Patent Publication Number: US-2023143883-A1

Title: Dynamic Control of Audio

Description:
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED CASE 
     This application is a continuation of and claims priority to co-pending PCT Application No. PCT/CN21/129903, filed on Nov. 10, 2021, which is titled “DYNAMIC CONTROL OF AUDIO,” which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety for all purposes. 
    
    
     FIELD 
     Aspects described herein generally relate to data processing, hardware, and software related thereto. More specifically, one or more aspects described herein relate to controlling playback of audio data on computing devices. 
     BACKGROUND 
     Computing devices regularly send audio data over computer networks. Audio data is typically digitized and encoded before being sent to another device or user. In some applications, e.g., VOIP, web meetings, etc., it is important for audio data to be transmitted in real-time. To do so, applications may monitor current network characteristics, and send the audio data using the best possible quality based on those characteristics such that it will still be delivered in real-time. However, when network conditions are sub-optimal or poor, the audio data might be sent in a lower quality than is otherwise preferred. 
     SUMMARY 
     The following presents a simplified summary of various aspects described herein. This summary is not an extensive overview, and is not intended to identify required or critical elements or to delineate the scope of the claims. The following summary merely presents some concepts in a simplified form as an introductory prelude to the more detailed description provided below. 
     Audio quality may suffer during a real-time communication over a network due to various factors. The various factors, for example, may include background noise (e.g., airport, park, market) of an environment, as well as poor conditions of the network (e.g., noises due to signal interferences). For example, a user may rely on a client device to remotely attend meetings using various conferencing applications (e.g., Microsoft Teams, Zoom, Webex, GoToMeeting, Skype, etc.), from a home, office, park, market, or airport, etc. The audio data processed by the client device may suffer from poor audio quality (e.g., noises, irregular audio volumes, etc.) caused by the background noises and/or unstable network conditions. Yet the user of the client device, exposed to these various factors, might not even be aware of the poor audio quality of the audio data that another user may receive from the client device. 
     To overcome limitations described above, and to overcome other limitations that will be apparent upon reading and understanding the present specification, aspects described herein are directed towards controlling audio quality of real-time communications. 
     In accordance with one or more embodiments of the disclosure, a method may include sampling a first audio that satisfies criteria (e.g., predetermined criteria), extracting audio characteristics from the sampled first audio and saving the extracted audio characteristics, establishing a communication channel over a network, monitoring a second audio streaming over the communication channel, adjusting the second audio based on the extracted audio characteristics, and outputting the adjusted second audio. 
     In one or more instances, predetermined criteria may include that a first signal-to-noise ratio of the first audio is greater than a second signal-to-noise ratio of the second audio, a third signal-to-noise ratio of the adjusted second audio is closer to the first signal-to-noise ratio than the second signal-to-noise ratio. 
     In one or more instances, the method may further include calculating an average value of one of audio characteristics of the second audio for a period of time that the second audio is monitored, and determining whether the average value satisfies a target threshold derived from the predetermined criteria. 
     In one or more instances, the method may further include extracting at least one of a volume range, a bandwidth, a pitch, and a pitch-range from the audio characteristics of the sampled first audio. 
     In one or more instances, the adjusting the second audio may include changing at least one of a volume range, a bandwidth, a pitch, and a pitch-range of the second audio. 
     In one or more instances, the adjusting the second audio may include changing an amplitude of a waveform of the second audio to match a volume range of the second audio with a volume range of the sampled first audio. 
     In one or more instances, the adjusting the second audio may include comparing at least one of a volume range, a bandwidth, a pitch, and/or a pitch-range of the second audio against the at least one of the sampled first audio. 
     In one or more instances, the outputting the adjusted second audio may include feeding the adjusted second audio in real-time via a client device or a server that is providing an online communication application. 
     In one or more instances, a first voice in the first audio and a second voice in the second audio are from the same source. 
     In one or more instances, the method may further include saving the sampled first audio as part of a client profile in a workspace or in a cloud storage. 
     These and additional aspects will be appreciated with the benefit of the disclosures discussed in further detail below. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       A more complete understanding of aspects described herein and the advantages thereof may be acquired by referring to the following description in consideration of the accompanying drawings, in which like reference numbers indicate like features, and wherein: 
         FIG.  1    depicts an illustrative computer system architecture that may be used in accordance with one or more illustrative aspects described herein. 
         FIG.  2    depicts an illustrative remote-access system architecture that may be used in accordance with one or more illustrative aspects described herein. 
         FIG.  3    depicts an illustrative virtualized system architecture that may be used in accordance with one or more illustrative aspects described herein. 
         FIG.  4    depicts an illustrative cloud-based system architecture that may be used in accordance with one or more illustrative aspects described herein. 
         FIG.  5    shows an example of a communications environment. 
         FIG.  6    shows an example of voice waveforms. 
         FIG.  7    shows an example of message sequences for audio service. 
         FIG.  8    shows an example of alternative message sequences for audio service. 
         FIG.  9    shows an example of voice waveforms before and after audio service. 
         FIG.  10    shows an example of sampling audio data process. 
         FIG.  11    shows an example of audio service process. 
         FIG.  12    shows an example of adjusting or updating process. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     In the following description of the various embodiments, reference is made to the accompanying drawings identified above and which form a part hereof, and in which is shown by way of illustration various embodiments in which aspects described herein may be practiced. It is to be understood that other embodiments may be utilized and structural and functional modifications may be made without departing from the scope described herein. Various aspects are capable of other embodiments and of being practiced or being carried out in various different ways. 
     As a general introduction to the subject matter described in more detail below, aspects described herein are directed towards controlling audio quality during communications (e.g., a real-time communication) based on a profile (e.g., user profile that is prepared in advance). Audio data of the user, satisfying a threshold (e.g., a quality level), may be recorded, sampled, or saved into the user profile. Later, during a real-time communication, a live stream of audio data may be monitored and adjusted for satisfying criteria for a target (e.g., quality criteria set in advance based on the user profile). As a result, a terminal or other endpoint device may receive the adjusted live stream of audio data that meets the target quality criteria. 
     It is to be understood that the phraseology and terminology used herein are for the purpose of description and should not be regarded as limiting. Rather, the phrases and terms used herein are to be given their broadest interpretation and meaning. The use of “including” and “comprising” and variations thereof is meant to encompass the items listed thereafter and equivalents thereof as well as additional items and equivalents thereof. The use of the terms “connected,” “coupled,” and similar terms, is meant to include both direct and indirect connecting and coupling, 
     Computing Architecture 
     Computer software, hardware, and networks may be utilized in a variety of different system environments, including standalone, networked, remote-access (also known as remote desktop), virtualized, and/or cloud-based environments, among others.  FIG.  1    illustrates one example of a system architecture and data processing device that may be used to implement one or more illustrative aspects described herein in a standalone and/or networked environment. Various network nodes  103 ,  105 ,  107 , and  109  may be interconnected via a wide area network (WAN)  101 , such as the Internet. Other networks may also or alternatively be used, including private intranets, corporate networks, local area networks (LAN), metropolitan area networks (MAN), wireless networks, personal networks (PAN), and the like. Network  101  is for illustration purposes and may be replaced with fewer or additional computer networks. A local area network  133  may have one or more of any known LAN topology and may use one or more of a variety of different protocols, such as Ethernet. Devices  103 ,  105 ,  107 , and  109  and other devices (not shown) may be connected to one or more of the networks via twisted pair wires, coaxial cable, fiber optics, radio waves, or other communication media. 
