Patent Publication Number: US-11039218-B1

Title: Systems, apparatus and methods for rendering digital content relating to a sporting event with online gaming information

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCES TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     The present application is a Continuation Application of U.S. application Ser. No. 17/027,219, filed Sep. 21, 2020, and entitled SYSTEMS, APPARATUS, AND METHODS FOR SCALABLE LOW-LATENCY VIEWING OF BROADCAST DIGITAL CONTENT STREAMS OF LIVE EVENTS, AND SYNCHRONIZATION OF EVENT INFORMATION WITH VIEWED STREAMS, VIA MULTIPLE INTERNET CHANNELS, which is a Continuation Application of U.S. application Ser. No. 16/580,552, filed Sep. 24, 2019, and entitled “SYSTEMS, APPARATUS, AND METHODS FOR SCALABLE LOW-LATENCY VIEWING OF BROADCAST DIGITAL CONTENT STREAMS OF LIVE EVENTS, AND SYNCHRONIZATION OF EVENT INFORMATION WITH VIEWED STREAMS, VIA MULTIPLE INTERNET CHANNELS,” which is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 16/267,887, filed Feb. 5, 2019, entitled “SYSTEMS, APPARATUS, AND METHODS FOR SCALABLE LOW-LATENCY VIEWING OF BROADCAST DIGITAL CONTENT STREAMS OF LIVE EVENTS, AND SYNCHRONIZATION OF EVENT INFORMATION WITH VIEWED STREAMS, VIA MULTIPLE INTERNET CHANNELS,” which is a Bypass Continuation Application of International Patent Application No. PCT/US2017/045801, filed Aug. 7, 2017, entitled “SYSTEMS, APPARATUS, AND METHODS FOR SCALABLE LOW-LATENCY VIEWING OF BROADCAST DIGITAL CONTENT STREAMS OF LIVE EVENTS, AND SYNCHRONIZATION OF EVENT INFORMATION WITH VIEWED STREAMS, VIA MULTIPLE INTERNET CHANNELS,” which claims a priority benefit to the following U.S. provisional patent applications: U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 62/371,558, filed Aug. 5, 2016, entitled “SYSTEMS, APPARATUS, AND METHODS FOR LIVE COMMENTARY;” U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 62/435,361, filed Dec. 16, 2016, entitled “SYSTEMS, APPARATUS, AND METHODS FOR LIVE COMMENTARY;” U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 62/485,878, filed Apr. 14, 2017, entitled “SYSTEMS, APPARATUS, AND METHODS FOR LIVE STREAMING, RECORDING, AND REPLAY OF BROADCAST VIDEO AND/OR AUDIO VIA THE INTERNET;” and U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 62/518,506, filed Jun. 12, 2017, entitled “SYSTEMS, APPARATUS, AND METHODS FOR SCALABLE LOW-LATENCY VIEWING OF BROADCAST DIGITAL CONTENT STREAMS OF LIVE EVENTS, AND SYNCHRONIZATION OF EVENT INFORMATION WITH VIEWED STREAMS VIA MULTIPLE INTERNET CHANNELS AND AN HTTP LIVE STREAMING (HLS) CACHING SERVER ARCHITECTURE.” Each of the above-identified applications is hereby incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. 
    
