Patent Publication Number: US-2005121852-A1

Title: Method, apparatus and article for determining an initial hand in a playing card game, such as blackjack or baccarat

Description:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION  
      1. Field of the Invention  
      The present description generally relates to games employing playing cards, and in particular to the automation of certain aspects of card games, for example card games such as Blackjack or Baccarat.  
      2. Description of the Related Art  
      Card games are a well-known form of recreational entertainment. Games are typically played with one or more decks of playing cards, where each deck typically includes 52 playing cards of four suits (i.e., hearts, diamonds, clubs, and spades), each suit including 13 playing cards of varying rank (i.e., 2-10, Jack, Queen, King and Ace). Card games may, or may not, include wagering based on the game&#39;s outcome.  
      One popular card game, known as Blackjack, one or more players each compete against a dealer. The participants (i.e., players and dealer) attempt to collect a hand having a total point value equal to, or as close to twenty-one, without going over. The point value of the hand is determined by the rank of the playing card. Thus, playing cards having rank 2-10 have the point value 2-10, respectively. Face cards (i.e., Jack, Queen, King) have the point value 10, while Aces can have the point value 1 or 10 at the participant&#39;s discretion. An initial hand of two playing cards having a point value of twenty-one (i.e., an Ace plus a ten or a face card) is referred to as a natural “21”, or blackjack, and beats other hands with the point value of twenty-one.  
      In Blackjack, the dealer initially deals two playing cards to each of the participants in two passes around the table, starting with the participant at the dealer&#39;s far left (i.e., first base), extending through the participant at the dealer&#39;s far right (i.e., third base) and finally to the dealer&#39;s self. The players&#39; cards are dealt face up in games where the playing cards are dealt from a shoe, and face down in hand-held games (i.e., games dealt by hand). The rules of play for the dealer are strictly dictated, leaving almost no decisions up to the dealer. Thus, the dealer, and other participants, can see the player&#39;s hands without affecting the outcome of the game.  
      The dealer turns over or is dealt one of the dealer&#39;s first two playing cards face up (i.e., top card), the rank of the playing card visible to the participants at the table. The dealer leaves or is dealt the second playing card face down (i.e., hole card), the rank of the playing card not visible to the participants at the table. In some variations of Blackjack, the dealer will immediately determine the point value of the hole card, while in other variations of the game the dealer waits until all players have played their hands before checking the point value of the hole card. Since a dealer&#39;s blackjack ties or beats all other hands, the advantage of immediately checking the hole card is that the game can be quickly ended and wagers collected if the dealer has blackjack without having to play out every hand, thereby wasting time.  
      The dealer then offers each player, in succession from the dealer&#39;s left to right, the opportunity to accept additional playing cards. Each player&#39;s hand is completed before the dealer offers the next player the opportunity to receive additional playing cards. Accepting playing cards is commonly referred to as “hitting” or taking a “hit.” At each player&#39;s turn, the player may accept playing cards, one at a time, trying to build a hand with a point value as close to twenty-one as possible, without going over twenty-one. The player may decline further playing cards at anytime, which is commonly referred to as “standing.” The player&#39;s hand is immediately terminated if its point value exceeds twenty-one, which is commonly referred to as a “bust” or “busted.” If the player busts, or has a natural twenty-one (i.e., blackjack), the dealer completes the player&#39;s hand and places that player&#39;s playing cards into a discard holder. Before receiving a third playing card after the initial hands are dealt, a player can split the player&#39;s initial hand. This is commonly referred to as splitting. The player uses one of the initial playing cards to form a new hand, placing a wager for the new hand, and retains the other of the initial playing cards as a part of the original hand.  
      After each player in turn has declined to accept further playing cards, the dealer may accept further playing cards from the deck. Casinos have rules based on the point value of the dealer&#39;s hand that dictate when the dealer must take an additional playing card from the deck (i.e., hit) and when the dealer must decline further additional playing cards (i.e., stand). For example, many casinos require the dealer to stand if the dealer&#39;s hand has a point value of seventeen or more. Some casinos permit the dealer to take an additional playing card if the point value of the dealer&#39;s hand is a soft seventeen, that is, if the point value of the dealer&#39;s hand is seventeen by counting an Ace held by the dealer as eleven.  
      If the dealer busts, player who have not also busted win. If the dealer does not bust, all remaining players and the dealer must display their hands to allow the dealer to compare the value of each of the player&#39;s hands to the value of the dealer&#39;s hand. Those players having a hand with a higher point value than the dealer&#39;s hand, and who have not exceeded twenty-one win. The winning players are paid based on the size of their wager and the odds. The wagers of losing players are collected, and the dealer collects the playing cards remaining on the gaming table in a particular order. Blackjack includes additional rules such as “doubling down” and “insurance” bets, and other variations that are commonly known by those who play Blackjack, and will not be further described in the interest of brevity.  
      Blackjack may be played with one deck or multiple decks of playing cards. When multiple decks are used, the playing cards are loaded into a “shoe.” Utilizing multiple decks of playing cards helps to mitigate any unfair advantage that might be gained by a participant or participants who may attempt to count cards. Numerous card-counting systems are known, and typically rely on a participant keeping a mental count of some or all of the playing cards, which have been played. For example, in the game of twenty-one it is beneficial to determine when all playing cards with a rank of 5 have been dealt (i.e., Fives strategy). Since playing cards with a value of ten favor the player over the house, it is also beneficial to determine the number of playing cards remaining in the deck(s) having a point value of ten (i.e., Tens strategy). Other variations of card counting are well known in the art.  
