Patent Publication Number: US-10308945-B2

Title: Bacterium producing monophosphoryl lipid A and method of producing monophosphoryl lipid A by using bacterium

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION 
     This application claims the benefit of Korean Patent Application No. 10-2016-0001708, filed on Jan. 6, 2016, in the Korean Intellectual Property Office, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein in its entirety by reference. 
     BACKGROUND 
     1. Field 
     One or more embodiments relate to a bacterium that produces monophosphoryl lipid A (MLA), and a method of producing MLA by using the bacterium. 
     2. Description of the Related Art 
     Lipopolysaccharides (LPS) are one of the components of the outer membrane surrounding peptidoglycan of Gram-negative bacteria. LPS are molecules containing lipid A and a variety of polysaccharides conjugated with the lipid A by a covalent bond. Among the components of LPS, Lipid A, which is also known as endotoxin, is held responsible for the toxicity of Gram-negative bacteria. 
     Lipid A is a very potent stimulant of the immune system, activating cells (for example, monocytes or macrophages) at picogram per milliliter quantitites. Lipid A, derivatives of lipid A, or varients of lipid A can be used as, for example, components of vaccines such as adjuvants. Monophosphoryl lipid A (MLA) is used as adjuvants and used for allergen-specific immunotherapy and immunotherapy of cancer, or also effective in prevention and treatment of dementia. Furthermore, among MLA, hexa-acylated-monophosphoryl lipid A (hexa-acylated MLA), penta-acylated-monophosphoryl lipid A (penta-acylated MLA), and 3-O-desacyl-4′-monophosphoryl lipid A (3D-MLA) are effective in the above-mentioned use. Lipid A is a lipid component found in the membrane of Gram-negative bacteria, such as  Escherichia coli . Lipid A found in the membrane conjugates to sugars, such as 2-keto-3-deoxy-D-manno-octulosonate (Kdo). Therefore, in order to obtain lipid A in a free form, it should be isolated from the other components of LPS. For example, LPS can be extracted from bacterial membranes, heated in the presence of acids so as to remove Kdo, and a 1-phosphate group, thereby obtaining Lipid A; or MLA can be synthesized by chemical processing. However, these methods have drawbacks in that they are complicated in steps of the processes, with a low yield. 
     Therefore, there is a need to develop a method of producing MLA and derivatives thereof, which is simpler than the conventional methods, without acid hydrolysis. 
     SUMMARY 
     Provided is a bacterium that produces monophosphoryl lipid A (MLA). 
     Provided is a method of producing MLA. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       These and/or other aspects will become apparent and more readily appreciated from the following description of the embodiments, taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings in which: 
         FIG. 1  is a schematic diagram of biosynthetic pathway of 1-dephospho-Kdo 2 -lipid A in a bacterium; 
         FIG. 2A  is a schematic diagram of a method of producing PCR products including EcLpxL and EcLpxM;  FIG. 2B  is a schematic diagram of a method of producing an  Escherichia coli  strain KHSC003; 
         FIGS. 3A and 3B  are images illustrating results of thin layer chromatography (TLC) analysis of lipids (In  FIG. 3A , Lane 1: lipids obtained by acid hydrolysis of the extracted LPS from  Escherichia coli  W3110, Lane 2: lipids obtained by acid hydrolysis of the extracted LPS from  Escherichia coli  W3110 including pWSK29-FnLpxE, Lane 3: extracted lipids from  Escherichia coli  KHSC003 including pBAD33.1, and Lane 4: extracted lipids from  Escherichia coli  KHSC003 including pBAD33.1-AaLpxE; and in FIG.  3 B, Lane 1: lipids obtained by acid hydrolysis of the LPS extracted from  Escherichia coli  W3110, Lane 2: extracted lipids from  Escherichia coli  KHSC003 including pBAD33.1-HpLpxE, and Lane 3: lipids extracted from  Escherichia coli  KHSC003 including pBAD33.1); 
         FIG. 4A  is a graph illustrating analysis results of matrix assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight (MALDI-TOF) MS on lipid of  Escherichia coli  KHSC003 transformed with pBAD33.1-AaLpxE;  FIG. 4B  is a graph illustrating analysis results of MALDI-TOF MS/MS on monophosphoryl-lipid A (m/z: 1716.36) detected in  FIG. 4A ; and 
         FIG. 5  is a schematic diagram of a process producing MLA in  Escherichia coli  KHSC003 transformed with pBAD33.1-AaLpxE or pBAD33.1-HpLpxE. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     The term “increase expression” used herein refers to a detectable increase in expression product of a certain gene, for example, mRNA or a protein encoded by the gene in a cell. The term “parent bacterial cell” used herein refers to a bacterial cell of the same type that does not have a particular genetic modification. When a wild-type cell is used in the genetic modification, the parent bacterial cell may be a “wild-type” cell. For example, bacterium comprising a genetic modification that increases expression of a gene may have higher level of expression product than that of parent bacterial cell by about 5% or more, about 10% or more, about 15% or more, about 20% or more, about 30% or more, about 40% or more, about 50% or more, about 60% or more, about 70% or more, about 80% or more, about 90% or more, about 95% or more, or about 100% or more. Increase in expression product in a cell may be verified by any methods known in the art. The level of expression product may be determined by measuring activities or quantities of the expression product such as mRNA or protein. 
     The term “decrease expression” used herein refers to a detectable decrease in expression product of a certain gene, for example, mRNA or a protein encoded by the gene in a cell. The term “parent bacterial cell” used herein refers to a bacterial cell of the same type that does not have a particular genetic modification. When a wild-type cell is used in the genetic modification, the parent bacterial cell may be a “wild-type” cell. For example, bacterium comprising a genetic modification that decreases expression of a gene may have lower level of expression product than that of parent bacterial cell by about 5% or more, about 10% or more, about 15% or more, about 20% or more, about 30% or more, about 40% or more, about 50% or more, about 60% or more, about 70% or more, about 80% or more, about 90% or more, about 95% or more, or about 100% or more. Decrease in expression product in a cell may be verified by any methods known in the art. The level of expression product may be determined by measuring activities or quantities of the expression product such as mRNA or protein. 
     The terms “disruption”, “disrupted”, and the like used herein refer to reduced expression of a given gene due to a genetic modification. Disruption can be caused by a genetic modification that completely nullifies expression of a referenced gene (hereinafter, referred to as “inactivation” of a gene.). Disruption also includes a genetic modification that causes expression of a gene at decreased levels without completely nullifying expression (hereinafter, referred to as “attenuation” of a gene.). Expression, in this sense, refers to transcription of a gene product as well as translation of an active gene product. Thus, inactivation includes a case in which a gene is not transcribed or translated, such that the product of a gene is not expressed, and a case in which, although a gene is transcribed and translated, the gene product is not functional. Similarly, attenuation includes a case in which transcription and/or translation of a gene is reduced, as well as a case in which transcription and/or translation is not reduced, but the gene product has a lower activity level. Herein, the term “a functional product of a gene” means that the gene product (e.g., protein or enzyme) has a biochemical or physiologic function (for example, enzyme activity). The disruption of the gene includes a functional disruption of the gene, wherein the biochemical or physiologic function in a genetically modified cell is reduced or completely nullified in comparison to a parent or wild-type cell. 
