Patent Publication Number: US-11651411-B1

Title: Systems, methods, and devices for determining and displaying market relative position of unique items

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This application is a division of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 16/134,421, titled SYSTEMS, METHODS, AND DEVICES FOR DETERMINING AND DISPLAYING MARKET RELATIVE POSITION OF UNIQUE ITEMS, filed on Sep. 18, 2018, which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/794,517, titled SYSTEMS, METHODS, AND DEVICES FOR DETERMINING AND DISPLAYING MARKET RELATIVE POSITION OF UNIQUE ITEMS, filed on Oct. 26, 2017, which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/060,434, titled SYSTEMS, METHODS, AND DEVICES FOR DETERMINING AND DISPLAYING MARKET RELATIVE POSITION OF UNIQUE ITEMS, filed on Oct. 22, 2013, now U.S. Pat. No. 9,830,635, which claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 61/779,033, titled SYSTEMS, METHODS, AND DEVICES FOR DETERMINING AND DISPLAYING MARKET RELATIVE POSITION OF UNIQUE ITEMS, filed on Mar. 13, 2013. This application is related to U.S. application Ser. No. 13/927,513, titled SYSTEMS, METHODS, AND DEVICES FOR MEASURING SIMILARITY OF AND GENERATING RECOMMENDATIONS FOR UNIQUE ITEMS, filed on Jun. 26, 2013, which claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 61/774,325, titled SYSTEMS, METHODS, AND DEVICES FOR MEASURING SIMILARITY OF AND GENERATING RECOMMENDATIONS FOR UNIQUE ITEMS, filed on Mar. 7, 2013. This application is also related to U.S. application Ser. No. 13/924,375, titled SYSTEMS, METHODS, AND DEVICES FOR IDENTIFYING AND PRESENTING IDENTIFICATIONS OF SIGNIFICANT ATTRIBUTES OF UNIQUE ITEMS, filed on Jun. 21, 2013, which claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 61/774,477, titled SYSTEMS, METHODS, AND DEVICES FOR IDENTIFYING SIGNIFICANT ATTRIBUTES OF UNIQUE ITEMS, filed on Mar. 7, 2013. Each of the foregoing applications is hereby incorporated by reference herein in its entirety. 
    
    
     BACKGROUND 
     Field 
     The disclosure relates generally to the field of unique items, and more specifically to systems, methods, and devices for determining and displaying market relative positions and/or attributes of unique items. 
     Description 
     When unique products or items, for example, used cars and existing homes, are considered for resale, buyers and sellers have an interest in understanding how one item compares to other items currently for sale or that have previously sold. However, considering the relatively large size of the markets for such items, it can be difficult to determine which alternative items to compare a selected item to, how to compare the items, and/or how to visualize a comparison of the items and their corresponding attributes. Accordingly, it can be advantageous to have systems, methods, and devices for determining what other items in a marketplace should be compared to a selected item, how to compare the items, and how the visualization should be rendered. 
     SUMMARY 
     The disclosure herein provides systems, methods, and devices for determining and displaying market relative positions and/or attributes of unique items, customizable items, and/or items having varying conditions, such as used vehicles, homes, commercial real estate, household goods, collectibles, automotive components, and the like. 
     In some embodiments, a computer-implemented method for generating electronic visualizations of market-relative attributes of unique items comprises receiving electronically, by a computer system, an indication of a selected item, the selected item being a unique item; accessing, by the computer system, an electronic database to determine a plurality of alternative unique items; generating, by the computer system, market-relative attribute information, the market-relative attribute information configured for processing by a user device and to cause the user device to display an electronic visualization of the market-relative attribute information, the electronic visualization comprising: a two-axis plot comprising a price axis showing a range of prices, a primary attribute axis showing a range of primary attribute values, and a plurality of markers, wherein each of the markers is positioned on the two-axis plot to show a listing price of one of the plurality of alternative unique items versus the primary attribute value of the alternative unique item; a predicted selling price region configured to show a range of predicted selling prices versus the range of primary attribute values shown by the primary attribute axis; wherein each of the plurality of markers is configured to show a relative similarity of the alternative unique item to the selected item; wherein markers associated with alternative unique items having a listing price within the range of predicted selling prices are positioned within the predicted selling price region; and transmitting, by the computer system, to the user device for processing, the market-relative attribute information; wherein the computer system comprises a computer processor and electronic memory. 
     In certain embodiments, a computer readable, non-transitory storage medium having a computer program stored thereon for causing a suitably programmed computer system to process by one or more processors computer-program code by performing a method for generating electronic visualizations of market-relative attributes of unique items when the computer program is executed on the suitably programmed computer system, the method comprises receiving electronically, by a computer system, an indication of a selected item, the selected item being a unique item; accessing, by the computer system, an electronic database to determine a plurality of alternative unique items; generating, by the computer system, market-relative attribute information, the market-relative attribute information configured for processing by a user device and to cause the user device to display an electronic visualization of the market-relative attribute information, the electronic visualization comprising: a two-axis plot comprising a price axis showing a range of prices, a primary attribute axis showing a range of primary attribute values, and a plurality of markers, wherein each of the markers is positioned on the two-axis plot to show a listing price of one of the plurality of alternative unique items versus the primary attribute value of the alternative unique item; a predicted selling price region configured to show a range of predicted selling prices versus the range of primary attribute values shown by the primary attribute axis; wherein each of the plurality of markers is configured to show a relative similarity of the alternative unique item to the selected item; wherein markers associated with alternative unique items having a listing price within the range of predicted selling prices are positioned within the predicted selling price region; and transmitting, by the computer system, to the user device for processing, the market-relative attribute information; wherein the computer system comprises a computer processor and electronic memory. 
     In some embodiments, a visualization system for generating electronic visualizations of market-relative attributes of unique items comprises: an item selection receiver configured to electronically receive selected item data, the selected item data being related to a plurality of attributes of a selected item; a visualization compilation engine configured to electronically communicate with an items information database to determine a plurality of alternative unique items; a rendering engine configured to electronically communicate with the visualization compilation engine to generate market-relative attribute information, the market-relative attribute information configured for processing by a user device and to cause the user device to display an electronic visualization of the market-relative attributes information, the electronic visualization comprising: a two-axis plot comprising a price axis showing a range of prices, a primary attribute axis showing a range of primary attribute values, and a plurality of markers, wherein each of the markers is positioned on the two-axis plot to show a listing price of one of the plurality of alternative unique items versus the primary attribute value of the alternative unique item; a predicted selling price region configured to show a range of predicted selling prices versus the range of primary attribute values shown by the primary attribute axis; wherein each of the plurality of markers is configured to show a relative similarity of the alternative unique item to the selected item; wherein markers associated with alternative unique items having a listing price within the range of predicted selling prices are positioned within the predicted selling price region; and one or more computers configured to operate the item selection receiver, visualization compilation engine, and rendering engine, wherein the one or more computers comprises a computer processor and an electronic storage medium. 
     For purposes of this summary, certain aspects, advantages, and novel features of the invention are described herein. It is to be understood that not necessarily all such advantages may be achieved in accordance with any particular embodiment of the invention. Thus, for example, those skilled in the art will recognize that the invention may be embodied or carried out in a manner that achieves one advantage or group of advantages as taught herein without necessarily achieving other advantages as may be taught or suggested herein. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       The foregoing and other features, aspects, and advantages of the present invention are described in detail below with reference to the drawings of various embodiments, which are intended to illustrate and not to limit the invention. 
         FIG.  1 A  is an embodiment of a schematic diagram illustrating a user access point system. 
         FIG.  1 B  is another embodiment of a schematic diagram illustrating the user access point system of  FIG.  1 A . 
         FIG.  1 C  is another embodiment of a schematic diagram illustrating the user access point system of  FIG.  1 A . 
         FIG.  2 A  is a block diagram depicting an embodiment of a visualization system in communication with one or more other systems. 
         FIG.  2 B  is a block diagram depicting another embodiment of a visualization system in communication with one or more other systems. 
         FIG.  2 C  is a block diagram depicting another embodiment of a visualization system in communication with one or more other systems. 
         FIG.  2 D  is a block diagram depicting another embodiment of a visualization system in communication with one or more other systems. 
         FIG.  3    depicts an embodiment of a process flow diagram illustrating an example of determining and displaying market relative attributes of unique items. 
         FIG.  4 A  depicts another embodiment of a process flow diagram illustrating an example of determining and displaying market relative attributes of unique items. 
         FIG.  4 B  depicts another embodiment of a process flow diagram illustrating an example of determining and displaying market relative attributes of unique items. 
         FIG.  5 A  depicts another embodiment of a process flow diagram illustrating an example of determining and displaying market relative attributes of unique items. 
         FIG.  5 B  depicts another embodiment of a process flow diagram illustrating an example of determining and displaying market relative attributes of unique items. 
         FIG.  5 C  depicts another embodiment of a process flow diagram illustrating an example of determining and displaying market relative attributes of unique items. 
         FIG.  6    depicts an embodiment of a process flow diagram illustrating an example of calculating similarity scores for use in comparing unique items. 
         FIG.  7    depicts an embodiment of a process flow diagram illustrating an example of determining various factors for use in a similarity score calculation process. 
         FIG.  8    depicts an embodiment of a process flow diagram illustrating an example of creating one or more prediction models. 
         FIG.  9    is a block diagram depicting an embodiment of a computer hardware system configured to run software for implementing one or more embodiments of the visualization systems and other systems described herein. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE EMBODIMENTS 
     Although several embodiments, examples, and illustrations are disclosed below, it will be understood by those of ordinary skill in the art that the invention described herein extends beyond the specifically disclosed embodiments, examples, and illustrations and includes other uses of the invention and obvious modifications and equivalents thereof. Embodiments of the invention are described with reference to the accompanying figures, wherein like numerals refer to like elements throughout. The terminology used in the description presented herein is not intended to be interpreted in any limited or restrictive manner simply because it is being used in conjunction with a detailed description of certain specific embodiments of the invention. In addition, embodiments of the invention can comprise several novel features and no single feature is solely responsible for its desirable attributes or is essential to practicing the inventions herein described. 
     The disclosure herein provides systems, methods, and devices for generating electronic visualizations of market relative positions and/or attributes of unique items. In some embodiments, a visualization system is configured to determine what alternative items or products are most relevant with respect to a selected item and should be included in an electronic visualization that positions the selected unique item with respect to these alternative items. In some embodiments, the system is configured to show at least three different types of information using a single graph or chart. 
