Patent Publication Number: US-7713889-B2

Title: Substrate processing method, photomask manufacturing method, photomask, and device manufacturing method

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
   This non-provisional application claims the benefit of Provisional Application No. 60/772,879 filed Feb. 14, 2006, the disclosure of which is hereby incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. 

   BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
   1. Field of the Invention 
   The present invention relates to substrate processing methods, manufacturing method of photomasks, photomasks, and device manufacturing methods, and more particularly to a substrate processing method that includes a patterning step in which patterning of a resist on a substrate is performed by exposure for manufacturing electronic devices (microdevices) such as a semiconductor, a manufacturing method of a photomask used in the patterning step, a photomask manufactured by the manufacturing method, and a device manufacturing method that uses the substrate processing method or the photomask. 
   2. Description of the Background Art 
   When manufacturing electronic devices, in the substrate processing step or the wiring step in a wafer processing step (pre-process), a series of processing such as a patterning step (i.e. exposure step) in which patterning of a resist layer formed on a wafer is performed by exposure, a development step in which the wafer that has been patterned is developed, an etching step in which the wafer (or a film on the wafer) is etched (mainly dry etching) with the resist pattern (resist image) that has been developed serving as a mask and the like is repeatedly performed. 
   However, recently, it was discovered that in some cases the size of the pattern formed after etching differs from the size of the pattern in target after etching even if the resist image of the same size as the target is formed by patterning. It turned out that especially in the case when an isolated pattern and a dense pattern that are supposed to have the same resist image linewidth are formed on the same photomask, the tendency was high of the linewidth after etching varying per each pattern. In the case an isolated pattern and a dense pattern are formed on the same photomask, the linewidth of each of the patterns on the photomask is normally set taking into consideration the optical proximity effect. 
   As an example of using a space pattern, the wiring step will be described. In the wiring step, as the wiring material, aluminum (Al) has been conventionally used. In recent years, however, copper (Cu), which has a lower electric resistance than aluminum and is suitable for finer patterning and high-speed operations, has become to be used. However, with copper, a technique referred to as the damascene method is employed as the technique for forming wiring without etching the copper (refer to, for example, Kokai (Japanese Patent Unexamined Application Publication) No. 2002-270586), taking into consideration the fact that etching rate control is difficult when compared with aluminum. In the copper wiring by the damascene method, wiring is formed by depositing copper by plating or the like after forming a groove in an interlayer insulating film, and removing the copper on the surface by CMP (Chemical Mechanical Polishing). 
   When a space pattern is used as the pattern of the photomask as in the case when the damascene method is employed, it has recently been discovered that even if a resist image of the same size as the target size is formed by patterning, the tendency was high of the size of the pattern formed after etching being different from the pattern size in target after etching. 
   Meanwhile, in electronic devices such as a semiconductor device, due to the progress in finer geometry, higher precision in processing size is required at a nanometer level. Because unevenness or variation in the finished dimension of devices particularly affects the yield or the operation speed of the device, requirements to reduce unevenness and variation are pressing. 
   According to such a background, expectations were high for a technology that allows the pattern size after etching to be set for certain at a desired value. 
   In order to investigate the cause of the phenomenon in which the pattern linewidth after etching differs from the pattern linewidth in target, the inventor performed various experiments (including simulation). As a consequence, the inventor reached an assumption that the main cause for the relation between the linewidth of the resist image after development and the linewidth of the pattern after etching varying was due to the profile of the resist image differing, for example, depending on exposure conditions of the pattern or the like. 
   Further details on this point will be described, using a space pattern as an example. In the space patterns after development illustrated in the upper section of  FIGS. 6A and 6B , the resist images both have the same linewidth (the linewidth at the bottom of the resist image) WD b , however, between linewidths WDt 1  and WDt 2  close to the top of the resist images, a relation WDt 1 &lt;WDt 2  exists, which shows an obvious difference in the resist profiles of the space patterns. Because of such difference in the profiles, deformation condition of the resist image profiles after cure (heat treatment) illustrated in the middle section of  FIGS. 6A and 6B  greatly differs. More specifically, the resist image in  FIG. 6A  that has a good profile greatly collapses (deforms) due to the heating (other than heat treatment using heaters or the like, heat treatment by ultraviolet light irradiation or the like is also included) in the cure process when compared with the resist image in  FIG. 6B  that has a bad profile. As a consequence, in the resist image after cure, the linewidth of the resist image is narrower in  FIG. 6A  than in  FIG. 6B  (WD b1 &lt;WD b2 ). Accordingly, the linewidth of the space patterns after etching illustrated in the lower section of  FIGS. 6A and 6B ,  FIG. 6A  is narrower in  FIG. 6A  when compared with  FIG. 6B . 
   In order to obtain a resist image of the same linewidth in an isolated space pattern and a dense space pattern, the linewidth of the isolated space pattern on the photomask is set wider than the linewidth of the dense space pattern, taking into consideration the optical proximity effect. Accordingly, in the case exposure is performed under the same exposure conditions, the linewidth of the resist image of the isolated space pattern and the resist image of the dense space pattern is substantially the same, however, the profiles of the resist images usually differ, and as a consequence, the linewidth after etching varies in each space pattern. 
   On further investigation, the inventor consequently found out that there was a close relation between the resist image profile and the projected image (the aerial image) of the pattern. More specifically, in the upper half of  FIGS. 7A and 7B , a resist image of a space pattern that has a good profile and a resist image of a space pattern that has a bad profile are illustrated. Further, in the lower half of  FIGS. 7A and 7B , aerial images (projected images) of the pattern corresponding to each of the resist images in the upper half are illustrated. As is obvious from  FIGS. 7A and 7B , in both cases when the profile of the resist image is good and when the resist image profile is bad, the target linewidth (Target CD) of the resist image of the space pattern is set by linewidth WD b  at the bottom of the resist image, and the bottom linewidth WD b  coincides with the distance WD b  (hereinafter referred to as “projected image linewidth”) between two intersecting points of the projected image of the corresponding pattern and a predetermined slice level SL. Further, linewidths WD t1  and WD t2  (&gt;WD t1 ) in the vicinity of the top of each of the resist images coincide with a slice levels SL′, which is a slice level that is lower by a predetermined value than the above-mentioned predetermined slice level SL of the projected image of the corresponding pattern. 
   Further, as is obvious when comparing  FIGS. 7A and 7B , the change in the projected image linewidth with respect to the change in the slice level is smaller in the sharp-edged projected image shown in  FIG. 7A  (corresponding to the resist image that has a good profile) than the rounded-edged projected image shown in  FIG. 7B  (corresponding to the resist image that has a bad profile). 
   From the description above, the inventor reached a conclusion that there was a close relation between the sharp-edged feature of the projected image of the pattern and the profile of the resist image, or as a consequence, the device linewidth characteristics that has a close relation with the profile (related to the linewidth of the pattern after cure (or etching)). 
   SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
   The present invention was made under the above new findings that the inventor obtained, and according to a first aspect of the present invention, there is provided a substrate processing method that comprises a patterning process of a resist on a substrate by exposure, the method comprising: a process of predicting a device linewidth characteristic based on a sharp-edged feature of a projected image of a predetermined pattern; and a process of adjusting an exposure condition of the pattern based on the device linewidth characteristic that has been predicted. 
