Patent Publication Number: US-2023134452-A1

Title: Stainless steel powders for additive manufacturing

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION(S) 
     This application claims priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 63/274,141, filed on Nov. 1, 2021, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference. 
    
    
     GOVERNMENT INTEREST 
     This invention was made with government support under contract number N68335-18-C-0020 awarded by the U.S. Department of Defense. The government has certain rights in the invention. 
    
    
     TECHNICAL FIELD 
     The present disclosure relates to materials, methods and techniques for stainless steel alloy powders. More particularly, exemplary stainless steel alloy powders are suited for additive manufacturing implementations. 
     INTRODUCTION 
     Additive manufacturing (AM) is a process of fabricating components in a layer-by-layer method under the control of computer-aided design (CAD) information, rather than by the traditional use of casting molds and forming dies. Additive manufacturing technologies such as Selective Laser Melting (SLM), also known as Laser Powder Bed Fusion (LPBF), have matured significantly in recent years. 
     By allowing for net-shape fabrication of highly complex geometries without molds or machining, additive manufacturing offers the potential to reduce material usage, energy consumption, component cost, and fabrication time. Additive manufacturing allows for rapid component production, one-off production of difficult-to-source parts, and production of parts difficult to produce by conventional means (such as complex geometries that cannot be machined or cast). As a result, additive manufacturing can provide flexibility in part manufacturing to original equipment manufacturers as well as end users acquiring custom or replacement parts. 
     SUMMARY 
     Materials, methods and techniques disclosed and contemplated herein relate to steel alloys that are particularly adapted for additive manufacturing applications. In some instances, steel alloys may include chromium, nickel, carbon, titanium, and the balance iron and incidental elements and impurities. In some instances, steel alloys may include chromium, nickel, carbon, titanium, vanadium, tungsten, molybdenum, and the balance iron and incidental elements and impurities. 
     In one aspect, an alloy is disclosed. The example alloy may comprise, by weight percentage: 13.25% to 14.75% chromium; 4.5% to 5.5% nickel; 0.11% to 0.17% carbon; 0.01% to 0.31% titanium; no more than 0.01% copper; no more than 0.01% manganese; no more than 0.02% nitrogen; no more than 0.04% oxygen; and the balance of weight percent comprising iron and incidental elements and impurities. 
     In another aspect, an atomized alloy powder usable in additive manufacturing is disclosed. The example atomized alloy powder may comprise, by weight percentage: 13.25% to 14.75% chromium; 4.5% to 5.5% nickel; 0.11% to 0.17% carbon; 0.01% to 0.31% titanium; no more than 0.01% copper; no more than 0.01% manganese; no more than 0.02% nitrogen; no more than 0.04% oxygen; and the balance of weight percent comprising iron and incidental elements and impurities. 
     In another aspect, a method of using an atomized alloy powder in additive manufacturing is disclosed. The example method may comprise receiving the atomized alloy powder comprising alloyed particles, conducting additive manufacturing with the atomized alloy powder to generate a manufactured article, the additive manufacturing being performed under an argon (Ar) atmosphere; and removing a manufactured article. The example alloyed particles may comprise, by weight percentage: 13.25% to 14.75% chromium; 4.5% to 5.5% nickel; 0.11% to 0.17% carbon; 0.01% to 0.31% titanium; no more than 0.01% copper; no more than 0.01% manganese; no more than 0.02% nitrogen; no more than 0.04% oxygen; and the balance of weight percent comprising iron and incidental elements and impurities. 
     In another aspect, an alloy is disclosed. The example alloy may comprise, by weight percentage: 13.25% to 14.75% chromium; 4.5% to 5.5% nickel; 0.11% to 0.15% carbon; 0.02% to 0.14% titanium; no more than 0.01% copper; no more than 0.01% manganese; no more than 0.02% nitrogen; no more than 0.04% oxygen; and the balance of weight percent comprising iron and incidental elements and impurities. 
     In another aspect, an additively manufactured article is disclosed. The example additively manufactured article may be generated using a method comprising receiving the atomized alloy powder comprising alloyed particles, conducting additive manufacturing with the atomized alloy powder to generate an additively manufactured article, the additive manufacturing being performed under an argon (Ar) atmosphere; and removing an additively manufactured article. The example alloyed particles and/or the additively manufactured article may comprise, by weight percentage: 13.25% to 14.75% chromium; 4.5% to 5.5% nickel; 0.13% to 0.17% carbon; 0.01% to 0.31% titanium; 0.01% to 0.21% vanadium; 0.4% to 0.6% tungsten; 0.4% to 0.6% molybdenum; no more than 0.01% copper; no more than 0.01% manganese; no more than 0.02% nitrogen; no more than 0.04% oxygen; and the balance of weight percent comprising iron and incidental elements and impurities. 
     There is no specific requirement that a material, technique or method relating to stainless steel alloy powders include all of the details characterized herein, in order to obtain some benefit according to the present disclosure. Thus, the specific examples characterized herein are meant to be exemplary applications of the techniques described, and alternatives are possible. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       The patent or application file contains at least one drawing executed in color. Copies of this patent or patent application publication with color drawing(s) will be provided by the Office upon request and payment of the necessary fee. 
         FIG.  1 A  is an optical micrograph of an experimental Example Alloy 1 in as-built condition, taken parallel to the build plate (an x-y specimen). 
         FIG.  1 B  is an optical micrograph of the experimental Example Alloy 1 shown in  FIG.  1 A , taken perpendicular to the build plate (a z specimen). 
         FIG.  2    is an electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) image of the experimental Example Alloy 1 shown in  FIG.  1 A  and  FIG.  1 B . 
         FIG.  3    is an electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) image of experimental Example Alloy 2. 
         FIG.  4    shows a graph comparing fatigue performance of a commercially available alloy to the experimental Example Alloy 1 shown in  FIG.  1 A ,  FIG.  1 B , and  FIG.  2   . 
         FIG.  5    shows a graph comparing corrosion performance of commercially available alloys to the experimental Example Alloy 1 shown in  FIG.  1 A ,  FIG.  1 B , and  FIG.  2   . 
