Patent Publication Number: US-6982163-B2

Title: Process for preparing beta-fructofuranosidase enzyme and a process for producing fructooligosaccharides

Description:
This is a continuation, of application Ser. No. 09/535,510, filed Mar, 24, 2000, now abandoned, which is a continuation of application Ser. No. 09/194,456, now abandoned, which is the U.S. national phase of International application no. PCT/BR98/00022, filed Mar. 24, 1998. Each of these prior applications are hereby incorporated by reference, in their entirety. 
    
    
     FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention refers to a process for preparing beta-fructofuranosidase enzyme obtained from the culture of fungi of the  Aspergillus niger  species, of both the wild and mutated types, and its use in the production of fructooligosaccharides. 
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     Fructooligosaccharides are sugars found in nature, which, when consumed, provide several benefits to the health of a person. 
     GF2 (1-kestose), GF3 (nystose) and GF4 (fructofuranosil nystose) are composed of glucose units, to which are bound one, two or even four fructose units. 
     These sugars can be found in a large quantity of foods provided by nature, such as asparagus, banana, garlic, onion, tomato or wheat. Besides giving a sweetish flavor to foods, they are neither cariogenic nor caloric and promote the population growth of the bifidus bacteria in the intestine, which reduce the activity of the putrefactive bacteria, thereby reducing the development of toxic products by fermentation. 
     In view of the benefits described above, the interest for fructooligosaccharides have raised progressively. Consequently, intensive investigations are now being undertaken with the aim of obtaining these fructooligosaccharides from enzymes. It is known that the beta-fructofuranosidase enzyme, which is used in the production of fructooligosaccharides by transfer activity can be obtained in different ways, particularly from the cultures of fungi of different species, such as  Aspergillus, Pennicillium, Fusarium, Gloesporium,  from the cultures of yeasts, such as Saccharomyces, Rhodotorulla, Pichia, Hansenula, Candida and Aureobasidium, and also from some plants, such as asparagus. It is also known that this enzyme may be prepared in different ways and under different process conditions. Said enzyme is also known for promoting the catalyzation of the transfructosylation reaction, which is responsible for transferring the fructosyl group from a donor to a receptor, which may be sucrose or a fructooligosaccharide, such as kestose, nystose, etc. Nevertheless, the structure of this enzyme is still unknown. 
     The manner by which the transfructosylation of the  Aspergillus orizac  occurs has been studied before, regarding its performance in the formation of fructose oligomers, by using sucrose as raw material. 
     It has been observed that the hydrolysis of sucrose with extracts of  Pennicillium spinulosum  was initially fast and followed by the formation of non-reducing fructooligosaccharides. The hydrolysis of these fructooligosaccharides occurred by transferring the fructose units to the water and eventually resulted in the complete hydrolysis of the sucrose. The transfructosylation and inversion activities occurred from the use of the same enzyme, i.e., the beta-fructofuranosidase (Bealing, F. J. &amp; Bacon, J. S. D. 1953 The Action of Mould Enzymes on Sucrose, Biochemical Journal 53, 277–285; Bealing, F. J. 1953 Mould Glucosaccharase: A Fructose, Biochemical Journal 55, 93–101). From U.S. Pat. No. 4,849,356 fructooligosaccharides were produced with mycelium extracts, by culturing the fungus  Aspergillus phoenics  in an adequate culture medium. According to this document, the enzyme is preferably prepared on a solid substrate mostly containing sucrose. The beta-fructofuranosidase enzyme thus obtained is cell-bound and requires, to be recovered, complex operations for separating the mycelium from the liquid phase. In this prior art process, in order to obtain a good yield, the presence of sucrose is still required in the culture medium. Moreover, the enzyme obtained as described above provides only the formation of lower fructose oligomers, such as GF2, GF3, with the production of GF4 not being demonstrated. 
     The formation of fructooligosaccharides has also been investigated by using cell suspension of several other fungi. Among these fungi, the  Aspergillus niger  ATCC 20611 produced the highest level of the activity of the beta-fructofuranosidase enzyme, as compared to the activity of hydrolysis (Hidaka et al., 1988 A Fructooligosaccharide-Producing Enzyme From  Aspergillus niger  ATCC 20611, Agricultural and Biological Chemistry 52(5): 1181–1187 (1988). The enzyme was subsequentially purified and ten characterized. 
    
    
     DISCLOSURE OF THE INVENTION 
     In view of the results of these studies, which demonstrated a certain complexity regarding the preparation of the beta-fructofuranosidase enzyme, it is an object of the present invention to provide a process for preparing the beta-fructofuranosidase enzyme, which permits a yield in the range from 57% to 60% to be obtained. 
     It is also an object of the present invention to provide a process which is easy to carry out and of low cost, by using the enzyme in the free form. 
     It is still an object of the present invention to produce fructooligosaccharides, including not only GF2, GF3, but also GF4. 
     These and other objectives are attained by the provision of a process for preparing beta-fructofuranosidase enzyme, comprising the steps of:
         a) inoculating the spores of the fungus  Aspergillus niger  in an adequate liquid or semi-solid culture medium;   b) cultivating the already inoculated fungus, in order to promote its growth with the formation of mycelium and the production of the beta-fructofuranosidase enzyme; and   c) separating the beta-fructofuranosidase enzyme from the mycelium and from the culture medium.       

