Patent Publication Number: US-4546272-A

Title: ECL Circuit for forcibly setting a high level output

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION 
     This application is cross-referenced to related application U.S. Ser. No. 502,560, filed June 9, 1983. 
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     (1) Field of the Invention 
     This invention relates to an emitter coupled logic (ECL) circuit, more particularly to an ECL circuit which receives a set input for forcibly setting its output to a &#34;high&#34; level (logic high level). 
     (2) Description of the Prior Art 
     Recently, ECL circuits have been coming into wide use for logic gate circuits due to their high operation speed. In one application, the ECL circuit is used with a set circuit. This type of ECL circuit usually comprises a differential pair of transistors for receiving complementary data inputs, a set or reset transistor, resistors, and a constant current source. In this ECL circuit, the set or reset input applied to the base of the set or reset transistor usually has a &#34;low&#34; level (logic low level). Thus, the output of the ECL circuit is determined by the state of the data inputs. When a &#34;high&#34; level signal is applied to the set input, the output of the ECL circuit is fixed to the &#34;high&#34; level regardless of the state of the data inputs. When a &#34;high&#34; level signal is applied to the reset input, the output is fixed to the &#34;low&#34; level. 
     In a prior art ECL circuit with a set circuit, the emitter of the set or reset transistor is directly connected to the emitters of the differential pair of transistors. Thus, to securely set or reset the output of the ECL circuit by the set or reset input, the threshold voltage of the set or reset transistor is made smaller than the threshold voltage of the differential pair of transistors. Therefore, even if the &#34;H&#34; level of the set or reset input is equal to the &#34;H&#34; level of the data inputs, the set or reset transistor is preferentially turned on when compared with the threshold voltage of the differential pair of transistors. 
     In current transistor manufacturing technology, however, the difference between the threshold levels of the differential transistors is at most several dozen mV. Accordingly, too much random variation of the signals applied to the gate of the set or reset transistor can disturb the operation of the set or reset transistor. Thus, in the above-mentioned prior art ECL circuit, it is necessary to make the &#34;high&#34; level signal applied to the set input higher than the &#34;high&#34; level signal applied to the data input. This, however, complicates the circuit construction. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     The object of the present invention is to provide an ECL circuit with a set circuit wherein the emitter voltage of the set or reset transistor is made different from the emitter voltage of the differential pair of transistors, whereby the output of the ECL circuit can be set or reset securely by a set or reset input having the same level as the data inputs. 
     The above-mentioned object is accomplished by an ECL circuit comprising a differential pair of transistors having emitters commonly connected, having bases for receiving complementary signals and having collectors. The ECL circuit also comprises a constant current source, an impedance element connected between the commonly connected emitters of the differential pair of transistors and the constant current source, and a set transistor having an emitter connected to the constant current source, having a base for receiving a set signal and having a collector connected to the collector of one of the differential pair of transistors. 
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
     FIG. 1 is a circuit diagram of a prior art ECL circuit; 
     FIG. 2 is a signal level diagram of the variation of the input level of the ECL circuit of FIG. 1; 
     FIG. 3 is a circuit diagram of an ECL circuit in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention; and 
     FIG. 4 is a circuit diagram of a flip-flop circuit constructed by using ECL circuits according to the present invention. 
    