     The term “network” as used herein and depicted in the drawings refers not only to systems in which remote storage devices are coupled together via one or more communication paths, but also to stand-alone devices that may be coupled, from time to time, to such systems that have storage capability. Consequently, the term “network” includes not only a “physical network” but also a “content network,” which is comprised of the data—attributable to a single entity—which resides across all physical networks. 
     The components may include data server  103 , web server  105 , and client computers  107 ,  109 . Data server  103  provides overall access, control and administration of databases and control software for performing one or more illustrative aspects describe herein. Data server  103  may be connected to web server  105  through which users interact with and obtain data as requested. Alternatively, data server  103  may act as a web server itself and be directly connected to the Internet. Data server  103  may be connected to web server  105  through the local area network  133 , the wide area network  101  (e.g., the Internet), via direct or indirect connection, or via some other network. Users may interact with the data server  103  using remote computers  107 ,  109 , e.g., using a web browser to connect to the data server  103  via one or more externally exposed web sites hosted by web server  105 . Client computers  107 ,  109  may be used in concert with data server  103  to access data stored therein, or may be used for other purposes. For example, from client device  107  a user may access web server  105  using an Internet browser, as is known in the art, or by executing a software application that communicates with web server  105  and/or data server  103  over a computer network (such as the Internet). 
     Servers and applications may be combined on the same physical machines, and retain separate virtual or logical addresses, or may reside on separate physical machines. FIG.  1  illustrates just one example of a network architecture that may be used, and those of skill in the art will appreciate that the specific network architecture and data processing devices used may vary, and are secondary to the functionality that they provide, as further described herein. For example, services provided by web server  105  and data server  103  may be combined on a single server. 
     Each component  103 ,  105 ,  107 ,  109  may be any type of known computer, server, or data processing device. Data server  103 , e.g., may include a processor  111  controlling overall operation of the data server  103 . Data server  103  may further include random access memory (RAM)  113 , read only memory (ROM)  115 , network interface  117 , input/output interfaces  119  (e.g., keyboard, mouse, display, printer, etc.), and memory  121 . Input/output (I/O)  119  may include a variety of interface units and drives for reading, writing, displaying, and/or printing data or files. Memory  121  may further store operating system software  123  for controlling overall operation of the data processing device  103 , control logic  125  for instructing data server  103  to perform aspects described herein, and other application software  127  providing secondary, support, and/or other functionality which may or might not be used in conjunction with aspects described herein. The control logic  125  may also be referred to herein as the data server software  125 . Functionality of the data server software  125  may refer to operations or decisions made automatically based on rules coded into the control logic  125 , made manually by a user providing input into the system, and/or a combination of automatic processing based on user input (e.g., queries, data updates, etc.). 
     Memory  121  may also store data used in performance of one or more aspects described herein, including a first database  129  and a second database  131 . In some embodiments, the first database  129  may include the second database  131  (e.g., as a separate table, report, etc.). That is, the information can be stored in a single database, or separated into different logical, virtual, or physical databases, depending on system design. Devices  105 ,  107 , and  109  may have similar or different architecture as described with respect to device  103 . Those of skill in the art will appreciate that the functionality of data processing device  103  (or device  105 ,  107 , or  109 ) as described herein may be spread across multiple data processing devices, for example, to distribute processing load across multiple computers, to segregate transactions based on geographic location, user access level, quality of service (QoS), etc. 
     One or more aspects may be embodied in computer-usable or readable data and/or computer-executable instructions, such as in one or more program modules, executed by one or more computers or other devices as described herein. Generally, program modules include routines, programs, objects, components, data structures, etc. that perform particular tasks or implement particular abstract data types when executed by a processor in a computer or other device. The modules may be written in a source code programming language that is subsequently compiled for execution, or may be written in a scripting language such as (but not limited to) HyperText Markup Language (HTML) or Extensible Markup Language (XML). The computer executable instructions may be stored on a computer readable medium such as a nonvolatile storage device. Any suitable computer readable storage media may be utilized, including hard disks, CD-ROMs, optical storage devices, magnetic storage devices, solid state storage devices, and/or any combination thereof. In addition, various transmission (non-storage) media representing data or events as described herein may be transferred between a source and a destination in the form of electromagnetic waves traveling through signal-conducting media such as metal wires, optical fibers, and/or wireless transmission media (e.g., air and/or space). Various aspects described herein may be embodied as a method, a data processing system, or a computer program product. Therefore, various functionalities may be embodied in whole or in part in software, firmware, and/or hardware or hardware equivalents such as integrated circuits, field programmable gate arrays (FPGA), and the like. Particular data structures may be used to more effectively implement one or more aspects described herein, and such data structures are contemplated within the scope of computer executable instructions and computer-usable data described herein. 
     With further reference to  FIG.  2   , one or more aspects described herein may be implemented in a remote-access environment.  FIG.  2    depicts an example system architecture including a computing device  201  in an illustrative computing environment  200  that may be used according to one or more illustrative aspects described herein. Computing device  201  may be used as a server  206   a  in a single-server or multi-server desktop virtualization system (e.g., a remote access or cloud system) and can be configured to provide virtual machines for client access devices. The computing device  201  may have a processor  203  for controlling overall operation of the device  201  and its associated components, including RAM  205 , ROM  207 , Input/Output (I/O) module  209 , and memory  215 . 
     I/O module  209  may include a mouse, keypad, touch screen, scanner, optical reader, and/or stylus (or other input device(s)) through which a user of computing device  201  may provide input, and may also include one or more of a speaker for providing audio output and one or more of a video display device for providing textual, audiovisual, and/or graphical output. Software may be stored within memory  215  and/or other storage to provide instructions to processor  203  for configuring computing device  201  into a special purpose computing device in order to perform various functions as described herein. For example, memory  215  may store software used by the computing device  201 , such as an operating system  217 , application programs  219 , and an associated database  221 . 
