Patent Publication Number: US-4929697-A

Title: Use of ester group containing polyols in a rim process

Description:
This application is a continuation of application Ser. No. 07/083,558, filed Aug. 7, 1987, now abandoned. 
    
    
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     Polyester polyols produced from dicarboxylic acid anhydrides, polyols and polyepoxides are known. In U.S. Pat. No. 4,403,093, such polyester polyols are produced by first reacting a 1,2-dicarboxylic acid anhydride with a polyol under conditions sufficient to form a half-ester with substantially no polyesterification product. The resultant half-ester is then reacted with a polyepoxide under conditions sufficient to form an ungelled polyester oligomer. The resultant polyester oligomers are described as being useful as resinous binders in high solid containing compositions. 
     Polyester polyols produced from aromatic acids and polyoxyethylene glycols are also known and are described as being useful in the production of rigid polyurethane foams (see, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 4,039,487 and German Auslegeschrift 1,155,908). 
     Finally, in the known polyurethane/urea reaction injection molding (RIM) process, a wide variety of different polyols have been suggested (see e.g., U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,726,952, 4,218,543, 4,288,564, 4,442,235, 4,519,965, 4,581,396, 4,764,540, and 4,789,688, British Patent 1,534,258. Similarly polyester polyols of various types have been suggested for use in the RIM process (see, e.g., U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,481,309, 4,590,219 and 4,595,705). 
     DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention is directed to the discovery that when certain polyester polyols are used in the RIM process, the resultant part exhibits unexpectedly improved flame properties. More particularly, the present invention is directed to an improved process for the production of polyurethane moldings by reacting a reaction mixture comprising 
     (a) a polyisocyanate, 
     (b) an isocyanate-reactive material having a molecular weight of from about 840 to about 5,000 and 
     (c) a chain extender and/or cross-linker, said reaction mixture being processed as a one-shot system by the RIM process at an isocyanate index of from about 70 to about 130, 
     the improvement wherein component (b) comprises a polyester polyol having the idealized structure ##STR2## wherein R represents the residue of a polyepoxide after ring opening with a carboxylic acid group, 
     R&#39; represents the residue of a cyclic anhydride, 
     X represents the organic residue of a polyol, 
     m represents the number of epoxy groups of the polyepoxide ring opened with carboxylic acid groups, and 
     n is an integer from 1 to 7. 
     In the preferred embodiments X--OH) n  represents the structure ##STR3## where R&#34;&#39; represents hydrogen (--H) or methyl (--CH 3 ), and y is a number of from 4 to 25. In the preferred embodiments, m is 2 or 3 and is most preferably 2. 
     The polyesters of the formula (i) are made in a manner similar to that described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,403,093. In the first step, a cyclic dicarboxylic acid anhydride is reacted with a polyol (preferably a polyoxyethylene or polyoxypropylene glycol having a molecular weight of from about 200 to about 1500) under conditions sufficient to form a half-ester with substantially no polyesterification product. The resultant half-ester is then reacted with a polyepoxide under conditions to form the resultant polyester. 
     In preparing the formula (i) polyesters, a cyclic 1,2-dicarboxylic acid anhydride is reacted with a polyol under conditions sufficient to ring open the anhydride, forming the half-ester with substantially no polyesterification occurring (i.e., both carboxyl groups of the anhydride esterified by polyol in a recurring manner). 
     In bringing an anhydride and a polyol together under suitable reaction conditions, reaction can occur in at least two ways. The desired reaction mode involves opening the anhydride ring with hydroxyl, i.e., ##STR4## 
     Alternately, carboxyl groups formed by opening of the anhydride ring can react with hydroxyl groups to give off water. The latter reaction is not desired since it can lead to polycondensation reactions resulting in products with broad molecular weight distributions. 
     To achieve reaction, the anhydride and polyol are contacted together, usually by mixing the two ingredients together in a reaction vessel. Preferably, the reaction is conducted in the presence of an inert atmosphere such as nitrogen. 
     For the desired ring-opening and half-ester formation reaction, a cyclic 1,2-dicarboxylic acid anhydride is used. Reaction of a polyol with a carboxylic acid instead of an anhydride would require esterification by condensation to eliminate water which would have to be removed by distillation which, under these conditions, would promote undesired polyesterification. 
     The reaction temperature is preferably low, that is, no greater than 160° C. and usually within the range of 60° C. to 160° C., and preferably from 100° C. to 140° C. Temperatures greater than 160° C. are undesirable because they promote polyesterification, whereas temperatures less than 60° C. are undesirable because of sluggish reaction. 
     The time of the reaction can vary depending upon the temperature of reaction. Usually, the reaction time will be from as low as 10 minutes to as high as 24 hours. 
     The molar ratio of anhydride to polyol is usually from about 0.5 to 1.5:1, and is preferably about 1:1 to obtain a maximum conversion with maximum purity. Ratios less than 0.5:1 are undesirable because they result in unreacted polyol. Ratios greater than 1.5:1 are not preferred because of increased formation of high molecular weight polyesters. 
     Among the cyclic anhydrides which can be used in the practice of the invention are those which, exclusive of carbon atoms in the anhydride moiety, contain from about 2 to 30 carbon atoms. Substituted cyclic anhydrides can also be used provided the substituents do not adversely affect the reactivity of the anhydride or the properties of the resultant polyester. Examples of substituents would be chloro and alkoxy. Examples of anhydrides include maleic anhydride, succinic anhydride, glutaric anhydride, phthalic anhydride, tetrahydrophthalic anhydride, methyltetrahydrophthalic anhydride, hexahydrophthalic anhydride, methylhexahydrophthalic anhydride, tetrachlorophthalic anhydride, endomethylene tetrahydrophthalic anhydride, and chlorendic anhydride. 
