Patent Publication Number: US-8989645-B2

Title: Image forming apparatus

Description:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     1. Field of the Invention 
     The present invention relates to an image forming apparatus. 
     2. Description of the Related Art 
     In general, regardless of differences in a developing system, an image forming apparatus by a conventional electrophotographic method forms an image by: charging uniformly a drum-shaped or a belt-shaped image bearing member while rotating it; forming a latent-image pattern on the image bearing member with a laser light; forming a visible image from it by a developing apparatus; and further transferring a toner image on a transfer medium. 
     In general, after a transfer step, a toner component and so on remaining on the image bearing member is removed in a cleaning step to have a surface of the image bearing member in a sufficiently clean state, and then charging is carried out. 
     However, in recent years, colorization of an output image is in progress, and a toner having a smaller diameter and a larger sphericity is desired for high-quality image and stable image quality. When such a toner is used in an electrophotographic image forming method, it is difficult to remove the toner in the cleaning step, and challenges for cleaning are getting larger. After a toner image is transferred on the transfer medium and if a toner component not transferred remains on the image bearing member, the residual of the toner component is conveyed directly to the charging step. This is a problem that it inhibits uniform charging of the image bearing member. 
     There is a method to increase rubbing power of a cleaning member against the image bearing member in order to remove the toner having a smaller diameter and a larger sphericity in the cleaning step. In this case, however, there is a problem that abrasion of the image bearing member or the cleaning member significantly advances. 
     Also, factors of the adhesion of the toner to the image bearing member also include the charging step. 
     In recent years, as a charging method of an electrophotographic image forming apparatus, an AC superimposed charging system that an alternating-current (AC) component is superimposed on a direct-current (DC) component has been used. A close charging system by the AC superimposed charging system can downsize the apparatus while achieving high-quality image. At the same time, since it may have the charging member and the image bearing member in a non-contact state while maintaining uniformity of the charge, there is no minor unevenness at a contact between the charging member and a surface of the image bearing member or gap variation between the charging member and the surface of the image bearing member, and as a result, degradation of the charging member may be suppressed. 
     However, when the image bearing member is an organic photoconductor (OPC), energy of the AC superimposed charging cuts resin chains at the surface of the image bearing member, which reduces mechanical strength, and there is a problem that the image bearing member wears significantly. Since the superimposed charging activates the surface of the image bearing member, adhesive force between the surface of the image bearing member and a toner increases, and there is also a problem that cleanability against the image bearing member decreases. 
     Accordingly, there exist electrical stresses and physical stresses in the steps of image formation by the electrophotographic method, and the image bearing member which has received these stresses have a surface condition thereof changed over time due to use. 
     For such a problem, technologies to apply a protective agent on a surface of the image bearing member have been proposed. 
     For example, a method that a block-shaped protective agent having zinc stearate as a main component, a so-called protective agent block, is applied on a surface of an image bearing member (see Japanese Patent Application Publication (JP-B) No. 51-22380), a method that a protective agent block having zinc stearate as a main component with an addition of boron nitride is applied on a surface of an image bearing member (see Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open (JP-A) No. 2006-350240) and so on are proposed. 
     Application of the protective agent block on the surface of the image bearing member reduces a frictional coefficient of the surface of the image bearing member and reduces degradation of a cleaning blade or the image bearing member, and at the same time, it improves detachment of deposits adhering to the surface of the image bearing member such as toner components not transferred. As a result, it is possible to prevent cleaning defects and occurrence of filming over time. 
     Also, as a technique to apply the protective agent block on the surface of the image bearing member, a protective layer forming apparatus including: a protective agent block; a protective agent supplying member including a brush-shaped rotary member, which contacts the protective agent block to adhere it on a surface thereof and applies a protective agent on an image bearing member; and a protective agent pressurizing member, which pressurizes the protective agent block so that it contacts the protective agent supplying member is proposed (see JP-A No. 2007-65100 and JP-A No. 2007-293240). 
     However, there is a problem with these proposed technologies that, depending on a rotation of the brush-shaped rotary member, powder of the protective agent rubbed from the protective agent block flies in a large quantity, resulting in a large quantity of the protective agent being wasted. Also, brush fibers get flattened or degraded over time, and there is a problem that a predetermined amount of the protective agent cannot be supplied over a long period of time because of unstable consumption of the protective agent. 
     Therefore, a technology to use a roller-shaped protective agent supplying member having a foam layer as a protective agent supplying member of a protective layer forming apparatus is proposed (see JP-A No. 2009-150986). With this proposed technology, powder of a protective agent by rubbing hardly flies. 
     However, with this proposed technology, since the foam layer is composed of isolated cells, the foam layer is degraded or destructed over time due to rubbing with the protective agent block or the image bearing member. As a result, there is a problem of filming of the image bearing member due to insufficient supply of the protective agent to the image bearing member over a long period of time. 
     Accordingly, there currently is being asked to provide an image forming apparatus having a relatively simple configuration and capable of preventing filming of the toner consumption even with a small consumption of a protection agent even when a protective agent supplying member having a foam layer is used. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention aims at solving the above problems in the conventional technologies and at achieving the following objection. That is, the present invention aims at providing an image forming apparatus having a relatively simple configuration and capable of preventing filming of the toner consumption even with a small consumption of a protection agent even when a protective agent supplying member having a foam layer is used. 
     Means for solving the above problems are as follows. That is, 
     An image forming apparatus of the present invention is an image forming apparatus including: an image bearing member; and a protective layer forming unit which includes: a protective agent supplying member which rotatably contacts a surface of the image bearing member; and an image bearing member protective agent,
         wherein the image bearing member protective agent includes at least a metal salt of a fatty acid and an inorganic lubricant,   wherein the protective agent supplying member includes: a core material; and a foam layer formed on an outer periphery of the core material and including a plurality of cells, and   wherein drive torque of the image bearing member and drive torque of the protective agent supplying member satisfy Formula (1) below:
 
1.47×10 −4 ≦[( A   1   +B   1 )−( A   0   +B   0 )]/ L [N·m/mm]≦1.96×10 −3   Formula (1)
 
where:
       

     A 0  represents drive torque (N·m) of the image bearing member during image formation when the image bearing member and the protective agent supplying member are not in contact, 
     A 1  represents drive torque (N·m) of the image bearing member during image formation, 
     B 0  represents drive torque (N·m) of the protective agent supplying member during image formation when the image bearing member and the protective agent supplying member are not in contact, 
     B 1  represents drive torque (N·m) of the protective agent supplying member during image formation, and 
     L represents a length in a longitudinal direction (mm) at a contact surface between the image bearing member and the protective agent supplying member. 
     According to the present invention, it is possible to provide an image forming apparatus having a relatively simple configuration and capable of preventing filming of the toner consumption even with a small consumption of a protection agent even when a protective agent supplying member having a foam layer is used, and thereby, the conventional problems may be solved, and the above objective may be achieved. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         FIG. 1A  is a schematic cross-sectional diagram illustrating one example of a foam layer of continuous cells. 
         FIG. 1B  is an explanatory diagram of the schematic cross-sectional diagram of  FIG. 1A . 
         FIG. 1C  is a schematic cross-sectional diagram illustrating one example of a foam layer of continuous cells. 
         FIG. 1D  is an explanatory diagram of the schematic cross-sectional diagram of  FIG. 1C . 
         FIG. 2A  is a side view illustrating one example of a protective agent supplying member. 
         FIG. 2B  is an enlarged schematic diagram illustrating one example of an exposed surface of a foam layer of continuous cells. 
         FIG. 3  is a schematic front view illustrating one example of a protective agent supplying member used in the present invention. 
         FIG. 4  is a cross-sectional diagram of the protective agent supplying member of  FIG. 3 . 
         FIG. 5  is a partially enlarged view of  FIG. 4 . 
         FIG. 6A  is a perspective diagram illustrating one example of a step for forming a protective agent block by compression molding using a manufacturing apparatus of an image bearing member protective agent. 
         FIG. 6B  is a schematic cross-sectional diagram of the manufacturing apparatus of the image bearing member protective agent in  FIG. 6A . 
         FIG. 6C  is a perspective diagram illustrating one example of a protective agent block molded by compression molding. 
         FIG. 6D  is a schematic cross-sectional diagram illustrating one example of a protective agent block fixed on a holder. 
         FIG. 7  is a schematic cross-sectional diagram illustrating one example of a protective layer forming unit. 
         FIG. 8  is a schematic cross-sectional diagram illustrating one example of an image forming apparatus of the present invention. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
     (Image Forming Apparatus and Image Forming Method) 
     An image forming apparatus of the present invention includes at least: an image bearing member (which may hereinafter also be referred to as an “electrostatic latent image bearing member”, an “electrophotographic photoconductor”, a “photoconductor” and so on); and a protective layer forming unit, and it further includes other units according to necessity. 
     An image forming method of the present invention includes at least a protective layer forming step, and it further includes other steps according to necessity. 
     The image forming method may be preferably carried out by the image forming apparatus; the protective layer forming step may be carried out by the protective layer forming unit; the other steps may be carried out by the other units. 
     Hereinafter, the image forming method is also explained through an explanation of the image forming apparatus. 
     &lt;Protective Layer Forming Unit and Protective Layer Forming Step&gt; 
     The protective layer forming unit includes at least: a protective agent supplying member which rotatably contacts a surface of the image bearing member; and an image bearing member protective agent (hereinafter, it may simply be abbreviated as a “protective agent”), and it further includes other members according to necessity. 
     The protective layer forming step is not particularly restricted as long as it is a step for forming a protective layer on a surface of the image bearing member after transfer by applying a protective agent, and it may be appropriately selected according to purpose. For example, it may be carried out by the protective layer forming unit. 
     &lt;&lt;Protective Agent Supplying Member&gt;&gt; 
     The protective agent supplying member includes at least: a core material; and a foam layer formed on an outer periphery of the core material and including a plurality of cells, and it further includes other members according to necessity. 
     The protective agent supplying member is a member which scrapes off the protective agent and supplies the protective agent to a surface of the image bearing member. 
     A shape of the protective agent supplying member is not particularly restricted and may be appropriately selected according to purpose. Nonetheless, it is preferably a shape of a roller. 
     The present inventors have found that, when the protective agent is supplied on the surface of the image bearing member using the protective agent supplying member having the foam layer, there are two (2) actions, namely an action of coating the protective agent on the image bearing member (action 1) and an action of recovering (removing) deposits such as protective agent coated on the image bearing member and external additives of toner components (action 2) present on the protective agent supplying member. They have also found that the latter action (action 2) greatly contributes to protective properties (occurrence of filming) of the image bearing member. 
     Further, they have found that drive torque of the protective agent supplying member having the foam layer and the image bearing member largely affects the action 2 during image formation. That is, when drive torque of the image bearing member and the protective agent supplying member during image formation (hereinafter, it may also be referred to as a “drive torque during image formation”) is excessively larger than drive torque of the image bearing member and the protective agent supplying member during image formation with the contact surfaces of the image bearing member and the protective agent supplying member not in contact (hereinafter, it may also be referred to as a “drive torque during non-contact”), protective property of the image bearing member decreases, resulting in occurrences of filming. This is because a recovered amount of the protective agent applied is large in spite of a large supplied amount the protective agent. On the other hand, when the drive torque during image formation is almost the same as the drive torque during non-contact, a toner component adhered on the surface of the image bearing member is not easily removed during image formation. Thus, filming due to toner occurs unless a supplied amount of the protective agent is increased. These have been found by the present inventors. 
     Then, they have found that an image forming apparatus which may prevent filming by a toner may be realized even with a small consumption of a protective agent by satisfying Formula (1) below:
 
1.47×10 −4 ≦[( A   1   +B   1 )−( A   0   +B   0 )]/ L [N·m/mm]≦1.96×10 −3   Formula (1)
 
where:
 
     A 0  represents drive torque (N·m) of the image bearing member during image formation when the image bearing member and the protective agent supplying member are not in contact, 
     A 1  represents drive torque (N·m) of the image bearing member during image formation, 
     B 0  represents drive torque (N·m) of the protective agent supplying member during image formation when the image bearing member and the protective agent supplying member are not in contact, 
     B 1  represents drive torque (N·m) of the protective agent supplying member during image formation, and 
     L represents a length in a longitudinal direction (mm) at a contact surface between the image bearing member and the protective agent supplying member. 
     Here, “[(A 1 +B 1 )−(A 0 +B 0 )]/L” relates to a force (load) applied to the contact surface. 
     Also, it is preferable to satisfy Formula (2) below since an image forming apparatus with no occurrences of filming may be realized with a smaller consumption of the protective agent consumption for protecting the image bearing member.
 
