Patent Publication Number: US-10331099-B2

Title: Controller and user interface device, systems, and methods

Description:
CROSS REFERENCE TO PRIOR APPLICATIONS 
     This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/722,753, filed on May 27, 2015, which claims priority from U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/798,017, filed on Mar. 12, 2013, now U.S. Pat. No. 9,069,396, the disclosures of which are incorporated by reference herein in their entirety. 
    
    
     BACKGROUND 
     Ultrasound-based imaging systems, such as intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) imaging systems use various control devices. For example, some IVUS systems use a pointing device as a control device. Such pointing devices can include trackballs, touch pads, touch sensitive monitors, mice, and two dimensional or XY joysticks. Since these devices are used in the context of a catheter-based procedure, they generally must be used in a sterile environment such as beneath a sterile drape. These devices have various limitations, some of which are outlined below. 
     Examples of some of the device specific limitations are outlined herein. Touch-sensitive monitors both display information and receive control inputs. As a result, they fail to serve as a discrete control device. With a touch monitor, a user must reach across the work surface to control the system. Trackball controllers, touch pads, touch monitors, and mice are difficult to use under a sterile drape. In addition a trackball lacks certain mouse functions. Touch-based devices such as touch pads are prone to accidental actuation. Mice are prone to fall off of a work surface. A two dimensional or XY joystick is challenging to use for “click and drag” functions for which a mouse is preferred. These limitations and others interfere with and add complexity when controlling a data collection system during or after a procedure such as an OCT, FFR, or IVUS procedure. 
     In addition, these various devices are often presented to a user in an orientation prone to cause carpal tunnel or other types of discomfort from use during or after a procedure. Accordingly, a need therefore exists for controllers that address these deficiencies. The present invention addresses these needs and others. 
     SUMMARY OF INVENTION 
     In part, the invention relates to controller embodiments for a data collection system such as a system that uses catheter-based imaging probes. The controller can include two or more sections that are each configured to support or permit access to one or more input devices such as joystick or other pointing device in one section and a button or a plurality of buttons in another section. The sections can be tilted relative to each other to orient the input devices such that they are tilted towards a user in one direction or away from a user in another direction. The controller is configured to securely attach to and release from a support such as table, bed, or other support in one embodiment. In one embodiment, one section of the controller is oriented relative to such a support at a tilt angle that ranges from about 90 degrees to about 170 degrees. 
     In one embodiment, one section of a controller housing includes a hole through which a shaft for a joystick passes. The joystick includes a knob configured to rotate with the shaft. In this way, the knob can be twisted in a clockwise or counterclockwise direction. The knob can also define a hole through which a switch or button is accessible for actuation. In one embodiment, the switch or button is programmable such that it can be used in lieu of a right or left mouse button when interacting with a graphical user interface. In one embodiment, the graphic user interface is configured to display optical coherence tomography data associated with a cross-section of a blood vessel which can be navigated in two or three dimensions using the controller. 
     The controller can include one or more ergonomic zones defined by a reference point such as an attachment region to a support or a plane parallel to or contacting the support. In one embodiment, the attachment region is part of or adjacent to a clamp. Each ergonomic zone can include one or more input devices. Each input device is actuatable in a sterile environment such as within a sterile drape. The controller can include one or more curved surfaces and have a three-dimensional geometric shape, edge, or a cross-sectional profile that includes one or more of the following shapes or features: elbow, hook, smooth joint, shoulder, bend, taper, rounded, elongate section, and others. 
     The controller includes a wired or wireless connector configured to transmit control signals to a computing device that has access to collected data from a procedure. The procedure is performed using a data collection probe such as an OCT, FFR, or IVUS probe in one embodiment. 
     In one embodiment, one section of the controller includes one or more buttons or switches. The buttons or switches can be arranged in a pattern such as rows or columns. In one embodiment, one of the two sections of the controller includes six programmable buttons or switches arranged in two columns with three rows each. 
     In one embodiment, the controller and user interface are configured for foot-free operation. Thus, in one embodiment, the range of menus, controls, and commands used to control a data collection system are interacted with using the input devices of the controller without using or needing a foot pedal or other controller. 
     In part, the invention relates to a data collection system controller, The controller includes a housing comprising a user facing section and a support facing section defining a hole; a first input device adjacent the user facing section; a second input device comprising a knob comprising a third input device, a rotatable shaft extending through the hole and partially disposed within the knob; and an attachment device configured to engage a support, the user facing section and the support facing section disposed at an angle relative to each other. 