     Computing device  201  may operate in a networked environment supporting connections to one or more remote computers, such as terminals  240  (also referred to as client devices and/or client machines). The terminals  240  may be personal computers, mobile devices, laptop computers, tablets, or servers that include many or all of the elements described above with respect to the computing device  103  or  201 . The network connections depicted in  FIG.  2    include a local area network (LAN)  225  and a wide area network (WAN)  229 , but may also include other networks. When used in a LAN networking environment, computing device  201  may be connected to the LAN  225  through a network interface or adapter  223 . When used in a WAN networking environment, computing device  201  may include a modem or other wide area network interface  227  for establishing communications over the WAN  229 , such as computer network  230  (e.g., the Internet). It will be appreciated that the network connections shown are illustrative and other means of establishing a communications link between the computers may be used. Computing device  201  and/or terminals  240  may also be mobile terminals (e.g., mobile phones, smartphones, personal digital assistants (PDAs), notebooks, etc.) including various other components, such as a battery, speaker, and antennas (not shown). 
     Aspects described herein may also be operational with numerous other general purpose or special purpose computing system environments or configurations. Examples of other computing systems, environments, and/or configurations that may be suitable for use with aspects described herein include, but are not limited to, personal computers, server computers, hand-held or laptop devices, multiprocessor systems, microprocessor-based systems, set top boxes, programmable consumer electronics, network personal computers (PCs), minicomputers, mainframe computers, distributed computing environments that include any of the above systems or devices, and the like. 
     As shown in  FIG.  2   , one or more client devices  240  may be in communication with one or more servers  206   a - 206   n  (generally referred to herein as “server(s)  206 ”). In one embodiment, the computing environment  200  may include a network appliance installed between the server(s)  206  and client machine(s)  240 . The network appliance may manage client/server connections, and in some cases can load balance client connections amongst a plurality of backend servers  206 . 
     The client machine(s)  240  may in some embodiments be referred to as a single client machine  240  or a single group of client machines  240 , while server(s)  206  may be referred to as a single server  206  or a single group of servers  206 . In one embodiment a single client machine  240  communicates with more than one server  206 , while in another embodiment a single server  206  communicates with more than one client machine  240 . In yet another embodiment, a single client machine  240  communicates with a single server  206 . 
     A client machine  240  can, in some embodiments, be referenced by any one of the following non-exhaustive terms: client machine(s); client(s); client computer(s); client device(s); client computing device(s); local machine; remote machine; client node(s); endpoint(s); or endpoint node(s). The server  206 , in some embodiments, may be referenced by any one of the following non-exhaustive terms: server(s), local machine; remote machine; server farm(s), or host computing device(s). 
     In one embodiment, the client machine  240  may be a virtual machine. The virtual machine may be any virtual machine, while in some embodiments the virtual machine may be any virtual machine managed by a Type 1 or Type 2 hypervisor, for example, a hypervisor developed by Citrix Systems, IBM, VMware, or any other hypervisor. In some aspects, the virtual machine may be managed by a hypervisor, while in other aspects the virtual machine may be managed by a hypervisor executing on a server  206  or a hypervisor executing on a client  240 . 
     Some embodiments include a client device  240  that displays application output generated by an application remotely executing on a server  206  or other remotely located machine. In these embodiments, the client device  240  may execute a virtual machine receiver program or application to display the output in an application window, a browser, or other output window. In one example, the application is a desktop, while in other examples the application is an application that generates or presents a desktop. A desktop may include a graphical shell providing a user interface for an instance of an operating system in which local and/or remote applications can be integrated. Applications, as used herein, are programs that execute after an instance of an operating system (and, optionally, also the desktop) has been loaded. 
     The server  206 , in some embodiments, uses a remote presentation protocol or other program to send data to a thin-client or remote-display application executing on the client to present display output generated by an application executing on the server  206 . The thin-client or remote-display protocol can be any one of the following non-exhaustive list of protocols: the Independent Computing Architecture (ICA) protocol developed by Citrix Systems, Inc. of Ft. Lauderdale, Fla.; or the Remote Desktop Protocol (RDP) manufactured by the Microsoft Corporation of Redmond, Wash. 
     A remote computing environment may include more than one server  206   a - 206   n  such that the servers  206   a - 206   n  are logically grouped together into a server farm  206 , for example, in a cloud computing environment. The server farm  206  may include servers  206  that are geographically dispersed while logically grouped together, or servers  206  that are located proximate to each other while logically grouped together. Geographically dispersed servers  206   a - 206   n  within a server farm  206  can, in some embodiments, communicate using a WAN (wide), MAN (metropolitan), or LAN (local), where different geographic regions can be characterized as: different continents; different regions of a continent; different countries; different states; different cities; different campuses; different rooms; or any combination of the preceding geographical locations. In some embodiments the server farm  206  may be administered as a single entity, while in other embodiments the server farm  206  can include multiple server farms. 
     In some embodiments, a server farm may include servers  206  that execute a substantially similar type of operating system platform (e.g., WINDOWS, UNIX, LINUX, iOS, ANDROID, etc.) In other embodiments, server farm  206  may include a first group of one or more servers that execute a first type of operating system platform, and a second group of one or more servers that execute a second type of operating system platform. 
     Server  206  may be configured as any type of server, as needed, e.g., a file server, an application server, a web server, a proxy server, an appliance, a network appliance, a gateway, an application gateway, a gateway server, a virtualization server, a deployment server, a Secure Sockets Layer (SSL) VPN server, a firewall, a web server, an application server or as a master application server, a server executing an active directory, or a server executing an application acceleration program that provides firewall functionality, application functionality, or load balancing functionality. Other server types may also be used. 
     Some embodiments include a first server  206   a  that receives requests from a client machine  240 , forwards the request to a second server  206   b  (not shown), and responds to the request generated by the client machine  240  with a response from the second server  206   b  (not shown.) First server  206   a  may acquire an enumeration of applications available to the client machine  240  as well as address information associated with an application server  206  hosting an application identified within the enumeration of applications. First server  206   a  can then present a response to the client&#39;s request using a web interface, and communicate directly with the client  240  to provide the client  240  with access to an identified application. One or more clients  240  and/or one or more servers  206  may transmit data over network  230 , e.g., network  101 . 
       FIG.  3    shows a high-level architecture of an illustrative desktop virtualization system. As shown, the desktop virtualization system may be single-server or multi-server system, or cloud system, including at least one virtualization server  301  configured to provide virtual desktops and/or virtual applications to one or more client access devices  240 . As used herein, a desktop refers to a graphical environment or space in which one or more applications may be hosted and/or executed. A desktop may include a graphical shell providing a user interface for an instance of an operating system in which local and/or remote applications can be integrated. Applications may include programs that execute after an instance of an operating system (and, optionally, also the desktop) has been loaded. Each instance of the operating system may be physical (e.g., one operating system per device) or virtual (e g, many instances of an OS running on a single device). Each application may be executed on a local device, or executed on a remotely located device (e.g., remoted). 
