Patent Publication Number: US-2023160636-A1

Title: Rotary kiln brick layer thermal monitoring systems

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This patent application is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 17/017,345 filed Sep. 10, 2020, which claims priority to U.S. Provisional Application No. 62/898,897 filed Sep. 11, 2019, which applications are incorporated herein by specific reference in their entirety. 
    
    
     BACKGROUND 
     Field 
     The present invention relates to systems and methods for monitoring temperatures of refractory brick in a rotary kiln in order to model the refractory brick layer in the kiln. The systems and methods can determine the thickness of the brick layer based on historical IR data of the kiln, and determine the rate of change of the thickness of each brick in the brick layer. In some aspects, the present invention relates to modeling the brick layer in order to determine a number of days of operation before a maintenance shutdown is needed to repair the refractory brick. In some aspects, the present invention relates to infrared imaging systems and methods for detecting temperature variations at defined locations of a rotary kiln, which correlate radially to a particular refractory brick. 
     Description of Related Art 
     Generally, it is problematic to have a cement kiln with hot spots that exceed allowable temperatures, even if for short durations. The hot spots cause degradation of the kiln, which requires periodic shut down for maintenance and repair. These kilns are large structures (e.g., 4-5 m diameter, 60-90 m length) and process a large amount of cement. As such, a shutdown is significantly costly due to costs to fix the kiln and the lost profits. 
     The kilns operate at significantly elevated temperatures of 800-1000° C., where the hottest location can be the bottom end from which the processed cement exits. However, temperatures can spike in discrete locations where brick may be prematurely degrading compared to other areas. The increased temperatures can cause the brick in the discrete locations to warp, drop, and/or disintegrate at the hotspots further exacerbating the problem. 
     An example configuration of a kiln can include a tube formed of a steel casing that houses an internal lining of brick. Support rollers hold a tyre ring that is separated from the steel casing by blocks that are spaced apart from each other so that gaps are present between the tyre and blocks. The blocks can create areas where thermal dissipation from the steel casing may be limited due to thermal insulation or reduced thermal dissipation caused by covering the steel casing in the regions having the blocks. Additionally, the tyre circumferentially encloses the region of the steel casing having the blocks and gaps therebetween so that heat dissipation is further inhibited at the block region and constricts heat flow at the gaps by limiting heat dissipation to the openings on each end of the gap. The tyre assembly also inhibits thermal monitoring of the steel casing and internal brick at the region underneath the tyre and blocks. As a result, the internal brick under the tyre assembly may have undetectable thermal spikes that are unacceptable. Such thermal spikes can indicate a problem with the brick layer. 
     Therefore, it would be advantageous to be able to detect temperature and undesirable temperature deviations of a rotary kiln and determine condition of a brick. 
     SUMMARY 
     In some embodiments, a system for monitoring brick in a rotary kiln can include at least one infrared imaging sensor and a computing system operably coupled with the at least one infrared imaging sensor. The computing system is configured to perform a brick monitoring protocol. The system can be configured to obtain a digital model of a brick layer of a rotary kiln having a plurality of bricks, where the digital model of the brick layer is based on a measured brick thickness correlated with a measured infrared temperature for each brick. Infrared data of the rotary kiln is obtained with the at least one infrared imaging sensor. The measured infrared temperature is determined for each brick. A brick thickness of a first brick in the brick layer of the rotary kiln is determined based on the measured infrared temperature assigned to the first brick with the digital model of the brick layer. The system provides the brick thickness of the first brick in a brick thickness report. 
     In some embodiments, the computing system is configured to obtain the infrared data of the rotary kiln for a full rotation. A planar brick layer model of the brick layer of the rotary kiln is obtained, where the flat brick layer model is based on an opening and planarizing of a cylindrical digital model of the brick layer of the rotary kiln. The system can be configured for mapping the infrared data to the planar brick layer model in order to obtain an updated planar brick layer model with an updated correlation between a measured infrared temperature and estimated brick thickness. 
     In some embodiments, the digital model of the brick layer of the rotary kiln is based on a measured brick having a maximum thickness correlated to an initial steady state operational infrared temperature and having a minimum thickness correlated to a final steady state operational infrared temperature. 
     In some embodiments, the digital model of the brick layer of the rotary kiln is based on a historical period of infrared temperature readings of the rotary kiln, with each rotation of the rotary kiln providing infrared temperature data for updating the planar brick layer model in real time. 
     In some embodiments, the computing system is configured to: (a) receiving a first infrared data signature for a rotary kiln; (b) creating input vectors based on the infrared data signature; (c) inputting the input vectors into a machine learning platform having the digital model of a brick layer of a rotary kiln; (d) generating a predicted brick thickness of the first brick of the rotary kiln based on the input vectors by the machine learning platform, wherein the predicted brick thickness is specific to the first brick of the rotary kiln; and (e) preparing a report that includes the predicted brick thickness for the first brick in the brick layer of the rotary kiln. In some aspects, the system can be configured for performing steps (a)— (e) for each brick in the brick layer of the rotary kiln. 
     In some embodiments, the brick thickness report includes display data for displaying an image of the planar brick layer model on a display device. The planar brick layer model image includes one or more first regions marked as having a first thickness range and one or more second regions marked as having a second thickness range that is different from the first thickness range. In some aspects, the display data is for displaying a visual interface having the image of the planar brick layer model with a scale associated therewith. The scale can be coordinated with the marked one or more first regions and with the marked one or more second regions. The scale provides a visual indicator of relative thickness of bricks. In some aspects, the display data for displaying the image of the planar brick layer model is a three dimensional planar model showing the one or more first regions being thicker than the one or more second regions. In some aspects, the image of the planar brick layer model is updated in real time based on real time measured infrared temperature. 
     In some embodiments, the display data is for displaying a visual interface having the image of the planar brick layer model with a scale associated therewith. The scale is coordinated with the marked one or more first regions and with the marked one or more second regions. The scale provides a visual indicator of rate of change of relative thickness of bricks for a defined time period. In some aspects, the computing system is configured to: obtain a first estimated brick thickness based on a first measurement of infrared temperature data at a first time point; obtain a second estimated brick thickness based on a second measurement of infrared temperature data at a second time point; and determine a rate of change of brick thickness from the first estimated brick thickness to the second estimated brick thickness between the first time point and the second time point. 
     In some embodiments, the display data is for displaying a visual interface having the image of the planar brick layer model with a scale associated therewith. The scale is coordinated with the marked one or more first regions and with the marked one or more second regions. The scale provides a visual indicator of an estimated number of operation days of the rotary kiln based on the brick thickness and rate of change of relative thickness of bricks in the brick layer. In some aspects, the computing system is configured to: obtain an estimated minimum brick thickness for a plurality of bricks; obtain a real time estimated brick thickness for the plurality of bricks; determine a rate of change of brick thickness; and estimate number of days until reaching the minimum brick thickness based on the real time estimated brick thickness and the rate of change of brick thickness. 
     In some embodiments, the computing system is configured to: obtain at least one baseline infrared image of a fixed field of view of the rotary kiln; analyze all pixels in the fixed field of view of the at least one baseline infrared image for each pixel temperature; determine an acceptable temperature range for each pixel in the fixed field of view; obtain at least one subsequent infrared image of the fixed field of view of the rotary kiln; determine the temperature for all pixels in the fixed field of view of the at least one subsequent infrared image; and determine whether the temperature for each pixel in the at least one subsequent infrared image is within the acceptable temperature range. When the temperature is within the acceptable range, the system can mark the pixel as normal. When the temperature is greater than the acceptable range, the system can mark the pixel as abnormal. When normal, the system can continue monitoring the brick. The system can generate an alert when a pixel is marked as abnormal and having a temperature outside of the acceptable temperature range in the fixed field of view. 
     In some embodiments, the computing system is configured to compare the temperature of each pixel with the digital model to correlate pixel temperatures with brick thickness. An estimated brick thickness is determined based on the temperature of each pixel. The system is configured to generate and provide a report on the brick thickness of the bricks in the brick layer of the kiln. 
     In some embodiments, the computing system is configured to map each pixel with a defined brick in the brick layer of the rotary kiln. A real time temperature of each brick is monitored. Rapid changes in brick temperature of at least one brick is determined compared to any change in brick temperature of surrounding brick. For example, the brick temperature being above a brick temperature threshold can be from a rapid change in brick temperature. The system is configured to determine a defective brick or brick dropout at the at least one brick. 
     In some embodiments, a cooling system is operably coupled with the computing system, wherein the computing system includes computer executable instructions for controlling the cooling system based on temperature data of the rotary kiln obtained from the at least one infrared imaging sensor. The computing system is configured to determine at least one brick of the brick layer having a parameter beyond a parameter threshold, wherein the parameter threshold is absolute thickness of a brick, relative thickness of a brick, rate of change of thickness of a brick, or estimated production days remaining for the brick. The system is configured for controlling the cooling system to spray targeted water onto a surface of the rotary kiln associated with the at least one brick. The sprayer controller is configured to: determine a spraying protocol to cool the surface of the rotary kiln associated with the at least one brick; implement the spraying protocol to cool the surface of the rotary kiln associated with the at least one brick; obtain cooled temperature data for the surface of the rotary kiln associated with the at least one brick; and determine whether a cooled temperature is within or greater than the acceptable range. When the cooled temperature is within the acceptable range, the system can terminate the spraying protocol. When the cooled temperature is greater than the acceptable range, the system can continue the spraying protocol. 
     In some embodiments, the brick thickness report includes display data for displaying information regarding: a reduction in the rate of change of brick thickness; maintaining estimated production days remaining for a brick; or increase in estimated production days remaining for a brick. 
     In some embodiments, a method for monitoring brick in a rotary kiln can include: providing a system having at least one infrared imaging sensor and a computing system operably coupled with the at least one infrared imaging sensor; obtaining a digital model of a brick layer of a rotary kiln having a plurality of bricks, wherein the digital model of the brick layer is based on a measured brick thickness correlated with a measured infrared temperature for each brick; obtaining infrared data of the rotary kiln with the at least one infrared imaging sensor; determining the measured infrared temperature for each brick; determining a brick thickness of a first brick in the brick layer of the rotary kiln based on the measured infrared temperature assigned to the first brick with the digital model of the brick layer; and providing the brick thickness of the first brick in a brick thickness report. 
     The foregoing summary is illustrative only and is not intended to be in any way limiting. In addition to the illustrative aspects, embodiments, and features described above, further aspects, embodiments, and features will become apparent by reference to the drawings and the following detailed description. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES 
       The foregoing and following information as well as other features of this disclosure will become more fully apparent from the following description and appended claims, taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings. Understanding that these drawings depict only several embodiments in accordance with the disclosure and are, therefore, not to be considered limiting of its scope, the disclosure will be described with additional specificity and detail through use of the accompanying drawings. 
         FIG.  1    includes a schematic diagram for a system for monitoring a rotary kiln with a set of infrared imaging sensors and a cooling system for cooling hotspots or hot regions of the rotary kiln. 
         FIG.  1 A  shows a cross-sectional side view of a portion of the tyre system, so as to show the gap between the tyre ring, tyre blocks, and gap surface. 
         FIG.  1 B  shows a top view of the tyre gap with an imaging system. 
         FIG.  1 C  shows a cross-sectional view of a kiln with a temperature monitoring and control system. 
         FIG.  1 D  shows a top view of the tyre gap with a cooling system. 
         FIGS.  2 - 2 A  show a graphical user interface for monitoring images obtained from the imaging sensors. 
         FIG.  3    is a flow chart of a process of one exemplary embodiment of the methods for detecting hotspots that can be performed by the embodiments of the systems disclosed herein. 
         FIG.  4    is a flowchart of a process of one exemplary embodiment of a method for determining temperature values for pixels in an infrared image that can be performed by the embodiments of the systems disclosed herein. 
         FIG.  4 A  is a flowchart of a process for generating a historical variation map. 
         FIG.  4 B  includes a flowchart of a process of generating a category map for the variation in temperatures for each pixel. 
         FIG.  4 C  includes a flowchart of a process of generating an alert or cooling command based on an abnormal region of pixels that are identified as being a hotspot region. 
         FIG.  5 A  illustrates a method of detecting a hotspot. 
         FIG.  5 B  shows another method for detecting hotspots. 
         FIG.  5 C  shows another method for determining regions devoid of hotspots and regions having hotspots. 
         FIG.  6    shows an example computing device (e.g., a computer) that may be arranged in some embodiments to perform the methods (or portions thereof) described herein. 
         FIG.  7    illustrates a method of cooling a hotspot. 
         FIG.  7 A  illustrates a method of activating a sprayer to cool a hotspot. 
         FIG.  8    includes a schematic representation of a cooling system that can be used and controlled by an IR monitoring system. 
         FIG.  9    includes a schematic representation of an imaging sensor that has a cooling housing. 
         FIG.  10 A  shows a schematic representation of a planar model of a rotary kiln. 
         FIG.  10 B  shows a schematic representation of 3D models of components of the rotary kiln. 
         FIG.  10 C  shows a schematic representation of a 3D model of the assembled rotary kiln. 
         FIG.  10 D  shows a schematic representation of a flat model of the rotary kiln being separated into a flat casing layer and a flat brick layer. 
         FIG.  11 A  shows a schematic representation of cylindrical IR data being unrolled into flat IR data for each rotation of the kiln being one flat data block, which can be stacked into a historical data block. 
         FIG.  11 B  shows a schematic representation of a graphical user interface showing the flat brick model and thickness scale. 
         FIG.  11 C  shows a schematic representation of a graphical user interface showing a rate of change percentage of the bricks in the brick flat brick model. 
         FIG.  11 D  shows a schematic representation of a graphical user interface showing an estimated number of production days remaining for the bricks in the brick flat brick model before maintenance may be needed. 
         FIG.  12    shows a schematic representation of a graphical user interface showing a single brick dropout event and corresponding alert. 
     
    
    