5.00×10 −4 ≦[( A   1   +B   1 )−( A   0   +B   0 )]/ L [N·m/mm]≦1.45×10 −3   Formula (2)
 
[Measurement of Drive Torque and Measurement of “[(A 1 +B 1 )−(A 0 +B 0 )]/L”]
 
     A method for measuring the “[(A 1 +B 1 )−(A 0 +B 0 )]/L” is, for example, described below. 
     Here, there are two methods for the image forming apparatus: namely a method which includes only one power source for rotating the image bearing member and rotates the protective agent supplying member via a gear of the image bearing member by making use of power of the power source (former method); and a method which includes one power source for rotating the image bearing member and another power source for rotating the protective agent supplying member (latter method). Either method may be used in the present invention. 
     —Measurement Method for Former Method— 
     (1-1) First, the core material alone of the protective agent supplying member and the image bearing member are attached to an imaging unit, and drive torque of the image bearing member and the protective agent supplying member during image formation when the image bearing member and the protective agent supplying member are not in contact is measured. In this case, since the image bearing member and the protective agent supplying member are driven by one power source, “A 0 +B 0 ” may be measured by measuring drive torque for the one power source. 
     (1-2) Next, the protective agent supplying member on which the foam layer is formed is attached to the imaging unit, image formation is carried out with the protective agent supplying member in contact with the image bearing member while the protective agent is supplied to the image bearing member, and drive torque of the image bearing member and the protective agent supplying member at that time is measured. Thereby, “A 1 +B 1 ” may be measured. 
     (1-3) The drive torque obtained in (1-1) is subtracted from the drive torque obtained in (1-2). Thereby, load torque by the foam layer contacting the image bearing member may be measured. 
     (1-4) Subsequently, a length in a longitudinal direction of the contact between the image bearing member and the foam layer is measured. 
     (1-5) The load torque obtained in (1-3) is divided by the length in a longitudinal direction measured in (1-4), and thereby the “[(A 1 +B 1 )−(A 0 +B 0 )]/L” may be obtained. 
     —Measurement Method for Latter Method— 
     (2-1) First, the core material alone of the protective agent supplying member and the image bearing member are attached to an imaging unit, and drive torque of the image bearing member and the protective agent supplying member during image formation when the image bearing member and the protective agent supplying member are not in contact is measured. In this case, since the image bearing member and the protective agent supplying member are driven by different power sources, drive torque for each power source is measured, and a sum thereof is obtained. Thereby, “A 0 +B 0 ” may be measured. 
     (2-2) Next, the protective agent supplying member on which the foam layer is formed is attached to the imaging unit, image formation is carried out with the protective agent supplying member in contact with the image bearing member while the protective agent is supplied to the image bearing member, and drive torque of the image bearing member and the protective agent supplying member at that time is measured similarly to (2-1). Thereby, “A 1 +B 1 ” may be measured. 
     (2-3) The drive torque obtained in (2-1) is subtracted from the drive torque obtained in (2-2). Thereby, load torque by the foam layer contacting the image bearing member may be measured. 
     (2-4) Subsequently, a length in a longitudinal direction of the contact between the image bearing member and the foam layer is measured. 
     (2-5) The load torque obtained in (2-3) is divided by the length in a longitudinal direction measured in (2-4), and thereby the “[(A 1 +B 1 )−(A 0 +B 0 )]/L” may be obtained. 
     As a measurement time of the drive torque, it is preferable to make a measurement after 1 minute to 3 minutes of operation, but it is not limited to thereto. The drive torque is preferably an average value of a region (for example, 30 seconds in the second half) with a stable waveform. 
     —Core Material— 
     A material, a shape, a size and a structure of the core material are not particularly restricted and may be appropriately selected according to purpose. 
     Examples of the material of the core material include: resins such as epoxy resin, phenolic resin and so on; and metals such as iron, aluminum, stainless steel and so on. 
     Examples of the shape of the core material include a column, a cylinder and so on. 
     —Foam Layer— 
     The foam layer is a layer formed on an outer periphery of the core material, and it includes a plurality of bubbles (they may also be referred to as “cells”, “holes”, “voids” and so on). 
     A shape of the foam layer is not particularly restricted and may be appropriately selected according to purpose. Examples thereof include a cylinder and so on. 
     —Foamed Polyurethane— 
     A material of the foam layer is not particularly restricted and may be appropriately selected according to purpose. Examples thereof include foamed polyurethane and so on. 
     The foamed polyurethane is not particularly restricted and may be appropriately selected according to purpose. Examples thereof include foamed polyurethane obtained by reaction of a mixture of at least a polyol, a polyisocyanate, a catalyst and a foaming agent with addition of other components such as foam stabilizer and so on according to necessity. 
     —Polyol— 
     The polyol is not particularly restricted, and it may be appropriately selected from heretofore known conventional polyols according to purpose. Examples thereof include polyether polyol, polyester polyol and so on. Among these, the polyether polyol is preferable since it is easy to adjust its easier adjustment of processability and hardness of the foam layer. 
     Examples of the polyether polyol include polyether polyol obtained by ring-opening addition polymerization of at least any one of ethylene oxide and propylene oxide to which at least any one of a low-molecular polyol and a low-molecular polyamine having 2 to 8 active hydrogen groups as an initiator. 
     Also, examples of the polyether polyol include a polyether-polyether polyol, a polyester-polyether polyol, a polymer-polyether polyol and so on, which are generally used for manufacturing a flexible polyurethane foam. 
     As the polyether polyol, a polyether-polyether polyol to which ethylene oxide is terminally bonded by 5% by mole or more is preferable in view of formability. 
     Examples of the polyester polyol include a polyester polyol obtained by polymerizing: a dibasic acid or an anhydride thereof such as adipic acid, phthalic anhydride, isophthalic acid, terephthalic acid, maleic anhydride and so on; and a glycol or a triol such as ethylene glycol, diethylene glycol, triethylene glycol, propylene glycol, dipropylene glycol, 1,4-butanediol, glycerin, trimethylolpropane and so on. 
     Also, as the polyester polyol, a polyester polyol obtained by depolymerizing a waste of a polyethylene terephthalate resin with the glycol may also be used. 
     The polyol may be used alone or in combination of two or more. 
     —Polyisocyanate— 
     The polyisocyanate is not particularly restricted, and it may be appropriately selected from conventional heretofore known various polyisocyanates according to purpose. Examples thereof include 2,4-tolylene diisocyanate (2,4-TDI), 2,6-tolylene diisocyanate (2,6-TDI), tolidine diisocyanate (TODI), 1,5-naphthylene diisocyanate (NDI), xylylene diisocyanate (XDI), 4,4′-diphenylmethane diisocyanate (MDI), carbodiimide-modified MDI, polymethylene polyphenyl polyisocyanate, polymeric polyisocyanate and so on. These may be used alone or in combination of two or more. 
     A blending amount of the polyisocyanate is not particularly restricted and may be appropriately selected according to purpose. For example, it is in a range of 1.0 to 3.0 as an equivalent ratio of the isocyanate group in the polyisocyanate to the hydroxyl group in the polyol (NCO/OH). 
     —Catalyst— 
     The catalyst is not particularly restricted, and it may be appropriately selected from heretofore known conventional catalysts used in an urethanization reaction according to purpose. Examples thereof include amine-based catalysts, organometallic catalyst and so on. 
     Examples of the amine-based catalysts include triethylenediamine, dimethylethanolamine, bis(dimethylamino)ethyl ether and so on. 
     Examples of the organometallic catalyst include dioctyltin, distearyl tin dibutyrate and so on. 
     The catalyst may be a reactive catalyst such as dimethylaminoethanol having active hydrogen. 
     These may be used alone or in combination of two or more. 
     A blending amount of the catalyst is not particularly restricted and may be appropriately selected according to purpose. For example, it is 0.01 parts by mass to 20 parts by mass with respect to 100 parts by mass of the polyol. 
     By selecting an appropriate type of the catalyst and by controlling its used amount, a cell-wall width, an open-cell diameter, hardness, aeration amount and so on of the foam layer may be adjusted. 
     —Foaming Agent— 
     The foaming agent is not particularly restricted and may be appropriately selected according to purpose. Examples thereof include water, Freon compounds, low-boiling-point hydrocarbon compounds and so on. These may be used alone or in combination of two or more. 
     Examples of the Freon compounds include HCFC-141b, HFC-134a, HFC-245fa, HFC-365mfc and so on. 
     Examples of the low-boiling-point hydrocarbon compounds include cyclopentane, n-pentane, iso-pentane, n-butane and so on. 
     A blending amount of the foaming agent is not particularly restricted and may be appropriately selected according to purpose. For example, it is 5 parts by mass to 50 parts by mass with respect to 100 parts by mass of the polyol. 
     By selecting an appropriate type of the foaming agent and by controlling its used amount, a cell-wall width, an open-cell diameter, hardness, aeration amount and so on of the foam layer may be adjusted. 
     —Other Components— 
     The other components are not particularly restricted and may be appropriately selected according to purpose. Examples thereof include a foam stabilizer, a cross-linking agent, a foam breaker, a conductive agent, an antistatic agent, a flame retardant, a thinning agent, a pigment, a stabilizer, a colorant, an anti-aging agent, an ultraviolet absorber, an antioxidant and so on. These may be used alone or in combination of two or more. 
     The foam stabilizer is not particularly restricted and may be appropriately selected according to purpose. Examples thereof include a silicone surfactant and so on. 
     A commercial product may be used as the silicone surfactant. Specific examples of the commercial product include: dimethylsiloxane foam stabilizers (for example, “SRX-253” manufactured by Dow Corning Toray Co., Ltd., “F-122” manufactured by Shin-Etsu Chemical Co., Ltd. and so on); and polyether-modified dimethylsiloxane foam stabilizers (for example, “L-5309”, “SZ-1311”, manufactured by Nippon Unicar Co., Ltd. and so on). These may be used alone or in combination of two or more. 
     A blending amount of the foam stabilizer is not particularly restricted and may be appropriately selected according to purpose. For example, it is 0.2 parts by mass to 10 parts by mass with respect to 100 parts by mass of the polyol. 
     The cross-linking agent and the foam breaker are formulated for the purpose of controlling isolation and continuity of cells in the foam layer. 
     The cross-linking agent is not particularly restricted and may be appropriately selected according to purpose. Nonetheless, examples thereof include triethanolamine, dethanolamine and so on. 
     The foam breaker is not particularly restricted and may be appropriately selected according to purpose. Examples thereof include the foam stabilizers having high foam-breaking property. 
     A blending amount of the cross-linking agent or the foam breaker is not particularly restricted and may be appropriately selected according to purpose. 
     Usually, components other than the polyisocyanate are mixed in advance, which is used by mixing with the polyisocyanate components right before molding. 
     Commercial products may be used as the foamed polyurethane. Examples of the commercial products include: QM60 (manufactured by Bridgestone Diversified Chemical Products Co., Ltd.); QZK70 (manufactured by Bridgestone Diversified Chemical Products Co., Ltd.), SPG (manufactured by Bridgestone Diversified Chemical Products Co., Ltd.), EP70 (manufactured by INOAC Corporation) and so on. 
     A structure of the foam layer is not particularly restricted and may be appropriately selected according to purpose. Examples thereof include a structure of isolated cells, a structure of continuous cells, and a mixed structure thereof. 
       FIG. 1A  is a schematic cross-sectional diagram illustrating one example of the foam layer of continuous cells. Since adjacent cells in the foam layer of continuous cells are interconnected, it has a structure which passes through air and water as shown by the arrow in  FIG. 1B .  FIG. 1C  is a schematic cross-sectional diagram illustrating one example of the foam layer of isolated cells. Cells are isolated in the foam layer of isolated cells, and it has a structure which does not pass through air and water as shown by the arrows in  FIG. 1D . 
     Among these, the foam layer of continuous cells is preferable since it has small compressive residual strain and easily returns to its original shape after compression and thus it hardly deforms even in long-term use. Also, compared to the foam layer of isolated cells, powder of the protective agent is less likely to fly by rubbing the foam layer of continuous cells. Since it is advantageous in terms of cost and is able to protect the image bearing member evenly and sufficiently only with a small supplied amount of the protective agent (scraped amount of the protective agent block), the foam layer of continuous cells may prevent filming of the image bearing member. Further, since a size of the protective agent block may be reduced, it is also advantageous for downsizing of the apparatus. 
     An average cell diameter of the foam layer is not particularly restricted and may be appropriately selected according to purpose. Nonetheless, it is preferably 100 μm to 1,200 μm. 
     The average cell diameter of the foam layer may be measured, for example, by a laser microscope (VK9500, manufactured by Keyence Corporation). 
     A number of cells per 1 inch of the foam layer is not particularly restricted and may be appropriately selected according to purpose. Nonetheless, it is preferably 40 cells/inch to 100 cells/inch, and more preferably 40 cells/inch to 100 cells/inch. When the number of cells is less than 40 cells/inch, there are cases where the image bearing member protective agent may not be efficiently applied even though a linear velocity difference between the image bearing member and the protective agent supplying member is increased. When it exceeds 100 cells/inch, hardness of the foam layer may increase. When the linear velocity difference is provided between the image bearing member and the protective agent supplying member, large hardness raises respective driving torques. 
     Here, a method for measuring the number of cells per 1 inch of the foam layer m is explained using  FIG. 2A  and  FIG. 2B .  FIG. 2A  is a side view illustrating one example of a protective agent supplying member  32  including a foam layer  10  provided on an outer periphery of a core material  9 .  FIG. 2B  is an enlarged schematic diagram illustrating one example of an exposed surface of a foam layer  10  of continuous cells where a plurality of cells  11  adjacent to one another are continuous. Here, in the present specification, 1 inch means 25.4 mm. 
     As illustrated in  FIG. 2A , on a surface of the foam layer  10 , three points are arbitrarily selected as measurement points at end portions and central portion in an axial direction of the protective agent supplying member  32 . Here, in  FIG. 2A , a reference numeral  30  denotes the measurement points at ends, and a reference numeral  31  denote the central portion of the measurement point. Next, at each of the measurement points  30 ,  31 , 2 more points not shown are further selected in a circumferential direction of the protective agent supplying member  32 , and 9 measurement points in total are determined. Next, using a microscope for example, DIGITAL MICROSCOPE VHX-100, manufactured by Keyence Corporation, a photo screen at each measurement point is observed. 
     Thereafter, as illustrated in  FIG. 2B , a line (X) having a length corresponding to 1 inch (25.4 mm) in a real scale at a central portion of the photo screen is drawn, a number of cells  11  existing on the line (X) is counted, and an average value of the numbers of cells at 9 measurement points was obtained. This is regarded as the number of cells (cells/inch). 
     Here, the cells  11  existing on the line (X) includes not only the cells  11  penetrated by the line (X) but also all the cells  11  which contact the line (X) even though only a part of an outer periphery of the cells  11  is in contact with the line (X) are counted. 
     For example, in the example of  FIG. 2B , the number of cells is 12 cells/inch. 
     Here, the 1 inch in measuring the number of cells is 1 inch in the axial direction in the above-described measurement method as illustrated in the measurement points  30 ,  31  in  FIG. 2A  since it is calculated from a plane photo. However, in a method for manufacturing a protective agent supplying member described hereinafter, the protective agent supplying member is that a part of foam prepared beforehand is cur out and wrapped around the core material, and a number of cells per 1 inch in an axial direction of the protective agent supplying member and a number of cells per 1 inch in a circumferential direction of the protective agent supplying member are substantially the same. 
     —Concave Portion— 
     The foam layer may include regularly arranged concave portions on a surface thereof. 
     Here, the regular arrangement means that concave portions having a substantially identical shape and substantially identical size are arranged in a substantially uniform manner on the surface of the foam layer. 
     An average distance (a1) between an inner peripheral surface of the foam layer including the concave portions and a bottom surface of the concave portion is not particularly restricted, and it may be appropriately selected according to purpose. Nonetheless, it is preferably a1≧0.5 mm, and more preferably 2.0 mm≦a1≦2.8 mm. When the average distance (a1) is less than 0.5 mm, effects of suppressing filming of the image bearing member and suppressing contamination of a charging member may degrade. The average distance (a1) of in the more preferable range is advantageous in view of superior effect of suppressing filming of the image bearing member. 
     The average distance (a1) between the inner peripheral surface of the foam layer and the bottom surface of the concave portion is an average value of distances between the inner peripheral surface of the foam layer and the bottom surface of the concave portion measured at arbitrarily selected five (5) locations. 
     An average distance (a2) between a bottom surface of the concave portion and a top surface of the concave portion is not particularly restricted, may be appropriately selected according to purpose. Nonetheless, it is preferably a2≧0.2 mm, and more preferably 0.2 mm≦a2≦1.0 mm. When the average distance (a2) is less than 0.2 mm, effects of suppressing filming of the image bearing member and suppressing contamination of a charging member may degrade. The average distance (a2) of within the more preferable range is advantageous in view of superior effect of suppressing filming of the image bearing member. 
     The average distance (a2) between the bottom surface of the concave portion and the top surface of the concave portion is an average value of distances between the bottom surface of the concave portion and the top surface of the concave portion measured at arbitrarily selected five (5) locations. 
     A ratio (c/b) of an average distance between the adjacent concave portions (b) to an average width of the foam layer present between the adjacent concave portions (c) is not particularly restricted, and it may be appropriately selected according to purpose. Nonetheless, it is preferably 0.25≦c/b≦0.75. When the ratio (c/b) is less than 0.25, the effect of suppressing filming of the image bearing member may degrade. When it exceeds 0.75, the effect of suppressing filming of the image bearing member may degrade. The ratio (c/b) of within the preferable range, image bearing member is advantageous in view of superior effect of suppressing filming. 
     Also, in a case where the average distance (a1) is 2.0 mm≦a1≦2.7 mm, the ratio (c/b) is preferably 0.5≦c/b≦0.75. 
     In a case where the average distance (a1) is 2.7 mm≦a1≦2.8 mm, the ratio (c/b) is preferably 0.25≦c/b≦0.5. 
     The average distance (b) between the adjacent concave portions may be obtained by measuring a distance between the adjacent concave portions at five (5) locations and by calculating an average value thereof. 
     The average width (c) of the foam layer present between the adjacent concave portions may be obtained by measuring a width of the foam layer present between the adjacent concave portions at five (5) locations and by calculating an average value thereof. 
     A shape and an arrangement of the concave portions in the foam layer are not particularly restricted and may be appropriately selected according to purpose. Examples of the shape of the concave portion include substantially rectangular shape and so on. 
