Patent Publication Number: US-2018029165-A1

Title: Methods and apparatuses for laser processing materials

Description:
RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This is a divisional application of U.S. application Ser. No. 14/974,181 filed on Jul. 8, 2015 which claims the benefit of priority to U.S. Provisional Application No. 62/021917, filed on Jul. 8, 2014. The entire teachings of the above applications are incorporated herein by reference. 
    
    
     TECHNICAL FIELD 
     The present specification relates generally to the manufacture of materials and, more specifically, to laser processing of materials. 
     BACKGROUND 
     In recent years, customer demand to reduce the size, weight, and material cost of devices has led to considerable technological growth in flat panel displays for touch screens, tablets, smartphones, and TVs. Industrial lasers are becoming important tools for applications requiring high precision cutting of these materials. However, laser processing can be difficult because the high intensity laser may damage the components utilized in laser processing of the materials. 
     Accordingly, a need exists for alternative methods and apparatuses for laser processing materials. 
     SUMMARY 
     The embodiments described herein relate to methods and apparatuses for laser processing materials. According to one embodiment, transparent material may be laser processed. The method may comprise positioning the transparent material on a carrier and transmitting a laser beam through the transparent material, where the laser beam may be incident on a side of the transparent material opposite the carrier. The transparent material may be substantially transparent to the laser beam and the carrier may comprise a support base and a laser disruption element. The laser disruption element may disrupt the laser beam transmitted through the transparent material such that the laser beam may not have sufficient intensity below the laser disruption element to damage the support base. 
     In another embodiment, a multilayer stack for laser processing may comprise a carrier comprising a support base and a laser disruption element, and a transparent material positioned on the carrier. The laser disruption element may be positioned on top of the support base. The transparent material may comprise a substantially flat top surface and a substantially flat bottom surface, wherein the transparent material may be substantially transparent to a laser beam incident on a surface of the transparent material opposite the carrier. The laser disruption element may optically disrupt the laser beam transmitted through the transparent material such that the laser beam may not have sufficient intensity below the laser disruption element to damage the support base. 
     In yet another embodiment, a carrier may be protected when a transparent material positioned on the carrier is laser processed. The method may comprise positioning the transparent material on top of the carrier, transmitting a laser beam through the transparent material, and positioning a laser disruption element between the support base and the transparent material. The carrier may comprise a support base. The laser beam may be incident on a surface of the transparent material opposite the carrier and the laser beam may comprise a focal area having an intensity sufficient to damage the carrier. The laser disruption element may optically disrupt the laser beam transmitted through the transparent material such that the laser beam may not have sufficient intensity at any point below the laser disruption element to damage the support base. 
     Additional features and advantages of the embodiments described herein will be set forth in the detailed description which follows, and in part will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art from that description or recognized by practicing the embodiments described herein, including the detailed description which follows, the claims, as well as the appended drawings. 
     It is to be understood that both the foregoing general description and the following detailed description describe various embodiments and are intended to provide an overview or framework for understanding the nature and character of the claimed subject matter. The accompanying drawings are included to provide a further understanding of the various embodiments, and are incorporated into and constitute a part of this specification. The drawings illustrate the various embodiments described herein, and together with the description serve to explain the principles and operations of the claimed subject matter. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         FIG. 1  schematically depicts a cross-sectional diagram of a multilayered stack undergoing laser processing, according to one or more embodiments shown and described herein. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     Reference will now be made in detail to embodiments of apparatuses and methods for laser processing materials, examples of which are illustrated in the accompanying drawings. Whenever possible, the same reference numerals will be used throughout the drawings to refer to the same or like parts. One embodiment of a multilayered stack for laser processing is schematically depicted in  FIG. 1 . Generally, the laser processing may perforate a material that is transparent to the laser, sometimes referred to herein as the “transparent material,” and the perforation may cause or contribute to cutting the transparent material at the perforation. The multilayered stack generally includes a transparent material which can be perforated or otherwise mechanically deformed by a laser beam incident on the top surface of the transparent material. The transparent material is positioned