Patent Publication Number: US-2023153557-A1

Title: Article including an image including two or more types of pixels

Description:
RELATED APPLICATION 
     This application claims priority to U.S. Provisional Application No. 63/278,949, filed Nov. 12, 2021, the entire disclosure of which is incorporated in its entirety. 
    
    
     FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
     The present application is directed to an article, including a substrate; an image printed on the substrate; in which the image includes two or more types of pixels; in which the two or more types of pixels are chosen from an RGB pixel, an RGBW pixel, and a hybrid pixel; and in which at least one type of pixel, of the two or more types of pixels, includes an optically variable pigment. A method of making an article and a method of using the article are also disclosed. 
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     Generally, machine printed color images have been recorded with colorants using subtractive color blending, such as cyan, magenta, yellow, and black (CMYK). The subtractive colorants, widely referred to as process colors, are printed in specific pixels with defined colored areas, on a white substrate to produce an image. If it is desired to print on a black or other dark colored substrate, then a solid white ink must be printed first to create white. However, these color images have a limited optical performance because the brightness of the image is never more than the brightness of the background lightness as the color is subtractive to that level. 
     Additive colors are opaque by definition and can exhibit a more specular reflection, which could result in improved optical performance. However, if an additive color area is mis-registered relative to where it should be and as a result overlaps with an adjacent additive color area, only the color on top in the overlap would contribute to the color blend, resulting in a color bias within the color image. Additionally, printing an image with RGB optically variable pigments only requires a large optically variable area, and can result in an optically variable aspect that is not desirable, or not desirable in all areas of the image. 
     In order to increase the brightness, non-spherical red, green and blue and broadband reflective metallic pigments that act as highly reflective little mirrors, which have a much higher reflectivity than paper or other commonly used white substrates, have been used. The broadband reflective metallic pigment is used as a white component because it reflects white colored illumination as a white color. However, an image printed only with these pigments can result in lower visibility of optically variable aspects with a large coverage of the W component that is not optically variable, which is important for security documents. 
     What is needed is an article including an image with optically variable aspects and high optical performance, for example, by utilizing one or more types of pixels formed from various combinations of pigments. The image can include both obvious and latent optical aspects. The image can be formed in a cost effective manner by selectively using optically variable pigments and broadband reflective pigments. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       Features of the present disclosure are illustrated by way of example and not limited in the following figure(s), in which like numerals indicate like elements, in which: 
         FIG.  1 A  is an illustration of three additive color pigments and their spectral response in reflection, for theoretical ideal pigments; 
         FIG.  1 B  is an illustration of a broadband reflective pigment, the spectral response in reflection, for a theoretical ideal pigment; 
         FIG.  2 A  is an RGB pixel according to an aspect of the invention; 
         FIG.  2 B  is an RGB pixel according to another aspect of the invention; 
         FIG.  3 A  is a hybrid pixel according to an aspect of the invention; 
         FIG.  3 B  is a hybrid pixel according to another aspect of the invention; 
         FIG.  4 A  is an RGBW pixel according to an aspect of the invention; 
         FIG.  4 B  is an RGBW pixel according to another aspect of the invention; 
         FIG.  5 A  is a comparative image; 
         FIGS.  5 B- 5 D  are illustrations of an image according to an aspect of the invention; 
         FIG.  6 A  is a gray scale of an article including an image (obvious) according to an aspect of the invention; 
         FIG.  6 B  is a depiction of an image, which is a latent image, present in FIG.  6 A; and 
         FIG.  6 C  is a magnified version of  FIG.  6 A  showing the plurality of pixels that form the image (obvious) of  FIG.  6 A  and the latent image of  FIG.  6 B . 
     
    
    
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     In an aspect, there is disclosed an article, including a substrate; an image printed on the substrate; in which the image includes two or more types of pixels; in which the two or more types of pixels are chosen from an RGB pixel, an RGBW pixel, and a hybrid pixel; and in which at least one type of pixel, of the two or more types of pixels, includes an optically variable pigment. 
     In another aspect, there is discloses a method of making an article, comprising: printing on a substrate an image; wherein the image includes two or more types of pixels; wherein the two or more types of pixels are chosen from an RGB pixel, an RGBW pixel, and a hybrid pixel; and wherein at least one type of pixel, of the two or more types of pixels, includes an optically variable pigment 
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
     For simplicity and illustrative purposes, the present disclosure is described by referring mainly to an example thereof. In the following description, numerous specific details are set forth in order to provide a thorough understanding of the present disclosure. It will be readily apparent however, that the present disclosure may be practiced without limitation to these specific details. In other instances, some methods and structures have not been described in detail so as not to unnecessarily obscure the present disclosure. 