     In one embodiment, the angle ranges from about 70 degrees to about 170 degrees. In one embodiment, the second input device is forward tilt biased. In one embodiment, the first input devices include a plurality of buttons. In one embodiment, the plurality of buttons are programmed to generate a command for a graphic user interface. In one embodiment, the command is selected from the group consisting of toggle display between off, 3D, angiography, and flythrough; toggle display between off and lumen profile; snap distal reference frame to current active frame; toggle segmentation between off, lumen, stent, and lumen and stent; and toggle active measurement between off, length, multipoint area, 2-point area, % AS, % DS, and text. In one embodiment, the controller further includes a wireless transmitter and a processor. In one embodiment, rotation of the shaft is programmed to generate a command for a graphic user interface. In one embodiment, the command is selected from the group consisting of move active frame to next proximal frame, move active frame to next distal frame, and engage rotation mode, rotate cut plane. In one embodiment, the angle ranges from greater than about 90 degrees to about 160 degrees. 
     In part, the invention relates to a data collection system. The system includes a graphical user interface; a processor in communication with the graphical user interface and configured to send commands to the graphical user interface, the graphical user interface configured to display image data from an optical coherence tomography procedure in a first panel in a two dimensional format, the graphical user interface configured to display image data from an optical coherence tomography procedure in a second panel in a three dimensional format, the graphical user interface configured to display image data from an angiography procedure in a third panel, and a receiver configured to receive commands from a controller, the graphical user interface configured to change one or more images frames in the first panel and second panel in response to a received command. 
     In one embodiment, the received command is generated from a rotatable input device. In one embodiment, the image frame in the first panel is synchronized with the image frame in the second panel. In one embodiment, the first panel displays cross-sectional images of a vessel and the second panel displays longitudinal images of a vessel. In one embodiment, the controller is a pointing device comprising a joystick having a forward tilt bias. In one embodiment, the controller comprises a housing comprising a user facing section and a support facing section defining a hole; a first input device adjacent the user facing section; a second input device comprising a knob comprising a third input device, a rotatable shaft extending through the hole and partially disposed within the knob; and an attachment device configured to engage a support, the user facing section and the support facing section disposed at an angle relative to each other. 
     In one embodiment, the controller comprises an attachment device configured to engage a support, a user facing section, and a support facing section, wherein the support facing section is disposed at an angle relative to the user facing section. In one embodiment, the angle ranges from about 70 degrees to about 170 degrees. 
     In part, the invention relates to a data collection system controller comprising an attachment device configured to engage a support; a user facing section comprising one or more input devices; and a support facing section comprising a joystick comprising a rotatable knob, wherein the user facing section and the support facing section disposed at an angle relative to each other such that the joystick has a forward tilt bias toward the support. In one embodiment, the angle ranges from about 70 degrees to about 170 degrees. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS 
       The figures are not necessarily to scale, emphasis instead generally being placed upon illustrative principles. The figures are to be considered illustrative in all aspects and are not intended to limit the invention, the scope of which is defined only by the claims. 
         FIG. 1A  shows a room layout of an exemplary procedure room such as a catheter lab and a controller in accordance with an illustrative embodiment of the invention. 
         FIG. 1B  is a perspective view of a controller in accordance with an illustrative embodiment of the invention. 
         FIG. 1C  is a perspective view of a support suitable for receiving a controller and the controller being releasably secured thereto in accordance with an illustrative embodiment of the invention. 
         FIG. 2A  is a schematic view of a controller and various zones in accordance with an illustrative embodiment of the invention. 
         FIG. 2B  is a perspective view of a controller in accordance with an illustrative embodiment of the invention. 
         FIGS. 3A-3E  are various perspective views of a controller in accordance with an illustrative embodiment of the invention. 
         FIGS. 4A-4D  are various perspective views of an attachment device of a controller in accordance with an illustrative embodiment of the invention. 
         FIGS. 5A-5C  are various perspective views of an attachment device of a controller in accordance with an illustrative embodiment of the invention. 
         FIGS. 5D-5P  are various additional views of an attachment device of a controller in accordance with an illustrative embodiment of the invention. 
         FIG. 6  is a data collection system, control software, and related subsystems in accordance with an illustrative embodiment of the invention. 
         FIG. 7A  is a graphic user interface displaying cardiovascular data in accordance with an illustrative embodiment of the invention. 
         FIG. 7B  is a graphic user interface in accordance with an illustrative embodiment of the invention. 
         FIG. 7C  is a schematic diagram of an input device that includes a plurality of buttons or switches in accordance with an illustrative embodiment of the invention 
         FIGS. 8A and 8B  are schematic diagrams showing various rotational directions and input device positions in accordance with an illustrative embodiment of the invention. 