         FIG.  6    shows a graph comparing ambient toughness and stress corrosion cracking (SCC) resistance performance of commercially available alloys to the experimental Example Alloy 1 shown in  FIG.  1 A ,  FIG.  1 B , and  FIG.  2   . 
         FIG.  7    is an optical micrograph of the experimental Example Alloy 1 shown in  FIG.  6   . 
         FIG.  8    is an optical micrograph of the experimental Supplier C (Ar) shown in  FIG.  6   . 
         FIG.  9    is an optical micrograph of the experimental Wrought 17-4 (H1026) shown in  FIG.  6   . 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     Materials, methods and techniques disclosed and contemplated herein relate to stainless steel alloys. Alloys disclosed and contemplated herein are well suited for additive manufacturing applications. For instance, an atomized alloy powder usable in additive manufacturing may include alloy particles comprising various alloys disclosed and contemplated herein. 
     Generally, exemplary alloy powders may be designed to provide suitable properties and characteristics in as-built condition. Exemplary alloys have compositions that are typically copper free. Exemplary alloys can have a microstructure that is majority martensite in as-built condition and/or after stress relief and/or Stage I temper. In some instances, exemplary alloys may include greater amounts of nickel than a 17-4 alloy composition. Without being bound by a particular theory, it is theorized that increased nickel content can improve toughness of resulting manufactured articles and/or accommodate defects such as pores. In some instances, exemplary alloys utilize ε-carbides which can provide strength via “auto-tempering.” In some instances, exemplary alloys may also include molybdenum and tungsten, which can provide solid solution strengthening and/or resistance to intergranular stress corrosion cracking. 
     I. Example Steel Alloys 
     Example steel alloys are described below regarding example components and amounts, phase and microstructure characteristics, and physical properties. As discussed elsewhere, exemplary steel alloys are particularly suited for powder based additive manufacturing implementations. In various implementations, exemplary alloys can have sufficient toughness to survive printing and subsequent operations without significant heat treatment. In various implementations, exemplary alloys can have tolerance for pores and surface irregularity through toughening of the matrix. In various implementations, exemplary alloys can have sufficient pitting resistance with high chromium content. 
     A. Example Components and Amounts 
     Exemplary steel alloys disclosed and contemplated herein include various components at various amounts. For instance, example steel alloys may include iron and one or more of: chromium (Cr), nickel (Ni), carbon (C), and titanium (Ti). In some instances, example steel alloys may additionally comprise vanadium (V), tungsten (W), and molybdenum (Mo). In some instances, example steel alloys can additionally include one or more incidental elements and impurities, such as, silicon (Si), tantalum (Ta), copper (Cu), manganese (Mn), niobium (Nb), nitrogen (N), oxygen (0), phosphorous (P), and sulfur (S). 
     Exemplary steel alloys do not include any, or include less than 0.01 wt % of, copper. Copper is typically the strengthener in a 17-4PH alloy because it forms a nano-dispersion of pure copper precipitates. However, those precipitates can only be nucleated with a sufficient temper. Because the instant exemplary alloys are designed to only undergo basic heat treatment for stress relief and tempering of martensite, copper is not a significant contributor for strength and, accordingly, is used in trace amounts or not used at all. 
     Exemplary steel alloys may include increased carbon content as compared to 17-4PH alloys. Increased carbon content can promote ε-carbides (Fe 2.4 C) particles to harden and toughen the material in a Stage I temper (such as at 200° C. up to 1 hour), which may be achieved via an “autotempering” process, which may be residual heating during the build. 
     In some instances, exemplary steel alloys may include small amounts of molybdenum and/or tungsten, which can improve corrosion resistance and grain boundary cohesion to resist intergranular fracture. In some instances, exemplary steel alloys include less than 0.01 wt % molybdenum and/or less than 0.01 wt % tungsten and/or less than 0.01 wt % vanadium. 
     Example steel alloys may include chromium. For instance, example steel alloys may include, by weight, 13.25% to 14.75% chromium (Cr). In various implementations, example steel alloys may include, by weight, 13.25% to 15% Cr; 13.25% to 14.75% Cr; 13.5% to 14.5% Cr; 13.25% to 13.75% Cr; 13.75% to 14.25% Cr; 14.25% to 14.75% Cr; 13.3% to 13.5% Cr; 13.5% to 13.7% Cr; 13.7% to 13.9% Cr; 13.9% to 14.1% Cr; 14.1% to 14.3% Cr; 14.3% to 14.5% Cr; or 14.5% to 14.7% Cr. In various implementations, example steel alloys may include, by weight, at least 13.25% Cr; at least 13.5% Cr; at least 13.75% Cr; at least 14.0% Cr; at least 14.25% Cr; or at least 14.5% Cr. In various implementations, example steel alloys may include, by weight, no more than 14.75% Cr; no more than 14.5% Cr; no more than 14.25% Cr; no more than 14.0% Cr; no more than 13.75% Cr; or no more than 13.5% Cr. 
     Example steel alloys may include nickel. For instance, exemplary steel alloys may include, by weight, 4.5% to 5.5% nickel (Ni). In various implementations, exemplary steel alloys may include, by weight, 4.5% to 5.3% Ni; 4.7% to 5.5% Ni; 4.5% to 5.1% Ni; 4.7% to 5.3% Ni; 4.9% to 5.5% Ni; 4.7% to 5.1% Ni; 4.9% to 5.3% Ni; 5.1% to 5.5% Ni; 4.5% to 4.7% Ni; 4.7% to 4.9% Ni; 4.9% to 5.1% Ni; 5.1% to 5.3% Ni; or 5.3% to 5.5% Ni. In various implementations, exemplary steel alloys may include, by weight, at least 4.5% Ni; at least 4.75% Ni; at least 5.0% Ni; or at least 5.25% Ni. In various implementations, exemplary steel alloys may include, by weight, no more than 5.5% Ni; no more than 5.25% Ni; no more than 5.0% Ni; or no more than 4.75% Ni. 
     Example steel alloys may include carbon. For instance, exemplary steel alloys may include, by weight, 0.11% to 0.17% carbon (C). In various implementations, exemplary steel alloys may include, by weight, 0.13% to 0.17% C; 0.13% to 0.16% C; 0.14% to 0.17% C; 0.13% to 0.15% C; 0.15% to 0.17% C; 0.11% to 0.15% C; or 0.14% to 0.16% C. In various implementations, exemplary steel alloys may include, by weight, at least 0.11% C; at least 0.13% C; or at least 0.15% C. In various implementations, exemplary steel alloys may include, by weight, no more than 0.17% C; no more than 0.15% C; or no more than 0.13% C. 
