Patent Publication Number: US-6663891-B2

Title: Erythromyacin antibiotic product, use and formulation thereof

Description:
This application is a continuation-in-part of U.S. application Ser. No. 09/792,092, filed on Feb. 22, 2001, which is a continuation-in-part of U.S. application Ser. No. 09/687,229, filed on Oct. 13, 2000, and also claims the priority of U.S. Provisional Application Serial No. 60/184,546 filed on Feb. 24, 2000. 
    
    
     This invention relates to an antibiotic product, as well as the use and formulation thereof. The invention further relates to an erythromyacin antibiotic product, in particular an erythromyacin derivative or a macrolide or a ketolite (including derivatives thereof such as salts, esters, etc.); in particular Clarithromycin. 
     A wide variety of antibiotics have been used, and will be used, in order to combat bacterial infection. In general, such antibiotics can be administered by a repeated dosing of immediate release dosage forms, which results in poor compliance or as a controlled release formulation (slow release) at higher administered doses. The present invention is directed to providing for an improved antibiotic product. 
     In accordance with one aspect of the present invention, there is provided an antibiotic pharmaceutical product which is comprised of at least two, preferably at least three, antibiotic dosage forms. Such dosage forms are formulated so that each of the dosage forms has a different release profile. 
     In a particularly preferred embodiment, there are at least two, preferably at least three dosage forms, each of which has a different release profile and the release profile of each of the dosage forms is such that the dosage forms each start release of the antibiotic contained therein at different times after administration of the antibiotic product. 
     Thus, in accordance with an aspect of the present invention, there is provided a single or unitary antibiotic product that has contained therein at least two, preferably at least three antibiotic dosage forms, each of which has a different release profile, whereby the antibiotic contained in each of such dosage forms is released at different times. 
     In accordance with a further aspect of the invention, the antibiotic product may be comprised of at least four different dosage forms, each of which starts to release the antibiotic contained therein at different times after administration of the antibiotic product. 
     The antibiotic product generally does not include more than five dosage forms with different release times. 
     In accordance with a preferred embodiment, the antibiotic product has an overall release profile such that when administered the maximum serum concentration of the total antibiotic released from the product is reached in less than twelve hours, preferably in less than eleven hours. In an embodiment, the maximum serum concentration of the total antibiotic released from the antibiotic product is achieved no earlier than four hours after administration. 
     In accordance with one preferred embodiment of the invention, there are at least three dosage forms. One of the at least three dosage forms is an immediate release dosage form whereby initiation of release of the antibiotic therefrom is not substantially delayed after administration of the antibiotic product. The second and third of the at least three dosage forms is a delayed dosage form (which may be a pH sensitive or a non-pH sensitive delayed dosage form, depending on the type of antibiotic product), whereby the antibiotic released therefrom is delayed until after initiation of release of the antibiotic from the immediate release dosage form. More particularly, the antibiotic release from the second of the at least two dosage forms achieves a C max  (maximum serum concentration in the serum) at a time after the antibiotic released from the first of the at least three dosage forms achieves a C max  in the serum, and the antibiotic released from the third dosage form achieves a C max  in the serum after the C max  of antibiotic released from the second dosage form. 
     In one embodiment, the second of the at least two dosage forms initiates release of the antibiotic contained therein at least one hour after the first dosage form, with the initiation of the release therefrom generally occurring no more than six hours after initiation of release of antibiotic from the first dosage form of the at least three dosage forms. 
     In general, the immediate release dosage form produces a C max  for the antibiotic released therefrom within from about 0.5 to about 2 hours, with the second dosage form of the at least three dosage forms producing a C max  for the antibiotic released therefrom in no more than about four hours. In general, the C max  for such second dosage form is achieved no earlier than two hours after administration of the antibiotic product; however, it is possible within the scope of the invention to achieve C max  in a shorter period of time. 
     As hereinabove indicated, the antibiotic product may contain at least three or at least four or more different dosage forms. For example, if the antibiotic product includes a third dosage form, the antibiotic released therefrom reaches a C max  at a time later than the C max  is achieved for the antibiotic released from each of the first and second dosage forms. In a preferred embodiment, release of antibiotic from the third dosage form is started after initiation of release of antibiotic from both the first dosage form and the second dosage form. In one embodiment, C max  for antibiotic release from the third dosage form is achieved within eight hours. 
     In another embodiment, the antibiotic product contains at least four dosage forms, with each of the at least four dosage forms having different release profiles, whereby the antibiotic release from each of the at least four different dosage forms achieves a C max  at a different time. 
     As hereinabove indicated, in a preferred embodiment, irrespective of whether the antibiotic contains at least two or at least three or at least four different dosage forms each with a different release profile, C max  for all the antibiotic released from the antibiotic product is achieved in less than twelve hours, and more generally is achieved in less than eleven hours. 
     In a preferred embodiment, the antibiotic product is a once a day product, whereby after administration of the antibiotic product, no further product is administered during the day; i.e., the preferred regimen is that the product is administered only once over a twenty-four hour period. Thus, in accordance with the present invention, there is a single administration of an antibiotic product with the antibiotic being released in a manner such that overall antibiotic release is effected with different release profiles in a manner such that the overall C max  for the antibiotic product is reached in less than twelve hours. The term single administration means that the total antibiotic administered over a twenty-four hour period is administered at the same time, which can be a single tablet or capsule or two or more thereof, provided that they are administered at essentially the same time. 
     Applicant has found that a single dosage antibiotic product comprised of at least three antibiotic dosage forms each having a different release profile is an improvement over a single dosage antibiotic product comprised of an antibiotic dosage form having a single release profile. Each of the dosage forms of antibiotic in a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier may have one or more antibiotics and each of the dosage forms may have the same antibiotic or different antibiotics. 
     It is to be understood that when it is disclosed herein that a dosage form initiates release after another dosage form, such terminology means that the dosage form is designed and is intended to produce such later initiated release. It is known in the art, however, notwithstanding such design and intent, some “leakage” of antibiotic may occur. Such “leakage” is not “release” as used herein. 
     If at least four dosage forms are used, the fourth of the at least four dosage form may be a sustained release dosage form or a delayed release dosage form. If the fourth dosage form is a sustained release dosage form, even though C max  of the fourth dosage form of the at least four dosage forms is reached after the C max  of each of the other dosage forms is reached, antibiotic release from such fourth dosage form may be initiated prior to or after release from the second or third dosage form. 
     The antibiotic product of the present invention, as hereinabove described, may be formulated for administration by a variety of routes of administration. For example, the antibiotic product may be formulated in a way that is suitable for topical administration; administration in the eye or the ear; rectal or vaginal administration; as nose drops; by inhalation; as an injectable; or for oral administration. In a preferred embodiment, the antibiotic product is formulated in a manner such that it is suitable for oral administration. 
     For example, in formulating the antibiotic product for topical administration, such as by application to the skin, the at least two different dosage forms, each of which contains an antibiotic, may be formulated for topical administration by including such dosage forms in an oil-in-water emulsion, or a water-in-oil emulsion. In such a formulation, the immediate release dosage form is in the continuous phase, and the delayed release dosage form is in a discontinuous phase. The formulation may also be produced in a manner for delivery of three dosage forms as hereinabove described. For example, there may be provided an oil-in-water-in-oil emulsion, with oil being a continuous phase that contains the immediate release component, water dispersed in the oil containing a first delayed release dosage form, and oil dispersed in the water containing a third delayed release dosage form. 
     It is also within the scope of the invention to provide an antibiotic product in the form of a patch, which includes antibiotic dosage forms having different release profiles, as hereinabove described. 
     In addition, the antibiotic product may be formulated for use in the eye or ear or nose, for example, as a liquid emulsion. For example, the dosage form may be coated with a hydrophobic polymer whereby a dosage form is in the oil phase of the emulsion, and a dosage form may be coated with hydrophilic polymer, whereby a dosage form is in the water phase of the emulsion. 
     Furthermore, the antibiotic product with at least three different dosage forms with different release profiles may be formulated for rectal or vaginal administration, as known in the art. This may take the form of a cream or emulsion, or other dissolvable dosage form similar to those used for topical administration. 
     As a further embodiment, the antibiotic product may be formulated for use in inhalation therapy by coating the particles and micronizing the particles for inhalation. 
     In a preferred embodiment, the antibiotic product is formulated in a manner suitable for oral administration. Thus, for example, for oral administration, each of the dosage forms may be used as a pellet or a particle, with a pellet or particle then being formed into a unitary pharmaceutical product, for example, in a capsule, or embedded in a tablet, or suspended in a liquid for oral administration. 
     Alternatively, in formulating an oral delivery system, each of the dosage forms of the product may be formulated as a tablet, with each of the tablets being put into a capsule to produce a unitary antibiotic product. Thus, for example, antibiotic products may include a first dosage form in the form of a tablet that is an immediate release tablet, and may also include two or more additional tablets, each of which provides for a delayed release of the antibiotic, as hereinabove described, whereby the C max  of the antibiotic released from each of the tablets is reached at different times, with the C max  of the total antibiotic released from the antibiotic product being achieved in less than twelve hours. 
     The formulation of an antibiotic product including at least three dosage forms with different release profiles for different routes of administration is deemed to be within the skill of the art from the teachings herein. As known in the art, with respect to delayed release, the time of release can be controlled by the concentration of antibiotics in the coating and/or the thickness of the coating. 
     In formulating an antibiotic product in accordance with the invention, in one embodiment, the immediate release dosage form of the product generally provides from about 20% to about 50% of the total dosage of antibiotic to be delivered by the product, with such immediate release dosage forms generally providing at least 25% of the total dosage of the antibiotic to be delivered by the product. In many cases, the immediate release dosage form provides from about 20% to about 30% of the total dosage of antibiotic to be delivered by the product; however, in some cases it may be desirable to have the immediate release dosage form provide for about 45% to about 50% of the total dosage of antibiotic to be delivered by the product. 
     The remaining dosage forms deliver the remainder of the antibiotic. If more than one delayed release dosage form is used, in one embodiment, each of the delayed release dosage forms may provide about equal amounts of antibiotic; however, they may also be formulated so as to provide different amounts. 
     In accordance with the present invention, each of the dosage forms contains the same antibiotic; however, each of the dosage forms may contain more than one antibiotic. 
     In one embodiment, where the composition contains one immediate release component and two delayed release components, the immediate release component provides from 20% to 35% (preferably 20% to 30%), by weight, of the total antibiotic; where there is three delayed release components, the immediate release component provides from 15% to 30%, by weight, of the total antibiotic; and where there are four delayed release components, the immediate release component provides from 10% to 25%, by weight, of the total antibiotic. 
     With respect to the delayed release components, where there are two delayed release components, the first delayed release component (the one released earlier in time) provides from 30% to 60%, by weight, of the total antibiotic provided by the two delayed release components with the second delayed release component providing the remainder of the antibiotic. 
     Where there are three delayed release components, the earliest released component provides 20% to 35% by weight of the total antibiotic provided by the three delayed release components, the next in time delayed release component provides from 20% to 40%, by weight, of the antibiotic provided by the three delayed release components and the last in time providing the remainder of the antibiotic provided by the three delayed release components. 
     When there are four delayed release components, the earliest delayed release component provides from 15% to 30%, by weight, the next in time delayed release component provides from 15% to 30%, the next in time delayed release component provides from 20% to 35%, by weight, and the last in time delayed release component provides from 20% to 35%, by weight, in each case of the total antibiotic provided by the four delayed release components. 
     The Immediate Release Component 
     The immediate release portion of this system can be a mixture of ingredients that breaks down quickly after administration to release the antibiotic. This can take the form of either a discrete pellet or granule that is mixed in with, or compressed with, the other three components. 
     The materials to be added to the antibiotics for the immediate release component can be, but are not limited to, microcrystalline cellulose, corn starch, pregelatinized starch, potato starch, rice starch, sodium carboxymethyl starch, hydroxypropylcellulose, hydroxypropylmethylcellulose, hydroxyethylcellulose, ethylcellulose, chitosan, hydroxychitosan, hydroxymethylatedchitosan, cross-linked chitosan, cross-linked hydroxymethyl chitosan, maltodextrin, mannitol, sorbitol, dextrose, maltose, fructose, glucose, levulose, sucrose, polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), acrylic acid derivatives (Carbopol, Eudragit, etc.), polyethylene glycols, such a low molecular weight PEGs (PEG2000-10000) and high molecular weight PEGs (Polyox) with molecular weights above 20,000 daltons. 
     It may be useful to have these materials present in the range of 1.0 to 60% (W/W). 
     In addition, it may be useful to have other ingredients in this system to aid in the dissolution of the drug, or the breakdown of the component after ingestion or administration. These ingredients can be surfactants, such as sodium lauryl sulfate, sodium monoglycerate, sorbitan monooleate, sorbitan monooleate, polyoxyethylene sorbitan monooleate, glyceryl monostearate, glyceryl monooleate, glyceryl monobutyrate, one of the non-ionic surfactants such as the Pluronic line of surfactants, or any other material with surface active properties, or any combination of the above. 
     These materials may be present in the rate of 0.05-15% (W/W). 
     The Non-pH Sensitive Delayed Release Component 
     The components in this composition are the same immediate release unit, but with additional polymers integrated into the composition, or as coatings over the pellet or granule. 
     Materials that can be used to obtain a delay in release suitable for this component of the invention can be, but are not limited to, polyethylene glycol (PEG) with molecular weight above 4,000 daltons (Carbowax, Polyox), waxes such as white wax or bees wax, paraffin, acrylic acid derivatives (Eudragit), propylene glycol, and ethylcellulose. 
     Typically these materials can be present in the range of 0.5-25% (W/W) of this component. 
     The pH Sensitive (Enteric) Release Component 
     The components in this composition are the same as the immediate release component, but with additional polymers integrated into the composition, or as coatings over the pellet or granule. 
     The kind of materials useful for this purpose can be, but are not limited to, cellulose acetate pthalate, Eudragit L, and other pthalate salts of cellulose derivatives. 
     These materials can be present in concentrations from 4-20% (W/W). 
     Sustained Release Component 
     The components in this composition are the same as the immediate release component, but with additional polymers integrated into the composition, or as coatings over the pellet or granule. 
     The kind of materials useful for this purpose can be, but are not limited to, ethylcellulose, hydroxypropylmethylcellulose, hydroxypropylcellulose, hydroxyethylcellulose, carboxymethylcellulose, methylcellulose, nitrocellulose, Eudragit R, and Eudragit RL, Carbopol, or polyethylene glycols with molecular weights in excess of 8,000 daltons. 
     These materials can be present in concentrations from 4-20% (W/W). 
     As hereinabove indicated, the units comprising the antibiotic composition of the present invention can be in the form of discrete pellets or particles contained in the capsule, or particles embedded in a tablet or suspended in a liquid suspension. 
     The antibiotic composition of the present invention may be administered, for example, by any of the following routes of administration: sublingual, transmucosal, transdermal, parenteral, etc., and preferably is administered orally. The composition includes a therapeutically effective amount of the antibiotic, which amount will vary with the antibiotic to be used, the disease or infection to be treated, and the number of times that the composition is to be delivered in a day. The composition is administered to a host in an amount effective for treating a bacterial infection. 
     This system will be especially useful in extending the practial therapeutic activity for antibiotics with elimination half lives of less than 20 hours and more particularly with elimination half-lives of less than 12 hours, and will be particularly useful for those drugs with half-lives of 2-10 hours. The following are examples of some antibiotics with half-lives of about 1 to 12 hours: Cefadroxil, cefazolin, cephalexin, cephalothin, cephapirin, cephacelor, cephprozil, cephadrine, cefamandole, cefonicid, ceforanide, cefuroxime, cefixime, cefoperazone, cefotaxime, cefpodoxime, ceftaxidime, ceftibuten, ceftizoxime, ceftriaxone, cefepime, cefmetazole, cefotetan, cefoxitin, loracarbef, imipenem, erythromycin (and erythromycin salts such as estolate, ethylsuccinate, gluceptate, lactobionate, stearate), azithromycin, clarithromycoin, dirithromycin, troleanomycin, penicillin V, peniciliin salts, and complexes, methicillin, nafcillin, oxacillin, cloxacillin, dicloxacillin, amoxicillin, amoxicillin and clavulanate potassium, ampicillin, bacampicillin, carbenicillin indanyl sodium (and other salts of carbenicillin) mezlocillin, piperacillin, piperacillin and taxobactam, ticarcillin, ticarcillin and clavulanate potassium, clindamycin, vancomycin, novobiocin, aminosalicylic acid, capreomycin, cycloserine, ethambutol HCl and other salts, ethionamide, and isoniazid, ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin, lomefloxacin, nalidixic acid, norfloxacin, ofloxacin, sparfloxacin, sulfacytine, suflamerazine, sulfamethazine, sulfamethixole, sulfasalazine, sulfisoxazole, sulfapyrizine, sulfadiazine, sulfmethoxazole, sulfapyridine, metronidazole, methenamine, fosfomycin, nitrofurantoin, trimethoprim, clofazimine, co-triamoxazole, pentamidine, and trimetrexate. 
    
