Patent Publication Number: US-2023161212-A1

Title: Automated commissioning of controllers in a window network

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     An Application Data Sheet is filed concurrently with this specification as part of the present application. Each application that the present application claims benefit of or priority to as identified in the concurrently filed Application Data Sheet is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety and for all purposes. 
     BACKGROUND 
     Electrochromism is a phenomenon in which a material exhibits a reversible electrochemically-mediated change in an optical property when placed in a different electronic state, typically by being subjected to a voltage change. The optical property is typically one or more of color, transmittance, absorbance, and reflectance. 
     Electrochromic materials may be incorporated into, for example, windows for home, commercial and other uses as thin film coatings on the window glass. The color, transmittance, absorbance, and/or reflectance of such windows may be changed by inducing a change in the electrochromic material, for example, electrochromic windows are windows that can be darkened or lightened electronically. A small voltage applied to an electrochromic device (EC) of the window will cause them to darken; reversing the voltage polarity causes them to lighten. This capability allows control of the amount of light that passes through the windows, and presents an opportunity for electrochromic windows to be used as energy-saving devices. 
     While electrochromism was discovered in the 1960&#39;s, electrochromic devices, and particularly electrochromic windows, still unfortunately suffer various problems and have not begun to realize their full commercial potential despite many recent advancements in electrochromic technology, apparatus and related methods of making and/or using electrochromic devices. For example, there still remain issues with commissioning electrochromic windows and associated controllers, as well as with user interfaces presenting information about electrochromic windows and associated controllers. 
     SUMMARY 
     One aspect of the disclosure pertains to computer program products, on computer readable media storing non-transitory computer executable instructions, for controlling a user interface to provide information about a plurality of optically switchable windows connected by a network. The instructions may be characterized by: (a) receiving a request to display information about one or more of the optically switchable windows provided on a computing device, and (b) displaying on the user interface one or more views that depict one or more smart objects for receiving user input concerning monitoring, grouping, and/or controlling at least some of the plurality of optically switchable windows. The smart objects in (b) may be a graphical representation of one or more of the optically switchable windows. Additionally, the smart objects in (b) may be displayed within the one or more views in a manner that graphically depicts the location of the one or more optically switchable windows in a building. 
     In some embodiments, the computing device is a wireless device remote from the network. 
     In some embodiments, the computer program product further comprises instructions for: receiving user instructions for changing the optical state of at least one of the plurality of optically switchable devices; and transmitting the user instructions to the network. 
     In some embodiments, the computer program product further comprises instructions for: prior to displaying the one or more views, receiving location information comprising the locations in the building of each of the plurality of optically switchable windows. 
     In some embodiments, the location information is determined by the window network using geo-positioning. 
     In some embodiments, the computer program product further comprises instructions for: prior to displaying the one or more views, receiving information comprising sizes and orientations of the plurality of optically switchable windows, and wherein displaying the one or more views that depict one or more smart objects comprises depicting each of the one or more smart objects in accordance with window sizes and orientations of the one or more optically switchable windows. 
     In some embodiments, at least one of the views presents a three-dimensional model of a building with the one or more smart objects overlaid on the model. 
     In some embodiments, the three-dimensional model is created using locations, sizes, and orientations of the plurality of optically switchable windows. 
     In some embodiments, at least one of the views presents the one or more smart objects depicted on a two-dimensional floorplan. 
     In some embodiments, the computer program product further comprises instructions for: prior to displaying the one or more views, receiving information comprising a current tint state of at least one of the optically switchable windows, and wherein displaying the one or more views that depict smart objects comprises depicting the current tint state the at least one optically switchable window. 
     In some embodiments, the one or more smart objects are designed or configured to be manipulated by a user interaction selected from the group that includes tactile interaction, sound, motion, orientation, and a determined location of the computing device. 
     In some embodiments, the computer program product further comprises instructions for: receiving a location of the computing device relative to at least one of the plurality of optically switchable windows. 
     In some embodiments, the computer program product further comprises instructions for: determining an orientation of the computing device with respect to the at least one of the plurality of optically switchable windows. 
     In some embodiments, the instructions for displaying the one or more views comprise instructions for displaying a subset of the plurality optically switchable windows, which subset of the optically switchable windows is dependent upon the location of the computing device. 
     In some embodiments, the computer program product further comprises instructions for displaying the one or more views comprise instructions for displaying at least one of the plurality of optically switchable windows in a manner dependent on the location or orientation of the computing device. 
     In some embodiments, the computer program product further comprises instructions for: receiving instructions from the user to create a customized view; and displaying the customized view. 
     In some embodiments, the computer program product further comprises instructions for: receiving user manipulation of the one or more smart objects, and providing a user with window information selected from the group consisting of, for the one or more optically switchable windows associated with the smart object: number of applied tint cycles, window manufacturing information, window health information, window dimensions, window type, window serial number, associated window components, window installation job number, window installation date, building information, window façade zoning information, temperature information from an associated temperature sensor, light intensity information from an associated light sensor, humidity information from an associated humidity sensor, and occupancy information from an associated occupancy sensor. 
     Another aspect of this disclosure pertains to methods of rendering a view displayed on a graphical user interface for a window network of one or more optically switchable windows in which each window is represented by a smart object. The methods may be characterized by: (a) receiving information that includes a window ID and location for each window on the window network; (b) selecting smart objects based upon the window information; (c) selecting a perspective for the view to be depicted in accordance with; and (d) displaying a view in which each selected smart object is placed in accordance with the locations of the optically switchable windows. 
     In some embodiments, selecting a perspective for the view in (c) comprises selecting a perspective from the group consisting of: a two-dimensional floorplan of a building, a three-dimensional perspective of a building from a vantage point outside the building, a two-dimensional perspective from a vantage point within a room, a three-dimensional perspective from a vantage point from within a room, a two-dimensional perspective that includes a plurality of floors, a perspective from a vantage point corresponding to the location and orientation of the device displaying the graphical user interface, and a custom view created by a user. 
     In some embodiments, the perspective in (c) is selected based upon user interaction with the graphical user interface. 
     In some embodiments, the perspective in (c) is selected based upon the position or orientation of a device displaying the graphical user interface. 
     In some embodiments, the perspective in (c) is selected based upon permissions granted to a user of the graphical user interface. 
     In some embodiments, the information received in (a) further comprises IDs and locations of one or more non-window components on a window network, and wherein one or more additional smart objects are selected based upon the IDs of the one or more other devices, and where the one or more additional smart objects are displayed in (d) in accordance to their location. 
     In some embodiments, each of the one or more devices is selected from the group consisting of a temperature sensor, a photosensor, a humidity sensor, an air flow sensor, an occupancy sensor, a window controller, a network controller, and a master controller. 
     One aspect of this disclosure pertains to methods of associating the network IDs of one or more optically switchable windows with the installed locations of the optically switchable window(s) in a building. In these methods each optically switchable window has a network ID and a transmitter configured for wireless communication. The methods may be characterized by: (a) receiving drawings or another representation of the building that provides locations of the optically switchable windows within or on the building; (b) receiving a wireless communication signal from the transmitter of at least one optically switchable window, that includes or identifies the network ID of the at least one optically switchable window; (c) analyzing the received wireless communication signal to determine the location of the at least one optically switchable window; and (d) comparing the location determined in (c) with the locations of at least some of the windows from the drawings or other building representation received in (a), and associating the network ID of the at least one optically switchable window with a location provided in the drawings or other representations. 
     In some embodiments, the transmitter of each of the plurality of the optically switchable windows is on or in the optically switchable window. 
     In some embodiments, the optically switchable window is an insulated glass unit comprising an electrochromic device. 
     In some embodiments, the wireless communication signal conforms to a wireless protocol selected from the group consisting of pulse-based ultra-wideband, Bluetooth, BLE, and Wi-Fi. 
     In some embodiments, the wireless communication signal conforms to pulse-based ultra-wideband protocol. 
     In some embodiments, the wireless communication signal conforms to ECMA-368 or ECMA-369. 
     In some embodiments, the one or more drawings or other representations comprise an architectural drawing or an interconnect drawing. 
     In some embodiments, the network ID is a CAN ID. 
     In some embodiments, the method further comprises storing the association from (d) of the network ID of the at least one optically switchable window with the one location provided in the one or more drawings or other representations. 
     In some embodiments, storing the association from (d) comprises storing the association from (d) in a network configuration file. 
     In some embodiments, the network configuration file is stored in memory at a location selected from the group consisting of a master controller, a network controller, a remote wireless device, and the cloud. 
     In some embodiments, the transmitter comprises an antenna is disposed on a window controller affixed to the window. 
     In some embodiments, the window controller is configured to issue pulse-based ultra-wideband communication signals. 
     In some embodiments, the transmitter is part of a micro-location chip. 
     In some embodiments, wherein the micro-location chip is configured to transmit the wireless communication signal in a manner permitting identification of the position of a micro-location chip to within about 10 centimeters or less. 
     In some embodiments, the one or more drawings or other representations in (a) further comprise locations of one or more non-window components, and wherein the one or more non-window components have a network ID and a transmitter for wireless communication, the method further comprising: receiving a wireless communication signal from the transmitter of at least one non-window component, wherein the communication includes the network ID of the at least one non-window component; analyzing the received wireless communication signal to determine the location of the at least one non-window component; and comparing the determined location of the at least one non-window component with the locations of the plurality of non-window components provided by the one or more drawings or representations in (a), and associating the network ID of the at least one non-window component with one location provided in the one or more drawings or other representations. 
     In some embodiments, the at least one non-window component is a master controller or a network controller of a window controller network. 
     Another aspect of this disclosure pertains to systems for associating network IDs of optically switchable windows with installed locations of optically switchable windows in a building. In these systems each optically switchable window has a network ID and a transmitter configured for wireless communication. The systems may be characterized by a window network comprising a plurality of optically switchable windows having transmitters that are installed at locations in or on a building and having transmitters and commissioning logic. The commissioning logic may be configured to execute the following operations: (a) receive one or more drawings or other representations of the building that provide the locations of the plurality of optically switchable windows within the building; (b) receive a wireless communication signal from the transmitter of at least one of the plurality of optically switchable windows, where the communication includes or identifies the network ID of the at least one optically switchable window; (c) analyze the received wireless communication signal to determine the location of the at least one optically switchable window; and (d) compare the location determined in (c) with the locations of at least some of the plurality of optically switchable windows from the one or more drawings or other representations received in (a), and associate the network ID of the at least one optically switchable window with one location provided in the one or more drawings or other representations. 
     In some embodiments, the transmitter of each of the optically switchable windows is configured for wireless communication using a wireless protocol selected from the group consisting of pulse-based ultra-wideband, Bluetooth, BLE, and Wi-Fi. 
     In some embodiments, the transmitter of each of the optically switchable windows is configured for wireless communication using a pulse-based ultra-wideband protocol. 
     In some embodiments, the transmitter of each of the optically switchable windows is configured for wireless communication using ECMA-368 or ECMA-369. 
     In some embodiments, the window network further comprises non-window components having a network ID and a transmitter for wireless communication, and wherein the commissioning logic is further configured to execute the following operations: receive a wireless communication signal from the transmitter of at least one non-window component, wherein the communication includes the network ID of the at least one non-window component; analyze the received wireless communication signal to determine the location of the at least one non-window component; and compare the determined location of the at least one non-window component with the locations of the plurality of non-window components provided by the one or more drawings or representations in (a), and associating the network ID of the at least one non-window component with one location provided in the one or more drawings or other representations. 
     Another aspect of the present disclosure pertains to a method for generating a graphical user interface of a computer program product for displaying one or more optically switchable windows on a window network. The method includes operations (a) through (e). In operation (a) a three-dimensional model of a building is received where the building model is at least partially defined by a plurality of surfaces, each surface having a node ID. In operation (b) information is received that includes a network ID for each of the optically switchable windows. In operation (c) the network ID of each of the optically switchable windows is paired with at least one node ID. In operation (d) one or more smart objects are defined that represent the optically switchable windows, where each smart object provides information regarding the optically switchable windows. Finally, in operation (e), the three-dimensional model and the smart objects are displayed on an electronic device. 
     In some cases, the three-dimensional model of a building is produced by a computer-aided design software which has a modeling environment for the design and examination of building structures. In some cases, pairing the network ID of each of the optically switchable windows with at least one node ID includes storing each pairing in a network configuration file. 
     In some cases, each smart object is configured to receive user input for controlling the optically switchable windows, and the method further includes operations of receiving user instructions for controlling at least one of the optically switchable windows via a smart object, and transmitting user instructions for controlling at least one of the optically switchable windows to a master controller. 
     In some cases, the received information includes location information for each of the optically switchable windows, and pairing the network ID of each of the windows with at least one node ID includes executing logic that compares the location information with a location of at least one of the plurality of surfaces within the three-dimensional model. 
     In some cases, pairing the network ID of each of the optically switchable windows with at least one node ID is performed via user selection after displaying the three-dimensional model. 
     In some cases, the three-dimensional model is generated by analyzing electromagnetic signals generated by a wireless powering transmission system in an interior region of the building. The wireless powering transmission system may be, in some cases, a subsystem of the window network. 
     These and other features of the disclosed embodiments will be described more fully with reference to the associated drawings. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         FIG.  1    is a schematic cross-section depicting conventional formation of an electrochromic device stack. 
         FIG.  2 A  shows a depiction of an example system for controlling and driving a plurality of electrochromic windows. 
         FIG.  2 B  shows a depiction of another example system for controlling and driving a plurality of electrochromic windows. 
         FIG.  2 C  shows a block diagram of an example network system, operable to control a plurality of IGUs in accordance with some implementations. 
         FIG.  3    depicts a hierarchal structure in which IGUs may be arranged. 
         FIG.  4 A  depicts how a network configuration file is used by control logic to perform various functions on a window network. 
         FIG.  4 B  depicts typical process of creating a network configuration file. 
         FIG.  5 A  depicts an interconnect drawing which is created from architectural floorplan. 
         FIG.  5 B  depicts an elevation view of an interconnect drawing. 
         FIG.  6    is a flow chart depicting operations associated with an embodiment of auto-commissioning. 
         FIG.  7    shows the process in which commissioning logic may be used to generate a network configuration file. 
         FIG.  8    shows the process in which commissioning logic may be used to generate a network configuration file without the need of an interconnect drawing. 
         FIG.  9    shows a typical GUI for controlling IGUs in which zones and zone groups are provided in a list format. 
         FIG.  10    depicts the interior of a room having five electrochromic windows, as would be perceived from within the room. 
         FIG.  11    is a GUI, depicting an interior perspective that uses smart objects to provide a user with control of a window network. 
         FIG.  12    is a GUI, depicting a 2-dimensional perspective that uses smart objects to provide a user with control of a window network. 
         FIG.  13    is depicts the process of generating a wire-frame model from an image. 
         FIG.  14    depicts how smart objects along with their determined location may be used to generate a more recognizable model of a building 
         FIG.  15    is a GUI, depicting an exterior perspective that uses smart objects overlaid on a 3D model of a building to provide a user with control of a window network. 
         FIG.  16    is a GUI, depicting an interior perspective making use of a wire frame model overlaid with pictures that uses smart objects to provide a user with control of a window network. 
         FIG.  17    is a GUI, depicting a 2-dimensional floorplan perspective that uses smart objects to provide a user with control of a window network. 
         FIG.  18    is a GUI, depicting a customized view in which a chosen selection of smart objects is displayed. 
         FIG.  19    is a schematic showing the structure of the facility management application. 
         FIG.  20    is an example of a graphical user interface of the facility management application. 
         FIGS.  21 A-C  depict window parameters that may be used by intelligence algorithms. 
         FIG.  22    illustrates how intelligence may account for an occupancy region within a room. 
         FIG.  23    illustrates how intelligence parameters may be used to control a multi-zone tintable window. 
         FIG.  24    depicts a process by which may be used by the facility management application to control optically switchable windows on a window network. 
         FIG.  25    depicts a process by which a facility management application may be set up and operated. 
         FIGS.  26 A-D  depict how the graphical user interface of the design module may be used to design a window network 
         FIG.  27    depicts a process by which the design module may be used to design a network of optically switchable windows in a building. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     Introduction 
     The following detailed description is directed to certain embodiments or implementations for the purposes of describing the disclosed aspects. However, the teachings herein can be applied and implemented in a multitude of different ways. In the following detailed description, references are made to the accompanying drawings. Although the disclosed implementations are described in sufficient detail to enable one skilled in the art to practice the implementations, it is to be understood that these examples are not limiting; other implementations may be used and changes may be made to the disclosed implementations without departing from their spirit and scope. Furthermore, while the disclosed embodiments focus on electrochromic windows (also referred to as smart windows), the concepts disclosed herein may apply to other types of switchable optical devices including, for example, liquid crystal devices and suspended particle devices, among others. For example, a liquid crystal device or a suspended particle device, rather than an electrochromic device, could be incorporated into some or all of the disclosed implementations. Additionally, the conjunction “or” is intended herein in the inclusive sense where appropriate unless otherwise indicated; for example, the phrase “A, B or C” is intended to include the possibilities of “A,” “B,” “C,” “A and B,” “B and C,” “A and C” and “A, B and C.” The terminology “designed to,” “adapted to,” “configured to,” “programmed to”, “operable to”, and “capable of” may be used interchangeably where appropriate. Such terminology is not intended to invoke 35 U.S.C. 112 (f). Further, as used herein, the terms pane, lite, and substrate are used interchangeably. An electrochromic window may be in the form of an IGU, a laminate structure or both, i.e., where an IGU has one or more laminated panes as its lites, e.g., a double pane IGU where one pane is a single sheet of glass and the other pane is a laminate of two sheets of glass. A laminate may have two, three or more sheets of glass. 
