Patent Publication Number: US-2018034274-A1

Title: Power monitoring system

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. 14/811,081 filed 28 Jul. 2015, which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/376,235 filed 5 Dec. 2011 (now U.S. Pat. No. 9,106,099), which is a §371 national stage entry of International Application PCT/AU2010/000691 filed 3 Jun. 2010, which claims priority to Australian Application 2009902532 filed 3 Jun. 2009. All of these applications are hereby incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. 
    
    
     TECHNICAL FIELD 
     This invention relates to aspects of the monitoring of electrical power supply to electrical equipment. In particular, the invention is concerned with monitoring of electrical power supply with a view to reducing unnecessary power consumption and resulting in energy saving. 
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     The following references to and descriptions of prior proposals or products are not intended to be and are not to be construed as statements or admissions of common general knowledge in the art. In particular, the following prior art discussion does not relate to what is commonly or well known by the person skilled in the art, but may assist in the understanding of the inventive step of the present invention, of which the identification of pertinent prior proposals is but one part. 
     In many parts of the world, there is a high level of concern over excess energy usage. There have been many proposals aimed at saving energy, at both international and national levels. 
     In the area of inventions which may effect energy savings, reference is made to International Patent Application No WO 2005/111766 and International Patent Application No WO 2008/064410. Each of these patent specifications is incorporated herein by reference and both are referred to below as the International Applications. 
     The International Applications disclose inventions where electrical devices are connected to a single mains supply electrical outlet, and the current flow through and voltage across at least one of the electrical devices is monitored in order to determine a functional state of that device. Depending on the nature of the functional state of the device and the nature of the other electrical devices, the supply of power to any or all of the other electrical devices can be shut off, so that not all electrical devices are powered in situations where power to them is unnecessary. 
     The present invention is predicated upon the concept that energy saving capability of such energy saving devices as those in the International Applications may be enhanced by monitoring and, in some embodiments, by networking a plurality of such energy saving devices. 
     Although energy saving devices such as those in the International Applications may autonomously maximise energy savings at their individual level, it is believed that the addition of networking capability can provide advantages not available before now. 
     DISCLOSURE OF THE INVENTION 
     Accordingly, in a first aspect this invention provides a system for monitoring power consumption of a plurality of electrical devices, the system including: means for communicating with an energy saving device of the type permitting energisation of a plurality of electrical devices from a single mains supply electrical outlet, the energy saving device having: a plurality of controlled electrical outlets and a single electrical input adapted to connect to a mains supply electrical output; and switch means adapted to connect electrical supply from the mains supply electrical outlet to each of the controlled electrical outlets in response to a sensed state of at least one of the electrical devices; monitoring means for monitoring power consumption of the controlled electrical outlets; and output means for outputting data relating to the monitored power consumption. 
     Preferably, the system of the invention includes control means for enabling control of power consumption of the electrical devices in response to the data output of monitored power consumption. More preferably, the control means enables adjustment of settings of the energy saving device in response to the data output of monitored power consumption. 
     In a second aspect, the invention provides a method for monitoring power consumption of a plurality of electrical devices, the method including the steps of communicating with an energy saving device of the type permitting energisation of a plurality of electrical devices from a single mains supply electrical outlet, the energy saving device having: a plurality of controlled electrical outlets and a single electrical input adapted to connect to a mains supply electrical output; and switch means adapted to connect electrical supply from the mains supply electrical outlet to each of the controlled electrical outlets in response to a sensed state of at least one of the electrical devices; monitoring power consumption of the controlled electrical outlets; and outputting data relating to the monitored power consumption. 
     Preferably, the method of the invention includes a further step: controlling power consumption of the electrical devices in response to the data output of monitored power consumption. More preferably, the controlling step is effected by adjusting settings of the energy saving device in response to the data output of monitored power consumption. 
     The system and method of the invention may be used at various levels—for example, to monitor and optionally control power consumption of a group of electrical devices, such as a group of audio/visual entertainment devices. 
     At a higher level, monitoring (and, optionally, control) may take place of many electrical devices within a home or office, for example. 
     At an even higher level, monitoring (and, optionally, control) may take place in a centralized facility, such as an electrical utility or agency, with the aim of remote monitoring and optionally controlling energy saving function for individual outlets. Examples of this are setting idle power threshold limits, “active standby” timeout periods, time-of-day usage based on tariffs, and so on. 
     Monitoring can have many advantages, especially in detecting abnormal usage, faults and theft. 
     As an example of abnormal usage, the system and method of the invention may detect excessive power consumption from a monitored general power outlet (GPO) in an office environment, which may be due to use of a portable heater. As a result, supervisory personnel can be alerted to the abnormal energy usage. 
     Monitoring may alert a user to cessation of power consumption, for example caused by breakdown of a refrigerator or freezer, or unexpected power use by a normally unused appliance. The system or method of the invention may alert the user to this type of fault detection, for example, by email, SMS, etc. 
