Patent Publication Number: US-2022213820-A1

Title: Deactivating rocker arm and capsules

Description:
FIELD 
     This application provides deactivating rocker arms and deactivating capsules. 
     BACKGROUND 
     It is desired to have rocker arms for cam-actuated valvetrains that can switch among functionalities. However, the desire for small size and packaging space creates challenges. Reliable actuation, connections between actuators and rocker arms, and packing for actuation are challenges. 
     SUMMARY 
     The devices, systems, and methods disclosed herein overcome the above disadvantages and improves the art by way of deactivating rocker arms, deactivation capsules, and methods for setting the lost motion length of the deactivating rocker arm. The deactivating capsules can be hydraulic capsules or electromagnetic capsules. The deactivating rocker arms can comprise the hydraulic capsules or the electromagnetic capsules, or the rocker arms can be configured for drop-in assembly of hydraulic or electromagnetic components. Light weighting, fast-acting, &amp; low actuation force benefits can be achieved. 
     In one aspect, a hydraulic capsule can comprise a hollow capsule body comprising a latch groove and a hydraulic port in fluid communication with the latch groove. The hollow capsule body can set the location of a plunger, a latch set alignable with the latch groove, and a latch-setting insert. The latch set can be configured to reciprocate in the capsule body and switch between a latched condition and an unlatched condition. The latch-setting insert can be in the hollow capsule body, the latch-setting insert positioning the latch set with respect to the latch groove. The plunger can be configured to push the latch set towards the latch-setting insert. A lost motion spring can be incorporated into the hydraulic capsule, or the lost motion spring can be installed in capsule bore where the hydraulic capsule is mounted. 
     In another aspect, an electromagnetic capsule can be formed, or an electromagnetic latch system can be mounted in a capsule mount. The electromagnetic latch can comprise a solenoid-actuated pin and an actuatable plunger selectively latched and unlatched by the solenoid-actuated pin. A lost motion spring can be incorporated into the electromagnetic capsule or alternatively can be installed in the capsule mount. The lost motion spring is biased between the plunger and a cap or the end face, as appropriate. The solenoid-actuated pin can actuate along a pin axis that is perpendicular to a lost motion axis along which the plunger actuates. 
     Either the hydraulic capsule or the electromagnetic capsule can be installed in a capsule mount in a rocker arm to form a type III cam-actuated rocker arm. Alternatively, the valve side arm of the rocker arm can be configured for drop-in assembly of hydraulic or electromagnetic components to perform the desired latching and lost-motion functionalities. 
     A rocker arm formed according to these aspects can comprise the hydraulic capsule, electromagnetic capsule, or drop-in assembled components. A cam side arm can comprise a bearing surface, a cam-side pivot extension, and a plunger seat arranged in a triangular configuration. A valve side arm can comprise a rocker shaft bore for mounting to a rocker shaft, a valve side pivot extension pivotably connected to the cam side pivot extension, and a capsule mount comprising a capsule bore for seating the hydraulic or electromagnetic capsule or for receiving the drop-in components. The capsule bore can comprise an end face and a lost motion spring can be biased between the end face and the latch-setting insert. The rocker arm can comprise an arm extension extending from the rocker shaft, the arm configured to couple to a valve arrangement. 
     The rocker arm can be configured with the capsule mount inclined over the valve side pivot extension and the rocker shaft bore so that the capsule mount is not perpendicular over the bearing surface or the rocker shaft. Alternatively, a moment of inertia can be balanced so that valve actuation is fast and forces required for valve actuation are slow. Then, the capsule mount and seated hydraulic or electromagnetic capsule comprise a moment of inertia which is set over the rocker shaft. At a place above a center point of the rocker shaft, the moment of inertia is balanced. 
     It is desired to prevent twisting of the rocker arm against the rocker shaft or against the cam. So, there can be multiple force transfer axis such that the rocker arm is stepped or bent to counteract twisting at the cam. The capsule mount can comprise a centered longitudinal lost motion axis along which the plunger set can selectively act on the latch-setting insert and latch set to collapse the lost motion spring. The cam side arm can comprise a centered longitudinal force transfer axis along which the bearing surface is configured to transfer an actuation force to the plunger seat. The centered longitudinal lost motion axis can be offset from the centered longitudinal force transfer axis so that the plunger is configured to receive the actuation force transfer offset from the plunger seat. The valve arrangement can be further offset to counteract twisting at the cam. The arm extension can be shaped so that the valve arrangement is configured to receive the actuation force from the plunger askew from the centered lost motion axis. 
