Patent Publication Number: US-11027469-B2

Title: Mold system including separable, variable mold portions for forming casting article for investment casting

Description:
The application is related to U.S. application Ser. Nos. 15/728,890, 15/728,900, and 15/728,920. 
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     The disclosure relates generally to inserts for investment casting, and more particularly, to a mold system for forming a casting article for investment casting. 
     Investment casting is used to manufacture a large variety of industrial parts such as turbomachine blades. Investment casting uses a casting article having a sacrificial material pattern to form a ceramic mold for the investment casting. Certain types of casting articles may include a core or insert within the sacrificial material pattern. The core defines an interior structure of the component and becomes a part of the ceramic mold used during the investment casting. The core can include a large variety of intricate features that define an interior structure of the component. Cores can be additively manufactured to allow for rapid prototyping and manufacturing of the cores. The casting article is made by molding a sacrificial material fluid, such as hot wax or a polymer, about the core in a mold that defines the shape of the component surrounding the core. The hardened sacrificial material formed about the core defines the shape of the component for the investment casting. 
     Each casting article, either individually or in a collection thereof, can be dipped in a slurry and coated with a ceramic to form a ceramic mold for the investment casting. Once the sacrificial material is removed from the ceramic mold, the mold can be used to investment cast the component using a molten metal, e.g., after pre-heating the ceramic mold. Once the molten metal has hardened, the ceramic mold can be removed, and the core can be removed using a leachant. The component can then be finished in a conventional fashion, e.g., heat treating and conventional finishing. 
     Investment casting is a time consuming and expensive process, especially where the component must be manufactured to precise dimensions. In particular, where precise dimensions are required, formation of the casting article must be very precise. Each mold used to form the casting article can be very costly, and can take an extensive amount of time to manufacture. Consequently, any changes in the core or the component can be very expensive and very time consuming to address. Other challenges that can be costly and time consuming to address are unforeseen weaknesses in the core that cause it to crack or break either during formation of the casting article (e.g., during casting of the sacrificial material about the core), or during the actual investment casting. For example, high pressure sacrificial fluid injected into a mold about the core during casting article formation can crack or break the core, or molten metal injected during the investment casting can crack or break the core. In the former case, the core must be adjusted, and in the latter case, the core and/or the casting article mold may need adjusting. In any event, the changes are costly and time consuming. Currently, there is no mechanism to proactively address the core cracking/breaking challenges. 
     One approach to reduce time and costs employs additive manufacture of the cores and molds for making the casting article. In particular, additive manufacture allows for more rapid turnaround for design changes in cores and/or the component leading up to the component manufacturing steps. Additive manufacturing (AM) includes a wide variety of processes of producing an object through the successive layering of material rather than the removal of material. Additive manufacturing can create complex geometries without the use of any sort of tools, molds or fixtures, and with little or no waste material. Instead of machining objects from solid billets of material, much of which is cut away and discarded, the only material used in additive manufacturing is what is required to shape the object. Current categories of additive manufacturing may include: binder jetting, material extrusion, powder bed infusion, directed energy deposition, sheet lamination and vat photopolymerization. 
     Additive manufacturing techniques typically include taking a three-dimensional (3D) computer aided design (CAD) file of the object (e.g., core and/or casting article mold) to be formed, electronically slicing the object into layers (e.g., 18-102 micrometers thick) to create a file with a two-dimensional image of each layer (including vectors, images or coordinates) that can be used to manufacture the object. The 3D CAD file can be created in any known fashion, e.g., computer aided design (CAD) system, a 3D scanner, or digital photography and photogrammetry software. The 3D CAD file may undergo any necessary repair to address errors (e.g., holes, etc.) therein, and may have any CAD format such as a Standard Tessellation Language (STL) file. The 3D CAD file may then be processed by a preparation software system (sometimes referred to as a “slicer”) that interprets the 3D CAD file and electronically slices it such that the object can be built by different types of additive manufacturing systems. The object code file can be any format capable of being used by the desired AM system. For example, the object code file may be an STL file or an additive manufacturing file (AMF), the latter of which is an international standard that is an extensible markup-language (XML) based format designed to allow any CAD software to describe the shape and composition of any three-dimensional object to be fabricated on any AM printer. Depending on the type of additive manufacturing used, material layers are selectively dispensed, sintered, formed, deposited, etc., to create the object per the object code file. 
     One form of powder bed infusion (referred to herein as metal powder additive manufacturing) may include direct metal laser melting (DMLM) (also referred to as selective laser melting (SLM)). This process is advantageous for forming metal molds for forming casting articles. 
     In metal powder additive manufacturing, metal powder layers are sequentially melted together to form the object. More specifically, fine metal powder layers are sequentially melted after being uniformly distributed using an applicator on a metal powder bed. Each applicator includes an applicator element in the form of a lip, brush, blade or roller made of metal, plastic, ceramic, carbon fibers or rubber that spreads the metal powder evenly over the build platform. The metal powder bed can be moved in a vertical axis. The process takes place in a processing chamber having a precisely controlled atmosphere. Once each layer is created, each two dimensional slice of the object geometry can be fused by selectively melting the metal powder. The melting may be performed by a high powered irradiation beam, such as a 100 Watt ytterbium laser, to fully weld (melt) the metal powder to form a solid metal. The irradiation beam moves or is deflected in the X-Y direction, and has an intensity sufficient to fully weld (melt) the metal powder to form a solid metal. The metal powder bed may be lowered for each subsequent two dimensional layer, and the process repeats until the object is completely formed. In order to create certain larger objects faster, some metal additive manufacturing systems employ a pair of high powered lasers that work together to form an object, like a mold. Other additive manufacturing processes, such as 3D printing, may form layers by dispensing material in layers. 
