Patent Publication Number: US-9885311-B2

Title: Method for manufacturing cylinder block and cylinder block

Description:
TECHNICAL FIELD 
     The present invention relates to a method for manufacturing a cylinder block to form a spray coating on an inner surface of a cylinder bore, and to a cylinder block. 
     BACKGROUND ART 
     In view of improvements of power, fuel consumption, emission performance, down-sizing and light-weighting of an internal combustion engine, elimination of a cylinder liner to be applied to a cylinder bore of an aluminum cylinder block is highly desired in design requirements. As one of alternative techniques accommodating the requirements, proceeding is an application of a thermal spray technology for forming a thermally sprayed coating made of a ferrous material on an inner surface of a cylinder bore (see Patent Literature 1 listed below). 
     CITATION LIST 
     Patent Literature 
     Patent Literature 1: Japanese Unexamined Patent Publication No. 2006-291336 
     SUMMARY OF INVENTION 
     Technical Problem 
     By the way, when forming a thermally sprayed coating, a wire made of a ferrous material as a thermally sprayed material is supplied to an end-side of a thermal spray gun, and melted droplets generated by heating and melting the wire by a heat source such as plasma arc are sprayed-toward and then attached-onto an inner surface of a cylinder bore. Therefore, the cylinder block is heated at thermal spraying and its temperature rises, so that it is brought into a state where internal stresses are accumulated. 
     When machining works for an outer shape of the cylinder block and so on are made, as a pre-stage machining process, to the cylinder block in the state where the internal stresses are accumulated, the accumulated internal stresses are released and thereby deformations occurs in an entire of the cylinder block. Therefore, working operations in a following finishing work process are subject to be complicated due to a need of fixing the deformations. 
     Therefore, an object of the present invention is to restrict temperature rise of a cylinder block when forming a thermally sprayed coating. 
     Solution to Problem 
     The present invention is characterized by controlling at least any one of heat input to the cylinder block and heat radiated from a cylinder block when forming a thermally sprayed coating on an inner surface of a cylinder bore of the cylinder block by reciprocating a thermal spray gun along an axial direction in the cylinder bore while rotating the thermal spray gun. 
     Advantageous Effects of Invention 
     According to the present invention, by controlling temperature of at least any one of the heat input to the cylinder block and the heat radiated from the cylinder block so that internal stresses accumulated in the cylinder block are reduced, it becomes possible to restrict deformations of the cylinder block caused by the releases of the internal stresses at working operations after thermal spraying, and thereby following finishing working operations can be done easily. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS 
         FIG. 1  is a cross-sectional view of a cylinder block according to a first embodiment of the present invention. 
         FIG. 2  is a manufacturing process diagram of the cylinder block shown in  FIG. 1 . 
         FIG. 3  is an operationally explanatory view showing a state where a thermally sprayed coating is formed on an inner surface of a cylinder bore of the cylinder block shown in  FIG. 1 . 
         FIG. 4  is an operationally explanatory view corresponding to  FIG. 3  by a third embodiment. 
         FIG. 5  is an operationally explanatory view showing a state where cooling is done by injecting air onto a cylinder block at thermal spraying. 
         FIG. 6  is a graph showing a comparison of temperature changes of cylinder blocks along with time course during thermal spraying between a case where cooling is done (solid line) and a case where not done (dotted line). 
     
    
    
     DESCRIPTION OF EMBODIMENTS 
     Hereinafter, embodiments for conducting the present invention will be explained in detail with reference to the drawings. 
     First Embodiment 
     A cylinder block  1  shown in  FIG. 1  of a V-type engine for an automobile is an aluminum alloy product and its properties such as an anti-abrasion property are improved by forming thermally sprayed coatings  5  on inner surfaces of cylinder bores  3 . A method for forming the thermally sprayed coating  5  is one that is conventionally well-known, and done by inserting a thermal spray gun  7  into the cylinder bore  3  while rotating it, reciprocating it along an axial direction, and injecting melted droplets  10  from a nozzle  9  on an end of the thermal spray gun  7  to attach them onto the inner surface of the cylinder bore  3 . A wire not shown and made of a ferrous material to be a material for thermal spraying is continuously supplied to the nozzle  9  from an outside of the thermal spray gun  7 , and then the melted droplets  10  are generated by melting the wire by a heat source such as plasma arc. 