         FIG. 9  is a series of cross-sectional images of a blood vessel corresponding to three frames of image data that can be incremented and decremented through by twisting an input device in accordance with an illustrative embodiment of the invention. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     In part, one embodiment of the invention relates to a controller and user interface software suitable for use with a data collection system such as an intravascular ultrasound system, an optical coherence tomography (OCT), a fractional flow reserve (FFR) system, angiography systems, combination systems such as a dual OCT and IVUS system or other suitable systems. These controllers and user interface software can be used in, near, or remote from a catheter lab, but are configured to integrate with or control the display of data obtained during a data collection procedure such as catheter-based procedure. One such procedure is an optical coherence tomography pullback. An exemplary catheter lab  5  is shown in  FIG. 1A . Data is collected in such a lab  5  in some embodiments using a probe inserted in a patient disposed on a table or other support  20 . 
     As shown in  FIG. 1A , a controller  10  suitable for controlling a data collection system such as an OCT, FFR, IVUS, angiography, or other system is depicted. A user can interact with the data collection system or otherwise access and display stored image data through the mountable controller  10 . The controller can be mounted to a support member  15  such as an accessory rail on a table, bed or other support  20 . The support member  15  can be part of the support  20  or the controller can attach directly to the support  20  in one embodiment. In one embodiment, the controller  10  includes an attachment device  60  such as a clamp for mounting as shown. The controller  10  can be used to display and navigate a graphical user interface displayed on one or more monitors  23 . In one embodiment, the monitors can be mounted on a ceiling suspension. A graphical user interface  27  can be displayed on a given monitor. 
     In one embodiment, the controller has a feature set configured to map to commands and menus available to a user as part of the graphic user interface  27 . An angiography system  25  can be positioned relative to the support  20  to obtain x-rays of the patient while another data collection procedure such as an OCT procedure is underway. The graphic user interface  27  can display such OCT, angiography, FFR, IVUS, and other data of interest to a user. The controller  10  is configured to control the interface  27  and navigate the menus and image display features it presents to a user. 
     In part, one embodiment of the invention relates to a controller configured for use with a graphical user interface configured to represent and navigate data obtained during an OCT, FFR, IVUS, angiography, or other cardiovascular or lumen related data collection procedure. The controller and software are configured to operate in tandem in one embodiment to provide rapid access to commonly used functions associated with a given optical coherence tomography image dataset with a minimal amount of actuation. The surfaces of the controller and input components are prepared for use beneath a sterile drape while wearing medical gloves in one embodiment. The surfaces can include ridges or other surface features that facilitate gripping and actuation of input devices beneath a sterile drape. The controller and software are designed to operate with generalized software drivers such that they can be used with a plurality of configurations of a given image data collection system. The controller can also be used as a mobile data collection system console such that remote control of such as system is handled via the controller. 
     The controller and GUI combination allows the user to rapidly review and manipulate data such as OCT and FFR data without the need for actions, such as mouse clicking and dragging. These actions and others that are awkward to perform beneath a sterile drape are avoided or easier to perform using the controller. This is achieved primarily by using a joystick that can be twisted clockwise and counterclockwise in addition to being moved in a conventional XY motion. The controller includes a wireless communication device. Thus, in one embodiment, the controller can link wirelessly to a mobile data collection system to provide the user with control near or remove from a patient or procedure room. 
     An exemplary embodiment of a controller suitable for controlling one or more functions of a data collection system such as its display or image data navigation function is shown in  FIG. 1B . The controller includes a housing, such as an outer shell, which can be a continuous housing or be formed from a plurality of housing components. For example, the housing can include an upper housing  12  and a lower housing  14 . The controller  10  is shaped to present one or more input devices to a user such that ease of use and comfort are facilitated by the angled orientation of one or more input devices. The controller  10  can have a hockey stick, elbow or L shaped configuration when viewed from a side. Notwithstanding the forgoing, the controller can have various surface geometries and angled sections configured to present various input devices such a as joystick and inputs such as buttons or switches at an ergonomic angle. The forward bias of the joystick enhances actuation and improves ergonomics during a procedure. 
     As shown in  FIG. 1B , the input devices are disposed along different sections of the controller. Exemplary control devices including buttons or switches A 1  to A 6  are shown arranged in one section of the controller. Another input device can include an actuatable elongate member  50  such as XYZ joystick with a rotatable knob. The elongate member  50  can include a cover or grip  53 . A button  55  can be disposed on or in a surface of the cover  53 . This member  50  can be twisted and the button can be configured to operate a mouse button when interacting with interface  27 . 
     In turn, the housing such as upper housing  12  can define one or more holes or cavities. These holes can be sized and arranged to allow switches and a joystick such as elongate member  50  to be accessible by a user. The controller includes an attachment device  60  suitable for attaching the controller or a controller dock to a support such as a table, bed, gurney or other suitable support. In one embodiment, the elongate member  50  is a joystick that includes a forward tilt bias. The forward tilt bias of the joystick substantially improves ergonomics over existing devices such as trackballs and XY joysticks. 
