Patent Publication Number: US-11050340-B2

Title: Plug-in power adapters and methods of implementing a plug-in power adapter

Description:
RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     Applicant claims priority to provisional application U.S. Ser. No. 62/480,389, filed on Apr. 1, 2017, to application Ser. No. 15/645,745, filed on Jul. 10, 2017, to application Ser. No. 15/823,385, filed on Nov. 27, 2017, and to application Ser. No. 16/940,066, filed on Jul. 27, 2020, the entire applications of which are incorporated herein by reference. 
     FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
     An embodiment of the present invention relates generally to power adapters, and in particular, to a plug-in power adapter and a method of implementing a plug-in power adapter. 
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     Power adapters, which control the application of power to a device, are an important part of any residential or commercial building, and can provide beneficial control of a load attached to the power adapter, such as timing control and other features such as dimming. As power adapters continue to advance, additional functionality may be available to a user. However, replacing a power adapter can come with significant expense. In addition to the cost of replacing the power adapter, it may be necessary to pay for the professional installation of the power adapter, such as in the case of an in-wall installed power adapter that is coupled to wires in a wall of a residential or commercial building. 
     Accordingly, circuits, devices, systems and methods that enable a user to implement different power adapters are beneficial. 
    
    
     SUMMARY 
     A plug-in power adapter is described. The plug-in power adapter may comprise a plug having a plurality of prongs, wherein a first prong of the plurality of prongs is adapted to receive power; a transformer coupled to receive the power by way of the first prong of the plurality of prongs, wherein the transformer is adapted to generate a power signal on a power signal line coupled to the transformer; an input portion comprising a control button, wherein the control button is accessible by a user of the plug-in power adapter and enables communication with the plug-in power adapter; and a plurality of contact elements on a surface of the plug-in power adapter and accessible by the user of the plug-in power adapter; wherein a contact element of the plurality of contact elements is adapted to receive a control signal. 
     According to another embodiment, a plug-in power adapter may comprise a plug having a plurality of prongs, wherein a first prong of the plurality of prongs is adapted to receive power; a transformer coupled to receive the power by way of the first prong of the plurality of prongs, wherein the transformer is adapted to generate a power signal on a power signal line coupled to the transformer; a control circuit coupled to receive the power signal; a wireless communication circuit coupled to the control circuit; and a plurality of contact elements that is accessible on the plug-in power adapter; wherein a contact element of the plurality of contact elements is adapted to receive a control signal. 
     A plug-in power adapter may comprise a plug having a plurality of prongs, wherein a first prong of the plurality of prongs is adapted to receive power; a transformer coupled to receive the power from the first prong of the plurality of prongs, wherein the transformer is adapted to generate a power signal on a power signal line coupled to the transformer; a control circuit coupled to receive the power signal; a wireless communication circuit adapted to receive wireless communication signals according to a wireless communication protocol; a plurality of contact elements comprising a first contact element that is adapted to receive a first control signal; and wherein the control circuit receives a second control signal by way of the wireless communication circuit. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         FIG. 1  is a block diagram of a modular power adapter; 
         FIG. 2  is another block diagram of a modular power adapter; 
         FIG. 3  is a block diagram of a wireless communication module of the modular power adapter of  FIG. 2 ; 
         FIG. 4  is a block diagram of an expanded view of elements of an in-wall modular power adapter that is adapted to be installed in a junction box and to receive a wall plate; 
         FIG. 5  is a block diagram of another in-wall modular power adapter; 
         FIG. 6  is a block diagram of another in-wall modular power adapter having a metal plate comprising flanges for attaching the in-wall modular power adapter to a junction box; 
         FIG. 7  is a block diagram of an exemplary attachment element enabling the attachment of a control module to a portion of the switching module; 
         FIG. 8  is a plan view of the rear of a control module; 
         FIG. 9  is a plan view of the front of a control module having a paddle-type toggle switch; 
         FIG. 10  is a plan view of the front of a control module having a push-button toggle switch; 
         FIG. 11  is a plan view of the front of a control module having a push-button toggle switch and a sensor; 
         FIG. 12  is a plan view of the front of a control module having a push-button toggle switch and a display; 
         FIG. 13  is a plan view of the front of a control module having a plurality of pre-programmed or programmable buttons; 
         FIG. 14  is an expanded view of a modular power adapter having a display on a switching module; 
         FIG. 15  is an expanded view of a plug-in type modular power adapter having a cover for a control module; 
         FIG. 16  is an expanded view of a plug-in type modular power adapter having a control module attached to a switching module; 
         FIG. 17  is a plan view of a junction box having a switching module adapted to interface with a control module of a wall plate; 
         FIG. 18  is a front plan view of a wall plate having a control module; 
         FIG. 19  is a rear plan view of the wall plate of  FIG. 18 ; 
         FIG. 20  is a rear plan view of a wall plate having two openings and two control modules; 
         FIG. 21  is a block diagram of a system having a plurality of power adapters implementing different communication protocols. 
         FIG. 22  is a flow chart showing a method of implementing a modular power adapter; 
         FIG. 23  is a flow chart showing a method of controlling power adapters using a plurality of different communication interfaces; 
         FIG. 24  is a map showing the division of the geographical area of the map into a plurality of regions; 
         FIG. 25  is a table showing the definition of the plurality of regions and associated tables with the regions; 
         FIG. 26  is an example of a table that could be implemented as any one of the tables of  FIG. 25 ; 
         FIG. 27  is a diagram showing a switch of a module that is movable to provide a signal to a switching module to switch states; 
         FIG. 28  is a plan view of a power adapter having a cover for a module between a pair of outlets; 
         FIG. 29  is a plan view of a power adapter having a cover (for a module between a pair of outlets) that is removed; 
         FIG. 30  is a plan view of a power adapter comprising a module having a plurality of connectors; 
         FIG. 31  is a plan view of a power adapter having a wireless communication module; 
         FIG. 32  is an expanded view of a power adapter, module and wall plate according to one embodiment; 
         FIG. 33  is another expanded view of the power adapter and module of  FIG. 32  rotated 90 degrees counter-clockwise; 
         FIG. 34  is another expanded view of a power adapter, module and wall plate according to one embodiment; 
         FIG. 35  is another expanded view of the power adapter and module of  FIG. 34  rotated 90 degrees counter-clockwise; 
         FIG. 36  is an exemplary module having an outlet; 
         FIG. 37  is an exemplary module having a wireless communication circuit and a motion detector; 
         FIG. 38  is an exemplary module having a wireless communication circuit and a user interface; 
         FIG. 39  is an exemplary user interface having control actuators that could be implemented in the embodiment of  FIG. 38 ; 
         FIG. 40  is an exemplary user interface having voice recognition that could be implemented in the embodiment of  FIG. 38 ; 
         FIG. 41  is an exemplary user interface having a touch screen interface that could be implemented in the embodiment of  FIG. 38 ; 
         FIG. 42  is an expanded view of a power adapter having a module and a wall plate according to another embodiment; 
         FIG. 43  is a block diagram of a power adapter enabling the use of a dummy module according to one embodiment; 
         FIG. 44  is a flowchart showing a method of implementing a module in a power adapter; 
         FIG. 45  is a diagram showing the pairing of a power adapter with a control device; 
         FIG. 46  is a diagram showing the pairing of another power adapter with a control device; 
         FIG. 47  is a diagram showing paired power adapters on a first level of a building; 
         FIG. 48  is a diagram showing paired power adapters on a second level of a building; 
         FIG. 49  is a flow chart showing a method of implementing a plurality of power adapters; 
         FIG. 50  is a block diagram of a power adapter having a test circuit for testing connections to the power adapter; 
         FIG. 51  is a block diagram of a circuit for testing the connections associated with a power adapter; 
         FIG. 52  is another block diagram of a circuit for testing the connections associated with a power adapter; 
         FIG. 53  is a block diagram a plurality of outlets having different connects to power lines; 
         FIG. 54  is a block diagram showing a test module for testing the connections associated with a power adapter; and 
         FIG. 55  is a flow diagram showing a testing the operation of a power adapter. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     The circuits, systems and methods set forth below and shown in the figures relate to power adapters, which may include “in-wall” adapters that are hard wired to electrical wires in a wall (such as to wires in a junction box for example) or plug-in adapters having prongs of a plug that are inserted into an electrical outlet. The circuits and methods provide a modular power adapter (as shown in  FIGS. 1 and 2 , where elements within or on another side of a device are shown in dashed lines), and split the functionality between a first portion, which could be a switching portion or module for enabling the switching of power to a device controlled by the modular power adapter and may be wired into a junction box, and a second portion, which may be a control portion or module that controls the switching of power received by a switching portion and applied to a device receiving power from the power adapter (such as a porch light controlled by a power adapter hard wired into a junction box or a lamp plugged into a plug-in adapter for example, where the porch light and the lamp are commonly known as a load). The power adapter may be implemented such that the first portion has switching elements that control the application of power to a load while the second portion provides signals to the first portion to control the switching elements. The second portion may be removably coupled to the first portion by way of attachment elements, where the second portion may provide electrical signals to the first portion by way of contact elements of the second portion, such as pogo pins or other flexible contacts or rigid contacts, coupled to corresponding contact elements of the first portion, such as contact pads. Alternatively, the contact elements could be placed on the first portion and the contact pads could be placed on the second element. However, it should be understood that any type of contact arrangement for providing electrical signals from the second portion to the first portion could be implemented. In addition to contact elements, guide or alignment elements could be used on the switching module or the control module to align the modules. 
     The modular power adapter is implemented to enable any one of a plurality of control modules (shown for example in  FIGS. 3-8 ) to be coupled to the switching module, and control the switching operation of the switching module. By way of example, and without limitation, the control module could be a toggle switch (such as a paddle-type toggle switch as shown in  FIG. 4 ) with a dimming function. The control module could optionally include a wireless module for enabling wireless control by way of any short range wireless connection, such as a circuit for implementing any variation of a Bluetooth protocol or a Near Field Communication (NFC) protocol, or any local wireless network, such as a WiFi network or a wide area network, such as a cellular network. It should be understood that the wireless module could be a removable module coupled to the switching module or the control module, enabling changing a wireless communication protocol used by the modular power adapter. According to another implementation, the control module comprises a motion detector having an on/off button. A further implementation may comprise a simple on/off switch, which may comprise a status LED light to indicate the state of the load that is under control of the switch, such as a porch light that may not be visible, and an optional wireless control circuit and/or an optional display. According to further implementations, any of the control portions may comprise a timer, which may have pre-programmed buttons or programmable buttons. A backup battery to maintain any timing patterns, such as schedules for applying power to a device, may be implemented on one or more of the switching portion or the control portion. The timing patterns include at least one on and off time, and may be associated with a certain day or date or group of days or dates. According to one implementation, a display would be implemented as a part of the switching module, where other interface elements could be a part of a control module or split between the switching module and the control module. According to another implementation, the display could be a part of the control module. 
     The control module could be attached to the switching module using any suitable attachment elements. For example, the bottom of the control module could include a flange that could be inserted into a flange receiving portion of the switching module in a “ski-boot” fashion, where attachment element on one or more of the top or sides of the control module may be used to secure the control module to the switching module. The attachment element could be any type of latching element or threaded element that could receive a screw to secure the control module to the switching module. The attachment element could also include a flange, snap, strap, magnet, Velcro portion, or any other means for securing the control module to the switching module. 
     The control module may have a flange extending from the sides around the perimeter or at least a portion of the perimeter to enable a user interface portion, which may include the display and any control actuators or elements, to extend through a recess in a wall plate. For example, many conventional switch devices have a user interface portion of approximately 3.2 centimeters (cm) by 6.6 cm that extends through a recess or opening in the wall plate that is secured to the switch device and covers the junction box. The perimeter of the opening in the wall plate may abut the flange of the control module to help secure the control module to the switching module. That is, the user interface portion of the control module beyond the flange could extend through the opening of the wall plate. Alternatively, the control module could extend into a recess of the switching module, where the perimeter of the opening of the wall plate would align with a flange or outer surface of a recessed portion of the switching module. According to other implementations, the control module could be removed while the wall plate is secured to the switching device. In either case, the modular nature of the modular power adapter may not be evident to a user. For a modular power adapter that is a plug-in device, the control module could (i) function as a cover for the switching module, (ii) could include openings to expose portions of the control module under the cover, or (iii) could be included under a cover generally having no other functionality. 
     A front surface of the power adapter, such as a surface of the recess of the switching module in an implementation having a recess, would include contact elements that would be coupled to corresponding contacts on the control portion to enable the control of a device using control signals coupled from the control device to the power adapter. While a physical electrical connection is shown by way of example, it should also be understood that communication of control signals or other signals could be achieved by another means, such as a wireless connection established between corresponding wireless communication circuits in the switching portion and the control portion. That is, in addition to any wireless connection between the control module and a wireless communication device, such as a smart phone or tablet computer for example, there may be a wireless connection, such as a Near Field Communication (NFC) connection, between the control module and the switching module. Further, it should be noted that the control module could be configured to provide multi-mode communication with communication devices external to the control module, such as multiple modules including both a WiFi module and a Bluetooth module for example. That is, a user could provide control signals from a communication device such as a smart phone or tablet computer using either a WiFi connection or a Bluetooth connection. The control module and/or the switching module could include a connector for receiving a portable memory device, such as a USB thumb drive, to download data, including timing patterns, operational information (e.g. at least one of time, data or location), firmware updates, or any other data which may enable the operation of the modular power adapter. 
