Patent Publication Number: US-2023159230-A1

Title: Multi-film thermoplastic bags having grab zones secured to sidewalls via selfing and methods of making the same

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This application claims priority to and benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 63/283,014, filed on Nov. 24, 2021, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. 
    
    
     BACKGROUND 
     1. Technical Field 
     The present application relates generally to thermoplastic bags. More particularly, the present application relates to thermoplastic bags including multiple films and unique aesthetics. 
     2. Background and Relevant Art 
     Thermoplastic films are a common component in various commercial and consumer products. For example, grocery bags, trash bags, sacks, and packaging materials are products that are commonly made from thermoplastic films. Additionally, feminine hygiene products, baby diapers, adult incontinence products, and many other products include thermoplastic films to one extent or another. 
     The cost to produce products including thermoplastic film is directly related to the cost of the thermoplastic film. Recently the cost of thermoplastic materials has risen. In response, some attempt to control manufacturing costs by decreasing the amount of thermoplastic material in a product. One way manufacturers may attempt to reduce production costs is to stretch the thermoplastic film, thereby increasing its surface area and reducing the amount of thermoplastic film needed to produce a product of a given size. 
     While stretched, thinner gauge materials can represent cost savings to the manufacturer, the use of thinner gauge films can result in lower durability. Although some recent technology may, in some cases, result in relatively thinner gauge films that may be as strong as their thicker counterparts, customers naturally sense from prior experience that thinner gauge materials are lower in quality and durability. 
     For example, some cues to a customer of lower quality and durability of a film are how thick or thin the film feels and how thin or weak the film “looks.” Customers tend to view thin looking or feeling films as having relatively low strength. This is particularly true when thin looking or feeling films are used in areas of customer products with which the customer comes in direct contact—such as the open end of a trash bag where a customer would gather the bag in order to remove the bag from a trash can. 
     Thus, even though some mechanisms can improve some aspects of film strength while using a thinner gauge, the look and feel of such films tend to cause customers to believe the film is nevertheless low quality. For example, thinner thermoplastic films are typically more transparent or translucent. Such consumers may feel that they are receiving less value for their money when purchasing products with thinner films; and thus, may be dissuaded to purchase thinner thermoplastic films. 
     Additionally, as a result of thinner bags, some conventional thermoplastic trash bags are often weak. For example, conventional thermoplastic trash bags including thinner films are generally prone to tearing, ruptures, separations, and other issues at the top of the bag. For example, when grasping a conventional thermoplastic liner by a top portion, a grasping hand (e.g., fingers) can puncture or overly stretch (leading to subsequent failure of) the trash bag. For instance, after fingers stretch a thermoplastic bag during a grasping motion, these overly stretched areas are further compromised (e.g., in some cases to the point of failure) when pulling or lifting a thermoplastic bag and out of a trash receptacle. 
     Additionally, when a conventional thermoplastic bag includes a draw tape and a corresponding hem channel at the mouth of the bag, the thinner films result in further weaknesses. For example, when such a conventional thermoplastic bag is pulled upward by the draw tape, the resulting force can cause heat seal failure. For instance, the hem seal of conventional thermoplastic bags can fail (e.g., separate or rupture) as a result of upward forces when the bags are pulled up by their draw tapes (e.g., such as when the bags are pulled up out of containers or receptacles). In turn, such compromising of the top of the bags often leads to trash spillage, requiring an adjusted/awkward carrying position or method of the bags, etc. 
     BRIEF SUMMARY 
     One or more implementations of the present disclosure solve one or more problems in the art with thermoplastic bags including grab zones with hem skirts laminated to sidewalls of the thermoplastic bags. For example, the hem skirts are laminated to the sidewalls of the thermoplastic bags by a plurality of raised rib-like elements in a strainable network. The raised rib-like elements can help increase elasticity and strength in conventionally weak areas at the top of thermoplastic bags. For example, the raised rib-like elements can increase the elasticity of a grab zone of a thermoplastic bag to help reduce tearing or other damage by stresses/strain from grasping fingers (e.g., during a grabbing motion to lift or carry) applied to the grab zone. Additionally, lamination of the hem skirt to the sidewalls of the thermoplastic bag can also increase the strength of the top of the bag. For example, lamination of the hem skirt to the sidewalls of the thermoplastic bag can reduce stress concentrations in the hem seal associated with lifting the thermoplastic bag by the drawstring and/or provide additional reinforcement of the hem seal. Thus, by laminating the hem skirt via a plurality of raised rib-like elements in a strainable network in the grab zone increases the strength and corresponding quality of the thermoplastic bag. 
     For example, an implementation of a thermoplastic bag includes thermoplastic film sidewalls. The thermoplastic film sidewalls include hem skirts including folded over top portions of the thermoplastic film sidewalls extending down inner surfaces of the thermoplastic film sidewalls. The thermoplastic film sidewalls also include a plurality of raised rib-like elements in a strainable network, the plurality of raised rib-like elements extending from hem channels toward a bottom of the thermoplastic bag and laminating the hem skirts to the thermoplastic film sidewalls. For example, the plurality of raised rib-like elements are configured to cause the hem skirts to separate from the thermoplastic film sidewalls before the thermoplastic film sidewalls fail when subjected to forces. 
     Additionally, an implementation of the multi-layer thermoplastic bag include first and second opposing sidewalls joined together along a first side edge, an opposite second side edge, an open top edge, and a closed bottom edge. The multi-film thermoplastic bag further includes the open top edge folded over forming a hem skirt extending down an inner surface of the multi-film thermoplastic bag toward the closed bottom edge. The multi-film thermoplastic bag also includes a plurality of raised rib-like elements in a strainable network laminating the hem skirt to the inner surface of the multi-film thermoplastic bag, the plurality of raised rib-like elements extending from a hem seal toward the closed bottom edge of the multi-film thermoplastic bag. 
     In addition to the foregoing, a method for making a multi-film thermoplastic bag involves folding a first thermoplastic film and a second thermoplastic film at a top edge to form a hem channel, at least a portion of the first thermoplastic film and the second thermoplastic film extending from the hem channel forming a hem skirt. Additionally, the method includes passing the first thermoplastic film and the second thermoplastic film between a first set of SELF&#39;ing rollers, wherein passing the first thermoplastic film and the second thermoplastic film between the first set of SELF&#39;ing rollers creates one or more raised rib-like elements in a strainable network between a flat portion of the first thermoplastic film, a flat portion of the second thermoplastic film, and the hem skirt, the one or more raised rib-like elements extending from the hem channel over the hem skirt and toward bottom edges of the first thermoplastic film and the second thermoplastic film. The method further includes forming the first and second thermoplastic films into a bag. 
     Additional features and advantages of will be set forth in the description which follows, and in part will be obvious from the description, or may be learned by the practice of such exemplary implementations. The features and advantages of such implementations may be realized and obtained by means of the instruments and combinations particularly pointed out in the appended claims. These and other features will become more fully apparent from the following description and appended claims, or may be learned by the practice of such exemplary implementations as set forth hereinafter. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       In order to describe the manner in which the above recited and other advantages and features of the present disclosure can be obtained, a more particular description of the present disclosure briefly described above will be rendered by reference to specific implementations thereof which are illustrated in the appended drawings. It should be noted that the figures are not drawn to scale, and that elements of similar structure or function are generally represented by like reference numerals for illustrative purposes throughout the figures. Understanding that these drawings depict only typical implementations of the present disclosure and are not therefore to be considered to be limiting of its scope, the present disclosure will be described and explained with additional specificity and detail through the use of the accompanying drawings in which: 
         FIG.  1 A- 1 C  show partial side cross-sectional views of films having varying numbers of layers according to one or more implementations of the present disclosure; 
         FIG.  2    shows a perspective view of a pair of SELF&#39;ing rollers utilized to form patterns of raised rib-like elements in films according to one or more implementations of the present disclosure; 
         FIG.  3    shows a perspective view of a SELF&#39;ed film having a pattern of raised rib-like elements according to one or more implementations of the present disclosure; 
         FIG.  4    shows a perspective view of a multi-layer SELF&#39;ed film having a pattern of raised rib-like elements according to one or more implementations of the present disclosure; 
         FIG.  5 A  shows a perspective view of a thermoplastic bag including a hem skirt laminated to the sidewalls via a SELFing process according to one or more implementations of the present disclosure; 
         FIG.  5 B  illustrates a cross-sectional view of the thermoplastic bag of  FIG.  5 A  according to one or more implementations of the present disclosure; 
         FIG.  5 C  illustrate a cross-sectional view of the thermoplastic bag of  FIG.  5 A  according to one or more implementations of the present disclosure; 
         FIG.  5 D  shows a perspective view of a thermoplastic bag including a hem skirt laminated to the sidewalls via a SELFing process according to one or more additional implementations of the present disclosure; 
         FIGS.  6 A- 6 D  show front views of thermoplastic bags including a hem skirt laminated to the sidewalls via a SELFing process according to one or more implementations of the present disclosure; 
         FIG.  7    illustrates a schematic diagram of a process of manufacturing a thermoplastic bag including a hem skirt laminated to the sidewalls via a SELFing process in accordance with one or more implementations of the present disclosure; and 
         FIG.  8    illustrates a schematic diagram of another process of manufacturing a multi-film thermoplastic bag including a hem skirt laminated to the sidewalls via a SELFing process in accordance with one or more implementations of the present disclosure. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     One or more implementations of the present disclosure include apparatus and methods for creating thermoplastic bags with hem skirts laminated to the sidewalls of the thermoplastic bags via raised rib-like elements in a strainable network. In particular, one or more implementations include a thermoplastic bag including a hem skirt laminated to an inner surface of the thermoplastic bag by raised rib-like elements in a strainable network, where the raised rib-like elements cause delamination between the hem skirt and the thermoplastic bag before one or more thermoplastic films of the thermoplastic bag fail when the thermoplastic bag is subjected to forces (e.g., such as when the thermoplastic bag is pulled out of a receptable or carried from one location to another). 
