 
     In some examples, the adaptive front-end controller  68  is synchronized with the RF tuner  72  by sharing a master clock signal communicated between the two. For example, cognitive radios operating on a 100 μs response time can be synchronized such that for every clock cycle the adaptive front end analyzes the input RF signal, determines an optimal configuration for the adaptive filter stage  78 , filters that RF signal into the filtered RF signal and communicates the same to the radio tuner  72  for cognitive analysis at the radio. By way of example, cellular phones may be implemented with a 200 μs response time on filtering. By implementing the adaptive front end controller  68  using a field programmable gate array configuration for the filter stage, wireless devices may identify not only stationary interference, but also non-stationary interference, of arbitrary bandwidths on that moving interferer. 
     In some implementations, the adaptive front-end controller  68  may filter interference or noise from the received incoming RF signal and pass that filtered RF signal to the tuner  72 . In other examples, such as cascaded configurations in which there are multiple adaptive filter stages, the adaptive front-end controller  68  may be configured to apply the filtered signal to an adaptive bandpass filter stage to create a passband portion of the filtered RF signal. For example, the radio tuner  72  may communicate information to the controller  68  to instruct the controller that the radio is only looking at a portion of an overall RF spectrum and thus cause the adaptive front-end controller  68  not to filter certain portions of the RF spectrum and thereby bandpass only those portions. The integration between the radio tuner  72  and the adaptive front-end controller  68  may be particularly useful in dual-band and tri-band applications in which the radio tuner  72  is able to communicate over different wireless standards, such as GSM or UMTS standards. 
     The algorithms that may be executed by the controller  80  are not limited to interference detection and filtering of interference signals. In some configurations the controller  80  may execute a spectral blind source separation algorithm that looks to isolate two sources from their convolved mixtures. The controller  80  may execute a signal to interference noise ratio (SINR) output estimator for all or portions of the RF signal. The controller  80  may perform bidirectional transceiver data link operations for collaborative retuning of the adaptive filter stage  78  in response to instructions from the radio tuner  72  or from data the transmitter stage  64 . The controller  80  can determine filter tuning coefficient data for configuring the various adaptive filters of stage  78  to properly filter the RF signal. The controller  80  may also include a data interface communicating the tuning coefficient data to the radio tuner  72  to enable the radio tuner  72  to determine filtering characteristics of the adaptive filter  78 . 
     In one embodiment the filtered RF signal may be converted from a digital signal to an analog signal within the adaptive front-end controller  68 . This allows the controller  68  to integrate in a similar manner to conventional RF filters. In other examples, a digital interface may be used to connect the adaptive front-end controller  68  with the radio tuner  72 , in which case the ADC  70  would not be necessary. 
     The above discussion is in the context of the receiver stage  62 . Similar elements are shown in the transmitter stage  64 , but bearing a prime. The elements in the transmitter stage  64  may be similar to those of the receiver  62 , with the exception of the digital to analog converter (DAC)  70 ′ and other adaptations to the other components shown with a prime in the reference numbers. Furthermore, some or all of these components may in fact be executed by the same corresponding structure in the receiver stage  62 . For example, the RF receiver tuner  72  and the transmitter tuner  72 ′ may be performed by a single tuner device. The same may be true for the other elements, such as the adaptive filter stages  78  and  78 ′, which may both be implemented in a single FPGA, with different filter elements in parallel for full duplex (simultaneous) receive and transmit operation. 
       FIG.  7    illustrates another example implementation of an adaptive front-end controller  100 . Input RF signals are received at an antenna (not shown) and coupled to an initial analog filter  104 , such as low noise amplifier (LNA) block, then digitally converted via an analog to digital converter (ADC)  106 , prior to the digitized input RF signal being coupled to a field programmable gate array (FPGA)  108 . The adaptive filter stage described above may be implemented within the FPGA  108 , which has been programmed to contain a plurality of adaptive filter elements tunable to different operating frequencies and frequency bands, and at least some being adaptive from a bandpass to a bandstop configuration or vice versa, as desired. Although an FPGA is illustrated, it will be readily understood that other architectures such as an application specific integrated circuit (ASIC) or a digital signal processor (DSP) may also be used to implement a digital filter architecture described in greater detail below. 
     A DSP  110  is coupled to the FPGA  108  and executes signal processing algorithms that may include a spectral blind source separation algorithm, a signal to interference noise ratio (SINR) output estimator, bidirectional transceiver data line operation for collaborative retuning of the adaptive filter stage in response to instructions from the tuner, and/or an optimal filter tuning coefficients algorithm. 
     FPGA  108  is also coupled to a PCI target  112  that interfaces the FPGA  108  and a PCI bus  114  for communicating data externally. A system clock  118  provides a clock input to the FPGA  108  and DSP  110 , thereby synchronizing the components. The system clock  118  may be locally set on the adaptive front-end controller, while in other examples the system claim  118  may reflect an external master clock, such as that of a radio tuner. The FPGA  108 , DSP  110 , and PCI target  112 , designated collectively as signal processing module  116 , will be described in greater detail below. In the illustrated example, the adaptive front-end controller  100  includes a microcontroller  120  coupled to the PCI bus  114  and an operations, alarms and metrics (OA&amp;M) processor  122 . Although they are shown and described herein as separate devices that execute separate software instructions, those having ordinary skill in the art will readily appreciate that the functionality of the microcontroller  120  and the OA&amp;M processor  122  may be merged into a single processing device. The microcontroller  120  and the OA&amp;M processor  122  are coupled to external memories  124  and  126 , respectively. The microcontroller  120  may include the ability to communicate with peripheral devices, and, as such, the microcontroller  120  may be coupled to a USB port, an Ethernet port, or an RS232 port, among others (though none shown). In operation, the microcontroller  120  may locally store lists of channels having interferers or a list of known typically available frequency spectrum bands, as well as various other parameters. Such a list may be transferred to a reporting and control facility or a base station, via the OA&amp;M processor  122 , and may be used for system diagnostic purposes. 
     The aforementioned diagnostic purposes may include, but are not limited to, controlling the adaptive front-end controller  100  to obtain particular information relating to an interferer and re-tasking the interferer. For example, the reporting and control facility may use the adaptive front-end controller  100  to determine the identity of an interferer, such as a mobile unit, by intercepting the electronic serial number (ESN) of the mobile unit, which is sent when the mobile unit transmits information on the narrowband channel. Knowing the identity of the interferer, the reporting and control facility may contact infrastructure that is communicating with the mobile unit (e.g., the base station) and may request the infrastructure to change the transmit frequency for the mobile unit (i.e., the frequency of the narrowband channel on which the mobile unit is transmitting) or may request the infrastructure to drop communications with the interfering mobile unit altogether. 
     Additionally, in a cellular configuration (e.g., a system based on a configuration like that of  FIG.  1   ) diagnostic purposes may include using the adaptive front-end controller  100  to determine a telephone number that the mobile unit is attempting to contact and, optionally handling the call. For example, the reporting and control facility may use the adaptive front-end controller  100  to determine that the user of the mobile unit was dialing 911, or any other emergency number, and may, therefore, decide that the adaptive front-end controller  100  should be used to handle the emergency call by routing the output of the adaptive front-end controller  100  to a telephone network. 
     The FPGA  108  can provide a digital output coupled to a digital to analog converter (DAC)  128  that converts the digital signal to an analog signal which may be provided to a filter  130  to generate a filtered RF output to be broadcast from the base station or mobile station. The digital output at the FPGA  108 , as described, may be one of many possible outputs. For example, the FPGA  108  may be configured to output signals based on a predefined protocol such as a Gigabit Ethernet output, an open base station architecture initiative (OBSAI) protocol, or a common public radio interface (CPRI) protocol, among others. 
