Patent Publication Number: US-2023164569-A1

Title: System and method for selecting 5g n3iwf server based on context-aware selection criteria

Description:
TECHNICAL FIELD 
     This disclosure relates generally to communication between electronic devices. More specifically, this disclosure relates to a system and method for selecting a 5G N3IWF server based on context-aware selection criteria. 
     BACKGROUND 
     For 5G networks, a N3IWF (Non-3GPP InterWorking Function) server provides a secure gateway to the operator&#39;s 5G network for non-3GPP access. The N3IWF server is responsible for connecting an untrusted, non-3GPP access network (e.g., a Wi-Fi network) to the 5G core network. In typical implementations, the user equipment (UE) and the N3IWF server establish an IPSec tunnel, and the N3IWF server separately connects to the user plane and the control plane of the 5G core network through an N2 interface and an N3 interface, respectively. If the non-3GPP access network is a Wi-Fi network, the UE can access the carrier 5G core services via a UE-N3IWF secure connection. Supported services include, but not limited to, Voice over call, multimedia message service (MMS), short message service (SMS), carrier 5G applications, and the like. 
     SUMMARY 
     This disclosure provides a system and method for selecting a 5G N3IWF server based on context-aware selection criteria. 
     In a first embodiment, a method includes generating a decision matrix for selection of a particular N3IWF server among a plurality of N3IWF servers, the decision matrix having multiple criteria including multiple N3IWF capabilities. The method also includes dynamically weighting at least one of the multiple criteria in the decision matrix, based on one or more adjustment factors. The method further includes applying a multi-attribute decision making technique to the decision matrix to select the particular N3IWF server, among the plurality of N3IWF servers, for a mobile device to connect to in a 5G network. 
     In a second embodiment, an electronic device includes at least one memory configured to store instructions. The electronic device also includes a processor configured when executing the instructions to generate a decision matrix for selection of a particular N3IWF server among a plurality of N3IWF servers, the decision matrix having multiple criteria including multiple N3IWF capabilities; dynamically weight at least one of the multiple criteria in the decision matrix, based on one or more adjustment factors; and apply a multi-attribute decision making technique to the decision matrix to select the particular N3IWF server, among the plurality of N3IWF servers, for the electronic device to connect to in a 5G network. 
     In a third embodiment, a non-transitory computer readable medium contains computer readable program code that, when executed, causes at least one processor of an electronic device to generate a decision matrix for selection of a particular N3IWF server among a plurality of N3IWF servers, the decision matrix having multiple criteria including multiple N3IWF capabilities; dynamically weight at least one of the multiple criteria in the decision matrix, based on one or more adjustment factors; and apply a multi-attribute decision making technique to the decision matrix to select the particular N3IWF server, among the plurality of N3IWF servers, for the electronic device to connect to in a 5G network. 
     Other technical features may be readily apparent to one skilled in the art from the following figures, descriptions, and claims. 
     Before undertaking the DETAILED DESCRIPTION below, it may be advantageous to set forth definitions of certain words and phrases used throughout this patent document. The terms “transmit,” “receive,” and “communicate,” as well as derivatives thereof, encompass both direct and indirect communication. The terms “include” and “comprise,” as well as derivatives thereof, mean inclusion without limitation. The term “or” is inclusive, meaning and/or. The phrase “associated with,” as well as derivatives thereof, means to include, be included within, interconnect with, contain, be contained within, connect to or with, couple to or with, be communicable with, cooperate with, interleave, juxtapose, be proximate to, be bound to or with, have, have a property of, have a relationship to or with, or the like. 
     Moreover, various functions described below can be implemented or supported by one or more computer programs, each of which is formed from computer readable program code and embodied in a computer readable medium. The terms “application” and “program” refer to one or more computer programs, software components, sets of instructions, procedures, functions, objects, classes, instances, related data, or a portion thereof adapted for implementation in a suitable computer readable program code. The phrase “computer readable program code” includes any type of computer code, including source code, object code, and executable code. The phrase “computer readable medium” includes any type of medium capable of being accessed by a computer, such as read only memory (ROM), random access memory (RAM), a hard disk drive, a compact disc (CD), a digital video disc (DVD), or any other type of memory. A “non-transitory” computer readable medium excludes wired, wireless, optical, or other communication links that transport transitory electrical or other signals. A non-transitory computer readable medium includes media where data can be permanently stored and media where data can be stored and later overwritten, such as a rewritable optical disc or an erasable memory device. 
     As used here, terms and phrases such as “have,” “may have,” “include,” or “may include” a feature (like a number, function, operation, or component such as a part) indicate the existence of the feature and do not exclude the existence of other features. Also, as used here, the phrases “A or B,” “at least one of A and/or B,” or “one or more of A and/or B” may include all possible combinations of A and B. For example, “A or B,” “at least one of A and B,” and “at least one of A or B” may indicate all of (1) including at least one A, (2) including at least one B, or (3) including at least one A and at least one B. 
     As used here, the terms “first” and “second” may modify various components regardless of importance and do not limit the components. These terms are only used to distinguish one component from another. For example, a first user device and a second user device may indicate different user devices from each other, regardless of the order or importance of the devices. A first component may be denoted a second component and vice versa without departing from the scope of this disclosure. 
     It will be understood that, when an element (such as a first element) is referred to as being (operatively or communicatively) “coupled with/to” or “connected with/to” another element (such as a second element), it can be coupled or connected with/to the other element directly or via a third element. In contrast, it will be understood that, when an element (such as a first element) is referred to as being “directly coupled with/to” or “directly connected with/to” another element (such as a second element), no other element (such as a third element) intervenes between the element and the other element. 