     According to another implementation, the control module could be incorporated as a part of the wall plate as shown for example in  FIGS. 11-14 , enabling the implementation of a single switch module, where different control modules can provide different functionality. The single switch module could a simple toggle switch (or a paddle-type switch that fills the approximately 3.2 cm by 6.6 cm opening of the wall plate), where different control modules would interface (directly or wirelessly) with the switch module. For example, contacts on the control module (on the wall plate) could align with contracts on the switch module adjacent to the switch portion. The different control modules could provide different functionality, such as dimmer functionality or timer functionality. Some control modules could provide multiple functionality. The control module could be an integral part (i.e. not removable) of the wall switch plate, where a user would replace an entire wall plate to obtain the functionality of a different control module. Alternatively, the control module could be removably attached to the wall plate, where the user could remove one control module and replace it with another control module. According to another implementation, the wall plate could be configured to receive multiple control modules. For example, a control module could be placed on either side of the opening of the wall plate, where a second set of contact elements would be placed on the opposite side of the switch module of the first set of contact elements. 
     One benefit of the implementation of wall plates with control portions is that a single type of switch module could be implemented, and would be functional, without a control module. That is, if the basic switch module were implemented, and a conventional wall plate with no control module were used, a user could still use the basic switch module, which may only have on/off functionality. While the contact elements would not be used, a user could later add functionality of the basic switch module by using a wall plate that has a control module. Such an arrangement could also work with an outlet, where timing or dimmer functionality could be provided for one or more of the receptacles of the outlet. Control modules could also be implemented in wall plates having more than one opening, where different control modules can be implemented for switching modules associated with different openings of the wall plate. 
     In order to prevent any unauthorized use of a power adapter, such as a wireless power adapter, or to prevent the use of unauthorized control modules which may not operate safely with the switching module, one or more security features may be employed that would require that the control module and the switching module be paired. For example, it may be necessary to authenticate the control module by provide a security code from the control module to the switching module to ensure that the control module is authorized to operate with the switching module. For example, the security code could include a unique serial number and may be encrypted. The security code may also include a field that indicates the type of control module and provides information related to the functionality of the control module. A user may also be required to perform a certain operation when replacing the control module, such as implementing a reset procedure using reset buttons on one or both of the control module and the switching module. During a reset procedure, data may be downloaded from the control module to the switching module or vice versa to enable the switching module to function with the control module. The data may be operational data (i.e. data associated with features controlled by the switching module), or security or identification data (i.e. data indicating the identity of the control module or authorizing the use of the control module). 
     According to another implementation, a single controller can provide multimodal control of different control devices and different sets of control devices, such as the modular power adapters as described above or other timers or lighting control devices. The single controller could be for example a smart phone, a tablet computer or any other computer or device enabling a wireless connection to multiple control modules by way of different wireless protocols. For example, the controller could communicate with a first set of control devices by way of a first wireless connection and a second set of control devices by way of a second set of connections. The controller could communicate with any number of groups of devices on corresponding sets of communication protocols. 
     By way of example, a first set of devices could communicate with a control device by way of a Bluetooth connection, where the devices could be implemented in a Bluetooth mesh network. The devices of a first set could be implemented in different locations, such as an indoor device, an outdoor device, a device controlling a specific device, such as a water heater or an under-cabinet lighting fixture. A second set of devices could include devices that are controlled by the controller using another local area network, such as a WiFi network. The second set of appliances controlled by the devices could include the types of devices that a user may desire to access from a remote location, such as a curling iron, a coffee machine, a particular lamp or a wireless-controlled door lock. That is, these devices may be devices that a user may wish to check to make sure that they have been turned off, or the types of devices that a user may wish to turn on while they are away. A third set of devices could be other specialty devices such as pool controls or specialty lighting. These devices could be controlled by an appropriate wireless connection. The controller could also control devices by way of a proprietary network, such as connection using a Z-Wave or a ZigBee controller. That is, the system could be integrated with an existing system employed by the user, such as a Z-Wave or ZigBee system for example. 
     One beneficial aspect of the system is that a single controller can control a plurality of devices using a plurality of different connections implementing different wireless communication protocols. By implementing a variety of different communication protocols, it is possible to implement the different devices with the most suitable communication protocol from a single controller. For example, while a WiFi enables remote access, it may also be more susceptible to hacking or other security issues. However, a Bluetooth connection, because of its short-range nature, may have fewer hacking or security issues, but is generally not remotely accessible. 
     While the specification includes claims defining the features of one or more implementations of the invention that are regarded as novel, it is believed that the circuits and methods will be better understood from a consideration of the description in conjunction with the drawings. While various circuits and methods are disclosed, it is to be understood that the circuits and methods are merely exemplary of the inventive arrangements, which can be embodied in various forms. Therefore, specific structural and functional details disclosed within this specification are not to be interpreted as limiting, but merely as a basis for the claims and as a representative basis for teaching one skilled in the art to variously employ the inventive arrangements in virtually any appropriately detailed structure. Further, the terms and phrases used herein are not intended to be limiting, but rather to provide an understandable description of the circuits and methods. 
     Turning first to  FIG. 1 , a block diagram of a modular power adapter is shown. In particular, a modular power adapter  100  comprises a switching module  102  for controlling the application of power to a load (such as a light, appliance, or other device receiving power by way of an outlet, also known as a receptacle, or other contact elements applying power of the switching module) and a control module  104  that is in communication with the switching module. The switching module  102  is coupled to receive a power input signal, which may be power from an outlet to which the modular power adapter is plugged in or power from wiring in a residential or commercial building in which the modular power adapter is implemented for example. The output power is provided to an output such as an outlet into which a plug of an appliance or other device can be plugged or wires that are coupled to a device such as a light fixture for example. A light, appliance or other device receiving output power from the output is commonly called a load. The control module  104  may receive one or more of user interface input signals and wireless signals, as will be described in more detail below. While the modular power adapter  100  is shown as having two modules, it should be understood that the modular power adapter could contain more modules, where one of the switching module and the control module could be divided in sub-modules. For example, the control module could include a control portion and a wireless communication portion. That is, the control portion may include user interface elements, such as buttons or a display, and may be adapted to receive an optional wireless communication module. 
     Turning now to  FIG. 2 , another block diagram of a modular power adapter is shown. The block diagram of  FIG. 2  shows elements of a modular power adapter, such as the modular power adapter of  FIG. 1  for example. As shown in  FIG. 2 , a control circuit  202  is coupled to various elements of the switching module  102  to enable communication with the control module  104  and control the operation of the switching module. A transformer  204  is coupled to an input port  206  to receive an input voltage that enables providing power to a load by way of an output of the switching module. The input port comprises contact elements that could be for example wires or connector screws that are wired into a junction box or could be prongs of a plug adapted to be inserted into electrical outlet in a wall of a residential or commercial building. The transformer  204  provides power to the control circuit  202  by way of a power line  207 . The control circuit also receives a ground potential at a ground terminal  208 , which may be another contact element such as a ground wire or ground contact, or a ground prong of a plug of the switching module for example. The control circuit  202  may also receive power by way of a backup battery  209  to retain any information such as operational information or timing patterns. A different source of backup power could be implemented, such as a capacitor for example. 
     An input portion  210  may be implemented to enable the input of information or the selection of timing patterns (in an implementation having user interface elements on the switching module such as the implementation of  FIG. 14  for example), and may include a control button or pairing button for enabling the pairing of the switching module and the control module as will be described in more detail in reference to  FIG. 4 . A memory  212  is coupled to the control circuit and may store operational information and timing patterns. An oscillator  213  may be coupled to the control circuit to enable the control circuit to maintain a current time. A switch  220  is coupled to receive power from the transformer by way of a power line  222  and provide power to an output  223  (which may be another contact element that is coupled to a load such as by a wire) in response to control signals associated with a timing pattern on a line  224  from the control circuit. The output  223  may be an outlet that receives a plug for the device controlled by the modular power adapter (or wires or screws that can be coupled to wires in the case of an in-wall power adaptor that are coupled to a device (i.e. load) that is powered by the power adapter). 
     A wireless communication circuit  226  could be used to receive various information, such as operational information, programming data, or firmware updates from the control module  104  or some other source, as will be described in more detail below. It should be noted that the input portion of the modular power adapter may also include the connector for receiving the portable memory device such as a USB thumb drive or an SD memory to download any type of data, such as operational information, programming data, or firmware as will be described in more detail below. 
     The switching module  102  and the control module  104  may communicate by way of a communication port  227 , which may be a connector or a plurality of contact elements, as will be described in more detail in reference to  FIG. 4 . The communication port  227  enables a communication link  228  with a communication port  229 , which may also be a connector or a plurality of contact elements. The communication link may comprise contact elements of the communication ports  227  and  229  to enable the transfer of communication signals between the communication ports. The communication link may also provide power to power elements of the control module. According to some implementations, the communication link  228  may be a wireless communication link, where the communication ports comprise wireless communication circuits. 
     The control module  104  comprises a control circuit  232 , which may be any type of processing circuit for (i) receiving inputs, such as by way of an input portion  234 , and (ii) controlling the operation of the control module  104 . The input portion could be implemented as shown and described in reference to  FIGS. 9-13  for example. A battery  236  or some other source of energy such as a capacitor may be used to power the control module  104  or function as a backup power source if the control module  104  receives power by way of the communication port  229 , rather than by way of a power source internal to the control module  104 . A wireless communication circuit  248 , which may be a wireless receiver or both a wireless transmitter and receiver (i.e. a wireless transceiver), comprises an antenna  250 . Data received by the wireless communication circuit  248  may be provided to the control circuit  232 , or data generated by the control circuit  232  may be transmitted by the wireless communication circuit  248 . Data, such as a timing pattern or operational information entered by the input portion or received by way of the wireless communication circuit  248 , may be stored in a memory  242 . The wireless communication circuit  248  may be any type of receiver for receiving wireless communication signals, such as GPS receiver, a cellular receiver, a radio frequency (RF) receiver, or any type of receiver adapted to receive operational information, programming data or any other type of information such as software updates. The operational information may be provided to the control circuit to enable the operation of the control circuit and the implementation of the timing patterns on the remote switching device. The wireless communication circuit could be a global positioning system (GPS) receiver, a cellular receiver for a cellular telephone network, or a receiver for some other wireless network. A GPS receiver is commonly available from SiRF Technology, Inc, for example, while a cellular receiver could be implemented in an integrated circuit chip or module, such as a chip or module available from u-blox Holding AG of Thalwil, Switzerland. Therefore, actuators for entering time, date and location information in the various implementations of programming interfaces could be eliminated with the use of a wireless communication circuit  248 , which may be a receiver or a transceiver having both a receiver and a transmitter. While the wireless communication circuit  248  for receiving communication signals from a remote network such as a GPS network or a cellular network is shown as a part of the control module  104 , the wireless communication circuit  248  could be implemented as a part of the switching module  102 . An oscillator  244  or some other device for keeping a time for the device may be coupled to the control circuit, where a current time or other data may be displayed on a display  246 . While separate oscillators are shown in the switching module  102  and the control module  104 , it should be understood that a single oscillator could be implemented, and an oscillating signal or other signal based upon the oscillating signal could be shared between the switching module  102  and the control module  104 . 
     The control circuit  104  may also comprise a wireless communication circuit  252  having an antenna  254  enabling the communication of signals with a corresponding wireless communication circuit  226  (having an antenna  260 ) of the switching module by way of a wireless communication link  256 . An example of a wireless communication circuit that could be implemented for wireless communication circuits  226  and  252  is shown by way of example in  FIG. 3 . While both a physical connection for transferring signals and/or power is provided by way of the communication link  228  and a wireless communication link  256  is provided by way of the corresponding wireless communication circuits  226  and  252 , it should be understood that one or both of the communication links could be implemented. A test circuit  260  coupled to the communication port  227  and the control circuit  202 , as will be described in more detail below in reference to  FIGS. 49-53 . 
     Turning now to  FIG. 3 , a block diagram of a wireless communication module of the modular power adapter of  FIG. 2  is shown. In particular, the antenna  304  receives wireless communication signals according to a predetermined wireless communication protocol. The data, which may include programming data and operational information, may be sent from the control module to the switching module. According to other implementations, data may be sent from the switching module to the control module. For example, power usage data associated with a device controlled by the switching module may be transferred to the control module. Other data, such as pairing commands and information, status information, or other information, may be received from a remote server as will be described in more detail in reference to  FIG. 21 . The received data is coupled to a combined mixer/voltage controlled oscillator  306 , the output of which is coupled to an intermediate frequency (IF) circuit  308 . Based upon outputs of the IF circuit and a phase locked loop (PLL)  310 , a mixer  312  generates the received data. An analog-to-digital converter (ADC)  314  then generates digital data representing the data received by one of the control module or the switching module. 
     A control circuit of the switching module  102  or the control module  104  may also provide data for transmission to the other of the switching module  102  or control module  104 . Data to be transmitted from the wireless communication circuit is coupled to a digital-to-analog converter (DAC)  316 , the output of which is coupled to a modulator  318  which is also coupled to a PLL  320 . A power amplifier  322  receives the output of the modulator to drive the antenna  304  and transmit the data. According to one embodiment, the data transceiver of  FIG. 3  could implement the IEEE Specification 802.11 (WiFi) wireless communication standard, any Bluetooth standard, an infrared protocol, a Near Field Communication (NFC) standard, or any other wireless data protocol. While the circuit of  FIG. 3  is provided by way of example, other wireless data transceivers could be employed according to the present invention to implement the desired wireless communication standard. 
