Patent Publication Number: US-2013247773-A1

Title: Beverage machine having a capsule passage with a gate

Description:
FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
     The field of the invention pertains to beverage preparation machines, in particular using capsules of an ingredient of the beverage to be prepared, such as beverage preparation machines having a motorized ingredient chamber that can be opened and closed for inserting a beverage ingredient into the chamber and/or removal of a used ingredient therefrom. 
     For the purpose of the present description, a “beverage” is meant to include any human-consumable liquid substance, such as tea, coffee, hot or cold chocolate, milk, soup, baby food, etc... A “capsule” is meant to include any pre-portioned beverage ingredient, such as a flavouring ingredient, within an enclosing packaging of any material, in particular an airtight packaging, e.g. plastic, aluminium, recyclable and/or biodegradable packagings, and of any shape and structure, including soft pods or rigid cartridges containing the ingredient. 
     BACKGROUND ART 
     Certain beverage preparation machines use capsules containing ingredients to be extracted or to be dissolved and/or ingredients that are stored and dosed automatically in the machine or else are added at the time of preparation of the drink. Some beverage machines possess filling means that include a pump for liquid, usually water, which pumps the liquid from a source of water that is cold or indeed heated through heating means, e.g. a thermoblock or the like. 
     Especially in the field of coffee preparation, machines have been widely developed in which a capsule containing beverage ingredients is inserted in a brewing device. The brewing device is tightly closed about the capsule, water is injected at the first face of the capsule, the beverage is produced in the closed volume of the capsule and a brewed beverage can be drained from a second face of the capsule and collected into a receptacle such as a cup or glass. 
     Brewing devices have been developed to facilitate insertion of a “fresh” capsule and removal of the capsule upon use. 
     WO 2005/004683 and WO 2007/135136 relate to such brewing devices. The devices comprise a frame, a fixed holding part for the capsule, a movable holding part which is mounted relative to the frame in a sliding relationship, one or two knuckle joint mechanisms that provide a mechanical system which enables to close in a steady and fluid-tight manner the holding parts about the capsule while also resisting to the counter-force acting in re-opening and generated by the internal brewing pressure, and a handle for directly levering the knuckle joint mechanism. Such a device forms a simple assembly enabling insertion of the capsule by vertical fall through a passage in the frame and removal of the used capsule in the same direction as the insertion direction. The handle may serve to cover and uncover the passage for the capsule. The movable parts of the brewing device are actuated manually via the handle. The manual force required to move the movable parts varies during closure and opening of the machine and depends on the dimensional tolerances of the capsules used. 
     WO 2009/043630 discloses a beverage preparation machine including a brewing unit having a front part with a passage for inserting a capsule into the brewing unit. The front part is arranged to telescope out of the machine&#39;s housing for uncovering the passage for inserting a capsule into the brewing unit and telescopes into the brewing unit for sliding the passage under the housing and thus covering the passage by the housing. 
     From a different approach, the actuation of the movable part of the brewing device may be motorized. Such a system is for example disclosed in EP 1 767 129. In this case, the user does not have to provide any manual effort to open or close the brewing device. The brewing device has a capsule insertion passage provided with a safety door assembled to the movable part of the brewing device via a switch for detecting an undesired presence of a finger in the passage during closure and prevent injuries by squeezing. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     The invention relates to a machine for preparing and dispensing a beverage. For instance, the machine is a coffee, tea, chocolate, cacao, milk or soup preparation machine. In particular, the machine is arranged for preparing within a beverage processing module a beverage by passing hot or cold water or another liquid through a capsule containing an ingredient, such as a flavouring ingredient, of the beverage to be prepared, such as ground coffee or tea or chocolate or cacao or milk powder. 
     Such beverage preparation typically includes the mixing of a plurality of beverage ingredients, e.g. water and milk powder, and/or the infusion of a beverage ingredient, such as an infusion of ground coffee or tea with water. For instance, a predetermined amount of beverage is formed and dispensed on user-request, which corresponds to a serving. The volume of such a serving may be in the range of 25 to 200 ml, e.g. the volume for filling a cup or mug, depending on the type of beverage. Formed and dispensed beverages may be selected from ristrettos, espressos, lungos, cappuccinos, café latte, americano coffees, teas, etc.. In particular, a coffee machine may be configured for dispensing espressos, e.g. an adjustable volume of 20 to 60 ml per serving, and/or for dispensing lungos, e.g. a volume in the range of 70 to 150 ml per serving. 