     It is further noted that the aforementioned diagnostic purposes may also include creating a database of known interferers, the time of occurrence of the interferers, the frequency of occurrence of the interferers, spectral information relating to the interferers, a severity analysis of the interferers, and so on. The identity of the interferers may be based solely on spectral profiles of each interferer that can be used for identification purposes. Although the aforementioned illustrations describe a mobile unit  12  as an interferer, other sources of interference are possible. Any electronic appliance that generates electromagnetic waves such as, for example, a computer, a set-top box, a child monitor, a wireless access point (e.g., WiFi, ZigBee, Bluetooth, etc.) can be a source of interference. In one embodiment, a database of electronic appliances can be analyzed in a laboratory setting or other suitable testing environment to determine an interference profile for each appliance. The interference profiles can be stored in a database according to an appliance type, manufacturer, model number, and other parameters that may be useful in identifying an interferer. Spectral profiles provided by, for example, the OA&amp;M processor  108  to a diagnostic system can be compared to a database of previously characterized interferers to determine the identity of the interference when a match is detected. 
     A diagnostic system, whether operating locally at the adaptive front end controller, or remotely at a base station, switching station, or server system, can determine the location of the interferer near the base station (or mobile unit) making the detection, or if a more precise location is required, the diagnostic system can instruct several base stations (or mobile units) to perform triangulation analysis to more precisely locate the source of the interference if the interference is frequent and measureable from several vantage points. With location data, interference identity, timing and frequency of occurrence, the diagnostic system can generate temporal and geographic reports showing interferers providing field personnel a means to assess the volume of interference, its impact on network performance, and it may provide sufficient information to mitigate interference by means other than filtering, such as, for example, interference avoidance by way of antenna steering at the base station, beam steering, re-tasking an interferer when possible, and so on. 
       FIG.  8    illustrates further details of an example implementation of a signal processing module  116  that may serve as another embodiment of an adaptive front end controller, it being understood that other architectures may be used to implement a signal detection algorithm. A decoder  150  receives an input from the ADC  106  and decodes the incoming data into a format suitable to be processed by the signal processing module  116 . A digital down converter  152 , such as a polyphase decimator, down converts the decoded signal from the decoder  150 . The decoded signal is separated during the digital down conversion stage into a complex representation of the input signal, that is, into In-Phase (I) and Quadrature-Phase (Q) components which are then fed into a tunable infinite impulse response (IIR)/finite impulse response (FIR) filter  154 . The IIR/FIR filter  154  may be implemented as multiple cascaded or parallel IIR and FIR filters. For example, the IIR/FIR filter  154  may be used with multiple filters in series, such as initial adaptive bandpass filter followed by adaptive bandstop filter. For example, the bandpass filters may be implemented as FIR filters, while the bandstop filters may be implemented as IIR filters. In an embodiment, fifteen cascaded tunable IIR/FIR filters are used to optimize the bit width of each filter. Of course other digital down converters and filters such as cascaded integrator-comb (CIC) filters may be used, to name a few. By using complex filtering techniques, such as the technique described herein, the sampling rate is lowered thereby increasing (e.g., doubling) the bandwidth that the filter  154  can handle. In addition, using complex arithmetic also provides the signal processing module  116  the ability to perform higher orders of filtering with greater accuracy. 
     The I and Q components from the digital down converter  152  are provided to the DSP  110  which implements a detection algorithm and in response provides the tunable IIR/FIR filter  154  with tuning coefficient data that tunes the IIR and/or FIR filters  154  to specific notch (or bandstop) and/or bandpass frequencies, respectively, and specific bandwidths. The tuning coefficient data, for example, may include a frequency and a bandwidth coefficient pair for each of the adaptive filters, which enables the filter to tune to a frequency for bandpass or bandstop operation and the bandwidth to be applied for that operation. The tuning coefficient data corresponding to a bandpass center frequency and bandwidth may be generated by the detection algorithm and passed to a tunable FIR filter within the IIR/FIR filter  154 . The filter  154  may then pass all signals located within a passband of the given transmission frequency. Tuning coefficient data corresponding to a notch (or bandstop) filter may be generated by the detection algorithm and then applied to an IIR filter within the IIR/FIR filter  154  to remove any narrowband interference located within the passband of the bandpass filter. The tuning coefficient data generated by the detection algorithm are implemented by the tunable IIR/FIR filters  154  using mathematical techniques known in the art. In the case of a cognitive radio, upon implementation of the detection algorithm, the DSP  110  may determine and return coefficients corresponding to a specific frequency and bandwidth to be implemented by the tunable IIR/FIR filter  154  through a DSP/PCI interface  158 . Similarly, the transfer function of a notch (or bandstop) filter may also be implemented by the tunable IIR/FIR filter  154 . Of course other mathematical equations may be used to tune the IIR/FIR filters  154  to specific notch, bandstop, or bandpass frequencies and to a specific bandwidth. 
     After the I and Q components are filtered to the appropriate notch (or bandstop) or bandpass frequency at a given bandwidth, a digital upconverter  156 , such as a polyphase interpolator, converts the signal back to the original data rate, and the output of the digital upconverter is provided to the DAC  128 . 
     A wireless communication device capable to be operated as a dual- or tri-band device communicating over multiple standards, such as over GSM and UMTS may use the adaptive digital filter architecture embodiments as described above. For example, a dual-band device (using both UMTS and GSM) may be preprogrammed within the DSP  110  to transmit first on UMTS, if available, and on GSM only when outside of a UMTS network. In such a case, the IIR/FIR filter  154  may receive tuning coefficient data from the DSP  110  to pass all signals within a UMTS range. That is, the tuning coefficient data may correspond to a bandpass center frequency and bandwidth adapted to pass only signals within the UMTS range. The signals corresponding to a GSM signal may be filtered, and any interference caused by the GSM signal may be filtered using tuning coefficients, received from the DSP  110 , corresponding to a notch (or bandstop) frequency and bandwidth associated with the GSM interference signal. 
     Alternatively, in some cases it may be desirable to keep the GSM signal in case the UMTS signal fades quickly and the wireless communication device may need to switch communication standards rapidly. In such a case, the GSM signal may be separated from the UMTS signal, and both passed by the adaptive front-end controller. Using the adaptive digital filter, two outputs may be realized, one output corresponding to the UMTS signal and one output corresponding to a GSM signal. The DSP  110  may be programmed to again recognize the multiple standard service and may generate tuning coefficients corresponding to realize a filter, such as a notch (or bandstop) filter, to separate the UMTS signal from the GSM signal. In such examples, an FPGA may be programmed to have parallel adaptive filter stages, one for each communication band. 
     To implement the adaptive filter stages, in some examples, the signal processing module  116  is pre-programmed with general filter architecture code at the time of production, for example, with parameters defining various filter types and operation. The adaptive filter stages may then be programmed, through a user interface or other means, by the service providers, device manufactures, etc., to form the actual filter architecture (parallel filter stages, cascaded filter stages, etc.) for the particular device and for the particular network(s) under which the device is to be used. Dynamic flexibility can be achieved during runtime, where the filters may be programmed to different frequencies and bandwidths, each cycle, as discussed herein. 
     One method of detecting a wideband signal having narrowband interference is by exploiting the noise like characteristics of a signal. Due to such noise like characteristics of the signal, a particular measurement of a narrowband channel power gives no predictive power as to what the next measurement of the same measurement channel may be. In other words, consecutive observations of power in a given narrowband channel are un-correlated. As a result, if a given measurement of power in a narrowband channel provides predictive power over subsequent measurements of power in that particular channel, thus indicating a departure from statistics expected of a narrowband channel without interference, such a narrowband channel may be determined to contain interference. 