     The features of the figures can be arranged in accordance with at least one of the embodiments described herein, and which arrangement may be modified in accordance with the disclosure provided herein by one of ordinary skill in the art. 
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     In the following detailed description, reference is made to the accompanying drawings, which form a part hereof. In the drawings, similar symbols typically identify similar components, unless context dictates otherwise. The illustrative embodiments described in the detailed description, drawings, and claims are not meant to be limiting. Other embodiments may be utilized, and other changes may be made, without departing from the spirit or scope of the subject matter presented herein. It will be readily understood that the aspects of the present disclosure, as generally described herein, and illustrated in the figures, can be arranged, substituted, combined, separated, and designed in a wide variety of different configurations, all of which are explicitly contemplated herein. 
     Generally, the present technology provides a system and method for detecting temperatures and temperature variations of discrete locations of a rotary kiln, especially in difficult surfaces to measure (e.g., between tyre blocks), and determining refractory brick temperature and/or brick thickness. The system can include at least one infrared imaging sensor and an imaging analysis computer (e.g., computing system) operably coupled with the at least one infrared imaging sensor. The imaging analysis computer can be configured to control any infrared imaging sensor and acquire infrared images therefrom at any reasonable rate and in any duration. The imaging analysis computer can be configured to analyze the infrared images in order to detect temperatures and temperature variations, as well as predict internal temperatures of the brick layer of the rotary kiln, which brick temperatures can be correlated to brick thickness. This can be done for discrete locations of the kiln that are tracked as the kiln rotates, where the entire kiln may be monitored. 
     The imaging analysis computer can be configured to obtain kiln surface temperatures and use the temperatures with a refractory brick layer model in order to determine temperature of the refractory brick. The temperature of the kiln surface can also be correlated to a thickness of the refractory brick. For example, a temperature of a brick can be determined for a brick thickness at initial operation or steady-state operation during early usage. The temperature of that brick can be monitored throughout the duration of operation until a shutdown, which may be due to this brick or another brick. The thickness of the brick can be measured after shutdown, which thickness is compared to the temperature of that brick prior to the shutdown. This gives two points from which to interpolate and/or extrapolate brick thickness from temperature measurements with the IR system. This temperature to brick thickness correlation can be used to track brick thickness throughout the operation from startup to shutdown for a rotary kiln. 
     The brick thickness can also be used to determine a rate of change of the brick thickness based on sequential infrared images (e.g., temperatures) compared to historical temperatures. The thickness of the brick over time can be used to interpolate or extrapolate the rate of change of the brick thickness. This provides a real-time tracking of the rate of change of the brick thickness, for each brick. The rate of change can then be used to estimate the remaining lifetime of each brick. That is, the rate of change in real time can be used to determine the amount of operational life left until reaching a minimum thickness or other end of life indicator of the brick. The amount of operational time left can be used to estimate a shutdown date for maintenance to repair the brick layer. So, a first brick that becomes too thin can be tracked and used to predict the time date to shutdown for maintenance, and the time period between measurement and predicted shutdown is the number of operational days left for the rotary kiln. 
     The imaging analysis computer can be configured to detect temperatures on a surface of a kiln casing in the gap underneath the tyre where it has been traditionally difficult to detect such temperatures from directional IR camera image images. That is, each gap under the tyre can be monitored as the kiln rotates. The temperatures of the exposed surfaces of the kiln casing and hidden or covered surfaces of the kiln casing can be recorded and used to determine whether there are any hotspots or pixels with temperature spikes. The hotspots can be tracked as the kiln rotates by comparing hotspot pixels from one image to the next image in a sequence, where the sequence can be analyzed to track movement across a field of view (FOV). The hotspots can be correlated with specific brick, and the specific brick thickness thereof. 
     Also, the system can include a water sprayer cooling system that can be operably controlled by the same computing system that includes the imaging analysis computer. In some instances, a computer is both the imaging analysis computer and cooling system controller. In other instances, a PCL or controller area network bus (CAN bus) control module can be used as a controller. As such, the temperature data can be analyzed to determine operation and spraying protocols for spraying water on the kiln casing and under the tyre in the gaps between the tyre blocks. The system can monitor temperatures of each individual gap in order to determine whether or not the water sprayer cooling system is effectively cooling and/or control the cooling system to maintain the desired temperature profile around and under a tyre assembly. 
     In some embodiments, the system can include IR cameras of a monitoring system on one side of the rotary kiln and a water spray cooling system on the other side of the rotary kiln. That is, for a round cross-sectional area, the cameras and water sprayers are on opposite sides. Also, the cameras can be located outside of a steam/vapor region so that steam generated from vaporization of the sprayed water does not impede temperature monitoring. That is, the cameras and sprayers are positioned so that none of the vapor generated by the water spray passes between the camera and the kiln. 
     In some embodiments, the temperature monitoring and cooling systems can be provided to industrial plants with rotary kilns or other rotating equipment that may need temperature monitoring and cooling. Such other rotating equipment may or may not include components or regions that are difficult to reach, which may be similar to the tyre assembly of the rotary kiln. The systems can be adapted for IR imaging in difficult to view regions, and selective water spray configurations that do not result in vapor that inhibits IR imaging and temperature analysis. In some aspects, the sprayed water can be vapor when sprayed from the nozzle or be converted to vapor during transit from the nozzle to surface of kiln, where the high temperatures of the kiln heat the water spray to form a vapor spray. As a result, at least a portion or the entirety of the water contacting the surface of the kiln is vapor. The vapor is cooler than the temperature of the kiln, and thereby still cools the hotspots. Cooling the hotspot can cool the brick, which can reduce the degradation rate of the brick. 
     In some embodiments, the systems are provided with service plans so that the equipment is installed and maintained by a service provider. The service plans can include the automated controllers that analyze the image data and/or provide the cooling instructions. The service plans can also include software for the temperature monitoring, brick monitoring, and/or cooling. The service plans can include transmittal of data to the service provider for monitoring the temperatures (e.g., hotspots), brick parameters, and cooling system operation. The service plans can include automation of the systems and providing graphical information about such operations of the system via display screens for operators to use. The service plan can include real time monitoring of all equipment operation and correct function. While the system may operation autonomously, the system can be monitored and manually operated whether by an operator on site or remotely by the service provider. 
     The systems can provide improvements in monitoring under the tyre assembly (e.g., live rings and components thereof) by using the IR cameras aimed into the gaps between the tyre blocks to view surfaces under the tyre assembly. This allows the system to capture IR images of the gaps for detection of temperature and temperature changes under the tyre assembly. The cooling system can also spray water into the tyre gaps for improved cooling and temperature regulation under the tyre assembly. The appropriate placement of IR cameras and spray nozzles can provide improved imaging and cooling without compromising temperature monitoring functions. A network of IR cameras and a network of spray nozzles can be configured and arranged for complete coverage of a tyre assembly, and possibly an entire kiln. In some aspects, the spray nozzles can be formed in a line that are linearly arranged along the length of the kiln, and placed in a density such that the entire length of the kiln can be sprayed by the spray system. 
     The systems can provide for improved detection of hotspots under the tyre assembly by placement of the IR cameras, such as along a longitudinal axis of the kiln or of a tyre gap. The IR cameras can include an optical axis aligned with the longitudinal axis of the kiln; however, the optical axis can be at an angle, such as from 1 degree to 45 degrees relative to the longitudinal axis, or 5-30 degrees, or 10-20 degrees. The alignment is made so that the IR camera views a sufficient region of the surface under the tyre ring. 
     The IR data can be analyzed for temperature monitoring and brick analysis in real time. The real time functionality allows for monitoring refractory brick wall thickness, such as by computations of brick wall thickness based on temperature profiles from the IR images. Changes in temperature in select regions, such as hotspots, can indicate a thinning of the refractory brick wall, which can be for each brick in the wall. The data can be analyzed so that a model of the refractory brick wall (e.g., each brick) is obtained and updated in real time. The system can also use the calculations and model to determine the current brick wall thickness or integrity as well as make predictions in future brick wall thickness or predict rate of degradation of the refractory wall or specific locations thereof, whether or not associated with a hotspot. This provides a history based prediction of both possible temperatures and possible changes to the refractory brick wall, which can allow for forecasting a temperature profile and/or brick thickness profile at future timepoints, such as one or more days in the future, one or more weeks in the future, or one or more months in the future. This can be helpful for maintenance planning. 
     Changes in temperature can result in alerts being provided as well as automatic operation of the water spray cooling system, such as onto hotspots. This can reduce hotspots, and may eliminate some hotspots or at least keep the temperature controlled to a desirable temperature. This can result in reducing the number of shutdown and startup cycles related to kiln maintenance due to brick degradation at the hotspot. 
     In some embodiments, the monitoring system can be an infrared monitoring system. The monitoring system can include a thermal imaging device (for example, an infrared (IR) imaging device) and a processor that are collectively configured to monitor and detect rotary kiln surface temperatures at discrete locations, especially surfaces or areas of the kiln under the tyre assembly (e.g., in the gaps between the tyre blocks). In some embodiments, the monitoring system may monitor a fixed field of view (FOV) to detect temperatures on rotating hard surfaces, and to detect temperatures under the rotating tyre assembly by tracking each individual tyre block and/or tyre gap. If a temperature spike is detected, the system is configured to alert a user to the presence of the temperature spike (or a potential kiln brick degradation region). For example, the alarm can be provided by actuating an indicator (e.g., a visual alarm or an audio alarm) and/or by communicating to one or more users via an electronic communication channel (e.g., text message, email, telephone call, etc.). In some embodiments, an IR monitoring system (or at least an IR detector sensor or device) may be positioned to view under the tyre into the tyre gaps, such as from each side of the tyre by viewing into both open ends of the tyre gaps. 
     In some embodiments, the alert can be tied to the cooling system, such that the cooling system is activated to initiate a cooling protocol upon the conditions being met to generate the alert. The alert may be provided by activation of the cooling system, or vice versa. 
     In some embodiments, an IR monitoring system may be used to detect whether or not a cooling system is being effective, for example, by monitoring specific regions being selectively cooled by a water spray cooling system, such as a specific tyre gap associated with a hotspot. The information can be used to modulate operation of the cooling system, such as in real time, to actively cool one or more discrete location of the kiln surface, which in turn can cool the underlying brick. 
     In some embodiments, a process (or a system) may start with a baseline IR image of the monitored field-of-view (FOV) that includes a rotating tyre assembly. There may be a base line image for each rotational position of the kiln, so that each discrete location (e.g., each brick) of the kiln may be monitored during the rotation. This allows for the same discrete location to be monitored per rotation for brick tracking purposes. For example, the IR camera can be aligned with a longitudinal axis of the kiln casing so that the FOV includes the gap, such as the surfaces of the steel casing, tyre blocks and tyre that define the gap. The IR camera is stationary and images the gaps as they rotate by, and thereby each gap can be identified and tracked (e.g., with a gap number) per rotation and during the rotation through the FOV. The process may analyze all pixels in the FOV for changes from the baseline image to a subsequent image in order to detect temperatures in real time. The pixels of IR data are analyzed so that a brick or brick region identified as a hotspot can be monitored so that a discrete location of the kiln can be monitored as it rotates and the hotspot/brick moves across the pixels. 
     Accordingly, the IR imaging system monitors temperatures in real time; however, it should be recognized that this temperature difference variation may be different in different ambient conditions, different geographical locations, different humidity, or different times of the day, month, season or year. Also, each pixel is well characterized for the rotating kiln so that each pixel corresponds with a specific region (e.g., specific brick or group of bricks) of the rotating kiln, such as each pixel being related to surface data for a surface of the rotary kiln in the pixel for the specific instance the pixel was obtained. In an ideal scenario, each brick can be represented by one or more pixels. By collecting a series of images as the kiln rotates, the entirety of the kiln can be mapped and monitored for hotspots in real time. The well characterized pixel can have a range of suitable pixel values for each region of the casing that corresponds with that pixel when there is no hotspot at that casing region, so that the presence of a hotspot or temperature spike shows a significantly different pixel value when that hotspot or temperature spike is imaged by that pixel. This allows the rotation to be taken into account for temperature monitoring and brick analysis. 
       FIG.  1    includes a schematic diagram for a system  100  for monitoring a rotary kiln  102  with a set of infrared imaging sensors  104  arranged for monitoring external kiln surfaces  106 , such as tyre gap surfaces  108 . The infrared imaging sensors  104  can be located relative to the tyre gaps  110 , so as to view into the tyre gaps  110  (e.g., under the tyre ring  126 ) from each tyre gap opening  112 , which can cover a large percentage of the tyre gap surface  108 , such as 100%, 95%, 90%, 80%, 75%, 50%, 40%, 25% or the like. The system  100  also includes an image analysis computer  114  operably coupled to the set of infrared imaging sensors  104  through a network  116  (e.g., wired, wireless, optical or any network) represented by the dashed box. This allows for the infrared imaging sensors  104  to send infrared image data over the network  116  to the image analysis computer  114  for analysis. 
     Generally, the kiln  102  can include the kiln casing  120  housing the brick lining  122 , which includes the brick. The tyre assembly  124  can include the tyre ring  126  and tyre blocks  128  that define the tyre gaps  110 . The gap surface  108  can include a region of the kiln surface  106  and the side surfaces of the tyre blocks  128 , and optionally an under surface of the tyre ring  126 . However, the imaging sensors  104  may preferentially view the surfaces of the casing  120  and tyre blocks  128  because hotspots are more likely under these features, where the inner surface of the tyre ring  126  may not need to be monitored because it is unlikely for any hotspots to be in the tyre ring  126 . The tyre ring  126  can be held by support rollers  130 . 
     While  FIG.  1    shows four imaging sensors  104  positioned in the environment around the kiln  102 , the number of imaging sensors  104  included in the disclosed systems and/or operated in the disclosed methods may vary per embodiment. In some aspects, it may be desirable to achieve 360° coverage of the components of the kiln  102  on any external surface  106  or in various locations to monitor the gaps  110  as well as the gap surfaces  108 . In some aspects, systems  100  can include two imaging sensors, which can include one on each side of the tyre assembly  126 , each aiming at a gap opening  112  of the gaps  110  as they rotate through the FOV. However, each kiln  102  can include 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10 or more infrared imaging sensors  104  positioned around the kiln  102 . It may be desirable to position a first set of imaging sensors  104  to provide coverage of a first area, and a second set of imaging sensors  104  to provide coverage for a second area. Depending on the length or height of the components being monitored, the number of imaging sensors  104  employed in various embodiments can vary substantially. In some embodiments, at least 80% surface area of kiln is monitored with IR FOV, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or about 100% coverage of the kiln surface (excluding under tyre). 
     The imaging sensors  104  can be any infrared sensor. For example, the imaging sensor can be a long wave IR thermal machine vision camera (e.g., FLIR A615), which can include streaming an image frequency of 50 Hz (100/200 Hz) with windowing, an uncooled microbolometer, 640×480 pixels, 17 micron detector pitch, 8 ms detector time constant, and operational temperature over −20 to 150° C. The infrared imaging sensor can produce radiometric images with radiometric data for each pixel. In some aspects, the infrared imaging sensor can detect temperature differences as small as 50 mK, which provides accuracy even at longer distances. The infrared imaging sensor can provide 16 bit temperature linear output. The imaging sensor can provide the radiometric data as or about 307,200 pixels in infrared images with embedded temperature readings with the radiometric images. The imaging sensors  104  may include a weatherproof housing (e.g., wind and/or rain tight), which may be configured as spark proof or explosion proof housing. As such, the housing of the shown image sensors may be configured to be explosion proof as known in the art. The housing can include any of a solid anti-corroding aluminum construction, epoxy polyester powder paint, germanium window, dust proof, water proof, explosion proof, and optionally with a heater and/or cooler, TEC or fluid cooling system. 
     The housing can also be a fluid cooled housing (e.g.,  FIG.  9   ) in order to regulate the temperature of the IR camera. While an example of an uncooled IR camera has been used, it should be recognized that the IR camera can include a cooling system that actively cools the camera. 
     In some aspects, the radiometric data/images from the infrared sensor (e.g., radiometric IR camera) produces at least 16 bits of infrared data per pixel. These radiometric data/images can be used by the imaging analysis computer by reading or recording the ‘count’ data (e.g., 16 bits) for each pixel, which when converted represents the thermal temperature of the pixel. This feature of using radiometric data/images provides more information for the present invention compared to IR images that are just JPEG images (e.g., non-radiometric data) from IR cameras that don&#39;t contain any thermal data and instead rely on image comparisons to detect change. 
     In some embodiments, discussion of images or infrared images is considered to be radiometric digital data from an IR camera so that the algorithms process the radiometric digital data. The use of radiometry can use temperature measurement data for each pixel, where the radiometric measurements can be used for reading the intensity of thermal radiation, which can be used for temperature determination for each pixel. The radiometric thermal data for each pixel with pixel values correspond to the temperature of the scene. The radiometric data provides a precise temperature, which allows for external scene parameters to be compensated for emissivity (e.g., a measure of the efficiency of a surface to emit thermal energy relative to a perfect black body source) and window transmission to more accurately determine temperature. The user (or imaging analysis computer) may obtain temperature data from the radiometric data, as well as maximum temperatures, minimum temperatures, and standard deviations for user-defined regions (points of interest) for one or more pixels or a plurality of pixels. 
     Some radiometric IR cameras have the ability to compensate for variations in camera temperature. This allows operators of the systems to receive output from the radiometric IR cameras that has been stabilized and normalized, resulting in temperature-stable images or video. As a result, a scene with a given temperature can correspond to a certain digital value in the image or video, independent of the camera&#39;s temperature. In some aspects, it can be important to distinguish temperature measurements as surface infrared measurements because radiometric measurements can measure surface temperatures. Metals, and organic material (like people), are usually completely opaque, and radiometric measurements can be able to resolve their surface temperature. Remote temperature sensing of a surface with IR imaging relies on the ability to accurately compensate for surface characteristics, atmospheric interference, and the imaging system itself. The surface characteristics that influence temperature measurement are surface emissivity and reflectivity at the infrared spectral wavelengths, which can be considered in the algorithms and data processing described herein. 
     In some embodiments, the IR camera can be an FLIR A615 model with a 25 degree lens, or A615 FOV calculator. The IR camera can be positioned about 15 meters away from the surface of the rotating kiln, which can be at any angle relative to a tyre gap, and preferably at least one IR camera or two IR cameras with an optical axis aligned with the kiln, such as aligned with a tyre gap to view therethrough, such as shown in  FIGS.  1 A- 1 B . The A615 model can have 640×480 pixels, a close focus of 0.25 m and a hyperfocal distances of 20.55 m. Accordingly, the type of IR camera can vary. Also, the IR camera can be actively cooled by including an internal cooling system. Additionally, a cooling housing ( FIG.  9   ) can be used for the IR camera so that the camera can be cooled. The active cooling allows for closer placement of the IR camera to the kiln, which can in turn provide advantages for monitoring temperatures under the tyre assembly as well as for controlling a cooling system that is adapted to spray water onto the kiln for active cooling of the kiln. 
     In some aspects, the imaging sensors  104  may be infrared imaging sensors that provide radiometric data/images. Infrared imaging sensors may capture wavelengths of light between at least 700 nanometers to 1 millimeter, and indicate the captured wavelengths in digital image information transmitted over the network  116  to the image analysis computer  114 . Upon receiving the digital image information from the imaging sensors  104 , the image analysis computer  114  may analyze the image information to determine temperature information for each pixel in the digital image. An operator of the system  100  may establish one or more warning levels or alert levels for one or more regions of interest (e.g., one or more pixels or combinations of adjacent pixels) within the digital image information of the digital images. The image analysis computer  114  may generate one or more warnings and/or alerts if the established alerting levels (e.g., threshold temperatures) are exceeded. This may enable an operator to identify problems with the operation of the rotary kiln  102 , such as a hotspot in the brick layer, earlier than previously possible, resulting in less damage to the kiln  102  because the temperatures can be used to control a kiln cooling system that can be used to spray water selectively on hotspots. Identifying hotspots for selective cooling can be economically beneficial to the entity operating the kiln  102 . 
       FIG.  1    also shows a cooling system  140  that includes a water source  142 , a water conduit  144 , a valve  146 , and a nozzle  148 . However, it should be recognized that the valve  146  can be at any location on the conduit  144 , such as closer to the cooling system  140  so that there is a length of conduit between the valve  146  (e.g., solenoid) and the nozzle ( 140   a ). The cooling system  140  can be operably coupled with the imaging analysis computer  114  or a specific cooling system controller  150  (e.g., computing system  600 ,  FIG.  6   ), such as a PLC controller. The water source  142  can be a feed line or a storage tank that provides the water to be sprayed by the cooling system  140 . The water source  142  is connected to a water conduit  144  that provides the water to a nozzle  148  that sprays the water onto the rotating kiln  102 , where the region of the rotary kiln  102  being sprayed can be varied. The valve  146  can be a computer controlled valve, such as with a solenoid, that can rapidly open and close for releasing bursts or streams of water. While not shown, various known water system components, such as pumps, filters, coolers, thermocouples, or the like, can also be included in the cooling system  140  to facilitate spraying water onto the kiln. The valves  146 , pumps, or other equipment can be controlled by the cooling system controller  150 , and may provide operational analytics to the cooling system controller  150 . The cooling system controller  150  can receive instructions or data from the imaging analysis computer  114 , or both can be the same computer where an imaging module can provide instructions or data to a cooling module. The temperature data that is obtained by the imaging and hotspot detection processes herein can be used for determining where on the kiln and when during a rotation, such as locations of specific rotational positions, a hotspot can be treated with a water spray (e.g., water vapor, steam) from the nozzle  148 . In some aspects, the nozzle  148  can be actuatable so that it can be moved and directed toward identified hotspots for selective cooling sprays, or the nozzle  148  may have a fixed area of spray such that an array of nozzles  148  (or array of cooling systems  140  or components thereof) provides full coverage of desired regions that may need to be cooled. Once a hotspot or potential hotspot is detected, the cooling system  140  can initiate a cooling protocol that sprays water onto the hotspot as it rotates through the spray region. The valve  146 , under computer control, can selectively release pressurized water to spray the hotspot and optionally surrounding regions. The control of the valve  146  allows the spray to be turned off so that water is not wasted spraying regions of the kiln that are not problematic or do not have hotspots. While continuous spray can be performed, it is less than desirable. As such, the selective spray onto particular regions of the kiln provided by the cooling system  140  can help control and reduce hotspot temperatures without wasting water or causing damage to the components of the industrial plant that may arise from excess water and flooding. Here, the nozzle  148  is shown to be directed toward the tyre assembly  124 . However, a plurality of nozzles  148  (each associated with a solenoid or other quick valve control) can be provided and directed to any desired area of the kiln  102 , where the nozzles  148  can be fixed or movable to change the aim and trajectory of the water spray. 
     While not shown, each sprayer can include its own reservoir, or each sprayer can be connected to a water supply line, or combinations thereof. 
       FIG.  1    also shows the imaging analysis computer  114  with a display  118  that can provide a user interface for monitoring images from the imaging sensors  104  and data obtained from computations of the digital image information in the images obtained during the monitoring protocols. The computer  114  connects via the network to the imaging sensors  104 . 
       FIG.  1    also shows an alternative data communication and analysis scheme. A local IR camera and network server  119  is provided on location with the imaging sensors  104 , which can be connected by wire or wirelessly. The local IR camera and network server  119  can communicate through a network (e.g., internet) to a data analytics server  121 , which can be coupled with a cloud computing system for data analysis of the IR data. The data analytics server  121  can perform any analytic described herein, such as for the brick analysis and/or cooling protocol. The data analytics server  121  can be located with the service provider. The data analytics server  121  then provides the data back to the customer, which can be done via the computer  114 . 
       FIG.  1 A  shows a cross-sectional side view of a portion of the tyre system  124 , so as to show the gap  110  between the tyre ring  126 , tyre blocks  128 , and gap surface  108 . 
       FIG.  1 B  shows a top view of the gap  110  as defined by the tyre blocks  128 , and gap surface  108 , and showing an infrared imaging sensor  104  aimed at each gap opening  112 , such as along a longitudinal tyre gap axis or longitudinally aligned with a longitudinal axis of the kiln  102 . However, there may be an angle between the optical axis of the imaging sensor  104  and the longitudinal axis of the kiln, such as up to 45 degrees, 30 degrees, 20 degrees, 15 degrees, or up to 10 degrees. This allows for viewing under the tyre ring  126  for better imaging of a hard to image area. The two infrared imaging sensors may image a large percentage of the tyre gap surface  108 , such as 100%, 95%, 90%, 80%, 75%, 50%, 40%, 25%, or the like. 
       FIG.  1 C  shows a temperature monitoring and control system  160  that includes the imaging sensors  104  operably coupled to a cooling system  140  via the computer  114 . Accordingly, the imaging sensors  104  can be outfitted with transmitters (e.g., wired, wireless, optical, etc.) to transmit image data to the computer  114 ; however, the imaging sensors  104  may include transceivers to also receive data, such as control data, from the computer  114 . Correspondingly, the cooling system  150 , such as the solenoid valves  146 , can be outfitted with receivers (e.g., wired, wireless, optical, etc.) to receive cooling data (e.g., valve opening and closing data) from the computer  114 ; however, the cooling system  150  may include transceivers to also transmit data, such as temperature data or operational data, to the computer  114 . The view of  FIG.  1 C  is a cross-sectional profile of the kiln  102  in order to illustrate placement of the imaging sensor  104  relative to the nozzle  148 , which is on opposite sides of the kiln  102 . However, the nozzle  148  (along with the other components of a cooling system) can be placed anywhere along the circumference and/or length of the kiln  102 , and any number of nozzles  148  may be included. 
     In some embodiments, the placement of the nozzle(s)  148  can be specifically located so that the water spray does not produce vapors between the imaging sensors  104  and the surface of the kiln  104  (e.g., tyre assembly  124 ) being imaged. While water vapor is formed from the sprayer  140 , the vapor is not sprayed in a direction to interfere with the visuals of the imaging sensors  104  imaging the kiln  102 . It has been found that placing the nozzle(s)  148  too close to the imaging sensors  104  or anywhere the resultant vapor passes between the imaging sensor  104  and kiln  102  causes problems with temperature monitoring and cooling system operations due to the vapors causing artifacts or errors in the IR image data. Accordingly, an imaging sensor  104  can have a field of view  105 , represented by the viewing cone, that defines the lower boundary  152  of received water spray from the nozzle  148  so that all generated water vapor rises and stays out of the field of view  105 . 