     Genetic modification includes a modification that introduces a polynucleotide encoding a polypeptide into a cell; a modification that substitutes, adds (i.e., inserts), or deletes one or more nucleotides of the genetic material of a parent cell, including a chemical modification (exposure to a chemical) resulting in a change to the genetic material of a parent cell. Genetic modification includes a heterologous or homologous modification of referenced species. Genetic modification includes a modification of a coding region for polypeptides. Genetic modification also includes a modification of non-coding regulatory regions that change expression of a gene or function of an operon. Non-coding regions include 5′-non-coding sequence (5′ of a coding sequence) and 3′-non-coding sequence (3′ of a coding sequence). 
     The disruption of a gene may be achieved by a genetic engineering method, such as homologous recombination, directed mutagenesis, or directed molecular evolution. When a cell includes a plurality of identical genes or 2 or more paralogs of a gene, one or more genes may be disrupted. For example, the genetic modification may involve transforming a cell with a vector including the sequence of a gene, and then culturing the cell to cause a homologous recombination of the exogenous nucleic acid and an endogenous gene of the cell, thereby disrupting the endogenous gene. The cell that has undergone homologous recombination can be screened out (selected) by using a selective marker. 
     The “gene” used herein refers to a nucleic acid fragment that encodes a particular protein, which may optionally include at least one regulatory sequence, such as a 5′-non-coding sequence and a 3′-non-coding sequence (3′ and 5′ in reference to the position relative to the coding sequence). 
     The term “sequence identity” of a nucleic acid or polypeptide used herein refers to a degree of identity of nucleotides or amino acid residues of two corresponding sequences over a particular region measured after the sequences are aligned to be matched with each other as much as possible. The sequence identity is a value that is measured by comparing two optimally aligned corresponding sequences of a particular comparable region, wherein in the comparable region, a part of the sequence may be added or deleted compared to a reference sequence. In some embodiments, a percentage of the sequence identity may be calculated by comparing two optimally aligned corresponding sequences in an entire comparable region, determining the number of locations where an amino acid or a nucleic acid is identical in the two sequences to obtain the number of matched locations, dividing the number of the matched locations by the total number (that is, a range size) of all locations within a comparable range, and multiplying the result by 100 to obtain a percentage of the sequence identity. The percent of the sequence identity may be determined by using known sequence comparison programs, examples of which include BLASTN and BLASTP (NCBI), CLC Main Workbench (CLC bio.), MegAlign™ (DNASTAR Inc). 
     In identifying polypeptides or polynucleotides of different species that may have identical or similar function or activity, similarity in sequence identity may be used. For example, similar sequences may have a sequence identity of 50% or more, 55% or more, 60% or more, 65% or more, 70% or more, 75% or more, 80% or more, 85% or more, 90% or more, 95% or more, 96% or more, 97% or more, 98% or more, 99% or more, or 100%. 
     The term “exogenous” and the like used herein refers to a referenced molecule (e.g., nucleic acid) or referenced activity that has been introduced into a host cell. A nucleic acid may be exogenously introduced into a host in any suitable manner. For example, a nucleic acid can be introduced into a host cell and inserted into a host chromosome, or the nucleic acid can be introduced into the host as non-chromosomal genetic material, such as an expression vector (e.g., a plasmid) that does not integrate into the host chromosome. A nucleic acid encoding a protein should be introduced in an expressionable form (i.e., so that the nucleic acid can be transcribed and translated). The exogenous gene may include a homologous gene, i.e., an identical gene with the endogenous gene, or a heterologous gene. 
     An aspect provides a bacterium that produces monophosphoryl lipid A (MLA) comprising a genetic modification that increases expression of a gene encoding LpxE polypeptide as compared to a parent bacterial cell. The bacterium may have enhanced ability to produce MLA. The bacterium may be genetically engineered on or a recombinant one. 
     The lipid A consists of glucosamine disaccharide with attached acyl chains, and normally contains one phosphate group on each glucosamine. Two disaccharides may linked by β(1→6) linkage. The acyl chain may be directly attached to hydroxyl residue selected from the group of hydroxyl residue at C-2, C-2′, C-3 and C-3′ positions of glucosamine disaccharide. The acyl chain may have hydroxyl residue, for example at C-3 position thereof and additional acyl chain may be attached to hydroxyl residue located in the acyl chain. Each of the acyl chain attached may have identical or different. The lipid A may contain 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, or 7 acyl chains. The acyl chain may have 8 to 30 carbon atoms. For example, the acyl chain may have 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21 or greater, 25 or greater, or 30 or greater carbons in length. The lipid A moiety of  Escherichia coli  consists of a hexa-acylated bis-1,4′-phosphorylated glucosamine disaccharide, which has (R)-3-hydroxymyristyl residues at C-2, C-2′, C-3, and C-3′. Both of the primary (3)-hydroxyacyl chains in the distal glucosamine moiety are esterified with lauric and myristic acids, and the primary hydroxyl at the C-6 position is linked to the polysaccharide through a dimeric 3-deoxy-D-manno-oct-2-ulosonic acid (KDO) carbohydrate moiety. The lipid A of  N. meningitidis  is hexa-acylated in a symmetrical fashion whereas enteric bacteria have an asymmetrically hexa-acylated lipid A Also, a number of the fatty acids of  N. meningitidis  are shorter compared to those of  E. coli.    
     The MLA refers to a monophosphoryl lipid A in which only one phosphate group is joined to C-1 or C-4′ position of glucosamine disaccharide. The MLA may be tri-acylated MLA, tetra-acylated MLA, penta-acylated MLA, hexa-acylated MLA, or hepta-acylated MLA. For example, the MLA may be 1-dephospho-lipid A, 1-dephospho-penta-acylated lipid A, 3-O-deacyl-4′-MLA (3D-MLA), or a combination thereof. In this case, lipid A may be lipid A of  E. coli . The 3D-MLA is also known as 1-dephospho-3-O-deacyl-lipid A. 
     The MLA may not include 2-keto-3-deoxy-D-manno-octulosonate (Kdo). Kdo is a component of lipopolysaccharides (LPS). 
     The MLA may be present in a membrane, for example, in an outer membrane, of a living bacterium. 
     The bacterium may include increased copy number of gene encoding LpxE polypeptide. The bacterium may include at least one of an exogenous polynucleotide encoding LpxE polypeptide. 