     Systems as described herein may be configured to compare a selected unique item, such as a used vehicle, existing home, and/or the like, to a comparison set of alternative unique items and to generate an electronic market position visualization illustrating, among other things, differences in attributes of the selected item and the comparison items. In some embodiments, the electronic market position visualization is configured to show at least three different types of information using a single graph. For example, the market position visualization  110  illustrated in  FIG.  1 B , as described in further detail below, illustrates at least three different types of information. The visualization  110  shows a first type of information by plotting, using markers  124  and  126 , listing price versus mileage on a two axis plot. The visualization  110  further shows a second type of information, namely how similar comparison items are to the selected item, by modifying a color or shape of each marker  126 . Thirdly, the visualization  110  shows a third type of information, namely whether each item has a listing price that is within a predicted range of selling prices based on the mileage of the car. In the visualization  110  illustrated in  FIG.  1 B , this predicted range is shown by the predicted price region  118  illustrated as a white band through the middle of the graph. 
     An electronic visualization as shown in  FIG.  1 B  can be helpful to buyers and sellers dealing in markets of unique items. However, such a visualization comprising at least three different types of information can be difficult to create. For example, to enable a showing of the second type of information, such as similarity of each unique item to the selected unique item, a system may need to quantitatively calculate a measure of similarity between various unique items. Accordingly, systems, methods, and devices as described herein incorporate techniques of decomposing unique items into their relevant attributes and analyzing the items with respect to each other to determine a quantitative similarity score for each alternative or comparison item. 
     Further, the third type of information, such as a predicted selling price based on a primary attribute, can require a relatively complicated analysis of existing listings and/or prior sales to enable a correlation of the primary attribute to a predicted selling price. Accordingly, systems, methods, and devices described herein incorporate techniques of analyzing current items for sale, past sales, and/or user interactions with real-time electronic listing systems to develop models that enable the prediction of a selling price based on one or more attributes of an item. These features, in addition to various other features as described herein, enable a visualization system to produce an electronic visualization comprising a wealth of information, but that is easy and intuitive to interpret by a user of the visualization. 
     As can be seen in the example visualization  110  illustrated in  FIG.  1 B , a visualization comprising three or more types of information displayed simultaneously can be much more helpful than a traditional two axis plot in comparing unique items. For example, while the number of miles of a used vehicle may be an important attribute that plays a significant role in determining a selling price of that vehicle, various other attributes of used vehicles and other unique items may play a role in determining the items&#39; desirability and/or selling price. For example, unique items, such as used vehicles, may have varying conditions, customizations, be located at various geographic regions, etc., which may all affect the market price of the item. Therefore, it can be advantageous to illustrate additional differences or similarities between a selected item and alternative items besides just a primary attribute (such as a number of miles). By illustrating a measure of similarity of each alternative item to the selected item, a viewer of the visualization  110  can more easily determine whether, for example, an alternative item having a listing price substantially higher or lower than the user would expect based on its mileage may have other differing attributes that may at least partially explain the price difference. In some embodiments, a system is configured to generate an electronic visualization that enables a user to, at a quick glance, determine three or more types of information about alternative or comparison unique items. These three types of information may comprise, among other options, a primary attribute value, a similarity score, and/or an indication of whether an item&#39;s price is within a predicted range. 
     When unique products or items are considered for resale, both buyers and sellers have an interest in understanding how an individual item is positioned relative to other alternative items for sale or recently sold in the same market. For example, if a buyer is in the market for a used vehicle, the buyer may be interested in knowing the prices other alternative vehicles in the same market have sold for in order to determine if the vehicle the user is interested in is priced appropriately. However, in comparing unique items, various attributes may play a role in determining the listing or selling price for each item. For example, with used vehicles, the number of miles on a vehicle may play a significant role in determining its selling price. However, various other attributes may also play a role in determining the vehicle&#39;s selling price. For example, whether a car has been in an accident before may affect the price. The color of a car, the condition of a car, any customizations, aftermarket equipment, etc., may all also affect a selling price. Therefore, there is an inherent difficulty in comparing one unique item to other unique items and in trying to determine and/or show an explanation for price variations between the items. 
     Two problems, among others, that the systems, methods, and devices disclosed herein address are 1) for a specific unique item, what alternative items should it be compared with, and 2) how can an electronic visualization show a representation of differences in a plurality of attributes without being overly complicated? Unique items, for example used cars or existing homes, can be described using various attributes or in multiple dimensions. For example, for cars, attributes such as price, mileage, make, model, features, condition, geographic location, and/or the like may be used to compare items and explain differences in pricing, etc. Unique items such as existing homes may have similar attributes, such as price, age, size or square footage, number of bedrooms, number of bathrooms, lot size, and/or the like. In some embodiments, systems, methods, and devices as described herein are configured to analyze these attributes to, among other things, narrow a comparison set to only the most relevant alternative items and to calculate a similarity between the alternative items and a selected item. 
     In some embodiments, the market relative position of a used car in the market as compared to alternative items is visualized using a two axis price/primary attribute graph. The primary attribute may be, for example, mileage. The selected item and each alternative item are displayed as a point or a marker on this two dimensional graph. While such a two axis graph can be useful to enable observations of differences between the various items with respect to price and mileage, the distance between markers or points on such a graph is merely a measure of the difference in price and mileage. However, many other factors or attributes, such as condition, age, etc., can play a role in determining the price, and consequently can be obscured in a simple two axis price/mileage visualization. Accordingly, it can be advantageous to utilize an electronic visualization that shows an indication of these additional factors or attributes, in addition to the two axis display of a primary attribute versus another attribute, such as price. 
     One difficulty in generating an electronic visualization as described herein is determining an appropriate set of comparison or alternative unique items to display on the visualization. In some embodiments, a desirable comparison set is a set of products that are most similar to the target or selected item. However, determining the similarity of a set of comparison items to a target or selected item may involve gathering a large amount of information about alternative items for sale or recently sold in the market and analyzing those items and comparing their attributes to the selected item. In some embodiments, this requires a complete inventory of what is for sale and/or has recently sold in a market, and means for measuring a similarity between the selected item and the items in the comparison set. In some embodiments, a less than complete inventory can be used, as long as the inventory contains a sufficient number of items to create a usable comparison set. Systems, methods, and devices as further described below illustrate examples of calculating these similarity measurements as a part of a process for determining which alternative items to display on an electronic market position visualization. 
     In some embodiments, an electronic visualization or market position display is configured to display a two axis chart that incorporates the target or selected item and comparison items that are similar to the target item but newer/younger (and presumably higher priced), or older (and presumably lower priced) and to display a primary attribute of those items versus their listing price. The visualization system is additionally configured to incorporate a representation of similarity of the items and a representation of what it means to differ in some direction on the graph. For example, in addition to understanding that a relative difference of two positions on the graph represents an older or newer product, the system can also be configured to represent that a difference along another axis represents a difference in product features, for example, more features or less features. An example of this type of graph can be seen in  FIG.  1 C , as further described below. 
     In various embodiments, a visualization system can be configured to choose alternative or comparison items from different sources. For example, a system can be configured to choose a comparison set from a set of items that were previously sold in the same marketplace. In some embodiments, a system is configured to choose a comparison set from other active listings in the marketplace. In some embodiments, a system is configured to choose a comparison set from items that were previously sold and/or active listings in the same and/or one or more other marketplaces. In some embodiments, a marketplace can be defined in various ways. For example, a marketplace can be defined by item class, geography and time, and in various other ways, such as used vehicles sold in the state of Texas between Jan. 1, 2012 and Jan. 1, 2013. 
     In some embodiments, the systems, methods, and devices described herein utilize a measure of similarity between two items. The measure of similarity may, for example, be 0 or any positive number, with 0 indicating perfect similarity, and a larger number indicating an item that is less similar. In other embodiments, similarity can be indicated in other ways, such as a higher number indicating closer similarity. In one example, a system can be configured to decompose information describing unique items to determine the unique items&#39; prototypes or classification (e.g., car year, make, and model), customizations (e.g., engine type, interior type, color, etc.), condition (e.g., number of miles, whether the title is clean, etc.), and/or statuses in the marketplace (e.g., listing price, geographic area, etc.). The system can be configured to take into account each of these factors by, for example, using a monotonic transformation of calculated dissimilarity penalties to generate a number indicating the amount of similarity between two items. An example similarity calculation process is illustrated in  FIG.  6   , as described in further detail below. Various other methods of calculating similarity scores and comparing the similarity of unique items can also be found in U.S. application Ser. No. 13/927,513, incorporated by reference herein, for example, the process flow illustrated in FIG. 9 of the &#39;513 Application. 
     In some embodiments, a visualization system is configured to sort the marketplace inventory (historic and/or active inventory) by the similarity measure, and to optionally filter the inventory to produce a comparison set of only the most relevant items for display on an electronic market visualization. In some embodiments, a system is configured to enable selection of one or more attributes of an item for display on the electronic visualization as, for example, the primary attribute or attributes. In some embodiments, this primary attribute or attributes is selected by an administrator of the system. In other embodiments, a user of the system can select the one or more primary attributes from a larger set. For example, in the visualization illustrated in  FIG.  1 B , mileage is used as the display or primary attribute of the unique items in that visualization. Other attributes that may be selected as a primary attribute or display attribute may include, but are not limited to, age, price, number of previous owners, square footage, proximity to schools, etc. 
     In some embodiments, a visualization system is configured to use a predictive model to predict a price from one or more values of one or more attributes of an item. For example, referring to the visualization illustrated in  FIG.  1 B , this visualization system has predicted a selling price of the items based on their mileage attribute. The predicted selling price is shown as a diagonal white band across the graph, this white band being the predicted selling price region  118 . If a marker for an item is illustrated within this predicted selling price region  118 , that indicates the system has predicted that the item has a normal or predicted selling price within a certain range as based on the mileage attribute. 
     In order to predict a selling price or other attribute based on one or more attributes of an item, in some embodiments, a visualization system utilizes a predictive model. In some embodiments, the predictive model is trained from the comparison set, as illustrated in  FIG.  4 B . In other embodiments, the predictive model is trained in a separate, for example, offline process, as illustrated in  FIG.  4 A . In some embodiments, the predictive model is a linear model offset to predict the price of the target product. Other types of predictive models may be used in other embodiments. In some embodiments, predictive models may be calculated as shown in  FIG.  8   , as further described below. In other embodiments, a predictive model may be calculated or trained using the concepts presented in U.S. application Ser. No. 13/924,375, incorporated by reference herein, for example, the process flow shown in FIG. 9 of the &#39;375 Application. 
