Patent Publication Number: US-9414590-B2

Title: Chemical and biological agents for the control of molluscs

Description:
PRIORITY CLAIM 
     This application is a continuation-in-part under 35 USC 120 of application Ser. No. 13/716,483, filed Dec. 17, 2012, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference. Application Ser. No. 13/716,483 is a continuation under 35 USC 120 of application Ser. No. 12/763,892, filed Apr. 20, 2010, the contents of which are also incorporated herein by reference. Application Ser. No. 12/763,892 also claims priority under 35 USC §119(e) from U.S. application Ser. No. 61/170,686, filed Apr. 20, 2009, and U.S. application Ser. No. 61/170,790, filed Dec. 10, 2010, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference. 
    
    
     FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
     Compositions and methods for controlling molluscs, such as mussels and/or snails and/or slugs which includes but is not limited to lactones, lactams, carbamates, amides, and/or carboxylic acid containing compounds as active ingredients and/or compounds derived from a microbe (e.g.,  Pseudomonas  and/or  Erwinia ). Also provided are methods and compositions for increasing the efficacy of chemical and biological control for molluscs, such as mussels and/or snails and/or slugs in open waters, power plants, and drinking water treatment facilities under coldwater conditions or solid surfaces. 
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     The Zebra mussel,  Dreissena polymorpha , was originally native to the Caspian Sea and the Ural River in Asia. In the nineteenth century, it spread west and now occurs in most of Europe, the western portion of the Commonwealth of Independent States (formally the Soviet Union), and Turkey. Over two decades ago, the mussels, such as zebra mussel,  Dreissena polymorpha  and quagga mussel,  Dreissena bugensis , were introduced into North America. Their wide spread through inland waters has led to the coverage of most of eastern of US [U.S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station. 1995. Zebra mussels: Biology, Ecology, and Recommended Control Strategies. Technical Note. ZMR-1-01. Zebra Mussel Research Program, Vicksburg, Miss.]. Similarly, Golden Mussel,  Limnoperna fortune , affected Asian and Southern American countries (Golden Mussel— Limnoperna fortune ). Asian Clam  Corbicula fluminea  almost spread all Asian countries and US [Non-indigenous species information bulletin: Asian clam,  Corbicula fluminea  (Müller, 1774) (Mollusca: Corbiculidae)]. And other mussels such unionid mussels exist in US and other countries. 
     The ability of the mussels to quickly colonize new areas, rapidly achieve high densities and attach to any hard substratum (e.g., rocks, logs, aquatic plants, shells of native mussels, and exoskeletons of crayfish, plastic, concrete, wood, fiberglass, pipes made of iron and polyvinyl chloride and surfaces covered with conventional paints) make them to cause serious adverse consequences. These consequences include damages of water-dependent infrastructure, increased millions of dollars in the operating expense and significant damage of the ecological systems [O&#39;Neill, C. R., Jr. 1997, Economic impact of zebra mussels-results of the 1995 national zebra mussel information clearing house study.  Gt. Lakes Res. Rev.  3, 35-44; Karatayev, A. Y., L. E. Burlakova, D. K., Padilla, 1997, the effects of  Dreissena polymorpha  (Pallas) invasion on aquatic communalities in eastern Europe.  Journal Shellfish Research,  16, 187-203; MacIsaac, H. J., 1996. Potential abiotic and biotic impacts of zebra mussels on the inland waters of North America.  American Zoology,  36, 289-299; D. P. Molloy, the potential for using biological control technologies in the management of  Dreissena  SPP,  Journal of Shellfish Research,  1998 (17) 177-183] as well as productivity reduction which costs billions of dollars in lost revenue (Connelly, N. A., C. R. O&#39;Neill, Jr, et al. (2007), “Economic impacts of Zebra mussels on drinking water treatment and electric power generation facilities”, Environmental Management 90:10. Economic impacts of zebra mussels on drinking water treatment and electric power generation facilities. Environmental Management 40: 105-112). Additionally, rapid invasion of aquatic ecosystems by these invasive mussels has caused decline in the richness and abundance of endemic unionid mussels, an important part of biodiversity (Ricciardi, A, Neves, R. J., Rasmussen, J. B. 1998. Impending extinctions of North American freshwater mussels (Unionidae) following the zebra mussel ( Dreissena polymorpha ) invasion. Journal of Animal Ecology 67: 613-619). 
     Management of mussels is very important for protecting water-dependent infrastructure and water ecological systems. There are many ways to reduce the populations of mussels. These methods include pre-active and reactive methods. Reactive removal includes the mechanical removal, predator removal, and chemical and biochemical removal. For example, fish, birds, crayfish, crabs, leeches and mammals have shown to predate mussels. However, it is unlikely that mussel population will be controlled by natural predation, especially in man-made structures such as pipes or pumping plants. 
     Application of molluscicides is another effective ways to reduce the mussel population. For example, sodium hypochlorite is a commonly used control agent in Europe, US, and Canada. However, mussels can withstand this treatment for several days by closing their shells and chlorine can be only used in pipes or ducts that contain pressure sensing or other equipment due to environmental toxicity of chlorine [U.S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station. 1995. Zebra mussels: Biology, Ecology, and Recommended Control Strategies. Technical Note. ZMR-1-01. Zebra Mussel Research Program, Vicksburg, Miss.]. In addition, there are many other commercialized molluscicides such as surfactant ammonium salts, Butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) in paints, N-triphenylmethyl-morpholine and so on. These chemicals either low selectivity or affect the water ecosystems. For example, a 4-trifluoroethyl-4-nitrophenol marketed as Bayluscide® (Bayer) is a possible candidate for control such invasive exotic species. However, the toxic mechanism of such a chemical is to affect mussel cellular respiration, which in nature will limit its selectivity between mussel and other aquatic species such as fish [Karen Perry A E John Lynn, Detecting physiological and pesticide-induced apoptosis in early developmental stages of invasive bivalves, Hydrobiologia (2009) 628:153-164; I Takougang, J Meli, F Angwafo, Field trials of low dose Bayluscide on snail hosts of schistosome and selected non-target organisms in sahelian Cameroon, Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, 2006, 101(4): 355-358]. 
     It is crucial to manage the invasive mussels in a safe, environmental friendly and cheap manner. In order to find less harmful methods to control these invasive mussels, New York State Museum&#39;s (NYSM) Field Research Laboratory screened more than 700 bacterial isolates as potential biological control agents to be used against zebra and quagga mussels. As a result, they found an isolate, strain CL145A of  Pseudomonas fluorescens , to be lethal to these mussels (see Molloy, D. P. U.S. Pat. No. 6,194,194, issued Feb. 27, 2001). This bacterium is worldwide in distribution and is present in all North American waterbodies. In nature it is a harmless bacterial species that is found protecting the roots of plants from rot and mildew. It is so ubiquitous that it is a common food spoilage organism in the average household refrigerator [Daniel P. Molloy and Denise A. Mayer, Overview of a Novel Green Technology: Biological Control of Zebra and Quagga Mussels with  Pseudomonas fluorescens, Version  6: Updated Aug. 24, 2007]. 
     Lactones, Lactams, Carbamate and Amides 
     Lactones are widely distributed in foods and beverages, and are also secondary metabolites of animals (e.g., sponges) and microorganisms (e.g., yeasts, fungi). Some lactones have a special aroma (e.g., gamma-decalactone), resulting in an increasing demand for natural products in food industry by the use of biotechnological processes for the production of these lactones [Mohamed Alchihab, Jacqueline Destain, Mario Aguedo, Lamia Majad, Hakim Ghalfi, Jean-Paul Wathelet, Philippe Thonart, Production of γ-Decalactone by a Psychrophilic and a Mesophilic Strain of the Yeast  Rhodotorula aurantiaca, Appl Biochem Biotechnol  (2009) 158:41-50]. Other functions of different lactones are associated with antibacterial activity [Ikuko Shimizu, Yasunori Isshiki, Harue Nomura, Keisuke Sakuda, Katsuya Sakuma, Seiichi Kondo, The Antibacterial Activity of Fragrance Ingredients against  Legionella pneumophila , Biol. Pharm. Bull. 2009, 32(6) 1114-1117], hepatoprotective activity [Yumiko Itoh, Hiroshi Shimura, Mayumi Ito, Naoharu Watanabe, Michio Yamagishi, Masaharu Tamai and Kazunori Hanada, Novel hepatoprotective γ-lactone, MH-031, I. Discovery isolation, physicochemical properties and structural elucidation, The Journal of Antibiotics 1991, 832-837], anti-tuberculosis activity [Ma, G. Y. et al. anti-tuberculosis constituents from the stem bark of micromelum hirsutum, Planta Med. 2005, 71, 261-267], anti-HIV activity [zhang et al., sesquiterpenes and butenolides, natural anti-HIV constituents from  Litse verticillata , Planta Med, 2005, 71, 452-457], sex pheromone [J. H. Tumlinson, Identification of the Female Japanese Beetle Sex Pheromone Inhibition of Male Response by an Enantiomer, Science, 1977, 197, 789-792], cytotoxic activity [Fan, X. N. et al. Chemical Constituents of  Heteroplexis micocephala , J. Nat. Prod. 2009, 72, 1184-1190], signal molecules [M. K. Vinson, et al. Multiple N-acyl-L-homoserine lactone signal molecules regulate production of virulence determinants and secondary metabolites in  Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA,  1995, 92, 9427-9431] and insecticidal activity [John A. Findlay, et al., Insect toxins from spruce endophytes, Can. J. Chem. 2003, 81, 284-292], 
     Although lactams exist in some plants and marine organisms, they often are fungal metabolites. Many biological activities (e.g., cytotoxic and antitumor activity, angiogenesis inhibition, neuronal activity, anti-infectious activities) were reviewed in a recent publication [Bastien Nay, Nassima Riache and Laurent Evanno, Chemistry and biology of non-tetramic γ-hydroxy-γ-lactams and γ-alkylidene-γ-lactams from natural sources, Natural Product reports, 2009, 26, 1044-1062]. 
     Carbamates exist in plants, microorganism and sponges, but fewer biological activities are reported for these compounds in comparison with lactones, amides because many of these compounds are not stable in aqueous solutions. There was one example of fungicidal activity of natural carbamates [Richard J. Clark, et al., Antifungal Alkyl Amino Alcohols from the Tropical Marine Sponge  Haliclona  n. sp., J. Nat. Prod. 2001, 64, 1568-1571].]. Amides are widely distributed in plants, microorganisms and sponges. For example, Scalusamide A from marine-derived fungus  Penicillium citrinum  exhibited antibacterial and antifungal activity [Masashi Tsuda, et al., Scalusamides A-C, New Pyrrolidine Alkaloids from the Marine-Derived Fungus  Penicillium citrinum , J. Nat. Prod. 2005, 68, 273-276]. 
     Another example of an amide is a plant-derived compound called sarmentine, which displayed a lot of bioactivities. As described in application Ser. No. 61/227,412, Jul. 21, 2009 sarmentine was first isolated from the fruit of  Piper sarmentosum  in 1987 [Likhitwitayawuid, K., Ruangrungsi, N, Lange, G. and Decicco, C., Structural Elucidation and Synthesis of New Components isolated from  Piper Samentosum, Tetrahedron  1987 (43) 3689-3694] and also from  Piper nigrum  in 1988 [Kiuchi, F., Nakamura, N., Tsuda, Y., Kondo, K. and Yoshimura, H. Studies on Crude Drugs Effective on Visceral Larva Migrans. IV. Isolation and Identification of Larvicidal Principles in Pepper  Chemical and Pharmaceutical Bulletin  1988(36):2452], and first synthesized in 1995 [Bernabeu, M., Chinchilla, R. and Najera, C., (2E,4E)-5-Tosyl-2,4-pentadienamides: New Dienic Sulfones for the Stereoselective Synthesis of (2E,4E)-Dienamides,  Tetrahedron Letter,  1995 (36)3901-3904]. Sarmentine has been found to act as an in vivo skin antioxidant protecting photoaged skin [Cornacchione, S.; Sadick, N. S.; Neveu, M.; Talbourdet, S.; Lazou, K.; Viron, C.; Renimel, I.; de Quéral, D.; Kurfurst, R.; Schnebert, S.; Heusèle, C.; André, P.; Perrier E. In vivo skin antioxidant effect of a new combination based on a specific  Vitis vinifera  shoots extract and a biotechnological extract.  J. Drugs in Dermatol.  2007, 6S, 8-13], display antiplatelet aggregation activity [Li, C. Y.; Tsai, W.; Damu, A. G.; Lee, E. J.; Wu, T. S.; Dung. N. X.; Thang, T. D.; Thanh, L. Isolation and identification of antiplatelet aggregatory principles from the leaves of  Piper lolot, J. Agric. Food Chem.  2007, 55, 9436-9442], have antiplasmodial and antimycobacterial activities [Tuntiwachwuttikul, P.; Phansa, P.; Pootaeng-on, Y.; Taylor, W. C. Chemical constituents of the roots of  Piper Sarmentosum, Chem. Pharm. Bull.  2006, 54, 149-151] and antituberculosis activity [Rukachaisirikul, T.; Siriwattanakit, P.; Sukcharoenphol, K.; Wongvein, C.; Ruttanaweang, P.; Wongwattanavuch, P.; Suksamrarn, A. Chemical constituents and bioactivity of  Piper sarmentosum, J. Ethnopharmacol.,  2004, 93, 173-176]. Sarmentine is used as a solubilizer of hydrophobic compounds in cosmetics and pharmaceuticals (Stephen, T.; Andrew, H. Compositions comprising macromolecular assembles of lipid surfactant, PCT Publication No. WO/2008/065451). Application Ser. No. 61/227,412, Jul. 21, 2009 further discloses that sarmentine and its analogs may be used to control plant pests. 
     BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     This invention is directed to the compounds, compositions and methods for controlling molluscs, particularly members of the Gastropoda and/or Bivalvia classes and more particularly mussels, snails and slugs. The invention is directed to isolated compounds obtainable or derived from (a) microorganism, particularly,  Pseudomonas  species, more particularly,  Pseudomonas fluorescens  or alternatively, an organism having the identifying characteristics of  Pseudomonas  ATCC 55799; (b) is toxic to a member of a class of molluscs selected from the group consisting of Bivalvia, particularly, mussels (e.g.,  Dreissana  sp.) and/or Gastropoda, particularly, snails, which includes but is not limited to aquatic snails (e.g.,  Biomphalaria  sp.) and garden snails, including but not limited to brown garden snails, white garden snails (e.g.,  Cantareus  sp.,  Cornu  sp.,  Theba  sp.), and/or slugs, including but not limited to gray garden slug (e.g.,  Deroceras  sp.), the banded or three-band slug (e.g.,  Lehmannia  sp.), the tawny slug (e.g.,  Limacus  sp.), and the greenhouse slug (e.g.,  Milax  sp.) and (c) has a molecular weight selected from the group consisting of: about 540-550 and about 1280-1335 as determined by Liquid Chromatography/Mass Spectroscopy (LC/MS). These compositions may be formulated into compositions which may be used to control molluscs, particularly members of the Gastropoda and/or Bivalvia classes and more particularly mussels, snails and slugs. In one embodiment, the compound: (a) is obtainable from a microorganism, particularly a  Pseudomonas  sp.; (b) is toxic to a member of a class of molluscs selected from the group consisting of Bivalvia, particularly, mussels (e.g.,  Dreissana  sp.) and/or Gastropoda, particularly, snails, which includes but is not limited to aquatic snails (e.g.,  Biomphalaria  sp.) and garden snails, including but not limited to brown garden snails, white garden snails (e.g.,  Cantareus  sp.,  Cornu  sp.,  Theba  sp.), and/or slugs, including but not limited to gray garden slug (e.g.,  Deroceras  sp.), the banded or three-band slug (e.g.,  Lehmannia  sp.), the tawny slug (e.g.,  Limacus  sp.), and the greenhouse slug (e.g.,  Milax  sp.); (c) has a molecular weight of about 1280-1310 and more particularly, 1295 as determined by Liquid Chromatography/Mass Spectroscopy (LC/MS); (d) has 1H NMR values of δ 9.25, 8.36, 8.06, 7.82, 7.71, 7.52, 7.45, 6.82, 6.36, 6.08, 5.42, 5.39, 5.30, 5.14, 4.68, 4.42, 4.31, 4.16, 4.11, 4.07, 3.95-3.86, 3.83, 3.72, 3.66, 3.53, 3.48, 3.37, 3.17, 3.06, 2.56, 2.53, 2.45, 2.32, 2.21, 2.02, 1.96, 1.84, 1.72, 1.65, 1.61, 1.51, 1.48-1.37, 1.32, 1.12, 0.94, 0.91, 0.68; (d) has a High Pressure Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) retention time of about 50-55 minutes, more specifically about 52 minutes and even more specifically about 51.66 min on a reversed phase C-18 HPLC (e.g., Thermo Scientific, Hydersil Gold, 100×10 mm) column using a water:acetonitrile (CH 3 CN) with a gradient solvent system (0-10 min; 30-40% aqueous CH 3 CN, 10-20 min; 40-60% aqueous CH 3 CN, 20-60 min; 60-80% aqueous CH 3 CN, 60-65 min; 80-100% aqueous CH 3 CN) at 2.5 mL/min flow rate and UV detection of 210 nm. 
     In another embodiment, the compound has the following characteristics: (a) is obtainable from a microorganism, particularly a  Pseudomonas  sp.; (b) is toxic to a member of a class of molluscs selected from the group consisting of Bivalvia, particularly, mussels (e.g.,  Dreissana  sp.) and/or Gastropoda, particularly, snails, which includes but is not limited to aquatic snails (e.g.,  Biomphalaria  sp.) and garden snails, including but not limited to brown garden snails, white garden snails (e.g.,  Cantareus  sp.,  Cornu  sp.,  Theba  sp.), and/or slugs, including but not limited to gray garden slug (e.g.,  Deroceras  sp.), the banded or three-band slug (e.g.,  Lehmannia  sp.), the tawny slug (e.g.,  Limacus  sp.), and the greenhouse slug (e.g.,  Milax  sp.); (c) has a molecular weight of about 1310-1335 and more particularly, 1321 as determined by LC/MS; (d) has a HPLC retention time of about 55-60 minutes, more particularly about 60 minutes and even more particularly 59.61 min on a reversed phase C-18 (Thermo Scientific, Hydersil Gold, 100×10 mm) HPLC column using an acetonitrile:water gradient using a water:acetonitrile (CH 3 CN) with a gradient solvent system (0-10 min; 30-40% aqueous CH 3 CN, 10-20 min; 40-60% aqueous CH 3 CN, 20-60 min; 60-80% aqueous CH 3 CN, 60-65 min; 80-100% aqueous CH 3 CN) at 2.5 mL/min flow rate and UV detection of 210 nm. In yet another embodiment, the invention is directed to an isolated compound having the following characteristics (a) is obtainable from a microorganism, particularly, a  Pseudomonas  sp.; (b) is toxic to a member of a class of molluscs selected from the group consisting of Bivalvia, particularly, mussels (e.g.,  Dreissana  sp.) and/or Gastropoda, particularly, snails, which includes but is not limited to aquatic snails (e.g.,  Biomphalaria  sp.) and garden snails, including but not limited to brown garden snails, white garden snails (e.g.,  Cantareus  sp.,  Cornu  sp.,  Theba  sp.), and/or slugs, including but not limited to gray garden slug (e.g.,  Deroceras  sp.), the banded or three-band slug (e.g.,  Lehmannia  sp.), the tawny slug (e.g.,  Limacus  sp.), and the greenhouse slug (e.g.,  Milax  sp.); (c) has a molecular weight of about 540-550 and more particularly, about 546 as determined by LC/MS; (d) has an HPLC retention time of about 50-55 minutes, more particularly, about 52 minutes and even more particularly, about 51.54 min on a reversed phase C-18 HPLC column (Phenomenex, luna C 18(2) 10μ, 100 Å Axia, A250×30 mm) using a water:acetonitrile gradient solvent system (0-10 min; 35-45% aqueous CH 3 CN, 10-20 min; 45-60% aqueous CH 3 CN, 20-50 min; 60-85% aqueous CH 3 CN, 50-60 min; 85-100% aqueous CH 3 CN, 60-70 min; 100% CH 3 CN) at 10 mL/min flow rate and UV detection of 210 nm. 
     The invention is further directed to a method for obtaining the compound(s) of the present invention comprising
     (a) obtaining a suspension of cells derived from a  Pseudomonas  species and   (b) isolating the compound by chromatographic methods from said suspension   