     Although additive manufacturing of cores and/or molds for casting article formation has reduced time and cost for adjusting cores and/or molds, challenges remain. Most notably, current mold systems and practices for forming a casting article form one mold regardless of variations in cores. When variations in cores are subtle or when the core has fine or intricate features, it can result in cracked or broken cores and/or imprecise casting articles. Where variations in cores are more profound, e.g., where they share a common structure but also have other structure that varies widely to build different components, each variation of core must have its own mold. Current mold systems used for forming the casting articles are also not sufficiently thermally adjustable to accommodate sacrificial material fluid flow across different cores. 
     Another challenge with current investment casting is ensuring cores within a casting article can withstand the actual investment casting, i.e., the casting of a molten metal about the core. The current practice includes a trial and error approach in which a casting article is used to perform an investment casting to determine its efficacy. During investment casting, the core may, for example, break, crack or prevent adequate molten metal flow to form the component. In the absence of any mechanism to predict core efficacy, when a problem is identified during investment casting, changes to the core, the metal casting article mold, and/or the casting article formation process must be made, all of which are time consuming and expensive. 
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
     A first aspect of the disclosure provides a mold system for forming a casting article for investment casting, the mold system comprising: a mold for receiving therein a selected core chosen from a plurality of varied cores, the mold including a plurality of separable mold portions that are coupleable together to create the mold and configured to form a sacrificial material from a sacrificial material fluid about the selected core, wherein at least one selected separable mold portion of the plurality of separable mold portions includes a set of varied interchangeable versions of the at least one selected separable mold portion, each varied interchangeable version of the selected separable mold portion configured to accommodate a different core of the plurality of varied cores. 
     A second aspect of the disclosure provides a method of forming a casting article for investment casting, the casting article including a sacrificial material about a core, the method comprising: having a plurality of separable mold portions for a mold for forming the casting article additively manufactured, the plurality of mold portions including a set of varied interchangeable versions of a selected separable mold portion, each varied interchangeable version of the selected separable mold portion configured to accommodate a different core of a plurality of varied cores; forming the mold about a selected core of the plurality of varied cores by coupling two or more mold-selected separable mold portions together, the mold-selected separable mold portions selected to accommodate the selected core of the plurality of varied cores; and casting the casting article by introducing a sacrificial material fluid into the mold and about the selected core. 
     A third aspect may include a mold system for forming a casting article for investment casting, the mold system comprising: a mold for receiving therein a core, the mold including a plurality of sacrificial material fluid input zones configured to receive a sacrificial material fluid to form a sacrificial material about the core; and a sacrificial material heating system configured to heat a plurality of flows of the sacrificial material fluid to different temperatures, wherein one sacrificial material fluid input zone receives one of the plurality of flows of the sacrificial material fluid at a first temperature and another sacrificial material fluid input zone receives another of the plurality of flows of the sacrificial material fluid at a second, different temperature. 
     A fourth aspect includes a mold system for forming a casting article for investment casting, the mold system comprising: a mold for receiving therein a core, the mold including a plurality of separable mold portions that are coupleable together to create the mold and configured to form a sacrificial material from a sacrificial material fluid about the core, wherein each separable mold portion includes a mold thermal conducting conduit therein configured to pass a temperature controlled thermal fluid therethrough to control a temperature of at least the sacrificial material fluid within the respective separable mold portion; and a thermal fluid controller controlling a temperature of the temperature controlled thermal fluid passing through each of the plurality of separable mold portions, at least one separable mold portion having the temperature controlled thermal fluid passing therethrough having a temperature different than another separable mold portion. 
     A fifth aspect includes a method of forming a casting article for investment casting, the casting article including a sacrificial material about a core, the method comprising: controlling a temperature of a plurality of sacrificial material fluid input zones in a mold configured to receive a sacrificial material fluid to form a sacrificial material about the core that is positioned within the mold; and forming the casting article by introducing a sacrificial material fluid into the mold and about the selected core. 
     The illustrative aspects of the present disclosure are designed to solve the problems herein described and/or other problems not discussed. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       These and other features of this disclosure will be more readily understood from the following detailed description of the various aspects of the disclosure taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings that depict various embodiments of the disclosure, in which: 
         FIG. 1  shows a perspective front view of a mold system according to embodiments of the disclosure. 
         FIG. 2  shows a perspective rear view of a mold system according to embodiments of the disclosure. 
         FIG. 3  shows a front, see-through perspective view of the mold system according to embodiments of the disclosure. 
         FIG. 4  shows a side, see-through perspective view of the mold system according to embodiments of the disclosure. 
         FIGS. 5-7  show schematic side views of illustrative varied cores. 
         FIG. 8  show a schematic top view of illustrative overlaid varied cores. 
         FIG. 9  shows a cross-sectional top view of a first core in a mold system including separable mold portions according to embodiments of the disclosure. 
         FIG. 10  shows a cross-sectional top view of a second, different core from that of  FIG. 9  in a mold system including different separable mold portions according to embodiments of the disclosure. 
         FIG. 11-14  show varied views of a pair of separable mold portions of a mold system according to embodiments of the disclosure. 
         FIGS. 15-18  show varied views of another pair of separable mold portions of a mold system according to embodiments of the disclosure. 