    
     BACKGROUND 
     The public&#39;s access to the Internet, as well as the amount of bandwidth for Internet users, increased greatly in the mid-1990s to the early 2000s. The available Internet bandwidth allowed for the streaming of both recorded audio and recorded video content to a user&#39;s home. Also, additional increase of Internet access was sparked by the rise of the smartphone and the ability for smartphones to access the Internet on-the-go. In 2005, YouTube™ began to offer Internet users the ability to upload, edit, view, rate, share and comment on a wide variety of user-generated and corporate media video content. Examples of such content include video clips, television show clips, music videos, audio recordings, movie trailers, video blogs, short original videos, and educational videos. Within one year of its inception, YouTube™ reached 65 thousand daily video uploads, with 100 million daily views. 
     The first Internet live video streaming platform in the United States, aptly called Livestream, was launched in 2007. Livestream, as well as other nascent live video streaming platforms, were content agnostic, and over time Internet viewers desired more specialized, content-specific, and niche live video streaming platforms. To accommodate evolving viewer demand, various live video streaming platforms have launched since Livestream; examples of such more specialized platforms include Twitch.tv (a live video streaming platform for creative arts and gaming content, which launched in 2011), and musical.ly (a live video streaming platform designed for music video content, which launched in 2014). 
     Live video streaming platforms have also aimed to attract social network users, and social networking platforms have evolved to include live video streaming capabilities. For example, Twitch.tv includes social networking components, and in 2015 the social media platform Twitter acquired the live video streaming platform Periscope. Other social media platforms have followed suit, with both Facebook and Instagram implementing live video streaming capabilities into their mobile applications in 2016. The widespread use of smartphones enables users of these social media platforms to share live videos with their social network. 
     SUMMARY 
     In spite of the proliferation of live video streaming over the Internet, the Inventors have recognized and appreciated various technological problems in conventional techniques for transmission of digital content via the Internet that adversely impact the live video streaming viewer experience. One such technological problem relates to viewer “latency,” i.e., the delay between a first user generating a live video stream for transmission via the Internet and a second user receiving a copy of the live video stream via the Internet for viewing. For example, the live video streaming platform Twitch.tv has a latency of approximately 15 seconds, and Facebook&#39;s live streaming platform has an average latency of approximately 10 seconds. Other technological challenges for live video streaming arising from shortcomings in conventional techniques, as recognized and appreciated by the Inventors, include, for example, the difficulties in providing relatively low latency copies of live video streams with relatively high quality (e.g., high definition HD and high bit rate, such as 2 to 5 megabits per second), synchronizing such low latency and high quality copies of a live video stream amongst multiple viewers (particularly as the number of viewers of a given live video stream significantly increases), and allowing for different classes or types of viewers to flexibly access copies of a live video stream via different live streaming formats (which may lead to different qualities of service). 
     With these various technological challenges in mind, the present disclosure relates generally to inventive systems, apparatus, and methods for facilitating one or more broadcasters to create/provide video and/or audio (also referred to herein as a “broadcast”) and allow one or more viewers to consume the video and/or audio, either by receiving a copy of a live stream representing the video and/or audio essentially in real-time as created/provided by a given broadcaster, or by retrieving and playing a recording of the live stream at a later time. In the context of essentially real-time viewing of live streams, in various implementations the inventive systems, apparatus and methods discussed in detail herein address one or more technological problems relating to viewer latency, synchronization amongst different numbers of viewers, and providing scalable and flexible access to live streams to different classes/types of viewers and/or with different qualities of service. 
     With reference to  FIG. 1A , in various implementations a given broadcaster uses a network-connected client device (e.g., a first smart phone or other personal computing device communicatively coupled to the Internet) to generate a live stream of digital content corresponding to the video and/or audio created/provided by the broadcaster, wherein the live stream is transmitted to an inventive server and memory storage architecture (additional details of the server and memory storage architecture are shown, for example, in  FIGS. 2 and 3 ). The inventive server and memory storage architecture processes the broadcaster&#39;s live stream to generate multiple copies of the live stream which are provided to respective viewers, and also records the live stream and stores the recording for later replay. One or more viewers using different network-connected client devices (e.g., a second and third smart phone or other personal computing device communicatively coupled to the Internet) may communicatively couple to the server and memory storage architecture to receive a copy of the live stream of the digital content as a real-time or essentially real-time consumer of the broadcast created/provided by the broadcaster, or retrieve and play a recording of the live stream generated by the broadcaster client device (and recorded by the server and memory storage architecture). In some implementations, a given broadcaster themselves may view their own broadcast as a viewer on the same client device (e.g., by opening a separate tab on their client device and connecting to the server and memory storage architecture as both a broadcaster and a viewer). In one aspect, the inventive server and memory storage architecture allows any number of broadcasters to generate respective live streams of digital content, and any number of viewers to receive respective copies of a given broadcaster&#39;s live stream of digital content. In another aspect, the inventive server and memory storage architecture allows a given viewer of a first broadcaster&#39;s live stream to effectively switch in essentially real-time to view one or more other broadcasters&#39; live streams. 
     In some implementations, the inventive systems, apparatus, and methods further facilitate a social platform in tandem with broadcasting video and/or audio to one or more viewers, in which a given broadcaster and their viewer(s) may communicate with one another (e.g., via chat messages) in essentially real-time during a broadcast. In one aspect, one or more chat messages, as well as various viewer-related information (e.g., name, surname, profile photo), may be displayed on respective client devices used by the broadcaster and the one or more viewers as the video and/or audio is rendered on the respective client devices. 
     In some implementations, the video and/or audio created/provided by one or more broadcasters is video-based commentary about a live event being observed by a given broadcaster. In various aspects, the broadcaster may take the role of a main commentator for the event, or a “color commentator” (e.g., analyst or summarizer) for the event; in a given role, the broadcaster may describe the event as it occurs (e.g., provide chronological or “play-by-play” updates to “call” the event), and/or may provide expert analysis, background or anecdotal information about the event and/or participants in the event, and/or relevant statistics regarding the event, participants in the event, or related events.  FIG. 1B  illustrates a display of an example client device, in which a broadcaster is providing video-based commentary about a sports game, and in which chat messages from one or more viewers, event information about the sports game, and other graphics and/or animations are displayed together with the broadcaster&#39;s video-based commentary. 
     Examples of various activities constituting events according to the present disclosure include, but are not limited to, a variety of sports games (e.g., professional, semi-professional, intramural, community-oriented) or sporting activities (e.g., exercise-related activities, physical training activities, fishing, hunting), musical performances, theatrical performances, other artistic or entertainment-oriented activities, speeches or presentations, political activities (e.g., election-related activities, campaign-related activities, public or “town hall” meetings, public marches or demonstrations), military activities, professional activities (e.g., meetings or conferences), academic or educational activities (e.g., academic presentations or lectures, research activities, medical or scientific procedures, ceremonies), cooking or baking activities, competitive activities (e.g., racing activities), game-related activities (e.g., online gaming, board games, chess matches, role-playing games), social activities, and news-related activities. In one aspect, the video-based commentary provided by one or more broadcasters about the event and consumed by one or more viewers may provide a “second screen” experience for the viewers; in particular, in some implementations, the viewers may consume the video-based commentary about the event on their respective client devices as they are watching the event itself on another device (e.g., a television), or watching and/or participating in the event at the event&#39;s venue. 
     As discussed in greater detail below, in various aspects the inventive systems, apparatus and methods described herein provide an improvement in computer network functionality by facilitating scalable and appreciably low-latency viewing of copies of multiple broadcasters&#39; live streams of video-based commentary about an event by significant numbers of viewers as the event unfolds. Particularly in the context of a “second screen” experience relating to a live event, discernible delay between the observation of the event itself and a given broadcaster&#39;s video-based commentary would significantly undermine viewer experience. Accordingly, the inventive systems, apparatus and methods described herein specifically address multiple technological problems in conventional techniques relating to transport of digital content via the Internet by providing multiple technological solutions to ensure a low-latency viewing experience for significant numbers of viewers. 
     In such implementations relating to video-based commentary about events, the inventive systems, apparatus and methods disclosed herein further may facilitate display, on respective client devices used by the broadcaster and the one or more viewers, of various event information in tandem with the video-based commentary rendered on the respective client devices. For example, in connection with sports games, displayed event information may include, but is not limited to, one or more of team information (e.g., team names, abbreviations and/or logos), score information (e.g., with essentially real-time score updates synchronized with the video-based commentary), player information, venue information, game status information (e.g., on-base, at-bat, timeouts, fouls, pole position, yards-to-go, yards-to-goal, down), team statistics, player statistics and the like. In some implementations, such event information about a sports game may be rendered in the display of a client device as a “scorebug” that may include for example, team abbreviations or logos, team scores, game status (e.g., period, quarter, inning), and actual or elapsed time for the game, with updates to one or more information elements in essentially real-time as the game progresses. It should be readily appreciated that for other types of events, a wide variety of information germane to the event may be displayed as event information (e.g., with essentially real-time updates of evolving information as the event progresses) together with the rendering of the video-based commentary on respective client devices. In another aspect, various event information or other information germane to a given broadcaster&#39;s video-based commentary may be rendered on a viewer client device in a “lower third” (also sometimes referred to as a “bottom third”) of a display (e.g., as an overlay to the video-based commentary). 
     In view of the foregoing, in other aspects the inventive systems, apparatus and methods described herein provide additional improvements in computer network functionality by facilitating scalable and appreciably low-latency synchronization of displayed event information with multiple broadcasters&#39; live streams of video-based commentary about an event as viewed by significant numbers of viewers as the event unfolds. Particularly in the context of a “second screen” experience relating to a live event, discernible delay between the observation of the event itself and the status of event information displayed in tandem with a given broadcaster&#39;s video-based commentary would significantly undermine viewer experience. Accordingly, the inventive systems, apparatus and methods described herein specifically address multiple technological problems in conventional techniques relating to transport of digital content via the Internet by providing multiple technological solutions to ensure not only a low-latency viewing experience for significant numbers of viewers (e.g., relative to the event about which a broadcaster is providing video-based commentary), but appropriate synchronization of event information across all broadcasters of an event and their associated viewers. 
     In some implementations as discussed herein, these technological solutions contemplate multiple Internet communication channels to provide relevant and synchronized information to client devices (as would be readily appreciated in the relevant arts, a “communication channel” refers to a physical or logical connection over a transmission medium to convey information signals from one or more senders to one or more receivers). For example, in one implementation, a first “video” Internet communication channel (e.g., between a media server or other media source and a client device) conveys the digital content corresponding to the video-based commentary provided by the broadcaster and consumed by one or more viewers, and a second “event information” Internet communication channel (e.g., between a particular socket of a socket server and the client device) conveys the event information. In other implementations, an additional “chat/system event” Internet communication channel (e.g., between another socket of a socket server and the client device) is employed to convey chat information and other information relating to system events regarding a particular broadcaster&#39;s live stream. In one aspect, connections between client devices and a particular socket of a socket server are persistent authenticated connections, so that the number of users (broadcasters and viewers) connected to a particular socket (e.g., and currently watching a particular live stream and/or particular event) may be tracked. 
     In some implementations, the inventive systems, apparatus, and methods further facilitate a variety of screen animations (e.g., motion graphics), customized displays or screen backgrounds, and other special effects graphics (e.g., augmented reality) that are generally associated with the video and/or audio created by a broadcaster, and rendered by client devices in tandem with a given broadcaster&#39;s video and/or audio. 
     In some implementations in which the broadcaster may be creating/providing video and/or audio content about an event, one or more such screen animations, customized displays or screen backgrounds, and other special effects graphics may be related to some aspect of the event. For example, as noted above, a “scorebug” providing information about a sporting event may be presented on a viewer&#39;s display with a variety of motion or other special effects graphics. In one aspect, the information provided by such a scorebug is derived from the synchronized event information that is received by the client device on an event information Internet communication channel that is separate from the video content representing the video-based commentary. In another aspect, the scorebug and/or other special effects graphics or animations may be rendered in the display of the client device pursuant to execution of a client app or program on the client device (rather than having these display elements integrated into the broadcaster&#39;s live stream itself). In other aspects, one or more such screen animations and other special effects may be provided in a lower/bottom third of a client device&#39;s display, and may be interactive (e.g., in that a user of a client device may select or thumb-over an animation, special effect and/or scorebug to retrieve additional information and/or initiate other animations/graphics) and/or user-customizable (e.g., a broadcaster may select from one of multiple background displays so that they may appear to be in any of a variety of locations or venues, customize their video-based commentary with a broadcaster-generated lower third, and/or add create/provide introduction videos to be shown before their live stream begins). 
     In yet other aspects, screen animations, customized displays or screen backgrounds, and/or other special effects graphics may be related to one or more of advertising or branding (e.g., by sponsors of a broadcaster, sponsors of an event about which a broadcaster is providing commentary, participants in the event itself, etc.), premium features and digital gifts (e.g., provided by one or more viewers to one or more broadcasters or other viewers). For example, in some implementations, via a client app or software program executing on a client device, users will be able to purchase digital gifts for other users (e.g., a viewer following a particular broadcaster may purchase digital beers, various digital concession stand items, ticker tapes, penalty flags, etc.), and the digital gifts will appear in the broadcaster&#39;s profile and/or be represented on a display (e.g., as an icon or sprite) together with the broadcaster&#39;s video-based commentary. In one implementation, information regarding digital gifts may be communicated between client devices and the server and memory storage architecture via a chat/system event Internet communication channel associated with a given broadcaster&#39;s live stream of digital content. 
     In some implementations, the video and/or audio created/provided by one or more broadcasters may relate to various types of news, other types of current or past events, and various topics of interest about which a given broadcaster wishes to provide commentary. For example, a given broadcaster, or multiple broadcasters (which may be globally-distributed broadcasters, e.g., a first broadcaster in Europe, a second broadcaster in Africa, and a third broadcaster in Asia) may wish to broadcast about an ongoing, recent or past event (e.g., news about a bombing, a fire, an arrest, an economic development, a political or military development, or any of the other activities discussed above) or a particular topic of interest (e.g., healthy eating or dieting, gardening, religion, dating, politics, culture, art, music, playing a musical instrument, learning a language, auto repair, real estate, business, economics, legal issues, global warming, space exploration, a particular TV program or series, a particular entertainment or sports personality, video games, hobbies, etc.). As noted above, various event information regarding the ongoing, recent or past event (or particular topic of interest) may be provided to respective viewer devices, in tandem with the video-based commentary, in a variety of form factors and in a manner that ensures appropriate synchronization of event information across all broadcasters of an event and their associated viewers. 
     Thus, in various examples discussed in greater detail below, systems, apparatus, and methods are disclosed for obtaining, substantially in real time, via at least one communication interface over at least one network, an audio and/or visual feed generated by a broadcaster client device during at least one live event, wherein the audio and/or visual feed includes commentary associated with the at least one live event, and a separate event data feed including real time information associated with the at least one live event. The commentary and the real time information associated with the at least one live event are transmitted via at least one processor communicatively coupled to the at least one communication interface, so as to provide, substantially in real time, streaming content via the at least one communication interface over the at least one network to at least one display device for concurrent display of the commentary and a graphical ticker based on the real time information associated with the event. The disclosed systems, apparatus, and methods are enhanced tools for real-time broadcasting of user-generated content associated with one or more live events and community engagement that are unavailable from existing video hosting websites. 
     Glossary 
     USER: a person who interfaces, via a mobile app or web portal accessed on a client device communicatively coupled to the Internet, with one or more of the various servers and corresponding server functionality described herein. 
     REGISTERED USER: A user that provides profile information and validation credentials to establish a user account so as to access, via a login process using the validation credentials, the one or more of the various servers and corresponding server functionality described herein. 
     ANONYMOUS USER: A non-registered user that has access, without requiring a login process, to a limited feature set based on the server functionality described herein. 
     BROADCASTER: A registered user that creates/provides video and/or audio (also referred to herein in some instances as “video-based commentary”) for consumption by one or more viewers. 
     EVENT: An activity about which a broadcaster may create/provide video and/or audio as the activity occurs (i.e., in “real-time”). Examples of activities constituting events according to the present disclosure include, but are not limited to, a variety of sports games (e.g., professional, semi-professional, intramural, community-oriented) or sporting activities (e.g., exercise-related activities, physical training activities, fishing, hunting), musical performances, theatrical performances, other artistic or entertainment-oriented activities, speeches or presentations, political activities (e.g., election-related activities, campaign-related activities, public or “town hall” meetings, public marches or demonstrations), military activities, professional activities (e.g., meetings or conferences), academic or educational activities (e.g., academic presentations or lectures, research activities, medical or scientific procedures, ceremonies), cooking or baking activities, competitive activities (e.g., racing activities), game-related activities (e.g., online gaming, board games, chess matches, role playing games), social activities, and news-related activities. Video and/or audio created/provided by a broadcaster about an event may be referred to herein as “video-based commentary.” In some implementations, the video and/or audio created/provided by one or more broadcasters may relate to various types of news, other types of current, recent or past events, and various topics of interest about which a given broadcaster wishes to provide commentary (e.g., news about a bombing, a fire, an arrest, an economic development, a political or military development, or any of the other activities discussed above, healthy eating or dieting, gardening, religion, dating, politics, culture, art, music, playing a musical instrument, learning a language, auto repair, real estate, business, economics, legal issues, global warming, space exploration, a particular TV program or series, a particular entertainment or sports personality, video games, hobbies, etc.). 
     VIEWER: A registered user or anonymous user that consumes video and/or audio created/provided by a broadcaster, via essentially real-time access to a live stream of digital content representing the video and/or audio, or via retrieval and playing of a recording of the live stream of digital content. 
     LIVE STREAM: Digital content (e.g., digital video and/or digital audio) that is transferred between at least two network-connected devices in real-time or essentially real-time as the corresponding video and/or audio codified as the digital content is created/provided by a broadcaster. Thus, a network-connected client device used by the broadcaster may generate a live stream of digital content corresponding to the video and/or audio created/provided by the broadcaster, and a viewer using a different network-connected client device may receive a copy of a live stream of the digital content as a real-time or essentially real-time consumer of the video and/or audio created/provided by the broadcaster. In some implementations, the video and/or audio created/provided by the broadcaster and represented in a live stream may be video-based commentary relating to an event. A live stream of digital content may have a variety of data formats (e.g., H.264 MPEG-4 Advanced Video Coding video compression; VP8 video compression) and transmission protocols, including persistent/continuous streaming transmission protocols (e.g., real time streaming protocol “RTSP;” real time messaging protocol “RTMP;” web real-time communication “WebRTC”), as well as segmented and/or adaptive bitrate (ABR) protocols (e.g., Apple&#39;s HTTP Live Streaming “HLS;” Microsoft&#39;s HTTP Smooth Streaming “MSS;” Adobe&#39;s HTTP Dynamic Streaming “HDS;” standards-based ABR protocol “MPEG-DASH”). 
     FOLLOWER: A registered user who is notified when a particular broadcaster is online. 
     SUBSCRIBER: A follower of a particular broadcaster that has paid for access to additional features and/or content not available to a follower (e.g., subscriber-specific chat channels). 
     VIP MEMBER: an admin-designated registered user that has additional access rights and high priority access to live stream media servers. 
     MEDIA MEMBER: an admin-designated registered user that is a media professional. In some implementations, the media member designation is used during some live streams to facilitate filtering and prioritization of comments/chat message for response by the broadcaster of the live stream. 
     ADMIN USER: a staff account flagged with administrative powers. 
     PRIVATE PROFILE: a profile for a user that has designated their content as private, only allowing direct link access to live/replay streams and archive access to broadcasters that the user has followed. 
     RAW VIDEO: A recording made by a media server of a live stream generated by a broadcaster. In one example implementation in which a broadcaster client device generates a video stream in H.264/AAC format and the media server is a Real Time Messaging Protocol (RTMP) media server, the raw video is produced by the RTMP media server by recording the broadcaster&#39;s live stream directly (to provide a 720p high definition feed or even higher definition feed). In another example in which a broadcaster client device generates a video stream in VP8/WebRTC format and the media server is a WebRTC media server, the WebRTC media server first transcodes the live stream from the broadcaster into a H.264 720p high definition (or even higher definition feed) and then records the transcoded feed to provide the raw video. 
     In sum, one inventive example is directed to a system ( 1000 ) for providing a first plurality of copies ( 202 A,  202 B) of a first broadcaster&#39;s live stream of digital content ( 102 A) including first live sporting event video-based commentary from a first broadcaster client device ( 100 A) to a first plurality of viewer client devices ( 200 A,  200 B), and for providing a second plurality of copies ( 202 C,  202 D) of a second broadcaster&#39;s live stream of digital content ( 102 B) including second live sporting event video-based commentary from a second broadcaster client device ( 100 B) to a second plurality of viewer client devices ( 200 C,  200 D). The system comprise: A) a plurality of media sources ( 300 ) to: receive the first broadcaster&#39;s live stream of digital content ( 102 A) and the second broadcaster&#39;s live stream of digital content ( 102 B); provide a first copy ( 202 A) of the first plurality of copies to a first viewer client device ( 200 A) of the first plurality of viewer client devices via a first video Internet communication channel ( 204 A) between the plurality of media sources and the first viewer client device of the first plurality of viewer client devices; and provide a first copy ( 202 C) of the second plurality of copies to a first viewer client device ( 200 C) of the second plurality of viewer client devices via a second video Internet communication channel ( 204 C) between the plurality of media sources and the first viewer client device of the second plurality of viewer client devices. The system further comprises: B) a control server ( 500 ) to periodically retrieve, via the Internet and from an event information provider ( 55 ), first event information ( 502 A) germane to a first live sporting event, wherein the first event information includes first score information ( 504 A) for the first live sporting event. The system further comprises: C) at least one socket server ( 600 ) communicatively coupled to the control server to: receive from the control server at least the first score information; and transmit the first score information ( 504 A) to at least the first viewer client device ( 200 A) of the first plurality of viewer client devices via a first event information Internet communication channel ( 206 A) between at least one first event socket ( 602 A) of the at least one socket server and the first viewer client device of the first plurality of viewer devices, wherein the at least one first event socket corresponds to the first event information germane to the first live sporting event. 