    
     The invention will be further described with respect to the following examples; however, the scope of the invention is not limited thereby. All percentages in this specification, unless otherwise specified, are by weight. 
     EXAMPLES 
     Immediate Release Component 
     Formulate the composition by mixing the ingredients in a suitable pharmaceutical mixer or granulator such as a planetary mixer, high-shear granulator, fluid bed granulator, or extruder, in the presence of water or other solvent, or in a dry blend. If water or other solvent was used, dry the blend in a suitable pharmaceutical drier, such as a vacuum over or forced-air oven. The product may be sieved or granulated, and compressed using a suitable tablet press, such as a rotary tablet press. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
             
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Ingredient 
                 Conc. (% W/W) 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Example 1: 
                 Amoxicillin 
                 65% (W/W) 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Microcrystalline cellulose 
                 20 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Povidone 
                 10 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Croscarmellose sodium 
                  5 
               
               
                   
                 Example 2: 
                 Amoxicillin 
                 55% (W/W) 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Microcrystalline cellulose 
                 25 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Povidone 
                 10 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Croscarmellose sodium 
                 10 
               
               
                   
                 Example 3: 
                 Amoxicillin 
                 65% (W/W) 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Microcrystalline cellulose 
                 20 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Hydroxypropylcellulose 
                 10 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Croscarmellose sodium 
                  5 
               
               
                   
                 Example 4: 
                 Amoxicillin 
                 75% (W/W) 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Polyethylene glycol 4000 
                 10 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Polyethylene glycol 2000 
                 10 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Hydroxypropylcellulose 
                  5 
               
               
                   
                 Example 5: 
                 Amoxicillin 
                 75% (W/W) 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Polyethylene glycol 8000 
                 20 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Polyvinylpyrrolidone 
                  5 
               
               
                   
                 Example 6: 
                 Clarithromycin 
                 65% (W/W) 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Microcrystalline cellulose 
                 20 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Hydroxypropylcellulose 
                 10 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Croscarmellose sodium 
                  5 
               
               
                   
                 Example 7: 
                 Clarithromycin 
                 75% (W/W) 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Microcrystalline cellulose 
                 15 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Hydroxypropylcellulose 
                  5 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Croscarmellose sodium 
                  5 
               
               
                   
                 Example 8: 
                 Clarithromycin 
                 75% (W/W) 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Polyethylene glycol 4000 
                 10 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Polyethylene glycol 2000 
                 10 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Hydroxypropylcellulose 
                  5 
               
               
                   
                 Example 9: 
                 Clarithromycin 
                 75% (W/W) 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Polyethylene glycol 8000 
                 20 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Polyvinylpyrrolidone 
                  5 
               
               
                   
