Patent Publication Number: US-2019184694-A1

Title: Method and apparatus for forming three-dimensional curved surface on laminated substrate, and three-dimensional curved laminated substrate

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This patent application is based on and claims priority pursuant to 35 U.S.C. § 119(a) to Japanese Patent Application Nos. 2017-242181, 2017-242182, and 2018-228499, filed on Dec. 18, 2017, Dec. 18, 2017, and Dec. 5, 2018, respectively, in the Japan Patent Office, the entire disclosure of each of which is hereby incorporated by reference herein. 
     BACKGROUND 
     Technical Field 
     The present disclosure relates to a method and apparatus for forming a three-dimensional curved surface on a laminates substrate, and a three-dimensional curved laminated substrate. 
     Description of the Related Art 
     For applications of an electronic device such as a touch panel or a display, a lightweight, difficult to breakable three-dimensional (3D) curved electronic device is demanded. Particularly, for automotive or wearable applications, a 3D curved electronic device having excellent design and fitting is demanded. Such an electronic device generally includes a transparent resin substrate and a conductive layer. 
     Examples of the material for the conductive layer include transparent inorganic oxides such as indium oxide, carbon (CNT, graphene), metal nanowires, metal grids, and conductive polymers. 
     Methods of manufacturing a 3D curved electronic device can be broadly divided into the following two types: a method in which a 3D curved substrate is prepared in advance and a conductive layer and/or an organic electronic material layer are formed on the surface of the substrate; and a method in which a conductive layer and/or an organic electronic material layer are formed on a flat plate-like substrate in advance and the substrate having the layers thereon is thereafter processed into a 3D curved surface shape. Various processes have been studied for both of the two types. 
     However, in the former method, it may be difficult to form a uniform film on the 3D curved substrate, or it may be difficult to bond 3D curved substrates to each other. Further, since a general film forming apparatus suitable for a flat plate-like substrate cannot be used as it is for a 3D curved substrate, a film forming apparatus exclusive for a 3D curved substrate should be prepared, resulting in a remarkable increase in cost. 
     In addition, it may be difficult to obtain a 3D curved laminated substrate by processing the conventional conductive layer into a 3D curved surface shape, since inorganic oxide is brittle and easily breakable due to its large Young&#39;s modulus. That is, the conductive layer of inorganic oxide has low flexibility and easily breakable. Thus, the conductive layer cannot withstand biaxial bending and cracks occur. In addition, inorganic oxide tends to strain greatly in the direction along the curved surface. Moreover, when a substrate having a functional layer, such as an organic electronic material layer, on the conductive layer of inorganic oxide is processed to have a three-dimensional shape, strain generated in the conductive layer propagates to the functional layer and a large strain is likely to occur in the functional layer. Furthermore, in a case in which mechanical properties are not uniform within the conductive layer, such as a case in which a plurality of thin film transistors (TFTs) is arranged in a matrix within the conductive layer, variation in strain of the functional layer is large and variation in performance tends to be large. It has been difficult to suppress cracks in the conductive layer while maintaining excellent transparency, conductivity, and durability. 
     SUMMARY 
     In accordance with some embodiments of the present invention, a method for forming a three-dimensional curved surface on a laminated substrate is provided. In the method, the laminated substrate is brought into close contact with an elastic sheet. Here, the laminated substrate comprises a support substrate and a conductive layer on the support substrate, and the support substrate comprises a resin substrate comprising a thermoplastic resin. The elastic sheet is deformed while the laminated substrate is in close contact with the elastic sheet. The laminated substrate is brought into close contact with a temperature-controlled mold to soften the resin substrate. 
     In accordance with some embodiments of the present invention, an apparatus for forming a three-dimensional curved surface on a laminated substrate is provided. Here, the laminated substrate comprises a support substrate and a conductive layer on the support substrate, and the support substrate comprises a resin substrate comprising a thermoplastic resin. The apparatus includes a temperature-controllable mold and an elastic sheet. The elastic sheet is configured to deform while being in close contact with the laminated substrate and to bring the laminated substrate into close contact with the mold. 
     In accordance with some embodiments of the present invention, a three-dimensional curved laminated substrate is provided. The three-dimensional curved laminated substrate comprises a support substrate and a conductive layer on the support substrate. The support substrate comprises a resin substrate comprising a thermoplastic resin, and the surface of the support substrate has a hardness of 180 MPa or more. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       A more complete appreciation of the disclosure and many of the attendant advantages thereof will be readily obtained as the same becomes better understood by reference to the following detailed description when considered in connection with the accompanying drawings, wherein: 
         FIG. 1  is a schematic diagram illustrating a curved surface forming apparatus suitable for conducting a method for forming a curved surface on a laminated substrate according to the first embodiment; 
         FIGS. 2A and 2B  are schematic diagrams illustrating the steps in the method for forming a curved surface on a laminated substrate according to the first embodiment; 
         FIG. 3  is a schematic diagram illustrating a variation of the curved surface forming apparatus suitable for forming a curved surface of a laminated substrate according to the first embodiment; 
         FIG. 4  is a schematic diagram illustrating a curved surface forming apparatus suitable for conducting a method for forming a curved surface on a laminated substrate according to the second embodiment; 
         FIGS. 5A and 5B  are schematic diagrams illustrating the steps in the method for forming a curved surface on a laminated substrate according to the second embodiment; 
         FIG. 6  is a schematic diagram illustrating a variation of the curved surface forming apparatus suitable for forming a curved surface of a laminated substrate according to the second embodiment; 
         FIGS. 7A to 7C  are cross-sectional views of a laminated substrate according to the first example; 
         FIGS. 8A to 8C  are cross-sectional views of a laminated substrate according to the second example; 
         FIGS. 9A to 9C  are cross-sectional views of a laminated substrate according to the third example; 
         FIGS. 10A and 10B  are cross-sectional views of a laminated substrate according to the fourth example; 
         FIGS. 11A and 11B  are cross-sectional views of a laminated substrate according to the fifth example; 
         FIGS. 12A to 12C  are illustrations for explaining the positional relationship between the layers in the laminated substrate according to the fifth embodiment; 
         FIGS. 13A and 13B  are cross-sectional views of a laminated substrate according to the sixth example; 
         FIGS. 14A and 14B  are cross-sectional views of a laminated substrate according to the seventh example; 
         FIGS. 15A and 15B  are cross-sectional views of a laminated substrate according to the eighth example; 
         FIG. 16  is a plan view of a laminated substrate according to an embodiment of the present invention having a planar shape; 
         FIGS. 17A and 17B  are illustrations of cracks observed in a conductive layer; 
         FIGS. 18A and 18B  are a photograph and a schematic diagram, respectively, of the laminated substrate after processing in Example A14; 
         FIGS. 19A to 19C  are schematic diagrams illustrating the steps in a curved surface forming method according to Comparative Example A1; 
         FIG. 20  is a graph presenting measurement results by X-ray diffractometry for samples obtained by varying sputtering power; 
         FIG. 21  is a graph presenting measurement results by a nanoindenter for Example B1; 
         FIG. 22  is a graph presenting measurement results by X-ray diffractometry for samples obtained by varying sputtering power; 
         FIG. 23  is a graph presenting measurement results by a nanoindenter for Example B6; 
         FIG. 24  is a graph presenting measurement results by a nanoindenter for Example B7; 
         FIG. 25  is a graph presenting measurement results by a nanoindenter for Example B8. 
     
    
    