     In one embodiment, forward tilt bias refers to the feature that a component of the controller such as a joystick or other pointing device is disposed on a plane or structure tilted as angle relative to the floor, the surface of a support structure disposed on the floor, or a plane parallel to either of the foregoing. For example, in one embodiment, a pointing device with an elongate member such as the post of a joystick that has a forward tilt bias is positioned such that a user of the device&#39;s hand bends toward the floor with a reduction in strain in contrast with the hand bending upwards with an associated increased level of discomfort and strain at the wrist associated with a backward bias. This is advantageous to the operator of the controller because the operator&#39;s hand rests at a natural position when manipulating the controller, improving the ergonomics of operation. The panel containing the buttons A 1  to A 6  may have a reverse tilt bias in order to prominently display the buttons A 1  to A 6  to the user such that they are not obscured. 
     The controller can have various shapes and oriented sections configured to present the user input devices such as buttons or a joystick to a user. As shown, the controller can include a user facing section  30  and a support facing section  40 . In one embodiment, these sections do not have an absolute starting or an ending point, but come together at a bend or joint that resembles an elbow shape. The angle Z at which these two sections are positioned relative to each other can be obtuse or acute depending on the embodiment. Z ranges from about 45 to about 180 degrees in one embodiment. The user facing section is tilted at an angle to a user to facilitate hand actuation. This angle is maintained when the controller is attached to a support such as via a support member  15 . 
     In one embodiment, the support facing section  40  is tilted at an angle to the support, but is positioned to allow access to an input device. In one embodiment, an attachment device  60  is at one end of the controller, a first input device is at the other end of the controller, and in between the first input device and the other end of the controller a second input device is positioned. In one embodiment, the second input device is positioned in the vicinity of the bend between the two sections of the controller. The attachment device  60  can attach to the support  20  or support member  15  shown in  FIG. 1C  in one embodiment. 
       FIG. 2A  shows a controller  10  with various reference segments J and K and L and zones Z 1 , Z 2 , and Z 3 . The angle between segment J and K is A degrees. The angle between segment K and L is B degrees. A can range from about 110 to about 180 degrees. B can range from about 45 to about 180 degrees. Segments K and L can be drawn along a midline or another line that spans sections  30  or  40  in one embodiment. Segment J can be positioned in a plane parallel to the support  20  in one embodiment. 
     The elongate member  50  can include a knob having an outer cover or grip  53 . The outer cover  53  can be a pliant deformable material such as rubber or plastic and can include grip structures  56  such as ridges, bumps or indentations. The elongate member  50  is disposed in zone Z 3  in one embodiment. Another input device such as one or more buttons is disposed in zone Z 2  in one embodiment. Zone Z 1  represents a sterile zone such as can be achieved using a sterile drape.  FIG. 2C  shows another controller  10  embodiment. Zones Z 1  and Z 2  can be arranged to form ergonomic input zones that are presented to a user based on the angle at the attachment region of the attachment device  60  and the support  20  and the shape of the controller  10 . 
       FIGS. 3A-3E  show various perspective views of another controller embodiment. As shown in the figures, various subsystems, components, holes, cavities, and fasteners are shown. These are provided as example embodiments. As shown in  FIG. 3A , the upper housing  12  and the lower housing  14  can be separated and attached using various fasteners F. When attached, the housings  12 ,  14  are connected to attachment device  60 , which is a clamp in one embodiment. The attachment device  60  includes an attachment zone  62  for connecting to a support  20  or support member  15 . An attachment plate  70  and a faster  70   a  can be used to engage and secure the attachment device  60  to the controller. An interface plate  73  can also be disposed in the recessed region  35  of housing  12 . 
     A backplate  74  can be attached on the other side of housing  12  to secure the interface plate  73 . This interface plate  73  can define holes for buttons as shown in  FIG. 1B . A joystick module  77  can also be sandwiched between the upper housing  12  and lower housing  14 . An electronics and connector module  79  which can contain a programmable processor or other circuitry can also be disposed in between the two housings  12 ,  14 . \As shown in  FIG. 3B , a hole  75  is defined by the upper housing  12  to receive the elongate member  50  which is formed from the joystick module  77  and cover  53  in one embodiment. Various fasteners F can be used to secure the upper and lower housings. 
       FIG. 3C  shows a controller embodiment with various arrows indicating the rotatable nature of the elongate member. The top button  55  is also shown for the knob or top portion of the elongate member. The attachment device  60  is shown in a secured or closed configuration. A ridged region  83  of clamp  60  configured for pressing upon by a user is also shown.  FIGS. 4A-4D  show different states of the attachment device  60 . Specifically,  FIG. 4A  and  FIG. 4B  show open and closed states, respectively.  FIG. 4C  shows a perspective view of the closed or secured state.  FIG. 4D  shows a transition state between open and secured for the attachment device  60  as the device  60  is partially engaging support member  15  using slidable member  86 . Another view of this transition state is shown in  FIG. 5C . The secured state in  FIG. 4B  is shown from another view in  FIG. 5B .  FIG. 5A  shows another view of the attachment device  60  of  FIG. 4A  corresponding to the open state.  FIG. 5D-5P  also show additional views of the attachment device  60 . 