                 Example 10: 
                 Ciprofloxacin 
                 65% (W/W) 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Microcrystalline cellulose 
                 20 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Hydroxypropylcellulose 
                 10 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Croscarmellose sodium 
                  5 
               
               
                   
                 Example 11: 
                 Ciprofloxacin 
                 75% (W/W) 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Microcrystalline cellulose 
                 15 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Hydroxypropylcellulose 
                  5 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Croscarmellose sodium 
                  5 
               
               
                   
                 Example 12: 
                 Ciprofloxacin 
                 75% (W/W) 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Polyethylene glycol 4000 
                 10 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Polytheylene glycol 2000 
                 10 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Hydroxypropylcellulose 
                  5 
               
               
                   
                 Example 13: 
                 Cirpofloxacin 
                 75% (W/W) 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Polyethylene glycol 8000 
                 20 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Polyvinylpyrrolidone 
                  5 
               
               
                   
                 Example 14: 
                 Ceftibuten 
                 75% (W/W) 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Polyethylene glycol 4000 
                 10 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Polyethylene glycol 2000 
                 10 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Hydroxypropylcellulose 
                  5 
               
               
                   
                 Example 15: 
                 Ceftibuten 
                 75% (W/W) 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Polyethylene Glycol 4000 
                 20 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Polyvinylpyrrolidone 
                  5 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Non-pH Sensitive Delayed Release Component 
     Formulate the composition by mixing the ingredients in a suitable pharmaceutical mixer or granulator such as a planetary mixer, high-shear granulator, fluid bed granulator, or extruder, in the presence of water or other solvent, or in a hot melt process. If water or other solvent was used, dry the blend in a suitable pharmaceutical drier, such as a vacuum over or forced-air oven. Allow the product to cool, the product may be sieved or granulated, and compressed using a suitable tablet press, such as a rotary tablet press. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
             
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Ingredient 
                 Conc. (% W/W) 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Example 16: 
                 Amoxicillin 
                 65% (W/W) 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Microcrystalline cellulose 
                 20 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Polyox 
                 10 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Croscarmellose sodium 
                  5 
               
               
                   
                 Example 17: 
                 Amoxicillin 
                 55% (W/W) 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Microcrystalline cellulose 
                 25 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Polyox 
                 10 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Glyceryl monooleate 
                 10 
               
               
                   
                 Example 18: 
                 Amoxicillin 
                 65% (W/W) 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Polyox 
                 20 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Hydroxypropylcellulose 
                 10 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Croscarmellose sodium 
                  5 
               
               
                   
                 Example 19: 
                 Clarithromycin 
                 70% (W/W) 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Polyox 
                 20 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Hydroxypropylcellulose 
                  5 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Croscarmellose sodium 
                  5 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Enteric Release Component 
     Formulate the ingredients by mixing the ingredients in a suitable pharmaceutical mixer or granulator such as a planetary mixer, high-shear granulator, fluid bed granulator, or extruder, in the presence of water or other solvent, or in a hot melt process. If water or other solvent was used, dry the blend in a suitable pharmaceutical drier, such as a vacuum over or forced-air oven. Allow the product to cool, the product may be sieved or granulated, and compressed using a suitable tablet press, such as a rotary tablet press. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
             
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Ingredient 
                 Conc. (% W/W) 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                 \Example 20: 
                 Amoxicillin 
                 65% (W/W) 
               
               
                   
                 Microcrystalline cellulose 
                 20 
               
               
                   
                 Cellulose Acetate Pthalate 
                 15 
               
               
                 Example 21: 
                 Amoxicillin 
                 55% (W/W) 
               
               
                   
                 Microcrystalline cellulose 
                 25 
               
               
                   
                 Cellulose Acetate Pthalate 
                 10 
               
               
                   
                 Hydroxypropylmethylcellulose 
                 10 
               
               
                 Example 22: 
                 Amoxicillin 
                 65% (W/W) 
               
               
                   
                 Polyox 
                 20 
               
               
                   
                 Hydroxypropylcellulose pthalate 
                 10 
               
               
                   
                 Eudragit L30D 
                  5 
               
               
                 Example 23: 
                 Amoxicillin 
                 40% (W/W) 
               
               
                   
                 Microcrystalline Cellulose 
                 40 
               
               
                   
                 Cellulose Acetate Pthalate 
                 10 
               
               
                 Example 24: 
                 Clarithromycin 
                 70% (W/W) 
               
               
                   
                 Hydroxypropylcellulose pthalate 
                 15 
               
               
                   
                 Croscarmellose sodium 
                 10 
               
               
                 Example 25: 
                 Clarithromycin 
                 75% (W/W) 
               
               
                   
                 Polyethylene glycol 2000 
                 10 
               
               
                   
                 Eudragit E 30D 
                 15 
               
               
                 Example 26: 
                 Clarithromycin 
                 40% (W/W) 
               
               
                   
                 Lactose 
                 50 
               
               
                   
                 Eudgragit L 30D 
                 10 
               
               
                 Example 27: 
                 Ciprofloxacin 
                 65% (W/W) 
               
               
                   
                 Microcrystalline Cellulose 
                 20 
               
               
                   
                 Eudgragit L 30D 
                 10 
               
               
                 Example 28: 
                 Ciprofloxacin 
                 75% (W/W) 
               
               
                   
                 Microcrystalline Cellulose 
                 15 
               
               
                   
                 Hydroxypropylcellulose pthalate 
                 10 
               
               
                 Example 29: 
                 Ciprofloxacin 
                 80% (W/W) 
               
               
                   
                 Lactose 
                 10 
               
               
                   
                 Eudragit L 30D 
                 10 
               
               
                 Example 30: 
                 Ciprofloxacin 
                 70% (W/W) 
               
               
                   
                 Polyethylene glycol 4000 
                 20 
               
               
                   
                 Cellulose acetate pthalate 
                 10 
               
               
                 Example 31: 
                 Ceftibuten 
                 60% (W/W) 
               
               
                   
                 Polyethylene glycol 2000 
                 10 
               
               
                   
                 Lactose 
                 20 
               
               
                   
                 Eudragit L 30D 
                 10 
               
               
                 Example 32: 
                 Ceftibuten 
                 70% (W/W) 
               
               
                   
                 Microcrystalline cellulose 
                 20 
               
               
                   
                 Cellulose acetate pthalate 
                 10 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Sustained Release Component 
     Formulate the composition by mixing the ingredients in a suitable pharmaceutical mixer or granulator such as a planetary mixer, high-shear granulator, fluid bed granulator, or extruder, in the presence of water or other solvent, or in a hot melt process. If water or other solvent was used, dry the blend in a suitable pharmaceutical drier, such as a vacuum over or forced-air oven. Allow the product to cool, the product may be sieved or granulated, and compressed using a suitable tablet press, such as a rotary tablet press. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
             
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Ingredient 
                 Conc. (% W/W) 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                 Example 33: 
                 Amoxicillin 
                 65% (W/W) 
               
               
                   
                 Ethylcellulose 
                 20 
               
               
                   
                 Polyox 
                 10 
               
               
                   
                 Hydroxypropylmethylcellulose 
                 5 
               
               
                 Example 34: 
                 Amoxicillin 
                 55% (W/W) 
               
               
                   
                 Lactose 
                 25 
               
               
                   
                 Polyox 
                 10 
               
               
                   
                 Glyceryl monooleate 
                 10 
               
               
                 Example 35: 
                 Amoxicillin 
                 70% (W/W) 
               
               
                   
                 Polyox 
                 20 
               
               
                   
                 Hydroxypropylcellulose 
                 10 
               
               
                 Example 36: 
                 Clarithromycin 
                 75% (W/W) 
               
               
                   
                 Lactose 
                 15 
               
               
                   
                 Hydroxypropylcellulose 
                  5 
               
               
                   
                 Ethylcellulose 
                  5 
               
               
                 Example 37: 
                 Clarithromycin 
                 75% (W/W) 
               
               
                   
                 Polyethylene glycol 4000 
                 10 
               
               
                   
                 Lactose 
                 10 
               
               
                   
                 Eudragit RL 30D 
                  5 
               
               
                 Example 38: 
                 Clarithromycin 
                 80% (W/W) 
               
               
                   
                 Polyethylene glycol 8000 
                 10 
               
               
                   
                 Hydroxypropylmethylcellulose 
                  5 
               
               
                   
                 Eudgragit RS 30D 
                  5 
               
               
                 Example 39: 
                 Ciprofloxacin 
                 75% (W/W) 
               
               
                   
                 Hydroxyethylcellulose 
                 10 
               
               
                   
                 Polyethylene glycol 4000 
                 10 
               
               
                   
                 Hydroxypropylcellulose 
                  5 
               
               
                 Example 40: 
                 Ciprofloxacin 
                 75% (W/W) 
               
               
                   
                 Lactose 
                 10 
               
               
                   
                 Povidone (PVP) 
                 10 
               
               
                   
                 Polyethylene glycol 2000 
                  5 
               
               
                 Example 41: 
                 Ceftibuten 
                 75% (W/W) 
               
               
                   
                 Polyethylene glycol 4000 
                 10 
               
               
                   
                 Povidone (PVP) 
                 10 
               
               
                   
                 Hydroxypropylcellulose 
                  5 
               
               
                 Example 42: 
                 Ceftibuten 
                 75% (W/W) 
               
               
                   
                 Lactose 
                 15 
               
               
                   
                 Polyethylene glycol 4000 
                  5 
               
               
                   
                 Polyvinylpyrrolidone 
                  5 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Three Pulses 
     Example 43 
     1. Metronidazole Matrix Pellet Formulation and Preparation Procedure 
     (Immediate Release) 
     A. Pellet Formulation 
     The composition of the metronidazole matrix pellets provided in Table 1. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 1 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Composition of Metronidazole Pellets 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Component 
                 Percentage (%) 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Metronidazole 
                 50 
               
               
                   
                 Avicel PH 101 
                 20 
               
               
                   
                 Lactose 
                 20 
               
               
                   
                 PVP K29/32* 
                 10 
               
               
                   
                 Purified Water 
               
               
                   
                 Total 
                 100 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 *PVP K29/32 was added as a 20% w/w aqueous solution during wet massing.  
               
