Patent Publication Number: US-11399413-B2

Title: Physical random access channel (PRACH) format configuration

Description:
PRIORITY CLAIM 
     This application claims the benefit of priority to the following applications: 
     U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 62/556,930, filed Sep. 11, 2017, and entitled “MECHANISMS ON CONFIGURING RANDOM ACCESS CHANNEL FORMAT;” and 
     U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 62/567,027, filed Oct. 2, 2017, and entitled “MECHANISMS ON CONFIGURING RANDOM ACCESS CHANNEL FORMAT.” 
     Each of the above-identified patent applications is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. 
    
    
     TECHNICAL HELD 
     Aspects pertain to wireless communications. Some aspects relate to wireless networks including 3GPP (Third Generation Partnership Project) networks, 3GPP LTE (Long Term Evolution) networks, 3GPP LTE-A (LTE Advanced) networks, and fifth-generation (5G) networks including 5G new radio (NR) (or 5G-NR) networks and 5G-LTE networks. Other aspects are directed to systems and methods for physical random access channel (PRACH) format configuration. Additional aspects are directed to radio network temporary identifier (RNTI) configuration. 
     BACKGROUND 
     Mobile communications have evolved significantly from early voice systems to today&#39;s highly sophisticated integrated communication platform. With the increase in different types of devices communicating with various network devices, usage of 3GPP LTE systems has increased. The penetration of mobile devices (user equipment or UEs) in modern society has continued to drive demand for a wide variety of networked devices in a number of disparate environments. Fifth generation (5G) wireless systems are forthcoming, and are expected to enable even greater speed, connectivity, and usability. Next generation 5G networks (or NR networks) are expected to increase throughput, coverage, and robustness and reduce latency and operational and capital expenditures. 5G-NR networks will continue to evolve based on 3GPP LTE-Advanced with additional potential new radio access technologies (RATs) to enrich people&#39;s lives with seamless wireless connectivity solutions delivering fast, rich content and services. As current cellular network frequency is saturated, higher frequencies, such as millimeter wave (mmWave) frequency, can be beneficial due to their high bandwidth. 
     Potential LTE operation in the unlicensed spectrum includes (and is not limited to) the LTE operation in the unlicensed spectrum via dual connectivity (DC), or DC-based LAA, and the standalone LTE system in the unlicensed spectrum, according to which LTE-based technology solely operates in unlicensed spectrum without requiring an “anchor” in the licensed spectrum, called MulteFire. MulteFire combines the performance benefits of LTE technology with the simplicity of Wi-Fi-like deployments. 
     Further enhanced operation of LTE systems in the licensed as well as unlicensed spectrum is expected in future releases and 5G systems. Such enhanced operations can include techniques to address configuration of PRACH and RNTI (e.g., random access RNTI, or RA-RNTI). 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES 
       In the figures, which are not necessarily drawn to scale, like numerals may describe similar components in different views. Like numerals having different letter suffixes may represent different instances of similar components. The figures illustrate generally, by way of example, but not by way of limitation, various aspects discussed in the present document. 
         FIG. 1A  illustrates an architecture of a network in accordance with some aspects. 
         FIG. 1B  is a simplified diagram of an overall next generation (NG) system architecture in accordance with some aspects. 
         FIG. 1C  illustrates an example MulteFire Neutral Host Network (NHN) 5G architecture in accordance with some aspects. 
         FIG. 1D  illustrates a functional split between next generation radio access network (NG-RAN) and the 5G Core network (5GC) in accordance with some aspects. 
         FIG. 1E  and  FIG. 1F  illustrate a non-roaming 5G system architecture in accordance with some aspects. 
         FIG. 1G  illustrates an example Cellular Internet-of-Things (CIoT) network architecture in accordance with some aspects. 
         FIG. 1H  illustrates an example Service Capability Exposure Function (SCEF) in accordance with some aspects. 
         FIG. 1I  illustrates an example roaming architecture for SCEF in accordance with some aspects. 
         FIG. 1J  illustrates an example Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRA) New Radio Dual Connectivity (EN-DC) architecture in accordance with some aspects. 
         FIG. 2  illustrates example components of a device  200  in accordance with some aspects. 
         FIG. 3  illustrates example interfaces of baseband circuitry in accordance with some aspects. 
         FIG. 4  is an illustration of a control plane protocol stack in accordance with some aspects. 
         FIG. 5  is an illustration of a user plane protocol stack in accordance with some aspects. 
         FIG. 6  is a block diagram illustrating components, according to some example aspects, able to read instructions from a machine-readable or computer-readable medium (e.g., a non-transitory machine-readable storage medium) and perform any one or more of the methodologies discussed herein. 
         FIG. 7  is an illustration of an initial access procedure including PRACH preamble retransmission in accordance with some aspects. 
         FIG. 8  illustrates a first example PRACH configuration, in accordance with some aspects. 
         FIG. 9  illustrates a second example PRACH configuration, in accordance with some aspects. 
         FIG. 10A  illustrates a third example PRACH configuration, in accordance with some aspects. 
         FIG. 10B  illustrates a third example PRACH configuration, in accordance with some aspects. 
         FIG. 11  illustrates an example communication exchange between a UE and a next generation node B (gNB) for configuring a PRACH format, in accordance with some aspects. 
         FIG. 12  illustrates generally a flowchart of example functionalities which can be performed in a wireless architecture in connection with PRACH configuration, in accordance with some aspects. 
         FIG. 13  illustrates a block diagram of a communication device such as an evolved Node-B (eNB), a new generation Node-B (gNB), an access point (AP), a wireless station (STA), a mobile station (MS), or a user equipment (UE), in accordance with some aspects. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     The following description and the drawings sufficiently illustrate aspects to enable those skilled in the art to practice them. Other aspects may incorporate structural, logical, electrical, process, and other changes. Portions and features of some aspects may be included in, or substituted for, those of other aspects. Aspects set forth in the claims encompass all available equivalents of those claims. 
       FIG. 1A  illustrates an architecture of a network in accordance with some aspects. The network  140 A is shown to include a user equipment (UE)  101  and a UE  102 . The UEs  101  and  102  are illustrated as smartphones (e.g., handheld touchscreen mobile computing devices connectable to one or more cellular networks) but may also comprise any mobile or non-mobile computing device, such as Personal Data Assistants (PDAs), pagers, laptop computers, desktop computers, wireless handsets, drones, or any other computing device including a wired and/or wireless communications interface. 
     Any of the radio links described herein (e.g., as used in the network  140 A or any other illustrated network) may operate according to any one or more of the following exemplary radio communication technologies and/or standards including, but not limited to: a Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) radio communication technology, a General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) radio communication technology, an Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution (EDGE) radio communication technology, and/or a Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) radio communication technology, for example Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS), Freedom of Multimedia Access (FOMA), 3GPP Long Term Evolution (LTE), 3GPP Long Term Evolution Advanced (LTE Advanced), Code division multiple access 2000 (CDMA2000), Cellular Digital Packet Data (CDPD), Mobitex, Third Generation (3G), Circuit Switched Data (CSD), High-Speed Circuit-Switched Data (HSCSD), Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (Third Generation) (UMTS (3G)), Wideband Code Division Multiple Access (Universal Mobile Telecommunications System) (W-CDMA (UMTS)), High Speed Packet Access (HSPA), High-Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA), High-Speed Uplink Packet Access (HSUPA), High Speed Packet Access Plus (HSPA+), Universal Mobile Telecommunications System-Time-Division Duplex (UMTS-TDD), Time Division-Code Division Multiple Access (TD-CDMA), Time Division-Synchronous Code Division Multiple Access (TD-CDMA), 3rd Generation Partnership Project Release 8 (Pre-4th Generation) (3GPP Rel. 8 (Pre-4G)), 3GPP Rel. 9 (3rd Generation Partnership Project Release 9), 3GPP Rel. 10 (3 rd  Generation Partnership Project Release 10), 3GPP Rel. 11 (3rd Generation Partnership Project Release 11), 3GPP Rel. 12 (3rd Generation Partnership Project Release 12), 3GPP Rel. 13 (3 rd  Generation Partnership Project Release 13), 3GPP Rel. 14 (3rd Generation Partnership Project Release 14), 3GPP Rel. 15 (3rd Generation Partnership Project Release 15), 3GPP Rel. 16 (3 rd  Generation Partnership Project Release 16), 3GPP Rel. 17 (3rd Generation Partnership Project Release 17), 3GPP Rel. 18 (3rd Generation Partnership Project Release 18), 3GPP 5G or 5G-NR, 3GPP LTE Extra, LTE-Advanced Pro, LTE Licensed-Assisted Access (LAA), MulteFire, UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access (UTRA), Evolved UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRA), Long Term Evolution Advanced (4th Generation) (LTE Advanced (4G)), cdmaOne (2G), Code division multiple access 2000 (Third generation) (CDMA2000 (3G)), Evolution-Data Optimized or Evolution-Data Only (EV-DO), Advanced Mobile Phone System (1st Generation) (AMPS (1G)), Total Access Communication System/Extended Total Access Communication System (TACS/ETACS), Digital AMPS (2nd Generation) (D-AMPS (2G)), Push-to-talk (PTT), Mobile Telephone System (MTS), Improved Mobile Telephone System (IMTS), Advanced Mobile Telephone System (AMTS), OLT (Norwegian for Offentlig Landmobil Telefoni, Public Land Mobile Telephony), MTD (Swedish abbreviation for Mobiltelefonisystem D, or Mobile telephony system D), Public Automated Land Mobile (Autotel/PALM), ARP (Finnish for Autoradiopuhelin, “car radio phone”), NMT (Nordic Mobile Telephony), High capacity version of NTT (Nippon Telegraph and Telephone) (Hicap), Cellular Digital Packet Data (CDPD), Mobitex, DataTAC, Integrated Digital Enhanced Network (iDEN), Personal Digital Cellular (PDC), Circuit Switched Data (CSD), Personal Handy-phone System (PHS), Wideband Integrated Digital Enhanced Network (WiDEN), iBurst, Unlicensed Mobile Access (UMA), also referred to as 3GPP Generic Access Network, or GAN standard), Zigbee, Bluetooth(r), Wireless Gigabit Alliance (WiGig) standard, mm Wave standards in general (wireless systems operating at 10-300 GHz and above such as WiGig, IEEE 802.11ad, IEEE 802.11ay, and the like), technologies operating above 300 GHz and THz bands, (3GPP/LTE based or IEEE 802.11p and other), Vehicle-to-Vehicle (V2V), Vehicle-to-X (V2X), Vehicle-to-Infrastructure (V2I), and Infrastructure-to-Vehicle (I2V) communication technologies, 3GPP cellular V2X, DSRC (Dedicated Short Range Communications) communication systems such as Intelligent-Transport-Systems and others. 
     LTE and LTE-Advanced are standards for wireless communications of high-speed data for user equipment (UE) such as mobile telephones. In LTE-Advanced and various wireless systems, carrier aggregation is a technology according to which multiple carrier signals operating on different frequencies may be used to carry communications for a single UE, thus increasing the bandwidth available to a single device. In some aspects, carrier aggregation may be used where one or more component carriers operate on unlicensed frequencies. 
     There are emerging interests in the operation of LTE systems in the unlicensed spectrum. As a result, an important enhancement for LTE in 3GPP Release 13 has been to enable its operation in the unlicensed spectrum via Licensed-Assisted Access (LAA), which expands the system bandwidth by utilizing the flexible carrier aggregation (CA) framework introduced by the LTE-Advanced system. Rel-13 LAA system focuses on the design of downlink operation on unlicensed spectrum via CA, while Rel-14 enhanced LAA (eLAA) system focuses on the design of uplink operation on unlicensed spectrum via CA. 
     Aspects described herein can be used in the context of any spectrum management scheme including, for example, dedicated licensed spectrum, unlicensed spectrum, (licensed) shared spectrum (such as Licensed Shared Access (LSA) in 2.3-2.4 GHz, 3.4-3.6 GHz, 3.6-3.8 GHz and further frequencies and Spectrum Access System (SAS) in 3.55-3.7 GHz and further frequencies). Applicable exemplary spectrum bands include IMT (International Mobile Telecommunications) spectrum (including 450-470 MHz, 790-960 MHz, 1710-2025 MHz, 2110-2200 MHz, 2300-2400 MHz, 2500-2690 MHz, 698-790 MHz, 610-790 MHz, 3400-3600 MHz, to name a few), IMT-advanced spectrum, IMT-2020 spectrum (expected to include 3600-3800 MHz, 3.5 GHz bands, 700 MHz bands, bands within the 24.25-86 GHz range, for example), spectrum made available under the Federal Communications Commission&#39;s “Spectrum Frontier” 5G initiative (including 27.5-28.35 GHz, 29.1-29.25 GHz, 31-31.3 GHz, 37-38.6 GHz, 38.6-40 GHz, 42-42.5 GHz, 57-64 GHz, 71-76 GHz, 81-86 GHz and 92-94 GHz, etc), the ITS (Intelligent Transport Systems) band of 5.9 GHz (typically 5.85-5.925 GHz) and 63-64 GHz, bands currently allocated to WiGig such as WiGig Band 1 (57.24-59.40 GHz), WiGig Band 2 (59.40-61.56 GHz), WiGig Band 3 (61.56-63.72 GHz), and WiGig Band 4 (63.72-65.88 GHz); the 70.2 GHz-71 GHz band; any band between 65.88 GHz and 71 GHz; bands currently allocated to automotive radar applications such as 76-81 GHz; and future bands including 94-300 GHz and above. Furthermore, the scheme can be used on a secondary basis on bands such as the TV White Space bands (typically below 790 MHz) where in particular the 400 MHz and 700 MHz bands can be employed. Besides cellular applications, specific applications for vertical markets may be addressed, such as PMSE (Program Making and Special Events), medical, health, surgery, automotive, low-latency, drones, and the like. 
     Aspects described herein can also be applied to different Single Carrier or OFDM flavors (CP-OFDM, SC-FDMA, SC-OFDM, filter bank-based multicarrier (FBMC), OFDMA, etc.) and in particular 3GPP NR (New Radio) by allocating the OFDM carrier data bit vectors to the corresponding symbol resources. 
     In some aspects, any of the UEs  101  and  102  can comprise an Internet-of-Things (IoT) UE or a Cellular IoT (CIoT) UE, which can comprise a network access layer designed for low-power IoT applications utilizing short-lived UE connections. In some aspects, any of the UEs  101  and  102  can include a narrowband (NB) IoT UE (e.g., such as an enhanced NB-IoT (eNB-IoT) UE and Further Enhanced (FeNB-IoT) UE). An IoT UE can utilize technologies such as machine-to-machine (M2M) or machine-type communications (MTC) for exchanging data with an MTC server or device via a public land mobile network (PLMN), Proximity-Based Service (ProSe) or device-to-device (D2D) communication, sensor networks, or IoT networks. The M2M or MTC exchange of data may be a machine-initiated exchange of data. An IoT network includes interconnecting IoT UEs, which may include uniquely identifiable embedded computing devices (within the Internet infrastructure), with short-lived connections. The IoT UEs may execute background applications (e.g., keep-alive messages, status updates, etc.) to facilitate the connections of the IoT network. 
     In some aspects, NB-IoT devices can be configured to operate in a single physical resource block (PRB) and may be instructed to retune two different PRBs within the system bandwidth. In some aspects, an eNB-IoT UE can be configured to acquire system information in one PRB, and then it can retune to a different PRB to receive or transmit data. 
     In some aspects, any of the UEs  101  and  102  can include enhanced MTC (eMTC) UEs or further enhanced MTC (FeMTC) UEs. 
     The UEs  101  and  102  may be configured to connect, e.g., communicatively couple, with a radio access network (RAN)  110 . The RAN  110  may be, for example, an Evolved Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) Terrestrial Radio Access Network (E-UTRAN), a NextGen RAN (NG RAN), or some other type of RAN. The UEs  101  and  102  utilize connections  103  and  104 , respectively, each of which comprises a physical communications interface or layer (discussed in further detail below); in this example, the connections  103  and  104  are illustrated as an air interface to enable communicative coupling, and can be consistent with cellular communications protocols, such as a Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) protocol, a code-division multiple access (CDMA) network protocol, a Push-to-Talk (PTT) protocol, a PTT over Cellular (POC) protocol, a Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) protocol, a 3GPP Long Term Evolution (LTE) protocol, a fifth generation (5G) protocol, a New Radio (NR) protocol, and the like. 
     In some aspects, the network  140 A can include a core network (CN)  120 . Various aspects of NG RAN and NG Core are discussed herein in reference to, e.g.,  FIG. 1B ,  FIG. 1C ,  FIG. 1D ,  FIG. 1E ,  FIG. 1F , and  FIG. 1G . 
     In an aspect, the UEs  101  and  102  may further directly exchange communication data via a ProSe interface  105 . The ProSe interface  105  may alternatively be referred to as a sidelink interface comprising one or more logical channels, including but not limited to a Physical Sidelink Control Channel (PSCCH), a Physical Sidelink Shared Channel (PSSCH), a Physical Sidelink Discovery Channel (PSDCH), and a Physical Sidelink Broadcast Channel (PSBCH). 
     The UE  102  is shown to be configured to access an access point (AP)  106  via connection  107 . The connection  107  can comprise a local wireless connection, such as, for example, a connection consistent with any IEEE 802.11 protocol, according to which the AP  106  can comprise a wireless fidelity (WiFi®) router. In this example, the AP  106  is shown to be connected to the Internet without connecting to the core network of the wireless system (described in further detail below). 
