Patent Publication Number: US-2011053092-A1

Title: Object processing apparatus, exposure apparatus and exposure method, and device manufacturing method

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This non-provisional application claims the benefit of Provisional Application No. 61/272,320 filed Sep. 10, 2009, the disclosure of which is hereby incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. 
    
    
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     1. Field of the Invention 
     The present invention relates to object processing apparatuses, exposure apparatuses and exposure methods, and device manufacturing methods, and more particularly to an object processing apparatus that performs predetermined processing to a tabular object placed along a predetermined two-dimensional plane, an exposure apparatus and an exposure method to expose the object, and a device manufacturing method that uses the exposure apparatus or the exposure method. 
     2. Description of the Background Art 
     Conventionally, in a lithography process for manufacturing electron devices (microdevices) such as liquid crystal display elements or semiconductor devices (integrated circuits or the like), an exposure apparatus such as a projection exposure apparatus by a step-and-repeat method (a so-called stepper), or a projection exposure apparatus by a step-and-scan method (a so-called scanning stepper (which is also called a scanner)) is mainly used. 
     In this type of the exposure apparatus, as an exposure subject, a substrate such as a glass plate or a wafer whose surface is coated with a photosensitive agent (hereinafter, generically referred to as a substrate) is mounted on a substrate stage device. And, exposure light is irradiated on a mask (or a reticle) on which a circuit pattern is formed, and the exposure light via the mask is irradiated on the substrate via an optical system such a projection lens, and thereby the circuit pattern is transferred onto the substrate (e.g., refer to PCT International. Publication No. 2008/129762 (and the corresponding U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2010/0018950)). 
     In recent years, however, a substrate that is an exposure subject of an exposure apparatus, especially, a substrate for liquid crystal display element (a rectangular glass substrate) has tended to grow in size, for example, the length of a side of the substrate has been increased to 3 m or more, and accordingly, the size of a stage device of the exposure apparatus has increased, and the weight has also increased. Therefore, the development of a stage device has been desired that can guide an exposure subject (substrate) at a high speed and with high precision and, further, has a simple configuration with which the size and weight can be reduced. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     According to a first aspect of the present invention, there is provided an object processing apparatus, comprising: an object driving device that drives a tabular object placed along a predetermined two-dimensional plane that is parallel to a horizontal plane, in at least one axis direction within the two-dimensional plane; an executing device that, with respect to the object that is driven at a constant speed by the object driving device, executes predetermined processing on a portion subject to processing of a surface of the object, within a predetermined area in a movement course of the object; an adjustment device that includes a holding member having a holding surface smaller than an area size of the object, holds a part of the object from below in a noncontact state using the holding member, and adjusts a position of the object in a direction intersecting the two-dimensional plane; and a drive device that drives the holding member in the one axis direction while adjusting a position of the holding member according to a position of the object with respect to the predetermined area. 
     With this apparatus, the executing device executes the predetermined processing with respect to a portion subject to processing of a surface of the tabular object, which is driven by the object driving device at a constant speed in one axis direction within the two-dimensional plane, in a predetermined area (processing area) in the movement course of the object. In this case, when the executing device performs the predetermined processing described above, the adjustment device adjusts the position of the object (positions the object) in a direction intersecting the two-dimensional plane, and therefore, the predetermined processing described above can be performed with high precision. Further, since the position of the holding member of the adjustment device is controlled according to the position of the object with respect to the predetermine area (processing area), it becomes possible to perform the positioning of the object in the direction interesting the two-dimensional plane with high precision. 
     According to a second aspect of the present invention, there is provided a first exposure apparatus that forms a predetermined pattern on an object by irradiating the object with an energy beam and exposing the object, the apparatus comprising: an object driving device that drives a tabular object placed along a predetermined two-dimensional plane that is parallel to a horizontal plane, in at least one axis direction within the two-dimensional plane; an exposure system that irradiates a surface of the object that is driven at a constant speed by the object driving device, with the energy beam in a movement course of the object; an adjustment device that includes a holding member having a holding surface smaller than an area size of the object, holds a part of the object from below in a noncontact state using the holding member, and adjusts a position of the object in a direction intersecting the two-dimensional plane; and a drive device that drives the holding member in the one axis direction according to a position of the object with respect to an irradiation area of the energy beam by the exposure system. 
     With this apparatus, the exposure system irradiates the surface of the tabular object that is driven at a constant speed in one axis direction within the two-dimensional plane by the object driving device, with an energy beam, in a movement course of the object. In this case, when the exposure system executes the exposure operation, the adjustment device adjusts the position of the object (positions the object) in a direction intersecting the two-dimensional plane, and therefore, exposure processing can be performed with high precision. Further, since the position of the holding member of the adjustment device is controlled according to the position of the object with respect to the irradiation area of the energy beam, it becomes possible to perform the positioning of the object in the direction intersecting the two-dimensional plane with high precision. 
     According to a third aspect of the present invention, there is provided a second exposure apparatus that forms a predetermined pattern on an object by exposing the object with an energy beam, the apparatus comprising: an optical system that irradiates a partial area within a predetermined two-dimensional plane parallel to a horizontal plane, with the energy beam via the pattern; a drive device that drives a tabular object placed along the two-dimensional plane, in at least one axis direction, within a predetermined area that includes the partial area within the two-dimensional plane; and an adjustment device having a holding surface whose size is nearly the same as or smaller than the partial area, which holds a part of the object opposed to the holding surface, from below in a noncontact state and adjusts a position of the object in a direction intersecting the two-dimensional plane, when the object is driven by the drive device, and which moves in the one axis direction according to a position of the object with respect to the partial area. 
     With this apparatus, the optical system irradiates the energy beam on a tabular object that is driven by the drive device in one axis direction within the two-dimensional plane and exposes the object. In this case, since the position of the object is set (the object is positioned) in a direction intersecting the two-dimensional plane by the adjustment device when the exposure operation is executed by the optical system, the exposure processing can be performed with high precision. Further, the position of the holding surface of the adjustment device is controlled according to the position of the object with respect to an irradiating area of the energy beam, and therefore, it becomes possible to perform the positioning of the object in the direction intersecting the two-dimensional plane, with high precision. 
     According to a fourth aspect of the present invention, there is provided a device manufacturing method, comprising: exposing the object using the object processing apparatus or the exposure apparatus of the present invention; and developing the exposed object. 
     In this case, there is provided a manufacturing method of manufacturing a flat-panel display as a device, by using a substrate for a flat-panel display as an object. The substrate for a flat-panel display includes a film-like member besides a glass substrate. 
     According to a fifth aspect of the present invention, there is provided an exposure method of forming a predetermined pattern on an object by exposing the object with an energy beam, the method comprising: driving a tabular object placed along a predetermined two-dimensional plane parallel to a horizontal plane, in at least one axis direction, within a predetermined area that includes a partial area within the two-dimensional plane, the partial area being irradiated with the energy beam via the pattern by an optical system; and holding, while changing a position in the one axis direction of a holding surface whose size is nearly the same as or smaller than the partial area, according to a position of the object with respect to the partial area, a section of the object opposed to the holding surface, from below the object in a noncontact state, and adjusting a position of the section in a direction intersecting the two-dimensional plane, when the object is driven. 
     According to a sixth aspect of the present invention, there is provided a device manufacturing method, comprising: exposing the object using the exposure method of the present invention; and developing the exposed object. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS 
       In the accompanying drawings; 
         FIG. 1  is a view schematically showing a configuration of a liquid crystal exposure apparatus of a first embodiment; 
         FIG. 2  is a plan view of a substrate stage device which the liquid crystal exposure apparatus of  FIG. 1  has; 
         FIG. 3  is a cross-sectional view taken along the line A-A of  FIG. 2 ; 
         FIG. 4  is a cross-sectional view of a fixed-point stage which the substrate stage device of  FIG. 2  has; 
         FIG. 5A  is a plan view enlargedly showing a part of a substrate holding frame which the substrate stage device of  FIG. 2  has, and  FIG. 5B  is a cross-sectional view taken along the line B-B of  FIG. 5A ; 
         FIGS. 6A to 6C  are plan views used to explain an operation of the substrate stage device when exposure processing is performed on a substrate; 
         FIGS. 7A to 7D  are plan views (No.  1 ) used to explain an operation of an air chuck unit during an exposure operation; 
         FIGS. 8A to 8D  are plan views (No.  2 ) used to explain the operation of the air chuck unit during the exposure operation; 
         FIGS. 9A and 9B  are side views used to explain an operation of the substrate stage device during the exposure operation; 
         FIG. 10  is a plan view of a substrate stage device related to a second embodiment; 
         FIG. 11  is a side view of the substrate stage device of  FIG. 10 ; 
         FIGS. 12A to 12C  are plan views used to explain an operation of an air chuck unit during an exposure operation using the substrate stage device of  FIG. 10 ; and 
         FIG. 13  is a view showing a schematic configuration of a substrate inspecting apparatus related to a third embodiment. 
     
    
    
     DESCRIPTION OF EMBODIMENTS 
     First Embodiment 
     A first embodiment of the present invention is described below, with reference to  FIGS. 1 to 9B . 
       FIG. 1  shows a schematic configuration of a liquid crystal exposure apparatus  10  related to the first embodiment, which is used in the manufacturing of flat-panel displays, e.g. liquid crystal display devices (liquid crystal panels), and the like. Liquid crystal exposure apparatus  10  is a projection exposure apparatus by a step-and-scan method, in which a rectangular glass substrate P (hereinafter, simply referred to as a substrate P) that is used for a display panel of a liquid crystal display device is an exposure subject, which is a so-called scanner. 
     As shown in  FIG. 1 , liquid crystal exposure apparatus  10  includes an illumination system IOP, a mask stage MST that holds a mask M, a projection optical system PL, a body BD on which mask stage MST and projection optical system PL described above and the like are mounted, a substrate stage device PST that holds substrate P, and their control system, and the like. In the description below, the explanation is given assuming that a direction in which mask M and substrate P are scanned relative to projection optical system PL, respectively, during exposure is an X-axis direction, a direction orthogonal to the X-axis direction within a horizontal plane is a Y-axis direction, and a direction orthogonal to the X-axis and the Y-axis is a Z-axis direction, and rotational (tilt) directions around the X-axis, Y-axis and Z-axis are θx, θy and θz directions, respectively. 
