Patent Publication Number: US-8529311-B2

Title: Magnetic and electronic toy construction systems and elements

Description:
This application is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 13/095,203 (U.S. Publication No. 2011/0201247) and Ser. No. 13/095,254 (U.S. Publication No. 2011/0263178), both filed Apr. 27, 2011, which are a division and continuation, respectively, of U.S. application Ser. No. 12/169,159, filed Jul. 8, 2008, now U.S. Pat. No. 7,955,155, which claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. Nos. 60/948,631, filed Jul. 9, 2007; 60/951,071 filed Jul. 20, 2007; 60/979,290, filed Oct. 11, 2007; and 61/029,241, filed Feb. 15, 2008, all of which are herein incorporated by reference in their entirety. 
    
    
     BACKGROUND 
     1. Field of the Invention 
     The present invention relates generally to magnetic construction kits and more particularly to magnetic construction elements that facilitate the convenient, rapid construction of stable, electrically conductive, large-scale constructions. 
     2. Background of the Invention 
     A major challenge in working with magnetic construction toy assemblies is the ability to build large, complex structures that maintain sufficient stability. Typically, magnetic construction sets include a variety of magnetic and ferromagnetic elements to enable users to design and build different structures. Basic sets include (1) rods having magnets at both ends, and (2) ferromagnetic balls or spheres to join the rods at different angles and without being restricted by the polarity of the magnets. More advanced sets also include panels that attach to the magnetic rods and ferromagnetic balls, either mechanically or with additional magnets disposed in the panels. These panels can be, for example, triangular, square, or rectangular in shape, and can add stability and an appealing appearance to constructions by closing the openings between the rods and spheres. 
     Although providing a variety of construction elements allows a user flexibility in building core components of a large structure, the many small parts can be difficult to handle and very time-consuming to construct. Thus, for example, in building a model of a skyscraper, a user may have to repetitively assemble many cubic, tetrahedron, or pyramidal sub-assemblies to join together and serve as the foundation of the structure. Each sub-assembly may require the manipulation and attachment of many elements. For example, one cube may require twelve magnetic rods, eight ferromagnetic balls, and six panels. Repetitive construction of common sub-assemblies (such as the tetrahedron, pyramid, or cube) can be monotonous for a person trying to build a stable large-scale structure. Moreover, the use of non-magnetic support panels complicates construction of the subassemblies because of the need to insert the panels into partially built sub-assemblies. 
     Also, larger scale rod components are seen to be advantageous because they allow assembly of larger constructions. However, known magnetic element construction kits typically require use of standard length rods. Thus, it is difficult to use rods of one scale together with rods of another scale. 
     Therefore, there remains a need for magnetic construction elements that can be assembled together conveniently and rapidly, and integrated with other construction elements and sub-assemblies to build stable, large-scale constructions. There also remains a need for such constructions to be visually interesting, engaging, and aesthetically appealing. 
     SUMMARY 
     Embodiments of the present invention provide magnetic construction elements that facilitate the convenient and rapid construction of stable, large-scale constructions. 
     One embodiment of the present invention provides an integral panel element that includes a panel portion and a plurality of magnet enclosing portions, each containing a magnet. Each of the magnets has a dipole axis (north pole to south pole axis). The panel portion of the panel element extends generally in an x-y plane and supports the magnets in a fixed relationship relative to one another. Preferably the magnets are supported by the panel portion such that the dipole axes of the plurality of magnets are coplanar and not aligned such that the dipole axis of each magnet intersects with the dipole axis of an adjacent magnet. The magnets are arranged such that the segments of the respective dipole axes between points of intersection with the axes of adjacent magnets define a simple polygonal geometric shape, such as an equilateral triangle, square, rhombus, regular pentagon, regular hexagon, and so on. 
     Importantly, only one edge magnet is provided in the panel element for each side of the polygonal shape defined by the geometric figure. Thus, for example, in a “triangular” panel element where the points of intersection with the axes of adjacent magnets define an equilateral triangle, the panel element includes only three magnets along the edges of the element (additional magnets could optionally be provided within the panel element). By virtue of this arrangement, the panel elements are adapted to interconnect or nest with one or more identical panel elements so that the axis of at least one magnet of the panel element is collinear with the axis of at least one magnet of the other panel element. When used in conjunction with a kit that includes spherical ferromagnetic balls, the nested panel element arrangement results in an extremely stable construction formed only with balls and panel elements, without the use of separate small magnetic rod pieces. 
     Various configurations of panel elements are possible. Though the panel portion may or may not be strictly polygonal, the panel element will have a generally polygonal construction corresponding to the number of magnets supported along its edge. Thus, the panel element can be shaped, for example, as a triangle (three edge magnets), square (four edge magnets), diamond or rhombus (four edge magnets), pentagon (five edge magnets), or hexagon (six edge magnets). The magnets preferably protrude from the edges of the panel portion and each magnet can be positioned with its dipole (north to south pole) axis generally parallel to the edge. A face of the magnet can be positioned adjacent to a corner of the panel shape. The alignment of the magnets with the edges of the panel portion can be modified so long as the relationship of the dipole axes is maintained and the configuration allows nesting with identical panel elements. In this regard, it is important that the magnet enclosing portion occupy no more than half (preferably, somewhat less) of the edge of the panel element. In this manner, two similarly sized and shaped panel elements can be nested together and joined to common ferromagnetic balls. The nested arrangement can also provide a hinge between two panels such that each panel can rotate with respect to the coaxial magnetic axes of two respective nested magnet enclosing portions. In addition, panels can include conductors attached to the magnets that extend along the edge of the panel, so that when two panels are nested, the conductors contact each other and form a continuous magnetic and/or electrical path between the magnets of the two panels. 
     Another embodiment of the present invention provides an improved larger scale rod assembly that is adapted for use with smaller scale magnetic construction kits. The improved rod assembly of the present invention comprises a “ball portion” and a plurality of rod portions, which are all integrally joined to each other so that the alignment of the rod portions and ball portion is fixed. For example, one implementation of a rod and ball element includes a ball integrally joined to two rods in between the two rods, with magnets disposed at the ends of the rods opposite the ball. The rods can be positioned collinearly and permanently affixed to the ball, to provide a basic long rod element. By dimensioning each rod portion to be the same length as a rod element and using a ball portion having the same dimension of the ferromagnetic balls in a smaller scale magnetic construction kit, the improved rod construction can be used in conjunction with components of the smaller scale kit, thus increasing play value. 
     Another embodiment of the present invention provides an element having an “H” shape. This H-shaped element can include two magnetic rod portions integrally joined by a center strut so that the alignment of the rod portions and the center strut relative to one another is fixed. The rod portions each have two ends with magnets at each end. Preferably, the rod portions and strut are coplanar and the north to south pole (dipole) axes of the magnets are generally perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the strut. The H-shaped element can attach to four ferromagnetic balls to provide a stable foundation on which to build further elements, for example, building a pyramid having a square base. 
     Further embodiments of the present invention provide alternatively configured magnetic construction elements that add stability and aesthetically-pleasing appearances to large-scale magnetic constructions. 
     Further embodiments of the present invention provide electrically conducting magnetic construction elements and illuminated elements. 
     Further embodiments of the present invention provide mechanical movement, for example, hinges and wheels. 
     Further embodiments of the present invention provide a construction support on which construction assemblies can be built and can spin. 
     Further embodiments of the present invention provide a non-planar magnetic construction element that allows user to build onto constructions that appear closed. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         FIGS. 1A and 1B  are schematic diagrams illustrating a plan view and a perspective view, respectively, of a triangular panel element according to an embodiment of the present invention. 
         FIG. 1C  is a schematic diagram of a nested assembly of the triangular panel element of  FIGS. 1A and 1B , according to an embodiment of the present invention. 
         FIGS. 2A and 2B  are schematic diagrams illustrating a perspective view and a plan view, respectively, of another triangular panel element according to an alternative embodiment of the present invention. 
         FIG. 2C  is a schematic diagram of a nested assembly of the triangular panel element of  FIGS. 2A and 2B , according to an embodiment of the present invention. 
         FIG. 2D  is a schematic diagram illustrating the nested assembly and hinge movement of the triangular panel element of  FIGS. 2A and 2B , according to an embodiment of the present invention. 
         FIG. 2E  is a schematic diagram illustrating a bottom plan view of a skeletal triangular panel element, according to an alternative embodiment of the present invention. 
         FIG. 2F  is a schematic diagram illustrating a top plan view of the skeletal triangular panel element of  FIG. 2E . 
         FIG. 2G  is a schematic diagram illustrating a bottom perspective view of the skeletal triangular panel element of  FIG. 2E . 
         FIG. 2H  is a schematic diagram illustrating a side view of the skeletal triangular panel element of  FIG. 2E , facing in a direction perpendicular to the axis of a magnet of the element. 
         FIG. 2I  is a schematic diagram illustrating another side view of the skeletal triangular panel element of  FIG. 2E , facing in a direction coaxial with an axis of a magnet of the element. 
         FIG. 3A  is a schematic diagram illustrating a plan view of another exemplary triangular panel element, according to an alternative embodiment of the present invention. 
         FIGS. 3B ,  3 C, and  3 D are schematic diagrams illustrating a diamond (rhombus) panel element, a pentagonal panel element, and a square panel element, respectively, according to alternative embodiments of the present invention. 
         FIG. 3E  is a schematic diagram illustrating a top plan view of a skeletal square panel element, according to an alternative embodiment of the present invention. 
         FIG. 3F  is a schematic diagram illustrating a bottom plan view of the skeletal square panel element of  FIG. 3E . 
         FIG. 3G  is a schematic diagram illustrating a top perspective view of the skeletal square panel element of  FIG. 3E . 
         FIG. 3H  is a schematic diagram illustrating a bottom perspective view of the skeletal square panel element of  FIG. 3E . 
         FIG. 3I  is a schematic diagram illustrating a side view of the skeletal square panel element of  FIG. 3E , facing in a direction coaxial with the axes of two magnets of the element and perpendicular to the axes of the other two magnets. 
         FIG. 3J  is a schematic diagram illustrating two nest square panel elements, according to an embodiment of the present invention. 
         FIG. 3K  is a schematic diagram illustrating two nest square panel elements with ferromagnetic spheres, according to an embodiment of the present invention. 
         FIG. 3L  is a schematic diagram illustrating a plan view of a hinge-like construction that includes two triangular panels and two spheres, according to an embodiment of the present invention. 
         FIG. 3M  is a schematic diagram illustrating a plan view of a hinge-like construction that includes two square panels and two spheres, according to an embodiment of the present invention. 
         FIG. 3N  is a schematic diagram illustrating a plan view of a hinge-like construction that includes a triangular panel and a square panel and two spheres, according to an embodiment of the present invention. 
         FIGS. 4A-5K  are schematic diagrams illustrating integrally formed large-scale rods, according to an embodiment of the present invention. 
         FIG. 5L  is a schematic diagram illustrating long triple bars, each with three rods and two intermediate metal balls, disposed on top of a tram, with seats in the tram spaced to cooperate with the spaced apart balls of the long triple bars, according to an embodiment of the present invention. 
         FIG. 6  is a schematic diagram of an exemplary construction using integrally formed large-scale rods of  FIG. 4B  and triangular panel elements of  FIGS. 1A and 1B , according to an embodiment of the present invention. 
         FIGS. 7A-8  are schematic diagrams of H-shaped elements, according to embodiments of the present invention. 
         FIGS. 9A and 9B  are schematic diagrams of X-shaped elements, according to embodiments of the present invention. 
         FIG. 10  is a schematic diagram of a chain element, according to an embodiment of the present invention. 
         FIG. 11A  is a schematic diagram of a spring rod element, according to an embodiment of the present invention. 
         FIG. 11B  is a schematic diagram of a rod element having an internal spring, according to an embodiment of the present invention. 
         FIG. 12  is a schematic diagram of a square link element, according to an embodiment of the present invention. 
         FIG. 13  is a schematic diagram of a triangle rod, according to an embodiment of the present invention. 
