Patent Publication Number: US-2022239578-A1

Title: Flow Tagging for Service Policy Implementation

Description:
BACKGROUND 
     With the advent of mass market digital communications, applications and content distribution, many access networks such as wireless networks, cable networks and Digital Subscriber Line (DSL) networks are pressed for user capacity, with, for example Evolution-Data Optimized (EVDO), High Speed Packet Access (HSPA), Long Term Evolution (LTE), Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMax), DOCSIS, DSL, and Wireless Fidelity (Wi-Fi) becoming user capacity constrained. In the wireless case, although network capacity will increase with new higher capacity wireless radio access technologies, such as Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (MIMO), and with more frequency spectrum and cell splitting being deployed in the future, these capacity gains are likely to be less than what is required to meet growing digital networking demand. 
     Similarly, although wire line access networks, such as cable and DSL, can have higher average capacity per user compared to wireless, wire line user service consumption habits are trending toward very high bandwidth applications and content that can quickly consume the available capacity and degrade overall network service experience. Because some components of service provider costs go up with increasing bandwidth, this trend will also negatively impact service provider profits. In addition, it is becoming increasingly important to associate device access network services usage (e.g., network data services usage, voice services usage, etc.) to the applications (e.g., application, widget, service, process, embedded object, or any combination of these, etc.) that are using the services. 
     The foregoing example of trends and issues is intended to be illustrative and not exclusive. Other limitations of the art will become apparent to those of skill in the relevant art upon a reading of the specification and a study of the drawings. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         FIG. 1  illustrates a functional diagram of a network architecture for providing quality of service (QoS) for device assisted services (DAS) and/or for providing DAS for protecting network capacity in accordance with some embodiments. 
         FIG. 2  illustrates another functional diagram of another network architecture for providing quality of service (QoS) for device assisted services (DAS) and/or for providing DAS for protecting network capacity in accordance with some embodiments. 
         FIG. 3  illustrates a functional diagram of an architecture including a device based service processor and a service controller for providing quality of service (QoS) for device assisted services (DAS) and/or for providing DAS for protecting network capacity in accordance with some embodiments. 
         FIGS. 4A through 4C  illustrate a functional diagram for providing quality of service (QoS) for device assisted services (DAS) in accordance with some embodiments. 
         FIG. 5  illustrates a functional diagram for generating a QoS activity map for quality of service (QoS) for device assisted services (DAS) in accordance with some embodiments. 
         FIG. 6  illustrates a functional diagram for quality of service (QoS) for device assisted services (DAS) for an end to end coordinated QoS service channel control in accordance with some embodiments. 
         FIG. 7  illustrates a flow diagram for quality of service (QoS) for device assisted services (DAS) in accordance with some embodiments. 
         FIGS. 8A through 8C  each illustrate another flow diagram for quality of service (QoS) for device assisted services (DAS) in accordance with some embodiments. 
         FIG. 9  illustrates another flow diagram for quality of service (QoS) for device assisted services (DAS) in accordance with some embodiments. 
         FIG. 10  illustrates another flow diagram for quality of service (QoS) for device assisted services (DAS) in accordance with some embodiments. 
         FIG. 11  illustrates another flow diagram for quality of service (QoS) for device assisted services (DAS) in accordance with some embodiments. 
         FIG. 12  illustrates a device stack for providing various service usage measurement techniques in accordance with some embodiments. 
         FIG. 13  illustrates another device stack for providing various service usage measurement techniques in accordance with some embodiments. 
         FIG. 14  illustrates a flow diagram for device assisted services (DAS) for protecting network capacity in accordance with some embodiments. 
         FIG. 15  illustrates another flow diagram for device assisted services (DAS) for protecting network capacity in accordance with some embodiments. 
         FIG. 16  illustrates another flow diagram for device assisted services (DAS) for protecting network capacity in accordance with some embodiments. 
         FIG. 17  illustrates another flow diagram for device assisted services (DAS) for protecting network capacity in accordance with some embodiments. 
         FIG. 18  illustrates another flow diagram for device assisted services (DAS) for protecting network capacity in accordance with some embodiments. 
         FIG. 19  illustrates another flow diagram for device assisted services (DAS) for protecting network capacity in accordance with some embodiments. 
         FIG. 20  illustrates another flow diagram for device assisted services (DAS) for protecting network capacity in accordance with some embodiments. 
         FIG. 21  illustrates another flow diagram for device assisted services (DAS) for protecting network capacity in accordance with some embodiments. 
         FIG. 22  illustrates another flow diagram for device assisted services (DAS) for protecting network capacity in accordance with some embodiments. 
         FIG. 23  illustrates a network capacity controlled services priority level chart for device assisted services (DAS) for protecting network capacity in accordance with some embodiments. 
         FIG. 24  depicts a diagram of a network capacity protection system utilizing device-assisted services (DAS). 
         FIG. 25  depicts a diagram an example of a differential access control notification system. 
         FIG. 26  depicts an example of a computer system on which techniques described in this paper can be implemented. 
         FIG. 27  depicts a diagram of an example of a system for application-specific differential network access control. 
         FIG. 28  depicts an example of a system for flow tracking. 
         FIG. 29  depicts a flowchart of an example of a method of flow tracking. 
         FIG. 30  depicts an example of a system with a tagged traffic flow. 
         FIGS. 31A and 31B  depict a flowchart of an example of a method of virtual tagging. 
         FIG. 32  depicts an example of a system for classification mapping using virtual tagging. 
         FIG. 33  depicts an example of a media service classification system. 
         FIG. 34  depicts a conceptual diagram of a proxy encapsulated frame. 
         FIG. 35  depicts an example of a system for proxy client counting. 
         FIG. 36  depicts an example of a system for classifying traffic and enforcing a service policy based upon the classification. 
         FIG. 37  depicts a flowchart of an example of a method for flow tagging and enforcing service policies associated with an identified initiator of the flow. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     The invention can be implemented in numerous ways, including as a process; an apparatus; a system; a composition of matter; a computer program product embodied on a computer readable storage medium; and/or a processor, such as a processor configured to execute instructions stored on and/or provided by a memory coupled to the processor. In this specification, these implementations, or any other form that the invention may take, may be referred to as techniques. In general, the order of the steps of disclosed processes may be altered within the scope of the invention. Unless stated otherwise, a component such as a processor or a memory described as being configured to perform a task may be implemented as a general component that is temporarily configured to perform the task at a given time or a specific component that is manufactured to perform the task. As used herein, the term ‘processor’ refers to one or more devices, circuits, and/or processing cores configured to process data, such as computer program instructions. 
     A detailed description of one or more embodiments of the invention is provided below along with accompanying figures that illustrate the principles of the invention. The invention is described in connection with such embodiments, but the invention is not limited to any embodiment. The scope of the invention is limited only by the claims and the invention encompasses numerous alternatives, modifications and equivalents. Numerous specific details are set forth in the following description in order to provide a thorough understanding of the invention. These details are provided for the purpose of example and the invention may be practiced according to the claims without some or all of these specific details. For the purpose of clarity, technical material that is known in the technical fields related to the invention has not been described in detail so that the invention is not unnecessarily obscured. 
     As the network capacity gains are less than what is required to meet growing digital networking demand, a network capacity crunch is developing due to increasing network congestion on various wireless networks, such as mobile networks. The increasing popularity of various smart phone devices, net book devices, tablet computing devices, and various other wireless mobile computing devices, which are becoming increasingly popular on 3G, 4G, and other advanced wireless networks, is contributing to the network capacity crunch. Some network carriers have indicated that a relatively small number of users on such devices demand a disproportionately significant amount of their network capacity. For example, AT&amp;T has recently indicated that about 3 percent of its smart phone device users (e.g., Apple iPhone® users) are generating approximately 40 percent of the operator&#39;s data traffic. 
     For example, in wireless networks, managing the wireless access connection capacity and network access connection resources is important to maintain network performance as network resources/capacity demand increases. Many network performance measures can be advantageously maintained or improved as network loading increases if capacity management and/or network resource management is employed. For example, these performance measures include network availability; the ability to deliver connections to all devices, users and/or applications seeking connections and enabled for service on the network; network access attempt success rate; the transmission speed experienced by one or more devices, users or applications; the average transmission speed experienced by all devices, users and/or applications; network bit error rate or packet error rate; the time delay from network access request to delivered access connection; the one-way delay or round-trip delay for a transmission; the delay timing jitter for a transmission; the time variation in transmission speed for one or more connections; the ability of the network to deliver various requested/needed levels of Quality of Service (QoS) to devices, users or applications that require differentiated connection QoS classes; the ability of the network to maintain efficiency (e.g., aggregated service throughput measured across all devices, users, and/or applications); the ability of the network to share or distribute a performance measure (e.g., the performance measures listed above) uniformly or fairly across multiple devices, users, and/or applications that all have the same service quality class or the same service plan performance parameters. 
     For example, if there is a limited amount of shared bandwidth for a set of user devices (e.g., a set of devices on a wireless network, such as a given base station or base station controller or femto cell or pico cell; or a set of devices on a cable modem networks, etc.), and if multiple and/or all devices allow all applications to indiscriminately access or attempt to access network resources or transmit/receive traffic, then the network can generally become overloaded. As a result, a subset of users/devices or in some cases most or all users/devices obtain poor network performance. As another example, if one or more devices forming a subset of devices on the network allow multiple and/or all applications to indiscriminately access or attempt to access network resources or transmit/receive traffic, then the network can become overloaded. As a result, a subset of users/devices or in some cases most or all users/devices obtain poor network performance. 
     Traditionally, mobile devices typically have specialized designs that are optimized to preserve network capacity and protect network resources from being over taxed. For example, wireless devices that browse the Internet often use specialized protocols such as WAP and data traffic compression or low resolution techniques rather than standard HTTP protocols and traffic used in wired Internet devices. 
     However, the wireless devices that implement specialized methods for accessing the Internet and/or other networks often implement complex specifications provided by one or more wireless carriers that own the networks that the device is designed to connect to. Such complex specifications often require time consuming design, testing, and certification processes. These processes in part have the effect of narrowing the base of device suppliers to those qualified and willing to perform the specialized design work required, slowing time to market for new devices, increasing the expense to develop new devices and reducing the types of applications that are supported. 
     Device OEMs have recently created wireless devices that are designed more like standard Internet devices and not fully optimized to preserve network capacity and resources. Many wireless service customers desire this type of device, and the OEMs generally want to reduce the complexity and time to market to deliver such devices. In addition, new market needs and new government requirements sometimes require that carriers offer a more open process for bringing new devices onto their network, in which the process does not require all of the specialized design and certification described above. These and various other factors are driving a growing need and trend for less complex and time consuming wireless device design and certification processes. 
     This trend has led many carriers to begin selling devices that are designed more as standard Internet service devices that connect to the Internet and other data networks through carrier wireless networks. As the cellular network is opened up to more and more new devices, applications and markets, there is a growing demand to allow general purpose Internet devices and applications to gain access to wireless networks without necessarily going through specialized design and certification process requirements to make the devices and applications efficient and authorized for access to such wireless networks. 
     However, general purpose Internet devices are not as frugal or sparing with wireless network access bandwidth. Moreover, with the advent of always on wide area network connections to the Internet has led to popular Internet services and applications that typically assume very inexpensive access and generally heed no attention to, for example, network busy state. As more general purpose Internet devices are provided for us on various wireless networks (e.g., mobile wireless networks), a high frequency of inefficient wireless network accesses continue to rise, which can reduce network capacity sometimes to levels that hinder access to service for that device (e.g., user, device, software demand) and/or other devices on that wireless network and/or that wireless network segment. As discussed above, judicious use of wireless network bandwidth, capacity, and resources generally results in better service for all users, but at present, device manufacturers and wireless network providers (e.g., wireless network carriers or carriers) have not provided or implemented more intelligent bandwidth usage techniques. These factors generally result in less carrier control of device design, which poses a threat to longer term network capacity and performance preservation as the volume of devices with less optimized wireless designs continues to grow. 
     There are many network performance and user performance factors that are impacted by the efficiency of the network, including, for example, overall network congestion; the access network performance experienced by one or more groups of users, devices, applications, network service sources, communication protocols, and/or operating system functions; and/or the performance experienced by a given user, device, application, network service source, communication protocol, and/or operating system function. Under a relatively low capacity demand of a wireless network, network performance as experienced by a group of devices, applications, network service sources, communication protocols, operating system functions, and/or users or by a single device, application, network service source, communication protocol, operating system function, and/or user can degrade somewhat proportionally (e.g., aggregate traffic delivered by the network may be roughly proportional to the peak available network traffic) with incremental increases in network access and/or traffic demand from one or more groups of users, devices, applications, network service sources, communication protocols and/or operating system functions. However, as network resources/network capacity demand increases (e.g., more wireless network data traffic is demanded in aggregate; more devices are serviced by the network; more users are serviced by the network; more applications are serviced by the network; more network service sources are serviced by the network; more operating system functions are serviced by the network; and/or more differentiated QoS sessions are serviced by the network), network availability/performance can decrease and/or the network may not adequately service one or more users, devices, applications, network service sources, communication protocols, and/or operating system functions, or may not service one or more groups of users, devices, applications, network service sources, communication protocols, and/or operating system functions. 
     There are many examples of how increasing network capacity demand can decrease network performance, including for example, to a decrease in average bandwidth offered per device (e.g., one or more users on a device, application, network service source, communication protocol, and/or operating system function executed/implemented on the device); an increase in traffic delivery latency; an increase in traffic delivery latency jitter; insufficient guaranteed or differentiated bandwidth for one or more differentiated QoS and/or dynamic QoS services (e.g., as described herein) to one or more devices, users, applications, network service sources, communication protocols, and/or operating system functions; increased latency for bandwidth reservation services; increased latency for QoS reservation services; performance problems with one or more communication protocols; unacceptable delays in user experience, and/or various other or similar consequences and device or user impacts resulting from reduced network availability and/or reduced network capacity. Examples of network communication protocols that can have degraded performance with excessive network loading or degraded network performance include, for example, Internet protocol (IP), HTML protocols, voice communication protocols including VOIP protocols, real-time video communication protocols, streaming media protocols (e.g., audio, video, etc), gaming protocols, VPN protocols, file download protocols, background service protocols, software update protocols, and/or various other network communication protocols. Thus, is it important to preserve/protect network capacity. 
     It is also important to control the number of transactions demanded from a given network resource (e.g., edge network segment, base station, base station controller, MAC resources, pico cell, femto cell, etc.) in a given period of time so that demand does not overcome the transaction servicing ability of that network resource. For example, network resources that should not be subjected to excess transaction demand can include base station or base station controller resources, media access control (MAC) resources, traffic transport resources, AAA resources, security or authentication resources, home agent (HA) resources, DNS resources, resources that play a part in network discovery, gateway or router resources, data session reservation or establishment resources (e.g., network resources required to manage, set up, conduct, and/or close service sessions, PPP sessions, communication flows, communication streams, QoS flows, radio access bearer reservation resources, tunnels, VPNs, APNs, special service routing, etc.), bandwidth reservation resources, QoS reservation or coordination resources, QoS transport resources, service charging resources, traffic analysis resources, network security resources, and/or various other or similar network resources. In some networks, the network performance degradation due to a given measure of incremental increase in network resource/capacity demand can become relatively large as various network resources become increasingly taxed due to either limited transaction processing capability or limited traffic bandwidth for one or more of the network resources that participate in establishing, servicing, conducting, maintaining, and/or closing the necessary network service connections and/or information exchanges required to conduct a service activity. For example, if the equipment required to establish a PPP session can only handle a certain number of new PPP session openings and/or closings per given period of time, and if device behavior is such that PPP sessions are often opened and/or closed, then the rate of PPP session transactions (e.g., openings and/or closings) can exceed the transaction capacity of the PPP session management resources. This is sometimes referred to as “flooding” or “overloading” a network resource with excess demand or excess connections, and, in such cases, the network resource may begin falling behind in servicing transaction demand in a well controlled manner (e.g., the network resource may continue processing transactions at or near a maximum rate for that network resource), or in some cases, the resource may fall behind transaction demand in a less well controlled manner (e.g., the network resource may become overwhelmed such that its processing rate not only falls below aggregate transaction demand, but the transaction rate processing capability decreases under overload as well). In the PPP session establishment resource example, once the rate of requested transactions exceeds the resource maximum transaction rate, then unmet device demand can grow to a point where one or more devices experiences delays in connecting to and/or communicating (e.g., sending/receiving data) with the network. 
     As another example, in any type of random access bandwidth reservation protocol, MAC protocol, or bandwidth delivery protocol, in a network without proper management and/or control of traffic access reservations and/or transmissions, as the network demand increases there may be more collisions between reservation requests, traffic transmissions, application demands, network service source demands, communication protocol demands, and/or operating system function demands causing a decreasing network efficiency that can degrade user, device, application and/or network service performance so that performance falls below acceptable levels. As another example, in systems in which there is a QoS service session reservation system, uncontrolled and/or unmanaged QoS reservation requests and/or reservation grants can lead to a situation where the QoS reservation resources and/or QoS service delivery resources are over taxed to the point where QoS service performance falls below desired levels. As another example, in networks that require some form of minimum resource allocation for transmissions, reservations, or network resource transactions, the network can become inefficient if one or more devices, applications, network service sources, operating system functions, and/or communication protocols have a relatively high rate of network resource access attempts, network accesses or data transmissions for small transmission payloads (e.g., minimum MAC reservation factors, minimum security overhead factors, minimum QoS reservation factors, minimum time responses for establishing a base station connection, minimum time responses for establishing or closing/being released from a session, etc). Even if the data packet comprising the access event is small, the network resources required to complete the access event are often busy servicing the access event for much longer periods of time than are required for the actual data transmission. 
     Another example of device service activity behavior that can have an impact on network performance is the way the device, device subsystem, and/or modem subsystem power cycling or transitions from one power save state to another. For example, establishing a basic connection from a device to a wireless base station consumes base station resources for a period of time and in some cases can also consume other network resources such as AAA, HLR, HA, gateway, billing, and/or charging gateway resources. If a device terminates the connection to the base station when the modem subsystem (e.g., or some other portion of the device) goes from active connection state to a power save state, then each time the device enters power save state and then exits power save state network resources are consumed, sometimes for time periods measured on the order of seconds or in extreme cases even minutes. If such a device has an aggressive power save algorithm that enters power save state after a short idle period, then the device behavior can consume a proportionally large amount of resources such that the network ability to support multiple devices is diminished, or such that the network cannot support very many similar devices on the network. Another similar example is the establishment of network sessions once the base station connection is established (e.g., establishing a PPP session between the device and a home agent (HA) or other gateway), in which network resources required to open and/or close the network session are ignorantly consumed if a device exhibits aggressive power save state cycling or frequently terminates the data session for other reasons. 
     Another example of device service activity behavior that can impact network performance is applications that maintain persistent network communication that generates a relatively high frequency of network data packets. Some applications have persistent signaling that falls into this category. Specific examples include frequent device signaling sequences to update widgets on a desktop; synchronize user data such as calendars, contacts, email, and/or other information/content; check or update email or RSS feeds; access social networking websites or tools; online text, voice or video chat tools; update real-time information; and conduct other repetitive actions. Additional application behavior that can significantly tie up network resources and capacity include, for example, conference meeting services, video streaming, content update, software update, and/or other or similar application behavior. For example, even when the user is not directly interacting with or benefiting from this type of application, the application can be running in the background and continuing to consume potentially significant network resources. 
     For example, the types of service activities and/or device behavior that can reduce network capacity and/or network resource availability include software updates for OS and applications, frequent OS and application background network accesses and signaling, frequent network discovery and/or signaling (e.g., EtherType messages, ARP messages, and/or other messaging related to network access), cloud synchronization services, RSS feeds and/or other background information feeds, application (e.g., web browser) or device behavior reporting, background email downloads, content subscription service updates and downloads (e.g., music/video downloads, news feeds, etc.), text/voice/video chat clients, virus updates, peer to peer networking applications, inefficient network access sequences during frequent power cycling or power save state cycling, large downloads or other high bandwidth accesses, and/or greedy application programs that continually and/or frequently access the network with small transmissions or requests for information. Various other examples will now be apparent to one of ordinary skill in the art. 
     Thus, not only can network capacity, network performance, and/or network resource availability be degraded by high device transmission bandwidth demand, but other types of persistent or frequent traffic resulting from network resource requests, network data accesses or other network interaction can also degrade network capacity, network performance, and/or network resource whether or not the aggregate bandwidth demand as measured by the total data throughput is high or not. Thus, techniques are needed to preserve network capacity by, for example, differentially controlling these types of network service usage activities in various ways depending on the type of service activity requesting network access and/or requesting transactions with network resources. 
     Smart phone and similar devices are exacerbating the problem by making frequent queries of the wireless network as such devices move among cell sites to while in transit, for example, push email, access social networking tools, and/or conduct other repetitive actions. While data traffic is also growing, signaling traffic is outpacing actual mobile data traffic by 30 percent to 50 percent by some estimates. For example, a Yahoo IM user may send a message but then wait a couple of seconds between messages. To preserve battery life, the smart phone typically moves into an idle mode. When the user pushes another message seconds later, the device has to set up a signaling path again, and even when the signaling resource is released by the smart phone, the network typically does not react fast enough to allow for the next station to use resources until several seconds and sometimes minutes. As a result, the base station controller in this example is spending a lot of its resources trying to process the signaling so it cannot perform other tasks, such as allocate additional resources for data network usage, and such inefficiencies exacerbates the data network capacity crunch and dropped calls on such wireless networks. 
     One approach used by smart phone vendors to address this problem and save battery life on their devices is to implement a fast dormancy feature, which allows the mobile device to quickly make a query to the radio network controller to release the connection so that it can return to the idle state faster. In other words, the device is relaying the fact that the phone is going dormant saving device resources (e.g., signaling channel) rather than network resources. However, the fast dormancy feature can exacerbate this problem by prematurely requesting a network release only to follow on with a request to connect back to the network or by a request to re-establish a connection with the network. 
     Network carriers have typically attempted to manage network capacity using various purely central/core network based approaches. For example, some carriers have indicated a robust capacity planning process and sufficient investment is needed to alleviate this growing capacity crunch. Purely centralized network solutions with no assistance from a device based software agent (or service processor) can have several limitations. For example, for some device applications, OS functions or other service usage activities, if the activity is blocked somewhere in the network behind the base station after over the air (OTA) spectrum bandwidth is consumed to open or begin to open a communication socket, then there can still be an appreciable amount of network capacity or resources consumed even though the data transfer is not allowed to complete. In addition, if the service usage activity is aggressive in re-attempting to establish the network connection to transfer the data, and the network continues to allow the OTA portion of the connection establishment but blocks the connection somewhere in the network, then a large amount of capacity can be consumed by many devices exhibiting such behavior even though no useful service is being allowed. Accordingly, some embodiments for protecting network capacity include controlling network service usage activities at the source of the demand—the device. Furthermore, in some embodiments, service usage is controlled in a manner that delays, prevents, or reduces the frequency of service usage activity re-try attempts to connect to the network. 
     In some cases, an additional drawback of purely centralized network solutions to protect network capacity arises when service usage activities are controlled, blocked, throttled, and/or delayed by central network equipment with no mechanisms or support to link to a device user interface (UI) to inform the user what is happening and why it is happening. This can lead to a frustrating user experience and reduced carrier customer satisfaction. Accordingly, in some embodiments, a device based UI is provided to provide the user with real time or near real time information regarding why a service usage activity is being controlled, blocked, throttled, and/or otherwise controlled in order to protect network capacity. In some embodiments, a UI is provided that also informs the user when there are options to set, control, override, or modify service usage controls for the purpose of protecting network capacity. In some embodiments, such user preference inputs also correspond to a change in service usage billing. In some embodiments, such changes in service usage billing due to capacity sparing service control changes by the user are communicated to the user via a UI notification sequence. In some embodiments, techniques for protecting network capacity employ user warnings when a service usage activity classified for differential user notification policies is likely to cause the user to go over service plan caps (e.g., total data byte count usage caps). 
     What is needed is intelligent network monitoring to provide real-time traffic monitoring network service usage (e.g., at the packet level/layer, network stack application interface level/layer, and/or application level/layer) of the wireless network (e.g., radio access networks and/or core networks) and to effectively manage the network service usage for protecting network capacity (e.g., while still maintaining an acceptable user experience). Using Device Assisted Services (DAS) techniques, and in some cases, network assisted/based techniques, to provide for network service usage monitoring of devices, network carriers/operators would be provided greater insight into what devices, which users and what applications, and when and where network congestion problems occur, enabling operators to intelligently add additional resources to certain areas when necessary (e.g., offloading data traffic onto femto cells or WiFi hotspots and adding more network resources), to differentially control network service usage, and/or to differentially charge for network service usage based on, for example, a network busy state, for protecting network capacity. 
     Intelligent network monitoring of the wireless network to effectively manage network service usage for protecting network capacity can include providing Device Assisted Services (DAS) for protecting network capacity in accordance with various embodiments described herein. For example, intelligent network monitoring of the wireless network to effectively manage network service usage for protecting network capacity can include differentially controlling over the air software updates and/or performing software updates via wired connections only. As another example, intelligent network monitoring of the wireless network to effectively manage network service usage for protecting network capacity can include differentially controlling various applications that demand significant network resources or network capacity. As another example, intelligent network monitoring of the wireless network to effectively manage network service usage for protecting network capacity can include managing network access connection requests resulting from repeated power down modes in the modem, which can cause resource intensive re-connection and/or re-authentication processes. As another example, intelligent network monitoring of the wireless network to effectively manage network service usage for protecting network capacity can include techniques for keeping PPP sessions alive to avoid the need to consume network resources to re-establish PPP sessions (e.g., unless the application behavior analysis predicts that a mean access time is long enough for the PPP session to be dropped off and yet not causing overall network resource limitations). 
     Unlike traditional QoS techniques, which are used to establish a single end or end to end guaranteed service level(s) on a network, techniques disclosed herein for protecting network capacity facilitate implementation of services on a network to facilitate differential control of certain services to protect network capacity (e.g., to reduce network congestion, network capacity demand, network resource demand; and/or to increase network availability). As also disclosed herein, techniques disclosed herein for protecting network capacity facilitate implementation of services on a network to facilitate differential control of certain services to protect network capacity can also facilitate QoS implementations by maintaining needed levels of network capacity/availability to facilitate delivery of certain QoS levels/classes. For example, techniques disclosed herein for protecting network capacity can aggregate across multiple services and/or devices to facilitate differential control of certain services to protect network capacity. As another example, techniques disclosed herein for protecting network capacity can be used to provide for dynamic QoS classifications (e.g., dynamically assigning/classifying and reassigning/reclassifying (based on various criteria, events, and/or measures) network service usage activities to various QoS levels/classes, such as described herein) to facilitate differential control of certain services to protect network capacity. 
     Accordingly, Device Assisted Services (DAS) for protecting network capacity is provided. In some embodiments, DAS for protecting network capacity provides for protection of network capacity (e.g., network congestion and/or network access/resource demand and/or network availability on an edge element of the network, such as on the Radio Access Network (RAN) of a wireless network, and/or from a device to a base station/base station controller), such as by controlling network service activity usage activities of a device in wireless communication with the network to reduce demands on the network. For example, controlling network service usage activities can include classifying and/or controlling network access requests (e.g., IP address requests), network access reservation requests (e.g., a QoS reservation/sequence), network capacity/resources usage (e.g., bandwidth usage), and/or any other network service usage activities. In some embodiments, applications, OS functions, and/or other network service usage activities that request IP addresses from network address server resources are classified and/or controlled so that the IP address requests are withheld, delayed, time windowed, reduced in frequency, aggregated or otherwise controlled. In some embodiments, such “IP address request control policies”” for one or more applications, OS functions, and/or other network service usage activities are set, updated, and/or modified before communicating it over a network connection to a network element (e.g., a service controller or another network element/function). In some embodiments, network service usage activities are generated/requested by applications, operating system (OS) functions, and/or other software/functions executed on a device in communication with the network. In some embodiments, it is desirable to apply a service usage control policy for the network service usage activities to protect network capacity (e.g., reduce network capacity demand). For example, some applications and/or OS functions have limited capabilities to defer certain traffic types based on fixed settings in the application, and such applications and/or OS functions typically cannot optimize network service usage activities based on a current network busy state (e.g., based on changing levels of network capacity and/or network performance available to the device). In some embodiments, the network busy state (e.g., or conversely the network availability state) is a characterization of the congestion (e.g., or conversely available capacity) of the network for one or more device connections. For example, the network busy state can provide a measure of how busy or congested the network or a network segment (e.g., network edge element) is for one or more device connections. As another example, network availability state can provide a measure of what network connection resources are available to one or more device connections. Thus, network busy state and network availability state can be viewed as converse ways of providing similar information, and as described herein with respect to various embodiments, these terms can be used interchangeably. 
     In some embodiments, techniques are provided for assigning a priority to a network service usage activity and controlling traffic associated with the network services usage activity based on the assigned priority. In some embodiments, techniques are provided for a implementing a differentiated and dynamic background services classification, for example, as a function of network availability state and/or network busy state. 
     In some embodiments, a service usage control policy is used for assisting in network access control of network service usage activities (e.g., deferring some or all of the network capacity demand from these source activities). In some embodiments, some or all of the network capacity demand is satisfied at a point where the network resources or capacity are more available or less busy. In some embodiments, techniques are provided for classifying network service activities associated with one or more applications or OS functions to a background service class and differentially controlling the background service class traffic. In some embodiments, techniques are provided for classifying one or more network service activities associated with an application or OS function to a background service class, while other network service activities associated with that application or OS function are classified to other service classes (e.g., or to different background service class priority levels). 
     In some embodiments, techniques are provided for determining a network busy state (e.g., for a network edge element connection to a device, such as for a RAN for the device&#39;s current wireless network access and/or to the current base station/base station controller in wireless communication with the device). In some embodiments, techniques are provided for implementing a service usage control policy to differentially control network services traffic based on a network busy state for an activity, a group of activities, or for a service class. 
     In some embodiments, DAS for protecting network capacity includes monitoring a network service usage activity of the communications device in network communication; classifying the network service usage activity for differential network access control for protecting network capacity; and associating the network service usage activity with a network service usage control policy based on a classification of the network service usage activity to facilitate differential network access control for protecting network capacity. 
     In some embodiments, a network service usage activity is any activity by the device that includes wireless network communication. In some embodiments, an application, an operating system (OS), and/or other device function generates a network service usage activity. In some embodiments, an application, an operating system (OS), and/or other device function generates one or more network service usage activities. Examples of a network service usage activity include the following: a voice connection (e.g., coded voice connection or voice over IP (VOIP) connection), a device application or widget connection, a device OS function connection, an email text connection, an email download connection, a file download connection, a streaming media connection, a location service connection, a map services connection, a software update (e.g., application, operating system, and/or antimalware software update) or firmware update connection, a device backup connection, an RSS feed connection, a website connection, a connection to a server, a web browser connection, an Internet connection for a device based service activity, establishing a sync service account, a user data synchronization service, a device data synchronization service, a network connection flow or stream, a socket connection, a TCP connection, a destination/port assigned connection, an IP connection, a UDP connection, an HTTP or HTTPS connection, a TLS connection, an SSL connection, a VPN connection, a general network services connection (e.g., establishing a PPP session, authenticating to the network, obtaining an IP address, DNS service), and various other types of connections via wireless network communication as will be apparent to one of ordinary skill in the art. 
     In some embodiments, a network service usage activity is classified, associated with, and/or assigned to a background class (e.g., a background service or QoS class) to facilitate differential network service usage control to protect network capacity. In some embodiments, differential network service usage control includes one or more of the following: monitoring network service usage activity; accounting for network service usage activity; reporting network service usage activity; generating a user notification for a network service usage activity; requesting a user preference for control of network service usage activity; accepting a user preference for network service usage activity; implementation of a network service usage activity policy (e.g., block/allow; traffic control techniques, such as throttle, delay, priority queue, time window, suspend, quarantine, kill, remove, and other well known traffic control techniques); implementing UI intercept procedures; generating a network busy state notification; generating a background class notification; generating a user notification for differential network service usage control of a network service usage activity; and various other techniques as described herein. 
     In some embodiments, a network availability state includes a state or measure of availability/capacity of a segment of a network (e.g., a last edge element of a wireless network). In some embodiments, a network busy state includes a state or measure of the network usage level or network congestion of a segment of a network (e.g., a last edge element of a wireless network). In some embodiments, network availability state and network busy state are inverse measures. As used herein with respect to certain embodiments, network availability state and network busy state can be used interchangeably based on, for example, a design choice (e.g., designing to assign background policies based on a network busy state or a network availability state yields similar results, but they are different ways to characterize the network performance and/or capacity and/or congestion). In some embodiments, network availability state and network busy state are dynamic measures as such states change based on network usage activities (e.g., based on a time of day, availability/capacity level, congestion level, and/or performance level). In some embodiments, differential network service usage control of a network service usage activity is based on a network busy state or network availability state. 
     In some embodiments, certain network service usage activities are classified as background services. In some embodiments, lower priority and/or less critical (and/or based on various other criteria/measures) network service usage activities are classified as background services based on a network busy state and differentially controlled based on a network busy state to protect network capacity. In some embodiments, differential network service usage control policies are based on a time of day, a network busy state, background services and/or QoS class changes based on a time of day and/or a network busy state, a random back-off for access for certain network service usage activities, a deterministic schedule for certain network service usage activities, a time windowing in which network service usage control policies for one or more service activities or background/QoS classes changes based on time of day, network busy state, a service plan, and various other criteria, measures, and/or techniques as described herein. 
     In some embodiments, a network capacity controlled service or network capacity controlled services class includes one or more network services (e.g., background download services and/or various other types or categories of services as described herein) selected for differential network service usage control for protecting network capacity. In some embodiments, a network capacity controlled services classification includes one or more network services associated with a network capacity controlled service/class priority setting for differential network service usage control for protecting network capacity. In some embodiments, a network capacity controlled service or network capacity controlled services class includes one or more network services associated with a QoS class for differential network service usage control for protecting network capacity. In some embodiments, a network capacity controlled service or network capacity controlled services class includes one or more network services associated with a dynamic QoS class for differential network service usage control for protecting network capacity. 
     For example, differentially controlling network service usage activities based on network capacity controlled services or dynamic QoS or QoS classifications can protect network capacity by, for example, improving network performance, increasing network availability, reducing network resources demand, and/or reducing network capacity demand (e.g., based on an individual device, aggregate devices connected to an edge element, and/or aggregate devices connected to many edge elements). In some embodiments, differentially controlling network service usage activities based on network capacity controlled services or dynamic QoS or QoS classifications can protect network capacity while maintaining proper device operation. In some embodiments, differentially controlling network service usage activities based on network capacity controlled services or dynamic QoS or QoS classifications can protect network capacity while maintaining an acceptable user experience (e.g., proper and/or expected device operation, proper and/or software/application/OS/function operation, avoiding (whenever possible) significant adverse impact on device functions, and/or user notifications to keep the user informed of various differential control implemented on the device). 
     In some embodiments, dynamic QoS classifications include QoS classifications that can be dynamically modified (e.g., reclassified, reprioritized, upgraded, and/or downgraded) based on various criteria, measures, settings, and/or user input as described herein (e.g., based on a time of day and/or day of week, based on a network busy state, based on a user preference, and/or based on a service plan). In some embodiments, the various techniques described herein related to DAS for providing network capacity and/or QoS for DAS are applied to dynamic QoS related techniques. 
     As wireless networks, such as mobile networks, evolve towards higher bandwidth services, which can include or require, for example, various levels of Quality of Service (QoS) (e.g., conversational, interactive data, streaming data, and/or various (end-to-end) real-time services that may benefit from QoS), demands will increase for converged network services to facilitate such services for end-to-end services between networks (e.g., to allow for control and/or support for such services, for example, QoS support, across network boundaries, such as between wireless networks (such as various service provider networks) and IP networks (such as the Internet), and/or other networks). While various efforts have attempted to address such QoS needs, such as policy management frameworks for facilitating QoS end-to end solutions, there exists a need to facilitate various QoS requirements using Device Assisted Services (DAS). 
     Accordingly, Quality of Service (QoS) for Device Assisted Services (DAS) is provided. In some embodiments, QoS for DAS is provided. 
     To establish a QoS channel, differentiated services are typically available, in which one class/level of service has a higher priority than another to provide for differentiated services on a network, such as a wireless network. For example, in a wireless network, various network elements/functions can be provisioned and controlled to establish a single end or end to end QoS channel. In some embodiments, a centralized QoS policy coordination and decision function using DAS techniques to assist in coordinating the QoS channel setup and control among the various elements of a wireless network is provided. 
     In some embodiments, QoS channel refers to the logical communication channel connected to a device that provides a desired level of QoS service level. For example, the QoS channel can be created with one or more QoS links, in which each link represents a QoS enabled connection that spans a portion of the total end to end network communication path from a near end device to a far end device. For example, the far end device can be on the same network or on a different network, potentially with different access technology and/or a different access network carrier. In some embodiments, the QoS channel includes one or more QoS links in which each link in the channel is QoS enabled, or one or more of the links in the channel is QoS enabled and others are not. As an example, a QoS channel can include the following links: a first device traffic path link, a first device to access network equipment element link (e.g., 2G/3G/4G wireless base station, WiFi access point, cable network head end, DSLAM, fiber aggregation node, satellite aggregation node, or other network access point/node), a first carrier core network, a long haul IPX network, a second carrier core network, a second device to access network equipment element link, and a second device traffic path link as similarly described herein with respect to various embodiments. 
     In some embodiments, each of the links described above have the ability to provide QoS services for that segment of an overall QoS channel. In some embodiments, the device traffic path link and/or the device to access network equipment element link are QoS enabled, but the carrier core network and/or IPX network links are not QoS enabled. In some embodiments, the core network and/or IPX network have sufficient over-provisioning of bandwidth that QoS is not limited by these network elements and, for example, can be limited by the device traffic link and/or the device to access network equipment element link do not have sufficient excess bandwidth making it desirable to QoS enable these QoS channel links. A common example is a 2G/3G/4G wireless network in which a device traffic path link and the device to access network element link (e.g., Radio Access Bearer (RAB)) are QoS enabled while the carrier core network and IPX network links are not (e.g., are provided at a best effort service level or other service levels). 
     In some embodiments, a QoS session refers to the QoS enabled traffic for a given device that flows over a QoS channel or QoS link. This QoS traffic supports a QoS service activity. In some embodiments, a QoS service activity includes a device service usage that is requested, configured, or preferably serviced with a given level of QoS. In some embodiments, a device QoS activity is a combination of one or more of the following: application, destination, source, socket (e.g., IP address, protocol, and/or port), socket address (e.g., port number), URL or other similar service identifier, service provider, network type, traffic type, content type, network protocol, session type, QoS identifier, time of day, network capacity (e.g., network busy state), user service plan authorization or standing, roaming/home network status, and/or other criteria/measures as similarly described herein. For example, QoS service activities that are supported by QoS sessions can include VOIP traffic, streaming video traffic, differentiated access bandwidth during busy network periods, real-time interactive traffic, such as network connected multimedia meetings (e.g., shared presentations, picture, video, voice, and/or other such applications/services), best effort interactive, such as Internet browsing, time sensitive services, such as email message body delivery, near real-time interactive services, such as SMS or push to talk, background download services, such as email downloads and other file transfers (e.g., FTP), and/or truly background download services, such as software updates (e.g., OS or application software updates and/or antimalware updates including content/signature updates). 
     In some embodiments, various QoS levels or classes are supported. For example a conversation class can provide for real-time traffic, which is typically very delay sensitive but can tolerate bit errors and packet losses. The conversational class is typically used for Voice Over IP (VOIP) and video telephony, in which users of such services benefit from the short delay features of the conversational class. A streaming class is similar to the conversational class except that the streaming class typically can tolerate more delay than the conversational class. The streaming class is generally used for when one end of the connection is a user (e.g., human user) and the other end is a machine/computer (e.g., for streaming content applications, such as streaming of video, such as movies or other video content). An interactive class is generally intended for traffic that allows delay variation while requiring reasonably low response time (e.g., web browsing or other applications in which the channel can be unused for long periods of time but when a user makes a request for a new page/data, the response time should be reasonably low). A background class is generally used for lowest priority service usages (e.g., typically used for e-mail with and without downloads/attachments, application software updates, OS software updates, and/or other similar applications/functions). In some embodiments, various QoS classes or services are applicable to the conversational class. In some embodiments, various QoS classes or services are also applicable to the streaming class. In some embodiments, various QoS classes or services are also applicable to the interactive class but typically not applicable to the background class. As will now be apparent to one of ordinary skill in the art, various other classes can be provided with lower or higher granularity based on service usage/channel requirements and/or network architectures. 
