Patent Publication Number: US-11389694-B1

Title: Rotational and linear resistance force exercise apparatus

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This application is a continuation-in-part application of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/721,479, entitled “Rotational and Linear Resistance Force Exercise Apparatus”, filed on Sep. 29, 2017, which application is a Continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/674,403, filed on Aug. 10, 2017, entitled “Rotational and Linear Resistance Force Exercise Apparatus”, which is a divisional application of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/672,030, filed Mar. 27, 2015, entitled “Rotational and Linear Resistance Force Exercise Apparatus”. The specifications and claims of these applications are incorporated herein by reference. 
    
    
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     Field of the Invention (Technical Field) 
     The present invention relates generally to exercise devices, and more particularly to body exercise equipment that utilizes a resistance force to provide the user with rotational as well as linear force to exercise. 
     Description of Related Art 
     Athletes, as well as physical therapists, have understood the need to strengthen, increase range of motion, and improve proprioception of the various parts of the body. Most commonly, fitness devices provide the user with an opportunity to extend and/or retract their limbs and/or torso, while acting against some kind of resistance force provided by an exercise apparatus. This is referred to as flexion and extension of the muscles. Rotational strengthening of various parts of the body provides a unique method of strengthening the body, as opposed to flexion and extension. Rotational strengthening involves supination and pronation of the limbs, in whole or in part, as well as left and right rotation of the neck, spine, or both. It is currently difficult to exercise the body in a rotational fashion because current inventions provide the user with an opposing linear force, rather than an opposing rotational force against which to interact their muscles. There are several muscles, and groups of muscles which benefit directly from rotational strengthening. While some currently available devices utilize rotational force for exercising, these systems lack in the ability to select the range of motion, and do not allow the user to attach several different unique attachments. There is a current need for a device which allows the user to gain strength by working against a restrictive force, in a rotational fashion, with multiple parts of their body. Furthermore, exercise equipment users are often limited in area to accommodate exercise equipment, therefore exercise apparatuses should ideally take up a small amount of space while providing many functions. 
     BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     Embodiments of the present invention comprise an exercise apparatus comprising a housing securable to a stationary framework. The housing comprising a rotating element. The rotating element being a feature upon which a person can install an exercise attachment. The rotating element being connected to a force transferring material. The force transferring material being connected to a resistance source. The level of resistance being either adjustable, or non-adjustable. 
     One embodiment comprises a housing which holds a spring that is attached to a tension adjustment feature at one end and attached to a cable at the other end, the cable being attached to a rotating element, and the rotating element being connectable to a variety of attachments that a person can exert force upon. 
     Another embodiment comprises a housing which contains a torsion spring. The torsion spring being connected to the housing at one end, and connected to a resistance force output at the other end. The resistance force output being a location at which a user can connect a choice of attachment to perform exercise against the rotational force. 
     Another embodiment comprises a housing which contains a piece of polymer which is secured at one end to the housing, and the other end is secured to the resistance force output. An attachment is placed onto the resistance force output and rotated by the user. The rotation of the attachment ultimately causes a twisting effect on the polymer which resists being twisted. 
     Another embodiment of the present invention is a component of a variable resistance exercise apparatus, the component comprising a cradle; a stem attached to an underside of the cradle aligned with an area of the cradle configured to receive a knee of a user of the variable resistance exercise apparatus, the stem configured to align with an axis of rotation of a bidirectionally rotatable element of the variable resistance exercise apparatus; and an opening configured to align with one of a plurality of holes near the circumference of the bidirectionally rotatable element. The component is preferably removably attachable to the variable resistance exercise apparatus, preferably by the user. The component is optionally permanently attachable to the variable resistance exercise apparatus. The component preferably comprises a pin extending through the opening for inserting into one of the holes. The interior of the cradle preferably comprises padding. The cradle preferably comprises sides approximately perpendicular to the area, the sides configured to receive pressure from a lower leg of the user, thereby rotating the bidirectionally rotatable element. The stem is optionally insertable through an opening at the center of the bidirectionally rotatable element, in which case the opening is preferably near an edge of the cradle. Alternatively the component optionally further comprises a platform connectable to the cradle, the platform configured to rest on and connect to the bidirectionally rotatable element, in which case the height of the cradle above the platform is preferably adjustable and the opening is preferably near an edge of the platform. The position of the hole chosen to align with the opening preferably determines a range of motion of the bidirectionally rotatable element. The component is preferably configured such that when the user&#39;s knee is on the area and the user&#39;s femur is vertical, a direction of the user&#39;s femur will be coincidental with an axis of rotation of the bidirectionally rotatable element. The bidirectionally rotatable element preferably exerts a constant torque directly opposing rotation of the user&#39;s femur. 
     Another embodiment of the present invention is a variable resistance exercise apparatus comprising the component described above attached to the bidirectionally rotatable element; and a force-transferring material providing bidirectional variable rotational resistance to the bidirectionally rotatable element and the component. The bidirectionally rotatable element preferably comprises a circular wheel. The force-transferring material is preferably disposed on a periphery of the bidirectionally rotatable element, preferably in a groove on the periphery of the bidirectionally rotatable element. The force-transferring material is preferably selected from the group consisting of a cable, a belt, a chain, a rope, and a rubber band. The force-transferring material is preferably guided with one or more pulleys disposed in proximity to the rotating element. The bidirectionally rotatable element is preferably disposed on a horizontal arm, which is preferably vertically adjustable, or optionally is fixed and not vertically adjustable. The bidirectional variable rotational resistance is preferably provided by a source selected from the group consisting of braking systems, friction, magnetic devices, electric devices, springs, adjustable weights, stretching a flexible material, hydraulics, and pneumatic devices. The component is preferably removable from the bidirectionally rotatable element by the user. The force-transferring material preferably wraps either clockwise or counterclockwise around the bidirectionally rotatable element, thereby providing the bidirectional variable rotational resistance. The bidirectionally rotatable element optionally comprises a plate fixed in a horizontal plane. The bidirectionally rotatable element preferably comprises a plate that is tiltable between 0 and 360 degrees about a horizontal axis. 
     Further scope of applicability of the present invention will be set forth in part in the detailed description to follow, taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, and in part will become apparent to those skilled in the art upon examination of the following, or may be learned by practice of the invention. The objects and advantages of the invention may be realized and attained by means of the instrumentalities and combinations particularly pointed out in the appended claims. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE SEVERAL VIEWS OF THE DRAWINGS 
       The accompanying drawings, which are incorporated into and form a part of the specification, illustrate one or more embodiments of the present invention and, together with the description, serve to explain the principles of the invention. The drawings are only for the purpose of illustrating one or more preferred embodiments of the invention and are not to be construed as limiting the invention. In the drawings: 
         FIG. 1  is a perspective view of an embodiment of the present invention; 
         FIG. 2  is a closer view of the adjustable wheel platform arm of the embodiment of  FIG. 1 ; 
         FIG. 3  is a top view of the wheel of the embodiment of  FIG. 1 ; 
         FIG. 4  is a perspective view of an embodiment of an elbow cradle attachment; 
         FIG. 5  is a perspective view of an embodiment of a knee cradle attachment; 
         FIG. 6  is a perspective view of an embodiment of a grip handle attachment; 
         FIG. 7  is a perspective view of an embodiment of a head piece attachment; 
         FIG. 8  is a perspective view of an embodiment of a foot plate attachment; 
         FIG. 9  is a perspective view of an embodiment of a hand plate attachment; 
         FIG. 10  is a perspective view of an embodiment of a long shoulder handle; 
         FIG. 11  is a perspective view of an embodiment of a long over-head handles attachment; 
         FIG. 12  is a perspective view of an embodiment of a twin free foot spin foot plate attachment; 
         FIG. 13  is a perspective view of an embodiment of a twin free hand spin foot plate attachment; 
         FIG. 14  is a perspective view of an embodiment of a free spinning finger cradle attachment; 
         FIG. 15  is a perspective view of one embodiment of the present invention; 
         FIG. 16  is a perspective view of one embodiment of the present invention; 
         FIG. 17  is a closer view of an embodiment of a rotational resistance assembly with axis of rotation adjusted off vertical; 
         FIG. 18  is a closer view of an embodiment of a rotational resistance assembly; 
         FIG. 19  is a side view of an embodiment of a rotational resistance assembly; 
         FIG. 20  is a view of an embodiment of a main arm with first pulley; 
         FIG. 21  is a perspective view of an embodiment of an attachment extension; 
         FIG. 22  is a perspective view of an embodiment of a free spinning grip attachment; 
         FIG. 23  is a perspective view of an embodiment of a free spinning pad attachment; 
         FIG. 24  is a perspective view of an embodiment of a free spinning pad attachment; 
         FIG. 25  is a perspective view of an embodiment of a free spinning grip attachment mounted on an attachment extension shaft; 
         FIG. 26  is a perspective view of an embodiment of an attachment extension and an attachment extension counterweight; 
         FIG. 27  is a perspective view of an embodiment of a grip twist attachment; 
         FIG. 28  is a closer view of an embodiment of the main arm and first pulley; 
         FIG. 29  is a perspective view of an embodiment of an attachment point; 
         FIG. 30  is a closer view of an embodiment of an attachment point; 
         FIG. 31  is a top view of an embodiment of a rotational resistance exercise apparatus within a housing; 
         FIG. 32  is a side view of an embodiment of a rotational resistance exercise apparatus within a housing; 
         FIG. 33  is a perspective view of an embodiment of a rotational resistance exercise apparatus within a housing; 
         FIG. 34  is a side view of an embodiment of a rotational resistance exercise apparatus within a housing; 
         FIG. 35  is an exploded view of an embodiment of a rotational resistance exercise apparatus within a housing; 
         FIG. 36  is a top view of an embodiment of a rotational resistance exercise apparatus within a housing; 
         FIG. 37  is a top view of an embodiment of a rotational resistance exercise apparatus within a housing; 
         FIG. 38  is a perspective view of an embodiment of a rotational resistance exercise apparatus within a housing; 
         FIG. 39  is a perspective view of an embodiment of a rotational resistance exercise apparatus in a resting state; 
         FIG. 40  is a perspective view of an embodiment of a rotational resistance exercise apparatus within a housing in a rotated position; 
         FIG. 41  is a perspective view of an embodiment of a rotational resistance exercise apparatus within a housing; 
         FIG. 42  is a perspective view of an embodiment of a rotational resistance exercise apparatus within a housing; 
         FIG. 43  is a sectional view of an embodiment of a free spinning dish attachment; 
         FIG. 44  is a perspective view of an embodiment of an adjustable standing platform; 
         FIG. 45  is a perspective view of an embodiment of an attachment extension orientation ring; 
         FIG. 46  is a front view of an embodiment of an attachment extension orientation ring; 
         FIG. 47  is a front view of an embodiment of rotational resistance with friction; 
         FIG. 48  is a front view of an embodiment of rotational resistance with friction; 
         FIG. 49  is a perspective view of an embodiment of an attachment extension port extension; 
         FIG. 50  is a front view of an embodiment of an off parallel axis attachment; 
         FIG. 51  is a perspective view of an embodiment of a head clamp attachment; 
         FIG. 52  is a perspective view of an embodiment of a head clamp attachment; 
         FIG. 53  is a perspective view of an embodiment of a femur rotation attachment combined with an attachment extension port extension; 
         FIG. 54  is a perspective view of an embodiment of the underside of a femur rotation attachment; 
         FIG. 55  is a perspective view of an embodiment of a paddle rotation attachment; 