   According to this method, the device linewidth characteristic is predicted based on the sharp-edged feature of the projected image of the predetermined pattern, and based on the device linewidth characteristic that has been predicted, the exposure condition of the pattern is adjusted. Accordingly, by performing exposure under the adjusted exposure condition, or in other words, by performing patterning of the resist coated on the substrate (or on the thin film on the substrate) with the projected image of the pattern and developing the substrate after the patterning, a resist pattern that satisfies the desired device linewidth characteristic is formed on the substrate (or on the thin film on the substrate). In the manner described above, it becomes possible to form a pattern of a desired linewidth on the substrate. 
   According to the substrate processing method in the present invention, when an isolated pattern and a dense pattern are transferred onto a resist in one exposure in the patterning step, the exposure condition is adjusted to make a line width of a resist pattern and a linewidth of a pattern after etching be in a desired relation in both the isolated pattern and the dense pattern. In this case, especially when the pattern is an isolated space pattern and a dense space pattern, the illumination condition of the patterns can serve as the exposure condition. 
   According to a second aspect of the present invention, there is provided a first device manufacturing method that comprises a lithography step in which a pattern is formed on a substrate using a substrate processing method of the present invention. 
   According to this method, in the substrate processing step, because the pattern is formed on the substrate using the substrate processing method of the present invention, a pattern of a desired linewidth can be formed on the substrate, which can suppress the generation of unevenness and variation in the finished size of the device, and a device with a good operation speed can be manufactured with good yield. 
   In this case, the lithography step can comprise a substrate processing step in which at least one of a wiring pattern and a gate pattern of a transistor is formed. 
   In this case, the wiring pattern and the gate pattern of the transistor can be a groove pattern. In such a case, the groove after etching that corresponds to the resist pattern of the same linewidth is a groove of the same linewidth. 
   According to a third aspect of the present invention, there is provided a manufacturing method of a photomask used in a patterning process of a resist on a substrate by exposure, the method comprising: a process of predicting a device linewidth characteristic based on a sharp-edged feature of a projected image of a pattern that is to be formed on the photomask; and a process of changing a linewidth in at least a part of the pattern based on the device linewidth characteristic that has been predicted and forming a pattern whose linewidth in at least a part of the pattern has been changed on a mask substrate. 
   According to this method, the device linewidth characteristic is predicted based on the sharp-edged feature of the projected image of the pattern that is to be formed on the photomask, and the linewidth is changed in at least a part of the pattern based on the device linewidth characteristic that has been predicted, and the pattern whose linewidth in a part of the pattern has been changed is formed on the mask substrate. Accordingly, by performing exposure using the photomask manufactured in the manner described above, or in other words, by performing patterning of the resist coated on the substrate (or on the thin film on the substrate) with the projected image of the pattern and developing the substrate after the patterning, a resist pattern that satisfies the desired device linewidth characteristic is formed on the substrate (or on the thin film on the substrate). In the manner described above, it becomes possible to form a pattern of a desired linewidth on the substrate. 
   According to a fourth aspect of the present invention, there is provided a photomask used in a patterning process of a resist on a substrate by exposure, on which a pattern is formed using the manufacturing method of a photomask in the present invention. 
   According to the photomask, by performing exposure using the photomask, or in other words, by performing patterning of the resist coated on the substrate (or on the thin film on the substrate) with the projected image of the pattern and developing the substrate after the patterning, a resist pattern that satisfies the desired device linewidth characteristic is formed on the substrate (or on the thin film on the substrate). In the manner described above, it becomes possible to form a pattern of a desired linewidth on the substrate. 
   According to a fifth aspect of the present invention, there is provided a second device manufacturing method that comprises a lithography step in which a pattern is formed on a substrate using a photomask of the present invention. 

   
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
     In the accompanying drawings; 
       FIG. 1  is a view that shows a schematic configuration of an exposure apparatus related to a first embodiment; 
       FIG. 2  is a planar view that shows an example of a reticle used for forming a wiring groove pattern in the exposure apparatus of the first embodiment; 
       FIGS. 3A to 3F  are views that show an example of simulation results for obtaining adjustment data of an illumination condition, and are views that show a variation of a relative linewidth bias corresponding to the illumination condition when a linewidth of a dense space pattern is 110 nm, 115 nm, 120 nm, 125 nm, 130 nm, and 135 nm, respectively; 
       FIG. 4  is a flow chart that shows a processing algorithm of a control system when exposure of a wafer is performed using a reticle in the exposure apparatus of the first embodiment; 
       FIGS. 5A to 5E  are views for explaining a manufacturing method of a semiconductor device in the first embodiment; 
       FIGS. 6A and 6B  are views that show an alternation of a linewidth of a resist image, a linewidth of a resist image after cure, and a linewidth of a space pattern after etching in the case when a profile of the resist image is good and when a profile of the resist image is bad: and 
       FIGS. 7A and 7B  are views that show a resist image of a space pattern with a good profile and a resist image of a space pattern with a bad profile, and the corresponding aerial images (projected images) of the patterns. 
   

   DESCRIPTION OF THE EMBODIMENTS 
   Hereinafter, a first embodiment of the present invention will be described, based on  FIGS. 1 to 7B .  FIG. 1  shows an entire view of an arrangement of an exposure apparatus  100  related to the first embodiment. Exposure apparatus  100  is a scanning exposure apparatus based on a step-and-scan method, that is, the so-called scanning stepper (also called a scanner). In  FIG. 1 , a Z-axis is set parallel to a single optical axis AX of a projection optical system PL, a Y-axis is set in a direction parallel to the page surface of  FIG. 1  within a plane orthogonal to the Z-axis, and an X-axis is set in a direction perpendicular to the page surface of  FIG. 1 . In  FIG. 1 , an illumination optical system  12  which will be described later is set to perform an annular illumination. 
   The exposure apparatus in  FIG. 1  is provided with an illumination system that includes a light source  10  and illumination optical system  12 , a reticle stage RST on which a reticle (photomask) R is mounted, projection optical system PL, a wafer stage WST on which a wafer W is mounted, a control system  50  that has overall control over the entire apparatus, and the like. 
   As light source  10 , an excimer laser light source is used that oscillates, for example, a KrF excimer laser beam that has wavelength of 248 nm or an ArF excimer laser beam that has wavelength of 193 nm. Illumination optical system  12  includes a beam expander  14 , a bending mirror  16 , a diffractive optical element (DOE)  18  ( 18 A to  18 C), an a focal lens (a relay optical system)  20 , a zoom lens (a variable power optical system)  22 , an optical integrator (in the embodiment, a micro fly-eye lens (a microlens array) is used, which will also be referred to as micro fly-eye in the description below)  24 , a condenser optical system  26 , a reticle blind  28  serving as an illumination field stop, and image-forming optical system  30 , a bending mirror  32 , and the like. 
   The substantially parallel beams emitted from light source  10  (exposure light (illumination light)) have a rectangular cross-section narrowly extending along the X-axis direction, and enter beam expander  14  serving as a beam shaping optical system that consists of a pair of lenses  14   a  and  14   b . Lenses  14   a  and  14  have a negative refracting power and a positive refracting power, respectively, in the page surface of  FIG. 1  (within a YZ plane). Accordingly, the beams that enter beam expander  14  are enlarged within the page surface of  FIG. 1 , and are shaped into beams that have the predetermined rectangular cross-section. 