     In particular, the beverage preparation machine includes:
         an ingredient processing module that comprises a first part and a second part movable relative to the first part from a position for housing therein an ingredient to a transfer position for inserting this ingredient into the processing module and/or for evacuation thereof from the processing module;   a passage for inserting this ingredient into the processing module and/or evacuating such ingredient therefrom; and   a gate driven by the movable second part and associated with the passage and movable between a position opening the passage and a position closing the passage.       

     Such gate may be used to prevent projections of hot liquid and/or vapour out of the capsule passage and/or indicate to a user when the processing module is in state for receiving the ingredient and when it is not, respectively. 
     As discussed above, the ingredient is optionally inserted into the processing module and/or evacuated therefrom within an ingredient capsule, e.g. an aluminium or plastic or paper enclosure containing the ingredient. 
     In accordance with the invention, the gate is connected to the movable second part by an intermediate mechanical conversion mechanism for converting movements of the movable second part into movements of the gate. 
     Hence, by using an intermediate conversion mechanism, the gate may be located spaced apart from the movable second part and/or have a displacement path, direction and/or extent that is different to the movement of the movable second part. Thus a greater flexibility is provided for arranging the gate and its movements relative to the position and movement of the movable second part, e.g. adapt to the particular geometry of the machine, e.g. the outermost housing and/or the configuration of the channel. 
     The freedom in shaping the machine, in particular in relation to the machine&#39;s movable second part, the gate and its displacements, the housing and the ingredient passage is correspondingly increased by using the intermediate mechanical conversion mechanism of the invention. 
     The gate may be a plate-like or grid-like element, planar or arched or the gate may be a simple stopper, e.g. one or more bars, movable to close and open the capsule passage. The gate may be slideable and/or pivotable relative to the passage. 
     The intermediate mechanical conversion mechanism may comprise a gear mechanism. For instance, the gear mechanism comprises: at least one of a friction wheel and a toothed wheel; and/or at least one of a friction rack and a toothed rack. For example, the intermediate mechanical conversion mechanism comprises a first rack fixed to the movable second part, a second rack fixed to the gate and a rotatable wheel, in particular a wheel pivotally mounted to a machine structure such as a frame or a housing, transmitting movements between the second part and the gate. The intermediate mechanical conversion mechanism can comprise at least one belt. 
     The intermediate mechanical conversion mechanism may be arranged to convert a displacement of the movable second part in one direction into a displacement of the gate in a diverging direction, in particular in a generally opposite direction. Such an arrangement may be obtained by a simple friction and/or toothed wheel and/or a belt that invert or diverge the movement of the gate relative to the movement of the movable second part. 
     The intermediate mechanical conversion mechanism can be arranged to convert a displacement of the movable second part in one direction into a displacement of the gate in a generally similar direction. This may be achieved by using a belt and/or a couple of toothed/friction serial wheels to transmit movements between toothed/friction racks. 
     The racks may be straight and/or arched for a transmission of a straight and/or pivoting movement. 
     The intermediate mechanical conversion mechanism may be used to space the gate apart from the movable second part, and/or to increase the extent of a movement of the gate relative to the movement of the movable second part or vice versa. 
     Further transmission means, e.g. gear element(s), may be used for multiplication or de-multiplication of the movement of the gate relative to the movement of the movable second part. 
     The machine may include an outermost housing. In this case, the ingredient passage can extend from the outermost housing to the ingredient processing module. Optionally, the gate is movable along the housing generally parallel thereto. Namely, the housing and the gate may have generally parallel faces and the gate is moved in a direction parallel to these faces. 
     The movable part can be actuated by a motor, in particular controlled by a control unit linked to a user-interface. The machine may comprise a handle for manually actuating the movable part. 
     The ingredient passage can be generally upright so that the ingredient, optionally contained within a capsule, is movable in the passage under the effect of gravity. 