     Illumination system IOP is configured similar to the illumination system that is disclosed in, for example, U.S. Pat. No. 6,552,775 and the like. More specifically, illumination system IOP irradiates mask M with light emitted from a light source that is not illustrated (e.g. a mercury lamp), as illumination light for exposure (illumination light) IL, via a reflection mirror, a dichroic mirror, a shutter, a wavelength selecting filter, various types of lenses and the like, which are not illustrated. As illumination light IL, for example, light such as an i-line (with a wavelength of 365 nm), a g-line (with a wavelength of 436 nm) or an h-line (with a wavelength of 405 nm) (or synthetic light of the i-line, the g-line and the h-line described above) is used. Further, the wavelength of illumination light IL can be appropriately switched by the wavelength selecting filter, for example, according to the required resolution. 
     On mask stage MST, mask M having a pattern surface (the lower surface in  FIG. 1 ) on which a circuit pattern and the like are formed is fixed by, for example, vacuum adsorption (or electrostatic adsorption). Mask stage MST is supported by levitation in a noncontact state, for example, via air bearings that are not illustrated, above a pair of mask stage guides  35  fixed to the upper surface of a barrel surface plate  31  that is a part of body BD to be described later on. Mask stage MST is driven in a scan direction (the X-axis direction) with a predetermined stroke and also is finely driven in the Y-axis direction and the θz direction respectively as needed, above the pair of mask stage guides  35 , by a mask stage driving system (not illustrated) that includes, for example, a liner motor. Positional information of mask stage MST within the XY plane (which includes rotational information in the θz direction) is measured by a mask interferometer system including a laser interferometer that is not illustrated. 
     Projection optical system PL is supported below mask stage MST in  FIG. 1 , by barrel surface plate  31 . Projection optical system PL in the present embodiment has a configuration similar to the projection optical system disclosed in, for example, U.S. Pat. No. 6,552,775. More specifically, projection optical system PL includes a plurality of projection optical systems whose projection areas of a pattern image of mask M are placed in a zigzag shape (a multi-lens projection optical system), and functions equivalently to a projection optical system having a single rectangular image field with the Y-axis direction serving as its longitudinal direction. In the present embodiment, as each of the plurality of projection optical systems, for example, a both-side telecentric equal-magnification system that forms an erected normal image is used. Further, in the description below, the plurality of projection areas placed in the zigzag shape of projection optical system PL are collectively referred to as an exposure area IA (see  FIG. 2 ). 
     Therefore, when the illumination area on mask M is illuminated with illumination light IL from illumination system IOP, by illumination lights IL that has passed through mask M, a projected image (partial erected image) of a circuit pattern of mask M within the illumination area is formed, via projection optical system PL, on the irradiation area (exposure area IA) of illumination light IL, which is conjugate to the illumination area, on substrate P which is placed on the image plane side of projection optical system PL and whose surface is coated with a resist (sensitive agent). Then, by moving mask M relative to the illumination area (illumination light IL) in the scan direction (X-axis direction) and also moving substrate P relative to exposure area IA (illumination light IL) in the scan direction (X-axis direction) by synchronous drive of mask stage MST and substrate stage device PST, scanning exposure of one shot area (divided area) on substrate P is performed, and a pattern of mask M (mask pattern) is transferred onto the shot area. More specifically, in the present embodiment, a pattern of mask M is generated on substrate P by illumination system TOP and projection optical system PL, and the pattern is formed on substrate P by exposure of a sensitive layer (resist layer) on substrate P with illumination lights IL. 
     As disclosed in, for example, U.S. Patent Application Publication No 2008/0030702 and the like, body BD has barrel surface plate  31  described earlier, and a pair of support walls  32  that support the +Y side end and the −Y side end of barrel surface plate  31  from below, on a floor surface F. Each of the pair of support walls  32  is supported on floor surface F via a vibration isolation table  34  that includes, for example, an air spring, and body BD is separated from floor surface F in terms of vibration. Further, between the pair of support walls  32 , a Y beam  33  made up of a member having a rectangular sectional shape (see  FIG. 3 ) arranged extending parallel to the Y-axis is installed. Between the lower surface of Y beam  33  and the upper surface of a surface plate  12  to be described later on, a predetermined clearance (interspace/interval/gap/spatial distance) is formed. More specifically, Y beam  33  and surface plate  12  are noncontact and are separated in terms of vibration. 
     Substrate stage device PST is equipped with surface plate  12  installed on floor surface F, a fixed-point stage  40  (see  FIG. 2 ) that holds substrate P from below in a noncontact manner and adjusts the position (hereinafter, referred to as the surface position) of substrate P in at least one direction of the Z-axis direction, the θx direction and the θy direction, a plurality of air levitation units  50  installed on surface plate  12 , a substrate holding frame  60  that holds substrate P and a drive unit  70  that drives substrate holding frame  60  in the X-axis direction and the Y-axis direction (along the XY plane). 
     As shown in  FIG. 2 , surface plate  12  is made up of a member having a rectangular plate shape whose longitudinal direction is in the X-axis direction in a planar view (when viewed from the +Z side). 
     As shown in  FIG. 2 , fixed-point stage  40  is placed at a position that is slightly on the −X side from the center on surface plate  12 . Further, as shown in  FIG. 4 , fixed-point stage  40  is equipped with a weight canceller  42  mounted on Y beam  33 , a chuck member  84  (a part of an air chuck unit  80  to be described later on) supported by weight canceller  42 , an actuator used to drive the chuck member in a direction intersecting the XY plane, for example, a plurality of Z voice coil motors  38  (hereinafter, shortly referred to as Z-VCMs  38 ), and the like. Incidentally, the illustration of the plurality of air levitation units  50 , substrate holding frame  60 , drive unit  70  and the like is omitted in  FIG. 4 , in order to prevent intricacy of the drawing. 
     Weight canceller  42  is equipped with a case  43 , for example, fixed to Y beam  33 , an air spring  44  housed in the lowermost section inside case  43 , and a Z slider  45  supported by air spring  44 . Case  43  is made up of a cylinder-like member having a bottom which is opened on the +Z side. Air spring  44  has a bellows  44   a  made up of a hollow member formed with a rubber-based material, and a pair of plates  44   b  (e.g. metal plates) parallel to the XY plane that are placed on (on the +Z side of) and under (on the −Z side of) bellows  44   a . The inside of bellows  44   a  is set to be a positive pressure space whose pressure is higher compared with the outside, because a gas is supplied from a gas supplying device that is not illustrated. Weight canceller  42  reduces the load on the plurality of Z-VCMs  38  by cancelling out the weight (a downward (the −Z direction) force owing to the gravitational acceleration) of substrate P, chuck member  84 , Z slider  45  and the like, with an upward (the +Z direction) force generated by air spring  44 . 
     Z slider  45  is made up of a columnar member arranged extending parallel to the Z-axis whose lower end is fixed to plate  44   b  placed on the +Z side of air spring  44 . Z slider  45  is connected to the inner wall surface of case  43  via a plurality of parallel plate springs  46 . Parallel plate spring  46  has a pair of plate springs parallel to the XY plane that are placed apart in the vertical direction. Parallel plate springs  46  connect Z slider  45  and case  43  at, for example, four positions in total which are on the +X side, the −X side, the +Y side and the −Y side of the Z slider (the parallel plate springs on the +Y side and the −Y side of Z slider  45  are not illustrated). While relative movement of Z slider  45  with respect to case  43  in directions parallel to the XY plane is restricted owing to the stiffness (extensional stiffness) of the respective parallel plate springs  46 , Z slider  45  can be relatively moved with a minute stroke with respect to case  43  in the Z-axis direction owing to the flexibility of the respective parallel plate springs  46 . Consequently, Z slider  45  vertically moves with respect to Y beam  33  by the pressure of the gas within bellows  44   a  being adjusted. Incidentally, a member that generates an upward force used to cancel the weight of substrate P is not limited to the air spring (bellows) described above, but can be an air cylinder, a coil spring, or the like. Further, as a member that restricts the position of the Z slider within the XY plane, for example, a noncontact thrust bearing (e.g. a static gas bearing such as an air bearing) whose bearing surface is opposed to the side surface of the Z slider, or the like can also be used (refer to PCT International Publication No. 2008/129762 (the corresponding U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2010/0018950)). 
     As shown in  FIG. 4 , air chuck unit  80  is equipped with chuck member  84  that holds by adsorption a part of substrate P in a noncontact manner from the lower surface side, a drive unit  90  that drives chuck member  84  in the X-axis direction, and a guide plate  91  that guides movement of chuck member  84 . Chuck member  84  includes a chuck main body  81  and a base  82  integrally fixed to the lower surface of chuck main body  81 . Chuck main body  81  is made up of a rectangular parallelepiped member that is low in a height direction (of a thin type), and its upper surface (the surface on the +Z side) is rectangular whose longitudinal direction is in the Y-axis direction in a planar view (see  FIG. 2 ). The area size of the upper surface of chuck main body  81  is set larger than exposure area IA, and especially the size in the X-axis direction that is the scan direction is set longer than the size of exposure area IA in the X-axis direction. 
     Chuck main body  81  has a plurality of gas jetting ports, which are not illustrated, on its upper surface, and supports substrate P by levitation by jetting a gas supplied from a gas supplying device that is not illustrated, for example, high-pressure air toward the lower surface of substrate P. Furthermore, chuck main body  81  has a plurality of gas suctioning ports, which are not illustrated, on the upper surface. A gas suctioning device (vacuum device) that is not illustrated is connected to chuck main body  81 , and the gas suctioning device suctions a gas between the upper surface of chuck main body  81  and the lower surface of substrate P via the gas suctioning ports of chuck main body  81 , and generates the negative pressure between chuck main body  81  and substrate P. Chuck member  84  holds substrate P by adsorption in a noncontact manner using a balance between the pressure of the gas jetted from chuck main body  81  to the lower surface of substrate P and the negative pressure generated when the gas between chuck main body  81  and the lower surface of substrate P is suctioned. In this manner, since chuck member  84  places so-called preload on substrate P, the stiffness of the gas (air) membrane formed between chuck main body  81  and substrate P can be increased, and accordingly, even if substrate P has deformation or warpage, a part of substrate P can surely be redressed along the upper surface (substrate holding surface) of chuck main body  81 . However, chuck main body  81  does not restrict the position of substrate P within the XY plane, and therefore, substrate P can move relative to illumination light IL (see  FIG. 1 ) in the X-axis direction (scan direction) and the Y-axis direction (step direction) even if substrate P is in a state held by adsorption by chuck main body  81 . 