         FIGS. 14A-14G  are schematic diagrams illustrating integrated ball and panel elements, according to an embodiment of the present invention. 
         FIG. 15  is a schematic diagram of a dual square link element with connecting strut, according to an embodiment of the present invention. 
         FIG. 16  is a schematic diagram of a circle connector element, according to an embodiment of the present invention. 
         FIG. 17  is a schematic diagram of a curved panel element, according to an embodiment of the present invention. 
         FIG. 18  is a schematic diagram of a hollow ferromagnetic ball, according to an embodiment of the present invention. 
         FIGS. 19A-19C  are schematic diagrams of construction elements having means for attaching additional parts in a direction generally perpendicular to the plane in which magnets of the element couple with other construction elements, according to an embodiment of the present invention. 
         FIG. 20A  is a schematic diagram of a triangular element attaching to a triangular panel element via a male-female coupling, according to an embodiment of the present invention. 
         FIG. 20B  is a schematic diagram of a front perspective view of an exemplary triangular closure panel adapted to connect to a panel element, according to an embodiment of the present invention. 
         FIG. 20C  is a schematic diagram of a back perspective view of the closure panel of  FIG. 20B . 
         FIGS. 20D and 20E  are schematic diagrams of side views of the closure panel of  FIG. 20B . 
         FIG. 20F  is a schematic diagram of a front perspective view of an exemplary square closure panel adapted to connect to a panel element, according to an embodiment of the present invention. 
         FIG. 20G  is a schematic diagram of a back perspective view of the closure panel of  FIG. 20F . 
         FIGS. 20H and 20I  are schematic diagrams of side views of the closure panel of  FIG. 20F . 
         FIGS. 20J-20N  are schematic diagrams of an exemplary hexagonal closure panel, according to an embodiment of the present invention. 
         FIG. 21  is a schematic diagram of a rod attaching to a triangular panel element via a male-female coupling, according to an embodiment of the present invention. 
         FIG. 22  is a schematic diagram of a large-scale rod element attaching to a triangular panel element via a male-female coupling, according to an embodiment of the present invention. 
         FIG. 23  is a schematic diagram of a perspective view of a powered base plate, according to an embodiment of the present invention. 
         FIG. 24  is a schematic diagram of the powered base plate of  FIG. 23 , with the storage container removed. 
         FIG. 25  is a schematic diagram of an exploded perspective view of a powered base plate, according to another embodiment of the present invention. 
         FIG. 26  is a schematic diagram of a plan view of a conductive ferromagnetic building surface, according to an embodiment of the present invention. 
         FIG. 27  is a schematic diagram of a cross sectional view of a powered base plate, according to an embodiment of the present invention. 
         FIG. 28  is a schematic diagram of a perspective view of the inner wall of a powered building platform, according to an embodiment of the present invention. 
         FIG. 29  is a schematic diagram illustrating an exemplary operation of the powered base plate, according to an embodiment of the present invention. 
         FIG. 30  is a schematic diagram illustrating exemplary conductive and conductive-electronic elements joined together to conduct electricity and form part of a construction assembly attached to and powered by a powered base plate, according to an embodiment of the present invention. 
         FIGS. 31A-31C  are schematic diagrams that illustrate the construction of a conductive magnetic rod, according to an embodiment of the present invention. 
         FIGS. 32A-32C  are schematic diagrams that illustrate the construction of a conductive electronic magnetic rod having electronic components such as a light module, according to an embodiment of the present invention. 
         FIGS. 33A-33C  are schematic diagrams that illustrate a conductive electronic magnetic rod having electronic control components, according to another embodiment of the present. 
         FIGS. 34A and 34B  are schematic diagrams that illustrate a conductive electronic magnetic panel element, according to another embodiment of the present invention. 
         FIGS. 35A-35D  are schematic diagrams that illustrate an exemplary method for assembling exemplary components of an electrically conductive magnetic construction assembly, according to an embodiment of the present invention. 
         FIG. 35E  is a schematic diagram that illustrates an electrically conductive magnetic construction using a conductive triangular panel element, according to an embodiment of the present invention. 
         FIGS. 36A-36C  are schematic diagrams that illustrate an exemplary travel case, according to an embodiment of the present invention. 
         FIG. 37A  is a schematic diagram that illustrates an exemplary wheel element, according to an embodiment of the present invention 
         FIG. 37B  is a schematic diagram illustrating an assembly of magnetic construction elements and wheel elements, according to an embodiment of the present invention. 
         FIGS. 38A-38E  are schematic diagrams illustrating a double axis construction element, according to an embodiment of the present invention. 
         FIGS. 39A-39D  are schematic diagrams illustrating a square panel hinge element, according to an embodiment of the present invention. 
         FIGS. 40A-40D  are schematic diagrams illustrating a construction support, according to an embodiment of the present invention. 
         FIGS. 41A-41E  are schematic diagrams illustrating a wheel assembly, according to an embodiment of the present invention. 
         FIGS. 42A-42D  are schematic diagrams illustrating a further wheel assembly, according to another embodiment of the present invention. 
         FIGS. 43A-43C  are schematic diagrams illustrating a spinner element, according to an embodiment of the present invention. 
         FIGS. 44A-44E  are schematic diagrams illustrating an X-quad bar element, according to an embodiment of the present invention. 
         FIGS. 45A-45C  are schematic diagrams illustrating a connector element, according to an embodiment of the present invention. 
         FIGS. 46A-46D  are schematic diagrams illustrating a small wheel assembly, according to an embodiment of the present invention 
         FIGS. 47A-47E  are schematic diagrams illustrating an illuminated closure panel, according to an embodiment of the present invention. 
         FIGS. 48A-48C  are schematic diagrams illustrating a small wheel base, according to an embodiment of the present invention. 
         FIGS. 49A-49B  are schematic diagrams illustrating a half tram shaft, according to an embodiment of the present invention. 
         FIGS. 50A-50B  are schematic diagrams illustrating a sphere shaft, according to an embodiment of the present invention. 
         FIGS. 51A-51B  are schematic diagrams illustrating a reversible panel, according to an embodiment of the present invention. 
         FIGS. 52A-52B  are schematic diagrams illustrating a curved architectural panel, according to an embodiment of the present invention. 
         FIGS. 53A-53C  are schematic diagrams illustrating a column with a metal insert, according to an embodiment of the present invention. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     An embodiment of the present invention provides a panel element extending generally in an x-y plane (although having some thickness in the z-direction). The panel element is an integral construction that includes a panel portion and a plurality of magnet containing portions all maintained in a fixed spatial relationship relative to one another. Each of the magnets has a dipole axis (north pole to south pole axis). The panel portion of the panel element extends generally in an x-y plane to support the magnets in a fixed relationship relative to one another. Preferably the magnets are supported by the panel portion such that the dipole axes of the plurality of magnets are coplanar and not aligned such that the axis of each magnet intersects with the axis of an adjacent magnet. The magnets are arranged such that the segments of the respective dipole axes between points of intersection with the axes of adjacent magnets define a simple polygonal geometric shape, such as an equilateral triangle, square, rhombus, regular pentagon, regular hexagon, and so on. 
     Importantly, only one edge magnet is provided in the panel element for each side of the polygonal figure defined by the geometric figure. Thus, for example, in a “triangular” panel element where the points of intersection with the axes of adjacent magnets define an equilateral triangle, the panel element includes only three edge magnets along the edges of the element (additional magnets could optionally be provided within the panel element). By virtue of this arrangement, the panel elements are adapted to interconnect or nest with one or more identical panel elements so that the dipole axis of at least one magnet of the panel element is collinear with the dipole axis of at least one magnet of the other panel element. When used in conjunction with a kit that includes spherical ferromagnetic balls, the nested panel element arrangement results in an extremely stable construction formed only with balls and panel elements, without the use of separate small magnetic rod pieces. 
     Various configurations of panel elements are possible. Though the panel portion may or may not be strictly polygonal, the panel element will have a generally polygonal construction corresponding to the number of magnets supported along its edge. Thus, the panel element can be shaped, for example, as a triangle (three edge magnets), square (four edge magnets), diamond or rhombus (four edge magnets), pentagon (five edge magnets), or hexagon (six edge magnets). The magnets preferably protrude from the edges of the panel portion and each magnet can be positioned with its dipole (north to south pole) axis generally parallel to an edge. A face of the magnet can be positioned adjacent to a corner of the panel shape. The alignment of the magnets with the edges of the panel portion can be modified but it is advantageous to maintain the relationship of the dipole axes described above and to maintain a configuration that allows nesting with identical panel elements. In this regard, it is important that the magnet enclosing portion occupy no more than half (preferably somewhat less) of the edge of the panel element. In this manner, two similarly sized and shaped panel elements can be nested together and joined to common ferromagnetic balls. 
     Though the specific panel configurations described herein are preferred for various reasons, including aesthetic value, minimization of material, structural performance, and additional construction utility, the fixed orientation of the dipole magnets by itself provides significant play value when used in conjunction with other panels and ferromagnetic spheres. In this instance, the essential feature is the orientation of the magnets that is maintained by the non-magnetic portions of the panels. 
     The magnets are preferably substantially cylindrical magnets that extend along an axis. Each panel includes three or more magnets, preferably of like size and shape (cylindrical). The panel is designed such that each magnet is secured in a non-magnetic material such that the orientation of the magnets relative to one another is substantially fixed. Preferably, the magnets are oriented such that the cylindrical axes of all of the magnets are substantially coplanar. Moreover, the axes of the magnets preferably intersect at points that define the vertices of a polygon. In a preferred embodiment, the polygon having vertices defined by the intersection points of the axes of the coplanar magnets has the same number of sides as the number of coplanar magnets. Thus, for example, if a panel piece has three coplanar magnets the polygon will have three sides and if the panel piece has four coplanar magnets, the polygon preferably has four sides. It is most preferable that the polygon be a regular polygon, e.g., equilateral triangle, square, etc. 
     Though not essential, it is preferable, for aesthetic and structural reasons, that the non-magnetic portion of the panel has a configuration that generally conforms to the shape of the polygon having vertices defined by the intersection points of the axes of the coplanar magnets. Thus, for example, a piece with three coplanar magnets would have a generally triangular shape, a piece with four coplanar magnets would have a rectangular (preferably square) shape, a piece with five sides would have a pentagon shape, and so on. 
     Though the pieces have a “generally” polygonal shape, an important aspect of the present invention is that that the magnets are secured at the outer peripheral of the polygonal shape in a way that allows adjacent pieces to be “nested” into one another so that pieces can be arranged such that the cylindrical axis of one magnet of one panel can be aligned so that it is substantially collinear with the cylindrical axis of one magnet of another panel of similar scale while at the same time held out of contact with the other panel. When pieces having this structure are used in conjunction with spherical ferromagnetic balls of appropriate scale, the adjacent panels are able to move in a unique hinge-like fashion even when there is no contact between the adjacent panel and no additional support that extends between the pins. This hinge-like motion is unique to the field of construction toys and contributes to the play value of construction toy sets that include this feature. 
     As an example of this embodiment,  FIGS. 1A and 1B  illustrate an integrally constructed triangular panel element  102  having a center panel portion  104  and three magnets contained within magnet enclosing portions  106  permanently attached to the edges of the center panel  104 , with each magnet enclosing portion occupying no more than half of the length of the edge. The magnet enclosing portions  106  each include one magnet  108  (e.g., a cylindrical magnet) having a face positioned adjacent to a corner of the triangular shape represented by the center panel  104  and its north to south pole axis positioned generally parallel to the edge. Although the triangular corners of the center panel  104  have been removed in the embodiment of  FIGS. 1A and 1B , the corners could be maintained as shown in  FIG. 3A . In any case, the dipole axes of the three magnets  108  extend along lines that define the edges of an equilateral triangle. 