      Shuffling of the playing cards is typically done either manually by the dealer or with a mechanical shuffler. The playing cards are typically reshuffled and/or new decks employed several cards before the end of the shoe, in a further effort to hinder card counting, which is particularly effective when only a few hands of playing cards remain (i.e., end game strategy). The ratio of the number of playing cards dealt to the total number of playing cards remaining in the shoe or deck(s) is commonly known as the deck penetration.  
      Another popular card game is known as Baccarat, which is derived from European Baccarat and chemin de fer. There are three standard variations of Baccarat, standard or Big-Baccarat, Midi-Baccarat, and Mini-Baccarat. The significant difference between the three versions is that in Big-Baccarat, each of the seated participants takes a turn dealing the playing cards, in Midi-Baccarat, each of the gaming participants takes a turn dealing only the Player&#39;s hand, and in Mini-Baccarat, none of the seated participants touch the playing cards—a designated casino dealer handles the playing cards.  
      In Baccarat, only two hands are dealt, one hand represents the Banker&#39;s hand and the other represents the Player&#39;s hand. The participants in the game are the actual individuals seated at the Baccarat table. The casino typically plays the role of the banker. The object of the game is for the participants to bet on which one of the two hands, the Player&#39;s hand or the Banker&#39;s hand, will come closest to a total of nine points or whether the hands will tie. The value of the hand is determined by the rank of the playing cards. Thus, cards having rank Ace-10 have the value 1-10 respectively. Face cards (i.e., Jack, Queen, King) each have the value 10. A hand that is worth 8 or 9 points is generally referred to as a natural. A hand totaling nine is more specifically referred to as le grand natural, while a hand totaling eight is referred to as le petit natural. If the total of a hand exceeds the value of “ten,” the hand is scored by dropping the tens-place integer. For instance, if a hand consists of a five and a King, which totals fifteen, the value of the hand is five after dropping the tens-place integer. In a hand with a Ten and a Queen, which totals twenty, the value of the hand is zero. Suits have no bearing on the game of Baccarat. Each hand consists of at least two playing cards, but no more than three. The Player&#39;s initial hand consists of the first and third playing cards dealt. The Banker&#39;s initial hand consists of the second and fourth playing cards dealt. A third playing card for the respective hand may or may not be drawn according to fixed rules shown below.  
      Rules For The Player&#39;s Hand:  
                                       Based On The Total of the       Total of Player&#39;s   Player&#39;s Initial Cards, The       Initial Cards:   Player Must:                  0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5   DRAW a third card       6 or 7   STAND       8 or 9   STAND (Natural)                  
 
      Rules For The Banker&#39;s Hand:  
                                               Based On The Total of the           The Player&#39;s   Banker&#39;s Initial Cards and the       Total of Banker&#39;s   Third   Value of the Player&#39;s Third Card,       Initial Cards:   Card Is:   The Banker Must:                  0, 1, or 2   0-9   DRAW       3   0-7 or 9   DRAW           8   STAND       4   2-7   DRAW           0-1, 8 or 9   STAND       5   4-7   DRAW           0-3, 8 or 9   STAND       6   6-7   DRAW           0-3, 8 or 9   STAND       7   0-9   STAND       8-9   0-9   STAND (Natural)                  
 
      In addition to the above rules, Baccarat includes a unique gaming table for the placement of wagers and for the display of both the Player&#39;s and Banker&#39;s hands, however, the overall Baccarat environment will not be further described in the interest of brevity.  
      Card games are particularly popular in casinos and other gaming establishments. Participants wager large sums of money while playing card games, thus, it is desirable to ensure that those playing the game are not cheating, for example by utilizing card-counting strategies, substituting one or more cards into the deck or hand, or marking cards. Further, it is desirable to monitor the game in a relatively unobtrusive manner to allow casino customers to feel comfortable in their surroundings.  
     BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION  
      In one aspect, an apparatus for automatically determining whether a dealer has an automatically winning hand in a card game played by a number of participants including at least one player and the dealer includes a playing card reading means for reading identifiers from a number of playing cards before the playing cards are received by respective ones of the participants in the card game; a processor coupled to the playing card reading means to receive signals indicative of the read identifiers and to receive signals indicative of a number of hands in the card game, the processor further configured to determine a value of a dealer&#39;s initial hand composed of a first two playing cards dealt to the dealer based on the received signals and to determine whether the determined value of the dealer&#39;s initial hand is equal to a defined value; and an indicator coupled to the processor for control thereby to provide a human perceptible indication indicative of the value of the dealer&#39;s initial hand being equal to the defined value.  
      In another aspect, a method for automatically determining whether a dealer has an automatically winning hand in a card game played by a number of participants including at least one player and the dealer includes reading identifiers from a number of playing cards before the playing cards are received by respective ones of the participants in the card game; determining a value of a dealer&#39;s initial hand composed of a first two playing cards dealt to the dealer based at least in part on the identifiers read from the number of playing cards before the playing cards are received by respective ones of the participants in the card game and at least in part on a number of hands participating in the card game; determining whether the determined value of the dealer&#39;s initial hand is equal to a defined value; and providing a human perceptible indication indicative of the value of the dealer&#39;s initial hand being equal to the defined value.  
