Patent Publication Number: US-6903687-B1

Title: Feed structure for antennas

Description:
GOVERNMENT INTERESTS 
   Origin of the Apparatus 
   The methods described herein were made by employee(s) under contract with the United States Government and may be manufactured and used by or for the Government of the United States of America for governmental purposes without the payment of any royalties thereon or therefor. 

   BACKGROUND 
   Patch antennas may comprise, as an example, one or more conductive patch elements supported relative to a ground plane and radiating in a direction substantially perpendicular to the ground plane. For the purposes herein, the word “radiate” or any form thereof is defined as transmitting electromagnetic waves, receiving electromagnetic waves, or both. Conveniently, patch antennas may be formed by employing printed circuit techniques and a dielectric substrate may have a patch printed upon it in a similar fashion to the printing of microstrip feed lines employed in some layered antennas. Patch antennas are versatile in terms of possible geometries that make them applicable for many different configurations. For example, a patch antenna&#39;s shape may be of low profile and rectilinear in nature and thus, its planar structure can take advantage of printed circuit technology. Other advantages may include low weight, low volume, and low fabrication costs. Traditional disadvantages may include a narrow bandwidth, half plane radiation, and a limitation on the maximum gain. 
   For modern telecommunications applications, the patch antenna&#39;s traditional advantages usually outweigh the traditional disadvantages. Apart from the electrical performance of an antenna other factors need to be taken into account, such as size, weight, cost, and ease of construction of the antenna. Depending on the requirements, an antenna can be either a single radiating element or an array of like radiating elements. With the increasing deployment of wireless mobile communication devices, an increasing number of antennas are required for the deployment of mobile access systems. Such antennas are required to be both inexpensive and easy to produce. 
   As stated earlier, a traditional disadvantage of the patch antenna is its inherent narrow bandwidth. Many methods have been proposed to improve the bandwidth, and these include, as examples, the addition of parasitic patches, either laterally or vertically, the use of a thick dielectric substrate, and the cutting of apertures. 
   A common microstrip patch antenna has a microstrip feed cut-in at the optimum feed point. Patches having such cut-ins, however, do not necessarily provide good crosspolarization performance. Also, circular polarization is difficult to achieve due to perturbations caused by the inset microstrip lines. It is therefore very important to minimize parasitic effects, such as the aforementioned perturbations, of the feed while maintaining simple manufacturability. 
   Simplification of circuits that interface with the radiating elements is one way to achieve the goals of decreased size, decreased weight, ease of manufacture, and lowered costs. Power divider, filter, and low noise amplifier circuits are examples of structures that microwave and radio frequency (RF) designers often attempt to integrate with the antenna element. Integration with the antenna element usually results in smaller overall packaging and enhanced system performance. However, the packaging associated with common microwave circuits, for example, makes this integration very difficult when a common coaxial probe feed is used. Thus, it has been an objective of antenna designers to simplify the integration of circuits with the radiating element. 
   A typical antenna  16  using a coaxial cable is shown in FIG.  1 A. An outer conductor  5  of a coaxial cable is terminated through a connector  6  to an antenna ground plane  3 . A small clearance  7  in the ground plane  3  permits an inner conductor  4  to extend through a substrate  1  and protrude through a patch element  2 , where the inner conductor  4  may be electrically bonded to the topside of the patch element  2 . The clearance  7  in the ground plane  3  is created so that the inner conductor is not shorted to the ground plane  3 . In this example, the substrate  1  is formed of a material with a predetermined dielectric constant. The patch element  2  is printed on top of the substrate  1 . However, the substrate can simply be air, as is shown in FIG.  1 B.  FIG. 1B  illustrates a patch antenna that primarily consists of a rectangular patch element mounted over a ground plane in addition to a coaxial cable. The mounting means may consist of nonconductive spacers, such as bolts, nuts, and washers comprised of nylon or similar material. 
     FIG. 2  illustrates a layered antenna  17  with an integrated stripline circuit in the form of a two-layer structure. The first end of a probe feed  18  protrudes through a patch element  8  and may be electrically bonded on the topside of the patch element  8 , while the second end of the probe feed  18  protrudes through a stripline ground plane  11  and may be electrically bonded to a middle circuit layer  12  between a first dielectric layer  19  and a second dielectric layer  20 . The stripline ground plane  11  surrounds the first dielectric layer  19  and the second dielectric layer  20 . The probe feed  18  extends through a substrate  9  and ground plane  10 . This stripline ground plane  11  is electrically connected to the ground plane  10 . A first clearance  21  in the ground plane  10  and a second clearance  22  in the stripline ground plane  11  are created so that the probe feed  18  is not shorted to the ground plane  10 , stripline ground plane  11 , or both. An inner conductor  15  of a coaxial cable protrudes through the stripline ground plane  11  and may be electrically bonded to the middle circuit layer  12 . A third clearance  23  in the stripline ground plane  11  is created so that the inner conductor  15  is not shorted to the stripline ground plane  11 . An outer conductor  14  of the coaxial cable terminates at the stripline ground plane  11  by a connector  13 . The difficulty with this design stems from the desire to provide an interface for the inner conductor  15  and the probe feed  18  as illustrated while connecting the top and bottom stripline layers in a reliable fashion. Some of these limitations may be overcome using modem plated thru-hole technology. However, unintentional parasitics at the interface between the integrated circuit and the antenna element often thwart the intended function of the integration circuit, the antenna element or both. Therefore, as a precursor to fabrication using plated thru-holes, a prototype is highly desirable in which (a) the interfaces closely represent, in the way of electromagnetic coupling, the assembly when fabricated with plated thru-holes, and (b) features of the generic integrated circuit can be readily altered or tuned in situ. Many solutions to this problem are unreliable due to electrically bonded (e.g., solder) joints that are either blind or nearly blind, to coupled lines whose relative positioning is not visible, and to joints between the probe feed and the surface to which it is bonded. 