     Monitoring may also alert a user to theft of an electrical device, or to unauthorized removal of the device from its electrical socket. 
     Preferably, more than one of the energy saving devices is used in the system or method of the invention. The energy saving devices may be of one type or of two or more different types. Preferably, when there are two or more energy saving devices to be used in the system or method of the invention, they are networked. 
     In this embodiment, networking may be effected in various ways. For example, one energy saving device may act as a master device, with the other energy saving device or devices acting as slaves, networked communication taking place between the master and each slave, with any influence of the slaves on each other being managed by the master. 
     As another example, there may be direct communication from one like slave to another—either as a 1-to-1 dialogue, or by each slave monitoring the status of the others by monitoring the master-slave communications messages. This could be as used in various situations: for example, to make a collective decision to shed load on an overloaded circuit, or in cases where the total power or energy consumption of devices on the network exceeds a limit set by the user; to turn off a TV in one room when a TV or stereo in another room is being used; to turn off lights, heaters etc. in one room when those in another room are being used. 
     As a further example, there may be energy saving devices of different types in a network, such as an energy centre and wall plugs/GPOs co-existing on a single network. Especially with a user interface, the energy centre may act as a communications control centre for the wall plugs/GPOs, as well as being an energy saving device in its own right. 
     In one preferred embodiment, the energy saving device is any of those disclosed in either of the incorporated International Applications. 
     Thus, the energy saving device may include a state sensor adapted to detect a functional state of a master electrical device, the sensor being adapted to distinguish at least two functional states of the master device by sensing the value of current flow through and voltage across the master device for calculation of the power consumption of the master device. 
     In another embodiment, the energy saving device may include both a state or power sensor, adapted to detect power use by measuring current flow through and voltage across a master electrical device and producing a power use signal, and a computer processor adapted to process the power use signal to determine at least two functional states of the master electrical device, the switch means being controlled by the computer processor and adapted to connect an electrical supply from the supply electrical outlet to each of the controlled electrical outlets, which of the controlled electrical outputs is controlled to be connected to the electrical supply being determined by the determined functional state. 
     The state or power sensor may measure True RMS power. The term “True RMS power” as used herein refers to an average measurement of power over a predefined period of time, regardless of waveform. The state or power sensor may be embodied in the form of an analogue electronic circuit which multiplies instantaneous voltage and current signals to derive a True RMS Power signal or by using a micro-controller to digitise the voltage and current signals and then multiplying, adding and averaging the sampled values to calculate the True RMS power value. 
     The state or power sensor may measure Reactive Power (the result of inductive or capacitive loads where current is flowing but nor performing any “real” work). 
     The term “master device” as used herein may be a single electrical device or a number of electrical devices each requiring power supply. The term “master device” is intended to cover a combination of devices such as a computer, audio equipment, visual equipment, etc., each of which is attached to the power supply device. 
     Although the energy saving device is preferably one of those disclosed in the incorporated International Applications, it may be chosen from any suitable such device. For example, the energy saving device may switch electrical supply in response to sensed current variations. 
     The sensed states of the electrical device may be “on”, a reduced power state hereafter called “standby”, and/or “off”. 
     The energy saving device may take any desired form but preferably is a power board, a general power outlet (GPO), a wall plug or an energy centre. It is preferred that the system or method of the invention are used in connection with “plug-in” electrical devices, but the system or method may also be used with electrical devices which are permanently wired to mains electrical power. In the latter case, the energy saving device could be incorporated into the mains wiring infrastructure or incorporated as an integral part of mains powered equipment. 
     The means for communicating with the energy saving device is preferably a microcomputer communicating via a wired link or a wireless link, such as low interference potential device (LIPD), Zigbee, or Bluetooth, RS-485 or CAN bus. 
     The data output means may take any desired form, such as a signal converted to an audible signal for a beeper, or a light or output to LCDs or LEDs. 
     When present, the control means for enabling control of power consumption may take the form of user interface facilities to allow users to customise settings in order to optimise energy savings for their particular installation, configuration and/or usage requirements. 
     The control means may include, for example, a centralised facility operating via networked connections, such as a device front panel or a hand held device, in each case allowing a user to control and optimise energy saving. 
     In many applications, centralized real-time monitoring and, optionally, control can be provided for effective optimization of energy saving capability. The energy saving devices may be regarded as networked to allow centralized or distributed user interface facilities to be used to control and monitor the energy saving devices, allowing energy saving capability to be optimized cost-effectively in home or office environments. 
     Networking of energy saving devices may be effected using wired or wireless networking technology or powerline carrier based communications. Non-limiting examples of wired technology include RS-232, RS-485 and CAN bus. Non-limiting examples of wireless technology include low interference potential device (LIPD), Zigbee, Z-wave, Insteon, Bluetooth and WiFi. Non-limiting examples of powerline carrier based networking technologies include X-10, Insteon and Lonworks. 