     Example steel alloys may include titanium. For instance, exemplary steel alloys may include, by weight, 0.01% to 0.31% titanium (Ti). In various implementations, exemplary steel alloys may include, by weight, 0.01% to 0.28% Ti; 0.04% to 0.31% Ti; 0.01% to 0.15% Ti; 0.02% to 0.14% Ti; 0.15% to 0.31% Ti; 0.01% to 0.1% Ti; 0.1% to 0.2% Ti; 0.2% to 0.31% Ti; 0.07% to 0.18% Ti; 0.13% to 0.22% Ti; 0.18% to 0.26% Ti; 0.01% to 0.06% Ti; 0.06% to 0.11% Ti; 0.11% to 0.16% Ti; 0.16% to 0.21% Ti; 0.21% to 0.26% Ti; or 0.26% to 0.31% Ti. In various implementations, exemplary steel alloys may include, by weight, at least 0.01% Ti; at least 0.02% Ti; at least 0.10% Ti; at least 0.15% Ti; at least 0.20% Ti; or at least 0.25% Ti. In various implementations, exemplary steel alloys may include, by weight, no more than 0.31% Ti; no more than 0.25% Ti; no more than 0.20% Ti; no more than 0.15% Ti; no more than 0.10% Ti; or no more than 0.05% Ti. 
     In some instances, example steel alloys may include vanadium. For instance, exemplary steel alloys may include, when present, by weight, 0.01% to 0.21% vanadium (V). In various implementations, exemplary steel alloys may include, by weight, 0.01% to 0.18% V; 0.04% to 0.21% V; 0.01% to 0.11% V; 0.11% to 0.21% V; 0.01% to 0.07% V; 0.07% to 0.14% V; 0.14% to 0.21% V; 0.06% to 0.10% V; 0.10% to 0.14% V; 0.14% to 0.18% V; 0.01% to 0.04% V; 0.04% to 0.07% V; 0.07% to 0.10% V; 0.10% to 0.13% V; 0.13% to 0.16% V; or 0.16% to 0.19% V. In various implementations, exemplary steel alloys may include at least 0.01% V; at least 0.05% V; at least 0.10% V; or at least 0.15% V. In various implementations, exemplary steel alloys may include no more than 0.21% V; no more than 0.15% V; no more than 0.10% V; or no more than 0.05% V. 
     In some instances, example steel alloys may include tungsten. For instance, exemplary steel alloys may include, when present, by weight, 0.4% to 0.6% tungsten (W). In various implementations, exemplary steel alloys may include, by weight, 0.4% to 0.5% W; 0.5% to 0.6% W; 0.4% to 0.45% W; 0.45% to 0.5% W; 0.5% to 0.55% W; 0.55% to 0.6% W; 0.42% to 0.46% W; 0.48% to 0.52% W; 0.52% to 0.56% W; 0.40% to 0.43% W; 0.43% to 0.46% W; 0.46% to 0.49% W; 0.49% to 0.52% W; 0.52% to 0.55% W; 0.55% to 0.58% W; or 0.58% to 0.6% W. In various implementations, exemplary steel alloys may include at least 0.4% W; at least 0.45% W; at least 0.5% W; or at least 0.55% W. In various implementations, exemplary steel alloys may include no more than 0.6% W; no more than 0.55% W; no more than 0.5% W; or no more than 0.45% W. 
     In some instances, example steel alloys may include molybdenum. For instance, exemplary steel alloys may include, when present, by weight, 0.4% to 0.6% molybdenum (Mo). In various implementations, exemplary steel alloys may include, by weight, 0.4% to 0.5% Mo; 0.5% to 0.6% Mo; 0.4% to 0.45% Mo; 0.45% to 0.5% Mo; 0.5% to 0.55% Mo; 0.55% to 0.6% Mo; 0.42% to 0.46% Mo; 0.48% to 0.52% Mo; 0.52% to 0.56% Mo; 0.40% to 0.43% Mo; 0.43% to 0.46% Mo; 0.46% to 0.49% Mo; 0.49% to 0.52% Mo; 0.52% to 0.55% Mo; 0.55% to 0.58% Mo; or 0.58% to 0.6% Mo. In various implementations, exemplary steel alloys may include at least 0.4% Mo; at least 0.45% Mo; at least 0.5% Mo; or at least 0.55% Mo. In various implementations, exemplary steel alloys may include no more than 0.6% Mo; no more than 0.55% Mo; no more than 0.5% Mo; or no more than 0.45% Mo. 
     In some instances, example steel alloys may include one or more incidental elements and/or impurities. Incidental elements and impurities in the disclosed steel alloys may include, but are not limited to, silicon, tantalum, copper, manganese, niobium, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorous, and sulfur elements adhering to raw material stock, or mixtures thereof. Incidental elements and impurities may be present in the alloys disclosed herein in amounts totaling no more than 0.1 wt %, no more than 0.05 wt %, no more than 0.01 wt %, or no more than 0.001 wt %. 
     In some instances, example steel alloys may include, by weight, no more than 0.01% silicon; no more than 0.001% silicon; or no more than 0.0001% silicon. 
     In some instances, example steel alloys may include, by weight, no more than 0.01% tantalum; no more than 0.001% tantalum; or no more than 0.0001% tantalum. 
     In some instances, example steel alloys may include, by weight, no more than 0.01% copper; no more than 0.001% copper; or no more than 0.0001% copper. 
     In some instances, example steel alloys may include, by weight, no more than 0.1% manganese; no more than 0.01% manganese; or no more than 0.001% manganese. 
     In some instances, example steel alloys may include, by weight, no more than 0.01% niobium; no more than 0.005% niobium, or no more than 0.001% niobium. 
     In some instances, example steel alloys may include, by weight, no more than 0.02% nitrogen, no more than 0.01% nitrogen, no more than 0.005% nitrogen; or no more than 0.001% nitrogen. 
     In some instances, example steel alloys may include, by weight, no more than 0.04% oxygen, no more than 0.02% oxygen; no more than 0.01% oxygen; no more than 0.005% oxygen; or no more than 0.001% oxygen. 
     In some instances, example steel alloys may include, by weight, no more than 0.01% phosphorous; no more than 0.005% phosphorous, or no more than 0.001% phosphorous. 
     In some instances, example steel alloys may include, by weight, no more than 0.01% sulfur; no more than 0.005% sulfur, or no more than 0.001% sulfur. 
     It is understood that the alloys described herein may consist only of the above-mentioned constituents, may consist essentially of such constituents, or, in other embodiments, may include additional constituents. 
     Example steel alloys may have a ratio of chromium to nickel, by weight, between 2.4 and 3.3. In various instances, example steel alloys may have a ratio of chromium to nickel, by weight, between 2.4 and 2.9; between 2.6 and 3.3; between 2.7 and 2.9; between 2.75 and 2.85; or between 2.8 and 2.9. In various instances, example steel alloys may have a ratio of chromium to nickel, by weight, of no less than 2.4; no less than 2.6; no less than 2.8; no less than 3.0 or no less than 3.2. In various instances, example steel alloys may have a ratio of chromium to nickel, by weight, of no greater than 3.3; no greater than 3.1; no greater than 2.9; no greater than 2.7; or no greater than 2.5. 
     Example steel alloys may include components discussed above in various combinations of amounts. For instance, example steel alloys may include, by weight, 13.25% to 14.75% chromium; 4.5% to 5.5% nickel; 0.13% to 0.17% carbon; 0.01% to 0.31% titanium; 0.01% to 0.21% vanadium; 0.4% to 0.6% tungsten; 0.4% to 0.6% molybdenum; no more than 0.01% copper; no more than 0.01% manganese; no more than 0.01% niobium; no more than 0.02% nitrogen; no more than 0.04% oxygen, and the balance of weight percent comprising iron and incidental elements and impurities. In some instances, example steel alloys may include, by weight, 13.75% to 14.25% chromium; 4.75% to 5.25% nickel; 0.14 to 0.16% carbon; 0.10% to 0.20% titanium; 0.07% to 0.14% vanadium; 0.45% to 0.55% tungsten; and 0.45% to 0.55% molybdenum; no more than 0.01% manganese; no more than 0.01% niobium; no more than 0.02% nitrogen; no more than 0.04% oxygen, and the balance of weight percent comprising iron and incidental elements and impurities. In some instances, example steel alloys may include, by weight, 13.25% to 14.75% chromium; 4.5% to 5.5% nickel; 0.11% to 0.15% carbon; 0.02% to 0.14% titanium; no more than 0.01% copper; no more than 0.01% manganese; no more than 0.02% nitrogen; no more than 0.04% oxygen; and the balance of weight percent comprising iron and incidental elements and impurities. Other amounts are contemplated. 