   The present invention seeks to provide a novel feed structure incorporated into an antenna, which overcomes or reduces the aforementioned problems. 

   
     Description 
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
     FIG.  1 A. is a cross sectional view of a common antenna configuration. 
     FIG.  1 B. is a cross section view of a common antenna configuration wherein the substrate is air. 
     FIG.  2 . is cross sectional view of an integrated two-layer structure antenna configuration. 
     FIG.  3 A. is a cross sectional view of one embodiment of an antenna utilizing an electrical connection means and a novel feed structure. 
     FIG.  3 B. is a cross sectional view of one embodiment of an integrated circuit, patch element, and novel feed structure. 
     FIG.  4 . is a cross sectional view of another embodiment of an antenna utilizing an aperture and a novel feed structure. 
       FIG. 5  is a cross sectional view of another embodiment of an antenna to show how a novel feed structure can be incorporated to form a layered antenna. 
       FIG. 6  is an exploded, perspective view of another embodiment of an antenna utilizing an electrical connection means and a novel feed structure. 
       FIG. 7  is a cross sectional view of another embodiment of an antenna utilizing a novel feed structure wherein the feed means is formed of a first coaxial line and a second coaxial line. 
       FIG. 8  is a cross sectional view of another embodiment of an antenna to show how a novel feed structure can be incorporated into a Planar Inverted-F Antenna (PIFA) with a capacitive feed and capacitive load. 
   

   DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
   The novel feed structure incorporated in an antenna will now be described more fully hereinafter with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which embodiments of a novel feed structure and antenna are shown. The novel feed structure and antenna may, however, be embodied in many different forms and should not be construed as limited to the embodiments set forth herein; rather, these embodiments are provided so that this disclosure will be thorough, complete, and will fully convey the scope of the antenna to those skilled in the art. Like numbers refer to like elements throughout. 
   The term “about” as used herein may be applied to modify any quantitative representation that could permissibly vary without resulting in a change in the basic function to which it is related. For example, a quantitative dielectric constant as disclosed herein may permissibly be different than the precise value if the basic function to which the dielectric constant is related does not change. For the purposes herein, the term “device” is used to mean any device that can send electromagnetic signals, receive electromagnetic signals, or both. For example, a device may be a transmitter, receiver, or transceiver. Further, a device includes the means for electrically connecting the device to an antenna, such as (for example) a coaxial cable and connector. For the purposes herein, the term “transferring electrical energy from a device to a patch element and integrated circuit or vice versa or both” is used to mean: for transmitting electromagnetic energy, transferring electrical energy from a device to an integrated circuit followed by a transfer of electrical energy from the integrated circuit to a patch element; for receiving electromagnetic energy, transferring electrical energy from a patch element to an integrated circuit followed by a transfer of electrical energy from the integrated circuit to a device; or for simultaneously transmitting and receiving electromagnetic energy, transferring electrical energy from a device to an integrated circuit followed by a transfer of electrical energy from the integrated circuit to a patch element and transferring electrical energy from a patch element to an integrated circuit followed by a transfer of electrical energy from the integrated circuit to a device. For the purposes herein, the term “available for electrical connectivity” is used to mean one end of a feed means, line, cable, or conductor is available to be electrically connected to a yet to be determined or predetermined device. 
   Referring now to the drawings, and in particular to  FIG. 3A , there is shown a first embodiment of an antenna  25 , incorporating a novel feed structure, formed of a substrate  27 , patch element  28 , ground plane  26 , an integrated circuit formed of a laminate layer  34  and a circuit layer  29 , an electrical connection means  33 , and a feed means, wherein the feed means is formed of an outer conductor  36  and an inner conductor  31 . One embodiment of a novel feed structure comprises a feed means, patch element, and integrated circuit in the configuration illustrated in FIG.  3 A. Further details relative to the interconnectivity of these elements are provided below.  FIG. 6  illustrates an exploded perspective view of a similar embodiment of an antenna  85 . In  FIG. 6 , there is shown a feed means, wherein the feed means is formed of an outer conductor  86  and an inner conductor  87  separated by a dielectric spacer  94 ; a ground plane  88 ; a substrate  89 ; a patch element  90 ; an integrated circuit formed of a laminate layer  91  and a circuit layer  92 ; and an electrical connection means  93 . 
