Patent Publication Number: US-2021170001-A1

Title: Cs1 targeted chimeric antigen receptor-modified t cells

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This application is a Continuation Application of U.S. application Ser. No. 15/533,153, filed Jun. 5, 2017, which is a 371 National Stage Application of PCT/US2015/064303, filed Dec. 7, 2015, which claims the benefit of U.S. Non-Provisional Application No. 62/088,423, filed Dec. 5, 2014, entitled “USE OF CENTRAL MEMORY DERIVED-CS1 CHIMERIC ANTIGEN RECEPTOR-MODIFIED T CELLS TO TREAT MULTIPLE MYELOMA”, the entire contents of each of which are incorporated herein by reference. 
    
    
     FEDERALLY SPONSORED RESEARCH OR DEVELOPMENT 
     This invention was made with government support under Grant Numbers P50 CA107399 and P01 CA030206, awarded by the National Institutes of Health. The government has certain rights in the invention. 
    
    
     BACKGROUND 
     Tumor-specific T cell based immunotherapies, including therapies employing engineered T cells, have been investigated for anti-tumor treatment. In some cases the T cells used in such therapies do not remain active in vivo for a long enough period. In some cases, the antitumor activity of the T cells is relatively low. Therefore, there is a need in the art for tumor-specific cancer therapies with longer term anti-tumor functioning. 
     Adoptive T cell therapy (ACT) utilizing chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) engineered T cells may provide a safe and effective way to reduce recurrence rates of various cancers, since CAR T cells can be engineered to specifically recognize antigenically-distinct tumor populations in an WIC-independent manner. 
     Multiple myeloma (MM) is a B cell malignancy characterized by clonal expansion of plasma cells. MM accounts for approximately 1 percent of all cancers and slightly more than 10 percent of hematologic malignancies in the United States. In the United States alone, approximately 20,000 new cases will be diagnosed this year and over 11,000 people will die from this disease. Current therapies for MM often induce remission, but nearly all patients eventually relapse and die. 
     CS1 is a cell surface glycoprotein of the signaling lymphocyte activation molecule (SLAM) receptor family that is highly and selectively expressed on normal plasma cells and MM cells, with lower expression on NK cells and little or no expression on normal tissues. Elotuzumabc (HuLuc63), a humanized CS1 monoclonal antibody given together with bortezomib in patients with relapsed MM produces ≥PR in 48% of patients. The high expression of CS1 on MM cells, coupled with its restriction to plasma cells in normal tissue, makes CS1 a reasonable target for CAR T cell therapy (Hsi et al. 2008  Clin Cancer Res  14:2775). 
     SUMMARY 
     Described herein are CARs which comprise an extracellular domain, a transmembrane domain and an intracellular signaling domain. The extracellular domain includes a CS1-specific scFv region or a variant thereof and, optionally, a spacer, comprising, for example, a portion of human Fc domain. The extracellular domain enables the CAR, when expressed on the surface of a T cell, to direct T cell activity to cells expressing CS1, a receptor expressed on the surface of MM. The transmembrane domain includes, for example, a CD4 transmembrane domain, a CD8 transmembrane domain, a CD28 transmembrane domain, or a CD3 transmembrane domain. The intracellular signaling domain includes the signaling domain from the zeta chain of the human CD3 complex (CD3) and one or more costimulatory domains, for example, a 4-1BB costimulatory domain. The inclusion of a costimulatory domain, such as the 4-1BB (CD137) costimulatory domain in series with CD3 in the intracellular region enables the T cell to receive co-stimulatory signals. T cells, for example, patient-specific, autologous T cells can be engineered to express the CARs described herein, and the engineered cells can be expanded and used in ACT. Various T cell subsets, including both alpha beta T cells and gamma delta T cells, can be used. In addition, the CAR can be expressed in other immune cells such as NK cells. Where a patient is treated with an immune cell expressing a CAR described herein the cell can be an autologous T cell or an allogenic T cell. In some cases the cells used are a cell population that includes both CD4+ and CD8+ central memory T cells (T CM ), which are CD62L+, CCR7+, CD45RO+, and CD45RA−. The cell population can include other types of T cells as well. 
     The CS1 CAR described herein has certain beneficial characteristics, e.g., persistence and enhanced antitumor activity following adoptive transfer. 
     T cells expressing a CAR targeting CS1 can be useful in treatment of cancers such as MM, as well as other cancers that express CS1. Thus, this disclosure includes methods for treating CS1 expressing cancer using T cells expressing a CAR described herein. 
     Described herein is a nucleic acid molecule encoding a CAR comprising: a CS1 scFv (e.g., EVQLVESGGGLVQPGGSLRLSCAASGFDF SRYWMSWVRQAPGKGLEWIGEINP DSSTINYAPSLKDKFIISRDNAKNSLYLQMNSLRAEDTAVYYCARPDGNYWYFD VWGQGTLVTVSSGSTSGGGSGGGSGGGGSSDIQMTQSPSSLSASVGDRVTITCK ASQDVGIAVAWYQQKPGKVPKWYWASTRHTGVPDRFSGSGSGTDFTLTISSLQ PEDVATYYCQQYSSYPYTFGQGTKVEIK; SEQ ID NO:1) or a variant thereof having 1-5 (e.g., 1 or 2) amino acid modifications (e.g., substitutions); a transmembrane domain selected from: a CD4 transmembrane domain or variant thereof having 1-5 (e.g., 1 or 2) amino acid modifications (e.g., substitutions), a CD8 transmembrane domain or variant thereof having 1-5 (e.g., 1 or 2) amino acid modifications (e.g., substitutions), a CD28 transmembrane domain or a variant thereof having 1-5 (e.g., 1 or 2) amino acid modifications (e.g., substitutions), and a CD3ζ transmembrane domain or a variant thereof having 1-5 (e.g., 1 or 2) amino acid modifications (e.g., substitutions); a costimulatory domain (e.g., a CD28 co-stimulatory domain or a variant thereof having 1-5 (e.g., 1 or 2) amino acid modifications (e.g., substitutions); or a 4-1BB co-stimulatory domain or a variant thereof having 1-5 (e.g., 1 or 2) amino acid modifications (e.g., substitutions); or both a CD28 co-stimulatory domain or a variant thereof having 1-5 (e.g., 1 or 2) amino acid modifications (e.g., substitutions) and a 4-1BB co-stimulatory domain or a variant thereof having 1-5 (e.g., 1 or 2) amino acid modifications (e.g., substitutions); and a CD3 signaling domain or a variant thereof having 1-5 (e.g., 1 or 2) amino acid modifications. 
     This disclosure also nucleic acid molecules that encode any of the CARs described herein (e.g., vectors that include a nucleic acid sequence encoding one of the CARs) and isolated T cells that express any of the CARs described herein. 
     Described herein is a nucleic acid molecule encoding a chimeric antigen receptor, wherein chimeric antigen receptor comprises: a CS1 scFv; a spacer region; a CD28 or CD4 transmembrane domain, a CD28 costimulatory domain or a 4-IBB costimulatory domain, an optional GlyGlyGly linker, and a CD3 ζ signaling domain. 
     In one embodiment, the CS1 CAR consists of or comprises the amino acid sequence of any of SEQ ID NOs:31, 34, 37, 40, 43, and 46 (mature CAR lacking a signal sequence) or the CS1 CAR consists of or comprises the amino acid sequence of any of SEQ ID NOs:30, 33, 36, 39, 42, and 45 (immature CAR having a GMCSFRa signal sequence). The CAR and can be expressed in a form that includes a signal sequence, e.g., a human GM-CSF receptor alpha signal sequence (MLLLVTSLLLCELPHPAFLLIP; SEQ ID NO:26). The CAR can be expressed with additional sequences that are useful for monitoring expression, for example a T2A skip sequence and a truncated EGFRt. Thus, the CAR can comprise or consist of the amino acid sequence of any of SEQ ID Nos: 29-46 or can comprise or consist of an amino acid sequence that is at least 95%, 96%, 97%, 98% or 99% identical to any of SEQ ID Nos: 29-46. The CAR can comprise or consist of the amino acid sequence of any of SEQ ID Nos: 29-46 with up to 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5 amino acid changes (preferably conservative amino acid changes). 
     Also disclosed is a population of human T cells transduced by a vector comprising an expression cassette encoding a CS1 chimeric antigen receptor described herein (e.g., a CAR that comprises or consists of the amino acid sequence of any of SEQ ID Nos: 29-46 or an amino acid sequence that is at least 95%, 96%, 97%, 98% or 99% identical to any of SEQ ID Nos: 29-46 or the amino acid sequence of any of SEQ ID Nos: 29-46 with up to 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5 amino acid changes (preferably conservative amino acid changes). 
     In various embodiments: the population of human T cells are central memory T cells (Tcm), e.g., CD8+/CD4+ Tcm. 
     An “amino acid modification” refers to an amino acid substitution, insertion, and/or deletion in a protein or peptide sequence. An “amino acid substitution” or “substitution” refers to replacement of an amino acid at a particular position in a parent peptide or protein sequence with another amino acid. A substitution can be made to change an amino acid in the resulting protein in a non-conservative manner (i.e., by changing the codon from an amino acid belonging to a grouping of amino acids having a particular size or characteristic to an amino acid belonging to another grouping) or in a conservative manner (i.e., by changing the codon from an amino acid belonging to a grouping of amino acids having a particular size or characteristic to an amino acid belonging to the same grouping). Such a conservative change generally leads to less change in the structure and function of the resulting protein. The following are examples of various groupings of amino acids: 1) Amino acids with nonpolar R groups: Alanine, Valine, Leucine, Isoleucine, Proline, Phenylalanine, Tryptophan, Methionine; 2) Amino acids with uncharged polar R groups: Glycine, Serine, Threonine, Cysteine, Tyrosine, Asparagine, Glutamine; 3) Amino acids with charged polar R groups (negatively charged at pH 6.0): Aspartic acid, Glutamic acid; 4) Basic amino acids (positively charged at pH 6.0): Lysine, Arginine, Histidine (at pH 6.0). Another grouping may be those amino acids with phenyl groups: Phenylalanine, Tryptophan, and Tyrosine. 
     CS1 ScFv Domain 
     The CS1 ScFv domain can be any ScFv that binds CS1. In some cases the CS1 ScFv domain includes a sequence that is at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98% identical to or identical to SEQ ID NO:1. In some cases the CS1 scFv has 1, 2, 3, 4 of 5 amino acid changes (preferably conservative) compared to SEQ ID NO:1. The ScFv can be a humanized ScFv. 
     Spacer Region 
     The CAR described herein can include a spacer region located between the CS1targeting domain (i.e., a CS1 ScFv or variant thereof) and the transmembrane domain. A variety of different spacers can be used. Some of them include at least portion of a human Fc region, for example a hinge portion of a human Fc region or a CH3 domain or variants thereof. Table 1 below provides various spacers that can be used in the CARs described herein. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 1 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Examples of Spacers 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                 Name 
                 Length 
                 Sequence 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 a3 
                   3 aa 
                 AAA 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 linker 
                  10 aa 
                 GGGSSGGGSG (SEQ ID NO: 2) 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 IgG4 hinge (S→P) 
                  12 aa 
                 ESKYGPPCPPCP (SEQ ID NO: 3) 
               
               
                 (S228P) 
                   
                   
               
               
                   
               
               
                 IgG4 hinge 
                  12 aa 
                 ESKYGPPCPSCP (SEQ ID NO: 4) 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 IgG4 hinge 
                  22 aa 
                 ESKYGPPCPPCPGGGSSGGGSG 
               
               
                 (S228P) + linker 
                   
                 (SEQ ID NO: 5) 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 CD28 hinge 
                  39 aa 
                 IEVMYPPPYLDNEKSNGTIIHVKGKHL 
               
               
                   
                   
                 CPSPLFPGPSKP (SEQ ID NO: 6) 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 CD8 hinge-48 aa 
                  48 aa 
                 AKPTTTPAPRPPTPAPTIASQPLSLRPE 
               
               
                   
                   
                 ACRPAAGGAVHTRGLDFACD (SEQ 
               
               
                   
                   
                 ID NO: 7) 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 CD8 hinge-45 aa 
                  45 aa 
                 TTTPAPRPPTPAPTIASQPLSLRPEACR 
               
               
                   
                   
                 PAAGGAVHTRGLDFACD (SEQ ID 
               
               
                   
                   
                 NO: 8) 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 IgG4(HL-CH3) 
                 129 aa 
                 ESKYGPPCPPCPGGGSSGGGSGGQPR 
               
               
                 (includes S228P 
                   
                 EPQVYTLPPSQEEMTKNQVSLTCLVK 
               
               
                 in hinge) 
                   
                 GFYPSDIAVEWESNGQPENNYKTTPP 
               
               
                   
                   
                 VLDSDGSFFLYSRLTVDKSRWQEGNV 
               
               
                   
                   
                 FSCSVMHEALHNHYTQKSLSLSLGK 
               
               
                   
                   
                 (SEQ ID NO: 9) 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 IgG4(L235E, 
                 229 aa 
                 ESKYGPPCPSCPAPEFEGGPSVFLFPPK 
               
               
                 N297Q) 
                   
                 PKDTLMISRTPEVTCVVVDVSQEDPE 
               
               
                   
                   
                 VQFNWYVDGVEVHQAKTKPREEQFQ 
               
               
                   
                   
                 STYRVVSVLTVLHQDWLNGKEYKCK 
               
               
                   
                   
                 VSNKGLPSSIEKTISKAKGQPREPQVY 
               
               
                   
                   
                 TLPPSQEEMTKNQVSLTCLVKGFYPS 
               
               
                   
                   
                 DIAVEWESNGQPENNYKTTPPVLDSD 
               
               
                   
                   
                 GSFFLYSRLTVDKSRWQEGNVFSCSV 
               
               
                   
                   
                 MHEALHNHYTQKSLSLSLGK (SEQ ID 
               
               
                   
                   
                 NO: 10) 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 IgG4(S228P, 
                 229 aa 
                 ESKYGPPCPPCPAPEFEGGPSVFLFPPK 
               
               
                 L235E, N297Q) 
                   
                 PKDTLMISRTPEVTCVVVDVSQEDPE 
               
               
                   
                   
                 VQFNWYVDGVEVHQAKTKPREEQFQ 
               
               
                   
                   
                 STYRVVSVLTVLHQDWLNGKEYKCK 
               
               
                   
                   
                 VSNKGLPSSIEKTISKAKGQPREPQVY 
               
               
                   
                   
                 TLPPSQEEMTKNQVSLTCLVKGFYPS 
               
               
                   
                   
                 DIAVEWESNGQPENNYKTTPPVLDSD 
               
               
                   
                   
                 GSFFLYSRLTVDKSRWQEGNVFSCSV 
               
               
                   
                   
                 MHEALHNHYTQKSLSLSLGK (SEQ ID 
               
               
                   
                   
                 NO: 11) 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 IgG4(CH3) 
                 107 aa 
                 GQPREPQVYTLPPSQEEMTKNQVSLT 
               
               
                   
                   
                 CLVKGFYPSDIAVEWESNGQPENNYK 
               
               
                   
                   
                 TTPPVLDSDGSFFLYSRLTVDKSRWQ 
               
               
                   
                   
                 EGNVFSCSVMHEALHNHYTQKSLSLS 
               
               
                   
                   
                 LGK (SEQ ID NO: 12) 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Some spacer regions include all or part of an immunoglobulin (e.g., IgG1, IgG2, IgG3, IgG4) hinge region, i.e., the sequence that falls between the CH1 and CH2 domains of an immunoglobulin, e.g., an IgG4 Fc hinge or a CD8 hinge. Some spacer regions include an immunoglobulin CH3 domain or both a CH3 domain and a CH2 domain. The immunoglobulin derived sequences can include one ore more amino acid modifications, for example, 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5 substitutions, e.g., substitutions that reduce off-target binding. 
     In certain embodiments the spacer is a hinge/linger derived from an IgG1, IgG2, IgG3, or IgG4 that includes one or more amino acid residues substituted with an amino acid residue different from that present in an unmodified hinge. The one or more substituted amino acid residues are selected from, but not limited to one or more amino acid residues at positions 220, 226, 228, 229, 230, 233, 234, 235, 234, 237, 238, 239, 243, 247, 267, 268, 280, 290, 292, 297, 298, 299, 300, 305, 309, 218, 326, 330, 331, 332, 333, 334, 336, 339, or a combination thereof. 
     In some embodiments, the modified hinge of the hinge/liker is derived from an IgG1, IgG2, IgG3, or IgG4 that includes, but is not limited to, one or more of the following amino acid residue substitutions: C220S, C226S, S228P, C229S, P230S, E233P, V234A, L234V, L234F, L234A, L235A, L235E, G236A, G237A, P238S, S239D, F243L, P247I, S267E, H268Q, S280H, K290S, K290E, K290N, R292P, N297A, N297Q, S298A, S298G, S298D, S298V, T299A, Y300L, V305I, V309L, E318A, K326A, K326W, K326E, L328F, A330L, A330S, A331S, P331S, 1332E, E333A, E333S, E333S, K334A, A339D, A339Q, P396L, or a combination thereof. 
     In some embodiments, the modified hinge is derived from a human IgG4 hinge/CH2/CH3 region having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 10 or 11 or an amino acid sequence that is at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98% identical to SEQ ID NO:10 or 11. 
     In certain embodiments, the modified hinge is derived from IgG4 that includes one or more amino acid residues substituted with an amino acid residue different from that present in an unmodified hinge. The one or more substituted amino acid residues are selected from, but not limited to one or more amino acid residues at positions 220, 226, 228, 229, 230, 233, 234, 235, 234, 237, 238, 239, 243, 247, 267, 268, 280, 290, 292, 297, 298, 299, 300, 305, 309, 218, 326, 330, 331, 332, 333, 334, 336, 339, or a combination thereof. 
     In some embodiments, the modified hinge is derived from an IgG4 that includes, but is not limited to, one or more of the following amino acid residue substitutions: 220S, 226S, 228P, 229S, 230S, 233P, 234A, 234V, 234F, 234A, 235A, 235E, 236A, 237A, 238S, 239D, 243L, 247I, 267E, 268Q, 280H, 290S, 290E, 290N, 292P, 297A, 297Q, 298A, 298G, 298D, 298V, 299A, 300L, 305I, 309L, 318A, 326A, 326W, 326E, 328F, 330L, 330S, 331S, 331S, 332E, 333A, 333S, 333S, 334A, 339D, 339Q, 396L, or a combination thereof, wherein the amino acid in the unmodified hinge is substituted with the above identified amino acids at the indicated position. In one instance the sequence includes the following amino acid changes S228P, L235E and N297Q. 
     For amino acid positions in immunoglobulin discussed herein, numbering is according to the EU index or EU numbering scheme (Kabat et al. 1991 Sequences of Proteins of Immunological Interest, 5th Ed., United States Public Health Service, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, hereby entirely incorporated by reference). The EU index or EU index as in Kabat or EU numbering scheme refers to the numbering of the EU antibody (Edelman et al. 1969 Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 63:78-85). 
     The hinge/linker region can also comprise a IgG4 hinge region having the sequence ESKYGPPCPSCP (SEQ ID NO:4) or ESKYGPPCPPCP (SEQ ID NO:3). 
     The hinge/linger region can also comprise the sequence ESKYGPPCPPCP (SEQ ID NO:3) followed by the linker sequence GGGSSGGGSG (SEQ ID NO:2) followed by IgG4 CH3 sequence GQPREPQVYTLPPSQEEMTKNQVSLTCLVKGFYPSDIAVEWESNGQPENNYKTT PPVLDSDGSFFLYSRLTVDKSRWQEGNVFSCSVMHEALHNHYTQKSLSLSLGK (SEQ ID NO:12). Thus, the entire linker/spacer region can comprise the sequence: ESKYGPPCPPCPGGGSSGGGSGGQPREPQVYTLPP SQEEMTKNQVSLTCLVKGFY PSDIAVEWESNGQPENNYKTTPPVLDSDGSFFLYSRLTVDKSRWQEGNVFSCSV MHEALHNHYTQKSLSLSLGK (SEQ ID NO:11). In some cases the spacer has 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 single amino acid changes (e.g., conservative changes) compared to SEQ ID NO:11. In some cases, the IgG4 Fc hinge/linker region that is mutated at two positions (L235E; N297Q) in a manner that reduces binding by Fc receptors (FcRs). 
     Transmembrane Region 
     A variety of transmembrane domains can be used in the. Table 2 includes examples of suitable transmembrane domains. Where a spacer region is present, the transmembrane domain is located carboxy terminal to the spacer region. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 2 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Examples of Transmembrane Domains 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Name 
                 Accession 
                 Length 
                 Sequence 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 CD3z 
                 J04132.1 
                 21 aa 
                 LCYLLDGILFIYGVILTALFL 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 (SEQ ID NO: 13) 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 CD28 
                 NM_006139 
                 27 aa 
                 FWVLVVVGGVLACYSLLVTVAF 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 IIFWV 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 (SEQ ID NO: 14) 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 CD28(M) 
                 NM_006139 
                 28 aa 
                 MFWVLVVVGGVLACYSLLVTVAF 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 IIFWV 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 (SEQ ID NO: 15) 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 CD4 
                 M35160 
                 22 aa 
                 MALIVLGGVAGLLLFIGLGIFF 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 (SEQ ID NO: 16) 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 CD8tm 
                 NM_001768 
                 21 aa 
                 IYIWAPLAGTCGVLLLSLVIT 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 (SEQ ID NO: 17) 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 CD8tm2 
                 NM_001768 
                 23 aa 
                 IYIWAPLAGTCGVLLLSLVITLY 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 (SEQ ID NO: 18) 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 CD8tm3 
                 NM_001768 
                 24 aa 
                 IYIWAPLAGTCGVLLLSLVITLY 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 C (SEQ ID NO: 19) 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 41BB 
                 NM_001561 
                 27 aa 
                 IISFFLALTSTALLFLLFF 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 LTLRFSVV 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 (SEQ ID NO: 20) 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Costimulatory Domain 
     The costimulatory domain can be any domain that is suitable for use with a CD3t signaling domain. In some cases the costimulatory domain is a CD28 costimulatory domain that includes a sequence that is at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98% identical to or identical to: RSKRSRGGHSDYMNMTPRRPGPTRKHYQPYAPPRDFAAYRS (SEQ ID NO:23; LL to GG amino acid change double underlined). In some cases the CD28 co-signaling domain has 1, 2, 3, 4 of 5 amino acid changes (preferably conservative and preferably not in the underlined GG sequence) compared to SEQ ID NO:23. In some cases the co-signaling domain is a 4-1BB co-signaling domain that includes a sequence that is at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98% identical to or identical to: KRGRKKLLYIFKQPFMRPVQTTQEEDGCSCRFPEEEEGGCEL (SEQ ID NO:24). In some cases the 4-1BB co-signaling domain has 1, 2, 3, 4 of 5 amino acid changes (preferably conservative) compared to SEQ ID NO:24. 
     The costimulatory domain(s) are located between the transmembrane domain and the CD3ζ signaling domain. Table 3 includes examples of suitable costimulatory domains together with the sequence of the CD3ζ signaling domain. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 3 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 CD3ζ Domain and Examples of Costimulatory 
               
               
                 Domains 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Name 
                 Accession 
                 Length 
                 Sequence 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 CD3ζ 
                 J04132.1 
                 113 aa 
                 RVKFSRSADAPAYQQGQNQLYNE 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 LNLGRREEYDVLDKRRGRDPEMG 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 GKPRRKNPQEGLYNELQKDKMAE 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 AYSEIGMKGERRRGKGHDGLYQG 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 LSTATKDTYDALHMQALPPR 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 (SEQ ID NO: 21) 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 CD28 
                 NM_006139 
                  42 aa 
                 RSKRSRLLHSDYMNMTPRRPGPT 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 RKHYQPYAPPRDFAAYRS 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 (SEQ ID NO: 22) 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 CD28gg* 
                 NM_006139 
                  42 aa 
                 RSKRSRGGHSDYMNMTPRRPGPT 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 RKHYQPYAPPRDFAAYRS 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 (SEQ ID NO: 23) 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 41BB 
                 NM_001561 
                  42 aa 
                 KRGRKKLLYIFKQPFMRPVQTTQ 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 EEDGCSCRFPEEEEGGCEL 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 (SEQ ID NO: 24) 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 OX40 
                   
                  42 aa 
                 ALYLLRRDQRLPPDAHKPPGGGS 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 FRTPIQEEQADAHSTLAKI 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 (SEQ ID NO: 25) 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     In various embodiments: the costimulatory domain is selected from the group consisting of: a costimulatory domain depicted in Table 3 or a variant thereof having 1-5 (e.g., 1 or 2) amino acid modifications, a CD28 costimulatory domain or a variant thereof having 1-5 (e.g., 1 or 2) amino acid modifications, a 4-1BB costimulatory domain or a variant thereof having 1-5 (e.g., 1 or 2) amino acid modifications and an OX40 costimulatory domain or a variant thereof having 1-5 (e.g., 1 or 2) amino acid modifications. In certain embodiments, a 4-1BB costimulatory domain or a variant thereof having 1-5 (e.g., 1 or 2) amino acid modifications in present. In some embodiments there are two costimulatory domains, for example a CD28 co-stimulatory domain or a variant thereof having 1-5 (e.g., 1 or 2) amino acid modifications (e.g., substitutions) and a 4-1BB co-stimulatory domain or a variant thereof having 1-5 (e.g., 1 or 2) amino acid modifications (e.g., substitutions). In various embodiments the 1-5 (e.g., 1 or 2) amino acid modification are substitutions. The costimulatory domain is amino terminal to the CD3ζ signaling domain and in some cases a short linker consisting of 2-10, e.g., 3 amino acids (e.g., GGG) is positioned between the costimulatory domain and the CD3ζ signaling domain. 
     CD3ζ Signaling Domain 
     The CD3ζ Signaling domain can be any domain that is suitable for use with a CD3ζ signaling domain. In some cases the CD3ζ signaling domain includes a sequence that is at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98% identical to or identical to: RVKFSRSADAPAYQQGQNQLYNELNLGRREEYDVLDKRRGRDPEMGGKPRRK NPQEGLYNELQKDKMAEAYSEIGMKGERRRGKGHDGLYQGLSTATKDTYDAL HMQALPPR (SEQ ID NO:21). In some cases the CD3ζ signaling has 1, 2, 3, 4 of 5 amino acid changes (preferably conservative) compared to SEQ ID NO:21. 
     Truncated EGFR 
     The CD3ζ signaling domain can be followed by a ribosomal skip sequence (e.g., LEGGGEGRGSLLTCGDVEENPGPR; SEQ ID NO:27) and a truncated EGFR having a sequence that is at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98% identical to or identical to: LVTSLLLCELPHPAFLLIPRKVCNGIGIGEFKDSLSINATNIKHFKNCTSISGDLHIL PVAFRGDSFTHTPPLDPQELDILKTVKEITGFLLIQAWPENRTDLHAFENLEIIRGR TKQHGQFSLAVVSLNITSLGLRSLKEISDGDVIISGNKNLCYANTINWKKLFGTSG QKTKIISNRGENSCKATGQVCHALCSPEGCWGPEPRDCVSCRNVSRGRECVDKC NLLEGEPREFVENSECIQCHPECLPQAMNITCTGRGPDNCIQCAHYIDGPHCVKT CPAGVMGENNTLVWKYADAGHVCHLCHPNCTYGCTGPGLEGCPTNGPKIPSIA TGMVGALLLLLVVALGIGLFM (SEQ ID NO:28). In some cases the truncated EGFR has 1, 2, 3, 4 of 5 amino acid changes (preferably conservative) compared to SEQ ID NO:28. 
     CS1 CAR 
     The CS1 CAR can include a sequence that is at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98% identical to or identical to the amino acid sequence depicted in  FIG. 2 ,  FIG. 6 ,  FIG. 7 ,  FIG. 8 .  FIG. 9  or  FIG. 10  (SEQ ID Nos: 29-46; either including or excluding the GMCSFRa signal sequence and either including or excluding the T2A ribosomal skip sequence and the truncated EGFRt). 
     Among the CAR targeting CS1 described herein are those summarized in Table 4 in which the spacer region, transmembrane domain and costimulatory domain(s) for each CAR are indicated. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 4 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Examples of CAR Targeting CS1 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 SEQ ID 
                   
                   
                   
                 Costimulatory 
               
               
                 Name 
                 NO* 
                 FIG. 
                 Spacer 
                 TM 
                 Domain(s) 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 CS1scFv-IgG4(HL-CH3)- 
                 29//30//31 
                 2 
                 IgG4(HL-CH3) 
                 CD28 
                 CD28GG 
               
               
                 CD28tm-CD28gg-Zeta- 
               
               
                 T2A-EGFRt. 
               
               
                 CS1scFv-IgG4(HL-CH3)- 
                 32//33//34 
                 6 
                 IgG4(HL-CH3) 
                 CD4 
                 4-IBB 
               
               
                 CD4tm-41BB-Zeta-T2A- 
               
               
                 EGFRt. 
               
               
                 CS1qscFv- 
                 35//36//37 
                 7 
                 IgG4(L235E, N297Q) 
                 CD4 
                 4-IBB 
               
               
                 IgG4(L235E, N297Q)- 
               
               
                 CD4tm-41BB-Zeta-T2A- 
               
               
                 EGFRt. 
               
               
                 CS1scFv-IgG4(L235E, N297Q)- 
                 38//39//40 
                 8 
                 IgG4(L235E, N297Q) 
                 CD28 
                 CD28GG 
               
               
                 CD28tm-CD28gg-Zeta- 
               
               
                 T2A-EGFRt 
               
               
                 CS1scFv-Linker-CD4tm- 
                 41//42//43 
                 9 
                 L 
                 CD4 
                 4-IBB 
               
               
                 41BB-Zeta-T2A-EGFRt. 
               
               
                 CS1scFv-Linker- 
                 44//45//46 
                 10 
                 L 
                 CD28 
                 CD28GG 
               
               
                 CD28tm-CD28gg-Zeta- 
               
               
                 T2A-EGFRt 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 *SEQ ID NOs for: entire sequence depicted including GMCSFRa signal sequence, T2A and EGFRt//sequence including GMCSFRa signal sequence but excluding T2A and EGFRt//sequence for sequence excluding GMCSFRa signal sequence, T2A and EGFRt. 
               
            
           
         
       
     
    
    
     
       DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS 
         FIG. 1  is a schematic depiction of a CS1 CAR expressing lentiviral vector (CS1scFv-IgG4(HL-CH3)-CD28gg-Zeta(CO)-T2A-EGFRt_epHIV7). The CS1 CAR construct includes: a GMCSF signal sequence, CS1 scFv, IgG4 hinge region, linker, CH3 domain, a CD28 co-stimulatory domain and CD3ζ Signaling domain. The CAR construct is followed by a T2A ribosomal skip sequence, and then suicide gene EGFRt coding sequence. The CAR and EGFRt molecules are expressed from a single transcript. 
         FIG. 2  depicts the amino acid sequence of a CS1 CAR that includes signal peptide, a ribosomal skip sequence and an EGFRt (SEQ ID NO:29). 
         FIG. 3  is a pair of graphs depicting the results of studies showing that CS1 CAR re-directed Tcm exhibited cytotoxicity against MM cells. Cytotoxicity of the propagated CS1 CAR T cells was evaluated using 4-hour 51Cr release assays after co-culture with 51Cr-labeled target cells. OKT3 expressing LCLs were used as positive controls since they engage all TCRs, and CS1-negative AML cells (KG1a) were used as negative controls. CS1 CAR, but not un-engineered mock T cells showed specific cytotoxicity against MM cells. 
         FIG. 4  depicts the results of studies showing that CS1 CAR re-directed Tcm cells exhibited effector function in response to stimulation of MM cells. CS1 CAR T cells (10 5 ) were co-cultured 6 hours in 96-well tissue culture plates with 10 5  of MM.1S cells as stimulators. 107a degranulation and intracellular IFNgamma production were analyzed with flow cytrometry. The majority of the CAR T cells identified by Erbitux were induced to degranulate after engagement with MM cells and IFNgamma positive cells were detected in respond to antigen stimulation. 
         FIG. 5  depicts the results of studies showing that CS1 CAR re-directed Tcm cells eradicate multiple myeloma in vivo. Approximately 2×10 6  Firefly luciferase expressing M1V1.1S cells were inoculated into NSG mice via Intra-tibial injection. 7 days after tumor inoculation, 1×10 6  CS-1 CAR T cells were infused into the tumor bearing mice by intravenous injection. Tumor burdens were monitored with Xenogen® imaging once a week. Mice that received un-engineered cells were used as control. CS1 CAR T cells completely eradicated MM tumor 14 days post T cell infusion, while un-engineered T cells have no effects on tumor inhibition. 
         FIG. 6  depicts the amino acid sequence of CS1scFv-IgG4(HL-CH3)-CD4tm-41BB-Zeta-T2A-EGFRt (SEQ ID NO:32). 
         FIG. 7  depicts the amino acid sequence of CS1scFv-IgG4(L235E,N297Q)-CD4tm-41BB-Zeta-T2A-EGFRt (SEQ ID NO:35). 
         FIG. 8  depicts the amino acid sequence of CS1scFv-IgG4(L235E, N297Q)-CD28tm-CD28gg-Zeta-T2A-EGFRt (SEQ ID NO:38). 
         FIG. 9  depicts the amino acid sequence of CS1scFv-Linker-CD4tm-41BB-Zeta-T2A-EGFRt (SEQ ID NO:41). 
         FIG. 10  depicts the amino acid sequence of CS1scFv-Linker-CD28tm-CD28gg-Zeta-T2A-EGFRt (SEQ ID NO:44). 
         FIGS. 11A-11E  are the complete nucleotide sequence of CS1scFv-IgG4(HL-CH3)-CD28gg-Zeta-T2A-EGFRt epHIV7 (SEQ ID NO: 47). 
         FIG. 12  depicts the results of studies showing that CS1 CAR re-directed Tcm cells eradicate multiple myeloma in vivo. 2×106 GFPffluc+ MM.1S cells were inoculated via Intra-tibial injection into NSG mice on day −7. 1×106 central memory T cell (Tcm) derived CS1 CAR+ T cells were intravenously infused into the tumor bearing mice on day 0. Mice received no T cells or un-transduced Tcm from the same donor were used as negative controls. Tumor signals were monitored by biophotonic imaging. Means±SEM of phonton/sec from multiple mice are depicted. The CAR were those of  FIG. 2  (CH2 CD28);  FIG. 6  (CH2 4IBB);  FIG. 8  (EQ CD28);  FIG. 7  (EQ 4IBB);  FIG. 10  (L CD28) and  FIG. 9  (L CD4 IBB). 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     Described below is the structure, construction and characterization of several CS1-specific chimeric antigen receptors (“CAR”). A CAR is a recombinant biomolecule that contains an extracellular recognition domain, a transmembrane region, and an intracellular signaling domain. The term “antigen,” therefore, is not limited to molecules that bind antibodies, but to any molecule that can bind specifically to any receptor. “Antigen” thus refers to the recognition domain of the CAR. The extracellular recognition domain (also referred to as the extracellular domain or simply by the recognition element which it contains) comprises a recognition element that specifically binds to a molecule present on the cell surface of a target cell. The transmembrane region anchors the CAR in the membrane. The intracellular signaling domain comprises the signaling domain from the zeta chain of the human CD3 complex and optionally comprises one or more co-stimulatory signaling domains. CARs can both to bind antigen and transduce T cell activation, independent of MHC restriction. Thus, CARs are “universal” immunoreceptors which can treat a population of patients with antigen-positive tumors irrespective of their HLA genotype. Adoptive immunotherapy using T lymphocytes that express a tumor-specific CAR can be a powerful therapeutic strategy for the treatment of cancer. 
     In some cases, the CS1 CAR can be produced using a vector in which the CAR open reading frame is followed by a T2A ribosome skip sequence and a truncated EGFR (EGFRt), which lacks the cytoplasmic signaling tail. In this arrangement, co-expression of EGFRt provides an inert, non-immunogenic surface marker that allows for accurate measurement of gene modified cells, and enables positive selection of gene-modified cells, as well as efficient cell tracking of the therapeutic T cells in vivo following adoptive transfer. Efficiently controlling proliferation to avoid cytokine storm and off-target toxicity is an important hurdle for the success of T cell immunotherapy. The EGFRt incorporated in the CS1CAR lentiviral vector can act as suicide gene to ablate the CAR+ T cells in cases of treatment-related toxicity. 
     The CAR described herein can be produced by any means known in the art, though preferably it is produced using recombinant DNA techniques. Nucleic acids encoding the several regions of the chimeric receptor can be prepared and assembled into a complete coding sequence by standard techniques of molecular cloning known in the art (genomic library screening, overlapping PCR, primer-assisted ligation, site-directed mutagenesis, etc.) as is convenient. The resulting coding region is preferably inserted into an expression vector and used to transform a suitable expression host cell line, preferably a T lymphocyte cell line, and most preferably an autologous T lymphocyte cell line. 
     Various T cell subsets isolated from the patient can be transduced with a vector for CAR expression. Central memory T cells are one useful T cell subset. Central memory T cell can be isolated from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) by selecting for CD45RO+/CD62L+ cells, using, for example, the CliniMACS® device to immunomagnetically select cells expressing the desired receptors. The cells enriched for central memory T cells can be activated with anti-CD3/CD28, transduced with, for example, a lentiviral vector that directs the expression of an CS1 CAR as well as a non-immunogenic surface marker for in vivo detection, ablation, and potential ex vivo selection. The activated/genetically modified CS1 central memory T cells can be expanded in vitro with IL-2/IL-15 and then cryopreserved. 
     Example 1: Construction and Structure of epHIV7 Used for Expression of CS1-Specific CAR 
     The pHIV7 plasmid is a parent plasmid from which the clinical vectors expressing a CS1 CAR can be derived. The epHIV7 vector used for expression of the CAR was produced from pHIV7 vector (Wang et al. 2011 Blood 118:1255). Importantly, this vector uses the human EF1 promoter to drive expression of the CAR. Both the 5′ and 3′ sequences of the vector were derived from pv653RSN as previously derived from the HXBc2 provirus. The polypurine tract DNA flap sequences (cPPT) were derived from HIV-1 strain pNL4-3 from the NIH AIDS Reagent Repository. 
     Construction of pHIV7 was carried out as follows. Briefly, pv653RSN, containing 653 bp from gag-pol plus 5′ and 3′ long-terminal repeats (LTRs) with an intervening SL3-neomycin phosphotransferase gene (Neo), was subcloned into pBluescript, as follows: In Step 1, the sequences from 5′ LTR to rev-responsive element (RRE) made p5′HIV-1 51, and then the 5′ LTR was modified by removing sequences upstream of the TATA box, and ligated first to a CMV enhancer and then to the SV40 origin of replication (p5′HIV-2). In Step 2, after cloning the 3′ LTR into pBluescript to make p3′HIV-1, a 400-bp deletion in the 3′ LTR enhancer/promoter was made to remove cis-regulatory elements in HIV U3 and form p3′HIV-2. In Step 3, fragments isolated from the p5′HIV-3 and p3′HIV-2 were ligated to make pHIV-3. In Step 4, the p3′HIV-2 was further modified by removing extra upstream HIV sequences to generate p3′HIV-3 and a 600-bp BamHI-Sall fragment containing WPRE was added to p3′HIV-3 to make the p3′HIV-4. In Step 5, the pHIV-3 RRE was reduced in size by PCR and ligated to a 5′ fragment from pHIV-3 (not shown) and to the p3′HIV-4, to make pHIV-6. In Step 6, a 190-bp BglII-BamHI fragment containing the cPPT DNA flap sequence from HIV-1 pNL4-3 (55) was amplified from pNL4-3 and placed between the RRE and the WPRE sequences in pHIV6 to make pHIV-7. This parent plasmid pHIV7-GFP (GFP, green fluorescent protein) was used to package the parent vector using a four-plasmid system. 
     A packaging signal, psi w, is required for efficient packaging of viral genome into the vector. The RRE and WPRE enhance the RNA transcript transport and expression of the transgene. The flap sequence, in combination with WPRE, has been demonstrated to enhance the transduction efficiency of lentiviral vector in mammalian cells. 
     The helper functions, required for production of the viral vector, are divided into three separate plasmids to reduce the probability of generation of replication competent lentivirus via recombination: 1) pCgp encodes the gag/pol protein required for viral vector assembly; 2) pCMV-Rev2 encodes the Rev protein, which acts on the RRE sequence to assist in the transportation of the viral genome for efficient packaging; and 3) pCMV-G encodes the glycoprotein of the vesiculo-stomatitis virus (VSV), which is required for infectivity of the viral vector. 
     There is minimal DNA sequence homology between the pHIV7 encoded vector genome and the helper plasmids. The regions of homology include a packaging signal region of approximately 600 nucleotides, located in the gag/pol sequence of the pCgp helper plasmid; a CMV promoter sequence in all three helper plasmids; and a RRE sequence in the helper plasmid pCgp. It is highly improbable that replication competent recombinant virus could be generated due to the homology in these regions, as it would require multiple recombination events. Additionally, any resulting recombinants would be missing the functional LTR and tat sequences required for lentiviral replication. 
     The CMV promoter was replaced by the EF1α-HTLV promoter (EF1p), and the new plasmid was named epHIV7. The EF1p has 563 bp and was introduced into epHIV7 using NruI and NheI, after the CMV promoter was excised. 
     The lentiviral genome, excluding gag/pol and rev that are necessary for the pathogenicity of the wild-type virus and are required for productive infection of target cells, has been removed from this system. In addition, epHIV7 vector construct does not contain an intact 3′LTR promoter, so the resulting expressed and reverse transcribed DNA proviral genome in targeted cells will have inactive LTRs. As a result of this design, no HIV-I derived sequences will be transcribed from the provirus and only the therapeutic sequences will be expressed from their respective promoters. The removal of the LTR promoter activity in the SIN vector is expected to significantly reduce the possibility of unintentional activation of host genes. Table 5 summarizes the various regulator elements present in epHIV7. 
       FIG. 1  is a schematic depiction of CS1 CAR (CS1scFv-IgG4(HL-CH3)-CD28gg-Zeta(CO)-T2A-EGFRt epHIV7), a lentiviral vector containing the CAR construct composed of CS1 scFv, IgG4 hinge region, linker, a CD28 costimulatory domain and CD3ζ Signaling domain. The CAR construct is followed by a T2A ribosomal skip sequence, and then suicide gene EGFRt coding sequence. The CAR and EGFRt molecules are expressed from a single transcript. The entire nucleotide sequence of the vector is presented in  FIGS. 11A-11E  and Table 5 presents position of various elements of the vector. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 5 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Functional elements of CS1 CAR_epHIV7 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                 Regulatory 
                 Location 
                   
               
               
                 Elements 
                 (Nucleotide 
               
               
                 and Genes 
                 Numbers) 
                 Comments 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 U5 
                  87-171 
                 5′ Unique sequence 
               
               
                 psi 
                 233-345 
                 Packaging signal 
               
               
                 RRE 
                  957-1289 
                 Rev-responsive element 
               
               
                 flap 
                 1290-1466 
                 Contains polypurine 
               
               
                   
                   
                 track sequence and 
               
               
                   
                   
                 central termination 
               
               
                   
                   
                 sequence to facilitate 
               
               
                   
                   
                 nuclear import of 
               
               
                   
                   
                 pre-integration complex 
               
               
                 EF1p Promoter 
                 1524-2067 
                 EF1-alpha Eukaryotic 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Promoter sequence driving 
               
               
                   
                   
                 expression of CD19Rop 
               
               
                   
                 2084-4963 
                 Therapeutic insert 
               
               
                 WPRE 
                 5011-5611 
                 Woodchuck hepatitis virus 
               
               
                   
                   
                 derived regulatory element 
               
               
                   
                   
                 to enhance viral RNA 
               
               
                   
                   
                 transportation 
               
               
                 delU3 
                 5626-5730 
                 3′ U3 with deletion 
               
               
                   
                   
                 to generate SIN vector 
               
               
                 R 
                 5731-5811 
                 Repeat sequence within LTR 
               
               
                 U5 
                 5812-5925 
                 3′ U5 sequence in LTR 
               
               
                 Amp R   
                 6761-7619 
                 Ampicillin-resistance gene 
               
               
                 CoE1 ori 
                 7682-8563 
                 Replication origin of plasmid 
               
               
                 SV40 ori 
                  8860-=9059 
                 Replication origin of SV40 
               
               
                 CMV promoter 
                 9073-9672 
                 CMV promoter to generate viral 
               
               
                   
                   
                 genome RNA 
               
               
                 R 
                 9728-86  
                 Repeat sequence within LTR 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Example 2: Production of Vectors for Transduction of Patient T Cells 
     For each plasmid (CS1 CAR_epHIV7; pCgp; pCMV-G; and pCMV-Rev2), a seed bank is generated, which is used to inoculate the fermenter to produce sufficient quantities of plasmid DNA. The plasmid DNA is tested for identity, sterility and endotoxin prior to its use in producing lentiviral vector. 
     Briefly, cells are expanded from the 293T working cell (WCB), which has been tested to confirm sterility and the absence of viral contamination. A vial of 293T cells from the 293T WCB is thawed. Cells are grown and expanded until sufficient numbers of cells existed to plate an appropriate number of 10 layer cell factories (CFs) for vector production and cell train maintenance. A single train of cells can be used for production. 
     The lentiviral vector was produced in sub-batches of up to 10 CFs. Two subbatches can be produced in the same week leading to the production of approximately 20 L of lentiviral supernatant/week. The material produced from all sub-batches were pooled during the downstream processing phase, in order to produce one lot of product. 293T cells were plated in CFs in 293T medium (DMEM with 10% FBS). Factories were placed in a 37° C. incubator and horizontally leveled in order to get an even distribution of the cells on all the layers of the CF. Two days later, cells were transfected with the four lentiviral plasmids described above using the CaPO4 method, which involves a mixture of Tris:EDTA, 2M CaCl2, 2×RBS, and the four DNA plasmids. Day 3 after transfection, the supernatant containing secreted lentiviral vectors was collected, purified and concentrated. After the supernatant was removed from the CFs, End-of-Production Cells were collected from each CF. Cells were trypsinized from each factory and collected by centrifugation. Cells were resuspended in freezing medium and cryopreserved. These cells were later used for replication-competent lentivirus (RCL) testing. 
     To purify and formulate vectors crude supernatant was clarified by membrane filtration to remove the cell debris. The host cell DNA and residual plasmid DNA were degraded by endonuclease digestion (Benzonase®). The viral supernatant was clarified of cellular debris using a 0.45 μm filter. The clarified supernatant was collected into a pre-weighed container into which the Benzonase® is added (final concentration 50 U/mL). The endonuclease digestion for residual plasmid DNA and host genomic DNA as performed at 37° C. for 6 h. The initial tangential flow ultrafiltration (TFF) concentration of the endonuclease-treated supernatant was used to remove residual low molecular weight components from the crude supernatant, while concentrating the virus ˜20 fold. The clarified endonuclease-treated viral supernatant was circulated through a hollow fiber cartridge with a NMWCO of 500 kD at a flow rate designed to maintain the shear rate at ˜4,000 sec-1 or less, while maximizing the flux rate. Diafiltration of the nuclease-treated supernatant was initiated during the concentration process to sustain the cartridge performance. An 80% permeate replacement rate was established, using 4% lactose in PBS as the diafiltration buffer. The viral supernatant was brought to the target volume, representing a 20-fold concentration of the crude supernatant, and the diafiltration was continued for 4 additional exchange volumes, with the permeate replacement rate at 100%. 
     Further concentration of the viral product was accomplished by using a high speed centrifugation technique. Each sub-batch of the lentivirus was pelleted using a Sorvall RC-26 plus centrifuge at 6000 RPM (6,088 RCF) at 6° C. for 16-20 h. The viral pellet from each sub-batch was then reconstituted in a 50 mL volume with 4% lactose in PBS. The reconstituted pellet in this buffer represents the final formulation for the virus preparation. The entire vector concentration process resulted in a 200-fold volume reduction, approximately. Following the completion of all of the sub-batches, the material was then placed at −80° C., while samples from each sub-batch were tested for sterility. Following confirmation of sample sterility, the sub-batches were rapidly thawed at 37° C. with frequent agitation. The material was then pooled and manually aliquoted in the Class II Type A/B3 biosafety cabinet in the viral vector suite. A fill configuration of 1 mL of the concentrated lentivirus in sterile USP class 6, externally threaded O-ring cryovials was used. Center for Applied Technology Development (CATD)&#39;s Quality Systems (QS) at COH released all materials according to the Policies and Standard Operating Procedures for the CBG and in compliance with current Good Manufacturing Practices (cGMPs). 
     To ensure the purity of the lentiviral vector preparation, it is tested for residual host DNA contaminants, and the transfer of residual host and plasmid DNA. Among other tests, vector identity is evaluated by RT-PCR to ensure that the correct vector is present. All release criteria are met for the vector intended for use in this study. 
     Example 3: Preparation of Tcm Cells Suitable for Use in ACT 
     T lymphocytes are obtained from a patient by leukopheresis, and the appropriate allogenic or autologous T cell subset, for example, Central Memory T cells (Tcm), are genetically altered to express the CAR, then administered back to the patient by any clinically acceptable means, to achieve anti-cancer therapy. 
     Tcm that are CD8+ are isolated essentially as described in Wang et al. ( J Immunology  35:689, 2012). Briefly, on the day of leukapheresis, PBMC were isolated by density gradient centrifugation over Ficoll-Paque followed by two washes in PBS/EDTA. PBMC were then washed once in PBS, resuspended in X Vivo15 media containing 10% fetal calf serum (FCS), transferred to a 300 cc transfer bag, and stored on a 3-D rotator overnight at room temperature (RT). The following day, up to 5×10 9  PBMC were incubated in a 300 cc transfer bag with clinical grade anti-CD4 (2.5 mL), anti-CD14 (1.25 mL), and anti-CD45RA (2.5 mL) microbeads (Miltenyi Biotec) for 30 minutes at RT in X Vivo15 containing 10% FCS. CD4+, CD14+ and CD45RA+ cells were then immediately depleted using the CliniMACS™ depletion mode according to the manufacturer&#39;s instructions (Miltenyi Biotec). After centrifugation, the unlabeled negative fraction of cells was resuspended in CliniMACS™ PBS/EDTA buffer (Miltenyi Biotec) containing 0.5% human serum albumin (HSA) and then labeled with clinical grade biotinylated-DREG56 mAb (COHNMC CBG) at 0.1 mg/106 cells for 30 minutes at RT. The cells were then washed and resuspended in a final volume of 100 mL CliniMACS™ PBS/EDTA containing 0.5% HSA and transferred into a new 300 cc transfer bag. After 30 minutes incubation with 1.25 mL anti-biotin microbeads (Miltenyi Biotec), the CD62L+ fraction of PBMC (CD8+ TCM) was purified with positive selection on CliniMACS™ according to the manufacturer&#39;s instructions, and resuspended in X Vivo15 containing 10% FCS. 
     Tcm that are CD8+/CD4+ are prepared using a modification of the forgoing process by modifying the CD4+, CD14+ and CD45RA+ selection to a CD14+ and CD45RA+ selection. The method uses a two-step process on the CliniMACS™ device to first deplete CD14+ and CD45RA+ cells, then to positively select CD62L+ cells. This modified platform generates 50×10 6  bulk Tcm from a single leukapheresis. 
     Following enrichment, Tcm cells are formulated in complete X-Vivo15 plus 50 IU/mL IL-2 and 0.5 ng/mL IL-15 and transferred to a Teflon cell culture bag, where they are stimulated with Dynal ClinEx™ Vivo CD3/CD28 beads. Up to five days after stimulation, cells are transduced with lentiviral vector encoding CS1 CAR at a multiplicity of infection (MOI) of about 3. Cultures are maintained for up to 42 days with addition of complete X-Vivo15 and IL-2 and IL-15 cytokine as required for cell expansion (keeping cell density between 3×10 5  and 2×10 6  viable cells/mL, and cytokine supplementation every Monday, Wednesday and Friday of culture). Cells typically expand to approximately 10 9  cells under these conditions within 21 days. At the end of the culture period cells are harvested, washed twice and formulated in clinical grade cryopreservation medium. 
     On the day(s) of T cell infusion, the cryopreserved and released product will be thawed, washed and formulated for re-infusion. The cryopreserved vials containing the released cell product will be removed from liquid nitrogen storage, thawed, cooled and washed with a PBS/2% human serum albumin (HSA) Wash Buffer. After centrifugation, the supernatant will be removed and the cells resuspended in a Preservative-Free Normal Saline (PFNS)/2% HSA infusion diluent. Samples will be removed for quality control testing. 
     Example 4: Amino acid Sequence of CS1 CAR (CS1scFv-IgG4(HL-CH3)-CD28tm-CD28gg-Zeta-T2A-EGFRt) 
     The complete amino acid sequence of CS1scFv-IgG4(HL-CH3)-CD28tm-CD28gg-Zeta-T2A-EGFRt is depicted in  FIG. 2 . The entire sequence (SEQ ID NO:29) includes: a 22 amino acid GMCSF signal peptide (SEQ ID NO:26), a CS1 scFv sequence (SEQ ID NO:1); a IgG4 hinge sequence (SEQ ID NO:3; with amino acid substitutions S to P shaded); a 10 amino acid linker (SEQ ID NO:2); IgG4 CH3 sequence (SEQ ID NO:12); a 28 amino acid CD28 transmembrane domain sequence (SEQ ID NO:14); a CD28gg co-stimulatory domain sequence (SEQ ID NO:23; LL to GG amino acid changes highlighted); a 3 amino acid Gly linker; a 112 amino acid CD3ζ sequence (SEQ ID NO:21); a 24 amino acid T2A skip sequence (SEQ ID NO:27); and EGFRt sequence (SEQ ID NO:28). 
     Example 5: Activity of CS1 CAR 
     Cytotoxicity of the propagated CS1 CAR T cells expressing the CAR shown in  FIG. 2  was evaluated using 4-hour 51Cr release assays after co-culture with 51Cr-labeled MM cells (MM.1S). As shown in  FIG. 3 , the engineered CS1 CART cells exhibit specific and efficient killing of MM cells, while un-transduced mock T cells has no cytocoxicity to MM cells. When co-cultured with MM cells, the engineered CS1 CAR Tcm-mediated strong effector function as indicated by 107a degranulation and IFNgamma as shown in  FIG. 4 . Upon adoptively transferred into MM tumor bearing NSG mice, the CS1 specific T cells exhibited efficient antitumor activity as shown in  FIG. 5 . 
     In another study with additional CS1 CAR ( FIG. 2  and  FIGS. 6-10 ) 2×10 6  GFPffluc+MM.1S cells were inoculated via Intra-tibial injection into NSG mice on day −7.1×10 6  central memory T cell (Tcm) derived CS1 CAR+ T cells were intravenously infused into the tumor bearing mice on day 0. Mice received no T cells or un-transduced Tcm from the same donor were used as negative controls. Tumor signals were monitored by biophotonic imaging. Means±SEM of phonton/sec from multiple mice are depicted. The results of this analysis are shown in  FIG. 12 .