     Bearing caps not shown are fastened and fixed on a bottom surface, on a crankcase  11  side, of the cylinder block  1  by bolts. The bearing caps rotatably support a crankshaft not shown between the cylinder block  1  and their bearing portions. 
     An oil pan not shown is attached to an opposite bottom surface of the crankcase  11  to the cylinder block  1 , and a cylinder head is attached to an opposite upper surface of the cylinder block  1  to the crankcase  11 . 
     Manufacturing processes of the cylinder block  1  are shown in  FIG. 2 . After casting the cylinder block  1  in a cast process  13 , the thermally sprayed coatings  5  are formed on the inner surfaces of the cylinder bores  3  in a thermal spraying process  15 . After the thermal spraying process  15 , machining works for an outer shape of the cylinder block  1  are made as a pre-stage machining process  17 , and then a leak test  19  is done. 
     The leak test  19  is a test for fluid leaks with respect to coolant leaks in a water jacket  21  and lubrication oil leaks in the crankcase  11 . This leak test  19  is conventionally well-known, and bone by adding pressure into the water jacket  21  and the crankcase  11  in a state where they are sealed up, and then judging whether or not inner pressures in the water jacket  21  and the crankcase  11  are not lower than a prescribed value after predetermined time has elapsed. 
     After the leak test  19 , the bearing caps not shown are attached to the cylinder block  1  in a bearing cap assembling process  23 , and finishing works are done in a finishing work process  25  at the end. The finishing work process  25  includes honing works to the thermally sprayed coatings  5  formed on the inner surfaces of the cylinder bores  3 . 
     By the way, the cylinder block  1  is heated at thermal spraying in the thermal spraying process  15  of the manufacturing processes shown in the above  FIG. 2  and its temperature rises, so that it is brought into a state where internal stresses are accumulated. When the machining works for an outer shape of the cylinder block  1  are made to the cylinder block  1  in the state where the internal stresses are accumulated in the pre-stage machining process  17  after thermal spraying, the accumulated internal stresses are released and thereby deformations occur in an entire of the cylinder block, and thereby working operations in the following finishing work process  25  are subject to be complicated. 
     As the deformations of the cylinder block  1 , its upper end surface on an opposite side to the crankcase  11  may generally curve downward, and a cross-sectional shape of the cylinder bore  3  may become ellipsoidal or oval as against circular. A fixing work for making the upper end surface flat is required in a case where the upper end surface of the cylinder block  1  curves downward, and a fixing work for making the cross-sectional shape circular by a finishing honing work is required for the deformation of the cross-sectional shape of the cylinder bore  3 . Especially, since more working margins are needed in order to fix the cross-sectional shape of the cylinder bore  3  from an ellipsoidal or oval shape to a circular shape, a thermally sprayed coating must be preliminarily formed thicker and thereby its material costs increase for that. 
     Therefore, in the present embodiment, in the thermal spraying process  15 , as shown in  FIG. 3 , when forming the thermally sprayed coating  5  on the inner surface of the cylinder bore  3  by inserting the thermal spray gun  7  into the cylinder bore  3  while rotating it, a moving speed of the thermal spray gun  7  along the axial direction indicated by an arrow A in the cylinder bore  3  is set to a value equal-to or larger-than a predetermined value, e.g. 2000 to 3000 mm/min. 
     A heat input amount to the cylinder block  1  (a heat amount that the cylinder block  1  receives per unit time and per unit volume) at thermal spraying becomes smaller for an identical moving stroke as the moving speed of the thermal spray gun  7  along the axial direction becomes faster. Therefore, a heat input amount to the cylinder block  1  for a single reciprocating cycle of the thermal spray gun  7  in the cylinder bore  3  along the axial direction is reduced by setting the moving speed of the thermal spray gun  7  along the axial direction to a value equal-to or larger-than the predetermined value. Namely, in the present embodiment, temperature of the cylinder block  1  is controlled by adjusting the heat input amount to the cylinder block  1  to be restricted when forming the thermally sprayed coating  5  on the inner surface of the cylinder bore  3 . 