      In yet another aspect, a method for determining a value of an initial hand of playing cards includes determining a number of participants in the card game to include at least one player and one dealer; and determining a number of playing cards necessary to provide each participant with an initial hand of playing cards according to a set of rules for the card game; determining an initial sequence of the number of playing cards by reading identifiers from the number of playing cards; and determining the value of at least one initial hand of playing cards dealt from the initial sequence.  
      In yet another aspect, a system for determining a value of an initial hand of playing cards includes means for determining the number of initial hands for a current card game; a housing to hold at least the number of initial hands for the current card game, the cards selectively removable from the housing; means for reading an indicia from at least each of the number of cards forming the initial hands, the means for reading positioned to read at least the number of initial hands within the housing; means for processing an amount of data acquired from reading the indicia; and means for determining the value of at least one initial hand before all of the initial hands have been dealt. 
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE SEVERAL VIEWS OF THE DRAWING(S)  
      In the drawings, identical reference numbers identify similar elements or acts. The size and relative positions of elements in the drawings are not necessarily drawn to scale. For example, the shapes of various elements are not drawn to scale, and some of these elements are arbitrarily enlarged and positioned to improve drawing legibility. Further, the particular shapes and the elements are not intended to convey any information regarding the actual shape of the particular elements, and have been solely selected for their ease and recognition in the drawings.  
       FIG. 1  is a top plan view of a card shoe according to one embodiment.  
       FIG. 2  is a front elevational view of the card shoe of  FIG. 1 .  
       FIG. 3  is a cross-sectional view of the card-shoe of  FIG. 1 , showing a card reader positioned to read identifiers from playing cards in the card shoe.  
       FIG. 4  is a top plan view of a card shoe according to another embodiment showing a card reader positioned to read identifiers from playing cards as the playing cards are removed from the card shoe one-at-a-time.  
       FIG. 5  is a front elevational view of a stacked set of playing cards, each of the playing cards carrying machine-readable indicia on a face of the playing cards.  
       FIG. 6  is a top plan view of an initial hand of playing cards.  
       FIG. 7  is a flow chart showing a method of operating the card and associated processor to determine a value of at least one initial hand of playing cards according to one embodiment.  
       FIG. 8  is a flow chart showing a method of operating a game of Blackjack employing the card shoe, processor and method of  FIG. 7 .  
       FIG. 9  is a flow chart showing a method of operating a game of Baccarat employing the card shoe, processor and method of  FIG. 7 . 
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION  
      In the following description, certain specific details are set forth in order to provide a thorough understanding of various embodiments of the invention. However, one skilled in the art will understand that the invention may be practiced without these details. In other instances, well-known structures associated with cameras, imagers, scanners, optics, computers, computer networks, data structures, databases, and networks such as the Internet, have not been describe in detail to avoid unnecessarily obscuring the descriptions of the embodiments of the invention.  
      Unless the context requires otherwise, throughout the specification and claims which follow, the word “comprise” and variations thereof, such as “comprises” and “comprising” are to be construed in an open, inclusive sense, that is as “including but not limited to.” 
      Reference throughout this specification to “one embodiment” or “an embodiment” means that a particular feature; structure or characteristic described in connection with the embodiment is included in at least one embodiment of the present invention. Thus, the appearances of the phrases “in one embodiment” or “in an embodiment” in various places throughout this specification are not necessarily all referring to the same embodiment. Further more, the particular features, structures, or characteristics may be combined in any suitable manner in one or more embodiments.  
      The headings provided herein are for convenience only and do not interpret the scope or meaning of the claimed invention.  
      Reference throughout this specification of the terms “dealer,” “player” and “participant” are merely used for reference purposes to identify the respective parties. The term “participant” as used within the specification and claims may include the player as well as the dealer, if in fact the particular card game has a dealer. For example, in the game of Blackjack, the dealer may be considered to be a participant because the dealer actively receives and makes decisions based on the present value of the dealer&#39;s hand.  
      The methods for determining a value of an initial hand of playing cards may be accomplished with various devices. For example, a card shoe may include a card reader, as described in detail below, to read identifiers from playing cards before, or as, the playing cards are removed from the card shoe. Alternatively, other devices may generate a pseudo-random playing card sequence, and sort, shuffle, print or otherwise produce the playing cards such that the playing cards are distributed from the card shoe in order of the pseudo-random playing card sequence. In either case, the initial sequence of playing cards is known before all of the playing cards reach a particular participant&#39;s hand. It is thus possible to determine a value of the particular participant&#39;s hand at a point before the last playing card reaches the particular participant&#39;s hand. Such a determination may be advantageous in a number of circumstances, without effecting the outcome of the game or wagers placed on the game. For example, such a device can determine whether a dealer&#39;s initial hand in a game of Blackjack constitutes a blackjack (i.e., initial two cards total twenty-one), allowing the game to be terminated before each player takes hit cards and thereby increasing the number of games which may be dealt. Such a device may replace the “no peak” devices currently employed on many Blackjack tables.  