     The invention is further directed to compositions comprising said compounds as well as a composition comprising a water:acetonitrile solvent system (0-10 min; 35-45% aqueous CH 3 CN, 10-20 min; 45-60% aqueous CH 3 CN, 20-50 min; 60-85% aqueous CH 3 CN, 50-60 min; 85-100% aqueous CH 3 CN, 60-70 min; 100% CH 3 CN) at 10 mL/min flow rate and UV detection of 210 nm fraction obtainable from a  Pseudomonas  species cell suspension by HPLC with a retention time of about 45-50 min, said fraction comprising at least two compounds that (a) are toxic to a member of a class of molluscs selected from the group consisting of Bivalvia, particularly, mussels (e.g.,  Dreissana  species) and/or Gastropoda, particularly, snails, which includes but is not limited to aquatic snails (e.g.,  Biomphalaria  species) and garden snails, including but not limited to brown garden snails, white garden snails (e.g.,  Cantareus  sp.,  Cornu  sp.,  Theba  sp.), and/or slugs, including but not limited to gray garden slug (e.g.,  Deroceras  sp.), the banded or three-band slug (e.g.,  Lehmannia  sp.), the tawny slug (e.g.,  Limacus  sp.), and the greenhouse slug (e.g.,  Milax  sp.); (b) have molecular weights between about 630-660 and between about 970-1000 as determined by LC/MS. 
     The invention relates a method for controlling one or more molluscs in a location where control is desired comprising introducing into said location at least one of (a) a cell suspension or extract derived from  Erwinia  sp. cells; (b) one or more compounds, wherein said compounds are lactone, lactam, carbamate, carboxylic acid and/or amide compounds or composition comprising said compounds, with the proviso that said compounds are not gamma-octalactone, gamma-nonalactone, gamma-decanolactone, gamma-undecalactone, N-cyclpentylcinnamamide, N-(trans-cinnamoyl)pyrrolidine, N-(trans-Cinnamoyl) piperidine and N-(trans-Cinnamoyl)hexamethyleneimine, 4-hydroxydodecanoic acid and dodecanoic acid and with the proviso that the composition is not a  Pseudomonas  culture, extract or suspension; (c) one or more compounds obtainable or derived from (i)  Pseudomonas  species, (ii) is toxic to a member of a class of molluscs selected from the group consisting of Bivalvia, particularly, mussels (e.g.,  Dreissana  sp.) and/or Gastropoda, particularly, snails, which includes but is not limited to aquatic snails (e.g.,  Biomphalaria  sp.) and garden snails, including but not limited to brown garden snails, white garden snails (e.g.,  Cantareus  sp.,  Cornu  sp.,  Theba  sp.), and/or slugs, including but not limited to gray garden slug (e.g.,  Deroceras  sp.), the banded or three-band slug (e.g.,  Lehmannia  sp.), the tawny slug (e.g.,  Limacus  sp.), and the greenhouse slug (e.g.,  Milax  sp.) and (iii) has a molecular weight selected from the group consisting of: about 540-550 and about 1280-1335 as determined by Liquid Chromatography/Mass Spectroscopy (LC/MS); (d) a composition comprising a water:acetonitrile solvent system (0-10 min; 35-45% aqueous CH 3 CN, 10-20 min; 45-60% aqueous CH 3 CN, 20-50 min; 60-85% aqueous CH 3 CN, 50-60 min; 85-100% aqueous CH 3 CN, 60-70 min; 100% CH 3 CN) at 10 mL/min flow rate and UV detection of 210 nm fraction obtainable from a  Pseudomonas  species cell suspension by HPLC with a retention time of about 45-50 min, said fraction comprising at least two compounds that (i) are toxic to a member of a class of molluscs selected from the group consisting of Bivalvia, particularly, mussels (e.g.,  Dreissana  sp.) and/or Gastropoda, particularly, snails, which includes but is not limited to aquatic snails (e.g.,  Biomphalaria  sp.) and garden snails, including but not limited to brown garden snails, white garden snails (e.g.,  Cantareus  sp.,  Cornu  sp.,  Theba  sp.), and/or slugs, including but not limited to gray garden slug (e.g.,  Deroceras  sp.), the banded or three-band slug (e.g.,  Lehmannia  sp.), the tawny slug (e.g.,  Limacus  sp.), and the greenhouse slug (e.g.,  Milax  sp.); (ii) have molecular weights between about 630-660 and between about 970-1000 as determined by LC/MS, in amounts effective to control said molluscs in said location. This control may in one embodiment be achieved by inducing death in one or more molluscs comprising contacting said molluscs with the compounds set forth above. The molluscs may be contacted in a body of water or solid surface. Similarly, the invention is directed to the use of the above-referenced compounds, suspensions and compositions for formulating a composition for use in controlling mollusks, such as Gastropoda and Bivalvia in a location. 
     In a related aspect, the invention further relates to compositions for controlling one or more molluscs, particularly mussels and/or snails (e.g., white and/or brown garden snails, aquatic snails) and/or slugs in a location where control is desired and/or inducing death in one or more molluscs, particularly mussels and/or snails (e.g., white and/or brown garden snails, aquatic snails) and/or slugs in said location comprising one or more lactones, lactams, carbamates, carboxylic acids and/or amides, again with the proviso that said compound is not gamma-octalactone, gamma-nonalactone, gamma-decanolactone, gamma-undecalactone, N-cyclpentylcinnamamide, N-(trans-cinnamoyl)pyrrolidine, N-(trans-Cinnamoyl) piperidine and N-(trans-Cinnamoyl)hexamethyleneimine, 4-hydroxydecanoic acid and decanoic acid and with the proviso that the composition is not a  Pseudomonas  culture, extract or suspension. 
     In a particular embodiment, the invention is directed to a method for controlling one or more molluscs, particularly mussels and/or snails (e.g., white and/or brown garden snails, aquatic snails) and/or slugs, said method comprising the steps of: 
     (a) preparing a cell suspension or extract derived from  Erwinia  sp. cells; and 
     (b) introducing said suspension or extract into a location where control is desired in an amount effective to control said molluscs. 
       Erwinia  extracts may contain active ingredients set forth above, such as lactones and amides. Similarly the cell suspension or extract derived from  Erwinia  sp. cells may be formulated into compositions for use in controlling molluscs, particularly a class of molluscs selected from the group consisting of Bivalvia, particularly, mussels (e.g.,  Dreissana  sp.) and/or Gastropoda, particularly, snails, which includes but is not limited to aquatic snails (e.g.,  Biomphalaria  sp.) and garden snails, including but not limited to brown garden snails, white garden snails (e.g.,  Cantareus  sp.,  Cornu  sp.,  Theba  sp.), and/or slugs, including but not limited to gray garden slug (e.g.,  Deroceras  sp.), the banded or three-band slug (e.g.,  Lehmannia  sp.), the tawny slug (e.g.,  Limacus  sp.), and the greenhouse slug (e.g.,  Milax  sp.). 
     The invention is further directed to a composition comprising at least one or more substances effective for controlling one or more molluscs, particularly a class of molluscs selected from the group consisting of Bivalvia, particularly, mussels (e.g.,  Dreissana  sp.) and/or Gastropoda, particularly, snails, which includes but is not limited to aquatic snails (e.g.,  Biomphalaria  sp.) and garden snails, including but not limited to brown garden snails, white garden snails (e.g.,  Cantareus  sp.,  Cornu  sp.,  Theba  sp.), and/or slugs, including but not limited to gray garden slug (e.g.,  Deroceras  sp.), the banded or three-band slug (e.g.,  Lehmannia  sp.), the tawny slug (e.g.,  Limacus  sp.), and the greenhouse slug (e.g.,  Milax  sp.), and optionally an inert material preferably for use in controlling one or more mollucs. The substance may be derived from chlorine or a  Pseudomonas  species, more particularly derived from  Pseudomonas fluorescens  or alternatively an organism (e.g., a  Pseudomonas  strain) having the identifying characteristics of  Pseudomonas  ATCC 55799. In another particular embodiment, the composition may comprise a substance that is a cell suspension derived from a  Pseudomonas  species (e.g.,  P. fluorescens ) and even in a more particular embodiment, the cell suspension may comprise cells having the toxin producing characteristics of  Pseudomonas  ATCC 55799. In yet another particular embodiment, the substances in said composition may be one or more toxins derived from isolated from a  Pseudomonas  species or alternatively derived from an organism having the identifying characteristics of  Pseudomonas  ATCC 55799. The composition may alternatively comprise the compounds used in the method of the present invention set forth above as well as the compounds of the present invention set forth above and may be used to control a member of a Gastropoda and Bibalvia class. The inert material may be a clay mineral (kaolinite, smectite, attapulgite). The invention is further directed to a method for controlling one or more molluscs, particularly, mussels and/or snails (e.g, aquatic, garden snails and/or slugs in a location where control is desired comprising introducing in said location a substance effective for controlling said molluscs and optionally one or more inert materials in amounts effective to control said molluscs in said location containing said molluscs. In particular, the substance for controlling said molluscs is present in an amount effective to result in at least about a 20% mortality relative to untreated control, typically about 50-95% and said inert material is present in an amount sufficient or effective to increase mortality rate of said substance for controlling said molluscs at least about 20%, typically 25-40%. In a particular embodiment, the inert material is introduced into said location prior to introduction of the substance for controlling said molluscs; in a more particular embodiment, the inert material is introduced at least about one hour prior to the introduction of the substance. In another particular embodiment, the inert material is introduced into the location simultaneously with the substance for controlling molluscs set forth above, particularly mussels, snails and/or slugs. 
     In a related aspect, the invention is directed to the use of an inert material for increasing the efficacy of one or more substances for controlling one or more molluscs, particularly a class of molluscs selected from the group consisting of Bivalvia, particularly, mussels (e.g.,  Dreissana  sp.) and/or Gastropoda, particularly, snails, which includes but is not limited to aquatic snails (e.g.,  Biomphalaria  sp.) and garden snails, including but not limited to brown garden snails, white garden snails (e.g.,  Cantareus  sp.,  Cornu  sp.,  Theba  sp.), and/or slugs, including but not limited to gray garden slug (e.g.,  Deroceras  sp.), the banded or three-band slug (e.g.,  Lehmannia  sp.), the tawny slug (e.g.,  Limacus  sp.), and the greenhouse slug (e.g.,  Milax  sp.), in a location where control is desired. The location may be a liquid (e.g., a body of water or paint) or solid surface, such as plastic, concrete, wood, fiberglass, pipes made of iron and polyvinyl chloride, surfaces covered with coating materials and/or paints. In particular, the invention is directed to a method for increasing the efficacy of one or more substances for controlling one or more of said molluscs, particularly a class of molluscs selected from the group consisting of Bivalvia, particularly, mussels (e.g.,  Dreissana  sp.) and/or Gastropoda, particularly, snails, which includes but is not limited to aquatic snails (e.g.,  Biomphalaria  sp.) and garden snails, including but not limited to brown garden snails, white garden snails (e.g.,  Cantareus  sp.,  Cornu  sp.,  Theba  sp.), and/or slugs, including but not limited to gray garden slug (e.g.,  Deroceras  sp.), the banded or three-band slug (e.g.,  Lehmannia  sp.), the tawny slug (e.g.,  Limacus  sp.), and the greenhouse slug (e.g.,  Milax  sp.), comprising introducing in a location where control is desired one or more inert materials in amounts effective to increase efficacy of said substance when introduced in said location. In a particular embodiment, these inert materials increases the efficacy of said substances at least about 20%. 
     Further, the invention relates to an antifouling paint comprising an antivegative, biocidal effective amount of the compositions and compounds of the present invention in a paint carrier. The invention further relates to the use of the compounds and compositions of the present invention in formulating such an antifouling paint. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES 
         FIG. 1  shows the evolutionary relationships of taxa—A Neighbor-Joining tree to visualize the relationship of CL145A (MBI-401) to the type strains of the genus  Pseudomonas.    
         FIG. 2  shows the evolutionary relationships of taxa—A Neighbor-Joining Tree to visualize the relationship of CL145A (MBI-401) to the top matches to  Pseudomonas fluorescens  and  Pseudomonas protegens  from an NCBI BLAST search. 
         FIG. 3  shows the structure for pyoluteorin (1) and DAPG (2). 
         FIGS. 4 a  and 4 b    shows structures of natural products used in the method of the present invention. 
         FIG. 5  shows the scheme for isolating the active fractions. 
         FIG. 6  shows one schematic representation of the purification scheme for obtaining the compounds of the present invention from  Pseudomonas  cell culture. 
         FIG. 7  shows development of mortality over time for mussels treated with clay and  P. fluorescens  biopesticide product in a biobox. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
     Where a range of values is provided, it is understood that each intervening value, to the tenth of the unit of the lower limit unless the context clearly dictates otherwise, between the upper and lower limit of that range and any other stated or intervening value in that stated range is encompassed within the invention. The upper and lower limits of these smaller ranges may independently be included in the smaller ranges is also encompassed within the invention, subject to any specifically excluded limit in the stated range. Where the stated range includes one or both of the limits, ranges excluding either both of those included limits are also included in the invention. 
     Unless defined otherwise, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this invention belongs. Although any methods and materials similar or equivalent to those described herein can also be used in the practice or testing of the present invention, the preferred methods and materials are now described. 
     It must be noted that as used herein and in the appended claims, the singular forms “a,” “and” and “the” include plural references unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. 
     As defined herein, “controlling mussels” means controlling the eggs, larvae, veligers and post-veligers of the mussel by killing or disabling them so that they cannot colonize in a give location. 
     As defined herein, “derived from” means directly isolated or obtained from a particular source or alternatively having identifying characteristics of a substance or organism isolated or obtained from a particular source. 
     As used hereafter, the term “alkyl” refers to a saturated hydrocarbon radical which may be straight-chain or branched-chain (e.g., ethyl, isopropyl, t-amyl, or 2,5-dimethylhexyl, etc.). This definition applies both when the term is used alone and when it is used as part of a compound term. 
     The terms “cycloalkyl” and “cycloalkenyl” refer to a saturated hydrocarbon ring and includes bicyclic and polycyclic rings. Similarly, cycloalkyl and cycloalkenyl groups having a heteroatom (e.g., N, O, or S) in place of a carbon ring atom may be referred to as “heterocycloalkyl”, “heterocyclyl,” and “heterocycloalkylene,” respectively. 
     The term “alkenyl” as used herein refers to an alkyl group as described above which contains one or more sites of unsaturation that is a double bond. Similarly, the term “alkynyl” as used herein refers to an alkyl group as described above which contains one or more sites of unsaturation that is a triple bond. 
     The term “alkoxy” refers to an alkyl radical as described above which also bears an oxygen substituent which is capable of covalent attachment to another hydrocarbon radical (such as, for example, methoxy, ethoxy, aryloxy, and t-butoxy). 
     The term “aryl” refers to an aromatic carbocyclic substituent which may be a single ring or multiple rings which are fused together, linked covalently or linked to a common group such as an ethylene or methylene moiety. Similarly, aryl groups having a heteroatom (e.g., N, O, or S) in place of a carbon ring atom are referred to as “heteroaryl.” 
     The terms “arylalkyl,” “arylalkenyl,” and “aryloxyalkyl” refer to an aryl radical attached directly to an alkyl group, an alkenyl group, or an oxygen atom which is attached to an alkyl group, respectively. For brevity, aryl as part of a combined term as above is meant to include heteroaryl as well. 
     The term “hetero” as used in a “heteroatom-containing alkyl group” (i.e., a “heteroalkyl” group) or a “heteroatom-containing aryl group” (i.e., a “heteroaryl” group) refers to a molecule, linkage, or substituent in which one or more carbon atoms are replaced with an atom other than carbon, e.g., nitrogen, oxygen, sulfur, phosphorus, or silicon. 
     As defined herein, “derived from” and “obtainable from” means directly isolated or obtained from a particular source or alternatively having identifying characteristics of a substance or organism isolated or obtained from a particular source. These terms are used interchangeably throughout the specification. 
     As defined herein, an “isolated compound” is essentially free of other compounds or substances, e.g., at least about 20% pure, preferably at least about 40% pure, more preferably about 60% pure, even more preferably about 80% pure, most preferably about 90% pure, and even most preferably about 95% pure, as determined by analytical methods, including but not limited to chromatographic methods, electrophoretic methods. 
     Compounds 
     The compounds used in the compositions and methods of the present invention may be members of the following three families. 
     Family I Compounds 
     In a particular embodiment, family I possesses following chemical structures: 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     Where X includes, but is not limited to carbon, sulfur, phosphorus; Y includes, but is not limited to sulfur, oxygen; A and M include, but are not limited to carbon, oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur and n is 1 to 21 Where (R)z represents number Z of the number of substituents on the group R on the ring. R and the substituents on R may be a hydrogen, hydroxyl, alkyl hydroxyl, akenyl hydroxyl, alkynyl hydroxyl, alkyloxy, alkenyloxyl, alkynyloxy, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, heterocyclyl, heteroaryl, aromatic, aryl group, NH-substituted, or N,N-substituted group or any other substituted group. The length of the one of the substituted R chains can be from 1 to 25 atoms, the preferred length will be from 7 to 17 atoms; The number Z can be 0, 1, 2, 3 until n+2, preferred z=0, 1, 2, 3. 
     In a particular embodiment, the compound may be derived from  Pseudomonas fluorescens  and has a hydroxylated unsaturated fatty acid lactone structure comprising at least one lactone moiety which is a 5 membered γ-lactone, at least one unsaturated moiety and at least one alcohol group; a molecular weight from 285 to about 310 in the core structure; at least 15 carbons and at least 3 oxygens. In a more particular embodiment, the compound may have the structure 
                         