         FIG. 56  is a front view of an embodiment of a pedal attachment; 
         FIG. 57  is a perspective view of an embodiment of a connectable handle; 
         FIG. 58  is a front view of an embodiment of a connectable handle; 
         FIG. 59  is a front view of an embodiment of a direct attachment extension port attachment; 
         FIG. 60  is a front view of an embodiment of a perpendicular attachment; 
         FIG. 61  is a side view of an embodiment of a standing platform attachment; 
         FIG. 62  is a perspective view an embodiment of the underside of a standing platform attachment; 
         FIG. 63  is a side view of an embodiment of a steering wheel attachment; 
         FIG. 64  is a front view of an embodiment of a long curved attachment; 
         FIG. 65  is a perspective view of an embodiment of a steering wheel attachment; 
         FIG. 66  is a side view of an embodiment of an attachment with adjustable angles; 
         FIG. 67  is a perspective view of an embodiment of a connectable handle; 
         FIG. 68  is a perspective view of an embodiment of a connectable handle; 
         FIG. 69  is a perspective view of an embodiment of a connectable handle; 
         FIG. 70  is a perspective view of an embodiment of a connectable handle; 
         FIG. 71  is a perspective view of an embodiment of a connectable handle; 
         FIG. 72  is a side view of an embodiment of an attachment extension and attachment; 
         FIG. 73  is a perspective view of an embodiment of a generic attaching point attachment; 
         FIG. 74  is a perspective view of an embodiment of an adjustable generic attaching point attachment; 
         FIG. 75  is a perspective view of an embodiment of an articulating attachment joint; 
         FIG. 76  is a side view of an embodiment of a carabiner; 
         FIG. 77  is a side view of an embodiment of a connectable handle; 
         FIG. 78  is a side view of an embodiment of a connectable handle; 
         FIG. 79  is a sectional view of an embodiment of a free spinning plate attachment; 
         FIG. 80  is a sectional view of an embodiment of a free spinning dome attachment; 
         FIG. 81  is a sectional view of an embodiment of a free spinning knob attachment; 
         FIG. 82  is a side view of an embodiment of a free spinning articulating joint attachment; 
         FIG. 83  is a perspective view of an embodiment of a universally jointed attachment; 
         FIG. 84  is a perspective view of an embodiment of a free spinning attachment; 
         FIG. 85  is a front view of an embodiment of a rotational resistance assembly at rest; 
         FIG. 86  is a front view an embodiment of a rotational resistance assembly turning clockwise; 
         FIG. 87  is a front view of an embodiment of a rotational resistance assembly turning counterclockwise; 
         FIG. 88  is a front view of an embodiment of a rotational resistance assembly at rest; 
         FIG. 89  is a front view of an embodiment of a rotational resistance assembly turning counterclockwise; 
         FIG. 90  is a front view of an embodiment of a rotational resistance assembly turning clockwise; 
         FIG. 91  is a perspective view of an embodiment of a rotational resistance assembly with an attachment extension attached to it, and with an attachment attached to the attachment extension; 
         FIG. 92  is a perspective view of an embodiment of a rotational resistance assembly rotatably mounted upon a direct carriage assembly, and direct carriage assembly adjustable in position on frame; 
         FIG. 93  is a perspective view of an embodiment of a grip twist attachment mounted to a rotational resistance assembly which is rotatably mounted upon a direct carriage assembly, and direct carriage assembly adjustable in position on frame, with axis of rotation directed horizontally, and resistance provided by weight plates; 
         FIG. 94  is a perspective view of an embodiment of a free spin pad attachment attached to an attachment extension and attachment extension attached to a rotational resistance assembly and rotational resistance assembly rotatably mounted upon a direct carriage assembly, and direct carriage assemble adjustable in position on frame, with axis of rotation directed in an angle between horizontal and vertical, and resistance provided by spring; 
         FIG. 95  is a perspective view of an embodiment of a free spin grip attachment attached to an attachment extension and attachment extension attached to a rotational resistance assembly and rotational resistance assembly rotatably mounted upon a direct carriage assembly, and direct carriage assemble adjustable in position on frame, with axis of rotation directed in an angle between vertical and horizontal; 
         FIG. 96  is a perspective view of an embodiment of a perpendicular attachment attached to an attachment extension and attachment extension attached to a rotational resistance assembly and rotational resistance assembly rotatably mounted upon the frame extension, and frame extension adjustable in height upon the frame, with axis of rotation being vertical; 
         FIG. 97  is a perspective view of an embodiment of a femur rotation attachment attached to a rotational resistance assembly and rotation resistance assembly rotatably mounted upon the frame extension, and frame extension adjustable in height upon the frame, with axis of rotation being vertical; 
         FIG. 98  is a perspective view of an embodiment of a free spinning grip attachment attached to an attachment extension, and the attachment extension attached to a rotational resistance assembly and rotation resistance assembly is rotatably mounted upon a direct carriage assembly, and direct carriage assembly is adjustable in height, with axis of rotation directed in an angle which is horizontal; 
         FIG. 99  is a perspective view of an embodiment of a connectable handle attached to an adjustable generic attaching point and adjustable generic attaching point is attached to an attachment extension, with the attachment extension attached to a rotational resistance assembly, the rotational resistance assembly is rotatably attached upon the direct carriage assembly, the direct carriage assembly is adjustable in position upon the frame, with axis of rotation directed at an angle which is between horizontal and vertical; 
         FIG. 100  is a perspective view of an embodiment of a connectable handle attached to a generic attaching point and generic attaching point is attached to an attachment extension, with the attachment extension attached to a rotational resistance assembly, the rotational resistance assembly is rotatably attached upon the direct carriage assembly, the direct carriage assembly is not adjustable in position upon the frame, with axis of rotation directed at an angle which is between horizontal and vertical and adjustable standing platform is mounted to the frame; 
         FIG. 101  is a perspective view of an embodiment of a head clamp attachment connected directly to a rotational resistance assembly, with the rotation resistance assemble rotatably connected to a frame extension, the frame extension is adjustable in position on the frame, the axis of rotation is vertical; 
         FIG. 102  is a perspective view of an embodiment of a free spin grip attachment attached to an attachment extension, the attachment extension is attached to the rotational resistance assembly, the rotational resistance assembly is rotatably connected to the frame extension, the frame extension is adjustable in position on the frame, the axis of rotation is vertical; 
         FIG. 103  is a perspective view of an embodiment of a direct carriage assembly with a rotational resistance assembly mounted to the direct carriage assembly. A frame is shown supporting the direct carriage assembly; 
         FIG. 104  is a sectional view of an embodiment of a direct carriage assembly on a frame; 
         FIG. 105  is a perspective view of an embodiment of direct carriage assembly; 
         FIG. 106  is a detail of a wheel hub assembly interface of the present invention; 
         FIG. 107  shows a twin free spin foot plate attachment of the present invention; 
         FIG. 108  shows a side view of the twin free spin foot plate attachment; 
         FIG. 109  shows a side stand assembly for use with, for example, the twin free spin foot plate attachment; 
         FIG. 110  shows adjustable support handles for use with the apparatus of the present invention; 
         FIG. 111  shows a side perspective view of the main arm carriage assembly; 
         FIG. 112  shows a top perspective view of the main arm carriage assembly; 
         FIG. 113  shows a wheel rotation limiter of the present invention; 
         FIG. 114  shows a head clamp attachment of the present invention; 
         FIG. 115  shows a knee cradle exercise attachment of the present invention; 
         FIG. 116  shows a standing platform exercise apparatus of the present invention; 
         FIG. 117  shows a spine rotation exercise apparatus; 
         FIG. 118  shows a shoulder Proprioceptive Neuromuscular Facilitation (PNF) exercise apparatus; and 
         FIG. 119  shows a stir pot rotational resistance exercise apparatus. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
     Embodiments of the present invention preferably allow the user to adjust the range of rotation that an exercise apparatus will encompass relative to the user. This allows users to strengthen their muscles more completely and increase range of motion. Embodiments of the present invention preferably allow users to adjust the height of an attachment point for various attachments. This allows people of differing heights to utilize the same machine after adjusting it to their height. Embodiments of the present invention allow the user to rotate the attachment point in a plane that is perpendicular to the plane of the force rotation of the attachment point, resulting in a downward, sideward, and upward plane for connecting the various attachments. Embodiments of the present invention allow the users to supinate, pronate, rotate, and/or twist the hand, wrist, forearm, elbow, upper arm, shoulder, neck, spine, lumbar, hip, upper leg, knee, lower leg, ankle, and/or foot, utilizing attachments, or no attachments while working that same motion against resistance force as low as zero pounds of force, in a bidirectional fashion. In addition, embodiments of the present invention provide versatile equipment that uses little space. As used throughout the specification and claims, the term “exercise” means exercise, physical therapy, body building, strengthening, toning, and the like. 
     Other embodiments of the present invention contain the resistance source, and mechanisms which translate the resistance source to the end user, within a housing. The housing being of a size and weight which can be transported by one person. The housing furthermore having the ability to be secured to a rigid structure commonly found within a home, such as a door frame, or countertop. The housing could optionally be mounted to a framework which holds the housing steady in space as a person exercises against the resistance. With the housing held stationary in space, the resistance force output can be manipulated without the entire housing moving. In one embodiment, a person can install an attachment onto the resistance force output. With the housing secured to a stationary object, and an attachment secured to the resistance force output, a person can then exercise in a rotational fashion against the rotational resistance. This type of relatively small, portable device applies to end users who have very limited space, and a very limited budget for such a device. 
     In one embodiment, a portable device, which offers rotational resistance to multiple attachments, can be mounted to a framework which can orient such a device in space at a variety of heights, as well as a variety of angles such as pointing the resistance force output towards the ground, or towards the sky, or towards an adjacent wall, or any point in between these points. A rotational exercise apparatus held within a housing, can gain resistance from multiple sources such as, but not limited to, a spring, a torsion spring, a flexible material, an electric motor, friction, pneumatics, or hydraulics. The resistance could be translated from the resistance source to the resistance force output by, for example, but not limited to, a cable, a rope, a flexible material, a direct attachment, or similar means, combinations thereof and the like. Many different attachments can be secured to such a portable device comprising a housing. Potential attachments include, but are not limited to, grips for the hand, platforms for the feet, clamps for the head, or other pads or handles which the user presses parts of their bodies against for exercising against the resistance provided by the apparatus. Certain embodiments of the portable rotational resistance exercise device have the resistance source output translate the linear force of the resistance source by means of a wheel. The wheel can offer rotational resistance in one direction or in two directions. The wheel can be configured in a number of ways. One embodiment of the wheel has a cable attached to the wheel, and when the wheel is turned by the attachment of the user&#39;s choice, the cable is wrapped around the wheel. The winding up of the cable causes a pull on the opposite end of the cable, the opposite end of the cable being attached to a resistance source. 
     A multi-function bidirectional rotational resistance force exercise apparatus can consume a large area while in use, as well as when it is stored while not in use. It is advantageous to have parts which move into a position for a smaller storage area of the unit as a whole. There is a need for a multi-function bidirectional rotational resistance force exercise apparatus which converts to a smaller storage size easily without many conversion steps. Current apparatuses require the user to disengage the locks on the resistance source, or weight stack, before being able to manipulate parts of the machine into storage settings. Embodiments of the present invention do not require the user to disengage the resistance source before folding a bidirectional rotational resistance force exercise apparatus into a storage position, thus saving time and effort. In one embodiment, the main arm of the apparatus can fold up or down to allow for multiple exercise positions, as well as allow for small storage place. Folding the arm without disconnecting the resistance source allows for the apparatus to be used in the folded positions, as well requiring one less step to perform when folding it for storage. Embodiments of the present invention allow for the vertical adjustment of the exercise apparatus to reach the lowest level of the frame, and/or reach the lowest level of floor. 
