Patent Publication Number: US-2021166800-A1

Title: Athletic activity monitoring methods and systems

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This application is related to commonly owned U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/446,982 (now U.S. Pat. No. 9,257,054), titled “Sport Ball Athletic Activity Monitoring Methods and Systems,” and commonly owned U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/446,986 (U.S. Pat. No. 9,504,414), titled “Wearable Athletic Activity Monitoring Methods and Systems,” each of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/446,937 (now U.S. Pat. No. 10,922,383), titled “Athletic Activity Monitoring Methods and Systems,” filed Apr. 13, 2012, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. 
    
    
     FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention generally relates to athletic activity monitoring methods and systems. More particularly, the present invention relates to methods and systems for monitoring the movement of the body of an individual engaged in an athletic activity or the movement of a piece of athletic equipment used by the individual during the athletic activity. 
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     Athletic activity is important to maintaining a healthy lifestyle and is a source of entertainment for many people. Some individuals prefer to engage in team athletic activities such as, for example, soccer or basketball, while other individuals prefer to engage in individual athletic activities such as, for example, running or skiing. Regardless of whether the activity is a team or individual activity, it is common for individuals to participate in both competitive sessions, such as a soccer match or a running race, and more informal training sessions such as conducting soccer drills or running interval sprints. 
     Technology has resulted in the development of fitness monitoring devices that are capable of recording information about an individual&#39;s performance during an athletic activity using sensors, and in some cases providing feedback about the individual&#39;s performance. Some portable fitness monitoring devices employ sensors attached to the individual&#39;s body, while other portable fitness monitoring devices rely on sensors attached to a piece of athletic equipment. Such sensors may be capable of measuring various physical and/or physiological parameters associated with the individual&#39;s physical activity. 
     Many existing fitness monitoring devices are not portable and thus are not suitable for monitoring in many real world competitive or training sessions. Even those that are portable are often too heavy or lack sufficient battery and/or processing power to be used for extended periods under rigorous competitive or training conditions. In addition, while some existing fitness monitoring devices are capable of making relatively simple performance determinations such as an individual&#39;s current heart rate or total step count for an activity, more advanced determinations are often not possible or suffer from accuracy issues. Finally, the performance feedback provided by existing devices to individuals often fails to provide these individuals with quick, accurate, insightful information that would enable them to easily compare past performances, develop strategies for improving future performances, visualize performances, or select new training regimens or athletic equipment. 
     What is needed are new athletic activity monitoring methods and systems having improved capabilities, thus offering individual engaged in athletic activities better tools to assess their activities. At least some of the embodiments of the present invention satisfy the above needs and provide further related advantages as will be made apparent by the description that follows. 
     BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     Embodiments of the present invention relate to an athletic activity monitoring method for use with a sensor module that is physically coupled to an object during an athletic activity conducted by a user, the athletic activity monitoring method comprising the sensor module detecting movement of the object at a first time, the sensor module determining that the movement of the object corresponds to a predetermined activation movement, the sensor module entering an active state in response to the determination that the movement of the object corresponds to the predetermined activation movement, upon the sensor module entering the active state, and detecting movement of the object at a second time. 
     Embodiments of the present invention also relate to an athletic activity monitoring method for use with a sensor module that is physically coupled to an object during an athletic activity conducted by a user, the athletic activity monitoring method comprising detecting movement of the object, recording movement data, identifying a matching athletic motion from a plurality of reference motions by comparing the movement data to data associated with the plurality of reference motions, and providing an output to the user that conveys the identity of the matching athletic motion. 
     Embodiments of the present invention further relate to an athletic activity monitoring method for use with a sensor module that is physically coupled to an object during an athletic activity conducted by a user, the athletic activity monitoring method comprising detecting movement of the object, determining an initial spatial orientation of the object, determining a change in the spatial orientation of the object, wirelessly transmitting data relating to the change in spatial orientation to a computer, wherein the computer is remotely located from the user during the athletic activity, wirelessly receiving activity metric data from the remote computer, wherein the activity metric data is based on the transmitted data relating to the change in spatial orientation, and providing an output to the user that conveys an activity metric. 
     Embodiments of the present invention also relate to an athletic activity monitoring method for use with a sensor module that is physically coupled to an object during an athletic activity conducted by a user, the athletic activity monitoring method comprising detecting movement of the object, recording movement data, wirelessly transmitting movement data to a computer, wherein the computer is remotely located from the user during the athletic activity, wirelessly receiving activity metric data from the remote computer, wherein the activity metric data is based on a correlation between the transmitted activity metric data and an activity metric, and providing an output to the user that conveys the activity metric. 
     Embodiments of the present invention further relate to an athletic activity monitoring method for use with a sensor module that is physically coupled to an object during an athletic activity conducted by a user, the athletic activity monitoring method comprising, detecting movement of the object, determining an initial spatial orientation of the object, determining a change in the spatial orientation of the object, determining an activity metric based the change in the spatial orientation, determining a location of the object during the athletic activity, and correlating the activity metric with the location. 
     Embodiments of the present invention also relate to an athletic activity monitoring method for use with a sensor module that is physically coupled to an object during an athletic activity conducted by a user, the athletic activity monitoring method comprising detecting movement of the object, recording movement data, determining a correlation between the movement data and an activity metric by reference to a data structure, determining a location of the object during the athletic activity, and correlating the activity metric with the location. 
     Embodiments of the present invention further relate to an athletic activity monitoring method for use with a sensor module that is physically coupled to an object during an athletic activity conducted by a user, the athletic activity monitoring method comprising obtaining data about the movement of the object from an acceleration sensor of the sensor module, obtaining data about the movement of the object from a magnetic field sensor of the sensor module, estimating missing data from one of the acceleration sensor and the magnetic field sensor based on data from the other of the acceleration sensor and the magnetic field sensor, and calculating an activity metric based on the estimated missing data. 
     Embodiments of the present invention also relate to an athletic activity monitoring method for use with a sensor module that is physically coupled to an object during an athletic activity conducted by a user, the athletic activity monitoring method comprising obtaining data about the movement of the object from a magnetic field sensor of the sensor module at a first time when the magnetic field sensor is significantly influenced by a perturbed magnetic field, obtaining data about the movement of the object from the magnetic field sensor of the sensor module at a second time when the magnetic field sensor is not significantly influenced by a perturbed magnetic field, determining that the data about the movement of the object at the first time is not acceptable, and estimating data about the movement of the object at the first time based on the data about the movement of the object at the second time. 
     Embodiments of the present invention further relate to an athletic activity monitoring system for use with a plurality of users, the athletic activity monitoring system comprising a first sensor module comprising an acceleration sensor and a magnetic field sensor, and configured for attachment to a first object, a second sensor module comprising an acceleration sensor and a magnetic field sensor, and configured for attachment to a second object, a first portable electronic device configured to attachment to a first user, and further configured to communicate with the first sensor module, a second portable electronic device configured to attachment to a second user, and further configured to communicate with the second sensor module, a base station configured to communicate with the first portable electronic device and the second portable electronic device, and a group monitoring device configured to communicate with the base station, wherein the group monitoring device is further configured to display information about the movement of the first object and the second object. 
     Embodiments of the present invention also relate to an athletic activity monitoring method for use with a sensor module that is physically coupled to an object during an athletic activity conducted by a user, the athletic activity monitoring method comprising obtaining data about the movement of the object from an acceleration sensor of the sensor module, obtaining data about the movement of the object from a magnetic field sensor of the sensor module, determining an activity metric based on the data about the movement of the object from an acceleration sensor and the data about the movement of the object from a magnetic field sensor, and comparing the activity metric to an exemplary activity metric, and providing feedback to the user that provides actions for the user to take in the future so that their activity metric will more closely match the exemplary activity metric. 
     Additional embodiments, features, and advantages of the present invention, as well as the structure and operation of the various embodiments of the present invention, are described in detail below with reference to the accompanying drawings. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS/FIGURES 
       The accompanying drawings, which are incorporated herein and form a part of the specification, illustrate the present invention by way of example, and not by way of limitation, and, together with the description, further serve to explain the principles of the invention and to enable a person skilled in the pertinent art to make and use the invention. 
         FIG. 1  is an illustration of an individual using an athletic activity monitoring system according to an embodiment of the present invention. 
         FIG. 2  is an illustration of an individual using an athletic activity monitoring system according to an embodiment of the present invention. 
         FIG. 3  is an illustration of various different pieces of athletic equipment according to embodiments of the present invention. 
         FIG. 4  is a block diagram of components of a sensor module according to an embodiment of the present invention. 
         FIG. 5  is a block diagram of components of a sensor module according to an embodiment of the present invention. 
         FIG. 6A  is an illustration of a sensor module configured for monitoring an individual&#39;s body according to an embodiment of the present invention. 
         FIG. 6B  is an illustration of a sport ball comprising a sensor module for monitoring the sport ball according to an embodiment of the present invention. 
         FIG. 7  is an illustration of various components of an athletic activity monitoring system communicating according to an embodiment of the present invention. 
         FIG. 8A  is an illustration of various components of an athletic activity monitoring system communicating according to an embodiment of the present invention. 
         FIG. 8B  is an illustration of two sensor modules communicating according to an embodiment of the present invention. 
         FIG. 9  is an illustration of a group monitoring system according to an embodiment of the present invention. 
         FIG. 10  is an illustration of an exemplary coordinate system according to an embodiment of the present invention. 
         FIG. 11  is an illustration of an exemplary coordinate system according to an embodiment of the present invention. 
         FIG. 12  is flow chart illustrating a method for determining an activity metric according to an embodiment of the present invention. 
         FIG. 13  is flow chart illustrating a method for determining an activity metric according to an embodiment of the present invention. 
         FIG. 14  is flow chart illustrating a method for activating a sensor module according to an embodiment of the present invention. 
         FIG. 15  is flow chart illustrating a method for identifying a matching athletic motion according to an embodiment of the present invention. 
         FIG. 16  is flow chart illustrating a method for communicating with a remote computer according to an embodiment of the present invention. 
         FIG. 17  is flow chart illustrating a method for correlating an activity metric with a location according to an embodiment of the present invention. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention will now be described in detail with reference to embodiments thereof as illustrated in the accompanying drawings. References to “one embodiment”, “an embodiment”, “an example embodiment”, etc., indicate that the embodiment described may include a particular feature, structure, or characteristic, but every embodiment may not necessarily include the particular feature, structure, or characteristic. Moreover, such phrases are not necessarily referring to the same embodiment. Further, when a particular feature, structure, or characteristic is described in connection with an embodiment, it is submitted that it is within the knowledge of one skilled in the art to affect such feature, structure, or characteristic in connection with other embodiments whether or not explicitly described. 
     The term “invention” or “present invention” as used herein is a non-limiting term and is not intended to refer to any single embodiment of the particular invention but encompasses all possible embodiments as described in the application. 
     Various aspects of the present invention, or any parts or functions thereof, may be implemented using hardware, software, firmware, tangible computer readable or computer usable storage media having instructions stored thereon, or a combination thereof, and may be implemented in one or more computer systems or other processing systems. 
     The present invention generally relates to athletic activity monitoring methods and systems. More particularly, the present invention relates to methods and systems for monitoring the movement of the body of an individual engaged in an athletic activity or the movement of a piece of athletic equipment used by the individual during the athletic activity. An individual engaged in an athletic activity (or another interested person such as a coach, teammate, or spectator) may desire to obtain information about the motion of the individual&#39;s body or the motion of a piece of the individual&#39;s athletic equipment during the course of the athletic activity. 
     For example, if the individual is participating in an activity that involves the use of a sport ball, such as playing in a soccer (i.e., football) match, it may be desirable, for example, to be able to determine the various launch angles at which the soccer ball (i.e., football) was kicked by the individual, to be able to determine the rate of rotation of the soccer ball after it was kicked by the individual, or to be able to determine the peak speeds that the soccer ball was traveling at after being kicked by the individual. 
     As a further example, if the individual is participating in an activity that involves various movements the individual&#39;s chest, such practicing basketball skills, it may be desirable, for example, to be able to identify instances when the individual cut to the left or cut to the right when trying to dribble around a defender, to be able to determine the height that the individual jumped and/or the force with which the individual jumped when taking jump shots, attempting dunks, or attempting to block shots, or to be able to determine the individual&#39;s reaction time when working on basketball-related reaction time drills. 