     Another inventive example is directed to a system ( 1000 ) for providing a first plurality of copies ( 202 A,  202 B) of a first broadcaster&#39;s live stream of digital content ( 102 A) including first video-based commentary about a first live sporting event from a first broadcaster client device ( 100 A) to a first plurality of viewer client devices ( 200 A,  200 B), and for providing a second plurality of copies ( 202 C,  202 D) of a second broadcaster&#39;s live stream of digital content ( 102 B) including second video-based commentary about a second live sporting event from a second broadcaster client device ( 100 B) to a second plurality of viewer client devices ( 200 C,  200 D). The system comprises: A) a plurality of media sources ( 300 ) to: receive the first broadcaster&#39;s live stream of digital content ( 102 A) and the second broadcaster&#39;s live stream of digital content ( 102 B); provide a first copy ( 202 A) of the first plurality of copies to a first viewer client device ( 200 A) of the first plurality of viewer client devices via a first Internet communication channel ( 204 A) between the plurality of media sources and the first viewer client device of the first plurality of viewer client devices; and provide a first copy ( 202 C) of the second plurality of copies to a first viewer client device ( 200 C) of the second plurality of viewer client devices via a second Internet communication channel ( 204 C) between the plurality of media sources and the first viewer client device of the second plurality of viewer client devices. The system further comprises: B) a control server ( 500 ) to periodically retrieve, via the Internet and from an event information provider ( 55 ), first event information ( 502 A) germane to the first live sporting event and second event information ( 502 B) germane to the second live sporting event. The system further comprises: C) at least one socket server ( 600 ) communicatively coupled to the control server to: receive from the control server at least some of the first event information ( 502 A) and at least some of the second event information ( 502 B), wherein: the at least some of the first event information includes first score information for the first sporting event; and the at least some of the second event information includes second score information for the second sporting event; and transmit at least the first score information the at least some of the first event information ( 502 A) to the first viewer client device ( 200 A) of the first plurality of viewer client devices via a third Internet communication channel ( 206 A) between at least one first event socket ( 602 A) of the at least one socket server and the first viewer client device of the first plurality of viewer devices; and transmit at least the second score information of the at least some of the second event information ( 502 B) to the first viewer client device ( 200 C) of the second plurality of viewer client devices via a fourth Internet communication channel ( 206 C) between at least one second event socket ( 602 B) of the at least one socket server and the first viewer client device of the second plurality of viewer devices. 
     It should be appreciated that all combinations of the foregoing concepts and additional concepts discussed in greater detail below (provided such concepts are not mutually inconsistent) are contemplated as being part of the inventive subject matter disclosed herein. In particular, all combinations of claimed subject matter appearing at the end of this disclosure are contemplated as being part of the inventive subject matter disclosed herein. It should also be appreciated that terminology explicitly employed herein that also may appear in any disclosure incorporated by reference should be accorded a meaning most consistent with the particular concepts disclosed herein. 
     Other systems, processes, and features will become apparent to those skilled in the art upon examination of the following drawings and detailed description. It is intended that all such additional systems, processes, and features be included within this description, be within the scope of the present invention, and be protected by the accompanying claims. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       The skilled artisan will understand that the drawings primarily are for illustrative purposes and are not intended to limit the scope of the inventive subject matter described herein. The drawings are not necessarily to scale; in some instances, various aspects of the inventive subject matter disclosed herein may be shown exaggerated or enlarged in the drawings to facilitate an understanding of different features. In the drawings, like reference characters generally refer to like features (e.g., functionally similar and/or structurally similar elements). 
         FIG. 1A  is a block diagram showing respective elements of a system to facilitate live streaming of digital content (video and/or audio) from multiple broadcasters to multiple viewers, according to some inventive implementations. 
         FIG. 1B  illustrates a display of an example client device in the system of  FIG. 1A , showing various displayed content according to some inventive implementations. 
         FIG. 2  is a block diagram of the broadcast/viewing servers and memory storage devices shown in  FIG. 1A  according to some inventive implementations. 
         FIG. 3  is a block diagram showing additional details of the various interconnections between the respective components of the servers and memory storage devices shown in  FIG. 2 , according to some inventive implementations. 
         FIGS. 4A and 4B  show a process flow diagram illustrating a broadcast media server selection algorithm according to one inventive implementation, which in some examples may be performed by one or more web servers shown in  FIGS. 2 and 3 . 
         FIGS. 5A through 5C  show a process flow illustrating a media server process for the media servers shown in  FIGS. 2 and 3 , according to one inventive implementation. 
         FIG. 6  is a block diagram illustrating the selective coupling of an example viewer client device to one of the media sources of the servers and memory storage devices shown in  FIGS. 2 and 3 , according to some inventive implementations. 
         FIG. 7  is a process flow diagram illustrating a viewer stream source selection algorithm according to one inventive implementation, which in some examples may be performed by the one or more web servers shown in  FIGS. 2, 3 and 6 . 
         FIG. 8  is a block diagram showing additional details of the HLS server architecture of the servers and memory storage devices shown in  FIGS. 2, 3 and 6 , according to some inventive implementations. 
         FIGS. 9A through 9D  show a process flow illustrating an HLS stream viewing process performed by the HLS server architecture shown in  FIG. 8 , according to one inventive implementation. 
         FIG. 10  illustrates some of the functionality (e.g., services and other processes) performed by the control server shown in  FIGS. 2 and 3 , according to one inventive implementation. 
         FIGS. 11A through 11C  show a process flow diagram illustrating an RTMP media server scaling system service method performed by the control server of  FIG. 10 , according to one inventive implementation. 
         FIGS. 12A through 12C  show a process flow diagram illustrating an RTMP CDN server scaling system service method performed by the control server of  FIG. 10 , according to one inventive implementation. 
         FIGS. 13A and 13B  show a process flow diagram illustrating a stream and server watchdog service method performed by the control server of  FIG. 10 , according to one inventive implementation. 
         FIGS. 14A and 14B  show a process flow diagram illustrating a check RTMP media/CDN server method performed by the control server of  FIG. 10  (e.g., as part of the method shown in  FIGS. 13A and 13B ), according to one inventive implementation. 
         FIG. 15  shows a process flow diagram illustrating an event data ingress service method performed by the control server of  FIG. 10 , according to one inventive implementation. 
         FIGS. 16A and 16B  show a process flow diagram illustrating a live event data monitor service method performed by the control server of  FIG. 10 , according to one inventive implementation. 
         FIGS. 17A and 17B  show a process flow diagram illustrating an asynchronous task service method performed by the control server of  FIG. 10 , according to one inventive implementation. 
         FIGS. 18A and 18B  show a process flow diagram illustrating a process for taking a screenshot (thumbnail) of a live stream, performed by the control server of  FIG. 10 , according to one inventive implementation. 
         FIGS. 19A and 19B  show a process flow diagram illustrating a user login process according to one inventive implementation, which in some examples may be performed by a client device and facilitated by one or more web servers shown in  FIGS. 2 and 3 . 
         FIGS. 20A and 20B  show a process flow diagram illustrating a mobile broadcaster stream create process according to one inventive implementation, which in some examples may be performed by a broadcaster client device shown in  FIG. 1A  and facilitated by one or more web servers shown in  FIGS. 2 and 3 . 
         FIGS. 21A, 21B, 21C, 21D, and 21E  show a process flow illustrating a mobile broadcaster active stream process according to one inventive implementation, which in some examples may be performed at least in part by a broadcaster client device shown in  FIG. 1A . 
         FIGS. 22A and 22B  show a communication flow diagram illustrating process flow elements and the server and/or memory storage devices involved in the communication flow for the processes shown in  FIGS. 20A and 20B , and  FIGS. 21A-21E , according to one inventive implementation. 
         FIGS. 23A and 23B  show a communication flow diagram illustrating process flow elements and the server and/or memory storage devices involved in the communication flow for a live stream RTMP media server or RTMP CDN viewer, according to one inventive implementation. 
         FIGS. 24A and 24B  show a communication flow diagram illustrating process flow elements and the server and/or memory storage devices involved in the communication flow for a live stream HLS viewer, according to one inventive implementation. 
         FIGS. 25A, 25B, and 25C  show a process flow illustrating a mobile client live stream replay method, according to one inventive implementation. 
         FIGS. 26A, 26B, and 26C  show a process flow illustrating an event data replay process called in the method of  FIGS. 25A, 25B and 25C , according to one inventive implementation. 
         FIG. 27  shows a process flow illustrating a user input replay process called in the method of  FIGS. 25A, 25B and 25C , according to one inventive implementation. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     Following below are more detailed descriptions of various concepts related to, and implementations of, inventive systems, methods and apparatus for scalable low-latency viewing of broadcast digital content streams of live events, and synchronization of event information with viewed streams, via multiple Internet channels. It should be appreciated that various concepts introduced above and discussed in greater detail below may be implemented in various manners, and that examples of specific implementations and applications are provided primarily for illustrative purposes. 
     I. Overview 
     The present disclosure describes inventive systems, apparatus, and methods for connecting followers of live events (e.g., sports, performances, speeches, etc.), including commentators, spectators, and/or participants in live events (e.g., athletes, performers, politicians, etc.). In some example implementations, the inventive systems, apparatus and methods further provide a social platform for sharing and contributing multimedia associated with live events. 
     Live streaming is used herein to refer to delivery and/or receipt of content in real-time, as events happen, or substantially in real time, as opposed to recording content to a file before being able to upload the file to a media server, or downloading the entire file to a device before being able to watch and/or listen to the content. Streaming media is used herein to refer to multimedia (e.g., digital video and/or audio media) that is delivered between two or more network-connected devices in real time or substantially in real time. Streaming may apply to continuously updated media content other than video and audio including, but not limited to, a live ticker, closed captioning, and real-time text. An end-user (e.g., a viewer) may watch and/or listen to media streamed over a network (e.g., the Internet) using a user output interface such as a display and/or over a speaker communicatively coupled with, for example, a desktop computer, notebook or laptop computer, smart television, set-top box, Blu-ray™ player, game console, digital media player, smartphone (e.g., iOS or Android), or another network-connected interactive device. 
     In some implementations, a network platform receives and provides multimedia (e.g., digital video content and/or digital audio content) associated with a live event. The multimedia may be captured by one or more broadcasters present at the live event. A broadcaster present at the live event may stream video and/or audio content to the network platform in real time or substantially in real time during the live event. For example, a broadcaster may capture video of a sporting event, such as a local high school football game, using a video camera, smartphone camera, etc. The video may include audio and/or visual commentary from the broadcaster. One or more viewers (either present or not present at the event) may stream video and/or audio of the event to watch and/or listen in real time or substantially in real time during the live event to the broadcaster&#39;s commentary. Alternatively, a broadcaster present at the live event may record video and/or audio content for delayed streaming or uploading to the network platform during or after the live event, and a viewer may download the broadcaster&#39;s recording of the live event and the video and/or audio commentary for delayed viewing and/or listening. 
     In some implementations, a broadcaster may or may not be present at a live event to still generate multimedia content (broadcaster commentary) associated with the event during the event. For example, a broadcaster may generate audio or visual content about the event while simultaneously following the event via a live broadcast by a third party (e.g., television, radio, Internet, etc.). The multimedia content may or may not include or be integrated with video and/or audio from the event itself. 
     In some implementations, a network platform is capable of integrating user-generated (broadcaster-generated) multimedia with real-time data (e.g., “event information”) collected by the user or a third party. For example, a live competitive event may be integrated with scores for the event. Other real-time data may include but is not limited to alerts, statistics, trivia, polls, news, broadcaster and/or viewer messages, and/or advertising associated with or relevant to the event, a participant in the event, a location of the event, a date/time of the event, etc. In one implementation, a network platform allows a user to select content, for example, news articles, and create onscreen elements for simultaneous viewing of the content. 
     Audio and/or visual indications and content may be integrated with user-generated multimedia for simultaneous presentation. The presentation may be in real-time or substantially in real-time. For example, audio indications may be presented with digital video media, and/or visual content may be presented with digital audio media. In some implementations, audio and/or visual indications and content are presented simultaneously with digital audio and/or video media using multiple tracks and/or display frames or overlays. For example, digital video media of a basketball game or of a broadcaster providing play-by-play audio commentary for the game may be displayed with an overlay of a real-time scoreboard and/or ticker. Alternatively, the real-time scoreboard and/or ticker may be presented in a separate frame. 
     Audio and/or visual indications and content may be modifiable and/or interactive. For example, traditional news and sports broadcasting may insert audio and/or visual indications and content into an outgoing digital audio and/or video media stream. The receiving client devices have been assumed to be “dumb,” that is, only capable of displaying the audio and/or video media as received. In contrast, in inventive implementations disclosed herein “smart” client devices allow audio and/or visual indications and content to be rendered on the client side, which allows for real-time modification and interaction with viewers and/or listeners. That is, client-side rendering allows for interactivity with elements and enhanced features not available to traditional broadcasting. 
       FIG. 1A  is a block diagram of a system according to one inventive implementation, including multiple client devices (e.g., broadcaster client devices  100 A and  100 B, viewer client devices  200 A,  200 B,  200 C and  200 D), broadcast/viewing servers and memory storage devices  1000  (e.g., serving as the network platform noted above), an event information provider  55 , one or more news feeds (RSS feeds)  65 , and a digital distribution platform (app store)  75  all communicatively coupled via the Internet  50 . Each of the client devices  100 A,  100 B,  200 A,  200 B,  200 C,  200 D may download from the digital distribution platform  75  an app or software program that becomes resident on the client device (i.e., a client app) and performs at least some of the various broadcaster and viewer functionality described herein in connection with broadcasting live streams of digital content and viewing copies of broadcasted live streams, exchanging chat messages amongst broadcasters and one or more viewers, logging system events and providing system event messages to broadcasters and viewers, collecting and maintaining/updating event information and providing event information to broadcasters and viewers in a synchronized manner, providing and updating various animation and special effects graphics, and replaying of recorded streams. 
     Although  FIG. 1A  illustrates two broadcaster client devices and four viewer client devices, it should be appreciated that various numbers of client devices (broadcaster client devices and viewer client devices) are contemplated by the systems, apparatus and methods disclosed herein, and those shown in  FIG. 1A  are for purposes of illustration. More specifically, a given broadcaster may have virtually any number of viewers using respective viewer client devices to receive copies of the broadcaster&#39;s live stream of digital content via the servers and memory storage devices  1000 ; similarly, the system may accommodate virtually any number of broadcasters providing live streams of digital content to the servers and memory storage devices  1000 , wherein each broadcaster has multiple viewers receiving copies of the broadcaster&#39;s live stream of digital content. In the example shown in  FIG. 1A , a first broadcaster client device  100 A provides a first live stream of digital content  102 A, and a first plurality of viewer client devices  200 A and  200 B (grouped by a first bracket) receive respective copies  202 A and  202 B of the first broadcaster&#39;s live stream of digital content. Similarly, a second broadcaster client device  100 B provides a second live stream of digital content  102 B, and a second plurality of viewer client devices  200 C and  200 D (grouped by a second bracket) receive respective copies  202 C and  202 D of the second broadcaster&#39;s live stream of digital content. With respect to events or news that may be germane to a given broadcaster&#39;s live stream of digital content, the broadcast/viewing servers and memory storage devices  1000  may retrieve various event information from the event information provider  55  (e.g., STATS LLC), and various news from news feeds (RSS)  65 , and in turn convey various event information and/or news to one or more client devices. 
     As discussed in further detail below, a variety of digital content format and transmission protocols are contemplated herein for the broadcaster live streams  102 A and  102 B output by the broadcaster client devices  100 A and  100 B respectively, as well as the copies of the live streams  202 A,  202 B,  202 C and  202 D received by respective viewer client devices  200 A,  200 B,  200 C and  200 D. For example, the first broadcaster client device  100 A may be a mobile broadcaster client device (e.g., a smartphone) and output a live stream of digital content  102 A having an H.264 MPEG-4 Advanced Video Coding (AVC) video compression standard format, via real time messaging protocol (RTMP) transport for continuous streaming over the Internet (e.g., via a persistent connection to a first media server of the servers and memory storage devices  1000 ). The second broadcaster client device  100 B may be a web-based device (e.g., a desktop computer) and output a live stream of digital content  102 B having a VP8 video compression format, transmitted via the web real-time communication (WebRTC) protocol for continuous streaming over the Internet (e.g., via a persistent connection to a second media server of the servers and memory storage devices  1000 ). The copies of the live streams  202 A,  202 B,  202 C and  202 D may be transmitted by the servers and memory storage devices  1000  as continuous streams using RTMP or WebRTC, or using segmented and/or adaptive bitrate (ABR) protocols (e.g., Apple&#39;s HTTP Live Streaming “HLS;” Microsoft&#39;s HTTP Smooth Streaming “MSS;” Adobe&#39;s HTTP Dynamic Streaming “HDS;” standards-based ABR protocol “MPEG-DASH”). 
       FIG. 1B  illustrates a display  250  of an example viewer client device  200 A in the system of  FIG. 1A , showing various displayed content according to some inventive implementations. It should be appreciated that one or more elements of the various content discussed in connection with  FIG. 1B  similarly may be provided on the display of a broadcaster client device. In the example of  FIG. 1B , a broadcaster is providing video-based commentary relating to a live sporting event, and the display  250  of the viewer client device  200 A includes various content elements including the broadcaster&#39;s video-based commentary  252 , event information  254  relating to the live sporting event about which the broadcaster is providing the video-based commentary, chat messages  258  from one or more viewers consuming the broadcaster&#39;s video-based commentary, and various graphics, special effects and/or animation elements  256  (e.g., some of which are rendered in a “lower third” of the display  250 ). 
     More specifically, as shown in  FIG. 1B , the client device  200 A renders in the display  250  (pursuant to execution of a client app or software program) a first broadcaster&#39;s video-based commentary  252 . As discussed above in connection with  FIG. 1A , the first broadcaster&#39;s video-based commentary  252  is codified in a live stream of digital content  102 A provided by the first broadcaster client device  100 A to the servers and memory storage devices  1000 , and a copy  202 A of the first broadcaster&#39;s live stream is received by the viewer client device  200 A from the servers and memory storage devices  1000 . The display also includes event information  254  in the form of a “scorebug,” wherein the scorebug includes indicators for the teams participating in the live sporting event, score information for the live sporting event, and event status (e.g., time clock, period or quarter, etc.). In various implementations discussed in further detail below, the scorebug may be animated, may include one or more special effects graphics elements, and/or may be interactive (e.g., the viewer may press or thumb-over one or more portions of the scorebug to launch further graphics or animations, receive additional information about the live sporting event, or navigate to another Internet location to receive additional information relating to the live sporting event). 
     The display  250  in  FIG. 1B  also includes lower-third content  256  comprising additional graphics, special effects and/or animation elements which similarly may be interactive; such elements may include a broadcaster-selected title for the broadcast, as well as text commentary from the broadcaster or event-related news. Additionally, as shown in the left portion of the display  250 , the display may include one or more chat messages  258  from different viewers of the broadcaster&#39;s video-based commentary, including responses from the broadcaster themselves; as seen in  FIG. 1B , the chat messages  258  may include the name of the viewer, a viewer photo, and the chat message content itself. 
     In some implementations, the network platform provided by the servers and memory storage devices  1000  maintains user profiles for broadcasters and viewers. Each user profile may be associated with, for example, a user email address, user device, or other unique identifier. Each user profile interface (e.g., “page” such as a webpage) may include and/or be customized with content (e.g., a profile photo, descriptive text, user-generated multimedia, favorite team imagery, etc.). In some implementations, the network platform further allows for the creation of “team” profiles; for example, event participants (e.g., individuals, groups, parties, teams, bands, schools, etc.) may share a “team” profile, wherein the team profile interface (e.g., “page” such as a webpage) may aggregate relevant content (e.g., news or current events about a particular event or team, such as polls, trivia, photo galleries, etc.) and provide further opportunities for users to contribute and connect with each other. The network platform may provide user preference options to further define a team profile interface with recommendations and/or alerts specific to a particular user (e.g., to prominently feature recent activity of a particular user). 
     With respect to social media-related features, as noted above the network platform provides chat capabilities such that users may engage in live public and/or private chat sessions. For example, in some implementations, users may request permission (or be allowed) to send each other private and/or public messages (e.g., direct messages). Furthermore, users may be able to purchase private and/or public virtual gifts (e.g., digital images of beers, penalty flags, etc., or profile/content enhancements like ticker tape) or provide “sponsorships” for other users. Public gifts received by a user may be displayed on the user&#39;s profile and/or with his or her content. 
     In some implementations, users are able to publicly and/or privately comment on, rate, “like,” or otherwise indicate their opinions on live events, event-associated topics, user profiles, team profiles, and user-generated content. Users may be able to use #hashtags within their messages, chat sessions, comments, and/or other activity to link to messages, chat sessions, comments, and/or other activity happening among other users and/or teams. Users may be able to use @ symbols within their messages, chat sessions, comments, and/or other activity to tag other users, event participants, and teams. 
     In some implementations, a network platform provides a directory of live events. The directory interface may be presented as a listing, drop-down menu, keyword search bar, etc. The directory interface may include and/or distinguish between different categories of events. For example, the directory interface may include and/or distinguish between events that are scheduled, underway, and/or completed. The directory interface also may include and/or distinguish between different or particular types of events (e.g., live sports versus live music, baseball versus hockey, professional versus collegiate, National League versus American League, etc.); different or particular participants in the events (e.g., team, coach, athlete, owner, school, etc.); and/or different or particular locations of the events (e.g., country, region, state, county, town, district, etc.). As discussed in greater detail below, in one implementation a dedicated control server of the network platform periodically retrieves a variety of event information from one or more event information providers (e.g., for sports events, ESPN, STATS LLC), and populates a database of the network platform with information on available events so as to provide the directory of live events to a user. 
     In some implementations, the network platform may provide user preference options to further define an event directory interface with recommendations and/or alerts specific to a particular user. The network platform may request the location of a user or permission to access the geo-location of the user&#39;s device in order to recommend events nearby. The network platform may track and interpret patterns in the user&#39;s use of the platform to predict and recommend events specific to the user. 
     In some implementations, after a user selects an event, the network platform provides a directory of other users who are present at the event and/or generating media associated with the event. The directory interface may be presented as a listing, drop-down menu, keyword search bar, etc. Selection of another user from the event-specific directory allows connection to, communication with, and/or access to media generated by that user. Thus, a user is able to discover and connect with similar users. The network platform may provide user preference options to further define a user directory interface with recommendations and/or alerts specific to a particular user. For example, in some implementations, users can discover other users based in part on one or more of the location of respective users, an event about which the broadcaster is providing commentary, a title of a broadcaster&#39;s live stream, and topics or other users that have been identified (e.g., in chat messages relating to a given broadcaster&#39;s live stream and/or a particular user&#39;s profile, using #hashtags or @ symbols). 
     In some implementations, the popularity of an event and/or broadcaster is monitored, displayed, and/or used in real-time or substantially in real-time. For example, a number of video servers may be scaled based on demand and/or usage by client devices, including broadcasters and/or viewers. Worker servers may be used for distributed monitoring and capturing screenshots/thumbnails of video streams. In another example, client media source selection of live stream copies, such as Real-Time Messaging Protocol (RTMP) versus HTTP Live Streaming (HLS), may be based on demand and/or usage levels (e.g., number of viewers requesting copies of a given broadcaster&#39;s live stream, capacity of media servers and/or content delivery network). 
     II. Servers and Memory Storage Devices 
     Having provided an overview of the information flow and general functionality enabled by the various elements shown in  FIG. 1A , additional details of the servers and memory storage devices  1000  are now discussed, with reference initially to  FIG. 2 . 
     In particular,  FIG. 2  is a block diagram providing another perspective of the system shown in  FIG. 1A , showing example communication connections between the broadcaster client devices  100 A and  100 B and the servers and memory storage devices  1000 , example connections between the servers and memory storage devices  1000  and the viewer client devices  200 A and  200 C, and some structural details of the servers and memory storage devices  1000 . Some of the broadcaster/viewer client devices that are mobile devices (e.g., smartphones) have downloaded a client app  5000  (e.g., from the digital distribution platform or app store  75  shown in  FIG. 1A ) which is resident in memory of the client device and executed by a processor of the client device. For purposes of simplifying the illustration, only the viewer client devices  200 A and  200 C explicitly show the client app  5000  resident on the client devices; it should be appreciated, however, that one or more mobile broadcaster client devices also have the client app  5000  installed thereon. 