      Devices for Reading an Initial Sequence of Playing Cards  
       FIGS. 1-3  illustrate a card shoe  10  for distributing a set of playing cards  12  for use in playing a card game according to one embodiment. The card shoe  10  includes a housing  14  having a receptacle  16  sized and dimensioned to receive the set of playing cards  12 . Card shoes typically hold from two to eight standard decks of playing cards (e.g., 52 playing cards per deck), although those of skilled in the art will appreciate that the receptacle may be sized to accept a greater or lesser number of playing cards  12 . The playing cards  12  are carried on a sloped surface  18 , and the card shoe  10  typically includes a weight or wedge  20  that urges the playing cards  12  toward an opening  22  at the front of the card shoe  10  under the force of gravity. The card shoe  10  may employ other mechanisms including mechanical transports or drives to advance the playing cards  12  toward the opening  22 . The opening  22  permits a dealer, or in the case of Baccarat a player, to easily remove the playing cards  12  from the card shoe  10 . Typically, the dealer or player removes the playing cards  12  one-at-a-time from the card shoe  10 . Alternatively, the dealer or player may remove the playing cards  12  in sets or groups, for example, for use in card games dealt from a handheld deck. In use, the card shoe  10  may sit on the surface of a gaming table (not shown), may be located in or under the surface of the gaming table, or may be in some other location proximate the gaming table.  
      The card shoe  10  may include a user interface  24  to receive information from and/or provide information to the dealer and/or players. The user interface  24  may take any of a variety of forms such as one or more light emitting diodes (LEDs), liquid crystal displays (LCDs), incandescent lights, speakers, bells, or other device for producing human perceivable information. The user interface  24  may include user-activated switches such as buttons, keys, trackball, joystick, and/or touch sensitive screen. The user interface  24  may be carried by the card shoe  10  as illustrated in  FIGS. 1-3 , or alternatively, may be separate from the card shoe  10  as illustrated in  FIG. 4 . The user interface  24  may be position so as to be visible only to the dealer, or may be positioned so as to be visible to all participants. The user interface  24  may, for example, provide notification that a particular initial hand has a certain value. For example, the user interface  24  may provide notification that an initial hand  26  ( FIG. 6 ) has a certain value. For example, in the game of Blackjack, the user interface  24  may indicate whether the dealer&#39;s initial hand  26  has a value of twenty-one. Alternatively, during the game of Baccarat, the user interface  24  may provide notification to all of the gaming participants that the value of one or both of the Player&#39;s or Banker&#39;s initial hands constitutes a “natural” (i.e., a value of nine).  
      The card shoe  10  may include a card reader  28  for reading identifying information (e.g., rank, suit, serial number, unique alpha-numeric identifier, etc.) from the playing cards  12 . The card reader  28  may take a variety of forms, depending on the method or structure of encoding the identifying information on the playing cards  12 . For example, the card reader  28  may take the form of one or more optical sensors for reading optically encoded identifying information, for example, identifying information encoded as machine-readable symbols such as barcode symbols carried by the playing cards  12 . Also, for example, the card reader  28  may take the form of one or more magnetic sensors (not shown) where the playing cards  12  include magnetic particles (e.g., remanent or magnetic strip) encoding the identifying information. As a further example, the card reader  28  may take the form of a wireless receiver and/or transceiver (not shown), for example, where the playing cards  12  carry an active or passive resonator or transponder such as a radio frequency identification (RFID) circuit.  
      As illustrated in  FIG. 3 , the card reader  28  may be positioned to read the identifying information from the playing cards  12  while the playing cards  12  are in the receptacle  16 . For example, the playing cards  12  may be stacked in the receptacle  16  in a fashion similar to that illustrated in  FIG. 5 , where the amount of stagger in both directions is exaggerated, so that at least one identifying information bearing edge of each playing card  12  is exposed. The card reader  28  may include optical and/or electro-optical components to scan, image, and/or otherwise optically sense identifiers from some or all of the playing cards  12  in the receptacle  16 , for example, before a first one of the playing cards is removed from the card shoe  10 . The optical components may include one or more lens, mirrors, prisms, reflectors, refractors and/or other optical components. The electro-optical components may include one or more scanners such as a laser scanner, or imagers such as one or two-dimensional arrays of photosensitive devices such as Charge Coupled Devices (CCDS), photo-multiplier tubes, vidicons, CMOS imagers, and may capture still images via a still camera or moving images such as video images, for example via a video camera.  
      Alternatively, as illustrated in  FIG. 4  the card reader  28  may be positioned to read the identifying information from the playing cards  12  as the playing cards  12  are withdrawn from the card shoe  10 . For example, the card reader  28  may be positioned to read identifiers from each playing card  12  one-at-a-time, as the playing card is withdrawn from the card shoe  10  in a manner similar to that taught in U.S. Pat. No. 5,374,061 and U.S. Pat. No. 5,722,893.  
