Patent Publication Number: US-10783531-B2

Title: Cardless payment transactions based on geographic locations of user devices

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This application is a continuation of and claims priority to U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/627,615 filed on Sep. 26, 2012 entitled “Ranking of Merchants for Cardless Payment Transactions,” which claims priority to U.S. patent application Ser. No. 61/612,128, entitled “Ranking of Merchants for Cardless Payment Transactions,” filed Mar. 16, 2012, which are both incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. 
    
    
     TECHNICAL FIELD 
     This disclosure relates to ranking of merchants for cardless payment transactions. 
     BACKGROUND 
     When searching for merchants, a user can enter a search query into a search engine. The search query can include a merchant&#39;s name or a name of a desired product or service. The user can limit the search by location. The search engine can return results to the user in response to the search query and any limitations provided by the user. To perform a transaction (e.g., a purchase) with a merchant in the search results, the user must visit the merchant&#39;s retail store or the merchant&#39;s online shopping portal. 
     In a conventional point-of-sale electronic credit card transaction, the transaction is authorized and captured. In the authorization stage, a physical credit card with a magnetic stripe is swiped through a merchant&#39;s magnetic card reader, e.g., as part of a point-of-sale device. A payment request is sent electronically from the magnetic card reader to a credit card processor. The credit card processor routes the payment request to a card network, e.g., Visa or Mastercard, which in turn routes the payment request to the card issuer, e.g., a bank. Assuming the card issuer approves the transaction, the approval is then routed back to the merchant. In the capture stage, the approved transaction is again routed from the merchant to the credit card processor, card network and card issuer, and the payment request can include the cardholder&#39;s signature (if appropriate). The capture state can trigger the financial transaction between the card issuer and the merchant, and optionally creates a receipt. There can also be other entities, e.g., the card acquirer, in the route of the transaction. Debit card transactions have a different routing, but also require swiping of the card. 
     Many transactions require that the customer sign a physical receipt, electronically approve a transaction, e.g., by pressing an approve button on a user interface, electronically sign for the transaction, e.g., with a stylus or finger on an electronic signature capture device with a touch sensitive pad, or enter an authorizing personal identification number (PIN). 
     SUMMARY 
     This specification relates to listing merchants that allow cardless payment transactions. A convenient graphical user interface that lists merchants that allow cardless payment transactions can be displayed on the user&#39;s mobile device. The ranking of merchants within the list can be based on a variety of indicators, other than simply distance from the user to the merchant. Merchants can be recommended to a customer based on previous transactions, length of time spent by customer in different locations, and other indicators. 
     After selecting a merchant, the user can choose to conduct a transaction with the merchant. On the one hand, it would be generally convenient for a customer to dispense with swiping of a credit card. On the other hand, the risk of unauthorized transactions is a potential problem in a cardless payment transaction. An approach for conducting an electronic payment transaction without swiping a card is for the customer to provide authorization that particular merchants can perform a cardless payment transaction, and for such transactions to only be authorized when the customer is within a predetermined distance of the merchant, e.g., as sensed by the customer&#39;s mobile device. 
     In one aspect, a method includes obtaining a current location of a mobile device of a customer; sending the current location to a cardless payment system; receiving data identifying a plurality of merchants, each merchant having an account with the cardless payment system; displaying a list of the plurality of merchants on the mobile device; and simultaneous with displaying the list of the plurality of merchants, for each merchant in the list displaying on the mobile device whether the merchant is authorized to perform a cardless payment transaction with the customer. 
     Implementations may include one or more of the following features. Displaying the plurality of merchants further comprises, for each merchant, displaying at least one of a name of the merchant or an icon representing the merchant. Displaying the plurality of merchants further comprises, for each merchant, displaying the name of the merchant and an icon representing the merchant. The list comprises a plurality of rows, each row including a name of a single merchant and an icon representing whether the merchant is authorized to perform the cardless payment transaction with the customer. Determining whether the customer is within a predetermined distance of the merchant. The mobile device is not within the predetermined distance, displaying whether the merchant is authorized comprises displaying a first symbol ( 410 ). Determining a distance from the user device to the merchant, and the first symbol represents the distance. Determining whether an indication of consent has been received from the customer to perform cardless payment transactions with the merchant. Determining that no indication of consent has been received by the mobile device and displaying a second symbol ( 414 ). Changing the first symbol to a second symbol ( 414 ) when the user passes to within the predetermined distance. Receiving the indication of consent from the customer by receiving a touch on the second symbol. Changing the second symbol to a third symbol ( 420 ) upon receiving an indication that the merchant is authorized to perform a cardless payment transaction with the customer. Receiving the indication of consent from the customer, sending the indication of consent to the cardless payment system, and receiving the indication that the merchant is authorized from the cardless payment system. Determining that an indication of consent has been received from the customer and that the user is not within the predetermined distance and displaying a fourth symbol ( 418 ). Determining that an indication of consent has been received by the mobile device and that the user is within the predetermined distance, and changing the first symbol to a third symbol ( 420 ). 
     In one aspect, a method of ranking merchants includes receiving in a cardless payment system a current location of a mobile device of a customer; receiving data identifying a plurality of merchants based on proximity to the current location, each merchant having an account with the cardless payment system; ranking the plurality of merchants based on at least one or more indicators, the one or more indicators including purchase data; and sending the ranking of the plurality of merchants to the mobile device. 