     As the shape and the arrangement of the concave portions in the foam layer, for example, an embodiment that the concave portions having a substantially rectangular shape are oriented in a direction substantially in parallel with an axial direction of the protective agent supplying member and are arranged at regular intervals in a circumferential direction of the protective agent supplying member may be exemplified. Also, an embodiment that the concave portions having a substantially rectangular shape are arranged in a reticular pattern may be exemplified. 
     Here, the shape and the arrangement of the concave portions are explained using figures.  FIG. 3  is a schematic front view illustrating one example of a protective agent supplying member of the present invention.  FIG. 4  is a cross-sectional diagram of the protective agent supplying member of  FIG. 3 . A protective agent supplying member  25  of  FIG. 3  and  FIG. 4  is roller-shaped, including a core material  23  and a cylindrical foam layer  24  on an outer periphery of the core material  23 . Further, in the foam layer  24 , concave portions  26  are arranged in a direction substantially in parallel with an axial direction of the protective agent supplying member  25 , and the concave portions  26  are arranged at a regular interval in a circumferential direction of the protective agent supplying member  25  in a substantially uniform manner. The concave portion  26  has a rectangular shape. 
       FIG. 5  is a partially enlarged view of  FIG. 4 . A code a1′ represents a distance between an inner peripheral surface of the foam layer and a bottom surface of the concave portion; a code a2′ represents a distance between the bottom surface of the concave portion and a top surface of the concave portion; a code b′ represents a distance between the adjacent concave portions; a code c′ represents a width of the foam layer present between the adjacent concave portions. 
     In the present invention, a concave portion is the concave portion  26  which has a bounding surface  27  of the foam layer  24  as a reference surface and is formed by the bounding surface  27 . Also, when a distance between the inner peripheral surface of the foam layer and the bottom surface of the concave portion is measured with the bottom surface of the concave portion not a flat surface, an intersection of a line connecting a center of a shortest distance connecting both side walls of the concave portion and a central point of a circular cross-section of the roller-shaped protective agent supplying member including the center and the bottom surface of the concave portion is regarded as a reference of the bottom surface of the concave portion. 
     The distance between the bottom surface of the concave portion and the top surface of the concave portion (a2′) may be referred to, in other words, as a depth of the concave portion. The top surface of the concave portion is a surface constituting a part of the bounding surface  27  of the foam layer. The distance between the adjacent concave portions (b′) is, in the two (2) adjacent concave portions, a distance between one end of the top surface of a first of the two concave portions on a side of the second concave portion and one end of the top surface of the second concave portion on a side opposite to the first the concave portion. The width of the foam layer present between the adjacent concave portions (c′) is a width of the foam layer in a transverse direction present between the adjacent concave portions in the bounding surface  27  of the foam layer. 
     An average thickness of the foam layer is not particularly restricted and may be appropriately selected according to purpose. Nonetheless, it is preferably 1 mm to 4 mm. When the average thickness is less than 1 mm, it is likely to be affected by the shaft (core material). When it exceeds 4 mm, the scraped amount of the protective agent may decrease. 
     Here, when the foam layer is cylindrical, the thickness is determined as a distance between an inner peripheral surface and an outer peripheral surface of the cylinder. Here, the average thickness is an average value of measurement values of arbitrarily selected 3 points. 
     Hardness of the foam layer is not particularly restricted and may be appropriately selected according to purpose. Nonetheless, it is preferably 40 N to 430 N, and more preferably 40 N to 300 N. When the hardness is less than 40 N, it may become difficult to suppress contamination of the image bearing member. When it exceeds 430 N, it may become difficult to suppress contamination of the image bearing member. The hardness of within the more preferable range is advantageous because suppression of contamination of the image bearing member is superior. 
     The hardness is an average value of values measured based on JIS K 6400 at an arbitrary 3 locations on a surface of the foam layer. 
     The structure of the cells (continuous cells or isolated cells) and the number of the cells in the foam layer, and the hardness of the foam layer may be controlled by adjusting appropriately a type of the foamed polyurethane material, an amount of the foaming agent, reaction conditions and so on in manufacturing the foam layer. 
     —Method for Manufacturing Protective Agent Supplying Member— 
     A method for manufacturing the protective agent supplying member is not particularly restricted and may be appropriately selected according to purpose. 
     As one example of the method for manufacturing the protective agent supplying member, a production example with the foamed polyurethane as a material of the foam layer is explained. 
     First, by a heretofore known method, a foamed polyurethane material is foamed and cured to form block-shaped foamed polyurethane. Then, it is cut out in a desired shape, a surface thereof is polished, it is processed into a cylinder having open cells on a surface thereof, and the core material is inserted in the cylinder. Thereafter, the foamed polyurethane is cut to a predetermined thickness using a grinding machine and a cutting machine by applying a polishing blade to the foamed polyurethane being rotated and by sliding the blade in parallel with an axial direction of the protective agent supplying member (traverse grinding). Thereby, a cylindrical protective agent supplying member having open cells on a surface thereof is obtained. Further, by varying a rotational speed or a traveling speed of the protective agent supplying member, irregular asperity may be formed on the surface of the foam layer. 
     An adhesive may be applied on the core material beforehand in order to enhance adhesion with the foam layer. 
     By these steps, the protective agent supplying member is manufactured. 
     Also, another example of the method for manufacturing the protective agent supplying member is explained. 
     A material for foamed polyurethane is injected in a molding die containing the core material for molding a protective agent supplying member, which is subjected to foaming and curing. Thereby, the protective agent supplying member is manufactured. 
     Among these manufacturing methods, the method of using a molding die is preferable since it forms the foam layer and makes openings on a surface thereof at the same time with favorable machine accuracy. 
     In the manufacturing method using a molding die, it is preferable to provide a releasing layer of a fluororesin coating agent, releasing agent and so on an internal surface of the molding die since it is possible to form the foam layer having favorable opening without requiring complex processing. 
     &lt;&lt;Protective Agent&gt;&gt; 
     The protective agent includes at least a metal salt of a fatty acid and an inorganic lubricant, and it further includes other components according to necessity. 
     —Metal Salt of Fatty Acid— 
     The metal salt of a fatty acid is not particularly restricted and may be appropriately selected according to purpose. Examples thereof include metal stearate, metal oleate, metal palmitate, metal caprylate, metal linolenate, metal ricinoleate and so on. These may be used alone or in combination of two or more. 
     Examples of the metal stearate include barium stearate, lead stearate, iron stearate, nickel stearate, cobalt stearate, copper stearate, strontium stearate, calcium stearate, cadmium stearate, magnesium stearate, zinc stearate and so on. 
     Examples of the metal oleate include zinc oleate, magnesium oleate, iron oleate, cobalt oleate, copper oleate, lead oleate, manganese oleate and so on. 
     Examples of the metal palmitate include zinc palmitate, cobalt palmitate, lead palmitate, magnesium palmitate, aluminum palmitate, calcium palmitate and so on. 
     Examples of the metal caprylate include lead caprylate and so on. 
     Examples of the metal linolenate include zinc linolenate, cobalt linolenate, calcium linolenate and so on. 
     Examples of the metal ricinoleate include zinc ricinoleate, cadmium ricinoleate and so on. 
     Among these, materials having lamella crystals are favorable as the metal salt of a fatty acid. This is because the materials have a layered structure in which amphiphilic molecules are self-organized, where the crystals are cracked along an interlayer with an application of a shear force and easily slide, and thus they have superior lubricity. Metal stearates are preferable, and zinc stearate is more preferable since they cover relatively uniformly a surface of the image bearing member, protect favorably from electrical stresses in the charging step, and are superior in suppressing contamination of the image bearing member. 
     A content of the metal salt of a fatty acid in the protective agent is not particularly restricted and may be appropriately selected according to purpose. 
     —Inorganic Lubricant— 
     The inorganic lubricant is not particularly restricted and may be appropriately selected according to purpose. Examples thereof include mica, boron nitride, molybdenum disulfide, tungsten disulfide, talc, kaolin, montmorillonite, calcium fluoride, graphite and so on. These may be used alone or in combination of two or more. Among these, as the inorganic lubricant, boron nitride, mica and talc are preferable, and boron nitride is more preferable in view of superior suppression of contamination of a charging member. 
     A content of the inorganic lubricant in the protective agent is not particularly restricted and may be appropriately selected according to purpose. 
     A content ratio of the metal salt of a fatty acid and the inorganic lubricant in the protective agent is not particularly restricted and may be appropriately selected according to purpose. Nonetheless, metal salt of a fatty acid: inorganic lubricant as a mass ratio is preferably 100:0 to 50:50, and more preferably 90:10 to 60:40. When the metal salt of a fatty acid is less than 50:50 of the content ratio, there are cases where it becomes difficult to form the protective layer on the image bearing member. The content ratio of within the more preferable range is advantageous since suppression of contamination of the image bearing member and contamination of the charging member is superior. 
     A size and a shape of the protective agent are not particularly restricted and may be appropriately selected according to purpose. Examples of the shape include a bar shape such as rectangular column and cylindrical column. Among these, the rectangular column is preferable as the shape of the protective agent. 
     —Molding Method— 
     A molding method of the protective agent is not particularly restricted and may be appropriately selected according to purpose. Examples thereof include a melt-molding method, a compression-molding method and so on. Here, in general, a protective agent molded by the melt-molding method is translucent while a protective agent molded by the compression-molding method is white, and thus these are visually distinguishable. 
     Among these, as the molding method of the protective agent, the compression molding method is preferable. 
     One example of the compression molding method is explained using diagrams.  FIG. 6A  is a perspective diagram illustrating one example of a step for forming a protective agent block by compression molding using a protective agent manufacturing apparatus.  FIG. 6B  is a schematic cross-sectional diagram of the manufacturing apparatus illustrated in  FIG. 6A .  FIG. 6D  is a schematic cross-sectional diagram illustrating one example of a protective agent block fixed on a holder. 
     As illustrated in  FIG. 6A  and  FIG. 6B , the protective agent manufacturing apparatus  50  includes: a lower mold  51 ; a pair of side molds  52  arranged to sandwich the lower mold  51  and forms side surfaces that extend in a longitudinal direction of the protective agent; a pair of edge molds  53  arranged to sandwich the lower mold  51  and the side molds  52  and form side surfaces of the protective agent block in a longitudinal direction; and an upper mold  54 . 
     In  FIG. 6A , one of the edge molds  53  is illustrated in a decomposed state, but it actually occupies a position opposite to the other edge mold  53 . During compression molding of the protective agent described below, a closed space is formed by the edge molds  53 , the lower mold  51  and the side molds  52  excluding the space from which the upper mold  54  enters. Also, in  FIG. 6A  and  FIG. 6B , as indicated by an arrow (Y), when the upper mold  54  moves and enters the closed space, a complete closed space is formed by the lower mold  51 , the side molds  52 , the edge molds  53  and the upper mold  54 . 
     With the upper mold  54  removed, a powder (G) as a raw material of the protective agent is filled in the space formed. The powder (G) may be particulate or granular, or a mixture thereof. 
     Once the introduction of the powder (G) is completed, the upper mold  54  is entered from a direction of the arrow (Y) to the closed space. While forming a complete closed space, a block of the protective agent is formed by pressurization. 
     By the above step, a protective agent block of a rectangular column illustrated in  FIG. 6C  is molded by compression molding. The protective agent block molded thereby is fixed on a holder as illustrated in  FIG. 6D , which is provided in the image forming apparatus. 
     A size of such a protective agent block of a rectangular column is not particularly restricted, and it may be appropriately selected depending on a width of a recording medium output by the image forming apparatus and so on. 
     &lt;&lt;Other Members&gt;&gt; 
     The other members in the protective layer forming unit are not particularly restricted and may be appropriately selected according to purpose. Examples thereof include a pressure-imparting member, a protective layer forming member and so on. 
     —Pressure-Imparting Member— 
     The pressure-imparting member is not particularly restricted as long as it presses the protective agent block so that the protective agent block contacts the protective agent supplying member, and it may be appropriately selected according to purpose. Examples thereof include a pressurizing spring. 
     —Protective Layer Forming Member— 
     The protective layer forming member is not particularly restricted as long as it thins the protective agent provided on a surface of the image bearing member to form a protective layer, and it may be appropriately selected according to purpose. Examples thereof include a blade. 
     A material of the blade is not particularly restricted and may be appropriately selected according to purpose. Examples thereof include a urethane rubber, a hydrin rubber, a silicone rubber, a fluorine-containing rubber and so on. 
     These may be used alone or in combination of two or more. 
     A portion of the blade of these materials that contacts the image bearing member may be subjected to coating or impregnation treatment with a material having a low frictional coefficient. Also, fillers such as organic filler and inorganic filler may be dispersed for adjusting hardness of the blade. 
     The blade is fixed on a blade substrate by any method such as adhesion and fusion so that it presses a surface of the image bearing member in a contact manner. A thickness of the blade is not unambiguously defined in view of a force applied by pressing. Nonetheless, it is preferably 0.5 mm to 5 mm, and more preferably 1 mm to 3 mm. 
     Also, the same applies to a length of the blade which protrudes from the blade substrate to have a deflection, a so-called free length, and it is not unambiguously defined in view of a force applied by pressing. Nonetheless, it is preferably 1 mm to 15 mm, and more preferably 2 mm to 10 mm. 
     As an example of another configurations of the protective layer forming member, a coating layer such as resin, rubber and elastomer is formed by a method such as coating and dipping on a surface of an elastic metal blade such as spring plate via a coupling agent or a primer component according to necessity, which is thermally cured according to necessity, and further is subjected to surface polishing according to necessity. 
     The coating layer includes at least a binder resin and a filler, and it further includes other components according to necessity. 
     The binder resin is not particularly restricted and may be appropriately selected according to purpose. Examples thereof include: a fluororesin such as perfluoroalkoxyalkane (PFA), polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), copolymer of tetrafluoroethylene-hexafluoropropylene (FEP), polyvinylidene fluoride (PVdF) and so on; and a silicone elastomer such as fluorine-containing rubber, methylphenylsilicone elastomer and so on. 
     A thickness of the elastic metal blade is not particularly restricted and may be appropriately selected according to purpose. Nonetheless, it is preferably 0.05 mm to 3 mm, and more preferably 0.1 mm to 1 mm. The elastic metal blade may be subjected to processes such as bending work in a direction substantially perpendicular to a shaft after installation in order to prevent the blade from twisting. 
     As a pressing force of the protective layer forming member on the image bearing member, a force which makes the protective agent for an image bearing member to spread in a form of a protective layer suffices, and it is, as a linear pressure, preferably 5 gf/cm to 80 gf/cm, and more preferably 10 gf/cm to 60 gf/cm. 
     The protective layer forming member may also serve as a cleaning member. However, in order to form the protective layer more reliably, it is preferable to remove beforehand a residue with a toner as a main component on the image bearing member by a cleaning member so that the residue is not mixed in the protective layer. 
     The protective layer forming unit is explained using a diagram.  FIG. 7  is a schematic cross-sectional diagram illustrating one example of the protective layer forming unit. 
     A protective layer forming unit  2  provided opposite to the image bearing member  1  is formed mainly of a protective agent block  21 , a protective agent supplying member  22  including a foamed elastic layer, a pressure-imparting member  20 , a protective layer forming member  41  fixed on a substrate  42  and so on. 
     The protective agent block  21  contacts the roller-shaped protective agent supplying member  22  by a pressing force of the pressure-imparting member  20 . The protective agent supplying member  22  rubs the image bearing member  1  by rotating preferably with a linear velocity difference with the image bearing member  1 , and thereby, the protective agent held on the surface of the protective agent supplying member  22  is supplied on the surface of the image bearing member  1 . 
     There are cases where the protective agent supplied on the surface of the image bearing member  1  does not form a sufficient protective layer when it is being supplied depending on the selection of the materials. Thus, in order to form a more uniform protective layer, for example, it is thin-layered by the protective agent supplying member  41  having a blade-shaped member to form the protective layer. 
     For example, the image bearing member  1  on which the protective layer is formed, is contacted or closely approached by a charging roller (charging unit)  3  on which a DC voltage or a voltage that an AC voltage is superimposed on the DC voltage is applied by a high-voltage power source not shown, and thereby the image bearing member is charged by discharge in microvoids. On this occasion, a part of the protective layer is decomposed or oxidized due to electrical stresses, and also, discharge products into the air adhere on the surface of the protective layer. 
     Here, the degraded protective agent for the image bearing member is removed by a cleaning mechanism of an ordinary cleaning unit along with components such as toner remaining on the image bearing member. Such a cleaning unit may also serve as the protective layer forming member  41 . However, there are cases where appropriate rubbing conditions of the members are different between a function for removing residuals on the surface of the image bearing member and a function for forming a protective layer, and thus the functions are preferably separated in order to form the protective layer more reliably. As such an embodiment, as illustrated in  FIG. 7 , it is preferable to provide the cleaning unit  4  including a cleaning member  43 , a cleaning pressing member  44  and so on in an upstream side of the protective agent supplying member  22  in a direction of rotation of the image bearing member  1  so that residuals such as toner on the surface of the image bearing member  1  is removed beforehand by the cleaning member  43  to prevent the residuals from being mixed in the protective layer. 
     &lt;Image Bearing Member&gt; 
     A material, shape, structure, size and so on of the image bearing member are not particularly restricted, and they may be appropriately selected from heretofore known ones. A drum shape is favorable as the shape of the image bearing member. Also, examples of the material of the image bearing member include: an inorganic image bearing member such as amorphous silicon, selenium; and an organic image bearing member such as polysilane, phthalopolymethine. These may be used alone or in combination of two or more. 
