Patent Publication Number: US-10788405-B2

Title: Inline dilution and autocalibration for ICP-MS speciation analysis

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     The present application is a continuation under 35 U.S.C. § 120 of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/368,803, filed Dec. 12, 2016, and titled “INLINE DILUTION AND AUTOCALIBRATION FOR ICP-MS SPECIATION ANALYSIS.” U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/368,803 claims the benefit under 35 U.S.C. § 119(e) of U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 62/264,661, filed Dec. 8, 2015, and titled “INLINE DILUTION AND AUTOCALIBRATION FOR ICP-MS SPECIATION ANALYSIS.” U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 62/264,661 and U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/368,803 are herein incorporated by reference in their entireties. 
    
    
     BACKGROUND 
     Spectrometry refers to the measurement of radiation intensity as a function of wavelength to identify component parts of materials. Inductively Coupled Plasma (ICP) spectrometry is an analysis technique commonly used for the determination of trace element concentrations and isotope ratios in liquid samples. For example, in the semiconductor industry, ICP spectrometry can be used to determine metal concentrations in samples. ICP spectrometry employs electromagnetically generated partially ionized argon plasma which reaches a temperature of approximately 7,000K. When a sample is introduced to the plasma, the high temperature causes sample atoms to become ionized or emit light. Since each chemical element produces a characteristic mass or emission spectrum, measuring the spectra of the emitted mass or light allows the determination of the elemental composition of the original sample. The sample to be analyzed is often provided in a sample mixture. 
     Sample introduction systems may be employed to introduce liquid samples into the ICP spectrometry instrumentation (e.g., an Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometer (ICP/ICP-MS), an Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectrometer (ICP-AES), or the like) for analysis. For example, a sample introduction system may withdraw an aliquot of a liquid sample from a container and thereafter transport the aliquot to a nebulizer that converts the aliquot into a polydisperse aerosol suitable for ionization in plasma by the ICP spectrometry instrumentation. The aerosol is then sorted in a spray chamber to remove the larger aerosol particles. Upon leaving the spray chamber, the aerosol is introduced into the plasma by a plasma torch assembly of the ICP-MS or ICP-AES instruments for analysis. 
     SUMMARY 
     Systems and methods for inline and automatic dilution of chemicals of interest for speciation and subsequent analysis by ICP spectrometry are described. A system embodiment includes a first valve to receive a sample into a holding loop; a plurality of syringe pumps coupled to the first valve to deliver an inline diluted sample from the first valve; and a second valve coupled to the first valve to receive the inline diluted sample from the first valve into a sample holding loop coupled to the second valve, the second valve configured to couple to at least one of an eluent source or a carrier fluid source to receive at least one of an eluent fluid or a carrier fluid to transfer the inline diluted sample from the sample holding loop to a speciation column to separate one or more species from the inline diluted sample. 
     This Summary is provided to introduce a selection of concepts in a simplified form that are further described below in the Detailed Description. This Summary is not intended to identify key features or essential features of the claimed subject matter, nor is it intended to be used as an aid in determining the scope of the claimed subject matter. 
    
    
     