     Implementations may include one or more of the following features. The purchase data includes itemized description of previously purchased items from one or more merchants in the plurality of merchants. The itemized descriptions include at least a name, stock keeping unit (SKU) or universal product code (UPC) for each item. The purchase data includes itemized description of previously purchased items purchased by the customer. Receiving consent from the user to determine the ranking based on the purchase data. The purchase data includes itemized description of previously purchased items purchased by users other than the customer. The purchase data includes times, or quantities of one or more previously purchased items. The one or more indicators include at least one of the following: a distance from the current location, a time, a date, one or more favorite merchants selected by the customer, or dwell time of the mobile device, the dwell time tracking how long the mobile device is located within a predetermined distance from the merchant. Sending the ranking of the plurality of merchants is performed prior to receiving any search or filter term from the mobile device. The one or more indicators include merchant interests of other customers, the merchant interests including purchase data of the other customers, and where the other customers are associated with the customer. 
     In one aspect, a method of ranking merchants includes receiving in a cardless payment system a current location of a mobile device of a customer; receiving data identifying a plurality of merchants based on proximity to the current location, each merchant having an account with the cardless payment system; ranking the plurality of merchants based on at least one or more indicators, the one or more indicators including a dwell time, the dwell time tracking how long the mobile device is located within a predetermined distance from a geographic location; sending the ranking of the plurality of merchants to the mobile device. 
     Implementations may include one or more of the following features. The geographic location comprises a location of the merchant. Receiving consent from the user to determine the ranking based on the dwell time. Receiving tracking data tracking a position of the mobile device over time and calculating the dwell time from the tracking data. The one or more indicators include at least one of the following: a distance from the current location, a time, a date, one or more favorite merchants selected by the customer, or purchase data. sending the ranking of the plurality of merchants is performed prior to receiving any search or filter term from the mobile device. 
     Advantages may include one or more of the following. A customer can be provided with a list of merchants that are relevant to the customer based on the customer&#39;s location. The list can be displayed on a graphical user interface that conveniently shows whether the user has “checked in” with a merchant, i.e., whether customer has authorized cardless payments with the merchant and the customer is within the predetermined distance. Merchants can be ranked in the list based on the customer&#39;s dwell times or previous purchases at each merchant&#39;s location. A customer can conduct a point-of-sale electronic payment transaction with a merchant without swiping a card. In addition, the customer can verbally notify the merchant to perform a transaction, and the customer can conduct the transaction without having to access his or her own wallet or mobile phone. In addition, in some implementations the customer need not interact with a point-of-sale device, e.g., need not press an approve button on a user interface of the point-of-sale device or electronically sign. Consent to a cardless payment transaction can be given by the customer before the customer physically arrives at the merchant or at the merchant&#39;s point-of-sale device. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         FIG. 1  is a schematic illustration of an example cardless payment system architecture. 
         FIG. 2  is a diagram of an example implementation of the cardless payment system. 
         FIG. 3  is a diagram of an example flow chart of the cardless payment system. 
         FIGS. 4A-C  are diagrams of example views of an application&#39;s main page on the user&#39;s mobile device. 
         FIGS. 5A-B  are diagrams of example application views of a user that has selected a merchant. 
         FIG. 6  is a diagram of an example view of a merchant device&#39;s application. 
         FIG. 7  is a flow chart of an example method of displaying a GUI of an application for cardless payment transactions. 
         FIG. 8  is a schematic illustration of the architecture of an example merchant ranking system. 
         FIG. 9  is a flow chart of an example method of ranking merchants performed by a ranking system. 
     
    
    
     Like reference numbers and designations in the various drawings indicate like elements. 
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     As an overview, the system allows a user to conduct cardless payment transactions. The system provides the user with a list of merchants that can process cardless payments. The list of merchants can be ranked based on one or more indicators as described further below in  FIGS. 8 and 9 . The system also allows a user (also called a customer or payer) to purchase items from a merchant while physically present at the merchant, e.g., at the point of sale, but using a cardless payment transaction. A cardless payment transaction is one where a user conducts the transaction with a merchant at a point of sale using a financial account without physically presenting a payment card to the merchant at the point of sale. In fact, the merchant need not receive any details about the financial account, e.g., the credit card issuer, credit card number, and the like is not provided to the merchant. 
     From the user&#39;s perspective, the user first signs up for an account with the cardless payment system. The sign-up process requires certain information, such as information about a financial account sufficient to perform a transaction with the account. For example, if the financial account is a credit card account, then credit card information can be provided, e.g., credit card number and expiration date. The user can also sign up with other payment methods such as debit cards, pre-paid cards, bank accounts, or other third party financial accounts. The sign up process can also require contact information for the user, e.g., mailing address and email, and other personal identifying information, e.g., a photograph of the user. After creating an account, the user can select a merchant that also has an account with the cardless payment system. The user can give consent to perform a cardless payment transaction with the merchant if the user is within a predetermined distance from the merchant. After the user gives consent, the merchant can, without a presentment of the physical payment card, charge (in the case of credit cards) or debit (in the case of debit cards) the user&#39;s financial account for items the user wants to buy. Because the user&#39;s payment card is already on file with the cardless payment system, the user does not need to physically present a credit card to the merchant. 
       FIG. 1  is a schematic illustration of the architecture of an example cardless payment system  100 . The overall system  100  includes a user device  102  and merchant device  104  connected to a network, e.g., the Internet  106 . The user device  102  is a mobile computing device, i.e., a hand-held computing device, capable of running a user application. For example, the user device  102  can be a smartphone or tablet computer. The merchant device  104  is also a computing device, capable of running a merchant application. The merchant device  104  can be a mobile device, or it can be a desktop computer, a laptop computer, a dedicated point of sale system, or other data processing apparatus. 