     The orientation of the magnets  108  with respect to the center panel  104  enable panel  102  to be joined with other similarly constructed panels in a unique nested assembly, an example of which is shown in  FIG. 1C . The assembly  110  includes three panel elements  102  nested with each other and joined by four ferromagnetic balls  112  to form a substantially tetrahedron structure. The nesting between the panel elements  102  provides a magnetic, mechanical, and frictional fit (for example, between the non-magnet ends of the magnet enclosing portions  106 ) between the panel elements  102  and the ferromagnetic balls  112  to provide improved stability. Similar polyhedron structures could be built from square panel elements (e.g., see  FIG. 3D ), rectangular panel elements, diamond panel elements (e.g., see  FIG. 3B ), and pentagonal panel elements (e.g., see  FIG. 3C ). 
     In a further embodiment, panel  102  can include an electrical and/or magnetic conductor within each magnet enclosing portion  106 , in contact with the magnet  108  and extending to the end of the magnet enclosing portion  106  opposite the magnet  108 . In this manner, when multiple panels  102  are nested with each other as shown, for example, in FIG.  1 C, the conductors contact each other to provide a complete electrical and/or magnetic circuit throughout the assembly. An example of two internal conductors contacting each other (and their respective magnets) is represented in  FIG. 1C  by the blocks  103   a  and  103   b . An electrical and magnetic conductor could comprise a steel plug, for example. Such conductors enable stronger magnetic connections. For example, the ferromagnetic balls can attach to two magnets having opposite polarities, which creates a north and south pole in the ball. Repeating this connection ensures that the polarities are in series through the conductors and throughout an assembly, which minimizes dispersion of the magnetism and creates a magnetic circuit that maximizes magnetic attraction between the components. In addition to enabling stronger magnetic constructions, the conductors can also provide electrically conductive magnetic constructions, which are described in more detail below. 
     In addition to nesting the panel elements to form polyhedron structures, panel elements can be sandwiched with each other with their faces contacting each other. For example, referring again to  FIGS. 1A and 1B , two triangular panel elements  102  can be sandwiched together with the faces of the center panels  104  contacting each other, and with the panel elements  102  offset radially from each other so that the half rods  106  alternate between each other to form a triangular panel capable of magnetically coupling to a ferromagnetic ball at each of its three corners. 
       FIGS. 2A and 2B  illustrate another triangular panel element  202  according to an alternative embodiment of the present invention. In this example, triangular panel element  202  includes a center body  204  from which three arms  205  extend. Magnets  208  are disposed at the distal ends of the arms  205 , with the north to south pole axes of the magnets  208  oriented similarly to the magnets  108  of panel element  102  of  FIGS. 1A and 1B , i.e., extending along lines that define edges of an equilateral triangle. As with the magnet enclosing portions  106  of panel element  102 , the magnet housings  206  of panel element  202  occupy no more than half of an edge of the equilateral triangle. Panel element  202  can be an integrally molded part, for example, by placing the magnets in a mold and insert molding around them. Alternatively, the center body  204 , arms  205 , and housings  206  can be integrally molded with magnet recesses formed in the housings  206 , and in a post-molding process, the magnets can be glued or welded in place in the recesses, perhaps with a cover glued or welded in place and secured over them. As shown in  FIG. 2A , the insert molded or glued cover can be concave and include an opening  207  exposing a face of the magnet, to allow a positive secure contact between the magnet and a ferromagnetic ball. This contact enables the completion of magnetic and electrical circuits. The center body  204  and arms  205  can also include recesses or openings that reduce the amount of material used in the element  202 , to reduce the weight and cost of the part, and that also can provide additional mechanical couplings discussed in more detail below. 
     The orientation and position of the magnets in panel element  202  enables nested assemblies similar to those described above.  FIG. 2C  illustrates a nested assembly of four panel elements  202  and four ferromagnetic balls, forming a tetrahedron structure. For additional clarity,  FIG. 2D  illustrates two panel elements  202  nested and magnetically coupled, before the addition of third and fourth panel elements  202  to form the tetrahedron structure of  FIG. 2C . With the four panel elements  202  nested and magnetically coupled via the four ferromagnetic balls, the resulting tetrahedron structure is rigid and strong, and can serve as a core component of a stable large-scale magnetic construction. In addition, the two panel element structure of  FIG. 2D  can provide useful and interesting mechanical movement, in effect acting as a hinge. For example, each panel element  202  in  FIG. 2D  can pivot with respect to a line joining the centers of ferromagnetic balls  222  and  224 . Similar hinge-like constructions could be formed with panels of other shapes, such as square, rectangular, diamond (rhombus), and pentagonal. 
       FIGS. 2E-2I  illustrate a skeletal triangular panel element  252 , according to an alternative embodiment of the present invention. In this example, panel element  252  includes a center body  254  from which three pairs of arms  255  extend. Magnets  258  are disposed at the distal ends of the arms  255 , with the north to south pole axes of the magnets  258  oriented similarly to the magnets  108  of panel element  102  of  FIGS. 1A and 1B , i.e., extending along lines that define edges of an equilateral triangle. As with the magnet enclosing portions  106  of panel element  102 , the magnet housings  256  of panel element  252  occupy no more than half of an edge of the equilateral triangle. Panel element  252  can be a molded part, either integrally or in portions that are glued or welded together (as described above with reference to panel element  202 ). As shown best in  FIGS. 2G and 2H , the magnet housings  256  can be concave and include an opening  257  exposing a face of the magnet  258 , to allow a positive secure contact between the magnet and a ferromagnetic ball. This contact enables the completion of magnetic and electrical circuits. 
     As shown in  FIGS. 2E-2G , center body  254 , arms  255 , and magnet housings  256  can define recesses or openings  264  that reduce the amount of material used in the element  252 , to reduce the weight and cost of the part, while still providing requisite structural support. In addition, in this particular implementation, as shown best in  FIGS. 2H and 2I , arms  255  can increase in thickness from the center body  254  to the magnet housings  256  to minimize the amount of material used in the panel element  252  while still providing the rigidity and strength necessary for the panel element  252  to comply with typical consumer safety standards. The recesses and openings can also provide additional mechanical couplings discussed in more detail below. 
     Similar to the skeletal triangular panel element  252  of  FIGS. 2E-2I ,  FIGS. 3E-3I  illustrate a skeletal square panel element  352 , according to another alternative embodiment of the present invention. In this example, panel element  352  includes a center body  354  from which four arms  355   a  extend. Magnets  358  are disposed at the distal ends of the arms  355   a , with the north to south pole axes of the magnets  358  oriented similarly to the magnets of the panel element of  FIG. 3D , i.e., extending along lines that define edges of a square. As with the magnet enclosing portions of the panel element of  FIG. 3D , the magnet housings  356  of panel element  352  occupy no more than half of an edge of the square. Panel element  352  also includes perimeter members  355   b , each of which extend between an arm  355   a  and a magnet housing  356  adjacent to the magnet housing  356  to which the arm  355   a  is connected. Together, perimeter members  355   b  approximate a square shape, as shown best in  FIGS. 3E and 3F , and provide panel element  352  with further structural strength and rigidity. Panel element  352  can be a molded part, either integrally or in portions that are glued or welded together (as described above with reference to panel element  202 ). As shown best in  FIGS. 3G and 3H , the magnet housings  356  can be concave and include an opening  357  exposing a face of the magnet  358 , to allow a positive secure contact between the magnet and a ferromagnetic ball. This contact enables the completion of magnetic and electrical circuits. 
     As shown in  FIGS. 3E-3G , center body  354 , arms  355   a , perimeter members  355   b , and magnet housings  356  can define recesses or openings  364  that reduce the amount of material used in the element  352 , to reduce the weight and cost of the part, while still providing requisite structural support. In addition, in this particular implementation, as shown best in  FIG. 3I  (a side view of the edge of panel element  352 , of which the remaining three edge views are mirrors), arms  355   a  can increase in thickness from the center body  354  to the magnet housings  356  to minimize the amount of material used in the panel element  352  while still providing the rigidity and strength necessary for the panel element  352  to comply with typical consumer safety standards. The recesses and openings can also provide additional mechanical couplings discussed in more detail below. 
     In a further aspect of the present invention, panel elements such as elements  252  and  352 , can be nested and overlapped with each other in three-dimensional constructions that, together with ferromagnetic balls, provide hinge-like connections, stronger vertical support to horizontally aligned members, and “give” that enables the structure to accommodate varying loads.  FIG. 3J  illustrates an example of this aspect of the present invention using two nested square panels  390  and  391 . As shown, panels  390  and  391  can be positioned at an angle to each other (e.g., perpendicular to each other), with the magnet housing  392   a  of panel  390  nested with the magnet housing  393   a  of panel  391 . In this configuration, magnet housing  392   a  is coaxial with the magnet housing  393   a . A ferromagnetic ball can then be magnetically coupled to the outwardly facing side of each of magnet housings  392   a  and  393   a  (with the axes of the magnet housings generally aligned with the center of the balls), and to the other two magnetic housings  392   b  and  393   b , which are orthogonal to magnet housings  392   a  and  393   a , respectively, as shown in  FIG. 3K . With this assembly, panels  390  and  391  can pivot with respect to each other generally around the coaxial axes of magnet housings  392   a  and  393   a . The hinge feature provided by the nested magnet housings enables a unique reversible three-dimensional structure. For example, referring to  FIG. 3K , to form a cube structure, four additional square panel elements could be magnetically coupled to the two panel elements shown in the figure, nested in a similar manner, with eight ferromagnetic balls at the corners of the cube. By virtue of the hinge connections, the cube could be opened by unfolding each panel until all panels lay flat in a single plane with the ferromagnetic balls still attached. The panels could then be folded toward the opposite side of the single plane to reverse the cube, such that the opposite sides of the panels face outward. In this manner, the three-dimensional structure could be reversed to display different images on the opposing sides of the panel elements. Thus, for example, the structure could show first colors, indicia, or images in a first configuration, and could be reversed to show different second colors, indicia, or images in a second reversed configuration. This reversible aspect could be incorporated into games or educational constructions that challenge a user to build three-dimensional structures having a first appearance that transforms to a second appearance when the structure is reversed. 
     As shown in the example of  FIG. 3J , nested panel elements can also provide further structural support and “give” to a three-dimensional construction, such as a cube. The added structural support and give is made possible by the overlap between coaxial magnet housings and the overlap between the magnet housing of one panel and the body of an adjacent panel. For example, as shown in  FIG. 3J , magnet housings  392   a  and  393   a  can contact each other to limit relative movement between panel elements  390  and  391  and opposing directions generally along the axes of magnet housings  392   a  and  393   a . As another example, magnet housing  393   a  is disposed over the perimeter member  394  of panel element  390 . In this manner, perimeter member  394  can limit the movement of magnet housing  393   a  in a direction toward perimeter member  394 . For example, if a force were applied to panel element  391  in a direction generally toward perimeter member  394 , movement of panel element  391  would be limited by perimeter member  394 , and the magnet housing  393   a  could essentially rest on top of perimeter member  394 . In a completed cube construction, panel element  391  could likewise also rest on the perimeter members of the other three side panel elements, providing a sturdy construction. In this configuration, further structural support could be provided as pairs of nested magnet housings contact each other and limit relative movement between the panel elements. 
     In providing this additional strength, the construction also provides “give,” due to the initial positioning of the panel elements with respect to each other and to the ferromagnetic balls, and the gaps between the panel elements that exist in the initial positioning.  FIG. 3J  illustrates exemplary gaps  395  and  396  (before any loading) that are provided when the panel elements  390  and  391  are joined by ferromagnetic balls (not shown). Then, for example, when a load is applied to panel element  391  in a direction generally toward perimeter member  394 , the magnet housing  393   a  slides down the ferromagnetic ball, resisting the applied force by virtue of the magnetic bond. As the force overcomes the magnetic bond, the magnet housing  393   a  continues to slide and the gap  395  narrows until the magnet housing  393   a  contacts the perimeter member  394  as described above. At the same time, and in a similar manner, magnet housing  393   b  resists the applied force by virtue of its magnetic bond to the other ferromagnetic ball (not shown). In a three-dimensional structure, this “give” and added structural support could be provided simultaneously at several connections. For example, in a completed cube, a force applied generally perpendicular to the top horizontal panel element could cause that top panel to “give” toward the four underlying vertical panel elements. 