     In some embodiments, a QoS link or a QoS channel supports one QoS session. In some embodiments, a QoS link or a QoS channel supports multiple QoS sessions. In some embodiments, QoS link provisioning is provided to setup the QoS traffic level for a given QoS session or group of QoS sessions. 
     In some embodiments, a QoS channel is a single ended QoS channel or an end to end QoS channel. For example, if a QoS channel is end to end, then the QoS channel provisioning is accomplished in a coordinated manner for each QoS enabled link in the QoS channel. If a QoS channel is single ended, then the network elements and/or device participate in provisioning as much of one end of the QoS channel as possible, leaving provisioning of the QoS for the other end of the channel as the responsibility of the device and/or network elements that handle the traffic at the other end of the QoS channel. In some embodiments, a single ended QoS channel includes another single ended QoS channel at the other end. In some embodiments, only one end has single ended QoS channel enablement while the other end of the channel is a best effort service level, which, for example, can be used where one end of the QoS channel has tighter constraints on traffic capacity or quality than the other end (e.g., a VOIP call with one end that is QoS enabled on a 3G wireless network that has relatively tight bandwidth compared to a lightly loaded cable modem network device on the other end which may not need to be QoS enabled in order to achieve adequate voice quality). 
     In some embodiments, a QoS request (e.g., a QoS channel request or QoS service request) is a request for a QoS provisioning event to enable a QoS channel for one or more QoS service activities. In some embodiments, QoS availability assessment includes determining whether one or more of the links in a possible QoS channel are available (e.g., based on network capacity and transmission quality) to provision the necessary level of QoS for a requested QoS channel. In some embodiments, a QoS request is initiated by a device, a user, an application, and/or a network element/function as similarly described herein. 
     In some embodiments, a service plan refers to the collection of access service capabilities, QoS capabilities, and/or network capacity controlled services that are associated with a communications device. In some embodiments, the access service capabilities, QoS capabilities, and/or network capacity controlled services are determined by the collection of access service control policies for the device. In some embodiments, these service control policies are implemented in the network equipment. In some embodiments, these access service control policies are implemented both in the device and in the network equipment. In some embodiments, these access service control policies are implemented in the device. In some embodiments, there are different levels of service control capabilities (e.g., policies) based on different levels of service plan payments or device standing or user standing. In some embodiments, there are different levels of service control policies based on network type, time of day, network busy status, and/or other criteria/measures as similarly described herein with respect to various embodiments. In some embodiments, the access control and QoS control policies are based on the type of service activity being sought. In some embodiments, the QoS level and access level available for a given service activity for a given device or user is determined by the policies associated with the service plan. In some embodiments, a QoS authorization assessment is performed to determine whether a device or user has sufficient service plan standing to allow the requested level of QoS. 
     In some embodiments, before a QoS channel or link is provisioned (or before a QoS request is responded to or filled), a QoS availability assessment is performed to determine whether sufficient communication channel resources are available to provision the necessary level of QoS for the QoS channel or link. In some embodiments, this QoS availability assessment is determined by assessing the available QoS capacity for one or more necessary QoS links in the channel. For example, the available QoS link capacity can be assessed for one or more of a device traffic path, a device to access network equipment element link, a core network link, and/or an IPX network link. If the QoS assessment shows that the necessary channel capacity and quality is available for the desired QoS level for one or more desired QoS service activities, then a QoS channel request or QoS service request can be granted. In some embodiments, a QoS link or QoS channel reservation process is provided to reserve QoS capacity and quality in advance of link or channel provisioning to ensure that the available QoS resources are not assigned between the time of QoS availability assessment and QoS channel provisioning. 
     In some embodiments, the QoS availability assessment is performed after QoS authorization assessment. This prevents the unnecessary exercising of network elements when the device or user does not have sufficient service plan standing to receive the desired level of QoS even if it is available. This can be an important screening function performed on the device in the service processor, or by a centralized network function such as the service controller (e.g., or interchangeably, the home agent; Home Location Register (HLR); Authentication, Authorization, and Accounting (AAA) server/gateway/function; base station; one of the gateways, policy and charging rules function (PCRF), or other network element/function). In some embodiments, QoS availability is assessed without conducting a QoS authorization assessment or before receiving the response to a QoS authorization assessment. 
     In some embodiments, a QoS channel is provisioned to create the QoS channel to support a QoS session (e.g., a QoS service activity). In some embodiments, QoS channel provision includes assigning, routing, and/or otherwise causing the QoS session traffic to flow over one or more QoS links in the assigned QoS channel. 
     In some embodiments, device assisted service traffic control and QoS apply readily and directly to the problems of managing a QoS device link for QoS channel provisioning. Accordingly, in some embodiments, a service provider is provided to assist in provisioning the device portion of the QoS channel. In some embodiments, the service processor provisions the device link portion of the QoS channel by placing a higher priority on higher QoS level traffic. In some embodiments, this QoS priority is implemented in a number of ways, including routing the higher priority QoS traffic into first priority in the downstream and/or upstream traffic queues. Upstream traffic queuing is performed directly in some embodiments by transmitting guaranteed bit rate traffic first at higher available throttling rates, differentiated QoS traffic second with a controlled throttling rate, best effort traffic third with possibly lower controlled throttled rates, and/or background traffic fourth when/if bandwidth not needed by the higher levels of QoS traffic and at lower controlled throttling rates. For example, downstream traffic can be handled by queuing traffic and delaying or preventing TCP acknowledgements to be returned for the lower levels of QoS priority, while immediately passing the traffic and TCP acknowledgements for higher levels of QoS priority. The device link portion of the QoS channel is thus provisioned by assigning policies for the queuing priority, delay, throttle rate, and TCP acknowledgement return rate for device traffic in accordance with the bandwidth that is available at any point in time for the device. In some embodiments, various device service processor traffic control capabilities regulate or partially regulate QoS in accordance with a set of network policy instructions, including, in some embodiments, a service plan policy set. 
     In some embodiments the device service processor establishes multiple QoS channels through the device traffic path with each QoS channel having traffic control policies as described herein, with each QoS channel policy set creating a different class of QoS. In some embodiments, employing this multiple QoS channel approach, QoS for a given service activity is provided by routing the traffic for that QoS activity to the appropriate QoS channel with the appropriate QoS policy settings. The routing to the appropriate QoS channel can be provided using various techniques. For example, the routing can be provided by applying a common service traffic control policy set to traffic associated with all QoS service activities that require or request the QoS provided by the common service traffic control policy set. The application of the service traffic control policy set can be accomplished in a number of ways utilizing the embodiments described for the policy implementation agent and the policy control agent described herein. In such embodiments, the problem of assigning a QoS channel to a number of QoS service activities is reduced to applying a pre-determined set of service traffic control policies to each of the QoS service activities, with each pre-determined set of service traffic control policies representing a different QoS class. The device can then manage the overall QoS for all traffic based on the available traffic capacity and quality, the total aggregate traffic demand for each QoS traffic class and the policy rules that determine how each traffic class is provided with differential bit rate and traffic quality as compared to the other traffic classes for a given level of available traffic capacity and quality. 
     Based on the aggregate demand for each traffic QoS class, and the traffic capacity and quality level available to the device, the service processor can adjust the total available bit rate or percentage of available traffic capacity for each QoS class. For example, in some embodiments, the aggregate demand for the real-time interactive traffic control class (e.g. services, such as VOIP, emergency communication services or high performance real-time competitive gaming) can be determined, and the QoS routing function on the device (e.g., a QoS router agent/function) can first allocate enough constant bit rate traffic capacity from the available traffic capacity to satisfy these services, with each QoS service activity that requires this QoS class being assigned to this QoS channel. As more QoS service activities require this traffic class, the capacity allocated to the QoS channel out of the available device capacity is increased, and when fewer QoS service activities require this traffic class the capacity for this QoS channel is released. In the event that the device does not have any more available capacity with a guaranteed bit rate QoS level, then additional QoS service activities that desire, require or request this QoS level will not be provided this QoS level, and instead will either be provided with a lower QoS level or will not be allowed to connect to the access network. In some embodiments, there can be a hierarchy among the possible QoS service activities so that if there is no more capacity available at a given service QoS level, then the available capacity for that QoS class is provided to the service activities requiring that QoS from highest priority to lowest, until the available QoS class capacity is consumed, and then one or more QoS service activities that are too low on the priority list to obtain service with that QoS class are either bumped to a lower QoS class or are denied access. In some embodiments, once the required capacity to satisfy the real-time constant rate traffic needs is satisfied, the remaining capacity available to the device is then divided among the other QoS channel classes in accordance with a priority policy, with the priority policy being based on the relative priority of each service class, the relative priority of each QoS service activity, or a combination of the relative priority of each QoS service class and each QoS service activity. For example, these relative priority policies can vary from device to device based on service plan selection, device type, user standing, user group, device location, device network connection, type of network, time of day, network busy state, and/or other criteria/measures. 
     In some embodiments, a QoS link is established between the device and an access network equipment element. For example, such equipment element embodiments can include a 2G/3G/4G wireless base station, a wireless access point, a cable network head end, a DSL network DSLAM, a fiber network device traffic aggregator, a satellite network device traffic aggregator, a frame relay aggregation node, an ATM aggregation node, and/or other network equipment. In some embodiments, a logical communication channel is created between the device and the network equipment element, with the logical communication channel supporting a given level of QoS or QoS class traffic policy set. For example, the logical channel can include a RAB formed between a 2G/3G/4G base station and a wireless end point device. The RAB can be formed by controlling the media access control (MAC) parameters of the base station radio channel so that a given level of QoS class policies can be implemented. For example, the RAB can support constant bit rate, low latency communication traffic for guaranteed bit rate real-time traffic, or a differentiated high priority access channel for streaming traffic, or a best effort random access channel for best effort traffic, or an available unused capacity traffic for background traffic. The QoS channel link created in this manner can be dedicated to a single device, or shared with a subset of devices, or available to all devices. The QoS channel link created in this manner can be used by the device to support a single QoS activity as described herein, or a group of QoS activities as described herein. It will now be apparent to one of ordinary skill in the art that similar settings for cable head end and cable modem MAC can yield similar QoS classes for QoS links for the cable modem case and that similar techniques can be applied for a wireless access point or a satellite system MAC to achieve similar QoS classes for QoS links. It will also now be apparent to one of ordinary skill in the art that by creating multiple logical channels in the device link, and/or adjusting the available access network capacity and quality for each logical device communication channel in the DSLAM or fiber aggregator, similar QoS class QoS links can be established for the DSL and fiber distribution network cases. 
     In some embodiments the device service processor serves to route QoS service activities to the appropriate logical communication channel established for the desired QoS class supported by a QoS link between the device and the access network equipment element. In some embodiments, the device service processor elements (e.g., the policy implementation agent and/or the policy control agent) can be used in some embodiments to assign the same QoS traffic control policies to one or more QoS service activities that require the same QoS level. In a similar manner, in some embodiments, the device service processor elements can be used to assign or route service activity traffic for a given QoS class to the correct logical communication channel between the device and the access network element (e.g., a 2G/3G/4G base station) that supports the traffic control policies for the desired QoS class. For example, a QoS service link that supports guaranteed bit rate and latency can be established with one or more RABs from a base station to the device, and a second QoS service link can be established that supports differentiated preferred access for streaming content using one or more differentiated access RABs, and a third best effort RAB can be used to support best effort traffic. Each of the required RABs is first requested and then provisioned as described herein based on the aggregate required capacity and quality for one or more QoS service activities that require or desire the specific QoS service class associated with the RAB logical channel policy parameters. Once the set of logical QoS channels is thus established, the service processor (e.g., QoS router agent/function) routes the traffic associated with each QoS service activity to the appropriate RAB. In some embodiments, the service processor can detect increases or decreases in aggregate QoS class demand for each QoS class as QoS activities are initiated or terminated for that QoS class, and the service processor can communicate the required increases or decreases in the RAB assignments required to support that logical QoS channel. 
     In some embodiments, the access QoS link is established by direct communication from the device in which the device requests the QoS channel or link from the access network equipment element, or the device requests the QoS channel or link from an intermediate networking device, such as a service controller (e.g., or a readily substituted device with similar features, such as a home agent, an HLR, a mobile switching center, a base station, an access gateway, a AAA system, PCRF, or a billing system). In some embodiments, the device service processor bases the QoS channel or link request on an association the device performs to match a QoS service activity with a desired or required QoS class or QoS traffic control policy set. For example, this association of QoS class or QoS traffic control policy set with QoS service activity can be determined by a predefined policy mapping that is stored on the device and used by the service processor. In some embodiments, this policy mapping store is populated and/or updated by a service controller (e.g., or similar function as described herein). In some embodiments, the mapping is determined by a service controller (e.g., or similar function as described herein) based on a report from the device of the QoS service activity that needs the QoS channel or link. 
     In some embodiments, the required or desired QoS level for one or more QoS service activities is determined by a set of QoS service traffic control policies that are pre-assigned to various QoS service activities. For example, a given application can be pre-assigned a QoS class. As another example, a web service destination such as a VOIP service site can be assigned a QoS class. As another example, a given application can have one QoS assignment level for general Internet traffic but have a QoS assignment for real-time gaming traffic. As another example, a real-time broadcasting website can have a best effort QoS level assigned to programming information and general browsing and have a differentiated streaming QoS level for broadcast traffic content. In some embodiments, detection of QoS need or QoS assignment request for a given activity can be assigned by a device service processor according to a pre-defined QoS policy rules table (e.g., QoS activity table), or can be determined by a service controller based on information reported by the device, or can be requested by an application through a QoS application interface (e.g., QoS API), or can be determined by the nature of incoming traffic. 
     In embodiments, in which both end points in the QoS channel participate in establishing an end to end QoS channel, the required QoS level is determined and/or communicated by the originating end point. In some embodiments, the required QoS level is determined and/or communicated by the receiving end point. In some embodiments the QoS level is determined and/or communicated by the originating end point service controller (e.g., or the access network element (such as a base station), the HLR, home agent, mobile switching center, AAA, gateway, or other network element/function). In some embodiments, the QoS level is determined and/or communicated by the receiving end point service controller (e.g., or alternatively the access network element (such as a base station), the HLR, home agent, mobile switching center, AAA, gateway, or other network element/function). In some embodiments, the receiving end point service controller (e.g., or the access network element (such as a base station), the HLR, home agent, mobile switching center, AAA, gateway or other network function) and the originating end point service controller (e.g., or other similar function) communicate with one another to coordinate establishment of the QoS channel between the end points. 
     In some embodiments, the near end or originating end device service processor contacts the far end or terminating device service processor to initiate a QoS channel. In some embodiments, the initiation of the QoS channel from the near end or originating device is performed automatically by the far end device when its service processor detects that a given level of QoS is needed for the communication between the two devices. In some embodiments, the near end or originating device service processor detects the need for a QoS channel to the far end or terminating device and contacts a central network resources, such as the service controller (e.g., or other equipment element with similar function for this purpose), and the service controller provisions the far end of the QoS channel, either by communicating directly with the far end device or by communicating with the far end device&#39;s service controller (e.g., or other equipment element with similar function for this purpose). In some embodiments, in which the far end device service controller is contacted to assist in provisioning the QoS channel, there is a look up function to determine the address of the far end service controller based on a look up index formed from some aspect of the far end device credentials (e.g., phone number, SIM ID, MEID, IMSI, IP address, user name, and/or other device credentials). 
     In some embodiments, the mapping of QoS service activity to the desired level of QoS class or QoS traffic control policies is determined by providing a QoS API in the device service processor that applications use to request a QoS class or QoS channel connection. In some embodiments, an API is provided so that application developers can create application software that uses the standard interface commands to request and set up QoS channels. In some embodiments, the API does one or more of the following: accepts QoS requests from an application, formats the QoS channel request into a protocol appropriate for transmission to network equipment responsible for assessing QoS channel availability (e.g., including possibly the device traffic control system), coordinates with other network elements (e.g., including possibly the device traffic control system) to reserve a QoS channel, coordinates with other network elements (e.g., including possibly the device traffic control system) to provision a QoS channel, informs the application that the desired QoS channel can be created or not, and/or coordinates with other network elements (e.g., including possibly the device traffic control system) to connect the application with the desired QoS channel class. In some embodiments, the QoS API accepts the application QoS request and communicates and possibly coordinates with one or more QoS network equipment elements, such as a base station, cable head end or access point. In some embodiments, the QoS API accepts the QoS request from the application and communicate and possibly coordinates with an intermediate network element, such as a service processor (e.g., or other similar function as described herein). In some embodiments the QoS API assesses the QoS service plan standing for the device or user before sending QoS channel requests to other network elements, and only initiates the QoS request sequence if required service plan authorization is in place. In this manner, the potentially complex process of establishing a QoS channel with all the specific equipment communication protocols that typically need to be supported to assess QoS channel availability and provision the QoS channel are simplified into a limited set of API commands that are easy for an application development community to learn about and use for QoS differentiated services and applications. 
     In some embodiments, local traffic control on the device service processor is combined with traffic control in the link between the device and the access network equipment element. In this manner, both the device traffic control path QoS link and the device to access network element QoS link can be coordinated for best device QoS performance results given the available capacity and quality of the access network traffic for the device. In some embodiments, the policies for how the device manages local traffic control, establishes access network element logical channels (e.g., RABs) and routes traffic to and from the access network element logical channels is all determined by predefined policy rules loaded onto the device by the service controller (or other equivalent network element). In some embodiments, these policies are determined in the service controller itself. 
     In some embodiments, a QoS user interface (e.g., QoS UI) is presented to the device user. In some embodiments, the QoS UI notifies the user what level of QoS services the device is authorized to receive based on the service plan selection. In some embodiments, the QoS UI notifies the user what level of QoS services are available on the present network the device is connected to at the present time. In some embodiments, the QoS UI notifies the user when a level of QoS service that is higher than that authorized by the user service plan is required or desirable for a given service activity that the device has initiated. In some embodiments, the QoS UI provides the user with a set of one or more upgrade options to upgrade the service plan to include a higher level of QoS for one or more service activities. In some embodiments, the QoS UI provides the user with an opportunity to specify what level of QoS the user would like to employ for one or more service usage activities. In some embodiments, the QoS UI allows the user to specify a service plan setting that provides differentiated QoS during times when the network is busy. In some embodiments, the QoS UI allows the user to purchase one or more grades of service QoS with either a post-pay for a pre-defined service period and one or more pre-defined service usage limits by QoS class, a pre-pay for one or more pre-defined service usage limits by QoS class, or another payment system for differentiated QoS services. In some embodiments, the QoS UI provides the user with an opportunity to QoS enable or pay for QoS services for a connection that is initiated by an incoming connection to the device. 
     In some embodiments, QoS for DAS techniques include verifying that the device is properly implementing the QoS traffic control policies, for example, in accordance with a service plan. This ensures that errors, hacking, user device software settings manipulations, or other malware events do not result in inappropriate levels of QoS for a given device or group of devices. Accordingly, in some embodiments, the traffic control and QoS verification techniques described herein are employed to verify that the proper level of QoS is applied for a given service usage activity in accordance with a QoS priority policy. For example, verification of QoS channel request policy rules behavior can be implemented in a variety of ways including, as an example, monitoring device QoS channel requests and comparing the level of QoS requested with the level of QoS the device is authorized to receive in the service plan in effect for the device. Verification of proper QoS channel usage behavior by a device can be implemented in a variety of ways including, for example, monitoring network based reports of QoS service usage and comparing the network based reports against the service policy rules that should be in effect given the device service plan. Verification of proper device traffic control to implement a QoS service policy that is in effect can be accomplished in a variety of ways by verifying that the appropriate traffic control policy rules are being properly implemented as described herein. In some embodiments, DAS for protecting network capacity techniques include various verification techniques (e.g., verifying monitoring, traffic controlling, reporting, and/or other functions implemented or performed by the device), as described herein. 
     In some embodiments, the QoS router prioritizes traffic on the device. In some embodiments, the QoS router connects the QoS enabled session to the RAB that has the proper QoS level. In some embodiments, one session is routed to the RAB. In some embodiments, more than one session can be routed to an RAB. In some embodiments, multiple RABs providing multiple QoS levels are created to the device, and the QoS router routes each service activity to the RAB dictated by the QoS policy rules in effect on the device. 
     In some embodiments, the network collects service usage charges for different QoS classes. In some embodiments, there is differentiated service charging for the different classes of QoS service usage. As an example, since guaranteed bit rate traffic consumes network resources whether the traffic capacity is used or not, there can be a time element involved in the charging calculations. As a more detailed example, guaranteed bit rate services can be charged by the total bandwidth provisioned to the device at a given time multiplied by the amount of time that that bandwidth is made available. In some embodiments, differentiated access traffic that has higher QoS than best effort traffic but is not guaranteed bit rate can be charged at a higher rate than best effort traffic but lower than guaranteed bit rate. In some embodiments, such traffic can be charged based on the time the QoS channel is made available and the total amount of data transmitted over the channel, or can only be based on the total amount of data transmitted over the channel. Best effort traffic is charged in some embodiments based only on the total amount of data used, with the data charges being less than differentiated streaming access services. Background data services in some embodiments are charged at the lowest rate, possibly with only certain times of the day or periods of low network traffic demand being available for such services, and with the service being based on total data transmitted. In some embodiments, all QoS service levels can be charged based on a fixed price for a fixed charging period, possibly with a service usage cap with additional charges if the service cap is exceeded. In such fixed price scenario embodiments, the price charged is again higher for higher levels of QoS. In some embodiments, the network collects service usage charges for different network capacity controlled service classes. In some embodiments, there is differentiated service charging for the different classes of network capacity controlled service usage, as described herein. 
     In some embodiments, the network equipment (e.g., access network element, gateways, AAA, service usage storage systems, home agent, HLR, mobile data center, and/or billing systems) record and report service usage for one or more of the QoS service classes used by the device. In some embodiments, the device service processor records and reports service usage for one or more of the QoS service classes used by the device and reports the QoS service class usage to the service controller (e.g., or another substitute network element). In some embodiments, in which the device is recording reporting usage for one or more QoS service classes, it is important to verify the device service usage reports to ensure that the device usage reports are not distorted, tampered with, and/or otherwise in error. In some embodiments, verifying service usage reports against service usage that should be occurring given the service control policies in place on the device, service processor agent functional operation verification, test service usage events, agent query response sequences, device service processor software protection techniques, device service processor software environment checks, and several other techniques are provides as described herein. For example, using one or more of these verification techniques can provide a verifiable device assisted QoS service usage charging system. As another example, using one or more of these verification techniques can provide a verifiable network capacity controlled service usage charging system. In some embodiments, the network equipment (e.g., access network element, gateways, AAA, service usage storage systems, home agent, HLR, mobile data center, and/or billing systems) record and report service usage for one or more of the network capacity controlled service classes used by the device, as described herein. 
     In some embodiments, device assisted traffic control is provided for managing network congestion as follows. For example, when a given base station or group of base stations experience traffic demand that is high relative to the available capacity and/or service quality that can be provided, and such a condition is determined (e.g., detected or reported) based on a network busy state assessment as described below and further herein, then a service controller (e.g., or another network function) can issue, send, and/or implement traffic control throttling policies to/for the devices in accordance with a measure of the excess traffic demand the one or more base stations is experiencing. For example, the device service processors connected to an overly busy base station can be instructed to reduce the traffic control priority for one or more classes of QoS traffic, reducing the queuing priority, throttling rate, delay and/or access allowance for some or all of one or more classes of traffic. As another example, the device service processors connected to an overly busy base station can be instructed to reduce the traffic control priority for one or more classes of network capacity controlled services traffic, reducing the queuing priority, throttling rate, delay and/or access allowance for some or all of one or more classes of such traffic. As another example, one or more classes of network capacity controlled services traffic, such as background download processes, which can include, for example, software updates can be turned off completely or throttled back significantly. As another example, best effort traffic such as Internet browsing can be throttled or reduced for a group of devices connected to base stations experiencing excess traffic demand. As another example, a policy can be implemented on the devices connected to busy base stations in which the device is allowed to browse or conduct other best effort service activities at a relatively high throttling rate for a period of time, but if the device uses more than a certain amount of service (e.g., total data downloaded and/or uploaded) in a certain period of time then the device may be traffic controlled according to an adaptive throttling policy as described herein. In some embodiments, higher QoS level traffic cannot be throttled in such circumstances, such as VOIP traffic where real-time guaranteed bit rate is important to meet user service needs or expectations, while lower priority traffic such as interactive browsing and/or background download are throttled and/or blocked. In some embodiments, the QoS availability assessment processes described herein are adjusted so that higher QoS channels are not provided and provisioned in times or locations in which a given base station or group of base stations experience excess demand or demand above a given threshold. 
     In some embodiments, users or devices that have service plans with higher QoS levels, or service plans with higher priority during busy network periods have different traffic control policies (e.g., for QoS services and/or network capacity controlled services) applied to them that result in a higher level of traffic performance and/or a higher level of QoS service availability. For example, emergency service workers can be given higher traffic control access policies that result in differentiated services during peak busy times on the network or a portion of the network. In some embodiments, users can obtain a premium service plan for differentiated access during peak busy time periods or may use higher levels of QoS service settings and/or service plans to achieve differentiated service during peak busy periods. As another example, services that demand high levels of QoS classes, such as real-time voice services, instant messaging, push to talk, differentiated video streaming, and/or interactive gaming, are not traffic controlled to the same extent that other lower priority services or lower class service plans are traffic controlled during peak busy times. For example, this type of service differentiation can also be applied based on device type, user group, user standing, user reward zone points, and/or other criteria/measures as similarly described herein. 
     In some embodiments, the decision to control (e.g., reduce, increase, and/or otherwise control in some manner) the access traffic control settings as described above is made by the device service processor based on the device&#39;s assessment of the network capacity, which can be determined using various techniques as described herein. In some embodiments, the decision to control the access traffic control settings as described above is made by a service controller (e.g., or other interchangeable network equipment element or elements as described herein) connected to the device that provides instructions to the device to adjust the access policy settings. For example, the service controller can obtain the network capacity information from access equipment elements, from device reports of traffic capacity and/or quality as described herein, or from reports on traffic capacity and/or quality obtained from dedicated devices used for the purpose of assessing network capacity. In some embodiments, the decision to control the access traffic control settings as described above is based on the time of day, the day of week, or both to accommodate cyclical patterns in network capacity and traffic demand. 
     In some embodiments, a service controller (e.g., or another network equipment element or elements, as described herein) assesses network busy state and then controls device traffic demand by reducing the offered capacity for one or more service classes (e.g., for QoS services and/or network capacity controlled services) supported by the access network equipment elements, such as a wireless base station. In such embodiments, the service controller (e.g., or similar function) gathers the network capacity information with one of the techniques described herein and instructs one or more of the access network equipment elements to reduce the offered capacity for one or more levels of QoS classes and/or network capacity controlled service classes, to one or more of the devices connected to the access network equipment elements. For example, the determination of which devices to throttle back can be made based on an equal throttling of all devices of a given service plan status, or based on the device traffic usage patterns in the recent past as described herein, or based on a combination of service plan status and recent traffic usage patterns. 
     In some embodiments, the device is enabled with ambient services that have differentiated QoS services and/or network capacity controlled services as part of the ambient service offering. For example, ambient QoS techniques can be provided using the pre-assigned QoS policies for a given service activity set within the ambient service, or using an ambient service application that requests QoS through the QoS API. Other embodiments for providing QoS differentiated service activities within ambient service offerings will now be apparent to one of ordinary skill in the art. As another example, ambient network capacity controlled service techniques can be provided using the pre-assigned network capacity controlled policies for a given service activity set within the ambient service, monitoring and dynamically assigned techniques, and/or using an ambient service application that uses API or emulated API techniques, and/or other techniques as described herein. 
     In some embodiments, a QoS service control policy is adapted as a function of the type of network the device is connected to. For example, the QoS traffic control policies and/or the QoS service charging policies can be different when the device is connected to a wireless network (e.g., a 3G/4G network where there is in general less available QoS enabled traffic capacity) than when the device is connected to a wired network (e.g., a cable or DSL network where there is in general a higher level of QoS capacity available). In such embodiments, the device service processor and the service controller can coordinate to adapt the QoS service control policies and/or the QoS service charging policies to be different depending on which network the device is connected to. Similarly, the device QoS service control policy and/or QoS service charging policy can also be adapted based on whether the device is connected to a home wireless network or a roaming wireless network. In some embodiments, a network capacity controlled service control policy and/or a network capacity controlled charging policy is adapted as a function of the type of network the device is connected to, as similarly described herein. 
     In some embodiments, various of the QoS related techniques and/or network capacity controlled services techniques described herein are performed on the device using DAS techniques and/or on the service controller in secure communication with a verified service processor executed on the device using DAS techniques. In some embodiments, various of the QoS related techniques and/or network capacity controlled services techniques described herein are performed by/in coordination/communication with one or more intermediate network elements/functions for assisting in various techniques (e.g., functions) for QoS techniques and/or network capacity controlled services techniques as described herein. 
       FIG. 1  illustrates a functional diagram of a network architecture for providing quality of service (QoS) for device assisted services (DAS) and/or for providing DAS for protecting network capacity in accordance with some embodiments. In some embodiments, QoS for DAS techniques described herein are implemented using the network architecture shown in  FIG. 1 . In some embodiments, DAS for protecting network capacity techniques described herein are implemented using the network architecture shown in  FIG. 1 . 
     As shown,  FIG. 1  includes a 4G/3G/2G wireless network operated by, for example, a central provider. As shown, various wireless devices  100  are in communication with base stations  125  for wireless network communication with the wireless network (e.g., via a firewall  124 ), and other devices  100  are in communication with Wi-Fi Access Points (APs) or Mesh  702  for wireless communication to Wi-Fi Access CPE  704  in communication with central provider access network  109 . In some embodiments, one or more of the devices  100  are in communication with other network element(s)/equipment that provides an access point, such as a cable network head end, a DSL network DSLAM, a fiber network aggregation node, and/or a satellite network aggregation node. In some embodiments, each of the wireless devices  100  includes a service processor  115  (as shown) (e.g., executed on a processor of the wireless device  100 ), and each service processor connects through a secure control plane link to a service controller  122  (e.g., using encrypted communications). 
     In some embodiments, service usage information includes network based service usage information (e.g., network based service usage measures or charging data records (CDRs), which can, for example, be generated by service usage measurement apparatus in the network equipment), which is obtained from one or more network elements (e.g., BTS/BSCs  125 , RAN Gateways (not shown), Transport Gateways (not shown), Mobile Wireless Center/HLRs  132 , AAA  121 , Service Usage History/CDR Aggregation, Mediation, Feed  118 , or other network equipment). In some embodiments, service usage information includes micro-CDRs. In some embodiments, micro-CDRs are used for CDR mediation or reconciliation that provides for service usage accounting on any device activity that is desired. In some embodiments, each device activity that is desired to be associated with a billing event is assigned a micro-CDR transaction code, and the service processor  115  is programmed to account for that activity associated with that transaction code. In some embodiments, the service processor  115  periodically reports (e.g., during each heartbeat or based on any other periodic, push, and/or pull communication technique(s)) micro-CDR usage measures to, for example, the service controller  122  or some other network element. In some embodiments, the service controller  122  reformats the heartbeat micro-CDR usage information into a valid CDR format (e.g., a CDR format that is used and can be processed by an SGSN or GGSN or other network elements/equipment used/authorized for generating or processing CDRs) and then transmits it to a network element/function for CDR mediation (e.g., CDR Storage, Aggregation, Mediation, Feed  118 ). 
     In some embodiments, CDR mediation is used to account for the micro-CDR service usage information by depositing it into an appropriate service usage account and deducting it from the user device bulk service usage account. For example, this technique provides for a flexible service usage billing solution that uses pre-existing solutions, infrastructures, and/or techniques for CDR mediation and billing. For example, the billing system (e.g., billing system  123  or billing interface  127 ) processes the mediated CDR feed from CDR mediation, applies the appropriate account billing codes to the aggregated micro-CDR information that was generated by the device, and then generates billing events in a manner that does not require changes to the existing billing systems (e.g., using new transaction codes to label the new device assisted billing capabilities). In some embodiments, network provisioning system  160  provisions various network elements/functions for authorization in the network, such as to authorize certain network elements/functions (e.g., CDR storage, aggregation, mediation, feed  118  or other network elements/functions) for providing micro-CDRs, reformatted micro-CDRs, and/or aggregated or reconciled CDRs. 
     As shown in  FIG. 1 , a CDR storage, aggregation, mediation, feed  118  is provided. In some embodiments, the CDR storage, aggregation, mediation, feed  118  receives, stores, aggregates and mediates micro-CDRs received from mobile devices  100 . In some embodiments, the CDR storage, aggregation, mediation, feed  118  also provides a settlement platform using the mediated micro-CDRs, as described herein. In some embodiments, another network element provides the settlement platform using aggregated and/or mediated micro-CDRs (e.g., central billing interface  127  and/or another network element/function). 
     In some embodiments, various techniques for partitioning of device groups are used for partitioning the mobile devices  100  (e.g., allocating a subset of mobile devices  100  for a distributor, an OEM, a MVNO, and/or another partner or entity). As shown in  FIG. 1 , a MVNO core network  210  includes a MVNO CDR storage, aggregation, mediation, feed  118 , a MVNO billing interface  122 , and a MVNO billing system  123  (and other network elements as shown in  FIG. 1 ). In some embodiments, the MVNO CDR storage, aggregation, mediation, feed  118  receives, stores, aggregates and mediates micro-CDRs received from mobile devices  100  (e.g., MVNO group partitioned devices). 
     Those of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that various other network architectures can be used for providing device group partitions and a settlement platform, and  FIG. 1  is illustrative of just one such example network architecture for which device group partitions and settlement platform techniques described herein can be provided. 
     In some embodiments, CDR storage, aggregation, mediation, feed  118  (e.g., service usage  118 , including a billing aggregation data store and rules engine) is a functional descriptor for, in some embodiments, a device/network level service usage information collection, aggregation, mediation, and reporting function located in one or more of the networking equipment apparatus/systems attached to one or more of the sub-networks shown in  FIG. 1  (e.g., central provider access network  109  and/or central provider core network  110 ), which is in communication with the service controller  122  and a central billing interface  127 . As shown in  FIG. 1 , service usage  118  provides a function in communication with the central provider core network  110 . In some embodiments, the CDR storage, aggregation, mediation, feed  118  function is located elsewhere in the network or partially located in elsewhere or integrated with/as part of other network elements. In some embodiments, CDR storage, aggregation, mediation, feed  118  functionality is located or partially located in the AAA server  121  and/or the mobile wireless center/Home Location Register (HLR)  132  (as shown, in communication with a DNS/DHCP server  126 ). In some embodiments, service usage  118  functionality is located or partially located in the base station, base station controller and/or base station aggregator, collectively referred to as base station  125  in  FIG. 1 . In some embodiments, CDR storage, aggregation, mediation, feed  118  functionality is located or partially located in a networking component in the central provider access network  109 , a networking component in the core network  110 , the central billing system  123 , the central billing interface  127 , and/or in another network component or function. This discussion on the possible locations for the network based and device based service usage information collection, aggregation, mediation, and reporting function (e.g., CDR storage, aggregation, mediation, feed  118 ) can be easily generalized as described herein and as shown in the other figures and embodiments described herein by one of ordinary skill in the art. Also, as shown in  FIG. 1 , the service controller  122  is in communication with the central billing interface  127  (e.g., sometimes referred to as the external billing management interface or billing communication interface), which is in communication with the central billing system  123 . As shown in  FIG. 1 , an order management  180  and subscriber management  182  are also in communication with the central provider core network  110  for facilitating order and subscriber management of services for the devices  100  in accordance with some embodiments. 
     In some embodiments, a service processor download  170  is provided, which provides for periodical downloads/updates of service processors (e.g., service processor  115 ). In some embodiments, verification techniques include periodically updating, replacing, and/or updating an obfuscated version of the service processor, or performing any of these techniques in response to an indication of a potential compromise or tampering of any service processor functionality (e.g., QoS functionality and/or network capacity controlled services functionality) executed on or implemented on the device  100 . 
     In some embodiments, the CDR storage, aggregation, mediation, feed  118  (and/or other network elements or combinations of network elements) provides a device/network level service usage information collection, aggregation, mediation, and reporting function. In some embodiments, the CDR storage, aggregation, mediation, feed  118  (and/or other network elements or combinations of network elements) collects device generated/assisted service usage information (e.g., micro-CDRs) for one or more devices on the wireless network (e.g., devices  100 ); and provides the device generated service usage information in a syntax and a communication protocol that can be used by the wireless network to augment or replace network generated usage information for the one or more devices on the wireless network. In some embodiments, the syntax is a charging data record (CDR), and the communication protocol is selected from one or more of the following: 3GPP, 3GPP2, or other communication protocols. In some embodiments, as described herein, the CDR storage, aggregation, mediation, feed  118  collects/receives micro-CDRs for one or more devices on the wireless network (e.g., devices  100 ). In some embodiments, the CDR storage, aggregation, mediation, feed  118  (e.g., or other network elements and/or various combinations of network elements) includes a service usage data store (e.g., a billing aggregator) and a rules engine for aggregating the collected device generated service usage information. In some embodiments, the network device is a CDR feed aggregator, and the CDR storage, aggregation, mediation, feed  118  (and/or other network elements or combinations of network elements) also aggregates (network based) CDRs and/or micro-CDRs for the one or more devices on the wireless network; applies a set of rules to the aggregated CDRs and/or micro-CDRs using a rules engine (e.g., bill by account, transactional billing, revenue sharing model, and/or any other billing or other rules for service usage information collection, aggregation, mediation, and reporting), and communicates a new set of CDRs for the one or more devices on the wireless network to a billing interface or a billing system (e.g., providing a CDR with a billing offset by account/service). In some embodiments, a revenue sharing platform is provided using various techniques described herein. In some embodiments, QoS usage accounting/charging and/or network capacity controlled services usage accounting/charging is provided using various techniques described herein. 
     In some embodiments, the CDR storage, aggregation, mediation, feed  118  (and/or other network elements or combinations of network elements) communicates a new set of CDRs (e.g., aggregated and mediated CDRs and/or micro-CDRs that are then translated into standard CDRs for a given wireless network) for the one or more devices on the wireless network to a billing interface (e.g., central billing interface  127 ) or a billing system (e.g., central billing system  123 ). In some embodiments, the CDR storage, aggregation, mediation, feed  118  (and/or other network elements or combinations of network elements) communicates with a service controller (e.g., service controller  122 ) to collect the device generated service usage information (e.g., micro-CDRs) for the one or more devices on the wireless network. In some embodiments, the CDR storage, aggregation, mediation, feed  118  (and/or other network elements or combinations of network elements) communicates with a service controller, in which the service controller is in communication with a billing interface or a billing system. In some embodiments, the CDR storage, aggregation, mediation, feed  118  (and/or other network elements or combinations of network elements) communicates the device generated service usage information to a billing interface or a billing system. In some embodiments, the CDR storage, aggregation, mediation, feed  118  (and/or other network elements or combinations of network elements) communicates with a transport gateway and/or a Radio Access Network (RAN) gateway to collect the network generated/based service usage information for the one or more devices on the wireless network. In some embodiments, the service controller  122  communicates the device assisted service usage information (e.g., micro-CDRs) to the CDR storage, aggregation, mediation, feed  118  (e.g., or other network elements and/or various combinations of network elements). 
     In some embodiments, the CDR storage, aggregation, mediation, feed  118  (e.g., or other network elements and/or various combinations of network elements) performs rules for performing a bill by account aggregation and mediation function. In some embodiments, the CDR storage, aggregation, mediation, feed  118  (and/or other network elements or combinations of network elements) performs rules for performing a service billing function, as described herein, and/or for performing a service/transactional revenue sharing function, as described herein. In some embodiments, the service controller  122  in communication with the CDR storage, aggregation, mediation, feed  118  (and/or other network elements or combinations of network elements) performs a rules engine for aggregating and mediating the device assisted service usage information (e.g., micro-CDRs). In some embodiments, a rules engine device in communication with the CDR storage, aggregation, mediation, feed  118  (e.g., or other network elements and/or various combinations of network elements) performs a rules engine for aggregating and mediating the device assisted service usage information (e.g., QOS service usage information and/or network capacity controlled services usage information). 
     In some embodiments, the rules engine is included in (e.g., integrated with/part of) the CDR storage, aggregation, mediation, feed  118 . In some embodiments, the rules engine and associated functions, as described herein, is a separate function/device. In some embodiments, the service controller  122  performs some or all of these rules engine based functions, as described herein, and communicates with the central billing interface  127 . In some embodiments, the service controller  122  performs some or all of these rules engine based functions, as described herein, and communicates with the central billing system  123 . 
     In some embodiments, a settlement platform service is provided. For example, micro-CDRs can be aggregated and mediated to associate service usage for one or more services used by a communications device (e.g., a user of the communications device). A rules engine or another function can determine a revenue share allocation for the service usage for a particular service to determine the settlement for such service usage for the revenue sharing allocation/model and to distribute accounting and settlement information to one or more of carriers, distribution partners, MVNOs, wholesale partners, and/or other partners or entities. In some embodiments, the service is a transactional service. 