     The image bearing member preferably includes an electrically conductive substrate and at least a photoconductive layer on the electrically conductive substrate, and it further includes other layers such as undercoat layer and outermost surface layer according to necessity. An appropriate amount of a plasticizer, an antioxidant, a leveling agent, etc. may be added to the respective layers according to necessity. 
     &lt;&lt;Photoconductive Layer&gt;&gt; 
     The photoconductive layer is not particularly restricted and may be appropriately selected according to purpose. Nonetheless, it preferably includes a charge generating material, a charge transport material, and a binder resin, and it further includes other components according to necessity. 
     The photoconductive layer is categorized into: a single-layer type that the charge generating material and the charge transport material are mixed; an ordered-layer type that a charge transport layer is disposed on a charge generation layer; or a reverse-layer type that a charge generation layer is disposed on a charge transport layer. 
     —Charge Generating Material— 
     The charge generating material is not particularly restricted and may be appropriately selected according to purpose. Examples thereof include: organic pigments or dyes such as azo pigments including monoazo pigments, bisazo pigments, trisazo pigments, tetrakisazo pigments, triarylmethane dyes, thiazine dyes, oxazine dyes, xanthene dyes, cyanine dyes, styryl dyes, pyrylium dyes, quinacridone pigments, indigo pigments, perylene pigments, polycyclic quinone pigments, bisbenzimidazole pigments, indanthrone pigments, squarylium pigments, phthalocyanine pigments and so on; inorganic material such as selenium, selenium-arsenic, selenium-tellurium, cadmium sulfide, zinc oxide, titanium oxide, amorphous silicon and so on. These may be used alone or in combination of two or more. 
     —Charge Transport Material— 
     Examples of the charge transport material include anthracene derivatives, pyrene derivatives, carbazole derivatives, tetrazole derivatives, metallocene derivatives, phenothiazine derivatives, pyrazoline compounds, hydrazone compounds, styryl compounds, styrylhydrazone compounds, enamine compounds, butadiene compounds, distyryl compounds, oxazole compounds, oxadiazole compounds, thiazole compounds, imidazole compounds, triphenylamine derivatives, phenylenediamine derivatives, aminostilbene derivatives, triphenylmethane derivatives and so on. These may be used alone or in combination of two or more. 
     —Binder Resin— 
     As the binder resin, a thermoplastic resin, a thermosetting resin, a photo-curable resin and a photoconductive resin which are electrically insulating and heretofore known per se may be used. Examples of the binder resin include: a thermoplastic resin such as polyvinyl chloride, polyvinylidene chloride, vinyl acetate-vinyl chloride copolymer, vinyl chloride-vinyl acetate-maleic anhydride copolymer, ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer, polyvinyl butyral, polyvinyl acetal, polyester, phenoxy resin, (meth)acrylic resin, polystyrene, polycarbonate, polyarylate, polysulfone, polyether sulfone, ABS resin and so on; a thermosetting resin such as phenolic resin, epoxy resin, urethane resin, melamine resin, isocyanate resin, alkyd resin, silicone resin, thermosetting acrylic resin and so on; polyvinylcarbazole, polyvinyl anthracene, polyvinylpyrene and so on. These may be used alone or in combination of two or more. 
     &lt;&lt;Electrically Conductive Substrate&gt;&gt; 
     The electrically conductive substrate is not particularly restricted and may be appropriately selected according to purpose. Nonetheless, it preferably demonstrates an electrical conductivity that a volume resistivity thereof is 1.0×10 10 Ω·cm or less. 
     For example, those used as such an electrically conductive substrate include: metals such as aluminum, nickel, chrome, nichrome, copper, gold, silver, platinum and so on or metal oxides such as tin oxide, indium oxide and so on coated on a piece of film-shaped or cylindrical plastic or paper; plates of aluminum, aluminum alloy, nickel, stainless steel and so on; and the plates formed into a drum-shaped tube by extruding or drawing, followed by surface treatment such as cutting, super-finishing and polishing. 
     The drum-shaped substrate is not particularly restricted and may be appropriately selected according to purpose. Nonetheless, it has a diameter of preferably 20 mm to 150 mm, more preferably 24 mm to 100 mm, and particularly preferably 28 mm to 70 mm. When the diameter of the drum-shaped substrate is less than 20 mm, it may become physically difficult to arrange units such as charging unit, exposure unit, developing unit, transfer unit, cleaning unit and so on around the drum. When it exceeds 150 mm, the image forming apparatus may be large. In particular, since a tandem image forming apparatus is required to mount a plurality of image bearing members, a diameter is preferably 70 mm or less, and more preferably 60 mm or less. 
     Also, an endless nickel belt or an endless stainless-steel belt disclosed in JP-A No. 52-36016 may also be used as the electrically conductive substrate. 
     &lt;&lt;Undercoat Layer&gt;&gt; 
     In the image bearing member, an undercoat layer may be disposed between the photoconductive layer and the electrically conductive substrate. 
     The undercoat layer may be a single-layer or a multilayer. Examples thereof include: (1) a resin as a main component; (2) a white pigment and a resin as main components; and (3) a metal oxide film that a surface of the electrically conductive substrate is chemically or electrochemically oxidized. Among these, the undercoat layer having a white pigment and a resin as main components is preferable. 
     The white pigment is not particularly restricted and may be appropriately selected according to purpose. Examples thereof include metal oxides such as titanium oxide, aluminum oxide, zirconium oxide, zinc oxide and so on. These may be used alone or in combination of two or more. Among these, titanium oxide is particularly preferable since it is superior in terms of preventing charge injection from the electrically conductive substrate. 
     The resin is not particularly restricted and may be appropriately selected according to purpose. Examples thereof include: thermoplastic resins such as polyamide, polyvinyl alcohol, casein and methyl cellulose; and thermosetting resins such as acrylic, phenol, melamine, alkyd, unsaturated polyester and epoxy resins. These may be used alone or in combination of two or more. 
     A thickness of the undercoat layer is not particularly restricted and may be appropriately selected according to purpose. Nonetheless, it is preferably 0.1 μm to 10 μm, and more preferably fpm to 5 μm. 
     —Outermost Surface Layer— 
     In the image bearing member, an outermost surface layer may be disposed on the photoconductive layer for improving mechanical strength, abrasion resistance, gas resistance, cleanability and so on. 
     The outermost surface layer is not particularly restricted, may be appropriately selected according to purpose. Nonetheless, it preferably includes an inorganic filler, and a polymeric compound having a mechanical strength higher than a material of the photoconductive layer and a filler with the inorganic filler dispersed in the polymeric compound are more preferable. 
     The polymer compound is not particularly restricted and may be appropriately selected according to purpose. Nonetheless, a thermoplastic resin and a thermosetting resin are preferable. The thermosetting resin is more preferable since it has high mechanical strength and may significantly reduce wear due to friction with the cleaning unit, and a thermosetting resin cross-linked by a cross-linking agent having polyfunctional acryloyl group, carboxyl group, hydroxyl group, amino group and so on is particularly preferable. 
     As the resin used for the outermost surface layer, those which are transparent with respect to a writing light during image formation and having superior insulation property, mechanical strength and adhesion property. Examples thereof include an ABS resin, an ACS resin, an olefin-vinyl monomer copolymer, chlorinated polyether, an allyl resin, a phenolic resin, polyacetal, polyamide, polyamideimide, polyacrylate, polyallyl sulfone, polybutylene, polybutylene terephthalate, polycarbonate, polyether sulfone, polyethylene, polyethylene terephthalate, polyimide, an acrylic resin, polymethylbenzene, polypropylene, polyphenylene oxide, polysulfone, polystyrene, an AS resin, butadiene-styrene copolymer, polyurethane, polyvinyl chloride, polyvinylidene chloride, an epoxy resin and so on. These may be used alone or in combination of two or more. 
     The outermost surface layer having no charge transportability is not a problem, provided that it is thin. However, when the outermost surface layer having no charge transportability is thickly formed, it is likely to cause decrease in sensitivity of the image bearing member, potential increase after exposure, increase in residual potential and so on. Thus, it is preferable to incorporate the charge transport material in the outermost surface layer or to use a polymeric resin having charge transportability in the surface layer. 
     In general, since mechanical strengths of the photoconductive layer and the outermost surface layer differ greatly. When the outermost surface layer is worn and lost due to friction with the cleaning unit, the photoconductive layer is quickly worn. Accordingly, it is important to have a sufficient thickness when the outermost surface layer is provided. 
     A specific thickness of the outermost surface layer is preferably 0.1 μm to 12 μm, more preferably fpm to 10 μm, and particularly preferably 2 μm to 8 μm. The thickness of less than 0.1 μm is too thin. Thus, a portion thereof is likely to be lost due to friction with the cleaning blade, and wear of the photoconductive layer may proceed from the lost portion. When it exceeds 12 μm, decrease in sensitivity, potential increase after exposure and increase in residual potential are likely to occur. In particular, when a polymer having charge transportability is used, there are cases where the cost of the polymer having charge transportability may be high. 
     The outermost surface layer preferably has charge transportability. In order to impart charge transportability to the outermost surface layer, it is possible to use a method of using a polymer used for the outermost surface layer mixed with the charge transport material and a method of using a polymer having charge transportability in the outermost surface layer. The latter method is preferable because an image bearing member having high sensitivity and less increases in potential or residual potential after exposure may be obtained therewith. 
     The outermost surface layer may include a filler in order to enhance mechanical strength of the outermost surface layer. Examples of the filler include an inorganic filler, an organic filler and so on. Among these, the inorganic filler is preferable. Examples of the inorganic filler include aluminum oxide (alumina), titanium oxide, tin oxide, potassium titanate, titanium nitride, zinc oxide, indium oxide, antimony oxide and so on. Examples of the organic filler include a fluorine resin such as polytetrafluoroethylene and so on, a silicone resin and so on. 
     With the image bearing member including the outermost surface layer, changes in the surface condition of the image bearing member may be significantly reduced. It is advantageous since stable cleaning may be carried out over a long period of time even with a toner having a large circularity or a small average particle diameter, with which quality of cleaning is sensitive to a change in a state of the image bearing member. Also, since it increases a water contact angle of the surface of the image bearing member, imparting water repellency to the surface of the image bearing member, it is advantageous in view of preventing water absorption by the surface of image bearing member and suppressing image blurring. 
     &lt;Other Units and Other Steps&gt; 
     The other units in the image forming apparatus are not particularly restricted and may be appropriately selected according to purpose. Examples thereof include a charging unit, an exposure unit, a developing unit, a transfer unit, a fixing unit, a neutralizing unit, a cleaning unit, a recycling unit, a controlling unit and so on. 
     The other steps of the image forming method are not particularly restricted, and they may be appropriately selected according to purpose. Examples thereof include an electrostatic latent image forming step, a developing step, a transfer step, a fixing step, a neutralizing step, a cleaning step, a recycling step, a controlling step and so on. 
     &lt;&lt;Electrostatic Latent Image Forming Unit and Electrostatic Latent Image Forming Step&gt;&gt; 
     The electrostatic latent image forming unit is not particularly restricted as long as it is a step for forming an electrostatic latent image on the image bearing member, and it may be appropriately selected according to purpose. Examples thereof include a unit including at least a charger which charges the surface of the image bearing member and an exposure device which carries out an image-wise exposure of the surface of the image bearing member. 
     The electrostatic latent image forming step is not particularly restricted as long as it is a step for forming an electrostatic latent image on the image bearing member, and it may be appropriately selected according to purpose. For example, it may be carried out using the electrostatic latent image forming unit. 
     The charging may be carried out by, for example, applying a voltage on the surface of the image bearing member using the charger. 
     The charger is not particularly restricted, and it may be appropriately selected according to purpose. Examples thereof include: a contact or a proximity charger heretofore known per se equipped with an electrically conductive or semiconductive roller, brush, film, rubber blade and so on; and a non-contact charger which makes use of corona discharge such as corotron, scorotron and so on. 
     The exposure may be carried out by, for example, an image-wise exposure on the surface of the image bearing member using the exposure device. 
     The exposure device is not particularly restricted as long as it may carry out an exposure of an image to be formed on the surface of the image bearing member charged by the charger, and it may be appropriately selected according to purpose. Nonetheless, examples thereof include various exposure devices such as duplication optical system, rod lens array system, laser optical system, liquid crystal shutter optical system and so on. 
     Here, in the present invention, a back-light system where the image-wise exposure is carried out from a back side of the image bearing member may be employed. 
     &lt;&lt;Developing Unit and Developing Step&gt;&gt; 
     The developing unit is a unit for developing the electrostatic latent image using a toner or a developer to form a visible image. 
     The developing unit is not particularly restricted as long as it may develop using the toner or the developer, and it may be appropriately selected from heretofore known ones. For example, those including at least a developing device which contains the toner or the developer and which may provide the toner or the developer to the electrostatic latent image in a contact or a non-contact manner may be favorably used. 
     The developing step is not particularly restricted as long as it is a step for forming a visible image by developing the electrostatic latent image using a toner or a developer, and it may be appropriately selected according to purpose. For example, it may be carried out using the developing unit. 
     The developing device may be of a dry developing method or of a wet developing method, and also it may be a single-color developing device or a multi-color developing device. For example, a favorable developing device includes a stirrer which frictionally stirs to charge a toner or a developer and a rotational magnet roller. 
     In the developing device, for example, the toner and the carrier are mixed and stirred, by the friction therefrom, the toner is charged and maintained on a surface of the rotating magnet roller in a state of ear standing, and a magnetic brush is formed. Since the magnet roller is arranged near the image bearing member (photoconductor), a part of the toner which constitutes the magnetic brush formed on the magnet roller moves to a surface of the image bearing member (photoconductor) by an electrical attraction force. As a result, the electrostatic latent image is developed by the toner, and a visible image by the toner is formed on the surface of the image bearing member (photoconductor). 
     The developer contained in the developing device is a developer including the toner, and the developer may be a one-component developer or a two-component developer. 
     —Toner— 
     The toner is not particularly restricted and may be appropriately selected according to purpose. Examples thereof include a toner prepared by a polymerization method that a toner composition including a polyester prepolymer having a functional group including a nitrogen atom, a compound which elongates or cross-links with the prepolymer, polyester, a colorant, a releasing agent and so on is subjected to a cross-linking and/or elongation reaction in an aqueous medium in the presence of resin particles. The toner has a surface thereof cured to reduce hot offset, which may suppress the toner becoming contamination of the fixing unit and appearing on an image. 
     —Polyester Prepolymer— 
     Examples of the polyester prepolymer having a functional group including a nitrogen atom include a polyester prepolymer having an isocyanate group and so on. 
     For example, the polyester prepolymer having an isocyanate group is a condensation product of a polyol and a polycarboxylic acid as well as a reaction product of polyester having an active hydrogen group with polyisocyanate. 
     The active hydrogen group included in the active hydrogen polyester is not particularly restricted and may be appropriately selected according to purpose. Examples thereof include a hydroxyl group (alcoholic hydroxyl group and phenolic hydroxyl group), an amino group, a carboxyl group, a mercapto group and so on. Among these, the alcoholic hydroxyl group is particularly preferable. 
     The polyol is not particularly restricted and may be appropriately selected according to purpose. Examples thereof include diols, polyols having three or more valences and so on. Among these, a diol alone and a mixture of a diol with a small amount of a polyol having three or more valences are preferable. 
     The polycarboxylic acid is not particularly restricted and may be appropriately selected according to purpose. Examples thereof include dicarboxylic acids, polycarboxylic acids having three or more valences and so on. Among these, dicarboxylic acid alone and a mixture of a dicarboxylic acid and a small amount of a polycarboxylic acid having three or more valences are preferable. 
     A ratio of the polyol and the polycarboxylic acid is not particularly restricted and may be appropriately selected according to purpose. Nonetheless, an equivalent ratio of hydroxyl groups [OH] to carboxyl groups [COOH]([OH]/[COOH]) is preferably 2/1 to 1/1, more preferably 1.5/1 to 1/1, and particularly preferably 1.3/1 to 1.02/1. 
     Examples of the polyisocyanate include aliphatic polyisocyanates (tetramethylene diisocyanate, hexamethylene diisocyanate, 2,6-diisocyanatomethyl caproate and so on); alicyclic polyisocyanates (isophorone diisocyanate, cyclohexyl diisocyanate and so on); aromatic polyisocyanates (tolylene diisocyanate, diphenylmethane diisocyanate and so on); aromatic aliphatic diisocyanates (α,α,α′,α′-tetramethylxylylene diisocyanate and so on); isocyanurates; the polyisocyanate blocked by a phenol derivative, an oxime, a caprolactam and so on. These may be used alone or in combination of two or more. 
     A ratio of the polyisocyanate is not particularly restricted and may be appropriately selected according to purpose. Nonetheless, an equivalent ratio ([NCO]/[OH]) of isocyanate groups [NCO] to hydroxyl groups [OH] of polyester having a hydroxyl group is preferably 5/1 to 1/1, more preferably 4/1 to 1.2/1, and particularly preferably 2.5/1 to 1.5/1. When the equivalent ratio of the [NCO] to the [OH] exceeds 5, there are cases where low-temperature fixing property degrades. When the equivalent ratio of the [NCO] to the [OH] is less than unity, hot-offset resistance degrades due to a decreased urea content in the polyester prepolymer. 
     Further, a molecular weight of the urea-modified polyester may be adjusted using an elongation terminating agent according to necessity. Examples of the elongation terminating agent include monoamines (diethylamine, dibutylamine, butylamine, laurylamine and so on), or compounds in which these monoamines are blocked (ketimine compounds). 
     —Compound which Elongates or Cross-Links with Prepolymer— 
     Examples of the compound which elongates or cross-links with the prepolymer include amines and so on. 
     Examples of the amines include diamines, polyamines having three or more hydroxyl groups, amino alcohols, aminomercaptans, amino acids, compounds in which these amino groups are blocked. Among these amines, the diamine and a mixture of the diamines and a small amount of the polyamines having three or more hydroxyl groups are preferable. 
     A circularity of the toner is not particularly restricted and may be appropriately selected according to purpose. Nonetheless, it is preferably 0.93 to 1.00. The circularity of the toner may be calculated from the following equation.
 