       DRAWINGS 
       The detailed description is described with reference to the accompanying figures. In the figures, the use of the same reference numbers in different instances in the description and the figures may indicate similar or identical items. 
         FIG. 1  is an illustration of an ICP spectrometry system for inline dilution of samples for speciation analysis in accordance with example implementations of the present disclosure. 
         FIG. 2  is a block diagram illustrating a computing system for controlling a system for inline dilution of samples for speciation analysis by an ICP spectrometry system, such as the system shown in  FIG. 1 . 
         FIGS. 3A through 3C  are schematic illustrations of a valve system including a speciation bypass valve for a system for inline dilution of samples for speciation analysis by an ICP spectrometry system. 
         FIG. 4A  is a chart showing detected arsenic over time for various dilutions of apple juice samples. 
         FIG. 4B  is a chart showing detected arsenic over time for various dilutions of rice flour samples. 
         FIG. 5  is a calibration chromatogram overlay via auto-calibration of a single mixed standard and a calibration blank. 
         FIG. 6  is a chart for calibration curves for five of the major arsenic species resulting from auto-calibration. 
         FIG. 7A  is a chart showing an arsenic species detection over time for automated inline dilution. 
         FIG. 7B  is a chart showing an arsenic species detection over time for manual dilution with deionized water. 
         FIG. 7C  is a chart showing an arsenic species detection over time for manual dilution with mobile phase. 
         FIG. 8A  is a chart illustrating effects of manual dilution on measured arsenate concentrations between various samples. 
         FIG. 8B  is a chart illustrating effects of manual dilution on measured arsenic species concentrations between various samples. 
         FIG. 9  is a chart illustrating spike recovery for five of the major arsenic species for apple juice and rice flour extraction matrices. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     Referring to  FIGS. 1-9 , systems and methods for inline and automatic dilution of chemicals of interest for speciation and subsequent analysis by ICP-MS are described. Analysis of the various species of an element is an important aspect of sample analysis, particularly where an assay of the particular element alone may not provide all relevant information associated with that element. For instance, differing species of an element can have remarkably different toxicity levels, where knowledge of an amount of the element in general does not provide an indication as to the toxicity of that element. For example, one species of chromium (e.g., Cr(III)) can provide nutritive benefits, whereas another species of chromium (e.g., Cr(VI)) is toxic to humans as a carcinogen. As another example, some organic arsenic species (e.g., arsenobetaine (AsB)) can be relatively non-toxic or have low toxicity, whereas inorganic arsenic species (e.g., arsenite (As(III)), arsenate (As(V))) are highly toxic. 
     ICP-MS can be utilized to determine the presence of certain chemical elements, even at extremely low concentrations, however ICP-MS does not typically distinguish between differing species of the chemical elements. One procedure to differentiate different species of an element includes using a separation column (e.g., a speciation column) to separate the differing species from a fluid stream over time, where the species can be measured at the ICP-MS as peaks of the element at various times as the species are separated. The peaks can be influenced by the matrix compositions of the various materials sampled, which can include food materials (e.g., apple juice, rice flour, etc.). For example, the shape of the peak, the times at which the peaks arise, etc., can be influenced by the matrix compositions of the sample. To avoid large deviations in the sample analysis, the samples can be diluted to lower concentrations to minimize the effects of the matrix on the sample analysis, such as by avoiding substantial changes to the chemistry of the particular speciation column. However, attempting to pre-dilute the sample can cause species of the particular element of interest to convert to a different species of that element, resulting in an erroneous analysis of the amount of species by the ICP-MS. For example, it has been determined that organic species of arsenic (e.g., arsenobetaine (AsB), dimethylarsinic acid (DMA), and monomethylarsonic acid (MMA)) can covert to inorganic species of arsenic (e.g., arsenate (As(V))) when manually pre-diluted in a sample vial (e.g., a sample vial accessible by an autosampler). Thus, while the total amount of the chemical element of interest would be measured the same by the ICP-MS, the amount of the individual species of the chemical element of interest would differ due to the conversion of one species of the chemical element to another species prior to analysis. Further, while high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) can be utilized for speciation, such HPLC systems typically include metal components or parts to facilitate the required high pressures of the systems, which can pose a contamination risk for detecting low concentrations of chemical elements. 