     In particular, one or more implementations include a thermoplastic bag having sidewalls comprising a first thermoplastic film and an adjacent second thermoplastic film. The raised rib-like elements laminate portions of the first thermoplastic film to portions of the second thermoplastic film and vice versa. In one or more implementations, the raised rib-like elements are positioned in a “grab zone” or high-touch area of the thermoplastic bag in order to give the grab zone of the bag a stronger and/or more elastic feel—thus, giving a tactile cue that the bag is less likely to rip, tear, separate, rupture, or puncture when handled in the grab zone. 
     In one or more implementations, the grab zone including the raised rib-like elements extends from a hem channel. For example, a thermoplastic bag can include a top edge that is folded over to create a hem channel. The top edge may be folded over at a top edge when forming the hem channel and a draw tape may be inserted into a hem channel. In one or more implementations, the folded over top edges of the thermoplastic bag form a hem skirt extending from the hem channel. For example, when the top edge of a thermoplastic bag is folded over toward the inside volume of the bag to create a hem channel, the portions of the top edge that extend from the hem channel down the inside surface of the bag create a hem skirt. 
     In at least one implementation, the hem channel is secured by a hem seal. In one or more embodiments, the raised rib-like elements are positioned directly below the hem seal in the grab zone and secure and/or lightly laminate the hem skirt to the inside of the thermoplastic bag. Thus, the raised rib-like elements can supplement the hem seal and provide a back-up to the hem seal in the event of unintended low lamination levels in the hem seal. 
     Moreover, in one or more implementations, the raised rib-like elements in the grab zone of a thermoplastic bag can laminate a surface of the thermoplastic bag to the hem skirt, and vice versa. For example, when the hem skirt extends down an inner surface of a thermoplastic bag, the raised rib-like elements can lightly laminate portions of the one or more films of the thermoplastic bag to each other while further causing light lamination between portions of the hem skirt and at least one surface of the bag (e.g., an inner surface of the bag). In some implementations, the raised rib-like elements cover the entirety of the hem skirt. In other implementations, the raised rib-like elements cover a portion of the hem skirt leaving flat and undeformed areas in one or more portions of the hem skirt. 
     In some implementations, the hem skirt may include an extended length to form an extended hem skirt. In particular, one or more layers of the hem skirt can extend down from the hem channel to cover at least a portion of the grab zone. An extended hem skirt with two or more layers can reinforce the grab zone by providing additional layers of thermoplastic material, and thereby, reduce puncturing, tearing, or other damage in the grab zone. Furthermore, the raised rib-like elements can secure the extended hem skirt to the layers of the sidewall of the thermoplastic bag. The raised rib-like elements can thus restrict relative movement between the layers in the grab zone, and thereby, provide a sensory signal of increased strength in the grab zone. 
     In one or more implementations, the methods described herein organize the raised rib-like elements between the films of a multi-film thermoplastic bag into a pattern. For example, the pattern can be continuous or discrete, and can include varying densities of pattern elements. Additionally, the thermoplastic bag may include the pattern of raised rib-like elements over various percentages of the area of the thermoplastic bag (e.g., both within the grab zone and outside of the grab zone). For example, in or more implementations, the raised rib-like elements form a pattern that uniformly spans the grab zone. In alternative implementations, the raised rib-like elements can form a pattern that creates a wavy or uneven bottom edge. The wavy or uneven bottom edge of the pattern creates areas of lower linear force density across the width of the grab zone as compared to a uniform pattern of raised rib-like elements. This can provide lower stress on the material due to a wide distribution of forces from the local application of lift force at the top of the bag when removing the bag from a receptacle. 
     One or more implementations include thermoplastic films with deformations including raised rib-like elements in strainable networks created by a complex structural elastic-like film (e.g., SELF or SELF&#39;ing) process. The strainable network can comprise a plurality of raised rib-like elements extending in a direction perpendicular to a main surface of the thermoplastic film (i.e., a z-direction). The raised rib-like elements are surrounded by a plurality of web areas. The raised rib-like elements and web areas can comprise a strainable network that provides the thermoplastic film with an elastic-like behavior as well as a tactile feel. U.S. Pat. No. 5,518,801 and U.S. Pat. No. 5,650,214 each disclose processes for forming strainable networks using SELF&#39;ing processes. The contents of each of the aforementioned patents are incorporated in their entirety by reference herein. 
     Film Materials 
     As an initial matter, the thermoplastic material of the films of one or more implementations of the present disclosure may include thermoplastic polyolefins, including polyethylene and copolymers thereof and polypropylene and copolymers thereof. The olefin-based polymers may include ethylene or propylene-based polymers such as polyethylene, polypropylene, and copolymers such as ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA), ethylene methyl acrylate (EMA) and ethylene acrylic acid (EAA), or blends of such polyolefins. 
     Other examples of polymers suitable for use as films in accordance with the present disclosure may include elastomeric polymers. Suitable elastomeric polymers may also be biodegradable or environmentally degradable. Suitable elastomeric polymers for the film include poly(ethylene-butene), poly(ethylene-hexene), poly(ethylene-octene), poly(ethylene-propylene), poly(styrene-butadiene-styrene), poly(styrene-isoprene- styrene), poly(styrene-ethylene-butylene-styrene), poly(ester-ether), poly(ether-amide), poly(ethylene-vinylacetate), poly(ethylene-methylacrylate), poly(ethylene-acrylic acid), oriented poly(ethylene-terephthalate), poly(ethylene-butylacrylate), polyurethane, poly(ethylene-propylene-diene), ethylene-propylene rubber, nylon, etc. 
     Some of the examples and description herein below refer to films formed from linear low-density polyethylene. The term “linear low-density polyethylene” (LLDPE) as used herein is defined to mean a copolymer of ethylene and a minor amount of an olefin containing 4 to 10 carbon atoms, having a density of from about 0.910 to about 0.930, and a melt index (MI) of from about 0.5 to about 10. For example, some examples herein use an octene comonomer, solution phase LLDPE (MI=1.1; p=0.920). Additionally, other examples use a gas phase LLDPE, which is a hexene gas phase LLDPE formulated with slip/AB (MI=1.0; ρ=0.920). Still further examples use a gas phase LLDPE, which is a hexene gas phase LLDPE formulated with slip/AB (MI=1.0; ρ=0.926). One will appreciate that the present disclosure is not limited to LLDPE and can include “high density polyethylene” (HDPE), “low density polyethylene” (LDPE), and “very low-density polyethylene” (VLDPE). Indeed, films made from any of the previously mentioned thermoplastic materials or combinations thereof can be suitable for use with the present disclosure. 
     Some implementations of the present disclosure may include any flexible or pliable thermoplastic material that may be formed or drawn into a web or film. Furthermore, the thermoplastic materials may include a single layer or multiple layers. The thermoplastic material may be opaque, transparent, translucent, or tinted. Furthermore, the thermoplastic material may be gas permeable or impermeable. 
     As used herein, the term “flexible” refers to materials that are capable of being flexed or bent, especially repeatedly, such that they are pliant and yieldable in response to externally applied forces. Accordingly, “flexible” is substantially opposite in meaning to the terms inflexible, rigid, or unyielding. Materials and structures that are flexible, therefore, may be altered in shape and structure to accommodate external forces and to conform to the shape of objects brought into contact with them without losing their integrity. In accordance with further prior art materials, web materials are provided which exhibit an “elastic-like” behavior in the direction of applied strain without the use of added traditional elastic materials. As used herein, the term “elastic-like” describes the behavior of web materials which when subjected to an applied strain, the web materials extend in the direction of applied strain, and when the applied strain is released the web materials return, to a degree, to their pre-strained condition. 
     As used herein, the term “substantially,” in reference to a given parameter, property, or condition, means to a degree that one of ordinary skill in the art would understand that the given parameter, property, or condition is met within a degree of variance, such as within acceptable manufacturing tolerances. By way of example, depending on the particular parameter, property, or condition that is substantially met, the parameter, property, or condition may be at least 70.0% met, at least 80.0%, at least 90% met, at least 95.0% met, at least 99.0% met, or even at least 99.9% met. 