       FIG. 6  shows a system suitable for displaying data obtained from a data collection procedure such as an OCT procedure performed in a catheter lab such as the one shown in  FIG. 1A . A computing device  100  such as server can be part of a data collection system  125  or receive data from such a system  125 . The system  125  can be connected to a network  120 . In one embodiment, the computing device includes memory storage which includes image data such as cross-sectional views of a blood vessel. The computing device  100  includes machine readable medium or other memory that includes one or more software modules  105  for displaying a graphical user interface such as interface  123 . The interface can include a plurality of panels, menus or other displayable regions. These panels or regions can be displayed on one or more monitors  23 . The computing device can exchange data such as image data with the monitor  23  using a network  120  which can include one or more wired, optical, wireless or other data exchange connections. 
     A controller  127  which can include any of the controllers described herein can be in wired, optical, or otherwise in communication with the other devices or systems shown over the network  120 . The controller  127  can include an XYZ joystick component  130  and one or more buttons  137 , 135 . The controller can be used to send command signals to the computing system  100  which is running the interface  123 . The interface  123  can display data from the system  125  or other sources of data. The interface  123  can include one or more menus and other sections that change in response to control signals from controller  127 . The controller  127  can include a processor or suitable programmable ASIC. The control signals can be sent over the network  120  or via another connection. 
     The computing device  100  may include a server computer, a client user computer, a personal computer (PC), a laptop computer, a tablet PC, a desktop computer, a control system, a microprocessor or any computing device capable of executing a set of instructions (sequential or otherwise) that specify actions to be taken by that computing device. Further, while a single computing device is illustrated, the term “computing device” shall also be taken to include any collection of computing devices that individually or jointly execute a set (or multiple sets) of instructions to perform any one or more of the software features or methods such as interface  123 . 
       FIGS. 7A and 7B  shows a representation of a graphic user interface  123 . The interface  123  includes a plurality of panels. As shown, there are four main panels  150 ,  155 ,  160 , and  165  in one embodiment. These include an auxiliary display panel  150  which shows angiography data in this embodiment, a cross-sectional view or B mode display panel  155 , a lumen profile panel  160 , and an L mode display panel  165 . In one embodiment, the interface also includes multiple toolbars B 1 , B 2 , and B 3 . In panel  150 , three markers are shown as crosses superimposed over the angiography image. The top marker corresponds to a proximal reference frame shown in panel  160 . The middle marker corresponds to a minimum lumen area frame shown in panel  160  or an active OCT frame shown in panel  155 . The bottom marker corresponds to a distal reference frame shown in panel  160 . 
       FIG. 7A  shows a minimum lumen area plot as part of the lumen profile for the blood vessel imaged during a pull back of the OCT probe in panel  160 . The D and P arrows show proximal and distal directions along the imaged blood vessel. The cut plane shown as a line having sections L 1  and L 2  is shown in the cross-sectional view of panel  155  and also shown by sections L 1  and L 2  in the L-mode panel  165 . An information bar B 1 , a measurement bar B 2 , and a menu bar B 3  are shown. 
     As shown, the distance of a blood vessel such as an artery can be measured relative to two endpoints as shown by the exemplary measurement distances of 119.88 mm. In addition, the mean diameter can be shown at each end of the selected reference frames for measuring the vessel such as by the mean diameter values of 39.2 mm and 44.2 mm at the distal and proximal reference frames respectively. As shown, the MLA is about 22 mm 2 . At the MLA frame, the vessel mean diameter is about 2.11 mm and the percent diameter stenosis is 25.4% relative to the average diameters of the proximal and distal reference frames. 
       FIG. 7C  shows a keypad that includes a plurality of buttons such as the buttons A 1 -A 6  shown in  FIG. 1B .  FIGS. 8A and 8B  shows a representation of the rotatable elongate member or joystick embodiment of a controller embodiment of the invention. With respect to the buttons shown in  FIG. 7C , the corresponding event or actions that occur in the graphic user interface of  FIGS. 7A and 7B  in response to actuating the button are specified below. These are exemplary button actuation and interface event/action mappings and can be modified, swapped or otherwise programmed in a different manner for a given embodiment. 
                                         Affected               Panel/       Button   Menu   Function/Graphic User Interface Outcome                  A1   150   Toggle display between (Off, 3D, Flythrough,               Angiography Coregistration)       A2   None   Print to USB       A5   160   Snap distal reference frame to current active frame       A6   160   Snap proximal reference frame to current active               frame       A4   150, 155,   Toggle stent segmentation between           160, 165   (Off, Lumen, Stent, Lumen and Stent)       A3   160   Toggle display between (Off, Lumen Profile)                    
Flythrough refers to a visualization mode where the user can fly through a 3D rendering of the vessel as if from the inside. Segmentation refers to display of specific vessel features (such as the vessel lumen, stent struts, certain tissue constituents, etc) in isolation from other vessel features.
 