     Electrochromic windows may be used in a variety of settings, for example in office buildings and residential buildings. The complexity of many conventional electrochromic windows (e.g., wiring, installation and programming of a controller, etc.) may discourage their use. For example, residential customers are likely to have windows installed by local contractors who may be unfamiliar with electrochromic windows and their installation requirements. As such, one goal in certain disclosed embodiments is to provide electrochromic IGUs and window assemblies that are as easy to install as non-electrochromic windows. Certain disclosed features that promote easy installation include wireless power capability and/or self-power capability, wireless control communication, self-meshing networks, on-board controllers, automated commissioning, and a form factor matching commonly available windows, e.g., double-pane or triple-pane IGUs. Other features that may be included in various embodiments include, but are not limited to, cellular or other antennas provided on a window, a cellular repeater in a controller, touch panel controls, mountable/removable controllers, learning functionality, weather tracking, sharing of sensor outputs and other control information between windows, sub-frames that may include certain controller components, wireless bus bars, built-in photo sensors and other sensors, etc. Any two or more of these features may be combined as desired for a particular application. 
     A challenge presented by nascent electrochromic window technology is correct assignment of network addresses and/or other identifying information to specific windows and their electrical controllers (window controllers), as well the locations of the windows and/or window controllers in buildings. In order for tint controls to work (i.e. to allow the window control system to change the tint state of one or a set of specific windows or IGUs), a master controller (and/or other controller responsible for tint decisions) must know the network address of the window controller(s) connected to that specific window or set of windows. 
     Another challenge presented by electrochromic window technology is manual control of electrochromic device tint states in specific windows of a building having many such windows. Related to this is access to information about individual electrochromic windows or zones in a building having many windows. Both building administrators and occupants need at least some control over some or all electrochromic windows in a building. 
     In some embodiments, an IGU or other window assembly is provided as a simple, self-contained, ready-to-go unit that requires at most minimal physical connection (e.g., wires) before use. Such a unit can look like a conventional non-electrochromic IGU or window assembly (with a controller somewhere therein or thereon) and may be installed in substantially the same manner as a conventional IGU. These embodiments are particularly beneficial for residential customers who desire a quick install without significant additional work related to routing electrical power, communication lines, etc. 
     Electrochromic Device Structure 
       FIG.  1    depicts a conventional electrochromic device  100  disposed on a substrate  102 . Device  100  includes, in the following order starting from the substrate, a first conductive layer  104 , a first electrochromic layer (EC1)  106 , an ion conductor layer (IC)  108 , a second electrochromic layer (EC2)  110 , and a second conductive layer  112 . Components  104 ,  106 ,  108 ,  110 , and  112  are collectively referred to as an electrochromic stack  114 . In certain embodiments, the transparent conductor layers are made of a transparent material such as a transparent conductive oxide, which may be referred to as a “TCO.” Since the TCO layers are transparent, the tinting behavior of the EC1-IC-EC2 stack is observable through the TCO layers, for example, allowing use of such devices on a window for reversible shading. A voltage source  116 , operable to apply an electric potential across electrochromic stack  114 , effects the transition of the electrochromic device from, for example, a clear state (i.e., transparent) to a tinted state. In certain embodiments, the electrochromic device does not include a distinct ion conductor layer. See U.S. Pat. No. 8,764,950 issued Jul. 1, 2014, and PCT Publication No. WO2015/168626, field May 1, 2015, both of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entireties. 
     In conventional devices such as those depicted in  FIG.  1    as well as in certain devices of this disclosure, one of the first and second electrochromic layers is typically a cathodically tinting layer and the other is an anodically tinting layer. In such embodiments, the first and second electrochromic layers will tint when exposed to opposite polarities. For example, the first electrochromic layer may tint under an applied cathodic potential (and clear under an applied anodic potential), while the second electrochromic layer may tint under an applied anodic potential (and clear under an applied cathodic potential). Of course, the arrangement can be reversed for some applications. Either way, the first and second electrochromic layers work in concert to tint and clear. 
     In some embodiments, one of the first and second electrochromic layers can be substituted with a non-electrochromic ion storage layer. In such cases, only one of the two layers exhibits electrochromism such that it tints and clears under application of suitable potentials. The other layer, sometimes referred to as a counter electrode layer, simply serves as an ion reservoir when the other layer is exposed to a cathodic potential. 
     While  FIG.  1    depicts a general electrochromic device structure, the structure is not meant to be limiting. For example, while  FIG.  1    depicts a device stack having distinct layers, electrochromic stacks may be graded structures or may include additional components such as an antenna structure. While most of the discussion in the present disclosure focuses on windows having electrochromic devices, the disclosure more generally pertains to windows having any type of optically switchable device such as liquid crystal devices and suspended particle devices. 
     Window Controllers 
     Window controllers as described herein may have many sizes, formats, and locations with respect to the optically switchable windows they control. Typically the controller will be attached to glass of an IGU or laminate but may be in a frame that houses the IGU or laminate. An electrochromic window may include one, two, three or more individual electrochromic panes (an electrochromic device on a transparent substrate). Also, an individual pane of an electrochromic window may have an electrochromic coating that has independently tintable zones. A controller as described herein can control all electrochromic coatings associated with such windows, whether the electrochromic coating is monolithic or zoned. 
     The controller is generally configured in close proximity to the electrochromic window, generally adjacent to, on the glass or inside an IGU, within a frame of the self-contained assembly, for example. In some embodiments, the window controller is an “in situ” controller; that is, the controller is part of a window assembly, an IGU or a laminate, and may not have to be matched with the electrochromic window, and installed, in the field, e.g., the controller travels with the window as part of the assembly from the factory. The controller may be installed in the window frame of a window assembly, or be part of an IGU or laminate assembly, for example, mounted on or between panes of the IGU or on a pane of a laminate. In cases where a controller is located on the visible portion of an IGU, at least a portion of the controller may be substantially transparent. Further examples of on glass controllers are provided in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/951,410, filed Nov. 14, 2015, and titled “SELF CONTAINED EC IGU,” which is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety.F In some embodiments, a localized controller may be provided as more than one part, with at least one part (e.g., including a memory component storing information about the associated electrochromic window) being provided as a part of the window assembly and at least one other part being separate and configured to mate with the at least one part that is part of the window assembly, IGU or laminate. In certain embodiments, a controller may be an assembly of interconnected parts that are not in a single housing, but rather spaced apart, e.g., in the secondary seal of an IGU. In other embodiments the controller is a compact unit, e.g., in a single housing or in two or more components that combine, e.g., a dock and housing assembly, that is proximate the glass, not in the viewable area, or mounted on the glass in the viewable area. 
     In one embodiment, the controller is incorporated into or onto the IGU and/or the window frame prior to installation of the electrochromic window. In one embodiment, the controller is incorporated into or onto the IGU and/or the window frame prior to leaving the manufacturing facility. In one embodiment, the controller is incorporated into the IGU, substantially within the secondary seal. In another embodiment, the controller is incorporated into or onto the IGU, partially, substantially, or wholly within a perimeter defined by the primary seal between the sealing separator and the substrate. 
     Having the controller as part of an IGU and/or a window assembly, the IGU can possess logic and features of the controller that, e.g., travels with the IGU or window unit. For example, when a controller is part of the IGU assembly, in the event the characteristics of the electrochromic device(s) change over time (e.g., through degradation), a characterization function can be used, for example, to update control parameters used to drive tint state transitions. In another example, if already installed in an electrochromic window unit, the logic and features of the controller can be used to calibrate the control parameters to match the intended installation, and for example if already installed, the control parameters can be recalibrated to match the performance characteristics of the electrochromic pane(s). 
     In other embodiments, a particular controller is not pre-associated with a window, but rather a dock component, e.g., having parts generic to any electrochromic window, is associated with each window at the factory. After window installation, or otherwise in the field, a second component of the controller is combined with the dock component to complete the electrochromic window controller assembly. The dock component may include a chip which is programmed at the factory with the physical characteristics and parameters of the particular window to which the dock is attached (e.g., on the surface which will face the building&#39;s interior after installation, sometimes referred to as surface 4 or “S4”). The second component (sometimes called a “carrier,” “casing,” “housing,” or “controller”) is mated with the dock, and when powered, the second component can read the chip and configure itself to power the window according to the particular characteristics and parameters stored on the chip. In this way, the shipped window need only have its associated parameters stored on a chip, which is integral with the window, while the more sophisticated circuitry and components can be combined later (e.g., shipped separately and installed by the window manufacturer after the glazier has installed the windows, followed by commissioning by the window manufacturer). Various embodiments will be described in more detail below. In some embodiments, the chip is included in a wire or wire connector attached to the window controller. Such wires with connectors are sometimes referred to as pigtails. 
     In this application, an “IGU” includes two (or more) substantially transparent substrates, for example, two panes of glass, where at least one substrate includes an electrochromic device disposed thereon, and the panes have a separator disposed between them. An IGU is typically hermetically sealed, having an interior region that is isolated from the ambient environment. A “window assembly” may include an IGU or for example a stand-alone laminate, and includes electrical leads for connecting the IGU&#39;s or laminate&#39;s one or more electrochromic devices to a voltage source, switches and the like, and may include a frame that supports the IGU or laminate. A window assembly may include a window controller as described herein, and/or components of a window controller (e.g., a dock). 
     As used herein, the term outboard means closer to the outside environment, while the term inboard means closer to the interior of a building. For example, in the case of an IGU having two panes, the pane located closer to the outside environment is referred to as the outboard pane or outer pane, while the pane located closer to the inside of the building is referred to as the inboard pane or inner pane. The different surfaces of the IGU may be referred to as S1, S2, S3, and S4 (assuming a two-pane IGU). S1 refers to the exterior-facing surface of the outboard lite (i.e., the surface that can be physically touched by someone standing outside). S2 refers to the interior-facing surface of the outboard lite. S3 refers to the exterior-facing surface of the inboard lite. S4 refers to the interior-facing surface of the inboard lite (i.e., the surface that can be physically touched by someone standing inside the building). In other words, the surfaces are labeled S1-S4, starting from the outermost surface of the IGU and counting inwards. In cases where an IGU includes three panes, this same trend holds (with S6 being the surface that can be physically touched by someone standing inside the building). In certain embodiments employing two panes, the electrochromic device (or other optically switchable device) is disposed on S3. 
     Further examples of window controllers and their features are presented in U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/248,181, filed Oct. 29, 2015, and titled “METHOD OF COMMISSIONING ELECTROCHROMIC WINDOWS,” and U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/305,892, filed Mar. 9, 2016, and titled “METHOD OF COMMISSIONING ELECTROCHROMIC WINDOWS,” each of which is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety 
     Window Controller Networks 
       FIG.  2 A  shows a depiction of an example system  200  for controlling and driving a plurality of electrochromic windows  202 . It may also be employed to control the operation of one or more devices associated with an electrochromic window such as a window antenna. The system  200  can be adapted for use with a building  204  such as a commercial office building or a residential building. In some implementations, the system  200  is designed to function in conjunction with modern heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) systems  206 , interior lighting systems  207 , security systems  208  and power systems  209  as a single holistic and efficient energy control system for the entire building  204 , or a campus of buildings  204 . Some implementations of the system  200  are particularly well-suited for integration with a building management system (BMS)  210 . The BMS  210  is a computer-based control system that can be installed in a building to monitor and control the building&#39;s mechanical and electrical equipment such as HVAC systems, lighting systems, power systems, elevators, fire systems, and security systems. The BMS  210  can include hardware and associated firmware or software for maintaining conditions in the building  204  according to preferences set by the occupants or by a building manager or other administrator. The software can be based on, for example, internet protocols or open standards. 
     A BMS can typically be used in large buildings where it functions to control the environment within the building. For example, the BMS  210  can control lighting, temperature, carbon dioxide levels, and humidity within the building  204 . There can be numerous mechanical or electrical devices that are controlled by the BMS  210  including, for example, furnaces or other heaters, air conditioners, blowers, and vents. To control the building environment, the BMS  210  can turn on and off these various devices according to rules or in response to conditions. Such rules and conditions can be selected or specified by a building manager or administrator, for example. One primary function of the BMS  210  is to maintain a comfortable environment for the occupants of the building  204  while minimizing heating and cooling energy losses and costs. In some implementations, the BMS  210  can be configured not only to monitor and control, but also to optimize the synergy between various systems, for example, to conserve energy and lower building operation costs. 
     Some implementations are alternatively or additionally designed to function responsively or reactively based on feedback sensed through, for example, thermal, optical, or other sensors or through input from, for example, an HVAC or interior lighting system, or an input from a user control. Further information may be found in U.S. Pat. No. 8,705,162, issued Apr. 22, 2014, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. Some implementations also can be utilized in existing structures, including both commercial and residential structures, having traditional or conventional HVAC or interior lighting systems. Some implementations also can be retrofitted for use in older residential homes. 
     The system  200  includes a network controller  212  configured to control a plurality of window controllers  214 . For example, the network controller  212  can control tens, hundreds, or even thousands of window controllers  214 . Each window controller  214 , in turn, can control and drive one or more electrochromic windows  202 . In some implementations, the network controller  212  issues high level instructions such as the final tint state of an electrochromic window and the window controllers receive these commands and directly control their windows by applying electrical stimuli to appropriately drive tint state transitions and/or maintain tint states. The number and size of the electrochromic windows  202  that each window controller  214  can drive is generally limited by the voltage and current characteristics of the load on the window controller  214  controlling the respective electrochromic windows  202 . In some implementations, the maximum window size that each window controller  214  can drive is limited by the voltage, current, or power requirements to cause the desired optical transitions in the electrochromic window  202  within a desired timeframe. Such requirements are, in turn, a function of the surface area of the window. In some implementations, this relationship is nonlinear. For example, the voltage, current, or power requirements can increase nonlinearly with the surface area of the electrochromic window  202 . For example, in some cases the relationship is nonlinear at least in part because the sheet resistance of the first and second conductive layers  214  and  216  (see, for example,  FIG.  2 A ) increases nonlinearly with distance across the length and width of the first or second conductive layers. In some implementations, the relationship between the voltage, current, or power requirements required to drive multiple electrochromic windows  202  of equal size and shape is, however, directly proportional to the number of the electrochromic windows  202  being driven. 
       FIG.  2 B  depicts another example system  200  for controlling and driving a plurality of electrochromic windows  202 . The system  200  shown in  FIG.  2 B  is similar to the system  200  shown in  FIG.  2 A . In contrast to the system of  FIG.  2 A , the system  200  shown in  FIG.  2 B  includes a master controller  211 . The master controller  211  communicates and functions in conjunction with multiple network controllers  212 , each of which network controllers  212  is capable of addressing a plurality of window controllers  214  as described with reference to  FIG.  2 A . In some implementations, the master controller  211  issues the high level instructions (such as the final tint states of the electrochromic windows) to the network controllers  212 , and the network controllers  212  then communicate the instructions to the corresponding window controllers  214 . 
     In some implementations, the various electrochromic windows  202  and/or antennas of the building or other structure are advantageously grouped into zones or groups of zones, each of which includes a subset of the electrochromic windows  202 . For example, each zone may correspond to a set of electrochromic windows  202  in a specific location or area of the building that should be tinted (or otherwise transitioned) to the same or similar optical states based on their location. As a more specific example, consider a building having four faces or sides: a North face, a South face, an East Face and a West Face. Consider also that the building has ten floors. In such a didactic example, each zone can correspond to the set of electrochromic windows  202  on a particular floor and on a particular one of the four faces. In some such implementations, each network controller  212  can address one or more zones or groups of zones. For example, the master controller  211  can issue a final tint state command for a particular zone or group of zones to a respective one or more of the network controllers  212 . For example, the final tint state command can include an abstract identification of each of the target zones. The designated network controllers  212  receiving the final tint state command can then map the abstract identification of the zone(s) to the specific network addresses of the respective window controllers  214  that control the voltage or current profiles to be applied to the electrochromic windows  202  in the zone(s). 
     In embodiments where at least some of the electrochromic windows have antennas, zones of windows for tinting purposes may or may not correspond to zones for antenna-related functions. For example, a master and/or network controller may identify two distinct zones of windows for tinting purposes, e.g. two floors of windows on a single side of a building, where each floor has different tinting algorithms based on customer preferences. In some implementations, zoning is implemented in a hierarchy of three or more tiers; e.g., at least some windows of a building are grouped into zones, and at least some zones are divided into subzones, with each subzone subject to different control logic and/or user access. 
     In many instances, optically-switchable windows can form or occupy substantial portions of a building envelope. For example, the optically-switchable windows can form substantial portions of the walls, facades and even roofs of a corporate office building, other commercial building or a residential building. In various implementations, a distributed network of controllers can be used to control the optically-switchable windows.  FIG.  2 C  shows a block diagram of an example network system,  220 , operable to control a plurality of IGUs  222  in accordance with some implementations. One primary function of the network system  220  is controlling the optical states of the electrochromic devices (or other optically-switchable devices) within the IGUs  222 . In some implementations, one or more of the windows  222  can be multi-zoned windows, for example, where each window includes two or more independently controllable electrochromic devices or zones. In various implementations, the network system  220  is operable to control the electrical characteristics of the power signals provided to the IGUs  222 . For example, the network system  220  can generate and communicate tinting instructions (also referred to herein as “tint commands”) to control voltages applied to the electrochromic devices within the IGUs  222 . 
     In some implementations, another function of the network system  220  is to acquire status information from the IGUs  222  (hereinafter “information” is used interchangeably with “data”). For example, the status information for a given IGU can include an identification of, or information about, a current tint state of the electrochromic device(s) within the IGU. The network system  220  also can be operable to acquire data from various sensors, such as temperature sensors, photosensors (also referred to herein as light sensors), humidity sensors, air flow sensors, or occupancy sensors, antennas, whether integrated on or within the IGUs  222  or located at various other positions in, on or around the building. 
     The network system  220  can include any suitable number of distributed controllers having various capabilities or functions. In some implementations, the functions and arrangements of the various controllers are defined hierarchically. For example, the network system  220  includes a plurality of distributed window controllers (WCs)  224 , a plurality of network controllers (NCs)  226 , and a master controller (MC)  228 . In some implementations, the MC  228  can communicate with and control tens or hundreds of NCs  226 . In various implementations, the MC  228  issues high level instructions to the NCs  226  over one or more wired or wireless links  246  (hereinafter collectively referred to as “link  246 ”). The instructions can include, for example, tint commands for causing transitions in the optical states of the IGUs  222  controlled by the respective NCs  226 . Each NC  226  can, in turn, communicate with and control a number of WCs  224  over one or more wired or wireless links  244  (hereinafter collectively referred to as “link  244 ”). For example, each NC  226  can control tens or hundreds of the WCs  224 . Each WC  224  can, in turn, communicate with, drive or otherwise control one or more respective IGUs  222  over one or more wired or wireless links  242  (hereinafter collectively referred to as “link  242 ”). 