     As used here, the phrase “configured (or set) to” may be interchangeably used with the phrases “suitable for,” “having the capacity to,” “designed to,” “adapted to,” “made to,” or “capable of” depending on the circumstances. The phrase “configured (or set) to” does not essentially mean “specifically designed in hardware to.” Rather, the phrase “configured to” may mean that a device can perform an operation together with another device or parts. For example, the phrase “processor configured (or set) to perform A, B, and C” may mean a generic-purpose processor (such as a CPU or application processor) that may perform the operations by executing one or more software programs stored in a memory device or a dedicated processor (such as an embedded processor) for performing the operations. 
     The terms and phrases as used here are provided merely to describe some embodiments of this disclosure but not to limit the scope of other embodiments of this disclosure. It is to be understood that the singular forms “a,” “an,” and “the” include plural references unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. All terms and phrases, including technical and scientific terms and phrases, used here have the same meanings as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which the embodiments of this disclosure belong. It will be further understood that terms and phrases, such as those defined in commonly-used dictionaries, should be interpreted as having a meaning that is consistent with their meaning in the context of the relevant art and will not be interpreted in an idealized or overly formal sense unless expressly so defined here. In some cases, the terms and phrases defined here may be interpreted to exclude embodiments of this disclosure. 
     Examples of an “electronic device” according to embodiments of this disclosure may include at least one of a smart phone, a tablet personal computer (PC), a mobile phone, a video phone, an e-book reader, a desktop PC, a laptop computer, a netbook computer, a workstation, a personal digital assistant (PDA), a portable multimedia player (PMP), an MP3 player, a mobile medical device, a camera, or a wearable device (such as smart glasses, a head-mounted device (HMD), electronic clothes, an electronic bracelet, an electronic necklace, an electronic appcessory, an electronic tattoo, a smart mirror, or a smart watch). Other examples of an electronic device include a smart home appliance. Examples of the smart home appliance may include at least one of a television, a digital video disc (DVD) player, an audio player, a refrigerator, an air conditioner, a cleaner, an oven, a microwave oven, a washer, a drier, an air cleaner, a set-top box, a home automation control panel, a security control panel, a TV box (such SAMSUNG HOMESYNC, APPLETV, or GOOGLE TV), a gaming console (such as an XBOX, PLAYSTATION, or NINTENDO), an electronic dictionary, an electronic key, a camcorder, or an electronic picture frame. Still other examples of an electronic device include at least one of various medical devices (such as diverse portable medical measuring devices (like a blood sugar measuring device, a heartbeat measuring device, or a body temperature measuring device), a magnetic resource angiography (MRA) device, a magnetic resource imaging (MRI) device, a computed tomography (CT) device, an imaging device, or an ultrasonic device), a navigation device, a global positioning system (GPS) receiver, an event data recorder (EDR), a flight data recorder (FDR), an automotive infotainment device, a sailing electronic device (such as a sailing navigation device or a gyro compass), avionics, security devices, vehicular head units, industrial or home robots, automatic teller machines (ATMs), point of sales (POS) devices, or Internet of Things (IoT) devices (such as a bulb, various sensors, electric or gas meter, sprinkler, fire alarm, thermostat, street light, toaster, fitness equipment, hot water tank, heater, or boiler). Other examples of an electronic device include at least one part of a piece of furniture or building/structure, an electronic board, an electronic signature receiving device, a projector, or various measurement devices (such as devices for measuring water, electricity, gas, or electromagnetic waves). Note that, according to embodiments of this disclosure, an electronic device may be one or a combination of the above-listed devices. According to some embodiments of this disclosure, the electronic device may be a flexible electronic device. The electronic device disclosed here is not limited to the above-listed devices and may include new electronic devices depending on the development of technology. 
     In the following description, electronic devices are described with reference to the accompanying drawings, according to embodiments of this disclosure. As used here, the term “user” may denote a human or another device (such as an artificial intelligent electronic device) using the electronic device. 
     Definitions for other certain words and phrases may be provided throughout this patent document. Those of ordinary skill in the art should understand that in many if not most instances, such definitions apply to prior as well as future uses of such defined words and phrases. 
     None of the description in this application should be read as implying that any particular element, step, or function is an essential element that must be included in the claim scope. The scope of patented subject matter is defined only by the claims. Moreover, none of the claims is intended to invoke 35 U.S.C. § 112(f) unless the exact words “means for” are followed by a participle. Use of any other term, including without limitation “mechanism,” “module,” “device,” “unit,” “component,” “element,” “member,” “apparatus,” “machine,” “system,” “processor,” or “controller,” within a claim is understood by the Applicant to refer to structures known to those skilled in the relevant art and is not intended to invoke 35 U.S.C. § 112(f). 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       For a more complete understanding of this disclosure and its advantages, reference is now made to the following description, taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, in which: 
         FIG.  1    illustrates an example network configuration according to this disclosure; 
         FIG.  2    illustrates an example electronic device according to this disclosure; 
         FIG.  3    illustrates an example framework in which a 5G N3IWF server can be selected based on context-aware selection criteria according to this disclosure; 
         FIG.  4    illustrates an example N3IWF server selection decision matrix according to this disclosure; 
         FIG.  5    illustrates the decision matrix of  FIG.  4    with attribute weights assigned to each decision criterion according to this disclosure; 
         FIG.  6    illustrates an example of normalizing the decision matrix of  FIG.  4    according to this disclosure; 
         FIG.  7    illustrates an example of weighting the normalized decision matrix of  FIG.  6    according to the disclosure; 
         FIG.  8    illustrates the determination of separation from an ideal solution for the weighted decision matrix of  FIG.  7    according to this disclosure; 
         FIG.  9    illustrates the determination of separation from a negative solution for the weighted decision matrix of  FIG.  7    according to this disclosure; 
         FIG.  10    illustrates an example matrix in which relative closeness is determined according to this disclosure; and 
         FIG.  11    illustrates an example method for selecting a 5G N3IWF server based on context-aware selection criteria according to this disclosure. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     The figures discussed below and the various embodiments used to describe the principles of this disclosure in this patent document are by way of illustration only and should not be construed in any way to limit the scope of the disclosure. Those skilled in the art will understand that the principles of this disclosure can be implemented in any suitably arranged system. 