         FIG. 19  shows a perspective view of an illustrative core positioner according to one embodiment of the disclosure. 
         FIG. 20  shows a schematic, cross-sectional view of an illustrative mold system including a mold thermal fluid controller for delivering temperature controlled thermal fluid to mold thermal conducting conduits in the mold, and showing varied mold thermal conducting conduit paths and positions according to various embodiments of the disclosure. 
         FIG. 21  shows a schematic, cross-sectional view of an illustrative mold system including a sacrificial material heating system according to various embodiments of the disclosure. 
         FIG. 22  shows a flow diagram illustrating methods according to various embodiments of the disclosure. 
     
    
    
     It is noted that the drawings of the disclosure are not to scale. The drawings are intended to depict only typical aspects of the disclosure, and therefore should not be considered as limiting the scope of the disclosure. In the drawings, like numbering represents like elements between the drawings. 
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
     As indicated above, the disclosure provides a mold system including a mold for receiving therein a selected core chosen from a plurality of varied cores. The mold is configured to form a sacrificial material from a sacrificial material fluid, e.g., wax or a polymer, about a selected core to create a casting article. The casting article including the core and hardened sacrificial fluid material thereabout are used in a conventional manner to form a ceramic mold used for subsequent investment casting of a component. The varied cores may differ in any number of ways such as shape, dimensions, contours, material properties, etc. In one example, each varied core can be close in shape, but have some dimensional variance. In another example, part of a casting article mold may be employed to form a number of components that share a common, first internal structure formed by a common core, but include a number of different, second internal structures formed by a second, different core. That is, the common, first internal structure may be formed by a first, common core, while the different, second internal structures may be made by various second cores. The cores may be made from ceramic or other refractory material (e.g., niobium, molybdenum, tantalum, tungsten or rhenium), metal, metal alloy or combinations thereof. 
     In order to address the challenge of varied cores, a mold according to embodiments of the disclosure includes a plurality of separable mold portions that are coupleable together to create the mold. In contrast to conventional mold systems, at least one selected separable mold portion of the plurality of separable mold portions includes a set of varied interchangeable versions of the at least one selected separable mold portion. Each varied interchangeable version of the selected separable mold portion is configured to accommodate a different core of the plurality of varied cores. In this fashion, variations in cores, whether simple dimensional differences or widely different internal structures to create different components, can be readily accommodated without forming a complete, expensive metal mold for each core variation. Embodiments of the disclosure also leverage the separable mold portions to provide precise temperature control across the mold to address a number of issues such as certain core areas being prone to cracking or breaking. 
     Referring to  FIGS. 1 and 2 , a front perspective view and a rear perspective view, respectively, of a mold system  100  according to embodiments of the disclosure are illustrated. Further,  FIG. 3  shows a front, see-through perspective view, and  FIG. 4  shows a side, see-through perspective view of mold system  100  from  FIGS. 1-2 . It is appreciated that according to embodiments of the disclosure, mold system  100  is used for forming a casting article  102  ( FIGS. 3-4 ) for investment casting. For purposes of description, as shown in  FIGS. 3-4 , the disclosure shows the component to be built as a turbomachine airfoil  104 . It will be readily understood that the teachings of the disclosure are applicable to any component capable of investment casting and which is to include an internal structure formed by a core. 
     Mold system  100  includes a mold  110  for receiving therein a selected core chosen from a plurality of varied cores. The variation in cores can take any of a large number of forms. In the example shown in  FIGS. 3 and 4 , two different cores  112 A,  112 B (collectively “cores  112 ”) are illustrated that collectively form an internal structure in the turbomachine airfoil, e.g., cooling channels, support structure, etc. In the turbomachine airfoil example, a core  112 A may form a portion including a leading edge of the airfoil, while core  112 B forms a portion including a trailing edge of the airfoil. In one non-limiting example, a number of different turbomachine airfoils can be formed by using a single leading edge core  112 A, and a variety of different, trailing edge cores  112 B.  FIGS. 5-7  show schematic side views of a number of examples in which single leading edge core  112 A is used, and a variety of differently shaped cores  112 B are employed. It is recognized that the portion of the component that changes can also differ from component to component, e.g., for an airfoil, the leading edge or a root portion  118  may also vary. 
       FIG. 8 , in contrast to  FIGS. 5-7 , shows a top view of varied cores  112 A,  112 B in which the difference is simply a dimensional or shape variation created by variation during core manufacture, e.g., via additive manufacturing. In this setting, variations from core to core can be identified in any now known or later developed fashion such as but not limited to: blue light scans or point cloud scans. The differences identified can be used to generate a model of the actual cores  112 A,  112 B, which can then be used to adjust mold  110  accordingly, e.g., to maintain a desired spacing between and interior surface  132  of mold  110  and core  112  to ensure proper positioning and thickness of sacrificial material  130 . Modifications to mold  110  can be made during manufacturing of the mold (e.g., using additive manufacturing and/or computer aided design software systems), and in particular, separable mold portions  120  that form the mold. Core  112  can be formed in any now known or later developed fashion. In one embodiment, core  112  is formed by additive manufacturing, e.g., 3D printing. 