   With continued reference to  FIG. 3A , the substrate  27  has a predetermined dielectric constant. In an embodiment, the dielectric constant may be from about 1 to about 200. In another embodiment, the substrate  27  may have an ellipsoidal, rectilinear, arbitrary, or asymmetrical cross-sectional shape with a predetermined thickness. In a further embodiment, the substrate may be air. Therefore, another embodiment of an antenna (not shown) is comprised of a patch element, integrated circuit, a ground plane, and a feed means formed of at least one outer conductor and at least one inner conductor. In this embodiment, the at least one inner conductor is electrically connected to and terminates at the integrated circuit on a first end of the at least one inner conductor but is not electrically connected to the patch element. The second end of the at least one inner conductor is available for electrical connectivity. Further, in this embodiment, at least one outer conductor terminates at the patch clement on a first end of at least one outer conductor, at least one outer conductor is electrically connected to the patch element, and at least one outer conductor is electrically connected to the ground plane, wherein a second end of at least one outer conductor is available for electrical connectivity. The at least one outer conductor of the feed means serves as a mechanical standoff in addition to their stated electrical purpose. 
   With continued reference to  FIG. 3A , there is shown a patch element  28 , which is attached to the substrate  27 . In the embodiment illustrated in  FIG. 3A , the patch clement  28  is attached to the top surface of the substrate  27 . The patch element  28  is attached to the substrate  27  via diffusion bonding means, electro-deposition means, standard printed circuit means, etching means, adhesive means, mechanical attachment means (e.g., non-conductive fasteners), or plating means on the top surface of the substrate  27 . In a second embodiment (not shown), a patch element may be attached to the top surface of a substrate by embedding the patch element in the top surface of the substrate. In a third embodiment (not shown), a patch element may be embedded in the top surface of a substrate wherein the top surface of the patch element may be flush with the top surface of the substrate. In a fourth embodiment (not shown), wherein the substrate is air, a patch element may be mounted to a ground plane by non-conductive fasteners in such a manner to separate the patch element and ground plane at a predetermined distance. In one embodiment, the patch element  28  is comprised of a first conductive material. In a second embodiment, the first conductive material may be comprised of a conductive metal or alloy. In a third embodiment, the first conductive material may be selected from a group consisting of aluminum, copper, brass, gold, silver, tin, and nickel. In an embodiment, the patch element  28  has an ellipsoidal, rectilinear, arbitrary, or asymmetrical cross-sectional shape with a predetermined thickness. In the embodiment illustrated in  FIG. 3A , a first clearance  37  in the patch element  28  is created such that a short circuit does not exist between the electrical connection means  33  and patch element  28 . 
   With continued reference to  FIG. 3A , there is shown a ground plane  26 , which is attached to the substrate  27 , wherein the ground plane  26  is comprised of a second conductive material. In the embodiment illustrated in  FIG. 3A , the ground plane  26  is attached to the bottom surface of the substrate  27 . The ground plane  26  is attached to the substrate  27  via diffusion bonding means, electro-deposition means, standard printed circuit means, etching means, adhesive means, mechanical attachment means (e.g., non-conductive fasteners), or plating means. In an embodiment, the second conductive material is comprised of a conductive metal or alloy. In another embodiment, the second conductive material may be selected from a group consisting of aluminum, copper, brass, gold, silver, tin, and nickel. In an embodiment, the ground plane  26  has an ellipsoidal, rectilinear, arbitrary, or asymmetrical crosssectional shape with a predetermined thickness. 
   With continued reference to  FIG. 3A , there is an integrated circuit formed of a circuit layer  29  and a laminate layer  34  wherein the integrated circuit is attached to the patch element  28 . The integrated circuit, for example, manipulates an electromagnetic signal, which is fed to the integrated circuit through a feed means (discussed later). The integrated circuit may be attached to the patch element  28  through electrically bonded means, adhesive means, or mechanical attachment means. Further, the integrated circuit is electrically connected to the patch element  28  at or near the feed means and electrical connection means  33  (discussed later). Multiple embodiments for the integrated circuit exist. In one embodiment, the integrated circuit is formed of circuit board material or similar. In a second embodiment, the integrated circuit may be selected from a group consisting of a filter, power divider, amplifier, phase shifter, and transmission line. In a third embodiment, the integrated circuit may be a stripline circuit. In a fourth embodiment, the integrated circuit may be a microstrip line circuit. In a fifth embodiment, the integrated circuit may be formed of active components, passive components, or both. Further, as illustrated in  FIG. 3B , in another embodiment, the integrated circuit is formed of a circuit layer  40 , a laminate layer  41 , and a ground layer  42 , wherein the ground layer  42  is electrically connected to a patch element  43 . In this embodiment, a first clearance  44  is created in the ground layer  42  and patch element  43  so that an electrical connection means  45  does not create a short circuit between the circuit layer  40  and the ground layer  42 , patch element  43 , or both. In this embodiment, a second clearance  46  is created in the ground layer  42  and patch element  43  so that an inner conductor  47  does not create a short circuit between the circuit layer  40  and the ground layer  42 , patch element  43 , or both. In this embodiment, the ground layer  42  is considered an extension of the patch element  43  wherein employment of the ground layer  42  may aid in the fabrication of the antenna. In yet another embodiment (not shown), the integrated circuit may be formed of a plurality of circuit layers, a plurality of laminate layers, and a ground layer. In a still another embodiment (not shown), the integrated circuit may be formed of a circuit layer, a laminate layer, and a patch element. 