     As described above, some embodiments comprise a market position display or an electronic visualization of a primary attribute versus a price. In some embodiments of this visualization, space is partitioned into three distinct regions: 1) a region where the difference between predicted price and the price of the target or selected item is explained by the change in the primary attribute; 2) a region where the price is significantly greater than the predicted price; and 3) a region where the price is significantly less than the predicted price. In some embodiments, the regions are labeled to indicate an explanation for the disagreement with the predicted price. In some embodiments, markers are added to the visualization to indicate, for example, price and attribute values for each alternative item (or for some alternative items) in the comparison set. A marker can, in some embodiments, be configured to offer a visual cue of the similarity between its items and the target or selected item or product. An example of such a visualization is shown in  FIG.  1 C . Region 1, indicated by the reference number  118 , is white. Region 2 and Region 3, indicated by the reference numbers  120  and  122 , respectively, are shown with a color gradient. The target or selected item is shown with a black square in the middle  124 . The members of the comparison set are shown with squares of different colors and/or sizes  126 , wherein the size and/or color of each square  126  represents the similarity between its product or item and the target product or item. In this embodiment, the largest marker  126  represents the most similar product in the comparison set to the target item. 
     In some embodiments, an electronic visualization of market relative attributes is static. In other embodiments, the visualization is dynamic, such as by allowing a user to explore the products in the comparison set and their differences from the target product. For example, a system may be configured to enable a user to click on or otherwise select a comparison item shown in a visualization as described herein and cause the system to display a popup or otherwise display information about that item. For example, a user may be able to click on an alternative used vehicle and see a popup dialogue with information describing that alternative item&#39;s condition, customization, market status, and/or the like. 
     In some embodiments, a visualization system operates in real time or substantially in real time to analyze selected items and alternative or comparison items, and to generate market position visualizations for displaying to users and/or to enable a user to interact with. In order to generate useful market position visualizations comprising a relatively useful number of alternative or comparison unique items, in some embodiments, a visualization system is required to consider or analyze 100&#39;s, 1,000&#39;s, 10,000s, or more alternative comparison items to generate a market position visualization as illustrated in  FIG.  1 A . In addition to the relatively large number of comparison items that may be analyzed, a relatively large number of variables and other factors must be calculated and stored, at least temporarily, in order to calculate similarities, predicted prices, and/or the like. 
     Accordingly, one or more computer systems comprising computer hardware are required to implement embodiments of visualization systems as disclosed herein. A human being would not be able to calculate similarity scores, prediction regions, and various other items that go into the creation of a market position visualization, because a human being would not be able to simultaneously keep track of all of the different alternative or comparison items, variables, factors, etc. that go into the creation of a market position visualization. Additionally, a user of a visualization system will likely expect a market position visualization to be displayed to the user within a relatively short amount of time after indicating a selected item. For example, in some embodiments, a user of a visualization system may expect a market position visualization to be displayed to that user in merely the amount of time it takes for an Internet webpage to load. In some embodiments, a market position visualization may need to be created and displayed in a matter of seconds, or even fractions of a second. Accordingly, one or more computer systems comprising computer hardware are required to operate embodiments of visualization systems described herein. 
     Market Position Visualizations 
       FIG.  1 A  is an embodiment of a schematic diagram illustrating a user access point system  100 . The user access point system  100  comprises an electronic display  102 . The electronic display  102  can be configured to electronically show, among other things, a market position visualization  110  as shown in the lower right portion of the electronic display  102 . The user access point system  100  can comprise, for example, a tablet computer, a smartphone, a personal computer, or any other electronic device capable of generating an electronic visualization for viewing by a user. In some embodiments, the electronic display  102  comprises a touch screen or other means of input enabling a user to interact with the visualization. 
     The electronic display  102  in  FIG.  1 A  illustrates item identifying information  104 , a map  106 , a heading  108 , a market position visualization  110 , and a legend  112 . In this embodiment, the item identifying information  104  is intended to display, for example, a year, make, and model of a used vehicle that has been selected by a user. For example, this user access point system  100  may be being used by a user that is interested in comparing a selected used vehicle to other used vehicles on the market. The item identifying information  104  indicates the item that the user has selected. The map  106  can be configured to illustrate a map showing the location of the selected item. In some embodiments, the map  106  can additionally be configured to illustrate geographic positions of one or more of the comparison or alternative items displayed on the market position visualization  110 . 
     The heading  108  can be configured to convey various information to a user. For example, in this embodiment, the heading  108  is indicating to the user the scope of information being displayed by the market position visualization  110 . Here, the visualization  110  is based on 20 similar vehicles sold in the San Marcos, Tex. area between Jan. 9, 2013 and today. 
     The market position visualization  110  comprises a two axis plot having a y-axis  114  and an x-axis  116 . The y-axis  114  in this embodiment is a price axis indicating a price of a used vehicle. The x-axis is a primary attribute axis indicating a mileage attribute of the various items on the visualization. The market position visualization  110  further comprises three regions based on a predicted selling price of the items. The visualization  110  comprises a predicted price region  118 , a greater than predicted price region  120 , and a less than predicted price region  122 . In this embodiment, the three predicted regions are illustrated by a white band in the middle separating the two other regions. In various embodiments, the three regions may be illustrated in various ways, such as with a color gradient, shading, hatching, different colors in the different regions, lines indicating the boundaries of the regions, and/or various other methods of displaying different regions on a graph. Other embodiments may also comprise more or less than three regions. 
     The market position visualization  110  further comprises a selected item marker  124  and a plurality of comparison item markers  126 . The selected item indicator or marker  124  is positioned at the center of this visualization. In other embodiments, the selected item indicator may not necessarily be positioned at the center or origin of the two axis graph. The markers  124  and  126  are positioned on the visualization  110  relative to the price axis  114  and the primary attribute axis  116  based on each item&#39;s price and primary attribute value, in this case mileage. 
     The comparison item markers  126  are shown with a shading indicative of how similar that marker&#39;s item is to the selected item. The legend  112  provides a guide to how similar each item is based on its shading. In this example, a darker shade indicates the item is more similar to the selected item, and a lighter shade indicates the item is less similar to the selected item. As shown by the legend  112 , in this embodiment, the visualization  110  is only illustrating comparison items that are at least somewhat similar to the selected item. The legend  112  illustrates the lowest similarity as being called “similar.” This may be advantageous, because a buyer or seller interested in a specific selected item may not be interested in items that are vastly different than that selected item. Therefore it may be advantageous to only illustrate selected items that are similar to the selected item above a certain threshold similarity level. In other embodiments, a visualization  110  may illustrate comparison or alternative items that are less similar than as is shown by this legend  112 . 
     Although, in this embodiment, similarity is illustrated by darker or lighter shading of the various markers, similarity may in other embodiments be illustrated in various other ways. For example, markers may be different colors or different shades of different colors to indicate differences in similarity. In other embodiments, markers may be different shapes, different sizes, more or less opaque, and/or the like. 
     The legend  112  also indicates that a “sweet spot” is shown by a white band. This white band is illustrated by the predicted price region  118 . As indicated by the legend  112 , markers that are positioned in the sweet spot or predicted price region  118  likely have a good price and mileage balance compared to the rest of the market. However, mileage likely is not the only price driver attribute. Accordingly, it is advantageous to have a third type of information, namely similarity, displayed on the chart, because there may be certain reasons that an alternative item may fall outside of the predicted price region  118  but still be reasonably priced. For example, the alternative item marked as  126  in  FIG.  1 A  is outside of the predicted price region  118 , seemingly indicating this item does not have a good mileage and price balance, as compared to the rest of the market. However, that alternative item&#39;s marker is also a lighter shade than many of the markers in the sweet spot. Accordingly, it may be the case that this specific alternative item has one or more price driver attributes that are significantly different than the selected item&#39;s attributes and that would adequately explain the lower than predicted price. In some embodiments, the visualization  110  can be further configured to convey information about price driver attributes other than the primary attribute, such as by displaying a note next to the marker indicating that this item has a salvage title. This may, for example, help to explain why some items fall significantly outside of the predicted price region  118 . 
       FIG.  1 B  is another embodiment of a schematic diagram illustrating the user access point system  100  of  FIG.  1 A . The embodiment illustrated in  FIG.  1 B  is similar to the embodiment illustrated in  FIG.  1 A , except the market position visualization  110  has been enlarged. As described above, the market position visualization  110  is simultaneously illustrating three different types of information. The first type of information being illustrated is a primary attributed versus price value, as indicated by the X and Y coordinates of each marker  124  and  126  in the graph. The second type of information being displayed is whether each item falls within a predicted price region based on the primary attribute value. For example, if a marker is positioned in the predicted price region  118 , the visualization system has determined that that item has a price within a predicted selling price range based on that item&#39;s mileage. The third type of information displayed by the market position visualization  110  is a similarity of each comparison item to the selected item. As described above, this similarity in this embodiment is illustrated by the shading of each marker  126 . 
     In some embodiments, more than one attribute may be illustrated by the chart, either explicitly or implicitly. In this embodiment, one primary attribute, namely mileage, is explicitly displayed with respect to the price. However, various other attributes of each item that go into that item&#39;s price are illustrated, although not explicitly, by illustrating the similarity of that item to the selected item. For example, if the number of prior owners is an attribute that significantly affects price and/or desirability of a vehicle, an alternative item having a significantly different number of owners may be illustrated in a lighter shade indicating that item is significantly different than the selected item (and, accordingly, that this difference may at least partially explain any difference in price). In some embodiments, the similarity measurement is in a sense an aggregation of the differences of a plurality of attributes of the alternative items as compared to the selected item. While the primary attribute axis explicitly illustrates one attribute, the similarity score depiction illustrates an aggregation of differences in a plurality of additional attributes. 
       FIG.  1 C  is another embodiment of a schematic diagram illustrating the user access point system  100  of  FIG.  1 A . However, in this embodiment, the electronic display  102  is illustrating an alternate embodiment of a market position visualization  210 . In this embodiment, the market position visualization  210  comprises a primary attribute axis  116 , a price axis  114 , a selected item indicator or marker  124 , and a plurality of comparison or alternative item indicators or markers  126 . This market position visualization is also divided into three regions  118 ,  120 , and  122 . In this embodiment, however, the three regions indicate or estimate a difference in a number of features rather than a predicted price. In this embodiment, items illustrated in the more features region  120  have more features than items in the less features region  122 . The region  118  indicates items having identical or a similar number of features to the selected item  124 . Although in this embodiment the three regions are shown by a color gradient, the regions may be illustrated in various other ways, as described above with respect to  FIG.  1 A . 
     Although various embodiments described herein utilize generally linear regions  118 ,  120 , and  122 , other embodiments may utilize regions having other shapes, such as curved, exponentially shaped, irregularly shaped, disjointed, etc., as determined by the underlying prediction model. 
