Patent Publication Number: US-11645244-B2

Title: Share replication between remote deployments

Description:
PRIORITY CLAIM 
     This application is a continuation of application Ser. No. 17/694,335 filed Mar. 14, 2022 and entitled “SHARE REPLICATION BETWEEN REMOTE DEPLOYMENTS,” which is a continuation of application Ser. No. 17/459,334, filed Aug. 27, 2021 and entitled “SHARE REPLICATION BETWEEN REMOTE DEPLOYMENTS,” which is a continuation of application Ser. No. 17/193,192, filed Mar. 5, 2021 and entitled “SHARE REPLICATION BETWEEN REMOTE DEPLOYMENTS,” which is a continuation of application Ser. No. 16/900,840, filed on Jun. 12, 2020 and entitled “SHARE REPLICATION BETWEEN REMOTE DEPLOYMENTS,” which claims the benefit of provisional patent application No. 63/030,267, filed on May 26, 2020, the disclosures of which is incorporated herein by reference. 
    
    
     TECHNICAL FIELD 
     The present disclosure relates to data sharing platforms, and particularly to sharing data between remote deployments thereof. 
     BACKGROUND 
     Databases are widely used for data storage and access in computing applications. Databases may include one or more tables that include or reference data that can be read, modified, or deleted using queries. Databases may be used for storing and/or accessing personal information or other sensitive information. Secure storage and access of database data may be provided by encrypting and/or storing data in an encrypted form to prevent unauthorized access. In some cases, data sharing may be desirable to let other parties perform queries against a set of data. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       The described embodiments and the advantages thereof may best be understood by reference to the following description taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings. These drawings in no way limit any changes in form and detail that may be made to the described embodiments by one skilled in the art without departing from the spirit and scope of the described embodiments. 
         FIG.  1 A  is a block diagram depicting an example computing environment in which the methods disclosed herein may be implemented. 
         FIG.  1 B  is a block diagram illustrating an example virtual warehouse. 
         FIG.  2    is a schematic block diagram of data that may be used to implement a public or private data exchange in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. 
         FIG.  3    is a schematic block diagram of components for implementing a data exchange in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. 
         FIG.  4    is a block diagram of remote deployments in a data exchange, in accordance with some embodiments of the present invention. 
         FIG.  5    is a diagram illustrating a share grant refresh, in accordance with some embodiments of the present invention. 
         FIGS.  6 A and  6 B  are diagrams illustrating a subsequent share grant refresh, in accordance with some embodiments of the present invention. 
         FIG.  7    is a flow diagram of a method for replicating a share object to a remote deployment, in accordance with some embodiments of the present invention. 
         FIG.  8    is a flow diagram of a method for performing a share grant refresh operation, in accordance with some embodiments of the present invention. 
         FIG.  9    is a block diagram of an example computing device that may perform one or more of the operations described herein, in accordance with some embodiments of the present invention. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     Data providers often have data assets that are cumbersome to share. A data asset may be data that is of interest to another entity. For example, a large online retail company may have a data set that includes the purchasing habits of millions of customers over the last ten years. This data set may be large. If the online retailer wishes to share all or a portion of this data with another entity, the online retailer may need to use old and slow methods to transfer the data, such as a file-transfer-protocol (FTP), or even copying the data onto physical media and mailing the physical media to the other entity. This has several disadvantages. First, it is slow. Copying terabytes or petabytes of data can take days. Second, once the data is delivered, the sharer cannot control what happens to the data. The recipient can alter the data, make copies, or share it with other parties. Third, the only entities that would be interested in accessing such a large data set in such a manner are large corporations that can afford the complex logistics of transferring and processing the data as well as the high price of such a cumbersome data transfer. Thus, smaller entities (e.g., “mom and pop” shops) or even smaller, more nimble cloud-focused startups are often priced out of accessing this data, even though the data may be valuable to their businesses. This may be because raw data assets are generally too unpolished and full of potentially sensitive data to just outright sell to other companies. Data cleaning, de-identification, aggregation, joining, and other forms of data enrichment need to be performed by the owner of data before it is shareable with another party. This is time-consuming and expensive. Finally, it is difficult to share data assets with many entities because traditional data sharing methods do not allow scalable sharing for the reasons mentioned above. Traditional sharing methods also introduce latency and delays in terms of all parties having access to the most recently-updated data. 
     Private and public data exchanges may allow data providers to more easily and securely share their data assets with other entities. A public data exchange (also referred to herein as a “Snowflake data marketplace,” or a “data marketplace”) may provide a centralized repository with open access where a data provider may publish and control live and read-only data sets to thousands of customers. A private data exchange (also referred to herein as a “data exchange”) may be under the data provider&#39;s brand, and the data provider may control who can gain access to it. The data exchange may be for internal use only, or may also be opened to customers, partners, suppliers, or others. The data provider may control what data assets are listed as well as control who has access to which sets of data. This allows for a seamless way to discover and share data both within a data provider&#39;s organization and with its business partners. 
     The data exchange may be facilitated by a cloud computing service such as SNOWFLAKE™, and allows data providers to offer data assets directly from their own online domain (e.g., website) in a private online marketplace with their own branding. The data exchange may provide a centralized, managed hub for an entity to list internally or externally-shared data assets, inspire data collaboration, and also to maintain data governance and to audit access. With the data exchange, data providers may be able to share data without copying it between companies. Data providers may invite other entities to view their data listings, control which data listings appear in their private online marketplace, control who can access data listings and how others can interact with the data assets connected to the listings. This may be thought of as a “walled garden” marketplace, in which visitors to the garden must be approved and access to certain listings may be limited. 
     As an example, Company A may be a consumer data company that has collected and analyzed the consumption habits of millions of individuals in several different categories. Their data sets may include data in the following categories: online shopping, video streaming, electricity consumption, automobile usage, internet usage, clothing purchases, mobile application purchases, club memberships, and online subscription services. Company A may desire to offer these data sets (or subsets or derived products of these data sets) to other entities. For example, a new clothing brand may wish to access data sets related to consumer clothing purchases and online shopping habits. Company A may support a page on its website that is or functions substantially similar to a data exchange, where a data consumer (e.g., the new clothing brand) may browse, explore, discover, access and potentially purchase data sets directly from Company A. Further, Company A may control: who can enter the data exchange, the entities that may view a particular listing, the actions that an entity may take with respect to a listing (e.g., view only), and any other suitable action. In addition, a data provider may combine its own data with other data sets from, e.g., a public data exchange (also referred to as a “Snowflake data marketplace,” or a “data marketplace”), and create new listings using the combined data. 
     A data exchange may be an appropriate place to discover, assemble, clean, and enrich data to make it more monetizable. A large company on a data exchange may assemble data from across its divisions and departments, which could become valuable to another company. In addition, participants in a private ecosystem data exchange may work together to join their datasets together to jointly create a useful data product that any one of them alone would not be able to produce. Once these joined datasets are created, they may be listed on the data exchange or on the data marketplace. 
     Sharing data may be performed when a data provider creates a share object (hereinafter referred to as a share) of a database in the data provider&#39;s account and grants the share access to particular objects (e.g., tables, secure views, and secure user-defined functions (UDFs)) of the database. Then, a read-only database may be created using information provided in the share. Access to this database may be controlled by the data provider. A “share” encapsulates all of the information required to share data in a database. A share may include at least three pieces of information: (1) privileges that grant access to the database(s) and the schema containing the objects to share, (2) the privileges that grant access to the specific objects (e.g., tables, secure views, and secure UDFs), and (3) the consumer accounts with which the database and its objects are shared. When data is shared, no data is copied or transferred between users. Sharing is accomplished through the cloud computing services of a cloud computing service provider such as SNOWFLAKE™. 
