Patent Publication Number: US-2016226387-A1

Title: Voltage Converter with Soft Communication Networks

Description:
TECHNICAL FIELD 
     This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/041,993 filed on Sep. 30, 2013, which application is hereby incorporated herein by reference. 
    
    
     BACKGROUND 
     A flyback converter is used in both alternating current (AC) to direct current (DC) and DC to DC conversion with galvanic isolation between the input and the output. Galvanic isolation and voltage conversion is achieved by a transformer whose primary winding is alternately connected to and disconnected from an input voltage source and whose secondary winding supplies an output voltage to an output capacitor via a rectifying diode. There are two states of a flyback converter in operation. In an on-state, the energy is transferred from the input voltage source to the transformer and the output capacitor supplies energy to an output load. In an off-state, the energy is transferred from the transformer to the output capacitor load and the output load. A common flyback converter as outlined above cannot provide reactive power, i.e., positive voltage with negative current, or negative voltage with positive current, because of the output diode, which blocks the current in one direction. 
     A bidirectional flyback converter can provide reactive power because the (high-voltage) diode is replaced by a (high-voltage) switch that allows for current flow in both directions. In bidirectional flyback converters, metal oxide semiconductor field-effect transistors (MOSFET) are commonly employed as high-voltage switches. However, high-voltage MOSFETs have higher on-state resistances than those of low voltage MOSFETs and the maximum voltage for high-voltage MOSFETS is 1,000 Volts (V). Therefore, there is a need for an improved high-voltage bidirectional flyback converter with MOSFETs. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     A voltage converter according to an embodiment of the invention comprises a primary path configured to generate a pulse modulated voltage from an input DC voltage; a transformer arrangement with m≧1 primary windings and n≧2 secondary windings inductively coupled together, the m primary windings being connected to the primary path; and a secondary path configured to output a pulsed DC voltage; wherein the secondary path comprises n capacitors connected in series and n secondary controllable semiconductor switches; and each of the n secondary windings is connected via at least one of the secondary controllable semiconductor switches to at least one of the capacitors. 
     Other systems, methods, features and advantages will be, or will become, apparent to one with skill in the art upon examination of the following figures and detailed description. It is intended that all such additional systems, methods, features and advantages be included within this description, be within the scope of the invention, and be protected by the following claims. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       The system may be better understood with reference to the following drawings and description. The components in the figures are not necessarily to scale, emphasis instead being placed upon illustrating the principles of the invention. Moreover, in the figures, like referenced numerals designate corresponding parts throughout the different views. 
         FIG. 1  is a circuit diagram of a bidirectional flyback switched mode converter with reactive power capability using lower voltage semiconductor switches; 
         FIG. 2  is a circuit diagram of a bidirectional flyback switched mode converter according to  FIG. 1  with additional soft commutation networks; 
         FIG. 3  is a diagram illustrating a primary current, a secondary current and a soft commutation current over time; 
         FIG. 4  is an alternative transformer structure with two transformers whose primary windings are connected in series; and 
         FIG. 5  is an alternative transformer structure with two transformers whose primary windings are connected in parallel. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF ILLUSTRATIVE EMBODIMENTS 
     A bidirectional flyback switched mode converter with reactive power capability according to an embodiment of the invention is schematically illustrated in  FIG. 1 . The converter of  FIG. 1  includes a transformer  1  with a primary side which forms part of a primary path  2  and a secondary side which forms part of a secondary path  3 . The primary side has a primary winding  4  and the secondary side has two secondary windings  5  and  6 . Furthermore, the primary path  2  includes a controllable switch  7 , in the present example a MOSFET, such as an N-type depletion mode MOSFET (NMOSFET), a capacitor  8  and a control circuit  9  for controlling the switch  7 . Switch  7  and primary winding  4  are connected in series and the series connection is connected in parallel to capacitor  8 . In the present example, capacitor  8  transforms a current supplied by a DC current source  10 , such as a photovoltaic element, into a DC voltage so that DC current source  10  and capacitor form a DC voltage source. This DC voltage is chopped by switch  7  and supplied to primary winding  4 . 
     Primary path  2  further includes a switch  11 , e.g., an NMOSFET controlled by control circuit  9  and a capacitor  12  which are connected in series and as series connection in parallel to the primary winding  4  of transformer  1 . When switch  7  is turned off, switch  11  is turned on. The leakage energy is transferred to the capacitor  12  through switch  11 , and the voltage across capacitor  12  is used to reset transformer  1 . As a result, the voltage across switch  7  is clamped. 
