Patent Publication Number: US-7581498-B2

Title: Injection molded shaped charge liner

Description:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     1. Field of the Invention 
     The invention relates generally to the field of oil and gas production. More specifically, the present invention relates to a method of producing a shaped charge liner from an injection molding process. 
     2. Description of Related Art 
     Perforating guns are used for the purpose, among others, of making hydraulic communication passages, called perforations, in wellbores drilled through earth formations so that predetermined zones of the earth formations can be hydraulically connected to the wellbore. Perforations are needed because wellbores are typically completed by coaxially inserting a pipe or casing into the wellbore, and the casing is retained in the wellbore by pumping cement into the annular space between the wellbore and the casing. The cemented casing is provided in the wellbore for the specific purpose of hydraulically isolating from each other the various earth formations penetrated by the wellbore. 
     Shaped charges known in the art for perforating wellbores are used in conjunction with a perforation gun. One embodiment of a traditional shaped charge  5  is illustrated in  FIG. 1 . As shown, shaped charge  5  includes a housing  6 , a liner  10 , and a quantity of high explosive  8  inserted between the liner  10  and the housing  8  where the high explosive  8  is usually HMX, RDX PYX, or HNS. When the high explosive  8  is detonated, the force of the detonation collapses the liner  10  and ejects it from one end of the charge at very high velocity in a pattern called a “jet”. The jet penetrates the casing, the cement and a quantity of the formation. 
     Some of the traditional methods of producing shaped charge liners include sintering and cold working. Cold working involves mixing a powdered metal mix in a die and compressing the mixture under high pressure into a shaped liner. Typically, these liners comprise a composite of two or more different metals, where at least one of the powdered metals is a heavy or higher density metal, and at least one of the powdered metals acts as a binder or matrix to bind the heavy or higher density metal. Examples of heavy or higher density metals used in the past to form liners for shaped charges have included tungsten, hafnium, copper, or bismuth. Typically the binders or matrix metals used comprise powdered lead, however powdered bismuth has been used as a binder or matrix metal. While lead and bismuth are more typically used as the binder or matrix material for the powdered metal binder, other metals having high ductility and malleability can be used for the binder or matrix metal. Other metals which have high ductility and malleability and are suitable for use as a binder or matrix metal comprise zinc, tin, uranium, silver, gold, antimony, cobalt, copper, zinc alloys, tin alloys, nickel, and palladium. 
     One of the problems associated with cold working a liner is a product having inconsistent densities. This is usually caused by migration of either the binder or the heavy metal to a region thereby producing a localized density variation. A lack of density homogeneity curves the path of the shaped charge jet that in turn shortens the length of the resulting perforation. This is an unwanted result since shorter perforations diminish hydrocarbon production. Moreover, cold worked liners have a limited shelf life since they are susceptible to shrinkage thereby allowing gaps to formed between the liners and the casing in which they are housed. These liners also tend to be somewhat brittle which leads to a fragile product. 
     Sintered liners necessarily involve a heating step of the liner, wherein the applied heating raises the liner temperature above the melting point of one or more of the liner constituents. The melted or softened constituent is typically what is known as the binder. During the sintering step, which is typically performed in a furnace, the metal powders coalesce while their respective grains increase in size. The sintering time and temperature will depend on what metals are being sintered. 
     The sintering process thus forms crystal grains thereby increasing the final product density while lowering the porosity. Typically sintering is performed in an environment void of oxygen or in a vacuum. However the ambient composition within a sintering furnace may change during the process, for example the initial stages of the process may be performed within a vacuum, with an inert gas added later. Moreover, the sintering temperature may be adjusted during the process, wherein the temperature may be raised or lowered during sintering. 
     Prior to the sintering step the liner components can be cold worked as described above, injection molded, or otherwise formed into a unitary body. However the overall dimensions of a sintered liner can change up to 20% from before to after the sintering step. Because this size change can be difficult to predict or model, consistently producing sintered shaped charge liners that lie within dimensional tolerances can be challenging. Information relevant to shaped charge liners formed with powdered metals is addressed in Werner et al., U.S. Pat. No. 5,221,808, Werner et al., U.S. Pat. No. 5,413,048, Leidel, U.S. Pat. No. 5,814,758, Held et al. U.S. Pat. No. 4,613,370, Reese et al., U.S. Pat. No. 5,656,791, and Reese et al., U.S. Pat. No. 5,567,906. 
     Therefore, there exists a need for a method of consistently manufacturing shaped charge liners, wherein the resulting liners have a homogenous density, have consistent properties between liner lots, have a long shelf life, and are resistant to cracking. 
     BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention involves a method of forming a shaped charge liner comprising, creating a mixture of metal powder and a binder, molding the mixture into a liner shape with an injection molding device, and debinding the binder from the liner shape thereby forming a liner. The metal powder can be tungsten, uranium, hafnium, tantalum, nickel, copper, molybdenum, lead, bismuth, zinc, tin, silver, gold, antimony, cobalt, zinc alloys, tin alloys, nickel, palladium, coated metal particles. The metal powder can be chosen from these listed metals singularly or can come from combinations thereof. 
     The binder can be a polyolefine, an acrylic resin, a styrene resin, polyvinyl chloride, polyvinylidene chloride, polyamide, polyester, polyether, polyvinyl alcohol, paraffin, higher fatty acid, higher alcohol, higher fatty acid ester, higher fatty acid amide, wax-polymer, acetyl based, water soluble, agar water based and water soluble/cross-linked. The binder can be chosen from these listed binders singularly or can come from combinations thereof. 
     The step of debinding can include chemical debinding as well as thermal debinding wherein the step of debinding can comprise treating the liner shape with a debinding agent. The debinding agent can be water, nitric acid, organic solvents, as well as combinations thereof. The method can further include heating the liner shape thus removing additional binder from the liner shape. 
     The present method disclosed herein further comprises forming a shaped charge with the shaped charge liner, disposing the shaped charge within a perforating gun, combining the perforating gun with a perforating system, disposing the perforating gun within a wellbore, and detonating the shaped charge. 
     An alternate method of forming a shaped charge liner is disclosed herein comprising, combining powdered metal with organic binder to form a mixture, passing the mixture through an injection molding device, ejecting the mixture from the injection molding device into a mold thereby forming a liner shape in the mold, and debinding the binder from the liner shape; wherein the liner shape is sintered. The alternate method further comprises placing the liner shape in a vacuum. The alternate method of forming a shaped charge liner may also comprise forming a shaped charge with said shaped charge liner, disposing the shaped charge within a perforating gun, combining the perforating gun with a perforating system, disposing the perforating gun within a wellbore, and detonating the shaped charge. 
     A yet another alternative method of forming a shaped charge liner is disclosed herein that comprises forming a mixture by combining metal powder with a binder, processing the mixture with an injection molding apparatus, discharging the mixture into a mold thereby forming the liner, and removing the liner from the mold. In this alternative method of forming a shaped charge liner, the liner formed in the mold can be a “green product”. 
     Also included with this disclosure is a method of forming a shaped charge case. The method of forming a shaped charge case comprises creating a mixture of metal powder and a binder, molding the mixture into a charge case shape with an injection molding device, and debinding the binder from the charge case shape to form a shaped charge case. The metal powder used in forming the shaped charge case can be the same as those used in the liners further including, stainless steel, carbon steel, and aluminum. The method of forming a shaped charge case can include a binder such as a polyolefin, an acrylic resin, a styrene resin, polyvinyl chloride, polyvinylidene chloride, polyamide, polyester, polyether, polyvinyl alcohol, a paraffin, a higher fatty acid, a higher alcohols, a higher fatty acid ester, a higher fatty acid amide, a wax-polymer, and combinations of these items. The method of forming a shaped charge case can further comprise chemical debinding and thermal debinding, where the step of debinding further comprises treating the liner shape with a debinding agent. The debinding agent can be water, nitric acid, organic solvents, or a combination thereof. The method of forming a charge case can further comprise heating the charge case shape thereby removing remaining binder from the charge case shape. The charge case formed with the method disclosed herein can further include disposing the shaped charge within a perforating gun, combining the perforating gun with a perforating system, disposing the perforating gun within a wellbore, and detonating the shaped charge. Additionally, the case formed in the injection molding device can be a green product. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE SEVERAL VIEWS OF THE DRAWING 
         FIG. 1  depicts a perspective cross sectional view of a shaped charge. 
         FIG. 2  represents in flow chart form an embodiment of a liner forming process. 
         FIG. 3  illustrates a cross sectional view of an injection molding device. 
         FIG. 4  portrays a side view of a liner shape. 
         FIG. 5  is a cut away view of a perforating system with detonating shaped charges. 
         FIG. 6  is a cross sectional view of an embodiment of a shaped charge having a liner formed by the process described herein. 
         FIG. 7  is an embodiment of a charge case forming process in flow chart form. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
     The present disclosure involves a shaped charge liner and a method of making the shaped charge liner. The method disclosed herein involves a form of metal injection molding wherein metal powders are mixed with binders and the mixture is subsequently injected under pressure into a mold. The binder is then removed during a de-binding process in order to form the final product. 