     Now, as shown in  FIG. 5B , in this embodiment, the flow rate and the pressure of the gas jetted from the upper surface of chuck main body  81  and the flow rate and the pressure of the gas suctioned by the gas suctioning device are set such that a distance Da (clearance (interspace/interval/gap/spatial distance)) between the upper surface (substrate holding surface) of chuck main body  81  and the lower surface of substrate P is, for example, around 0.02 mm. Incidentally, the gas jetting ports and the gas suctioning ports can be formed by the mechanical processing, or the chuck main body  81  is formed with a porous material and its holes can be used as the gas jetting ports and the gas suctioning ports. The details of the configuration and the functions of this type of the air chuck member (vacuum preload air bearing) are disclosed in, for example, PCT International Publication No. 2008/121561 and the like. 
     Referring back to  FIG. 4 , base  82  is made up of a plate-shaped member. Base  82  has a static gas bearing that is not illustrated, for example, an air bearing on its lower surface, and jets a gas, for example, air to the upper surface of a guide plate  91  to be described later. Owing to the stiffness of a gas membrane formed between base  82  and guide plate  91 , a constant clearance (interspace/interval/gap/spatial distance) is formed between the lower surface of base  82  and the upper surface of guide plate  91 . 
     A drive unit  90  that drives chuck member  84  in the X-axis direction has support posts  92  each one of which is placed on the +X side and the −X side of Y beam  33 , each one pair of pulleys  93  (see  FIG. 7A ) that are respectively arranged in the vicinity of the upper end and the lower end of the respective support posts  92  (at four positions in total), and two drive belts  94  (see  FIG. 7A ). Each of the pair of support posts  92  is made up of a columnar member arranged extending parallel to the Z-axis and has the −Z side end that is connected to surface plate  12 . Pulleys  93  being paired are placed at a predetermined distance in the Y-axis direction (see  FIG. 7A ). Each of pulleys  93  being paired is supported so as to be rotatable around a shaft  95  that is parallel to the Y-axis. To shaft  95  that supports the pair of pulleys  93  on the +X side located on the −Z side, a drive device, for example, an electric motor  96 , used to rotate the shaft  95  is connected. Electric motor  96  is controlled by a main controller that is not illustrated. 
     The two drive belts  94  are placed parallel to each other at a predetermined distance in the Y-axis direction (see  FIG. 7A ). One end of each of the two drive belts  94  is connected to the side surface on the +X side of base  82 . Further, the mid portion of each of the two drive belts  94  is wrapped around pulley  93  on the +X side located on the +Z side, pulley  93  on the +X side located on the −Z side, pulley  93  on the −X side located on the −Z side, and pulley  93  on the −X side located on the +Z side, in the order starting from the side of the one end, while the other end of each of the two drive belts  94  is fixed to the side surface on the −X side of base  82 . Of the pair of drive belts  94 , a portion stretched between the pair of pulleys  93  on the +X side located on the −Z side and the pair of pulleys  93  on the −X side located on the −Z side passes below Y beam  33 . 
     Consequently, when pulley  93  on the +X side located on the side is rotated by the electric motor, chuck member  84  is towed by drive belt  94  owing to a frictional force generated between the pulley  93  and drive belt  94 , and integrally moves in the +X direction or the −X direction. Open-loop control of the position of chuck member  84  is performed by the main controller that is not illustrated, based on the number of rotations of the pulley  93  for shaft  95 ) that is measured using, for example, a rotary encoder or the like. Incidentally, the configuration of the drive device used to drive chuck member  84  in the X-axis direction is not limited thereto, but the chuck member can be driven by a drive device that includes a feed screw mechanism or a rack-and-pinion mechanism, or a liner motor. Further, the chuck member can be towed using, for example, a rope or the like, in place of the drive belt described above. 
     In the center of the lower surface of guide plate  91 , a static gas bearing having a semispherical shaped bearing surface, e.g., a spherical air bearing  83  is fixed. Spherical air bearing  83  is fitted into a concave section  45   a  formed on the end surface on the +Z side (upper surface) of Z slider  45 . Accordingly, guide plate  91  is supported, by Z slider  45 , swingably with respect XY plane (rotatably in the θx and θy directions). As described earlier, a constant clearance (interspace/interval/gap/spatial distance) is formed between guide plate  91  and chuck member  84  (base  82 ), and therefore, when guide plate  91  swings with respect to the XY plane, chuck member  84  slides integrally with guide plate  91  with respect to XY plane. Incidentally, as a structure that supports guide plate  91  swingably with respect to the XY plane, a quasi-spherical bearing structure that uses a plurality of air pads (air bearings) that is disclosed in, for example, PCT International Publication No. 2008/129762 can also be employed, or an elastic hinge device can also be used. 
     One each of a plurality, four in this embodiment, of Z-VCMs  38  is arranged on the +X side, the −X side, the +Y side and the −Y side of weight canceller  42  (as for Z-VCM  38  on the −Y side, see  FIG. 3 , and the illustration of the Z-VCM on the +Y side is omitted). The four Z-VCMs  38  have the same configuration and functions except that their setting positions are different. Each of the four Z-VCMs  38  includes a Z stator  47  fixed to a base frame  85  installed on surface plate  12  and a Z mover  48  fixed to the lower surface of guide plate  91 . 
     Base frame  85  includes a main section  85   a  made up of a plate-shaped member formed so as to have an annular shape in a planar view and a plurality of leg sections  85   b  that support main section  85   a  from below on surface plate  12 . Main section  85   a  is placed above Y beam  33  and weight canceller  42  is inserted in an opening section formed in the center portion of main section  85   a . Therefore, main section  85   a  is noncontact with each of Y beam  33  and weight canceller  42 . Each of the plurality (three or more, in this case) of leg sections  85   b  is made up of a member arranged extending parallel to the Z-axis, and the +Z side end of leg section  85   b  is connected to main section  85   a  and the −Z side end is fixed to surface plate  12 . The plurality of leg section  85   b  are respectively inserted in a plurality of through-holes  33   a , which are formed in Y beam  33  so as to respectively correspond to the plurality of leg sections  85   b  and which penetrate in the Z-axis direction, and the plurality of leg section  85   b  are noncontact with Y beam  33 . 
     Z mover  48  is made up of a member having an inverse U-like sectional shape and has a magnetic unit  49  including magnets on each of a pair of opposed surfaces. Meanwhile, Z stator  47  has a coil unit including coils (the illustration is omitted) and the coil unit is inserted between a pair of magnetic units  49 . The magnitude, the direction and the like of the electric current supplied to the coils of Z stator  47  are controlled by the main controller that is not illustrated, and when the electric current is supplied to the coils of the coil unit, Z mover  48  (i.e. guide plate  91 ) is driven with respect to Z stator  47  (i.e. base frame  85 ) in the Z-axis direction by the electromagnetic force (Lorentz force) generated by the electromagnetic interaction between the coil unit and the magnetic unit. The main controller, which is not illustrated, drives (vertically moves) guide plate  91  in the Z-axis direction by synchronously controlling the four Z-VCMs  38 . Further, the main controller swings guide plate  91  in arbitrary directions with respect to the XY plane (drives guide plate  91  in the θx direction and the θy direction) by appropriately controlling the magnitude, the direction and the like of the electric current supplied to each of the coils that the four Z stators  47  have. With this operation, fixed-point stage  40  adjusts at least one of the position in the Z-axis direction and the positions in the θx and the θy directions of the portion, held by chuck member  84  (chuck main body  81 ), of substrate P. Incidentally, while each of the Z-axis VCM in the present embodiment is a voice coil motor by a moving magnet type in which the mover has the magnetic unit, this is not intended to be limiting, and each of the VCMs can be a voice coil motor by a moving coil type in which the mover has the coil unit. Further, the drive method can be drive methods other than the Lorentz force drive method. 
     In this case, since Z stator  47  of each of the four Z-VCMs  38  is mounted on base frame  85 , the reaction force of the drive force, which acts on Z stator  47  when guide plate  91  is driven in the Z-axis direction or the θx and the θy directions using the four Z-VCMs  38 , is not transmitted to Y beam  33 . Consequently, when guide plate  91  is driven using Z-VCMs  38 , the operation of weight canceller  42  is not affected at all. Further, because the reaction force of the drive force is not transmitted to body BD that has Y beam  33  as well, the reaction force of the drive force does not affect projection optical system PL and the like when guide plate  91  is driven using Z-VCMs  38 . Incidentally, the number of Z-VCMs  38  can be three if the three Z-VCMs are arranged, for example, at three noncollinear positions, because the Z-VCMs only should vertically move guide plate  91  along the Z-axis direction and swing guide plate  91  in arbitrary directions with respect to the XY plane. 
     Positional information of guide plate  91  that is driven by Z-VCMs  38  is obtained using a plurality, e.g. four in the embodiment, of Z sensors  86 . One each of Z sensors  86  is arranged on the +X side, the −X side, the +Y side and the −Y side of weight canceller  42  so as to correspond to the four Z-VCMs  38  (the illustration of the Z sensors on the +Y side and on the −Y side is omitted). Accordingly, in the present embodiment, the drive point (the point of action of the drive force) by the Z-VCMs on a driven object (in this case, guide plate  91 ) that is driven by the Z-VCMs and the measurement points by Z sensors  86  are made to be closely arranged, and thereby the stiffness of the driven object between the measurement points and the drive point is increased, which increases the controllability of Z sensors  86 . More specifically, Z sensors  86  output the accurate measurement values that correspond to the drive distance by the driven object, thereby aiming at decreasing the positioning time. It is desirable for Z sensors  86  to have a short sampling period, from the viewpoint of increasing the controllability. 