     Data that is shared by a provider may be described by listings defined by the provider in a data exchange or in a data marketplace. The access controls, management, and governance of the listings may be similar for both a data marketplace and a data exchange. A listing may include metadata describing the shared data. 
     Shared data may then be used to process SQL queries, possibly including joins, aggregations, or other analysis. In some instances, a data provider may define a share such that “secure joins” are permitted to be performed with respect to the shared data. A secure join may be performed such that analysis may be performed with respect to shared data but the actual shared data is not accessible by the data consumer (e.g., recipient of the share). 
     In a data exchange, many requests for a listing originate from a remote deployment. To grant data access to the listing, the listing owner needs to have another account or a partner account in that remote deployment and create an identical share. That identical share needs to have the same privilege access to a database (freshly created or replicated) that needs to be identical to the database to which access is granted in the original share in the listing owner&#39;s deployment. 
     The process of recreating a share and maintaining across one or more remote deployments is both tedious and error-prone. A user needs to manually login to an account in each deployment and execute a set of operations to create a local share. The user must provide all of the grants on the original share to each of the local shares. If the original share has a large number of grants to various objects on a database that includes hundreds or thousands of objects, then the user would need to perform hundreds or thousands of operations to recreate the original share. Any edits to the shares such as adding accounts would similarly require doing a set of operations (e.g., ALTER operations) to each copy in every deployment. 
     The systems and methods described herein provide an efficient way to replicate share objects in a data exchange. For example, the method may comprise modifying a share object of a first account of a data exchange into a global object wherein the share object includes grant metadata indicating share grants to a set of objects of a database. The method may further comprise creating, in a second account of the data exchange, a local replica of the share object on the remote deployment based on the global object, wherein the second account is located in a remote deployment. The set of objects of the database may be replicated to a local database replica on the remote deployment and the share grants may be replicated to the local replica of the share object. 
       FIG.  1 A  is a block diagram of an example computing environment  100  in which the systems and methods disclosed herein may be implemented. In particular, a cloud computing platform  110  may be implemented, such as AMAZON WEB SERVICES™ (AWS), MICROSOFT AZURE™, GOOGLE CLOUD™, or the like. As known in the art, a cloud computing platform  110  provides computing resources and storage resources that may be acquired (purchased) or leased and configured to execute applications and store data. 
     The cloud computing platform  110  may host a cloud computing service  112  that facilitates storage of data on the cloud computing platform  110  (e.g. data management and access) and analysis functions (e.g. SQL queries, analysis), as well as other computation capabilities (e.g., secure data sharing between users of the cloud computing platform  110 ). The cloud computing platform  110  may include a three-tier architecture: data storage  140 , query processing  130 , and cloud services  120 . 
     Data storage  140  may facilitate the storing of data on the cloud computing platform  110  in one or more cloud databases  141 . Data storage  140  may use a storage service such as AMAZON S3 to store data and query results on the cloud computing platform  110 . In particular embodiments, to load data into the cloud computing platform  110 , data tables may be horizontally partitioned into large, immutable files which may be analogous to blocks or pages in a traditional database system. Within each file, the values of each attribute or column are grouped together and compressed using a scheme sometimes referred to as hybrid columnar. Each table has a header which, among other metadata, contains the offsets of each column within the file. 
     In addition to storing table data, data storage  140  facilitates the storage of temp data generated by query operations (e.g., joins), as well as the data contained in large query results. This may allow the system to compute large queries without out-of-memory or out-of-disk errors. Storing query results this way may simplify query processing as it removes the need for server-side cursors found in traditional database systems. 
     Query processing  130  may handle query execution within elastic clusters of virtual machines, referred to herein as virtual warehouses or data warehouses. Thus, query processing  130  may include one or more virtual warehouses  131 , which may also be referred to herein as data warehouses. The virtual warehouses  131  may be one or more virtual machines operating on the cloud computing platform  110 . The virtual warehouses  131  may be compute resources that may be created, destroyed, or resized at any point, on demand. This functionality may create an “elastic” virtual warehouse that expands, contracts, or shuts down according to the user&#39;s needs. Expanding a virtual warehouse involves generating one or more compute nodes  132  to a virtual warehouse  131 . Contracting a virtual warehouse involves removing one or more compute nodes  132  from a virtual warehouse  131 . More compute nodes  132  may lead to faster compute times. For example, a data load which takes fifteen hours on a system with four nodes might take only two hours with thirty-two nodes. 
     Cloud services  120  may be a collection of services that coordinate activities across the cloud computing service  112 . These services tie together all of the different components of the cloud computing service  112  in order to process user requests, from login to query dispatch. Cloud services  120  may operate on compute instances provisioned by the cloud computing service  112  from the cloud computing platform  110 . Cloud services  120  may include a collection of services that manage virtual warehouses, queries, transactions, data exchanges, and the metadata associated with such services, such as database schemas, access control information, encryption keys, and usage statistics. Cloud services  120  may include, but not be limited to, authentication engine  121 , infrastructure manager  122 , optimizer  123 , exchange manager  124 , security  125  engine, and metadata storage  126 . 
       FIG.  1 B  is a block diagram illustrating an example virtual warehouse  131 . The exchange manager  124  may facilitate the sharing of data between data providers and data consumers, using, for example, a data exchange. For example, cloud computing service  112  may manage the storage and access of a database  108 . The database  108  may include various instances of user data  150  for different users, e.g. different enterprises or individuals. The user data  150  may include a user database  152  of data stored and accessed by that user. The user database  152  may be subject to access controls such that only the owner of the data is allowed to change and access the user database  152  upon authenticating with the cloud computing service  112 . For example, data may be encrypted such that it can only be decrypted using decryption information possessed by the owner of the data. Using the exchange manager  124 , specific data from a user database  152  that is subject to these access controls may be shared with other users in a controlled manner according to the methods disclosed herein. In particular, a user may specify shares  154  that may be shared in a public or data exchange in an uncontrolled manner or shared with specific other users in a controlled manner as described above. A “share” encapsulates all of the information required to share data in a database. A share may include at least three pieces of information: (1) privileges that grant access to the database(s) and the schema containing the objects to share, (2) the privileges that grant access to the specific objects (e.g., tables, secure views, and secure UDFs), and (3) the consumer accounts with which the database and its objects are shared. When data is shared, no data is copied or transferred between users. Sharing is accomplished through the cloud services  120  of cloud computing service  112 . 
     Sharing data may be performed when a data provider creates a share of a database in the data provider&#39;s account and grants access to particular objects (e.g., tables, secure views, and secure user-defined functions (UDFs)). Then a read-only database may be created using information provided in the share. Access to this database may be controlled by the data provider. 
     Shared data may then be used to process SQL queries, possibly including joins, aggregations, or other analysis. In some instances, a data provider may define a share such that “secure joins” are permitted to be performed with respect to the shared data. A secure join may be performed such that analysis may be performed with respect to shared data but the actual shared data is not accessible by the data consumer (e.g., recipient of the share). A secure join may be performed as described in U.S. application Ser. No. 16/368,339, filed Mar. 18, 2019. 
     User devices  101 - 104 , such as laptop computers, desktop computers, mobile phones, tablet computers, cloud-hosted computers, cloud-hosted serverless processes, or other computing processes or devices may be used to access the virtual warehouse  131  or cloud service  120  by way of a network  105 , such as the Internet or a private network. 