     With reference now to  FIG. 2 , one embodiment of a method in accordance with the present invention is shown in flow chart form. Initially an amount of metal powder is combined with an amount of binder to form a mixture (step  100 ). The amount of metal powder of the mixture can range from about 20% up to about 100%, therefore the amount of binder will range from about 0% to about 20%. The particulate size of the powdered metal can range from about 1 micron to in excess of 70 microns. The powdered metal can be chosen from the list comprising: tungsten, uranium, hafnium, tantalum, nickel, copper, molybdenum, lead, bismuth, zinc, tin, silver, gold, antimony, cobalt, zinc alloys, tin alloys, nickel, palladium, and combinations thereof. Optionally, in place of the powdered metal, other materials such as ceramic, high density polymers, or cementitious materials can be substituted. Another option is to use a coated powder metal, where the coating typically comprises a metal whose hardness is less than that of the particle being coated. 
     The binder can be selected from the list comprising: polyolefines such as polyethylene, polypropylene, polystyrenes, polyvinyl chloride, polyetheylene carbonate, polyethylene glycol, microcrystalline wax, ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer and the like; acrylic resins such as polymethyl methacrylate, polybutyl methacrylate; styrene resins such as polystyrene; various resins such as polyvinyl chloride, polyvinylidene chloride, polyamide, polyester, polyether, polyvinyl alcohol, copolymers of the above; various waxes; paraffin; higher fatty acids (e.g., stearic acid); higher alcohols; higher fatty acid esters; higher fatty acid amides. Other binder possibilities include: acetyl based, water soluble, agar water based and water soluble/cross-linked; acetyl based binders comprise polyoxymethylene or polyacetyl with small amounts of polyolefin. The use of metal injection molded binders is well known and thus the size of the binder particulate can vary depending on the type of binder and/or the application. Accordingly, choosing a proper binder particulate size is within the scope of those skilled in the art. 
     Upon forming the mixture  22  of the metal powder and binder the mixture  22  is placed into an injection mold (step  102 ). One embodiment of the injection molding device  12  is shown in  FIG. 3 . As shown in this embodiment of the injection molding device  12 , both the powder  18  and the binder  20  are directed through respective dispensers  14  to a chute  16 , where the chute in turn guides the mixture  22  into the injection molding device  12 . The mixture  22  can be formed within the chute  16 , the injection molding device  12 , or alternatively, the mixture  22  can be formed prior to being directed into the chute  16 . Once inside the injection molding device  12 , the mixture  22  is within the plenum  26  of the injection molding device  12 . Rotation of an auger  24  disposed within the plenum  26  agitates the mixture thereby insuring a uniformity of the mixing of the binder and powder. The auger action also directs the mixture towards an exit port  27  disposed on the side of the injection molding device  12  distal from the chute  16 . Moreover, the auger  24  provides a source of pressure for urging the mixed and homogenous mixture  22  from within the plenum  26  through the exit port  27  and into the inner confines of a mold  28 . As is known, urging the mixture  22  into the mold  28  under pressure thereby can form a liner shape  30  having the constituents of the mixture  22  (step  104 ). 
     One embodiment of a liner shape  30  is shown in  FIG. 4 . It should be pointed out that this liner has but one of the possible shapes that could be formed from the mixture  22  described herein. With regards to an actual liner  10  made in accordance with the method and process described herein, any liner shape could be formed with this process. Shapes such as conical frusto-conical, triangular, tulip and trumpet shape, and parabolic shapes, to name but a few, are considered within the scope and purview of the present invention. 
     Upon removal of the liner shape  30  from the mold  28  the process of de-binding the binder is undertaken. This can be done both chemically, i.e. with solvents or liquids, and thermally by heating the liner shape. It is preferred that the first step of de-binding occurs with a debinding liquid or solvent (step  106 ). This step involves chemically dissolving the organic binder with the de-binding liquid. Debinding can occur at atmosphere or under vacuum. The debinding solutions for use with the present method include water, nitric acid, and other organic solvents. However any suitable debinding solution can be used with the present method and skilled artisans are capable of choosing an appropriate debinding solution. During debinding, the liner shape  30  can be sprayed with the de-binding liquid or placed in a bath of de-binding solution. 