     The four Z sensors  86  are substantially the same sensors. Z sensor  86  configures, together with a target  87  fixed to the lower surface of guide plate  91 , a position sensor by, for example, a capacitance method (or an eddy current method) that obtains the positional information of guide plate  91  in the Z-axis direction with Y beam  33  serving as a reference. Since the distance between the upper surface of guide plate  91  and the lower surface of base  82  is constant as described earlier, the main controller, which is not illustrated, can constantly obtain positional information of chuck member  84  in the Z-axis direction and each of the θx and θy directions based on the outputs of the four Z sensors  86 , and controls the position of the upper surface of chuck member  84  by appropriately controlling the four Z-VCMs  38  based on the measurement values. In this case, the final position of chuck member  84  is controlled such that the upper surface of substrate P that passes close to above air chuck unit  80  is constantly at the focal position height of projection optical system PL. While monitoring the position of the upper surface (the surface position) of substrate P with a surface position measuring system (autofocus device) that is not illustrated, the main controller, which is not illustrated, drives and controls chuck member  84  using the positional information from Z sensors  86  that have high controllability such that the upper surface of substrate P is constantly located within a depth of focus of projection optical system PL (such that projection optical system PL is focused on the upper surface of substrate P at all times). In this case, the surface position measuring system (autofocus device) has a plurality of measurement points whose positions in the Y-axis direction are different within exposure area IA. For example, at least one measurement point is placed in each projection area. In this case, the plurality of measurement points are placed in two rows spaced apart in the X-axis direction, in accordance with the zigzag-shaped placement of the plurality of projection areas. Consequently, based on the measurement values of the plurality of measurement points (the surface positions), the pitching amount (θy rotation) and the rolling amount (θx rotation) of substrate P can be obtained, in addition to the Z-position of the substrate P surface of exposure area IA portion. Further, the surface position measuring system can have a measurement point on the outer side of exposure area IA in the Y-axis direction (non-scan direction), separately from or in addition to the plurality of measurement points. In this case, by using the measurement values of the two measurement points located outermost in the Y-axis direction that include the measurement point located on the outer side, it becomes possible to more accurately obtain the rolling amount (θx rotation). Further, the surface position measuring system can have another measurement point at a position slightly away in the X-axis direction (scan direction) on the outer side of exposure area IA. In this case, so-called read-ahead control of focus/leveling of substrate P becomes possible. Besides, instead of or in addition to the plurality of measurement points at least one of which is placed in each projection area, the surface position measuring system can have a plurality of measurement points disposed in the Y-axis direction at positions away from exposure area IA in the X-axis direction (scan direction) (the placement area of such plurality of measurement points corresponds to the position of exposure area IA in the Y-axis direction). In such a case, it becomes possible to perform the focus mapping that acquires the distribution of surface positions of substrate P in advance, prior to exposure start, for example, during alignment measurement. During the exposure, the focus/leveling control of substrate P is performed using information obtained in the focus mapping. The focus mapping of a substrate and focus/leveling control of the substrate during exposure using the information of the focus mapping are disclosed in detail in, for example, U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2008/0088843 and the like. 
     Incidentally, the number of the Z sensors can be three if the three Z sensors are arranged, for example, at three noncollinear positions, because the Z sensors only should obtain positional information of guide plate  91  in the Z-axis direction and each of the θx and θy directions. 
     The plurality of air levitation units  50  (e.g. 34 units in this embodiment) prevent the vibration from the outside from being transmitted to substrate P, preventing substrate P from deforming (bending) and breaking because of the self weight, restraining occurrence of size error in each of the X and Y directions (or positional deviation within the XI plane) of substrate P that is caused by bending of substrate P in the Z-axis direction because of the self weight, and so on, by supporting substrate P (in this case, excluding the portion held by fixed-point stage  40  described previously) from below in a noncontact manner such that substrate P is maintained roughly parallel to a horizontal plane. 
     The plurality of air levitation units  50  have substantially the same functions except for their placement positions or sizes are different. In the present embodiment, as shown in  FIG. 2 , for example, one each of air levitation unit  50  is placed on the +Y side and the −Y side of fixed-point stage  40 , and two rows of air levitation unit rows, each of which is composed of, for example, eight air levitation units  50  disposed at an equal distance along the I-axis direction, are placed at a predetermined distance along the X-axis direction on each of the +X side and the −X side of fixed-point stage  40 . More specifically, the plurality of air levitation units  50  are placed so as to enclose the periphery of fixed-point stage  40 . In the description below, the explanation is given assuming that the four rows of the air levitation unit rows are referred to as the first to fourth rows starting from the −X side for the sake for convenience, and the eight air levitation units that configure each air levitation unit row are referred to as the first to eighth units starting from the −Y side for the sake for convenience. Incidentally, although the fourth and fifth air levitation units  50  that configure the second and third air levitation unit rows are smaller compared with the other air levitation units  50 , the capability (e.g. the air jetting amount per unit area) of the fourth and fifth air levitation units  50  is the same as that of the other air levitation units  50 . 
     As shown in  FIG. 3 , each of air levitation units  50  includes, for example, a main section  51  that jets a gas (e.g. air) to the lower surface of substrate P, a support section  52  that supports main section  51  from below, and a plurality of, e.g. a pair of, leg sections  53  that support support section  52  from below on surface plate  12 . Main section  51  is made up of a member having a rectangular parallelepiped shape and has a plurality of gas jetting ports on its upper surface (the surface on the +Z side). Main section  51  supports substrate P by levitation by jetting the gas (air) toward the lower surface of substrate P, and guides movement of substrate P when substrate P moves along the XY plane. The upper surface of each of the plurality of air levitation units  50  is located on the same XY plane. Incidentally, the air levitation unit can be configured such that the gas is supplied from a gas supplying device, which is not illustrated, arranged outside, or the air levitation unit itself can have a blower, e.g. a fan or the like. In this embodiment, as shown in  FIG. 5B , the pressure and the flow rate of the gas jetted from main section  51  are set such that a distance Db (clearance (interspace/interval/gap/spatial distance)) between the upper surface (air jetting surface) of main section  51  and the lower surface of substrate P is, for example, around 0.8 mm. Incidentally, the gas jetting ports can be formed by the mechanical processing or the main section is formed with a porous material and its holes can be used as the gas jetting ports. 
     Support section  52  is made up of a plate-shaped member having a rectangular shape in a planar view, and its lower surface is supported by the pair of leg sections  53 . Incidentally, the leg sections of a pair (two) of air levitation units  50  placed on the side and the −Y side of fixed-point stage  40 , respectively, are configured so as not to come in contact with Y beam  33  (e.g. the leg sections are each formed into an inverse U-like shape and placed astride Y beam  33 ). Incidentally, the number and the placement of a plurality of the air levitation units are not limited to those described above as an examples, and for example, the number and the placement can appropriately be changed in accordance with, for example, the size, shape, weight and movable range of substrate P or the capability of each air levitation unit, or the like. Further, the shape of the support surface (gas jetting surface) of each of the air levitation units, the distance between the adjacent air levitation units and the like are also not limited in particular. The point is that the air levitation units should be placed so as to cover the entire area of a movable range where substrate P can move (or an area slightly larger than the movable range). 
     As shown in  FIG. 2 , substrate holding frame  60  is formed into a frame shape having a rectangular outer shape (contour) with the X-axis direction serving as its longitudinal direction in a planar view. Substrate holding frame  60  has a pair of X frame members  61   x , each of which is a tabular member parallel to the XY plane with the X-axis direction serving as its longitudinal direction, at a predetermined distance in the Y-axis direction, and the +X side ends of the pair of X frame members  61   x  are connected and the −X side ends of the pair of X frame members  61   x  are connected, respectively, by a Y frame member  61   y  that is a tabular member parallel to the XY plane with the Y-axis direction serving as its longitudinal direction. It is preferable from the viewpoint of securement of stiffness and reduction in weight that each of the pair of X frame members  61   x  and a pair of Y frame members  61   y  is formed with a fiber reinforcing synthetic resin material such as GFRP (Glass Fiber Reinforced Plastics) or ceramics. 
     On the upper surface of X frame member  61   x  on the −Y side, a Y movable mirror  62   y  having a reflection surface orthogonal to the Y-axis on its Y-side surface is fixed. And, on the upper surface of Y frame member  61   y  on the −X side, an X movable mirror  62   x  having a reflection surface orthogonal to the X-axis on its −X side surface is fixed. Positional information within the XY plane (including rotational information in the θz direction) of substrate holding frame  60  (i.e. substrate P) is constantly detected at a resolution of, for example, around 0.25 nm with a laser interferometer system that includes a plurality, e.g. two, of X laser interferometers  63   x  that irradiate the reflection surface of X movable mirror  52   x  with measurement beams and a plurality, e.g. two, of Y laser interferometers  63   y  that irradiate the reflection surface of movable mirror  62   y  with measurement beams. X laser interferometers  63   x  and Y laser interferometers  63   y  are fixed to body BD (not illustrated in  FIG. 3 , see  FIG. 1 ) via predetermined fixing members  64   x  and  64   y , respectively. Incidentally, the number of X laser interferometers  63   x  and the distance therebetween, and the number of Y laser interferometers  63   y  and the distance therebetween are set such that the measurement beam from at least one interferometer of the respective interferometers is irradiated on the corresponding movable mirror within the movable range where substrate holding frame  60  is movable. Consequently, the number of the respective interferometers is not limited to two, but for example, can be one or three or more, depending on the movement stroke of the substrate holding frame. Further, in the case of using a plurality of measurement beams, it is also possible that a plurality of optical systems are provided and the light source and the control unit are shared by the plurality of measurement beams. 
     Substrate holding frame  60  has a plurality, e.g. four, of holding units  65  that hold the end (the outer peripheral portion) of substrate P by vacuum adsorption from below. Two each of the four holding units  65  are attached to the opposed surfaces of the pair of X frame members  61   x  that are opposed to each other, so as to be spaced apart in the X-axis direction. Incidentally, the number and the placement of the holding units are not limited to those described above, but the extra holding units) can be added as needed, for example, in accordance with the size and the vulnerability to bending of a substrate, and the like. Further, the holding units can be attached to the Y frame members. 
     As can be seen from  FIGS. 5A and 53 , holding unit  65  has a hand  66  that is formed so as to have an L-like YZ sectional shape. On a substrate mounting surface section of hand  66 , an adsorption pad  67  used to hold substrate P by adsorption, for example, by vacuum adsorption is arranged. Further, on the upper end of hand  66 , a joint member  68  is arranged, to which one end of a tube (the illustration is omitted) is connected while the other end of the tube is connected to a vacuum device that is not illustrated. Adsorption pad  67  and joint member  68  communicate with each other via a piping member arranged inside hand  66 . On each of the surface of hand  66  and the surface of X frame member  61   x  that are opposed to each other, a protrusion section  69   a  that protrudes is formed, and between a pair of protrusion sections  69   a  that are opposed to each other, a pair of plate springs  69  that are parallel to the XI plane and spaced apart in the Z-axis direction are installed via a plurality of bolts  69   b . More specifically, hand  66  and X frame member  61   x  are connected by the parallel plate springs. Consequently, the position of hand  66  is restricted in the X-axis direction and the Y-axis direction with respect to X frame member  61   x  owing to the stiffness of plate springs  69 , and on the other hand, regarding the Z-axis direction (vertical direction), hand  66  can be displaced in the Z-axis direction (can vertically move) without rotating in the θx direction owing to the elasticity of plate springs  69 . 