      The card shoe  10  may include one or more processors  29 , for example, microprocessors, digital signal processors (DSPs), or application specific integrated circuit (ASICs), and associated random access memory (RAM) and/or read only memory (ROM) carried, for example, on a printed circuit board  30 . The processors may execute appropriate software or firmware instructions for controlling various components, such as the card reader  28 , and for decoding and/or decrypting identifiers read from the playing cards  12  or for otherwise processing the initial sequence of playing cards  12 . While  FIG. 3  illustrates the processor  29  being housed with the card shoe  10 , in some embodiments the processor  29  may be located away from the card shoe  10 , for example, under the gaming table, or even in a secure area away from the floor of the casino. In such an embodiment, the processor may take the form of a programmed general purpose computing system such as a personal computer, workstation, mini-computer or mainframe computer.  
      The card shoe  10  may further include one or more communication devices such as a communications port  31  for transmitting and/or receiving data, for example, identification information and/or the initial sequence of playing cards  12 . The communications port  31  may, for example, allow the processor  29  to be located separately from the card shoe  10 . As is typical in the automatic data collection (ADC) arts, processing may include amplifying the signal from the detector, analog-to-digital conversion or “wave-shaping” of the amplified signal, and decoding the converted signal into characters represented by the symbols forming the machine-readable indicia. Where the identifying data is encoded into a machine-readable symbol, the processing typically includes converting an analog signal representing variations in reflectance into digital data, and interpreting the digital data as meaningful information based on the underlying symbology (i.e., a mapping of machine-readable indicia, typically defined in terms of patterns of reflectance, to human-understandable characters).  
      The card shoe  10  may also be detachable from one or more components of the card reader  28 . In addition, the card shoe reader  10  may be coupled to, or merely placed on a gaming table (not shown), or placed proximate the gaming table. The various configurations of the card shoe  10 , the configuration and function of the reader  28 , etc., and the advantages of having the card shoe connected or not connected to the gaming table are discussed in detail in U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 60/500,898, filed Sep. 5, 2003, entitled “SYSTEMS, METHODS, AND DEVICES FOR MONITORING CARD GAMES, SUCH AS BACCARAT.” 
      Playing Cards  
       FIGS. 5 and 6  illustrate a stack of playing cards  12  and the initial hand  26  of two playing cards  12   a ,  12   b , respectively. As discussed above, the identifier may take the form of a machine-readable symbol  32  carried along one or more edges of the playing cards  12 . Additionally, or alternatively, the standard rank markings  34  and/or suit markings  36  may comprise the identifiers. Methods and structures for reading and processing the identifiers are discussed more fully in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/017,276, filed Dec. 13, 2001, entitled “METHOD, APPARATUS AND ARTICLE FOR RANDOM SEQUENCE GENERATION AND PLAYING CARD DISTRIBUTION;” U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/360,846, filed Feb. 5, 2003, entitled “METHOD, APPARATUS AND ARTICLE EMPLOYING MULTIPLE MACHINE-READABLE INDICIA ON PLAYING CARDS;” and U.S. patent application Ser. No. 60/500,898, filed Sep. 5, 2003, entitled “SYSTEMS, METHODS, AND DEVICES FOR MONITORING CARD GAMES, SUCH AS BACCARAT.” 
      Alternatively, in some embodiments the card shoe  10  may be loaded with a set of playing cards  12  with a predetermined or known sequence. It may be preferable to incorporate a card reader  28  in the card shoe since it is common practice among casinos to remove several playing cards (i.e., “burn cards”) from a new or replacement card shoe  10 , prior to dealing a first card  12  therefrom. The number of burn cards selected is typically a matter of individual casino policy and the burn process is usually performed on a fresh set of playing cards  12 . The card reader  28  can provide that the sequence is determined after the burn cards are removed. Otherwise, the burn cards may be accounted for where the number of bum cards is fixed, or otherwise provided such as entered by the dealer via a user interface.  
      In an alternative embodiment, the card shoe  10  may take the form of a card distribution device such as a card shuffling device that can generate a pseudo-random playing card sequence and distribute the playing cards in the order of the pseudo-random playing card sequence. Such a device is described in detail in U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 60/509,802, filed Oct. 8, 2003, entitled “METHOD, APPARATUS AND ARTICLE FOR RANDOM SEQUENCE GENERATION AND PLAYING CARD DISTRIBUTION,” and U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 60/543,856, filed Feb. 10, 2004, entitled “METHOD, APPARATUS AND ARTICLE FOR COMPUTATIONAL SEQUENCE GENERATION AND PLAYING CARD DISTRIBUTION.” In brief, the card shuffling device utilizes a processor to computationally generate a pseudo-random playing card sequence and employs an electro-mechanical system to sort or shuffle playing cards and to distribute the playing cards according to the computationally generated pseudo-random sequence. Thus, at least a portion of the sequence is determined before the corresponding playing cards  12  are dealt. Where the number of participants is known, the identities of the playing cards that will form the initial hand(s)  26  may be determined at any time before the participant receives the final card in the initial hand (e.g., the second playing card in Blackjack).  
      In a further alternative, the card shoe  10  may take the form of a card printing and distribution device that can generate a pseudo-random playing card sequence, print, and distribute playing cards  12  in the order of the pseudo-random sequence. Such a device is described in detail in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/017,276, filed Dec. 13, 2001, entitled “METHOD, APPARATUS AND ARTICLE FOR RANDOM SEQUENCE GENERATION AND PLAYING CARD DISTRIBUTION.” 