     As shown in  FIG. 2 , in one inventive implementation the servers/memory storage devices  1000  include one or more web servers  700  (also referred to herein as a “web server pool”) that support an Applications Programming Interface (API) to facilitate communications between the servers/memory storage devices  1000  and one or more mobile broadcaster/viewer client device executing the client app  5000 , and also facilitate communications to and from web-based client devices (that access the web server(s) via a web portal at a particular URL). In this role, as discussed in further detail below, much of the instructive communication between the client devices and the servers/memory storage devices  1000  occurs via the web server(s)  700 . For example, it is via the web server(s)  700  that client devices create new live streams for broadcast and get access to media servers, receive access to view other broadcasters&#39; live streams via one of multiple different media sources, receive event information associated with broadcasters&#39; live streams and send and receive chat messages, log on and create or update user profiles (or other profiles such as team profiles), and access other social media-related functionality (e.g., digital gift giving) to interact with other users. The web server(s)  700  are communicatively coupled to a memory system  400  that includes a database  420 , data storage  440 , and one or more memory caches  460  to store various information (e.g., user profile information, stream information, event information, recorded live streams, etc.) germane to the operation of the servers and memory storage devices  1000  and the various client devices. 
     The servers/memory storage devices  1000  further comprise a plurality of media sources  300  (e.g., computer servers including one or more processors, memory, and one or more communication interfaces) that receive a live stream of video-based commentary from a given broadcaster client device, and provide copies of the live stream of video-based commentary to one or more viewer client devices. As shown in  FIG. 2 , in one implementation the media sources  300  are communicatively coupled to the memory system  400 , and may comprise one or more Real Time Messaging Protocol (RTMP) media servers  320 , an RTMP Content Delivery Network (CDN)  340  (which itself includes a plurality of content delivery network servers), one or more WebRTC media servers  360 , and an inventive HTTP Live Streaming (HLS) caching and amplifying server architecture  380 . Additional details of the media sources  300  are discussed below in connection with  FIGS. 3 through 6 , and particular details of media server processes (performed by the RTMP media servers  320  and the WebRTC media servers  360 ) are discussed below in connection with  FIGS. 5A, 5B and 5C . As also discussed below, in one implementation the web server(s)  700  select a particular media server of the media sources  300  to which a given broadcaster connects to provide the broadcaster&#39;s live stream of digital content, and the web server(s)  700  also select a particular media source of the media sources  300  to which a given viewer connects to receive a copy of a given broadcaster&#39;s live stream; further details of a broadcast media server selection algorithm and a viewer stream source selection algorithm implemented by the web server(s)  700  are provided below in connection with  FIGS. 6 and 7 . 
     The servers/memory storage devices  1000  shown in  FIG. 2  further comprise a control server  500  coupled to the memory system  400 , the event information provider  55 , and the news feeds (RSS)  65  (e.g., via the Internet). In one aspect, the control server  500  periodically retrieves various event information from the event information provider  55  and/or news from the news feeds  65  that is germane to respective broadcasters&#39; video-based commentary. In another aspect, the control system  500  may store at least some portion of retrieved event information and/or news in the memory system  400 . More generally, as discussed below in connection with  FIG. 10 , the control server  500  implements a number of services/processes that govern functionality of other servers and devices in the servers/memory storage devices  1000 ; examples of such control system services/processes include, but are not limited to: an RTMP media server scaling process to add or remove servers from the one or more RTMP media servers  320  of the media sources  300  (see  FIG. 11 ); an RTMP CDN server scaling process to add or remove servers from the RTMP CDN  340  of the media sources  300  (see  FIG. 12 ); a live stream and media server watchdog process (see  FIGS. 13-14 ); an event data ingress process (see  FIG. 15 ); a live event data monitor process (see  FIG. 16 ); an asynchronous task processor (see  FIG. 17 ); and a live stream thumbnail/screenshot acquisition process (see  FIG. 18 ). 
     With reference again to  FIG. 2 , the servers/memory storage devices  1000  further comprise one or more socket servers  600  communicatively coupled to the web server(s)  700  and the control server  500 . In one aspect, the socket server(s)  600  facilitate communication, to one or more broadcaster client devices and one or more viewer client devices, of synchronized event information retrieved by the control server  500  and associated with video-based commentary relating to a particular event. In particular, one or more sockets of the socket server(s) dedicated to the particular event allow respective client devices to establish an event information channel with the socket server(s), such that the event information (e.g., in the form of “event messages”) is shared in a synchronized manner by all broadcasters/viewers following the particular event. 
     In  FIG. 2 , the socket server(s)  600  also facilitate communication, between a given broadcaster of a live stream of video-based commentary and corresponding viewers of copies of the live stream, of chat messages and/or system event information (also referred to collectively simply as “chat information”) relating to the broadcaster&#39;s live stream. In particular, one or more sockets of the socket server(s)  600  dedicated to the particular broadcaster&#39;s live stream allow respective client devices used by the broadcaster and their viewers to establish a chat/system event channel with the socket server(s), such that chat messages/system event information is shared in a synchronized manner by the broadcaster of the live stream and corresponding viewers of copies of the live stream. Chat messages sent on a given chat/system event channel may be displayed as text on all broadcaster/viewer client devices connected to the socket(s) dedicated to the particular broadcaster&#39;s live stream, whereas system event information may be received (but not necessarily displayed itself) by all client devices connected to the socket(s) dedicated to the particular broadcaster&#39;s live stream, and provide the client device with relevant data or instructions to take some action. As discussed further below, examples of the types of system event information or “system messages” that may be broadcast by the socket(s) dedicated to the particular broadcaster&#39;s live stream include, but are not limited to, indications of viewers joining or leaving a broadcast, an indication of a new follower of a broadcaster, indications relating to the purchase of digital gifts and types of digital gifts (which may cause some display or audio event on the client device), indications relating to “likes” (e.g., cheers, handclaps, or applause icons, or audio of crowds cheering), and other data/instructions relating to various social networking functionality. 
     In one aspect, connections between a given client device and a particular socket of a socket server are persistent authenticated connections (e.g., with IP-based fingerprint identifiers for anonymous users). The authenticated connection allows the servers and media storage devices  1000  to track how many users are connected to a particular socket at any given time (and hence how many users are viewing a copy of a particular broadcaster&#39;s live stream, and/or how many users are viewing a copy of a live stream relating to a particular event). In another aspect, the various “messages” (e.g., event messages, chat messages, system messages) that are carried on the respective channels between a given client device and corresponding sockets of the socket server(s) are data packets including various event information, chat to be displayed, or system events (e.g., “new viewer,” “disconnected viewer,” “stream muted, “stream ended”). 
     With reference again for the moment to  FIG. 1A , recall that in the example arrangement depicted in  FIG. 1A  a first broadcaster client device  100 A provides a first live stream of digital content  102 A, and a first plurality of viewer client devices  200 A and  200 B (grouped by a first bracket) receive respective copies  202 A and  202 B of the first broadcaster&#39;s live stream of digital content. Similarly, a second broadcaster client device  100 B provides a second live stream of digital content  102 B, and a second plurality of viewer client devices  200 C and  200 D (grouped by a second bracket) receive respective copies  202 C and  202 D of the second broadcaster&#39;s live stream of digital content. Turning now again to  FIG. 2 , and taking only the viewer client devices  200 A and  200 C into consideration for purposes of illustration, the example implementation shown in  FIG. 2  contemplates that the first broadcaster is providing video-based commentary about a first live sporting event, and the second broadcaster is providing video-based commentary about a second (different) live sporting event, such that the first viewer client device  200 A receives the copy  202 A of the first broadcaster&#39;s live stream of digital content  102 A relating to the first sporting event (and provided by the first broadcaster client device  100 A), and that the second viewer client device  200 C receives the copy  202 C of the second broadcaster&#39;s live stream of digital content  102 B relating to the second sporting event (and provided by the second broadcaster client device  100 B). Also, in the example of  FIG. 2 , the first broadcaster&#39;s live stream  102 A is an RTMP stream received by the RTMP media server(s)  320 , and the second broadcaster&#39;s live stream  102 B is a WebRTC stream received by the WebRTC media server(s)  360 . The media sources  300  provide the copy  202 A of the first broadcaster&#39;s live stream  102 A to the first viewer client device  200 A via a first video Internet communication channel  204 A, and provide the copy  202 C of the second broadcaster&#39;s live stream  102 B to the second viewer client device  200 C via a second video Internet communication channel  204 C (further details of the role of the web server(s)  700  in selecting a particular media source of the media sources  300  to which each viewer client device connects to establish a video Internet communication channel are discussed below in connection with  FIGS. 6 and 7 ). 
     In the example of  FIG. 2 , as noted above the control server  500  periodically retrieves, via the Internet and from the event information provider  55 , first event information  502 A germane to the first live sporting event, wherein the first event information includes at least first score information  504 A for the first live sporting event. The control server further retrieves second event information  502 B germane to the second live sporting event, wherein the second event information includes at least second score information  504 B for the second live sporting event. The control server passes at least the first score information  504 A and the second score information  504 B to the socket server(s)  600 . In turn, the socket server(s)  600  establish one or more first event sockets  602 A dedicated to the first event information and one or more second event sockets  602 B dedicated to the second event information. 
     As discussed further below, the web server(s)  700  provide to the first viewer client device  200 A a first event identifier (a first EventID) that corresponds to the first event socket  602 A; the web server(s)  700  also provide to the second viewer client device  200 C a second event identifier (a second EventID) that corresponds to the second event socket  602 B. The first viewer client device  200 A uses the first EventID to connect to the first event socket  602 A (e.g., via a first URL including the first EventID in a path of the URL), and the second viewer client device  200 C uses the second EventID to connect to the second event socket  602 B (e.g., via a second URL including the second EventID in a path of the URL). The first score information  504 A is then transmitted to the first viewer client device  200 A via a first event information Internet communication channel  206 A between the first event socket  602 A and the first viewer client device  200 A, and the second score information  504 B is transmitted to the second viewer client device  200 C via a second event information Internet communication channel  206 C between the second event socket  602 B and the second viewer client device  200 C. 
     In a manner similar to that described above in connection with the first and second event information, in the example of  FIG. 2  chat messages and other system event information (“chat information”) may be distributed to viewers of each broadcaster via respective dedicated sockets of the socket server(s)  600 . In particular, the socket server(s)  600  similarly establish one or more first chat/system event sockets  604 A dedicated to the first broadcaster&#39;s live stream of digital content  102 A and one or more second chat/system event sockets  642 B dedicated to the second broadcaster&#39;s live stream of digital content  102 B. The web server(s)  700  provide to the first viewer client device  200 A a first stream identifier (a first StreamID) that corresponds to the first chat/system event socket  604 A; the web server(s)  700  also provide to the second viewer client device  200 C a second stream identifier (a second StreamID) that corresponds to the second chat/system event socket  604 B. The first viewer client device  200 A uses the first StreamID to connect to the first chat/system event socket  604 A (e.g., via a first URL including the first StreamID in a path of the URL), and the second viewer client device  200 C uses the second StreamID to connect to the second chat/system event socket  604 B (e.g., via a second URL including the second StreamID in a path of the URL). The first chat information  210 A is then transmitted to the first viewer client device  200 A via a first chat/system event Internet communication channel  208 A between the first chat/system event socket  604 A and the first viewer client device  200 A, and the second chat information  210 B is transmitted to the second viewer client device  200 C via a second chat/system event Internet communication channel  208 C between the second chat/system event socket  604 B and the second viewer client device  200 C. 
     For purposes of simplifying the illustration in  FIG. 2 , the broadcaster client devices  100 A and  100 B are shown only providing respective live streams  102 A and  102 B directly to different media servers  320  and  360 ; however, it should be appreciated that the broadcaster client devices  100 A and  100 B have additional communication connections to the socket server(s)  600  and the web server(s)  700 , similar to those shown in  FIG. 2  between the example viewer client devices  200 A and  200 C and the socket server(s)  600  and web server(s)  700 , so that the broadcaster client devices may similarly receive event information and chat information on different communication channels respectively dedicated to the event information and chat information. 
     In view of the foregoing, it may be appreciated from  FIG. 2  that, in one example implementation, there are three different communication channels between a given broadcaster/viewer client device and the broadcast/viewing servers and media storage devices  1000 , namely: 1) a video communication channel (e.g.,  204 A,  204 C) between the client device and the media sources  300  to receive a copy of a broadcaster&#39;s live stream of digital content; 2) an event information communication channel (e.g.,  206 A,  206 C) between the client device and one or more particular sockets of the socket server(s)  600  dedicated to a particular event; and 3) a chat/system event communication channel (e.g.,  208 A,  208 C) between the client device and one or more particular sockets of the socket server(s)  600  dedicated to a particular broadcaster&#39;s live stream of digital content. 
     In the example of  FIG. 2 , the first and second broadcasters provide to their respective viewing audiences video-based commentary regarding different live sporting events. However, as discussed elsewhere in this disclosure, it should be appreciated that the events about which the broadcasters provide video-based commentary are not limited to live sporting events, but may relate to a wide variety of other events, news, and/or particular topics of interest. Additionally, it should be appreciated that the first and second broadcasters (and additional broadcasters) may provide to their respective viewing audiences video-based commentary about the same live event; in this case, the servers and media storage devices  1000  provide the appropriate connectivity such that viewers of the same live event may effectively switch between different broadcasters&#39; video-based commentary about the event, participate in different chat information exchanges associated with each broadcaster&#39;s live stream, and all share the same event information in a synchronized manner. 
     In particular, with reference again to the example of  FIG. 2 , consider an implementation in which both the first broadcaster&#39;s live stream of digital content  102 A and the second broadcaster&#39;s live stream of digital content  102 B include the broadcasters&#39; respective video-based commentary about the first live sporting event. In this situation, the web server(s)  700  would provide to both the first viewer client device  200 A and the second viewer client device  200 C the first event identifier (the first EventID) that corresponds to the one or more first event sockets  602 A of the socket server(s)  600 , and both of the first viewer client device  200 A and the second viewer client device  200 B would use the first EventID to connect to the one or more first event sockets  602 A (e.g., via a first URL including the first EventID in a path of the URL). In this manner, the first score information  504 A would then be transmitted to both the first viewer client device  200 A via the first event information Internet communication channel  206 A between the one or more first event sockets  602 A and the first viewer client device  200 A, and to the second viewer client device  200 C via a second event information Internet communication channel  206 C between the one or more first event sockets  602 A and the second viewer client device  200 C. Thus, both of the viewer client devices in this scenario would receive the same event/score information for the first live sporting event in a synchronized manner from the socket server(s). 
     At the same time, however, the respective viewer client devices  200 A and  200 C would be connected to different chat/system event sockets of the socket server(s) corresponding to the different broadcasters&#39; live streams; in particular, the web server(s)  700  would provide to the first viewer client device  200 A the first stream identifier (the first StreamID) that corresponds to the first chat/system event socket  604 A and provide to the second viewer client device  200 C the second stream identifier (the second StreamID) that corresponds to the second chat/system event socket  604 B. As discussed in the previous example, the first viewer client device  200 A would use the first StreamID to connect to the first chat/system event socket  604 A (e.g., via a first URL including the first StreamID in a path of the URL), and the second viewer client device  200 C would use the second StreamID to connect to the second chat/system event socket  604 B (e.g., via a second URL including the second StreamID in a path of the URL). The first chat information  210 A would then be transmitted to the first viewer client device  200 A via a first chat/system event Internet communication channel  208 A between the first chat/system event socket  604 A and the first viewer client device  200 A, and the second chat information  210 B would be transmitted to the second viewer client device  200 C via a second chat/system event Internet communication channel  208 C between the second chat/system event socket  604 B and the second viewer client device  200 C. 
       FIG. 3  is a block diagram showing additional details of various interconnections between the respective components of the servers and memory storage devices  1000  shown in  FIG. 2 , according to some inventive implementations. In the example of  FIG. 3 , some of the components of the servers and memory storage devices (e.g.,  1000 A) are hosted by a first web hosting service (e.g., Amazon Web Services AWS), while one or more other components of the servers and memory storage devices ( 1000 B) may be hosted by a different web hosting service and/or generally accessible via the Internet. In yet other implementations, a single web hosting service may host all of the servers and memory storage devices. In addition to the various components shown in the example of  FIG. 2 ,  FIG. 3  also shows that the servers and memory storage devices  1000  may further include a transcoder server pool  800  (e.g., that may be employed for transcoding of recordings of a given broadcaster&#39;s live stream of digital content, for later replay via adaptive bitrate protocols), an asynchronous queue  850  (e.g., for queuing of various messages and instructions to be acted upon by an asynchronous task processor implemented by the control server  500 ), and a gateway NAS server  870  (e.g., to facilitate communications between a WebRTC media server pool and other elements of the servers and memory storage devices  1000 A that may be hosted by the first web hosting service). Additionally,  FIG. 3  illustrates that the database  420  may include a main database and multiple database shards, in which portions of data are placed in relatively smaller shards, and the main database acts as a directory for the database shards (in some implementations, the main database also stores some de-normalized data, for example, to facilitate cross-server searching). 
     III. Technological Solutions to Improve Computer Network Functionality, Increase Computer Processing Efficiency and Reduce Computer Memory Requirements 
     In developing the inventive systems, apparatus and methods disclosed herein, including the servers and memory storage devices  1000  shown in  FIGS. 2 and 3  as well as the client app  5000  executed by mobile client devices, the Inventors recognized and appreciated multiple technological problems with conventional techniques for transmission of digital content via the Internet. As introduced above and discussed in further detail below, the Inventors have addressed and overcome these technological problems with innovative technological solutions to effectively realize the various technical features described herein. Examples of these technological solutions include, but are not limited to, improving computer network functionality (e.g., improving the speed of content transfer from broadcaster devices to viewer devices and synchronization of various content amongst multiple client devices), and improving processing efficiency of broadcaster and viewer client devices via execution of the client app  5000 , while at the same time reducing memory storage requirements for the client app  5000  on the client devices. 
     More specifically, examples of the technological problems addressed by the inventive solutions provided by the servers and memory storage devices  1000  and client app  5000  include, but are not limited to: 1) how to provide relatively low latency copies of live streams of broadcaster digital content to multiple viewers of each of multiple broadcasters (e.g., broadcaster-to-viewer delay time on the order of ten seconds or less, or on the order of two-to-three seconds or less), and with relatively high quality and reliability (e.g., high definition HD and high bit rate, such as 2 to 5 megabits per second); 2) how to synchronize such low latency and high quality copies of broadcaster live streams of digital content with event information associated with the digital content (as well as chat information associated with a given broadcaster) amongst the multiple viewers of each broadcaster, irrespective of the number of viewers (e.g., 10 viewers, 1,000 viewers, or 10,000 viewers); 3) how to allow different classes/types of viewers (e.g., VIP users, premium subscribers, media professionals, registered users, anonymous users, web/desktop users, mobile users), and increasing numbers of viewers, to flexibly access each broadcaster&#39;s content with different live streaming formats (e.g., continuous streaming protocols such as real time messaging protocol or “RTMP,” web real-time communication or “WebRTC;” segmented protocols such as HTTP live streaming or “HLS,” HTTP Smooth Streaming or “MSS,” HTTP Dynamic Streaming or “HDS,” standards-based ABR protocol “MPEG-DASH”) and with different qualities of service; 4) how to effectively render “studio-quality” screen animations and special effects graphics (e.g., including “scorebugs” for sporting events) on displays of mobile client devices via a client app with a small memory footprint (e.g., less than 100 megabytes, such that the client app is downloadable via cellular networks); and 5) how to provide for viewing of a recording of a broadcaster&#39;s live stream as if the viewer was watching the live stream in essentially real-time (e.g., while recreating chat messages and event information updates). Various aspects of the technological solutions to these respective technological problems are discussed in turn below. 
     1) Latency Considerations 
     With respect to latency considerations, the inventive systems, methods and apparatus disclosed herein contemplate particular parameters for the generation of a live stream of digital content by a broadcaster client device so as to induce only relatively low “client side” latency. To this end, in example implementations the client app  5000  installed and executing on a given client device selects an appropriate keyframe interval (e.g., 30 frames) for generating a broadcaster&#39;s live stream of digital content to ensure relatively low client side-induced end-to-end digital content latency. 
     In other aspects relating to reducing latency, particular parameters and techniques for handling live streams are contemplated for the servers and memory storage devices  1000  disclosed herein (e.g., adjusting buffer sizes and transcoder settings in media servers; employing hardware-accelerated transcoding of broadcaster live streams via graphic card processing to provide for adaptive bitrate copies of live streams). Furthermore, in some example implementations, the RTMP CDN  340  shown in  FIGS. 2 and 3  comprises an innovative auto-scaling RTMP CDN server pool, coupled to a media server pool that receives live streams from respective broadcasters (e.g., either RTMP or WebRTC), to facilitate delivery of low-latency live streams to a larger number of multiple viewers. Additionally, for RTMP broadcasters, the RTMP media server(s)  320  in some implementations is/are on the same network as the RTMP CDN  340  (e.g., the RTMP media server(s) are communicatively coupled to the RMTP CDN servers as a virtual private network (VPN), see VPN  330  in  FIG. 6 ) so as to facilitate low latency communications. For WebRTC broadcasters, although in some implementations the WebRTC media server(s)  360  may not be hosted by the same service as the RTMP CDN  340  (e.g., see  FIG. 3 ), the WebRTC media server(s) are coupled to the RTMP CDN via high speed/low latency connections. The RTMP CDN servers essentially make further copies of transcoded live streams received from the media server (e.g., without any other processing or alteration) and pass on the respective further copies to multiple viewers (“direct pass-through amplification”). In this manner, the RTMP CDN servers introduce appreciably low latency (e.g., on the order of less than 150 milliseconds) and facilitate a significantly greater number of viewers than could be otherwise served by the media server itself. These exemplary aspects (as well as other aspects discussed in further detail below) provide for appreciably low latency introduced by the media servers and RTMP CDN (e.g., on the order of about 500 milliseconds or even less) and client-introduced digital content latency (e.g., on the order of about one-to-two seconds for continuous streaming consumers). 
     2) Synchronization of Live Streams and Event Information 
     Yet another technical implementation challenge overcome by the inventive concepts disclosed herein relates to the display of event information updates (if present, e.g., if the broadcast is associated with an event), as well as screen animations and other special effects graphics that may be generally associated with the video and/or audio associated with a live stream, in a manner that is synchronized across multiple live streams with appreciably low latency. This is a particularly relevant consideration given that the systems, apparatus and methods disclosed herein are contemplated in some implementations as supporting multiple broadcasters providing video-based commentary for the same event, and each of these broadcasters may have multiple viewers of their broadcast—and thus, the technical challenge is to provide the same event information, and periodic updates to this event information, in a synchronized and low-latency manner to all of these broadcasters and viewers interested in following the same event. In exemplary implementations (e.g., as discussed above in connection with  FIG. 2 ), this technical challenge is overcome with technological solutions implemented on both the client devices and the server architecture to which the client devices are communicatively coupled involving the use of multiple communication channels respectively dedicated to video/audio content from a given broadcaster, event information germane to an event about which any broadcaster may be providing video-based commentary, and chat information (chat messages and/or system event messages) shared amongst the broadcaster and their associated viewers. 
     In various inventive implementations disclosed herein (e.g., as introduced above in connection with  FIG. 2 ), event information and updates to event information are provided to broadcaster client devices and viewer client devices via a socket-based “event information channel” dedicated to the event, and separate from the copy of the live stream of video-based commentary provided on a “video channel.” Thus, all viewers (and broadcasters) of the event, regardless of which live stream they may be generating or watching, connect to one or more sockets of a socket server that is/are dedicated to the event, such that all live streams relating to the event are similarly synchronized to event information and updates to same. Notably, if a viewer switches amongst different broadcasters of the same event (the viewer originally watches a first live stream from a first broadcaster of the event, and later selects a second live stream from a second broadcaster of the same event), the event information and updates to same (and any screen animations and special effects graphics that incorporate the event information) remain synchronized with all live streams from the different broadcasters, providing for a smooth second-screen experience across multiple broadcasters and viewers. 
     The technical challenge of displaying event information and updates to same in a synchronized and low-latency manner amongst multiple viewers is also addressed in part by using a single control server  500  in the server and memory storage devices  500  to gather and parse live event information captured in real-time. For example, for sporting events, game information may be obtained by the single control server from a dedicated third-party provider (e.g., STATS LLC, which is a sports statistics, technology, data, and content company that provides content to multimedia platforms, television broadcasters, leagues and teams, fantasy providers, and players). This single point of entry of event information into the server architecture, as provided by the control server, prevents synchronization errors inherent in network communications. Once a change in event status has been detected (e.g., if a play clock updates), the control server provides these changes to the one or more sockets dedicated to the event (to which all viewers and broadcasters of video-based commentary regarding the event are communicatively coupled), resulting in a single synchronized update to all client devices and thereby significantly mitigating client-by-client latency and/or synchronization issues. 