     The passage may comprise an insertion portion guiding the ingredient into the processing module and an evacuation portion guiding the ingredient from the processing module. The gate may be associated with the insertion portion or with the evacuation portion. The machine may include two such gates, namely an insertion gate for a insertion portion and an evacuation gate for an evacuation portion. The gates may be mutually coordinated or may be associated with the insertion of a capsule on the one hand and the evacuation of a capsule on the other hand. In each case, the gates are driven by the motion of the movable second part during capsule insertion and capsule evacuation. 
     The gate can be driven in a generally horizontal direction, the movable part being optionally movable in a horizontal direction as well. 
     The gate may be configured to support in the closed position the ingredient and to free the ingredient into or out of the passage when moved into the open position. For instance, the gate in the closed position has a shape adapted to hold the ingredient or delimits together with an adjacent machine part, e.g. housing part, such a shape. This shape may for instance generally match part of a capsule or the shape may generally be adapted to hold a capsule containing such an ingredient. 
     Typically, the beverage preparation machine comprises a stationary structure, such as a housing and/or a frame. The structure may be arranged to rest on a support surface such as a table. The second part can be made movable relative to the first part and relative to the stationary structure. The first part may be stationary relative to the structure or movable thereto. 
     The second part can be arranged to move in a direction, in particular an arched and/or linear direction. Typically, the first and second parts in their processing position delimit a cavity for housing the beverage ingredient, such as tea or coffee or chocolate or powder milk. The ingredient processing module may include an upstream fluid circuit for delivering a carrier liquid, such as water, into the cavity and a downstream fluid circuit having a beverage outlet for delivering from the cavity the beverage formed by the carrier liquid flavoured by the beverage (flavouring) ingredient, the ingredient being in particular inserted into the cavity within a capsule. 
     The ingredient processing module can be configured to circulate automatically such a carrier liquid into the cavity containing the ingredient when the first and second parts reach the processing position, e.g. the position for housing the ingredient in the processing module. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       The invention will now be described with reference to the schematic drawings, wherein: 
         FIGS. 1 to 3  show part of a machine according to invention having an ingredient processing module, an ingredient passage, a gate and an intermediate mechanical conversion mechanism in three different positions; 
         FIGS. 4 and 5  show a larger part of this beverage machine including the ingredient processing module, a motor, a control unit and a user-interface; and 
         FIGS. 4   a  and  5   a  illustrate the motorization of a movable part of the processing module shown in  FIGS. 1 to 4  and  5 . 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
       FIGS. 1 to 5   a  illustrate an exemplary embodiment of a beverage preparation machine  1  in accordance with the invention. 
     Machine  1  has an ingredient processing module  10  that comprises a first part  20  and a second part  30  movable relative to first part  20  from a position ( FIGS. 1 ,  5 ,  5   a ) for housing and processing therein an ingredient  2  for forming a beverage to a transfer position ( FIGS. 3 ,  4 ,  4   a ) for inserting such ingredient  2  into processing module  10  and/or for evacuation thereof from module  10 . An intermediate position between the processing position and the transfer position is illustrated in  FIG. 2 . Such ingredient is typically a flavouring ingredient pre-portioned in a capsule  2 . 
     For example, first part  20  can be more or less fixed in a structure  100 , e.g. frame or housing, of machine  1  and second part  30  may be driven to and away from first part  20  between the transfer and the processing positions. In particular, second part  30  can be movable and has an opening  30 ′, as indicated in  FIG. 4   a , that may slide back and forth over first part  20 . Lateral support elements  33  are provided for guiding second part  30  in slots  101  of structure  100 . First part  20  defines a chamber  21  and second part  30  has a member  31 , e.g. generally shaped as a plate. Chamber  21  and member  31  are spaced apart in  FIGS. 3 ,  4  and  4   a  for receiving and/or evacuating an ingredient  2  therebetween. Chamber  21  and member  31  are brought together in  FIGS. 1 ,  5  and  5   a  for delimiting an inner ingredient processing cavity for holding and housing the ingredient, such as tea or coffee or chocolate or powder milk. As mentioned above, the ingredient may be inserted pre-portioned within a capsule  2  into this cavity. 
     Typically, first and second parts  20 , 30  in their processing position can be arranged for mixing liquid, such as an incoming flow of hot water, with a flavouring ingredient, e.g. coffee or tea, to form a flavoured beverage. The flavouring ingredient may in particular be supplied as a solid, e.g. ground coffee, tea leaves, powder milk, etc. 