      Methods of Determining a Value of an Initial Hand of Playing Cards  
      As discussed above, there are various approaches to determining at least a portion of the initial sequence in which the playing cards  12  will be distributed or dealt, including optically reading identifiers, magnetically reading identifiers; wireless interrogating transponders or other RF circuitry such as RFID chips, and computationally generating a pseudo-random sequence. The initial sequence  28  comprises at least a sufficient number of playing cards  12  such that each participant, including the dealer if the dealer receives playing cards in the particular game, may receive an initial hand  26  of playing cards, wherein the initial hand  26  consists of at least two playing cards. The initial sequence in the game of Blackjack, for example, would consist of at least four cards (i.e., initial hand of two playing cards for the dealer and for at least one player). Alternatively, in Baccarat, the initial sequence  28  would consist of only four cards (i.e., initial hand of two playing cards dealt to the Player and the Banker).  
      By determining an initial sequence of the playing cards  12 , a value for at least one of the initial hands  26  or all of the initial hands  26  may be determined. In some card games, however, one skilled in the art will understand that there may only be a need to determine a value for a particular initial hand  26 . For example, determining the value of the dealer&#39;s initial hand  26  in the game of Blackjack may determine whether the remainder of the game must be played (e.g., must players take hit cards). The value of the initial hand  26  is dependent on the type of card game being played and the rules of the game.  
       FIG. 7  illustrates a method  100  of operating a card shoe  10  and associated processor  29  to determine a value  30  of at least one initial hand  26  of playing cards  12 , starting at  102 .  FIG. 8  illustrates a method  200  of operating a Blackjack game starting in step  202 , employing the card shoe  10 .  FIG. 9  illustrates a method  300  of operating a Baccarat game starting in step  302 , employing the card shoe  10 . The following discussion will make references to  FIGS. 7-9  in order to illustrate various methods of operating the card shoe  10 , but also to illustrate various possible interactions between the operation of the card shoe  10  and the operation of the particular exemplary games of Blackjack and Baccarat. The methods  200  and  300  share many similar steps, which is indicated by the use of reference numbers that share the final two digits in common, as will be apparent from the following description.  
      At  204 ,  304 , the dealer or some other casino personnel load the card shoe  10 . Typically, the casino personnel initially load the card shoe  10  with multiple decks of playing cards  12 . The loading may take place in a secure area. The card shoe  10  is then placed on the gaming table, for use during one or more shifts. Where the card shoe  10  includes a printer for printing or otherwise forming standard markings on the playing cards  12  in real or almost real time, loading the card shoe  10  may take the form of loading blank card stock, or loading partially printed card stock into the card shoe  10 .  
      At  206 ,  306 , the dealer may remove a number of burn cards from the card shoe  10 . Typically, casinos have a standard policy to “burn” several playing cards from each card shoe  10  or deck of playing cards  12  before game play commences.  
      At  104 , the card reader and/or processor  29  determines an initial sequence of at least some of the playing cards  12 . For example, the card reader  28  may scan or image identifiers from a number or all of the playing cards  12  in the receptacle  16  before one or more of the playing cards  12  are removed from the card shoe  10 . The processor  29  may receive playing card identifying information from a card reader  28  and decode and/or otherwise process the card identifying information to determine an identity and/or value of each of the playing cards  12 . For example, the card reader  28  may scan or image a barcode, stacked code or area code symbol printed on an edge of each playing card  12  in an ink that is not visible to humans. The processor  29  can decode the read symbols into alphanumeric serial numbers that uniquely identify each playing card  12 , and from which the rank and/or value may be determined. Alternatively, each playing card  12  may be scanned or imaged as the playing card  12  is withdrawn from the card shoe  10 , such as illustrated in  FIG. 4 .  
      Other approaches to determining an initial sequence  104  may include magnetically reading magnetic stripe or remanent particles, for example via a magnetic sensor or read head, or wirelessly reading identifying information from the playing cards  12 , for example via a radio frequency identification (RFID) interrogator or other wireless transceiver or receiver.  
      Alternatively, or additionally, the processor  29  may determine the initial sequence  104  by generating or receiving the initial sequence in the form of a computationally generated pseudo-random sequence, for example, where the card shoe  10  employs a sorting or shuffling mechanism or where the card shoe  10  employs a printing or image forming mechanism. In a further alternative, the determining the initial sequence  104  may occur before the playing cards  12  are loaded  204 ,  304  where the initial sequence is provided to the processor  29 , for example via the communications port  31 .  
      Optionally, the processor  29  determines a number of participants or initial hands in the card game at  106 . This determination may be unnecessary in certain card games where the number of participants or initial hands is fixed or known beforehand, for example Baccarat where there are always only two hands played in the game. In Blackjack, however, the number of initial hands  26  varies from game-to-game. Typical Blackjack tables accommodate from two to eight participants, including the dealer, each receiving a respective initial hand. Thus, in order to determine the value of the dealer&#39;s initial hand  26 , the number of players must be known. The number of players may vary from one game to the next, as some players leave the gaming table and new players join.  
      One method of determining the number of participants  106  is for the dealer to count the participants before the start of each card game, with the total number of participants including the dealer if the dealer will be dealt a hand. The dealer may provide the count to the processor  29  via a user interface  24  or relay the count so that someone else can provide the count to the processor  29 .  