     The polyols used to prepare the half-ester are preferably polyoxyethylene or polypropylene glycols having molecular weight of from about 200 to about 1500, and preferably from about 200 to about 1000. However, substantially any polyol may be used. Among the polyols which can be used are those which contain from about 2 to 20 carbon atoms. Preferred are aliphatic polyols, particularly aliphatic diols or triols, most preferably those containing from 2 to 10 carbon atoms. Examples include ethylene glycol, 1,2-propanediol, 1,3-propanediol, 1,4-butanediol, 1,5-pentanediol, glycerol, 1,2,3-butanetriol, 1,6-hexanediol, neopentyl glycol, diethylene glycol, dipropylene glycol, trimethylolpropane, 2,2,4-trimethylpentane-1,3-diol, 2,2-dimethyl-3-hydroxypropyl 2,2-dimethyl-3-hydroxy propionate, and 1,4-cyclohexanedimethanol. Preferred are those aliphatic diols or triols selected from the class consisting of neopentyl glycol, 2,2,4-trimethyl-pentane-1,3-diol, 2,2-dimethyl-3-hydroxypropyl 2,2-dimethyl-3-hydroxypropionate, diethylene glycol, dipropylene glycol, 1,6-hexanediol and trimethylolpropane. Higher functionality polyols such as tetrols can be used but they are not preferred. An example would be 1,2,3,4-butanetetrol. Alkoxylated products of such polyols can also be used. In general, it is preferred that the molecular weight of the polyol range from 62 to 2000, and preferably from about 200 to about 1000. 
     After the anhydride and polyol are reacted together, the resultant half-ester is further reacted with a polyepoxide to chain extend the half-ester to form a liquid polyester oligomer. Chain extension occurs through reaction of the carboxylic acid groups of the half-ester with the epoxy groups of the polyepoxide. Although the structure of the final product is not known with certainty, the major product (i.e. greater than 50 percent by weight based on total weight) is believed to be of the structure: ##STR5## where R, R&#39;, X, n and m are as defined earlier. 
     The half-ester and the polyepoxide are reacted together by contacting under conditions sufficient to form the polyester. Preferably, the half-ester and the polyepoxide are reacted in the presence of an inert atmosphere such as nitrogen. 
     The half-ester and polyepoxide can be contacted together by simply mixing the two together. It is preferred to add the polyepoxide to the half-ester incrementally so as to better control the reaction and to obtain higher yields of the desired liquid polyester oligomer. The proportions of the half-ester and the polyeoxide are such that the equivalent ratio of epoxy to carboxylic acid is from about 1:1 to 2.5:1. To obtain maximum conversion to the desired polyester, the equivalent ratio of epoxy to carboxylic acid is chosen so that the acid number is reduced to acceptable low value (e.g., less than 2.0). A preferred ratio is from 1:1 to 1.10:1, and is most preferably about 1.05:1. Ratios less than 1:1 result in less than the optimum amount of product, whereas ratios greater than 1.1:1 may result in unreacted epoxy, which is undesirable. 
     The temperature of reaction should be less than 220° C. and usually within the range of about 60° C. to 220° C. and preferably 140° C. or less. Temperatures higher than 140° C. are generally undesirable because of competition between the hydroxyl groups and epoxy groups for reaction with carboxyl groups and between hydroxyl groups and carboxyl groups for reaction with epoxy groups, resulting in undesirable polyesterification reactions. Reaction temperatures less than 60° C. are undesirable because of sluggish reaction. 
     Further a catalyst (such as organophosphine) is preferably used. Examples of suitable catalyst of this include triarylphosphines such as triphenylphosphine. Examples of other catalysts include amines such as triethylamine and inorganic bases such as potassium hydroxide. When catalyst is used, it is used in amounts of about 0.1 to 2 percent by weight, based on total weight of the reactants. The presently preferred catalyst is one sold as Cordova Accelerator AMC-2, available from Cordova Chemical Company and believed to be a chromium octoate. 
     The time of reaction depends on how the reactants are contacted, the temperature of reaction and the presence or absence of catalyst. In general, reaction times will vary from about 30 minutes to 24 hours. 
     The polyepoxides which are used are those having 1,2-epoxy equivalency greater than 1, preferably 2 and up to about 3.0. Higher functionality polyepoxides, i.e., greater than 3, are not preferred because of considerable chain branching and gelation problems. The preferred polyepoxides are polyglycidyl ethers of polyhydric phenols such as bisphenol A. These polyepoxides can be produced by etherification of a polyhydric phenol with an epichlorohydrin such as epichlorohydrin in the presence of an alkali. Examples of polyphenols other than bisphenol A are halogenated bisphenol A; 1,1-bis-(4-hydroxyphenyl)ethane; 2-methyl-1,1-bis-(4-hydroxphenyl)propane; 2,2-bis-(4-hydroxy-3-tertiarybutylphenyl)propane; bis-(2-hydroxynaphthyl)methane; 1,5-dihydroxy-naphthalene; and the like. While polyhydric phenols are preferred, other cyclic polyols can be used. Cycloaliphatic polyols such as 1,2-cyclohexanediol, 1,4-cyclohexanediol, 1,2-bis-(hydroxymethyl)-cyclohexane, and hydrogenated bisphenol A, can be used. 
     Polyglycidyl ethers of polyhydric alcohols such as ethylene glycol, diethylene glycol, 1,2-propylene glycol, and 1,4-butylene glycol can also be used. 
     Polyglycidyl esters of polycarboxylic acids which are produced by the reaction of epichlorohydrin or a similar epoxy compound with an aliphatic or aromatic polycarboxylic acid can also be used. Examples of polycarboxylic acids are dicarboxylic acids such as adipic acid, succinic acid, glutaric acid, terephthalic acid, dimerized linoleic acid and the like. 
     The polyesters of the present invention are liquid and are eminently suitable for use in a reaction injection molding process (RIM) to produce parts having excellent flame properties. As is known, the RIM process is a filling technique in which the highly active, liquid components are rapidly injected into a closed mold. Substantially any of the isocyanate, chain extenders and cross-linkers known in the art can be used in addition to the polyesters described herein. 
     The invention is further illustrated but is not intended to be limited by the following examples in which all parts and percentages are by weight unless otherwise specified. 
    