     In the description below, actions are ascribed to users, particularly consumers and providers. Such actions shall be understood to be performed with respect to devices  101 - 104  operated by such users. For example, notification to a user may be understood to be a notification transmitted to devices  101 - 104 , an input or instruction from a user may be understood to be received by way of the user&#39;s devices  101 - 104 , and interaction with an interface by a user shall be understood to be interaction with the interface on the user&#39;s devices  101 - 104 . In addition, database operations (joining, aggregating, analysis, etc.) ascribed to a user (consumer or provider) shall be understood to include performing of such actions by the cloud computing service  112  in response to an instruction from that user. 
       FIG.  2    is a schematic block diagram of data that may be used to implement a public or data exchange in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. The exchange manager  124  may operate with respect to some or all of the illustrated exchange data  200 , which may be stored on the platform executing the exchange manager  124  (e.g., the cloud computing platform  110 ) or at some other location. The exchange data  200  may include a plurality of listings  202  describing data that is shared by a first user (“the provider”). The listings  202  may be listings in a data exchange or in a data marketplace. The access controls, management, and governance of the listings may be similar for both a data marketplace and a data exchange. 
     A listing  202  may include metadata  204  describing the shared data. The metadata  204  may include some or all of the following information: an identifier of the sharer of the shared data, a URL associated with the sharer, a name of the share, a name of tables, a category to which the shared data belongs, an update frequency of the shared data, a catalog of the tables, a number of columns and a number of rows in each table, as well as name for the columns. The metadata  204  may also include examples to aid a user in using the data. Such examples may include sample tables that include a sample of rows and columns of an example table, example queries that may be run against the tables, example views of an example table, example visualizations (e.g., graphs, dashboards) based on a table&#39;s data. Other information included in the metadata  204  may be metadata for use by business intelligence tools, text description of data contained in the table, keywords associated with the table to facilitate searching, a link (e.g., URL) to documentation related to the shared data, and a refresh interval indicating how frequently the shared data is updated along with the date the data was last updated. 
     The listing  202  may include access controls  206 , which may be configurable to any suitable access configuration. For example, access controls  206  may indicate that the shared data is available to any member of the private exchange without restriction (an “any share” as used elsewhere herein). The access controls  206  may specify a class of users (members of a particular group or organization) that are allowed to access the data and/or see the listing. The access controls  206  may specify that a “point-to-point” share (see discussion of  FIG.  4   ) in which users may request access but are only allowed access upon approval of the provider. The access controls  206  may specify a set of user identifiers of users that are excluded from being able to access the data referenced by the listing  202 . 
     Note that some listings  202  may be discoverable by users without further authentication or access permissions whereas actual accesses are only permitted after a subsequent authentication step (see discussion of  FIGS.  4  and  6   ). The access controls  206  may specify that a listing  202  is only discoverable by specific users or classes of users. 
     Note also that a default function for listings  202  is that the data referenced by the share is not exportable by the consumer. Alternatively, the access controls  206  may specify that this not permitted. For example, access controls  206  may specify that secure operations (secure joins and secure functions as discussed below) may be performed with respect to the shared data such that viewing and exporting of the shared data is not permitted. 
     In some embodiments, once a user is authenticated with respect to a listing  202 , a reference to that user (e.g., user identifier of the user&#39;s account with the virtual warehouse  131 ) is added to the access controls  206  such that the user will subsequently be able to access the data referenced by the listing  202  without further authentication. 
     The listing  202  may define one or more filters  208 . For example, the filters  208  may define specific identity data  214  of users that may view references to the listing  202  when browsing the catalog  220 . The filters  208  may define a class of users (users of a certain profession, users associated with a particular company or organization, users within a particular geographical area or country) that may view references to the listing  202  when browsing the catalog  220 . In this manner, a private exchange may be implemented by the exchange manager  124  using the same components. In some embodiments, an excluded user that is excluded from accessing a listing  202 , i.e. adding the listing  202  to the consumed shares  156  of the excluded user, may still be permitted to view a representation of the listing when browsing the catalog  220  and may further be permitted to request access to the listing  202  as discussed below. Requests to access a listing by such excluded users and other users may be listed in an interface presented to the provider of the listing  202 . The provider of the listing  202  may then view demand for access to the listing and choose to expand the filters  208  to permit access to excluded users or classes of excluded users (e.g., users in excluded geographic regions or countries). 
     Filters  208  may further define what data may be viewed by a user. In particular, filters  208  may indicate that a user that selects a listing  202  to add to the consumed shares  156  of the user is permitted to access the data referenced by the listing but only a filtered version that only includes data associated with the identity data  214  of that user, associated with that user&#39;s organization, or specific to some other classification of the user. In some embodiments, a private exchange is by invitation: users invited by a provider to view listings  202  of a private exchange are enabled to do by the exchange manager  124  upon communicating acceptance of an invitation received from the provider. 
     In some embodiments, a listing  202  may be addressed to a single user. Accordingly, a reference to the listing  202  may be added to a set of “pending shares” that is viewable by the user. The listing  202  may then be added to a group of shares of the user upon the user communicating approval to the exchange manager  124 . 
     The listing  202  may further include usage data  210 . For example, the cloud computing service  112  may implement a credit system in which credits are purchased by a user and are consumed each time a user runs a query, stores data, or uses other services implemented by the cloud computing service  112 . Accordingly, usage data  210  may record an amount of credits consumed by accessing the shared data. Usage data  210  may include other data such as a number of queries, a number of aggregations of each type of a plurality of types performed against the shared data, or other usage statistics. In some embodiments, usage data for a listing  202  or multiple listings  202  of a user is provided to the user in the form of a shared database, i.e. a reference to a database including the usage data is added by the exchange manager  124  to the consumed shares of the user. 
     The listing  202  may also include a heat map  211 , which may represent the geographical locations in which users have clicked on that particular listing. The cloud computing service  112  may use the heat map to make replication decisions or other decisions with the listing. For example, a data exchange may display a listing that contains weather data for Georgia, USA. The heat map  211  may indicate that many users in California are selecting the listing to learn more about the weather in Georgia. In view of this information, the cloud computing service  112  may replicate the listing and make it available in a database whose servers are physically located in the western United States, so that consumers in California may have access to the data. In some embodiments, an entity may store its data on servers located in the western United States. A particular listing may be very popular to consumers. The cloud computing service  112  may replicate that data and store it in servers located in the eastern United States, so that consumers in the Midwest and on the East Coast may also have access to that data. 
     The listing  202  may also include one or more tags  213 . The tags  213  may facilitate simpler sharing of data contained in one or more listings. As an example, a large company may have a human resources (HR) listing containing HR data for its internal employees on a data exchange. The HR data may contain ten types of HR data (e.g., employee number, selected health insurance, current retirement plan, job title, etc.). The HR listing may be accessible to 100 people in the company (e.g., everyone in the HR department). Management of the HR department may wish to add an eleventh type of HR data (e.g., an employee stock option plan). Instead of manually adding this to the HR listing and granting each of the 100 people access to this new data, management may simply apply an HR tag to the new data set and that can be used to categorize the data as HR data, list it along with the HR listing, and grant access to the 100 people to view the new data set. 
     The listing  202  may also include version metadata  215 . Version metadata  215  may provide a way to track how the datasets are changed. This may assist in ensuring that the data that is being viewed by one entity is not changed prematurely. For example, if a company has an original data set and then releases an updated version of that data set, the updates could interfere with another user&#39;s processing of that data set, because the update could have different formatting, new columns, and other changes that may be incompatible with the current processing mechanism of the recipient user. To remedy this, the cloud computing service  112  may track version updates using version metadata  215 . The cloud computing service  112  may ensure that each data consumer accesses the same version of the data until they accept an updated version that will not interfere with current processing of the data set. 