on a carrier, where at least a portion of the carrier is non- transparent to the laser beam. The carrier generally includes a support base and a laser disruption element positioned between the support base and the transparent material. The support base supports the transparent material and may be utilized to transport the transparent material to be laser processed. In one embodiment, the support base material may be non-transparent to the laser beam and may be damaged if contacted by a portion of a laser beam having an intensity great enough to damage the carrier, such as a focused area of a laser beam. However, the laser disruption element positioned between the transparent material and the support base may disrupt and diffuse a laser beam exiting the transparent material before it can contact the support base, such that upon optical disruption of the laser beam by the laser disruption element, the laser beam does not have sufficient intensity below the laser disruption element to damage the support base. As such, the laser disruption element may act as a shield to protect the support base from damage associated with contact with a portion of a laser beam with sufficient intensity to damage the support base. Various embodiments of methods and apparatuses for use in laser processing transparent materials will be described herein with specific references to the appended claims. 
     Referring to  FIG. 1 , a multilayer stack  100  is schematically depicted. Generally, the multilayer stack  100  comprises a transparent material  160  and a carrier  110  which comprises a laser disruption element  140  and a support base  120 . In embodiments described herein, the transparent material  160  is positioned on top of the laser disruption element  140 , which is positioned on top of the support base  120 . As used herein, reference to a position above or on top of another position assumes that the top or uppermost position is the surface of the multilayer stack  100  upon which the laser beam  180  is first incident. For example, in  FIG. 1 , the surface of the transparent material  160  that is closest to the source laser  188  is the top surface  162  and placement of the laser disruption element  140  below the transparent material  160  means that the laser beam  180  traverses the transparent material  160  before interacting with the laser disruption element  140 . As shown in  FIG. 1 , the source laser  188  in transmitted through an optical element  184  which forms a focused area of the laser beam  180 , such as a focal line  182 , which is incident upon the transparent material  160 . 
     The transparent material  160  may be laser processed with a laser beam  180  which may alone, or with other manufacturing steps, be utilized to cut the transparent material  160 . As used herein, laser processing refers to cutting, perforating, ablating, or otherwise altering the mechanical integrity of a material with a laser beam  180 . Generally, the laser beam  180  must have a certain intensity at a particular area of the transparent material  160  to alter the mechanical integrity of the transparent material  160 . As such, a defocused or disrupted laser beam may not have sufficient intensity to mechanically affect a material at a selected area while a focused laser beam may have sufficient intensity to cut, perforate, or ablate an area of a laser processed material. However, a focused area of a laser beam, such as a laser beam with a focused focal line  182 , may have sufficient intensity to perforate the transparent material  160  as well as to damage a support base  120  directly contacted by the focal line  182 . A focal line  182  of a laser beam  180  may be produced by an optical assembly  184  which can optically alter the path of a source laser  188 . Also, as used herein, in the context of laser beams, “intensity” may be referred to as “energy density” and the two terms are interchangeable. The laser beam  180  has a wavelength, and as used herein, a material that is “transparent” is substantially transparent to electromagnetic radiation of the wavelength of the laser such that the absorption by the transparent material  160  is less than about 10%, less than about 5%, or even less than about 1% per mm of material depth at the wavelength of the laser. “Electromagnetic radiation” may be referred to herein as “light” and the two tel ms are interchangeable and may correspond with electromagnetic radiation both inside and outside of the visible spectrum. 
     The support base  120  is generally any structure capable of supporting the transparent material  160  which will be laser processed by the laser beam  180 . The support base  120  may act as a carrying tray for the transparent material  160  and may have a substantially flat top surface  122 , for interaction with a flat transparent material  160 , and a substantially flat bottom surface  124 , for interaction with a substantially flat work table upon which the support base  120  may be positioned. The support base  120  may be positioned on a table or other workspace for stability during laser processing. In one embodiment, the support base  120  may comprise aluminum. For example, the support base  120  may comprise greater than about 50%, greater than about 70%, greater than about 90%, greater than about 95%, or even greater than about 99% aluminum. In one embodiment, the support base  120  may comprise a honeycomb aluminum structure, such as ALUCORE®, commercially available from  3 A Composites International AG. In another embodiment, the support base  120  may comprise polyoxmethylene. If non-transparent materials, such as the materials of the support base  120 , are contacted by the focal line  182 , the support base  120  can be damaged, which may result in contamination of the laser processed transparent material  160 . As used herein, damage to the support base  120  includes, without limitation scratching, ablating, cutting, slashing, abrasion, scoring, or other disruption in the mechanical integrity of the top surface  122  of the support base  120 . 