     Visualization Systems 
       FIG.  2 A  is a block diagram depicting an embodiment of a visualization system  200  in communication with one or more other systems. The visualization system  200  is configured to communicate through an electronic network  204  with one or more user access point systems  100  and one or more listing systems  202 . The visualization system  200  can be configured to communicate with these other systems in order to generate market position visualizations for display to a user of a user access point system based on a selection of a selected item received from the user access point system. The visualization system  200  can comprise a computer server, a tablet computer, a personal computer, a smartphone, or any other computer system capable of performing the operations as described herein. Similarly, the user access point systems  100  and listing systems  202  can comprise various types of computer hardware systems configured to operate as described herein. In some embodiments, various modules, engines, generators, calculators, and other components of the visualization system  200  and other systems can be combined into different systems or separated out into more systems than are shown here, as long as they are able to perform the functions as described herein. 
     The electronic network  204  may comprise the internet, a local area network, a wide area network, a cell phone network, and/or any other type of electronic network capable of enabling electronic systems to communicate with each other. 
     The user access point systems  100  comprise an item selection receiver  206  and a display interface  208 . The item selection receiver  206  can be configured to enable a user of the user access point system  100  to select a selected or target item. For example, the item selection receiver  206  may be configured to utilize the electronic display  102  illustrated in  FIG.  1 A  to enable a user to search for, input information related to, or otherwise select a unique item that the user is interested in. For example, the item selection receiver  206  may be configured to enable a user to click on a used car listing. The display interface  208  can be configured to operate the electronic display  102  as illustrated in  FIG.  1 A . In some embodiments, as further described below, the user access point systems  100  can be configured to communicate through the network  204  with the visualization system  200  to communicate item selections to the visualization system  200  and to receive information describing a market position visualization for display by the display interface  208 . 
     The listing systems  202  can be configured to list various unique items for sale to users of the systems. For example, the listing systems  202  can comprise internet websites offering used cars, existing homes, used goods, collectible items, and/or other unique items for sale. The listing systems  202  can be configured to enable users to interact with the systems to indicate preferences for items, purchase items, list items as sold, and/or to otherwise interact with the listings. The listing systems  202  can further be configured to log information related to the user interactions. The listing systems  202  can be configured to electronically communicate through the network  204  with the user access point systems  100  and/or the visualization system  200 . 
     The visualization system  200  comprises an item selection receiver  210 , a visualization compilation engine  212 , an items information database  214 , a data collection engine  216 , a rendering engine  218 , a prediction engine  220 , and a scoring engine  222 . The item selection receiver  210  can be configured to receive a selected item or information describing or related to a selected item from a user access point system  100  through the network  204 . The visualization compilation engine  212  can be configured to then take that selected item information and compile a visualization based on various comparison items. The visualization compilation engine  212  can be configured to communicate with the rendering engine  218 , prediction engine  220 , and scoring engine  222  to create the market position visualization for sending back to the user access point system  100  for display to the user by the display interface  208 . 
     The items information database  214  can be configured to store electronic information related to selected items and comparison items, such as an inventory of items currently listed for sale on the market, and/or items previously sold. In some embodiments, the items information database  214  comprises a complete inventory of items currently for sale on the market. In other embodiments, the items information database  214  is configured to store only a subset of items for sale on the market. The items information database  214  can be configured to electronically communicate with the various other components of the visualization system  200  to enable those components to carry out their intended functions. 
     The data collection engine  216  comprises an activity filter  224  and a listing system interface  226 . The listing system interface  226  can be configured to electronically communicate with the plurality of listing systems  202  to gather information related to items listed for sale and user interactions with those items. The activity filter  224  can be configured to analyze the data gathered from the listing systems to, for example, determine the various attributes of the various items listed for sale, and to process logged user interactions with those items. The activity filter  224  can be configured to communicate with the items information database  214  to store and/or update information related to various items currently on the market and/or previously sold on the market. 
     The rendering engine  218  comprises a primary attribute generator  228 , a secondary attribute generator  230 , and a prediction region generator  232 . The primary attribute generator  228  can be configured to generate the first type of information illustrated by a market position visualization, such as x-y coordinates for each marker. For example, the primary attribute generator  228  can be configured to determine, in the example shown in  FIG.  1 A , the number of miles and the listing price for the selected item and comparison items. The primary attribute generator  228  can then be configured to generate information comprising the coordinates that each marker should be shown at on the market position visualization  110 . 
     The secondary attribute generator  230  can be configured to generate information related to the second type of information illustrated by a market position visualization, such as a similarity score indicator. For example, the secondary attribute generator  230  can be configured to generate the information for displaying the similarity of each alternative item as illustrated in  FIG.  1 A . The secondary attribute generator  230  may be configured to communicate with the scoring engine  222  to generate similarity scores for each alternative item and then to generate information to define how a marker for that item should be displayed to represent the similarity score. 
     The prediction region generator  232  can be configured to generate the third type of information displayed by a market position visualization, such as the prediction regions shown in  FIG.  1 A . For example, the prediction region generator  232  can be configured to communicate with the prediction engine  220  to generate the predicted selling price versus primary attribute data as illustrated by the predicted price region  118  illustrated in  FIG.  1 A . The prediction region generator  232  can be configured to generate data or information describing the predicted price region and any other regions to enable illustration of those regions by a market position visualization. 
     The prediction engine  220  comprises a prediction models database  234 , a prediction models training generator  236 , and a price prediction calculator  238 . The prediction models database  234  can be configured to store prediction models for use by the price prediction calculator  238  in predicting, for example, a selling price based on a primary attribute of a unique item. This information can be used to, for example, generate a predicted selling price region as illustrated by the predicted price region  118  of  FIG.  1 A . The prediction models training generator  236  can be configured to analyze past sales and/or existing items on the market as gathered by the data collection engine  216  to create prediction models for storage in the prediction models database  234 . The prediction model creation process is further described below with respect to  FIG.  8   . 
     The scoring engine  222  comprises a scoring factors database  240 , a similarity score training generator  242 , and a similarity score calculator  244 . The scoring factors database  240  can be configured to store factors and other information to enable the similarity score calculator  244  to analyze the attributes of a selected item and comparison items to generate similarity scores for each of those comparison items. The similarity score training generator  242  can be configured to analyze information related to items currently on the market and/or previously sold on the market, along with logged user activity related to those items as gathered by the data collection engine  216 , to create the scoring factors stored in the scoring factors database  240 . The similarity score training generator process for creating the scoring factors is illustrated in  FIG.  7    as further described below. 
       FIG.  2 B  is a block diagram depicting another embodiment of a visualization system  250  in communication with one or more other systems. The visualization system  250  illustrated in  FIG.  2 B  is similar to the visualization system  200  illustrated in  FIG.  2 A . However, the visualization system  250  is configured to rely on external systems to collect data related to items currently on the market or previously sold on the market and to create prediction models and scoring factors. The visualization system  250  is configured to communicate with a prediction modeling system  252 , a data collection system  217 , a plurality of listing systems  202 , a scoring training system  254 , and a plurality of user access point systems  100 . The prediction modeling system  252  comprises a prediction models database  258  and a prediction models training generator  236 . The prediction models training generator  236  can be configured to operate similarly to the prediction models training generator  236  illustrated in  FIG.  2 A . The prediction models training generator  236  can be configured to generate prediction models and to store the prediction models in the prediction models database  258 . The visualization system  250  can be configured to communicate with the prediction modeling system  252  to acquire prediction models for storing in its prediction model database  234 , for use in prediction calculations by the price prediction calculator  238 . 
     The scoring training system  254  comprises a scoring factors database  260  and a similarity score training generator  242 . The similarity score training generator  242  can be configured to generate similarity scoring factors as described in further detail below and to store these factors in the scoring factors database  260 . The visualization system  250  can be configured to communicate with the scoring system  254  to acquire these scoring factors for storing in its scoring factors database  240  for generating similarity scores by the similarity score calculator  244 . 
     The data collection system  217  comprises an items information database  256 , an activity filter  224 , and a listing system interface  226 . The data collection system  217  can be configured to operate similarly to the data collection engine  216  illustrated in  FIG.  2 A , except the data collection system  217  can be configured to operate independently of the visualization system  250 . The data collection system  217  can be configured to store collected information in its items information database  256 . The data collection system  217  can be configured to communicate with the visualization system  250  to transfer its items information to the visualization system  250  for storage in its items information database  214 . 
     In operation, to generate a market position visualization, the visualization compilation engine  212  can be configured to communicate with the prediction engine  221 , the scoring engine  223 , and the rendering engine  218  to generate the three types of information and to compile these into electronic data describing a market position visualization for sending to a user access point system  100  for display by the display interface  208 . 
     Although various embodiments described herein are described with reference to three types of information being displayed by an electronic visualization, various embodiments may be configured to display a greater or fewer number of types of information and may be configured to display such information in various ways. For example, markers may show multiple types of information by having a shape that shows one type of information and a color that shows another type of information. Further, a chart may comprise more than two axes, such as by using a three-dimensional three axis chart. A chart may also utilize different coordinate systems, such as a cylindrical coordinate system, or even no coordinate system. For example, an electronic visualization may show its various types of information merely by positioning markers a certain distance away from the selected item&#39;s marker, by changing shapes, colors, etc. of the markers and/or by showing one or more regions, such as the predicted price regions described above or any other type of region. 
       FIG.  2 C  is a block diagram depicting another embodiment of a visualization system  270  in communication with one or more other systems. The visualization system  270  is similar to the visualization system  200  illustrated in  FIG.  2 A . However, the visualization system  270  is configured to utilize an external prediction system  253  and an external scoring system  255  to generate the prediction regions of the market position visualization and the similarity scores, respectively. The prediction system  253  is configured to operate similarly to the prediction engine  220 , and the scoring system  255  is configured to operate similarly to the scoring engine  222 . 
       FIG.  2 D  is a block diagram depicting another embodiment of a visualization system  280  in communication with one or more other systems. The visualization system  280  is similar to the visualization system  200  illustrated in  FIG.  2 A . However, the visualization system  280  adds a listing engine  282  and a display interface  284 . In this embodiment, the visualization system  280  is able to allow users to directly interact with the visualization system  280  to interact with listings and/or to generate and view a market position visualization. For example, the listing engine  282  may perform functions similar to the plurality of listing systems  202 . Additionally, the display interface  284  may perform functions similar to the display interface  208  of the user access point system  100 . This embodiment illustrates an example that a visualization system, while in some embodiments communicates with other systems, in other embodiments does not have to necessarily communicate with any other systems to perform its intended functions. 