     Mold  110  includes a plurality of separable mold portions  120 A-D (collectively “separable mold portions  120 ”) that are coupleable together to create the mold. As shown in  FIGS. 1-4 , four mold portions  120 A-D are provided in the example shown. It is understood however that any number of separable mold portions  120  may be employed, e.g., two or more. As understood, mold  110  is configured to form sacrificial material  130  from a sacrificial material fluid (i.e., sacrificial material in a fluid form) about a selected core  112 . Core  112  is positioned within mold  110  and is spaced from interior surface  132  of mold  110  such that sacrificial material fluid can readily flow between core  112  and the interior surface of the mold to create casting article  102 . The sacrificial material can be any now known or later developed material that is capable of injecting in a fluid form, and that is sufficiently rigid in a solid state to hold its shape during investment casting ceramic mold formation. Sacrificial material may include but is not limited to: wax or polymer. 
     As shown in  FIGS. 9 and 10 , any selected separable mold portion  120  of plurality of separable mold portions  120 A-D in a particular mold can include a set of varied interchangeable versions thereof. In the example shown, a set of separable mold portions  120 E ( FIG. 9 ) and  120 F ( FIG. 10 ) are provided for a portion including a trailing edge of a turbomachine airfoil  104 . While two varied interchangeable versions are shown, any number may be employed to accommodate any number of varied cores  112 , e.g., sets with many similar mold portions can be made. Each varied interchangeable version  120 E,  120 F of the selected separable mold portion  120  may be configured to accommodate a different core  112  of the plurality of varied cores  112 . In the example shown in  FIG. 9 , a separable mold portion  120 E is shaped to accommodate core  112 B, while as shown in  FIG. 10 , separable mold portion  120 F is shaped to accommodate different core  112 A in the same position of mold  110 . Each varied interchangeable version of a selected separable mold portion  120  can be different in a number of ways such as but not limited to: mold opening shape, size: length, width, height; thermal cooling circuit (presence or path, described elsewhere herein); coefficient of thermal expansion; coefficient of heat transfer; material and/or material properties such as yield strength, grain boundary structure, surface finish, etc. In any event, selected separable mold portions  120 E,  120 F are configured to be positioned in the same position within mold  110  to complete the mold, but have different interior surfaces  132  to accommodate varied cores  112 A,  112 B. As will be described herein, separable mold portions  120 E,  120 F may include a number of other features that allow for, among other things, proper coupling and thermal control. 
     Each separable mold portion  120  may include a metal alloy, an acrylic based material such as but not limited to poly-methyl methylacrylate (PMMA), or a material having glass transition temperature above 70° C. (approximately 160° F.). Where a metal alloy is employed, separable mold portions  120  can be readily manufactured with the afore-mentioned customized structure using, for example, additive manufacturing. More particularly, a metal powder additive manufacturing process may be used to form metal separable mold portions  120 . Metal powder additive manufacturing may include, for example, direct metal laser melting (DMLM). It is understood that the general teachings of the disclosure are equally applicable to other forms of metal powder additive manufacturing such as but not limited to direct metal laser sintering (DMLS), selective laser sintering (SLS), electron beam melting (EBM), and perhaps other forms of additive manufacturing. Where separable mold portions  120  include an acrylic-based material or material with glass transition temperature above 70° C., mold portions  120  can be manufactured by, for example, stereolithography or 3D printing (e.g., using stereolithography resins). Other processes may also be employed to manufacture separable mold portions  120 , e.g., casting and machining. 
       FIGS. 11-14  show various views of selected separable mold portions  120 C,  120 D from a top portion of mold  110  in  FIGS. 1-4 , and  FIGS. 15-18  show various views of selected separable mold portions  120 A,  120 B from a bottom portion of mold  110  in  FIGS. 1-4 . More particularly,  FIGS. 11 and 12  show perspective views of mating separable mold portions  120 C,  120 D;  FIG. 13  shows a bottom view of both mold portions  120 C,  120 D;  FIG. 14  shows a perspective view of both mold portions  120 C,  120 D;  FIGS. 15 and 16  show perspective views of mating separable mold portions  120 A,  120 B;  FIG. 17  shows a side view of both mold portions  120 A,  120 B; and  FIG. 18  shows a perspective view of both mold portions  120 A,  120 B. As illustrated, each separable mold portion  120  may include any structure necessary for sealingly coupling with other mold portions. For example, mold portions  120 A-D may include mating surfaces  136  configured to seat and mate with an adjacent mold portion. Surfaces  136  can be any shape necessary to allow mating, e.g., planar and/or curved. Surfaces  136  are dimensioned so as to prevent sacrificial material  130  fluid from passing therethrough when mated. Further, certain mold portion(s)  120 A-D may include gasket grooves  138  ( FIGS. 13, 15-18 ) configured to receive a gasket (not shown) therein for sealing with an adjacent mold portion. Further, certain mold portion(s)  120 C-D may include ceramic core top-bot fixturing ends  140 . Separable mold portions  120 A,  120 B,  120 C,  120 D are also designed to be mixed and matched, for example separable mold portions  120 A and  120 B forming a bottom portion of mold  110  may be common across multiple airfoil designs having differing separable mold portions  120 C,  120 D that form top portion of mold  110 . 