     In one embodiment, the support base  120  may be placed on a table or other work station during the laser processing. The table or workstation may have a vacuum system which creates suction upon the surface of the table or workstation. For example, the table or workstation may have vacuum holes in its surface, and the support base  120  and laser disruption element  140  may have corresponding holes through which the vacuum may create suction and secure materials positioned on top of the laser disruption element  140 . For example, the transparent material  160  may be secured to the disruption element  140  by vacuum suction which permeates through holes in the disruption element  140 , support base  120 , and workstation. The support base  120  and the laser disruption element  140  may be mechanically fastened to one another such as with screws, fasteners, pins, or other suitable means. As such, the transparent material  160  can rest upon the laser disruption element  140  and be secured by the vacuum system while laser processed. 
     The transparent material  160  may be any material substantially transparent to the electromagnetic radiation of the laser beam  180 . For example, the transparent material  160  may be, without limitation, glass, sapphire, silicon, silicon-arbide, quartz, alumina (AbO 3 ), aluminum nitride (AIN), Zirconia (ZrO 2 ), gallium-Nitride, gallium-arsenide (GaAs), gallium-phosphide (GaP), gallium-antimonide (GaSh), indium-arsenide (InAs), indium-phosphide (InP), indium-ntimonide (InSb), cadmium-sulphide (CdS), cadmium-selenide (CdSe), cadmium- telluride (CdTe), zinc-sulfide (ZnS), zink-selenide (ZnSe), zink-telluride (ZnTe), germanium (Ge), lithium-niobate (LiNbO 3 ), lithium-tantalate (LiTaO 3 ), or combinations thereof. The transparent material  160  may have a substantially flat top surface  162  and a substantially flat bottom surface  164 , such as would be suitable for cover glass for an electronic device. The top surface  162  and/or the bottom surface  164  may be polished. In another embodiment, the transparent material  160  may be a wafer material for semiconductor manufacturing. If glass is utilized as the transparent material  160 , the glass may generally be any glass suitable for formation as a sheet. In some embodiments, the glass may be ion-exchangeable aluminosilicate glass. Examples of such ion-exchangeable aluminosilicate glass include, but are not limited to, Gorilla Glass® and Gorilla Glass II® (commercially available from Corning, Inc.). Such glass, especially after laser processing, may be well suited for many uses, such as, for example, as cover glass for hand-held consumer electronic devices. 
     The laser beam  180  may be operable to create small (micron and smaller) “holes” in the transparent material  160  for the purpose of drilling, cutting, separating, perforating, or otherwise processing the transparent material  160  at the focal line  182 . More particularly, an ultrashort (i.e., from 10- 10  to 10- 15  second) pulse laser beam  180  having wavelengths such as 1064 nm, 532 nm, 355 nm, or 266 nm is focused, as the focal line  182 , to an energy density above the threshold needed to create a defect in the region of focus at the surface of or within the transparent material  160 . The laser beam  180  may have a repetition rate in a range of between about 1 kHz and 2 MHz, or in another embodiment, between about 10 kHz and about 650 kHz. By repeating the process, a series of laser-induced defects aligned along a predetermined path can be created in the transparent material  160 . By spacing the laser-induced features sufficiently close together, a controlled region of mechanical weakness within the transparent material  160  can be created and the transparent material  160  can be precisely fractured or separated (mechanically or thermally) along the path defined by the series of laser-induced defects (shown in  FIG. 1  as the area of the transparent material  160  proximate the focal line  182 ). The ultrashort laser pulse(s) may be optionally followed by a carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) laser or other source of thermal stress to effect fully automated separation of the transparent material  160 . Representative laser beam  180  characteristics, which can be applied to laser process a transparent substrate, are described in detail in U.S. Patent Application 61/917,092 TITLED “METHOD AND DEVICE FOR THE LASER-BASED MACHINING OF SHEET-LIKE SUBSTRATES, the teachings of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. 
     The wavelength of the laser beam  180  may be selected so that the material to be laser processed (drilled, cut, ablated, damaged or otherwise appreciably modified by the laser) is transparent to the wavelength of the laser. The selection of the laser source may also depend on the ability to induce multi-photon absorption (MPA) in the transparent material  160 . MPA is the simultaneous absorption of multiple photons of identical or different frequencies in order to excite a material from a lower energy state (usually the ground state) to a higher energy state (excited state). The excited state may be an excited electronic state or an ionized state. The energy difference between the higher and lower energy states of the material is equal to the sum of the energies of the two photons. MPA is a third-order nonlinear process that is several orders of magnitude weaker than linear absorption. It differs from linear absorption in that the strength of absorption depends on the square of the light intensity, thus making it a nonlinear optical process. At ordinary light intensities, MPA is negligible. If the light intensity (energy density) is extremely high, such as in the region of the focal line  182  of a laser beam  180  (particularly a pulsed laser source), MPA becomes appreciable and leads to measurable effects in the material within the region where the energy density of the laser beam  180  is sufficiently high (i.e. the focal line  182 ). Within the region of the focal line  182 , the energy density may be sufficiently high to result in ionization. 