     As discussed above, for 5G networks, a N3IWF server provides a secure gateway to the operator&#39;s 5G network for non-3GPP access. The N3IWF server is responsible for connecting an untrusted, non-3GPP access network (e.g., a Wi-Fi network) to the 5G core network. In typical implementations, the UE and the N3IWF server establish an IPSec tunnel, and the N3IWF server separately connects to the user plane and the control plane of the 5G core network through an N2 interface and an N3 interface, respectively. If the non-3GPP access network is a Wi-Fi network, the UE can access the carrier 5G core services via a UE-N3IWF secure connection. Supported services include, but not limited to, Voice over call, multimedia message service (MMS), short message service (SMS), carrier 5G applications, and the like. 
     In conventional 4G networks, the selection of the ePDG server selection by the UE is hardcoded based on carrier requirements. For example, the UE may select the first IP address from the DNS resolution of the ePDG Fully Qualified Domain Name (FQDN). With embedded SIMS (eSIMs) now being widely used, the UE may need to connect to different carriers (and sometimes to an unknown network). 
     In contrast to an ePDG server in 4G networks, N3IWF servers support 5G specific features, such as Access Traffic Steering, Switching and Splitting (ATSSS). ATSSS is an optional feature in 5G. In ATSSS, “Steering” refers to selecting the best connection to use (e.g., 5G versus Wi-Fi) for a data transmission. “Switching” refers to performing a handover (e.g., a handover between 5G and Wi-Fi) without service interruption. “Splitting” refers to the simultaneous use of 3GPP and non-3GPP connections for data traffic. ATSSS-capable 5G networks simultaneously support N3IWF-based, non-3GPP connections (e.g., Wi-Fi) and 5G 3GPP connections for a PDN. 
     Another optional 5G specific feature is Internet Key Exchange (IKEv2) Mobility and Multihoming Protocol (MOBIKE). MOBIKE allows the IP addresses associated with IKEv2 and tunnel mode IPSec Security Associations to change. This enables a peer host (e.g., a UE) to change its point of network attachment and use different interfaces without removing the existing IPSec tunnel. 
     In a typical 5G deployment, there may be multiple N3IWF servers, and each N3IWF may have different capabilities. Such capabilities may correspond to different carriers, different regions, or different feature roll outs within the same operator. For example, some N3IWF servers may support ATSSS, while other N3IWF servers may not support ATSSS. Some N3IWF servers may support MOBIKE, while other N3IWF servers may not support MOBIKE. 
     Additionally, each 5G-capable UE can also have different requirements or support capabilities for a N3IWF server. For example, if a UE has ATSSS supported apps or supports ATSSS for voice over Wi-Fi (VOWIFI) handovers, it is important to select a N3IWF server that supports ATSSS. Similarly, if the UE supports MOBIKE, the UE may require the N3IWF server to support MOBIKE. Thus, with the availability of N3IWF advanced features in 5G, a more intelligent N3IWF server selection approach is needed. 
     To address these and other issues, embodiments of this disclosure provide systems and methods for selecting a 5G N3IWF server based on context-aware selection criteria. The disclosed embodiments employ an intelligent N3IWF server selection process that considers features of the UE, personal context information of the mobile user, carrier requirements, and N3IWF server supported features to select the best (i.e., optimal) N3IWF server. Note that while some of the embodiments discussed below are described in the context of use for consumer electronic devices, but this is merely one example. It will be understood that the principles of this disclosure may be implemented in any number of other suitable contexts. 
       FIG.  1    illustrates an example network configuration  100  according to this disclosure. As shown in  FIG.  1   , according to embodiments of this disclosure, an electronic device  101  is included in the network configuration  100 . The electronic device  101  may include at least one of a bus  110 , a processor  120 , a memory  130 , an input/output (I/O) interface  150 , a display  160 , a communication interface  170 , or a sensor  180 . In some embodiments, the electronic device  101  may exclude at least one of the components or may add another component. 
     The bus  110  may include a circuit for connecting the components  120 - 180  with one another and transferring communications (such as control messages and/or data) between the components. The processor  120  may include one or more of a central processing unit (CPU), an application processor (AP), or a communication processor (CP). The processor  120  may perform control on at least one of the other components of the electronic device  101  and/or perform an operation or data processing relating to communication. 
     The memory  130  may include a volatile and/or non-volatile memory. For example, the memory  130  may store commands or data related to at least one other component of the electronic device  101 . According to embodiments of this disclosure, the memory  130  may store software and/or a program  140 . The program  140  may include, for example, a kernel  141 , middleware  143 , an application programming interface (API)  145 , and/or an application program (or “application”)  147 . At least a portion of the kernel  141 , middleware  143 , or API  145  may be denoted an operating system (OS). 