     The LpxE polypeptide belongs to EC 3.1.3.-. The LpxE belongs to the family of lipid phosphate phosphatases. The LpxE may contain a tripartite active site and six transmembrane helices. A lipid phosphate phosphatase is a hydrolase, specifically acting to phosphoric monoester bonds, which may remove a phosphate group from a lipid containing a phosphate group. The LpxE may be phosphate phosphatase specifically dephosphorylating the 1-position. The LpxE polypeptide may be an LpxE polypeptide of bacterium selected from the group consisting of  Aquifex  genus bacterium,  Helicobacter  genus bacterium,  Francisella  genus bacterium,  Bordetella  genus bacterium,  Brucella  genus bacterium,  Rhizobium  genus bacterium,  Mesorhizobium  genus bacterium,  Legionella  genus bacterium,  Agrobacterium  genus bacterium,  Chlorobium  genus bacterium,  Rhodospirillum  genus bacterium,  Magnetospirillum  genus bacterium,  Chlorobaculum  genus bacterium,  Pelodictyon  genus bacterium,  Pseudovibro  genus bacterium,  Phaeospirillum  genus bacterium,  Syntrophobacter  genus bacterium,  Bradyrhizobium  genus bacterium,  Porphyromonas  genus bacterium,  Ralstonia  genus bacterium,  Limnohabitans  genus bacterium, and  Thermodesulfobacterium  genus bacterium. The  Aquifex  genus bacterium may include  Aquifex aeolicus  or  Aquifex pyrophilus. Aquifex  genus bacterium are thermophilic bacterium, which may grow best at a temperature ranging from about 85° C. to 95° C. The  Aquifex  genus bacterium may be  Aquifex aeolicus . The  Helicobacter  genus bacterium may be  Helicobacter pylori . For example, the LpxE polypeptide may be an LpxE polypeptide derived from  Aquifex aeolicus  (AaLpxE) or an LpxE polypeptide derived from  Helicobacter pylori  (HpLpxE). The LpxE polypeptide may be a polypeptide having about 99%, about 97%, about 95%, about 90%, about 80%, about 70%, about 60%, about 50%, about 40%, about 30%, about 20%, or about 10% or more sequence identity to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 9 or SEQ ID NO: 17. The LpxE polypeptide may be encoded by a nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 10 or SEQ ID NO: 16; or by a polynucleotide including about 99%, about 97%, about 95%, about 90%, about 80%, about 70%, about 60%, about 50%, about 40%, about 30%, about 20%, or about 10% identity to the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 10 or SEQ ID NO: 16. 
     The bacterium may further include a genetic modification that increases expression of a gene encoding LpxL polypeptide, a gene encoding LpxM polypeptide, or a combination thereof as compared to a parent bacterial cell. 
     The bacterium may include increased copy number of gene encoding LpxL polypeptide, gene encoding LpxM polypeptide, or a combination thereof. The bacterium may include an exogenous polynucleotide encoding LpxL polypeptide, an exogenous polynucleotide encoding LpxL polypeptide, or a combination thereof. 
     The LpxL polypeptide may belong to EC 2.3.1.241. The LpxL polypeptide is a lipid A biosynthesis lauroyltransferase, which catalyzes the transfer of laurate from lauroyl-acyl carrier protein (ACP) to Kdo 2 -lipid IVA to form Kdo 2 -(lauroyl)-lipid IVA. The LpxL polypeptide may be an LpxL polypeptide of bacterium selected from the group consisting of  Escherichia  genus bacterium,  Shigella  genus bacterium,  Salmonella  genus bacterium,  Campylobacter  genus bacterium,  Neisseria  genus bacterium,  Haemophilus  genus bacterium,  Aeromonas  genus bacterium,  Francisella  genus bacterium,  Yersinia  genus bacterium,  Klebsiella  genus bacterium,  Bordetella  genus bacterium,  Legionella  genus bacterium,  Corynebacterium  genus bacterium,  Citrobacter  genus bacterium,  Chlamydia  genus bacterium,  Brucella  genus bacterium,  Pseudomonas  genus bacterium,  Bacteroides  genus bacterium,  Prevotella  genus bacterium,  Helicobacter  genus bacterium,  Burkholderia  genus bacterium,  Porphyromonas, Rhizobium  genus bacterium,  Mesorhizobium  genus bacterium,  Serratia  genus bacterium,  Acinetobacter  genus bacterium,  Shewanella  genus bacterium,  Xenorhabdus  genus bacterium,  Photobacterium  genus bacterium,  Lysobacter  genus bacterium,  Enterobacter  genus bacterium, and  Vibrio  genus bacterium. For example, the LpxL polypeptide may be an LpxL polypeptide of  Escherichia coli  (EcLpxL). The LpxL polypeptide may be a polypeptide that includes an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1; or a polypeptide having about 99%, about 97%, about 95%, about 90%, about 80%, about 70%, about 60%, about 50%, about 40%, about 30%, about 20%, or about 10% or more sequence identity to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1. The LpxL polypeptide may be encoded by a nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2; or by a polynucleotide having about 99%, about 97%, about 95%, about 90%, about 80%, about 70%, about 60%, about 50%, about 40%, about 30%, about 20%, or about 10% or more sequence identity to the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2. 
     The LpxM polypeptide may belong to EC 2.3.1.243. The LpxM polypeptide is a lipid A biosynthesis myristoyltransferase, which catalyzes the transfer of myristate from myristoyl-acyl carrier protein to Kdo 2 -lauroyl-lipid IVA to form Kdo 2 -lipid A. The LpxM polypeptide may be an LpxM polypeptide of a bacterium selected from the group consisting of  Escherichia  genus bacterium,  Shigella  genus bacterium,  Salmonella  genus bacterium,  Campylobacter  genus bacterium,  Neisseria  genus bacterium,  Haemophilus  genus bacterium,  Aeromonas  genus bacterium,  Francisella  genus bacterium,  Yersinia  genus bacterium,  Klebsiella  genus bacterium,  Bordetella  genus bacterium,  Legionella  genus bacterium,  Corynebacterium  genus bacterium,  Citrobacter  genus bacterium,  Chlamydia  genus bacterium,  Brucella  genus bacterium,  Pseudomonas  genus bacterium,  Bacteroides  genus bacterium,  Prevotella  genus bacterium,  Helicobacter  genus bacterium,  Burkholderia  genus bacterium,  Porphyromonas  genus bacterium,  Rhizobium  genus bacterium,  Mesorhizobium  genus bacterium,  Serratia  genus bacterium,  Acinetobacter  genus bacterium,  Shewanella  genus bacterium,  Xenorhabdus  genus bacterium,  Photobacterium  genus bacterium,  Lysobacter  genus bacterium,  Enterobacter  genus bacterium, and  Vibrio  genus bacterium. For example, the LpxM polypeptide may be an LpxM polypeptide of  Escherichia coli  (EcLpxM). The LpxM polypeptide may be a polypeptide that includes an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 5; or a polypeptide having about 99%, about 97%, about 95%, about 90%, about 80%, about 70%, about 60%, about 50%, about 40%, about 30%, about 20%, or about 10% or more sequence identity to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 5. The LpxM polypeptide may be encoded by a nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 6; or by a polynucleotide having about 99%, about 97%, about 95%, about 90%, about 80%, about 70%, about 60%, about 50%, about 40%, about 30%, about 20%, or about 10% or more sequence identity to the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 6. 
