Patent Publication Number: US-2022230359-A1

Title: Method and Device for Generating a Resultant Image Based on Colors Extracted from an Input Image

Description:
TECHNICAL FIELD 
     The present disclosure generally relates to image processing, and in particular, to systems, methods, and devices for generating a resultant image (e.g., a color gradient) based on colors extracted from an input image. 
     BACKGROUND 
     Often an image is used as a wallpaper for a home screen user interface. However, it can be difficult to view the image being used as the wallpaper because a plurality of application icons being within the home screen user interface overlaid on the image. Therefore, it would be advantageous to automatically generate a wallpaper for the home screen user interface that is, for example, a color gradient based on an image set as a wallpaper for a wake screen user interface. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       So that the present disclosure can be understood by those of ordinary skill in the art, a more detailed description may be had by reference to aspects of some illustrative implementations, some of which are shown in the accompanying drawings. 
         FIG. 1A  illustrates an example color space in accordance with some implementations. 
         FIG. 1B  illustrates an example three-dimensional (3D) representation of the color space in  FIG. 1A  in accordance with some implementations. 
         FIG. 2  illustrates an example data processing architecture in accordance with some implementations. 
         FIG. 3  illustrates an example data structure for pixel characterization vectors in accordance with some implementations. 
         FIGS. 4A-4F  illustrate an example pixel clustering scenario in accordance with some implementations. 
         FIG. 5  illustrates representations of resultant images in accordance with some implementations. 
         FIG. 6A  illustrates an example input image set as a background for a wake screen user interface in accordance with some implementations. 
         FIG. 6B  illustrates an example resultant image generated based on the input image in  FIG. 6A  in accordance with some implementations. 
         FIG. 7  is a flowchart representation of a method of generating a resultant image based on a portion of pixels within an input image in accordance with some implementations. 
         FIG. 8  is a block diagram of an example electronic device in accordance with some implementations. 
     
    
    
     In accordance with common practice the various features illustrated in the drawings may not be drawn to scale. Accordingly, the dimensions of the various features may be arbitrarily expanded or reduced for clarity. In addition, some of the drawings may not depict all of the components of a given system, method or device. Finally, like reference numerals may be used to denote like features throughout the specification and figures. 
     SUMMARY 
     Various implementations disclosed herein include devices, systems, and methods for generating a resultant image (e.g., a second image such as a color gradient) based on colors extracted from an input image (e.g., a first image). According to some implementations, the method is performed at a device including non-transitory memory and one or more processors coupled with the non-transitory memory. The method includes: obtaining a first image; determining one or more characterization properties for each of a plurality of pixels within the first image; determining a dominant hue based on the one or more characterization properties for each of the plurality of pixels within the first image; determining a plurality of hues that satisfy a predetermined perception threshold relative to the dominant hue based on the one or more characterization properties for each of the plurality of pixels within the first image, wherein the plurality of hues is different from the dominant hue; and generating a second image based at least in part on the dominant hue and the plurality of hues. 
     In accordance with some implementations, a device includes one or more processors, a non-transitory memory, and one or more programs; the one or more programs are stored in the non-transitory memory and configured to be executed by the one or more processors and the one or more programs include instructions for performing or causing performance of any of the methods described herein. In accordance with some implementations, a non-transitory computer readable storage medium has stored therein instructions, which, when executed by one or more processors of a device, cause the device to perform or cause performance of any of the methods described herein. In accordance with some implementations, a device includes: one or more processors, a non-transitory memory, and means for performing or causing performance of any of the methods described herein. 
     DESCRIPTION 
     Numerous details are described in order to provide a thorough understanding of the example implementations shown in the drawings. However, the drawings merely show some example aspects of the present disclosure and are therefore not to be considered limiting. Those of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that other effective aspects and/or variants do not include all of the specific details described herein. Moreover, well-known systems, methods, components, devices and circuits have not been described in exhaustive detail so as not to obscure more pertinent aspects of the example implementations described herein. 
     The implementations described herein include a method and device for generating a resultant image (e.g., a color gradient) based on colors extracted from an input image. In some implementation, the resultant image corresponds to a color gradient based on a portion of pixels within an input image. Often an image is used as a wallpaper for a home screen user interface. However, it can be difficult to view the image being used as the wallpaper because a plurality of application icons being within the home screen user interface overlaid on the image. Therefore, it would be advantageous to automatically generate a wallpaper for the home screen user interface that is a color gradient or solid color based on an image set as a wallpaper for a wake screen user interface. As such, visual continuity is maintained when transitioning from the wake screen user interface to the home screen user interface and one may feel as if he/she is drilling down into the wallpaper associated with the wake screen user interface. Providing visual continuity between user interfaces reduces visual stress and also reduces visual clutter. As such, the method reduces the cognitive burden on a user when interacting with user interfaces, thereby creating a more efficient human-machine interface. 
       FIG. 1A  illustrates an example of a perceptual color space  100  in accordance with some implementations. While pertinent features are shown, those of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate from the present disclosure that various other features have not been illustrated for the sake of brevity and so as not to obscure more pertinent aspects of the example implementations disclosed herein. 
     To that end, as a non-limiting example, the color space  100  corresponds to the Munsell Color System. According to some implementations, the color space  100  specifies colors based on three visual properties: (A) hue  102 ; (B) chroma  104  associated with the amount of a color judged in proportion to a neutral (gray) color of the same value; and (C) value  106  associated with the brightness, lightness, or luminosity of a color. As shown in  FIG. 1A , the color space  100  includes three independent properties of color which are represented cylindrically in three dimensions as an irregular color solid: (A) the hue  102 , measured by degrees around horizontal circles; (B) the chroma  104 , measured radially outward from the neutral (gray) vertical axis; and (C) the value  106 , measured vertically on the core cylinder from 0 (black) to 10 (white). As such, in some implementations, the cylindrical representation of the color space  100  may be divided into a plurality of circular slices stacked along the vertical axis associated with the value  106  (brightness). 
     Each circular slice of the color space  100  is divided into five principal hues: Red, Yellow, Green, Blue, and Purple, along with 5 intermediate hues (e.g., Yellow-Red) halfway between adjacent principal hues. Value, or lightness, varies vertically along the color solid, from black (value 0) at the bottom, to white (value 10) at the top. Neutral grays lie along the vertical axis between black and white. Chroma, measured radially from the center of each slice, represents the relative amount of a color, with lower chroma being less pure (more washed out, as in pastels). As such, a color is fully specified by listing the three numbers for hue, value, and chroma. 
       FIG. 1B  illustrates an example three-dimensional (3D) representation  150  of the color space  100  in  FIG. 1A  in accordance with some implementations. Instead of a regular geometric cylinder, sphere, pyramid, or the like, the 3D representation  150  is irregular. For example, Munsell determined the spacing of colors along these dimensions by taking measurements of human visual responses. In each dimension, Munsell colors are as close to perceptually-uniform as he could make them, which makes the resulting shape quite irregular. For instance, perceptually we see that the highest chroma of yellow hues have a much higher value than the highest chroma blues. As such, the color space  100  and the 3D representation thereof is related to human perception of colors. One of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that the color space  100  in  FIG. 1A  and the 3D representation  150  thereof in  FIG. 1B  (associated with the Munsell Color System) may be replaced by various other color systems that are also associated with human perception and human visual responses such as IPT, CIECAM02, CIELAB, iCAM06, or the like. One of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that the color space  100  in  FIG. 1A  and the 3D representation  150  thereof in  FIG. 1B  (associated with the Munsell Color System) may be replaced by various other color systems that are not associated with human perception such as RGB, RGBA, CMYK, HSL, HSV, YIQ, YCbCr, or the like. 