     Determining and Displaying Market Relative Positions and/or Attributes 
       FIG.  3    depicts an embodiment of a process flow diagram illustrating an example of determining and displaying market relative attributes of unique items. The process flow illustrated in  FIG.  3    may be performed by, for example, any of the systems illustrated in  FIGS.  2 A- 2 D . The process follow illustrated in  FIG.  3    may be utilized to, for example, generate a market position visualization as illustrated in  FIG.  1 A  based on a user&#39;s indication of a selected item. At block  302  the user or a requesting system starts the process. For example, a user may start the process using a user access point system  100 . At block  304 , the user or requesting system selects an item. For example, a display interface  208  of a user access point system  100  may be configured to enable a user to select a used vehicle from a list of used vehicles currently for sale. In another example, a requesting system not currently under the control of a user selects an item for the creation of a visualization. At block  306 , the user or requesting system sends selected item information to a visualization system. For example, the user or requesting system may be configured to send information describing the selected item and/or to send an identifier of the selected item to a visualization system. 
     At block  308 , the visualization system receives the selected item information. For example, the visualization system  200  illustrated in  FIG.  2 A  may receive the selected item information through the electronic network  204  from the user access point system  100 . In some embodiments, the visualization system may receive an identifier of a selected item and be required to retrieve additional information related to that item from, for example, the items information database  214 . At block  310 , the visualization compilation engine retrieves comparison item information. For example, the visualization compilation engine  212  may be configured to communicate with the items information database  214 , illustrated as an items information database  312  in  FIG.  3   , to retrieve information related to a plurality of alternative or comparison unique items. 
     At block  314 , a scoring engine calculates a similarity score for each comparison or alternative item. For example, the scoring engine  222  illustrated in  FIG.  2 A  can be configured to utilize its similarity score calculator  244  to compare each alternative item&#39;s attributes to the attributes of the selected item to determine a similarity score for each item. An example similarity score calculation process is illustrated in  FIG.  6   , described below. 
     At block  316 , the visualization system determines a primary comparison attribute. For example, the visualization system may determine that the primary comparison attribute is automobile mileage, as shown in the examples in  FIGS.  1 A and  1 B . In some embodiments, the determination of this primary comparison attribute is set by an administrator of the system. In other embodiments, the determination of this primary comparison attribute is based on a selection of the user or requesting system. In other embodiments, the determination of the primary comparison attribute may be, at least in part, automatically determined based on the attributes of the selected and comparison items and/or the similarity calculation process at block  314 . 
     At block  318 , a primary attribute generator analyzes the comparison item information to create primary attribute versus listing price marker coordinates. For example, the primary attribute generator  228  illustrated in  FIG.  2 A  may be configured to determine the listing price and primary attribute value for each comparison item and the selected item and to generate a pair of coordinates for each item indicating where that item&#39;s marker should be illustrated on the market position visualization. 
     At block  320 , a secondary attribute generator creates marker style information based on the calculated similarity scores. For example, the secondary attribute generator  230  illustrated in  FIG.  2 A  can be configured to analyze the similarity scores calculated at block  314  and to generate information to define how the marker for each item should be displayed on the market position visualization. For example, the secondary attribute generator  230  may generate information indicating the color each marker should be displayed as, the size of each marker, the shape or type of each marker, etc. 
     At block  322 , a prediction region generator uses a price prediction model to create a predicted price versus primary attribute region. For example, the predicted region generator  232  illustrated in  FIG.  2 A  may be configured to communicate with the prediction engine  220  and/or the prediction models database  234 , illustrated as a prediction models database  234  in  FIG.  3   , to apply a prediction model to predict a selling price of an item based on its primary attribute value. For example, in generating the market position visualization illustrated in  FIGS.  1 A and  1 B , the prediction region generator can be configured to generate a linear function defining a predicted selling price versus mileage. In some embodiments, the prediction region generator is further configured to take into account a margin of error or a range to apply around the exact predicted price to create a band having a certain width (as opposed to a line having zero width), as shown by the predicted price region  118  in  FIG.  1 A . In some embodiments, the prediction region generator can be configured to illustrate merely a line for the predicted price versus primary attribute. In other embodiments, an administrative setting can be configured to determine the range to illustrate around the exact predicted selling price. In some embodiments, the range of the predicted selling price region can, at least partially, be determined by analyzing the comparison item set in real-time or substantially real-time. 
     At block  326 , a visualization compilation engine creates visualization information comprising the marker coordinates, style information, and prediction region information. For example, the visualization compilation engine  212  illustrated in  FIG.  2 A  can be configured to create information describing the three types of information to be displayed by the market position visualization. The visualization compilation engine can be configured to compile X and Y coordinates for the first type of information, marker style information to illustrate the second type of information, and prediction region coordinates to illustrate the third type of information. In other embodiments, the visualization compilation engine can be configured to create more or less information, or different types of information, based on the types of information to be displayed and the number of types of information to be displayed. 
     At block  328 , the visualization compilation engine sends the visualization information to the user or requesting system. For example, the visualization compilation engine  212  can be configured to send the visualization information through the electronic network  204  to the user access point system  100 . At block  330 , the user or requesting system receives the visualization information from the visualization system. At block  332 , the user or requesting system displays a chart or other visualization comprising the visualization information. For example, the user or requesting system can be configured to display the market position visualization  110  as illustrated in  FIGS.  1 A and  1 B . 
       FIG.  4 A  depicts another embodiment of a process flow diagram illustrating an example of determining and displaying market relative attributes of unique items. At block  402 , a target product is provided. For example, a user can select a selected item using the item selection receiver  206  illustrated in  FIG.  2 A , and the user access point system  100  can be configured to electronically send information relating to that selected item or target product to the visualization system  200 . At block  404 , marketplace inventory is provided. For example, a visualization system  200  can be configured to store marketplace inventory information in its items information database  214 . In some embodiments, the data collection engine  216  illustrated in  FIG.  2 A  can be configured to gather marketplace inventory information from one or more listing systems  202 . At block  408 , a similarity score is computed relative to the target product for each of the alternative items in the marketplace or for a subset of the alternative items. For example, the scoring engine  222  illustrated in  FIG.  2 A  can be configured to calculate a similarity score for each of a plurality of the alternative items in the marketplace. 
     At block  410 , the alternative or comparison items are optionally sorted by their similarity scores and filtered. For example, the secondary attribute generator  230  illustrated in  FIG.  2 A  can be configured to sort each of the comparison items in order of similarity and then to select a subset of those items that have scores indicating they are most similar to the target product. At block  412 , a comparison set is provided. For example, the comparison set provided at block  412  may comprise the set of alternative or comparison items as filtered at block  410 . 
     At block  406 , a predictive model is provided. For example, the price prediction calculator  238  as illustrated in  FIG.  2 A  can be configured to retrieve a price prediction model from the prediction models database  234 . 
     At block  414 , a market position visualization is rendered. For example, the rendering engine  218  illustrated in  FIG.  2 A  can be configured to generate information describing the primary attribute versus price of each item, the similarity of each item to the target product, and the predicted price regions. This information can then be sent to, for example, a user access point system for display to a user. 
       FIG.  4 B  depicts another embodiment of a process flow diagram illustrating an example of determining and displaying market relative attributes of unique items. The process flow illustrated in  FIG.  4 B  is similar to the process flow illustrated in  FIG.  4 A , except a predictive model is generated in this process flow in real-time or substantially in real-time based on an analysis of the comparison set, rather than being retrieved from a database of predetermined models. At block  420 , a target product or selected item is provided. At block  422 , a marketplace inventory is provided. At block  424 , the similarity of each item in the inventory or a subset of the items in the inventory is calculated relative to the target product or selected item. 
     At block  426 , the alternative items are optionally sorted by the similarity score and filtered to include the most similar items. At block  428 , a comparison set is provided. For example, the comparison set may comprise the filtered set of alternative items created at block  426 . 
     At block  430 , the visualization system analyzes the comparison set of items to generate a price prediction model. This model may, in some embodiments, be generated in real-time or substantially in real-time using the concepts illustrated in  FIG.  8    as described below. 
     At block  432  the predictive model that was generated at block  430  is provided. At block  434 , a market position visualization is rendered. For example, the rendering engine  218  illustrated in  FIG.  2 A  can be configured to determine information describing the three types of information for display in a market position visualization as illustrated in  FIGS.  1 A- 1 C . This information can then be sent to, for example, a user access point system for display to a user. 
       FIG.  5 A  depicts another embodiment of a process flow diagram illustrating an example of determining and displaying market relative attributes of unique items. The process flow begins at block  501 . At block  502 , a user or requesting system selects an item. For example, a user of a user access point system  100  as illustrated in  FIG.  2 A  may select a unique item, such as a used vehicle, that the user is interested in. At block  503 , the user or requesting system sends selected item information to a visualization system. 
     At block  504 , the visualization system receives the selected item information. For example, the visualization system  200  illustrated in  FIG.  2 A  may be configured to receive the selected item information electronically through the network  204  from the user access point system  100 . 
     At block  505 , the process flow varies depending on whether attributes of the selected item need to be retrieved. For example, in some embodiments, the user access point system  100  may be configured to send all relevant attributes of the selected item to the visualization system. In that example, the visualization system may not need to retrieve additional attributes, and the process flow would continue to block  508 . However, in some embodiments, the user access point system may send only a subset of the relevant attributes to the visualization system and/or the user access point system may send an identifier of the selected item to the visualization system. In that case, the process flow proceeds to block  506 . 
     At block  506 , the visualization system retrieves attributes from an items information database. For example, the visualization system can be configured to utilize an identifier received from the user access point system to retrieve data related to the selected item from the items information database  214 , illustrated as an items information database  507  in  FIG.  5 A . The process flow then proceeds to block  508 . 
     At block  508 , a visualization compilation engine optionally determines a comparison set criteria. For example, in some embodiments, the items information database may contain information related to various types of unique items such as cars, homes, collectible goods, etc. In some embodiments, rather than utilizing the entire inventory as a potential comparison set, the visualization compilation engine may optionally be configured to preliminarily narrow the set of items to consider. For example, the visualization compilation engine may be configured to only consider used automobiles as part of a comparison set when the selected item is a used automobile. In other examples, the criteria for an initial comparison set may be more specific, such as only including mini vans in the comparison set when a selected item is a minivan. In another example, a comparison set criteria may comprise only providing comparisons for homes within a certain number of miles from a selected home. 