       FIG.  9    illustrates an IS-95 CDMA signal  202 , which is a generic Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum (DSSS) signal. The CDMA signal  202  may have a bandwidth of 1.2288 MHz and it may be used to carry up to 41 narrowband channels, each of which has a bandwidth of 30 kHz. One way to identify interference affecting the CDMA signal  202  may be to identify any of such 41 narrowband channels having excess power above an expected power of the CDMA signal  202 .  FIG.  9    also illustrates the probability distribution functions (PDFs)  204  of a typical DSSS signal and a complementary cumulative distribution functions (CCDFs)  206  of a typical DSSS signal, which may be used to establish a criteria used to determine narrowband channels disposed within a wideband signal and having excess power. 
     Specifically, the PDFs  204  include probability distribution of power in a given channel, which is the likelihood p(x) of measuring a power x in a given channel, for a DSSS signal carrying one mobile unit ( 212 ), for a DSSS signal carrying ten mobile units ( 214 ), and for a DSSS signal carrying twenty mobile units ( 210 ). For example, for the PDF  212 , representing a DSSS signal carrying one mobile unit, the distribution p(x) is observed to be asymmetric, with an abbreviated high power tail. In this case, any channel having power higher than the high power tail of the PDF  212  may be considered to have an interference signal. 
     The CCDFs  206  denote the likelihood that a power measurement in a channel will exceed a given mean power α, by some value α/σ, wherein σ is standard deviation of the power distribution. Specifically, the CCDFs  206  include an instance of CCDF for a DSSS signal carrying one mobile unit ( 220 ), an instance of CCDF for a DSSS signal carrying ten mobile units ( 222 ), and an instance of CCDF for a DSSS signal carrying twenty mobile units ( 224 ). Thus, for example, for a DSSS signal carrying one mobile unit, the likelihood of any narrowband channel having the ratio α/σ of 10 dB or more is 0.01%. Therefore, an optimal filter can be tuned to such a narrowband channel having excess power. 
     One method of detecting such a narrowband channel having interference is by exploiting the noise like characteristic of a DSSS signal. Due to such noise like characteristic of DSSS signal, a particular measurement of a narrowband channel power gives no predictive power as to what the next measurement of the same measurement channel may be. In other words, consecutive observations of power in a given narrowband channels are un-correlated. As a result, if a given measurement of power in a narrowband channel provides predictive power over subsequent measurements of power in that particular channel, thus indicating a departure from statistics expected of a narrowband channel without interference, such a narrowband channel may be determined to contain interference. 
       FIG.  10    illustrates a flowchart of an interference detection program  300  that may be used to determine location of interference in a DSSS signal. At block  302  a series of DSSS signals can be scanned by the adaptive front end controller described above and the observed values of the signal strengths can be stored for each of various narrowband channels located in the DSSS signal. For example, at block  302  the adaptive front end controller may continuously scan the 1.2288 MHz DSSS signal  60  for each of the 41 narrowband channels dispersed within it. The adaptive front end controller may be implemented by any well-known analog scanner or digital signal processor (DSP) used to scan and store signal strengths in a DSSS signal. The scanned values of narrowband signal strengths may be stored in a memory of such DSP or in any other computer readable memory. The adaptive front end controller may store the signal strength of a particular narrowband channel along with any information, such as a numeric identifier, identifying the location of that particular narrowband channel within the DSSS signal. 
     At block  304  the adaptive front end controller can determine the number of sequences m of a DSSS signal that may be required to be analyzed to determine narrowband channels having interference. A user may provide such a number m based on any pre-determined criteria. For example, a user may provide m to be equal to four, meaning that four consecutive DSSS signals need to be analyzed to determine if any of the narrowband channels within that DSSS signal spectrum includes an interference signal. As one of ordinary skill in the art would appreciate, the higher is the selected value of m, the more accurate will be the interference detection. However, the higher the number m is, the higher is the delay in determining whether a particular DSSS signal had an interference present in it, subsequently, resulting in a longer delay before a filter is applied to the DSSS signal to remove the interference signal. 
     Generally, detection of an interference signal may be performed on a rolling basis. That is, at any point in time, m previous DSSS signals may be used to analyze presence of an interference signal. The earliest of such m interference signals may be removed from the set of DSSS signals used to determine the presence of an interference signal on a first-in-first-out basis. However, in an alternate embodiment, an alternate sampling method for the set of DSSS signals may also be used. 
     At block  306  the adaptive front end controller can select x narrowband channels having the highest signal strength from each of the m most recent DSSS signals scanned at the block  302 . The number x may be determined by a user. For example, if x is selected to be equal to three, the block  306  may select three highest channels from each of the m most recent DSSS signals. The methodology for selecting x narrowband channels having highest signal strength from a DSSS signal is described in further detail in  FIG.  11    below. For example, the adaptive front end controller at block  306  may determine that the first of the m DSSS signals has narrowband channels  10 ,  15  and  27  having the highest signal strengths, the second of the m DSSS channels has narrowband channels  15  and  27  and  35  having the highest signal strengths, and the third of the m DSSS channels has the narrowband channels  15 ,  27  and  35  having the highest narrowband signal strength. 
     After having determined the x narrowband channels having the highest signal strengths in each of the m DSSS signals, at block  308  the adaptive front end controller can compare these x narrowband channels to determine if any of these highest strength narrowband channels appear more than once in the m DSSS signals. In case of the example above, the adaptive front end controller at block  308  may determine that the narrowband channels  15  and  27  are present among the highest strength narrowband channels for each of the last three DSSS signals, while channel  35  is present among the highest strength narrowband channels for at least two of the last three DSSS signals. 
     Such consistent appearance of narrowband channels having highest signal strength over subsequent DSSS signals indicate that narrowband channels  15  and  27 , and probably the narrowband channel  35 , may have an interference signal super-imposed on them. At block  310  the adaptive front end controller may use such information to determine which narrowband channels may have interference. For example, based on the number of times a given narrowband channel appears in the selected highest signal strength channels, the adaptive front end controller at block  310  may determine the confidence level that may be assigned to a conclusion that a given narrowband channel contains an interference signal. 
     Alternatively, at block  310  the adaptive front end controller may determine a correlation factor for each of the various narrowband channels appearing in the x selected highest signal strength channels and compare the calculated correlation factors with a threshold correlation factor to determine whether any of the x selected channels has correlated signal strengths. Calculating a correlation factor based on a series of observations is well known to those of ordinary skill in the art and therefore is not illustrated in further detail herein. The threshold correlation factor may be given by the user of the interference detection program  300 . 
     Note that while in the above illustrated embodiment, the correlation factors of only the selected highest signal strength channels are calculated, in an alternate embodiment, correlation factors of all the narrowband channels within the DSSS signals may be calculated and compared to the threshold correlation factor. 
     Empirically, it may be shown that when m is selected to be equal to three, for a clean DSSS signal, the likelihood of having at least one match among the higher signal strength narrowband channels is 0.198, the likelihood of having at least two matches among the higher signal strength narrowband channels is 0.0106, and the likelihood of having at least three matches among the higher signal strength narrowband channels is 9.38×10 −5 . Thus, the higher the number of matches, the lesser is the likelihood of having a determination that one of the x channels contains an interference signal (i.e., a false positive interference detection). It may be shown that if the number of scans m is increased to, say four DSSS scans, the likelihood of having such matches in m consecutive scans is even smaller, thus providing higher confidence that if such matches are found to be present, they indicate presence of interference signal in those narrowband channels. 