     The exchange data  200  may further include user records  212 . The user record  212  may include data identifying the user associated with the user record  212 , e.g. an identifier (e.g., warehouse identifier) of a user having user data  151  in service database  128  and managed by the virtual warehouse  131 . 
     The user record  212  may list shares associated with the user, e.g., shares  154  created by the user. The user record  212  may list shares consumed by the user, e.g. reference listings  202  created by another user and that have been associated to the account of the user according to the methods described herein. For example, a listing  202  may have an identifier that will be used to reference it in the shares or consumed shares of a user record  212 . 
     The exchange data  200  may further include a catalog  220 . The catalog  220  may include a listing of all available listings  202  and may include an index of data from the metadata  204  to facilitate browsing and searching according to the methods described herein. In some embodiments, listings  202  are stored in the catalog in the form of JavaScript Object Notation (JSON) objects. 
     Note that where there a multiple instances of the virtual warehouse  131  on different cloud computing platforms, the catalog  220  of one instance of the virtual warehouse  131  may store listings or references to listings from other instances on one or more other cloud computing platforms  110 . Accordingly, each listing  202  may be globally unique (e.g., be assigned a globally unique identifier across all of the instances of the virtual warehouse  131 ). For example, the instances of the virtual warehouses  131  may synchronize their copies of the catalog  220  such that each copy indicates the listings  202  available from all instances of the virtual warehouse  131 . In some instances, a provider of a listing  202  may specify that it is to be available on only on specified one or more computing platforms  110 . 
     In some embodiments, the catalog  220  is made available on the Internet such that it is searchable by a search engine such as BING or GOOGLE. The catalog may be subject to a search engine optimization (SEO) algorithm to promote its visibility. Potential consumers may therefore browse the catalog  220  from any web browser. The exchange manager  124  may expose uniform resource locators (URLs) linked to each listing  202 . This URL may be searchable and can be shared outside of any interface implemented by the exchange manager  124 . For example, the provider of a listing  202  may publish the URLs for its listings  202  in order to promote usage of its listing  202  and its brand. 
       FIG.  3    illustrates various components  300 - 310  that may be included in the exchange manager  124 . A listing generator  300  may provide an interface for creating listings  202 . For example, a webpage interface to the virtual warehouse  131  that enables a user on a device  101 - 104  to select data, e.g. a specific table in user data  150  of the user, for sharing and enter values defining some or all of the metadata  204 , access controls  206 , and filters  208 . In some embodiments, creation may be performed by a user by way of SQL commands in an SQL interpreter executing on the cloud computing platform  110  and accessed by way of a webpage interface on a user device  101 - 104 . 
     An information validator  302  may validate information provided by a provider when attempting to create a listing  202 . Note that in some embodiments the actions ascribed to the information validator  302  may be performed by a human reviewing the information provided by the provider. In other embodiments, these actions are performed automatically. The information validator  302  may perform, or facilitate performing by a human operator of various functions. These functions may include verifying that the metadata  204  is consistent with the shared data to which it references, verifying that the shared data referenced by metadata  204  is not pirated data, personal identification information (PII), personal health information (PHI) or other data from which sharing is undesirable or illegal. The information validator  302  may also facilitate the verification that the data has been updated within a threshold period of time (e.g., within the last twenty-four hours). The information validator  302  may also facilitate verifying that the data is not static or not available from other static public sources. The information validator  302  may also facilitate verifying that the data is more than merely a sample (e.g., that the data is sufficiently complete to be useful). For example, geographically limited data may be undesirable whereas an aggregation of data that is not otherwise limited may still be of use. 
     The exchange manager  124  may include a search engine  304 . The search engine  304  may implement a webpage interface that is accessible by a user on user devices  101 - 104  in order to invoke searches for search strings with respect to the metadata in the catalog  220 , receive responses to searches, and select references to listings  202  in search results for adding to the consumed shares  156  of the user record  212  of the user performing the search. In some embodiments, searches may be performed by a user by way of SQL commands in an SQL interpreter executing on the cloud computing platform  110  and accessed by way of a webpage interface on user devices  101 - 104 . For example, searching for shares may be performed by way of SQL queries against the catalog  220  within the SQL engine  310  discussed below. 
     The search engine  304  may further implement a recommendation algorithm. For example, the recommendation algorithm could recommend other listing  202  for a user based on other listings in the user&#39;s consumed shares  156  or formerly in the user&#39;s consumed shares. Recommendations could be based on logical similarity: one source of weather data leads to a recommendation for a second source of weather data. Recommendations could be based on dissimilarity: one listing is for data in one domain (geographic area, technical field, etc.) results in a listing for a different domain to facilitate complete coverage by the user&#39;s analysis (different geographic area, related technical field, etc.). 
     The exchange manager  124  may include an access manager  306 . As described above, a user may add a listing  202 . This may require authentication with respect to the provider of the listing  202 . Once a listing  202  is added to the consumed shares  156  of the user record  212  of a user, the user may be either (a) required to authenticate each time the data referenced by the listing  202  is accessed or (b) be automatically authenticated and allowed to access the data once the listing  202  is added. The access manager  306  may manage automatic authentication for subsequent access of data in the consumed shares  156  of a user in order to provide seamless access of the shared data as if it was part of the user data  150  of that user. To that end, the access manager  306  may access controls  206  of the listing  202 , certificates, tokens, or other authentication material in order to authenticate the user when performing accesses to shared data. 
     The exchange manager  124  may include a secure joiner  308 . The secure joiner  308  manages the integration of shared data referenced by consumed shares  156  of a user with one another, i.e. shared data from different providers, and with a user database  152  of data owned by the user. In particular, the secure joiner  308  may manage the execution of queries and other computation functions with respect to these various sources of data such that their access is transparent to the user. The secure joiner  308  may further manage the access of data to enforce restrictions on shared data, e.g. such that analysis may be performed and the results of the analysis displayed without exposing the underlying data to the consumer of the data where this restriction is indicated by the access controls  206  of a listing  202 . 
     The exchange manager  124  may further include a standard query language (SQL) engine  310  that is programmed to receive queries from a user and execute the query with respect to data referenced by the query, which may include consumed shares  156  of the user and the user database  152  owned by the user. The SQL engine  310  may perform any query processing functionality known in the art. The SQL engine  310  may additionally or alternatively include any other database management tool or data analysis tool known in the art. The SQL engine  310  may define a webpage interface executing on the cloud computing platform  110  through which SQL queries are input and responses to SQL queries are presented. 
       FIG.  4    illustrates a cloud environment  400  comprising multiple remote cloud deployments  401 ,  402 , and  403 . Each of the remote deployments  401 ,  402 , and  403  may comprise a similar architecture to cloud computing service  112  (illustrated in  FIG.  1 A ). The remote deployments  401 ,  402 , and  403  may all be physically located in separate remote geographical regions (hence the term “remote deployment”) but may all be deployments of a single data exchange or data marketplace. In cloud environment  400 , requests for a listing on remote deployment  401  may originate from an account on remote deployment  402 . To grant data access to the listing, the listing owner needs to have another account or a partner account in remote deployment  402  and create an identical share. That identical share needs to have the same privilege access to a database (freshly created or replicated) that needs to be identical to the database which is granted to the original share in the listing owner&#39;s deployment. 
     Although embodiments of the present disclosure are described with respect to a data exchange for ease of description, the systems and methods for share replication described herein do not need to be coupled to a data exchange. For example, remote deployments  401 - 403  may each include user accounts and databases in a stand-alone setting. 