     At the atomic level, the ionization of individual atoms has discrete energy requirements. Several elements commonly used in glass (e.g., Si, Na, K) have relatively low ionization energies, such as about 5 eV. Without the phenomenon of MPA, a laser wavelength of about 248 nm would be required to create linear ionization at about 5 eV. With MPA, ionization or excitation between states separated in energy by about 5 eV can be accomplished with wavelengths longer than 248 nm. For example, photons with a wavelength of 532 nm have an energy of about 2.33 eV, so two photons with wavelengths of 532 nm can induce a transition between states separated in energy by about 4.66 eV in two-photon absorption (TPA). 
     Thus, atoms and bonds may be selectively excited or ionized in the regions of the transparent material  160  where the energy density of the laser beam  180  is sufficiently high to induce nonlinear TPA of a laser wavelength having half the required excitation energy. MPA can result in a local reconfiguration and separation of the excited atoms or bonds from adjacent atoms or bonds. The resulting modification in the bonding or configuration can result in non-thermal ablation and removal of matter from the region of the material in which MPA occurs. This removal of matter creates a structural defect (e.g. a defect line or “perforation”) that mechanically weakens the transparent material  160  and renders it more susceptible to cracking or fracturing upon application of mechanical or thermal stress. By controlling the placement of perforations, a contour or path along which cracking occurs can be precisely defined and precise micromachining of the material can be accomplished. The contour defined by a series of perforations may be regarded as a fault line and corresponds to a region of structural weakness in the transparent material  160 . In one embodiment, laser processing includes separation of a part from the transparent materia 1160  processed by the laser beam  180 , where the part has a precisely defined shape or perimeter determined by a closed contour of perforations formed through MPA effects induced by the laser. As used herein, the term closed contour refers to a perforation path formed by the laser line, where the path intersects with itself at some location. An internal contour is a path formed where the resulting shape is entirely surrounded by an outer portion of material. 
     According to some embodiments perforations can be accomplished with the use of an ultra-short pulse laser in combination with optics that generates a focal line to fully perforate the body of a range of glass compositions. In some embodiments, the pulses are single pulses (i.e., the laser provides equally separated single pulses rather than pulse bursts (closely spaced single pulses that are grouped together), with the pulse duration of the individual pulses is in a range of between greater than about 1 picoseconds and less than about 100 picoseconds, such as greater than about 5 picoseconds and less than about 20 picoseconds, and the repetition rate of the individual pulses can be in a range of between about 1 kHz and 4 MHz, such as in a range of between about 10 kHz and 650 kHz. Perforations can also be accomplished with a single “burst” of high energy short duration pulses spaced close together in time. Such pulses can be produced in bursts of two pulses, or more (such as, for example, 3 pulses, 4, pulses, 5 pulses, 10 pulses, 15 pulses, 20 pulses, or more) separated by a duration between the individual pulses within the burst that is in a range of between about 1 nsec and about 50 nsec, for example, 10 to 30 nsec, such as about 20 nsec, and the burst repetition frequency can be in a range of between about 1 kHz and about 200 kHz. (Bursting or producing pulse bursts is a type of laser operation where the emission of pulses is not in a uniform and steady stream but rather in tight clusters of pulses.) The pulse burst laser beam can have a wavelength selected such that the material is substantially transparent at this wavelength. The laser pulse duration may be 10 −I0  s or less, or 10 −II  s or less, or 10 I2  s or less, or 10 I3  s or less. For example, the laser pulse duration may be between about 1 picosecond and about 100 picoseconds, or in another embodiment, between about 5 picoseconds and about 20 picoseconds. These “bursts” may be repeated at high repetition rates(e.g. kHz or MHz). The average laser power per burst measured (if burst pulses are utilized) at the material can be greater than 40 microJoules per mm thickness of material, for example between 40 microJoules/mm and 2500 microJoules/mm, or between 500 and 2250 microJoules/mm. For example, for one embodiment when using f 0.1 mm-0.2 mm thick glass one may use 200 μJ pulse bursts to cut and separate the glass, which gives an exemplary range of 1000-2000 μJ/mm. For example, for an examplary 0.5-0.7 mm thick glass, one may use 400-700 μJ pulse bursts to cut and separate the glass, which corresponds to an exemplary range of 570 μJ/mm (400 μJ/0.7 mm) to 1400 μJ/mm (700 μJ/0.5 mm). The perforations may be spaced apart and precisely positioned by controlling the velocity of a substrate or