     Turning now to  FIG. 4 , a block diagram of an expanded view of elements of an in-wall modular power adapter that is adapted to be installed in a junction box and to receive a wall plate is shown. According to the implementation of  FIG. 4 , a junction box  402  is coupled to conduit  404  having wires  406  that may be used to provide power to the modular power adapter by way of a terminal portion  408  of the wires that extend into a recess  410  adapted to receive the modular power adapter. Flanges  412  and  414  receive a screw or other attachment element by way of a threaded portion  416  to enable attaching corresponding flanges of the modular power adapter to the flanges  412  and  414 . 
     The switching module  102  comprises a front surface  424  that defines a recessed portion  426  extending from the front surface to a back wall  427 . The switching module  102  may also comprise a flange recess  428  at the bottom of the recessed portion behind the front surface  424 . As will be described in more detail below, the flange recess  428  is adapted to receive a corresponding flange of a control module  104 . The switching portion may also comprise an attachment element  430  adapted to be coupled to a corresponding attachment element of the control module. The switching module may also comprise flanges  432  having a threaded portion  434  for receiving a screw to secure a wall plate to the modular power adapter and a hole  436  for receiving a screw that can be inserted into the threaded portion  416  and can be used to secure the switching module  102  to the junction box  402 . 
     User interface elements and other elements enable a user to implement the switching module with a control module within the recess  426 , such as a back wall of the recess for example (or on another surface accessible by a user in an implementation not having a recess). For example, a communication port  438 , which may comprise a connector or a plurality of contact elements for example, may be implemented. The contact elements may be contact pads adapted to be in electrical contact with contact elements of the control module, where the contact elements may be spring loaded contacts such as pogo-pins, or other flexible or spring loaded contacts that extend from a back surface of the control module and align with and make electrical contact with the contact pads of the switching module. Alternatively, contact pads can be implemented on the control module and the corresponding contacts can be implemented on the back of the recess of the switching module. While the contact elements are indicated as being on the back surface of the switching module and the control module, it should be understood that the contacts can be placed on other surfaces, such as a side of the switching module and a side of the control module. 
     The switching module may also comprise a control button  440 , which may function as a reset button or a pairing button for enabling the pairing of the control module with the switching module. The control button may be used to reset the switching module, enabling the switching module to receive new data associated with a control module, and therefore to enable the switching module and the control module to communicate and control a device receiving power from the switching module. The control button  440  could also enable a pairing function to pair an authorized control module to communicate with the switching module. That is, a pairing function can be implemented, wherein a control button on each of the switching module and the control module can be selected to enable the transfer of information between the control module and the switching module. It may be necessary to charge the control module by coupling the control module to the switching module to enable the control module to perform a reset operation of the control switch and to enable a pairing of the control module with the switching module. 
     The pairing operation is beneficial to ensure that only an authorized control module is implemented to prevent for example unauthorized control of a control module which may have a wireless control feature. For example, the control of the device receiving power from the switching module may be compromised, and unauthorized use of a device under the control of the switching module may occur. Further, the switching module and the control module may communicate to enable the proper operation of a load controlled by the switching module. For example, a control circuit of the switching module may detect the type of device controlled by the switching module, such as the type of light bulb (e.g. halogen, LED, or CFL), or the number of watts that the bulb or other device draws, and therefore enables the control circuit of the control module to provide different control signals to the switching module to control the amount of power applied to the light bulb (such as a dimmable light bulb). That is, in addition to an implementation where the switching module acts as a passive device, and only receives control signals from a control circuit of the control device, the switching module and the control module could implement a bidirectional communication link according to another implementation to enable the control module to understand information received by the switching module and better control the device controlled by the switching module. Alternatively, the control module can detect the type or qualities of the light bulb by way of the communication ports of the switching module and the control module. 
     A wireless communication module  442  (shown in dashed to indicate that it may be behind the back wall  427  of the recess) may also be implemented in the switching module. The wireless communication module  442  could be for example the wireless communication module  226  of  FIG. 2  for example. A memory port  444 , which may be a USB port or a port for receiving another type of memory card, such as an SD card, may be implemented on the switching module, and may receive any type of information, such as operational information, timing patterns for turning the device controlled by the power adaptor on or off, or other data that is beneficial in implementing the operation of the control module. A timing pattern may include for example on and off times for a timing feature of the modular power adapter. While the USB port is shown on the switching module, it should be understood that a USB port could instead be implemented on the control module, or implemented on the control module in addition to a USB port on the switching module. Wires  446  for receiving ground and power signals providing current to a load also extend from the switching module. While wires are shown, contact elements adapted to receive wires in a junction box such as a screw for securing a wire to the switching module, could also be implemented. 
     The control module  104  may comprise a rear portion  450  that is inserted into the recess  426  and a flange  452  that abuts the front surface  424 . A front surface of the flange  452  provides a surface to abut a perimeter edge  460  of an opening  462  of a wall plate  459 , enabling a control interface  454 , which may be a user interface according to the implementations of  FIGS. 9-13 , to extend through an opening  462  of the wall plate. The control module  104  also comprises a flange  456  according to the implementation of  FIG. 4 , enabling the control module to be attached to the switching module using a “ski-boot” arrangement, where the flange is inserted into the corresponding flange recess  428  and an attachment element  458  is attached to the attachment element  430 . The communication port of the control module aligns with the communication port of the switching module to enable the communication of at least one of control signals and power between the switching module and the control module. The wall plate  459  can be attached to the switching device using holes  464 , where the holes receive screws that can be inserted into threaded portions  434  of the flanges  432 . 
     The dimensions of the various elements of modular power adapter are selected to enable the modular power adapter to be attached to a junction box, such as a conventional residential junction box. Therefore, the width w s  of the switching module may be selected to be less than the width of a conventional residential junction box, and the height h s  may be selected to be less than the height of a conventional residential junction box. A depth d s  of the recess  426  is also selected to ensure that, when the control module is attached to the switching module, the contact elements of the communication ports provide an adequate electrical connection to enable the transfer of data signals and/or power signals. That is, when the flange  452  of the control module abuts the front surface  424  of the switching module, the contact elements of the communication ports ensure that adequate pressure between contacts and contact pads will enable an electrical connection. Also, the dimensions of back portion  450  of the control module has a width w c  and a height h c  that are just slightly less that the width w s  and the height h s  to ensure that the control module fits into and aligns with the switching module. The dimensions of a front portion  454  are also selected to extend through opening  462  in a wall plate, and ensure that the edges of the opening of the wall plate abut the flange  452  of the control module. A flange  456  of the control module is adapted to be inserted into the flange recess  428  of the switching module. The connector element  458  is adapted to be secured to a corresponding connector element  430  of the switching module  102 . The edges  460  define opening  462 . Because the height h p  and the width w p  of the opening  462  are slightly greater that the height h c ′ and the width w c ′ of the front portion  454 ′, the front portion  454  can extend through the opening  462 , where the edges  460  of the recess  462  will abut the flange  452 . Outer edges  459  and  460  of the wall plate extend beyond the perimeter of the junction box to cover the junction box. 
     Turning now to  FIG. 5 , a block diagram of another in-wall modular power adapter is shown. According to the implementation of  FIG. 5 , the control module is attached to the switching module such that some sides of the two modules may be generally aligned, where a front portion of the control module is adapted to fit through the recess of the wall plate and a back portion of the control module acts as a flange that abuts the edges of the opening of the wall plate. More particularly, the switching module of  FIG. 5  generally comprises a planar front surface that abuts a corresponding planar back surface of the control module. Elements may protrude from a planar surface of the switching module or the control module, or may be recessed within a planar surface, such as a connector protruding from or being recessed in a planar surface. By way of example, the connector element  438  or the memory port  444  may protrude from or be recessed in the planar surface  502 , while the control button  440  may be flush with the planar surface  502 . Attachment elements  504  and  506  may be adapted to couple with corresponding connector elements  507 , which may be located at the top and bottom of the control module for example. The sides of a back portion  508  of the control module may align with sides of the switching module, where a surface  510  adjacent to a front portion  512  acts as a flange for the wall plate. According to one implementation, the attachment elements  504  and  506  can be integrated in the planar surface  502  or can be integrated in the flanges  432 . 
     Turning now to  FIG. 6 , a block diagram of another in-wall modular power adapter having a metal plate comprising flanges for attaching the in-wall modular power adapter to a junction box is shown. According to the implementation of  FIG. 6 , a plate  602 , which may be a metal plate for example, can be attached to the switching module  102  and comprises connector elements to allow the control module  104  to be attached to the plate, and therefore interface with the switching module. By way of example, the switching module may comprise threaded portions  604 - 608  adapted to receive screws that would extend through corresponding holes  616 - 622  to enable the plate to be attached to the switching module. The plate also comprises an opening  623  enabling back portion of the control module to extend through the opening  623 . The plate  602  also comprises flanges extending from the top and bottom to enable attaching the modular power adapter to a junction box. A first flange  624  comprises a hole  626  for receiving a screw to be screwed into a threaded portion of the junction box. The flange also comprises a receptacle  628 , such as a threaded portion, for a screw to enable attaching a wall plate to the modular power adapter. The plate may also comprise an attachment element  630  adapted to receive a corresponding attachment element of the control module. A second flange  632  extending from the bottom of the plate comprises an attachment element  638 . The control module comprises a back portion  640  extending to a flange  642  that defines a front portion  644 . A front surface  646  may comprise a user interface that is accessible to a user. An attachment element  648  that is adapted to couple with attachment element  630  is provided on the control module, such as on the back portion of the control module as shown. An example of an attachment element comprising corresponding attachment elements of the switching module and the control module is shown and described in reference to  FIG. 7 . 
     Turning now to  FIG. 7 , a block diagram of an exemplary attachment element enabling the attachment of a control module to a portion of the switching module is shown. The rear portion  640  comprises a latching element  702  having a lever portion  704  and a pivot element  706  that enables a latching portion  708  having a beveled edge  710  to secure the control module to the flange  624 . More particularly, the attachment element  630  of the flange  624  comprises a receiving element  712  and a flange  714  adapted to receive the beveled edge  710 . While the attachment elements of the flange and control module of  FIG. 7  provide one example of a means for attaching the control module to a portion of the switching module or flange, it should be understood that the control module could be attached to some other portion of the modular power adapter. 
     Turning now to  FIG. 8 , a plan view of the rear of a control module is shown. More particularly, contact elements  802  that may be coupled to or in electrical contact with the corresponding contact elements  438  of the switching module are shown on a back surface of the control module. A control button  804 , which may be a pairing button for example, is also implemented. As described above in reference to  FIGS. 4 and 5 , the contact elements  802  may be contacts extending from the back surface, or contact pads that may be flush with the back surface or recessed. 
     Turning now to  FIGS. 9-13 , exemplary user interface portions of a control module are shown. While examples of user interfaces are provided, it should be understood that the user interfaces could include any type of user interface element enabling the operation or control of a power adapter, including the application of power to a device controlled by the power adaptor. Turning first to  FIG. 9 , a plan view of the front of a control module having a paddle-type toggle switch is shown. That is, a movable element  902  enables changing the state of a device controlled by the control module. The movable element  902  may be movable between a first position for an on state and a second position for an off state. That is, when in the on state, the top portion of the movable element may by flush with the wall plate. Similarly, in the off state, the bottom portion of the movable element may be flush with the wall plate. That is, a user could determine the state of the switch based upon a position of the paddle-type toggle switch. Alternatively, after a user selects either the top or the bottom of the paddle-type toggle switch, it would return to a normal resting position which does not indicate a state of the device, but rather where the switch is used for changing the state of the device. 
     The control module of  FIG. 9  communicates a change of state of the switch by way of contact elements  802 . For example, by depressing the top or bottom of the moveable element  902 , a metal element of the control module may short two of the contracts of contacts elements  802 , enabling the switching module to determine that a change of state is desired. Alternatively, depressing the top portion may provide a path to ground for a first contact of the contact elements  802 , indicating that a user desires to turn the light on, while depressing the bottom portion may provide a path to ground for a second contact of the contact elements  802 , indicating that a user desires to turn the light off. One or more wireless receivers  248  may be included in the switch of  FIG. 9  to receive information, including operational information, timing patterns, or any other data that may be useful in implementing the timer. According, the switch of  FIG. 9  can be a mechanical switch that enables generating an electrical signal at the contact elements  802 , where the electrical signal is decoded by a control circuit of the switching module. That is, according to some embodiments, the control module generates an electrical signal that is detected by the switching module, rather than making a physical connection to engage an actuator of the switching module for example to change a state of the switching module. Alternatively, the control module may include a circuit such as a wireless receiver or other control circuit for providing signals to the switching module. 
     Turning now to  FIG. 10 , a plan view of the front of a control module having a push-button toggle switch is shown. As shown in  FIG. 10 , the state of a device controlled by the switch can be changed by a button  1002 , which may include a status indicator  1004 , such as an LED for example. Alternatively, the button  1002  may be movable between a depressed state, where the switch will be pressed in when the switch is turned on, and a state where the button is flush with the front of the control module when the switch is turned off. In addition to indicating whether a light for example is on, the status indicator may also indicate whether a bulb is out; such as by flashing. The control module of  FIG. 10  may also comprise a wireless receiver  248 , as described above in  FIG. 9 . Further, the button may operate as an mechanical element an electrical signal at the contact elements  802 , where the electrical signal is decoded by a control circuit of the switching module as described above in reference to  FIG. 9 . 