wherein: X are each independently —O, —NR 1 , or —S, wherein R 1  is —H or C 1 -C 6 alkyl; n=0 to 15, R 2  to R 4  are each independently —H, alkyl, substituted alkyl, alkenyl, substituted alkenyl, alkynyl, substituted alkynyl, aryl, substituted aryl, heteroaryl, substituted heteroaryl, heterocyclic, substituted heterocyclic, cycloalkyl, substituted cycloalkyl, alkoxy, substituted alkoxy, thioalkyl, substituted thioalkyl, hydroxy, halogen, amino, amido, carboxyl, —C(O)H, acyl, oxyacyl, carbamate, sulfonyl, sulfonamide, or sulfuryl; m=double bond or triple bond. In yet another particular embodiment, Y and M are oxygen, A and X are carbon and n is 2 or 3, R is a C7 or C8 alkyl and z is 0, wherein when n is 2 and R is a C7 alkyl, R is attached to A.
 
     In an even another particular embodiment, Family I compounds may be the compounds set forth in 1 to 28 ( FIGS. 4 a  and 4 b   ). These are from either natural materials or compounds obtained from commercial sources or by chemical synthesis. Natural sources of Family I compounds include, but are not limited to plants, corals, microorganisms, sponges and animals. In a more particular embodiment, plants which include the Family I compounds include but are not limited to, or alternatively, Family I compounds may be derived from species such as  Myoporum bontioides  (compound 14) [Moe Kanemoto, et al., Chlorine-containing iridoid and iridoid glucoside, and other glucosides from leaves of  Myoporum bontioides , Phytochemistry 69 (2008) 2517-2522 ], Micromelum hirsutum  (compound 18) [Ma, G. Y. et al. anti-tuberculosis constituents from the stem bark of  Micromelum hirsutum , Planta Med. 2005, 71, 261-267], Family I compounds may also be derived from microorganisms including but not limited to  Antrodia camphorate  (compounds 4, 5) [Shao, Y. Y. et al., Chemical constituents of  Antrodia camphorata  submerged whole broth, Natural Product Research, 2008, 22 (13) 1151-1157 ], Saccharomyces cerevisiae  (compound 2) [Gocho, S. et al. Biotransformation of oleic acid to optically active γ-dodecalactone, Biosci. Biotech. Biochem. 1995, 59 (8) 1571-1572 ], Mesorhizobium  sp. (compounds 2, 17) [Wei, G. H. et al., Rhizobialide: A New Stearolactone Produced by  Mesorhizobium  sp. CCNWGX022, a  Rhizobial Endophyte  from  Glycyrrhiza uralensis , Chemistry and Biodiversity, 2007, 4, 893-898 ], Ophiostoma piliferum  (compound 16), [Wei, G. H. et al., Rhizobialide: A New Stearolactone Produced by  Mesorhizobium  sp. CCNWGX022, a Rhizobial Endophyte from  Glycyrrhiza uralensis , Chemistry and Biodiversity, 2007, 4, 893-898 ], Streptomyces  sp. (compound 8) [Khaled A. Shaaban, Mohamed Shaaban, Petrea Facey, Serge Fotso, Holm Frauendorf, Elisabeth Helmke, Armin Maier, Heinz H. Fiebig, Hartmut Laatsch, Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectra of piperazimycins A and B and γ-Butyrolactones from a Marine-derived  Streptomyces  sp. J. Antibiot. 61(12): 736-746, 2008 ], Macrophomina phaseolzna  (compounds 9, 10 &amp; 15) [Shashib, Mahat et al., structure and stereochemistry of phaseolinic acid: a new acid from  Macrophomina phaseolzna , Journal of Natural products, 1987, 50 (2) 245-247 ], Sporidiobolus salmonicolor  (compounds 1, 3) [Laurent Dufosse, et al., Chirality of the γ-Lactones Produced by  Sporidiobolus salmonicolor  Grown in Two Different Media, Chirality, 1997, 667-671] and  Streptomyces  (compound 7) [Shohei Sakuda, et al., Biosynthetic Studies on  Virginiae  Butanolide A, a Butyrolactone Autoregulator from  Streptomyces . Part 2, Preparation of Possible Biosynthetic Intermediates and Conversion Experiments in a Cell-free System. J. Chem. Soc. Perkin Trans. 11993, 2309-2315]. 
     In an additional particular embodiment, Family I compounds may be derived from sponges such as  Haliclona  n. sp (compounds 26, 27 &amp; 28) [Richard J. Clark, Mary J. Garson, and John N. A. Hooper, Antifungal Alkyl Amino Alcohols from the Tropical Marine Sponge  Haliclona  n. sp. J. Nat. Prod. 2001, 64, 1568-1571 ], Axinellas  sp (compound 25) [Miller, W. F. Tinto, J.-P. Yang, S, McLean and W. F. Reynolds, Axinellamide, a new alkaloid from the marine sponge  Axinellas  sp. Tetrahedron Lett., 1995, 36, 5851 ], Plakortis nigra  (compounds 19-20) [Joel S. Sandler, et al., Cytotoxic β-Carbolines and Cyclic Peroxides from the Palauan Sponge Plakortis nigra, J. Nat. Prod. 2002, 65, 1258-1261] and  Ircinia formosana  (compounds 21-24) [Shen, Y. C. et al., Novel linear C22-sesterterpenoids from sponge  Ircinia formosana , Tetrahedron Letters 47 (2006) 4007-4010]. Compounds 26-28 are examples of carbamates. 
     In another particular embodiment, Family I compounds may be derived from corals including but not limited to  Sarcophyton trocheliophorum  and  Lithophyton arboreturn  (compounds 11 &amp; 13) [Tomas Rezanka, et al., γ-lactones from the soft corals  Sarcophyton trocheliophorum  and  Lithophyton arboreturn , Tetrahedron, 2001, 57, 8743-8749]. In yet another particular embodiment, insects which include the Family I compounds may be derived from insects including but not limited to Female Japanese Beetle Sex Pheromone (compound 12) [J. H. Tumlinson, Identification of the Female Japanese Beetle Sex Pheromone Inhibition of Male Response by an Enantiomer, Science, 1977, 197, 789-792] and insect toxins (compound 6) [John A. Findlay, et al., Insect toxins from spruce endophytes, Can. J. Chem. 2003, 81, 284-292]. 
     Family I compounds may also include but are not limited to gamma-dodecalactone, delta-tridecalactone, piliferolide A and alpha-heptyl-gamma-butyrolactone set forth in the Examples. These may be obtained by synthetic methods using procedures known in the art or from commercial sources. 
     Family II Compounds 
     In another particular embodiment, family II possesses following chemical structures: 
                         
Where X is carbon; Y is oxygen; A, B and M are carbon, oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur or other atoms and n is 1 to 21.
 