     A cardless payment processor operates a payment service system  108 . The user and merchant devices can communicate with the payment service system  108  using the network  106 . The payment service system  108  includes one or more servers  112 , at least some of which can handle secure transactions (e.g., a secure server), to processes all transactions between the user device  102  and merchant device  104 . In general, servers  112  can store public merchant information such as the merchant&#39;s address or phone number. The servers  112  can also be responsible for transferring or updating the user application to the user&#39;s mobile device or transferring or updating the merchant application to the merchant&#39;s computing device. In particular, the servers  112  can be responsible for sending information about merchants that have accounts with the cardless payment system to the user device  102 . The servers  112  also handle secure information such as credit card numbers, debit card numbers, bank accounts, user accounts, user identifying information or other sensitive information. 
     The payment service system  108  can communicate electronically with a card payment network  116 , e.g., Visa, Mastercard, or the like. The payment service system  108  can communicate with a computer system  116  of a card payment network, e.g., Visa or MasterCard. The payment service system  108  can communicate with a computer system  116  over the same network  106  used to communicate with the user device  102 , or over a different network. The computer system  116  of the card payment network can communicate in turn with a computer system  118  of a card issuer, e.g., a bank. There can also be computer systems of other entities, e.g., the card acquirer, between the payment service system  108  and the card issuer. 
     Before a transaction between the user and the merchant can be performed using the cardless payment system, the user must create a user account with the payment service system  108  and the merchant must create a merchant account with the payment service system  108 . 
     The user can sign up using a mobile application or using an online website, and can use the mobile device  102  or another computing device, e.g., a home computer. At some point prior to the transaction, a user application is downloaded to the user device  102 , e.g., through an application store. Creation of the user account can be handled through the user application, or through another application, e.g., a generic web browser. The user enters a name, account password, and contact information, e.g., email address. Before a transaction can be performed, the user also enters financial account information sufficient to conduct the transaction into the payment service system  108 . For example, in the case of a credit card account, the user can enter the credit card issuer, credit card number and expiration date into the payment service system  108 ; the card validation value and mailing address may also be required. However, the financial account could also be associated with a debit card or pre-paid card, or another third party financial account. 
     In some implementations, the payment service system  108  requires additional personal identifying information before a transaction can be performed. For example, the payment service system  108  may require a photo of the user before a transaction can be performed. The photo of the user would be provided to the merchant so that the merchant can compare the photo to the person. In addition, the payment service system  108  can require a personal identification number (PIN) be entered by the user. Other requirements can also be added to increase security. The data associated with a user account  114  can be stored at the servers  112 , e.g., in a database. 
     If the user is signing up with a mobile application, the user&#39;s financial account information can be entered by swiping the financial transaction card through a slot of a card reader coupled to the mobile device. Alternatively, the user can enter in financial account information by typing in information at the mobile device  102 , selecting a card from an application on the mobile device, from an online entity, or others. In some implementations, another external application generates a receipt that is sent to the user. The receipt then includes a hypertext link that allows a user to easily create a user account in the cardless payment system. For example, activating the link in the receipt can automatically create a user account with a payment card prefilled with the card used in the receipt to reduce effort by the user. In effect, activating a new account using a receipt auto-verifies the user into the cardless payment system. 
     The merchant can sign up for an account using the merchant device  104  or another device. The merchant enters a name, account password, and contact information, e.g., email address, and physical location information, e.g., an address, into the payment service system  108 . The merchant can also provide other information, e.g., a list of goods or services available, operating hours, phone number, a small identifying image logo or mark, to the payment service system  108 . The data associated with the merchant account  114  can be stored at the servers  112 , e.g., in a database. 
     At some point prior to the transaction, a merchant application is downloaded to the merchant device  102 , e.g., through an application store. Creation of the merchant account can be handled through the merchant application, or through another application, e.g., a generic web browser. 
     Eventually, in order to receive funds from the transaction, the merchant will need to enter financial account information into the payment service system sufficient to receive funds. For example, in the case of a bank account, the user can enter the bank account number and routing number. However, the merchant&#39;s financial account can also be associated with a credit card account or another third party financial account. In addition, in some implementations, if the merchant has not entered the financial account information, the cardless payment processor can hold the received funds until the financial account information is provided. 
       FIG. 2  is a diagram that outlines an example implementation of the cardless payment system  100 . A user carries a mobile device  102  with the user application installed, and a merchant has a device  104  with the merchant application installed. Users and merchants each have an association, e.g., an account, with the payment service system  108 . 
     The system can predetermine a geo-location distance  206 , e.g., a radius, around the location of the merchant. In some implementations, the geo-location distance  206  is 500 feet. In some implementations, the geo-location distance  206  can be set by the merchant, e.g., the payment service system  108  receives input from the merchant device  104  or another computer system of the merchant setting the location radius. In some implementations, the payment service system  108  may limit the radius set by the merchant to a maximum location radius. 
     If the user device is located outside the geo-location radius  206  of the merchant, the merchant application does not provide an option to conduct a cardless payment transaction with the user. In this case, the user device  102  will indicate it is outside the geo-location radius  206  of the merchant, and the user device  102  can provide more information about the merchant (e.g., as described in reference to  FIG. 5 ). However, the merchant device  104  will be unable to charge the user&#39;s financial account, as further described in reference to  FIG. 3  and  FIG. 6 . 
     If the user device  102  is located within the geo-location radius  206  of the merchant, the user can “check-in” with the merchant using an application on the user device  102  as further described in reference to  FIG. 3  and  FIG. 5 . The user can configure the application to automatically “check-in” with the merchant once the user is within the geo-location radius  206  of the merchant, which will be further described below. In some implementations, the user can configure the application to set a maximum amount that can be charged per transaction with the merchant. 