     A computer device  301  may be configured as a virtualization server in a virtualization environment, for example, a single-server, multi-server, or cloud computing environment. Virtualization server  301  illustrated in  FIG.  3    can be deployed as and/or implemented by one or more embodiments of the server  206  illustrated in  FIG.  2    or by other known computing devices. Included in virtualization server  301  is a hardware layer that can include one or more physical disks  304 , one or more physical devices  306 , one or more physical processors  308 , and one or more physical memories  316 . In some embodiments, firmware  312  can be stored within a memory element in the physical memory  316  and can be executed by one or more of the physical processors  308 . Virtualization server  301  may further include an operating system  314  that may be stored in a memory element in the physical memory  316  and executed by one or more of the physical processors  308 . Still further, a hypervisor  302  may be stored in a memory element in the physical memory  316  and can be executed by one or more of the physical processors  308 . 
     Executing on one or more of the physical processors  308  may be one or more virtual machines  332 A-C (generally  332 ). Each virtual machine  332  may have a virtual disk  326 A-C and a virtual processor  328 A-C. In some embodiments, a first virtual machine  332 A may execute, using a virtual processor  328 A, a control program  320  that includes a tools stack  324 . Control program  320  may be referred to as a control virtual machine, Dom0, Domain 0, or other virtual machine used for system administration and/or control. In some embodiments, one or more virtual machines  332 B-C can execute, using a virtual processor  328 B-C, a guest operating system  330 A-B. 
     Virtualization server  301  may include a hardware layer  310  with one or more pieces of hardware that communicate with the virtualization server  301 . In some embodiments, the hardware layer  310  can include one or more physical disks  304 , one or more physical devices  306 , one or more physical processors  308 , and one or more physical memory  316 . Physical components  304 ,  306 ,  308 , and  316  may include, for example, any of the components described above. Physical devices  306  may include, for example, a network interface card, a video card, a keyboard, a mouse, an input device, a monitor, a display device, speakers, an optical drive, a storage device, a universal serial bus connection, a printer, a scanner, a network element (e.g., router, firewall, network address translator, load balancer, virtual private network (VPN) gateway, Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) router, etc.), or any device connected to or communicating with virtualization server  301 . Physical memory  316  in the hardware layer  310  may include any type of memory. Physical memory  316  may store data, and in some embodiments may store one or more programs, or set of executable instructions.  FIG.  3    illustrates an embodiment where firmware  312  is stored within the physical memory  316  of virtualization server  301 . Programs or executable instructions stored in the physical memory  316  can be executed by the one or more processors  308  of virtualization server  301 . 
     Virtualization server  301  may also include a hypervisor  302 . In some embodiments, hypervisor  302  may be a program executed by processors  308  on virtualization server  301  to create and manage any number of virtual machines  332 . Hypervisor  302  may be referred to as a virtual machine monitor, or platform virtualization software. In some embodiments, hypervisor  302  can be any combination of executable instructions and hardware that monitors virtual machines executing on a computing machine. Hypervisor  302  may be Type 2 hypervisor, where the hypervisor executes within an operating system  314  executing on the virtualization server  301 . Virtual machines may then execute at a level above the hypervisor  302 . In some embodiments, the Type 2 hypervisor may execute within the context of a user&#39;s operating system such that the Type 2 hypervisor interacts with the user&#39;s operating system. In other embodiments, one or more virtualization servers  301  in a virtualization environment may instead include a Type 1 hypervisor (not shown). A Type 1 hypervisor may execute on the virtualization server  301  by directly accessing the hardware and resources within the hardware layer  310 . That is, while a Type 2 hypervisor  302  accesses system resources through a host operating system  314 , as shown, a Type 1 hypervisor may directly access all system resources without the host operating system  314 . A Type 1 hypervisor may execute directly on one or more physical processors  308  of virtualization server  301 , and may include program data stored in the physical memory  316 . 
     Hypervisor  302 , in some embodiments, can provide virtual resources to operating systems  330  or control programs  320  executing on virtual machines  332  in any manner that simulates the operating systems  330  or control programs  320  having direct access to system resources. System resources can include, but are not limited to, physical devices  306 , physical disks  304 , physical processors  308 , physical memory  316 , and any other component included in hardware layer  310  of the virtualization server  301 . Hypervisor  302  may be used to emulate virtual hardware, partition physical hardware, virtualize physical hardware, and/or execute virtual machines that provide access to computing environments. In still other embodiments, hypervisor  302  may control processor scheduling and memory partitioning for a virtual machine  332  executing on virtualization server  301 . Hypervisor  302  may include those manufactured by VMWare, Inc., of Palo Alto, Calif.; HyperV, VirtualServer or virtual PC hypervisors provided by Microsoft, or others. In some embodiments, virtualization server  301  may execute a hypervisor  302  that creates a virtual machine platform on which guest operating systems may execute. In these embodiments, the virtualization server  301  may be referred to as a host server. An example of such a virtualization server is the Citrix Hypervisor provided by Citrix Systems, Inc., of Fort Lauderdale, Fla. 
     Hypervisor  302  may create one or more virtual machines  332 B-C (generally  332 ) in which guest operating systems  330  execute. In some embodiments, hypervisor  302  may load a virtual machine image to create a virtual machine  332 . In other embodiments, the hypervisor  302  may execute a guest operating system  330  within virtual machine  332 . In still other embodiments, virtual machine  332  may execute guest operating system  330 . 
     In addition to creating virtual machines  332 , hypervisor  302  may control the execution of at least one virtual machine  332 . In other embodiments, hypervisor  302  may present at least one virtual machine  332  with an abstraction of at least one hardware resource provided by the virtualization server  301  (e.g., any hardware resource available within the hardware layer  310 ). In other embodiments, hypervisor  302  may control the manner in which virtual machines  332  access physical processors  308  available in virtualization server  301 . Controlling access to physical processors  308  may include determining whether a virtual machine  332  should have access to a processor  308 , and how physical processor capabilities are presented to the virtual machine  332 . 
     As shown in  FIG.  3   , virtualization server  301  may host or execute one or more virtual machines  332 . A virtual machine  332  is a set of executable instructions that, when executed by a processor  308 , may imitate the operation of a physical computer such that the virtual machine  332  can execute programs and processes much like a physical computing device. While  FIG.  3    illustrates an embodiment where a virtualization server  301  hosts three virtual machines  332 , in other embodiments virtualization server  301  can host any number of virtual machines  332 . Hypervisor  302 , in some embodiments, may provide each virtual machine  332  with a unique virtual view of the physical hardware, memory, processor, and other system resources available to that virtual machine  332 . In some embodiments, the unique virtual view can be based on one or more of virtual machine permissions, application of a policy engine to one or more virtual machine identifiers, a user accessing a virtual machine, the applications executing on a virtual machine, networks accessed by a virtual machine, or any other desired criteria. For instance, hypervisor  302  may create one or more unsecure virtual machines  332  and one or more secure virtual machines  332 . Unsecure virtual machines  332  may be prevented from accessing resources, hardware, memory locations, and programs that secure virtual machines  332  may be permitted to access. In other embodiments, hypervisor  302  may provide each virtual machine  332  with a substantially similar virtual view of the physical hardware, memory, processor, and other system resources available to the virtual machines  332 . 