     In some embodiments, the nozzles  148  may be positioned so that they do not spray water on the same side or underneath the imaging sensor  104 . As such, the bottom point  154 , or nadir, of the kiln  102  can mark the closest to the imaging sensor  104  that the water reaches so that the vapor does not travel to the side of the imaging sensor  104  and obstruct the field of view  105 . That is, the area being sprayed is either above (boundary  152 ) the imaging sensor  104 , on the opposite side of the kiln  102  from the imaging sensor, or below but directed to the opposite side of the kiln  102  so that the bottom point  154  prevents steam from passing through the field of view  105 . 
     The selective positioning of the nozzles  148  to avoid vapor contaminating the IR reading of the imaging sensor  104  can allow for improved continuous monitoring of the kiln for hotspot detection and monitoring. Placing the imaging sensor  104  vertically above the water sprayer causes vapor contamination that effects the data and causes errors in the calculations for determining and monitoring the kiln temperature and hotspots. These errors are now avoided by selective placement of the nozzle  148  to avoid vapor contaminating the IR images. The nozzles  148  can be placed on the down side with respect to rotation, or be placed on the upside so that the kiln rotations upwardly past the sprayer. 
       FIG.  1 D  shows a top view of the gap  110  as defined by the tyre blocks  128 , and gap surface  108 , and showing the nozzle  148  of the cooling system  140  aimed at each gap opening  112 , such as along a longitudinal tyre gap axis or longitudinally aligned with a longitudinal axis of the kiln  102 . The nozzle  148  can have a spray direction that can be aligned with the longitudinal tyre gap axis, or at an angle thereof. However, angles, such as up to 10, 20, 30, or 45 degrees off longitude may be acceptable. This allows for spraying cooling water under the tyre ring  126  for better cooling of regions that may be susceptible to overheating and hotspots due to the thermal problems associated with the tyre assembly  124 . In some instances, only one spray nozzle  148  is used for a gap  110 , by spraying into one opening  112 . However, sprayers may spray cooling water over a large percentage of the tyre gap surface  108 , such as 100%, 95%, 90%, 80%, 75%, 50%, 40%, 25%, or the like. This can improve cooling and temperature control of the kiln  102  and inhibit hotspot formation under the tyre assembly  124 . 
     The cooling system can allow for an allowable temperature range to be set for one or more discrete areas, such as along the casing shell or under the tyre assembly, where the IR cameras and sprayers can cooperatively operate to provide the temperature control. This allows for automatically cooling the kiln and specific locations to within a designated temperature range, which can prevent or inhibit hotspot formation of development. For example, the upper temperature can be 330° C. and any temperature thereover can cause activation of the cooling system and water spray, which can be activated to reduce the temperature, such as to a lower threshold of about 260° C. before the cooling system is shut off. However, it should be recognized that the desired upper and lower temperature thresholds can be changed and set as desired. Accordingly, water vapor at 100° C. or higher (e.g., 150° C. superheated) is still cooler than the surface of the kiln, and thereby still provides cooling. This allows use of water vapor contacting and cooling the kiln  102 . 
       FIG.  8    provides an example of a cooling system  800  that can be used and controlled by the IR system as described herein. The cooling system  800  can include a water reservoir  802  that is fluidly coupled to a pump  804  or other pressurizing device that provides pressure to the water in the water reservoir  802  or being supplied therefrom. The pressurized water is supplied to a supply line  806  that is fluidly coupled to one or more sprayers  808 . Each sprayer  808  can include a solenoid valve  810  or other fast action valve that can quickly open and close for selective water spray bursts of desired duration and spray pressure. Each sprayer  808  can include conduit  811  and a nozzle  812  at the end that can be pivotable or have a fixed trajectory. When pivotable, the nozzle  812  may be mounted to a motorized swivel or 3-axis motorized gimble or the like. The movable nozzle  812  allows for tracking a hotspot and spraying the cooling water onto the hotspot while it is moving past the nozzle, which allows for a longer duration of spray onto the hotspot compared to a fixed nozzle. The supply line  806  extends past all of the sprayers  808  so that the water can be continuously supplied to all of the sprayers  808 . The number of sprayers  808  and dimensions of the supply line  806  can be modulated along with the pressure supplied by the pump  804  to control the amount of pressure received at an end sprayer  808  in order to satisfy the requirements. To help with maintaining pressure and allowing draining and removal of water, such as heated water (e.g., overheated or vaporizing water), from the supply line  806 , a control valve  814  can be provided past the last sprayer  808 . The control valve  814  can be selectively opened and closed to help build pressure and to allow water drainage. A thermocouple  813  may be associated with the line  806  and/or control valve  814  under control of the controller or computer, such that when the water in the line  806  reaches a certain threshold temperature, the control valve  814  opens and the line is purged and replaced with cooled water. Also, a recycle pump  816  can be included in the supply line  806  to pump water therefrom and pump the water to a water cooling system  818 . The water cooling system can include a reservoir and active refrigeration components to chill the water to a desired temperature, such as about 4° C., 10° C., 15° C., or 25° C. or any range therebetween or as economically feasible. A chilled water supply line  820  can provide the water to the water reservoir  802 , which can also include a control valve  814  and recycle pump  816 . However, the water reservoir  802  and the water cooling system  818  may be the same device reservoir. The nozzle  812  can be any type of nozzle, such as a flat fan nozzle, cone fan nozzle, jet sprayer, or other. 
       FIG.  9    shows an imaging sensor  104  that has a cooling housing  902  that has a cooling fluid inlet  904  and a cooling fluid outlet  906 , where a cooling fluid conduit  908  (e.g., shown by the dashed arrow) couples the fluid inlet  904  and fluid outlet  906 . The cooling housing  902  can be fluidly coupled to a cooling system (e.g.,  FIG.  8   ) to provide cooling fluid for cooling the imaging sensor  104 . 
       FIGS.  2 - 2 A  show a graphical user interface  200  for monitoring images  205  obtained from the imaging sensors  104  in order to determine whether or not a hotspot is present in the field of view. The data processing protocols can be performed by the imaging analysis computer  114  so that visual information in the graphical user interface  200  can be provided on the display  118  for an operator of the system  100 .  FIG.  2 A  shows temperature deviations compared to a historical reference for the defined area of the rotating kiln. 
     The images  205  can be parsed into non-kiln areas  202  and kiln areas  204 . The image  205  can be parsed to show positive control areas  207  with a hotspot (white circle) and/or negative control areas  209  without any hotspots. Any of these may be labeled as a region of interest  210 . The kiln is rotating so that each image (e.g., each frame) may have a unique region of interest  210 , where each tyre gap can be identified and tracked. This allows or hotspots in the rotating kiln to be tracked as it rotates. This allows the hotspot to be followed as it moves across the FOV. This also allows for the region of interest  210  to be followed as the region rotates with the kiln rotation. 
     The images  205  can be parsed into one or more regions of interest  210  and identified by boundary indicators, such as a frame or window around each region of interest  210 . The sequence of images can show the region of interest  210  moving along with rotation of the kiln. The regions of interest  210  can be determined by the operator and input into the imaging analysis computer  114 , or by the imaging analysis computer  114  analyzing prior selected regions of interest  210  and determining pixels commonly present in the regions of interest  210  to be a region of interest (e.g., based on historical data from images  205 ). The larger arrow in the region of interest  210  may be set by an operator to point to features, such as a tyre gap, which may be selected for enhanced viewing. For example, a single tyre gap can be marked as the first tyre gap so that the rest of the tyre gaps can be labeled with alphanumeric identifiers for tracking. 
     In some aspects, the image  205  may be received from a single imaging sensor  104 , such as at any one of the imaging sensor  104  locations shown in  FIG.  1   . In some aspects, the image  205  may be generated by stitching together two or more images from two or more imaging sensors  104 , such as any two or more of infrared imaging sensors or infrared imaging sensors combined with visible spectrum cameras. The image or video stitching of images from multiple imaging sensors may be performed by any of the methods known in the art. For example, in some aspects, Open CV may be used to perform video stitching. Some aspects may utilize Video Stitch Studio by Video Stitch of Paris, France. Other aspects may use other methods. 
     The graphical user interface  200  can include input controls, camera controls, display controls, image controls, region of interest (ROI) controls, threshold controls, and alarm controls in order to allow the operator to control substantially any aspect of the monitoring protocol. The operator can: select which camera or combinations of cameras are being displayed by the input controls, select the field of view with the camera controls, select how the image from the camera looks on the display with the display controls, select the scaling or other image adjustments with the image controls, select various ROIs with the ROI controls, select temperature thresholds for one or more pixels or groups of pixels in the images with the threshold controls, and select one or more alarm levels and alarm display types (e.g., audible and/or visible) with the alarm controls. Over time, the data input into the graphical user interface  200  can be monitored and registered with the imaging analysis computer  114 , and the input data can be analyzed to determine an automated operating protocol that is performed automatically by the imaging analysis computer  114  based on historical operations. The operator can adjust any operational parameter on the fly to update the automated operating protocol. Each rotational position can be identified so that the rotation can be used so that the entire kiln circumference at a tyre can be fully monitored. 
     In some embodiments, the graphical user interface  200  also includes a scale indicator, a warning threshold control, and an alert threshold control. The scale indicator determines a graphical resolution of surface temperature ranges rendered within a region of interest of the image  205 . For example, a smaller or narrower temperature range may provide an image that can communicate more fine detail between surface temperatures of the image (e.g., between a region with or without a hotspot). 
     The graphical user interface  200  can be operated by the warning and alert threshold controls being operated by an operator in order to set independent thresholds for warning indicators (e.g., possible hotspot) and alert indicators (e.g., critical hotspot detected). The example shown in  FIG.  2    may provide a warning threshold at a temperature variation that indicates a small or lower temperature hotspot in one of the regions of interest, and an alert threshold at a large or higher temperature hotspot variation in one of the regions of interest. 
     The graphical user interface  200  can also include a temperature variance status indicator, which can be shown as a probability of a hotspot (e.g., under a kiln surface) in a region of interest. The hotspot presence status indicator can include a minimum, maximum, and average temperature variance (e.g., shown as probability of a hotspot) currently detected within selected regions of interest  210 , such as a known location susceptible to hotspots (e.g., tyre assembly) and a problem area with prior hotspots (e.g., positive control). The alert window shows alerts when the minimum, maximum, or average temperature variance (e.g., shown as probability of hotspot) shown in the status indicator for a pixel or area of associated pixels have exceeded either of the warning or alert thresholds. Different flashing lights (e.g., different color), alarm sounds (e.g., different volume or sound pattern or word notifications via speakers), or combinations may be provided to indicates newness or severity of a detected hotspot. The kiln cooling system can be activated, such as initiating a water spray sequence onto a hotspot, once a hotspot is detected with a temperature outside the allowable temperature variance. 
     The graphical user interface  200  can also include a flying spot indicator (arrow in region of interest  210 ). The flying spot indicator provides an indication of a temperature or probability of a hotspot at a position (or pixel) in the image  205  that a pointing device may be hovering over. The rotating kiln can be monitored in real time by moving a mouse that moves the arrow, and the pixel(s) under pointed at by the arrow can be monitored for temperatures and possibility of hotspot. 
     Each region of interest  210  may include its own separate parameters, such as a scale indicator, warning and alert thresholds, temperature variance status, probability of hotspot indicator, and others. By selecting each of the regions of interest  210  individually, the display of the graphical user interface  200  may switch so as to display parameters corresponding to the selected region of interest. To edit one or more parameters for a region of interest, the region of interest is selected, for example, via a pointing device such as a mouse by clicking on the region of interest  210 . The parameters corresponding to that selected region of interest are then displayed, and may be edited directly via the graphical user interface  200 . It should be recognized that the region of interest  210  can move across the screen by the rotation of the kiln being matched with the movement of the region of interest  210  frame across the image  205 . 
     As discussed above, in some aspects, the image  205  may be generated by stitching together images captured by multiple imaging sensors  104 . Graphical user interface  200  can be modified providing for the management of images from multiple imaging cameras  104 . A graphical user interface  200  can include a camera selection field, region name field and link to region field. The camera selection field allows a user/operator to select between a plurality of imaging sensors, such as imaging sensors  104 , that may be under control of, for example, the image analysis computer  114 . When a particular imaging sensor  104  is selected in the camera selection field, the image  205  shown in the graphical user interface  200  may be received from the selected camera. In a particular embodiment, each region of interest shown in the image  205 , such as the regions of interest  210 , may be imaging sensor specific. In other words, the system  100 , or more specifically the image analysis computer  114 , may maintain separate parameters for each imaging sensor  104  utilized by the system  100 . The separate parameters may include the number, names (see below) and configurations of regions of interest for each imaging sensor, warning and alert levels for each region of interest, and any linking between regions of interest, both within an image captured by one imaging sensor or across multiple images captured by multiple imaging sensors. A list of imaging sensors available for selection in the camera selection field may be generated based on configuration data providing the list of imaging sensors and indications of how imaging data may be obtained from the listed imaging sensors. 
     The region name field allows each region of interest  210 , such as those with common hotspots or known hotspots or specific tyre block or specific tyre gap, to be named by an operator to allow for easy tracking and monitoring. A specific hotspot can be monitored as it moves across the FOV by monitoring the pixels indicative of the hotspot in each image or frame, so that the hotpot appears to move across the pixels along with the rotation of the kiln when viewing a sequence of the images. The value in the region name field may change as each region of interest  210  is selected so as to display a name associated with the selected region of interest. Thus, region name field may be a read/write field, in that a current value is displayed but can be overwritten by an operator, with the overwritten value becoming the new current value. Regions that may not have a hotspot can be named as controls so that the temperature variance is determined with known surfaces without hotspots. Each tyre gap may be labeled as a unique region of interest, such as in each image or frame, such that the tyre gaps can be monitored with the rotation of the kiln. 
     The image analysis computer  114  or cooling system controller  150  can be provided in various configurations from standard personal computers to cloud computing systems.  FIG.  6   , described in more detail below, provides an example of an image analysis computer  114  or cooling system controller  150 , and includes the features of a standard computer. The image analysis computer  114  may communicate with the imaging sensors  104 . For example, the image analysis computer  114  may be configured to transmit one or more configuration parameters to one or more of the imaging sensors  104 , and command the imaging sensors  104  to capture one or more images. The image analysis computer  114  may further be configured to receive digital images from the imaging sensors  104 , capturing different perspectives of a scene or environment. The cooling system controller  150  may be controlled by PC control logic. 
     The image analysis computer  114  may store instructions that configure the processor to perform one or more of the functions disclosed herein. For example, the memory may store instructions that configure the processor to retrieve an image from the imaging sensor(s)  104  and display the image on the electronic display  118 . The memory may include further instructions that configure the processor to define one or more regions of interest in one or more images captured by one or more imaging sensors  104 , and monitor temperatures, temperature variances, or possibility of a hotspot being present in the regions of interest through successive images captured from the imaging sensor(s)  104 . In some aspects, the memory may include instructions that configure the processor to set warning and/or alert threshold values for temperatures within one or more regions of interest defined in the image(s) of the scene or environment or defined or fixed fields of view of each camera, and generate warnings and/or alerts that a hotspot may be present or is present when those threshold values are exceeded. The alert may be in the form of a water spray from the kiln cooling system. The alert may also be in the form of a visual display of the brick thickness, rate of brick degradation, or operational life left of the brick. 
       FIG.  3    is a flow chart of a process  300  of one exemplary embodiment of the methods for monitoring a kiln surface temperature and detecting a hotspot on a rotating kiln that can be performed by the embodiments of the systems disclosed herein. The process can include obtaining an IR image (step  302 ) from the image data from the imaging sensors  104 , which can be stitched together to form an image  205 . In some aspects, the image  205  may be generated based on image data from only a single imaging sensor, or more than two imaging sensors. The image  205  includes an array of pixels, each pixel having a pixel value. Each image can be of a specific rotational position so that a specific discrete (e.g., specific tyre gap) location is present in the image (e.g., at a specific time or specific rotational position). Each pixel value represents light captured at a position corresponding to the pixel&#39;s location within the pixel array. The field of view may be fixed, and thereby each pixel can have a defined pixel location in the array that corresponds to a surface of the field of view at a specific rotational position of the kiln. Due to rotation, each rotational position can have a unique region of the kiln being imaged, where the series of images can track a specific location of the kiln as it rotates with the rotation of the kiln. The image  205  is then processed to determine pixel temperature values (step  304 ), which determines temperatures for each pixel based on the pixel values in the image  205 . The process can create a temperature map for each image (step  306 ), such as for each rotational position, where each pixel in the temperature map has a corresponding pixel temperature data. In some aspects, for each pixel value in the image  205  (e.g., at specific rotational position), there is a corresponding temperature value in the temperature map. A temperature map can be generated for each IR image, and thereby for each rotational position of the kiln. The pixels can be correlated to specific brick in the brick layer of the kiln. Accordingly, the temperature monitoring can be used for monitoring each brick. Thus each pixel can be correlated with one or more bricks. 
     The process can analyze the temperature values included in the temperature maps across at least two images (e.g., two images of the same rotational position, such that a specific discrete location of the kiln is in the same pixel location in the two images), and preferably across a plurality of images over time, in order to identify a historical temperature variance for each pixel (step  308 ) for each rotational position. The images that are analyzed together can be of the same rotational position of the kiln, and thereby of the same tyre gap(s), or same brick(s). This provides a range of historical temperatures, a historical temperature variance, over time for a specific tyre gap as well as a specific brick to show how the temperature of each pixel (e.g., thereby each brick) can vary over time when there is no hotspot for the pixel at the specific rotational position of the kiln. 
     For example, a first pixel may represent a first surface of the kiln at a specific rotational position (e.g., correlated to a specific brick(s)), and the temperature of that surface can vary due to changing ambient temperatures, such as throughout the day, or across weeks, months, or seasons. The surface temperature for a specific area (e.g., specific tyre gap) is allowed to vary without there being an indication of a hotspot, such as by varying within an allowable variation in temperatures. The historical variation of pixel temperatures for each pixel at a specific rotational position are aggregated to produce a historical temperature variation map (step  310 ) that includes an allowable range of temperatures for each pixel at that rotational position. The same rotational position is compared across different images, and thereby across rotations. This allows each brick to be monitored in each rotation and correlated to the measured temperature for the one or more pixels for each brick or one or more bricks for each pixel. 
     The temperature variation map may include a value or range of values for each temperature variation for each pixel in the temperature map. This can account for a brick staying the same thickness as the temperature varies up and down throughout a day or a season. As such, the historical variation map ( 310 ) shows the historical temperature variation over a time period for a specific rotational position (e.g., specific brick). The temperature map, for a current IR image, is then compared to the historical variation map, such as by each pixel in the temperature map being compared to the corresponding pixel in the historical variation map (step  312 ) for the specific rotational position (e.g., specific brick). The comparison results in the current temperature for a pixel being less than, the same, or greater than a value in the historical variation map to generate a category map (Step  314 ). When the current temperature for a pixel is greater than a value in the historical variation map, the pixel is categorized as abnormal (e.g., hotspot) in the category map. A hotspot can be correlated with a degrading brick. The temperature of the hotspot can be correlated with a thickness of the brick. Otherwise, when the current temperature is less than or the same as the values in the historical variation map, the pixel is categorized as normal (e.g., no hotspot, no or low brick degradation). Each value in the category map may indicate whether a corresponding temperature value in the temperature map is within a normal range or is categorized as abnormal with respect to the historical variation map, which includes data for each pixel for the allowable variation in temperature for the specific rotational position. When categorized as abnormal, the process can determine whether there is a hotspot region by linking adjacent pixels that are categorized as abnormal (step  316 ). After the category map is generated one or more abnormal regions are determined to be hotspot regions by processing the data. Based on the abnormal regions being hotspot regions, the process  300  can generate one or more alerts (step  318 ). While process  300  is serialized in the preceding discussion, one of skill in the art would understand that at least portions of process  300  may be performed in parallel in some operative embodiments. 
     The temperature variation map may include a value or range of values for each temperature variation for each pixel in the temperature map. This can account for a brick staying the same thickness as the temperature varies up and down throughout a day or a season. As such, the historical variation map ( 310 ) shows the historical temperature variation over a time period for a specific rotational position (e.g., specific brick). The temperature map, for a current IR image, is then compared to the historical variation map, such as by each pixel in the temperature map being compared to the corresponding pixel in the historical variation map (step  312 ) for the specific rotational position (e.g., specific brick). The comparison results in the current temperature for a pixel being less than, the same, or greater than a value in the historical variation map to generate a brick temperature map (Step  319 ). When the current brick temperature for a pixel is greater than a value in the historical variation map, the pixel is categorized as a brick of interest (e.g., brick may be degrading) in the brick temperature map ( 319 ). Identification of a brick of interest can result in initiation of a monitoring protocol  320 , which monitors each brick. A brick temperature can be correlated with a degrading brick. As such, monitoring can be implemented on a brick-by-brick basis. The temperature of the brick can be correlated with a thickness of the brick. Accordingly, the brick temperature map ( 319 ) can be used for analysis, which can initiate a brick thickness protocol  322 , which determines the brick thickness of each brick based on the brick temperature map pixel temperatures. The brick temperature map  319  can also be used for determining a brick degradation rate, which can result from initiating a brick degradation rate protocol  324 . The brick thickness protocol  322  can provide a brick thickness data, which can be used with the brick degradation rate obtained by the brick degradation rate protocol  324  in order to estimate a time of life left for each brick, which is used to determine the time until a maintenance procedure. Therefore, initiation of a maintenance prediction protocol  326  can be implemented for determining a shutdown date for the maintenance. 
     Otherwise, when the current temperature is less than or the same as the values in the historical variation map, the pixel is categorized as a normal brick (e.g., no hotspot, no brick degradation, brick is not of interest). Each value in the brick temperature map  319  may indicate whether a corresponding temperature value in the temperature map is within a normal range or is categorized as abnormal with respect to the historical variation map, which includes data for each pixel for the allowable variation in temperature for the specific rotational position. However, even when normal brick, the monitoring ( 320 ), brick thickness ( 322 ), brick degradation rate ( 324 ) and maintenance prediction ( 326 ) protocols can all be performed independently, and simultaneously. 
       FIG.  4    is a flowchart of a process  400  of one exemplary embodiment of a method for determining temperature values for pixels in an infrared image that can be performed by the embodiments of the systems disclosed herein. In block  402 , a pixel value for an image from an infrared sensor is obtained. In some aspects, the image may be captured from one of the imaging sensors  104 , discussed above with respect to  FIG.  1   . In some aspects, one or more of the imaging sensors  104  may record wavelengths of light between 700 nanometers and 1 mm (infrared wavelengths) along with intensity, brightness, or other light parameter, and represent the captured light as a digital image with each pixel having pixel data (e.g., pixel value). The pixel value received in block  402  may be one pixel value from an array of pixel values included in the captured image, where each pixel can include its own pixel value. This can be done for an image for each rotational position of the rotary kiln. 
     In block  404 , a depth value corresponding to the pixel value is obtained for the pixel (or each pixel) in the corresponding image. In some aspects, the depth value may be obtained from a depth map of the image. The depth map may be obtained, in some aspects, via a ranging device, such as a radio detection and ranging (RADAR) or light and radar or LIDAR device. In some aspects, the depth map may be obtained using structured light. The depth map may be obtained by known methods, and may be used due to the fixed field of view, where each pixel can be mapped with the distance to the surface in the fixed field of view that corresponds with the pixel. It should be recognized that the depth value for some pixels will be different from other pixels of the same image due to the imaging sensor being at an angle relative to the surface of the kiln. In an example, the distance of each pixel to each region being imaged can be used for all of the pixels for normalizing the size of each pixel, which can then allow for the pixels to generate a rectangular 2D image. The depth can be the distance from the IR device to the location for each pixel. 
     In block  406 , an emissivity value corresponding to the pixel value is obtained. As such, each rotational position can be considered for the emissivity of the image for that specific rotational position. In some aspects, the emissivity value may be based on a setting of the imaging sensor referenced in block  402 . For example, in some aspects, the imaging sensor may be configured to capture objects of a given emissivity for each pixel. That is, a surface that corresponds to a pixel can have an emissivity value, and thereby tracking the rotational position of the kiln can be important. This emissivity value may be used in block  406 . In some aspects, an object database may include the emissivity of known objects or regions of the kiln for specific rotational positions. In some aspects, an emissivity value of an object or region being searched for in the image may be used. For example, in some aspects that may be imaging a specific tyre gap, an emissivity of the kiln surface at the tyre gap may be used for the pixels that correspond therewith. The tyre blocks may have a different emissivity. This allows for the image to include a plurality of surfaces, and each pixel can correspond to a specific surface with the specific emissivity of that surface. As such, emissivity for various objects (e.g., from surface of the kiln and tyre assembly) can be obtained, where the objects can be concrete, gravel, metals, plastics, rubber, or other industrial surfaces. This emissivity value may be configured by an operator in some aspects. 
     In block  408 , a temperature value corresponding to the pixel value is determined based on the corresponding depth value and emissivity value. In some aspects, block  408  may include translation of a raw value from the imaging sensor into a power value. For example, in some aspects, the imaging sensor may provide imaging values in digital numbers (DNs). In some aspects, the power value may be determined using Equation 1: 
       Power=(Raw Signal Value−Camera Offset)/Camera Gain  (1)
 