     Turning now to  FIG. 11 , a plan view of the front of a control module having a push-button toggle switch and a sensor is shown. In addition to the switch  1002 , a sensor  1102  can be implemented on the front portion of the control element. By way of example, a motion detector or an ambient light detector could be implemented on the front panel to automatically change the state of the switch based upon the detection of motion or the detection of a state of the light at the switch. It should be understood that the switch  1002  and the sensor  1102  could be implemented with timing functions of a programmable timer (i.e. a control circuit implementing a timing pattern for the power adapter). 
     Turning now to  FIG. 12 , a plan view of the front of a control module having a push-button toggle switch and a display is shown. As shown in  FIG. 12 , a display  1202  may be implemented on the front surface of the control module. While a sensor is not shown in the implementation of  FIG. 12 , it should be understood that a sensor, such as the sensor of  FIG. 12 , could be implemented with the implementation of  FIG. 12 . 
     Turning now to  FIG. 13 , a plan view of the front of a control module having a plurality of pre-programmed or programmable buttons is shown. As shown in the implementation of  FIG. 13 , a plurality of buttons could be implemented on the front surface of the control module. The control module  104  may comprise a display  1302  having a time portion  1304 , where the time portion of the display may indicate the current time or a time that is being programmed for example. The display may also include an AM/PM indicator  1308 , and on/off indicator  1310 , a date indicator  1312  and a location indicator  1314 . 
     It should be noted that the control device could be programmed using a user interface, such as the user interface shown in  FIG. 13 . The user interface of the control device of  FIG. 13  includes programmable buttons and pre-programmed buttons. More particularly, a programming portion  1324  of the user interface comprises a first programming button  1326 , which could be used for cursoring up while programming or turning on a light or other device controlled by the control module  104  (when not in a programming mode), and a second programming button  1328 , which could be used for cursoring down during a programming operation or turning off the light or other device controlled by the control device (when not in a programming mode). While the first programming button  1326  and the second programming button  1328  are shown as multifunction buttons for programming and controlling the device, it should be understood that one or more buttons having on and off functionality could be implemented separate from the first and second programming buttons. 
     A timer control portion  1330  comprises a first programmable button  1332 , which may be programmed with an on time for a timing pattern, and a second programmable button  1334 , which may be programmed with an off time for the timing pattern. The on time associated with the first programmable button  1332  may be programmed using the first programming button  1326  and the second programming button  1328  to cursor up and cursor down to reach the correct time that a user desires to turn on a device controlled by the control module  104 . Similarly, the off time associated with the second programmable button  1334  may be programmed using the first programming button  1326  and the second programming button  1328  to cursor up and cursor down to reach the correct time that a user desires to turn off a device controlled by the control module  104 . While the first programming button  1326  and the second programming button  1328  are shown as having only an on time and an off time respectively, where the buttons may be used together (i.e. when one of the buttons is selected, both will be selected), each of the first programming button  1326  and the second programming button  1328  could be programmable to have both an on time and an off time. 
     The pre-programmed buttons comprise buttons, that when selected, will implement switching data associated with a pre-programmed switching pattern. By way of example, an “Evening” button  1336  could be selected to turn on the lights between 6:00 PM and 11:00 PM or between dusk and 11:00 PM for example. A “Morning” button  1338  could have pre-programmed on and off times associated with hours that a user may desire to have lights on during the morning, such as between 5:00 AM and 8:00 AM for example. An “All Night” button  1340  could, when selected, turn on the lights at some time during the evening, such as a fixed time of 5:00 PM or a variable time such as dusk, and could turn the lights off at some time in the morning, such as 8:00 AM or a variable time such as dawn. A countdown function could also be implemented, where a device controlled by the timer may be on for predetermined intervals based upon the number of times the countdown button  1342  is selected. An indicator  1342 , such as an LED, could be implemented to indicate when a certain pre-programmed button has been selected. The countdown function could also be accomplished using cursor buttons for scrolling up or down to select a countdown time. 
     A reset button,  1344 , which may be a recessed button for example, enables resetting the timer to a default state. It should also be noted that while a pre-programmed button has a particular default setting for on and off times when a user acquires the timer, the pre-programmed buttons may be reprogrammed by a user to have different on and off times. For example, a user may decide that preferred times for an evening setting may be between 5:00 PM and midnight, where the user could reprogram the button to go on at 5:00 PM and off at midnight rather than 11:00 PM. Although different user interface features are shown by way of example, it should be understood that features of different embodiments can be combined to include a variety of different features. 
     Turning now to  FIG. 14 , an expanded view of a modular power adapter having a display on the switching module is shown. According to the implementation of  FIG. 14 , a display  1402  is provided on the switching module, where the control module comprises control circuits for controlling the operation of the switching module and any user interface elements that may be present on the front of the control module. A recess  1404  may be provided behind the front surface and below the display to receive a flange  1406 , where an attachment element  1408  can be coupled to a corresponding attachment element  1410  on the switching module. That is, because of the location of the display, it may be beneficial to attach the control module at the bottom of the switching module. The rear portion  1412  will then be positioned within the recess  1414 . The front portion  1416  is configured to extend through an opening in the wall plate. Contact elements  1418  on the back of the rear portion  1412 , shown here in a dashed box, are positioned to make contact with corresponding contacts  438 . 
     Turning now to  FIG. 15 , an expanded view of a plug-in type modular power adapter having a cover for a control module is shown. The plug-in type modular power adapter of  FIG. 15  comprises a switching portion  1502  that is similar to the switching portion of an in-wall modular power adapter, except that the wires or contact screws that are used to wire the in-wall adapter are replaced with a plug and a receptacle by way of example. The power adapter of  FIG. 15  also comprises a control portion  1504  that is adapted to attach to the switching module and a cover  1506  as shown that is adapted to cover the control portion  1504 . The switching module comprises prongs  1508  of a plug to be inserted into a wall outlet, and a receptacle  1510  for receiving a plug of a device controlled by the power adapter. 
     A recessed portion  1512  is adapted to receive the control module  1504 . A communication circuit  1518  may be located behind a rear wall  1519  of the recessed portion  1512 , which may also comprise contacts  1520  that are adapted to align with corresponding contacts of the control module. A recess  1522  may be adapted to receive a corresponding flange  1524 , where an attachment element  1526  is positioned to align with a corresponding attachment element  1528  of the control module. Attachment elements  1530 ,  1532 ,  1534 , and  1536  are positioned to receive corresponding attachment elements on the cover  1506 , where attachment elements  1538  and  1540  of the cover  1506  are adapted to align with and attach to attachment elements  1530  and  1532 , respectively. The attachment elements on the cover  1506  may comprise flanges that are inserted into recesses of the attachment element of the switching module, where the sides of the cover can be squeezed toward the center to release the flanges and remove the cover. 
     Turning now to  FIG. 16 , an expanded view of a plug-in type modular power adapter having a control module attached to a switching module is shown. According to the implementation of  FIG. 16 , the control module  1602  also functions as the cover, where attachment elements  1604  and  1606  are adapted to be received by attachment elements  1530  and  1532 . Attachment elements that are similar to attachment elements  1604  and  1606  are provided on the opposite side of the control module  1602  to attach to attachment elements  1534  and  1536 . User interface elements may be implemented on the control module  1602 , such as on a front surface  1608 . The control module and user interface elements could be implemented as described above with respect to the in-wall power adaptor. 
     Turning now to  FIGS. 17-20 , various implementations of a modular power adapter for in-wall applications includes a wall plate having control circuitry, such as a control module. Turning first to  17 , a plan view of a junction box  1701  having a switching module  1702  adapted to interface with a control module of a wall plate is shown. As shown in  FIG. 17 , a switching module  1702  comprises flanges for attaching the switching module to the junction box, such as a first flange  1706  having a recess  1708  for receiving a screw to attach the switching module to the junction box and a threaded portion  1709  for receiving a screw for attaching a wall plate to the switching module, and a second flange  1710  having a recess  1711  for receiving a screw to attach the switching module to the junction box and a threaded portion  1712  for receiving a screw for attaching a wall plate to the switching module. A switching element  1714 , shown here as a paddle-type toggle switch, enables changing the state of the device controlled by the switching module  1702 . As will be described in more detail in reference to  FIGS. 18-20 , an edge of an opening of a wall plate having control circuitry overlaps with a portion of the control module, and may extend up to an overlap region shown by the dashed line  1715 . Contact elements  1716 , which are shown beyond (i.e. outside of) the dashed line  1716 , and therefore would be under the wall plate when the wall plate is attached to the switching module. The contact elements  1716  are positioned to align with corresponding contact elements of a control module of the wall plate, which will be described in reference to  FIG. 18 . 
     Turning now to  FIG. 18 , a front plan view of a wall plate having a control module is shown. A wall plate  1802  comprises an opening  1804  that enables a switching element  1714  to extend through the wall plate, where an edge  1806  would extend to approximately the dashed line  1715  to cover the edges of the switching module. A control module  1808 , shown in dashed lines to indicate that it is on a rear surface of the wall plate, includes contact elements  1810  to align with and electrically couple to corresponding contact elements  1716 . Screw holes  1812  enable screws to be used to attach the wall plate to the switching module. As shown in  FIG. 19 , which provides a rear plan view of the wall plate of  FIG. 18 , attachment elements  1902  enable the control module  1808  to be removably attached to the wall plate. That is, the attachment elements  1902  would enable the control module  1808  to be switched out with a different control module to provide flexibility in the operation of the switching module. For example, a control module having a different wireless communication protocol could be attached to the wall plate, making it easy to change the functionality of the switching module without having to remove the switching module, which can costly and time consuming in the case of an in-wall power adapter. 
     Turning now to  FIG. 20 , a rear plan view of a wall plate having two openings and two control modules is shown. According to the implementation of  FIG. 20 , a first control module  2002  may be associated with a first opening  2004  of the dual-wall plate opening, while a second control module  2006  may be associated with a second opening  2008 . While two openings are shown, it should be understood that any number of openings can be implemented. 
     Turning now to  FIG. 21 , a block diagram of a system  2100  having a plurality of power adapters implementing different communication protocols is shown. According to the implementation of  FIG. 21 , a single central controller  2102  can provide multimodal control of different control devices or different sets of control devices, such as the modular power adapters or other timers or lighting control devices. The control devices could be power adapters or other suitable control devices that could be coupled to control a device or integrated in the device to control the device. The single controller  2102  could be for example a smart phone, a tablet computer or any other computer or device enabling a wireless connection to multiple control modules by way of different wireless protocols. For example, the controller  2102  could communicate with a first set  2104  of control devices, a second set  2106  of control devices, and a third set of control devices  2108 . The first set of control devices may include an outdoor light  2110 , an indoor light  2112 , and a water heater  2114  that are controlled by way of a first wireless connection  2116 . As shown in  FIG. 21 , the central controller  2102  is directly in communication with devices of the first set of devices using a short range communication protocol. That is, there is no intervening control element, such as a base station or wireless hub, that receives control signals from the central controller and provides control signals to the control devices. By way of example, a first set of devices could communicate with central controller by way of a Bluetooth connection, where the devices could be implemented in a Bluetooth mesh network, or a near field communication (NFC) link. The short range communication protocol may be accessible at a distance of approximately 100 feet for example. The devices of a first set could be implemented in different locations, and could include for example an indoor device, an outdoor device, a device controlling a specific device, such as a water heater or an under-cabinet lighting fixture. The first set of control devices could be associated devices that a user does not wish to access remotely, or a device about which the user may have security concerns and may not want to have controlled by a lower security protocol, such as a IEEE 802.11 communication protocol, also known as WiFi. The first communication protocol may therefore be a local communication protocol, and more particularly a direct local communication protocol. 
     The second set  2106  of control devices may be controlled by way of a second connection, which may be for example a network. The second set of devices  2106  could include devices that are controlled by the controller using a local area network, including a base station or wireless hub that communicates with a plurality of devices. By way of example, the local area network (LAN) could be a WiFi network including a WiFi base  2118  enabling communication links  2120  and  2121 . The local area network could also be accessible by a wide area network such as a cellular network to enable remote access to devices. The WiFi network could be any network implementing any IEEE 802.11 standard for example. The second set of appliances controlled by the devices could include the types of devices that a user may desire to access from a remote location, such as an indoor light  2122 , a curling iron  2124 , a coffee machine  2126 , a particular lamp, or a wireless-controlled door lock  2128 . That is, these devices may be devices that a user may wish to check to make sure that they have been turned off, or the types of devices that a user may wish to turn on while they are away. 
     The third set of devices  2108  could be controlled by another wireless base  2130  enabling communication links  2132  and  2134  to control other specialty devices such as pool controls or specialty lighting. According to the example of  FIG. 21 , an outdoor light  2136 , and indoor light  2138 , and a pool heater  2140  could be controlled by the wireless base  2130 . The wireless base  2130  could be a Z-Wave or a ZigBee controller for example. Therefore, a short range communication link or a WiFi connection of system  2100  could be integrated with an existing system employed by the user, such as a Z-Wave or ZigBee system for example. 
     One beneficial aspect of the system is that a single controller can control a plurality of devices using a plurality of different connections implementing different wireless communication protocols and having different capabilities. The controller can also access a server  2142  by way of one of the elements of the system, such as the WiFi base  2118 . The server may receive information from or provide information to the server  2142 . For example, the server may receive information from the central controller related to the state or operation of various devices on the system  2100 , or may provide information or data enabling the operation of the devices on the system  2100 . For example, the information can be related to analysis of the devices implemented on the system, or could be information of interest to a user, such as news or weather, which could be displayed on a device of the system. By implementing a variety of different communication protocols, it is possible to implement the different devices with the most suitable communication protocol from a single controller. For example, while a WiFi enables remote access, it may also be more susceptible to hacking or other security issues. However, a Bluetooth or NFC connection, because of its short-range nature, may have fewer hacking or security issues, but is generally not remotely accessible. 