   The beams outgoing beam expander  14  enters diffractive optical element (DOE)  18 A via bending mirror  16 . In the case the parallel beams having the rectangular cross-section enter diffractive optical element  18 A, cross-section enter diffractive optical element  18 A has a function of forming an annular light intensity distribution in the far field (Fraunhofer diffraction region). That is, the beams that enter diffractive optical element  18 A are diffracted equiangularly in the entire circumferential direction with optical AX serving as the center and become annular beams. 
   Diffractive optical element  18 A is arranged freely insertable into and withdrawable from the illumination optical path, and is switchable with diffractive optical element  18 B for quadrupole illumination and diffractive optical element  18 C for normal illumination. More specifically, diffractive optical element  18 A is supported on a turret board (rotary plate: not shown) that can rotate around a predetermined axis parallel to optical axis AX. On the turret board, a plurality of diffractive optical elements  18 A with different characteristics used for annular illumination, a plurality of diffractive optical elements  18 B with different characteristics used for quadrupole illumination, and a plurality of diffractive optical elements  18 C with different characteristics used for normal illumination are arranged along a circumferential direction. Accordingly, by rotating the turret board, a desired diffractive optical element selected from a number of diffractive optical elements  18 A to  18 C can be positioned in the illumination optical path. The rotation of the turret board (and consequently the changing (switching) of the diffractive optical element) is performed by a first drive system  34 , which operates under the command of control system  50 . The switching mechanism between the diffractive optical elements is not limited to the turret method, and the mechanism, for example, can employ a slide method. Further, diffractive optical elements different from the above diffractive optical elements  18 A to  18 C, such as diffractive optical elements used for multipole illumination besides quadrupole illumination as in dipole or tripole illumination, can also be used. The configuration and the function of diffractive optical element  18 B used for quadrupole illumination and diffractive optical element  18 C used for normal illumination will be described later in the description. 
   The beams outgoing from diffractive optical element  18 A enter afocal lens (relay optical system)  20 . Afocal lens  20  is an afocal system (afocal optical system), which is set so that the front side focal position substantially coincides with the position of diffractive optical element  18 A and the rear side focal position also substantially coincides with the position of a predetermined surface S indicated by the dotted line in the drawing. 
   Accordingly, after the beams outgoing from diffractive optical element  18 A form an annular light intensity distribution on the pupil plane of afocal lens  20 , the beams exit from afocal lens  20  as substantially parallel beams. In the optical path between a front side lens group  20   a  and a rear side lens group  20   b , a conic axicon  21  is placed whose configuration and function will be described later in the description. The beams that exit afocal lens  20  enter micro fly-eye  24  via zoom lens (variable power optical system)  22 . 
   In the embodiment, diffractive optical element  18 , conic axicon  21 , and zoom lens  22  constitute a shaping optical system that can optionally set the illumination conditions of reticle R by changing the intensity distribution of the illumination light on the pupil plane of illumination optical system  12  (that is, the size and shape of the secondary light source). Further, although it is omitted in  FIG. 1 , an optical unit that includes a phase shifter (e.g. a half-wave plate, a quarter-wave plate, an optical rotator, and the like) or a plurality of wedge-shaped prisms disclosed in the pamphlet of International Publication WO2005/036619 and the like, and can optionally set the polarization state of the illumination light, which is one of the illumination conditions, is arranged as a part of, or separately with the shaping optical system. 
   Micro fly-eye  24  is an optical element consisting of a number of minute lenses that have a positive refracting power of a predetermined shape disposed densely in a matrix. In general, a micro fly-eye is made by forming a group of minute lenses, for example, by applying etching treatment to a plane parallel glass plate. 
   Each minute lens in the micro fly-eye is smaller than each lens element in a normal fly-eye lens. Further, the micro fly-eye is formed integrally without the number of minute lenses being separated from one another, different from the fly-eye lens consisting of lens elements that are completely separated from one another. However, the point where lens elements with a positive refracting power are disposed in a matrix in the micro fly-eye is the same as the fly-eye lens. In  FIG. 1 , for the sake of clarity, the number of minute lenses in micro fly-eye  24  is shown much fewer than the actual number. 
   Accordingly, the beams that enter micro fly-eye  24  are divided two-dimensionally by the number of minute lenses, and on the rear side focal plane of each minute lens (substantially coincides with the pupil plane of the illumination optical system), an annular light source (that is, a surface light source (a secondary light source) consisting of multiple light source images) is formed. 
   The position of predetermined surface S substantially coincides with the front side focal position of zoom lens  22 , and the incident plane of micro fly-eye  24  is disposed in the vicinity of the rear side focal position of zoom lens  22 . In other words, zoom lens  22  substantially puts predetermined surface S and the incident plane of micro fly-eye  24  in a Fourier transform relationship, and consequently puts the pupil plane of afocal lens  20  and the incident plane of micro fly-eye  24  in a relation substantially conjugate optically. Accordingly, on the incident plane of micro fly-eye  24 , for example, an annular illumination field centering on optical axis AX is formed as in the case on the pupil plane of afocal lens  20 . The entire shape of the annular illumination field alters similarly depending on the focal length of zoom lens  22 . The focal length of zoom lens  22  is changed by a second drive system  36  that operates under the command of control system  50 . Further, in the embodiment, each minute lens of micro fly-eye  24  has a rectangular cross-section similar to the shape of an illumination field (illumination area) that should be formed on reticle R (consequently the shape of an exposure area that should be formed on wafer W). 
   The beams from the annular secondary light source formed on the rear side focal plane of micro fly-eye  24  enter reticle blind  28  via condenser optical system  26 . Reticle blind  28  in the embodiment sets the illumination area that the illumination light irradiates on reticle R in a slit shape that narrowly extends in the X-axis direction, and includes a fixed reticle blind  28 A that sets the width of the illumination area in at least the Y-axis direction and a movable reticle blind  28 B disposed on a plane conjugate to the pattern surface of reticle R. Movable reticle blind  28 B can change the width of the illumination area in both the X-axis and the Y-axis directions. Movable reticle blind  28 B is driven by a blind drive system  42  that operates under instructions of control system  50 . And, by driving movable reticle blind  28 B at the beginning and the end of scanning exposure so as to further limit the illumination area, exposure of unnecessary areas can be prevented. 
   The beams that pass through reticle blind  28  are irradiated on reticle R, via image-forming optical system  30  and bending mirror  32 . The beams that have passed through reticle R form an image of the reticle pattern on wafer W via projection optical system PL. And, by performing scanning exposure in which the movement of reticle R with respect to the illumination area and the movement of wafer W with respect to the exposure area (a projection area of a pattern image substantially conjugate to the illumination area related to projection optical system PL) in the Y-axis direction are synchronously controlled for each shot area on wafer W, the pattern of reticle R is transferred onto each shot area on wafer W by the step-and-scan method. 
   As projection optical system PL, for example, a reduction optical system that is a both-side telecentric refracting system with a projection magnification of, e.g. ¼ times, is used. On the incident pupil plane of projection optical system PL, a variable aperture stop is arranged for setting the numerical aperture of projection optical system PL. This variable aperture stop is driven by a third drive system  38  that operates under the command of control system  50 . 