     The term “bacterium” as used herein refers to a prokaryotic bacterium. The bacterium may be Gram-negative bacteria. The Gram-negative bacteria may not retain the crystal violet stain used in the Gram staining method. The cell membranes of Gram-negative bacteria are composed of double membranes of an inner membrane and an outer membrane with a thin peptidoglycan layer. The bacterium may be selected from the group consisting of  Escherichia  genus bacterium,  Aquifex  genus bacterium,  Shigella  genus bacterium,  Salmonella  genus bacterium,  Campylobacter  genus bacterium,  Neisseria  genus bacterium,  Haemophilus  genus bacterium,  Aeromonas  genus bacterium,  Francisella  genus bacterium,  Yersinia  genus bacterium,  Klebsiella  genus bacterium,  Bordetella  genus bacterium,  Legionella  genus bacterium,  Corynebacterium  genus bacterium,  Citrobacter  genus bacterium,  Chlamydia  genus bacterium,  Brucella  genus bacterium,  Pseudomonas  genus bacterium,  Helicobacter  genus bacterium,  Burkholderia  genus bacterium,  Agrobacterium  genus bacterium,  Chlorobium  genus bacterium,  Rhodospirillum  genus bacterium,  Magnetospirillum  genus bacterium,  Chlorobaculum  genus bacterium,  Pelodictyon  genus bacterium,  Pseudovibro  genus bacterium,  Phaeospirillum  genus bacterium,  Syntrophobacter  genus bacterium,  Bradyrhizobium  genus bacterium,  Porphyromonas  genus bacterium,  Rhizobium  genus bacterium,  Mesorhizobium  genus bacterium,  Vibrio  genus bacterium,  Ralstonia  genus bacterium,  Limnohabitans  genus bacterium, and  Thermodesulfobacterium  genus bacterium. The bacterium may be, for example,  Escherichia coli.    
     The bacterium may further include a genetic modification that decreases expression of polynucleotide that encodes a polypeptide involved in Kdo biosynthetic pathway. The polypeptide involved in Kdo biosynthetic pathway may be a polypeptide selected from a group consisting of KdtA, KdsB, KdsC, KdsA, GutQ, KpsF, KpsU and KdsD polypeptide. The KdtA also refers to WaaA. In the bacterium, the following genes may be disrupted: a gene encoding KdtA polypeptide, a gene encoding KdsB polypeptide, a gene encoding KdsC polypeptide, a gene encoding KdsA polypeptide, a gene encoding GutQ polypeptide, a gene encoding KpsF polypeptide, a gene encoding KpsU polypeptide, a gene encoding KdsD polypeptide, or a combination thereof. In the bacterium the following genes may be disrupted: a gene encoding LpxT polypeptide, a gene encoding PagP polypeptide, a gene encoding KdtA polypeptide, or a combination thereof. 
     The LpxT polypeptide may belong to EC 2.7.4.29. The LpxT polypeptide may be an inner membrane protein. The LpxT polypeptide is a phosphotransferase, which catalyzes the transfer of a 1-phosphate group from undecaprenyl pyrophosphate to lipid A to form lipid A 1-pyrophosphate. The LpxT polypeptide may be an LpxT polypeptide of bacterium selected from the group consisting of  Escherichia  genus bacterium,  Shigella  genus bacterium,  Salmonella  genus bacterium,  Campylobacter  genus bacterium,  Neisseria  genus bacterium,  Haemophilus  genus bacterium,  Aeromonas  genus bacterium,  Francisella  genus bacterium,  Yersinia  genus bacterium,  Klebsiella  genus bacterium,  Bordetella  genus bacterium,  Legionella  genus bacterium,  Corynebacterium  genus bacterium,  Citrobacter  genus bacterium,  Chlamydia  genus bacterium,  Brucella  genus bacterium,  Pseudomonas  genus bacterium,  Helicobacter  genus bacterium,  Burkholderia  genus bacterium,  Porphyromonas  genus bacterium,  Rhizobium  genus bacterium,  Mesorhizobium  genus bacterium, and  Vibrio  genus bacterium. For example, the LpxT polypeptide may be an LpxT polypeptide of  Escherichia coli  (EcLpxT). The LpxT polypeptide may be a polypeptide that includes an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 20; or a polypeptide having about 99%, about 97%, about 95%, about 90%, about 80%, about 70%, about 60%, about 50%, about 40%, about 30%, about 20%, or about 10% or more sequence identity to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 20. The LpxT polypeptide may be encoded by a nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 21; or by a polynucleotide having about 99%, about 97%, about 95%, about 90%, about 80%, about 70%, about 60%, about 50%, about 40%, about 30%, about 20%, or about 10% or more sequence identity to the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 21. 
     The PagP polypeptide may belong to EC 2.3.1.251. The PagP polypeptide may be a lipid A palmitoyltransferase, which is required for biosynthesis of hepta-acylated lipid A species containing palmitate. The PagP polypeptide catalyzes the transfer of a palmitate chain (16:0) from the sn-1 position of a glycerophospholipid to the free hydroxyl group of the (R)-3-hydroxymyristate chain at position 2 of lipid A. The PagP polypeptide may be a PagP polypeptide of bacterium selected from the group consisting of  Escherichia  genus bacterium,  Shigella  genus bacterium,  Salmonella  genus bacterium,  Campylobacter  genus bacterium,  Neisseria  genus bacterium,  Haemophilus  genus bacterium,  Aeromonas  genus bacterium,  Francisella  genus bacterium,  Yersinia  genus bacterium,  Klebsiella  genus bacterium,  Bordetella  genus bacterium,  Legionella  genus bacterium,  Corynebacterium  genus bacterium,  Citrobacter  genus bacterium,  Chlamydia  genus bacterium,  Brucella  genus bacterium,  Pseudomonas  genus bacterium,  Helicobacter  genus bacterium,  Burkholderia  genus bacterium,  Porphyromonas  genus bacterium,  Rhizobium  genus bacterium,  Mesorhizobium  genus bacterium, and  Vibrio  genus bacterium. For example, the PagP polypeptide may be a PagP polypeptide of  Escherichia coli  (EcPagP). The PagP polypeptide may be a polypeptide that includes an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 26; or a polypeptide having about 99%, about 97%, about 95%, about 90%, about 80%, about 70%, about 60%, about 50%, about 40%, about 30%, about 20%, or about 10% or more sequence identity to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 26. The PagP polypeptide may be encoded by a nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 27; or by a polynucleotide having about 99%, about 97%, about 95%, about 90 about 80%, about 70%, about 60%, about 50%, about 40%, about 30%, about 20%, or about 10% or more sequence identity to the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 27. 