     In an embodiment, the movement of the bodies of a plurality of individuals engaged in an athletic activity (e.g., teammates or opponents in a team sport) and/or the movement of a plurality of pieces of athletic equipment used by the individuals during the athletic activity may be monitored. In some embodiments, real-time monitoring and/or feedback may be provided, while in other embodiments post-activity feedback may be provided 
     By using an athletic activity monitoring system including one or more portable sensors, embodiments of the present invention described below may advantageously enable an individual (or their coach, teammate, or a spectator) to obtain this or other information about the motion of the individual&#39;s body or the motion of a piece of the individual&#39;s athletic equipment during the course of the athletic activity. Data obtained by sensors may be processed in a variety of ways to yield useful information about the motion of an object of interest during the activity. In some embodiments, sensor data may be processed to monitor changes in the spatial orientation (i.e., changes in the position and/or rotation, relative to a specific location on the Earth or other point of reference) of the individual&#39;s body or a piece of the individual&#39;s athletic equipment. In other embodiment, sensor data may be processed to by reference to a predetermined correlation between movement data and an activity metric stored in a data structure. 
     In one embodiment, information about the motion of the individual&#39;s body or the motion of a piece of the individual&#39;s athletic equipment may be used, for example, to provide coaching to the individual about how their movements could be improved, or as a check on the accuracy of a referee, umpire, or other athletic competition judge&#39;s judgment related to the movement of the individual&#39;s body or athletic equipment. 
       FIG. 1  is an illustration of an individual  100  using an athletic activity monitoring system  10  according to an embodiment of the present invention. The individual  100  may desire to obtain information about the motion of the individual&#39;s  100  body or the motion of a piece of the individual&#39;s  100  athletic equipment during the course of the athletic activity using athletic activity monitoring systems  10  according to the present invention. 
     Athletic activity monitoring systems  10  according to embodiments of the present invention may be suitable for use by individuals  100  for team or individual athletic activities and for competitive and informal training sessions. For example, athletic activity monitoring systems  10  according to embodiments of the present invention may be suitable for use by individuals  100  engaged in athletic activities such as baseball, basketball, bowling, boxing, cricket, cycling, football (i.e., American football), golf, hockey, lacrosse, rowing, rugby, running, skateboarding, skiing, soccer (i.e., football), surfing, swimming, table tennis, tennis, or volleyball, or during training sessions related thereto. 
     Athletic activity monitoring systems  10  according to embodiments of the present invention may include a sensor module  102 . The sensor module  102  may include one or more sensors, and may be physically coupled to an object  104  during an athletic activity conducted by an individual  100 . As explained in further detail below, the sensor module  102  may be used to monitor changes in the spatial orientation of the individual&#39;s  100  body  106  or a piece of the individual&#39;s athletic equipment  108  in some embodiments, while the sensor module  102  may be used in combination with predetermined correlation data stored in a data structure to determine a correlation between body  106  or equipment  108  movement data and an activity metric in other embodiments. 
     In one embodiment, as illustrated in  FIG. 1 , the monitored object  104  may be the individual&#39;s  100  body  106 , and the sensor module  102  may be physically coupled to the individual&#39;s  100  body  106 . In the illustrated embodiment, the sensor module  102  is configured to be physically coupled to the portion of the individual&#39;s  100  body  106  known as the chest. In other embodiments, the sensor module  102  may be configured to be physically coupled to other portions of the individual&#39;s  100  body  106  such as, for example, the individual&#39;s head, neck, shoulder, back, arm, wrist, hand, finger, waist, hip, leg, ankle, foot, or toe. 
     In some embodiments, the sensor module  102  may be configured to be physically coupled to the portion of the individual&#39;s  100  body  106  with one or more layers of clothing, an article of footwear, or athletic protective equipment existing between the sensor module  102  and the individual&#39;s  100  body  106 . Regardless of whether intervening articles are present, the sensor module  102  may be physically coupled to the portion of the individual&#39;s  100  body  106  by a variety of releasable or non-releasable coupling means such as, for example, straps, adhesives, pockets, clips, or by being integrated into an article of clothing (e.g., shirt, pants, sock, glove, or hat), footwear, or athletic protective equipment worn by the individual  100 . 
     In one embodiment, the sensor module  102  may be configured to be placed in a sensor module  102  retention element of a garment that is configured to retain the sensor module  102 . In some exemplary embodiments, retention element may be sized and shaped to correspond to the size and shape of the sensor module  102 , to be capable of nesting sensor module  102  therein and holding the sensor module  102  in place so as to minimize the effect of movement of a wearer of the garment on the sensor module  102 . Additional elements may be used to help minimize this effect, such as, for example, bands and spacer elements. The sensor module  102  retention element may be coupled to textile a layer of a garment by, for example, being integral therewith, being adhered, stitched, welded, tied, clipped, snapped, or mounted thereto, or any combination of these and other techniques. In some exemplary embodiments, sensor module  102  retention element is formed integrally with a textile layer of the garment. 
     In some embodiments, the sensor module  102  retention element may be positioned to correspond to the upper back of a wearer of the sensor module  102 . The sensor module  102  retention element to correspond to a high position on the wearer, such as the upper back, may help minimize interference and maximize range and signal strength of the sensor module  102  within the sensor module  102  retention element when the sensor module  102  sends or receives data. Additionally, positioning the sensor module  102  retention element to correspond to the upper back minimizes interference with athlete movements by the sensor module  102 . In some exemplary embodiments, sensor module  102  retention element is positioned to correspond to other than the upper back of a wearer. 
     In another embodiment, as illustrated in  FIG. 2 , the object  104  may be a piece of athletic equipment  108  used by the individual  100  during the athletic activity, and the sensor module  102  may be physically coupled to the piece of athletic equipment  108 . In the illustrated embodiment, the sensor module  102  is physically coupled to a piece of athletic equipment  108  that is a soccer ball. In other embodiments, the sensor module  102  may be configured to be physically coupled to other pieces of athletic equipment  108  such as, for example, any type of sport ball, any type of sport “stick” (e.g., a baseball bat, hockey stick, golf club, table tennis paddle, or tennis racquet), a sport glove, a bicycle, an oar, a shoe, a boot, a ski, a hat or cap, a skateboard, a surfboard, or a pair of glasses or goggles. 
     The sensor module  102  may be physically coupled to the piece of athletic equipment  108  by a variety of coupling means depending on the nature of the piece of athletic equipment  108  and the athletic activity. For example, the sensor module  102  may be physically coupled to a sport ball by being attached to the exterior of the ball, by being attached to an interior surface of a hollow ball, by being suspended by a suspension system in the interior of a hollow ball, or by being integrated into the outer layer or other layer of a multi-layer ball. Also, the sensor module  102  may be physically coupled to a non-hollow sport ball (e.g., a baseball, bowling ball, or golf ball) by, for example, being attached to the exterior of the ball, being integrated between layers of a multi-layer ball, by being embedded in a solid portion of the ball. 
     As further examples, the sensor module  102  may be releasably or non-releasably physically coupled to a sport “stick” by being wrapped around a portion of the sport stick, by being clipped to a portion of the sport stick, by being attached to an exterior surface of the sport stick, by being attached to an interior surface of a hollow or non-hollow sport stick, by being suspended by a suspension system in the interior of a hollow sport stick, or by being integrated into the wall or other layer of a multi-layer or composite sport stick. The sensor module  102  may be physically coupled to the piece of athletic equipment  108  by a variety of coupling means such as, for example, straps, adhesives, or by being integrated into the piece of athletic equipment  108 . In one embodiment, the sensor module  102  may be releasably or non-releasably physically coupled to a piece of athletic equipment  108 , such as a sport stick, be being incorporated into a sleeve that is secured about the outside of a piece of athletic equipment  108 , such as a sport stick or a handle thereof. 
     In other embodiments, the sensor module  102  may be integrated within an existing piece of athletic activity monitoring equipment such as, for example, a heart rate monitoring device, a pedometer, and accelerometer-based monitoring device, or other portable fitness monitoring device. 
       FIG. 3  is an illustration of various different pieces of athletic equipment  108  that could be used according to embodiments of the monitoring system  10  of the present invention. As illustrated, the monitoring system  10  of the present invention may be used with a variety of different pieces of athletic equipment  108 , such as, for example, a basketball, a football, a baseball bat, a baseball, a bowling ball, a hockey stick, a hockey puck, a skateboard, a surfboard, a bicycle, a pair of skis, ski poles, a tennis racquet, a tennis ball, an article of footwear, a boxing glove, a golf club, or a golf ball. 
       FIG. 4  is a block diagram of components of a sensor module  102  according to an embodiment of the present invention. In the illustrated embodiment, the sensor module  102  includes a processor  110 , a power source  112 , a memory  114 , an acceleration sensor  116 , a magnetic field sensor  118 , and a transceiver  122  operatively connected to one another to carry out the functionality of the sensor module  102 . In other embodiments, one or more of these sensor module  102  components may be omitted, or one or more additional components may be added. 
     The processor  110  may be adapted to implement application programs stored in the memory  114  of the sensor module  102 . The processor  110  may also be capable of implementing analog or digital signal processing algorithms such as raw data reduction and filtering. For example, processor  110  may be configured to receive raw data from sensors and process such data at the sensor module  102 . The processor  110  is operatively connected to the power source  112 , the memory  114 , the acceleration sensor  116 , the magnetic field sensor  118 , and the transceiver  122 . 
     The power source  112  may be adapted to provide power to the sensor module  102 . In one embodiment, the power source  112  may be a battery. The power source may be built into the sensor module  102  or removable from the sensor module  102 , and may be rechargeable or non-rechargeable. In an embodiment, the power source  112  may be recharged by a cable attached to a charging source, such as a universal serial bus (“USB”) FireWire, Ethernet, Thunderbolt, or headphone cable, attached to a personal computer. In another embodiment, the power source  112  may be recharged by inductive charging, wherein an electromagnetic field is used to transfer energy from an inductive charger to the power source  112  when the two are brought in close proximity, but need not be plugged into one another via a cable. In some embodiment, a docking station may be used to facilitate charging. In other embodiments, the sensor module  102  may be repowered by replacing one power source  112  with another power source  112 . 
     The memory  114  may be adapted to store application program instructions and to store athletic activity data. In an embodiment, the memory  114  may store application programs used to implement aspects of the functionality of the athletic activity monitoring system  10  described herein. In one embodiment, the memory  114  may store raw data, recorded data, and/or calculated data. In some embodiments, as explained in further detail below, the memory  114  may act as a data storage buffer. The memory  114  may include both read only memory and random access memory, and may further include memory cards or other removable storage devices. 
     In some embodiments of the present invention, the memory  114  may store raw data, recorded data, and/or calculated data permanently, while in other embodiments the memory  114  may only store all or some data temporarily, such as in a buffer. In one embodiment of the present invention, the memory  114 , and/or a buffer related thereto, may store data in memory locations of predetermined size such that only a certain quantity of data may be saved for a particular application of the present invention. 
     The acceleration sensor  116  may be adapted to measure the acceleration of the sensor module  102 . Accordingly, when the sensor module  102  is physically coupled to an object  104  (such as an individual&#39;s  100  body  106  or a piece of athletic equipment  108 ), the acceleration sensor  116  may be capable of measuring the acceleration of the object  104 , including the acceleration due to the earth&#39;s gravitational field. In one embodiment, the acceleration sensor  116  may include a tri-axial accelerometer that is capable of measuring acceleration in three orthogonal directions. In other embodiments one, two, three, or more separate accelerometers may be used. 
     The magnetic field sensor  118  may be adapted to measure the strength and direction of magnetic fields in the vicinity of the sensor module  102 . Accordingly, when the sensor module  102  is physically coupled to an object  104  (such as an individual&#39;s  100  body  106  or a piece of athletic equipment  108 ), the magnetic field sensor  118  may be capable of measuring the strength and direction of magnetic fields in the vicinity of the object  104 , including the earth&#39;s magnetic field. In one embodiment, the magnetic field sensor  118  may be a vector magnetometer. In other embodiments, the magnetic field sensor  118  may be a tri-axial magnetometer that is capable of measuring the magnitude and direction of a resultant magnetic vector for the total local magnetic field in three dimensions. In other embodiments one, two, three, or more separate magnetometers may be used. 
     In one embodiment of the present invention, the acceleration sensor  116  and the magnetic field sensor  118  may be contained within a single accelerometer-magnetometer module bearing model number LSM303DLHC made by STMicroelectronics of Geneva, Switzerland. In other embodiments, the sensor module  102  may include only one of the acceleration sensor  116  and the magnetic field sensor  118 , and may omit the other if desired. 
     The transceiver  122  depicted in  FIG. 4  may enable the sensor module  102  to wirelessly communicate with other components of the athletic activity monitoring system  10 , such as those described in further detail below. In one embodiment, the sensor module  102  and the other local components of the athletic activity monitoring system  10  may communicate over a personal area network or local area network using, for example, one or more of the following protocols: ANT, ANT+ by Dynastream Innovations, Bluetooth, Bluetooth Low Energy Technology, BlueRobin, or suitable wireless personal or local area network protocols. Other known communication protocols suitable for an athletic activity monitoring system  10  may also be used. 