     Panel elements having magnets positioned with their axes along an edge of a polygon enable the convenient, rapid construction of stable core assemblies (using ferromagnetic balls) for large-scale constructions. The panel elements and core assemblies stiffen the overall structure and resist shearing and torsional stresses to maintain their shape. The center portions or bodies of the panel elements can also act as a surface for supporting a weight and can provide an aesthetically pleasing closed wall structure representative of actual architecture. In addition, core sub-assemblies of the magnetic constructions can be built with fewer parts in comparison to traditional construction sets consisting of only magnetic rods and ferromagnetic balls. 
     A preferred construction that provides the above-mentioned hinge-like movement is illustrated in  FIGS. 3L-3N , in which “triangular” and “square” panels together with two spheres provide a hinge-like construction. As can be appreciated from the drawings, the terms “triangular” and “square” are not meant literally in this context since the panels are not, strictly speaking, “triangular” or “square” panels. The terminology, in this context, refers to the general appearance of the panels. 
     In  FIG. 3L , which shows a hinge-like construction that includes two triangular panels  252  and two spheres  222 ,  224 , an outer portion  256  of each panel  252  holds the magnets such that cylindrical axes of all of the magnets on that panel are substantially coplanar (e.g., axes a, b, and c on the right-hand panel  252  and axes a, d, and e on the left-hand panel  252 ). Moreover, the axes of the magnets preferably intersect at points that define the vertices of an equilateral triangle. When the two triangular pieces  252  are placed in magnetic contact with two spheres  222 ,  224  and nested so that two magnets, one magnet from each panel, are axially aligned (e.g., along axis a in  FIG. 3L ), another magnet from each panel is brought into contact with the ferromagnetic spheres as shown. Thus each sphere  222 ,  224  is contacted by two magnets, one from each panel  252 . The two magnets are coaxially aligned and are aligned with the centers of the spheres  222 ,  224 . In this instance, because the panels have like shapes, the two magnets that are not in coaxial alignment are parallel to one another (e.g., the axes d and c of the non-aligned sphere-contacting magnets in  FIG. 3L  are parallel), but this is not essential as can be seen with reference to  FIG. 3N . In this instance ( FIG. 3L ), the two magnets of one panel that are not in coaxial alignment each contact a sphere (ball) at an angle of about 60 degrees relative to the other magnet contacting that sphere (e.g., the angle between axis b and axis a), which provides lateral stability to the hinge-like assembly. When configured as shown, the panels may pivot relative to one another in a hinge-like fashion through a range of motion that is limited principally by the contact of one panel body with the other panel body. In the preferred embodiment, the range of pivoting motion substantially exceeds 180 degrees and approaches 270 degrees. This easily created stable construction having a range of hinge motion substantially greater than 180 degrees provides improved play value in construction sets. 
     In  FIG. 3M , which shows a hinge-like construction that includes two square panels  352  and two spheres  222 ,  224 , an outer portion of each panel  352  holds the magnets such that cylindrical axes of all of the magnets on that panel are substantially coplanar (e.g., axes g, h, i, and j of the right-hand panel  352  and axes f, g, i, and j of the left-hand panel  352 ). Moreover, the axes of the magnets preferably intersect at points that define the vertices of a square. When the two square pieces  352  are placed in magnetic contact with two spheres  222 ,  224  and nested so that two magnets, one magnet from each panel  352 , are axially aligned (e.g., along axis g in  FIG. 3M ), another magnet from each panel is brought into contact with the ferromagnetic spheres  222 ,  224 , as shown. Thus each sphere  222 ,  224  is contacted by two magnets, one from each panel  352 . The two magnets are coaxially aligned and are aligned with the centers of the spheres  222 ,  224 . In this instance, because the panels have like shapes, the two magnets that are not in coaxial alignment are parallel to one another (e.g., axes i and j of the non-aligned sphere-contacting magnets are parallel in  FIG. 3M ), but this is not essential as can be seen with reference to  FIG. 3N . In this instance ( FIG. 3M ), the two magnets that are not in coaxial alignment each contact a sphere at an angle of about 90 degrees relative to the other magnet contacting its respective sphere (e.g., axes g and j of the right-hand panel are perpendicular, and axes g and i of the left-hand panel are perpendicular), which provides lateral stability to the hinge-like assembly. When configured as shown, the panels  352  may pivot relative to one another in a hinge-like fashion through a range of motion that is limited principally by the contact of one panel body with the other panel body. In the preferred embodiment, the range of pivoting motion substantially exceeds 180 degrees and approaches 270 degrees. This easily created stable construction having a range of hinge motion substantially greater than 180 degrees provides improved play value in construction sets. 
       FIG. 3N , which shows a hinge-like construction that includes a triangular panel  252  and a square panel  352  and two spheres  222 ,  224 , an outer portion of each panel holds the magnets such that cylindrical axes of all of the magnets on that panel are substantially coplanar (e.g., axes l, o, and p of the right-hand triangular panel  252 , and axes k, l, m, and n of the left-hand square panel  352 ). Moreover, the axes of the magnets preferably intersect at points that define the vertices of a regular polygon (one a square and one a triangle). When the triangle  252  and square pieces  352  are placed in magnetic contact with two spheres  222 ,  224  and nested so that two magnets, one magnet from each panel, are axially aligned (e.g., along axis l in  FIG. 3N ), another magnet from each panel is brought into contact with the ferromagnetic spheres as shown. Thus, each sphere  222 ,  224  is contacted by two magnets, one from each panel. The two magnets are coaxially aligned and are aligned with the centers of spheres  222 ,  224 . In this instance ( FIG. 3N ), because the panels have different shapes, the two magnets that are not in coaxial alignment are not parallel to one another (e.g., axes n and o of non-aligned sphere-contacting magnets are not parallel). In this instance, one of the two magnets of the same panel that are not in coaxial alignment contact the sphere at an angle of about 90 degrees relative to other magnet contacting that sphere (e.g., axes l and n of left-hand panel  352  are 90 degrees apart) and the other of the two magnets that are not in coaxial alignment contacts its sphere at an angle of about 60 degrees relative to other magnet contacting that sphere (e.g., axes l and o of right-hand panel  252  are about 60 degrees apart). This arrangement provides lateral stability to the hinge-like assembly. When configured as shown, the panels  252 ,  352  may pivot relative to one another in a hinge-like fashion through a range of motion that is limited principally by the contact of one panel body with the other panel body. In the preferred embodiment, the range of pivoting motion substantially exceeds 180 degrees and approaches 270 degrees. This easily created stable construction having a range of hinge motion substantially greater than 180 degrees provides improved play value in construction sets. 
       FIGS. 4A-5G  illustrate an improved large-scale rod construction according to an embodiment of the present invention. The improved larger scale rod assembly is designed to allow its use with smaller scale magnetic construction kits. The rod comprises a “ball portion” and a plurality of rod portions, which are all integrally joined to each other so that the alignment of the rod portions and ball portion is fixed. These large-scale rods facilitate convenient, rapid, and stable assembly of large-scale magnetic constructions, yet are still compatible with smaller-scale magnetic components (such as traditional magnetic rods of a shorter length). 
     As an example,  FIGS. 4A-4C  illustrate an integrally formed large-scale rod (which can be referred to as a “rod and ball element”)  402  comprising two rod portions  404  and a ferromagnetic ball portion  406 . The rod portions  404  and ball portion  406  are permanently affixed to each other such that the spatial relationship of the portions is fixed. In this embodiment, the rod portions  404  and ball portion  406  are aligned such that the longitudinal axes of the rod portions  404  are collinear and intersect the center of ball  406 . Magnets  408  are disposed at the distal ends of the large-scale rod element  402 . It will be appreciated that the dipole axes of the magnets are also substantially collinear. 
       FIGS. 4D-4F  illustrate another large-scale rod  452  comprising two rod portions  454  and a ferromagnetic ball portion  456 , according to an alternative embodiment of the present invention. Rod portions  454  can contain magnets at their ends opposite the ball portion  456 . In this embodiment, the large-scale rod  452  is formed as a continuous member from one rod portion, through the spherical ball portion, and to the opposite rod portion. For example, the continuous member can be a plastic injection molded part comprising the spherical ball portion and the two rod portions on opposite sides of the ball portion. Ferromagnetic material can then be applied over the ball portion to provide means for magnetically coupling magnetic elements to the center portion of large-scale rod  452 . In one implementation, as shown in  FIGS. 4D and 4E , a metal shell is applied over the ball portion (e.g., glued), formed from two hemispherical parts  457   a  and  457   b , with circular cutouts at their ends to accommodate the rod portions. In another implementation, ferromagnetic material is molded over or painted on the ball portion. 
     In an alternative embodiment, shown in  FIG. 4G , instead of forming the ferromagnetic spherical portions as shown in  FIGS. 4D-4F  with the seam between two hemispheres being in a common plane with the longitudinal axis of the rod  452 , the ferromagnetic spherical portion can be formed by two hemispheres having a seam that is generally perpendicular to the axis of the rod  452 . In such an embodiment, each hemispherical portion  457   c ,  457   d  may comprise a hole in a “polar” region that is sized so that the rod portions  454  may fit through the hole. Each of the hemispherical portions are then slid over the rod portions  454  so that they meet at the ball portion  456  to be joined, for example, by gluing, snap-fit, or the like. This embodiment may provide an added advantage in that the two hemispherical ferromagnetic portions  457   c ,  457   d  joined together create a complete circumferential seal. 
     The large-scale rod (or, rod and ball) elements can be assembled with other similar construction elements to quickly form large core assemblies for a construction. In particular, by dimensioning each rod portion to be the same length as a rod element and using a ball portion having dimensions equal to the ferromagnetic balls in a smaller scale magnetic construction kit, the improved rod construction can be used in conjunction with components of the smaller scale kit. The rod element may also include internal conductors to provide a complete magnetic and/or electrical circuit through the rod. Conductors such as the blocks  103   a ,  103   b  of  FIG. 1C  could be used, as an example. 
       FIG. 6  illustrates an example of such a construction  600 , using six large-scale rods  402  (having rod and ball portions) and four ferromagnetic balls  615  to form a tetrahedron structure. In addition, to provide further strength and stability to construction  600 , triangular panel elements  202  can be attached at each face of the tetrahedron structure, magnetically coupling to the intermediate ball portions of the large-scale rods  402 . 
       FIGS. 5A-5E  illustrate additional implementations of integral large-scale rods.  FIG. 5A  illustrates a large-scale rod  570  comprising three rods  574  permanently affixed to three ferromagnetic balls  576  to form a triangular element that extends substantially in an x-y plane. The element  570  need not include any magnets. 
       FIG. 5B  illustrates a large-scale rod  572  comprising four rods  574  permanently affixed to a single ferromagnetic ball  576 , in a configuration that can serve as the top of a square pyramid. The rods  574  can have magnets  578  at their ends opposite the ball  576 , for magnetically coupling to other ferromagnetic or magnetic elements (such as ferromagnetic balls). 
       FIG. 5C  illustrates a large-scale rod  580  comprising two rods  574  permanently affixed to a single ferromagnetic ball  576 . The rods  574  can have magnets  578  at their ends. 
       FIG. 5D  illustrates a large-scale rod  582  comprising three rods  574  permanently affixed to a single ferromagnetic ball  576 , in a configuration that can serve as the top of a triangular pyramid. The rods  574  can have magnets  578  at their ends. 
       FIG. 5E  illustrates a large-scale ball and rod element  584  comprising two rods  574   a  and  574   b  permanently affixed to each other and a ferromagnetic ball  576  permanently affixed to one end of rod  574   b . The rod  574   b  in between the ball  576  and other rod  574   a  need not have any magnets. The rod  574   a  can have a magnet  578  disposed at its end opposite to rod  574   b.    