Toner circularity=perimeter of a circle having the same area as a projected area of a particle/perimeter of a projected image of the particle
 
     Also, the present invention may be applied to not only a polymerized toner having a configuration appropriate for obtaining a high-quality image but also a toner of an irregular shape by a pulverization method. This case is also advantageous in view of significantly extending the life of the apparatus. Materials constituting such a toner by the pulverization method may be appropriately selected from those usually used as an electrophotographic toner according to purpose. 
     A ratio of a weight-average diameter (D4) to a number-average diameter (D1) of the toner (D4/D1) is not particularly restricted and may be appropriately selected according to purpose. Nonetheless, it is preferably 1.00 to 1.40. 
     &lt;&lt;Transfer Unit and Transfer Step&gt;&gt; 
     The transfer unit is a unit to transfer the visible image to a recording medium. As the transfer unit, a preferable aspect includes: a primary transfer unit which transfers the visible image on an intermediate transfer member to form a composite transfer image; and a secondary transfer unit which transfers the composite transfer image to the recording medium. 
     The transfer step is not particularly restricted as long as it is a step for transferring the visible image on a recording medium, and it may be appropriately selected according to purpose. For example, it may be carried out using the transfer unit. 
     The transfer unit (the primary transfer unit, the secondary transfer unit) preferably includes at least a transfer device which peels by electrification the visible image formed on the image bearing member to the recording medium. The transfer unit may be one, or two or more. Examples of the transfer device include a corona transfer device by corona discharge, a transfer belt, a transfer roller, a pressure transfer roller, an adhesive transfer device and so on. 
     Here, the recording medium is not particularly restricted and may be appropriately selected from heretofore known recording media (recording paper). 
     The image bearing member may be an intermediate transfer member used for image formation by a so-called intermediate transfer method, where a toner image formed on an image bearing member is subjected to a primary transfer for color overlay and further transferred to a recording medium. 
     The intermediate transfer member is not particularly restricted, and it may be appropriately selected from heretofore known transfer members according to purpose. Favorable examples thereof include a transfer belt and so on. 
     The intermediate transfer member is not particularly restricted and may be appropriately selected according to purpose. Nonetheless, a preferable member has an electrical conductivity with a volume resistivity of 1.0×10 5 Ω·cm to 1.0×10 11 Ω·cm. The volume resistivity of less than 1.0×10 5 Ω·cm may involve discharge during transfer of a toner image from the image bearing member to the intermediate transfer member, which may disturb the toner image and cause so-called toner scattering. When it exceeds 1.0×10 11 Ω·cm, there are cases where counter charge of a toner image remains on the intermediate transfer member after transfer of the toner image from the intermediate transfer member to the recording medium such as paper, and a residual image may appear on a next image. 
     As the intermediate transfer member, for example, a belt-shaped or cylindrical plastic molded by kneading a thermoplastic resin along with metal oxides such as tin oxide and indium oxide, electrically conductive particles such as carbon black or electrically conductive polymers alone or in combination followed by extruding may be used. Other than this, a resin solution including a thermally cross-linkable monomer or oligomer, with an addition of electrically conductive particles or electrically conductive polymers according to necessity, is subjected to centrifugal molding with heating, and an intermediate transfer member as an endless belt may be obtained. 
     When a surface layer is provided on the intermediate transfer member, among the surface layer materials used for the outermost surface layer, a composition excluding the charge transport materials may be used with an appropriate combination of electrically conductive materials for resistivity adjustment. 
     &lt;&lt;Fixing Unit and Fixing Step&gt;&gt; 
     The fixing unit is a unit that the visible image transferred on the recording medium is fixed. It may be carried out every time a toner of a respective color is transferred on the recording medium, or it may be carried out once when the toners of the respective colors are laminated. 
     The fixing unit is not particularly restricted and may be appropriately selected according to purpose. Nonetheless, a heretofore known heating and pressurizing unit is preferable. Examples of the heating and pressurizing unit include a combination of a heat roller and a pressure roller, a combination of a heat roller, a pressure roller and an endless belt, and so on. 
     Usually, the heating in the heating and pressurizing unit is preferably at 80° C. to 200° C. 
     Here, in the present invention, according to purpose, a heretofore known optical fixing device may be used along with or in place of the fixing unit. 
     The fixing step is a step for fixing the visible image transferred on the recording medium using the fixing unit. It may be carried out every time a toner of a respective color is transferred on the recording medium, or it may be carried out once when the toners of the respective colors are laminated. 
     &lt;&lt;Neutralizing Unit and Neutralizing Step&gt;&gt; 
     The neutralizing unit is not particularly restricted as long as a neutralizing bias is applied on the image bearing member, and it may be appropriately selected from heretofore known neutralizing devices. Favorable examples thereof include a neutralizing lamp and so on. 
     The neutralizing step is a step for neutralizing the image bearing member by applying a neutralizing bias, and it may be favorably carried out by the neutralizing unit. 
     &lt;&lt;Cleaning Unit and Cleaning Step&gt;&gt; 
     The cleaning unit is preferably provided at a downstream side of the transfer unit and an upstream side of the protective layer forming unit. 
     The cleaning unit is not particularly restricted as long as it removes the electrophotographic toner remaining on the image bearing member, and it may be appropriately selected from heretofore known cleaners. Examples thereof include a magnetic brush cleaner, an electrostatic brush cleaner, a magnetic roller cleaner, a blade cleaner, a brush cleaner, a web cleaner and so on. 
     The cleaning step is a step for removing the electrophotographic toner remaining on the image bearing member, and it may be favorably carried out by the cleaning unit. 
     &lt;&lt;Recycling Unit and Recycling Step&gt;&gt; 
     The recycling unit is not particularly restricted, and examples thereof include heretofore known conveying units. 
     The recycling step is a step for recycling the toner removed by the cleaning step to the developing unit, and it may be favorably carried out by the recycling unit. 
     &lt;&lt;Controlling Unit and Controlling Step&gt;&gt; 
     The controlling unit is not particularly restricted as long as it controls operations of the respective steps, and it may be appropriately selected according to purpose. Examples thereof include devices such as sequencer, computer and so on. 
     The controlling step is a step for controlling the respective steps, and it may be favorably carried out by the controlling unit. 
     Hereinafter, one example of an image forming apparatus of the present invention is explained in detail using a diagram, but the present invention is not limited thereto.  FIG. 8  is a schematic cross-sectional diagram illustrating one example of an image forming apparatus  100  of the present invention. 
     Around each of drum-shaped image bearing members (1Y, 1M, 1C, 1K), a protective layer forming unit  2 , a charging unit  3 , an exposure unit  8 , a developing unit  5 , a transfer unit  6 , and a cleaning unit  4  are arranged. 
     Next, a series of processes for forming an image is explained using a negative-positive process. 
     An image bearing member typified by an image bearing member (OPC) including an organic photoconductive layer is neutralized by a neutralizing lamp (not shown), etc. and charged uniformly by a charging unit  3  including a charging member. 
     When the image bearing member is being charged by the charging unit  3  from a voltage applying mechanism (not shown) to the charging unit  3 , a voltage of an magnitude appropriate for charging the image bearing members (1Y, 1M, 1C, 1K) to a desired potential or a charged voltage that this voltage is superimposed by an AC voltage is applied. 
     The charged image bearing members (1Y, 1M, 1C, 1K) are subjected to a latent image formation with a laser light irradiated by the exposure unit  8  such as laser optical system and so on (an absolute value of a potential at an exposed portion is lower than an absolute value of a potential at a non-exposed portion). 
     The laser light is emitted from a laser diode and scans a surface of the image bearing members (1Y, 1M, 1C, 1K) by a multifaceted polygonal mirror rotating at a high speed in a direction of axis of rotation. 
     The latent image formed thereby is developed by toner particles or a developer composed of a mixture of the toner particles and carrier particles supplied on a developing sleeve as a developer bearing member in the developing unit  5 , and a toner visible image is formed. 
     In developing the latent image, a voltage of an appropriate magnitude between an exposed portion and a non-exposed portion of an image bearing members (1Y, 1M, 1C, 1K) or a developing bias that the voltage is superimposed by an AC voltage is applied from a voltage applying mechanism (not shown) to the developing sleeve. 
     The toner image formed on the image bearing members (1Y, 1M, 1C, 1K) of a corresponding color is transfer on an intermediate transfer member  60  by a transfer unit  6 , and the toner image is transferred to a recording medium such as paper fed from a paper-feeding mechanism  200 . 
     At this time, it is preferable that a potential of a polarity opposite to a polarity of a toner charge is applied to the transfer unit  6  as a transfer bias. Thereafter, the intermediate transfer member  60  is separated from the image bearing member, and a transfer image is obtained. 
     Also, toner particles remaining on the image bearing member is recovered into a toner recovery chamber in the cleaning unit  4  by a cleaning member. 
     The recording medium transferred is heated by a fixing unit  7 , and the toner is fixed on the recording medium. 
     As the image forming apparatus, an apparatus equipped with a plurality of developing units  5  is used. It may be an apparatus that a plurality of toner images of different colors sequentially prepared by the plurality of developing units  5  is sequentially transferred on a transfer medium and then sent to a fixing unit, where the toner is fixed by heating and so on, or an apparatus that a plurality of toner images similarly prepared is sequentially transferred once on the intermediate transfer member  60 , which is collectively transferred on a recording medium such as paper, followed by fixing in a similar manner. 
     EXAMPLES 
     Hereinafter, the present invention is described in detail with reference to examples of the present invention, which however shall not be construed as limiting the scope of the present invention. 
     Production Example 1-1 
     Production of Image Bearing Member Protective Agent 1 
     A mixture of 90 parts by mass of zinc stearate (GF-200, manufactured by NOF Corporation) and 10 parts by mass of boron nitride (NX5, manufactured by Momentive Performance Materials Inc.) was placed in a predetermined mold and was leveled. It was then subjected to a compression molding with a pressure of 130 kN and a compression time of 10 seconds. Thereby, Image Bearing Member Protective Agent 1 of a rectangular column having a length in a height direction of 10 mm, a length in a lateral direction of 21 mm, and a length in a longitudinal direction of 300 mm was obtained. 
     Production Example 1-2 
     Production of Image Bearing Member Protective Agent 2 
     A mixture of 90 parts by mass of zinc stearate (GF-200, manufactured by NOF Corporation) and 10 parts by mass of mica (SAMICA, manufactured by Miyoshi Kasei Industry Co., Ltd.) was placed in a predetermined mold and was leveled. It was then subjected to a compression molding with a pressure of 130 kN and a compression time of 10 seconds. Thereby, Image Bearing Member Protective Agent 2 of a rectangular column having a length in a height direction of 10 mm, a length in a lateral direction of 21 mm, and a length in a longitudinal direction of 300 mm was obtained. 
     Production Example 1-3 
     Production of Image Bearing Member Protective Agent 3 
     A mixture of 90 parts by mass of zinc stearate (GF-200, manufactured by NOF Corporation) and 10 parts by mass of talc (PFITALC, manufactured by Miyoshi Kasei Industry Co., Ltd.) was placed in a predetermined mold and was leveled. It was then subjected to a compression molding with a pressure of 130 kN and a compression time of 10 seconds. Thereby, Image Bearing Member Protective Agent 3 of a rectangular column having a length in a height direction of 10 mm, a length in a lateral direction of 21 mm, and a length in a longitudinal direction of 300 mm was obtained. 
     Image Bearing Member Protective Agents 1 to 3 produced in Production Examples 1-1 to 1-3 are summarized below in Table 1. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
               