     Where (R)z represents number Z of the number of substituents on the group R on the ring. R and the substituents on R may be a hydrogen, hydroxyl, alkyl hydroxyl, akenyl hydroxyl, alkynyl hydroxyl, alkyloxy, alkenyloxyl, alkynylxoy, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, heterocyclyl, heteroaryl, aromatic, aryl group, NH-substituted, or N,N-substituted group or any other substituted group. The length of the one of the substituted R chain can be from 1 to 25 atoms, with the preferred length being from 7 to 17 atoms. The number Z can be 0, 1, 2, 3 until n+2, preferred z=0, 1, 2, 3. 
     In a particular embodiment, Family II compounds such as compounds from 29 to 36 and 44 (see  FIGS. 4 a  and 4 b   ) may be derived from natural sources, chemical synthesis or commercial sources. Natural sources of Family II compounds include, but are not limited to plants, corals, microorganisms, sponges and animals. In a particular embodiment, examples of such plants include, but are not limited the following species such as  Heteroplexis micocephala  (compounds 30, 31, 32 &amp; 33) [Fan, X. N., et al., Chemical Constituents of  Heteroplexis micocephala . J. Nat. Prod. 2009, 72, 1184-1190] and  Iryanthera  species (compound 34) [Vieira, P. C., et al., γ-Lactones from  Iryanthera  species, Phytochemistry, 1983, 22 (3) 711-713] and  Litse verticillata  (compound 44) [Zhang, H. J. et al., sesquiterpenes and butenolides, natural anti-HIV constituents from  Litse verticillata , Planta Med, 2005, 71, 452-457]. In a more particular embodiment, sources microorganisms which include the Family II compounds include, but are not limited the following species such as  Streptomyces rishiriensis  A-5969 (compound 29) [Yumiko Itoh, Hiroshi Shimura, Mayumito, NaoHaru Watanabe, Michio Yamagishi, Masaharu Tamai and Kazunori Hanada, novel hepatoprotective 7-lactone, MH-03], Discovery, Isolation, Physical-Chemical properties and structural elucidation, The Journal of antibiotics, 1991, 44 (8) 832-837. In a more particular embodiment, corals which include the Family II compounds include, but are not limited to the following species such as  Pterogorgia anceps  (compound 35) [Guo, Y. W. et al., Three New Butenolide Lipids from the Caribbean Gorgonian  Pterogorgia anceps , J. Nat. Prod. 1999, 62, 1194-1196; Manuel Lorenzo et al., 13C NMR-Based Empirical Rules to Determine the Configuration of Fatty Acid Butanolides. Novel γ-Dilactones from  Pterogorgia  spp, Organic Letters, 8 (22) 5001-5004] and  Pterogorgia citrine  (compound 36) [Abimael D. Rodriguez et al., further butenolides from the Caribbean octocoral  Pterogorgia citrine , Journal of Natural Products, 1994, 57(3) 339-347]. 
     Family III Compounds 
     In another particular embodiment, family III compounds possess the following chemical structure: 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     Wherein X is carbon; Y is oxygen; Z is hydrogen, hydroxyl, alkenyl hydroxyl, alkynyl hydroxyl, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, heterocyclyl, aromatic, aryl group, NH-substituted, or N,N-substituted group or any other substituted group. 
     Wherein R is alkenyl hydroxyl, alkynyl hydroxyl, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, heterocyclyl, aromatic, aryl group, NH-substituted, or N,N-substituted group or any other substituted group. The length of R chain can be from 1 to 50, preferred from 7 to 17. 
     In a particular embodiment, Family III compounds such as compounds from 37 to 43 ( FIGS. 4 a  and 4 b   ) may be derived from natural or commercial sources or by chemical synthesis. Natural sources of Family III compounds include, but are not limited to plants, corals, microorganisms, sponges and animals. In a more particular embodiment, plants sources include, but are not limited to  Piper  spp (compound 43) [Likhitwitayawuid, K., Ruangrungsi, N, Lange, G. and Decicco, C., Structural Elucidation and Synthesis of New Components isolated from  Piper Samentosum , Tetrahedron 1987 (43) 3689-3694; Kiuchi, F., Nakamura, N., Tsuda, Y., Kondo, K and Yoshimura, H. Studies on Crude Drugs Effective on Visceral Larva Migrans. IV. Isolation and Identification of Larvicidal Principles in Pepper Chemical and Pharmaceutical Bulletin 1988(36):2452]. In a more particular embodiment, corals include, but are not limited to  Plexaura flava  (compound 42) [B. N. Ravi, et al., Lipid and Terpenoid Metabolites of the Gorgonian  Plexaura flava , Aust. J. Chem., 1982, 35, 105-12] and In a more particular embodiment, microorganisms which include the Family III compounds include, but are not limited the following species such as  Lyngbya majuscula  and  Schizothrix calcicola  (compound 39, 40) [George G. Harrigan, et al., Tumonoic Acids, Novel Metabolites from a Cyanobacterial Assemblage of  Lyngbya majuscula  and  Schizothrix calcicola , J. Nat. Prod. 1999, 62, 464-467 ], Pseudomonas aeruginosa  (compound 41) [Michael, K. Winson, et al. Multiple N-acyl-L-homoserine lactone signal molecules regulate production of virulence determinants and secondary metabolites in  Pseudomonas aeruginosa , Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 1995, 92, 9427-9431 ], Erwinia carotovora  (compound 37) [Gu{umlaut over ( )}nter Brader, Solveig Sjo{umlaut over ( )}blom, Heidi Hyytia{umlaut over ( )}inen, Karen Sims-Huopaniemi, and E. Tapio Palva, Altering Substrate Chain Length Specificity of an Acylhomoserine Lactone Synthase in Bacterial Communication, The Journal of Biological Chemistry, 2005, 280(11) 10403-10409] and  Photobacterium phosphoreum  (compound 38) [L. R. Flodgaard, P. Dalgaard, J. B. Andersen, K. F. Nielsen, M. Givskov, and L. Gram, Nonbioluminescent Strains of  Photobacterium phosphoreum  produce the Cell-to-Cell Communication Signal N-(3-Hydroxyoctanoyl)homoserine Lactone, Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 2005, 71(4), 2113-2120]. 
     In yet another particular embodiment, the family III compounds may be a sarmentine analog having the following structure: 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     Wherein R1 is an alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, heterocyclyl, aromatic, aryl group, NH-substituted, or N,N-substituted group and the length of R1 chain is from 4 to 20 atoms, and preferably from 6 to 12 atoms. 
     Wherein R2 and R3 are alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, aromatic, arylalkyl, heterocyclyl or heteroaryl; or alternatively R2+R3+N can be an N-containing heterocyclic moiety, 
     Wherein when R2+R3+N is an N-containing heterocyclic moiety, R1 is an alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, heterocyclyl, NH-substituted, or N,N-substituted group. 
     In a most particular embodiment, the sarmentine analog is N-Cyclopentyldecanamide, N-(Decanoyl)pyrrolidine, N-(Decanoyl)piperidine, N-(Decanoyl)hexamethyleneimine, N-Cyclopentyldecenamide, (N-(Decenoyl)pyrrolidine, N-(Decenoyl)piperidine, N-(Decenoyl)hexamethyleneimine and N-(Decenoyl)piperidine. 
     The sarmentine analogs may be obtained using procedures known in the art which may include but is not limited to those set forth in application Ser. No. 61/227,412, filed Jul. 21, 2009. 
     In yet another particular embodiment, the compound may be derived from  Pseudomonas fluorescens  and characterized as having a hydroxylated unsaturated fatty acid structure comprising at least one carboxylic acid moiety, at least one unsaturated moiety and at least one alcohol group; molecular weight from 285 to about 310 in the core structure; at least 15 carbons and at least 3 oxygens. 
     In a more particular embodiment of the invention, there are provided compounds having the structure 
                         
wherein: X are each independently —OH, —NR 1 , or —S, wherein R 1  is —H or C 1 -C 6  alkyl; n=0 to 15, R 2  to R 4  are each independently —H, alkyl, substituted alkyl, alkenyl, substituted alkenyl, alkynyl, substituted alkynyl, aryl, substituted aryl, heteroaryl, substituted heteroaryl, heterocyclic, substituted heterocyclic, cycloalkyl, substituted cycloalkyl, alkoxy, substituted alkoxy, thioalkyl, substituted thioalkyl, hydroxy, halogen, amino, amido, carboxyl, —C(O)H, acyl, oxyacyl, carbamate, sulfonyl, sulfonamide, or sulfuryl; m=double bond, triple bond. In a most specific embodiment, the compound has the structure
 
                         
Methods of Production
 
     As noted above, the compounds and compositions of the present invention may be obtained, is obtainable or derived from an organism having the identifying characteristics of a  Pseudomonas  species. The  Pseudomonas  species includes but is not limited to  Pseudomonas protegens, Pseudomonas saponiphila, Pseudomonas ficuserectae, Pseudomonas congelans, Pseudomonas tremae, Pseudomonas caricapapayae, Pseudomonas mandelii, Pseudomonas savastanoi, Pseudomonas syringae, Pseudomonas chlororaphis  subsp.  piscium, Pseudomonas cannabina, Pseudomonas marginalis, Pseudomonas simiae, Pseudomonas avellanae, Pseudomonas chlororaphis  subsp.  aurantiaca, Pseudomonas chlororaphis  subsp.  chlororaphis, Pseudomonas frederiksbergensis, Pseudomonas amygdali, Pseudomonas extremaustralis, Pseudomonas kilonensis, Pseudomonas lini, Pseudomonas Antarctica, Pseudomonas corrugata, Pseudomonas poae, Pseudomonas grimontii, Pseudomonas brassicacearum  subsp.  Neoaurantiaca, Pseudomonas meridian, Pseudomonas trivialis, Pseudomonas veronii, Pseudomonas lundensis, Pseudomonas salomonii, Pseudomonas rhodesiae, Pseudomonas arsenicoxydans, Pseudomonas thivervalensis, Pseudomonas deceptionensis, Pseudomonas palleroniana, Pseudomonas chlororaphis  subsp.  aureofaciens, Pseudomonas costantinii, Pseudomonas lurida, Pseudomonas migulae, Pseudomonas orientalis, Pseudomonas extremorientalis, Pseudomonas mediterranea, Pseudomonas brassicacearum  subsp.  brassicacearum, Pseudomonas abietaniphila, Pseudomonas baetica, Pseudomonas brenneri, Pseudomonas psychrophila, Pseudomonas jessenii, Pseudomonas fragi, Pseudomonas tolaasii, Pseudomonas proteolytica, Pseudomonas taetrolens, Pseudomonas mohnii, Pseudomonas moorei, Pseudomonas moraviensis, Pseudomonas gessardii, Pseudomonas cichorii, Pseudomonas libanensis, Pseudomonas benzenivorans, Pseudomonas panacis, Pseudomonas umsongensis, Pseudomonas reinekei, Pseudomonas fluorescens, Pseudomonas agarici, Pseudomonas lutea, Pseudomonas mucidolens, Pseudomonas azotoformans, Pseudomonas viridiflava, Pseudomonas koreensis, Pseudomonas kuykendallii, Pseudomonas synxantha, Pseudomonas segetis, Pseudomonas marincola, Pseudomonas cedrina  subsp.  cedrina, Pseudomonas graminis, Pseudomonas vancouverensis, Pseudomonas cedrina  subsp.  fulgida, Pseudomonas plecoglossicida, Pseudomonas cuatrocienegasensis, Pseudomonas taiwanensis, Pseudomonas putida, Pseudomonas rhizosphaerae, Pseudomonas anguilliseptica, Pseudomonas monteilii, Pseudomonas fuscovaginae, Pseudomonas mosselii, Pseudomonas taeanensis, Pseudomonas asplenii, Pseudomonas entomophila, Pseudomonas cremoricolorata, Pseudomonas parafulva, Pseudomonas alcaliphila, Pseudomonas oleovorans  subsp.  lubricantis, Pseudomonas borbori, Pseudomonas composti, Pseudomonas toyotomiensis, Pseudomonas batumici, Pseudomonas flavescens, Pseudomonas vranovensis, Pseudomonas punonensis, Pseudomonas balearica, Pseudomonas indoloxydans, Pseudomonas guineae, Pseudomonas japonica, Pseudomonas stutzeri, Pseudomonas seleniipraecipitans, Pseudomonas peli, Pseudomonas fulva, Pseudomonas argentinensis, Pseudomonas xanthomarina, Pseudomonas pohangensis, Pseudomonas oleovorans, Pseudomonas mendocina, Pseudomonas luteola, Pseudomonas straminea, Pseudomonas caeni, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Pseudomonas tuomuerensis, Pseudomonas azotifigens, Pseudomonas indica, Pseudomonas oryzihabitans Pseudomonas otitidis, Pseudomonas psychrotolerans, Pseudomonas zeshuii, Pseudomonas resinovorans, Pseudomonas oleovorans  subsp.  oleovorans, Pseudomonas thermotolerans, Pseudomonas bauzanensis, Pseudomonas duriflava, Pseudomonas pachastrellae, Pseudomonas citronellolis, Pseudomonas alcaligenes, Pseudomonas xinjiangensis, Pseudomonas delhiensis, Pseudomonas sabulinigri, Pseudomonas litoralis, Pseudomonas pelagia, Pseudomonas linyingensis, Pseudomonas knackmussii, Pseudomonas panipatensis, Pseudomonas nitroreducens, Pseudomonas nitritireducens, Pseudomonas jinjuensis, Pseudomonas pertucinogena, Pseudomonas xiamenensis, Pseudomonas cissicola, Pseudomonas halophile, Pseudomonas boreopolis, Pseudomonas geniculate, Pseudomonas beteli, Pseudomonas hibiscicola, Pseudomonas pictorum, Pseudomonas carboxydohydrogena . In particular, the  Pseudomonas  organism having the identifying characteristics of a strain of  Pseudomonas protegens  or fluorescens or alternatively from an organism having the identifying characteristics of  Pseudomonas fluorescens  or  protegens  isolate, ATCC 55799 as set forth in U.S. Pat. No. 6,194,194. The methods comprise cultivating these organisms and obtaining the compounds and/or compositions of the present invention by isolating these compounds from the cells of these organisms. 
     In particular, the organisms are cultivated in a nutrient medium using methods known in the art. The organisms may be cultivated by shake flask cultivation, small scale or large scale fermentation (including but not limited to continuous, batch, fed-batch, or solid state fermentations) in laboratory or industrial fermentors performed in suitable medium and under conditions allowing cell growth. The cultivation may take place in suitable nutrient medium comprising carbon and nitrogen sources and inorganic salts, using procedures known in the art. Suitable media are available may be available from commercial sources or prepared according to published compositions. A particular embodiment is disclosed in the examples infra and in U.S. Pat. No. 6,194,194. 
     After cultivation, the cells may be concentrated and subsequently suspended in a buffer to obtain a cell suspension. The compounds and/or compositions of the present invention may be extracted from the suspension. The extract may be fractionated by chromatography. Chromatography may be assayed for toxic activity against molluscs, such as mussels, snails (e.g., aquatic and/or garden snails) and/or slugs, using methods known in the art; one particular embodiment is disclosed in the examples, infra. This process may be repeated one or more times using the same or different chromatographic methods. 
     The compounds of the present invention may also be obtained by synthetic methods. Alternatively, for peptide compounds, the compounds may be obtained by expressing nucleic acid sequences encoding these compounds in a recombinant DNA host using methods known in the art. 
     Formulations 
     The composition of the present invention may comprise a chemical or biopesticide product that is useful in controlling molluscs, particularly members of the Gastropoda and/or Bivalvia classes and more particularly mussels, snails and slugs. The invention is directed to isolated compounds obtainable or derived from (a) a microorganism such as a  Pseudomonas  species, more particularly,  Pseudomonas protegens  or alternatively, an organism having the identifying characteristics of  Pseudomonas  ATCC 55799; (b) is toxic to a member of a class of molluscs selected from the group consisting of Bivalvia, particularly, mussels (e.g.,  Dreissana  species) and/or Gastropoda, particularly, snails, which includes but is not limited to aquatic snails (e.g.,  Biomphalaria  species) and garden snails, including but not limited to brown garden snails, white garden snails (e.g.,  Cantareus  species,  Cornu  species,  Theba  species), and/or slugs, including but not limited to gray garden slug (e.g.,  Deroceras  sp.), the banded or three-band slug (e.g.,  Lehmannia  sp.), the tawny slug (e.g.,  Limacus  sp.), and the greenhouse slug (e.g.,  Milax  sp.) and (c) has a molecular weight selected from the group consisting of: about 540-550 and about 1280-1335 as determined by Liquid Chromatography/Mass Spectroscopy (LC/MS). These compositions may be formulated into compositions which may be used to control molluscs, particularly members of the Gastropoda and/or Bivalvia classes and more particularly mussels, snails and slugs. 
     Examples include but are not limited to chlorine and substances derived from a  Pseudomonas  species as described in for example U.S. Pat. No. 6,194,194. Furthermore, compounds disclosed above and used in the invention can be made into compositions (also alternatively referred to as “formulations”) and can be formulated in any form. Non-limiting formulation examples include emulsifiable concentrates (EC), wettable powders (WP), soluble liquids (SL), aerosols, ultra-low volume concentrate solutions (ULV), soluble powders (SP), microencapsulation, water dispersed granules, flowables (FL), microemulsions (ME), nano-emulsions (NE), etc. In any formulation described herein, percent of active ingredient is within a range of 0.01% to 99.99%. In a particular embodiment, the formulations may be free of surfactants. 
     Examples of the inert material that may be used in the compositions of the present invention include, but are not limited to, inorganic minerals such as kaolin, mica, gypsum, phyllosilicates, carbonates, sulfates, or phosphates; or botanical materials such as wood products, cork, powdered corn cobs, rice hulls, peanut hulls and walnut shells. In a particular embodiment, the inert material can be obtained or derived from a clay mineral (kaolinite, smectite, attapulgite) suspended in water at a rate of about 1 to 20 mg/liter corresponding to approximately 1 to 20 NTU (normalized turbidity units). The inert materials used to enhance mussel siphoning can be applied in solid form or as a suspension in aqueous solution, preferably water, directly to the water or the location (e.g., solid surface) where the mussels are treated. In a particular embodiment, to enhance product efficacy, an inert material such as clay, silt, sediment or any other material with no nutritional value and with a small enough particle size can be suspended in water prior to the treatment with a chemical or a biopesticide product. 
     Methods of Use 
     The compounds and compositions of the present invention may be used to control molluscs, particularly, a member of the Gastropoda and/or Bivalvia class, more particularly mussels (e.g.,  Dreissana  species) and/or Gastropoda, particularly, snails, which includes but is not limited to aquatic snails (e.g.,  Biomphalaria  species) and garden snails, including but not limited to brown garden snails, white garden snails (e.g.,  Cantareus  species,  Cornu  species,  Theba  species), and/or slugs, including but not limited to gray garden slug (e.g.,  Deroceras  sp.), the banded or three-band slug (e.g.,  Lehmannia  sp.), the tawny slug (e.g.,  Limacus  sp.), and the greenhouse slug (e.g.,  Milax  sp.) in a body of water or on surfaces where molluscs such as mussels, snails and/or slugs gather or alternatively as an anti-fouling agent in paint. In the event that it is used as an antifouling agent in paint, it is present in an anti-vegetative, biocidally effective amount. Surfaces where molluscs such as mussels, snails and/or slugs include but are not limited to plastic, concrete, wood, fiberglass, pipes made of iron and polyvinyl chloride and surfaces covered with paints and/or coatings. Coatings may be formulated from pigments, binders, additives, and/or carrier fluids and are preferably applied in a thin film to provide protection or decoration to a surface. The end product (which contains the active compound) will be used at 10-200 mg/L, more specifically at 25-100 mg/L (ppm) or 25-10000 mg/kg. It will be applied either as a dry product or suspended in water into pipes, dam structures, holding tanks, and open waters such as streams, rivers, lakes, irrigation canals, ponds and lakes through specific application pumps and mixing systems. 
     In a particular embodiment, the present invention is directed to a method for improving biopesticidal and pesticidal activity of materials used to control invasive molluscs, particularly mussels comprising the steps of:
         1. suspension of inert material such as clay into the water to trigger the siphoning activity for about 1-24 hours before the chemical or biopesticide treatment   2. addition of a chemical or a biopesticide into the water at a desired level       