     The kernel  141  may control or manage system resources (such as the bus  110 , processor  120 , or memory  130 ) used to perform operations or functions implemented in other programs (such as the middleware  143 , API  145 , or application program  147 ). The kernel  141  may provide an interface that allows the middleware  143 , API  145 , or application  147  to access the individual components of the electronic device  101  to control or manage the system resources. The middleware  143  may function as a relay to allow the API  145  or the application  147  to communicate data with the kernel  141 , for example. A plurality of applications  147  may be provided. The middleware  143  may control work requests received from the applications  147 , such as by allocating the priority of using the system resources of the electronic device  101  (such as the bus  110 , processor  120 , or memory  130 ) to at least one of the plurality of applications  147 . The API  145  is an interface allowing the application  147  to control functions provided from the kernel  141  or the middleware  143 . For example, the API  145  may include at least one interface or function (such as a command) for file control, window control, image processing, or text control. 
     The input/output interface  150  may serve as an interface that may, for example, transfer commands or data input from a user or other external devices to other component(s) of the electronic device  101 . Further, the input/output interface  150  may output commands or data received from other component(s) of the electronic device  101  to the user or the other external devices. 
     The display  160  may include, for example, a liquid crystal display (LCD), a light emitting diode (LED) display, an organic light emitting diode (OLED) display, an active matrix OLED (AMOLED), a microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) display, or an electronic paper display. The display  160  can also be a depth-aware display, such as a multi-focal display. The display  160  may display various contents (such as text, images, videos, icons, or symbols) to the user. The display  160  may include a touchscreen and may receive, for example, a touch, gesture, proximity, or hovering input using an electronic pen or a body portion of the user. 
     The communication interface  170  may set up communication between the electronic device  101  and an external electronic device (such as a first electronic device  102 , a second electronic device  104 , or a server  106 ). For example, the communication interface  170  may be connected with a network  162  or  164  through wireless or wired communication to communicate with the external electronic device. 
     The electronic device  101  further includes one or more sensors  180  that can meter a physical quantity or detect an activation state of the electronic device  101  and convert metered or detected information into an electrical signal. For example, one or more sensors  180  can include one or more buttons for touch input, one or more cameras, a gesture sensor, a gyroscope or gyro sensor, an air pressure sensor, a magnetic sensor or magnetometer, an acceleration sensor or accelerometer, a grip sensor, a proximity sensor, a color sensor (such as a red green blue (RGB) sensor), a bio-physical sensor, a temperature sensor, a humidity sensor, an illumination sensor, an ultraviolet (UV) sensor, an electromyography (EMG) sensor, an electroencephalogram (EEG) sensor, an electrocardiogram (ECG) sensor, an infrared (IR) sensor, an ultrasound sensor, an iris sensor, or a fingerprint sensor. The sensor(s)  180  can also include an inertial measurement unit, which can include one or more accelerometers, gyroscopes, and other components. The sensor(s)  180  can further include a control circuit for controlling at least one of the sensors included here. Any of these sensor(s)  180  can be located within the electronic device  101 . 
     The first external electronic device  102  or the second external electronic device  104  may be a wearable device or an electronic device  101 —mountable wearable device (such as a head mounted display (HMD)). When the electronic device  101  is mounted in an HMD (such as the electronic device  102 ), the electronic device  101  may detect the mounting in the HMD and operate in a virtual reality mode. When the electronic device  101  is mounted in the electronic device  102  (such as the HMD), the electronic device  101  may communicate with the electronic device  102  through the communication interface  170 . The electronic device  101  may be directly connected with the electronic device  102  to communicate with the electronic device  102  without involving with a separate network. 
     The wireless communication may use at least one of, for example, long term evolution (LTE), long term evolution-advanced (LTE-A), code division multiple access (CDMA), wideband code division multiple access (WCDMA), universal mobile telecommunication system (UMTS), wireless broadband (WiBro), or global system for mobile communication (GSM), as a cellular communication protocol. The wired connection may include at least one of, for example, universal serial bus (USB), high definition multimedia interface (HDMI), recommended standard 232 (RS-232), or plain old telephone service (POTS). The network  162  may include at least one communication network, such as a computer network (like a local area network (LAN) or wide area network (WAN)), the Internet, or a telephone network. 
     The first and second external electronic devices  102  and  104  each may be a device of the same type or a different type from the electronic device  101 . According to embodiments of this disclosure, the server  106  may include a group of one or more servers. Also, according to embodiments of this disclosure, all or some of the operations executed on the electronic device  101  may be executed on another or multiple other electronic devices (such as the electronic devices  102  and  104  or server  106 ). Further, according to embodiments of this disclosure, when the electronic device  101  should perform some function or service automatically or at a request, the electronic device  101 , instead of executing the function or service on its own or additionally, may request another device (such as electronic devices  102  and  104  or server  106 ) to perform at least some functions associated therewith. The other electronic device (such as electronic devices  102  and  104  or server  106 ) may execute the requested functions or additional functions and transfer a result of the execution to the electronic device  101 . The electronic device  101  may provide a requested function or service by processing the received result as it is or additionally. To that end, a cloud computing, distributed computing, or client-server computing technique may be used, for example. 