stack relative to the laser through control of the motion of the laser and/or the substrate or stack. In one embodiment, in a single pass, a laser can be used to create highly controlled full line perforation through the material, with extremely little (less than about 75 m, or even less than about 50 m) subsurface damage and debris generation. This is in contrast to the typical use of spot-focused laser to ablate material, where multiple passes are often necessary to completely perforate the glass thickness, large amounts of debris are formed from the ablation process, and more extensive sub-surface damage (less than about 100 m) and edge chipping occur. These perforations, defect regions, damage tracks, or defect lines are generally spaced from 1 to 25 microns apart (for example, 3-12 microns, or 5-20 microns). According to some embodiments the pulsed laser has laser power of 10 W-150 W and produces pulse bursts with at least 2 pulses per pulse burst. According to some embodiments the pulsed laser has laser power of 10 W-100 W and produces pulse bursts with at least 2-25 pulses per pulse burst. According to some embodiments the pulsed laser has laser power of 25 W-60 W, and produces pulse bursts with at least 2-25 pulses per burst and the periodicity between the defect lines is 2-20 microns, or 2 to 15 microns, or 2-10 microns. The pulse burst laser beam can have a wavelength selected such that the material is substantially transparent at this wavelength. According to some embodiments the pulsed has a pulse duration of less than 10 picoseconds. According to some embodiments the pulsed laser has a pulse repetition frequency of between 10 kHz and 1000 kHz. 
     Thus, it is possible to create a microscopic (i.e., less than about 1 μm, less than 0.5 nm (for example ≦400 nm, or ≦300 nm) or even less than about 100 nm in diameter (e.g, 50 nm-100 nm)) elongated “hole” (also called a perforation or a defect line) in a transparent material  160  using a single high energy burst pulse. These individual perforations can be created at rates of several hundred kilohertz (several hundred thousand perforations per second, for example). Thus, with relative motion between the source and the material these perforations can be placed adjacent to one another (spatial separation varying from sub-micron to several microns as desired). This spatial separation is selected in order to facilitate cutting. In some embodiments the defect line is a “through hole”, which is a hole or an open channel that extends from the top to the bottom of the transparent material  160 . Furthermore, the internal diameter of a defect line can be as large as the spot diameter of the laser beam focal line, for example. The laser beam focal line can have an average spot diameter in a range of between about 0.1 micron and about 5 microns, for example 1.5 to 3.5 microns. 
     To form a focal line  182 , a source laser  188  may be transmitted through an optical assembly  184 . Suitable optical assemblies, which can optical assemblies can be applied, are described in detail in U.S. Patent Application No. 61/917,092 TITLED “STACKED TRANSPARENT MATERIAL CUTTING WITH ULTRAFAST LASER BEAM OPTICS, DISRUPTIVE LAYERS AND OTHER LAYERS, the teachings of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. For example, an optical assembly  184  positioned in the beam path of the source laser  188  is configured to transform the source laser  188  into a focal line  182 , viewed along the beam propagation direction, the laser beam focal line  182  having a length in a range of between 0.1 mm and 100 mm, for example, 0.1 to 10 nm. The laser beam focal line can have a length in a range of between about 0.1 mm and about 10 mm, or between about 0.5 mm and about 5 mm, such as about 1 mm, about 2 mm, about 3 mm, about 4 mm, about 5 mm, about 6 mm, about 7 mm, about 8 mm, or about 9 mm, or a length in a range of between about 0.1 mm and about 1 mm, and an average spot diameter in a range of between about 0.1 micron and about 5 microns. The holes or defect lines each can have a diameter between 0.1 microns and 10 microns, for example 0.25 to 5 microns (e.g., 0.2-0.75 microns). For example, as shown in  FIG. 1 , a spherical or disc shaped optical assembly  184  may be utilized to focus the source laser  188  and form a focal line  182  of a defined length. 
     Note that typical operation of such a picosecond laser described herein creates a “burst”  500  of pulses  500 A. Each “burst” (also referred to herein as a “pulse burst”  500 ) contains multiple individual pulses  500 A (such as at least 2 pulses, at least 3 pulses, at least 4 pulses, at least 5 pulses, at least 10 pulses, at least 15 pulses, at least 20 pulses, or more) of very short duration. That is, a pulse burst is a “pocket” of pulses, and the bursts are separated from one another by a longer duration than the separation of individual adjacent pulses within each burst. Pulses  500 A have pulse duration T d  of up to 100 psec (for example, 0.1 psec, 5 psec, 10 psec, 15 psec, 18 psec, 20 psec, 22 psec, 25 psec, 30 psec, 50 psec, 75 psec, or therebetween). The energy or intensity of each individual pulse  500 A within the burst may not be equal to that of other pulses within the burst, and the intensity distribution of the multiple pulses within a burst  500  often follows an exponential decay in time governed by the laser design. Preferably, each pulse  500 A within the burst  500  of the exemplary embodiments described herein is separated in time from the subsequent pulse in the burst by a duration T p  from 1 nsec to 50 nsec (e.g. 10-50 nsec, or 10-30 nsec, with the time often governed by the laser cavity design). For a given laser, the time separation T p  between adjacent pulses (pulse -to- pulse separation) within a burst  500  is relatively