   Exposure apparatus  100  of the embodiment furthermore is provided with an aerial image measuring instrument (not shown) by the slit-scan method that has at least a part of the instrument installed inside wafer stage WST. As the aerial image measuring instrument, a unit that has a configuration similar to the ones disclosed in, for example, Kokai (Japanese Unexamined Patent Application Publication) No. 2002-198303, and the corresponding U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2002/0041377 is employed. 
   Now, conic axicon  21  will be described. Conic axicon  21  includes a first prism member  21   a  that has a planar incident surface and an outgoing surface, which is a concaved conical refracting surface, and a second prism member  21   b  that has an incident surface, which is a convexed conical refracting surface, and a planar outgoing surface. And, the concaved conical refracting surface of the first prism member  21   a  and the convexed conical refracting surface of the second prism member  21   b  are formed complementarily, so that the surfaces can come into contact. 
   Further, at least one of the first prism member  21   a  and the second prism member  21   b  is configured movable along optical axis AX, and the distance between the concaved conical refracting surface of the first prism member  21   a  and the convexed conical refracting surface of the second prism member  21   b  is variable. The distance change of conic axicon  21  is performed by a fourth drive system  40  that operates under the command of control system  50 . 
   More specifically, in the embodiment, when the annular secondary light source set by diffractive optical element  18 A increases the distance of conic axicon  21 , for example, from zero to a predetermined value, then the annular secondary light source alters to an annular secondary light source whose outer diameter and inner diameter are enlarged, without the width (e.g. ½ of the difference between the outer and inner diameters) substantially changing. In other words, by the operation of conic axicon  21 , the annular ratio (the ratio of the outer and inner diameters) and the size (outer diameter) of the annular secondary light source change, without any change in the width. 
   Further, in the embodiment, when the annular secondary light source increases the focal length of zoom lens  22 , for example, from a minimum value to a predetermined value, then the annular secondary light source alters to an annular secondary light source whose entire shape is similarly enlarged. In other words, by the operation of zoom lens  22 , the width and the size (outer diameter) of the annular secondary light source change, without any change in the annular ratio. 
   As is described above, in the embodiment, by at least one of conic axicon  21 , zoom lens  22 , and the variable aperture stop of projection optical system PL, coherence factor (a value: the ratio of the numerical aperture of the beams from the secondary light source with respect to the numerical aperture on the reticle side of projection optical system PL, hereinafter also referred to as illumination σ), which is one of the illumination conditions, can be made continuously variable. 
   In this case, due to restrictions in optical design, there is actually a limit in the variation range of the annular ratio by conic axicon  21 . Therefore, in the embodiment, as diffractive optical element  18 A for annular illumination, a plurality of diffractive optical elements, e.g. two, with different characteristics are provided. More specifically, one of the diffractive optical elements for annular illumination forms an annular secondary light source suitable when the annular ratio varies in the range of, for example, 0.4 to 0.6. Further, the other diffractive optical element for annular illumination forms an annular secondary light source suitable when the annular ratio varies in the range of, for example, 0.6 to 0.8. As a consequence, with conic axicon  21  and the two diffractive optical elements for annular illumination, it becomes possible to change the annular ratio in the range of 0.4 to 0.8. 
   As is described earlier, diffractive optical element  18 A is configured freely insertable into and withdrawable from the illumination optical path, and is configured switchable with other diffractive optical elements, such as diffractive optical element  18 B for quadrupole illumination or diffractive optical element  18 C for normal illumination. Accordingly, by setting diffractive optical elements  18 B and  18 C each on the illumination optical path, illumination conditions for quadrupole illumination, normal illumination and the like can be set. For example, in the case of quadrupole illumination, similar to the case of annular illumination described above, the annular ratio (the ratio of the diameter of a circumscribed circle of the four light sources and the diameter of an inscribed circle of the four light sources) of the illumination light on the pupil plane of the illumination optical system is variable by conic axicon  21 , and the size of the illumination light (each light source) on the pupil plane of the illumination optical system is variable by zoom lens  22 . Further, the σ value is also variable by conic axicon  21 , zoom lens  22 , or the variable aperture stop of projection optical system PL. In this case as well, because the variation range of the annular ratio by conic axicon  21  is limited, the plurality of diffractive optical elements with different characteristics are to be used, switching the diffractive optical elements when necessary. 
   Further, in the case of normal illumination, conic axicon  21  only functions as a planar parallel plate because the distance between the first and the second prism members  21   a  and  21   b  is substantially zero, however, by zoom lens  22 , the size of the illumination light on the pupil plane of the illumination optical system is variable. The σ value is also variable by zoom lens  22  and/or the variable aperture stop of projection optical system PL. However, due to restrictions in optical design, there is actually a limit in the variable power range of the outside diameter by zoom lens  22 . Therefore, in the embodiment, as diffractive optical element  18 C for normal illumination, a plurality of diffractive optical elements, e.g. two, with different characteristics are provided. More specifically, one of the diffractive optical elements for normal illumination forms a circular secondary light source suitable when the σ value varies in the range of a relatively small σ value (small σ) to a moderate σ value (moderate σ). Further, the other diffractive optical element for normal illumination forms a circular secondary light source suitable when the σ value varies in the range of the moderate σ value (moderate σ) to a relatively large σ value (large σ). As a consequence, with zoom lens  22  and the two diffractive optical elements for normal illumination, it becomes possible to change the σ value in the range of a small σ to a large σ (e.g. 0.1≦σ≦0.95) 
   Next, a description will be made on an example of a reticle R T  used in exposure apparatus  100  for forming a wiring groove pattern used for copper wiring. 
     FIG. 2  shows an example of reticle R T .  FIG. 2  is a planar view of reticle R T  when viewed from the pattern surface side (the lower surface side in  FIG. 1 ). As is shown in  FIG. 2 , reticle R T  is made of a glass substrate  52  (e.g. synthetic silica glass or the like), and on one surface, a substantially rectangular pattern area PA set by a light shielding area is formed. In the embodiment, almost all the entire surface of pattern area PA is a light shielding section by the light shielding member such as chromium or the like. Within pattern area PA, a plurality of isolated patterns ISP and a plurality of dense patterns DST are formed in a predetermined positional relation. In this example, patterns ISP and DSP are both space patterns (aperture patterns) that are formed by a light transmitting section within a light shielding section. In reticle R T  in  FIG. 2 , almost all the entire surface of pattern area PA is a light shielding section, however, for example, the light shielding section may simply be the formation area of patterns ISP and DSP. 
   In this case, isolated pattern ISP is a line shaped space pattern that extends in the Y-axis direction and has a linewidth of, for example, 540 nm. Dense pattern DSP is a periodic pattern that has five line shaped space patterns extending in the Y-axis direction with a linewidth of, for example, 400 nm, lined in the X-axis direction at a pitch of 800 nm. In  FIG. 2 , patterns ISP and DSP are illustrated much larger than the actual size for the sake of convenience. 
   On both sides in the X-axis direction of pattern area PA with respect to the center of reticle R T  (substantially coincides with the center of pattern area PA), a pair of reticle alignment marks RM 1  and RM 2  is formed. 
   In exposure apparatus  100  of the embodiment, in order to obtain the resist image and the image after etching of a space pattern that has a desired device linewidth characteristics, adjustment data of illumination conditions are obtained in advance, and is stored in memory within control system  50 . In the description below, an example of a simulation for obtaining the adjustment data of illumination conditions will be described. 