     Various methods for setting the lost motion length of the hydraulic capsule can be implemented, including select-sizing of the latch-setting insert or plunger. A product by process improvement can comprise machining an end of the hollow capsule to set the location of the latch set when the latch-setting insert adjoins the hollow capsule. 
     Additional objects and advantages will be set forth in part in the description which follows, and in part will be obvious from the description, or may be learned by practice of the disclosure. The objects and advantages will also be realized and attained by means of the elements and combinations particularly pointed out in the appended claims. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         FIG. 1  is a view of a rocker arm. 
         FIG. 2  is a cross-section view of the rocker arm. 
         FIG. 3  is a view of a hydraulic capsule. 
         FIG. 4  is a view of alternative rocker arm and an alternative hydraulic capsule. 
         FIG. 5  is a view of an electromagnetic capsule in a rocker arm. 
         FIGS. 6A &amp; 6B  are views of a valve actuation assembly. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     Reference will now be made in detail to the examples which are illustrated in the accompanying drawings. Wherever possible, the same reference numbers will be used throughout the drawings to refer to the same or like parts. Directional references such as “left” and “right” are for ease of reference to the figures. 
     Turning to  FIGS. 1-4 , alternative hydraulic capsules  600 ,  701  are shown in alternative type III rocker arms  10 ,  11 . In  FIG. 1 , the capsule mount  100  for hydraulic capsule  600  is set over the rocker shaft bore  68  for the rocker shaft  60  so that a moment of inertia is over the rocker shaft during operation. Then, the weight of the hydraulic capsule  600  and capsule mount  100  does not weigh on the cam actuation  90  nor weigh on the valve assembly  910  or  920 . The placement of the capsule  600  minimizes the effect of the effective mass of the deactivation features over the valves  911 ,  912  or  921 ,  922 . 
     In  FIG. 4 , the hydraulic capsule  701  is inclined over the valve side pivot extension  56  and the rocker shaft bore  68 , placing the moment of inertia askew to the rocker shaft  68  and aligned with forces from the cam actuation  90 . 
     Impact of the moment of inertia can also be adjusted by using the pivot axis Q-Q external to the rocker shaft  68 . This minimizes the moment of inertia when the capsules  600 ,  701 ,  702  are in the unlatched condition (deactivated, dynamic cylinder deactivation, cylinder deactivation mode) and reduces the packaging for the lost motion springs  80 ,  81 ,  719 . 
       FIGS. 2 &amp; 3  show that the hydraulic capsule  600  can comprise a hollow capsule body  606  comprising a latch groove  607  and a hydraulic port  602  in fluid communication with the latch groove  607 . The hollow capsule body  606  can set the location of a plunger  200 , a latch set  640  alignable with the latch groove  607 , and a latch-setting insert  300 . 
     The latch set  640  can be configured to reciprocate in the capsule body  606  and to switch between a latched condition and an unlatched condition. Deactivation of the rocker arm  10  can be enabled by a latching mechanism, the capsule  600 , comprising two sliding bodies in the form of the latch-setting insert  300  and the plunger  200 . One sliding body is connected to the valve side arm  500  and the second sliding body is connected to the cam side arm  30 . These sliding bodies are coaxially located. While the latch set  640  is also coaxially located and translatable within the inner bore  608 , the latch set  640  comprises latch pins that are actuatable perpendicular to the relative motion of the sliding bodies. Springs can be included in the latch set  640  to push latch pins outward to the latched condition. Latch ledges  641  on the latch pins can be pressed by the springs into the latch groove  607 . In this latched condition, force from the cam actuation  90  can be passed through to the valve assembly  910 ,  920 . 