       FIG. 2  illustrates an example data processing architecture  200  in accordance with some implementations. While pertinent features are shown, those of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate from the present disclosure that various other features have not been illustrated for the sake of brevity and so as not to obscure more pertinent aspects of the example implementations disclosed herein. In some implementations, the data processing architecture  200  (or at least a portion thereof) is included in or integrated with the electronic device  800  shown in  FIG. 8 . 
     As shown in  FIG. 2 , the data processing architecture  200  obtains input data associated with a plurality of modalities, including image data  202 A, depth data  202 B, and other sensor data  202 C. In some implementations, the image data  202 A corresponds to one or more images obtained by the electronic device  800 . For example, the electronic device  800  receives the image data  202 A from a local source (e.g., a solid-state drive (SSD), a hard-disk drive (HDD), or the like) or a remote source (e.g., another user&#39;s device, a cloud/file server, or the like). In another example, the electronic device  800  retrieves the image data  202 A from a local source (e.g., an SSD, an HDD, or the like) or a remote source (e.g., another user&#39;s device, a cloud/file server, or the like). In yet another example, the electronic device  800  captures the image data  202 A with an exterior- or interior-facing image sensor (e.g., one or more cameras). As one example, the image data  202 A includes an image that is currently set as the background or wallpaper for a wake screen user interface of the electronic device  800 . 
     In some implementations, the depth data  202 B characterizes a scene or physical environment associated with the image data  202 A. As one example, assuming the image data  202 A includes an image of a person&#39;s face, the depth data  202 B may include a 3D mesh map associated with the person&#39;s face. As another example, assuming the image data  202 A includes a living room scene, the depth data  202 B may include a 3D point cloud associated with the living room scene. In some implementations, the other sensor data  202 C characterizes the scene or physical environment associated with the image data  202 A or includes other metadata associated with the image data  202 A. As one example, the other sensor data  202 C may include eye tracking information associated with a user, ambient audio data associated with the scene or physical environment, ambient lighting measurements associated with the scene or physical environment, environmental measurements associated with the scene or physical environment (e.g., temperature, humidity, pressure, etc.), physiological measurements (e.g., pupil dilation, gaze direction, heart-rate, etc.) associated with a subject within the scene or physical environment, and/or the like. 
     According to some implementations, the image data  202 A corresponds to an ongoing or continuous time series of images or values. In turn, the times series converter  220  is configured to generate one or more temporal frames of image data from a continuous stream of image data. Each temporal frame of image data includes a temporal portion of the image data  202 A. In some implementations, the times series converter  220  includes a windowing module  222  that is configured to mark and separate one or more temporal frames or portions of the image data  202 A for times T 1 , T 2 , . . . , T N . In some implementations, each temporal frame of the image data  202 A is conditioned by a pre-filter or otherwise pre-processed (not shown). 
     According to some implementations, the depth data  202 B corresponds to an ongoing or continuous time series of values. In turn, the times series converter  220  is configured to generate one or more temporal frames of depth data from a continuous stream of audio data. Each temporal frame of depth data includes a temporal portion of the depth data  202 B. In some implementations, the times series converter  220  includes the windowing module  222  that is configured to mark and separate one or more temporal frames or portions of the depth data  202 B for times T 1 , T 2 , . . . , T N . In some implementations, each temporal frame of the depth data  202 B is conditioned by a pre-filter or otherwise pre-processed (not shown). 
     According to some implementations, the other sensor data  202 C corresponds to an ongoing or continuous time series of values. In turn, the times series converter  220  is configured to generate one or more temporal frames of other sensor data from a continuous stream of other sensor data. Each temporal frame of other sensor data includes a temporal portion of the other sensor data  202 C. In some implementations, the times series converter  220  includes the windowing module  222  that is configured to mark and separate one or more temporal frames or portions of the other sensor data  202 C for times T 1 , T 2 , . . . , T N . In some implementations, each temporal frame of the other sensor data  202 C is conditioned by a pre-filter or otherwise pre-processed (not shown). 
     In various implementations, the data processing architecture  200  includes a privacy subsystem  230  that includes one or more privacy filters associated with user information and/or identifying information (e.g., at least some portions of the image data  202 A, the depth data  202 B, and the other sensor data  202 C). In some implementations, the privacy subsystem  230  selectively prevents and/or limits the data processing architecture  200  or portions thereof from obtaining and/or transmitting the user information. To this end, the privacy subsystem  230  receives user preferences and/or selections from the user in response to prompting the user for the same. In some implementations, the privacy subsystem  230  prevents the data processing architecture  200  from obtaining and/or transmitting the user information unless and until the privacy subsystem  230  obtains informed consent from the user. In some implementations, the privacy subsystem  230  anonymizes (e.g., scrambles or obscures) certain types of user information. For example, the privacy subsystem  230  receives user inputs designating which types of user information the privacy subsystem  230  anonymizes. As another example, the privacy subsystem  230  anonymizes certain types of user information likely to include sensitive and/or identifying information, independent of user designation (e.g., automatically). 
     In some implementations, the task engine  242  is configured to perform one or more tasks on the image data  202 A, the depth data  202 B, and/or the other sensor data  202 C in order to detect objects, features, activities, and/or the like associated with the input data. In some implementations, the task engine  242  is configured to detect one or more features within the image data  202 A (e.g., lines, edges, corners, ridges, shapes, etc.) based on various computer vision techniques and to label pixels within an image based thereon. In some implementations, the task engine  242  is configured to recognize one or more objects within the image data  202 A based on various computer vision techniques, such as semantic segmentation or the like, and to label pixels within an image based thereon. In some implementations, the task engine  242  is configured to determine the visual salience of the one or more objects recognized within the image data  202 A based on eye tracking information and various computer vision techniques to determine the user&#39;s fixation point and/or the importance of each of the one or more objects. 
     In some implementations, the foreground/background discriminator  244  is configured to label pixels within an image as foreground and/or background pixels based on the depth data  202 B. In some implementations, the color analyzer  246  is configured to determine color properties for pixels within an image such as hue, chroma, and brightness values. 
     In some implementations, a pixel characterization engine  250  is configured to generate pixel characterization vectors  251  for at least some of the pixels of an image within the image data  202 A based on the output of the task engine  242 , the foreground/background discriminator  244 , and/or the color analyzer  246 . According to some implementations, the pixel characterization vectors  251  include a plurality of characterization properties for each pixel of the image. In some implementations, each pixel is associated with a pixel characterization vector that includes the characterization properties (e.g., hue value, chroma value, brightness value, coordinates, various labels, and/or the like). An example pixel characterization vector  310  is described in more detail below with reference to  FIG. 3 . 