   With continued reference to  FIG. 3A , there is shown an electrical connection means  33  for electrically connecting the integrated circuit to a conductive component such as the ground plane  26  shown in  FIG. 3A  or a patch element in a layered antenna (not shown). With continued reference to  FIG. 3A , the electrical connection means  33  excites the resonant fields between the patch element  28  and ground plane  26 . In one embodiment, the electrical connection means is located at a predetermined position  32 . The positioning of the electrical connection means determines the impedance of the antenna  25  in the same fashion commonly employed in traditional microstrip or layered antenna with coaxial feeds. A plated via or similar manual via, eyelet, pin, or wire are electrical connection means for electrically connecting the integrated circuit to a conductive component such as a ground plane, patch element, or similar. A cut-in portion corresponding to the diameter of the electrical connection means  33  may be incorporated in the substrate  27 . In one embodiment (not shown), the electrical connection means may be secured on both ends by electrically bonded joints. In another embodiment (not shown), multiple electrical connection means may be used to achieve circular polarization (for example, wherein the integrated circuit may be a power divider) wherein the multiple electrical connection means are positioned at predetermined locations. In still another embodiment, the electrical connection means for electrically connecting the integrated circuit to a conductive component such as the ground plane, patch element, or similar is a plurality of plated vias or similar manual vias, eyelets, pins, or wires. Referring back to  FIG. 3A , a first clearance  37  is created such that the electrical connection means does not create a short circuit between the patch element  28  and the ground plane  26 . 
   With continued reference to  FIG. 3A , there is shown a feed means for transferring electrical energy from a device (not shown) to a patch element and integrated circuit or vice versa or both. In one embodiment, a feed means for transferring electrical energy from a device (not shown) to a patch element and integrated circuit or vice versa or both is formed of an outer conductor  36  and an inner conductor  31 . In one embodiment of a novel feed structure, the outer conductor  36  is electrically connected to and extends through the ground plane  26 , wherein the outer conductor  36  is electrically connected to, attached to, and terminates at the patch element  28  on a first end of the outer conductor  36 , wherein a second end of the outer conductor  36  is electrically connected to a device (not shown) or available for electrical connectivity, wherein the inner conductor  31  is electrically connected to, attached to, and terminates at the integrated circuit on a first end of the inner conductor, wherein the inner conductor extends through the ground plane  26 , substrate  27 , and patch element  28  but is not electrically connected to the ground plane  26  and patch element  28 , wherein a second end of the inner conductor  31  is electrically connected to a device (not shown) or available for electrical connectivity, and wherein the outer conductor  36  concentrically surrounds the inner conductor  31  from about the second end of the inner conductor  31  to the patch element  28 . With further reference to  FIG. 3A , the integrated circuit is formed of a laminate layer  34  and a circuit layer  29 , wherein the inner conductor  31  extends through the ground plane  26 , substrate  27 , patch element  28 , and laminate layer  34 , ultimately terminating on a first end of the inner conductor  31  at the circuit layer  29  of the integrated circuit. In this embodiment, the inner conductor  31  is not electrically connected to the ground plane  26  or to the patch element  28  and is electrically connected to the circuit layer  29 . Further, in this embodiment, the outer conductor  36  extends through the ground plane  26  and substrate  27 , while ultimately terminating at the patch element  28  on a first end of the outer conductor  36 . In this embodiment, the outer conductor  36  is electrically connected to the ground plane  26  and the patch element  28 . Further, the feed means may be positioned where the magnitude of the antenna&#39;s resonant electric field structure, in the absence of the feed means, is about zero  30 , as illustrated in FIG.  3 A. The resonant electric field structure may be equivalent to other terminology known in the art such as “electric field structure of the antenna” or “standing wave.” Positioning of the feed means where the magnitude of the antenna&#39;s resonant electric field structure, in the absence of the feed means, is about zero minimizes the effect of a short circuit created by the outer conductor  36  of the feed means between the patch element  28  and the ground plane  26 . In resonant antennas with geometries that are mathematically separable, a closed-form expression often exists for the electric field within the resonant structure. One example of this is the traditional half-wave rectangular microstrip patch in which the resonant electric field (TM mn  mode) can be approximated by the function:
 
 E   z   =A  cos( m πx/b )cos( nπy/c )
 