     In a third aspect, the invention provides a user interface for use with a monitoring device for monitoring power consumption of a plurality of electrical devices, the user interface including: means for receiving data output from the monitoring device relating to the monitored power output; signalling means for sending a signal in response to the received data; and control means for communicating with the monitoring device to effect a change in power consumption of at least one of the electrical devices. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       The invention will now be described with reference to certain non-limiting embodiments in connection with the accompanying drawings in which: 
         FIG. 1  is a block diagram showing as a general representation various embodiments of networking of an energy saving device, for the purposes of illustration; 
         FIG. 2  shows in block diagram form an embodiment of the system of the invention showing a networked powerboard; 
         FIG. 3  shows an embodiment of the system of the invention being a universal wall plug or GPO; 
         FIG. 4  illustrates an embodiment of a networked universal wall plug or GPO, similar to that in  FIG. 3 , but in an enhanced form; 
         FIG. 5  is a block diagram illustration of a networked energy centre; 
         FIG. 6  is a block diagram showing an embodiment illustrating a customer service centre and database; 
         FIG. 7  is a block diagram illustrating a mains powerline carrier network for an embodiment of the system of the invention; 
         FIG. 8  is a block diagram showing an embodiment similar to that in  FIG. 7 , but illustrating a wireless radio frequency network; 
         FIG. 9  is a block diagram showing an embodiment illustrating a wired network for an embodiment of the system of the invention; 
         FIG. 10  is a block diagram showing an embodiment of a user interface of the invention including wireless local or handheld monitoring and control means; 
         FIG. 11  is a block diagram showing an embodiment of user interface illustrating a wireless button or key fob monitoring and control means; and 
         FIG. 12  is a block diagram showing a wired local monitoring and control means as user interface. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
     Referring first to  FIG. 1 , it is to be understood that this is a general representation of a networked energy saving device and is illustrative only. It is not intended to limit the number or configuration of continually powered or switched main outlets, or of communication interfaces of other functional modules. 
       FIG. 1  shows an energy saving device indicated generally at  12  having one or more continually powered mains outlets  14  and two or more switched mains outlets  16 . Electrical devices (not shown) are intended to be plugged into mains outlets  14  and switched mains outlets  16  as required. 
     Energy saving device  12  has a mains power plug  18  for connection to a mains power supply (not shown). 
     Electrical supply to electrical devices (not shown) connected to switched mains outlet  16  is controlled by switch means  48  in response to, for example, a power state (such as on, standby or off) of an electrical device connected to continually powered mains outlet  14  or to switched mains outlet  16 . 
     As can be seen from  FIG. 1 , mains power input through mains power plug  18  passes through a mains filter and protection device  20 , which may incorporate EMC filtering and a circuit breaker, to protect against over-current should there be a failure of connected mains-powered devices, or connection of inappropriately-rated devices, for example. 
     Mains power is also subject to mains transient protection device  22 , which may incorporate metal oxide varistors of appropriate rating, in order to protect device electronics and connected mains-powered devices from over-voltage transients from mains power. 
     Energy saving device  12  also includes mains safety isolation barrier  24 , including a number of elements, as discussed below. 
     Mains transformer  26  operates to generate low voltage isolated supply for powering device electronics. Mains transformer  26  is protected by low voltage supply protection and EMC filter  28 , which can prevent the risk of overheating and fire in the event of catastrophic failure of unit electronics and which can filter out electric noise signals to enhance EMC emissions and immunity capability. 
     Bridge rectifier and filter  30  generates smoothed low voltage DC power supply from the low voltage AC supply through mains transformer  26 . DC voltage regulator  32  generates DC supply rails  34  for powering unit electronics, from the smoothed low voltage DC power supply. 
     Mains isolation at  36  is interposed between the mains power and powerline carrier interface  38  to prevent unit electronics from being exposed to mains voltage. Powerline carrier interface  38  processes bi-directional powerline carrier communications with other devices, via the mains power connection. 
     Mains voltage monitor  40  provides high precision measurement of mains voltage and zero voltage detection, via a safety isolation network, to allow power consumption of connected devices to be calculated and to allow mains over-voltage and under-voltage protection switching to be implemented. 
     Current transformers  42  allow independent measurement of total and switched outlet currents, to permit the power consumption of connected electrical devices to be calculated, and to allow mains over-current protection switching to be implemented. 
     Mains relays  44  provide independent near zero-voltage switching of groups of main outlets, for over-current, over- and under-voltage protection and power saving control. 
     Mains voltage and current measurement signals are filtered and protected by modules  46 . Relay drivers  48  switch mains relays  44  and include inductive transient snubbers to protect from inductive transients generated by the relay coil on de-energisation. 