     As a result, the heat input amount to the cylinder block  1  at thermal spraying can be restricted lower, and thereby temperature rise of the cylinder block  1  can be restricted. Therefore, the internal stresses accumulated in the cylinder block  1  can be reduced further, and the deformations of an entire of the cylinder block caused by the releases of the internal stresses at the working operations in the pre-stage machining process  17  following the thermal spraying process  15  can be restricted smaller. By restricting the deformations of an entire of the cylinder block smaller, working operations in the following finishing work process  25  can be made easy. 
     On the other hand, as explained above, when the moving speed of the thermal spray gun  7  along the axial direction into the cylinder bore  3  is set to a value equal-to or larger-than the predetermined value, a thermally sprayed amount for an identical moving stroke reduces. Therefore, in the present embodiment, by setting the number of reciprocating cycles of the thermal spray gun  7  along the axial direction in the cylinder bore  3  is set to a value equal-to or larger-than a predetermined value, e.g. 4 to 7 cycles (total stroked distance is made longer), a thermally sprayed amount to be reduced is compensated. According to this, a coating thickness of the thermally sprayed coating  5  can be surely kept at a constant predetermined value. 
     Namely, in the present embodiment, when forming the thermally sprayed coating  5  on the inner surface of the cylinder bore  3  by reciprocating the thermal spray gun  7  along the axial direction in the cylinder bore  3  of the cylinder block  1  while rotating it, temperature of the cylinder block  1  is controlled while keeping the coating thickness of the thermally sprayed coating  5  constant. Controlling of the temperature of the cylinder block  1  is equivalent to controlling at least any one of heat input to the cylinder block  1  and heat radiated from the cylinder block  1 . To do so in the present embodiment, correlation between the moving speed of the thermal spray gun  7  in the axial direction in the cylinder bore  3  and the number of reciprocating cycle of the thermal spray gun  7  in the cylinder bore  3  is set so that proportion of heat generated through thermal spraying and received by the cylinder block  1  when forming the thermally sprayed coating  5  is made lower. Here, an event that the proportion of heat received by the cylinder block  1  at thermal spraying is made lower is equivalent to an event that heat amount received by the cylinder block  1  at thermal spraying (heat input amount) is reduced. 
     In this manner, since the heat input amount to the cylinder block  1  at thermal spraying can be restricted to be made smaller in the present embodiment, the internal stresses (remnant stresses) accumulated in the cylinder block  1  reduces further. Therefore, since the accumulated internal stresses are smaller in the pre-stage machining process  17  following the thermal spraying process  15 , the deformations of an entire of the cylinder block caused by the releases of the internal stresses can be restricted small and thereby working operations in the following finishing work process  25  can be made easy. 
     Note that a fact that the number of reciprocating cycles of the thermal spray gun  7  is set to a value equal-to or larger-than a predetermined value when the moving speed of the thermal spray gun  7  is set to a value equal-to or larger-than the predetermined value brings about a fact that the number of reciprocating cycles of the thermal spray gun  7  is made larger when the moving speed of the thermal spray gun  7  is made faster. 
     Second Embodiment 
     In a second embodiment, as shown in  FIG. 3 , when forming the thermally sprayed coating  5  on the inner surface of the cylinder bore  3  in the thermal spraying process  15  by inserting the thermal spray gun  7  into the cylinder bore  3  while rotating it, a rotating speed of the thermal spray gun  7  along a rotational direction indicated by an arrow B is set to a value equal-to or larger-than a predetermined value, e.g. 500 rpm. In this manner, similarly to the above-explained case where the axial speed is made faster, the heat input amount to the cylinder block  1  for a single rotation of the thermal spray gun  7  in the cylinder bore  3  is reduced. 
     Namely, in the present embodiment, temperature of the cylinder block  1  is controlled by adjusting the heat input amount to the cylinder block  1  to restrict it when forming the thermally sprayed coating  5  on the inner surface of the cylinder bore  3 . 