   First of all, the exposure condition of the simulation will be described. In this exposure condition (hereinafter, standard exposure condition), the exposure light is an ArF excimer laser beam having a wavelength of 193 nm, the numerical aperture of the projection optical system is 0.78, the illumination condition is an annular illumination in which the σ value equals 0.8 and the annular ratio equals 0.5, and a reticle is used on which an isolated space pattern with a linewidth of 135 nm and a dense space pattern with a linewidth of 100 nm and a 200 nm pitch are formed. And, by the exposure under the standard illumination condition using the reticle, a resist image of the isolated space pattern with a linewidth of 150 nm and a resist image of the dense space pattern with a linewidth of 120 nm are formed on the wafer. In this simulation, the projection magnification of the projection optical system is set to an equal magnification. 
     FIG. 3C  shows the difference between a difference (hereinafter referred to as an “isolated-dense difference” or a “linewidth bias”) in the linewidths of the resist images of the isolated space pattern and the dense space pattern when the illumination condition is altered under this exposure condition, such as for example, the σ value altered in the range of 0.7 to 0.9 and the annular ratio altered the range of 0.4 to 0.6, and the isolated-dense difference (linewidth bias) under the above standard exposure position, i.e. the variation of the relative linewidth bias. In the change of the σ value (illumination σ) and the annular ratio in the above range, the linewidth of the resist image of the dense space pattern is maintained at 120 nm. Accordingly, the variation of the relative linewidth bias in  FIG. 3C  reflects the linewidth change in the resist image of the isolated space pattern. Further, the white contour line in  FIG. 3C  shows a contour line when the above relative linewidth bias is zero (more specifically, a contour line that connects the exposure condition (illumination condition) when the isolated-dense difference (linewidth bias) is the same as the isolated-dense difference (linewidth bias) under the standard exposure condition (standard illumination condition)). 
   Further,  FIGS. 3A ,  3 B,  3 D,  3 E, and  3 F show a similar variation of the relative linewidth bias as in  FIG. 3C , in the case the linewidth of the resist image of the dense space pattern is 110 nm, 115 nm, 125 nm, 130 nm, and 135 nm, respectively. Further, in these  FIGS. 3A ,  3 B,  3 D,  3 E, and  3 F, the white contour line in  FIG. 3C  is shown in a dotted line. 
   For example, as is shown with the white arrow in  FIG. 3F , when the illumination condition is changed so that both the σ value and the annular ratio become larger on the dotted line, it can be seen that the isolated-dense difference of the linewidth at the top of the resist image of the space pattern (the linewidth at the height position where the linewidth becomes 135 nm) can be changed in a direction in which the linewidth of the resist image of the isolated space pattern becomes wider (degrade the profile), without changing the linewidth bias (the isolated-dense difference of the linewidth at the bottom) of the resist image of the space pattern. 
   In the embodiment, information that shows the relation between the illumination condition and the relative linewidth bias as is shown in  FIGS. 3A to 3F  is obtained by simulation (or by experiment) in advance for various target linewidths, and the information is stored in memory in control system  50 . 
   Next, a processing flow when the exposure of wafer W is performed using reticle R T  described earlier will be described, according to a flow chart in  FIG. 4 , which shows a processing algorithm of a control system. 
   First of all, in step  102 , reticle R T  is loaded onto reticle stage RST via a reticle carrier system (not shown), and using the aerial image measuring instrument previously described, aerial image measurement by the slit-scan method is performed in the procedure disclosed in, for example, Kokai (Japanese Unexamined Patent Application Publication) No. 2002-198303, and the corresponding U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2002/0041377 and the like previously described, so as to obtain information on the aerial image intensity distribution (projected image intensity distribution) of the patterns ISP and DSP on reticle R T . 
   In the next step, step  104 , the sharp-edged feature of the projected image is computed, using the projected image intensity distribution that has been obtained. More specifically, for example, a differential value of the projected image intensity distribution at an intersection position with a slice level corresponding to the resist sensitivity (i.e. the slope of the tangent line at the intersecting position), or a log slope of the projected image intensity distribution at the intersecting point is computed as the sharp-edged feature of the projected image. In this case, brightness of the image may affect the former differential value. In such a case, it is desirable to employ the latter log slope, which can eliminate the influence of the brightness. Besides such methods, contrast of the projected image can be computed as the sharp-edged feature. 
   In the next steps, steps  106  to  110 , device linewidth characteristics are predicted, based on the sharp-edged feature of the projected image that has been computed. 
   To be more specific, first, in step  106 , the profile of the resist pattern (resist image) is predicted based on the sharp-edged feature of the projected image. For example, when considering the case of the projected image of isolated pattern ISP, as the projected image of pattern ISP, for example, an image shown in the lower section of  FIG. 7A  or  7 B is obtained. If the differential value (the slope of the tangent line) (or the log slope) at intersecting points P 1  and P 2  with slice level SL corresponding to the projected image and the resist sensitivity can be obtained, then, based on the differential value (or the log slope) and a projected image linewidth WD b  having a length of line segment P 1  to P 2 , the profile of the resist image can be roughly predicted. Accordingly, the profile of the resist images shown in, for example, the upper section of  FIGS. 7A and 6A  or  FIGS. 7B and 6B , can be obtained. The height of the resist image (the thickness of the resist layer), in this case, is already known. 
   In the next step, step  108 , a profile of the resist image after cure is predicted, further taking into consideration the deformation due to the cure treatment. Accordingly, the profile of the resist image deformed by the cure treatment (heating or ultraviolet light irradiation (UV cure) for hardening the resist) is predicted, such as for example, the image shown in the middle section of  FIG. 6A . However, because the deformation due to the cure treatment may be small in some cases, the deformation due to the cure treatment does not necessarily have to be considered (the processing in step  108  is not indispensable). 
   In the next step, step  110 , device linewidth characteristics are predicted, based on the profile of the resist image that has been predicted. In this case, the device linewidth characteristics can be predicted by computing the linewidth of the pattern after etching formed on the wafer that has undergone the etching process of a predetermined film (e.g. interlayer insulating film) that uses the resist image as a mask, based on the above profile of the resist image. Or, in addition to the above profile of the resist image, the device linewidth characteristics can also be predicted by computing the linewidth of the pattern after etching also taking into consideration etching characteristics in the etching process performed after development or after cure. 
   In the description, etching characteristics refer to a selection ratio, which is mainly an etching velocity ratio of a resist and a film under the resist subject to processing (etching), however, density difference and/or P−N difference can also be included. Density difference refers to the difference in characteristics such as the etching speed, the shape or the like in the coarse section and the dense section of the pattern. P−N difference refers to the difference in the etching characteristics due to the difference in the P-structure and N-structure of a semiconductor. Depending on the cases, isotropy and anisotropy of the etching can also be included as the etching characteristics. 
   In the next step, step  112 , the exposure condition is adjusted so that an etched image (pattern after the etching) that has a desired linewidth is obtained, based on the device linewidth characteristics that have been predicted. 
   For example, in the case exposure is performed under the standard exposure condition previously described based on the difference in the linewidth of the etched image that has been predicted and the desired linewidth, an exposure amount (a total energy amount of the illumination light irradiated on the wafer via the pattern) in which the linewidth of the resist image of each space of pattern DSP becomes a desired linewidth is computed (that is, the exposure amount is corrected based on the predicted device linewidth characteristics (the above linewidth difference)). 