uniform (±10%). For example, in some embodiments, each pulse within a burst is separated in time from the subsequent pulse by approximately 20 nsec (50 MHz). For example, for a laser that produces pulse separation T p  of about 20 nsec, the pulse to pulse separation T p  within a burst is maintained within about±10%, or about ±2 nsec. The time between each “burst” of pulses (i.e., time separation T b  between bursts) will be much longer (e.g., 0.25≦T b ≦1000 microseconds, for example 1-10 microseconds, or 3-8 microseconds). In some of the exemplary embodiments of the laser described herein the time separation T b  is around 5 microseconds for a laser with burst repetition rate or frequency of about 200 kHz. The laser burst repetition rate is relates to the time T b  between the first pulse in a burst to the first pulse in the subsequent burst (laser burst repetition rate=1/T b ). In some embodiments, the laser burst repetition frequency may be in a range of between about 1 kHz and about 4 MHz. More preferably, the laser burst repetition rates can be, for example, in a range of between about 10 kHz and 650 kHz. The time T b  between the first pulse in each burst to the first pulse in the subsequent burst may be 0.25 microsecond (4 MHz burst repetition rate) to 1000 microseconds (1 kHz burst repetition rate), for example 0.5 microseconds (2 MHz burst repetition rate) to 40 microseconds (25 kHz burst repetition rate), or 2 microseconds (500 kHz burst repetition rate) to 20 microseconds (50 k Hz burst repetition rate). The exact timings, pulse durations, and burst repetition rates can vary depending on the laser design, but short pulses (T d &lt;20 psec and preferably T d ≦15 psec) of high intensity have been shown to work particularly well. 
     The energy required to modify or perforate the material (e.g., glass) can be described in terms of the burst energy—the energy contained within a burst (each burst  500  contains a series of pulses  500 A), or in terms of the energy contained within a single laser pulse (many of which may comprise a burst). For these applications, the energy per burst can be from 25-750 μJ, more preferably 50-500 μJ, or 50-250 μJ. In some embodiments the energy per burst is 100-250 μJ. The energy of an individual pulse within the pulse burst will be less, and the exact individual laser pulse energy will depend on the number of pulses  500 A within the pulse burst  500  and the rate of decay (e.g., exponential decay rate) of the laser. For example, for a constant energy/burst, if a pulse burst contains 10 individual laser pulses  500 A, then each individual laser pulse  500 A will contain less energy than if the same pulse burst  500  had only 2 individual laser pulses. 
     Laser “ablative” cutting of thin glasses, as described in some embodiments herein, has advantages that include no minimization or prevention of crack creation at or near the region of ablation and the ability to perform free form cuts of arbitrary shape. It is beneficial to avoid edge cracking and residual edge stress in glass substrates for flat panel displays because flat panel displays have a pronounced propensity to break from an edge, even when stress is applied to the center. The high peak power of ultrafast lasers combined with tailored beam delivery in the method described herein can avoid these problems because the present method is a “cold” ablation technique that cuts without a deleterious heat effect. Laser cutting by ultrafast lasers according to the present method produces essentially no residual s tress in the glass. However, it should be understood that any type of laser may be utilized in the laser processing methods and apparatus described herein. 
     Still referring to  FIG. 1 , positioned on top of the support base  120  and between the support base  120  and the transparent material  160  is the laser disruption element  140 . In one embodiment, the laser disruption element  140  may be a substantially flat sheet with a substantially flat top surface  142  and bottom surface  144  which correspond with the flat surface of the top surface  122  of the support base  120  and the bottom surface  164  of the transparent material  160 , respectively. Generally, the laser disruption element  140  optically disrupts a laser beam  180  transmitted through the transparent material  160  such that the laser beam  180  does not have sufficient intensity (i.e., at the focal line  182 ) below the laser disruption element  140  to damage the support base  120 . For example, optical disruption may include reflection, absorption, scattering, defocusing or otherwise interfering with the laser beam  180 . The disruption element  140  may reflect, absorb, scatter, defocus or otherwise interfere with an incident laser beam  180  to inhibit or prevent the laser beam  180  from damaging or otherwise modifying underlying layers in the multilayer stack  100 , such as the support base  120 . 
     In one embodiment, the laser disruption element  140  is positioned immediately below the transparent material  160  which is laser processed. Such a configuration is shown in  FIG. 1 , where the beam disruption element  140  is a substantially flat sheet positioned immediately below the transparent material  160  in which the laser processing described herein will occur. In some embodiments, the laser disruption element  140  may be positioned in direct contact with the support base  120 , but in other embodiments another layer of material may be disposed between the support base  120  and the laser disruption element  140 . In one embodiment, the laser disruption element  140  may have a thickness as measured from its top surface  142  to its bottom surface  144  from about 0.5 mm to about 3 mm. The edges of the laser disruption element  140  may have a rounded shape with beveled comers, substantially free of sharp comers. 