     Certain mold portion(s)  120 A-D may also include a core positioner receiver  144  therein. Each core positioner receiver  144  is configured to receive a core positioner  146  ( FIGS. 2 and 19 ) therein that extends through a respective mold portion  120  to contact and appropriately position a respective core  112  relative to interior surface  132  of mold  110 . That is, position core  112  spaced from an interior surface  132  of mold  110  to define the position and thickness of sacrificial material  130  about the core. Core positioner receivers  144  are thus another feature of each separable mold portion  120  that can be varied to accommodate varied cores  112 . Each core positioner receiver  144  may include a hole extending from interior surface  132  of mold  110  to an exterior surface  145  of mold  110 , and may include a counter-bore on the external surface of mold  110 . Mold system  100  may include a plurality of core positioners  146  ( FIG. 2 ) configured to position the selected core  112  via core positioner receivers  144  in the at least one of the plurality of separable mold portions  120 . In one embodiment, each core positioner  146  ( FIG. 2 ) may have a selected length to position a respective portion of a selected core  112  relative to interior surface  132  of mold  110 . In this case, a set of core positioners  146  ( FIG. 2 ) may be provided for each mold portion  120  and/or for each varied core  112 . In another embodiment, core positioner  146  ( FIG. 19 ) may be adjustable in each core positioner receiver  144  so as to accommodate a variety of mold portions  120  and/or a number of varied cores  112 . For example, as shown in  FIG. 19 , a core positioner  146  may include a head  148  coupled to a rod  150 . Head  148  may be threaded so as to mate and adjustably seat in a counter-threaded core positioner receiver  144  in a separable mold portion  120 . As head  148  is threadably inserted, the positon of rod  150  relative to interior surface  132  changes to accommodate contact with rod  150  with an external surface of different cores  112 . Head  148  may include any structure necessary to allow for the adjustment, e.g., a screwdriver head. In this fashion, each adjustable core positioner  146  ( FIG. 19 ) may be configured to position a number of the plurality of varied cores  112  in mold  110 . 
     Returning to  FIGS. 11-18 , certain separable mold portions, e.g.,  120 A in  FIG. 15 , may include air flow path(s)  152  to allow air to exit mold  110 . Air flow path(s)  152  may be provided wherever necessary to ensure air removal during operation. 
     Referring to  FIGS. 1, 2 and 14-18 , plurality of separable mold portions  120 A-D may be fastened together in a number of ways. As shown in  FIGS. 1 and 2 , fasteners  160  may be used to selectively couple plurality of separable mold portions together, e.g.,  120 B to  120 D and  120 A to  120 C. Fasteners  160  can take any form to hold mold portions  120 A-D together during operation, e.g., external clamps held in position by bolts, seats in mold portions (shown), screws, etc. Certain separable mold portions  120 A-D may also include mating fastener holes  162  for receiving a fastener (not shown) therein, e.g., threaded bolt, screw, etc., to selectively fasten mold portions together. For example, as shown in  FIGS. 11 and 12 , separable mold portions  120 C and  120 D may include mating fastener holes  162 , and as shown in  FIGS. 15 and 16 , separable mold portions  120 A and  120 B may include mating fastener holes  162 . Mating fastener holes  162  (in one or both separable mold portions being fastened) may include a mechanism to secure the fastener, e.g., mating threads, locking seat, etc. In addition to individual fastening of separable mold portions  120 A-D, any now known or later developed mold locking press may be employed to further hold mold  110  together during use. 
     Mold system  100  also provides mechanisms for controlling a temperature of mold  110 . In particular, separable mold portions  120  provide for more precise thermal control than conventional systems. Temperature control of mold  110 , and in particular each separable mold portion  120  or a zone including a certain separable mold portion  120  may be desired for a number of reasons. For example, temperature control allows one to: maintain a desired viscosity and/or temperature of sacrificial material fluid, maintain a desired temperature of a core  112 , protect mold  110  from overheating damage, and preheat mold  110  to ensure proper casting. Further, certain sacrificial material fluids, e.g., wax or certain polymers, may require a certain temperature to create a fluid form and/or maintain an appropriate temperature for creating casting article  102 . As will be described, the temperature control can be customized and controlled in a number of ways according to embodiments of the disclosure. 
     In one embodiment, as shown for example in  FIGS. 11, 12, 15 and 16 , each separable mold portion  120 A-D may also include a mold thermal conducting conduit  164  therein configured to conduct a temperature controlled thermal fluid therethrough to control a temperature of at least the respective separable mold portion  120 . Mold thermal conducting conduits  164  may be deemed “closed loop” because they are arranged to provide a complete path followed by temperature controlled thermal fluid  176  as it is fed from mold thermal fluid controller  180  to input port(s), through the respective portion of mold portion(s)  120 A-D and then to output port(s). Temperature controlled thermal fluid  176  used can be any now known or later developed heat conducting fluid, e.g., air, water, antifreeze, etc., appropriate for the mold material. Temperature controlled thermal fluid  176  may add heat to a respective separable mold portion  120 A-D, and/or cool it. Temperature controlled thermal fluid  176  may be used to preheat mold  110  and/or maintain a temperature during casting article  102  formation. It is recognized that while temperature controlled thermal fluid  176  passes through a respective separable mold portion  120 A-D, it may transfer thermal energy not just to/from the particular mold portion through which it passes but also to neighboring structure, the sacrificial material fluid and/or core  112 . 
     Each varied interchangeable version of the at least one selected separable mold portion  120 A-D may include a mold thermal conducting conduit  164  different than the mold thermal conducting conduit in the other separable mold portions of the set. In this manner, each version of a selected separable mold portion  120 A-D can have its respective thermal conducting path customized for the situation for which the mold portion is built. For example, as shown in  FIG. 9 , a certain core  112 B may require mold thermal conducting conduits  164  that pass in close proximity to interior surface  132  to maintain the core and/or sacrificial material  130  fluid at a certain desired temperature, e.g., less than 0.5 centimeters. In contrast, as shown in  FIG. 10 , another core  112 B may have mold thermal conducting conduits  164  that do not pass as close to interior surface  132 , e.g., greater than 0.5 centimeters. Again, each separable mold portion  120 A-D and any mold thermal conducting conduits  164  therein can be customized for the expected situation for which it was built. The customization of mold thermal conducting conduits  164  can take any form including but not limited to: conduit number, cross-sectional area, length, shape, position/path, etc., and temperature controlled thermal fluid temperature, type, flow rate, etc. 