     The accompanying drawings are intended to depict example embodiments of the present invention and should not be interpreted to limit the scope thereof. The accompanying drawings are not to be considered as drawn to scale unless explicitly noted. 
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     The terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particular embodiments only and is not intended to be limiting of the present invention. As used herein, the singular forms “a”, “an” and “the” are intended to include the plural forms as well, unless the context clearly indicates otherwise. It will be further understood that the terms “includes” and/or “including”, when used in this specification, specify the presence of stated features, integers, steps, operations, elements, and/or components, but do not preclude the presence or addition of one or more other features, integers, steps, operations, elements, components, and/or groups thereof. 
     Embodiments of the present invention are described in detail below with reference to accompanying drawings. In describing embodiments illustrated in the drawings, specific terminology is employed for the sake of clarity. However, the disclosure of this patent specification is not intended to be limited to the specific terminology so selected, and it is to be understood that each specific element includes all technical equivalents that have a similar function, operate in a similar manner, and achieve a similar result. 
     For the sake of simplicity, the same reference number will be given to identical constituent elements such as parts and materials having the same functions and redundant descriptions thereof omitted unless otherwise stated. 
     In accordance with some embodiments of the present invention, a method and an apparatus for forming a curved surface on a laminated substrate are provided capable of enhancing reliability of the resulting 3D curved electronic devices while suppressing cost increase. 
     In accordance with some embodiments of the present invention, a 3D curved laminated substrate is provided having excellent transparency, conductivity, and durability and capable of suppressing the occurrence of cracks. 
     Hereinafter, embodiments of the present invention will be described with reference to the drawings. 
     First Embodiment 
     First, a method for forming a curved surface on a laminated substrate according to a first embodiment is described below.  FIG. 1  is a schematic diagram illustrating a curved surface forming apparatus suitable for conducting the method for forming a curved surface on a laminated substrate according to the first embodiment.  FIGS. 2A and 2B  are schematic diagrams illustrating the steps in the method for forming a curved surface on a laminated substrate according to the first embodiment. 
     A curved surface forming apparatus  100  includes a concave mold  111  and a temperature controller  116  for controlling the temperature of the concave mold  111 . A hole  115  is formed in the concave mold  111  to connect the back side of the concave mold  111  and the bottom of a concave surface  112  having a three-dimensional (3D) curved surface shape such as spherical shape. A pump  117  is connected to the hole  115 . The curved surface forming apparatus  100  includes an elastic sheet  131  disposed on a flat surface  113  around the concave surface  112  of the concave mold  111  so as to close the concave surface  112 . The elastic sheet  131  is formed with a hole  132  penetrating the front and back surfaces thereof 
     In the 3D curved surface forming method using the curved surface forming apparatus  100 , first, a laminated substrate  151  is prepared as illustrated in  FIG. 2A . The laminated substrate  151  comprises a support substrate and a conductive layer on the support substrate, where the support substrate comprises a resin substrate made of a thermoplastic resin. The concave mold  111  is heat-controlled by the temperature controller  116  to have a temperature around the softening temperature (Tg) of the resin substrate. The laminated substrate  151  is then placed on the elastic sheet  131  so as to close the hole  132 . For example, the controlled temperature may be lower than the softening temperature (Tg). The laminated substrate  151  may have a functional layer such as an organic electronic material layer on the conductive layer. 
     Subsequently, the pump  117  is operated to exhaust air in the space between the concave surface  112  and the elastic sheet  131 . As a result, the elastic sheet  131  closely adheres to the concave surface  112  while stretching. In addition, the laminated substrate  151  closely adheres to the elastic sheet  131  and comes close to the concave mold  111  as the elastic sheet  131  deforms. Thus, heat is transferred from the concave mold  111  to the laminated substrate  151  and the resin substrate contained in the laminated substrate  151  is softened. As a result, as illustrated in  FIG. 2B , the laminated substrate  151  closely adheres to the concave mold  111  and plastically deforms so as to follow the concave surface  112 . 
     The operation of the pump  117  is thereafter stopped to open the hole  115  to the atmosphere, so that the elastic sheet  131  returns to the original shape and the laminated substrate  151  can be released from the concave mold  111 .Since the resin substrate has been plastically deformed, the laminated substrate  151  maintains a shape conforming to the concave surface  112  even after being released from the concave mold  111 . 
     In this manner, the laminated substrate  151  can be processed into a 3D curved surface shape. 
     In the first embodiment, since the elastic sheet  131  stretches isotropically during the processing, the laminated substrate  151  is uniformly pressed against and brought into close contact with the concave mold  111 .The resin substrate contained in the laminated substrate  151 , which has not been heated and softened in advance, is brought into close contact with the temperature-controlled concave mold  111  and gradually receives heat to soften. According to the first embodiment, it is possible to deform the conductive layer contained in the laminated substrate  151  while suppressing the occurrence of strain and cracking in the direction along the curved surface. In a case in which a functional layer is disposed on the conductive layer, strain and cracking of the functional layer can also be suppressed. Even in a case in which mechanical properties are not uniform within the conductive layer, such as a case in which a plurality of thin film transistors (TFTs) is arranged in a matrix within the conductive layer, variation in strain of the functional layer can be suppressed and uniform performance can be obtained. 
     As illustrated in  FIG. 3 , the curved surface forming apparatus  100  may further include a convex mold  121  fitted in the concave mold  111  and a temperature controller  126  for controlling the temperature of the convex mold  121 . In this curved surface forming apparatus  100 , the laminated substrate  151  is brought into close contact with the concave mold  111  first and thereafter pressed by the convex mold  121  heat-controlled by the temperature controller  126 , thereby forming a curved surface with an improved accuracy. 
     Second Embodiment 
     Next, a method for forming a curved surface on a laminated substrate according to a second embodiment is described below.  FIG. 4  is a schematic diagram illustrating a curved surface forming apparatus suitable for conducting the method for forming a curved surface on a laminated substrate according to the second embodiment.  FIGS. 5A and 5B  are schematic diagrams illustrating the steps in the method for forming a curved surface on a laminated substrate according to the second embodiment. 
     A curved surface forming apparatus  200  includes a sealed container (chamber)  241 , a concave mold  211  in the sealed container  241 , and a temperature controller  216  for controlling the temperature of the concave mold  211 . The curved surface forming apparatus  200  includes an elastic sheet  231  which bisects the space above the concave mold  211  in the closed container  241  in the vertical direction. The curved surface forming apparatus  200  includes a substrate holding rubber sheet  233  disposed so as to cover a concave surface  212  of the concave mold  211 , having a 3D curved surface shape such as spherical shape, while leaving a gap between a flat surface  213  around the concave surface  212 . In the substrate holding rubber sheet  233 , a hole  234  is formed that has a narrower area than the laminated substrate to be processed and that is to be covered with the laminated substrate. The substrate holding rubber sheet  233  is provided so as to expose a part of the concave surface  212 . The pressures in the upper and lower spaces of the substrate holding rubber sheet  233  become equal even in a state in which the laminated substrate is placed thereon. For example, holes may be formed in the substrate holding rubber sheet  233  apart from the hole  234  so as not to be covered by the laminated substrate, or the end portion of the substrate holding rubber sheet  233  may be positioned on the concave surface  212  side relative to the boundary between the concave surface  212  and the flat surface  213 . The curved surface forming apparatus  200  is provided with a pipe connecting a space above the elastic sheet  231  and a space below the elastic sheet  231 , and a bypass valve  218  is provided in this pipe. A gas supplier  219  is connected to the space above the elastic sheet  231 , and a pump  217  is connected to the space below the elastic sheet  231 . 
     In the 3D curved surface forming method using the curved surface forming apparatus  200 , first, a laminated substrate  251  is prepared as illustrated in  FIG. 5A . The laminated substrate  251  comprises a support substrate and a conductive layer on the support substrate, where the support substrate comprises a resin substrate made of a thermoplastic resin. The concave mold  211  is heat-controlled by the temperature controller  216  to have a temperature around the softening temperature (Tg) of the resin substrate. The sealed container  241  is then opened, the laminated substrate  251  is placed on the substrate holding rubber sheet  233  so as to close the hole  234 , and the sealed container  241  is closed. The laminated substrate  251  may have a functional layer such as an organic electronic material layer on the conductive layer. 
     Subsequently, the bypass valve  218  is opened and the pump  217  is operated. As a result, the entire interior of the sealed container  241 is put into a reduced pressure state. The bypass valve  218  is thereafter closed and the gas supplier  219  supplies gas to the space above the elastic sheet  231 . As the gas, for example, air or nitrogen gas may be supplied. As a result, the elastic sheet  231  stretches and closely adheres to the laminated substrate  251 , and the laminated substrate  251  and the substrate holding rubber sheet  233  are pressed against the concave surface  212  to closely adhere thereto. At this time, heat is transferred from the concave mold  211  to the laminated substrate  251 , and the resin substrate contained in the laminated substrate  251  is softened. As a result, as illustrated in  FIG. 5B , the laminated substrate  251  plastically deforms so as to follow the concave surface  212 . 
     The operation of the pump  217  and the supply of gas from the gas supplier  219  are thereafter stopped to open the sealed container  241  to the atmosphere, so that the elastic sheet  231  returns to the original shape and the laminated substrate  251  can be released from the concave mold  211 . Since the resin substrate has been plastically deformed, the laminated substrate  251  maintains a shape conforming to the concave surface  212  even after being released from the concave mold  211 . 
     In this manner, the laminated substrate  251  can be processed into a 3D curved surface shape. 
     In the second embodiment, since the elastic sheet  231  stretches isotropically during the processing, the laminated substrate  251  is uniformly pressed against and brought into close contact with the concave mold  211 . The resin substrate contained in the laminated substrate  251 , which is not heated and softened in advance, is pressed against and brought into close contact with the temperature-controlled concave mold  211  and gradually receives heat and softens. According to the second embodiment, it is possible to deform the conductive layer contained in the laminated substrate  251  while suppressing the occurrence of strain and cracking in the direction along the curved surface. In a case in which a functional layer is disposed on the conductive layer, strain and cracking of the functional layer can also be suppressed. Even in a case in which mechanical properties are not uniform within the conductive layer, such as a case in which a plurality of thin film transistors (TFTs) is arranged in a matrix within the conductive layer, variation in strain of the functional layer can be suppressed and uniform performance can be obtained. A laminated substrate containing a functional layer is suitable for manufacturing a plastic electronic device. 
     As illustrated in  FIG. 6 , the curved surface forming apparatus  200  may further include a convex mold  221  fitted in the concave mold  211  and a temperature controller  226  for controlling the temperature of the convex mold  221 . In this curved surface forming apparatus  200 , the laminated substrate  251  is brought into close contact with the concave mold  211  and thereafter pressed by the convex mold  221  heat-controlled by the temperature controller  226 , thereby forming a curved surface with an improved accuracy. 
     In the process of opening the bypass valve  218  and operating the pump  217 , it is preferable that the pressure inside the sealed container  241  is adjusted to 80,000 Pa or less. In the process of supplying gas from the gas supplier  219 , it is preferable that the pressure in the space above the elastic sheet  231  is adjusted to from 0.05 to 1 MPa. It may be difficult to achieve good curved surface accuracy outside the above ranges of these conditions. 
     In the first and second embodiments, it is preferable that, in a plan view, the concave surface of the concave mold be wider than the laminated substrate to be processed. In this case, the entire laminated substrate can be brought into close contact with the concave surface without constraint and processed into a 3D curved surface shape while further suppressing strain. On the other hand, when the laminated substrate is processed with the end portion fixed or when the laminated substrate is processed with the end portion in contact with a portion other than the processing surface of the mold, it is likely that strain occurs from the fixed portion or the portion contacting the other portion than the processing surface. In the case of using a convex mold, there may be a case in which the laminated substrate and the convex mold come into point-contact with each other, causing stress concentration at the point and thereby causing strain. A preferable magnitude (expansion/contraction amount) of strain in the direction along the curved surface is 1% or less. 
     In temperature control, for example, the temperatures of the concave mold and the convex mold are set lower than the softening temperature (Tg) of the resin substrate, and the temperature of the flat-plate-like laminated substrate before being brought into close contact with the concave mold is set to room temperature or a temperature 20° C. or more lower than the softening temperature. 
     Additional processing may be performed in order to improve the accuracy of the 3D curved surface after processing the laminated substrate into a 3D curved surface shape by the method according to the first or second embodiment. Specifically, a process of holding the laminated substrate in a mold and reheating and pressurizing it may be employed. More specifically, molding methods such as injection molding and forming methods such as autoclave may be employed. 
     In a case in which the conductive layer is a transparent conductive layer of an inorganic oxide, it is preferable that the surface of the support substrate of the conductive layer has a hardness of 180 MPa or more in order to suppress the occurrence of cracking. The support substrate may comprise, for example, a resin substrate alone or a resin substrate and a base layer formed thereon. The hardness of the surface of the support substrate is measured with a nanoindenter. The inventors of the present invention have confirmed that no crack occurred on a certain laminated substrate, in which a transparent conductive layer having a thickness of 110 nm containing indium oxide as an inorganic oxide is formed on a planer elliptical substrate having a surface hardness of 180 MPa or more, a major axis dimension of 85 mm, and a minor axis dimension of 54.5 mm, when processed into a spherical shape having a radius of curvature of 86 mm. Use of a support substrate having a hard surface makes it possible to reduce strain of the transparent conductive layer during processing. 
     Hereinafter, the constituent elements included in the curved surface forming apparatus  100  or  200  are described. 
     Elastic Sheets  131  and  231   
     The elastic sheets  131  and  231  are stretchable by reducing or applying pressure and have a function of bringing the laminated substrate into close contact with the mold. The elastic sheet  131  also has a function of transmitting the heat of the mold to the laminated substrate. As the material of the elastic sheet, any known elastic rubber materials can be used. Specific examples of the material of the elastic sheet include, but are not limited to, natural rubber, styrene butadiene rubber (SBR), isoprene rubber (TR), butadiene rubber (BR), chloroprene rubber (CR), acrylonitrile butadiene rubber (NBR), butyl rubber (isobutene isoprene rubber (IIR)), ethylene propylene rubber (EPM), ethylene propylene diene rubber (EPDM), urethane rubber (U), silicone rubber (silicone rubber (Si, Q)), and fluororubber (FKM). In addition, thermoplastic elastomers of styrene type, olefin type, ester type, urethane type, amide type, polyvinyl chloride (PVC) type, and fluorine type may also be used as the material of the elastic sheet. The material of the elastic sheet is preferably selected in accordance with conditions such as temperature and pressure at the time of forming a curved surface on the laminated substrate. For example, it is preferable to select the material in consideration of heat resistance, elasticity, and the like, according to the conditions. The thickness of the elastic sheet may be, for example, in a range of from 0.01 to 2.0 mm within which it is easy to form a curved surface. 
     In view of uniform deformation of the laminated substrate, it is preferable that the elastic sheet is hardly adhered to the laminated substrate and the mold, and the surface of the elastic sheet in contact with the laminated substrate or the mold is easily slidable. After formation of the curved surface, the elastic sheet is separated from the mold and the laminated substrate is released from the elastic sheet. Therefore, it is preferable that the elastic sheet has been surface-processed for reducing friction. As the material of the elastic sheet, silicone rubber and fluorine rubber are particularly preferable. 
     The hole  132  of the elastic sheet  131  is provided for adsorbing and holding the laminated substrate  151  on the elastic sheet  131 . The number of the holes  132  may be one or two or more. The position of the hole  132  can be arbitrarily set according to the shape of the laminated substrate  151 . In a case in which the elastic sheet  131  has adhesive property, the laminated substrate  151  can be held thereon without forming any hole. 
     Molds  111 ,  121 ,  211 , and  221   
     As for the concave mold and the convex mold, a general mold can be used as it is, so long as it has a 3D curved surface shape such as spherical shape to be formed on the laminated substrate and has a heat capacity suitable for processing. Specifically, metal materials such as aluminum (Al) and nickel (Ni), glass, and ceramics can be used as the material of the mold. The temperature controller has a temperature control heater attached to the inside of the mold or the outer surface of the mold. The surface of the mold may have a general heat-resistant treatment and/or a mold release treatment. 
     The position of the hole  115  of the concave mold  111  can be arbitrarily set according to the shape of the laminated substrate  151 . 
     Substrate Holding Rubber Sheet 
     The substrate holding rubber sheet has a function of holding the laminated substrate and maintaining a space between the laminated substrate and the concave mold. As the material of the substrate holding rubber sheet, the same material as the material of the elastic sheet can be used. The thickness and shape of the substrate holding rubber sheet can be set according to the above functions of holding the laminated substrate and maintaining the space. Even when the laminated substrate  251  is placed directly on the concave mold  211 , if the upper and lower spaces of the laminated substrate  251  communicate with each other and the pressure becomes equal therebetween, the substrate holding rubber sheet  233  is not necessarily used. 
     Next, examples of the laminated substrate as a target for forming a curved surface are described. 
     First Example of Laminated Substrate 
       FIGS. 7A to 7C  are cross-sectional views of a laminated substrate according to a first example.  FIG. 7A  illustrates a state in which a curved surface has not been formed,  FIG. 7B  illustrates a state in which a convex processing has been performed, and  FIG. 7C  illustrates a state in which a concave processing has been performed. A first laminated substrate  10  is a conductive layer formed substrate containing a resin substrate  11  comprising a thermoplastic resin and a conductive layer  12  on the resin substrate  11 . The resin substrate  11  is an example of a support substrate. 
     Preferably, the surface of the resin substrate  11  has a hardness of 180 MPa or more. Preferably, the conductive layer  12  contains an indium oxide (In 2 O 3 ). More preferably, the conductive layer  12  contains an indium oxide (In 2 O 3 ) having a crystal peak from ( 222 ) plane having an H/W value of from 0.16 to 5.7. The H/W value is obtained by dividing the height H (cps) of the peak obtained by X-ray diffraction (XRD) by the half value width W) (°) thereof. 
     As the material of the resin substrate  11 , any known thermoplastic resins can be used. Examples of the material of the resin substrate  11  include, but are not limited to, polycarbonate, polyethylene terephthalate, polyethylene naphthalate acrylic (polymethyl methacrylate), polyvinyl chloride, polyvinylidene chloride, polyvinyl alcohol, polystyrene, styrene acrylonitrile copolymer, styrene butadiene acrylonitrile copolymer, polyethylene, ethylene vinyl acetate copolymer, polypropylene, polyacetal, cellulose acetate, polyamide (nylon), polyurethane, and fluororesin (TEFLON (registered trademark)). In particular, polycarbonate and polyethylene terephthalate are preferable for moldability, transparency, and cost. For the hardness of 180 MPa or more, polyethylene-terephthalate-based materials and polyethylene-naphthalate-based materials are preferable. The thickness of the resin substrate  11  may be, for example, in a range of from 0.03 to 2.0 mm within which it is easy to form a curved surface. 
     As the material of the conductive layer  12 , any known conductive materials can be used, which may be either transparent or opaque. Examples of opaque materials include, but are not limited to, metal materials such as gold (Au), silver (Ag), copper (Cu), aluminum (Al), nickel (Ni), tungsten (W), and molybdenum (Mo). Examples of transparent materials include, but are not limited to, inorganic oxides, carbon (e.g., carbon nanotube (CNT), graphene), metal nanowires, metal grids, and conductive polymers. Depending on the application of the conductive layer  12 , the inorganic oxides are particularly preferable because they are dense and have excellent conductivity, transparency (transmittance and haze), and reliability. Examples of the inorganic oxides include, but are not limited to, oxides of indium (In), tin (Sn), zinc (Zn), and aluminum (Al), to which tungsten (W), titanium (Ti), zirconium (Zr), zinc (Zn), antimony (Sb), gallium (Ga), germanium (Ge), and/or fluorine (F) may be added. The thickness of the conductive layer  12  may be adjusted according to the amount of electric current required for the electronic device. When the conductive layer  12  is formed of an inorganic oxide, the thickness thereof is from 50 to 500 nm, preferably 200 nm or less. The reason is that the thicker the conductive layer  12  is, the more damage such as crack is likely to occur during curved surface formation processing. The sheet resistance of the conductive layer  12  may be, for example, 300 Ω/□ or less. The conductive layer  12  may be formed by a vacuum film formation method, such as vacuum deposition, sputtering, ion plating, and chemical vapor deposition (CVD). Of these, sputtering that is capable of high-speed film formation is preferable. 
     Preferably, the conductive layer  12  contains an indium oxide, particularly an indium oxide having a crystal peak from (222) plane having an H/W value of from 0.16 to 5.7. In XRD, the crystal peak from (222) plane of indium oxide is detected around 2θ≈32 (deg.). When the crystal peak from (222) plane has an H/W value of less than 0.16 or no crystal peak from the (222) plane is detected, crystallinity of the conductive layer  12  is too low so that cracks are likely to occur. When the crystal peak has an H/W value of greater than 5.7, crystallinity is so high that cracks starting from the crystal grain boundary are likely to occur in the conductive layer  12 . The conductive layer  12  may further contain a single body or mixture of oxides of tin (Sn), tungsten (W), titanium (Ti), zirconium (Zr), zinc (Zn), aluminum (Al), antimony (Sb), gallium (Ga), and fluorine (F), in addition to indium oxide. These oxides contribute to improvement in carrier density and mobility of indium oxide. The proportion of these oxides in the conductive layer  12  may be, for example, 80% by mass or less. As the oxide contained in the conductive layer  12  in combination with indium oxide, tin oxide and zirconium oxide are particularly preferable for conductivity. The proportion thereof in the conductive layers  12  is particularly preferably 15% by mass or less in total amount. 
     The conductive layer  12  can be formed by a vacuum film formation method. The H/W value of the crystal peak can be adjusted by adjusting the substrate temperature, the film formation rate, the gas pressure, and the like, during the vacuum film formation. It is also effective for adjusting H/W value to conduct a heat treatment after film formation. Examples of the vacuum film formation method include, but are not limited to, vacuum deposition, sputtering, ion plating, and chemical vapor deposition (CVD). Of these, sputtering that is capable of high-speed film formation is preferable. In sputtering, it is easy to control the H/W value of the crystal peak by adjusting the sputtering power. 
     The visible light transmittance of the conductive layer  12  can be adjusted by adjusting the thickness and the oxygen ratio of the inorganic oxide such as indium oxide and may be, for example, 70% or more. The conductive layer  12  may contain a transparent conductive material such as carbon having excellent stretchability (e.g., carbon nanotube (CNT), graphene), metal nanowire, metal grid, and conductive polymer as long as the visibility is acceptable. Alternatively, the conductive layer  12  may comprise a composite layer of a layer of such a transparent conductive material and an inorganic oxide layer. 