     Additionally, the elements depicted in the accompanying figures may include additional components and some of the components described in those figures may be removed and/or modified without departing from scopes of the present disclosure. Further, the elements depicted in the figures may not be drawn to scale and thus, the elements may have sizes and/or configurations that differ from those shown in the figures. 
     It is to be understood that both the foregoing general description and the following detailed description are exemplary and explanatory only, and are intended to provide an explanation of various embodiments of the present teachings. 
     In its broad and varied embodiments, disclosed herein is an article, including a substrate; an image printed on the substrate; in which the image includes two or more types of pixels; in which the two or more types of pixels are chosen from an RGB pixel, an RGBW pixel, and a hybrid pixel; and in which at least one type of pixel, of the two or more types of pixels, includes an optically variable pigment. The article can have at least one of the following properties: reduced cost (e.g., because of selective and reduced use of optically variable pigments), improved optical performance (e.g., because of the use of broadband reflective pigments), and controlled optically variable aspects (e.g., control and placement of optically variable pigments). 
     The specific method by which pigments are placed or printed, either as pigmented ink, paint, as dry or wet toner or by other means in pixel areas intended to be colored, is not relevant for the invention. The colored areas are referred to as pigmented and are assumed to a have a coating with full coverage with ideal performing pigments for the drawings and explanation. A non-ideal pigment coverage and pigment performance or coating can reduce optical performance of the image, yet does not influence the invention. 
     A pixel is traditionally described in relation to digital images as including red, blue, and green each having a value from 0 to 255, and forming a color. The traditional pixel emits light. As used herein, a “pixel” is an area defined by four areas reserved for an opaque pigment, such as an optically variable pigment and/or a broadband reflective pigment. A plurality of pixels can be printed on a substrate to form an image. An inventive pixel reflects light. The types of pixels used to form the image of the article are discussed more fully below. 
     The article can be a security article, such as banknotes, checks, passports, postage stamps, identity cards, driver&#39;s licenses, or the like, with an optically variable aspect that can be utilized to prevent forgery or counterfeiting. 
     The substrate can be a material capable of receiving a pigment, such as a paper, plastic, glass, laminate, card stock, or the like. The substrate can be in a continuous roll, or a sequence of substrate sheets, or have any discrete or continuous shape. In addition, at least a portion of an upper surface of the substrate can receive two or more types of pixels to form an image. 
     The image, such as a color image, can include two or more types of pixels. The image does not include only one type of pixel, such as only pixels formed of additive color pigments or only pixels formed of broadband reflective pigments. The image can be from two or more types of pixels to an unlimited number of types of pixels. The number of pixels, of two or more types, can vary depending upon the quality/clarity of the image, wherein a higher quality/clarity image includes a greater number of pixels as compared to a lower quality/clarity image. 
     At least one type of pixel, of the two or more types of pixels, includes an optically variable pigment. An optically variable pigment is a pigment that can exhibit a change in its optical properties, such as a change in hue with viewing and/or illumination angle. The change in optical properties does not include a change in brightness and/or lightness only (e.g., an aluminum reflective pigment is not an optically variable pigment in the context of this filing simply because it changes in brightness with viewing and/or illumination angle). An optically variable pigment can exhibit a noticeable change in hue, such as greater than or equal to a 10 degree change in hue.  FIG.  1 A  illustrates three separate optically variable pigments, e.g., a blue pigment, a green pigment, and a red pigment. 
     These optically variable pigments are less reflective than a broadband reflective pigment, as shown in  FIG.  1 B . A broadband reflective pigment is a pigment that can reflect light evenly in a wavelength range from about 380 nm to about 700 nm. A broadband reflective pigment can be defined as a colorless reflective pigment that appears to be grey, white, or black. For example, a broadband reflective pigment can be without significant chroma, between −20 and 20 for both a* and b* in Cie Lab color space. An example of a broadband reflective pigment is an aluminum ball milled or vacuum coated pigment. 