     Turning now to  FIG. 22 , a flow chart shows a method of implementing a modular power adapter. A control module is removably coupled to a switching module at a block  2202 , wherein the control module has a set of electrical contacts and the switching module has a corresponding second set of electrical contacts. Control signals are generated by way of the first set of electrical contacts of the control module at a block  2204 . The control signals are received at a switching module by way of the second set of electrical contacts at a block  2206 . Power is selectively applied to a device based upon the control signals when the control module is attached to the switching module at a block  2208 . 
     The method may further comprise receiving electrical power at a plurality of contact elements, wherein the contact elements may comprise prongs adapted to be inserted into an electrical outlet. The power switch may further comprise a receptacle for receiving a plug of the device controlled by the power switch. The method may further comprise changing the state of the device controlled by the power adapter in response to a switching element for manually controlling the operation of the power switch. The method may also enable a manual programming of the power switch on a user interface, and displaying information on a display of the control module. 
     Turning now to  FIG. 23 , a flow chart shows a method of controlling power adapters using a plurality of different communication interfaces. A plurality of wireless communication protocols is implemented using a central controller at a block  2302 . A first device communicates, by way of the central controller, using a first wireless communication protocol of the plurality of wireless communication protocols at a block  2304 . A second device communicates, by way of the central controller, using a second wireless communication protocol of the plurality of wireless communication protocols at a clock  2306 . 
     Turning now to  FIGS. 24-26 , a map showing latitude and longitude lines which could be used to divide a geographical region, shown here by way of example as the United States. It should be noted that the latitude and longitude lines are shown by way of example, and are not intended to necessarily show accurate latitude and longitude lines. Also, while 24 regions of the lower 48 states of the United States are created by latitude and longitude lines as shown, it should be understood that any number of regions could be created by greater or fewer latitude and longitude lines. The selected longitudinal and latitudinal lines need not be separated by the same number of degrees (e.g. 5 degrees) as shown in  FIG. 24 , but may be separated by different numbers of degrees. Also, the lines need not be continuous on the same horizontal or vertical. For example, the three vertical lines within the boundary of the lower 48 states could correspond to the time zone lines that create the 4 time zone regions, Pacific, Mountain, Central and Eastern. It should be noted that certain geographical regions within the United States apply different rules related to the changing of times during daylight savings and standard time. As a result, separate tables providing dusk and dawn data may be used for daylight savings time and standard time. It should be noted that the dusk and dawn data could be updated over time to account for changes in daylight savings time rules by reprogramming a control device or a remote switching device. The devices could be reprogrammed by downloading new data by way of a data port, such as a USB port as described above, or via cellular communication to a cellular receiver on the control device or a remote switching device. 
     As shown in  FIG. 25 , a table having combinations of latitude and longitude ranges is provided to enable a power switch to access an appropriate table having dusk and dawn times to be applied with implementing a timing pattern as described above. For a power switch having a GPS receiver or some other receiver that is capable of receiving location information, such as latitude and longitude values associated with the location of the power switch, the received latitude or longitude values are used to determine a region in which the power switch is located, and therefore enable selecting a table associated with the region for applying appropriate dusk and dawn times. An example of a table associated with a region will be described in more detail in reference to  FIG. 26 . While a reference to a table is provided by way of example, it should be understood that a reference to equations or other algorithms for calculating dusk and dawn times could be provided. That is, based upon time and date, a dawn and dusk time could be calculated for a given region. 
     As shown in  FIG. 26 , an example of a table having a plurality of date ranges and corresponding dusk and dawn times that would be applied for a timing pattern implemented by a power switch, such as any of the power switches described above, is shown.  FIG. 26  shows an example of one table, where a separate table would be implemented for each region and would have dusk (DUSK 1 -DUSKN) and dawn (DAWN 1 -DAWNN) times associated with date ranges for that region. The dusk and dawn times could be based upon averages for the region, or could be weighted to be optimized for the most populous area of the region. 
     According to the example regions of  FIG. 24 , 24 tables could be stored in a memory of the device and would be available to be accessed by a device, such as a control device or a remote switching device, in any one of the 24 regions, where a power switch in region A 2  would access Table A 2  to implement dusk and dawn times in a timing pattern. According to the example table of  FIG. 26 , a plurality of date ranges extending from 1 to N, where N can be any number up to 365. That is, N could be selected to provide a date range for a predetermined number of days. For example, N could be 12, where dusk and dawn times would change 12 times during the year, such as on the first of every month. N could be selected to be 52, where dusk and dawn times would change 52 times a year, such as every Sunday. N could even be selected to be 365, where the dusk and dawn times would change every day. For the N date ranges, the number of dates of each date range need not have the same number of days. For example, there may be some periods of time of the year during which the dusk and dawn times change less rapidly. During those times, the date range could be longer. In contrast, at certain times such as during fall and spring, the dusk and dawn times may change at a greater rate each day or week. During these times, it may be beneficial to have fewer days associated with a date range. 
     Turning now to  FIG. 27 , a diagram shows a switch of a module that is movable to provide a control signal to a switching module to switch states. According to the exemplary embodiment of  FIG. 27 , different states of a mechanical switch can be used to generate an electrical signal that is decoded by a switching module, such as by a control circuit of a switching module for example. Therefore, a modular adapter can be provided at a low cost by providing a switching module that is not only adapted to receive a low-cost module (e.g. as a simple mechanical module for providing an electrical signal operating as a control signal to contact elements of the switching module), but that can also be upgraded to receive a module having greater functionality (e.g. wireless control) by simply switching out the modules. 
     As shown with the power adapter and module at the top of  FIG. 27 , an intermediate state (i.e. non-connected state) of a switch accessible on a module may exist before the switch is moved to generate a signal that is provided to the switching module. A switch  2702 , which may be a toggle switch for example, may provide a predetermined voltage to a contact of the communication port  227 , such as by shorting contacts of the communication port  227  for example. That is, the control module  104  comprises a plurality of contact elements  2704 ,  2706 ,  2708  and  2710  that are electrically connected to predetermined nodes of the switching module (where dashed lines are used to show that the interconnect elements between the contact elements of the switching module  102  and the control module  104  are behind the switch  2702 ). Contact elements of the communication port  227  are coupled to contact elements of the communication port  229 , where a first contact element  2716  is coupled to a corresponding first contact element  2718 , a second contact element  2720  is coupled to a corresponding second contact element  2722 , a third contact element  2724  is coupled to a corresponding contact element  2726 , and a fourth contact element  2728  is coupled to a corresponding contact element  2730  as shown. The contact elements  2716  and  2728  enable providing power and ground (i.e. neutral) reference voltages to the control module  104 , where the power and ground reference voltages can be used to generate control signals for the control circuit  202  to control the switch  220 . More particularly, the transformer  204  is coupled to the contact element  223  to receive the line voltage (which may be a high voltage of approximately 120 volts for example), and generates a voltage (such as 5 volts or less for example) that is provided to the control module  104  to enable the control module  104  to operate. The electrical connection between contacts elements  2728  and  2730  also enable providing a reference voltage to the control module  104 . As will be described in more detail below, by providing power and ground to the control module, a mechanical switch or a control module having a control circuit (e.g. including a wireless receiver) can provide control signals to the switching module  102 . 
     The switch  2702  also includes contact elements that are moveable with the switch to couple different contact elements of the communication port  229  together to generate a control signal by pulling a contact element to a certain voltage. In the second configuration of the switch after the switch is moved up as shown by the dashed line arrow, contact element  2712  causes the contact element  2706  to be pulled high (e.g. 5 volts) by electrically connecting contact elements  2704  and  2706  together, and causes the contact element  2708  to be pulled low (approximately 0 volts of the neutral reference voltage) by electrically connecting contact elements  2708  and  2710  together. According a first control signal (CS 1 ) and a second control signal (CS 2 ) having high and low voltages respectively are coupled to the control circuit  202 , where the control signals could be interpreted as an on signal to control the switch  220  to apply the line voltage the load (i.e. contact element  206 ). As shown in the bottom configuration when the switch  2702  Is moved downward to an off position as indicated by the downward dashed arrow, the contact element  2714  causes the contact element  2706  to be pulled low (and therefore generating a low CS 1  signal) and causes the contact element  2708  to be pulled high (and therefore generating a high CS 2  signal). 
     While 2 contact elements (i.e. contact element  2706  and contact element  2708 ) for transmitting 2 control signals (which may enable many different data transmission protocols) are shown, it should be understood that a single control signal contact could be provided, where a control signal on the single contact element could be detected with reference to the neutral voltage, and a high value on the single contact element for control could indicate an on state and a low value would indicate an off state. A data stream having other control signals could also be implemented for other more advanced control modules, such as a control module having a wireless communication circuit. While a simple mechanical switch is shown in  FIG. 27 , a dimming feature could also be provided, where a dimming controller accessible by a user would adjust the voltage generated as CS 1  and/or CS 2 , and the control circuit  202  would control the switch  220  (which may comprise a variable resistor for example) to regulate a dimming of the load. 
     Various embodiments related to power adapters having one or more outlets are now described. That is, in contrast to the power adapters that operate as switches for turning a light controlled by the switch on or off, the following power adapters comprises one or more electrical outlets for receiving a plug of a device (such as a lamp) that is inserted into the outlet to provide power to the device. Modules can be implemented to provide additional functionality to a power adapter having an outlet or to operate as a control module to control operation of the device receiving power from the outlet of the power adapter, such as by enabling the turning on or off of the device or controlling the device according to a timing pattern as described above. As will be described in more detail below, power adapters can be implemented to receive a module within the power adapter that provides additional functionality. Unlike conventional power control arrangements that require that a separate device, such as a timer or universal serial bus (USB) adapter, be plugged into an existing outlet, a module can instead be inserted in a recess of the power adapter according to various implementations set forth below for example. In the case of a USB adapter implemented as the module of  FIG. 30  for example, the outlet that would otherwise receive a conventional USB adapter remains open, and therefore the power adapter provides two outlets along with the USB connectors of a USB charging module. In the case of a wireless control module, such as a timer, there is no need to have a separate element protruding from the outlet that receives a plug of a device, where the separate element may not be aesthetically pleasing and may interfere with the placement of furniture against a wall. That is, in addition to a plug extending from a wall outlet, the use of a conventional timer may require a separate device that is inserted into the outlet and comprises an outlet for receiving a plug of the device. According to various implementations as set forth below, the power adapter can be adapted to operate as a timer by receiving a timer module in a recess of the power adapter, where the plug of the device can be directly plugged into the outlet. Other functionality can be provided by the module, which may include one or more sensors, such as a sensor for detecting motion, ambient light, temperature, humidity or any other detectable state or condition near the power adapter. While some modules are passive modules (e.g. enabling the coupling of conductors to allow for the charging of device such as a USB connector enabling the charging of portable device), other modules implemented in  FIG. 27-52  may be control modules. For example, a module implemented as a control module could control the application of power to a device, such as a device controlled by an in-wall power adapter wired to the device or a device plugged into an outlet of the power adapter that receives power from a wall outlet. By enabling the use of the power adapter to be used without a module (e.g. by allowing the use of a dummy module or cover for a recess as will be described in more detail below), a single type of power adapter having outlets can be installed in an entire building, such as a residence, allowing the owner of the building to easily change the functionality or operation of the power adapter at any time by adding a module. 
     Further, by implementing both the modular power adapters operating as wall switches described above in  FIGS. 1-14 and 17-20  and the modular power adapters having outlets as described in  FIGS. 28-52 , an owner of a building, such as an owner of a newly constructed residential building, can make decisions regarding the functionality of switches and outlets after construction is complete and the desired functionality or operation for the switches or outlets is more clear. According to some implementation of  FIG. 28-52 , modular power adapters are configured to receive a module, and have one or more outlets that enable power to be applied to a device plugged into the outlet, using a control module inserted into the power adapter. The benefits of the modular feature for power adapters extend after a selection may be made by a user, and apply to the replacement market for switches and outlets in an existing structure. For example, a homeowner may decide to install wireless modules for modular switches and modular outlets having a certain technology, and may wish to change at a later time to wireless modules having a more current technology. 
     By implementing modular power adapters (such as having a switch for controlling an outdoor or ceiling light or an in-wall outlet) as described herein, an owner of a building will never be exposed to high voltage electrical power associated with the building, but can change the functionality or operation of a power adapter by simply switching out the module of the power adapter. Such an arrangement will reduce costs to a homeowner by eliminating calls to an electrician to make simple changes in the building such as changing an outlet or switch. As will be described in more detail below, modules can be interchanged to provide different functionality based upon the particular module used at a given time. For example, a power adapter could be initially provided with a low-cost module (e.g. a module that may provide limited functionality, such as allowing for a manual on/off feature that would allow a user to engage an actuator to turn a device controlled by the power adapter on or off), and later replaced with another module that could provide additional functionality, such as remote wireless control by a control device (e.g. a smart phone). Examples of modules having different levels of functionality are described in more detail below. It should be noted that modules, whether for a power adapter that is used as an in-wall switch or a power adapter that is installed as an in-wall outlet, could be different types of modules. For example, a module for an in-wall switch application could be a mechanical type that provides control signals in response to a user interaction with a mechanical switch on a user interface of the module, and electrical type that may have some control operations as shown for example in  FIG. 13 , or wireless type of module as shown for example in  FIG. 12  that may receive control signals from a remote device, such as a smart phone, and provide control signals to the switching module. Similarly, as will be described in more detail below, a module for a power adapter having an outlet as described below may have a non-functional type of module (i.e. a dummy module or cover for a recess), a functional module that provides additional functionality (e.g. a module having USB connectors for USB charging by way of power contacts of the recess for providing a low voltage (e.g. approximately 5 volt) signal), or a control module that controls the operation of an outlet of the power adapter. The control module may provide control by way of direct interaction with a user interface (e.g.  FIG. 13 ) or wireless control (e.g.  FIG. 12 ) as described above. 