            
           
         
       
     
     B. Preparation Procedure for Metronidazole Matrix Pellets 
     1.2.1 Blend metronidazole and Avicel® PH 101 using a Robot Coupe high shear granulator. 
     1.2.2 Add 20% Povidone K29/32 binder solution slowly into the powder blend under continuous mixing. 
     1.2.3 Extrude the wet mass using an LCI Bench Top Granulator. The diameter of the screen of the Bench Top Granulator was 1.0 mm. 
     1.2.4 Spheronize the extrudate using a Model SPH20 Caleva Spheronizer. 
     1.2.5 Dry the spheronized pellets at 50° C. overnight. 
     1.2.6 Pellets between 16 and 30 Mesh were collected for further processing. 
     1.3 Preparation of an Eudragit® L 30 D-55 Aqueous Coating Dispersion 
     A. Dispersion Formulation 
     The composition of the aqueous Eudragit L30D-55 dispersion applied to the metronidazole matrix pellets is provided below in Table 2. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 2 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Eudragit ® L 30 D-55 Aqueous Coating Dispersion 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Component 
                 Percentage (%) 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Eudragit ® L 30 D-55 
                 55.0 
               
               
                   
                 Triethyl Citrate 
                 1.6 
               
               
                   
                 Talc 
                 8.0 
               
               
                   
                 Purified Water 
                 37.4 
               
               
                   
                 Solids Content 
                 25.5 
               
               
                   
                 Polymer Content 
                 15.9 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     B. Preparation Procedure for an Eudragit® L 30 D-55 Aqueous Dispersion 
     1.3.1 Suspend triethyl citrate and talc in deionized water. 
     1.3.2 The TEC/talc suspension is then homogenized using a PowerGen 700 high shear mixer. 
     1.3.3 Add the TEC/talc suspension slowly to the Eudragit® L 30 D-55 latex dispersion while stirring. 
     1.3.4 Allow the coating dispersion to stir for one hour prior to application onto the metronidazole matrix pellets. 
     1.4 Preparation of an Eudragit® S 100 Aqueous Coating Dispersion 
     A. Dispersion Formulation 
     The composition of the aqueous Eudragit® S 100 dispersion applied to the metronidazole matrix pellets is provided below in Table 3. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 3 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Eudragit ® S 100 Aqueous Coating Dispersion 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Component 
                 Percentage (%) 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Part A 
                   
               
               
                   
                 Eudragit ® S 100 
                 12.0 
               
               
                   
                 1 N Ammonium Hydroxide 
                 6.1 
               
               
                   
                 Triethyl Citrate 
                 6.0 
               
               
                   
                 Purified Water 
                 65.9 
               
               
                   
                 Part B 
               
               
                   
                 Talc 
                 2.0 
               
               
                   
                 Purified Water 
                 8.0 
               
               
                   
                 Solid Content 
                 20.0 
               
               
                   
                 Polymer Content 
                 12.0 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     B. Preparation Procedure for an Eudragit® S 100 Aqueous Dispersion 
     Part I 
     (i) Dispense Eudragit® S 100 powder in deionized water with stirring. 
     (ii) Add ammonium hydroxide solution drop-wise into the dispersion with stirring. 
     (iii) Allow the partially neutralized dispersion to stir for 60 minutes. 
     (iv) Add triethyl citrate drop-wise into the dispersion with stirring. Stir for about 2 hours prior to the addition of Part B. 
     Part II 
     (i) Disperse talc in the required amount of water 
     (ii) Homogenize the dispersion using a PowerGen 700D high shear mixer. 
     (iii) Part B is then added slowly to the polymer dispersion in Part A with a mild stirring. 
     1.5 Coating Conditions for the Application of Aqueous Coating Dispersions 
     The following coating parameters were used to coat matrix pellets with each of the Eudragit® L 30 D-55 and Eudragit® S 100 aqueous film coating. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
             
               
                   
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
                 Coating Equipment 
                 STREA 1 ™ Table Top Laboratory 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Fluid Bed Coater 
               
               
                   
                 Spray nozzle diameter 
                 1.0 mm 
               
               
                   
                 Material Charge 
                 300 gram 
               
               
                   
                 Inlet Air Temperature 
                 40 to 45° C. 
               
               
                   
                 Outlet Air Temperature 
                 30 to 33° C. 
               
               
                   
                 Atomization Air Pressure 
                 1.8 Bar 
               
               
                   
                 Pump Rate 
                 2 gram per minute 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     (i) Coat matrix pellets with L30 D-55 dispersion such that you apply 12% coat weight gain to the pellets. 
     (ii) Coat matrix pellets with S100 dispersion such that you apply 20% coat weight gain to the pellets. 
     1.6 Encapsulation of the Metronidazole Pellets 
     Pellets are filled into size 00 hard gelatin capsules at a ratio of 30%:30%:40%: 
     Immediate-release matrix pellets uncoated, L30 D-55 coated pellets and S100 coated pellets respectively. 
     The capsule is filled with the three different pellets to achieve a total dose of 375 mg/capsule. 
     Three Pulses 
     Example 44 
     Amoxicillin Pellet Formulation and Preparation Procedure 
     44.1 Pellet Formulations for Subsequent Coating 
     The composition of the Amoxicillin trihydrate matrix pellets provided in Table 4. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 4 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Composition of Amoxicillin Matrix Pellets 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Component 
                 Percentage (%) 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Amoxicillin Trihydrate powder 
                 92 
               
               
                   
                 Avicel PH 101 
                 7.0 
               
               
                   
                 Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, NF* 
                 1.0 
               
               
                   
                 Total 
                 100 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 *Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose was added as a 2.9% w/w aqueous solution during wet massing.  
               
            
           
         
       
     
     44.2 Preparation Procedure for Amoxicillin Matrix Pellets 
     44.2.1 Blend Amoxicillin and Avicel® PH 101 using a low shear blender. 
     44.2.2 Add the hydroxypropyl methylcellulose binder solution slowly into the powder blend under continuous mixing. 
     44.2.3 Extrude the wet mass using an LCI Bench Top Granulator. The diameter of the screen of the Bench Top Granulator is 0.8 mm. 
     44.2.4 Spheronize the extrudate using a QJ-230 Spheronizer using a small cross section plate. 
     44.2.5 Dry the spheronized pellets at 60° C. using a fluid bed dryer until the exhaust temperature reaches 40° C. 
     44.2.6 Pellets between 20 and 40 Mesh were collected for further processing. 
     44.3 Preparation of an Eudragit® L 30 D-55 Aqueous Coating Dispersion 
     44.3.1 Dispersion Formulation 
     The composition of the aqueous Eudragit L30D-55 dispersion applied to the amoxicillin matrix pellets is provided below in Table 5. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 5 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Eudragit ® L 30 D-55 Aqueous Coating Dispersion 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Component 
                 Percentage (%) 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Eudragit ® L 30 D-55 
                 41.6 
               
               
                   
                 Triethyl Citrate 
                 2.5 
               
               
                   
                 Talc 
                 5.0 
               
               
                   
                 Purified Water 
                 50.9 
               
               
                   
                 Solids Content 
                 20.0 
               
               
                   
                 Polymer Content 
                 12.5 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     44.4 Preparation Procedure for an Eudragit® L 30 D-55 Aqueous Dispersion 
     44.4.1 Suspend triethyl citrate and talc in deionized water. 
     44.4.2 The TEC/talc suspension is mixed using laboratory mixer. 
     44.4.3 Add the TEC/talc suspension from slowly to the Eudragit® L 30 D-55 latex dispersion while stirring. 
     44.4.4 Allow the coating dispersion to stir for one hour prior to application onto the amoxicillin matrix pellets. 
     44.5 Preparation of an Eudragit® S 100 Aqueous Coating Dispersion 
     44.5.1 Dispersion Formulation 
     The composition of the aqueous Eudragit® S 100 dispersion applied to the Amoxicillin matrix pellets is provided below in Table 6. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 6 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Eudragit ® S 100 Aqueous Coating Dispersion 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Component 
                 Percentage (%) 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Part A 
                   
               
               
                   
                 Eudragit ® S 100 
                 10.0 
               
               
                   
                 1 N Ammonium Hydroxide 
                 5.1 
               
               
                   
                 Triethyl Citrate 
                 5.0 
               
               
                   
                 Water 
                 64.9 
               
               
                   
                 Part B 
               
               
                   
                 Talc 
                 5.0 
               
               
                   
                 Water 
                 10.0 
               
               
                   
                 Solid Content 
                 25.0 
               
               
                   
                 Polymer Content 
                 10.0 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     44.6 Preparation Procedure for an Eudragit® S 100 Aqueous Dispersion 
     Part A: 
     44.6.1 Dispense Eudragit® S 100 powder in deionized water with stirring. 
     44.6.2 Add ammonium hydroxide solution drop-wise into the dispersion with stirring. 
     44.6.3 Allow the partially neutralized dispersion to stir for 60 minutes. 
     44.6.4 Add triethyl citrate drop-wise into the dispersion with stirring and let stir overnight prior to the addition of Part B. 
     Part B: 
     44.6.5 Disperse talc in the required amount of water 
     44.6.6 Stir the dispersion using an overhead laboratory mixer. 
     44.6.7 Part B is then added slowly to the polymer dispersion in Part A with a mild stirring. 
     44.7 Coating Conditions for the Application of Aqueous Coating Dispersions 
     The following coating parameters were used for both the Eudragit® L 30 D-55 and Eudragit® S 100 aqueous film coating processes. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
             
               
                   
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
                 Coating Equipment 
                 STREA 1 ™ Table Top 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Laboratory Fluid Bed Coater 
               
               
                   
                 Spray nozzle diameter 
                 1.0 mm 
               
               
                   
                 Material Charge 
                 300 gram 
               
               
                   
                 Inlet Air Temperature 
                 40 to 45° C. 
               