     The KdtA polypeptide may belong to EC 2.4.99.12., EC 2.4.99.13., EC 2.4.99.14., and/or EC 2.4.99.15. The KdtA (or WaaA) polypeptide may be an enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of Kdo to lipid IVA. For example, the KdtA polypeptide may be a KdtA polypeptide of  Escherichia coli  (EcKdtA). EcKdtA may catalyze the transfer of two Kdo to lipid IVA. The KdtA polypeptide may be a polypeptide that includes an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 22; or a polypeptide having about 99%, about 97%, about 95%, about 90%, about 80%, about 70%, about 60%, about 50%, about 40%, about 30%, about 20%, or about 10% or more sequence identity to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 22. The KdtA polypeptide may be encoded by a nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 23; or by a polynucleotide having about 99%, about 97%, about 95%, about 90%, about 80%, about 70%, about 60%, about 50%, about 40%, about 30%, about 20%, or about 10% or more sequence identity to the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 23. 
     Another aspect provides method of producing MLA that includes culturing the bacterium described above to obtain a culture; and isolating MLA from the culture. 
     The method may include culturing bacterium that produces monophosphoryl lipid A (MLA) comprising a genetic modification that increases expression of a gene encoding LpxE polypeptide as compared to a parent bacterial cell to obtain a culture. 
     The LpxE polypeptide, MLA, and bacterium are the same as those described herein. 
     The culturing may be performed using a method known in the art. The type of culture solution, the culturing temperature, and the culturing conditions may be those that are known in the art. The culturing temperature may be for example, about 10° C. to about 43° C., about 20° C. to about 43° C., about 20° C. to about 40° C., about 25° C. to about 43° C., about 25° C. to about 35° C., about 27° C. to about 33° C., about 10° C. to about 15° C., about 15° C. to about 20° C., about 20° C. to about 25° C., about 25° C. to about 30° C., about 30° C. to about 33° C., about 33° C. to about 37° C., about 37° C. to about 40° C., or about 40° C. to about 43° C. The bacterium may be cultured in a batch, fed-batch culture, or continuous mode. The culturing may be performed in stationary, or shaking condition. The culturing period may be, for example, about 1 hour to about 1 week, about 3 hours to about 6 days, about 6 hours to about 5 days, about 9 hours to about 4 days, about 12 hours to about 3 days, about 18 hours to about 2 days, about 1 day, or overnight. The culture medium may include antibiotics. Examples of the antibiotics may include kanamycin, ampicillin, chloramphenicol, or a combination thereof. 
     The method may include isolating MLA from the culture. The isolating may include isolating MLA from the bacterial cell. The isolating may include isolating the bacterial cell from the culture. Isolating the bacterial cell from a culture may be performed by using a method known in the art. For example, the bacterium may be isolated from a culture by centrifugation. The isolated bacterium may be washed with a buffer solution. 
     The method may include isolating MLA from the bacterium. 
     The MLA may be separated from lipid of the bacterium. The method of separating lipid may be one that is known in the art. MLA may be obtained by a physical or chemical method. The physical method may be, for example, repeated ultrasound pulses or repeated freeze-thaw. The chemical method may be extraction by using an organic solvent. Examples of the organic solvent may include chloroform, phenol, petroleum ether, dichloromethane, methanol, hexane, isopropyl alcohol, ethyl acetate, acetonitrile, ethanol, or a combination thereof. Examples of the method of extracting lipid may be a Bligh and Dyer lipid extraction protocol (see Bligh, E. G. and Dyer, W. J., Can. J. Biochem. Physiol., 1959, vol. 37, p. 911-917). The method may further include purifying MLA in lipid. The method may not include hydrolysis step to remove Kdo moiety since the obtained lipid A may be a free form, i.e., not conjugated to Kdo moiety. 
     The MLA may include 1-dephospho-lipid A, 1-dephospho-tetra-acylated lipid A, 1-dephospho-penta-acylated lipid A, 3D-MLA, or a combination thereof. 
     Reference will now be made in detail to embodiments, examples of which are illustrated in the accompanying drawings, wherein like reference numerals refer to like elements throughout. In this regard, the present embodiments may have different forms and should not be construed as being limited to the descriptions set forth herein. Accordingly, the embodiments are merely described below, by referring to the figures, to explain aspects of the present description. As used herein, the term “and/or” includes any and all combinations of one or more of the associated listed items. 
     Hereinafter, the present invention will be described in more detail with reference to Examples. However, these Examples are for illustrative purposes only, and the invention is not intended to be limited by these Examples. 
     Example 1. Preparation of Vector Including Polynucleotide that Encodes  Escherichia coli  LpxL and  Escherichia coli  LpxM 
     1.1. Preparation of pWSK29-EcLpxLEcLpxM 
     In order to obtain a polynucleotide that encodes  Escherichia coli  LpxL polypeptides, from the  Escherichia coli  W3110 genome (GenBank Accession No. NC_000918.1, ATCC), a polynucleotide (GenBank Accession No. AP009048.1 (c1118159.1117239, SEQ ID NO: 2), which encodes an EcLpxL polypeptide (GenBank Accession No. BAA35852.1, SEQ ID NO: 1) including a ribosome binding site (RBS), was amplified by a first polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using a pair of primers shown below (see  FIG. 2A ). 
     LpxL forward primer P1: SEQ ID NO: 3 
     LpxL reverse primer P2: SEQ ID NO: 4 
     In order to obtain a polynucleotide that encodes  Escherichia coli  LpxM polypeptides, from the  Escherichia coli  W3110 genome, a polynucleotide (GenBank Accession No. AP009048.1 (c1941907.1940936, SEQ ID NO: 6), which encodes an EcLpxM polypeptide (GenBank Accession No. BAA15663.1, SEQ ID NO: 5) including an RBS, was amplified by a second PCR using a pair of primers shown below (see  FIG. 2A ). 
     LpxM forward primer P3: SEQ ID NO: 7 
     LpxM reverse primer P4: SEQ ID NO: 8 
     An EcLpxLEcLpxM polynucleotide, which is a fusion of the EcLpxL polynucleotide and the EcLpxM polynucleotide, was amplified by a third PCR using the LpxL forward primer P1 and the LpxM reverse primer P4 and the EcLpxL polynucleotide obtained from the first PCR and the EcLpxM polynucleotide obtained from the second PCR as a template. 
     The PCRs were performed using a KOD hot start DNA polymerase (Novagen) in a T3000 thermocycler (Biometra). 
     The amplified products were purified using a DokDo-Prep PCR purification kit (ELPIS), and the purified products were introduced into at XbaI and HindIII restriction site of a pWSK29 plasmid (Wang, R. F., and Kushner, S. R., Gene (1991), vol. 100, p. 195-199). The cloned plasmid was transformed into  Escherichia coli  DH5α by electroporation, and then selected on an LB-ampicillin plate. The cloned plasmid was named as pWSK29-EcLpxLEcLpxM. 