     Additional additives that may be included in one or more implementations include slip agents, anti-block agents, voiding agents, or tackifiers. Additionally, one or more implementations of the present disclosure include films that are devoid of voiding agents. Some examples of inorganic voiding agents, which may further provide odor control, include the following but are not limited to: calcium carbonate, magnesium carbonate, barium carbonate, calcium sulfate, magnesium sulfate, barium sulfate, calcium oxide, magnesium oxide, titanium oxide, zinc oxide, aluminum hydroxide, magnesium hydroxide, talc, clay, silica, alumina, mica, glass powder, starch, charcoal, zeolites, any combination thereof, etc. Organic voiding agents, polymers that are immiscible in the major polymer matrix, can also be used. For instance, polystyrene can be used as a voiding agent in polyethylene and polypropylene films. 
     One of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate in view of the present disclosure that manufacturers may form the films or webs to be used with the present disclosure using a wide variety of techniques. For example, a manufacturer can form precursor mix of the thermoplastic material and one or more additives. The manufacturer can then form the film(s) from the precursor mix using conventional flat or cast extrusion or co-extrusion to produce monolayer, bilayer, or multilayer films. Alternatively, a manufacturer can form the films using suitable processes, such as, a blown film process to produce monolayer, bilayer, or multilayer films. If desired for a given end use, the manufacturer can orient the films by trapped bubble, tenterframe, or other suitable process. Additionally, the manufacturer can optionally anneal the films thereafter. 
     An optional part of the film-making process is a procedure known as “orientation.” The orientation of a polymer is a reference to its molecular organization, i.e., the orientation of molecules relative to each other. Similarly, the process of orientation is the process by which directionality (orientation) is imposed upon the polymeric arrangements in the film. The process of orientation is employed to impart desirable properties to films, including making cast films tougher (higher tensile properties). Depending on whether the film is made by casting as a flat film or by blowing as a tubular film, the orientation process can require different procedures. This is related to the different physical characteristics possessed by films made by conventional film-making processes (e.g., casting and blowing). Generally, blown films tend to have greater stiffness and toughness. By contrast, cast films usually have the advantages of greater film clarity and uniformity of thickness and flatness, generally permitting use of a wider range of polymers and producing a higher quality film. 
     When a film has been stretched in a single direction (mono-axial orientation), the resulting film can exhibit strength and stiffness along the direction of stretch, but can be weak in the other direction, i.e., across the stretch, often splitting when flexed or pulled. To overcome this limitation, two-way or biaxial orientation can be employed to more evenly distribute the strength qualities of the film in two directions. Most biaxial orientation processes use apparatus that stretches the film sequentially, first in one direction and then in the other. 
     In one or more implementations, the films of the present disclosure are blown film, or cast film. Both a blown film and a cast film can be formed by extrusion. The extruder used can be a conventional one using a die, which will provide the desired gauge. Some useful extruders are described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,814,135; 4,857,600; 5,076,988; 5,153,382; each of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. Examples of various extruders, which can be used in producing the films to be used with the present disclosure, can be a single screw type modified with a blown film die, an air ring, and continuous take off equipment. 
     In one or more implementations, a manufacturer can use multiple extruders to supply different melt streams, which a feed block can order into different channels of a multi-channel die. The multiple extruders can allow a manufacturer to form a film with layers having different compositions. Such multi-layer film may later be provided with a complex stretch pattern to provide the benefits of the present disclosure. 
     In a blown film process, the die can be an upright cylinder with a circular opening. Rollers can pull molten thermoplastic material upward away from the die. An air-ring can cool the film as the film travels upwards. An air outlet can force compressed air into the center of the extruded circular profile, creating a bubble. The air can expand the extruded circular cross section by a multiple of the die diameter. This ratio is called the “blow-up ratio.” When using a blown film process, the manufacturer can collapse the film to double the plies of the film. Alternatively, the manufacturer can cut and fold the film, or cut and leave the film unfolded. 
     In any event, in one or more implementations, the extrusion process can orient the polymer chains of the blown film. The “orientation” of a polymer is a reference to its molecular organization, i.e., the orientation of molecules or polymer chains relative to each other. In particular, the extrusion process can cause the polymer chains of the blown film to be predominantly oriented in the machine direction. The orientation of the polymer chains can result in an increased strength in the direction of the orientation. As used herein predominately oriented in a particular direction means that the polymer chains are more oriented in the particular direction than another direction. One will appreciate, however, that a film that is predominately oriented in a particular direction can still include polymer chains oriented in directions other than the particular direction. Thus, in one or more implementations the initial or starting films (films before being stretched or bonded or laminated in accordance with the principles described herein) can comprise a blown film that is predominately oriented in the machine direction. 
     The process of blowing up the tubular stock or bubble can further orient the polymer chains of the blown film. In particular, the blow-up process can cause the polymer chains of the blown film to be bi-axially oriented. Despite being bi-axially oriented, in one or more implementations the polymer chains of the blown film are predominantly oriented in the machine direction (i.e., oriented more in the machine direction than the transverse direction). 
     The films of one or more implementations of the present disclosure can have a starting gauge between about 0.1 mils to about 20 mils, suitably from about 0.2 mils to about 4 mils, suitably in the range of about 0.3 mils to about 2 mils, suitably from about 0.6 mils to about 1.25 mils, suitably from about 0.9 mils to about 1.1 mils, suitably from about 0.3 mils to about 0.7 mils, and suitably from about 0.4 mils and about 0.6 mils. Additionally, the starting gauge of films of one or more implementations of the present disclosure may not be uniform. Thus, the starting gauge of films of one or more implementations of the present disclosure may vary along the length and/or width of the film. 
     One or more layers of the films described herein can comprise any flexible or pliable material comprising a thermoplastic material and that can be formed or drawn into a web or film. As described above, the film includes a plurality of layers of thermoplastic films. Each individual film layer may itself include a single layer or multiple layers. In other words, the individual layers of the multi-layer film may each themselves comprise a plurality of laminated layers. Such layers may be significantly more tightly bonded together than the bonding provided by the purposely weak discontinuous bonding in the finished multi-layer film. Both tight and relatively weak lamination can be accomplished by joining layers by mechanical pressure, joining layers with adhesives, joining with heat and pressure, spread coating, corona lamination, extrusion coating, ultrasonic bonding, static bonding, cohesive bonding and combinations thereof. Adjacent sub-layers of an individual layer may be coextruded. Co-extrusion results in tight bonding so that the bond strength is greater than the tear resistance of the resulting laminate (i.e., rather than allowing adjacent layers to be peeled apart through breakage of the lamination bonds, the film will tear). 
     Films described herein may include a single film formed from one, two, three, or more layers of thermoplastic material.  FIGS.  1 A- 1 C  are partial cross-sectional views of multi-layer films into which a complex stretch pattern can be formed. Such films can then be used to form products, such as a thermoplastic bag. In some implementations, the film may include a single layer film  102   a , as shown in  FIG.  1 A , comprising a single layer  110 . In other embodiments, the film can comprise a two-layer film  102   b  as shown in  FIG.  1 B , including a first layer  110  and a second layer  112 . In one or more implementations, the first and second layers  110 ,  112  are coextruded. In such implementations, the first and second layers  110 ,  112  may optionally include different grades of thermoplastic material and/or include different additives, including polymer additives. In yet other implementations, a film be a tri-layer film  102   c , as shown in  FIG.  1 C , including a first layer  110 , a second layer  112 , and a third layer  114 . In yet other implementations, a film may include more than three layers. The tri-layer film  102   c  can include an A:B:C configuration in which all three layers vary in one or more of gauge, composition, color, transparency, or other properties. Alternatively, the tri-layer film  102   c  can comprise an A:A:B structure or A:B:A structure in which two layers have the same composition, color, transparency, or other properties. In an A:A:B structure or A:B:A structure the A layers can comprise the same gauge or differing gauge. For example, in an A:A:B structure or A:B:A structure the film layers can comprise layer ratios of 20:20:60, 40:40:20, 15:70:15, 33:34:33, 20:60:20, 40:20:40, or other ratios. In one or more implementations, the first, second, and third layers  110 ,  112  are coextruded. 
     Typically, the stretchable portion of a strainable network comprises an area that is SELF&#39;ed or stretched by opposing rollers.  FIG.  2    shows a pair of SELF&#39;ing rollers  202 ,  204  (e.g., a portion of a first SELF&#39;ing roller  202  intermeshed with a second SELF&#39;ing roller  204 ) for creating strainable networks (e.g., SELF&#39;ing deformations) in a pattern. As shown in  FIG.  2   , the first SELF&#39;ing roller  202  may include a plurality of ridges  206  and grooves  208  extending generally radially outward in a direction orthogonal to an axis of rotation  210 . 
     Additionally, the second SELF&#39;ing roller  204  may include a plurality of ridges  212  and grooves  214  extending generally radially outward in a direction orthogonal to an axis of rotation  215 . As further shown in  FIG.  2   , in some implementations, the ridges  212  of the second SELF&#39;ing roller  204  may include a plurality of teeth  216  and notches  217  that break up the ridges  212 . As shown the first SELF&#39;ing roller  202  lacks teeth and/or notches that break up the plurality of ridges  206 . As a result, the first SELF&#39;ing roller  202  can be similar to a transverse direction (“TD”) intermeshing roller such as the TD intermeshing rollers described in U.S. Pat. No. 9,186,862 to Broering et al., the disclosure of which is incorporated in its entirety by reference herein. 