       FIG. 20  shows a schematic, cross-sectional view of a mold  110  including various mold thermal conducting conduits  164 A-E illustrating example paths and/or positions at which they can be employed. As shown in  FIG. 20 , mold thermal conducting conduit(s)  164 A-E (collectively “mold thermal conducting conduits  164 ”) may take any path through a respective mold portion including but not limited to: straight line  164 A, curved line  164 B, loop(s)  164 C, helical or spiral  164 D, sinusoidal  164 E, etc. As also shown in  FIG. 20 , not all separable mold portions  120  need include a mold thermal conducting conduit, e.g., portion  120 K is devoid of conduits. As also shown in  FIG. 20 , external mold thermal conducting conduit(s)  168  may also be provided to route conduit paths on exterior surface  145  of, e.g., mold portion(s)  120 M. Any now known or later developed ports  170  can be provided on exterior surface  145  of mold portion(s)  120  for fluidly coupling to external conduits  174  (one example shown in  FIG. 20 ) that fluidly communicate with a mold thermal fluid controller  180  configured to control a temperature of each of the plurality of separable mold portions  120 K-N or a zone including a portion of selected separable mold portions. 
     Mold thermal fluid controller  180  can include any now known or later developed temperature controlled thermal fluid temperature control system for creating any number of temperature controlled thermal fluid  176  flows, each at a specific temperature, e.g., a multi-tiered heat exchanger such as Thermolator TW Series water temperature control unit. Any necessary pumps to move temperature controlled temperature controlled thermal fluid  176  may also be provided. Mold thermal conducting conduits  164  can be arranged to control the temperature of a particular separable mold portion  120  and/or a sacrificial material fluid input zone  190 . With regard to the zones, one or more mold thermal conducting conduit(s)  164  may act to control a temperature of a defined sacrificial material fluid input zone  190 A-C ( 3  shown). Each zone  190 A-C is configured to receive a sacrificial material fluid to form a sacrificial material about the core at a particular temperature. Each zone  190 A-C can be defined by, for example, any desired area and/or volume of mold  110 , any area and/or volume of the void to be filled by sacrificial material  130  fluid, and/or any area and/or volume of core  112 . Each separable mold portion  120 A-C may include at least one sacrificial material fluid input zone  190 A-C, i.e., zones do not necessarily match mold portions. 
     At least one separable mold portion  120  can have temperature controlled thermal fluid  176  passing therethrough having a temperature different than another separable mold portion  120 . Similarly, each zone  190 A-C can have temperature controlled thermal fluid  176  passing through or near in such a way as to have a temperature different than another zone. In any event, a mold thermal conducting conduit  164  may control a temperature of at least the sacrificial material  130  fluid within at least one respective separable mold portion  120 , and perhaps other areas such as those downstream of the mold portion in which the conduit exists. Each zone  190 A-C, for example, can have a temperature controlled therein to control, for example, the viscosity and other flow characteristics of sacrificial material  130  fluid in the respective zone to accommodate any casting/injection issues specific to that zone including but not limited to: difficult wetting/flow conditions, and/or core  112  issues. For example, the temperature of a zone  190 A-C can be controlled based on a characteristic of core  112 , e.g., fragility, difficult wetting, etc., in the respective zone. In this manner, core  112  damage and sacrificial material fluid flow can be readily controlled, and quality casting article  102  formation can be attained. Further, certain mold  110  materials may require using sacrificial material fluid having a certain maximum temperature that does not damage the mold, e.g., a PMMA mold. Each zone  190 A-C temperature can also be controlled to prevent mold damage by sacrificial material fluid overheating. The temperature of each mold portion  120  can be similarly controlled. 
     Turning to  FIG. 21 , a schematic cross-sectional view of a mold system  200  according to a further embodiment of the disclosure is illustrated. Mold system  200  may be substantially similar to mold system  100  as described herein. For example, mold system  200  includes a mold  210  for receiving therein core  112 , and mold  210  includes plurality of separable mold portions  120 A-D that are coupleable together to create the mold and configured to form the sacrificial material from the sacrificial material fluid about the core. Further, a selected separable mold portion, e.g.,  120 E, F ( FIGS. 9-10 ), of the plurality of separable mold portions  120  includes a set of varied interchangeable versions of the at least one selected separable mold portion. Each varied interchangeable version of the selected separable mold portion  120  may be configured to accommodate a different core  112  of a plurality of varied cores. In the  FIG. 21  embodiment, however, mold system  200  may have more than one sacrificial material fluid input  284  thereto for receiving more than one sacrificial material fluid flow  286 A-C. For example, each separable mold portion  120  may have one or more sacrificial material fluid inputs  284 . Also, some separable mold portions  120  may be devoid of sacrificial material fluid inputs, e.g., portion  120 A in the example of  FIG. 21 . 