     With respect to the elongate member/joystick clockwise and counter clockwise rotations or twists shown in  FIGS. 8A and 8B , the corresponding event or actions that occur in the graphic user interface of  FIGS. 7A and 7B  or other graphic user interface embodiments in response to rotation or twist are specified below. Specifically, tables showing various motions or other actions performed using the joystick on the left side and the associated outcome or function achieved in software such as depicted on a graphic user interface are shown on the right side. In addition, the outline of the various motions or button actuations and the resultant function or outcome that result in software can also be grouped on a per diagnostic technology basis as outlined below with respect optical coherence tomography and FFR. These exemplary motions and interface event/action mappings and can be modified, swapped or otherwise programmed in a different manner for a given embodiment. The button  55  is also included with respect to the motion and GUI event/action mappings listed below. 
     Pointing Device Motion/Actuation and Associated Function or Outcome (OCT) 
     
       
         
           
               
               
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Pointing Device Motion 
                 Software/Graphic User Interface Outcome 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                 Move left/right 
                 Move pointer on screen left/right 
               
               
                 Move up/down 
                 Move pointer on screen up/down 
               
               
                 Clockwise (CW) rotation 
                 Increment active frame proximal/distal on one or 
               
               
                   
                 more active displays 
               
               
                 Counter Clockwise (CCW) rotation 
                 Decrement active frame proximal/distal on one 
               
               
                   
                 or more active displays 
               
               
                 Press and release 55 
                 Left mouse click 
               
               
                 Press and hold 55 
                 Engage rotation mode to spin the cut plane used to 
               
               
                   
                 generate the L-mode and 3D views 
               
               
                 Press and hold 55 + rotate CW/CCW 
                 Rotate cut plane CW/CCW on one or more active 
               
               
                   
                 displays 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Pointing Device Motion/Actuation and Associated Function or Outcome (FFR) 
     
       
         
           
               
               
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Pointing Device Motion 
                 Software/Graphic User Interface Outcome 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                 Move left/right 
                 Move pointer on screen left/right 
               