     To identify the presence of interference signals with even higher level of confidence, at block  312  the adaptive front end controller may decide whether to compare the signal strengths of the narrowband channels determined to have an interference signal with a threshold. If at block  312  the adaptive front end controller decides to perform such a comparison, at block  314  the adaptive front end controller may compare the signal strength of each of the narrowband channels determined to have an interference with a threshold level. Such comparing of the narrowband channel signal strengths with a threshold may provide added confidence regarding the narrowband channel having an interference signal so that when a filter is configured according to the narrowband channel, the probability of removing a non-interfering signal is reduced. However, a user may determine that such added confidence level is not necessary and thus no such comparison to a threshold needs to be performed. In which case, at block  316  the adaptive front end controller stores the interference signals in a memory. 
     After storing the information about the narrowband channels having interference signals, at block  318  the adaptive front end controller selects the next DSSS signal from the signals scanned and stored at block  302 . At block  318  the adaptive front end controller may cause the first of the m DSSS signals to be dropped and the newly added DSSS signal is added to the set of m DSSS signals that will be used to determine presence of an interference signal (first-in-first-out). Subsequently, at block  306  the process of determining narrowband channels having interference signals is repeated by the adaptive front end controller. Finally, at block  320  the adaptive front end controller may select and activate one or more filters that are located in the path of the DSSS signal to filter out any narrowband channel identified as having narrowband interference in it. 
     Now referring to  FIG.  11   , a flowchart illustrates a high strength channels detection program  350  that may be used to identify various channels within a given scan of the DSSS signal that may contain an interference signal. The high strength channels detection program  350  may be used to implement the functions performed at block  306  of the interference detection program  300 . In a manner similar to the interference detection program  300 , the high strength channels detection program  350  may also be implemented using software, hardware, firmware or any combination thereof. 
     At block  352  the adaptive front end controller may sort signal strengths of each of the n channels within a given DSSS signal. For example, if a DSSS signal has 41 narrowband channels, at block  352  the adaptive front end controller may sort each of the 41 narrowband channels according to its signal strengths. Subsequently, at block  354  the adaptive front end controller may select the x highest strength channels from the sorted narrowband channels and store information identifying the selected x highest strength channels for further processing. An embodiment of the high strength channels detection program  350  may simply use the selected x highest strength channels from each scan of the DSSS signals to determine any presence of interference in the DSSS signals. However, in an alternate embodiment, additional selected criteria may be used. 
     Subsequently, at block  356  the adaptive front end controller can determine if it is necessary to compare the signal strengths of the x highest strength narrowband channels to any other signal strength value, such as a threshold signal strength, etc., where such a threshold may be determined using the average signal strength across the DSSS signal. For example, at block  356  the adaptive front end controller may use a criterion such as, for example: “when x is selected to be four, if at least three out of four of the selected narrowband channels have also appeared in previous DSSS signals, no further comparison in necessary.” Another criterion may be, for example: “if any of the selected narrowband channels is located at the fringe of the DSSS signal, then the signal strengths of such narrowband channels should be compared to a threshold signal strength.” Other alternate criteria may also be provided. 
     If at block  356  the adaptive front end controller determines that no further comparison of the signal strengths of the selected x narrowband channels is necessary, at block  358  the adaptive front end controller stores information about the selected x narrowband channels in a memory for further processing. If at block  356  the adaptive front end controller determines that it is necessary to apply further selection criteria to the selected x narrowband channels, the adaptive front end controller returns to block  360 . At block  360  the adaptive front end controller may determine a threshold value against which the signal strengths of each of the x narrowband channels are compared based on a predetermined methodology. 
     For example, in an embodiment, at block  360  the adaptive front end controller may determine the threshold based on the average signal strength of the DSSS signal. The threshold signal strength may be the average signal strength of the DSSS signal or a predetermined value may be added to such average DSSS signal to derive the threshold signal strength. 
     Subsequently, at block  362  the adaptive front end controller may compare the signal strengths of the selected x narrowband channels to the threshold value determined at block  360 . Only the narrowband channels having signal strengths higher than the selected threshold are used in determining presence of interference in the DSSS signal. Finally, at block  364  the adaptive front end controller may store information about the selected x narrowband channels having signal strengths higher than the selected threshold in a memory. As discussed above, the interference detection program  300  may use such information about the selected narrowband channels to determine the presence of interference signal in the DSSS signal. 
     The interference detection program  300  and the high strength channel detection program  350  may be implemented by using software, hardware, firmware or any combination thereof. For example, such programs may be stored on a memory of a computer that is used to control activation and deactivation of one or more notch filters. Alternatively, such programs may be implemented using a digital signal processor (DSP) which determines the presence and location of interference channels in a dynamic fashion and activates/de-activates one or more filters. 
       FIG.  12    illustrates a three dimensional graph  370  depicting several DSSS signals  372 - 374  over a time period. A first axis of the graph  370  illustrates the number of narrowband channels of the DSSS signals  372 - 374 , a second axis illustrates time over which a number of DSSS signals  372 - 374  are scanned, and a third axis illustrates the power of each of the narrowband channels. The DSSS signals  372 - 374  are shown to be affected by an interference signal  378 . 
     The interference detection program  370  may start scanning various DSSS signals  372 - 374  starting from the first DSSS signal  372 . As discussed above at block  304  the adaptive front end controller determines the number m of the DSSS signals  372 - 374  that are to be scanned. Because the interference signal  378  causes the signal strength of a particular narrowband channel to be consistently higher than the other channels for a number of consecutive scans of the DSSS signals  372 - 374  at block  210  the adaptive front end controller identifies a particular channel having an interference signal present. Subsequently, at block  320  the adaptive front end controller will select and activate a filter that applies the filter function as described above, to the narrowband channel having interference. 
     The graph  370  also illustrates the average signal strengths of each of the DSSS signals  372 - 374  by a line  376 . As discussed above, at block  362  the adaptive front end controller may compare the signal strengths of each of the x selected narrowband channels from the DSSS signals  372 - 374  with the average signal strength, as denoted by line  376 , in that particular DSSS signal. 
     Now referring to  FIG.  13   , a graph  380  illustrates interference detection success rate of using the interference detection program  370 , as a function of strength of an interference signal affecting a DSSS signal. The x-axis of the graph  380  depicts the strength of interference signal relative to the strength of the DSSS signal, while the y-axis depicts the detection success rate in percentages. As illustrated, when an interference signal has a strength of at least 2 dB higher than the strength of the DSSS signal, such an interference signal is detected with at least ninety five percent success rate. 
     The foregoing interference detection and mitigation embodiments can further be adapted for detecting and mitigating interference in long-term evolution (LTE) communication systems. 
     LTE transmission consists of a combination of Resource Blocks (RB&#39;s) which have variable characteristics in frequency and time. A single RB can be assigned to a user equipment, specifically, a 180 KHz continuous spectrum utilized for 0.5-1 msec. An LTE band can be partitioned into a number of RBs which could be allocated to individual communication devices for specified periods of time for LTE transmission. Consequently, an LTE spectrum has an RF environment dynamically variable in frequency utilization over time.  FIG.  14    depicts an illustrative LTE transmission. 
     LTE utilizes different media access methods for downlink (orthogonal frequency-division multiple access; generally, referred to as OFDMA) and uplink (single carrier frequency-division multiple access; generally, referred to as SC-FDMA). For downlink communications, each RB contains 12 sub-carriers with 15 KHz spacing. Each sub-carrier can be used to transmit individual bit information according to the OFDMA protocol. For uplink communications, LTE utilizes a similar RB structure with 12 sub-carriers, but in contrast to downlink, uplink data is pre-coded for spreading across 12 sub-carriers and is transmitted concurrently on all 12 sub-carriers. 