             
               
                   
                 TABLE 1 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Molding 
                 Metal salt of 
                 Inorganic 
               
               
                   
                 method 
                 fatty acid 
                 lubricant 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Production 
                 Image Bearing 
                 Compression 
                 Zinc stearate 
                 Boron 
               
               
                 Example 1-1 
                 Member 
                 molding 
                   
                 nitride 
               
               
                   
                 Protective Agent 
               
               
                   
                 1 
               
               
                 Production 
                 Image Bearing 
                 Compression 
                 Zinc stearate 
                 Mica 
               
               
                 Example 1-2 
                 Member 
                 molding 
               
               
                   
                 Protective Agent 
               
               
                   
                 2 
               
               
                 Production 
                 Image Bearing 
                 Compression 
                 Zinc stearate 
                 Talc 
               
               
                 Example 1-3 
                 Member 
                 molding 
               
               
                   
                 Protective Agent 
               
               
                   
                 3 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Production Example 2-1 
     Production of Protective Agent Supplying Member 1 
     Foamed polyurethane (product name: QM60, manufactured by Bridgestone Diversified Chemical Products Co., Ltd.) was cut out in a rectangular column of a predetermined size, a hole was opened to insert a core material (diameter: 6.0 mm; length: 365 mm; made of stainless steel), and the core material was inserted and fixed in the hole. Thereafter, a roller having the core material as an axis was cut out, and a foam layer of foamed polyurethane was formed on an outer periphery of the core material. Thereby, Protective Agent Supplying Member 1 was produced. 
     The foam layer of Protective Agent Supplying Member 1 was observed or measured by the following method. Cells were continuous cells, having an average thickness of 2.9 mm. Also, a diameter (outer diameter) of Protective Agent Supplying Member 1 was 11.8 mm. 
     —Observation of Structure of Cells in Foam Layer— 
     The foam layer of the obtained protective agent supplying member was observed under a microscope (manufactured by Keyence Corporation, DIGITAL MICROSCOPE VHX-100). 
     —Measurement of Thickness of Foam Layer and Diameter (Outer Diameter) of Protective Agent Supplying Member— 
     The thickness of the obtained protective agent supplying member and a diameter (outer diameter of the protective agent supplying member were measured using a measurement apparatus (RSV-1560PIIC, manufactured by Tokyo Opto-Electronics Co., Ltd.) and a laser micro-gauge (a non-contact dimension measurement device, MG1505PII, manufactured by Tokyo Opto-Electronics Co., Ltd.). That is, after an outer diameter (a) of the protective agent supplying member was measured, an outer diameter (b) of the core material (shaft) was measured. Then, the thickness of the foam layer was determined from the formula below. Using a similar method, a thickness of the foam layer was measured at 3 locations in a longitudinal direction, and an average value thereof was calculated as an average thickness of the foam layer.
 