     Checking in with a merchant allows the merchant application to display an option to charge the user&#39;s financial account using a cardless payment transaction. In essence, checking in constitutes a consent by the user to conduct a cardless transaction with the merchant. This consent differs from actual authorization of the transaction, which the user would provide, e.g., verbally, upon learning the amount of the transaction. 
     In some implementations, in order to determine whether user device  102  is within the geo-location radius  206  of the merchant device  104 , the merchant&#39;s location, e.g., address, and the geo-location radius  206  for the merchant are provided to the user device  102 . The user device  102  can then use a geofencing function. For example, the user device  102  determines its own location, e.g., based on GPS information, cellphone data, wireless network data, or the like, and then determines whether its own location is within the geo-location radius  206  of the merchant location. 
       FIG. 3  is a diagram of an example flow chart of process conducted with the cardless payment system  100 . The process conducted with the cardless payment system  100  involves relationships between a user&#39;s mobile device, a server system, and a merchant&#39;s device. The server system can reside in the payment service system  108  and be configured to send and receive communications between the user device and the merchant device. The server system can include the servers  112 . The communications can be encrypted using secure protocols built into the user device, server system, and merchant device. In some implementations, this process is implemented through the applications installed on both the user&#39;s mobile device and the merchant&#39;s device. 
     In a typical situation, the user launches the user application on the mobile device. The mobile device then displays a graphical user interface (discussed further below with reference to  FIG. 4A ). In launching the user application, the mobile device  102  directs a request to the server system to identify merchants that will perform cardless payment transactions. The request can be accompanied by location information, e.g., as determined by the mobile device  102 . The server system receives the request, and selects one or more merchants based on the location information from the customer and the stored location information for the merchant. At least an identification of the merchant and the location information for the merchant is sent to the mobile device  102 . Thus, the list of merchants can be displayed by the mobile device without prior entry of the user of any other search terms or search restrictions. 
     The user may input a request for further information about a merchant, e.g., tap the name of the merchant in the list displayed by the user application, or press a “More Info” button on the user interface of the user application. In response, the user device can display further information received from the merchant, e.g., the list of goods or services available, operating hours, and phone number. 
     The user sends an indication of consent to perform a cardless payment transaction with the merchant to the server system. For example, the user can request to “check in” with a merchant by interfacing with the user application on the user device (step  302 ); this request can constitute the indication of consent. 
     Alternatively, the request to identify a merchant, the display of information concerning the merchant, and/or the indication of consent, could be entered into a computer other than the user device  102 , e.g., the user&#39;s home computer, that is logged in to the user&#39;s account on the payment service system  108 . In any event, should the user indicate consent to perform the transaction, at least an identification of the merchant and the location information for the merchant is sent to the mobile device  102 . 
     The mobile device determines whether it is within the predetermined distance from the merchant (step  304 ). In some implementations, if the mobile device does not have the current location of the merchant, or if the merchant updated its location information, the merchant location can be pushed or pulled into the mobile device. Whether the mobile device is within the predetermined distance can be determined, e.g., using a geolocation function provided by the operating system of the mobile device. Alternatively, if the user opts in to sharing of location information, the location information of the mobile device can be provided to the server of the payment service system  108 , and the server determines the distance between the merchant and the mobile device. 
     As described above, if the mobile device determines the user&#39;s mobile device is not within a predetermined distance (e.g. 500 feet), the mobile device displays a message indicating its inability to check in (e.g., a “too far to check in” message) and rejects the user&#39;s request (step  308 ). In this case, the mobile device can view information about the merchant, but cannot check in. In other words, the merchant cannot charge the user&#39;s financial account using a cardless payment transaction until the user is within the predetermined distance and the merchant has the user&#39;s consent. This is further described in  FIGS. 5A-B . 
     On the other hand, if the mobile device is within the predetermined distance, the mobile device sends an indication of proximity to the server of the payment service system (step  306 ). In some implementations, the user can automatically check in. For example, the user first requests to automatically check in with a merchant. While this option is enabled, the mobile device can automatically detect when it is within the predetermined distance and send the indication of proximity, which will be described further in  FIGS. 5A-B . The indication of proximity can be determined using wireless network geo-fencing or GPS signals. In some implementations, if the mobile device is not within the predetermined distance, the user application will not permit the indication of consent to be provided. In some implementations, if the mobile device is not within the predetermined distance when an indication of consent is provided, the user application will require that the user again provide an indication of consent when the mobile device is within the predetermined distance. 
     After the server receives this indication of proximity, the server system sends the indication of the mobile device&#39;s presence and personal identifying information to the merchant device (step  310 ). In some implementations, personal identifying information includes the user&#39;s name and picture. Upon receipt of this information, the merchant device displays the user&#39;s identifying information (step  314 ) on the graphical user interface (GUI) of the merchant application. In some implementations, through the GUI of the merchant application, the merchant can select items that the user has sought to purchase. The application can be configured to associate individual prices with each of the merchant&#39;s items, and the application can automatically sum the total transaction amount that the user owes. In some implementations, the merchant can enter into the application a total sum of prices for all the items the user wishes to purchase, as well as tax or tip. A user can authorize payment for a transaction by verbally notifying the merchant. For example, a user named John Smith can tell the merchant, “Put this on John Smith.” Before or after the user authorizes payment for the transaction, the merchant verifies the user&#39;s identity (step  316 ). In some implementations, the merchant ensures the image displayed on the merchant device matches the user who is present in person. Assuming that the image matches, the merchant selects the transaction using the GUI of the merchant application. In some implementations, the merchant can ask the user for more identifying information before processing the transaction such as the user&#39;s birthday, address, or other personal identifying information. After verifying the user&#39;s identity, the merchant interfaces with the merchant application to start processing the transaction. 