     When the laminated substrate  10  is processed by the curved surface forming method according to the first or second embodiment with the conductive layer  12  facing the concave mold side, a 3D curved convex surface is formed on the laminated substrate  10  as illustrated in  FIG. 7B . When the laminated substrate  10  is processed by the curved surface forming method according to the first or second embodiment with the resin substrate  11  facing the concave mold side, a 3D curved concave surface is formed on the laminated substrate  10  as illustrated in  FIG. 7C . 
     The conductive layer  12  is formed on the entire surface or a part of the resin substrate  11 . As illustrated in  FIGS. 7B and 7C , the entire laminated substrate  10  may be processed into a 3D curved surface. Alternatively, only a part of the laminated substrate  10  may be processed into a 3D curved surface. 
     In the laminated substrate  10 , since the conductive layer  12  is directly formed on the resin substrate  11 , the surface of the resin substrate  11  preferably has a hardness of 180 MPa or more. Examples of such materials include, but are not limited to, polyethylene-terephthalate-based materials and polyethylene-naphthalate-based materials. 
     It is preferable that the coefficient of thermal expansion of the resin substrate  11  in the first example, is 0.7% or less. Here, the coefficient of thermal expansion refers to that in the temperature range of from room temperature to the softening temperature (Tg) of the resin substrate. When the coefficient of thermal expansion exceeds 0.7%, strain may excessively occur at the time of forming a curved surface. The coefficient of thermal expansion is measured by a tensile load method according to thermomechanical analysis (TMA). 
     According to the first example, the surface of the resin substrate  11 , which is an example of the support substrate, has an appropriate hardness and the conductive layer  12  contains an indium oxide, so that the laminated substrate has excellent transparency, conductivity, and durability and occurrence of cracks can be suppressed even after the laminated substrate is processed into a 3D curved surface shape after formation of the conductive layer  12 . 
     Second Example of Laminated Substrate 
       FIGS. 8A to 8C  are cross-sectional views of a laminated substrate according to a second example.  FIG. 8A  illustrates a state in which a curved surface has not been formed,  FIG. 8B  illustrates a state in which a convex processing has been performed, and  FIG. 8C  illustrates a state in which a concave processing has been performed. A second laminated substrate  20  is a conductive layer formed substrate containing a resin substrate  11 , a base layer  13  on the resin substrate  11 , and a conductive layer  12  on the base layer  13 . The resin substrate  11  and the base layer  13  are included in the support substrate. Other configurations are the same as those of the first laminated substrate  10 . 
     The base layer  13  is employed, for example, to supplement mechanical properties of the resin substrate  11 . For example, when the resin substrate  11  does not have sufficient hardness as the base of the conductive layer  12 , the base layer  13  is made harder than the resin substrate  11  to provide a base having sufficient hardness. The base layer  13  may also be employed to adjust the coefficient of thermal expansion. Provision of the base layer  13  makes it possible to expand the range of material selection for the resin substrate  11  and to use a thermoplastic resin having excellent processability for the resin substrate  11 . As the material of the base layer  13 , for example, ultraviolet (UV) curable resin materials and thermosetting resin materials may be used. More specifically, for example, acrylic resin, urethane resin, and epoxy resin may be used. The hardness of the base layer  13  is preferably 180 MPa or more. Provision of the base layer  13  having a hardness of 180 MPa or more makes it possible to further reduce strain of the conductive layer  12  at the time of forming a curved surface, particularly when the conductive layer  12  is an inorganic oxide layer. The hardness and the coefficient of thermal expansion of the base layer  13  formed of UV curable resin and/or thermosetting resin can be adjusted by adjusting monomer material, cross-linking density, and the amount of reaction initiator. The base layer  13  can be formed by coating the resin substrate  11  with a mixture material of at least an organic monomer material having a reactive group and an initiator and conducting a curing treatment such as UV irradiation or heat treatment. The thickness of the base layer  13  may be, for example, from 0.1 to 10 μm. Examples of the coating method include, but are not limited to, spin coating, casting, micro gravure coating, gravure coating, bar coating, roll coating, wire bar coating, dip coating, slit coating, capillary coating, spray coating, nozzle coating, and various printing methods such as gravure printing, screen printing, flexographic printing, offset printing, reverse printing, and inkjet printing. 
     When the laminated substrate  20  is processed by the curved surface forming method according to the first or second embodiment with the conductive layer  12  facing the concave mold side, a 3D curved convex surface is formed on the laminated substrate  20  as illustrated in  FIG. 8B . When the laminated substrate  20  is processed by the curved surface forming method according to the first or second embodiment with the resin substrate  11  facing the concave mold side, a 3D curved concave surface is formed on the laminated substrate  20  as illustrated in  FIG. 8C . 
     It is preferable that the coefficient of thermal expansion of the support substrate, i.e., the laminated structure of the resin substrate  11  and the base layer  13 , is 0.7% or less. Here, the coefficient of thermal expansion refers to that in the temperature range of from room temperature to the softening temperature (Tg) of the resin substrate. When the coefficient of thermal expansion exceeds 0.7%, strain may excessively occur at the time of forming a curved surface. The coefficient of thermal expansion is measured by a tensile load method according to TMA. 
     According to the second example, the surface of the laminated structure of the resin substrate  11  and the base layer  13 , which is an example of the support substrate, has an appropriate hardness and the conductive layer  12  contains an indium oxide, so that the laminated substrate has excellent transparency, conductivity, and durability and occurrence of cracks can be suppressed even after the laminated substrate is processed into a 3D curved surface shape after formation of the conductive layer  12 . 
     Third Example of Laminated Substrate 
       FIGS. 9A to 9C  are cross-sectional views of a laminated substrate according to a third example.  FIG. 9A  illustrates a state in which a curved surface has not been formed,  FIG. 9B  illustrates a state in which a convex processing has been performed, and  FIG. 9C  illustrates a state in which a concave processing has been performed. The third laminated substrate  30  is an organic electronic device substrate having an organic electronic material layer  14  on the conductive layer  12 . Other configurations are the same as those of the second laminated substrate  20 . 
     The organic electronic material layer  14  is composed of either a single layer or stacked layers. The organic electronic material layer  14  develops functions, such as color development, light emission, polarization, and deformation, upon application of electricity. Conventional organic electronic material layers, such as electrochromic, electroluminescence, chemical luminescence, electrophoretic, electrowetting, liquid crystal, and piezoelectric layers, can be employed as the organic electronic material layer  14 . Inorganic materials such as inorganic nanoparticles may be mixed in the organic electronic material layer  14 . The total thickness of the organic electronic material layer  14  is generally 50 μm or less. Examples of the coating method include, but are not limited to, spin coating, casting, micro gravure coating, gravure coating, bar coating, roll coating, wire bar coating, dip coating, slit coating, capillary coating, spray coating, nozzle coating, and various printing methods such as gravure printing, screen printing, flexographic printing, offset printing, reverse printing, and inkjet printing. 
     When the laminated substrate  30  is processed by the curved surface forming method according to the first or second embodiment with the organic electronic material layer  14  facing the concave mold side, a 3D curved convex surface is formed on the laminated substrate  30  as illustrated in  FIG. 9B . When the laminated substrate  30  is processed by the curved surface forming method according to the first or second embodiment with the resin substrate  11  facing the concave mold side, a 3D curved concave surface is formed on the laminated substrate  30  as illustrated in  FIG. 9C . The laminated substrate  30  having the 3D curved surface can be used, for example, as an organic electronic device substrate. Thus, an organic electronic device substrate having a 3D curved surface can be obtained with excellent productivity. 
     According to the third example, the surface of the support substrate has an appropriate hardness and the conductive layer  12  contains an indium oxide, so that the laminated substrate has excellent transparency, conductivity, and durability and occurrence of cracks can be suppressed even after the laminated substrate is processed into a 3D curved surface after formation of the conductive layer  12  and the organic electronic material layer  14 . 
     Fourth Example of Laminated Substrate 
       FIGS. 10A and 10B  are cross-sectional views of a laminated substrate according to a fourth example.  FIG. 10A  illustrates a state in which a curved surface has not been formed and  FIG. 10B  illustrates a state in which a curved surface processing has been performed. The fourth laminated substrate  40  is a conductive layer formed substrate containing a laminated substrate  20   a  and a laminated substrate  20   b  each having the same structure as the laminated substrate  20 . The laminated substrate  20   a  contains a resin substrate  11   a,  a base layer  13   a,  and a conductive layer  12   a.  The laminated substrate  20   b  contains a resin substrate  11   b,  a base layer  13   b,  and a conductive layer  12   b.  The laminated substrate  40  has a double-sided adhesive layer  41  for bonding the conductive layer  12   a  and the conductive layer  12   b  to each other. That is, the laminated substrate  40  has a structure in which the laminated substrate  20   a  and the laminated substrate  20   b  are bonded to each other via the double-sided adhesive layer  41 . The resin substrates  11   a  and  11   b,  the conductive layers  12   a  and  12   b,  and the base layers  13   a  and  13   b  have the same structures as the resin substrate  11 , the conductive layer  12 , and the base layer  13 , respectively. The resin substrate  11   a  and the base layer  13   a  are included in one support substrate, and the resin substrate  11   b  and the base layer  13   b  are included in another support substrate. The double-sided adhesive layer  41  may comprise, for example, an optical clear adhesive (OCA) tape. 
     The laminated substrate  40  illustrated in  FIG. 10A  can be obtained by, for example, bonding the laminated substrate  20   a  and the laminated substrate  20   b  by the double-sided adhesive layer  41 . A conventional bonding apparatus can be used for this bonding. When the laminated substrate  40  is processed by the curved surface forming method according to the first or second embodiment with the laminated substrate  20   a  facing the concave mold side, a 3D curved surface is formed on the laminated substrate  40  as illustrated in  FIG. 10B . The laminated substrate  40  having the curved surface can be used, for example, as a conductive layer formed substrate having a bonded structure. 
     Generally, in order to bond two curved substrates, the curved substrates are required to be controlled in curvature with high accuracy and a special bonding apparatus with high precision is required. On the other hand, according to the first or second embodiment, the occurrence of cracks can be suppressed even when the 3D curved surface processing is performed after formation and bonding of the layers, so that the laminated substrate  40  having a bonded structure and a 3D curved surface can be obtained with a conventional bonding apparatus for bonding flat-plate-like substrates. That is, the laminated substrate  40  usable as a conductive layer formed substrate can be obtained with low cost and excellent productivity. 
     Preferably, the double-sided adhesive layer  41  comprises an OCA tape for optical characteristics and uniformity of film thickness. General adhesives (e.g., light curing type, thermosetting type) can also be used. The thickness of the double-sided adhesive layer  41  may be, for example, 20 to 200 μm. 
     Fifth Example of Laminated Substrate 
       FIGS. 11A and 11B  are cross-sectional views of a laminated substrate according to a fifth example.  FIG. 11A  illustrates a state in which a curved surface has not been formed and  FIG. 11B  illustrates a state in which a curved surface processing has been performed. The fifth laminated substrate  50  is an organic electronic device substrate containing a laminated substrate  30   a  and a laminated substrate  30   b  each having the same structure as the laminated substrate  30 . The laminated substrate  30   a  contains a resin substrate  11   a,  a base layer  13   a,  a conductive layer  12   a,  and an organic electronic material layer  14   a.  The laminated substrate  30   b  contains a resin substrate  11   b,  a base layer  13   b,  a conductive layer  12   b,  and an organic electronic material layer  14   b.  The laminated substrate  50  has an organic electronic material layer  14   c  sandwiched between the organic electronic material layer  14   a  and the organic electronic material layer  14   b.  That is, the laminated substrate  50  has a structure in which the laminated substrate  30   a  and the laminated substrate  30   b  sandwich the organic electronic material layer  14   c.  The resin substrates  11   a  and  11   b,  the conductive layers  12   a  and  12   b,  and the base layers  13   a  and  13   b  have the same structures as the resin substrate  11 , the conductive layer  12 , and the base layer  13 , respectively. Furthermore, for example, the organic electronic material layer  14   a,  the organic electronic material layer  14   b,  and the organic electronic material layer  14   c  may be an oxidized electrochromic (EC) layer, a reduced EC layer, and a solid electrolyte layer, respectively. The laminated substrate  50  has a protective layer  51  that covers and protects the conductive layer  12   a,  the organic electronic material layer  14   a,  the organic electronic material layer  14   c,  the organic electronic material layer  14   b,  and the conductive layer  12   b  from the sides thereof. A part of the conductive layer  12   a  and a part of the conductive layer  12   b  are exposed as lead portions from the protective layer  51 .  FIGS. 12A to 12C  are illustrations for explaining the positional relationship between the protective layer and each layer covered with the protective layer in a plan view.  FIG. 12A  illustrates the positional relationship between the protective layer  51  and the conductive layer  12   b,    FIG. 12B  illustrates the positional relationship between the protective layer  51  and the conductive layer  12   a,  and  FIG. 12C  illustrates the positional relationship between the protective layer  51  and the organic electronic material layers  14   b,    14   c,  and  14   a.    
     The protective layer  51  is formed so as to physically and chemically protect the side surface portion of the laminated substrate  50  (organic electronic device substrate). The protective layer  51  can be formed by, for example, applying an UV curable or thermosetting insulating resin so as to cover the side surface and/or the top surface of the laminated substrate and then curing the resin. The thickness of the protective layer  51  is not particularly limited and may be appropriately selected depending on the purpose, and is preferably from 0.5 to 10 μm. 
     The laminated substrate  50  illustrated in  FIG. 11A  can be obtained by, for example, bonding the laminated substrate  30   a  and the laminated substrate  30   b  with the organic electronic material layer  14   c  interposed therebetween and thereafter forming the protective layer  51 . A conventional bonding apparatus can be used for this bonding. When the laminated substrate  50  is processed by the curved surface forming method according to the first or second embodiment with the laminated substrate  30   a  facing the concave mold side, a 3D curved surface is formed on the laminated substrate  50  as illustrated in  FIG. 11B . The laminated substrate  50  having the curved surface can be used, for example, as an organic electronic device substrate having a bonded structure. 
     According to the first or second embodiment, the laminated substrate  50  having a bonded structure and a 3D curved surface can be obtained with a conventional bonding apparatus for bonding flat-plate-like substrates. That is, the laminated substrate  50  usable as an organic electronic device substrate can be obtained with low cost and excellent productivity. 
     In applications where color development of the organic electronic material layers  14   a  or  14   c  is visually recognized from only one of the resin substrate  11   a  side or the resin substrate  11   b  side, the resin substrate on the side of visual recognition is transparent while the other resin substrate is not necessarily transparent. 
     Sixth Example of Laminated Substrate 
       FIGS. 13A and 13B  are cross-sectional views of a laminated substrate according to a sixth example.  FIG. 13A  illustrates a state in which a curved surface has not been formed and  FIG. 13B  illustrates a state in which a curved surface processing has been performed. The sixth laminated substrate  60  is an organic electronic device substrate containing a laminated substrate  63   a  and a laminated substrate  63   b.  The laminated substrate  63   a  contains a resin substrate  11   a,  a conductive layer  12   a,  and an organic electronic material layer  14   a.  The laminated substrate  63   b  contains a resin substrate  11   b,  a conductive layer  12   b,  and an organic electronic material layer  14   b.  The laminated substrate  63   a  further contains a processing resin substrate  61   a  and a double-sided adhesive layer  62   a.  The processing resin substrate  61   a  and the resin substrate  11   a  are adhered to each other by the double-sided adhesive layer  62   a.  The laminated substrate  63   b  further contains a processing resin substrate  61   b  and a double-sided adhesive layer  62   b.  The processing resin substrate  61   b  and the resin substrate  11   b  are adhered to each other by the double-sided adhesive layer  62   b.  The laminated substrate  60  has an organic electronic material layer  14   c  sandwiched between the organic electronic material layer  14   a  and the organic electronic material layer  14   b.  That is, the laminated substrate  60  has a structure in which the laminated substrate  63   a  and the laminated substrate  63   b  sandwich the organic electronic material layer  14   c.  Like the laminated substrate  50 , the laminated substrate  60  has a protective layer  51 . A part of the conductive layer  12   a  and a part of the conductive layer  12   b  are exposed as lead portions from the protective layer  51 . 
     The double-sided adhesive layers  62   a  and  62   b  each have the same configuration as the double-sided adhesive layer  41 . The processing resin substrates  61   a  and  61   b  are adhered to the outer side of the resin substrates  11   a  and  11   b  by the double-sided adhesive layers  62   a  and  62   b,  respectively, to improve accuracy of curved surface processing. Materials usable for the resin substrates  11   a  and  11   b  can be used for the processing resin substrates  61   a  and  61   b.  The thickness of the processing resin substrates  61   a  and  61   b  may be the same level as the thickness of the resin substrates  11   a  and  11   b.  On the other hand, the modulus of elasticity of the processing resin substrates  61   a  and  61   b  is preferably smaller than that of the resin substrates  11   a  and  11   b.  When the modulus of elasticity of the processing resin substrates  61   a  and  61   b  is larger than that of the resin substrates  11   a  and  11   b,  the neutral axis for the bending processing may be far from the central portion of the film where functional layers such as the conductive layers  12   a  and  12   b  and the organic electronic material layers  14   a  to  14   c  are formed. In such a case, it is likely that strain of the conductive layers  12   a  and  12   b  containing an inorganic oxide, etc., becomes large. Examples of particularly preferable material for the processing resin substrates  61   a  and  61   b  include polycarbonate that has excellent transparency and processability. 
     The laminated substrate  60  illustrated in  FIG. 13A  can be obtained by, for example, bonding the laminated substrate  63   a  and the laminated substrate  63   b  with the organic electronic material layer  14   c  interposed therebetween and thereafter forming the protective layer  51 . A conventional bonding apparatus can be used for this bonding. When the laminated substrate  60  is processed by the curved surface forming method according to the first or second embodiment with the laminated substrate  63   a  facing the concave mold side, a 3D curved surface is formed on the laminated substrate  60  as illustrated in  FIG. 13B . The laminated substrate  60  having the curved surface can be used, for example, as an organic electronic device substrate having a bonded structure. 
     According to the first or second embodiment, the laminated substrate  60  having a bonded structure and a 3D curved surface can be obtained with a conventional bonding apparatus for bonding flat-plate-like substrates. That is, the laminated substrate  60  usable as an organic electronic device substrate can be obtained with low cost and excellent productivity. In particular, since the laminated substrate  60  contains the processing resin substrates  61   a  and  61   b,  by selecting materials having excellent processability for the processing resin substrates  61   a  and  61   b,  the entire laminated substrate  60  can be further improved in processability and can be processed with excellent curved surface accuracy. 
     After the laminated substrate  60  is processed into a 3D curved surface shape, the double-sided adhesive layers  62   a  and  62   b  may be detached off from the resin substrates  11   a  and  11   b,  respectively. In this case, the processing resin substrates  61   a  and  61   b  are removed and the fifth laminated substrate  50  is obtained. 
     Seventh Example of Laminated Substrate 
       FIGS. 14A and 14B  are cross-sectional views of a laminated substrate according to a seventh example.  FIG. 14A  illustrates a state in which a curved surface has not been formed and  FIG. 14B  illustrates a state in which a curved surface processing has been performed. The seventh laminated substrate  70  is an organic electronic device substrate containing a laminated substrate  73   a  and a thin film transistor (TFT) substrate  73   b.  The TFT substrate  73   b  contains a substrate and electrodes arranged in a matrix on the substrate. The electrodes are included in a conductive layer. The conductive layer included in the TFT substrate  73   b  is divided into a matrix. The laminated substrate  70  has an organic electronic material layer  74  sandwiched between the conductive layer  12   a  and the TFT substrate  73   b.  That is, the laminated substrate  70  has a structure in which the laminated substrate  73   a  and the TFT substrate  73   b  sandwich the organic electronic material layer  74 . The organic electronic material layer  74  may be, for example, a microcapsule electrophoretic layer. The laminated substrate  70  has a protective layer  71  that covers and protects the conductive layer  12   a  and the organic electronic material layer  74  from the sides thereof. A part of the conductive layer  12   a  is exposed as a lead portion from the protective layer  71 . Similar to the sixth example, the processing resin substrate  61   a  is adhered to the outer side of the resin substrate  11   a  by the double-sided adhesive layer  62   a.    
     Eighth Example of Laminated Substrate 
       FIGS. 15A and 15B  are cross-sectional views of a laminated substrate according to an eighth example.  FIG. 15A  illustrates a state in which a curved surface has not been formed and  FIG. 15B  illustrates a state in which a curved surface processing has been performed. The eighth laminated substrate  80  is an organic electronic device substrate containing the fifth laminated substrate  50  and the double-sided adhesive layer  62   a.  One surface of the double-sided adhesive layer  62   a  is adhered to the resin substrate  11   a,  and the other surface of the double-sided adhesive layer  62   a  is covered with a protective sheet  81  that is detachable from this surface. The protective sheet  81  protects the double-sided adhesive layer  62   a  and improves handleability of the laminated substrate  80 . As the protective sheet  81 , for example, an ethylene film such as a polyethylene film and a polypropylene film may be used. The material of the protective sheet  81  can be selected in view of the temperature at the time of forming a curved surface. The thickness of the protective sheet  81  may be, for example, 10 to 500 μm. As the double-sided adhesive layer  62   a  and the protective sheet  81 , a release film or release paper may be used. 
     The laminated substrate  80  illustrated in  FIG. 15A  can be obtained by, for example, bonding the double-sided adhesive layer  62   a  having the protective sheet  81  on one side thereof to the resin substrate  11   a  of the laminated substrate  50 . When the laminated substrate  80  is processed by the curved surface forming method according to the first or second embodiment with the protective sheet  81  facing the concave mold side, a 3D curved surface is formed on the laminated substrate  80  as illustrated in  FIG. 15B . The laminated substrate  80  having the curved surface can be used, for example, as an organic electronic device substrate having a bonded structure. Further, according to the present embodiment, the protective sheet  81  can be detached so that the double-sided adhesive layer  62   a  can be attached to a desired curved surface portion of another substrate. Therefore, the laminated substrate  80  can also be bonded to a portion where the curved surface cannot be formed simultaneously with the laminated substrate  80 . 
     The protective sheet  81  may also be used in place of the processing resin substrates  61   a  and  61   b  in the laminated substrate  60 . 
     As a 3D curved surface is formed on a bonded structure in which flat-plate-like organic electronic device substrates are bonded, conventional bonding devices can be utilized as they are. Thus, an organic electronic device substrate, such as an electrochromic substrate, having a bonded structure at excellent productivity. Similarly, a transparent conductive substrate having a bonded structure can also be provided at excellent productivity. 
     EXAMPLES 
     Further understanding of the present disclosure can be obtained by reference to certain specific examples provided herein below for the purpose of illustration only and are not intended to be limiting. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
                 TABLE A1 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Results of Bending Processing 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                   
                   