     Accordingly, the present disclosure is directed to systems and methods for inline and automatic dilution of chemicals of interest for speciation and subsequent analysis by ICP-MS. By providing inline and automatic dilution, chemicals can be speciated and analyzed in real time, rather than pre-diluting each sample (e.g., in a sample vial) and allowing the samples to wait for an autosampler to remove the pre-diluted sample for speciation and analysis (which can provide time for the species to convert to a different species of the chemical of interest). While specific examples are provided herein directed to arsenic and arsenic species, the systems and methods for automatic inline dilution are not limited to arsenic and arsenic species and can encompass any and all solutions that may not be stable in a diluted form for any period of time after preparation. Examples include not only other elements, but also immiscible or partially miscible solutions, such as oils, etc. The systems described herein can operate at low pressures via syringe pumps (e.g., as opposed to peristaltic pumps) in a clean system to provide chemical assays with high accuracy. For example, in an implementation, the systems described herein include no metallic component in contact with the sample fluid, which can prevent a risk of metallic contamination associated with such contact. 
     In the following discussion, example implementations of techniques for providing inline and automatic dilution of chemicals of interest for speciation and subsequent analysis by ICP-MS are presented. 
     Example Implementations 
       FIG. 1  illustrates a system  100  for providing inline and automatic dilution of chemicals of interest for speciation and subsequent analysis by ICP-MS in an example implementation. As shown, the system  100  generally includes a sampling device  102  (e.g., autosampler), a valve system  104 , and a speciation column  106  in fluid communication with an ICP torch assembly  108 . The valve system  104  includes one or more valves switchable between a plurality of positions to facilitate flow of various fluids (e.g., sample fluids, carrier fluids, diluent fluids, internal standard fluids, eluent fluids, rinse fluids, etc.) through the system  100 . In an implementation, the valve system  104  includes at least a first valve  110 , a second valve  112 , and a third valve  114 . For example, one or more of the first valve  110 , the second valve  112 , and the third valve  114  can be rotary valves switchable between valve configurations to facilitate different flow paths for fluids flowing through the respective valve between different valve configurations. The first valve  110  is coupled to the sampling device  102  to receive a sample  103  and to hold the received sample  103 , such as in a holding loop  116 . For example, in an implementation the first valve  110  is switchable between at least two configurations, wherein in a first valve configuration, the first valve  110  provides a flow path to receive the sample  103  from the sampling device  102  and direct the received sample  103  to the holding loop  116 . The first valve  110  is also coupled to a pump system  118  configured to supply to the first valve  110  one or more internal standards, diluents, carriers, and rinse solutions. In an implementation, the pump system  118  includes a plurality of syringe pumps shown as  118   a ,  118   b ,  118   c , and  118   d  that are controlled to move each respective syringe at a particular rate to create desired dilutions of the sample and/or standard additions to the sample at the first valve  110 . For example, the first valve  110  can switch to a second valve configuration having a flow path to receive a carrier fluid from the carrier syringe pump  118   b , a diluent fluid from the diluent syringe pump  118   c , and a standard fluid from the standard syringe pump  118   d , whereby the fluids provide inline dilution of the sample  103  and deliver the diluted sample from the first valve  110  to the second valve  112 . While four syringe pumps are shown in  FIG. 1 , it is can be appreciated that fewer than four syringe pumps or greater than four syringe pumps could also be utilized. In an implementation, each of the syringe pumps of the pump system  118  (e.g., syringe pumps  118   a ,  118   b ,  118   c , and  118   d ) can operate at a particular injection rate to provide the controlled dilution or the controlled standard addition at the first valve  110 . As an example, the following table 1 illustrates flow rates for standard (e.g., via syringe pump  118   d ) and diluent (e.g., via syringe pump  118   c ) to provide various inline dilution factors (e.g., from the first valve  110 ) for automatic preparation of various calibration curves. In an implementation the diluent, standard, and/or sample can be mixed via a mixing portion of the first valve  110 , where the mixing portion can include one or more of a mixing port  124 , a mixing channel  126 , and a fluid transfer line  128  coupled between the first valve  110  and the second valve  112 , to bring the diluent, standard, and/or sample together for mixing. The inline dilution factors can be prepared for individual species of an element (e.g., Cr(III) and Cr(VI); arsenobetaine (AsB), dimethylarsinic acid (DMA), monomethylarsonic acid (MMA) arsenite (As(III)), and arsenate (As(V)); etc.), such as to provide individualized calibration curves for each species under analysis. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 1 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Calibration Curve Flow Rates 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Inline 
                   