     In some implementations, the amount to be charged exceeds a predetermined amount set by the user, the merchant or the cardless payment processor. In this case, the user enters in a PIN associated with the user&#39;s account into the merchant device. The merchant device verifies the PIN with the server. Alternatively, the server system may communicate with the user device and cause the user device to request that the user enter the PIN into the user device. In yet another alternative, the server system can ask the user to confirm the payment on the user device, removing the need to enter a PIN. 
     The merchant&#39;s device sends a record of the requested transaction to the server (step  318 ). The server system continues processing the requested transaction (step  320 ) by sending the record to the computer system of the card payment network  116 , e.g., Visa or MasterCard, and the card payment network  116  then sends the record to the card issuer, e.g., the bank, as described above. 
     If the transaction fails because it would exceed the credit limit or there are insufficient funds in the financial account, the server notifies the merchant application. In some implementations, the server can notify both the merchant application and user application. 
     If the transaction succeeds and the server system receives approval from the card payment network  116 , the server system communicates this to the merchant device. The merchant device then captures the transaction. In the capture stage, the approved transaction is again routed from the merchant to the credit card processor, card network and card issuer. The record of the transaction in the capture stage can the cardholder&#39;s signature (if appropriate), or other information. The capture state can trigger the financial transaction between the card issuer and the merchant. On receipt of an indication from the card network that the transaction has been captured, the server system optionally creates receipts to send to the user, e.g., through the user application and/or through the previously provided contact email, and to the merchant (step  322 ). Both devices then display the receipt in each of their applications (steps  324 ,  326 ). Optionally, the user may be permitted to opt out of notification. 
       FIG. 4A  is a diagram of example view  400  of the user application&#39;s main page on a user&#39;s mobile device. The user application can retrieve a list of merchants  412  in response to an application query (e.g., on startup of the application). The ranking of merchants that are retrieved within the list will be described further below in reference to  FIGS. 8 and 9 . The application can display the list of merchants  412 . The list of merchants can be organized into a plurality of rows, each row containing the name  412   a  of a single merchant. The list can also include an icon  412   b  for each merchant, e.g., located in the row with the name of the merchant. For example, each merchant&#39;s icon  412   b  can be located on the left side of the name  412   a  of the merchant. In some implementations, a cover image  408  for a merchant, e.g., the first merchant in the list, is displayed. The application can display a distance  410  that a merchant is from a current location of the mobile device. Again, the distance  410  can be located in the row with the name  412   a  of the merchant, e.g., on the right side of the name  412  of the merchant. 
     Each merchant can be represented with a custom-designed “card”. In some implementations, tapping the row containing the name  412   a  of the merchant, or tapping the name  412   a  of the merchant, will cause the user&#39;s mobile device to display more information regarding the respective merchant. In some implementations, the additional merchant information is represented by a custom-designed merchant page. For example, the mobile device can display a map around the merchant&#39;s area, the merchant&#39;s phone number, the merchant&#39;s operating hours, or other merchant information, as will be further described in  FIGS. 5A and 5B . 
     The application can present user account information by tapping an account button  402 . When provided with input, the application can search for merchants in a search bar  404 . For example, the application can send the search query to a cardless payment system and be provided with merchants that are relevant to the search query. Tapping a ‘favorites’ button  406  can cause the application to retrieve a list of favorites from the cardless payment system and display a list of favorite merchants selected by the user. 
     To select a favorite, a user can perform a side swipe motion on a merchant listing. This can cause the application to bring up a list of options related to the merchant. For example, the application can display options to favorite the merchant or share the merchant using different communication protocols (e.g., email or social network sharing). If a user selects a merchant as a favorite, the application sends the user&#39;s selection to the cardless payment system and associates the selection with the user&#39;s account. 
     If the current location of the mobile device is within a predetermined distance of a merchant, the application can display a representative symbol (e.g., “Check-in” button  414 ). By tapping the check in button, the application can perform the check in step described above in reference to  FIG. 3 . If the mobile device&#39;s current location is not within the predetermined distance, the application can display a distance  410  from the mobile device to the merchant. The application also allows the user to “Explore Places”  416 . In some implementations, this opens a list of nearby or featured merchants that are associated with the cardless payment system. A user then has an option to learn more about one of the merchants in the list. 
       FIG. 4B  is a diagram of an example view of the application showing an auto check-in button  418 . In some implementations, the application displays a representative symbol (e.g., an auto-check in button  418 ) next to each merchant that the user has established for automatically checking in. For example, if the user has previously selected to automatically check into a merchant, the application will display the auto-check in button  418  next to the merchant. This can be shown regardless of whether the mobile device is inside or outside the predetermined radius from the merchant. The user can conduct a transaction with this merchant as described in reference to  FIGS. 3 and 5 . 
       FIG. 4C  is a diagram of an example view of the application showing a representative symbol (e.g., a check mark  420 ) next to each merchant that the user has already checked into. The user can conduct a transaction with this merchant as described above in reference to  FIG. 3 . 
     Within the row for a given merchant, the distance indication  410 , check-in button  414 , auto-check in icon and check in icon  420  can each be displayed in the same location, e.g., only one is displayed at a time, e.g., on the right side of the name  412  of the merchant. For example, the text or icon within the button can change depending on which state is to be displayed. Optionally, the various buttons for merchants in different rows can be horizontally aligned on the display. 