     Passing a film (such as the film  102   b ), through the SELF&#39;ing rollers  202 ,  204  can produce a thermoplastic film  200  with one or more strainable networks formed by a structural elastic like process in which the raised-rib like elements  304   a ,  304   b  of the strainable networks form one or more patterns  220 . As used herein, the term “strainable network” refers to an interconnected and interrelated group of regions which are able to be extended to some useful degree in a predetermined direction providing the web material with an elastic-like behavior in response to an applied and subsequently released elongation. 
     In particular, passing a thermoplastic film between the first SELF&#39;ing roller  202  and the second SELF&#39;ing roller  204  can form a plurality of deformations (e.g., raised rib-like elements) in a thermoplastic film that comprise deformation repeat units that are arranged in one or more patterns. In other words, the SELF&#39;ing rollers  202 ,  204  can form a pattern of deformation repeat units that correspond to (e.g., have the same shape and size) as repeat units of ridges  212  of the first SELF&#39; ing intermeshing roller. 
       FIG.  3    shows a portion of the thermoplastic film  200  with the pattern  220  of deformations. As the film passes through the SELF&#39;ing rollers  202 ,  204 , the ridges  206 ,  212  can press a portion of the film out of plane defined by the film to cause permanent deformation of a portion of the film  200  in the Z-direction. For example, the teeth  216  intermittently stretch a portion of the film  200  in the Z-direction. The portions of the film  200  that pass between the notches  217  of the ridges  212  will remain substantially unformed in the Z-direction. As a result of the foregoing, the thermoplastic film  200  includes a plurality of isolated deformed, raised, rib-like elements  304   a ,  304   b  and at least one un-deformed portion (or web area)  302  (e.g., a relatively flat region). As will be understood by one of ordinary skill in the art, the length and width of the rib-like elements  304   a ,  304   b  depend on the length and width of ridges  206 ,  212  and the speed and the depth of engagement of the SELF&#39;ing rollers  202 ,  204 . The rib-like elements  304   a ,  304   b  and the un-deformed web areas  302  form a strainable network and can be grouped together in deformation repeat units that form various patterns (e.g., a checkboard pattern as shown in  FIG.  2    or diamond patterns or other patterns as described in greater detail below). 
     As shown in  FIG.  3   , the strainable network of the film  200  can include first thicker regions  306 , second thicker regions  308 , and stretched, thinner transitional regions  310  connecting the first and second thicker regions  306 ,  308 . The first thicker regions  306  and the stretched, thinner regions  310  can form the raised rib-like elements  304   a ,  304   b  of the strainable network. In one or more implementations, the first thicker regions  306  are the portions of the film with the greatest displacement in the Z-direction. In one or more implementations, because the film is displaced in the Z-direction by pushing the rib-like elements  304   a ,  304   b  in a direction perpendicular to a main surface of the thermoplastic film (thereby stretching the regions  310  upward) a total length and width of the film does not substantially change when the film is subjected to the SELF&#39;ing process of one or more implementations. In other words, the film  102   b  (film prior to undergoing the SELF&#39;ing process) can have substantially the same width and length as the film  200  resulting from the SELF&#39;ing process. 
     As shown by  FIG.  3   , the rib-like elements have a major axis and a minor axis (i.e., the rib-like elements are elongated such that they are longer than they are wide). As shown by  FIG.  3   , in one or more implementations, the major axes of the rib-like elements are parallel to the machine direction (i.e., the direction in which the film was extruded). In alternative implementations, the major axes of the rib-like elements are parallel to the transverse direction. In still further implementations, the major axes of the rib-like elements are oriented at an angle between 1 and 89 degrees relative to the machine direction. For example, in one or more implementations, the major axes of the rib-like elements are at a 45-degree angle to the machine direction. In one or more implementations, the major axes are linear (i.e., in a straight line) in alternative implementations the major axes are curved or have otherwise non-linear shapes. 
     The rib-like elements  304   a ,  304   b  can undergo a substantially “geometric deformation” prior to a “molecular-level deformation.” As used herein, the term “molecular-level deformation” refers to deformation, which occurs on a molecular level and is not discernible to the normal naked eye. That is, even though one may be able to discern the effect of molecular-level deformation, e.g., elongation or tearing of the film, one is not able to discern the deformation, which allows or causes it to happen. This is in contrast to the term “geometric deformation,” which refers to deformations that are generally discernible to the normal naked eye when a SELF&#39; ed film or articles embodying such a film are subjected to an applied load or force. Types of geometric deformation include, but are not limited to bending, unfolding, and rotating. 
     Thus, upon application of a force, the rib-like elements  304   a ,  304   b  can undergo geometric deformation before undergoing molecular-level deformation. For example, a strain applied to the film  200  in a perpendicular to the major axes of the rib-like elements  304   a ,  304   b  can pull the rib-like elements  304   a ,  304   b  back into plane with the web areas  302  prior to any molecular-level deformation of the rib-like elements  304   a ,  304   b . Geometric deformation can result in significantly less resistive forces to an applied strain than that exhibited by molecular-level deformation. 
     As mentioned above, the rib-like elements  304   a ,  304   b  and the web areas  302  can be sized and positioned so as to create any pattern of deformation repeat units. In one or more implementations, the deformation repeat units are visually distinct from the web areas  302 . As used herein, the term “visually distinct” refers to features of the web material which are readily discernible to the normal naked eye when the web material or objects embodying the web material are subjected to normal use. 
     As mentioned above, the rib-like elements  304   a ,  304   b  can provide the film  200  with increased elasticity. In particular, the rib-like elements  304   a ,  304   b  can unfold and bend prior to stretching the web areas  302  or the rib-like elements  304   a ,  304   b  themselves. As such, areas of the film with larger rib-like elements  304   a ,  304   b  and more rib-like elements  304   a ,  304   b  can have greater elasticity and can be expanded to greater lengths before molecular deformation. As such, the portions of the thermoplastic film can be tailored to have desired strength and elasticity based on sizing/density of the rib-like elements  304   a ,  304   b.    
     In one or more implementations, the films with deformations or raised rib-like elements may comprise two or more distinct portions of one or more thermoplastic films (i.e., a sidewall and a hem skirt). The distinct portions of the films are non-continuously bonded to one another during the creation of the raised-rib like elements. For example, in one or more implementations two film layers can be passed together through a pair of SELF&#39;ing rollers to produce a multi-layered lightly-bonded laminate film  200   b , as shown in  FIG.  4   . The multi-layered lightly-bonded laminate film  200   b  can comprise a first thermoplastic film  402  (e.g., a hem skirt) discontinuously bonded to a second thermoplastic film  404  (a sidewall). In one or more implementations, the bonds between the first thermoplastic film  402  and the second thermoplastic film  404  are aligned with the first thicker regions  306  and are formed by the pressure of the SELF&#39;ing rollers displacing the raised rib-like elements  304   a ,  304   b . Thus, the bonds can be parallel to the raised rib-like elements  304   a ,  304   b  and be positioned between raised rib-like elements  304   a ,  304   b  of the first thermoplastic film  402  and the second thermoplastic film  404 . 
     In some implementations, the first and second films  402 ,  404  may be bonded such that the bonded regions have bond strengths below a strength of the weakest film of the first and second films  402 ,  404 . In other words, the bonded regions may fail (e.g., break apart) before the first or second films  402 ,  404  fail. As a result, discontinuously bonding the first and second films  402 ,  404  may also increase or otherwise modify one or more of the tensile strength, tear resistance, impact resistance, or elasticity of the films. Furthermore, the bonded regions between the first and second films  402 ,  404  may provide additional strength. Such bonded regions may be broken to absorb forces rather than such forces resulting in tearing of the film or causing an adjacent hem seal to fail. 
     Furthermore, any of the pressure techniques (i.e., bonding techniques) described in U.S. Pat. No. 8,603,609 may be combined with other techniques in order to further increase the strength of the bonded regions while maintaining bond strength below the strength of the weakest layer of the multi-layer laminate film. For example, heat, pressure, ultrasonic bonding, corona treatment, or coating (e.g., printing) with adhesives may be employed. Treatment with a corona discharge can enhance any of the above methods by increasing the tackiness of the film surface so as to provide a stronger lamination bond, but which is still weaker than the tear resistance of the individual layers. 
     Discontinuously bonding the first and second films  402 ,  404  together results in un-bonded regions and bonded regions between the first and second films  402 ,  404 . For example, discontinuously bonding the first and second films  402 ,  404  together may result in un-bonded regions and bonded regions as described in the U.S. Pat. No. 9,637,278, the disclosure of which is incorporated in its entirety by reference herein. 
     In addition to the foregoing, the first and second film  402 ,  404  can have differing colors. For example, in one or more implementations, the first film  402  is a translucent or transparent film that is lightly pigmented (e.g., light blue, light green), while the second film  404  is opaque or less transparent that the first film  404 . In one or more implementations, the second film  404  can comprise a white color. The contrasting color of the first and second film  402 ,  404  can create a visual distinction between the bonded areas and the non-bonded areas of the films  402 ,  404 , which in turn and make the deformations and pattern easier to see (e.g., more visually distinct). 