     As shown in  FIG. 3 , a pixel characterization vector  310  for a respective pixel in the image includes: a hue value  312  for the respective pixel, a chroma value  314  for the respective pixel, a brightness value  316  for the respective pixel, coordinates  318  for the respective pixel (e.g., 2D image plane for the respective pixel and optionally 3D absolute coordinates for an object associated with the respective pixel), a foreground or background label  320  for the respective pixel, one or more feature/object labels  322  for the respective pixel, and one or more other labels  324  for the respective pixel. 
     In some implementations, the optional filter subsystem  252  is configured to apply one or more filters or constraints to the pixel characterization vectors  251  in order to generate a filtered set of pixel characterization vectors  253 . For example, the filter subsystem  252  removes pixel characterization vectors that include a foreground label. In another example, the filter subsystem  252  removes pixel characterization vectors that include a background label. In yet another example, the filter subsystem  252  removes pixel characterization vectors that are not associated with a feature/object label. In yet another example, the filter subsystem  252  removes pixel characterization vectors that are not associated with a predefined set of feature labels (e.g., circles, lines, squares, blocks, cylinders, etc.). In yet another example, the filter subsystem  252  removes pixel characterization vectors that are not associated with a predefined set of object labels (e.g., plants, foliage, animals, humans, human faces, human skin, sky, etc.). In yet another example, the filter subsystem  252  removes pixel characterization vectors that are associated with hue values within one or more predefined ranges of restricted hues. In yet another example, the filter subsystem  252  removes pixel characterization vectors that are associated with chroma values outside of a predefined chroma range. In yet another example, the filter subsystem  252  removes pixel characterization vectors that are associated with brightness values outside of a predefined brightness range. For example, the filter subsystem  252  removes pixel characterization vectors that are associated with low visual saliency. In yet another example, the filter subsystem  252  removes pixel characterization vectors that are associated with pixel coordinates near the edges or periphery of the image data  202 A. 
     In some implementations, the optional filter subsystem  252  is configured to apply one weights to the pixel characterization vectors  251  based on the above-mentioned filters or constraints instead of removing pixel characterization vectors. As a result, in some implementations, the image generator  266  may generate the one or more resultant images  275  based on pixels that are associated with pixel characterization vectors that have a weight that is greater than a predefined value. According to some implementations, the image generator  266  may sort the portions within a resultant image based on the weights of the corresponding pixel characterization vectors. 
     In some implementations, a clustering engine  262  is configured to perform a clustering algorithm (e.g., k-means clustering, a k-means clustering variation, or another clustering algorithm) on the pixels associated with the filtered set of pixel characterization vectors  253  based on at least some characterization properties thereof (e.g., hue values, chroma values, brightness values, or a suitable combination thereof). Performance of the clustering algorithm is described in greater detail below with reference to  FIGS. 4A-4F . In some implementations, after clustering the pixels associated with the filtered set of pixel characterization vectors  253 , the optional filter subsystem  264  is configured to apply one or more filters or constraints to the pixels associated with the filtered set of pixel characterization vectors  253 . Application of some post-clustering filters or constraints are described in greater detail below with reference to  FIGS. 4A-4F . 
       FIGS. 4A-4F  illustrate an example pixel clustering scenario  400  in accordance with some implementations. While pertinent features are shown, those of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate from the present disclosure that various other features have not been illustrated for the sake of brevity and so as not to obscure more pertinent aspects of the example implementations disclosed herein. In some implementations, the pixel clustering scenario  400  is performed by the electronic device  800  shown in  FIG. 8  or a component thereof such as the clustering engine  262  or the filter subsystem  264 . 
     As shown in  FIG. 4A , the electronic device  800  or a component thereof (e.g., the clustering engine  262 ) plots the pixels associated with the filtered set of pixel characterization vectors  253  against a 2D color space  402  based on the hue and chroma values thereof. One of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that the pixels may be plotted against a 3D color space based on their hue, chroma, and brightness values, but the 2D color space  402  is used in this example for sake of simplicity. 
     As shown in  FIGS. 4A-4F , the 2D color space  402  is divided into five principal hues: Red, Yellow, Green, Blue, and Purple, along with 5 intermediate hues (e.g., Yellow-Red) halfway between adjacent principal hues. One of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that the number of hue regions or divisions within the color space  402  in  FIGS. 4A-4F  may be an arbitrary number in various other implementations. The hue values are measured by degrees around the 2D color space  402 . Chroma values measured radially outward from the center (neutral gray) of the 2D color space  402 . As such, undersaturated colors are located closer to the center of the 2D color space  402  and oversaturated colors are located closer to the outside edge of the 2D color space  402 . According to some implementations, if two or more pixels have the same hue and chroma values, the clustering engine  262  may associate a counter that indicates the number of pixels associated with a sample when plotting the pixels against the 2D color space  402 . 
     As shown in  FIG. 4B , the electronic device  800  or a component thereof (e.g., the clustering engine  262 ) divides the pixels into k clusters based on a k-means clustering algorithm. Here, assuming k=3, the clustering engine  262  divides the pixels into three (3) clusters, including clusters  410 ,  420 , and  430 . As shown in  FIG. 4B , two pixels in the Red and Yellow-Red regions outside of the clusters  410 ,  420 , and  430  are displayed with a cross-hatching pattern to indicate that those pixels have been removed. 
     As shown in  FIG. 4C , the electronic device  800  or a component thereof (e.g., the filter subsystem  264 ) removes undersaturated pixels within a first chroma exclusion region  442 . In  FIG. 4C , pixels within the first chroma exclusion region  442  are displayed with the cross-hatching pattern to indicate that those pixels have been removed. As shown in  FIG. 4C , the filter subsystem  264  also removes oversaturated pixels within a second chroma exclusion region  444 . In  FIG. 4C , pixels within the second chroma exclusion region  444  are displayed with the cross-hatching pattern to indicate that those pixels have been removed. According to some implementations, the removal of undersaturated and oversaturated pixels is optional. According to some implementations, the width of the first chroma exclusion region  442  and the second chroma exclusion region  444  may be predefined or deterministic. 
     As shown in  FIG. 4D , the electronic device  800  or a component thereof (e.g., the filter subsystem  264 ) determines a center of mass or centroid for each of the clusters  410 ,  420 , and  430 . In  FIG. 4D , a centroid  452  indicates the center of mass or centroid of the cluster  410 . In  FIG. 4D , a centroid  454  indicates the center of mass or centroid of the cluster  420 . In  FIG. 4D , a centroid  456  indicates the center of mass or centroid of the cluster  430 . 
     As shown in  FIG. 4E , the electronic device  800  or a component thereof (e.g., the filter subsystem  264 ) determines a first hue inclusion region  462  that corresponds to X° (e.g.,  10 ) on either side of the centroid  452  and removes pixels associated with the cluster  410  that are outside of the first hue inclusion region  462 . In  FIG. 4E , pixels within the cluster  410  and also within the purple-blue region are displayed with the cross-hatching pattern to indicate that those pixels have been removed. According to some implementations, a pixel that was previously not within the cluster  410  or removed based on previous filters may be re-included or re-associated with the cluster  410  if the pixel is within the first hue inclusion region  462 . According to some implementations, the number of degrees associated with the first hue inclusion region  462  may be predefined or deterministic. 