     As a result, similarly to the first embodiment, the heat input amount to the cylinder block  1  at the thermal spraying can be restricted lower, and thereby temperature rise of the cylinder block  1  can be restricted and thereby the internal stresses accumulated in the cylinder block  1  can be reduced further. According to this, the deformations of an entire of the cylinder block caused by the releases of the internal stresses at the working operations in the pre-stage machining process  17  following the thermal spraying process  15  can be restricted smaller, and thereby working operations in the following finishing work process  25  can be made easy. 
     On the other hand, as explained above, when the rotating speed of the thermal spray gun  7  is set to a value equal-to or larger-than the predetermined value, a thermally sprayed amount for a single rotation of the thermal spray gun  7  reduces. Therefore, by setting the moving speed of the thermal spray gun  7  along the axial direction into the cylinder bore  3  is set to a value equal-to or smaller-than a predetermined value, e.g. 1000 to 1500 mm/min, i.e. made slower, a thermally sprayed amount to be reduced is compensated. According to this, a coating thickness of the thermally sprayed coating  5  can be surely kept at a constant predetermined value. 
     Namely, also in the present embodiment, when forming the thermally sprayed coating  5  on the inner surface of the cylinder bore  3  by reciprocating the thermal spray gun  7  along the axial direction in the cylinder bore  3  of the cylinder block  1  while rotating it, temperature of the cylinder block  1  is controlled while keeping the coating thickness of the thermally sprayed coating  5  constant. To do so in the present embodiment, a correlation between the rotating speed of the thermal spray gun  7  and the moving speed the thermal spray gun  7  in the axial direction in the cylinder bore  3  is set so that proportion of heat received by the cylinder block  1  when forming the thermally sprayed coating  5  while keeping the coating thickness of the thermally sprayed coating  5  constant is made lower. 
     In this manner, since the heat input amount to the cylinder block  1  at thermal spraying can be restricted to be made smaller also in the present embodiment, the internal stresses (remnant stresses) accumulated in the cylinder block  1  reduces further. Therefore, since the accumulated internal stresses are smaller in the pre-stage machining process  17  following the thermal spraying process  15 , the deformations of an entire of the cylinder block caused by the releases of the internal stresses can be restricted small and thereby working operations in the following finishing work process  25  can be made easy. 
     Note that a fact that the moving speed of the thermal spray gun  7  is set to a value equal-to or smaller-than the predetermined value when the rotating speed of the thermal spray gun  7  is set to a value equal-to or larger-than the predetermined value brings a fact that the moving speed of the thermal spray gun  7  along the axial direction in the cylinder bore  3  is made slower according as the rotating speed of the thermal spray gun  7  is made faster. 
     In the above-explained second embodiment, the moving speed of the thermal spray gun  7  along the axial direction is made slower when making the rotating speed of the thermal spray gun  7  faster. Although decrease of the moving speed of the thermal spray gun  7  along the axial direction brings increase of the heat input amount to the cylinder block  1  at thermal spraying, the moving speed of the thermal spray gun  7  along the axial direction shall be made slower as long as a reduced amount of the above-explained heat input amount by making the rotating speed of the thermal spray gun  7  faster doesn&#39;t get balanced out. 
     Third Embodiment 
     In a third embodiment, as shown in  FIG. 4 , when forming the thermally sprayed coating  5  on the inner surface of the cylinder bore  3  in the thermal spraying process  15  by inserting the thermal spray gun  7  into the cylinder bore  3  while rotating it, the cylinder block  1  is cooled. The temperature of the cylinder block  1  is controlled by adjusting heat radiation amount (a heat amount that the cylinder block  1  radiates per unit time and per unit volume) from the cylinder block  1  to be increased by cooling the cylinder block  1  when forming the thermally sprayed coating  5  on the inner surface of the cylinder bore  3 . Namely, in the present embodiment, temperature of the cylinder block  1  is controlled by controlling at least any one of heat input to the cylinder block  1  and heat radiated from the cylinder block  1 . 