     According to some implementations, a power adapter may be a passive switching device controlled using a wireless control device (e.g. a smart phone or a dedicated controller) by way of a wireless communication connection. The passive switching device does not actively control the application of power to a device, but rather enables the switching of power in response to real-timer control signals from the wireless control device. That is, the passive power adapter may not store any operational data or timing pattern information, but rather would respond to control signals from the wireless control device to apply control signals to a device under control of the power adapter. Alternatively, a power adapter may be an active power adapter controlled using a wireless control device (e.g. a smart phone or a dedicated controller) by way of a wireless communication connection. The active power adapter may receive a timing pattern having a plurality of switching events. Rather than separately receive a control signal from the wireless control device in real time to enable a switching event, the active power adapter will enable the switching event at the appropriate time based upon operational information stored and maintained (e.g. time and date) in the active power adapter to implement the timing pattern. By way of example, the control device may provide both operational information and a timing pattern having a first switching event of turning a light on at 9:00 PM and a second switching event of turning the light off at 6:00 AM every day. After receiving the operational information and the timing pattern, active power adapter can operate independently of the control device to control power to a device such as a light according to the first switching event for example. 
     Referring specifically to  FIG. 28 , a power adapter  2802  comprises a first outlet  2804  having receptacle elements  2806  for receiving corresponding prongs of a plug to provide power to an electrical device having the plug. The power adapter  2802  comprises a second outlet  2808  as shown. While 2 outlets are shown by way of example, it should be understood that any number of outlets could be implemented in a power adapter configured to receive a module as described below. The power adapter could also include flanges  2810  and  2812  for attaching the power adapter to a junction box for example. While the use of a module for a power adapter finds particular application with a power adapter configured to be attached to a junction box, a module as described below could be implemented in any type of power adapter having outlets. A cover  2814  is attached to the power adapter  2802  using an attachment element  2816 , which could be a screw as shown for example. However, it should be understood that the attachment element could be any type of mechanical, magnetic, or adhesive element to secure the cover  2814 . It should be understood that the cover  2814  could be separate from or a part of a module (such as a wireless module) inserted into a recess of the power adapter to provide additional functionality for the power adapter. In the case of a module having elements that are accessible or visible, such as USB connector of a USB module or an LED of a wireless module, the cover may be a part of the module so that the elements remain exposed, or alternatively, include openings to enable the elements to be accessible or visible. The cover could be used to provide pressure when properly secured to the power adapter to ensure that adequate electrical connections are made between contacts of the module and corresponding contacts of the power adapter. A status element  2818 , such as an LED for example, could provide status information associated with the application of power to the outlet  2804 . For example, the status element  2818  could be an LED that is on when power is applied to the outlet and off when power is not applied to the outlet (such as in the case when the module functions as control module to implement a timing pattern). It should be noted that modules implemented in recesses of a power adapter having an outlet could be a module having additional functionality (e.g. one or more USB connectors) and/or a control module to control the outlet (e.g. a wireless control module for controlling the operation of the outlet). A power adapter or module, alone or in combination, could also include protection circuits, such as a ground fault circuit interrupt (GFCI) circuit, to prevent a ground fault condition. The power adapter and module having a GFCI circuit could enable automatic testing of the power adapter or could include a test button and a reset button for example, or could include visual indicators of a state of the power adapter or include an audio device for providing an audible indication of the state of the power adapter. 
     As shown in the plan view of the power adapter of  FIG. 29  having the cover for a module between a pair of outlets, a recess  2902  that is exposed when the cover or the module is removed comprises a plurality of contacts that are adapted to make an electrical connection with corresponding contacts of the module. A first set of contacts  2904  may be used to provide power by way of a transformer  2906  (which may correspond to transformer  204  for example) to the module to enable the module to operate. For example, the transformer  2906  could covert a high voltage provided to a power adapter, such as 120 volts for example, to a low voltage, such as 5 volts for example, to enable a module inserted in the recess  2902  to control the operation of the outlet  2804 . That is, a module inserted in the recess  2902  may provide signals by way of contacts  2910  to a control circuit  2912  (which may include control circuit  202  and switch  220  for example) that controls the application of power to the outlet  2804 . The transformer  2906  and the control circuit  2912  are shown in dashed lines to indicate that they are behind the front surface of the power adapter. The transformer provides a low power signal for enabling the operation of a module inserted in the recess. For example, the low power signal could be a 5 volt signal to charge a device plugged into a charging module (e.g. a USB charging module or to provide power to enable a control module, such as a wireless control module to operate. As will be described in more detail below in reference to  FIG. 43  below, the control circuit  2912  controls the application of power to the outlet  2804 , such as according to a timing pattern for a module that functions as a timer, and may vary the voltage applied to provide a dimming function. That is, contacts  2910  receive control signals from a control module, such as a wireless control module for example, and routes the control signals to a control circuit of the power adapter to control the application of power to one or both of the outlets. The corresponding contacts and additional information related to the contacts of a module inserted in the recess  2902  will be described in more detail in reference to  FIGS. 32 and 33 . A recess  2902  may also comprises a barrier  2914 , shown here as a corner section, to prevent a module from being inserted improperly into the recess. The recess may also comprise an attachment element, shown here as a threaded hole  2915  adapted to receive a screw  2816  for example. However, any type of attachment elements could be used. The power adapter may also include an electrical connection  2916  from and earth ground (which may be flange  2812  for example) to the control circuit  2912 . As will be described in more detail below, the ability to detect the voltage for earth ground will help determine whether the power adapter is properly wired and/or whether the power adapter is operating properly. 
     Turning now to  FIG. 30 , a plan view of a power adapter comprising a module having a plurality of connectors is shown. According to the example of  FIG. 30 , a module  3002  having USB connectors  3004  and  3006  enables the application of power to a device (such as a smart phone or other portable device). That is, power from the transformer  2906  is provided to the module  3002 . Control functionality may also be provided to the control circuit  2912 . That is, the module  3002  may be a passive module that only provides power to the USB connectors  3004  and  3006 , or a control module (e.g. a module having a wireless communication circuit adapted to receive data from a control device) that also provides control signals to the control circuit  2912  to control the application of power to the outlet  2804 . According to one implementation as shown in  FIG. 30 , the attachment element  2816  could be implemented in the center of the module to enable the USB connectors to be spread apart as far as possible to provide space for inserting a corresponding USB plugs into the USB connectors  3004  and  3006 . That is, placing the USB connectors  3004  and  3006  on the ends of the modules reduces the likelihood that the USB plugs will interfere with plugs inserted into the outlets. 
     In contrast, as shown in  FIG. 31 , a power adapter having a wireless communication module enables wireless control of a device plugged into the outlet  2804 . The module  3102  may comprise a status indicator  3104 , which could provide a status of the operation of module  3102 , such as an indication of when the module is receiving control signals from a control device, such as a dedicated control device, a smart phone, or other computer device for controlling the operation of the module  3002 . The status indicator  3104  may also indicate whether the module is powered, functioning correctly, or disabled for example. The module may also include a pairing element  3106 , which may be a button for example, to enable the pairing of the module to a control device and/or a network as will be described in more detail below. 
     Turning now to  FIG. 32 , an expanded view of a power adapter, module and wall plate according to one embodiment is shown. A power adapter  3202  is adapted to receive a module  3204  for providing additional functionality for the power adapter, such as wired connectivity (e.g. USB connections), sensor capability, or wireless control capability. A wall plate  3206  adapted to cover a portion of the power adapter  3202  and a junction box receiving the power adapter  3202 . 
     An elevated edge  3208  defines a surface  3209  having the outlets and perimeter  3210  that is adapted to receive the wall plate  3206 . The surface  3209  comprises an outlet  3212  having receptacles  3214  for receiving prongs of a plug. A second outlet  3216  is also shown. An opening of a recess  3218  is also on the surface  3209 . The recess  3218  may comprise guides  3220  along one or more side walls  3222  to enable aligning the module  3204  in the recess  3218 . As will be described in reference to  FIG. 33 , another guide may be on a side wall opposite the side wall  3220 . Contact elements may also be positioned within the recess to align with and make an electrical contact with corresponding contacts on the module  3204 . For example, contacts  3226  are located on side wall  3228 . As shown in  FIG. 33 , contacts may also be located on a side wall opposite wall  3228 , or another side wall or the bottom of the recess. Alternatively, all of the contacts could be on the same wall. As will be described in more detail below, one or more contacts may be used to enable powering the module and one or more other contacts may be used to provide control signals to control signals to control the application of power to the outlet. The recess  3218  may also comprise attachment elements, shown by way of example as attachment elements  3230  and  3232  on sides of the recess. 
     According to one implementation, a switch  3233  may be included in the recess to detect when a module is positioned in the recess, and therefore change the switch from a first state to a second state to enable bypassing the direct connection of electrical power to an outlet (as will be described in more detail in reference to  FIG. 43 ). In contrast, when a cover for the recess is used (i.e. when a no module is used), the switch will remain in the first state, allowing the direct connection of electrical power to the outlet, where the electrical power is continuously applied. Alternatively, in the case of the use of a dummy module (i.e. a module that fits in the recess but does not provide any other functionality), the dummy module may be configured to prevent changing the state of the switch. For example, if the switch is a button at the bottom of the recess that is depressed when a module is inserted into the recess, the module may include a gap or opening that would receive the button and prevent the button from be depressed. As will be described in more detail below in reference to  FIG. 43 , the power may be continuously applied to an outlet unless a functional module is inserted into the recess, in which case the module would control the application of power to the outlet. Switch  3233  may be any type of mechanical switch, such as a spring-loaded button or lever, or an electrical switch, such as a simple electrical contact, a magnetic circuit, inductive circuit, or other wireless circuit. 
     The module  3204  comprises elements to enable both an electrical and physical connection to the power adapter  3202 . More particularly, a recess  3234  is provided to receive a guide  3302  shown in  FIG. 33 . The module also comprises contacts  3236  that enable an electrical contact with corresponding contacts  3308  as shown. Contacts  3238 , show in dashed lines to indicate that the contacts are on an opposite side of the module  3204  from the contacts  3236 , enable an electrical connection with contacts  3226 . Attachment elements  3240  and  3242  are configured to align with corresponding attachment elements  3230  and  3232  to retain the module within the recess. An interface element  3244  may also be included on a surface of the module, such as a front surface that is accessible by a user. The interface element may provide information to a user, or may enable a user to provide an input to the module. For example, the interface element  3244  may comprise a status indicator, such as an LED to indicate a state of the module or the status of an operation of the module or the power adapter. According to another embodiment, a module could be detected in the recess by way of contacts in the recess for example. While physical electrical contacts are shown by way of example, it should be understood that communication between the module and the power adapter could be wireless, such as by way of an NFC or Bluetooth connection for example as described above in reference to  FIG. 2 . 
     The wall plate  3206  comprises an edge  3250  defining a recess  3252  that aligns with elevated edge  3208  when the wall plate is attached to the power adapter  3202 . The wall plate includes screw holes  3254  and  3256  for receiving screws that are inserted into threaded portions of flanges of the power adapter. More particularly, a first flange  3260  comprises a recess  3262  to receive a screw that may be used to attach the power adapter  3202  to a junction box and a threaded portion  3264  to receive a screw inserted through screw hole  3254 . A second flange  3266  comprises a recess  3268  to receive a screw that may be used to attach the power adapter  3202  to a junction box and a threaded portion  3270  to receive a screw inserted through screw hole  3256 . According to the implementation of  FIG. 33 , USB connectors  3306  are included by way of example. 
     Turning now to  FIGS. 34 and 35 , expanded views of another power adapter, module and wall plate are shown. The power adapter  3402  is configured to have at least one outlet  3216 , and a module  3404  that is generally larger than the module  3204 . The larger module  3404  may include an outlet, but may enable more functions or different functions that may be more difficult or costly to implement in the smaller module  3204  of  FIG. 32 . For a module including an outlet, the power adapter should be implemented to prevent electrical power from being exposed to a user of the power adapter when the module is removed from the power adapter. For example, a flange of the module may be inserted into a recess  3406  behind the contacts, indicated by the dashed line, as will be described in more detail in reference to  FIG. 36 . 
     The arrangement of the power adapter  3402  with the larger module  3404  may be implemented as described above in reference to  FIGS. 32 and 33  (where the same numbers for elements of  FIGS. 32 and 33  are included in  FIGS. 34 and 35 ), or may include additional or different elements to accommodate for the larger size of the module. By way of example, additional or different guides and attachment elements could be implemented to retain the module  3404  in the recess  3403 . As shown in  FIG. 35 , connectors  3502  comprise USB connectors. 
     Examples of modules that could be implemented with the power adapters of  FIGS. 32-35  are now described. It should be understood that while examples of modules are provided, features or functions of the different modules could be combined into a single module, or other features or functions could be implemented in a module. 