     At block  509 , the visualization compilation engine retrieves comparison item information. For example, the visualization compilation engine  212  illustrated in  FIG.  2 A  can be configured to communicate with the items information database  214 , illustrated as the items information database  507 , to retrieve any relevant attribute information for each comparison set item. At block  510 , the visualization system determines a primary comparison attribute. For example, the visualization system may determine that mileage is the primary comparison attribute for used vehicles. In other embodiments, the visualization system may determine that one or more other attributes should be the primary comparison attribute, based on an administrator setting or information received from the user. Examples of other potential primary attributes include, but are not limited to, age, square footage, condition, and/or the like. Although embodiments as described herein describe the x- and y-axis values as being generally continuous ranges (for example, 0 to 200,000 miles, with any number in that range being a potential x-axis value), other embodiments may use categories, exponential scales, and/or other nonlinear ranges. For example, a primary attribute may comprise a non-linear attribute such as car color, engine type, house construction type, and/or the like. 
     At block  511 , a primary attribute generator analyzes the comparison item information to create primary attribute versus listing price marker coordinates. For example, the primary attribute generator  228  illustrated in  FIG.  2 A  can be configured to analyze the comparison item information to determine the listing price of each comparison item and the value of each comparison item&#39;s primary attribute, such as mileage. The primary attribute generator can then be configured to generate a set of x-y coordinates for each of these items to enable positioning of a marker for each item in a market position visualization, such as the market position visualization  110  illustrated in  FIG.  1 A . 
     At block  512 , a scoring engine calculates normalized probability, customization, condition, and/or status scores for single comparison item. For example, the scoring engine  222  illustrated in  FIG.  2 A  can be configured to operate as illustrated in  FIG.  6    as further described below to calculate these normalized scores. The scoring engine may be configured to communicate with a scoring factors database  513  to retrieve scoring factors for use in the scoring calculations. At block  514 , the scoring engine calculates a similarity score for the comparison item. For example, as further illustrated in  FIG.  6   , the scoring engine can be configured to combine the normalized scores to generate a single similarity score. 
     At block  515 , the process flow varies depending on whether there are more alternative or comparison items to analyze. If there are more alternative items to analyze, the process flow proceeds back to block  512  and proceeds as described above. If, at block  515 , there are no more comparison items to analyze, the process flow proceeds to block  516 . 
     At block  516 , a visualization compilation engine optionally sorts and/or filters the comparison items. For example, the visualization compilation engine  212  illustrated in  FIG.  2 A  can be configured to sort the comparison items by their respective similarity scores and/or to eliminate some of the comparison items that are, for example, less similar to the target item. In some embodiments, block  516  is not performed and the entire set of comparison items is utilized. 
     At block  517 , a secondary attribute generator creates marker style information based on the similarity scores. For example, the secondary attribute generator illustrated in  FIG.  2 A  can be configured to generate information defining how a marker should be displayed (for example, its color, shape, etc.) based on its similarity score. 
     At block  518 , a prediction region generator retrieves a price prediction model. For example, the prediction region generator can be configured to communicate with the prediction models database shown at block  519  to retrieve a previously calculated prediction model. At block  520 , the prediction region generator applies the price prediction model to create predicted price region versus primary attribute region information. For example, the price prediction region generator  232  illustrated in  FIG.  2 A  may be configured to communicate with the price prediction calculator  238  to apply the prediction model and to generate a function describing a predicted selling price versus primary attribute line (which may or may not be shown on an electronic visualization). In some embodiments, the prediction region generator additionally defines a magnitude or size of a region around the predicted price line. 
     At block  521 , the visualization compilation engine creates visualization information comprising the marker coordinates, style information, and prediction region information. For example, the visualization compilation engine  212  can be configured to compile the information generated by the primary attribute generator, secondary attribute generator, and prediction region generator into a single set of information for generating a market position visualization. In some embodiments, the visualization compilation engine can be configured to further incorporate information for display relating to the market position visualization, such as for the legend  112  and heading  108  shown in  FIG.  1 A . 
     At block  522 , the visualization compilation engine sends the visualization information to the user or requesting system. At block  523 , the user or requesting system receives the visualization information from the visualization system. At block  524 , the user or requesting system displays and enables interaction with a chart comprising the visualization information. For example, the user access point system  100  illustrated in  FIG.  1 A  can be configured to illustrate the market position visualization  110  utilizing the information from the visualization system  200 . In some embodiments, the user access point system  100  can be configured to enable a user to interact with the visualization by, for example, selecting alternative items to find out additional information about those items. 
     In some embodiments, a visualization system is configured to render a visualization prior to sending the visualization information to a user access point system. For example, the visualization system can be configured to generate a JPEG file, a vector graphic file, and/or the like for sending to the user access point system. In other embodiments, a visualization system can be configured to send information to a user access point system to enable the user access point system to render the visualization. For example, the visualization system can be configured to send data indicating marker coordinates, marker styles, etc. to enable the user access point system to render a visualization. 
       FIG.  5 B  depicts another embodiment of a process flow diagram illustrating an example of determining and displaying market relative attributes of unique items. The process flow illustrated in  FIG.  5 B  is similar to the process flow illustrated in  FIG.  5 A , except the process flow illustrated in  FIG.  5 B  comprises generating prediction models in real-time or substantially in real-time based on an analysis of the comparison item set, rather than, or in addition to, retrieving pre-generated prediction models. 
     The process flow begins at block  531 . At block  532 , a user or requesting system selects an item. At block  533 , the user or requesting system sends the selected item information to the visualization system. At block  534 , the visualization system receives the selected item information. At block  535 , the process flow varies depending on whether attributes of the selected item need to be retrieved. If attributes of the selected item need to be retrieved, the process flow proceeds to block  536 . At block  536 , the visualization system retrieves any required attributes of the selected item from the items information database illustrated at block  537 . After attributes have been retrieved, or if attributes do not need to be retrieved, the process flow continues to block  538 . 
     At block  538 , a visualization compilation engine determines a comparison set criteria. This optional block can be used to pare down or reduce the size of a comparison set prior to performing additional calculations on the comparison set. At block  539 , the visualization compilation engine retrieves comparison item information. For example, the visualization compilation engine can be configured to retrieve information related to a plurality of alternative or comparison items from the items information database shown at block  537 . 
     At block  540 , the visualization system determines a primary comparison attribute, such as mileage of a used vehicle. At block  541 , a primary attribute generator analyzes the comparison item information to create primary attribute versus listing price marker coordinates. These coordinates can be utilized by, for example, a user access point system to illustrate the first type of information illustrated by a market position visualization, namely price versus primary attribute. 
     At block  542 , a scoring engine calculates normalized probability, customization, condition, and status scores for a comparison item. In calculating these scores, the scoring engine is configured to communicate with a scoring factors database shown at block  543  to retrieve any required scoring factors. At block  544 , the scoring engine calculates a similarity score for the comparison item, by combining the various scores calculated at block  542 . At block  545 , the process flow depends on whether there are additional comparison items to analyze. If there are, the process flow proceeds back to block  542  and proceeds as described above. If there are no more items to analyze at block  545 , the process flow proceeds to block  546 . 
     At block  546 , the visualization compilation engine optionally sorts and/or filters the comparison items. For example, the visualization compilation engine can sort the comparison items by their calculated similarity scores and/or remove some items that have a lower similarity to the target item. 
     At block  547 , a secondary attribute generator creates marker style information based on the similarity scores. For example, a secondary attribute generator can be configured to generate information indicating how a marker for each item should be illustrated, such as its color, size, shape, etc. This information defines how the second type of information illustrated by a market position visualization will be shown. 
     At block  548 , a prediction models training generator analyzes comparison items to generate a price prediction model in real-time or substantially in real-time. For example, the prediction models training generator  236  illustrated in  FIG.  2 A  can be configured to analyze the comparison items in the comparison set to generate a prediction model that can be utilized to predict a selling price versus primary attribute for the items. One example of a process for generating this model is illustrated in  FIG.  8   , as further described below. 
     At block  550 , a prediction region generator applies the price prediction model to create predicted price versus primary attribute region information. For example, the prediction region generator  232  illustrated in  FIG.  2 A  can be configured to generate a line and/or a band for illustration on a market position visualization that indicates items having a listing price falling within the predicted listing price based on their primary attribute value. 
     At block  551 , the visualization compilation engine creates visualization information comprising the marker coordinates, style information, and prediction region information. For example, the visualization compilation engine  212  illustrated in  FIG.  2 A  can be configured to compile all of the information required to enable a market position visualization to illustrate all three types of information as shown in the examples in FIGS. 
     At block  552 , the visualization compilation engine sends the visualization information to the user or requesting system. At block  553 , the user or requesting system receives the visualization information. At block  554 , the user or requesting system displays and optionally enables interaction with a chart comprising the visualization information. For example, the user or requesting system illustrates the market position visualizations illustrated in  FIGS.  1 A- 1 C  and optionally enables a user to interact with those visualizations. 
       FIG.  5 C  depicts another embodiment of a process flow diagram illustrating an example of determining and displaying market relative attributes of unique items. The process flow illustrated in  FIG.  5 C  is similar to the process flow illustrated in  FIG.  5 A , except the process flow illustrated in  FIG.  5 C  illustrates a process wherein a visualization system communicates with external scoring and prediction systems to calculate similarity scores and price prediction information, rather than utilizing the visualization system to calculate that information. Such a process flow as shown in  FIG.  5 C  may be implemented by, for example, the visualization system  270  illustrated in  FIG.  2 C . 
     At block  561 , the process flow begins. At block  562 , a user or requesting system selects an item. At block  563 , the user or requesting system sends selected item information to the visualization system. At block  564 , the visualization system receives the selected item information. At block  565 , the process flow varies depending on whether attributes for the selected item need to be retrieved. If not, the process flow continues to block  568 . If additional attributes need to be retrieved, the process flow proceeds to block  566 . At block  566 , the visualization system retrieves attributes of the selected item from the items information database illustrated at block  567 . The process flow then proceeds to block  568 . 
     At block  568 , the visualization compilation engine optionally determines a comparison set criteria, to optionally reduce the size of the comparison set prior to performing similarity calculations. At block  569 , the visualization compilation engine retrieves comparison item information. For example, the visualization compilation engine  212  illustrated in  FIG.  2 B  can be configured to communicate with the items information database shown at block  567  to retrieve attribute information for the various comparison items. 
     At block  570 , the visualization system determines a primary comparison attribute. For example, the visualization system determines that the primary comparison attribute should be mileage of a used vehicle. At block  571 , the primary attribute generator analyzes comparison item information to create primary attribute versus listing price marker coordinates. This information can be used to illustrate the first type of information on a market position visualization, namely primary attribute versus price information. 