     The MC  228  can issue communications including tint commands, status request commands, data (for example, sensor data) request commands or other instructions. In some implementations, the MC  228  can issue such communications periodically, at certain predefined times of day (which may change based on the day of week or year), or based on the detection of particular events, conditions or combinations of events or conditions (for example, as determined by acquired sensor data or based on the receipt of a request initiated by a user or by an application or a combination of such sensor data and such a request). In some implementations, when the MC  228  determines to cause a tint state change in a set of one or more IGUs  222 , the MC  228  generates or selects a tint value corresponding to the desired tint state. In some implementations, the set of IGUs  222  is associated with a first protocol identifier (ID) (for example, a BACnet ID). The MC  228  then generates and transmits a communication—referred to herein as a “primary tint command”—including the tint value and the first protocol ID over the link  246  via a first communication protocol (for example, a BACnet compatible protocol). In some implementations, the MC  228  addresses the primary tint command to the particular NC  226  that controls the particular one or more WCs  224  that, in turn, control the set of IGUs  222  to be transitioned. The NC  226  receives the primary tint command including the tint value and the first protocol ID and maps the first protocol ID to one or more second protocol IDs. In some implementations, each of the second protocol IDs identifies a corresponding one of the WCs  224 . The NC  226  subsequently transmits a secondary tint command including the tint value to each of the identified WCs  224  over the link  244  via a second communication protocol. In some implementations, each of the WCs  224  that receives the secondary tint command then selects a voltage or current profile from an internal memory based on the tint value to drive its respectively connected IGUs  222  to a tint state consistent with the tint value. Each of the WCs  224  then generates and provides voltage or current signals over the link  242  to its respectively connected IGUs  222  to apply the voltage or current profile. 
     Similarly to how the function and/or arrangement of controllers may be arranged hierarchically, electrochromic windows may be arranged in a hierarchical structure as shown in  FIG.  3   . A hierarchical structure helps facilitate the control of electrochromic windows at a particular site by allowing rules or user control to be applied to various groupings of electrochromic windows or IGUs. Further, for aesthetics, multiple contiguous windows in a room or other site location must sometimes need to have their optical states correspond and/or tint at the same rate. Treating a group of contiguous windows as a zone can facilitate these goals. 
     As suggested above, the various IGUs  222  may be grouped into zones  303  of electrochromic windows, each of which zones  303  includes at least one window controller  224  and its respective IGUs  222 . In some implementations, each zone of IGUs  222  is controlled by one or more respective NCs  226  and one or more respective WCs  224  controlled by these NCs  226 . In some more specific implementations, each zone  303  can be controlled by a single NC  226  and two or more WCs  224  controlled by the single NC  226 . Said another way, a zone  303  can represent a logical grouping of the IGUs  222 . For example, each zone  303  may correspond to a set of IGUs  222  in a specific location or area of the building that are driven together based on their location. As a more specific example, consider a site  301  that is a building having four faces or sides: a North face, a South face, an East Face and a West Face. Consider also that the building has ten floors. In such a didactic example, each zone can correspond to the set of electrochromic windows  200  on a particular floor and on a particular one of the four faces. Additionally or alternatively, each zone  303  may correspond to a set of IGUs  222  that share one or more physical characteristics (for example, device parameters such as size or age). In some other implementations, a zone  303  of IGUs  222  can be grouped based on one or more non-physical characteristics such as, for example, a security designation or a business hierarchy (for example, IGUs  222  bounding managers&#39; offices can be grouped in one or more zones while IGUs  222  bounding non-managers&#39; offices can be grouped in one or more different zones). 
     In some such implementations, each NC  226  can address all of the IGUs  222  in each of one or more respective zones  303 . For example, the MC  228  can issue a primary tint command to the NC  226  that controls a target zone  303 . The primary tint command can include an abstract identification of the target zone (hereinafter also referred to as a “zone ID”). In some such implementations, the zone ID can be a first protocol ID such as that just described in the example above. In such cases, the NC  226  receives the primary tint command including the tint value and the zone ID and maps the zone ID to the second protocol IDs associated with the WCs  224  within the zone. In some other implementations, the zone ID can be a higher level abstraction than the first protocol IDs. In such cases, the NC  226  can first map the zone ID to one or more first protocol IDs, and subsequently map the first protocol IDs to the second protocol IDs. 
     When instructions relating to the control of any device (e.g., instructions for a window controller or an IGU) are passed through a network system  220 , they are accompanied with a unique network ID of the device they are sent to. Networks IDs are necessary to ensure that instructions reach and are carried out on the intended device. For example, a window controller that controls the tint states of more than one IGU, determines which IGU to control based upon a network ID such as a CAN ID (a form of network ID) that is passed along with the tinting command. In a window network such as those described herein, the term network ID includes but is not limited to CAN IDs, and BACnet IDs. Such network IDs may be applied to window network nodes such as window controllers  224 , network controllers  226  and, master controllers  238 . Oftentimes when described herein, a network ID for a device includes the network ID of every device that controls it in the hierarchical structure. For example, the network ID of an IGU may include a window controller ID, a network controller ID, and a master controller ID in addition to its CAN ID. 
     Commissioning Networks of Optically Switchable Windows 
     In order for tint controls to work (e.g., to allow the window control system to change the tint state of one or a set of specific windows or IGUs), a master controller, network controller, and/or other controller responsible for tint decisions must know the network address of the window controller(s) connected to that specific window or set of windows. To this end, a function of commissioning is to provide correct assignment of window controller addresses and/or other identifying information to specific windows and window controllers, as well the physical locations of the windows and/or window controllers in buildings. In some cases, a goal of commissioning is to correct mistakes or other problems made in installing windows in the wrong locations or connecting cables to the wrong window controllers. In some cases, a goal of commissioning is to provide semi- or fully-automated installation. In other words, allowing installation with little or no location guidance for installers. 
     In general, the commissioning process for a particular window or IGU may involve associating an ID for the window or other window-related component with its corresponding window controller. The process may also assign a building location and/or absolute location (e.g. latitude, longitude and elevation) to the window or other component. Further information related to commissioning and/or configuring a network of electrochromic windows is presented in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/391,122, filed Oct. 7, 2014, and titled “APPLICATIONS FOR CONTROLLING OPTICALLY SWITCHABLE DEVICES,” U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/951,410, filed Nov. 24, 2015, and titled “SELF-CONTAINED EC IGU,” U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/305,892, filed Mar. 9, 2016, and titled “METHOD OF COMMISSIONING ELECTROCHROMIC WINDOWS,” and U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/370,174, filed Aug. 2, 2016, and titled “METHOD OF COMMISSIONING ELECTROCHROMIC WINDOWS,” each of which is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety. 
     After a network of optically switchable windows is physically installed, the network can be commissioned to correct any incorrect assignment of window controllers to the wrong windows (often as IGUs) or building locations. In some embodiments, commissioning maps (or pairs or links) individual windows and their locations with associated window controllers. 
     Sometimes commissioning is intended to address mis-pairing of window controllers and associated optically switchable windows during installation. For example, before installation, each window controller may be assigned to a particular window, which may be assigned to a particular location in the building. However, during installation a window controller and/or window may be installed in an incorrect location. For instance, a window controller may be paired with the wrong window, or the window may be installed in the wrong location. These mis-pairings can be difficult to address. Additionally, during the construction process, the physical window installation and the wiring installation in the building are typically done by different teams at different times. Recognizing this challenge, in some implementations, the windows and controllers are not pre-assigned to one another, but rather are paired during a commissioning process. Even if mis-pairing is not a problem because, for example, window controllers are physically affixed to their corresponding windows, the installer might not know or care which window (and hence which window controller) is installed at which location. For example, many windows may be identical in size, shape, and optical properties, and hence be interchangeable. Ideally, the installer would simply install such windows at any convenient location, without regard for the unique window controller associated with each such window. Various commissioning embodiments described herein permit such flexible installation. 
     Some concrete examples of issues that can arise during installation are the following: 
     Mistakes in placing windows in correct locations: electrically controllable windows are susceptible to mis-installation, particularly by technicians who are not accustomed to working with electrically controllable windows. These people are typically tradespeople such as glaziers and/or low voltage electricians (LVE&#39;s); 
     Misconnecting cables to window controllers: this is particularly a problem for multiple windows in close proximity. As mentioned, electrically controllable windows are susceptible to mis-installation particularly by technicians who are not accustomed to working with electrically controllable windows; 
     Broken windows or window controllers: An installer can simply install an available window or controller in place of the broken one. The new window or controller is not in the plan and thus is not accounted for and/or recognized during commissioning; and 
     The process of installing many windows at the correct locations is complicated. It would be desirable to replace the paradigm of having installers be responsible for installing many unique windows in unique locations. As mentioned, electrically controllable windows are susceptible to mis-installation particularly by technicians who are not accustomed to working with electrically controllable windows. Therefore, it would be useful to do away with much or all of the window and controller location considerations, which complicate the installation process. 
     In one example, installation and attendant problems requiring improved methods of commissioning arise from the following sequence:
         a. A unique network address (e.g., a CANID) is assigned to each window controller when the window controllers are manufactured.   b. The window manufacturer (not necessarily the window controller manufacturer), a building designer, or other entity specifies information about the window controller (with specified network address) and window (IGU). It does this by assigning a window controller ID (WCID), which is not the window controller&#39;s network address. The window manufacturer and/or other entity also specifies which IGU(s) are associated with the window controller (WCID). To this end, the entity specifies window IDs (WIDs) for the windows. In certain cases, the manufacturer and/or other entity does not specify a correlation between IGU and controllers, i.e. to which specific IGU(s) a controller needs to be connected. For example the window manufacture need not specify that a WC (with a CANID (e.g., 19196997)) needs to connect to any particular WID (e.g. 04349′0524′0071′0017′00). Instead the manufacturer or other entity specifies that a WC (with CANID (e.g., 19196997)) has a window controller ID of, e.g., WC10. The window controller ID may be reflected (e.g., appear) as a location tag (e.g. an arbitrary number assigned to windows in an installation) on an interconnect drawing, architectural drawing or other representation of a building, which may also specify that the window controller connects to particular IGUs identified by window IDs (e.g., W31 and W32 (location tag for IGs)).   c. As indicated, the manufacturer or other entity applies a window controller ID (WCxx label) on each window controller. The entity also enters a WCxx/CAN ID pair information in a configuration file used by master controller/network controller or other device containing logic responsible for issuing individual tint decisions.   d. This process requires that a LVE or other technician charged with installing and/or connecting electrically controllable windows to select a specific window controller from the boxes of window controllers and install it in a specific location in the building.   e. Any errors made in operations (c) or (d) lead to difficult troubleshooting in the field to find the mis-mapping and correct it.   f. Even if operations (c) and (d) are executed correctly, a window controller and/or window can be damaged, in which case it must be replaced during the installation. This again can cause problems unless the change is tracked manually and reflected in the configuration file.       

     As indicated, in various embodiments, the commissioning process pairs individual windows with individual window controllers responsible for controlling the optical states of the windows. In some implementations, the commissioning process pairs window and/or window controller locations with window controller IDs and/or window controller network identifiers (e.g., CANIDs) for controllers that are disposed on or proximate to windows. As explained, such controllers are typically configured to control the optical states of windows on which they are disposed or proximate to. In some instances, the commissioning process specifies the type of controller in a hierarchical network and optionally the logical position of the controller in that network&#39;s topology. Each individual optically switchable window has a physical ID (e.g., the window or lite ID (WID) mentioned above) and an associated controller with a unique network ID (e.g., the above-mentioned CANID). In some cases, the window controller also includes a physical ID (e.g., the above-mentioned WCID). In general a commissioning process can be used to link or pair any two related network components including but not limited to IGUs (or lites in IGUs), window controllers, network controllers, master controllers, and sensors. In some cases, the commissioning process may involve pairing network identifiers associated with IGUs or controllers to surfaces and/or features on a three-dimensional building model. 
     In certain embodiments described below, a commissioning linkage is made by comparing an architecturally determined location of a first component with a wirelessly measured location of a second component, which second component is associated with the first component. For example, the first component may be an optically switchable window and the second component may be a window controller configured to control the optical state of the optically switchable component. In another example, the first component is a sensor that provides measured radiation data to a window controller, which is the second component. Often the location of the first component is known with greater accuracy than the location of the second component, which location may be determined by a wireless measurement. While the accurate location of the first component may be determined from architectural drawings or a similar source, the commissioning process may employ alternative sources such as manually-measured post-installation locations of windows or other components. GPS may also be used. In various embodiments, the component whose location is determined by wireless measurement (e.g., a window controller) has a window network ID, and that network ID is made available during the commissioning process, e.g., via a configuration file. In such cases, the commissioning process may pair the accurate physical location of the first component with the network ID of the second component. In some embodiments, the first and second components are a single component. For example, a window controller may be such component; e.g., its position may be both determined from an architectural drawing and from wireless measurement. In such case, the commissioning process may simply ascribe the physical location from the architectural drawing with the network ID from the configuration file. 
     The linkages determined during commissioning are stored in a file, data structure, database, or the like that can be consulted by various window network components and/or associated systems such as mobile applications, window control intelligence algorithms, Building Management Systems (BMSs), security systems, lighting systems, and the like. In certain embodiments, the commissioning linkages are stored in a network configuration file. In some cases, a network configuration file is used by the window network to send appropriate commands between components on the network; e.g., a master controller sends a tint command to the window controller for a window designated, by its location in a structure, for a tint change. 
       FIG.  4 A  depicts an embodiment in which a network configuration file  403 , may be used by control logic  404  to facilitate various functions on a network. While the following description uses the term “network configuration file,” it should be understood that any suitable file, data structure, database, etc. may be used for the same purpose. Such file or other feature provides linkages between physical components of a window network (e.g., lite positions identified by a Lite ID) and network IDs (which may be or include network addresses) of controllers associated with such physical components (e.g., window controllers that directly control states of lites). Control logic refers to any logic that may use for making decisions or other purposes the linkages between physical components and associated controllers. As suggested, such logic may include logic provided with window network master controllers, network controllers, and window controllers, as well as associated or interfacing systems such as mobile applications for controlling window states, window control intelligence algorithms, building management systems, security systems, lighting systems, and the like. In some cases, a network configuration file  403  is used by control logic  404  to provide network information to a user interface for controlling the network  408 , such as an application on a remote wireless device, or to an intelligence system  409  or a BMS. In some cases, a user interface  408  of a mobile application is configured to use information provided by a network configuration file to control a master controller, a network controller, a window controller, or other network components. 
     An example of a process of creating a network configuration file is shown in  FIG.  4 B . The first operation is to determine the physical layout of a site from building plans such as architectural drawings  401  so that the layout of a window network can be determined. Typically, architectural drawings  401  provide building dimensions, locations of electrical closets, and various other structural and architectural features. In some cases, such as when architectural drawings are not available, architectural drawings may be created by first surveying a site. Using architectural drawings, an individual or team designs the wiring infrastructure and power delivery system for the electrochromic window network. This infrastructure, which includes power distribution components, is depicted visually in modified architectural drawings that are sometimes referred to as interconnect drawings  402 . Interconnect drawings depict wire routing (e.g., trunk lines) at a site, the positioning of various devices on the network (e.g. controllers, power supplies, control panels, windows, and sensors), and identifying information of network components (e.g., a network ID). In some cases an interconnect drawing is not completed until the lite IDs (WIDs or other IDs) of installed optically switchable windows are matched to the devices installed locations. Inherently or explicitly, an interconnect drawing may also depict a hierarchical communications network including windows, window controllers, network controllers, and a master controller at a particular site. Typically, however, an interconnect drawing as initially rendered does not include network IDs for lites or other components on an optically switchable window network. 
     After an interconnect drawing is created, it is used to create a network configuration file  403  which may be a textual representation of the interconnect drawing. Network configuration files may then be provided in a medium that is readable by control logic and/or other interfacing system, which allows the window network to be controlled in its intended fashion. So long as the interconnect drawing and the network configuration file accurately reflect the installed network  404 , the process of creating a preliminary network configuration file is complete. However, commissioning may add other information to the file to link installed optically switchable windows are matched to corresponding window controller network IDs. If at any point it is determined that the interconnect drawing and network configuration file do not match the installed network  404 , manual user intervention may be required to update the interconnect drawing  402  with accurate lite ID (or other ID) information  411 . From the updated interconnect drawing the network configuration file  403  is then updated to reflect changes that have been made. 
       FIG.  5 A  provides one example of an interconnect drawing which is created from architectural drawing/floorplan of the building. Interconnect drawings include the placement of IGUs and window controllers  501 , control panels  502 , trunk lines  503 , wall interfaces  505 , and various other network components such as master controllers, network controllers, and sensors. Although not shown, interconnect drawings may include additional information such as structural information, structural dimensions, and information such as the network IDs of various network components depicted. 
     In some instances, an interconnect drawing is a package of drawings depicting many views of a structure. In some cases, an interconnect drawing package may include drawings that are similar but provide different information. For example, two drawings may depict the same floorplan, but one drawing may provide dimensional information while another provides network IDs of components on the network.  FIG.  5 B  provides another example of an interconnect drawing that depicts an elevation view of a structure from which the coordinates of IGUs  501  and other network components may be determined. In some cases, interconnect drawings provide information relating to power distribution networks for electrochromic devices such as has been described in in U.S. application Ser. No. 15/268,204, filed Sep. 16, 2016, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. 
     Modifications to interconnect drawings may be required in certain situations. For example, an installer can determine that a window opening is too small for the window prescribed by interconnect drawings and thus decide to install a smaller window. To correct for the change, the interconnect drawing may need to be updated. Regardless, a network configuration file or other structure storing mappings between optically switchable windows and associated controllers will need to be created or modified to reflect the current installation. With the correct mapping in place, the network will function properly. In some cases if a network configuration file is not representative of the physical network, then window tinting instructions may be sent to the wrong component, or communications may not be received at all. 