     Micro computer  50  in this embodiment is an integrated system-on-chip micro computer providing processing and A/D conversion functions for implementation of energy saving algorithms and for communication, user interface and associated processing functions. Micro computer  50  includes flash and/or EEPROM non-volatile memory  52  for storage of user-savable energy saving configuration parameters and for the maintenance of a time-stamped event log, which can be uploaded and used in the energy saving optimisation process. Micro computer  50  also includes real-time clock  54  which has battery backup (not shown) for timekeeping, to allow time-stamping of event log messages. This is co-ordinated with crystal frequency reference (Xtal)  56  to provide an accurate timing source for micro computer  50  and operation of real-time clock  54 . 
       FIG. 1  shows several types of interfaces, some or all of which may be used, as desired. 
     Radio frequency communications interface  58  enables the processing of bi-directional wireless RF communications between energy saving device  12  and other devices, through a wireless network connection  59 . As shown in  FIG. 1 , standard communication methods and protocols such as low interference potential device running a proprietary protocol, Zigbee, Z-wave, Insteon, Bluetooth and WiFi may be used for this purpose. 
     Serial communications interface  60  enables the processing of bi-directional wire-linked communication between energy saving device  12  and other devices, via a wired network connection  62 . Standard communications methods and protocol such as RS-485 or CAN bus based networks may be used for this purpose. 
     User interface  70  in this embodiment includes LCD or LED indicators  64 , beeper  66  and pushbuttons and keypad  68 . LCD (liquid crystal display) and/or LED indicators output data from monitored power consumption and provide an indication of status to the use. Status can include power application, power switching and fault status. Indicators  64  can also host user interface menus for reporting and control to allow optimisation of energy saving capability. 
     Beeper  66  is present to provide an audible output to indicate faults or status change conditions, such as imminent powering down of connected mains powered equipment. 
     Keypad  68 , which may include push buttons, may have an LCD touch screen overlay option for user control to allow optimisation of energy saving capability, as discussed elsewhere. 
     Sensor interface  72  and  73  in this embodiment provides an interface for wired connection of an external sensor module (not shown) including a remote control IR sensor for IR remote control activity sensing in audio-visual applications. A push button pad or keypad for user control or a passive IR (PR) detector, proximity sensor or pressure mat for user presence sensing. The purpose of this is to enable automatic power reduction or power increase to electrical devices, such as in audio-visual equipment, if power can be reduced depending on user activity and/or user absence. 
     USB connector  74  can connect to a USB port of a personal computer, to sense activity in PC applications, so that appropriate electrical devices can be powered down in response to reduced PC activity. 
     In relation to the description below, the same labels will be used for the same parts as in  FIG. 1 . For variations, the same numeric labels will be used, followed by the letter “a”, “b”, etc. 
     With reference now to  FIG. 2 , this shows an embodiment of the monitoring system of the invention. In  FIG. 2 , monitoring system  10  monitors power consumption of electrical devices, such as audio visual devices, and/or a computer and peripherals, through an energy saving device being, in this embodiment, a power board  12   a.  In this embodiment, power board  12   a  is networked with other energy saving devices  12   b,    12   c,  etc., through a powerline carrier  38 , a wireless network  59  or a wired communications network  62 . Power board  12   a  includes one or more continually powered mains outlets  14  and switched mains outlets  16   a  and  16   b.  It is to be understood that there may be more than two switched mains outlets  16  in this embodiment. 
     Continually powered mains outlets  14  are switched off only during over-current, over-voltage or under-voltage events. If power board  12   a  is to be used for PC applications, a master device being, in this case, a personal computer, would be connected to the continually powered mains outlet  14  or to one of them if more than one. Switched mains outlet  16   a  will be connected to electrical devices which are to be switched off during “level one” energy saving conditions, for example when the master device is in an idle state. Examples are lamps. Switched mains outlet  16   b  is a “level two” outlet. Electrical devices attached to this will be switched off during level two energy saving conditions, for example when the master device is in a power-down state. Such electrical devices may include, for example, printers and modems. 
     Power board  12   a  is connected to a mains power outlet via mains power plug  18 , so that this connection provides mains power to the power board  12   a  and connected devices, as well as to the mains power line carrier system  38 . 
     Network interface  38  (mains powerline carrier communications network),  59  (wireless) or  62  (wired) provides facilities for communication via the mains power line carrier communications network. Typically, only one communications network,  38 ,  59  or  62 , would be used, although a second type could be incorporated as backup, or as a plug-in option. 
     Monitoring of power consumption of each of outlets  14 ,  16   a  and  16   b  takes place in energy saving engine/microcomputer  50 . 
     Data relating to the monitored power consumption is output in various options. One of these is user interface  70 , which can provide status indication to the user through a beeper or LEDs. Optionally, user interface  70  can include user input to control power consumption, by way of push buttons or a keypad. 