     The effect of data spreading across multiple sub-carriers yields a transmission with spectral characteristics similar to a CDMA/UMTS signal. Hence, similar principles of narrow band interference detection can be applied within an instance of SC-FDMA transmission from an individual communication device—described herein as user equipment (UE). However, since each transmission consists of unknown RB allocations with unknown durations, such a detection principle can only be applied separately for each individual RB within a frequency and specific time domain. If a particular RB is not used for LTE transmission at the time of detection, the RF spectrum will present a thermal noise which adheres to the characteristics of a spread spectrum signal, similar to a CDMA/UMTS signal. 
     Co-channel, as well as other forms of interference, can cause performance degradation to SC-FDMA and OFDMA signals when present.  FIG.  15    depicts an illustration of an LTE transmission affected by interferers  402 ,  404 ,  406  and  408  occurring at different points in time. Since such LTE transmissions do not typically have flat power spectral densities (see  FIG.  14   ), identification of interference as shown in  FIG.  15    can be a difficult technical problem. The subject disclosure, presents a method to improve the detection of narrowband interference in SC-FDMA/OFDM channels through a time-averaging algorithm that isolates interference components in the channel and ignores the underlying signal. 
     Time averaging system (TAS) can be achieved with a boxcar (rolling) average, in which the TAS is obtained as a linear average of a Q of previous spectrum samples, with Q being a user-settable parameter. The Q value determines the “strength” of the averaging, with higher Q value resulting in a TAS that is more strongly smoothed in time and less dependent on short duration transient signals. Due to the frequency-hopped characteristic of SC-FDMA/OFDMA signals, which are composed of short duration transients, the TAS of such signals is approximately flat. It will be appreciated that TAS can also be accomplished by other methods such as a forgetting factor filter. 
     In one embodiment, an adaptive threshold can be determined by a method  500  as depicted in  FIG.  16   . Q defines how many cycles of t i  to use (e.g., 100 cycles can be represented by t 1  thru t 100 ). The adaptive front end module  56  of  FIG.  6    can be configured to measure power in 30 KHz increments starting from a particular RB and over multiple time cycles. For illustration purposes, the adaptive front end module  56  is assumed to measure power across a 5 MHz spectrum. It will be appreciated that the adaptive front end module  56  can be configured for other increments (e.g., 15 KHz or 60 KHz), and a different RF spectrum bandwidth. With this in mind, the adaptive front end module  56  can be configured at frequency increment f 1  to measure power at t 1 , t 2 , thru tq (q representing the number of time cycles, i.e., Q). At f 1 +30 kHz, the adaptive front end module  56  measures power at t 1 , t 2 , thru tn. The frequency increment can be defined by f 0 +(z−1)*30 KHz=fz, where f 0  is a starting frequency, where z=1 . . . x, and z defines increments of 30 KHz increment, e.g., f 1 =f(z=1) first 30 KHz increment, f 2 =f(z=2) second 30 KHz increment, etc. 
     The adaptive front end module  56  repeats these steps until the spectrum of interest has been fully scanned for Q cycles, thereby producing the following power level sample sets: 
     
       
         
           
             
               
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     In one embodiment, the adaptive front end module  56  can be configured to determine at step  506  the top “m” averages (e.g., the top 3 averages) and dismiss these averages from the calculations. The variable “m” can be user-supplied or can be empirically determined from field measurements collected by one or more base stations utilizing an adaptive front end module  56 . This step can be used to avoid skewing a baseline average across all frequency increments from being too high, resulting in a threshold calculation that may be too conservative. If step  506  is invoked, a baseline average can be determined in step  508  according to the equation: Baseline Avg=(a 1 +a 2 + . . . +az—averages that have been dismissed)/(x−m). If step  506  is skipped, the baseline average can be determined from the equation: Baseline Avg=(a 1 +a 2 + . . . +az)/x. Once the baseline average is determined in step  508 , the adaptive front end module  56  can proceed to step  510  where it calculates a threshold according to the equation: Threshold=ydB offset+Baseline Avg. The ydB offset can be user defined or empirically determined from field measurements collected by one or more base stations utilizing an adaptive front end module  56 . 
     Once a cycle of steps  502  through  510  have been completed, the adaptive front end module  56  can monitor at step  512  interference per frequency increment of the spectrum being scanned based on any power levels measured above the threshold  602  calculated in step  510  as shown in  FIG.  17   . Not all interferers illustrated in  FIG.  17    exceed the threshold, such as the interferer with reference  610 . Although this interferer has a high power signature, it was not detected because it occurred during a resource block (R 4 ) that was not in use. As such, the interferer  510  fell below the threshold  602 . In another illustration, interferer s  612  also fell below the threshold  602 . This interferer was missed because of its low power signature even though the RB from which it occurred (R 3 ) was active. 
     Method  500  can utilize any of the embodiments in the illustrated flowcharts described above to further enhance the interference determination process. For example, method  500  of  FIG.  16    can be adapted to apply weights to the power levels, and/or perform correlation analysis to achieve a desired confidence level that the proper interferers are addressed. For example, with correlation analysis, the adaptive front end module  56  can be configured to ignore interferers  614  and  616  of  FIG.  17    because their frequency of occurrence is low. Method  500  can also be adapted to prioritize interference mitigation. Prioritization can be based on frequency of occurrence of the interference, time of day of the interference, the affect the interference has on network traffic, and/or other suitable factors for prioritizing interference to reduce its impact on the network. Prioritization schemes can be especially useful when the filtering resources of the adaptive front end module  56  can only support a limited number of filtering events. 
     When one or more interferers are detected in step  512 , the adaptive front end module  56  can mitigate the interference at step  514  by configuring one or more filters to suppress the one or more interferers as described above. When there are limited resources to suppress all interferers, the adaptive front end module  56  can use a prioritization scheme to address the most harmful interference as discussed above.  FIG.  18    provides an illustration of how the adaptive front end module  56  can be suppress interferers based on the aforementioned algorithms of the subject disclosure. For example, interferers  612 ,  614  and  616  can be ignored by the adaptive front end module  56  because their correlation may be low, while interference suppression is applied for all other interferers as shown by reference  650 . 
     In one embodiment, the adaptive front end module  56  can submit a report to a diagnostic system that includes information relating to the interferers detected. The report can including among other things, a frequency of occurrence of the interferer, spectral data relating to the interferer, an identification of the base station from which the interferer was detected, a severity analysis of the interferer (e.g., bit error rate, packet loss rate, or other traffic information detected during the interferer), and so on. The diagnostic system can communicate with other base stations with other operable adaptive front end module  56  to perform macro analysis of interferers such as triangulation to locate interferers, identity analysis of interferers based on a comparison of spectral data and spectral profiles of known interferers, and so on. 
     In one embodiment, the reports provided by the adaptive front end module  56  can be used by the diagnostic system to in some instance perform avoidance mitigation. For example, if the interferer is known to be a communication device in the network, the diagnostic system can direct a base station in communication with the communication device to direct the communication device to another channel so as to remove the interference experienced by a neighboring base station. Alternatively, the diagnostic system can direct an affected base station to utilize beam steering and or mechanical steering of antennas to avoid an interferer. When avoidance is performed, the mitigation step  514  can be skipped or may be invoked less as a result of the avoidance steps taken by the diagnostic system. 
     Once mitigation and/or an interference report has been processed in steps  514  and  516 , respectively, the adaptive front end module  56  can proceed to step  518 . In this step, the adaptive front end module  56  can repeat steps  502  thru  510  to calculate a new baseline average and corresponding threshold based on Q cycles of the resource blocks. Each cycle creates a new adaptive threshold that is used for interference detection. It should be noted that when Q is high, changes to the baseline average are smaller, and consequently the adaptive threshold varies less over Q cycles. In contrast, when Q is low, changes to the baseline average are higher, which results in a more rapidly changing adaptive threshold. 