     In this case, the lower end surface (−Z side end surface) of hand  66  protrudes on the −Z side, below the lower end surface (−Z side end surface) of each of the pair of X frame members  61   x  and the pair of Y frame members  61   y . However, a thickness T of the substrate mounting surface section of hand  66  is set less (e.g. set to around 0.5 mm) than distance Db (e.g. around 0.8 mm in the present embodiment) between the gas jetting surfaces of air levitation units  50  and the lower surface of substrate P. Therefore, a clearance (interspace/interval/gap/spatial distance) of, for example, around 0.3 mm is formed between the lower surface of the substrate mounting surface section of hand  66  and the upper surfaces of the plurality of air levitation units  50 , and when substrate holding frame  60  moves parallel to the XY plane above the plurality of air levitation units  50 , hand  66  and air levitation units  50  do not come in contact. Incidentally, as shown in  FIGS. 6A to 6C , during an exposure operation of substrate P, hand  66  does not passes above fixed-point stage  40 , and therefore, hand  66  and chuck member  84  do not come in contact as well. Incidentally, the substrate mounting surface section of hand  66  has a low stiffness in the Z-axis direction because the substrate mounting surface section is thin as described above, but the area size of a portion that comes in contact with substrate P (flat portion parallel to the XY plane) can be increased, and accordingly the adsorption pad can be increased in size, which improves the adsorption force of the substrate. Further, the stiffness of the hand itself in directions parallel to the XY plane can be secured. 
     As shown in  FIG. 3 , drive unit  70  has a pair of X guides  71  fixed on surface plate  12 , a pair of X movable sections  72  (the illustration of the X movable section on the −Y side is omitted) that are respectively mounted on the pair of X guides  71  and are movable in the X-axis direction on X guides  71 , a Y guide  73  installed over the pair of X movable sections  72 , and a Y movable section  74  that is mounted on Y guide  73  and is movable in the Y-axis direction on Y guide  73 . Y frame member  61   y  on the +X side of substrate holding frame  60  is fixed to Y movable section  74 , as shown in  FIGS. 2 and 3 . 
     The pair of X guides  71  are substantially the same guides except that their placement positions are different. The pair of X guides  71  are placed at a predetermined distance in the Y-axis direction in an area on the +X side from Y beam  33 , as shown in  FIG. 2 . One X guide  71  (on the −Y side) is placed between the second air levitation units  50  and the third air levitation units  50  that configure the third and the fourth air levitation unit rows, and the other X guide  71  (on the +Y side) is placed between the sixth air levitation units  50  and the seventh air levitation units  50  that configure the third and the fourth air levitation unit rows. Further, each of X guides  71  extends on the +X side beyond the fourth air levitation unit row. Incidentally, in  FIG. 3 , from the viewpoint of preventing intricacy of the drawing, the illustration of air levitation units  50  is partially omitted. Each of the pair of X guides  71  has a main section  71   a  made up of a plate-shaped member parallel to the XZ plane with the X-axis direction serving as its longitudinal direction and a plurality, e.g. three, of support tables  71   b  that support main section  71   a  on surface plate  12  (see  FIG. 1 ). The position in the Z-axis direction of main section  71   a  is set such that the upper surface of main section  71   a  is located lower than the respective support sections  52  of the plurality of air levitation units  50 . 
     On each of the side surface on the +Y side, the side surface on the −Y side and the upper surface (the surface on the +Z side) of main section  71   a , as shown in  FIG. 1 , an X linear guide  75  arranged extending parallel to the X-axis direction is fixed. Further, on each of the side surface on the +Y side and the side surface on the −Y side of main section  71   a , a magnetic unit  76  including a plurality of magnets disposed along the X-axis direction is fixed (see  FIG. 3 ). 
     As shown in  FIG. 1 , each of the pair of X movable sections  72  is made up of a member having an inverse U-like YZ sectional shape, and X guide  71  described earlier is inserted between a pair of opposed surfaces of the member. On each of the inner side surfaces (the ceiling surface and the pair of opposed surfaces that are opposed to each other) of each of the pair of X movable sections  72 , a slider  77  formed so as to have a U-like sectional shape is fixed. Slider  77  has a rolling element (e.g. a ball, a skid or the like) that is not illustrated, and is engaged with (fitted into) X linear guide  75  in a slidable state with respect to X linear guide  75 . Further, on each of the pair of opposed surfaces of X movable section  72 , a coil unit  78  including coils is fixed so as to be opposed to magnetic unit  76  fixed to X guide  71 . A pair of coil units  78  configure an X linear motor by the electromagnetic force (Lorentz force) drive method that drives X movable section  72  in the X-axis direction on X guide  71  owing to the electromagnetic interaction with a pair of magnetic units  76 . The magnitude, the direction and the like of the electric current supplied to the coils of coil units  78  are controlled by the main controller that is not illustrated. Positional information of X movable section  72  in the X-axis direction is measured by a linear encoder system or an interferometer system, which is not illustrated, with high precision. 
     On the upper surface of each of the pair of X movable sections  72 , one end (lower end) of a shaft  79  parallel to the Z-axis is fixed. As shown in  FIG. 1 , shaft  79  on the −Y side passes between the second air levitation unit  50  and the third air levitation unit  50  that configure the fourth air levitation unit row (or the third air levitation unit row, depending on the position of X movable section  72 ) and extends on the +Z side beyond the upper surfaces (gas jetting surfaces) of the respective air levitation units  50 . And, shaft  79  on the +Y side passes between the sixth air levitation unit  50  and the seventh air levitation unit  50  that configure the fourth air levitation unit row (or the third air levitation unit row, depending on the position of X movable section  72 ). The other end (upper end) of each of a pair of shafts  79  is fixed to the lower surface of Y guide  73  (see  FIG. 3 ). Consequently, Y guide  73  is placed higher than the upper surfaces of air levitation units  50 . Y guide  73  is made up of a plate-shaped member width the Y-axis direction serving as its longitudinal direction, and has a magnetic unit, which is not illustrated, including a plurality of magnets disposed along the Y-axis direction inside thereof. In this case, as shown in  FIG. 3 , since Y guide  73  is placed above the plurality of air levitation units  50 , the lower surface of Y guide  73  is supported by the air jetted from air levitation units  50 , and accordingly, for example, the both ends of Y guide  73  in the Y-axis direction are prevented from bending downward because of the self weight, when the exposure processing or the like is performed on substrate P. Consequently, the stiffness to prevent the downward bending referred to above needs not be secured, which allows the reduction in weight of Y guide  73 . 
     As shown in  FIG. 3 , X movable section  74  is made up of a box-shaped member having a space inside and being small in height direction size (thin), and on the lower surface of Y movable section  74 , an opening section that allows shaft  79  to pass through is formed. Further, Y movable section  74  has an opening section on the side surfaces on the +Y side and the −Y side as well, and Y guide  73  is inserted into Y movable section  74  via the opening sections. Further, Y movable section  74  has noncontact thrust bearings, which are not illustrated, e.g., air bearings on the opposed surfaces opposed to Y guide  73 , and Y movable section  74  is movable in the Y-axis direction above X guide  73  in a noncontact state. Since substrate holding frame  60  to hold substrate P is fixed to Y movable section  74 , substrate holding frame  60  is in a noncontact state with respect to fixed-point stage  40  described previously and each of the plurality of air levitation units  50 . 
     Further, Y movable section  74  has a coil unit including coils (the illustration is omitted) inside thereof. The coil unit configures a Y linear motor by the electromagnetic force drive method that drives Y movable section  74  in the Y-axis direction above Y guide  73  owing to the electromagnetic interaction with the magnetic unit that Y guide  73  has. The magnitude, the direction and the like of the electric current supplied to the coils of the coil unit are controlled by the main controller that is not illustrated. Positional information of Y movable section  74  in the Y-axis direction is measured by a linear encoder system or an interferometer system, which is not illustrated, with high precision. Incidentally, each of the X linear motor and the Y linear motor described above is either of the moving magnet type or the moving coil type, and the drive method is not limited to the Lorentz force drive method but can be other methods such as a variable magnetoresistance drive method. Further, as a drive device that drives the X movable section described above in the X-axis direction and a drive device that drives the Y movable section described above in the Y-axis direction, for example, a uniaxial drive device that includes a ball screw, a rack-and-pinion or the like can be used, or a device that tows the X movable section and the Y movable section in the X-axis direction and the I-axis direction, respectively, using a wire, a belt or the like. 
     Besides, exposure apparatus  10  has a surface position measuring system (the illustration is omitted) that measures surface position information (positional information in each of the Z-axis, θx and θy directions) of the surface (upper surface) of substrate P located directly under projection optical system PL. As the surface position measuring system, the one by an oblique incidence method as disclosed in, for example, U.S. Pat. No. 5,448,332 and the like can be used. 
     In liquid crystal exposure apparatus  10  (see  FIG. 1 ) configured as described above, under control of the main controller that is not illustrated, mask M is loaded onto mask stage MST by a mask loader that is not illustrated and substrate P is loaded onto substrate stage device PST by a substrate loader that is not illustrated. After that, the main controller executes alignment measurement using an alignment detection system that is not illustrated, and after the alignment measurement is completed, an exposure operation by a step-and-scan method is performed. 
       FIGS. 6A to 6C  show an example of an operation of substrate stage device PST during the exposure operation referred to above. Note that in the description below, the case of so-called two displays on a single substrate is described where one each of a rectangular shot area whose longitudinal direction is in the X-axis direction is set in an area on the +Y side and an area on the −Y side of substrate P. As shown in  FIG. 6A , the exposure operation is performed from an area on the −Y side located on the −X side of substrate P toward an area on the −Y side located on the +X side of substrate P. On this operation, X movable section  72  (see the drawings such as  FIG. 1 ) of drive unit  70  is driven in the −X direction on X guide  71 , and thereby substrate P is driven in the −X direction (see a black arrow in  FIG. 6A ) with respect to exposure area IA and a scan operation (exposure operation) is performed on the area on the −Y side of substrate P. Subsequently, on substrate stage device PST, as sown in  FIG. 6B , Y movable section  74  of drive unit  70  is driven in the −Y direction (see a white arrow in  FIG. 6B ) above Y guide  73 , and thereby a step operation is performed. Note that in  FIG. 6B , while the view is shown in which the step operation is performed in a state where substrate P is located in exposure area IA in order to facilitate understanding of the step operation, the step operation in practice is performed in a state where substrate P is located on the further −X side than the state shown in  FIG. 6B . After that, as shown in  FIG. 6C , X movable section  72  (see the drawings such as  FIG. 1 ) of drive unit  70  is driven in the +X direction on X guide  71 , and thereby substrate P is driven in the +X direction (see a black arrow in  FIG. 6C ) with respect to exposure area IA and a scan operation (exposure operation) is performed on the area on the +Y side of substrate P. 