   where A is a constant scalar, E z  is the z-directed component of the electric field (the zvector is normal to the patch), and the origin is at a corner of the patch. Further, m and n are integer mode numbers that range from 0 to infinity. Also, the dimensions of the patch in the x-direction and y-direction are b and c, respectively. As is often done, the x- and y-directed components, representing the lateral directions on the patch, of the electric field are assumed zero beneath the patch element. For the dominant TM 10  mode, the electric field is zero along the plane x=b/2 within the confines of the patch element and the ground plane. Similarly, in resonant antennas with circular geometry, the zeroes of the electric field are given by zeroes of a Bessel function, a trigonometric function, derivatives of these functions, or some combination of these functions and their derivatives. In other types of resonant antennas, a zero point for the electric field is established by the introduction of a shorting pin, strip, via, or plated thru-hole. One example is the traditional quarter-wave microstrip patch, and another is the Planar Inverted-F Antenna (PIFA). For these antennas, either all or part of the intentional shorting device (i.e., pin, strip, via, or plated thru-hole) may be replaced by the short circuit established by the feed means described herein. A coaxial line is one feed means for transferring electrical energy from a device (not shown) to a patch element arid integrated circuit or vice versa or both. With continued reference to  FIG. 3A , a coaxial line has an outer conductor  36  and inner conductor  31 . Other feed means for transferring electrical energy from a device (not shown) to a patch element and integrated circuit or vice versa or both include a coaxial cable, hollow waveguide, a tri-axial waveguide, a shielded twinline, and an outer conductor with a plurality of inner conductors. In an ideal case, the diameter of the outer conductor is zero, and there is no net electrical effect to the antenna. In reality, the diameter of the outer conductor is not zero and its finite diameter slightly shifts or perturbs the resonant frequency. This shift is easily adjusted by tuning the length of the antenna. When the intrusion of the feed means is placed at a zero of the magnitude of the resonant electric field structure, the resonant frequency shifts upward as predicted by cavity perturbation theory. In some designs, the patch element and ground plane are intentionally shorted with a post so as to shift the resonant frequency by a predetermined amount or to introduce a reactance at the post location. The feed means described herein may also be used to affect this resonance shift or to introduce a reactive load if so desired. In one embodiment, the coaxial cable may be a semi-rigid coaxial cable. In a further embodiment, the coaxial cable may be a flexible coaxial cable. In a third embodiment, the outer conductor  36  of a coaxial line may be a plated via. In a fourth embodiment, the outer conductor  36  of a coaxial line may be a manual via. In an embodiment, an electrically bonded joint may be used to secure the inner conductor  31  to an integrated circuit, for example, to a circuit layer  29  such as the one illustrated in FIG.  3 A. In another embodiment, an electrically bonded joint may be used to secure the outer conductor  36  to the patch element  28 . In a third embodiment (not shown), the feed means may be electrically connected to a transmission line of an integrated circuit. In a fourth embodiment (not shown), the inner conductor  31  may be electrically connected to a transmission line of the integrated circuit. In a fifth embodiment (not shown), a dielectric spacer sandwiched between the outer conductor  36  and the inner conductor  31  may be used. 
   Referring now to  FIG. 7 , there is shown another embodiment of an antenna  112 , incorporating a novel feed structure, having yet another embodiment for a feed means for transferring electrical energy from a device (not shown) to a patch element and integrated circuit or vice versa or both. In this embodiment, the feed means for transferring electrical energy from a device (not shown) to a patch element and integrated circuit or vice versa or both is formed of a first coaxial line and a second coaxial line. In this embodiment, the first coaxial line is formed of a first outer conductor  101  wherein one end of the first outer conductor is electrically connected to a ground plane  107 , an inner conductor  105  wherein one end of the inner conductor  105  is electrically connected to a circuit layer  113  of an integrated circuit, and a first dielectric spacer  103  sandwiched between the first outer conductor  101  and the inner conductor  105 . The second end of the first outer conductor  101  and the second end of the inner conductor  105  are both available for electrical connectivity. In this embodiment, the second coaxial line is formed of a second outer conductor  102  wherein one end of the second outer conductor  102  is electrically connected to a patch element  114  and wherein the second end of the second outer conductor  102  is electrically connected to the ground plane  107 , the inner conductor  105 , and a second dielectric spacer  104  sandwiched between the second outer conductor  102  and the inner conductor  105 . In this embodiment, the first coaxial line has a first characteristic impedance (Z1), which is determined by the diameter of the first outer conductor  101 , a first relative permittivity (ε1) of the first dielectric spacer  103 , and the diameter of the inner conductor  105 . In this embodiment, the second coaxial line has a second characteristic impedance (Z2), which is determined by the diameter of the second outer conductor  102 , a second relative permittivity (ε2) of the second dielectric spacer  104 , and the diameter of