       FIGS. 5F and 5G  illustrate a large-scale ball and rod element  594  comprising two ferromagnetic ball portions  596  permanently affixed on opposite ends of a rod portion  595 . In one implementation, element  594  is formed as a continuous member from a first ball portion, through the rod portion, and to the second ball portion. For example, the continuous member could be a plastic injection molded part comprising the two ball portions and the rod portion. Ferromagnetic material can then be applied over the ball portions to provide means for magnetically coupling magnetic elements to the balls  596 . In one implementation, as shown in  FIGS. 5F and 5G , a metal shell is applied over the ball portion (e.g., glued), formed from two hemispherical parts  597   a  and  597   b , with a circular cutout in one hemispherical part  597   b  to accommodate the rod portion. In another implementation, ferromagnetic material is molded over or painted on the ball portions. 
       FIGS. 5H and 5I  illustrate an exemplary construction of the large-scale ball and rod element  594  shown in  FIGS. 5F and 5G . As shown in  FIG. 5H , ferromagnetic (e.g., metal) half balls are screwed into the ends of rod portion  595 . Ferromagnetic (e.g., metal) half-ball ends are then glued at the ends of the screwed-in half balls. Triangular head screws can be used. The rod portion  595  can be made of 0.06-inch shelled ABS, and dimensions of approximately 1.09×0.36×0.36 inches. Metal half-balls can have a thickness of approximately 0.04 inches. 
     In a further embodiment,  FIGS. 5J and 5K  illustrate a large-scale ball and rod element comprising two ferromagnetic ball portions permanently affixed to a long rod portion having three sub-portions, also referred to herein as a long triple bar. The distal ends of the long triple bar have magnets. The intermediate ball portions can be made of metal half-balls that are glued together around spherical sections (not shown) of the long rod portion. The half-balls can have semicircular notches such that when two half-balls are glued together, opposing circular openings are created in which the long rod portion is disposed. The assembly creates the appearance that the long triple bar has three individual rods (i.e., the three sub-portions), when in fact it has only one long rod portion of varying widths. The long rod portion can be made of ABS overmolding with 0.05 inch thick walls, and can be approximately 4.326×0.55×0.55 inches. 
     Alternatively, the ferromagnetic half-balls may be constructed in a manner similar to that described with respect to the large-scale rod  452  of  FIGS. 4D-4F , wherein the seam between the half-balls is oriented in a plane perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the rod  594  and creates a complete circumferential seal between them. 
     In a further aspect of the present invention,  FIG. 5L  illustrates long triple bars, each with three rods and two intermediate metal balls, disposed on top of a tram, with seats in the tram spaced to cooperate with the spaced apart balls of the long triple bars. The seats can be cup shaped, for example. 
     Integrally formed large-scale rods having permanently affixed rods and balls in other configurations are possible and are within the spirit and scope of the present invention. The important feature of all such constructions is that the spatial relationship of the rod and ball portions is fixed. Naturally, assemblies may include panel portions in addition to or in lieu of rod portions as shown, for example, in  FIGS. 14A-14G . 
       FIGS. 7A and 7B  illustrate another embodiment of the present invention, providing an “H” shaped element that, when magnetically coupled with ferromagnetic balls, provides essentially a panel element that extends substantially in an x-y plane. This H-shaped element can serve as a stable foundation for a polyhedron construction, such as a cube, prism, or pyramid. As shown in  FIGS. 7A and 7B , an exemplary H-shaped element  700  has two magnetic rods  702  joined by a center strut  704 , with the rods  702  and strut  704  being substantially coplanar, and with the north to south pole axes of the magnets  706  disposed at the ends of the rods  702  being generally perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the strut. The H-shaped element  700  can attach to four ferromagnetic balls to provide a stable foundation on which to build further elements, for example, building a pyramid having a square base.  FIG. 7C  illustrates an alternative embodiment in which a panel  708  is used in place of the center strut  704 . 
       FIG. 8  illustrates an alternative embodiment of an H-shaped element. As shown, the exemplary H-shaped element  800  comprises rods  802 , center strut  804 , and magnets  806 , which are all integrally molded, for example, by placing the magnets in a mold and insert molding around them. Alternatively, rods  802  and center strut  804  can be integrally molded with magnet recesses formed in the rods  802 , and in a post-molding process, the magnets  806  can be glued in place in the recesses, perhaps with a cover secured over them. As shown in  FIG. 8 , the insert molded or glued cover can be concave and include an opening  807  exposing a face of the magnet, to allow a positive secure contact between the magnet and a ferromagnetic ball. This contact enables the completion of magnetic and electrical circuits. The rods  802  and strut  804  can also include openings  810  that reduce the amount of material used in the element  800 , to reduce the weight and cost of the part, and that also can provide additional mechanical couplings discussed in more detail below. 
       FIGS. 9A and 9B  illustrate another embodiment of the present invention, providing an “X” shaped element  900  that, when magnetically coupled with ferromagnetic balls, provides essentially a panel element that extends substantially in an x-y plane. As shown, the X-shaped element includes intersecting rods  902   a  and  902   b , with magnets  908  disposed at the ends of the rods. With four ferromagnetic balls magnetically coupled to the magnets  908 , the X-shaped element can provide a stable foundation on which to build further elements, for example, building a pyramid having a square base. 
       FIGS. 10-18  illustrate additional embodiments of the present invention, providing elements that further contribute to the stability and/or design flexibility of magnetic constructions. 
       FIG. 10  illustrates a chain element comprising a flexible chain having a magnet on one end and a ferromagnetic ball or partial ball (e.g., hemisphere) on the other end. 
       FIG. 11A  illustrates a spring rod element comprising a spring portion having a magnet on one end and a ferromagnetic ball or partial ball (e.g., hemisphere) on the other end. The magnet, spring portion, and ball portion can be made of electrically conducting materials and can be electrically connected to conduct electrical current through the spring rod element. Alternatively, a spring rod element could have ball portions at both ends or magnets at both ends. In either case, the components of the spring rod element can be electrically connected to conduct electrical current through the entire length of the spring rod element. 
     The spring rod element of  FIG. 11A  can facilitate a non-linear connection between the ends of the element. In other words, the spring rod element can flex in a nonlinear configuration to attach to two points. The spring rod element can also be configured to stretch or compress to accommodate attachment points spaced apart at different distances. 
       FIG. 11B  illustrates a rod element  1100  having an internal spring  1102 , according to another embodiment of the present invention. As shown, rod element  1100  comprises an outer sheath  1111  having a center spring retaining portion and magnet retaining portions at both ends in which magnets  1108  are disposed. The internal spring  1102  can be made of electrically conductive material and can be compressed within the rod element  1100  so as to maintain contact with the magnets and provide an electrical path through the rod element  1100 . 
     In a further embodiment, the springs of the rods shown in  FIGS. 11A and 11B  can be magnetically conductive. 
       FIG. 12  illustrates a square link element  1200  configured to attach to the ends of two magnetic rods that are magnetically coupled to a ferromagnetic ball. In this example, a first rod receiving portion  1202  clips around the first rod and a second rod receiving portion  1204  clips around the second rod, with the ferromagnetic ball disposed generally in area  1206 . In addition to the C-clip portions  1202  and  1204  shown in  FIG. 12 , other means of attachment to the rods could be used, such as magnetic couplings. The square link element  1200  holds the rods and ball in sturdy, stable alignment (e.g., with the rods at a right angle) to add to the stability of large constructions. Two square link elements  1200  can be used with four rods and four balls arranged in a square configuration to provide a stable panel extending generally in an x-y plane. As an alternative embodiment,  FIG. 15  illustrates another square link element  1500  similar to square element  1200 , but adapted to simultaneously connect to four rods in a square configuration, with the center portion  1502  of element  1500  diagonally spanning the square and providing further stability to a panel assembly. 
       FIG. 13  illustrates a triangle rod  1300  comprising three rods joined in a triangular configuration with magnets disposed at their ends. The spatial relationship of the magnets relative to one other is fixed. In the embodiment shown, the dipole axes of the magnets are not coplanar, but intersect at a single point. 
       FIG. 14A  illustrates an integrated (or monolithic) ball and panel element  1400  comprising a generally square center body  1402  with integrally formed balls (ball portions)  1404  at the corners of the body. The integrated ball and panel element  1400  can be made of a ferromagnetic material, such as tin. The integrated ball and panel element  1400  extends in generally an x-y plane and can also include a ball or partial ball  1406  integrally formed in the center body, for building off of the element in the z-direction. The balls  1404  and  1406  can have a radius of 0.294 inches, for example. 
     In an alternative embodiment,  FIGS. 14B-14D  illustrate an integrated ball and panel element  1410  comprising a generally circular center body  1412  with integrally formed ball portions  1414  disposed on the edge of the circular body  1412  and spaced apart equally around the edge of the circular body  1412 . In one implementation, the center body  1412  has a radius approximately three times the radius of the ball portions  1414  (e.g., a 0.925-inch center body radius and a 0.294-inch ball portion radius). The integrated ball and panel element  1410  can also include a ball or partial ball  1416  integrally formed in the center body, for building off of the element in a direction away from a face of the center body. 
     As shown in  FIGS. 14C and 14D , the element  1410  can also have a flat edge formed in the ball portions  1414  and the center body  1412 , which can improve fit with other elements and minimize gaps between elements. The width of the flat edge can be about 0.200 inches, for example. 
       FIG. 14D  illustrates an exemplary construction of the integrated ball and panel element  1410 , in this case being formed from two halves  1410   a  and  1410   b  joined together, resulting in a hollow element. The halves  1410   a  and  1410   b  can be joined, for example, by mechanical fastening means (e.g., snapping interference fits), adhesives, or welding. 
     In another alternative embodiment,  FIGS. 14E-14G  illustrate an integrated ball and panel element  1420  comprising a generally triangular center body  1422  with integrally formed ball portions  1424  disposed at the corners of the triangular body  1422 . In one implementation, the triangular shape of the center body  1422  is an equilateral triangle with a height of approximately 1.412 inches, the distance between the center of the ball portions  1424  is about 1.631 inches, and the radius of the ball portions  1414  is about 0.294 inches. The integrated ball and panel element  1420  can also include a ball or partial ball  1426  integrally formed in the center body, for building off of the element in a direction away from a face of the center body. 
     As shown in  FIGS. 14F and 14G , the element  1420  can also have a flat edge formed in the ball portions  1424  and the center body  1422 , which can improve fit with other elements and minimize gaps between elements. The width of the flat edge can be about 0.200 inches, for example. 
       FIG. 14G  illustrates an exemplary construction of the integrated ball and panel element  1420 , in this case being formed from two halves  1420   a  and  1420   b  joined together, resulting in a hollow element. The halves  1420   a  and  1420   b  can be joined, for example, by mechanical fastening means (e.g., snapping interference fits), adhesives, or welding. The square element  1400  of  FIG. 14A  could of course have this same two part, hollow construction. In these two-part constructions, each of the elements  1400 ,  1410 , and  1420  could be formed from two embossed tin panels with nickel plated surface coatings. 
       FIG. 16  illustrates a circle connector element that has three recessed magnets positioned at 90 degree intervals from each other and a slot opening positioned at the fourth 90 degree interval. Two such circle connector elements can be joined together by sliding each into the slot opening of the other, which forms a three dimensional structure having six outwardly facing magnets. The six magnets are arranged such that pairs of magnets along the x-, y-, and z-axes have collinear dipole axes. The spatial position of the magnets relative to one another is fixed and in the embodiment shown, the dipole axes of the magnets are coplanar. 
       FIG. 17  illustrates a curved panel element having biased corners with outwardly facing magnets disposed in the biased corners. The element is curved to enable curved three dimensional structures, when joined with ferromagnetic balls and other curved and non-curved elements. The spatial position of the magnets relative to one another is fixed and in the embodiment shown, the dipole axes of the magnets are not coplanar. 
       FIG. 18  illustrates a hollow ferromagnetic ball, in this case formed from two hollow hemispheres. The two hemispheres can be joined, for example, by mechanical fastening means (e.g., snapping interference fits), adhesives, or welding. 