                 Diluent Flow 
                 Total Flow 
                   
               
               
                 Standard 
                 Dilution 
                 Standard Flow 
                 Rate 
                 Rate 
                 Concentration 
               
               
                 Position 
                 Factor 
                 Rate (μL/min) 
                 (μL/min) 
                 (μL/min) 
                 (100 ppt) 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 1 (Blank) 
                 200x  
                 50 
                 9950 
                 10000 
                 0 
               
               
                 2 (Species A) 
                 20x  
                 500 
                 9500 
                 10000 
                 5 
               
               
                 2 (Species A) 
                 10x  
                 1000 
                 9000 
                 10000 
                 10 
               
               
                 2 (Species A) 
                   6.6x 
                 1500 
                 8500 
                 10000 
                 15 
               
               
                 2 (Species A) 
                 5x 
                 2000 
                 8000 
                 10000 
                 20 
               
               
                 2 (Species A) 
                 4x 
                 2500 
                 7500 
                 10000 
                 25 
               
               
                 2 (Species A) 
                 2x 
                 5000 
                 5000 
                 10000 
                 50 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     In an implementation, the inline dilution factors are facilitated through automatic control of one or more components of the system  100 . For example, electromechanical devices (e.g., electrical motors, servos, actuators, or the like) may be coupled with or embedded within the valve system  104  (e.g., the first valve  110 , the second valve  112 , the third valve  114 , etc.), and/or the pump system  118  (e.g., syringe pumps  118   a ,  118   b ,  118   c , and  118   d , etc.), and/or another pump/valve to facilitate automated operation via control logic embedded within or externally driving the system  100 . The electromechanical devices can be configured to cause the plurality of valves to direct fluid flows from syringe pumps  118   a ,  118   b ,  118   c , and  118   d , and from other syringes, flow paths, eluent sources, etc., according to one or more modes of operation. As shown in  FIG. 2 , the auto-sampling system  100  may be controlled by a computing system  150  having a processor  152  configured to execute computer readable program instructions  154  (i.e., the control logic) from a non-transitory carrier medium  156  (e.g., storage medium such as a flash drive, hard disk drive, solid-state disk drive, SD card, optical disk, or the like). The computing system  150  can be connected to various components of the system  100 , either by direct connection, or through one or more network connections  158  (e.g., local area networking (LAN), wireless area networking (WAN or WLAN), one or more hub connections (e.g., USB hubs), and so forth). For example, the computing system  150  can be communicatively coupled to the sampling device  102 , the valve system  104 , the pump system  118 , components thereof, any of the various pumps or valves provided herein, or combinations thereof. The program instructions  154 , when executing by processor  152 , can cause the computing system  150  to control the auto-sampling system  100  (e.g., control the pumps and valves) according to one or more modes of operation (e.g., automatic calibration curve(s), sample collection, sample dilution, speciation, speciation bypass, etc.), as described herein. In an implementation, the program instructions  154  form at least a portion of software programs for execution by the processor  152 . 
     The processor  152  provides processing functionality for the computing system  150  and may include any number of processors, micro-controllers, or other processing systems, and resident or external memory for storing data and other information accessed or generated by the computing system  150 . The processor  152  is not limited by the materials from which it is formed or the processing mechanisms employed therein and, as such, may be implemented via semiconductor(s) and/or transistors (e.g., electronic integrated circuits (ICs)), and so forth. 
     The non-transitory carrier medium  156  is an example of device-readable storage media that provides storage functionality to store various data associated with the operation of the computing system  150 , such as a software program, code segments, or program instructions  154 , or other data to instruct the processor  152  and other elements of the computing system  150  to perform the techniques described herein. Although a single carrier medium  156  is shown in  FIG. 2 , a wide variety of types and combinations of memory may be employed. The carrier medium  156  may be integral with the processor, stand-alone memory, or a combination of both. The carrier medium  156  may include, for example, removable and non-removable memory elements such as RAM, ROM, Flash (e.g., SD Card, mini-SD card, micro-SD Card), magnetic, optical, USB memory devices, and so forth. In embodiments of the computing system  150 , the carrier medium  156  may include removable ICC (Integrated Circuit Card) memory such as provided by SIM (Subscriber Identity Module) cards, USIM (Universal Subscriber Identity Module) cards, UICC (Universal Integrated Circuit Cards), and so on. 