     While  FIG.  1    shows that the electronic device  101  includes the communication interface  170  to communicate with the external electronic device  102  or  104  or server  106  via the network(s)  162  and  164 , the electronic device  101  may be independently operated without a separate communication function, according to embodiments of this disclosure. Also, note that the electronic device  102  or  104  or the server  106  could be implemented using a bus, a processor, a memory, an I/O interface, a display, a communication interface, and an event processing module (or any suitable subset thereof) in the same or similar manner as shown for the electronic device  101 . 
     Although  FIG.  1    illustrates one example of a network configuration  100 , various changes may be made to  FIG.  1   . For example, the network configuration  100  could include any number of each component in any suitable arrangement. In general, computing and communication systems come in a wide variety of configurations, and  FIG.  1    does not limit the scope of this disclosure to any particular configuration. Also, while  FIG.  1    illustrates one operational environment in which various features disclosed in this patent document can be used, these features could be used in any other suitable system. 
       FIG.  2    illustrates an example electronic device  101  according to this disclosure. The electronic device  101  could represent one or more of the electronic devices  101 ,  102 , or  104  in  FIG.  1   . In some embodiments, the electronic device  101  can represent a 5G capable UE. As shown in  FIG.  2   , the electronic device  101  includes an antenna  205 , a radio frequency (RF) transceiver  210 , transmit (TX) processing circuitry  215 , a microphone  220 , and receive (RX) processing circuitry  225 . The electronic device  101  also includes a speaker  230 , a processor  240 , an input/output (I/O) interface (IF)  245 , an input  250 , a display  255 , and a memory  260 . The memory  260  includes an operating system (OS) program  261  and one or more applications  262 . 
     The RF transceiver  210  receives, from the antenna  205 , an incoming RF signal transmitted by another component in a system. The RF transceiver  210  down-converts the incoming RF signal to generate an intermediate frequency (IF) or baseband signal. The IF or baseband signal is sent to the RX processing circuitry  225 , which generates a processed baseband signal by filtering, decoding, and/or digitizing the baseband or IF signal. The RX processing circuitry  225  transmits the processed baseband signal to the speaker  230  (such as for voice data) or to the processor  240  for further processing. 
     The TX processing circuitry  215  receives analog or digital voice data from the microphone  220  or other outgoing baseband data (such as web data, e-mail, or interactive video game data) from the processor  240 . The TX processing circuitry  215  encodes, multiplexes, and/or digitizes the outgoing baseband data to generate a processed baseband or IF signal. The RF transceiver  210  receives the outgoing processed baseband or IF signal from the TX processing circuitry  215  and up-converts the baseband or IF signal to an RF signal that is transmitted via the antenna  205 . 
     The processor  240  can include one or more processors or other processors and execute the OS program  261  stored in the memory  260  in order to control the overall operation of the electronic device  101 . For example, the processor  240  could control the reception of forward channel signals and the transmission of reverse channel signals by the RF transceiver  210 , the RX processing circuitry  225 , and the TX processing circuitry  215  in accordance with well-known principles. In some embodiments, the processor  240  includes at least one microprocessor or microcontroller. 
     The processor  240  is also capable of executing other processes and programs resident in the memory  260 . The processor  240  can move data into or out of the memory  260  as required by an executing process. In some embodiments, the processor  240  is configured to execute the applications  262  based on the OS program  261  or in response to signals received from external devices or an operator. The processor  240  can execute a resource management application  263  for monitoring system resources. The processor  240  is also coupled to the I/O interface  245 , which provides the electronic device  101  with the ability to connect to other devices such as laptop computers, handheld computers and other accessories, for example, a virtual reality (VR) headset. The I/O interface  245  is the communication path between these accessories and the processor  240 . The processor  240  can recognize accessories that are attached through the I/O interface  245 , such as a VR headset connected to a USB port. 
     The processor  240  is also coupled to the input  250  and the display  255 . The operator of the electronic device  101  can use the input  250  (e.g., keypad, touchscreen, button etc.) to enter data into the electronic device  101 . The display  255  may be an LCD, LED, OLED, AMOLED, MEMS, electronic paper, or other display capable of rendering text and/or at least limited graphics, such as from web sites. 
     The memory  260  is coupled to the processor  240 . Part of the memory  260  could include a random access memory (RAM), and another part of the memory  260  could include a Flash memory or other read-only memory (ROM). 
     The electronic device  101  further includes one or more sensors  265  that can meter a physical quantity or detect an activation state of the electronic device  101  and convert metered or detected information into an electrical signal. For example, the sensor  265  may include any of the various sensors  180  discussed above. 
     Although  FIG.  2    illustrates one example of an electronic device  101 , various changes may be made to  FIG.  2   . For example, various components in  FIG.  2    could be combined, further subdivided, or omitted and additional components could be added according to particular needs. As a particular example, the processor  240  could be divided into multiple processors, such as one or more central processing units (CPUs) and one or more graphics processing units (GPUs). Also, while  FIG.  2    illustrates the electronic device  101  configured as a mobile telephone or smart phone, electronic devices could be configured to operate as other types of mobile or stationary devices. In addition, as with computing and communication networks, electronic devices can come in a wide variety of configurations and  FIG.  2    does not limit this disclosure to any particular electronic device. 
       FIG.  3    illustrates an example framework  300  in which a 5G N3IWF server can be selected based on context-aware selection criteria according to this disclosure. The framework  300  applies one or more multi-attribute decision making (MADM) algorithms for N3IWF server selection using multiple criteria. In some embodiments, the framework  300  enhances an existing MADM algorithm with context aware features to allow dynamic attribute importance weight adjustment in order to optimize N3IWF server selection based on user context, device capabilities, and carrier requirements, if available. For ease of explanation, the framework  300  is described as being implemented using one or more components of the electronic device  101  described above. In particular, the framework  300  may be implemented using a 5G capable UE. However, this is merely one example, and the framework  300  could be implemented using any other suitable device(s). 