     When an interconnect drawing is revised, the corresponding network configuration file  403  will also need to be revised. In some cases, a network configuration file is not created until physical installation has been completed to ensure that any changes in an interconnect drawing are reflected in the network configuration file. In cases where the interconnect file is modified after the network file is created, care must be taken to ensure that the network configuration file is also updated to reflect changes. Failure to update an interconnect drawing or failure to update a network configuration file to reflect changes made to an interconnect drawing will result in a window network that does not respond to instructions as intended. Further, an interconnect file may be updated when commissioning takes place. To correct for changes made during installation that deviate from an interconnect drawing, optically switchable window information may be obtained from a file containing the lite ID  411  for a window. 
     When an interconnect drawing has been created, or when a drawing has been updated to account for a change in installation, a network configuration file is created or updated. The configuration file may be further updated when commissioning takes place. As with an interconnect drawing, the network configuration file, when initially rendered does not include network IDs for window controllers or other components on an optically switchable window network. 
     In certain embodiments, a network configuration file is a transcript of the interconnect drawings in a computer readable format that can be read, interpreted, and in some cases updated by control logic software. All of the network components (e.g., windows, window controllers, network controllers, and sensors) are represented by a network configuration file that contains information regarding how various devices on the network relate to each other in a hierarchical structure. 
     Typically a network configuration file is a textual description of the interconnect drawings. Network configuration files may have a flat file format with no structure for indexing and no structural relationship between records. Examples of flat files types include plain text files, comma-separated value files, and delimiter-separated value files. Typically a JavaScript object notation format (JSON), or other object notation format that uses human-readable text to transmit data objects consisting of attribute-value pairs, is used for a network configuration file. Of course, as mentioned, the information in a network configuration file can be stored in other formats and locations. 
     In one embodiment, a network configuration file takes a JSON format. In this embodiment, various devices and groupings of devices will are defined as JSON objects. For example, when defining a zone of windows as an object, comma-separated text will be used to encode what zone group the zone is a part of, what network controller or controllers the zone group reports to, and the master controller in charge of the network. The object additionally will provide what window controllers, windows, and any additional network components (e.g., a photo sensor or window antenna) are included in the zone. Usually network components are referenced in an object by at least a network ID. As explained, when initially generated from an interconnect drawing, a network configuration file is incomplete in the sense that it does not yet include network IDs for window controllers. 
     Network configuration files may be stored at various locations in the window network. For example, a network configuration file may be stored on memory attached to a master controller, a network controller, a remote wireless device, or in the cloud. In some embodiments a network configuration file is stored in one location from which all other devices on the network can access it. In another embodiment, network configuration files are stored locally on a plurality of devices on the window controller network; when a network configuration file is updated at one location, as when a new device is added to the network, the updated network configuration file is used to replace the out of date network files at other. 
     Using information from the network configuration file, control logic is able to send instructions to windows and other components on the network. Control logic passes instructions to a master controller  405 , which in turn transmits instructions to the appropriate network controller  406 . In a primary embodiment a network controller transmits instructions to the appropriate window controller  407  over, e.g., a BACnet communication protocol (building automation and control networks protocol, ISO16484-5). Window controllers, then apply electrical signals to control the tint state of optically switching windows based upon a window controller&#39;s CAN ID. 
     Control logic may be stored and/or used at various places on a window network. For example, in one embodiment control logic may be stored and used on a master controller. In other embodiments, software containing the control logic may be run on the cloud or on a remote device which sends instructions to a master controller. In some cases, a control logic may be at least partially implemented via a facility management application that be operated from an electronic device. 
     One purpose of control logic is to present controllable options to a user in the form of a graphical user interface  408  that enables a user to control one or more electrochromic windows, and other devices, on a window network. For example, a user may be presented with a list of lite IDs on the network from which the user may select and modify the tint state of a particular window. Alternatively, a user may send instructions to control a grouping of windows based upon a zone of windows that has been predetermined or selected by a user. 
     In some embodiments, control logic can additionally communicate with window control intelligence  409 , a BMS, a security system, etc. For example, a BMS may configure all windows to their tinted state in order to save cooling costs in the event of a power outage. 
     Automatic Location Determination 
     One aspect of the present disclosure allows for automated window location determination after installation. Window controllers, and in some instances windows configured with antennas and/or onboard controllers, may be configured with a transmitter to communicate via various forms of wireless electromagnetic transmission; e.g., time-varying electric, magnetic, or electromagnetic fields. Common wireless protocols used for electromagnetic communication include, but are not limited to, Bluetooth, BLE, Wi-Fi, RF, and ultra-wideband (UWB). The relative location between two or more devices may be determined from information relating to received transmissions at one or more antennas such as the received strength or power, time of arrival or phase, frequency, and angle of arrival of wirelessly transmitted signals. When determining a device&#39;s location from these metrics, a triangulation algorithm may be implemented that in some instances accounts for the physical layout of a building, e.g. walls and furniture. Ultimately, an accurate location of individual window network components can be obtained using such technologies. For example, the location of a window controller having a UWB micro-location chip can be easily determined to within 10 centimeters of its actual location. In some instances, the location of one or more windows may be determined using geo-positioning methods such as those described in PCT patent application Ser. No. 17/31,106, filed on May 4, 2017 titled “WINDOW ANTENNAS,” which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. As used herein, geo-positioning and geolocation may refer to any method in which the position or relative position of a window or device is determined in part by analysis of electromagnetic signals. 
     Pulse-based ultra-wideband (UWB) technology (ECMA-368 and ECMA-369) is a wireless technology for transmitting large amounts of data at low power (typically less than 0.5 mW) over short distances (up to 230 feet). A characteristic of a UWB signal is that it occupies at least 500 MHz of bandwidth spectrum or at least 20% of its center frequency. According to the UWB protocol, a component broadcasts digital signal pulses that are timed very precisely on a carrier signal across a number of frequency channels at the same time. Information is may be transmitted by modulating the timing or positioning of pulses. Alternatively, information may be transmitted by encoding the polarity of the pulse, its amplitude and/or by using orthogonal pulses. Aside from being a low power information transfer protocol, UWB technology may provide several advantages for indoor location applications over other wireless protocols. The broad range of the UWB spectrum comprises low frequencies having long wavelengths, which allows UWB signals to penetrate a variety of materials, including walls. The wide range of frequencies, including these low penetrating frequencies, decreases the chance of multipath propagation errors as some wavelengths will typically have a line-of-sight trajectory. Another advantage of pulse-based UWB communication is that pulses are typically very short (less than 60 cm for a 500 MHz-wide pulse, less than 23 cm for a 1.3 GHz-bandwidth pulse) reducing the chances that reflecting pulses will overlap with the original pulse. 
     The relative locations of window controllers having micro-location chips can be determined using the UWB protocol. For example, using micro-location chips, the relative position of each device may be determined to within an accuracy of 10 cm. In various embodiments, window controllers, and in some cases antennas disposed on or proximate windows or window controllers are configured to communicate via a micro-location chip. In some embodiments, a window controller may be equipped with a tag having a micro-location chip configured to broadcast omnidirectional signals. Receiving micro-location chips, also known as anchors, may be located at a variety of locations such as a wireless router, a network controller, or a window controller having a known location. By analyzing the time taken for a broadcast signal to reach the anchors within the transmittable distance of the tag, the location of the tag may be determined. In some cases, an installer may place temporary anchors within a building for the purpose of commissioning which are then removed after the commissioning process is complete. In some embodiments in which there are a plurality of optically switchable windows, window controllers may be equipped with micro-location chips that are configured to both send and receive UWB signals. By analysis of the received UWB signals at each window controller, the relative distance between each other window controller located within the transmission range limits may be determined. By aggregating this information, the relative locations between all the window controllers may be determined. When the location of at least one window controller is known, or if an anchor is also used, the actual location of each window controller or other network device having a micro-location chip may be determined. Such antennas may be employed in an auto-commissioning procedure as described below. However, it should be understood that the disclosure is not limited to UWB technology; any technology for automatically reporting high-resolution location information may be used. Frequently, such technology will employ and one or more antennas associated with the components to be automatically located. 
     As explained, interconnect drawings or other sources of architectural information often include location information for various window network components. For example, windows may have their physical location coordinates listed in x, y, and z dimensions, sometimes with very high accuracy; e.g., to within 1 centimeter. Similarly, files or documents derived from such drawings, such as network configuration files, may contain accurate physical locations of pertinent window network components. In certain embodiments, coordinates will correspond to one corner of a lite or IGU as installed in a structure. The choice of a particular corner or other feature for specifying in the interconnect drawing coordinates may be influenced by the placement of an antenna or other location aware component. For example, a window and/or paired window controller may have a micro-location chip placed near a first corner of an associated IGU (e.g., the lower left corner); in which case the interconnect drawing coordinates for the lite may be specified for the first corner. Similarly, in the case where an IGU has a window antenna, listed coordinates on an interconnect drawing may represent the location of the antenna on the surface of an IGU lite or a corner proximate the antenna. In some cases, coordinates may be obtained from architectural drawings and knowledge of the antenna placement on larger window components such as an IGU. In some embodiments, a window&#39;s orientation is also included interconnect drawing. 
     While this specification often refers to interconnect drawings as a source of accurate physical location information for windows, the disclosure is not limited to interconnect drawings. Any similarly accurate representation of component locations in a building or other structure having optically switchable windows may be used. This includes files derived from interconnect drawings (e.g., network configuration files) as well as files or drawings produced independently of interconnect drawings, e.g., via manual or automated measurements made during construction of a building. In some cases where coordinates cannot be determined from architectural drawings, e.g. the vertical position of a window controller on a wall, unknown coordinates can be determined by personnel responsible for installation and/or commissioning. Because architectural and interconnect drawings are widely used in building design and construction, they are used here for convenience, but again the disclosure is not limited to interconnect drawings as a source of physical location information. 
     In certain embodiments using interconnect drawings or similarly detailed representation of component locations and geo-positioning, commissioning logic pairs component locations, as specified by interconnect drawings, with the network IDs (or other information not available in interconnect drawings) of components such as window controllers for optically switchable windows. In some embodiments, this is done by comparing the measured relative distances between device locations provided by geo-positioning and the listed coordinates provided on an interconnect drawing. Since the location of network components may be determined with a high accuracy, e.g., better than about 10 cm, automatic commissioning may be performed easily in a manner that avoids the complications that may be introduced by manually commissioning windows. 
     The controller network IDs or other information paired with the physical location of a window (or other component) can come from various sources. In certain embodiments, a window controller&#39;s network ID is stored on a memory device attached to each window (e.g., a dock for the window controller or a pigtail), or may be downloaded from the cloud based upon a window serial number. One example of a controller&#39;s network ID is a CAN ID (an identifier used for communicating over a CAN bus). In addition to the controller&#39;s network ID, other stored window information may include the controller&#39;s ID (not its network ID), the window&#39;s lite ID (e.g. a serial number for the lite), window type, window dimensions, manufacturing date, bus bar length, zone membership, current firmware, and various other window details. Regardless of which information is stored, it may be accessed during the commissioning process. Once accessed, any or all portions of such information are linked to the physical location information obtained from the interconnect drawing, partially completed network configuration file, or other source. 
       FIG.  6    presents an example process flow for commissioning installed optically switchable windows. As depicted, a commissioning process  601  begins with a process operation  603  in which the commissioning system receives positions of each of the optically switchable windows from an architectural source such as an interconnect drawing or a configuration file derived therefrom. These windows may include all switchable windows present in a particular building or a portion of the building such as one floor of the building or a façade of the building. In certain embodiments, in addition to receiving the positions of the windows, the commissioning system also receives IDs associated with the windows, e.g., lite IDs or serial numbers, which may be included in the architectural source or in another source. As explained above, the location information obtained from an architectural source or similar source contains highly accurate three-dimensional positions of the windows. In certain embodiments, the locations received in operation  603  are accurate to within about 10 centimeters, or about 5 centimeters, or about 1 centimeter. 
     While operation  603  provides the highly accurate window positional information needed for commissioning, operations  605  and  607  provide information needed for uniquely identifying the window controller and/or the window(s) it controls. As depicted at process operation  605 , the commissioning system instructs the window controllers for the entire building or portion thereof to undertake a wireless process for determining the locations of the window controllers. As explained, such operation may employ UWB protocol communications or other wireless process that provides reasonably high accuracy location information about the window controllers or other window network component that is used for commissioning. As explained, UWB processing can often provide location information to within about 10 centimeters of the network component containing a micro location chip configured to implement the UWB protocol. In principle, any suitably accurate wireless or even non-wireless protocol can be employed to provide the needed locational information for associating network controllers or other components with the high accuracy positional information obtained for the optically switchable windows. In certain embodiments, any such procedure for locating window controllers will provide locational information for the network controller to an accuracy of at least about 20 centimeters or at least about 15 centimeters or at least about 10 centimeters. 
     In process operation  607 , the location information for the window controllers obtained in process operation  605  is associated with the unique information about the window controllers. Such information uniquely describes the window controller and, in some embodiments, a window or windows associated with such controller. Examples of such unique information include network IDs for the window controllers, physical (non-network) IDs for the window controllers, configuration parameters for the window controllers, the serial numbers of any windows to be controlled by the window controller, and various other parameters describing the windows to be controlled by the window controllers. The commissioning system produces a file or other collection of information that contains a rough positional location of the window controller—obtained through the wireless measurement procedure of operation  605 —and unique identifying information about the window controller. With this information, the commissioning system has all it needs to undertake the actual commissioning process. 
     In the depicted embodiment, the commissioning process loops over each of the windows in an installation or portion of the installation and commissions each one in succession. Of course, in some embodiments, the analysis or commissioning of the various windows may be conducted in parallel. In the embodiment depicted in  FIG.  6   , the individual windows are considered successively with current windows for commissioning being selected at a process operation  609 . With the current window selected for commissioning, the commissioning system identifies the window controller having a position—as determined wirelessly in operation  605 —that is nearest to the position of the current window, as determined from the architectural source at process operation  603 . See process operation  611 . Given the relative size of most windows and the accuracy of the wirelessly measured position of the window controllers, there is often little ambiguity in associating particular windows with their associated window controllers. Various techniques for determining distances between locations of windows and window controllers may be used. Some are described below. The techniques may consider windows in isolation or collectively. 
     After the commissioning system determines the closest window controller in operation  611 , the system associates the network ID and/or other unique information about the identified window controller (and/or its window(s)) with the current window and its location, as determined from the architectural source. See process operation  613 . 
     At this point, the current window has been effectively commissioned, so the commissioning system determines whether there are any more switchable windows to be commissioned. See decision operation  615 . If more such windows exist, process control returns to process operation  609 , where the commissioning system selects the next switchable window for commissioning. If, on the other hand, there are no more windows to be commissioned, process control is directed to a process operation  617  which finalizes the pairing of the windows and controllers and otherwise completes the commissioning process. 
       FIG.  7    depicts a process  700  involving commissioning logic  701  (part of a commissioning system) and a network configuration file  403 . As with process  400 , process  700  begins by gathering building information from architectural drawings  401 . Using the building information provided by architectural drawings, a designer or design team creates interconnect drawings  402  which include plans for a window network at a particular site. Once network components such as IGUs and window controllers are installed, the relative positions between devices can be measured by analysis of electromagnetic transmissions as has been described elsewhere herein. The measured positions and network ID information  702  is then passed to commissioning logic  701  which pairs the network ID (or other unique information) of a device with its place within a hierarchal network as depicted in the interconnect drawings  402 . The location of an associated window or other device, as taken or derived from the interconnect drawing, is also paired with the network ID or other unique information. The paired information is then stored in a network configuration file  403 . As long as no changes are made to the network or window installations, no changes are needed to the network configuration file. If, however, a change is made, for example an IGU is replaced with one having a different window controller, then commissioning logic  701  is used once to determine the change and update the network configuration file  403  accordingly. 
     As a teaching example, consider an interconnect drawing having window controllers located at three positions (each associated with the lower left corner of an associated window) along the wall of the building: a first position intended to have a first window controller at (0 ft, 0 ft, 0 ft), a second position intended to have a second window controller at (5 ft, 0 ft, 0 ft), and a third position intended to have a third window controller at (5 ft, 4 ft, 0 ft). When measuring coordinates of the three controllers, one of the controllers is set as a reference location (e.g. the controller personnel responsible for commissioning sets the controller in the first position as a reference point). From this reference point the coordinates of the other two windows are measured resulting in window coordinates of (5.1 ft, 0.2 ft, 0.1 ft) and (5.0 ft, 3.9 ft, −0.1 ft). Commissioning logic then easily perceives the window having coordinates (5.1 ft, 0.2 ft, 0.1 ft) to be in the second position and a window having coordinates (5.0 ft, 3.9 ft, −0.1 ft) to be in the third position. Information describing the physical and hierarchical position of each component from interconnect drawings is then paired with the network ID information (or other unique information) which may be transmitted to the commissioning logic over the network when the position of network components is determined. 
     Commissioning logic may incorporate a range of statistical methods to match physical device coordinates with coordinates listed on an interconnect drawing. In one embodiment, matching is performed by iterating through the various permutations of assigning a device to each of the possible interconnect locations and then observing how closely the location of other components, as determined using relative distance measurements, correspond to the locations of other network component locations as specified on the interconnect drawing. In some instances, network components are matched with coordinates listed on an interconnect drawing by selecting the permutation that minimizes the mean squared error of the distance of each component to the closest component location specified by the interconnect drawing. 
     This auto commissioning method may also useful if, for example, a new component is added to the network, an old component is removed from a network, or replaced on the network. In the case of a new component, the component may be recognized by the window network and its location may be determined by one of the previously described methods. Commissioning logic may then update the network configuration file to reflect the addition. Similarly, commissioning logic may update a network configuration file when a component is removed and no longer recognized by the window network. In cases where a component is replaced, commissioning logic may notice the absence of a component on the network and the presence of a new component reporting from the same coordinates of the missing component. Commissioning logic may conclude that a component has been replaced, and thus updates the network configuration file with the network ID of the new component. 