     In some embodiments, duplicate CDRs are sent from the network equipment to the billing system  123  that is used for generating service billing. In some embodiments, duplicate CDRs are filtered to send only those CDRs/records for devices controlled by the service controller and/or service processor (e.g., managed devices). For example, this approach can provide for the same level of reporting, lower level of reporting, and/or higher level of reporting as compared to the reporting required by the central billing system  123 . 
     In some embodiments, a bill-by-account billing offset is provided. For example, bill-by-account billing offset information can be informed to the central billing system  123  by providing a CDR aggregator feed that aggregates the device assisted service usage data feed to provide a new set of CDRs for the managed devices to the central billing interface  127  and/or the central billing system  123 . In some embodiments, transaction billing is provided using similar techniques. For example, transaction billing log information can be provided to the central billing interface  127  and/or the central billing system  123 . 
     In some embodiments, the rules engine (e.g., performed by the service usage  118  or another network element, as described herein) provides a bill-by-account billing offset. For example, device assisted service usage information (e.g., micro-CDRs) includes a transaction type field or transaction code (e.g., indicating a type of service for the associated service usage information). For example, the rules engine can apply a rule or a set of rules based on the identified service associated with the device generated service usage information to determine a bill-by-account billing offset (e.g., a new CDR can be generated to provide the determined bill-by-account billing offset). In some examples, the determined bill-by-account billing offset can be provided as a credit to the user&#39;s service usage account (e.g., a new CDR can be generated with a negative offset for the user&#39;s service usage account, such as for network chatter service usage, or transactional service usage, or for any other purposes based on one or more rules performed by the rules engine). 
     As another example, for a transactional service, a first new CDR can be generated with a negative offset for the user&#39;s service usage account for that transactional service related usage, and a second new CDR can be generated with a positive service usage value to charge that same service usage to the transactional service provider (e.g., Amazon, eBay, or another transactional service provider). In some embodiments, the service controller  122  generates these two new CDRs, and the service usage  118  stores, aggregates, and communicates these two new CDRs to the central billing interface  127 . In some embodiments, the service controller  122  generates these two new CDRs, and the service usage  118  stores, aggregates, and communicates these two new CDRs to the central billing interface  127 , in which the central billing interface  127  applies rules (e.g., performs the rules engine for determining the bill-by-account billing offset). 
     In some embodiments, the service controller  122  sends the device generated CDRs to the rules engine (e.g., a service usage data store and rules engine, such as CDR storage, aggregation, mediation, feed  118 ), and the rules engine applies one or more rules, such as those described herein and/or any other billing/service usage related rules as would be apparent to one of ordinary skill in the art. In some embodiments, the service controller  122  generates CDRs similar to other network elements, and the rules (e.g., bill-by-account) are performed in the central billing interface  127 . For example, for the service controller  122  to generate CDRs similar to other network elements, in some embodiments, the service controller  122  is provisioned on the wireless network (e.g., by network provision system  160 ) and behaves substantially similar to other CDR generators on the network). 
     In some embodiments, the service controller  122  is provisioned as a new type of networking function that is recognized as a valid, authorized, and secure source for CDRs by the other necessary elements in the network (e.g., CDR storage, aggregation, mediation, feed  118 ). In some embodiments, if the necessary network apparatus only recognize CDRs from certain types of networking equipment (e.g. a RAN gateway or transport gateway), then the service controller  122  provides authentication credentials to the other networking equipment that indicate that it is one of the approved types of equipment for providing CDRs. In some embodiments, the link between the service controller  122  and the necessary CDR aggregation and mediation equipment is secured, authenticated, encrypted, and/or signed. 
     In some embodiments, the CDR storage, aggregation, mediation, feed  118  discards the network based service usage information (e.g., network based CDRs) received from one or more network elements. In these embodiments, the service controller  122  provides the device assisted service usage information (e.g., device based CDRs or micro-CDRs) to the CDR storage, aggregation, mediation, feed  118  (e.g., the CDR storage, aggregation, mediation, feed  118  can just provide a store, aggregate, and communication function(s), as it is not required to mediate network based CDRs and device assisted CDRs), and the device based service usage information is provided to the central billing interface  127  or the central billing system  123 . 
     In some embodiments, the device based CDRs (e.g., micro-CDRs) and/or new CDRs generated based on execution of a rules engine as described herein are provided only for devices that are managed and/or based on device group, service plan, or any other criteria, categorization, and/or grouping, such as based on ambient service or ambient service provider or transactional service or transactional service provider. 
     In some embodiments, QoS for DAS includes a service processor (e.g., any device assisted element/function) that facilitates coordination for and/or provisions wireless access/radio access bearers (e.g., RABs). In some embodiments, the service processor determines whether a request for QoS is authorized (e.g., according to QoS service level, user standing, available local network capacity (e.g., as reported by other device(s) and/or network)). In some embodiments, device QoS capacity demand reports provide and/or augment network capacity demand reports. 
     In some embodiments, QoS for DAS includes a service controller (e.g., any network device based service control element/function) that facilitates coordination for and/or provisions wireless access/radio access bearers (e.g., RABs) on a device (e.g., a communications device, such as a mobile wireless communications device and/or an intermediate networking device), on network, and/or on device plus network. In some embodiments, the service controller provides device QoS capacity demand reports to other network equipment/elements/functions, and then also provisions the RAB channel based on various criteria and determinations. 
     In some embodiments, QoS for DAS provides for device assisted monitoring, information, and/or functionality to facilitate QoS without and/or to assist network based monitoring, information, and/or functionality (e.g., Deep Packet Inspection (DPI) and/or provides such monitoring, information, and/or functionality that may not be available via network based monitoring, information, and/or functionality (e.g., encrypted activities on the device may not be accessible by DPI or other network based techniques). For example, QoS for DAS can assist in the QoS setup to facilitate the QoS setup and provide such information that may not otherwise be available using network based only techniques. For example, device assisted activity and/or service monitoring techniques can assist in classifying the QoS for the monitored activity and/or service using, for example, a QoS activity map (e.g., as described herein or other similar techniques). For example, using such device assisted techniques eliminates and/or minimizes DPI or other network based techniques that can give rise to privacy concerns/issues, network neutrality concerns/issues, and/or otherwise may not be able to provide similar or equivalent granular service/activity monitoring, as discussed above, and/or also off loads such processing from the network (e.g., network elements/devices/functionality) to the communications devices (e.g., at least for such communications devices that can perform such functions, based on their processing and/or memory capabilities, as would be apparent to one of ordinary skill in the art). In some embodiments, QoS for DAS includes the service provider for providing an initial authorization/clearance for a QoS request (e.g., using various techniques described herein), and the service controller determines if the QoS request should be authorized (e.g., based on various QoS authorization/clearance/approval criteria (e.g., QoS activity maps and/or QoS request rule) and/or network capacity, as described herein). In some embodiments, QoS for DAS includes the service provider for providing a QoS request including a QoS class to the service controller, and the service controller determines if the QoS request should be authorized, as described herein. In some embodiments, DAS for protecting network capacity provides for device assisted monitoring, information, and/or functionality to facilitate protecting network capacity without and/or to assist network based monitoring, information, and/or functionality (e.g., Deep Packet Inspection (DPI) and/or provides such monitoring, information, and/or functionality that may not be available via network based monitoring, information, and/or functionality (e.g., encrypted activities on the device may not be accessible by DPI or other network based techniques). In some embodiments, DAS for protecting network capacity provides for device assisted monitoring, information, and/or functionality to facilitate protecting network capacity without solely relying upon DPI and/or without any use or any significant use of DPI wireless network, which conserves network resources and network capacity by controlling device network access behavior at the device instead of deep in the core network at a DPI gateway (e.g., DPI based techniques consume over the air wireless network capacity even if chatty device behavior is blocked at a DPI gateway, in contrast, DAS for protecting network capacity techniques that do not use DPI based techniques for controlling device service usage can, for example, providing a device based usage notification and service selection UI that does not consume over the air wireless network capacity). 
     In some embodiments, QoS for DAS and/or DAS for protecting network capacity includes providing or facilitating reports for base station (BTS) for network capacity (e.g., sector, channel, busy state information or network capacity usage/availability, and/or network capacity expected demand) based on, for example, one or more of the following: monitored application usage on the communications device, monitored user activity on the communications device, location of the communications, other available networks, and/or other monitored or determined activity, service usage measure, and/or metric. In some embodiments, at or after execution of an application that is determined to require network service usage (e.g., may require increased wireless network bandwidth, such as based on a service usage activity map), QoS for DAS sends information to the network (e.g., a network controller or other network device element/function) that capacity demand is forthcoming for the communications device (e.g., potentially initiating a provisioning of a QoS radio access bearer (RAB) or other type of RAB). 
     In some embodiments, network capacity (e.g., busy state information) is collected from one or more communications devices in communication with a wireless network (e.g., network capacity/usage information measured from each respective communications device&#39;s perspective is determined and stored by the service processor on each respective communications device) and reported to the service controller, and the service controller (e.g., or another network element/function) uses this information to determine what resources are available for allocation to various levels of QoS (e.g., to respond to/facilitate various QoS requests) and/or to workload balance across multiple base stations and/or networks (e.g., wired networks, cellular, Wi-Fi, and/or other wireless networks). 
     In some embodiments, the service processor executed on the communications device sends a QoS request (e.g., a wireless network bearer channel reservation request or Radio Access Bearer (RAB) request) to the service controller. The service controller verifies the request using various verification techniques as described herein. In some embodiments, the service controller facilitates coordination of various device QoS requests with one or more base stations (BTSs) in communication with the communications device to provide for the requested QoS reservation to facilitate the new QoS session. In some embodiments, the service controller provides a QoS routing function by, for example, providing various QoS routing instructions to a device service processor (e.g., aggregating, prioritizing, queuing, authorizing, allocating reservations/RABs, denying, re-routing (such as to other BTSs and/or other networks) and/or otherwise managing QoS requests), in which the BTS may or may not be QoS aware. For example, QoS priority can be based on activity (e.g., service usage and/or application), service level, user standing, network capacity, time of day, and/or QoS priority can be purchased on a transaction basis, a session basis, a pre-pay basis or a plan basis. As another example, QoS priority can also vary by device type, user within a group, group, application type, content type, or any other criteria or measure and/or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, the service controller also facilitates coordination of various device QoS requests with other network elements/functions for QoS implementation and management to provide for an end to end QoS solution. 
     In some embodiments, QoS can be symmetric for two mobile devices or asymmetric. In some embodiments, QoS resource availability can be from communications devices, BTS(s), other network functions (e.g., service control, service controller and/or any other network elements/functions) or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, the service controller provides QoS demand information to another network element/function. In some embodiments, the service controller provides the central aggregator and policy decision point (PDP). In some embodiments, the service controller controls (e.g., at least in part) QoS related functions for communications devices, BTS(s), and/or a combination of both. 
     In some embodiments, charging (e.g., monitoring and/or determining associating charging or billing) for QoS service usage/transactions and/or network capacity controlled services usage/transactions is determined using various techniques described herein. For example, the service processor can assist in charging for QoS and/or network capacity controlled activities. In some embodiments, the service processor uses device assisted Charging Data Records (CDRs) or micro-CDRs to assist in charging for QoS and/or network capacity controlled activities (e.g., using QoS class related transaction codes and/or network capacity controlled related transaction codes), as described herein with respect to various embodiments. In some embodiments, charging for QoS and/or network capacity controlled services is performed in whole or in part by one or more network elements/functions (e.g., service controller, SGSN/GGSN/other gateways, and/or billing interfaces/servers). 
     In some embodiments, service usage information includes network based service usage information. In some embodiments, the network based service usage information includes network based CDRs. In some embodiments, service usage information includes device based service usage information. In some embodiments, device based service usage information includes device assisted CDRs, also referred to herein as micro-CDRs, as described herein. In some embodiments, micro-CDRs are used for CDR mediation or reconciliation that provides for service usage accounting on any device activity that is desired (e.g., providing granular service usage information, such as based on application layer service usage monitoring, transaction service usage monitoring, QoS activities/sessions/transactions, network capacity controlled activities/sessions/transactions, and/or other types of service usage information). In some embodiments, each device includes a service processor (e.g., a service processor executed on a processor of a communications device, such as a mobile device or an intermediate networking device that can communicate with a wireless network). 
     In some embodiments, each device activity that is desired to be associated with a billing event (e.g., for a QoS related billing event) is assigned a micro-CDR transaction code, and the service processor is programmed to account for that activity associated with that transaction code (e.g., various transaction codes can be associated with service usage associated with certain services, applications, and/or based on QoS classes or priorities, respectively, which can be used for providing granular service usage for these various Internet/network based services/sites/transactions and/or any other Internet/network based services/sites, which can include transactional based services). For example, using these techniques, as described herein, essentially any type of device activity (e.g., including QoS classes and prioritization and/or network capacity controlled classes and prioritization) can be individually accounted for and/or controlled (e.g., throttled, restricted, and/or otherwise controlled as desired). In some embodiments, the service processor periodically reports (e.g., during each heartbeat or based on any other periodic, push, and/or pull communication technique(s)) micro-CDR usage measures to, for example, a service controller or some other network element/function. In some embodiments, the service controller reformats the heartbeat micro-CDR usage information into a valid CDR format (e.g., a CDR format that is used and can be processed by an SGSN or GGSN or some other authorized network element/function for CDRs) and then transmits the reformatted micro-CDRs to a network element/function for performing CDR mediation. 
     In some embodiments, CDR mediation is used to properly account for the micro-CDR service usage information by depositing it into an appropriate service usage account and deducting it from the user device bulk service usage account. For example, this technique provides for a flexible service usage billing solution that uses pre-existing solutions for CDR mediation and billing. For example, the billing system can process the mediated CDR feed from CDR mediation, apply the appropriate account billing codes to the aggregated micro-CDR information that was generated by the device, and then generate billing events in a manner that does not require changes to existing billing systems, infrastructures, and techniques (e.g., using new transaction codes to label the new device assisted billing capabilities). 
     In some embodiments, the various QoS techniques performed on or by the communications device (e.g., using a service processor to provide or assist in providing QoS session provisioning, QoS policy management, QoS policy enforcement, and/or QoS accounting/charging, such as QoS charging records and reports) are verified (e.g., using various verification techniques described herein). In some embodiments, the various network capacity controlled services techniques performed on or by the communications device (e.g., using a service processor to provide or assist in providing network capacity controlled services policy management, network capacity controlled services policy enforcement, and/or network capacity controlled services charging, such as network capacity controlled services charging records and reports) are verified (e.g., using various verification techniques described herein). 
     For example, a QoS request, QoS related policy rules (e.g., QoS activity map, QoS related service plan and/or service policy settings) and implementation, QoS policy enforcement, and QoS charging are verified (e.g., periodically, per transaction, and/or based on some other criteria/metric). In some embodiments, verification techniques include one or more of the following: compare a network based service usage measure with a first service policy associated with the communications device, compare a device assisted service usage measure with the first service policy, compare the network based service usage measure to the device assisted service usage measure, perform a test and confirm a device assisted service usage measure based on the test, perform a User Interface (UI) notification (e.g., which can include a user authentication, password, question/answer challenge, and/or other authentication technique), and/or other similar verification techniques as will now be apparent to one of ordinary skill in the art. Accordingly, in some embodiments, QoS for DAS “closes the loop” for verification of various QoS related techniques, such as QoS requests, QoS grants, QoS usage, and/or QoS charging. In some embodiments, the service processor and the service controller serve as a verifiable QoS management/coordination system for other QoS elements/functions in network. In some embodiments, if such or other verification techniques determine or assist in determining that a QoS request, QoS report, and/or QoS policy behavior (e.g., or similarly, network capacity controlled services monitoring, reporting, and/or policy behavior) does not match expected requests, reports, and/or policy, then responsive actions can be performed, for example, the communications device (e.g., and/or suspect services) can be suspended, quarantined, killed/terminated, and/or flagged for further analysis/scrutiny to determine whether the device is malfunctioning, needs updating, has been tampered with or compromised, is infected with malware, and/or if any other problem exists. 
     In some embodiments, the communications device (e.g., the service processor) maintains a QoS flow table that associates or maps device activity to QoS level/class to RAB/QoS channel, and in some embodiments, the communications device also informs a QoS management network function/element of the relative priority of the QoS flows for the communications device (e.g., based on or using the QoS flow table). In some embodiments, the service controller receives or collects information from the communications device and maintains such a QoS flow table for the communications device and, in some embodiments, the service controller also informs a QoS management network function/element of the relative priority of the QoS flows for the communications device (e.g., based on or using the QoS flow table). In some embodiments, flows can be assigned to activities originating at the communications device in a transparent way, or simply by activity class or user preference, or using other techniques. 
     In some embodiments, the communications device maintains a table of QoS billing rates, scheduled transmission times, and/other QoS related information to implement an overlay MAC at the data networking level to manage QoS on legacy networks that are not QoS MAC enabled and/or do not have the various functionality to support QoS controls (e.g., and such techniques can also be used to provide for QoS functionality across different networks). In some embodiments, QoS related policies are exchanged between roaming and home service controllers to facilitate QoS support while roaming on a non-home network(s). 
     In some embodiments, the communications device serves as a network capacity indicator (e.g., collecting network capacity information for a local cell and communicating or reporting that network capacity information to the service controller). For example, permanent local cell communications devices can be placed in local cell areas to augment legacy equipment for such network capacity indicator/reporting functions. Various other techniques for determining network capacity and/or network availability are described herein. 
     In some embodiments, service partners and/or service providers can subsidize in whole or in part to upgrade a given user or group of users to better QoS related service level agreement (SLA)/class for a preferred destination. In some embodiments, based on monitored service usage and/or other monitored behavior of the communications device, such subsidized QoS upgrade/offers can be presented to a user of the communications device (e.g., as an incentive/reward for desired or preferred user behavior or for other reasons). Similarly, in some embodiments, these techniques are also applied to network capacity controlled services. 
     In some embodiments, QoS charging is based on QoS channel/reservation, service flow, or RAB charging (e.g., single flow per RAB, multi-flow per RAB, multi-RAB per flow). In some embodiments, charging (e.g., for QoS and/or for network capacity controlled services) is based on one or more of the following: network busy state, time criteria, user service class request, traffic volume and class, time and class, network capacity (e.g., network busy state) and class, time of day and class, location, traffic type, application type, application class, destination, destination type, partner service, and/or other criteria/measures. In some embodiments, QoS charging is verified using the various verification techniques described herein (e.g., test charging events). In some embodiments, network capacity controlled services charging is verified using the various verification techniques described herein (e.g., test charging events). In some embodiments, QoS charging is by data usage (e.g., by Megabyte (MB)), service flow by time by QoS class, speed by time, network busy state, time of day/day of week, service plan, current network, and/or other criteria/measures. In some embodiments, network capacity controlled services charging is by data usage (e.g., by Megabyte (MB)), service flow by time by network capacity controlled services class, speed by time, network busy state, time of day/day of week, service plan, current network, and/or other criteria/measures. 
     In some embodiments, QoS for DAS includes coordinating functions with one or more of the following: DAS elements/functions, Radio Access Network (RAN), Transport network, Core network, GRX network, IPX network, and/or other networks/elements/functions. 
       FIG. 2  illustrates another functional diagram of another network architecture for providing quality of service (QoS) for device assisted services (DAS) and/or for providing DAS for protecting network capacity in accordance with some embodiments. In some embodiments, QoS for DAS techniques described herein are implemented using the network architecture shown in  FIG. 2 . In some embodiments, DAS for protecting network capacity techniques described herein are implemented using the network architecture shown in  FIG. 2 . 
     As shown,  FIG. 2  includes various devices  100  including service processors  115 . For example, devices  100  can include various types of mobile devices, such as phones, PDAs, computing devices, laptops, net books, tablets, cameras, music/media players, GPS devices, networked appliances, and any other networked device; and/or devices  100  can include various types of intermediate networking devices, as described herein. The devices  100  are in communication with service control  210  and central provider access and core networks  220 . Service policies and accounting functions  230  are also provided in communication with the central provider access and core networks  220 . For example, devices  100  can communicate via the central provider access and core networks  220  to the Internet  120  for access to various Internet sites/services  240  (e.g., Google sites/services, Yahoo sites/services, Blackberry services, Apple iTunes and AppStore, Amazon.com, FaceBook, and/or any other Internet service or other network facilitated service). 
     In some embodiments,  FIG. 2  provides a wireless network architecture that supports various DAS for protecting network capacity techniques as described herein. Those of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that various other network architectures can be used for providing various DAS for protecting network capacity techniques as described herein, and  FIG. 2  is illustrative of just another such example network architecture for which DAS for protecting network capacity techniques as described herein can be provided. 
       FIG. 3  illustrates another functional diagram of an architecture  300  including a device based service processor  115  and a service controller  122  for providing quality of service (QoS) for device assisted services (DAS) and/or for providing DAS for protecting network capacity in accordance with some embodiments. In some embodiments, QoS for DAS techniques described herein are implemented using the functions/elements shown in  FIG. 3 . In some embodiments, DAS for protecting network capacity techniques described herein are implemented using the functions/elements shown in  FIG. 3 . 
     For example, the architecture  300  provides a relatively full featured device based service processor implementation and service controller implementation. As shown, this corresponds to a networking configuration in which the service controller  122  is connected to the Internet  120  and not directly to the access network  1610 . As shown, a data plane (e.g., service traffic plane) communication path is shown in solid line connections and control plane (e.g., service control plane) communication path is shown in dashed line connections. As will be apparent to one of ordinary skill in the art, the division in functionality between one device agent and another is based on, for example, design choices, networking environments, devices and/or services/applications, and various different combinations can be used in various different implementations. For example, the functional lines can be re-drawn in any way that the product designers see fit. As shown, this includes certain divisions and functional breakouts for device agents as an illustrative implementation, although other, potentially more complex, embodiments can include different divisions and functional breakouts for device agent functionality specifications, for example, in order to manage development specification and testing complexity and workflow. In addition, the placement of the agents that operate, interact with or monitor the data path can be moved or re-ordered in various embodiments. For example, the functional elements shown in  FIG. 3  are described below with respect to, for example,  FIGS. 4, 12, and 13  as well as  FIGS. 5 through 11  (e.g., QoS for DAS related embodiments) and  FIGS. 14 through 23  (e.g., DAS for protecting network capacity related embodiments). 
     As shown in  FIG. 3 , service processor  115  includes a service control device link  1691 . For example, as device based service control techniques involving supervision across a network become more sophisticated, it becomes increasingly important to have an efficient and flexible control plane communication link between the device agents and the network elements communicating with, controlling, monitoring, or verifying service policy. In some embodiments, the service control device link  1691  provides the device side of a system for transmission and reception of service agent to/from network element functions. In some embodiments, the traffic efficiency of this link is enhanced by buffering and framing multiple agent messages in the transmissions. In some embodiments, the traffic efficiency is further improved by controlling the transmission frequency or linking the transmission frequency to the rate of service usage or traffic usage. In some embodiments, one or more levels of security or encryption are used to make the link robust to discovery, eavesdropping or compromise. In some embodiments, the service control device link  1691  also provides the communications link and heartbeat timing for the agent heartbeat function. As discussed below, various embodiments disclosed herein for the service control device link  1691  provide an efficient and secure solution for transmitting and receiving service policy implementation, control, monitoring and verification information with other network elements. 
     As shown in  FIG. 3 , the service controller  122  includes a service control server link  1638 . In some embodiments, device based service control techniques involving supervision across a network (e.g., on the control plane) are more sophisticated, and for such it is increasingly important to have an efficient and flexible control plane communication link between the device agents (e.g., of the service processor  115 ) and the network elements (e.g., of the service controller  122 ) communicating with, controlling, monitoring, or verifying service policy. For example, the communication link between the service control server link  1638  of service controller  122  and the service control device link  1691  of the service processor  115  can provide an efficient and flexible control plane communication link, a service control link  1653  as shown in  FIG. 3 , and, in some embodiments, this control plane communication link provides for a secure (e.g., encrypted) communications link for providing secure, bidirectional communications between the service processor  115  and the service controller  122 . In some embodiments, the service control server link  1638  provides the network side of a system for transmission and reception of service agent to/from network element functions. In some embodiments, the traffic efficiency of this link is enhanced by buffering and framing multiple agent messages in the transmissions (e.g., thereby reducing network chatter). In some embodiments, the traffic efficiency is further improved by controlling the transmission frequency and/or linking the transmission frequency to the rate of service usage or traffic usage. In some embodiments, one or more levels of security and/or encryption are used to secure the link against potential discovery, eavesdropping or compromise of communications on the link. In some embodiments, the service control server link  1638  also provides the communications link and heartbeat timing for the agent heartbeat function. 
     In some embodiments, the service control server link  1638  provides for securing, signing, encrypting and/or otherwise protecting the communications before sending such communications over the service control link  1653 . For example, the service control server link  1638  can send to the transport layer or directly to the link layer for transmission. In another example, the service control server link  1638  further secures the communications with transport layer encryption, such as TCP TLS or another secure transport layer protocol. As another example, the service control server link  1638  can encrypt at the link layer, such as using IPSEC, various possible VPN services, other forms of IP layer encryption and/or another link layer encryption technique. 
     As shown in  FIG. 3 , the service controller  122  includes an access control integrity server  1654  (e.g., service policy security server). In some embodiments, the access control integrity server  1654  collects device information on service policy, service usage, agent configuration, and/or agent behavior. For example, the access control integrity server  1654  can cross check this information to identify integrity breaches in the service policy implementation and control system. In another example, the access control integrity server  1654  can initiate action when a service policy violation (e.g., QoS policy violation and/or a network capacity controlled services policy violation) or a system integrity breach is suspected. 
     In some embodiments, the access control integrity server  1654  (and/or some other agent of service controller  122 ) acts on access control integrity agent  1694  (e.g., service policy security agent) reports and error conditions. Many of the access control integrity agent  1654  checks can be accomplished by the server. For example, the access control integrity agent  1654  checks include one or more of the following: service usage measure against usage range consistent with policies (e.g., usage measure from the network and/or from the device); configuration of agents; operation of the agents; and/or dynamic agent download. 
     In some embodiments, the access control integrity server  1654  (and/or some other agent of service controller  122 ) verifies device service policy implementations by comparing various service usage measures (e.g., based on network monitored information, such as by using IPDRs or CDRs, and/or local service usage monitoring information) against expected service usage behavior given the policies that are intended to be in place (e.g., a QoS policy and/or a network capacity controlled services policy). For example, device service policy implementations can include measuring total QoS data passed, QoS data passed in a period of time, IP addresses, data per IP address, and/or other measures such as location, downloads, email accessed, URLs, and comparing such measures expected service usage behavior given the policies that are intended to be in place. 
     In some embodiments, the access control integrity server  1654  (e.g., and/or some other agent of service controller  122 ) verifies device service policy, and the verification error conditions that can indicate a mismatch in QoS service measure and QoS service policy include one or more of the following: unauthorized network access (e.g., access beyond ambient service policy limits); unauthorized network speed (e.g., average speed beyond service policy limit); network data amount does not match QoS policy limit (e.g., device not stop at limit without re-up/revising service policy); unauthorized network address; unauthorized service usage (e.g., VOIP, email, and/or web browsing); unauthorized application usage (e.g., email, VOIP, email, and/or web); service usage rate too high for plan, and policy controller not controlling/throttling it down; and/or any other mismatch in service measure and service policy. Accordingly, in some embodiments, the access control integrity server  1654  (and/or some other agent of service controller  122 ) provides a policy/service control integrity service to continually (e.g., periodically and/or based on trigger events) verify that the service control of the device has not been compromised and/or is not behaving out of policy (e.g., a QoS policy and/or a network capacity controlled services policy). 
     As shown in  FIG. 3 , service controller  122  includes a service history server  1650  (e.g., charging server). In some embodiments, the service history server  1650  collects and records service usage or service activity reports from the Access Network AAA Server  1621  and the Service Monitor Agent  1696 . For example, although service usage history from the network elements can in certain embodiments be less detailed than service history from the device, the service history from the network can provide a valuable source for verification of device service policy implementation, because, for example, it is extremely difficult for a device error or compromise event on the device to compromise the network based equipment and software. For example, service history reports from the device can include various service tracking information, as similarly described above. In some embodiments, the service history server  1650  provides the service history on request to other servers and/or one or more agents. In some embodiments, the service history server  1650  provides the service usage history to the device service history  1618  (e.g., CDR feed and CDR mediation). In some embodiments, for purposes of facilitating the activation tracking service functions (described below), the service history server  1650  maintains a history of which networks the device has connected to. For example, this network activity summary can include a summary of the networks accessed, activity versus time per connection, and/or traffic versus time per connection. As another example, this activity summary can further be analyzed or reported to estimate the type of service plan associated with the traffic activity for the purpose of bill sharing reconciliation. 
     As shown in  FIG. 3 , service controller  122  includes a policy management server  1652  (e.g., policy decision point (PDP) server) for managing service usage policies, such as QoS policies and/or a network capacity controlled services policies. In some embodiments, the policy management server  1652  transmits policies to the service processor  115  via the service control link  1653 . In some embodiments, the policy management server  1652  manages policy settings on the device (e.g., various policy settings as described herein with respect to various embodiments) in accordance with a device service profile. In some embodiments, the policy management server  1652  sets instantaneous policies on policy implementation agents (e.g., policy implementation agent  1690 ). For example, the policy management server  1652  can issue policy settings, monitor service usage and, if necessary, modify policy settings. For example, in the case of a user who prefers for the network to manage their service usage costs, or in the case of any adaptive policy management needs, the policy management server  1652  can maintain a relatively high frequency of communication with the device to collect traffic and/or service measures and issue new policy settings. In this example, device monitored service measures and any user service policy preference changes are reported, periodically and/or based on various triggers/events/requests, to the policy management server  1652 . In this example, user privacy settings generally require secure communication with the network (e.g., a secure service control link  1653 ), such as with the policy management server  1652 , to ensure that various aspects of user privacy are properly maintained during such configuration requests/policy settings transmitted over the network. For example, information can be compartmentalized to service policy management and not communicated to other databases used for CRM for maintaining user privacy. 
     In some embodiments, the policy management server  1652  provides adaptive policy management on the device. For example, the policy management server  1652  can issue policy settings and objectives and rely on the device based policy management (e.g., service processor  115 ) for some or all of the policy adaptation. This approach can require less interaction with the device thereby reducing network chatter on the service control link  1653  for purposes of device policy management (e.g., network chatter is reduced relative to various server/network based policy management approaches described above). This approach can also provide robust user privacy embodiments by allowing the user to configure the device policy for user privacy preferences/settings so that, for example, sensitive information (e.g., geo-location data, website history, and/or other sensitive information) is not communicated to the network without the user&#39;s approval. In some embodiments, the policy management server  1652  adjusts service policy based on time of day. In some embodiments, the policy management server  1652  receives, requests, and/or otherwise obtains a measure of network availability/capacity and adjusts traffic shaping policy and/or other policy settings based on available network availability/capacity (e.g., a network busy state). 
     As shown in  FIG. 3 , service controller  122  includes a network traffic analysis server  1656 . In some embodiments, the network traffic analysis server  1656  collects/receives service usage history for devices and/or groups of devices and analyzes the service usage. In some embodiments, the network traffic analysis server  1656  presents service usage statistics in various formats to identify improvements in network service quality and/or service profitability. In some embodiments, the network traffic analysis server  1656  estimates the service quality and/or service usage for the network under variable settings on potential service policies. In some embodiments, the network traffic analysis server  1656  identifies actual or potential service behaviors by one or more devices that are causing problems for overall network service quality or service cost. In some embodiments, the network traffic analysis server  1656  estimates the network availability/capacity for the network under variable settings on potential service policies. In some embodiments, the network traffic analysis server  1656  identifies actual or potential service behaviors by one or more devices that are impacting and/or causing problems for overall network availability/capacity. 
     As shown in  FIG. 3 , Service Analysis, Test &amp; Download  122 B includes a beta test server  1658  (e.g., policy creation point and beta test server). In some embodiments, the beta test server  1658  publishes candidate service plan policy settings to one or more devices. In some embodiments, the beta test server  1658  provides summary reports of network service usage or user feedback information for one or more candidate service plan policy settings. In some embodiments, the beta test server  1658  provides a mechanism to compare the beta test results for different candidate service plan policy settings or select the optimum candidates for further policy settings optimization, such as for protecting network capacity. 
     As shown in  FIG. 3 , service controller  122  includes a service download control server  1660  (e.g., a service software download control server). In some embodiments, the service download control server  1660  provides a download function to install and/or update service software elements (e.g., the service processor  115  and/or agents/components of the service processor  115 ) on the device, as described herein. 
     As shown in  FIG. 3  service controller  122  includes a billing event server  1662  (e.g., micro-CDR server). In some embodiments, the billing event server  1662  collects billing events, provides service plan information to the service processor  115 , provides service usage updates to the service processor  115 , serves as interface between device and central billing server  1619 , and/or provides trusted third party function for certain ecommerce billing transactions. 
     As shown in  FIG. 3 , the Access Network HLR AAA server  1621  is in network communication with the access network  1610 . In some embodiments, the Access Network AAA server  1621  provides the necessary access network AAA services (e.g., access control and authorization functions for the device access layer) to allow the devices onto the central provider access network and the service provider network. In some embodiments, another layer of access control is required for the device to gain access to other networks, such as the Internet, a corporate network and/or a machine to machine network. This additional layer of access control can be implemented, for example, by the service processor  115  on the device. In some embodiments, the Access Network AAA server  1621  also provides the ability to suspend service for a device and resume service for a device based on communications received from the service controller  122 . In some embodiments, the Access Network AAA server  1621  also provides the ability to direct routing for device traffic to a quarantine network or to restrict or limit network access when a device quarantine condition is invoked. In some embodiments, the Access Network AAA server  1621  also records and reports device network service usage (e.g., device network service usage can be reported to the device service history  1618 ). 
     As shown in  FIG. 3 , the device service history  1618  is in network communication with the access network  1610 . In some embodiments, the device service history  1618  provides service usage data records used for various purposes in various embodiments. In some embodiments, the device service history  1618  is used to assist in verifying service policy implementation. In some embodiments, the device service history  1618  is used to verify service monitoring. In some embodiments, the device service history  1618  is used to verify billing records and/or billing policy implementation (e.g., to verify service usage charging). In some embodiments, the device service history  1618  is used to synchronize and/or verify the local service usage counter (e.g., to verify service usage accounting). 
     As shown in  FIG. 3 , the central billing  1619  (e.g., central provider billing server) is in network communication with the access network  1610 . In some embodiments, the central provider billing server  1619  provides a mediation function for central provider billing events. For example, the central provider billing server  1619  can accept service plan changes. In some embodiments, the central provider billing server  1619  provides updates on device service usage, service plan limits and/or service policies. In some embodiments, the central provider billing server  1619  collects billing events, formulates bills, bills service users, provides certain billing event data and service plan information to the service controller  122  and/or device  100 . 
     As shown in  FIG. 3 , in some embodiments, modem selection and control  1811  (e.g., in communication with connection manager  1804  as shown) selects the access network connection and is in communication with the modem firewall  1655 , and modem drivers  1831 ,  1815 ,  1814 ,  1813 ,  1812  convert data traffic into modem bus traffic for one or more modems and are in communication with the modem selection and control  1811 . In some embodiments, different profiles are selected based on the selected network connection (e.g., different service profiles/policies for WWAN, WLAN, WPAN, Ethernet and/or DSL network connections), which is also referred to herein as multimode profile setting. For example, service profile settings can be based on the actual access network (e.g., home DSL/cable or work network) behind the Wi-Fi not the fact that it is Wi-Fi (e.g., or any other network, such as DSL/cable, satellite, or T-1), which is viewed as different than accessing a Wi-Fi network at the coffee shop. For example, in a Wi-Fi hotspot situation in which there are a significant number of users on a DSL or T-1 backhaul, the service controller can sit in a service provider cloud or an MVNO cloud, the service controls can be provided by a VSP capability offered by the service provider or the service controller can be owned by the hotspot service provider that uses the service controller on their own without any association with an access network service provider. For example, the service processors can be controlled by the service controller to divide up the available bandwidth at the hotspot according to QoS or user sharing rules (e.g., with some users having higher differentiated priority (e.g., potentially for higher service payments) than other users). As another example, ambient services (e.g., as similarly described herein) can be provided for the hotspot for verified service processors. 
     In some embodiments, the service processor  115  and service controller  122  are capable of assigning multiple service profiles associated with multiple service plans that the user chooses individually or in combination as a package. For example, a device  100  starts with ambient services that include free transaction services wherein the user pays for transactions or events rather than the basic service (e.g., a news service, eReader, PND service, pay as you go session Internet) in which each service is supported with a bill by account capability to correctly account for any subsidized partner billing to provide the transaction services (e.g., Barnes and Noble may pay for the eReader service and offer a revenue share to the service provider for any book or magazine transactions purchased from the device  100 ). In some embodiments, the bill by account service can also track the transactions and, in some embodiments, advertisements for the purpose of revenue sharing, all using the service monitoring capabilities disclosed herein. After initiating services with the free ambient service discussed above, the user may later choose a post-pay monthly Internet, email, and SMS service. In this case, the service controller  122  would obtain from the billing system  123  in the case of network based billing (e.g., or the service controller  122  billing event server  1622  in the case of device based billing) the billing plan code for the new Internet, email and SMS service. In some embodiments, this code is cross referenced in a database (e.g., the policy management server  1652 ) to find the appropriate service profile for the new service in combination with the initial ambient service. The new superset service profile is then applied so that the user maintains free access to the ambient services, and the billing partners continue to subsidize those services, the user also gets access to Internet services and may choose the service control profile (e.g., from one of the embodiments disclosed herein). The superset profile is the profile that provides the combined capabilities of two or more service profiles when the profiles are applied to the same device  100  service processor. In some embodiments, the device  100  (service processor  115 ) can determine the superset profile rather than the service controller  122  when more than one “stackable” service is selected by the user or otherwise applied to the device. The flexibility of the service processor  115  and service controller  122  embodiments described herein allow for a large variety of service profiles to be defined and applied individually or as a superset to achieve the desired device  100  service features. 
     As shown in  FIG. 3 , an agent communication bus  1630  represents a functional description for providing communication for the various service processor  115  agents and functions. In some embodiments, as represented in the functional diagram illustrated in  FIG. 3 , the architecture of the bus is generally multipoint to multipoint so that any agent can communicate with any other agent, the service controller or in some cases other components of the device, such user interface  1697  and/or modem components. As described below, the architecture can also be point to point for certain agents or communication transactions, or point to multipoint within the agent framework so that all agent communication can be concentrated, or secured, or controlled, or restricted, or logged or reported. In some embodiments, the agent communication bus is secured, signed, encrypted, hidden, partitioned, and/or otherwise protected from unauthorized monitoring or usage. In some embodiments, an application interface agent (not shown) is used to literally tag or virtually tag application layer traffic so that the policy implementation agent(s)  1690  has the necessary information to implement selected traffic shaping solutions. In some embodiments, an application interface agent (not shown) is in communication with various applications, including a TCP application  1604 , an IP application  1605 , and a voice application  1602 . 
     As shown in  FIG. 3 , service processor  115  includes an API and OS stack interface  1693 . In some embodiments, the API and OS stack interface  1693  provides the QoS API functionality as similarly described herein with respect to various embodiments. In some embodiments, a QoS API is used to report back QoS availability to applications. In some embodiments, the API and OS stack interface  1693  provides the network capacity controlled API and/or emulated API functionality as similarly described herein with respect to various embodiments. As shown, service processor  115  also includes a router  1698  (e.g., a QoS router agent/function and/or a network capacity controlled services router agent/function) and a policy decision point (PDP) agent  1692 . In some embodiments, the router  1698  provides QoS router functionality as similarly described herein with respect to various embodiments. In some embodiments, the router  1698  provides network capacity controlled services router functionality as similarly described herein with respect to various embodiments. In some embodiments, the QoS router supports multiple QoS channels (e.g., one or more provisioned/allocated QoS links forming a QoS channel between the device and the desired end point, such as an access point/BTS/gateway/network for a single ended QoS channel or other communication device for an end to end QoS channel, depending on the QoS connection/network support/availability/etc.). In some embodiments, the QoS router supports multiple QoS channels, which can each have different QoS classes/levels. In some embodiments, the QoS router routes application/service usage traffic to an appropriate QoS channel. In some embodiments, the QoS router determines the routing/mapping based on, for example, one or more of the following: a QoS API request, a QoS activity map, a user request, a service plan, a service profile, service policy settings, network capacity, service controller or other intermediate QoS network element/function/device, and/or any other criteria/measure, as similarly described herein with respect to various embodiments. In some embodiments, multiple different applications/services are routed to a particular QoS channel using various techniques described herein. In some embodiments, different applications/services are routed to different QoS channels using various techniques described herein. In some embodiments, the QoS router assists in managing and/or optimizing QoS usage for the communications device. In some embodiments, the QoS router assists in managing and/or optimizing QoS usage across multiple communications devices (e.g., based on network capacity for a given cell area/base station or other access point). In some embodiments, PDP agent  1692  provides the PDP agent functionality as similarly described herein with respect to various embodiments. As shown, architecture  300  also includes a suspend resume interface  320 , network QoS provisioning interfaces  330  (e.g., for providing the various QoS techniques described herein), and an activation/suspend resume server  340  and billing interface server  350  in the service controller  122 A. 