     B. Example Phase and Microstructure Characteristics 
     Exemplary alloys can have various phase and microstructure characteristics in powder form, after being subjected to an additive manufacturing process (also referred to as “as-built”), and after Stage I tempering. 
     Stage I tempering can involve placing a printed article in a heated environment for a predetermined period of time. For instance, Stage I tempering may be performed at 100° C. to 250° C. for 30 minutes to 4 hours. As an example, Stage I tempering may be performed at 200° C. for 1 hour. 
     In some instances, after being subjected to an additive manufacturing process exemplary alloys can have a majority martensitic structure. Exemplary alloys can also include minor amounts of δ-ferrite and γ-austenite. 
     Exemplary alloys, after being subjected to an additive manufacturing process can have a microstructure that is more than 60% (phase fraction) martensite; more than 65% martensite; more than 70% martensite; more than 95% martensite; more than 98% martensite; or about 99% martensite. In various instances, exemplary alloys, after being subjected to an additive manufacturing process, can have a microstructure that is 60% to 72% martensite; 60% to 66% martensite; or 66% to 72% martensite. 
     Exemplary alloys, after being subjected to an additive manufacturing process, can have a microstructure that is less than 20% (phase fraction) δ-ferrite; less than 18% δ-ferrite; less than 16% δ-ferrite; less than 14% δ-ferrite; less than 12% δ-ferrite; or less than 1% δ-ferrite. 
     Exemplary alloys, after being subjected to an additive manufacturing process, can have a microstructure that is less than 30% (phase fraction) γ-austenite; less than 25% γ-austenite; less than 20% γ-austenite; less than 18% γ-austenite; or less than 1% γ-austenite. 
     Example alloys after being subjected to an additive manufacturing process, can have a microstructure that is less than 40% (phase fraction) δ-ferrite and γ-austenite; less than 30% δ-ferrite and γ-austenite; less than 20% δ-ferrite and γ-austenite; less than 5% δ-ferrite and γ-austenite; or less than 2% δ-ferrite and γ-austenite. 
     Exemplary alloys, after being subjected to an additive manufacturing process and/or after Stage I tempering, which may be performed at 200° C. for 1 hour, can have a microstructure that includes Fe 2.4 C particles (also referred to as ε-carbides). 
     C. Example Mechanical Properties 
     Exemplary alloys can have various mechanical properties in powder form, after being subjected to an additive manufacturing process (also referred to as “as-built”), and after Stage I tempering. Various mechanical properties below are described in terms of x-y specimens, where the long axis of tensile specimens was parallel to the build plate, and z-specimens, where the long axis of tensile specimens was perpendicular to the build plate and tested in tension. 
     Example alloys can have various yield strength properties in as-built form, which means after being subjected to an additive manufacturing process and without performing any aging or solution heat treatment. 
     For instance, exemplary alloys in as-built form can have a yield strength, 0.2% elastic offset, for z-specimens, of 1030 MPa to 1470 MPa. In various implementations, exemplary alloys in as-built form can have a yield strength for z-specimens, of 1030 MPa to 1045 MPa; 1033 Mpa to 1041 MPa; 1400 MPa to 1470 MPa; 1400 MPa to 1435 MPa; 1435 MPa to 1470 MPa; 1440 MPa to 1460 MPa; or 1445 MPa to 1465 MPa. In various implementations, exemplary alloys in as-built form can have a yield strength for z-specimens, of at least 1030 MPa; at least 1037 MPa; at least 1400 MPa; at least 1430 MPa; at least 1445 MPa; at least 1455 MPa; or at least 1460 MPa. In various implementations, exemplary alloys in as-built form can have a yield strength, for z-specimens, of no greater than 1460 MPa; no greater than 1455 MPa; no greater than 1445 MPa; no greater than 1435 MPa; no greater than 1420 MPa; or no greater than 1400 MPa. 
     Exemplary alloys in as-built form can have a yield strength, 0.2% elastic offset, for x-y-specimens, of 950 MPa to 1140 MPa. In various implementations, exemplary alloys in as-built form can have a yield strength, for x-y-specimens, of 950 MPa to 1000 MPa; 1000 MPa to 1050 MPa; 960 MPa to 1040 MPa; 1120 MPa to 1140 MPa; 1125 MPa to 1135 MPa; or 1130 MPa to 1134 MPa. In various implementations, exemplary alloys in as-built form can have a yield strength, for x-y specimens, of at least 950 MPa; at least 970 MPa; at least 990 MPa; at least 1010 MPa; at least 1030 MPa; at least 1045 MPa; at least 1125 MPa; or at least 1130 MPa. In various implementations, exemplary alloys in as-built form can have a yield strength, for x-y specimens, of no greater than 1135 MPa; no greater than 1133 MPa; no greater than 1040 MPa; no greater than 1020 MPa; no greater than 1000 MPa; no greater than 980 MPa; or no greater than 960 MPa. 
     Exemplary alloys in as-built form can have an elongation, for x-y-specimens, of 11% to 21%. In various implementations, exemplary alloys in as-built form can have an elongation, for x-y specimens, of 11% to 21%; 11% to 15%; 15% to 18%; 18% to 21%; 15% to 17%; 17% to 19%; or 19% to 21%. In various implementations, exemplary alloys in as-built form can have an elongation, for x-y specimens of at least 11%; at least 15%; at least 17%; at least 19%; or at least 20%. In various implementations, exemplary alloys in as-built form can have an elongation, for x-y specimens, of no greater than 20%; no greater than 18%; no greater than 16%; or no greater than 12%. 
     Exemplary alloys in as-built form can have a hardness value of 44 HRC to 50 HRC. In various implementations, exemplary alloys in as-built form can have a hardness of 44 HRC to 47 HRC; 47 HRC to 50 HRC; 44 HRC to 46 HRC; 46 HRC to 48 HRC; or 48 HRC to 50 HRC. In various implementations, exemplary alloys in as-built form can have a hardness of at least 44 HRC; at least 46 HRC; or at least 48 HRC. In various implementations, exemplary alloys in as-built form can have a hardness of no greater than 49 HRC; no greater than 47 HRC; or no greater than 45 HRC. 