the inner conductor  105 . Z1 may or may not be equal to Z2and ε1 may or may not be equal to ε2. With continued reference to  FIG. 7 , the feed means is positioned where the magnitude of the resonant electric field structure, in the absence of the feed means, is about zero  108 . In another embodiment, an at least one outer conductor, of a feed means, may be positioned to establish a null in the resonant electric field structure by creating a short circuit between the patch element and the ground plane. Further, the antenna  112  further comprises an electrical connection means  111  for electrically connecting the circuit layer  113  of the integrated circuit to the ground plane  107 . The electrical connection means  111  extends through the patch element  114  through a clearance  110  in the patch element  114 . The electrical connection means  111  is positioned at a predetermined location  109  on the antenna  112 . Although an electrical connection means is illustrated in  FIG. 7 , a plurality of electrical connection means, one or more apertures, or any combination may be employed. In a second embodiment (not shown), a coaxial line formed of an outer conductor, an inner conductor, and a dielectric spacer is a feed means for transferring electrical energy from a device (not shown) to a patch element and integrated circuit or vice versa or both. In a third embodiment (not shown), an outer conductor, at least one inner conductor, and a dielectric spacer is a feed means for transferring electrical energy from a device (not shown) to a patch element and integrated circuit or vice versa or both. In a fourth embodiment (not shown), an outer conductor and at least one inner conductor is a feed means for transferring electrical energy from a device (not shown) to a patch element and integrated circuit or vice versa or both. In a fifth embodiment, at least one outer conductor, at least one inner conductor, and at least one dielectric spacer is a feed means for transferring electrical energy from a device (not shown) to a patch element and integrated circuit or vice versa or both. In an embodiment (not shown), a plurality of outer conductors may be arranged in a radial manner concentrically surrounding each other and may or may not be electrically connected to each other, arranged in a serial manner electrically connected to each other, or any combination. In this embodiment, an electrical path exists from one end of the plurality of outer conductors to the second end of the plurality of outer conductors. In an embodiment (not shown), a plurality of inner conductors may be arranged in a parallel manner and may or may not be electrically connected to each other, arranged in a serial manner electrically connected to each other, or any combination. In this embodiment, an electrical path exists from one end of the plurality of inner conductors to the second end of the plurality of inner conductors. 
   Referring now to  FIG. 3A , there is shown a connection means  35  for connecting the feed means to a conductive component such as the ground plane  26 . A coaxial cable connector is one connection means for connecting the feed means to the ground plane  26 . Referring now to  FIG. 7 , there is shown an electrically bonded joint  106 , which is another connection means for connecting the feed means to a conductive component such as a ground plane  107 . 
   Referring now to  FIG. 4 , there is shown another embodiment of an antenna  50 , incorporating a novel feed structure, formed of a substrate  52 , patch element  53 , ground plane  51 , integrated circuit, an aperture  57 , and a feed means. In this embodiment, the integrated circuit is formed of a circuit layer  54  and a laminate layer  59 . Antenna  50  differs from antenna  25  in that antenna  50  the electrical connection means of antenna  25  (ref: element  33  in  FIG. 3A ) is replaced by an aperture  57 . Construction of the aperture  57  may be formed in the patch element  53  by conventional methods such as press punching, etching, printed circuit means, or drilling. The position  58  of aperture  57  is predetermined. In one embodiment, the feed means is positioned where the magnitude of the antenna&#39;s resonant electric field structure, in the absence of the feed means, is about zero  55 . In one embodiment, aperture  57  may have an ellipsoidal cross-sectional shape. In a further embodiment, aperture  57  may have a rectilinear cross-sectional shape. Substrate  52  is equivalent to substrate  27  and the above discussion as to substrate  27  is applicable to substrate  52 . Patch element  53  is equivalent to patch element  28  and the above discussion as to patch element  28  is applicable to patch element  53 . Ground plane  51  is equivalent to ground plane  26  and the discussion as to ground plane  26  is applicable to ground plane  51 . The discussion as to the integrated circuit above is applicable to the integrated circuit in this paragraph. Feed means discussed in this paragraph encompasses the multiple feed means discussed above. The feed means may be positioned where the magnitude of the antenna&#39;s resonant electric field structure, in the absence of the feed means, is about zero  55 . In one embodiment, the location of the integrated circuit at the top of the patch element  53  simplifies the design of stacked or layered antennas when the aperture  57  is utilized. Although one aperture is illustrated in  FIG. 4 , in another embodiment, multiple apertures are used (not shown). In still a further embodiment, a combination of apertures and electrical connection means are used (not shown). 