     A signal value may be determined by Equation 2 below: 
       Signal= K   1 ×power− K   2 ,
 
     wherein: 
     
       
         
           
             
               K 
               
                 1 
                 = 
                 
                   1 
                   
                     
                       t 
                       atm 
                     
                     × 
                     Emissivity 
                     × 
                     ExtOptTransm 
                   
                 
               
             
             ⁢ 
             
 
             
               K 
               
                 2 
                 = 
                 
                   
                     
                       1 
                       - 
                       Emissivity 
                     
                     
                       Emissivity 
                       × 
                       AtmObjSig 
                     
                   
                   + 
                   
                     
                       1 
                       - 
                       
                         t 
                         atm 
                       
                     
                     
                       Emissivity 
                       × 
                       
                         t 
                         atm 
                       
                       × 
                       AtmObjSig 
                     
                   
                   + 
                   
                     
                       1 
                       - 
                       
                         t 
                         atm 
                       
                     
                     
                       Emissivity 
                       × 
                       
                         t 
                         atm 
                       
                       × 
                       ExtOptTransm 
                       × 
                       ExtOptTempObjSig 
                     
                   
                 
               
             
           
         
       
     
     t atm  is the transmission coefficient of the atmosphere between the scene and the camera, and is a function of spectral response parameters, object distance, relative humidity, etc. 
     ExtOptTransm is the External Optics Transmission and is the transmission of any optics (e.g., a protective window) between the object being imaged and the optics of the imaging sensor. The external optics transmission is a scalar value between zero and one. External optics that do not dampen the measurement have a value of one, and optics that completely sampan the measurement have a value of zero. 
     ExtOptTempObj Sig is the temperature of any optics (e.g., a protective window) between the object being imaged and the optics of the camera. AtmObjSig is the temperature of the atmosphere. 
     Emissivity is the emissivity of the object whose temperature is being determined. 
     To convert the signal calculated via Equation 2 into a temperature, some implementations may use Equation 3: 
     
       
         
           
             
               
                 
                   Temperature 
                   = 
                   
                     B 
                     
                       log 
                       ⁡ 
                       ( 
                       
                         
                           R 
                           Signal 
                         
                         + 
                         F 
                       
                       ) 
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                 
                   ( 
                   3 
                   ) 
                 
               
             
           
         
       
     
     where B, R, and F may be calibration parameters retrieved from the imaging sensor. The temperature may be in Celsius or Kelvin. 
     Also, a model for the total radiation W tot  incident on the imaging sensor can be determined by the following Equation 4 by: 
         W   tot =ε obj τ atm τ extopt   W   obj (1−ε obj )τ atm τ extopt   W   amb (1−τ atm )τ extopt   W   atm +(1−τ extopt ) W   extopt   (4)
 
     In this equation, the ε obj  is the emissivity of the object being imaged; τ atm  and τ extopt  are the transmittance of the atmosphere and external optics, respectively; and W obj , W amb , W atm , and W extopt  are the radiation from the object, ambient sources, atmosphere, and external optics, respectively. The emissivity ε obj  of the object is known or assumed prior to imaging the object. The transmittance τ atm  of the atmosphere is a function of the measured relative humidity ϕ and temperature T atm  of the atmosphere, and the measured distance d obj  from the sensor to the object. The transmittance τ extopt  of the external optics is typically estimated during a calibration procedure that occurs prior to imaging the object. 
     Given the temperature T obj  of the object, and the measured temperature T amb  of the ambient sources, temperature T atm  of the atmosphere, and temperature T extopt  of the external optics; the radiation W obj  from the object, radiation W amb  from the ambient sources, radiation W atm  from the atmosphere, and radiation W extopt  from the external optics, respectively, are calculated using Planck&#39;s law, which describes the radiation W emitted at wavelength A by a black body at temperature T and is given by Equation 5. 
     
       
         
           
             
               
                 
                   W 
                   = 
                   
                     
                       
                         2 
                         ⁢ 
                         π 
                         ⁢ 
                         
                           hc 
                           2 
                         
                       
                       
                         λ 
                         5 
                       
                     
                     ⁢ 
                     
                       1 
                       
                         
                           exp 
                           ⁡ 
                           ( 
                           
                             hc 
                             
                               λ 
                               ⁢ 
                               
                                 k 
                                 B 
                               
                               ⁢ 
                               T 
                             
                           
                           ) 
                         
                         - 
                         1 
                       
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                 
                   ( 
                   5 
                   ) 
                 
               
             
           
         
       
     
     In Equation 5, h is the Planck constant, c is the speed of light in the medium (a constant), and k B  is the Boltzmann constant. 
     Additionally, the IR camera maps the total radiation W tot  to image intensities (i.e., pixel values) I=ƒ(W tot ) under the radiometric response function ƒ of the camera, which is typically estimated during a calibration procedure that occurs prior to imaging the object. 
     The above model of the image formation process may be used to solve for the temperature T obj  of the object, given all of the other variables, as follows. Given an image I of intensities acquired by the camera, the total radiation W tot =ƒ −1 (I) (i.e., image intensity maps to incident radiation under the inverse of the camera response function). Then, solving equation 1 for the radiation W obj  from the object yields Equation (6). 
     
       
         
           
             
               
                 
                   
                     W 
                     obj 
                   
                   = 
                   
                     
                       
                         W 
                         tot 
                       
                       - 
                       
                         [ 
                         
                           
                             
                               ( 
                               
                                 1 
                                 - 
                                 
                                   ε 
                                   obj 
                                 
                               
                               ) 
                             
                             ⁢ 
                             
                               τ 
                               atm 
                             
                             ⁢ 
                             
                               τ 
                               extopt 
                             
                             ⁢ 
                             
                               W 
                               amb 
                             
                           
                           + 
                           
                             
                               ( 
                               
                                 1 
                                 - 
                                 
                                   τ 
                                   atm 
                                 
                               
                               ) 
                             
                             ⁢ 
                             
                               τ 
                               extopt 
                             
                             ⁢ 
                             
                               W 
                               atm 
                             
                           
                           + 
                           
                             
                               ( 
                               
                                 1 
                                 - 
                                 
                                   τ 
                                   extopt 
                                 
                               
                               ) 
                             
                             ⁢ 
                             
                               W 
                               extopt 
                             
                           
                         
                         ] 
                       
                     
                     
                       
                         ε 
                         obj 
                       
                       ⁢ 
                       
                         τ 
                         atm 
                       
                       ⁢ 
                       
                         τ 
                         extopt 
                       
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                 
                   ( 
                   6 
                   ) 
                 
               
             
           
         
       
     
     Then, Equation 6 is solved for the temperature T obj  of the object as Equation 7. 
     
       
         
           
             
               
                 
                   
                     T 
                     obj 
                   
                   = 
                   
                     
                       hc 
                       
                         λ 
                         ⁢ 
                         
                           k 
                           B 
                         
                       
                     
                     ⁢ 
                     
                       1 
                       
                         log 
                         ⁡ 
                         ( 
                         
                           
                             
                               2 
                               ⁢ 
                               π 
                               ⁢ 
                               
                                 hc 
                                 2 
                               
                             
                             
                               
                                 λ 
                                 5 
                               
                               ⁢ 
                               
                                 W 
                                 obj 
                               
                             
                           
                           + 
                           1 
                         
                         ) 
                       
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                 
                   ( 
                   7 
                   ) 
                 
               
             
           
         
       
     