     Exemplary alloys in as-built form can have an ambient toughness (K IC ) between 185 and 235. In various implementations, exemplary alloys in as-built form can have an ambient toughness (K IC ) between 185 and 235; between 185 and 195; between 225 and 235; between 190 and 230; between 190 and 210; or between 210 and 230. In various implementations, exemplary alloys in as-built form can have an ambient toughness (K IC ) of at least 185; at least 190; at least 195; at least 200; at least 205; at least 210; at least 215; at least 220; at least 225; or at least 230. In various implementations, exemplary alloys in as-built form can have an ambient toughness (K IC ) of no greater than 235; no greater than 230; no greater than 225; no greater than 220; no greater than 215; no greater than 210; no greater than 205; no greater than 200; no greater than 195; or no greater than 190. 
     Exemplary alloys in as-built form can have a pitting potential greater than 0 mV SCE. In various instances, exemplary alloys in as-built form can have a pitting potential no less than 0 mV SCE; no less than 5 mV SCE; no less than 10 mV SCE; no less than 15 mV SCE; no less than 20 mV SCE; no less than 25 mV SCE; or no less than 30 mV SCE. 
     II. Example Methods of Preparing Alloy Powders 
     Example steel alloys disclosed and contemplated herein may be fabricated into various input stock forms relevant to the additive manufacturing system of interest. For instance, example steel alloys disclosed and contemplated herein may be manufactured into atomized alloy powder using available atomization techniques such as inert gas atomization. Resulting atomized alloy powders may be used in powder-bed fusion and directed energy deposition systems. 
     An example method of manufacturing an atomized alloy powder includes melting elemental metal feedstock or pre-alloyed feedstock such that a desired chemistry is produced. In some combinations of elements disclosed above, when a desired chemistry reaches temperatures at or above temperatures where there is no solid material fraction in the melt, atomization processes should take place. 
     Example atomized alloy powders can have particles sized for a particular use and/or fabrication system. In some implementations, example atomized alloy powders include particles having diameters of from 15 μm to 45 μm. 
     III. Example Methods of Manufacture 
     Example steel alloys disclosed and contemplated herein may be used in additive manufacturing systems. Additive manufacturing is a process by which products are built in a layered fashion by selectively fusing metal using a computer-controlled energy source (e.g., laser, electron beam, weld torch, or the like). Additive manufacturing is also defined in ASTM F2792-12a entitled “Standard Terminology for Additively Manufacturing Technologies.” 
     Example additive layer manufacturing processes include: direct metal laser sintering (DMLS) in which a laser is used to sinter a powder media in precisely controlled locations; laser wire deposition in which a wire feedstock is melted by a laser and then deposited and solidified in precise locations to build the product; electron beam melting; laser engineered net shaping; and direct metal deposition. In general, additive manufacturing techniques provide flexibility in free-form fabrication without geometric constraints, fast material processing time, and innovative joining techniques. Suitable additive manufacturing systems include the EOSINT M 280 Direct Metal Laser Sintering (DMLS) additive manufacturing system, available from EOS GmbH (Robert-Stirling-Ring 1, 82152 Krailling/Munich, Germany). 
     In some implementations, direct metal laser sintering (DMLS) is used to produce articles comprising the disclosed and contemplated example steel alloys. During example processes, an atomized alloy powder may be spread in a bed and a laser is used to selectively melt and fuse regions of the bed. Articles of manufacture may be built in a layer-by-layer fashion by continually spreading and fusing layers of powder. 
     In some implementations, exemplary methods may comprise pre-heating a build plate of an additive manufacturing system. In some instances, a build plate may be preheated to about 40° C. In some instances, a build plate may be preheated to about 175° C. to about 200° C.; 180° C. to 190° C.; 190° C. to 200° C.; 180° C. to 185° C.; 185° C. to 190° C.; 190° C. to 195° C.; 195° C. to 200° C.; 178° C. to 182° C.; 179° C. to 181° C.; 180° C. to 182° C.; or about 180° C. In various instances, a build plate may be preheated to no less than 175° C.; no less than 180° C.; no less than 185° C.; no less than 190° C.; or no less than 195° C. In various instance, a build plate may be preheated to no greater than 200° C.; no greater than 195° C.; no greater than 190° C.; no greater than 185° C.; or no greater than 180° C. 
     In some instances, articles may be ready for use after additive manufacturing. In some instances, various post-processing operations may be performed after the build process. For example, an as-built article of manufacture may be subjected to basic heat treatment for stress relief. As an example, an as-built article of manufacture may be subjected to Stage I tempering, which may include the article being in a 200° C. environment for up to 1 hour. As an example, an as-built article of manufacture may be placed in an environment at 300° C. to 700° C. for 1 hour to 4 hours. 
     Typically, solution heat treatment and aging are commonly used for precipitation-hardened martensitic stainless steel grades (“PH steel grades”), which include 17-4PH and 15-5PH as examples. Various instantly disclosed example alloys typically do not undergo solution heat treatment and aging, which may result in time and cost savings. 
     Example methods of using an atomized alloy powder in additive manufacturing may include various operations. For instance, an example method may include receiving an atomized alloy powder comprising alloyed particles. The alloyed particles may comprise components in amounts as described in greater detail above. The method can also include conducting additive manufacturing with the atomized alloy powder to generate a manufactured article. In some instances, the additive manufacturing may be performed under an argon (Ar) atmosphere. Then a manufactured article may be removed from the additive manufacturing system. In some instances, as discussed above, the manufactured article may be subjected to one or more post-processing operations, such as heat treatment and tempering. 
     IV. Experimental Examples 
     Various experimental example alloys were fabricated and the results are discussed below. In some instances, experimental example alloys were evaluated in comparison to commercially-available alloys. 
     As an experimental example, an Ar-atomized 100-kg powder heat was obtained (Example Alloy 1). Specified target composition ranges and measured powder chemistries are provided in Table 1 below for Example Alloy 1 and Example Alloy 2. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 1 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Target composition, specified production ranges, and measured powder  
               