     As shown in  FIG. 4E , the electronic device  800  or a component thereof (e.g., the filter subsystem  264 ) determines a second hue inclusion region  464  that corresponds to X° on either side of the centroid  454  and removes pixels associated with the cluster  420  that are outside of the second hue inclusion region  464 . As shown in  FIG. 4E , the electronic device  800  or a component thereof (e.g., the filter subsystem  264 ) determines a third hue inclusion region  466  that corresponds to X° on either side of the centroid  456  and removes pixels associated with the cluster  430  that are outside of the third hue inclusion region  466 . 
     As shown in  FIG. 4F , the electronic device  800  or a component thereof (e.g., the clustering engine  262 ) identifies candidate pixels for the image generator  266 . In  FIG. 4F , candidate pixels are displayed with a solid black fill. 
     With reference to  FIG. 2 , in some implementations, an image generator  266  is configured to generate one or more resultant images  275 . As one example, the image generator  266  generates the one or more resultant images  275  based on the candidate pixels, which are displayed with a solid black fill in  FIG. 4F . As another example, the image generator  266  generates a resultant image based on a portion of the candidate pixels that are within the cluster with the most candidate pixels such as the cluster  410  in  FIG. 4F . As yet another example, the image generator  266  generates M resultant images based on a portion of the candidate pixels that are within the M clusters with the most candidate pixels in  FIG. 4F . In this example, assuming M=2, the image generator  266  generates a first resultant image using the candidate pixels within the cluster  410  and a second resultant image using the candidate pixels within the cluster  420 . In this example, M≤k associated with the k-means clustering algorithm. 
       FIG. 5  illustrates representations of resultant images  500  and  550  in accordance with some implementations. While pertinent features are shown, those of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate from the present disclosure that various other features have not been illustrated for the sake of brevity and so as not to obscure more pertinent aspects of the example implementations disclosed herein. For example,  FIG. 5  shows a representation of a first resultant image  500  associated with a set of candidate pixels (e.g., the remaining pixels within the cluster  410  displayed with the black fill in  FIG. 4F ). For example, the first resultant image  500  includes a plurality of portions  502 A- 502 K (sometimes referred to herein as the portions  502 ). According to some implementations, each of the portions  502  is associated with a respective pixel within the set of candidate pixels. In some implementations, the portions  502  correspond to horizontal regions, vertical regions, diagonal regions, or the like. One of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that the portions  502  may associated with myriad shapes, geometries, divisions, or the like. 
     In some implementations, the image generator  266  generates each of the portions  502  based on hue and chroma values for a respective pixel within the set of candidate pixels. As such, for example, a portion  502 B is generated based on hue and chroma values for a respective pixel within the set of candidate pixels. In some implementations, the image generator  266  performs a fading, smoothing, blending, interpolating, and/or the like operation between each of the portions  502 . As such, the first resultant image  500  may resemble a color gradient. 
     As shown in  FIG. 5 , the first resultant image  500  includes four (4) portions  502 D because the set of candidate pixels includes four (4) pixels with same hue and chroma values. Similarly, the first resultant image  500  includes two (2) portions  502 A because the set of candidate pixels includes two (2) pixels with the same hue and chroma values. 
     As shown in  FIG. 5 , the portions  502  within the first resultant image  500  are arranged based on the brightness values of the associated pixels from most bright on the bottom to least bright on the top. As such, with reference to the first resultant image  500 , a first portion  502 B of the first resultant image  500  is generated based on the hue and chroma values of a corresponding first candidate pixel from the set of candidate pixels that is associated with a highest brightness value. Furthermore, with reference to the first resultant image  500 , an N-th portion  502 F of the first resultant image  500  is generated based on the hue and chroma values of a corresponding N-th candidate pixel from the set of candidate pixels that is associated with a lowest brightness value. 
     As another example,  FIG. 5  shows a representation of a second resultant image  550  associated with the set of candidate pixels. The second resultant image  550  is similar to and adapted from the first resultant image  500 . As such, similar references numbers are used and only the differences are discussed for the sake of brevity. As shown in  FIG. 5 , the portions  502  within the second resultant image  550  are arranged based on pixel instance count from least on the bottom to most on the top. As such, with reference to the second resultant image  550 , a portion  502 K of the second resultant image  550  is generated based on the hue and chroma values of a corresponding candidate pixel from the set of candidate pixels with a count of one (1) pixel instance within the set of candidate pixels. Furthermore, with reference to the second resultant image  550 , four (4) portions  502 D of the second resultant image  550  are generated based on the hue and chroma values of a corresponding candidate pixel from the set of candidate pixels that is associated with a count of four (4) pixel instances within the set of candidate pixel. One of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that the portions  502  may be arranged or sorted in myriad ways other than based on brightness or pixel instance count (e.g., hue value, chroma value, weight set by the filter subsystem  252 , or the like). 
       FIG. 6A  illustrates an example input image  610  set as a wallpaper for a wake screen user interface  600  in accordance with some implementations. For example, the input image  610  (e.g., the image data  202 A) is fed into the data processing system  200  along with associated metadata. As shown in  FIG. 6A , the input image  610  includes pixels  662 ,  664 ,  666 , and  668  associated with related colors (shown as different crosshatch patterns). As one example, the pixels  662 ,  664 ,  666 , and  668  are associated with hue and chroma values that correspond to different shades of red within the input image  610 , wherein, for example, the pixel  662  is associated with the dominant hue/shade. 
       FIG. 6B  illustrates an example resultant image  660  (e.g., one of the one or more resultant images  275 ) generated by the data processing system  200  based on the input image  610  in accordance with some implementations. For example, with reference to  FIG. 2 , the color analyzer  246  determines hue, chroma, and brightness values for the pixels within the input image  610  (e.g., including the pixels  662 ,  664 ,  666 , and  668 ), and the clustering engine  262  plots the pixels within the input image  610  against a color space (e.g., the 2D color space  402  in  FIGS. 4A-4F ) based on the hue and chroma values thereof. In this example, with continued reference to  FIG. 2 , the clustering engine  262  identifies a set of candidate pixels (e.g., the pixels  662 ,  664 ,  666 , and  668 ) as described above with respect to the pixel clustering scenario  400  in  FIG. 4A-4F , and the image generator  266  generates the resultant image  660  based on the set of candidate pixels (e.g., the pixels  662 ,  664 ,  666 , and  668 ) or at least a portion thereof as described above with respect to  FIG. 5 . As such, the resultant image  660  corresponds to a color gradient generated based on the hue and chroma values associated with the pixels  662 ,  664 ,  666 , and  668 , which are closely related in terms of color (e.g., shades of red). 
     As shown in  FIG. 6B , the resultant image includes a plurality of portions  672 ,  674 ,  676 , and  678 . A color of the portion  672  is based on the hue and chroma values of the pixel  662 . Moreover, in some implementations, a dimension  663  (e.g., length) of the portion  672  is based on a pixel instance count that corresponds to a number of pixels in the input image  610  with the same hue and chroma values as the pixel  662  (or within a predefined variance thereof). Similarly, a color of the portion  674  is based on the hue and chroma values of the pixel  664 . Moreover, in some implementations, a dimension  665  (e.g., length) of the portion  674  is based on a pixel instance count that corresponds to a number of pixels in the input image  610  with the same hue and chroma values as the pixel  66  (or within a predefined variance thereof). 