     In the middle of the exposure operation by a step-and-scan method shown in  FIGS. 6A to 6C , the main controller constantly measures positional information of substrate P within the XY plane and surface position information of a portion subject to exposure on the substrate surface using the interferometer system and the surface position measuring system, and appropriately controls the four Z-VCMs  38  based on the measurement values, thereby adjusting (positioning) the surface position (the position in the Z-axis direction and each of the θx and θy directions) of the section held by fixed-point stage  40 , i.e. of the portion subject to exposure that is located directly under projection optical system PL such that the surface position is located within a depth of focus of projection optical system PL. Accordingly, in substrate stage device PST that liquid crystal exposure apparatus  10  of the present embodiment has, for example, even if the surface of substrate P has undulation or substrate P has error in thickness, the surface position of the portion subject to exposure of substrate P can surely be located within a depth of focus of projection optical system PL, which makes it possible to improve the exposure accuracy. 
     In this case, in substrate stage device PST, as described earlier, the position of chuck main body  81  (chuck member  84 ) of air chuck unit  80  of fixed-point stage  40  is variable in the X-axis direction. The main controller, which is not illustrated, controls the position in the X-axis direction of chuck main body  81  (chuck member  84 ) according to the position of substrate P during the exposure operation. In the description below, an example of an operation of air chuck unit  80  is specifically explained using  FIGS. 7A to 8C . Incidentally, in  FIGS. 7A to 8C , in order to prevent intricacy of the drawings, the illustration of the plurality of air levitation units  50 , substrate holding frame  60 , drive unit  70  and the like is omitted. Further, in the example described below, the exposure operation is performed from an area on the −X side located on the −Y side of substrate P, similarly to the example shown in  FIGS. 6A to 6C . 
     In this case, in liquid crystal exposure apparatus  10 , substrate P needs to be moved at a constant speed (to perform constant-velocity movement) in the X-axis direction during exposure. Therefore, prior to starting the exposure, the main controller causes in advance substrate P to be located on the +X side from exposure area IA by a distance that is the sum of a movement distance needed when substrate P is accelerated from a static state to a predetermined constant speed and a distance (so-called statically-determinate distance) needed when synchronizing substrate P and mask stage MST ( FIG. 1 ). Further, in the state shown in  FIG. 7A , the main controller controls drive unit  90  so as to cause chuck main body  81  (chuck member  84 ) to be located in an area on the +X side on guide plate  91 , and at this position, causes chuck main body  81  (chuck member  84 ) to hold by adsorption an area in the vicinity of an −X side end of substrate P (an area including the −X side end of a shot area). The size of guide plate  91  in the X-axis direction is set such that chuck main body  81  (chuck member  84 ) can hold substrate P from below at the position where substrate P is static prior to exposure shown in  FIG. 7A , that is, the position to which substrate P is withdrawn from exposure area IA. 
     When substrate P is accelerated in the −X direction for the exposure operation (see a white arrow in  FIG. 7B ) the main controller controls drive unit  90  based on the measurement values of a rotary encoder that is not illustrated, and accelerates chuck member  84  in the −X direction so as to follow substrate P (see a black arrow in  FIG. 7B ). In the state just before substrate P proceeds into exposure area IA as shown in  FIG. 7B , substrate P performs constant-velocity movement and chuck member  84  also performs constant-velocity movement following substrate P. In this case, since substrate P and chuck member  84  are in a noncontact state, the position control of chuck main body  81  (chuck member  84 ) can be rough compared with that of substrate P. Consequently, any problems do not occur in particular when the position control of chuck member  84  is performed by open-loop control based on the number of rotations of pulley  93  or shaft  95  (see  FIG. 4 ) as in the present embodiment. 
     When substrate P is further driven in the −X direction from the state shown in  FIG. 7B , substrate P (a shot area set on substrate P) proceeds into exposure area IA as shown in  FIG. 7C , and the exposure operation is started. Further, chuck member  84  also proceeds into exposure area IA following substrate P (see  FIG. 9A ). Then, when chuck member  84  proceeds into exposure area IA, the main controller controls drive unit  90  to decelerate chuck member  84 , and as shown in  FIG. 7D , stops chuck member  84  in a state where the center of the upper surface of chuck main body  81  (chuck member  84 ) and the center of exposure area IA almost coincide (see  FIG. 9B ). 
     Note that, in order to stop chuck member  84  so as to make the center of chuck main body  81  coincide with the center of exposure area IA, it is necessary to decelerate chuck member  84  in a state where the center of chuck main body  81  is located slightly upstream (on the +X side) of the center of exposure area IA, as shown in  FIG. 7C , but since the size in the X-axis direction of chuck main body  81  of the present embodiment is set longer than that of exposure area IA as described previously, chuck main body  81  can cover the entire area of exposure area IA at the time of starting deceleration. Consequently, chuck member  84  can surely hold by adsorption substrate P within exposure area IA when chuck main body  81  is decelerated with respect to substrate P. 
     After that, the main controller performs the exposure operation on substrate P while moving substrate P at a predetermined constant speed in the −X direction (chuck member  84  is stopped), as shown in  FIG. 8A . As described previously, the surface position of the portion subject to exposure of substrate P, on which the exposure operation is performed within exposure area IA, is adjusted by fixed-point stage  40  that includes chuck main body  81 . 
     Further, the main controller accelerates chuck member  84  in the −X direction just before the exposure operation on the shot area on the −Y side on substrate P is completed, and as shown in  FIG. 83 , performs constant-velocity drive in the X-axis direction of both substrate P and chuck member  84  in a state where chuck main body  81  holds an area in the vicinity of the +X side end (an area including the +X side end of a shot area) of substrate P. 
     After that, as shown in  FIG. 8C , substrate P passes exposure area IA, and the exposure operation is completed. At this point, chuck main body  81  (chuck member  84 ) also passes exposure area IA, together with substrate P. After stopping substrate P and chuck main body  81  (chuck member  84 ), respectively, at positions withdrawn from exposure area IA, the main controller moves substrate P in the −Y direction as shown in  FIG. 8D . Then, the main controller accelerates each of substrate P and chuck member  84  in the +X direction and performs the exposure operation on a shot area on the +Y side on substrate P in the procedure similar to the procedure shown in  FIGS. 7A to 8C  (however, the drive direction of each of substrate P and chuck member  84  is reversed). 
     In this case, if the position of chuck member  84  is fixed, then for example, when the tip of surface P proceeds into exposure area IA, the size of an area where substrate P and the upper surface of chuck main body  81  overlap, or more specifically, the load owing to the empty weight of substrate P acting on chuck main body  81  increases as substrate P moves in the scan direction. However, a configuration is employed in which chuck main body  81  holds substrate P by adsorption by a pressure balance (balance between the jet pressure and the suction pressure) of the gas between substrate P and chuck main body  81 , and therefore, when the load owing to the empty weight of substrate P acting on chuck main body  81  varies, there is a possibility that the pressure balance described above is lost and the distance between substrate P and chuck main body  81  (a levitation amount of substrate P) varies. On the other hand, since chuck main body  81  in this embodiment holds substrate P beforehand outside exposure area IA prior to starting the exposure operation and chuck main body  81  proceeds into exposure area IA together with substrate P, the levitation amount of substrate P can be maintained constant. 
     Further, chuck member  84  is moved together with substrate P to the downstream side of the scanning direction with respect to exposure area IA as the exposure operation on a shot area on substrate P is completed, and therefore, also when the step operation (see  FIG. 80 ) is performed and the exposure operation is performed on another shot area that is adjacent in the Y-axis direction, it is possible to cause chuck main body  81  to hold substrate P beforehand outside exposure area IA. 
     Further, when the surface position of substrate P is adjusted by fixed-point stage  40 , hand  66  of substrate holding frame  60  is displaced in the Z-axis direction, following the operation (a movement in the Z-axis direction or a tilt operation) of substrate P. Accordingly, damage of substrate P, a shift (adsorption error) between hand  66  and substrate P, or the like is prevented. Incidentally, since the plurality of air levitation units  50  levitate substrate P higher compared with chuck main body  81  (chuck member  84 ), the air stiffness between substrate P and the plurality of air levitation units  50  is lower compared with the air stiffness between chuck main body  81  and substrate P. Consequently, substrate P can change its attitude without difficulty above the plurality of air levitation units  50 . Further, if the amount of the attitude change of substrate P is large and hand  66  cannot follow substrate P, the adsorption error referred to above or the like can be avoided by the attitude of substrate holding frame  60  itself changing, since Y movable section  74  to which substrate holding frame  60  is fixed is supported by Y guide  73  in a noncontact manner. Incidentally, a configuration can also be employed in which the stiffness of the fastening section between Y guide  73  and X movable section  72  is lowered and the attitude of Y guide  73  as a whole changes together with substrate holding frame  60 . 
     Further, in substrate stage device PST, substrate P that is substantially horizontally supported by levitation with the plurality of air levitation units  50  is held by substrate holding frame  60 . Then, in substrate stage device PST, substrate holding frame  60  is driven by drive unit  70 , and thereby substrate P is guided along a horizontal plane (the XY two-dimensional plane) and also the surface position of the portion subject to exposure of substrate P (a part of substrate P, within exposure area IA) is controlled by fixed-point stage  40  in a pinpoint manner. As described above, in substrate stage device PST, drive unit  70  (XY stage device) that is a device to guide substrate P along the XY plane, the plurality of air levitation units  50  that are devices to hold substrate P substantially horizontally and to position substrate P in the Z-axis direction, and fixed-point stage  40  (a Z/leveling stage device) are of different bodies that are independent from each other, and therefore, the weight (especially, the weight of its movable section) of substrate stage device PST can be considerably reduced, compared with a conventional stage device (e.g. refer to PCT International Publication No 2008/129762 (the corresponding U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2010/0018950)) that drives a table member (substrate holder) used to hold substrate P with a good flatness degree, having an area size that is around the same as an area size of substrate P, in the Z-axis direction and the tilt direction respectively (in this case, the Z-leveling stage is also driven XY-two-dimensionally together with the substrate), on an XY two-dimensional stage device. To be specific, for example, in the case of using a large substrate one side of which is longer than 3 in, the total weight of the movable section amounts to nearly 10 t in the conventional stage device, whereas the total weight of the movable section (such as substrate holding frame  60 , X movable section  72 , X guide  73  and Y movable section  74 ) can be reduced to around several hundreds kg in substrate stage device PST of the present embodiment. Consequently, for example, each of the X linear motor used to drive X movable section  72  and the Y linear motor used to drive Y movable section  74  can be the linear motor with small outputs, which makes it possible to reduce the running cost. Further, the infrastructure such as power-supply facility can be provided without difficulty. Further, the initial cost can also be reduced because the outputs of the linear motors can be small. 