     In one embodiment, the transceiver  122  is a low-power transceiver. In some embodiments, the transceiver  122  may be a two-way communication transceiver  122 , while in other embodiments the transceiver  122  may be a one-way transmitter or a one-way receiver. Wireless communication between the sensor module  102  and other components of the athletic activity monitoring system  10  is described in further detail below. In other embodiments, the sensor module  102  may be in wired communication with other components of the athletic activity monitoring system  10  that does not rely on transceiver  122 . 
     In some embodiments of the present invention, a sensor module  102  having components such as those depicted in  FIG. 4  may be physically coupled to an object  104  during an athletic activity conducted by an individual  100  to monitor changes in the spatial orientation of the individual&#39;s  100  body  106  or a piece of the individual&#39;s athletic equipment  108 , or to determine a correlation between body  106  or equipment  108  movement data and an activity metric. In these embodiments, the acceleration sensor  116  and the magnetic field sensor  118  may be responsible for collecting the data necessary to carry out the various monitoring calculations. 
     In some other embodiments, however, it may be desirable to have additional sensors included within the sensor module  102 , or to have additional sensors in communication with the sensor module  102 . In further embodiments, the sensor module  102  may be integrated within an existing piece of athletic activity monitoring equipment possibly having additional or different sensors such as, for example, a heart rate monitoring device, a pedometer, and accelerometer-based monitoring device, or other portable fitness monitoring device. 
     In addition to the acceleration sensor  116  and the magnetic field sensor  118 , other sensors that may be part of the sensor module  102  or separate from but in communication with the sensor module  102  may include sensors capable of measuring a variety of athletic performance parameters. The term “performance parameters” may include physical parameters and/or physiological parameters associated with the individual&#39;s  100  athletic activity. Physical parameters measured may include, but are not limited to, time, distance, speed, pace, pedal count, wheel rotation count, rotation generally, stride count, stride length, airtime, stride rate, altitude, strain, impact force, jump force, force generally, and jump height. Physiological parameters measured may include, but are not limited to, heart rate, respiration rate, blood oxygen level, blood lactate level, blood flow, hydration level, calories burned, or body temperature. 
     Actual sensors that may be capable of measuring these parameters may include, but are not limited to, a pedometer, a pulsimeter, a thermometer, an altimeter, a pressure sensor, a strain gage, a bicycle power meter, a bicycle crank or wheel position sensor, a magnetic sensor, an angular momentum sensor (e.g., a gyroscope), a resistance sensor, or a force sensor. 
       FIG. 5  is a block diagram of components of a sensor module  102  according to another embodiment of the present invention that may incorporate some of the additional sensors mentioned above, as well as other additional components. In the illustrated embodiment, the sensor module  102  includes a processor  110 , a power source  112 , a memory  114 , an acceleration sensor  116 , a magnetic field sensor  118 , a user interface  120 , and a transceiver  122 , an angular momentum sensor  124 , a heart rate sensor  126 , a temperature sensor  128 , a position receiver  130 , a data port  132 , and a timer  134  operatively connected to one another to carry out the functionality of the sensor module  102 . In other embodiments, one or more of these sensor module  102  components may be omitted, or one or more additional components may be added. 
     The processor  110 , the power source  112 , the memory  114 , the acceleration sensor  116 , the magnetic field sensor  118 , and the transceiver  122  of the embodiment of  FIG. 5  may have structures and functions similar to those described above with respect to analogous components in  FIG. 4 . In some embodiments, the transceiver  122  may be a two-way communication transceiver  122 , while in other embodiments the transceiver  122  may be a one-way transmitter or a one-way receiver. 
     The user interface  120  of the sensor module  102  may be used by the individual  100  to interact with the sensor module  102 . In an embodiment, the user interface  120  may include one or more input buttons, switches, or keys, including virtual buttons, switches, or keys of a graphical user interface touch screen surface. The function of each of these buttons, switches, or keys may be determined based on an operating mode of the sensor module  102 . In one embodiment, the user interface  120  may include a touch pad, scroll pad and/or touch screen. In another embodiment, the user interface  120  may include capacitance switches. In a further embodiment, the user interface  120  may include voice-activated controls. 
     In some embodiments, however, the sensor module  102  may not include a user interface  120 . In these embodiments, the sensor module  102  may be capable of communicating with other components of the athletic activity monitoring system  10  which may themselves include user interfaces. 
     The angular momentum sensor  124 , which may be, for example, a gyroscope, may be adapted to measure the angular momentum or orientation of the sensor module  102 . Accordingly, when the sensor module  102  is physically coupled to an object  104  (such as an individual&#39;s  100  body  106  or athletic equipment  108 ), the angular momentum sensor  124  may be capable of measuring the angular momentum or orientation of the object  104 . In one embodiment, the angular momentum sensor  124  may be a tri-axial gyroscope that is capable of measuring angular rotation about three orthogonal axis. In other embodiments one, two, three, or more separate gyroscopes may be used. In an embodiment, the angular momentum sensor  124  may be used to calibrate measurements made by one or more of the acceleration sensor  116  and the magnetic field sensor  118 . 
     The heart rate sensor  125  may be adapted to measure an individual&#39;s heart rate. The heart rate sensor  125  may be placed in contact with the individual&#39;s  100  skin, such as the skin of the individual&#39;s chest, and secured with a strap. The heart rate sensor  125  may be capable of reading the electrical activity the individual&#39;s  100  heart. 
     The temperature sensor  128  may be, for example, a thermometer, a thermistor, or a thermocouple that measures changes in the temperature. In some embodiments, the temperature sensor  128  may primarily be used for calibration other sensors of the athletic activity monitoring system  10 , such as, for example, the acceleration sensor  116  and the magnetic field sensor  118 . 
     In one embodiment, the position receiver  130  may be an electronic satellite position receiver that is capable of determining its location (i.e., longitude, latitude, and altitude) using time signals transmitted along a line-of-sight by radio from satellite position system satellites. Known satellite position systems include the GPS system, the Galileo system, the BeiDou system, and the GLONASS system. In another embodiment, the position receiver  130  may be an antennae that is capable of communicating with local or remote base stations or radio transmission transceivers such that the location of the sensor module  102  may be determined using radio signal triangulation or other similar principles. In some embodiments, position receiver  130  data may allow the sensor module  102  to detect information that may be used to measure and/or calculate position waypoints, time, location, distance traveled, speed, pace, or altitude. 
     The data port  132  may facilitate information transfer to and from the sensor module  102  and may be, for example, a USB port. In some exemplary embodiments, data port  132  can additionally or alternatively facilitate power transfer to power source  112 , in order to charge power source  112 . 
     The timer  134  may be a clock that is capable of tracking absolute time and/or determining elapsed time. In some embodiments, the timer  134  may be used to timestamp certain data records, such that the time that certain data was measured or recorded may be determined and various timestamps of various pieces of data may be correlated with one another. 
     In some embodiments of the present invention, a sensor module  102  having components such as those depicted in  FIG. 5  may be physically coupled to an object  104  during an athletic activity conducted by an individual  100  to monitor changes in the spatial orientation of the individual&#39;s  100  body  106  or a piece of the individual&#39;s athletic equipment  108 , or to determine a correlation between body  106  or equipment  108  movement data and an activity metric. In these embodiments, the acceleration sensor  116 , the magnetic field sensor  118 , and/or other included sensors may be responsible for collecting the data necessary to carry out the various monitoring calculations. In some other embodiments, however, it may be desirable to have additional sensors included within the sensor module  102 , to have additional sensors in communication with the sensor module  102 , or to have fewer sensors with the sensor module  102 . 
       FIG. 6A  is an illustration of a sensor module  102  configured for monitoring an individual&#39;s  100  body  106  according to an embodiment of the present invention. The illustrated sensor module  102  may be similar to the sensor module  102  illustrated in  FIG. 1  as being configured to be physically coupled to the portion of the individual&#39;s  100  body  106  known as the chest. In some embodiments of the present invention, the sensor module  102  of  FIG. 6A  may be physically coupled to an individual&#39;s  100  body  106  during an athletic activity to monitor changes in the spatial orientation of the individual&#39;s  100  body  106 , or to determine a correlation between body  106  movement data and an activity metric. 
     As illustrated in  FIG. 6A , in one embodiment, the sensor module  102  may include a housing  136 . The housing  136  may contain and protect the various electronic components of the exemplary sensor modules  102  described above with reference to FIG.  4  or  FIG. 5 . Though the housing  136  is illustrated as a circular disc-shaped housing in  FIG. 6A , the housing may take on any suitable size and shape that is able to accommodate the necessary components of the sensor module  102  and to physically couple to the desired part of the individual&#39;s  100  body  106 . In one embodiment, the housing may be made of plastic, such as, for example, TPU, or other suitably durable material. 
     In some embodiments, the sensor module  102  may also include a button and/or a display. The button may serve as the user interface of the sensor module  102 . The button may be capable of turning the sensor module  102  on and off, toggling through various display options, or serving a variety of other functions. Alternatively, multiple buttons or no buttons may be provided. In one embodiment, the display may be a relatively simple LED display that is capable of conveying the status or battery life of the sensor module  102  to an individual  100 . In another embodiment, the display may be a more advanced display that is capable of displaying performance parameter information, feedback, or other information to the individual  100 , such as a seven-segment LCD display. Alternatively, no button or display may be provided, as illustrated in  FIG. 6A . 
     In other embodiments, the sensor module  102  may include audio controls such as a speaker and/or microphone for audio communication with an individual  100 . These components may serve as the user interface of the sensor module  102 . These audio controls may be capable of turning the sensor module  102  on and off, toggling through various display options, or serving a variety of other functions. In one embodiment, the audio controls may be capable of conveying the status or battery life of the sensor module  102  to an individual  100 . In another embodiment, the audio controls may be capable of outputting or receiving performance parameter information, feedback, or other information to and from the individual  100 . In one embodiment, the audio controls may be capable of accepting voice commands form the individual  100 . In another embodiment, the sensor module  102  may be capable of relaying audio information to a user wirelessly via another device, such as a pair of headphones. Alternatively, audio controls may be provided, as illustrated in  FIG. 6A . 
       FIG. 6B  is an illustration of a sport ball comprising a sensor module  102  for monitoring the sport ball according to an embodiment of the present invention. The illustrated sensor module  102  may be similar to the sensor module  102  illustrated in  FIG. 2  as being configured to be physically coupled to a piece of athletic equipment  108  that is a soccer ball. In some embodiments of the present invention, the sensor module  102  of  FIG. 6B  that is incorporated in the soccer ball may be used during an athletic activity to monitor changes in the spatial orientation of the soccer ball, or to determine a correlation between ball movement data and an activity metric, as a result of, for example the individual  100  kicking the soccer ball. 
     As illustrated in  FIG. 6B , the ball may include an outer layer  142  enclosing a hollow void of the ball. The outer layer  142  may be stitched, bonded, and/or glued together from panels of leather or plastic and laced to allow access to an internal air bladder, if necessary. In other embodiments, the ball may be a non-hollow sport ball (e.g., a baseball, bowling ball, or golf ball) including a single, solid layer or multiple different layers. In some embodiments, the sensor module  102  may be attached to or incorporated into the ball prior to sale to an individual, while in other embodiments the individual may later insert the sensor module  102  after purchasing the ball. In some embodiments, the ball may include a button and a display that may be similar to those described above with respect to the body-mounted sensor module  102 , if present. Alternatively, no button or display may be provided, as illustrated in  FIG. 6B . 
     In some embodiments of the present invention, the sensor module  102  may communicate with other components of the athletic activity monitoring system  10  via wired or wireless technologies. Communication between the sensor module  102  and other components of the athletic activity monitoring system  10  may be desirable for a variety of reasons. For example, to the extent that the sensor module  102  records and stores athletic activity information, it may be useful to transmit this information to another electronic device for additional data processing, data visualization, sharing with others, comparison to previously recorded athletic activity information, or a variety of other purposes. As a further example, to the extent that the sensor module  102  has insufficient processing power, wide area network transmission capabilities, sensor capabilities, or other capabilities, these capabilities can be provided by other components of the athletic activity monitoring system  10 . With this in mind, possible communications means are described briefly below. 