                 Base Layer 
                 Conductive Layer 
                   
                 Radius  
                   
                   
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Examples/ 
                   
                 Resin 
                   
                 Hard- 
                   
                   
                   
                 Sheet 
                   
                 of 
                 Mold 
                 Con- 
                 Con- 
               
               
                 Compar- 
                 Laminated 
                 Sub- 
                   
                 ness 
                   
                 Thick- 
                 Trans- 
                 Resist- 
                   
                 Curv- 
                 Temper- 
                 vex 
                 cave 
               
               
                 ative 
                 Substrate  
                 strate 
                   
                 H IT   
                   
                 ness 
                 mittance 
                 ance 
                 Processing 
                 ature 
                 ature 
                 Proc- 
                 Proc- 
               
               
                 Examples 
                 No. 
                 Material 
                 Material 
                 (MPa) 
                 Material 
                 (nm) 
                 (%) 
                 (Ω/□) 
                 Equipment 
                 (mm) 
                 (° C.) 
                 essing 
                 essing 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Example  
                 Laminated 
                 PC 
                 None 
                 APC 
                 100 
                   
                 10 or  
                 Apparatus 
                 131 
                 146 
                 Good 
                 Good 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 A1 
                 Substrate 10 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 less 
                 100 (FIG. 1) 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Example  
                 Laminated 
                 PC 
                 Acrylic  
                 680 
                 ITO 
                 110 
                 83 
                 49 
                 Apparatus 
                 131 
                 146 
                 Good 
                 Good 
               
               
                 A2 
                 Substrate 20 
                   
                 1 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 100 (FIG. 3) 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Example  
                 Laminated 
                 PC 
                 Acrylic  
                 440 
                 ITO 
                 110 
                 83 
                 49 
                 Apparatus 
                 131 
                 146 
                 Good 
                 Good 
               