     Further, in drive unit  70 , Y movable section  74  that holds substrate holding frame  60  is supported by Y guide  73  in a noncontact manner, and substrate P is guided along the XY plane, and therefore, there is little risk that the vibration (disturbance) in the Z-axis direction transmitted via the air bearings from the side of surface plate  12  installed on floor surface F adversely affects control of substrate holding frame  60 . Consequently, the attitude of substrate P becomes stable and the exposure accuracy is improved. 
     Further, Y movable section  74  of drive unit  70  is supported by Y guide  73  in a noncontact state and dust is prevented from being generated, and therefore, although Y guide  73  and Y movable section  74  are placed above the upper surfaces (gas jetting surfaces) of the plurality of air levitation units  50 , the exposure processing of substrate P is not affected. Meanwhile, X guide  71  and X movable section  72  are placed below air levitation units  50 , and therefore, even if dust is generated, the possibility that dust affects the exposure processing is low. In this case, however, it is also possible that X movable section  72  is supported in a noncontact state with respect to X guide  71  so as to be movable in the X-axis direction, using, for example, air bearings or the like. 
     Further, weight canceller  42  of fixed-point stage  40  is mounted on Y beam  33  that is separated from surface plate  12  in terms of vibration, and therefore, for example, the reaction force of the drive force, vibration, or the like that is generated when substrate holding frame  60  (substrate P) is driven using drive unit  70  is not transmitted to weight canceller  42 . Consequently, control of the position of chuck main body  81  (chuck member  84 ) (i.e. the surface position of the portion subject to exposure of substrate P) using Z-VCMs  38  can be performed with high precision. Further, of the four Z-VCMs  38  that drive chuck main body  81  (chuck member  84 ), Z stators  47  are fixed to base frame  85  that is noncontact with Y beam  33 , and therefore the reaction force of the drive force generated when chuck main body  81  (chuck member  84 ) is driven is not transmitted to weight canceller  42 . Consequently, the position of chuck main body  81  (chuck member  84 ) can be controlled with high precision. 
     Further, positional information of substrate holding frame  60  is measured with the interferometer system that uses movable mirrors  62   x  and  62   y  that are fixed to substrate frame  60 , or more specifically, are placed close to substrate P that is subject to final positioning control, and therefore, the stiffness between the control subject (substrate P) and the measurement points can be maintained high. More specifically, since the substrate whose final position should be known and the measurement points can be regarded as being integrated, the measurement accuracy is improved. Further, the positional information of substrate holding frame  60  is directly measured, and therefore, even if a linear motion error occurs in X movable section  72  and Y movable section  74 , the measurement results are hard to be affected. Incidentally, it is also possible that the positional information of substrate holding frame  60  is measured by a measurement system other than the interferometer system, for example, an encoder or the like. 
     Further, in substrate stage device PST, a configuration is employed in which the plurality of air levitation units  50 , fixed-point stage  40  and drive unit  70  are placed side by side in a planar manner on surface plate  12 , and therefore, the assembly, adjustment, maintenance and the like can be performed without difficulty. Further, the members are small in number and also the respective members are lightweight, which facilitates the transportation. 
     Second Embodiment 
     Next, a liquid crystal exposure apparatus of a second embodiment is described, referring to  FIGS. 10 to 12C . Since the liquid crystal exposure apparatus of the present second embodiment has a configuration similar to the configuration of liquid crystal exposure apparatus  10  of the first embodiment except that a configuration of a substrate stage device that holds substrate P is different, only the configuration of the substrate stage device is described below. Here, from the viewpoint of preventing redundant description, members which have functions similar to those in the first embodiment are denoted by the same reference signs as the reference signs in the first embodiment and the description thereabout is omitted. 
     As shown in  FIG. 10 , a substrate stage device PST 2  related to the second embodiment has air levitation units  150  that support substrate P from below in a noncontact manner, in an area that overlaps with a movement range of chuck main body  81  (chuck member  84 ) of a fixed-point stage  140 , which is a different point from the first embodiment described above. At each of the +X side end and the −X side end of a guide plate  191  of fixed-point stage  140 , three cutouts  191   a  each having a rectangular shape in a planar view that is opened are formed, and inside the respective cutouts  191   a , air levitation units  150  are housed (see  FIG. 12B ). The six air levitation units  150  housed inside cutouts  191   a  have functions similar to those of air levitation units  50  except that the area sizes of gas-jetting surfaces that are opposed to substrate P are small and their main sections  51  are vertically movable. 
     As shown in  FIG. 11 , leg section  153  of air levitation unit  150  includes a cylinder-like case  153   a  fixed on surface plate  12  and a shaft  153   b  one end of which is housed inside case  153   a  and the other end of which is fixed to support section  52  and which is driven in the Z-axis direction with respect to case  153   a  by a uniaxial, actuator that is not illustrated, for example, an air cylinder or the like. The upper surface of main section  51  can be located on the −Z side beyond the upper surface of guide plate  191  (the guide surface to guide horizontal movement of chuck main body  81  (chuck member  84 )) by the shaft being driven in the −Z direction, like air levitation unit  150  on the +X side of Y beam  33  shown in  FIG. 11 . In this state, when chuck main body  81  and base  82  move on guide plate  191 , their contact with main section  51  is prevented. Further, the upper surface of main section  51  can be located on the +Z side beyond the upper surface of guide plate  191  by shaft  153   b  being driven in the +Z direction, like air levitation unit  150  on the −X side of Y beam  33  shown in  FIG. 11 . Air levitation units  150  support substrate P by levitation in cooperation with the other air levitation units  50 , at the position with which the upper surfaces of main sections  51  are placed coplanar with the upper surfaces of the plurality of air levitation units  50  (the position with which the distance to the lower surface of substrate P is, for example, 0.8 mm). 
     In an exposure operation using substrate stage device PST 2  of the present second embodiment, as shown in  FIG. 12A , in the case where chuck main body  81  holds substrate P in an area on the +X side of exposure area TA, the main controller that is not illustrated controls the respective air levitation units  150  such that the upper surfaces of main sections  51  of the three air levitation units  150  placed on the +X side of Y beam  33  are located lower than the upper surface of guide plate  191 , as shown in  FIG. 11 . On the other hand, the three air levitation units  150  placed on the −X side of Y beam  33  are controlled by the main controller such that the upper surfaces of the respective main sections  51  are placed coplanar with the upper surface of the other air levitation units  50 , as shown in  FIG. 11 . 
     After that, similarly to the first embodiment described above, while driving substrate P in the −X direction at a constant speed, the main controller performs the exposure operation on substrate P within exposure area IA. Further, as shown in  FIG. 12B , during the exposure operation, chuck main body  81  (chuck member  84 ) is stopped directly under exposure area IA, similarly to the first embodiment described above. The three air levitation units  150  placed on the −X side of Y beam  33  support an area of substrate P including the −X side end in a noncontact manner, and thereby the downward beading (flexure) of substrate P owing to the self weight is restrained. Further, in the state shown in  FIG. 12B , the main controller controls each of the three air levitation units  150  placed on the +X side of Y beam  33  such that the upper surfaces of their main sections  51  are placed coplanar with the upper surface of the other air levitation units  50 . The three air levitation units  150  placed on the +X side of Y beam  33  support an area of substrate P including the +X side end in a noncontact manner, and thereby the downward bending (flexure) of substrate P owing to the self weight is restrained. 
     Further, when the exposure operation proceeds and substrate P is further driven in the −X direction, chuck main body  81  is driven in the −X direction together with substrate P in a state holding an area, in the vicinity of the +X side end, of substrate P, similarly to the first embodiment described above, as shown in  FIG. 12C . Therefore, the main controller controls each of the three air levitation units  150  placed on the −X side of X beam  33  to prevent chuck main body  81  (chuck member  84 ) and air levitation units  150  from coming in contact, and drives their main sections  51  in the −Z direction. 
     In substrate stage device PST 2  related to the second embodiment described above, the lower surface of substrate P is supported in a noncontact manner, on the +X side and/or the −X side of exposure area IA, by the plurality of air levitation units  150  placed inside cutouts  191   a  formed at guide plate  191 , and therefore, the flexure owing to the self weight is restrained. Further, since each of the plurality of air levitation units  150  is withdrawn from the movement course of chuck main body  81  (chuck member  84 ) by main section  51  vertically moving, the plurality of air levitation units  150  do not block movement of chuck main body  81  (chuck member  84 ). 
     Third Embodiment 
     Next, a third embodiment is described. While the substrate stage devices related to the first and second embodiment are arranged in the liquid crystal exposure apparatus, a substrate stage device PST 3  related to the third embodiment is arranged in a substrate inspecting apparatus  900 , as shown in  FIG. 13 . 
     Substrate inspecting apparatus  900  has a photographic unit  910  that is supported by body BD. Photographic unit  910  has a photographic optical system that includes, for example, an image sensor such as a CCD (Charge-Coupled Device), a lens and the like which are not illustrated, and photographs the surface of substrate P placed directly under (on the −Z side of) photographic unit  910 . The outputs from photographic unit  910  (image data of the surface of substrate P) are output to an external device that is not illustrated, and inspection (e.g. detection of defects of patterns, or particles and the like) of substrate P is performed based on the image data. Note that the configuration of substrate stage device PST 9  that substrate inspecting apparatus  900  has is the same as that of substrate stage device PST 1  of the first embodiment described above (see  FIG. 1 ). When inspection of substrate P is performed, the main controller adjusts the surface position of a portion subject to inspection (a portion directly under photographic unit  910 ) of substrate P using fixed-point stage  40  (see  FIG. 2 ) such that the surface position is located within a depth of focus of the photographic optical system that photographic unit  910  has. Consequently, clear image data of substrate P can be obtained. Further, since the positioning of substrate P can be performed at a high speed and with high precision, the inspection efficiency of substrate P is improved. Incidentally, as the substrate stage device of the substrate inspecting apparatus, the substrate stage device related to the second embodiment described above can be applied. Incidentally, in the third embodiment described above, while the case where inspecting apparatus  900  is based on the imaging method is shown as an example, the inspecting apparatus is not limited to being based on the imaging method but can be based on another method, diffraction/scattering detection, or scatterometry or the like. 