     The computing system  150  can include one or more displays to display information to a user of the computing system  150 . In embodiments, the display may comprise a CRT (Cathode Ray Tube) display, an LED (Light Emitting Diode) display, an OLED (Organic LED) display, an LCD (Liquid Crystal Diode) display, a TFT (Thin Film Transistor) LCD display, an LEP (Light Emitting Polymer) or PLED (Polymer Light Emitting Diode) display, and so forth, configured to display text and/or graphical information such as a graphical user interface. The display may be backlit via a backlight such that it may be viewed in the dark or other low-light environments. The display may be provided with a touch screen to receive input (e.g., data, commands, etc.) from a user. For example, a user may operate the computing system  150  by touching the touch screen and/or by performing gestures on the touch screen. In some embodiments, the touch screen may be a capacitive touch screen, a resistive touch screen, an infrared touch screen, combinations thereof, and the like. The computing system  150  may further include one or more input/output (I/O) devices (e.g., a keypad, buttons, a wireless input device, a thumbwheel input device, a trackstick input device, and so on). The I/O devices may include one or more audio I/O devices, such as a microphone, speakers, and so on. 
     The computing system  150  may also include a communication module representative of communication functionality to permit computing device to send/receive data between different devices (e.g., components/peripherals) and/or over the one or more networks  158 . The communication module may be representative of a variety of communication components and functionality including, but not necessarily limited to: a browser; a transmitter and/or receiver; data ports; software interfaces and drivers; networking interfaces; data processing components; and so forth. 
     The one or more networks  158  are representative of a variety of different communication pathways and network connections which may be employed, individually or in combinations, to communicate among the components of the inline dilution and autocalibration system environment (e.g., system  100 ). Thus, the one or more networks  158  may be representative of communication pathways achieved using a single network or multiple networks. Further, the one or more networks  158  are representative of a variety of different types of networks and connections that are contemplated including, but not necessarily limited to: the Internet; an intranet; a Personal Area Network (PAN); a Local Area Network (LAN) (e.g., Ethernet); a Wide Area Network (WAN); a satellite network; a cellular network; a mobile data network; wired and/or wireless connections; and so forth. Examples of wireless networks include, but are not necessarily limited to: networks configured for communications according to: one or more standard of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), such as 802.11 or 802.16 (Wi-Max) standards; Wi-Fi standards promulgated by the Wi-Fi Alliance; Bluetooth standards promulgated by the Bluetooth Special Interest Group; and so on. Wired communications are also contemplated such as through Universal Serial Bus (USB), Ethernet, serial connections, and so forth. 
     The computing system  150  is described as including a user interface, which is storable in memory (e.g., the carrier medium  156 ) and executable by the processor  152 . The user interface is representative of functionality to control the display of information and data to the user of the computing system  150  via the display. In some implementations, the display may not be integrated into the computing system  150  and may instead be connected externally using universal serial bus (USB), Ethernet, serial connections, and so forth. The user interface may provide functionality to allow the user to interact with one or more applications of the computing system  150  by providing inputs (e.g., sample identities, desired dilution factors, standard identities, eluent identities/locations, etc.) via the touch screen and/or the I/O devices. For example, the user interface may cause an application programming interface (API) to be generated to expose functionality to an online dilution control module to configure the application for display by the display or in combination with another display. In embodiments, the API may further expose functionality to configure an inline dilution control module to allow the user to interact with an application by providing inputs via the touch screen and/or the I/O devices to provide desired dilution factors for analysis. 
     The inline dilution control module may comprise software, which is storable in memory (e.g., the carrier medium  156 ) and executable by the processor  152 , to perform a specific operation or group of operations to furnish functionality to the computing system  150 . The inline dilution control module provides functionality to control the dilution of, for example, an internal standard and/or the samples from the sampling device  102 . For example, the inline dilution control module may control amounts of the carrier and/or the diluent that are supplied by pumps of the pump system  118  (e.g., to the first valve  110  for mixing with the sample  103  carried from the holding loop  116 ). 