     The laser disruption element  140  has different optical properties than the transparent material  160  to be cut by laser processing. For example, the beam disruption element  140  may comprise a defocusing element, a scattering element, a translucent element, or a reflective element. A defocusing element is an interface or a layer comprising a material that prevents the laser beam light  180  from forming the laser beam focal line  182  on or below the defocusing element. The defocusing element may comprise a material or interface with refractive index inhomogeneities that scatter or perturb the wavefront of the laser beam  180 . In embodiments where the laser disruption element is a translucent element, the translucent element is an interface or layer of material that allows light to pass through, but only after scattering or attenuating the laser beam  180  to lower the energy density sufficiently to prevent formation of a laser beam focal line  182  in portions of the multilayer stack  100  on the side of the translucent element that are opposite from the laser beam  180 . 
     As shown in  FIG. 1 , a laser beam  180  may pass into and through the transparent material  160  and contact the top surface  142  of the laser disruption element  140 . The laser disruption element  140  may disrupt the laser beam  180  such that the intensity of the laser beam  180  is reduced before it reaches the support base  120 . More specifically, the reflectivity, absorptivity, defocusing, attenuation, and/or scattering of the disruption element  140  can be utilized to create a barrier or impediment to the laser radiation. It is not necessary that the absorption, reflection scattering, attenuation, defocusing etc. of the laser beam  180  by the disruption element  140  be complete. The effect of the disruption element  140  on the laser beam  180  may be sufficient to reduce the energy density or intensity of the focal line  182  to a level below the threshold required for cutting, ablation, perforating etc. of the support base  120 . In one embodiment, the disruption element  140  reduces the energy density or intensity of the focal line  182  to a level below the threshold needed to damage the support base  120 . The laser disruption element  140  may be a layer or an interface and may be configured to absorb, reflect, or scatter the laser beam  180 , where the absorption, reflection, or scattering are sufficient to reduce the energy density or intensity of the laser beam  180  transmitted to the support base  120  (or other underlying layer) to a level below that required to cause damage to the support base  120  or other underlying layers. 
     In one embodiment, the laser disruption element  140  may optically disrupt the laser beam  180  at the top surface  142  of the laser disruption element  140 . For example, in one embodiment, the laser disruption element  140  may comprise a film on its top layer  142  or a surface modified top surface  142 . For example, the disruption element  140  may comprise a roughened top surface  142  (surface nearest the transparent material  160 ) which is modified to be substantially rough to scatter incident light. Additionally, if the top surface  142  of the laser disruption element  140  acts to interfere with the laser beam  180 , the bulk material of the laser disruption layer may be substantially the same material as the transparent substrate since no focal line  182  is formed below the top surface  142  of the laser disruption element  140 . For example, in one embodiment, the transparent material  160  may be glass and the disruption element  140  may be glass. Furthermore, a laser disruption element  140  that has a bulk material transparent to the laser wavelength can transmit the laser and substantially disperse the intensity throughout the bulk material structure of the disruption element  140 . In such an embodiment, the laser disruption element  140  is not damaged by a laser beam  180  transmitted through the transparent material  160 . 
     In one embodiment, the laser disruption element  140  may comprise frosted glass, such as, for example, a sheet of frosted glass. The frosted glass, sometimes referred to as iced glass, may be substantially translucent. The relatively rough top surface  142  may act as a translucent element which scatters an incident laser beam  180 . The frosted glass may be chemically etched, sand blasted, or otherwise manufactured to have a translucent appearance that operates to disrupt incident light. However, in one embodiment, the frosted glass may be substantially smooth so as to not damage a transparent material  160  which is resting its top surface  142  during laser processing. For example, sand blasted frosted glass may be rough enough to damage a laser processed transparent material  160  by scratching when the transparent material  160  is placed on the laser disruption element  140 . However, chemically etched glass may provide suitable optical characteristics while still being sufficiently smooth to not damage the transparent material  160 . As used herein, damage to the transparent material  160  means damage that is detectable by a human eye, such as scratches, cuts, or other abrasions. 
     In one embodiment, the average roughness (Ra) of the top surface  142  may be greater than or equal to about 0.5 microns, greater than or equal to about 0.8 microns, greater than or equal to about 1.0 microns, greater than or equal to about 1.5 microns, or even greater than or equal to about 2.0 microns, As used herein, Ra is defined as the arithmetic average of the differences between the local surface heights and the average surface height and can be described by the following equation: 
     