     As shown in  FIG.  3   , using the framework  300 , the electronic device  101  obtains one or more device capabilities  301 , user contexts  302 , and carrier requirements  303  for use as selection criteria in the N3IWF server selection. The device capabilities  301  indicate which features the electronic device  101  is capable of supporting. For example, if the electronic device  101  supports Dual SIM Dual Standby (DSDS), then the device capabilities  301  can include a MOBIKE attribute, since the electronic device  101  may need to use MOBIKE support in order to perform a cross SIM N3IWF connection in an active call scenario. As another example, if the electronic device  101  supports an ATSSS application, then the device capabilities  301  can include an ATSSS attribute. Of course, these examples are not limiting; the device capabilities  301  can include any other suitable device capability parameters, attributes, or indications. 
     The user contexts  302  indicate one or more patterns of a user of the electronic device  101  (i.e., the UE user). The user patterns can be associated with a time of day or time period within the day, location and movement information, user network selections, and the like. Over time, the electronic device  101  can learn the history and mobility patterns of the user. For example, the electronic device  101  can learn that the user always stays in the office from  5 pm to  8 pm on weekdays. As another example, the electronic device  101  can learn that the user typically connects to the same Wi-Fi access point (AP) while in the office. As yet another example, the electronic device  101  can learn what apps the user regularly uses on the electronic device  101 . Of course, these examples are not limiting; the user contexts  302  can include any other suitable user context parameters or indications. 
     The carrier requirements  303  indicate whether or not a carrier requires certain features. In some embodiments, the carrier requirements  303  can be mandatory and the framework  300  can make the attribute weights (discussed in greater detail below) non-modifiable for the carrier requirements  303 . 
     Once the electronic device  101  obtains the device capabilities  301 , user contexts  302 , and carrier requirements  303 , the electronic device  101  generates a N3IWF server selection decision matrix that can be applied to the N3IWF selection.  FIG.  4    illustrates an example N3IWF server selection decision matrix  400  according to this disclosure. For ease of explanation, the decision matrix  400  is described as being used with the framework  300 . However, this is merely one example, and the decision matrix  400  could be used in any other suitable context. 
     As shown in  FIG.  4   , the decision matrix  400  includes multiple rows, where each row is associated with one of multiple possible N3IWF servers  402  that the electronic device  101  can select for the N3IWF connection. In the decision matrix  400 , the N3IWF servers  402  are identified as 1, 2, 3, . . . , n. 
     The decision matrix  400  also includes multiple columns, where each column represents one of multiple decision criteria  404  that the electronic device  101  may consider when selecting one of the N3IWF servers  402 . The decision criteria  404  include various N3IWF capabilities and feature attributes that are relevant for the electronic device  101  deciding which N3IWF server  402  to select. In some embodiments, one or more of the decision criteria  404  can include one or more of the device capabilities  301  and carrier requirements  303 . In the decision matrix  400 , the decision criteria  404  include ATSSS, MOBIKE, criteria_x, and cost. ATSSS and MOBIKE represent whether or not the electronic device  101  supports ATSSS and MOBIKE. Criteria_x is simply shorthand for one or more other decision criteria  404  that may be part of the decision matrix  400 . Cost represents a financial cost for N3IWF data, voice, or both. For example, for some carriers, N3IWF data and voice is free to the subscriber. However, for some carriers, N3IWF data and/or voice may have an associated cost or fee due to the subscriber&#39;s Wi-Fi related subscription plan. 
     For each combination of N3IWF server  402  and decision criteria  404 , the decision matrix  400  includes a value. As shown in  FIG.  4   , the values are either 0 or 1. For ATSSS, MOBIKE, and Criteria_x, 0 can indicate that the feature is not supported by that N3IWF server  402 , and 1 can indicate that the feature is supported. For cost, 0 can indicate that N3IWF is fee based for that N3IWF server  402 , and 1 can indicate that N3IWF is free. Of course, these values are merely examples; other values and their indications are possible and within the scope of this disclosure. 
     Returning to  FIG.  3   , once the decision matrix  400  is generated, the electronic device  101  can perform a dynamic server feature weight adjustment process  304  to dynamically adjust the importance of the decision criteria  404 . Using the process  304 , the electronic device  101  adjusts the importance of each decision criterion  404  by assigning an attribute weight to each decision criterion  404 . For example,  FIG.  5    illustrates the decision matrix  400  with attribute weights  502  assigned to each decision criterion  404 . The attribute weights  502  are determined based on the device capabilities  301  (which can include app requirements), the user contexts  302 , and the carrier requirements  303 . 
     For example, based on the user contexts  302 , if the user has a non-DSDS device, always stays in the office from  5 pm to  8 pm on weekdays, and always connects to the same Wi-Fi AP while in the office, then the electronic device  101  can determine that MOBIKE is not very important for this user, and the attribute weight  502  for MOBIKE can be set to a value representing low importance. On the other hand, if the device supports DSDS, then the electronic device  101  can determine that MOBIKE is important for this user, since the device may need to use MOBIKE support in order to perform a cross SIM N3IWF connection in an active call scenario. As another example, based on the carrier requirements  303 , if a carrier requires that one or more features is mandatory, then the attribute weight  502  for an associated decision criterion  404  can be set to a value and made non-modifiable. As shown in  FIG.  5   , the attribute weights  502  are values between 0 and 10, where 0 indicates low importance, and 10 indicates high importance. Of course, these values are merely examples; other values and their indications are possible and within the scope of this disclosure. 