     In addition, mold system  200  may also include a sacrificial material fluid heating system  202  to control the temperature and viscosity of sacrificial material  130  fluid, and indirectly control the temperature of mold portions  120 . Sacrificial material heating system  202  can operate alone or in addition to mold thermal fluid controller  180  (latter shown in simpler fashion in  FIG. 21  than in  FIG. 20  for clarity). Sacrificial material fluid temperature control can be made based on separable mold portions  120  and/or zones. Regarding zones, mold system  200  may include plurality of sacrificial material fluid input zones  290 A-C configured to receive a sacrificial material fluid  286 A-C flows to form a sacrificial material  130  about the core. One or more sacrificial material inputs  284 A-C alone or in conjunction with mold thermal conducting conduits  164 A-E ( FIG. 20 ) may act to control a temperature of a sacrificial material fluid input zone  290 A-C ( 3  shown) configured to receive a sacrificial material fluid to form a sacrificial material about the core. As noted, each zone  290 A-C can be defined by, for example, any desired area and/or volume of mold  210 , any area and/or volume of the void to be filled by sacrificial material fluid, and/or any area and/or volume of core  112 . Each separable mold portion  120 A-D may include at least one sacrificial material fluid input zone  290 A-C. Each zone  290 A-C can have a temperature of sacrificial material fluid injected therein (and/or temperature controlled thermal fluid sent therethrough) controlled to control, for example, the viscosity and other flow characteristics of sacrificial material  130  fluid in the respective zone to accommodate any injection issues therein including but not limited to: difficult wetting/flow conditions, and/or core  112  issues. The temperature of the sacrificial material fluid received in each sacrificial material fluid input zone  290 A-C may be based on, for example, a characteristic of core  112 , e.g., fragility, difficult wetting, etc., in the respective sacrificial material input zone. Sacrificial material  130  fluid flows  286 A-C can also be controlled based on the separable mold portions  120 A-D into which they are injected. 
     Sacrificial material fluid heating system  202  may include any now known or later developed sacrificial material heating unit(s) for creating a sacrificial material fluid flows  286 A-C at a specific temperature, e.g., a multi-tiered heat exchanger, or a series of heating units. In the latter example, for use with wax, heating system  202  may include a series of Dura-Bull air pressure wax injectors, each creating fluid wax at a different temperature. In any event, sacrificial material fluid heating system  202  may be configured to heat a plurality of flows  286 A-C of the sacrificial material fluid to different temperatures. That is, each sacrificial material fluid flow  286 A-C may have a different temperature as controlled by sacrificial material fluid heating system  202 . In this manner, one sacrificial material fluid input zone  290 A may receive one of the plurality of flows of the sacrificial material fluid flows  286 A at a first temperature, and another sacrificial material fluid input zone  290 B receives another sacrificial material fluid flow  286 B at a second, different temperature. Alternatively, one separable mold portion  120 C may receive one of sacrificial material fluid flow  286 A at a first temperature, and another separable mold portion  120 B may receive another sacrificial material fluid flow  286 C at a second, different temperature. The temperatures can be selected to address any of the afore-mentioned reasons for having temperature control. 
     In operation, as shown in the flow diagram of  FIG. 22 , a method of forming casting article  102  for investment casting according to embodiments of the disclosure may include, in process P 1 , having a plurality of separable mold portions  120  for mold  110  for forming casting article  102  additively manufactured, e.g., by DMLM, stereolithography, etc. As noted, plurality of mold portions  120 A-D may include a set of varied interchangeable versions of a selected separable mold portion, e.g.,  120 A,  120 B,  120 C or  120 D ( FIG. 1-2 ), or  120 K,  120 L,  120 M or  120 N ( FIG. 20 ). Each varied interchangeable version of the selected separable mold portion  120  may be configured to accommodate a different core  112  of a plurality of varied cores ( FIGS. 9, 10 ). 
     As described, as shown in process P 2 , mold  110  may be formed about a selected core  112  of the plurality of varied cores  112  by coupling two or more mold-selected separable mold portions  120  together. The mold-selected separable mold portions, i.e., those from the set(s) selected to be used in mold  110 , are selected to accommodate the selected core of the plurality of varied cores. Each separable mold portion  120  may include a mold thermal conducting conduit  164  therein configured to conduct temperature controlled thermal fluid  176  ( FIG. 20 ) therethrough to control a temperature of at least the respective separable mold portion, or a zone  190  in the mold. Mold  110  formation may include fastening the two or more mold-selected separable mold portions together using fasteners  160 . Mold  110  formation may also include positioning selected core  112  in mold  110  using a core positioner receiver  144  in at least one of the plurality of separable mold portions. The positioning may include using a plurality of core positioners  146  ( FIG. 2 ) configured to position selected core  112  via core positioner receiver  144  in the at least one of the plurality of separable mold portions  120 . That is, selecting which from a plurality of positioners  146  ( FIG. 2 ) work for a particular core  112 . Alternatively, the positioning may include using an adjustable core positioner  146  ( FIG. 19 ) in each core positioner receiver  144 . Each adjustable core positioner  146  is configured to position a number of the plurality of varied cores  112  in the mold. 