               
                 A3 
                 Substrate 20 
                   
                 2 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 100 (FIG. 3) 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Example  
                 Laminated 
                 PC 
                 Acrylic  
                 400 
                 ITO 
                 110 
                 83 
                 49 
                 Apparatus 
                 131 
                 146 
                 Poor 
                 Good 
               
               
                 A4 
                 Substrate 20 
                   
                 3 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 100 (FIG. 3) 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Example  
                 Laminated 
                 PC 
                 Acrylic  
                 180 
                 ITO 
                  55 
                 80 
                 71 
                 Apparatus 
                 131 
                 146 
                 Poor 
                 Good 
               
               
                 A5 
                 Substrate 20 
                   
                 4 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 100 (FIG. 3) 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Example  
                 Laminated 
                 PC 
                 Acrylic  
                 440 
                 In 2 O 3 / 
                 110 
                 81 
                 74 
                 Apparatus 
                 131 
                 146 
                 Good 
                 Good 
               
               
                 A6 
                 Substrate 20 
                   
                 2 
                   
                 ZrO 2   
                   
                   
                   
                 100 (FIG. 3) 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Example  
                 Laminated 
                 PC 
                 Acrylic  
                 440 
                 In 2 O 3 / 
                 110 
                 81 
                 74 
                 Apparatus 
                  86 
                 146 
                 Good 
                 Good 
               
               
                 A7 
                 Substrate 20 
                   
                 2 
                   
                 ZrO 2   
                   
                   
                   
                 100 (FIG. 3) 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Example  
                 Laminated 
                 PC 
                 Acrylic  
                 440 
                 In 2 O 3 / 
                 220 
                 76 
                 65 
                 Apparatus 
                 131 
                 146 
                 Good 
                 Good 
               
               
                 A8 
                 Substrate 20 
                   
                 2 
                   
                 ZrO 2   
                   
                   
                   
                 100 (FIG. 3) 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Example  
                 Laminated 
                 PC 
                 Acrylic  
                 680 
                 ITO 
                 110 
                 83 
                 49 
                 Apparatus 
                 131 
                 141 
                 Good 
                 Good 
               
               
                 A9 
                 Substrate 20 
                   
                 1 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 200 (FIG. 4) 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Example  
                 Laminated 
                 PC 
                 Acrylic  
                 680 
                 ITO 
                 110 
                 83 
                 49 
                 Apparatus 
                 131 
                 146 
                 Good 
                 Good 
               
               
                 A10 
                 Substrate 30 
                   
                 1 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 100 (FIG. 3) 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Example  
                 Laminated 
                 PC 
                 Acrylic  
                 680 
                 ITO 
                 110 
                 83 
                 49 
                 Apparatus 
                 131 
                 146 
                 Good 
                 Good 
               
               
                 A11 
                 Substrate 40 
                   
                 1 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 100 (FIG. 3) 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Example  
                 Laminated 
                 PC 
                 Acrylic  
                 680 
                 ITO 
                 110 
                 83 
                 49 
                 Apparatus 
                 131 
                 146 
                 Good 
                 Good 
               
               
                 A12 
                 Substrate 50 
                   
                 1 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 100 (FIG. 3) 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Example  
                 Laminated 
                 PET 
                 None 
                 180 
                 ITO 
                 110 
                 83 
                 49 
                 Apparatus 
                 131 
                 146 
                 Good 
                 Good 
               
               
                 A13 
                 Substrate 60 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 100 (FIG. 3) 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Example  
                 Laminated 
                 Commercially-available Electronic Paper 
                 Apparatus 
                 131 
                 146 
                 Not 
                 Good 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 A14 
                 Substrate 70 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 100 (FIG. 1) 
                   
                   
                 Per- 
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 formed 
                   
               
               
                 Example  
                 Laminated 
                 PC 
                 Acrylic  
                 680 
                 ITO 
                 110 
                 83 
                 49 
                 Apparatus 
                 131 
                 146 
                 Good 
                 Good 
               
               
                 A15 
                 Substrate 80 
                   
                 1 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 100 (FIG. 3) 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Compar- 
                 Laminated 
                 PC 
                 Acrylic  
                 680 
                 ITO 
                 110 
                 83 
                 49 
                 Vacuum 
                 131 
                 146 
                 Poor 
                 Poor 
               