      Alternatively and additionally, the system may employ an automated approach to determining the number of participants  106 , for example relying on electrical, electro-mechanical and/or optical sensing devices.  
      In one embodiment, sensing devices may be located at each of the participant seating stations at the gaming table. For example, a player identification reader may be located at each seating station, which reads player identifying information from player identification cards, commonly referred to as “comp” cards. Also for example, a light source and detector pair may be associated with each seating station, for example, located in the gaming table at a betting or wager circle where the player locates chips in order to places wagers or bets. The detector may detect the presence and/or absence of light, thus determining whether a wager has been placed, and consequently whether a card hand will be dealt. As a further example, an RFID interrogator may have an antenna at each seating position or wager circle, and may interrogate gaming chips placed as wagers in the wager circles.  
      In another embodiment, sensing devices may be located centrally to detect player presence or absence at each of the participant seating stations at the gaming table. For example, at least one optical sensing device may be configured to optically detect the presence/absence of a participant at a given seating station of the gaming table. For example, one or more still or video cameras located in a chip tray or in turrets on the gaming table may image the wagering or betting circles typically found on the surface of gaming tables, and may detect the placement of wagers in the form of chips. Each wager circle having chips will receive an initial hand of playing cards. Other methods of determining the number of participants  106  will become apparent to those of skill in the art from the teachings herein.  
      At  108 , the processor  29  determines the value of at least one of the initial hands  26 . The processor  29  may determine the identities of the playing cards  12   a ,  12   b  forming the initial hand  26  based on the initial sequence of playing cards in the card shoe  10 , the rules of the game and/or the number of participants. The processor  29  may determine the value of the initial hand  26  from the identities of the playing cards  12   a ,  12   b  forming the initial hand  26 .  
      For example, for a game of Blackjack, given a number of participants n, the processor  29  can determine that the dealer will receive the nth and the 2*nth playing card in the initial sequence as the dealer&#39;s initial hand  26 . This is based on the initial sequence, the number of participants, and the rules of Blackjack which defines the dealing pattern as dealing one card to each participant starting with the player on the dealer&#39;s left, then sequentially to each seated participant in the direction of the dealer&#39;s right, and finally to the dealer, and then repeating the process for a second playing card to each participant.  
      The processor  29  can likewise determine the identity and values of the initial hands for each of the players. Given the values of the initial hands of the dealer and the player(s), the processor  29  in some instances may be able to determine an outcome of the game, as illustrated by optional act  110 . For example, if the dealer has blackjack, the best outcome a player may expect is a tie or push if the player also has blackjack. The processor  29  can determine can whether the player has blackjack, thus determining the outcome of the game.  
      The act of determining at least one of the initial hands  108  and/or determining of the outcome of the game  110  may occur before, or after, the dealer deals the initial hands  208 . For example, the determinations  108 ,  110  may occur before a first card is removed from the card shoe  10 , before a first card is received by all or any one of the participants; or before a last card that forms the initial hand is received by all or any one of the participants.  
      At  112 , the processor  29  may indicate the outcome of the determination. For example, the processor  29  may cause the user interface  24  to display a message or otherwise indicate that the dealer has blackjack. The dealer may determine that they have blackjack as at  210 , and in response may terminate the game either immediately, or after some time, thus avoiding the need to deal further playing cards (e.g., hit cards) to the players, and thereby increasing the number of hands that may be dealt during the dealer&#39;s shift. In terminating the game the dealer may collect losing wagers  212  and collect the playing cards  214 , which may be returned to the card shoe  10  for eventual reuse in some embodiments, at which point the method  200  terminates at  216 .  
      If the dealer does not have blackjack, the dealer deals hit cards to each of the players in turn, at  218 . The dealer then determines whether the dealer has seventeen or above at  220 . (Note, some casinos differentiate between a hard and a soft seventeen, which may be easily accommodated in the described method). If the dealer has less than seventeen, the dealer deals themselves a hit card at  222 , until the value of the dealer&#39;s hand is equal to or greater than seventeen.  
      At  224 , the dealer determines the outcome of the games, comparing the value of each player&#39;s hand to the value of the dealer&#39;s hand. At  226 , the dealer pays off winning wagers, collects losing wagers at  212 , and collects and returns the playing cards to the card shoe at  214 . The method  260  terminates or repeats at  216 .  
      For example, for a game of Baccarat, the number of participants receiving playing cards is always two, thus the processor  29  can determine that the player will receive the first and third playing cards in the initial sequence as the player&#39;s initial hand  26 , while the banker will receive the second and fourth playing cards in the initial sequence as the banker&#39;s initial hand  26 , as per  108 . Thus, the processor  29  determines the value of each initial hand  108  based on the initial sequence, and the rules of Baccarat which define the number of participants and the dealing pattern as dealing one card to each participant starting with the player and ending with the banker, and then repeating the process for a second playing card to each participant.  
      Further, since the rules for taking playing cards in Baccarat are fixed, and there is no decision-making by either the player or the banker, the processor  29  may determine the identity and value of each and every hand that will be dealt from the card shoe  10  based on the initial sequence at any time before of after a playing card is removed from the card shoe  10  and/or received by the player or banker. Consequently, the processor  29  can determine an outcome of each game  110  that will be dealt from the card shoe  10  based on the initial sequence of playing cards  12  in the card shoe  10 , as per  110 .  