     A selection assembly method or machining method or both can be used to set the latch ledges  641  with respect to the latch groove  607 . Various methods for setting the latch of the hydraulic capsule can be implemented, including select-sizing of the latch-setting insert  300 ,  718  or plunger  200 ,  720 ,  726 . A product by process improvement can comprise machining an end of the hollow capsule body  606  to set the location of the latch set when the latch-setting insert adjoins the hollow capsule. The hollow capsule body  606  can thereby further comprise a machined end  605  for adjoining a rim on the latch-setting insert  300 . For another example, the insert end  605  can be machined, such as by grinding or cutting, to give the capsule body a custom ledge length D 1  between the top of the latch set  640  and the insert end  605 . This ledge length D 1  can be matched to a cylinder length  340  of the latch-setting insert  300 . to fix where in the latch groove  607  the latch ledge  641  abuts. Machining the capsule body  606  also impacts the lost motion set-length D 2 , which is how far the latch-setting insert  300  can press into the capsule body  606 . Seating the latch-setting insert  300  in this way sets the lost motion length for the rocker arm assembly  10 . A selection assembly method can be used alone or combined with the machining such that the size of the latch-setting insert  300  and alternatively or additionally the size of the plunger  200  is select-fit against the latch set  640  to place it in a desired location with respect to the latch groove  607 . 
     To unlatch the latch set  640 , hydraulic fluid can be pressurized to capsule hydraulic port  51  from rocker shaft  60 . Directing the hydraulic fluid to an oil groove  115  in the valve side arm  500  supplies the hydraulic fluid to the hydraulic port  602  in the capsule body  606 . The pressurized hydraulic fluid can overcome the spring force in the latch set  640  and collapse the latch ledges  641  out of engagement with the latch limit groove. When force from the cam actuation acts on the cam side arm  30 , and when that force is transferred to the plunger  200 , the latch set  640  and latch-setting insert  300  can slide in the capsule body and force the lost motion springs  80 ,  81  to collapse. A lost motion function can be achieved with no force from the cam actuation  90  reaching the valve assembly  910  or  920 . 
     In the unlatched condition, the lost motion spring biases the cam side arm  30  from the valve side arm  500 . The lost motion springs  80 ,  81  maintains dynamic control of the cam side arm  30  as it pivots about the pivot axle  42 . This enables the VVA assembly  1000  implementation discussed below whereby return springs  880  can be omitted over the resultant rocker arms  1010  &amp;  2010 . This dynamic control can be achieved in deactivation capsules  701  &amp;  702  via the corresponding lost motion springs  719 . Cam side arm  30  can pivot about pivot axle  42  in lost motion while the valve assemblies  910 ,  920  remain unactuated. The pivot axle  42  location, or location of pivot axis Q-Q, affects how much load goes on the lost motion springs  80 ,  81  during lost motion. In  FIG. 2 , we see that the pivot axis Q-Q aligns with a midline of the capsule  600  while the midline for the whole deactivation assembly, the capsule bore  110  plus capsule  600 , is over the rotation axis P-P. This is a departure from having the pivot axis Q-Q aligned vertically or horizontally with the roller bearing axis R-R. In  FIG. 1 , the rotation axis P-P, pivot axis Q-Q, and roller bearing axis R-R are not coplanar, nor vertically nor horizontally aligned with each other. If roller bearing axis R-R and rotation axis P-P were horizontally aligned, then the pivot axis Q-Q would not be coplanar. 
     The plunger  200  can press on the latch set oppositely, and the location of the latch set  640  can be set with respect to the latch groove  607 . The latch-setting insert  300  can be in the hollow capsule body  606 , the latch-setting insert  300  positioning the latch set  640  with respect to the latch groove  607 . The plunger  200  can be configured to push the latch set  640  towards the latch-setting insert  300 . 
     One or more lost motion spring  80 ,  81  can be incorporated into the hydraulic capsule, or the lost motion springs  80 ,  81  can be installed in a capsule bore  110  of the capsule mount  100  where the hydraulic capsule  600  is mounted. The one or more lost motion springs  80 ,  81  can be arranged on a retainer  400 . The retainer  400  or the springs  80 , 81  can abut an end face  111  of the capsule bore  110  (with the springs  80 ,  81  abutting a base  410  of the retainer  400  when the retainer is included). A guide can extend from the base  410  to a nose  450  that functions as a travel stop. The latch-setting insert  300  cannot travel past the nose  450 . 