     Turning first to  FIG. 36 , an exemplary module  3602  having an outlet is shown. The module  3602  comprises a main body portion  3604  having an outlet  3606 . Because the outlet requires power, contact elements carrying high voltages must be provided between the power adapter and the module. As indicated above, it is necessary that a user cannot come in contact with a high voltage contact. Therefore, a connector flange  3608  having contact elements  3610  is provided. The connector flange  3608  is intended to slide into a recess that would not be accessible by a user. That is, a recess is implemented such that a human finger could not fit into the recess, and therefore could not touch any high voltage contact. The contact elements  3610  are also designed to be inserted into a corresponding contact recesses that would further prevent a finger from coming into contact with a high voltage contact. While the connector flange of  FIG. 36  is just one example of a contact arrangement that could be used to provide a high voltage to the module, other types of contact arrangements could be implemented. 
     Turning now to  FIG. 37 , an exemplary module having a wireless communication circuit and a motion detector is shown. That is, the module  3702  comprises a motion detector  3704  on an outer surface that enables detecting motion near the power adapter, and having contacts  3706  for communicating with the power adapter. The module  3702  may optionally comprise a wireless communication circuit  3708 . For example, a power adapter using the module  3702  may implement a timing pattern that may be downloaded to the module by way of a wireless communication connection using wireless communication circuit  3708  to control the operation of the outlet of the power adapter, where the motion detector may supplement the operation of the outlet by turning on a device powered by the outlet. While a motion detector is shown by way of example, it should be understood that any other type of sensor, such as an ambient light sensor, temperature sensor, a humidity sensor, or any other sensor for providing information that may be used by the power adapter. 
     Turning now to  FIG. 38 , an exemplary module having a wireless communication circuit and a user interface is shown. The module  3802  comprises a user interface  3804  and an optional wireless communication circuit  3806 . The user interface could include any type of input element for receiving information from a user or output element for providing information to a user. The input elements could include physical actuators (e.g. buttons, knobs, dials, switches, etc.), a touch screen interface, or a microphone for example. The output elements could be a speaker, LED status indicators or a display for example. Examples of user interfaces that could be implemented are shown by way of example in  FIGS. 39-41 . While these user interfaces are shown by way of example, it should be understood various features or functions of the user interfaces as shown in  FIGS. 39-41  could be interchanged or implemented with other features. 
     Turning now to  FIG. 39 , an exemplary user interface having control actuators that could be implemented in the embodiment of  FIG. 38  is shown. According to the implementation of  FIG. 39 , dials could be used to easily set an on time or an off time. As shown by way of example, an on time dial  3902  enables the selection of an on time with respect to sunset, where a user could select sunset as the on time, or a predetermined half hour period before or after sunset. Similarly, the off time could be selected using a dial  3904 , where the off time could be selected as sunrise or a predetermined period before or after sunrise. Alternatively, predetermined times could be selected for the on and off times. For example, an on time could be selected as a fixed time between 6 PM and 11 PM by moving the dial to the desired time. Similarly, an off time could be selected between 11 PM and 5 AM by selecting the desired off time. While 2 dials are shown by way of example, additional pairs of dials enabling multiple on and off times could be implemented and the specific settings could vary from those shown. 
     Turning now to  FIG. 40 , an exemplary user interface having voice recognition that could be implemented in the embodiment of  FIG. 38  is shown. As shown in the implementation of  FIG. 40 , a voice activated user interface enables the input of operational information, such as current time, date and location information as well as timing pattern information, to the power adapter. More particularly, a speaker  4002  and a microphone  4004 , which is a control element, enable the entry of information necessary for the power adapter to apply power to the receptacle at the appropriate times. The speaker  4002  may be used to implement prompts for a user to enter particular data, which may be detected by the microphone  4004 . The button  4006  may be used to enable a user to sequentially request a prompt from the power adapter, in response to which a user could enter the requested data. 
     While the speaker  4002  and button  4006  are shown, it should be understood that  FIG. 40  could include only the microphone  4004 , where a user could simply dictate the desired information which would be deciphered by the power adapter. That is, the user could simply indicate the time, date and location, and a control circuit of the power adapter would determine the correct time, date and location based upon the users entered information. It would not be necessary that the user enter any data in any particular order, or any particular type of data. The control circuit would be configured to detect and decode various types of information provided. For example, the user could enter time within an AM/PM designation, or as military time. The control circuit would determine the correct time based upon the entered information. Similarly, the date could be determined simply based upon a month entered by a user, or a series of numbers which would be determined to be a date, such as “nine eleven twenty sixteen” which would be interpreted in Sep. 11, 2016. Similarly, location could be based upon ZIP Code, longitude and latitude designations, a geographic region, a portion of a state, well-known cities, or any other geographic location. If the control circuit cannot decode an entry of a user, the control circuit could then add a prompt to provide the information in a certain format. Information associated with a timing pattern could also be dictated by the user. For example, a user could dictate a timing events associated with a timing pattern, such as an on or off times or dusk and dawn as on or off times, for particular day of the week, or predetermined groupings of an on and off times, such as weekdays or weekends. 
     Turning now to  FIG. 41 , an exemplary user interface having a touch screen interface that could be implemented in the embodiment of  FIG. 38  is shown. A display having particular fields that could be selected and modified is shown in  FIG. 41 . More particularly, the display comprises a time field  4102 , a date field  4104 , and a location field  4106 . Each of the fields could be selected by touching the field, such as any location within the dashed box associated with the field as shown in  FIG. 41 . When time field  4102  is selected, a designation region that indicates the type of data that follows in the field is shown. Initially, the hour designation would be displayed, with the current time that is stored being displayed in the data field. A user could then “swipe” the data to change the data. Accordingly, if a user slightly swipes upward, the time will change from 12 PM to 1 PM for example. The user could then select the hour field again to “store” the hour time, leading to the presentation of the “minutes” field. After the minutes field is selected, the display will then show the current time. 
     A user could also select the current date. In particular, when the date field is selected, the month may be initially designated. The user could then swipe up or down to reach a desired month, such as July. When the user stores the month of July, the date will then be displayed. The user could then change the date to a desired number. After the date field is selected to store the current date, the year will be displayed which can also be changed and stored. 
     Finally, the user could enter a current location, such as a ZIP Code. Starting from an initial ZIP Code, the user could swipe the individual digits of the ZIP Code. While particular methods of changing the data are shown by way of example in  FIG. 41 , it should be understood that other methods of changing the data on a touch screen or by way of some other means could be employed. Other implementations of a touch screen user interface could be implemented, such as handwriting recognition for example. It should be noted that, while a user interface may be on a module, it could also be separate from a module, such as a control device in communication with the module, or split between the module and another device separate from the module. 
     Turning now to  FIG. 42 , an expanded view of a power adapter having a module and a wall plate according to another embodiment is shown. According to the embodiment of  FIG. 42 , a module can be hidden behind a wall plate, where the wall plate can be screwed into the module. More particularly, a power adapter  4202  comprising a first outlet  4204  and a second outlet  4206 , which has a status indicator  4207 . The power adapter  4202  also comprises flanges  4208  and  4210  to enable attaching the power adapter to a junction box. Between the outlet  4206  and the outlet  4208  is a module  4212  having an attachment element  4214 , shown here as a screw. The power adapter  4202  and module  4212  can be implemented as described above in reference to  FIGS. 32-36 . However, the module  4212  could include an attachment element  4216  on the front surface of the module for receiving a corresponding attachment element on the wall plate  4218 . According to the exemplary implementation of  FIG. 42 , the wall plate  4218  comprises a first opening  4220  for aligning with an outlet  4204  and a second opening  4222  for aligning with the outlet  4206 . The wall plate also includes an opening  4224  for receiving a screw that is screwed into a threaded portion  4216  on the outer surface of the module  4212 . That is, rather than screwing the wall plate into threaded portions of the flanges of the power adapter as in a conventional device, the wall plate is screwed into a threaded portion of a module that is inserted into a recess of the power adapter. Therefore, when the wall plate is attached to the power adapter  4202  having the module  4212 , the power adapted appears to be a conventional power adapter with no obvious sign of the module  4212 . 
     Turning now to  FIG. 43 , a block diagram of a power adapter  4301  enabling the use of either a functional module or a dummy module according to one embodiment is shown. As shown in  FIG. 43 , a power source  4301  provides electrical power to a power adapter  4302 , such as through wires in a building for example. The electrical power is provided to one or more outlets  4303 . According to some implementations, the electrical signal from the power source  4301  may be conditioned to provide a stable voltage and prevent any surges or spikes in voltage for example. The electrical signal from the power source  4301  is also provided to a power transformer  4304  to generate reference voltages (shown here as V 1  and V+ which may have a range of approximately 5 volts for example) coupled to contacts  4306  of a module  4308 . Contacts  4310  enable the application of control signals to a control circuit  4312 . By way of example, the module  4308  could be a module that is inserted into a recess of a power adapter as described in  FIGS. 32-36 , while contacts  4306  could correspond to the contacts for receiving power (such as to power the module (e.g. a wireless module) or provide power for USB connectors). The contacts  4310  could be contacts for providing control signals to control the power provided to the outlet  4303 . 
     The control circuit  4312  enables the selective application of power to the outlet  4303 , where the control circuit may be bypassed using a switch  4314  (which may be controlled by module  4308  and may correspond to switch  3233  of  FIGS. 32-35  for example). That is, when switch  4314  is closed (such as when no module is used or a dummy module is used), power will be continuously applied to the outlet  4303 . However, when switch  4314  is open as shown in  FIG. 43  (where the bypass around the control circuit  4312  is eliminated), the module  4308  will control the operation of the contacts  4310  by way of the contacts  4310 , where the control circuit  4312  will control the application of power to the outlet  4303 . According to one implementation, the control circuit  4312  could be a simple relay that is switched to block current or pass current to the outlet  4316  and therefore selectively apply power to the outlet  4303 . Control circuit  4312  may also provide dimming functionality, where the module  4308  could provide control signals to the control circuit to control the amount of power to the outlet  4316 . By way of example, the control circuit could include a controllable resistive element to control the amount of power provided by the control circuit to the outlet, and therefore provide a dimming feature. As described above, the module  4308  may control the control circuit by providing signals to the control circuit to implement a timing pattern, which may be based on operational information provided to the module  4308  as described above. 
     Turning now to  FIG. 44 , a flowchart shows a method of implementing a module in a power adapter. The flowchart of  FIG. 44  could be implemented using any of the devices or circuits of  FIGS. 28-43  for example, or other suitable devices or circuits. A recess is provided in a power adapter having an outlet at a block  4402 . A module is received in the recess at a block  4404 . The module could any type of module for providing additional functionality to the power adapter or controlling any type of operation of the power adapter. A connection is enabled between the module and the power adapter at a block  4406 . The connection could be provided by any type of wired electrical contact or any type of wireless communication protocol. Power is selectively provided to the outlet in response to signals from the module at a block  4408 . The power could be applied in response to real time signals from a control device (e.g. a smart phone or a dedicated control device to enable including implementing a timing pattern for example), or could be based upon a timing pattern that is provided to and stored in the module or the power adapter. 
     Also, the control signals may vary depending upon the type of module attached to the power adapter. For example, for a simple switch actuator (such as the module of  FIG. 9 ) that functions to change the state of a device controlled by a power adapter, the power adapter may merely detect the signals to change the state of the device in response to inputs by the user. That is, the signals are static and may only change in response to user interactions on a switch actuator (e.g. on and off indications or optionally a dimmer indication) Certain control signals would indicate that the module is a simple mechanical actuator, and a limited number of signals would be transmitted. However, the power adapter may also detect that a control module is a smart control module that provides signals received by the control module, such as signals received by a wireless connection from a remote control device. A control circuit of the power adapter may detect the type of module that is attached, and decode the signals based upon the type of module. By way of example, the module could be a module as described in reference to  FIG. 10  having a wireless communication circuit and a display, where the control circuit of the power adapter may not only decode signals received at different times by way of module from a remote control device, but also provide information that is shown in the display of the control module. That is, signals may be communicated in 2 directions based upon a type of module used. By way of another example of power adapters comprising dedicated buttons, as shown in  FIG. 13 , the power adapter may apply a timing pattern in response to a signal provided from the control module (such as a signal associated with the selection of a particular button), and then apply a timing pattern associated with the selected button. In the case of power adapters comprising an outlet as will be described in more detail below, the control circuit may control a switch to selectively apply power to the outlet based upon signals provided by the module (which may be based upon signals received by a wireless communication circuit of the module for example). Accordingly, the power adapter may decode signals that are common for all modules that could be attached to the power adapter, or may detect the type of module that is attached, and then decode signals from the module that may be expected based upon the type of module (and provide signals to the module, such as to be displayed on a display of the module, based upon the type of module). 
     Turning now to  FIGS. 45-48 , diagrams show the pairing of power adapters with a control device, and the mapping of power adapters within a building, including different floors of a building for example. According to various implementations, power adapters can be added to a user&#39;s network by “claiming” a power adapter, and then the power adapters on the network can be mapped by a control device, such as a smart phone or dedicated control device for example, to enable a user to group different power adapters to operate in a similar manner (e.g. follow the same timing pattern). A power adapter  4502  having module  4503  (which includes a wireless communication circuit) is claimed by a control device  4504  using a wireless connection  4506 . The wireless connection could be any type of short range connection, and could be a direct connection and an indirect connection. For example, a direct connection could be provided by a Bluetooth connection or a NFC connection. That is, a wireless communication circuit of the control device communicates directly with a corresponding wireless communication circuit of the power adapter or, without the need for any intervening device outside of the power adapter and the control device (e.g. without the need for a base station). An indirect connection could be provided by way of a base station, such as a WiFi router or a Z-wave or Zigbee base station or central controller. As shown in  FIG. 46 , the control device  4504  could claim a power adapter  4602  (also having a wireless control circuit  4603 ) by way of a wireless connection  4604 . While a wireless module is shown for the power adapter, it should be understood that a wired connection could be used to claim a power adapter. 