     More particularly, in one or more implementations involve forming a multi-layer film (e.g., a sidewall with two layers or a sidewall and an extended hem skirt) with a metallic or color that is distinct from the color and appearance of the individual layers of the multi-layer film. For example, a pigmented first layer can have a black appearance while the second layer has a clear or transparent appearance. When bonded together via SELFing to form a multi-layer film in accordance the principles described herein, the resultant multi-layer film can have a metallic, silvery metallic or light grey color rather than a black appearance or color as would be expected. Once such a multi-layer film with a unique appearance is formed, one or more implementations involve bringing regions or areas of the two layers into intimate contact with each other to create visually-distinct regions that have the color or appearance of the pigmented layer (e.g., the bonded raised rib-like elements described above). For example, a multi-layer film with a black first layer and a transparent second layer can have a silver metallic appearance and black visually-distinct regions where the two films are in intimate contact with each other. 
     In another example, a pigmented first layer can have a black appearance while the second pigmented layer has a white appearance. When combined to form a multi-layer film in accordance the principles described herein, the resultant multi-layer film can have a light grey color rather than a black or white appearance or color as would be expected. Once such a multi-layer film with a unique appearance is formed, one or more implementations involve bringing regions or areas of the two layers into intimate contact with each other to create visually-distinct regions that have the color or appearance of the black pigmented layer or a dark grey appearance. For example, a multi-layer film with a black first layer and a white second layer can have a light grey appearance and black or dark grey visually-distinct regions where the two films are in intimate contact with each other. In one or more embodiment, the amount of pigment in the first layer can determine whether the portions in intimate contact have a black color or a dark grey color. 
     In one or more embodiments, the first layer comprises a light colorant while the second layer comprises a dark colorant. As used herein a light colorant is a color with a brightness closer to the brightness of white than the brightness of black. As used herein a dark colorant is a color with a brightness closer to the brightness of black than the brightness of white. In one or more embodiments, the first layer has a concentration of light colorant between about 1% by mass and about 15% by mass. More particularly, in one or more embodiments, the first layer has a concentration of light colorant between about 2% by mass and about 12% by mass. In still further embodiments, the first layer has a concentration of light colorant between about 5% by mass and about 10% by mass. 
     In one or more embodiments, the second layer has a concentration of dark colorant between about 1% by mass and about 15% by mass. More particularly, in one or more embodiments, the second layer has a concentration of dark colorant between about 2% by mass and about 12% by mass. In still further embodiments, the second layer has a concentration of dark colorant between about 5% by mass and about 10% by mass. 
     One will appreciate in light of the disclosure herein that black and white are used as exemplary colors for ease in explanation. In alternative embodiments, the films can comprise other color combinations such as white over blue, yellow over blue, red over blue, etc. 
       FIG.  5 A  is a perspective view of a thermoplastic bag  500   a  according to an implementation of the present disclosure. The thermoplastic bag  500   a  includes a first sidewall  502  and a second sidewall  504 . Each of the first and second sidewalls  502 ,  504  includes a first side edge  506 , a second opposite side edge  508 , a bottom edge  510  extending between the first and second side edges  506 ,  508 . Each of the first and second sidewalls  502 ,  504  also includes a top edge  511  extending between the first and second side edges  506 ,  508  opposite the bottom edge  510 . In some implementations, the first sidewall  502  and the second sidewall  504  are joined together along the first side edges  506 , the second opposite side edges  508 , and the bottom edges  510 . The first and second sidewalls  502 ,  504  may be joined along the first and second side edges  506 ,  508  and bottom edges  510  by any suitable process such as, for example, a heated pressure seal. In alternative implementations, the first and second sidewalls  502 ,  504  may not be joined along the side edges. Rather, the first and second sidewalls  502 ,  504  may be a single uniform piece. In other words, the first and second sidewalls  502 ,  504  may form a sleeve or a balloon structure. 
     In some implementations, the bottom edge  510  or one or more of the side edges  506 ,  508  can comprise a fold. In other words, the first and second sidewalls  502 ,  504  may comprise a single unitary piece of material. The top edges  511  of the first and second sidewalls  502 ,  504  may define an opening  512  to an interior of the thermoplastic bag  500   a . In other words, the opening  512  may be oriented opposite the bottom edge  510  of the thermoplastic bag  500   a . Furthermore, when placed in a trash receptacle (e.g., trash can), the top edges  511  of the first and second sidewalls  502 ,  504  may be folded over the rim of the receptacle. 
     In some implementations, the thermoplastic bag  500   a  may optionally include a closure mechanism located adjacent to the top edges  511  for sealing the top of the thermoplastic bag  500   a  to form an at least substantially fully-enclosed container or vessel. As shown in  FIG.  5 A , in some implementations, the closure mechanism comprises a draw tape  516 , a first hem seal  518 , and a second hem seal  520 . In particular, the first top edge  511  of the first sidewall  502  may be folded over into the interior volume and may be attached or secured to an interior surface of the first sidewall  502  by first hem seal  518 . Similarly, the second top edge  511  of the second sidewall  504  is folded over into the interior volume and may be attached to an interior surface of the second sidewall  504  by a second hem seal  520 . The draw tape  516  extends through hem channels created by the first and second hem seals  518 ,  520  along the first and second top edges  511 . 
     The hem channel created by the first hem seal  518  includes a first aperture  524  (e.g., notch) extending through the hem channel and exposing a portion of the draw tape  516 . Similarly, the hem channel created by the second hem seal  520  includes a second aperture  522  extending through the hem channel and exposing another portion of the draw tape  516 . During use, pulling the draw tape  516  through the first and second apertures  522 ,  524  will cause the top edges  511  to constrict. As a result, pulling the draw tape  516  through the first and second apertures  522 ,  524  will cause the opening  512  of the multi-film thermoplastic bag  500   a  to at least partially close or reduce in size. The draw tape closure mechanism may be used with any of the implementations of a thermoplastic bag described herein. 
     In some implementation, each of the sidewalls  502 ,  504  of the thermoplastic bag  500   a  comprise a multi-film thermoplastic structure, such as that shown in  FIG.  4    above. Thus, each sidewall  502 ,  504  can include at least an inner layer and an outer layer. Indeed, the thermoplastic bag  500   a  can have a bag-in-bag structure. In other words, the thermoplastic bag  500   a  can include a first bag and a second bag positioned therein. More particularly, the first thermoplastic bag can comprise first and second opposing sidewalls joined together along a first side edge, an opposite second side edge, and a closed first bottom edge. The second thermoplastic bag can be positioned within the first thermoplastic bag. The second thermoplastic bag can comprise third and fourth opposing sidewalls joined together along a third side edge, an opposite fourth side edge, and a closed second bottom edge. In one or more implementations, the first thermoplastic bag (e.g., the outer layer) may be pigmented with a first color, and the second thermoplastic bag may be pigmented with a second color (e.g., the inner layer is pigmented with the second color). 
     As shown in  FIG.  5 A , the thermoplastic bag  500   a  includes a first region or grab zone  526   a , a second region  526   b , and a third region  526   c . In the implementation shown, the first region  526   a  includes a first pattern  527   a  of deformations including raised rib-like elements in a strainable network (e.g., a SELF&#39;ed pattern). The pattern  527   a  of raised rib-like elements shown in  FIG.  5 A  includes a medium pattern density and exists on the outer and inner surfaces of the first and second sidewalls  502 ,  504 . Additionally, the first region  526   a  covers a portion of the thermoplastic bag  500   a  extending from the first hem seal  518  toward the bottom edge  510  of the thermoplastic bag  500   a . Additionally, the pattern  527   a  of raised rib-like elements is registered to the same location on the second sidewall  504  of the thermoplastic bag  500   a . The third region  526   c  of the thermoplastic bag  500   a  is a flat portion of the thermoplastic bag  500   a.    
     As shown by  FIG.  5 A , the pattern  527   a  of raised rib-like elements can comprise a repeating pattern of raised rib-like elements in diamond shapes. In particular, the diamond pattern  527   a  of deformations can include a first plurality of rib-like elements arranged pattern. Portions of the raised rib-like elements of the outer layer can be in direct contact and have the appearance of the inner of the bag  500   a . The diamond pattern  527   a  of raised rib-like elements in the first region  526   a  (e.g., the grab zone) provide the first region  526   a  with a unique visual appearance that connotes strength. Additionally, as mentioned above, the raised rib-like elements in the grab zone can provide increased elasticity and strength. As such, the raised rib-like elements can provide the grab zone with both a look and feel of increased strength. 
     While  FIG.  5 A  illustrates a pattern  527   a  of raised rib-like elements in the grab zone (e.g., the first region  526   a ) comprising repeating diamond-shaped elements, other implementations can comprise differently shaped raised rib-like elements and/or patterns of raised rib-like elements. For example, the patterns of raised rib-like elements can include squares, circles, ovals, stars, hexagons, or other shapes. As such, the use of diamond-shaped patterns of raised rib-like elements is for illustrative purpose and does not limit the implementations of the present invention. 