     In some embodiments commissioning logic may also generate the network topology portion of a network configuration file by a process  800  as depicted in  FIG.  8   . In this embodiment, window devices are installed at a site  801  and network components self-determine the hierarchical structure of the network by communicating with each other  802 . The hieratical structure of a network may be determined when each component self-reports to the network component above it reporting its network ID (or other ID) information as well the network ID (or other ID) information of any devices below it in the hierarchy. For example, an IGU may report to a WC, which may report to an NC, which may report to a MC. When this pattern in repeated for every component on the network, then the system hierarchy may be self-determined. In this case a network avoids network topology errors that may easily be introduced by deviations from an interconnect drawing that occur during installation. This self-determined structure is then passed to commissioning logic  701  which may use the measured positions  702  of devices to when creating a network configuration file  403 . 
     The instructions and logic for performing the steps shown in  FIG.  6    or in other commissioning procedures described herein may be deployed on any suitable processing apparatus including any controller on the window network with sufficient memory and processing capability. Examples include master controllers, network controllers, and even window controllers. In other embodiments, the commissioning system executes on a dedicated administrative processing machine that performs only commissioning or related administrative functions, but communicates with the associated window network. In some embodiments, the commissioning system resides outside the building having the windows to be commissioned. For example, the commissioning system may reside in a switchable window network remote monitoring site, console, or any ancillary system such as a building lighting system, a BMS, a building thermostat system (e.g., NEST (Nest Labs of Palo Alto, Calif.), or the like. Examples of such systems are described in PCT Patent Application Publication No. 2016/094445, filed Dec. 8, 2015 and PCT Patent Application Publication No. 2015/134789, filed Mar. 5, 2015, each incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. In certain embodiments, the commissioning system executes in a shared computational resource such as a leased server farm or the cloud. 
     Graphical User Interfaces for Controlling and Accessing Information about Switchable Windows 
     Another aspect of this disclosure relates to graphical user interfaces (GUIs) that allow a user to control one or more optically switchable windows from a remote device connected to a window network. Examples of applications that have used GUIs to facilitate user control of windows include Dynamic Glass™, available from View Inc., which is available for iOS and Android mobile device platforms. Other examples of the mobile applications for controlling optically switchable windows are described in PCT Patent Application Publication No. 2013/155,467, filed Apr. 12, 2013, entitled “Applications for Controlling Optically Switchable Windows,” by Dharia Shrivastava, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. 
     While applications that allow a user to control the optical state of electrochromic windows from a remote device exist, they often provide only a limited user experience.  FIG.  9    depicts an example of a prior user interface for a mobile device application. Applications such as this one can be cumbersome to navigate for a first time user, when the user finds themselves presented with a list of zone groups (in this case labeled “Groups”)  901  or zones from which the user can select which windows to send tinting commands to. For a user that has not memorized the names of the zone groups or specific zones at a particular site, this can be an unwieldy interface to navigate. Take for example,  FIG.  10   , which depicts the interior of a room  1000 , where the room has five windows  1001 - 1005  adjacent to each other. In  FIG.  10   , the room is viewed from the perspective of the stylized eye  1006 . Even if the windows are given a logical naming system, e.g. sequentially numbered such that 1001=“WC1”, 1002=“WC2”, etc., it may not be immediately clear to the user in which order the numbering begins. For example, the numbering may run left to right, or right to left, as seen by an observer. Further, the numbering could begin on the left most window  1001 , begin at the right most window  1005 , or begin at one of the interior windows  1002 - 1004 . This problem becomes significantly more complex when considering a large site such as a large office building which may contain hundreds of optically switching windows, often grouped into zones and sometimes subzones. 
     While a list-type interface presenting a sequential list of window controller names is sometimes workable, a more intuitive interface is one in which the windows are graphically depicted in the arrangement and/or orientation in which they actually occur. Further, the graphical depiction of a window may be a smart object. It has been found that a user experience is greatly improved when windows are presented to a user as smart objects that are graphically depicted as scaled images. 
     A “smart object,” as described herein, is a representation of one or more material items that can be manipulated by a user (e.g., by contact with a touch sensitive display) to gather and/or present information about the one or more physical devices the smart object represents. Examples of items that may be represented by a smart object include a window, a zone of windows, a building in which windows are installed, structures contacting or adjacent to windows, and window network components such as controllers, sensors, and wiring. In some embodiments, a smart object also provides a user interface for controlling the network component(s) represented by the object. In some embodiments, user interaction with a smart object triggers a change in window tint or a change in a schedule or algorithm for window tinting. User manipulation with smart objects as described herein may refer to any user action that may be detected and/or measured by the device running the GUI application. For example, smart objects may be manipulated by tactile interaction (e.g. touch or force), sound, motion (e.g. linear or angular accelerations), or a user&#39;s position within a site. In a one embodiment, smart objects of windows are depicted graphically as they would be seen by the user. In other words, the objects may mimic features of the actual windows they represent; e.g., the windows&#39; shapes and arrangements (with respect to the room, the building, or other windows). Smart objects may be associated with data in a data store (e.g., a database) or queries for such data. For example, user interaction with a smart object may trigger retrieval of data from a data store or storing data in a data store. 
       FIG.  11    depicts a GUI displaying smart objects that are presented to a user for the control of five adjacent windows  1001 - 1005  in room  1000  as shown in  FIG.  10   . In this example, windows  1001 - 1005  are represented, in the GUI, by smart objects  1101 - 1105  which can be easily understood by a user to represent the associated windows. To make smart objects more recognizable, additional features of the room  1000  such as walls and ceilings may also be depicted in a GUI&#39;s representation of a room  1100  shown by the GUI. In some cases additional features may be depicted in accordance with a wire-frame model of the room. In some implementations, such as when a mobile device running the GUI has a compass, an orienting feature  1106  will rotate in conjunction with the orientation of the mobile device, and in some cases smart objects themselves are moved and transformed on the GUI such that a user is presented with a similar orientation view to that which is perceived by a user. Using GUI embodiments such as the one shown in  FIG.  11   , a user may select a window by simply touching it, moving a cursor to it, clicking on it, or in some other way may selecting the smart object. In some cases, smart objects such as smart object  1104 , representing window  1004 , may change in appearance (e.g., becoming shaded, highlighted, enlarged, etc.) to indicate that it has been selected by the user, for example by touch or force. In some cases, selecting a smart object results in the GUI displaying information about the network component the smart object represents or displaying controllable options for a user. Examples of information that may be displayed include component type (e.g., an electrochromic window of a defined size, a sensor or controller of a particular type, etc.), an identification number or code (e.g., a CANID, LiteID, serial number, or IP address), manufacturing date, installation date, number of cycles (for windows), associated components (e.g., the window controller when the object is an electrochromic window), a zone and/or subzone to which a window belongs, and the like. 
     Creating zones in a GUI with smart objects may be an intuitive task. Continuing with the example of room  1000 , a user wishing to create a zone group of windows  1002 ,  1002 , and  1003  from a GUI that displays a list of zones may first have to decipher which zone labels correspond to which windows. Alternatively, using a GUI with smart objects the process of selecting the three leftmost windows ( 1001 - 1003 ) may be done though initiative user manipulation. For example, the left three windows ( 1001 - 1003 ) can be selected by tapping on  1101 - 1103  individually, or by swiping a finger over  1101 - 1103 . Before or after this step, the GUI receives user input requesting that the selected windows become part of a zone. By a similar process, windows may be removed from a zone. This zoning process will change a zoning property of the selected smart objects. An appropriate control system operating over the window network presents this change to a master controller or other entity responsible for maintaining zone information. 
     In the same way that commissioning may be automated with geo-positioning, window position information for a graphical user interface may be automatically generated with logic that links the positional coordinates and the network ID of each network component or combination of components (e.g., optically switchable window and associated window controller). In fact, the commissioning logic described above may be employed to provide the location and network ID for the GUI. 
     In certain embodiments, to generate a user interface, application logic responsible for rending the GUI for a building or other structure first takes inventory of all the devices on the network and identifies and/or produces corresponding smart objects that graphically represent the network components. In some cases taking inventory simply means accessing a network configuration file (or similar file containing window position and controller information), and in some cases taking inventory requires requesting information from various network components. Typically the smart objects in a GUI are represented by scaled images of the components they represent. In some cases this may require correlating a CAN ID or controller ID to a smart object that has been designed for a particular device type. In some interfaces, smart objects are used only for electrochromic windows, however, other applications may include smart objects for other devices, or group of devices, on the network. Using coordinate information, control logic then displays the identified smart objects in a way that represents their physical location. 
     As explained, in some embodiments the positions of network components to be displayed in the GUI are provided or determined through geo-positioning. In some embodiments, positional coordinates are provided from a network configuration file or from an interconnect drawing. In yet another embodiment, coordinate information is manually provided to GUI logic by an installer after inspecting an architectural drawing or after taking manual measurements at the site. 
     A generated user interface, where network components are represented by smart objects, may be saved in a computer readable file format. The GUI logic may be stored and executed at various locations on the window network and/or a user device for displaying the GUI. In one embodiment the GUI logic executes on a master controller. In some embodiments, a network configuration file containing window location information along with network IDs, lite IDs, etc. is passed to a remote device (e.g. a phone or tablet) having all or part of the GUI logic required to render and/or present the required graphical user interface. In other embodiments, GUI logic resides in the cloud and generates a file which can be downloaded to devices such as computers and phones running the graphical user interface. 
     While a GUI is often presented to a user on a remote device, files containing the information generated by GUI logic may be stored at a number of locations including but not limited to, a network controller, a master controller, a remote device, or the cloud. In some embodiments the information generated by GUI logic is stored in a network configuration file. In some cases the GUI logic is executed each time the application which presents the GUI is accessed by a user. Examples of devices on which the GUI may be displayed include smart phones, tablets, desktop computers, laptop computers, televisions, transparent displays located on optically switchable devices, etc. 
       FIG.  12    depicts an embodiment in which multiple floors and rooms may be shown in the same view (e.g., on a screen of a user device at one time). In some embodiments a space or demarcation  1205  is used to distinguish between windows located on one floor (e.g.  1203 ) from windows located on a different floor (e.g.,  1201  and  1202 ). In some embodiments, windows that are not typically viewed at the same time on a single screen, such as the windows depicted by smart objects  1201  and  1202 , have an enlarged space or demarcation  1204  between them that is used to distinguish groupings of windows. In embodiments where there are multiple IGUs on a particular floor, a GUI may provide options for panning the presented in view  1200  laterally through user manipulation, for example with a touch sensitive button  1206 . When a site contains many floors, a user may scroll through the floors with for example, a touch sensitive button  1207 . A finger swipe may serve the same purpose. 
     In some cases a GUI presents a 2D or 3D perspective of a building, room, or structure by making use of a wire-frame model. As used herein, a wire-frame model is a 3D model created from a series of lines which depicts the shape of the represented structure. Typically, lines appear at edges of continuous surfaces thus providing a visual outline that allows an observer to appreciate the structure that the model represents. In some cases lines may also correspond to features that would easily be distinguished by the human eye (e.g. a change in the coloring or material along a surface of a building). Wire-frame models used in a GUI may be generated from a variety of sources. In some cases, a wire-frame model of a particular site may be adapted from architectural drawings or design models of a building. In some cases, a wireframe model may be quickly created by a window network installer using CAD software such as Trimble Navigation&#39;s SketchUp™, Autodesk Revit, and the like. In some cases, a wire-frame model may be patterned or textured such that the model more closely resembles the structure it represents. In some cases, images may be patterned onto a wire-frame model to provide the model with a more realistic appearance. In some cases, a wire-frame model is created for the interior of a building using a 3D camera, such as Mattherport&#39;s Pro 3D Camera. 
       FIG.  13    depicts a process of creating a 2D wireframe of one exterior surface of a building. In this process a user first takes or selects a picture  1301  of the exterior of a building, e.g., a picture may be taken a cell phone or tablet. The picture is then processed by image-processing software that recognizes patterns in the image, corresponding to structural features of the building, and creates a wire-frame model  1302 . In this example, the wire-frame model has identified floor demarcations of the building  1303  and window locations  1304 . In some cases, an installer may have the ability to edit the wireframe model such that features such as an unwanted part of a building  1304  are not included in the wire-frame model. As shown in  FIG.  13    the wire-frame model may be overlaid on top of the picture  1304  used to create the model such that the wireframe model is more recognizable when presented in a GUI. The location of windows  1304  on a wire-frame model may be quickly paired to smart objects representing specific windows to locations on the wire-frame. In some cases, such as when geo-positioning methods are used, this is done automatically by the GUI logic. While the process describe depicts a process for creating a 2D wire-frame model, a 3D model may easily be created by taking additional pictures of a building from alternate perspectives. In some cases, the image processing  1305  is done directly through commercial software such as Revit made by AutoDesk, Inc. of San Rafael, Calif., and in some cases the image processing is done using software tailored for generating a GUI based upon a wireframe model. In some cases tailored software for image processing may be run from a smartphone or tablet allowing an installer to quickly create a wire-frame model immediately at the time of installation. 
       FIG.  14    depicts an embodiment in which a collection of smart objects (represented by sample smart objects  1401 ) representing optically switchable windows and/or associated IGUs may be used by GUI logic to create recognizable wire-frame models of buildings and other structures at which a window network is installed to further facilitate the selection and control of IGUs. A wireframe generated by GUI may be useful, for example when there is not already an available wireframe model for a building. In some cases, it is necessary to provide orientation information to GUI logic such that an accurate wireframe model is created. To appreciate the importance of orientation information one may consider an IGU in the north-east corner of a room. If the window is geo-located by its upper corner, it may be difficult to determine if a window is on the north side of the room, the east side of the room, or if the window is a skylight in the room. In some cases the orientation of an IGU may be provided by information from an interconnect drawing, a network configuration file, or from sensors such as inclinometers or a compasses associated with the IGU device. GUI logic is then used to create a depiction of all the IGUs, often resembling the structure of a building  1402 . In some cases, GUI logic creates a wire-frame or shell model  1403  of the building using the placement and orientation of smart objects  1401 . In some cases, the smart objects  1401  are overlaid on top of a wireframe  1403 , to create a more recognizable building structure  1404 . 
     The building-wide views presented in  FIG.  14    may also be useful to a user such as a building or network administrator, who has responsibility for all windows, to quickly select windows or a region of building where windows are located. By selecting a region or window from the full building view, the GUI may next depict a “zoomed in” view of the region selected. This “zoomed in” view may not show the entire building, but only the window or windows within the region selected. In some cases a “zoomed in” view may be shown from a different perspective than a full building view to show the selected region more clearly. 
       FIG.  15    depicts an embodiment in which smart objects  1501  representing IGUs are overlaid on a 3D model of a building  1502 . In cases where smart objects are overlaid on a 3D model of a building, such as a wire-frame model, a representation of the building is created that it is immediately recognizable to a person who has seen the building from the outside. Such embodiments may be particularly useful for a user such as a facilities manager who is interested in controlling many windows at a particular site. In some embodiments, smart objects may be shaded  1503  to indicate a current tint state. In certain embodiments, the 3D rendering of the building  1502  is a smart object as well, e.g. it may be manipulated by the end user by turning in along a z-axis so the end user can see smart objects on each face of the building. In another example, the end user touches on the building object  1502  (e.g., by touching at a location such as the roof or the space between windows) and information is displayed about the building such as, name and location of building, job number (for window supplier), number of building in this job site (e.g.  1  of  3  buildings in installation), number of windows in installation, square footage of windows for installation, square footage of windows on facade showing in GUI, zoning information for facade showing on GUI, etc. 
       FIG.  16    depicts a GUI embodiment showing the perspective from the interior of a room  1600 . In this example a photograph of a room&#39;s interior has been paired to a wire-frame model of the room  1601 , such that smart objects of optically switchable windows  1603  and  1604  appear as overlaid features on the on the windows they represent. In doing so a life-like user interface is provided to the user. While the wireframe model  1601  is depicted in  FIG.  16   , in some embodiments the wireframe itself may be hidden from view so as not to distract a user. In some cases such as when the interior of a building is modeled, for example using Matterport PRO Camera to create an immersive virtual space, a GUI may also include navigation features  1610 , such that one can move to a different perspective within the room or move to an adjacent room. In some cases the image depicted in the GUI may be a 3D rotatable image of the room, such as used in online real estate viewing applications. In some embodiments, the GUI may further include notifications to a user based upon the user&#39;s interaction within the GUI interface, e.g. an icon  1605  may appear to notify a user that they can change the tint status of the selected window. 
     In some embodiments a GUI perspective, such as the one depicted in  FIG.  16    may depict live picture or video or stream from the room  1600 . For example, a GUI interface may be updated from a security camera, e.g., a Nest Cam security camera, such that a user sees the appearance of a room in real time. This may be useful to a remote user, such as a facilities manager, to determine if the space is being used and how the lighting in the room appears. 
       FIG.  17    depicts a GUI embodiment in which GUI logic is used to overlay smart objects of optically switchable windows  1701 - 1702  onto a 2D floorplan of a building. In some cases a 2D floorplan is created architectural drawings and in some cases a floorplan is manually created by an installer. In some instances this perspective provides advantages over 3D perspectives, such as when there are many windows along one side of a building and it would be easier to select a window based upon a user&#39;s knowledge of the interior of a building. Using this perspective, smart objects may be easily selected by, for instance, by dragging out selection rectangle  1703  over the desired windows  1702  which are shown as colored indicating that they have been selected. 
     In some embodiments the software using the GUI also allows a user to create customized views. For example, a customized view may be created that only displays smart objects of devices that are controllable by a user, thus limiting a user&#39;s control. In some instances a customized view may only show smart objects that are within a specified proximity to a remote wireless device from which the GUI is presented to a user. In other embodiments a customized view may be created based upon IGU units that are most frequently used or IGUs that that have been selected by a user to be included in the customized view. For example, an office worker may have GUI/software configured to show only the windows of their office and a conference room where they frequently holds meetings. 
       FIG.  18    shows an example of a customized view  1502  of building in which only smart objects  1801  for optically switchable windows on the third story are displayed. The illustrative GUI shown  FIG.  18    may be relevant to, for example, tenants who have rented out selected rooms within a building. To avoid burdening the tenants with options that are not relevant to them and/or to prevent them from controlling windows in rooms not leased to them, the smart objects corresponding to other areas of the building have been removed. For example, the customized view may also remove one tenant&#39;s ability to control the tint state of windows belonging to a different tenant. 