     As shown in  FIGS. 47 and 48 , different power adapters (shown here as outlets and switches) are distributed throughout a building, including a first level in  FIG. 47  and a second level in  FIG. 48 . According to the example of  FIGS. 47 and 48 , an outlet or switch that is considered claimed is indicated with a number (where an outlet  1  and a switch  1  are claimed on the first level and an outlet  2  is claimed on the second level). The claimed outlets and switches can be “mapped” to a floorplan corresponding to a level of the building to enable a user to identify an outlet or switch based upon a location of the outlet or switch. The floorplan can be an architectural type floorplan, where wall, windows and doors can be identified based upon the locations of the claimed outlets and switches. Alternatively, the control device, such as a smart phone, can map the floorplan using computer vision techniques, such as through images or video taken by the camera during a claiming process. For example, the control device could implement Simultaneous Location and Mapping (SLAM) techniques to map the floorplan. The resulting floorplan can then be displayed based upon the captured images or video (i.e. where outlets and switches would be displayed with reference to actual items in the rooms) or could be an architectural type floorplan derived from the images or video. Such a mapping could enable the selection of outlets and switches for particular timing patterns, and enable the grouping of certain outlets or switches for particular timing patterns. 
     Turning now to  FIG. 49 , a flow chart shows a method of implementing a plurality of power adapters. The method of  FIG. 49  could be implemented as described above in reference to  FIGS. 45-48 , or according using other devices for example. A control device is places within range of a or power adapter at a block  4902 . The power adapter can be claimed on a network at a block  4904 . A location associated with the power adapter is determined at a block  4906 . It is then determined whether any more are to be claimed at a block  4908 . A mapping of the power adapters are provided at a block  4910 . The naming of the power adapters is enabled at a block  4912 . The power adapters are then controlled on the network at a block  4914 . 
     Turning now to  FIG. 50 , a block diagram of a power adapter having a test circuit for testing power connections to contact elements of the power adapter is shown. According to the arrangement of  FIG. 50 , a power adapter  5002 , having flanges  5004  and  5006  for coupling the power adapter  5002  to a junction box, comprises a recess  5008  for receiving a module  5010 , which may be any module for controlling the operation of the power adapter, such as a module as described above. The power adapter  5002  comprises a contact block having a plurality of contacts  5002  (shown here by way of example as screw contacts), including a load contact  5014 , a neutral contact  5016 , and a ground contact  5018 . While the 3 contacts are shown by way of example, it should be understood that other contacts could be implemented, such as a contact for enabling the use of the power adapter in a 3-way connection. 
     A test circuit  5020  is coupled to the plurality of contact elements  5012 , and to one or more contacts  5022  that are exposed on a surface of the recess and enable the communication of signals with the module  5010  by way of corresponding contact  5024  of the module  5010 . As will be described in more detail below in reference to  FIGS. 51 and 52 , the test circuit can determine if the contacts of the contact block  5012  are properly wired to electrical wires of the junction box that provide power to the power adapter. The test may be performed automatically when a module is attached to the power adapter, and/or in response to a user initiating a testing of the electrical connections associated with a power adapter, for example by accessing a user interface  5026 . Results of the test can be provided by way of any audio (e.g. a distinctive beeping or voice message), visual (e.g. an LED or display) or tactile indication (e.g. vibration) of a result. By way example, an indication can be provided using display  5028 . While contacts of the contact block  5012  are shown by way of example, it should be understood that wires extending from the power adapter could be used to enable the application of power to the power adapter  5002 . 
     Turning now to  FIG. 51 , a block diagram of a circuit for testing the connections associated with a power adapter when the contacts are electrically connected to wires providing power to the power adapter is shown. The test circuit  5020  comprise circuits for comparing voltages at the contacts of the contact block  5012 . According to the implementation of  FIG. 51 , one or more comparator circuits are used to compare voltages at the contact  5014 - 5018  to determine whether the power adapter is improperly wired or not functioning properly. According to one implementation, a first comparator circuit  5102  is coupled to the load contact  5014  (to receive the voltage on the load contact) and coupled to the neutral contact  5016  (to receive the voltage on the neutral contact). A second comparator circuit  5104  is coupled to the load contact  5014  (to receive the voltage on the load contact) and coupled to the ground contact  5018  (to receive the voltage on the ground contact). A third comparator circuit  5106  is coupled to the neutral contact  5014  (to receive the voltage on the neutral contact) and coupled to the ground contact  5018  (to receive the voltage on the ground contact). A fourth comparator circuit  5108  is coupled to the ground contact  4918  (to receive the voltage on the ground contact) and the earth ground (to receive a voltage associated with the earth ground). Earth ground is a reference point in an electrical circuit from which other voltages are measured, and may also a common return path for current in the circuit that is provided by a physical connection to the earth (such as by a conductive stake driven into the ground). A comparator circuit  5110  may also be implemented to compare the neutral contact  5116  to earth ground. The switch  5111  may be controlled by control signals from the control circuit  5112  by way of a control line  5114 . 
     The comparator circuits  5102 - 5110  may comprise voltage comparators for example. According to other implementations, the comparator circuits may be adapted to detect currents within the power adapter when the power adapter is operating to detect abnormal operating conditions of the power adapter or a device powered by the power adapter, or detect power usage by a device powered by the power adapter. While comparators  5102 - 5110  are shown by way of example, it should be understood that additional comparators could be implemented to compare any voltage detected at various nodes in the power adapter and generate information that may be beneficial in determining whether a power adapter is installed correctly (e.g. is correctly wired) or is operating correctly (e.g. is not a defective product). While multiple comparator circuits are shown, it should be understood that a single comparator could be implemented, where the nodes (e.g. load, neutral, ground and earth ground) could be selectively coupled to a comparator. For example, a switching element  5111  coupled to receive voltages at various nodes could enable the selection of inputs to a single comparator circuit. 
     A control circuit  5112  may be coupled to the comparators  5102 - 5110  to receive output signals generated by the comparators indicating the results of the various comparisons. By way of example, the comparator circuits could generate a difference in the voltages on the lines coupled to the comparator, or could provide a result representative of the difference in voltages. While the control circuit  5112  may be configured to process information and communicate test results to reduce the number of signal lines to a control circuit  5116  of the module  5010 , the outputs of the comparator circuit could be provided directly to the module  5010 . For example, the control circuit  5112  could receive detected voltages values, where the control circuit  5116  could determine an improper wiring condition based upon the detected voltage values and provide a message on the display  5028 . It should be noted that a testing function can include circuits that are distributed between the power adapter and the module. That is, while voltages associated with the power adapter could be detected by a circuit in the power adapter, such as by one or more voltage detectors, other processing to detect improper wiring or a defective power adapter or module may be performed in the power adapter (such as by using control circuit  5112  of the power adapter), by the module (using control circuit  5116  of the module), or distributed between the power adapter and the module. 
     The control circuit  5112  may not only receive signals from the test circuit  5020 , but may also provide control signals that enable the testing of the power adapter  4902  to the test circuit  4902 . According to one implementation, a test of the connections of the power adapter may be performed whenever a module is attached to a power adapter. For example, the control circuit of one the power adapter and the module may detect the connection of the module to the power adapter, and initiate a testing of the connections of the power adapter. For example, in the implementation of  FIG. 51 , the control circuit  5116  may detect one or more outputs of the control circuit  5112  to determine whether the power adapter is improperly wired or is defective. Alternatively or in addition to an automatic testing initiated by one of the control circuit  5112  or the control circuit  5116 , a user interface element  5118 , shown here as a button by way of example, may be used to initiate a testing of the connections by the test circuit  5020 . That is, a user may desire that a check be performed to make sure that the power adapter is properly wired and operating correctly. The test results can then be provided to the user. By way of example, the test results can be displayed on a display  5028 . 
     Turning now to  FIG. 52 , another block diagram of a circuit for testing the connections associated with a power adapter when the contacts are electrically connected to wires providing power to the power adapter is shown. According to the implementation of  FIG. 52 , a switching circuit  5202  coupled to the various power nodes and earth ground enables the connection of the nodes to single voltage detector  5204  that can provide a measured voltage value to the control circuit  5202  (or directly to the control circuit  5116  as described above). The voltage detector can sequentially detect voltages at different nodes to determine whether the power adapter is improperly wired or not operating properly. While a single voltage detector is shown, it should be understood that multiple voltage detectors could be implemented. Also, while voltages are shown as being detected, it should be understood that currents be detected instead of voltages or in addition to voltages. 
     Turning now to  FIG. 53 , a plurality of different known conditions of improper wiring are shown. There are different conditions that can be detected to determine whether a power adapter is wired properly and working properly. A first outlet  5302  is shown wired correctly, where the line or hot (H) wire is connected to a hot terminal  5308  of outlet  5302 , the neutral line is connected to the neutral terminal  5310 , and ground line is connected to the ground terminal  5312 . However, as shown with plug  5304 , the ground terminal is connected to the neutral terminal to form an improper ground connection, commonly called a bootleg ground. A particularly dangerous condition can exit when there is not only an improper bootleg ground connection as with the outlet  5304 , but the line and neutral connections are reversed, commonly known as a reverse polarity bootleg ground. What makes this improper wiring condition particularly dangerous is that the ground connection, which is improperly connected to a power line, will make the device plugged into outlet, such as the metal housing of a toaster for example, have an electrical charge and may lead to an electrical shock or an electrocution of the user of the toaster. 
     While continuity testers can be used to test power adapters by inserting the test prongs into the outlets of a power adapter, such testing will not determine some certain improper wiring conditions, such as the improper wiring of plug  5306 . A conventional  3 -light cube tester commonly used to determine if an outlet has been wired will not detect the improper wiring of outlet  5304  or outlet  5306 . In order to detect the improper wiring of outlet  5304 , it is necessary to use a voltmeter, where the voltage between ground and neutral will be very close to zero. However, to detect a reverse polarity bootleg ground connection, it is necessary to connect a prong of a voltmeter to earth ground, and test each of the hot, neutral and ground terminals with respect to earth ground. Because a recess adapted to receive a module provides access to measurements associated not only with the hot, neutral and ground terminals of an outlet, but also an earth ground, it is possible to detect the improper wiring conditions of outlet  5304  and  5306 . That is, a test circuit could not only be coupled to the hot, neutral and ground contacts to detect voltages at those contacts, but could also detect a voltage of earth ground to use as a reference voltage. Because a junction box receiving the power adapter is at earth ground, the voltage at earth ground can be detected by determining the voltage of the junction box, such as by determining the voltage of a flange of the power adapter connected to the junction box. A test circuit internal to the power adapter could detect the voltage at earth ground by providing a conductor coupled to a flange of the power adapter, as shown by way of example in  FIG. 29  using electrical connection  2916 . It should be understood that test circuits could be implemented in power adapters receiving any type of modules as described in reference to  FIGS. 1-53 . 
     Turning now to  FIG. 54 , a block diagram of a circuit for testing the connections associated with a power adapter having an outlet is shown. More particularly, a test module  5402  has a test result indicator  5404 , shown here by way of example as LED indicators. The different LED indicators may provide different indications of the type of error associated with the wiring of the power adapter in a junction box, such as described above in reference to  FIG. 53  for example. The power adapter of  FIG. 54  could be configured to retain the test module  5402  during normal operation, or could just receive the testing module for testing purposes and replace it with a dummy module, a functional module or a control module as described above. The test module  5402  could be implemented as described above in  FIGS. 51-53 . For example, a voltmeter could be implemented in the power adapter  3202 , and provide voltage measurements to a test module  5402  by way of contacts  3308 . A test module could be implemented as a dedicated test module according to the implementation of the power adapters of  FIGS. 1-43 , or as a part of a control module as described in  FIGS. 1-43 . 
     Turning now to  FIG. 55 , a flow diagram shows a method a testing operation of a power adapter, and may be implemented using the devices and circuits of  FIGS. 50-54  for example, or other suitable circuits. A test circuit is implemented in a power adapter for testing electrical connections to the power adapter at a block  5502 . It is then determined whether a control module has been attached to the power adapter at a block  5504 . If not, the power adapter waits for a period of time at a block  5506  before rechecking for a power adapter at block  5504 . If a control module has been attached it is also determined whether the power adapter is adapted to automatically perform an electrical connection test at a block  5508 . If not, it is determined whether the user of the power adapter has enabled an electrical connection test at a block  5510 . If a test of an electrical connection has not been enable, the power adapter waits for a period of time at a block  5512 . If the power adapter is adapted to automatically perform an electrical connection test or a user has enabled an electrical connection test, the power adapter performs one or more of tests to compare voltages applied to contacts of the power adapter at a block  5514 . After performing the test, it is determined whether a test has failed at a block  5516 . If so, the user is informed that a test has failed at a block  5518 . If the power adapter has not failed a test, an indication may be optionally provided to indicate that a test has passed at a block  5520 . 
     It can therefore be appreciated that new circuits for, systems for and methods of implementing modular power adapters have been described. It will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that numerous alternatives and equivalents will be seen to exist that incorporate the disclosed invention. As a result, the invention is not to be limited by the foregoing embodiments, but only by the following claims.