     For this purpose, the authors of the present invention have researched several types of fungi, which were isolated from soils of sugar cane regions of Brazil, aiming to obtain much better results in relation to the enzymatic activity of said fungi in a culture medium, and have found out that a new strain of the fungus  Aspergillus niger  produced higher enzymatic activity in a culture medium. 
     This new fungus, which is called  Aspergillus niger  489, has been selected from a bank of microorganisms with more than 2,000 different strains of the Biochemistry Laboratory of FEA UNICAMP (Food Engineering School of the University of Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil), for it showed high efficiency in the production of the beta-fructofuranosidase enzyme and the consequent transfer of sucrose in a fructooligosaccharide (about 60% of conversion), and it was submitted to a genetic mutation process with the drug N-nitrous-nitroguanidine and ultraviolet radiation for productivity increase.  Aspergillus niger  489, with the deposit designation of PTA-5032, has been deposited at the ATCC, 10801 University Boulevard, Manassas, Va. 20110-2209 on 5 Mar. 2003 under the provisions of the Budapest Treaty. 
     The preparation of the enzyme may consist of an extract with no cells or with broken cells, or a purified extract of dry and concentrated cells. The enzyme may also be purified and concentrated from cells and culture medium, in which case there may or may not be used specific systems for breaking the cells when the use of the intracellular fraction is desired. 
     The preparation of the present beta-fructofuranosidase may be achieved in a liquid culture medium, which preferably contains 5% of sucrose, 1% of yeast extract, 1% of peptone and 0.3% of sodium chloride. Nevertheless, such procedure causes the production of intracellular enzyme in relation to the mycelium. Thus, although the  Aspergillus niger  489 allows a high yield to be obtained in the production of the beta-fructofuranosidase enzyme, its separation process is industrially complex, requiring a certain number of operations for the final extraction of the enzyme. 
     For preparing the enzyme on a semi-solid substrate, all is needed is the presence of a cereal bran, preferably wheat bran, in the culture medium, the substrate being incubated at a temperature in the range of 25 to 40° C., during a period of about four to ten days. 
     Although the wheat bran has been mentioned as the preferred material for the formation of the semi-solid culture medium, it is important to point out that other brans from cereals containing starch, fibres and proteins may be used together with mineral salts and humidity. 
     It has been verified as adequate a culture medium in which its solid phase is formed of about 98% of cereal bran, preferably wheat bran, and 2% of mineral salts, such as magnesium sulfate, calcium chloride and potassium phosphate, the semi-solid culture medium consisting of about 40% of said solid phase and water as the remaining part. 
     The enzyme obtained according to the above cited procedure is not cell-bound, being in the free form and therefore determining the possibility of working with the immobilized beta-fructofuranosidase. The enzyme thus obtained can be easily separated. 
     It is important to point out, however, that the fungus  Aspergillus niger  may be cultivated on any other substrate, such as for example in a solid culture medium and in various other forms, such as containing or not containing sucrose in the culture medium. For instance, for the preparation of the enzyme in a solid medium, the fungus is pre-cultivated on a substrate composed of a P.D.A. (Potato, Dextrose, Agar) medium, which is sterilized for 20 minutes at 110° C. during four days. It should be noted, however, that the most economical procedure is the one which employs the semi-solid culture medium. 
     In order to obtain good results, the present beta-fructofuranosidase can be used in the production of frutooligosaccharides consisting of one unit of glucose and two, three and four units of fructose, with a a good development in a pH ranging from 5.0 to 9.5. The beta-fructofuranosidase activity reaches its maximum values in a pH ranging from 6.0 to 8.5. According to the U.S. Pat. No. 4,317,880, in the transfructolyation process which employs the beta-fructofuranosidase enzyme recovered from the culture medium containing  Pullularia pullulans,  the pH must be between 6.3 and 6.7. Yeasts cultures are usually more difficult to be processed, besides being more difficult to be filtered. 
     The thermal stability of the enzyme preparations derived from yeasts is also lower. For example, at high temperatures, the activity of this type of enzyme preparation decreases more rapidly than the activity of the enzyme preparations derived from fungi. Thus, the utilization of enzymes derived from fungi, more specifically the preparations of the present beta-fructofuranosidase enzyme, which derives from cultures of the fungus  Aspergillus niger,  are more adequate at higher temperatures. 
     As mentioned hereinbefore, the present beta-fructofuranosidase differs from other beta-fructofuranosidases derived from fungi also for presenting a better thermal stability. This means that, at rising temperatures, the activity of the present enzyme is diminished, as compared to other beta-fructofuranosidase enzymes. High temperatures are optimum for the preparation of fructooligosaccharides, with the optimum temperatures for preparing the fructosylation with the present beta-fructofuranosidase ranging between 40° C. and 65° C. Therefore, with the adequate choice for the process conditions, which can be easily determined, the transfructosylation can be carried out, without occurring any infection of the reaction mixture. 
     The immobilization of the present beta-fructofuranosidase may be desirable, even though partially, for several other purposes, such as, for example, in the utilization in a fixed or fluidized bed. As already described, the immobilization of the enzyme can be obtained by employing the semi-solid substrate containing wheat bran or a bran from any other cereal. 
     Another variable characteristic of the present beta-fructofuranosidase is that not only GF2 (kestose) and GF3 (nystose) are formed, but also GF4 (fructofuranosil nystose) during the reaction. Due to the low invertase activity of the present enzyme, the inversion of sugars continues to be very low, resulting in the formation of a certain amount of glucose. 
     The concentration of sucrose also exhibits a wide range of variation, from 25% to 80% (m/m), in which the enzyme activity occurs, with the highest activity values occurring in the range of 40% to 70% (m/m) of sucrose concentration. The sucrose used may be in the pure form or that contained in intermediate molasses of the sugar refining process and the reaction mixtures, which are obtained in the transfructosylation of sucrose, can be analyzed by high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC).