Patent Publication Number: US-2010120850-A1

Title: Quinoline Derivatives, Pharmaceutical Compositions Comprising Them, and Their Use in Treating Central Nervous System and Peripheral Diseases

Description:
FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
     This invention relates to quinoline derivatives, pharmaceutical compositions comprising them, and the use of such compounds in the treatment of central nervous system and peripheral diseases or disorders. This invention also relates to the use of such compounds in combination with one or more other CNS agents to potentiate the effects of the other CNS agents. The compounds of this invention are also useful as probes for the localization of cell surface receptors. 
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     Tachykinin receptors are the targets of a family of structurally related peptides that include substance P (SP), neurokinin A (NKA) and neurokinin B (NKB), collectively “tachykinins”. Tachykinins are synthesized in the central nervous system (CNS), and peripheral tissues, where they exert a variety of biological activities. Three tachykinin receptors are known which are named neurokinin-1 (NK-1), neurokinin-2 (NK-2) and neurokinin-3 (NK-3) receptors. NK-1 and NK-2 receptors are expressed in a wide variety of peripheral tissues and NK-1 receptors are also expressed in the CNS whereas NK-3 receptors are primarily expressed in the CNS. 
     The neurokinin receptors mediate a variety of tachykinin-stimulated biological effects that include: transmission of excitatory neuronal signals in the CNS and periphery (e.g. pain signals), modulation of smooth muscle contractile activity, modulation of immune and inflammatory responses, induction of hypotensive effects via dilation of the peripheral vasculature, and stimulation of endocrine and exocrine gland secretions. 
     In the CNS, activation of NK-3 receptors has been shown to modulate dopamine, acetylcholine and serotonin release, suggesting a therapeutic utility for NK-3 ligands for the treatment of a variety of disorders including anxiety, depression, schizophrenia and obesity. Studies in primate brain have shown the presence of NK-3 mRNA in a variety of regions relevant to these disorders. Studies in rats have shown NK-3 receptors to be located on MCH-containing neurons in the lateral hypothalamus and zona incerta, again suggesting a therapeutic utility for NK-3 ligands for obesity. 
     Non-peptide ligands have been developed for each of the tachykinin receptors, however known non-peptide NK-3 receptor antagonists suffer from a number of problems such as species selectivity which limits the potential to evaluate these compounds in many appropriate disease models. New non-peptide NK-3 receptor ligands are therefore desirable for use as therapeutic agents and as tools to investigate the biological consequences of NK-3 receptor modulation. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     Disclosed are particular diastereomers of quinoline compounds with affinity for NK-3 receptors (NK-3r). These compounds have potential for the treatment of a broad array of diseases, disorders and conditions including but not limited to depression, anxiety, schizophrenia, cognitive disorders, psychoses, obesity, inflammatory diseases including irritable bowel syndrome and inflammatory bowel disorder, emesis, pre-eclampsia, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, disorders associated with excessive gonadotrophins and/or androgens including dysmenorrhea, benign prostatic hyperplasia, prostatic cancer, and testicular cancer in which modulation of the activity of NK-3 receptors is beneficial. 
     Ligands for NK-3 receptors are disclosed, together with in vivo-hydrolysable precursors and pharmaceutically-acceptable salts thereof, that are particular diastereomers of 3-substituted compounds of Formula I, 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     wherein: 
     R 1  is selected from C 1-4 alkyl- or C 3-7 cycloalkyl-; 
     R 2  at each occurrence is independently selected from H or halogen; 
     n at each occurrence is independently selected from 1, 2 or 3; 
     R 3  is selected from H, C 1-4 alkyl-, C 3-6 cycloalkyl- and C 1-4 alkylOC(O)—; and, 
     when R 1  or R 3  is an alkyl or cycloalkyl moiety, said moieties are unsubstituted or have 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5 substituents independently selected at each occurrence from —OH, —NH 2 , —CN, phenyl and halogen. 
     Also disclosed are pharmaceutical compositions and formulations containing the compounds, methods of using them to treat diseases and conditions either alone or in combination with other therapeutically-active compounds or substances, processes and intermediates used to prepare them, uses of them as medicaments, uses of them in the manufacture of medicaments and uses of them for diagnostic and analytic purposes. In particular are disclosed compounds, compositions containing them, and methods using them for treating or preventing conditions and disorders associated with a wide range of diseases or disorders in which NK-3 receptors are considered to have a role. 
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
     Compounds of the invention are compounds of Formula I with a particular diastereometry at the 3-position of a quinoline core. More particularly, such compounds have an SO—R 1  moiety attached at the 3-position where the O linked to the S and a lone pair of electrons constitute a chiral center. 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     wherein: 
     R 1  is selected from C 1-4 alkyl- or C 3-7 cycloalkyl-; 
     R 2  at each occurrence is independently selected from H or halogen; 
     n at each occurrence is independently selected from 1, 2 or 3; 
     R 3  is selected from H, C 1-4 alkyl-, C 3-6 cycloalkyl- and C 1-4 alkylOC(O)—; and, 
     when R 1  or R 3  is an alkyl or cycloalkyl moiety, said moieties are unsubstituted or have 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5 substituents independently selected at each occurrence from —OH, —NH 2 , —CN, phenyl and halogen, 
     in vivo-hydrolysable precursors and pharmaceutically-acceptable salts thereof. 
     Particular compounds are those wherein R 1  is selected from C 1-4 alkyl-; in vivo-hydrolysable precursors and pharmaceutically-acceptable salts thereof. 
     Other particular compounds are those wherein R 1  is selected from C 3-6 cycloalkyl-; 
     in vivo-hydrolysable precursors and pharmaceutically-acceptable salts thereof. 
     Other particular compounds are those wherein R 2  is independently selected at each occurrence from H, F, Cl, Br or I; 
     in vivo-hydrolysable precursors and pharmaceutically-acceptable salts thereof. 
     Still other particular compounds are those wherein R 2  is independently selected at each occurrence from H or F; 
     in vivo-hydrolysable precursors and pharmaceutically-acceptable salts thereof. 
     Yet other particular compounds are those wherein R 1  is selected from C 1-4 alkyl- and R 2  is independently selected at each occurrence from H or F; 
     in vivo-hydrolysable precursors and pharmaceutically-acceptable salts thereof. 
     Other particular compounds are those wherein R 1  is selected from methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, iso-propyl, cyclopropyl or cyclobutyl; 
     in vivo-hydrolysable precursors and pharmaceutically-acceptable salts thereof. 
     Yet still other particular compounds are those wherein R 1  is selected from C 3-6 cycloalkyl- and R 2  is independently selected at each occurrence from H or F; 
     in vivo-hydrolysable precursors and pharmaceutically-acceptable salts thereof. 
     Still other particular compounds are enantiomers in accord with Formula II 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     wherein R 1 , R 2 , n and R 3  are as defined for Formula I; 
     in vivo-hydrolysable precursors and pharmaceutically-acceptable salts thereof. 
     Other particular compounds are those of Formula III or IV 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     wherein the down-wedge and up-wedge bonds are double bonds and R 1 , R 2 , n and R 3  are as defined for Formula I; 
     in vivo-hydrolysable precursors and pharmaceutically-acceptable salts thereof. Fractionation of a racemate into two diastereomers will reveal that a compound either of Formula III or Formula IV generally has substantially greater, 10- to 100-fold greater, activity that the corresponding compound of Formula IV or Formula III. The absolute configuration of an active compound is not known but those of skill in the art may readily obtain the more active and less active compound without undue experimentation by virtue of the guidance provided herein. 
     Particular compounds are selected from those described in Table 1, in vivo-hydrolysable precursors and pharmaceutically-acceptable salts thereof. 
     Compounds of the present invention have the advantage that they may be more soluble, be more easily absorbed and more efficacious in vivo, produce fewer side effects, be less toxic, be more potent, more selective, be longer acting, be less metabolized and/or have a better pharmacokinetic profile than, or have other useful pharmacological or physicochemical properties over known compounds. Using assays for functional activity described herein, diastereomeric compounds will be found to have IC50&#39;s of less than about 1 μM for NK-3 receptors and many compounds will be found to have IC50&#39;s of less than about 10 nM for NK-3 receptors. 
     ABBREVIATIONS AND DEFINITIONS 
     As used herein, unless otherwise indicated, C 1-6 alkyl includes but is not limited to methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, n-butyl, i-propyl, i-butyl, t-butyl, s-butyl moieties, whether alone or part of another group and alkyl groups may be straight-chained or branched. 
     As used herein, unless otherwise indicated, C 1-6 alkoxy includes but is not limited to —O-methyl, —O-ethyl, —O-n-propyl, —O-n-butyl, —O-i-propyl, —O-i-butyl, —O-t-butyl, —O-s-butyl moieties, whether alone or part of another group and alkoxy groups may be straight-chained or branched. 
     As used herein C 3-6 cycloalkyl groups include but are not limited to the cyclic alkyl moieties cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl and cyclohexyl. 
     As used herein, unless otherwise indicated, C 2-6 alkenyl includes but is not limited to 1-propenyl, 2-propenyl, 1-butenyl, 2-butenyl and 3-butenyl. 
     As used herein, unless otherwise indicated, C 2-6 alkynyl includes but is not limited to ethynyl, 1-propynyl, 2-propynyl, 1-butynyl, 2-butynyl and 3-butynyl. 
     As used herein, unless otherwise indicated, halo or halogen refers to fluorine, chlorine, bromine, or iodine; 
     As used herein, aryl includes to phenyl and naphthyl; 
     As used herein, aromatic or non-aromatic heterocyclic rings include but are not limited to N- or C-linked furyl, imidazolyl, oxazolyl, pyrrolidinyl, thiazolyl, thiophenyl, pyrrolyl, morpholinyl, piperidinyl, piperazinyl, pyrazinyl, pyridyl, pyrimidinyl, indanyl, indolyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, quinazolinyl, quinoxalinyl, benzo[b]thiophenyl, benzoxazolyl, or benzthiazolyl; 
     rt or RT refers to room temperature; 
     DCM refers to dichloromethane; 
     EtOAc refers to ethyl acetate; 
     EDC refers to 1-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-3-ethylcarbodiimide; 
     EDTA refers to ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid; 
     HEPES refers to 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1-piperazine ethane sulfonic acid, monosodium salt, and 
     TEA refers to triethylamine. 
     In processes described herein, where necessary, hydroxy, amino, or other reactive groups may be protected using a protecting group as described in the standard text “Protecting groups in Organic Synthesis”, 3 rd  Edition (1999) by Greene and Wuts. 
     Unless otherwise stated, reactions are conducted under an inert atmosphere, preferably under a nitrogen atmosphere and are usually conducted at a pressure of about one to about three atmospheres, preferably at ambient pressure (about one atmosphere). 
     The compounds of the invention and intermediates may be isolated from their reaction mixtures by standard techniques. 
     Acid addition salts of the compounds of Formula I which may be mentioned include salts of mineral acids, for example the hydrochloride and hydrobromide salts; and salts formed with organic acids such as formate, acetate, maleate, benzoate, tartrate, and fumarate salts. 
     Acid addition salts of compounds of Formula I may be formed by reacting the free base or a salt, enantiomer or protected derivative thereof, with one or more equivalents of the appropriate acid. The reaction may be carried out in a solvent or medium in which the salt is insoluble or in a solvent in which the salt is soluble, e.g., water, dioxane, ethanol, tetrahydrofuran or diethyl ether, or a mixture of solvents, which may be removed in vacuum or by freeze drying. The reaction may be a metathetical process or it may be carried out on an ion exchange resin. 
     Compounds of Formula I exist in diasteriomeric forms, all of which are included within the scope of the invention. The isomers may be isolated by separation of a racemic mixture of the compounds using conventional techniques, e.g. fractional crystallization, or chiral HPLC. Alternatively the individual enantiomers may be made by reaction of the appropriate optically active starting materials under reaction conditions that will not cause racemization. 
     Synthesis and Schemes 
     Compounds of Formula I with a sulfur directly attached to the quinoline can be prepared, as shown in Scheme A, by reacting a 3-alkylsulfanyl-2-phenyl-quinoline-4-carboxylic acid with an appropriate amine in the presence of a suitable coupling agent system such as dicyclohexylcarbodiimide and hydroxybenzotriazole to afford a 3-alkylsulfanyl-2-phenyl-quinoline-4-carboxylic acid (alkyl)-amide, this compound may be oxidized with an oxidizing agent such as sodium periodate to afford a corresponding sulfoxide, or with an oxidizing agent such as meta-chloroperoxybenzoic acid to afford a corresponding sulfone. 
     An exemplary process to form a compound described herein is shown in Scheme A. 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     In a further aspect the invention relates to compounds described herein wherein one or more of the atoms is a radioisotope of the same element. In a particular form of this aspect of the invention the compound is labeled with tritium. Such radio-labeled compounds are synthesized either by incorporating radio-labeled starting materials or, in the case of tritium, exchange of hydrogen for tritium by known methods. Known methods include (1) electrophilic halogenation, followed by reduction of the halogen in the presence of a tritium source, for example, by hydrogenation with tritium gas in the presence of a palladium catalyst, or (2) exchange of hydrogen for tritium performed in the presence of tritium gas and a suitable organometallic (e.g. palladium) catalyst. 
     Compounds of the invention labeled with tritium are useful for the discovery of novel medicinal compounds that bind to and modulate the activity, by agonism, partial agonism, or antagonism, of an NK-3 receptor. Such tritium-labeled compounds may be used in assays that measure the displacement of such compounds to assess the binding of ligands that bind to NK-3 receptors. 
     In a further aspect the invention relates to compounds described herein additionally comprising one or more atoms of a radioisotope. In a particular form of this aspect of the invention the compound comprises a radioactive halogen. Such radio-labeled compounds are synthesized by incorporating radio-labeled starting materials by known methods. Particular embodiments of this aspect of the invention are those in which the radioisotope is selected from  18 F,  123 I,  125 I,  131 I,  75 Br,  76 Br,  77 Br or  82 Br. A most particular embodiment of this aspect of the invention is that in which the radioisotope is  18 F. Such compounds comprising one or more atoms of a radioisotope are useful as positron emission tomography (PET) ligands and for other uses and techniques to determine the location of NK3 receptors. 
     Therapeutic Uses of Compounds: 
     In another aspect the invention relates to compounds in accord with Formula I described herein and the use of such compounds in therapy and in compositions useful for therapy. 
     In another aspect the invention encompasses the use of compounds described herein for the therapy of diseases mediated through the action of NK-3 receptors. Such an aspect encompasses methods of treatment or prophylaxis of diseases or conditions in which modulation of the NK-3 receptor is beneficial which methods comprise administering a therapeutically-effective amount of an antagonistic compound of the invention to a subject suffering from said disease or condition. 
     One embodiment of this aspect of the invention is a method of treatment or prophylaxis of disorders, wherein the disorder is depression, anxiety, schizophrenia, cognitive disorders, psychoses, obesity, inflammatory diseases including irritable bowel syndrome and inflammatory bowel disorder, emesis, pre-eclampsia, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, disorders associated with excessive gonadotrophins and/or androgens including dysmenorrhea, benign prostatic hyperplasia, prostatic cancer, or testicular cancer comprising administering a pharmacologically effective amount of a compound of Formula I to a patient in need thereof. 
     A further aspect of the invention is the use of a compound according to the invention, an enantiomer thereof or a pharmaceutically-acceptable salt thereof, in the treatment or prophylaxis of a disease or condition in which modulation of the NK-3 receptor is beneficial. Particular diseases and conditions that may be treated are depression, anxiety, schizophrenia, cognitive disorders, psychoses, obesity, inflammatory diseases including irritable bowel syndrome and inflammatory bowel disorder, emesis, pre-eclampsia, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, disorders associated with excessive gonadotrophins and/or androgens including dysmenorrhea, benign prostatic hyperplasia, prostatic cancer, and testicular cancer. More particular embodiments encompass uses of a compound in the treatment or prophylaxis of anxiety, depression, schizophrenia and obesity. 
     A further aspect of the invention is the use of a compound according to the invention, an enantiomer thereof or a pharmaceutically-acceptable salt thereof, in the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment or prophylaxis of the diseases or conditions mentioned herein. A particular embodiment of this aspect of the invention is the use of a compound of the invention in the manufacture of a medicament for treatment or prophylaxis of depression, anxiety, schizophrenia, cognitive disorders, psychoses, obesity, inflammatory diseases including irritable bowel syndrome and inflammatory bowel disorder, emesis, pre-eclampsia, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, disorders associated with excessive gonadotrophins and/or androgens including dysmenorrhea, benign prostatic hyperplasia, prostatic cancer, and testicular cancer. 
     Pharmaceutical Compositions 
     Compounds of the invention, enantiomers thereof, and pharmaceutically-acceptable salts thereof, may be used on their own or in the form of appropriate medicinal preparations for enteral or parenteral administration. According to a further aspect of the invention, there is provided a pharmaceutical composition including preferably less than 80% and more preferably less than 50% by weight of a compound of the invention in admixture with an inert pharmaceutically-acceptable diluent, lubricant or carrier. 
     Examples of Diluents, Lubricants and Carriers are: 
     
         
         
           
             for tablets and dragees: lactose, starch, talc, stearic acid; 
             for capsules: tartaric acid or lactose; 
             for injectable solutions: water, alcohols, glycerin, vegetable oils; 
             for suppositories: natural or hardened oils or waxes. 
           
         
       
    
     There is also provided a process for the preparation of such a pharmaceutical composition which process comprises mixing or compounding the ingredients together and forming the mixed ingredients into tablets or suppositories, encapsulating the ingredients in capsules or dissolving the ingredients to form injectable solutions. 
     Pharmaceutically-acceptable derivatives include solvates and salts. For example, the compounds of the invention may form acid addition salts with acids, such as conventional pharmaceutically-acceptable acids including maleic, hydrochloric, hydrobromic, phosphoric, acetic, fumaric, salicylic, citric, lactic, mandelic, tartaric and methanesulfonic acids. 
     Acid addition salts of the compounds of Formula I which may be mentioned include salts of mineral acids, for example the hydrochloride and hydrobromide salts; and salts formed with organic acids such as formate, acetate, maleate, benzoate, tartrate, and fumarate salts. Acid addition salts of compounds of Formula I may be formed by reacting the free base or a salt, enantiomer or protected derivative thereof, with one or more equivalents of the appropriate acid. The reaction may be carried out in a solvent or medium in which the salt is insoluble or in a solvent in which the salt is soluble, e.g., water, dioxane, ethanol, tetrahydrofuran or diethyl ether, or a mixture of solvents, which may be removed in vacuum or by freeze drying. The reaction may be a metathetical process or it may be carried out on an ion exchange resin. 
     For the uses, methods, medicaments and compositions mentioned herein the amount of compound used and the dosage administered will, of course, vary with the compound employed, the mode of administration and the treatment desired. However, in general, satisfactory results are obtained when the compounds of the invention are administered at a daily dosage of about 0.1 mg to about 20 mg/kg of animal body weight. Such doses may be given in divided doses 1 to 4 times a day or in sustained release form. For man, the total daily dose is in the range of from 5 mg to 1,400 mg, more preferably from 10 mg to 100 mg, and unit dosage forms suitable for oral administration comprise from 2 mg to 1,400 mg of the compound admixed with a solid or liquid pharmaceutical carriers, lubricants and diluents. 
     A compound of Formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate or in vivo hydrolysable ester thereof, or a pharmaceutical composition or formulation comprising a compound of Formula I may be administered concurrently, simultaneously, sequentially or separately with another pharmaceutically active compound or compounds selected from the following: 
     (i) antidepressants such as amitriptyline, amoxapine, bupropion, citalopram, clomipramine, desipramine, doxepin duloxetine, elzasonan, escitalopram, fluvoxamine, fluoxetine, gepirone, imipramine, ipsapirone, maprotiline, nortriptyline, nefazodone, paroxetine, phenelzine, protriptyline, reboxetine, robalzotan, sertraline, sibutramine, thionisoxetine, tranylcypromaine, trazodone, trimipramine, venlafaxine and equivalents and pharmaceutically active isomer(s) and metabolite(s) thereof;
 
(ii) atypical antipsychotics including for example quetiapine and pharmaceutically active isomer(s) and metabolite(s) thereof;
 
(iii) antipsychotics including for example amisulpride, aripiprazole, asenapine, benzisoxidil, bifeprunox, carbamazepine, clozapine, chlorpromazine, debenzapine, divalproex, duloxetine, eszopiclone, haloperidol, iloperidone, lamotrigine, loxapine, mesoridazine, olanzapine, paliperidone, perlapine, perphenazine, phenothiazine, phenylbutylpiperidine, pimozide, prochlorperazine, risperidone, sertindole, sulpiride, suproclone, suriclone, thioridazine, trifluoperazine, trimetozine, valproate, valproic acid, zopiclone, zotepine, ziprasidone and equivalents and pharmaceutically active isomer(s) and metabolite(s) thereof;
 
(iv) anxiolytics including for example alnespirone, azapirones, benzodiazepines, barbiturates such as adinazolam, alprazolam, balezepam, bentazepam, bromazepam, brotizolam, buspirone, clonazepam, clorazepate, chlordiazepoxide, cyprazepam, diazepam, diphenhydramine, estazolam, fenobam, flunitrazepam, flurazepam, fosazepam, lorazepam, lormetazepam, meprobamate, midazolam, nitrazepam, oxazepam, prazepam, quazepam, reclazepam, tracazolate, trepipam, temazepam, triazolam, uldazepam, zolazepam and equivalents and pharmaceutically active isomer(s) and metabolite(s) thereof;
 
(v) anticonvulsants including for example carbamazepine, valproate, lamotrogine, gabapentin and equivalents and pharmaceutically active isomer(s) and metabolite(s) thereof;
 
(vi) Alzheimer&#39;s therapies including for example donepezil, memantine, tacrine and equivalents and pharmaceutically active isomer(s) and metabolite(s) thereof;
 
(vii) Parkinson&#39;s therapies including for example deprenyl, L-dopa, Requip, Mirapex, MAOB inhibitors such as selegine and rasagiline, comP inhibitors such as Tasmar, A-2 inhibitors, dopamine reuptake inhibitors, NMDA antagonists, Nicotine agonists, Dopamine agonists and inhibitors of neuronal nitric oxide synthase and equivalents and pharmaceutically active isomer(s) and metabolite(s) thereof;
 
(viii) migraine therapies including for example almotriptan, amantadine, bromocriptine, butalbital, cabergoline, dichloralphenazone, eletriptan, frovatriptan, lisuride, naratriptan, pergolide, pramipexole, rizatriptan, ropinirole, sumatriptan, zolmitriptan, zomitriptan, and equivalents and pharmaceutically active isomer(s) and metabolite(s) thereof;
 
(ix) stroke therapies including for example abciximab, activase, citicoline, crobenetine, desmoteplase, repinotan, traxoprodil and equivalents and pharmaceutically active isomer(s) and metabolite(s) thereof;
 
(x) urinary incontinence therapies including for example darafenacin, falvoxate, oxybutynin, propiverine, robalzotan, solifenacin, tolterodine and equivalents and pharmaceutically active isomer(s) and metabolite(s) thereof;
 
(xi) neuropathic pain therapies including for example gabapentin, lidoderm, pregablin and equivalents and pharmaceutically active isomer(s) and metabolite(s) thereof;
 
(xii) nociceptive pain therapies such as celecoxib, etoricoxib, lumiracoxib, rofecoxib, valdecoxib, diclofenac, loxoprofen, naproxen, paracetamol and equivalents and pharmaceutically active isomer(s) and metabolite(s) thereof;
 
(xiii) insomnia therapies including for example allobarbital, alonimid, amobarbital, benzoctamine, butabarbital, capuride, chloral, cloperidone, clorethate, dexclamol, ethchlorvynol, etomidate, glutethimide, halazepam, hydroxyzine, mecloqualone, melatonin, mephobarbital, methaqualone, midaflur, nisobamate, pentobarbital, phenobarbital, propofol, roletamide, triclofos, secobarbital, zaleplon, zolpidem and equivalents and pharmaceutically active isomer(s) and metabolite(s) thereof, or
 
(xiv) mood stabilizers including for example carbamazepine, divalproex, gabapentin, lamotrigine, lithium, olanzapine, quetiapine, valproate, valproic acid, verapamil, and equivalents and pharmaceutically active isomer(s) and metabolite(s) thereof.
 
     Such combination products employ the compounds of this invention within the dosage range described herein and the other pharmaceutically active compound or compounds within approved dosage ranges and/or the dosage described in the publication reference. 
     Some compounds of the invention may exist in tautomeric, enantiomeric, stereoisomeric or geometric isomeric forms, all of which are included within the scope of the invention. The various optical isomers may be isolated by separation of a racemic mixture of the compounds using conventional techniques, e.g. fractional crystallization, or chiral HPLC. Alternatively the individual enantiomers may be made by reaction of the appropriate optically active starting materials under reaction conditions that will not cause racemization. 
     Exemplary compounds of the invention may be prepared by processes analogous to that described in Scheme A and separation of the two diastereomers. Those of skill in the art will readily appreciate that many suitable amines and acid chlorides and carboxylic acids may be used to form compounds within the scope of the subject matter described herein as Formula I. 
     Exemplary Compounds 
     Examples 1 and 2 were prepared in accord with Scheme 1 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     Example 1 
     3-(methylthio)-2-phenyl-N-[(1S)-1-phenylpropyl]quinoline-4-carboxamide (1) 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     To a solution of 3-(methylthio)-2-phenylquinoline-4-carboxylic acid hydrochloride salt (1a) (1000 mg, 3.017 mmol), HOBT hydrate (1220 mg, 4.525 mmol), 4-methylmorpholine (827 μl, 7.543 mmol) in DCM (40 mL) was added EDAC (1740 mg, 4.525 mmol) at RT under N 2 . (S)-1-Phenyl propylamine (815.6 mg, 6.03 mmol) was then added and the reaction mixture stirred at RT for 12 h. All solvent was removed in vacuo and the residue was partitioned between ethyl acetate and 0.5 N HCl aqueous solution. The organic phase was washed with 10% aqueous sodium bicarbonate solution, brine and dried over sodium sulfate. The organic solution was then concentrated in vacuo. The residue was purified by chromatography eluting with 15-25% ethyl acetate/hexane to give the title compound (1150 mg, 92.5%) as a solid.  1 H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ 8.11 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 1H), 7.78-7.67 (m, 4H), 7.55-7.27 (m, 9H), 6.12 (d, J=8.5 Hz, 1H), 5.30 (q, J=7.6 Hz, 1H), 2.16-1.91 (m, 5H), 1.06 (t, J=7.4 Hz, 3H) APCI, m/z=413 (M+1). LCMS: 2.45 min. 
     a) The starting acid, 3-(methylthio)-2-phenylquinoline-4-carboxylic acid (1a), was prepared in the following manner: 
     To isatin (3530 mg, 24 mmol) was added a solution of sodium hydroxide (9.2 g, 230 mmol) in water (20.0 mL). The resulting brown precipitate was stirred vigorously at RT for 20 minutes before being heated to 85° C. A solution of 2-(methylthio)-1-phenylethanone (1b) (4000 mg, 24.0 mmol) in ethanol/THF/water (50 mL/10 mL/50 mL) was then added dropwisely over 30 minutes. The reaction mixture was stirred at 85° C. for further 4 h before cooling to RT. All organic solvents were removed in vacuo and the aqueous residue reduced to a volume of approximately 20 mL. The aqueous residue was acidified with cooling to pH 1.5 with 6N HCl. The precipitate formed were collected, washed with water (2×10 mL), ether (3×10 mL) and dried under vacuum to give the title compound as a solid (5806 mg, 82%).  1 H NMR (300 MHz, (CD 3 ) 2 SO) δ 2.05 (s, 3H), 7.52 (d, 1H), 7.53 (d, 2H), 7.74 (m, 1H), 7.86 (m, 1H), 7.99 (m, 2H), 8.29 (m, 1H), 9.11 (m, 1H), 14.13 (b, 1H). MS APCI, m/z=296 (M+1). LCMS: 1.16 min. 
     b) Preparation of 2-(methylthio)-1-phenylethanone (1b). To a solution of 2-bromo-1-phenylethanone (5000 mg, 25.12 mol) in THF (50 mL) was added NaSCH 3  (2640 mg, 37.68 mmol) at RT under N 2 . The reaction mixture was stirred for 4 h. (solution color changes to orange). Removed all the THF and diluted the mixture with 200 mL of ethyl acetate. Washed the organic phase with 0.3 N of aq. NaOH, water, brine and dried over sodium sulfate. The organic solution was then concentrated in vacuo to give the title compound (4000 mg, 96.0%) as a solid.  1 H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ 2.13 (s, 3H), 3.75 (s, 2H), 7.47 (m, 2H), 7.57 (m, 1H), 7.97 (d, 2H). APCI, m/z=167 (M+1). LCMS: 1.79 min. 
     Example 2 
     3-(methylsulfinyl)-2-phenyl-N-[(1S)-1-phenylpropyl]quinoline-4-carboxamide (2) 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     To a solution of 3-(methylthio)-2-phenyl-N-[(1S)-1-phenylpropyl]quinolin-4-carboxamide (1) (412 mg, 1.0 mmol) in EtOH (25 mL) was added a solution of NaIO 4  (900 mg, 4.2 mmol) in water (14 mL) at 25° C. Reaction mixture was heated to reflux (85° C.) for 20 h. Removed all the ethanol and it was then diluted with EtOAc, washed with brine, dried over Na 2 SO 4 , filtered, and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel chromatography (10-35% EtOAc/CH 2 Cl 2 ) to give the desired product (two diastereomers) as a solid (355 mg, 83.0%). SFC separated the 2 diastereomers with 15% IPOH on OJ-H column. 
     For isomer A.  1 H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ 0.97 (t, 3H), 1.91 (m, 1H), 2.15 (m, 1H), 2.88 (s, 3H), 4.0 (q, 1H), 5.23 (m, 1H), 6.6 (d, 1H), 7.41 (d, 1H), 7.43 (d, 1H), 7.45-7.51 (m, 6H), 7.75 (m, 2H), 7.81 (m, 2H), 8.15 (d, 1H). MS APCI, m/z=429 (M+1). LCMS: 2.06 min. 
     For isomer B.  1 H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ 1.00 (t, 3H), 2.00 (m, 1H), 2.25 (m, 1H), 2.66 (s, 3H), 4.02 (q, 1H), 5.21 (m, 1H), 6.95 (d, 1H), 7.37 (d, 1H), 7.40 (d, 1H), 7.48-7.55 (m, 6H), 7.83 (m, 2H), 8.10 (m, 2H), 8.17 (d, 1H). MS APCI, m/z=429 (M+1). LCMS: 2.07 min. 
     Separation of the Diastereomers 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     Preparative separation of the two diastereomers resulting from the formation of a mixture of isomers at the sulfur center (a) was achieved using chiral stationary phase supercritical fluid chromatography. A ChiralCel OJ-H column containing 5 micron particles (21×250 mm) was used with an isocratic eluent of 15% isopropanol, containing 0.5% dimethylethyl amine, in 85% carbon dioxide at 37° C. The flow rate of this eluent was 50 mL/min and the peaks were detected by uv at 254 nm. A solution of 20 mg of the isomer mixture dissolved in 2 mL of isopropanol was then injected on to a 5 mL loop per separation run. The two separated peaks were then collected with the first peak eluting at 5.1 min. and the second peak eluting at 6.7 min. Isolated fractions were obtained in &gt;99% ee as determined by analytical SFC measurement of the isolated fractions on a ChiralCel OJ-H column (4.6×250 mm) at a flow rate of 2.2 mL/min using an isocratic eluent composed of 15% isopropanol, containing 0.3% isopropyl amine, and 85% CO 2 . Analytical detection was made by APCI MS and by diode array uv spectrometry. The % ee was calculated by applying data from the measurement of the relative integrated areas of the two peaks at 254 nm. Under these conditions fractionation of this compound revealed that the first eluting compound had substantially greater biological activity when tested in the assay for NK-3 functional activity that the second eluting compound. 
     Example 3 and 4 were prepared in accord with Scheme 2. 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     Example 3 
     3-(ethylthio)-2-phenyl-N—[(S)-1-phenylpropyl]quinolin-4-carboxamide (4) 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     A solution of 3-(ethylthio)-2-phenylquinoline-4-carboxylic acid (3) (269 mg, 0.87 mmol), HOBT hydrate (230 mg, 1.5 mmol), 4-methylmorpholine (164 μL, 1.5 mmol) in DCM (30 mL) was added EDC (289 mg, 1.5 mmol) at RT under N 2 . (S)-1-Phenyl propylamine (202 mg, 1.5 mmol) was then added and the reaction mixture stirred at RT for 12 h. All solvent was removed in vacuo and the residue was partitioned between ethyl acetate and 0.5 N HCl aqueous solution. The organic phase was washed with 10% aqueous sodium bicarbonate solution, brine, and dried over sodium sulfate. The organic solution was then concentrated in vacuo. The residue was purified by chromatography eluting with 15-25% ethyl acetate/hexane to give the title compound (315 mg, 85% yield) as a solid.  1 H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ 0.96 (t, 3H), 1.22 (t, 3H), 2.0 (m, 2H), 2.40 (m, 2H), 5.28 (q, 1H), 7.20 (d, 2H), 7.34 (d, 2H), 7.39 (m, 2H), 7.78 (m, 2H), 7.84 (m, 2H), 8.00 (m, 1H), 8.11 (m, 2H), 8.15 (m, 2H). MS APCI, m/z=427 (M+1). LCMS: 2.82 min. 
     The starting acid, 3-(ethylthio)-2-phenylquinoline-4-carboxylic acid (3), was prepared in the following manner: 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     To isatin (882 mg, 6 mmol) was added a solution of sodium hydroxide (2.30 g, 57.5 mmol) in water (5.0 mL). The resulting brown precipitate was stirred vigorously at rt for 20 minutes before being heated to 85° C. A solution of 2-(ethylthio)-1-phenylethanone (1080 mg, 6.0 mmol) in ethanol/THF/water (13 mL/2.5 mL/13 mL was then added dropwisely over 30 minutes. The reaction mixture was stirred at 85° C. or further 4 h before cooling to rt. All organic solvents were removed in vacuo and the aqueous residue reduced to a volume of approximately 12 mL. The aqueous residue was washed with ether (3×10 mL) and then the aqueous residue was acidified with cooling to pH 4 with concentrated acetic acid. The precipitate formed were collected, washed with water and dried to give the title compound as a solid (1580 mg, 85.2%).  1 H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ1.22 (t, 3H), 2.97 (q, 2H), 7.28 (d, 1H), 7.35 (d, 2H), 7.77 (m, 1H), 7.86 (m, 1H), 7.99 (m, 2H), 8.29 (m, 1H), 9.11 (m, 1H), 10.33 (b, 2H). MS APCI, m/z=310 (M+1). LCMS: 1.73 min. 
     Example 4 
     3-(ethylsulfinyl)-2-phenyl-N—[(S)-1-phenylpropyl]quinoline-4-carboxamide (5) 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     To a solution of 3-(ethylthio)-2-phenyl-N-[(5)-1-phenylpropyl]quinolin-4-carboxamide (4) (300 mg, 0.70 mmol) in MeOH (25 mL) was added a solution of NaIO 4  (300 mg, 1.4 mmol) in water (15 mL) while it was cooled to 0° C. The cooling bath was removed, and reaction allowed stir for 12 h. LCMS indicated no reaction take place. Added another 2 eq of NaIO 4  and the reaction mixture was heated to reflux for 8 h. It was then diluted with EtOAc, washed with brine, dried over Na 2 SO 4 , filtered, and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel chromatography (10-35% EtOAc/CH 2 Cl 2 ) to give the desired product (two diastereomers) as a solid (88 mg, 28.4%).  1 H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ 0.97 (t, 3H), 1.21 (t, 3H), 2.01 (m, 2H), 2.71 (m, 2H), 5.21 (q, 1H), 7.21 (d, 2H), 7.34 (d, 2H), 7.39 (m, 2H), 7.78 (m, 2H), 7.84 (m, 2H), 8.00 (m, 1H), 8.11 (m, 2H), 8.14 (m, 1H), 8.16 (m, 1H). MS APCI, m/z=443 (M+1). LCMS: 2.15 min. 
     The exemplary compounds in Table 1 and the processes describe the invention by way of illustration and example for clarity of understanding. However to those skilled in the art, upon contemplation of the teaching of compounds, processes and methods of this invention, modifications and changes will be apparent that may be made thereto without departing from the spirit or scope of the invention. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
             
               
                 TABLE 1 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Example 
                 Structure 
                 Name 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                 5 intermediate 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 3-Methanesulfanyl-2-phenyl-quinoline- 4-carboxylic acid ((S)-1-phenyl-propyl)- amide 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 5 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 3-Methanesulfinyl-2-phenyl-quinoline- 4-carboxylic acid ((S)-1-phenyl-propyl)- amide 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 6 intermediate 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 3-Methylsulfanyl-2-phenyl-quinoline-4- carboxylic acid ((S)-1-phenyl-ethyl)- amide 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 6 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 3-(Methylsulfinyl)-2-phenyl-N-[ (S)-1-  phenylethyl]quinoline-4-carboxamide 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 7 intermediate 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 (R)-[(3-methylsulfanyl-2-phenyl- quinoline-4-carbonyl)-amino]-phenyl- acetic acid methyl ester 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 7 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 (R)-methyl 2-(3-(methylsulfinyl)-2- phenylquinoline-4-carboxamido)-2- phenylethanoate 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 8 intermediate 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 3-Methylsulfanyl-2-phenyl-quinoline-4- carboxylic acid ((S)-cyclopropyl- phenyl-methyl)-amide 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 8 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 3-Methanesulfinyl-2-phenyl-quinoline- 4-carboxylic acid ((S)-cyclopropyl- phenyl-methyl)-amide 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 9 intermediate 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 3-Methylsulfanyl-2-phenyl-quinoline-4- carboxylic acid ((S)-1-cyclohexyl- ethyl)-amide 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 9 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 3-Methanesulfinyl-2-phenyl-quinoline- 4-carboxylic acid ((S)-1-cyclohexyl- ethyl)-amide 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 10 intermediate 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 3-Methylsulfanyl-2-phenyl-quinoline-4- carboxylic acid [(S)-1-(3-fluoro- phenyl)-propyl]-amide 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 10 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 3-Methylsulfinyl-2-phenyl-quinoline-4- carboxylic acid [(S)-1-(3-fluoro- phenyl)-propyl]-amide 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 11 intermediate 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 3-Methylsulfanyl-2-phenyl-quinoline-4- carboxylic acid [(S)-cyclopropyl-(3- fluoro-phenyl)-methyl]-amide 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 11 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 3-Methylsulfinyl-2-phenyl-quinoline-4- carboxylic acid [(S)-cyclopropyl-(3- fluoro-phenyl)-methyl]-amide 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 12 intermediate 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 3-Methylsulfanyl-2-phenyl-quinoline-4- carboxylic acid ((S)-2-cyano-1-phenyl- ethyl)-amide 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 12 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 3-Methylsulfinyl-2-phenyl-quinoline-4- carboxylic acid ((S)-2-cyano-1-phenyl- ethyl)-amide 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     The compound of Example 8 was prepared according to the following Scheme: 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     Example 8 
     Intermediate. N—[(S)-cyclopropyl(phenyl)methyl]-3-(methylthio)-2-phenylquinoline-4-carboxamide (3) 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     A solution of 3-(methylthio)-2-phenylquinoline-4-carboxylic acid hydrochloride salt (1a) (10.0 g, 34.0 mmol), HOBT hydrate (6.87 g, 51.0 mmol), 4-methylmorpholine (8.5 mL, 85.0 mmol) in DCM (500 mL) was added EDAC (9.75 g, 51.0 mmol) at RT under N 2 . (S)-1-Cyclopropyl-1-phenylmethanamine hydrochloride (9.9 g, 53.9 mmol) was then added and the reaction mixture stirred at RT for 12 h. All solvent was removed in vacuo and the residue was partitioned between ethyl acetate and 0.5 N HCl aqueous solution. The organic phase was washed with 10% aqueous sodium bicarbonate solution, brine and dried over sodium sulfate. The organic solution was then concentrated in vacuo. The residue was purified by chromatography eluting with 15-25% ethyl acetate/hexane to give the title compound (12.0 g, 83.0%) as a solid.  1 H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ 8.11 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 1H), 7.78-7.67 (m, 4H), 7.55-7.27 (m, 9H), 6.31 (d, J=8.5 Hz, 1H), 5.12 (m, 1H), 2.48 (s, 3H), 0.61 (m, 3H), 0.44 (m, 3H) APCI, m/z=424 (M+1). LCMS: 2.45 min. 
     Example 8 
     N—[(S)-cyclopropyl(phenyl)methyl]-3-(methylsulfinyl)-2-phenylquinoline-4-carboxamide (4) 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     To a solution of N-[(1S)-cyclopropyl(phenyl)methyl]-3-(methylthio)-2-phenylquinoline-4-carboxamide (3) (1000 mg, 2.36 mmol) in MeOH (50 mL) was added a solution of NaIO 4  (2.02 g, 9.43 mmol) in water (35 mL) at 25° C. Reaction mixture was heated to reflux (85 c) for 4.0 h. Removed all the methanol and it was then diluted with EtOAc, washed with brine, dried over Na 2 SO 4 , filtered, and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel chromatography (10-35% EtOAc/CH 2 Cl 2 ) to give the desired product (two diastereomers) as a solid (642 mg, 62.0%). SFC separated the 2 diastereomers with 60% EtOH on AD column. 
     For isomer A.  1 H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ 0.51 (m, 2H), 0.65 (m, 2H), 1.49 (m, 1H), 2.75 (s, 3H), 4.80 (q, 1H), 6.87 (d, 1H), 7.41 (d, 1H), 7.43 (d, 1H), 7.45-7.51 (m, 6H), 7.75 (m, 2H), 7.81 (m, 2H), 8.18 (d, 1H). MS APCI, m/z=441 (M+1). LCMS: 2.05 min. 
     For isomer B.  1 H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ 0.46 (m, 2H), 0.56 (m, 2H), 1.40 (m, 1H), 2.85 (s, 3H), 4.70 (q, 1H), 6.95 (d, 1H), 7.40 (d, 1H), 7.44 (d, 1H), 7.48-7.55 (m, 6H), 7.83 (m, 2H), 8.10 (m, 2H), 8.17 (d, 1H). MS APCI, m/z=441 (M+1). LCMS: 2.05 min. 
     Separation of the Diastereomers of Example 8: 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     Preparative separation of the two diastereomers resulting from the formation of a mixture of isomers at the sulfur center was achieved using chiral stationary phase supercritical fluid chromatography. A ChiralPak AD column containing 10 micron particles (21×250 mm) was used with an isocratic eluent of 60% ethanol, containing 0.5% dimethylethyl amine, in 40% carbon dioxide at 37° C. The flow rate of this eluent was 60 mL/min and the peaks were detected by uv at 254 nm. A solution of 20 mg of the isomer mixture dissolved in 2 mL of isopropanol was then injected on to a 5 mL loop per separation run. The two separated peaks were then collected with the first peak eluting at 2.8 min and the second peak eluting at 5.9 min. The two isolated fractions were both obtained in &gt;99% ee as determined by analytical SFC measurement of the isolated fractions on a ChiralPak AD-H column (4.6×250 mm) at a flow rate of 2.2 mL/min using an eluent of 45% isopropanol, containing 0.3% isopropyl amine, and 55% CO 2 . The first peak eluted at 6.4 min and the second peak eluted at 7.6 min. under these conditions. Analytical detection was made by APCI MS and by diode array uv spectrometry. The % ee was calculated by applying data from the measurement of the relative integrated areas of the two peaks at 254 nm. Under these conditions fractionation of this compound revealed that the second eluting compound had substantially greater biological activity when tested in the assay for NK-3 functional activity than the first eluting compound. 