     1.2. Preparation of pBAD33.1-AaLpxE 
     1.2.1. Preparation of pET21-AaLpxE 
     In order to obtain a polynucleotide that encodes  Aquifex aeolicus  LpxE (AaLpxE) polypeptides, from the  Aquifex aeolicus  VF5 genome (GenBank Accession No. NC_000918.1, ATCC), a polynucleotide (GenBank Accession No. NC_000918.1:1199317 . . . 1199841, SEQ ID NO: 10), which encodes AaLpxE polypeptide (GenBank Accession No. NP_214169.1, SEQ ID NO: 9), was amplified by using a pair of primers shown below. 
     AaLpxE forward primer: SEQ ID NO: 11 
     AaLpxE reverse primer: SEQ ID NO: 12 
     As described in 1.1, the PCR was performed, and the amplified products were purified. The purified products were introduced into at NdeI and XhoI restriction enzyme stie of pET21a plasmid (Novagen). The cloned plasmid was transformed into  E. coli  DH5a and selected as described in 1.1. The cloned plasmid was named as pET21-AaLpxE. 
     1.2.2. Preparation of pBAD33.1-AaLpxE 
     A polynucleotide that encodes AaLpxE was amplified using the pET21-AaLpxE prepared in 1.2.1 as a template and a pair of primers shown below. 
     AaLpxE forward primer: SEQ ID NO: 13 
     AaLpxE reverse primer: SEQ ID NO: 14 
     The PCR was performed using a KOD hot start DNA polymerase (Novagen) in a T3000 thermocycler (Biometra). 
     As described in 1.1, the PCR was performed, and the amplified products were purified. The purified products were cloned into pBAD33.1 at NdeI and HindIII restriction enzyme site (Chung, H. S., and Raetz, C. R., Biochemistry (2010), vol. 49 (19), p. 4126-4137). The cloned plasmid, as described in 1.1, was transformed into  E. coli  and then selected. The cloned plasmid was named as pBAD33.1-AaLpxE as an expression vector. 
     1.2.3. Preparation of pBAD33.1-HpLpxE 
     In hp0021, which is a  Helicobactor pylori  LpxE (HpLpxE) gene, for the deletion of a HindIII restriction enzyme recognition site sequence, a polynucleotide sequence (SEQ ID NO: 16), which has Ser codon AGC at a position corresponding to 17 Ser residue and differs from that TCG of 17 polynucleotide sequence (SEQ ID NO: 15), was synthesized by integrated DNATechnologies (mBiotech, ROK). A polynucleotide that encodes HpLpxE amino acid sequences (SEQ ID NO: 17) was amplified using the synthesized DNA as a template and a pair of primers shown below. 
     Forward primer: SEQ ID NO: 18 
     Reverse primer: SEQ ID NO: 19 
     The PCR was performed using a KOD hot start DNA polymerase (Novagen) in a T3000 thermocycler (Biometra). 
     As described in 1.1, the PCR was performed, and the amplified products were purified. The purified products were cloned into pBAD33.1 at XbaI and HindIII restriction enzyme site (Chung, H. S., and Raetz, C. R., Biochemistry (2010), vol. 49(19), p. 4126-4137). The cloned plasmid, as described in 1.1, was transformed into  Escherichia coli  and then selected. The cloned plasmid was named as pBAD33.1-HpLpxE as an expression vector. 
     Example 2. Preparation of  Escherichia coli  KHSC003 (pWSK29-EcLpxLEcLpxM, kdtA::kan, ΔlpxT, ΔpagP, W3110) Strains 
     2.1. Preparation of  Escherichia coli  in which lpxT Gene is Removed from Genome 
     Into  Escherichia coli  strain W3110, lpxT::kan, in which a kanamycin cassette is inserted into a lpxT gene (SEQ ID NO: 21) in the  Escherichia coli  genome that encodes an LpxT polypeptide (SEQ ID NO: 20), pCP20 plasmid (Kirill A. Datsenko, and Barry L. Wanner PNAS (2000), vol. 97, p. 6640-6645), as described in 1.1., was transformed and then selected on an LB-ampicillin solid medium. The selected  Escherichia coli  was inoculated on an LB solid medium, and selected at a temperature of 42° C., thereby preparing an  Escherichia coli  strain from which lpxT and the kanamycin cassette were removed, i.e., ΔlpxT, W3110 (step  1  in  FIG. 26 ). 
     2.2. Preparation of  Escherichia coli  in which pagP and lpxT Genes are Removed from Genome 
     From an  Escherichia coli  strain (JW0617 (pagP::kan)), in which a kanamycin cassette is inserted into a pagP gene in the  Escherichia coli  genome, P1 virus was prepared (Current Protocols in Molecular Biology (2007), 1.16.1-1.16.24, Unit 1.16). The P1 virus was transduced into ΔlpxT, W3110 prepared in 2.1, and then selected on an LB-kanamycin solid medium, thus preparing an  Escherichia coli  strain, into which pagP::kan was inserted in place of pagP gene, i.e., ΔlpxT, pagP::kan, W3110 (Current Protocols in Molecular Biology (2007), 1.16.1-1.16.24, Unit 1.16) (step  2  in  FIG. 2B ). pCP20 plasmid (KiriII A. Datsenko, and Barry L. Wanner, PNAS (2000), vol. 97, p. 6640-6645) was transformed into the ΔlpxT, pagP::kan, W3110, and then selected on an LB-ampicillin solid medium. The selected  Escherichia coli  was inoculated on an LB solid medium, and selected at a temperature of 42° C., thereby preparing an  Escherichia coli  strain from which pagP and the kanamycin cassette were removed, i.e., ΔlpxT, ΔpagP, W3110 (step  3  in  FIG. 2B ). 
     2.3. Preparation of  Escherichia coli  pWSK29-EcLpxLEcLpxM, ΔlpxT, ΔpagP, W3110 Strain 
     The pWSK29-EcLpxLEcLpxM plasmid prepared in 1.1 was transformed into ΔlpxT, ΔpagP, W3110 prepared in 2.2 by electroporation. The transformed  Escherichia coli  was selected on an LB-ampicillin solid medium, thus preparing an  Escherichia coli  pWSK29-EcLpxLEcLpxM, ΔlpxT, ΔpagP, W3110 strain (step  4  in  FIG. 2B ). 