     Each virtual machine  332  may include a virtual disk  326 A-C (generally  326 ) and a virtual processor  328 A-C (generally  328 .) The virtual disk  326 , in some embodiments, is a virtualized view of one or more physical disks  304  of the virtualization server  301 , or a portion of one or more physical disks  304  of the virtualization server  301 . The virtualized view of the physical disks  304  can be generated, provided, and managed by the hypervisor  302 . In some embodiments, hypervisor  302  provides each virtual machine  332  with a unique view of the physical disks  304 . Thus, in these embodiments, the particular virtual disk  326  included in each virtual machine  332  can be unique when compared with the other virtual disks  326 . 
     A virtual processor  328  can be a virtualized view of one or more physical processors  308  of the virtualization server  301 . In some embodiments, the virtualized view of the physical processors  308  can be generated, provided, and managed by hypervisor  302 . In some embodiments, virtual processor  328  has substantially all of the same characteristics of at least one physical processor  308 . In other embodiments, virtual processor  308  provides a modified view of physical processors  308  such that at least some of the characteristics of the virtual processor  328  are different than the characteristics of the corresponding physical processor  308 . 
     With further reference to  FIG.  4   , some aspects described herein may be implemented in a cloud-based environment.  FIG.  4    illustrates an example of a cloud computing environment (or cloud system)  400 . As seen in  FIG.  4   , client computers  411 - 414  may communicate with a cloud management server  410  to access the computing resources (e.g., host servers  403   a - 403   b  (generally referred herein as “host servers  403 ”), storage resources  404   a - 404   b  (generally referred herein as “storage resources  404 ”), and network elements  405   a - 405   b  (generally referred herein as “network resources  405 ”)) of the cloud system. 
     Management server  410  may be implemented on one or more physical servers. The management server  410  may run, for example, Citrix Cloud by Citrix Systems, Inc. of Ft. Lauderdale, Fla., or OPENSTACK, among others. Management server  410  may manage various computing resources, including cloud hardware and software resources, for example, host computers  403 , data storage devices  404 , and networking devices  405 . The cloud hardware and software resources may include private and/or public components. For example, a cloud may be configured as a private cloud to be used by one or more particular customers or client computers  411 - 414  and/or over a private network. In other embodiments, public clouds or hybrid public-private clouds may be used by other customers over an open or hybrid networks. 
     Management server  410  may be configured to provide user interfaces through which cloud operators and cloud customers may interact with the cloud system  400 . For example, the management server  410  may provide a set of application programming interfaces (APIs) and/or one or more cloud operator console applications (e.g., web-based or standalone applications) with user interfaces to allow cloud operators to manage the cloud resources, configure the virtualization layer, manage customer accounts, and perform other cloud administration tasks. The management server  410  also may include a set of APIs and/or one or more customer console applications with user interfaces configured to receive cloud computing requests from end users via client computers  411 - 414 , for example, requests to create, modify, or destroy virtual machines within the cloud. Client computers  411 - 414  may connect to management server  410  via the Internet or some other communication network, and may request access to one or more of the computing resources managed by management server  410 . In response to client requests, the management server  410  may include a resource manager configured to select and provision physical resources in the hardware layer of the cloud system based on the client requests. For example, the management server  410  and additional components of the cloud system may be configured to provision, create, and manage virtual machines and their operating environments (e.g., hypervisors, storage resources, services offered by the network elements, etc.) for customers at client computers  411 - 414 , over a network (e.g., the Internet), providing customers with computational resources, data storage services, networking capabilities, and computer platform and application support. Cloud systems also may be configured to provide various specific services, including security systems, development environments, user interfaces, and the like. 
     Certain clients  411 - 414  may be related, for example, to different client computers creating virtual machines on behalf of the same end user, or different users affiliated with the same company or organization. In other examples, certain clients  411 - 414  may be unrelated, such as users affiliated with different companies or organizations. For unrelated clients, information on the virtual machines or storage of any one user may be hidden from other users. 
     Referring now to the physical hardware layer of a cloud computing environment, availability zones  401 - 402  (or zones) may refer to a collocated set of physical computing resources. Zones may be geographically separated from other zones in the overall cloud of computing resources. For example, zone  401  may be a first cloud datacenter located in California, and zone  402  may be a second cloud datacenter located in Florida. Management server  410  may be located at one of the availability zones, or at a separate location. Each zone may include an internal network that interfaces with devices that are outside of the zone, such as the management server  410 , through a gateway. End users of the cloud (e.g., clients  411 - 414 ) might or might not be aware of the distinctions between zones. For example, an end user may request the creation of a virtual machine having a specified amount of memory, processing power, and network capabilities. The management server  410  may respond to the user&#39;s request and may allocate the resources to create the virtual machine without the user knowing whether the virtual machine was created using resources from zone  401  or zone  402 . In other examples, the cloud system may allow end users to request that virtual machines (or other cloud resources) are allocated in a specific zone or on specific resources  403 - 405  within a zone. 
     In this example, each zone  401 - 402  may include an arrangement of various physical hardware components (or computing resources)  403 - 405 , for example, physical hosting resources (or processing resources), physical network resources, physical storage resources, switches, and additional hardware resources that may be used to provide cloud computing services to customers. The physical hosting resources in a cloud zone  401 - 402  may include one or more computer servers  403 , such as the virtualization servers  301  described above, which may be configured to create and host virtual machine instances. The physical network resources in a cloud zone  401  or  402  may include one or more network elements  405  (e.g., network service providers) comprising hardware and/or software configured to provide a network service to cloud customers, such as firewalls, network address translators, load balancers, virtual private network (VPN) gateways, Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) routers, and the like. The storage resources in the cloud zone  401 - 402  may include storage disks (e.g., solid state drives (SSDs), magnetic hard disks, etc.) and other storage devices. 
     The example cloud computing environment shown in  FIG.  4    also may include a virtualization layer (e.g., as shown in  FIGS.  1 - 3   ) with additional hardware and/or software resources configured to create and manage virtual machines and provide other services to customers using the physical resources in the cloud. The virtualization layer may include hypervisors, as described above in  FIG.  3   , along with other components to provide network virtualizations, storage virtualizations, etc. The virtualization layer may be as a separate layer from the physical resource layer, or may share some or all of the same hardware and/or software resources with the physical resource layer. For example, the virtualization layer may include a hypervisor installed in each of the virtualization servers  403  with the physical computing resources. Known cloud systems may alternatively be used, e.g., WINDOWS AZURE (Microsoft Corporation of Redmond Wash.), AMAZON EC2 (Amazon.com Inc. of Seattle, Wash.), IBM BLUE CLOUD (IBM Corporation of Armonk, N.Y.), or others. 