     The invention is also directed to a method comprising a step of administering a microbial biopesticide in combination of an inert material such as clay to enhance the uptake and hence, mortality of mussels. 
     To activate the mussel siphoning, this clay (turbidity) treatment should be carried on for about 1 to 6 hours, usually about 3-4 hours, and for about 1 to 24 hours, typically about 14-18 hours before the treatment with a chemical/pesticide. Alternatively, the turbidity treatment can be applied simultaneously with the chemical or biopesticide treatment. 
     According to the one embodiment of this invention, treatment of molluscs, such as mussels, snails and slugs can be carried out in 500-mL glass jars or in a biobox constructed of acrylic sheets. In the glass jars, aeration during treatment is provided by airflow through aquarium air stones connected to nylon tubing. In the biobox, water is constantly flowing at a rate of 1 gallon per minute. 
     The materials for the turbidity treatment as well as for the chemical/biopesticide product can be mixed in the water by pipetting or via a peristaltic pump. In bioboxes, a more uniform mixing is achieved using a paddle mixer at the point of injection. The compositions of the present invention can be in a suitable form for direct application or as a concentrate or primary composition, which requires dilution with a suitable quantity of water or other diluent before application. 
     The effective amount of the turbidity materials will depend upon the application, water temperature, if applied to water, and duration of the treatment. In general, the composition may be applied at a rate of from about 1 to about 20 mg per liter; preferably at a rate of from about 5 to about 10 mg per liter so that the measured turbidity does not rise above 20 NTU. 
     EXAMPLES 
     The examples below are presented to describe preferred embodiments and utilities of the invention and is not meant to limit the invention unless otherwise stated in the claims appended hereto. 
     Example 1 
     Analysis of  Pseudomonas  Strain CL145A (ATCC 55799) 
     The  Pseudomonas  strain CL145A (ATCC 55799) has been further characterized through a polyphasic approach by investigating its phenotypic and genotypic characteristics. The results from the studies disclosed herein indicate that CL145A is a better match to  Pseudomonas protegens , rather than  Pseudomonas fluorescens.    
     Recent developments in the taxonomical study of the genus  Pseudomonas  resulted in the creation of a new species  Pseudomonas protegens, Pseudomonas protegens  includes several strains formerly identified as  Pseudomonas fluorescens  including strains CHA0, PF, PGNL1, PGNR 1, PGNR 2, PGNR 3, PGNR 4, PINR 3 and Pf1. The basis of the reclassification is described by Ramette et al., (2011), and was officially validated in 2012 (Euzeby, 2012). Based on this new information, the best match for CL145A is  Pseudomonas protegens . MBI-401 will now be identified as  Pseudomonas  protegens strain CL145A (CL145A). 
     CL145A was characterized through a polyphasic approach investigating phenotypic and genotypic characteristics, as well as confirmation of the presence of two metabolites; 2,4-Diacetylphloroglucinol and Pyoluteorin. Pyoluteorin and 2,4-Diacetylphloroglucinol (see  FIG. 3 ) are central characteristics to the differentiation of  Pseudomonas fluorescens  and  Pseudomonas protegens . Isolates that do not produce these two compounds, or that only produce one of them, remain known as  Pseudomonas fluorescens , while  Pseudomonas fluorescens  that produce both compounds have been reclassified as  Pseudomonas protegens  as described by Ramette et al., 2011 (Ramette, A., Frapoli, M., Fischer-Le Saux, M., Gruffaz, C., Meyer, J-M., Defago, G., Supra, L and Moenne-Loccoz, Y. (2011).  Pseudomonas protegens  sp. Nov., widespread plant-protecting bacteria producing the biocontrol compounds 2,4-diacetylphloroglucinol and pyoluteorin. Systematic and Applied Microbiology. 34, pages 180-188). 
     1.1 Analysis of Biochemical, Physiological and Metabolic Characteristics 
       Pseudomonas protegens  strain CL145A (ATCC 55799) was subjected to biochemical testing to characterize the isolate and create a baseline for further tracking. As part of this characterization strategy, the growth of CL145A was tested at temperatures of 16° C. and 37° C., and API ZYM and API 20NE assays were performed, which allowed for semiquantitation of enzymatic activities (API ZYM) and identification of Gram-negative non-Enterobacteriaceae (API 20NE). Fatty Acid Profiles and MALDI-TOF profiles were performed as well. 
     1.1.1 Growth at 16° C. and 37° C. 
       Pseudomonas  species are known to grow at a wide range of temperatures, with 28° C. reported as the optimal for many species, and ranging from 4° C. to 45° C. for some species.  Pseudomonas fluorescens  does not grow at 41° C., but some strains show growth as low as 4° C. (Palleroni, 2005). 
     A dilute cell suspension of CL145A was prepared in phosphate buffer. The suspension was inoculated onto agar plates and incubated overnight at 16° C. and 37° C. Incubators were set at the proper temperatures and allowed to equilibrate overnight before incubations took place. CL145A grew well at both temperatures. 
     1.1.2. API ZYM 
     API ZYM provides a platform for rapid semi-quantitation of enzymatic activity. The assay was performed at MBI&#39;s facilities, following the manufacturer&#39;s directions (Biomerieux). A 1 day PDA plate was inoculated from a glycerol stock of CL145A (ATCC 55799), and incubated overnight at 25° C. Colonies growing on the plate were used to inoculate the API ZYM strip according to manufacturer&#39;s instructions, and incubated at 30° C. for 48.5 hours. Results are shown in Table 1 below. 
                     TABLE 1                  API ZYM test results for CL145A (ATCC 55799)                             Interpretation                                                 No   Enzyme assayed for   Substrate   pH   Positive   Negative   Rating   Result                                             1   Control   8.5   Colorless or color of   0   −                   the sample if it has                   intense coloration                                             2   Alkaline phosphatase   2-naphthyl phosphate   6.5   Violet   Colorless   5   +       3   Esterase (C 4)   2-naphythyl butyrate   7.5   Violet   or very   0   −       4   Esterase Lipase   2-naphthyl caprylate   7.5   Violet   pale   0   −           (C 8)               yellow       5   Lipase (C 14)   2-naphthyl myristate   7.5   Violet       0   −       6   Leucinearylamidase   L-leucyl-2-naphthylamide   7.5   Orange       4   +       7   Valinearylamidase   L-valyl-2-naphthylamide   7.5   Orange       0   −       8   Cysteine arylamidase   L-cystyl-2-naphthylamide   7.5   Orange       0   −       9   Trypsin   N-benzoyl-DL-arginine-2-   8.5   Orange       0   −               naphthylamide       10   α-chymotrypsin   N-glutaryl-phenylalanine-2-   7.5   Orange       0   −               naphthylamide       11   Acid phosphatase   2-naphthyl phosphate   5.4   Violet       5   +       12   Naphthol-AS-BI-   Naphthol-AS-BI-phosphate   5.4   Blue       5   +           phosphohydrolase       13   α-galactosidase   6-Br-2-naphthyl-αD-   5.4   Violet       0   −               galactopyranoside       14   β-galactosidase   2-naphthyl-βD-   5.4   Violet       0   −               galactopyranoside       15   β-glucuronidase   Naphthol-AS-BI-βD-   5.4   Blue       0   −               glucuronide       16   α-glucosidase   2-naphthyl-αD-   5.4   Violet       0   −               glucopyranoside       17   β-glucosidase   6-Br-2-naphthyl-βD-   5.4   Violet       0   −               glucopyranoside       18   N-acetyl-β-   1-naphthyl-N-acetyl-βD-   5.4   Brown       0   −           glucosaminidase   glucosaminide       19   α-mannosidase   6-Br-2-naphthyl-αD-   5.4   Violet       0   −               mannopyranoside       20   α-fucosidase   2-naphthyl-αL-   5.4   Violet       0   −               fucopyranoside               The results indicated that CL145A (ATCC 55799) has strong enzymatic activity for acid and alkaline phosphatase, leucine arylamidase and naphtol-AS-BI-phosphohydrolase. Negative results were recorded for all other enzyme tests.            
1.1.3. API 20NE
 
     API 20NE allows for semiquantitation of enzymatic activities and identification of Gram-negative non-Enterobacteriaceae. The assay was performed following manufacturer&#39;s directions (Biomerieux). A 1 day PDA plate was inoculated from a glycerol stock of CL145A (ATCC 55799), and incubated overnight at 25° C. Colonies growing on the plate were used to inoculate the API 20NE strip according to manufacturer&#39;s instructions, and incubated at 30° C. for 48.5 hours. Results are shown in Table 2. 
                     TABLE 2                  API 20NE test results for CL145A (ATCC 55799)                         Results                                     Test   Active Ingredient   Reaction/Enzymes   Negative   Positive   Summary               NO 3     Potassium Nitrate   Reduction of nitrates to   Colorless   Pink-Red   −               nitrites               Reduction of nitrates to   Pink   Colorless   NA               nitrogen       TRP   L-tryptophane   Indole production   Colorless   Pink   −               (tryptophan)   Pale-green/                   yellow       GLU   D-glucose   Fermentation (glucose)   Blue to green   Yellow   −       ADH   L-arginine   Arginine Dihydrolase   Yellow   Orange/pink/red   +       URE   Urea   Urease   Yellow   Orange/pink/red   +       ESC   Esculin ferric   Hydrolysis (β-   Yellow   Grey/brown/black   −           citrate   glucosidase)(esculin)       GEL   Gelatin   Hydrolysis   No pigment   Diffusion of black   +           (bovine origin)   (protease)(gelatin)   diffusion   pigment       PNPG   4-nitrophenyl-βD-   B-galactosidase (Para-   Colorless   Yellow   −           galactopyranoside   nitrophenyl-βD-               galactopyranosidase)       |GLU|   D-glucose   Assimilation of glucose   Transparent   Opaque   +       |ARA|   L-arabinose   Assimilation of   Transparent   Opaque   ±               arabinose       |MNE|   D-mannose   Assimilation of mannose   Transparent   Opaque   +       |MAN|   D-mannitol   Assimilation of mannitol   Transparent   Opaque   +       |NAG|   N-acetyl-   Assimilation of n-acetyl-   Transparent   Opaque   +           glucosamine   glucosamine       |MAL|   D-maltose   Assimilation of maltose   Transparent   Opaque   −       |GNT|   Potassium   Assimilation of   Transparent   Opaque   +           gluconate   potassium gluconate       |CAP|   Capric acid   Assimilation of capric   Transparent   Opaque   +               acid       |ADI|   Adipic acid   Assimilation of adipic   Transparent   Opaque   +               acid       |MLT|   Malic acid   Assimilation of malate   Transparent   Opaque   +       |CIT|   Trisodium citrate   Assimilation of   Transparent   Opaque   +               trisodium citrate       |PAC|   Phenylacetic acid   Assimilation of   Transparent   Opaque   +               phenylacetic acid               Key: + (Positive), − (Negative), ± (weak)              Pseudomonas protegens  does not reduce nitrate. Additionally, Ramette et al. (2011) report that  P. protegens  can assimilate N-acetyl-D-glucosamine, while  P. fluorescens  cannot. CL145A can assimilate N-acetyl-D-glucosamine according to API 20 NE results. CL145A and  P. protegens  also share the ability to assimilate phenyl acetate ( P. fluorescens  cannot). CL145A displayed negative glucuronidase activity in the API ZYM test.  P. protegens  cannot assimilate D-glucuronate, while  P. fluorescens  can assimilate D-glucuronate.
 
     In summary, CL145A (also referred to as ATCC 55799 or MBI-401) shares many phenotypic traits that differentiate it from  P. fluorescens  and indicate closer similarity to  P. protegens . However,  Pseudomonas  identification based on phenotypic characteristics can be difficult and an ultimate identification always requires a DNA-based approach. 
     1.1.4. Antibiotic Resistance Profile 
     One glycerol stock vial of CL145A was equally distributed onto Mueller-Hinton Agar plates (100 μl per plate) and spread on the plate using a sterile cell spreader. Antibiotic discs were then placed onto the plates along with a blank sterile disc. Plates were incubated at 25° C. in the dark for 72 hours. Results are shown in Table 3. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 3 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Antibiotic resistance profile for CL145A (ATCC 55799) 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                   
                 Concentration 
                 Suppresses growth 
               
               
                   
                 Antibiotic tested 
                 (μg) 
                 of CL145A 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Tetracycline 
                 30 
                 No 
               
               
                   
                 Kanamycin 
                 30 
                 Yes 
               
               
                   
                 Erythromycin 
                 15 
                 No 
               
               
                   
                 Streptomycin 
                 10 
                 No 
               
               
                   
                 Penicillin 
                 10 
                 No 
               
               
                   
                 Ampicillin 
                 10 
                 No 
               
               
                   
                 Oxytetracycline 
                 30 
                 Yes 
               
               
                   
                 Chloramphenicol 
                 30 
                 No 
               
               
                   
                 Ciprofloxacin 
                 5 
                 Yes 
               
               
                   
                 Gentamicin 
                 10 
                 Yes 
               
               
                   
                 Piperacillin 
                 100 
                 Yes 
               
               
                   
                 Cefuroxime 
                 30 
                 No 
               
               
                   
                 Imipenem 
                 10 
                 Yes 
               
               
                   
                 Sulphamethoxazole- 
                 23.75/25 
                 Yes 
               
               
                   
                 Trimethoprim 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     The antibiotic profile results indicated that CL145A is resistant to tetracycline, erythromycin, streptomycin, penicillin, ampicillin, chloramphenicol and cefuroxime as shown in  FIG. 3  as growth of CL145A was not inhibited by the antibiotic disc; and shown to be sensitive to kanamycin, oxytetracycline, ciprofloxacin, gentamicin, piperacillin, imipenem and sulphamethoxazole-treimethoprim as growth of CL145A was inhibited following 72 hours incubation. 
     1.1.5. Analysis of Fatty Acid Methyl Ester Composition (FAME Analysis) 
     An agar plate with 24-hour old colonies of CL145A was submitted for Fatty Acid Methyl Ester (FAME) profiling to Microbial ID, Inc. (Newark, N.J.). The main fatty acids found are described below in Table 4. 
                     TABLE 4                  FAME analysis for CL145A (ATCC 55799)                             Lipid name   % of total                                         Sum In Feature 2   0.45           10:0   0.36           10:0 3OH   4.74           14:0   0.46           12:0   1.91           Sum In Feature 3   32.23           16:0   26.89           12:0 2OH   5.15           12:1 3OH   1.01           12:0 3OH   5.54           16:1 w5c   0.11           17:0 iso   0.10           16:0 3OH   4.41           Sum In Feature 8   18.69           18:0   0.65           18:1 w7c 11-methyl   0.18           17:0   0.10           17:0 cyclo   1.42                        
The FAME profile for CL145A appears to match with a  Pseudomonas putida  biotype A strain in the database, showing the highest similarity index (0.730). The next three best matches were with  Pseudomonas fluorescens  biotype A, biotype B and biotype G, all with similarity indices below 0.700.
 