               
                   
                 Outlet Air Temperature 
                 30 to 33° C. 
               
               
                   
                 Atomization Air Pressure 
                 1.8 Bar 
               
               
                   
                 Pump Rate 
                 2-6 gram per minute 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     44.7.1 Coat matrix pellets with L30 D-55 dispersion such that you apply 20% coat weight gain to the pellets. 
     44.7.2 Coat matrix pellets with S100 dispersion such that you apply 37% coat weight gain to the pellets. 
     44.8 Preparation of Amoxicillin Granulation (Immediate Release Component) for tabletting 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 7 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Composition of Amoxicillin Granulation 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Component 
                 Percentage (%) 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Amoxicillin Trihydrate powder 
                 92   
               
               
                   
                 Avicel PH 101 
                 7.0 
               
               
                   
                 Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, NF* 
                 1.0 
               
               
                   
                 Total 
                 100    
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 *Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose was added as a 2.9% w/w aqueous solution during wet massing.  
               
            
           
         
       
     
     44.8.1 Blend Amoxicillin and Avicel® PH 101 using a low shear blender. 
     44.8.2 Add the hydroxypropyl methylcellulose binder solution slowly into the powder blend under continuous mixing. 
     44.8.3 Dry the granulation at 60° C. using a fluid bed dryer until the exhaust temperature reaches 40° C. 
     44.8.4 Granules between 20 and 40 Mesh are collected for further processing. 
     44.9 Tabletting of the Amoxicillin Pellets 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 8 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Composition of Amoxicillin Tablets 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Component 
                 Percentage (%) 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Amoxicillin granules 
                 32.5 
               
               
                   
                 Avicel PH 200 
                 5.0 
               
               
                   
                 Amoxicillin L30D-55 coated pellets 
                 30 
               
               
                   
                 Amoxicillin S100 coated pellets 
                 30 
               
               
                   
                 Colloidal silicon dioxide 
                 1.5 
               
               
                   
                 Magnesium stearate 
                 1.0 
               
               
                   
                 Total 
                 100 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     44.9.1 Blend the Amoxicillin granules, Avicel PH-200, Amoxicillin pellets and colloidal silicon dioxide for 15 minutes in a tumble blender. 
     44.9.2 Add the magnesium stearate to the blender, and blend for 5 minutes. 
     44.9.3 Compress the blend on a rotary tablet press. 
     44.9.4 The fill weight should be adjusted to achieve a 500 mg dose tablet. 
     Three Pulses 
     Example 45 
     Clarithromycin Pellet Formulation and Preparation Procedure 
     45.1 Pellet Formulation 
     The composition of the clarithromycin matrix pellets provided in Table 1. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 9 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Composition of Clarithromycin Pellets 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Component 
                 Percentage (%) 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Clarithromycin 
                 50.6 
               
               
                   
                 Lactose monohydrate, spray dried 
                 32.1 
               
               
                   
                 Silicified microcrystalline cellulose 
                 14.6 
               
               
                   
                 Polyoxyl 35 Castor Oil* 
                 1.7 
               
               
                   
                 Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose* 
                 1.0 
               
               
                   
                 Total 
                 100 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 *Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose and Polyoxyl 35 were added as an 8.7% w/w aqueous solution during wet massing.  
               
            
           
         
       
     
     45.2 Preparation Procedure for Clarithromycin Matrix Pellets 
     45.2.1 Blend clarithromrycin, silicified microcrystalline cellulose and lactose monohydrate using a Robot Coupe high shear granulator. 
     45.2.2 Prepare the binder solution by adding the Polyoxyl to the purified water while stirring. After that is mixed, slowly add the hydroxypropyl methylcellulose and continue to stir until a solution is achieved. 
     45.2.3 Add binder solution slowly into the powder blend under continuous mixing. 
     45.2.4 Granulate the powders in the high shear granulator with the binder solution. 
     45.2.5 Extrude the wet mass using an LCI Bench Top Granulator. The diameter of the screen of the Bench Top Granulator was 1.2 mm. 
     45.2.6 Spheronize the extrudate using a Model SPH20 Caleva Spheronizer. 
     45.2.7 Dry the spheronized pellets at 50° C. overnight. 
     45.2.8 Pellets between 18 and 30 Mesh were collected for further processing. 
     45.3 Preparation of an Eudragit® L 30 D-55 Aqueous Coating Dispersion 
     45.3.1 Dispersion Formulation 
     The composition of the aqueous Eudragit L30D-55 dispersion applied to the clarithromycin matrix pellets is provided below in Table 10. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 10 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Eudragit ® L 30 D-55 Aqueous Coating Dispersion 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Component 
                 Percentage (%) 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Eudragit ® L 30 D-55 
                 40.4 
               
               
                   
                 Triethyl Citrate 
                 1.8 
               
               
                   
                 Talc 
                 6.1 
               
               
                   
                 Water 
                 51.7 
               
               
                   
                 Solids Content 
                 20.0 
               
               
                   
                 Polymer Content 
                 12.1 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     45.4 Preparation Procedure for an Eudragit® L 30 D-55 Aqueous Dispersion 
     45.4.1 Suspend triethyl citrate and talc in deionized water. 
     45.4.2 The TEC/talc suspension is then homogenized using a PowerGen 700 high shear mixer. 
     45.4.3 Add the suspension from 4.2.2 slowly to the Eudragit® L 30 D-55 latex dispersion while stirring. 
     45.4.4 Allow the coating dispersion to stir for one hour prior to application onto the clarithromycin matrix pellets. 
     45.5 Preparation of an Eudragit® S 100 Aqueous Coating Dispersion 
     45.5.1 Dispersion Formulation 
     The composition of the aqueous Eudragit® S 100 dispersion applied to the clarithromycin matrix pellets is provided below in Table 11. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 11 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Eudragit ® S 100 Aqueous Coating Dispersion 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Component 
                 Percentage (%) 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Part A 
                   
               
               
                   
                 Eudragit ® S 100 
                 10.0 
               
               
                   
                 1 N Ammonium Hydroxide 
                 5.1 
               
               
                   
                 Triethyl Citrate 
                 5.0 
               
               
                   
                 Water 
                 64.9 
               
               
                   
                 Part B 
               
               
                   
                 Talc 
                 5.0 
               
               
                   
                 Water 
                 10.0 
               
               
                   
                 Solid Content 
                 25.0 
               
               
                   
                 Polymer Content 
                 10.0 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     45.6 Preparation Procedure for an Eudragit® S 100 Aqueous Dispersion 
     Part A: 
     45.6.1 Dispense Eudragit® S 100 powder in deionized water with stirring. 
     45.6.2 Add ammonium hydroxide solution drop-wise into the dispersion with stirring. 
     45.6.3 Allow the partially neutralized dispersion to stir for 60 minutes 
     45.6.4 Add the triethyl citrate drop-wise to the dispersion and stir for 60 minutes prior to the addition of Part B. 
     Part B: 
     45.6.5 Disperse talc in the required amount of water 
     45.6.6 Homogenize the dispersion using a PowerGen 700D high shear mixer. 
     45.6.7 Part B is then added slowly to the polymer dispersion in Part A with a mild stirring. 
     45.7 Coating Conditions for the Application of Aqueous Coating Dispersions 
     The following coating parameters were used for coating the matrix pellets with each of the Eudragit® L 30 D-55 and Eudragit® S 100 aqueous film coating. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
             
               
                   
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
                 Coating Equipment 
                 STREA 1 ™ Table Top 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Laboratory Fluid Bed Coater 
               
               
                   
                 Spray nozzle diameter 
                 1.0 mm 
               
               
                   
                 Material Charge 
                 300 gram 
               
               
                   
                 Inlet Air Temperature 
                 40 to 45° C. 
               
               
                   
                 Outlet Air Temperature 
                 30 to 33° C. 
               
               
                   
                 Atomization Air Pressure 
                 1.6 Bar 
               
               
                   
                 Pump Rate 
                 2 gram per minute 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     45.7.1 Coat matrix pellets with L30 D-55 dispersion such that you apply 20% coat weight gain to the pellets. 
     45.7.2 Coat matrix pellets with S100 dispersion such that you apply 37% coat weight gain to the pellets. 
     4. Capsules were filled with the uncoated pellets, the L30D-55 coated pellets and S100 coated pellets in weight percentages of 30%:30%:40%, respectively to provide 250 mg. capsules. 
     Four Pulses 
     Example 46 
     1 Metronidazole Matrix Pellet Formulation and Preparation Procedure 
     46.1 Pellet Formulation 
     The composition of the metronidazole matrix pellets provided in Table 12. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 12 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Composition of Metronidazole Pellets 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Component 
                 Percentage (%) 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Metronidazole 
                 50 
               
               
                   
                 Avicel PH 101 
                 20 
               
               
                   
                 Lactose 
                 20 
               
               
                   
                 PVP K29/32* 
                 10 
               
               
                   
                 Purified Water 
                   
               
               
                   
                 Total 
                 100 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 *PVP K29/32 was added as a 20% w/w aqueous solution during wet massing.  
               