     As an alternative, a hand-held control and monitoring device  80  may be connected to power board  12   a  using a wireless radio frequency connection, typically the same connection as used to support wireless radio frequency network interconnectivity. Data relating to monitored power consumption can be output to hand-held device (user interface)  80  through a beeper and LEDs. User control can be input into hand-held device  80  using a keypad. Hand-held device  80  may take the form of a hand-held terminal, a keyfob, a cell phone, a personal digital assistant (PDA) or a universal remote control, for example. 
     As a further alternative, local control and sensing device  90  may be provided, connected to power board  12   a  by a wired connection. Like the hand-held device  80 , local device  90  can include user interface facilities such as LEDs and/or LCD and a beeper for output of data relating to the monitored power consumption. Control facilities such as push buttons may also be included. 
     Local device  90  may also include sensing facilities. In many applications, presence or absence of a user is a criterion employed by the energy saving engine  50  to determine whether electrical devices connected to power board  12   a  should be switched on or off. In addition to the use of user activity as determined by power consumption fluctuations or infra-red remote control signal activity, additional sensing means can be employed to determine the presence of a user in the vicinity of the energy saving device, power board  12   a.  Such sensing means may include passive infra-red sensors, inductive or capacitive proximity sensors, pressure mats or switches, acoustic or ultrasonic sensors, sonar, radio frequency ID tags or any other arrangement which can be employed to sense user presence. Such sensors may be included in local device  90 . 
     Referring now to  FIG. 3 , this shows an embodiment of the system of the invention, being a networked universal wall plug or GPO, as the energy saving device. Monitoring system  10   a  includes a universal wall plug  12   b,  which is a low cost unit, providing facilities for the connection of multiple mains-powered devices via external multiple-outlet adaptors, in audio-visual, PC, appliance and other applications. (The same capability can be provided by a built in General Purpose Outlet format.) Wall plug  12   b  includes a continually-powered outlet  14  and an energy saving outlet  16 , it being understood that there may be multiples of outlet  14  and/or outlet  16 . As with the other embodiments, universal wall plug  10   a  is connected to mains power through mains power plug  18 , this connection providing mains power to wall plug  12   b  and devices connected to outlets  14  and  16 , as well as connection to the mains power line carrier system  38 . 
     As was the case with the  FIG. 2  embodiment, user interface  70  may include monitoring facilities, such as a beeper and LEDs to indicate status to a user. 
     Local control and sensing device  90  is connected to wall plug  12   b  through a wired connection and provides facilities for monitoring such as LEDs, LCDs and beepers, and for control, using push buttons for example. As was the case with local device  90  in the  FIG. 2  embodiment, local device  90  in the  FIG. 3  embodiment can also include sensing devices for sensing user presence. 
     In the  FIG. 3  embodiment, appliances such as refrigerators or other white goods may be connected to wall plug  12   b.  The sensing facility of local device  90  may take the form of a touch sensor, a proximity sensor, a capacitive sensor, or the like connected to the case or body of the appliance. The user&#39;s touching of or proximity to the appliance could be detected by the sensing device and signal to energy saving engine  50  that the user wishes to use the appliance, leading to power being supplied to the appliance. 
     Although not shown in  FIG. 3 , another form of sensing device may be provided, involving the use of a short range battery powered wireless RF transmitter associated with the wall plug  12   b.  In this embodiment when the user operates the wireless transmitter via its push button or touch sensor, a wireless RF signal would be transmitted and received by wall plug  12   b , causing it to supply mains power to the appliance. As will be appreciated by one skilled in the art, other means of signalling a user&#39;s power out requests may be implemented, including wired push buttons or touch sensors, infra-red linked control, inductively coupled controls, audible control and ultrasonic control. 
     The  FIG. 4  embodiment is similar to that in  FIG. 3 , but presents an enhanced version. In  FIG. 4 , universal wall plug or GPO  12   b  is networked to further similar or dissimilar energy saving appliances,  12   c,    12   d,  etc. In this embodiment, monitoring system  10   b  has network interconnection and user interface facilities similar to those provided by power board  12   a  in  FIG. 2 . 
       FIG. 5  illustrates a networked energy centre  10   c.  This is intended to be used in the form of an aesthetically styled unit visible to the user, typically in an audio visual system installation or in a variant form tailored for PC applications. 
     The facilities provided by networked energy centre  10   c  are similar to those provided by the system in  FIG. 2 , except that each of power outlets  16   a,    16   b,    16   c  (etc.) is individually switchable and individually monitored for power consumption of one or more connected electrical devices. This allows the energy saving engine  50  to implement energy saving strategy for each connected electrical device separately, rather than switching multiple connected devices in unison. Thus, energy consumption of each individual device may be optimised, maximising overall energy savings while maximising user convenience. 