     In block  410 , the determined temperature value is stored in a temperature map, such as in step  306 . The temperature map may be used as input for one or more of the processes discussed herein. A temperature map may be a data structure that stores temperature values for at least a portion of pixels in an image or region of interest. In some aspects, the temperature map may be stored in the memory of the image analysis computer  114 . Each pixel can have a temperature range in the temperature map, wherein the temperature range is based on temperatures for the specific pixel over the historical time period. 
     Decision block  415  determines whether there are additional pixels to process in the image (or region of interest). If there are additional pixels, processing returns to block  402 . Otherwise, processing continues in order to determine whether or not a hotspot is present in any of the images. Alternatively, the process continues for monitoring/determining the temperature of each pixel, such as for each brick. 
       FIG.  4 A  includes a flow chart of a process  470  of generating a historical variation map for the variation in temperatures for each pixel. The variation in temperature can be used to determine whether the brick is the same thickness, or has degraded. When within the variation in temperature, the brick can be considered to be substantially the same thickness. When outside of the variation in temperature (e.g., higher than variation), then a brick can be considered to be degrading. The process  470  can include obtaining a plurality of historical pixel temperatures for a first pixel (step  472 ), which can be done for an image for each rotational position. The plurality of historical pixel temperatures for a first pixel are grouped in a distribution of historical pixel temperatures for the first pixel (step  474 ). A threshold difference (D) is determined based on the distribution of historical pixel temperatures (step  474 ), wherein the threshold difference D is the maximum allowed difference from the distribution of historical pixel temperatures that the pixel can have based on the historical temperature data for that pixel. The threshold difference D is then combined with the distribution of historical pixel temperatures to determine the threshold temperature (TT) (step  476 ). The threshold temperature TT is then combined with the distribution of historical pixel temperatures to determine an allowable difference in temperature, which allowable difference in temperature is set as the historical variance in temperature (step  478 ). The historical variation map can then be prepared to include the allowable difference in temperature or the historical variance for each pixel (step  480 ). 
     The process can analyze the temperature values included in the temperature maps across at least two images (e.g., of the same rotational position), and preferably across a plurality of images over time, in order to identify a historical temperature variance for each pixel (step  308 ). This provides a range of historical temperatures, a historical temperature variance, over time to show how the temperature of each pixel can vary over time when there is no hotspot or elevated temperature for the pixel. For example, a first pixel may represent a first surface (or first brick), and the temperature of that surface (that brick) can vary due to changing ambient temperatures, such as throughout the day, or across weeks, months, or seasons. The surface temperature is allowed to vary within a defined variance without there being an indication of a hotspot (or degrading brick), such as by varying within an allowable variation in temperatures. The historical variation of pixel temperatures for each pixel are aggregated to produce a historical temperature variation map (step  310 ) that includes an allowable range of temperatures for each pixel. The temperature variation map may include a value or range of values for each temperature variation for each pixel in the temperature map. As such, the historical variation map shows the historical temperature variation over a time period. This can be done for each rotational position, such that the specific surfaces in the field of view for the rotational position are tracked and mapped together. 
       FIG.  4 B  includes a flow chart of a process  420  of generating a category map for the current temperatures for each pixel based on the historical variation of each pixel. The historical variation map may indicate acceptable ranges of pixels that are within a normal range (e.g., no hotspot, no brick degradation) and unacceptable ranges of pixels that are outside the normal range (e.g., hotspot is present; brick degradation is occurring). The pixels outside the normal range can be analyzed to determine whether or not they include a hotspot in the kiln, which can be used for brick analysis. 
     In the illustrated embodiment, process  420  utilizes two different approaches to determine whether a pixel is within a “normal” temperature range. A first approach compares a temperature value to a statistical distribution of pixel temperatures based on historical values for the same pixel to determine a temperature variance (e.g., historical variation map), such as the same pixel of the same surface in a specific rotational position of the kiln across a series of images of that same surface in the specific rotational position. In most embodiments, a first pixel or first group of pixels is compared to the same first pixel or group of pixels to determine if the current temperature is within the historical temperature variation (e.g., no hotspot) or outside the historical temperature variation (e.g., hotspot is present). In some instances, this protocol can also include comparing a first pixel (or first group of pixels) to a second pixel (or second group of pixels) by comparing the pixel values (temperatures) as well as comparing the pixel variations (temperature variance) between two regions. Pixels with larger variances compared to the historical variation map over time can indicate the presence of a hotspot. To the extent the temperature value is within a specified distance (e.g., threshold difference “D”) from a distribution of temperature variances, the pixel may be considered within a “normal” range. However, in a scenario that includes surface temperatures changing gradually over time, such as from throughout the day, process  420  may not detect a pixel that indicates a higher temperature rating using this first technique, as the higher temperatures may gradually become a new “normal”, as the higher temperatures may change the nature of the distribution over time (e.g., over a day, week, month, season, year, etc.), possibly due to a slowly developing hotspot. To avoid this possibility, process  420  may compare the temperature value or temperature variation for a first pixel across multiple images of the same rotational position to a threshold value (e.g., hotspot threshold value) that defines a maximum value of normal, regardless of historical values. By combining a comparison to historical values and to a threshold value, process  420  provides a robust characterization of a current temperature variation value as either “normal” (or no brick degradation) or “abnormal” (or brick degradation is present). 
     The temperature (i.e., “counts”) difference from the reference background has to be large enough that it triggers as a variation. This is where the sensitivity factor is considered in the algorithm, where the higher the sensitivity, the lower the difference (e.g., difference “D”) between the current pixel temperature value and the reference background pixel temperature value is required in order to be considered as a potential hotspot pixel (e.g., degrading brick). As such, the determination of a hotspot pixel based on the difference in temperature for a pixel compared to the allowable distribution of pixel temperature values is not a simple fixed-threshold relationship, but is based on whether the difference D falls outside the expected variance observed on that pixel over time. However, some embodiments use the fixed-threshold to determine normal pixels from abnormal pixels. 
     In block  422 , a temperature value (e.g., temperature variance value) for at least one pixel is received from an imaging sensor or from the temperature map. In some aspects, the imaging sensor may capture infrared wavelengths of light and convert the captured light into digital data which forms an array of temperature values, with a pixel temperature value for each pixel. The pixel temperature value received in block  422  may be one temperature value (temperature variation) of one pixel in the array of temperature values (temperature variation) of a plurality of pixels. 
     Block  424  determines whether the pixel temperature value (e.g., temperature value variation) is within a specified distance (e.g., threshold difference “D”) from a statistical distribution of pixel temperature values or temperature value variations for each pixel. The statistical distribution may be based on historical values of each pixel. In some aspects, the specified distance from the distribution is a Mahalanobis distance. For example, in some aspects, if the squared Mahalanobis distance is greater than the inverse chi squared cumulative distribution function at a specified probability (e.g., 0.99), then it is within the distribution. Otherwise, it is outside of the distribution in some aspects. 
     In some aspects, block  424  may make different determinations. For example, in some aspects, block  424  may determine whether the temperature value (e.g., temperature variation for pixel) is within a distance representing 90%, 95%, or 99% of the statistical distribution. If the received value is not within the specified distance from the distribution, process  420  moves to block  426 , which marks the pixel as abnormal in a pixel map (e.g., category map or brick map). 
     If the temperature value is within the specified distance, process  420  moves from decision block  424  to decision block  428 , which determines whether the pixel temperature value is above a threshold value (e.g., a set threshold temperature value), which may or may not be the same as the temperature of the threshold difference D. This determines whether the temperature variation is greater than a threshold temperature variation for each pixel. The threshold value referenced in block  428  may be based on operator configured information, as a set value, or determined over time based on historical information (e.g., historic brick temperature). The configured information may be specific to an image (generated by a single imaging sensor or generated by stitching together data from multiple imaging sensors), or a region of interest within an image. If the temperature value is above the threshold value, process  420  moves to block  426 , which marks the pixel temperature value as abnormal (e.g., in category map or brick map) as discussed above. 
     Otherwise, if the temperature value is within the distance D from the distribution for the pixel in step  424  or is not greater than the threshold value in step  428 , process  420  moves to block  430 , which records the temperature value as normal in the category map or brick map. When normal in the brick map, the indication is that the brick has not changed thickness or degraded. 
     Due to the historical nature of the data that defines the distribution and thresholds for temperature, the distribution can be updated with the new data, such as when the new data is marked as normal. The distribution may not be updated when the pixel temperature value is identified as being abnormal. However, after a certain period of being abnormal, this abnormal may be determined to be a new normal and the distribution is updated based on the higher temperature. This new higher temperature can be correlated with a new thinner brick dimension. Also, the distribution can be any distribution (e.g., normal Gaussian) and the measurement to the difference D may be an average, mean, center, edge, or other defined part of the distribution. 
     After the distribution is updated in block  432 , process  420  moves to decision block  434 , which determines if there are more pixels in an image to process. If there are, process  420  returns to block  422  and processing continues. If there are no more pixels, processing may continue for determining whether there is a hotspot on/under a surface in the images. 
     Alternatively, the process can be for monitoring brick size, and using the protocol to compare a subsequent brick size to a historical brick size. This can also be used for monitoring the degradation and operation duration for each brick. 
       FIG.  4 C  includes a flow chart of a process  450  of generating an alert (e.g., or initiating a cooling procedure) based on an abnormal region of pixels that are identified as being a region of a hotspot. However, the protocol can also be used for providing the brick thickness, which can be a relative brick thickness. The brick can be monitored until reaching a threshold, where an alert is useful. In block  452 , the temperature category map is received indicating normal and abnormal temperature values for each pixel within the image. For example, in some aspects, a category map may represent a matrix or two dimensional array of true/false or 1/0 values, with a true/1 value in a position of the category map indicating a pixel located at a corresponding position of the image is abnormal, while a false/0 value in a position of the category map indicates a temperature or temperature variance located at a corresponding pixel position of the image is normal. In some aspects, the meaning of these values may be reversed. In some aspects, the category map received in block  452  may be generated by process  420 , discussed above with respect to  FIG.  4 B . 
     In block  454 , a region of interest with one or more abnormal pixels within the image is determined. The region of interest may be determined in some aspects, by selecting one or more pixels of a previously identified regions of interest. A region of interest can be any region in the environment that is more susceptible to having a hotspot from degradation of internal brick of the kiln. The region of interest may also be selected in real time based on an area of abnormal pixels that are adjacent to each other. In some aspects, the region of interest may encompass a subset of all the pixels in an image. In some aspects, the region of interest may be defined by an operator, for example, by operating a pointing device such as a mouse or touch screen, as well as interacting with the graphical user interface  200  to identify a portion of the infrared image  205 . A region of abnormal pixels may be identified by connecting a region of contiguous or near contiguous abnormal pixels. This can be done for images of a specific rotational position, such as when the images are of the same subject matter (e.g., same tyre gaps in same pixel locations) in the field of view for the specific rotational position. 
     Decision block  456  determines whether a hotspot (or brick thickness dimension) was determined to be present in the region of interest, where the hotspot can be a region of abnormal pixels or region of interest in block  454 . If no hotspot in the region of interest was identified, then process  450  continues processing. If a hotspot region was identified in block  456 , then process  450  can make different decisions. One decision is that if there is any hotspot detected in the images, then the process moves to block  458  and an alert is generated or a cooling protocol initiation is generated. However, the system can be configured to compare any detected hotspot (e.g., pixel having hotspot) to historical values for the pixel(s) or to threshold values before generating an alert or generating the cooling protocol initiation. This can be done for each rotational position of the kiln so that hotspots can be tracked, which allows the same hotspot to be tracked and monitored as the rotary kiln rotates. As such, a specific rotational position can be compared to itself so that the identified regions of interest (e.g., tyre gap) thereof are in the same pixel locations. Accordingly, the bricks can be analyzed brick by brick, and abnormal bricks identified by hotspots can be tracked. 
     In one option, when a hotspot is determined to be present in the pixels of a region of interest (e.g., when the region of interest is partially or entirely a hotspot), the size of the area of the region of interest (e.g., size of the area of pixels identified to be a hotspot) is determined and compared to a threshold area size as shown in block  460 . The size can be correlated to the number of bricks and the specific bricks in the region of interest. When the size of the area of the hotspot is greater than a threshold area size, then the process  450  generates the alert/cooling  458 . When the size of the area of the hotspot is less than a threshold area size, then the alert/cooling is not generated and monitoring for hotspots or monitoring the size of the region of a hotspot or suspected hotspot continues. 
     In another option, when a hotspot is determined to be present in the pixels of a region of interest (e.g., when the region of interest is partially or entirely a hotspot), the size of the area of the region of interest (e.g., size of the area of pixels identified to be a hotspot) is determined and compared to a historical area size as shown block  462 . The historical area size can include an average of historical area sizes for a particular hotspot region or averaging across particular hotspot regions. For example, the hotspot region may be small with a low rate of increasing area size, the protocol determines whether the current hotspot region is above the historical area sizes or a size that is too different (e.g., difference, or change in size) from the historical area size. When the size of the area of the hotspot is greater than this historical area size or a value too much higher than the historical area, then the process  450  generates the alert/cooling  458 . When the size of the area of the hotspot is within the historical area size range or close to the historical area size (e.g., within a distance/value from the average or range), then the alert is not generated and monitoring for hotspots or monitoring the size of the region of hotspot continues. However, it should be noted that certain limitations or definitions can be in place so that a hotspot or potential hotspot reaches a threshold to generate a cooling command, such that the cooling protocol is initiated to cool the surface of the kiln in order to cool the underlying hotspot. Accordingly, the temperature and/or hotspot size may reach a threshold where the system generates the cooling command and the cooling system initiates the water sprays into the hotspot. 
     Also, a size of the identified hotspot region can be compared to a predetermined percent of a region of interest. In some aspects, the percent of the region of interest may be 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 33%, 35%, 50%, 75%, or 100% of the region of interest. If the area of the hotspot region is larger than the predetermined percent, process  450  moves to block  458  where an alert/cooling is generated. Accordingly, tracking hotspots and regions of interest as the kiln rotates can be beneficial, where the specific rotational position is tracked and compared to the historical values. This may be linked to the brick size, such as for one or more bricks. 
     Some aspects of block  458  may utilize different conditions for generating an alert or generating a cooling protocol instruction than those described. For example, in some aspects, an absolute size of the hotspot region (number of adjacent pixels) may be used to determine if an alert/cooling should be generated, either to the exclusion of or in conjunction with the size of the hotspot region relative to a size of the region of interest. 
     In some embodiments, the process may calculate an aggregated “normal” temperature (e.g., temperature variation across images) for pixels within the abnormal region (e.g., hotspot region) and an aggregated temperature variation within the region of interest. If a distance between the aggregated normal temperature variance and aggregated measured temperature variance is above a threshold, an alert may be generated in some aspects. For example, some aspects may include selecting a nominal or normal temperature variation from the distributions for each of the pixels in the abnormal region. These nominal values may then be aggregated. Similarly, the measured temperatures and temperature variations within the abnormal region may be separately aggregated. This aggregate of measured temperatures or temperature variations represents an aggregated variance for the abnormal region, or any brick region of interest. If the measured variance is substantially (represented by the threshold) above a normal variance for the abnormal region, an alert may be generated. This technique considers a situation where none of the pixels within the abnormal region may be above a warning or alert threshold, and thus, no alert is generated based on these thresholds. Additionally, the abnormal hotspot region may be a relatively small portion of the region of interest, such that no alert is generated. However, given the number of pixels (within the abnormal hotspot region) that are above their nominal or normal points, (i.e., the variance of the abnormal hotspot region), there may be cause for concern such that an alert/cooling is proper. 
     In some aspects, generating an alert may include displaying a message on an electronic display, such as a system control console. In some other aspects, generating an alert may include sending an email, text message, or writing data to a log file, or any combination of these. Similarly, the generation of the cooling command may be made by notifying an operator of the system in the same ways, so that the operator can manually start the cooling protocol, or the cooling protocol can be automatically initiated with or without the notifications (alert) to the operator. In some embodiments, the alert can be a pictographic image of the brick layer having information regarding the same. 
     In some embodiments, a system for detecting a hotspot can include: at least one infrared imaging sensor; and an imaging analysis computer operably coupled with the at least one infrared imaging sensor. The imaging analysis computer can be configured to control any infrared imaging sensor and acquire infrared images therefrom at any rate and in any duration. The imaging analysis computer can be configured to analyze the infrared images in order to detect a hotspot on the rotating kiln by tracking specific surfaces or objects of a specific rotational position of the kiln. The imaging analysis computer can be configured to detect hotspots surface where hotspots should not be (or is not present in a baseline) in order to determine that there is a problem in the kiln, such as faults in the brick layer, in the vicinity of hotspots. Hotspots can be correlated with degrading bricks, and the temperature of the hotspot can indicate the relative thickness of the corresponding bricks. 
     In some embodiments, the system can be configured to obtain at least one baseline infrared image of a fixed field of view without a hotspot being present, which can be an initial steady state without significant brick degradation. The baseline image can be updated over time prior to a hotspot being detected on a surface in the fixed field of view. The baseline image can be an image from an imaging sensor, or a historical composite of pixel data from a plurality of baseline images over time, such as for the same FOV for the same rotational position of the kiln. This allows for comparisons between images with no hotspots and images that have hotspots, which allows for determining the different brick thicknesses based on temperature. In some instances, the at least one baseline image is the historical variation map, or the one or more images used to prepare the historical variation map. The at least one baseline infrared image can be a single image when representing the baseline for each pixel without the hotspot. However, the at least one baseline image can be a plurality of images, or a composite prepared from a plurality of images so as to have the distribution thereof (e.g., historical variation map). The at least one baseline infrared image can provide the threshold difference and threshold temperature as well as the allowable pixel variations, which can be of a specific rotational position. 
     In some embodiments, the system can perform methods to analyze all pixels in the fixed field of view for changes from the at least one baseline infrared image to at least one subsequent infrared image. The changes can be in the pixel data for each pixel, such as changes in the wavelength of the infrared light that indicates changes in temperature of surfaces emitting the infrared light, and thereby changes in hotspots or development of hotspots, which are associated with brick degradation. 
     In some embodiments, the system can perform methods to identify variable differences in temperatures for each pixel in the field of view between the at least one baseline infrared image and the at least one subsequent infrared image. The variable difference can be determined by assessing changes in a specific pixel (e.g., pixel location in the pixel array of the imaging device) from a baseline image to a subsequent image, such as for a specific rotational position. 
     In some embodiments, the system can perform methods to identify one or more first pixels in the at least one subsequent infrared image having a first variable difference in temperature that is greater than an allowable variable difference in temperature for the one or more first pixels in the at least one subsequent infrared image compared to an allowable variable difference in temperature for the one or more first pixels in the at least one baseline infrared image. This can be done for a specific rotational position, and all rotational positions can be similarly monitored. This protocol can be performed as described in connection to  FIG.  4 B . Here, the one or more first pixels are identified because they have pixel temperature values that are identified as being abnormal because they are outside the allowable variable difference by being greater than the threshold difference by being above the threshold temperature. This change can be indicative of brick degradation. The identified pixels that are abnormal (e.g., degrading brick) can be appropriately marked in the category map, such as for the specific rotational position (e.g., having the same region of the kiln in the FOV). 
     In some embodiments, the system can perform methods to determine the one or more first pixels as being a hotspot based on the first variable difference in temperature of the one or more first pixels being greater than the allowable variable difference in temperature of the one or more first pixels in the fixed field of view of a specific rotational position. The pixels that are determined to be a hotspot can be analyzed in accordance with the protocol of  FIG.  4 C . In some embodiments, the system can perform methods to generate an alert/cooling that identifies a hotspot being present in the fixed field of view. The generation of the alert/cooling and protocol thereof can also be performed in accordance with the protocol of  FIG.  4 C . 
     In some embodiments, the system can perform methods to identify one or more first pixels in the at least one subsequent infrared image having a first variable difference in temperature that is greater than a second variable difference in temperature for one or more second pixels in the at least one subsequent infrared image compared to the at least one baseline infrared image. The region of the first pixels can be analyzed to determine the temperature in the baseline image and the subsequent image, and then determine the change in temperature. Then, the region of the second pixels can be analyzed to determine the temperature in the baseline image and the subsequent image, and then determine the change in temperature. The change in temperature for the first pixels is compared to the change in temperature for the second pixels. When one group of pixels changes more than the other, then it can be determined that the surfaces of those pixels changed. 
     In some embodiments, the system can perform methods to determine the one or more first pixels as being a hotspot and the one or more second pixels as being devoid of a hotspot. This determination can be made based on the first variable difference in temperature of the one or more first pixels and the second variable difference in temperature of the one or more second pixels in the fixed field of view. When the change in the first pixels is larger than the change in the second pixels, there is an indication that there is a hotspot on/under the surface in the first pixels. Regions where the temperature variance is similar from the baseline infrared images to the subsequent images indicate that there hasn&#39;t been a change to the surfaces, and they do not have a hotspot. 