Thickness of foam layer[mm]=[( a )[mm]−( b )[mm]/2
 
     Production Example 2-2 
     Production of Protective Agent Supplying Member 2 
     Foamed polyurethane (product name: QZK70, manufactured by Bridgestone Diversified Chemical Products Co., Ltd.) was cut out in a rectangular column of a predetermined size, a hole was opened to insert a core material (diameter: 6.0 mm; length: 365 mm; made of stainless steel), and the core material was inserted and fixed in the hole. Thereafter, a roller having the core material as an axis was cut out, and a foam layer of foamed polyurethane was formed on an outer periphery of the core material. 
     Subsequently, concave portions were formed by a cutting machine in a direction in parallel with an axial direction of the foam layer, and thereby Protective Agent Supplying Member 2 was produced. 
     As illustrated in  FIG. 3 , the concave portions were arranged in the foam layer of Protective Agent Supplying Member 2 in a direction substantially in parallel with the axial direction of Protective Agent Supplying Member 2, and the concave portions were arranged in a substantially uniform manner at a regular interval in a circumferential direction of Protective Agent Supplying Member 2. The concave portion had a substantially rectangular shape. 
     An average distance between an inner peripheral surface of the foam layer and a bottom surface of the concave portion (a1) of 2.4 mm; an average distance between the bottom surface of the concave portion and a top surface of the concave portion (a2) of 0.6 mm; an average distance of the adjacent concave portions (b) of 1.500 mm; and an average width of the foam layer present between the adjacent concave portions (c) of 0.375 mm. 
     The foam layer of Protective Agent Supplying Member 2 was observed or measured by the above method. Cells were continuous cells, having an average thickness of 3.0 mm. Also, a diameter (outer diameter) of Protective Agent Supplying Member 2 was 12.0 mm. 
     &lt;Measurements&gt; 
     The average distance between an inner peripheral surface and a bottom surface of concave portions (a1) of the foam layer, the average distance between a bottom surface of concave portions and a top surface of the concave portions (a2), the average distance of adjacent concave portions (b), and the average width of the foam layer present between adjacent concave portions (c) were measured by the following methods. 
     &lt;&lt;Average Distance Between Bottom Surface of Concave Portions and Top Surface of Concave Portions (a2)&gt;&gt; 
     A distance between a bottom surface of a concave portion and a top surface of the concave portion was measured using a metal ruler at five (5) locations, and from an average value thereof, the average distance between the bottom surface of the concave portions and the top surface of the concave portions (a2) was obtained. 
     &lt;&lt;Average Distance Between Inner Peripheral Surface of Foam Layer and Bottom Surface of Concave Portion (a1)&gt;&gt; 
     From a difference between an average thickness of the foam layer and the average distance between the bottom surface of the concave portions and the top surface of the concave portions (a2) obtained above, the average distance between the inner peripheral surface of the foam layer and the bottom surface of the concave portions (a1) was obtained. 
     &lt;&lt;Average Distance Between Adjacent Concave Portions (b)&gt;&gt; 
     A distance between adjacent concave portions was measured at five (5) locations by a metal ruler, and from an average value thereof, the average distance between the adjacent concave portions (b) was obtained. 
     &lt;&lt;Average Width of Foam Layer Present Between Adjacent Concave Portions (c)&gt;&gt; 
     A width of the foam layer present between adjacent concave portions was measured at five (5) locations using a metal ruler, and from an average value thereof, the average width of the foam layer present between adjacent concave portions (c) was obtained. 
     Production Example 2-3 
     Production of Protective Agent Supplying Member 3 
     Foamed polyurethane (product name: SPG, manufactured by Bridgestone Diversified Chemical Products Co., Ltd.) was cut out in a rectangular column of a predetermined size, a hole was opened to insert a core material (diameter: 6.0 mm; length: 365 mm; made of stainless steel), and the core material was inserted and fixed in the hole. Thereafter, a roller having the core material as an axis was cut out, and a foam layer of foamed polyurethane was formed on an outer periphery of the core material. Thereby, Protective Agent Supplying Member 3 was produced. 
     The foam layer of Protective Agent Supplying Member 3 was observed or measured by the above method. Cells were continuous cells, having an average thickness of 3.0 mm. Also, a diameter (outer diameter) of Protective Agent Supplying Member 3 was 12.0 mm. 
     Production Example 2-4 
     Production of Protective Agent Supplying Member 4 
     Foamed polyurethane (product name: QZK70, manufactured by Bridgestone Diversified Chemical Products Co., Ltd.) was cut out in a rectangular column of a predetermined size, a hole was opened to insert a core material (diameter: 6.0 mm; length: 365 mm; made of stainless steel), and the core material was inserted and fixed in the hole. Thereafter, a roller having the core material as an axis was cut out, and a foam layer of foamed polyurethane was formed on an outer periphery of the core material. 
     Subsequently, concave portions were formed by a cutting machine in a direction in parallel with an axial direction of the foam layer, and Protective Agent Supplying Member 4 was manufactured. 
     As illustrated in  FIG. 3 , the concave portions were arranged in the foam layer of Protective Agent Supplying Member 4 in a direction substantially in parallel with the axial direction of Protective Agent Supplying Member 4, and the concave portions were arranged in a substantially uniform manner at a regular interval in a circumferential direction of Protective Agent Supplying Member 4. The concave portion had a substantially rectangular shape. 
     An average distance between an inner peripheral surface of the foam layer and a bottom surface of the concave portion (a1) of 2.6 mm; an average distance between the bottom surface of the concave portion and a top surface of the concave portion (a2) of 0.3 mm; an average distance of the adjacent concave portions (b) of 1.500 mm; and an average width of the foam layer present between the adjacent concave portions (c) of 0.375 mm. 
     The foam layer of Protective Agent Supplying Member 4 was observed or measured by the above method. Cells were continuous cells, having an average thickness of 2.9 mm. Also, a diameter (outer diameter) of Protective Agent Supplying Member 4 was 11.8 mm. 
     Production Example 2-5 
     Production of Protective Agent Supplying Member 5 
     Foamed polyurethane (product name: EP70, manufactured by INOAC Corporation) was cut out in a rectangular column of a predetermined size, a hole was opened to insert a core material (diameter: 6.0 mm; length: 365 mm; made of stainless steel), and the core material was inserted and fixed in the hole. Thereafter, a roller having the core material as an axis was cut out, and a foam layer of foamed polyurethane was formed on an outer periphery of the core material. Thereby, Protective Agent Supplying Member 5 was produced. 
     The foam layer of Protective Agent Supplying Member 5 was observed or measured by the above method. Cells were continuous cells, having an average thickness of 3.0 mm. Also, a diameter (outer diameter) of Protective Agent Supplying Member 5 was 12.0 mm. 
     Production Example 2-6 
     Production of Protective Agent Supplying Member 6 
     Foamed polyurethane (product name: QZK70, manufactured by Bridgestone Diversified Chemical Products Co., Ltd.) was cut out in a rectangular column of a predetermined size, a hole was opened to insert a core material (diameter: 6.0 mm; length: 365 mm; made of stainless steel), and the core material was inserted and fixed in the hole. Thereafter, a roller having the core material as an axis was cut out, and a foam layer of foamed polyurethane was formed on an outer periphery of the core material. Thereby, Protective Agent Supplying Member 6 was produced. 
     The foam layer of Protective Agent Supplying Member 6 was observed or measured by the above method. Cells were continuous cells, having an average thickness of 2.9 mm. Also, a diameter (outer diameter) of Protective Agent Supplying Member 6 was 11.8 mm. 
     Production Example 2-7 
     Production of Protective Agent Supplying Member 7 
     Foamed polyurethane (product name: QZK70, manufactured by Bridgestone Diversified Chemical Products Co., Ltd.) was cut out in a rectangular column of a predetermined size, a hole was opened to insert a core material (diameter: 6.0 mm; length: 365 mm; made of stainless steel), and the core material was inserted and fixed in the hole. Thereafter, a roller having the core material as an axis was cut out, and a foam layer of foamed polyurethane was formed on an outer periphery of the core material. Thereby, Protective Agent Supplying Member 7 was produced. 
     The foam layer of Protective Agent Supplying Member 7 was observed or measured by the above method. Cells were continuous cells, having an average thickness of 3.0 mm. Also, a diameter (outer diameter) of Protective Agent Supplying Member 7 was 12.0 mm. 
     Production Example 2-8 
     Production of Protective Agent Supplying Member 8 
     Foamed polyurethane (product name: QZK70, manufactured by Bridgestone Diversified Chemical Products Co., Ltd.) was cut out in a rectangular column of a predetermined size, a hole was opened to insert a core material (diameter: 6.0 mm; length: 365 mm; made of stainless steel), and the core material was inserted and fixed in the hole. Thereafter, a roller having the core material as an axis was cut out, and a foam layer of foamed polyurethane was formed on an outer periphery of the core material. 
     Subsequently, concave portions were formed by a cutting machine in a direction in parallel with an axial direction of the foam layer, and Protective Agent Supplying Member 8 was manufactured. 
     As illustrated in  FIG. 3 , the concave portions were arranged in the foam layer of Protective Agent Supplying Member 8 in a direction substantially in parallel with the axial direction of Protective Agent Supplying Member 8, and the concave portions were arranged in a substantially uniform manner at a regular interval in a circumferential direction of Protective Agent Supplying Member 8. The concave portion had a substantially rectangular shape. 
     An average distance between an inner peripheral surface of the foam layer and a bottom surface of the concave portion (a1) of 2.0 mm; an average distance between the bottom surface of the concave portion and a top surface of the concave portion (a2) of 1.0 mm; an average distance of the adjacent concave portions (b) of 1.500 mm; and an average width of the foam layer present between the adjacent concave portions (c) of 0.375 mm. 
     The foam layer of Protective Agent Supplying Member 8 was observed or measured by the above method. Cells were continuous cells, having an average thickness of 3.0 mm. Also, a diameter (outer diameter) of Protective Agent Supplying Member 8 was 12.0 mm. 
     Production Example 2-9 
     Production of Protective Agent Supplying Member 9 
     Foamed polyurethane (product name: QZK70, manufactured by Bridgestone Diversified Chemical Products Co., Ltd.) was cut out in a rectangular column of a predetermined size, a hole was opened to insert a core material (diameter: 6.0 mm; length: 365 mm; made of stainless steel), and the core material was inserted and fixed in the hole. Thereafter, a roller having the core material as an axis was cut out, and a foam layer of foamed polyurethane was formed on an outer periphery of the core material. Thereby, Protective Agent Supplying Member 9 was produced. 
     The foam layer of Protective Agent Supplying Member 9 was observed or measured by the above method. Cells were continuous cells, having an average thickness of 3.25 mm. Also, a diameter (outer diameter) of Protective Agent Supplying Member 9 was 12.5 mm. 
     Production Example 3-1 
     Production of Image Bearing Member 1 
     —Formation of Undercoat Layer— 
     On an aluminum substrate (outer diameter: 40 mm), an undercoat layer coating solution having the following composition was dip-coated followed by heating and drying, and an undercoat layer having an average thickness of 3.5 μm was formed. DN410H (manufactured by Yamato Scientific Co., Ltd.) was used for the heating and drying. 
     [Undercoat Layer Coating Solution] 
                                                Alkyd resin    6 parts by mass           (BECKOSOL 1307-60-EL, manufactured           by DIC Corporation)           Melamine resin    4 parts by mass           (SUPER BECKAMINE G-821-60,           manufactured by DIC Corporation)           Titanium oxide   40 parts by mass           Methyl ethyl ketone   50 parts by mass                        
—Formation of Charge Generation Layer—
 
     Next, on the undercoat layer, a charge generation layer coating solution having the following composition was dip-coated followed by heating and drying, and a charge generation layer having an average thickness of 0.2 μm was formed. For the heating and drying, DN410H (manufactured by Yamato Scientific Co., Ltd.) was used. 
     [Charge Generation Layer Coating Solution] 
                                        Bisazo pigment represented by Structural Formula   2.5   parts by mass       (I) below               Polyvinyl butyral (XYHL, manufactured by UCC)   0.5   parts by mass       Cyclohexanone   200   parts by mass       Methyl ethyl ketone   80   parts by mass                                              
—Formation of Charge Transport Layer—
 
     Next, on the charge generation layer, a charge transport layer coating solution having the following composition was dip-coated followed by heating and drying, and a charge transport layer having an average thickness of 18 μm was formed. For the heating and drying, DN410H (manufactured by Yamato Scientific Co., Ltd.) was used. 
     [Charge Transport Layer Coating Solution] 
                                        Bisphenol Z polycarbonate   10   parts by mass       (PANLITE TS-2050, manufactured by Teijin               Chemicals Ltd.)               Low-molecular charge transport material represented   7   parts by mass       by Structural Formula (II) below               Tetrahydrofuran   100   parts by mass       1-% by mass tetrahydrofuran solution of silicone oil   1   part by mass       (KF50-100CS, manufactured by Shin-Etsu Chemical               Co., Ltd.)                                              
—Formation of Outermost Surface Layer—
 
     Next, on the charge transport layer, an outermost surface layer coating solution having the following composition was spray-coated followed by heating and drying at 130° C. for 20 minutes using DN410H (manufactured by Yamato Scientific Co., Ltd.), and an outermost surface layer having an average thickness of 4 μm was formed. 
     [Outermost Surface Layer Coating Solution] 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
             
               
                   
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
                 Bisphenol Z polycarbonate 
                  2 parts by mass 
               
               
                   
                 (PANLITE TS-2050, manufactured 
               
               
                   
                 by Teijin Chemicals Ltd.) 
               
               
                   
                 Alumina fine particles 
                  5 parts by mass 
               
               
                   
                 (AA03, manufactured by Sumitomo 
               
               
                   
                 Chemical Co., Ltd.) 
               
               
                   
                 Tetrahydrofuran 
                 70 parts by mass 
               
               
                   