     As a cooling method, as shown in  FIG. 4 , coolant  31  as cooling refrigerant injected from a coolant nozzle  29  is supplied to an upper end surface  27  near the cylinder bore  3  of the cylinder block  1 . At this time, a countermeasure for restricting the coolant  31  from flowing into the cylinder bore  3  is taken arbitrarily. Air-blowing for supplying gas such as air instead of the coolant  31  may be done, and the cooling method is not limited to these and takes others as long as the cylinder block  1  can be cooled. Temperature of the cooling refrigerant is set to almost 20 to 50° C. 
     Temperature rise of the cylinder block can be restricted by cooling the cylinder block  1  to radiate heat input through thermal spraying effectively, and thereby the internal stresses accumulated in the cylinder block  1  can be reduced further. According to this, the deformations of an entire of the cylinder block caused by the releases of the internal stresses at the working operations in the pre-stage machining process  17  following the thermal spraying process  15  can be restricted smaller, and thereby working operations in the following finishing work process  25  can be made easy. 
     When cooling the cylinder block  1 , as shown in  FIG. 5 , it is desired to cool a portion P where a water jacket  21  is formed or a middle portion Q of the cylinder bore  3  along its axial direction intensively. This is because the portion P where the water jacket  21  is formed tends to be thinner than other portions and thereby its temperature easily rises, and heat input through thermal spraying is radiated more poorly at the middle portion Q of the cylinder bore  3  along its axial direction than at an end(s) along the axial direction and thereby its temperature easily rises. 
     At that time, by injecting air or injecting gas  35  composed of inactive gas such as nitrogen from a gas injection nozzle  33  into the water jacket  21 , the portion P where the water jacket  21  is formed and the middle portion Q of the cylinder bore  3  along its axial direction as shown in  FIG. 5  can be cooled intensively.  FIG. 6  shows, by a solid line, temperature changes when cooling the cylinder block  1  shown in  FIG. 5 . A dotted line indicates temperature changes without cooling, so that temperature rise of the cylinder block  1  with cooling is restricted further than without cooling. 
     Cooling of the cylinder block  1  in the above-explained third embodiment may be used together with the above-explained first embodiment or the above-explained second embodiment. According to this, temperature rise of the cylinder block  1  at thermal spraying can be restricted further. 
     Note that the thermal spraying process  15  is set following the cast process  13  in the manufacturing processes of the cylinder block  1  shown in  FIG. 1 . This is because, in a case where the thermal spraying process  15  is set as a later process, e.g. directly before the finishing work process  25 , the cylinder block  1  will be condemned if a casting failure is found at thermal spraying and thereby process costs required for the cast process  13 , the thermal spraying process  15 , the pre-stage machining process  17 , and so on are subject to be wasted. 
     In addition, setting the thermal spraying process  15  directly after the cast process  13  can reduce modifications for a manufacturing line for following processes, and thereby can contributes reduction of facility costs. If the thermal spraying process  15  is set as a later process, e.g. followed by the finishing work process  25 , it is needed to implement the thermal spraying process  15  into the middle of an existing manufacturing line, so that extent of modifications for the line is subject to become large. 
     Therefore, the thermal spraying process  15  is desired to be set next after the cast process  13  as mush as possible, and thereby the pre-stage machining process  17  is needed to be done after the thermal spraying process  15 . 
     The embodiments of the present invention are explained above, but these embodiments are mere examples described to make the present invention easily understood, and the present invention is not limited to the above embodiments. The technical scope of the present invention is not limited to specific technical matters disclosed in the above embodiments, and includes modifications, changes, alternative techniques easily derived from them. For example, explanations are made by using the cylinder block  1  of a V-type engine for an automobile in the above embodiments, but the present invention is applicable to a cylinder block of an in-line engine. 
     The present application claims a priority based on a Japanese Patent Application No. 2011-254793, filed on Nov. 22, 2011, and the entire contents of the application are incorporate herein by reference. 
     INDUSTRIAL APPLICABILITY 
     The present invention is applied to a cylinder block in which a thermal sprayed coating is formed on an inner surface of a cylinder bore.