     Incidentally, in each of the embodiments above, while the position of the substrate within the XY plane is controlled at a high speed and with high precision using the substrate holding frame, the substrate holding frame does not necessarily have to be used in the case where each of the embodiments above is applied to an object processing apparatus in which the position of a substrate needs not to be controlled with high precision, and for example, it is also possible to make a plurality of air levitation units have a horizontal carriage function of the substrate using air. 
     Further, in each of the embodiments above, while the substrate is guided along the horizontal plane by the drive unit (XY two-dimensional stage) that drives the substrate in the orthogonal two axial directions which are the X-axis and the Y-axis directions, the drive unit should guide the substrate only in one axis direction as far as, for example, the exposure area on the substrate and the substrate are the same in width. Further, in each of the embodiments above, the substrate and the chuck main body move together in the scanning direction just before the exposure operation is completed (see  FIGS. 8B and 8C ), but in the case where the scanning direction is not reversed during exposure, for example, in the case where the step operation is not performed during exposure, it is also possible that the chuck main body continues to be stopped directly under the exposure area (see  FIG. 8A ). Further, in the second embodiment above, while, the plurality of air levitation units placed in the movement course of the chuck main body each have a configuration in which the main section vertically moves, this is not intended to be limiting, and for example, the plurality of air levitation units can be withdrawn from the movement course of the chuck main body, by moving in a horizontal direction. 
     Further, in each of the embodiments above, the plurality of air levitation units support the substrate by levitation so as to make the substrate parallel to the XY plane, but depending on a type of an object that is subject to support, the configuration of the device that levitates the object is not limited thereto, and for example, the object can be levitated by magnetism or static electricity. Similarly, for the chuck member of the fixed-point stage, depending on a type of an object that is subject to holding, a configuration of holding an object that is subject to holding by magnetism or static electricity can also be employed. 
     Incidentally, in each of the embodiments above, while only one chuck member is arranged, this is not intended to be limiting, and a plurality of chuck members can be arranged. For example, in the case of arranging two chuck members, the two chuck members are placed side by side in the scan direction (X-axis direction) of a substrate, and one of the chuck members is made to wait at the exposure position while the other of the chuck members is moved (pre-scanned) together with the substrate from the upstream side of the scanning direction toward the exposure position. Then, when the scanning direction is reversed, the other chuck members is made to wait at the exposure position and the one chuck member is moved (pre-scanned) together with the substrate from the upstream side of the scanning direction toward the exposure position. Or, in the case of arranging three chuck members, the three chuck members are placed side by side in the scan direction (X-axis direction) of a substrate, a central chuck member is constantly made to be located in the exposure area, and depending on the scanning direction, a predetermined one of the chuck members located on one side and the other side is moved (pre-scanned) together with the substrate from the upstream side of the scanning direction toward the exposure position. 
     Further, the size of each of the plurality of chuck members can be the same as that of the chuck member in each of the embodiments above, or can be different from that of the chuck member in each of the embodiments above, and especially, in the case where the size of each of the plurality of chuck members is smaller, the total size of the plurality of chuck members can be set to be substantially the same (to have substantially the same shape and substantially the same area size) as the size of the chuck member in each of the embodiments above. Further, a countermass (a reaction force canceller that utilizes the law of conservation of momentum) can be arranged at the chuck member. 
     Further, in each of the embodiments above, while the positional information of the substrate holding frame within the XY plane is obtained by the laser interferometer system that includes the laser interferometers that irradiate the movable mirrors arranged on the substrate holding frame with the measurement beams, the position measuring device of the substrate holding frame is not limited thereto, but for example, a two-dimensional encoder system can be used. In this case, for example, it is possible that scales are arranged at the substrate holding frame and the positional information of the substrate holding frame is obtained by heads fixed to the body or the like, or it is also possible that heads are arranged at the substrate holding frame and the positional information of the substrate holding frame is obtained using scales fixed, for example, to the body or the like. 
     Incidentally, in each of the embodiments above, it is also possible that the fixed-point stage displaces the area subject exposure (or the area subject to photographing) of the substrate only in the Z-axis direction out of the Z-axis direction and the θx and θx directions. 
     Further, in each of the embodiments above, while the substrate holding frame has an outer shape (contour) that is rectangular in a planar view and the opening section that is rectangular in a planar view, the shape of the member that holds the substrate is not limited thereto, and for example, the shape can appropriately be changed in accordance with the shape of an object that is subject to holding (e.g. when an object is discoidal, a holding member can also have a circular frame shape). 
     Incidentally, in each of the embodiments above, the substrate holding frame does not have to enclose the whole periphery of the substrate, and it is also possible that a part of the periphery is not enclosed. Further, a member to hold the substrate such as the substrate holding frame does not necessarily have to be used for substrate carriage. In this case, it is necessary to measure the position of the substrate itself, and the position of the substrate can be measured by, for example, an interferometer that irradiates a measurement beam on the side surface of the substrate that serves as a mirror surface. Or, it is also possible that a grating is formed on the front surface (or the rear surface) of the substrate and the position of the substrate is measured by an encoder equipped with a head that irradiates the grating with measurement light and receives diffraction light of the measurement light. 
     Further, the illumination light can be ultraviolet light, such as ArF excimer laser light (with a wavelength of 193 nm) and KrF excimer laser light (with a wavelength of 248 nm), or vacuum ultraviolet light such as F 2  laser light (with a wavelength of 157 nm). Further, as the illumination light, a harmonic wave, which is obtained by amplifying a single-wavelength laser light in the infrared or visible range emitted by a DFB semiconductor laser or fiber laser with a fiber amplifier doped with, for example, erbium (or both erbium and ytterbium), and by converting the wavelength into ultraviolet light using a nonlinear optical crystal, can also be used. Further, solid state laser (with a wavelength of 355 nm, 266 nm) or the like can also be used. 
     Further, in each of the embodiments above, while the case has been described where projection optical system PL is the projection optical system by a multi-lens method that is equipped with a plurality of optical systems, the number of the projection optical systems is not limited thereto, but there should be one or more projection optical systems. Further, the projection optical system is not limited to the projection optical system by a multi-lens method, but can be a projection optical system using, for example, a large mirror of the Offner type, or the like. Further, while the case has been described where the projection optical system whose projection magnification is equal magnification is used as projection optical system PL in each of the embodiments above, this is not intended to be limiting, and the projection optical system can be either of a reduction system or a magnifying system. 
     Further, in each of the embodiments above, while the case has been described where the exposure apparatus is a scanning stepper, this is not intended to be limiting, and each of the embodiments above can also be applied to a projection exposure apparatus by a step-and-stitch method that synthesizes a shot area and a shot area. Further, each of the embodiments above can also be applied to an exposure apparatus by a proximity method that does not use any projection optical systems. 
     Incidentally, it is especially effective to apply the exposure apparatus in each of the embodiments above to an exposure apparatus that exposes a substrate with a size (which includes at least one of an outer diameter, a diagonal line and a side) not less than 500 mm, for example, a large substrate for a flat-panel display (FPD), such as a liquid crystal display element. 
     Further, the application of the exposure apparatus is not limited to the exposure apparatus for liquid crystal display elements in which a liquid crystal display element pattern is transferred onto a rectangular glass plate, but each of the embodiments above can also be widely applied, for example, to an exposure apparatus for manufacturing semiconductors, and an exposure apparatus for producing thin-film magnetic heads, micromachines, DNA chips, and the like. Further, each of the embodiments above can be applied not only to an exposure apparatus for producing microdevices such as semiconductor devices, but can also be applied to an exposure apparatus in which a circuit pattern is transferred onto a glass substrate, a silicon wafer or the like to produce a mask or a reticle used in a light exposure apparatus, an EUV exposure apparatus, an X-ray exposure apparatus, an electron-beam exposure apparatus, and the like. Incidentally, an object that is subject to exposure is not limited to a glass plate, but for example, can be another object such as a wafer, a ceramic substrate, a film member, or a mask blank. 
     Incidentally, the object processing apparatus related to each of the embodiments above can be applied not only to the exposure apparatus but also to, for example, an element manufacturing apparatus equipped with a functional liquid deposition device by an ink-jet method. 
     Incidentally, the disclosures of all publications, the PCT International Publications, the U.S. patent application publications and the U.S. patents that are cited in the description so far and are related to exposure apparatuses and the like are each incorporated herein by reference. 
     Device Manufacturing Method 
     A manufacturing method of a microdevice that uses the exposure apparatus in each of the embodiments above in a lithography process is described next. In the exposure apparatus in each of the embodiments above, a liquid crystal display element as a microdevice can be obtained by forming a predetermined pattern (such as a circuit pattern or an electrode pattern) on a plate (a glass substrate). 
     Pattern Forming Process 
     First of all, a so-called optical lithography process in which a pattern image is formed on a photosensitive substrate (such as a glass substrate coated with a resist) is executed using the exposure apparatus in each of the embodiments above. In this optical lithography process, a predetermined pattern that includes many electrodes and the like is formed on the photosensitive substrate. After that, the exposed substrate undergoes the respective processes such as a development process, an etching process and a resist removing process, and thereby the predetermined pattern is formed on the substrate. 
     Color Filter Forming Process 
     Next, a color filter in which many sets of three dots corresponding to R (Red), G (Green) and B (blue) are disposed in a matrix shape, or a color filter in which a plurality of sets of filters of three stripes of R, G and B are disposed in horizontal scanning line directions is formed. 
     Cell Assembling Process 
     Next, a liquid crystal panel (a liquid crystal cell) is assembled using the substrate having the predetermined pattern obtained in the pattern forming process, the color filter obtained in the color filter forming process, and the like. For example, a liquid crystal panel (a liquid crystal cell) is manufactured by injecting liquid crystal between the substrate having the predetermined pattern obtained in the pattern forming process and the color filter obtained in the color filter forming process. 
     Module Assembling Process 
     After that, a liquid crystal display element is completed by attaching respective components such as an electric circuit that causes a display operation of the assembled liquid crystal panel (liquid crystal cell) to be performed, and a backlight. 
     In this case, since exposure of the plate is performed with high throughput and high precision using the exposure apparatus in each of the embodiments above in the pattern forming process, the productivity of liquid crystal display elements can be improved as a consequence. 
     While the above-described embodiments of the present invention are the presently preferred embodiments thereof, those skilled in the art of lithography systems will readily recognize that numerous additions, modifications, and substitutions may be made to the above-described embodiments without departing from the spirit and scope thereof. It is intended that all such modifications, additions, and substitutions fall within the scope of the present invention, which is best defined by the claims appended below.