       
         
           
             
               R 
               a 
             
             = 
             
               
                 1 
                 n 
               
                
               
                 
                   ∑ 
                   
                     i 
                     = 
                     1 
                   
                   n 
                 
                  
                 
                    
                   
                     y 
                     i 
                   
                    
                 
               
             
           
         
       
     
     where Yi is the local surface height relative to the average surface height. In other embodiments Ra may be from about 0.5 microns to about 2.0 microns, from about 0.5 microns to about 1.5 microns, or from about 0.5 microns to about 1.0 micron. For example, in one embodiment, the frosted glass may be EagleEtch® acid etched glass commercially available from EuropTec USA of Clarksburg, W. Va. 
     In another embodiment, the laser disruption element  140  may comprise a surface film layer that acts to disrupt the laser beam  180  and substantially protect underlying layers such as the support base  120 . The optically disrupting film layer may be deposited by thermal evaporation, physical vapor deposition, and/or sputtering, where the thickness may be a function of the wavelength of the utilized laser. The thin films may comprise, without limitation, MgF 2 , CaF 2 , poly(methyl methacrylate), PMMI, polycarbonates, styrene-acrylonitrile copolymers, polystyrenes, cyclic olefin polymer, cyclic olefin copolymers, and combinations thereof. 
     It will be apparent to those skilled in the art that various modifications and variations can be made to the embodiments described herein without departing from the spirit and scope of the claimed subject matter. Thus it is intended that the specification cover the modifications and variations of the various embodiments described herein provided such modification and variations come within the scope of the appended claims and their equivalents.