     Generally speaking, one can expect that there will be more noise-free resource blocks than resource blocks with substantive noise. Accordingly, if an interferer is present (constant or ad hoc), one can expect the aforementioned algorithm described by method  500  will produce an adaptive threshold (i.e., baseline average+offset) that will be lower than interferer&#39;s power level due to mostly noise-free resource blocks driving down baseline average. Although certain communication devices will have a high initial power level when initiating communications with a base station, it can be further assumed that over time the power levels will be lowered to a nominal operating condition. A reasonably high Q would likely also dampen disparities between RB&#39;s based on the above described embodiments. 
     It is further noted that the aforementioned algorithms can be modified while maintaining an objective of mitigating detected interference. For instance, instead of calculating a baseline average from a combination of averages a 1 (f 1 ) through ax(fx) or subsets thereof, the adaptive front end controller  56  can be configured to calculate a base line average for each resource block according to a known average of adjacent resource blocks, an average calculated for the resource block itself, or other information that may be provided by, for example, a resource block scheduler that may be helpful in calculating a desired baseline average for each resource block or groups of resource blocks. For instance, the resource block schedule can inform the adaptive front end module  56  as to which resource blocks are active and at what time periods. This information can be used by the adaptive front end module  56  determine individualized baseline averages for each of the resource blocks or groups thereof. Since baseline averages can be individualized, each resource block can also have its own threshold applied to the baseline average of the resource block. Accordingly, thresholds can vary between resource blocks for detecting interferers. 
     It is further noted that the aforementioned mitigation and detection algorithms can be implemented by any communication device including cellular phones, smartphones, tablets, small base stations, macro base stations, femto cells, WiFi access points, and so on. Small base stations (commonly referred to as small cells) can represent low-powered radio access nodes that can operate in licensed and/or unlicensed spectrum that have a range of 10 meters to 1 or 2 kilometers, compared to a macrocell (or macro base station) which might have a range of a few tens of kilometers. Small base stations can be used for mobile data offloading as a more efficient use of radio spectrum. 
       FIG.  19    depicts an illustrative embodiment of a method  700  for mitigating interference such as shown in  FIG.  15   . Method  700  can be performed singly or in combination by a mobile communication device, a stationary communication device, base stations, and/or a system or systems in communication with the base stations and/or mobile communication devices. Method  700  can begin with step  702 , where a communication signal is received by the communication system. The communication system in the present context can represent a base station, such as a cellular base station, a small cell (which can represent a femto cell, or a smaller more portable version of a cellular base station), a WiFi router, a cordless phone base station, or any other form of a communication system that can provide communication services (voice, data or both) to fixed or mobile communication devices. The terms communication system and base station may be used interchangeably below. In either instance, such terms are to be given a broad interpretation such as described above. 
     The communication signal can represent one or more segments of communication. A segment can represent a resource block or other subsets of a communication spectrum of any suitable bandwidth. For illustration purposes only, segments will be referred to henceforth as resource blocks. In addition, reference will be made by a mobile communication device affected by the interference and, in particular, affected by interference that is detected in one or more segments of a first communication system. It is to be understood that method  700  can also be applied to stationary communication devices. 
     At step  706 , signal interference can be detected in the communication signal. In one embodiment, the signal interference can be detected in one or more a resource blocks of the communication signal. The signal interference can be detected by utilizing an adaptive threshold as described in the subject disclosure. The signal interference can be detected at a mobile communication device or at another element of the communication system that is in communication with the mobile communication device. The mobile communication device can inform the communication system (herein referred to as the first base station) that it has detected such interference. Alternatively, the interference can be alternatively or concurrently detected by a base station that is in communication with the mobile communication device. 
     The base station can collect information associated with detected signal interference in a database for future reference. The mobile communication device and/or the base station can also transmit the interference information to a centralized system that monitors interference at multiple base stations. The interference can be stored and organized in a system-wide database (along with the individual databases of each base station) according to time stamps when the interference occurred, resource blocks affected by the interference, an identity of the base station collecting the interference information, an identity of the mobile communication device affected by the interference, frequency of occurrence of the interference, and spectral information descriptive of the interference. 
     At step  710 , the signal interference can be compared to an interference profile library. The interference profile library can include information about sources of signal interference. The interference profile library can provide a searchable database of signal interference sources, such as bi-directional amplifiers, unintended radiation from communication equipment (e.g., faulty transmitters of the carrier or other carriers), wireless microphones, garage door openers and similar production equipment, cross-border cellular (reduced buffer zones), federal and military installations, television transmissions, intermodulation from other transmitters, intermodulation from own faulty components and connectors, and so forth. Each interference source can be associated with one or more interference signal profiles. Potential sources of signal interference can be tested in a laboratory setting to determine which devices generate sufficient electromagnetic interference energy to disrupt or diminish radio frequency communications in the communication system. If a source device is found to generate substantial interference during testing, then an interference profile can be logged for the source device. The interference profile can include signal characteristics, such as amplitude and/or frequency of the generated interference, collectively a spectral profile. The source device can be identified based on the characteristics of the signal interference in interference profile library such that a search of the interference profile library, based on a spectral data of detected signal interference, can return an identification of a source device. 
     In addition, one or more interference parameters can be determined for mitigating the effects of the interference generated by the source device. For example, one or more elements of the communication system can be evaluated with respect to interference generated by the source device. Laboratory testing can be used to determine if a particular digital filter, such as a notch filter, and/or a particular setting or settings of a digital filter (e.g., width and depth of the notch filter) can eliminate or reduce effects of the source device causing signal interference without disrupting communications. If a filter and/or a filter setting and/or settings are identified that can allow the communication system to mitigate and/or eliminate the deleterious effects of the signal interference, particularly according to the methods and systems describe above, then the interference profile library can further associate one or more interference parameters with the source device. A search of the interference profile library, based on the observed signal interference, can thereby return an identification of a source device and one or more parameters for interference mitigation. Source devices can be identified, for example, by product model numbers, manufacturers, and/or generic types. The interference profile library can be stored at the communication system in a network element (e.g., a server). For example, the interference profile library can be stored at the base station, at one or more mobile communication devices, and/or a central storage device of the communication system. 
     If the signal interference is matched to an entry in the interference profile library, at step  714 , then an identification of the source device can be returned by the library at step  734 . It should be noted that a match may be determined from a comparison between spectral data of the detected signal interference and spectral data stored in one of the profiles. In addition, the match may be an approximation. If the signal interference cannot be matched to available profiles in the interference profile library, at step  714 , then the method can determine if the source of the interference is otherwise known, in step  718 . For example, it can be obvious, by observation or reporting, that a known source device is generating an interference signal that has been detected but that is not included in the library. In this case, the method can receive an input of an identity of the source device in step  722 . For example, an operator of the base station can enter information identifying the source device. Alternatively, a mobile communication device can receive an input identifying a source device of the interference. The source device identification information can be entered via a text message, a verbal message, or a via a graphical user interface. The interference profile library can be updated, in step  726 , to include the known source device and to associate this source device with the received interference signal for use in subsequent mitigation of interference. 