     In any event, the raised rib-like elements in the grab zone can bond or laminate the hem skirt to the sidewalls  502 ,  504 . Bonding the hem skirt to the sidewalls  502 ,  504 , ensures that the hem skirt stays secured to the sidewalls  502 ,  504 , and thereby, provides an additional layer in the grab zone  526   a . The additional layer can help ensure that a user does not pierce, rip, or puncture the thermoplastic bag  500   a  in the grab zone when pulling, carrying, or lifting the thermoplastic bag  500   a . Additionally, the additional bonds between the respective sidewall  502 ,  504  and the hem skirt provide increased strength to the top of the bag. For example, the additional bonds created by SELFing the hem skirt to the sidewalls can reinforce the hem seals  518 ,  520 . Additional detail regarding the increased strength of the grab zone  526   a  and the rest of the top of the thermoplastic bag  500   a  provided by bonding the hem skirt to the sidewalls  502 ,  504  will be described in greater detail below. This increased strength in the grab zone  526   a  and at the top of the thermoplastic bag  500   a  is in addition to the increased elasticity associated with SELFing. 
     In one or more implementations, the second region  526   b  includes a second pattern  527   b  of deformations including raised rib-like elements in a strainable network (e.g., a SELF&#39;ed patterns). For example, as shown in  FIG.  5 A , the second region  526   b  includes a checkerboard pattern  527   b  of SELF&#39;ed squares as described in International Patent Application No. PCT/US2018/058998 filed on May 16, 2019 and entitled “THERMOPLASTIC FILMS AND BAGS WITH COMPLEX STRETCH PATTERNS AND METHODS OF MAKING THE SAME,” hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. 
     As shown by  FIG.  5 A , the checkboard pattern  527   b  of deformations can comprise a repeating pattern of raised rib-like elements. As with the pattern  527   a , the checkboard pattern  527   b  of deformations can include a first plurality of rib-like elements arranged pattern. Similarly, portions of the raised rib-like elements of the outer layer can be in direct contact and have the appearance of the inner of the bag  500   a . Both of the patterns  527   a  and  527   b  of raised rib-like elements in the first region  526   a  and the second region  526   b  provide pleasing aesthetics, and visual and tactile cues of strength and durability without substantially changing the length and/or width of the films in the first region  526   a  and the second region  526   b.    
     The thermoplastic bag  500   a , as shown, includes side seals along the side edges  506 ,  508 . As shown, the side heat seals can comprise areas in which all two or more layers of the thermoplastic bag are in intimate contact and sealed together. Heat seals differ from the bonds between the raised rib-like elements in the regions  526   a ,  526   b  in that the heat seals will not separate prior to failure of the thermoplastic films bonded by the heat seals. 
     In one or more implementations, the bonds between the different layers formed when creating the patterns of raised rib-like elements in the first region  526   a  provides supplementary strength to the hem seals in the thermoplastic bag  500   a . For example, in one implementation, the bonds at the raised rib-like elements in the first region  526   a  increase the strength of the first hem seal  518  on the first sidewall  502  and the second hem seal  520  on the second sidewall  504  by absorbing some of the force that would typically be applied to the first or second hem seals  518 ,  520 . To illustrate, conventional draw tape thermoplastic bags can experience weakness in the hem seal due to an incomplete seal or other flaw. Thus, in one or more implementations, the bonds of the raised rib-like elements in the first region  526   a  increase the strength of the potentially weak hem seals near the top of the thermoplastic bag  500   a  by providing additional force holding the layers together in the grab zone. 
       FIGS.  5 B and  5 C  illustrate cross-sectional views of one or more implementations of the thermoplastic bag  500   a  shown in  FIG.  5 A . For example, as shown in  FIG.  5 B , the thermoplastic bag  500   b  includes an outer first thermoplastic bag  532  and an inner second thermoplastic bag  534  positioned within the first thermoplastic bag  532 . The top edges of the first thermoplastic bag  532  and the second thermoplastic bag  534  are folded over the draw tape  516  to form a hem channel  536 . In one or more implementations, the draw tape  516  is movable in the hem channel  536  so as to cinch the thermoplastic bag  500   b  closed when pulled through the first and second apertures  522 ,  524  (e.g., shown in  FIG.  5 A  above). 
     As discussed above, the sidewalls of the thermoplastic bag  500   b  can include at least the first region  526   a  including SELF&#39;ing between the first thermoplastic bag  532  and the second thermoplastic bag  534 . For example, as shown in  FIG.  5 B , the first region  526   a  includes raised rib-like elements  304  between the first thermoplastic bag  532  and the second thermoplastic bag  534  where the first thermoplastic bag  532  and the second thermoplastic bag  534  have been lightly laminated via the SELF&#39;ing processes described above. 
     As further shown in  FIG.  5 B , folding over the top edges of the first and second bags  532 ,  534  creates a hem skirt  538  extending down an inner surface of the second thermoplastic bag  534 . As shown, the hem skirt  538  includes portions of the first and second bags  532 ,  534  that are the same length, or that extend the same distance from the hem channel toward the bottom of the bag  500   b . The hem skirt  538  may have a length of in a first range of about 0.1 inch (0.254 cm) to about 10 inches (25.4 cm), a second range of about 0.5 inches (1.27 cm) to about 8 inches (20.3 cm), a third range of about 1 inches (2.54 cm) to about 6 inches (15.2 cm), a fourth range of about 3 inches (7.6 cm) to about 6 inches (15.2 cm), a fifth range of about 1.25 inches (3.175 cm) to 2.5 inches (6.35 cm), or a sixth range of 2.5 inches (6.35 cm) to 3 inches (7.6 cm). In one or more implementations, the hem skirt  538  has a length of 2.5 inches (6.35 cm). In another implementation, the hem skirt  538  has a length of 1.25 inches (3.175 cm). In one implementation, the hem skirt  538  has a length of 3 inches (7.6 cm). In another implementation, the hem skirt  538  has a length that is shorter or longer than the examples listed above. 
     Although  FIG.  5 B  shows the hem skirt  538  including equal lengths of the first and second bags  532 ,  534 , in other implementations the portions of the first and second bags  532 ,  534  forming the hem skirt  538  can have different lengths. For example, the top edge of the outer first thermoplastic bag  532  can extend a greater length in the hem skirt  538  than the top edge of the inner second thermoplastic bag  534 , or vice versa. For instance, the top edge of one bag that may extend a first range of about 0.1 inch (0.254 cm) to about 10 inches (25.4 cm) beyond the top edge of the other bag. In another implementation, the top edge of one bag may extend a second range of about 0.5 inches (1.27 cm) to about 8 inches (20.3 cm) beyond the top edge of the other bag. In another implementation, the top edge of one bag may extend a third range of about 1 inches (2.54 cm) to about 6 inches (15.2 cm) beyond the top edge of the other bag. In yet another implementation, the top edge of one bag may extend a fourth range of about 3 inches (7.6 cm) to about 6 inches (15.2 cm) beyond the top edge of the other bag. 
     The grab zone or first region  526   a  may have a length (distance the grab zone extends from the hem channel  536  toward the bottom of the bag  500   b ) of about 1 inch (2.54 cm) to about 10 inches (25.4 cm), a second range of about 3 inches (7.6 cm) to about 8 inches (20.3 cm), a third range of about 4 inches (10.2 cm) to about 6 inches (15.2 cm), a fourth range of about 3 inches (7.6 cm) to about 6 inches (15.2 cm). In one implementation, the grab zone has a length of 5 inches (12.7 cm). In a further implementation, the grab zone has a length of 4 inches (10.2 cm). In another implementation, the grab zone has a length that is shorter or longer than the examples listed above. 
     Furthermore, the hem skirt  538  can have a length that is co-extensive or the same length as the grab zone  526   a . Alternatively, the hem skirt  538  has a length less than a length of the grab zone  526   a . For example,  FIG.  5 B  illustrates that the hem skirt  538  has a length approximately 66% of the length of the grab zone  526   a . In alternative implementations, the hem skirt  538  has a length approximately 10%, 20%, 25%, 33%, 50%, 75%, 80% or 90% of the length of the grab zone  526   a . In another implementation, the hem skirt  538  has a length that is relatively shorter or longer than the examples listed above compared to the grab zone  526   a . For example, in one or more implementations, the hem skirt  538  is longer than the grab zone  526   a.    
     As further shown in  FIG.  5 B , the raised rib-like elements  304  in the first region  526   a  extend through the hem skirt  538 . For example, in at least one implementation, the raised rib-like elements  304  in the first region  526   a  are formed after the top edges of the first and second bags  532 ,  534  are folded over. Thus, the process that forms the raised rib-like elements  304  (e.g., via the SELF&#39;ing rollers  202 ,  204  shown in  FIG.  2    above) also forms raised rib-like elements  304  between the first and second bags  532 ,  534  or the hem skirt  538 , and raised rib-like elements  304  between the sidewalls of the bag  500   b  and the hem skirt  538 . The raised rib-like elements  304  in the hem skirt  538  in combination with the raised rib-like elements  304  in the sidewalls of the thermoplastic bag  500   b  can create rigidity in the thermoplastic bag  500   b  in the grab zone  526   a  that is greater than the rigidity of the thermoplastic bag  500   b  in the other regions. Furthermore, the SELFing process lightly bonds the hem skirt and layers of the sidewalls together at the raised rib-like elements  304 . 
     While  FIG.  5 B  illustrates a multi-film thermoplastic bag  500   b , other implementations can include a single film thermoplastic bag. For example, as shown in  FIG.  5 C , the thermoplastic bag  500   c  includes a single thermoplastic bag  540 , with top edges folded over the draw tape  516  to form the hem channel  536 . In the embodiment illustrated in  FIG.  5 C , the hem channel  536  is secured or held in place with by the first hem seal  518  and the second hem seal  520 . 