                 Cyclohexanone 
                 25 parts by mass 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Production Example 3-2 
     Production of Image Bearing Member 2 
     Image Bearing Member 2 was produced in the same manner as Production Example 3-1 except that the aluminum substrate (outer diameter: 40 mm) in Production Example 3-1 was changed to an aluminum substrate (outer diameter: 30 mm). 
     Example 1 
     Using an apparatus that a printer (IMAGIO MP C5000, manufactured by Ricoh Company, Ltd.) was remodeled, the image bearing member protective agent was coated on the image bearing members. 
     That is, in an imaging unit of the printer (IMAGIO MP C5000, manufactured by Ricoh Company, Ltd.), an image bearing member used in the apparatus was changed to Image Bearing Member 1 having an outer diameter of 40 mm produced in Production Example 3-1, an image bearing member protective agent used in the apparatus was changed to Image Bearing Member Protective Agent 1 produced in Production Example 1-1, and a brush roller used in the apparatus was changed to Protective Agent Supplying Member 1 produced in, Production Example 2-1. 
     Here, the brush roller of IMAGIO MP C5000 is configured to rotate through a gear from the image bearing member, but in Example 1, it was remodeled such that Protective Agent Supplying Member 1 rotated by an external motor. 
     Regarding a direction of rotation, Image Bearing Member 1 and Protective Agent Supplying Member 1 were configured to rotate in an identical direction at a contact position. 
     A structure of a protective layer forming apparatus in the apparatus as remodeled above is illustrated in  FIG. 7 . 
     Also, a technology described in JP-A No. 2007-293240 is employed in the printer (IMAGIO MP C5000, manufactured by Ricoh Company, Ltd.) as an image bearing member protective agent pressurizing-mechanism member of (pressure-imparting member) which presses the image bearing member protective agent to contact with the protective agent supplying member. Thereby, the printer was able to press the image bearing member protective agent at a constant pressure and a uniform pressure in a longitudinal direction over time. 
     &lt;Evaluation&gt; 
     —Measurements of Drive Torque and Measurement of “[(A 1 +B 1 )−(A 0 +B 0 )]/L”— 
     The drive torque and “[(A 1 +B 1 )−(A 0 +B 0 )]/L” were measured in accordance with the methods described in this specification. Also, the drive torque was measured using a torque transducer (DP-20KCE, manufactured by Kyowa Electronic Instruments Co., Ltd.). As a strain gauge of the torque transducer, DPE-712B (manufactured by Kyowa Electronic Instruments Co., Ltd.) was used. Data of the torque measured by the torque transducer were obtained by NR2000, manufactured by Keyence Corporation. 
     Here, with a measurement time of 1 minute, the torque was calculated from the data of the 30 seconds in the second half with a stable waveform. 
     Also, similarly to Example 1, an apparatus with which both the drive torque of the image bearing member and the drive torque of the protective agent supplying member may be measured was used in Examples 2, 7 and 11. The, a total of the respective drive torque was calculated. 
     The configuration in Examples 3 to 6 and 8 to 10, and Comparative Examples 1 and 2 was to rotate through the gear from the image bearing member. Thus, by measuring the drive torque of the image bearing member, a total drive torque of the image bearing member and the protective agent supplying member was calculated. 
     —Minimum Consumption Rate of Image Bearing Member Protective Agent with No Occurrence of Filming of Image Bearing Member— 
     Using the apparatus that the printer (IMAGIO MP C5000, manufactured by Ricoh Company, Ltd.) was remodeled, 10,000 sheets of a document (A4) were continuously fed with an image area ratio of 5%, and the parts in the remodeled apparatus were subjected to change over time before a continuous feeding test of 1,000 sheets below. 
     Next, 1,000 sheets of a document (A4) were continuously fed with an image area ratio of 100%. This test of continuously feeding 1,000 sheets was carried out by gradually decreasing a spring load of the pressure-imparting member. Consumption (g) of the image bearing member protective agent was calculated by comparing the amounts of the image bearing member protective agent (g) before and after the test. This consumption (g) was divided by a distance traveled by the image bearing member (km), and a protective agent consumption rate (g/km) was calculated. 
     Occurrence of filming at the surface of the image bearing member as the protective agent consumption rate (g/km) was decreased was visually observed. Thereafter, a minimum protective agent consumption rate (g/km) at which no filming by the toner occurred was obtained and evaluated based on the following criteria. Results are shown in Table 3. 
     [Evaluation Criteria] 
     A: The protective agent consumption rate was less than 0.20 g/km 
     B: The protective agent consumption rate was 0.20 g/km or greater and less than 0.25 g/km 
     C: The protective agent consumption rate was 0.25 g/km or greater and less than 0.30 g/km 
     D: The protective agent consumption rate was 0.30 g/km or greater 
     Here, in the evaluation criteria above, A, B, and C were considered as acceptable. 
     Examples 2 to 11, Comparative Examples 1 to 2 
     The drive torque was measured and the minimum consumption rate of the image bearing member protective agent with no occurrence of filming of the image bearing member was evaluated in the same manner as Example 1 except that the type of the image bearing member protective agent, the type of the protective agent supplying member, the type of the image bearing member, the linear velocity values of the protective agent supplying member and the image bearing member, the direction of rotation of the protective agent supplying member and the image bearing member, and the driving method of the protective agent supplying member and the image bearing member were changed to those conditions in Table 2-1 and Table 2-2. Results are shown in Table 3. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
             
               
                   
                 TABLE 2-1 
               
             
            
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Protective agent supplying member 
                 Image bearing member 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Image bearing member protective agent 
                   
                 Outer 
                   
                 Outer 
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Protective agent composition 
                   
                 Asperity 
                 diam- 
                 Linear 
                   
                 diam- 
                 Linear 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Metal salt 
                 Inorganic 
                 Molding 
                 Foam 
                 process- 
                 eter 
                 velocity 
                   
                 eter 
                 velocity 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Type 
                 of fatty acid 
                 lubricant 
                 method 
                 Type 
                 layer 
                 ing 
                 (mm) 
                 (mm/s) 
                 Type 
                 (mm) 
                 (mm/s) 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Example 1 
                 1 
                 zinc stearate 
                 boron nitride 
                 compression 
                 1 
                 QM60 
                 No 
                 11.8 
                 140 
                 1 
                 40 
                 230 
               
               
                 Example 2 
                 1 
                 zinc stearate 
                 boron nitride 
                 compression 
                 1 
                 QM60 
                 No 
                 11.8 
                 140 
                 1 
                 40 
                 230 
               
               
                 Example 3 
                 1 
                 zinc stearate 
                 boron nitride 
                 compression 
                 2 
                 QZK70 
                 Yes 
                 12.0 
                 142 
                 1 
                 40 
                 230 
               
               
                 Example 4 
                 2 
                 zinc stearate 
                 mica 
                 compression 
                 3 
                 SPG 
                 No 
                 12.0 
                 142 
                 1 
                 40 
                 230 
               
               
                 Example 5 
                 1 
                 zinc stearate 
                 boron nitride 
                 compression 
                 1 
                 QM60 
                 No 
                 11.8 
                 140 
                 2 
                 30 
                 230 
               
               
                 Example 6 
                 1 
                 zinc stearate 
                 boron nitride 
                 compression 
                 1 
                 QM60 
                 No 
                 11.8 
                 140 
                 1 
                 40 
                 230 
               
               
                 Example 7 
                 1 
                 zinc stearate 
                 boron nitride 
                 compression 
                 4 
                 QZK70 
                 Yes 
                 11.8 
                 140 
                 1 
                 40 
                 230 
               
               
                 Example 8 
                 1 
                 zinc stearate 
                 boron nitride 
                 compression 
                 5 
                 EP70 
                 No 
                 12.0 
                 142 
                 1 
                 40 
                 230 
               
               
                 Example 9 
                 3 
                 zinc stearate 
                 talc 
                 compression 
                 5 
                 EP70 
                 No 
                 12.0 
                 142 
                 1 
                 40 
                 230 
               
               
                 Example 10 
                 1 
                 zinc stearate 
                 boron nitride 
                 compression 
                 6 
                 QZK70 
                 No 
                 11.8 
                 140 
                 1 
                 40 
                 230 
               
               
                 Example 11 
                 1 
                 zinc stearate 
                 boron nitride 
                 compression 
                 7 
                 QZK70 
                 No 
                 12.0 
                 142 
                 1 
                 40 
                 230 
               
               
                 Comparative Example 1 
                 1 
                 zinc stearate 
                 boron nitride 
                 compression 
                 8 
                 QZK70 
                 Yes 
                 12.0 
                 142 
                 1 
                 40 
                 230 
               
               
                 Comparative Example 2 
                 1 
                 zinc stearate 
                 boron nitride 
                 compression 
                 9 
                 QZK70 
                 No 
                 12.5 
                 148 
                 1 
                 40 
                 230 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
               
             
               
                   
                 TABLE 2-2 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 Linear velocity ratio 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 Protective agent 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 supplying 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 member/image 
               
               
                   
                 Direction of rotation 
                 Driving method 
                 bearing member 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Example 1 
                 Forward direction 
                 Separate drive 
                 1.6 
               
               
                 Example 2 
                 Opposite direction 
                 Separate drive 
                 1.6 
               
               
                 Example 3 
                 Opposite direction 
                 Single drive 
                 1.6 
               
               
                 Example 4 
                 Opposite direction 
                 Single drive 
                 1.6 
               
               
                 Example 5 
                 Opposite direction 
                 Single drive 
                 1.6 
               
               
                 Example 6 
                 Opposite direction 
                 Single drive 
                 1.6 
               
               
                 Example 7 
                 Opposite direction 
                 Separate drive 
                 1.6 
               
               
                 Example 8 
                 Opposite direction 
                 Single drive 
                 1.6 
               
               
                 Example 9 
                 Opposite direction 
                 Single drive 
                 1.6 
               
               
                 Example 10 
                 Opposite direction 
                 Single drive 
                 1.6 
               
               
                 Example 11 
                 Opposite direction 
                 Separate drive 
                 1.6 
               
               
                 Comparative 
                 Opposite direction 
                 Single drive 
                 1.6 
               
               
                 Example 1 
               
               
                 Comparative 
                 Opposite direction 
                 Single drive 
                 1.6 
               
               
                 Example 2 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     In Table 2-2, the direction of rotation being a forward direction indicates that the image bearing member and the protective agent supplying member were rotating in an identical direction at a contact surface thereof. The direction of rotation being a opposite direction indicates that the image bearing member and the protective agent supplying member were rotating in an opposite direction at a contact surface thereof. 
     In Table 2-2, the driving method being a single drive indicates that the image bearing member and the protective agent supplying member were rotating by a single power source. The driving method being a separate drive indicates that the image bearing member and the protective agent supplying member were rotating by separate power sources. 
     The linear velocity (mm/s) of the protective agent supplying member was calculated from the outer diameter (mm) and the number of revolutions (rpm) of the protective agent supplying member. 
     The linear velocity (mm/s) of the image bearing member was calculated from the outer diameter (mm) and the number of revolutions (rpm) of the image bearing member. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
                   
                 TABLE 3 
               
             
            
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Drive torque 
                 Drive torque 
                 Length at contact 
                 [(A 1  + B 1 ) − 
                 Protective agent consumption rate 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 (A 1  + B 1 ) 
                 (A 0  + B 0 ) 
                 surface (L) 
                 (A 0  + B 0 )]/L 
                 Minimum consumption 
                   
               
               
                   
                 (N · m) 
                 (N · m) 
                 (mm) 
                 (N · m)/mm 
                 rate (g/km) 
                 Evaluation 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Example 1 
                 0.086 
                 0.038 
                 328 
                 0.000147 
                 0.27 
                 C 
               
               
                 Example 2 
                 0.143 
                 0.027 
                 328 
                 0.000353 
                 0.24 
                 B 
               
               
                 Example 3 
                 0.190 
                 0.038 
                 328 
                 0.000461 
                 0.20 
                 B 
               
               
                 Example 4 
                 0.213 
                 0.038 
                 328 
                 0.000529 
                 0.16 
                 A 
               
               
                 Example 5 
                 0.283 
                 0.038 
                 352 
                 0.000696 
                 0.13 
                 A 
               
               
                 Example 6 
                 0.298 
                 0.038 
                 328 
                 0.000794 
                 0.13 
                 A 
               
               
                 Example 7 
                 0.354 
                 0.040 
                 328 
                 0.000960 
                 0.14 
                 A 
               
               
                 Example 8 
                 0.406 
                 0.038 
                 328 
                 0.001117 
                 0.15 
                 A 
               
               
                 Example 9 
                 0.502 
                 0.038 
                 328 
                 0.001411 
                 0.18 
                 A 
               
               
                 Example 10 
                 0.597 
                 0.038 
                 328 
                 0.001705 
                 0.21 
                 B 
               
               
                 Example 11 
                 0.648 
                 0.040 
                 328 
                 0.001852 
                 0.25 
                 C 
               
               
                 Comparative Example 1 
                 0.075 
                 0.038 
                 328 
                 0.000108 
                 0.30 
                 D 
               
               
                 Comparative Example 2 
                 0.754 
                 0.038 
                 328 
                 0.002185 
                 0.31 
                 D 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Aspects of the present invention are the following. 
     &lt;1&gt; An image forming apparatus, including: 
     an image bearing member; and 
     a protective layer forming unit which includes: a protective agent supplying member which rotatably contacts a surface of the image bearing member; and an image bearing member protective agent, 
     wherein the image bearing member protective agent includes a metal salt of a fatty acid and an inorganic lubricant, 
     wherein the protective agent supplying member includes: a core material; and a foam layer formed on an outer periphery of the core material and including a plurality of cells, and 
     wherein drive torque of the image bearing member and drive torque of the protective agent supplying member satisfy Formula (1) below:
 
1.47×10 −4 ≦[( A   1   +B   1 )−( A   0   +B   0 )]/ L [N·m/mm]≦1.96×10 −3   Formula (1)
 
where:
 
     A 0  represents drive torque (N·m) of the image bearing member during image formation when the image bearing member and the protective agent supplying member are not in contact, 
     A 1  represents drive torque (N·m) of the image bearing member during image formation, 
     B 0  represents drive torque (N·m) of the protective agent supplying member during image formation when the image bearing member and the protective agent supplying member are not in contact, 
     B 1  represents drive torque (N·m) of the protective agent supplying member during image formation, and 
     L represents a length in a longitudinal direction (mm) at a contact surface between the image bearing member and the protective agent supplying member. 
     &lt;2&gt; The image forming apparatus according to &lt;1&gt;, wherein the drive torque of the image bearing member and the drive torque of the protective agent supplying member satisfy Formula (2) below.
 
5.00×10 −4 ≦[( A   1   +B   1 )−( A   0   +B   0 )]/ L [N·m/mm]≦1.45×10 −3   Formula (2)
 
     &lt;3&gt; The image forming apparatus according to any one of &lt;1&gt; to &lt;2&gt;, wherein the inorganic lubricant includes talc, mica or boron nitride, or any combination thereof. 
     &lt;4&gt; The image forming apparatus according to any one of &lt;1&gt; to &lt;3&gt;, wherein the metal salt of a fatty acid includes zinc stearate. 
     &lt;5&gt; The image forming apparatus according to any one of &lt;1&gt; to &lt;4&gt;, wherein the foam layer includes foamed polyurethane. 
     &lt;6&gt; The image forming apparatus according to any one of &lt;1&gt; to &lt;5&gt;, wherein the foam layer is a foam layer of continuous cells. 
     &lt;7&gt; The image forming apparatus according to any one of &lt;1&gt; to &lt;6&gt;, wherein the protective layer forming unit includes a protective layer forming member which thins the image bearing member protective agent supplied on the surface of the image bearing member and forms a protective layer. 
     &lt;8&gt; The image forming apparatus according to any one of &lt;1&gt; to &lt;7&gt;, wherein the image bearing member includes an outermost surface layer, and the outermost surface layer includes an inorganic filler. 
     This application claims priority to Japanese application No. 2012-077269, filed on Mar. 29, 2012 and incorporated herein by reference.