     A multi-function bidirectional rotational resistance force exercise apparatus can be oriented in such a way that a user may want to stand on a stationary platform while exercising. In order to keep such a platform from moving while exercising, it is advantageous to have such a stationary platform connectable to the apparatus. Connecting the platform to the apparatus causes it to be rigid and safer for the user. In one embodiment of the present invention, the stationary platform is adjustable in height. In another embodiment of the present invention, the stationary platform has rollers incorporated within it. 
     A multi-function bidirectional rotational resistance force exercise apparatus can be built to be a very sturdy piece of equipment. With the apparatus being sturdy enough to support the weight of a person, a user could place their body weight upon the apparatus in a number of ways. One of those ways to have the apparatus support the user&#39;s weight is to allow them to hang their weight on the apparatus by use of ropes, chains, cables, bands, straps, etc. Providing a location on the apparatus which is to be used for attaching ropes, chains, cables, bands, straps, etc., would be an added benefit for the end user. These training ropes, chains, cables, bands, straps, etc., are typically made of a suitable material such as cloth, metal, or polymer, etc., and require a smooth surface to mount them so as to not cause a tear in the material. In one embodiment, the user can then pull on the straps which are attached to an embodiment of a multi-function bidirectional rotational resistance force exercise apparatus in a way which does not damage the straps, but allows for the user to rely on the apparatus for securing the straps. Not just any location on the machine could be used for such attachment. A designated location and attachment feature are preferably provided to properly secure the items in a way which will not damage them, nor cause the apparatus to lose balance. Arbitrarily securing items to the apparatus for the purpose of suspending your body weight from the items could cause injury by having the apparatus tip over onto the user, or by causing the item to break because the securing point was not designed for such use. Designating a location for such attachment of items from which to hang body weight is a task for a trained professional to determine, design, test, and authorize. In one embodiment, the arm of the bidirectional rotational resistance force exercise apparatus has a feature incorporated upon it which is suitable for securing items from which a person could suspend their body weight. In another embodiment, the frame has a feature incorporated upon it which is suitable for securing items from which a person could suspend their body weight. 
     A multi-function bidirectional rotational resistance force exercise apparatus can be a stable enough piece of equipment that a user could use it for exercises such as pull-ups, or dips, if the apparatus had features which provided a handling location for such exercises. An articulating safety handle is necessary for this type of operation of such an apparatus. Designing the articulating safety handle in such a way that it provides a stable surface which can support the weight of the user in multiple positions will accomplish the tasks of pull-ups, dips, and standard safety performance. The articulating safety handle could also be used for a location a person could hold onto for stability while exercising. Such a location is preferably adjustable for varying heights of users, as well as being strong enough to support their weight in case they need to rely on the handle to prevent a fall. Embodiments of the articulating safety handle allow for the handle length to be extended or retracted. 
     A multi-function bidirectional rotational resistance force exercise apparatus may offer only one direction of rotational exercise. In one embodiment, a multi-function bidirectional resistance force exercise apparatus offers resistance in only the clockwise, or only the counterclockwise, direction. 
     A multi-function bidirectional rotational resistance force exercise apparatus may translate the linear force from the resistance source to the attachment of choice by different means. One embodiment comprises a wheel upon which the user attaches an attachment, and wraps up a cable which is connected to a resistance source. In another embodiment, the wheel, with an attachment attached to it, turns an electric motor which resists the user&#39;s exercise force in a rotational fashion. In yet another embodiment, the wheel is attached to a friction material that resists the user&#39;s rotational exercise force. In another embodiment, the user exercises against a rotational resistance source that is built in similar fashion to prior art. In another embodiment, a multi-function bidirectional rotational resistance force exercise apparatus changes the linear force of the elongation of a flexible material, into a rotational force by means of wrapping the flexible material around a wheel. In another embodiment, the rotational resistance is supplied by means of a force transferring material passing through a series of wheels and pulleys in order to translate linear force into rotational force. 
     Persons utilizing exercise equipment have a need for equipment that provides rotational resistance to press against. Some persons need the equipment to be simple for a person to use. Equipment that perform fewer functions is desirable for some facilities because it will be easier for their users to figure out how to operate the piece of equipment. A rotational resistance exercise apparatus can be constructed in a way such that the attachments that the user presses against are not interchangeable. In one embodiment, a rotational resistance source is movable positioned on a vertical frame. In another embodiment, a rotational resistance source is movable located on a frame which is not vertical. 
     A grip twist rotational resistance exercise apparatus provides a rotational resistance source for a person to strengthen their body against rotational resistance in either a clockwise, or counterclockwise direction, or both. In one embodiment, the axis of rotation of the rotational resistance is directed in a horizontal plane. When a person grips the handle and pronates or supinates their arm, the rotational resistance will resist their effort, and this resistance offers an exercise benefit to the user. In one embodiment, the position of the handle that a user grasps and rotates for exercise is set to a starting position. To choose a starting position, a user disconnects the grip from the resistance source, rotates it to a new position, then reconnects it to the resistance source prior to exercise. The resistance source can be chosen from for example, weight plates, spring, flexible material, electric motor, friction, pneumatic, hydraulic or other resistance source. 
     In one embodiment, a grip twist rotational resistance exercise apparatus adjusts vertically in height, has a standing platform that adjusts vertically in height, or both, which allows for users of differing height to use the same apparatus. The rotational resistance force output could be designed in a number of ways including, for example, a wheel drawing up a cable, or a wheel wrapping up a flexible material. In one embodiment, a grip a user grasps is directly perpendicular to the axis of rotation of the rotational resistance, or it can be off set. Placing the grip, which a user grasps, on an axis which does not intersect with the axis of rotation of the rotational resistance offers the opportunity to have the rotational resistance directed, for instance, down the center of the user&#39;s unbent wrist while they grasp the grip. This direction of orientation is beneficial for superior ergonomics of exercise. In one embodiment, the handle connected to the rotational resistance is a flat surface. In another embodiment, the handle connected to the rotational resistance is in the shape of a sphere. 
     Exercise equipment users have a need for equipment that offers rotational resistance for the spine, hips, knees, ankles, and feet. Standing on a platform that is attached to a rotational resistance source, while grasping a stationary object with other parts of their body, allows a person to rotate the platform for exercise. In one embodiment, the standing platform attachment is connected to a rotational resistance source. The user engages certain muscles in order to rotate the standing platform they are standing on. The rotational resistance works against the person causing them to gain an exercise benefit. A person can stand on the platform with one foot, while standing on a nearby stationary platform with their other foot. The user would then rotate their one leg against the rotational resistance for exercise, while the leg standing on the stationary platform offers stability. In one embodiment, a stationary handle is nearby for the user to grasp for stationary stability. In one embodiment, the rotational resistance is offered by an electric motor. In another embodiment, the rotational resistance is provided by a curved shaped material which is connected to a resistance source such as a spring with a cable, the cable being wound up by the curved shaped material that is being turned by the standing platform, which is turned by the user&#39;s effort. In one embodiment, the standing platform itself has the resistance source connected directly to its periphery. In one embodiment, the standing platform is generally flat. In another embodiment, the standing platform has at least one surface that is free to spin independently from the rotational resistance source. 
     A person&#39;s hip joint can move in many directions. Flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, internal rotation, external rotation, and circumduction. The neck of the femur bone sits at approximately 120-135 degrees inclination relative to the femur bone in a normal adult, and at very different degrees of inclination in abnormal persons. Exercising the hip joint in a flexion or extension pattern is a common activity. Most common positions for such exercises are done with a person standing straight up, while lifting their knee upwards towards the chest, or pressing their knee back down from their chest to a standing position. Lifting the knee proximally and laterally simultaneously, as well as the converse motion, helps keep the femur head within its socket. Keeping the femur head within its socket can be beneficial to the person performing the exercise. An exercise apparatus that offers rotational resistance to a user in a direction that allows their femur head to stay within its socket while performing exercise offers benefit to the user. The exercise apparatus would be more useful to many persons if it can accommodate users of differing height, and/or strength. In one embodiment, the center of rotation of the rotational resistance is at an angle coincident with the user&#39;s femur neck. One embodiment provides an adjustable standing platform for a person to stand upon, the platform being adjustable in height. One embodiment provides a platform for a person to lay upon while performing exercise. 
     A person&#39;s leg can move in an internal and external rotation pattern. Moving the leg in an internal or external rotational pattern against resistance can be beneficial to a user. A rotational resistance exercise apparatus that provides resistance for a person to exercise against in the pattern of internal and/or external rotation of the leg is useful in strengthening the user&#39;s body. In order to focus the exercise effort more onto the muscles near the hip, as opposed to muscles near the ankle, in the motion of internal and external rotation of the leg, a person&#39;s leg could be in a flexion position while internally or externally rotating their leg. One embodiment of the present invention provides rotational resistance to a person whose leg is in a flexion position while internally or externally rotating. Other embodiments of the present invention have the ability to accommodate persons of differing heights by extending the exercise surface which the person presses upon closer to the person&#39;s body, and/or by changing the altitude of the surface upon which they are standing. In one embodiment the user can place the axis of rotation of their femur closely to coincidental to the axis of rotation of the rotational resistance, then rotate their femur around its axis of rotation for exercise against the resistance. 
     A person&#39;s shoulder joint is very complex. Exercising the shoulder joint against resistance can be done in a variety of ways. When a person performs the motion of flexion, extension, abduction, or adduction of the shoulder, a circular motion of the arm, hinging at the shoulder joint is performed. A rotational resistance exercise apparatus that provides the user a surface to press upon with a part of their upper limb will give the user the opportunity to perform resistance exercise in a rotational pattern. The circular motion would be best resisted by an apparatus that provides rotational resistance, as opposed to linear resistance. One embodiment of the present invention preferably allows a user to press their forearm against a pad while performing shoulder flexion, extension, abduction, or adduction motions. Another embodiment of the present invention adjusts to accommodate persons of differing heights. Another embodiment of the present invention directs the axis of rotation of the rotational resistance at an angle that is preferable to exercise muscles against rotational resistance. Another embodiment of the present invention allows the user to grasp a handle with one and/or two hands while exercising against rotational resistance. The handle of one embodiment of the present invention rotates independently of the rotational resistance offered by the apparatus. In one embodiment, the starting and/or stopping position of the rotational resistance can be adjusted. 
     Performing a motion similar to stirring a pot of substance with a tool, has been a desirable motion to perform for exercise. Performing motions against resistance is beneficial for a person&#39;s body. The present invention embodies a rotational resistance exercise apparatus that provides rotational resistance to a person who is moving their body in a motion similar to that of stirring a pot. One embodiment of the present invention has a handle a person grasps with their hand. The handle is then moved in a circular motion by the person&#39;s body, while the apparatus provides rotational resistance to the person&#39;s effort. In one embodiment, the handle is free to rotate on its own axis, which is independent of the axis of rotation of the rotational resistance of the apparatus. In one embodiment, the apparatus adjusts in order to accommodate users of differing heights. In another embodiment, the handle that the user grasps with their hand is adjustable in position relative to the axis of rotation of the rotational resistance. The handle could be positioned further away from or nearer to the axis of rotation of the rotational resistance. In one embodiment, the handle is oriented perpendicular to the axis of the rotational resistance. In one embodiment, the axis of rotation of the rotational resistance is parallel to the axis of rotation of the grip. In another embodiment, the grip has an axis of rotation that is not parallel nor perpendicular with the axis of rotation of the rotational resistance. 