       FIG. 5A  is a diagram of an example application view that displays information about a merchant when a user is not checked into the merchant. The merchant in the Figure is a coffee shop: “Ritual Coffee.” The application can show the name of the merchant, the merchant&#39;s address, or the merchant&#39;s logo  502 . In some implementations, if the mobile device is within a predetermined distance of the merchant, the application displays a check in button  504 . The check in button can operate as described above in reference to  FIG. 3 . If the mobile device is not within the predetermined distance, the application can display a “too far to check in” message as described in reference to  FIG. 3 . 
     In some implementations, a user can automatically check into the merchant  510 . If this is turned on, the user has given consent to check in automatically whenever the user&#39;s mobile device is within the predetermined distance from the merchant. The mobile device then can automatically detect in the background when it is within the predetermined distance and automatically sends, also in the background, an indication of proximity to a server in the payment service system as described above. The user can choose to engage in a cardless payment transaction with the merchant without ever bringing the application to the foreground. Therefore, in some implementations, this removes the need to run the application on a main thread of the device&#39;s processor. In other words, the user does not need to start the application when inside the predetermined distance and tap “Check in”. In practice, with Auto Check In turned on, John Smith, holding his mobile device  502 , can walk to a merchant from outside the predetermined distance, order an item for sale, and pay using the cardless payment system without interfacing with his mobile device  502  at the point of sale. In some implementations, the cardless payment system can limit the “auto-check in” functionality to merchants with a fixed location for security reasons. 
     In some implementations, the application can display additional information  512  about the merchant. The application can retrieve this information from the cardless payment system. The information can include merchant operating hours, merchant contact information, or other custom information provided by the merchant. In some implementations, the application displays items for sale at the merchant. The items for sale can be provided by the merchant or another system (e.g., the cardless payment system). The application can display merchant updates through social media (e.g., tweets). The application can also display past purchases made by the user. If a user selects this option, the application requests this information from the cardless payment system. The cardless payment system retrieves this information from a database containing the information and provides it to the application. 
       FIG. 5B  is a diagram of an example application view that displays information about a merchant when a user is checked into the merchant. In some implementations, because the user&#39;s credit card is already in the cardless payment system, the user does not need to physically give a credit card to the merchant. For example, once a user named John Smith wants to checkout with a few items, John Smith can pay by verbally telling a cashier “Put it on John Smith”  514 . The cashier can verify John&#39;s identity as described above. A user can also press a “Cancel” button  516  to close the transaction for the merchant. Closing the transaction will prevent the merchant and the merchant&#39;s device from charging the user using a cardless payment transaction. In some implementations, merchants can also close the transaction on the merchant device; information that the transaction is closed is transmitted to the server system and then to the mobile device, causing the transaction (if being displayed) to close on the mobile device as well. In some implementations, transactions automatically close after they have been approved. In some implementations, transactions automatically close after a preset amount of time, e.g., if no transaction has occurred. 
       FIG. 6  is a diagram of an example view  600  of a merchant device&#39;s application  602 . If a user is associated with the cardless payment system and is within the predetermined distance from the merchant, the device can display the user&#39;s identifying information in the application. In some implementations, the identifying information includes the user&#39;s name  610 , picture  608 , phone number, email address, or other personal identifying information. In some implementations, after verifying the user&#39;s identity using the identifying information, the merchant enters in an amount  606  into the application using the keypad  604 , shows the user the amount to be charged, and taps the “Ok” button  612  to cause the device to process the transaction. 
       FIG. 7  is a flow chart of an example method  700  of displaying a GUI of an application for cardless payment transactions. The user device obtains a current location of a mobile device of a customer  702 . The user device sends the current location to a cardless payment system  704 . The user device receives data identifying a plurality of merchants, each merchant having an account with the cardless payment system  706 . The user device displays a list of the plurality of merchants on a mobile device  708 . Simultaneous with displaying the list of the plurality of merchants, for each merchant in the list, the user device displays whether the merchant is authorized to perform a cardless payment transaction with the customer  710 . 
       FIG. 8  is a schematic illustration of the architecture  800  of an example ranking system  801 . The overall system  800  includes a user device  102  connected to the ranking system  801  through a network  106 , e.g., the components described above in reference to  FIG. 1 . In some implementations, the ranking system is a part of a cardless payment system. The user device  104  can request a list of merchants from the ranking system  801  over the Internet  106 . The ranking system  801  can provide the user device  102  with a list of relevant merchants as described above in reference to  FIG. 4A . 
     The ranking system  801  obtains merchant information  802  and user information  804  from one or more databases in the cardless payment system. Merchant information  802  can include a merchant&#39;s name, icon, location, operating hours, contact information, items for sale, or other information about the merchant. User information can include dwell time  806  of a user&#39;s mobile device around a merchant location, previous purchase histories of users  808 , or social network data  810 . User information will be further described below in reference to  FIG. 9 . A user can opt in (e.g., give consent) to share user information  804  to be used in the ranking system. 
       FIG. 9  is a flow chart of an example method  900  of ranking merchants performed by a ranking system. A user&#39;s mobile device can send the current location on startup of an application for cardless payment transactions. The system receives a current location of the mobile device  902 . The system requests for a plurality of merchants (e.g., represented as a list) that are located near the current location  904 . The system can limit the plurality of merchants to include merchants that are associated with the cardless payment system (e.g., merchants that have created merchant accounts as described above in reference to  FIG. 1 ). 
     In some implementations, after receiving the plurality of merchants, the system ranks not only on location, but also at least one or more other indicators  906 . Some of the one or more other indicators are weighed more heavily or lightly than others when determining ranks of merchants. 
     The ranking system can consider previous purchase history. Conventional credit card processors have access to data including a merchant&#39;s name, a total transaction amount, and a date. In addition to this data, the ranking system can also access previous purchase history that includes data about itemized purchases at merchants. The itemized purchase data can include a name for each item purchased, a stock-keeping unit (SKU) to uniquely identify items, universal product code (UPC), or a price for each item. 