     In some embodiments, the imaging analysis computer is configured to monitor the fixed field of view to monitor brick thickness, such as at or around the tyre assembly. The surface can be selected from concrete, metal, composite, ceramic, plastic, rubber, or combination thereof of materials of a rotary kiln, such as at the tyre assembly. For example, the system can acquire emissivity, reflectivity, or other surface characteristics that impact absorption, reflection, emission or other optical light property for surfaces in the fixed field of view. The system can acquire emissivity, reflectivity, or other surface characteristics that impact absorption, reflection, emission or other optical light property for surfaces of the kiln. Then, computations can be performed to determine whether there is a hotspot on/under a surface of the kiln in the fixed field of view of the baseline and/or subsequent images. 
       FIG.  5 A  illustrates a method  500  of detecting degrading brick. The method may be performed with a system described herein having at least one infrared imaging sensor and an imaging analysis computer. Step  502  includes obtaining at least one baseline infrared image of a fixed field of view without a degrading brick being present at field of view at a specific rotational position. For example, a specific tyre gap or combination of specific tyre gaps in the field of view. Step  504  includes analyzing some or all pixels in the fixed field of view for changes from the at least one baseline infrared image (e.g., map) to at least one subsequent infrared image. Step  506  can include identifying variable differences in temperatures for each pixel in the field of view between the at least one baseline infrared image and the at least one subsequent infrared image. Step  508  can include identifying one or more first pixels in the at least one subsequent infrared image having a first variable difference in temperature that is greater than allowable based on the distribution of temperature variances in the at least one subsequent infrared image compared to the at least one baseline infrared image (e.g., greater than the threshold difference from the distribution or greater than the threshold temperature). Step  510  can include determining the one or more first pixels as being a degrading brick, and optionally determining one or more second pixels as being devoid of a degrading brick based on the variable difference in temperature of each pixel in the fixed field of view. Step  512  can include generating a visual indication that identifies the presence of a degrading in the fixed field of view. This can be done for each specific rotational position and the fixed field of view of each rotational position. In some embodiments, the method can be performed to include providing the visual indication of degrading brick from the imaging analysis computer (step  514 ). 
     In some embodiments, the methods can include recording historical information of a plurality of infrared images of the fixed field of view received from the at least one infrared imaging sensor. Such historical information can include the images or image data for a number of images over a time period. The historical information can be used for establishing baselines and controls without brick degradation so that the changes in the images when brick degradation is present can be detected. 
     In some embodiments, the methods can include providing the visual indication of the brick on a display device. Such a display device can show images selected from: an infrared image from the at least one infrared sensor; a schematic of locations of the at least one infrared sensor; or a location of a brick of interest. 
     In some embodiments, the methods can include recalibrating the system, which can be scheduled or as needed or desired. Once the system is recalibrated, the methods can obtain an updated at least one baseline infrared image after the recalibration. This can set a new baseline. 
     In some embodiments, the methods are performed such that the fixed field of view includes a hard surface. However, weather or the cooling system that sprays water can impact whether or not the hard surfaces have water or any wetness. As such, the method can include: determining that there is water on the surface of the kiln in the fixed field of view; and monitoring the fixed field of view to detect a hotspot under the water, such as when water is on a surface of the kiln. Accordingly, the database may include data for emissivity or other water parameters when on a surface, such as a known surface type of the kiln. 
       FIG.  5 B  shows a method  530  for detecting a hotspot on the kiln. The method  530  can include: associating adjacent first pixels to identify a hotspot region (step  532 ); determining a size of the hotspot region (step  534 ); and generating a hotspot region size and/or temperature report that identifies the size and optionally the temperature of the hotspot region based on the associated adjacent first pixels (step  536 ). The brick parameters may also be provided for the associated adjacent first pixels. The method  530  may also include associating adjacent first pixels to identify a hotspot region; determining an area of the hotspot region; comparing the area of the hotspot region with a threshold area size; and generating the alert and/or cooling instruction once the hotspot region has an area that is at least the size of the threshold size, wherein the threshold area size is a defined value or a percentage of a region of interest. 
       FIG.  5 C  shows a protocol  540  for detecting a hotspot. The protocol can include identifying a surface region in the fixed field of view that is a surface, wherein the surface region has a surface temperature (Step  542 ). Step  544  can include identifying a hotspot region in the fixed field of view that is a hotspot by having a variable difference in temperature for each pixel that is greater than the allowable variable difference in temperature for the surface region from the at least one baseline infrared image to the at least one subsequent infrared image. The protocol  540  can also determine the surface region in the fixed field of view in the at least one baseline infrared image as being devoid of a hotspot, wherein the surface region has a pixel temperature value that is within the allowable variable difference in temperature for each pixel (step  546 ). The protocol  540  can also determine the hotspot region in the fixed field of view in the at least one subsequent infrared image as having a hotspot, wherein the hotspot region having the first variable difference in temperature that is greater than the allowable variable difference in temperature for each pixel (step  548 ). 
     The methods recited herein describe the use of images and maps, such as in  FIGS.  3 ,  4 - 4 C, and  5 A- 5 C . These images that are acquired by the one or more imaging sensors can be used in creating a 2D model (e.g., or flat, planar 3D model) of the rotary kiln. The 2D model can be used for the images or maps in the methods described herein. For example, a 2D model can be generated from the images to provide a 2D rectangle that approximates the cylinder of the kiln opened flat.  FIG.  10 A  shows a representative 2D model  170  of a rotary kiln based on the parameters of the rotary kiln, such as those input into the system including diameter, length, brick thickness, incline angle, or other parameter. The 2D model  170  is shown to include the rotary kiln  172 , tyres  174 , and pads  176 . The dimensions of the rotary kiln, tyres  174 , and pads  176  can be input into the system. The infrared images can then be overlaid or otherwise combined with the 2D model  170 , which can correlate specific landmarks or features of the images to specific locations on the 2D model  170 . The 2D model  170  can then be used in the methods of the invention with the image data overlaid. The 2D model  170  can be wrapped around a cylinder having the parameters of the rotary kiln to generate a 3D model of the rotary kiln. Also, a cylindrical 3D model can be unwrapped into a flat, planar 3D model. 
     A 3D model of the rotary kiln can be built from 3D bodies of the constituent parts.  FIG.  10 B  shows the components of the 3D model  180  and  FIG.  10 C  shows the 3D model  180 . The 3D model  180  is shown to include the cylindrical body  182 , tubular brick layer  184 , bricks  186 , tyre  188 , pads  190 , and support rollers  192 . The separate components allow for the 3D model  180  to be selective in the components shown, which can be used in the analysis. For example, the cylindrical body  182  can be the only component of the 3D model  180  used in an analysis of the temperature profile. In another example, the full 3D model  180  can be used for analysis of the temperature profile, and selective components can be removed. For example, the tyres  188  can be removed to analyze temperatures thereunder. Similarly, the pads  190  can be removed from the 3D model  180  to analyze temperatures of the surface of the kiln under the pads  190 . 
     Additionally, the bricks  186  can be modeled so that the individual bricks can be estimated and modeled in the 3D model  180 . This allows for the methods to monitor individual bricks  186  and monitor for brick fallout from the brick layer  184 . 
     The 2D model  170  can be wrapped around the cylinder  182  to form the 3D model, or vice versa. Alternatively, the 3D model can be matched to infrared images to provide the details thereof. The mapping of the 3D model to image data allows for the 3D model to be rotated in virtual space for monitoring the rotating kiln. The real time data can then be matched to the 3D model for the analyses described herein. This allows for a monitoring of the rotary kiln in real time by using the 3D model  180  and mapping the infrared image data to the rotating 3D model  180 . 
     The 3D model  180  can be populated with identification points, such as those described herein. The 3D model  180  can be used to track the rotation of the rotary kiln, and thereby the images from imaging sensors can be used to generate the 2D model (e.g., image stitching), and then to generate the 3D model. The subsequent images can be compared to either the source images or to the 3D model. In an example, the subsequent images are compared to the source images for the monitoring purposes 
     The 3D model  180  may also be associated with models of the imaging sensors  104  and the sprayers  140 . This can allow for tailoring a system by virtually moving the imaging sensors  140  and sprayers  140  to obtain desired or optimal performance. The imaging sensors  104  can be moved in virtual space around the 3D model  180  to determine an optimal placement for performing the methods described herein. Additionally, the sprayers  140  can be moved in virtual space around the 3D model  180  and optionally relative to the imaging sensors  104  so that an optimal placement for performing the cooling methods as described herein. For example,  FIGS.  1 - 1 D  can represent a virtual system with the 3D model showing the rotary kiln with overlaid temperature data from the images, where the imaging sensors and sprayers may be positioned and arranged as needed or desired. 
     In an example, the infrared cameras are positioned at different angles and different locations relative to a kiln in a real environment. A 2D model can be generated, which can include the temperature data from real images of the real kiln in a virtual environment. The 2D model can be updated in real time with temperature data from the images. The angle of each camera and distance of each sensor pixel to the surface of the rotary kiln can be known and used to normalize the temperature data for each pixel. For example,  FIG.  1 B  shows an orientation of infrared cameras where some pixels will be for surface areas that are closer and some pixels will be for surface areas that are farther, when there is any angle of the camera to the surface. The relative distances can be used to normalize the temperature data to fit on a flat surface, such as the 2D model. This normalizes the data of a pixel for a region further and for a region closer, so that the data is normalized on a 2D model. For example, a camera at an angle can have some pixels on one side imaging a region that is closer and pixels on the other side imaging a region that is further. The relative distance between a pixel and its imaged region can be known and used to normalize the pixel data for distance. This allows generation of a flat normal image, such as a rectangular 2D image. For example, the pixels that are closer to the imaged surface appear to be smaller than pixels that are farther from the imaged surface, where the closer pixels have less region than the further pixels that have more region in the images. The relative distances can be used to normalize the pixel data so that all pixels are provided for a normalized size. 
     The 2D model can be used to provide the x-axis and y-axis data for coordinates of features on the images and maps. The 2D model can be wrapped around a cylinder to form the 3D model in virtual space. This allows for the x-axis, y-axis, and z-axis data for coordinates of the 3D map, which are imparted to the 2D model. The flat, planar model can include the x and y coordinates on the flat plain. The z dimension can show the thickness of the bricks. 
     In an example, the dimensions of a kiln are used to get a virtual 3D model thereof. The pixel data can then be applied to the virtual 3D model to provide a real time 3D model of the temperatures of the kiln. The 3D model can be used to track hotspots as the virtual 3D model rotates, which can be provided on a display device. During this process, the 2D data (e.g., data cubes of the infrared pixel data) can be used for the analysis and all comparisons and calculations, such as shown in the methods of the figures, and identification of hotspots. The 3D model can be used for showing the human operator the locations of the features of the kiln, temperatures at each location, and possible hotspots. As such, the 3D model allows for visualization of the data processing and temperature information that is performed with the 2D data. The 3D model may be cylindrical or it may be flat with thickness in the z-axis. This can also be done with the planar model of the rotary kiln, which is described herein. 
       FIG.  10 D  shows another protocol where the temperature data of the rotary kiln  172  (e.g., 2D model  170 ) is compared to a digital model of the rotary kiln in order to arrive at a flat rotary kiln model  1000  that has a casing model  1002  and a brick layer model  1004 . The flat rotary kiln model  1000  can then be split into a flat casing model  1002  and a flat brick layer model  1004 . These flat models (e.g., planar) can be used for determining the thickness of the bricks in the brick layer model  1004 . The brick layer model  1004  is a flat model that is suitable for use in tracking the condition of each brick. This allows for real time monitoring and maintenance prediction. In some aspects, a thickness prediction algorithm compares real time data against a predetermined thickness based on the historical data. 
     For example, the entire brick layer in the kiln can be mapped and documented during a maintenance procedure, such that the thickness and location of each brick is known. The brick are in columns and rows in a cylindrical format, which allows for specific identification of each brick. Thus, each brick is identified for monitoring when the kiln is in operation. The initial brick thickness data of each brick can be mapped to an initial thermal profile for that brick once steady state temperatures are achieved. Accordingly, the real time IR temperature can be correlated to each brick thickness. Real time data for baseline thickness and temperature of new brick, which allows for enhanced monitoring. In some aspects, LIDAR or other depth or other 3D system can be used that can map a 3D model of the brick layer of the kiln. Otherwise, measurements can be performed by any means, equipment, or by hand. 
     Additionally, the final temperatures of a kiln can be determined prior to shut down for maintenance. The final temperatures can be associated with final brick thickness, final brick degradation rate, and final production days remaining. Once the kiln is down, the internal surface can be measured to obtain the thickness of each brick. The measurement can be done by hand, LIDAR, laser scanner, or any other system that can map 3D coordinates of the brick layer in the kiln. These measurements of each brick can be compared to the estimated final brick thickness to determine how good the estimate was to the measured brick thickness value. The measured thickness value can be used to train the AI system and the brick layer model to better correlate a measured IR temperature with a brick thickness at that particular brick location. Accordingly, measurement data can be used to train the AI system so that the brick layer thickness can be more accurately modeled by the measurement of the IR data. This data can also be used for the degradation rate and estimated production days remaining algorithms. Thus, every brick in the kiln is measured, monitored, and modeled for accurately being able to estimate the brick thickness based on the IR data for that brick. The measurement data improves the accuracy of the AI system and models described herein. 
     In some embodiments, the kiln operation can be monitored with IR data to minimize downtime. The IR camera system provides real time full monitoring of the rotary kiln, where the IR data is monitored and analyzed in real time to provide a 3D model of the entire kiln, even under the live rings. The artificial intelligence based algorithms can be used with the models described herein for mapping the rotary kiln from the models thereof (e.g., 3D and flat models) in view of the instant temperature data. That allows for the models to be updated in real time with the instant temperature. This also allows for real time monitoring for any critical temperature change or spike. The thermal IR data along with the brick layer model allow for determining the real time thickness of each brick. That is, the real time temperature is mapped to the real time model so that the temperature is correlated with a thickness of each brick. The 3D brick thickness model may be generated, which can be basically a cylindrical body  182  with each brick being identified and mapped to the body. This allows for software to perform a real time data analysis for each brick based on historical and real time brick thickness data. For example, a 3D thermal model of the brick layer may be generated along with a flat thermal data block. Each thermal data block can represent one rotation of the kiln. 
       FIG.  11 A  shows a first thermal data block  1102  obtained from a first 3D thermal data model  1104 . As the kiln rotates, the thermal data blocks  1102  can be obtained. Each thermal data block  1102  includes a thermal data point for each brick in the brick layer model. The cumulative thermal data blocks  1102  provide a historical thermal data block  1106  (e.g., data cube, which includes a plurality of layers, each layer is a rotation), which is updated with each rotation of the kiln for each new thermal data block  1102 . This provides real time visual IR data, which can be shown to the operator of the systems or kiln. Also, the real time analysis allows for real time determination of abnormal temperatures when they occur. The AI algorithm processes each pixel on the kiln shell a plurality of times each second (e.g., 30 times each second, 30 images). Based on the brick layer model, the AI algorithm processes each new thermal data block  1102  into a new brick thickness model, which can be used to identify the instant real time brick thickness for each brick, a real time degradation rate for each brick (e.g., estimated thickness reduction over time), and an estimated shut down date for maintenance based on the brick thickness in view of the degradation rate to a minimum brick threshold thickness over time. As such, a brick thickness algorithm can use the real time IR data with the brick thickness model to obtain the real time brick thickness. A brick degradation rate model can use the real time brick thickness in view of a historical rate of change to determine the real time degradation rate for each brick. A maintenance algorithm can use the real time brick thickness and degradation rate to predict a time to reach a maintenance threshold when the kiln will need to be shut down for maintenance. The maintenance threshold can be based on an estimate time for reaching a minimum brick thickness threshold, maximum temperature, or other. 
     The historical thermal data block  1106  can be used as the baseline for the current measurements for comparison purposes. This allows for each new rotation to improve the baseline data. The system builds the historical thermal data block  1106  from real time IR data, which is from a 3D thermal model of the kiln. The system uses a rotation to build a flat brick layer model, which flat brick layers are stacked to form the historical data cube. The AI analytics can be performed with the historical data cube, historical thermal data block  1106 . 
       FIG.  11 B  illustrates an example of a brick thickness model  1108  that includes a flat brick thickness model diagram  1110  and a thickness scale  1112 . Each brick on the flat brick thickness model diagram  1110  has a thickness indicated on the thickness scale  1112 , such that selecting (e.g., hovering cursor or clicking brick) a specific brick causes the arrow  1114  of the thickness scale  1112  to point to the thickness of that specific brick. The brick thickness prediction algorithm analysis the IR data in view of the brick thickness model, which includes historical brick thickness data. In some aspects, the visual data can be color coded or texture coded in a visual scale so that a visual indicator of brick temperature and/or brick thickness is provided. For example, a visual scale from green  1116  through yellow  1117  to red  1118  can be provided; however, other color or texture schemes could be used to distinguish different temperature ranges. In some aspects, the visual scale provides an indication of temperature and/or thickness of each brick. 
     In some aspects, the brick thickness model diagram  1110  can be presented with different thicknesses in the Z-direction, such that the perspective view shows the relative thickness. As such, the brick thickness can be represented in the brick thickness model diagram  1110  by having a three dimensional quality that allows for relative thicknesses of different bricks of different thickness to be easily visually distinguished from each other. Accordingly, while the flat brick thickness model diagram  1110  can be presented in any plane, a perspective view with colorization or shading or texturizing can provide for a visual three dimensional representation. As such, a thickness change boundary  1120  can be identified between a thicker brick region  1122  with a larger thickness versus a thinner brick region  1124  with a smaller thickness. 
       FIG.  11 C  illustrates the rate of change scale  1130  that can show the rate of change of a specifically selected brick. For example, a cursor can be held above a specific brick so that the real time rate of change percentage can be indicated by the rate of change arrow  1132 . Also, a brick (or brick region) can be highlighted  1134 , with a sequential scroll or random scroll through the different brick dimensions automatically by the system. This can enhance visual analysis of the brick thickness. Also, different brick regions with similar thicknesses can be grouped together for a thickness range representation, where different ranges are visually distinguished from each other. The thickness of different regions within a thickness range can be visually tracked together in real time with degradation rate indicators  1136   a - d , which illustrate the real time degradation rate for the identified bricks over time. 
     The rate of change in brick thickness (e.g., degradation rate) can be presented by scale and by banding ranges of thickness together. The assessment starts with recording real time temperature with the IR data, and computing the brick thickness and any change in thickness over a defined historical time period. The determined brick thickness data is compared to historical brick thickness data to determine the degradation rate, which is based on changes of thickness by changes in temperature. The period can be any defined number of days, such as 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, or more. This allows for prediction of the thickness over time, which allows for prediction of the degradation rate over time. Changing data from one rotation of the kiln can be monitored, as well as changing data over a defined time period, from hours to days. For example, daily rate of change calculations can be performed to maintain a real time daily degradation rate. 
     Additionally, the brick thickness and temperature can be compared to historical data to determine how many days are left until the brick thickness will reach a minimum thickness threshold (e.g., thinness resulting in maintenance). 
       FIG.  11 D  illustrates the maintenance time scale  1140  that can show the number of production days left that brick has before maintenance of a specifically selected brick. For example, a cursor can be held above a specific brick so that the real time number of production days remaining can be indicated by the rate of change arrow  1142 . Also, a brick (or brick region) can be highlighted, with a sequential scroll or random scroll through the different brick regions to show the different numbers of production days remaining, which can be done automatically by the system. This can enhance visual analysis of the number of production days remaining before maintenance may be required. Also, different brick regions with similar number of remaining days of production can be grouped together for a representation, where different ranges of remaining days are visually distinguished from each other. The different number of remaining days of production of different regions can be visually tracked together in real time with production days remaining indicators  1144   a - d , which illustrate the real time degradation rate for the identified bricks over time. Additionally, when a production days remaining value drops below a predetermined threshold, an alarm or other indication can be provided that notifies the operators of the system or kiln that there may be a need for imminent maintenance. 
     In some embodiments, the brick thickness can be measured in terms of relative thickness to the thickness dimension at the time of startup. The thickness dimension of each brick is known at startup, and thereby the brick thicknesses described herein and presented in the diagrams can be a percentage of the total thickness. Therefore, instead of operating with dimensions, the percentage of startup dimension for each brick can be determined and presented. Accordingly, the system can monitor the thinnest brick and estimate the degradation rate and production days remaining. 
     Also, the type of brick at each brick location may be considered during the estimation of the relative brick thickness, where different types of bricks can be located in the burn zone or other locations. Accordingly, the data of each type of brick can be tracked for degradation rate etc. The data can be helpful to determine areas that can use bricks that are more heat resistant and other areas that may use bricks that are less heat resistant when allowed. Accordingly, the temperature profile of the kiln measured by IR along with the initial and final brick measurement data can be used to create brick profiles. The different types of bricks can get profiles that show the differences. As such, modeling a maintenance of a kiln can include determining the types of bricks to place at certain locations in view of historical temperatures and temperature variations that occur. In some aspects, the brick data can be sold or licensed to brick manufacturers or kiln operators. Refractory comparisons can include: by refractory manufacturer; by refractory type/composition; by location within the kiln; and/or across kilns and locations 
     In some embodiments, the software described herein has the ability to analyze kiln operation can provide critical visual operational analysis and data to help predictively plan for and minimize maintenance downtime with the infrared data from the real time continuous scanning. The system builds a 3D thermal model which provides data on the total. The artificial intelligence based algorithms then use this thermal data to predict the thickness of the refractory brick down to the individual brick level. The system then builds a 3D brick thickness model. The software has real time data analysis and infrared scanning to produce a 3D thermal model of the kiln along with a flat historical data block with each unrolled data layer representing one revolution of the kiln, giving real time IR visual data. The AI algorithms process each pixel on the kilns shell 30 times per second, presenting visual data, estimating current refractory thickness of each brick, and predicting the rate of change in refractory thickness overtime. The thickness prediction algorithm analyzes real time data against a baseline thickness and temperature of new brick, real time thermal data analysis assigns accurate temperature readings for all bricks, displaying them in an unrolled kiln flat image along with corresponding temperature data on a scale from green to red. This identifies both temperature and brick thickness. In real time, the rate of change in brick thickness is computationally presented in both data charts and visual. The analysis starts with assessing current real time, brick temperature and thickness data. The data is compared to previously saved data and computes the changes in thickness and temperature over X number of days and predicts the rate of reduction overtime based on the change data. Computations in both brick temperature and brick thickness determine how many more days of continued operation is recommended before the kiln requires maintenance. 