     In a particular embodiment, first and second parts  20 , 30  form a brewing unit, e.g. of a tea or coffee machine. The flavouring ingredient may be supplied within capsule  2  into the brewing unit. The interaction between the brewing unit and the flavouring ingredient, when provided within a capsule, may be of the type disclosed in EP 1 859 714 or in EP 2 205 133. 
     Parts  20 , 30  in their processing position may be arranged for holding a pre-portioned flavouring ingredient supplied within capsule  2  while liquid is circulated therethrough to form a beverage. Such a flavouring capsule  2  may have a cup-shaped body  2 ′ with a rim  2 ″ for fixing a lid  2 ′″ thereon, as illustrated in  FIG. 3 . Body  2 ′ has a cavity configured for containing a pre-portioned amount of flavouring ingredient, e.g. from 3 to 12 g ground coffee. 
     When closed capsules  2  of flavouring ingredients are used, first and second parts  20 , 30  may include a capsule opener such as blades and/or a tearing tool, e.g. a plate with a tearing profile, for instance as known form Nespresso™ machines. 
     In particular, processing module  10  includes an upstream fluid arrangement, e.g. incorporating a liquid driver, such as a pump, and a thermal conditioner, such as a heater, for circulating thermally conditioned liquid, such as water, from a source, e.g. a liquid reservoir, into the ingredient processing cavity. Examples of upstream fluid arrangements are disclosed in WO 2009/074550 and in WO 2009/130099. 
     Moreover, processing module  10  comprises a downstream fluid arrangement with an outlet member  40  for dispensing to an area for dispensing beverage to a user, e.g. an area for placing a user-cup or a user-mug, the beverage formed in the cavity containing the ingredient mixed with the circulating liquid. The dispensing area may be delimited at the bottom by a support surface for holding a user cup or mug. Such support surfaces are well known in the art, e.g. as disclosed in EP 1 867 260 and WO 2009/074557. 
     Outlet member  40  is in fluid communication with the ingredient processing cavity, downstream thereof, via liquid guide member  32 . Guide member  32  can be fixed to movable part  30 . 
     Machine  1  may have a collector receptacle (not shown) for collecting used ingredients, such as tea leaves or ground coffee, e.g. within used capsules, and waste liquid. The collector receptacle, e.g. waste collector, may be located in a lower part  102  of structure  100  of machine  1  and have an upper compartment for solids and a lower compartment for liquids. Collector receptacle may be insertable, e.g. slidable, into a cavity formed in the machine and removable therefrom for servicing, e.g. emptying the solids and/or liquids contained therein. For example, the storage capacity of the collector receptacle for accumulating used ingredient may be aligned to the storage capacity of reservoir for the supply of liquid such as water, e.g. as taught in PCT/EP10/056194. 
     Furthermore, processing module  10  can include a drop evacuation member  41  (in dotted lines in  FIG. 4 ) for collecting residual drops in the downstream fluid arrangement when the machine is not expected to dispense a beverage; typically when processing module  10  is in the transfer position as illustrated in  FIG. 4 . Evacuation member  41  is configured to be in fluid configuration with liquid guide member  32  and arranged to evacuated liquid therefrom into a service unit located inside machine  1  generally underneath processing module  10 . For example, the service unit is of the type of the above discussed collector receptacle. 
     The collector receptacle can be positioned underneath parts  20 , 30  to collect upon beverage preparation the used flavouring ingredient, e.g. ground coffee or tea, evacuated to the receptacle via an ingredient evacuation passage  96 , e.g. by gravity. The receptacle typically has an anti-clogging arrangement, as for example taught in WO 2009/074559 and in WO 2009/135869, which are hereby incorporated by way of reference. 
     Ingredient processing module  10  can be configured to circulate automatically the liquid into the cavity containing the ingredient, optionally within a capsule, when first and second parts  20 , 30  reach the processing position for housing the ingredient. An automatic ingredient recognition system may be used to parameterize the processing of the ingredient automatically. 