               
                 chemistries for manufactured example powder Example  
               
               
                 Alloy 1 and Example Alloy 2. 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Example Alloy 1 
                 Example Alloy 2 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Target 
                   
                 Target 
                   
               
               
                   
                 (production 
                 Measured, 
                 (production 
                 Measured,  
               
               
                 Composition 
                 range), wt. % 
                 wt. % 
                 range), wt. % 
                 wt. % 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Cr 
                 14 
                 (13.25-14.75) 
                 14 
                 14  
                 (13.25-14.75) 
                 13.77 
               
               
                 Ni 
                 5.0  
                 (4.5-5.5) 
                 4.9 
                 5.0 
                 (4.5-5.5) 
                 5.1 
               
               
                 C 
                 0.15  
                 (0.13-0.17) 
                 0.13 
                 0.13  
                 (0.11-0.15) 
                 0.13 
               
               
                 Ti 
                 0.15  
                 (0.01-0.31) 
                 0.13 
                 0.08  
                 (0.02-0.14) 
                 0.03 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Mo 
                 0.5  
                 (0.4-0.6) 
                 0.4 
                   
                   
               
               
                 V 
                 0.10  
                 (0.01-0.21) 
                 0.09 
                   
                   
               
               
                 W 
                 0.5  
                 (0.4-0.6) 
                 0.4 
                   
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Nb 
                 &lt;0.1 
                 0.0 
                 &lt;0.1 
                 0.0 
               
               
                 N 
                 &lt;0.02 
                 0.01 
                 &lt;0.02 
                 0.01 
               
               
                 O 
                 &lt;0.04 
                 0.03 
                 &lt;0.04 
                 0.04 
               
               
                 Cr/Ni 
                 2.8 
                 2.86 
                 2.8 
                 2.85 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Various commercially available alloys were tested: Supplier A atomized under an argon atmosphere (Supplier A (Ar)), Supplier B atomized under an argon atmosphere (Supplier B (Ar)), Supplier C, which is a blend of 50% Supplier C alloy atomized under an argon atmosphere with 50% Supplier C alloy atomized under a nitrogen atmosphere (Supplier C (Ar/N 2 )), and Supplier C atomized under a nitrogen atmosphere (Supplier C N 2 ). Elemental compositions of each are provided in Table 2, below. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 2 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Elemental compositions, in weight percent 
               
               
                 (wt. %), of commercially available alloys. 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Fe 
                 Cr 
                 Ni 
                 Mo 
                 Nb + Ta 
                 C 
                 N 
                 Cu 
                 Mn 
                 Si 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Supplier 
                 Balance 
                 15.6 
                 4.7 
                 — 
                 0.22 
                 0.01 
                 0.036 
                 3.61 
                 0.5 
                 0.38 
               
               
                 A (Ar) 
               
               
                 Supplier 
                 Balance 
                 16.12 
                 4.15 
                 — 
                 0.2 
                 0.02 
                 0.007 
                 3.21 
                 0.03 
                 0.79 
               
               
                 B (Ar) 
               
               
                 Supplier 
                 Balance 
                 16.7 
                 4.29 
                 0.05 
                 0.27 
                 0.01 
                 0.031 
                 4.49 
                 0.20 
                 0.36 
               
               
                 C (Ar) 
               
               
                 Supplier 
                 Balance 
                 15.5 
                 4.55 
                 0.26 
                 0.24 
                 0.05 
                 0.099 
                 4.5 
                 0.7 
                 0.76 
               
               
                 C (N2) 
               
               
                 Supplier 
                 Balance 
                 15.6 
                 4.03 
                 &lt;0.01 
                 0.33 
                 0.01 
                 0.01 
                 3.89 
                 0.24 
                 0.29 
               
               
                 C (Ar) (2) 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     The Example Alloy 1 powder was subjected to various flow behavior and particle size distribution and compared to commercially available powders. Results are shown in Table 3 below. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 3 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Comparing Example Alloy 1 powder to 
               
               
                 commercially available powders. 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                   
                   
                 Angle 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Avalanche 
                 Hausner 
                 of 
                 Hall 
                 % &lt;15 
                 % 
               
               
                 Material 
                 Angle 
                 Ratio 
                 Repose 
                 flow 
                 μm 
                 porosity 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Supplier 
                 22° 
                 1.10 
                 32° 
                 19.3 
                 0 
                 0.27 (27) 
               
               
                 A (Ar) 
               
               
                 Supplier 
                 28° 
                 1.06 
                 30° 
                 21.5 
                 0 
                 0.33 (39) 
               
               
                 B (Ar) 
               
               
                 Supplier 
                 37° 
                 1.21 
                 40° 
                 Did not 
                 0 
                 1.44 (37) 
               
               
                 C (Ar) 
                   
                   
                   
                 flow 
               
               
                 Supplier 
                 30° 
                 1.09 
                 33° 
                 22.1 
                 0 
                 0.18 (19) 
               
               
                 C (N2) 
               
               
                 Example 
                 29° 
                 1.11 
                 33° 
                 18.8 
                 0 
                 0.14 (10) 
               