     As discussed above, the process of recreating a share and maintaining it is both tedious and error-prone. A user needs to manually login to an account in each deployment and execute a large set of operations to create a local share and provide grants from the original share to the local share. Any edits to the local shares such as adding tables would similarly require doing a set of ALTER operations to each copy in every deployment. 
     Existing mechanisms for database replication do not require performance of such extensive operation sets. For example, if account A resides on remote deployment  401  located in region  1  and has a database DB 1  on remote deployment  401  that he wants to share with account B residing within remote deployment  402  located in region  2 , account A may alter the database DB 1  such that it becomes a global type database (as opposed to region specific) and replicate the metadata of DB 1  to the remote deployment  402  (e.g., by using the command “alter database DB 1  enable replication to accounts Reg_ 2 .B”). Account B may obtain a list of databases for which they have access to (e.g., using a command “show replication databases”) which will return the identifier “Reg_ 1 .A.DB 1  (primary)” indicating DB 1 . Account B may create a local replica of DB 1  (shown in  FIG.  4    as DB 1 R) on remote deployment  402  (e.g., by using the command “create database DB 1 R as replica of Reg_ 1 .A.DB 1 ”), which creates a global type database, because it was created as a replica. It should be noted that as of now, no data replication has started yet. At this point, the command “show replication databases” will return the identifiers “Reg_ 1 .A.DB 1  (primary)” and “Reg_ 2 .B.DB 1  (secondary).” Account B may initiate the data replication by using a command (e.g., “alter database DB 1  refresh”) which is a synchronous operation whose duration may depend on the amount of data to synchronize. 
     Embodiments of the present disclosure may mimic aspects of the database replication process described above to enable share replication that does not require manually creating a local share in every deployment and manually providing all of the grants on the original share S 1  to each of the local shares. For example, account A (which resides in remote deployment  401  located in region  1 ) has a share object S 1  that has been granted certain privileges (“share grants” or, “grants”) to database DB 1 . For example, S 1  may have usage and select grants that allow access to and usage of DB 1 , as well as the schemas, tables, views, functions, and formats etc. within DB 1 . The share grants on S 1  may be stored in the form of grant metadata. The remote deployment  401  may utilize any appropriate metadata store such as FoundationDB, for example, to store the grant metadata of S 1  as well as share metadata of S 1  and database metadata of DB 1 . If account A wants to replicate S 1  to account B (which resides in remote deployment  402  located in region  2 ), account A may alter S 1  to be a global object and replicate S 1  to the remote deployment  402  (e.g., using the command “alter share S 1  enable replication to accounts Reg_ 2 .B”). More specifically, remote deployment  401  may modify S 1 , which is an object specific to region  1 , to include a global representation that is present in region  2 . Remote deployment  401  may set the authorization properties of S 1  to store a list of global accounts that are enabled to create a local replica of S 1  and include in the list account B. S 1  may include an existing “primaryOn” field which may be set to the timestamp value of when account A alters S 1  to be a global object and replicates S 1  to the remote deployment  402 . In this way, remote deployment  401  may identify S 1  as a primary and distinguish it from any secondary replicas. Account B may obtain a list of share objects owned by him/herself or others in the same replication group for which access is enabled (e.g., using the command “show replication shares”), and the list may include an identifier for S 1  (“Reg_ 1 .A.S 1  (primary)”). In some embodiments, S 1  may not need to be the primary and any replica object created therefrom may be designated as the primary. 
     Because a global representation of S 1  is present in region  2 , account B may then create a local replica of S 1  (e.g., using the command “create share S 1 R as replica of Reg_ 1 .A.S 1  (primary)”) which creates a global share object that is a replica of S 1  (shown in  FIG.  4    as S 1 R) with the “primaryOn” field set to “0” since it is a replica. A local replica of DB 1  (DB 1 R) may be created on remote deployment  402  using the same process discussed hereinabove with respect to database replication, which creates DB 1 R as a global type database, because it was created as a replica of DB 1  which has been made global. Account B may also obtain a list of databases for which access is enabled as discussed above. In some embodiments, account A may use a communication protocol such as SSH for example to establish a secure connection to account B via which account A may “remote login” to account B or start a remote execution context in account B to create the replica share object S 1 R and replica database DB 1 R. More specifically, a global identity may be created that is linked to (e.g., has access to) multiple accounts (in this case, account A and account B). Upon creation of this global identity, a user who logs into account A may establish the secure connection to account B via which account A may “remote login” to account B or start a remote execution context in account B. At this point, account A may initiate functions for creation of the replica share object S 1 R and replica database DB 1 R on remote deployment  401 , and these functions may subsequently be executed in account B on remote deployment  402 . S 1 R and DB 1 R may be replicated to any appropriate object, such as a dictionary object in the local metadata store (e.g., FoundationDB) of remote deployment  402 . 
     It should be noted that at this point, no replication of share grants (e.g., the grant metadata) between S 1  and the original database DB 1  or the underlying data of the database DB 1  (e.g., the underlying schemas, tables, views, functions, formats etc. of DB 1 ) has occurred yet. To start replication of the share grants of S 1 , account B may initiate a share refresh operation (e.g., using the command “alter share S 1 R refresh”). The remote deployment  402  may send a refresh message (shown in  FIG.  5    as “refresh S 1 R”) to the remote deployment  401  which will replicate the necessary information to the remote deployment  402 . More specifically, upon receipt of the refresh message, remote deployment  401  may replicate the grant metadata of S 1  to S 1 R as discussed in further detail below with respect to  FIG.  5   . In addition, the database replication process discussed above may be automatically triggered, to initiate replication of the underlying data of DB 1  (e.g., the underlying schemas, tables, views, functions, formats etc. of DB 1 ) to DB 1 R in response to the share refresh message (e.g., may be part of the share refresh operation). In some embodiments, the database replication process is separate from the share refresh operation and is not automatically triggered by the refresh message and may be triggered by the user at their discretion. For example, the owner of account B may choose to trigger a share refresh as a downstream task from the database replication. In some embodiments, account A may use any appropriate communication protocol to “remote login” to account B or start a remote execution context in account B as discussed herein, and trigger a refresh operation. 
       FIG.  5    illustrates the replication of the share grants (e.g., grant metadata) of S 1  to S 1 R (also referred to as a “share refresh operation”). In response to receiving the refresh message (“refresh S 1 R”) from remote deployment  402 , remote deployment  401  may retrieve all the share grants for S 1 , serialize all the share grants, and put the serialized share grants into a file and transmit a message including the file to the remote deployment  402 . In some embodiments, the remote deployment  401  may leverage a global messaging framework and utilize a special message type (referred to herein as a “snapshot message”) that specifically enables the share replication. For each global message type, there is a corresponding processing function that applies to processing messages of that type. Thus, a global message of a particular type will include custom logic for what processing needs to be done for that particular message type. The snapshot message type may include information to inform a deployment that the message includes grants and allow a remote deployment to properly deserialize the grants for the purposes of share replication. More specifically, the body of the message may comprise a global object reference for S 1  and a list of modified grant objects representing the grants on DB 1  and its underlying objects to S 1 . The global object reference may comprise a tuple of the original deployment ID (e.g., the ID of remote deployment  401 ) and the ID of the object to be replicated, which in this example is the ID of the share object S 1 . Each grant object may be an internal representation of a particular grant to S 1  and may be associated to S 1  to allow a consumer to use/select the underlying database objects defined by the grant. Each grant object may have several fields including: a global object reference of DB 1  or one of its underlying objects that are granted to the share, an object type (e.g., securable type), a privilege/grant type (e.g., usage or select), and a timestamp of when the grant happened, for example. 