     Where the identified source is matched to an entry in the interference profile library, in step  734 , the identified source is returned in step  738 . The identified source information can be a text and/or numerical identification information, such as a model name or number or a manufacture name or number. Alternatively, a standard nomenclature can be generated to identify any interference source according to attributes of the interference, such as spectral characteristics of the interference. At step  738 , one or more interference parameters can be retrieved from the interference profile library based on the matched entry. The interference parameter can be directed to one or more methods for mitigating or substantially suppressing the interference from the communication signal. The interference parameter can direct whether interference suppression is achieved by the filtering techniques described in the subject disclosure and continued use of the resource blocks in the radio frequency spectrum of the communication signal as currently assigned to a mobile communication device. If the interference parameters direct the system to mitigate signal interference, then one or more embodiments described in the subject disclosure can be used in steps  742  and  746  to improve communications in the existing resource blocks without redirecting data traffic of the mobile communication device. 
     At step  742 , one or more interference parameters from the interference profile library can be used by the method for selecting a filter type for processing the communication signal. In one embodiment, one or more interference parameters can direct the use of a notch filter or another specific digital filter type (e.g., bandpass, highpass, or combinations of filter types). In another embodiment, one or more interference parameters can set one or more filter parameters for processing the communication signal at step  746 . For example, the interference parameters can configure a given digital filter for N-stages or a specific Q-value. The one or more interference parameters can be the result of prior laboratory testing of the response of the communication system to an interference signal and to different configurations of digital filter type and/or digital filter parameters. 
     At step  750 , one or more of the interference parameters that are retrieved from the interference profile library can be transmitted or otherwise shared with a wireless communication device of the communication network. In one embodiment, a wireless communication device can receive one or more interference parameters from a base station and can use these interference parameters to configure mitigation filtering at the wireless communication device. 
     At step  754 , information identifying the source of the interference that is retrieved from the interference library can be transmitted or otherwise shared with other devices in the communication system. In one embodiment, information identifying an interference source can be stored in a system-wide database than can be accessed by many devices in the system. In another embodiment, the identifying information can be transmitted to one or more devices, including wireless communication devices that are located near the identified source. Providing the identification information can enable mitigation of the noise by, for example, actions taken by a user of a receiving device to eliminate the identified source. 
     It is contemplated that the steps of method  700  can be rearranged and/or individually modified without departing from the scope of the claims of the subject disclosure. Consequently, the steps of method  700  can be performed by a mobile communication device, a base station, a central system, or any combination thereof. Other embodiments are contemplated. 
     An illustrative embodiment of a communication device  800  is shown in  FIG.  20   . Communication device  800  can serve in whole or in part as an illustrative embodiment of the devices depicted in  FIGS.  1 ,  4 , and  6 - 8   . In one embodiment, the communication device  800  can be configured, for example, to perform operations such as measuring a power level in at least a portion of a plurality of resource blocks occurring in a radio frequency spectrum, where the measuring occurs for a plurality of time cycles to generate a plurality of power level measurements, calculating a baseline power level according to at least a portion of the plurality of power levels, determining a threshold from the baseline power level, and monitoring at least a portion of the plurality of resource blocks for signal interference according to the threshold. Other embodiments described in the subject disclosure can be used by the communication device  800 . 
     To enable these features, communication device  800  can comprise a wireline and/or wireless transceiver  802  (herein transceiver  802 ), a user interface (UI)  804 , a power supply  814 , a location receiver  816 , a motion sensor  818 , an orientation sensor  820 , and a controller  806  for managing operations thereof. The transceiver  802  can support short-range or long-range wireless access technologies such as Bluetooth, ZigBee, WiFi, DECT, or cellular communication technologies, just to mention a few. Cellular technologies can include, for example, CDMA-1×, UMTS/HSDPA, GSM/GPRS, TDMA/EDGE, EV/DO, WiMAX, SDR, LTE, as well as other next generation wireless communication technologies as they arise. The transceiver  802  can also be adapted to support circuit-switched wireline access technologies (such as PSTN), packet-switched wireline access technologies (such as TCP/IP, VoIP, etc.), and combinations thereof. 
     The UI  804  can include a depressible or touch-sensitive keypad  808  with a navigation mechanism such as a roller ball, a joystick, a mouse, or a navigation disk for manipulating operations of the communication device  800 . The keypad  808  can be an integral part of a housing assembly of the communication device  800  or an independent device operably coupled thereto by a tethered wireline interface (such as a USB cable) or a wireless interface supporting for example Bluetooth. The keypad  808  can represent a numeric keypad commonly used by phones, and/or a QWERTY keypad with alphanumeric keys. The UI  804  can further include a display  810  such as monochrome or color LCD (Liquid Crystal Display), OLED (Organic Light Emitting Diode) or other suitable display technology for conveying images to an end user of the communication device  800 . In an embodiment where the display  810  is touch-sensitive, a portion or all of the keypad  808  can be presented by way of the display  810  with navigation features. 
     The display  810  can use touch screen technology to also serve as a user interface for detecting user input. As a touch screen display, the communication device  800  can be adapted to present a user interface with graphical user interface (GUI) elements that can be selected by a user with a touch of a finger. The touch screen display  810  can be equipped with capacitive, resistive or other forms of sensing technology to detect how much surface area of a user&#39;s finger has been placed on a portion of the touch screen display. This sensing information can be used to control the manipulation of the GUI elements or other functions of the user interface. The display  810  can be an integral part of the housing assembly of the communication device  800  or an independent device communicatively coupled thereto by a tethered wireline interface (such as a cable) or a wireless interface. 
     The UI  804  can also include an audio system  812  that utilizes audio technology for conveying low volume audio (such as audio heard in proximity of a human ear) and high volume audio (such as speakerphone for hands free operation). The audio system  812  can further include a microphone for receiving audible signals of an end user. The audio system  812  can also be used for voice recognition applications. The UI  804  can further include an image sensor  813  such as a charged coupled device (CCD) camera for capturing still or moving images. 
     The power supply  814  can utilize common power management technologies such as replaceable and rechargeable batteries, supply regulation technologies, and/or charging system technologies for supplying energy to the components of the communication device  800  to facilitate long-range or short-range portable applications. Alternatively, or in combination, the charging system can utilize external power sources such as DC power supplied over a physical interface such as a USB port or other suitable tethering technologies. 
     The location receiver  816  can utilize location technology such as a global positioning system (GPS) receiver capable of assisted GPS for identifying a location of the communication device  800  based on signals generated by a constellation of GPS satellites, which can be used for facilitating location services such as navigation. The motion sensor  818  can utilize motion sensing technology such as an accelerometer, a gyroscope, or other suitable motion sensing technology to detect motion of the communication device  800  in three-dimensional space. The orientation sensor  820  can utilize orientation sensing technology such as a magnetometer to detect the orientation of the communication device  800  (north, south, west, and east, as well as combined orientations in degrees, minutes, or other suitable orientation metrics). 
     The communication device  800  can use the transceiver  802  to also determine a proximity to a cellular, WiFi, Bluetooth, or other wireless access points by sensing techniques such as utilizing a received signal strength indicator (RSSI) and/or signal time of arrival (TOA) or time of flight (TOF) measurements. The controller  806  can utilize computing technologies such as a microprocessor, a digital signal processor (DSP), programmable gate arrays, application specific integrated circuits, and/or a video processor with associated storage memory such as Flash, ROM, RAM, SRAM, DRAM or other storage technologies for executing computer instructions, controlling, and processing data supplied by the aforementioned components of the communication device  400 . 
     Other components not shown in  FIG.  20    can be used in one or more embodiments of the subject disclosure. For instance, the communication device  800  can include a reset button (not shown). The reset button can be used to reset the controller  806  of the communication device  800 . In yet another embodiment, the communication device  800  can also include a factory default setting button positioned, for example, below a small hole in a housing assembly of the communication device  800  to force the communication device  800  to re-establish factory settings. In this embodiment, a user can use a protruding object such as a pen or paper clip tip to reach into the hole and depress the default setting button. The communication device  400  can also include a slot for adding or removing an identity module such as a Subscriber Identity Module (SIM) card. SIM cards can be used for identifying subscriber services, executing programs, storing subscriber data, and so forth. 