               
                 ative 
                 Substrate 20 
                   
                 1 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Forming 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Example  
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Apparatus 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 A1 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     In Example A1, a conductive layer formed substrate having the same configuration as the first laminated substrate  10  was used. As the resin substrate, a plane-oriented polycarbonate (PC) sheet substrate having a diameter of 100 mm a thickness of 0.3 mm was prepared. A conductive layer was formed thereon by sputtering. The hardness (HIT) of the polycarbonate sheet was 150 MPa when measured with a nanoindenter (PICODENTOR HM500 manufactured by FISCHER INSTRUMENTS K.K.). The conductive layer was formed using an AgPdCu alloy (APC) target manufactured by Furuya Metal Co., Ltd. The sputtering power at the time of film formation was set to 3 kW, and the thickness of the conductive layer was adjusted to 100 nm by controlling the film formation time. As a sputtering equipment, SOLARIS from Oerlikon was used. The thickness of the conductive layer was measured by Alpha-Step D-500 manufactured by KLA-Tencor Corporation. The sheet resistance of the conductive layer was measured using a 4-terminal resistance measuring instrument LORESTA GP manufactured by Mitsubishi Chemical Analytech Co., Ltd. As a result, the sheet resistance of the conductive layer was 10 mΩ/□ or less. 
     The conductive layer formed substrate was thereafter processed into a 3D curved surface shape using the curved surface forming apparatus  100 . In this processing, a spherical concave mold having a radius of curvature of 131 mm and a diameter of 200 mm was prepared, and a silicone rubber sheet having a thickness of 0.3 mm was used for the elastic sheet. The spherical concave mold is made of an aluminum alloy according to JIS A7075. After the temperature of the concave mold was adjusted to 146° C., the conductive layer formed substrate was placed on the elastic sheet, and the elastic sheet and the conductive layer formed substrate were brought into close contact with the concave mold for 90 seconds by pump suction to undergo plastic deformation. The air exhausted from the pump suction hole was thereafter returned to the atmospheric pressure, whereby the elastic sheet and the conductive layer formed substrate were released from the mold, thus obtaining the conductive layer formed substrate having a spherical 3D curved surface. Both of convex processing and concave processing were performed as the bending processing. 
     With respect to the conductive layer after the processing, presence or absence of breakage (crack) was confirmed by observation with scattering diffracted light and observation using a scanning electron microscope (SEM). As a result, no crack occurred in both the convex processing and the concave processing. 
     Examples A2 to A5 
     In Examples A2 to A5, a conductive layer formed substrate having the same configuration as the second laminated substrate  20  was used. As the resin substrate, a 156-mm-square plane-oriented polycarbonate sheet substrate having a thickness of 0.3 mm was prepared. A base layer was formed thereon. As the material of the base layer, four types of UV-curable acrylic resins whose cross-linking densities were adjusted, manufactured by Meihan Shinku Kogyo Co., Ltd., were used. In Examples A2, A3, A4, and A5, UC1-088 (acrylic 1), UC1-095 (acrylic 2), UC1-077 (acrylic 3), and UC1-090 (acrylic 4) were respectively used. The thickness of the base layer was 9 μm in Examples A2 and A5, and the thickness of the base layer was 5 μm in Examples A3 and A4. The hardness (HIT) of the base layer was measured with a nanoindenter (PICODENTOR HM500 manufactured by FISCHER INSTRUMENTS K.K.). Next, a conductive layer of an inorganic oxide was formed on the base layer by sputtering using an ITO target comprising 90% by mass of In 2 O 3  and 10% by mass of SnO 2 . The sputtering power at the time of film formation was set to 6.5 kW, the oxygen/argon (Ar) flow rate was set to 3.6%, and the thickness of the conductive layer was adjusted by controlling the film formation time. As a sputtering equipment, SOLARIS from Oerlikon was used. The thickness of the conductive layer was measured by Alpha-Step D-500 manufactured by KLA-Tencor Corporation. The sheet resistance of the conductive layer was measured using a 4-terminal resistance measuring instrument LORESTA GP manufactured by Mitsubishi Chemical Analytech Co., Ltd. In this measurement, the transmittance at 550 nm was measured using a spectrophotometer UH 4150 manufactured by Hitachi High-Tech Science Corporation. The results are presented in Table A1. 
     Next, the conductive layer formed substrate was processed into a planar shape as illustrated in  FIG. 16  using a laser beam. The outline of the conductive layer formed substrate includes two straight portions parallel to each other and two arc-like curved portions each connecting both one ends of the straight portions. The distance between the straight portions is 54.5 mm and the distance between the curved portions (corresponding to the diameter of the circular arc) is 75.5 mm. The conductive layer formed substrate was thereafter processed into a 3D curved surface shape using the curved surface forming apparatus  100  illustrated in  FIG. 3  equipped with the convex mold. In this processing, a spherical concave mold having a radius of curvature of 131 mm and a diameter of 200 mm and a convex mold paired with the spherical concave mold were prepared, and a silicone rubber sheet having a thickness of 0.3 mm was used for each of the substrate holding rubber sheet and the elastic sheet. The spherical concave mold and the convex mold are made of an aluminum alloy according to JIS A7075. After the temperature of the concave mold was adjusted to 146° C., the conductive layer formed substrate was placed on the elastic sheet, and the elastic sheet and the conductive layer formed substrate were brought into close contact with the concave mold for 60 seconds by pump suction to undergo plastic deformation. Subsequently, the convex mold controlled to have a temperature of 146° C. was lowered to conduct pressing for 90 seconds. The air exhausted from the pump suction hole was thereafter returned to the atmospheric pressure, whereby the elastic sheet and the conductive layer forming substrate were released from the mold, thus obtaining the conductive layer forming substrate on which a spherical 3D curved surface was formed. Both of convex processing and concave processing were performed as the bending processing. 
     With respect to the conductive layer after the processing, presence or absence of breakage (crack) was confirmed by observation with scattering diffracted light and observation using a scanning electron microscope (SEM). As a result, as presented in Table A1, no crack occurred in either of the convex processing and the concave processing in Examples A2 and A3; cracks did not occur in the concave processing but occurred only in the convex processing in Examples A4 and A5.  FIGS. 17A and 17B  are illustrations of cracks observed in the convex processing in Example A4.  FIG. 17A  illustrates a result of diffraction by scattering diffracted light, and  FIG. 17B  illustrates a result of observation with SEM. As illustrated in  FIG. 17A , the cracks were formed in a circular shape or an elliptical shape. Similar cracks were observed in the convex processing in Example A5. 
     Examples A6 to A8 
     In Example A6, a conductive layer of an inorganic oxide was formed by sputtering using a target comprising 99% by mass of In 2 O 3  and 1% by mass of ZrO 2 . The sputtering power at the time of film formation was set to 6.5 kW and the oxygen/argon flow rate was set to 2.5%. The other conditions were the same as those in Example A3. In Example A7, a concave mold having a radius of curvature of 86 mm was used. The other conditions were the same as those in Example A6. In Example A8, the conductive layer was formed so as to have a thickness of 220 nm. The other conditions were the same as those in Example A6. 
     The same evaluation as in Example A2 was then carried out. As a result, as presented in Table A1, no crack occurred in any of Examples A6 to A8. 
     Example A9 
     In Example A9, a conductive layer formed substrate was processed into a 3D curved surface shape using the curved surface forming apparatus  200  illustrated in  FIG. 4 . In this processing, a spherical concave mold having a radius of curvature of 131 mm and a diameter of 200 mm was prepared, and a silicone rubber sheet having a thickness of 0.3 mm was used for each of the substrate holding rubber sheet and the elastic sheet. The spherical concave mold is made of an aluminum alloy according to JIS A7075. After the conductive layer formed substrate was placed on the elastic sheet and the temperature of the concave mold was adjusted to 141° C., the bypass valve was opened and the pressure in the chamber was reduced to 300 Pa by pump suction. Subsequently, the bypass valve was closed and gas (air) was injected into the space above the elastic sheet from a gas injection hole. The air pressure was set to 0.1 MPa, and the elastic sheet and the conductive layer formed substrate were brought into close contact with the concave mold for 90 seconds to undergo plastic deformation. The pressure in the chamber was thereafter returned to the atmospheric pressure, whereby the elastic sheet and the conductive layer formed substrate were released from the mold, thus obtaining the conductive layer formed substrate having a spherical 3D curved surface. Both of convex processing and concave processing were performed as the bending processing. The other conditions were the same as those in Example A2. 
     The same evaluation as in Example A2 was then carried out. As a result, as presented in Table A1, no crack occurred in Example A9. 
     Example A10 
     In Example A10, an organic electronic device substrate having the same configuration as the third laminated substrate  30  was used. As an organic electronic layer, an oxidation-reactive electrochromic layer having a film thickness of 1.5 μm was formed by applying a mixed solution of (a) a radical polymerizable compound containing triarylamine represented by the following structural formula A, (b) polyethylene glycol diacrylate, (c) a photopolymerization initiator, and (d) tetrahydrofuran, at a mass ratio of a:b:c:d=10:5:0.15:85, and curing the applied solution with ultraviolet ray (UV) in a nitrogen atmosphere. As the polyethylene glycol diacrylate, KAYARAD PEG 400DA manufactured by Nippon Kayaku Co., Ltd. was used. As the photopolymerization initiator, IRGACURE 184 manufactured by BASF SE was used. In the third laminated substrate  30 , the conductive layer  12  and the organic electronic material layer  14  are formed narrower than the resin substrate  11  and the base layer  13 . On the other hand, in Example A10, the base layer, the conductive layer, and the organic electronic material layer were formed on the whole upper surface of the resin substrate. The other conditions were the same as those in Example A2. 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     The same evaluation as in Example A2 was then carried out. As a result, as presented in Table A1, no crack occurred in Example A10. 
     Example A11 
     In Example A11, a conductive layer formed substrate having the same configuration as the fourth laminated substrate  40  was used. Two conductive layer formed substrates each having the same configuration as the second laminated substrate  20  and having not yet been subjected to bending processing were prepared, and they were bonded with a double-sided adhesive layer having a thickness of 50 μm. As the double-sided adhesive layer, LA50 (optical clear adhesive (OCA) tape) manufactured by Nitto Denko Corporation was used. The other conditions were the same as those in Example A2. 
     The same evaluation as in Example A2 was then carried out. As a result, as presented in Table A1, no crack occurred in Example A11. 
     Example A12 
     In Example A12, an organic electronic device substrate having the same configuration as the fifth laminated substrate  50  was used. As the resin substrate, two pieces of a 156-mm-square plane-oriented polycarbonate sheet substrate having a thickness of 0.3 mm were prepared. Abase layer was formed thereon. As the material of the base layer, UC1-088 (acrylic 1) manufactured by Meihan Shinku Kogyo Co., Ltd. was used. The thickness of the base layer was 9 μm. The hardness (H IT ) of the base layer was measured with a nanoindenter (PICODENTOR HM500 manufactured by FISCHER INSTRUMENTS K.K.). Next, a conductive layer of an inorganic oxide was formed on the base layer by sputtering using an ITO target comprising 90% by mass of In 2 O 3  and 10% by mass of SnO 2 . The sputtering power at the time of film formation was set to 6.5 kW, the oxygen/argon flow rate was set to 3.6%, and the thickness of the conductive layer was adjusted to 110 nm by controlling the film formation time. As a sputtering equipment, SOLARIS from Oerlikon was used. The conductive layer was formed using a mask in a region illustrated in  FIG. 12A  for one of the resin substrates and in a region illustrated in  FIG. 12B  for the other resin substrate. The thickness of the conductive layer was measured by Alpha-Step D-500 manufactured by KLA-Tencor Corporation. The sheet resistance of the conductive layer was measured using a 4-terminal resistance measuring instrument LORESTA GP manufactured by Mitsubishi Chemical Analytech Co., Ltd. In this measurement, the transmittance at 550 nm was measured using a spectrophotometer UH 4150 manufactured by Hitachi High-Tech Science Corporation. 
     Next, on the resin substrate having the conductive layer formed in the region illustrated in  FIG. 12B , an oxidation-reactive electrochromic layer was formed in a region illustrated in  FIG. 12C  by coating. The electrochromic layer was formed under the same conditions as in Example A10. 
     In addition, on the resin substrate having the conductive layer formed in the region illustrated in  FIG. 12A , a reduction-reactive electrochromic layer was formed in the region illustrated in  FIG. 12C . In forming the reduction-reactive electrochromic layer, a methanol liquid dispersion of tin oxide containing 1% by mass of polyvinyl butyral was applied and annealed at 120° C. for 5 minutes, thus forming a nano particulate tin oxide layer having a thickness of 3 μm. Subsequently, a solution in which 2% by mass of a compound represented by the following structural formula B was dissolved in 2,2,3,3-tetrafluoropropanol was applied and adsorbed to the surface of the nano particulate tin oxide layer and thereafter annealed at 120° C. for 5 minutes. As the methanol liquid dispersion of tin oxide, CELNAX manufactured by Nissan Chemical Corporation was used. 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     Next, an electrolyte solution was prepared by mixing (a) 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium (FSO 2 ) 2 N −  salt, (b) polyethylene glycol diacrylate, and (c) a photopolymerization initiator at a mass ratio of a:b:c=2:1:0.01. After filling the gap between the oxidation-reactive electrochromic layer and the reduction-reactive electrochromic layer with the electrolyte solution, an annealing treatment was conducted at 60° C. for 1 minute, followed by ultraviolet irradiation for curing, thus preparing a bonded body. At this time, the filling amount of the electrolyte solution was adjusted such that the average thickness of the solid electrolyte layer became 50 μm. As the polyethylene glycol diacrylate, KAYARAD PEG 400DA manufactured by Nippon Kayaku Co., Ltd. was used. As the photopolymerization initiator, IRGACURE 184 manufactured by BASF SE was used. Further, the periphery of the organic electronic material layer was filled with a UV-curable acrylic material and the UV-curable acrylic material was cured with UV to form a protective layer. As the UV-curable acrylic material, TB3050 manufactured by ThreeBond Co., Ltd. was used. 
     The same evaluation as in Example A2 was then carried out. As a result, as presented in Table Al, no crack occurred in Example A1. 
     In addition, coloring and decoloring of the organic electronic device substrate was evaluated. In this evaluation, a voltage of 2.0 V was applied to between one lead portion of the organic electronic material layer exposed from the protective layer being a positive pole and the other lead portion being a negative pole so that a charge of 7 mC/cm 2  was injected. As a result, it was confirmed that the oxidation-reactive electrochromic layer developed blue-green color and the reduction-reactive electrochromic layer developed blue color. In addition, it was confirmed that they normally performs coloring and decoloring operations as they became transparent when applied with a voltage of −0.6 V. The light transmittance was measured by a UV-Visible/NIR Spectrophotometer UH4150 (product of Hitachi High-Tech Science Corporation). 
     Example A13 
     In Example A13, an organic electronic device substrate having the same configuration as the sixth laminated substrate  60  was used. In the same manner as in Example A12 except that a 156-mm-sqaure optical oriented polyethylene terephthalate (PET) having a thickness of 0.1 mm was used as the resin substrate and that no base layer was formed, an organic electronic device substrate (electrochromic substrate) in a planar shape was prepared. Next, a processing resin substrate in a planar shape as illustrated in  FIG. 16  was bonded to the outer surface of both resin substrates with a double-sided adhesive layer having a thickness of 50 μm. As the processing resin substrate, a polycarbonate sheet substrate having a thickness of 0.3 mm was used, and as the double-sided adhesive layer, LA50 (OCA tape) manufactured by Nitto Denko Corporation was used. 
     The same evaluation as in Example A2 was then carried out. As a result, as presented in Table A1, no crack occurred in Example A13. Also, the same evaluation for coloring and decoloring as in Example A12 was carried out. As a result, it was confirmed that the coloring and decoloring operations were normally performed. 
     Example A14 
     In Example A14, an organic electronic device substrate having the same configuration as the seventh laminated substrate  70  was used. A commercially available electrophoretic display type electronic paper was used for the portions corresponding to the resin substrate, the conductive layer, the organic electronic material layer, and the protective layer. On a surface of the resin substrate on the display surface side, a processing resin substrate in a planar shape as illustrated in  FIG. 16  was bonded with a double-sided adhesive layer having a thickness of 50 μm. As the electrophoretic display type electronic paper, GDEP014TT1 manufactured by E Ink Holdings Inc. was used. As the processing resin substrate, a plane-oriented polycarbonate sheet substrate having a thickness of 0.3 mm was used. As the double-sided adhesive layer, LA50 (OCA tape) manufactured by Nitto Denko Corporation was used. This electrophoretic display type electronic paper is active matrix driven, and the conductive layer thereof is divided and formed in a matrix. The outline of GDEP014TT1 is as follows. 
     Screen Size: 1.43 Inch 
     Display Resolution: 128 (H)×296 (V) Pixel 
     Active Area: 14.464 (H)×33.448 (V) mm 
     Pixel Pitch: 0.113 (H)×0.113 (V) mm 
     Pixel Configuration: Rectangle 
     Outline Dimension: 18.3 (H)*42.7 (V)*0.607 (D) mm 
     Module weight: 0.87±0.1 g 
     In the curved surface processing, the curved surface forming apparatus  100  illustrated in  FIG. 1  was used. In this processing, a spherical concave mold having a radius of curvature of 86 mm and a diameter of 200 mm was prepared, and a silicone rubber sheet having a thickness of 0.3 mm was used for the elastic sheet. The spherical concave mold is made of an aluminum alloy according to JIS A7075. After the temperature of the concave mold was adjusted to 146° C., the organic electronic device substrate was placed on the elastic sheet with the processing resin substrate facing down, and the elastic sheet and the organic electronic device substrate were brought into close contact with the concave mold for 150 seconds by pump suction to undergo plastic deformation. The air exhausted from the pump suction hole was thereafter returned to the atmospheric pressure, whereby the elastic sheet and the organic electronic device substrate were released from the mold, thus obtaining the organic electronic device substrate having a spherical 3D curved surface. 
     The same evaluation as in Example A2 was then carried out. As a result, as presented in Table A1, no crack occurred in Example A14. In addition, as illustrated in  FIGS. 18A and 18B , it was confirmed that the display operation was normally performed.  FIGS. 18A and 18B  are a photograph and a schematic diagram, respectively, of the laminated substrate after processing in Example A14. As indicated in  FIGS. 18A and 18B , display was uniform over the entire display area. 
     Example A15 
     In Example A15, an organic electronic device substrate having the same configuration as the fifth laminated substrate  50  was used. On one of the resin substrates of the organic electronic device substrate prepared in Example A12, a double-sided adhesive layer having a thickness of 50 μm and having a protective sheet on one side thereof was bonded. As the double-sided adhesive layer, LA50 (OCA tape) manufactured by Nitto Denko Corporation was used. As the protective sheet, a polypropylene film having a thickness of 25 μm was used. 
     The same evaluation as in Example A2 was then carried out. As a result, as presented in Table A1, no crack occurred in Example A15. Also, the same evaluation for coloring and decoloring as in Example A12 was carried out. As a result, it was confirmed that the coloring and decoloring operations were normally performed. Furthermore, after the protective sheet was peeled off, the laminated substrate was bonded to a spherical substrate with a radius of curvature of 130 mm using a vacuum bonding apparatus. 
     Comparative Example A1 
     In Comparative Example A1, a conductive layer formed substrate prepared in the same manner as in Example A2 was processed into a 3D curved surface shape by using a vacuum forming apparatus.  FIGS. 19A to 19C  are schematic diagrams illustrating the steps in a curved surface forming method according to Comparative Example A1. 
     First, as illustrated in  FIG. 19A , a conductive layer formed substrate  351  was heated and softened by a lower heater  301  and an upper heater  302 . The lower heater  301  and the upper heater  302  are halogen heaters. The heating temperature was 146° C. Next, as illustrated in  FIG. 19B , the end portion of the softened conductive layer formed substrate  351  was fixed to the inner wall of the chamber  303  of the vacuum forming apparatus. Next, as illustrated in  FIG. 19C , the pressure inside the chamber  303  was reduced, and the conductive layer formed substrate  351  was pressed against a convex mold  304  whose temperature was controlled to 146° C. to undergo plastic deformation. As the convex mold  304 , a spherical metal mold made of an aluminum alloy according to JIS A7075 having a radius of curvature of 131 mm and a diameter of 85 mm was used. After the conductive layer formed substrate  351  was plastically deformed, the pressure inside the chamber  303  was returned to the atmospheric pressure and the conductive layer formed substrate  351  was released from the convex mold  304 , thus obtaining the conductive layer formed substrate  351  having a spherical 3D curved surface. Both of convex processing and concave processing were performed as the bending processing. 
     The same evaluation as in Example A2 was then carried out. As a result, as presented in Table A1, cracks occurred in both the convex processing and the concave processing in Comparative Example A1. These cracks were similar to those observed in the convex processing in Example A4 illustrated in  FIGS. 17A and 17B . 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
                 TABLE B1 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 Base Layer 
                   
                   
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Coef- 
                   
                   
                 Film Forming Conditions 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 ficient 
                 Hard- 
                 Elastic 
                 for Conductive Layer 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Examples/ 
                   
                 Resin 
                   
                 of 
                 ness 
                 Defor- 
                   
                 O 2   
                   
               
               
                 Comparative 
                 Laminated 
                 Substrate 
                   
                 Thermal 
                 H IT   
                 mation 
                 Power 
                 Flow 
                   
               
               
                 Examples 
                 Substrate No. 
                 Material 
                 Material 
                 (%) 
                 (MPa) 
                 η IT  (%) 
                 (kW) 
                 (%) 
                 Time 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Example B1 
                 Laminated 
                 PC 
                 Acrylic 1 
                 0.69 
                 680 
                 70 
                 6.5 
                 3.6 
                 4 s × 
               
               
                   
                 Substrate 20 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 2 times 
               
               
                 Example B2 
                 Laminated 
                 PC 
                 Acrylic 2 
                 0.45 
                 440 
                 58 
                 6.5 
                 3.6 
                 4 s × 
               
               
                   
                 Substrate 20 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 2 times 
               
               
                 Example B3 
                 Laminated 
                 PC 
                 Acrylic 3 
                 0.73 
                 400 
                 53 
                 6.5 
                 3.6 
                 4 s × 
               
               
                   
                 Substrate 20 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 2 times 
               
               
                 Example B4 
                 Laminated 
                 PC 
                 Acrylic 4 
                 1.1 
                 180 
                 46 
                 6.5 
                 3.6 
                 4 s × 
               
               
                   
                 Substrate 20 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 1 time 
               
               
                 Example B5 
                 Laminated 
                 PC 
                 Acrylic 2 
                 0.45 
                 440 
                 58 
                 1.0 
                 0.6 
                 2.4 s × 
               
               
                   
                 Substrate 20 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 22 times 
               
               
                 Example B6 
                 Laminated 
                 PC 
                 Acrylic 1 
                 0.69 
                 680 
                 70 
                 6.5 
                 2.5 
                 4 s × 
               
               
                   