     Upon receiving the special message, the remote deployment  402  may deserialize the message and apply the share grants to S 1 R. As can be seen, a share refresh as described herein is based on a pull model (as opposed to a push model). Stated differently, S 1 R will update only when a share refresh is requested and there will be a discrepancy between S 1 R and S 1  until a share refresh of S 1 R is performed. 
     In some embodiments, the database replication and share refresh operations may be separate, and the database replication may be managed by the owner of account B, for example. The owner of account B may have control over whether/when to initiate the database replication. A dedicated API may be used for executing the share refresh. In other embodiments, the database replication is hidden from the user, and is automatically performed as part of the share refresh. In either case, replication of the share grants (i.e. the share refresh operation) of share S 1  is preceded by the database replication. 
     The user of account B in remote deployment  402  may initiate subsequent share refresh operations to update the share grants of S 1  to S 1 R. Subsequent share refreshes may be initiated periodically, in response to modifications to the share grants on S 1 , at the owner of account B&#39;s discretion, or based on any other appropriate criteria. As discussed above, a share refresh operation essentially entails refreshing the share grants (also referred to as “grant metadata”) on S 1  (e.g., the grants to the tables, views, functions, formats etc. of DB 1 ) to S 1 R. This requires prior replication of the underlying objects of DB 1 . Thus, when modifications to the share grants of S 1  are made (e.g., in response to modifications to DB 1 ), there may be situations where certain new share grants cannot be replicated to S 1 R during a share refresh because the underlying objects corresponding to those new share grants has not yet been replicated to DB 1 R. 
     Objects may be missing due to the time delay between database replication and share refresh, as well as inconsistent database replication and share refresh frequencies, for example. This may be particularly evident in scenarios where the share refresh and database replication operations are separate. In some embodiments, a partial share refresh may be executed if the database replication has not yet completed. For example, it may be important for a share refresh task to execute gracefully within a certain time frame, in which case the share refresh cannot wait for the database replication to complete. The share grants (e.g., grant metadata) for the objects of DB 1  that are detected in DB 1 R at the time of the share refresh may be updated, and for objects in DB 1 R which are no longer in DB 1 , any grants to those objects in S 1 R may be revoked. For those objects of DB 1  that were not located/are missing from DB 1 R at the time of the share refresh, or are included in DB 1 R but are no longer in DB 1  at the time of the share refresh, a log may be created which indicates the objects of DB 1  that are missing from/extra to DB 1 R and the updated share grants that could not be replicated so S 1 R or should be deleted from S 1 R. 
     In some embodiments, a share refresh task may follow an “all or nothing” approach. If there are one or more missing objects, no new grants will be applied. In these situations, a log may be created which indicates the database objects whose underlying data was not located, and for which updated grant metadata could not be replicated. 
     By applying share grants of share object S 1  to a replica share object in a remote deployment, a user may avoid manually logging in to an account in each remote deployment they wish to replicate the share object S 1  to and executing a large set of operations to create a local share and provide grants from the original share to the local share. In this way, a more resource efficient share replication method is provided. 
       FIG.  6 A  illustrates S 1  and S 1 R and their associated share grants after a share replication operation as discussed above with respect to  FIGS.  4  and  5   , in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure.  FIG.  6 A  illustrates the accounts A and B and their associated databases and shares as well as the share grants applied to their associated shares. As shown in  FIG.  6 A , S 1  has a usage grant on DB 1 , usage grants for schema A and B, and select grants for tables T 1 , T 2 , T 3 , and T 4  in DB 1 . S 1 R has similar usage grants for DB 1 R after the share replication operation discussed herein. 
     As shown in  FIG.  6 B , table T 3  may subsequently be deleted from DB 1  and table T 5  may be added to DB 1 , and so the corresponding select grant for T 3  no longer exists among the share grants of S 1  while a select grant for T 5  has been added to the share grants of S 1 . Account B may perform a subsequent share refresh operation and may trigger a subsequent database replication to replicate new table T 5  to DB 1 R and delete T 3  from DB 1 R. As discussed above, database replication may be triggered at the discretion of the owner of account B, or may automatically trigger upon initiation of a share refresh operation. 
     In the example of  FIG.  6 B , the share refresh operation may be required to execute gracefully within a certain time frame, and there may be a time delay between initiation of the share refresh and database replication operations. As a result, neither the deletion of T 3  nor the addition of T 5  has been replicated to DB 1 R when the share refresh commences. During the share refresh, remote deployment  402  may determine that T 3  is within DB 1 R but not within DB 1 , and may thus revoke any grants to T 3  from S 1 R. Remote deployment  402  may then examine the select grant for T 5  and determine that object T 5  has not yet been replicated to DB 1 R, and may thus add T 5  and the select grant to T 5  to a log to inform the owner of account B that they were not able to be replicated due to missing objects. The remote deployment  402  may also issue a notification/message to the owner of account B indicating that their database DB 1 R must be refreshed. In this way, the select grant on T 5  may be replicated to S 1 R during a subsequent share refresh operation once table T 5  is created during a database replication. 
       FIG.  7    is a flow diagram of a method  700  replicating a share object to a remote deployment, in accordance with some embodiments. Method  700  may be performed by processing logic that may comprise hardware (e.g., circuitry, dedicated logic, programmable logic, a processor, a processing device, a central processing unit (CPU), a system-on-chip (SoC), etc.), software (e.g., instructions running/executing on a processing device), firmware (e.g., microcode), or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, the method  700  may be performed by respective processing devices of remote deployments  401  and  402  (illustrated in  FIGS.  4  and  5   ). 
     Referring simultaneously to  FIG.  4   , if account A wants to replicate S 1  to account B in remote deployment  402  in region  2 , then account A may alter S 1  to be a global object and replicate S 1  to the remote deployment  402  (e.g., using the command “alter share S 1  enable replication to accounts Reg_ 2 .B”). More specifically, at block  705  remote deployment  401  may modify S 1 , which is an object specific to region  1 , to include a global representation that is present in region  2 . Remote deployment  401  may set the authorization properties of S 1  to store a list of global accounts that are enabled to create a local replica of S 1  and include in the list account B. S 1  may include an existing “primaryOn” field which is set to the timestamp of when account A alters S 1  to be a global object and replicates S 1  to the remote deployment  402 . In order to identify S 1  as a primary and distinguish it from any secondary replicas. Account B may obtain a list of share objects owned by him/herself or others in the same replication group for which access is enabled (e.g., using the command “show replication shares”), and the list may include an identifier for S 1  (“Reg_ 1 .A.S 1  (primary)”). In some embodiments, S 1  as well as any replica object created therefrom may be designated as the primary. 
     Because a global representation of S 1  is present in region  2 , at block  710 , account B may then create a local replica of S 1  (e.g., using the command “create share S 1 R as replica of Reg_ 1 .A.S 1  (primary)”) which creates a global share object that is a replica of S 1  (shown in  FIG.  4    as S 1 R) with the “primaryOn” field set to “0” since it is a replica. A local replica of DB 1  (DB 1 R) may be created on remote deployment  402  using the same process discussed hereinabove with respect to database replication, which creates DB 1 R as a global type database, because it was created as a replica of DB 1  which has been made global. Account B may also obtain a list of databases for which access is enabled as discussed above. In some embodiments, account A may use a communication protocol such as SSH for example to establish a secure connection to account B via which account A may “remote login” to account B or start a remote execution context in account B to create the replica share object S 1 R and replica database DB 1 R. More specifically, a global identity may be created that is linked to (e.g., has access to) multiple accounts (in this case, account A and account B). Upon creation of this global identity, a user who logs into account A may establish the secure connection to account B via which account A may “remote login” to account B or start a remote execution context in account B. At this point, account A may initiate functions for creation of the replica share object S 1 R and replica database DB 1 R on remote deployment  401 , and these functions may subsequently be executed in account B on remote deployment  402 . S 1 R and DB 1 R may be replicated to any appropriate object, such as a dictionary object in the local metadata store (e.g., FoundationDB) of remote deployment  402 . 