     Rotating the body against rotational resistance from a standing position can help a user gain strength. An exercise apparatus that provides rotational resistance which a person can exercise against while rotating their spine to the left and/or to the right would be beneficial to the user. Embodiments of the present invention provide a handle that a user can press against with their body while exercising their spine in a rotational motion. Embodiments of the present invention adjust for users of differing heights. In addition, embodiments of the present invention position the axis of rotation of the rotational resistance in a vertical position. Other embodiments of the present invention have the axis of rotation of the rotational resistance in a non-vertical position. Embodiments of the present invention have the option to position the handle in a variety of distances from the axis of rotation of the rotational resistance. With the axis of rotation of the rotational resistance being in a position that is non-vertical, a person&#39;s spine would be allowed to combine rotational motion with a flexion motion resulting in a different exercise benefit. 
     The shoulder rotator cuff has long been an area of weakness and injury for the human body. Rotational resistance offers a more beneficial resistance source to exercise the rotator cuff against than linear resistance. Having the ability to supinate or pronate your hand independently while performing internal and external rotations of the shoulder provides a more complete exercise. In one embodiment, a grip is free to spin on an axis that is perpendicular from the grip. In another embodiment, the grip is adjustable in distance from the axis of the rotational resistance to accommodate different users&#39; arm lengths. In another embodiment, the height of the rotational resistance is adjustable. In another embodiment, the platform a user stands on is adjustable for people of different heights. 
     A rotational exercise apparatus has an axis of rotation of the resistance. In order for a user to rotate rotational resistance, they need a surface upon which to press a part of their body. In one embodiment, the surface that receives the pressure from the user is a cylindrical shaped surface that has an axis of rotation. The axis of rotation of the cylindrical shaped surface, and the axis of rotation of the rotational resistance can be parallel. In one embodiment, the axis of rotation of the cylindrical surface a person presses against for exercise, and the axis of the rotational resistance are adjustable in distance from one another. 
     A rotational resistance exercise apparatus resists the rotation of a person&#39;s head. A person&#39;s head has an axis of rotation about which the head can turn left and right. In one embodiment of the present invention, a person&#39;s rotation of their head is translated to interact against the rotational resistance of the rotational exercise apparatus by means of a head attachment. In one embodiment, the head attachment secures against the exterior of a person&#39;s head, while also being secured to the rotational resistance of the rotational exercise apparatus. In one embodiment, the head attachment is adjustable to fit different sizes of heads. 
     Circumduction of a person&#39;s arm is accomplished by moving a straight or bent arm in a circular motion. Resistance to circumduction motion will enhance a person&#39;s strength in their body. The present invention of a rotational resistance exercise apparatus for circumduction offers rotational resistance to the circular motion of circumduction. In one embodiment, a flexible rope is attached to a member that is attached to the rotational resistance offered by the apparatus. Moving the rope in a circular pattern causes the member to move against the resistance of the apparatus, thus giving the person exercise. In another embodiment, the distance from the handle a person is holding, which is attached to the member, which is attached to the rotational resistance, is adjustable in distance from the axis of rotation of the rotational resistance. In another embodiment, the elevation of the axis of rotational resistance is adjustable in elevation to accommodate users of different heights. In yet another embodiment, the platform a user stands upon is adjustable in height. In one embodiment, the axis of rotation of the rotational resistance is horizontally oriented. 
     Resistance training of leg circumduction is best performed against rotational resistance. The circular path a person&#39;s leg follows when performing circumduction is best exercised against resistance that follows the same general path. In one embodiment of the current invention, a person places one foot upon a surface, and the surface is connected to a rotational resistance source in such a way that when the surface is moved in a circular path, the rotational resistance source counteracts the user&#39;s efforts in a rotational direction. In one embodiment, the rotational resistance apparatus has a platform a user can place their other foot that is not performing the circumduction exercise. In another embodiment, the surface a user places their foot upon is free to spin independent of the rotational resistance. 
     The swinging of a golf club follows a mostly circular path. Exercising a golf swing against rotational resistance would be beneficial to strengthening the body. In one embodiment of the present invention, a person interacts against the rotational resistance exercise apparatus by moving the rotational resistance around a circular path while holding and moving a handle in the similar motion of swinging a golf club. In one embodiment, the axis of rotation of the rotational resistance is directed in generally the same direction as a person&#39;s spine axis of rotation while swinging a golf club. In one embodiment, the handle a person holds is partially cylindrical handle. In another embodiment, the partially cylindrical handle is attached to a rope. In yet another embodiment the rope is attached to an arm that is attached to the rotational resistance. In one embodiment, the distance from the rope attachment point and the axis of rotation of the rotational resistance is adjustable. In one embodiment, the altitude of the axis of rotation of the rotational resistance is adjustable. In another embodiment, the surface upon which a user stands is adjustable in altitude. 
     A generic handle can be attached to a rotational resistance exercise apparatus for accommodating exercise motions of a person. In one embodiment, a rotational resistance exercise apparatus has an attachment extension extending from the rotational resistance in a direction perpendicular to the axis of rotation. The attachment extension optionally has a bend in it. Upon the attachment extension, a person optionally attaches a generic attaching point attachment. In one embodiment, the attachment of a handle is accomplished by securing a carabiner onto the generic attaching point attachment. A person optionally secures a handle of choice onto the carabiner. When rotating the attachment extension by means of attached handle, a person gains exercise by working against the rotational resistance provided by the apparatus. In yet another embodiment, the arm that is attached to the rotational resistance extends in the direction of the axis of rotation of the rotational resistance. The extension of the arm allows the user more distance from the moving parts of the apparatus. In one embodiment the distance from the end of the arm, and the axis of rotational resistance is adjustable. 
     A person&#39;s foot moves in a circular path when riding a bicycle. Bicycles offer resistance in one direction only. A person does not get the benefit of eccentric loading of their leg muscles when riding a bicycle. A rotational resistance exercise apparatus has the potential to offer eccentric loading of the muscles when a person&#39;s leg or arm is performing generally the same motion as that of rotating a common bicycle crank. In one embodiment, a rotational resistance exercise apparatus has one or more arms attached to the rotational resistance in a position perpendicular, or approximately perpendicular to the axis of rotation of the rotational resistance. In one embodiment, a bicycle pedal or a handle is attached upon the arm or arms. A person can press upon the bicycle pedal with their foot or hand in order to rotate their foot or hand against the rotational resistance of the exercise apparatus. In one embodiment, the rotational resistance is provided by a cable attached to the rotational resistance on one end and to linear resistance on the other end, such as a weight stack. In another embodiment, the arm has multiple positions the pedal or handle could be placed. In one embodiment, the axis of rotation of the rotational resistance is horizontal. In another embodiment, the arm has threaded holes. 
     Multi-function rotational resistance exercise apparatuses, rotational resistance apparatuses within a housing, and rotational resistance exercise apparatuses can have attachments that are attached to them. These attachments are the surface upon which a person presses for exercise of their body. In one embodiment, an attachment is for the exercising of the supination and pronation of the hand. In another embodiment, an attachment provides a location or a series of locations for attaching yet another attachment. Another embodiment of the invention comprises an attachment that is a grip that is optionally able to spin freely upon an axis of rotation that is perpendicular to the axis of rotation of the rotational resistance of the apparatus. Another embodiment is an attachment to a rotational resistance exercise apparatus that is a grip which is optionally free to spin on an axis, which is parallel to the axis of rotation of the rotational resistance. Embodiments of the present invention allow the user to attach a pad to a rotational resistance exercise apparatus that is optionally free to spin on an axis which is parallel to the axis or rotation of the rotational resistance. Embodiments of the present invention allow the user to attach a dome to a rotational resistance exercise apparatus that is optionally free to spin on an axis which is parallel to the axis of rotation of the rotational resistance. Embodiments of the present invention allow the user to attach a shaped surface to a rotational resistance exercise apparatus which is optionally free to spin on an axis that is parallel to the axis of rotation of the rotational resistance. Embodiments of the present invention allow the user to attach a knob to a rotational resistance exercise apparatus that is optionally free to spin on an axis which is parallel to the axis of rotation of the rotational resistance. Embodiments of the present invention comprise a grip, pad, dome, knob, or concave dish attachment which is free to spin on an axis of rotation which is parallel, perpendicular, or any other angle in relation to the axis of rotation of the rotational resistance. 
     Embodiments of the present invention comprise a rotational resistance assembly which is rotational resistance. Embodiments of the present invention allow the user to attach an articulating joint to a rotational resistance exercise apparatus which is optionally free to spin on an axis which is parallel to the axis of rotation of the rotational resistance. An attachment for a rotational resistance exercise apparatus embodies a device which secures onto a person&#39;s head such that when a person rotates their head, the device is rotated, and optionally when the device is rotated and attached to a rotational resistance exercise apparatus, the person can rotate their head against the resistance provided by the apparatus. 
     Embodiments of the present invention comprise a knee cradle. The knee cradle optionally provides a surface upon which a person can rest their flexed leg. Optionally the knee cradle is attached to the rotational resistance provided by an exercise apparatus. In one embodiment, the axis of rotation of the exercise apparatus is aligned nearly to the axis of rotation of a person&#39;s femur. Embodiments of the present invention allow for a general attaching point to have a plurality of constructions including a location to secure a carabiner, a hook, a peg, a ring, etc. Embodiments of the present invention have the general attaching point adjustable in distance from the attachment extension. The way people exercise this same motion but with inferior equipment is typically by attaching one end of a band or cable around their ankle and the other end to a wall or weight stack. Then they will stand on the one leg without the band or cable, and bend the other leg (that is attached to the band or cable) 90 degrees at the knee. They will then pull on the cable or band with their ankle by rotating their femur internally or externally. The cable or band only gives linear resistance in one direction. In addition, when a band or cable is used to exercise in a rotational fashion, the user will experience varying levels of torque from the cable or band; these varying levels of torque will depend on what angle the cable or band is at any given point in the motion in relation to the axis of rotation of their exercise motion. In contrast, the knee cradle attached to a rotational resistance exercise apparatus of the present invention provides resistance in a circular path which is the path a person is moving their femur when internally or externally rotating it. The resistance felt by the person using a knee cradle attachment will be constantly and evenly resisting their internal and external rotation in an opposite direction. The force offered by the rotational resistance exercise apparatus gives a constant torque force that the user can exercise against with the constant torque force of their internal or external rotation of their limb. When using a linear force to exercise a motion that is circular, for instance internal or external rotation of the leg, the moment arm as defined in physics will be changing constantly because force of the linear resistance is not always directed at an angle which is entirely perpendicular to the moment arm. With a rotational resistance exercise apparatus, the moment arm is always perpendicular to the force of the rotational resistance exercise apparatus. Preferably a part of a person&#39;s body will be parallel to the moment arm of an attachment, and the person&#39;s different body part will be coincidental to the axis of rotation of a rotational resistance exercise apparatus, and a person&#39;s joint which connects these two body parts will be positioned at the intersection of the axis of rotation of a rotational resistance exercise apparatus and the body part that is parallel to the moment arm of an attachment. 
     Embodiments of the present invention provide a user with the ability to perform the motion of pedaling a bicycle with one or two legs or arms against rotational resistance of an exercise apparatus. The rotational resistance of the exercise apparatus counteracts the rotational force generated by a user. Embodiments of the invention provide multiple locations which a person could attach a pedal or grip to a crank or arm that is attached to the rotational resistance. In one embodiment, the rotational resistance is derived from a weight stack, connectable by a cable. 
     Throwing a ball with a person&#39;s arm generally is done by the person moving their arm in a mostly circular path. Exercising a person&#39;s body in a similar motion to that of throwing a ball is beneficial to the body. In one embodiment of the invention, a ball has a strap attached to it, and optionally the other end of the strap is attached to an armature that is attached to a rotational resistance exercise apparatus. In another embodiment, the distance from the ball and the axis of rotation of the rotational resistance exercise apparatus is adjustable. In another embodiment, a shaft shaped handle is used in place of the ball. In another embodiment, the axis of rotation of the rotational resistance exercise apparatus is adjustable in direction it is pointed towards. 