     With additive color, space needs to be reserved in a pixel for each pigment. There are three different types of pixels used in forming the image and each type of pixel can include different pigment combinations and configurations. Referring to  FIGS.  1 A and  1 B  as a legend, the three different types of pixels are a RGB pixel (as shown in  FIGS.  2 A,  2 B ), a hybrid pixel (as shown in  FIGS.  3 A,  3 B ), and a RGBW pixel (as shown in  FIGS.  4 A,  4 B ). A color channel in a pixel can have a value from 0 to 255 per channel, with a color of a pixel defined by three channels.  FIGS.  2 A,  3 A, and  4 A  illustrate how the three different types of pixels can be designed to have a same color using different pigments. Similarly,  FIGS.  2 B,  3 B, and  4 B  also illustrate how the three different types of pixels can be designed to have a same color using different pigments. Two or more types of pixels can form an image. 
       FIGS.  2 A and  2 B  are each an example of an RGB pixel, which includes from 1 to 3 pigments. Each pigment of the 1 to 3 pigments can be chosen from red, green, and blue.  FIG.  2 A  illustrates an RGB pixel with an equal area (e.g., R255, G255, and B255) of blue pigment, green pigment, and red pigment, and proportional to the R, G and B color channel value in the widely used RGB image definition as commonly used for electronic image file storage.  FIG.  2 B  illustrates an RGB pixel with a smaller area of blue pigment, equal areas of green and red pigments, and an area within the pixel that is void of pigment (i.e., the area defined by the dash lines and to the left of the blue pigment). 
       FIGS.  3 A and  3 B  are each an example of a hybrid pixel that includes a broadband reflective pigment, and from 1 to 3 pigments, in which each pigment of the 1 to 3 pigments can be chosen from red, green, and blue.  FIG.  3 A  illustrates nearly equal amounts of red, green, blue, and broadband reflective pigment within the hybrid pixel. The hybrid pixel also includes small areas on either side of the broadband reflective pigment that are void of pigment.  FIG.  3 B  illustrates a hybrid pixel with lesser amounts of red and broadband reflective pigment, as compared to blue pigment and green pigment. The hybrid pixel also includes void areas between each pigment 
     The size of each pigmented area in a pixel is proportional to the channel value for the pixel and can be determined differently for each type of pixel, e.g., the RGB pixel, the RGBW pixel, and the hybrid pixel. For a RGB pixel, there are three pigmented areas that are each sized according to the corresponding value for that pixel in a colored channel. For a RGBW pixel, the reflection level of the lowest of the three values of R, G and B is created with the reflection of the broadband reflector. The other two colored areas use this reflection as part of the reflection in that part of the spectrum and use a colored area to add reflection in the part of the spectrum to create the reflected spectrum shape. The hybrid pixel uses a smaller area for the broadband reflector than needed to create the reflection for the lowest of the three colors as well as three other colors in the pixel to create the spectral response. This creates a theoretically identical white light reflection for spectral response for the RGB, RGBW and hybrid pixels created for the three pixel configurations. 
     The spectral response for other than white light is different for a RGB pixel, a RGBW pixel, and hybrid pixels. 
     In addition to changing the viewing angle, illumination of colored light is an additional method to make a latent image, formed by the configuration of different pixel types, visible. As an example, red illumination will have a low reflection in areas, of a pixel, created with green or blue pigments only, but will reflect more from pixels comprising a broadband reflector reserved area. The pixels will appear identical under white light and appear different under colored light, creating a contrast in the image that appears under colored illumination. 
       FIGS.  4 A and  4 B  are each an example of a RGBW pixel that includes a broadband reflective pigment, and up to 2 pigments, in which each pigment of the up to 2 pigments can be chosen from red, green, and blue.  FIG.  4 A  illustrates a broadband reflective pigment and areas void of pigment within the RGBW pixel.  FIG.  4 B  illustrates an RGBW pixel with a blue pigment, a green pigment, and a broadband reflective pigment with void areas between each pigment. 
     The pigment can be a broadband reflective pigment. In one example, the materials for the broadband reflective pigment can include any materials that have reflective characteristics in the desired spectral range. For example, any material with a reflectance ranging from 50% to 100% in the desired spectral range. An example of a reflective material can be aluminum, which has good reflectance characteristics, is inexpensive, and easy to form into or deposit as a thin layer. Other materials can also be used in place of aluminum. For example, copper, silver, gold, platinum, palladium, nickel, cobalt, niobium, chromium, tin, and combinations, blends or alloys of these or other metals can be used as reflective materials. In an aspect, the material for the broadband reflective pigment can be a white or light colored metal. In other examples, the broadband reflective pigment can include, but is not limited to, the transition and lanthanide metals and combinations thereof; as well as metal carbides, metal oxides, metal nitrides, metal sulfides, a combination thereof, or mixtures of metals and one or more of these materials. 