     Those of skill in the art will recognize that compounds described herein may be fractionated following the guidance provided for compounds of Examples 2 and 9 without undue experimentation to obtain and purify the diastereomer having favorable biological activity. 
     Biological Tests 
     NK-3 Receptor Binding Activity: 
     Generally, NK-3r binding activity may be assessed using assays performed as described in Krause et al., (Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 94: 310-315, 1997). NK-3r complementary DNA is cloned from human hypothalamic RNA using standard procedures. The receptor cDNA is inserted into a suitable expression vector transfected into a Chinese hamster ovary cell line, and a stably-expressing clonal cell line may be isolated, characterized and used for experiments. 
     Cells may be grown in tissue culture medium by techniques known to those of skill in the art and recovered by low speed centrifugation. Cell pellets may be homogenized, total cellular membranes isolated by high speed centrifugation and suspended in buffered saline. Generally, receptor binding assays may be performed by incubating suitable amounts of purified membrane preparations with  125 I-methylPhe7-neurokinin B, in the presence or absence of test compounds. Membrane proteins may be harvested by rapid filtration and radioactivity may be quantitated in a β-plate scintillation counter. Nonspecific binding may be distinguished from specific binding by use of suitable controls and the affinity of compounds for the expressed receptor may be determined by using different concentrations of compounds. 
     Preparation of Membranes from CHO Cells Transfected with Cloned NK-3 Receptors: 
     A human NK-3 receptor gene was cloned using methods similar to those described for other human NK receptors (Aharony et al., Mol. Pharmacol. 45:9-19, 1994; Caccese et al., Neuropeptides 33, 239-243, 1999). The DNA sequence of the cloned NK-3 receptor differed from the published sequence (Buell et al., FEBS Letts. 299, 90-95, 1992; Huang et al., Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun 184,966-972, 1992) having a silent single T&gt;C base change at nucleotide 1320 of the coding sequence. Since the change is silent, the cloned gene provides a primary amino acid sequence for the encoded NK-3 receptor protein identical to the published sequence. The receptor cDNA was used to transfect CHO-K1 cells using standard methods and a clone stably-expressing the receptor was isolated and characterized. Plasma membranes from these cells were prepared as published (Aharony et al., 1994). 
     Cells were harvested and centrifuged to remove medium. The pelleted cells were homogenized (Brinkman Polytron, three 15 sec bursts on ice) in a buffer consisting of 50 mM Tris-HCl (pH 7.4), 120 mM NaCl, 5 mM KCl, 10 mM EDTA and protease inhibitors (0.1 mg/mL soybean trypsin inhibitor, and 1 mM iodoacetamide). The homogenate was centrifuged at 1000×g for 10 min at 4° C. to remove cell debris. Pellets were washed once with homogenizing buffer. Supernatants were combined and centrifuged at 40,000×g for 20 min at 4° C. The membrane-containing pellet was homogenized with a Polytron as before. The suspension was centrifuged at 40,000×g for 20 min at 4° C., the pellet suspended in buffer (20 mM HEPES, pH 7.4 containing 3 mM MgCl 2 , 30 mM KCl, and 100 μM thiorphan) and the protein concentration determined. The membrane suspension was then diluted to 3 mg/mL with buffer containing 0.02% BSA, and flash frozen. Samples were stored at −80° C. until used. 
     Assay for NK-3 Receptor Binding Activity: 
     A receptor binding assay method with [ 125 I]-MePhe7-NKB was modified from that described by Aharony et al., J. Pharmacol. Exper. Ther., 274:1216-1221, 1995. 
     Competition experiments were carried out in 0.2 mL assay buffer (50 mM Tris-HCl, 4 mM MnCl 2 , 10 μM thiorphan, pH 7.4) containing membranes (2 μg protein/reaction), tested competitors, and [ 125 I]-MePhe7NKB (0.2 nM). Unlabeled homologue ligand (0.5 μM) was used to define nonspecific binding. Incubations were carried out at 25° C. for 90 min. Receptor-bound ligand was isolated by vacuum filtration in a Packard Harvester onto GF/C plates presoaked in 0.5% BSA. Plates were washed with 0.02 M Tris, pH 7.4. Computation of equilibrium binding constants (K D  and Ki), receptor density (Bmax), and statistical analysis was carried out as published previously (Aharony et al., 1995) using GraphPad Prism or IDBS XLfit software. 
     NK-3 Functional Activity: 
     Generally, NK-3 functional activity may be assessed by using calcium mobilization assays in stable NK-3r-expressing cell lines. Calcium mobilization induced by the methylPhe7-neurokinin B agonist may be monitored using a FLIPR (Molecular Devices) instrument in the manner described by the manufacturer. Agonists may be added to the cells and fluorescence responses continuously recorded for up to 5 min. The actions of antagonists may be assessed by preincubating cells prior to application of the methylPhe7-neurokinin B agonist. The action of agonists may be assessed by observing their intrinsic activity in such a system. 
     Assay for NK-3 Functional Activity: 
     NK-3 receptor expressing CHO cells were maintained in growth media (Ham&#39;s F12 medium, 10% FBS, 2 mM L-glutamine, and 50 mg/mL Hygromycin B). One day prior to the assay cells were dispensed into 384-well plates in Ultraculture media (Cambrex Bio Science) with 2 mM L-glutamine to achieve 70-90% confluency. To quantify NK-3 receptor-induced calcium mobilization, cells were first washed with assay buffer consisting of Hanks&#39; Balanced Salt Solution, 15 mM HEPES, and 2.5 mM probenecid, pH 7.4. The cells were then loaded with Fluo4/AM dye (4.4 μM) in assay buffer. Cells were incubated for one hour and then washed with assay buffer, exposed to 0.02-300 nM senktide and the fluorescence response recorded using a FLIPR instrument (Molecular Devices Corporation). To quantify antagonism of the agonist response, cells were preincubated with varying concentrations of test compound for 2-20 min and then exposed to 2 nM senktide, a concentration that alone elicits about an 70% maximal calcium response. The resulting data was analyzed using XLfit software (IDBS manufacturer) to determine EC50 and IC50 values.