               
                 Alloy 1 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Metallurgy specimens from example alloy powders were characterized by optical and electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction and electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD). For Example Alloy 1, experimental coupons were fabricated on an EOS M290 machine (available from EOS North America, Novi, Mich.) on a build plate preheated at 40° C. The build process included bidirectional beam scanning with a scan rotation angle of 67°. All coupons were produced using the same build parameters (195W laser power, 750 mm/s scan speed, 0.1 mm hatch spacing and 40 μm layer thickness). 
     For Example Alloy 2, experimental coupons were fabricated on an EOS M290 machine (available from EOS North America, Novi, Mich.) on a build plate preheated at 180° C. The build process included bidirectional beam scanning with a scan rotation angle of 67°. All coupons were produced using the same build parameters (195W laser power, 750 mm/s scan speed, 0.1 mm hatch spacing and 40 μm layer thickness). 
     As-built, optical micrographs were obtained and are shown in  FIG.  1 A  (x-y specimen, parallel to the build plate) and  FIG.  1 B  (z specimen, perpendicular to the build plate). As shown in  FIG.  1 A  and  FIG.  1 B , the Example Alloy 1 has a primarily martensitic microstructure. 
     EBSD image quality maps were used to identify and quantify the ferrite (yellow), martensite (blue) and austenite (red) phases using the methods outlined in Vunnam, Swathi, Abhinav Saboo, Chantal Sudbrack, and Thomas L. Starr. “Effect of powder chemical composition on the as-built microstructure of 17-4 PH stainless steel processed by selective laser melting.”  Additive Manufacturing  30 (2019): 100876.  FIG.  2    shows an EBSD image used in phase analysis of Example Alloy 1.  FIG.  3    shows an EB SD image used in phase analysis of Example Alloy 2. As shown in  FIG.  3   , for Example Alloy 2 ferrite was not visible (less than 1%), austenite (red) was not visible, and 99% is martensite. 
     Table 4 below shows the overall phase fractions of the as-built Example Alloy 1 and as-built Example Alloy 2. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 4 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Overall phase fractions of the as-built Example Alloy 1  
               
               
                 and commercial powders shown in Table 1. 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 6-ferrite (phase 
                 Austenite (phase 
                 Martensite (phase 
               
               
                 Alloy 
                 fraction, %) 
                 fraction, %) 
                 fraction, %) 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Example Alloy 1 
                 11 
                 17 
                 72 
               
               
                 Example Alloy 2 
                 &lt;1 
                 &lt;1 
                 99 
               
               
                 Supplier A (Ar) 
                 20 
                 3.7 
                 75 
               
               
                 Supplier B (Ar) 
                 95 
                 &lt;1% 
                 5 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Tensile and hardness testing for Example Alloy 1 and Example Alloy 2 were also performed and the results are shown in Table 5 and Table 6 below. Coupons fabricated from Ar-atomized powders were subjected to two heat treatments: (1) solutionize and H900 (where “H900” is heat treatment at 482° C. (900° F.) for 1 hour) and (2) direct H900 harden without solutionizing. Only commercial powders were heat treated — the Example Alloy 1 and Example Alloy 2 samples did not undergo any post-processing treatment. 
     Using wire EDM, flat “dog bone” test specimens were cut from as-built and heat-treated coupons. A bar of commercially available wrought 17-4 PH was procured for use as a baseline. As received, the wrought material was already solutionized (condition A). The long axis of tensile specimens were either parallel to the build plate (XY) or perpendicular to the build plate (Z) and tested in tension. Three tests were performed for each combination of powder and heat treatment. Hardness was measured using a Wilson Instruments Rockwell 500 Hardness Tester. 
     As shown in Table 5 and Table 6, the as-built properties for both Example Alloy 1 and Example Alloy 2 exceed as-built properties from commercially available 17-4PH powder. As shown in Table 5 and Table 6, the as-built properties for both Example Alloy 1 and Example Alloy 2 are at par with the ultimate tensile strength properties for aged (h900) commercially available powders. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 5 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Tensile properties for Example Alloy 1 (Z specimen), Example Alloy 2 (Z specimen), 
               
               
                 wrought commercially available alloy (17-4PH), and a commercially available  
               
               
                 alloy (Supplier A (Ar), Z specimen). 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                   
                 Yield strength, 
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 0.2% elastic 
                 Ultimate tensile 
                 Total elongation 
               
               
                 Condition 
                 Sample 
                 offset (MPa) 
                 strength (MPa) 
                 (%) 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 As-built 
                 Example Alloy 1 
                 1457.5 ± 11.5  
                 1711 ± 19 
                 11.5 ± 0.7 
               
               
                 As-built (180° C. 
                 Example Alloy 2 
                 1038 
                 1540 
                 12 
               
               
                 pre-heated build 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 plate) 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Solutionized 
                 Wrought 17-4PH 
                 841 ± 13  
                 1080 ± 13 
                 13.1 ± 1.1 
               
               
                 Solutionized and 
                 Wrought 17-4PH 
                 1371 ± 52  
                 1523 ± 18 
                 17.3 ± 1.2 
               
               
                 hardened 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 As-built 
                 Supplier A (Ar) 
                 856 ± 23  
                  917 ± 27 
                   11 ± 0.6 
               
               
                 Hardened 
                 Supplier A (Ar) 
                 138 ± 947 
                 1467 ± 11 
                 9.4 ± 1 
               
               
                 Solutionized and 
                 Supplier A (Ar) 
                 1322 ± 2   
                 1401 ± 9  
                   10 ± 0.5 
               
               
                 hardened 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 6 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Tensile properties for Example Alloy 1 (XY specimen), Example Alloy 2 (XY 
               
               
                 specimen), wrought commercially available alloy (17-4PH), and a  
               
               
                 commercially available alloy (Supplier A (Ar), XY specimen). 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                   
                 Yield 
                 Ultimate 
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 strength, 
                 tensile 
                 Total 
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 0.2% elastic 
                 strength 
                 elongation  
                 Hardness 
               
               
                 Condition 
                 Sample 
                 offset (MPa) 
                 (MPa) 
                 (%) 
                 (HRC) 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 As-built 
                 Example Alloy 
                 1004 ± 40 
                 1498 ± 48 
                 20.6 ± 0.2 
                 47.6 
               
               
                   
                 1 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Stage 1 temper 
                 Example Alloy 
                   
                   
                   
                 46 
               
               
                 (200° C./1 h) 
                 1 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 As-built (180° C. 
                 Example Alloy 
                 1132 
                 1480 
                 12 
                   