     Controlling Audio Quality During Real-Time Communication Based on a User Profile 
       FIG.  5    shows an example of a computing environment. A communication channel may be established between terminals  541  and  542 . Audio service  553  may control audio data during a real-time communication over the communication channel. For example, the audio service may enhance quality of the audio data (e.g., filtering out noises, regulating a voice volume in the audio data, etc.) received by the terminal  541  so that the terminal  541  may receive the audio data with the enhanced quality. 
     Prior to establishing the communication channel, data  551  (e.g., audio data) of at least one of the parties (e.g., Ann) involved may be sampled or recorded and saved into a profile of a database (e.g., user profile  552 ), provided that audio data  551  satisfies criteria (e.g., predetermined criteria). For example, one criterion may be that a signal-to-noise ratio of audio data  551  satisfies a threshold or level. For example, Ann&#39;s voice may be recorded without a background noise to satisfy the threshold level (e.g., a noise level). Audio data  551  containing Ann&#39;s voice may be saved into user profile  552 . 
     Computing device  510  may be used as a server in a single-server or multi-server desktop virtualization system (e.g., a remote access or cloud system) and can be configured to provide virtual machines for client access devices. Computing device  510  may include a modem or other wide area network interface for establishing communications over the WAN  530 , such as computer network  530  (e.g., the Internet). Computing device  510  may operate in a networked environment establishing a communication channel across remote computers, such as terminals  541  and  542 . For example, computing device  510  may establish a video and/or an audio conferencing between terminals  541  and  542 , for example, using an online communication application (e.g., Microsoft Teams, Zoom, Webex, GoToMeeting, Skype, etc.). The terminals  541  and  542  may be personal computers and/or mobile terminals (e.g., mobile phones, smartphones, personal digital assistants, notebooks, laptop computers, tablets, monitors, or servers, etc.). The terminals  541  and  542  may be interconnected with each other wirelessly or via wired lines. 
     During the real-time communication over the communication channel (e.g., Microsoft Teams), Bob may experience trouble hearing Ann&#39;s voice via terminal  542 . For example, terminal  541  may be in an environment exposed to a background noise (e.g., airport, park, market, unstable network conditions, etc.). Audio service  553  may dynamically interact with the communication channel to prevent or resolve the trouble. Audio service  553  may control audio quality during the real-time communication based on user profile  552 . Audio service  553  may monitor a live stream of audio data (e.g., Ann&#39;s voice with a background noise) over the communication channel for a period of time. Audio service  553  may determine that one or more audio characteristics of the audio data fail to satisfy target criteria (e.g., a preset range of voice volumes, a preset range of voice frequencies). Audio service  553  may determine the failure based on accrued calculations or measurements made over the period of time T (e.g., 1 min. ≤T≤5 min) Audio service  553  may adjust or update the live stream of audio data, for example, by modifying the one or more audio characteristics to boost the audio quality of the live stream of audio data. For example, an average value of audio loudness of audio data sampled for a period of 60 seconds may be compared against a target audio loudness range. If the average value falls outside of the target audio loudness range, audio service  553  may adjust or update the live stream of audio data by changing (e.g., increasing or decreasing) an amplitude of a waveform of the real-time audio data. For example, an average value of an audio frequency of audio data recorded for a period of 90 seconds may be compared against a target audio frequency range. If the average value falls outside of the target audio frequency range, audio service  553  may adjust or update the live stream of audio data by filtering out waveforms of the real-time audio data that are out of the target audio frequency range. As a result, the adjusted or updated audio data may have a signal-to-noise ratio that is closer to the signal-to-noise ratio of the sampled audio data than a signal-to-noise ratio of the live stream of audio data that fail to satisfy the target criteria. Further, Audio service  553  may feed or otherwise provide the adjusted or updated audio data to the communication channel so that terminal  542  may receive the adjusted or updated audio data (e.g., Bob may hear Ann&#39;s voice clearly). 
     As shown with the arrow labeled as A, audio service  553  may be implemented by computing device  510 . As shown with the arrow labeled as B, audio service  553  may be implemented by terminal  541  associated with the user who initiates a communication session with another user. As shown with the arrow labeled as C, audio service  553  may be implemented by terminal  542  associated with the other user who interacts with the user over the communication session. For example, audio service  553  may be used or integrated as a part of a virtual workspace (e.g., Citrix Workspace or other workspaces in cloud) or online communication applications (e.g., Microsoft Teams, Zoom, Webex, GoToMeeting, Skype, etc.). 
       FIG.  6    shows an example of voice waveforms. The first voice waveform  610  (e.g., Ann&#39;s sampled or recorded voice) is an example of sampled audio data  551 . Audio service  553  may extract one or more of audio characteristics of the sampled audio data and save the one or more into user profile  552 . The extraction may involve measurements or calculations of the audio characteristics, for example, loudness, frequency, amplitude, pitch of audio data over a period of time (e.g., 10 seconds). Audio service  553  may determine the target criteria based on the extracted one or more of audio characteristics of the sampled audio data. For example, the target criteria may include a voice volume range (e.g., from −0.8 to 1.2 Loudness Unit Full Scale (LUFS)), a voice frequency range (e.g., 3-4 kHz), a voice pitch (e.g., 245 Hz), and/or a voice pitch-range (e.g., 160 to 250 Hz), etc. 
     The second voice waveform  620  (e.g., Ann&#39;s voice received by terminal  541 ) is an example of a live stream of audio data over an online communication application (e.g., Microsoft Teams). Audio service  553  may detect that one or more of audio characteristics of the live stream of audio data fail to satisfy the target criteria. For example, a voice volume and a voice frequency range of the live stream of audio data are out of the volume range and the voice frequency range of the target criteria respectively (e.g., Ann&#39;s voice may sound too loud and noisy for Bob to hear). 
     The third voice waveform  623  (e.g., Ann&#39;s voice received by terminal  542 ) is an example of adjusted or updated audio data. Audio service  553  may adjust or update the live stream of audio data so that the voice volume may fit within the volume range. For example, an amplitude of a waveform of the live stream of audio data may be increased or decreased. Audio service  553  may further adjust or update the live stream of audio data to satisfy the frequency range of the target criteria. For example, audio service  553  may detect signals that are out of the frequency range by comparing frequencies of the signals against a target frequency range, and filter out the detected signals to eliminate the background noise. Audio service  553  may feed the adjusted/updated audio data to the online communication application. Terminal  542  may receive the adjusted or updated audio data (e.g., Bob may hear Ann&#39;s voice with boosted audio quality). 