       FIG.  12    shows an embodiment of a graphical user interface  1200  for a rotary kiln. As shown, the interface  1200  is providing an alert regarding a brick drop  1202 . The brick drop shows a localized hotspot that is significantly higher than surrounding bricks. The interface  1200  can also show the zone, type of alert (e.g., brick drop), time of alert, and temperature that caused the alert. Thus shows the methods recited herein are useful for brick by brick analysis and measurement of each brick. 
     Additionally, the brick layer analytics can be modulated by cooling with water. That is, any brick with a degradation rate higher than desired can be sprayed with water with the spraying protocol described herein. The spraying can be programmed to perform as described herein to target the hotspots, which can include rapidly degrading bricks. The cooling can reduce the rate of brick degradation. For example, the data in  FIGS.  11 C- 11 D  can be provided in before and after comparisons which are before a cooling protocol and after a cooling protocol. For example, the relative thickness of each brick can be compared before and after a cooling protocol, therefore the degradation rate may also be compared before and after cooling. For example, before cooling the degradation rates can be 3-4%, but after cooling the degradation rates may be 0-1%. Also, the number of production days remaining until shutdown can be monitored before and after a cooling procedure to show the lengthening of the remaining days after the cooling procedure. 
       FIG.  7    shows a protocol  700  for treating a hotspot with a cooling water spray, which can be used to target a hot brick that is likely degrading. The protocol  700  can include obtaining data (e.g., hotspot data) for at least one hotspot (step  702 ). The hotspot data for each hotspot can include: a location of the hotspot in the kiln; a temperature of the hotspot; a temperature of the kiln surface over the hotspot; an area size of the hotspot; an area size of the kiln surface over the hotspot; a temperature gradient of the hotspot; a surface temperature gradient of the kiln surface over the hotspot; a change in temperature from a baseline temperature for the hotspot; or a change in temperature from a baseline temperature for the kiln surface over the hotspot. In some instances the hotspot data includes current data compared to historical data. In some instances, the historical data includes at least one of: data prior to formation of a hotspot; data from at least one prior rotation of the kiln; data from the current hour; data from the current day; data from the current week; or data from the current month. Based on the hotspot data, the sprayer control can identify at least one hotspot to cool with a cooling water spray (step  704 ). Once a hotspot is identified to cool, the sprayer controller determines a spraying protocol (step  706 ) to cool the identified hotspot, and then the sprayer controller controls operation of the cooling system in implement the spraying protocol (step  708 ). After implementing the cooling protocol for at least one cycle, cooled temperature data (e.g., data after being cooled at least one time, which can be IR image data that is processed as described herein for temperatures) is obtained for the cooled hotspot (step  710 ). The cooled temperature data is then processed to obtain the cooled temperature of the hotspot, and the cooled temperature of the hotspot is analyzed to determine whether or not the cooled temperature is greater than the acceptable temperature range (step  712 ). When the cooled temperature is within the acceptable range, the sprayer controller can terminate the spraying protocol (step  714 ). When the cooled temperature is greater than the acceptable range, the sprayer controller can continue the spraying protocol (step  716 ). 
     In some embodiments, the sprayer controller is configured to: identify a location and hotspot data of a specific hotspot on the kiln; and determine a spraying protocol for the specific hotspot based at least one of: a water spray pressure; a distance of a specific water sprayer to the location of the specific hotspot on the kiln surface; time between actuating solenoid valve of the specific water sprayer and the water being sprayed from the nozzle; time between actuating solenoid valve of the specific water sprayer and contacting resultant water spray on the location of the specific hotspot; duration of the location of the specific hotspot being within a spray region on the kiln surface; duration of opening the solenoid valve; rotational velocity of the rotating kiln; temperature of sprayed water; temperature or state (e.g., vapor) of sprayed water as it contacts the location of the specific hotspot; hottest temperature of the specific hotspot; temperature profile of the specific hotspot; temperature gradient and area of the hotspot; when to initiate spray by actuating the solenoid valve; when to terminate spray by de-actuating the solenoid valve; position of nozzle of sprayer relative to the location of the specific hotspot; area of hotspot; or area of water spray on the kiln surface. 
       FIG.  7 A  shows a cooling protocol  720  for a specific hotspot. The sprayer controller can: determine timing of initiation of actuation of solenoid valve relative to the location of the hotspot during rotation of the kiln (step  722 ); determining time period the solenoid valve is opened to spray the cooling water (step  724 ); and determining timing of de-actuation of solenoid valve relative to the location of the hotspot during rotation of the kiln, such that the water spray ceases as the hotspot moves out of range of the sprayer (step  726 ). These steps can be determined based on the data of the hotspot and on data for operation of the sprayer system. This allows the system to modulate how the spraying is implemented based on data of the hotspot and on data for how the sprayer system operates. For example, the temperature and pressure of the cooling water can determine the timing of the spray relative to where the hotspot is in the rotation so that the hotspot is within a spray region on the surface of the kiln as the hotspot rotates past the sprayer. 
     In some embodiments, the methods can include: accessing a memory device that includes thermal data for one or more surfaces in the fixed field of view; obtaining the thermal data for the one or more surfaces in the fixed field of view; and computing with the thermal data for the one or more surfaces in the fixed field of view during the analysis of the pixels in the fixed field of view. 
     In some embodiments, the methods can include: accessing a memory device that includes distance data for one or more surfaces in the fixed field of view from the at least one infrared imaging sensor: obtaining the distance data for the one or more surfaces in the fixed field of view; and computing with the distance data for the one or more surfaces in the fixed field of view during the analysis of the pixels in the fixed field of view. 
     In some embodiments, the methods can include determining a relative humidity; and computing with the relative humidity as data during the analysis of the pixels in the fixed field of view. 
     In some embodiments, the imaging analysis computer is configured to: associate adjacent first pixels to identify a hotspot region; determine a size of the hotspot region; and generate a hotspot region size report that identifies the size of the hotspot region based on the associated adjacent first pixels. In some aspects, the imaging analysis computer is configured to: associate adjacent first pixels to identify a hotspot region; determine an area of the hotspot region; compare the area of the hotspot region with a threshold area size; and generate the alert once the hotspot region has an area that is at least the size of the threshold size, wherein the threshold area size is a defined value or a percentage of a region of interest. This protocol can be performed as described herein. 
     In some embodiments, the memory device includes thermal data for one or more surfaces in the fixed field of view, wherein the imaging analysis computer is configured to: obtain the thermal data for the one or more surfaces in the fixed field of view; and compute with the thermal data for the one or more surfaces in the fixed field of view during the analysis of the pixels in the fixed field of view. In some aspects, the memory device includes distance data for one or more surfaces in the fixed field of view from the at least one infrared imaging sensor, wherein the imaging analysis computer is configured to: obtain the distance data for the one or more surfaces in the fixed field of view; and compute with the distance data for the one or more surfaces in the fixed field of view during the analysis of the pixels in the fixed field of view. In some aspects, the imaging analysis computer is configured to: determine a relative humidity; and compute with the relative humidity during the analysis of the pixels in the fixed field of view. This protocol can be performed as described herein. This, as well as all of the methods, can be done for a specific rotational position, such as each rotational position. This allows for the entire circumference of the rotary kiln, such as the entire tyre assembly, to be monitored. 
     In some embodiments, the imaging analysis computer is configured to obtain the at least one baseline infrared image by: acquiring a series of infrared images of the fixed field of view for a specific area of the kiln at a specific rotational position; analyzing pixel data of each infrared image of the series to determine a pixel temperature for each pixel for each infrared image of the specific rotational position; determining a range of pixel temperatures for each pixel without a hotspot being present in the fixed field of view across the series of infrared images of the fixed field of view of the specific rotational position; and setting the allowable variable difference in temperature to include the determined range of pixel temperatures for each pixel without brick degradation at the specific rotational position. In some aspects, the imaging analysis computer is configured to obtain the at least one baseline infrared image of at least one specific rotational position by: performing a statistical analysis of the range of pixel temperatures for each pixel without brick degradation being present across the series of infrared images of the fixed field of view of the specific rotational position to determine an allowable distribution of pixel temperatures for each pixel at that specific rotational position; and setting the at least one baseline infrared image so that each pixel includes the allowable distribution of pixel temperatures for the specific rotational position. This protocol can be performed as described herein. 
     In some embodiments, the at least one baseline infrared image is a model of each pixel with the allowable distribution of pixel temperatures for each pixel for a specific rotational position, wherein the model of pixels is obtained by: determining a distribution of the pixel temperatures for each pixel without brick degradation being present across the series of infrared images of the specific rotational position; identifying a maximum pixel temperature that is greater than the distribution of pixel temperatures by a first difference at the specific rotational position; and setting the first difference from the distribution to indicate absence of brick degradation for each pixel in the field of view of the specific rotational position. This protocol can be performed as described herein. Each pixel of each specific rotational position, and thereby of a specific location on the kiln, can have its own model based on the historical temperature values. 
     In some embodiments, the imaging analysis computer is configured to: compare each pixel temperature in the one or more subsequent infrared images with the model of each pixel with the allowable distribution of pixel temperatures for each rotational position; determine a difference between each pixel temperature in the one or more subsequent infrared images and the model of each pixel for the specific rotational position; determine whether the difference is greater than a threshold difference, when the difference is greater than the threshold difference, determine that the pixel is a brick degradation pixel, or when the difference is less than the threshold difference, determine that the pixel is not a brick degradation pixel. In some aspects, the imaging analysis computer is configured to: continuously update the model in real time; and continuously compare new infrared images with the model in real time. This can be used to track the brick thickness in real time. Also, the continuous updating allows to track brick degradation rate in real time. The brick degradation rate and brick thickness can be used to make a determination of a predicted maintenance date in real time. 
     In some embodiments, the imaging analysis computer is configured to: determine a standard deviation of the distribution of the pixel temperatures for each pixel of the rotational position without brick degradation being present across the series of infrared images of the specific rotational position; and set the threshold difference as being a defined difference from the standard deviation. 
     In some embodiments, the methods can be operated by software. The software manages the network connections on a 1 to 1 basis with each IR camera to monitor camera performance, assigns correct algorithms to each camera depending on the solution assigned to the camera, monitors alerts from cameras, displays an alert and related IR images for all cameras, assigns CPUs to cameras depending on performance requirements and records historical information as determined by the rotary kiln subsystems. The hardware to run the kiln infrared management system can include a multi-CPU racked based system that is scalable to allow for additional cameras added to each solution. The hardware, memory and disk management system can be scoped and selected based on the final numbers of IR cameras. 
     The system can contain a series of LCD display screens to show overall management of the infrared system, highlight alert locations as they are triggered, allow for the display of the IR image from any IR camera, and display operational views of each system such as the cooling system management, thermal component operations, and hotspot detection. The display system can utilize the graphical displays from the relative kiln region to show locations of IR cameras, IR images and IR alerts locations relative to the kiln. 
     In some embodiments, the system can be programmed with instructions to perform the methods described herein. The system can also be programmed to track all bricks, and track all hotspot or possible hotspot locations as the kiln rotates. Accordingly, once an area or location (e.g., brick or group of bricks) is tagged as a hotspot area, the system can update the database so that this area is monitored as part of a specifically monitored group as the kiln rotates. The known hotspot locations can be routinely monitored and analyzed for hotspot data, such as source of hotspot, hotspot area growth rate, hotspot temperature growth rate, or brick parameter information. The sensitivity of known hotspot pixels may be programmed so that system responds to changes in the temperature appropriately, such as when there are small hotspots setting a higher threshold until the hotspot is cooled so that an increase in the temperature rate or other increasing of the temperature can be identified. Accordingly, each brick can be tracked and tagged as normal or degrading. Another example is setting a lower threshold in an area without any hotspot or degradation history. Accordingly, the system can be programmed to accommodate desired operability. Additionally, the known hotspot locations can be tagged for cooling, and also for maintenance and maintenance planning due to brick degradation. The system can provide real time updates on the status of a known hotspot location, whether or not actively increasing in size or temperature. When the hotspot is increasing in size or temperature, the system can provide reports for any increases in temperature change rate or any other temperature or size change over a period of time. These reports can include analytical data for the analyzed hotspot to provide any of the brick parameters described herein in real time or over defined time periods. 
     The monitoring system can detect markings, unique components, anomalies, or other identifiable or fingerprinting of the rotary kiln. This allows tracking of the rotation of the rotary kiln so that specific regions, such as specific gaps, can be tracked. The tracking can track a specific feature as it passes through a field of view of the IR camera. The image to image analysis can then track objects as they move across a series of images, by detecting the pixels that provide the temperature value of the object changing from one image to the next so that when viewed in series (e.g., video) the object can be tracked. The different features across and around the kiln can be monitored for references, such as to provide a temperature fingerprint in a temperature map or historical variation map. The temperature fingerprint can be used for monitoring specific regions or desired areas as the kiln rotate, and allows for sequential images of a specific rotational position to be obtained so that specific pixels are associated with specific objects. As such, each rotational position can have a unique temperature fingerprint that can be tracked and monitored so that temperature variation changes can be observed. 
     In some embodiments, the temperature profiles of an image can be compared to a standard temperature profile so that pixels, such as adjacent pixels or regions of pixels, that have temperatures above defined limits can be flagged as regions of interest. 
     In some embodiments, the system can include a number of IR cameras so that the entirety of the outside of the rotary kiln is monitored by imaging the length of the kiln and recording images of the rotation so that the entire outer surface area is imaged. In some aspects, the system can include at least one IR camera viewing underneath a tyre ring by viewing into a tyre gap, and preferably one IR camera per tyre gap opening (e.g., two IR cameras for each tyre gap). 
     In some embodiments, thickness of the refinery brick layer is monitored and modeled with the system based on the IR temperature data. Studies can be done to map brick thickness to operational temperatures, which allows recorded temperatures to be correlated with brick thickness. The IR temperature versus brick thickness data can be obtained and saved in a database. For example, a lookup table can include defined brick thickness per pixel temperature. The system can track changes in thickness based on the pixel temperature values. Changes in thickness that are faster than a defined rate, or specific thickness thresholds can trigger the system to activate the water sprayer to cool the surface over that region of refractory brick. The water spraying can slow the rate of thinning and inhibit degradation of the brick layer and inhibit brick dropout (e.g., dropping from the brick layer into the kiln). The spraying may also inhibit the brick from further thinning. As a result, hotspots can be predicted and treated with cooling water to prevent their formation. 
     Different thickness thresholds can trigger alerts and spraying protocols. For example, the alert and spraying protocol can be generated at 75%, 50%, 25%, 20%, 10%, and/or 5%, of original thickness. Different levels of alert and different levels of spraying can be provided as the thickness is reduced past the thresholds. 
     Also, the result can be a spraying protocol that maintains the surface between a temperature range, such as less than 325° C., and the spraying protocol can be terminated when the surface region reaches 280° C. However, it should be recognized that the threshold temperatures can change. In some aspects, the protocol can be gradual temperature reduction where different temperature range bands are cooled to a lower level, and then cooled to a lower level. For example, the protocol can preferentially target hotspots with higher temperatures (e.g., 450° C. or above), and reduce them to about 420° C., and then target hotspots with temperatures between 420° C. and 400° C. This protocol can be repeated until the kiln, or specific regions thereof (e.g., region under tyre assembly) is at the desired temperature profile. In some embodiments, the operator of the kiln can set the upper temperature threshold that turns on the cooling sprayers and the lower temperature threshold that turns off the sprayers. 
     In some embodiments, the IR camera can provide high resolution so that a single refractory brick can be tracked. The bricks are about 24 cm thick, 24 cm tall, and 6 cm wide. As such, the change in temperature can be sufficient to be noticeable when a single brick drops out. The individual bricks or groups of bricks can be monitored each rotation to track changes in thickness or track bricks that have fallen out so that there are holes in the refractory wall. Areas losing bricks can be identified, and alerts can be provided as appropriate. 
     The kiln can be monitored every rotation (e.g., monitoring the virtual 3D model) so that a single brick thickness can be monitored, and critical thinness or dropout can be identified for a specific brick in a single rotation. In part, a brick dropout causes a significant increase in temperature, and such as change in a single rotation can be identified. Accordingly, the system can keep a real time log of the temperatures in the virtual 3D model, and an increase in a certain percent or amount or to a certain temperature can trigger an analysis for brick dropout. The system can compare the one or more pixels for a specific rotational position with a size of a brick, and when the size matches provides a correlation, there can be an indication that there has been a brick dropout of the brick lining. 
     In some embodiments, the temperature of specific discrete regions can be controlled so that the thickness of the refractory brick in the wall stays the same or degrades slowly. This temperature control can reduce the temperature so that the dust or clink inside of the kiln can adhere to the refractory brick, which can serve as a patch for holes in the brick where the hotspots may be located. In some instances, the temperature can be controlled to control the amount of clink that adheres to the refractory wall. In some instances, this can be done to slow down wall erosion. 
     In some embodiments, the distance data can be used to model and monitor the outside surfaces of the kiln in 3D. In some embodiments, the brick thickness to temperature correlation can be used to model and monitor the internal regions of the kiln in 3D. 
     In some instances, the temperature data and estimated temperature gradient across the kiln from the outer surface to the inner surface can be plotted and provided on a display for visual monitoring. For example, a graph that plots the circumferential dimension against the revolutions and against the temperature can be prepared. The temperature can be provided as a color and/or axis in a three dimensional plot. 
     In some instances, the cooling can be controlled to provide a moderate cooing rate, such as about 0.25-1° C. per minute. 
     For this and other processes and methods disclosed herein, the operations performed in the processes and methods may be implemented in differing order. Furthermore, the outlined operations are only provided as examples, and some operations may be optional, combined into fewer operations, eliminated, supplemented with further operations, or expanded into additional operations, without detracting from the essence of the disclosed embodiments. 
     In some embodiments, the imaging analysis computer is configured to: identify a discrete area on a surface of the kiln in the fixed field of view; and monitor the discrete area when it passes through the fixed field of view as the kiln rotates. 
     In some embodiments, the imaging analysis computer is configured to: compare the temperature profile with a model that correlates pixel temperatures with kiln brick wall thickness; determine an estimated kiln brick wall thickness based on the temperature of each pixel in the temperature profile; and generate and provide a report on the kiln brick wall thickness. In some aspects, the report includes: a two or three dimensional simulation of the model of the kiln brick wall showing brick wall thickness; or an alert when at least one region of the kiln brick wall has a thickness below a defined threshold. 
     In some embodiments, the imaging analysis computer is configured to: analyze all pixels in the fixed field of view for changes from the at least one baseline infrared image of a defined region of the kiln to at least one subsequent infrared image having the defined region of the kiln; identify a temperature for each pixel in the field of view between the at least one baseline infrared image and the at least one subsequent infrared image; identify one or more first pixels in the at least one subsequent infrared image having a first variable difference in temperature that is greater than an allowable variable difference in temperature for the one or more first pixels in the at least one subsequent infrared image compared to an allowable variable difference in temperature for the one or more first pixels in the at least one baseline infrared image; determine the one or more first pixels as being on or more degrading bricks based on the first variable difference in temperature of the one or more first pixels being greater than the allowable variable difference in temperature of the one or more first pixels in the fixed field of view; and generate an visual indication that identifies brick degradation being present in the fixed field of view. 
     In some embodiments, the imaging analysis computer is configured to obtain the at least one baseline infrared image by: acquiring a series of infrared images of the fixed field of view; analyzing pixel data of each infrared image of the series to determine a pixel temperature for each pixel for each infrared image; determining a range of pixel temperatures for each pixel without a degrading brick being present in the fixed field of view across the series of infrared images of the fixed field of view; and setting the allowable variable difference in temperature to include the determined range of pixel temperatures for each pixel without a degrading brick. 
     In some embodiments, the imaging analysis computer is configured to obtain the at least one baseline infrared image by: performing a statistical analysis of the range of pixel temperatures for each pixel without a degrading brick being present in at least one region across the series of infrared images of the fixed field of view for the at least one region to determine an allowable distribution of pixel temperatures for each pixel; and setting the at least one baseline infrared image so that each pixel includes the allowable distribution of pixel temperatures. In some aspects, the at least one baseline infrared image is a model of each pixel with the allowable distribution of pixel temperatures for each pixel, wherein the model of pixel is obtained by: determining a distribution of the pixel temperatures for each pixel without a degrading brick being present across the series of infrared images for the at least one region; identifying a maximum pixel temperature that is greater than the distribution of pixel temperatures by a first difference; and setting the first difference from the distribution to indicate absence of a degrading brick for each pixel in the at least one region. This can be used for tracking brick thickness. Each brick thickness can be associated with a thickness range, which is correlated for the allowable pixel temperatures. Changes in temperatures show a changing from a thicker brick range to a thinner brick range. 
     In some embodiments, the imaging analysis computer is configured to: compare each pixel temperature in the one or more subsequent infrared images for the at least one region with the model of each pixel with the allowable distribution of pixel temperatures; determine a difference between each pixel temperature in the one or more subsequent infrared images and the model of each pixel in the at least one region; determine whether the difference is greater than a threshold difference, when the difference is greater than the threshold difference, determine that the pixel is a degrading brick pixel, or when the difference is less than the threshold difference, determine that the pixel is not a degrading pixel. In some aspects, the imaging analysis computer is configured to: determine a standard deviation of the distribution of the pixel temperatures for each pixel without a degrading brick being present across the series of infrared images; and set the threshold difference as being a defined difference from the standard deviation. 