     The RAN  110  can include one or more access nodes that enable the connections  103  and  104 . These access nodes (ANs) can be referred to as base stations (BSs), NodeBs, evolved NodeBs (eNBs), Next Generation NodeBs (gNBs), RAN nodes, and the like, and can comprise ground stations (e.g., terrestrial access points) or satellite stations providing coverage within a geographic area (e.g., a cell). In some aspects, the communication nodes  111  and  112  can be transmission/reception points (TRPs). In instances when the communication nodes  111  and  112  are NodeBs (e.g., eNBs or gNBs), one or more TRPs can function within the communication cell of the NodeBs. The RAN  110  may include one or more RAN nodes for providing macrocells, e.g., macro RAN node  111 , and one or more RAN nodes for providing femtocells or picocells (e.g., cells having smaller coverage areas, smaller user capacity, or higher bandwidth compared to macrocells), e.g., low power (LP) RAN node  112 . 
     Any of the RAN nodes  111  and  112  can terminate the air interface protocol and can be the first point of contact for the UEs  101  and  102 . In some aspects, any of the RAN nodes  111  and  112  can fulfill various logical functions for the RAN  110  including, but not limited to, radio network controller (RNC) functions such as radio bearer management, uplink and downlink dynamic radio resource management and data packet scheduling, and mobility management. In an example, any of the nodes  111  and/or  112  can be a new generation node-B (gNB), an evolved node-B (eNB), or another type of RAN node. 
     In accordance with some aspects, the UEs  101  and  102  can be configured to communicate using Orthogonal Frequency-Division Multiplexing (OFDM) communication signals with each other or with any of the RAN nodes  111  and  112  over a multicarrier communication channel in accordance various communication techniques, such as, but not limited to, an Orthogonal Frequency-Division Multiple Access (OFDMA) communication technique (e.g., for downlink communications) or a Single Carrier Frequency Division Multiple Access (SC-FDMA) communication technique (e.g., for uplink and ProSe for sidelink communications), although such aspects are not required. The OFDM signals can comprise a plurality of orthogonal subcarriers. 
     In some aspects, a downlink resource grid can be used for downlink transmissions from any of the RAN nodes  111  and  112  to the UEs  101  and  102 , while uplink transmissions can utilize similar techniques. The grid can be a time-frequency grid, called a resource grid or time-frequency resource grid, which is the physical resource in the downlink in each slot. Such a time-frequency plane representation may be used for OFDM systems, which makes it applicable for radio resource allocation. Each column and each row of the resource grid may correspond to one OFDM symbol and one OFDM subcarrier, respectively. The duration of the resource grid in the time domain may correspond to one slot in a radio frame. The smallest time-frequency unit in a resource grid may be denoted as a resource element. Each resource grid may comprise a number of resource blocks, which describe mapping of certain physical channels to resource elements. Each resource block may comprise a collection of resource elements; in the frequency domain, this may, in some aspects, represent the smallest quantity of resources that currently can be allocated. There may be several different physical downlink channels that are conveyed using such resource blocks. 
     The physical downlink shared channel (PDSCH) may carry user data and higher-layer signaling to the UEs  101  and  102 . The physical downlink control channel (PDCCH) may carry information about the transport format and resource allocations related to the PDSCH channel, among other things. It may also inform the UEs  101  and  102  about the transport format, resource allocation, and H-ARQ (Hybrid Automatic Repeat Request) information related to the uplink shared channel. Typically, downlink scheduling (assigning control and shared channel resource blocks to the UE  102  within a cell) may be performed at any of the RAN nodes  111  and  112  based on channel quality information fed back from any of the UEs  101  and  102 . The downlink resource assignment information may be sent on the PDCCH used for (e.g., assigned to) each of the UEs  101  and  102 . 
     The PDCCH may use control channel elements (CCEs) to convey the control information. Before being mapped to resource elements, the PDCCH complex-valued symbols may first be organized into quadruplets, which may then be permuted using a sub-block interleaver for rate matching. Each PDCCH may be transmitted using one or more of these CCEs, where each CCE may correspond to nine sets of four physical resource elements known as resource element groups (REGs). Four Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (QPSK) symbols may be mapped to each REG. The PDCCH can be transmitted using one or more CCEs, depending on the size of the downlink control information (DCI) and the channel condition. There can be four or more different PDCCH formats defined in LTE with different numbers of CCEs (e.g., aggregation level, L=1, 2, 4, or 8). 
     Some aspects may use concepts for resource allocation for control channel information that are an extension of the above-described concepts. For example, some aspects may utilize an enhanced physical downlink control channel (EPDCCH) that uses PDSCH resources for control information transmission. The EPDCCH may be transmitted using one or more enhanced control channel elements (ECCEs). Similar to above, each ECCE may correspond to nine sets of four physical resource elements known as an enhanced resource element groups (EREGs). An ECCE may have other numbers of EREGs according to some arrangements. 
     The RAN  110  is shown to be communicatively coupled to a core network (CN)  120  via an S1 interface  113 . In aspects, the CN  120  may be an evolved packet core (EPC) network, a NextGen Packet Core (NPC) network, or some other type of CN (e.g., as illustrated in reference to  FIGS. 1B-1I ). In this aspect, the S1 interface  113  is split into two parts: the S1-U interface  114 , which carries traffic data between the RAN nodes  111  and  112  and the serving gateway (S-GW)  122 , and the S1-mobility management entity (MME) interface  115 , which is a signaling interface between the RAN nodes  111  and  112  and MMEs  121 . 
     In this aspect, the CN  120  comprises the MMEs  121 , the S-GW  122 , the Packet Data Network (PDN) Gateway (P-GW)  123 , and a home subscriber server (HSS)  124 . The MMEs  121  may be similar in function to the control plane of legacy Serving General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) Support Nodes (SGSN). The MMEs  121  may manage mobility aspects in access such as gateway selection and tracking area list management. The HSS  124  may comprise a database for network users, including subscription-related information to support the network entities&#39; handling of communication sessions. The CN  120  may comprise one or several HSSs  124 , depending on the number of mobile subscribers, on the capacity of the equipment, on the organization of the network, etc. For example, the HSS  124  can provide support for routing/roaming, authentication, authorization, naming/addressing resolution, location dependencies, etc. 
     The S-GW  122  may terminate the S1 interface  113  towards the RAN  110 , and routes data packets between the RAN  110  and the CN  120 . In addition, the S-GW  122  may be a local mobility anchor point for inter-RAN node handovers and also may provide an anchor for inter-3GPP mobility. Other responsibilities of the S-GW  122  may include lawful intercept, charging, and some policy enforcement. 
     The P-GW  123  may terminate a SGi interface toward a PDN. The P-GW  123  may route data packets between the EPC network  120  and external networks such as a network including the application server  184  (alternatively referred to as application function (AF)) via an Internet Protocol (IP) interface  125 . The P-GW  123  can also communicate data to other external networks  131 A, which can include the Internet, IP multimedia subsystem (IPS) network, and other networks. Generally, the application server  184  may be an element offering applications that use IP bearer resources with the core network (e.g., UMTS Packet Services (PS) domain, LTE PS data services, etc.). In this aspect, the P-GW  123  is shown to be communicatively coupled to an application server  184  via an IP interface  125 . The application server  184  can also be configured to support one or more communication services (e.g., Voice-over-Internet Protocol (VoIP) sessions, PTT sessions, group communication sessions, social networking services, etc.) for the UEs  101  and  102  via the CN  120 . 
     The P-GW  123  may further be a node for policy enforcement and charging data collection. Policy and Charging Rules Function (PCRF)  126  is the policy and charging control element of the CN  120 . In a non-roaming scenario, in some aspects, there may be a single PCRF in the Home Public Land Mobile Network (HPLMN) associated with a UE&#39;s Internet Protocol Connectivity Access Network (IP-CAN) session. In a roaming scenario with local breakout of traffic, there may be two PCRFs associated with a UE&#39;s IP-CAN session: a Home PCRF (H-PCRF) within a HPLMN and a Visited PCRF (V-PCRF) within a Visited Public Land Mobile Network (VPLMN). The PCRF  126  may be communicatively coupled to the application server  184  via the P-GW  123 . The application server  184  may signal the PCRF  126  to indicate a new service flow and select the appropriate Quality of Service (QoS) and charging parameters. The PCRF  126  may provision this rule into a Policy and Charging Enforcement Function (PCEF) (not shown) with the appropriate traffic flow template (TFT) and QoS class of identifier (QCI), which commences the QoS and charging as specified by the application server  184 . 
     In an example, any of the nodes  111  or  112  can be configured to communicate to the UEs  101 ,  102  (e.g., dynamically) an antenna panel selection and a receive (Rx) beam selection that can be used by the UE for data reception on a physical downlink shared channel (PDSCH) as well as for channel state information reference signal (CSI-RS) measurements and channel state information (CSI) calculation. 
     In an example, any of the nodes  111  or  112  can be configured to communicate to the UEs  101 ,  102  (e.g., dynamically) an antenna panel selection and a transmit (Tx) beam selection that can be used by the UE for data transmission on a physical uplink shared channel (PDSCH) as well as for sounding reference signal (SRS) transmission. 
     In some aspects, the communication network  140 A can be an IoT network. One of the current enablers of IoT is the narrowband-IoT (NB-IoT). NB-IoT has objectives such as coverage extension, UE complexity reduction, long battery lifetime, and backward compatibility with the LTE network. In addition, NB-IoT aims to offer deployment flexibility allowing an operator to introduce NB-IoT using a small portion of its existing available spectrum, and operate in one of the following three modalities: (a) standalone deployment (the network operates in re-farmed GSM spectrum); (b) in-band deployment (the network operates within the LTE channel); and (c) guard-band deployment (the network operates in the guard band of legacy LTE channels). In some aspects, such as with further enhanced NB-IoT (FeNB-IoT), support for NB-IoT in small cells can be provided (e.g., in microcell, picocell or femtocell deployments). One of the challenges NB-IoT systems face for small cell support is the UL/DL link imbalance, where for small cells the base stations have lower power available compared to macro-cells, and, consequently, the DL coverage can be affected and/or reduced. In addition, some NB-IoT UEs can be configured to transmit at maximum power if repetitions are used for UL transmission. This may result in large inter-cell interference in dense small cell deployments. 
     In some aspects, the UE  101  can receive system information including system information block (SIB)  190 A. The SIB  190 A can include system and configuration information such as physical random access channel (PRACH) configuration index. The PRACH configuration index can be used for configuring the PRACH format for transmission of a PRACH short sequence length preamble  192 A. Various PRACH formats are illustrated hereinbelow in Table 2. In response to the PRACH preamble  192 A, the gNB  128  can transmit a random access response (RAR) message  194 A with a random access radio network temporary identifier (RA-RNTI). In some aspects, the RA-RNTI can be generated as a function of a slot index, a frequency index, an OFDM symbol index, a PRACH instance index, and/or PRACH sequence index associated with the PRACH preamble  192 A transmission. 
       FIG. 1B  is a simplified diagram of a next generation (NG) system architecture  140 B in accordance with some aspects. Referring to  FIG. 1B , the NG system architecture  140 B includes RAN  110  and a 5G network core (5GC)  120 . The NG-RAN  110  can include a plurality of nodes, such as gNBs  128  and NG-eNBs  130 . The gNBs  128  and the NG-eNBs  130  can be communicatively coupled to the UE  102  via, e.g., an N1 interface. 
     The core network  120  (e.g., a 5G core network or 5GC) can include an access and mobility management function (AMY)  132  and/or a user plane function (UPF)  134 . The AMF  132  and the UPF  134  can be communicatively coupled to the gNBs  128  and the NG-eNBs  130  via NG interfaces. More specifically, in some aspects, the gNBs  128  and the NG-eNBs  130  can be connected to the AMF  132  by NG-C interfaces, and to the UPF  134  by NG-U interfaces. The gNBs  128  and the NG-eNBs  130  can be coupled to each other via Xn interfaces. 
     In some aspects, a gNB  128  can include a node providing new radio (NR) user plane and control plane protocol termination towards the UE, and is connected via the NG interface to the 5GC  120 . In some aspects, an NG-eNB  130  can include a node providing evolved universal terrestrial radio access (E-UTRA) user plane and control plane protocol terminations towards the UE, and is connected via the NG interface to the 5GC  120 . 
     In some aspects, each of the gNBs  128  and the NG-eNBs  130  can be implemented as a base station, a mobile edge server, a small cell, a home eNB, and so forth. 
       FIG. 1C  illustrates an example MulteFire Neutral Host Network (NHN) 5G architecture  1400  in accordance with some aspects. Referring to  FIG. 1C , the MulteFire 5G architecture  140 C can include the UE  102 , NG-RAN  110 , and core network  120 . The NG-RAN  110  can be a MulteFire NG-RAN (MF NG-RAN), and the core network  120  can be a MulteFire 5G neutral host network (NHN). 
     In some aspects, the MF NHN  120  can include a neutral host AMF (NH AMF)  132 , a NH SMF  136 , a NH UPF  134 , and a local AAA proxy  151 C. The AAA proxy  151 C can provide connection to a 3GPP AAA server  155 C and a participating service provider AAA (PSP AAA) server  153 C. The NH-UPF  134  can provide a connection to a data network  1570 . 
     The MF NG-RAN  120  can provide similar functionalities as an NG-RAN operating under a 3GPP specification. The NH-AMF  132  can be configured to provide similar functionality as a AMF in a 3GPP 5G core network (e.g., as described in reference to  FIG. 1D ). The NH-SMF  136  can be configured to provide similar functionality as a SMF in a 3GPP 5G core network (e.g., as described in reference to  FIG. 1D ). The NH-UPF  134  can be configured to provide similar functionality as a UPF in a 3GPP 5G core network (e.g., as described in reference to  FIG. 1D ). 
       FIG. 1D  illustrates a functional split between NG-RAN and the 5G Core (5GC) in accordance with some aspects. Referring to  FIG. 1D , there is illustrated a more detailed diagram of the functionalities that can be performed by the gNBs  128  and the NG-eNBs  130  within the NG-RAN  110 , as well as the AMF  132 , the UPF  134 , and the SMF  136  within the 5GC  120 . In some aspects, the 5GC  120  can provide access to the Internet  138  to one or more devices via the NG-RAN  110 . 
     In some aspects, the gNBs  128  and the NG-eNBs  130  can be configured to host the following functions: functions for Radio Resource Management (e.g., inter-cell radio resource management  129 A, radio bearer control  129 B, connection mobility control  129 C, radio admission control  129 D, dynamic allocation of resources to UEs in both uplink and downlink (scheduling)  129 F); IP header compression, encryption and integrity protection of data; selection of an AMF at UE attachment when no routing to an AMF can be determined from the information provided by the UE; routing of User Plane data towards UPF(s); routing of Control Plane information towards AMF; connection setup and release; scheduling and transmission of paging messages (originated from the AMF); scheduling and transmission of system broadcast information (originated from the AMF or Operation and Maintenance); measurement and measurement reporting configuration for mobility and scheduling  129 E; transport level packet marking in the uplink; session management; support of network slicing; QoS flow management and mapping to data radio bearers; support of UEs in RRC_INACTIVE state; distribution function for non-access stratum (NAS) messages; radio access network sharing; dual connectivity; and tight interworking between NR and E-UTRA, to name a few. 
     In some aspects, the AMF  132  can be configured to host the following functions, for example: NAS signaling termination; NAS signaling security  133 A; access stratum (AS) security control; inter core network (CN) node signaling for mobility between 3GPP access networks; idle state/mode mobility handling  133 B, including mobile device, such as a UE reachability (e.g., control and execution of paging retransmission); registration area management; support of intra-system and inter-system mobility; access authentication; access authorization including check of roaming rights; mobility management control (subscription and policies); support of network slicing; and/or SMF selection, among other functions. 
     The UPF  134  can be configured to host the following functions, for example: mobility anchoring  135 A (e.g., anchor point for Intra-/Inter-RAT mobility); packet data unit (PDU) handling  135 B (e.g., external PDU session point of interconnect to data network); packet routing and forwarding; packet inspection and user plane part of policy rule enforcement; traffic usage reporting; uplink classifier to support routing traffic flows to a data network; branching point to support multi-homed PDU session; QoS handling for user plane, e.g., packet filtering, gating, UL/DL rate enforcement; uplink traffic verification (SDF to QoS flow mapping); and/or downlink packet buffering and downlink data notification triggering, among other functions. 
     The Session Management function (SMF)  136  can be configured to host the following functions, for example: session management; UE IP address allocation and management  137 A; selection and control of user plane function (UPF); PDU session control  137 B, including configuring traffic steering at UPF  134  to route traffic to proper destination; control part of policy enforcement and QoS; and/or downlink data notification, among other functions. 