     Beverage machine  1  typically includes one or more of the following components:
         a) Processing module  10 , e.g. a fluid circuit including a brewing unit, delimiting in the processing position an inner flavouring chamber for receiving and housing an ingredient of the beverage such as a flavouring ingredient, in particular a pre-portioned ingredient supplied within capsule  2 , and for guiding via an inlet an incoming flow of liquid for flavouring thereof, such as water, through this ingredient to a beverage outlet;   b) an in-line heater for heating this flow of liquid to be supplied to ingredient  2 ;   c) a pump for pumping liquid through the in-line heater;   d) one or more fluid connecting members for guiding liquid from a source of liquid, such as tank of liquid;   e) an electric control unit  60 , in particular comprising a printed circuit board (PCB), for receiving instructions from a user via an input user-interface and for controlling the in-line heater and the pump; and/or   f) one or more sensors for sensing at least one characteristic selected from characteristics of processing module  10 , the in-line heater, the pump, the liquid tank, an ingredient collector, a flow of the liquid (e.g. by a flowmeter), a pressure of the liquid and a temperature of the liquid, and for communicating such characteristic(s) to control unit  60 .       

     The heater may be a thermoblock or an on demand heater (ODH), for instance an ODH type disclosed in EP 1 253 844, EP 1 380 243 and EP 1 809 151. Examples of suitable brewing units and capsule management are for example disclosed in WO 2005/004683, W02007/135136 and WO 2009/043630, which are hereby incorporated by way of reference. Suitable fluid circuits of beverage preparation modules are for instance disclosed in WO 2009/074550 and WO 2009/130099, which are hereby incorporated by way of reference. 
     Furthermore, in this particular embodiment of the invention, machine  1  includes a motor means  50  for relatively moving first and second parts  20 , 30  from the processing position for housing ingredient  2  ( FIGS. 1 ,  5  and  5   a ) to the transfer position  FIGS. 3 ,  4  and  4   a ) and/or vice versa. Motor means  50  comprises an electric motor  51  and a mechanical converter  52  for converting movements from motor  51  into relative movements between first and second parts  20 , 30 . 
       FIGS. 4   a  and  5   a  illustrate motor  51  and converter  52  driving downstream part  30  from the transfer position ( FIG. 4   a ) to the processing position ( FIG. 5   a ). 
     In particular, mechanical converter  52  may include a gear, e.g. toothed gear, and/or cam arrangement. For instance, converter  52  includes a toothed wheel  521  that engages with a worm gear  511  formed on the rotating drive axis of motor  51 . Toothed wheel  521  is fixed via rod  522  to a pair of transmission toothed wheels  523 . Latter wheels  523  engage with corresponding toothed wheels  524 , e.g. wheel sectors, that bear each a cam-follower  525  for cooperation with a cam  35  of movable second part  30  of processing module  10 . Wheels  524  are pivotally mounted via a pivoting axis  526  on a frame or housing or another part of machine  1 , such as onto part  20  of processing module  10 . Likewise, rod  522  may be pivotally mounted on such a frame or housing  100  or another part of machine  10 , e.g. part  20 . 
     Furthermore, machine  1  has a control unit  60  (illustrated in  FIG. 4 ) for controlling motor means  50  to relatively move first and second parts  20 , 30 . Typically, control unit  60 , e.g. a printed circuit board (PCB) with a controller or processor and memory device etc., is electrically connected to a triac or another electrically controlled switch  61  for controlling the electric powering of motor  51  via an appropriate electric connection  62 . 
     Machine  1  also includes a user-interface  70  connected to control unit  60 , e.g. via an appropriate electric connection  63 . User-interface  70  is arranged for sensing a user-request to relatively move first and second parts  20 , 30  by motor means  50  controlled by control unit  60 . For instance, user-interface is a touch-sensitive interface, e.g. a push button or a capacitive button or a piezoelectric button. 
     In the particular example illustrated in the appended Figures, first and second parts  20 , 30  are relatively movable by motor means  50  in a linear direction, namely in a straight direction. Alternatively, the first and second parts can be relatively movable by the motor means in an arched direction, or in an arched and linear direction, e.g. sequentially arched and then linear and/or vice versa. 
     Typically, machine  1  has a stationary structure  100 , such as a housing and/or a frame, the second part  30  being movable by motor means  50  relative to the first part and relative to the stationary structure. The first part may include a fixed structure  25 , in particular including a hydraulic cylinder, and a secondary structure  26 , such as a hydraulic piston member including an ingredient or capsule cage. Secondary structure  26  may be slightly movable relative to fixed structure  25 , for example to adjust the closing distance between first and second relatively movable parts  20 , 30 , e.g. to ensure proper handling of ingredient/capsule  2  inserted therebetween. Examples of such hydraulic positioning are for instance disclosed in EP 2 142 054. 