     At block  572 , the visualization system communicates with an external scoring system  573  to determine similarity scores for the comparison items. For example, the visualization system  270  illustrated in  FIG.  2 C  can be configured to communicate through the network  204  with the scoring system  255  to determine similarity scores for each comparison item as compared to the selected item. At block  576 , the visualization compilation engine optionally sorts and/or filters the comparison items based on their respective similarity scores. 
     At block  577 , the visualization system communicates with an external prediction system  578  to determine predicted price versus primary attribute region information. For example, the visualization system  270  can be configured to electronically communicate through the network  204  with the prediction system  253  to determine information defining the predicted price region. 
     At block  581 , the visualization compilation engine creates visualization information comprising the marker coordinates, marker style information, and prediction region information. This information comprises the three types of information for display in a market position visualization as illustrated in  FIGS.  1 A- 1 C . At block  582 , the visualization compilation engine sends the visualization information to the user or requesting system. At block  583 , the user or requesting system receives the visualization information from the visualization system. At block  584 , the user or requesting system displays and optionally enables interaction with a chart or other visualization comprising the visualization information, as illustrated in  FIGS.  1 A- 1 C . 
     Determining Similarity 
       FIG.  6    depicts an embodiment of a process flow diagram illustrating an example of calculating similarity scores for alternative or comparison unique items. Although the process flow illustrated in  FIG.  6    depicts one way of calculating similarity scores, the systems, methods, and devices as described herein may utilize various different methods of determining a similarity of a comparison item to a selected item. For example, U.S. application Ser. No. 13/927,513, incorporated by reference herein, describes various methods of calculating similarity scores, any of which may be utilized by a visualization system. 
     The visualization system begins the process at block  602 . At block  604 , the visualization system determines a selected item and a comparison item set. For example, the visualization system  200  illustrated in  FIG.  2 A  may be configured to receive a selected item from a user access point system and to determine a set of alternative or comparison items to compare to that selected item, as further described above. At block  606 , the visualization system sends the selected item and comparison item information to a scoring system. Note that, although the process flow illustrated in  FIG.  6    comprises a visualization system utilizing an external scoring system for calculating scores, such as is shown in  FIG.  2 C , the same concepts as described with respect to  FIG.  6    may be utilized by various other systems. For example, the visualization system  200  illustrated in  FIG.  2 A  may utilize the same concepts by using its scoring engine  222 , rather than a scoring system. 
     At block  608 , the scoring system receives the selected and comparison item information from the visualization system. At block  610 , a similarity score calculator decomposes the selected item. For example, the similarity score calculator  244  illustrated in  FIG.  2 C  can be configured to analyze information describing the selected item to decompose it into its various attributes, such as condition attributes, status attributes, customization attributes, and/or the like. 
     At block  612 , the similarity score calculator decomposes a comparison item. For example, the similarity score calculator  244  can be configured to decompose the first comparison item similar to how it decomposed the selected item at block  610 . 
     At block  614 , the similarity score calculator generates a probability score. For example, the similarity score calculator may be configured to communicate with a prototype factor database shown at block  616  to retrieve prototype factors and to utilize, for example, a collaborative filter to calculate a probability that a user interested in the selected item would be interested in the comparison item. 
     At block  618 , the similarity score calculator generates a customization score. For example, the similarity score calculator can be configured to retrieve customization factors from the customization factor database shown at block  620  and to apply those factors to the customization attributes of the selected item and comparison item to generate a customization score. Note that the factors stored in the prototype factor database  616 , customization factor database  620 , condition factor database  624 , and status factor database  628  can be generated using various methods, with one method illustrated in  FIG.  7    as described further below. 
     At block  622 , the similarity score calculator generates a condition score. For example, the similarity score calculator can be configured to retrieve one or more condition factors from the condition factor database shown at block  624  and to apply those factors to the condition attributes of the selected item and comparison item to determine a condition score. 
     At block  626 , the similarity score calculator generates a status score. For example, the similarity score calculator can be configured to retrieve one or more status factors from the status factor database illustrated at block  628 , and to apply those factors to the status attributes of the selected item and comparison item to generate a status score. 
     At block  630 , the similarity score calculator normalizes one or more of the four scores generated in previous blocks. At block  632 , the similarity score calculator generates a similarity score by combining the four normalized scores. 
     At block  634 , the process flow varies depending on whether there are more items to analyze. If not, the process flow continues to block  636 . If there are more items to analyze, the process flow proceeds back to block  612  and continues as described above. At block  636 , the scoring system sends the calculated similarity scores for the comparison or alternative items to the visualization system. At block  638 , the visualization system receives the similarity scores from the scoring system. At block  640 , the visualization system generates visualization information based on the similarity scores as described above with reference to, for example,  FIG.  3   ,  FIGS.  4 A- 4 B , and  FIGS.  5 A- 5 C . 
       FIG.  7    depicts an embodiment of a process flow diagram illustrating an example of determining various factors for use in a similarity score calculation process. For example, the process flow illustrated in  FIG.  7    can be utilized to generate the factors utilized by the process flow shown in  FIG.  6    in calculating similarity scores. Although the process flow in  FIG.  7    illustrates one method of generating similarity scoring factors, various other methods may be used. U.S. application Ser. No. 13/927,513, incorporated herein by reference, illustrates some of the other methods of calculating similarity scoring factors, for example, the process flow shown in FIG. 10 of the &#39;513 Application. 
     Although the process flow of  FIG.  7    will be described with respect to the systems illustrated in  FIG.  2 C , the concepts shown in  FIG.  7    may be utilized with various embodiments of systems as described herein. At block,  702 , users interact with item listings. For example, the plurality of item listing systems  202  illustrated in  FIG.  2 C  may enable users to interact with listings of, for example, used vehicles or homes listed on their websites. At block  704 , the various item listing systems log details of the user interactions. For example, the listing systems  202  can be configured to log information based on what listings a user indicates a preference for, what listings a user clicks on, what listings a user compares to other listings, which listings a user purchases, which listings a user indicates a dislike for, etc. In some embodiments, the item listing systems can be configured to store this information in a training data database illustrated at block  706 . 
     At block  708 , a training engine communicates with the training data database shown at block  706  to extract all pairs of listings viewed by a single user. For example, the similarity score training engine  242  illustrated in  FIG.  2 C  can be configured to analyze the data in the training data database and to determine which listings were viewed by the same users. At block  710 , the training engine decomposes the items in each pair. For example, the similarity score training engine  242  can be configured to analyze the items that were the subject of each listing to determine their relevant attributes, such as condition, status, and customization attributes. 
     At block  712 , the process flow varies depending on whether there is additional user data from the training data database to analyze. If there is, the process flow proceeds back to block  708  and proceeds as described above. If there is no additional user data to analyze at block  712 , the process flow proceeds as shown to blocks  716 ,  724 ,  734 , and  746 . 
     At block  716 , the training engine calculates prototype factors using one or more collaborative filtering algorithms. For example, the similarity score training engine  242  can be configured to analyze the tracked user data and attributes of each item in the pairs and to apply a collaborative filtering algorithm to calculate prototype factors. At block  718 , the training engine stores these prototype factors in a prototype factor database shown at block  720 . Although the scoring system  255  illustrated in  FIG.  2 C  illustrates one scoring factors database  240 , that scoring factors database  240  may comprise the various databases illustrated as scoring system databases in  FIG.  7   . 
     At block  724 , the training engine combines status data from multiple users. At block  726 , the training engine computes a covariance matrix based on the various status information. At block  728 , the training engine stores the covariance values in the status factor database shown at block  730 . 
     At block  734 , the training engine determines values for some or all price driver attributes of the items or listings viewed by users. For example, the training engine can be configured to determine the value that particular attributes of the items add to a selling price of the item. At block  736 , the training engine combines customization data from multiple users. At block  738 , the training engine computes a covariance matrix based on this combined data. At block  740 , the training engine stores the covariance values in the customization factor database illustrated at block  742 . 
     At block  746 , the training engine determines user specific mean values based on the decomposed information from block  710 . At block  748 , the training engine computes relative changes from the user specific mean values. At block  750 , the training engine combines condition data from multiple users. At block  752 , the training engine computes a covariance matrix based on this combined information. At block  754 , the training engine stores the covariance values in the condition factor database illustrated at block  756 . 
     Creating Prediction Models 
       FIG.  8    depicts an embodiment of a process flow diagram illustrating an example of creating one or more prediction models. Although the process flow illustrated in  FIG.  8    will be described with respect to the systems illustrated in  FIG.  2 C , the concepts illustrated herein may be utilized by any of the systems as described herein. Further, the process flow illustrated in  FIG.  8    illustrates one embodiment of a process flow for creating one or more prediction models. Prediction models may be created in various other ways, including, but not limited to, the various model creation methods disclosed in U.S. application Ser. No. 13/924,375, incorporated by reference herein. 
     The process flow begins at block  802  when users interact with item listings. For example, users may interact with a plurality of unique item listings on the plurality of listing systems  202  illustrated in  FIG.  2 C . At block  804 , the plurality of item listing systems log details of these user interactions. In some embodiments, the details are logged to the user activity database illustrated at block  806 . At block  808 , an activity filter of a data collection system merges the user activity logs from the various listing systems. For example, the activity filter  224  illustrated in  FIG.  2 C  may be configured to communicate with the user activity database shown at block  806  and to merge the information from various item listing systems. 
     At block  810 , the activity filter retrieves item attribute data for items related to the activity logs. For example, the information received from the item listing systems in some embodiments may not include all of the relevant item attribute data, and the data collection system may be configured to retrieve some of this information from another source. For example, the activity filter may be configured to communicate with the items information database illustrated at block  812 , which may be the items information database  256 , to retrieve any missing information related to attributes of the items related to the activity logs. 
     At block  814 , the activity filter retrieves a position bias model from a position bias models database illustrated at block  816 . A position bias model may be utilized to, for example, eliminate or reduce an effect that the position in which a listing shows up in a compilation of listings may have on a user selecting or otherwise indicating an interest in that item. 
     At block  818 , the activity filter analyzes the logged data to generate product data with user activity data. For example, the activity filter may be configured to combine the merged user activity log with the item attribute data retrieved at block  810  and the position bias model retrieved at block  814  to determine a relative performance of each item that was viewed by one or more users. At block  820 , the activity filter stores the product data with user activity data in the product activity database illustrated at block  822 . 
     At block  824 , the activity filter analyzes the logged data to generate geographic market data. For example, the activity filter may be configured to combine the merged user activity log with the item attribute data retrieved at block  810  and the position bias model retrieved at block  814  and to analyze this information to generate geographic market data. At block  826 , the activity filter stores the geographic market data in the market data database  828 . 