   Next, based on the information that shows the relation between the standard illumination condition and the relative linewidth bias previously described, illumination σ and/or the annular ratio are adjusted via drive system  36  (and  38 ) and drive system  40  described earlier so that the bottom width and the top width of the resist images of pattern ISP and pattern DSP become a desired value, respectively. 
   In the next step, step  114 , exposure by the step-and-scan method is performed under the adjusted exposure condition (including the computed exposure amount and the adjusted illumination condition), and after the pattern of reticle R T  is transferred onto each shot area of wafer W whose surface is coated with a resist, the processing in the main routine is completed. 
   Then, wafer W on which the pattern of reticle R T  is transferred is unloaded from wafer stage WST and carried to a coater developer (not shown), and is developed. Accordingly, on wafer W, the resist images of pattern ISP and pattern DSP that have the desired linewidth and profile are formed. 
   Next, the manufacturing method of a semiconductor device in the embodiment will be described, referring to  FIGS. 5A to 5E . 
   First of all, a semiconductor base material is prepared. For example, a semiconductor substrate (wafer) W on which a lower layer wiring  81  (a first copper wiring layer) is formed by undergoing film formation of an interlayer insulating film and resist patterning after going through a device isolation region formation process, a well formation process, and a transistor formation process is prepared. Then, on the wafer, a diffusion prevention film  82  is formed ( FIG. 5A ). As lower layer wiring  81 , for example, a tungsten plug that reaches the diffusion layer of a MOS transistor can be used. For the sake of simplicity in the description, the configuration of lower layer wiring  81  is not shown in  FIGS. 5A to 5E . 
   As diffusion prevention film  82 , for example, a SiN (Silicon Nitride) film, a SiC (Silicon Carbide) film, a SiCN (Silicon Carbon Nitride) film or the like can be used. In the case a material that has a large etching selection ratio to the interlayer insulating film formed on diffusion prevention film  82  is used as diffusion prevention film  82 , then the film also functions as an etching stopper film. 
   Next, on diffusion prevention film  82 , an interlayer insulating film  83  is formed, for example, by a plasma CVD (Chemical Vapor Deposition) method or the like ( FIG. 5A ). As interlayer insulating film  83 , in this case, a low dielectric constant insulating film (a Low-k film) is used. The thickness of interlayer insulating film  83  is, for instance, around 200 to 600 nm. It is preferable that the dielectric constant of the interlayer insulating film is around 2.0 to 2.5 
   In the embodiment, as the insulating film that composes interlayer insulating film  83 , an insulating film that has a dielectric constant lower than an SiO 2  film is used. More specifically, an SiO 2  film that has a silicon atom bound with a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group such as a methyl radical (—CH 3 ), or an allyl group (CH 2 ═CHCH 2 —) can be given. For example, an MSQ (methylsilsesquioxane) film or an HSQ (hydrogen silsesquioxane) film is suitable. 
   After interlayer insulating film  83  has been formed, a cap film  85  is formed ( FIG. 5B ) on interlayer insulating film  83 . Cap film  85  functions as a protective film of interlayer insulating film  83  in the CMP process by the damascene method. As cap film  85 , for example, an SiO 2  (Silicon Oxide) film, an SiC (Silicon Carbide) film, an SiN (Silicon Nitride) film or the like can be used. These films can be formed, for example, by the CVD method. 
   After cap film  85  ahs been formed, a predetermined resist pattern, or in other words, a resist film  86  that has a predetermined pattern profile is formed ( FIG. 5C ). 
   More specifically, wafer W on which lower layer wiring  81 , diffusion prevention film  82 , interlayer insulating film  83 , and cap film  85  are deposited is carried to the coater developer, and a photosensitive agent (resist) is coated. Then, successively, the wafer on which the resist is coated is carried onto wafer stage WST of exposure apparatus  100  in the embodiment, which is inline connected to the coater developer. Then, after preparatory operations have been performed, which are predetermined, exposure is performed under the exposure condition that has been adjusted in the procedure previously described, and the pattern of reticle R T  described earlier is transferred onto wafer W. 
   Next, wafer W that has been exposed is carried to the coater developer, and then is developed. Accordingly, on wafer W, the resist images of pattern ISP and pattern DSP that have the desired linewidth and profile are formed. In  FIG. 5C , the resist image of pattern ISP that has been formed in the manner described above is representatively indicated as resist film  86 . And, cure treatment as in heat treatment (post-bake treatment) and ultraviolet light irradiation treatment is applied when necessary. 
   Next, dry etching is applied to cap film  85 , interlayer insulating film  83 , and diffusion prevention film  82  with resist film  86  serving as a mask, so as to form the wiring groove (depressed section) that reaches lower layer wiring  81 . By removing resist film  86  that has become unnecessary by ashing after dry etching has been completed, a wiring groove  88  that reaches lower layer wiring  81  is formed, as is shown in  FIG. 5D . 
   In the case diffusion prevention film  82  also functions as the etching stopper film, a first dry etching can be performed on cap film  85  and interlayer insulating film  83  with resist film  86  serving as a mask, then ashing and cleaning can be performed in order to remove resist film  86  that has become unnecessary, and then a second dry etching can be performed on diffusion prevention film  82  with cap film  85  as a hard mask. And, wiring groove  88  that reaches lower layer wiring  81  can also be formed in the manner described above. 
   After wiring groove  88  has been formed, etching residue is removed by a cleaning treatment. Then, a copper wiring layer is embedded inside wiring groove  88  using a known plating method and/or a sputtering method and the like, and a wiring groove  92  electrically connecting to lower layer wiring  81  is formed. And, by CMP, the surface of wiring groove  92  is flattened. 
   According to the processes described above, wiring groove  92  electrically connecting to lower layer wiring  81  can be formed ( FIG. 5E ). In  FIG. 5E , reference numeral  89  indicates a barrier metal film made of, for example, a Ta (Tantalum) film, a TaN (Tantalum Nitride) film, a W (Tungsten) film, a WN (Tungsten Nitride) film, a Ti (Titanium) film, a TiN (Titanium Nitride) film or the like. Further, reference numeral  90  indicates a seed Cu (copper) film and reference numeral  91  indicates a Cu layer, respectively. Barrier metal film  89  and seed Cu (copper) layer  90  can be formed by the sputtering method. Further, Cu layer  91  can be formed by the plating method. 
   Then, after forming a via plug electrically connecting to wiring groove  92 , a multilayer wiring structure can be formed by repeating a similar process. 
   Next, device assembly is performed using the wafer on which the multilayer wiring structure is formed. In the assembly process, processes such as a dicing process, a bonding process, a packaging process (chip encapsulation) and the like are included as necessary. 
   Finally, tests on operation, durability, and the like are performed on the device that has been made. 
   As is described so far, according to the wafer processing method related to the embodiment, the profile of the resist pattern is predicted based on the sharp-edged feature of the projected image of a predetermined pattern, such as for example, patterns ISP and DSP on reticle R T  (steps  106  and  108 ), and based on the predicted profile the device linewidth characteristics are predicted (step  110 ), and then the exposure conditions of pattern ISP and DSP are adjusted based on the device linewidth characteristics that have been predicted (step  112 ). Accordingly, by performing exposure under the adjusted exposure conditions, or in other words, by performing patterning of the resist on wafer W with the projected image of the pattern (step  114 ), and developing the wafer after the patterning, the resist pattern that satisfies the desired device linewidth characteristics is formed on the wafer. Furthermore, by performing the etching of the wafer using the resist pattern as a mask, a pattern (groove) that has the desired linewidth can be formed after the etching. 