     2.4. Preparation of  Escherichia coli  KHSC003 Strain 
     From  Escherichia coli  including pEcKdtA plasmid, in which a kanamycin cassette is inserted into a kdtA gene (SEQ ID NO: 23) that encodes KdtA polypeptides (SEQ ID NO: 22) in an  Escherichia coli  chromosome, that is, HSC1/pEcKdt (Chung, H. S., and Raetz, C. R., Biochemistry (2010), vol. 49 (19), p. 4126-4137), P1 virus was prepared (Current Protocols in Molecular Biology (2007) 1.16.1-1.16.24, Unit 1.16). The P1 virus was transduced into  Escherichia coli  pWSK29-EcLpxLEcLpxM, ΔlpxT, ΔpagP, W3110 strain, prepared in 2.3, and then selected on an LB-kanamycin/ampicillin solid medium (step  5  in  FIG. 2B ). The selected  Escherichia coli  was named as KHSC003 (pWSK29-EcLpxLEcLpxM, ΔlpxT, ΔpagP, kdtA::kan, W3110). 
     Example 3. Test of Lipid of  Escherichia coli  into which AaLpxE, HpLpxE, or FnLpxE were Introduced 
     3.1. Extraction of Lipid from  Escherichia coli  W3110 Transformed with pWSK29-FnLpxE by Acid Hydrolysis 
     For a comparative experiment, an  Escherichia coli  strain W3110 into which pWSK29-FnLpxE was transformed, and an  Escherichia coli  strain W3110 into which pWSK29-FnLpxE was untransformed were prepared. 
     Specifically, a pWSK29-FnLpxE (Wang, X., Karbarz, M. J., McGrath, S. C., Cotter, R. J., and Raetz, C. R., J Biol Chem (2004), vol. 279 (47), p. 49470-49478) was prepared, which amplifies a polynucleotide (gbICP000439.11:414941-415660  Francisella novicida  U112, SEQ ID NO: 25) that encodes FnLpxE polypeptides (gi|118422929|gb|ABK89319.1,  Francisella novicida  U112 lipid A phosphatase, SEQ ID NO: 24). The prepared pWSK29-FnLpxE was transformed into an  Escherichia coli  strain W3110 by electroporation, and then the transformed  Escherichia coli  was selected on an LB solid medium containing 50 μg/ml of ampicillin. The selected colony was inoculated into an LB liquid medium containing 50 μg/ml of ampicillin, and then cultured overnight at 37° C. The culture solution was inoculated into 200 ml of a fresh LB liquid medium containing 50 μg/ml of ampicillin such that absorbance measured at a wavelength of 600 nm (OD600) was 0.06. The diluted culture solution was cultured at 37° C. until OD600 reached 1.0. Then, the culture solution was centrifuged at a centrifugal force of 4000×g at room temperature for about 20 minutes, thus obtaining a cultured  Escherichia coli  strain W3110. 
     An untransformed  Escherichia coli  strain W3110 was inoculated into a fresh LB liquid medium, and then cultured overnight at 37° C. The culture solution was diluted with 200 ml of a fresh LB liquid medium such that OD600 was 0.06. The diluted culture solution was cultured at 37° C. until OD600 reached 1.0. Then, the culture solution was centrifuged at a centrifugal force of 4000 g at room temperature for about 20 minutes, thus obtaining a cultured  Escherichia coli  strain W3110. The obtained  Escherichia coli , pWSK29-FnLpxE/W3110 and W3110, were each washed with 30 ml of phosphate buffered saline (PBS), then resuspended with 8 ml of PBS. 10 ml of chloroform (EMD millipore) and 20 ml of methanol (EMD millipore) were added to the resuspended  Escherichia coli , and then incubated at room temperature for about 1 hour by shaking the mixture a few times. Subsequently, the incubated mixture was centrifuged at a centrifugal force of 2500×g for about 30 minutes at room temperature. The supernatant of the centrifuged mixture was discarded, and then the pellet was resuspended with 30 ml of a solution of chloroform, methanol, and PBS at a ratio of 1:2:0.8 (v/v). The resuspended mixture was centrifuged at a centrifugal force of 2500×g for about 30 minutes at room temperature, and the supernatant of the centrifuged mixture was discarded. The pellet was washed two more times in the same manner as above and then the supernatant of the centrifuged mixture was discarded. The washed pellet was resuspended with 18 ml of a 12.5 mM sodium acetate solution (pH 4.5, Sigma-Aldrich) and then sonic-irradiated. The sonic-irradiated solution was heated airtight in boiling water at a temperature of 100° C. for about 30 minutes, and then cooled to room temperature. 20 ml of chloroform (EMD millipore) and 20 ml of methanol (EMD millipore) were added to the cooled solution and then fully mixed together with one another, followed by centrifuging the mixture at a centrifugal force of 2500 g for about 20 minutes at room temperature. An organic solvent layer was separated from the centrifuged mixture, and then a pre-equilibrated organic solvent layer was added to the upper aqueous layer so as to extract an organic solvent layer twice. The organic solvent layer was pooled, and then dried in a rotary evaporator to obtain lipid. The obtained lipid was dissolved in 5 ml of a mixture of chloroform and methanol at a ratio of 4:1 (v/v), and then sonic-irradiated in a water bath. The sonic-irradiated lipid was moved to a new test tube, and then the obtained lipid was dried at room temperature under nitrogen gas, followed by storing at −80° C. 
     3.2. Extraction of Lipid from  Escherichia coli  KHSC003 Transformed with pBDA33.1, pBAD33.1-AaLpxE, or pBAD33.1-HpLpxE 
     The plasmid prepared in 1.2.2, pBAD33.1-AaLpxE or pBAD33.1-HpLpxE, was transformed into  Escherichia coli  KHSC003 prepared in 2.4, and then the lipid of the membrane of  Escherichia coli  was tested. As for a negative control group,  Escherichia coli  KHSC003, into which a vector pBAD33.1 was transformed, was used. 
     Specifically, the vector pBAD33.1, pBAD33.1-AaLpxE prepared in 1.2.2, or pBAD33.1-HpLpxE prepared in 1.2.3 was transformed into  Escherichia coli  strain KHSC003 prepared in 2.4 by electroporation. The KHSC003 strain containing pBAD33.1-AaLpxE has been deposited in the Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, which is an international depository authority under the Budapest Treaty as of Nov. 18, 2016 (Accession Number: KCTC 13155BP). The KHSC003 strain containing pBAD33.1-HpLpxE has been deposited in the Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, which is an international depository authority under the Budapest Treaty as of Nov. 18, 2016 (Accession Number: KCTC 13156BP). 