     Wired communication between the sensor module  102  and a personal computer  204  may be achieved, for example, by placing the sensor module  102  in a docking unit that is attached to the personal computer  204  using a communications wire plugged into a communications port of the personal computer  204 . In another embodiment, wired communication between the sensor module  102  and the personal computer  204  may be achieved, for example, by connecting a cable between the sensor module  102  and the computer  204 . The data port  132  of the sensor module  102  and a communications port of the computer  204  may include USB ports. The cable connecting the sensor module  102  and the computer  204  may be a USB cable with suitable USB plugs including, but not limited to, USB-A or USB-B regular, mini, or micro plugs, or other suitable cable such as, for example, a FireWire, Ethernet or Thunderbolt cable. As previously explained above, in some embodiments, such cables could be used to facilitate power transfer to a power source  112  of the sensor module  102 , in order to charge the power source  112 . Alternatively, the power source  112  may be recharged by inductive charging, or by using a docking station. 
     Wired connection to a personal computer  204  may be useful, for example, to upload athletic activity information from the sensor module  102  to the personal computer  204 , or to download application software updates or settings from the personal computer  204  to the sensor module  102 . 
     Wireless communication between the sensor module  102  and the personal computer  204  may be achieved, for example, by way of a wireless wide area network (such as, for example, the Internet), a wireless local area network, or a wireless personal area network. As is well known to those skilled in the art, there are a number of known standard and proprietary protocols that are suitable for implementing wireless area networks (e.g., TCP/IP, IEEE 802.16, Bluetooth, Bluetooth low energy, ANT, ANT+ by Dynastream Innovations, or BlueRobin). Accordingly, embodiments of the present invention are not limited to using any particular protocol to communicate between the sensor module  102  and the various elements of the athletic activity monitoring system  10  of the present invention. 
     In one embodiment, the sensor module  102  may communicate with a wireless wide area network communications system such as that employed by mobile telephones. For example, a wireless wide area network communication system may include a plurality of geographically distributed communication towers and base station systems. Communication towers may include one or more antennae supporting long-range two-way radio frequency communication wireless devices, such as sensor module  102 . The radio frequency communication between antennae and the sensor module  102  may utilize radio frequency signals conforming to any known or future developed wireless protocol, for example, CDMA, GSM, EDGE, 3G, 4G, IEEE 802.x (e.g., IEEE 802.16 (WiMAX)), etc. The information transmitted over-the-air by the base station systems and the cellular communication towers to the sensor module  102  may be further transmitted to or received from one or more additional circuit-switched or packet-switched communication networks, including, for example, the Internet. 
     As shown in  FIG. 7 , communication may also occur between the sensor module  102 , a personal computer  204 , and/or a remote server  202  via a network  200 . In an embodiment, the network  200  is the Internet. The Internet is a worldwide collection of servers, routers, switches and transmission lines that employ the Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) to communicate data. The network  200  may also be employed for communication between any two or more of the sensor module  102 , the personal computer  204 , the server  202 , and a docking unit. In an embodiment of the present invention, information is directly communicated between the sensor module  102  and the server  202  via the network  200 , thus bypassing the personal computer  204 . 
     A variety of information may be communicated between any of the sensor module  102 , the personal computer  204 , the network  200 , the server  202 , or other electronic components such as, for example, another sensor module  102 , a mobile phone, a tablet computer, or other portable electronic devices. Such information may include, for example, performance parameter data, device settings (including sensor module  102  settings), software, and firmware. 
     Communication among the various elements of the present invention may occur after the athletic activity has been completed or in real-time during the athletic activity. In addition, the interaction between, for example, the sensor module  102  and the personal computer  204 , and the interaction between the personal computer  204  and the server  202  may occur at different times. 
     In some embodiments of the present invention, an individual  100  using the athletic activity monitoring system  10  may participate in the activity with the sensor module  102  physically coupled to the individual&#39;s body  106  or to a piece of athletic equipment  108 , but with no other portable electronic devices making up part of the athletic activity monitoring system  10  in the individual&#39;s immediate vicinity. In such an embodiment, the sensor module  102  would monitor the athletic activity using its sensors. The sensor module  102  may also perform calculations necessary to monitor changes in the spatial orientation of the individual&#39;s  100  body  106  or a piece of the individual&#39;s athletic equipment  108 , or perform calculations necessary to determine a correlation between body  106  or equipment  108  movement data and an activity metric. 
     Alternatively, in this scenario, other components of the athletic activity monitoring system  10  that are remotely located from the individual  100  during the activity could be relied upon to perform calculations necessary to monitor changes in the spatial orientation of the individual&#39;s  100  body  106  or a piece of the individual&#39;s athletic equipment  108 , or perform calculations necessary to determine a correlation between body  106  or equipment  108  movement data and an activity metric. This could occur, for example after wireless transmission of athletic performance information directly from the sensor module  102  to a personal computer  204  or a server  202  during or after the activity, or after a wired transmission of athletic performance information directly from the sensor module  102  to a personal computer  204  after the activity. 
     However, in other embodiments of the present invention, as illustrated in  FIG. 8A , the sensor module  102  may communicate with a portable electronic device  206  of the athletic activity monitoring system  10  that is also carried by the individual  100  during the athletic activity. In some embodiments, the portable electronic device  206  may be carried by another person besides the individual  100 , or not carried by any person. In some embodiments, the portable electronic device  206  may be a watch, a mobile phone, a tablet computer, or other portable electronic device. 
     The portable electronic device  206  may serve a variety of purposes including, for example, providing additional data processing, providing additional data storage, providing data visualization, providing additional sensor capabilities, relaying information to a network  200 , or providing for the playback of music. 
     In one embodiment of the present invention, the portable electronic device  206  may be a dedicated portable electronic device  206 . The term “dedicated portable electronic device” indicates that the portable electronic device  206  is not capable of serving another purpose outside of the athletic activity monitoring system  10  of the present invention. For example, a mobile phone, a personal digital assistant, or a digital music file player (e.g., an MP3 player) may not be considered to be “dedicated portable electronic monitoring devices” as the term is used herein. In this manner, the dedicated portable electronic monitoring device  206  may in some embodiments provide a simpler and/or more efficient device. 
     The portable electronic device  206  illustrated in  FIG. 8A  is not a dedicated portable electronic monitoring device; the portable electronic device  206  illustrated in  FIG. 8A  is a mobile phone. In alternate embodiments, it may be possible for the sensor module  102  itself to be embodied by a mobile phone. Including a portable electronic device  206  in the athletic activity monitoring system  10 , such as a mobile phone, may be desirable as mobile phones are commonly carried by individuals, even when engaging in athletic activities, and they are capable of providing significant additional computing and communication power at no additional cost to the individual  100 . 
     In view of the above discussion, it is apparent that various processing steps or other calculations recited herein may be capable of being performed by various embodiments of the athletic activity monitoring system  10  disclosed herein, and are not necessarily limited to being performed by the sensor module  102 , depending on the configuration of a particular embodiment of the present invention. For example, any of the processing steps or other calculations recited herein may be performed, in various embodiments, by the sensor module  102 , by a server computer  202 , by a personal computer  204 , by a portable electronic device  206 , and/or any other network component, or by more than one component. 
     Embodiments of the present invention may involve the use of so-called “cloud computing.” Cloud computing may include the delivery of computing as a service rather than a product, whereby shared resources, software, and information are provided to computers and other devices as a utility over a network (typically the Internet). Cloud computing may entrust services (typically centralized) with a user&#39;s data, software and computation on a published application programming interface over a network. End users may access cloud-based applications through a web browser or a light weight desktop or mobile app while the business software and data are stored on servers at a remote location. Cloud application providers often strive to give the same or better service and performance than if the software programs were installed locally on end-user computers. 
       FIG. 8B  illustrates a first sensor module  102  in wireless communication with a second sensor module  102 . In an embodiment, such communication may be desirable so that different individuals  100 , including individuals  100  on the same athletic team, can compare their performance in athletic activities or otherwise exchange data without having to first transmit data through a remote computer such as a personal computer  204  or a server  202 . 
       FIG. 9  is an illustration of a group monitoring system according to an embodiment of the present invention. In an exemplary embodiment, group monitoring system  250 , depicted in, for example,  FIG. 9 , includes at least one portable electronic devices  206 , at least one base station  260 , and at least one group monitoring device  270 . Portable electronic device  206  may be coupled to an individual  100 . Portable electronic device  206  may include or be in communication with a sensor module  102  or individual sensors associated with an individual  100  or their athletic equipment  108 , including, but not limited to, an acceleration sensor  116 , a magnetic field sensor  118 , a pedometer, a heart rate monitor, a position sensor, an impact sensor, a camera, a gyroscope, a microphone, a temperature sensor, and a wind sensor. 
     In an exemplary embodiment, the portable electronic device  206  and/or the sensor module  102  may include a sensor garment, a heart rate monitor, and a position sensor. The position sensor may include, for example, a position sensor for use with a satellite-based positioning system, a position sensor for use with a beacon system (e.g., position determination using triangulation and/or time differences of signals received by antennas at known positions about a field or activity area), or a position sensor for use with any other suitable position-determining system. In some exemplary embodiments, group monitoring device  270  may be used by a coach. 
     Sensor modules  102  may be mounted to individuals  100  in preparation for participation by individuals  100  in a session of athletic activity. Sensor modules  102  mounted to a particular individual  100  may be coupled, either via wires or wirelessly, to a portable electronic device  206 , also mounted on the particular individual  100 . The sensor modules  102  may sense characteristics about individuals  100  during participation by individuals  100  in the session of athletic activity, and transmit data indicative of the characteristics to the portable electronic device  206 . The portable electronic device  206  in turn transmits the data to base station  260  during the session of athletic activity. In some embodiments, the sensor module  102  and the portable electronic device  206  may be integrated into a single device. In additional embodiments, as further illustrated in  FIG. 9 , a sensor module  102  may be capable of communicating directly with a base station  260  without transmitting data via the portable electronic device  206 . 
     In some exemplary embodiments, this transmission occurs in real time. “Real time” as used herein may include delays inherent to transmission technology, delays designed to optimize resources, and other inherent or desirable delays that would be apparent to one of skill in the art. In some exemplary embodiments, this transmission is delayed from real time, or may occur after completion of the activity. Base station  260  may receive the data and may determine metrics from the data, where the metrics may be representations of the characteristics measured by sensor modules  102 , or may be representations of further characteristics derived from the data through the use of algorithms and other data manipulation techniques. Base station  260  in turn may transmit the metrics during the session of athletic activity to group monitoring device  270 , which may receive the metrics and display a representation of the metrics. 
     Group monitoring device  270  may receive metrics associated with a plurality of individuals  100 , and may display the received metrics in association with the individuals  100  with which they are associated. In this way, a coach viewing group monitoring device  270  during the session of athletic activity receives detailed information about multiple individuals  100 , and can act on that information as it is determined necessary or expedient, thereby efficiently monitoring and managing individuals  100  during the session of athletic activity. 
     In some exemplary embodiments, sensor module  102  or portable electronic devices  206  calculate metrics based on the data, and transfer these metrics to base station  260  along with or instead of the data. In some exemplary embodiments, base station  260  transmits the data to group monitoring device  270 , along with or instead of the metrics. In some exemplary embodiments, group monitoring device  270  calculates metrics based on the data. 
     Base station  260  may be a self-contained portable system, containing all hardware required or desired to perform the functions of base station  260  described herein. In some exemplary embodiments base station  260  is configured to be portable. In some exemplary embodiments, base station  260  is configured to be positioned at an activity site. In some exemplary embodiments base station  260  is configured to be movable between activity sites such that it can be positioned at various activity sites. In some exemplary embodiments, base station  260  itself includes sensors, such as, for example, a GPS sensor (or other position sensor), a gyroscope, a magnetometer, a temperature sensor, a humidity sensor, and/or a wind sensor. Such sensors can provide valuable data that can be used in algorithms to determine metrics associated with individuals  100 , as will be described below. 
     In some exemplary embodiments, base station  260  includes a reference sensor (e.g., a GPS reference sensor), which may be physically included within base station  260  or independent of and located remote from base station  260  at a known position with respect thereto. Reference sensor can be connected to base station  260  via wires or wirelessly. Reference sensor can be used to detect a deviation signal and use it to calculate a correction signal for received position signals (e.g., GPS data). This correction signal can be sent to a sensor module  102  or a portable electronic device  206  (e.g., via base station  260 ). This correction signal can be used to correct position determinations of sensor module  102  or portable electronic devices  206 , thereby increasing their accuracy. Determining such a correction signal and then sending it to sensor module  102  or portable electronic devices  206  achieves efficient use of processing capacity, because sensor module  102  or portable electronic devices  206  are not burdened with determining a correction signal themselves, but simply receive and use a correction signal determined at base station  260  or reference sensor. 
     Base station  260  may transmit and receive data from sensor module  102  or portable electronic devices  206  via an antenna configured for one or more of RF communication, WLAN communication, ISM communication, cellular (e.g., GSM broad band 2.5G or 3G, 4G, LTE) communication, other suitable communication, or a combination thereof. Communication between base station  260  and sensor module  102  or portable electronic devices  206  may be bi-directional or uni-directional. Base station  260  can then determine metrics from the received data. As described above, base station  260  receives data from sensor modules  102  or portable electronic devices  206 . Data reception module of base station  260  may be in communication with each active sensor module  102  or portable electronic device  206 . 