     Embodiments of the present invention allow the user to stand on an attachment which is a surface that is connected to the rotational resistance. When a person rotates their body, the surface they are standing on will resist their body&#39;s rotation. 
     Embodiments of the invention comprise an attachment extension that serves as an intermediary between the rotational resistance, and an attachment of choice. In one embodiment, the attachment extension accommodates an attachment extension counterweight. In another embodiment, a rotation resistance interface is coupled to the rotational resistance and allows for the attaching of other attachments. In one embodiment, the attachment extension and the attachment are permanently mounted. In another embodiment, the attachment extension is permanently mounted to the rotational resistance source. 
     In one embodiment of the present invention, an attachment to a rotational resistance exercise apparatus is shaped like a wheel. The attachment preferably has an axis of rotation. When the attachment&#39;s axis of rotation is placed coincidental with and secured to the axis of rotation of the rotational resistance exercise apparatus, a person can exercise against the resistance of the apparatus by turning the wheel. In one embodiment, the wheel height can be adjusted in altitude. In another embodiment, the axis of rotation of the exercise apparatus can be adjusted. 
     Embodiments of the present invention provide for the axis of rotation of the rotational resistance to be held at an angle which is vertical, horizontal, or any angle in between vertical and horizontal. 
     Embodiments of the invention allow for a carriage that has a rotational resistance rotatable mounted upon a carriage, wherein the carriage is movable along the frame, and the frame is set at an angle of choice. 
     Embodiments of the present invention have a platform which a user stands upon, and the platform is adjustable in height. 
     Embodiments of the present invention comprise a paddle rotation attachment which a person can press against with their body for exercise. 
     Embodiments of the present invention comprise an attachment permanently mounted to an attachment extension. Embodiments of the present invention comprise an attachment extension permanently mounted to the rotational resistance. 
     Therapists, trainers, and end users have a need for an attachment for a rotational resistance device that has a perpendicular free spinning grip, and whose center of rotation is perpendicular to the center of rotation of the rotational resistance. This perpendicular free spinning grip will allow the user&#39;s wrist to rotate freely, and independently from the rotational resistance offered by the device. This will allow for greater muscle activation. 
     A parallel free spin grip attachment is designed for a multi-function rotational resistance exercise apparatus which is free to spin on an axis which is independent from the axis of rotation of the rotational resistance. The attachment preferably has an axle positioned with axis of rotation directed in the same direction, though not coincidental, with the resistance source axis of rotation. In one embodiment, a post is covered in a pad, grip, bearing, or a flat or domed shaped plate. The covering over the post will provide comfort, safety, and a surface upon which the user can exert exercising force against the apparatus. Between the pad, grip, plate, or dome and the post, it would be beneficial to have a type of bearing, or surface which allows the pad, grip, plate or dome to spin freely around the tangent of the post. Such parallel free spinning of the grip, plate, pad, or dome allows the user to have a much more dynamic exercise as compared to a post which does not spin freely. 
     A resistance output shaft, an attachment extension port, an attachment location, a resistance output, an attachment connecting point, a rotational resistance output, and a protrusion can optionally be used interchangeably. 
     The different embodiments can optionally be combined in such a way as to work against the resistance offered by the other embodiments of the invention. 
     A rotational resistance assembly, a rotational resistance with friction, a rotational resistance exercise apparatus, a multi-function rotational resistance exercise apparatus, a system, and an exercise apparatus can optionally be used interchangeably. 
     An attachment, a connectable handle, and many other types of attachments described herein can optionally be used interchangeably or in combination with one another or in combination with other embodiments to create multiple different embodiments which are useful for exercising. 
     In the following detailed description, numerous specific details are set forth in order to provide a thorough understanding of the embodiments of the invention. However, upon studying this application, it will be understood by one of ordinary skill in the art that the embodiments may be practiced without these specific details. For instance, well known operation or techniques may not be shown in detail. Technical and scientific terms used in this description have the same meaning as commonly understood to one of ordinary skill in the art to which this subject matter belongs. 
     As used throughout this specification and claims the term “rotate” means to turn around a center of rotation in a clockwise, or counterclockwise motion. As used throughout this specification and claims the term “rotating element” means a component to which a force transmitting material is connected to, for example, be wrapped around to provide rotational resistance, and comprises, for example, a circular, elliptical, rectangular, triangular, or the like, shape. As used throughout this specification and claims, the term “force transmitting material” means a component by which force is exerted to provide resistance, including, but not limited to, a cable, rope, chain, belt, rubber band, and the like. Similarly, as used throughout this specification and claims the term “rotational” means to rotate as in, for example, moving in a circular manner, etc. As used throughout this specification and claims, the term “pronation” means to rotate towards the center of the front of the body, while the term “supination” means to rotate away from the center of the front of the body. 
     Working muscles against resistance in a rotational motion improves the stability of the body part being exercised. The improvements in strength are accompanied by a better understanding of the body, and its range of motion. This new understanding of the body, allows the user of embodiments of the present invention to become more stable and stronger overall. Rehabilitation, injury prevention, and overall strength of certain body parts can be accomplished very quickly when rotational resistance such as the one provided by embodiments of the present invention is utilized as part of an exercise routine. 
     Generally, rotational motions of the body occur when naturally moving the body while, e.g., walking, running, biking, swimming, throwing, jumping, using tools, and many other motions routinely performed by the body. Strengthening the rotational aspects of the body makes a person&#39;s body stronger overall and helps to heal or prevent injuries. 
     Furthermore, most users of exercise equipment have a limit in the amount of space they can allot to be used by one piece of equipment. A piece of exercise equipment that has multiple functions built into one unit saves real estate space to be used for another purpose. 
     In one embodiment, a bidirectional force is created by changing the direction of an initially linear force. This is accomplished by changing the linear direction of the original force, for example, a force transferred by a cable, into a force acting upon the tangent of a circumference. When the force acts upon the tangent of the circumference, it gives the user a force to counteract in a rotational fashion. There is no need, in the embodiments of the present invention, for the user to support the perpendicular forces of the exercise motion; the user needs only to rotate around the centerline to counteract the bidirectional opposing force. 
     In a different embodiment, bidirectional rotational resistance is accomplished through, for example, braking systems, friction, magnetic devices, electric devices, springs, stretching a flexible material, hydraulic devices, pneumatic devices, and the like. 
     The bidirectional opposing force offered by the various embodiments of the present invention allows the user to exercise clockwise and counterclockwise movements as needed for the various attachments. The bidirectional feature of the present invention is beneficial to the user due to the fact that the body parts rotate in both directions, and those rotations are made possible through muscles which will benefit from resistance exercise. 
     Embodiments of the present invention have attachments permanently secured to attachment extensions. 
     In different embodiments of the present invention attachment extensions are permanently attached to the rotational resistance assembly. 
     In other embodiments of the invention, when the rotational resistance assembly is rotated, a force transferring material such as a cable is wrapped around the periphery of the rotational resistance assembly, and the cable is pulled in an opposite direction by a resistance source such as a weight stack. 
     Another embodiment of a direct carriage assembly optionally embodies a direct carriage with rollers attached to it. Optionally the rollers contain a frame within the direct carriage, the frame being optionally connectable to another frame. The direct carriage assembly preferably able to be rolled along the frame. Optionally direct carriage has a rotational resistance assembly attached to it. 
     In one embodiment, the direct carriage assembly moves horizontally along a frame. In another embodiment a direct carriage assembly moves vertically along a frame. In yet another embodiment, a direct carriage assembly moves at an angle along the frame other than horizontally or vertically. 
     Referring to  FIGS. 1-3 , in one embodiment, exercise apparatus  10  comprises original linear force X preferably with a linear direction and preferably being transferred by a force transferring material, such as cable  12 . Cable  12  is preferably connected to weights  14  at one end and to wheel  16  at its opposite end. In one embodiment, wheel  16  has a circular shape and comprises groove  18  on its periphery to accommodate cable  12  when turned in either a clockwise or a counterclockwise direction. Optionally, wheel  16  comprises a shape other than circular, for example, elliptical. In one embodiment, a mechanism is provided to guide cable  12  as it wraps around wheel  16 , for example, pulleys  17  are preferably disposed on either side of cable  12  relatively near wheel  16  (e.g., most preferably between approximately 0.25 inches and approximately 6 inches), to guide cable  12  into groove  18 , thus maximizing transition of force from cable  12  to wheel  16 . Preferably, wheel  16  is mounted onto moving axle  20  preferably comprising, for example, bearings (not shown). Preferably wheel  16  is connected to axle  20 , e.g., welded, bolted, etc. In one embodiment, axle  20  inserts into hub  25 , and nut  27  is then placed on an end opposite to the end where wheel  16  is disposed. Preferably cable  12  is attached to wheel  16  by placing cable ball  21  into cable receiver  19 . Bi-directional motions which act upon cable  12  in a motion, which lifts weights  14 , are commenced by the user spinning wheel  16 , alone, or optionally with an attachment. 
     In one embodiment, attachments for various exercises are preferably secured onto wheel  16  through, for example, one or more easy insertion/release pins, which optionally pass through center perforation  28 , on wheel  16 , and/or optionally pass through off-center perforations  26 . The face of wheel  16  is preferably a substantially flat plane surface of wheel  16 , through which easy insertion/release pins pass in a perpendicular plane of motion. Quick release of the attachments allows the user to quickly change the optional attachments if so desired, thus saving time. In one embodiment, an attachment extension port plug (not shown) could optionally insert into the center perforation  28 , which comprises teeth to grasp the attachment extension port plug and translate the rotational force of the attachment extension port plug to wheel  16  and cause it to rotate. 
     In one embodiment, a free end of the force transferring material is made available to the user, with for example, cable attachment  31 , in order to provide an attachment point for several different pre-existing attachments. This provides an optional value-added feature. This attachment point offers the user linear force resistance to use to strengthen the body in a linear fashion. 
     Embodiments for attachments for wheel  16 , for instance, a grip handle, are unique from existing similar inventions in the way that they align the center of rotation of, for example, the user&#39;s wrist with the center of rotation of the opposing force. Competing devices force the user to move the centerline of their wrist rotation off of the center line of rotation of the opposing force, thus forcing the user to experience a movement which is not naturally aligning with their body. 
     In a preferred embodiment, exercise apparatus  10  preferably comprises adjustable wheel platform arm  32 . Preferably the position of wheel platform arm  32  can be adjusted vertically to various heights to accommodate different users. For example, a user can release lock  34 , which preferably holds wheel platform arm  32  in place on center post  36  and raise or lower wheel platform arm  32  to a desired height position. Optionally, counterweight  38  will assist the user in lifting or lowering wheel platform arm  32  which is preferably connected to counterweight cable  40 . Preferably counterweight cable  40  is guided through pulleys  42  in order to change the downward force of the gravitational force acting upon counterweight  38 , into an upward force acting upon wheel platform arm  32 . Preferably friction reduction materials (not shown), such as rollers, brushing, bearings, and the like, are placed between wheel platform arm  32  and center post  36  in housing  51 . 