1.2. 16S rRNA Gene Amplification and Sequencing
 
1.2.1 DNA Extraction of CL145A (ATCC 55799)
 
       Pseudomonas protegens  strain CL145A (ATCC 55799) was streaked on fresh potato dextrose plates and allowed to grow for 2-3 days or until enough biomass was evident. A loopful of the bacterium was suspended in DNA extraction buffer (included in the MoBio Ultra Clean Microbial DNA Extraction Kit, Cat No. 12224-50, Carlsbad, Calif., USA) using a sterile loop. DNA was extracted using the MoBio Ultra Clean Microbial DNA extraction kit using the manufacturer&#39;s protocol. DNA extract was checked for quality and quantity by running a 5 μL aliquot on a 1% agarose gel. 
     1.2.2 PCR Amplification of the 16S rRNA Gene from CL145A (ATCC 55799) 
     PCR reactions for the amplification of the 16s rRNA gene were performed by combining 1.5 ul of DNA extract CL145A (ATCC 55799) with 20 μL nuclease-free sterile water, 25 μL GoTaq Green Mastermix (Promega), μL forward primer (SEQ ID NO:1), and 1.5 μL reverse primer (SEQ ID NO:2). The PCR reaction was performed using a thermocycler PCR machine under the following conditions: 10 minutes at 95° C. (initial denaturing), 30 cycles of 45 seconds at 94° C., 45 seconds at 55° C. and 2 minutes at 72° C., followed by 5 minutes at 72° C. (final extension) and a final hold temperature of 10° C. The size, quality and quantity of the PCR product was evaluated by running a 5 uL aliquot on a 1% agarose gel, and comparing the product band to a mass ladder (Hi-Lo mass ladder, Bionexus, Oakland, Calif.). 
     1.2.3 16S rRNA Sequencing 
     Excess primers, nucleotides, enzyme and template were removed from the PCR product using the MoBio PCR clean up Kit (Cat No. 12500-50) following the manufacturer&#39;s instructions. The cleaned PCR product was subjected to direct sequencing using the primers described above. 
     1.2.4 Data Analysis 
     The forward and reverse sequences were aligned using the BioEdit software, and a consensus sequence was generated for further comparison to sequence databases. The identification of phylogenetic neighbors was initially carried out by the BLASTN (Altschul, S. F., Madden, T. L., Schaeffer, A. A., Zhang, J., Zhang, Z., Miller, W. &amp; Lipman, D. J. (1997). Gapped BLAST and PSI-BLAST: a new generation of protein database search programs. Nucleic Acids Res 25, 3389-3402.) program against the database containing type strains with validly published prokaryotic names and representatives of uncultured phylotypes (Kim, O.S., Cho, Y.J., Lee, K., Yoon, S.H., Kim, M., Na, H., Park, S.C., Jeon, Y.S., Lee, J.H., Yi, H., Won, S., Chun, J. (2012). Introducing EzTaxon-e: a prokaryotic 16S rRNA Gene sequence database with phylotypes that represent uncultured species. Int J Syst Evol Microbial 62, 716-721). The top thirty sequences with the highest scores were then selected for the calculation of pairwise sequence similarity using global alignment algorithm (Myers, E. W. &amp; Miller, W. (1988). Optimal alignments in linear space. Comput Appl Biosci 4, 11-17.), which was implemented at the EzTaxon-e server Kim, O.S., Cho, Y.J., Lee, K., Yoon, S.H., Kim, M., Na, H., Park, S. C., Jeon, Y. S., Lee, J. H., Yi, H., Won, S., Chun, J. (2012). Introducing EzTaxon-e: a prokaryotic 16S rRNA Gene sequence database with phylotypes that represent uncultured species. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 62, 716-721). 
     1.2.5 Results 
     The forward (SEQ ID NO:3) and reverse (SEQ ID NO:4) sequences were used to generate a 1445 base pair consensus sequence (SEQ ID NO:5). 
     The 16S rRNA gene consensus sequence of CL145A (ATCC 55799) was compared to those available sequences of type strains using EzTaxon-e server. 
     The search and comparison implements on Ex-Taxon-e server indicated that CL145A (also referred to as ATCC 55799 or MBI-401) was most similar to  Pseudomonas protegens  CHA0 T  and in comparison, more distantly related to  Pseudomonas fluorescens. Pseudomonas protegens  CHA0 T  is the type strain as described by Ramette, A., Frapoli, M., Fischer-Le Saux, M., Gruffaz, C., Meyer, J-M., Defago, G., Supra, L and Moenne-Loccoz, Y. (2011).  Pseudomonas protegens  sp. Nov., widespread plant-protecting bacteria producing the biocontrol compounds 2,4-diacetylphloroglucinol and pyoluteorin. Systematic and Applied Microbiology. 34, pages 180-188. 
     Sequences were downloaded into MEGA5, and aligned using MUSCLE. A Neighbor-Joining tree was built to visualize the relationship of CL145A to the type strain of the genus  Pseudomonas  ( FIG. 1 ). The tree clearly illustrates that CL145A is a strain of  Pseudomonas protegens , and that  Pseudomonas fluorescens  falls in a more distant and separate branch of the tree. 
     The evolutionary history was inferred using the Neighbor-Joining method (Saitou and Nei, 1987). The bootstrap consensus tree inferred from 2000 replicates (Felsenstein J. (1985). Confidence limits on phylogenies: An approach using the bootstrap. Evolution. 39, pages 783-791) is taken to represent the evolutionary history of the taxa analyzed. Branches corresponding to partitions reproduced in less than 50% bootstrap replicates are collapsed. The percentage of replicate trees in which the associated taxa clustered together in the bootstrap test (2000 replicates) are shown next to the branches (Felsenstein, 1985). The tree is drawn to scale, with branch lengths in the same units as those of the evolutionary distances used to infer the phylogenetic tree. The evolutionary distances were computed using the Jukes-Cantor method (Jukes and Candor, 1969) and are in the units of the number of base substitutions per site. The analysis involved 21 nucleotide sequences. Codon positions included were 1st+2nd+3rd+Noncoding. All ambiguous positions were removed for each sequence pair. There were a total of 1505 positions in the final dataset. Evolutionary analyses were conducted in MEGA5 (Tamura K., Peterson D., Peterson N., Stecher G., Nei M., and Kumar S. (2011). MEGA5: Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis using Maximum Likelihood, Evolutionary Distance, and Maximum Parsimony Methods. Molecular Biology and Evolution). 
     Additionally, comparisons were done with representatives of the bacterial domain using NCBI BLAST and limiting the search to the Reference Sequence Database. In order to confirm that the top matches from NCBI BLAST were actually due to misnaming of  Pseudomonas  isolates as  Pseudomonas fluorescens , the top matches to  Pseudomonas fluorescens  (strains LMG 5167, Pf-101, Pf-68, CPF-10, 7-1, and LC-G-2) were compared to  Pseudomonas protegens  in Ez-Taxon to confirm that they were not incorrectly named in the NCBI BLAST database. The sequences were imported into MEGA5, aligned by MUSCLE against CL145A (MBI-401) and  Pseudomonas protegens  CHA0 T  and  Pseudomonas fluorescens  DSM 50080 T . A phylogenetic tree was constructed to evaluate taxonomy ( FIG. 2 ). The phylogenetic tree shown in  FIG. 2  illustrates that  Pseudomonas  strains LMG 5167, Pf-101, Pf-68, CPF-10, 7-1, and LC-G-2 were found to all match to  Pseudomonas protegens  type strain (CHA0 T ), and that these strains were grouped together with  Pseudomonas protegens  strains in the phylogenetic tree. In contrast, the  Pseudomonas fluorescens  type strain (DSM T ) is not in the same group as the  Pseudomonas protegens  type strain (CHA0 T ), as both strains are in different branches of the phylogenetic tree. The evolutionary history was inferred using the Neighbor-Joining method (Saitou and Nei, 1997). The bootstrap consensus tree inferred from 2000 replicates (Felsenstein J. (1985). Confidence limits on phylogenies: An approach using the bootstrap. Evolution. 39, pages 783-791) is taken to represent the evolutionary history of the taxa analyzed (Felsenstein J. (1985). Confidence limits on phylogenies: An approach using the bootstrap. Evolution. 39, pages 783-791). Branches corresponding to partitions reproduced in less than 50% bootstrap replicates are collapsed. The percentage of replicate trees in which the associated taxa clustered together in the bootstrap test (2000 replicates) are shown next to the branches (Felsenstein J. (1985). Confidence limits on phylogenies: An approach using the bootstrap. Evolution. 39, pages 783-791). The tree is drawn to scale, with branch lengths in the same units as those of the evolutionary distances used to infer the phylogenetic tree. The evolutionary distances were computed using the Jukes-Cantor method (Jukes and Cantor, 1969) and are in the units of the number of base substitutions per site. The analysis involved 14 nucleotide sequences. Codon positions included were 1st+2nd+3rd+Noncoding. All ambiguous positions were removed for each sequence pair. There were a total of 1515 positions in the final dataset. Evolutionary analyses were conducted in MEGA5 (Tamura K., Peterson D., Peterson N., Stecher G., Nei M., and Kumar S. (2011). MEGA5: Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis using Maximum Likelihood, Evolutionary Distance, and Maximum Parsimony Methods. Molecular Biology and Evolution). 
     1.3 Production of Pyoluteorin and 2,4-Diacetylphologlucinol 
     Ramette et al. (Ramette, A., Frapoli, M., Fischer-Le Saux, M., Gruffaz, C., Meyer, J-M., Defago, G., Supra, L and Moenne-Loccoz, Y. (2011).  Pseudomonas protegens  sp. Nov., widespread plant-protecting bacteria producing the biocontrol compounds 2,4-diacetylphloroglucinol and pyoluteorin. Systematic and Applied Microbiology. 34, pages 180-188) describe the production of two secondary metabolites, pyoluteorin and 2,4-Diacetylphloroglucinol (DAPG), as a major characteristic differentiating  Pseudomonas protegens  from  Pseudomonas fluorescens  strains alongside genotypic and phenotypic characterization data. The fluorescent  Pseudomonas  type strain Pf-5 is known to produce both secondary metabolites, pyoluteorin and DAPG, and this strain was used as the positive control. 
     CL145A and Pf-5 strains were grown on pyoluteorin production broth enriched with 2% glycerol (PhGly), as described by Wang et al., (2011). The media contains per liter: 3 g NH 4 NO 3 , 1 g yeast extract, 1 g KH 2 PO 4 , 2 g NaCl, 0.5 g MgSO 4  and 1 ml of trace minerals solution. Fermentations were performed in 250 ml Erlenmeyer flasks with 50 ml of media. Incubation was performed at 25° C. and 200 rpm for 48 hours. Fermentations were done side-by-side with CL145A and Pf-5 (NRRL B-23932) and harvested after 48 hours. Due to the lack of commercially available standards for pyoluteorin, strain Pf-5 was used as an internal standard. 
     The fermentation broths were extracted using Amberlite XAD-7 resin (Asolkar et al., 2006) by shaking the Whole Cell Broth (WCB) with resin at 225 rpm for two hours at room temperature. The resin and cell mass were collected by filtration through cheesecloth and washed with deionized (DI) water to remove salts. The resin, cell mass, and cheesecloth were then soaked for 1 hour in acetone/methanol (1:1) after which the solvent was filtered and dried under vacuum using rotary evaporator to give the crude extract. The crude extracts obtained from the above were dissolved in methanol to get a known concentration (10 mg/mL) which were later analyzed using Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LCMS). 
     Mass spectroscopy analysis of crude extract samples were performed on a Thermo Finnigan LCQ Deca XP Plus electrospray (ESI) instrument using both positive and negative ionization modes in a full scan mode (m/z 100-1500 Da) and on a LCQ DECA XPplus Mass Spectrometer (Thermo Electron Corp., San Jose, Calif.). Thermo high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) instrument equipped with a Finnigan Surveyor PDA plus detector, autosampler plus, MS pump and a 4.6 mm×100 mm Luna C18 5 μm column (Phenomenex). The solvent system consisted of water (solvent A) and acetonitrile (solvent B). The mobile phase began at 10% solvent B and is linearly increased to 100% solvent B over 20 min and then kept for 4 min, and finally returned to 10% solvent B over 3 min and kept for 3 min. The flow rate was 0.5 mL/min. The injection volume was 10 μL and the samples were kept at room temperature in an auto sampler. Mass spectroscopy analyses of compounds of interest present in the samples were performed under the following conditions: The flow rate of the nitrogen gas was fixed at 30 and 15 arb for the sheath and aux/sweep gas flow rate, respectively. Electrospray ionization was performed with a spray voltage set at 5000 V and a capillary voltage at 35.0 V. The capillary temperature was set at 400° C. The data was analyzed on Xcalibur software. The compounds of interest in this analysis were pyoluteorin (1) and DAPG (2) which were characterized by comparing the UV absorbance profile, retention time (RT) and molecular weight with those of the internal reference standard compounds. 
     Pyoluteorin (1) and DAPG (2) have been reported as secondary metabolites from  Pseudomonas fluorescens  Pf-5 (Ramette et al., 2011). As a standard sample of pyoluteorin was not available, the crude extract of Pf-5 was used to identify the production of pyoluteorin in a crude extract of CL145A. Pyoluteorin has a RT of 11:30 min, a molecular mass of 272.02 in positive ionization mode and UV absorption max at 206, 254 &amp; 308 nm. The isotopic spitting pattern in the MS confirms the presence of the two chlorine atoms in the molecule. The standard sample of 2,4-diacetylphloroglucinol (2) was purchased from Santa Cruz Biotechnology (CAS 2161-86-6) and has a RT of 13.99 min, molecular weight of 210.14 and UV absorption max at 204, 268 &amp; 320 nm. The production of both the compounds 1 &amp; 2 were detected with RT 11:30 and 13:96 min respectively in the crude extract of CL145A grown in the fermentation medium containing glycerol, with identical UV and mass spitting pattern to that of standard compounds. The structures for pyoluteorin and DAPG are shown in  FIG. 3 . 
     The production of both secondary metabolites pyoluteorin and DAPG by CL145A when grown under specific media, temperature and agitation conditions designed to optimize for the production of said metabolites. Presence of pyoluteorin was confirmed by identification of peaks according to mass spectrum patterns, retention times and UV spectra that are specific to pyoluteorin. The presence of DAPG was further confirmed by comparison to commercial standard. 
     Batches were produced in media FM3 and DM7 and analyzed as described above. Pyoluteorin and DAPG were not detected in these media under fermentation conditions typical of commercial manufacturing. 
     1.4 Conclusion 
     MBI-401, was conclusively identified as  Pseudomonas protegens  strain CL145A. An earlier effort to characterize the microorganism had yielded an identification of  Pseudomonas fluorescens  (Pf). The change in the species identity is the outcome of recent revisions to the taxonomy of  Pseudomonas fluorescens  that grouped several strains previous known as Pf into a new species characterized by divergence of 16S rRNA gene sequences and the production of pyoluteorin and DAPG, as well as other biochemical traits. Therefore, CL145A is now classified as a strain of the newly formed  Pseudomonas protegens  grouping. 
     Example 2 
     Molluscicide Studies 
     Materials and Methods 
     1. Allow quagga mussels to acclimate in the small Petri dishes for 24 hrs.
         Pour the mussels into a Petri dish to determine if the mussels are alive or not. Toss out the dead and empty mussels.   Count out 10 live/healthy mussels.   Put 10 live/healthy mussels in each small Petri dish with hard water.   Keep a separate plate of mussels. These are the “extra mussels” that will be used to replace dead or empty mussels after 24 hrs in the other experimental plates.   Aeration is not needed due to the low volume of water (DO is high).       