     Secondary path  3  includes beside the two secondary windings  5  and  6  two switches  13  and  14 , e.g., NMOSFETs controlled by control circuit  9 , each of which is connected in series to one of the secondary windings  5  and  6 . Secondary path  3  further includes two capacitors  15  and  16 , connected in series. Capacitor  15  is connected in parallel to the series connection of switch  13  and secondary winding  5  and capacitor  16  is connected in parallel to the series connection of switch  14  and secondary winding  6 . Switch  7  is controlled to provide sine pulse width modulation in order to generate 50 Hz (or 60 Hz) rectified sinusoidal currents in the secondary windings  5  and  6  and the corresponding switches  13  and  14 .  FIG. 1  shows above winding  5 , a voltage-time diagram of the rectified sinusoidal current on the secondary side. Whenever switch  7  is on, switches  13  and  14  are off, and vice versa. Switches  13  and  14  work as active diodes with reduced conduction losses. The capacitors  15  and  16  have sufficiently small capacity so that the shape of the currents is not distorted. The objective is to divert the high-frequency carrier current pulses and smooth the current to its intended frequency: 50 Hz or 60 Hz. Switch  11 , along with capacitor  12  and the leakage inductance of transformer  1 , form a soft-switching network to promote soft switching (zero-voltage switching) of switch  7  (loss less turn on). 
     In order to provide a DC-AC conversion, the pulsed DC voltage over the series connection of capacitors  15  and  16  is unfolded by a switching H-bridge that alternately outputs the pulses inverted and non-inverted. The H-bridge comprises four switches  17 - 20 , e.g., NMOSFETs, controlled by control circuit  9 , in bridge configuration with one of the switches  17 - 20  in each leg of the H-structure. A bridge structure is a type of electrical circuit in which two circuit branches in parallel with each other are “bridged” by a third branch, e.g., a load connected between the first two branches at some intermediate point along them, the intermediate point separates two legs per branch from each other. Switches  17 - 20 , which unfold the rectified current to an AC current without DC level, are controlled to enable a voltage or current to be applied across a load in either direction, wherein the switches in one branch are never closed at the same time. 
     The bidirectional flyback converter illustrated in  FIG. 1  may form the basis for a solar micro-inverter with reactive power capability. For example, the flyback converter&#39;s secondary path has been modified in order to be able to absorb the negative current by replacing the rectifying diode with high-voltage MOSFETs  13  and  14 . The secondary winding has been split in two windings, which divide the output voltage by two allowing, for example, 650V voltage-class MOSFETs to be used as synchronous rectifiers in a 1,200V secondary path. Auxiliary switch  11  and clamping capacitor  12 , with the leakage inductance of the transformer  1 , form an active-clamp network which provides zero-voltage switching (ZVS) turn-on to switch  7 . 
     In the present example, ZVS works as follows. Every time switch  7  opens, the energy in the transformer leakage inductance is stored into capacitor  12 , storing a voltage higher than that in winding  4 . Before every time the switch  7  is turned on, the switch  11  is turned on first, for a small period of time, and the voltage in capacitor  11  plus the input voltage is applied to winding  4 . The difference between this applied voltage and the reflected voltage in winding  4  is then applied onto the leakage inductance. Then a current flows through the leakage inductance with direction into winding  4 . The switch  11  is then turned off and the current flowing in the leakage inductance discharges the output charge (Qoss) of switch  7 , forcing the voltage between switch  7  and primary winding  4  to swing to zero. Once the drain voltage is zero, the switch  7  is turned on with zero-voltage switching. 
     In reactive power, switches  13  and  14  operate as controlling switches and switch  7  operates as an active diode. Energy flows from the output to the input. The modulation scheme applied to the switches  13  and  14  may also be sine pulse width modulation. 
     Referring now to the converter shown in  FIG. 2 , in which circuitry (indicated by a darkened area) that controls commutation has been added to the flyback converter shown in  FIG. 1 . The circuitry includes an inductor  21  connected in series to the primary winding (e.g., the already present inductance of the primary winding) and two soft commutation networks coupled with the secondary windings. Each soft commutation network may include a series connection of a commutation inductance  22   a  or  22   b,  a first commutation diode  23   a  or  23   b,  and a commutation capacitor  24   a  or  24   b,  the series connection being connected in parallel to the respective secondary controllable semiconductor switch  13  or  14  and the commutation inductance commutation being connected to the node between the secondary controllable semiconductor switch  13  or  14  and the respective one of the n capacitors  15  and  16 . A second commutation diode  25   a  or  25   b  may be connected between the node between the first commutation diode  23   a  or  23   b  and the commutation capacitor  24   a  or  24   b,  and the node between the respective secondary winding  5  or  6  and the respective one of the n capacitors  15  and  16 . 
     A high-voltage MOSFET has a higher reverse recovery charge (Qrr) and a higher output charge (Qoss) than, for example, a Silicon Carbide junction field effect transistor (JFET). When the converter is operated in continuous current mode (CCM), Qoss and Qrr may increase the turn-on losses of switch  7 . Moreover, secondary side high-voltage MOSFETs may be subject to hard commutation of their body diodes every time switch  7  is turned on, which, at high frequencies, may cause the destruction of these devices. 