     3) Flexible and Scalable Access to Broadcaster Content by Multiple Classes/Types of Viewers 
     The inventive systems, methods and apparatus disclosed herein and shown in  FIGS. 2 and 3  further contemplate the ability to flexibly select the source of a copy of a broadcaster&#39;s live stream to be provided to respective multiple viewers from one of a number of possible media sources  300 , namely: 1) the media server receiving the live stream in the first instance from a broadcaster (e.g., an RMTP media server  320  or a WebRTC media server  360 ); 2) an auto-scaling RTMP CDN server pool  340 ; or 3) an innovative HTTP Live Streaming (HLS) server architecture  360 . Thus, multiple live stream transmission formats, protocols, and access endpoints are contemplated for different types and numbers of viewers that may receive copies of broadcasters&#39; live streams at different bitrates and with different qualities of service. As noted above, in some implementations the web server(s)  700  implement a viewer stream source selection algorithm which selects an appropriate media source for a given viewer based on, for example, the type of user (e.g., VIP users, premium subscribers, media professionals) and the number of viewers of a particular broadcaster&#39;s live stream. Further details of viewer stream source selection for respective viewer client devices are discussed further below in connection with  FIGS. 6 and 7 . 
     Another salient element of the flexibility and scale-ability provided by the media sources  300  of the servers and memory storage devices  1000  shown in  FIGS. 2 and 3  relates to the HLS caching and amplifying server architecture  360 . Conventionally, as would be readily appreciated by those of skill in the relevant arts, HLS is not designed to be cacheable at the server level, and hence synchronization issues arise in connection with providing multiple HLS copies of a live stream to respective viewers. In particular, in conventional implementations, each HLS copy of the live stream is somewhere in a “window” of time (an HLS “buffer length”) relative to the original live stream (e.g., delayed from the original stream by some amount of time within an overall time window). This uncertainty results in the possibility of a first viewer of a first HLS copy of a live stream actually seeing the video content some time earlier than or later than a second viewer receiving a second HLS copy of the live stream, i.e., the respective viewers are not synchronized. 
     In exemplary implementations described herein, this technical problem is solved by employing an inventive HLS caching and amplifying server architecture  360 , which is discussed in further detail below in connection with  FIGS. 8, 9A, 9B, 9C and 9D . The HLS server architecture includes a “mother” server and one or more “child” servers, disposed between a media server and a content delivery network (CDN), in which the HLS mother server acts as a single “virtual viewer” from a given media server&#39;s perspective. Based on a single copy of an HLS file suite for a given broadcaster&#39;s live stream as provided by a media server and received by a mother caching server of the HLS server architecture, the mother server caches and passes on copies of the elements of the file suite (as requested) to one or more child servers, which in turn cache and pass on copies of the elements of the file suite to one or more geographically-distributed servers of a conventional (e.g., global) CDN (serving as an HLS CDN in tandem with the mother-child server architecture). In this manner, the mother and child servers of the HLS architecture act as caching and amplifying servers, so that identical HLS streams may be served from the HLS CDN server pool to multiple viewers of a given broadcast in a significantly narrower synchronization window than conventionally possible. In particular, in one example implementation discussed in greater detail below in connection with  FIGS. 6A, 6B, 6C, and 6D , all HLS viewers receiving a copy of a broadcaster&#39;s live stream via the HLS server architecture including a mother caching server and one or more child caching servers are at most less than one HLS file segment duration out of synchronization with each other; this phenomenon is referred to herein as “viewer segment concurrency.” Based on the viewer segment concurrency provided by the inventive HLS server architecture, respective viewers of a given broadcast may be out of synchronization with one another by less than approximately one or two seconds at most. 
     4) Client-Side Rendering of On-Screen Interactive Animations, Special Effects and/or Event Information 
     By way of background, in conventional sports broadcasting, game information (also sometimes referred to as a “scorebug”), as well as screen animations and other special effects graphics, are hard-embedded into the live stream of the game broadcast itself that is received by viewers. Unlike conventional scorebugs, screen animations, and/or other special effects graphics that are hard-embedded into live streams of a sports broadcast, in various inventive implementations disclosed herein graphics and effects are generated by the client device itself, separate from a given broadcaster&#39;s video-based commentary, and then integrated with (e.g., superimposed or overlaid on) the broadcaster&#39;s video-based commentary when rendered on the display of the client device. As shown for example in  FIG. 1B , various graphics may be rendered on different portions of the display, for example, along a top or side of the display or in a “lower third” of the display. 
     For mobile client devices, the client app  5000  executing on the device is particularly configured to render a variety of “studio-quality” graphics while nonetheless maintaining a small file size for the client app (e.g., less than 100 megabytes, and in some instances from approximately 60-70 megabytes); this affords an exciting and dynamic broadcaster and viewer experience on mobile client devices, while still allowing the modestly-sized client app to be readily downloaded (e.g., from a digital distribution platform or “app store” 75) to a client device via a cellular network. In some implementations, maintaining a modest file size for the client app while providing high-quality graphics, animations and other special effects is accomplished in part by designing animated graphics and special effects as a series of individual frames (still-frame images) that are hard-coded in the client app, and rendering the series of individual frames on the display in a “stop-motion” style according to an animation timer set in the client device (e.g., 15 frames per second). In some implementations, “sprite sheets” may be used for graphics elements; in yet other implementations, the transparency of individual frames may be set on a pixel-by-pixel basis as may be required in some applications to provide for suitable overlay on the broadcaster&#39;s video-based commentary. 
     In another aspect, client-side rendering of screen animations and/or other special effects graphics allows such animations and graphics to be user-interactive; for example, a user (broadcaster or viewer) on a client device may “select” a screen animation/special effect graphic (e.g., via a touch-sensitive display screen of the client device) and launch additional graphics or initiate some other functionality on the client device. 
     For example, as discussed above with respect to live events about which a given broadcaster may be providing video-based commentary, event information and updates to event information are provided to broadcaster client devices and viewer client devices via a socket-based “event information channel” dedicated to the event, and separate from the copy of the live stream of video-based commentary provided on a “video channel.” Providing one or more sockets dedicated to the event information and separate from the live stream of video-based commentary provides for user-interactive features in connection with the event information, and/or the screen animations/special effects graphics incorporating the event information; for example, the user may select (e.g., thumb-over) the screen animation/special effect graphic including the event information and obtain access to additional (and in some cases more detailed) information relating to the event (e.g., a drill down on more granular event information, or a redirect to a web site or other app related to the particular event). 
     5) Replay of Recorded Broadcaster Live Streams with Recreated Chat Messages and Event Information Updates 
     Another technical implementation challenge addressed by the technological solutions disclosed herein relates to the ability of a viewer to watch a recording of a live stream generated by a broadcaster client device (also referred to herein as a “video replay” of the live stream, or simply “replay”) as if the viewer was watching the live stream in essentially real-time (as it was being generated by the broadcaster client device), while also allowing the viewer to “seek” to different points in the video replay. In one aspect of video replay, the broadcaster themselves may assume the role of a post-broadcast viewer of the recorded broadcast. 
     In exemplary implementations, a technological solution for overcoming the technical implementation challenge of replaying a recorded live stream and also recreating various chat messages and event information updates (if present) as they occurred during the originally broadcast live stream is based, at least in part, on having the socket-based communication techniques act in a “fully-authenticated” fashion, for example, by dynamically creating “anonymous accounts” for non-registered or “anonymous” users. By creating such accounts for anonymous users, a replay log may be created that logs when any given viewer (as a registered user or anonymous user) joins and leaves a particular broadcast. Additionally, the replay log may include additional information, such as user-generated chat information, system messages, and event information updates, respectively synchronized with timestamps associated with the live stream as originally generated by the broadcaster client device. 
     During replay of a recording of the live stream, the viewer client device requests a segment of this replay log and, using the timestamps in the recording of the live stream, replays not only the digital content in the live stream but also recreates chat messages, system-related messages and event information updates (if present) in the same order and relative time of occurrence as if the viewer were watching the live stream in essentially real-time when originally broadcasted by the broadcaster. As the replay advances, the viewer client device requests additional segments of the log, keeping an in-memory buffer to smooth out any possible Internet connectivity issues. Such a replay log also allows for “seeking,” i.e., when a viewer fast forwards or rewinds; under these seeking circumstances, the viewer client device may retrieve the appropriate segment(s) of the replay log for the new viewing point, and continue to not only replay the recording of the live stream from the new viewing point but also recreate (in the same order and relative time) chat messages, system-related messages and event information updates (if present) as if the viewer were watching the live stream in essentially real-time. 
     Having outlined some of the various technological solutions provided by the inventive systems, apparatus and methods disclosed herein to technological problems with conventional approaches to live streaming of digital content, the discussion now turns to additional details of respective components of the servers and memory storage devices  1000  shown in  FIGS. 1A, 2 and 3 , as well as the functionality of the client app  5000  executed by client devices. 
     IV. Broadcaster Media Server Selection 
       FIGS. 4A and 4B  show a process flow diagram  450 A and  450 B illustrating a broadcast media server selection algorithm according to one inventive implementation, which in some examples may be performed by the web server(s)  700  shown in  FIGS. 2 and 3 . As noted above, in one implementation a mobile broadcaster client device (e.g., a smartphone) outputs a live stream of digital content having an H.264 MPEG-4 Advanced Video Coding (AVC) video compression standard format, via real time messaging protocol (RTMP) transport for continuous streaming over the Internet, whereas a web-based broadcaster client device (e.g., a desktop computer) outputs a live stream of digital content  102 B having a VP8 video compression format, transmitted via the web real-time communication (WebRTC) protocol for continuous streaming over the Internet. 
     In the process shown in  FIGS. 4A and 4B , the web server(s)  700  know whether the broadcaster client device requesting access to a media server is a mobile client (H.264/RTMP) or a web-based client (VP8/WebRTC) based on header information in the communications to the web server from the client device. For mobile clients, the web server provides access to (e.g., provides the address of an endpoint for) one of the RTMP media servers  320  of the media sources  300 , and for web-based clients generating VP8/WebRTC live streams of digital content, the web server provides access to one of the WebRTC media servers  360  of the media sources  300 . If a web-based client is connecting via Adobe Flash or other external software, the client may be treated similarly to the process for mobile clients. 
     In some implementations, multiple media servers of the RTMP media servers  320  are segregated into at least one VIP media server and at least one non-VIP media server; similarly, some of the WebRTC media servers  360  are segregated into at least one VIP media server and at least one non-VIP media server. A given broadcaster may be directed to a VIP or non-VIP media server based on their user status (e.g., as a VIP user), and/or the availability of a particular server (e.g., based on available server capacity, in terms of total utilized connection bandwidth to the media server). In one aspect, to allow for some headroom in media server capacity, the “ideal capacity” of the server may be taken as approximately 60% of the true maximum capacity of the media server. If all non-VIP media servers exceed ideal capacity (but are at less than true maximum capacity), the process may send an internal administrative message (e.g., via SMS or email) to a system administrator to warn of a significant broadcaster load. In the event that no non-VIP servers are available to a given broadcaster (because all non-VIP servers are at true maximum capacity), the process displays “No Available Server” as an error message on the display of the broadcaster client device. 
     V. Media Server Process 
       FIGS. 5A through 5C  show a process flow  550 A,  550 B,  550 C, and  550 D illustrating a media server process for the RTMP and WebRTC media servers  320  and  360  shown in  FIGS. 2 and 3 , according to one inventive implementation. These process flows include a “server monitor” process and a “video uploader” process that each of the RTMP and WebRTC media servers implements as they receive and process live streams from various broadcasters. 
     Regarding the “server monitor” process, a given media server periodically reports server statistics to be stored in the database  420 , and queries the database to obtain a list of broadcaster streams that have been assigned to, and are connected to, the media server. For newly connected streams, the media server validates the stream information (e.g., StreamID), with the database, and if the stream is valid the media server starts a live transcoding process to provide different resolution copies of the live stream (e.g., 720p, 360p and 240p transcoded copies); in the case of a WebRTC media server, the media server also transcodes the VP8/WebRTC live stream to H.264 before providing the different resolution transcoded copies. In some implementations, the media server employs hardware-accelerated transcoding of the broadcaster&#39;s live stream (e.g., via graphic card processing) to ensure low latency of viewed transcoded copies of the live stream. The media then starts recording the highest resolution transcoded copy (e.g., 720p in the illustrated example) to provide a “raw video” recording, and notifies the database that the live stream has started and is available for viewing. Thereafter, the media server queues a first screenshot (thumbnail) for the live stream in the asynchronous queue (e.g., see  850  in  FIG. 3 ) for processing by the control server  500  (see  FIGS. 18A and 18B ), and also queues push notifications to notify subscribers and followers of the broadcaster that the broadcaster is online with a live stream (e.g., by providing a StreamID to the followers/subscribers). 
     Thereafter, while the broadcaster continues to provide a live stream, and if there are any HLS viewers (discussed further below in connection with  FIGS. 8 and 9A through 9D ), the media server begins an HLS segmentation process to create and update an HLS file suite comprising an HLS playlist, HLS chunklists, and HLS file segments for each of the transcoded different resolution copies of the broadcaster&#39;s live stream. The media server process also periodically queues in the asynchronous queue (e.g., every five seconds or so) additional screenshots/thumbnails of the live stream. Once the broadcaster has ended the live stream, the media server process stops the recording of the highest resolution transcoded copy, sends out a system message on the chat/system event socket(s) corresponding to the broadcaster&#39;s live stream that the stream has ended, stops the live transcoding process, and stores the stream end time in the database  420 . The media server process then also queues the upload of the “raw video” recording (the recording of the highest resolution transcoded copy) to the media server upload queue. 
     The video uploader process shown in  FIG. 5A  reads from the media server upload queue and, if there are any entries in the queue, uploads the corresponding raw video recording of the broadcaster&#39;s live stream to data storage  440  (e.g., Amazon S3) and stores the upload time to the database  420 . The video uploader process also may notify a third-party transcoding service (e.g., see the transcoding server pool  800  in  FIG. 3 ) to provide transcoded different resolution copies of the recorded video to facilitate adaptive bitrate replay for one or more viewers. 
     VI. Viewer Stream Source Selection 
       FIG. 6  is a block diagram illustrating the media sources  300  and the web server(s)  700  of the servers and memory storage devices  1000  shown in  FIGS. 2 and 3 , as well as the first and second broadcaster client devices  100 A and  100 B and one of the viewer client devices  200 A, to facilitate a discussion of the selective coupling of an example viewer client device to one of the media sources, according to some inventive implementations. In tandem with  FIG. 6 ,  FIG. 7  is a process flow diagram illustrating a viewer stream source selection algorithm  702  according to one inventive implementation, which in some examples may be performed by the web server(s)  700 . 
     As depicted representationally in  FIG. 6 , in one aspect the web server(s)  700  essentially serve as a controllable switch to couple the viewer client device  200 A to one of an RTMP media server  320 , the RTMP CDN  340  (which is communicatively coupled to the RTMP media server(s) in a virtual private network  330 ), a WebRTC media server  360  and the HLS serve architecture  360  to receive a copy of broadcaster&#39;s live stream of digital content. In the example of  FIG. 6 , the web server(s)  700  has facilitated a connection between the viewer client device  200 A and the RTMP CDN  340  (as shown by the dashed line in  FIG. 6 ). However, as discussed below, the web server(s)  700  may facilitate a connection between the viewer client device  200 A and any one of the media sources  300  based at least in part on a number of viewers already receiving copies of the broadcaster&#39;s live stream. In one implementation, the database  420  stores user profiles for broadcasters and viewers, in which the user profile may include a user type (e.g., registered user, anonymous user, subscriber of one or more broadcasters, VIP user, media professional or media member, etc.); in this instance, the web server(s)  700  may facilitate a connection between the viewer client device  200 A and one of the media servers  300  based at least in part on a type or status of a user of the viewer client device  200 A and/or the number of viewers already receiving copies of the live stream. 
     More specifically, as shown in the process of  FIG. 7 , if the viewer client device sends a request to the web server(s)  700  to view a copy of a given broadcaster&#39;s live stream (e.g., based on a StreamID for the live stream that the viewer client device received in a push notification), and the web server(s)  700  determine that there are fewer than a first number (e.g., 10) of viewers already receiving copies of the live stream (e.g., based on a viewing count for the stream maintained in the database  420 ), the web server(s) provide to the viewer client device an address to connect directly to one of the RTMP media servers  320  or one of the WebRTC media servers  360  that is processing the broadcaster&#39;s live stream (depending on whether the broadcaster client device is a mobile H.264 or web-based VP8 client device). Irrespective of the number of viewers, the web server(s)  700  also provide an address to the viewer client device to connect directly to one of the media servers if a user of the viewer client device is a VIP subscriber or media professional. If however the user is not a VIP subscriber or media professional, and there are more than a first number of viewers already receiving copies of the live stream, the web server(s) provide to the viewer client device an address to connect to one of the CDN servers of the RTMP CDN  340 . However, if all CDN servers of the RTMP CDN  340  are at their maximum capacity (e.g., as reflected in server statistics stored in the database), the web server(s)  700  provide an address to the viewer client device to connect to the HLS server architecture  360 . 
     VII. HTTP Live Streaming (HLS) Server Architecture 
       FIG. 8  is a block diagram showing additional details of the HLS server architecture  380  of the servers and memory storage devices  1000  shown in  FIGS. 2, 3 and 6 , according to some inventive implementations.  FIGS. 9A through 9D  show a process flow illustrating an HLS stream viewing process  902 A,  902 B,  902 C and  902 D performed by the HLS server architecture  380  shown in  FIG. 8 , according to one inventive implementation. As some of the discussion of the HLS server architecture  380  relates to processing of a live stream at a media server, reference is made again to the media server process discussed above in connection with  FIGS. 5A, 5B, and 5C . 
     HTTP Live Streaming (HLS) is a conventional HTTP-based media streaming communications protocol, in which a live media stream (e.g., video and accompanying audio) is divided up or “segmented” by an HLS media server into a sequence of small files that may be downloaded to a viewer client device via HTTP communications with the HLS media server, wherein each downloaded file represents one short segment or “chunk” of a copy of the live stream. As respective chunks of the copy of the live stream are downloaded and played by the viewer client device, the client device may select from multiple different alternate streams containing the same video/audio material transcoded by the media server at a variety of data rates (e.g., at different resolutions), allowing the HLS streaming session to adapt to the available data bit rate/bandwidth of the client device&#39;s connection to the HLS server. HLS connections are, by definition, not persistent connections between the HLS media server and the viewer client device, since requests for and delivery of HLS content uses only standard HTTP transactions. This also allows HLS content to be delivered to multiple viewer client devices over widely available HTTP-based content delivery networks (CDNs). 
     With reference again to the media server process in  FIGS. 5A, 5B, and 5C , as a broadcaster&#39;s live stream is received by a media server it is cached for some amount of time (e.g., 10 to 30 seconds). The broadcaster&#39;s live stream typically includes a succession of frames at some frame rate (e.g., 30 frames/sec), and the succession of frames includes multiple “keyframes” associated with video encoding/compression. Such keyframes include the “full” content of an instant of the video, and these keyframes reset the basis of calculation (compression/estimation) for ensuing video information; in conventional video encoding/compression techniques, compressed frames between keyframes essentially include only information representing what has changed in the content between respective frames, and not the entire visual content for corresponding instants of the video. Increasing the frequency of keyframes in the stream of video frames reduces any errors that may be introduced in the compression process, as such errors would have a shorter lifespan (there would be fewer numbers of compressed frames between keyframes). 
     As indicated in  FIG. 5B , an incoming live stream from a broadcaster and received by a media server (e.g., incoming H.264 from an RTMP broadcaster client, or VP8 from a WebRTC broadcaster client that has been transcoded to H.264) is transcoded (e.g., by the media server) to provide different resolution copies of the live stream at corresponding different bitrates (e.g., to facilitate adaptive bitrate streaming, as noted above). For example, the broadcaster&#39;s live stream may be transcoded to provide 720p, 360p and 240p different resolution copies of the live stream. As part of the transcoding process, the media server may be configured such that the keyframe interval for each transcoded copy is a predetermined value, and the keyframe interval for the transcoded copies may be the same as or different than a keyframe interval associated with the broadcaster&#39;s incoming live stream. Conventional examples of keyframe intervals that may be configured at a media server for transcoded copies of the live stream range from about 60 frames to 300 frames of video, and in some instances as high as 600 frames (at an exemplary frame rate of 30 frames/second, the associated time durations for such keyframe intervals range from two seconds for a keyframe interval of 60 frames to 10 seconds for a keyframe interval of 300 frames, and in some instances as high as 20 seconds for a keyframe interval of 600 frames). 
     As discussed above in connection with  FIG. 5C , to implement HLS each of these different resolution copies is divided into small segments of video based in part on the keyframe interval of the copies. More specifically, the media server may be configured to set a target segment length (duration) of each segment into which the transcoded copy of the live stream is divided. An example of a conventional target segment duration for HLS is 10 seconds; however, as discussed below, in some implementations the media server is particular configured to have a significantly lower target segment duration to facilitate the functionality of the HLS server architecture  380  in processing copies of segmented live streams. 
     With reference again to  FIG. 5C , the media server ultimately divides each copy of the live stream into respective video segments having a duration that is as close as possible to the target segment duration, with the proviso that a segment must start on and include a keyframe but may include one or more keyframes (i.e., the segment duration in practice is based on the target duration configured in the media server, some multiple of keyframes, and the frame rate of the transcoded copy). For purposes of illustration, and taking a conventional target segment duration of 10 seconds, a frame rate of 30 frames/second, and a keyframe interval of from 60 to 300 frames, each conventional 10 second HLS segment may have 1 keyframe (given a keyframe interval of 300 frames) or up to 5 keyframes (given a keyframe interval of 60 frames). 
     For each transcoded different resolution copy of the broadcaster&#39;s live stream, the HLS segments of the copy are stored as small files (referred to in HLS as .ts files). Thus, in an example in which there are 720p, 360p and 240p transcoded copies of the live stream, there are three sets of .ts files being generated and stored in memory at the media server as each of the copies are segmented by the media server. For each set of .ts files corresponding to a different resolution copy of the live stream, a “chunklist” is created and maintained by the media server that includes a list of pointers (e.g., relative URLs) to corresponding .ts files stored in memory; accordingly, in the example of three different resolution copies, there would be three different corresponding chunklists. 
     The number of pointers in a given chunklist may be referred to as the “HLS window” or “HLS buffer length,” and this HLS window/buffer length may be set as a configuration parameter for the media server. One conventional example of an HLS window/buffer length is 10 pointers to corresponding .ts files. The number of pointers in the chunklist multiplied by the duration of the HLS segment represented by each .ts file is referred to as the “HLS latency,” because a viewing client that requests an HLS copy (i.e., succession of .ts files) typically does not start downloading a first .ts file representing a video segment until the chunklist is completely populated with the set number of pointers to corresponding .ts files (the HLS window/buffer length). Given the example above of a conventional target segment duration of 10 seconds, this results in a conventional HLS latency on the order of 100 seconds. This HLS latency also may be viewed as a “buffer time” that provides for stability of the HLS stream in the event of communications issues or interruptions in network connectivity; the latency arising from the segment duration and HLS window/buffer length provides for the overall download and playback time of the .ts file segments before another chunklist is downloaded by a viewer client device, thereby mitigating potential connectivity issues that may occur between the client device and a CDN server during this buffer time (presuming that, under normal circumstances, it is quicker for the client to download a .ts file segment than it is for the client to play the segment). As new .ts files get created in the segmenting process for a given resolution copy of the live stream, the media server puts a new pointer to the newest .ts file into the corresponding chunklist and, once the chunklist is filled the first time with the set number of pointers corresponding to the buffer length, the oldest pointer gets “bumped out” of the chunklist when a new segment/pointer is generated, in a first-in-first-out (FIFO) manner. 
     Below is an example of a chunklist that includes six pointers to corresponding .ts files representing HLS video segments: 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                 ==&gt; curl -v https://we109.media.castr.live/t1/ngrp:397965_all/chunklist_w1844413579_b2096000.m3u8 
               