     As shown, a pair of lost motion springs  80 ,  81  can function such that a first spring  81  abuts a base  310  of the latch-setting insert  300 . A spring guide  320  can comprise a step portion or other neck to set the location of the first spring  81 . A second spring  80  can abut a rim  330  of the latch-setting insert  300 . The rim  330  can adjoin a groove  114  in the capsule bore  110 . A vent  113  can be included through the capsule mount  100  so that the latch-setting insert  300  can move during lost motion without trapping air or other fluid in the capsule bore  110  and conversely no vacuum restricts the resetting of the hydraulic capsule  600 . 
     The plunger  200  can be part of a plunger set seated by the hollow capsule bore  110 . The plunger  200  can comprise a body  202  with an end surface  203  for pressing on the latch set  640 . A neck down  201  can be included for light weighting and a spherical joint  210  can couple to an e-foot (also called an elephant foot)  230 . Lubrication paths  221 ,  222 ,  223  can be included within the plunger body  202  to lubricate a ball-and-socket type joint between the spherical joint  210  and the e-foot  230 . A port through the e-foot can lubricate the interface of the e-foot with the cam side arm  30  at a recess serving as an e-foot seat, also called a plunger set seat  234 . Some rigidity is lost and flexibility is gained at the e-foot, which is beneficial at the junction of the cam side arm  30  and valve side arm  500 . The lubrication path  223  can be fed from the hydraulic port  602  through the latch set  640 . Hydraulic fluid from the hydraulic port  602  can also bleed off through pore  322  in base  310  of latch-setting insert  300 . 
     Hydraulic capsule  600  can be designed as a drop-in insert. The valve side arm  500  can be configured with a capsule mount  100  comprising a capsule bore  110  with a bore opening  112 . If the guide  410  is used, it can be dropped in the capsule bore  110  against the end face  111 . The lost motion springs  80 ,  81  can be inserted. Then, with the capsule body  606 , latch set  640 , and latch-setting insert  300  already assembled, the hydraulic capsule  600  can be inserted with an o-ring or other seal  601  for abutting the capsule bore  110 . A rim  603  on the exterior of the capsule body  606  can abut the bore opening  112 . The plunger  200  can be pre-assembled with the hydraulic capsule  600  or drop-in assembled after the plunger body  606  is placed in the capsule bore  110 . The plunger  200  can be inserted in the plunger end  604  of the capsule body  606  to reciprocate in the inner bore  608  of the capsule body  606 . 
     In the alternative hydraulic capsule  701  in the rocker arm assembly  11  of  FIG. 4 , the lost motion springs  80  are within the capsule body  710  and a cap can optionally be used to hold the lost motion springs  80  in the capsule body  710  or the lost motion springs  80  can abut an end face  121  of the capsule bore  120 . The capsule body  710  comprises an inner bore  711  with a step serving as an insert stop  712 . The latch-setting insert  718  cannot press past the insert stop  712  when acted on by the lost motion springs  719 , and the latch-setting insert  718  cannot travel more than enabled by the height of it (the rim will abut the end face  121  or cap to restrict lost motion). The latch-setting insert  718  cannot travel more than to the optional cap or end face of the capsule mount  101 . The lost motion springs push the latch-setting insert  718  towards the latch set  740  and in opposition to the plunger  720 . Alternative to a machined latch groove, a latch groove can be two-piece assembled. A latch stop  713  can be formed by a ledge or terminus on the inner bore  711  being spaced from a latch cup  715 . The latch ledge of the latch set  640  can be biased by springs for the latched condition. Hydraulic fluid to capsule hydraulic port  51  and latch port  714  through latch cup  715  can collapse the latches of the latch set  740  so that the plunger  720  in a plunger case  721  can compress the lost motion springs  719 . 