            
           
         
       
     
     46.2 Preparation Procedure for Metronidazole Matrix Pellets 
     46.2.1 Blend metronidazole and Avicel® PH 101 using a Robot Coupe high shear granulator. 
     46.2.2 Add 20% Povidone K29/32 binder solution slowly into the powder blend under continuous mixing. 
     46.2.3 Extrude the wet mass using an LCI Bench Top Granulator. The diameter of the screen of the Bench Top Granulator was 1.0 mm. 
     46.2.4 Spheronize the extrudate using a Model SPH20 Caleva Spheronizer. 
     46.2.5 Dry the spheronized pellets at 50° C. overnight. 
     46.2.6 Pellets between 16 and 30 Mesh were collected for further processing. 
     46.3 Preparation of an Eudragit® L 30 D-55 Aqueous Coating Dispersion 
     46.3.1 Dispersion Formulation 
     The composition of the aqueous Eudragit L30D-55 dispersion applied to the metronidazole matrix pellets is provided below in Table 13. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 13 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Eudragit ® L 30 D-55 Aqueous Coating Dispersion 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Component 
                 Percentage (%) 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Eudragit ® L 30 D-55 
                 55.0 
               
               
                   
                 Triethyl Citrate 
                 1.6 
               
               
                   
                 Talc 
                 8.0 
               
               
                   
                 Purified Water 
                 37.4 
               
               
                   
                 Solids Content 
                 25.5 
               
               
                   
                 Polymer Content 
                 15.9 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     46.4 Preparation Procedure for an Eudragit® L 30 D-55 Aqueous Dispersion 
     46.4.1 Suspend triethyl citrate and talc in deionized water. 
     46.4.2 The TEC/talc suspension is then homogenized using a PowerGen 700 high shear mixer. 
     46.4.3 Add the TEC/talc suspension slowly to the Eudragit® L 30 D-55 latex dispersion while stirring. 
     46.4.4 Allow the coating dispersion to stir for one hour prior to application onto the metronidazole matrix pellets. 
     46.5 Preparation of an Eudragit® S 100 Aqueous Coating Dispersion 
     46.5.1 Dispersion Formulation 
     The composition of the aqueous Eudragit® S 100 dispersion applied to the metronidazole matrix pellets is provided below in Table 14. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 14 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Eudragit ® S 100 Aqueous Coating Dispersion 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Component 
                 Percentage (%) 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Part A 
                   
               
               
                   
                 Eudragit ® S 100 
                 12.0 
               
               
                   
                 1 N Ammonium Hydroxide 
                 6.1 
               
               
                   
                 Triethyl Citrate 
                 6.0 
               
               
                   
                 Purified Water 
                 65.9 
               
               
                   
                 Part B 
               
               
                   
                 Talc 
                 2.0 
               
               
                   
                 Purified Water 
                 8.0 
               
               
                   
                 Solid Content 
                 20.0 
               
               
                   
                 Polymer Content 
                 12.0 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     46.6 Preparation Procedure for an Eudragit® S 100 Aqueous Dispersion 
     Part A: 
     46.6.1 Dispense Eudragit® S 100 powder in deionized water with stirring. 
     46.6.2 Add ammonium hydroxide solution drop-wise into the dispersion with stirring. 
     46.6.3 Allow the partially neutralized dispersion to stir for 60 minutes. 
     46.6.4 Add triethyl citrate drop-wise into the dispersion with stirring. Stir for about 2 hours prior to the addition of Part B. 
     Part B: 
     46.6.5 Disperse talc in the required amount of water 
     46.6.6 Homogenize the dispersion using a PowerGen 700D high shear mixer. 
     46.6.7 Part B is then added slowly to the polymer dispersion in Part A with a mild stirring. 
     46.7 Coating Conditions for the Application of Aqueous Coating Dispersions 
     The following coating parameters were used for coating with each of the Eudragit® L 30 D-55 and Eudragit® S 100 aqueous film coatings. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
             
               
                   
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
                 Coating Equipment 
                 STREA 1 ™ Table Top Laboratory 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Fluid Bed Coater 
               
               
                   
                 Spray nozzle diameter 
                 1.0 mm 
               
               
                   
                 Material Charge 
                 300 gram 
               
               
                   
                 Inlet Air Temperature 
                 40 to 45° C. 
               
               
                   
                 Outlet Air Temperature 
                 30 to 33° C. 
               
               
                   
                 Atomization Air Pressure 
                 1.8 Bar 
               
               
                   
                 Pump Rate 
                 2 gram per minute 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     46.7.1 Coat matrix pellets with L30 D-55 dispersion such that you apply 12% coat weight gain to the pellets. 
     46.7.2 Coat matrix pellets with L30 D-55 dispersion such that you apply 30% coat weight gain to the pellets. 
     46.7.3 Coat matrix pellets with S100 dispersion such that you apply 20% coat weight gain to the pellets. 
     46.8 Encapsulation of the Metronidazole Pellets 
     Pellets are filled into size 00 hard gelatin capsules at a ratio of 20%:30%:20%:30% Immediate-release matrix pellets (uncoated), L30 D-55 coated pellets 12% weight gain, L30D-55 coated pellets 30% weight gain and S100 coated pellets respectively. The capsule is filled with the four different pellets to achieve a total dose of 375 mg/capsule. 
     Four Pulses 
     Example 47 
     Amoxicillin Pellet Formulation and Preparation Procedure 
     47.1 Pellet Formulations 
     The composition of the Amoxicillin trihydrate matrix pellets provided in Table 15. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 15 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Composition of Amoxicillin Matrix Pellets 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Component 
                 Percentage (%) 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Amoxicillin Trihydrate powder 
                 92 
               
               
                   
                 Avicel PH 101 
                 7.0 
               
               
                   
                 Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, NF* 
                 1.0 
               
               
                   
                 Total 
                 100 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 *Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose was added as a 2.9% w/w aqueous solution during wet massing.  
               
            
           
         
       
     
     47.2 Preparation Procedure for Amoxicillin Matrix Pellets 
     47.2.1 Blend Amoxicillin and Avicel® PH 101 using a low shear blender. 
     47.2.2 Add the hydroxypropyl methylcellulose binder solution slowly into the powder blend under continuous mixing. 
     47.2.3 Extrude the wet mass using an LCI Bench Top Granulator. The diameter of the screen of the Bench Top Granulator is 0.8 mm. 
     47.2.4 Spheronize the extrudate using a QJ-230 Spheronizer using a small cross section plate. 
     47.2.5 Dry the spheronizied pellets at 60° C. using a fluid bed dryer until the exhaust temperature reaches 40° C. 
     47.2.6 Pellets between 20 and 40 Mesh were collected for further processing. 
     47.3 Preparation of an Eudragit® L 30 D-55 Aqueous Coating Dispersion 
     47.3.1 Dispersion Formulation 
     The composition of the aqueous Eudragit L30D-55 dispersion applied to the amoxicillin matrix pellets is provided below in Table 16. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 16 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Eudragit ® L 30 D-55 Aqueous Coating Dispersion 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Component 
                 Percentage (%) 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Eudragit ® L 30 D-55 
                 41.6 
               
               
                   
                 Triethyl Citrate 
                 2.5 
               
               
                   
                 Talc 
                 5.0 
               
               
                   
                 Purified Water 
                 50.9 
               
               
                   
                 Solids Content 
                 20.0 
               
               
                   
                 Polymer Content 
                 12.5 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     47.4 Preparation Procedure for an Eudragit® L 30 D-55 Aqueous Dispersion 
     47.4.1 Suspend triethyl citrate and talc in deionized water. 
     47.4.2 The TEC/talc suspension is mixed using laboratory mixer. 
     47.4.3 Add the TEC/talc suspension from slowly to the Eudragit® L 30 D-55 latex dispersion while stirring. 
     47.4.4 Allow the coating dispersion to stir for one hour prior to application onto the amoxicillin matrix pellets. 
     47.5 Preparation of an Eudragit® S 100 Aqueous Coating Dispersion 
     47.6 Dispersion Formulation 
     The composition of the aqueous Eudragit® S 100 dispersion applied to the Amoxicillin matrix pellets is provided below in Table 17. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 17 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Eudragit ® S 100 Aqueous Coating Dispersion 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Component 
                 Percentage (%) 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Part A 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Eudragit ® S 100 
                 10.0 
               
               
                   
                 1 N Ammonium Hydroxide 
                 5.1 
               
               
                   
                 Triethyl Citrate 
                 5.0 
               
               
                   
                 Water 
                 64.9 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Part B 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Talc 
                 2.0 
               
               
                   
                 Water 
                 10.0 
               
               
                   
                 Solid Content 
                 25.0 
               
               
                   
                 Polymer Content 
                 10.0 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     47.7 Preparation Procedure for an Eudragit® S 100 Aqueous Dispersion 
     Part A: 
     47.7.1 Dispense Eudragit® S 100 powder in deionized water with stirring. 
     47.7.2 Add ammonium hydroxide solution drop-wise into the dispersion with stirring. 
     47.7.3 Allow the partially neutralized dispersion to stir for 60 minutes. 
     47.7.4 Add triethyl citrate drop-wise into the dispersion with stirring and let stir overnight prior to the addition of Part B. 
     Part B: 
     47.7.5 Disperse talc in the required amount of water 
     47.7.6 Stir the dispersion using an overhead laboratory mixer. 
     47.7.7 Part B is then added slowly to the polymer dispersion in Part A with a mild stirring. 
     47.8 Preparation of Aquacoat Coating Dispersion 
     47.8.1 Dispersion Formulation 
     The composition of the aqueous Aquacoat dispersion applied to Amoxicillin L30 D-55 coated pellets is provided below in Table 18. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
             
               
                   
                 TABLE 18 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Component 
                 Percentage (%) 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Aquacoat ECD 
                 79.3 
               
               
                   
                 Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose 
                 15.9 
               
               
                   
                 Dibutyl Sebacate 
                 4.8 
               
               
                   
                 Purified Water (300 g) 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     47.8.1.1 Prepare Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (Methocel E15) solution by dispersing in water with continuous stirring. 
     47.8.1.2 Add Aquacoat and dibutyl sebacate to the dispersion with stirring and continue to stir overnight. 
     47.9 Coating Conditions for the Application of Aqueous Coating Dispersions 
     The following coating parameters were used for coating with each of the Eudragit® L 30 D-55 and Eudragit® S 100 aqueous film coatings. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
             
               
                   
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
                 Coating Equipment 
                 STREA 1 ™ Table Top Laboratory 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Fluid Bed Coater 
               
               
                   
                 Spray nozzle diameter 
                 1.0 mm 
               
               
                   
                 Material Charge 
                 300 gram 
               
               
                   
                 Inlet Air Temperature 
                 40 to 45° C. 
               
               
                   
                 Outlet Air Temperature 
                 30 to 33° C. 
               