     After the liner shape  30  is processed with the liquid de-binding solution, the remaining binder is removed during a thermal de-binding process (step  108 ). The thermal de-binding process involves placing the liner shape into a heated unit, such as a furnace, where it is heated at temperature for a period of time. With regard to the de-binding temperature, it should be sufficient to cause it to melt any remaining binder within the liner that remains after the chemical de-binding step of step  106  and yet be low enough to not exceed the melting point of a metal powder used as part of the liner constituency. It is believed as well within the capabilities of those skilled in the art to determine a proper temperature and corresponding heating time to accomplish this process. It is should be pointed that with regard to the process described herein the final step of forming a liner  10   a  is the de-binding process. Unlike many traditional metal injection molding processes, a sintering process is typically implemented after the debinding step. Thus although the present method does not include a step of sintering, the advantages of a forming a homogenous liner  10   a  whose density is substantially consistent along its length can be realized by the unique process disclosed herein. Moreover, without the added sintering step, the final product will have dimensions substantially the same as that of the liner shape  30 . Other advantages afforded by the present method are that liners formed in subsequent moldings or lots will have consistent characteristics and properties. Also, the present method provides liners have an enhanced shelf life and reduces the susceptibility of the liners to the cracking problems of liners formed from prior art methods. 
     As is known, a green part is the intermediate product taken from an injection mold prior to the de-binding process. With regard to the present disclosure, the green part is shown in  FIG. 4  as a shaped liner  30 . In an alternative process and an alternative apparatus, the green part shape liner  30  could be used as the final product liner in a shape charge  5   a . Accordingly instead of a liner that had its binder removed during a de-binding process (step  106 , step  108 ), in an alternative embodiment the shaped charge would have a shaped liner  30  for use as its liner. One of the advantages of using a green part is that the issue of shrinkage during subsequent heating is removed. Accordingly the size of the mold  28  could be more accurate in conforming to the required size of the final product. 
     With reference now to  FIG. 5  one embodiment of the final product of the present disclosure is shown combined with a perforating system  32 . The perforating system  32  comprises a perforating gun  36  disposed within a wellbore  42  by a wireline  44 . As shown, the surface end of the wireline  44  is in communication with a field truck  34 . The field truck  34  can provide not only a lowering and raising means, but also the firing controls for detonation of the shaped charges of the perforating gun  36 . With regard to this embodiment, the liner  10   a  is made in accordance with the disclosure herein is combined with a shaped charge  5   a  that is disposed in the perforating gun  36 . Also shown are perforating jets  38 , created by detonation of each shaped charge  5   a  thereby creating perforations  41  within the formation  40  surrounding the wellbore  42 . Accordingly the implementation of the more homogenous and uniform liner material made in accordance with the method described herein is capable of creating longer and straighter perforations  41  into the accompanying formation  40 . 
     It should be pointed out that the shaped charge  5   a  of  FIG. 6  has essentially the same configuration as the shaped charge  5  of  FIG. 1 .  FIG. 6  is provided for clarity and to illustrate that shaped charges having the traditional configuration can be formed with a liner  10   a  made in accordance with the disclosure provided herein. Moreover, the formation process disclosed herein can also be applicable for the forming of charge casings or housings. As seen in  FIG. 7 , a process similar to that of  FIG. 2  is illustrated. With regard to the process of  FIG. 7 , a mixture of metal powder and binder is formed (step  200 ). The metal powder used in the formation of a charge casing includes the metals used in the liner formation and further comprises steel such as carbon steel and stainless steel and other metals including monel, inconel, as well as aluminum. 
     Also similar to the process of forming a liner, after mixing the shaped charge casing components, the mixture is directed to an injection mold (step  202 ). Moreover, the injection mold can be the same as or substantially similar to the injection molding device  12  of  FIG. 3 . The mixture can be formed prior to being placed in the injection molding device or can be formed while in the injection molding device. Steps  204 ,  206 , and  208  of  FIG. 7  are substantially similar to the corresponding steps  104 ,  106 , and  108  of  FIG. 2 . One difference however between formation of the charge case and liner is that the charge case forming step (step  204 ) would require a mold having a charge case configuration instead of a liner shaped mold. Also similarly, the present method can involve producing an injection molded charge case without a de-binding step thereby producing a “green part” charge case. Optionally, the process of forming the charge case could include a sintering step as above described. As previously noted, sintering involves heating the composition to above the melting point of one or more of the constituents of the final product. While the sintering temperature and time of sintering depends on the constituent metals and their respective amounts, it is within the scope of those skilled in the art to determine an appropriate sintering temperature, time, as well as other furnace conditions, such as pressure and ambient components. 
     The present invention described herein, therefore, is well adapted to carry out the objects and attain the ends and advantages mentioned, as well as others inherent therein. While a presently preferred embodiment of the invention has been given for purposes of disclosure, numerous changes exist in the details of procedures for accomplishing the desired results. These and other similar modifications will readily suggest themselves to those skilled in the art, and are intended to be encompassed within the spirit of the present invention disclosed herein and the scope of the appended claims.