     2. Day of mussel treatment:
         Check the mussels (Use the rubber policemen at all times when checking the mussels. Only use the tweezers to remove dead mussels).   Count to make sure there are 10 live/healthy mussels per small Petri dish.   Get the sample(s) ready.   Dilute appropriately with hard water in a 50 ml falcon tube for each sample. Vortex to mix prior to dosing.   EX: 70 ppm, 2 reps per sample. Add 34 ml of hard water into the falcon tube. Add 51 ul of the sample into the same falcon tube with hard water. Vortex to mix prior to dosing.       

     3. Dosing:
         Vortex the sample prior to dosing.   Using a 25 ml serological pipette, pipette up and down to mix. Pipette 15 ml of the mixture into each small Petri plate.   Let the mussels sit undisturbed for 24 hrs. Note the time and date. 4. 24 hrs after treatment:   After 24 hrs after dosing, remove the treated water and check for mussel mortality.   Dump out the treated water. Rinse with clean hard water 3 times before adding water to each small Petri plate.   Repeat this process for all the Petri plates.   All the Petri dishes must be autoclaved after testing. After being autoclaved, the jars will we washed with water.       

     5. Calculate the mortality
 
Mortality (%)=100*(Total dead mussels in the treatment−total dead mussels in the blank)/Total mussels treatment
 
Studies with Commercial Compounds
 
     Commercial compounds obtained from Sigma-Aldrich were examined at a final concentration of 11.1 μg/ml. The results are shown in Table 1. 
                     TABLE 5                  Molluscicidal Effect of Commercial Compounds                                                 Conc                       No   Structure   [μg/ml]   24 hr   48 hr   72 hr   96 hr               SAR-013                         11.1   0   0   0   0               SAR-011                         11.1   0   0   0   0               SAR-010                         11.1   0   0   0   0               SAR-008                         11.1   0   0   0   0               SAR-014                         11.1   0   0   0   0               SAR-009                         11.1   0   0   0   0               SAR-001                         11.1   86.7 ± 5.8   96.7 ± 5.8   96.7 ± 5.8   96.7 ± 5.8               SAR-006                         11.1   0   0   0   0               SAR-005                         11.1   0   0   0   0               SAR-003                         11.1   3.3 ± 5.7   10 ± 10   10 ± 10    10 ± 10               SAR-004                         11.1   0   0   0   0               SAR-002                         11.1   30 ± 10   66.7 ± 15.3   73.3 ± 11.5   76.7 ± 15.3                    
Synthetic Compounds
 
     Synthesized compounds are screened against the quagga mussels at a final concentration of 11.1 μg/ml. The following procedure is used to obtain the compounds. 
     Synthesis of amides: To the ice-cooled carboxylic acid (3 mmole) solution in dichloromethane (20 ml) is sequentially added 1-ethyl-3-(3′-dimethylaminopropyl) carbodiimide (3.3 mmole) and 4-dimethylaminopyridine (3 mmole). After 5 min, amine (3.3 mmole) is added in the reaction solution. The reaction is slowly warmed to the room temperature and lasted overnight. The reaction is extracted with ethyl acetate (200 mL). The organic phase is dried with anhydrous sodium sulfate. After evaporation under vacuum, the residue is run through a silica gel column with an appropriate ratio of ethyl acetate in hexane. The yield of the final products range from 85% to 90%. The final products are characterized with proton NMR. 
     N-Cyclopentylcinnamamide (SAR-023): 1H NMR (CDCl3): δ (ppm) 7.62 (d, J=15.6 Hz, 1H), 7.50 (d, J=7.0 Hz, 2H), 7.35 (m, 3H), 6.37 (d, J=15.6, 1H), 5.61 (d, J=5.0, Hz, 1H, NH), 4.35 (sextet, J=7.0, 1H), 2.06 (m, 2H), 1.71 (m, 2H), 1.64 (m, 2H), 1.46 (m, 2H). 
     N-(trans-Cinnamoyl)pyrrolidine (SAR-024): 1H NMR (CDCl3): δ (ppm) 7.70 (d, J=15.5 Hz, 1H), 7.53 (d, J=7.0 Hz, 2H), 7.36 (m, 3H), 6.74 (d, J=15.5, 1H), 3.63 (t, J=7.0, 2H), 3.60 (t, J=7.0, 2H), 2.01 (quintet, J=7.0, 2H), 1.91 (quintet, J=7.0, 2H). 
     N-(trans-Cinnamoyl)piperidine (SAR-025): 1H NMR (CDCl3): δ (ppm) 7.64 (d, J=15.5 Hz, 1H), 7.52 (d, J=7.2 Hz, 2H), 7.36 (m, 3H), 6.90 (d, J=15.5, 1H), 3.67 (s, 2H), 3.59 (s, 2H), 1.68 (m, 2H), 1.62 (m, 4H). 
     N-(trans-Cinnamoyl) hexamethyleneimine (SAR-026): 1H NMR (CDCl3): δ (ppm) 7.70 (d, J=15.4 Hz, 1H), 7.52 (d, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 7.36 (m, 3H), 6.88 (d, J=15.4, 1H), 3.63 (t, J=6.0, 2H), 3.61 (t, J=6.0, 2H), 1.76 (m, 4H), 1.59 (m, 4H). 
     N-Cyclopentyldecanamide (SAR-020): 1H NMR (CDCl3): δ (ppm) 5.35 (br, 1H), 4.22 (sextet, J=7.00, 1H), 2.12 (t, J=7.20, 2H), 1.98 (m, 2H), 1.59-1.67 (m, 6H), 1.26-1.36 (m, 14H), 0.88 (t, J=7.00, 3H). 
     N-(Decanoyl)pyrrolidine (SAR-007): 1H NMR (CDCl3): δ (ppm) 3.45 (t, J=6.80, 2H), 3.40 (t, J=6.80, 2H), 2.24 (t, J=7.20, 2H), 1.94 (quintet, J=6.80, 2H), 1.84 (quintet, J=6.80, 2H), 1.62 (quintet, J=7.20, 2H), 1.25-1.30 (m, 12H), 0.87 (t, J=7.20, 3H). 
     N-(Decanoyl)piperidine (SAR-021): 1H NMR (CDCl3): δ (ppm) 3.55 (t, J=5.20, 2H), 3.39 (t, J=5.20, 2H), 2.31 (t, J=7.60, 2H), 1.58-1.65 (m, 4H), 1.52-1.57 (m, 4H), 1.20-1.30 (m, 12H), 0.87 (t, J=7.20, 3H). 
     N-(Decanoyl)hexamethyleneimine (SAR-022): 1H NMR (CDCl3): δ (ppm) 3.52 (t, J=6.00, 2H), 3.42 (t, J=6.00, 2H), 2.30 (t, J=7.80, 2H), 1.66-1.74 (m, 4H), 1.60-1.66 (m, 2H), 1.50-1.6.0 (m, 4H), 1.20-1.30 (m, 12H), 0.87 (t, J=7.20, 3H). 
     N-Cyclopentyldecenamide (SAR-027): 1H NMR (CDCl3): δ (ppm) 6.82 (dt, J1=15.20, J2=7.20, 1H), 5.71 (d, J=15.20, 1H), 5.33 (br, 1H), 4.27 (sextet, J=7.00, 1H), 2.15 (m, 2H), 2.10 (m, 2H), 1.67 (m, 2H), 1.60 (m, 2H), 1.40 (m, 4H), 1.28 (m, 8H), 0.88 (t, J=7.00, 3H). 
     N-(Decenoyl)pyrrolidine (SAR-030): 1H NMR (CDCl3): δ (ppm) 6.90 (dt, J1=15.20, J2=7.00, 1H), 6.07 (d, J=15.20, 1H), 3.52 (t, J=6.30, 2H), 3.50 (t, J=6.30, 2H), 2.19 (m, 2H), 1.96 (quintet, J=7.00, 2H), 1.85 (quintet, J=7.00, 2H), 1.44 (m, 2H), 1.28 (m, 8H), 0.88 (t, J=7.00, 3H). 
     N-(Decenoyl)piperidine (SAR-031): 1H NMR (CDCl3): δ (ppm) 6.82 (dt, J1=15.20, J2=7.00, 1H), 6.23 (d, J=15.20, 1H), 3.59 (t, J=6.30, 2H), 3.47 (t, J=6.30, 2H), 2.17 (m, 2H), 1.64 (quintet, J=5.60, 2H), 1.56 (quintet, J=5.60, 4H), 1.44 (quintet, J=7.00, 2H), 1.28 (m, 8H), 0.88 (t, J=7.00, 3H). 
     N-(Decenoyl)hexamethyleneimine (SAR-032): 1H NMR (CDCl3): δ (ppm) 6.91 (dt, J1=15.20, J2=7.00, 1H), 6.21 (d, J=15.20, 1H), 3.57 (t, J=6.00, 2H), 3.49 (t, J=6.00, 2H), 2.17 (m, 2H), 1.73 (m, 4H), 1.56 (m, 4H), 1.45 (m, 2H), 1.28 (m, 8H), 0.88 (t, J=7.00, 3H). 
     N-(Decenoyl)piperidine (SAR-033): 1H NMR (CDCl3): δ (ppm) 6.82 (dt, J1=15.20, J2=7.00, 1H), 6.23 (d, J=15.20, 1H), 3.59 (t, J=6.30, 2H), 3.47 (t, J=6.30, 2H), 2.17 (m, 2H), 1.64 (quintet, J=5.60, 2H), 1.56 (quintet, J=5.60, 4H), 1.44 (quintet, J=7.00, 2H), 1.28 (m, 8H), 0.88 (t, J=7.00, 3H). 
     The results are shown in Table 2. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 6 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Potency of synthesized amides toward quagga mussels 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                   
                 Conc 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 No 
                 Structure 
                 [μg/ml] 
                 24 hr 
                 48 hr 
                 72 hr 
                 96 hr 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 SAR-020 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 11.1 
                 75 ± 7 
                 75 ± 7 
                 75 ± 7 
                 75 ± 7 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 SAR-007 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 11.1 
                 35 ± 7 
                 50 ± 14 
                 55 ± 21 
                 65 ± 21 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 SAR-021 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 11.1 
                 55 ± 21 
                 55 ± 21 
                 60 ± 14 
                 65 ± 7 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 SAR-022 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 11.1 
                 35 ± 7 
                 40 ± 14 
                 40 ± 14 
                 45 ± 21 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 SAR-023 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 11.1 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 SAR-024 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 11.1 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 SAR-025 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 11.1 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 SAR-026 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 11.1 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 SAR-027 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 11.1 
                 85 ± 7 
                 95 ± 7 
                 95 ± 7 
                 95 ± 7 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 SAR-031 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 111 
                 20 ± 14 
                 35 ± 35 
                 35 ± 35 
                 40 ± 28 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 SAR-032 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 11.1 
                 45 ± 21 
                 50 ± 14 
                 80 ± 14 
                 80 ± 14 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 SAR-033 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 11.1 
                 70 ± 14 
                 75 ± 21 
                 75 ± 21 
                 75 ± 21 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Example 3 
       Erwinia  Extracts 
       Erwinia carotovora  is grown on LB broth (per liter: 10 g tryptone, 5 g yeast extract, 10 g NaCl, pH=7.5). Inoculum is grown by streaking a TSA (tryptic soy agar) plate from a glycerol stock. Purity of the culture is confirmed through visual inspection of colony morphology. Using a sterile 10 μL loop, colonies are collected from the agar surface and resuspended in 50 ml of LB broth in a 250 ml non-baffled Erlenmeyer flask with screw cap. The liquid culture is incubated for 48-72 hours at 200 rpm and 25° C. 
     After 72 hr, the whole broth is extracted with ethyl acetate. The organic phase is dried under vacuum. The dried extracted is made a 5.0 mg/mL solution in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO). Then, such solution (100/IL) is added into 45 mL hard water. The final concentration of ethyl acetate extracts is 11.1 ppm. 
     Data shown in Table 3 indicates that bioactive compounds against the quagga mussels are produced in  Erwinia carotovora  when grown in the LB media. The compound 37 ( FIG. 4 b   ) described above is one of the lactones produced by  E. carotovora  grown in the LB media [Gu{umlaut over ( )}nter Brader, Solveig Sjo{umlaut over ( )}blom, Heidi Hyytia{umlaut over ( )}inen, Karen Sims-Huopaniemi, and E. Tapio Palva,  Altering Substrate Chain Length Specificity of an Acylhomoserine Lactone. Synthase in Bacterial Communication, The Journal of Biological Chemistry,  2005, 280(11) 10403-10409]. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 7 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Efficacy of ethyl acetate extracts of  Erwinia carotovora  grown in the LB broth 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 % 
                 % 
                 % 
                 % 
                 % 
                 % 
               
               
                   
                 mortality 
                 mortality 
                 mortality 
                 mortality 
                 mortality 
                 mortality 
               
               
                 Treatments 
                 (24 hr) 
                 (48 hr) 
                 (72 hr) 
                 (96 hr) 
                 (120 hr) 
                 (144 hr) 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 
                   Erwinia 
                 
                 30 ± 0 
                 75 ± 7 
                 80 ± 0 
                 80 ± 0 
                 80 ± 0 
                 90 ± 14 
               
               
                 
                   carotovora 
                 
               
               