     A broadband reflective pigment can reflect light in multiple spectral ranges, such as visible light (from about 380 nm to about 800 nm), ultraviolet light (from about 200 nm to about 400 nm), and infrared light (from about 800 nm to about 1 mm). The infrared wavelength range can include near infrared, short-wave infrared, medium wave infrared, and long wave infrared. The visible light can include violet (from about 380 nm to about 450 nm), blue (from about 450 nm to about 495 nm), green (from about 495 nm to about 570 nm), yellow (from about 570 nm to about 590 nm), orange (from about 590 nm to about 620 nm), and red (from about 620 nm to about 750 nm). 
     The pigment can be an optically variable pigment, such as a color shifting pigment. A color shifting pigment can exhibit a first color at a first viewing angle and a second color at a second viewing angle that is different from the first viewing angle. A color shifting pigment can include the following multilayered optical structure: absorber layer/dielectric layer/reflective layer/dielectric layer/absorber layer. The reflective layer can be the metallic reflective layer discussed above with regard to the broadband reflective pigment. 
     The reflective layer can be a metallic reflective layer. The terms “metallic” or “metallic layer” used herein, unless otherwise stated, are intended to include all metals, metal blends and alloys, pure metal or metal alloy containing materials, compound, compositions, and/or layers. The reflective layer can be opaque. In one example, any materials that have reflective characteristics can be used. Non-limiting examples of a material with reflecting characteristics include aluminum, silver, copper, gold, platinum, tin, titanium, palladium, nickel, cobalt, rhodium, niobium, chromium, and compounds, combinations or alloys thereof. Examples of suitable reflective alloys and compounds include bronze, brass, titanium nitride, and the like, as well as alloys of the metals listed above such as silver-palladium. The reflective layer can have an inherent color such as copper, gold, silver copper alloys, brass, bronze, titanium nitride, and compounds, combinations or alloys thereof. The pigment can be encapsulated with a non-conductive layer, such as an organic polymer or metal oxide. 
     The dielectric layer can act as a spacer in the pigment. The dielectric layer can be formed to have an effective optical thickness for a particular wavelength. The dielectric layer can be optionally clear, or can be selectively absorbing so as to contribute to the color effect of a pigment. The optical thickness is a well-known optical parameter defined as the product ηd, where η is the refractive index of the layer and d is the physical thickness of the layer. Typically, the optical thickness of a layer is expressed in terms of a quarter wave optical thickness (QWOT) that is equal to 4ηrf/λ, where λ is the wavelength at which a QWOT condition occurs. The optical thickness of the dielectric layer can range from about 2 QWOT at a design wavelength of about 400 nm to about 9 QWOT at a design wavelength of about 700 nm, and for example about 2-6 QWOT at 400-700 nm, depending upon the color shift desired. The dielectric layer can have a physical thickness of about 100 nm to about 800 nm, and for example from about 140 nm to about 650 nm, depending on the color characteristics desired. 
     Suitable materials for a dielectric layer include those having a “high” index of refraction, defined herein as greater than about 1.65, as well as those have a “low” index of refraction, which is defined herein as about 1.65 or less. The dielectric layer can be formed of a single material or with a variety of material combinations and configurations. For example, the dielectric layer can be formed of only a low index material or only a high index material, a mixture or multiple sublayers of two or more low index materials, a mixture or multiple sublayers of two or more high index materials, or a mixture or multiple sublayers of low index and high index materials. In addition, the dielectric layer can be formed partially or entirely of high/low dielectric optical stacks. When a dielectric layer is formed partially with a dielectric optical stack, the remaining portion of the dielectric layer can be formed with a single material or various material combinations and configurations as described above. 
     Non-limiting examples of suitable high refractive index materials for the dielectric layer include zinc sulfide (ZnS), zinc oxide (ZnO), zirconium oxide (ZrO 2 ), titanium dioxide (TiO 2 ), diamond-like carbon, indium oxide (InO 3 ), indium-tin-oxide (ITO), tantalum pentoxide (Ta 2 O 5 ), cerium oxide (CeO 2 ), yttrium oxide (Y 2 O 3 ), europium oxide (Eu 2 O 3 ), iron oxides such as (II) diiron(III) oxide (FeO 4 ) and ferric oxide (Fe 2 O), hafnium nitride (HfN), hafnium carbide (HfC), hafnium oxide (HfO 2 ), lanthanum oxide (La 2 O 3 ), magnesium oxide (MgO), neodymium oxide (Nd 2 O 3 ), praseodymium oxide (Pr 6 O 11 ), samarium oxide (Sm 2 O 3 ), antimony trioxide (Sb 2 O 3 ), silicon monoxide (SiO), selenium trioxide (Se 2 O 3 ), tin oxide (SnO 2 ), tungsten trioxide (WO), combinations thereof, and the like. 