     A color of the portion  676  is based on the hue and chroma values of the pixel  666 . Moreover, in some implementations, a dimension  667  (e.g., length) of the portion  676  is based on a pixel instance count that corresponds to a number of pixels in the input image  610  with the same hue and chroma values as the pixel  666  (or within a predefined variance thereof). Similarly, a color of the portion  678  is based on the hue and chroma values of the pixel  668 . Moreover, in some implementations, a dimension  669  (e.g., length) of the portion  678  is based on a pixel instance count that corresponds to a number of pixels in the input image  610  with the same hue and chroma values as the pixel  668  (or within a predefined variance thereof). 
     For example, in response to detecting a user input that sets the input image  610  as the wallpaper of the wake screen user interface  600 , the electronic device  800  or a component thereof (e.g., the data processing system  200  in  FIG. 2 ) generates the resultant image  660  based on the input image  610  and sets the resultant image  660  as the wallpaper of the home screen user interface. As such, a visual continuity is maintained when transitioning from the wake screen user interface to the home screen user interface. For example, the user may perceive that he/she is drilling down into the background or foreground of the input image  610  set as the wallpaper for the wake screen user interface when transitioning from the wake screen user interface to the home screen user interface with the resultant image  660  set as its wallpaper. See U.S. Application No. 62/855,729, filed May 31, 2019, attorney docket number P42113USP1/27753-50286PR, which is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety, for further description regarding setting wallpapers of the wake and home screen user interfaces. 
       FIG. 7  is a flowchart representation of a method  700  of generating a resultant image based on a portion of pixels within an input image in accordance with some implementations. In various implementations, the method  700  is performed by a device with one or more processors and non-transitory memory (e.g., the electronic device  800  in  FIG. 8 ) or a component thereof. In some implementations, the method  700  is performed by processing logic, including hardware, firmware, software, or a combination thereof. In some implementations, the method  700  is performed by a processor executing code stored in a non-transitory computer-readable medium (e.g., a memory). In some implementations, the device corresponds to one of a wearable computing device, mobile phone, tablet, laptop, desktop computer, kiosk, or the like. Some operations in method  700  are, optionally, combined and/or the order of some operations is, optionally, changed. 
     As described below, the method  700  generates a resultant image to be set as a wallpaper for a user interface (e.g., home screen) based on an input image set as the wallpaper for another user interface (e.g., wake screen) in order to maintain visual continuity between the user interfaces. The method provides visual continuity between user interfaces, thus reducing the amount of user interaction with the device. Reducing the amount of user interaction with the device reduces wear-and-tear of the device and, for battery powered devices, increases battery life of the device. The method also reduces the cognitive burden on a user when interacting with user interfaces, thereby creating a more efficient human-machine interface. 
     As represented by block  702 , the method  700  includes obtaining a first image. In some implementations, the first image corresponds to an input or reference image for the method  700 . For example, the first image corresponds to a wallpaper for a wake screen user interface. For example, with reference to  FIG. 2 , the data processing system  200 , which is included in or integrated with the electronic device  800 , obtains image data  202 A including the first image. For example, the data processing system  200  receives the image data  202 A from a local or remote source. In another example, the data processing system  200  retrieves the image data  202 A from a local or remote source. In yet another example, the data processing system  200  captures the image data  202 A with an exterior- or interior-facing image sensor. As one example, the image data  202 A includes an image that is set as the wallpaper for a wake screen user interface of the electronic device  800 . 
     In some implementations, the method  700  is triggered in response to detecting a user input that corresponds to setting the first image as the wallpaper for the wake screen user interface. As such, the second image is generated based on the first image and set as the wallpaper for the home screen user interface. See U.S. Application No. 62/855,729, filed May 31, 2019, attorney docket number P42113USP1/27753-50286PR, which is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety, for further description regarding setting wallpapers of the wake and home screen UIs. In some implementations, the method  700  is triggered in response to detecting a user input that corresponds to setting the first image as the wallpaper for the home screen user interface. 
     In some implementations, the method  700  is triggered in response to detecting a user input that corresponds to selecting a “smart gradient” or “color gradient” home screen treatment option within a wallpaper settings user interface. As such, the second image is generated based on the first image and set as the wallpaper for the home screen user interface within a preview pairing that shows the first image as the wallpaper for the wake screen user interface and the second image as the wallpaper for the home screen user interface. See U.S. Application No. 62/855,729, filed May 31, 2019, attorney docket number P42113USP1/27753-50286PR, which is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety, for further description regarding the wallpaper settings user interface and home screen treatment options. 
     As represented by block  704 , the method  700  includes determining one or more characterization properties for each of a plurality of pixels within the first image. In some implementations, a portion of the one or more characterization properties correspond color parameters including a hue value, a saturation value, a brightness/lightness value, and/or the like. As such, in some implementations, the one or more characterization properties include a hue value, a saturation value, and a brightness value for a respective pixel. In some implementations, a portion of the one or more characterization properties correspond to derived or relative parameters such as object labels, feature labels, foreground/background labels, and/or the like. 
     In some implementations, the device generates a pixel characterization vector for at least some of the pixels in the first image that at least include the one or more characterization properties. For example, the pixel characterization vector for a respective pixel within the first image includes color parameters (e.g., hue value, chroma/saturation value, brightness/lightness value, and/or the like), depth parameters (e.g., a foreground/background label), and other parameters (e.g., image plane coordinates, feature/object and/or the like). 
     For example, with reference to  FIG. 2 , the data processing system  200  or one or more components thereof (e.g., the task engine  242 , the foreground/background discriminator  244 , and the color analyzer  246 ) analyze the first image to generate one or more characterization properties (e.g., color parameters, depth parameters, and/or other parameters) for each of at least some of the pixels within the first image. Continuing with this example, the data processing system  200  or a component thereof (e.g., the pixel characterization engine  250 ) generates a pixel characterization vector for at least some of the pixels within the first image that includes the one or more characterization properties (e.g., color parameters, depth parameters, and/or other parameters). As shown in  FIG. 3 , a pixel characterization vector  310  for a respective pixel includes: a hue value  312  for the respective pixel, a chroma value  314  for the respective pixel, a brightness value  316  for the respective pixel, coordinates  318  for the respective pixel (e.g., 2D image plane for the respective pixel and optionally 3D absolute coordinates for an object associated with the respective pixel), a foreground or background label  320  for the respective pixel, one or more feature/object labels  322  for the respective pixel, and one or more other labels  324  for the respective pixel. 
     As represented by block  706 , the method  700  includes determining a dominant hue based on the one or more characterization properties for each of the plurality of pixels within the first image. In some implementations, the dominant hue corresponds to a hue value associated with the greatness number of pixels within the first image. In some implementations, the dominant hue corresponds to a median, mean, or centroid hue value within a predefined hue range or radius associated with the greatness number of pixels within the first image. 