       FIG.  7    shows an example of message sequences for audio service. At step  710 , audio data may be sampled or recorded and saved into user profile  552 . At step  720 , terminal  541  may initiate to communicate with terminal  542  via computing device  510 . At step  730 , audio service  553  may receive or monitor a live stream of audio data from computing device  510  for a period of time. At step  740 , audio service  553  may detect that the live stream of audio data fails to meet the target criteria based on user profile  552  (e.g., including various thresholds for different target criterion). Further, audio service  553  may dynamically adjust or update the live stream of audio data to satisfy the target criteria and provide the adjusted or updated live stream of audio data to computing device  510 . For example, the adjustment or update may involve filtering out noises from the live stream of audio data or changing amplitudes of waveforms of the live stream of audio data. At step  750 , computing device  510  forward the adjusted or updated live stream of audio data to terminal  542 . 
       FIG.  8    shows an example of alternative message sequences for audio service. At step  810 , audio data may be sampled or recorded and saved into user profile  552 . At step  820 , terminal  541  may initiate to communicate with terminal  542  via computing device  510 . At step  830 , audio service  553  may receive and monitor a live stream of audio data from terminal  541  for a period of time. At step  840 , audio service  553  may detect that the live stream of audio data fails to meet the target criteria based on user profile  552 . Further, audio service  553  may dynamically adjust or update the live stream of audio data to satisfy the target criteria and provide the adjusted or updated live stream of audio data to terminal  541 . At step  845 , terminal  541  forward the adjusted or updated live stream of audio data to computing device  510 . At step  850 , computing device  510  forward the adjusted or updated live stream of audio data to terminal  542 . 
       FIG.  9    shows an example of voice waveforms before and after audio service. The first voice waveform  910  may represent audio data (e.g., Ann&#39;s voice) in real-time communication before any adjustment by audio service  553 . For example, the first voice waveform  910  may have loudness of −15.79 LUFS, which fails to meet, for example, the target loudness of −26 LUFS. The second voice waveform  920  may represent adjusted or updated live stream of audio data in real-time communication after audio service  553 . The second voice waveform  920  may have loudness of −26 LUFS. 
     Audio service  553  may apply or use a volume filter to alter the volume of the live stream of audio data represented by the first voice waveform  910 . Audio service  553  may specify parameters of the volume filter. For example, the parameters may include the target loudness, integrated loudness (e.g., average loudness over the entire period of time), true peak (e.g., the loudest point in signal), loudness range (LRA), loudness threshold, and/or loudness target offset, etc. The volume filter may change (e.g., dynamically change) an amplitude of the first voice waveform  910 , for example, based on one or more of the specified parameters, to match a volume range of the first voice waveform  910  with the target loudness. As a result, the first voice waveform  910  is transformed to the second voice waveform  920 . 
       FIG.  10    shows an example of sampling audio data process. At step  1010 , audio data may be recorded or sampled without a background noise or with a nominal amount of ambient noise. At step  1020 , the sampled or recorded audio data may be evaluated if the sampled or recorded audio data meet criteria. The criteria may include, for example, a signal-to-noise ratio satisfying a first threshold level, a minimum volume range satisfying a second threshold level, a minimum length satisfying a third threshold level, etc. 
     At step  1030 , if the criteria are not met, it goes back to step  1010 . If the criteria are met, it proceeds to step  1030 . At step  1030 , audio characteristics from the sampled or recorded (e.g., for about 10-60 seconds) audio data are extracted. The extracted audio characteristics may include, for example, a volume range, a frequency range, a pitch, a pitch-range, etc. At step  1040 , the extracted audio characteristics may be stored to a user profile, for example, in a workspace (e.g., Citrix Workspace) or in the cloud. At step  1050 , sampling process is completed and the user profile is ready for audio service in real-time communications. 
       FIG.  11    shows an example of audio service process. The audio service may be dynamically provided in real-time communications. At step  1110 , a communication channel may be established, for example, via an online communication application (e.g., Zoom). At step  1120 , a live stream of audio data over the communication channel may be monitored for a period of time. The monitoring may involve measurements or calculations of, for example, average values of audio volumes or audio frequencies of audio data over the period of time. At step  1130 , the audio service may determine whether one or more of audio characteristics of the live stream of audio data, monitored for the period of time, fail to satisfy target criteria. The determination may involve comparing the average values against corresponding threshold range values (e.g., comparing average value of audio volume against a target audio volume range). If not failed, it may go back to step  1120 , and may monitor the live stream of audio data again for a next period of time. If failed, it may proceed to step  1140 . At step  1140 , the live stream of audio data may be adjusted or updated based on the user profile to satisfy the target criteria. At step  1150 , the adjusted or updated live stream of audio data may be fed to the communication channel. Further, at step  1150 , it may proceed to step  1160  to check if the communication channel is active. At step  1160 , if it determines that the communication channel is active, it may proceed to go back to step  1120  to monitor again a next live stream of audio data for a next period of time. In this manner, the audio service may monitor repeatedly and dynamically intervene as needed whenever audio quality goes down for a period of time. The period of time may be set or re-set by a system administrator or a user. The shorter the period of time, the finer granularity of audio quality measurements may be performed while a processing load may increase. At step  1160 , if it determines that the communication channel is no longer active, it may proceed to step  1170 . At step  1170 , the communication channel may be released as no longer needed (e.g., a video or an audio conference is terminated). 
       FIG.  12    shows an example of adjusting or updating process. At step  1210 , audio loudness of sampled or recorded audio data may be calculated or measured and a range of audio volume may be determined based on the measured audio loudness. The determination may involve measurements or calculations of magnitudes of amplitudes of waveforms of audio data. At step  1220 , a value (e.g., an average value of audio loudness) of real-time audio data (e.g. a live stream of audio data) monitored for a period of time may be calculated. At step  1230 , it may determine whether the average value satisfies the range of audio volume. If satisfied, it may go back to step  1220  and calculate a next value for a next period of time. If not satisfied, it may proceed to step  1240 . At step  1240 , the real-time audio data may be adjusted or updated by changing an amplitude of a waveform of the real-time audio data to satisfy the range of audio volume. At step  1250 , the adjusted or updated real-time audio data may be generated and fed into a communication channel or an online communication application (e.g., Skype). Further, at step  1260 , it may check if the communication channel is active, and if active, may go back to step  1220  to monitor again for a next period of time. At step  1260 , if the communication channel is no longer active, it may proceed to end the adjusting or updating process at step  1270 . 
     The features described herein is advantageous in that a user, who may not even aware of poor audio quality in real-time communication from the user&#39;s end, may be assured that other user may receive the user&#39;s audio data with enhanced or acceptable audio quality. The features may be integrated into the user&#39;s terminal, other user&#39;s terminal, a virtual workspace or the cloud, or an online communication application to mitigate a background noise or a poor network condition impacting the audio quality. 