               
                 * Trying 198.204.252.202... 
               
               
                 * TCP_NODELAY set 
               
               
                 * Connected to we109.media.castr.live (198.204.252.202) port 443 (#0) 
               
               
                 * TLS 1.2 connection using TLS_ECDHE_RSA_WITH_AES_128_GCM_SHA256 
               
               
                 * Server certificate: *.media.castr.live 
               
               
                 * Server certificate: Go Daddy Secure Certificate Authority - G2 
               
               
                 * Server certificate: Go Daddy Root Certificate Authority - G2 
               
               
                 &gt; Get/t1/ngrp:397965_all/chunklist_w1844413579_b2096000.m3u8 HTTP/1.1 
               
               
                 &gt; Host: we109.media.castr.live 
               
               
                 &gt; User-Agent: curl/7.51.0 
               
               
                 &gt; Accept: */* 
               
               
                 &gt; 
               
               
                 &lt; HTTP/1.1 200 OK 
               
               
                 &lt; Accept-Ranges: bytes 
               
               
                 &lt; Server: WowzaStreaming Engine/4.7.0.01 
               
               
                 &lt; Cache-Control: no-cache 
               
               
                 &lt; Access-Control-Allow-Origin: * 
               
               
                 &lt; Access-Control-allow-Credentials: true 
               
               
                 &lt; Access-Control-Allow-Methods: OPTIONS, GET, POST HEAD 
               
               
                 &lt; Access-Control-Allow-Headers: Content-Type, User-Agent, If-Modified-Since, Cache-Control, Range 
               
               
                 &lt; Date: Thu, 08 Jun 207 21:10:47 GMT 
               
               
                 &lt; Content-Type: application/vnd.apple.mpegurl 
               
               
                 &lt; Content-Length: 368 
               
               
                 &lt; 
               
               
                 #EXTM3U 
               
               
                 #EXT-X-VERSION:3 
               
               
                 #EXT-X-TARGETDURATION: 4 
               
               
                 #EXT-X-MEDIA-SEQUENCE:349 
               
               
                 #EXTINF:2.352, 
               
               
                 media_w1844413579_b2096000_349.ts 
               
               
                 #EXTINF:2.04, 
               
               
                 media_w1844413579_b2096000_350.ts 
               
               
                 #EXTINF:2.002, 
               
               
                 mediaw_1844413579_b2096000_351.ts 
               
               
                 #EXTINF:2.001, 
               
               
                 media_w1844413579_b2096000_352.ts 
               
               
                 #EXTINF:2.001, 
               
               
                 media_w1844413579_b2096000_353.ts 
               
               
                 #EXTINF:2.001, 
               
               
                 media_w1844413579_b2096000_354.ts 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     In addition to a chunklist for every different resolution copy of the broadcaster&#39;s live stream, the media server also creates an HLS “playlist” file (e.g., having a file extension .m3u8) corresponding to the broadcaster&#39;s live stream. The HLS playlist includes a list of the transcoded different resolution copies of the live stream, and for each item in the list the playlist also includes a corresponding bandwidth/bitrate, one or more codecs for encoding the copy of the stream, and a pointer (e.g., relative address or URL) to the corresponding chunklist:
         720p copy—bitrate—codec(s)—relative URL1 for chunklist1   360p copy—bitrate—codec(s)—relative URL2 for chunklist2   240p copy—bitrate—codec(s)—relative URL3 for chunklist3       

     An example of an HLS playlist file is provided below: 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                 ==&gt; curl -v https://we109.media.castr.live/t1/ngrp:397965_all/playlist.m3u8 
               
               
                 * Trying 198.204.252.202... 
               
               
                 * TCP_NODELAY set 
               
               
                 * Connected to we109.media.castr.live (198.204.252.202) port 443 (#0) 
               
               
                 * TLS 1.2 connection using TLS_ECDHE_RSA_WITH_AES_128_GCM_SHA256 
               
               
                 * Server certificate : *.media.castr.live 
               
               
                 * Server certificate: Go Daddy Secure Certificate Authority - G2 
               
               
                 * Server certificate: Go Daddy Root Certificate Authority - G2 
               
               
                 &gt; Get/t1/ngrp:397965_all/playlist.m3u8 HTTP/1.1 
               
               
                 &gt; Host: we109.media.castr.live 
               
               
                 &gt; User-Agent: curl/7.51.0 
               
               
                 &gt; Accept: */* 
               
               
                 &gt; 
               
               
                 &lt; HTTP/1.1 200 OK 
               
               
                 &lt; Accept-Ranges: bytes 
               
               
                 &lt; Access-Control-Expose-Headers: Date, Server, Content-Type, Content-Length 
               
               
                 &lt; Server: WowzaStreaming Engine/4.7.0.01 
               
               
                 &lt; Cache-Control: no-cache 
               
               
                 &lt; Access-Control-Allow-Origin: * 
               
               
                 &lt; Access-Control-allow-Credentials: true 
               
               
                 &lt; Access-Control-Allow-Methods: OPTIONS, GET, POST, HEAD 
               
               
                 &lt; Access-Control-Allow-Headers: Content-Type, User-Agent, If-Modified-Since, Cache-Control, Range 
               
               
                 &lt; Date: Thu, 08 Jun 207 21:07:51 GMT 
               
               
                 &lt; Content-Type: application/vnd.apple.mpegurl 
               
               
                 &lt; Content-Length: 368 
               
               
                 &lt; 
               
               
                 #EXTM3U 
               
               
                 #EXT-X-VERSION:3 
               
               
                 #EXT-X-STREAM-INF:BANDWIDTH=2296000,CODECS=“avc1.77.41,mp4a.40.2”,RESOLUTION=1280x720 
               
               
                 chunklist_w1844413579_b2096000.m3u8 
               
               
                 #EXT-X-STREAM-INF:BANDWIDTH=1031000,CODECS=“avc1.77.31,mp4a.40.2”,RESOLUTION=640x360 
               
               
                 chunklist_w1844413579_b946000.m3u8 
               
               
                 #EXT-X-STREAM-INF:BANDWIDTH=449000,CODECS=“avc1.66.30,mp4a.40.2”,RESOLUTION=426x240 
               
               
                 chunklist_w1844413579_b414000.m3u8 
               
               
                 * Curl_http_done: called premature == 0 
               
               
                 * Connection #0 to host we 109.media.castr.live left intact 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Thus, the HLS “file suite” corresponding to a broadcaster&#39;s live stream includes:
         A playlist of different resolution copies with corresponding pointers to chunklists   The chunklists, each containing a set of pointers to corresponding .ts files   The .ts files pointed to in the chunklist for each different resolution copy       