                 Substrate 20 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 2 times 
               
               
                 Example B7 
                 Laminated 
                 PC 
                 Acrylic 1 
                 0.69 
                 680 
                 70 
                 3.0 
                 0.8 
                 2.1 s × 
               
               
                   
                 Substrate 20 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 8 times 
               
               
                 Example B8 
                 Laminated 
                 PC 
                 Acrylic 1 
                 0.69 
                 680 
                 70 
                 2.0 
                 0.64 
                 2.3 s × 
               
               
                   
                 Substrate 20 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 11 times 
               
               
                 Example B9 
                 Laminated 
                 PC 
                 Acrylic 2 
                 0.45 
                 440 
                 58 
                 3.0 
                 0.8 
                 2.1 s × 
               
               
                   
                 Substrate 20 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 8 times 
               
               
                 Example B10 
                 Laminated 
                 PC 
                 Acrylic 2 
                 0.45 
                 440 
                 58 
                 6.5 
                 2.5 
                 4 s × 
               
               
                   
                 Substrate 20 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 4 times 
               
               
                 Example B11 
                 Laminated 
                 PC 
                 Acrylic 1 
                 0.69 
                 680 
                 70 
                 6.5 
                 3.6 
                 4 s × 
               
               
                   
                 Substrate 20 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 2 times 
               
               
                 Example B12 
                 Laminated 
                 PC 
                 Acrylic 1 
                 0.69 
                 680 
                 70 
                 6.5 
                 3.6 
                 4 s × 
               
               
                   
                 Substrate 20 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 2 times 
               
               
                 Example B13 
                 Laminated 
                 PC 
                 Acrylic 1 
                 0.69 
                 680 
                 70 
                 6.5 
                 3.6 
                 4 s × 
               
               
                   
                 Substrate 40 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 2 times 
               
               
                 Example B14 
                 Laminated 
                 PC 
                 Acrylic 1 
                 0.69 
                 680 
                 70 
                 6.5 
                 3.6 
                 4 s × 
               
               
                   
                 Substrate 50 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 2 times 
               
               
                 Comparative 
                 Laminated 
                 PC 
                 — 
                 1.3 
                 150 
                 N/A 
                 6.5 
                 3.6 
                 4 s × 
               
               
                 Example B1 
                 Substrate 20 
                   
                   
                 (PC) 
                 (PC) 
                   
                   
                   
                 2 times 
               
               
                 Comparative 
                 Laminated 
                 PC 
                 — 
                 1.3 
                 150 
                 N/A 
                 1.0 
                 0.6 
                 2.4 s × 
               
               
                 Example B2 
                 Substrate 20 
                   
                   
                 (PC) 
                 (PC) 
                   
                   
                   
                 22 times 
               
               
                 Comparative 
                 Laminated 
                 PC 
                 Acrylic 1 
                 0.69 
                 680 
                 70 
                 6.5 
                 3.6 
                 4 s × 
               
               
                 Example B3 
                 Substrate 20 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 2 times 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
                 TABLE B2 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 Conductive Layer 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Elastic 
                   
                   
                   
                 Results of Bending Processing 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Defor- 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Radius 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Examples/ 
                   
                   
                   
                 Hard- 
                 mation 
                   
                 Sheet 
                   
                   
                 of 
                 Con- 
                 Con- 
                   
               
               
                 Compar- 
                 Laminated 
                   
                 Thick- 
                 ness 
                 Power 
                   
                 Resist- 
                 Trans- 
                   
                 Curv- 
                 vex 
                 cave 
                 3D- 
               
               
                 ative 
                 Substrate  
                   
                 ness 
                 H IT   
                 η IT   
                 W/H 
                 ance 
                 mittance 
                 Processing 
                 ature 
                 Proc- 
                 Proc- 
                 curved 
               
               
                 Examples 
                 No. 
                 Material 
                 (nm) 
                 (GPa) 
                 (%) 
                 Value 
                 (Ω/□) 
                 (%) 
                 Equipment 
                 (mm) 
                 essing 
                 essing 
                 Surface 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Example  
                 Laminated 
                 In 2 O 3 : 90% 
                 110 
                 2.7 
                 62 
                 2.4  
                 49 
                 83 
                 Apparatus 
                 131 
                 Good 
                 Good 
                 Good 
               
               
                 B1 
                 Substrate 20 
                 SnO 2 : 10% 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 100 (FIG. 3) 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Example  
                 Laminated 
                 In 2 O 3 : 90% 
                 110 
                 3.2 
                 70 
                 2.4  
                 49 
                 83 
                 Apparatus 
                 131 
                 Good 
                 Good 
                 Good 
               
               
                 B2 
                 Substrate 20 
                 SnO 2 : 10% 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 100 (FIG. 3) 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Example  
                 Laminated 
                 In 2 O 3 : 90% 
                 110 
                 2.2 
                 19 
                 2.4  
                 49 
                 83 
                 Apparatus 
                 131 
                 Poor 
                 Good 
                 Good 
               
               
                 B3 
                 Substrate 20 
                 SnO 2 : 10% 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 100 (FIG. 3) 
                   
                 (Crack) 
                   
                   
               
               
                 Example  
                 Laminated 
                 In 2 O 3 : 90% 
                  55 
                 — 
                 — 
                 2.4  
                 71 
                 80 
                 Apparatus 
                 131 
                 Poor 
                 Good 
                 Good 
               
               
                 B4 
                 Substrate 20 
                 SnO 2 : 10% 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 100 (FIG. 3) 
                   
                 (Crack) 
                   
                   
               
               
                 Example  
                 Laminated 
                 In 2 O 3 : 90% 
                 110 
                 — 
                 — 
                 No 
                 47 
                 84 
                 Apparatus 
                 131 
                 Good 
                 Good 
                 Good 
               
               
                 B5 
                 Substrate 20 
                 SnO 2 : 10% 
                   
                   
                   
                 Peak 
                   
                   
                 100 (FIG. 3) 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Example  
                 Laminated 
                 In 2 O 3 : 99% 
                 110 
                 3.4 
                 96 
                 2.2  
                 74 
                 81 
                 Apparatus 
                 131 
                 Good 
                 Good 
                 Good 
               
               
                 B6 
                 Substrate 20 
                 ZrO 2 : 1% 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 100 (FIG. 3) 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Example  
                 Laminated 
                 In 2 O 3 : 99% 
                 110 
                 3.1 
                 77 
                 4.2  
                 61 
                 81 
                 Apparatus 
                 131 
                 Good 
                 Good 
                 Good 
               
               
                 B7 
                 Substrate 20 
                 ZrO 2 : 1% 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 100 (FIG. 3) 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Example  
                 Laminated 
                 In 2 O 3 : 99% 
                 110 
                 22 
                 63 
                 5.7  
                 56 
                 83 
                 Apparatus 
                 131 
                 Good 
                 Good 
                 Good 
               
               
                 B8 
                 Substrate 20 
                 ZrO 2 : 1% 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 100 (FIG. 3) 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Example  
                 Laminated 
                 In 2 O 3 : 99% 
                 110 
                 3.1 
                 77 
                 4.2  
                 61 
                 81 
                 Apparatus 
                  86 
                 Good 
                 Good 
                 Good 
               
               
                 B9 
                 Substrate 20 
                 ZrO 2 : 1% 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 100 (FIG. 3) 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Example  
                 Laminated 
                 In 2 O 3 : 99% 
                 220 
                 — 
                 — 
                 0.16 
                 — 
                 — 
                 Apparatus 
                 131 
                 Good 
                 Good 
                 Good 
               
               
                 B10 
                 Substrate 20 
                 ZrO 2 : 1% 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 100 (FIG. 3) 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Example  
                 Laminated 
                 In 2 O 3 : 90% 
                 110 
                 2.7 
                 62 
                 2.4  
                 49 
                 83 
                 Apparatus 
                 131 
                 Good 
                 Good 
                 Good 
               
               
                 B11 
                 Substrate 20 
                 SnO 2 : 10% 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 200 (FIG. 4) 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Example  
                 Laminated 
                 In 2 O 3 : 90% 
                 110 
                 2.7 
                 62 
                 2.4  
                 49 
                 83 
                 Apparatus 
                 131 
                 Good 
                 Good 
                 Good 
               
               
                 B12 
                 Substrate 30 
                 SnO 2 : 10% 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 100 (FIG. 3) 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Example  
                 Laminated 
                 In 2 O 3 : 90% 
                 110 
                 2.7 
                 62 
                 2.4  
                 49 
                 83 
                 Apparatus 
                 131 
                 Good 
                 Good 
                 Good 
               
               
                 B13 
                 Substrate 40 
                 SnO 2 : 10% 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 100 (FIG. 3) 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Example  
                 Laminated 
                 In 2 O 3 : 90% 
                 110 
                 2.7 
                 62 
                 2.4  
                 49 
                 83 
                 Apparatus 
                 131 
                 Good 
                 Good 
                 Good 
               
               
                 B14 
                 Substrate 50 
                 SnO 2 : 10% 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 100 (FIG. 3) 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Compar- 
                 Laminated 
                 In 2 O 3 : 90% 
                 110 
                 — 
                 — 
                 2.4  
                 49 
                 83 
                 Apparatus 
                 131 
                 Poor 
                 Poor 
                 Good 
               
               
                 ative 
                 Substrate 20 
                 SnO 2 : 10% 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 100 (FIG. 3) 
                   
                 (Crack) 
                 (Crack) 
                   
               
               
                 Example  
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 B1 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Compar- 
                 Laminated 
                 In 2 O 3 : 90% 
                 110 
                 — 
                 — 
                 No 
                 47 
                 84 
                 Apparatus 
                 131 
                 Poor 
                 Poor 
                 Good 
               
               
                 ative 
                 Substrate 20 
                 SnO 2 : 10% 
                   
                   
                   
                 Peak 
                   
                   
                 100 (FIG. 3) 
                   
                 (Crack) 
                 (Crack) 
                   
               
               
                 Example  
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 B2 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Compar- 
                 Laminated 
                 In 2 O 3 : 90% 
                 110 
                 2.7 
                 62 
                 2.4  
                 49 
                 83 
                 Apparatus 
                 131 
                 Poor 
                 Poor 
                 Poor 
               
               
                 ative 
                 Substrate 20 
                 SnO 2 : 10% 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 100 (FIG. 3) 
                   
                 (Elastic 
                 (Elastic 
                 (Crack) 
               
               
                 Example  
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Defor- 
                 Defor- 
                   
               
               