               
                 Move up/down 
                 Move pointer on screen up/down 
               
               
                 Clockwise (CW) rotation 
                 Increment pressure waveform forward 
               
               
                   
                 on one or more active displays 
               
               
                 Counter Clockwise 
                 Increment pressure waveform backward 
               
               
                 (CCW) rotation 
                 on one or more active displays 
               
               
                 Press and release 55 
                 Left mouse click/click-to-zoom 
               
               
                 Press and hold 55 
                 None/User Defined 
               
               
                 Press and hold 55 + rotate 
                 None/User Defined 
               
               
                 CW/CCW 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
       FIG. 9  shows an initial frame N in the middle corresponding to a cross-section of the lumen at a particular position. By turning the rotatable elongate member such as a joystick in a given embodiment, the user interface will move to the next frame based on the direction of rotation. In this way, a user can turn the rotatable member and increment on a frame or group of frames basis in one direction and then turn back in the opposite direction and decrement through the frames back to or past the starting frame. The image to the left of initial frame N shows a decrement of i frames. The image to the right of initial frame N shows an increment of j frames. 
     The aspects, embodiments, features, and examples of the invention are to be considered illustrative in all respects and are not intended to limit the invention, the scope of which is defined only by the claims. Other embodiments, modifications, and usages will be apparent to those skilled in the art without departing from the spirit and scope of the claimed invention. 
     The use of headings and sections in the application is not meant to limit the invention; each section can apply to any aspect, embodiment, or feature of the invention. 
     Throughout the application, where compositions are described as having, including, or comprising specific components, or where processes are described as having, including or comprising specific process steps, it is contemplated that compositions of the present teachings also consist essentially of, or consist of, the recited components, and that the processes of the present teachings also consist essentially of, or consist of, the recited process steps. 
     In the application, where an element or component is said to be included in and/or selected from a list of recited elements or components, it should be understood that the element or component can be any one of the recited elements or components and can be selected from a group consisting of two or more of the recited elements or components. Further, it should be understood that elements and/or features of a composition, an apparatus, or a method described herein can be combined in a variety of ways without departing from the spirit and scope of the present teachings, whether explicit or implicit herein. 
     The use of the terms “include,” “includes,” “including,” “have,” “has,” or “having” should be generally understood as open-ended and non-limiting unless specifically stated otherwise. 
     The use of the singular herein includes the plural (and vice versa) unless specifically stated otherwise. Moreover, the singular forms “a,” “an,” and “the” include plural forms unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. In addition, where the use of the term “about” is before a quantitative value, the present teachings also include the specific quantitative value itself, unless specifically stated otherwise. 
     It should be understood that the order of steps or order for performing certain actions is immaterial so long as the present teachings remain operable. Moreover, two or more steps or actions may be conducted simultaneously. 
     Where a range or list of values is provided, each intervening value between the upper and lower limits of that range or list of values is individually contemplated and is encompassed within the invention as if each value were specifically enumerated herein. In addition, smaller ranges between and including the upper and lower limits of a given range are contemplated and encompassed within the invention. The listing of exemplary values or ranges is not a disclaimer of other values or ranges between and including the upper and lower limits of a given range. 
     The present invention may be embodied in many different forms, including, but in no way limited to, computer program logic for use with a processor (e.g., a microprocessor, microcontroller, digital signal processor, or general purpose computer), programmable logic for use with a programmable logic device, (e.g., a Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) or other PLD), discrete components, integrated circuitry (e.g., an Application Specific Integrated Circuit (ASIC)), or any other means including any combination thereof. In one embodiment of the present invention, some or all of the processing of the data used to generate a control signal or initiate a user interface command is implemented as a set of computer program instructions that is converted into a computer executable form, stored as such in a computer readable medium, and executed by a microprocessor under the control of an operating system. In one embodiment, output control signals from a controller are transformed into processor understandable instructions suitable for responding to joystick positions, controlling a graphical user interface, control and graphic signal processing, displaying cross-sectional information and images from other data collection modalities, displaying OCT, angiography, and other data as part of a graphic user interface and other features and embodiments as described above. 
     Computer program logic implementing all or part of the functionality previously described herein may be embodied in various forms, including, but in no way limited to, a source code form, a computer executable form, and various intermediate forms (e.g., forms generated by an assembler, compiler, linker, or locator). Source code may include a series of computer program instructions implemented in any of various programming languages (e.g., an object code, an assembly language, or a high-level language such as Fortran, C, C++, JAVA, or HTML) for use with various operating systems or operating environments. The source code may define and use various data structures and communication messages. The source code may be in a computer executable form (e.g., via an interpreter), or the source code may be converted (e.g., via a translator, assembler, or compiler) into a computer executable form. 