       FIGS. 19A-22  illustrate a further aspect of the present invention in which a portion of a construction element (such as a center portion of the element) has means for attaching additional parts in a direction away from the plane in which magnets of the element couple with other construction elements, such as in a direction generally perpendicular to the plane. For example,  FIG. 19A  illustrates the center body  204  of the triangular panel element  202  of  FIG. 2A  comprising a female coupling  1950 . Similarly,  FIG. 19B  illustrates the center strut  804  of the exemplary H-shaped element  800  of  FIG. 8  comprising a female coupling  1952 . In addition, panel element  252  of  FIGS. 3E-3I  and panel element  352  of  FIG. 3E-3I  have recesses or openings  264  and  364 , respectively, which can serve as female couplings. 
     These female couplings can accept male couplings of other construction elements, such as the male coupling  1910  of the triangular element  1912  of  FIG. 19C , the male coupling  1920  of the rod  1922  shown in  FIG. 21 , and the male coupling  1930  of the large-scale rod element  1932  shown in  FIG. 22 .  FIG. 20A  illustrates the triangular element  1912  attaching to triangular panel element  202  via the male-female coupling.  FIG. 21  illustrates the rod  1922  (with an attached square element  1923 ) attaching to triangular panel element  202  via the male-female coupling.  FIG. 22  illustrates the large-scale rod element  1932  attaching to triangular panel element  202  via the male-female coupling. 
     The male-female coupling can also provide means for strengthening a three-dimensional construction. For example, a cube made from six square panel elements  352  of  FIGS. 3E-3I  (and eight ferromagnetic balls) would have center portions  354  aligned opposite each other, on opposing sides of the cube. An appropriately sized rod could be inserted into or through a pair of these opposing center portions  354  to strengthen the cube construction. 
     The female couplings shown in  FIGS. 19A and 19B  can comprise a round sleeve having a diameter slightly larger than the diameter of the male couplings it accepts, so as to provide a tight interference fit that does not require a magnetic coupling. The mechanical female and male couplings can, for example, include cooperative projections and recesses to provide a snap fit. Thus, by press fitting the parts together, the present invention enables a user to build off of elements in new directions, providing the ability to attach special parts such as flags. 
     In a further embodiment, as shown in  FIGS. 2E-2G  and  FIGS. 3E-3H , a female coupling can include ribs  270  that protrude into an opening or recess to promote an interference fit with a male coupling. In this example, ribs  270  are four ribs spaced equally around the circular opening (e.g., at 90 degree intervals), running longitudinally along the sides of the opening. 
     In  FIGS. 2E-2I  and  3 E- 3 I, although some of recesses or openings  264  are non-circular, the recesses or openings  264  could be circular (as is the center opening  264 ) or any other shape necessary to couple to a cooperative male coupling. For example, referring to  FIG. 3E , an opening  264  defined by a center portion  354 , an arm  355   a , a perimeter member  355   b , and a magnet housing  356  could be shaped as a circle and sized to receive a correspondingly sized rod. As another example, a recess  264  defined in magnet housing  356  could be shaped as a circle and sized to receive a correspondingly shaped sized rod. Thus, notwithstanding the benefits of the particular shapes and sizes of recesses and openings shown in the figures, this feature of the present invention should be considered broadly applicable to any openings or recesses necessary to cooperate with male couplings of complementary sizes and shapes. 
     In a further embodiment, such complementary male couplings are provided on closure panels that are configured to cover a face of panel elements  252  and  352 . For example,  FIGS. 20B-20E  illustrate a closure panel  2002  adapted to connect to panel element  252 . Male coupling  2004  of closure panel  2002  fits inside center portion  254  of panel element  252 . Male coupling  2004  can include cutouts  2006  that allow the male coupling to flex slightly when entering the opening of center portion  254 , to provide a tight interference fit against the inside walls of center portion  254 , in this case against ribs  270 . Male coupling  2004  and panel element  252  could also have detents, bumps, flanges, or other complementary structural features that enable the male coupling to snap into place. 
       FIGS. 20E-20I  illustrate another closure panel  2012 , this one sized and shaped to connect to panel element  352 . Male coupling  2014  of closure panel  2012  fits inside center portion  354  of panel element  352 . Male coupling  2014  can include cutouts  2016  that allow the male coupling to flex slightly when entering the opening of center portion  254 , to provide a tight interference fit against the inside walls of center portion  354 , in this case against ribs  270 . Male coupling  2014  and panel element  352  could also have detents, bumps, flanges, or other complementary structural features that enable the male coupling to snap into place. 
       FIGS. 20J-20N  illustrate an exemplary hexagonal closure panel  2022 , according to an embodiment of the present invention. As shown, hexagonal closure panel  2022  can have six prongs on its underside, which can fit into a six triangular element assembly ( FIGS. 20K and 20M ). The panel  2022  can be made of 0.06 inch shelled ABS plastic, and can be approximately 2.35×2.25×0.35 inches. 
     Triangular panel element  1912  and closure panels  2002 ,  2012 , and  2022  can enhance the appearance of a magnetic construction assembly by closing the structure and simulating, for example, solid walls and roofs. These elements can also provide additional surfaces off of which to extend the construction. For example, if the elements are made of a ferromagnetic material such as tin, then magnetic rods or other magnetic elements could be coupled to the faces of the elements. As another example, the outer faces of closure elements could include studs or projections to which additional construction element could be attached. 
     In an embodiment of the present invention, a panel element, such as elements  252  and  352 , could be convex so that a closure panel attached to the panel element is disposed in the cavity of the convex contour. In this manner, the outer face of the closure panel could be essentially flush with outer perimeter of the panel element, to provide the appearance of a closed, flat wall, for example. 
     A further embodiment of the present invention provides an electronic magnetic construction kit that includes magnetic construction elements that conduct electricity in addition to magnetically coupling with other construction elements. The conductive magnetic elements can include integral electronic components that enhance the functionality and aesthetic appeal of a toy construction. For example, conductive magnetic elements can include lights, sound or audio modules, or moving parts such as motors, propellers, or gears. In conducting electricity, the conductive magnetic elements can form part of a circuit that is energized by a power source, such as a battery. The electricity from the power source activates the electronic components that are within the conductive magnetic elements of the circuit. 
     One exemplary electronic magnetic construction kit includes a powered base plate, conductive elements, and conductive electronic elements. The powered base plate includes a power source and a plurality of conductive poles on which a construction assembly can be built. The conductive poles include positive and negative poles. When an assembly is properly connected to a positive and negative pole of the base plate, electricity flows through the assembly and powers the electronic components in the various conductive electronic elements. 
       FIGS. 23 and 24  illustrate a powered base plate  2302  according to an embodiment of the present invention. As shown, powered base plate  2302  comprises a powered building platform  2304  and a storage container  2306 . Powered building platform  2304  includes an inner wall  2308  on one side and a conductive ferromagnetic surface  2310  on its opposite side. The inner wall  2308  can be made of plastic (e.g., ABS) and include a battery compartment  2309 . The conductive ferromagnetic surface  2310  can include positive and negative poles to which a magnetic construction assembly can be magnetically coupled and powered. The conductive ferromagnetic surface  2310  can be, for example, an embossed tin plate with electrically isolated conductive metal ball portions  2312  and nonconductive metal ball portions  2314 . In this example, two conductive metal ball portions  2312  are negative poles and two are positive poles, with the five remaining metal ball portions being nonconductive. The conductive ferromagnetic surface  2310  can also have indicia  2315  (e.g., a colored line around a ball portion) to indicate which ball portions are conductive and which of the conductive ball portions are positive (indicated by a “+”) or negative (indicated by a “−”). 
     The powered building platform  2304  can serve as a lid to the storage container  2306 . Storage container  2306  can include partitioned compartments for holding construction elements in segregated groups of like elements. For example, a center compartment  2316  can hold ferromagnetic balls and an outer compartment  2318  can hold magnetic rods. 
       FIG. 25  illustrates an exploded view of a powered base plate  2502  according to another embodiment of the present invention. Compared to the powered base plate  2302  of  FIGS. 23 and 24 , powered base plate  2502  provides a larger building surface area and more ball portions on which to build electronic magnetic assemblies. As shown, powered base plate  2502  comprises a powered building platform  2504  and a storage container  2506 . Powered building platform  2504  includes an inner wall  2508  on one side and a conductive ferromagnetic building surface  2510  on its opposite side. In this example, building surface  2510  comprises a housing  2507  (e.g., made of ABS plastic) having openings through which ferromagnetic ball portions and conductive ferromagnetic ball portions project. The ball portions could be formed as separate metal half balls or could be formed together as a monolithic piece, for example, an embossed tin panel, provided the conductive poles (described below) are electrically isolated from each other. The inner wall  2508  can be made of plastic (e.g., ABS) and include a battery compartment  2509  with a battery door  2511 . 
     The conductive ferromagnetic building surface  2510  can include positive and negative poles to which a magnetic construction assembly can be magnetically coupled and powered. The conductive ferromagnetic building surface  2510  can be, for example, an embossed tin plate having openings through which conductive metal ball portions  2512  and nonconductive metal ball portions  2514  project. The conductive ferromagnetic building surface  2510  can also have indicia  2515  (e.g., a colored line around a ball portion) to indicate which ball portions are conductive and which of the conductive ball portions are positive (indicated by a “+”) or negative (indicated by a “−”). 
     The powered building platform  2504  can serve as a lid to the storage container  2506 . Storage container  2506  can include partitioned compartments for holding construction elements in segregated groups of like elements. For example, a center compartment  2516  can hold ferromagnetic balls and an outer compartment  2518  can hold magnetic rods. Storage container  2506  can be made of translucent ABS. 
       FIG. 26  illustrates a plan view of the conductive ferromagnetic building surface  2510  according to an embodiment of the present invention. In this example, surface  2510  includes six positive pole conductive ferromagnetic ball portions  2512   a  and six negative conductive ferromagnetic ball portions  2512   b , all of which are connected to a power source (not shown), such as a battery. The remaining ball portions are nonconductive metal ball portions  2514 , which are not connected to a power source, but which can magnetically couple to magnetic parts. In one embodiment, the ball portions  2512   a ,  2512   b , and  2514  have a satin chrome finish. 
       FIG. 27  illustrates a cross-section of powered base plate  2502 , according to an embodiment of the present invention. As shown, the storage container  2506  nests inside of powered building platform  2504 , with the platform  2504  acting as lid over compartments  2516  and  2518 . The cross-section of  FIG. 27  also shows an example of how the metal half balls can be fastened to the housing  2507 , in this case using flanges  2702  to adhere to the inside of the housing  2507 , with balls projecting through the openings in the housing  2507 . In addition, in one embodiment, the battery compartment  2509  accommodates four AA batteries  2802 , as shown in  FIGS. 27 and 28 . The inner wall  2508  can include screw holes  2804  to affix the inner wall  2508  to housing  2507 , as shown in  FIG. 28 . 
       FIG. 29  illustrates an exemplary operation of the powered base plate  2502 , according to an embodiment of the present invention. In one implementation, when the storage container  2506  is attached to the powered building platform  2504 , the circuit power is off and no electricity is conducted to the conductive ferromagnetic ball portions. As represented by the arrow  2902 , when the powered building platform  2504  is separated from the storage container  2506 , the circuit power is on, with power available to the positive and negative poles of the conductive ferromagnetic ball portions. 
     As described above, a powered base plate, such as plate  2302  and plate  2502  of  FIGS. 23 and 25 , respectively, can power construction assemblies made of conductive elements and conductive electronic elements, when the elements are properly connected to the poles of the powered base plate.  FIG. 30  illustrates exemplary conductive and conductive-electronic elements joined together to conduct electricity and form part of a construction assembly attached to and powered by a powered base plate. In this example, electricity flows through conductive magnetic rod  3002 , conductive ferromagnetic ball  3004 , and conductive electronic magnetic rod  3009 . Rods  3002  and  3004  include magnets  3006  that magnetically couple the rods to the ball  3004  and ensure contact between the elements (as represented by the circles  3008 ) to provide a continuous electrical path. Attaching the ends of the rods opposite the ball  3004  to a positive and negative pole of a powered base plate (either directly or through other conductive elements) provides a powered continuous electrical circuit that activates the connected electronic components. 