       FIG. 1E  and  FIG. 1F  illustrate a non-roaming 5G system architecture in accordance with some aspects. Referring to  FIG. 1E , there is illustrated a 5G system architecture  140 E in a reference point representation. More specifically, UE  102  can be in communication with RAN  110  as well as one or more other 5G core (5GC) network entities. The 5G system architecture  140 E includes a plurality of network functions (NFs), such as access and mobility management function (AMF)  132 , session management function (SMF)  136 , policy control function (PCF)  148 , application function (AF)  150 , user plane function (UPF)  134 , network slice selection function (NSSF)  142 , authentication server function (AUSF)  144 , and unified data management (UDM)/home subscriber server (HSS)  146 . The UPF  134  can provide a connection to a data network (DN)  152 , which can include, for example, operator services, Internet access, or third-party services. The AMF can be used to manage access control and mobility, and can also include network slice selection functionality. The SMF can be configured to set up and manage various sessions according to a network policy. The UPF can be deployed in one or more configurations according to a desired service type. The PCF can be configured to provide a policy framework using network slicing, mobility management, and roaming (similar to PCRF in a 4G communication system). The UDM can be configured to store subscriber profiles and data (similar to an HSS in a 4G communication system). 
     In some aspects, the 5G system architecture  140 E includes an IP multimedia subsystem (IMS)  168 E as well as a plurality of IP multimedia core network subsystem entities, such as call session control functions (CSCFs). More specifically, the IMS  168 E includes a CSCF, which can act as a proxy CSCF (P-CSCF)  162 E, a serving CSCF (S-CSCF)  164 E, an emergency CSCF (E-CSCF) (not illustrated in  FIG. 1E ), and/or interrogating CSCF (I-CSCF)  166 E. The P-CSCF  162 E can be configured to be the first contact point for the UE  102  within the IM subsystem (IMS)  168 E. The S-CSCF  164 E can be configured to handle the session states in the network, and the E-CSCF can be configured to handle certain aspects of emergency sessions such as routing an emergency request to the correct emergency center or PSAP. The I-CSCF  166 E can be configured to function as the contact point within an operators network for all IMS connections destined to a subscriber of that network operator, or a roaming subscriber currently located within that network operator&#39;s service area. In some aspects, the I-CSCF  166 E can be connected to another IP multimedia network  170 E, e.g. an IMS operated by a different network operator. 
     In some aspects, the UDM/HSS  146  can be coupled to an application server  160 E, which can include a telephony application server (TAS) or another application server (AS). The AS  160 E can be coupled to the IMS  168 E via the S-CSCF  164 E and/or the I-CSCF  166 E. 
     In some aspects, the 5G system architecture  140 E can use a unified access barring mechanism using one or more of the techniques described herein, which access barring mechanism can be applicable for all RRC states of the UE  102 , such as RRC_IDLE, RRC_CONNECTED, and RRC_INACTIVE states. 
     In some aspects, the 5G system architecture  140 E can be configured to use 5G access control mechanism techniques described herein, based on access categories that can be categorized by a minimum default set of access categories, which are common across all networks. This functionality can allow the public land mobile network PLMN, such as a visited PLMN (VPLMN) to protect the network against different types of registration attempts, enable acceptable service for the roaming subscriber and enable the VPLMN to control access attempts aiming at receiving certain basic services. It also provides more options and flexibility to individual operators by providing a set of access categories, which can be configured and used in operator specific ways. 
     Referring to  FIG. 1F , there is illustrated a 5G system architecture  140 F and a service-based representation. System architecture  140 F can be substantially similar to (or the same as) system architecture  140 E. In addition to the network entities illustrated in  FIG. 1E , system architecture  140 F can also include a network exposure function (NEF)  154  and a network repository function (NRF)  156 . 
     In some aspects, 5G system architectures can be service-based and interaction between network functions can be represented by corresponding point-to-point reference points Ni (as illustrated in  FIG. 1E ) or as service-based interfaces (as illustrated in  FIG. 1F ). 
     A reference point representation shows that an interaction can exist between corresponding NF services. For example,  FIG. 1E  illustrates the following reference points: N1 (between the UE  102  and the AMF  132 ), N2 (between the RAN  110  and the AMF  132 ), N3 (between the RAN  110  and the UPF  134 ), N4 (between the SMF  136  and the UPF  134 ), N5 (between the PCF  148  and the AF  150 ), N6 (between the UPF  134  and the DN  152 ), N7 (between the SMF  136  and the PCF  148 ), N8 (between the UDM  146  and the AMF  132 ), N9 (between two UPFs  134 ), N10 (between the UDM  146  and the SMF  136 ), N11 (between the AMF  132  and the SMF  136 ), N12 (between the AUSF  144  and the AMF  132 ), N13 (between the AUSF  144  and the UDM  146 ), N14 (between two AMFs  132 ), N15 (between the PCF  148  and the AMF  132  in case of a non-roaming scenario, or between the PCF  148  and a visited network and AMF  132  in case of a roaming scenario), N16 (between two SMFs; not illustrated in  FIG. 1E ), and N22 (between AMF  132  and NSSF  142 ). Other reference point representations not shown in  FIG. 1E  can also be used. 
     In some aspects, as illustrated in  FIG. 1F , service-based representations can be used to represent network functions within the control plane that enable other authorized network functions to access their services. In this regard, 5G system architecture  140 F can include the following service-based interfaces: Namf  158 H (a service-based interface exhibited by the AMF  132 ), Nsmf  1581  (a service-based interface exhibited by the SMF  136 ), Nnef  158 B (a service-based interface exhibited by the NEF  154 ), Npcf  158 D (a service-based interface exhibited by the PCF  148 ), a Nudm  158 E (a service-based interface exhibited by the UDM  146 ), Naf  158 F (a service-based interface exhibited by the AF  150 ), Nnrf  158 C (a service-based interface exhibited by the NRF  156 ), Nnssf  158 A (a service-based interface exhibited by the NSSF  142 ), Nausf  158 G (a service-based interface exhibited by the AUSF  144 ). Other service-based interfaces (e.g., Nudr, N5g-eir, and Nudsf) not shown in  FIG. 1F  can also be used. 
       FIG. 1G  illustrates an example CIoT network architecture in accordance with some aspects. Referring to  FIG. 1G , the CIoT architecture  140 G can include the UE  102  and the RAN  110  coupled to a plurality of core network entities. In some aspects, the UE  102  can be machine-type communication (MTC) UE. The CIoT network architecture  140 G can further include a mobile services switching center (MSC)  160 , MME  121 , a serving GPRS support note (SGSN)  162 , a S-GW  122 , an IP-Short-Message-Gateway (IP-SM-GW)  164 , a Short Message Service Service Center (SMS-SC)/gateway mobile service center (GMSC)/Interworking MSC (IWMSC)  166 , MTC interworking function (MTC-IWF)  170 , a Service Capability Exposure Function (SCEF)  172 , a gateway GPRS support node (GGSN)/Packet-GW (P-GW)  174 , a charging data function (CDF)/charging gateway function (CGF)  176 , a home subscriber server (HSS)/a home location register (HLR)  177 , short message entities (SME)  168 , MTC authorization, authentication, and accounting (MTC AAA) server  178 , a service capability server (SCS)  180 , and application servers (AS)  182  and  184 . 
     In some aspects, the SCEF  172  can be configured to securely expose services and capabilities provided by various 3GPP network interfaces. The SCEF  172  can also provide means for the discovery of the exposed services and capabilities, as well as access to network capabilities through various network application programming interfaces (e.g., API interfaces to the SCS  180 ). 
       FIG. 1G  further illustrates various reference points between different servers, functions, or communication nodes of the CIoT network architecture  140 G. Some example reference points related to MTC-IWF  170  and SCEF  172  include the following: Tsms (a reference point used by an entity outside the 3GPP network to communicate with UEs used for MTC via SMS), Tsp (a reference point used by a SCS to communicate with the MTC-IWF related control plane signaling), T4 (a reference point used between MTC-IWF  170  and the SMS-SC  166  in the HPLMN), T6a (a reference point used between SCEF  172  and serving MME  121 ), T6b (a reference point used between SCEF  172  and serving SGSN  162 ), T8 (a reference point used between the SCEF  172  and the SCS/AS  180 / 182 ), S6m (a reference point used by MTC-IWF  170  to interrogate HSS/HLR  177 ), S6n (a reference point used by MTC-AAA server  178  to interrogate HSS/HLR  177 ), and S6t (a reference point used between SCEF  172  and HSS/HLR  177 ). 
     In some aspects, the CIoT UE  102  can be configured to communicate with one or more entities within the CIoT architecture  140 G via the RAN  110  according to a Non-Access Stratum (NAS) protocol, and using one or more reference points, such as a narrowband air interface, for example, based on one or more communication technologies, such as Orthogonal Frequency-Division Multiplexing (OFDM) technology. As used herein, the term “CIoT UE” refers to a UE capable of CIoT optimizations, as part of a CIoT communications architecture. 
     In some aspects, the NAS protocol can support a set of NAS messages for communication between the CIoT UE  102  and an Evolved Packet System (EPS) Mobile Management Entity (MME)  121  and SGSN  162 . 
     In some aspects, the CIoT network architecture  140 F can include a packet data network, an operator network, or a cloud service network, having, for example, among other things, a Service Capability Server (SCS)  180 , an Application Server (AS)  182 , or one or more other external servers or network components. 
     The RAN  110  can be coupled to the HSS/HLR servers  177  and the AAA servers  178  using one or more reference points including, for example, an air interface based on an S6a reference point, and configured to authenticate/authorize CIoT UE  102  to access the CIoT network. The RAN  110  can be coupled to the CIoT network architecture  140 G using one or more other reference points including, for example, an air interface corresponding to an SGi/Gi interface for 3GPP accesses. The RAN  110  can be coupled to the SCEF  172  using, for example, an air interface based on a T6a/T6b reference point, for service capability exposure. In some aspects, the SCEF  172  may act as an API GW towards a third-party application server such as AS  182 . The SCEF  172  can be coupled to the HSS/HLR  177  and MTC AAA  178  servers using an S6t reference point, and can further expose an Application Programming Interface to network capabilities. 
     In certain examples, one or more of the CIoT devices disclosed herein, such as the CIoT UE  102 , the CIoT RAN  110 , etc., can include one or more other non-CIoT devices, or non-CIoT devices acting as CIoT devices, or having functions of a CIoT device. For example, the CIoT UE  102  can include a smart phone, a tablet computer, or one or more other electronic device acting as a CIoT device for a specific function, while having other additional functionality. 
     In some aspects, the RAN  110  can include a CIoT enhanced Node B (CIoT eNB)  111  communicatively coupled to the CIoT Access Network Gateway (CIoT GW)  195 . In certain examples, the RAN  110  can include multiple base stations (e.g., CIoT eNBs) connected to the CIoT GW  195 , which can include MSC  160 , MME  121 , SGSN  162 , and/or S-GW  122 . In certain examples, the internal architecture of RAN  110  and CIoT GW  195  may be left to the implementation and need not be standardized. 
     As used herein, the term “circuitry” may refer to, be part of, or include an Application Specific Integrated. Circuit (ASIC) or other special purpose circuit, an electronic circuit, a processor (shared, dedicated, or group), or memory (shared, dedicated, or group) executing one or more software or firmware programs, a combinational logic circuit, or other suitable hardware components that provide the described functionality. In some aspects, the circuitry may be implemented in, or functions associated with the circuitry may be implemented by, one or more software or firmware modules. In some aspects, circuitry may include logic, at least partially operable in hardware. In some aspects, circuitry as well as modules disclosed herein may be implemented in combinations of hardware, software and/or firmware. In some aspects, functionality associated with a circuitry can be distributed across more than one piece of hardware or software/firmware module. In some aspects, modules (as disclosed herein) may include logic, at least partially operable in hardware. Aspects described herein may be implemented into a system using any suitably configured hardware or software. 
       FIG. 1H  illustrates an example Service Capability Exposure Function (SCEF) in accordance with some aspects. Referring to  FIG. 1H , the SCEF  172  can be configured to expose services and capabilities provided by 3GPP network interfaces to external third party service provider servers hosting various applications. In some aspects, a 3GPP network such as the CIoT architecture  140 G, can expose the following services and capabilities: a home subscriber server (HSS)  116 H, a policy and charging rules function (PCRF)  118 H, a packet flow description function (PFDF)  120 H, a MME/SGSN  122 H, a broadcast multicast service center (BM-SC)  124 H, a serving call server control function (S-CSCF)  126 H, a RAN congestion awareness function (RCAF)  128 H, and one or more other network entities  130 H. The above-mentioned services and capabilities of a 3GPP network can communicate with the SCEF  172  via one or more interfaces as illustrated in  FIG. 1H . 
     The SCEF  172  can be configured to expose the 3GPP network services and capabilities to one or more applications running on one or more service capability server (SCS)/application server (AS), such as SCS/AS  102 H,  104 H, . . . ,  106 H. Each of the SCS/AG  102 H- 106 H: can communicate with the SCEF  172  via application programming interfaces (APIs)  108 H,  110 H,  112 H, . . . ,  114 H, as seen in  FIG. 1H . 
       FIG. 1I  illustrates an example roaming architecture for SCEF in accordance with some aspects. Referring to  FIG. 1I , the SCEF  172  can be located in HPLMN  110 I and can be configured to expose 3GPP network services and capabilities, such as  102 I, . . . ,  104 I. In some aspects, 3GPP network services and capabilities, such as  106 I, . . . ,  108 I, can be located within VPLMN  112 I. In this case, the 3GPP network services and capabilities within the VPLMN  112 I can be exposed to the SCEF  172  via an interworking SCEF (IWK-SCEF)  197  within the VPLMN  112 I. 
       FIG. 1J  illustrates an example Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRA) New Radio Dual Connectivity (EN-DC) architecture in accordance with some aspects. Referring to  FIG. 1G , the EN-DC architecture  140 J includes radio access network (or E-TRA network, or E-TRAN)  110  and EPC  120 . The EPC  120  can include MMEs  121  and S-GWs  122 . The E-UTRAN  110  can include nodes  111  (e.g., eNBs) as well as Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access New Radio (EN) next generation evolved Node-Bs (en-gNBs)  128 . 
     In some aspects, en-gNBs  128  can be configured to provide NR user plane and control plane protocol terminations towards the UE  102 , and acting as Secondary Nodes (or SgNBs) in the EN-DC communication architecture  140 J. The eNBs  111  can be configured as master nodes (or MeNBs) in the EN-DC communication architecture  140 J. as illustrated in  FIG. 1J , the eNBs  111  are connected to the EPC  120  via the S1 interface and to the EN-gNBs  128  via the X2 interface. The EN-gNBs  128  may be connected to the EPC  120  via the S1-U interface, and to other EN-gNBs via the X2-U interface. 
       FIG. 2  illustrates example components of a device  200  in accordance with some aspects. In some aspects, the device  200  may include application circuitry  202 , baseband circuitry  204 , Radio Frequency (RF) circuitry  206 , front-end module (FEM) circuitry  208 , one or more antennas  210 , and power management circuitry (PMC)  212  coupled together at least as shown. The components of the illustrated device  200  may be included in a UE or a RAN node. In some aspects, the device  200  may include fewer elements (e.g., a RAN node may not utilize application circuitry  202 , and instead include a processor/controller to process IP data received from an EPC). In some aspects, the device  200  may include additional elements such as, for example, memory/storage, display, camera, sensor, and/or input/output (I/O) interface elements. In other aspects, the components described below may be included in more than one device (e.g., said circuitries may be separately included in more than one device for Cloud-RAN (C-RAN) implementations). 
     The application circuitry  202  may include one or more application processors. For example, the application circuitry  202  may include circuitry such as, but not limited to, one or more single-core or multi-core processors. The processor(s) may include any combination of general-purpose processors, special-purpose processors, and dedicated processors (e.g., graphics processors, application processors, etc.). The processors may be coupled with, and/or may include, memory/storage and may be configured to execute instructions stored in the memory/storage to enable various applications or operating systems to run on the device  200 . In some aspects, processors of application circuitry  202  may process IP data packets received from an EPC. 