     It should be noted that at this point, no replication of share grants (e.g., the grant metadata) between S 1  and the original database DB 1  or the underlying data of the database DB 1  (e.g., the underlying schemas, tables, views, functions, formats etc. of DB 1 ) has occurred yet. To start replication of the share grants of S 1 , at block  715 , account B may initiate replication of the underlying data of DB 1  (e.g., the underlying schemas, tables, views, functions, formats etc. of DB 1 ) to DB 1 R. At block  720 , account B may initiate a share refresh operation (e.g., using the command “alter share S 1 R refresh”). The remote deployment  402  may send a refresh message (shown in  FIG.  5    as “refresh S 1 R”) to the remote deployment  401  which will replicate the necessary information to the remote deployment  402 . More specifically, upon receipt of the refresh message, remote deployment  401  may replicate the grant metadata of S 1  to S 1 R as discussed in further detail below with respect to  FIG.  8   . In some embodiments, the database replication process discussed above may be automatically triggered, to initiate replication of the underlying data of DB 1  (e.g., the underlying schemas, tables, views, functions, formats etc. of DB 1 ) to DB 1 R in response to the share refresh message (e.g., may be part of the share refresh operation). In some embodiments, the database replication process is separate from the share refresh operation and is not automatically triggered by the refresh message and may be triggered by the user at their discretion. For example, the owner of account B may choose to trigger a share refresh as a downstream task from the database replication. In some embodiments, account A may use any appropriate communication protocol to “remote login” to account B or start a remote execution context in account B as discussed herein, and trigger a refresh operation. 
       FIG.  8    is a flow diagram of a method  800  of refreshing share grants to a share object in a remote deployment, in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure. Method  800  may be performed by processing logic that may comprise hardware (e.g., circuitry, dedicated logic, programmable logic, a processor, a processing device, a central processing unit (CPU), a system-on-chip (SoC), etc.), software (e.g., instructions running/executing on a processing device), firmware (e.g., microcode), or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, the method  800  may be performed by respective processing devices of remote deployments  401  and  402  (illustrated in  FIGS.  4  and  5   ). 
     Referring also to  FIG.  5   , in response to receiving the refresh message (“refresh S 1 R”) from remote deployment  402 , at block  805  the remote deployment  401  may retrieve all the share grants for S 1  and serialize all the share grants. At block  810 , the remote deployment  401  may put the serialized share grants into a file and transmit a message including the file to the remote deployment  402 . In some embodiments, the remote deployment  401  may leverage a global messaging framework and utilize a special message type (referred to herein as a “snapshot message”) that specifically enables the share replication. For each global message type, there is a corresponding processing function that applies to processing messages of that type. Thus, a global message of a particular type will include custom logic for what processing needs to be done for that particular message type. The snapshot message type may include information to inform a deployment that the message includes grants and allow a remote deployment to properly deserialize the grants for the purposes of share replication. More specifically, the body of the message may comprise a global object reference for S 1  and a list of modified grant objects representing the grants on DB 1  and its underlying objects to S 1 . The global object reference may comprise a tuple of the original deployment ID (e.g., the ID of remote deployment  401 ) and the ID of the object to be replicated, which in this example is the ID of the share object S 1 . Each grant object may be an internal representation of a particular grant to S 1  and may be associated to S 1  to allow a consumer to use/select the underlying database objects defined by the grant. Each grant object may have several fields including: a global object reference of DB 1  or one of its underlying objects that are granted to the share, an object type (e.g., securable type), a privilege/grant type (e.g., usage or select), and a timestamp of when the grant happened, for example. 
     At block  815 , the remote deployment  402  may deserialize the message and apply the share grants to S 1 R. As can be seen, a share refresh as described herein is based on a pull model (as opposed to a push model). Stated differently, S 1 R will update only when a share refresh is requested and there will be a discrepancy between S 1 R and S 1  until a share refresh of S 1 R is performed. 
       FIG.  9    illustrates a diagrammatic representation of a machine in the example form of a computer system  900  within which a set of instructions, for causing the machine to perform any one or more of the methodologies discussed herein for replicating a share object to a remote deployment. More specifically, the machine may modify a share object of a first account into a global object wherein the share object includes grant metadata indicating share grants to a set of objects of a database. The machine may create, in a second account located in a remote deployment, a local replica of the share object on the remote deployment based on the global object and replicate the set of objects of the database to a local database replica on the remote deployment; and refresh the share grants to the local replica of the share object. 
     In alternative embodiments, the machine may be connected (e.g., networked) to other machines in a local area network (LAN), an intranet, an extranet, or the Internet. The machine may operate in the capacity of a server or a client machine in a client-server network environment, or as a peer machine in a peer-to-peer (or distributed) network environment. The machine may be a personal computer (PC), a tablet PC, a set-top box (STB), a Personal Digital Assistant (PDA), a cellular telephone, a web appliance, a server, a network router, a switch or bridge, a hub, an access point, a network access control device, or any machine capable of executing a set of instructions (sequential or otherwise) that specify actions to be taken by that machine. Further, while only a single machine is illustrated, the term “machine” shall also be taken to include any collection of machines that individually or jointly execute a set (or multiple sets) of instructions to perform any one or more of the methodologies discussed herein. In one embodiment, computer system  900  may be representative of a server. 
     The exemplary computer system  900  includes a processing device  902 , a main memory  904  (e.g., read-only memory (ROM), flash memory, dynamic random access memory (DRAM), a static memory  905  (e.g., flash memory, static random access memory (SRAM), etc.), and a data storage device  918 , which communicate with each other via a bus  930 . Any of the signals provided over various buses described herein may be time multiplexed with other signals and provided over one or more common buses. Additionally, the interconnection between circuit components or blocks may be shown as buses or as single signal lines. Each of the buses may alternatively be one or more single signal lines and each of the single signal lines may alternatively be buses. 
     Computing device  900  may further include a network interface device  908  which may communicate with a network  920 . The computing device  900  also may include a video display unit  910  (e.g., a liquid crystal display (LCD) or a cathode ray tube (CRT)), an alphanumeric input device  912  (e.g., a keyboard), a cursor control device  914  (e.g., a mouse) and an acoustic signal generation device  916  (e.g., a speaker). In one embodiment, video display unit  910 , alphanumeric input device  912 , and cursor control device  914  may be combined into a single component or device (e.g., an LCD touch screen). 
     Processing device  902  represents one or more general-purpose processing devices such as a microprocessor, central processing unit, or the like. More particularly, the processing device may be complex instruction set computing (CISC) microprocessor, reduced instruction set computer (RISC) microprocessor, very long instruction word (VLIW) microprocessor, or processor implementing other instruction sets, or processors implementing a combination of instruction sets. Processing device  902  may also be one or more special-purpose processing devices such as an application specific integrated circuit (ASIC), a field programmable gate array (FPGA), a digital signal processor (DSP), network processor, or the like. The processing device  902  is configured to execute function compilation instructions  925 , for performing the operations and steps discussed herein. 