     Group monitoring device  270  can wirelessly receive metrics, alerts, and other information (e.g., identification information and attributes of individuals  100 , or statistics relevant to individuals  100  or the athletic activity generally) from base station  260 . A single group monitoring device  270  may be in communication with base station  260 , or multiple group monitoring devices  270  may be in communication with base station  260  simultaneously. Group monitoring devices  207  may be portable with respect to base station  260  and may communicate with base station  260  via, for example, WLAN (wireless local area network), 2.4 GHz ISM (industrial, scientific, and medical) band, Bluetooth (or Bluetooth Low Energy (BTLE)), or cellular protocols. 
     In some exemplary embodiments, group monitoring device  270  includes a module selection element which allows selection of one or more operation modules to be displayed. The operation modules may be selectable using operation module icons. In some exemplary embodiments, selection of a plan module icon may trigger display of a plan module including features designed to be used to plan a session of athletic activity. In some exemplary embodiments, selection of a monitor module icon may trigger display of a monitor module including features designed to be used to monitor a session of athletic activity in real time during the session of athletic activity, as described further herein. In some exemplary embodiments, selection of an analyze module icon may trigger display of an analyze module including features designed to be used to analyze a session of athletic activity in real time during the session of athletic activity, or after completion of the session of athletic activity, as described further herein. In some exemplary embodiments, selection of a report module icon may trigger display of a report module including features designed to be used to develop reports (e.g., printable or displayable summaries of selected information) related to a session of athletic activity. 
     In some exemplary embodiments, group monitoring device  270  includes a display and an input. In a preferred embodiment, group monitoring device  270  is a tablet computing-style device (such as a tablet personal computer or an IPAD brand tablet, marketed by Apple Inc.). Group monitoring device  270  may be, however, any other suitable device, such as, for example, a laptop computer, a smartphone, a personal computer, a mobile phone, an e-reader, a PDA (personal digital assistant), a smartphone, or other similar device capable of receiving and displaying information and receiving input. 
     Suitable group monitoring systems and components may include, for example, the systems and components disclosed in commonly owned U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/077,494, titled “Group Performance Monitoring System and Method,” which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. 
     An overview of exemplary embodiments of components of the athletic activity monitoring system  10  of the present invention, including exemplary sensor modules  102 , has been provided above. A description of various exemplary methods of using the athletic activity monitoring system  10  of the present invention to monitor changes in the spatial orientation of the individual&#39;s  100  body  106  or a piece of the individual&#39;s athletic equipment  108 , or to determine a correlation between body  106  or equipment  108  movement data and an activity metric is now provided below. 
     An individual  100  engaged in an athletic activity (or another interested person such as a coach, teammate, or spectator) may desire to obtain information about the motion of the individual&#39;s  100  body  106  or the motion of a piece of the individual&#39;s athletic equipment  108  during the course of the athletic activity. 
     For example, if the individual  100  is participating in an activity that involves the use of a sport ball, such as playing in a soccer match, it may be desirable, for example, to be able to determine the various launch angles at which the soccer ball (i.e., football) was kicked by the individual  100 , to be able to determine the rate of rotation of the soccer ball after it was kicked by the individual  100 , or to be able to determine the peak speeds that the soccer ball was traveling at after being kicked by the individual  100 . 
     As a further example, if the individual  100  is participating in an activity that involves various movements the individual&#39;s  100  chest, such practicing basketball skills, it may be desirable, for example, to be able to identify instances when the individual  100  cut to the left or cut to the right when trying to dribble around a defender, to be able to determine the height that the individual  100  jumped, the horizontal distance the individual  100  jumped, or the force that the individual  100  jumped with when taking jump shots, attempting dunks, or attempting to block shots, or to be able to determine the individual&#39;s  100  reaction time when working on basketball-related reaction time drills. 
     By using the athletic activity monitoring system  10  including the sensor module  102  described above, embodiments of the present invention may advantageously enable the individual  100  (or their coach, teammate, or a spectator) to obtain this or other information about the motion of the individual&#39;s  100  body  106  or the motion of a piece of the individual&#39;s  100  athletic equipment  108  during or after the course of the athletic activity. 
     While various embodiments of the present invention are described in the context of the sports of soccer (i.e., football) and basketball, the present invention is not so limited and may be applied in a variety of different sports or athletic activities including, for example, baseball, bowling, boxing, cricket, cycling, football (i.e., American football), golf, hockey, lacrosse, rowing, rugby, running, skateboarding, skiing, surfing, swimming, table tennis, tennis, or volleyball, or during training sessions related thereto. In addition, activity metrics described as being capable of being determined in soccer may be capable of being determined in basketball, or vice versa, when appropriate. 
     Data obtained by the sensor module  102  may be processed in a variety of ways to yield useful information about the motion of an object  104  of interest during the activity. In some embodiments, sensor module  102  data may be processed to monitor changes in the spatial orientation of the individual&#39;s  100  body  106  or a piece of the individual&#39;s  100  athletic equipment  108 . In other embodiment, sensor module  102  data may be processed to by reference to a predetermined correlation between movement data and an activity metric stored in a data structure. 
     Regardless of whether the athletic activity monitoring system  10  and the sensor module  102  are being used to monitor the individual&#39;s  100  body  106  or a piece of the individual&#39;s  100  athletic equipment  108 , in embodiments of the present invention where there is a desire to monitor changes in the spatial orientation of the individual&#39;s  100  body  106  or the piece of the individual&#39;s  100  athletic equipment  108 , a common analytical framework may be used to carryout the monitoring. This analytical framework is illustrated by  FIG. 12 . 
     With reference to  FIG. 12 , in such an embodiment, the individual  100  may use the sensor module  102  in the athletic activity monitoring system  10  to determine a change in spatial orientation of the object  104  according to spatial orientation process  400  as follows. 
     First, at step  402 , the sensor module  102  may detect movement of the object  104 . In one embodiment, movement of the object  104  is detected based on acceleration data captured by the acceleration sensor  116  of the sensor module  102 . In another embodiment, movement of the object  104  is detected based on magnetic field data captured by the magnetic field sensor  118  of the sensor module  102 . In yet another embodiment, movement of the object  104  is detected based on both acceleration data and magnetic field data. 
     In one embodiment, the magnetic field sensor  118  may be adapted to measure the strength and direction of magnetic fields in the vicinity of the sensor module  102 . In another embodiment, the magnetic field sensor  118  may be adapted to measure the strength and direction of the earth&#39;s magnetic field in the vicinity of the sensor module  102 . In some embodiments, the magnetic field sensor  118  may be capable of measuring the magnitude and direction of a resultant magnetic vector for the total local magnetic field and/or for the local earth&#39;s magnetic field. 
     If the monitored object  104  is a soccer ball, the detected movement may consist of the soccer ball rolling on the ground as a result of being dribbled by the individual  100 . If the monitored object  104  is the chest of an individual  100  playing basketball, the detected movement may consist of the individual&#39;s chest moving forward as the individual dribbles a basketball down the court. 
     In some embodiments, the sensor module  102  may then determine that the movement of the object  104  indicates the occurrence of a movement to track. In one embodiment, the determination that the movement of the object  104  indicates the occurrence of a movement to track occurs when a threshold data value is met for a predetermined period of time. For example, the sensor module  102  may determine that a movement of the object  104  has resulted in a threshold acceleration and/or magnetic field change occurring for a predetermined period of time. 
     In some embodiments, the determination of the occurrence of a movement to track is an indication that the movement to track had already begun prior to the determination. In this case, it is still possible to capture all of the relevant data relating to the movement as the sensor module  102  may temporarily record a stream of data in a buffer in the event that data that had recently been recorded may need to be examined or more permanently recorded in response to a determination that an occurrence of a movement to track is found. In other embodiments, the determination of the occurrence of a movement to track is an indication that the movement to track is about to begin in the near future. In some embodiments, the sensor module  102  is adapted to store data permanently or temporarily, and may further be adapted to store data for predefined periods of time in certain circumstances, such as when populating a data buffer. 
     If the monitored object  104  is a soccer ball, the movement of the soccer ball as a result of the individual  100  swiftly kicking the ball in an attempt to make a goal may result in a determination that the motion of the ball in response to the kick—which could include motion of the ball before, during, and/or after the determination was made—should be tracked. If the monitored object  104  is the chest of an individual  100  playing basketball, the rotation of the individual&#39;s  100  chest through one-hundred and eighty degrees of rotation when making an offensive movement may result in a determination that the rotation of the individual&#39;s chest—which could include motion of the individual&#39;s  100  chest before, during, and/or after the determination was made—should be tracked. 
     Next, as step  406 , in response to the determination of the occurrence of a movement to track, an initial spatial orientation of the object  104  may be determined. In some embodiments, the determination of an initial spatial orientation of the object  104  may be made by reference to a coordinate axis system. 
     A coordinate axis system is a useful analytical tool for monitoring changes in the spatial orientation of an object  104 .  FIG. 10  illustrates an exemplary three-dimensional Cartesian coordinate axis system  300  having three axes—an X axis, a Y axis, and a Z axis. Two vectors, “G” and “B,” are superimposed on the coordinate axis system  300  illustrated in  FIG. 10 . The G-vector  302  pointing in the —Y direction represents a gravity vector. The B-vector  304  represents a resultant magnetic field vector. 
       FIG. 11  illustrates another exemplary three-dimensional Cartesian coordinate axis system  350 . This system  350  defines six degrees of freedom for a rigid body, such as the object  104 . Six degrees of freedom refers to motion of a rigid body in three-dimensional space, namely the ability to move forward/backward, up/down, left/right (translation in three perpendicular axes) combined with rotation about three perpendicular axes (pitch, yaw, roll), as illustrated in  FIG. 11 . 
     Returning to the discussion of step  406 , in one embodiment, the determination of the initial spatial orientation of the object  104  may be made with respect to a gravity vector  302 , such as that illustrated in  FIG. 10 . In another embodiment, the determination of the initial spatial orientation of the object  104  may be made with respect to an earth magnetic field vector  304 , such as that illustrated in  FIG. 10 . In other embodiments, the determination of the initial spatial orientation of the object  104  may be made with respect to characterizations of the way that the object translated and rotated in three-dimensional space with six degrees of freedom, as explained with reference to  FIG. 11 . 
     If the monitored object  104  is a soccer ball, the determination of the initial spatial orientation of the soccer ball relative to the specific movement to be tracked (i.e., movement of the ball resulting from the kick) may be defined, for example, as the spatial orientation of the soccer ball just before, at the moment of, or just after the soccer ball was swiftly kicked by the individual&#39;s  100  foot, depending on the particular application and algorithms used. If the monitored object  104  is the chest of an individual  100  playing basketball, the determination of the initial spatial orientation of the individual&#39;s  100  chest relative to the specific movement to be tracked (i.e., the one-hundred and eighty degree rotation) may be defined, for example, as the spatial orientation of the individual&#39;s  100  chest just before, at the moment of, or just after the individual&#39;s  100  chest began rotating, depending on the particular application and algorithms used. 
     At step  408 , after the determination of the initial orientation of the object  104  at a first time has been made, a change in the spatial orientation of the object  104  may be determined. In an embodiment, the determination of the change in the spatial orientation of the object  104  at step  408  may be made similarly to the determination of the initial orientation of the object  104  at step  406 , except that additional information about changes in the orientation of the gravity vector  302  and/or the magnetic field vector  304  as the object moves may be additionally factored in. 
     If the monitored object  104  is a soccer ball, the determination of the change in the spatial orientation of the soccer ball relative to the specific movement to be tracked (i.e., movement of the ball resulting from the kick) may be defined, for example, as the change in spatial orientation of the soccer ball from the time that the initial orientation of the soccer ball was identified to a later point in time when the ball is still moving or has ceased moving, depending on the particular application and algorithms used. If the monitored object  104  is the chest of an individual  100  playing basketball, the determination of the change in the spatial orientation of the individual&#39;s  100  chest relative to the specific movement to be tracked (i.e., the one-hundred and eighty degree rotation) may be defined, for example, as the change in the spatial orientation of the individual&#39;s  100  chest from the time that the initial orientation of the individual&#39;s  100  chest was identified to a later point in time when the individual&#39;s  100  chest is still moving or has ceased moving, depending on the particular application and algorithms used. 