     After the electronic device  101  weights the decision criteria  404  using the process  304 , the electronic device  101  can perform a multi-attribute decision making (MADM) algorithm  305  to select the best option for the N3IWF server  402 . The electronic device  101  performs the MADM algorithm  305  to choose the optimal candidate that meets the multiple weighted decision criteria  404 . Here, the optimal (or best) candidate is the candidate with the highest degree of satisfaction among the N3IWF servers  402  in terms of an evaluated objective based on the multiple weighted decision criteria  404 . In some embodiments, the electronic device  101  uses a modified version of a Technique for Order of Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) as the MADM algorithm  305 . In some embodiments, the MADM algorithm  305  includes the following steps. 
     Step  1 . The decision matrix  400  is normalized according to the following: 
         r   ij =x ij /sq root (sum, i=1 . . . m of  x   ij   2 ).   (1)
 
     In Eqn. (1), i indicates the row number and j indicates the column number in the decision matrix  400 , m is the number of rows in the decision matrix  400 , and X ij  is the element value at the ith row and the jth column of the decision matrix  400 . The operation sq root (sum, i=1 . . . m of x ij   2 ) means the square root of the sum (x 1j   2 +x 2j   2 +x 3j   2 +x mj   2 ). 
     For example,  FIG.  6    illustrates an example of normalizing the decision matrix  400  according to this disclosure. In  FIG.  6   , the first column of the decision matrix  400  is indicated with a dashed line. The first column of the decision matrix  400  has the following values: X 11 =1, X 21 =0, X 31 =1, X 41 =1. Using Eqn. (1), the normalized value for X 11  is calculated as: 
     
       
         
           
             
               
                 
                   
                     
                       r 
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                       ⁢ 
                           
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     In  FIG.  6   , the normalized decision matrix  600  is obtained after normalization of the decision matrix  400 . 
     Step  2 . The normalized decision matrix  600  is weighted to obtain a weighted decision matrix. The electronic device  101  can weight each element in the normalized decision matrix  600  by multiplying the element value by the corresponding attribute weight  502 . For example,  FIG.  7    illustrates an example of weighting the normalized decision matrix  600  according to the disclosure. In  FIG.  7   , each element in each column of the normalized decision matrix  600  is multiplied by the corresponding attribute weight  502  for that column. In  FIG.  7   , the weighted decision matrix  700  is obtained after weighting the normalized decision matrix  600 . 
     Step  3 . The ideal solution A* and the negative solution A −  are obtained from the weighted decision matrix  700 . The ideal solution A* is the set of maximum values for the set of decision criteria  404 . For example, in the weighted decision matrix  700 , the maximum value for the ATSSS decision criterion  404  is 5.77. The maximum value for the MOBIKE decision criterion  404  is 7.07. The maximum value for the Criteria_x decision criterion  404  is 0. And the maximum value for the cost decision criterion  404  is 0. Thus, the ideal solution A* for the weighted decision matrix  700  is A*=(5.77, 7.07, 0, 0). 
     The negative solution A −  is the set of minimum values for the set of decision criteria  404 . For example, in the weighted decision matrix  700 , the minimum value for the ATSSS decision criterion  404  is 0. The minimum value for the MOBIKE decision criterion  404  is 0. The minimum value for the Criteria_x decision criterion  404  is 0. And the minimum value for the cost decision criterion  404  is 0. Thus, the negative solution A −  for the weighted decision matrix  700  is A − =(0, 0, 0, 0). 
     Step  4 . The separation S* of the weighted decision matrix  700  from the ideal solution A* is determined. The determination is made on a row by row basis using the weighted decision matrix  700 . In some embodiments, the separation S* is determined using the following: 
         S *=sq root(sum of squares for j=1 . . . n of ( r   ij   −A *)).   (3)
 
     Stated differently, Eqn. (3) can also be expressed as the following: 
         S *=sq root((r i1   −A *) 2 +( r   i2   −A *) 2 ( r   i3   −A *) 2 + . . . +(r in   −A *) 2 ).   (4)
 
     In Eqns. (3) and (4), n represents the number of columns in the weighted decision matrix  700 .  FIG.  8    illustrates the determination of the separation  802  S* for the weighted decision matrix  700  according to this disclosure. For the first row of the weighted decision matrix  700 : 
     First row, S 1 *=sq root ((5.77−5.77) 2 +(7.07−7.07) 2 +0+0) =0. 
     For the second row, S 2 *=sq root ((0−5.77) 2 +(7.07−7.07) 2 +0+0)=5.77. 
     For the third row, S 3 *=sq root ((5.77−5.77) 2 +(0-7.07) 2 +0+0)=7.07. 
     For the fourth row, S 4 *=sq root ((5.77−5.77) 2 +(0−7.07) 2 +0+0)=7.07. 
     Thus, the separation  802  S* from the ideal solution is S*=(0, 5.77, 7.07, 7.07). 