    
     DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
     Before describing the preferred embodiments of the present invention, the foregoing prior art ECL circuit is described in accordance with the drawings. 
     FIG. 1 is a circuit diagram of a prior art ECL circuit. The ECL circuit of FIG. 1 comprises a differential pair of transistors TR 1  &#39; and TR 2  &#39;, load resistors R 1  &#39; and R 2  &#39;, a set transistor TR 3  &#39;, a reset transistor TR 4  &#39;, and a constant current source I&#39;. The emitters of the transistors TR 1  &#39;, TR 2  &#39;, TR 3  &#39;, and TR 4  &#39; are commonly connected, and the constant current source I&#39; is connected between the commonly connected emitters and a lower voltage supply V ee . The collector of the transistor TR 1  &#39; is connected to a higher voltage supply V cc  through the load resistor R 1  &#39;, and the collector of the transistor TR 2  &#39; is connected to the higher voltage supply V cc  through the load resistor R 2  &#39;. The collector of the set transistor TR 3  &#39; is connected to the collector of the transistor TR 1  &#39;, and the collector of the reset transistor TR 4  &#39;  is connected to the collector of the transistor TR 2  &#39;. 
     Complementary data inputs D and D are applied to the bases of the transistors TR 1  &#39; and TR 2  &#39;, respectively. A set input S and a reset input R are applied to the bases of the set and reset transistors TR 3  &#39; and TR 4  &#39;, respectively. The collector of the transistor TR 2  is led out as the output OUT of the ECL circuit. 
     In the ECL circuit of FIG. 1, the higher voltage supply V cc  is +5 V, and the lower voltage supply V ee  is 0 V. The logic &#34;high&#34; level signal of the data inputs D and D is usually designed to be about +4.95 V, and the logic &#34;low&#34; level signal of the data inputs D and D is usually designed to be about +4.55 V. The threshold value of the base-emitter voltage of the transistors TR 3  &#39; and TR 4  &#39; is designed lower than the threshold value of the base-emitter voltage of the transistors TR 1  &#39; and TR 2  &#39;. When the set input S and the reset input R are supplied with &#34;low&#34; level signals, the output OUT is determined by the data inputs D and D. That is, if the data input D is &#34;high&#34; and the data input D is &#34;low&#34;, the output OUT becomes &#34;high&#34;. If the data input D is &#34;low&#34; and the data input D is &#34;high&#34;, the output OUT becomes &#34;low&#34;. When the set input S is &#34;high&#34; and the reset input R is &#34;low&#34;, the output OUT becomes &#34;high&#34; even if the data input D is &#34;high&#34;. When the set input S is &#34;low&#34; and the reset input R is &#34;high&#34;, the output OUT becomes &#34;low&#34; even if the data input D is &#34;high&#34;. 
     However, the level of the signals applied to the inputs S, R, D, and D varies randomly around the designed value, as shown in FIG. 2. Thus, in the worst case, the &#34;high&#34; level signal applied to the data input D may be higher by ΔV 1  than the &#34;high&#34; level signal applied to the set input S. If the value ΔV 1  is larger than the difference between the threshold voltages of the transistors TR 2  &#39; and TR 3  &#39;, the transistor TR 2  &#39; is turned on, and the output OUT becomes &#34;low&#34;. This means that the set operation of the set transistor TR 3  &#39; is not effected. On the other hand, in the worst case, the &#34;high&#34; level signal applied to the data input D is higher than the &#34;low&#34; level signal applied to the set input S by only ΔV 2 . If the value ΔV 2  is smaller than the difference between the threshold values of the transistors TR 2  &#39; and TR 3  &#39;, the set transistor TR 3  &#39; is turned on, and the output OUT becomes &#34;high&#34;. Thus, the set operation of the set transistor TR 3  &#39; is effected regardless of the set input S being &#34;low&#34;. 
     An ECL circuit in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention is illustrated in FIG. 3. The ECL circuit of FIG. 3 comprises a differential pair of transistors TR 1  and TR 2 , load resistors R 1  and R 2 , a set resistor R s , a constant current source I, a set transistor TR 3 , and a reset transistor TR 4 . The emitters of the transistors TR 1  and TR 2  are commonly connected to a first end of the set resistor R s . The collector of the transistor TR 1  is connected to a higher voltage supply V cc  through the load resistor R 1 , and the collector of the transistor TR 2  is connected to the voltage supply V cc  through the load resistor R 2 . The constant current source I is connected between a second end of the set resistor R s  and a lower voltage supply V ee . The emitters of the set and reset transistors TR 3  and TR 4  are commonly connected to the second end of the set resistor R s . The collector of the set transistor TR 3  is connected to the collector of the transistor TR 1 , and the collector of the reset transistor TR 4  is connected to the collector of the transistor TR 2 . 
     In the ECL circuit of FIG. 3, complementary data inputs D and D are applied to the bases of the differential pair of transistors TR 1  and TR 2 , respectively. The output OUT of the ECL circuit is led out from the collector of the transistor TR 2 . 
     The construction of the ECL circuit of FIG. 3 differs from that of the prior art ECL circuit of FIG. 1 in that the emitters of the set and reset transistors TR 3  and TR 4  are connected to the emitters of the differential pair of transistors TR 1  and TR 2  through the set resistor R s . Thus, a voltage difference is produced between the emitters of the differential pair of transistors TR 1  and TR 2  and the emitters of the set and reset transistors TR 3  and TR 4 . The operation of the set and reset transistors in the ECL circuit of FIG. 3 is the same as that of the prior art ECL circuit of FIG. 1. However, since there is a voltage difference between the emitters of the differential pair of transistors TR 1  and TR 2  and the emitters of the set and reset transistors TR 3  and TR 4  as described above, the set transistor TR 3  or the reset transistor TR 4  can be turned on securely by applying the &#34;high&#34; level signal to the set or reset input S or R, even if the &#34;high&#34; level signal applied to the set and reset inputs S and R has the same level as the &#34;high&#34; level signal applied to the data inputs D and D. 
     Assume that a &#34;high&#34; level signal V H1  is applied to the base of the transistor TR 1  and another &#34;high&#34; level signal V H2  is applied to the base of the reset transistor TR 4 . Then, the base-emitter voltages V BE1  and V BE2  of the transistors TR 1  and TR 4  fulfill the following equation (1). 
     