     Non-limiting examples of suitable low refractive index materials for the dielectric layer includes silicon dioxide (SiO 2 ), aluminum oxide (Al 2 O 3 ), metal fluorides such as magnesium fluoride (MgF 2 ), aluminum fluoride (AlF 3 ), cerium fluoride (CeF 3 ), lanthanum fluoride (LaF 3 ), sodium aluminum fluorides (e.g., Na 3 AIF 6 , Na 5 Al 3 F 14 ), neodymium fluoride (NdF 3 ), samarium fluoride (SmF 3 ), barium fluoride (BaF 2 ), calcium fluoride (CaF 2 ), lithium fluoride (LiF), combinations thereof, or any other low index material having an index of refraction of about 1.65 or less. For example, organic monomers and polymers can be utilized as low index materials, including dienes or alkenes such as acrylates (e.g., methacrylate), perfluoroalkenes, polytetrafluoroethylene (Teflon), fluorinated ethylene propylene (FEP), combinations thereof, and the like. 
     The absorber layer can include any absorber material, including both selective absorbing materials and nonselective absorbing materials. For example, the absorber layer can be formed of nonselective absorbing metallic materials deposited to a thickness at which the absorber layer is at least partially absorbing, or semi-opaque. An example of a non-selective absorbing material can be a gray metal, such as chrome or nickel. An example of a selective absorbing material can be copper or gold. In an aspect, the absorbing material can be chromium. Non-limiting examples of suitable absorber materials include metallic absorbers such as chromium, aluminum, silver, nickel, palladium, platinum, titanium, vanadium, cobalt, iron, tin, tungsten, molybdenum, rhodium, niobium, carbon, graphite, silicon, geranium, cermet and various combinations, mixtures, compounds, or alloys of the above absorber materials that may be used to form the absorber layer. 
     Examples of suitable alloys of the above absorber materials can include Inconel (Ni—Cr—Fe), stainless steels, Hastalloys (Ni—Mo—Fe; Ni—Mo—Fe—Cr; Ni—Si—Cu) and titanium-based alloys, such as titanium mixed with carbon (Ti/C), titanium mixed with tungsten (Ti/VV), titanium mixed with niobium (Ti/Nb), and titanium mixed with silicon (Ti/Si), and combinations thereof. Other examples of suitable compounds for the absorber layer include titanium-based compounds such as titanium silicide (TiSi 2 ), titanium boride (TiB 2 ), and combinations thereof. Alternatively, the absorber layer can be composed of a titanium-based alloy disposed in a matrix of Ti, or can be composed of Ti disposed in a matrix of a titanium-based alloy. 
     In an aspect, the pigment can include a single cavity, such as a single cavity color shifting pigment. In another aspect, the pigment can include a dual cavity, such as a dual cavity color shifting pigment. A “single cavity” is understood to mean the metallic reflective layer, and a dielectric layer, and optionally an absorber layer on a single side of pigment. For example, a single cavity can include the metallic reflective layer with a dielectric layer on each side of the metallic reflective layer. A “dual cavity” is understood to mean the metallic reflective layer, a first dielectric layer, an absorber layer, a second dielectric, and optionally a second absorber layer on a single side of the pigment. For example, the dual cavity can include the following structure, and variations thereof: dielectric/absorber/dielectric/metallic reflective layer/dielectric. The layers in each of the single cavity pigment and the dual cavity pigment are disclosed above. 
     One of ordinary skill in the art would appreciate that each of the disclosed color shifting pigments can include any number of layers in any order. The disclosed color shifting pigments (single cavity color shifting pigment and/or dual cavity color shifting pigment) can each be symmetric, i.e., have the same layers on each side of the metallic reflective layer. The color shifting pigments (single cavity color shifting pigment and/or dual cavity color shifting pigment) can each be asymmetric, i.e., have different layers on each side of the metallic reflective layer. Additionally, the materials in any particular layer can be the same or different from the materials in any other layer. 