   Referring now to  FIG. 5 , there is shown another embodiment of an antenna  70 , incorporating a novel feed structure, comprising a first ground plane  71 , a first substrate  72 , a first patch element  73 , a first aperture  77 , an integrated circuit formed of a circuit layer  81  and a first laminate layer  82 , a second laminate layer  80 , a second ground plane  74 , a second aperture  75 , a second substrate  79 , a second patch element  78 , and a feed means. Antenna  70  is an example of a stacked or layered antenna and illustrates how a novel feed structure may be employed in this multi-layer fashion. Although a two-layer design is illustrated in  FIG. 5 , in another embodiment, a plurality of layers is used. Patch element  73  is equivalent to patch element  28  and the above discussion as to patch element  28  is applicable to patch element  73 . Ground plane  71  is equivalent to ground plane  26  and the discussion as to ground plane  26  is applicable to ground plane  71 . Integrated circuit discussed above is equivalent to the integrated circuit discussed in this paragraph. Feed means discussed in this paragraph encompasses the multiple feed means discussed above. The feed means may be positioned where the magnitude of the antenna&#39;s resonant electric field structure, in the absence of the feed means, is about zero  76 . In one embodiment, multiple apertures incorporated in the first patch element, second ground plane, or both are used (as opposed to one aperture in the first patch element and one aperture in the second ground plane as illustrated in FIG.  5 ). In another embodiment a combination of electrical connection means and apertures are used (not shown). In still another embodiment, electrical connection means are used (not shown). In this embodiment an antenna is formed of a first ground plane, a first substrate, a first patch element, an integrated circuit, a laminate layer, a second ground plane, a second substrate, a second patch element, a first electrical connection means for electrically connecting the integrated circuit to the first ground plane, a second electrical connection means for electrically connecting the integrated circuit to the second patch element, and a feed means. Further, in this embodiment, the first electrical connection means extends through the first substrate at a predetermined position, wherein the first electrical connection means extends through the first patch element and is not electrically connected to the first patch element. In addition, in this embodiment, a second electrical connection means extends through the second substrate at a predetermined position, wherein the second electrical connection means extends through the laminate layer and second ground plane and is not electrically connected to the second ground plane. A plated via or similar, manual via, eyelet, pin, or wire arc means for electrically connecting the integrated circuit to the second patch element, first ground plane, or both. 
   With continued reference to  FIG. 5 , there is shown a first substrate  72  having a predetermined first dielectric constant. In one embodiment, the first dielectric constant may be from about 1 to about 200. There is also shown a second substrate  79  having a second dielectric constant. In one embodiment, the second dielectric constant may be from about 1 to about 200. In one embodiment, first substrate  72  has an ellipsoidal, rectilinear, arbitrary, or asymmetrical cross-sectional shape with a predetermined thickness. In a further embodiment, the second substrate  79  has an ellipsoidal, rectilinear, arbitrary, or asymmetrical cross-sectional shape with a predetermined thickness. As alluded to earlier, although two substrates are illustrated in  FIG. 5 , in another embodiment, three or more substrates are used for antenna layers greater than two. 
   Referring now to  FIG. 8 , there is shown another embodiment of antenna  120 , incorporating a novel feed structure, comprising a ground plane  121 , a capacitive feed plate  122 , a capacitive load  123 , a patch element  124 , an integrated circuit formed of a laminate layer  125  and a circuit layer  126 , a first electrical connections means  127  for electrically connecting the circuit layer  126  to the capacitive feed plate  122 , a second electrical connection means  128  for electrically connecting the patch element  124  to the capacitive load  123 , and a feed means formed of an first outer conductor  129 , an inner conductor  130 , and a second outer conductor  131 .  FIG. 8  illustrates how a novel feed structure is incorporated into a Planar Inverted-F Antenna (PIFA). In this embodiment, the first electrical connection means  127  extends through the patch element  124  through a clearance  133  but is not electrically connected to the patch element  124 . In this embodiment, the first outer conductor  129  is electrically connected to and terminates at the ground plane  121  on a first end of the first outer conductor  129 . The first outer conductor  129  is available for electrical connectivity on a second end of the first outer conductor  129 . The inner conductor  130  terminates at the circuit layer  126  on a first end of the inner conductor  130 . The inner conductor  130  is available for electrical connectivity on a second end of the inner conductor  130 . The inner conductor  130  extends through the ground plane  121 , substrate  132 , and patch element  124  but is not electrically connected to the ground plane  121  and patch element  124 . The second outer conductor  131  is electrically connected to and terminates at the patch element on a first end of the second outer conductor  131 . The second outer conductor  131  is electrically connected to and terminates at the ground plane  121  on a second end of the second outer conductor  131 . The second outer conductor  131  provides the short circuit, between the patch element  124  and the ground plane  121 , that is required for the PIFA antenna. The second outer conductor of the feed means is positioned to establish the aforementioned short circuit, or null in the resonant electric field, at a predetermined location, the effects of said location are documented in the prior art. In one embodiment, one or more additional short circuits (not shown) may be inserted near the second conductor. In a second embodiment, a second outer conductor is contained entirely within a short circuit (not shown) of an arbitrary geometric cross-section. In one embodiment, the second outer conductor  131  is a plated thru-hole. In one embodiment, the first outer conductor  129  and inner conductor  130  is a coaxial cable. In a second embodiment, the second outer conductor  131  is an extension of the first outer conductor  129 . Although one substrate  132  is illustrated in  FIG. 8 , two or more substrates may be used. For example, a capacitive feed plate and capacitive load may be attached to a bottom surface of a first substrate (not shown) and thereafter the bottom surface of the first substrate may be attached to a top surface of a second substrate (not shown). Substrate  132  is equivalent to substrate  27  and the above discussion as to substrate  27  is applicable to substrate  132 . Patch element  124  is equivalent to patch element  28  and the above discussion as to patch element  28  is applicable to patch element  124 . Ground plane  121  is equivalent to ground plane  26  and the discussion as to ground plane  26  is applicable to ground plane  121 . The discussion as to the integrated circuit above is applicable to the integrated circuit in this paragraph. 