     Merchants can provide an inventory of item information (e.g., an item&#39;s price, name, SKU or other details) to the cardless payment system. In some implementations, merchants provide this information during creation of a merchant account. 
     In some implementations, the cardless payment system tracks a user&#39;s previous purchase history whenever the user conducts a cardless payment transaction. In some implementations, previous purchase history can be acquired from transactions linked to financial accounts of the user in a payment service system (e.g., a payment service system as described in reference to  FIG. 1 ). Again, the user can opt-in to share previous purchase history with the ranking system. 
     Previous purchase history can include purchase history of the user or of other accounts associated with the user (e.g., friends or followers of the user). The system can consider how recently or frequently the user bought the previous purchase. For example, if a user purchases coffee from a specific merchant every day, the system can highly rank the commonly frequented merchant. In some implementations, the system considers how similar the previous purchase was based on the merchant or the type of item purchased (e.g., whether the user or the user&#39;s friend previously purchased a coffee or a computer). For example, the system can highly rank merchants that sell items similar to the previous purchase. 
     The ranking system can consider dwell time. Dwell time can be the amount of time a mobile device lies within a dwell distance of the merchant or some other geographic region, e.g., within a zipcode area. In some implementations, the dwell distance is the same as the predetermined distance mentioned above in reference to  FIG. 3 . In alternative implementations, the dwell distance is shorter than the predetermined distance mentioned above in reference to  FIG. 3 . For example, the dwell distance can be a few feet from the location of the merchant. To calculate the dwell time, a user device can use a geofencing or other location-based function to determine a location. For example, the user device determines its own location, e.g., based on GPS information, cellphone data, wireless network data, or the like, and then determines whether its own location is within the dwell distance of the merchant location. Using the user device&#39;s location, the user device can accumulate tracking data. Tracking data can include the amount of time (e.g., using a timer) that the user device is within the dwell distance of the merchant. The amount of dwell time at a merchant location can be directly proportional to a user&#39;s interest in the merchant. As mentioned above, the user can opt-in to share dwell time with the ranking system. 
     The ranking system can consider social network data. The system can request data from a social network application program interface (API). The data can include the user&#39;s interests as well as the user&#39;s friends&#39; interests. For example, the system can highly rank merchants that are frequently mentioned in social network data. 
     In some implementations, the system considers one or more indicators that include a time of day, a date, or one or more user-selected favorites. For example, the ranking system can highly rank merchants that are selected as favorites over merchants that have a low dwell time. The ranking system can also highly rank merchants that offer dinner during evening hours instead of presenting merchants that only offer breakfast. 
     In some implementations, the system considers merchants that are featured. Featured merchants can be presented as higher ranked than other merchants (e.g. because the featured merchants paid an advertising fee). 
     In some implementations, the one or more indicators include merchant interests of other customers that are associated with the user. For example, the system can determine whether two users are scheduled to meet for lunch (e.g., through an API). The system can then highly rank merchants that appeal to both users&#39; interests (e.g., through selected favorites, previous purchase history, or other indicators mentioned above). 
     After ranking the plurality of merchants, the system sends the ranked results and other associated merchant information (e.g., merchants&#39; names, addresses, operating hours, or contact information) to the mobile device  908 . The merchants are displayed in the list in the order of the ranked results. As noted above, the list of merchants can be displayed by the mobile device without prior entry of the user of any other search terms or search restrictions. 
     However, the user can also enter search terms using search bar  404 . The search terms can be sent to the payment service system  108 , which can generate a new ranking and send the new ranked results to the mobile device  908 . 
     Embodiments of the subject matter and the operations described in this specification can be implemented in digital electronic circuitry, or in computer software, firmware, or hardware, including the structures disclosed in this specification and their structural equivalents, or in combinations of one or more of them. Embodiments of the subject matter described in this specification can be implemented as one or more computer programs, i.e., one or more modules of computer program instructions, encoded on a non-transitory computer storage medium for execution by, or to control the operation of, data processing apparatus. Alternatively or in addition, the program instructions can be encoded on an artificially-generated propagated signal, e.g., a machine-generated electrical, optical, or electromagnetic signal, that is generated to encode information for transmission to suitable receiver apparatus for execution by a data processing apparatus. A computer storage medium can be, or be included in, a computer-readable storage device, a computer-readable storage substrate, a random or serial access memory array or device, or a combination of one or more of them. Moreover, while a computer storage medium is not a propagated signal, a computer storage medium can be a source or destination of computer program instructions encoded in an artificially-generated propagated signal. The computer storage medium can also be, or be included in, one or more separate physical components or media (e.g., multiple CDs, disks, or other storage devices). 
     The operations described in this specification can be implemented as operations performed by a data processing apparatus on data stored on one or more computer-readable storage devices or received from other sources. 
     The term “data processing apparatus” encompasses all kinds of apparatus, devices, and machines for processing data, including by way of example a programmable processor, a computer, a system on a chip, or multiple ones, or combinations, of the foregoing The apparatus can include special purpose logic circuitry, e.g., an FPGA (field programmable gate array) or an ASIC (application-specific integrated circuit). The apparatus can also include, in addition to hardware, code that creates an execution environment for the computer program in question, e.g., code that constitutes processor firmware, a protocol stack, a database management system, an operating system, a cross-platform runtime environment, a virtual machine, or a combination of one or more of them. The apparatus and execution environment can realize various different computing model infrastructures, such as web services, distributed computing and grid computing infrastructures. 