     Once mold  110  is formed, in process P 3 , casting article  102  can be casted by introducing a sacrificial material  130  fluid into the mold and about the selected core. Process P 3  may further include controlling a temperature of a plurality of sacrificial material fluid input zones  190 A-C ( FIG. 20 ),  290 A-C ( FIG. 21 ) in mold  110 ,  210 , respectively. Each zone is defined to receive the sacrificial material  130  fluid to form a sacrificial material about the core that is positioned within the mold at a particular temperature. Temperature of each separable mold portion  120 A-D ( FIGS. 1-2 ) may also be controlled. As shown in  FIG. 22 , process P 3  may include controlling a temperature of each of the plurality of separable mold portions and/or zones, e.g., using mold thermal fluid controller  180  alone. Alternatively, as shown in  FIG. 22 , process P 3  may include heating a plurality of flows  286 A-C ( FIG. 21 ) of the sacrificial material fluid to different temperatures, e.g., using sacrificial material fluid heating system  202 , and directing one of the plurality of flows of the sacrificial material fluid, e.g.,  286 C, at a first temperature to a first sacrificial material input zone  290 C of the mold, and directing another of the plurality of flows of sacrificial material fluid, e.g.,  286 B, at a second, different temperature to a second, different sacrificial material fluid input zone  290 B. Alternatively, process P 3  may include directing one of the plurality of flows of the sacrificial material fluid, e.g.,  286 B, at a first temperature to a first separable mold portion  120 D of the mold, and directing another of the plurality of flows of sacrificial material fluid, e.g.,  286 C, at a second, different temperature to a second, different separable mold portion  120 B. Process P 3  may also include using mold thermal fluid controller  180  to control zone(s)  190 A-C temperature, and sacrificial material fluid heating system  202  to control sacrificial material fluid temperature in zone(s)  290 A-C. Zones  190 A-C as defined for controller  180 , and zones  290 A-C as defined for system  202  can be, but do not need to be, identical. 
     Once casting article  102  is formed, mold  110  may be removed in any now known or later developed fashion, e.g., by unfastening mold portions  120 . As described, casting article  102  can be used in any now known or later developed investment casting process. 
     Mold systems  100 ,  200  as described herein provide a number of advantages compared to conventional systems. Mold systems  100 ,  200  allow for lower pressure sacrificial material fluid injection, e.g., 34.5 kiloPascals (kPa) to 344.5 kPa (5-50 psi), compared to conventional systems, e.g., at or above 13.8 megaPascals (MPa). Mold systems  100 ,  200  also allow for injection at optimized sacrificial material fluid temperatures and viscosities since the molds have their own respective temperature control. The optimized sacrificial fluid temperatures and viscosities and injection pressures prevent mold  110 ,  210  and core  112  damage due to thermal and pressure stresses. Mold systems  100 ,  200  also provides modular and customizable molds to handle a variety of cores. Separable mold portions  120  can be reused, as necessary. Mold thermal fluid controller  180  can be used to pre-heat molds  110 ,  210  directly and cores  112  indirectly, which aids in improving the quality of casting article  102 . Mold thermal fluid controller  180  also allows for precise temperature control of defined zones and/or separable mold portions to address injection issues specific to that zone, mold portion and/or the core portion located therein. Similarly, sacrificial material fluid heating system  202  allows for precise temperature control of sacrificial material fluid uses for a defined zones and/or separable mold portions to address injection issues specific to that zone, mold portion and/or the core portion located therein. The teachings of the disclosure can be used across wide variety of mold materials, and mold manufacturing processes. Fleets of molds can be created to handle wide variations in cores and/or different components to be built. The ability to use additive manufacturing for both mold  110 ,  210  and cores  112  provides significant time-savings and cost savings compared to conventional casting processes. Further, additive manufacturing allows for issues discovered during formation of the casting article, e.g., core cracking, to be more quickly remedied, and also allows for the issues to be addressed earlier in the overall process, i.e., during the casting article formation rather than during the investment casting process. 
     The foregoing drawings show some of the processing associated according to several embodiments of this disclosure. In this regard, each block within a flow diagram of the drawings represents a process associated with embodiments of the method described. It should also be noted that in some alternative implementations, the acts noted in the drawings or blocks may occur out of the order noted in the figure or, for example, may in fact be executed substantially concurrently or in the reverse order, depending upon the act involved. Also, one of ordinary skill in the art will recognize that additional blocks that describe the processing may be added. 
     The terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particular embodiments only and is not intended to be limiting of the disclosure. As used herein, the singular forms “a”, “an” and “the” are intended to include the plural forms as well, unless the context clearly indicates otherwise. It will be further understood that the terms “comprises” and/or “comprising,” when used in this specification, specify the presence of stated features, integers, steps, operations, elements, and/or components, but do not preclude the presence or addition of one or more other features, integers, steps, operations, elements, components, and/or groups thereof. “Optional” or “optionally” means that the subsequently described event or circumstance may or may not occur, and that the description includes instances where the event occurs and instances where it does not. 
     Approximating language, as used herein throughout the specification and claims, may be applied to modify any quantitative representation that could permissibly vary without resulting in a change in the basic function to which it is related. Accordingly, a value modified by a term or terms, such as “about,” “approximately” and “substantially,” are not to be limited to the precise value specified. In at least some instances, the approximating language may correspond to the precision of an instrument for measuring the value. Here and throughout the specification and claims, range limitations may be combined and/or interchanged, such ranges are identified and include all the sub-ranges contained therein unless context or language indicates otherwise. “Approximately” as applied to a particular value of a range applies to both values, and unless otherwise dependent on the precision of the instrument measuring the value, may indicate+/−10% of the stated value(s). 
     The corresponding structures, materials, acts, and equivalents of all means or step plus function elements in the claims below are intended to include any structure, material, or act for performing the function in combination with other claimed elements as specifically claimed. The description of the present disclosure has been presented for purposes of illustration and description, but is not intended to be exhaustive or limited to the disclosure in the form disclosed. Many modifications and variations will be apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art without departing from the scope and spirit of the disclosure. The embodiment was chosen and described in order to best explain the principles of the disclosure and the practical application, and to enable others of ordinary skill in the art to understand the disclosure for various embodiments with various modifications as are suited to the particular use contemplated.