     The baseband circuitry  204  may include circuitry such as, but not limited to, one or more single-core or multi-core processors. The baseband circuitry  204  may include one or more baseband processors or control logic to process baseband signals received from a receive signal path of the RF circuitry  206  and to generate baseband signals for a transmit signal path of the RF circuitry  206 . Baseband processing circuitry  204  may interface with the application circuitry  202  for generation and processing of the baseband signals and for controlling operations of the RF circuitry  206 . For example, in some aspects, the baseband circuitry  204  may include a third generation (3G)  25  baseband processor  204 A, a fourth generation (4G) baseband processor  204 B, a fifth generation (5G) baseband processor  204 C, or other baseband processor(s)  204 D for other existing generations, generations in development or to be developed in the future (e.g., second generation (2G), sixth generation (6G), etc.). The baseband circuitry  204  (e.g., one or more of baseband processors  204 A-D) may handle various radio control functions that enable communication with one or more radio networks via the RF circuitry  206 . In other aspects, some or all of the functionality of baseband processors  204 A-D may be included in modules stored in the memory  204 G and executed via a Central Processing Unit (CPU)  204 E. The radio control functions may include, but are not limited to, signal modulation/demodulation, encoding/decoding, radio frequency shifting, etc. In some aspects, modulation/demodulation circuitry of the baseband circuitry  204  may include Fast-Fourier Transform (FFT), precoding, or constellation mapping/de-mapping functionality. In some aspects, encoding/decoding circuitry of the baseband circuitry  204  may include convolution, tail-biting convolution, turbo, Viterbi, or Low-Density Parity Check (LDPC) encoder/decoder functionality. Aspects of modulation/demodulation and encoder/decoder functionality are not limited to these examples and may include other suitable functionality in other aspects. 
     In some aspects, the baseband circuitry  204  may include one or more audio digital signal processor(s) (DSP)  204 F. The audio DSP(s)  204 F may be include elements for compression/decompression and echo cancellation and may include other suitable processing elements in other aspects. Components of the baseband circuitry  204  may be suitably combined in a single chip, a single chipset, or disposed on a same circuit board in some aspects. In some aspects, some or all of the constituent components of the baseband circuitry  204  and the application circuitry  202  may be implemented together such as, for example, on a system on a chip (SOC). 
     In some aspects, the baseband circuitry  204  may provide for communication compatible with one or more radio technologies. For example, in some aspects, the baseband circuitry  204  may support communication with an evolved universal terrestrial radio access network (EUTRAN) or other wireless metropolitan area networks (WMAN), a wireless local area network (WLAN), and/or a wireless personal area network (WPAN). Baseband circuitry  204  configured to support radio communications of more than one wireless protocol may be referred to as multi-mode baseband circuitry, in some aspects. 
     RF circuitry  206  may enable communication with wireless networks using modulated electromagnetic radiation through a non-solid medium. In various aspects, the RF circuitry  206  may include switches, filters, amplifiers, etc. to facilitate the communication with the wireless network. RF circuitry  206  may include a receive signal path which may include circuitry to down-convert RF signals received from the ITEM circuitry  208  and provide baseband signals to the baseband circuitry  204 . RF circuitry  206  may also include a transmit signal path which may include circuitry to up-convert baseband signals provided by the baseband circuitry  204  and provide RF output signals to the FEM circuitry  208  for transmission. 
     In some aspects, the receive signal path of the RF circuitry  206  may include a mixer  206 A, an amplifier  206 B, and a filter  206 C. In some aspects, the transmit signal path of the RF circuitry  206  may include a filter  206 C and a mixer  206 A. RF circuitry  206  may also include a synthesizer  206 D for synthesizing a frequency for use by the mixer  206 A of the receive signal path and the transmit signal path. In some aspects, the mixer  206 A of the receive signal path may be configured to down-convert RF signals received from the FEM circuitry  208  based on the synthesized frequency provided by synthesizer  206 D. The amplifier  206 B may be configured to amplify the down-converted signals and the filter  206 C may be a low-pass filter (LPF) or band-pass filter (BPF) configured to remove unwanted signals from the down-converted signals to generate output baseband signals. Output baseband signals may be provided to the baseband circuitry  204  for further processing. In some aspects, the output baseband signals may optionally be zero-frequency baseband signals. In some aspects, mixer  206 A of the receive signal path may comprise passive mixers. 
     In some aspects, the mixer  206 A of the transmit signal path may be configured to up-convert input baseband signals based on the synthesized frequency provided by the synthesizer  206 D to generate RF output signals for the FEM circuitry  208 . The baseband signals may be provided by the baseband circuitry  204  and may be filtered by filter  206 C. 
     In some aspects, the mixer  206 A of the receive signal path and the mixer  206 A of the transmit signal path may include two or more mixers and may be arranged for quadrature down conversion and up conversion, respectively. In some aspects, the mixer  206 A of the receive signal path and the mixer  206 A of the transmit signal path may include two or more mixers and may be arranged for image rejection (e.g., Hartley image rejection). In some aspects, the mixer  206 A of the receive signal path and the mixer  206 A may be arranged for direct down conversion and direct up conversion, respectively. In some aspects, the mixer  206 A of the receive signal path and the mixer  206 A of the transmit signal path may be configured for super-heterodyne operation. 
     In some aspects, the output baseband signals and the input baseband signals may optionally be analog baseband signals. According to some alternate aspects, the output baseband signals and the input baseband signals may be digital baseband signals. In these alternate aspects, the RF circuitry  206  may include analog-to-digital converter (ADC) and digital-to-analog converter (DAC) circuitry and the baseband circuitry  204  may include a digital baseband interface to communicate with the RF circuitry  206 . 
     In some dual-mode aspects, a separate radio IC circuitry may optionally be provided for processing signals for each spectrum. 
     In some aspects, the synthesizer  206 D may optionally be a fractional-N synthesizer or a fractional N/N+1 synthesizer, although other types of frequency synthesizers may be suitable. For example, the synthesizer  206 D may be a delta-sigma synthesizer, a frequency multiplier, or a synthesizer comprising a phase-locked loop with a frequency divider. 
     The synthesizer  206 D may be configured to synthesize an output frequency for use by the mixer  206 A of the RF circuitry  206  based on a frequency input and a divider control input. In some aspects, the synthesizer  206 D may be a fractional N/N+1 synthesizer. 
     In some aspects, frequency input may be provided by a voltage controlled oscillator (VCO), although that is not a requirement. Divider control input may be provided, for example, by either the baseband circuitry  204  or the applications circuitry  202  depending on the desired output frequency. In some aspects, a divider control input (e.g., N) may be determined from a look-up table based on a channel indicated by the applications circuitry  202 . 
     Synthesizer circuitry  206 D of the RF circuitry  206  may include a divider, a delay-locked loop (DLL), a multiplexer and a phase accumulator. In some aspects, the divider may be a dual modulus divider (DMD) and the phase accumulator may be a digital phase accumulator (DPA). In some aspects, the DMD may be configured to divide the input signal by either N or N+1 (e.g., based on a carry out) to provide a fractional division ratio. In some example aspects, the DLL may include a set of cascaded, tunable, delay elements, a phase detector, a charge pump and a D-type flip-flop. In these aspects, the delay elements may be configured to break a VCO period up into Nd equal packets of phase, where Nd is the number of delay elements in the delay line. In this way, the DLL provides negative feedback to assist in keeping the total delay through the delay line to one VCO cycle. 
     In some aspects, synthesizer circuitry  206 D may be configured to generate a carrier frequency as the output frequency, while in other aspects, the output frequency may be a multiple of the carrier frequency (e.g., twice the carrier frequency, or four times the carrier frequency) and may be used in conjunction with quadrature generator and divider circuitry to generate multiple signals at the carrier frequency with multiple different phases with respect to each other. In some aspects, the output frequency may be a LO frequency (fLO). In some aspects, the RF circuitry  206  may include an IQ/polar converter. 
     FEM circuitry  208  may include a receive signal path which may include circuitry configured to operate on RF signals received from one or more antennas  210 , and/or to amplify the received signals and provide the amplified versions of the received signals to the RF circuitry  206  for further processing. FEM circuitry  208  may also include a transmit signal path which may include circuitry configured to amplify signals for transmission provided by the RF circuitry  206  for transmission by one or more of the one or more antennas  210 . In various aspects, the amplification through the transmit signal paths or the receive signal paths may be done in part or solely in the RF circuitry  206 , in part or solely in the FEM circuitry  208 , or in both the RF circuitry  206  and the FEM circuitry  208 . 
     In some aspects, the FEM circuitry  208  may include a TX/RX switch to switch between transmit mode and receive mode operation. The FEM circuitry  208  may include a receive signal path and a transmit signal path. The receive signal path of the FEM circuitry  208  may include an LNA to amplify received RF signals and provide the amplified received RF signals as an output (e.g., to the RF circuitry  206 ). The transmit signal path of the FEM circuitry  208  may include a power amplifier (PA) to amplify input RF signals (e.g., provided by RF circuitry  206 ), and one or more filters to generate RF signals for subsequent transmission (e.g., by one or more of the one or more antennas  210 ). 
     In some aspects, the PMC  212  may manage power provided to the baseband circuitry  204 . The PMC  212  may control power-source selection, voltage scaling, battery charging, and/or DC-to-DC conversion. The PMC  212  may, in some aspects, be included when the device  200  is capable of being powered by a battery, for example, when the device is included in a UE. The PMC  212  may increase the power conversion efficiency while providing beneficial implementation size and heat dissipation characteristics. 
       FIG. 2  shows the PMC  212  coupled with the baseband circuitry  204 . In other aspects, the PMC  212  may be additionally or alternatively coupled with, and perform similar power management operations for, other components such as, but not limited to, application circuitry  202 , RF circuitry  206 , or FEM circuitry  208 . 
     In some aspects, the PMC  212  may control, or otherwise be part of various power saving mechanisms of the device  200 . For example, if the device  200  is in an RRC Connected state, in which it is still connected to the RAN node as it expects to receive traffic shortly, then it may enter a state known as Discontinuous Reception Mode (DRX) after a period of inactivity. During this state, the device  200  may power down for brief intervals of time and thus save power. 
     According to some aspects, if there is no data traffic activity for an extended period of time, then the device  200  may transition off to an RRC Idle state, in which it disconnects from the network and does not perform operations such as channel quality feedback, handover, etc. The device  200  goes into a very low power state and it performs paging during which it periodically wakes up to listen to the network and then powers down again. The device  200  may transition back to RRC Connected state to receive data. 
     An additional power saving mode may allow a device to be unavailable to the network for periods longer than a paging interval (ranging from seconds to a few hours). During this time, the device  200  in some aspects may be unreachable to the network and may power down. Any data sent during this time incurs a delay, which may be large, and it is assumed the delay is acceptable. 
     Processors of the application circuitry  202  and processors of the baseband circuitry  204  may be used to execute elements of one or more instances of a protocol stack. For example, processors of the baseband circuitry  204 , alone or in combination, may be used execute Layer 3, Layer 2, or Layer 1 functionality, while processors of the application circuitry  202  may utilize data (e.g., packet data) received from these layers and further execute Layer 4 functionality (e.g., transmission communication protocol (TCP) and user datagram protocol (UDP) layers). As referred to herein, Layer 3 may comprise a radio resource control (RRC) layer, described in further detail below. As referred to herein, Layer 2 may comprise a medium access control (MAC) layer, a radio link control (RLC) layer, and a packet data convergence protocol (PDCP) layer, described in further detail below. As referred to herein, Layer 1 may comprise a physical (PHY) layer of a UE/RAN node, described in further detail below. 
       FIG. 3  illustrates example interfaces of baseband circuitry  204 , in accordance with some aspects. As discussed above, the baseband circuitry  204  of  FIG. 2  may comprise processors  204 A- 204 E and a memory  204 G utilized by said processors. Each of the processors  204 A- 204 E may include a memory interface,  304 A- 304 E, respectively, to send/receive data to/from the memory  204 G. 
     The baseband circuitry  204  may further include one or more interfaces to communicatively couple to other circuitries/devices, such as a memory interface  312  (e.g., an interface to send/receive data to/from memory external to the baseband circuitry  204 ), an application circuitry interface  314  (e.g., an interface to send/receive data to/from the application circuitry  202  of  FIG. 2 ), an RF circuitry interface  316  (e.g., an interface to send/receive data to/from RF circuitry  206  of  FIG. 2 ), a wireless hardware connectivity interface  318  (e.g., an interface to send/receive data to/from Near Field Communication (NFC) components, Bluetooth® components (e.g., Bluetooth® Low Energy), Wi-Fi® components, and other communication components), and a power management interface  320  (e.g., an interface to send/receive power or control signals to/from the PMC  212 ). 
       FIG. 4  is an illustration of a control plane protocol stack in accordance with some aspects. In one aspect, a control plane  400  is shown as a communications protocol stack between the UE  102 , the RAN node  128  (or alternatively, the RAN node  130 ), and the AMF  132 . 
     The PHY layer  401  may in some aspects transmit or receive information used by the MAC layer  402  over one or more air interfaces. The PHY layer  401  may further perform link adaptation or adaptive modulation and coding (AMC), power control, cell search (e.g., for initial synchronization and handover purposes), and other measurements used by higher layers, such as the RRC layer  405 . The PHY layer  401  may in some aspects still further perform error detection on the transport channels, forward error correction (FEC) coding/decoding of the transport channels, modulation/demodulation of physical channels, interleaving, rate matching, mapping onto physical channels, and Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) antenna processing. 
     The MAC layer  402  may in some aspects perform mapping between logical channels and transport channels, multiplexing of MAC service data units (SDUs) from one or more logical channels onto transport blocks (TB) to be delivered to PHY via transport channels, de-multiplexing MAC SDUs to one or more logical channels from transport blocks (TB) delivered from the PHY via transport channels, multiplexing MAC SDUs onto TBs, scheduling information reporting, error correction through hybrid automatic repeat request (HARQ), and logical channel prioritization. 
     The RLC layer  403  may in some aspects operate in a plurality of modes of operation, including: Transparent Mode (TM), Unacknowledged Mode (UM), and Acknowledged Mode (AM). The RLC layer  403  may execute transfer of upper layer protocol data units (PDUs), error correction through automatic repeat request (ARQ) for AM data transfers, and segmentation and reassembly of RLC SDUs for UM and AM data transfers. The RLC layer  403  may also maintain sequence numbers independent of the ones in PDCP for UM and AM data transfers. The RLC layer  403  may also in some aspects execute re-segmentation of RLC data PDUs for AM data transfers, detect duplicate data for AM data transfers, discard RLC SDUs for UM and AM data transfers, detect protocol errors for AM data transfers, and perform RLC re-establishment. 
     The PDCP layer  404  may in some aspects execute header compression and decompression of IP data, maintain PDCP Sequence Numbers (SNs), perform in-sequence delivery of upper layer PDUs at re-establishment of lower layers, perform reordering and eliminate duplicates of lower layer SDUs, execute PDCP PDU routing for the case of split hearers, execute retransmission of lower layer SDUs, cipher and decipher control plane and user plane data, perform integrity protection and integrity verification of control plane and user plane data, control timer-based discard of data, and perform security operations (e.g., ciphering, deciphering, integrity protection, integrity verification, etc.). 
     In some aspects, primary services and functions of the RRC layer  405  may include broadcast of system information (e.g., included in Master Information Blocks (MIBs) or System Information Blocks (SIBs) related to the non-access stratum (NAS)); broadcast of system information related to the access stratum (AS); paging initiated by 5GC  120  or NG-RAN  110 , establishment, maintenance, and release of an RRC connection between the UE and NG-RAN (e.g., RRC connection paging, RRC connection establishment, RRC connection addition, RRC connection modification, and RRC connection release, also for carrier aggregation and Dual Connectivity in NR or between E-UTRA and NR); establishment, configuration, maintenance, and release of Signalling Radio Bearers (SRBs) and Data. Radio Bearers (DRBs); security functions including key management, mobility functions including handover and context transfer, UE cell selection and reselection and control of cell selection and reselection, and inter-radio access technology (RAT) mobility; and measurement configuration for UE measurement reporting. Said MIBs and SIBs may comprise one or more information elements (IEs), which may each comprise individual data fields or data structures. The RRC layer  405  may also, in some aspects, execute QoS management functions, detection of and recovery from radio link failure, and NAS message transfer between the NAS layer  406  in the UE and the NAS layer  406  in the AMF  132 . 
     In some aspects, the following NAS messages can be communicated during the corresponding NAS procedure, as illustrated in Table 1 below: 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
               