               
               
                 pre-heated build 
                 2 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 plate) 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Solutionized 
                 Wrought 17- 
                  841 ± 13 
                 1080 ± 13 
                 13.1 ± 1.1 
                   
               
               
                   
                 4PH 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Solutionized 
                 Wrought 17- 
                 1371 ± 52 
                 1523 ± 18 
                 17.3 ± 1.2 
                 48.2 
               
               
                 and hardened 
                 4PH 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 As-built 
                 Supplier A 
                 910 ± 8 
                 1084 ± 13 
                 15.3 ± 0.8 
                 34.5 
               
               
                   
                 (Ar) 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Hardened 
                 Supplier A 
                 1263 ± 40 
                 1467 ± 11 
                 9.4 ± 1  
                 46.8 
               
               
                 (H900) 
                 (Ar) 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Solutionized 
                 Supplier A 
                 1335 ± 36 
                 1425 ± 40 
                 10.7 ± 1.4 
                 45.1 
               
               
                 and hardened 
                 (Ar) 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Fatigue performance of a Supplier C (Ar) (2)(15.6 wt % Cr, 4.03 wt % Ni, 0 wt % Mo, 0.33 wt % Nb+Ta, 0.01 wt % C, 0.01 wt % N, 3.89 wt % Cu, 0.24 wt % Mn, and 0.29 wt % Si, balance Fe) was compared to the Example Alloy 1. ASTM E466-15 (2015) was used to test fatigue performance, where testing conditions had R=−1 (tested in fully reversible tension-compression state) and 10 Hz. Results of the as-built alloys are shown in  FIG.  4    and indicate that the Example Alloy 1 shows better fatigue performance at all stress amplitudes, and a higher fatigue limit at 10 7  cycles compared to the Supplier C (Ar) (2) alloy. 
     Corrosion tests were performed using potentiodynamic scans conducted using 3.5% NaCl solution and a 0.5 mV/s scan rate. Results, averaged over five scans, are shown in  FIG.  5    and Table 7 (below), along with various commercial powders listed in Table 2, above. Results in  FIG.  5    indicate that Example Alloy 1 has a relatively higher pitting potential as compared to the tested commercially available alloys. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 7 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Corrosion properties (Pitting Potential measured using  
               
               
                 Potentiodynamic Scans; ASTM-G91) for Example  
               
               
                 Alloy 1 and compared with commercial powders. 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                   
                 Pitting Potential  
               
               
                 Alloy 
                 Condition 
                 (mV SCE) 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                 Example Alloy 1 
                 As-built 
                 30.9 
               
               
                 Supplier A (Ar) 
                 As-built 
                 −28.5 
               
               
                 Supplier C (Ar) 
                 As-built 
                 −16.8 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Threshold stress intensity for the onset of environmentally induced hydrogen stress cracking was also tested for Example Alloy 1, Example Alloy 2 and various commercial powders. Testing was performed using ASTM F1624-12 (2018) at an imposed potential of -1.1 V and -0.3 V (near open circuit potential (OCP)). Results are shown in Table 8. As shown in Table 8, both Example Alloy 1 and Example Alloy 2 show very high ambient toughness (or K IC ) as compared to commercial 17-4PH, with comparable KISCC values under a corrosive environment. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 8 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 K I-EHE  (threshold stress intensity for the onset of environmentally induced hydrogen 
               
               
                 stress cracking) measured using ASTM F1624 at imposed potential of −1.1 V and −0.3 V  
               
               
                 (near OCP) for Example Alloy 1, Example Alloy 2 and compared with commercial powders. 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 K I-EHE  (threshold stress intensity) 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                   
                   
                 Open Circuit 
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 Potential in 
                 −1.1 V in 3.5% 
               
               
                 Alloy 
                 Condition 
                 No Potential 
                 3.5% NaCI 
                 NaCI 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Example Alloy 1 
                 As-built 
                 230.1 
                 44.1 
                 22.6 
               
               
                 Example Alloy 2 
                 As-built 
                 190.1 
                 88.85 
                 24.1 
               
               
                 Supplier A (Ar) 
                 As-built 
                 86.3 
                   
                 28.4 
               
               
                 Supplier C (Ar) 
                 As-built 
                 76.6 
                 74.8 
                 30 
               
               
                 Supplier C (N2) 
                 As-built 
                 41.2 
                 28.5 
                 17.2 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
       FIG.  6    shows a graph comparing ambient toughness and stress corrosion cracking (SCC) resistance performance of commercially available alloys to the experimental example alloy 1. K IC  (ambient toughness) testing was performed according to ASTM E399-22. KISCC testing was performed according to ASTM F1624-12 (2018). 
       FIG.  7    is an optical micrograph of the experimental Example Alloy 1 shown in  FIG.  6   , and quasi-cleavage is visible from the micrograph.  FIG.  8    is an optical micrograph of the experimental Supplier C (Ar) shown in  FIG.  6   , and transgranular cleavage is visible from the micrograph.  FIG.  9    is an optical micrograph of the experimental Wrought 17-4 (H1026) shown in  FIG.  6   , and intergranular cleavage is visible from the micrograph. Crack planes in  FIG.  7   ,  FIG.  8   , and  FIG.  9    are parallel to the build direction (the z-direction). 
     As shown in  FIG.  6   ,  FIG.  7   ,  FIG.  8   , and  FIG.  9   , Example Alloy 1 has improved toughness while maintaining comparable strength levels to both Supplier C (Ar) and Wrought 17-4 (H1025). Example Alloy 1 has comparable K ISCC  values and preferred (quasi-cleavage) failure mode. Example Alloy 1 also shows enhanced resistance to intergranular embrittlement. 
     For the recitation of numeric ranges herein, each intervening number there between with the same degree of precision is contemplated. For example, for the range of 6-9, the numbers 7 and 8 are contemplated in addition to 6 and 9, and for the range 6.0-7.0, the numbers 6.0, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, 6.4, 6.5, 6.6, 6.7, 6.8, 6.9, and 7.0 are contemplated. For another example, when a pressure range is described as being between ambient pressure and another pressure, a pressure that is ambient pressure is expressly contemplated. 
     It is understood that the foregoing detailed description and accompanying examples are merely illustrative and are not to be taken as limitations upon the scope of the disclosure. Various changes and modifications to the disclosed embodiments will be apparent to those skilled in the art. Such changes and modifications, including without limitation those relating to the chemical structures, substituents, derivatives, intermediates, syntheses, compositions, formulations, or methods of use, may be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the disclosure.