                 B3 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 mation) 
                 mation) 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Examples B1 to B4 
     In Examples B1 to B4, a transparent conductive substrate having the same configuration as the second laminated substrate  20  was used. As the resin substrate, a 156-mm-square plane-oriented polycarbonate sheet substrate having a thickness of 0.3 mm was prepared. A base layer was formed thereon. As the material of the base layer, four types of UV-curable acrylic resins whose cross-linking densities were adjusted, manufactured by Meihan Shinku Kogyo Co., Ltd., were used. In Examples B1, B2, B3, and B4, UC1-088 (acrylic 1), UC1-095 (acrylic 2), UC1-077 (acrylic 3), and UC1-090 (acrylic 4) were respectively used. The thickness of the base layer was 9 μm in Examples B1 and B4, and the thickness of the base layer was 5 μm in Examples B2 and B3. The hardness (H IT ) and the elastic deformation power (η IT ) of the base layer were measured with a nanoindenter (PICODENTOR HM500 manufactured by FISCHER INSTRUMENTS K.K.). The coefficient of thermal expansion of the base layer in the temperature range from 25° C. (room temperature) to 146° C. was measured using a TMA apparatus (Thermo plus EVO II manufactured by Rigaku Corporation). Next, a conductive layer of an inorganic oxide was formed on the base layer by sputtering using an ITO target comprising 90% by mass of In 2 O 3  and 10% by mass of SnO 2 . The sputtering power at the time of film formation was set to 6.5 kW, the oxygen/argon (Ar) flow rate (O 2  flow rate) was set to 3.6%, and the thickness of the conductive layer was adjusted by controlling the film formation time. As a sputtering equipment, SOLARIS from Oerlikon was used. The thickness of the conductive layer was measured by Alpha-Step D-500 manufactured by KLA-Tencor Corporation. The results are presented in Tables B1 and B2. 
     Next, the transparent conductive substrate was processed into a planar shape as illustrated in  FIG. 16  using a laser beam. The outline of the transparent conductive substrate includes two straight portions parallel to each other and two arc-like curved portions each connecting both one ends of the straight portions. The distance between the straight portions is 54.5 mm and the distance between the curved portions (corresponding to the diameter of the circular arc) is 75.5 mm. A transmittance of the plate-like transparent conductive substrate was measured thereafter. In this measurement, the transmittance at 550 nm was measured using a spectrophotometer UH 4150 manufactured by Hitachi High-Tech Science Corporation. The hardness (HIT) and the elastic deformation power (η IT ) of the conductive layer were measured with a nanoindenter (PICODENTOR HM500 manufactured by FISCHER INSTRUMENTS K.K.). The crystallinity of the conductive layer was measured with an XRD apparatus (D8 DISCOVER manufactured by Bruker Corporation) to calculate the H/W value of the crystal peak from (222) plane of indium oxide under the following measurement conditions: the radiation source was a Cu tube (50 kV, 1,000 μm), the incident angle was 3 degrees, the slit width was 1 mm, and the collimator diameter was 1 mm. The sheet resistance of the conductive layer was measured using a 4-terminal resistance measuring instrument LORESTA GP manufactured by Mitsubishi Chemical Analytech Co., Ltd. The results are presented in Table B2. 
     The transparent conductive substrate was thereafter processed into a 3D curved surface shape using the curved surface forming apparatus  100  illustrated in  FIG. 3  equipped with the convex mold. In this processing, a spherical concave mold having a radius of curvature of 131 mm and a diameter of 200 mm and a convex mold paired with the spherical concave mold were prepared, and a silicone rubber sheet having a thickness of 0.3 mm was used for the elastic sheet. The spherical concave mold and the convex mold are made of an aluminum alloy according to JIS A7075. After the temperature of the concave mold was adjusted to 146° C., the conductive layer formed substrate was placed on the elastic sheet, and the elastic sheet and the conductive layer formed substrate were brought into close contact with the concave mold for 60 seconds by pump suction to undergo plastic deformation. Subsequently, the convex mold controlled to have a temperature of 146° C. was lowered to conduct pressing for 90 seconds. The air exhausted from the pump suction hole was thereafter returned to the atmospheric pressure, whereby the elastic sheet and the transparent conductive substrate were released from the mold, thus obtaining the transparent conductive substrate having a spherical 3D curved surface. Both of convex processing and concave processing were performed as the bending processing. 
     With respect to the conductive layer after the processing, presence or absence of breakage (crack) was confirmed by observation with scattering diffracted light and observation using a scanning electron microscope (SEM). As a result, as presented in Table B2, no crack occurred in either of the convex processing and the concave processing in Examples B1 and B2; cracks did not occur in the concave processing but occurred only in the convex processing in Examples B3 and B4.  FIGS. 17A and 17B  are illustrations of cracks observed in the convex processing in Example B3.  FIG. 17A  illustrates a result of diffraction by scattering diffracted light, and  FIG. 17B  illustrates a result of observation with SEM. As illustrated in  FIG. 17A , the cracks were formed in a circular shape or an elliptical shape. Similar cracks were observed in the convex processing in Example B4. 
     Example B5 
     In Example B5, based on Example B2, the film forming conditions for the conductive layer were made different from those in Example B1 to form a conductive layer having a different property from that of Example B 1. The other conditions were the same as those in Example B 1. The film forming conditions for the conductive layer and the properties of the conductive layer are presented in Tables B1 and B2. 
     The same evaluation as in Example B2 was then carried out. As a result, as presented in Table B2, cracks occurred neither in the convex processing nor in the concave processing in Example B5. 
       FIG. 20  is a graph presenting measurement results by XRD for samples obtained with varying sputtering power, including Examples B2 and B5.  FIG. 21  is a graph presenting measurement results by the nanoindenter for Example B 1. As illustrated in  FIG. 20 , the higher the sputtering power, the higher the H/W value. The nanoindenter evaluates the change in load when the probe is indented for 10 nm against the conductive layer having a film thickness of 110 nm. 
     Examples B6 to B8 
     In Examples B6 to B8, a conductive layer of an inorganic oxide was formed by sputtering using a target comprising 99% by mass of In 2 O 3  and 1% by mass of ZrO 2 . The film forming conditions for the conductive layer were varied among Examples B6 to B8. The other conditions were the same as those in Example B1. The film forming conditions for the conductive layer and the properties of the conductive layer are presented in Tables B1 and B2. 
     The same evaluation as in Example B1 was then carried out. As a result, as presented in Table B2, no crack occurred in any of Examples B6 to B8. 
       FIG. 22  is a graph presenting measurement results by XRD for samples obtained with varying sputtering power, including Examples B6 to B8.  FIGS. 23, 24, and 25  are graphs presenting measurement results by the nanoindenter for Example B6, Example B7, and Example B8, respectively. As illustrated in  FIG. 22 , the higher the sputtering power, the higher the H/W value. Further, as illustrated in  FIGS. 23 to 25 , the higher the sputtering power, the higher the elasticity. In particular, in Example B6 ( FIG. 23 ), an elastic deformation power was almost 100%. 
     Example B9 
     In Example B9, based on Example B7, a base layer of the acrylic 2 having a thickness of 5 μm was formed under the same conditions as in Example B2 and a concave mold having a radius of curvature of 86 mm was used. The other conditions were the same as those in Example B7. 
     The same evaluation as in Example B1 was then carried out. As a result, as presented in Table B2, no crack occurred in Example B9. 
     Example B10 
     In Example B10, based on Example B6, a base layer of the acrylic 2 having a thickness of 5μm was formed under the same conditions as in Example B2 and a conductive layer having a thickness of 220 nm was formed under different conditions. The other conditions were the same as those in Example B6. 
     The same evaluation as in Example B1 was then carried out. As a result, as presented in Table B2, no crack occurred in Example B10. 
     Example B11 
     In Example B11, a transparent conductive substrate was processed into a 3D curved surface shape using the curved surface forming apparatus  200  illustrated in  FIG. 4 . In this processing, a spherical concave mold having a radius of curvature of 131 mm and a diameter of 200 mm was prepared, and a silicone rubber sheet having a thickness of 0.3 mm was used for each of the substrate holding rubber sheet and the elastic sheet. The spherical concave mold is made of an aluminum alloy according to JIS A7075. After the transparent conductive substrate was placed on the elastic sheet and the temperature of the concave mold was adjusted to 141° C., the bypass valve was opened and the pressure in the chamber was reduced to 300 Pa by pump suction. Subsequently, the bypass valve was closed and gas (air) was injected into the space above the elastic sheet from a gas injection hole. The air pressure was set to 0.1 MPa, and the elastic sheet and the conductive layer formed substrate were brought into close contact with the concave mold for 90 seconds to undergo plastic deformation. The pressure in the chamber was thereafter returned to the atmospheric pressure, whereby the elastic sheet and the transparent conductive substrate were released from the mold, thus obtaining the transparent conductive substrate having a spherical 3D curved surface. Both of convex processing and concave processing were performed as the bending processing. The other conditions were the same as those in Example B1. 
     The same evaluation as in Example B1 was then carried out. As a result, as presented in Table B2, no crack occurred in Example B11. 
     Example B12 
     In Example B12, an organic electronic device substrate having the same configuration as the third laminated substrate  30  was used. As an organic electronic layer, an oxidation-reactive electrochromic layer having a film thickness of 1.5 μm was formed by applying a mixed solution of (a) a radical polymerizable compound containing triarylamine represented by the following structural formula A, (b) polyethylene glycol diacrylate, (c) a photopolymerization initiator, and (d) tetrahydrofuran, at a mass ratio of a:b:c:d=10:5:0.15:85, and curing the applied solution with ultraviolet ray (UV) in a nitrogen atmosphere. As the polyethylene glycol diacrylate, KAYARAD PEG 400DA manufactured by Nippon Kayaku Co., Ltd. was used. As the photopolymerization initiator, IRGACURE 184 manufactured by BASF SE was used. In the organic electronic device substrate  30 , the conductive layer  12  and the organic electronic material layer  14  are formed narrower than the resin substrate  11  and the base layer  13 . On the other hand, in Example B12, the base layer, the conductive layer, and the organic electronic material layer were formed on the whole upper surface of the resin substrate. The other conditions were the same as those in Example B2. 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     The same evaluation as in Example B1 was then carried out. As a result, as presented in Table B2, no crack occurred in Example B12. 
     Example B13 
     In Example B13, a transparent conductive substrate having the same configuration as the fourth laminated substrate  40  was used. Two transparent conductive substrates each having the same configuration as the second laminated substrate  20  and having not yet been subjected to bending processing were prepared, and they were bonded with a double-sided adhesive layer having a thickness of 50 μm. As the double-sided adhesive layer, LA50 (optical clear adhesive (OCA) tape) manufactured by Nitto Denko Corporation was used. The other conditions were the same as those in Example B 1. 
     The same evaluation as in Example B1 was then carried out. As a result, as presented in Table B2, no crack occurred in Example B13. 
     Example B14 
     In Example B14, an organic electronic device substrate having the same configuration as the fifth laminated substrate  50  was used. As the resin substrate, two pieces of a 156-mm-square plane-oriented polycarbonate sheet substrate having a thickness of 0.3 mm were prepared. A base layer was formed thereon. As the material of the base layer, UC1-088 (acrylic 1) manufactured by Meihan Shinku Kogyo Co., Ltd. was used. The thickness of the base layer was 9 μm. Next, the transparent conductive substrate was processed into a planar shape as illustrated in  FIG. 16  using a laser beam. 
     Next, a conductive layer of an inorganic oxide was formed on the base layer by sputtering using an ITO target comprising 90% by mass of In 2 O 3  and 10% by mass of SnO 2 . The sputtering power at the time of film formation was set to 6.5 kW, the oxygen/argon flow rate (O 2  flow rate) was set to 3.6%, and the thickness of the conductive layer was adjusted to 110 nm by controlling the film formation time. As a sputtering equipment, SOLARIS from Oerlikon was used. The conductive layer was formed using a mask in a region illustrated in  FIG. 12A  for one of the resin substrates and in a region illustrated in  FIG. 12B  for the other resin substrate. The thickness of the conductive layer was measured by Alpha-Step D-500 manufactured by KLA-Tencor Corporation. 
     Next, on the resin substrate having the conductive layer formed in the region illustrated in  FIG. 12B , an oxidation-reactive electrochromic layer was formed in a region illustrated in  FIG. 12C  by coating. The electrochromic layer was formed under the same conditions as in Example B11. 
     In addition, on the resin substrate having the conductive layer formed in the region illustrated in  FIG. 12A , a reduction-reactive electrochromic layer was formed in the region illustrated in  FIG. 12C . In forming the reduction-reactive electrochromic layer, a methanol liquid dispersion of tin oxide containing 1% by mass of polyvinyl butyral was applied and annealed at 120° C. for 5 minutes, thus forming a nano particulate tin oxide layer having a thickness of 3 μm. Subsequently, a solution in which 2% by mass of a compound represented by the following structural formula B was dissolved in 2,2,3,3-tetrafluoropropanol was applied and adsorbed to the surface of the nano particulate tin oxide layer and thereafter annealed at 120° C. for 5 minutes. As the methanol liquid dispersion of tin oxide, CELNAX manufactured by Nissan Chemical Corporation was used. 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     Next, an electrolyte solution was prepared by mixing (a) 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium (FSO 2 ) 2 N −  salt, (b) polyethylene glycol diacrylate, and (c) a photopolymerization initiator at a mass ratio of a:b:c=2:1:0.01. After filling the gap between the oxidation-reactive electrochromic layer and the reduction-reactive electrochromic layer with the electrolyte solution, an annealing treatment was conducted at 60° C. for 1 minute, followed by ultraviolet irradiation for curing, thus preparing a bonded body. At this time, the filling amount of the electrolyte solution was adjusted such that the average thickness of the solid electrolyte layer became 30 μm. As the polyethylene glycol diacrylate, KAYARAD PEG 400DA manufactured by Nippon Kayaku Co., Ltd. was used. As the photopolymerization initiator, IRGACURE 184 manufactured by BASF SE was used. Further, the periphery of the organic electronic material layer was filled with a UV-curable acrylic material and the UV-curable acrylic material was cured with UV to form a protective layer. As the UV-curable acrylic material, TB3050 manufactured by ThreeBond Co., Ltd. was used. 
     The same evaluation as in Example B1 was then carried out. As a result, as presented in Table B2, no crack occurred in Example B13. 
     In addition, coloring and decoloring of the organic electronic device substrate was evaluated. In this evaluation, a voltage of 2.0 V was applied to between one lead portion of the organic electronic material layer exposed from the protective layer being a positive pole and the other lead portion being a negative pole so that a charge of 7 mC/cm 2  was injected. As a result, it was confirmed that the oxidation-reactive electrochromic layer developed blue-green color and the reduction-reactive electrochromic layer developed blue color. In addition, it was confirmed that they normally perform coloring and decoloring operations as they became transparent when applied with a voltage of −0.6 V. The light transmittance was measured by a UV-Visible/NIR Spectrophotometer UH4150 (product of Hitachi High-Tech Science Corporation). 
     Comparative Example B1 
     In Comparative Example B1, based on Example B1, a polycarbonate sheet substrate having no base layer was used. The other conditions were the same as those in Example B1. 
     The hardness (H IT ) of the polycarbonate sheet substrate was measured with a nanoindenter (PICODENTOR HM500 manufactured by FISCHER INSTRUMENTS K.K.). The coefficient of thermal expansion of the polycarbonate sheet substrate in the temperature range from 25° C. (room temperature) to 146° C. was measured using a TMA apparatus (Thermo plus EVO II manufactured by Rigaku Corporation). The results are presented in Tables B1 and B2. 
     The same evaluation as in Example B1 was then carried out. As a result, cracks occurred in both the convex processing and the concave processing in Comparative Example B1. 
     Comparative Example B2 
     In Comparative Example B2, based on Comparative Example B 1, the film forming conditions for the conductive layer were made different from those in Example 1 to form a conductive layer having the same property as that in Example B5. The other conditions were the same as those in Comparative Example B1. The film forming conditions for the conductive layer and the properties of the conductive layer are presented in Tables B1 and B2. 
     As a result, cracks occurred in both the convex processing and the concave processing in Comparative Example B2. 
     Comparative Example B3 
     In Comparative Example B3, based on Example B 1, the temperature of each of the concave mold and the convex mold was adjusted to 25° C. when processing the transparent conductive substrate. The other conditions were the same as those in Example B 1. 
     The same evaluation as in Example B1 was then carried out. As a result, the resin substrate did not soften and therefore the transparent conductive substrate elastically deformed without plastically deforming, thus failed to be processed into a 3D curved surface shape. As presented in Table B2, although no crack occurred in the conductive layer, a transparent conductive substrate having a 3D curved surface could not be obtained. 
     Numerous additional modifications and variations are possible in light of the above teachings. It is therefore to be understood that, within the scope of the above teachings, the present disclosure may be practiced otherwise than as specifically described herein. With some embodiments having thus been described, it will be obvious that the same may be varied in many ways. Such variations are not to be regarded as a departure from the scope of the present disclosure and appended claims, and all such modifications are intended to be included within the scope of the present disclosure and appended claims.