     Like hydraulic capsule  600 , when the latch set  740  is in the latched condition, valve actuation can be achieved. Force can transfer from cam actuation  90  to cam side arm  30 , through plunger set  716 , through valve side arm  501  to valve assembly  910  or  920 . But, when latch set  740  is collapsed by hydraulic pressure to capsule hydraulic port  51 , and therefore in the unlatched condition, valve deactivation can be achieved. The hydraulic capsule  701  is functioning as a deactivation cartridge that enables techniques such as cylinder deactivation (CDA). 
     A hydraulic lash adjuster can be inserted in a second capsule bore  57  on the valve end  58  of the arm extension  55 . Other variable valve actuation (VVA) techniques can be combined with the second capsule in second capsule bore  57  such as shifting from an early opening variable valve actuation technique (EEVO, EIVO) to a nominal valve opening or late valve opening (LEVO, LIVO). Closing techniques can also be shifted among, such as EEVC, EIVC, LEVC, &amp; LIVC. As a primary variable valve actuation (VVA) objective, the second capsule can provide hydraulic lash adjustment while the hydraulic and electromechanical capsules  600 ,  701 ,  702  provide the function of an active fuel management (AFM) cartridge. 
     During the unlatched condition, cam actuation presses on the cam side arm  30 , the plunger  720 , in its optional case  721 , pushes the latch set  740  into the capsule body  710  and the lost motion springs  719  are compressed. When a cam of cam actuation returns to base circle, the lost motion springs  719  push the latch set  740  back into position with the latch stop  713  and push the plunger  720  outwardly of, though still aligned with, the capsule body  710 . A latch-setting insert  718  can be seated between the lost motion springs  719  and the latch set  740 . Then, a travel stop  712  can be included in the bore  711  of the capsule body and a rim on the latch-setting insert  718  can be restricted by the travel stop  712 . The travel stop  712  then prevents overtravel of latch set  740  which prevents pushing the plunger  720  out of the capsule body  710 . 
     The plunger set  716  can be a multi-piece assembly. A push rod  70  can comprise a ball-type coupling at its ends as by having a rounded shape. The plunger  720  can comprise a socket-type coupling in push rod seat  717 . Together, the plunger set  716  comprises a ball-and-socket type coupling yielding some loss of rigidity and some increase in flexibility in the coupling of forces from the cam side arm  30  to the valve side arm  501 . 
     In another aspect, an electromagnetic capsule  702  can be formed, or an electromagnetic latch system can be mounted in capsule mount  102 . Like the hydraulic capsules  600  &amp;  701 , the electromagnetic capsule  702  can be pre-assembled and installed in the valve side arm  503 , or sets or subsets of parts of the electromagnetic capsule can be drop-in assembled to the capsule mount  102 . 
     The electromagnetic latch pin actuator  733  can comprise a solenoid-actuated pin  731  and an actuatable plunger  726  selectively latched and unlatched by the solenoid-actuated pin  731 . A lost motion spring  719  or pair of springs can be incorporated into the electromagnetic capsule  702  or alternatively can be installed in the capsule mount  102 . The lost motion spring  719  is biased between an optional spring seat  729  on plunger  726  and a cap  723  or the end face  131  of the capsule bore  130  or against a base of a spring guide  724 , as appropriate. The plunger  726  can comprise a rim for catching against a travel stop  722  in the inner bore  7211  of the capsule body  720 . 
     Several alternatives exist and can be substituted for the latch pin actuator  733  shown in  FIG. 5 . The latch pin actuator can be a bi-polar electromechanical latch or a single-pole (biased open or closed) electromechanical latch. A coil  735  on a bobbin  737  in a hub  730  can be electrified so that a current can pull the solenoid-actuated pin  731  out of the pin recess  727  to deactivate the rocker arm  12 . With the plunger  726  free to move, force from the cam actuator on the cam arm  30  causes the plunger set to move such that the plunger  726  collapses the lost motion springs  719 . The plunger can collapse so far as the lost motion travel stop  725  at the end of the spring guide  724 . The spring guide  724  can be held in place by the capsule cap  723 . When a cam of the cam actuator returns to base circle, the lost motion spring can return the plunger to abut the plunger stop  722 . Whether the solenoid-actuated pin  731  is electrified to project back into the pin recess  727  or whether the solenoid-actuated pin  731  is biased by a spring, the plunger  726  can return to the latched condition. In the latched condition, the cam actuator can transfer actuation forces to the valve assembly  910  or  920 . By incorporating a ball-and-socket type coupling between the plunger set seat  34 , the push rod  70 , and the plunger push rod seat  728 , some rigidity is lost while flexibility is gained in the transfer of force in the varied axial directions. The push rod  70  can comprise two ball-type ends and the plunger set seat  34  and plunger push rod seat  728  can comprise socket-like recesses. Alternatives such as the above e-foot can be used. Or the push rod  70  can be incorporated with the plunger  726 , or the like. 