     In some embodiments, device assisted services (DAS) techniques for providing an activity map for classifying or categorizing service usage activities to associate various monitored activities (e.g., by URL, by network domain, by website, by network traffic type, by application or application type, and/or any other service usage activity categorization/classification) with associated IP addresses are provided. In some embodiments, a policy control agent (not shown), service monitor agent  1696  (e.g., charging agent), or another agent or function (or combinations thereof) of the service processor  115  provides a DAS activity map. In some embodiments, a policy control agent (not shown), service monitor agent, or another agent or function (or combinations thereof) of the service processor provides an activity map for classifying or categorizing service usage activities to associate various monitored activities (e.g., by Uniform Resource Locator (URL), by network domain, by website, by network traffic type, by socket (such as by IP address, protocol, and/or port), by socket id (such as port address/number), by port number, by content type, by application or application type, and/or any other service usage activity classification/categorization) with associated IP addresses and/or other criteria/measures. In some embodiments, a policy control agent, service monitor agent, or another agent or function (or combinations thereof) of the service processor determines the associated IP addresses for monitored service usage activities using various techniques to snoop the DNS request(s) (e.g., by performing such snooping techniques on the device  100  the associated IP addresses can be determined without the need for a network request for a reverse DNS lookup). In some embodiments, a policy control agent, service monitor agent, or another agent or function (or combinations thereof) of the service processor records and reports IP addresses or includes a DNS lookup function to report IP addresses or IP addresses and associated URLs for monitored service usage activities. For example, a policy control agent, service monitor agent, or another agent or function (or combinations thereof) of the service processor can determine the associated IP addresses for monitored service usage activities using various techniques to perform a DNS lookup function (e.g., using a local DNS cache on the monitored device  100 ). In some embodiments, one or more of these techniques are used to dynamically build and maintain a DAS activity map that maps, for example, URLs to IP addresses, applications to IP addresses, content types to IP addresses, and/or any other categorization/classification to IP addresses as applicable. In some embodiments, the DAS activity map is used for various DAS traffic control and/or throttling techniques as described herein with respect to various embodiments for providing QoS for DAS and/or for providing DAS for protecting network capacity. In some embodiments, the DAS activity map is used to provide the user various UI related information and notification techniques related to service usage as described herein with respect to various embodiments. In some embodiments, the DAS activity map is used to provide service usage monitoring, prediction/estimation of future service usage, service usage billing (e.g., bill by account and/or any other service usage/billing categorization techniques), DAS techniques for ambient services usage monitoring, DAS techniques for generating micro-CDRs, and/or any of the various other DAS related techniques as described herein with respect to various embodiments. 
     In some embodiments, all or a portion of the service processor  115  functions disclosed herein are implemented in software. In some embodiments, all or a portion of the service processor  115  functions are implemented in hardware. In some embodiments, all or substantially all of the service processor  115  functionality (e.g., as discussed herein) is implemented and stored in software that can be performed on (e.g., executed by) various components in device  100 . In some embodiments, it is advantageous to store or implement certain portions or all of service processor  115  in protected or secure memory so that other undesired programs (e.g., and/or unauthorized users) have difficulty accessing the functions or software in service processor  115 . In some embodiments, service processor  115 , at least in part, is implemented in and/or stored on secure non-volatile memory (e.g., non volatile memory can be secure non-volatile memory) that is not accessible without pass keys and/or other security mechanisms (e.g., security credentials). In some embodiments, the ability to load at least a portion of service processor  115  software into protected non-volatile memory also requires a secure key and/or signature and/or requires that the service processor  115  software components being loaded into non-volatile memory are also securely encrypted and appropriately signed by an authority that is trusted by a secure software downloader function, such as service downloader  1663  as shown in  FIG. 3 . In some embodiments, a secure software download embodiment also uses a secure non-volatile memory. Those of ordinary skill in the art will also appreciate that all memory can be on-chip, off-chip, on-board, and/or off-board. 
       FIGS. 4A through 4C  illustrates a functional diagram for providing quality of service (QoS) for device assisted services (DAS) in accordance with some embodiments. In some embodiments, QoS for DAS techniques described herein are implemented using the network architecture shown in  FIGS. 4A through 4C . 
     Referring to  FIG. 4A , in some embodiments, QoS functionality is performed at the communications device  100  using service processor  115  as similarly described herein. For example, the service processor  115  determines whether or not a QoS request is authorized (e.g., based on the associated service plan and/or other criteria/measures). If the QoS request is authorized, then the service processor  115  communicates with the base station (BTS)  125  to send the QoS request (e.g., a RAB or multi-RAB reservation request) to the local BTS. The BTS determines whether to accept or deny the QoS request (e.g., based on network capacity, such as using a first come first service QoS/network bandwidth or best effort access policy or other techniques, and/or other criteria/measures). The BTS responds to the QoS request accordingly. If the QoS request is granted, the QoS session can be initiated as similarly described herein. In some embodiments, the service processor  115  also performs various QoS charging functions using various techniques described herein, and the service processor  115  periodically sends QoS charging records or reports to the service controller  122  (e.g., and/or another network element/function). In some embodiments, the service processor  115  and the QoS related functions performed by the service processor  115  are periodically verified using the various techniques described herein. 
     Referring to  FIG. 4B ,  FIG. 4B  is similar to  FIG. 4A  except that the service controller  122  is also shown to be in communication with the service processor  115  of the communications device  100 , which can provide for the download and periodically updating of the QoS rules and/or other service plan/profile/policy information that can include QoS related information. In some embodiments, the service processor  115  also performs various QoS charging functions using various techniques described herein, and the service processor  115  periodically sends QoS charging records or reports to the service controller  122  (e.g., and/or another network element/function). In some embodiments, the service processor  115  and the QoS related functions performed by the service processor  115  are periodically verified using the various techniques described herein. 
     Referring to  FIG. 4C , at  410 , the service processor  115  sends a QoS request to the service controller  122  (e.g., the service processor can also (at least in part) determine whether the QoS request is authorized as similarly described with respect to  FIG. 4A ). At  420 , the service controller  122  sends the QoS request to the BTS  125  if it is determined that the QoS request is authorized using various techniques described herein and/or whether the BTS  125  has network capacity for the QoS request. For example, the service controller can provide a central policy decision point function for QoS related activities (e.g., based on QoS prioritization, network capacity, and/or other criteria/measures/policies). At  430 , the service controller  122  communicates the response to the QoS request accordingly. At  440 , if the QoS request was approved, the device  100  initiates the QoS session (e.g., using a RAB or multi-RAB reservation) via the BTS  125 . In some embodiments, the service processor  115  also performs various QoS charging functions using various techniques described herein, and the service processor  115  periodically sends QoS charging records or reports to the service controller  122  (e.g., and/or another network element/function). In some embodiments, the service processor  115  and the QoS related functions performed by the service processor  115  are periodically verified using the various techniques described herein. 
     In some embodiments, QoS techniques as described herein are implemented in the device (e.g., using the service processor  115 ) and one or more other network elements/functions, such as the BTS  125 , service controller  125 , RAN, SGSN/GGSN/other gateways and/or other network elements/functions, in which various of the QoS related functions can be distributed or allocated to such network elements/functions based on various design/network architecture approaches as will now be apparent to one of ordinary skill in the art, in which QoS related activities and/or functions at the device  100  are verified using various verification techniques described herein. 
     In some embodiments, the device determines QoS availability by directly querying QoS link reservation equipment in the network (e.g., an access point, such as the BTS  125 ). In some embodiments, the device determines QoS availability based on an intermediate network function that coordinates QoS requests with one or more network QoS link resources. In some embodiments, the device requests a QoS reservation in advance of QoS link establishment with one or more QoS network link resources. In some embodiments, in response to a QoS request, a QoS channel is reported as available only if/after it is determined that the necessary one or more QoS links required to create the QoS channel are available, and, for example, the QoS channel can then be reserved based on a confirmation or automatically be reserved in response to the QoS request. 
       FIG. 5  illustrates a functional diagram for generating a QoS activity map for quality of service (QoS) for device assisted services (DAS) in accordance with some embodiments. In particular,  FIG. 5  illustrates techniques for mapping a service plan or a set of service plan policies/rules for QoS  510  to a set of QoS activity rules  530 . As shown, a set of QoS rules/QoS related device state information  510  (e.g., a set of associated service plan, service plan usage, other state such as network capacity or forecasted demand or time of day/day of week, activity usage, QoS level, and/or user preferences) is mapped using a QoS mapping function to a set of QoS activity rules  530  using various techniques described herein. At  530 , activity rules (e.g., activity policy rules instructions)  530  are determined using the mapping function  520 . In some embodiments, DAS for network capacity controlled services techniques can similarly be implemented using the techniques described with respect to  FIG. 5  (e.g., for generating and implementing a network capacity controlled services activity map). 
     In some embodiments, the service plan includes a list of activity policies, and each activity policy in the service plan specifies how the activity policy is modified by rules state information. In some embodiments, each activity policy then becomes the instruction for the engine (e.g., QoS mapping function  520 ) that maps the activity policy to QoS activity rules  530 . In some embodiments, service controller  122  downloads QoS mapping function  520 , which is implemented by service processor  115 . 
     In some embodiments, the service processor determines (e.g., and classifies) application/service usage activity demand with or without granular application/service usage activity (e.g., depending on various user/service plan/service provider/network/legal and/or other privacy restrictions and/or any other related requirements or settings). For example, policies (e.g., service policy settings and/or service profile settings) can be downloaded to provide such application/service usage activity monitoring rules and a QoS activity map for assigning such monitored activities to various QoS classes or priorities, and, in some embodiments, such monitoring and the QoS activity map can also be implemented using various verification techniques described herein (e.g., periodically audited, tested, compared with network service usage information). In some embodiments, the QoS activity map is based on a service plan, service profile, and/or service policy settings associated with the communications device. In some embodiments, the QoS activity map is based on a device group and/or user group. In some embodiments, the QoS activity map is based on user input (e.g., a user of the communications device can identify QoS classes/service levels for various applications and/or service activities, in response to requests for user input, based on user configurations, user defined rules (e.g., to eliminate or mitigate privacy and/or net neutrality concerns/issues), and/or confirmed monitored user behavior QoS related patterns or preferences). In some embodiments, the QoS activity map includes mappings/associations based on one or more of the following: a user preference for a given destination, destination class, application, application class (e.g., by application class instead of with respect to a specific application can also eliminate or mitigate privacy and/or net neutrality concerns/issues), flow, traffic or flow class, time period, time of day, location, network busy state (e.g., provide QoS when you can, then charge more when busy, notify user of busy state), device type, user type, user plan, user group, user standing, partner service, tokens, service type, and/or other criteria or measures. 
     In some embodiments, various techniques described herein are managed for device  100  for incoming and/or outgoing QoS requests. In some embodiments, as shown in  FIG. 6 , QoS for DAS includes establishing an end to end coordinated QoS service channel control. 
       FIG. 6  illustrates a functional diagram for quality of service (QoS) for device assisted services for an end to end coordinated QoS service channel control in accordance with some embodiments. As shown in  FIG. 6 , a wireless communications device  100 A includes a service processor  115 A in secure communication with service controller  122 A. A wireless communications device  100 B includes a service processor  115 B in secure communication with service controller  122 B. In some embodiments, when, for example, device  100 A initiates a QoS request for a QoS class session in communication with device  100 B (e.g., a VOIP call or another application service requiring or possibly using a QoS class/level session, such as a conversational or other QoS type of class/level), as sequence of actions are performed using service controller  122 A and service controller  122 B to facilitate/setup an end to end coordinated QoS service channel control. In some embodiments, as similarly described herein, assuming that service processor  115 A and service controller  122 A determine that the QoS request from device  100 A is authorized for that device, then the service controller  122 A contacts registry  650  (e.g., a device registry, such as an HLR, mobile services center, or other central database or registry including, for example, service controller mappings by device/IP address/other) to determine the service controller associated with/responsible for managing QoS/service control for device  100 B. The registry  650  provides the service controller  122 B information (e.g., IP address/other address) based on this lookup determination. In some embodiments, service controller  122 A then initiates the QoS request with service controller  122 B to determine if the device  100 B is authorized and/or available for the QoS session requested by device  100 A. In some embodiments, service controllers  122 AB communicate with BTSs  125 A/B to determine whether the QoS request can be facilitated (e.g., based on network capacity) as similarly described herein. In some embodiments, the service controllers  122 A and  122 B provide the central QoS coordination function and can request appropriate QoS channels directly from the respective local BTSs. In some embodiments, the service controllers  122 A and  122 B also communicate with one or more of the following network elements/functions as shown in  FIG. 6  in order to facilitate an end to end coordinated QoS service channel control: RAN  610 / 670 , Core Network  620 / 660 , and IPX network  630 . In some embodiments, service controllers  122 A and  122 B communicate with various necessary network elements for provisioning to facilitate session provisioning through the carrier core network as similarly discussed above. In some embodiments, service controllers  122 A and  122 B communicate with various necessary network elements for provisioning to facilitate session provisioning through the IPX network as similarly discussed above. As will be apparent to one of ordinary skill in the art, QoS for DAS techniques as described herein can be similarly implemented using these or similar techniques to various other network architectures. 
       FIG. 7  illustrates a flow diagram for quality of service (QoS) for device assisted services (DAS) in accordance with some embodiments. At  702 , the process begins. At  704 , QoS rules are received or determined (e.g., a service processor receives or requests the QoS rules, which may be included in service plan, service profile, and/or service policy settings associated with the communications device). In some embodiments, the QoS rules are verified using various techniques as described herein (e.g., periodically updated, replaced, downloaded, obfuscated, and/or tested using by a service controller and/or using other verification techniques). In some embodiments, a QoS API is also used by various applications to initiate a QoS request, as described herein with respect to various embodiments. In some embodiments, the QoS rules are implemented in the form of a QoS activity map in accordance with various embodiments described herein. At  706 , the communications device&#39;s standing for QoS is determined using various techniques described herein (e.g., based on the service plan, service profile, service policy settings, QoS rules, based on QoS class, current service usage, current billing standing, and/or any other criteria/measure). In some embodiments, in addition to verifying the device/user standing for the QoS request, whether the device is following or in compliance with an assigned QoS reservation request policy is also verified using various techniques described herein. If the device is determined to not be eligible for QoS, then at  708 , the device User Interface (UI) provides information concerning the denial/ineligibility for QoS session(s) (e.g., denial/ineligibility explanation and/or options for providing for one or more QoS options, such as a service plan upgrade or payment for a certain/set of/period of time for QoS session(s) access). If the device is determined to be eligible for QoS, then at  710 , QoS availability is determined (e.g., based on network capacity, which may be determined at the device, via communication with the service controller, via communication with the BTS, and/or any combination thereof, using the various techniques described herein). If QoS is determined to not be available, then at  712 , the UI provides information and/or options concerning the QoS availability (e.g., unavailability explanation and/or options for providing for one or more QoS options, such as a service plan upgrade or payment for a certain/set of/period of time for QoS session(s) access). If QoS is determined to be available, then at  714 , a request for network resources for the QoS session is sent to one or more network resources (e.g., service controller, BTS, gateway, core/transport network, IPX/GRX networks, and/or other network elements/functions/resources). At  716 , a confirmation of the approved QoS session is received to close the loop for the QoS for DAS (e.g., a QoS schedule is received that provides the QoS session confirmation information, such as a scheduled RAB/multi-RAB and/or other reserved network resource(s) by schedule/other criteria). At  718 , one or more verification techniques are performed to verify the QoS for DAS implementation on the device using various verification techniques described herein (e.g., comparing QoS service usage reports from a network source with the associated device policy; comparing QoS service usage reports from a network source with the QoS service usage reports from the device, and/or using other verification techniques as similarly described herein). At  720 , the process is completed. 
       FIGS. 8A through 8C  each illustrate another flow diagram for quality of service (QoS) for device assisted services (DAS) in accordance with some embodiments.  FIG. 8A  illustrates another flow diagram for quality of service (QoS) for device assisted services (DAS) in accordance with some embodiments. At  802 , the process begins. In some embodiments, the QoS policies are implemented on the device (e.g., service processor collects/receives an associated service plan that defines/specifies basic policies for QoS, which can include a QoS activity map, which, for example, maps QoS classes based on application, service usage, flow type, destination, time of day, network capacity, and/or other criteria/measures, as similarly described herein). In some embodiments, a QoS API is also used by various applications to initiate a QoS request, as described herein with respect to various embodiments. In some embodiments, the QoS rules are implemented in the form of a verified QoS activity map in accordance with various embodiments described herein. At  804 , a QoS request is determined (e.g., by QoS class for a particular associated service/application). In some embodiments, the QoS request is determined at least in part by using the QoS activity map using various techniques described herein, for example, based on service/application usage monitoring on the device (e.g., by the service processor service usage monitoring agent). In some embodiments, the QoS request is determined based on the QoS API. In some embodiments, the QoS request is determined to be associated with an outgoing connection or an incoming connection. At  806 , whether the QoS request is authorized is determined (e.g., whether the QoS request supported by the service plan, sufficient charging credit exists for this QoS request, and/or other criteria/measures). If not, then at  808 , the UI provides a responsive notification and/or option as similarly described herein. If the QoS request is approved, then at  810 , a request for network resources for the QoS session is sent to one or more network resources (e.g., service controller, BTS, gateway, core/transport network, IPX/GRX networks, a/another service controller in communication with another communications device such as for setting up a conversational class QoS connection with the other communications device, and/or other network elements/functions/resources). If the device is determined to be eligible for QoS, then at  810 , QoS availability is determined (e.g., based on network capacity, which may be determined at the device, via communication with the service controller, via communication with the BTS or another network element/function, and/or any combination thereof, using the various techniques described herein). If QoS is determined to not be available, then at  812 , the UI provides information and/or options concerning the QoS availability (e.g., unavailability explanation and/or options for providing for one or more QoS options, such as a service plan upgrade or payment for a certain/set of/period of time for QoS session(s) access). If QoS is determined to be available, then at  814 , a request for network resources for the QoS session is sent to one or more network resources (e.g., service controller, BTS, gateway, core/transport network, IPX/GRX networks, and/or other network elements/functions/resources, to setup, for example, a QoS end to end connection—coordinate all resources end to end for the approved and verified QoS flow). At  816 , a confirmation of the approved QoS session is received to close the loop for the QoS for DAS (e.g., a QoS schedule is received that provides the QoS session confirmation information, such as a scheduled RAB/multi-RAB and/or other reserved network resource(s) by schedule/other criteria). At  818 , a QoS router is executed/performed on the communications device to assist in implementing QoS for DAS using various verification techniques described herein (e.g., to perform QoS queuing, throttling, and/or other QoS router related functions as described herein). At  820 , verified QoS charging is performed (e.g., at least in part) on the device using various techniques described herein (e.g., using the service processor, such as the charging/service usage monitoring and/or other agents as described herein). In some embodiments, QoS charging records and/or reports are provided to one or more network elements for managing QoS billing and/or other QoS management/billing related service control functions (e.g., to the service controller and/or the billing interface or billing server). In some embodiments, QoS for DAS also facilitates reestablishing the QoS session/connection/channel/stream if the QoS session/connection/channel/stream is lost or goes down, using similar techniques to those described herein as would be apparent to one of ordinary skill in the art. At  822 , the process is completed. In some embodiments, the QoS provisioning channel is closed when the device session is over to, for example, free up various resources. 
       FIG. 8B  illustrates another flow diagram for quality of service (QoS) for device assisted services (DAS) in accordance with some embodiments. In some embodiments, QoS for DAS includes identifying the QoS requirements (e.g., QoS level or QoS class) for a service activity. At  824 , the process begins. In some embodiments, the QoS policies are implemented on the device (e.g., service processor collects/receives an associated service plan that defines/specifies basic policies for QoS, which can include a QoS activity map, which, for example, maps QoS classes based on application, service usage, flow type, destination, time of day, network capacity, and/or other criteria/measures, as similarly described herein). In some embodiments, the QoS rules are implemented in the form of a verified QoS activity map in accordance with various embodiments described herein. At  826 , the device monitors device activity, such as service/application usage activities. In some embodiments, the device detects the relevant activities based on various service usage monitoring techniques described herein. At  828 , a QoS request is determined, for example, using various techniques described herein. At  830 , a QoS level is determined based on the application and/or various device monitored service usage/application activities associated with the QoS request using various techniques described herein. For example, the QoS level can be determined using the QoS activity map, which provides a QoS policy defined by a table associating various QoS levels with a variety of activities that include various device monitored service usage/application activities. In some embodiments, the QoS activity map includes QoS level mappings based on one or more of the following: application, destination/source, traffic type, connection type, content type, time of day/day of week, network capacity, activity usage, service plan selection, current standing, user class, device class, home/roaming, network capabilities, and/or other criteria/measures as similarly described herein. In some embodiments, at  832 , if the QoS level cannot be determined and/or in order to confirm a QoS level or selection among multiple potential appropriate/approved QoS levels, the UI presents options for a user to select the QoS level. At  834 , the QoS request is initiated for the determined QoS level (e.g., QoS class and/or priorities). At  836 , the process is completed. 
       FIG. 8C  illustrates another flow diagram for quality of service (QoS) for device assisted services (DAS) in accordance with some embodiments. In some embodiments, QoS for DAS includes determining whether the network should grant the QoS request for a given device activity. At  842 , the process begins. At  844 , QoS request is determined. At  846 , the communications device&#39;s standing for QoS is determined using various techniques described herein (e.g., a service processor in combination with a service controller or based on a communication for authorization of the QoS request sent to the service controller determines whether the QoS request is authorized, which can be based on the service plan, service profile, service policy settings, QoS rules, based on QoS class, current service usage, current billing standing, and/or any other criteria/measure). If the device is determined to not be eligible for QoS, then at  848 , the device User Interface (UI) provides information concerning the denial/ineligibility for QoS session(s) (e.g., denial/ineligibility explanation and/or options for providing for one or more QoS options, such as a service plan upgrade or payment for a certain/set of/period of time for QoS session(s) access). If the device is determined to be eligible for QoS, then at  850 , QoS availability is determined (e.g., based on network capacity, which may be determined at the device, via communication with the service controller, via communication with the BTS or another network element/function, and/or any combination thereof, using the various techniques described herein). If QoS is determined to not be available, then at  852 , the UI provides information and/or options concerning the QoS availability (e.g., unavailability explanation and/or options for providing for one or more QoS options, such as a service plan upgrade or payment for a certain/set of/period of time for QoS session(s) access). If QoS is determined to be available, then at  854 , a request for network resources for the QoS session is sent to one or more network resources (e.g., service controller, BTS, gateway, core/transport network, IPX/GRX networks, and/or other network elements/functions/resources can be queried directly and/or a centralized QoS resource/network function/element/database can be queried for determining such network resources and coordinating such scheduling). At  856 , a confirmation of the approved QoS session is received to close the loop for the QoS for DAS (e.g., a QoS schedule is received that provides the QoS session confirmation information, such as a scheduled RAB/multi-RAB and/or other reserved network resource(s) by schedule/other criteria). At  858 , a QoS router is performed. In some embodiments, the QoS router is performed on the device (e.g., service processor), on a network element/function (e.g., service controller), and/or in combinations thereof. In some embodiments, the QoS router prioritizes multiple QoS requests across a given communications device. In some embodiments, the QoS router prioritizes multiple QoS requests across multiple communications devices and/or across multiple BTSs. In some embodiments, the QoS router performs various QoS class degradation, promotion, and/or other throttling related techniques as similarly described herein (e.g., based on session priority, network capacity, workload balancing, QoS priority rules, and/or other criteria/measures/rules). At  860 , the process is completed. 
       FIG. 9  illustrates another flow diagram for quality of service (QoS) for device assisted services (DAS) in accordance with some embodiments. In some embodiments, QoS for DAS includes QoS session provision for a service activity. At  902 , the process begins. At  904 , a new QoS session is granted and/or confirmed. At  906 , a device service processor (e.g., policy decision point (PDP) agent, also referred to herein as a policy control agent) maps the QoS session grant to a QoS monitoring policy (e.g., based on a service controller provided QoS related policy, based on a service plan associated with the device, user, device/user group, and/or other criteria/measures, as similarly described herein). At  908 , the QoS monitoring policy provides commands/instructions to a policy enforcement point (PEP) (e.g., PEP agent, also referred to herein as a policy implementation agent) for managing/enforcing the new QoS priorities/sessions. At  910 , the PEP determines whether to allow, block, throttle, and/or queue priority (e.g., and/or otherwise control using various traffic control related techniques) a session based on the QoS monitoring policy. At  912 , the process is completed. 
       FIG. 10  illustrates another flow diagram for quality of service (QoS) for device assisted services (DAS) in accordance with some embodiments. In some embodiments, Radio Access Bearer (RAB) support is available, and the following process is performed in accordance with some embodiments. At  1002 , the process begins. At  1004 , the device service processor detects a QoS request or QoS need (e.g., a QoS API request, a QoS request or need/benefit of QoS session based on service usage monitoring, such as by application and/or another service usage measure/activity). At  1006 , the service processor and/or the service processor in communication with the service controller determines if the service plan allows/supports the requested QoS. If not, then at  1008 , a UI event is generated (e.g., notifying the device user that such QoS/QoS level/class is not available, and potentially offering a QoS/service plan upgrade/purchase for that QoS/QoS level/class). At  1010 , the service processor communicates the QoS request to the service controller (e.g., using a secure service control link or secure communication channel, as similarly described herein) to request the QoS level/class. At  1012 , the service controller determines whether network resources are available using various techniques as described herein. In some embodiments, network capacity is determined using various techniques, such as local device measurements; dedicated local device measurement reports; BTS reports; other network element reports; by assessing, for example, a combination of one or more of available bandwidth, traffic delay or latency, available QoS level, variability in available bandwidth, variability in latency, and/or variability in available QoS level; and/or other techniques as described herein. At  1014 , the service controller responds to the QoS request (e.g., grants or denies the QoS request). In some embodiments, another UI event is generated if the QoS request is denied as similarly described herein. At  1016  (assuming the QoS request is granted), the device requests a QoS channel from the BTS. In some embodiments, the request includes a QoS request authorization code received from the service controller. In some embodiments, the service controller provides a notification of the QoS request approval for the communications device to the BTS, so that the BTS can verify the approval of the QoS request. In some embodiments, the BTS confirms the device QoS channel request directly with the service controller. For example, various other techniques for verifying the QoS channel request can also be used as similarly described herein and as would be apparent to one of ordinary skill in the art. In some embodiments, the device service processor and/or service controller provides QoS related reports informing the BTS of how many QoS channels (e.g., RABs) to provision and how many best effort resources to provision based on device demand projections. At  1018  (assuming the QoS channel request is verified), the QoS session is initiated based on an allocated RAB or multi-RAB reservation received from the BTS (e.g., and/or other network elements as similarly described herein). At  1020 , the process is completed. 
       FIG. 11  illustrates another flow diagram for quality of service (QoS) for device assisted services (DAS) in accordance with some embodiments. In some embodiments, RAB support is not available, and the following process is performed in accordance with some embodiments. At  1102 , the process begins. At  1104 , the device service processor detects a QoS request or QoS need (e.g., a QoS API request, a QoS request or need/benefit of QoS session based on service usage monitoring, such as by application, or other service usage measure/activity). At  1106 , the service processor and/or the service processor in communication with the service controller determines if the service plan allows/supports the requested QoS. If not, then at  1108 , a UI event is generated (e.g., notifying the device user that such QoS/QoS level/class is not available, and potentially offering a QoS/service plan upgrade/purchase for that QoS/QoS level/class). At  1110 , the service processor communicates the QoS request to the service controller (e.g., using a secure service control link or secure communication channel, as similarly described herein) to request the QoS level/class. At  1112 , the service controller determines whether network resources are available using various techniques as described herein. In some embodiments, network capacity is determined using various techniques, such as local device measurements, BTS reports, other network element reports, and/or other techniques as described herein. In some embodiments, the service controller throttles other devices on the link so that the requested QoS level can be achieved (e.g., as RAB support is not available). In some embodiments, the service controller time slots traffic from the device end in synchronization with a BTS clock or absolute clock to facilitate the requested QoS level and to achieve necessary network capacity to support/facilitate the requested QoS level (e.g., minimizing jitter/inter-packet delay variation) based on current/forecasted network capacity on the link. At  1114 , the service controller responds to the QoS request (e.g., grants or denies the QoS request). In some embodiments, another UI event is generated if the QoS request is denied as similarly described herein. At  1116  (assuming the QoS request is granted), the device initiates the QoS session. At  1118 , the device service processor and/or the device service processor in secure communication with the service controller monitors and verifies the QoS session using various monitoring and verification techniques described herein (e.g., checks CDRs to determine if the QoS channel is properly implemented by the device). In some embodiments, a UI event is generated to notify the device user if there are potential problems with the QoS session implementation, to periodically inform the user of QoS charging, and/or other events/information related to QoS activities. At  1120 , the process is completed. 
       FIG. 12  illustrates a device stack for providing various service usage measurement techniques in accordance with some embodiments.  FIG. 12  illustrates a device stack providing various service usage measurement from various points in the networking stack for a service monitor agent (e.g., for monitoring QoS related activities and/or for monitoring network capacity controlled services as described herein), a billing agent, and an access control integrity agent to assist in verifying the service usage measures, QoS related activities and functions, and billing reports in accordance with some embodiments. As shown in  FIG. 12 , several service agents take part in data path operations to achieve various data path improvements, and, for example, several other service agents can manage the policy settings for the data path service, implement billing for the data path service, manage one or more modem selection and settings for access network connection, interface with the user and/or provide service policy implementation verification. Additionally, in some embodiments, several agents perform functions to assist in verifying that the service control or monitoring policies intended to be in place are properly implemented, the service control or monitoring policies are being properly adhered to, that the service processor or one or more service agents are operating properly, to prevent unintended errors in policy implementation or control, and/or to prevent/detect tampering with the service policies or control. As shown, the service measurement points labeled I through VI represent various service measurement points for service monitor agent  1696  and/or other agents to perform various service monitoring activities. Each of these measurement points can have a useful purpose in various embodiments described herein. For example, each of the traffic measurement points that is employed in a given design can be used by a monitoring agent to track application layer traffic through the communication stack to assist policy implementation functions, such as the policy implementation driver/agent  1690  (e.g., policy enforcement point driver/agent), or in some embodiments the modem firewall agent  1655  or the application interface agent, in making a determination regarding the traffic parameters or type once the traffic is farther down in the communication stack where it is sometimes difficult or impossible to make a complete determination of traffic parameters. The particular locations for the measurement points provided in these figures are intended as instructional examples, and other measurement points can be used for different embodiments, as will be apparent to one of ordinary skill in the art in view of the embodiments described herein. Generally, in some embodiments, one or more measurement points within the device can be used to assist in service control verification and/or device or service troubleshooting. 
     In some embodiments, the service monitor agent and/or other agents implement virtual traffic tagging by tracking or tracing packet flows through the various communication stack formatting, processing and encryption steps, and providing the virtual tag information to the various agents that monitor, control, shape, throttle or otherwise observe, manipulate or modify the traffic. This tagging approach is referred to herein as virtual tagging, because there is not a literal data flow, traffic flow or packet tag that is attached to flows or packets, and the book-keeping to tag the packet is done through tracking or tracing the flow or packet through the stack instead. In some embodiments, the application interface and/or other agents identify a traffic flow, associate it with a service usage activity and cause a literal tag to be attached to the traffic or packets associated with the activity. This tagging approach is referred to herein as literal tagging. There are various advantages with both the virtual tagging and the literal tagging approaches. For example, it can be preferable in some embodiments to reduce the inter-agent communication required to track or trace a packet through the stack processing by assigning a literal tag so that each flow or packet has its own activity association embedded in the data. As another example, it can be preferable in some embodiments to re-use portions of standard communication stack software or components, enhancing the verifiable traffic control or service control capabilities of the standard stack by inserting additional processing steps associated with the various service agents and monitoring points rather than re-writing the entire stack to correctly process literal tagging information, and in such cases, a virtual tagging scheme may be desired. As yet another example, some standard communication stacks provide for unused, unspecified or otherwise available bit fields in a packet frame or flow, and these unused, unspecified or otherwise available bit fields can be used to literally tag traffic without the need to re-write all of the standard communication stack software, with only the portions of the stack that are added to enhance the verifiable traffic control or service control capabilities of the standard stack needing to decode and use the literal tagging information encapsulated in the available bit fields. In the case of literal tagging, in some embodiments, the tags are removed prior to passing the packets or flows to the network or to the applications utilizing the stack. In some embodiments, the manner in which the virtual or literal tagging is implemented can be developed into a communication standard specification so that various device or service product developers can independently develop the communication stack and/or service processor hardware and/or software in a manner that is compatible with the service controller specifications and the products of other device or service product developers. 
     It will be appreciated that although the implementation/use of any or all of the measurement points illustrated in  FIG. 12  is not required to have an effective implementation, such as was similarly shown with respect to various embodiments described herein, various embodiments can benefit from these and/or similar measurement points. It will also be appreciated that the exact measurement points can be moved to different locations in the traffic processing stack, just as the various embodiments described herein can have the agents affecting policy implementation moved to different points in the traffic processing stack while still maintaining effective operation. In some embodiments, one or more measurement points are provided deeper in the modem stack where, for example, it is more difficult to circumvent and can be more difficult to access for tampering purposes if the modem is designed with the proper software and/or hardware security to protect the integrity of the modem stack and measurement point(s). 
     Referring to  FIG. 12 , describing the device communications stack from the bottom to the top of the stack as shown, the device communications stack provides a communication layer for each of the modems of the device at the bottom of the device communications stack. Example measurement point VI resides within or just above the modem driver layer. For example, the modem driver performs modem bus communications, data protocol translations, modem control and configuration to interface the networking stack traffic to the modem. As shown, measurement point VI is common to all modem drivers and modems, and it is advantageous for certain embodiments to differentiate the traffic or service activity taking place through one modem from that of one or more of the other modems. In some embodiments, measurement point VI, or another measurement point, is located over, within or below one or more of the individual modem drivers. The respective modem buses for each modem reside between example measurement points V and VI. In the next higher layer, a modem selection &amp; control layer for multimode device based communication is provided. In some embodiments, this layer is controlled by a network decision policy that selects the most desirable network modem for some or all of the data traffic, and when the most desirable network is not available the policy reverts to the next most desirable network until a connection is established provided that one of the networks is available. In some embodiments, certain network traffic, such as verification, control, redundant or secure traffic, is routed to one of the networks even when some or all of the data traffic is routed to another network. This dual routing capability provides for a variety of enhanced security, enhanced reliability or enhanced manageability devices, services or applications. In the next higher layer, a modem firewall is provided. For example, the modem firewall provides for traditional firewall functions, but unlike traditional firewalls, in order to rely on the firewall for verifiable service usage control, such as access control and security protection from unwanted networking traffic or applications, the various service verification techniques and agents described herein are added to the firewall function to verify compliance with service policy and prevent/detect tampering of the service controls. In some embodiments, the modem firewall is implemented farther up the stack, possibly in combination with other layers as indicated in other Figures and described herein. In some embodiments, a dedicated firewall function or layer is provided that is independent of the other processing layers, such as the policy implementation layer, the packet forwarding layer and/or the application layer. In some embodiments, the modem firewall is implemented farther down the stack, such as within the modem drivers, below the modem drivers, or in the modem itself. Example measurement point IV resides between the modem firewall layer and an IP queuing and routing layer (e.g., QoS IP queuing and routing layer and/or a network capacity controlled services queuing and routing layer). As shown, an IP queuing and routing layer is separate from the policy implementation layer where the policy implementation agent implements a portion of the traffic control and/or service usage control policies. As described herein, in some embodiments, these functions are separated so that a standard network stack function can be used for QoS IP queuing and routing and/or for network capacity controlled services queuing and routing, and the modifications necessary to implement the policy implementation agent functions can be provided in a new layer inserted into the standard stack. In some embodiments, the IP queuing and routing layer is combined with the traffic or service usage control layer. For example, a combined routing and policy implementation layer embodiment can also be used with the other embodiments, such as shown in  FIG. 12 . Measurement point III resides between the IP queuing and routing layer and a policy implementation agent layer. Measurement point II resides between the policy implementation agent layer and the transport layer, including TCP, UDP, and other IP as shown. The session layer resides above the transport layer, which is shown as a socket assignment and session management (e.g., basic TCP setup, TLS/SSL) layer. The network services API (e.g., HTTP, HTTPS, FTP (File Transfer Protocol), SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol), POP3, DNS) resides above the session layer. Measurement point I resides between the network services API layer and an application layer, shown as application service interface agent in the device communications stack of  FIG. 12 . 
     As shown in  FIG. 12 , the application service interface layer (e.g., QoS application service interface layer and/or network capacity controlled services interface layer) is above the standard networking stack API and, in some embodiments, its function is to monitor and in some cases intercept and process the traffic between the applications and the standard networking stack API. In some embodiments, the application service interface layer identifies application traffic flows before the application traffic flows are more difficult or practically impossible to identify farther down in the stack. In some embodiments, the application service interface layer in this way assists application layer tagging in both the virtual and literal tagging cases. In the case of upstream traffic, the application layer tagging is straight forward, because the traffic originates at the application layer. In some downstream embodiments, where the traffic or service activity classification relies on traffic attributes that are readily obtainable, such as source address or URL, application socket address, IP destination address, time of day or any other readily obtained parameter, the traffic type can be identified and tagged for processing by the firewall agent or another agent as it initially arrives. In other embodiments, as described herein, in the downstream case, the solution is generally more sophisticated when a traffic parameter that is needed to classify the manner in which the traffic flow is to be controlled or throttled is not readily available at the lower levels of the stack, such as association with an aspect of an application, type of content, something contained within TLS, IPSEC or other secure format, or other information associated with the traffic. Accordingly, in some embodiments the networking stack identifies the traffic flow before it is fully characterized, categorized or associated with a service activity, and then passes the traffic through to the application interface layer where the final classification is completed. In such embodiments, the application interface layer then communicates the traffic flow ID with the proper classification so that after an initial short traffic burst or time period the policy implementation agents can properly control the traffic. In some embodiments, there is also a policy for tagging and setting service control policies for traffic that cannot be fully identified with all sources of tagging including application layer tagging. 
     As shown in  FIG. 12 , a service monitor agent, which is also in communication with the agent communication bus  1630 , communicates with various layers of the device communications stack. For example, the service monitor agent, performs monitoring at each of measurement points I through VI, receiving information including application information, service usage and other service related information, and assignment information. An access control integrity agent is in communication with the service monitor agent via the agent communications bus  1630 , as also shown. 
       FIG. 13  illustrates another device stack for providing various service usage measurement techniques in accordance with some embodiments.  FIG. 13  illustrates an embodiment similar to  FIG. 12  in which some of the service processor is implemented on the modem and some of the service processor is implemented on the device application processor in accordance with some embodiments. In some embodiments, a portion of the service processor is implemented on the modem (e.g., on modem module hardware or modem chipset) and a portion of the service processor is implemented on the device application processor subsystem. It will be apparent to one of ordinary skill in the art that variations of the embodiment depicted in  FIG. 13  are possible where more or less of the service processor functionality is moved onto the modem subsystem or onto the device application processor subsystem. For example, such embodiments similar to that depicted in  FIG. 13  can be motivated by the advantages of including some or all of the service processor network communication stack processing and/or some or all of the other service agent functions on the modem subsystem (e.g., and such an approach can be applied to one or more modems). For example, the service processor can be distributed as a standard feature set contained in a modem chipset hardware of software package or modem module hardware or software package, and such a configuration can provide for easier adoption or development by device OEMs, a higher level of differentiation for the chipset or modem module manufacturer, higher levels of performance or service usage control implementation integrity or security, specification or interoperability standardization, and/or other benefits. 