     In the  FIG. 5  embodiment, local control and sensing device  90  is replaced by external sensors  90   a  and internal sensors  90   c.  Sensing power consumption independently for each connected electrical device may be used in conjunction with sensing of infra-red remote control signals in an audio visual system, to provide a self-learning capability. By decoding infra-red remote control signals and associating particular signal codes with changes in power consumption from the various mains outlets, the energy saving engine  50  can learn to associate the infra-red power on/off code for each connected electrical device, with the relevant outlet  16   a,    16   b ,  16   c  to which that device is connected. From knowledge of the power state of each connected electrical device, the energy saving engine  50  can determine when the user has sent a power down command to the electrical device from the infra-red remote control and can switch off mains power to that electrical device. Correspondingly, the energy saving engine  50  can determine when the user wishes to reactivate the electrical device, and can switch on power accordingly. 
     The learning by the energy saving engine  50  of infra-red remote control codes for on/off control of the electrical devices connected to each individual power outlet  16   a,    16   b,    16   c  . . . can facilitate the use of programmable infra-red remote controls, which can allow multiple items of electrical devices to be controlled via a reduced number of keystrokes, compared to the number of keystrokes which would be required to control each electrical device individually. Groups of equipment can be powered up or down conveniently for different usage scenarios, for example, watching television, listening to music, playing an electronic game or watching a DVD. 
     The energy centre  12   c  in the  FIG. 5  embodiment may be equipped with appropriate remote control receivers to enable wireless radio frequency remote controls, such a Bluetooth, Zigbee, Z-Wave or similar devices. 
     The energy centre embodiment  12   c  integrates user interface facilities such as LEDs, LCDs and push buttons, as well as sensing devices such as infra-red remote control sensor and infra-red sensor into the housing. User presence may be sensed by interconnection facilities to an external sensing device, such as a proximity sensor or pressure mat. 
     The  FIG. 6  embodiment shows system  10   d  as a customer service centre. Customer service centre  10   d  includes one or more customer service work stations  76  and a database server  78 . These are networked, using standard computer networking methods, allowing access to an internet gateway  82 , allowing communication via the internet  84  with energy saving devices  12  (only one of which is shown) and external systems  86 , such as a power management system of an electricity supply entity. 
     Database server  78  stores configuration data and historical power usage records, etc., for energy saving devices  12  with which it communicates. Customer service centre  10   d  may include computer facilities (not separately shown) hosting automated software to implement functions such as periodic data and status collection from energy saving devices  12 , detection of fault conditions or erroneous power consumption events and the generation of alerts to users, electricity supply company service personnel or emergency services, for example. 
     Customer service work stations  76  may run purpose-built software which allow customer service operators to communicate with users and with their energy saving devices  12 . 
     Customer service centre  10   d  may thus provide facilities which allow monitoring of energy saving devices  12  from a centralised location, such as a service centre for the electricity supply company. Optionally, customer service centre  10   d  may also provide facilities for control of energy saving devices  12 , and/or may provide value added facilities to users, typically in return for payment or other consideration. 
     In  FIG. 7 , each of energy saving devices  12  is linked by mains powerline carrier communications  57  to local control terminals or PCs, with a smart electricity meter  106  and internet gateway  82 , as well as optionally to other energy saving devices (peer-to-peer), to allow implementation of network-enabled facilities described below. 
     Mains power line carrier communication is standard technique applied to domestic, office, commercial, industrial and other environments. As shown in  FIG. 7 , applicable power line carrier networking technologies include (but are not limited to) X-10, Insteon, Echelon and so on. 
     As shown in  FIG. 7 , several energy saving devices  12 , each equipped with an integral mains power line carrier interface capability  57 , are interconnected via mains power line carrier bi-directional communications network  38 , with bi-directional mains power line carrier links providing communication facilities between the energy saving devices  12  and other devices. Energy saving devices  12  may be the same or different, as described elsewhere. 
     Other devices, as referred to below, may be connected to the network. A mains power line carrier interface  57  can allow a range of ancillary devices to communicate with the energy saving devices  12  via the power line carrier network  38 . This may be achieved by direct wired connection or by wireless connection to the gateway, for example, USB or RS-232, or via a secondary network such as Ethernet, Wifi or Bluetooth. Alternately, ancillary devices may incorporate their own integral mains power line carrier interface and connect directly to the main supply and power line carrier network  38 . 
     One of the connected devices may be local control and monitoring device  90 , which can provide user interface facilities. As indicated in  FIG. 7 , these can include an LCD display, a touch screen and keypad. Instead of a local control and monitoring device wired to the network, the monitoring device may be self-contained, such as a cell phone, a personal digital assistant (PDA) or a universal remote control, preferably including custom software to implement energy saving device monitoring and control functions. 