             
               
                 TABLE 1 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 5G NAS 
                 5G NAS 
                 4G NAS 
                 4G NAS 
               
               
                 Message 
                 Procedure 
                 Message name 
                 Procedure 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                 Registration 
                 Initial 
                 Attach Request 
                 Attach 
               
               
                 Request 
                 registration 
                   
                 procedure 
               
               
                   
                 procedure 
                   
                   
               
               
                 Registration 
                 Mobility 
                 Tracking Area 
                 Tracking area 
               
               
                 Request 
                 registration  
                 Update (TAU) 
                 updating 
               
               
                   
                 update 
                 Request 
                 procedure 
               
               
                   
                 procedure 
                   
                   
               
               
                 Registration 
                 Periodic 
                 TAU Request 
                 Periodic 
               
               
                 Request 
                 registration 
                   
                 tracking area 
               
               
                   
                 update 
                   
                 updating 
               
               
                   
                 procedure 
                   
                 procedure 
               
               
                 Deregistration 
                 Deregistration 
                 Detach 
                 Detach 
               
               
                 Request 
                 procedure 
                 Request 
                 procedure 
               
               
                 Service 
                 Service request 
                 Service 
                 Service request 
               
               
                 Request 
                 procedure 
                 Request or 
                 procedure 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Extended 
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 Service 
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 Request 
                   
               
               
                 PDU Session 
                 PDU session 
                 PDN 
                 PDN 
               
               
                 Establishment 
                 establishment 
                 Connectivity 
                 connectivity 
               