     The following paragraphs (M1) through (M10) describe examples of methods that may be implemented in accordance with the present disclosure. 
     (M1) A method comprising receiving, by a computing device, first and second data from a first endpoint device, the first and second data being audible input from a same user, the first data satisfies a threshold indicative of a level of quality in output of audio data by a second endpoint device, and the second data being input for a computing session between the first endpoint device and a plurality of devices including the second endpoint device, comparing, by the computing device, the first and second data to one another to determine whether the second data satisfies the threshold, responsive to a failure of the second data to meet the threshold, modifying, by the computing device, the second data, and providing, by the computing device, the modified second data to the second endpoint device of the plurality of devices, wherein the second endpoint device outputs the modified second data at the level of quality for the computing session. 
     (M2) A method may be performed as described in paragraph (M1) wherein the level of quality indicates that a first signal-to-noise ratio of the first data is greater than a second signal-to-noise ratio of the second data, a third signal-to-noise ratio of the modified second data is closer to the first signal-to-noise ratio than the second signal-to-noise ratio. 
     (M3) A method of may be performed as described in any of paragraphs (M1) through (M2) further comprising calculating an average value of one of audio characteristics of the second data for a period of time that the second data is monitored, and determining whether the average value satisfies the threshold. 
     (M4) A method may be performed as described in any of paragraphs (M1) through (M3) further comprising extracting at least one of a volume range, a bandwidth, a pitch, and a pitch-range from the audio characteristics of the first data. 
     (M5) A method may be performed as described in any of paragraphs (M1) through (M4) wherein the modifying the second data comprises changing at least one of a volume range, a bandwidth, a pitch, and a pitch-range of the second data. 
     (M6) A method of may be performed as described in any of paragraphs (M1) through (M5) wherein the modifying the second data comprises changing an amplitude of a waveform of the second data to match a volume range of the second data with a volume range of the first data. 
     (M7) A method may be performed as described in any of paragraphs (M1) through (M6) wherein the modifying the second data comprises comparing at least one of a volume range, a bandwidth, a pitch, and/or a pitch-range of the second data against the at least one of the first data. 
     (M8) A method may be performed as described in any of paragraphs (M1) through (M7) wherein the computing device is a server that is providing an online communication application, the computing device sends the modified second data in real-time to the second endpoint device. 
     (M9) A method may be performed as described in any of paragraphs (M1) through (M8) wherein a first voice in the first data and a second voice in the second data are from a same source. 
     (M10) A method may be performed as described in any of paragraphs (M1) through (M9) further comprising saving the first data as part of a client profile in a workspace or in a cloud storage. 
     The following paragraphs (S1) through (S5) describe examples of a system that may be implemented in accordance with the present disclosure. 
     (S1) A system comprising a processor, and a memory storing computer readable instructions that, when executed by the processor, cause the system to receive, by a computing device, first and second data from a first endpoint device, the first and second data being audible input from a same user, the first data satisfies a threshold indicative of a level of quality in output of audio data by a second endpoint device, and the second data being input for a computing session between the first endpoint device and a plurality of devices including the second endpoint device, compare, by the computing device, the first and second data to one another to determine whether the second data satisfies the threshold, responsive to a failure of the second data to meet the threshold, modify, by the computing device, the second data, and provide, by the computing device, the modified second data to the second endpoint device of the plurality of devices, wherein the second endpoint device outputs the modified second data at the level of quality for the computing session. 
     (S2) A system may be performed as described in paragraph (S2) wherein the level of quality indicates that a first signal-to-noise ratio of the first data is greater than a second signal-to-noise ratio of the second data, a third signal-to-noise ratio of the modified second data is closer to the first signal-to-noise ratio than the second signal-to-noise ratio. 
     (S3) A system may be performed as described in any of paragraphs (S1) through (S2) wherein the computer readable instructions, when executed by the processor, further cause the system to calculate an average value of one of audio characteristics of the second data for a period of time that the second data is monitored, and determine whether the average value satisfies the threshold. 
     (S4) A system may be performed as described in any of paragraphs (S1) through (S3) wherein the computer readable instructions, when executed by the processor, further cause the system to change an amplitude of a waveform of the second data to match a volume range of the second data with a volume range of the first data. 
     (S5) A system may be performed as described in any of paragraphs (S1) through (S4) wherein the computer readable instructions, when executed by the processor, further cause the system to compare at least one of a volume range, a bandwidth, a pitch, and/or a pitch-range of the second data against the at least one of the first data. 
     The following paragraphs (CRM1) through (CRM5) describe examples of computer-readable medium that may be implemented in accordance with the present disclosure. 
     (CRM1) A non-transitory computer readable medium storing computer readable instructions thereon that, when executed by a processor, causes the processor to perform a method comprising receiving, by a computing device, first and second data from a first endpoint device, the first and second data being audible input from a same user, the first data satisfies a threshold indicative of a level of quality in output of audio data by a second endpoint device, and the second data being input for a computing session between the first endpoint device and a plurality of devices including the second endpoint device, comparing, by the computing device, the first and second data to one another to determine whether the second data satisfies the threshold, responsive to a failure of the second data to meet the threshold, modifying, by the computing device, the second data, and providing, by the computing device, the modified second data to the second endpoint device of the plurality of devices, wherein the second endpoint device outputs the modified second data at the level of quality for the computing session. 
     (CRM2) A non-transitory computer readable medium of paragraph (CRM1) wherein the level of quality indicates that a first signal-to-noise ratio of the first data is greater than a second signal-to-noise ratio of the second data, a third signal-to-noise ratio of the modified second data is closer to the first signal-to-noise ratio than the second signal-to-noise ratio. 
     (CRM3) A non-transitory computer readable medium of any one of paragraphs (CRM1) through (CRM 2) wherein the computer readable instructions, when executed by the computer, further cause the computer to perform the method further comprising calculating an average value of one of audio characteristics of the second data for a period of time that the second data is monitored, and determining whether the average value satisfies the threshold. 
     (CRM4) A non-transitory computer readable medium of any one of paragraphs (CRM1) through (CRM 3) wherein the modifying the second data comprises changing an amplitude of a waveform of the second data to match a volume range of the second data with a volume range of the first data. 
     (CRM5) A non-transitory computer readable medium of any one of paragraphs (CRM1) through (CRM 4) wherein the modifying the second data comprises comparing at least one of a volume range, a bandwidth, a pitch, and/or a pitch-range of the second data against the at least one of the first data. 
     Although the subject matter has been described in language specific to structural features and/or methodological acts, it is to be understood that the subject matter defined in the appended claims is not necessarily limited to the specific features or acts described above. Rather, the specific features and acts described above are described as example implementations of the following claims.