     Another device which may be included in the network is a third party system  102 . This may be represented by home automation, building management, audio visual control or other systems, which can permit the third party system  102  to monitor and, optionally, control energy saving devices  12 . 
     Another method of interfacing with energy saving devices  12  via mains power line carrier network  38  is through internet gateway  82 , providing access via any of the means provided by the internet  84 . In this way, users may remotely monitor and, optionally, control energy saving devices  12  from remote locations, including using devices such as a PC, PDA, cell phone or any other device  103  which provides suitable user interface facilities. 
     Internet gateway  82  and the internet  84  may also be used to access network  38  and energy saving devices  12  from a remote customer service centre  104 . Customer service centre and database  104  may be operated, for example, by the electricity supply company or by an independent energy management service provider. 
     A further device which may be connected to network  38  is smart electricity meter  106 . This can support local power line carrier communications within the premises in which network  38  is located and also provide a communications gateway to a wide area communications link, for example by wide area power lines communications, wireless network, cable network, etc., typically providing connection to a customer service centre and database  108  operated by the electricity supply company at its customer service centre. 
     The embodiment in  FIG. 8  shows a wireless network  110 , which is otherwise similar to network  38  in  FIG. 7 . Instead of mains power line carrier interface  57 , the  FIG. 8  embodiment has radio frequency interfaces  58 . Wireless radio frequency networking communication is a standard technique applied to domestic, office, commercial, industrial and other environments. In this embodiment, wireless radio frequency network  110  may link energy saving devices  12  with each other, with local control and monitoring devices  90 , with third party systems  102 , through Internet gateway  82  to the internet  84 , and via Internet  84  to user&#39;s PC, PDA or cell phone  103  or to a customer service centre and database  104 . 
     Examples of RF network  110  are shown in  FIG. 8  as LIPD, Zigbee, Z-Wave, Insteon, Bluetooth and Wifi but are not intended to be limiting. 
       FIG. 9  is a wired version of the networks in  FIGS. 7 and 8 . Each energy saving device  12  communicates with a wired communications interface  60 . 
     In  FIG. 9 , local communications interconnectivity is provided by wire network  112 . Wired networking communication is a standard technique applied to domestic, office, commercial, industrial and other environments. As indicated in  FIG. 9 , applicable wired networking technologies include RS-485 and CAN bus, but are not limited to those. 
     An embodiment of user interface of the invention will now be illustrated and described in connection with  FIG. 10 . In this embodiment, user interface  80   a  is in the form of a hand-held control and monitoring device. 
     In this embodiment, energy saving device  12  is linked to monitoring device  80   a  by communications interface  58  which in turn communicates with microcontroller  88 . 
     It is to be understood that user interface  80   a  could instead be replaced by a local device  90   a  which would be hard wired. 
     User interface  80   a  provides facilities for a user to monitor and control energy saving devices  12 . In this embodiment, user interface  80   a  also incorporates control features. Consequently, users can set operational parameters and settings to suit their particular electrical device configuration, usage habits and environment, in order to optimise energy saving capability and usability. 
     User interface  80   a  may take any suitable configuration. For example, it may be battery powered and in a hand-held form or it may be a wall mounted unit. 
     User interface  80   a  can include some or all of the following: LED indicators  64 , an LCD hosting a graphical user interface  91 , an LCD touch screen overlay  92 , push buttons  68  for control and menu navigation, a keypad  94  for data entry and a beeper  66  for user alert functions, key click, etc. 
     In this embodiment, user interface  80   a  is supported by battery  96 . Overall operation is controlled by microcontroller  88 , which, as stated above, connects to communications interface  58  for communication with energy saving devices  12  via networked or point-to-point communications as indicated in  FIG. 10 . 
       FIG. 11  shows a user interface  80   b  which is in some ways a simplified version of device  80   a  in  FIG. 10 . This is intended to be a low cost unit, to provide facilities for a user to monitor power consumption via beeper  66  and LEDs  64 . In this embodiment, a user may also control energy saving devices  12  through push button  68 . Push buttons  68  detect user key presses and, being powered by battery  96 , relay these to energy saving device  12  via infra-red or wireless radio frequency communications. 
     Referring now to  FIG. 12 , local control and sensing device  90   b  is similar to hand-held device  80   a  in  FIG. 10 , except that, being hard wired for both power and data, it omits battery  98 , keypad  94  and touch screen  92 . On the other hand, includes sensor  98  for infra-red and/or wireless radio frequency remote control sensing and user presence sensing. 
     Passive infra-red sensor (PIR)  100  is provided to sense the presence of users in the vicinity of device  90   b.    
     It will be appreciated by one skilled in the art that the system of the invention in its various embodiments offers a range of advantages which improve energy saving capabilities when compared to those of stand-alone energy saving devices. 