     The soft commutation network described above in connection with  FIG. 2  overcomes the above-mentioned issues. Inductor  21  serves two purposes here. It provides ZVS to switch  7 , just as in the active-clamp topology with switch  11  and capacitor  12 , and promotes soft commutation of the body diodes of the high-voltage MOSFETs. During the soft commutation of the body diodes, the additional current required to recover their Qrr and charge the high-voltage MOSFETs Qoss is trapped in inductance  21 . Diodes  23   a  and  23   c,  along with capacitors  24   a  and  24   b,  provide a path and storage, respectively, through transformer  1 , to the trapped energy in inductance  21 . As switch  7  opens, the energy associated to Qrr and Qoss, now stored in capacitors  24   a  and  24   b,  is then sent back to the output through diodes  25   a  and  25   b , prior to the high-voltage MOSFETs conduction. During the reactive-power processing mode inductors  22   a  and  22   b  provide zero-current turn-on to switches  13  and  14 . 
     As described above, the micro-inverter illustrated in  FIG. 2  includes a bidirectional flyback converter with a voltage-clamp network (switch  11 , clamping capacitor  12  and inductor  21 , to provide ZVS to switch  7 . The converter secondary side may use two (or more) identical secondary winding circuits (soft commutation networks) connectable in series by switches  13  and  14 , which work as either synchronous rectifier switches, when processing active power, or as control switches, when processing reactive power, when switch  7  works as a synchronous rectifier. The secondary winding circuits are series connected in order to match, for example, the mains high voltage and yet utilize lower voltage MOSFETs (650V) than what would otherwise be required of a single output stage, e.g., a 1,200V switch. The soft commutation networks soften the commutation of the high-voltage MOSFETs body diodes, avoiding their destruction. The energy related to this soft commutation (associated with Qrr and Qoss of the high-voltage MOSFETs), initially trapped in inductance  21 , is recovered and stored in capacitors  24   a  and  24   b , and then sent to the output once switch  7  opens. 
       FIG. 3  shows simulation results as current I over time t for the transformer primary current Ip and secondary current Is, highlighting the current related to Qrr and Qoss of the high-voltage MOSFETs, i.e., soft commutation current Scc. 
       FIGS. 4 and 5  illustrate transforming circuits that may substitute the transformer  1 . In the circuit shown in  FIG. 4  two transformers  26  and  27  are employed which have each one primary winding and one secondary winding, wherein the primary windings of transformers  26  and  27  are connected in series. In the circuit shown in  FIG. 5  the primary windings of two transformers  26  and  27  are connected in parallel. However, any other constellations with different numbers of transformers, different numbers of primary windings, different numbers of secondary windings and different connection structure are applicable as well. 
     The converters described above could be used both for AC-DC and DC-DC power conversion. It is suitable for applications in the low power as well as the high power range. Any switch, inductor, diode or capacitor device can be substituted by a number of respective devices, which may be connected in parallel or in series. Primary and secondary control may be independently of one another, or depended from each other, e.g., performed by a multiplicity of controllers or only a single controller (as shown). In the examples described above, control circuit  9  provides control signals for all switches. Switches  7 ,  13  and  14  may be controlled as in common bidirectional flyback converters and switches  17 - 20  may be controlled as in common H-bridge circuits. 
     Instead of MOSFETs based on silicon material, transistors using wide-band gap material such as gallium nitride, silicon carbide, zinc oxide, any other suitable material may be employed. 
     Referring again to  FIG. 1 , the converter shown can simply be operated as a DC/DC converter by omitting the unfolding bridge (switches  17 - 20 ) and using the respective terminals of capacitors  15  and  16  for connecting a DC load (or a high voltage battery). For step-up DC/DC converters, the input source  10  could be a DC current source, such as a photovoltaic panel, or voltage sources, such as a battery or battery banks, or fuel cells. 
     In DC/DC converter applications the output capacitors  15  and  16  are bigger than that of the micro-inverter outlined above to have a constant voltage source at the output, with little ripple, whereas in the micro-inverter application the purpose of such capacitors is to divert the high-frequency current from the output, that would just receive the 50 Hz or 60 Hz current. 
     Furthermore, other variations and alternatives are possible as well. For example, as will be obvious to those of ordinary skill in the art, other circuit elements can be added to, or be used as substitutes in, the specific circuit embodiments discussed above, such as other types of switching means, other types of control units, etc. Furthermore, the invention may be used in a large range of different applications. 
     While various embodiments of the invention have been described, it will be apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art that many more embodiments and implementations are possible within the scope of the invention. Accordingly, the invention is not to be restricted except in light of the attached claims and their equivalents.