     Referring to  FIG. 13 , describing the device communications stack from the bottom to the top of the stack as shown, the device communications stack provides a communication layer for modem MAC/PHY layer at the bottom of the device communications stack. Measurement point IV resides above the modem MAC/PHY layer. The modem firewall layer resides between measurement points IV and III. In the next higher layer, the policy implementation agent is provided, in which the policy implementation agent is implemented on the modem (e.g., on modem hardware). Measurement point II resides between the policy implementation agent and the modem driver layer, which is then shown below a modem bus layer. The next higher layer is shown as the IP queuing and routing layer, followed by the transport layer, including TCP, UDP, and other IP as shown. The session layer resides above the transport layer, which is shown as a socket assignment and session management (e.g., basic TCP setup, TLS/SSL) layer. The network services API (e.g., HTTP, HTTPS, FTP (File Transfer Protocol), SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol), POP3, DNS) resides above the session layer. Measurement point I resides between the network services API layer and an application layer, shown as application service interface agent in the device communications stack of  FIG. 13 . 
     Additional Embodiments of DAS for Protecting Network Capacity 
     In some embodiments, DAS for protecting network capacity includes classifying a service activity as a network capacity controlled service and implementing a network capacity controlled services policy. In some embodiments, DAS for protecting network capacity includes device assisted/based techniques for classifying a service activity as a network capacity controlled service and/or implementing a network capacity controlled services policy. In some embodiments, DAS for protecting network capacity includes network assisted/based techniques (e.g., implemented on a network element/function, such as a service controller, a DPI gateway, a BTS/BTSC, etc., or a combination of network elements) for classifying a service activity as a network capacity controlled service and/or implementing a network capacity controlled services policy. In some embodiments, DAS for protecting network capacity includes providing a network access API or an emulated or virtual network access API (e.g., such an API can provide network busy state information and/or other criteria/measures and/or provide a mechanism for allowing, denying, delaying, and/or otherwise controlling network access). In some embodiments, DAS for protecting network capacity includes implementing a service plan that includes a network capacity controlled services policy (e.g., for differential network access control and/or differential charging for network capacity controlled services, which can also be based on a network busy state and/or other criteria/measures). 
     In some embodiments, DAS for protecting network capacity techniques also provide improved user privacy and facilitate network neutrality requirements. In contrast, network based techniques (e.g., DPI based techniques) can give rise to user privacy and network neutrality concerns and problems as discussed above. In some embodiments, DAS for protecting network capacity techniques include allowing a user to specify (e.g., permit or not permit) whether the network is aware of the user&#39;s Internet behavior (e.g., using UI input). In some embodiments, DAS for protecting network capacity techniques include allowing a user to select how they want their traffic usage and service plan costs to be managed. 
       FIG. 14  illustrates a flow diagram for device assisted services (DAS) for protecting network capacity in accordance with some embodiments. At  1402 , the process begins. At  1404 , monitoring a network service usage activity of a device in network communication (e.g., wireless network communication) is performed. At  1406 , whether the monitored network service usage activity is a network capacity controlled service is determined. At  1408  (the monitored network service usage activity was determined not to be a network capacity controlled service), the network service usage activity is not classified for differential network access control. At  1410 , (the monitored network service usage activity was determined to be a network capacity controlled service), the network service usage activity is classified (e.g., into one or more network capacity controlled services) for differential network access control for protecting network capacity. In some embodiments, classifying the network service usage activity includes classifying the network service usage activity into one or more of a plurality of classification categories for differential network access control for protecting network capacity (e.g., one or more network capacity controlled service classifications and/or a priority state classification, such as a background services classification and/or a background priority state classification). At  1412 , associating the network service usage activity with a network capacity controlled services control policy based on a classification of the network service usage activity to facilitate differential network access control for protecting network capacity is performed. At  1414 , implementing differential network access control for protecting network capacity by implementing different traffic controls for all or some of the network service usage activities (e.g., based on a network busy state or another criteria/measure) is performed. At  1416 , the process is completed. 
       FIG. 15  illustrates another flow diagram for device assisted services (DAS) for protecting network capacity in accordance with some embodiments. At  1502 , the process begins. At  1504 , monitoring network service usage activities of a device in network communication is performed. At  1506 , monitored network service usage activity of the device is reported (e.g., to a network element/function). At  1508 , a statistical analysis of a reported network service usage activities across a plurality of devices is performed (e.g., by a network element/function). At  1510 , the device receives a network service usage activity classification list (e.g., a network capacity controlled services list, which can be generated, for example, based on the monitored network service usage activities and the statistical analysis as well as other criteria/measures, including, for example, a service plan and/or a network busy state) from the network element. At  1512 , implementing differential network access control based on the network service usage activity classification list for protecting network capacity is performed. At  1514 , the process is completed. In some embodiments, DAS for protecting network capacity further includes associating the network service usage activity with a network service usage control policy (e.g., a network capacity controlled services policy) based on a classification of the network service usage activity to facilitate differential network access control for protecting network capacity. In some embodiments, DAS for protecting network capacity further includes differentially controlling the network service usage activity (e.g., network capacity controlled service) based on the service usage activity classification list. 
       FIG. 16  illustrates another flow diagram for device assisted services (DAS) for protecting network capacity in accordance with some embodiments. At  1622 , the process begins. At  1624 , a first report of network service usage activity of a first device is received (e.g., at a network element/function) from the first device. At  1626 , a second report of network service usage activity of a second device (e.g., at a network element/function) from the second device is received. At  1628 , a statistical analysis of a plurality of reported service usage activities across a plurality of devices, including the first device and the second device, is performed (e.g., by a network element/function). At  1630 , a network service usage activity classification list (e.g., a network capacity controlled services classification list) is sent to the first device (e.g., from a network element/function) for classifying network service usage activities (e.g., network capacity controlled services) based on the network service usage activity classification list for differential network access control for protecting network capacity. At  1632 , a network service usage activity classification list is sent to the second device (e.g., from a network element/function) for classifying network service usage activities based on the network service usage activity classification list for differential network access control for protecting network capacity. At  1634 , the process is completed. In some embodiments, DAS for protecting network capacity further includes associating the network service usage activity with a service usage control policy (e.g., a network capacity controlled services policy) based on a classification of the network service usage activity to facilitate differential network access control for protecting network capacity. In some embodiments, DAS for protecting network capacity further includes differentially controlling the network service usage activity (e.g., network capacity controlled service) based on the service usage activity classification list (e.g., network capacity controlled services classification list). In some embodiments, classifying network service usage activities is based on which network to which the device is connected. In some embodiments, the network service usage control policy is based on which network to which the device is connected. 
       FIG. 17  illustrates another flow diagram for device assisted services (DAS) for protecting network capacity in accordance with some embodiments. At  1702 , the process begins. At  1704 , monitoring a network service usage activity of a plurality of devices in network communication using network based techniques is performed. At  1706 , a statistical analysis of monitored network service usage activities across the plurality of devices is performed. At  1708 , a network service usage activity classification list (e.g., a network capacity controlled services classification list) is sent to each of the plurality of devices for classifying network service usage activities (e.g., network capacity controlled services) based on the service usage activity classification list for differential network access control for protecting network capacity. At  1710 , the process is completed. 
       FIG. 18  illustrates another flow diagram for device assisted services (DAS) for protecting network capacity in accordance with some embodiments. At  1802 , the process begins. At  1804 , monitoring network service usage activities of a device in network communication is performed. At  1806 , associating a network service usage activity (e.g., a network capacity controlled service) with a service usage control policy (e.g., a network capacity controlled services policy) based on a classification of the network service usage activity (e.g., a network capacity controlled services classification list) for differential network access control for protecting network capacity is performed. At  1808 , a user notification based on the service usage control policy is generated. At  1810 , the process is completed. 
     In some embodiments, the service usage control policy includes a service usage notification policy. In some embodiments, the user notification includes one or more of the following: a notification that the application to be downloaded and/or launched is a network capacity controlled service; a list of one or more service activities (e.g., applications, OS/other software functions/utilities, and/or other functions/utilities as described herein) that have a network capacity controlled services classification; type of service policy in effect for one or more network capacity controlled services; notification that a service activity belongs to a network capacity controlled services class; notification that a service activity that is classified as network capacity controlled service can have the service class changed; notification that if the service class is changed for a service activity the service charges will change; notification that one or more networks are available (e.g., one or more alternative networks and/or network busy state information and/or charging information and/or incentives associated with such networks), a service plan upgrade/downgrade offer/option; and an offer for a service plan that rewards a user that responds to the notification a service plan is lower cost/discounted for responding to notification to use or not to use service activity based on usage level warning notification. In some embodiments, the user notification includes a user preference selection, including one or more of the following: a provision to associate an access policy control with the application (e.g., allow/block, notify of usage, notify of usage at a given threshold, traffic control settings, allow during certain times, allow when network not busy, and/or other policy controls as described herein), an over-ride option for selecting the service usage control policy; a modify option to select the service usage control policy; a select option to select a new service plan (e.g., an option to review and select alternative/new service plan upgrade/downgrade options), and an acknowledgement request (e.g., to confirm/acknowledge receipt of the notification, in which the acknowledgement can be transmitted to a network element/function and/or stored locally for later reference/transmission). 
     In some embodiments, before a given device application, process, function, OS service or other service activity is allowed to start, the intention to start is intercepted by a launch manager, the background service policy set or the network protection service policy set for the service activity is retrieved, and any necessary user notification or service launch control policies are implemented prior to allowing the service activity to launch. In such embodiments, a launch intercept manager may be used to implement this functionality. In some embodiments, this launch intercept manager is provided with a list identifying the service activities (e.g. application identifiers, OS function identifiers, aggregate service activity identifiers, and/or component service activity identifiers) that have a launch control policy in effect. In some embodiments, the list of launch control policies includes blocking or delaying launch of the one or more service activities. In some embodiments, the launch control policy includes a user notification before, during or after the service activity is launched. In some embodiments, the user is informed that a service activity that has a background service control policy in effect or a network protection service control policy in effect is attempting to launch, is about to launch or has launched. In a further set of embodiments, the launch is held up until the user is notified and is allowed to decide if they would like to launch the service activity. In some embodiments, the user notification includes a message that the service activity attempting to launch consumes a large amount of service usage and asks the user if they would like to continue (e.g. “This application consumes a large amount of data, would you like to continue?”, “This application consumes data even when you are not using it, would you like to continue?” “This application consumes data while you are roaming which adds cost to your usage bill, would you like to continue?”, etc). In some embodiments, the decision on whether or not to launch a service activity is pre-programmed into the list identifying the service activities (e.g. application identifiers, OS function identifiers, aggregate service activity identifiers, and/or component service activity identifiers) that have a launch control policy in effect. In some embodiments a portion of the list is pre-programmed by the user in accordance with user preference for controlling usage of service activities. In some embodiments, a portion of the list is pre-programmed by a network element (e.g. a service controller) in accordance with network background service or network protection service policies specified by a service policy design management system operated by a service provider as described herein. In some embodiments, the policy implementation defined by the list identifying the service activities (e.g. application identifiers, OS function identifiers, aggregate service activity identifiers, and/or component service activity identifiers) that have a launch control policy in effect is verified to ensure that the user or malicious software has not defeated the policy enforcement specified in the list. In some embodiments the list identifying the service activities that have a launch control policy in effect includes launch policies that are a function of one or more of: background service state, network busy state (or performance state or QoS state), type of network the device is connected to, home or roaming connection, time of day or day of week. 
     In some embodiments, the various design techniques described herein that allow for intercepting a service activity intention to launch, and applying a background service policy set or a network protection service policy set can be designed into the OS itself. For example, the intercept and policy implementation functions can be designed into the activity manager, broadcast intent manger, media service manager, service manager, or other application or service activity management function in the Android OS. One of ordinary skill in the art will recognize that similarly, the various design techniques described herein that allow for intercepting a service activity intention to launch, and applying a background service policy set or a network protection service policy set can be designed into application launch management functions in the iPhone OS, windows mobile OS, windows PC OS, Blackberry OS, Palm OS, and other OS designs. 
     In some embodiments, the pre-launch user notification information indicates one or more of: typical service usage or cost, or projected service usage or cost for the service activity attempting to launch. In some embodiments, the user sets limitations on access for one or more service activities and once this limit is hit then when the service activities with exceeded limits attempt to launch the user is notified. In some embodiments, the user chooses from a set of service restrictions rather than simply blocking or allowing service activity launch, with example service restrictions including but not limited to: a pre-configured set of restriction policies to chose from (e.g. full access, limited access, highly restricted access or block access), block, throttle, delay, aggregate and hold, limit amount of usage per unit time, cap usage, set limit for additional notification, specify type of network, specify busy state (performance, QoS) or background state, or choose from pre-configured settings options. 
     In some embodiments, the user notification occurs after the user attempts to download or load an application onto the device (e.g., an application downloaded from the web or an online application store for a smart phone or other wireless/network computing device, such as an Apple iPhone or iPad, or Google Android/Chrome based device). In some embodiments, the user notification occurs after the user attempts to run the service activity or to initiate usage of a cloud based service/application (e.g., Google or Microsoft cloud service based apps). In some embodiments, the user notification occurs after one or more of the following: the service usage activity hits a usage threshold event, the service usage activity attempts a network service usage that satisfies a pre-condition, an update to a network capacity protection service activity classification list or policy set, and a network message is sent to the device triggering the notification. In some embodiments, the user notification provides information on the service usage activity that is possible, typical, or likely for the service usage activity. In some embodiments, the user notification includes a user option for obtaining more information about the service usage of the service activity (e.g., a message that the service usage activity may result in a high service usage and/or that the service usage activity may or will result in a high service usage as compared in some way to a limit of the current service plan) to make informed user preference settings. 
     In some embodiments, a user notification includes displaying (e.g., and as applicable, allowing users to provide UI input) one or more of the following: current and/or past/historical/logged network service usage activity list, current and/or past/historical/logged network capacity controlled service usage activities, current activity policy settings, current or available networks, service plan options (e.g., for how to treat one or more network capacity controlled service traffic types), selection option(s) to assign a network capacity controlled service activity into a different priority traffic control and/or charging buckets, network service usage by activity (e.g., network capacity controlled services and other services), network busy state (e.g., and with resulting policies in force), service activity policy setting vs. busy state and time/day/week, network service activity priority, network service activity usage statistics (e.g., vs. network busy state and/or network service usage control policy state). 
     In some embodiments, a UI notification is displayed when user attempts a network capacity controlled service activity during a network busy state (e.g., that modifies a network capacity controlled services policy). In some embodiments, the UI notification includes information on service plan choice and a network capacity controlled services policy over-ride option (e.g., one time, time window, usage amount, permanent by activity, and/or all), charging information based on a user selection, and/or service plan upgrade information and options. 
     In some embodiments, a UI notification is displayed for user input for preferences/configurations for multiple networks (e.g., WiFi, 4G, 3G, and/or other wired or wireless access networks) including charging policy. In some embodiments, a UI notification is displayed when a specified network traffic service usage activity (e.g., based on network capacity controlled services classification, QoS classification, priority classification, time based criteria, network capacity, service plan, charging criteria, and/or other criteria/measures) is being attempted or is occurring and providing options (e.g., allow, block, delay, throttle, and/or other options). 
     In some embodiments, a UI fuel gauge is displayed (e.g., to depict current and/or historical network service usage, for example, relative to a service plan for the device, by network, relative to network busy state, time based criteria, and/or other criteria/measures). In some embodiments, a user notification includes a communication sent to the user (e.g., an email, SMS or other text message, voice message/call, and/or other electronic form of communication). In some embodiments, the communication sent to the user includes network service usage information, network capacity controlled service usage related information, and/or an instruction to log into a web page or send a communication for more information (e.g. regarding an information update and/or alert or warning message, such as related to network service usage and/or charging for network service usage). 
     In some embodiments, a notification (e.g., a user or network service cloud notification) is generated based on an aggregate service activity reports usage (e.g., allows network provider to generate user notifications and/or to notify application provider/service activity provider). In some embodiments, a notification (e.g., a user or network service cloud notification) is generated based on a publishing of an updated/new network capacity controlled services list based on an aggregate monitored activity (e.g., based on a service plan, velocity, sockets opening frequency/rate (e.g., messaging layer behavior), total data usage, peak busy time usage to formulate or update black list for monitoring, notifying, and/or controlling, which can be applied to one, multiple, group, or all devices). In some embodiments, a notification (e.g., a user or network service cloud notification) is generated based on data usage trends for particular device relative to an associated service plan and/or other comparable devices or data usage thresholds/statistical based data usage measures. 
     In some embodiments an application is actually composed of several component applications, processes or functions. Examples of this include but are not limited to: the components of a Java application JAR file; applications that use OS functions; applications that use a proxy service function; applications, functions or processes that coordinate with one another to implement a composite process, function or application; and OS process functions that support an application or overall OS function. In such embodiments it is important to be able to categorize all applications, functions and processes on a device that contribute to the service usage of a service activity so that the service activity can be monitored for service usage, have the service usage accounted for, implement the appropriate user notification when one or more service activity components attempts to start or use the network, implement the appropriate user notification when one or more service activity components reaches a pre-determined service usage level that requires user notification, and implement the appropriate background service or network protection service usage controls as specified herein ((including but not limited to for example: block network access, restrict network access, throttle network access, delay network access, aggregate and hold network access, select for time of day network access restrictions, select network type restrictions, select roaming network access restrictions, select service usage restrictions such as a usage limit, select service cost restrictions such as a cost limit or otherwise place on another form of background service status or network usage restriction as described herein). In the case of service activity components that belong exclusively to one aggregate service activity (e.g. an application, application JAR file or OS function), this may be accomplished by including each of the component service activities on a list that identifies the service activity components that belong to the aggregate service activity, and then monitoring, possibly controlling and providing user notifications based on the aggregate or component behavior of each service activity in accordance with the policies specified for the aggregate service activity. For example, it is necessary to group all application launch behavior and/or network access behavior under the monitoring, launch, notification, accounting and background service controls or network protection service controls (or other background or network protection service policies as specified herein) in accordance with the background service or network protection service policies for the aggregate application that the JAR file supports. As another example, if an OS network synch or update function utilizes various software components or processes to implement the network synch or update function, then each of the software components or process must be monitored and aggregated under the background service policies or network protection service policies for the aggregate OS synch or update function. 
     In some embodiments, this ability to group usage for a related set of service activity components dedicated to an aggregate service activity as described herein is used to improve usage reporting of service activities to a service controller for the purpose of statistically identifying service activities that are candidates for background service policy controls or network protections service policy controls. 
     In some cases, multiple applications, processes, functions, OS services or other service activities can utilize a common set of component software applications, processes, functions or OS services. In such cases, in order to implement background service policies and/or network protection service policies for service activity monitoring and accounting, service activity launch control, user notification, or network access control as described herein, it is necessary to associate the specific network access data or information flows to and from the common component software applications, processes or functions that belong to the specific initiating application, process, function or other service activity that is to be managed according to a background service or network protection service policy set. In what follows, a specific set of examples are provided on how to map common component service activity for a set of common OS functions referred to as proxy service functions to a specific application, process, function, OS service or other service activity for the purpose of implementing a background service policy set or a network protection service policy set as described herein. Once these examples are reviewed, it will be obvious to one of ordinary skill in the art how to apply similar mapping of service activity for a common set of components to a service activity that is to be managed in accordance with a background service policy set or a network protection service policy set as described herein. 
     In some embodiments, this ability to group usage for a common set of service activity components as described herein is used to improve usage reporting of service activities to a service controller for the purpose of statistically identifying service activities that are candidates for background service policy controls or network protections service policy controls. 
     In some embodiments, a proxy network service manager refers to an intermediary data flow function in a device operating system that sits on a data path between a device application and a device networking stack interface to provide a level of network service abstraction from the network stack interface, a higher level service function above the network stack interface, enhanced or special traffic processing functions, media service transfer management, file download service, HTTP proxy service functions, QoS differentiation, or other similar or related higher level traffic processing. Example Proxy Service Managers include the following: media service manager (e.g. android media service library function), email service manger, DNS function, software download service manager, media download manager (e.g. audio player, streaming media player, movie downloader, media service OS function, etc), data download service manager, Android “media” library function, Android.net library function, Jave.net library function, Apache library function, other similar software/library functions or services in other device operating systems, SMTP/IMAP/POP proxy, HTTP proxy, IM proxy, VPN service manager, SSL proxy, etc. Herein these alternative network access data flows that are initiated by an application are termed application proxy service flows. In such embodiments an app can sometimes simply requests a network access service activity from an OS component such as a proxy service component rather then directly accessing the network. In such embodiments, in order to implement background service controls or user notification of application service usage, it is necessary to monitor the application proxy service flows, classify them as being initiated by or belonging to a particular application or service activity, and implement the proper background service classifications, user notifications, application process launch intercept, background service accounting, and background service usage restrictions as described herein in accordance with the policies intended for the initiating application or service activity. This is accomplished by inserting service usage monitors that allow a mapping of (i) the initiating application identifier (e.g. app name, app fingerprint, application identification tag, application process number, application credential, or other secure or non-secure application or process identifier) to (ii) the request to the proxy service and subsequently to (iii) the network service flows between the proxy service and the network elements that service the information communications. Once this mapping is accomplished, the service usage flows of the proxy service can then be accounted back to the initiating application, device software process or other service activity, the proper policies can then be applied to each service usage flow for user notification, service activity launch control, service activity background accounting (including variable charge rating dependent on background service state and/or sponsored service charging), service activity background service controls or network usage restrictions as described herein (including but not limited to for example: block network access, restrict network access, throttle network access, delay network access, aggregate and hold network access, select for time of day network access restrictions, select network type restrictions, select roaming network access restrictions, select service usage restrictions such as a usage limit, select service cost restrictions such as a cost limit or otherwise place on another form of background service status or network usage restriction as described herein). 
     In some embodiments, this ability to track service usage for an service activity through a proxy service as described herein is used to improve usage reporting of service activities to a service controller for the purpose of statistically identifying service activities that are candidates for background service policy controls or network protections service policy controls. 
     In some embodiments, the various design techniques described herein that allow for monitoring, accounting for and/or implementing service policy for component service activities that belong to an aggregate service activity can be designed into the OS itself. For example, in certain current mobile OS implementations (e.g. Android, iPhone, Blackberry, etc) there are some applications available in the market that allow a user to get an estimate for how much data a certain subset of applications are consuming on a wireless service provider network, but it is not possible for the user or application to get an indication of the service usage for certain OS functions, whereas the embodiments disclosed herein will allow for this. As another example, in certain current mobile OS implementations it is not possible to associate proxy service usage (e.g. media download and media streaming proxy library software functions) with the specific applications that use the proxy service, so while the user can be informed of generic common OS functions or proxy services (e.g. in the case of Android: “media service”, “media”, “gallery”, “google service framework” and other generic common OS software library functions or proxy services), there is no way for the user to determine what applications widgets or other service activities are actually generating this common service function usage, whereas the invention described herein permits the user full visibility on such usage monitoring examples. Furthermore, if the OS is retrofitted with the intercept and policy implementation functions can be designed into the activity manager, broadcast intent manger, media service manager, service manager, or other application or service activity management function in the Android OS. One or ordinary skill in the art will recognize that similarly, the various design techniques described herein that allow for intercepting a service activity intention to launch, and applying a background service policy set or a network protection service policy set can be designed into application launch management functions in the iPhone OS, windows mobile OS, windows PC OS, Blackberry OS, Palm OS, and other OS designs. 
       FIG. 19  illustrates another flow diagram for device assisted services (DAS) for protecting network capacity in accordance with some embodiments. At  1902 , the process begins. At  1904 , determining a network busy state of one or more networks is performed. In some embodiments, the one or more networks are selected from an access network, a wired network, and a wireless network. At  1906 , classifying a network service usage activity (e.g., a network capacity controlled service) of a device based on the network busy state determination is performed to facilitate differential network access control for protecting network capacity of the one or more networks. In some embodiments, the network busy state is based on one or more of the following: network performance, network congestion, network availability, network resource availability, network capacity, or any other network service usage measure, and one or more time windows (e.g., time based criteria). In some embodiments, protecting network capacity of the one or more networks includes protecting network capacity of a last edge segment of a wireless network (e.g., RAN, BTS, BTSC, and/or other network elements). In some embodiments, the determining and classifying are performed using device assisted/based techniques. In some embodiments, the determining and classifying are performed using network assisted/based techniques (e.g., implemented on a network element/function, such as a service controller, a DPI gateway, a BTS/BTSC, etc., or a combination of network elements). In some embodiments, the determining and classifying are performed using a combination of device assisted/based techniques and network assisted/based techniques. At  1908 , implementing differential traffic controls is performed based on the service usage activity classification for protecting network capacity is performed. At  1910 , the process is completed. In some embodiments, a network busy state is determined based on one or more of the following: a time of day, a network reported busy state, and/or a device (e.g., near-end and/or far-end) determined/reported network busy state. In some embodiments, a network busy state is determined using one or more of the following: a network probe, a device query, a network probe report (e.g., including a BTS and/or BTSC), a network probe analysis, a device analysis based on performance of native traffic without probe such as TCP timeout, UDP retransmissions, a multiple network test, a device monitored network congestion based on network service usage activity (e.g., application based network access performance data) performed for a network to which the device is connected and/or one or more alternative networks. In some embodiments, a network congestion state is associated with a network busy state (e.g. a network busy state setting/level). For example, a network congestion level of 40% of network usage can be associated with a network busy state setting of 4, a network congestion level of 80% of network usage can be associated with a network busy state setting of 8, and so forth. 
       FIG. 20  illustrates another flow diagram for device assisted services (DAS) for protecting network capacity in accordance with some embodiments. At  2002 , the process begins. At  2004 , monitoring a network service usage activity of a device in network communication is performed. At  2006 , classifying the network service usage activity (e.g., based on a classification of the network service usage activity for protecting network capacity, for example, as a network capacity controlled service) for protecting network capacity is performed. At  2008 , accounting for network capacity controlled services (e.g., accounting for the network service usage activity based on a classification of the network service usage activity for protecting network capacity) is performed. At  2010 , charging for network capacity controlled services is performed. At  2012 , the process is completed. In some embodiments, DAS for protecting network capacity further includes classifying the network service usage activity as a network capacity controlled service. In some embodiments, DAS for protecting network capacity includes differentially accounting and/or differentially charging for network capacity controlled services and foreground services. In some embodiments, the network service usage control policy includes policies for differentially controlling, accounting, and/or charging for network capacity controlled services (e.g., based on a network busy state, a time based criteria, a service plan, network to which the device or network service usage activity is gaining access from, and/or other criteria/measures). In some embodiments, accounting for network capacity controlled services includes differentially collecting service usage for one or more network capacity controlled service classes in which the accounting is modified/varies (e.g., dynamically) based on one or more of the following: network busy state (e.g., modify/credit accounting during network congestion not satisfying the user preference), network service activity, access network (e.g., the network to which the device/service activity is currently connected), user preference selection, time based criteria (e.g., current time of day/day of week/month), associated service plan, option to time window. In some embodiments, charging for network capacity controlled services includes mapping an accounting to a charging report. In some embodiments, charging for network capacity controlled services includes sending the charging report to a network element (e.g., a service controller, a service cloud, a billing interface/server, and/or another network element/function). In some embodiments, charging for network capacity controlled services includes mediating or arbitrating CDRs/IPDRs for network capacity controlled service(s) vs. other network service usage activities or bulk network service usage activities. In some embodiments, charging for network capacity controlled services includes converting a charging report to a billing record or billing action. In some embodiments, charging for network capacity controlled services includes generating a user notification of network capacity controlled service charges upon request or based a criteria/measure (e.g., a threshold charging level and/or a threshold network service usage level). In some embodiments, charging for network capacity controlled services includes charge by application based on a charging policy (e.g., bill by application according to billing policy rules, such as for billing to a user or to a sponsored service provider, carrier, and/or other entity). 
       FIG. 21  illustrates another flow diagram for device assisted services (DAS) for protecting network capacity in accordance with some embodiments. In some embodiments, DAS for protecting network capacity includes providing a device service access API that provides an interface for applications, OS functions, and/or other service usage activities to a network access connection (e.g., or stack) for providing differential network access for protecting network capacity. In some embodiments, the differential network access is determined by one or more of the following: a service priority of the service usage activity and a network busy state. At  2102 , the process begins. At  2104 , a device service access API request is received. At  2106 , the device service access API request is responded to. In some embodiments, the differential network access (e.g., for network capacity controlled services and/or based on network busy state and/or other criteria/measures) is implemented by one or more of the following: providing network busy state information to the service usage activity, receiving network busy state information, receiving network capacity demands for the service usage activity, receiving a scheduled time/time slot demand from the service usage activity, receiving and/or providing network location and/or physical location information (e.g., base station, communication channel, cell sector, roaming or non-roaming network to which the device is connected, and/or GPS or other physical location data), providing information to the service usage activity informing it when it is allowed to access the network, providing information to the service usage activity informing it what traffic controls must be applied/implemented, providing information to the service usage activity informing it when the network is available to it for access, and providing information to the service usage activity of its scheduled access time/time slot (e.g., based on one or more of the following: priority, network busy state, and time of day) (e.g., with a specified performance level or service level, such as data transfer size, speed, network capacity controlled service priority level, QoS level, data transfer type, scheduling time(s), and/or network connection parameters), and instructing the device and/or service usage activity to transition to a different state (e.g., power save state, sleep state dormant, idle, wait state, and/or an awake state). At  2108 , differential network access is implemented. At  2110 , the process is completed. In some embodiments, the device service access API is a programmatic interface, a virtual interface, and/or an emulated interface that provides instructions for differential access to a network to protect network capacity, as described herein. 
     In some embodiments, the API is served or located on the device, on a network element (e.g., using a secure communication between the device and the network element for the API communication, such as HTTPS, TLS, SSL, an encrypted data connection or SS7 control channel, and/or other well known secure communication techniques), and/or both/partly in both. In some embodiments, a network based API is an API that facilitates an API or other interface communication (e.g. secure communication as discussed above) between an application executing on the device and a network element and/or service cloud for protecting network capacity. For example, a network API can provide an interface for an application to communicate with a service cloud (e.g., network server) for obtaining network access control information (e.g., network busy state, multiple network information based on available networks and/or network busy state information of available networks, network capacity controlled service priorities and availability, scheduled time/time slots for network access based on network busy state, service plan, network capacity controlled service, and/or other criteria/measures). As another example, a network API can facilitate an application provider, central network/service provider, and/or a third party with access to communicate with the application to provide and/or request information (e.g., physical location of the application, network location of the application, network service usage information for the application, network busy state information provided to the application, and/or other criteria/measures). As yet another example, a network API can facilitate a broadcast to one or more applications, OS functions, and/or devices (e.g., partitioned based on geography, network, application, OS function, and/or any other criteria/measure) with network capacity related information (e.g., network busy state, availability based on network capacity controlled service classification and/or priority level, scheduled time/time slots for certain network capacity controlled service classification and/or priority level, emergency/high priority software/antimalware/vulnerability update and scheduled time/time slots for such software updates, and/or other criteria/measures). In some embodiments, the network access API for protecting network capacity is an open API or standard/required API (e.g., required or standardized for applications for a certain network service provider, such as to be provided via the Verizon application store or the Apple AppStore) published for application and OS developers so that the applications and OS functions are designed to understand and implement the network access API for protecting network capacity. For example, a certification program can be established to provide application and OS developers with test specifications, working implementations, and/or criteria to make sure the network access API is properly implemented and is functioning in accordance with the specified requirements. In some embodiments, the network access API is an interface for communication with a service controller (e.g., service controller  122 ) or another network element/function (e.g., a service usage API for communication with a service usage server or billing interface/server or another network element/function that facilitates a secure communication for sending/receiving or otherwise communicating network access related information for protecting network capacity). In some embodiments, the network API provides for sponsored billing (e.g., reverse billing) of all, classified, and/or a subset of network service usage charges to a sponsored partner associated with the network service usage activity (e.g., application) that accesses the network API. In some embodiments, the network API provides for a sponsored service in which the network service usage activity (e.g., application) that accesses the network API provides a sponsored service partner credential to the network API, the credential is used as a billing mechanism to charge the sponsored partner, the user account is mediated to remove the sponsored partner charge, and the network API provides access service and/or information service (e.g., location information, local information, content information, network information, and/or any other information). 
       FIG. 22  illustrates another flow diagram for device assisted services (DAS) for protecting network capacity in accordance with some embodiments. At  2202 , the process begins. At  2204 , network service usage activities of a device are monitored (e.g., using a verified/verifiable service processor). At  2206 , a network busy state (e.g., a measure of network capacity, availability, and/or performance) is determined based on the monitored network service usage activities (e.g., using various techniques as described herein). In some embodiments, a service processor on the device is used to determine (e.g., measure and/or characterize) a network busy state experienced by the device (e.g., which can be used to determine the network access control policy for one or more network capacity controlled services). At  2208 , a network busy state report is sent to a network element/function (e.g., a service controller and/or another network element/function as described herein). At  2210 , the process is completed. In some embodiments, the service processor is verified using various techniques described herein. In some embodiments, the network busy state report includes one or more of the following: data rate, latency, jitter, bit error rate, packet error rate, number of access attempts, number of access successes, number of access failures, QoS level availability, QoS level performance, and variability in any of the preceding parameters. In some embodiments, the network busy state report includes one or more of the following: base station ID, cell sector ID, CDMA ID, FDMA channel ID, TDMA channel ID, GPS location, and/or physical location to identify the edge network element that is associated with the network busy state report to a network element. In some embodiments, the monitoring of network service usage activities includes measuring the network performance for traffic the device is transmitting/receiving and/or generating network performance testing traffic. In some embodiments, the network busy state is collected (e.g., and/or used to assist, supplement, and/or verify device based network busy state measures) by one or more network elements that can measure and/or report network busy state (e.g., BTS, BTSC, base station monitor, and/or airwave monitor). For example, airwave monitors and/or base station monitors can be provided to facilitate a reliable characterization of network busy state in a coverage area of one or more base stations and/or base station sectors, such as affixed mobile terminals (e.g., trusted terminals that can include additional network busy state monitoring and/or reporting functionality) installed (e.g., temporarily or permanently) in the coverage area of one or more base stations and/or base station sectors (e.g., in which a sector is the combination of a directional antenna and a frequency channel) so that the affixed mobile terminals perform network busy state monitoring and reporting to the service controller, the local base station, and/or other network element(s)/function(s) as similarly described herein. In some embodiments, the permanently affixed mobile terminals provide network monitors for reporting, for example, network busy state, to a central network element, such as the service controller, which can, for example, aggregate such network busy state information to determine network busy state for one or more network coverage areas. In some embodiments, the permanently affixed mobile terminals are always present in these locations where installed and always on (e.g., performing network monitoring), and can be trusted (e.g., the permanently affixed mobile terminals can be loaded with various hardware and/or software credentials). For example, using the permanently affixed mobile terminals, a reliable characterization of network busy state can be provided, which can then be reported to a central network element and aggregated for performing various network busy state related techniques as described herein with respect to various embodiments. In some embodiments, the network element/function uses the network busy state report (e.g., and other network busy state reports from other devices connected to the same network edge element) to determine the network busy state for a network edge element connected to the device. In some embodiments, network element/function sends a busy state report for the network edge element to the device (e.g., and to other devices connected to the same network edge element), which the device can then use to implement differential network access control policies (e.g., for network capacity controlled services) based on the network busy state. In some embodiments, a network busy state is provided by a network element (e.g., service controller or service cloud) and broadcast to the device (e.g., securely communicated to the service processor). 
       FIG. 23  illustrates a network capacity controlled services priority level chart for device assisted services (DAS) for protecting network capacity in accordance with some embodiments. In some embodiments, various applications, OS functions, and/or other utilities/tools installed/loaded onto and/or launched/executing/active on a communications device (e.g., device  100 ) are classified as network capacity controlled services for protecting network capacity. In some embodiments, one or more of the network capacity controlled services are assigned or classified with network capacity controlled service levels or priority levels for protecting network capacity. In some embodiments, one or more of the network capacity controlled services are dynamically assigned or classified with network capacity controlled service levels or priority levels based on one or more criteria/measures (e.g., dynamic criteria/measures), such as network busy state, current access network, time based criteria, an associated service plan, and/or other criteria/measures. In some embodiments, a higher priority level means that the application or utility/function is granted higher relative priority for network access (e.g., a priority level 10 can provide for guaranteed network access and a priority level 0 can provide a blocked network access, while priority levels between 1 through 9 can provide relatively increasing prioritized network access potentially relative to allocated network access and other services requesting network access). 
     As shown in  FIG. 23 , the network capacity controlled services are dynamically assigned or classified with network capacity controlled service levels or priority levels based on the network busy state of the current access network. For example, an email application, Microsoft Outlook, is assigned different priority levels for protecting network capacity based on the network busy state, as shown: a priority level 6 for a network busy state (NBS) level of 10% (e.g., up to about 10% of the network capacity is being utilized based on current or recently/last measured/detected/determined network capacity/resources usage using various techniques as described herein), a priority level 5 for a network busy state (NBS) level of 25%, a priority level 4 for a network busy state (NBS) level of 50%, a priority level 3 for a network busy state (NBS) level of 75%, and a priority level 2 for a network busy state (NBS) level of 90%. As also shown, an antivirus (AV) software update application/utility/function is assigned different priority levels for protecting network capacity based on the network busy state: a priority level 9 for a network busy state (NBS) level of 10%, a priority level 7 for a network busy state (NBS) level of 25%, a priority level 5 for a network busy state (NBS) level of 50%, a priority level 3 for a network busy state (NBS) level of 75%, and a priority level 1 for a network busy state (NBS) level of 90%. Various other applications and utilities/functions are shown with various priority level assignments/classifications based on the network busy state levels shown in the network capacity controlled services priority level chart of  FIG. 23 . As will be apparent to one of ordinary skill in the art, various assignments and/or techniques for dynamically assigning priority levels for network access based on network busy state levels can be applied for protecting network capacity (e.g., based on user preferences, service plans, access networks, a power state of device, a device usage state, time based criteria, and various other factors such as higher priority for urgent software and/or security updates, such as a high priority security or vulnerability software patch or update, and/or urgent or high priority emails or other communications, such as a 911 VOIP call). 
     Referring again to  FIGS. 1 through 3 , DAS for protecting network capacity is implemented using a service processor (e.g., a service processor  115 ) of the device (e.g., a device  100 ) using various DAS techniques as described herein to facilitate differential network service access control (e.g., for network capacity controlled services) to assist in protecting network capacity in accordance with some embodiments. In some embodiments, the service processor and/or one or more agents of the service processor is/are verified using one or more of the following verification techniques (e.g., and/or to specifically verify monitoring the network service usage activity, classifying one or more service activities into one or more network capacity controlled service classes, associating the one or more network capacity controlled service classes with one or more differential service activity policies, and/or determining a network busy state): compare a network based service usage measure with a service policy and/or service plan associated with the device, compare a device assisted service usage measure with the service policy and/or service plan associated with the device, compare the network based service usage measure to the device assisted service usage measure, compare a first device assisted service usage measure to a second device assisted service usage measure, verify presence of the service processor and/or one or more agents of the service processor, verify configuration of the service processor, verify service usage activities are reported properly (e.g., using test service usages to generate service usage events/reports for analysis and confirmation), verify billing events are reported properly, compare the network based service usage measure with reported device billing data, verify reporting of a test billing event, verify reporting of the communications device reports billing events from a transaction server, verify presence of an activation tracking system, verify device configuration or operation, verify device standing or service plan standing, verify proper operation of the service processor, verify service processor heartbeat response reports, verify monitoring of a test service event, download a new service processor (e.g., and/or one or more agents or new configuration settings of the service processor) and perform integrity checks, verify a service processor code configuration with agent self-diagnosis checks, verify that the communications device uses the first service only after being authorized, verify user standing, verify a network busy state (e.g., compare and/or statistically process network busy state measures from more than one device in which the network busy state monitoring apparatus, for example, is located in a secure execution environment on the device), verify various differential network access control implementations (e.g., network capacity controlled services are properly monitored/determined/detected, controlled, accounted for, and/or charged for), verify various QoS implementations (e.g., as discussed above), and verify an agent communications log. Various other verification techniques are described herein and similar and other verification techniques for providing DAS for protecting network capacity using device based implementations (e.g., service processors and/or other device based agents or software/hardware techniques) will now be apparent to one of ordinary skill in the art in view of the various embodiments described herein. 
     In some embodiments, the service processor is secured using various hardware and software techniques described herein, including, for example, implementing all and/or portions of the service processor in a secure virtual machine, protected execution environment, secure storage (e.g., secure memory), secure modem, and/or other secure implementation techniques as described herein and/or other or similar techniques as will now be apparent to one of ordinary skill in the art in view of the various embodiments described herein. For example, the service processor can be implemented in software and executed in a protected area of an OS executed on the device and/or executed in protected execution partitions (e.g., in CPU, APU, SIM chipset, modem, modem secure execution partition, SIM, other hardware function on the device, and/or any combination of the above). 