    
     EXAMPLES 
     EXAMPLE 1 
     4850 parts of a polyoxyethylene glycol of about 400 molecular weight were added to a 12 liter flask. 1796 parts of phthalic anhydride were added over a period of about 15 minutes. The flask was heated to 130° C. and held at that temperature for 11/2 hours. About 81 parts of AMC-2 (an accelerator available from Cordova Chemical Company and believed to be a chromium octoate) were then added. 2377 parts of Epon 828 (a liquid bisphenol-A epoxy resin available from Shell Chemical Company, having a maximum Gardner Color of 4, a viscosity at 25° C. of 100-160 poises and a weight per epoxide of 185-192) were then added and the reaction mixture was held at 130° C. for 11/2 hours. The resultant product had an OH number of 149 and an acid number of 0.1. 
     EXAMPLE 2 
     4950 parts of Carbowax 600 (a polyoxyethylene glycol of about 600 molecular weight) were added to a flask. Over a period of about one hour, about 1222 parts of phthalic anhydride were added, during which time the temperature gradually rose to 110° C. After another ten minutes, the temperature had risen to 130° C. The temperature was held at 130° C. for 21/2 hours. 62 parts of AMC-2 were then added. About 1540 parts of Epon 828 were then added over a period of about 15 minutes. The temperature was held at about 125° C. for about one hour. An additional 57 parts of Epon 828 were then added and the temperature was held at 125° C. for 21/2 hours. Heating was stopped and the product, having an OH number of 118 and an acid number of 0.1, was stored at room temperature. 
     EXAMPLE 3 
     2800 parts of Carbowax 200 (a polyethylene glycol of 200 molecular weight) were weighed into a flask and heated to 80° C. Over a period of about 20 minutes, 2074 parts of phthalic anhydride were added. The temperature gradually rose during the addition, and after a total time of about 50 minutes, reached a temperature of 145° C. The temperature was then maintained at 130° C. for about 5 hours. 49 parts of AMC-2 were then added. About 2437 parts of Epon 828 were added over a period of about 55 minutes, after which time, the temperature had reached 165° C. The temperature was then adjusted to 130° C. After about 8 hours, 203 parts of Epon 828 were added, and the temperature was kept at 130° C. for another 5 hours. 107 parts of Epon 828 were then added and the temperature was kept at 130° C. for another 5 hours, after which time the product was cooled to room temperature. The product had an OH number of 187 and an acid number of 2.2. 
     EXAMPLES 4 THROUGH 9 
     In these examples various parts were made via the RIM process. The components used were as follows: 
     POLYOL A--a glycerin-initiated polypropylene oxide product having an OH number of about 1050. 
     POLYOL B--a glycerine initiated polypropylene oxide product having an OH number of about 28, and having ethylene oxide tips. 
     EG--Ethylene Glycol 
     ADDITIVE A--a quaternary ammonium salt of tall oil and the amide prepared from tall oil and N,N-dimethyl-1,3-propane diamine. 
     DC 193--a silicone surfactant commercially available from Dow Corning. 
     PC 8--Polycat 8--N,N-dimethylcyclohexylamine, available from Air Products. 
     T-12--dibutyl tin dilaurate. 
     AB 19--Antiblaze 19, a cyclic phosphate ester flame retardant available from Mobil. 
     Iso--a 50/50 blend of Mondur PF and Mondur MR (two commercially available isocyanates from Mobay Corporation), having an isocyanate group content of about 27%. 
     The components and the amounts thereof were as indicated in Table I. 
     RIM plaques were prepared using a laboratory piston metering unit and clamping unit. The metering unit was a two component instrument having a maximum metering capacity of 0.6 liters. A rectangular mold, 300 mm×200 mm×8 mm, was used to mold the samples under the following conditions: 
     