     At step  410 , an activity metric is determined based on the change in the spatial orientation of the object  104  determined in step  408 . The nature of the activity metric may change based on the athletic activity that the individual  100  is participating in, as well as particular object  104  that is being monitored. In one embodiment, the activity metric may relate to, for example, a launch angle, a rate of rotation, a ball trajectory, a speed, a jump height, a jump force, a jump distance, a jump trajectory, a kick force, a kick distance, an impact force, a characterization of a specific type of athletic movement, or a reaction time measurement. In other embodiments, the activity metric may be, for example, the rate of rotation, the plane of rotation, the jump force, force profile (force acting upon the body of the athlete or the ground or the object), stroke information in tennis, swing profile in golf, baseball, hockey stick, kick profile of a leg, angle position of a bike pedal, power output of a cyclist, fatigue (tremors starting to occur in repeated motion, i.e., running, lifting swimming, rowing etc.), posture, throwing or arm swing technique, and shooting technique. 
     If the monitored object  104  is a soccer ball, the change in the spatial orientation of the ball resulting from the kick may be used to determine, for example, a launch angle of the ball, a rate of rotation of the ball, launch speed, estimated speed, or similar metrics. If the monitored object  104  is the chest of an individual  100  playing basketball, the change in the spatial orientation of the individual&#39;s  100  chest during the one-hundred and eighty degree rotation may be used to determine, for example, that the individual had been posting up a defender and then executed a one-hundred and eighty degree spin move to maneuver around the defender, or similar metrics. In other embodiments, the change in the spatial orientation of the individual&#39;s  100  chest may be used to determine a jump height or jump force. 
     Finally, at step  412 , an output is provided that conveys the activity metric to the individual  100 , a coach, a teammate, a spectator, or any other interested person. In one embodiment, the output may be an audible, visual, and/or haptic output. 
     In some embodiments of the present invention, instead of a desire to monitor changes in the spatial orientation of an object  104  of interest, there may be a desire to correlate movements of objects  104 , such as the individual&#39;s  100  body  106  or the piece of the individual&#39;s  100  athletic equipment  108 , to activity metrics based on a predetermined correlation stored in a data structure. A common analytical framework may be used to carry out such correlations. This analytical framework is illustrated by  FIG. 13 . 
     With reference to  FIG. 13 , in such an embodiment, the individual  100  may use the sensor module  102  in the athletic activity monitoring system  10  to determine such correlations to object  104  movement according to movement correlation process  420  as follows. 
     First, at step  422 , the sensor module  102  may detect movement of the object  104 . This step may be carried out in a similar fashion to step  402  of the spatial orientation process  400 , as described above. 
     If the monitored object  104  is a soccer ball, the detected movement may consist of the soccer ball rolling on the ground as a result of being dribbled by the individual  100 . If the monitored object  104  is the chest of an individual  100  playing basketball, the detected movement may consist of the individual&#39;s chest moving forward as the individual dribbles a basketball down the court. 
     In some embodiments, the sensor module  102  may then determine that the movement of the object  104  indicates the occurrence of a movement to track. This step may be carried out in a similar fashion to step  404  of the spatial orientation process  400 , as described above. 
     If the monitored object  104  is a soccer ball, the movement of the soccer ball as a result of the individual  100  swiftly kicking the ball in an attempt to make a goal may result in a determination that the motion of the ball in response to the kick—which could include motion of the ball before, during, and/or after the determination was made—should be tracked. If the monitored object  104  is the chest of an individual  100  playing basketball, the movement of the individual&#39;s  100  chest sharply upward away from the ground as a result of the individual jumping to, for example, take a jump shot, attempt a dunk, or attempt to block a shot, may result in a determination that the upward movement of the individual&#39;s chest—which could include motion of the individual&#39;s  100  chest before, during, and/or after the determination was made—should be tracked. 
     Next, at step  426 , the sensor module  102  may record movement data in response to identifying a movement to track. In one embodiment, movement of the object  104  is recorded based on acceleration data captured by the acceleration sensor  116  of the sensor module  102 . In another embodiment, movement of the object  104  is recorded based on magnetic field data captured by the magnetic field sensor  118  of the sensor module  102 . In yet another embodiment, movement of the object  104  is recorded based on both acceleration data and magnetic field data. 
     If the monitored object  104  is a soccer ball, the movement of the soccer ball as a result of the individual  100  swiftly kicking the ball may be recorded. If the monitored object  104  is the chest of an individual  100  playing basketball, the movement of the individual&#39;s  100  chest sharply upward may be recorded. 
     Next, at step  428 , the sensor module  102  may determine a correlation between the recorded movement data and an activity metric. In one embodiment, this determination may be based on correlation information stored in a data structure, such as a lookup table. 
     A lookup table is a data structure, usually an array or associative array, often used to replace a runtime computation with a simpler array indexing operation. The savings in terms of processing time can be significant, since retrieving a value from memory is often faster than undergoing relatively processing-expensive computation or input/output operation. Lookup table figures may be pre-calculated and stored in static program storage or pre-fetched as part of a program initialization phase. 
     The nature of the correlation may depend on the particular application and algorithms used to establish the correlation. Also, the nature of the activity metric may change based on the athletic activity that the individual  100  is participating in, as well as particular object  104  that is being monitored. In one embodiment, the activity metric may relate to, for example, a launch angle, a rate of rotation, a ball trajectory, a speed, a jump height, a jump force, a jump distance, a jump trajectory, a kick force, a kick distance, an impact force, a characterization of a specific type of athletic movement, or a reaction time measurement. In other embodiments, the activity metric may be, for example, the rate of rotation, the plane of rotation, the jump force, force profile (force acting upon the body of the athlete or the ground or the object), stroke information in tennis, swing profile in golf, baseball, hockey stick, kick profile of a leg, angle position of a bike pedal, power output of a cyclist, fatigue (tremors starting to occur in repeated motion, i.e., running, lifting swimming, rowing etc.), posture, throwing or arm swing technique, and shooting technique. 
     If the monitored object  104  is a soccer ball, the correlation between the recorded movement data and an activity metric may rely on correlation data stored in a data structure that was derived from a function that expresses a relationship between soccer ball acceleration data and soccer ball launch speed metrics. In some embodiments, the function underlying the relationship between soccer ball acceleration data and soccer ball launch speed may be based on empirical data for the specific model soccer ball. 
     If the monitored object  104  is the chest of an individual  100  playing basketball, the correlation between the recorded movement data and an activity metric may rely correlation data stored in a data structure that was derived from a function that expresses a relationship between chest acceleration data and, for example, jump height or jump force metrics. In some embodiments, the function underlying the relationship between chest acceleration data and jump height may be based on data such as, for example, the individual&#39;s weight. 
     Finally, at step  430 , an output is provided that conveys the activity metric to the individual  100 , a coach, a teammate, a spectator, or any other interested person. This step may be carried out in a similar fashion to step  412  of the spatial orientation process  400 , as described above. 
     The analytical frameworks outlined with respect to  FIG. 12  and  FIG. 13  detailing the basic spatial orientation process  400  and the basic movement correlation process  420 , respectively may be used in embodiments of the present invention to monitor the individual&#39;s  100  body  106  or a piece of the individual&#39;s  100  athletic equipment  108  using a sensor module  102 . However, in some embodiments of the present invention, these basic analytical frameworks may include additional steps that may provide improved capabilities, thus offering the individual  100  engaged in athletic activities better tools to assess their activities. 
       FIG. 14  illustrates an active state process  440  that may be used to augment the basic spatial orientation process  400  or the basic movement correlation process  420  outlined above. The active state process  400  may enable a sensor module  102  to run in a plurality of states, one of which may be considered an active state. In one embodiment, the active state may be characterized by the sensor module  102  consuming more power during the active state than prior to the active state. In another embodiment, the active state may be characterized by the sensor module  102  sampling data from the acceleration sensor  116  at a higher rate during the active state than prior to the active state. In yet another embodiment, the active state may be characterized by the sensor module  102  permanently saving data in the active state, as opposed to only temporarily recorded data prior to the active state. In this way, enabling various states may allow the sensor module  102  to operate with reduced battery power, reduced processing power, or otherwise be more efficient. 
     With reference to  FIG. 14 , the active state process  440  begins as step  442 . In one embodiment, the steps of the active state process  440  may occur just prior to the steps of the basic spatial orientation process  400  or the basic movement correlation process  420  so that these processes may be carried out with more efficient sensor module  102  function. 
     At step  442 , the sensor module  102  may detect movement of the object  104  at a first time. This step may be carried out in a similar fashion to step  402  of the spatial orientation process  400  or step  422  of the movement correlation process  420 , as described above. 
     If the monitored object  104  is a soccer ball, the detected movement may consist of the soccer ball rolling on the ground as a result of being dribbled by the individual  100 . If the monitored object  104  is the chest of an individual  100  playing basketball, the detected movement may consist of the individual&#39;s  100  chest moving forward as the individual dribbles a basketball down the court. 
     Next, at step  444 , the sensor module  102  may determine that the movement of the object  104  corresponds to a predetermined activation movement. In some embodiments, the predetermined activation movement may include a series of discrete movements such as, for example, a ball being bounced three times in series, the ball being thrown a predetermined height, the ball being kicked with a certain level of force, the individual  100  jumping up and down three times in series, or a movement that results in the acceleration of the sensor module  102  exceeding and/or falling below a predetermined threshold in absolute terms or for a predetermined period of time. In one embodiment, movement of the object  104  is detected based on acceleration data captured by the acceleration sensor  116  of the sensor module  102 . In another embodiment, movement of the object  104  is detected based on magnetic field data captured by the magnetic field sensor  118  of the sensor module  102 . In yet another embodiment, movement of the object  104  is detected based on both acceleration data and magnetic field data. 
     The step of determining that the movement of the object corresponds to a predetermined activation movement may include comparing acceleration data associated with the predetermined activation movement to acceleration data detected in association with the movement of the object. Alternatively, the step of determining that the movement of the object corresponds to a predetermined activation movement may include comparing timing data associated with the predetermined activation movement to timing data detected in association with the movement of the object. 
     If the monitored object  104  is a soccer ball, the predetermined activation movement could be, for example, movement of the soccer ball after it had been stationary for a predetermined period of time, the soccer ball being bounced three times, the soccer ball being thrown into the air a certain height of period of time, or a variety of other possible activation movements. If the monitored object  104  is the chest of an individual  100  playing basketball, the predetermined activation movement could be, for example, movement of the individual&#39;s  100  chest after the individual  100  had been stationary for a predetermined period of time (e.g., sitting on the bench), the individual  100  jumping up and down three times in a row, the individual  100  squatting three times in a row, or a variety of other possible activation movements. 
     In some embodiments, the monitored object  104  can be considered stationary when the sensor module  102  of the monitored object  104  senses resultant acceleration of about 1G (i.e., resultant acceleration within a threshold tolerance of 1G, for example, within 5% of 1G). In some embodiments the monitored object  104  can be considered stationary at times while being handled by an individual. For example, a ball can be stationary for a period of time in which a basketball player takes a jump shot with ball (e.g., before release of ball from the hands of the individual, the ball can be considered stationary, where resultant acceleration sensed by sensor module  102  is about 1G). Also for example, the ball can be stationary for a period of time in which a baseball player performs a throw of ball (e.g., a period of time spanning the transition from rearward motion to forward motion of the individual&#39;s throwing motion, where resultant acceleration sensed by sensor module  102  is about 1G). 
     Next, at step  446 , after determining that an activation movement has occurred, the sensor module  102  may enter the active state. As previously described, the active state may be characterized, for example, by the sensor module  102  consuming more power or sampling data at a higher rate during the active state than prior to the active state. 
     Finally, at step  448 , upon the sensor module  102  entering the active state, detection of movement of the object at a second time, as detailed at step  402  of the basic spatial orientation process  400  or at step  422  of the basic movement correlation process  420 . In this way, enabling various states may allow the sensor module  102  to operate with reduced battery power, reduced processing power, or otherwise be more efficient. 
       FIG. 15  illustrates a reference motion process  450  that may be used to augment the basic movement correlation process  420  outlined above. The reference motion process  450  may enable a sensor module  102  to identify a matching athletic motion from a plurality of reference motions by comparing movement data, where the plurality of reference motions may be diverse in nature. In this way, the athletic motion identification capabilities of the movement correlation process  420  may be enhanced by enabling identification and tracking of diverse types of motions executed during an activity. 
     With reference to  FIG. 15 , the reference motion process  450  begins as step  452 . In one embodiment, the steps of the reference motion process  450  may effectively be substituted for step  426 ,  428 , and  430  of the basic movement correlation process  420  outlined above so that the correlation and identification capabilities are enhanced. 
     At step  452 , the sensor module  102  may record movement data (possibly in response to identifying a movement to track in a previous step, as outlined above). In one embodiment, movement of the object  104  is recorded based on acceleration data captured by the acceleration sensor  116  of the sensor module  102 . In another embodiment, movement of the object  104  is recorded based on magnetic field data captured by the magnetic field sensor  118  of the sensor module  102 . In yet another embodiment, movement of the object  104  is recorded based on both acceleration data and magnetic field data. 