     The solenoid-actuated pin  731  can actuate along a pin axis PA-PA that is perpendicular to a lost motion axis LM-LM along which the plunger  726  actuates. The hub  730  can be installed on the valve side arm  503  or it can be integrally formed with the valve side arm  503 , with drop-in assembly of the latch pin actuator components. Or, the hub  730  can be integrated with the capsule body  720  so that a preconfigured electromagnetic capsule comprises all necessary components but perhaps the push rod  70  when the electromagnetic capsule  702  is installed in the valve side arm  503 . 
     Either of the hydraulic capsules  600 ,  701  or the electromagnetic capsule  702  can be installed as cylinder deactivation capsules or cartridges in a capsule mount  100 ,  101 ,  102  in a rocker arm  10 ,  11 ,  12  to form a type III cam-actuated variable valve actuation assembly. One example of a type Ill cam-actuated variable valve actuation assembly  1000  is shown in  FIGS. 6A &amp; 6B . 
     A rocker arm formed according to these aspects can comprise the hydraulic capsule  600  or  701 , electromagnetic capsule  702 , or drop-in assembled components. The valve side arm  500 ,  501 ,  502  of the rocker arm  10 ,  11 ,  12  can be configured for drop-in assembly of hydraulic or electromagnetic components to perform the desired latching and lost-motion functionalities. 
     A cam side arm  30  can comprise a body  39  with several components arranged in a triangular configuration around the body  39 . A bearing surface such as a tappet or roller  20  can receive actuation forces from a cam of a cam actuation such as an overhead cam rail system (OHC). A roller axle  22  can be installed in a roller axle bore of the cam side arm  30  to mount the roller  20 . A cam-side pivot extension  36  can protrude with a pivot axle bore  38 . A plunger set seat  34  for the plunger set with push rod or plunger set with e-foot can be receded into cam side arm body  39 . 
     A valve side arm  500 ,  501 ,  502  can comprise a rocker shaft bore  68  for mounting to a rocker shaft  60 . The rocker shaft  60  can comprise hydraulic feeds  61 ,  62 , ports  63 ,  64 , and glands  65 ,  66 , as appropriate to supply hydraulic fluid to the hydraulic capsule  600 ,  701  or to supply hydraulic fluid to the second capsule in second capsule bore  57 . The rocker shaft bore  68  can be through the valve side arm body  59  with a rotation axis P-P about which the rocker arm rotates when actuated. The rocker shaft  60  can rotate within the rocker shaft bore  68  according to fluid supply commands. 
     The body  59  can comprise the capsule mounts  100 ,  101 ,  102  with their moments of inertia balanced as detailed above. A valve side pivot extension  56  can be near an underside of the body  59 , so that the pivot axle  42  connecting the cam side arm  30  to the valve side arm  500 ,  501 , or  502  is beneath the rocker shaft. The valve side pivot extension  56  can be the component of the valve side arm  500 ,  501 , or  502  nearest to the cam actuation  90  and bearing surface. A pivot axle bore  52  on the valve side arm can be pivotably connected by pivot axle  42  to the axle bore  38  on the cam side pivot extension  36 . The valve side arm  500 ,  501 ,  502  can also comprise an arm extension  55  extending from the rocker shaft bore  68 . The valve end  58  of the arm extension  55  can be configured to couple to a valve arrangement  910 ,  920  as by a second capsule in second capsule bore  57 . Such second capsule can be a hydraulic lash adjuster (HLA) or other hydraulic device. 