     In some embodiments, a network service usage counter is embedded into a secure execution environment (e.g., a program store in secure non-volatile memory located on a modem card and/or a modem chip not accessible by device applications, secure CPU environment for executing program and/or secure program operation for data path monitoring and/or control that cannot be bypassed by device applications to get to the modem connection to the network) in a device modem (e.g., using measurement points V, VI, and/or other measurement points of  FIG. 12 ). In some embodiments, the service usage counter counts data traffic (e.g., bytes and/or any other measure of service usage, such as file transactions, message transactions, connection time, time of connection or duration of connection, and/or traffic passed or transactions passed for a given QoS or network capacity controlled service priority level), traffic as a function of time, traffic according to a network service activity classification (e.g., by application, destination/source, port, traffic type, content type, time of day, network busy state, and/or any other criteria/measure). In some embodiments, the service usage counter counts data traffic (e.g., as discussed above) while coordinating with a VPN layer established, for example, for both layer-III (e.g., IPSEC) and layer-II (e.g., L2TP tunnel) so that precise over the air service usage measure is counted for billing mediation and/or network service usage charging (e.g., customer billing, sponsored service bill by service and/or any other charging or billing). In some embodiments, the service usage counter counts data traffic (e.g., as discussed above) while coordinating with accelerator software (e.g., a compression/decompression engine) which transforms frames for more efficient over the air transmission. As similarly discussed above, service processor coordination with the accelerator layer facilitates a precise over the air service usage measure for billing mediation and/or network service usage charging. In some embodiments, the service usage counter counts data traffic (e.g., as discussed above) while coordinating with both the VPN layer and accelerator software layer to facilitate a precise over the air service usage measure for billing mediation and/or network service usage charging. 
     In some embodiments, the service usage counter reports the service usage to a network element (e.g., a service controller, charging gateway, PCRF, AAA, HA, billing system, mediation system, traffic accounting database, base station or base station controller, and/or another network element/function or central network element/function). In some embodiments, the information reported to the network element is encrypted or signed with a corresponding key known by the network element. In some embodiments, the communication link to the network element to pass the service usage count is conducted over a wireless network specific channel such as SMS, MMS, SS-7, or another specialized control channel. In some embodiments, the communications link to the network element to pass the service usage count is conducted over a network channel (e.g., via IP, TCP, UDP, HTTP, HTTPS, TLS, SSL, point to point signed variants of TLS or SSL, or another data network channel via the network control channel connection to the device). In some embodiments, the data network control channel traffic is injected into the PPP stream at the modem. In some embodiments, the data network control channel traffic is passed up to the device networking stack for connection to the network. In some embodiments, a signed or encrypted service usage count from the modem subsystem is coordinated to provide a service usage count for a time period that also corresponds to a similar time period for a service processor heartbeat report that includes a service usage measure or count. For example, this provides the service controller or another network element with a secondary set of information that can be used to verify and/or secure the service usage measures reported by the service processor. Various techniques can be used to synchronize the time period for the modem service usage count and the service processor service usage count. For example, the service processor can request a latest count message from the modem, in which the modem counts all service usage since the previous request for latest count until the present request for latest count, encrypts the latest count message so that the service processor or other application software or OS software on the device cannot decode and/or tamper with the message, and the modem service usage counter then passes the encrypted message to the service processor. The service processor can then pass the encrypted service usage count message from the modem to the service controller along with the service processor service usage accounting message(s) for the same or similar time period. The service controller can then decode both service count messages from the secure modem subsystem and the service processor and correlate the two measures to verify the service usage reporting by, for example, looking for discrepancies that would indicate service usage control or charging errors or device service processor tampering. In some embodiments, the secure modem subsystem records byte counts for streams (e.g., and/or flows, socket connections, or combinations of IP destination/source/ports), potentially along with time of day, network busy state, QoS level, and/or other criteria/measures, and reports these counts for each stream that had traffic activity during the current reporting interval. For example, the service controller can then correlate the stream service usage information with the service usage information provided by the service processor heartbeat service usage report to verify that the service processor service usage report is consistent with the independent measure made in the modem subsystem. In some embodiments, service usage reports (e.g., certified service usage reports) are correlated on the device and/or in the network (e.g., using one or more network elements/functions, such as the service controller). 
     In some embodiments, a deeper analysis of traffic can be conducted in the modem subsystem service usage count. For example, a layer 7 analysis of the service usage can be conducted for HTTP or HTTPS traffic flowing through the modem in which the modem subsystem service usage counter performs an HTTP level analysis of the traffic to associate web traffic gets and other transfers with a given higher level service classification (e.g., ad server, content server, proxy server, and/or traffic that is referred by the local host serving up a web page). In some embodiments, the modem subsystem service usage count can be augmented for HTTPS, SSL or TLS traffic by including a trusted proxy server embedded in the modem system. For example, the proxy server can be trusted by the device stack so that the encryption keys for HTTPS, TLS or SSL are known by the proxy server allowing the modem based proxy server, located, for example, in a secure execution environment, to perform layer 7 analysis of encrypted traffic in a manner similar to that described above. In some embodiments, the embedded proxy server generates server SSL certificates for each connection to a specific remote host in real time based on a root certificate trusted by the device (e.g., and/or by network service usage activity, such as by application) and also trusted by the embedded proxy server, and the proxy server then becomes a middle man emulating a remote SSL host on one side and emulating the device (e.g., and/or network service usage activity, such as application) on the other side, decrypting the traffic, analyzing it and re-encrypting before forwarding to and from the remote host. Similarly, as in the case of layer 3 and 4 traffic analysis performed by the modem service usage counting subsystem, the layer 7 service usage count messages can be encrypted and passed to the service controller via various channels. In some embodiments, the layer 7 modem subsystem service usage counting system records service usage counts for a reporting time period that is similar to the reporting time period used by the service processor so that the service controller can correlate the service processor accounting messages against the modem accounting messages with layer 7 information. 
     In some embodiments, the secure service usage reporting system elements are located in a secure execution environment that includes the modem driver. In some embodiments, all traffic that gets to the modem for the network traffic being controlled or accounted for is required to go through the secure modem driver so that an independent count can be generated and reported to the service controller as described above without the need to embed the secure service usage counting and reporting elements in the modem. 
     In some embodiments, the secure service usage reporting system elements are located in a secure execution environment that includes the modem driver and modem hardware interface controller driver (e.g. USB controller for 2/3/4G and SDIO controller for WiFi). In some embodiments, all traffic that gets to the modem for the network traffic being controlled or accounted for is required to go through the secure modem driver and modem hardware interface controller driver (e.g. USB controller for 2/3/4G and SDIO controller for WiFi) so that precise count can be generated by either the modem driver and/or modem hardware interface controller driver (e.g. USB controller for 2/3/4G and SDIO controller for WiFi) and passed to the secure service usage reporting element to send it to the service controller for customer charging/billing. This scheme provides flexibility (e.g., most of the device software and operation system and its services/applications need not be located/executed in the secure execution environment) while ensuring usage counting to occur securely as it pertains to the customer accounting and billing. 
     In some embodiments, the layer 7 proxy server traffic accounting and reporting techniques used for processing HTTPS, TLS, and SSL traffic, as discussed above, are also used in the service processor itself to allow a detailed accounting of encrypted layer 7 traffic by the device. In some embodiments, the information thus obtained is filtered so that private user information is not transmitted to the network (e.g., service controller, PCRF, and/or any other network element/function) but only service usage information sufficient to allow for accounting of service plan usage, to verify service control policy implementation, or to verify service charging policy implementation is transmitted to the network (e.g., service controller, PCRF, and/or any other network element/function). In some embodiments, the layer 7 proxy server for processing secure or in the clear device service usage accounting messages is located in secure hardware execution environments in the device application processor or within secure software partitions in the operating system. 
     Various techniques can be used to verify and/or secure service usage controls or service usage charging reports. For example, if the secondary service usage reports indicate that service usage is outside of the service usage policy limits that are intended to be in effect (e.g., based on a service plan and/or service policy associated with the device), then the service controller can indicate an error flag for further analysis and action (e.g., implementing various verification and responsive actions as described herein, such as blocking the activity, throttling the activity, quarantining the device, updating/replacing the service processor, and/or monitoring the device using various additional DAS and/or network assisted monitoring techniques). As another example, if the service usage reports from the service processor do not match up with the secondary service usage reports, then the service controller can indicate an error flag for further analysis and action. For example, the correlation can be based on bulk measures of service usage (e.g., total bytes over a given period of time), or using finer grain measures of service usage (e.g., verifying the accounting between one group of service usage activities, such as application, destination/source, port, content type, time of day, network busy state, QoS level, and/or other criteria/measures) charged to one service plan charging record versus the accounting for another group of service usage activities charged to another service plan charging record. In some embodiments, the correlation process between the two service usage accounting reports is performed continuously on all device traffic in real time or near real time as the usage accounting reports are received. In some embodiments, the usage accounting reports are stored and analyzed or correlated later (e.g., periodically, based on a request or audit, and/or based on certain events, such as threshold network service usage events and/or any other events based on various criteria/measures). In some embodiments, only an audit of a portion of time is used to correlate the two usage accounting reports, which, for example, can reduce network traffic and/or network processing load in the service controller. 
     In some embodiments, correlation techniques are applied by the service controller to compare two different service usage measures as described above based on one or more of the following: total amount of data (e.g., bytes for file transfers, sessions, and/or other measures), amount of data per unit time, total number of accesses, number of accesses per unit time or frequency of accesses, accesses during a time interval (e.g., peak time), accesses during a network busy state, access requests, and individual versus group transmissions at a point in time (e.g., each for a given set of destinations or destinations and traffic types). 
     In some embodiments, service usage monitoring includes characterizing service usage activities by streams, flows, destination/port, packet inspection, and/or other criteria/measures using the various techniques as described herein and/or other or similar techniques as would be apparent to one of ordinary skill in the art. In some embodiments, service usage monitoring includes characterizing service usage activities by streams, flows, destination/port, packet inspection, and/or other criteria/measures and then correlating to find network service usage behavior patterns that identify likely association of behavior with one or more service activities being managed. 
     In some embodiments, DAS for network capacity control includes classifying traffic to determine which network service usage activity(ies) are causing traffic (e.g., increasing network capacity/resources usage beyond a threshold), and then determining if access network service usage activity(ies) are violating any rules (e.g., service usage policies or service plan settings associated with the device/user). In some embodiments, DAS for network capacity control includes generating a list for network capacity controlled services that specifies behavioral characteristics for one or more network service usage activities with expected access limits based on access control policy for each managed network service usage activity (e.g., based on service usage policies or service plan settings associated with the device/user). In some embodiments, DAS for network capacity control includes monitoring and/or controlling network service usage activities based on limits, which, for example, can be based on one or more of the following: total access traffic counters, counters for different types of access traffic, destinations, ports, frequency of accesses, access behavior during a given time, access behavior during a given busy state, access behavior for groups of activities (e.g., verify clumping), and/or other criteria/measures. 
     Accordingly, in some embodiments, a second secure and trusted service usage measure is provided that the service controller (e.g., or another network element/function) can use to verify or secure the service control or service charging reports for the service processor. In some embodiments, the secure and trusted service usage measure also provides for enhanced verification and service security in cases, in which, for example, network based service usage measures are available for additional correlation with the service processor service usage reports. In cases in which network based service usage measures are either not available or are only available at widely spaced time intervals (e.g., roaming networks or other networks with no timely network based service usage measure), these techniques facilitate real time or near real time verification or security for the device assisted service controls and charging. 
     In some embodiments, a SIM card performs a portion or all of the secure environment processing described above, with the device modem traffic, or a copy of the device modem traffic, being directed to the SIM secure subsystem for traffic accounting and reporting. In some embodiments, a SIM card is used to store QoS classifications and/or network capacity controlled services classifications for various service usage activities so that the user behavior in using certain network service usage activities and/or the user preferences in controlling certain network service usage activities do not need to be relearned or redownloaded as the user swaps the SIM between different devices. In some embodiments, the SIM keeps a local record of service usage activity for multiple devices that belong to the user or the user family plan, so that the service usage notification and policies can be immediately updated on a given device as the user swaps the SIM from device to device. In some embodiments, the manner in which this service usage history is stored on the SIM is secure so that it cannot be tampered with. In some embodiments, the SIM card is used to implement various application management and/or traffic control techniques described herein. In some embodiments, the SIM card is used to inspect traffic, classify traffic, create reports (e.g., certified service activity usage reports), encrypt the report, send the report to a network element/function, and the network element/function correlates the reports (e.g., using network assisted measures for comparisons and/or using various other techniques as described herein). In some embodiments, a SIM card performs a portion or all of the secure environment processing described above using one or more modem measurement points. For example, the traffic that is to be classified can be routed through the SIM and correlated with what is measured by the modem. In some embodiments, network assisted/based network service usage activity classifications are compared SIM based/assisted classifications for service usage monitoring/reporting verification (e.g., detected inconsistencies in monitored/reported network service usage activities can be identified, such as based on total traffic, streams/flows/sockets activities, and/or other criteria/measures). In some embodiments, the reports include a verified sequence so that reports cannot be spoofed and/or missing reports can be determined. 
     In some embodiments, a portion or all of the secure environment processing described above are applied to implement and/or verify QoS for DAS techniques and/or DAS for network capacity controlled services techniques as described herein. 
     In some embodiments, the reports include one or more of the following: a number of times the device is cycled from or to a power cycle state in the modem, a number of times during a time window or network busy state, a power cycle versus number of streams initiated during the cycle, and a power cycle versus the streams that are transmitted during that cycle, In some embodiments, device power cycle events trigger generating of a report. 
     In some embodiments, monitoring, reporting, control, accounting, charging, and/or policy implementation for network capacity controlled services is verified (e.g., using various verification techniques described herein). If any of the verification techniques determine or assist in determining that the network capacity controlled services monitoring, reporting, control, accounting, and/or charging, and/or policy implementation has been tampered with, disabled, and/or is not properly implemented or functioning, then responsive actions can be performed, for example, the device (e.g., and/or suspect services) can be suspended, quarantined, killed/terminated, and/or flagged for further analysis/scrutiny to determine whether the device is malfunctioning, needs updating, has been tampered with or compromised, is infected with malware, and/or if any other problem exists. 
     In some embodiments, the service processor monitors a network service usage activity of a device. In some embodiments, monitoring of the service usage activity includes monitoring for multiple networks (e.g., to determine which networks are available and/or a network busy state of the available networks). In some embodiments monitoring a network service usage activity is performed by and/or assisted by a service cloud (e.g., one or more network elements that provide such a service). In some embodiments, monitoring the network service usage activity includes identifying the network service usage activity, measuring the network service usage of the network service usage activity, and/or characterizing the network service usage of the network service usage activity (e.g., using device assisted/based techniques, network assisted/based techniques, testing/offline monitoring/analysis techniques, and/or a combination thereof). 
     In some embodiments, the service processor implements differential network access service control (e.g., for network capacity controlled services), network service usage accounting, network service usage charging, and/or network service usage notification on the device to facilitate DAS for protecting network capacity. 
     In some embodiments, the service processor (e.g., a service processor  115 ) is updated, communicated with, set, and/or controlled by a network element (e.g., a service controller  122 ). In some embodiments, the service processor receives service policy information from a network function selected from a base station (e.g., a base station  125 ), a RAN gateway, a core gateway, a DPI gateway, a home agent (HA), a AAA server (e.g., AAA server  121 ), a service controller, and/or another network function or combinations of network functions as described herein and/or as will now be apparent to one of ordinary skill in the art in view of the various embodiments described herein. In some embodiments, the service processor is updated through over the air or over the network OS software updates or application software updates or device firmware updates. In some embodiments, the service processor uses an IP connection, SMS connection, and/or MMS connection, for a control channel with a service controller. In some embodiments, the service processor queries a service controller to determine the association of a monitored network service usage activity with a network service usage control policy. In some embodiments, the device (e.g., service processor) maintains a network capacity controlled services list and/or network capacity controlled services policy for one or more of the active services (e.g., actively executing and/or previously installed/downloaded to the device) that have been classified as a network capacity controlled service (e.g., as the number of applications continues to grow, as hundreds of thousands of applications are already available on certain platforms, maintaining a list specific and/or a set of policies unique or specific to each application is not efficient). In this embodiment, when a new application is active/launched and/or downloaded to the device, the device can request an updated network capacity controlled services list and/or an updated network capacity controlled services policy accordingly (e.g., and/or periodically refresh such lists/policies). 
     In some embodiments, differential network access control for protecting network capacity includes controlling network services traffic generated by the device (e.g., network capacity controlled services based on a network service usage control policy (e.g., a network capacity controlled services policy). In some embodiments, differential network access control for protecting network capacity includes providing assistance in control of the distribution of bandwidth among devices, network capacity controlled services (e.g., applications, OS operations/functions, and various other network services usage activities classified as network capacity controlled services), a differentiated QoS service offering, a fair sharing of capacity, a high user load network performance, and/or preventing one or more devices from consuming so much network capacity that other devices cannot receive adequate performance or performance in accordance with various threshold and/or guaranteed service levels. In some embodiments, differential network access control for protecting network capacity includes applying policies to determine which network the service activity should be connected to (e.g., 2G, 3G, 4G, home or roaming, WiFi, cable, DSL, fiber, wired WAN, and/or another wired or wireless or access network), and applying differential network access control rules (e.g., traffic control rules) depending on which network to which the service activity is connected. In some embodiments, differential network access control for protecting network capacity includes differentially controlling network service usage activities based on the service usage control policy and a user input (e.g., a user selection or user preference). In some embodiments, differential network access control for protecting network capacity includes differentially controlling network service usage activities based on the service usage control policy and the network the device or network service activity is gaining access from. 
     In some embodiments, the network service usage control policy is dynamic based on one or more of the following: a network busy state, a time of day, which network the service activity is connected to, which base station or communication channel the service activity is connected to, a user input, a user preference selection, an associated service plan, a service plan change, an application behavior, a messaging layer behavior, random back off, a power state of device, a device usage state, a time based criteria (e.g., time/day/week/month, hold/delay/defer for future time slot, hold/delay/defer for scheduled time slot, and/or hold/delay/defer until a busy state/availability state/QoS state is achieved), monitoring of user interaction with the service activity, monitoring of user interaction with the device, the state of UI priority for the service activity, monitoring the power consumption behavior of the service activity, modem power cycling or power control state changes, modem communication session set up or tear down, and/or a policy update/modification/change from the network. In some embodiments, the network service usage control policy is based on updated service usage behavior analysis of the network service usage activity. In some embodiments, the network service usage control policy is based on updated activity behavior response to a network capacity controlled service classification. In some embodiments, the network service usage control policy is based on updated user input/preferences (e.g., related to policies/controls for network capacity controlled services). In some embodiments, the network service usage control policy is based on updates to service plan status. In some embodiments, the network service usage control policy is based on updates to service plan policies. In some embodiments, the network service usage control policy is based on availability of alternative networks. In some embodiments, the network service usage control policy is based on policy rules for selecting alternative networks. In some embodiments, the network service usage control policy is based on network busy state or availability state for alternative networks. In some embodiments, the network service usage control policy is based on specific network selection or preference policies for a given network service activity or set of network service activities. 
     In some embodiments, associating the network service usage activity with a network service usage control policy or a network service usage notification policy, includes dynamically associating based on one or more of the following: a network busy state, a time of day, a user input/preference, an associated service plan (e.g., 25 MB data plan, 5G data plan, or an unlimited data plan or other data/service usage plan), an application behavior, a messaging layer behavior, a power state of device, a device usage state, a time based criteria, availability of alternative networks, and a set of policy rules for selecting and/or controlling traffic on one or more of the alternative networks. 
     In some embodiments, a network service usage control policy (e.g., a network capacity controlled services policy) includes defining the network service usage control policy for one or more service plans, defining network access policy rules for one or more devices or groups of devices in a single or multi-user scenarios such as family and enterprise plans, defining network access policy rules for one or more users or groups of users, allowing or disallowing network access events or attempts, modulating the number of network access events or attempts, aggregating network access events or attempts into a group of access events or attempts, time windowing network access events or attempts, time windowing network access events or attempts based on the application or function being served by the network access events or attempts, time windowing network access events or attempts to pre-determined time windows, time windowing network access events or attempts to time windows where a measure of network busy state is within a range, assigning the allowable types of access events or attempts, assigning the allowable functions or applications that are allowed network access events or attempts, assigning the priority of one or more network access events or attempts, defining the allowable duration of network access events or attempts, defining the allowable speed of network access events or attempts, defining the allowable network destinations for network access events or attempts, defining the allowable applications for network access events or attempts, defining the QoS rules for one or more network access events or attempts, defining or setting access policy rules for one or more applications, defining or setting access policy rules for one or more network destinations, defining or setting access policy rules for one or more devices, defining or setting access policy rules for one or more network services, defining or setting access policy rules for one or more traffic types, defining or setting access policy rules for one or more QoS classes, and defining or setting access policy rules based on any combination of device, application, network destination, network service, traffic type, QoS class, and/or other criteria/measures. 
     In some embodiments, a network service usage control policy (e.g., a network capacity controlled services policy) includes a traffic control policy. In some embodiments, the traffic control policy includes a traffic control setting. In some embodiments, the traffic control policy includes a traffic control/tier, and the traffic control/tier includes the traffic control setting. In some embodiments, the traffic control policy includes one or more of the following: block/allow settings, throttle settings, adaptive throttle settings, QoS class settings including packet error rate, jitter and delay settings, queue settings, and tag settings (e.g., for packet tagging certain traffic flows). In some embodiments, QoS class settings, include one or more of the following: throttle level, priority queuing relative to other device traffic, time window parameters, and hold or delay while accumulating or aggregating traffic into a larger stream/burst/packet/group of packets. In some embodiments, the traffic control policy includes filters implemented as indexes into different lists of policy settings (e.g., using cascade filtering techniques), in which the policy filters include one or more of the following: a network, a service plan, an application, a time of day, and a network busy state. For example, a two dimensional traffic control implementation scheme can be provided using a network busy state and/or a time of day as an index into a traffic control setting (e.g., a certain application&#39;s priority level can be increased or decreased based on a network busy state and/or time of day). In some embodiments, the traffic control policy is used for selecting the network from a list of available networks, blocking or reducing access until a connection is made to an alternative network, and/or modifying or replacing a network stack interface of the device to provide for intercept or discontinuance of network socket interface messages to applications or OS functions. 
     In some embodiments, a traffic control setting is selected based on the network service usage control policy. In some embodiments, the traffic control setting is implemented on the device based on the network service usage control policy. In some embodiments, the implemented traffic control setting controls traffic/traffic flows of a network capacity controlled service. In some embodiments, the traffic control setting is selected based on one or more of the following: a time of day, a day of week, a special time/date (e.g., a holiday or a network maintenance time/date), a network busy state, a priority level associated with the network service usage activity, a QoS class associated with the network service usage activity (e.g., emergency traffic), which network the network service activity is gaining access from, which networks are available, which network the network service activity is connected to, which base station or communication channel the network service activity is connected to, and a network dependent set of traffic control policies that can vary depending on which network the service activity is gaining access from (e.g., and/or various other criteria/measures as described herein). In some embodiments, the traffic control setting includes one or more of the following: allow/block, delay, throttle, QoS class implementation, queue, tag, generate a user notification, random back off, clear to send received from a network element, hold for scheduled transmission time slot, selecting the network from the available networks, and blocking or reducing access until a connection is made to an alternative network. In some embodiments, the traffic control setting is selected based on a network capacity controlled services priority state of the network service usage activity and a network busy state. In some embodiments, the traffic control setting is selected based on a network capacity controlled services priority state of the network service usage activity and a network busy state and is global (e.g., the same) for all network capacity controlled services activities or varies based on a network service usage activity priority, user preferences or option selection, an application, a time based criteria, a service plan, a network the device or service activity is gaining access from, a redetermination of a network congestion state after adapting to a previously determined network busy state, and/or other criteria/measures as described herein. 
     In some embodiments, network capacity controlled services traffic (e.g., traffic flows) is differentially controlled for protecting network capacity. For example, various software updates for an OS and one or more applications on the device can be differentially controlled using the various techniques described herein. As another example, security/antimalware software (e.g., antivirus, firewall, content protection, intrusion detection/prevention, and/or other security/antimalware software) can be differentially controlled using the various techniques described herein. As yet another example, network backups/imaging, content downloads (e.g., exceeding a threshold individually and/or in aggregate, such as for image, music, video, eBook content, email attachments, content/media subscriptions, RSS/news feeds, text/image/video chat, software updates, and/or other content downloads) can be differentially controlled using the various techniques described herein. 
     For example, using the DAS for protecting network capacity techniques described herein an adaptive policy control for protecting network capacity can be provided. A network capacity controlled services list can be generated, updated, reported, and/or received by the device and stored on the device (e.g., the list can be based on adapted to the service plan associated with the device). If a monitored network service usage activity is not on the list, then the device can report the monitored network service usage activity to a network element (e.g., for a monitored network service usage activity that also exceeds a certain threshold, based on a network busy state, based on a time based criteria, and/or other criteria/measure). As an example, monitored network service usage activity can be reported if/when the monitored network service usage activity exceeds a data usage threshold (e.g., 50 MB total data usage per day, a socket opening frequency/rate, velocity of data usage at an instant in time, or more complicated thresholds over time, over peak periods, by content and time, by various other parameters/thresholds). As another example, the monitored network service usage activity can be reported based on testing of the network service usage behavior and/or application developer characterization input. The report can include information that identifies the network service usage activity and various network service usage parameters. 
     In some embodiments, a notification setting is selected based on a service usage notification policy. In some embodiments, a notification setting includes a user notification setting (e.g., various user notifications settings as described above with respect to  FIG. 18 ). 
     In some embodiments, classifying the network service usage activity further includes classifying the network service usage activity (e.g., using a usage threshold filter and/or cascading filter techniques) into one or more of a plurality of classification categories for differential network access control for protecting network capacity. In some embodiments, classifying the network service usage activity, further includes classifying the network service usage activity into one or more network capacity controlled services in which the network capacity controlled services include one or more of the following: applications requiring data network access, application software updates, applications requiring network information, applications requiring GPS or physical location, operating system software updates, security software updates, network based backups, email downloads, and a set of activities configured as network capacity controlled service activities based on a service profile and/or user input (e.g., and/or various other types of network service usage activities as described herein and as will now be apparent to one of ordinary skill in the art). For example, network capacity controlled services can include software updates for OS and applications, OS background network accesses, cloud synchronization services, RSS feeds &amp; other background information feeds, browser/application/device behavior reporting, background email downloads, content subscription service updates and downloads (e.g., music/video downloads, news feeds), text/voice/video chat clients, security updates (e.g., antimalware updates), peer to peer networking application updates, inefficient network access sequences during frequent power cycling or power save state cycling, large downloads or other high bandwidth accesses, and greedy application programs that constantly/repeatedly access the network with small transmissions or requests for information. In some embodiments, a network capacity controlled services list is static, adaptive, generated using a service processor, received from a network element (e.g., service controller or service cloud), received from a network element (e.g., service controller or service cloud) and based at least in part on device activity reports received from the service processor, based on criteria set by pre-testing, report of behavior characterization performed by the application developer, and/or based at least in part on user input. In some embodiments, the network capacity controlled services list includes one or more network service activity background (QoS) classes. 
     In some embodiments, classifying the network service usage activity further includes classifying the network service usage activity based on one or more of the following: application or widget (e.g., Outlook, Skype, iTunes, Android email, weather channel weather widget, iCal, Firefox Browser, etc), application type (e.g., user application, system application/utility/function/process, OS application/utility/function/process, email, browser, widget, malware (such as a virus or suspicious process), RSS feed, device synchronization service, download application, network backup/imaging application, voice/video chat, peer to peer content application or other peer to peer application, streaming media feed or broadcast reception/transmission application, network meeting application, chat application or session, and/or any other application or process identification and categorization), OS/system function (e.g., any system application/utility/function/process and/or OS application/utility/function/process, such as a OS update and/or OS error reporting), modem function, network communication function (e.g., network discovery or signaling, EtherType messages, connection flow/stream/session set up or tear down, network authentication or authorization sequences, IP address acquisition, and DNS services), URL and/or domain, destination/source IP address, protocol, traffic type, socket (e.g., IP address, protocol, and/or port), socket address/label/identifier (e.g., port address/port number), content type (e.g., email downloads, email text, video, music, eBooks, widget update streams, and download streams), port (e.g., port number), QoS classification level, time of day, on peak or off peak, network time, network busy state, access network selected, service plan selected, user preferences, device credentials, user credentials, and/or status, modem power cycling or power state changes, modem authentication processes, modem link set up or tear down, modem management communications, modem software or firmware updates, modem power management information, device power state, and modem power state. In some embodiments, classifying the network service usage activity further includes associating the classified network service usage activity with an ID (e.g., an application ID, which can be, for example, a unique number, name, and/or signature). In some embodiments, classifying the network service usage activity further includes classifying the network service usage activity using a plurality of classification parameters, including one or more of the following: application ID, remote IP (e.g., URL, domain, and/or IP address), remote port, protocol, content type, a filter action class (e.g., network busy state class, QoS class, time of day, network busy state, and/or other criteria/measures), and access network selected. In some embodiments, classifying the network service usage activity further includes using a combination of parameters as discussed above to determine the classification of the network service usage activity. 
     In some embodiments, classifying the network service usage activity further includes classifying the network service usage activity as a network capacity controlled service, a non-network capacity controlled service, a blocked or disallowed service, and/or a not yet classified/identified service (e.g., unknown/yet to be determined classification or pending classification). In some embodiments, an application connection, OS connection, and/or other service activity is classified as a network capacity controlled service activity when the device has been inactive (e.g., or in a power save state) for a period of time (e.g., when the user has not interacted with it for a period of time, when it has not displayed user notification policy, and/or a user input has not been received for a period of time, and/or when a power save state is entered). In some embodiments, an application connection, OS connection, and/or other service activity is classified as a network capacity controlled service activity when the monitored network service usage activity exceeds a data usage threshold for more than one application connection, OS connection, and/or other service activity (e.g., aggregated data usage exceeds the data usage threshold); or for a specific application connection. In some embodiments, an application connection, OS connection, and/or other service activity is classified as a network capacity controlled service activity when the monitored network service usage activity exceeds a data usage threshold based on a predetermined list of one or more data usage limits, based on a list received from a network element, usage time limit (e.g., based on a period of time exceeding a usage limit), and/or based on some other usage related criteria/measures. In some embodiments, classifying the network service usage activity further includes classifying the network service usage activity as a network capacity controlled service based on a network peak time, a network busy state, or a network connection to the device falls below a certain performance level (e.g., higher/lower priorities assigned based on various such criteria/other input/factors). 
     In some embodiments, one or more of the network capacity controlled services are associated with a different network access policy set for one or more networks and/or one or more alternative networks. In some embodiments, one or more of the network capacity controlled services are associated with a different notification policy set for one or more networks and/or one or more alternative networks. In some embodiments, the network capacity controlled services list is stored on the device. In some embodiments, the network capacity controlled services list is received/periodically updated from a network element and stored on the device. In some embodiments, the network capacity controlled services list includes network capacity controlled services, non-network capacity controlled services (e.g., foreground services or services based on various possibly dynamic criteria are not classified as network capacity controlled services), and an unclassified set of services (e.g., grey list including one or more network service activities pending classification based on further analysis and/or input, such as from a network element, service provider, and/or user). In some embodiments, the network capacity controlled services list is based on one or more of the following: predefined/predesignated (e.g., network, service plan, pre-test and/or characterized by an application developer) criteria; device assisted/based monitoring (e.g., using a service processor); network based monitoring (e.g., using a DPI gateway); network assisted analysis (e.g., based on device reports of DAS activity analysis). For example, the device can report device monitored network service usage activities (e.g., all monitored network service usage activities or a subset based on configuration, threshold, service plan, network, and/or user input) to the network element. As another example, the network element can update the network capacity controlled services list and send the updated list to the device. As yet another example, the network element can perform a statistical analysis of network service activities across a plurality of devices based on the device based and/or network based network service usage activity monitoring/reporting. In some embodiments, a network service usage activity is determined to be an active application or process (e.g., based on a user interaction with the device and/or network service usage activity, such as a pop-up and/or other criteria/measures). 
     In some embodiments, implementing traffic control for network capacity controlled services is provided using various techniques. In some embodiments, the device includes a service processor agent or function to intercept, block, modify, remove or replace UI messages, notifications or other UI communications generated by a network service activity that whose network service usage is being controlled or managed (e.g., using various measurement points as shown in and described with respect to  FIGS. 12 and 13 ). For example, this technique can be used to provide for an improved user experience (e.g., to prevent an application that is being controlled for protecting network capacity from generating repeated and/or confusing messages/alerts to the user). In some embodiments, a network stack interface of the device is replaced or modified to provide for intercept or discontinuance of network socket interface messages to applications or OS functions or other functions/software. 
     In some embodiments, implementing traffic control for network capacity controlled services using DAS techniques is provided using various techniques in which the network service usage activity is unaware of network capacity control (e.g., does not support an API or other interface for implementing network capacity control). For example, network service application messaging interface based techniques can be used to implement traffic control. Example network service application messaging interfaces include the following: network stack API, network communication stream/flow interface, network stack API messages, EtherType messages, ARP messages, and/or other messaging or other or similar techniques as will now be apparent to one of ordinary skill in the art in view of the various embodiments described herein. In some embodiments, network service usage activity control policies or network service activity messages are selected based on the set of traffic control policies or service activity messages that result in reduced or modified user notification by the service activity due to network capacity controlled service policies applied to the network service activity. In some embodiments, network service usage activity control policies or network service activity messages are selected based on the set of traffic control policies or service activity messages that result in reduced disruption of device operation due to network capacity controlled service activity policies applied to the network service activity. In some embodiments, network service usage activity control policies or network service activity messages are selected based on the set of traffic control policies or service activity messages that result in reduced disruption of network service activity operation due to network capacity controlled service activity policies applied to the network service activity. In some embodiments, implementing traffic control for network capacity controlled services is provided by intercepting opens/connects/writes. In some embodiments, implementing traffic control for network capacity controlled services is provided by intercepting stack API level or application messaging layer requests (e.g., socket open/send requests). For example, an intercepted request can be copied (e.g., to memory) and queued (e.g., delayed or throttled) or dropped (e.g., blocked). As another example, an intercepted request can be copied into memory and then a portion of the transmission can be retrieved from memory and reinjected (e.g., throttled). As yet another example, intercepting messaging transmissions can be parsed inline and allowed to transmit (e.g., allowed), and the transmission or a portion of the transmission can be copied to memory for classifying the traffic flow. In some embodiments, implementing traffic control for network capacity controlled services is provided by intercepting or controlling or modulating UI notifications. In some embodiments, implementing traffic control for network capacity controlled services is provided by killing or suspending the network service activity. In some embodiments, implementing traffic control for network capacity controlled services is provided by deprioritizing the process(es) associated with the service activity (e.g., CPU scheduling deprioritization). 
     In some embodiments, implementing traffic control for network capacity controlled services using DAS techniques for network service usage activities that are unaware of network capacity control is provided by emulating network API messaging (e.g., effectively providing a spoofed or emulated network API). For example, an emulated network API can intercept, modify, block, remove, and/or replace network socket application interface messages and/or EtherType messages (e.g., EWOULDBLOCK, ENETDOWN, ENETUNREACH, EHOSTDOWN, EHOSTUNREACH, EALRADY, EINPROGRESS, ECONNREFUSED, EINPROGRESS, ETIMEDOUT, and/other such messages). As another example, an emulated network API can modify, swap, and/or inject network socket application interface messages (socket( ), connect( ), read( ), write( ), close( ), and other such messages) that provide for control or management of network service activity service usage behavior. As yet another example, before a connection is allowed to be opened (e.g., before a socket is opened), transmission, or a flow/stream is initiated, it is blocked and a message is sent back to the application (e.g., a reset message in response to a sync request or another message that the application will understand and can interpret to indicate that the network access attempt was not allowed/blocked, that the network is not available, and/or to try again later for the requested network access). As yet another example, the socket can be allowed to open but after some point in time (e.g., based on network service usage, network busy state, time based criteria, and/or some other criteria/measure), the stream is blocked or the socket is terminated. As yet another example, time window based traffic control techniques can be implemented (e.g., during non-peak, not network busy state times), such as by allowing network access for a period of time, blocking for a period of time, and then repeating to thereby effectively spread the network access out either randomly or deterministically. Using these techniques, an application that is unaware of network capacity control based traffic control can send and receive standard messaging, and the device can implement traffic controls based on the network capacity control policy using messaging that the network service usage activity (e.g., application or OS or software function) can understand and will respond to in a typically predictable manner as would now be apparent to one of ordinary skill in the art. 
     In some embodiments, implementing traffic control for network capacity controlled services using DAS techniques is provided using various techniques in which the network service usage activity is aware of network capacity control (e.g., the network service usage activity supports an API or other interface for implementing network capacity control). For example, a network access API as described herein can be used to implement traffic control for network capacity controlled services. In some embodiments, the API facilitates communication of one or more of the following: network access conditions, network busy state or network availability state of one or more networks or alternative networks, one or more network capacity controlled service policies (e.g., the network service can be of a current network access setting, such as allow/block, throttle, queue, scheduled time/time slot, and/or defer, which can be based on, for example, a current network, a current network busy state, a time based criteria, a service plan, a network service classification, and/or other criteria/measures), a network access request from a network service activity, a query/polled request to a network service activity, a network access grant to a network service activity (e.g., including a priority setting and/or network capacity controlled service classification, a scheduled time/time slot, an alternative network, and/or other criteria/measures), a network busy state or a network availability state or a network QoS state. 
     In some embodiments, implementing traffic control for network capacity controlled services using network assisted/based techniques is provided using various techniques in which the network service usage activity is unaware of network capacity control (e.g., does not support an API or other interface for implementing network capacity control). In some embodiments, DPI based techniques are used to control network capacity controlled services (e.g., to block or throttle network capacity controlled services at a DPI gateway). 
     In some embodiments, implementing traffic control for network capacity controlled services using network assisted/based techniques is provided using various techniques in which the network service usage activity is aware of network capacity control (e.g., does support an API or other interface for implementing network capacity control). In some embodiments, the application/messaging layer (e.g., a network API as described herein) is used to communicate with a network service activity to provide associated network capacity controlled service classifications and/or priorities, network busy state information or network availability of one or more networks or alternative networks, a network access request and response, and/other criteria/measures as similarly described herein. 
     In some embodiments, DAS for protecting network capacity includes implementing a service plan for differential charging based on network service usage activities (e.g., including network capacity controlled services). In some embodiments, the service plan includes differential charging for network capacity controlled services. In some embodiments, the service plan includes a cap network service usage for network capacity controlled services. In some embodiments, the service plan includes a notification when the cap is exceeded. In some embodiments, the service plan includes overage charges when the cap is exceeded. In some embodiments, the service plan includes modifying charging based on user input (e.g., user override selection as described herein, in which for example, overage charges are different for network capacity controlled services and/or based on priority levels and/or based on the current access network). In some embodiments, the service plan includes time based criteria restrictions for network capacity controlled services (e.g., time of day restrictions with or without override options). In some embodiments, the service plan includes network busy state based criteria restrictions for network capacity controlled services (e.g., with or without override options). In some embodiments, the service plan provides for network service activity controls to be overridden (e.g., one time, time window, usage amount, or permanent) (e.g., differentially charge for override, differentially cap for override, override with action based UI notification option, and/or override with UI setting). In some embodiments, the service plan includes family plan or multi-user plan (e.g., different network capacity controlled service settings for different users). In some embodiments, the service plan includes multi-device plan (e.g., different network capacity controlled service settings for different devices, such as smart phone v. laptop v. net book v. eBook). In some embodiments, the service plan includes free network capacity controlled service usage for certain times of day, network busy state(s), and/or other criteria/measures. In some embodiments, the service plan includes network dependent charging for network capacity controlled services. In some embodiments, the service plan includes network preference/prioritization for network capacity controlled services. In some embodiments, the service plan includes arbitration billing to bill a carrier partner or sponsored service partner for the access provided to a destination, application, or other network capacity controlled service. In some embodiments, the service plan includes arbitration billing to bill an application developer for the access provided to a destination, application or other network capacity controlled service. 