     In some implementations, the device plots the pixels within the first image against a color space (e.g., 2D or 3D) based on their color parameters and performs a clustering algorithm thereon such as k-means. For example, the color space is selected to correspond to human perception (e.g., the Munsell Color System, IPT, CIECAM02, CIELAB, iCAM06, etc.). For example, with reference to  FIGS. 2 and 4A , the data processing system  200  or a component thereof (e.g., the clustering engine  262 ) plots the pixels associated with the first image against a 2D color space  402  based on the hue and chroma values thereof. For example, with reference to  FIGS. 2 and 4B , the data processing system  200  or a component thereof (e.g., the clustering engine  262 ) divides the pixels associated with the first image into k clusters based on a k-means clustering algorithm. Here, assuming k=3, the clustering engine  262  divides the pixels into 3 clusters, including clusters  410 ,  420 , and  430 . 
     In some implementations, when using a k-means algorithm, k is set to a predetermined or deterministic value in order to generate fine grained clusters with low dispersion. For example, k≥3. In some implementations, the dominant hue corresponds to a cluster associated with the greatness number of pixels within the first image. In some implementations, the dominant hue corresponds to a median, mean, or centroid hue value within a cluster associated with the greatness number of pixels within the first image. For example, with reference to  FIGS. 2 and 4F , the data processing system  200  or a component thereof determines the dominant hue by determining a median, hue, or centroid of the cluster  410  (e.g., the cluster with the most candidate pixels). As another example, with reference to  FIGS. 2 and 4F , the data processing system  200  or a component thereof determines the dominant hue by identifying a pixel with the highest pixel instance count within the cluster  410  (e.g., the cluster with the most candidate pixels). 
     In some implementations, if two equally dominant hues exist within the first image, the device randomly or pseudo-randomly selects one of the two equally dominant hues. In some implementations, the device determines whether the first image is a black and white image before proceeding with the method. If the first image is a black and white image, the device may change the clustering algorithm, plot the pixels against a different color space, and/or perform different filtering operations (e.g., merely analyzing brightness values for pixels in the black and white image to generate a dark-to-light or light-to-dark gradient). As one example, if the first image is a black and white image, the device forgoes removing undersaturated and oversaturated as shown in  FIG. 4C . 
     In some implementations, determining the dominant hue within the first image includes discarding one or more pixels within the first image that are associated with brightness values outside of a range of brightness values. As such, in some implementations, the device discards outlier pixels that are too bright or too dark. For example, with reference to  FIG. 2 , the data processing system  200  or a component thereof (e.g., the filter subsystem  254  or  264 ) discards pixels within the first image that are associated with brightness values outside of a brightness range. In some implementations, the brightness range corresponds to a predefined range of brightness values. In some implementations, the brightness range corresponds to a deterministic range of brightness values based on the hue, chroma, and/or brightness values associated with the pixels within the first image. 
     In some implementations, determining the dominant hue within the first image includes discarding one or more pixels within the first image that are associated with saturation values outside of a range of saturation values. As such, in some implementations, the device discards outlier pixels within the first image that are oversaturated or undersaturated. For example, with reference to  FIGS. 2 and 4C , the data processing system  200  or a component thereof (e.g., the filter subsystem  264 ) discards undersaturated pixels within a first chroma exclusion region  442  and also discards oversaturated pixels within a second chroma exclusion region  444 . In some implementations, the first chroma exclusion region  442  and the second chroma exclusion region  444  are associated with predefined ranges of chroma values. In some implementations, the first chroma exclusion region  442  and the second chroma exclusion region  444  are associated with deterministic ranges of chroma values based on the hue, chroma, and/or brightness values associated with the pixels within the first image. 
     In some implementations, determining the dominant hue within the first image includes discarding one or more pixels within the first image that are associated with a foreground of the first image based on depth information associated with the first image. In some implementations, the second image is based on pixels associated with the background of the first image and the hues therein. Alternatively, in some implementations, the device discards one or more pixels within the first image that are associated with a background of the first image. For example, with reference to  FIG. 2 , the data processing system  200  or a component thereof (e.g., the filter subsystem  254  or  264 ) discards pixels within the first image that are associated with a foreground label. As another example, with reference to  FIG. 2 , the data processing system  200  or a component thereof (e.g., the filter subsystem  254  or  264 ) discards pixels within the first image that are associated with a background label. 
     As represented by block  708 , the method  700  includes determining a plurality of hues that satisfy a predetermined perception threshold relative to the dominant hue based on the one or more characterization properties for each of the plurality of pixels within the first image, wherein the plurality of hues is different from the dominant hue. In some implementations, the plurality of hues includes one or more hues similar to but different from the dominant hue. In some implementations, the plurality of hues is associated with pixels within the image that are associated with hue values within a predefined hue angle from the dominant hue. In some implementations, the hue angle is a predefined number of degrees on either side of the dominant hue (e.g., +/−10°). In some implementations, the hue angle is biased in one direction based on the dominant hue. In some implementations, the plurality of hues is associated with pixels within the image that are associated with hue values within the cluster associated with the dominant hue. In some implementations, the plurality of hues is associated with pixels within the image that are associated with hue values within a dispersion threshold associated with Y standard deviations relative to the dominant hue. For example, with reference to  FIGS. 2 and 4F , after determining that the dominant hue corresponds to a pixel within the cluster  410 , the data processing system  200  or a component thereof determines the plurality of hues by identifying the other pixels within the cluster  410 . 
     In some implementations, the predetermined perception threshold corresponds to a hue angle. As one example, the hue angle restricts the plurality of hues to natural lighting environment and/or human visual perception. For example, with reference to  FIGS. 2 and 4E , the data processing system  200  or a component thereof (e.g., the filter subsystem  264 ) discards pixels within the cluster  410  that are outside of the first hue inclusion region  462  that corresponds to X° (e.g.,  10 ) on either side of the centroid  452 . As another example, the hue angle is replaced with a dispersion threshold associated with Y standard deviations relative to the dominant hue. 
     As represented by block  710 , the method  700  includes generating a second image based at least in part on the dominant hue and the plurality of hues. In some implementations, the second image corresponds to a color gradient generated based on the dominant hue and the plurality of hues within the first image. In some implementations, the second image corresponds to a grid/checkerboard pattern or another template pattern that is filled in using the dominant hue and the plurality of hues within the first image. In some implementations, the second image includes a template character whose clothes are colorized using the dominant hue and the plurality of hues within the first image. In some implementations, the second image corresponds to a template image (e.g., a group of balloons) that are colorized using the dominant hue and the plurality of hues within the first image. 
     In some implementations, the method  700  includes setting the second image as a wallpaper for a user interface such as the home screen user interface or the wake screen user interface. In some implementations, the method  700  includes setting the background for a movie summary field or the like based on the dominant hue and the plurality of hues within the first image associated with a movie poster. In some implementations, the method  700  includes setting the background for an album summary field, field of scrolling lyrics, associated buttons, or the like based on the dominant hue and the plurality of hues within the first image associated with album cover art. 
     In some implementations, when the dominant hue is the only hue within the first image, the second image may be a solid color that corresponds to the dominant hue. In some implementations, when the dominant hue is the only hue within the first image, the second image may be a combination of the dominant hue and one or more other hues different from the dominant hue that are randomly selected within a predefined hue angle of the dominant hue. 