     Preferably, a user can adjust wheel platform arm  32  to multiple horizontal positions which allow use of various attachments for different exercise routines. For example, the user can insert easy insertion/release pin  46  through wheel platform arm pin hole  48 , and through a degree selection hole  50 . Preferably friction reduction materials (not shown), such as bearings, rollers, and the like, are placed between wheel platform arm  32 , and center post  36 . Easy rotation of wheel platform arm  32  is made possible with friction reduction material  44  placed between wheel platform arm  32  and friction material housing  52 . Preferably cable  12  follows the center of rotation of wheel platform arm  32 , as wheel platform arm  32  is rotated to user&#39;s selection of degree selection holes  50 . Preferably the first pulley  54  guides cable  12  in a direct path to cable receiver  19 , optionally the path is also the center of rotation of wheel platform arm  32 . Preferably support handle  60  is disposed on or near center post  36  or other post of the apparatus, and is adjustable to move in/out and up/down or be folded out of the way while remaining attached to the apparatus. Alternatively, support handle  60  is detachable. When easy insertion/release pin  46  is released, a user can rotate wheel platform arm  32  around the center of rotation, which is coincidental with cable  12 . The resulting new position of wheel platform arm  32  will change the orientation of center of rotation of wheel  16 , for example the wheel could face upwards towards the sky, or downwards towards the earth, or any position in between. These various orientations of wheel  16  allow a user to change the angle of wheel  16  center of rotation to a position that will help them exercise a particular part of the body more effectively with the use of various attachments. 
     Referring to  FIG. 4 , in one embodiment, shoulder rotation exercises are accomplished by utilizing elbow cradle attachment  100 , which is more effective than current exercise equipment when used to strengthen the shoulder joint and muscles in a supination, and/or pronation, and/or rotation, and/or flexion, and/or extension motion. In this embodiment, the counteracting force preferably directly opposes the user&#39;s supination and pronation forces without any other forces interfering. The user preferably positions the arm in such a way that the supination and pronation of the shoulder is isolated, and exercised when moving through the selected range of motion. Preferably, elbow cradle attachment  100  comprises elbow cradle handle  102 , handle mount selection holes  104 , elbow positioning bumpers  106 , easy insertion/release pin  108 , and range of motion pin position hole  112 . In one embodiment, easy insertion/release pin  108  is affixed to elbow cradle attachment  100 . In a different embodiment, elbow cradle attachment  100  further comprises easy center pin positioning hole  110  through which another easy insertion/release pin (not shown) passes to be inserted into center perforation  28  (not shown). Preferably the user will change position of elbow cradle handle  102  by, for example, unscrewing it from threaded handle mount selection hole  104  and, for example, screwing it into the desired threaded handle mount selection hole  104 . Preferably elbow positioning bumpers  106  keep the user&#39;s elbow in the position of directly over the center of rotation of wheel  16 . Preferably the user can utilize elbow cradle attachment  100  with wheel  16  oriented in a vertical or horizontal plane relative to the wheel face. With wheel  16  orientated to a preferable height, and center of rotation of wheel  16  set at a preferable angle by rotating wheel platform arm  32 , and elbow cradle attachment  100  secured to the wheel  16  in a particular position, a person preferably grasps elbow cradle handle  102  with their hand, then places their elbow over center pin position hole  110 , then stands their body in a preferred position relative to the center of rotation of wheel  16 , then exercises against the resistance of the apparatus by moving elbow cradle handle  102  around the center of rotation of wheel  16 . Depending on the user&#39;s choice of position of their own body, and the different adjustable mechanisms of the apparatus  10 , a user could exercise in an arm flexion or extension motion, or a shoulder internal or external rotation motion, or other motions. 
     Referring to  FIG. 5 , hip rotation exercises are carried out through knee cradle attachment  200  more effectively than that offered by current equipment when used to strengthen the hip joint and related muscles in a supination, and/or pronation motion, and/or rotation motion. The counteracting force from apparatus  10  directly opposes the user&#39;s supination, pronation, and/or rotation forces. The user positions their leg in such a way that the supination and pronation and rotation of the hip is isolated and exercised when moving through the selected range of motion. Preferably knee cradle attachment  200  comprises knee placement area  202 , padding  204 , pin position hole  206 , and easy insertion/release pin  208 . In one embodiment, an easy insertion/release pin (not shown) is affixed to knee cradle attachment  200 . In a different embodiment, knee cradle attachment  200  further comprises easy center pin positioning hole (not shown) through which the easy insertion/release pin passes to be inserted into center perforation  28 . The user preferably will select the position they wish to begin the motion by moving knee cradle attachment  200  to a position, then securing easy insertion/release pin  208  through range of motion pin positioning hole  206  and then into any one of off center perforations  26  in wheel  16 . Preferably a user&#39;s knee will be bent, then placed into the knee cradle attachment  200  with their knee cap over the center of rotation of wheel  16 . With their shin resting on the padding  204 , the user&#39;s femur will be preferably be parallel and coincidental with the axis of rotation of the wheel  16 . The user&#39;s other leg will be standing foot down on the floor. When a user rotates their leg that is resting in the knee cradle attachment  200  they will be able to exercise against the resistance of apparatus  10 . By adjusting the positioning of pin position hole  206 , a user can change the range of motion that they will be able to encompass with knee cradle attachment  200 . By adjusting the height of wheel platform arm  32 , a user can adjust the height of the installed knee cradle attachment  200  to a variety of positions including the height of their knee. 
     Referring to  FIG. 6 , arm and/or hand rotation and/or supination, and/or pronation exercise is preferably provided through grip handle attachment  300 , which is more effective than current exercise devices when used to strengthen the shoulder joint and related muscles in a supination, and/or pronation and/or rotation motion, and/or the wrist joint and related muscles in a supination, and/or pronation, and/or rotation motion, and/or the elbow joint and related muscles in a supination and/or pronation and/or rotation motion. The counteracting force from embodiments of the present invention directly opposes the user&#39;s supination and pronation forces throughout their range of motion. The user positions their arm in such a way that the supination and pronation of the shoulder and/or elbow and/or wrist is isolated and exercised when moving through the selected range of motion. Preferably, grip handle attachment  300  comprises grip surface  302 , center pin position hole  304 , range of motion pin position hole  306 , easy insertion/release pins  307 , and easy insertion/release pin  308 . In one embodiment, easy insertion/release pin  307  is affixed to grip handle attachment  300 . In a different embodiment, grip handle attachment  300  further comprises easy center pin positioning hole (not shown) through which easy insertion/release pin  307  passes to be inserted into center perforation  28 , and easy insertion/release pin  308  passes through pin positioning hole  306  to be inserted into off center perforations  26  on wheel  16 . A user installs the grip handle attachment to the wheel  16  of exercise apparatus  10 , then orients the range of motion pin position hole  306  with their choice of off center perforation  28 , then the user inserts the easy insertion/release pin  307  into range of motion pin position hole  306  and off center perforation  26 , then a user will adjust the height of adjustable wheel platform arm  32 , and adjust the angle of the wheel  16  by rotating wheel platform arm  32 , then a user will grasp grip surface  302  with their hand and position their body relative to the center of rotation of wheel  16  such that the axis of the center of rotation of wheel  16  is coincidental with the axis of the center of rotation of the user&#39;s forearm, then the user will pronate and supinate their wrist against the resistance of the exercise apparatus  10 . 
     Referring to  FIG. 7 , neck rotation is provided by utilizing head piece attachment  400 , which is more effective than the prior art when used to strengthen the neck and/or related muscles in a left and/or right rotating motion. The counteracting force from the machine directly opposes the user&#39;s rotating forces without any other forces interfering. The user positions their head in such a way that the left and right rotation of the neck is isolated, and exercised when moving through the selected range of motion. Preferably, head piece attachment  400  comprises head clamps  402 , center pin position hole  404 , range of motion pin position hole  406 , and easy insertion/release pin  408 . The user will preferably insert an easy insertion/release pin (not shown) through center pin position hole  404  and into center perforation  28  on wheel  16 , and easy insertion/release pin  408  through range of motion pin position hole  406  into off center perforations  26  in wheel  16 . In one embodiment, the central easy insertion/release pin is affixed to head piece attachment  400 . A user preferably inserts their head into head piece attachment  400  with the crown of their head centered on center pin position hole  404 , then by turning a head clamp adjuster connected to each head clamp  402 , a user will secure head piece attachment  400  onto their head. With head piece attachment  400  on their head, and head piece attachment also secured to the wheel  16 , a person will be able to exercise their neck in a rotational fashion against the resistance of exercise apparatus  10 . Preferably wheel  16  will be facing downward towards the ground and the user will be sitting or standing, but optionally a person could orient wheel  16  at a right angle to the ground, and exercise with the head piece attachment  400  and exercise apparatus  10  while laying their body on a table. 
     Referring to  FIG. 8 , hip and/or knee and/or ankle and/or spine rotation and/or pronation and/or supination provided by utilizing the foot plate attachment  500  in the present invention is more effective than the prior art when used to strengthen the hip joint and/or knee joint and/or ankle joint and/or spine and related muscles in a supination, and/or pronation, and/or rotation motion. The counteracting force from the machine directly opposes the user&#39;s supination and/or pronation and/or rotation forces without any other forces interfering. The user positions their leg or legs in such a way that the supination and/or pronation and/or rotation of the hip and/or knee and/or ankle and/or foot and/or spine is isolated, and exercised when moving through the selected range of motion. Preferably, foot plate attachment  500  comprises foot placement surface  502 , center pin position hole  504 , other pin position hole  506 , and easy insertion/release pin  508 . The user will preferably insert an easy insertion/release pin (not shown) through center pin position hole  504  into center perforation  28  on wheel  16 , which is under foot plate attachment  500 , and easy insertion/release pin  508  through pin position hole  506  into off center perforations  26  on wheel  16 . In one embodiment, the central easy insertion/release pin is affixed to foot plate attachment  500 . A user can place one foot or both feet on foot plate attachment  500 . If placing one foot on the foot plate attachment  500 , a user can place their other foot on a small table (not shown) placed next to the exercise apparatus  10 , and optionally connect the small table to the exercise apparatus  10  in such a way that it will not slide on the floor when a person is standing on it. Preferably the small table will have a height similar to the selected height of the foot plate attachment after it is installed onto the exercise apparatus  10 . A person can place one foot on the foot plate attachment  500  in any location, but preferably with their heel or ball of their foot placed over the center perforation  28 , then a person could twist, or rotate, or supinate, or pronate their foot, or leg in order to exercise against the resistance provided by the exercise apparatus. When placing both feet on the foot plate attachment, a person can grasp the safety handles (not shown) with their hands, then a user can rotate their spine medially or laterally or internally or externally in such a way as to exercise against the resistance provided by the exercise apparatus  10 . By orientating the wheel to different heights, or angles, then installing the foot plate attachment  500  a person could achieve a wide variety of positions for the foot plate attachment  500 , then a person could exercise the foot plate attachment  500  in a wide variety of ways with other parts of the body not mentioned here, such as the hands. Incorporating other apparatuses such as chairs, tables, etc., a person could put their body into a wide variety of positions while utilizing foot plate attachment  500 . 
     Referring to  FIG. 9 , shoulder rotation and/or wrist rotation and/or elbow rotation and/or hand rotation, and/or arm rotation exercises are provided by utilizing the hand plate attachment  600  in the current invention which is more effective than the prior art when used to strengthen the shoulder joint and/or elbow joint and/or wrist joint and related muscles in a supination, and/or pronation and/or rotation motion. The counteracting force from the machine directly opposes the user&#39;s supination and/or pronation and/or rotation forces. The user positions their arm in such a way that the supination and pronation of the shoulder and/or elbow and/or wrist and/or hand are isolated, and exercised when moving through the selected range of motion. Preferably, hand plate attachment  600  comprises hand placement surface  602 , center pin position hole  604 , other pin position hole  606 , and easy insertion/release pins  608 . To install the attachment temporarily to the exercise apparatus  10 , the user will preferably insert an easy insertion/release pin (not shown) through center pin position hole  604  into center perforation  28  on wheel  16 , and easy insertion/release pins  608  into off center perforations  26  on wheel  16 . In one embodiment, the central easy insertion/release pin is affixed to hand plate attachment  600 . Preferably a user will adjust wheel  16 , and the adjustable wheel platform arm  32  to a position that is preferably shoulder height with the axis of rotation of the wheel facing their shoulder joint, then they will install the hand plate attachment  600  to the wheel, and place their palm over center pin position hole  604 , then rotate their straight arm either externally or internally in order to exercise against the resistance provided by the machine. 