     The data storage device  918  may include a machine-readable storage medium  928 , on which is stored one or more sets of share object replication instructions  925  (e.g., software) embodying any one or more of the methodologies of functions described herein. The share object replication instructions  925  may also reside, completely or at least partially, within the main memory  904  or within the processing device  902  during execution thereof by the computer system  900 ; the main memory  904  and the processing device  902  also constituting machine-readable storage media. The share object replication instructions  925  may further be transmitted or received over a network  920  via the network interface device  908 . 
     The machine-readable storage medium  928  may also be used to store instructions to perform a method for determining functions to compile, as described herein. While the machine-readable storage medium  928  is shown in an exemplary embodiment to be a single medium, the term “machine-readable storage medium” should be taken to include a single medium or multiple media (e.g., a centralized or distributed database, or associated caches and servers) that store the one or more sets of instructions. A machine-readable medium includes any mechanism for storing information in a form (e.g., software, processing application) readable by a machine (e.g., a computer). The machine-readable medium may include, but is not limited to, magnetic storage medium (e.g., floppy diskette); optical storage medium (e.g., CD-ROM); magneto-optical storage medium; read-only memory (ROM); random-access memory (RAM); erasable programmable memory (e.g., EPROM and EEPROM); flash memory; or another type of medium suitable for storing electronic instructions. 
     Unless specifically stated otherwise, terms such as “receiving,” “routing,” “granting,” “determining,” “publishing,” “providing,” “designating,” “encoding,” or the like, refer to actions and processes performed or implemented by computing devices that manipulates and transforms data represented as physical (electronic) quantities within the computing device&#39;s registers and memories into other data similarly represented as physical quantities within the computing device memories or registers or other such information storage, transmission or display devices. Also, the terms “first,” “second,” “third,” “fourth,” etc., as used herein are meant as labels to distinguish among different elements and may not necessarily have an ordinal meaning according to their numerical designation. 
     Examples described herein also relate to an apparatus for performing the operations described herein. This apparatus may be specially constructed for the required purposes, or it may comprise a general purpose computing device selectively programmed by a computer program stored in the computing device. Such a computer program may be stored in a computer-readable non-transitory storage medium. 
     The methods and illustrative examples described herein are not inherently related to any particular computer or other apparatus. Various general purpose systems may be used in accordance with the teachings described herein, or it may prove convenient to construct more specialized apparatus to perform the required method steps. The required structure for a variety of these systems will appear as set forth in the description above. 
     The above description is intended to be illustrative, and not restrictive. Although the present disclosure has been described with references to specific illustrative examples, it will be recognized that the present disclosure is not limited to the examples described. The scope of the disclosure should be determined with reference to the following claims, along with the full scope of equivalents to which the claims are entitled. 
     As used herein, the singular forms “a”, “an” and “the” are intended to include the plural forms as well, unless the context clearly indicates otherwise. It will be further understood that the terms “comprises”, “comprising”, “includes”, and/or “including”, when used herein, specify the presence of stated features, integers, steps, operations, elements, and/or components, but do not preclude the presence or addition of one or more other features, integers, steps, operations, elements, components, and/or groups thereof. Therefore, the terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particular embodiments only and is not intended to be limiting. 
     It should also be noted that in some alternative implementations, the functions/acts noted may occur out of the order noted in the figures. For example, two figures shown in succession may in fact be executed substantially concurrently or may sometimes be executed in the reverse order, depending upon the functionality/acts involved. 
     Although the method operations were described in a specific order, it should be understood that other operations may be performed in between described operations, described operations may be adjusted so that they occur at slightly different times or the described operations may be distributed in a system which allows the occurrence of the processing operations at various intervals associated with the processing. 
     Various units, circuits, or other components may be described or claimed as “configured to” or “configurable to” perform a task or tasks. In such contexts, the phrase “configured to” or “configurable to” is used to connote structure by indicating that the units/circuits/components include structure (e.g., circuitry) that performs the task or tasks during operation. As such, the unit/circuit/component can be said to be configured to perform the task, or configurable to perform the task, even when the specified unit/circuit/component is not currently operational (e.g., is not on). The units/circuits/components used with the “configured to” or “configurable to” language include hardware—for example, circuits, memory storing program instructions executable to implement the operation, etc. Reciting that a unit/circuit/component is “configured to” perform one or more tasks, or is “configurable to” perform one or more tasks, is expressly intended not to invoke 35 U.S.C. 112, sixth paragraph, for that unit/circuit/component. Additionally, “configured to” or “configurable to” can include generic structure (e.g., generic circuitry) that is manipulated by software and/or firmware (e.g., an FPGA or a general-purpose processor executing software) to operate in manner that is capable of performing the task(s) at issue. “Configured to” may also include adapting a manufacturing process (e.g., a semiconductor fabrication facility) to fabricate devices (e.g., integrated circuits) that are adapted to implement or perform one or more tasks. “Configurable to” is expressly intended not to apply to blank media, an unprogrammed processor or unprogrammed generic computer, or an unprogrammed programmable logic device, programmable gate array, or other unprogrammed device, unless accompanied by programmed media that confers the ability to the unprogrammed device to be configured to perform the disclosed function(s). 
     Any combination of one or more computer-usable or computer-readable media may be utilized. For example, a computer-readable medium may include one or more of a portable computer diskette, a hard disk, a random access memory (RAM) device, a read-only memory (ROM) device, an erasable programmable read-only memory (EPROM or Flash memory) device, a portable compact disc read-only memory (CDROM), an optical storage device, and a magnetic storage device. Computer program code for carrying out operations of the present disclosure may be written in any combination of one or more programming languages. Such code may be compiled from source code to computer-readable assembly language or machine code suitable for the device or computer on which the code will be executed. 
     Embodiments may also be implemented in cloud computing environments. In this description and the following claims, “cloud computing” may be defined as a model for enabling ubiquitous, convenient, on-demand network access to a shared pool of configurable computing resources (e.g., networks, servers, storage, applications, and services) that can be rapidly provisioned (including via virtualization) and released with minimal management effort or service provider interaction and then scaled accordingly. A cloud model can be composed of various characteristics (e.g., on-demand self-service, broad network access, resource pooling, rapid elasticity, and measured service), service models (e.g., Software as a Service (“SaaS”), Platform as a Service (“PaaS”), and Infrastructure as a Service (“IaaS”)), and deployment models (e.g., private cloud, community cloud, public cloud, and hybrid cloud). 
     The flow diagrams and block diagrams in the attached figures illustrate the architecture, functionality, and operation of possible implementations of systems, methods, and computer program products according to various embodiments of the present disclosure. In this regard, each block in the flow diagrams or block diagrams may represent a module, segment, or portion of code, which comprises one or more executable instructions for implementing the specified logical function(s). It will also be noted that each block of the block diagrams or flow diagrams, and combinations of blocks in the block diagrams or flow diagrams, may be implemented by special purpose hardware-based systems that perform the specified functions or acts, or combinations of special purpose hardware and computer instructions. These computer program instructions may also be stored in a computer-readable medium that can direct a computer or other programmable data processing apparatus to function in a particular manner, such that the instructions stored in the computer-readable medium produce an article of manufacture including instruction means which implement the function/act specified in the flow diagram and/or block diagram block or blocks. 
     The foregoing description, for the purpose of explanation, has been described with reference to specific embodiments. However, the illustrative discussions above are not intended to be exhaustive or to limit the invention to the precise forms disclosed. Many modifications and variations are possible in view of the above teachings. The embodiments were chosen and described in order to best explain the principles of the embodiments and its practical applications, to thereby enable others skilled in the art to best utilize the embodiments and various modifications as may be suited to the particular use contemplated. Accordingly, the present embodiments are to be considered as illustrative and not restrictive, and the invention is not to be limited to the details given herein, but may be modified within the scope and equivalents of the appended claims.