         V.sub.H1 +V.sub.BE1 +I·R.sub.s =V.sub.H2 ·V.sub.BE2(1) 
    
     If V H1  =V H2 , equation (1) can be replaced by the following equation (2). 
     
         V.sub.BE1 +I·R.sub.s =V.sub.BE2                   (2) 
    
     Thus, V BE1  &lt;V BE2 , that is, the base-emitter voltage V BE2  of the reset transistor TR 4  is higher than the base-emitter voltage V BE1  of the transistor TR 1 . Accordingly, the reset transistor TR 4  is turned on, and the output OUT becomes &#34;low&#34;. For example, if R 1  =R 2  =450ω, R s  =80ω, and I=500 μA, then I·R s  =40 mV. This means that the threshold value of the set or reset transistor becomes lower by 40 mV. Of course, in the ECL circuit of FIG. 3, the threshold value of the set or reset transistor can be formed lower than the threshold value of the differential pair of transistors as described before. In this case, the set or reset operation of the ECL circuit of FIG. 3 can be executed more securely. 
     As described above, according to the present invention, there can be provided an ECL circuit wherein the output of the ECL circuit can be set or reset securely by just applying a &#34;high&#34; level signal having the same level as the &#34;high&#34; level of the data signal to the set or reset input. 
     Though the ECL circuit of FIG. 3 comprises both the set and reset transistors, it is, of course, possible for it to comprise only the set transistor or the reset transistor. 
     A flip-flop circuit constructed by using ECL circuits is illustrated in FIG. 4 as one example of the application of the ECL circuit according to the present invention. The flip-flop circuit of FIG. 4 comprises four ECL circuits ECL 1 , ECL 2 , ECL 3  and ECL 4  and an output circuit OC. The ECL circuits ECL 1  and ECL 2  do not comprise set transistors. The two ECL circuits ECL 1  and ECL 2  are connected to a constant current source I 1  through switching transistors SW 1  and SW 2 , respectively. The ECL circuits ECL 3  and ECL 4  comprise set transistors. The two ECL circuits ECL 3  and ECL 4  are connected to a constant current source I 2  through switching transistors SW 3  and SW 4 . 
     Complementary data input signals D 1  and D 1  are applied to the ECL circuit ECL 1 . Complementary clock signals C and C are applied to the bases of the switching transistors SW 1  and SW 2 , respectively. The clock signals C and C are also applied to the bases of the switching transistors SW 4  and SW 3 , respectively. A set input signal S is applied to the bases of the set transistors of the ECL circuits ECL 3  and ECL 4 . When the clock signal C is &#34;high&#34; and the clock signal C is &#34;low&#34;, the data inputs D 1  and D 1  are read by the ECL circuit ECL 1 . For example, if the data input D 1  is &#34;high&#34;, and the data input D 1  is &#34;low&#34;, the data outputs D 2  and D 2  of the ECL circuit ECL 1  become &#34;high&#34; and &#34;low&#34; respectively. Then, when the clock signal C becomes &#34;low&#34; and the clock signal C becomes &#34;high&#34;, the data outputs D 2  and D 2  are latched by the ECL circuit ECL 2 , and the data D 2  and D 2  are read by the ECL circuit ECL 3 . In this case, if the set signal S is &#34;low&#34;, the data outputs D 3  and D 3  of the ECL circuit ECL 3  are determined by the latched data D 2  and D 2 . The data outputs D 3  and D 3  are applied to the output circuit OC, and the complementary outputs Q and Q of the flip-flop circuit are output in accordance with the data outputs D 3  and D 3 . On the other hand, if the set signal S is &#34;high&#34;, the data outputs D 3  and D 3  of the ECL circuit ECL 3  are fixed to &#34;low&#34; and &#34;high&#34;, respectively. Thus, the output Q of the flip-flow circuit is fixed to &#34;low&#34; regardless of the data inputs D 1  and D 1 . 
     In the flip-flop circuit of FIG. 4, the ECL circuit ECL 3  and ECL 4  are constructed in accordance with the present invention. Therefore, the output of the flip-flop circuit can be set securely by applying a set input signal having the same level as the &#34;high&#34; level signal of the data input to the bases of the set transistors.