     As further shown in  FIG.  5 C , folding over the top edge of the single film bag  540  creates the hem skirt  538  extending from the hem seals  518 ,  520  down an inner surface of the bag  540 . The hem skirt  538  may have a length of in a first range of about 0.1 inch (0.254 cm) to about 10 inches (25.4 cm), a second range of about 0.5 inches (1.27 cm) to about 8 inches (20.3 cm), a third range of about 1 inches (2.54 cm) to about 6 inches (15.2 cm), a fourth range of about 3 inches (7.6 cm) to about 6 inches (15.2 cm), a fifth range of about 1.25 inches (3.175 cm) to 2.5 inches (6.35 cm), or a sixth range of 2.5 inches (6.35 cm) to 3 inches (7.6 cm). In one or more implementations, the hem skirt  538  has a length of 2.5 inches (6.35 cm). In another implementation, the hem skirt  538  has a length of 1.25 inches (3.175 cm). In one implementation, the hem skirt  538  has a length of 3 inches (7.6 cm). In another implementation, the hem skirt  538  has a length that is shorter or longer than the examples listed above. 
     As further shown in the embodiment illustrated in  FIG.  5 C , the first region  526   a  may have a flat undeformed area  542  extending from the hem seals  518 ,  520  across the outer wall of the bag  540  and the hem skirt  538 . Additionally, the first region  526   a  includes raised rib-like elements  304  extending from the flat undeformed area  542  toward a bottom of the bag  540 . Accordingly, in at least one implementation, a manufacturing process to form the single thermoplastic bag  540  can fold over the top edge of the single film bag  540  prior to forming the raised rib-like elements  304 . The process can further include positioning the SELF&#39;ing rollers such that the raised rib-like elements  304  begin a distance from the hem seals  518 ,  520 , leaving the flat undeformed area  542  in the hem skirt  538 . 
     As mentioned above, the thermoplastic bag  500   c  of  FIG.  5 C  includes hem seals  518 ,  520 . As such, the bonds securing the hem skirt  538  to the sidewalls of the thermoplastic bag  500   c  provide supplemental strength to the hem seals  518 ,  520 . In particular, the bonds securing the hem skirt  538  to the sidewalls of the thermoplastic bag  500   c  can provide increased strength to the top of the thermoplastic bag  500   c.    
       FIG.  5 D  illustrates a perspective view of an implementation of a thermoplastic bag  500   b  (e.g., similar to the thermoplastic bag  500   a  described above). As shown in  FIG.  5 D , the thermoplastic bag  500   b  includes the first sidewall  502  and the second sidewall  504 . Each of the sidewalls  502 ,  504  include the first region  526   a , the second region  526   b , the third region  526   c , and a fourth region  526   d . The first region  526   a  and the second region  526   b  include deformations such as raised rib-like elements in a strainable network, and the third and fourth regions  526   c ,  526   d  include flat and undeformed areas. The fourth region  526   d  of flat and undeformed areas further highlights the tactile cues connoting strength included in the first region  526   a  (e.g., the grab zone) by physically and visually separating the first region  526   a  from the second region  526   b.    
     As further shown in  FIG.  5 D , the first region  526   a  extends a first distance  513  from a hem channel toward the bottom edge  510  of the thermoplastic bag  500   b . The first distance  513  of the first region  526   a  ends before the fourth region  526   d  of flat and undeformed film begins. The fourth region  526   d  then extends a second distance  514  from the first region  526   a  that ends before the second region  526   b  of deformations. In some implementations, the length of the fourth region  526   d  may be very small (e.g., 1-3 centimeters), while in other implementations, the length of the fourth region  526   d  may be the same as the length of the first region  526   a . In other implementations, the first region  526   a , the second region  526   b , the third region  526   c , and the fourth region  526   d  may have equal lengths (e.g., approximately 25% of the length of the multi-film thermoplastic bag  500   b ). In one or more implementations, the fourth region  526   d  adds to the tactile and visual cues delineating the “grab zone” near the top of the multi-film thermoplastic bag  500   b.    
     Additionally, in one or more implementations, the SELFing pattern is coextensive with the hem skirt  538 . In other words, the only portion of the first region  526   a  including SELFing is the portion with the hem skirt  538 . In alternative implementations, the SELFing pattern is coextensive with the hem skirt  538  and extends from the bottom of the hem skirt  538  a distance toward the bottom of the thermoplastic bag as shown in  FIGS.  5 B and  5 C  above. 
     In one or more implementations, one or more raised rib-like elements can be positioned in various portions of a thermoplastic bag.  FIGS.  6 A,  6 B,  6 C, and  6 D  illustrate implementations of a thermoplastic bag with various configurations of raised rib-like elements bonding hem skirts to sidewalls of the thermoplastic bags. The regions of raised rib-like elements (e.g., in various grab zone configurations) illustrated in the implementations of the thermoplastic bag shown in  FIGS.  6 A- 6 D  provide multiple advantages. For example, the regions of raised rib-like elements serve to evenly distribute pull and lift forces across the top the thermoplastic bag. Thus, the regions of raised rib-like elements reduce puncturing and tearing in association with a grab zone of the thermoplastic bag. Moreover, the regions of raised rib-like elements provide increased strength and elasticity near the hem seals of the thermoplastic bags illustrates in  FIGS.  6 A- 6 D . Additionally, the lamination of layers in the grab zone created by the SELFing can provide additional strength to the hem seal, particularly in instance where the hem seal is weak or flawed. As such, the grab zones of raised rib-like elements illustrated in  FIGS.  6 A- 6 D  provide both the look and feel of increased strength in areas of the thermoplastic bag most likely to be handled by a user. 
     For example, as shown in  FIG.  6 A , a thermoplastic bag  600   a  includes a first region  602  of raised rib-like elements extending from the hem seal  604 . The raised rib-like elements extend a first width  610  across the first region  602  that is less than a second width  606  of the thermoplastic bag  600   a . The difference between the first width  610  and the second width  606  leaves flat and undeformed areas  608   a ,  608   b  in the first region  602 . The flat and undeformed areas  608   a ,  608   b  are between the raised rib-like elements and first and second side edges  612   a ,  612   b , respectively. In alternative implementations, the raised rib-like elements can extend from one of the first or second side edges  612   a ,  612   b , such that there is only one flat and undeformed area in the first region  602 . Additionally, the first width  610  of the raised rib-like elements may be any percentage of the second width  606  of the thermoplastic bag  600   a . Accordingly, in one or more implementations, the raised rib-like elements may only extend through non-contiguous regions of an inner circumference of a hem skirt extending down an inner surface of the thermoplastic bag  600   a.    
       FIG.  6 B  shows the thermoplastic bag  600   b  with the first region  602  extending from the hem seal  604 . As shown, the raised rib-like elements in the first region  602  extend in a pattern from the hem seal such that the flat and undeformed areas  608   a ,  608   b  in the first region  602  have non-rectangular sides. In other words, the flat and undeformed areas  608   a ,  608   b  have straight edges (e.g., along the first and second side edges  612   a ,  612   b  of the thermoplastic bag  600   b ), and sloped edges (e.g., along the raised rib-like elements). In additional implementations, the raised rib-like elements can extend from the hem seal  604  in any pattern throughout the first region  602 , such that the flat and undeformed areas  608   a ,  608   b  can occupy any percentage of the first region  602 . Additionally, the raised rib-like elements can simultaneously extend from the hem seal  604  and one of the first or second side edges  612   a ,  612   b  such that there is only one flat and undeformed area in the first region  602 . 
       FIG.  6 C  shows another implementation of the thermoplastic bag  600   c  with an additional type of non-continuous lamination in a second region  614 . For example, the thermoplastic bag  600   c  includes a first region  602  including a first pattern  618  of raised rib-like elements. The thermoplastic bag  600   c  also includes a third region  616  including a second pattern  620  of contact areas (e.g., portions of a first thermoplastic film that are in intimate contact with portions of a second thermoplastic film and vice versa without any thinning or deformation of either the first or the second thermoplastic film). In the implementation shown, the first region  602  of raised rib-like elements may function as a “grab zone,” while the third region  616  of contact areas may function as reinforcement for the bottom of the thermoplastic bag  600   c.    
     The first region  602  and the third region  616  are separated by the second region  614  including a plurality of deformations (e.g., SELF&#39;ing) in a different pattern than those in the first region  602 . As shown, the second region  614  includes a pattern of elements that includes diamonds and wavy lines. Additionally, the pattern of raised rib-like elements can take up any percentage of the second region  614 . In particular, the second region  614  includes a SELF&#39;ing pattern of bulbous areas with nested diamonds. Wavy land areas separate the SELF&#39;ing patterns. In some implementations, the wavy land areas may be contact areas in addition to the contact areas in the first region  602 . In particular, the techniques described in International Patent Application No. PCT/US2018/058998 filed on May 16, 2019 and entitled “THERMOPLASTIC FILMS AND BAGS WITH COMPLEX STRETCH PATTERNS AND METHODS OF MAKING THE SAME,” hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. In other implementations, the first region  602 , the second region  614 , and the third region  616  can be in any order on the multi-film thermoplastic bag  600   c.    