               
                   
                 Atomization Air Pressure 
                 1.8 Bar 
               
               
                   
                 Pump Rate 
                 2-6 gram per minute 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     47.9.1 Coat Amoxicillin matrix pellets with L30 D-55 dispersim to achieve a 20% coat weight gain. 
     47.9.2 Coat another batch of Amoxicillin matrix pellets with L30 D-55 dispersion to achieve a 20% weight gain. Coat the L30 D-55 pellets with the Aquacoat Dispersion to achieve a 10% coat weight gain. 
     47.9.3 Coat Amoxicillin matrix pellets with S100 dispersion to achieve a 37% coat weight gain. 
     47.10 Preparation of Amoxicillin Granulation for Tabletting 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 19 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Composition of Amoxicillin Granulation (Immediate Release) 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Component 
                 Percentage (%) 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Amoxicillin Trihydrate powder 
                 92 
               
               
                   
                 Avicel PH 101 
                 7.0 
               
               
                   
                 Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, NF* 
                 1.0 
               
               
                   
                 Total 
                 100 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 *Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose was added as a 2.9% w/w aqueous solution during wet massing.  
               
            
           
         
       
     
     47.10.1 Blend Amoxicillin and Avicel® PH 101 using a low shear blender. 
     47.10.2 Add the hydroxypropyl methylcellulose binder solution slowly into the powder blend under continuous mixing. 
     47.10.3 Dry the granulation at 60° C. using a fluid bed dryer until the exhaust temperature reaches 40° C. 
     47.10.4 Granules between 20 and 40 Mesh are collected for further processing. 
     47.11 Tabletting of the Amoxicillin Pellets 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 20 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Composition of Amoxicillin Tablets 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Component 
                 Percentage (%) 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Amoxicillin granules 
                 32.5 
               
               
                   
                 Avicel PH 200 
                 5.0 
               
               
                   
                 Amoxicillin L30D-55 coated pellets 
                 20 
               
               
                   
                 Amoxicillin Aquacoated pellets 
                 20 
               
               
                   
                 Amoxicillin S100 coated pellets 
                 20 
               
               
                   
                 Colloidal silicon dioxide 
                 1.5 
               
               
                   
                 Magnesium stearate 
                 1.0 
               
               
                   
                 Total 
                 100 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     47.11.1 Blend the Amoxicillin granules, Avicel PH-200, Amoxicillin pellets and colloidal silicon dioxide for 15 minutes in a tumble blender. 
     47.11.2 Add the magnesium stearate to the blender, and blend for 5 minutes. 
     47.11.3 Compress the blend on a rotary tablet press. 
     47.11.4 The fill weight should be adjusted to achieve a 500 mg dose tablet. 
     Four Pulses 
     Example 48 
     Clarithromycin Pellet Formulation and Preparation Procedure 
     48.1 Pellet Formulation 
     The composition of the clarithromycin matrix pellets provided in Table 21. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 21 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Composition of Clarithromycin Pellets 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Component 
                 Percentage (%) 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Clarithromycin 
                 50.6 
               
               
                   
                 Lactose monohydrate, spray dried 
                 32.1 
               
               
                   
                 Silicified microcrystalline cellulose 
                 14.6 
               
               
                   
                 Polyoxyl 35 Castor Oil* 
                 1.7 
               
               
                   
                 Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose* 
                 1.0 
               
               
                   
                 Total 
                 100 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 *Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose and Polyoxyl 35 were added as an 8.7% w/w aqueous solution during wet massing.  
               
            
           
         
       
     
     48.2 Preparation Procedure for Clarithromycin Matrix Pellets 
     48.2.1 Blend clarithromycin, silicified microcrystalline cellulose and lactose monohydrate using a Robot Coupe high shear granulator. 
     48.2.2 Prepare the binder solution by adding the Polyoxyl to the purified water while stirring. After that is mixed, slowly add the hydroxypropyl methylcellulose and continue to stir until a solution is achieved. 
     48.2.3 Add binder solution slowly into the powder blend under continuous mixing. 
     48.2.4 Granulate the powders in the high shear granulator with the binder solution. 
     48.2.5 Extrude the wet mass using an LCI Bench Top Granulator. The diameter of the screen of the Bench Top Granulator was 1.2 mm. 
     48.2.6 Spheronize the extrudate using a Model SPH20 Caleva Spheronizer. 
     48.2.7 Dry the spheronized pellets at 50° C. overnight. 
     48.2.8 Pellets between 18 and 30 Mesh were collected for further processing. 
     48.3 Preparation of an Eudragit® L 30 D-55 Aqueous Coating Dispersion 
     48.3.1 Dispersion Formulation 
     The composition of the aqueous Eudragit L30D-55 dispersion applied to the clarithromycin matrix pellets is provided below in Table 22. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 22 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Eudragit ® L 30 D-55 Aqueous Coating Dispersion 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Component 
                 Percentage (%) 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Eudragit ® L 30 D-55 
                 40.4 
               
               
                   
                 Triethyl Citrate 
                 1.8 
               
               
                   
                 Talc 
                 6.1 
               
               
                   
                 Water 
                 51.7 
               
               
                   
                 Solids Content 
                 20.0 
               
               
                   
                 Polymer Content 
                 12.1 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     48.4 Preparation Procedure for an Eudragit® L 30 D-55 Aqueous Dispersion 
     48.4.1 Suspend triethyl citrate and talc in deionized water. 
     48.4.2 The TEC/talc suspension is then homogenized using a PowerGen 700 high shear mixer. 
     48.4.3 Add the suspension from 4.2.2 slowly to the Eudragit® L 30 D-55 latex dispersion while stirring. 
     48.4.4 Allow the coating dispersion to stir for one hour prior to application onto the clarithromycin matrix pellets. 
     48.5. Preparation of an Eudragit® S 100 Aqueous Coating Dispersion 
     48.5.1 Dispersion Formulation 
     The composition of the aqueous Eudragit® S 100 dispersion applied to the clarithromycin matrix pellets is provided below in Table 23. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 23 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Eudragit ® S 100 Aqueous Coating Dispersion 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Component 
                 Percentage (%) 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Part A 
                   
               
               
                   
                 Eudragit ® S 100 
                 10.0 
               
               
                   
                 1 N Ammonium Hydroxide 
                 5.1 
               
               
                   
                 Triethyl Citrate 
                 5.0 
               
               
                   
                 Water 
                 64.9 
               
               
                   
                 Part B 
               
               
                   
                 Talc 
                 5.0 
               
               
                   
                 Water 
                 10.0 
               
               
                   
                 Solid Content 
                 25.0 
               
               
                   
                 Polymer Content 
                 10.0 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     48.6 Preparation Procedure for an Eudragit® S 100 Aqueous Dispersion 
     Part A: 
     48.6.1 Dispense Eudragit® S 100 powder in deionized water with stirring. 
     48.6.2 Add ammonium hydroxide solution drop-wise into the dispersion with stirring. 
     48.6.3 Allow the partially neutralized dispersion to stir for 60 minutes 
     48.6.4 Add the triethyl citrate drop-wise to the dispersion and stir for 60 minutes prior to the addition of Part B. 
     Part B: 
     48.6.5 Disperse talc in the required amount of water 
     48.6.6 Homogenize the dispersion using a PowerGen 700D high shear mixer. 
     48.6.7 Part B is then added slowly to the polymer dispersion in Part A with a mild stirring. 
     48.7 Coating Conditions for the Application of Aqueous Coating Dispersions 
     The following coating parameters were used for coating with each of the Eudragit® L 30 D-55 and Eudragit® S 100 aqueous film coatings. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
             
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                 Coating Equipment 
                 STREA 1 ™ Table Top Laboratory Fluid Bed 
               
               
                   
                 Coater 
               
               
                 Spray nozzle diameter 
                 1.0 mm 
               
               
                 Material Charge 
                 300 gram 
               
               
                 Inlet Air Temperature 
                 40 to 45° C. 
               
               
                 Outlet Air Temperature 
                 30 to 33° C. 
               
               
                 Atomization Air Pressure 
                 1.6 Bar 
               
               
                 Pump Rate 
                 2 gram per minute 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     48.7.1 Coat matrix pellets with L30 D-55 dispersion such that you apply 12% coat weight gain to the pellets. 
     48.7.2 Coat matrix pellets with L30 D-55 dispersion such that you apply 30% coat weight gain to the pellets. 
     48.7.3 Coat matrix pellets with S100 dispersion such that you apply 37% coat weight gain to the pellets. 
     48.8 Encapsulation of the Clarithromycin Pellets 
     Pellets are filled into size 00 hard gelatin capsules at a ratio of 20%:30%:20%:30% Immediate-release matrix pellets (uncoated), L30 D-55 coated pellets 12% weight gain, L30D-55 coated pellets 30% weight gain and S100 coated pellets respectively. 
     The capsule is filled with the four different pellets to achieve a total dose of 250 mg/capsule. 
     Four Pulses 
     Example 49 
     Clarithromycin Pellet Formulation and Preparation Procedure 
     Pellet Formulation 
     The composition of the clarithromycin pellets provided in Table 24. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 24 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Composition of Clarithromycin Pellets 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Component 
                 Percentage (%) 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Clarithromycin 
                 77.0 
               
               
                   
                 Lactose monohydrate, spray dried 
                 11.0 
               
               
                   
                 Croscarmellose sodium 
                 5.0 
               
               
                   
                 Polyoxyl 35 Castor Oil* 
                 5.0 
               
               
                   
                 Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose* 
                 2.0 
               
               
                   
                 Purified water 
                 * 
               
               
                   