     At block  830 , a training generator of a prediction system retrieves a prediction model specification from a specifications database illustrated at block  832 . For example, the prediction models training generator  236  illustrated in  FIG.  2 C  can be configured to retrieve a model specification from the specifications database. The model specification may comprise, for example, an identification of the explanatory and response variables to be considered, the modeling approach, and the product or item attributes that should be considered in generating a prediction model. 
     At block  834 , the training generator applies the specification to the stored product and market data to create a price prediction model. For example, the training generator may be configured to retrieve the product data with user activity data from the product activity database shown at block  822  and the geographic market data shown at block  828  and to apply the prediction model specification to this data to generate a prediction model. In some embodiments, the training generator may use regression techniques, nearest neighbor techniques, and/or other techniques to create the price prediction model. At block  836 , the training generator stores the price prediction model in the prediction models database shown at block  838 , which may be the prediction models database  234  illustrated in  FIG.  2 C . These prediction models can then be later used by, for example, the price prediction calculator  238  illustrated in  FIG.  2 C  for generation of predicted prices based on a primary attribute. 
     Computing System 
       FIG.  9    is a block diagram depicting an embodiment of a computer hardware system configured to run software for implementing one or more embodiments of the visualization systems described herein. 
     In some embodiments, the computer clients and/or servers described above take the form of a computing system  900  illustrated in  FIG.  9   , which is a block diagram of one embodiment of a computing system that is in communication with one or more computing systems  917  and/or one or more data sources  919  via one or more networks  916 . The computing system  900  may be used to implement one or more of the systems and methods described herein. In addition, in one embodiment, the computing system  900  may be configured to manage access or administer a software application. While  FIG.  9    illustrates one embodiment of a computing system  900 , it is recognized that the functionality provided for in the components and modules of computing system  900  may be combined into fewer components and modules or further separated into additional components and modules. 
     Visualization System Module 
     In one embodiment, the computing system  900  comprises a visualization system module  906  that carries out the functions described herein with reference to determining and displaying market relative attributes or position of unique items, including any one of techniques described above. In some embodiments, the computing system  900  additionally comprises a data collection engine, rendering engine, prediction engine, scoring engine, activity filter, listing system interface, primary attribute generator, secondary attribute generator, prediction region generator, production models training generator, price prediction calculator, similarity score training generator, similarity score calculator, item selection receiver, visualization compilation engine, listing engine, and/or display interface that carries out the functions described herein with reference to determining and displaying visualizations. The visualization system module  906  and/or other modules may be executed on the computing system  900  by a central processing unit  902  discussed further below. 
     In general, the word “module,” as used herein, refers to logic embodied in hardware or firmware, or to a collection of software instructions, possibly having entry and exit points, written in a programming language, such as, for example, COBOL, CICS, Java, Lua, C or C++. A software module may be compiled and linked into an executable program, installed in a dynamic link library, or may be written in an interpreted programming language such as, for example, BASIC, Perl, or Python. It will be appreciated that software modules may be callable from other modules or from themselves, and/or may be invoked in response to detected events or interrupts. Software instructions may be embedded in firmware, such as an EPROM. It will be further appreciated that hardware modules may be comprised of connected logic units, such as gates and flip-flops, and/or may be comprised of programmable units, such as programmable gate arrays or processors. The modules described herein are preferably implemented as software modules, but may be represented in hardware or firmware. Generally, the modules described herein refer to logical modules that may be combined with other modules or divided into sub-modules despite their physical organization or storage. 
     Computing System Components 
     In one embodiment, the computing system  900  also comprises a mainframe computer suitable for controlling and/or communicating with large databases, performing high volume transaction processing, and generating reports from large databases. The computing system  900  also comprises a central processing unit (“CPU”)  902 , which may comprise a conventional microprocessor. The computing system  900  further comprises a memory  904 , such as random access memory (“RAM”) for temporary storage of information and/or a read only memory (“ROM”) for permanent storage of information, and a mass storage device  908 , such as a hard drive, diskette, or optical media storage device. Typically, the modules of the computing system  900  are connected to the computer using a standards based bus system. In different embodiments, the standards based bus system could be Peripheral Component Interconnect (PCI), Microchannel, SCSI, Industrial Standard Architecture (ISA) and Extended ISA (EISA) architectures, for example. 
     The computing system  900  comprises one or more commonly available input/output (I/O) devices and interfaces  912 , such as a keyboard, mouse, touchpad, and printer. In one embodiment, the I/O devices and interfaces  912  comprise one or more display devices, such as a monitor, that allows the visual presentation of data to a user. More particularly, a display device provides for the presentation of GUIs, application software data, and multimedia presentations, for example. In one or more embodiments, the I/O devices and interfaces  912  comprise a microphone and/or motion sensor that allow a user to generate input to the computing system  900  using sounds, voice, motion, gestures, or the like. In the embodiment of  FIG.  9   , the I/O devices and interfaces  912  also provide a communications interface to various external devices. The computing system  900  may also comprise one or more multimedia devices  910 , such as speakers, video cards, graphics accelerators, and microphones, for example. 
     Computing System Device/Operating System 
     The computing system  900  may run on a variety of computing devices, such as, for example, a server, a Windows server, a Structure Query Language server, a Unix server, a personal computer, a mainframe computer, a laptop computer, a tablet computer, a cell phone, a smartphone, a personal digital assistant, a kiosk, an audio player, an e-reader device, and so forth. The computing system  900  is generally controlled and coordinated by operating system software, such as z/OS, Windows 95, Windows 98, Windows NT, Windows 2000, Windows XP, Windows Vista, Windows 7, Windows 8, Linux, BSD, SunOS, Solaris, Android, iOS, BlackBerry OS, or other compatible operating systems. In Macintosh systems, the operating system may be any available operating system, such as MAC OS X. In other embodiments, the computing system  900  may be controlled by a proprietary operating system. Conventional operating systems control and schedule computer processes for execution, perform memory management, provide file system, networking, and I/O services, and provide a user interface, such as a graphical user interface (“GUI”), among other things. 
     Network 
     In the embodiment of  FIG.  9   , the computing system  900  is coupled to a network  916 , such as a LAN, WAN, or the Internet, for example, via a wired, wireless, or combination of wired and wireless, communication link  914 . The network  916  communicates with various computing devices and/or other electronic devices via wired or wireless communication links. In the embodiment of  FIG.  9   , the network  916  is communicating with one or more computing systems  917  and/or one or more data sources  919 . 
     Access to the visualization system module  906  of the computer system  900  by computing systems  917  and/or by data sources  919  may be through a web-enabled user access point such as the computing systems&#39;  917  or data source&#39;s  919  personal computer, cellular phone, smartphone, laptop, tablet computer, e-reader device, audio player, or other device capable of connecting to the network  916 . Such a device may have a browser module that is implemented as a module that uses text, graphics, audio, video, and other media to present data and to allow interaction with data via the network  916 . 
     The browser module may be implemented as a combination of an all points addressable display such as a cathode-ray tube (CRT), a liquid crystal display (LCD), a plasma display, or other types and/or combinations of displays. In addition, the browser module may be implemented to communicate with input devices  912  and may also comprise software with the appropriate interfaces which allow a user to access data through the use of stylized screen elements such as, for example, menus, windows, dialog boxes, toolbars, and controls (for example, radio buttons, check boxes, sliding scales, and so forth). Furthermore, the browser module may communicate with a set of input and output devices to receive signals from the user. 
     The input device(s) may comprise a keyboard, roller ball, pen and stylus, mouse, trackball, voice recognition system, or pre-designated switches or buttons. The output device(s) may comprise a speaker, a display screen, a printer, or a voice synthesizer. In addition a touch screen may act as a hybrid input/output device. In another embodiment, a user may interact with the system more directly such as through a system terminal connected to the score generator without communications over the Internet, a WAN, or LAN, or similar network. 
     In some embodiments, the system  900  may comprise a physical or logical connection established between a remote microprocessor and a mainframe host computer for the express purpose of uploading, downloading, or viewing interactive data and databases on-line in real time. The remote microprocessor may be operated by an entity operating the computer system  900 , including the client server systems or the main server system, and/or may be operated by one or more of the data sources  919  and/or one or more of the computing systems  917 . In some embodiments, terminal emulation software may be used on the microprocessor for participating in the micro-mainframe link. 
     In some embodiments, computing systems  917  who are internal to an entity operating the computer system  900  may access the visualization system module  906  internally as an application or process run by the CPU  902 . 
     User Access Point 
     In an embodiment, a user access point or user interface comprises a personal computer, a laptop computer, a tablet computer, an e-reader device, a cellular phone, a smartphone, a GPS system, a Blackberry® device, a portable computing device, a server, a computer workstation, a local area network of individual computers, an interactive kiosk, a personal digital assistant, an interactive wireless communications device, a handheld computer, an embedded computing device, an audio player, or the like. 
     Other Systems 
     In addition to the systems that are illustrated in  FIG.  9   , the network  916  may communicate with other data sources or other computing devices. The computing system  900  may also comprise one or more internal and/or external data sources. In some embodiments, one or more of the data repositories and the data sources may be implemented using a relational database, such as DB2, Sybase, Oracle, CodeBase and Microsoft® SQL Server as well as other types of databases such as, for example, a flat file database, an entity-relationship database, and object-oriented database, and/or a record-based database. 
     Conditional language, such as, among others, “can,” “could,” “might,” or “may,” unless specifically stated otherwise, or otherwise understood within the context as used, is generally intended to convey that certain embodiments include, while other embodiments do not include, certain features, elements and/or steps. Thus, such conditional language is not generally intended to imply that features, elements and/or steps are in any way required for one or more embodiments or that one or more embodiments necessarily include logic for deciding, with or without user input or prompting, whether these features, elements and/or steps are included or are to be performed in any particular embodiment. The headings used herein are for the convenience of the reader only and are not meant to limit the scope of the inventions or claims. 
     Although this invention has been disclosed in the context of certain preferred embodiments and examples, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that the present invention extends beyond the specifically disclosed embodiments to other alternative embodiments and/or uses of the invention and obvious modifications and equivalents thereof. Additionally, the skilled artisan will recognize that any of the above-described methods can be carried out using any appropriate apparatus. Further, the disclosure herein of any particular feature, aspect, method, property, characteristic, quality, attribute, element, or the like in connection with an embodiment can be used in all other embodiments set forth herein. For all of the embodiments described herein the steps of the methods need not be performed sequentially. Thus, it is intended that the scope of the present invention herein disclosed should not be limited by the particular disclosed embodiments described above.