      The act of determining at least one of the initial hands  108  and/or determining of the outcome of the game  110  may occur before, or after, the dealer deals the initial hands  308 . For example, the determinations  108 ,  110  may occur before a first card is removed from the card shoe  10 , before a first card is received by all or any one of the participants; or before a last card that forms the initial hand is received by all or any one of the participants.  
      At  317  the caller or banker determine whether the player requires a hit card, based on the total value of the player&#39;s hand. At  318  the banker deals a hit card to the player, if the player requires a hit card according to the rules of Baccarat. At  321 , the caller or banker determine whether the banker requires a hit card, based on the total value of the banker&#39;s hand. At  322 , the banker is dealt a hit card if a hit card is required according to the rules of Baccarat.  
      At  324 , the caller determines the outcome of the games, comparing the value of each player&#39;s hand to the value of the dealer&#39;s hand. At  326 , the caller pays off winning wagers, collects losing wagers at  312 , and collects and returns the playing cards to the card shoe at  214 . The method  300  terminates or repeats at  316 .  
      At  112 , the processor  29  may indicate the outcome of the determination. For example, the processor  29  may cause the user interface  24  to display a message or otherwise indicate whether the player or banker has won or whether there is a tie or push, allowing the results to be verified. This may be particularly advantageous since the players and spectators may monitor the game and ensure that the announced results match those indicated by the user interface  24 .  
      Conclusion  
      Thus, it is possible for the processor  29  to determine the value of the initial hand  108  for any participant before the participant receives a final playing card forming that participant&#39;s initial hand. It is also possible for the processor  29  to determine the value of the initial hand for any participant before that participant receives any playing cards. Further, it is possible for the processor  29  to determine the value of the initial hand for any participant before any of the playing cards  12  are dealt from the card shoe  10  for the particular game or round of hands in Blackjack, and possible for the processor  29  to determine the value of the initial hand for any participant before any of the playing cards  12  are dealt from the card shoe  10  for all games or rounds of hands in Baccarat that will be dealt from the card shoe  10 .  
      All of the above U.S. patents, U.S. patent application publications, U.S. patent applications, foreign patents, foreign patent applications and non-patent publications referred to in this specification and/or listed in the Application Data Sheet, including but not limited to U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/017,276, filed Dec. 13, 2001, entitled “METHOD, APPARATUS AND ARTICLE FOR RANDOM SEQUENCE GENERATION AND PLAYING CARD DISTRIBUTION;” U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/360,846, filed Feb. 5, 2003, entitled “METHOD, APPARATUS AND ARTICLE EMPLOYING MULTIPLE MACHINE-READABLE INDICIA ON PLAYING CARDS;” U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/790,480, filed Feb. 21, 2001, entitled “METHOD, APPARATUS AND ARTICLE FOR EVALUATING CARD GAMES, SUCH AS BLACKJACK;” U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/849,456, filed May 4, 2001, entitled “METHOD, APPARATUS AND ARTICLE FOR VERIFYING CARD GAMES, SUCH AS BLACKJACK;” U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/017,277, filed Dec. 13, 2001, entitled “METHOD, APPARATUS AND ARTICLE FOR RANDOM SEQUENCE GENERATION AND PLAYING CARD DISTRIBUTION;” U.S. patent application Ser. No. 60/500,898, filed Sep. 5, 2003, entitled “SYSTEMS, METHODS, AND DEVICES FOR MONITORING CARD GAMES, SUCH AS BACCARAT;” U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 60/509,802, filed Oct. 8, 2003, entitled “METHOD, APPARATUS AND ARTICLE FOR RANDOM SEQUENCE GENERATION AND PLAYING CARD DISTRIBUTION;” U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 60/543,856, filed Feb. 10, 2004, entitled “METHOD, APPARATUS AND ARTICLE FOR COMPUTATIONAL SEQUENCE GENERATION AND PLAYING CARD DISTRIBUTION;” and U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 60/511,931, entitled “METHOD, APPARATUS AND ARTICLE FOR DETERMINING AN INITIAL HAND IN A PLAYING CARD GAME, SUCH AS BLACKJACK OR BACCARAT” are incorporated herein by reference, in their entirety.  
      Although specific embodiments, and examples for, the invention are described herein for illustrative purposes, various equivalent modifications can be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention, as will be recognized by those skilled in the relevant art. The teachings provided herein of the invention can be applied to other systems for playing card games or developing card game systems, not necessarily the Blackjack or Baccarat gaming systems generally described above. For example, the teachings can employ networks, such as the Worldwide Web portion on the Internet, to interconnect the various described components or to perform at least some of the method steps. The various embodiments described above can be combined to provide further embodiments. For example, the illustrated methods can be combined, or performed successively. The illustrated methods can omit some acts, can add other acts, and can execute the acts in a different order than that illustrated to achieve the advantages of the invention.  
      These and other changes can be made to the invention in light of the above detailed description. In general, in the following claims, the terms used should not be construed to limit the invention to specific embodiments disclosed in the specification, but should be construed to include all computers, networks and card-reading and evaluation systems that operate in accordance with the claims. Accordingly, the invention is not limited by the disclosure, but instead its scope is to be determined entirely by the following claims.