       FIGS. 31A-31C  illustrate the construction of a conductive magnetic rod  3002 , according to an embodiment of the present invention. As shown, conductive magnetic rod  3002  includes a housing  3012 , a conductor  3014 , magnets  3006 , and magnet caps  3016 . Conductor  3014  is disposed in an intermediate portion of housing  3012  and is held in place, for example, by insert molding the conductor within a solid intermediate portion  3020  of housing  3012  (as shown in  FIG. 30 ) or by positioning the conductor between fins  3022  formed on the interior of housing  3012  (as shown in  FIGS. 31A and 31B ). Conductor  3014  contacts magnets  3006  disposed proximate to the ends of housing  3012  so as to provide a continuous electrical path through the rod  3002 . Magnet caps  3016  hold the magnets  3006  within the rod  3002  and help ensure contact between magnets  3006  and conductor  3014 . Magnet caps  3016  can be glued to housing  3012 , for example. In addition to conducting electricity, conductor  3014  may or may not also be magnetically conducting. For example, conductor  3014  could be made of copper or aluminum, which conduct electricity but are not magnetically conductive. 
       FIGS. 32A-32C  illustrate the construction of a conductive electronic magnetic rod  3009  having electronic components, according to an embodiment of the present invention. As shown, conductive magnetic rod  3009  includes a housing  3212 , a printed circuit board (PCB)  3213 , magnets  3006 , and magnet caps  3216 . PCB  3213  is disposed in an intermediate portion of housing  3212  and is held in place, for example, by gluing it to the housing  3212  or mounting it on supports in the interior of the housing  3212 . PCB  3213  is electrically coupled to magnets  3006  disposed proximate to the ends of housing  3212  so as to provide a continuous electrical path through the rod  3009 . The PCB  3213  and magnets  3006  can be electrically coupled, for example, by soldering them together or by inserting an electrically conductive compressed spring in between the components. Magnet caps  3216  hold the magnets  3006  within the rod  3009  and can help ensure contact between magnets  3006  and PCB  3213 . Magnet caps  3216  can be glued to housing  3212 , for example. In addition to conducting electricity, PCB  3213  may or may not also be magnetically conducting. 
     PCB  3213  can include electronic components that activate when the rod  3009  is powered. For example, as shown in  FIG. 32B , PCB  3213  can have a light emitting diode (LED)  3230  that continuously lights when powered. Alternatively, PCB  3213  could include other types of lights, sound or audio modules, or moving parts such as motors, propellers, or gears. 
       FIGS. 33A-33C  illustrate a conductive electronic magnetic rod  3309  having electronic control components, according to another embodiment of the present invention. As shown, rod  3309  includes a housing  3312  in which a PCB  3313  and magnets  3006  are disposed and electrically coupled at points  3315 . Magnet caps  3316  hold the magnets  3006  inside the rod  3309 . Rod  3309  includes a PCB  3313  having electronic components that can control the flow of electricity and thereby control other conductive electronic elements to produce interesting special effects. As represented by the magnet caps  3316  of varying shades in  FIG. 33B , the rod  3309  can have magnet caps  3316  that indicate (e.g., by coloring or indicia) what the special effect is. Such special effects can include, for example, a light flashing, a light glowing, or a random light pattern. In this manner, rod  3309  can be inserted into an electronically conducting construction assembly that includes another conductive electronic rod, such as rod  3009  of  FIG. 32A . The control PCB  3313  of rod  3309  would then activate the LED  3230  of rod  3009  to produce the special effect, for example, causing the LED  3230  to flash. If rod  3309  is then removed from the assembly such that the circuit is continuously powered, the LED  3230  of rod  3009  would stop flashing and instead continuously light. Optionally, rod  3009  could itself include a desired control of the LED  3230 , for example, providing an LED that flashes instead of being continuously illuminated. 
     The housings of the conductive electronic magnetic rods can be configured to accommodate the particular effect that the electronic component of a rod produces. For example, in the case of an electronic light component, the housing is preferably translucent or transparent. As another example, in the case of an audio electronic component, the housing preferably has openings through which sound can be emitted. 
       FIGS. 34A-34B  illustrate a conductive electronic magnetic panel element  3400 , according to another embodiment of the present invention. As shown, panel element  3400  includes three magnets  3402 , with two providing a positive pole and one providing a negative pole. The three poles of magnets  3402  are connected together through wiring  3403  to conduct electricity. The three poles of magnets  3402  are also in electrical communication with an LED  3404  disposed at the center of the element  3400 . The LED  3404  can be a flashing LED, for example. In an alternative embodiment, panel element  3400  can include only wiring (with no LED) and can simply conduct electricity to other components. 
     Having described exemplary components of an electrically conductive magnetic construction assembly,  FIGS. 35A-35D  illustrate an exemplary method for assembling such components. As shown in  FIG. 35A , in step  1 , a powered base plate  2502  is provided, which includes a powered building platform  2504  and a storage container  2506 . The platform  2504  is removed from the storage container  2506  to enable access to the stored electrically conductive magnetic construction elements. In this example, the stored components include metal balls  3552 , electrically conductive magnetic rods  3554  (also referred to as connect rods), electrically conductive magnetic rods having electronic light components  3556  (also referred to as light rods), and electrically conductive magnetic rods having electronic control components  3558  (also referred to as effects rods). 
     As shown in  FIG. 35B , in step  2 , powered building platform  2504  is activated, with its power on. Power can be supplied, for example, by batteries (e.g., four AA batteries) or by an AC power source. The powered building platform  2504  can be turned on using a manual switch (not shown) or automatically when the storage container  2506  is separated from the platform  2504 . When turned on, powered building platform  2504  provides electricity to positive metal ball connectors  3560  and negative metal ball connectors  3561 , as shown. 
     As shown in  FIG. 35C , in step  3 , electrically conductive magnetic construction elements are magnetically coupled to the powered building platform  2504 . Initial elements are coupled directly to the platform  2504 , with subsequent elements stacked on top of and magnetically and electrically coupled to the initial elements. The elements can include metal balls  3552 , connect rods  3554 , light rods  3556 , and effects rods  3558 . 
     As shown in  FIG. 35D , in step  4 , an electrically conductive magnetic construction is assembled such that a closed circuit is established between the powered building platform  2504  and the electrically conductive magnetic construction elements. With the circuit closed, electricity flows from the power source (e.g., batteries) of the platform  2504 , through metal ball connectors  3560  and  3561 , and through the electrically conductive magnetic construction elements. In this example, a positive pole metal ball  3560  of the powered building platform  2504  is coupled to a connect rod  3554 , the connect rod  3554  is coupled to a metal ball  3552   a , the metal ball  3552   a  is coupled to a light rod  3556 , the light rod  3556  is coupled to a second metal ball  3552   b , the second metal ball  3552   b  is coupled to an effects rod  3558 , and the effects rod  3558  is coupled to a negative pole metal ball  3561  of the powered building platform  2504 . With the circuit complete, the light rod  3556  is powered and thereby illuminates. Depending on the type of the effects rod  3558 , the light rod  3556  may, for example, flash, glow, or illuminate in a random pattern (e.g., with multiple multicolored LEDs). Adding more light rods can modify the light pattern. 
       FIG. 35E  illustrates another electrically conductive magnetic construction, according to an embodiment of the present invention. In this example, a conductive electronic magnetic panel element  3570  (akin to element  3400  shown in  FIGS. 34A-34B ) is magnetically coupled to a powered building platform  2504  through metal balls  3572  and electrically conductive magnetic rods  3574 . With the circuit complete, the LED of element  3570  illuminates. 
     As described above, an embodiment of the present invention provides conductive magnetic components and conductive electronic magnetic components that can be used to build a wide variety of electrically conductive construction assemblies. One skilled in the art would appreciate that the constructions could be assembled in any number of different circuit configurations to produce varying special effects. The skilled artisan would also appreciate that to effect the desired magnetic and electrical circuits, the positive and negative poles (both in terms of electricity and magnetism) need to be properly aligned. Properly sequenced poles enable the flow of electricity as well as maximum magnetic force and structural rigidity. In addition, in building assemblies and experimenting with different configurations, users can learn the principles of electricity and magnetism based on the feedback of the electronic components. In other words, when a construction assembly is properly coupled, the construction is sturdy by virtue of the magnetic couplings, and electrically conductive, as indicated by the activated electronic components (e.g., illuminated LEDs). In this manner, the components and construction kits of the present invention have broad applicability to construction toys, games, puzzles, and educational devices. 
     Further embodiments of the present invention provide alternative platforms on which to build magnetic construction assemblies. For example,  FIGS. 36A-36C  illustrate a travel case  3602  that opens up to provide a wide building platform. Each side panel  3604  of the case is pivotably mounted to a frame member  3606 . The side panels pivot away from each other and lay in generally a single plane under the frame, as shown in  FIG. 36C . The insides of the side panels provide building surfaces on which magnetic construction elements can be place. The frame member  3606  also includes building surfaces (e.g., metal balls) so that magnetic construction assemblies can span the entire area of the side panels and under the frame, as shown in  FIG. 36C . 
       FIG. 37A  illustrates an exemplary wheel element  3700 , according to an embodiment of the present invention. As shown, the wheel element  3700  is generally circular in shape and has an axle projection at its center. The axle projection can be shaped and sized to fit within a magnetic panel element, such as opening  364  of skeletal square panel element  352  ( FIG. 3E ). The axle projection can, for example, have a distal end that compresses to slide through an opening and expands to snap in place. 
       FIG. 37B  illustrates an assembly of magnetic construction elements and wheel elements (such as element  3700 ), according to an embodiment of the present invention. As shown, the assembly resembles a chassis and wheels of a vehicle. 
       FIGS. 38A-38E  are schematic diagrams illustrating a double axis construction element  3800 , according to another embodiment of the present invention. The double axis element  3800  enables relative rotational movement between components of a construction assembly. The double axis element  3800  can be sized and shaped to provide a soft fit through the openings in a square panel element as shown in  FIGS. 38B and 38D . This fit enables the attached panel element to spin freely around the double axis element. In this manner, three-dimensional assemblies such as the cubic assemblies shown in  FIGS. 38B and 38D  can rotate relative to the double axis element. The double axis element can have magnets disposed in its distal ends, can be made of 0.06 inch overmolded ABS, and can be approximately 3.88×0.364×0.364 inches. 
       FIGS. 39A-39D  illustrate a square panel hinge element  3900 , according to another embodiment of the present invention. As shown in the exploded view of  FIG. 39A , the square panel hinge element  3900  comprises two square panel portions  3901  connected by a metal pin  3902 . The metal pin  3902  is disposed in axially aligned holes of the projecting hinge portions  3904  of the two square panel portions  3901 . End caps  3903  are attached over the ends of the projecting hinge portions  3904  to retain the metal pin  3902 . As shown in  FIG. 39C , the opposing hinge portions  3901  can have incremental projections  3906  to provide a user with feedback at each angle increment as the panel portions  3901  are rotated with respect to each other. The incremental projections  3906  can also aid to hold the square panel hinge element  3900  in a desired position. The square panel hinge element  3900  can be made of 0.06 inch shelled ABS plastic and the panel portions  3901  can each be approximately 1.84×0.97×0.6 inches. In addition to the square shape shown, other shaped hinges are possible. 
       FIGS. 40A-40D  are schematic diagrams illustrating a construction support  4000 , according to an embodiment of the present invention. The support  4000  is configured to fit, for example, a cubic assembly  4010  (e.g., comprised of square magnetic panel elements and ferromagnetic balls) and to allow the cubic assembly  4010  to spin freely, as represented in  FIG. 40B . To enable this spinning, the construction support  4000  can have a half-ball contour  4001  at its center, as shown in  FIG. 40C , for example. The construction support  4000  can be made of 0.06 inch shelled ABS plastic and can be approximately 3.85×3.85×1.39 inches. 