     In implementations, the user interface may include a browser (e.g., for implementing functionality of the inline dilution control module). The browser enables the computing device to display and interact with content such as a webpage within the World Wide Web, a webpage provided by a web server in a private network, and so forth. The browser may be configured in a variety of ways. For example, the browser may be configured as an inline dilution control module accessed by the user interface. The browser may be a web browser suitable for use by a full resource device with substantial memory and processor resources (e.g., a smart phone, a personal digital assistant (PDA), etc.). 
     Generally, any of the functions described herein can be implemented using software, firmware, hardware (e.g., fixed logic circuitry), manual processing, or a combination of these implementations. The terms “module” and “functionality” as used herein generally represent software, firmware, hardware, or a combination thereof. The communication between modules in the system  100 , for example, can be wired, wireless, or some combination thereof. In the case of a software implementation, for instance, a module may represent executable instructions that perform specified tasks when executed on a processor, such as the processor  152  described herein. The program code can be stored in one or more device-readable storage media, an example of which is the non-transitory carrier medium  156  associated with the computing system  150 . 
     Referring again to  FIG. 1 , the second valve  112  is shown coupled between the first valve  110  and the third valve  114  and is configured to receive fluids from the first valve  110  and the third valve  114 . For example, in an implementation the second valve  112  is switchable between at least two configurations, wherein in a first valve configuration, the second valve  112  provides a flow path to receive the diluted sample from the first valve  110  and direct the diluted sample to a sample holding loop  120 . The second valve  112  is also coupled to the speciation column  106 , such as to introduce fluids received from the first valve  110  and the third valve  114  to the speciation column  106 . For example, the second valve  112  can switch to a second valve configuration to provide a flow path that can introduce one or more of the sample, diluted sample solution, standard solution, diluted standard solution, or the like from the holding loop  120  (or directly from the first valve  110 ) to the speciation column  106  to separate the various species of the chemical of interest. In an implementation, once the sample or diluted sample has been introduced to the speciation column  106 , the second valve  112  can introduce one or more eluents received from the third valve  114  for transferring the species of interest from the speciation column  106  to the ICP torch assembly  108  for ICP-MS analysis. 
     In an implementation, the system  100  can alternate between speciation analysis of the sample  103  and a total metals analysis of the sample without speciation. For example, referring to  FIGS. 3A-3C , the system  100  can include a speciation bypass valve  300  coupled between the second valve  112  and the speciation column  106 . The speciation bypass valve  300  is switchable between at least two configurations, with at least a speciation configuration  300 A (shown in  FIG. 3B ) and a speciation bypass configuration  300 B (shown in  FIG. 3C ). In the speciation configuration  300 A, fluid received from the second valve  112  (e.g., diluted sample fluid held in the sample holding loop  120 , eluent from an eluent source via fluid line  122 , etc.) can flow along flow path  302  through the speciation bypass valve  300  and the speciation column  106  to the ICP torch assembly  108  (with an injector  304  shown) for analysis by the ICP instrument. In the speciation bypass configuration  300 B, fluid received from the second valve  112  is not received in the speciation column  106  and instead flows along flow path  306  to the ICP torch assembly  108  (with an injector  304  shown) for analysis by the ICP instrument. 
     The dilution amount or ratio for inline dilution of a sample or standard (e.g. at the first valve  110 , facilitated by the mixing portion) can depend on the species of interest to be analyzed. Referring to  FIGS. 4A and 4B , charts are provided showing arsenic detected over time by an ICP spectrometry system (e.g., system  100  described herein) for various dilutions of apple juice samples (shown in  FIG. 4A ) and rice flour samples (shown in FIG.  4 B). As shown, the effects of sample matrix on species elution are mitigated through sample dilution, where automated dilutions of 1 to 2, 1 to 3, 1 to 4, and 1 to 5 are provided. In implementations, for arsenic speciation, a five-fold dilution factor is utilized for separation of species of interest from apple juice and rice flour matrices. 
     In an example series of analyses, stable retention times were observed for eighteen (18) separate samples spanning over ten different matrices over ten days of speciation testing. The samples included apple juice, wine, soft drinks, iced tea, and rice flour extract. Table 2 provides data associated with the determined retention times. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 2 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Retension Times (Seconds) 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Arsenobetaine 
                 DMA 
                 Arsenite 
                 MMA 
                 Arsenate 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Average (All 
                 93 
                 117 
                 157 
                 240 
                 263 
               