     In some implementations, the second image includes a plurality of portions with at least one portion for the dominant hue and least one portion for each of the plurality of hues. In some implementations, the size of the portions corresponds to the number of pixels within the first image associated with a respective hue. In some implementations, two or more resultant images (e.g., smart gradient or color gradient options) are generated based on the first image. As such, for example, two dominant hues are identified by setting k=4 and taking M clusters with the highest number of samples (where M≤k). In this example, the device generates a first color gradient (e.g., a first resultant image) based on the first dominant hue and the plurality of hues associated with pixels close thereto and a second color gradient (e.g., a second resultant image) based on the second dominant hue and the plurality of hues associated with pixels close thereto. 
     For example, with reference to  FIG. 2 , the data processing system  200  or a component thereof (e.g., the image generator  266 ) generates the one or more resultant images  275  based on the candidate pixels, which are displayed with a solid black fill in  FIG. 4F . As another example, the image generator  266  generates a resultant image based on a portion of the candidate pixels that are within the cluster with the most candidate pixels such as the cluster  410  in  FIG. 4F . As yet another example, the image generator  266  generates M resultant images based on a portion of the candidate pixels that are within the M clusters with the most candidate pixels in  FIG. 4F . In this example, assuming M=2, the image generator  266  generates a first resultant image using the candidate pixels within the cluster  410  and a second resultant image using the candidate pixels within the cluster  420 . In this example, M≤k associated with the k-means clustering algorithm. 
     In some implementations, the second image includes one or more portions associated with different hues within the first image including a first portion of the second image is associated with the dominant hue and a second portion of the second image is associated with a respective hue among the plurality of hues. For example, each of the one or more portions corresponds to a horizontal or vertical band. In some implementations, the shape or dimensions of the portions are based on objects, features, and/or the like recognized within the first image. For example, if the first image includes many circular or curved features, the portions may correspond to curves or ellipsoids. 
     For example,  FIG. 5  shows a representation of a first resultant image  500  associated with a set of candidate pixels (e.g., the remaining pixels within the cluster  410  in  FIG. 4F ). For example, the first resultant image  500  includes a plurality of portions  502 A- 502 K (sometimes referred to herein as the portions  502 ). According to some implementations, each of the portions  502  is associated with a respective pixel within the set of candidate pixels. In some implementations, the portions  502  correspond to horizontal regions, vertical regions, diagonal regions, or the like. In some implementations, the image generator  266  generates each of the portions  502  based on hue and chroma values for a respective pixel within the set of candidate pixels. As such, for example, a portion  502 B is generated based on hue and chroma values for a respective pixel within the set of candidate pixels. In some implementations, the image generator  266  performs a fading, smoothing, blending, interpolating, and/or the like operation between each of the portions  502 . As such, the first resultant image  500  may resemble a color gradient. 
     In some implementations, a first size of a first portion of the second image associated with the dominant hue is based at least in part on a first number of pixels within the first image associated with the dominant hue, and wherein a second size of a second portion of the second image associated with a respective hue among the plurality of hues is based at least in part on a second number of pixels within the first image associated with the respective hue. For example, the first and second sizes correspond to one or more dimensional values such as a length and/or width value. As shown in  FIG. 5 , the first resultant image  500  includes four (4) portions  502 D because the set of candidate pixels includes four (4) pixels with the same hue and chroma values. Similarly, the first resultant image  500  includes two (2) portions  502 A because the set of candidate pixels includes two (2) pixels with the same hue and chroma values. 
     In some implementations, the first size of the first portion of the second image and the second size of the second portion of the second image are limited by a predefined dimensional criterion. As one example, the first and second portions are limited to A % of the second image. As such, even if a multitude of pixels in the first image has same hue and chroma values, the portion size associated with those pixels is limited to A % of the second image. As another example, the first and second portions are limited to a predefined length or width. 
     In some implementations, a predefined transition operation is performed between the one or more portions. In some implementations, the predefined transition operation corresponds to a smoothing, blending, or interpolating operation. For example, the device avoids stripes, lines, blocks, etc. within the second image and instead creates a color gradient for the second image. 
     In some implementations, the one or more portions are arranged according to one or more arrangement criteria. In some implementations, the one or more arrangement criteria correspond to brightness. As such, for example, the device sorts the portions from brightest-to-darkest (or darkest-to-brightest) based on perceived luminosity or vice versa. In some implementations, the one or more arrangement criteria correspond to pixel instance count. As such, for example, the device sorts the portions in ascending or descending order based on number of associated pixels in the first image. 
     As shown in  FIG. 5 , the portions  502  within the first resultant image  500  are arranged based on the brightness values of the associated pixels from most bright on the bottom to least bright on the top. As such, with reference to the first resultant image  500 , a first portion  502 B of the first resultant image  500  is generated based on the hue and chroma values of a corresponding first candidate pixel that is associated with a highest brightness value. Furthermore, with reference to the first resultant image  500 , an N-th portion  502 F of the first resultant image  500  is generated based on the hue and chroma values of a corresponding N-th candidate pixel that is associated with a lowest brightness value. 
     As shown in  FIG. 5 , the portions  502  within the second resultant image  550  are arranged based on pixel instance count from least on the bottom to most on the top. As such, with reference to the second resultant image  550 , a portion  502 K of the second resultant image  550  is generated based on the hue and chroma values of a corresponding candidate pixel with a count of one (1) pixel instance within the set of candidate pixels. Furthermore, with reference to the second resultant image  550 , four (4) portions  502 D of the second resultant image  550  are generated based on the hue and chroma values of a corresponding candidate pixel that is associated with a count of four (4) pixel instances within the set of candidate pixel. 
     In some implementations, the method  700  includes: after generating the second image, detecting an input that corresponds to modifying the first image to generate a modified first image; and, in response to detecting the input, updating the second image based on one or more visual properties for each of a plurality of pixels in the modified first image. For example, the input corresponds to a cropping input relative to the first image, the application of an image filter to the first image, a markup or annotation input relative to the first image, or the like. As such, the device updates the second image based on modification or changes to the first image. 
     It should be understood that the particular order in which the operations in  FIG. 7  have been described is merely example and is not intended to indicate that the described order is the only order in which the operations could be performed. One of ordinary skill in the art would recognize various ways to reorder the operations described herein. 
       FIG. 8  is a block diagram of an example of the electronic device  800  (e.g., a wearable computing device, mobile phone, tablet, laptop, desktop computer, kiosk, or the like) in accordance with some implementations. While certain specific features are illustrated, those skilled in the art will appreciate from the present disclosure that various other features have not been illustrated for the sake of brevity, and so as not to obscure more pertinent aspects of the implementations disclosed herein. To that end, as a non-limiting example, in some implementations, the electronic device  800  includes one or more processing units  802  (e.g., microprocessors, application-specific integrated circuits (ASICs), field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs), graphics processing units (GPUs), central processing units (CPUs), processing cores, and/or the like), one or more input/output (I/O) devices and sensors  806 , one or more communication interfaces  808  (e.g., universal serial bus (USB), Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) 802.3x, IEEE 802.11x, IEEE 802.16x, global system for mobile communications (GSM), code-division multiple access (CDMA), time-division multiple access (TDMA), global positioning system (GPS), infrared (IR), BLUETOOTH, ZIGBEE, and/or the like type interface), one or more programming (e.g., I/O) interfaces  810 , one or more displays  812 , one or more optional interior- and/or exterior-facing image sensors  814 , one or more optional depth sensors  816 , a memory  820 , and one or more communication buses  804  for interconnecting these and various other components. 