               
                 Request 
                 procedure 
                 Request 
                 procedure 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     In some aspects, when the same message is used for more than one procedure, then a parameter can be used (e.g., registration type or TAU type) which indicates the specific purpose of the procedure, e.g. registration type=“initial registration”, “mobility registration update” or “periodic registration update”. 
     The UE  101  and the RAN node  128 / 130  may utilize an NG radio interface (e.g., an LTE-Uu interface or an NR radio interface) to exchange control plane data via a protocol stack comprising the PHY layer  401 , the MAC layer  402 , the RLC layer  403 , the PDCP layer  404 , and the RRC layer  405 . 
     The non-access stratum (NAS) protocol layers  406  form the highest stratum of the control plane between the UE  101  and the AMF  132  as illustrated in  FIG. 4 . In aspects, the NAS protocol layers  406  support the mobility of the UE  101  and the session management procedures to establish and maintain IP connectivity between the UE  101  and the UPF  134 . In some aspects, the UE protocol stack can include one or more upper layers, above the NAS layer  406 . For example, the upper layers can include an operating system layer  424 , a connection manager  420 , and application layer  422 . In some aspects, the application layer  422  can include one or more clients which can be used to perform various application functionalities, including providing an interface for and communicating with one or more outside networks. In some aspects, the application layer  422  can include an IP multimedia subsystem (IMS) client  426 . 
     The NG Application Protocol (NG-AP) layer  415  may support the functions of the N2 and N3 interface and comprise Elementary Procedures (EPs). An EP is a unit of interaction between the RAN node  128 / 130  and the 5GC  120 . In certain aspects, the NG-AP layer  415  services may comprise two groups: UE-associated services and non-UE-associated services. These services perform functions including, but not limited to: HE context management, PDU session management and management of corresponding NG-RAN resources (e.g. Data Radio Bearers [DRBs]), UE capability indication, mobility, NAS signaling transport, and configuration transfer (e.g. for the transfer of SON information). 
     The Stream Control Transmission Protocol (SCTP) layer (which may alternatively be referred to as the SCTP/IP layer)  414  may ensure reliable delivery of signaling messages between the RAN node  128 / 130  and the AMF  132  based, in part, on the IP protocol, supported by the IP layer  413 . The L2 layer  412  and the L1 layer  411  may refer to communication links (e.g., wired or wireless) used by the RAN node  128 / 130  and the AMF  132  to exchange information. 
     The RAN node  128 / 130  and the AMF  132  may utilize an N2 interface to exchange control plane data via a protocol stack comprising the L1 layer  411 , the L2 layer  412 , the IP layer  413 , the SCTP layer  414 , and the S1-AP layer  415 . 
       FIG. 5  is an illustration of a user plane protocol stack in accordance with some aspects. In this aspect, a user plane  500  is shown as a communications protocol stack between the UE  102 , the RAN node  128  (or alternatively, the RAN node  130 ), and the UPF  134 . The user plane  500  may utilize at least some of the same protocol layers as the control plane  400 . For example, the UE  102  and the RAN node  128  may utilize an NR radio interface exchange user plane data via a protocol stack comprising the PHY layer  401 , the MAC layer  402 , the RLC layer  403 , the PDCP layer  404 , and the Service Data Adaptation Protocol (SDAP) layer  416 . The SDAP layer  416  may, in some aspects, execute a mapping between a Quality of Service (QoS) flow and a data radio bearer (DRB), and a marking of both DL and UL packets with a QoS flow ID (QFI). In some aspects, an IP protocol stack  513  can be located above the SDAP  416 . A user datagram protocol (UDP)/transmission control protocol (TCP) stack  520  can be located above the IP stack  513 . A session initiation protocol (SIP) stack  522  can be located above the UDP/TCP stack  520 , and can be used by the UE  102  and the UPF  134 . 
     The General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) Tunneling Protocol for the user plane (GTP-U) layer  504  may be used for carrying user data within the 5G core network  120  and between the radio access network  110  and the 5G core network  120 . The user data transported can be packets in IPv4, IPv6, or PPP formats, for example. The UDP and IP security (UDP/IP) layer  503  may provide checksums for data integrity, port numbers for addressing different functions at the source and destination, and encryption and authentication on the selected data flows. The RAN node  128 / 130  and the UPF  134  may utilize an N3 interface to exchange user plane data via a protocol stack comprising the L1 layer  411 , the L2 layer  412 , the UDP/IP layer  503 , and the GTP-U layer  504 . As discussed above with respect to  FIG. 4 , NAS protocols support the mobility of the UE  101  and the session management procedures to establish and maintain IP connectivity between the UE  101  and the UPF  134 . 
       FIG. 6  is a block diagram illustrating components, according to some example aspects, able to read instructions from a machine-readable or computer-readable medium (e.g., a non-transitory machine-readable storage medium) and perform any one or more of the methodologies discussed herein. Specifically,  FIG. 6  shows a diagrammatic representation of hardware resources  600  including one or more processors (or processor cores)  610 , one or more memory/storage devices  620 , and one or more communication resources  630 , each of which may be communicatively coupled via a bus  640 . For aspects in which node virtualization (e.g., NFV) is utilized, a hypervisor  602  may be executed to provide an execution environment for one or more network slices and/or sub-slices to utilize the hardware resources  600   
     The processors  610  (e.g., a central processing unit (CPU), a reduced instruction set computing (RISC) processor, a complex instruction set computing (CISC) processor, a graphics processing unit (GPU), a digital signal processor (DSP) such as a baseband processor, an application specific integrated circuit (ASIC), a radio-frequency integrated circuit (RFIC), another processor, or any suitable combination thereof) may include, for example, a processor  612  and a processor  614 . 
     The memory/storage devices  620  may include main memory, disk storage, or any suitable combination thereof. The memory/storage devices  620  may include, but are not limited to, any type of volatile or non-volatile memory such as dynamic random access memory (DRAM), static random-access memory (SRAM), erasable programmable read-only memory (EPROM), electrically erasable programmable read-only memory (EEPROM), Flash memory, solid-state storage, etc. 
     The communication resources  630  may include interconnection or network interface components or other suitable devices to communicate with one or more peripheral devices  604  or one or more databases  606  via a network  608 . For example, the communication resources  630  may include wired communication components (e.g., for coupling via a Universal Serial Bus (USB)), cellular communication components, NFC components, Bluetooth® components (e.g., Bluetooth® Low Energy), Wi-Fi® components, and other communication components. 
     Instructions  650  may comprise software, a program, an application, an applet, an app, or other executable code for causing at least any of the processors  610  to perform any one or more of the methodologies discussed herein. The instructions  650  may reside, completely or partially, within at least one of the processors  610  (e.g., within the processor&#39;s cache memory), the memory/storage devices  620 , or any suitable combination thereof. Furthermore, any portion of the instructions  650  may be transferred to the hardware resources  600  from any combination of the peripheral devices  604  or the databases  606 . Accordingly, the memory of processors  610 , the memory/storage devices  620 , the peripheral devices  604 , and the databases  606  are examples of computer-readable and machine-readable media. 
       FIG. 7  is an illustration of an initial access procedure  700  including PRACH preamble retransmission in accordance with some aspects. Referring to  FIG. 7 , the initial access procedure  700  can start with operation  702 , when initial synchronization can take place. For example, the UE  101  can receive a primary synchronization signal and a secondary synchronization signal to achieve the initial synchronization. In some aspects, the initial synchronization at operation  702  can be performed using one or more SS blocks received within an SS burst set. At operation  704 , the UE  101  can receive system information, such as one or more system information blocks (SIBS) and/or master information blocks (MIBs). 
     At operation  706  through  714 , a random access procedure can take place. More specifically, at operation  706 , a PRACH preamble transmission can take place as message 1 (Msg1). At operation  710 , UE  101  can receive a random access response (RAR) message, which can be random access procedure message 2 (Msg2). In Msg2, the node (e.g., gNB)  111  can respond with random access radio network temporary identifier (RA-RNTI), which can be calculated from the preamble resource (e.g., time and frequency allocation). 
     In some aspects, UE  101  can be configured to perform one or more retransmissions of the PRACH preamble at operation  708 , when the RAR is not received or detected within a preconfigured or predefined time window. The PRACH preamble retransmission can take place with power ramping, as explained herein below, so that the transmission power is increased until the random-access response is received. 
     At operation  712 , UE  101  can transmit a random access procedure message 3 (Msg3), which can include a radio resource control (RRC) connection request message. At operation  714 , a random access procedure message 4 (Msg4) can be received by the UE  101 , which can include an RRC connection setup message, carrying the cell radio network temporary identifier (CRNTI) used for subsequent communication between the UE  101  and the node  111 . 
     In some aspects, a PRACH preamble can be transmitted from a UE without timing alignment. If the UE is located far from the gNB, the PRACH preamble can be received later than the symbol boundary which can cause interference. In this regard, a guard period (GP) can be used in connection with PRACH preamble transmission in order to protect an upcoming transmission. If a subsequent transmission is also PRACH-related, there may be no need for a guard period since there is a cyclic prefix associated with the PRACH transmission. However, if subsequent transmission is PUCCH or PUSCH information, then a guard period can be used to protect the upcoming transmission. In this regard, in some aspects, it is desirable to allocate PRACH preamble formats without a guard period (e.g., PRACH formats A1, A2, and A3) in an earlier part of a PRACH resource, and allocate PRACH preamble formats with a guard period (e.g., PRACH formats B1, B2, B3) in an end portion of the PRACH resource. Table 2 below illustrates example PRACH formats associated with short sequence length PRACH preamble (e.g., length of 139 or 127). 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
                 TABLE 2 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Path 
                 Path 
                 Maximum 
                   
               
               
                 Preamble 
                 # of 
                   
                   
                   
                 profile 
                 profile 
                 Cell radius 
               
               
                 format 
                 Sequence 
                 TCP 
                 TSEQ 
                 TGP 
                 (Ts) 
                 (us) 
                 (meter) 
                 Use case 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 A 
                 0 
                 1 
                 144 
                 2048 
                 0 
                 48 
                 1.56 
                 469 
                 TA is already 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 known or Very 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 small cell 
               
               
                   
                 1 
                 2 
                 288 
                 4096 
                 0 
                 96 
                 3.13 
                 938 
                 Small cell 
               
               
                   
                 2 
                 4 
                 576 
                 8192 
                 0 
                 144 
                 4.69 
                 2,109 
                 Normal cell 
               
               
                   
                 3 
                 6 
                 864 
                 12288 
                 0 
                 144 
                 4.69 
                 3,516 
                 Normal cell 
               
               
                 B 
                 1 
                 2 
                 216 
                 4096 
                 72 
                 96 
                 3.13 
                 469 
                 Small cell 
               
               
                   
                 2 
                 4 
                 360 
                 8192 
                 216 
                 144 
                 4.69 
                 1,055 
                 Normal cell 
               
               
                   
                 3 
                 6 
                 504 
                 12288 
                 360 
                 144 
                 4.69 
                 1,758 
                 Normal cell 
               
               
                   
                 4 
                 12 
                 936 
                 24576 
                 792 
                 144 
                 4.69 
                 3,867 
                 Normal cell 
               
               
                 C 
                 0 
                 1 
                 1240 
                 2048 
                 1096 
                 144 
                 4.69 
                 5300 
                 Normal cell 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 (660 in 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 case of 120 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 kHz SCS) 
               
               
                   