     In some embodiments customized views may also be created by a user having a preference for a particular vantage point. For example one user may typically prefer an interior GUI perspective such as the one shown in  FIG.  11  or  13   , while another user, such as a facilities manager, may typically prefer an external perspective such as the GUI depicted in  FIG.  15   . 
     In some embodiments the perspective depicted by a GUI, and in some cases the perspective of a customized view, may be dependent upon the location of the remote device providing the GUI. For example, whether an interior perspective (such as  FIG.  11   ) or an exterior perspective (such as  FIG.  15   ) is provided to a user may be dependent on if the remote device running the GUI is determined to be within a room of a building outside a building. 
     Any of the previously disclosed GUI embodiments may also allow for a simplified access for retrieving window information. Oftentimes gathering window information may require steps that are perceived as being laborious to a user. For instance, if a user wishes to collect information regarding a particular window he or she might first have to locate the window on a interconnect drawing and collect a lite ID. Once a lite ID is determined, window information may then be retrieved by contacting a team of support engineers or by referring to a database comprising lite ID information. 
     Using one of the previously described embodiments a user may be able to collect window information directly from the application running the GUI. For example, after selecting a window a user may be able to select an option requesting window information. Upon requesting information through interaction with a GUI, for example by pressing a button, the GUI may display information including but not limited to a CAN ID, the physical window coordinates, the window dimensions, the current tint level, the manufacturing date, the manufacturing facility, the health of the window when it left the factory, and the number of tint cycles that the window has undergone. 
     In some embodiments, a user may be presented with an option to contact a support team to diagnose a problem. In some cases, window information may be included with the communication to the support team. In some embodiments, a user may be presented with an opportunity to describe a perceived problem through text. In some embodiments a user may attach images depicting a perceived problem, for example, a user may attach a photograph captured on the remote device. In some cases, additional information collected on a window controller or other network components, such as the leakage current or usage history of an IGU, may also be sent to a support team to help identify a problem. In one embodiment, the end user is presented with the option of alerting a support service using one of the aforementioned smart objects, e.g., a window smart object. For example, when the smart object is touched on the screen, a menu appears that includes a selection indicating a problem with the window. When the user selects this choice, another menu (e.g. a pull-down menu) appears to allow the user to send an alert or another message to the support service. The problem may or may not be already known to the support service, e.g. a tinting problem may be known to the support service due to I/V data collected by the service, or e.g., the end user may see a problem not known to the support service, such as a compromised seal allowing moisture into an IGU (though this may be indicated by I/V data to the support service if the electrochromic device inside the IGU is not otherwise hermetically sealed). 
     System for Viewing Optically Switchable Windows 
     In certain embodiments, a software tool (also referred to as a facility management application) provides a three-dimensional, user-recognizable, graphical user interface for interacting with optically switchable windows in a building or group of buildings. In some implementations, the tool includes a user mode that allows a user to control or receive information about windows and a configuration mode that allows a user to design, set up, and/or configure how the software operates in the user mode of operation. The facility management application is described using these two modes, however, it should be understood the features described as being in the user mode may also be present in the configuration mode and vice versa. Further, separate tools or modules, rather than a single application, may be used to implement the two modes. The graphical user interface of the facility management application may be displayed on variety of electronic devices such as a computer, phone, or tablet. In some cases, the graphical user interface may be displayed on an administrator console and in some cases, the graphical user interface may be displayed on a transparent display located on the surface of an optically switchable window. Examples of transparent display technologies that may be incorporated with optically switchable windows are described in U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/523,606, filed Jun. 22, 2017, and titled “ELECTROCHROMIC WINDOWS WITH TRANSPARENT DISPLAY TECHNOLOGY,” which is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety. 
     The tool provides a graphical user interface that uses 3D building models that may have already been created for another purpose, eliminating or reducing costs of creating a building model solely for the purpose of the software tool. For many modern buildings in which a window network is installed, an accurate and detailed 3D building model already exists. Such models are used by architects and engineers when designing new buildings, and such models may be meticulously updated when a building is retrofitted. By using such a 3D building model, a tool may generate a powerful and intuitive graphical user interface that allows a user to view detailed information about windows on a window network, and may allow the user to control switching of such windows. 
     A 3D building model uses mathematical representations that reflect the three-dimensional geometry of a building. The model may be implemented as a file that contains parameters that, when interpreted by appropriate software, can provide details about the building&#39;s features and its geometric properties (e.g., dimensions, surfaces, and volumes defined by one or more surfaces). Features of a building (e.g., any structural component or any component placed within a building such as furniture) are represented by one or more surfaces. For example, a window may be represented by a single surface representing one or more window panes. In a more detailed or accurate model, a window may be represented as a plurality of surfaces which define all or most exterior surfaces of the window including the window frame. In some cases, a feature may be an accurate computer-aided design model for a part or particular feature that was used for the design or manufacture of that feature. Details of a feature in a building model may include details such as an exact location of a its one or more defining surfaces, dimensions of the defining surface(s), the manufacturing information of the feature/component, history information of the feature/component, etc. as explained below. 
     A viewer module may read the building model file to generate a three-dimensional visualization of the building which may be depicted on a screen of an electronic device. The three-dimensional visualization is rendered from a plurality of surfaces of the various building features, each of which is defined by one or more polygon shapes. The surfaces correspond to the features or physical aspects that make up a building. For example, a beam or a framing structure may each be represented by one or more surfaces within the building model. The resolution of the surfaces may be very high; sometimes the dimensions reflected in a model may be within a few centimeters of the actual building structure. In some cases, surfaces, when rendered, are colored or textured to more accurately reflect the visual appearance of a building. Within the building model, surfaces are identified with an identifier such as a node ID, although such IDs need not be displayed with the viewer. In some cases, wireframe models or shell models that are described elsewhere herein may be compatible with the software tool or application. 
     Building models are typically generated during the design phase of a building and may be provided by the building owner or a vendor of the owner who is responsible for design and construction of the building. In many cases, 3D building models are generated using computer-aided design software such as Autodesk Revit or another similar software design package. In some cases, a building model is created only after the construction of the building, in which case it can take advantage of a locating detecting system such as Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR). For example, a building model may be generated using a LiDAR camera, such as the Matterport 3D camera. In some embodiments, a 3D model of the building space(s) may be generated using an omnidirectional beacon that sends, e.g., RF waves, and then receives input from energy reflected back, or transmitted back from one or more devices that receive the RF waves (reflected or directly), to one or more receivers. One such system that has this capability is the Ossia™ wireless powering system as described in U.S. Patent Application serial number U.S. Ser. No. 14/945,741, filed Nov. 19, 2015, and published as US20160299210A1, titled “Techniques for Imaging Wireless Power Delivery Environments and Tracking Objects Therein” which is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety. In certain embodiments, EC windows are configured to receive and/or transmit wireless power. When used in conjunction with such wireless power capabilities, the EC system can auto-commission as described herein, where the building or space map is generated by the EC window system/window network using its wireless power transmission subsystem. 
     Three-dimensional (3D) models often contain various building information that may be relevant to an engineer, architect, or a facility manager. A building model file may contain metadata corresponding to building features and how those features interact with one another. As an illustrative example, consider a pipe used to deliver natural gas within a building. Metadata within the file may include information linked to a representation of the pipe (which may be displayed using one or more surfaces) that includes information such as the model, manufacturer, date of installation, installing contractor, material, dimensions, and fitting type of the pipe. As another example, all or a portion of an I-beam in a building may be represented as a surface, and such surface may contain information about the location of the I-beam, its structural materials, its vendor, etc. 
     In yet another example, surfaces or features of a building model may be indexed within a model file using tags or keywords. These tags may be included in the name associated with the surface/feature, or in the corresponding metadata. A surface or feature may have tags that link the surface/feature to various categories. Categories may be based on, e.g., feature type, feature model, size, location, or any other relevant parameter. The facility management application may then, in some cases, identify features corresponding to a certain tag. The facility management application may also be used to search features within the building model. For example, a user may identify all the overhanging features on the west facing, 3 rd  floor of a building if a user enters the following search: [feature type: window overhang], [floor: third], [direction: west]. In some cases, these tags may be automatically added to the feature/surface during a building design by the software used to generate the building model. In some cases, such as when a feature is added to a building model from a library of features, the feature may be imported into the building model already having appropriate tags. When a building is changed by addition, replacement, etc., the building model may be updated to reflect the changes. For example, if a building is retrofitted, features may be added or removed from the building model. In some cases, the representation of surfaces in a building model remains unchanged, but the metadata information about affected surfaces is updated. For example, metadata for a structural component may be updated to indicate the date which the component was last inspected for safety. 
     In some cases, the building model is generated with a window network in mind. For example, components of a window network (e.g., IGUs, network controllers, and window controllers) are added to a building model when the model is first created, or at a later time. When such components are added to the model, each of them is defined as one or more features and/or one or surfaces. In some cases, components of the window network are added from a library of window network components in which the components are represented by their dimensions, appearance, etc. all in the form of corresponding metadata that can be included in the building model. 
     In some cases, the building model is provided in the form of a very complex file that includes information that is not essential to generating a graphical user interface for optically switchable windows. For example, the building model may include nonessential information such as an editing history of the building model, or metadata information relating to components that do not interface with a window network. Such information may be removed before the model is used to generate or render features of a graphical user interface. In some cases, files may have an “.RVT” file type or another proprietary file type that is generated using a computer-aided design software packages such as Autodesk Revit. In some cases, building model may undergo a post-production process that makes the model suitable for use by the facility management application. In some cases, the building model may be exported and saved in a simplified format in which the nonessential information is removed from the file. In some cases, the building model may be saved in an open source format that may be easily accessed via a plurality of electronic device types and/or across various operating systems. For instance, in some cases, a building model may be saved in a format that may be accessed by a viewer module that is compatible with or integrated within a web browser. 
       FIG.  19    provides a block diagram showing the structure of the facility management application  1900  (an example of the tool mentioned above). The application is configured to receive a 3D building model  1902 , or at least information from the model, and interpret the building model with a viewer module  1910 . The application is also configured to receive window information  1924  from a source of information about the window network (e.g., a master controller  1920  or another component on the window network). Such information may include network IDs (e.g., CAN IDs) and/or other information uniquely identifying individual windows on the window network. Still further, the application is configured to receive a network configuration file  1930  that contains information linking window network entities (e.g., optically switchable windows) to node IDs on a building model. The application may also be configured to receive smart objects for optically switchable windows handled by the application (or at least receive sufficient information to produce smart objects for such windows). The application may be configured to receive these various pieces of information by one or more application programming interfaces or other appropriate software interfaces. 
     The viewer module interprets the building model (or information from such model) in a manner allowing building windows to be displayed as smart objects that are in agreement with received window information on a graphical user interface (e.g., on a computer, a phone, a tablet, a transparent display associated with an optically switchable window, or another electronic device). 
     The depicted facility management application is also configured to receive user input  1904  which may be used to update the network configuration file  1930  and/or provide control instructions  1922  for controlling optically switchable windows on the window network. In certain embodiments, the application is configured to receive user input for any purpose described herein via a touch screen, a voice command interface, and/or other features a device operating the application can have for receiving user commands. Examples of voice-command interfaces that may be used in conjunction with a network of optically switchable windows are described in PCT Patent Application PCT/US17/29476, filed on May 25, 2017, and titled “CONTROLLING OPTICALLY-SWITCHABLE DEVICES,” which is herein incorporated in its entirety. The various features of the software tool will now be described in greater detail. 
     In addition to being accessed via one or more controllers on a window network, network configuration file  1930  may be accessed by a facility management application. As previously discussed, a network configuration file may contain various network information that is used by control logic to send information on the widow network and/or operate the optically switchable devices. When accessed by the facility management application, the network configuration file may also link or map features and/or surfaces of a building model to aspects of the window network. For example, node IDs from the building model may be linked to specific IGUs, zones, zone groups, window coordinates, Window IDs, and network IDs (e.g., CAN IDs or BACnet IDs). In some cases, the network configuration file has a database structure that is updated during a commissioning process or while utilizing a mapping function of the application. In some cases, a network configuration file  1930  used by the facility management application is the same file, or a copy of the same file, that is accessed by a master controller. In some cases, a network configuration file used by the facility management application may store different information than a network configuration file that provides information to a master controller. For example, in some cases, a network configuration file that is used by the application only pairs a node ID on from the building model with a window ID. In such cases, network configuration file that is accessed by a master controller contain additional information such as mappings between a window ID and a network ID, such as a CAN ID, or a BACnet ID, that is used to send communications to a network controller or a window controller. 
     In some cases, the building model and/or the network configuration file is stored on a device that is used to run the facility management application. In some cases, there are multiple instances of the building model and/or the network configuration file on many devices, each of which is configured to run the facility management application. In some cases, the building model and/or the network configuration file are stored at a location external to the device running the facility management software; e.g., in the cloud, on a remote server, or at a controller within the window network. 
     Included in or accessed by the facility management application is a viewer module  1910 . The viewer module is a software module that reads the 3D building model (or portions thereof) and provides a visual rendering of the model on a device running or accessing the facility management application (e.g., a phone, tablet, or laptop). In some cases, a viewer module is licensed software used to a proprietary file type, and in some cases, a viewer may be open source software. 
     The facility management application also has a mapping function that allows users who have permissions to configure a graphical user interface. The mapping function associates the node IDs of surfaces and/or features in a building model to IGU&#39;s, zones, zone groups, and other window network components. In some cases, the mapping function may also pair a node ID with a corresponding smart object. The mapping function may access information related to the window network from the network configuration file. The mapping function may also save relationships made or identified via user input to the network configuration file. 
     In some cases, the viewer module or associated user interface is configured to display a smart object in place of a surface and/or feature within the graphical user interface. In some cases, a feature may be transformed into a smart object by automatically or manually associating the feature with an ID, data, or a script. Alternatively, the viewer module or user interface is configured to overlay a smart object on top of the corresponding surface or feature that is displayed in the graphical user interface—for example; a smart object may provide a highlighted border around a surface indicating that the surface corresponds to a selectable smart object. In some cases, smart objects may modify the appearance of a 3D model to indicate information provided by window network (e.g., a tint state of an IGU or indoor/outdoor temperatures). 
     The facility management application optionally includes a controlling function through which a user may control one or more optically switchable windows. For example, the application may send instructions to a master controller (or other window network entity having control functionality) to set a tint state for a particular IGU or zone of IGUs. In some cases, the controlling function may act as the control logic (see, e.g.,  404  in  FIG.  4 A ), and in other cases, the controlling function may relay control instructions to control logic located elsewhere on the window network, e.g., at a master controller. In some cases, the application is used to define or carry out scheduling routines or rules based on user permissions. In some cases, the application is used to control other functions provided by the window network. For example, if IGUs on the window network are configured with window antennas, the facility management application may be used to configure permissions of a wireless network implemented using the window antennas. 
     The facility management application may receive user input  1904  from a variety of electronic devices such as phones, tablets, and computers. In some cases, a graphical user interface is displayed on a transparent display located on the surface of an optically switchable window, and user input is received by user interaction with the transparent display. For example, a transparent display may be located on S1-S4 of an IGU and may partially or fully extend across the viable portion of the lite. In some cases, a window may also include an on-glass transparent window controller that controls a displayed GUI and/or operates the electrochromic window. In some cases, a transparent display for a GUI interface may also be used for other functions such as displaying the date, time, or weather. In some cases, the application is configured to receive user input audibly from voice-controlled speaker devices such as a device using Apple&#39;s Siri platform, Amazon&#39;s Alexa platform, or the Google Assistant platform. In some cases, the facility management application is a web-based application that is accessed via electronic devices having internet connectivity wherein the user has appropriate permissions. For example, in some cases, a user is granted access to the application only if the user has credentials to log into the web-based application and/or if the device is determined to be within a close distance of the window network. In some cases, the facility management application may include a copy of the building model file and/or the network configuration file. For example, the building model file, and network configuration file, and the facility management application may be packaged into a program that can be saved or installed on an electronic device to improve the operating performance of the application and, in some cases, allow for the use of the application even if internet connectivity is lost. In some situations, when the executable application is saved on the device, associated components or files may be accessed from a remote location. For example, the building model and/or the network configuration file may be stored remotely and retrieved in whole or part to execute functions of the application only when necessary. In some cases, e.g., where there are multiple instances of a program on various devices, changes to the program made by a while operating the application in a configuration mode may be pushed to copies of the program running located on other devices using, e.g., the cloud. 
     When operating the facility management application in a configuration mode, a user having permissions (e.g., a facilities manager) may set up and configure how the application functions for later use in a user mode.  FIG.  20    provides an illustrative example of a graphical user interface that may be displayed when the facility management application is operated in the configuration mode. A facilities manager may open up the facility management application in a window  2002  such as a web browser where the building model is displayed. The manager may locate features or surfaces the building model that correspond to a component on the window network, such as surface  2006  which corresponds to an electrochromic IGU. When a surface or feature is selected, the manager may then be presented with a pop-up window  2008  or another interface from which the manager may identify or map the selected surfaces and/or features to components on the window network. For example, in some cases, a manager can select what device a surface and/or feature corresponds to from a list of network components that are provided by the application (e.g., the application may receive a list of network components from the network configuration file). In some cases, a manager may identify the surfaces and/or features corresponding to components of the window network, after which, logic provided in the application may be used to automatically link the network ID of components on the window network to the corresponding identified surfaces and/or features. For example, using methods previously discussed with relation to automatic commissioning using geo-location, logic may be used to map a node ID within a building model to a network IDs of a corresponding IGU or other component by comparing determined positions of window network components to the positions of the identified surfaces and/or features within the building model. In some cases, a process automatically identifies surfaces and/or features in the building model that correspond to windows or other components of the window network. In some cases, commissioning logic may be operated from the facility management application such that the window network may be commissioned using the configuration mode. 