                 Blank 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Example 4 
     Isolation of Molluscicidal Compounds from  Pseudomonas    
     Study A 
     Fractionation of Compounds 
     The following procedure is used for the fractionation of compounds extracted from washed cells of  Pseudomonas fluorescens  CL-145A: 
     The cell pellet derived from the 10-L fermentation  P. fluorescens  CL 145A (ATCC 55799) in FM2 growth medium is suspended in dilution buffer and extracted with Amberlite XAD-7 resin (Asolkar, R. N., Jensen, P. R., Kauffman, C. A., Fenical, W. 2006. Daryamides A-C, Weakly Cytotoxic Polyketides from a Marine-Derived Actinomycete of the Genus  Streptomyces  strain CNQ-085  J. Nat. Prod.  69:1756-1759; Williams, P. G., Miller, E. D., Asolkar, R. N., Jensen, P. R., Fenical, W. 2007. Arenicolides A-C, 26-Membered Ring Macrolides from the Marine Actinomycete  Salinispora arenicola . J. Org. Chem. 72:5025-5034) by shaking the cell suspension with resin at 225 rpm for two hours at room temperature. The resin and cell mass are collected by filtration through cheesecloth and washed with DI water to remove salts. The resin, cell mass, and cheesecloth are then soaked for 2 h in acetone after which the acetone is filtered and dried under vacuum using rotary evaporator to give the crude extract. The crude extract is then fractionated by using reversed-phase C18 vacuum liquid chromatography (H 2 O/CH 3 OH; gradient 90:20 to 0:100%) to give 7 fractions. These fractions are then concentrated to dryness using rotary evaporator and the resulting dry residues are screened for biological activity using both a live mussel jar-test bioassay with quagga mussels as well as a cell-based assay with a freshwater snail embryo cell line ( Biomphalaria glabrata ). The bioassays are described in more detail in examples #2 and #3. The active fractions are then subjected to reversed/normal phase HPLC (Spectra System P4000 (Thermo Scientific) to give pure compounds, which are then screened in above mentioned bioassays to locate/identify the active compounds. To confirm the identity of the compound, additional spectroscopic data such as LC/MS and NMR is recorded. 
     A diagram of the method used is shown in  FIG. 6 . Based on both live mussel and snail cell assay, fractions #4 and #5 contain active compounds. Of all compounds separated by HPLC(C-18 column, water:acetonitrile gradient solvent system (0-10 min; 30-40% aqueous CH 3 CN, 10-20 min; 40-60% aqueous CH 3 CN, 20-60 min; 60-80% aqueous CH 3 CN, 60-65 min; 80-100% aqueous CH 3 CN) at 2.5 mL/min flow rate and UV detection of 210 nm, peaks number 20, retention time 51.66 min, 21, retention time 52.56 min, and 22A retention time 59.61 min inhibits the growth (e.g. low OD600 value) of snail cells in the bioassay. 
     Mass spectroscopy analysis of active peaks is performed on a Thermo Finnigan LCQ Deca XP Plus electrospray (ESI) instrument using both positive and negative ionization modes in a full scan mode (m/z 100-1500 Da) on a LCQ DECA XP plus  Mass Spectrometer (Thermo Electron Corp., San Jose, Calif.). Thermo high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) instrument equipped with Finnigan Surveyor PDA plus detector, autosampler plus, MS pump and a 4.6 mm×100 mm Luna C18 5 μm column (Phenomenex). The solvent system consists of water (solvent A) and acetonitrile (solvent B). The mobile phase begins at 10% solvent B and is linearly increased to 100% solvent B over 20 min and then kept for 4 min, and finally returned to 10% solvent B over 3 min and kept for 3 min. The flow rate is 0.5 mL/min. The injection volume was 10/IL and the samples are kept at room temperature in an auto sampler. The compounds are analyzed by LC-MS utilizing the LC and reversed phase chromatography. Mass spectroscopy analysis of the present compounds is performed under the following conditions: The flow rate of the nitrogen gas was fixed at 30 and 15 arb for the sheath and aux/sweep gas flow rate, respectively. Electrospray ionization was performed with a spray voltage set at 5000 V and a capillary voltage at 35.0 V. The capillary temperature was set at 400° C. The data was analyzed on Xcalibur software. The active compound in peak #20 has a molecular mass of 1294.75 in positive ionization mode. The LC-MS chromatogram for another active compound (peak #22A) suggests a molecular mass of 1320.83 in positive ionization mode. 
     For structure elucidation, the partially purified compound from active peak #20 is further analyzed using a 600 MHz NMR instrument, and has 6 values at δ 9.25, 8.36, 8.06, 7.82, 7.71, 7.52, 7.45, 6.82, 6.36, 6.08, 5.42, 5.39, 5.30, 5.14, 4.68, 4.42, 4.31, 4.16, 4.11, 4.07, 3.95-3.86, 3.83, 3.72, 3.66, 3.53, 3.48, 3.37, 3.17, 3.06, 2.56, 2.53, 2.45, 2.32, 2.21, 2.02, 1.96, 1.84, 1.72, 1.65, 1.61, 1.51, 1.48-1.37, 1.32, 1.12, 0.94, 0.91, 0.68 in CDCl 3 . The NMR data indicates that the compound contains amino, ester, carboxylic acid, phenyl, indole, aliphatic methyl, ethyl, methylene, oxymethylene, methine, o-methyl, oxymethine and sulfur groups. 
     Similarly, HPLC analysis on a C-18 column and acetonitrile: water solvent system (0-10 min; 35-45% aqueous CH 3 CN, 10-20 min; 45-60% aqueous CH 3 CN, 20-50 min; 60-85% aqueous CH 3 CN, 50-60 min; 85-100% aqueous CH 3 CN, 60-70 min; 100% CH 3 CN) at 10 mL/min flow rate and UV detection of 210 nm of the active fraction #4 using bioassay guided fractionation yielded multiple peaks with activity against both live mussels and snail embryo cells. Most of the activity is concentrated in peaks #27 retention time 47.73 min and #30 retention time 51.52 min. 
     Peaks #27 and #30 are further analyzed by LC/MS. Based on the results, peak #27 contains multiple compounds with the two main components having a mass of roughly 643 and 984. Peak #30 contains fewer compounds, and the mass analysis suggests a molecular mass around 546 for the main component under the peak. 
     Mussel Bioassay Test 
     This live mussel bioassay test is used to guide the identification of active compounds through sample fractionation using HPLC and LC-MS as analytical tools. 
     Twenty freshly collected quagga mussels is placed in a jar containing 250 mL of de-chlorinated tap water at room temperature. Jars are kept at room temperature and connected into a manifold providing constant air supply through bubbling. Each test subject (HPLC fraction or peak) dissolved in DMSO is pipetted into jars separately at a concentration of 1-5 mg, and the mussels are incubated with the test subject for 24 hours. After the incubation period, water in each jar is discarded, and the mussels are rinsed with fresh water and transferred into open glass petri dishes for a 10-day observation period. Mussels are checked daily for mortality, and the dead mussels are removed and discarded. Each treatment is carried out in three replicates, and in the end of the 10-day incubation period, % mortality is calculated for each treatment. 
     Cell-Based Assay 
     As an alternative method, this cell-based assay is used as a tool to facilitate the isolation and identification of active compounds in the  P. fluorescens  cells after fermentation. Embryonic cells of a freshwater snail ( Biomphalaria glabrata , ATCC CRL-1494) are used as a model system for mussel digestive gland epithelial cells known to be susceptible for the  P. fluorescens  biotoxins. For the assay, 200 uL of actively growing cells in a complete growth medium containing  Drosophila  medium, fetal calf serum, d-galactose, and lactalbumin is added into each well of a sterile 96-well plate. The test compound (HPLC fraction or peak at 20 mg/mL) dissolved in DMSO is added into each well, and the plate is covered and incubated in a controlled environment at 23° C. and 5% CO 2 . Activity (growth inhibition=low turbidity) is measured at 600 nm using a SpectraMax plate reader with the SoftMax Pro software, and compared to the negative control with pure DMSO as a test compound. Each treatment is run in four replicates, and one replicated positive control treatment is included in each plate. 
     Study B 
     Methods and Materials 
     The following procedure is used for the purification of compounds extracted from cell culture of  Pseudomonas fluorescens  and is summarized in  FIG. 6 . Specifically, the cell pellet derived from the 10-L fermentation  P. fluorescens  CL 145A (ATCC 55799) in FM2 growth medium is suspended in dilution buffer and extracted with Amberlite XAD-7 resin (Asolkar, R. N., Jensen, P. R., Kauffman, C. A., Fenical, W. 2006. Daryamides A-C, Weakly Cytotoxic Polyketides from a Marine-Derived Actinomycete of the Genus  Streptomyces  strain CNQ-085  J. Nat. Prod.  69:1756-1759 and Williams, P. G., Miller, E. D., Asolkar, R. N., Jensen, P. R., Fenical, W. 2007. Arenicolides A-C, 26-Membered Ring Macrolides from the Marine Actinomycete  Salinispora arenicola. J. Org. Chem.  72:5025-5034) by shaking the cell suspension with resin at 225 rpm for two hours at room temperature. The resin and cell mass are collected by filtration through cheesecloth and washed with DI water to remove salts. The resin, cell mass, and cheesecloth are then soaked for 2 h in acetone after which the acetone is filtered and dried under vacuum using rotary evaporator to give the crude extract. The crude extract is then fractionated by using reversed-phase C18 vacuum liquid chromatography (H 2 O/CH 3 OH; gradient 90:20 to 0:100%) to give 7 fractions. These fractions are then concentrated to dryness using rotary evaporator and the resulting dry residues are screened for biological activity using both a live mussel jar-test bioassay with quagga mussels as well as a cell-based assay with a freshwater snail embryo cell line ( Biomphalaria glabrata ). The active fractions are then subjected to reversed phase HPLC (Spectra System P4000 (Thermo Scientific) to give pure compounds, which are then screened in above mentioned bioassays to locate/identify the active compounds. To confirm the identity of the compound, additional spectroscopic data such as LC/MS and NMR is recorded. 
     The active fraction 4 is further subfractionated by using Sephadex LH 20 size exclusion chromatography to give 7 sub fractions. Purification of Pilferolide A and 11-Hydroxy-12-ene-Octadecanoic Acid is performed by using HPLC C-18 column (Phenomenex, Luna 10u C18(2) 100 A, 250×30), water:acetonitrile gradient solvent system (0-10 min; 50-60% aqueous CH 3 CN, 10-20 min; 60-75% aqueous CH 3 CN, 20-45 min; 75-100% aqueous CH 3 CN, 45-55 min; 100% CH 3 CN, 55-70 min; 100-50% aqueous CH 3 CN) at 8 mL/min flow rate and UV detection of 210 nm, the active peaks number 21, retention time 45.59 min, and 23, retention time 48.53 min. 
     Mass spectroscopy analysis of active peaks is performed on a Thermo Finnigan LCQ Deca XP Plus electrospray (ESI) instrument using both positive and negative ionization modes in a full scan mode (m/z 100-1500 Da) on a LCQ DECA XP plus  Mass Spectrometer (Thermo Electron Corp., San Jose, Calif.). Thermo high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) instrument equipped with Finnigan Surveyor PDA plus detector, autosampler plus, MS pump and a 4.6 mm×100 mm Luna C18 5 μm column (Phenomenex). The solvent system consisted of water (solvent A) and acetonitrile (solvent B). The mobile phase begins at 10% solvent B and is linearly increased to 100% solvent B over 20 min and then kept for 4 min, and finally returned to 10% solvent B over 3 min and kept for 3 min. The flow rate is 0.5 mL/min. The injection volume was 10 μL and the samples are kept at room temperature in an auto sampler. The compounds are analyzed by LC-MS utilizing the LC and reversed phase chromatography. Mass spectroscopy analysis of the present compounds is performed under the following conditions: The flow rate of the nitrogen gas was fixed at 30 and 15 arb for the sheath and aux/sweep gas flow rate, respectively. Electrospray ionization was performed with a spray voltage set at 5000 V and a capillary voltage at 35.0 V. The capillary temperature was set at 400° C. The data was analyzed on Xcalibur software. The active compound Piliferolide A has a molecular mass of 295.65 in negative ionization mode. The LC-MS chromatogram for another active compound suggests a molecular mass of 297.74 in negative ionization mode. 
     For structure elucidation, the purified compound Piliferolide A with a molecular weight 296 is further analyzed using a 500 MHz NMR instrument; the reference is set on the internal standard tetramethylsilane (TMS, 0.00 ppm). The compound has  1 H NMR δ values at 5.62, 5.42, 4.55, 3.97, 2.58, 2.35, 2.04, 1.88, 1.73, 1.64, 1.54, 1.39, 0.92 and has  13 C NMR values of δ 179.1, 133.3, 131.3, 81.9, 72.6, 37.3, 35.4, 32.1, 31.3, 29.5, 29.4, 29.0, 28.6, 27.8, 25.4, 25.3, 22.5, 13.3. The detailed 1D and 2D NMR analysis confirm the structure for the compound as Piliferolide A as a known compound. 
     The second purified compound with a molecular weight 298 is further analyzed using a 500 MHz NMR instrument, and has  1 H NMR δ values at 5.61, 5.41, 3.96, 2.27, 2.04, 1.69, 1.51, 1.42, 1.32, 0.92 and  13 C NMR values of δ 176.6, 133.2, 132.6, 73.5, 37.5, 33.9, 32.4, 31.6, 29.8, 29.7, 29.6, 29.4, 29.3, 29.1, 25.7, 24.9, 22.8, 14.3. The detailed 1D and 2D NMR analysis confirm the structure to the compound which is not reported for microbial source; Molecular formula C 18 H 34 O 3  The structure of the compound, 11-Hydroxy-12-ene-Octadecanoic Acid is shown below: 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     The potency of compounds isolated from  Pseudomonas  cell culture is tested using procedures described above. The results are shown below in Table 4. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 8 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Molluscicidal Effects of Piliferolide A and 11-Hydroxy-12-ene-octadecanoic acid 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Conc 
                 %  
                 %  
                 %  
                 %  
               
               
                   
                 [μg/ 
                 mortality 
                 mortality 
                 mortality 
                 mortality 
               
               
                 Structure 
                 ml] 
                 24 hr 
                 48 hr 
                 72 hr 
                 96 hr 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 16 
                 53.3 ± 15.3 
                 53.3 ± 15.3 
                 70 ± 10 
                 80 ± 10 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 16 
                 0 
                 20 ± 20 
                 33.3 ± 20.8 
                 40 ± 26.5 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Example 5 
     Kaolin Effects 
     The effect of kaolin clay on the efficacy of a microbial biopesticide based on  P. fluorescens  bacteria is tested in a biobox study conducted at 11.8° C. On the first day the experiment, kaolin clay is applied to the biobox from a concentrated stock solution via a peristaltic pump so that the final turbidity in the biobox is approximately 20 NTU (normalized turbidity units). Fifty quagga mussels are placed in 1-foot long acrylic tubes closed with a nylon mesh at both ends, and the tubes are placed in the bottom of the biobox for the treatment. The duration of the clay application is 6 hours, after which the mussels in the acrylic tubes were exposed to fresh running water in the biobox for 18 hours. The following day, extra clay is cleaned off from bottom the biobox, and the biopesticide in aqueous suspension was applied via a peristaltic pump to a final concentration of 200 ppm. After the 6-hour biopesticide treatment, mussels in tubes are incubated in the biobox with fresh running water at a rate of 1 gallon per minute. Mussels are observed and counted weekly for 5 weeks for determination of % mortality. The control treatments included an untreated control, a treatment with only kaolin clay (with no biopesticide) and a treatment with only biopesticide (with no clay pre-treatment). All treatments are run in three replicates. 
     Results presented in Table 5 and  FIG. 7  show a significant increase in mortality for mussels exposed to kaolin clay 18 hours before the biopesticide treatment compared with mussels with no clay pre-treatment. This phenomenon can be explained by increased siphoning activity of mussels harvested and treated in cold (11.8° C.) water during the period of low biological activity. This increased siphoning results in greater uptake of pesticide product, which in turn results in increased mussel mortality. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 9 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Efficacy of biopesticide expressed as % mortality 
               
               
                 measured at each time point (days) 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 % mortality 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 1 
                 9 
                 16 
                 21 
                 27 
                 34 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Untreated control 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
               
               
                 Kaolin 20 NTU 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 1 
               
               
                 Kaolin 20 NTU + 200 ppm 
                 0 
                 35 
                 64 
                 71 
                 77 
                 83 
               
               
                 200 ppm 
                 0 
                 22 
                 46 
                 55 
                 58 
                 63 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Example 6 
     Effects of Gamma-Dodecalactone and N-Decenoyl)Pyrrolidine on Snails 
     Snail Experiments: 
     An appropriate amount of a testing compound is dissolved in acetone (2 mL) first. The solution was added into 2.5 gram of corn starch and mixed well. The resulting mixture is transferred to a Petri dish (Φ 25 mm). The Petri dish is then put in the hood for natural dry. After drying, water (2 mL) is added into the Petri dish to make paste. 
     Brown garden snails ( Cantareus aspersus ) are collected from a house garden and raised at least 1 day in lab with cabbage or red carrot. Five individuals with a similar size are chosen for each treatment and transferred into a 1 L beaker. To make the snail active, some water is sprayed on them and in the beaker by using hand-sprayer. After spraying water, the Petri dish with chemical-containing corn starch is placed into the beaker the beaker is covered on the top with aluminum foil. Eating behavior, consumed amount of corn starch and mortality at 24 hr is recorded. 
     The data indicates (set forth in Table 6) that gamma-dodecalactone (SAR-014) at 100 mg/gram corn starch would strongly repel brown garden snails. However, N-decenoyl)pyrrolidine (SAR-030) in 100 mg/gram corn starch would kill all brown garden snails after they ate. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 10 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Chemical effects on brown garden snail 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                   
                 Dose 
                   
                 Consumed 
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 (mg/gram 
                 Eating 
                 amount of 
                 24 hr 
               
               
                 treatment 
                 chemical 
                 corn starch) 
                 behavior 
                 corn starch 
                 mortality 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 control 
                   
                 0 
                 All individuals 
                 Finishing all corn 
                 0% 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 ate corn starch 
                 starch within 2 hr 
               
               
                 1 
                 SAR-014 
                 100 
                 All individuals 
                 0% after 
                 0% 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 quickly escaped 
                 24 hr 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 from the starch 
               
               
                 2 
                 SAR-030 
                 100 
                 Four individuals 
                 Less than 5% 
                 All individuals 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 out of five ate a 
                 of corn starched 
                 which ate the 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 little bit of starch 
                 were consumed 
                 corn starch 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 and walked away. 
                 after 24 hr 
                 were dead 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Although this invention has been described with reference to specific embodiments, the details thereof are not to be construed as limiting, as it is obvious that one can use various equivalents, changes and modifications and still be within the scope of the present invention. 
     Various references are cited throughout this specification, each of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.