     If the monitored object  104  is a soccer ball, the movement of the soccer ball as a result of the individual  100  swiftly kicking the ball may be recorded. If the monitored object  104  is the chest of an individual  100  playing basketball, the movement of the individual&#39;s  100  chest sharply upward may be recorded. 
     Next, at step  454 , the sensor module  102  may identify a matching athletic motion from a plurality of reference motions by comparing the movement data to data associated with the plurality of reference motions. In one embodiment, as with step  428  of the basic movement correlation process  420 , the identification may be made at least in part based on correlation information stored in a data structure, such as a lookup table. 
     Particular to step  428 , identification of the matching athletic motion may be by reference to a plurality of reference motions. In other words, at step  428 , the system is not limited to looking for a motion that matches a single motion (e.g., kicking a soccer ball in an effort to score a goal). In some embodiments, the system is not limited to looking for a motion that matches a single class of motions (e.g., offensive soccer motions). In other embodiments, the system is not limited to looking for a motion that matches motions in a single sport (e.g., soccer motions). Alternatively, when the activity is a team sport, the matching athletic motion may be a motion commonly executed by a person during that team sport. 
     In one embodiment, one or more of the reference motions may include a series of discrete movements. In some embodiments, data associated with the plurality of reference motions may include acceleration data, magnetic field data, and/or timing data. Of course, the nature of the identifying matching athletic motion may depend on the particular application and algorithms used to establish the match. Also, the nature of the matching athletic motion may change based on the athletic activity that the individual  100  is participating in, as well as particular object  104  that is being monitored. In one embodiment related to basketball, the matching athletic motion may be, for example, a pass motion, an shot motion, an jump-shot motion, a dunk motion, a post-up motion, a cross-over dribble motion, a shot blocking motion, a steal motion, or a rebound motion. 
     Finally, at step  456 , an output is provided that conveys the matching athletic motion to the individual  100 , a coach, a teammate, a spectator, or any other interested person. This step may be carried out in a similar fashion to step  430  of the movement correlation process  420 , as described above. In this way, the athletic motion identification capabilities of the movement correlation process  420  may be enhanced by enabling identification and tracking of diverse types of motions executed during an activity. 
       FIG. 16  illustrates a remote spatial processing process  460  that may be used to augment the basic spatial orientation process  400  outlined above. The remote spatial processing process  460  may enable a sensor module  102  to wirelessly transmit spatial orientation data to a remote computer for processing. Wireless communication with other elements of the athletic activity monitoring system  10  is generally described above with reference to  FIG. 7 . In this way, the spatial processing capabilities or movement correlation capabilities of the athletic activity monitoring system  10  may be enhanced by shifting certain processing and analytical tasks to a remotely located computer, such as a server computer, with greater computational abilities and, in some embodiments, access to additional data or other resources. 
     With reference to  FIG. 16 , the remote spatial processing or correlation process  460  begins as step  462 . In one embodiment, the steps of the remote spatial processing or correlation process  460  may effectively be substituted for step  410  of the basic spatial orientation process  400 , or step  426  of the basic movement correlation process  420 , outlined above so that activity metric determination may occur remotely. 
     At step  462 , a change in the spatial orientation of the object  104  may be determined or movement data may be recorded. In an embodiment, the determination of the change in the spatial orientation of the object  104  or the recordation of movement data at step  462  may be made similarly to the determination of the change in spatial orientation of the object  104  at step  408  of the basic spatial orientation process  400  outlined above or to the recording of movement data at step  426  of the basic movement correlation process  420 . 
     Next, at step  464 , the sensor module  102  may wirelessly transmit data relating to the change in spatial orientation, or to movement, to a computer, wherein the computer is remotely located from the user during the athletic activity. For example, the remote computer may be server  202 . In one embodiment, the data relating to the change in spatial orientation, or to movement, may be transmitted to the remote computer during the athletic activity. In another embodiment, the data relating to the change in spatial orientation, or to movement, may be transmitted to the remote computer after the athletic activity has been completed. 
     Next, at step  466 , the sensor module  102  may wirelessly receive activity metric data from the remote computer, wherein the activity metric data is based on the transmitted data relating to the change in spatial orientation, or to movement. Accordingly, the determination of the activity metric, as outlined, for example, at step  410  of the basic spatial orientation process  400 , the determination of the activity metric based on correlation data, possibly with reference to a lookup table, as outlined, for example, at step  428  of the basic movement correlation process  420 , may be handled by the remote computer. In one embodiment, the activity metric data may be received from the remote computer during the athletic activity. In another embodiment, the activity metric data may be received from the remote computer after the athletic activity has been completed. 
     In addition, in certain embodiments, because of the greater processing capabilities and resources of the remote computer, the remote computer may be capable of providing additional information to the sensor module  102 . In one embodiment, the sensor module  102  may receive training recommendation data from the remote computer in addition to the activity metric data. In another embodiment, the sensor module  102  may receive motivational content data from the remote computer in addition to the activity metric data. 
     In an embodiment, the activity metric data received from the remote computer may include a comparison between data associated with the user for the present athletic activity and data associated with the user from a previous athletic activity. In another embodiment, the activity metric data received from the remote computer may include a comparison between data associated with the user for the present athletic activity and data associated with a different individual&#39;s athletic activity. 
     Finally, at step  468 , an output is provided that conveys the activity metric to the individual  100 , a coach, a teammate, a spectator, or any other interested person. This step may be carried out in a similar fashion to step  412  of the spatial orientation process  400 , or to step  430  of the movement correlation process  420 , as described above. In this way, the spatial processing or movement determining capabilities of the athletic activity monitoring system  10  may be enhanced by shifting certain processing and analytical tasks to a remotely located computer, such as a server computer, with greater computational abilities and, in some embodiments, access to additional data or other resources. 
       FIG. 17  illustrates a location process  480  that may be used to augment the basic spatial orientation process  400  or the basic movement correlation process  420  outlined above. The location process  480  may enable an individual to determine the precise geographic location that various monitored athletic motions occurred during the course of an athletic activity. In this way, the location process  480  may provide the individual, a coach, a teammate, a spectator, or any other interested person with additional information that may be correlated with the movement-based activity metric information itself. 
     With reference to  FIG. 17 , the location process  480  begins as step  482 . In one embodiment, the steps of the location process  480  may occur after the steps of the basic spatial orientation process  400  or the basic movement correlation process  420 , or just prior to the output steps of these processes. 
     At step  482 , the activity metric may be determined based on a change in the spatial orientation of the object  104 , as described at step  410  of the spatial orientation process  400 , or based on the correlation described at step  428  of the movement correlation process  420 . The nature of the activity metric may change based on the athletic activity that the individual  100  is participating in, as well as particular object  104  that is being monitored. In one embodiment, the activity metric may relate to, for example, a launch angle, a rate of rotation, a speed, a jump height, jump force, a characterization of a specific type of athletic movement, or a reaction time measurement. 
     Next, at step  484 , the location of the object  104  during the athletic activity may be determined. In one embodiment, the location of the object  104  during the athletic activity is determined using a satellite positioning system receiver, such as a GPS, Galileo, BeiDou, or GLONASS receiver. In another embodiment, the location of the object  104  during the athletic activity is determined using a beacon signal or radio signal triangulation. 
     In embodiments where the individual&#39;s  100  physical activity includes traversing a specific route (e.g., running or biking in a race), the sensor module  102  may capable of recording an individual&#39;s  100  geographic way points along the route traversed. 
     Finally, at step  486 , a determined athletic activity metric may be correlated with the location associated with the athletic activity metric. Accordingly, for example, the sensor module  102  may capable of recording where an individual  100  took each soccer or basketball shot. 
     By using the athletic activity monitoring system  10  including the sensor module  102  described above, embodiments of the present invention may advantageously enable the individual  100  (or their coach, teammate, or a spectator) to obtain this or other information about the motion of the individual&#39;s  100  body  106  or the motion of a piece of the individual&#39;s  100  athletic equipment  108  during or after the course of the athletic activity. 
     While various embodiments of the present invention are described in the context of the sports of soccer (i.e., football) and basketball, the present invention is not so limited and may be applied in a variety of different sports or athletic activities including, for example, baseball, bowling, boxing, cricket, cycling, football (i.e., American football), golf, hockey, lacrosse, rowing, rugby, running, skateboarding, skiing, surfing, swimming, table tennis, tennis, or volleyball, or during training sessions related thereto. 
     For baseball, sensor module  102  embodiments such as those described above may enable an individual  100 , coach, teammate, or a spectator to determine, for example, characteristics of a pitcher&#39;s pitch, a batter&#39;s swing, or the ball&#39;s movement after it is thrown or before it is hit. For example, a sensor module  102  could be used to determine the type of pitch thrown (fastball, curveball, slider, change-up, etc.), the speed of a pitch, the trajectory of the pitch, or the total pitch count. A sensor module  102  could also be used to determine the type of swing (e.g., regular swing, bunt, swing that connects with the ball, swing that misses the ball, etc.), the speed of the swing, the swing count, the type of hit (grounder, line-drive, fly ball, homerun, etc.), the trajectory of the ball after it was hit, or the distance that the ball was hit. In some embodiments the sensor module  102  may be mounted, for example, on a pitcher&#39;s torso, arm, hand, or finger, on a batter&#39;s torso, arm, hand, or finger, on or in the ball, or on or in a bat. 
     For bowling, sensor module  102  embodiments such as those described above may enable an individual  100 , coach, teammate, or a spectator to determine, for example, characteristics of a bowler&#39;s release or the ball&#39;s path. For example, a sensor module  102  could be used to determine the type of spin applied to the roll, the speed of a roll, the total roll count, the force applied to the pins at the moment of impact, or the location or occurrence of divots of slick spots on the lane. A sensor module  102  could also be used to determine the path of the ball after a release. In some embodiments the sensor module  102  may be mounted, for example, on a bowler&#39;s torso, arm, hand, or finger, or on or in the ball. 
     For boxing, sensor module  102  embodiments such as those described above may enable an individual  100 , coach, teammate, or a spectator to determine, for example, characteristics of a boxer&#39;s offensive or defensive moves. For example, a sensor module  102  could be used to determine the type of punch thrown by a boxer (jab, hook, upper-cut, etc.), whether the boxer&#39;s left or right hand was used, the speed of the punch, whether the punch connected, and/or the total punch count. A sensor module  102  could also be used to determine whether a boxer dogged left, right or down, blocked a punch, was knocked down, or how many punches the boxer took. In some embodiments the sensor module  102  may be mounted, for example, on a boxer&#39;s torso, arm, hand, or finger, or on or in their boxing glove. 
     For cycling, sensor module  102  embodiments such as those described above may enable an individual  100 , coach, teammate, or a spectator to determine, for example, characteristics of a biker&#39;s or bike&#39;s motion. For example, a sensor module  102  could be used to determine the speed of the bike, the nature of the turns, the nature of the elevation changes during a route, or jump characteristics such as airtime, the type of trick performed, or whether a trick was successfully performed. In some embodiments the sensor module  102  may be mounted, for example, on a biker&#39;s torso, arm, hand, leg, foot, or head, or on or in their bike at a location such as, for example, the handlebars, frame, or pedals. 
     For football (i.e., American football), sensor module  102  embodiments such as those described above may enable an individual  100 , coach, teammate, or a spectator to determine, for example, characteristics of an offensive, defensive, or special teams player&#39;s movements, or the movement of the ball itself. For example, a sensor module  102  could be used to determine the type of run, pass, kick, or tackle, the number or runs, passes, kicks, or tackles, the force or a run, pass, kick, or tackle, the type of move used by a running back (e.g., spin move, stiff arm, hurdle, dive, sprint, etc.), or the distance, hang time, or rotational characteristics of a pass or kick. In some embodiments the sensor module  102  may be mounted, for example, on a player&#39;s torso, arm, or leg, or on or in the ball. 
     For golf, sensor module  102  embodiments such as those described above may enable an individual  100 , coach, teammate, or a spectator to determine, for example, characteristics of a golfer&#39;s swing or the motion of the ball after it is hit. For example, a sensor module  102  could be used to determine the type of swing (drive, fairway shot, approach shot, putt) the swing speed, the swing quality, or a swing count, which could in turn be used to coach a golfer on how to improve their swing or game play. A sensor module  102  could also be used to determine the path of the ball (straight, slice, hook, low, high, breaking left, breaking right) or the distance of a shot. In some embodiments the sensor module  102  may be mounted, for example, on a golfer&#39;s torso, arm, hand, leg, foot, or head, or on or in the ball, or on or in a club. 