     The transformed  Escherichia coli  was inoculated to an LB liquid medium containing 50 μg/ml of ampicillin (EMD millipore) and 30 μg/ml chloramphenicol (Sigma-Aldrich), and then cultured overnight at 30° C. The culture solution was inoculated to 200 ml of an LB liquid medium containing 50 μg/ml of ampicillin, 30 μg/ml of chloramphenicol, and 1 mM of isopropyl 1-thio-β-D-galactoside (IPTG, UBP Bio), and thus the culture solution was diluted such that OD600 was 0.06 to 0.1. The culture solution was cultured until OD600 reached 0.5 to 0.6. The culture solution was centrifuged at room temperature at a centrifugal force of 4000×g for about 20 minutes so as to obtain  Escherichia coli . The obtained  Escherichia coli  was washed with 30 ml of PBS and then resuspended with 8 ml of PBS. 10 ml of chloroform and 20 ml of methanol were added to the resuspended  Escherichia coli , and then incubated at room temperature for about 1 hour with shaking a few times. The incubated mixture was centrifuged at a centrifugal force of 2500×g for about 30 minutes at room temperature, thus obtaining the supernatant thereof. 10 ml of chloroform and 10 ml of water were added to the obtained supernatant followed by complete-mixing of the mixture. Then, the mixture was centrifuged at a centrifugal force of 2500×g for about 20 minutes at room temperature. An organic solvent layer was separated from the centrifuged mixture, and then a pre-equilibrated organic solvent layer was added to the upper aqueous layer so as to extract an organic solvent layer twice. The organic solvent layer was pooled, and then dried in a rotary evaporator to obtain lipid. The obtained lipid was dissolved in 5 ml of a solution of chloroform and methanol at a ratio of 4:1 (v/v), and then sonic-irradiated in a water bath. The sonic-irradiated lipid was moved to a new test tube, and then the obtained lipid was dried at room temperature under nitrogen gas, followed by storing at −80° C. 
     3.3. Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC) Analysis on Lipid 
     In order to perform TLC, as described in 3.1 or 3.2, lipid was obtained from 200 ml of an  Escherichia coli  culture solution, and one-third of the total obtained lipid was dissolved in 200 μl of a mixture of chloroform and methanol at a ratio of 4:1 (v/v). Subsequently, 5 μl to 15 μl of the mixture was spotted on a 10×10 cm HPTLC plate (EMD Chemicals) and developed in a solvent of chloroform, methanol, water, and ammonium hydroxide (from 30% to 20%) at a ratio of 40:25:4:2 (v/v. The developed plate was then dried, visualized by spraying 10% (v/v) of sulfuric acid (in ethanol) thereto, and then was charred on a hot plate of 300° C. The results of lipid TLC are shown in  FIGS. 3A and 3B  (In  FIG. 3A , Lane 1: lipids obtained by acid hydrolysis of the extracted LPS from  Escherichia coli  W3110, Lane 2: lipids obtained by acid hydrolysis of the extracted LPS from  Escherichia coli  W3110 containing pWSK29-FnLpxE, Lane 3: extracted lipids obtained from  Escherichia coli  KHSC003 containing pBAD33.1, and Lane 4: extracted lipids obtained from  Escherichia coli  KHSC003 containing pBAD33.1-AaLpxE; and in  FIG. 3B , Lane 1: lipids obtained by acid hydrolysis of the extracted LPS from  Escherichia coli  W3110, Lane 2: extracted lipids obtained from  Escherichia coli  KHSC003 containing pBAD33.1-HpLpxE, and Lane 3: extracted lipids obtained from  Escherichia coli  KHSC003 containing pBAD33.1). 
     As shown in  FIGS. 3A and 3B , lipid A was detected from  Escherichia coli  W3110 that underwent the process of acid hydrolysis (Lane 1 in  FIG. 3A ), and 1-dephospho-lipid A was detected from  Escherichia coli  W3110 including pWSK29-FnLpxE that underwent the process of acid hydrolysis (Lane 2 in  FIG. 3A ). In addition, lipid A detected from  Escherichia coli  KHSC003 was detected (Lane 3 in  FIG. 3A ), and 1-dephospho-lipid A detected from  Escherichia coli  KHSC003 including pBAD33.1-AaLpxE or pBAD33.1-HpLpxE was detected (Lane 4 in  FIG. 3A  or Lane 2 in  FIG. 3B ). Therefore, since the membrane of  Escherichia coli  KHSC003 transformed with pBAD33.1-AaLpxE or pBAD33.1-HpLpxE contained 1-dephospho-lipid A, it was found that living  Escherichia coli  containing 1-dephospho-lipid A in the membrane can be obtained.  Escherichia coli  KHSC003 transformed with pBAD33.1-HpILpxE, i.e., pBAD33.1-HplpxE/KHSC003 was internationally deposited on Nov. 23, 2016 with Accession Number KCTC13156BP to Korean Collection for Type Cultures (KCTC) which is an International Depositary Authority according to Budapest Treaty. 
     3.4. Matrix Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization Time-of-Flight (MALDI-TOF) Mass Spectrometry on Lipid A and 1-Dephospho-Lipid A 
     The lipid obtained as described in 3.2 was resuspended with a mixture of chloroform and methanol at a ratio of 4:1 (v/v), and the resuspended lipid sample was sent to Korea Basic Science Institute to request MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry. 
     Specifically, a mixture solution of 10 mg/mk of a 2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid (DHB) solution (Sigma-Aldrich) and acetonitrile (Sigma-Aldrich) at a ratio of 1:4 was used as matrix. 1 μl of the matrix solution was spread on a sample stub, and 1 μl of the resuspended lipid sample was spotted thereon, followed by vacuum-drying. MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry was performed on the lipid sample by using a MALDI-TOF mass spectrometer (Shimadzu Biotech Axima Resonance). The mass spectrometry data was analyzed by using mMass software (www.mmass.org). The analysis results of MALDI-TOF MS are shown in  FIG. 4A . The analysis results of MALDI-TOF MS-MS are shown in  FIG. 4B  (x-axis: mass-to-charge ratio (m/z), y-axis: relative intensity (%)). 
     As shown in  FIGS. 4A and 4B , it was found that from  Escherichia coli  KHSC003 transformed with pBAD33.1-AaLpxE, monophosphoryl lipid A (MLA) not including Kdo, i.e., 1-dephospho-lipid A (the actual unit mass: 1716.25), was detected. Therefore, by the expression of EcLpxM, EcLpxL, and AaLpxE polypeptides in  Escherichia coli , it was found that living  Escherichia coli  containing 1-dephospho-lipid A in the membrane can be obtained.  Escherichia coli  KHSC003 transformed with pBAD33.1-AaLpxE, i.e., pBAD33.1-AaLpxE/KHSC003 was internationally deposited on Nov. 23, 2016 with Accession Number KCTC13155BP to Korean Collection for Type Cultures (KCTC) which is an International Depositary Authority according to Budapest Treaty. 
     As described above, when employing bacterium that produces monophosphoryl lipid A (MLA) including an LpxE polypeptide and a method of producing MLA by using the bacterium, according to one or more aspects, MLA may be produced in a simple manner without acid hydrolysis and/or base hydrolysis. 
     It should be understood that embodiments described herein should be considered in a descriptive sense only and not for purposes of limitation. Descriptions of features or aspects within each embodiment should typically be considered as available for other similar features or aspects in other embodiments. 
     While one or more embodiments have been described with reference to the figures, it will be understood by those of ordinary skill in the art that various changes in form and details may be made therein without departing from the spirit and scope of the inventive concept as defined by the following claims.