     The exemplary embodiment of machine  1  according to the invention will now be discussed in greater details in relation to ingredient passage  95 , 96 , ingredient gate  90  and an intermediate mechanical conversion mechanism  37 , 91 , 92 . 
     The ingredient passage has an insertion portion  95  for inserting ingredient  2  into the processing module  10  and an evacuation portion  96  for evacuating ingredient  2  therefrom. 
     Ingredient gate  90  is associated with ingredient passage  95 , 96  and is driven by movable second part  30  between a position ( FIGS. 3 ,  4  and  4   a ) opening and a position ( FIGS. 1 ,  5  and  5   a ) closing passage  95 , 96 . 
     In accordance with the invention, gate  90  is connected to movable second part  30  by intermediate mechanical conversion mechanism  37 , 91 , 92  for converting movements of movable second part  30  into movements of gate  90 . 
     The intermediate mechanical conversion mechanism may comprises a gear mechanism  37 , 91 , 92 . Such conversion mechanism may comprise: at least one of a friction wheel and a toothed wheel  92 ; and/or at least one of a friction rack and a toothed rack  37 , 91 . For instance, intermediate mechanical conversion mechanism comprises a first rack  37  fixed to movable second part  30 , a second rack  91  fixed to gate  90  and a wheel  92  driven in rotation by the movement of first rack  37  so as to drive second rack  91 . In particular, wheel  92  is pivotally mounted to a machine structure such as a frame or a housing  100  or a part fixed thereto e.g. first part  20 , so as to transmit movements of second part  30  to gate  90 . 
     In a different embodiment, intermediate mechanical conversion mechanism may comprise at least one belt as such or in combination with a gear mechanism, e.g. of the above type. 
     Intermediate mechanical conversion mechanism  37 , 91 , 92  is arranged to convert a displacement of the movable second part  30  in one direction  35 , 36  into a displacement of the gate in a diverging direction, in particular in a generally opposite direction  35 ′, 36 ′, as illustrated in  FIGS. 2 ,  4  and  5 . In another embodiment (not shown), the intermediate mechanical conversion mechanism can be arranged to convert a displacement of the movable second part in one direction into a displacement of the gate in a generally similar direction. 
     Hence, machine  1  may include an outermost housing  100 . Ingredient passage  95 , 96  can extend from outermost housing  100  to ingredient processing module  10 , the gate  90  being movable along a portion of housing  100  generally parallel thereto, as illustrated in  FIGS. 1 to 4  and  5 . 
     As mentioned above, movable second part  30  is actuated by motor  51  and thus gate  90  is, via part  30 , also (indirectly) actuated by motor  51 . In a different embodiment, the second part can be manually actuated, e.g. via a handle, and thus gate is also actuated manually. An example of suitable manual actuation of the second movable part is disclosed in WO 2005/004683, the content of which is hereby incorporated by way of reference. 
     Passage  95 , 96  is generally upright so that ingredient  2  is movable in the passage under the effect of gravity. Passage  95 , 96  extends inbetween parts  20 , 30  in the open position, as illustrated in  FIGS. 3 and 4 . As mentioned above, the passage comprises an insertion portion  95  guiding ingredient  2  from housing  100  into processing module  10  and an evacuation portion  96  guiding ingredient  2  from processing module to a used ingredient collector located in an area  102  underneath module  10 . 
     Gate  90 , e.g. a generally plate-like member, can be drivable in a generally horizontal direction, movable part  30  being optionally movable in a horizontal direction. Alternatively, the gate can be made pivotable optionally in combination with a linearly movable second part, or vice versa. In the latter case, a linear movement is converted into a rotational movement, or vice versa, by the intermediate mechanical conversion mechanism, e.g. by means of a wheel and a cooperating rack only. 
     Gate  90  may be configured to support in the closed position ( FIGS. 1 and 5 ) ingredient  2 , especially contained within a capsule, and to free ingredient  2  into or out of the passage  95 , 96  when gate  90  is moved into the open position ( FIGS. 3 and 4 ).