   Further, according to the device manufacturing method of the embodiment, in the wafer processing step, because the grooves for wiring is formed using the above wafer processing method, the width of each wiring groove becomes a desired value. For example, the grooves after etching that correspond to the resist patterns with the same linewidth are grooves that have the same linewidth. Accordingly, generation of unevenness and variation in the finished size of the device can be suppressed, and a device with a good operation speed (small signal delay) can be manufactured with good yield. 
   In the embodiment, the exposure condition, i.e. the exposure amount and the illumination condition (the illumination σ and the annular ratio), was adjusted based on the device linewidth characteristics that had been predicted (e.g. the difference between the predicted linewidth of the etched image and the desired linewidth). However, the present invention is not limited to this, and instead of the exposure amount and/or the illumination condition, or in addition to the exposure amount and/or the illumination condition, other exposure conditions can also be adjusted. Other exposure conditions include, for example, the optical properties of projection optical system PL (aberration, numerical aperture or the like), or as is disclosed in, for example, U.S. Pat. No. 5,742,376, RE37,391 and the like, the implementation status of a super-resolution technique for substantially increasing the depth of focus by continuously setting a predetermined point on the wafer during scanning exposure to a different Z position, the fluctuation (movement range) in the Z-axis direction and the like. Further, in the adjustment of the illumination condition, the intensity (energy) distribution of the illumination light on the pupil plane of illumination optical system  12 , or in other words, the shape of the secondary light source was maintained substantially the same while adjusting its magnitude (the illumination σ and the annular ratio). However, the present invention is not limited to this, and for example, altering the shape of the secondary light source (such as, from annular illumination to quadrupole illumination), adjusting the polarization state and/or the spectral characteristics (e.g. center wavelength, wavelength interval) and the like can also be performed. On adjusting the spectral characteristics, for example, at least one of a first spectral width (e.g. 95% energy purity width (E95)), which is set based on the integration value of spectral intensity distribution of the illumination light, a second spectral width (e.g. full width half maximum (FWHM)), which is the width when the intensity decreases to a predetermined rate with respect to a peak value of the spectral intensity distribution, and the ratio of the first spectral width and the second spectral width is adjusted. Furthermore, adjusting the exposure conditions can also include a reticle pattern correction (linewidth adjustment that will be described later in a second embodiment, and/or addition of an auxiliary pattern) called OPC (Optical Proximity Correction) whose details are disclosed in, for example, U.S. Pat. No. 5,546,225 and the like. 
   Next, a second embodiment will be described. The second embodiment is an embodiment on a method of manufacturing a reticle such as, for example, reticle R T  previously described. 
   In the second embodiment, the same processing as in steps  102  to  110  in the first embodiment previously described is performed, and after the device linewidth characteristics are predicted, the linewidth of at least a part of the space pattern data of the pattern data corresponding to patterns ISP and DSP formed on reticle R T  as the exposure condition is adjusted, based on the prediction results. 
   Then, using the pattern data whose linewidth has been adjusted, a plurality of patterns ISP and DSP that have the desired linewidth are formed in a predetermined position relation within pattern area PA formed on one of the surfaces of glass substrate  52 , as is shown in  FIG. 2 . Patterns ISP and DSP can be formed, for instance, under the procedures of coating an electron beam resist on the surface of the light shielding member such as such as chromium or the like that forms pattern area PA, exposing the resist using an electron beam exposure apparatus, and etching the light shielding member after development using the resist pattern as a mask. 
   Reticle R T  manufactured in the manner described above is loaded, for example, into exposure apparatus  100 , and exposure by the step-and-scan method is performed under the standard exposure condition described earlier using reticle R T  that has been manufactured, so as to transfer the pattern of reticle R T  onto each of the shot areas on wafer W. Then, by developing the wafer, the resist images of patterns ISP and DSP that have a desired linewidth and profile are formed on wafer W. 
   In the second embodiment, in addition to the pattern correction (linewidth adjustment) during the manufacture of the reticle described earlier, the exposure condition (e.g. at least one of the illumination condition and the exposure amount) can be adjusted as in the first embodiment while exposure using the reticle that has been manufactured is performed. Further, in the second embodiment, the pattern correction during reticle manufacturing is not limited to the linewidth, and for example, an auxiliary pattern can be added instead of, or in addition to the correction of the linewidth. 
   In each of the embodiments above, the profile of the resist pattern was predicted based on the sharp-edged feature of the projected image of patterns ISP and DSP, and the device linewidth characteristics were predicted based on the predicted profile. The present invention, however, is not limited to this, and the device linewidth characteristics can be predicted based on the sharp-edged feature of the projected image of the pattern. 
   Further, in each of the embodiments above, the case has been described where exposure is performed using reticle R T  on which isolated pattern ISP and dense pattern DSP are formed. The present invention, however, is not limited to this, and exposure can be performed using a reticle that has only isolated patterns, or only dense patterns formed. In this case, the exposure condition does not have to be adjusted in order to adjust the isolated-dense difference (linewidth bias) as was performed in each of the embodiments above. In this case, for example, by experiment or simulation, the relation between the sharp-edged featured of the projected image of the pattern and the device linewidth characteristics (and the profile of the resist pattern), and the relation between the device linewidth characteristics and the exposure condition (including for example, at least one of the exposure amount and the illumination condition) are obtained in advance. Then, during the actual exposure, by measuring the intensity distribution of the aerial image (projected image) of the pattern using the aerial image measuring instrument, predicting the device linewidth characteristics based on the measurement results (the sharp-edged featured of the projected image), and transferring the pattern after adjusting the exposure condition based on the predicted linewidth characteristics, the resist image of the pattern with a desired linewidth, and consequently the pattern image after etching with a desired linewidth can be obtained. 
   Further, the difference in the profile due to the influence of the intensity distribution (brightness distribution) of the secondary light source can also be corrected by changing the illumination condition, such as, for example, changing the shape and size of the secondary light source, or in other words, changing the σ value, the annular ratio and the like. In each of the embodiments above, the description focused on groove patterns and wiring layers, however, other patterns and other layers are also acceptable. Furthermore, the reticle pattern can also be a pattern formed by a light shielding section within the light transmitting section. Further, in the annular illumination or the multipole illumination, in the intensity distribution of the illumination light on the pupil plane of the illumination optical system, the intensity in the areas other than the annular area or the plurality of areas eccentric from optical axis AX does not have to be zero. That is, the intensity of the illumination light in the annular area or the plurality of areas eccentric from optical axis AX only has to be higher than the other areas. 
   In conic axicon  21  in each of the embodiments above, the first prism member  21   a  that has a concaved conical refracting surface and the second prism member  21   b  that has a convexed conical refracting surface are place sequentially from the light source side, however the arrangement order can be reversed. Further, the configuration of the illumination optical system in each of the embodiments above is a mere example, and the configuration is optional as long as the illumination condition including the annular ratio and the illumination σ can be adjusted. Accordingly, various configurations can be employed, such as the illumination optical system disclosed in, for example, Kokai (Japanese Unexamined Patent Application Publication) No. 2002-231619, and the corresponding U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2004/0263817. For example, as optical integrator  24 , instead of the fly-eye lens, an internal reflection type integrator (such as a rod), a diffractive optical element or the like can be used. 