                 Total 
                 100 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 *Removed during processing  
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Preparation Procedure for Clarithromycin Pellets 
     Prepare the binder solution by adding the Polyoxyl to the purified water while stirring. After that is mixed, slowly add the hydroxypropyl methylcellulose and continue to stir until a solution is achieved. 
     Blend clarithromycin, lactose monohydrate, and croscarmellose sodium using a Robot Coupe high shear granulator. 
     Add binder solution slowly into the powder blend under continuous mixing. 
     Granulate the powders in the high shear granulator with the binder solution. 
     Extrude the wet mass using an LCI Bench Top Granulator. The diameter of the screen of the Bench Top Granulator was 1.0 mm. 
     Spheronize the extrudate using a Model SPH20 Caleva Spheronizer. 
     Dry the spheronized pellets at 50° C. until the moisture level is &gt;3%. 
     Pellets between 16 and 30 Mesh were collected for further processing. 
     Clarithromycin Enteric-Release Pellet Formulation and Preparation Procedure 
     Preparation of an Eudragit® L 30 D-55/Eudragit NE 30D Aqueous Coating Dispersion 
     Dispersion Formulation 
     The composition of the aqueous Eudragit L30D-55/Eudragit NE 30D aqueous coating dispersion applied to the clarithromycin pellets is provided below in Table 25. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 25 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Eudragit ® L 30 D-55/Eudragit NE 30D Aqueous Coating Dispersion 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Component 
                 Percentage (%) 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Eudragit ® L 30D-55 
                 44.4 
               
               
                   
                 Eudragit NE 30D 
                 14.8 
               
               
                   
                 Triethyl Citrate 
                 1.3 
               
               
                   
                 Imwitor 900 
                 0.9 
               
               
                   
                 Purified Water* 
                 38.6 
               
               
                   
                 Solid Content 
                 20.6 
               
               
                   
                 Polymer Content 
                 16.4 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 *Removed during processing  
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Preparation Procedure for an Eudragit® L 30D-55/Eudragit NE 30D Aqueous Dispersion 
     Heat purified water to 75-80° C. and then add triethyl citrate (TEC) and Imwitor 900. Homogenize dispersion until temperature is less than 55° C. 
     The TEC/Imwitor 900 dispersion is then stirred until the temperature is less than 35° C. 
     Add the TEC/Imwitor 900 dispersion to Eudragit L30D-55 latex dispersion and stir for at least 30 minutes. 
     Add Eudragit NE 30D to the Eudragit L30D/TEC/Imwitor 900 dispersion and stir for at least 10 minutes. 
     Screen the dispersion through a No. 60 mesh sieve prior to coating. 
     Continue to stir the dispersion until the coating process is complete. 
     Coating Conditions for the Application of Eudragit L30D-55/Eudragit NE 30D Aqueous 
     Coating Dispersion 
     The following coating parameters were used for coating of the Eudragit® L 30 D-55/Eudragit NE30D film coating dispersion. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
             
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                 Coating Equipment 
                 STREA 1 ™ Table Top Laboratory Fluid Bed 
               
               
                   
                 Coater 
               
               
                 Spray nozzle diameter 
                 1.0 mm 
               
               
                 Material Charge 
                 300 gram 
               
               
                 Inlet Air Temperature 
                 45° C. 
               
               
                 Outlet Air Temperature 
                 32 to 35° C. 
               
               
                 Atomization Air Pressure 
                 1.6 Bar 
               
               
                 Pump Rate 
                 3-4 gram per minute 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Coat clarithromycin pellets with Eudragit L30 D-55/Eudragit NE 30D film coating dispersion such that you apply 20% coat weight gain to the pellets. 
     Clarithromycin Delayed Enteric-Release Pellets Formulation and Preparation Procedure 
     Preparation of an AQOAT AS-HF Aqueous Coating Dispersion 
     Dispersion Formulation 
     The composition of the aqueous AQOAT AS-HF aqueous coating dispersion applied to the clarithromycin pellets is provided below in Table 26. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 26 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 AQOAT AS-HF Aqueous Coating Dispersion 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Component 
                 Percentage (%) 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 AQOAT AS-HF 
                 7.0 
               
               
                   
                 Triethyl Citrate 
                 2.0 
               
               
                   
                 Talc 
                 2.1 
               
               
                   
                 Sodium lauryl sulfate 
                 0.2 
               
               
                   
                 Purified Water* 
                 88.7 
               
               
                   
                 Solid Content 
                 11.3 
               
               
                   
                 Polymer Content 
                 7.0 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 *Removed during processing  
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Preparation Procedure for an AQOAT AS-HF Aqueous Dispersion 
     Add triethyl citrate (TEC) to the purified water with stirring. 
     Add the sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS) to the TEC dispersion with stirring and completely until completely dissolved. 
     Add the AQOAT to the TEC/SLS dispersion and stir for at least 30 minutes. 
     Add the talc to the AQOAT dispersion and until completely mixed and for at least 30 minutes. 
     Screen the dispersion through a No. 60 mesh sieve prior to coating. 
     Continue to stir the dispersion until the coating process is complete. 
     Coating Conditions for the Application of AQOAT AS-HF Aqueous Coating Dispersion 
     The following coating parameters were used for coating of the AQOAT AS-HF film coating dispersion. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
             
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                 Coating Equipment 
                 STREA 1 ™ Table Top Laboratory Fluid Bed 
               
               
                   
                 Coater 
               
               
                 Spray nozzle diameter 
                 1.0 mm 
               
               
                 Material Charge 
                 300 gram 
               
               
                 Inlet Air Temperature 
                 48° C. 
               
               
                 Outlet Air Temperature 
                 27° C. 
               
               
                 Atomization Air Pressure 
                 1.6 Bar 
               
               
                 Pump Rate 
                 3-4 gram per minute 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Coat clarithromycin pellets with AQOAT AS-HF film coating dispersion such that you apply 30-35% coat weight gain to the pellets. 
     Clarithromycin Colonic-Release Pellets Formulation and Preparation Procedure 
     Preparation of an Eudragit® FS30D Aqueous Coating Dispersion 
     Dispersion Formulation 
     The composition of the aqueous Eudragit® FS 30D dispersion applied to the clarithromycin pellets is provided below in Table 27. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 27 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Eudragit ® FS 30D Aqueous Coating Dispersion 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Component 
                 Percentage (%) 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Eudragit ® FS 30D 
                 54.8 
               
               
                   
                 Triethyl Citrate 
                 0.9 
               
               
                   
                 Talc 
                 3.3 
               
               
                   
                 Purified Water* 
                 41.0 
               
               
                   
                 Solid Content 
                 20.6 
               
               
                   
                 Polymer Content 
                 16.4 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 *Removed during processing  
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Preparation Procedure for an Eudragit® FS 30D Aqueous Dispersion 
     Disperse triethyl citrate (TEC) in the purified water. 
     Add the talc in the triethyl citrate dispersion. 
     Homogenize the dispersion using a homogenizer. 
     Add slowly the Eudragit® FS 30D dispersion to the talc/TEC dispersion with stirring. 
     Continue to stir the coating dispersion until the coating process is complete. 
     Coating Conditions for the Application of Eudragit FS30D Aqueous Coating Dispersion 
     The following coating parameters were used for coating with each of the Eudragit® FS 30 D aqueous film coating. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
             
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                 Coating Equipment 
                 STREA 1 ™ Table Top Laboratory Fluid Bed 
               
               
                   
                 Coater 
               
               
                 Spray nozzle diameter 
                 1.2 mm 
               
               
                 Material Charge 
                 300 gram 
               
               
                 Inlet Air Temperature 
                 38° C. 
               
               
                 Outlet Air Temperature 
                 22° C. 
               
               
                 Atomization Air Pressure 
                 1.6 Bar 
               
               
                 Pump Rate 
                 6 gram per minute 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Coat pellets with Eudragit FS 30D coating dispersion dispersion such that you apply 30% coat weight gain to the pellets. 
     Encapsulation of the Clarithromycin Pellets 
     Pellets are filled into hard gelatin capsules at a ratio of 25%:25%:25%:25% Immediate-Release Pellets (uncoated), Eudragit L30 D-55/Eudagit NE 30D coated pellets 20% weight gain, AQOAT AS-HF coated pellets 30-35% weight gain and Eudragit FS 30D coated pellets respectively. 
     The capsule is filled with the four different pellets to achieve a total dose of 250 mg/capsule. 
     Tableting of the Clarithromycin Pellets 
     Clarithromycin Tablet Formula 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 28 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Clarithromycin Tablet 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Component 
                 Percentage (%) 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Eudragit ® L30D/NE 30D coated pellets 
                 20.0 
               
               
                   
                 AQOAT AS-HF coated pellets 
                 20.0 
               
               
                   
                 Eudargit FS 30D coated pellets 
                 20.0 
               
               
                   
                 Emcocel 
                 24.5 
               
               
                   
                 Clarithromycin 
                 12.5 
               
               
                   
                 Povidone K30 
                 2.0 
               
               
                   
                 Magnesium stearate 
                 1.0 
               
               
                   
                 Purified water 
                 * 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 * Removed during processing  
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Preparation Procedure for a Clarithromycin Tablet 
     Blend all the components together except coated pellets and magnesium stearate for 10 minutes using a granulator. 
     Granulate the blend with purified water. 
     Screen the granulate through a No. 16 mesh sieve. 
     Dry the screened granulate in a fluid bed dryer at 50-60° C. until the moisture level is less than 3%. 
     Add the dry granulate, coated pellets to a tumble blender and blend for 10 minutes. 
     Add to the blend the magnesium stearate and blend an additional 3 minutes. 
     Compress the blend on a rotary tablet press to achieve a dose of 500 mg. 
     The present invention is particularly advantageous in that there is provided an antibiotic product which provides an improvement over twice a day administration of the antibiotic and an improvement over a once a day administration of the antibiotic. 
     Numerous modification and variations of the present invention are possible in light of the above teachings and therefore, within the scope of the appended claims the invention may be practiced otherwise than as particularly described. 
     The present invention is particularly advantageous in that there is provided an antibiotic product which provides an improvement over twice a day administration of the antibiotic and an improvement over a once a day administration of the antibiotic. 
     Numerous modification and variations of the present invention are possible in light of the above teachings and therefore, within the scope of the appended claims the invention may be practiced otherwise than as particularly described.