     As above, the capsule mount  100 ,  101 ,  102  can comprise a capsule bore  110 , 120 ,  130  for seating the hydraulic or electromagnetic capsule or for receiving the drop-in components. The capsule bore  110 ,  120 ,  130  can comprise an end face  111 ,  121 ,  131  and a lost motion spring  80 ,  81 ,  719  can be biased between the end face and the latch-setting insert  300 ,  718  or plunger  726 . The lost motion spring can be incorporated into the respective capsule, or the lost motion spring can be installed in the capsule bore where the respective capsule is mounted. 
     The rocker arm  10 ,  11 ,  12  can be configured with the capsule mount  101 ,  102 , inclined over the valve side pivot extension  56  and the rocker shaft bore  68  so that the capsule mount is not perpendicular over the bearing surface or the rocker shaft. Alternatively, a moment of inertia can be balanced so that valve actuation is fast and forces required for valve actuation are slow. Then, the capsule mount  100  and seated hydraulic or electromagnetic capsule  600 ,  701 ,  702  comprise a moment of inertia which is set over the rocker shaft bore  68 . At a place above a center point of the rocker shaft  60  or rocker shaft bore  68 , such as at rotation axis P-P, the moment of inertia is balanced. 
     It is desired to prevent twisting of the rocker arm against the rocker shaft or against the cam of the cam actuation. There can be multiple force transfer axis such that the rocker arm is stepped or bent to counteract twisting at the cam and twisting at the rocker shaft bore  68 . The capsule mount  100  can comprise a centered longitudinal lost motion axis A-A along which the plunger  200  of the plunger set can selectively act on the latch-setting insert  300 ,  718  and latch set  640 ,  740  or plunger  726  to collapse the lost motion spring  80 ,  81 ,  719 . The cam side arm  30  can comprise a centered longitudinal force transfer axis B-B along which the bearing surface is configured to transfer an actuation force to the plunger set seat  34 ,  234 . The centered longitudinal lost motion axis A-A can be offset from the centered longitudinal force transfer axis B-B so that the plunger  200 ,  726 ,  720  is configured to receive the actuation force transfer offset from the plunger set seat  34 ,  234 . The offset prevents twisting. The valve arrangement  910 ,  920  can be further offset to counteract twisting at the cam and bearing surface interface and to counteract twisting at the rocker shaft bore  68 . The arm extension  55  can be shaped so that the valve arrangement  910 ,  920  is configured to receive the actuation force from the plunger  200  askew from the centered longitudinal lost motion axis A-A, along an arm axis C-C. The pivot axis Q-Q, the roller bearing axis R-R, and rotation axis P-P can be parallel. However, the centered longitudinal lost motion axis A-A and centered longitudinal force transfer axis B-B are perpendicular to the pivot axis Q-Q, the roller bearing axis R-R, and rotation axis P-P. The centered longitudinal lost motion axis A-A is parallel to and not co-axial with centered longitudinal force transfer axis B-B. Arm axis C-C can be askew to each of the other axis P-P, Q-Q, R-R, A-A, &amp; B-B. In some alternatives, arm axis C-C can be parallel to the centered longitudinal lost motion axis A-A and the centered longitudinal force transfer axis B-B. Arm axis C-C can be, in some alternatives, co-axial with the centered longitudinal lost motion axis A-A and the centered longitudinal force transfer axis B-B. 
     The rocker arms disclosed herein can be assembled into a variable valve actuation (“VVA”) assembly  1000  such as shown in  FIGS. 6A &amp; 6B . It can be possible to mount a kit of rocker arms for individual cylinders of an engine, for sets of cylinders of the engine, or in kits configured for all cylinders of the engine. The design of the respective capsules  600 ,  701 ,  702  allows for individual rocker arm control for entering and exiting the latched and unlatched conditions (nominal operation and deactivated (CDA) operation). The size of the kit can determine the combination of VVA functions enabled. So, a kit of rocker arms for a single cylinder enables CDA mode control for that single cylinder. A kit of rocker arms for two or three cylinders enables CDA mode control for that set of cylinders. It is also possible to have individually controlled CDA or dynamic CDA by controlling each cylinder&#39;s rocker arms independent of other cylinder&#39;s rocker arms on a multi-cylinder engine. A scale-able flexibility in VVA functionality is enabled. 