               
                 Samples) 
               
               
                 Std. Deviation 
                 0.889 
                 1.050 
                 4.679 
                 0.503 
                 1.401 
               
               
                 (All Samples) 
               
               
                 % RSD (All 
                 1.0 
                 0.9 
                 3.0 
                 0.2 
                 0.5 
               
               
                 Samples) 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     In implementations, a calibration chromatogram can be generated by the system  100 . For example, the system  100  can generate an auto-calibration of a single mixed standard (5 parts per billion (ppb) of each species) and a calibration blank. Referring to  FIG. 5 , a calibration chromatogram is shown via auto-calibration by system  100  of inline dilution of five arsenic species and a calibration blank. The dilutions include 50 parts per trillion (ppt), 100 ppt, 500 ppt, 1 ppb, and 5 ppb. The auto-calibration of inline dilution of the arsenic standard via system  100  resulted in highly linear calibration curves for all of the five major arsenic species, as shown in  FIG. 6 . 
     Example 1 
     Analyses of five-fold diluted apple juice were performed via ICP-MS, with three different dilution methods: automatic inline dilution with dilution at of sample at time t=zero minutes, twenty minutes, forty minutes, and sixty minutes, manual dilution with deionized water at time t=zero minutes, and manual dilution with mobile phase at time t=zero minutes. The results of arsenate (As(V)) detection for the automatic inline dilution method is shown in  FIG. 7A ; the results of arsenate (As(V)) detection for the manual dilution with deionized water is shown in  FIG. 7B ; and the results of arsenate (As(V)) detection for the manual dilution with mobile phase is shown in  FIG. 7C . As shown, the detected amounts of arsenate remained consistent over the sixty minute analysis for the automatic inline dilution (e.g.,  FIG. 7A ), whereas the detected amounts of arsenate for each of the manual dilutions (e.g.,  FIGS. 7B and 7C ) increased over time. Referring to  FIGS. 8A and 8B , the effects of manual dilution on three different apple juice concentrations can be seen.  FIG. 8A  shows the detected concentrations of arsenate (As(V)) for each of the three apple juice samples for manual dilution (where all samples are diluted at time t=zero) and for automated inline dilution (where samples are diluted at time t=zero minutes, twenty minutes, forty minutes, and sixty minutes), including the percent difference in the detected values. As can be seen, the percent difference between the manual and automated inline dilution methods includes a forty-one percent difference, a six percent difference, and a forty-five percent difference, where in all instances, the manual dilution samples exhibited a higher detection of arsenate than the automatic inline dilution samples. The total amount of measured arsenic (organic and inorganic species) is shown in  FIG. 8B , as well as the detected amounts of arsenate (labeled  800 ) and the detected amounts of organic species and arsenite (As(III)) (labeled  802 ). As can be seen, the total amount of arsenic (labeled  804 ) measured remains the same between the manual dilution samples and the automatic inline samples, however the breakdown between the amounts of the detected species differs (e.g.,  800  differs between manual dilution and automatic dilution samples;  802  differs between manual dilution and automatic dilution samples). In particular, the manual dilution samples all exhibit a higher detection of arsenate  800  than the automatic inline dilution samples (as also shown in  FIG. 8A ) and a lower detection of the remainder of arsenic species  802  (i.e., the organic and arsenite species). While not being bound to any specific chemical conversion pathways, the organic species of arsenic could convert to arsenate when diluted and permitted to remain untested for a period of time (e.g., for up to sixty minutes in the example tests provided herein above), thereby rendering an inaccurate analysis of the amounts of arsenic species present in the various samples. The automatic inline dilution provides nearly instantaneous dilution and sampling, so no substantial time is provided for the conversion of the arsenic species. 
     Referring to  FIG. 9 , a percent recovery of each of five major arsenic species provided during automatic inline dilution of apple juice and rice flour samples is shown, where all recoveries are within a (plus or minus) ten percent margin for both apple juice and rice flour extraction matrices. 
     CONCLUSION 
     Although the subject matter has been described in language specific to structural features and/or process operations, it is to be understood that the subject matter defined in the appended claims is not necessarily limited to the specific features or acts described above. Rather, the specific features and acts described above are disclosed as example forms of implementing the claims.