     For example, local monitoring via a device front panel, hand-held device, etc., allows a user to monitor power and energy usage from individual outlets, for management of energy consumption within the home or office environment. For instance, abnormal energy consumption from a particular outlet in the home could be indicative of an energy savings device with incorrect parameter settings or configuration, or the presence of a faulty or misused appliance. Once detected, this can be controlled by a user in an appropriate way. 
     Local control via a device front panel, hand-held device, etc., can allow a user to control and optimize energy savings function for individual outlets, e.g. by setting idle power threshold levels, “active standby” timeout periods, etc. This can allow users to maximize energy saving, whilst preserving maximum user convenience for particular equipment configurations and usage scenarios. 
     Networked device monitoring can allow the user to conveniently monitor power and energy usage from individual outlets from a networked control panel or hand held device, for optimization of energy saving device performance and management of energy consumption within the home. 
     Networked device control can allow the user to conveniently control and optimize energy savings function for individual outlets from a networked control panel or hand-held device, e.g. by setting idle power threshold levels, “active standby” timeout periods, etc. 
     Networked device monitoring from a centralized facility, e.g. an electricity utility or an agency set up specifically for the purpose, can allow customer service personnel or automated systems to monitor power and energy usage from individual outlets, for management of energy consumption within the home. 
     Networked device control from a centralised facility, e.g. an electricity utility or an agency set up specifically for the purpose, can allow customer service personnel or automated systems to control and optimize energy savings function for individual outlets, e.g. by setting idle power threshold levels, “active standby” timeout periods, time-of-day usage based on tariffs, etc. 
     Networked device monitoring can allow abnormal usage such as excessive power consumption from particular GPOs in a home, office, or other environment, e.g. due to use of a portable heater. This can permit alerting of supervisory personnel regarding the abnormal energy usage. 
     Networked device monitoring can allow fault conditions, e.g. cessation of power consumption by a refrigerator or unexpected power usage by an unused appliance to be alerted to a user, e.g. via EMAIL, SMS etc. 
     Networked device monitoring can allow detection of unexpected unplugging of devices which may occur during theft, unauthorized access or usage, etc. 
     Networked device monitoring and control can allow the user to program energy saving devices with usage lockout functions, e.g. by time of day/day of week, usage duty cycle, usage allocation limit within time window, etc. This could be used to prevent excessive energy usage by devices such as televisions, PC&#39;s computer games, etc., as well as enhancing parental control of the use of these devices. 
     In summary, the system of the invention can allow a range of facilities to be implemented, from locally wire-connected, local wirelessly-connected, locally networked or remotely networked control facility: a. User monitoring of power and energy usage from individual outlets, for management of energy consumption within the home or office environment. For example, abnormal energy consumption from a particular outlet in the home could be indicative of an energy savings device with incorrect parameter settings or configuration; or the presence of a faulty or misused appliance. b. Optimization of energy savings for particular installations, mains powered equipment types and usage scenarios, by allowing the adjustment of a wide range of energy saving device operating parameters, including but not limited to power thresholds for mode discrimination, voltage and current sampling rates, power fluctuation filter time constants, data averaging periods, decision timeouts, over and under voltage trip thresholds, over-current trip threshold and any other parameter used by the energy saving device&#39;s energy saving algorithm. c. User control to optimize energy savings function for individual outlets, e.g. by setting idle power threshold levels, “active standby” timeout periods, etc. This will allow users to maximize energy saving, whilst preserving maximum user convenience for particular equipment configurations and usage scenarios. d. Customer service personnel or automated systems are able to monitor power and energy usage from individual outlets, for management of energy consumption within the home. e. Customer service personnel or automated systems are able to control and optimize energy savings function for individual outlets, e.g., by setting idle power threshold levels, “active standby” timeout periods, time-of-day usage based on tariffs etc. f. Detection and remediation of abnormal usage such as excessive power consumption from particular GPOs in a home, office, or other environment, e.g., due to use of a portable heater. Allows alerting of supervisory personnel regarding the abnormal energy usage. g. Detection and reporting fault conditions, e.g., cessation of power consumption by a refrigerator or unexpected power usage by an unused appliance, and alert user, e.g., via EMAIL, SMS etc. h. Detection of unexpected unplugging of devices which may occur during theft, unauthorized access or usage etc. i. Programming of energy saving devices with usage lockout functions, e.g., by time of day/day of week, usage duty cycle, usage allocation limit within time window etc. This could be used to prevent excessive energy usage by devices such as televisions, PCs computer games etc., as well as enhancing parental control of the use of these devices. j. Selective load shedding, e.g., in case of electricity supply restrictions arising from faults or extreme weather conditions. 
     Although the invention has been herein shown and described in what is conceived to be the most practical and preferred embodiments, it is recognised that departures can be made within the scope of the invention, which is not to be limited to the details described herein but is to be accorded the full scope of the disclosure so as to embrace any and all equivalent devices and apparatus.