         ______________________________________                                    
Component A Temp  32° C.                                           
Component B Temp  40° C.                                           
Isocyanate Index  110                                                     
A/B Weight Rates  (125-140)/100                                           
Mold temperature  60° C.                                           
Impingement Pressure                                                      
                  2646 psi                                                
External Mold Release Agent                                               
                  Silicone spray designated MR                            
                  515, available from                                     
                  Chemtrend                                               
Demold time       2 minutes                                               
No post cure.                                                             
______________________________________                                    
 
    
     Various physical properties and flame properties were tested, with the result as set forth in Table I. Example 4 was a comparative test. 
     
                                           TABLE I                                 
__________________________________________________________________________
EXAMPLE     4  5      6  7      8  9                                      
__________________________________________________________________________
Component B                                                               
Polyol A    55 45     -- 45     -- --                                     
Polyol A    45 --     -- --     -- --                                     
EG          -- --     25 --     25 25                                     
Polyol of Example 1                                                       
            -- 55     75 --     -- --                                     
Polyol of Example 2                                                       
            -- --     -- 55     75 --                                     
Polyol of Example 3                                                       
            -- --     -- --     -- 75                                     
Additive A  6  --     -- --     -- --                                     
DC193       3  3      3  3      3  3                                      
PC8         1.3                                                           
               1.0    1.0                                                 
                         1.0    1.0                                       
                                   1.0                                    
T12         0.2                                                           
               --     0.1                                                 
                         0.2    0.2                                       
                                   0.1                                    
AB19        17 17     17 17     17 17                                     
Component A                                                               
Iso         179                                                           
               167    171                                                 
                         163    165                                       
                                   181                                    
__________________________________________________________________________
ASTM Test                                                                 
       Example    4   5   6   7   8   9                                   
__________________________________________________________________________
D 792  Density, pcf                                                       
                  70.9                                                    
                      69.5                                                
                          66.8                                            
                              68.1                                        
                                  68.2                                    
                                      59.6                                
D 256  Charpy Impact                                                      
                  17.17                                                   
                      15.96                                               
                          2.48                                            
                              18.94                                       
                                  13.72                                   
                                      1.63                                
       ft-lb/in.sup.2                                                     
D 790  Flex. Mod @ RT, psi                                                
                  278,000                                                 
                      372,000                                             
                          375,000                                         
                              389,000                                     
                                  346,000                                 
                                      343,000                             
D 648  Heat distortion                                                    
                  112 101.4                                               
                          73.8                                            
                              100.5                                       
                                  86.3                                    
                                      87.9                                
       °C., (60 psi)                                               
E 162  Radiant Panel Test                                                 
                  217 47  125 90  50  106                                 
       (Flame Spread Index)                                               
D 638  Tensile, psi                                                       
                  7025                                                    
                      9400                                                
                          3050                                            
                              9850                                        
                                  8550                                    
                                      NT                                  
D 638  Elongation, %                                                      
                  4   12  0   5   10  NT                                  
 --    Flammability                                                       
                  26 sec                                                  
                      30 sec                                              
                          33 sec                                          
                              21 sec                                      
                                  19 sec                                  
                                      23 sec                              
       UL 94      V-0 V-0 V-0 V-0 V-0 V-0                                 
__________________________________________________________________________
 
    
     Although the invention has been described in detail in the foregoing for the purpose of illustration, it is to be understood that such detail is solely for that purpose and that variations can be made therein by those skilled in the art without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention except as it may be limited by the claims.