     To play an HLS copy of a live stream, the viewer client device first requests a copy of the corresponding HLS playlist file from the media server. Based on the available bandwidth between the viewer client device and the media server at any given time, once the playlist is received the viewer client device selects the most appropriate resolution copy from the playlist having a bit rate that may be accommodated by the available bandwidth; this provides for adaptive bit rate streaming in that, from time to time, the viewer client device may select a different resolution/different bitrate copy of the live stream from the list of copies in the HLS playlist based on changes in the available bandwidth (e.g., quality of connection) between the viewer client device and the media server. Once the desired copy is selected from the playlist based on available bandwidth, the viewer client device then requests from the media server the current chunklist associated with the selected copy of the live stream, based on the corresponding pointer to the chunklist that is present in the playlist. As noted above, the chunklist for each copy of the live stream is continuously updated by the media server (FIFO) as new .ts files are created by the media server. Once the viewer client device retrieves the chunklist, it can then in turn begin retrieving the respective .ts files pointed to in the chunklist (e.g., via corresponding relative URLs) and playing the video segments represented in the .ts files. The viewer client device repeatedly requests the appropriate chunklist from the media server (e.g., after every video segment is played) to retrieve a current version of the chunklist. In the foregoing manner, as noted earlier, data/files are transmitted from the media server to the viewer client device upon request pursuant to HTTP, as opposed to streaming data continuously between the media server and the viewer client device via a persistent data connection. 
     Conventionally, for every request from a viewer that a media server receives for an HLS copy of a live stream, the media server creates a new HLS file suite for the requester, including an HLS playlist, associated chunklists, and sets of .ts files. Typically, such requests for an HLS copy of a live stream would arrive at the media server from respective (e.g., geographically distributed) servers of a CDN that are in turn communicating with respective (e.g., geographically distributed) viewer client devices. As HLS viewer demand increases for copies of a particular broadcaster&#39;s live stream, the load (e.g., CPU demand) on the media server increases based on the media server&#39;s process for generating a new HLS file suite for each new HLS requester. 
     Moreover, given that different viewer client devices may be requesting (via corresponding different CDN servers) an HLS copy of the live stream at different points in time, the Inventors have recognized and appreciated that significant synchronization issues arise amongst respective viewers based at least in part on the media server&#39;s process for generating a new HLS file suite for each new request. More specifically, because the media server creates different HLS file suites at different times for different requesters, a first requester viewing a first copy of the live stream likely sees the video content some time earlier than or later than a second requester viewing a second copy of the live stream, because at any given time the respective requesters may be downloading and playing different video segments from their respective chunklists. For conventional HLS applications, this lack of synchronization amongst respective viewers typically would not pose any problems in viewer experience. 
     However, the Inventors have recognized and appreciated that in the example context of multiple viewers viewing respective copies of a broadcaster&#39;s live stream of video-based commentary regarding a live event, and also receiving and displaying event information as real-time updates about the event, this lack of synchronization amongst respective HLS viewers may significantly and adversely impact viewer experience. For example, particularly in the context of a “second screen experience,” two different HLS viewers watching the same event on a first screen and watching the same broadcaster&#39;s live video-based commentary on a second screen may see the broadcaster&#39;s video-based commentary significantly out of synchronization with the live event on the first screen, and may receive and display event information (e.g., event score updates) on the second screen that are noticeably out of synchronization with the live event and/or the broadcaster&#39;s video-based commentary. Furthermore, if both of the viewers happen to be watching the same event together at the event venue on the same first screen (e.g., together in the same room at a gathering or party), they may find that their respective copies of the broadcaster&#39;s video-based commentary are noticeably out of synchronization on their respective viewer client devices. 
     In view of the foregoing technical problems relating to HLS viewer synchronization and media server loading, the Inventors have implemented an inventive technical solution via an HLS server architecture  380  that provides caching and amplifying functionality to address the above-noted technical problems. An example of such an HLS server architecture is shown in  FIG. 8  and discussed in detail below, and  FIGS. 9A through 9D  illustrate flow diagrams that outline the process by which a given viewer client device requests and receives an HLS copy of a broadcaster&#39;s live stream via the HLS server architecture shown in  FIG. 8 . 
     In considering the various HLS multiple-viewer synchronization issues that are addressed by the HLS server architecture shown in  FIG. 8  and the processes outlined in  FIGS. 9A through 9D , the Inventors also have considered and addressed the overall latency implications of conventional HLS stream delivery in light of the inventive HLS server architecture disclosed herein. To this end, the Inventors have considered unconventional settings (e.g., at the media server) for various parameters relating to HLS streams such as keyframe interval, target segment duration, and HLS window/buffer length for chunklists. Recall in the discussion above that conventional examples of these parameters respectively include a keyframe interval of from 60 to 300 frames, a target segment duration of 10 seconds, and an HLS window/buffer length of 10 .ts files or “chunks,” giving rise to a conventional HLS latency on the order of 100 seconds. Such a latency is practically untenable in the example context of multiple viewers viewing the live event itself in person or on a first screen, viewing respective HLS copies of a broadcaster&#39;s live stream of video-based commentary regarding the live event as a second screen experience (which would be 100 seconds out of synchronization with the live event/first screen), and also receiving and displaying on the second screen event information as real-time updates about the event (which would be 100 seconds out of synchronization with the video-based commentary on the second screen). 
     The Inventors have recognized and appreciated that the above-mentioned parameters may be specifically selected (e.g., via configuration of the media server) to significantly reduce latency while sufficiently maintaining stability of HLS content delivery. To this end, in one example inventive implementation, the keyframe interval for transcoded copies of the live stream may be set to 30 frames (i.e., significantly fewer than 60 to 300 frames), the target video segment duration may be set to two seconds (i.e., significantly lower than 10 seconds, and such that the succession of HLS segments respectively have two keyframes each at a frame rate of 30 frames/second), and the HLS window/buffer length may be set to from four to six segments in a chunklist (as opposed to 10 chunks in a chunklist as suggested conventionally). These parameters result in a significantly reduced HLS latency of approximately 8 to 12 seconds, as compared to a conventional HLS latency on the order of 100 seconds 
     As shown in  FIG. 8 , in one implementation an HLS caching and amplifying server architecture  380  includes a “mother” server  382  and may also include one or more “child” servers  384 A through  384 D, disposed between a media server and an HLS CDN server pool  388 , in which the HLS mother server acts as a single “virtual viewer” from a given media server&#39;s perspective. While  FIG. 8  shows multiple child servers, it should be appreciated that in various inventive implementations the HLS server architecture need not have any child servers, or may only have one child server; however, the inclusion of one or more child servers in the inventive HLS server architecture facilitates enhanced scaling and reduced loading (e.g., CPU usage/bandwidth) on the mother server. 
     In example implementations, the HLS mother server, as well as one or more child servers, may be implemented as a customized NGINX-based caching server. Based on a single copy of an HLS file suite  375 A (e.g., single playlist, associated chunklist(s), and associated .ts file segments) for a given broadcaster&#39;s live stream as provided by a media server  320 / 360  and received by the mother server  382  of the HLS server architecture, the mother server caches and passes on copies  375 B of the elements of the file suite (as requested) to one or more child servers, which in turn cache and pass on copies  375 C of the elements of the file suite to one or more geographically-distributed servers of a conventional (e.g., global) CDN (serving as an HLS CDN in tandem with the mother-child server architecture). In this manner, the mother and child servers of the HLS architecture act as caching and amplifying servers, so that identical HLS streams may be served from the HLS CDN server pool to multiple viewers of a given broadcast in a significantly narrower synchronization window than conventionally possible. In particular, in one example implementation, all HLS viewers receiving a copy of a broadcaster&#39;s live stream via the HLS server architecture shown in  FIG. 8  are at most less than one HLS file segment duration out of synchronization with each other (referred to herein as “viewer segment concurrency”). 
     As noted above, in conventional HLS, a viewer client device does not maintain a persistent connection with an HLS media server; similarly, by default, HLS media servers do not allow caching of HLS files (e.g., playlists, chunklists and .ts files). In particular, as illustrated above in the examples of a conventional HLS chunklist and a playlist, these files respectively include an explicit instruction that prevents caching (i.e., “Cache-control: no-cache”). For different types of files, cache-control conventionally may be set for some time period that allows a file to be temporarily stored (i.e., cached) by a requesting server, after which a fresh copy of the file needs to be requested from its origin server by the requesting server; as noted above, however, caching is conventionally prohibited for HLS files by an explicit instruction in the files. 
     Unlike conventional HLS, in inventive implementations of the HLS server architecture shown in  FIG. 8 , when a first requester requests a copy of a given broadcaster&#39;s live stream the HLS mother server establishes and maintains a persistent connection to the media server (e.g., the RTMP or WebRTC media server receiving the broadcaster&#39;s incoming live stream). In this manner, as long as the broadcaster is generating the live stream, at least one requester is requesting a copy of the live stream, and no matter how many requests may be made by globally-distributed CDN servers for copies of the live stream on behalf of requesting viewer client devices, the media server only sees the load of one requester (i.e., the HLS mother server). In this capacity, the HLS media server does not have to make copies of the HLS file suite to provide for additional requesters of the broadcaster&#39;s live stream as would be required in conventional HLS; instead, the HLS mother server requests and receives a single copy of the playlist file from the media server. As discussed further below in connection with  FIGS. 9A through 9D , the HLS mother server requests the single copy of the playlist file from the media server in response to a request for the playlist file made by one of the HLS child servers to the mother server. The HLS child server makes such a request to the mother server in response to a request for the playlist file made by a CDN server to the child server on behalf of a requesting viewer client device. In a manner similar to that noted above, an HLS child also may open up and maintain a persistent connection with the HLS mother. 
     In an example implementation, when the HLS mother server requests and receives the HLS playlist file from the media server, the HLS mother server re-writes the caching rule in the received playlist file to allow the playlist to be cached for some period of time for which a broadcaster may be expected to provide the live stream (e.g., some number of hours up to 24 hours or 86,400 seconds); in particular, the HLS mother server strips the “Cache-control: no-cache” setting from the received playlist file and replaces it with a new cache-control command having some duration of caching time. The HLS mother server then caches the revised playlist file (for the duration of the new caching time) and typically the playlist file need not be requested again from the media server. A copy of this revised playlist file with a re-written caching rule in turn is provided upon request to one or more of the HLS child servers, which in turn cached the revised playlist file and pass additional copies of the revised playlist file to one or more CDN servers so that the playlist file is ultimately provided to one or more requesting viewer client devices. Based on the re-written caching rule, each of the involved servers may store a copy of the revised playlist file for the duration of the broadcaster&#39;s live stream and need not request it again; and again, as noted above, the media server only “sees” one requesting viewer and provides one playlist, no matter how many actual viewers may be requesting a copy of the broadcaster&#39;s live stream. 
     More specifically, as shown in  FIG. 9A , when a given viewing client device wishes to receive a copy of a broadcaster&#39;s live stream, the client device first queries a CDN server for a copy of the HLS playlist file corresponding to the broadcaster&#39;s live stream. If the CDN server has a copy of the playlist (e.g., based on a previous request from another viewer client device), the CDN server returns the playlist to the currently requesting client device. If however the CDN server does not have a copy of the revised playlist, the CDN server connects to a CDN load balancer  386  and in turn requests a copy of the revised playlist from one of the HLS child servers as determined by the load balancer. 
     If the HLS child server has a copy of the revised playlist (e.g., based on a previous request from a CDN server), the HLS child server returns the revised playlist to the currently requesting CDN server (which in turn passes the playlist on to the requesting viewer client device). If however the HLS child server does not have a copy of the revised playlist, the HLS child server requests a copy of the revised playlist from the HLS mother server. 
     If the HLS mother has a copy of the revised playlist (e.g., based on a previous request from one of the HLS child servers), the HLS mother server returns the revised playlist to the currently requesting HLS child server. If however the HLS mother server does not have a copy of the playlist (e.g., because this is the first request for a copy of the broadcaster&#39;s live stream), the HLS mother server establishes a persistent connection with the appropriate media server (e.g., based on the relative URL for the HLS copy of the stream at a given media server), requests a copy of the playlist, and re-writes the caching rule for the playlist as discussed above. The HLS mother then caches the revised playlist, returns the revised playlist to the currently requesting HLS child server. The child server in turn caches the revised playlist and passes the revised playlist on to the requesting CDN server, which in turn also caches the revised playlist and passes the revised playlist on to the requesting viewer client device. 
     As shown in  FIGS. 9A through 9D , once the viewer client device has the playlist, it selects from the playlist the appropriate resolution copy of the live stream based on the associated bitrate of the copy and the available bandwidth between the viewer client device and the CDN server. Based on the selected copy of the live stream, the viewer client device then requests from the CDN server the corresponding chunklist. In a manner similar to the request for the HLS playlist, each of the CDN server, an HLS child server, and the HLS mother server may be queried in turn for a copy of the corresponding chunklist. 
     However, an important distinction between the playlist and a requested chunklist relates to the “freshness” of the chunklist and the re-writing of the chunklist&#39;s caching rule by the HLS mother server. In particular, whenever the HLS mother server requests a given chunklist from the media server, the mother server re-writes the caching rule in the received chunklist file to allow the chunklist to be cached for some period of time, for example, the segment duration corresponding to a single .ts file (e.g., two seconds). In particular, the HLS mother server strips the “Cache-control: no-cache” setting from the chunklist file and replaces it with a new cache-control command having some duration of caching time (e.g., corresponding to a segment duration). In one aspect, a caching time corresponding to a segment duration is contemplated given that the chunklist does not change during this duration (and thus, any requests for the chunklist during this duration are generally unnecessary). The HLS mother server then caches the revised chunklist file (for the duration of the new caching time) and a copy of this revised chunklist file with a re-written caching rule in turn is provided upon request to one of the HLS child servers, which in turn also caches the revised chunklist and passes a copy of the revised chunklist file to a CDN server so that the chunklist file is ultimately provided to the requesting viewer client devices. Based on the re-written caching rule, each of the involved servers may cache a copy of the updated chunklist file for up to but no more than the specified caching time, which ensures that each copy of the chunklist stored on a given server is “fresh” (e.g., within one segment duration) for downloading to the requesting viewer client device, while also mitigating unnecessary resources spent on attending to requests for chunklists during a time period in which there are no changes to the chunklist. In an alternate implementation, a given child server may again re-write the caching rule for a chunklist file to prevent caching of the chunklist by a requesting CDN server (and thereby cause the CDN server to request the chunklist from the child server every time the chunklist is requested from the CDN server by a viewer client device, even if respective requests come from one or more viewer client devices within a segment duration). 
     Referring again to  FIGS. 9A through 9D , and considering a non-limiting example implementation in which the segment duration corresponding to a .ts file is two seconds and the CDN servers maintain the same revised caching rules as the HLS mother and child servers,  FIGS. 9A through 9D  illustrates that when a requesting viewer client device does not have a chunklist, it requests the chunklist from a CDN server. If the CDN server does not have the chunklist, or if the chunklist cached on the CDN server is more than two seconds old (i.e., exceeds the cache time), the CDN server requests the chunklist from an HLS child server; otherwise, the CDN server returns a “fresh copy” of the chunklist to the requesting client. A similar process is repeated for the HLS child server and the HLS mother server, i.e., if the HLS child server does not have the chunklist, or if the chunklist cached on the child server is more than two second old, the child server requests the chunklist from the mother server; otherwise the child server returns a fresh copy of the chunklist to the requesting CDN server. If the HLS mother server does not have the chunklist, or if the chunklist cached on the mother server is more than two seconds old, the mother server requests the chunklist from the media server, re-writes the caching rule in the chunklist file, caches the revised chunklist file, and returns a fresh copy of the chunklist to the requesting child server (which in turn passes the fresh copy of the chunklist to the requesting CDN server and the requesting client device). 
     Once the requesting viewer client device has a fresh copy of the chunklist, the viewer client device begins requesting the respective .ts files or “chunks” pointed to in the chunklist. In some respects, as shown in  FIGS. 9A through 9D , this process is similar to the processes outlined above for requesting the playlist and requesting one of the chunklists pointed to in the playlist. For example, the requesting viewer client device requests a chunk from a CDN server and, if the CDN server has the requested chunk (e.g., because another requesting viewer previously requested the same chunk from the same CDN server and the CDN server already has the chunk cached), the CDN server returns the chunk to the client device for playing the video segment represented in the chunk. If however the CDN server does not have the chunk cached, it requests the chunk from an HLS child server (e.g., via the CDN load balancer). A similar process is repeated for the HLS child server and the HLS mother server. If ultimately the mother server does not have the chunk cached and needs to request the chunk from the media server (e.g., because this is the first viewer request for this chunk), the mother server requests the chunk from the media server, re-writes the caching rule in the chunk file (e.g., to change the caching rule from “no-cache” to some period of time, for example one hour), caches the revised chunk, and returns a copy of the chunk to the requesting child server (which in turn passes the copy of the chunk to the requesting CDN server and the requesting client device). 
     Once the viewer client device has downloaded all chunks pointed to in the chunklist, it plays them in turn, deletes the current copy of the chunklist that the viewer client device has cached, and then again determines the appropriate resolution copy of the live stream to request based on the associated bitrates of the different resolution copies and the available bandwidth between the viewer client device and the CDN server. Typically, it takes less time for a client to download a chunk then to play it; accordingly, if there are network issues, the copy of the stream can keep playing on the viewer client device while it downloads new chunks. For example, if the client successfully downloaded three chunks (six seconds of video) in two seconds of wall clock time, there remains a four second buffer of video at the client device in case the fourth chunk has a delay in retrieval. 
     The foregoing process of requesting and receiving an appropriate fresh chunklist based on available bandwidth, and downloading and playing the chunks pointed to in the chunklist, is repeated for the duration of the broadcaster&#39;s live stream. For example, if the media server stops receiving the broadcaster&#39;s live stream, the media server may provide a message to the HLS mother server (e.g., in response to a request from the mother server for a fresh chunklist) that the live stream has been terminated; alternatively, the media server may provide an empty chunklist to the HLS media server, which essentially would ultimately terminate the iterative requesting process and the connection between the media server and the mother server would time out. 
     In other aspects, the HLS mother server shown in  FIG. 8  monitors the current pool of media servers that may be servicing different broadcasters&#39; live streams (e.g., as indicated in the database of the servers/memory storage devices  1000 ), and self-configures to provide for custom routing (e.g., via relative URLs) between a requesting CDN server and a particular media server to appropriately retrieve a requested HLS copy of a given broadcaster&#39;s live stream (i.e., via the appropriate playlist and associated chunklists and .ts files). For example, custom routing functionality of the mother server may allow the targeting of specific media servers via a single entry URL (e.g., https://hls.media.castr.live/we90/t1/ngrp:123456_all/playlist.m3u8 requests retrieval of the adaptive HLS playlist from server “we90” for stream 123456, which the mother server internally translates to https://we90.media.castr.live/t1/mgrp:123456_all/playlist.m3u8 and thereby requests the playlist from the appropriate server, for which, when received, the mother server re-writes the caching rule, caches the revised playlist, and passes on the revised playlist to a requesting child server). 
     As noted earlier, in some implementations the HLS CDN shown in  FIG. 8  that makes requests to one or more HLS child servers may be provided as the Amazon Cloudfront CDN. In any event, the geographically-distributed servers of the CDN cache to the various elements of the HLS file suite and can serve these from a variety of geographic locations to provide a virtually infinite number of HLS viewers using only a relatively small HLS CDN pool; and, irrespective of the number of CDN servers requesting content on behalf of respective viewers, the CDN serves the content quickly, and the media server sees only a single virtual viewer as the HLS mother server. In one aspect, the different “layers” of servers in the HLS server architecture introduce some degree of latency between a given broadcaster&#39;s live stream and the viewer client devices; however, as noted above, all viewer client devices have “viewer segment concurrency,” and the overall average latency for all viewers is nonetheless significantly reduced (e.g., as compared to conventional HLS). For example, given an example chunk segment duration of two seconds, and an example HLS window/buffer length of four segments, there may be up to eight seconds of latency introduced by the HLS segmenting process and another approximately two seconds of latency introduced by the transfer of files through the HLS server architecture. 
     It should be appreciated that the various concepts discussed herein relating to the HLS server architecture are similarly applicable to other segmented live video streaming protocols (e.g., MSS, HDS, MPEG-DASH) for which inventive server architectures are contemplated by the present disclosure. 
     VIII. Control Server and Associated Services/Processes 
       FIG. 10  illustrates some of the functionality (e.g., services and other processes) performed by the control server  500  shown in  FIGS. 2 and 3 , according to one inventive implementation. As noted above, the control server  500  is coupled to the memory system  400 , one or more event information providers  55 , one or more news feeds (RSS)  65  or other news sources, and the socket server(s)  600 . In one aspect, the control server  500  periodically retrieves various event information from the event information provider  55  and/or news from the news feeds  65  that is germane to respective broadcasters&#39; video-based commentary. In another aspect, the control system  500  may store at least some portion of retrieved event information and/or news in the memory system  400 . More generally, the control server  500  implements a number of services/processes that govern functionality of other servers and devices in the servers/memory storage devices  1000 ; examples of such control system services/processes include, but are not limited to: an RTMP media server scaling process to add or remove servers from the one or more RTMP media servers  320  of the media sources  300  (see  FIG. 11 ); an RTMP CDN server scaling process to add or remove servers from the RTMP CDN  340  of the media sources  300  (see  FIG. 12 ); a live stream and media server watchdog process (see  FIGS. 13-14 ); an event data ingress process (see  FIG. 15 ); a live event data monitor process (see  FIG. 16 ); an asynchronous task processor (see  FIG. 17 ); and a live stream thumbnail/screenshot acquisition process (see  FIG. 18 ). 
     1) Server Auto-Scaling Systems and Watchdogs 
       FIGS. 11A through 11C  show a process flow diagram illustrating an RTMP media server scaling system service method  1102 A,  1102 B and  1102 C performed by the control server of  FIG. 10 , according to one inventive implementation. In the method shown in these figures, the control servers automatically scale the number of RTMP media servers  320  of the media sources that are available for broadcasters based in part on the capacity demand for the servers (e.g., number of broadcasters providing live streams). The control server monitors various media server statistics that are maintained in the database  420  (e.g., number of active servers in the RTMP media server pool; servers marked for shutdown; individual server information such as server status active/shutdown, numbers of active connections to live streams, current capacity, date/time of when server first came online for availability, etc.) and brings servers in and out of the RTMP media server pool based at least in part on the server statistics. In various aspects, the control server maintains a minimum number of servers (e.g., at least two, or a minimum capacity corresponding to approximately double the cumulative traffic at a particular time) in the RTMP media server pool to allow for spikes in stream creation, and also provides for various buffering times to allow new servers to come online.  FIGS. 12A through 12C  show a process flow diagram illustrating an RTMP CDN server scaling system service method  1202 A,  1202 B, and  1202 C performed by the control server of  FIG. 10 , according to one inventive implementation, that is similar in many respects to the method  1102 A,  1102 B and  1102 C performed for the media server scaling service. 
       FIGS. 13A and 13B  show a process flow diagram illustrating a stream and server watchdog service method  1302 A,  1302 B performed by the control server of  FIG. 10 , according to one inventive implementation. The stream watchdog performed by the control server essentially ensures that new streams created by broadcasters are valid and deletes streams that were created but not started, or that have been inactive for some period of time (e.g., 30 seconds). When streams are ended, the method generates final viewer statistics (e.g., stream duration, average number of viewers, maximum number of viewers, number of simultaneous viewers, viewers added, viewers left, etc.), broadcasts a “stream ended” system event message to the chat/system event socket(s) of the socket server(s) dedicated to the broadcaster&#39;s live stream, ends the recording of the live stream by the media server, and queues the recording to the video uploader queue of the media server process. The server watchdog portion of the method  1302 A,  1302 B monitors the RTMP media servers and the servers of the RTMP CDN and invokes the check RTMP Media/CDN server method  1402 A,  1402 B shown in  FIGS. 14A and 14B . As part of the server watchdog process, for new servers the control server determines a capacity of the server (e.g., based on server type), and updates the database  420  with the capacity of respective servers, server class, launch time, status update (e.g., active and available for connections) and determines a total user/streamer capacity based on newly added servers. For servers that are already online, the server watchdog ensures that servers remain active for certain intervals (e.g., 30 second intervals), automatically removes inactive servers from the pool, and reports active server status back to the database. If servers are marked for shutdown, the server watchdog archives server statistics, removes the server from the active server list stored in the database, and determines an updated total user/streamer capacity based on the removal of the server from the active list. 
     2) Event Information Ingress and Live Event Monitoring 
     In some inventive implementations, another significant role of the control server  500  shown in  FIGS. 2, 3 and 10  relates to collecting of event information and/or news (e.g., from external Internet providers), maintaining relevant event information and/or news in the database  420  (e.g., to facilitate selection of broadcasters to follow, and/or particular broadcaster live streams to view), and distributing the collected information to multiple broadcaster and viewer client devices in a relatively low-latency and synchronized manner with respect to broadcasters&#39; video-based commentary. 
     In some implementations, the technical challenge of displaying event information and updates to same in a synchronized and low-latency manner amongst multiple client devices is addressed in part by using a single control server  500  to gather and parse live event information captured in real-time. For example, for sporting events, game information may be obtained by the single control server from a dedicated third-party provider (e.g., STATS LLC). This single point of entry of event information prevents synchronization errors inherent in network communications. Once a change in event status has been detected (e.g., if a play clock updates), the control server provides these changes to the one or more sockets dedicated to the event (to which all viewers and broadcasters of video-based commentary regarding the event are communicatively coupled), resulting in a single synchronized update to all client devices and thereby significantly mitigating client-by-client latency and/or synchronization issues. 
     In some example implementations, the control server  500  implements two service methods relating to event information, namely, an event data ingress service and a live event data monitor service. The event data ingress service is performed with a first periodicity (e.g., once or twice a day) to maintain and update an event list in the database  420 . The live event data monitor service is performed with a second and more frequent periodicity (e.g., once a minute) to check for any events that are in progress and, if found, to retrieve fresh data about an in-progress event from the event information provider (e.g., at an even greater frequency, for example once a second). Similar services may be implemented by the control server  500  to ingest news on particular topics, trending threads, etc. 
       FIG. 15  shows a process flow diagram illustrating an event data ingress service method  1502  performed by the control server of  FIG. 10 , according to one inventive implementation, and  FIGS. 16A and 16B  show a process flow diagram illustrating a live event data monitor service method  1602 A,  1602 B performed by the control server of  FIG. 10 , according to one inventive implementation. In these methods, an event information provider is contemplated as supporting multiple different types of events for furnishing information (various types of sporting events such as basketball, football, baseball, hockey, etc.), and providing information for each instance of an event of a given event type (e.g., information for each of multiple basketball games, each of multiple football games, each of multiple baseball games). 