     It should be noted that the brick may always be in some continual degradation due to operation of the rotary kiln. As used herein, a brick is not significantly degrading or treated as actively degrading if the degradation is at a slow rate. Slow degradation may show up as no active degradation. Therefore, the thickness of the brick stays within a defined range, until significantly rapid degradation occurs. 
     In some embodiments, the imaging analysis computer is configured to: obtain the at least baseline one infrared image of the fixed field of view of a specific rotational position of the rotary kiln such that a specific region of the rotary kiln is imaged by a plurality of specific pixels; obtain the at least one subsequent infrared image of the fixed field of view of the specific rotational position of the rotary kiln such that the specific region of the rotary kiln is imaged by the plurality of specific pixels; and compare the at least baseline one infrared image and the at least one subsequent infrared image so as to compare the specific region of the rotary kiln by the plurality of specific pixels. In some aspects, each rotational position of the rotary kiln is imaged as it rotates, and the comparison is made with each rotational position in the at least one baseline image and the at least one subsequent image. In some aspects, a first baseline image of a specific region of the rotary kiln is obtained at least one revolution prior to a first subsequent image of the specific region. In some aspects, the specific region includes a specific set of pixels in the first baseline image and the first subsequent image. In some aspects, the at least one baseline image is not compared to a subsequent image of a different region of the rotary kiln. In some aspects, a physical feature of the rotary kiln is identified, wherein the imaging analysis computer is configured to track the physical feature as it rotates. In some aspects, at least one tyre gap of a tyre assembly is identified and mapped in relation to the physical feature. In some aspects, the imaging analysis computer is configured to track each tyre gap of the tyre assembly. In some aspects, the imaging analysis computer is configured to label each tyre gap for tracking purposes. In some aspects, imaging analysis computer is configured to identify a plurality of reference points on the surface of the rotary kiln and track the plurality of reference points as the rotary kiln rotates. In some aspects, the imaging analysis computer is configured to a reference a tyre gap to at least one of the reference points. In some aspects, the system can perform tracking of the rotation of the rotary kiln by tracking at least one of the reference points and/or at least one tyre gap. 
     In some embodiments, the imaging analysis computer is configured receive input of parameters of the rotary kiln, wherein the parameters include at least a measurement of dimension of the rotary kiln and at least a rotational velocity of the rotary kiln. In some aspects, the dimensions include a diameter of the rotary kiln. In some aspects, the imaging analysis computer is configured to use the parameters in calculations for temperature profile measurements. In some aspects, the imaging analysis computer is configured to use the parameters in calculating a rotational velocity of the rotary kiln. In some aspects, the rotational velocity is in rotations per minute. 
     The system can include: a plurality of infrared imaging sensors, each infrared imaging sensor configured to capture sequences of infrared images of a scene, each infrared image comprising a plurality of pixels, each pixel having a corresponding pixel value; an imaging analysis computer comprising: an electronic hardware processor, an electronic hardware memory operably connected to the electronic hardware processor and storing instructions that configure the electronic hardware processor to: receive a sequence of a plurality of infrared images of the scene from each infrared imaging sensor of the plurality of infrared imaging sensors for a period of time, wherein each pixel corresponds with a same point of the scene across the sequence of the plurality of infrared images, determine a temperature value for each pixel corresponding to the pixel value of each pixel for each of the plurality of infrared images in the sequences of infrared images for the period of time, determine a statistical distribution of temperature values for each pixel over the plurality of infrared images based on the determined temperature value of each pixel of each infrared image of the plurality of infrared images for the period of time, which is defined as a historical time period, such that each pixel includes a separate statistical distribution of temperature values for the historical time period, define a threshold distance from the statistical distribution of temperature values for each pixel, the threshold distance being greater than the statistical distribution of temperature values, obtain a subsequent infrared image from at least one infrared imaging sensor of the plurality of infrared imaging sensors, determine a subsequent temperature value of each pixel in the subsequent infrared image, compare the determined subsequent temperature value of each pixel with the threshold distance from the statistical distribution of temperature values for each pixel, when the determined subsequent temperature value for a first pixel is less than the threshold distance from the statistical distribution of temperature values for the first pixel, update the statistical distribution of temperature values for the first pixel with the determined subsequent temperature value to form an updated statistical distribution of temperature values for an updated historical time period, when the determined subsequent temperature value for the first pixel is greater than the threshold distance from the statistical distribution of temperature values for the first pixel, perform the following steps: identify a plurality of first pixels in the subsequent image that each have a determined subsequent temperature value that is greater than the threshold distance from the statistical distribution of temperature values for the plurality of first pixels, determine each pixel of the plurality of first pixels to be abnormal pixels, each abnormal pixel of the plurality of first pixels having the determined temperature value being greater than the threshold distance from its respective statistical distribution of temperature values for the historical time period. Thus, the brick thickness of a rotary kiln can be monitored and alerts can be generated once a brick degradation is identified. In view of the foregoing, the methodologies for hotspot detection and monitoring can be applied to the brick layer model for monitoring brick thickness. Accordingly, the alert can be a visual indicator of the relative temperature and brick thickness. 
     The present disclosure is not to be limited in terms of the particular embodiments described in this application, which are intended as illustrations of various aspects. Many modifications and variations can be made without departing from its spirit and scope. Functionally equivalent methods and apparatuses within the scope of the disclosure, in addition to those enumerated herein, are possible from the foregoing descriptions. Such modifications and variations are intended to fall within the scope of the appended claims. The present disclosure is to be limited only by the terms of the appended claims, along with the full scope of equivalents to which such claims are entitled. The terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particular embodiments only, and is not intended to be limiting. 
     In one embodiment, the present methods can include aspects performed on a computing system. As such, the computing system can include a memory device that has the computer-executable instructions for performing the methods. The computer-executable instructions can be part of a computer program product that includes one or more algorithms for performing any of the methods of any of the claims. 
     In one embodiment, any of the operations, processes, or methods, described herein can be performed or cause to be performed in response to execution of computer-readable instructions stored on a computer-readable medium and executable by one or more processors. The computer-readable instructions can be executed by a processor of a wide range of computing systems from desktop computing systems, portable computing systems, tablet computing systems, hand-held computing systems, as well as network elements, and/or any other computing device. The computer readable medium is not transitory. The computer readable medium is a physical medium having the computer-readable instructions stored therein so as to be physically readable from the physical medium by the computer/processor. 
     There are various vehicles by which processes and/or systems and/or other technologies described herein can be effected (e.g., hardware, software, and/or firmware), and that the preferred vehicle may vary with the context in which the processes and/or systems and/or other technologies are deployed. For example, if an implementer determines that speed and accuracy are paramount, the implementer may opt for a mainly hardware and/or firmware vehicle; if flexibility is paramount, the implementer may opt for a mainly software implementation; or, yet again alternatively, the implementer may opt for some combination of hardware, software, and/or firmware. 
     The various operations described herein can be implemented, individually and/or collectively, by a wide range of hardware, software, firmware, or virtually any combination thereof. In one embodiment, several portions of the subject matter described herein may be implemented via application specific integrated circuits (ASICs), field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs), digital signal processors (DSPs), or other integrated formats. However, some aspects of the embodiments disclosed herein, in whole or in part, can be equivalently implemented in integrated circuits, as one or more computer programs running on one or more computers (e.g., as one or more programs running on one or more computer systems), as one or more programs running on one or more processors (e.g., as one or more programs running on one or more microprocessors), as firmware, or as virtually any combination thereof, and that designing the circuitry and/or writing the code for the software and/or firmware are possible in light of this disclosure. In addition, the mechanisms of the subject matter described herein are capable of being distributed as a program product in a variety of forms, and that an illustrative embodiment of the subject matter described herein applies regardless of the particular type of signal bearing medium used to actually carry out the distribution. Examples of a physical signal bearing medium include, but are not limited to, the following: a recordable type medium such as a floppy disk, a hard disk drive (HDD), a compact disc (CD), a digital versatile disc (DVD), a digital tape, a computer memory, or any other physical medium that is not transitory or a transmission. Examples of physical media having computer-readable instructions omit transitory or transmission type media such as a digital and/or an analog communication medium (e.g., a fiber optic cable, a waveguide, a wired communication link, a wireless communication link, etc.). 
     It is common to describe devices and/or processes in the fashion set forth herein, and thereafter use engineering practices to integrate such described devices and/or processes into data processing systems. That is, at least a portion of the devices and/or processes described herein can be integrated into a data processing system via a reasonable amount of experimentation. A typical data processing system generally includes one or more of a system unit housing, a video display device, a memory such as volatile and non-volatile memory, processors such as microprocessors and digital signal processors, computational entities such as operating systems, drivers, graphical user interfaces, and applications programs, one or more interaction devices, such as a touch pad or screen, and/or control systems, including feedback loops and control motors (e.g., feedback for sensing position and/or velocity; control motors for moving and/or adjusting components and/or quantities). A typical data processing system may be implemented utilizing any suitable commercially available components, such as those generally found in data computing/communication and/or network computing/communication systems. 
     The herein described subject matter sometimes illustrates different components contained within, or connected with, different other components. Such depicted architectures are merely exemplary, and that in fact, many other architectures can be implemented which achieve the same functionality. In a conceptual sense, any arrangement of components to achieve the same functionality is effectively “associated” such that the desired functionality is achieved. Hence, any two components herein combined to achieve a particular functionality can be seen as “associated with” each other such that the desired functionality is achieved, irrespective of architectures or intermedial components. Likewise, any two components so associated can also be viewed as being “operably connected”, or “operably coupled”, to each other to achieve the desired functionality, and any two components capable of being so associated can also be viewed as being “operably couplable”, to each other to achieve the desired functionality. Specific examples of operably couplable include, but are not limited to: physically mateable and/or physically interacting components and/or wirelessly interactable and/or wirelessly interacting components and/or logically interacting and/or logically interactable components. 
       FIG.  6    shows an example computing device  600  (e.g., a computer) that may be arranged in some embodiments to perform the methods (or portions thereof) described herein. In a very basic configuration  602 , computing device  600  generally includes one or more processors  604  and a system memory  606 . A memory bus  608  may be used for communicating between processor  604  and system memory  606 . 
     Depending on the desired configuration, processor  604  may be of any type including, but not limited to: a microprocessor (μP), a microcontroller (μC), a digital signal processor (DSP), or any combination thereof. Processor  604  may include one or more levels of caching, such as a level one cache  610  and a level two cache  612 , a processor core  614 , and registers  616 . An example processor core  614  may include an arithmetic logic unit (ALU), a floating point unit (FPU), a digital signal processing core (DSP Core), or any combination thereof. An example memory controller  618  may also be used with processor  604 , or in some implementations, memory controller  618  may be an internal part of processor  604 . 
     Depending on the desired configuration, system memory  606  may be of any type including, but not limited to: volatile memory (such as RAM), non-volatile memory (such as ROM, flash memory, etc.), or any combination thereof. System memory  606  may include an operating system  620 , one or more applications  622 , and program data  624 . Application  622  may include a determination application  626  that is arranged to perform the operations as described herein, including those described with respect to methods described herein. The determination application  626  can obtain data, such as pressure, flow rate, and/or temperature, and then determine a change to the system to change the pressure, flow rate, and/or temperature. 
     Computing device  600  may have additional features or functionality, and additional interfaces to facilitate communications between basic configuration  602  and any required devices and interfaces. For example, a bus/interface controller  630  may be used to facilitate communications between basic configuration  602  and one or more data storage devices  632  via a storage interface bus  634 . Data storage devices  632  may be removable storage devices  636 , non-removable storage devices  638 , or a combination thereof. Examples of removable storage and non-removable storage devices include: magnetic disk devices such as flexible disk drives and hard-disk drives (HDD), optical disk drives such as compact disk (CD) drives or digital versatile disk (DVD) drives, solid state drives (SSD), and tape drives to name a few. Example computer storage media may include: volatile and non-volatile, removable and non-removable media implemented in any method or technology for storage of information, such as computer readable instructions, data structures, program modules, or other data. 
     System memory  606 , removable storage devices  636  and non-removable storage devices  638  are examples of computer storage media. Computer storage media includes, but is not limited to: RAM, ROM, EEPROM, flash memory or other memory technology, CD-ROM, digital versatile disks (DVD) or other optical storage, magnetic cassettes, magnetic tape, magnetic disk storage or other magnetic storage devices, or any other medium which may be used to store the desired information and which may be accessed by computing device  600 . Any such computer storage media may be part of computing device  600 . 
     Computing device  600  may also include an interface bus  640  for facilitating communication from various interface devices (e.g., output devices  642 , peripheral interfaces  644 , and communication devices  646 ) to basic configuration  602  via bus/interface controller  630 . Example output devices  642  include a graphics processing unit  648  and an audio processing unit  650 , which may be configured to communicate to various external devices such as a display or speakers via one or more A/V ports  652 . Example peripheral interfaces  644  include a serial interface controller  654  or a parallel interface controller  656 , which may be configured to communicate with external devices such as input devices (e.g., keyboard, mouse, pen, voice input device, touch input device, etc.) or other peripheral devices (e.g., printer, scanner, etc.) via one or more I/O ports  658 . An example communication device  646  includes a network controller  660 , which may be arranged to facilitate communications with one or more other computing devices  662  over a network communication link via one or more communication ports  664 . 
     The network communication link may be one example of a communication media. Communication media may generally be embodied by computer readable instructions, data structures, program modules, or other data in a modulated data signal, such as a carrier wave or other transport mechanism, and may include any information delivery media. A “modulated data signal” may be a signal that has one or more of its characteristics set or changed in such a manner as to encode information in the signal. By way of example, and not limitation, communication media may include wired media such as a wired network or direct-wired connection, and wireless media such as acoustic, radio frequency (RF), microwave, infrared (IR), and other wireless media. The term computer readable media as used herein may include both storage media and communication media. 
     Computing device  600  may be implemented as a portion of a small-form-factor portable (or mobile) electronic devices such as a cell phone, a personal data assistant (PDA), a personal media player device, a wireless web-watch device, a personal headset device, an application specific device, or a hybrid device that includes any of the above functions. Computing device  600  may also be implemented as a personal computer including both laptop computer and non-laptop computer configurations. The computing device  600  can also be any type of network computing device. The computing device  600  can also be an automated system as described herein. 
     The embodiments described herein may include the use of a special purpose or general-purpose computer including various computer hardware or software modules. 
     Embodiments within the scope of the present invention also include computer-readable media for carrying or having computer-executable instructions or data structures stored thereon. Such computer-readable media can be any available media that can be accessed by a general purpose or special purpose computer. By way of example, and not limitation, such computer-readable media can comprise RAM, ROM, EEPROM, CD-ROM or other optical disk storage, magnetic disk storage or other magnetic storage devices, or any other medium which can be used to carry or store desired program code means in the form of computer-executable instructions or data structures and which can be accessed by a general purpose or special purpose computer. When information is transferred or provided over a network or another communications connection (either hardwired, wireless, or a combination of hardwired or wireless) to a computer, the computer properly views the connection as a computer-readable medium. Thus, any such connection is properly termed a computer-readable medium. Combinations of the above should also be included within the scope of computer-readable media. 
     Computer-executable instructions comprise, for example, instructions and data which cause a general purpose computer, special purpose computer, or special purpose processing device to perform a certain function or group of functions. Although the subject matter has been described in language specific to structural features and/or methodological acts, it is to be understood that the subject matter defined in the appended claims is not necessarily limited to the specific features or acts described above. Rather, the specific features and acts described above are disclosed as example forms of implementing the claims. 
     In some embodiments, a computer program product can include a non-transient, tangible memory device having computer-executable instructions that when executed by a processor, cause performance of a method comprising computer-implemented steps as described herein. 
     Additionally, machine learning and deep learning techniques are utilized to assess the infrared data and/or the in silico data. The invention provides methods that can be utilized to assess the infrared temperature data (e.g., computer methods performed on data from infrared camera or in silico source), and then determine information about the brick layer. 
     The methods can include receiving an infrared data derived from infrared rotary kiln model. Based on the infrared data, the method can include providing input vectors to a machine learning platform. The machine learning platform processes the input vectors in order to generate output that includes a generated in silico data of a brick layer model. 
     In some embodiments, the machine learning platform comprises one or more deep neural networks. In some aspects, the machine learning platform comprises one or generative adversarial networks. In some aspects, the machine learning platform comprises an adversarial autoencoder architecture. 
     Deep neural networks (DNNs) are computer system architectures that have recently been created for complex data processing and artificial intelligence (AI). DNNs are machine learning models that employ more than one hidden layer of nonlinear computational units to predict outputs for a set of received inputs. DNNs can be provided in various configurations for various purposes, and continue to be developed to improve performance and predictive ability. 
     As used herein, the term “determining” encompasses a wide variety of actions. For example, “determining” may include calculating, computing, processing, deriving, investigating, looking up (e.g., looking up in a table, a database or another data structure), ascertaining and the like. Also, “determining” may include receiving (e.g., receiving information), accessing (e.g., accessing data in a memory) and the like. Also, “determining” may include resolving, selecting, choosing, establishing and the like. Further, a “channel width” as used herein may encompass or may also be referred to as a bandwidth in certain aspects. 
     With respect to the use of substantially any plural and/or singular terms herein, those having skill in the art can translate from the plural to the singular and/or from the singular to the plural as is appropriate to the context and/or application. The various singular/plural permutations may be expressly set forth herein for sake of clarity. 
     It will be understood by those within the art that, in general, terms used herein, and especially in the appended claims (e.g., bodies of the appended claims) are generally intended as “open” terms (e.g., the term “including” should be interpreted as “including but not limited to,” the term “having” should be interpreted as “having at least,” the term “includes” should be interpreted as “includes but is not limited to,” etc.). It will be further understood by those within the art that if a specific number of an introduced claim recitation is intended, such an intent will be explicitly recited in the claim, and in the absence of such recitation, no such intent is present. For example, as an aid to understanding, the following appended claims may contain usage of the introductory phrases “at least one” and “one or more” to introduce claim recitations. However, the use of such phrases should not be construed to imply that the introduction of a claim recitation by the indefinite articles “a” or “an” limits any particular claim containing such introduced claim recitation to embodiments containing only one such recitation, even when the same claim includes the introductory phrases “one or more” or “at least one” and indefinite articles such as “a” or “an” (e.g., “a” and/or “an” should be interpreted to mean “at least one” or “one or more”); the same holds true for the use of definite articles used to introduce claim recitations. In addition, even if a specific number of an introduced claim recitation is explicitly recited, those skilled in the art will recognize that such recitation should be interpreted to mean at least the recited number (e.g., the bare recitation of “two recitations,” without other modifiers, means at least two recitations, or two or more recitations). Furthermore, in those instances where a convention analogous to “at least one of A, B, and C, etc.” is used, in general, such a construction is intended in the sense one having skill in the art would understand the convention (e.g., “a system having at least one of A, B, and C” would include but not be limited to systems that have A alone, B alone, C alone, A and B together, A and C together, B and C together, and/or A, B, and C together, etc.). It will be further understood by those within the art that virtually any disjunctive word and/or phrase presenting two or more alternative terms, whether in the description, claims, or drawings, should be understood to contemplate the possibilities of including one of the terms, either of the terms, or both terms. For example, the phrase “A or B” will be understood to include the possibilities of “A” or “B” or “A and B.” 
     In addition, where features or aspects of the disclosure are described in terms of Markush groups, those skilled in the art will recognize that the disclosure is also thereby described in terms of any individual member or subgroup of members of the Markush group. 
     As will be understood by one skilled in the art, for any and all purposes, such as in terms of providing a written description, all ranges disclosed herein also encompass any and all possible subranges and combinations of subranges thereof. Any listed range can be easily recognized as sufficiently describing and enabling the same range being broken down into at least equal halves, thirds, quarters, fifths, tenths, etc. As a non-limiting example, each range discussed herein can be readily broken down into a lower third, middle third and upper third, etc. As will also be understood by one skilled in the art all languages such as “up to,” “at least,” and the like include the number recited and refer to ranges which can be subsequently broken down into subranges as discussed above. Finally, as will be understood by one skilled in the art, a range includes each individual member. Thus, for example, a group having 1-3 cells refers to groups having 1, 2, or 3 cells. Similarly, a group having 1-5 cells refers to groups having 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 cells, and so forth. 
     From the foregoing, it will be appreciated that various embodiments of the present disclosure have been described herein for purposes of illustration, and that various modifications may be made without departing from the scope and spirit of the present disclosure. Accordingly, the various embodiments disclosed herein are not intended to be limiting, with the true scope and spirit being indicated by the following claims.