   In accordance with the invention, methods of use of the various embodiments of the novel feed structures and antennas described above are provided. The antenna devices described herein may be connected to a transmitter, receiver, or transceiver to broadcast, receive, or both, electromagnetic signals for the purpose of communication. For example, the novel feed structure simplifies the design and fabrication of a greatly miniaturized PIFA (Planar Inverted-F Antenna) with an integrated filter. It is known in the art that an increase in the bandwidth of an antenna typically requires an increase in the volume of the antenna, and also that the impedance bandwidth is typically much narrower than the gain bandwidth. The integrated circuit, described herein, can be a Tchebyscheff filter that greatly increases the impedance bandwidth of the antenna system, even though the filter represents a very small increase to the overall size. For example, the antenna as described in one embodiment herein is suitable for mounting on a cellular phone. Connecting a coaxial cable from the cellular phone&#39;s transceiver to a second end of the feed means described herein is accomplished. A feed means formed of an outer conductor and an inner conductor is used in this example. In essence, the aforementioned connection forms an electrical connection from the outer conductor of the cellular phone&#39;s coaxial cable to a ground plane of the antenna as well as to a patch element of the antenna (i.e., the metal forming the topside of the antenna). Further, this connection forms an electrical connection from the inner conductor of the cellular phone&#39;s coaxial cable to the integrated circuit. The cellular phone&#39;s coaxial cable becomes an integral part of the feed means as described herein. Relative to the feed means, the outer conductor of a coaxial connector is electrically connected to the ground plane side of the antenna. A coaxial cable, of gender opposite the connector, is fastened to the antenna connector on one side and to the transmitter, receiver, or transceiver on the second side. Energy through electromagnetic signals is coupled between the cellular phone&#39;s transceiver and the patch element by the feed means, integrated circuit, and electrical connection means. The integrated circuit performs a processing function for the signals either prior to, in the transmit case, or after, in the receive case, exciting the patch element. For example, in its simplest form, realized by a thru-line, the processing imparts a phase shift to the signals. In another embodiment, the processing may be dividing, in the transmit case, or combining, in the receive case, the power two or more ways and imparting a predetermined phase shift to each channel of the divided (or combined) power (e.g., A 2-way power divider followed by a 90 degree phase shift, with each channel feeding 1 or 2 spatially-orthogonal electrical connection means can be used to create a circularly polarized antenna.) The outer conductor of the feed means creates a short circuit between the patch element and the ground plane. Further, the outer conductor of the feed means serves to couple energy between the integrated circuit and the receiver, transmitter, or transceiver. The feed means may be positioned at a zero of the standing wave electric field to minimize the effects of the short circuit, or, as described herein, it may serve to intentionally impose a zero electric field boundary condition. In the former case, the primary objective of the feed means is to couple energy to the integrated circuit, and the placement is chosen to minimize the effects of a short between the patch element (topside metal) and the ground. In the latter case, the feed means serves dual purposes; i.e., coupling energy between the external transceiver and the integrated circuit as well as providing a zero electric field boundary condition. As an example, wherein the cellular phone&#39;s transceiver functions as a transmitter, the supply of energy from the transceiver to the integrated circuit and patch element in combination with an electrical connection means or aperture described above, results in a standing wave electric field created between the patch element and the ground plane. Near the edges of the patch element, the electric field is not fully-contained. This lack of containment results in fringing fields, which are the source of radiation of energy into the outside environment. Thus, energy is transferred from the transceiver to the outside environment for ultimate reception by a receiving source. As is well known in the art, the capability of the patch element to function as a receive antenna is fully described by electromagnetic reciprocity; that is, its receive radiation pattern at any selected frequency is the same as its transmit radiation pattern at the same selected frequency when the antenna is constructed of linear isotropic matter. The effects of the integrated circuit upon the capability of the system (i.e., patch element and integrated circuit) to function effectively in conjunction with either a transmitter, receiver, or both, are well known to those skilled in the art. Consistent with this prior knowledge, these effects may be considered in the design of the integrated circuit, of the antenna described herein, to permit use of the antenna to transmit, receive, or simultaneously transmit and receive electromagnetic radiation. 
   There are a number of other conceivable communication/telemetry applications for the antenna, including both digital and analog systems. For example, the antenna may be mounted in or on a laptop computer and connected, via the feed means, to a Wireless Ethernet card. In this manner, the antenna could be used for relaying Internet data. The antenna, incorporating a novel feed structure, is not limited to communication applications. For example, the antenna may also be used to transfer signals between a radar system and a target. It may also be used to apply electromagnetic energy for the purpose of heating or curing materials, or for receiving passive electromagnetic radiation (“blackbody” radiation) from materials. As stated earlier, some of the many advantages of the antennas described herein are the versatility in possible geometries including low-profile, planar shapes; lightweight construction; suitability for incorporation of integrated circuits; and low-cost manufacturing.