     For each event, the control server retrieves the raw information provided by the event information provider, and in some instances converts and/or compresses the raw information to provide a standardized format of essential data elements for storing in the database  420  and/or distribution to client devices (e.g., via broadcast of event messages having the standardized format to one or more dedicated sockets of the socket server(s)  600 ). Examples of data elements for event information include, but are not limited to, a type of the event, an identifier for the event (EventID), a status of the event (e.g., pre-game, in-progress, final), score information for the event, team information for the event, a progress indicator or progress details for the event (e.g., quarter, period, inning, half-time; for baseball—balls, strikes, base information; for football—possession, down, yards to go; for basketball—timeouts, fouls), an event date and/or time of the event (e.g., actual or elapsed time information), and event participant data regarding participants in the event. In some examples, the control server further normalizes the event date and/or time to a particular reference frame (e.g., converting from UTC to EST/EDT). 
     In the process  1602 A and  1602 B shown in  FIGS. 16A and 16B , the control server particularly queries the event information provider for a list of all events in a particular window around the current time (e.g., a 48 hour window, for events with start times 24 hours in the past through 24 hours in the future), to allow tracking of in-progress events (or identify any events that had inconsistent or incorrect start times or late modifications to event information). For each in-progress event, an event clock and other event information (e.g., score information, other more detailed information about the event) are updated frequently (e.g., once a second) to provide regular updates of event information messages that are broadcast to one or more dedicated event information sockets of the socket server(s)  600 . 
     3) Asynchronous Task Processing 
       FIGS. 17A and 17B  show a process flow diagram illustrating an asynchronous task service method  1702 A,  1702 B performed by the control server of  FIG. 10 , according to one inventive implementation. The control server periodically reads a task or task bundle from the asynchronous queue to initiate various other actions or processes in connection with the serves and memory storage devices  1000 . A number of different asynchronous system events may be implemented by this process, only some examples of which are illustrated in  FIGS. 17A and 17B . For example, if an entry in the queue relates to a “Stream Started” system event, the asynchronous task processing sends out push notifications (including a StreamID) to followers and subscribers of the stream&#39;s broadcaster. Another system event processed by the asynchronous task process is when there is a new follower of a broadcaster&#39;s stream (“newFollowingStream”), for which the process loads user data and stream data, and attends to various user notifications as appropriate (e.g., email notifications, web push notifications). The asynchronous task processor is also responsible, in some implementations, for taking periodic screenshots/thumbnails of a live stream (as discussed below in connection with  FIGS. 18A and 18B ). 
     With respect to various push notifications handled by the control server  500  and/or the web server(s)  700  (or other servers of the architecture  1000 ), it should be appreciated that specific apps on mobile client devices need not be open for a push notification to be received on the client device. Thus the client device may receive and display social media or text message alerts even when the device&#39;s screen is locked, and/or when the app pushing the notification is closed. For iOS devices, for example, the Apple Push Notification Service API may be employed to enable the client app  5000  to receive various push notifications. 
     With reference again to  FIG. 10 , the async queue monitoring is an application that runs on the control server and that looks at the current size of the asynchronous queue and will notify an administrator. Typically, the queue of tasks to process is small (e.g., at any given second it may be between 0-10 items), and if the queue grows to a larger size (e.g., 1000 items) the async queue monitor indicates to a system administrator that there is a problem in the asynchronous task processing (e.g., additional processing resources are required, or a looping event is getting processed and re-added to the queue instead of being removed). 
     4) Acquiring Screenshots/Thumbnails 
       FIGS. 18A and 18B  show a process flow diagram illustrating a process  1802 A,  1802 B for taking a screenshot (thumbnail) of a live stream, performed by the control server of  FIG. 10 , according to one inventive implementation (in other implementations, the web server(s)  700  of other servers of the architecture  1000  may perform the process of taking thumbnails of live streams pursuant to the general technique outlined in  FIGS. 18A and 18B ). 
     With reference again to  FIG. 5C  and the media server process, the media server process queues to the asynchronous queue a first screenshot for a new live stream, and periodic updates to screenshots (e.g., every five seconds or so) during the duration of the live stream. These screenshot tasks are read by the asynchronous task process  1702 A and  1702 B discussed above in connection with  FIGS. 17A and 17B  and implemented by the process shown in  FIGS. 18A and 18B . 
     In the process  1802 A,  1802 B, in one implementation screenshots are taken based on a broadcaster&#39;s live stream in H.264 (or transcoded to H.284 if the live stream is VP8/WebRTC from a web broadcaster). Screenshots are taken on the next available keyframe after the process is invoked. If the screenshot is not the first one taken, the stream information (e.g., in the database  420 ) is updated with information relating to the newest screenshot, and the screenshot is added to archived screenshots (e.g., in the data storage  440 ). The screenshot is then broadcast to the chat/system event socket of the socket server(s)  600  dedicated to the broadcaster&#39;s live stream. 
     Whenever a screenshot is taken of the broadcaster&#39;s live stream (particularly if it is the first screenshot), it may be resized for social media network requirements, and overlaid with graphics, watermarks, or promotional material. If the broadcaster requested for social share in creating the new stream (see discussion below regarding creation of new broadcaster streams), the process submits a link to the resized screenshot (e.g., an address or URL) to the indicated social network platform (e.g., Facebook, Instagram, Twitter, etc.), in some instances together with a “share graphic.” In any case, the process determines the list of users that follow/subscribe to the broadcaster, and queues a system event message (e.g., “new FollowingStream”) event for each subscriber to broadcast the first screenshot of the new live stream. As above, the stream information (e.g., in the database  420 ) is updated with information relating to the screenshot, and the screenshot is archived (e.g., in the data storage  440 ) and broadcast to the chat/system event socket of the socket server(s)  600  dedicated to the broadcaster&#39;s live stream. 
     With respect to sharing screenshots with social networks if elected by the broadcaster, in another implementation (not shown in  FIGS. 18A and 18B ), all screenshots of the broadcaster&#39;s live stream that are taken as of a given time are processed by a facial recognition algorithm to provide one of multiple options (e.g., the best of three screenshots) for selection by the broadcaster. For example, the process acquires a screenshot at 1, 3 and 5 seconds, and then every 5 seconds thereafter. The facial recognition algorithm detects candidate screenshots on rolling basis based on, for example, the clarity of the image, the quality of the face that is visible, and if the user is smiling. More specifically, every acquired screenshot is analyzed and then the “best three” are selected and presented as options to the broadcaster/viewer during social share. The broadcaster/viewer selects their preferred image, and the social share endpoint that is ultimately provided by the process to the selected social media platform(s) includes a link (e.g., address or URL) to the screenshot selected by the broadcaster. 
     IX. Client-Side Features (e.g., Functionality of the Client App) 
     Having provided various details of the servers and memory storage devices  1000  shown in  FIGS. 2 and 3 , attention now turns to the functionality of the client devices relating to establishing user profiles (e.g., upon login), creating broadcaster stream sessions and providing live streams from broadcaster client devices to a media server, receiving copies of a live stream at a viewer client device (e.g., from a media server, the RTMP CDN, or the HLS server architecture), providing special effects graphics and animations (including animated real-time “scorebugs”) on displays of client devices, and replaying copies of a recorded live stream from a broadcaster. 
     As noted earlier, unlike conventional scorebugs, screen animations, and/or other special effects graphics that are hard-embedded into live streams of a sports broadcast, in various inventive implementations disclosed herein graphics and effects are generated by the client device itself, separate from a given broadcaster&#39;s video-based commentary, and then integrated with (e.g., superimposed or overlaid on) the broadcaster&#39;s video-based commentary when rendered on the display of the client device. For mobile client devices, the client app  5000  executing on the device is particularly configured to render a variety of “studio-quality” graphics while nonetheless maintaining a small file size for the client app (e.g., less than 100 megabytes, and in some instances from approximately 60-70 megabytes); this allows the modestly-sized client app to be readily downloaded to a client device via a cellular network. In other aspects, client-side rendering of screen animations and/or other special effects graphics allows such animations and graphics to be user-interactive and/or user-customizable. 
       FIGS. 19A and 19B  show a process flow diagram illustrating a user login process according to one inventive implementation, which in some examples may be performed by a client device and facilitated by one or more web servers  700  shown in  FIGS. 2 and 3 . As illustrated, a login process may be implemented by phone (via SMS message with code sent to phone, and code validation), of via a social media network platform login process (e.g., Facebook, Twitter, Instagram). For new user accounts, a user may establish a user profile that is stored in the database  420  and that may be referenced by a UserID after creation, and include a user name, profile picture, and a user status or user “type” for the user (e.g., a VIP user or member, a media professional or member of the media). 
     1) Broadcaster Processes 
       FIGS. 20A and 20B  show a process flow diagram illustrating a mobile broadcaster stream create process according to one inventive implementation, which in some examples may be performed by a broadcaster client device (pursuant to execution of the client app  5000 ) and facilitated by one or more web servers ( 700 ) shown in  FIGS. 2 and 3 . While much of the discussion above relates to an example in which a broadcaster wishes to provide a live stream of digital content including video-based commentary about a particular event, in other implementations the broadcaster may desire to create a live stream about a particular topic of interest (e.g., “anything”), or a news story, for example. For each of these options, the broadcaster may enter a title for the live stream, and the client device may request (e.g., from the web server(s)  700 ) a list of events or news items for selection by the broadcaster, as well as a pre-populated list of tags (as noted above, event information and/or news may be ingressed by the control server  500 , and some event information and/or news may already be cached in the data cache  460  or stored in the database  420 ). 
     The broadcaster may also enter tags to be associated with the live stream to facilitate searching and various social media functionality (e.g., to allow other users to search for and find the live stream based on various criteria represented by the tags). The broadcaster may also elect other options in the stream creation process, examples of which include, but are not limited to, sharing an announcement of the stream starting on a social network platform, and enabling sharing of their location to other users (e.g., to facilitate viewing of the broadcaster&#39;s live stream by viewers based on the location of the broadcaster). 
     The broadcaster stream create process then submits a “stream create” request to the web server(s)  700 . If the broadcaster selected a particular event from the list of events about which to broadcast, an EventID associated with the event is included in the stream create request. Other contents of the stream create request includes, but is not limited to, an API key (to authenticate the user), the title of the stream, any tags selected, newsID (if news was selected), the broadcasters social network sharing options, and broadcaster location data (if permitted by the broadcaster). The web server(s)  700  in turn validates the API key, assigns a StreamID to the newly created live stream, runs the broadcast media server selection algorithm (e.g., see  FIGS. 4A and 4B ) to select a media server to which the broadcaster client device connects, and returns to the broadcaster client device the StreamID and the host name (“hostname”) for the selected media server. The web server(s)  700  store in the database  420  a variety of stream information for the new live stream, which may include, but is not limited to, the StreamID, the UserID, the EventID, the DBshard, type of stream (RTMP/WebRTC), create time, hostname, title, tags, social notify options and social media platforms, location share option, location (if selected as an option) and, if the stream is associated with an EventID, an archived copy of event information at the stream create time. 
       FIGS. 21A, 21B, 21C, 21D, and 21E  show a process flow illustrating a mobile broadcaster active stream process  2102 A,  2102 B,  2102 C,  2102 D and  2102 E according to one inventive implementation, which in some examples may be performed at least in part by a broadcaster client device. In particular, the broadcaster client device accesses the media server selected by the web server(s)  700  via a particular URL (e.g., including the hostname in a path of the URL), as discussed below in connection with  FIGS. 21A through 21E . The broadcaster client device then connects to a particular socket of the socket servers dedicated to the broadcaster&#39;s live stream, based in part on the StreamID provided by the web server(s), to establish a chat/system event channel. As noted above, in one aspect connections between client devices and a particular socket of a socket server are persistent authenticated connections, so that the number of users (broadcasters and viewers) connected to a particular socket (e.g., and currently watching a particular live stream and/or particular event) may be tracked. If the broadcaster&#39;s live stream is about an event, the broadcaster&#39;s client device also connects to a particular socket of the socket servers dedicated to the event, based on the EventID, to establish an event information channel. 
     In a “main loop” of the broadcaster client device stream active process (which for mobile clients is executed by the client app  5000 ), an internal frame and time clock is periodically updated, and is used for animations and special effects graphics and synchronizing of some system messages that are received via the chat/system event socket (e.g., a default chat message displayed on the client device at the beginning of each new stream that says “keep it family friendly!”). The client device then checks to see if any further system messages or chat messages are received on the chat/system event channel, and displays chat messages and/or takes other actions in response to system messages such as “member_added” (increase viewing count), “member_removed” (decrease viewing count), “new follower” (add notice to chat). Although only three system messages and corresponding actions are shown in  FIG. 21B , it should be appreciated that additional and/or other types of system messages may be received on the chat/system event channel (e.g., relating to other social networking functionality, and/or digital gifts) and initiate corresponding actions as part of the stream active process. 
     The client device next checks to see if any event messages or data is received on the event information channel (e.g., updates to event status, event score information, event clock, other event information). The client device then captures a camera frame for the live stream and sends the frame to the media server. The client device then checks the internal frame and time clock to see if any updates are needed to animations or special effects graphics (e.g., scorebugs) to be rendered on the display of the client device (“graphics/animation layers”). In some implementations, graphics and animations are updated at a rate of between 15-25 frames/second based on the internal frame and time clock. As noted above, in some implementations for mobile client devices, animated graphics and special effects are hard-coded in the client app as a series of individual frames (still-frame images), and rendered on the display in a “stop-motion” style according to the internal frame and time clock. 
     In the stream active process shown in  FIG. 21C , the process further queries for broadcaster input, examples of which include a request to end the stream, a request to share the stream, a request to view a list of viewers of copies of the live stream, interaction with the graphics/animations (e.g., “bottom third”), and a request to flip the camera. As also noted above, rendering graphics and animation layers on the client-side provides for user-interaction with the displayed graphics and animation layers. While not shown explicitly in  FIG. 21C , as discussed above interactions with graphics/animations (“set animation state to transition to open”) may in some implementations launch a variety of other processes including, but not limited to, launching further graphics or animations, receiving additional information about the live sporting event (e.g., by thumbing-over a scorebug), or navigating to another Internet location to receive additional information relating to a live event. 
     In  FIG. 21D , the stream active process then queries if the stream state is set to close (e.g., in response to a broadcaster&#39;s request to end the stream, discussed immediately above). If not, the process returns to updating the internal frame and time clock. If the stream state is set to close, the client device disconnects from the media server, requests final stream statistics from the chat/system event channel, and displays an end of stream screen on the display of the client device. 
       FIGS. 22A and 22B  show a communication flow diagram illustrating process flow elements and the server and/or memory storage devices involved in the communication flow for the processes shown in  FIGS. 20A and 20B , and  FIGS. 21A-21E , as well as the media server processes shown in  FIGS. 5A, 5B and 5C , according to one inventive implementation. In essence,  FIGS. 22A and 22B  provide another perspective and summarize the various process flows and corresponding devices involved in the creation and provision of a live stream of digital content by a broadcaster to a media server, and the processing of the live stream by the media server. Although  FIGS. 22A and 22B  are directed primarily to the overall process flow for a mobile broadcaster, the functionality and devices shown in these figures applies similarly to web-based broadcasters as well. 
     2) Viewer Processes 
       FIGS. 23A and 23B  show a communication flow diagram illustrating process flow elements and the server and/or memory storage devices involved in the communication flow for a live stream RTMP media server or RTMP CDN viewer, according to one inventive implementation. A viewer who is a registered or anonymous user, but has received a StreamID for a particular broadcaster&#39;s live stream (e.g., via a push notification) to their viewer client device, may send a request to the web server(s)  700  (via the API) to receive a copy of the broadcaster&#39;s live stream. The web server(s) first checks the memory cache  460  for, or requests from the database  420 , various stream information corresponding to the StreamID provided by the requesting viewer. The web server(s) then perform(s) the viewer stream source selection algorithm discussed above in connection with  FIG. 7  to provide an endpoint to the viewer client device for the appropriate media source from which to obtain a copy of the live stream. In the process shown in  FIGS. 23A and 23B , the viewer stream source selection algorithm provides an endpoint (e.g., address or URL) to the viewer client device to establish a video communication channel with either a particular media server of the RTMP media server pool  320 , or a particular server of the RTMP CDN  340 . 
     The viewer client device also connects to the appropriate socket of the socket server(s) dedicated to the live stream to establish a chat/system event channel and thereby receive chat messages and system messages. If the live stream relates to an event, the viewer client device also connects to the appropriate socket of the socket server(s) dedicated to the event to establish an event information channel and thereby receive event messages containing various event information. The viewer using the viewer client device also may send chat messages to the web server API, which the web server directs to the appropriate socket of the socket server(s) dedicated to the live stream for broadcast to other viewers connected to the socket as well as the broadcaster. The web server also updates a replay log with the chat message from the viewer, so that the chat may be recreated if a recording of the broadcaster&#39;s live stream is replayed by a viewer at a later time (discussed further below). 
       FIGS. 24A and 24B  show a communication flow diagram illustrating process flow elements and the server and/or memory storage devices involved in the communication flow for a live stream HLS viewer, according to one inventive implementation. The process shown in these figures is substantially similar to that outlined above in connection with  FIGS. 23A and 23B ; the primary difference is that, as a result of the web server(s) performing the viewer stream source selection algorithm (see  FIG. 7 ), the web server(s) return(s) to the viewer client device an endpoint (e.g., address or URL) to establish a video channel with the HLS server architecture  380  rather than a server of the RTMP media server pool  320  or the RTMP CDN  340 . 
       FIGS. 25A, 25B, and 25C  show a process flow illustrating a mobile client live stream replay method, according to one inventive implementation. For replay of a recording of a broadcaster&#39;s live stream, the servers and memory storage devices  1000  log all events that occur in connection with a live stream (e.g., chat messages and system event messages, as well as event message) and tie them to a timestamp. This allows synchronization of all events to the replay in the same order that the events occurred during the live stream, as if the viewer were not watching a recording of the live stream but actually watching a copy of the live stream in real time. 
     As shown in the figures, the viewer client device couples to the web server(s) via the API to request stream information and, if the stream recording is ready, loads the initial replay data from the API and then loads the media file of the recording. The viewer client device also connects to the chat/system event socket corresponding to the live stream (via a persistent authenticated connection), not to receive chat messages or system event messages (these messages are not present on replay), but rather so that the system knows of the viewer&#39;s presence and connection. Playback of the video is then started, and then the internal clock and the current video time clock are updated to provide for appropriate buffering of the video data. As the recording is played back, event data (e.g., chat messages, system messages, event information messages) is processed in one implementation according to  FIGS. 26A and 26B , and user inputs are processed in one implementation according to  FIG. 27 . 
     CONCLUSION 
     While various inventive implementations have been described and illustrated herein, those of ordinary skill in the art will readily envision a variety of other means and/or structures for performing the function and/or obtaining the results and/or one or more of the advantages described herein, and each of such variations and/or modifications is deemed to be within the scope of the inventive implementations described herein. More generally, those skilled in the art will readily appreciate that all parameters and configurations described herein are meant to be exemplary inventive features and that other equivalents to the specific inventive implementations described herein may be realized. It is, therefore, to be understood that the foregoing implementations are presented by way of example and that, within the scope of the appended claims and equivalents thereto, inventive implementations may be practiced otherwise than as specifically described and claimed. Inventive implementations of the present disclosure are directed to each individual feature, system, article, and/or method described herein. In addition, any combination of two or more such features, systems, articles, and/or methods, if such features, systems, articles, and/or methods are not mutually inconsistent, is included within the inventive scope of the present disclosure. 
     The above-described implementations can be implemented in multiple ways. For example, implementations may be implemented using hardware, software or a combination thereof. When implemented in software, the software code can be executed on any suitable processor or collection of processors, whether provided in a single computer or distributed among multiple computers. Further, it should be appreciated that a computer may be embodied in any of a number of forms, such as a rack-mounted computer, a desktop computer, a laptop computer, or a tablet computer. Additionally, a computer may be embedded in a device not generally regarded as a computer but with suitable processing capabilities, including a Personal Digital Assistant (PDA), a smart phone or any other suitable portable or fixed electronic device. 
     Also, a computer may have one or more input and output devices. These devices can be used, among other things, to present a user interface. Examples of output devices that can be used to provide a user interface include printers or display screens for visual presentation of output and speakers or other sound generating devices for audible presentation of output. Examples of input devices that can be used for a user interface include keyboards, and pointing devices, such as mice, touch pads, and digitizing tablets. As another example, a computer may receive input information through speech recognition or in other audible format. Such computers may be interconnected by one or more networks such as Internet. The various methods or processes outlined herein may be coded as software that is executable on one or more processors that employ any one of a variety of operating systems or platforms. Additionally, such software may be written using any of a number of suitable programming languages and/or programming or scripting tools, and also may be compiled as executable machine language code or intermediate code that is executed on a framework or virtual machine. 
     In this respect, various inventive concepts may be embodied as a computer readable memory or storage medium (or multiple computer readable storage media) (e.g., a computer memory, one or more floppy discs, compact discs, optical discs, magnetic tapes, flash memories, circuit configurations in Field Programmable Gate Arrays or other semiconductor devices, or other non-transitory medium or tangible computer storage medium) encoded with one or more programs that, when executed on one or more computers or other processors, perform methods that implement the various implementations of the invention discussed above. The computer readable medium or media can be transportable, such that the program or programs stored thereon can be loaded onto one or more different computers or other processors to implement various aspects of the present invention as discussed above. 
     Unless otherwise indicated, the terms “program” or “software” are used herein in a generic sense to refer to any type of computer code or set of computer-executable instructions that can be employed to program a computer or other processor to implement various aspects of implementations as discussed above. Additionally, it should be appreciated that according to one aspect, one or more computer programs that when executed perform methods of the present invention need not reside on a single computer or processor, but may be distributed in a modular fashion amongst a number of different computers or processors to implement various aspects of the present invention. 
     Computer-executable instructions may be in many forms, such as program modules, executed by one or more computers or other devices. Generally, program modules include routines, programs, objects, components, data structures, etc., that perform particular tasks or implement particular abstract data types. Typically the functionality of the program modules may be combined or distributed as desired in various implementations. 
     Also, data structures may be stored in computer-readable media in any suitable form. For simplicity of illustration, data structures may be shown to have fields that are related through location in the data structure. Such relationships may likewise be achieved by assigning storage for the fields with locations in a computer-readable medium that convey relationship between the fields. However, any suitable mechanism may be used to establish a relationship between information in fields of a data structure, including through the use of pointers, tags or other mechanisms that establish relationship between data elements. In some implementations, a schema-minimal storage system may be implemented in a relational database environment using key-value storage versus defined data structures. 
     With the foregoing in mind, each of the client devices described herein, as well as various servers and other computing devices of the broadcast/viewing servers and memory storage devices shown for example in  FIGS. 2 and 3 , may comprise one or more processors, one or more memory devices or systems communicatively coupled to the one or more processors (e.g., to store software code and other data), and one or more communication interfaces communicatively coupled to the one or more processors so as to implement the various specific and inventive functionality described herein. 
     Also, various inventive concepts may be embodied as one or more methods, of which an example has been provided. The acts performed as part of the method may be ordered in any suitable way. Accordingly, implementations may be constructed in which acts are performed in an order different than illustrated, which may include performing some acts simultaneously, even though shown as sequential acts in illustrative implementations. 
     All publications, patent applications, patents, and other references mentioned herein are incorporated by reference in their entirety. 
     All definitions, as defined and used herein, should be understood to control over dictionary definitions, definitions in documents incorporated by reference, and/or ordinary meanings of the defined terms. 
     The indefinite articles “a” and “an,” as used herein in the specification and in the claims, unless clearly indicated to the contrary, should be understood to mean “at least one.” 
     The phrase “and/or,” as used herein in the specification and in the claims, should be understood to mean “either or both” of the elements so conjoined, i.e., elements that are conjunctively present in some cases and disjunctively present in other cases. Multiple elements listed with “and/or” should be construed in the same fashion, i.e., “one or more” of the elements so conjoined. Other elements may optionally be present other than the elements specifically identified by the “and/or” clause, whether related or unrelated to those elements specifically identified. Thus, as a non-limiting example, a reference to “A and/or B”, when used in conjunction with open-ended language such as “comprising” can refer, in one implementation, to A only (optionally including elements other than B); in another implementation, to B only (optionally including elements other than A); in yet another implementation, to both A and B (optionally including other elements); etc. 
     As used herein in the specification and in the claims, “or” should be understood to have the same meaning as “and/or” as defined above. For example, when separating items in a list, “or” or “and/or” shall be interpreted as being inclusive, i.e., the inclusion of at least one, but also including more than one, of a number or list of elements, and, optionally, additional unlisted items. Only terms clearly indicated to the contrary, such as “only one of” or “exactly one of,” or, when used in the claims, “consisting of,” will refer to the inclusion of exactly one element of a number or list of elements. In general, the term “or” as used herein shall only be interpreted as indicating exclusive alternatives (i.e. “one or the other but not both”) when preceded by terms of exclusivity, such as “either,” “one of,” “only one of,” or “exactly one of.” “Consisting essentially of,” when used in the claims, shall have its ordinary meaning as used in the field of patent law. 
     As used herein in the specification and in the claims, the phrase “at least one,” in reference to a list of one or more elements, should be understood to mean at least one element selected from any one or more of the elements in the list of elements, but not necessarily including at least one of each and every element specifically listed within the list of elements and not excluding any combinations of elements in the list of elements. This definition also allows that elements may optionally be present other than the elements specifically identified within the list of elements to which the phrase “at least one” refers, whether related or unrelated to those elements specifically identified. Thus, as a non-limiting example, “at least one of A and B” (or, equivalently, “at least one of A or B,” or, equivalently “at least one of A and/or B”) can refer, in one implementation, to at least one, optionally including more than one, A, with no B present (and optionally including elements other than B); in another implementation, to at least one, optionally including more than one, B, with no A present (and optionally including elements other than A); in yet another implementation, to at least one, optionally including more than one, A, and at least one, optionally including more than one, B (and optionally including other elements); etc. 
     In the claims, as well as in the specification above, all transitional phrases such as “comprising,” “including,” “carrying,” “having,” “containing,” “involving,” “holding,” “composed of,” and the like are to be understood to be open-ended, i.e., to mean including but not limited to. Only the transitional phrases “consisting of” and “consisting essentially of” shall be closed or semi-closed transitional phrases, respectively, as set forth in the United States Patent Office Manual of Patent Examining Procedures, Section 2111.03.