     Referring to  FIG. 10 , shoulder rotation provided by utilizing long shoulder handle attachment  700  in the present invention is more effective than the prior art when used to strengthen the shoulder joint and related muscles in a supination, and/or pronation and/or rotation motion. The counteracting force from the machine directly opposes the user&#39;s supination and/or pronation and/or rotation forces. The user positions their arm in such a way that the supination and/or pronation and/or rotation of the shoulder is isolated, and exercised when moving through the selected range of motion. Preferably, long shoulder handle attachment  700  comprises removable handle  702 , center pin position hole  704 , range of motion pin position hole  706 , and easy insertion/release pin  708 . The user will preferably insert an easy insertion/release pin (not shown) through center pin positioning hole  704  into center perforation  28  on wheel  16 , and easy insertion/release pin  708  through range of motion pin position hole  706  into off center perforations  26  on wheel  16 . Preferably user will remove removable handle  702  and place it into removable handle insertion points  712  of their choice. Optionally, user can remove long arm  714  by releasing easy release hinge  710 . In one embodiment, the central easy insertion/release pin is affixed to long shoulder handle attachment  700 . Preferably a user will adjust wheel  16  and adjustable wheel platform arm  32  to a position in space to where the center pin position hole  704  is at shoulder height, and the axis of rotation of wheel  16  is directed at the shoulder joint, then the user will grasp removable handle  702  with their hand and position their body next to the wheel  16  at an optional angle, then a user will move removable handle  702  around center pin positioning hole  704  in order to work against the resistance provided by the exercise apparatus  10 . 
     Referring to  FIG. 11 , spine rotation and/or hip rotation and/or knee rotation and/or ankle rotation provided by utilizing long overhead handles attachment  800  is more effective than the prior art when used to strengthen the spine and/or hip and/or knee and/or ankle joints and related muscles in a rotating motion. The counteracting force from the machine directly opposes the user&#39;s rotation forces. The user positions their body in such a way that the rotation and/or supination and/or pronation of the spine and/or hip and/or knee and/or ankle and/or foot and related muscles are isolated, and exercised when moving through the selected range of motion. Preferably, long overhead handles attachment  800  comprises center pin position hole  802 , range of motion pin position hole  806 , long arms  805 , and one or more easy release hinges  810 . The user will preferably insert an easy insertion/release pin (not shown) through center pin positioning hole  802  into center perforation  28  on wheel  16 , and pin  808  through range of motion pin position hole  806  into off center perforations  26  on wheel  16 . Optionally user can remove long arms  808  by removing easy release hinge(s)  810 . In one embodiment, the central easy insertion/release pin is affixed to long overhead handles attachment  800 . A user will preferably orient the wheel to an overhead position with the wheel facing towards the ground, then install the long overhead handles attachment onto the wheel, then choose to have one or two long arms  805  installed, then position themselves in a standing position under the center pin position hole  802 , then the user will grasp with their hand or hands on one or both of the long arms  805 , and preferably the user will then rotate their spine and legs in such a way as to turn their bodies from side to side, or laterally and/or medially rotate their torso in such a way as to exercise against the resistance provided by the exercise apparatus  10 . A user could potentially incorporate a chair or wheelchair into their exercise routine along with the exercise apparatus  10  in order to accomplish torso rotation from a seated position. 
     Referring  FIG. 12 , hip and/or knee and/or ankle and/or spine rotation and/or supination and/or pronation and or circumduction provided by utilizing twin free spin foot plate attachment  900  is more effective than the prior art when used to strengthen the spine and/or hip and/or knee and/or ankle joints and related muscles in a supination, and/or pronation and/or rotation motion. The counteracting force from the machine directly opposes the user&#39;s supination and/or pronation and/or rotation forces. Preferably, twin free spin foot plate attachment  900  comprises support surface  902 , center pin position hole  904 , range of motion pin position holes  910 , easy insertion/release pin  908 , foot pads  905 , pin holes  912 , and bearings  914 . The user will preferably insert an easy insertion/release pin (not shown) through center pin positioning hole  904  into center perforation  28  on wheel  16 , which is underneath support surface  902 , and easy insertion/release pins (not shown) through range of motion pin position holes  910  into off center perforations  26  on wheel  16 . In one embodiment, the easy insertion/release pins are affixed to twin free spin foot plate attachment  900 . In another embodiment, easy insertion/release pin  908  inserts into foot pad  905  and into pin hole  912 , thus securing bearings  914  between foot pad  905  and support surface  902 , allowing a user to place their foot or body part onto foot pad  905  and then rotate support surface  902  around center pin position hole  904 , thus causing the overall effect of moving support surface  902  clockwise or counterclockwise. Preferably a user will position the wheel  16  in a low position with the wheel facing towards the sky, then install the twin free spin foot plate attachment  900  onto the wheel  16  and optionally place next to the exercise apparatus  10  a small platform (not shown) in which to place one foot, then a user will place their other foot onto one of the foot pads  905 , then a user will move foot pads  905  in a path around center pin position hole  904  while foot pad  905  is free to spin as it moves in a path around center pin position hole  904 , while doing this, the user will be able to exercise their leg which is using foot pad  905  in a circumduction motion. Positioning the wheel at a different height, or a different angle will give the user a unique position to utilize twin free spin foot plate attachment. A user could place one foot onto one of the foot pad  905 , and the other foot onto the other foot pad  905 , then the user could use their feet to move the two foot pads  905  around the center pin position hole  904  in order to exercise their legs in a circumduction and/or rotation motion and/or their spine against the resistance provided by the exercise apparatus  10 . 
     Referring to  FIG. 13 , in one embodiment, shoulder and/or elbow and/or wrist supination and/or pronation and/or rotation provided by utilizing the twin free spin hand plate  1000  attachment in the present invention is more effective than the prior art when used to strengthen the shoulder and/or elbow and/or hands and/or wrist joints and related muscles in a supination, and/or pronation and/or rotation motion. The counteracting force from the machine directly opposes the user&#39;s supination and/or pronation and/or rotation forces. The user positions their arms in such a way that the supination and/or pronation and/or rotation of the shoulder and/or elbow, and/or wrist and/or hands are isolated, and exercised when moving through the selected range of motion. Preferably, twin free spin hand plate attachment  1000  comprises support surface  1002 , center pin position hole  1004 , range of motion pin position holes  1010 , hand pads  1016 , pin hole  1012 , which aligns with support surface pin holes  1006 , and bearings  1014 . The user will preferably insert an easy insertion/release pin (not shown) through center pin positioning hole  1004  and into center perforation  28  on wheel  16 , which is under support surface  1002 , and insert easy insertion/release pins (not shown) through range of motion pin position holes  1010  into off center perforations in wheel  26  on wheel  16 . In one embodiment, the easy insertion/release pins are affixed to twin free spin hand plate  1000 . In another embodiment, an easy insertion/release pin inserts into pin hole  1012  in hand pad  1016 , thus securing bearings  1014  between hand pad  1016  and support surface  1002 , allowing a user to place their hand or body part onto hand pad  1016  and then rotate support surface  1002  around center pin position hole  1004 , thus causing the overall effect of moving support surface  1002  clockwise or counterclockwise. Preferably a user will adjust exercise apparatus  10  in such a way as to place the wheel  16  at shoulder height with the wheel facing their chest as they stand in front of it, then a user will install twin free spin hand plate attachment  1000  onto the wheel  16 , then a user will place one or both of their hands with the fingers pointing to the sky onto one or both of the hand pads  1016  with center pin position hole  1010  facing their chest. A user will then move one or both of the hand pads  1016  in a path around the center pin position hole  1010  in order to exercise against the resistance provided by the exercise apparatus  10 . Preferably as their hands are moving around center pin position hole  1010 , their fingers are able to remain pointing to the sky because hand pads  1016  rotate freely and independently from free spin hand plate attachment  1000 . Different hand positions are possible, and different positions of the installed twin free spin hand plate attachment are possible depending on the position a user places the wheel  16 . 
     Referring to  FIG. 14 , shoulder rotation and/or elbow rotation and/or wrist rotation and/or spine rotation provided by utilizing free spinning finger cradle attachment  1100  in the current invention is more effective than the prior art when used to strengthen the shoulder joint and/or elbow joint and/or wrist joint and/or the spine and related muscles in a supination, and/or pronation and/or rotational motion. The counteracting force from the machine directly opposes the user&#39;s supination, pronation, and rotational forces. The free spinning finger cradle attachment allows the user to supinate or pronate their hand freely, without an opposing force applied to that particular supination or pronation, while pronating and/or supinating and/or rotating another body part. Preferably free spinning finger cradle attachment  1100  comprises bearings  1102 , finger placement slots  1104 , outer housing  1106 , inner housing  1108 , and threaded insertion  1110 . Preferably free spinning finger cradle attachment  1100  is attached to elbow cradle attachment  100  in place of the elbow cradle handle  102  (shown in  FIG. 4 ), or to long shoulder handle attachment  700 , in place of removable handle  702  (shown in  FIG. 10 ). 
     Referring to  FIGS. 15-20 , in one embodiment, multi-function rotational resistance exercise apparatus  1200  comprises force transferring material such as cable  12 , which is preferably connected at one end to rotational resistance assembly  1300 , and optionally connected to functional assembly  1201  at the other end. Cable  12  passes through a series of pulleys  42  (some of which are not shown), and first pulley  54 , preferably in such a way that the weights  14 , are lifted when either end of the cable is drawn out from its resting position. Preferably main arm  1202 , is secured to main arm carriage  1208 , by main arm pins  1209 . Main arm carriage  1208 , is vertically adjustable on vertical frame post  1203 , and lockable into position of choice by means of, for example, lock cog (not shown). Preferably a lock cog (not shown) is secured onto main carriage  1208  and can be moved by a user in such a way so that the lock cog will insert into lock cog insertion holes on vertical frame post  1203 , thus holding main arm carriage  1208  in a static position, and allowing a user to exercise and/or place their body weight onto main arm  1202 , without causing main arm carriage  1208  to move from its static position. Preferably the lock cog has multiple protrusions that insert into multiple lock cog insertion holes simultaneously. The lock cog operates similarly to a common indexing plunger with the addition of multiple protrusions that engage a hole or slot as opposed to a single protrusion that engages a hole or slot. Preferably when main arm carriage  1208 , is adjusted vertically, main arm  1202 , adjusts vertically as well because they are preferably secured to one another by main arm pins  1209 . Optionally articulating safety handle  1205 , is adjustable in position by safety handle lock  1206 . Optionally safety handles  1205  are adjustable in length. Optionally stationary platform  1207 , is attachable to a part of multi-function rotational resistance exercise apparatus  1200 , providing a place for a user to stand or sit. Preferably a user adjusts the height of main arm  1202  by disengaging the lock cog from the lock cog insertion holes and sliding main arm  1202  up or down vertically on vertical frame post  1203 . 