     The computer program may be fixed in any form (e.g., source code form, computer executable form, or an intermediate form) either permanently or transitorily in a tangible storage medium, such as a semiconductor memory device (e.g., a RAM, ROM, PROM, EEPROM, or Flash-Programmable RAM), a magnetic memory device (e.g., a diskette or fixed disk), an optical memory device (e.g., a CD-ROM), a PC card (e.g., PCMCIA card), or other memory device. The computer program may be fixed in any form in a signal that is transmittable to a computer using any of various communication technologies, including, but in no way limited to, analog technologies, digital technologies, optical technologies, wireless technologies, networking technologies, and internetworking technologies. The computer program may be distributed in any form as a removable storage medium with accompanying printed or electronic documentation (e.g., shrink-wrapped software), preloaded with a computer system (e.g., on system ROM or fixed disk), or distributed over a network. 
     Programmable logic may be fixed either permanently or transitorily in a tangible storage medium, such as a semiconductor memory device (e.g., a RAM, ROM, PROM, EEPROM, or Flash-Programmable RAM), a magnetic memory device (e.g., a diskette or fixed disk), an optical memory device (e.g., a CD-ROM), or other memory device. The programmable logic may be fixed in a signal that is transmittable to a computer using any of various communication technologies, including, but in no way limited to, analog technologies, digital technologies, optical technologies, wireless technologies (e.g., Bluetooth), networking technologies, and internetworking technologies. The programmable logic may be distributed as a removable storage medium with accompanying printed or electronic documentation (e.g., shrink-wrapped software), preloaded with a computer system (e.g., on system ROM or fixed disk), or distributed from a server or electronic bulletin board over the communication system (e.g., the Internet or World Wide Web). 
     Various examples of suitable processing modules are discussed below in more detail. As used herein a module refers to software, hardware, or firmware suitable for performing a specific data processing or data transmission task. Typically, in a preferred embodiment a module refers to a software routine, program, or other memory resident application suitable for receiving, transforming, routing and processing instructions, or various types of data such as OCT scan data, user interface data, control signals, angiography data, user actions, frequencies, interferometer signal data, and other information of interest. 
     Computers and computer systems described herein may include an operatively associated machine-readable medium such as computer-readable media such as memory for storing software applications used in obtaining, processing, storing and/or communicating data. It can be appreciated that such memory can be internal, external, remote or local with respect to its operatively associated computer or computer system. 
     The term “machine-readable medium” includes any medium that is capable of storing, encoding or carrying a set of instructions for execution by the machine and that cause the machine to perform any one or more of the methodologies of the present disclosure. While the machine-readable medium is shown in an example embodiment to be a single medium, the term “machine-readable medium” should be taken to include a single medium or multiple media (e.g., a database, one or more centralized or distributed databases and/or associated caches and servers) that store the one or more sets of instructions. 
     Memory may also include any means for storing software or other instructions including, for example and without limitation, a hard disk, an optical disk, floppy disk, DVD (digital versatile disc), CD (compact disc), memory stick, flash memory, ROM (read only memory), RAM (random access memory), DRAM (dynamic random access memory), PROM (programmable ROM), EEPROM (extended erasable PROM), and/or other like computer-readable media. 
     In general, computer-readable memory media applied in association with embodiments of the invention described herein may include any memory medium capable of storing instructions executed by a programmable apparatus. Where applicable, method steps described herein may be embodied or executed as instructions stored on a computer-readable memory medium or memory media. 
     It is to be understood that the figures and descriptions of the invention have been simplified to illustrate elements that are relevant for a clear understanding of the invention, while eliminating, for purposes of clarity, other elements. Those of ordinary skill in the art will recognize, however, that these and other elements may be desirable. However, because such elements are well known in the art, and because they do not facilitate a better understanding of the invention, a discussion of such elements is not provided herein. It should be appreciated that the figures are presented for illustrative purposes and not as construction drawings. Omitted details and modifications or alternative embodiments are within the purview of persons of ordinary skill in the art. 
     It can be appreciated that, in certain aspects of the invention, a single component may be replaced by multiple components, and multiple components may be replaced by a single component, to provide an element or structure or to perform a given function or functions. Except where such substitution would not be operative to practice certain embodiments of the invention, such substitution is considered within the scope of the invention. 
     The examples presented herein are intended to illustrate potential and specific implementations of the invention. It can be appreciated that the examples are intended primarily for purposes of illustration of the invention for those skilled in the art. There may be variations to these diagrams or the operations described herein without departing from the spirit of the invention. For instance, in certain cases, method steps or operations may be performed or executed in differing order, or operations may be added, deleted or modified. 
     Furthermore, whereas particular embodiments of the invention have been described herein for the purpose of illustrating the invention and not for the purpose of limiting the same, it will be appreciated by those of ordinary skill in the art that numerous variations of the details, materials and arrangement of elements, steps, structures, and/or parts may be made within the principle and scope of the invention without departing from the invention as described in the claims.