     For hockey, sensor module  102  embodiments such as those described above may enable an individual  100 , coach, teammate, or a spectator to determine, for example, characteristics of a player&#39;s shot or pass or the motion of the puck after it is contacted. For example, a sensor module  102  could be used to determine the type of shot (e.g., slapshot, backhand shot), the shot speed, the shot quality, or a shot or pass count. A sensor module  102  could also be used to determine the path of the puck toward the goal (straight, left, right, low, high). In some embodiments the sensor module  102  may be mounted, for example, on a hockey player&#39;s torso, arm, hand, leg, foot, or head, or on or in the puck, or on or in a stick. 
     For running, sensor module  102  embodiments such as those described above may enable an individual  100 , coach, teammate, or a spectator to determine, for example, characteristics of a runner&#39;s motion. For example, a sensor module  102  could be used to determine the speed, pace, distance traversed, locations traversed, or to discriminate between different surfaces (e.g., grass, street, or trail) and inclinations (e.g., uphill, flat, or downhill). In some embodiments the sensor module  102  may be mounted, for example, on a runner&#39;s torso, arm, hand, leg, foot, or head, or on or in their article of footwear. 
     For skiing, sensor module  102  embodiments such as those described above may enable an individual  100 , coach, teammate, or a spectator to determine, for example, racecourse statistics or information on when certain tricks are successfully performed. For example, a sensor module  102  could be used to determine how many gates a skier successfully traverse on a race course, the skier&#39;s speed, or the angles of their turns. Also, a sensor module  102  could be used to determine maneuvers such as jumps, flips, rotations, or the degree of the actions that makeup the maneuvers (e.g., height of jump, degrees of rotation, hang-time, type of trick performed, etc.). In one embodiment, sensor module  102  may be mounted on a top or bottom surface of a ski, contained within a ski, or placed in a void in the ski, in a releasable or non-releasable manner, or mounted to the skier&#39;s boot, body, or in or on other clothing. In other embodiments, sensor modules  102  could similarly be used for snowboarding or other similar winter sports activities involving similar winter sports equipment. 
     For tennis, sensor module  102  embodiments such as those described above may enable an individual  100 , coach, teammate, or a spectator to determine, for example, characteristics of a player&#39;s swing or the motion of the ball after it is hit. For example, a sensor module  102  could be used to determine the type of swing (forehand, backhand, serve, return, lob) the swing speed, the swing quality, or a swing count. A sensor module  102  could also be used to determine the motion of the ball (straight, topspin, backspin, left spin, right spin) or the distance of a shot. In some embodiments the sensor module  102  may be mounted, for example, on a player&#39;s torso, arm, hand, leg, foot, or head, or on the tennis ball, or on a racquet. 
     For skateboarding, sensor module  102  embodiments such as those described above may enable an individual  100 , coach, teammate, or a spectator to determine, for example, when certain tricks are successfully performed, such as ollies, aerials, flip tricks (e.g., kickslips), slides, or grinds, or the degree of the actions that makeup the tricks (e.g., height of jump, rate of rotation, length of time of slide, etc.). In one embodiment, the sensor module  102  may be mounted on the underside of the skateboard, in a void between a skateboard wheel axle (i.e., truck) and the skateboard itself. In other embodiments, the sensor module  102  may be coupled to a top or bottom surface of the board, contained within the board, or coupled to a wheel axle (i.e., truck) in a releasable or non-releasable manner. 
     For surfing, sensor module  102  embodiments such as those described above may enable an individual  100 , coach, teammate, or a spectator to determine, for example, when certain maneuvers are successfully performed, such as, for example, riding waves, executing turns or cutbacks, carving, floating, or tube riding. In one embodiment, the sensor module  102  may be mounted on a top or bottom surface of the surfboard, contained within the surfboard, or placed in a void in the surfboard, in a releasable or non-releasable manner. 
     In another embodiment of the present invention, sensor module  102  embodiments such as those described above may enable an individual  100 , coach, teammate, or a spectator to analyze the individual&#39;s  100  strength and flexibility workout movements or exercises. For example, in one embodiment, an individual  100  or a piece of athletic equipment  108  used by the individual  100  during strength and flexibility workouts may carry a sensor module  102  that is capable of tracking, for example, sit-ups, push-ups, lunges, jumping-jacks, pull-ups, squats, dips, and/or calf raises. The sensor module  102  may be capable of being used to determine whether these movements are being done correctly and/or how many repetitions of each movement were conducted. 
     In some embodiments of the present invention, the sensor module  102  may be capable of compensating for inherent deficiencies that may be present for various types of sensor contained within or in communication with the sensor module  102 . Most real world sensors have limitations. For example, accelerometers, magnetometers, and gyroscopes may have accuracy issues, particularly when used at speeds of motion of the object  104  or under other conditions that differ from their initial calibration conditions. 
     In some systems, if sensor data, such as acceleration sensor  116  or magnetic field sensor  118  data, is temporarily lost or otherwise unavailable, the data from the unavailable sensor is not used in subsequent processing or calculations. In other systems, lost data may be estimated by “straight line” methods where, for example, it is assumed that the data stays constant or changes at a constant rate. However, in some embodiments of the present invention sensor data, such as one of acceleration sensor  116  or magnetic field sensor  118  data may be used to compensate for and/or estimate the changes in the other of acceleration sensor  116  or magnetic field sensor  118  data based on known, derived, or estimate correlations between the two types of data, or data extrapolation. 
     By combining the data produced by, for example, acceleration sensor  116  and a magnetic field sensor  118 , systems and methods according to embodiments of the present invention are able to more accurately determine absolute data values or activity metrics even when data from one of the acceleration sensor  116  or the magnetic field sensor  118  is lost for any reason. Using the data that is not missing, the system can continue to provide data values or activity metrics to fill in the “holes” until the missing data is regained or otherwise again sampled. 
     In other embodiments of the present invention, angular momentum sensor  124  data, such as gyroscope data, may be used in combination with one or more of acceleration sensor  116  or magnetic field sensor  118  data for data calibration and/or extrapolation. 
     In some embodiments of the present invention, calibration and/or generation of correction factor data for a acceleration sensor  116  or magnetic field sensor  118 -based sensor modules  102  may be performed under a variety of different use conditions, e.g., calibration data or correction factors may be generated for use at different movement speeds, for use with an individual&#39;s  100  body  106 , with a piece of athletic equipment  108 , for use in different sports, for use under different wind conditions, for use under different court or field conditions, etc. Moreover, this variety of correction factors and/or calibration data may be collected, in the background, over time, as the individual  100  continues using the system. In this manner, a “lookup table” or other “universe” or library of calibration data or correction factors may be built up and stored in the monitoring system (optionally in the portable portion of the system), such that an appropriate correction factor could be generated and applied for a full range of individual  100  or athletic equipment  108  speeds and/or other use conditions. 
     A microprocessor provided with the system (optionally in the portable portion of the system, in the personal computer, etc.) may be programmed to interpolate between and/or extrapolate from known calibration or correction factors to arrive at the most appropriate calibration or correction factor for use at any speed or other use condition(s). Also, in this manner, different calibration or correction factors may be applied at different times during a single athletic performance, e.g., based on the speed or other use conditions determined at a given time during the performance, to further help improve the overall accuracy of the speed and distance monitor. By having a variety of correction or calibration factors available under different performance conditions, the sensor module  102  will tend to become more accurate, particularly over time and with increased use, because of the increased number of calibration and correction factors generated with increased use. 
     In one embodiment of the present invention, the sensor module  102  may be affected by perturbations in local magnetic fields, such as the earth&#39;s magnetic field. Perturbation can be caused, for example, by objects with ferromagnetic structures. In some embodiments, the local magnetic field may be more variable at certain distances near the surface of the earth than at other distances further away from the earth. For example, the local magnetic field may be more variable or perturbed within approximately six feet of the surface of the earth than at more than approximately six feet away from the surface of the earth. Accordingly, in some embodiments, magnetic field sensor  118  data obtained from an object  104  when the object  104  is more than approximately six feet away from the surface of the earth may be used to extrapolate or otherwise estimate proper or likely magnetic field sensor  118  data from when the object  104  was within approximately six feet of the surface of the earth, if the magnetic field sensor  118  data from when the object  104  was within approximately six feet of the surface of the earth is otherwise deemed to be unreliable due to the relatively high variability in local magnetic fields, such as the earth&#39;s magnetic field, near the surface of the earth. 
     In some embodiments, a magnetic field sensor  118  may obtain data about the movement of the object  104  at a first time when the magnetic field sensor  118  is significantly influenced by a perturbed magnetic field. Then obtain data about the movement of the object  104  at a second time when the magnetic field sensor  118  is not significantly influenced by a perturbed magnetic field. After this data is captured, the sensor module  102  may determine that the data about the movement of the object  104  at the first time is not acceptable, and may estimate data about the movement of the object  104  at the first time based on the data about the movement of the object at the second time. 
     In various embodiments of the present invention described above, an individual  100  (or another interested person such as a coach, teammate, or spectator) may obtain information about the motion of the individual&#39;s  100  body  106  or the motion of a piece of the individual&#39;s  100  athletic equipment  108  during the course of the athletic activity. Once an activity metric or specific athletic movement has been identified by the monitoring system  10 , to the extent that the activity metric or specific athletic movement was not entirely optimal/correct, the system  10  may further be employed to train or coach the user to improve their activity metric or specific athletic movement in the future. Determinations of what activity metric value or specific athletic movement characteristic is optimal/correct may be made automatically by the system  10  based on predetermined values, algorithms, or other data stored in a database, look-up table, or the like, or the determination may be made by a live trainer, coach, the individual  100  themselves, or another interested person with access to the activity metric value or specific athletic movement data. 
     For example, in embodiments where the monitored object  104  is a soccer ball, where the change in the spatial orientation of the ball resulting from a kick is used to determine, for example, a launch angle of the ball, a rate of rotation of the ball, launch speed, estimated speed, or similar metrics, these determinations may be used by the system  10  to help the individual  100  improve their launch angle, a rate of rotation, or launch speed in future kicks. Methods used to achieve improvements may be, for example, providing cross-training workouts or drills to the individual, providing soccer-specific workouts or drills to the individual, or prescribing a number of other training regimens. 
     As a further example, in embodiments where the monitored object  104  is the chest of an individual  100  playing basketball, and the change in the spatial orientation of the individual&#39;s  100  chest during a jump shot is used to determine a jump height or jump force, these determinations may be used by the system  10  to help the individual  100  improve their jump shots and/or jump height/force. Methods used to achieve improvements may be, for example, providing cross-training workouts or drills to the individual, providing basketball-specific workouts or drills to the individual, or prescribing a number of other training regimens. 
     In some embodiments of the present invention, the monitoring system  10  may also include or interact with an interactive retail system. The interactive retail system could be, for example, presented to an individual  100  via a screen on the individual&#39;s  100  portable electronic device  206 . The interactive retail system could provide a platform for selecting and/or ordering products offered by the provider of the system. Based on the activity metric or specific athletic movement provided by the monitoring system  10 , and/or based on any training or coaching provided, as described above, the interactive retail system could suggest specific products or product lines that may be helpful to the individual  100  in improving their future performance. In some embodiments, personal data about the individual stored by the monitoring system  10  may also be used in making the determination of suitable products or product lines. 
     For example, a soccer player trying to improve her shots may receive a recommendation for a new pair of soccer cleats, while a basketball player trying to improve his jumping ability may receive a recommendation for a new pair of basketball shoes. These recommendations may ultimately be based on data derived from monitoring the individuals  100  body  106 , and/or from monitoring the individual&#39;s  100  athletic equipment  108 . For example, a source of inadequate performance may be the individual&#39;s  100  performance or it may be that the individual&#39;s  100  current equipment  108  has worn out. In some embodiments, the individual  100  may be provided with the option to purchase the new product at the time of receiving the any training or coaching provided. 
     In one embodiment, the activity metric or specific athletic movement data and/or any training or coaching provided may be used for the online customization of certain products. For example, this data can be used to customize an article of footwear, an article of compression clothing, a helmet, or other piece of clothing or athletic equipment to enable toe clothing or other equipment to help the individual  100  in improving their future performance. In some embodiments, customized products may have an individual styles, varied materials, or different accessories for the individual  100  to choose from. 
     In some embodiments, certain products or product lines may be “unlocked” for individuals  100  to purchase only after the individual  100  achieve certain milestones for performance or improvement such as certain levels of an activity metric or certain mastery of a specific athletic movement. 
     The present invention has been described above by way of exemplary embodiments. Accordingly, the present invention should not be limited by any of the above-described exemplary embodiments, but should be defined only in accordance with the following claims and their equivalences.