                 2 
                 4 
                 2048 
                 8192 
                 2916 
                 144 
                 4.69 
                 9200 
                 Normal cell 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 (1160 in 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 case of 120 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 kHz SCS)) 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Configuration of PRACH Format for Short Sequence Length (L=127 or 139) 
     As illustrated in Table 2, for NR PRACH format of sequence length 127 or 139, three format categories can be used—format A, format B, and format C. In some aspects, format C can be used for a large cell size. Formats A and format B are similar as they occupy the same length of time span. The difference between format A and format B is that format A does not have a guard period (GP) and format B has non-zero GP length. However, format A has longer cyclic prefix (CP) lengths compared to format B since the GP length part of the format B is used for CP. 
     In some aspects, PRACH format A may not include a GP to maximize CP length inside the available resource, thereby increasing the PRACH received energy. If multiple PRACH are concatenated together inside a configured PRACH resources, the CP in a following PRACH can be effectively used as the GP so there is little to no interference between two PRACHs inside one configured PRACH resource. However, if format A is used for the last PRACH inside a configured PRACH resource, there can be some interference between this PRACH and the UL channels in the subsequent slot. Therefore, for the last part of the configured PRACH resource, PRACH format B can be used instead in order to protect the subsequent transmission by having the guard period at the end of PRACH format B. 
     In some aspects, a cell can configures a single PRACH repetition number. However, the cell can configure both PRACH format A and PRACH format B together (e.g., based on a PRACH configuration index received within a system information block). 
     In some aspects, a PRACH resource can be configured in a different manner. It can be configured by slot level, 1-symbol level, or multi-symbol level. Additionally, inside a configured PRACH resource, there can be multiple PRACH sequences in time domain. For example, if the configured PRACH resource is one slot, then four consecutive PRACH format A2 can be used inside the configured PRACH resource. 
     In some aspects, PRACH can be configured by system information such as Physical Broadcast Channel (PBCH) information, remaining minimum system information (RMSI) or system information block (SIB). In some aspects, the information size for the configuration of the PRACH can be minimized by communicating a single PRACH configuration index. The PRACH configuration index can be used for configuring the PRACH resource and the repetition number. The possible number of PRACH in time domain can be calculated, e.g., configured PRACH resource is 1 slot (14 OFDM symbols) and the repetition factor is 4, then there can be 3 possible PRACH in time domain. In this case, the first two PRACH use PRACH format A and the last PRACH uses format B, as illustrated in  FIG. 8 . 
     In some aspects, by communicating a single PRACH configuration index, a preamble format can be selected, which can include preamble formats A1, A2, A3, B1, B2, and B3. Additionally, PRACH configuration index can also be used to determine a specific PRACH resource for transmitting the preamble, including subframe number and starting symbol number. In some aspects, the PRACH configuration index can be used to determine the repetition factor and/or the number of symbols used for each preamble transmission. In some aspects, the PRACH configuration index can be used to determine a number of PRACH slots within a subframe, a number of time domain PRACH occasions or instances within a PRACH slot, and a PRACH duration. 
       FIG. 8  illustrates a first example PRACH configuration, in accordance with some aspects. Referring to  FIG. 8 , there is illustrated a slot  800  as a configured PRACH resource. Assuming the repetition factor is 4 (e.g., formats A2 and B2), there can be three possible PRACH transmissions within slot  800 , such as  802 ,  804 , or  806 . Since only format B includes a guard period, the first two PRACH transmissions  802  and  804  can use format A (e.g., A2) and the last PRACH transmission  806  can use format B (e.g., B2). 
     In some aspects, if the configured PRACH resources include multiple slots, then the above techniques disclosed in connection with, e.g.,  FIG. 8 , can be applied per each slot or it can be applied for all configured PRACH resources as a whole unit. 
     In some aspects, the PRACH configuration information can include the PRACH resource size and the repetition factor, which information can be used to determine the PRACH formats that can be used within the PRACH resource. In this regard, by communicating PRACH configuration information such as a single PRACH configuration index, signaling overhead for the configuration of PRACH can be minimized. In some aspects, when multiple PRACH can be transmitted inside a configured PRACH resource, a PRACH instance or occasion for transmitting the PRACH preamble within the PRACH resource can be determined using one or more of the following techniques: 
     (a) randomly selecting a PRACH instance/occasion within the configured PRACH resource; 
     (b) selecting a PRACH instance/occasion based on a UE ID or using a hashing function based on the UE ID; and 
     (c) selecting a PRACH instance/occasion based on service priority. For example, the UE can select a first PRACH instance/occasion for the highest priority service, and the last PRACH instance/occasion for the lowest priority service. 
     In some aspects, the usage of PRACH format B can be based on whether there is any available symbol remaining in a configured PRACH resource. 
     In some aspects, only a part of a slot can be configured for a PRACH resource, e.g., in order to avoid the first few symbols used for downlink control or avoid the last a few symbols used for uplink transmissions. In this case, multiple PRACH occasions may fit within the configured PRACH resource. In this regard, PRACH format A can be used for the first part of configured PRACH resource. However, subsequent PRACH occasions appearing at a later portion of the configured PRACH resource, a determination on whether format A or format B is used in can be based on whether there is any OFDM symbol left inside the configure PRACH resource. 
       FIG. 9  illustrates a second example PRACH configuration, in accordance with some aspects. Referring to  FIG. 9 , there is illustrated a PRACH resource configured as slot  900  (including all 14 OFDM symbols within the slot). In aspects when a PRACH repetition factor is 3 then 12 OFDM symbols can be used for PRACH transmissions (e.g., possible PRACH transmissions  902 ,  904 , and  906 ) with two symbols left (i.e., symbols 12 and 13 as illustrated in  FIG. 9 ). In this case, all three possible PRACH transmission occasions  902 ,  904 , and  906  can be configured with PRACH format A since symbols 12 and 13 can be used as a guard period and a PRACH format B that includes a guard period may not be needed. 
       FIG. 10A  illustrates a third example PRACH configuration, in accordance with some aspects. Referring to  FIG. 10A , there is illustrated a PRACH resource  1008  configured as a portion of a slot  1000 . More specifically, symbols numbered 2-13 of slot  1000  can be configured as the PRACH resource  1008 . In this case, the configured PRACH resource  1008  is 12 OFDM symbols and if the PRACH repetition factor is 3, then all 12 symbols can be used for PRACH transmissions  1002 ,  1004 , or  1006 , with the last PRACH transmission  1006  being based on PRACH format B (in order to have a guard period at the end of the configured PRACH resource), while the other PRACH transmissions ( 1002  or  1004 ) can use PRACH format A. 
       FIG. 10B  illustrates a third example PRACH configuration, in accordance with some aspects. Referring to  FIG. 10B , there is illustrated a PRACH resource  1058  configured as a portion of a slot  1050 . More specifically, symbols numbered 0-11 of slot  1050  can be configured as the PRACH resource  1058 . In this case, the configured PRACH resource  1058  is 12 OFDM symbols and if the PRACH repetition factor is 3, then all 12 symbols can be used for PRACH transmissions  1052 ,  1054 , or  1056 , with the last PRACH transmission  1056  being based on PRACH format B (in order to have a guard period at the end of the configured PRACH resource), while the other PRACH transmissions ( 1052  or  1054 ) can use PRACH format A. 
     In some aspects, if the configured. PRACH resources include multiple slots, then the above techniques disclosed in connection with, e.g.,  FIGS. 9-10B , can be applied per each slot or it can be applied for all configured PRACH resources as a whole unit. 
     In some aspects, the PRACH configuration information can include the PRACH resource size and the repetition factor, which information can be used to determine the PRACH formats that can be used within the PRACH resource. In this regard, by communicating PRACH configuration information such as a single PRACH configuration index, signaling overhead for the configuration of PRACH can be minimized. In some aspects, when multiple PRACH can be transmitted inside a configured PRACH resource, a PRACH instance or occasion for transmitting the PRACH preamble within the PRACH resource can be determined using one or more of the following techniques: 
     (a) randomly selecting a PRACH instance/occasion within the configured PRACH resource; 
     (b) selecting a PRACH instance/occasion based on a UE ID or using a hashing function based on the UE ID; and 
     (c) selecting a PRACH instance/occasion based on service priority. For example, the UE can select a first PRACH instance/occasion for the highest priority service, and the last PRACH instance/occasion for the lowest priority service. 
     In some aspects, the configuration of a PRACH resource can be performed in multiple ways. For example, the configuration of the MACH resource can be slot-level configuration, i.e., in which slots PRACH will be allocated. In this case, the entire slot is allocated for the PRACH transmission. In some aspects, multiple slots can be allocated for the PRACH transmissions. In some aspects, some of OFDM symbols may not be used for PRACH inside a slot configured for a PRACH transmission (e.g., first one or more symbols within a slot can be used for a downlink transmission). Since the downlink control resource set (CORESET) is also configured by system information (e.g. RMSI), the total configured resource can be the slot configured for PRACH except a few ODFM symbols for a DL control part configured by system information (e.g., RMSI) and possibly one or more guard band symbols. One example is that if one slot is configured for PRACH, the first two symbols are not used for PRACH and the remaining 12 symbols can be used for PRACH transmissions (e.g., in aspects when a normal CP is used). In some aspects, the remaining symbol number can be 10 for an extended CP case. 
     In some aspects, a configured PRACH resource can be based on OFDM symbol-level configuration, i.e., in which OFDM symbols PRACH will be allocated. In this case, in order to indicate the configured PRACH resource, start symbol and last symbol information can be used for PRACH resource configuration and can be indicated by system information. In some aspects, a bitmap approach can be used for PRACH resource configuration, where each bit of the bitmap indicates the OFDM symbol used for PRACH. In aspects when the configured PRACH resources include multiple slots, then the above techniques can be applied per each slot or for the configured PRACH resources as a whole unit. 
     RNTI Configuration 
     In some aspects, multiple PRACH instances/occasions can be configured inside one configured PRACH resource as mentioned above. During a PRACH procedure, the gNB is configured to transmit the random access response (RAR) message for the response to the PRACH. Therefore, the gNB has to indicate which PRACH instance the RAR is for. 
     The RAR message can include an ID for indicating that this RAR is the response for a certain PRACH and the ID can be a random access radio network temporary identifier (RA-RNTI). The RA-RNTI can be transmitted in downlink in order to respond to the desired PRACH. In some aspects, RA-RNTI can be included in the downlink control channel or it can be included in the downlink data channel, or it can be masked in the CRC of the downlink control channel. In this regard, the RA-RNTI has to be correctly mapped to the actually transmitted PRACH. In aspects when the RA-RANTI is the function of the PRACH slot, then there can be ambiguity since there can be multiple PRACH instances/occasions inside one PRACH slot. In order to obviate the ambiguity, RA-RNTI can be generated based on one or more of the following options. 
     Option 1: In some aspects, the RA-RNTI can be determined as a function of one or more of the following: slot index (t_id), frequency index (f_id), OFDM symbol index (sym_id), PRACH instance index, and/or PRACH sequence index (seq_id) associated with the actually transmitted PRACH. More specifically, the RA-RNTI can be determined as RA-RNTI=f(t_id, f_id, sym_id, seq_id), where t_id is the index of the first subframe of the specified PRACH (e.g., 0≤t_id&lt;10) or an index of a slot within a configured subframe, and f_id is the index of the specified PRACH within that subframe, in ascending order of frequency domain (e.g., 0≤f_id&lt;6). Sym_id is the index of the first OFDM symbol of the specified PRACH (e.g., 0≤sym_id&lt;14), and seq_id is the index of the sequence of the configured PRACH. 
     The generalized equation of this option can be expressed as follows: RA-RNTI=A+B×Sym_id+C×t_id+D×f_id+E×seq_id, where A, B, C, D, and E are integer numbers (including 0) that can be predefined by higher layer signaling or in a wireless specification. 
     Option 2: In some aspects, the RA-RNTI can be determined as a function of one or more of the following: slot index, frequency index, and/or an OFDM symbol index inside the configured PRACH resource of the actually transmitted PRACH. More specifically, the RA-RNTI can be determined as RA-RNTI=1. Sym_id+14×(t_id+10×f_id), where t_id is the index of the first subframe of the specified PRACH (e.g., 0≤t_id&lt;10) or an index of a slot within a configured subframe, and f_id is the index of the specified PRACH within that subframe, in ascending order of frequency domain (e.g., 0≤f_id&lt;6). Sym_id is the index of the first OFDM symbol of the specified PRACH (e.g., 0≤sym_id&lt;14). The generalized equation of this option an be expressed as follows: RA-RNTI=A+B×Sym__id+C×t_id+D×f_id, where A, B, C, and D are integer numbers (including 0) that can be predefined by higher layer signaling or in a wireless specification. 
     Option 3: In some aspects, the RA-RNTI can be determined as a function of one or more of the following: slot index, frequency index, and/or PRACH instance index inside the PRACH resource of actually transmitted PRACH, where for example, the PRACH instance index is 0, 1, or 2 for PRACHs inside a slot (e.g., as illustrated in  FIG. 9 ). In this regard, the RA-RNTI can be expressed as follows: RA-RNTI=1+t2_id+6×(t_id+10×f_id), where t_id is the index of the first subframe of the specified PRACH (e.g., 0≤t_id&lt;10) or an index of the slot within a configured subframe, and f_id is the index of the specified PRACH within that subframe, in ascending order of frequency domain (e.g., 0≤f_id&lt;6). The t2_id is the index of the PRACH instances (e.g., 0≤t2_id&lt;6). The generalized equation of this option can be expressed as follows: RA-RNTI=A+B×t2_id+C×t_id+D×f_id, where A, B, C, and D are integer numbers (including 0) that can be predefined by higher layer signaling or in a wireless specification. 
     In aspects when the RA-RNTI is used for multiple PRACH instances inside a configured PRACH resource, the RAR can be mapped to different timing. More specifically, the first RAR timing can be mapped to the first PRACH instance inside a configured PRACH resource and the second RAR timing can be mapped to the second PRACH instance inside a configured PRACH resource and so forth. 
       FIG. 11  illustrates an example communication exchange  1100  between a UE  1102  and a next generation node B (gNB)  1104  for configuring a PRACH format, in accordance with some aspects. Referring to  FIG. 11 , the communication exchange  1100  can start at operation  1108  when system information, such as SIB  1106 , can be communicated from the gNB  1104  to the UE  1102 . In some aspects, the SIB  1106  can include PRACH configuration information such as a PRACH configuration index. The UE  1102  can determine the PRACH configuration index at operation  1110  using the SIB  1106 , and a PRACH preamble with a corresponding format based on the PRACH index can be selected. At operation  1114  and during a PRACH procedure, the UE  1102  can communicate the PRACH preamble  1112  two gNB  1104 . At operation  1116 , the gNB  1104  can determine RA-RNTI based on one or more parameters associated with the PRACH preamble transmission at operation  1114 . For example, the gNB  1104  can use one or more of the above-described options to determine the RA-RNTI. At operation  1120 , the gNB  1104  can communicate the RAR response  1118  with the RA-RNTI. At operation  1124 , the UE  1102  can communicate physical uplink shared channel (PUSCH) data  1122  to the gNB  1104 . 
       FIG. 12  illustrates generally a flowchart of example functionalities of a method  1200  which can be performed in a wireless architecture in connection with PRACH configuration, in accordance with some aspects. Referring to  FIG. 12 , the method  1200  can start at operation  1202  when system information block (SIB) information (e.g.,  190 A) including a PRACH configuration index. The PRACH configuration index can indicate at least a first preamble format and a second preamble format. For example, PRACH configuration index can be used to obtain a preamble format, PRACH timing resource such as subframe number and starting symbol, a number of PRACH slots within a subframe, a number of time domain PRACH occasions or instances within a PRACH slot, and the PRACH total duration. 
     At operation  1204 , a PRACH preamble (e.g.,  192 A) can be encoded for transmission to a base station within a PRACH resource indicated by the PRACH configuration index (e.g., as discussed herein in reference to  FIGS. 8-10B ). The PRACH preamble can be associated with the first preamble format or the second preamble format. For example, if a last PRACH occasion is selected within a PRACH resource, then a PRACH transmission using format B is used in order to utilize the guard period within such format for protection subsequent transmissions. In aspects where the PRACH occasion that is different from the last PRACH occasion within a PRACH resource is selected, then a PRACH transmission using format A is used as a guard period may not be needed. 
     At operation  1206 , a random access channel response (RAR) message (e.g.,  190   4 A) received from the base station in response to the PRACH preamble is decoded. The RAR message includes a random access radio network temporary identifier (RA-RNTI). The RA-RNTI can be based on an OFDM symbol index (sym_d) inside the PRACH resource, a frequency index (f_id), and a timing resource index (t_id) associated with the transmitted PRACH preamble, or one or more other options as discussed herein above. 
       FIG. 13  illustrates a block diagram of a communication device such as an evolved Node-B (eNB), a next generation Node-B (gNB), an access point (AP), a wireless station (STA), a mobile station (MS), or a user equipment (UE), in accordance with some aspects. In alternative aspects, the communication device  1300  may operate as a standalone device or may be connected (e.g., networked) to other communication devices. 
     Circuitry (e.g., processing circuitry) is a collection of circuits implemented in tangible entities of the device  1300  that include hardware (e.g., simple circuits, gates, logic, etc.). Circuitry membership may be flexible over time. Circuitries include members that may, alone or in combination, perform specified operations when operating. In an example, hardware of the circuitry may be immutably designed to carry out a specific operation (e.g., hardwired). In an example, the hardware of the circuitry may include variably connected physical components (e.g., execution units, transistors, simple circuits, etc.) including a machine-readable medium physically modified (e.g., magnetically, electrically, moveable placement of invariant massed particles, etc.) to encode instructions of the specific operation. 