     The communication device  800  as described herein can operate with more or less of the circuit components shown in  FIG.  20   . These variant embodiments can be used in one or more embodiments of the subject disclosure. 
     It should be understood that devices described in the exemplary embodiments can be in communication with each other via various wireless and/or wired methodologies. The methodologies can be links that are described as coupled, connected and so forth, which can include unidirectional and/or bidirectional communication over wireless paths and/or wired paths that utilize one or more of various protocols or methodologies, where the coupling and/or connection can be direct (e.g., no intervening processing device) and/or indirect (e.g., an intermediary processing device such as a router). 
       FIG.  21    depicts an exemplary diagrammatic representation of a machine in the form of a computer system  900  within which a set of instructions, when executed, may cause the machine to perform any one or more of the methods described above. One or more instances of the machine can operate, for example, as the devices of  FIGS.  1 ,  4 , and  6 - 8   . In some embodiments, the machine may be connected (e.g., using a network  926 ) to other machines. In a networked deployment, the machine may operate in the capacity of a server or a client user machine in server-client user network environment, or as a peer machine in a peer-to-peer (or distributed) network environment. 
     The machine may comprise a server computer, a client user computer, a personal computer (PC), a tablet PC, a smart phone, a laptop computer, a desktop computer, a control system, a network router, switch or bridge, or any machine capable of executing a set of instructions (sequential or otherwise) that specify actions to be taken by that machine. It will be understood that a communication device of the subject disclosure includes broadly any electronic device that provides voice, video or data communication. Further, while a single machine is illustrated, the term “machine” shall also be taken to include any collection of machines that individually or jointly execute a set (or multiple sets) of instructions to perform any one or more of the methods discussed herein. 
     The computer system  900  may include a processor (or controller)  902  (e.g., a central processing unit (CPU), a graphics processing unit (GPU, or both), a main memory  904  and a static memory  906 , which communicate with each other via a bus  908 . The computer system  900  may further include a display unit  910  (e.g., a liquid crystal display (LCD), a flat panel, or a solid state display. The computer system  900  may include an input device  912  (e.g., a keyboard), a cursor control device  914  (e.g., a mouse), a disk drive unit  916 , a signal generation device  918  (e.g., a speaker or remote control) and a network interface device  920 . In distributed environments, the embodiments described in the subject disclosure can be adapted to utilize multiple display units  910  controlled by two or more computer systems  900 . In this configuration, presentations described by the subject disclosure may in part be shown in a first of the display units  910 , while the remaining portion is presented in a second of the display units  910 . 
     The disk drive unit  916  may include a tangible computer-readable storage medium  922  on which is stored one or more sets of instructions (e.g., software  924 ) embodying any one or more of the methods or functions described herein, including those methods illustrated above. The instructions  924  may also reside, completely or at least partially, within the main memory  904 , the static memory  906 , and/or within the processor  902  during execution thereof by the computer system  900 . The main memory  904  and the processor  902  also may constitute tangible computer-readable storage media. 
     Dedicated hardware implementations including, but not limited to, application specific integrated circuits, programmable logic arrays and other hardware devices that can likewise be constructed to implement the methods described herein. Application specific integrated circuits and programmable logic array can use downloadable instructions for executing state machines and/or circuit configurations to implement embodiments of the subject disclosure. Applications that may include the apparatus and systems of various embodiments broadly include a variety of electronic and computer systems. Some embodiments implement functions in two or more specific interconnected hardware modules or devices with related control and data signals communicated between and through the modules, or as portions of an application-specific integrated circuit. Thus, the example system is applicable to software, firmware, and hardware implementations. 
     In accordance with various embodiments of the subject disclosure, the operations or methods described herein are intended for operation as software programs or instructions running on or executed by a computer processor or other computing device, and which may include other forms of instructions manifested as a state machine implemented with logic components in an application specific integrated circuit or field programmable gate array. Furthermore, software implementations (e.g., software programs, instructions, etc.) including, but not limited to, distributed processing or component/object distributed processing, parallel processing, or virtual machine processing can also be constructed to implement the methods described herein. It is further noted that a computing device such as a processor, a controller, a state machine or other suitable device for executing instructions to perform operations or methods may perform such operations directly or indirectly by way of one or more intermediate devices directed by the computing device. 
     While the tangible computer-readable storage medium  622  is shown in an example embodiment to be a single medium, the term “tangible computer-readable storage medium” should be taken to include a single medium or multiple media (e.g., a centralized or distributed database, and/or associated caches and servers) that store the one or more sets of instructions. The term “tangible computer-readable storage medium” shall also be taken to include any non-transitory medium that is capable of storing or encoding a set of instructions for execution by the machine and that cause the machine to perform any one or more of the methods of the subject disclosure. 
     The term “tangible computer-readable storage medium” shall accordingly be taken to include, but not be limited to: solid-state memories such as a memory card or other package that houses one or more read-only (non-volatile) memories, random access memories, or other re-writable (volatile) memories, a magneto-optical or optical medium such as a disk or tape, or other tangible media which can be used to store information. Accordingly, the disclosure is considered to include any one or more of a tangible computer-readable storage medium, as listed herein and including art-recognized equivalents and successor media, in which the software implementations herein are stored. 
     Although the present specification describes components and functions implemented in the embodiments with reference to particular standards and protocols, the disclosure is not limited to such standards and protocols. Each of the standards for Internet and other packet switched network transmission (e.g., TCP/IP, UDP/IP, HTML, HTTP) represent examples of the state of the art. Such standards are from time-to-time superseded by faster or more efficient equivalents having essentially the same functions. Wireless standards for device detection (e.g., RFID), short-range communications (e.g., Bluetooth, WiFi, Zigbee), and long-range communications (e.g., WiMAX, GSM, CDMA, LTE) can be used by computer system  900 . 
     The illustrations of embodiments described herein are intended to provide a general understanding of the structure of various embodiments, and they are not intended to serve as a complete description of all the elements and features of apparatus and systems that might make use of the structures described herein. Many other embodiments will be apparent to those of skill in the art upon reviewing the above description. The exemplary embodiments can include combinations of features and/or steps from multiple embodiments. Other embodiments may be utilized and derived therefrom, such that structural and logical substitutions and changes may be made without departing from the scope of this disclosure. Figures are also merely representational and may not be drawn to scale. Certain proportions thereof may be exaggerated, while others may be minimized. Accordingly, the specification and drawings are to be regarded in an illustrative rather than a restrictive sense. 
     Although specific embodiments have been illustrated and described herein, it should be appreciated that any arrangement calculated to achieve the same purpose may be substituted for the specific embodiments shown. This disclosure is intended to cover any and all adaptations or variations of various embodiments. Combinations of the above embodiments, and other embodiments not specifically described herein, can be used in the subject disclosure. 
     The Abstract of the Disclosure is provided with the understanding that it will not be used to interpret or limit the scope or meaning of the claims. In addition, in the foregoing Detailed Description, it can be seen that various features are grouped together in a single embodiment for the purpose of streamlining the disclosure. This method of disclosure is not to be interpreted as reflecting an intention that the claimed embodiments require more features than are expressly recited in each claim. Rather, as the following claims reflect, inventive subject matter lies in less than all features of a single disclosed embodiment. Thus the following claims are hereby incorporated into the Detailed Description, with each claim standing on its own as a separately claimed subject matter.