       FIGS. 41A-41E  are schematic diagrams illustrating a wheel assembly  4100 , according to an embodiment of the present invention. As shown, the wheel assembly  4100  includes a wheel  4101  ( FIGS. 41A and 41D ) and a shaft  4102  ( FIG. 41E ). The shaft  4102  clicks into the wheel axis opening  4103 , for example, by compressing to fit through the opening and then expanding on the other side of the opening  4103 . The wheel  4101  turns around the shaft  4102 . When assembled together, the shaft  4102  protrudes from the wheel  4101 . As best shown in  FIG. 410 , the shaft  4102  can have a protruding rib  4104  that prevents the wheel  4101  from sliding to the portion of the shaft  4102  on the right side of the rib  4104  in  FIG. 41C . As shown in  FIG. 410 , the shaft  4102  can be sized and shaped to fit snugly within a panel element opening, such as opening  364  of skeletal square panel element  352  ( FIG. 3E ). In this manner, the shaft  4102  and panel element do not move with respect to each other, and the wheel  4101  spins around the stationary shaft  4102 . The wheel  4101  can be made of 0.06 inch ABS plastic and can be approximately 3.25×3.25×0.91 inches. The shaft can be made of 0.05 shelled ABS plastic and can be approximately 1.0×0.42×0.42 inches. 
       FIGS. 42A-42D  are schematic diagrams illustrating an alternative wheel and shaft assembly according to a further embodiment of the present invention. As shown in  FIGS. 42A-B , a wheel  4200  comprises an outer contacting surface  4201  and an inner support circle  4202 . The inner support circle  4202  may be configured to support a cube (for example, as shown in  FIG. 40B ), which cube may be spun in the inner support circle  4202 . The wheel  4200  may further include a hole  4203  for insertion of a shaft, such as the shaft  4250  as shown in  FIGS. 42C-42D . 
     The shaft  4250  may include an attachment portion  4204  for insertion into the hole  4203 , an abutment portion  4205  for positioning the shaft in the hole  4203 , a spinning portion  4207  configured to spin freely relative to the attachment portion  4204 , and a lower portion  4208  configured to be attached to other elements of the construction system. A screw  4206  may be used to assemble the shaft  4250  and allow for spinning portion  4207  to spin freely. 
       FIGS. 43A-43C  are schematic diagrams illustrating a spinner element  4300 , according to an embodiment of the present invention. The spinner element  4300  can be used to join two construction elements or assemblies, and to enable relative rotational movement between the connected elements or assemblies. As shown in  FIGS. 43B and 43C , the spinner element  4300  comprises a spinner top  4301  and spinner base  4302  attached by a fastener  4303 , such as a triangular head mechanical screw. The fastener  4303  is inserted into the channel  4304  shown in the cross-sectional view of  FIG. 43B . The spinner top  4301  and base  4302  can rotate without becoming unfastened to each other. The fastener  4303  preferably does not cause too much friction between the components so that the top  4301  and base  4302  can spin freely. The projections  4305  of the spinner top  4301  and base  4302  can be sized and shaped to fit snugly within opening of other construction elements, such as opening  364  of element  352  ( FIG. 3E ). The spinner top  4301  and base  4302  can each be made of 0.06 inch thick ABS plastic, with a 0.03 inch shelled ABS sleeve, and can be approximately 1.25×1.25×0.53 inches. 
       FIGS. 44A-44E  are schematic diagrams illustrating an X-quad bar element  4400 , according to an embodiment of the present invention. As shown in  FIGS. 44A and 44E , the X-quad bar element  4400  has four magnets overmolded into the corners of the element, with the faces of the magnets facing the corners. The X-quad bar element  4400  has a non-planar configuration such that the magnets face in a direction away from the general plane of the center of the element  4400  (e.g., downward in  FIGS. 44A and 44E ). This non-planar configuration enables the X-quad bar element  4400  to magnetically couple to constructions that appear closed ( FIG. 44D ) or to trams that have projecting hemispheres on a planar surface ( FIG. 44C ). As shown in  FIG. 44B , the X-quad bar element  4400  can have a center opening  4401  that matches the respective center openings of other panel elements, such as the square panel element  352  of  FIG. 3E  (also shown in  FIG. 44B ). The X-quad bar element  4400  can be made of ABS overmolding and can be approximately 1.53×0.97×0.3 inches. 
       FIGS. 45A-45C  are schematic diagrams illustrating a connector element  4500 , according to an embodiment of the present invention. As shown in  FIGS. 45A and 45C , the connector element  4500  comprises two rod portions  4501  and a center ball portion  4502  in between the rod portions  4501 . The rod portions  4501  each have a prong  4503  protruding perpendicularly from the rod portions  4501 , and have magnets disposed at their ends opposite to the center ball portion  4502 . The two rod portions  4501  can be separately attached to the center ball portion  4502 . Or, the two rod portions  4501  can be integral with each other, with metal half-balls glued over a central spherical portion integrally joining the two rod portions  4501  (which creates the appearance that there are three separate parts, i.e., two “T” shaped parts and a ball part). The protruding prongs  4503  can be sized, shaped, and spaced apart to fit into two cubic assemblies (e.g., comprised of square magnetic panel elements and ferromagnetic balls) as shown in  FIG. 45B . As a single integral piece, the dual rod  4500  with prongs  4503  can be made of ABS overmolding, 0.05 inch wall thickness, and can be approximately 2.71×1.45×0.36 inches. The metal half domes can be 15 mm×0.5 mm×0.04 inches. 
       FIGS. 46A-46D  are schematic diagrams illustrating a small wheel assembly  4600 , according to an embodiment of the present invention. As shown in the exploded view of  FIG. 46D , the small wheel assembly  4600  includes a shaft  4601 , a wheel base  4602 , and a sphere  4603 . The shaft  4601  snaps onto the wheel base  4602  as shown in  FIG. 46C , for example, using an end fitting  4604  that compresses and expands to snap in place. The wheel base  4602  can spin freely on the shaft  4601 . As shown in  FIG. 46B , the sphere  4803  can be attached to the wheel base  4602  by press fitting a metal pin through aligned openings in the wheel base  4602  and sphere  4603 . The sphere  4603  can spin around the metal pin. The shaft  4601  can be made of 0.04 inch shelled ABS and can be approximately 0.42×0.42×0.49 inches. The wheel base  4602  can be made of 0.06 inch shelled ABS and can be approximately 0.9×1.06×0.3 inches. The sphere  4603  can be shelled with a thickness of 0.04 inches. 
       FIGS. 47A-47E  are schematic diagrams illustrating an illuminated closure panel  4700 , according to an embodiment of the present invention. As shown in  FIGS. 47B-47D , the illuminated closure panel  4700  can be sized and shaped to connect to a square panel element, such as element  352  of  FIG. 3E , to add interesting visual effects to a construction assembly. As shown in  FIG. 47A , the illuminated closure panel  4700  comprises a transparent or translucent light panel  4701  attached to a light panel cap  4702 . The light panel cap  4702  has a compartment that houses an LED bulb  4708  disposed adjacent the light panel  4701 , via LED holder  4709 , as well as batteries  4705 ,  4706  that power the bulb  4708  in conjunction with battery contact  4707 . The light panel cap  4702  may be secured to a portion of the light panel  4701  by screws  4704 . A push button switch  4703  protrudes from the light panel cap  4702 , which activates and deactivates the light  4708 . As shown in  FIG. 47B , the illuminated closure panel  4700  can be configured such that when it is inserted into a panel element, the button  4703  is pressed and the light  4708  is activated. When the illuminated closure panel  4700  is removed, the button  4703  is released and the light is deactivated  4708 . The button  4708 , light panel  4701 , and light panel cap  4702  can be made of shelled ABS plastic. 
       FIGS. 48A-48C  are schematic diagrams illustrating a small wheel base assembly  4800 , according to an embodiment of the present invention. The small wheel base  4800  may include a pair of wheels  4801 , an attachment shaft  4802 , an axle  4803 , and body shaft  4804 . In use, the small wheel base  4800  may attach to holes in other construction elements (such as a cubic construction as shown in  FIG. 48B ) in order to permit the elements to roll. 
       FIGS. 49A-49B  are schematic diagrams illustrating a half tram shaft  4900 , according to an embodiment of the present invention. The half tram shaft includes a base for insertion into holes of other construction elements and an engagement portion  4901  that is configured to hold, for example, a ferromagnetic sphere. The engagement portion may be configured as a snapping cup that allows a sphere to be easily inserted and removed by virtue of the shape and flexibility of the snapping cup  4901 . 
       FIGS. 50A-50B  are schematic diagrams illustrating a sphere shaft  5000 , according to an embodiment of the present invention. The sphere shaft  5000  may be provided with a half tram shaft portion  4900  at one end and a ferromagnetic sphere portion  5002  at an opposite end. The half tram shaft portion  4900  and sphere portion  5002  may be connected by a rod portion  5003 , which may be rigid or flexible. In an alternative embodiment, the sphere portion  5002  may be detachable, and the sphere shaft  5000  may comprise a magnet holder  5001  at one or both ends thereof for attachment to a ferromagnetic sphere. 
       FIGS. 51A-51B  are schematic diagrams illustrating a reversible panel  5100 , according to an embodiment of the present invention. The panel  5100  has prongs  5102  that can be inserted into holes of construction elements described herein. The panel  5100  may have different surface designs or patterns to be used as decorative elements for the construction systems described herein. A first surface  5101  of the panel  5100  can be provided with, for example, a tile-like pattern while a second surface  5103  can be provided with, for example, a brick-like pattern. The prongs  5102  may be configured to slide in and out of the panel, at least to the degree of protrusion on either side shown in  FIG. 51B , so that either side of the panel  5100  can be positioned on an outer side of a construction element or assembly. 
       FIGS. 52A-52B  are schematic diagrams illustrating a curved architectural panel  5200 , according to an embodiment of the present invention. The curved architectural panel  5200  can be inserted into holes of construction elements described herein to provide decorative characteristics to an assembly or to provide for a rounded construction, as shown in  FIG. 52B . The panel  5200  includes an attachment piece  5201  that may comprise metal inserts that can be attached to ferromagnetic spheres used in the construction of assemblies as described herein. The panel  5200  may include a curved portion  5202 , which may include window cutouts in order to provide a rounded construction of a magnetic assembly. The curved panel  5200  may be attached to the edges of a construction of cubic elements, by means of attachment piece  5201  to provide a rounded structure, which may extend all the way around the cubic or block assembly, as shown in  FIG. 52B   
       FIGS. 53A-53B  are schematic diagrams illustrating a column  5300  with metal insert  5303 , according to an embodiment of the present invention. The column  5300  may be attached to construction assemblies as described herein to produce a decorative column aspect to the assembly. The column  5300  includes a patterned outer surface  5301 , which may be molded to form an architectural design, and an inner surface  5302 . The metal insert  5303  may be permanently attached to the inner surface  5302  of the column  5300 , for magnetically connecting to construction elements as described herein, such as ferromagnetic spheres as shown in  FIG. 53C . 
     The foregoing disclosure of the preferred embodiments of the present invention has been presented for purposes of illustration and description. It is not intended to be exhaustive or to limit the invention to the precise forms disclosed. Many variations and modifications of the embodiments described herein will be apparent to one of ordinary skill in the art in light of the above disclosure. The scope of the invention is to be defined only by the claims, and by their equivalents. 
     Further, in describing representative embodiments of the present invention, the specification may have presented the method and/or process of the present invention as a particular sequence of steps. However, to the extent that the method or process does not rely on the particular order of steps set forth herein, the method or process should not be limited to the particular sequence of steps described. As one of ordinary skill in the art would appreciate, other sequences of steps may be possible. Therefore, the particular order of the steps set forth in the specification should not be construed as limitations on the claims. In addition, the claims directed to the method and/or process of the present invention should not be limited to the performance of their steps in the order written, and one skilled in the art can readily appreciate that the sequences may be varied and still remain within the spirit and scope of the present invention.