     In connecting the physical components, the underlying electrical properties of a hardware constituent are changed, for example, from an insulator to a conductor or vice versa. The instructions enable embedded hardware (e.g., the execution units or a loading mechanism) to create members of the circuitry in hardware via the variable connections to carry out portions of the specific operation when in operation. Accordingly, in an example, the machine-readable medium elements are part of the circuitry or are communicatively coupled to the other components of the circuitry when the device is operating. In an example, any of the physical components may be used in more than one member of more than one circuitry. For example, under operation, execution units may be used in a first circuit of a first circuitry at one point in time and reused by a second circuit in the first circuitry, or by a third circuit in a second circuitry at a different time. Additional examples of these components with respect to the device  1300  follow. 
     In some aspects, the device  1300  may operate as a standalone device or may be connected (e.g., networked) to other devices. In a networked deployment, the communication device  1300  may operate in the capacity of a server communication device, a client communication device, or both in server-client network environments. In an example, the communication device  1300  may act as a peer communication device in peer-to-peer (P2P) (or other distributed) network environment. The communication device  1300  may be a eNB, PC, a tablet PC, a STB, a PDA, a mobile telephone, a smart phone, a web appliance, a network router, switch or bridge, or any communication device capable of executing instructions (sequential or otherwise) that specify actions to be taken by that communication device. Further, while only a single communication device is illustrated, the term “communication device” shall also be taken to include any collection of communication devices that individually or jointly execute a set (or multiple sets) of instructions to perform any one or more of the methodologies discussed herein, such as cloud computing, software as a service (SaaS), and other computer cluster configurations. 
     Examples, as described herein, may include, or may operate on, logic or a number of components, modules, or mechanisms. Modules are tangible entities (e.g., hardware) capable of performing specified operations and may be configured or arranged in a certain manner. In an example, circuits may be arranged (e.g., internally or with respect to external entities such as other circuits) in a specified manner as a module. In an example, the whole or part of one or more computer systems (e.g., a standalone, client or server computer system) or one or more hardware processors may be configured by firmware or software (e.g., instructions, an application portion, or an application) as a module that operates to perform specified operations. In an example, the software may reside on a communication device-readable medium. In an example, the software, when executed by the underlying hardware of the module, causes the hardware to perform the specified operations. 
     Accordingly, the term “module” is understood to encompass a tangible entity, be that an entity that is physically constructed, specifically configured (e.g., hardwired), or temporarily (e.g., transitorily) configured (e.g., programmed) to operate in a specified manner or to perform part or all of any operation described herein. Considering examples in which modules are temporarily configured, each of the modules need not be instantiated at any one moment in time. For example, where the modules comprise a general-purpose hardware processor configured using software, the general-purpose hardware processor may be configured as respective different modules at different times. Software may accordingly configure a hardware processor, for example, to constitute a particular module at one instance of time and to constitute a different module at a different instance of time. 
     Communication device (e.g., UE)  1300  may include a hardware processor  1302  (e.g., a central processing unit (CPU), a graphics processing unit (GPU), a hardware processor core, or any combination thereof), a main memory  1304 , a static memory  1306 , and mass storage  1307  (e.g., hard drive, tape drive, flash storage, or other block or storage devices), some or all of which may communicate with each other via an interlink (e.g., bus)  1308 . 
     The communication device  1300  may further include a display device  1310 , an alphanumeric input device  1312  (e.g., a keyboard), and a user interface (UI) navigation device  1314  (e.g., a mouse). In an example, the display device  1310 , input device  1312  and UI navigation device  1314  may be a touch screen display. The communication device  1300  may additionally include a signal generation device  1318  (e.g., a speaker), a network interface device  1320 , and one or more sensors  1321 , such as a global positioning system (GPS) sensor, compass, accelerometer, or other sensor. The communication device  1300  may include an output controller  1328 , such as a serial (e.g., universal serial bus (USB), parallel, or other wired or wireless (e.g., infrared (IR), near field communication (NFC), etc.) connection to communicate or control one or more peripheral devices (e.g., a printer, card reader, etc.). 
     The storage device  1307  may include a communication device-readable medium  1322 , on which is stored one or more sets of data structures or instructions  1324  (e.g., software) embodying or utilized by any one or more of the techniques or functions described herein. In some aspects, registers of the processor  1302 , the main memory  1304 , the static memory  1306 , and/or the mass storage  1307  may be, or include (completely or at least partially), the device-readable medium  1322 , on which is stored the one or more sets of data structures or instructions  1324 , embodying or utilized by any one or more of the techniques or functions described herein. In an example, one or any combination of the hardware processor  1302 , the main memory  1304 , the static memory  1306 , or the mass storage  1316  may constitute the device-readable medium  1322 . 
     As used herein, the term “device-readable medium” is interchangeable with “computer-readable medium” or “machine-readable medium”. While the communication device-readable medium  1322  is illustrated as a single medium, the term “communication device-readable medium” may include a single medium or multiple media (e.g., a centralized or distributed database, and/or associated caches and servers) configured to store the one or more instructions  1324 . 
     The term “communication device-readable medium” may include any medium that is capable of storing, encoding, or carrying instructions (e.g., instructions  1324 ) for execution by the communication device  1300  and that cause the communication device  1300  to perform any one or more of the techniques of the present disclosure, or that is capable of storing, encoding or carrying data structures used by or associated with such instructions. Non-limiting communication device-readable medium examples may include solid-state memories, and optical and magnetic media. Specific examples of communication device-readable media may include: non-volatile memory, such as semiconductor memory devices (e.g., Electrically Programmable Read-Only Memory (EPROM), Electrically Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory (EEPROM)) and flash memory devices; magnetic disks, such as internal hard disks and removable disks; magneto-optical disks; Random Access Memory (RAM); and CD-ROM and DVD-ROM disks. In some examples, communication device-readable media may include non-transitory communication device-readable media. In some examples, communication device-readable media may include communication device-readable media that is not a transitory propagating signal. 
     The instructions  1324  may further be transmitted or received over a communications network  1326  using a transmission medium via the network interface device  1320  utilizing any one of a number of transfer protocols (e.g., frame relay, internet protocol (IP), transmission control protocol (TCP), user datagram protocol (UDP), hypertext transfer protocol (HTTP), etc.). Example communication networks may include a local area network (LAN), a wide area network (WAN), a packet data network (e.g., the Internet), mobile telephone networks (e.g., cellular networks), Plain Old Telephone (POTS) networks, and wireless data networks (e.g., Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) 802.11 family of standards known as Wi-Fi®, IEEE 802.16 family of standards known as WiMax®), IEEE 802.15.4 family of standards, a Long Term Evolution (LTE) family of standards, a Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) family of standards, peer-to-peer (P2P) networks, among others. In an example, the network interface device  1320  may include one or more physical jacks (e.g., Ethernet, coaxial, or phone jacks) or one or more antennas to connect to the communications network  1326 . In an example, the network interface device  1320  may include a plurality of antennas to wirelessly communicate using at least one of single-input multiple-output (SIMO), MIMO, or multiple-input single-output (MISO) techniques. In some examples, the network interface device  1320  may wirelessly communicate using Multiple User MIMO techniques. 
     The term “transmission medium” shall be taken to include any intangible medium that is capable of storing, encoding or carrying instructions for execution by the communication device  1300 , and includes digital or analog communications signals or other intangible medium to facilitate communication of such software. In this regard, a transmission medium in the context of this disclosure is a device-readable medium. 
     Additional Notes and Examples: 
     Example 1 is an apparatus of a user equipment (UE), the apparatus comprising: processing circuitry, wherein to configure the UE for a physical random access channel (PRACH) procedure, the processing circuitry is to: decode system information block (SIB) information including a PRACH configuration index, wherein the PRACH configuration index indicates at least a first preamble format and a second preamble format, encode a PRACH preamble for transmission to a base station within a PRACH resource indicated by the PRACH configuration index, wherein the PRACH preamble is associated with the first preamble format or the second preamble format; decode a random access channel response (RAR) message from the base station, the RAR message including an uplink grant for scheduling a physical uplink shared channel (PUSCH) transmission; and encode data for transmission on the PUSCH based on the uplink grant; and memory coupled to the processing circuitry, the memory configured to store at least one of the SIB information and the PRACH configuration index. 
     In Example 2, the subject matter of Example 1 includes, wherein the PRACH resource comprises a plurality of PRACH occasions, and wherein the PRACH preamble is transmitted within a PRACH occasion from the plurality of PRACH occasions with a starting symbol indicated by the PRACH configuration index. 
     In Example 3, the subject matter of Example 2 includes, wherein when the first preamble format is one of A1, A2, and A3 formats, the second preamble format is respectively one of B1, B2, and B3 formats, and wherein formats A1-A3 have a zero guard period length, and formats B1-B3 have non-zero guard period length. 
     In Example 4, the subject matter of Example 3 includes, wherein when the PRACH occasion used for transmission of the PRACH preamble is a last PRACH occasion within the PRACH resource, the PRACH preamble is one of the B1, B2, or B3 formats. 
     In Example 5, the subject matter of Examples 3-4 includes, wherein when the PRACH occasion used for transmission of the PRACH preamble is different from a last PRACH occasion within the PRACH resource, the PRACH preamble is one of the A1, A2, or A3 formats. 
     In Example 6, the subject matter of Examples 1-5 includes, wherein the RAR is received on a physical downlink control channel (PDCCH) with a corresponding random access radio network temporary identifier (RA-RNTI), wherein the RA-RNTI is based on an OFDM symbol index (sym_id) inside the PRACH resource, a frequency index (f_id), and a timing resource index (t_id) associated with the transmitted PRACH preamble. 
     In Example 7, the subject matter of Example 6 includes, wherein the processing circuitry is configured to determine the RA-RNTI according to the following equation: RA-RNTI=A+B×sym_id+C×t_id+D×f_id, where A, B, C, and D are integer values. 
     In Example 8, the subject matter of Examples 2-7 includes, wherein the processing circuitry is configured to: randomly select the PRACH occasion from the plurality of PRACH occasions for transmission of the PRACH preamble. 
     In Example 9, the subject matter of Examples 2-8 includes, wherein the processing circuitry is configured to: generate a hashing function based on a user equipment identifier (UE ID) associated with the apparatus; and select the PRACH occasion from the plurality of PRACH occasions for transmission of the PRACH preamble based on the generated hashing function. 
     In Example 10, the subject matter of Examples 2-9 includes, wherein the processing circuitry is configured to: select the PRACH occasion from the plurality of PRACH occasions for transmission of the PRACH preamble based on a service priority indicator associated with the PUSCH data transmission. 
     In Example 11, the subject matter of Examples 1-10 includes, wherein the first and second preamble formats are associated with a short sequence length of 139. 
     In Example 12, the subject matter of Examples 1-11 includes, transceiver circuitry coupled to the processing circuitry; and, one or more antennas coupled to the transceiver circuitry. 
     Example 13 is an apparatus of a base station (BS), the apparatus comprising: processing circuitry, the processing circuitry configured to: encode system information block (SIB) information including a PRACH configuration index, wherein the PRACH configuration index indicates at least a first preamble format and a second preamble format, the first and second preamble formats associated with a short sequence length of 139; decode a PRACH preamble received within a PRACH resource indicated by the PRACH configuration index, wherein the PRACH preamble is based on the first preamble format or the second preamble format; encode a random access channel response (RAR) message for transmission to a user equipment WE), the RAR message encoded with a random access radio network temporary identifier (RA-RNTI) and including an uplink grant for scheduling a physical uplink shared channel (PUSCH) transmission; and decode data for received on the PUSCH based on the uplink grant; and memory coupled to the processing circuitry, the memory configured to store the SIB information. 
     In Example 14, the subject matter of Example 13 includes, wherein the RA-RNTI is based on an OFDM symbol index (sym_id) inside the PRACH resource, a frequency index (f_id), and a timing resource index (t_id) associated with the received PRACH preamble. 
     In Example 15, the subject matter of Example 14 includes, wherein the processing circuitry is configured to determine the RA-RNTI according to the following equation: RA-RNTI=A+B×sym_id+C×t_id+D×f_id, wherein A, B, C, and D are integer values. 
     In Example 16, the subject matter of Examples 13-15 includes, wherein the base station is a next generation Node-B (gNB) or an evolved Node-B (eNB). 
     In Example 17, the subject matter of Examples 13-16 includes, transceiver circuitry coupled to the processing circuitry; and, one or more antennas coupled to the transceiver circuitry. 
     Example 18 is a computer-readable storage medium that stores instructions for execution by one or more processors of a user equipment (UE), the instructions to configure the one or more processors to cause the UE to: decode system information block (SIB) information including a PRACH configuration index, wherein the PRACH configuration index indicates at least a first preamble format and a second preamble format, encode a PRACH preamble for transmission to a base station within a PRACH resource indicated by the PRACH configuration index, wherein the PRACH preamble is associated with the first preamble format or the second preamble format; and decode a random access channel response (RAR) message received from the base station in response to the PRACH preamble, the RAR message including a random access radio network temporary identifier (RA-RNTI), wherein the RA-RNTI is based on an OFDM symbol index (sym_id) inside the PRACH resource, a frequency index (f_id), and a timing resource index (t_id) associated with the transmitted PRACH preamble. 
     In Example 19, the subject matter of Example 18 includes, wherein the PRACH resource comprises a plurality of PRACH occasions, and wherein the PRACH preamble is transmitted within a PRACH occasion from the plurality of PRACH occasions with a starting symbol indicated by the PRACH configuration index. 
     In Example 20, the subject matter of Examples 18-19 includes, wherein the first preamble format is one of A1, A2, and A3 formats, the second preamble format is respectively one of B1, B2, and B3 formats, and wherein formats A1-A3 have a zero guard period length, and formats B1-B3 have non-zero guard period length. 
     In Example 21, the subject matter of Example 20 includes, wherein: when the PRACH occasion used for transmission of the PRACH preamble is a last PRACH occasion within the PRACH resource, the PRACH preamble is one of the B1, B2, or B3 formats; and when the PRACH occasion used for transmission of the PRACH preamble is different from a last PRACH occasion within the PRACH resource, the PRACH preamble is one of the A1, A2, or A3 formats. 
     Example 22 is at least one machine-readable medium including instructions that, when executed by processing circuitry, cause the processing circuitry to perform operations to implement of any of Examples 1-21. 
     Example 23 is an apparatus comprising means to implement of any of Examples 1-21. 
     Example 24 is a system to implement of any of Examples 1-21. 
     Example 25 is a method to implement of any of Examples 1-21. 
     Although an aspect has been described with reference to specific example aspects, it will be evident that various modifications and changes may be made to these aspects without departing from the broader scope of the present disclosure. Accordingly, the specification and drawings are to be regarded in an illustrative rather than a restrictive sense. The accompanying drawings that form a part hereof show, by way of illustration, and not of limitation, specific aspects in which the subject matter may be practiced. The aspects illustrated are described in sufficient detail to enable those skilled in the art to practice the teachings disclosed herein. Other aspects may be utilized and derived therefrom, such that structural and logical substitutions and changes may be made without departing from the scope of this disclosure. This Detailed Description, therefore, is not to be taken in a limiting sense, and the scope of various aspects is defined only by the appended claims, along with the full range of equivalents to which such claims are entitled. 
     Such aspects of the inventive subject matter may be referred to herein, individually and/or collectively, merely for convenience and without intending to voluntarily limit the scope of this application to any single aspect or inventive concept if more than one is in fact disclosed. Thus, although specific aspects have been illustrated and described herein, it should be appreciated that any arrangement calculated to achieve the same purpose may be substituted for the specific aspects shown. This disclosure is intended to cover any and all adaptations or variations of various aspects. Combinations of the above aspects, and other aspects not specifically described herein, will be apparent to those of skill in the art upon reviewing the above description. 
     The Abstract of the Disclosure is provided to allow the reader to quickly ascertain the nature of the technical disclosure. It is submitted with the understanding that it will not be used to interpret or limit the scope or meaning of the claims. In addition, in the foregoing Detailed Description, it can be seen that various features are grouped together in a single aspect for the purpose of streamlining the disclosure. This method of disclosure is not to be interpreted as reflecting an intention that the claimed aspects require more features than are expressly recited in each claim. Rather, as the following claims reflect, inventive subject matter lies in less than all features of a single disclosed aspect. Thus the following claims are hereby incorporated into the Detailed Description, with each claim standing on its own as a separate aspect.