     After surfaces and/or features in the building model have been manually or automatically paired via a node ID to a component on the window network (e.g., via a network ID), smart objects are selected or generated. Ultimately, these are made available for display and selection in the user mode of operation. The smart objects are linked to the node IDs of the building model and may be displayed in various formats as described elsewhere herein. For example, a smart object may be displayed instead of a surface in the building model, or a smart object may be configured to be activated (e.g., to present a list of controllable features) when one or more surfaces are selected in the building model. In some cases, a smart object is generated by the application such that the size, dimensions, and placement of the smart object within the building model correspond with surface(s) and/or features of the building model that have been paired with a component of the window network. In some cases, the application receives information from metadata in the building model or a network configuration file that is used to create a smart object. The features available on a smart object that is generated may depend on an ID (e.g., a window ID or a network ID) of the component the smart object is associated with. For example, if a smart object is paired to an optically switchable window, the smart object may have features that display the current tint state and or allow a user to adjust the tint state. If the electrochromic window has associated sensors (e.g., an interior light sensor, exterior light sensor, interior temperature sensor, exterior temperature, or occupancy sensor), then the smart object may also be configured to display the sensed information and/or options to control the tint state of the optically switchable window to help regulate the sensed information. In some cases, smart objects are selected from a library of smart objects (e.g., a library stored within the application or downloaded from a remote server) where the library of smart objects includes various components which may be installed on the window network. In some cases, smart objects are displayed on the building model within the configuration mode where they may be selected for further editing. 
     Referring again to  FIG.  20   , a facility manager may then organize how the window network is configured. For example, using a dialog box such as  2008 , the facility manager may configure a particular IGU as belonging to a specific zone or zone group of IGUs. As an example, after selecting a surface and/or feature in the building model, the application may display a list of zones to which the window may be added to, or present the user with an option of creating a new zone. In some cases, the configuration mode of operation may be used to create customized views that may be displayed in the user mode. For example, using navigation controls  2004  that are available within the configuration mode, a user may select a vantage point or perspective that will be displayed in the user mode. 
     Using the configuration mode, a building manager may define tint schedules for the optically switchable windows and/or rules for regulating lighting and/or temperature within the building. A manager may additionally set permissions for other users. For example, a tenant of a large building may be given control only over the optically switchable windows in his or her rented space. In some cases, a facility manager may grant other users and/or devices access to the configuration mode of the application so that they may establish their own rules and/or create their own customized views. In some cases, rules or other changes that users may make are limited so that they do not violate rules established by a facility manager or a user of an administrative account. 
     When operated in the user mode, a graphical user interface that depicts the structure of the building is presented where the interface has smart objects which may be used to control optically switchable windows on the weather network. Certain non-limiting examples of interfaces that may be presented in the user mode of operation are presented in and described with relation to  FIGS.  12 , and  15 - 18   . When in the user mode of the application, the viewer module may display the building model, or some features of it, or a derived rendition of it. Regardless, the displayed representation shows optically switchable windows that a user may select for purposes such as determining information about the window (e.g., current tint state, manufacturer, size, etc.) and control of the window&#39;s tint state. As explained, the windows may be displayed as smart objects. In some cases, the view initially presented in a user mode may depend on the user and/or the device. For example, because a facility manager may be located remotely or may be responsible for optically switchable windows in multiple buildings, a facility manager may initially be presented with a map of the various locations for which the manager has administrative permission. For example, using the Google Maps API, the building administrator may initially be presented with a map having various buildings identified thereon. The building administrator may then select a building of interest to display the corresponding building model. In some cases, the view presented on a user interface depends on the position of the device from which the application is accessed. For example, mobile devices may be located by geolocation methods as described elsewhere herein, and a user may be presented with a perspective of a room which they are located. In cases where the device running the facility management application has a camera, the application may be configured to allow the user to take a picture capturing one or more windows and/or building features, in which case the application recognizes where the device is located or oriented from the picture and presents a corresponding view or perspective within the GUI. In some cases, a window may have an ID (e.g., an irregular pattern near the edge of the window or located on the window frame) that not visually distracting but may be easily recognized by an imaging analysis module within the facility management application. In some cases, an imaging analysis module may compare features captured in an image to the geometry of a building model to determine the position of a device running the application. 
     When in the user mode of the application, all the optically switchable windows or a subset of the windows may be displayed as smart objects, with the list of such windows determined based on the user&#39;s permissions. In certain embodiments, the user interface is configured to allow a user to select particular devices on a window network that he or she wishes to control by touching or otherwise selecting one or more smart objects. After selecting a smart object corresponding to an IGU, for example, the application may present the user with options for controlling the tint state of the IGU, or of all the IGUs in a zone or zone group to which the IGU belongs. After selecting a smart object that is paired with one or more IGUs, the user may additionally be presented with options for control of the optically switchable windows. For example, the application may provide the user with an option where IGUs are tinted automatically to reduce energy consumption by an HVAC system, or the application may provide the user with an opportunity to set up rules that control the tint states of optically switchable windows. For instance, the application may present the user with an option to establish rules based on the time of day, or the user&#39;s location within the building. 
     In some cases, the user mode (or the configuration mode) is configured to present navigation features for navigating the building model that are akin to those used commonly used in video games or CAD tools. For example, keys on a keyboard or buttons on a screen may be used to navigate a building model and change the perspective of the view that is presented. In some cases, navigation features provide six degrees of freedom which may be used to navigate the building model. For instance, a user may translate the vantage point along three perpendicular axes that move with the vantage point corresponding to moving forward/backward (surge), moving up/down (heave), and moving left/right (sway). In some cases, a user may also rotate the vantage point about the three perpendicular axes, where the rotations a referred to in terms of yaw (normal axis), pitch (lateral axis), and roll (longitudinal axis). In some cases, the vantage point may be rotated around an axis that does not pass through the vantage point. For example, by pressing a button the key, an exterior view of a building (e.g., as depicted in  FIG.  15   ) may be rotated around a vertical axis passing through the center of the building. 
     When in the user mode of the facility management application, selecting a smart object that represents a particular IGU may result in a selection of an entire zone of IGUs to which the IGU belongs, such adjustments made by the user are applied to all of the IGUs in the zone. In some cases, a user may narrow a selection from a zone of IGUs to a single IGU by selecting an IGU within an already selected zone of IGUs. In some cases, surfaces and/or features of the building model may only be selected in the user mode if they have been replaced or overlaid with a smart object. In some cases, a graphical user interface includes a toggle switch or another similar selection feature to alternate between the configuration mode and user mode. In some cases, the user mode appears to be visually similar to the configuration mode, except that certain features (e.g., the ability to add smart objects) have been removed. 
     Using the configuration mode and/or the user mode, the facility management application may be used for a variety of functions. For example, the application may be used for configuring and/or commissioning a window network. The application may also be used to control the optical tint state of optically switchable windows (either individually or as zones). The application may also be used to configure tint state schedules or tinting preferences for particular users. 
     In some cases, the facility management application may determine intelligence parameters from the building model that are used by “intelligence” algorithms run by control logic to prevent certain portions of a building from receiving direct sunlight. For example, a user may define a region within the building model that corresponds to the physical space (e.g., the space corresponding to an occupancy region such as a desk or workstation) where direct sunlight is not wanted within the building. Control logic (operating on, e.g., a master controller, the cloud, or a device running the facility management application) may then establish a rule that considersintelligence parameters such as the geometric layout of the building such as overhangs and other opaque structures near a window and the position of the sun to establish a rule in which windows are tinted when sunlight would otherwise pass through unhindered and onto a glare-free region where direct sunlight is not wanted. Generally, intelligence parameters are any information about a building, its surrounding, or the environment that affects direct sunlight or solar radiation entering one or more tintable windows of the building. Intelligence algorithms may determine window tint states based parameters including solar position, window orientation (and other window intelligence parameters discussed herein), background solar radiation, cloud cover, etc. Examples of intelligence algorithms are further discussed in US Published Patent Application No. 2017/0075183, filed May 7, 2015, and titled “CONTROL METHOD FOR TINTABLE WINDOWS,” and PCT Patent Application No. PCT/US16/55005, filed Apr. 6, 2017, and titled “METHODS OF CONTROLLING MULTI-ZONE TINTABLE WINDOWS,” which are both incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. 
     Some of the window parameters that are used by intelligence algorithms are now discussed with reference to the examples depicted in  FIGS.  21 A-C . Generally, the parameters/dimensions used by intelligence are only a small subset of the building dimensions present in a building model. These parameters may be stored in a file or database located at, e.g., a network controller, a master controller, or in the cloud to be used by control logic. In some cases, these parameters may be stored in a network configuration file. 
       FIG.  21 A  depicts a window  2105  on the outer wall of building  2110 . Some of the basic measurements include the height of the window (A), the width of the window (B), and the window sill height from the floor of the room (C). The window azimuth (D) is the angle measured clockwise from the northern axis to the surface normal, and the window tilt (E) is the angle measured from the vertical axis to the surface normal. 
       FIG.  21 B  depicts how intelligence parameters pertaining to an overhang  2115  above window  2105  on wall  2110 . Using these parameters, the control logic may determine when the overhang obscures sunlight from passing through the window  2105 . The height above the top of the window for the overhang is dimensioned as (A). The tilt angle from the window is dimensioned as (B). Dimension (B) is generally about 90 degrees for most overhangs. The left extension (C) and the right extension (D) from the window are the distances between the edge of the window to the start of the overhang. Lastly, the depth (E), is a measurement of how much the overhang projects from wall  2110 . 
       FIG.  21 C  depicts how intelligence parameters may be measured for left and right fin structures ( 2120  and  2125 ) that are placed near window  2105 . The left fin  2120  is characterized by dimensions (A), (B), (C), (D), and (E), while the right fin  2125  is characterized by dimensions (F), (G), (H), (I), and (J). The left and right fin extensions, (A) and (F), are the horizontal distances from the edge of the window to the plane of the respective fin. Measurements (B) and (G) are the vertical distances between the top of the window and the top of the respective fin; sometimes these measurements are referred to the fin distance above the top of the window. Measurements (C) and (H) are the vertical distances between the bottom of the window and the bottom of the respective fin; sometimes these measurements are referred to the fin distance below the bottom of the window. Measurements (D) and (I) define the fin tilt angles from the window. Generally, these measurement is about 90 degrees. Lastly, measurements (E) and (J) define the fin depth, which is the distance each fin projects from wall  2110 . 
       FIG.  22    depicts coordinates of a desk as an illustration of how intelligence may account for an occupancy region within a room. Intelligence may account for horizontal (X and Y) and vertical (Z, not depicted) distances of the occupancy region from a reference point (in this case the corner of the depicted optically switchable window), so that the tinting of the window is controlled to prevent direct sunlight on the occupancy region. In this example, if the sun&#39;s azimuth is outside the illustrated critical angles, Z1 and Z2, then the sun&#39;s glare is shining on an occupancy region defined by an occupant sitting at the desk. Intelligence logic may use the position of the sun in the sky and to determine when the sun&#39;s azimuth is outside the critical angels and tint the window accordingly. 
       FIG.  23    provides an example of how intelligence parameters may be used to control a multi-zone tintable window  2300  with five tinting zones. The multi-zone tintable window  2300  is located in the external vertical wall of a room  2350 , between the inside and outside of a building. The multi-zone tintable window  2300  comprises a first tinting zone  2302  at the top of the window  2300  and four other tinting zones  2304 ,  2306 ,  2308 , and  2310  below the first tinting zone  2302 . In the depicted example, the sun is at a high position in the sky. The tinting zones are controlled such that the first tinting zone  2302  is in a first tint state, the lightest tint state (e.g., bleached or clear state), and the other tinting zones  2304 ,  2306 ,  2308 , and  2310  are in a second tint state that is darker than the first tint state. With the illustrated tinting control configuration, the first tinting zone  2302  allows natural light from the sun at a high altitude to enter the room while preventing glare from direct sunlight projecting onto the occupancy region with the desk and the occupant. Instead, the direct sunlight through the first tinting zone  2302  projects (depicted by arrows) glare onto an unoccupied region of the room. Although five zones are used in this illustrated example, one can appreciate how room configurations having a different number of windows and/or tinting zones may be controlled by intelligence to control lighting conditions within a building. 
     One of skill in the art can easily appreciate from the above discussion how the building structure, the positioning of windows, the location of occupancy regions, and other parameters such as the weather can be used to determine when a window should be tinted to reduce a glaring effect of direct sunlight at an occupancy region. Often, intelligence algorithms are based off some, or all, or the parameters identified in  FIGS.  21 A- 21 C  and the position of an occupancy region within a room as depicted in  FIG.  22   . To acquire intelligence parameters, these measurements may be taken manually by an installer or copied from an architectural drawing, both of which can be time-consuming and costly. Using the facility management application, the process of identifying parameters may be automated or at least partially automated. 
     In some embodiments, an installer may use the facility management application to assist in a manual process of identifying window parameters—such as when measurements are manually taken or copied from an architectural drawing. In some cases, an installer determines what parameters are needed for intelligence algorithms by performing a visual inspection of the building or by consulting architectural drawings. Using the facility management application, an installer can more easily locate where intelligence parameters need to be recorded by quickly navigating the building model and viewing the model from one or a variety of perspectives. For example, an installer may view the building model from aerial vantage points, allowing the installer to more clearly and quickly identify relevant parameters. In some cases, features and surfaces within the building model may display one or more properties of that feature including dimensional information when the feature or surface is selected. In some cases, the facility management application may be configured such that virtual measurements may be taken between two user-selected points on the building model. Measurements taken using the building model may be used to verify intelligence parameters when manual measurements are taken or when parameters are taken from an architectural drawing. In cases where the building model, has accurate dimensions for building features (e.g., accurate within a few centimeters), the building model may be relied on to provide the intelligence parameters directly without the need for a physical measurement. 
     In some embodiments, the facility management may at least partially automate the process of identifying intelligence parameters. As discussed elsewhere herein, features within a building model may have tags or metadata that may be used categorize them within the building model. For example, if a building has fins on its exterior, such as fin  2120  in  FIG.  21 C , the feature in the model that represents the fin may have tags indicating that it is: a fin, adjacent to window openings # 72  and # 73 , on a west facing surface, on the first floor, etc. In some cases, once a first feature is selected, an option may be presented, which if selected will display or provide data for corresponding features which have the same tag(s). For example, after selecting a first fin, a user may be provided with an option which would identify, or provide some or all of the other fins on the building&#39;s exterior. Similarly, if a window opening is selected, a user may be presented with an option to display or provide intelligence parameters such as a sill height, recess, or adjacent fin/overhang dimensions. 
     In some cases, the facility management application may be used to fully automate the process of identifying and recording intelligence parameters. Having dimensional data for the building&#39;s exterior surfaces, logic may be used to calculate a subset of parameters, such as those depicted in  FIGS.  21 A- 21 C  automatically. The application may then request that an installer confirm the detected parameters. This automated method may ease the process of determining intelligence parameters when building geometry is complex. As an illustrative example, if an overhang has a depth (dimension (E)  FIG.  21 B ) that is not constant across the window&#39;s width (dimension (B),  FIG.  21 A ), logic may identify a function or possibly a matrix that may be used by intelligence algorithms to described the variable overhang depth. 
     In cases where a building model includes a furniture layout, other intelligence parameters such as the location of an occupancy region (e.g., a desk or breakroom table), as depicted in  FIG.  21    may also be identified. In some cases, the application may request that the user confirm the identified parameters before they are saved for use by window intelligence. In some cases, the facility management application may include a widget that allows a user to quickly define an occupancy region within the building model. For example, a user may be able to draw or place a rectangular feature onto a plan view presented in the graphical user interface to define the X and Y coordinates. A user may then, in some cases, have the option to define the height of the region from a pull-down menu. When the facility management application is operating on a mobile device where the position of the device may be determined automatically (e.g., using a micro-location chip, GPS, magnetometers, and/or other sensors used for location services), a widget may be selected by a user to define an occupancy region based on the physical location of the mobile device. For example, to define a desktop as an occupancy region, a user may, after selecting an appropriate action using the widget, simply place the mobile device at the defining edges of the desktop, after which the application may save intelligence parameters to be used by intelligence algorithms. 
     In some cases, a user may use the facility management application to quickly find out the current state of a window and/or retrieve other window information, which may be provided as metadata for a window&#39;s smart object. In some cases, the facility management application may be used for locating devices or troubleshooting errors on a window network. For example, the application may be configured to display non-window components (e.g., window controllers, network controllers, master controllers, control panels, wiring, etc.) as features within the 3D building model. 
     In some cases, when used by a field systems engineer (FSE), the application may present a list of components where a malfunction has been detected or where maintenance is needed. In some cases, these features may be highlighted or in some way marked within the displayed building model making it easier for an FSE to know where attention is needed. Normally, an FSE might have to ask a facility manager where a malfunctioning device is located or possibly look at interconnect and architectural drawings. This can be a cumbersome process at large sites such as airports and hospitals where a malfunctioning window may not have even been noticed by site personnel or in cases where the malfunctioning device was self-detected through the window network. To facilitate an FSE, the application may provide directions to a particular component in question. For example, the application may display a route overlayed on a plan view of a building indicating the route that the facility systems engineer should take. In some cases, such as when the application is operated on a tablet or mobile device that is automatically located within the building, the application may provide turn-by-turn directions—similar to turn-by-turn directions used in GPS navigations systems. While discussed in terms of directing an FSE to a malfunctioning device, the application may also provide maps and routes that can be used normal users of the application. In some cases, windows may have antennas that are used to locate the device. Methods of location detection and routing users using a window network are further described in PCT patent application Ser. No. 17/31,106, filed on May 4, 2017 titled “WINDOW ANTENNAS,” which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. 
     By having access to visualize components on a window network, an FSE may be made aware of information that is helpful for servicing. For example, after inspecting a component as displayed in the building model (e.g., by looking at a zooming to that portion of the model), an FSE may be made aware that a ladder is needed to access a window controller located on a ceiling, or that specific tooling will be needed to access a window controller that is concealed behind drywall. The application may also display technical details of the component such as the model number, the date of installation, the firmware installed, various connected devices, and other technical details such as usage patterns, and historical data (e.g., leakage current over time for a particular IGU) that may help an FSE diagnose a problem. By having the ability to take a detailed look at the building model, a field systems engineer may arrive at the site prepared to do the servicing—potentially eliminating extra trips that might otherwise be needed to collect needed materials or tools. 