     A computer program (also known as a program, software, software application, script, or code) can be written in any form of programming language, including compiled or interpreted languages, declarative or procedural languages, and it can be deployed in any form, including as a stand-alone program or as a module, component, subroutine, object, or other unit suitable for use in a computing environment. A computer program may, but need not, correspond to a file in a file system. A program can be stored in a portion of a file that holds other programs or data (e.g., one or more scripts stored in a markup language resource), in a single file dedicated to the program in question, or in multiple coordinated files (e.g., files that store one or more modules, sub-programs, or portions of code). A computer program can be deployed to be executed on one computer or on multiple computers that are located at one site or distributed across multiple sites and interconnected by a communication network. 
     The processes and logic flows described in this specification can be performed by one or more programmable processors executing one or more computer programs to perform actions by operating on input data and generating output. The processes and logic flows can also be performed by, and apparatus can also be implemented as, special purpose logic circuitry, e.g., an FPGA (field programmable gate array) or an ASIC (application-specific integrated circuit). 
     Processors suitable for the execution of a computer program include, by way of example, both general and special purpose microprocessors, and any one or more processors of any kind of digital computer. Generally, a processor will receive instructions and data from a read-only memory or a random access memory or both. The essential elements of a computer are a processor for performing actions in accordance with instructions and one or more memory devices for storing instructions and data. Generally, a computer will also include, or be operatively coupled to receive data from or transfer data to, or both, one or more mass storage devices for storing data, e.g., magnetic, magneto-optical disks, or optical disks. However, a computer need not have such devices. Moreover, a computer can be embedded in another device, e.g., a mobile telephone, a personal digital assistant (PDA), a mobile audio or video player, a game console, a Global Positioning System (GPS) receiver, or a portable storage device (e.g., a universal serial bus (USB) flash drive), to name just a few. Devices suitable for storing computer program instructions and data include all forms of non-volatile memory, media and memory devices, including by way of example semiconductor memory devices, e.g., EPROM, EEPROM, and flash memory devices; magnetic disks, e.g., internal hard disks or removable disks; magneto-optical disks; and CD-ROM and DVD-ROM disks. The processor and the memory can be supplemented by, or incorporated in, special purpose logic circuitry. 
     To provide for interaction with a user, embodiments of the subject matter described in this specification can be implemented on a computer having a display device, e.g., a CRT (cathode ray tube) or LCD (liquid crystal display) monitor, for displaying information to the user and a keyboard and a pointing device, e.g., a mouse or a trackball, by which the user can provide input to the computer. Other kinds of devices can be used to provide for interaction with a user as well; for example, feedback provided to the user can be any form of sensory feedback, e.g., visual feedback, auditory feedback, or tactile feedback; and input from the user can be received in any form, including acoustic, speech, or tactile input. In addition, a computer can interact with a user by sending resources to and receiving resources from a device that is used by the user; for example, by sending web pages to a web browser on a user&#39;s client device in response to requests received from the web browser. 
     Embodiments of the subject matter described in this specification can be implemented in a computing system that includes a back-end component, e.g., as a data server, or that includes a middleware component, e.g., an application server, or that includes a front-end component, e.g., a client computer having a graphical user interface or a Web browser through which a user can interact with an implementation of the subject matter described in this specification, or any combination of one or more such back-end, middleware, or front-end components. The components of the system can be interconnected by any form or medium of digital data communication, e.g., a communication network. Examples of communication networks include a local area network (“LAN”) and a wide area network (“WAN”), an inter-network (e.g., the Internet), and peer-to-peer networks (e.g., ad hoc peer-to-peer networks). 
     The computing system can include clients and servers. A client and server are generally remote from each other and typically interact through a communication network. The relationship of client and server arises by virtue of computer programs running on the respective computers and having a client-server relationship to each other. In some embodiments, a server transmits data (e.g., an HTML page) to a client device (e.g., for purposes of displaying data to and receiving user input from a user interacting with the client device). Data generated at the client device (e.g., a result of the user interaction) can be received from the client device at the server. 
     A system of one or more computers can be configured to perform particular operations or actions by virtue of having software, firmware, hardware, or a combination of them installed on the system that in operation causes or cause the system to perform the actions. One or more computer programs can be configured to perform particular operations or actions by virtue of including instructions that, when executed by data processing apparatus, cause the apparatus to perform the actions. 
     While this specification contains many specific implementation details, these should not be construed as limitations on the scope of any inventions or of what may be claimed, but rather as descriptions of features specific to particular embodiments of particular inventions. Certain features that are described in this specification in the context of separate embodiments can also be implemented in combination in a single embodiment. Conversely, various features that are described in the context of a single embodiment can also be implemented in multiple embodiments separately or in any suitable subcombination. Moreover, although features may be described above as acting in certain combinations and even initially claimed as such, one or more features from a claimed combination can in some cases be excised from the combination, and the claimed combination may be directed to a subcombination or variation of a subcombination. 
     Similarly, while operations are depicted in the drawings in a particular order, this should not be understood as requiring that such operations be performed in the particular order shown or in sequential order, or that all illustrated operations be performed, to achieve desirable results. In certain circumstances, multitasking and parallel processing may be advantageous. Moreover, the separation of various system components in the embodiments described above should not be understood as requiring such separation in all embodiments, and it should be understood that the described program components and systems can generally be integrated together in a single software product or packaged into multiple software products. 
     Thus, particular embodiments of the subject matter have been described. Other embodiments are within the scope of the following claims. In some cases, the actions recited in the claims can be performed in a different order and still achieve desirable results. In addition, the processes depicted in the accompanying figures do not necessarily require the particular order shown, or sequential order, to achieve desirable results. In certain implementations, multitasking and parallel processing may be advantageous.