     Step  5 . The separation S −  of the weighted decision matrix  700  from the negative solution A −  is determined. The determination is made on a row by row basis using the weighted decision matrix  700 . In some embodiments, the separation S −  is determined using the following: 
         S   − =sq root (sum of squares for j=1 . . . n of ( rij−A   − )).   (5)
 
     Stated differently, Eqn. (5) can also be expressed as the following: 
         S   − =sq root(( r   i1   −A   − ) 2 +( r   i2   −A   − ) 2 +( r   i3   −A   − ) 2 + . . . +( r   in   −A   − ) 2 ).   (6)
 
       FIG.  9    illustrates the determination of the separation  902  S −  for the weighted decision matrix  700  according to this disclosure. For the first row of the weighted decision matrix  700 : 
     First row S 1   − =sq root ((5.77−0) 2 +(7.07−0) 2 +0+0)=9.12. 
     For the 2nd row S 2   − =sq root ((0−0) 2 +(7.07−0) 2 +0+0)=7.07. 
     For the 3rd row S 3   − =sq root ((5.77−0) 2 +(0−0) 2 +0+0)=5.77. 
     For the 4 th  row S 4   − =sq root ((5.77−0) 2 +(0−0) 2 +0+0)=5.77. 
     Thus, the separation  902  S −  from the ideal solution is S − =(9.12, 7.07, 5.77, 5.77). 
     Step  6 . The relative closeness to the ideal solution is determined using S − /(S*+S − ), where S −  is the separation  902  from the negative solution and S* is the separation  802  from the ideal solution.  FIG.  10    illustrates an example matrix  1000  in which the relative closeness  1002  is determined from the separation  802  and the separation  902  for each N3IWF server  402 . In the matrix  1000 , the N3IWF server  1  has a relative closeness value of  − /(S*+S − )=1, which is the maximum value among the N3IWF servers  402 . Thus, the electronic device  101  can select N3IWF server  1  as the optimal server for the N3IWF connection. 
     As described herein, the framework  300  allows the electronic device  101  to not only consider the capabilities of the N3IWF servers, but also provides flexibility for adjusting the importance of selection criteria (using the weight adjustment process  304 ) per device capabilities  301 , user contexts  302 , and carrier requirements  303 . This enables the UE to have a consistent technique for N3IWF server selection. That is, there is no need to customize the selection process for different carriers. The disclosed embodiments enable the UE to have flexibility in supporting various carriers. This is becoming more important as the use of eSIMs increases, and supporting UEs will need to connect to different carriers. 
     Although  FIGS.  3  through  10    illustrate example details of a framework  300  in which a 5G N3IWF server can be selected based on context-aware selection criteria, various changes may be made to  FIGS.  3  through  10   . For example, the framework  300  could include any number of each component in any suitable arrangement. In general, computing and communication systems come in a wide variety of configurations, and  FIG.  3    does not limit the scope of this disclosure to any particular configuration. Also, various operations in  FIGS.  3  through  10    could overlap, occur in parallel, occur in a different order, or occur any number of times. In addition, the specific operations shown in  FIGS.  3  through  10    are examples only, and other techniques (including other MADM algorithms that are not based on TOPSIS) could be used to perform each of the operations shown in these figures. 
     It should be noted that the various functions and operations shown and described above with respect to  FIGS.  3  through  10    can be implemented in the electronic device  101  in any suitable manner. For example, in some embodiments, at least some of the functions and operations can be implemented or supported using one or more software applications or other software instructions that are executed by the processor(s)  120 ,  240  of the electronic device  101 . In other embodiments, at least some of the functions and operations can be implemented or supported using dedicated hardware components. In general, the functions and operations can be performed using any suitable hardware or any suitable combination of hardware and software/firmware instructions. 
       FIG.  11    illustrates an example method  1100  for selecting a 5G N3IWF server based on context-aware selection criteria according to this disclosure. For ease of explanation, the method  1100  shown in  FIG.  11    is described as involving the framework  300  shown in  FIGS.  3  through  10   . The method  1100  may be performed by an electronic device, such as the electronic device  101  of  FIG.  1   . However, the method  1100  could involve any other suitable framework and be performed by any suitable device or system without departing from the scope of this disclosure. 
     At operation  1101 , the electronic device  101  generates a decision matrix for selection of a particular N3IWF server among a plurality of N3IWF servers, where the decision matrix has multiple criteria including multiple N3IWF capabilities. This can include, for example, the electronic device  101  generating the decision matrix  400  with multiple decision criteria  404 . 
     At operation  1103 , the electronic device  101  dynamically weights at least one of the multiple criteria in the decision matrix, based on one or more adjustment factors. This can include, for example, the electronic device  101  performing the dynamic server feature weight adjustment process  304  to assign attribute weights  502  to each decision criterion  404 . 
     At operation  1105 , the electronic device  101  applies a multi-attribute decision making technique to the decision matrix to select the particular N3IWF server, among the plurality of N3IWF servers, for a mobile device to connect to in a 5G network. This can include, for example, the electronic device  101  performing the MADM algorithm  305 , such as shown in  FIGS.  6  through  10   , to select the particular N3IWF server  402 . 
     Although  FIG.  11    illustrates one example of a method  1100  for selecting a 5G N3IWF server based on context-aware selection criteria according to this disclosure, various changes can be made to  FIG.  11   . For example, various steps in  FIG.  11    could overlap, occur in parallel, occur serially, occur in a different order, or occur any number of times. Also, the steps of the method  1100  could be implemented in any suitable manner, such as entirely within the electronic device  101  or using a combination of devices. For instance, the electronic device  101  could collect data and provide the data to a server  106 , which could then process the data and generate any suitable output. 
     Although this disclosure has been described with reference to various example embodiments, various changes and modifications may be suggested to one skilled in the art. It is intended that this disclosure encompass such changes and modifications as fall within the scope of the appended claims.