     In some implementations, the one or more communication buses  804  include circuitry that interconnects and controls communications between system components. In some implementations, the one or more I/O devices and sensors  806  include at least one of an inertial measurement unit (IMU), an accelerometer, a gyroscope, a thermometer, one or more physiological sensors (e.g., blood pressure monitor, heart rate monitor, blood oxygen sensor, blood glucose sensor, etc.), one or more microphones, one or more speakers, a haptics engine, a heating and/or cooling unit, a skin shear engine, and/or the like. 
     In some implementations, the one or more displays  812  are configured to present user interfaces or other content to a user. In some implementations, the one or more displays  812  correspond to holographic, digital light processing (DLP), liquid-crystal display (LCD), liquid-crystal on silicon (LCoS), organic light-emitting field-effect transitory (OLET), organic light-emitting diode (OLED), surface-conduction electron-emitter display (SED), field-emission display (FED), quantum-dot light-emitting diode (QD-LED), micro-electro-mechanical system (MEMS), and/or the like display types. In some implementations, the one or more displays  812  correspond to diffractive, reflective, polarized, holographic, etc. waveguide displays. 
     In some implementations, the one or more optional interior- and/or exterior-facing image sensors  814  correspond to one or more RGB cameras (e.g., with a complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) image sensor or a charge-coupled device (CCD) image sensor), IR image sensors, event-based cameras, and/or the like. In some implementations, the one or more optional depth sensors  816  correspond to sensors that measure depth based on structured light, time-of-flight, or the like. 
     The memory  820  includes high-speed random-access memory, such as dynamic random-access memory (DRAM), static random-access memory (SRAM), double-data-rate random-access memory (DDR RAM), or other random-access solid-state memory devices. In some implementations, the memory  820  includes non-volatile memory, such as one or more magnetic disk storage devices, optical disk storage devices, flash memory devices, or other non-volatile solid-state storage devices. The memory  820  optionally includes one or more storage devices remotely located from the one or more processing units  802 . The memory  820  comprises a non-transitory computer readable storage medium. In some implementations, the memory  820  or the non-transitory computer readable storage medium of the memory  820  stores the following programs, modules and data structures, or a subset thereof including an optional operating system  830 , a data obtainer  842 , a data transmitter  844 , a presentation engine  846 , and a data processing system  200 . 
     The operating system  830  includes procedures for handling various basic system services and for performing hardware dependent tasks. 
     In some implementations, the data obtainer  842  is configured to obtain data (e.g., presentation data, user interaction data, sensor data, location data, etc.) from at least one of the I/O devices and sensors  806  of the electronic device  800  and another local and/or remote source. To that end, in various implementations, the data obtainer  842  includes instructions and/or logic therefor, and heuristics and metadata therefor. 
     In some implementations, the data transmitter  844  is configured to transmit data (e.g., presentation data, location data, user interaction data, etc.) to another device. To that end, in various implementations, the data transmitter  844  includes instructions and/or logic therefor, and heuristics and metadata therefor. 
     In some implementations, the presentation engine  846  is configured to present user interfaces and other content to a user via the one or more displays  812 . To that end, in various implementations, the presentation engine  846  includes instructions and/or logic therefor, and heuristics and metadata therefor. 
     In some implementations, the data processing system  200  is configured to generate one or more resultant images based on image data  202 A, depth data  202 B, and/or other sensor data  202 C as discussed above with reference to  FIG. 2 . To that end, in various implementations, the data processing system  200  includes a task engine  242 , a foreground/background discriminator  244 , a color analyzer  246 , a pixel characterization engine  250 , a filter subsystem  252 / 264 , a clustering engine  262 , and an image generator  266 . The aforementioned components of the data processing system  200  are described above with reference to  FIG. 2  and will not be described again for the sake of brevity, 
     Although the data obtainer  842 , the data transmitter  844 , the presentation engine  846 , and the data processing system  200  are shown as residing on a single device (e.g., the electronic device  800 ), it should be understood that in other implementations, any combination of data obtainer  842 , the data transmitter  844 , the presentation engine  846 , and the data processing system  200  may be located in separate computing devices. 
     Moreover,  FIG. 8  is intended more as a functional description of the various features which be present in a particular implementation as opposed to a structural schematic of the implementations described herein. As recognized by those of ordinary skill in the art, items shown separately could be combined and some items could be separated. For example, some functional modules shown separately in  FIG. 8  could be implemented in a single module and the various functions of single functional blocks could be implemented by one or more functional blocks in various implementations. The actual number of modules and the division of particular functions and how features are allocated among them will vary from one implementation to another and, in some implementations, depends in part on the particular combination of hardware, software, and/or firmware chosen for a particular implementation. 
     While various aspects of implementations within the scope of the appended claims are described above, it should be apparent that the various features of implementations described above may be embodied in a wide variety of forms and that any specific structure and/or function described above is merely illustrative. Based on the present disclosure one skilled in the art should appreciate that an aspect described herein may be implemented independently of any other aspects and that two or more of these aspects may be combined in various ways. For example, an apparatus may be implemented and/or a method may be practiced using any number of the aspects set forth herein. In addition, such an apparatus may be implemented and/or such a method may be practiced using other structure and/or functionality in addition to or other than one or more of the aspects set forth herein. 
     It will also be understood that, although the terms “first,” “second,” etc. may be used herein to describe various elements, these elements should not be limited by these terms. These terms are only used to distinguish one element from another. For example, a first node could be termed a second node, and, similarly, a second node could be termed a first node, which changing the meaning of the description, so long as all occurrences of the “first node” are renamed consistently and all occurrences of the “second node” are renamed consistently. The first node and the second node are both nodes, but they are not the same node. 
     The terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particular implementations only and is not intended to be limiting of the claims. As used in the description of the implementations and the appended claims, the singular forms “a,” “an,” and “the” are intended to include the plural forms as well, unless the context clearly indicates otherwise. It will also be understood that the term “and/or” as used herein refers to and encompasses any and all possible combinations of one or more of the associated listed items. It will be further understood that the terms “comprises” and/or “comprising,” when used in this specification, specify the presence of stated features, integers, steps, operations, elements, and/or components, but do not preclude the presence or addition of one or more other features, integers, steps, operations, elements, components, and/or groups thereof. 
     As used herein, the term “if” may be construed to mean “when” or “upon” or “in response to determining” or “in accordance with a determination” or “in response to detecting,” that a stated condition precedent is true, depending on the context. Similarly, the phrase “if it is determined [that a stated condition precedent is true]” or “if [a stated condition precedent is true]” or “when [a stated condition precedent is true]” may be construed to mean “upon determining” or “in response to determining” or “in accordance with a determination” or “upon detecting” or “in response to detecting” that the stated condition precedent is true, depending on the context.