     In some embodiments, a field system engineer may, using the facility management application to sort through installed components using various filters. For example, when a feature is added to a model it may have tags or metadata that include information such as the date of installation, the date of manufacture, the part model number, the size of an IGU, the firmware on a controller, etc. This information may be helpful in doing preventative maintenance, e.g., when an FSE is already at a site to take care of another service request. For example, if it is determined that some window controllers manufactured during a certain time frame are prone to premature failure because of a manufacturing defect, an FSE may be able to identify the controllers in question using sorting criteria provided within the application. An FSE may then replace the questionable components before they fail. 
     In some cases, the facility management application may provide alerts indicating that one or more devices are acting abnormally and should be inspected by an FSE the next time an FSE is onsite to perform a service request. When viewing the building model, elements may be color-coded to indicate their status. For example, a properly functioning device may be colored green, an abnormally functioning device may be colored yellow, and a malfunctioning device may be red. If, e.g., one or more controllers report that they are supplied with an abnormal current or voltage, then an alert may be provided asking the FSE to inspect the wiring. The FSE may be able to confirm that the installed wiring is appropriate and has not provided issues at other sites, by first looking at the building model to find this information. In some cases, information provided by the building model may be sufficient to diagnose an issue, but in other cases, manual inspection may still be needed. For example, an FSE might discover that the wrong wiring was installed, or that insulation has failed and led to wire damage. 
     A facility management application may also be configured so that an FSE can document notes and observed manufacturing defects when responding to a service request. For example, if an FSE notices that a component has a defect (e.g., if an IGU has unreported pinhole defects), the FSE may document the defect by taking a photo on a mobile device which may be reported back to the window manufacturer. Defect documentation collected from a plurality of sites may then be used to identify sources of issues in the manufacturing process. In some cases, if an FSE notices an incongruency with components as depicted in the building model (e.g., if the wrong component was installed or a broken component was replaced) the application may allow the FSE update the building model information so that it accurately reflects the physically installed system. 
       FIG.  24    provides an example process which may be used by the facility management application when it is operated in the user mode. When the application is opened or accessed by the user, the application may request the current tint states  2402  from the window network (e.g., via communication with a master controller). In some cases, the current tint state may be retrieved from a network configuration file that is updated each time a window is given a new control signal. In some cases, the current tint state may be saved within metadata of the building model file. The viewer module is then used to display the 3D building model and smart objects  2404  within the graphical user interface presented on an electronic device. Upon receiving a selection of one or more smart objects  2406 , the application identifies which IGU, zone, or other window network component has been selected (e.g., by referencing the network configuration file). Having identified the corresponding window components, the application then displays various control options that are available to a user  2410 . For example, if a window is selected, the application may present options for adjusting the current tint state or establishing a new rule. Upon receiving user instructions for controlling the selected IGU or zone of IGUs  2412 , the facility management application sends corresponding control instructions to the master controller on the window network  2414 . Having carried out the user&#39;s instructions, the facility management application may then display that a tint adjustment is in progress  2416 . In some cases, the application may display the user who requested the adjusted tint state and provides a time estimate for how long the adjustment will take to complete. In some cases, the adjusted tint state is saved within the metadata in the building model file. 
       FIG.  25    provides a process by which the facility management application may be used in configuration mode. In step  2502  a 3D building model is acquired or generated. A building model may then undergo post-production  2504  to make the building model suitable for use by the facility management application. For example, the building model may be saved in a format that is readable by the viewer module of the building management application or simplified by removing information that is not relevant for control of the optically switchable network. The node IDs within the building model that correspond to features of the window network are then mapped to their corresponding network ID  2506 . For example, this may be done automatically using commissioning logic or by a user that performs the mapping using the configuration mode of the application. Once this mapping has been made, the facility management application is used to receive user commands for controlling and optically switchable windows on the window network  2508 . For example, a user may provide commands to the application for adjusting a tint state of an IGU or for establishing a tinting rule or tint schedule. Having received the tinting commands from user input, tinting instructions are then provided to a master controller or another controller on the window network  2510 . 
     In some embodiments, the facility management application is also used for controlling other devices and systems within the building. In a similar way in which the facility management application is used to provide an interface through which a user may manually control optically switchable windows, the application may also provide a user with the ability to control and/or receive information related to mechanical blinds, lighting systems, and security systems. For example, if a building is configured with a network of electronically locking doors, the facility management application may be used to selectively lock and unlock doors and/or establish rules for other users to do the same. In some cases, other devices and systems that may be controlled by the application are located on the window network, and in some cases, they are located on another network (e.g., a local wireless network) that is accessible via the electronic device running the application. 
     Design module: 
     In some cases, the facility management application may have a design module executable within the configuration mode which allows the application to be used for designing the layout of a window network in a building. In some cases, a designer may design a window network without needing to visit the physical building for inspection. For example, by inspecting a building model via the design module, a designer may take virtual measurements and use tools within the design module to understand light penetration into a building at various times of the year. In the conventional design process, a design engineer might start off by considering architectural drawings first to understand the layout of a building. With an understanding of the structure of the building, the designer can then create 2D installation schematics which may be used by an installer as instructions for physical installation. The design process is tedious, and errors can be introduced as a result of drawing inaccuracies, the architectural drawings being misread, and forgetfulness of a designer to consider design rules. By using the design module, the timeline for designing a window network and completing the installation may be expedited for reasons discussed herein. 
     In certain embodiments, within the design module, a designer has access to a library of objects or features that may be inserted into a building model. These objects or features are representative of various window network components—including windows, window controllers, network controllers, master controllers, sensors, wiring, and circuitry for power and communication, and any other device on a window network. The library of objects may also include structures and/or components that a window network may interface with, including structural components that may be needed during installation (e.g., mounting devices for controllers, wiring, etc.). In some embodiments, components of a window network that are added to a building model may be imported with smart objects which are later used as part of a graphical user interface for controlling the network of optically switchable windows as discussed elsewhere herein. 
     Within the design module, components from a library may be easily selected and imported into a building model. In some cases, the design module may assist in the design process by automatically selecting or suggesting an appropriate component for a particular use, allowing for virtual measurements, and enforcing design rules or providing warnings when a design rule is broken. 
       FIGS.  26 A-D  illustrate how the design module may be used to add features of a window network to a building model. These figures show a progression of steps which may be displayed by the graphical user interface when designing how a window  2610  will be placed within a room  2600  and connected to the rest of a window network via a trunkline  2605  for delivering power and providing communication on the window network. Similar processes to those shown in  FIGS.  26 A-D  may be used to design various features of the window network using the design module. 
       FIG.  26 A  depicts the graphical user interface within the design module showing a room  2600  having window opening  2601 . The situation depicted is one where some aspects of window network have already been designed, but it has not been yet determined how the room will be outfitted with an optically switchable window and connected to the rest of the window network. In the illustration shown, placement of a trunkline  2605  within the wall of the room has already been determined. In this example, the trunkline may have been placed, e.g., to follow another electrical pathway within the building. In some embodiments, a user may manually identify opening  2601  by navigating to it within the building model and selecting it, and in some cases, window openings may be automatically identified by the design module. From the dimensional information included in a building model, the design module may provide a selection of window types that may be appropriate for a selected window opening. For example, the design module can provide single pane or dual pane options, or an option for a window to have multiple tinting zones. In some cases, the design module may automatically select or suggest a particular window option which may later be modified by the designer. In retrofit applications, the design module may indicate where a window opening can be cut out from a wall without compromising the buildings structural integrity. 
       FIG.  26 B  depicts a stage after that shown in  FIG.  26 A  when window object  2610  has been selected for window opening  2601 . In some cases, after a component such as window  2610  is selected, the design module may import additional objects representing window network components that may be needed to join the selected component with the rest of the window network. For example, in  FIG.  26 B , objects for a window controller  2615 , a single-wire bus  2612 , a dropline  2620 , and a trunkline-T  2625  are automatically imported into the building model as these components may be used to join window  2610  to trunkline  2605 . As depicted, objects  2612 ,  2615 ,  2620 , and  2625  are initially placed as sub-objects within window  2610 . In other embodiments, a design module may simply suggest via the GUI interface that needed components are added to connect an already added component to the rest of the window network. For example, after placing a window object within a window opening, the design module may present an option for the designer to add a corresponding window controller. 
     When objects are placed in a building model, they may have tie points  2630  can be used to enforce design rules as described in further detail below. As shown, window  2610  has a tie point that fixes the position of the window to opening  2610 . This tie point may additionally mark the location for a pigtail connector through which an electrochromic window receives electrical power. 
       FIG.  26 C  depicts a stage after that shown in  FIG.  26 B , where the placement of window controller  2615  has been selected. A tie point  2630  on the object representing the window controller may have rules that restricting the placement of the window controller. For example, a rule can limit the distance from the tie point to a corresponding tie point, representing an electrical connector (e.g., a pigtail connector), on window  2610  to be less 5 feet away. This rule can be established within the design module to ensure sufficient length of a single-wire bus cable  2612  or other wiring that will be used to join the physically installed objects. In some embodiments, a user may choose the placement of an object by, e.g., dragging it to a selected location. In other cases, the design module may automatically suggest a placement location. 
       FIG.  26 D  depicts a stage after that shown in  FIG.  26 C  where window  2610  is electrically joined to trunkline  2605  and the rest of the window network. The position along trunkline  2605  where the trunk-T  2625  is placed may be automatically selected by design module logic, or in some cases manually selected by the designer. Rules between the tie points of the trunk-T and the window controller may, e.g., require that the two components be joined by a dropline  2620  having a particular length. In some cases, the design module may suggest a location that, e.g., reduces the length of cable needed for dropline  2620  need to connect the trunk-T with the window controller. In some cases, the design module may be configured so that the designer may adjust route that a dropline or other wiring takes between the two tie points. 
     As discussed in  FIGS.  26 A-D , objects for window network components that have been imported into the building model from a library may have associated tie points (see  2630  of  FIG.  26 D ) used to enforce design rules. Tie points may anchor objects to a building model or may join two or more objects within the building model. Design rules applied to tie points ensure that the network will be functional when installed and may help prevent delays during installation that result from mistakes and oversights made during a completely manual design process. Example design rules associated with tie points are now discussed: 
     Interfacing rules—Tie points may have rules that prevent a designer from specifying that parts which cannot be physically connected (e.g., two female connector plugs) are joined within the building model. This type of interface check prevents situations including where the wrong type of cabling between a window controller and a trunkline or the wrong type of controller for a particular location is specified on installation schematics. 
     Dimension-based rules—Some tie points may have dimension based rules limiting the distance between objects placed in the building model. The design module can enforce dimension-based rules by checking the distance between objects using dimensional information from the building model. In some cases, tie points between a window controller and a window (or equivalently tie points on either end of a single-wire bus cable) may recite a maximum separation distance if, e.g., the single-wire bus cables are all manufactured to be a fixed length. Similarly, tie points associated with spooled cable, such as a drop line, may set a maximum allowable distance between tie points if the electrical performance of the wiring suffers when it is too long. 
     Placement rules—When a tie point is used to anchor a component onto a building model, rules may limit where the tie point may be placed. For example, if a building code or fire code imposes limitations on the placement of window network components within a building, then a tie point rule may prevent placement of objects at locations which would be in violation of the codes. In some cases, a rule may require that a window controller is attached to a rigid building feature such as steel beam or concrete pillar rather than a moveable surface, such as a door, or fragile building feature such as drywall. As another example, a rule may specify that controllers be placed within a ceiling or a wall for aesthetic reasons. 
     Technical rules—Sometimes rules may be used to account for a component&#39;s technical limitations. For example, if a window controller only has the capability of controlling up to four windows, a tie point associated with the window controller may prevent a fifth window from being connected to the controller. Similarly, a tie point associated with a trunkline may prevent an additional window from being connected to the trunkline if the connection would result in the trunkline exceeding its electrical current rating. 
     User-defined rules—In some cases, a designer may establish user-defined rules to create a consistent window network implementation throughout a building. As an example, a user might create a rule where each window should have an associated window controller located on the ceiling directly above the window. In some cases, after a window has been selected for a window opening (either manually or automatically), the design module may automatically place a window controller on the ceiling above the window. If a designer is unsatisfied with the automated placement, a designer may then adjust the placement providing that the design rules are met. 
     Warnings—In some cases, a design rule may trigger an alert provided through the graphical user interface when a designer has violated or is close to violating a design rule. For example, if a single-wire bus connecting a window controller has a fixed length of 5 feet, a warning may be displayed when a designer places a window controller more than 4 feet away from an associated window. Warnings may be helpful in encouraging designers to generate conservative designs that may provide leeway during the installation process. For example, if an installer discovers that it would be easier or necessary to install wiring so that it wraps around a feature instead of being placed in front of the feature, then an installer may have the freedom to do so. 
     In some embodiments, the design module may be configured to automatically populate a building model with objects for window network components. For example, after importing a building model, a design module may first recognize window openings and choose an appropriate window object for each window opening. After selecting window objects, the design module may auto-populate the building model with other window components (e.g., window controller, network controllers, control panels, sensors, wiring for power and communication, etc.) such that design rules are enforced. In some embodiments, the design module may auto-populate a building model in a way that minimizes material or installation costs. For example, the design module may auto-populate a building model so that the fewest amount of controllers are needed, the least amount of cabling is used, or so that the installation process is made simplest (e.g., by mounting controllers and wiring on a wall&#39;s exterior surface). In some cases, a designer may auto-populate a building model, after which the designer may adjust the window network design to account special considerations of a customer or considerations that may not be considered but the design module logic. 
     In some cases, the design module may be able to modify a building information model (BIM). A building information model is a digital representation of physical and functional characteristics of a facility. A BIM provides a shared knowledge resource that may be used to guide decisions made during a building&#39;s lifecycle. In some cases, the 3D building model and its associated metadata used by the design module is a BIM that is also used for other building purposes. In some cases, after a window network has been designed, a building model with the window network components is saved as an updated BIM model that may be used by a building owner to make future decisions during the building&#39;s lifecycle. 
     In some cases, after a window network has been designed, the facility management application may prompt a designer to configure a graphical user interface for controlling the window network. In some cases, when adding window network objects to a building model, corresponding smart objects are also added to the building model which may later be used to control the window network in the user mode. 
     In some cases, the design module may output a report that summarizes one or more effects of installing a network of optically switchable windows. For example, logic within the design module may estimate energy savings that may be had by implementing a network of optically switchable windows. This may be done by, e.g., by estimating the solar flux into the building throughout the year using the building model and considering the current energy use patterns on HVAC and lighting systems within the building. A report may also provide information such as expected costs for installation, expected time for installation, an expected return on investment timeframe, as well as example views from a GUI, generated using the building model, for controlling the optically switchable window network using smart objects (as discussed elsewhere herein). In some cases, the design module may be used to provide ballpark estimates for a installing a window network by simply importing a building model and generating a BOM based on automatically populating the building model with window network components. 
     While the design module has been described for the design of window networks, in some embodiments the design module may be used for designing how other systems will be implemented within a building such as communications networks (e.g., Ethernet networks), lighting networks, networks for low voltage electronics, and any other building system. 
     After having populated a building model with window network objects, the design module may be configured to provide various outputs used during the installation process. For example, the design module may automatically generate a bill of materials (BOM) that lists all of the raw materials, sub-assemblies, intermediate assemblies, sub-components, parts and the quantities of each needed to install a window network. In some cases, a design module may automatically collect pricing and availability information for needed components. In some cases, the design module may automatically generate an estimated cost to install a window network or and installation timeframe based on the generated BOM. 
     A design module may, in some cases, be configured to generated 2D installation schematics and drawings from a design generated using the 3D building model. For example, the design module may be configured to automatically generate drawings similar to the interconnect drawings depicted in  FIGS.  5 A and  5 B  that are appropriately labeled with the necessary information for an installer to implement a design correctly. Automatic generation of installation schematics may reduce costs and errors that are frequently made during conventional drafting of installation schematics. 
       FIG.  27    depicts a method  2700  that a designer may use to design a window network. In step  2702  a building model is loaded or imported into the design module of the facility management application. In some cases, the design module may be an extension or plug-in to the facility management application that is installed or in some cases may operate separately from the rest of the facility management application. In some cases, aspects of the design module, including the library of window network objects, may be used as a plug-in for a CAD software applications such as Autodesk Revit. In step  2704  the design rules that will be enforced by the design module are determined. In some cases, design rules are associated with objects from a library of components accessed by the design module and are not editable. Some design rules, such as rules for triggering warnings, may be edited or adjusted by the designer. In some cases, the designer may impose a set of rules for particular tie points or objects to improve uniformity of the finalized design or determine how the design module will auto-populate a building model with objects of window network components. In step  2706 , the building model is populated with objects representing window network components. These objects interface with each other at tie points that limit the placement of objects within a building according to the design rules. In some cases, populating the building model with objects may be automated by logic within the design module that determines where appropriate window object should be placed, and then places additional objects as needed to create a network of objects joined by tie points corresponding to a functional window network. In some cases, populating the building model may be partially automated, where, e.g., the user may select where optically switchable windows will be placed, and the design module determines the placement of other components. In some cases, populating the building model may be a largely manual process. In step  2708  adjustments may be made to the placement of objects within the building model by the designer. For example, if a designer is unsatisfied with how a building model has been automatically populated with objects, a designer may adjust the location of objects and/or their associated tie points. Having determined the placement of objects within a building model, the design module may be used to automatically generate various outputs in step  2710 . In some cases, the design module may automatically generate a bill of materials (BOM) or installation schematics. In some cases, the design module may create, or update a building information model (BIM) that may be later used by the building owner to make upkeep, retrofit, and other building related decisions. In some cases, the design module may be used to automatically generate a report that may determine various costs and benefits of installing an optically switchable window network. In some cases, a design module may also be used to generate a graphical user interface for controlling the window network that has been designed. 
     CONCLUSION 
     Although the foregoing embodiments have been described in some detail for purposes of clarity of understanding, it will be apparent that certain changes and modifications may be practiced within the scope of the appended claims. It should be noted that there are many alternative ways of implementing the processes, systems, and apparatus of the present embodiments. Accordingly, the present embodiments are to be considered as illustrative and not restrictive, and the embodiments are not to be limited to the details given herein.