     In some application scenarios, excess network capacity demand can be caused by modem power state changes on the device. For example, when an application or OS function attempts to connect to the network for any reason when the modem is in a power save state wherein the modem is not connected to the network, it can cause the modem to change power save state, reconnect to the network, and then initiate the application network connection. In some cases, this can also cause the network to re-initiate a modem connection session (e.g., PPP session) which in addition to the network capacity consumed by the basic modem connection also consumes network resources for establishing the PPP session. Accordingly, in some embodiments, network service usage activity control policies are implemented that limit or control the ability of applications, OS functions, and/or other network service usage activities (e.g., network capacity controlled services) from changing the modem power control state or network connection state. In some embodiments, a service usage activity is prevented or limited from awakening the modem, changing the power state of the modem, or causing the modem to connect to the network until a given time window is reached. In some embodiments, the frequency a service usage activity is allowed to awakening the modem, changing the power state of the modem, or causing the modem is limited. In some embodiments, a network service usage activity is prevented from awakening the modem, changing the power state of the modem, or causing the modem until a time delay has passed. In some embodiments, a network service usage activity is prevented from awakening the modem, changing the power state of the modem, or causing the modem until multiple network service usage activities require such changes in modem state, or until network service usage activity is aggregated to increase network capacity and/or network resource utilization efficiency. In some embodiments, limiting the ability of a network service usage activity to change the power state of a modem includes not allowing the activity to power the modem off, place the modem in sleep mode, or disconnect the modem from the network. In some embodiments, these limitations on network service usage activity to awaken the modem, change the power state of the modem, or cause the modem to connect to a network are set by a central network function (e.g., a service controller or other network element/function) policy communication to the modem. In some embodiments, these power control state policies are updated by the central network function. 
       FIG. 24  depicts a diagram of a network capacity protection system  2400  utilizing device-assisted services (DAS). The system  2400  includes wireless devices  2402 - 1  to  2402 -N (referred to collectively as the wireless devices  2402 ), wireless networks  2404 - 1  to  2404 -N (referred to collectively as the wireless networks  2404 ), a network traffic analysis engine  2406 , a network service usage classification engine  2408 , and a differential network access control engine  2410 . 
     The wireless devices  2402  will at a minimum include a processor, memory (though the memory could be implemented in the processor), a radio, and a radio interface (though the radio interface could be implemented as “part of” the radio). In order to make the wireless devices  2402  useful, they will typically have at least one input device and at least one output device, including input and output interfaces, if applicable. 
     The wireless devices  2402  can be implemented as stations. A station, as used herein, may be referred to as a device with a media access control (MAC) address and a physical layer (PHY) interface to the wireless medium that comply with, e.g., the IEEE 802.11 standard. A station can be described as “IEEE 802.11-compliant” when compliance with the IEEE 802.11 standard is intended to be explicit. (I.e, a device acts as described in at least a portion of the IEEE 802.11 standard.) One of ordinary skill in the relevant art would understand what the IEEE 802.11 standard comprises today and that the IEEE 802.11 standard can change over time, and would be expected to apply techniques described in this paper in compliance with future versions of the IEEE 802.11 standard if an applicable change is made. IEEE Std 802.11™-2007 (Revision of IEEE Std 802.11-1999) is incorporated by reference. IEEE 802.11k-2008, IEEE 802.11n-2009, IEEE 802.11p-2010, IEEE 802.11r-2008, IEEE 802.11w-2009, and IEEE 802.11y-2008 are also incorporated by reference. 
     In alternative embodiments, one or more of the wireless devices  2402  may comply with some other standard or no standard at all, and may have different interfaces to a wireless or other medium. It should be noted that not all standards refer to wireless devices as “stations,” but where the term is used in this paper, it should be understood that an analogous unit will be present on all applicable wireless networks. Thus, use of the term “station” should not be construed as limiting the scope of an embodiment that describes wireless devices as stations to a standard that explicitly uses the term, unless such a limitation is appropriate in the context of the discussion. 
     The wireless networks  2404  will typically include an internetworking unit (IWU) that interconnects wireless devices on the relevant one of the wireless networks  2404  with another network, such as a wired LAN. The IWU is sometimes referred to as a wireless access point (WAP). In the IEEE 802.11 standard, a WAP is also defined as a station. Thus, a station can be a non-WAP station or a WAP station. In a cellular network, the WAP is often referred to as a base station. 
     The wireless networks  2404  can be implemented using any applicable technology, which can differ by network type or in other ways. The wireless networks  2404  can be of any appropriate size (e.g., metropolitan area network (MAN), personal area network (PAN), etc.). Broadband wireless MANs may or may not be compliant with IEEE 802.16, which is incorporated by reference. Wireless PANs may or may not be compliant with IEEE 802.15, which is incorporated by reference. The wireless networks  2404  can be identifiable by network type (e.g., 2G, 3G, WiFi), service provider, WAP/base station identifier (e.g., WiFi SSID, base station and sector ID), geographic location, or other identification criteria. 
     The wireless networks  2404  may or may not be coupled together via an intermediate network. The intermediate network can include practically any type of communications network, such as, by way of example but not limitation, the Internet, a public switched telephone network (PSTN), or an infrastructure network (e.g., private LAN). The term “Internet” as used herein refers to a network of networks which uses certain protocols, such as the TCP/IP protocol, and possibly other protocols such as the hypertext transfer protocol (HTTP) for hypertext markup language (HTML) documents that make up the World Wide Web (the web). 
     In the example of  FIG. 24 , the network traffic analysis engine  2406  is coupled to the wireless device  2402 - 1 . In a specific implementation, the network traffic analysis engine  2406  is implemented on a server and is coupled to the wireless device  2402 - 1  through the Internet. However, at least a portion of the network traffic analysis engine  2406  can alternatively be implemented on the wireless device  2402 - 1 , with or without a connection to a server that includes another portion (e.g., a server portion) of the network traffic analysis engine  2406 . 
     As used in this paper, an engine includes a dedicated or shared processor and, typically, firmware or software modules that are executed by the processor. Depending upon implementation-specific or other considerations, an engine can be centralized or its functionality distributed. An engine can include special purpose hardware, firmware, or software embodied in a computer-readable medium for execution by the processor. As used in this paper, a computer-readable medium is intended to include all mediums that are statutory (e.g., in the United States, under 35 U.S.C. 101), and to specifically exclude all mediums that are non-statutory in nature to the extent that the exclusion is necessary for a claim that includes the computer-readable medium to be valid. Known statutory computer-readable mediums include hardware (e.g., registers, random access memory (RAM), non-volatile (NV) storage, to name a few), but may or may not be limited to hardware. 
     The network traffic analysis engine  2406  analyzes a subset of traffic between the wireless device  2402 - 1  and a source or destination. The analyzed traffic may or may not be limited to a network segment, such as between a cellular phone and a base station. The network traffic analysis engine  2406  can analyze traffic for a subset of devices in the wireless network  2404 - 1  service area. The analyzed traffic may or may not be limited to subscribers. 
     In the example of  FIG. 24 , the network service usage classification engine  2408  is coupled to the network traffic analysis engine  2406 . In a specific implementation, the network service usage classification engine  2408  is implemented on a server, which may or may not be the same server on which the network traffic analysis engine  2406  is implemented. However, at least a portion of the network service usage classification engine  2408  can alternatively be implemented on the wireless device  2402 - 1 , with or without a connection to a server that includes another portion (e.g., a server portion) of the network service usage classification engine  2408 . 
     The network service usage classification engine  2408  can categorize traffic based upon the service class (e.g., conversational, streaming, interactive, background, or some other service class) requested or needed for a service. The categorization facilitates identification of a snapshot of service class use at a given time, and, in some implementations, predictions of future service class use based upon the snapshot (e.g., making an assumption that future service class use is at least somewhat related to service class use of the snapshot), historical data analysis (e.g., service class usage at certain times of day/days of the week), identification of trends, or the use of some other predictive technology. 
     In the example of  FIG. 24 , the differential network access control engine  2410  is coupled to the network service usage classification engine  2408 . In a specific implementation, the network access control engine  2410  is implemented on a server, which may or may not be the same server on which the network traffic analysis engine  2406  and/or the network service usage classification engine  2408  are implemented. However, at least a portion of the network access control engine  2410  can alternatively be implemented on the wireless device  2402 - 1 , with or without a connection to a server that includes another portion (e.g., a server portion) of the network access control engine  2410 . 
     The differential network access control engine  2410  uses the predicted service class use from the network service usage classification engine  2408  to dynamically adjust resources allocated to service classes. For example, the differential network access control engine  2410  can perform a service class availability assessment to determine whether service class capacity for service classes on a channel are sufficient for predicted service usage, and either add resources if service class availability is insufficient for predicted service usage or reduce resources if service class availability is more than sufficient for predicted service usage. 
     Alternatively, the differential network access control engine  2410  can instead or in addition control applications on devices such that the applications change service usage levels or delay consumption of wireless resources (e.g., by delaying software updates until more resources become available). In an embodiment, a service usage control policy is implemented on the wireless device  2402 - 1 . This may be necessary in some cases to ensure the wireless device  2402 - 1  can adjust application settings that are normally fixed, optimize network service usage activation based on network state (e.g., if the network is busy), control over-the-air software updates, throttle resource-hungry applications, manage network service usage requests from repeated power down modes, keep PPP sessions active, or otherwise facilitate dynamic service class adjustments or other device behavior. 
     In a specific implementation, subscribers can be incented to change service classes by, for example, charging more for higher service classes. The differential network access control engine  2410  can send a notification of differential charges for service classes. Alternatively, the charges could be implemented via subscriber account settings or preferences. 
     In the example of  FIG. 24 , in operation, the network traffic analysis engine  2406  analyzes traffic from one or more devices, including the wireless device  2402 - 1 . The network service usage classification engine  2408  predicts the amount of resources needed for service classes, and the differential network access control engine  2410  dynamically allocates resources on an as-needed basis to adjust the service classes that are available to the one or more devices and/or adjusts device behavior for a subset of the one or more devices or instructs a subset of the one or more devices to adjust device behavior such that the device consumes service class-specific resources in accordance with an access control policy appropriate for the resources allocated to the applicable service classes. 
       FIG. 25  depicts a diagram an example of a differential access control notification system  2500 . In the example of  FIG. 25 , the system  2500  includes a network service usage analysis engine  2502 , a network service usage classification engine  2504 , a differential network access control engine  2506 , a network service usage control policy datastore  2508 , a network service usage notification engine  2510 , a user interface  2512 , and a service plan update engine  2514 . 
     In the example of  FIG. 25 , the network service usage analysis engine  2502  analyzes network service usage activity. The analysis can include an analysis of traffic sent to or from a device, an application running on a device, a request for services, or other analysis that is informative of past, current, or future network service usage. For example, the network service usage activity can include an attempt to download or load an application onto the communications device, an attempt to execute the network service activity or the network service usage activity attempts to access the network, meeting or exceeding a network service usage threshold, satisfying a network service usage pre-condition, an update to a network capacity controlled service activity classification list, an update to a network capacity controlled services policy, and a network message is sent to the device triggering the notification, to name several by way of example. The analysis can occur on a non-WAP station, a WAP or base station, a server, or partly on one of these devices or some other device. 
     In the example of  FIG. 25 , the network service usage classification engine  2504  is coupled to the network service usage analysis engine  2502 . The network service usage classification engine  2504  classifies the analyzed network service usage into one or more service classes. The classification can occur on a non-WAP station, a WAP or base station, a server, or partly on one of these devices or some other device. 
     In the example of  FIG. 25 , the differential network access control engine  2506  is coupled to the network service usage classification engine  2504 . The differential network access control engine  2506  determines network access parameters using the service classes associated with the network service usage activity and network service usage control policies stored in the network service usage control policy datastore  2508 . The determination can occur on a non-WAP station, a WAP or base station, a server, or partly on one of these devices or some other device. The network service usage control policy datastore  2508  can be implemented on a wireless device, but it is also possible to maintain the datastore remotely relative to the device (e.g., on a server). In a specific implementation, even if the network service usage control policy datastore  2508  is maintained remotely relative to the wireless device, the wireless device will still have a network service usage control policy implemented. 
     A datastore can be implemented, for example, as software embodied in a physical computer-readable medium on a general- or specific-purpose machine, in firmware, in hardware, in a combination thereof, or in an applicable known or convenient device or system. Datastores in this paper are intended to include any organization of data, including tables, comma-separated values (CSV) files, traditional databases (e.g., SQL), or other applicable known or convenient organizational formats. Datastore-associated components, such as database interfaces, can be considered “part of” a datastore, part of some other system component, or a combination thereof, though the physical location and other characteristics of datastore-associated components is not critical for an understanding of the techniques described in this paper. 
     Datastores can include data structures. As used in this paper, a data structure is associated with a particular way of storing and organizing data in a computer so that it can be used efficiently within a given context. Data structures are generally based on the ability of a computer to fetch and store data at any place in its memory, specified by an address, a bit string that can be itself stored in memory and manipulated by the program. Thus some data structures are based on computing the addresses of data items with arithmetic operations; while other data structures are based on storing addresses of data items within the structure itself. Many data structures use both principles, sometimes combined in non-trivial ways. The implementation of a data structure usually entails writing a set of procedures that create and manipulate instances of that structure. 
     In the example of  FIG. 25 , the network service usage notification engine  2510  is coupled to the differential network access control engine  2506  and the network service usage control policy datastore  2508 . The network service usage notification engine  2510  is configured to generate a notification sufficient to indicate relevant access control information. For example, the notification could indicate what network service usage activities are network capacity controlled services, the type of network service policy in effect for one or more network capacity controlled services, that a network service activity belongs to a network capacity controlled services classification, that a service activity that is classified as network capacity controlled services classification can have the classification changed, that if the service class is changed for the network service activity that the associated network service usage charges will change, a service plan upgrade/downgrade offer, and an offer for a service plan that provides discounts and/or incentives for responding to one or more user notifications for protecting network capacity, to name several by way of example. 
     The notification may or may not also include a user preference selection. For example, the notification could include a provision to associate a network service usage control policy with the network service usage activity, an over-ride option for selecting the network service usage control policy, a modify option to select the service usage control policy, and a select option to select a new service plan, to name several by way of example. Other examples include network service usage activity information for one or more network capacity controlled services, predicted network service usage activity information for one or more network capacity controlled services, an option for obtaining more information about the network service usage of the network service usage activity, a message that the network service usage activity may result in network service usage that exceeds a threshold for a service plan associated with the device, an option to review or select an alternative service plan, an acknowledgement request, and an option to submit the acknowledgement request, to name several more by way of example. 
     In the example of  FIG. 25 , the user interface  2512  is coupled to the network service usage notification engine  2510 . It may be noted that notifications can be disposed of by consulting user preferences (e.g., when a user indicates that maximum performance or minimum cost should be automatically selected). However, unless subscriber preferences are set as a default, a user is likely to have notifications displayed in the UI  2512 . The notification can be in an applicable known or convenient form, such as SMS, email, a popup window, or the like. To the extent a response is permitted, a user can input a response to the notification using an input device (not shown). 
     In the example of  FIG. 25 , the service plan update engine  2514  is coupled to the UI  2512 . As was previously mentioned, the UI can be bypassed because of, e.g., user preferences that are determinative of a selection provided in the notification. Regardless of how the selection associated with the notification is made, the service plan update engine  2514  can update a service plan, network service usage control policy, user preferences, or other parameters in accordance with the selection. The service plan update engine  2514  can also update accounting if costs accrue. 
       FIG. 26  depicts an example of a computer system  2600  on which techniques described in this paper can be implemented. The computer system  2600  may be a conventional computer system that can be used as a client computer system, such as a wireless client or a workstation, or a server computer system. The computer system  2600  includes a computer  2602 , I/O devices  2604 , and a display device  2606 . The computer  2602  includes a processor  2608 , a communications interface  2610 , memory  2612 , display controller  2614 , non-volatile storage  2616 , and I/O controller  2618 . The computer  2602  may be coupled to or include the I/O devices  2604  and display device  2606 . 
     The computer  2602  interfaces to external systems through the communications interface  2610 , which may include a modem or network interface. It will be appreciated that the communications interface  2610  can be considered to be part of the computer system  2600  or a part of the computer  2602 . The communications interface  2610  can be an analog modem, ISDN modem, cable modem, token ring interface, satellite transmission interface (e.g. “direct PC”), or other interfaces for coupling a computer system to other computer systems. 
     The processor  2608  may be, for example, a conventional microprocessor such as an Intel Pentium microprocessor or Motorola power PC microprocessor. The memory  2612  is coupled to the processor  2608  by a bus  2670 . The memory  2612  can be Dynamic Random Access Memory (DRAM) and can also include Static RAM (SRAM). The bus  2670  couples the processor  2608  to the memory  2612 , also to the non-volatile storage  2616 , to the display controller  2614 , and to the I/O controller  2618 . 
     The I/O devices  2604  can include a keyboard, disk drives, printers, a scanner, and other input and output devices, including a mouse or other pointing device. The display controller  2614  may control in the conventional manner a display on the display device  2606 , which can be, for example, a cathode ray tube (CRT) or liquid crystal display (LCD). The display controller  2614  and the I/O controller  2618  can be implemented with conventional well known technology. 
     The non-volatile storage  2616  is often a magnetic hard disk, an optical disk, or another form of storage for large amounts of data. Some of this data is often written, by a direct memory access process, into memory  2612  during execution of software in the computer  2602 . One of skill in the art will immediately recognize that the terms “machine-readable medium” or “computer-readable medium” includes any type of storage device that is accessible by the processor  2608  and also encompasses a carrier wave that encodes a data signal. 
     The computer system  2600  is one example of many possible computer systems which have different architectures. For example, personal computers based on an Intel microprocessor often have multiple buses, one of which can be an I/O bus for the peripherals and one that directly connects the processor  2608  and the memory  2612  (often referred to as a memory bus). The buses are connected together through bridge components that perform any necessary translation due to differing bus protocols. 
     Network computers are another type of computer system that can be used in conjunction with the teachings provided herein. Network computers do not usually include a hard disk or other mass storage, and the executable programs are loaded from a network connection into the memory  2612  for execution by the processor  2608 . A Web TV system, which is known in the art, is also considered to be a computer system, but it may lack some of the features shown in  FIG. 26 , such as certain input or output devices. A typical computer system will usually include at least a processor, memory, and a bus coupling the memory to the processor. 
     In addition, the computer system  2600  is controlled by operating system software which includes a file management system, such as a disk operating system, which is part of the operating system software. One example of operating system software with its associated file management system software is the family of operating systems known as Windows® from Microsoft Corporation of Redmond, Wash., and their associated file management systems. Another example of operating system software with its associated file management system software is the Linux operating system and its associated file management system. The file management system is typically stored in the non-volatile storage  2616  and causes the processor  2608  to execute the various acts required by the operating system to input and output data and to store data in memory, including storing files on the non-volatile storage  2616 . 
       FIG. 27  depicts a diagram of an example of a system  2700  for application-specific differential network access control. In the example of  FIG. 27 , the system  2700  includes a network service consuming application  2702 , a network service usage analysis engine  2704 , an application behavior datastore  2706 , a network service usage classification engine  7708 , an application traffic prioritization engine  2710 , a network service usage control policy datastore  2712 , a differential network access control engine  2714 , an application traffic cache  2716 , an application traffic override engine  2718 , and a network interface  2720 . The system  2700  is intended to represent a specific implementation of techniques described previously in this paper for illustrative purposes. The techniques may be applicable to an applicable known or convenient (wired or wireless) device for which there is a motivation to control network service usage. 
     In the example of  FIG. 27 , the network service consuming application  2702  is a application that is implemented on a device. In an expected use, the application is a software application stored at least in part in memory on a wireless device, though kernel-level instructions could be implemented as firmware or even hardware. The application can be referred to as “running” on the device or as being “executed” by the device in accordance with known uses of those terms. Wireless media are known to have more bandwidth constraints, which is why a wireless device is an expected use, though the technique may be applicable to wired devices in certain situations. 
     In the example of  FIG. 27 , the network service usage analysis engine  2704  is coupled to the network service consuming application  2702 . The network service usage analysis engine  2704  analyzes traffic from the network service consuming application  2702  and stores relevant data in the application behavior datastore  2706 . The data can include all traffic that is sent by the application, or a subset of the traffic (e.g., that which has a certain QoS classification or priority, that which has high resource consumption due to frequent transmission from the application, that which is sent to a particular destination, etc.) The data can also include traffic that is received for the application. The application behavior datastore  2706  can alternatively or in addition be implemented as a traffic source/destination datastore, which can be valuable if differential access control is based upon the source and/or destination of traffic. The application behavior datastore  2706  includes data structures (e.g., records) representative of data that is organized with implementation-specific granularity. For example, the data structures could be representative of frames (L2), packets (L3), or messages. (It may be noted that the term “packets” is often used to mean collections of data that are not limited to L3.) The desired granularity may depend upon where the network service usage analysis engine  2704  is located. Whether the data structures are changed over time (e.g., to change data associated with a record), replaced as records age, or maintained as historical data is also implementation-specific. 
     In the example of  FIG. 27 , the network service usage classification engine  2708  is coupled to the network service usage analysis engine  2704  and the application behavior datastore  2706 . The network service usage classification engine  2708  can categorize the traffic stored in the application behavior datastore  2706  based on, e.g., network type, time of day, connection cost, whether home or roaming, network busy state, QoS, and whether the particular service usage activity is in foreground of user interaction or in the background of user interaction, or other characteristics that are obtained from network service usage analysis or through other means. Classification rules can include, for example, examining if one or more of the following has taken place within a specified period of time: user has interacted with the device, user has interacted with the service usage activity, user has picked up the device, service usage activity UI content is in the foreground of the device UI, audio or video information is being played by the service usage activity, a certain amount of data has been communicated by the service usage activity, service usage activity is or is not on a foreground or background service list. Rules that define which service usage activities to classify as, e.g., background service usage activities can be user-selected, set by a service provider, or through some other applicable means. 
     Advantageously, the network service usage analysis engine  2704  can examine a particular service usage activity and the network service usage classification engine  2708  can determine if the particular service usage activity fits a set of one or more classification rules that define the particular service usage activity as, e.g., a background service usage activity. 
     In the example of  FIG. 27 , the application traffic prioritization engine  2710  uses a policy stored in the network service usage control policy datastore  2712  to determine an appropriate prioritization for traffic to and/or from the network service consuming application  2702 . Prioritization can enable the system  2700  to fine-tune the amount of network resources consumed by the network service consuming application  2702 , or the rate of network resource consumption. The control policy can require applications to throttle network resource consumption, prohibit the use of network resources by certain applications, etc. 
     Advantageously, the application traffic prioritization engine  2710  can determine a particular service usage activity has a particular characteristic, such as being a background service usage activity. This can involve checking whether a condition is satisfied. 
     In the example of  FIG. 27 , the differential network access control engine  2714  is coupled to the application traffic prioritization engine  2710  and the network service usage control policy datastore  2712 . The differential network access control engine  2714  causes the network service consuming application  2702  traffic to be queued in the application traffic cache  2716 . (If no throttling is required to follow the control policy, of course, the traffic need not be cached anywhere other than is typical, such as in an output buffer.) The application traffic cache  2716  is intended to represent a cache that is implemented on top of an output buffer or other standard caching device, and is used by the differential network access control engine  2714  to facilitate control over “rogue” applications, applications having anomalous behavior, or applications that must otherwise be controlled to conform with the control policy. 
     Advantageously, the differential network access control engine can restrict network access of a particular service usage activity when a condition is satisfied, such as when the service usage activity is a background activity. 
     In the example of  FIG. 27 , the application traffic override engine  2718  is coupled to the differential network access control engine  2714  and the application traffic cache  2716 . The application traffic override engine  2718  enables a user or device to deviate from the control policy. Such deviation can be prompted by, for example, an incentive offer or a notification of cost. 
     In an illustrative example, the device  2700  blocks chatter for an application running in the background that is attempting to report device or user behavior. The application traffic prioritization engine  2710  determines that the chatter has zero priority, such that the network service consuming application  2702  is prevented from consuming any resources. The user can be sent a notification by the application traffic override engine  2718  that their control policy prohibits the application from consuming network resources, but that the user can opt to deviate from the control policy if they are willing to pay for the consumed resources. If the user is willing to pay for the resources, traffic can be sent at a certain rate from the application traffic cache  2716  through the network interface  2720 , or perhaps sent without using the application traffic cache  2716 . 
     As another illustrative example, the device  2700  could identify application traffic as a software update. The differential network access control engine  2714  may determine that software updates can be received at a throttled rate (perhaps even slower than the lowest QoS categorization). The application traffic override engine  2718  can receive an indication from the user, from user preferences, service provider settings, or the like that the updates can ignore the control policy for a particular application (or for all applications). 
     Advantageously, the control policy can set up a priority to communicate cached elements, set minimum update frequencies, provide control policy overrides (typically for payment), or the like to fine-tune differential network access control policies. This can enable the system  2700  to encourage certain behavior, such as sending low QoS traffic when it is cheaper (e.g., when the network does not have a busy state, at historically low-use times of day, when on a certain type of network, such as Wi-Fi, as opposed to another, such as cellular, etc.). 
       FIG. 28  depicts an example of a system  2800  for flow tracking. In the example of  FIG. 28 , the system  2800  includes a network  2802 , a content datastore  2804 , a network element  2806 , and a service policy implemented device  2808 . 
     In the example of  FIG. 28 , the network  2802  is intended to include an applicable communications network such as the Internet, a public switched telephone network (PSTN), an infrastructure network (e.g., private LAN), or some other network that is capable of acting as a link between the various components depicted in  FIG. 2 . The term “Internet” as used herein refers to a network of networks which uses certain protocols, such as the TCP/IP protocol, and possibly other protocols such as the hypertext transfer protocol (HTTP) for hypertext markup language (HTML) documents that make up the World Wide Web (the web). A PSTN can include wired or wireless (e.g., 4G/3G/2G) network operated by, for example, a central provider. An infrastructure network that offers wireless connectivity can include wired and wireless devices in communication with wireless access points (WAPs). The wired and wireless devices can include various network equipment including by way of example but not limitation a cable network head end, a DSL network DSLAM, a fiber network aggregation node, and/or a satellite network aggregation node. 
     The network  2802 , if it includes a wireless network, will typically include an internetworking unit (IWU) that interconnects wireless devices on the network  2802  with another network, such as a wired LAN on the network  2802 . The IWU is sometimes referred to as a wireless access point (WAP). In the IEEE 802.11 standard, a WAP is also defined as a station. Thus, a station can be a non-WAP station or a WAP station. In a cellular network, the WAP is often referred to as a base station. The network  2802  can be implemented using an applicable technology, which can differ by network type or in other ways. The network  2802  can include networks of any appropriate size (e.g., metropolitan area network (MAN), personal area network (PAN), etc.). Broadband wireless MANs may or may not be compliant with IEEE 802.16, which is incorporated by reference. Wireless PANs may or may not be compliant with IEEE 802.15, which is incorporated by reference. Networks can be identifiable by network type (e.g., 2G, 3G, WiFi), service provider, WAP/base station identifier (e.g., WiFi SSID, base station and sector ID), geographic location, or other identification criteria. 
     In the example of  FIG. 28 , the network  2802  is coupled to the content datastore  2804 . The content datastore  2804  is intended to illustrate any applicable content that is accessed by the service policy implemented device  2808 . A datastore can be implemented, for example, as software embodied in a physical computer-readable medium on a general- or specific-purpose machine, in firmware, in hardware, in a combination thereof, or in an applicable known or convenient device or system. Datastores in this paper are intended to include any organization of data, including tables, comma-separated values (CSV) files, traditional databases (e.g., SQL), or other applicable known or convenient organizational formats. Datastore-associated components, such as database interfaces, can be considered “part of” a datastore, part of some other system component, or a combination thereof, though the physical location and other characteristics of datastore-associated components is not critical for an understanding of the techniques described in this paper. 
     Datastores can include data structures. As used in this paper, a data structure is associated with a particular way of storing and organizing data in a computer so that it can be used efficiently within a given context. Data structures are generally based on the ability of a computer to fetch and store data at any place in its memory, specified by an address, a bit string that can be itself stored in memory and manipulated by the program. Thus some data structures are based on computing the addresses of data items with arithmetic operations; while other data structures are based on storing addresses of data items within the structure itself. Many data structures use both principles, sometimes combined in non-trivial ways. The implementation of a data structure usually entails writing a set of procedures that create and manipulate instances of that structure. 
     In the example of  FIG. 28 , the network element  2806  is coupled to the network  2802  and includes hardware  2810  and a network stack  2812 . In operation, the network stack  2812  can be implemented as an engine on the hardware  2810 . As used in this paper, an engine includes a dedicated or shared processor and, typically, firmware or software modules that are executed by the processor. Depending upon implementation-specific or other considerations, an engine can be centralized or its functionality distributed. An engine can include special purpose hardware, firmware, or software embodied in a computer-readable medium for execution by the processor. As used in this paper, a computer-readable medium is intended to include all mediums that are statutory (e.g., in the United States, under 35 U.S.C. 101), and to specifically exclude all mediums that are non-statutory in nature to the extent that the exclusion is necessary for a claim that includes the computer-readable medium to be valid. Known statutory computer-readable mediums include hardware (e.g., registers, random access memory (RAM), non-volatile (NV) storage, to name a few), but may or may not be limited to hardware. 
     In the example of  FIG. 28 , the service policy implemented device  2808  is coupled to the network element  2806 . As the name suggests, the service policy implemented device  2808  has an implemented service policy. Cellular phones often have implemented service policies, such as those described previously in this paper, but the service policy implemented device  2808  need not necessarily be limited to a cellular phone implementation. In an embodiment, the service policy implemented device  2808  includes any applicable computing device on which a service policy is implemented. The service policy implemented device  2808  can implement device-assisted services as described in this paper. 
     The service policy implemented device  2808  includes an initiator  2814 , an optional control application  2816 , and a proxy  2818 . In operation, the initiator  2814 , optional control application  2816 , and proxy  2818  can be implemented as engines. In an instance and/or embodiment in which the optional control application  2816  is not present, the initiator  2814  can invoke the proxy  2818  through, e.g., a media service API. Where the optional control application  2816  is not necessary, the initiator  2814  will typically include an app that is capable of its own rendering or control. The optional control application  2816  can include a rendering or control application that invokes the proxy  2818  on behalf of the initiator  2814 . This can be useful for a requesting app that does not include rendering or control capabilities, such as an audio file. In this particular example, the optional control application  2816  can include a media player that has been registered to handle attempts to certain audio files, much like a program on a personal computer can be registered to handle files of certain types (e.g., on a personal computer, an attempt to open a Word document results in launching Microsoft Word to open the Word document because Microsoft Word has been registered to handle files of that type on the personal computer). Proxies  2818  can include download, media (e.g., streaming audio, streaming video, etc.), VoIP, instant messaging (IM), video conference/IM (including, e.g., a 2-way video client), backup, or other managers/services. 
     In operation, traffic can be tagged at various points. For example, traffic can be tagged at an activity stack between the initiator  2814  and the optional control application  2816 . As another example, traffic can be tagged at a manager/service API between the optional control application  2816  and the proxy  2818  (or in an instance or embodiment that does not include the optional control application  2816 , at a manager/service API between the initiator  2814  and the proxy  2818 ). As another example, traffic can be tagged at a network interface between the proxy  2818  and the network stack  2812 . 
     The example of  FIG. 28  will now be used to illustrate a specific implementation with reference to actual apps by name by way of example, but not limitation. An initiator (skysport) triggers a control application (HTC player) to utilize a proxy (media service). The activity stack and API data from the HTC player are provided to a classification and enforcement engine. The technique used to obtain traffic information for the purpose of tagging can be by, for example, a hook, call-back, injection point, broadcast receiver, intent filter, or some other applicable mechanism. In this way, traffic from a thread that is identified as that of the media server can be attributed to skysport, and appropriate policy (e.g., traffic control, notification, and billing) can be enforced. Similarly, traffic from a thread that is identified as that of HTC player can be attributed to skysport and appropriate policy can be enforced. 
     After tagging a flow, it may be desirable to act on the flow in various ways related to the relevant service policy. For example, a mobile data limit can be set. Advantageously, it is possible to go to each app to restrict background and/or foreground data. It is also possible to disable background for a device across the board. Because of the way the flow is tagged, an app will not even be aware of restrictions to, e.g., background data. 
       FIG. 29  depicts a flowchart  2900  of an example of a method of flow tracking. For illustrative purposes, a mapping (flow tracking) of an application is depicted to the right of the flowchart  2900 . In the example of  FIG. 29 , the flowchart  2900  starts at module  2902  with activating A. In this example, A is intended to identify an electronic traffic source, such as a URL, phone number, or other applicable mechanism for forming a connection such that data can flow between a service policy implemented device and some other device. Thus, activating A can entail clicking on a URL, dialing a phone number, or initiating a connection with another device in some other applicable manner. The data can flow in one direction or in more than one direction, depending upon the instance and/or implementation. 
     In the example of  FIG. 29 , the flowchart  2900  continues to module  2904  with an initiator calling an activity stack. In this paper, the activity stack is located between an initiator (e.g., a file and system components that identify the control app) and a control app. Where no control app is used, the term activity stack is not used in favor of making reference to a proxy API. For the purposes of this example, the initiator is the engine, component, or otherwise identifiable thing that is responsible for traffic associated with A. In a system that tracks service usage for the purpose of implementing a service policy in a manner that is described in this paper, it may be desirable to be able to identify the initiator and charge for the traffic appropriately. (As opposed to, for example, charging the proxy or control app or controlling policy in some other manner that is not as finely tuned.) It may be noted that the activity stack is located between an initiator and a control app, but if there is no control app, the initiator instead calls a service API. The initiator can be mapped to A at the activity stack. 
     In the example of  FIG. 29 , the flowchart  2900  continues to module  2906  with a control app calling a service API to handle A. An example of a control app that could be used in this manner is the HTC player (or some other media player). In a specific example, the HTC player could be registered to handle files of a certain type. (For the sake of this example, let us assume it is registered to handle “audio files”). A user could click on audio file content of a website. The audio file itself does not have rendering capabilities; so the HTC player runs on the audio file&#39;s behalf to play the audio file for a user. The control app can be mapped to A at the service API. 
     In the example of  FIG. 29 , the flowchart  2900  continues to module  2908  with a proxy opening a network connection to A. Naturally, opening a connection to A can require certain actions by the proxy, such as finding A in a network. In a specific implementation, the proxy uses an IP lookup to find an IP address (generally having a format 1.2.3.4). The proxy can be mapped to A at the network interface. It is possible that A will have moved to B, in which case a DNS request can be used to find B. If that happens, A can be mapped to B, and the thread can be tracked back to A and, ultimately, the initiator. 
     In the example of  FIG. 29 , the flowchart  2900  continues to module  2910  with data flowing from A to the proxy (or from B to the proxy if A was moved to B). The traffic of the data flow can be tagged, and because the initiator, control app (if applicable), and proxy were all mapped to A, it is possible to figure out that the network resources can be charged to A (or to some other component to which the traffic has been mapped, if applicable). 
     In the example of  FIG. 29 , the flowchart  2900  continues to module  2912  with the proxy talking to the control app and to module  2914  with the control app controlling the content. Thus, in the example where A is an audio file and the control app is an audio player, the proxy provides streamed audio to the player, which plays the audio content for a user. As was previously noted, the content can be matched to the location of the content (e.g., on a website) and can be treated in a manner that is appropriate for an active service policy. 
     In the example of  FIG. 29 , the flowchart  2900  ends at module  2916  with charging traffic associated with A to the initiator. It may be noted that traffic tagging can occur at different points in the network stack, such as at socket flows or IP packet transmissions. Also, an initiator could at least in theory have any number of intervening apps between the initiator and the proxy, and traffic could be tagged between each app. Advantageously, it is possible to track whether apps have other characteristics. For example, tracking is possible when in foreground or background. This can include background service protocols and background network access. This can have an impact on how traffic is charged or otherwise controlled in accordance with the applicable service policy. 
     Traffic tagging may or may not entail the use of hooks. The amount of control over the proxy will depend upon whether, for example, the proxy was written by the same party that wrote other components of a device framework. It is somewhat more likely that a third party will make use of hooks. It may also be desirable to hook at certain locations, such as in the socket, to tag back to a traffic stack “opened socket for thread” and give a socket-to-thread mapping. Combined with an API mapping, it is possible to map socket-to-app, which can then be pushed to a low level interface where traffic can be observed (e.g., a driver, in a kernel, etc.). As was previously discussed, the activity stack makes it possible to use hooks (if applicable) to map socket-to-control app-to-initiating app. Where every packet is counted at, e.g., a firewall, the low level interface can see the thread and can map each packet to the appropriate app even though the counted packets are, e.g., identified as those of the proxy. This facilitates traffic can being accurately dropped into the appropriate service policy buckets. 
     Tagging traffic flows enables discrete service control policy enforcement. For example, a service policy could block A (or B) in accordance with a service control policy even if the proxy is not normally blocked (for example, for other content). Blocking can occur at the network and is possible even in the case where an initiator calls a control app that is not necessarily blocked because tagging happens in the activity stack. It may also be the case that a control app should be blocked regardless of whether A (or B) should be blocked, which is possible because the traffic is tagged at the API. It may be noted that blocking is not the only traffic control policy, and other traffic control policies could be used, as well, such as notification. 
     In an implementation in which the proxy includes a VoIP manager, the proxy can run encoding/protocols (SIP, H323, etc.). A VoIP service control cloud can ensure routing to a low latency backbone. The VoIP service manager can do core functions of VoIP there. An API enables running consistent VoIP services with a consistent set of tools for apps. A VoIP service manager can have special performance features, QoS functions, interactive cloud service, and can be charged differently, routed to APN or server, manage offloading to WiFI/2G/3G/4G, manage roaming aspects, and manage presence. 
       FIG. 30  depicts an example of a system  3000  with a mapped traffic flow. The system  3000  includes a user  3002 , a data usage settings datastore  3004 , system managers  3006 , an ItsOn service engine  3008 , an app  3010 , a proxy  3012 , a thread  3014 , a socket  3016 , and an ItsOn classification engine  3018 . Although reference is made to “ItsOn” in this example, it should be noted that this is simply one specific implementation, and that the techniques described in association with this example are broadly applicable, not limited to any actual ItsOn implementation. 
     In the example of  FIG. 30 , a user  3002  can provide data usage settings to the data usage settings datastore  3004  and start/stop/foreground/background/ . . . instructions to the system managers  3006 . It may be noted that a user agent, network agent, service provider agent, or some other agent can provide data usage settings instead of or in addition to the user  3002 . Similarly, a user agent, network agent, service provider agent, or some other agent can provide start/stop/foreground/background/ . . . instructions instead of or in addition to the user  3002 . 
     In the example of  FIG. 30 , the data usage settings datastore  3004  includes service policy that can be accessed by the ItsOn service engine  3008 . Service policy can be implemented and/or enforced using techniques described elsewhere in this paper. An example of policy that may be used by the ItsOn service engine  3008  is “allow app” or “restrict app.” 
     In the example of  FIG. 30 , the system managers  3006  (or a system manager thereof) launch the app  3010  and report app state to the ItsOn service engine  3008 . An example of app state is “call-back on state change.” This can, for example, result in a call-back if an app changes from running in the background to running in the foreground, or vice versa, or when the app is shut down. 
     In the example of  FIG. 30 , the app  3010  utilizes an API to trigger the proxy  3012  which in turn passes through a socket connection at the socket  3016  as traffic. In operation, the app  3010 , the proxy  3012 , and the socket  3016  can be implemented as engines. The proxy  3012  generates the thread  3014  and registers the thread with the ItsOn service engine  3008 . The socket  3016  registers the socket connection with the ItsOn service engine  3008 . 
     In the example of  FIG. 30 , the ItsOn service engine  3008  has data sufficient to map the socket to the app, using the thread registration from the proxy  3012  and the socket registration from the socket  3016 . The ItsOn service engine  3008  sends the socket-to-app mapping to the ItsOn classification engine  3018 , along with a filter, which can be to allow, block, or perform some other filtering. The ItsOn service engine  3008  can be logically (or physically) divided into at least two components: a network policy manager and a traffic stack. The network policy manager can include, e.g., a policy decision point agent. See. e.g.,  FIG. 3 , policy decision point agent  1692 . The network policy manager accesses policy in the data usage settings datastore  3004 , receives the app state from the system managers  3006 , and provides a filter parameter to the ItsOn classification engine  3018 . The traffic stack receives the registration of the thread and the registration of the socket and provides the socket 4 app map to the ItsOn classification engine  3018 . 
     In the example of  FIG. 30 , the ItsOn classification engine  3018  is capable of enforcing policy for a thread (mapped to an app), including, e.g., traffic control, notification, and/or charging. The ItsOn classification engine  3018  can be logically (or physically) divided into at least two components: a firewall (e.g., iptables) and a tagging engine (e.g., qtaguid). The tagging engine receives the socket 4 app map from the traffic stack and provides a tag to the firewall. The firewall receives the filter from the network policy manager and the tag from the tagging engine and provides a count back to the tagging engine. The firewall also filters (e.g., blocks, allows, or performs some other filtering) traffic from the socket  3016 . 
     It is becoming increasingly important to associate device access network service usage (e.g., network data services usage, voice services usage, etc.) to the applications (e.g., application program, widget, service, process, embedded object, or any combination of these, etc.) that are using the services. This information may be used in a variety of ways, including but not limited to: (1) classifying service usage to assist a user to understand one or more aspects of service usage (e.g., notifying a user about which applications are consuming service usage, or how much service usage one or more applications are consuming (e.g., amount of usage); (2) classifying service usage for the purpose of service control policy enforcement (e.g., traffic control, quality-of-service (QoS) control, QoS channel set-up, application-based service classification or usage controls, etc.); (3) classifying service usage for the purpose of service charging accounting. 