     A carrier  800  is expeditious for the VVA assembly  1000 . The carrier  800  can include receptacles for oil control valves (OCVs)  860  and ports and pathways can be drilled in the carrier  800  to direct oil from the OCVs  860  to the rocker shaft  60 . The streamlined design of the hydraulic capsules  600 ,  701  enables a streamlined use of oil control valves. One oil control valve can control CDA mode for both intake and exhaust rocker arms  2010 ,  1010  in the kit selected. So, in VVA assembly  1000 , one OCV controls CDA mode for both rocker arms and the other OCV controls the brake rocker arm. 
     If a kit of three VVA assemblies  1000  were assembled, then there would be three intake rocker arms  2010 , three exhaust rocker arms  1010 , and three braking rocker arms  3000 . There could be two OCVs  860 : one OCV for deactivating all intake and exhaust rocker arms  2010  &amp;  1010  and the other OCV for switching in and out of engine braking on the three braking rocker arms  3000 . If dynamic CDA were desired for individual control of each of the three cylinders affiliated with this kit, then there could be four OCVs: one OCV per each cylinder for deactivation control and the fourth OCV for switching in and out of engine braking on the three cylinders. 
     In the example, the exhaust rocker arm  1010  and intake rocker arm  2010  comprise rocker arms  10  of the type shown in  FIG. 1 . One benefit of the rocker arms  10 ,  11 ,  12  that is readily apparent is that return springs are not needed on them. While a reaction bar  810  and return spring  880  is shown for braking rocker arm  3000 , such is not needed when using the rocker arms  10 ,  11 ,  12 . If no braking were need, then bracketing  820 , reaction bar  810  and return spring  880  could be omitted. 
     However, it is desired to have a VVA assembly  1000  where cylinder deactivation (CDA) and decompression exhaust braking (EB) can be performed, so braking rocker arm  3000  is included. A brake capsule  3058  can be installed with, for example, a castellation actuator  3059 . Numerous alternatives exist in the art for the braking rocker arm  3000 . Castellation actuator  3059  can comprise any such device owned by Applicant or equivalent thereof or alternative engine braking component. 
     A single exhaust rocker arm  1010  can be used to act on the exhaust valve assembly  910 . The exhaust valve end  1058  of the exhaust valve side arm  1500  is configured to couple to an exhaust valve bridge  913 . The exhaust valve bridge  913  can be associated with a bridge guide  914  and can be coupled to two exhaust valves. One of the exhaust valves is a braking exhaust valve  912 , the other exhaust valve  911  operates according to the lift profile transferred from cam actuation  90 . An e-foot connected to an HLA can seat on the exhaust valve bridge  913  to distribute valve actuation forces from the exhaust arm extension  1055  to both exhaust valves. 
     When engine braking is desired, the braking rocker arm  3000  can act on a guided pin passing through the exhaust valve bridge  913  and connect force to braking exhaust valve  912 . Cam actuation can comprise a dedicated cam for the braking rocker arm  3000 . The brake capsule  3058  can be selectively actuated to transfer force from the dedicated cam to the braking exhaust valve  912 . 
     A single intake rocker arm  2010  can be used to act on two intake valves  921 ,  922  of intake valve assembly  920 . An unguided valve bridge  923  can be used on the intake valve side because there are no secondary actuation arms like braking rocker arm  3000  is this example. 
     Cam actuation  90  can be mounted under carrier  800  to rotate a cam rail and thereby transfer actuation forces from respective cams to the cam side arms  1030 ,  2030 . Valve side arms  1500 ,  2500  can receive those actuation forces if the capsules within, in this instance hydraulic capsules  600 , are in the latched condition. If so the actuation forces transfer through the arm extensions  1055 ,  2055  to the valve ends  1058 ,  2058  and down to the valve assemblies  910 ,  920  as the timing on the cam actuation  90  dictates. However, if the unlatched condition is selected, then the valves  911 ,  912 ,  921 ,  922  can be deactivated for implementing a cylinder deactivation technique. 
     Other implementations will be apparent to those skilled in the art from consideration of the specification and practice of the examples disclosed herein.