   Further, in each of the embodiments above, as the illumination light, as is disclosed in, for example, the pamphlet of International Publication WO1999/46835 and the corresponding U.S. Pat. No. 7,023,610 and the like, a harmonic wave may also be used that is obtained by amplifying a single-wavelength laser beam in the infrared or visible range emitted by a DFB semiconductor laser or fiber laser, with a fiber amplifier doped with, for example, erbium (or both erbium and ytteribium), and by converting the wavelength into ultraviolet light using a nonlinear optical crystal. 
   Further, as the light source, a light source that generates a vacuum ultraviolet light such as an F 2  laser having a wavelength of 157 nm, a Kr 2  laser beam having a wavelength of 146 nm, an Ar 2  laser beam having a wavelength of 126 nm, or a mercury lamp that generates a bright line such as the g-line or the i-line can also be used. 
   Further, the magnification of the projection optical system is not limited to a reduction system, and the system may either be an equal magnifying system or a magnifying system. The projection optical system is not limited to a refracting system, and the system can be one of a reflection system and a catadioptric system (for example, an in-line type catadioptric system whose details are disclosed in, for example, the pamphlet of International Publication Number WO2004/019128 and the corresponding U.S. Patent Application 2006/0121364), and the projected image can be one of an inverted image or an upright image. 
   In each of the embodiments above, the case has been described where the present invention is applied to a scanning exposure apparatus by the step-and-scan method. The present invention, however, is not limited to this, and it can also be suitably applied to an exposure apparatus by the step-and-repeat method (the so-called stepper) or to an exposure apparatus by the step-and-stitch method. 
   Besides the exposure apparatus above, the present invention can also be applied to a liquid immersion exposure apparatus in which liquid is filled in the space between projection optical system PL and the wafer as in the apparatus disclosed in, for example, the pamphlet of International Publication Number WO2004/053955 and the corresponding U.S. Patent Application 2005/0252506, European Patent Application Publication No. 1,420,298, the pamphlet of International Publication Number WO2004/055803, U.S. Pat. No. 6,952,253 and the like. Further, the present invention can also be applied to a multi-stage exposure apparatus provided with a plurality of stages whose details are disclosed in, for example, Kokai (Japanese Unexamined Patent Publication) No. 10-163099 (and the corresponding U.S. Pat. No. 6,590,634), Kohyo (Japanese Unexamined Patent Publication) No. 2000-505958 (and the corresponding U.S. Pat. No. 5,969,441), U.S. Pat. No. 6,208,407 and the like, or the present invention can also be applied to an exposure apparatus provided with a measurement stage that has a measurement member (such as a fiducial mark, a sensor or the like), as is disclosed in, for example, Kokai (Japanese Unexamined Patent Publication) No. 11-135400 (and the corresponding pamphlet of International Publication Number WO1999/23692), Kokai (Japanese Unexamined Patent Publication) No. 2000-164504 (and the corresponding U.S. Pat. No. 6,897,963) and the like. 
   Furthermore, the present invention can also be suitably applied not only to an exposure apparatus that uses ultraviolet light as the illumination light but also to an exposure apparatus that uses a charged particle beam such as an electron beam or an ion beam, or to an X-ray exposure apparatus. Incidentally, the electron beam exposure apparatus can be an apparatus by any one of a pencil beam method, a variable-shaped beam method, a self-projection method, a blanking aperture array method, and a mask projection method. For example, in the case of the apparatus that employs the pencil beam method, the device linewidth characteristics can be predicted based on the resist image profile measured in advance, and the exposure amount serving as the exposure condition of the pattern can be adjusted by increasing or decreasing the exposure energy based on the predicted device linewidth characteristics. Further, the linewidth can be adjusted as the exposure condition, based on the device linewidth characteristics. 
   In each of the embodiments above, a transmittance type mask (reticle) was used, which is a transmissive mask on which a predetermined light shielding pattern (or a phase pattern or a light attenuation pattern) is formed. Instead of this mask, however, as is disclosed in, for example, U.S. Pat. No. 6,778,257, an electron mask (a variable shaped mask) on which a light-transmitting pattern, a reflection pattern, or an emission pattern is formed according to electronic data of the pattern that is to be exposed can also be used. With the variable shaped mask that uses a DMD (Digital Micromirror Device), which is a kind of a non-radiative image display device (also referred to as a spatial optical modulator), after the device linewidth characteristics are predicted, the design data of the pattern that is to be generated by the electron mask can be corrected and linewidth adjustment can be performed as the exposure condition of the pattern based on the prediction results in order to obtain and etched image that has a desired linewidth, as in the second embodiment previously described. 
   Further, the present invention can also be applied to an exposure apparatus that forms a device pattern on wafer W (a lithography system) by forming an interference fringe on wafer W, as is disclosed in, for example, the pamphlet of International Publication Number WO2001/035168. Furthermore, the present invention can also be applied to an exposure apparatus that synthesizes a pattern of a plurality of reticles (or variable shaped masks) on the wafer via the projection optical system, and performs double exposure of an area on the wafer almost simultaneously in one scanning exposure, as is disclosed in, for example, Kohyo (Japanese Unexamined Patent Publication) No. 2004-519850 (and the corresponding U.S. Pat. No. 6,611,316). 
   The present invention is not limited to the exposure apparatus for manufacturing semiconductors, and it can also be widely applied to an exposure apparatus used for manufacturing displays such as the liquid crystal display device made of square glass plates or the like, or to an exposure apparatus used for manufacturing thin film magnetic heads, imaging devices (such as CCDs), micromachines, DNA chips and the like. Further, the present invention can also be applied to an exposure apparatus that transfers a circuit pattern onto a glass substrate or a silicon wafer not only when producing microdevices such as semiconductors, but also when producing a reticle or a mask used in exposure apparatus such as an optical exposure apparatus, an EUV exposure apparatus, an X-ray exposure apparatus, and an electron beam exposure apparatus. The object subject to exposure is not limited to wafers, and for example, the object can be a glass plate, a ceramic substrate, a film member, a mask blank or the like, and the shape is also not limited to a circular shape and can be rectangular instead. 
   The above disclosures of the Kokai/Kohyo publications, the pamphlet of the International Publications, the U.S. Patents, and the U.S. Patent application publications are each incorporated herein by reference. 
   Further, in each of the embodiments above, the case has been described of a device manufacturing method that includes a wiring process in which copper wiring is formed by a single damascene process. The present invention is not limited to this, and the present invention can also be similarly applied to a device manufacturing method that includes a wiring process in which metal wiring is formed by a dual damascene process. Further, besides the description above, in the case a transistor gate is formed by an embedding method similar to the single damascene process previously described, a groove of the gate can be formed on the wafer using the substrate processing method in the present invention. 
   While the above-described embodiments of the present invention are the presently preferred embodiments thereof, those skilled in the art of lithography systems will readily recognize that numerous additions, modifications, and substitutions may be made to the above-described embodiments without departing from the spirit and scope thereof. It is intended that all such modifications, additions, and substitutions fall within the scope of the present invention, which is best defined by the claims appended below.