     Various embodiments disclosed herein provide a way for device software agents, integrated into the device in addition to an operating system or as an integral set of functions in an operating system, to track network service usage through a proxy service function back to an originating application that uses the proxy service function o assist in transferring data between a network and the application (e.g., application program, widget, service, process, embedded object, or any combination of these, etc.). 
     In some existing device operating systems, a proxy service function is used to manage the network service flows between the network and an application (e.g., application program, widget, service, process, embedded object, or any combination of these, etc.), and the proxy service is stored in the operating system (OS) as the application responsible for using services rather than the application actually using the network service. For example, in the Android OS, there exists a “media service” OS library software program function that manages the network stack interface for download of network data (typically, but not limited to, multimedia data). The device makes a request to the media service, which then performs various network stack interface functions to transfer the network data between the device application and the network. The media service can also process media files to determine how best to decode the multimedia and play the multimedia on the device user interface (UI). For example, the media service can determine the media filing coding standard (e.g., MP3, MP4, OGG, H.264, VP8, etc.), decode the media, select a player for the media (e.g., libstagefright (an Android streaming service library function), a third-party or OEM media player, etc.), and send the decoded media to the media player for UI playback. In the case of the media service, the data flows to the network can be classified by various device service usage monitoring agents (e.g., a kernel agent in the network stack) as belonging to the media service, not the originating application, and the OS provides no mechanism for tracking the usage back to the originating application. 
     Another example in the Android OS is the “media” OS library software program that is used by applications such as the Android browser, Android store app downloader, the Gmail client, OS updater, etc. The media function manages network data transfers for such applications, allowing an application to launch a data transfer request and then continue other operations while the media service is managing the network data transfer. In the case of the media function, the data flows to the network can be classified as belonging to the media function, not the originating application, and the OS provides no techniques or mechanisms to track the usage back to the originating application. 
     As another example, some higher-level library software functions or framework software functions provide proxy server client functions that encapsulate native application traffic to send application flows to a network proxy server for further network traffic processing, and this proxy client function sits above the network stack. Examples of this include the Android.net library function, the Apache library function, and the Java.net library function, third-party proxy server client functions or tunneling protocol functions, and other proxy server client functions or tunneling protocol functions. 
     As another example, there are system services (e.g., DNS, certificate management, etc.) for may OS (e.g., Windows 7 and other Windows versions). Similar to the OS functions discussed above, these OS functions manage data transfer with the OS network stack interface for an originating application, and the device network stack service flows can be classified back to these OS functions, but not to the originating applications. 
     Disclosed herein are techniques and mechanisms to identify an application name, identifier, process, etc. for an application (e.g., application program, widget, service, process, embedded object, or any combination of these, etc.) that requests from a media service manager a data transfer (data transfer request) that includes a network resource identifier (e.g., an IP address, a URL, a remote file name or address, a stream name, an object name, or any combination of these identifiers) that identifies a source (or a proxy to the source) of the data to be transferred or a data object to be transferred. In some embodiments, a software agent (e.g., a service classification and accounting agent) identifies the originating application. In some embodiments, the software agent monitors and stores the application name, identifier, process, etc., for each application that requests a data transfer from the media service manager or that conducts a data transfer with the media service manager. In some embodiments, the software agent (e.g., the service classification and accounting agent) is implemented by including a requesting-application storing function in the media services manager. In some embodiments, the software agent (e.g., the service classification and accounting agent) further identifies and stores information about the network resource identifiers along with the entry specifying the requesting application name, identifier, process, etc. 
     In some embodiments, techniques or mechanisms within the media service manager transfer the requested data from the network resource identifier by mapping the transfer request and network resource identifier into one or more data flow connections communicated through a device networking stack (and, in some embodiments, managing the resulting flow of data between the network and device stack and/or between the network stack and the application). 
     In some embodiments, techniques or mechanisms are used to identify the resulting network data flows. In some embodiments, a service classification and accounting agent identifies the resulting network data flows by monitoring and recording the resulting network data flow identifiers (e.g., a data flow tag, an IP address, a TCP-IP identifier, a layer 7 identifier, a socket tuple, etc.). 
     In some embodiments, techniques or mechanisms associate the resulting network data flows back to the application name, identifier, process, etc. For example, in an Android system, the resulting network data flows can be associated with the UID. In some embodiments, a service classification and accounting agent associates the resulting network data flows back to the application name, identifier, process, etc. by inspecting the resulting network data flows to determine a match between one or more aspects of the network resource identifier stored in association with the requesting application name, identifier, process, etc. In some embodiments, a service classification and accounting agent associates the resulting network data flows back to the application name, identifier, process, etc. by tracking the data flow from the interface between the media service manager and the application, through each stage of media service manager data flow processing to the resulting network data flow between the media service manager and the network stack. In some embodiments, virtual tagging is used, and the tracking is accomplished by identifying and recording, at each traffic processing step within the media services manager, an association between the traffic flows at one side of the traffic processing step and the traffic flows at the other side of the traffic processing step. In some embodiments with more than one traffic-processing step, the associations made for each step are followed to create an association for all steps. In some embodiments, literal tagging is used, and that tracking is accomplished by tagging the data flows at one side of the media service manager traffic processing and identifying the tag at the other side of the media service manager traffic processing. 
     In some embodiments, techniques or mechanisms are used to create an accounting record for the resulting network data flow usage or to enforce a network traffic control policy on the resulting network data flows, or to create a service usage notification for the resulting network data flow usage. 
     In some embodiments, the results of the service usage classification or accounting can be stored in a local device (or operating system) database. The results of the service usage classification or accounting can be provided to a device (or operating system) user interface (UI) function for the purpose of displaying usage classifications to a user. The results of the service usage classification or accounting can be provided to other applications, operating system service functions, other device software functions, or network-based service classification or accounting functions. 
     In some embodiments, a proxy network service manager refers to an intermediary data flow function in a device operating system that sits on a data path between a device application and a device networking stack interface to provide a level of network service abstraction from the network stack interface, a higher-level service function above the network stack interface, enhanced or special traffic processing functions, media service transfer management, file download service, HTTP proxy service functions, quality-of-service (QoS) differentiation, or other similar or related higher-level traffic processing. Examples of proxy service managers include but are not limited to: a media service manager (e.g., the Android media service library function), an e-mail service manager, a domain name server (DNS) function, a software download service manager, a media download manager, a data download service manager, an Android “media” library function, the Android.net library function, the Java.net library function, an Apache library function, other similar software or library functions or services in other device operating systems, an SMTP, IMAP, or POP proxy, an HTTP proxy, an IM proxy, a VPN service manager, an SSL proxy, etc. 
     In some embodiments, techniques or mechanisms identify an application name, identifier, process, etc. for an application (e.g., an application program, a widget, a service, a process, an embedded object, or any combination of these, etc.) that requests from a proxy service manager a data transfer (a data transfer request) that includes a network resource identifier (e.g., an IP address, a URL, a remote filename or address, a stream name, an object name, or any combination of these identifiers, etc.) that identifies a source (or a proxy to the source) of the data to be transferred or a data object to be transferred. In some embodiments, a service classification and accounting agent identifies the originating application by monitoring and storing the application name, identifier, process, etc. for each application that requests a data transfer from the proxy service manager or that conducts a data transfer with the proxy service manager. In some embodiments, the service classification and accounting agent is implemented by including a requesting application storing function in a proxy services manager. In some such embodiments, the service classification and accounting agent further identifies and stores information about the network resource identifier along with the entry specifying the requesting application name, identifier, process, etc. 
     In some embodiments, techniques or mechanisms within the proxy service manager are used to transfer the requested data from the network resource identifier by mapping the transfer request and network resource identifier into one or more data flow connections communicated through a device networking stack (and possibly managing the resulting flow of data between the network and device stack or between the network stack and the application). 
     In some embodiments, techniques or mechanisms are used to identify the resulting network data flows. In some embodiments, a service classification and accounting agent identifies the resulting network data flows by monitoring and recording the resulting network data flow identifiers (e.g., a data flow tag, an IP address, a TCP-IP identifier, a layer 7 identifier, a socket tuple, etc.). 
     In some embodiments, techniques or mechanisms are used to associate the resulting network data flows back to the application name, identifier, process, etc. For example, in an Android system, the resulting network data flows can be associated with the UID. In some embodiments, a service classification and accounting agent associates the resulting network data flows back to the application name, identifier, process, etc. by inspecting the resulting network data flows to determine a match between one or more aspects of the network resource identifier stored in association with the requesting application name, identifier, process, etc. In some embodiments, a service classification and accounting agent associates the resulting network data flows back to the application name, identifier, process, etc. by tracking the data flow from the interface between the media service manager and the application, through each stage of media service manager data flow processing to the resulting network data flow between the media service manager and the network stack. In some embodiments, virtual tagging is used, and the tracking is accomplished by identifying and recording, at each traffic processing step within the media services manager, an association between the traffic flows at one side of the traffic processing step and the traffic flows at the other side of the traffic processing step. In some embodiments with more than one traffic-processing step, the associations made for each step are followed to create an association for all steps. In some embodiments, literal tagging is used, and that tracking is accomplished by tagging the data flows at one side of the media service manager traffic processing and identifying the tag at the other side of the media service manager traffic processing. 
     In some embodiments, techniques or mechanisms are used to create an accounting record for the resulting network data flow usage or to enforce a network traffic control policy on the resulting network data flows, or to create a service usage notification for the resulting network data flow usage. 
     In some embodiments, the results of the service usage classification or accounting can be stored in a local device (or operating system) database. The results of the service usage classification or accounting can be provided to a device (or operating system) user interface (UI) function for the purpose of displaying usage classifications to a user. The results of the service usage classification or accounting can be provided to other applications, operating system service functions, other device software functions, or network-based service classification or accounting functions. 
       FIGS. 31A and 31B  depict a flowchart  3100  of an example of a method of virtual tagging. As will be appreciated by a person having ordinary skill in the art, the number of detailed embodiments are numerous, and this detailed description is provided for instructive purposes and not to indicate any limitation to the general embodiments described herein. The example references a specific well-known application (Pandora), but the techniques described are broadly applicable. In the example of  FIGS. 31A and 31B , the flowchart  3100  starts at module  3102  with Pandora application calls a media service function with a network resource indicator (NRI) that includes a Pandora URL with a song identifier included in the URL descriptor. 
     In the example of  FIGS. 31A and 31B , the flowchart  3100  continues to module  3104  with Pandora receives back from the media service function a media object handle descriptor so that the Pandora application can control playback, etc. by sending commands back to the media service function for that handle descriptor (e.g., pause on xyz song handle, play xyz song handle, etc.). 
     In the example of  FIGS. 31A and 31B , the flowchart  3100  continues to module  3106  with the media service function initiates an HTTP download by calling libstagefright, which conducts the HTTP song download process. 
     In the example of  FIGS. 31A and 31B , the flowchart  3100  continues to module  3108  with, at some point in the download process, the media service function begins playback with a media player under the control of the media service function and in accordance with the Pandora application playback commands for the media object handle for the song being played back. 
     In the example of  FIGS. 31A and 31B , the flowchart  3100  continues to module  3110  with a classification and accounting agent function included in the media service function writing the NRI descriptor into a table located in an application usage/flow mapping element. 
     In the example of  FIGS. 31A and 31B , the flowchart  3100  continues to module  3112  with the classification and accounting agent function associates the NRI with the Pandora application by writing a Pandora application identifier descriptor into the same table entry within the application usage/flow mapping element. 
     In the example of  FIGS. 31A and 31B , the flowchart  3100  continues to module  3114  with the table entry being communicated to a usage/classification reconciliation element. 
     In the example of  FIGS. 31A and 31B , the flowchart  3100  continues to module  3116  with the classification and enforcement agent identifies the network data flows (e.g., socket (e.g., IP address, destination port, source port, protocol, etc.) indexed data flows) originating from the media service function (and/or possibly the libstagefright function originating the flows), identifies the NRI via packet flow layer 7 inspection, and logs the service usage accounting for these packet flows. 
     In the example of  FIGS. 31A and 31B , the flowchart  3100  continues to module  3118  the classification and enforcement agent writes into a table entry the following associations: (1) identifier for the media service function originating the flows (and/or possibly the identifier for the libstagefright function originating the flows), (2) the NRI, (3) the service usage classification for these flows and accounting for these flows, and (4) possibly the service usage accounting for these flows. 
     In the example of  FIGS. 31A and 31B , the flowchart  3100  continues to module  3120  with this table entry being communicated to the usage/classification reconciliation element. 
     In the example of  FIGS. 31A and 31B , the flowchart  3100  continues to module  3122  with the usage/classification reconciliation element using these two table entries, which both have common entries for the NRI and the media service function (and/or possibly the libstagefright function) to make the association between the Pandora application and the service usage classification and possibly the service usage accounting. 
     In the example of  FIGS. 31A and 31B , the flowchart  3100  continues to module  3124  with these parameters may then be written into the usage/classification database. 
       FIG. 32  depicts an example of a system  3200  for classification mapping using virtual tagging. The system  3200  includes an application  3202 , a control application  3204 , a proxy service manager  3206 , a network stack (driver)  3208 , traffic processes  3210 - 1  to  3210 -N (collectively, traffic processes  3210 ), a flow tracking agent  3212 , an application usage/flow mapping engine  3214 , a usage/classification reconciliation engine  3216 , a usage/classification datastore  3218 , a user interface (UI) engine  3220 , and an application interface engine  3222 . In operation, the application  3202 , control application  3204 , proxy service manager  3206 , network stack (driver)  3208 , and flow tracking agent  3212  are implemented as engines. 
     In the example of  FIG. 32 , the application  3202  may or may not, depending upon instance and/or implementation, need to use the control application  3204  (e.g., to render content) and/or the proxy service manager  3206 . This is represented by the three double arrows from the application  3202  to the control application  3204 , the proxy service manager  3206 , and the network stack (driver)  3208 . 
     In the example of  FIG. 32 , traffic processes associated with the application  3202  are depicted as traffic processes  3210 . The flow tracking agent  3212  can obtain information about the traffic processes  3210  at the start and end of the traffic flow that comprises the traffic processes  3210 . The start and end are intended to illustrate, for example, a hook, call-back, injection point, etc., at a proxy service manager API (the start) and at a socket connection (the end). It may be noted that in an instance or embodiment where the application  3202  does not use the proxy service manager  3206 , data at the socket will accurately identify the app as the initiator of the data flow. In an instance or embodiment where the application  3202  uses the proxy service manager  3206 , data at the socket will be insufficient to identify the application  3203  as the initiator of the data flow, making it desirable to add a virtual tag at the proxy API or some other applicable upstream location. In an instance or embodiment where the application  3203  uses the control application  3204 , an additional virtual tag is necessitated at the activity stack. 
     In the example of  FIG. 32 , the virtual tags are sent from the flow tracking agent  3212  to the app usage/flow mapping engine  3214 , which communicates with the usage/classification reconciliation engine  3216 , which in turn communicates with the network stack (driver)  3208 . The usage/classification reconciliation engine  3216  can track usage of the app, classify the app, and to the extent there is disagreement at different system locations, reconcile usage in accordance with rules. The usage/classification reconciliation engine  3216  saves the usage/classification in the usage/classification datastore  3218 , which can be made available to a user via the user interface  3220  or an application via the application interface  3222 . 
     In an alternative embodiment, flow tracking agents are coupled between traffic process elements  3210 . For example, between traffic process  3210 - 1  and traffic process  3210 - 2 . 
     In some embodiments, the proxy service manager can perform application identification and classification, usage monitoring, and counting. This allows service usage to be classified and associated with an application prior to proxy processing. Classification can be accomplished with a software agent (e.g. the service classification and accounting agent) added to the proxy service manager software program (or library function). It may be noted that a software agent, in operation, can be implemented as an engine. The service classification and accounting proxy agent can identify which application requested or is processing the data transfer with the network and can include this as part of the data flow classification for the data transfer. The service classification and accounting proxy agent can inspect the traffic to determine other parameters such as network destination (e.g., domain, URL, network address, IP address, traffic flow identifier, port address, etc.) or type of traffic (e.g., data or voice, network protocol (e.g., TCP-IP, UDP, native IP, HTTP, SSL, etc.)). The service classification and accounting proxy agent can also classify the traffic with other parameters such as active network, network state (network busy state, time of day, type of network (e.g., 3G, 4G, WiFi, etc.)). The service classification and accounting proxy agent may also monitor service usage and account for traffic. 
     In some embodiments, the proxy service manager includes a service classification and accounting proxy agent that uses a flow tracking function as discussed in a pervious embodiment description to associate the requesting application network service flows between the requesting application and the proxy service manager and tracks these flows through the traffic processing or other service processing that takes place in the proxy service manager and then tracks the network service flows into the operating system network stack interface. The service classification and accounting proxy agent can then provide the classification or usage accounting results to the usage classification and reconciliation agent, which can then reconcile the service classification and usage that is reported by the proxy service manager service classification and accounting proxy agent against classification or usage accounting results that are reported by other agents on other parts of the data path between the requesting application and the network (e.g., a service classification and accounting driver agent located in the network stack driver that is discussed in various embodiments in other applications and patents, that have been incorporated by reference in the cross-reference to related applications section, above). 
     In some embodiments, the results of the service usage classification or accounting can be stored in a local device (or operating system) database. The results of the service usage classification or accounting can be provided to a device (or operating system) UI function for the purpose of displaying usage classifications to a user. The results of the service usage classification or accounting can be provided to other applications, operating service functions, other device software functions, or network-based service classification or accounting functions. 
     In some embodiments, the proxy service manager encapsulates the received frames (or packets) by adding its own header and trailer fields. The encapsulated frames (or packets) traffic is then forwarded with a header (and possibly trailer) to a network proxy server or proxy gateway. The encapsulated frames are then forwarded to the network stack, where the service classification and accounting driver agent inspects the traffic to classify and possibly account for it. 
     In some embodiments, the classification includes the service classification and accounting driver agent steps of first determining that the frame (or packet) is a packet with a proxy forwarding destination specification, determine the inspection range of proxy encapsulated frame within the encapsulated frame traffic (this is the encapsulated packet byte offset where the destination information and/or other classification information from the original requesting application packet is located), then inspecting this byte offset range to determine the classification of the original requesting application traffic, and then associating the classification or usage accounting with the original packet information and/or the requesting application. 
     In some embodiments, the results of the service usage classification or accounting can be stored in a local device (or operating system) database. The results of the service usage classification or accounting can be provided to a device (or operating system) UI function for the purpose of displaying usage classifications to a user. The results of the service usage classification or accounting can be provided to other applications, operating service functions, other device software functions, or network-based service classification or accounting functions. 
       FIG. 33  depicts an example of a media service classification system  3300 . The system  3300  includes an applications layer  3302 , an application framework  3304 , libraries  3306 , a netlink interface  3308 , and a Linux kernel  3310 . The applications layer  3302  includes an ItsOn UI  3312  and an ItsOn service  3314 . Although explicit mention is made of an ItsOn implementation, the techniques described with reference to this example are broadly applicable, and are not limited to any particular ItsOn (or other) specific implementation. It may be noted that other applications, including system apps (e.g., home, phone, browser, contacts, etc.) and other apps (e.g., news, social network, etc.) can reside in the applications layer  3302 , but are omitted to avoid obscuring the drawing. 
     In the example of  FIG. 33 , the application framework  3304  includes an activity manager  3316 . It may be noted that other managers, including a window manager, package manager, telephony manager, location manager, etc. can reside in the application framework  3304 , but are omitted to avoid obscuring the drawing. Moreover, other managers can provide data to, e.g., the ItsOn service  3314  that is useful (e.g., the package manager can provide an indication that an app is installed), but a detailed description is not necessary for an understanding of the techniques presented. 
     In the example of  FIG. 33 , the libraries  3306  include a media services framework datastore  3318  and an android runtime datastore  3320 . It may be noted that other libraries, including surface manager, java.net, android.net, apache, media, WebKit, freetype, SQLite, and libc datastores can reside in the libraries  3306 , but are omitted to avoid obscuring the drawing. The android runtime datastore  3320  can include a core libraries datastore and a dalvik VM datastore, to name two. 
     In the example of  FIG. 33 , the netlink interface  3308  couples the libraries  3306  to the Linux kernel  3310 . 
     In the example of  FIG. 33 , the Linux kernel  3310  includes an ItsOn filter  3322  and an ItsOn classification engine  3324 . It should be noted that although the Linux kernel  3310  is described in association with a particular OS (Linux), the techniques described with reference to this example are broadly applicable to other than Linux kernels, OSs, or other applicable engines. It may be noted that other low level devices, including, e.g., a display driver, audio driver, network stack (e.g., 3G/4G, WiFi, others, or a combination), a camera driver, and a keypad driver can reside in the Linux kernel  3310 , but are omitted to avoid obscuring the drawing. 
     In the example of  FIG. 33 , in operation, the activity manager  3316  (which is called out as a representative manager) can provide runtime state to the ItsOn service  3314 . The ItsOn service  3314  can communicate with the media service framework datastore  3318  and the android runtime library  3320  (and specifically, for example, core libraries of the android runtime library). The media service framework datastore  3318  can provide a mapping through the netlink interface  3308  to the ItsOn classification engine  3324  and the ItsOn service  3314  can provide filters through the netlink interface  3308  to the ItsOn classification engine  3324 . The ItsOn UI  3312  can provide a window into the traffic classification and flow and the ItsOn filter  3322  can facilitate enforcement of applicable policy. 
       FIG. 34  depicts a proxy encapsulated frame  3400 . The frame  3400  includes a proxy header  3402 , a header  3404 , network traffic payload  3406 , and a proxy trailer  3408 . The header  3404  corresponds to an inspection range of proxy encapsulated frame  3412 . 
       FIG. 35  depicts an example of a system  3500  for proxy client counting. The system  3500  includes a proxy service manager  3502 , a proxy/library API  3504 , an app ID  3506 , usage classify/count  3508 , a traffic processing/other services  3510 , a service classification and accounting proxy agent  3512 , a flow tracking agent  3514 , a network stack (driver)  3516 , a stack API  3518 , an app ID/library function ID  3520 , usage classify/count  3522 , a service classification and accounting driver agent  3524 , a usage/classification reconciliation engine  3526 , a usage/classification datastore  3528 , a UI interface  3530 , an application interface  3532 , and a UI  3534 . 
       FIG. 36  depicts an example of a system  3600  for classifying traffic and enforcing a service policy based upon the classification. The system  3600  includes a proxy manager  3602 , an app traffic flow  3604 , a traffic stack  3606 , a socket manager  3608 , and a traffic classification and enforcement engine  3610 . The proxy manager  3602  and the socket manager  3608  can be implemented as engines. The traffic stack  3606  can be implemented as an engine or a datastore. Where the traffic stack  3606  is implemented as a datastore, the proxy manager  3602 , the socket manager  3608 , the traffic classification and enforcement engine  3610 , or some other engine can provide the processor to carry out activities that are attributed to the traffic stack  3606 . 
     In the example of  FIG. 36 , the proxy manager  3602  tags the app traffic flow  3604  at a first point in the flow. The first point in the flow corresponds to an API call by an app to the proxy manager  3602 , or an equivalent activity. The proxy manager  3602  can identify the app making the call and identify the thread that is (or will be) associated with the app. In this way, the proxy manager  3602  can identify a mapping of the app to the app traffic flow  3604 . The proxy manager  3602  registers the thread (e.g., the app-to-flow mapping) at the traffic stack  3606 . 
     In the example of  FIG. 36 , the socket manager  3608  tags the app traffic flow  3604  at a second point in the flow. The second point in the flow corresponds to a socket call by the proxy manager  3602  to the socket manager  3608 , or an equivalent activity. The socket manager  3608  can identify the proxy making the call and identify the thread that is associated with the proxy. In this way, the socket manager  3608  can identify a mapping of the proxy to the app traffic flow  3604 . The socket manager  3608  registers the socket (e.g., the proxy-to-flow mapping) at the traffic stack  3606 . 
     In the example of  FIG. 36 , the traffic classification and enforcement engine  3610  uses the thread registration to identify the app-to-flow and the socket registration to identify the proxy-to-flow. Because the traffic classification and enforcement engine  3610  knows the app called the proxy (from the thread registration) and the proxy called the socket (from the socket registration), the traffic classification and enforcement engine  3610  can properly identify the app as the initiator of the app traffic flow  3604 , as opposed to, for example, the proxy manager  3602  that made the socket call. With this knowledge, the traffic classification and enforcement engine  3610  can use the appropriate traffic control, notification, and charging policies to control the traffic, notify relevant parties, and/or assign the app traffic flow  3604  to the appropriate bucket or buckets. 
     In the example of  FIG. 36 , an optional activity manager  3612  tags the app traffic flow  3604  at a third point in the flow. The third point in the flow corresponds to a control application call made on behalf of the app. The activity manager  3612  can identify the app making the call to the control application and identify the activity that is associated with the app. Conceptually, relative to the description just provided with reference to the proxy manager  3602  and the socket manager  3608 , the activity manager  3612  pushes the app up one more level, such that the data flow is from the app to a control application and to the proxy. Using the registered activity, the traffic classification and enforcement engine  3610  can trace the app traffic flow back up the chain to the app, rather than identifying the control application as the initiator. 
       FIG. 37  depicts a flowchart  3700  of an example of a method for flow tagging and enforcing service policies associated with an identified initiator of the flow. In the example of  FIG. 37 , the flowchart  3700  starts at module  3702  and ends at module  3712 , which include the following: tagging a network activity traffic flow at a first point in the flow, wherein the first point is associated with an API call to a proxy manager for a thread; registering the thread; tagging the network activity traffic flow at a second point in the flow, wherein the second point is associated with a socket call to a socket manager for the thread; registering the socket; using the registration of the thread and the registration of the socket to determine that the network activity traffic flow is associated with an initiator of the network activity, wherein the initiator of the network activity is not the proxy manager; and enforcing service policies associated with the initiator of the network activity for the network activity traffic flow. 
     Unless the context clearly indicates otherwise, the word “or” is used in its broadest sense. The phrase “A or B” thus includes “A only,” “B only,” and “A and B.” Phrases of the form “A and/or B” in this document are sometimes used instead of “A or B” for emphasis. The use of “A and/or B” is not be interpreted as somehow implying that “A or B” has a narrower meaning than “A only,” “B only,” and “A and B.” 
     Algorithmic descriptions and representations are the means used by those skilled in the data processing arts to effectively convey the substance of their work to others skilled in the art. An algorithm is here, and generally, conceived to be a self-consistent sequence of operations leading to a desired result. The operations are those requiring physical manipulations of physical quantities. Usually, though not necessarily, these quantities take the form of electrical or magnetic signals capable of being stored, transferred, combined, compared, and otherwise manipulated. It has proven convenient at times, principally for reasons of common usage, to refer to these signals as bits, values, elements, symbols, characters, terms, numbers, or the like. 
     It should be borne in mind, however, that all of these and similar terms are to be associated with the appropriate physical quantities and are merely convenient labels applied to these quantities. Unless specifically stated otherwise as apparent from the following discussion, it is appreciated that throughout the description, discussions utilizing terms such as “processing” or “computing” or “calculating” or “determining” or “displaying” or the like, refer to the action and processes of a computer system, or similar electronic computing device, that manipulates and transforms data represented as physical (electronic) quantities within the computer system&#39;s registers and memories into other data similarly represented as physical quantities within the computer system memories or registers or other such information storage, transmission or display devices. 
     The present invention, in some embodiments, also relates to apparatus for performing the operations herein. This apparatus may be specially constructed for the required purposes, or it may comprise a general purpose computer selectively activated or reconfigured by a computer program stored in the computer. Such a computer program may be stored in a computer readable storage medium, such as, but is not limited to, read-only memories (ROMs), random access memories (RAMs), EPROMs, EEPROMs, magnetic or optical cards, any type of disk including floppy disks, optical disks, CD-ROMs, and magnetic-optical disks, or any type of media suitable for storing electronic instructions, and each coupled to a computer system bus. 
     The algorithms and displays presented herein are not inherently related to any particular computer or other apparatus. Various general purpose systems may be used with programs in accordance with the teachings herein, or it may prove convenient to construct more specialized apparatus to perform the required method steps. The required structure for a variety of these systems will appear from the description below. In addition, the present invention is not described with reference to any particular programming language, and various embodiments may thus be implemented using a variety of programming languages. 
     Although the foregoing embodiments have been described in some detail for purposes of clarity of understanding, the invention is not limited to the details provided. There are many alternative ways of implementing the invention. The disclosed embodiments are illustrative and not restrictive. 
     INCORPORATION BY REFERENCE 
     This document incorporates by reference for all purposes the following non-provisional U.S. patent applications: application Ser. No. 12/380,778 (Attorney Docket No. RALEP004), filed Mar. 2, 2009, entitled VERIFIABLE DEVICE ASSISTED SERVICE USAGE BILLING WITH INTEGRATED ACCOUNTING, MEDIATION ACCOUNTING, AND MULTI-ACCOUNT, now U.S. Pat. No. 8,321,526 (issued Nov. 27, 2012); application Ser. No. 12/380,780 (Attorney Docket No. RALEP007), filed Mar. 2, 2009, entitled AUTOMATED DEVICE PROVISIONING AND ACTIVATION, now U.S. Pat. No. 8,839,388 (issued Sep. 16, 2014); application Ser. No. 12/695,019 (Attorney Docket No. RALEP022), filed Jan. 27, 2010, entitled DEVICE ASSISTED CDR CREATION, AGGREGATION, MEDIATION AND BILLING, now U.S. Pat. No. 8,275,830 (issued Sep. 25, 2012); application Ser. No. 12/695,020 (Attorney Docket No. RALEP024), filed Jan. 27, 2010, entitled ADAPTIVE AMBIENT SERVICES, now U.S. Pat. No. 8,406,748 (issued Mar. 26, 2013); application Ser. No. 12/694,445 (Attorney Docket No. RALEP025), filed Jan. 27, 2010, entitled SECURITY TECHNIQUES FOR DEVICE ASSISTED SERVICES, now U.S. Pat. No. 8,391,834 (issued Mar. 5, 2013); application Ser. No. 12/694,451 (Attorney Docket No. RALEP026), filed Jan. 27, 2010, entitled DEVICE GROUP PARTITIONS AND SETTLEMENT PLATFORM, now U.S. Pat. No. 8,548,428 (issued Oct. 1, 2013); application Ser. No. 12/694,455 (Attorney Docket No. RALEP027), filed Jan. 27, 2010, entitled DEVICE ASSISTED SERVICES INSTALL, now U.S. Pat. No. 8,402,111 (issued Mar. 19, 2013); application Ser. No. 12/695,021 (Attorney Docket No. RALEP029), filed Jan. 27, 2010, entitled QUALITY OF SERVICE FOR DEVICE ASSISTED SERVICES, now U.S. Pat. No. 8,346,225 (issued Jan. 1, 2013); application Ser. No. 12/695,980 (Attorney Docket No. RALEP030), filed Jan. 28, 2010, entitled ENHANCED ROAMING SERVICES AND CONVERGED CARRIER NETWORKS WITH DEVICE ASSISTED SERVICES AND A PROXY, now U.S. Pat. No. 8,340,634 (issued Dec. 25, 2012); application Ser. No. 13/134,005 (Attorney Docket No. RALEP049), filed May 25, 2011, entitled SYSTEM AND METHOD FOR WIRELESS NETWORK OFFLOADING, now U.S. Pat. No. 8,635,335 (issued Jan. 21, 2014); application Ser. No. 13/134,028 (Attorney Docket No. RALEP032), filed May 25, 2011, entitled DEVICE-ASSISTED SERVICES FOR PROTECTING NETWORK CAPACITY, now U.S. Pat. No. 8,589,541 (issued Nov. 19, 2013); application Ser. No. 13/229,580 (Attorney Docket No. RALEP033), filed Sep. 9, 2011, entitled WIRELESS NETWORK SERVICE INTERFACES, now U.S. Pat. No. 8,626,115 (issued Jan. 7, 2014); application Ser. No. 13/237,827 (Attorney Docket No. RALEP034), filed Sep. 20, 2011, entitled ADAPTING NETWORK POLICIES BASED ON DEVICE SERVICE PROCESSOR CONFIGURATION, now U.S. Pat. No. 8,832,777 (issued Sep. 9, 2014); application Ser. No. 13/239,321 (Attorney Docket No. RALEP036), filed Sep. 21, 2011, entitled SERVICE OFFER SET PUBLISHING TO DEVICE AGENT WITH ON-DEVICE SERVICE SELECTION, now U.S. Pat. No. 8,898,293; application Ser. No. 13/248,028 (Attorney Docket No. RALEP037), filed Sep. 28, 2011, entitled ENTERPRISE ACCESS CONTROL AND ACCOUNTING ALLOCATION FOR ACCESS NETWORKS, now U.S. Pat. No. 8,924,469; application Ser. No. 13/247,998 (Attorney Docket No. RALEP038), filed Sep. 28, 2011, entitled COMMUNICATIONS DEVICE WITH SECURE DATA PATH PROCESSING AGENTS, now U.S. Pat. No. 8,725,123 (issued May 13, 2014); application Ser. No. 13/248,025 (Attorney Docket No. RALEP043), filed Sep. 28, 2011, entitled SERVICE DESIGN CENTER FOR DEVICE ASSISTED SERVICES, now U.S. Pat. No. 8,924,543 (issued Dec. 30, 2014); application Ser. No. 13/253,013 (Attorney Docket No. RALEP035), filed Oct. 4, 2011, entitled SYSTEM AND METHOD FOR PROVIDING USER NOTIFICATIONS, now U.S. Pat. No. 8,745,191 (issued Jun. 3, 2014); application Ser. No. 13/309,556 (Attorney Docket No. RALEP040), filed Dec. 1, 2011, entitled END USER DEVICE THAT SECURES AN ASSOCIATION OF APPLICATION TO SERVICE POLICY WITH AN APPLICATION CERTIFICATE CHECK, now U.S. Pat. No. 8,893,009 (issued Nov. 18, 2014); application Ser. No. 13/309,463 (Attorney Docket No. RALEP041), filed Dec. 1, 2011, entitled SECURITY, FRAUD DETECTION, AND FRAUD MITIGATION IN DEVICE-ASSISTED SERVICES SYSTEMS, now U.S. Pat. No. 8,793,758 (issued Jul. 29, 2014); and application Ser. No. 13/374,959 (Attorney Docket No. RALEP046), filed Jan. 24, 2012, entitled FLOW TAGGING FOR SERVICE POLICY IMPLEMENTATION, now U.S. Pat. No. 8,606,911 (issued Dec. 10, 2013). 
     This document incorporates by reference for all purposes the following provisional patent applications: Provisional Application No. 61/206,354 (Attorney Docket No. RALEP001+), filed Jan. 28, 2009, entitled SERVICES POLICY COMMUNICATION SYSTEM AND METHOD; Provisional Application No. 61/206,944 (Attorney Docket No. RALEP002+), filed Feb. 4, 2009, entitled SERVICES POLICY COMMUNICATION SYSTEM AND METHOD; Provisional Application No. 61/207,393 (Attorney Docket No. RALEP003+), filed Feb. 10, 2009, entitled SERVICES POLICY COMMUNICATION SYSTEM AND METHOD; and Provisional Application No. 61/207,739 (Attorney Docket No. RALEP004+), entitled SERVICES POLICY COMMUNICATION SYSTEM AND METHOD, filed Feb. 13, 2009; Provisional Application No. 61/270,353 (Attorney Docket No. RALEP022+), filed on Jul. 6, 2009, entitled DEVICE ASSISTED CDR CREATION, AGGREGATION, MEDIATION AND BILLING; Provisional Application No. 61/275,208 (Attorney Docket No. RALEP023+), filed Aug. 25, 2009, entitled ADAPTIVE AMBIENT SERVICES; and Provisional Application No. 61/237,753 (Attorney Docket No. RALEP024+), filed Aug. 28, 2009, entitled ADAPTIVE AMBIENT SERVICES; Provisional Application No. 61/252,151 (Attorney Docket No. RALEP025+), filed Oct. 15, 2009, entitled SECURITY TECHNIQUES FOR DEVICE ASSISTED SERVICES; Provisional Application No. 61/252,153 (Attorney Docket No. RALEP026+), filed Oct. 15, 2009, entitled DEVICE GROUP PARTITIONS AND SETTLEMENT PLATFORM; Provisional Application No. 61/264,120 (Attorney Docket No. RALEP027+), filed Nov. 24, 2009, entitled DEVICE ASSISTED SERVICES INSTALL; Provisional Application No. 61/264,126 (Attorney Docket No. RALEP028+), filed Nov. 24, 2009, entitled DEVICE ASSISTED SERVICES ACTIVITY MAP; Provisional Application No. 61/348,022 (Attorney Docket No. RALEP031+), filed May 25, 2010, entitled DEVICE ASSISTED SERVICES FOR PROTECTING NETWORK CAPACITY; Provisional Application No. 61/381,159 (Attorney Docket No. RALEP032+), filed Sep. 9, 2010, entitled DEVICE ASSISTED SERVICES FOR PROTECTING NETWORK CAPACITY; Provisional Application No. 61/381,162 (Attorney Docket No. RALEP033+), filed Sep. 9, 2010, entitled SERVICE CONTROLLER INTERFACES AND WORKFLOWS; Provisional Application No. 61/384,456 (Attorney Docket No. RALEP034+), filed Sep. 20, 2010, entitled SECURING SERVICE PROCESSOR WITH SPONSORED SIMS; Provisional Application No. 61/389,547 (Attorney Docket No. RALEP035+), filed Oct. 4, 2010, entitled USER NOTIFICATIONS FOR DEVICE ASSISTED SERVICES; Provisional Application No. 61/385,020 (Attorney Docket No. RALEP036+), filed Sep. 21, 2010, entitled SERVICE USAGE RECONCILIATION SYSTEM OVERVIEW; Provisional Application No. 61/387,243 (Attorney Docket No. RALEP037+), filed Sep. 28, 2010, entitled ENTERPRISE AND CONSUMER BILLING ALLOCATION FOR WIRELESS COMMUNICATION DEVICE SERVICE USAGE ACTIVITIES; Provisional Application No. 61/387,247 (Attorney Docket No. RALEP038+), filed September 28, entitled SECURED DEVICE DATA RECORDS, 2010; Provisional Application No. 61/407,358 (Attorney Docket No. RALEP039+), filed Oct. 27, 2010, entitled SERVICE CONTROLLER AND SERVICE PROCESSOR ARCHITECTURE; Provisional Application No. 61/418,507 (Attorney Docket No. RALEP040+), filed Dec. 1, 2010, entitled APPLICATION SERVICE PROVIDER INTERFACE SYSTEM; Provisional Application No. 61/418,509 (Attorney Docket No. RALEP041+), filed Dec. 1, 2010, entitled SERVICE USAGE REPORTING RECONCILIATION AND FRAUD DETECTION FOR DEVICE ASSISTED SERVICES; Provisional Application No. 61/420,727 (Attorney Docket No. RALEP042+), filed Dec. 7, 2010, entitled SECURE DEVICE DATA RECORDS; Provisional Application No. 61/422,565 (Attorney Docket No. RALEP043+), filed Dec. 13, 2010, entitled SERVICE DESIGN CENTER FOR DEVICE ASSISTED SERVICES; Provisional Application No. 61/422,572 (Attorney Docket No. RALEP044+), filed Dec. 13, 2010, entitled SYSTEM INTERFACES AND WORKFLOWS FOR DEVICE ASSISTED SERVICES; Provisional Application No. 61/422,574 (Attorney Docket No. RALEP045+), filed Dec. 13, 2010, entitled SECURITY AND FRAUD DETECTION FOR DEVICE ASSISTED SERVICES; Provisional Application No. 61/435,564 (Attorney Docket No. RALEP046+), filed Jan. 24, 2011, entitled FRAMEWORK FOR DEVICE ASSISTED SERVICES; Provisional Application No. 61/472,606 (Attorney Docket No. RALEP047+), filed Apr. 6, 2011, entitled MANAGING SERVICE USER DISCOVERY AND SERVICE LAUNCH OBJECT PLACEMENT ON A DEVICE; Provisional Application No. 61/550,906 (Attorney Docket No. RALEP048+), filed Oct. 24, 2011, entitled SECURITY FOR DEVICE-ASSISTED SERVICES; and Provisional Application No. 61/589,830 (Attorney Docket No. RALEP052+), filed Jan. 23, 2012, entitled METHODS AND APPARATUS TO PRESENT INFORMATION ABOUT VOICE, MESSAGING, AND DATA SERVICES ON WIRELESS MOBILE DEVICES.