     The image can be two images, such as a first image (obvious) visible at normal; and a second image (latent) visible at an angle to normal resulting from the placement of the two or more types of pixels.  FIGS.  5 A- 5 D  are different images formed using one or more types of pixels.  FIG.  5 A  is a comparative image formed with only a single type of pixel R, which is an RGB pixel. The image of  FIG.  5 A  would exhibit poor optical variability and low brightness.  FIG.  5 B  is an inventive image including two or more types of pixels, such as an RGB pixel (R), and a hybrid pixel (H). At an angle, a “+” would be visible as a latent image. In an aspect, the RGB pixel and/or the hybrid pixel can include an optically variable pigment, so that the optically variable pigment is present in a pattern in the image.  FIG.  5 C  is an inventive image including two or more types of pixels, such as an RGB pixel (R), and a RGBW pixel (W). At an angle, a “+” would be visible as a latent image.  FIG.  5 D  is an inventive image including two or more types of pixels, such as an RGB pixel (R), a RGBW pixel (W), and a hybrid pixel (H). The image can show one color at one angle and a color gradient at different ranges of viewing angles. 
     The image can include a first portion printed with a plurality of RGB pixels, and a second portion printed with a plurality of RGBW pixels. The first portion can have a first color shift, and the second portion can have a second color shift that is different from the first color shift. In an aspect, the image can include a first portion printed with a plurality of RGB pixels, and a second portion printed with a plurality of hybrid pixels. In another aspect, the image includes a first portion printed with a plurality of RGBW pixels, and a second portion printed with a plurality of hybrid pixels. 
     The image can include the two or more types of pixels in any arrangement, such as patterned or random. In an aspect, the image includes an RGB pixel adjacent to an RGBW pixel. In another aspect, the image includes an RGB pixel adjacent to a hybrid pixel. In a further aspect, the image includes an RGBW pixel adjacent to a hybrid pixel. 
     A method of making of making an article, can comprise: printing on a substrate an image; wherein the image includes two or more types of pixels; wherein the two or more types of pixels are chosen from an RGB pixel, an RGBW pixel, and a hybrid pixel; and wherein at least one type of pixel, of the two or more types of pixels, includes an optically variable pigment. The substrate, image, pixels, and pigments are as described above. The two or more types of pixels can be printed in register with one another to form the image. 
     The image can be two images, such as a first image (obvious, as shown in  FIG.  6 A ) visible at normal; and a second image (latent, as shown in  FIG.  6 B ) visible at an angle to normal resulting from the placement of the two or more types of pixels. The image can be printed with a transition area between the two or more types of pixels in order to enhance visualization from the obvious image to the latent image. Transitions can be gradual to reduce mismatch or immediate to create a crisp latent image. For example, as shown in  FIG.  6 C , the transition area can include a first portion having a majority of one type of pixel having a first optically variable pigment, adjacent to a second portion with an equal amount of two types of pixels each with optically variable pigments, adjacent to a third portion with a majority of a second type of pixel having a second optically variable pigment. The first optically variable pigment has a different color shift than the second optically variable pigment. The optically variable pigment can be present in one type of pixel in a ratio determined by a gray scale value. In this manner, the method can further include modulating a placement of the two or more types of pixels to form a latent image. 
     A method of using the article includes viewing the article from normal to see an obvious image; tilting the article at an angle different from normal; and viewing the article to see a latent image. By viewing the latent image, a user can verify the authenticity of the article. 
     From the foregoing description, those skilled in the art can appreciate that the present teachings can be implemented in a variety of forms. Therefore, while these teachings have been described in connection with particular embodiments and examples thereof, the true scope of the present teachings should not be so limited. Various changes and modifications can be made without departing from the scope of the teachings herein. 
     This scope disclosure is to be broadly construed. It is intended that this disclosure disclose equivalents, means, systems and methods to achieve the devices, activities and mechanical actions disclosed herein. For each device, article, method, mean, mechanical element or mechanism disclosed, it is intended that this disclosure also encompass in its disclosure and teaches equivalents, means, systems and methods for practicing the many aspects, mechanisms and devices disclosed herein. The claims of this application are likewise to be broadly construed. The description of the inventions herein in their many embodiments is merely exemplary in nature and, thus, variations that do not depart from the gist of the invention are intended to be within the scope of the invention. Such variations are not to be regarded as a departure from the spirit and scope of the invention.