     For example,  FIG.  6 D  shows the thermoplastic bag  600   d  with a third region  616  with contact areas in a second pattern  620  positioned under the grab zone rather than at the bottom of the bag as shown in  FIG.  6 C . In one or more implementations, the first pattern  618  of raised rib-like elements may serve to increase the tactile cues of strength and durability, while the second pattern  620  of contact areas may serve to increase the visual cues of strength and durability. As shown, the thermoplastic bag  600   d  in  FIG.  6 D  includes a second region  614  of deformations, as discussed above, and a fourth region  626  of flat and undeformed portions of film adjacent to the bottom of the multi-film thermoplastic bag  600   d.    
     In some implementations, the multiple areas of raised rib-like elements or contact areas can be formed into patterns including alpha-numeric characters. For example, as further shown in  FIG.  6 D , the multiple areas of contact areas formed into words (e.g., “GLAD”). In other implementations, the multiple areas of raised rib-like elements can be formed into words including brand names, claims, and instructions. 
     Although  FIGS.  5 A- 6 D  show regions of raised rib-like elements (e.g., grab zones) in various configurations, additional configurations of raised rib-like elements are possible. For example, a thermoplastic bag can include a single continuous region of raised rib-like elements (e.g., extending from the top of the thermoplastic bag to the bottom of the thermoplastic bag). In another implementation, a thermoplastic bag can include multiple strips of raised rib-like elements spaced by flat and undeformed regions. In other implementations, a thermoplastic bag can include regions and/or grab zones of raised rib-like elements in any configuration. 
     To produce a bag having one or more raised rib-like elements that bond a hem skirt to the sidewalls as described, continuous webs of thermoplastic material may be processed through a high-speed manufacturing environment such as that illustrated in  FIG.  7   . In the illustrated process  700 , production may begin by unwinding a first continuous web or film  780  of thermoplastic sheet material from a roll  704  and advancing the web along a machine direction  706 . The unwound web  780  may have a width  708  that may be perpendicular to the machine direction  706 , as measured between a first edge  710  and an opposite second edge  712 . The unwound web  780  may have an initial average thickness  760  measured between a first surface  716  and a second surface  718 . In other manufacturing environments, the web  780  may be provided in other forms or even extruded directly from a thermoplastic forming process. 
     In some implementations, as shown in  FIG.  8   , the illustrated process  700   a  involves unwinding a second continuous web or film  782  of thermoplastic sheet material from a roll  702  and advancing the web along a machine direction  706 . The second film  782  can comprise a thermoplastic material, a width, and/or a thickness that is similar or the same as the first film  780 . In alternative one or more implementations, one or more of the thermoplastic material, width, and/or thickness of the second film  782  can differ from that of the first film  780 . To provide the first and second sidewalls of the finished bag, the films  780 ,  782  may be folded into a first half  722  and an opposing second half  724  about the machine direction  706  by a folding operation  720 . When so folded, the first edge  710  may be moved adjacent to the second edge  712  of the web. Accordingly, the width of the films  780 ,  782  proceeding in the machine direction  706  after the folding operation  720  may be a width  728  that may be half the initial width  708 . As may be appreciated, the portion mid-width of the unwound films  780 ,  782  may become the outer edge of the folded films  780 ,  782 . In any event, a hem channel may be formed by folding adjacent first and second edges  710 ,  712  over (e.g., at a top edge) and a draw tape  732  may be inserted into the hem channel during a hem channel and draw tape operation  730 . In some implementations, as shown in  FIGS.  7  and  8   , the hem channel and draw tape operation  730  may fold over a length of the first and second edges  710 ,  712  such that a hem skirt is formed (e.g., indicated by the dashed line following the operation  730 ) down an inner surface of the multi-film thermoplastic bag. 
     To form one or more regions of raised rib-like elements in a multi-film thermoplastic bag, the processing equipment may include at least one set of intermeshing rollers  743   a  (e.g., SELF&#39;ing rollers) that impart a first pattern  750  of raised rib-like elements in one portion, zone, area, or section of the resulting multi-film thermoplastic bag. As discussed above, the set of intermeshing rollers  743   a  form the pattern  750  through one or more layers of the multi-film thermoplastic bag, as well as through a hem skirt extending down an inner surface of the multi-film thermoplastic bag. Referring to  FIG.  7   , the folded web  780  may also be advanced along the machine direction  706  between intermeshing rollers  743   b  (e.g., SELF&#39;ing rollers), which impart a second pattern  752  of raised rib-like elements in that bond the hem skirt to the sidewalls as described above. 
     To avert imparting a pattern (e.g., of raised rib-like elements or otherwise) onto the portion of the web that includes the draw tape  732 , the corresponding ends of the rollers  743   a ,  743   b  may be smooth and without ridges, grooves, punch elements, or die elements. Thus, the adjacent edges  710 ,  712  and the corresponding portion of the web proximate those edges that pass between the smooth ends of the rollers  743   a ,  743   b  may not be imparted with any pattern. In alternative implementations, the intermeshing rollers (if present) and the contact rollers are positioned prior to the draw tape insertion process. 
     The processing equipment may include pinch rollers  762 ,  764  to accommodate the width  758  of the web  780 . Additionally, in at least one implementation, the processing equipment spools the bag  784  and other bags produced by the processing equipment into a roll  786  for further processing, or for provision to the end user. 
     To produce the finished bag, the processing equipment may further process the folded web with at least one region of contact areas. For example, to form the parallel side edges of the finished multi-film thermoplastic bag, the web may proceed through a sealing operation  770  in which heat seals  772  may be formed between the folded edge  726  and the adjacent edges  710 ,  712 . The heat seals may fuse together the adjacent halves  722 ,  724  of the folded web. The heat seals  772  may be spaced apart along the folded web and in conjunction with the folded outer edge  726  may define individual bags. The heat seals may be made with a heating device, such as, a heated knife. A perforating operation  781  may perforate the heat seals  772  with a perforating device, such as, a perforating knife so that individual bags  792  may be separated from the web. In one or more implementations, the webs may be folded one or more times before the folded webs may be directed through the perforating operation. The web  780  embodying the bags  792  may be wound into a roll  794  for packaging and distribution. For example, the roll  794  may be placed in a box or a bag for sale to a customer. 
     In one or more implementations of the process, a cutting operation  788  may replace the perforating operation  781 . The web is directed through a cutting operation  788  which cuts the webs at location  790  into individual bags  792  prior to winding onto a roll  794  for packaging and distribution. For example, the roll  794  may be placed in a box or bag for sale to a customer. The bags may be interleaved prior to winding into the roll  794 . In one or more implementations, the web may be folded one or more times before the folded web is cut into individual bags  792 . In one or more implementations, the bags  792  may be positioned in a box or bag, and not onto the roll  794 . 
       FIG.  8    illustrates a modified high-speed manufacturing  700   a  that involves unwinding a second continuous web or film  782  of thermoplastic sheet material from a roll  702  and advancing the web along a machine direction  706 . The second film  782  can comprise a thermoplastic material, a width, and/or a thickness that is similar or the same as the first film  780 . In alternative one or more implementations, one or more of the thermoplastic material, width, and/or thickness of the second film  782  can differ from that of the first film  780 . The films  780 ,  782  can be folded together during the folding operation  720  such that they pass through the SELF&#39;ing rollers  743   c  to form regions of deformations including raised rib-like elements extending through layers of the resulting multi-filmed thermoplastic bags. 
     As shown by  FIG.  8   , the SELF&#39;ing rollers  743   c  can comprise hybrid rollers with a first portion  756  that form a first pattern of raised rib-like elements and a second portion  754  that form a second pattern of raised rib-like elements. Furthermore, the SELF&#39;ing rollers  743   c  are shown after the draw tape insertion process that also forms a hem skirt (e.g., indicated by the dashed line) by folding over a length of the first and second edges  710 ,  712 . As mentioned above, passing layers of the first film  780  and the second film  782  between the SELF&#39;ing rollers  743   c  creates patterns of raised rib-like elements in a least one region between flat portions of the films  780 ,  782  and a hem skirt extending down an inner surface of the films  780 ,  782 , where the one or more raised rib-like elements also extend from the hem channel over the hem skirt and toward bottom edges of the films  780 ,  782 . in alternative implementations the SELF&#39;ing rollers  743   c  can be positioned after the folding operation  720  or another position in the process  700   a . For example,  FIGS.  7  and  8    illustrate the rollers  743   a ,  743   b , and  743   c  being position after the folding operation  720 . In alternative implementations, the rollers  743   a ,  743   b ,  743   c  can be positioned before the folding operation  720 . When positioned after the folding operation  720 , one or more of the rollers  743   a ,  743   b ,  743   c  can create patterns of raised rib-like elements on opposing sides of the bag that are mirror images of each other. The present disclosure may be embodied in other specific forms without departing from its spirit or essential characteristics. Thus, the described implementations are to be considered in all respects only as illustrative and not restrictive. The scope of the disclosure is, therefore, indicated by the appended claims rather than by the foregoing description. All changes that come within the meaning and range of equivalency of the claims are to be embraced within their scope.