     Referring more particularly to  FIG. 16 , in one embodiment, multi-function rotational resistance exercise apparatus  1200  is shown with a different vertical setting of main arm carriage  1208  on vertical frame post  1203 , when compared to  FIG. 15 . One embodiment comprises counterweight cable  40 , which is preferably connected at one end to counterweight  38 , and connected to main arm carriage  1208 , at the other end. Preferably when the main arm carriage  1208  is moved to a different vertical position by a user, counterweight  38 , assists the user&#39;s efforts. Preferably main arm lift assist  1299 , is connected at one end to main arm  1202 , and connected at the other end to main arm carriage  1208 , and preferably main arm lift assist  1299  provides lifting assistance when a user is articulating main arm  1202 , into a new position around main arm pins  1209 . Main arm lift assist  1209  could comprise a spring, or a hydraulic cylinder. Articulating safety handle  1205  is shown in a different position when compared to  FIG. 15 , and locked into position with safety handle lock  1206 . 
     Referring more particularly to  FIG. 17 , in one embodiment main arm  1202  comprises tilt lock  1210  mounted on it. Preferably main arm  1202  comprises tilting hub  1211  rotatably mounted on its end. Preferably tilting hub  1211  has rotational resistance assembly  1300  rotatably mounted on its surface. Preferably tilt lock  1210  secures tilting hub  1211  into position around tilting hub axis of rotation  1213  by inserting into tilt lock holes  1214 . Preferably adjusting the position of the tilting hub  1211  results in a change in the angle for the attachment extension port axis of rotation  1400  of rotational resistance assembly  1300 . Preferably a user can unlock tilt lock  1210 , and rotate tilting hub  1211  to any desired angle around tilting hub axis of rotation  1213 . Preferably tilting hub axis of rotation  1213  of tilting hub  1211  is coincidental with cable  12 , as cable  12  approaches and secures into rotational resistance assembly  1300 . Beneath pulley cover  1212 , are preferably two pulleys mounted to tilting hub  1211  (not shown in  FIG. 17 ) that guide cable  12  around the perimeter of resistance force translator  1301  when rotational resistance assembly  1300  is rotated. Pulleys  17 , which are located under pulley cover  1212  are preferably mounted to tilting hub  1211 . Preferably when a user rotates rotational resistance assembly  1300  in clockwise and/or counterclockwise direction, cable  12  will lift weights  14  (not shown in  FIG. 17 ), thus causing weights  14  to give resistance to the rotating motion of rotational resistance assembly  1300 . 
     Referring in more detail to  FIG. 18 , in one embodiment rotational resistance assembly  1300  preferably comprises attachment extension port  1302  which is rotatably mounted within tilting hub  1211  (not shown in  FIG. 18 ) and optionally rotates around attachment extension port axis of rotation  1400 . In one embodiment, attachment extension port  1302  is preferably the location for attaching attachment extension  2100  (not shown in  FIG. 18 ), or other devices which are attachable to attachment extension port  1302 . Preferably, attachment extension orientation ring  1303  is secured to attachment extension port  1302  with, for example, a bolt. Optionally attachment extension orientation ring lock  1304  is secured within attachment extension port lock housing  1305 , and comprises attachment extension orientation ring lock axis of rotation  1308 . Preferably attachment extension port lock housing  1305 , is secured to the resistance force translator  1301  with  2 , for example, bolts  1306 . Optionally attachment extension orientation lock  1304  moves into attachment extension orientation ring hole  1309  which is optionally located on the perimeter of attachment extension orientation ring  1303 . Preferably, by a user retracting attachment extension port lock  1304  along attachment extension orientation ring lock axis of translation  1308 , then turning the attachment extension port  1302 , results in the ability to turn attachment extension port  1302  around attachment extension port axis of rotation  1400 , without turning resistance force translator  1301 . Preferably, when attachment extension orientation ring lock  1304  is inserted into attachment extension orientation ring hole  1309  and a person rotates attachment extension port  1302 , resistance force translator  1301  will rotate as well. In one embodiment, cable ball capture  1310  is a feature within the body of resistance force translator  1301 , and secures the end of the cable  12  (not shown in  FIG. 18 ) onto the perimeter of resistance force translator  1301 . Preferably when resistance force translator  1301  rotates, cable ball capture  1310  rotates also, causing cable  12  (not shown in  FIG. 18 ) to lift the weights  14 , preferably causing the user to experience rotational resistance to their effort. Optionally, attachment extension port  1302  comprises attachment extension port lock  1307  which when engaged by a user, locks an attachment extension  2100  (not shown in  FIG. 18 ), or attachment of choice into attachment extension port  1302 , thus making it possible to rotate the attachment extension port  1302  by rotating the attachment extension  2100 , or the attachment which is secured to the attachment extension port  1302 . 
     Referring in more detail to  FIG. 19 , in one embodiment, rotational resistance assembly  1300  comprises tilting hub  1211  which houses bearings (not shown), and preferably the bearings have the same axis of rotation as the attachment extension port axis of rotation  1400 . Optionally attachment extension port  1302  passes through the center of attachment extension orientation ring  1303 , and through the center of resistance force translator  1301 , and through a passage in tilting hub  1211 , and through the center of the bearings (not shown) to be secured to tilting hub  1211  by, for example, a nut  1401  and cotter pin  1499  on the underside of tilting hub  1211 . Preferably, between tilting hub  1211  and resistance force translator  1301 , there is friction reduction material (not shown) which preferably allows the attachment extension port  1302  to remain free to rotate independent of the tilting hub  1211 . Optionally, resistance force translator  1301  comprises resistance force translator groove  1402  on its periphery for capturing cable  12  when it is rotated. 
     Referring in more detail to  FIG. 20 , in one embodiment, main arm  1202  is mounted to main arm carriage  1208  with main arm pins  1209 , and main arm  1202  is optionally rotatable about the axis of rotation of main arm pins  2001 . Optionally main arm  1202  can be locked into a plurality of positions by engagement of main arm lock  2002  into main arm lock position holes  2003 . Preferably, first pulley  54  is mounted onto main arm  1202 , and has a first pulley axis of rotation  2004  which is not coincidental with the axis of rotation of main arm pins  2001 . Preferably at the time main arm  1202  is rotated around axis of rotation of main arm pins  2001 , weights  14  (not shown) will not be moved by cable  12 . 
     Referring to  FIG. 21 , in one embodiment attachment extension  2100 , comprises attachment extension port plug  2101 , which is optionally attachable to attachment extension port  1302  (not shown in  FIG. 21 ), and optionally further comprises attachment counterweight lock  2102 , which optionally secures an attachment counterweight  2601  (not shown in  FIG. 21 ) onto attachment extension  2100 , and optionally further comprises attachment securing holes  2103 , which allow for the insert of attachment lock pin  2202  (not shown in  FIG. 21 ) onto the attachment extension  2100 , and optionally further comprises attachment extension shaft  2104 , which inserts into attachment extension shaft receiver  2201  (not shown in  FIG. 21 ). Preferably when attachment extension  2100  is installed into attachment extension port  1302 , a person can rotate attachment extension  2100  around attachment extension port axis of rotation  1400  (not shown in  FIG. 2100 ) in order to lift weights  14 . 
     Referring to  FIG. 22 , in one embodiment, free spinning grip attachment  2200 , optionally comprises attachment extension shaft receiver  2201 , which optionally slides over attachment extension shaft  2104  (not shown in  FIG. 22 ), and optionally comprises attachment lock pin  2202 , which inserts into attachment securing holes  2103  (not shown in  FIG. 22 ), and optionally comprises attachment axle  2203 , which is optionally secured to attachment extension shaft receiver  2201 , and optionally further comprising free spinning grip  2204 , which has bearings (not shown) positioned in between free spinning grip  2204 , and attachment axle  2203 , causing free spinning grip  2204 , to spin freely on free spinning grip axis of rotation  2205 . Optionally, securing free spinning grip attachment  2200  onto attachment extension  2100 , and then securing the attachment extension shaft receiver  2201  to the attachment extension port  1302  (not shown in  FIG. 22 ), preferably results in free spinning grip axis of rotation  2205 , to be parallel to attachment extension port axis of rotation  1400  (not shown in  FIG. 22 ). 
     In different embodiments of the present invention the angle between the attachment axle  2203  and the attachment extension shaft receiver  2201  is not 90 degrees, resulting in the free spinning grip attachment  2200 , when it is installed onto rotational resistance exercise device (not shown), having a free spinning grip axis of rotation  2205  that is not parallel to attachment extension port axis of rotation  1400 . The free spinning grip axis of rotation  2205  can be other than parallel to the attachment extension port axis of rotation, depending on what angle is between the attachment axle  2203  and the attachment extension shaft receiver  2201 . In other embodiments of the present invention, a user could adjust the rotational resistance assembly  1300  to a waist level position, and tilt the tilting hub  1211  to be facing the sky, then insert an attachment extension  2100  into the attachment extension port  1302 , and attach a free spinning grip attachment  2200  onto the attachment extension  2100 , preferably resulting in the free spinning grip axis of rotation  2205  pointing up towards the sky directly in front of the user who then can grasp the free spinning grip  2204  with their hand and rotate it around the attachment extension port axis of rotation  1400  in order to exercise against the resistance offered by the multi-function rotational resistance exercise apparatus  1200 . 
     Referring to  FIG. 23 , in one embodiment, free spinning pad attachment  2300 , optionally comprises a construction similar to free spinning grip attachment  2200 , with the optional exception that free spinning pad  2301  is used in place of free spinning grip  2204  (not shown in  FIG. 23 ). Free spinning pad attachment  2300  can optionally be installed onto an attachment extension  2100  in the same way that the free spinning grip attachment  2200 , then that assembly of the two can be installed onto a multi-function rotational resistance exercise apparatus  1200 . Once the free spinning pad attachment is installed onto the multi-function rotational resistance exercise apparatus  1200 , a person can perform a very wide variety of exercises by moving the free spinning pad  2301  around the attachment extension port axis of rotation  1400  with their choice of personal body part such as the arm, leg, torso, or head. For instance, a person could perform neck flexion exercises against resistance by utilizing the free spinning pad attachment  2300  by standing next to the installed free spinning pad attachment and resting their forehead onto the free spinning pad  2301  and moving their forehead down towards their chest while the multi-function rotational resistance exercise apparatus  1200  offers the user resistance to exercise against. 
     Referring to  FIG. 24 , in one embodiment, free spinning grip attachment  2400  optionally comprises offset grip twist assembly  2401  which is rotatably mounted with axle  2403  passing through attachment extension shaft receiver flange  2402 . Offset grip twist assembly  2401  preferably comprises attachment extension shaft receiver flange  2402  mounted in a rigid fashion to its surface at an angle relative to attachment extension shaft receiver  2201 . Offset grip twist assembly  2401  optionally comprises grip  2404 , mounted onto offset bracket  2405 , and optionally offset bracket  2405  secures grip  2404  into a position such that grip axis of rotation  2406 , does not pass through axle axis of rotation  2407 . In another embodiment the free spinning grip attachment  2400  is secured to an attachment extension  2100  by sliding the attachment extension shaft receiver  2201  over the attachment extension shaft  2104  and locking it into place, then a user can optionally attach these together as one unit onto a multi-function rotational resistance exercise apparatus  1200 , which has the rotational resistance assembly  1300  set to the height of their elbow and the attachment extension port axis of rotation  1400  set to an upward angle, the user then can preferably place their elbow over the attachment extension port axis of rotation  1400  and grasp the grip  2404  with their hand, then the user will rotate the grip  2404  around the attachment extension port axis of rotation  1400  in order to exercise against the resistance while being free to rotate their wrist in an independent axle axis of rotation  2407 , furthermore the user will preferably be exercising their arm and/or shoulder in an internal and/or external rotation motion. 
     Referring to  FIG. 25 , in another embodiment, free spinning grip attachment  2400 , is attached to attachment extension shaft  2104 . 
     Referring to  FIG. 26 , in one embodiment, attachment extension counterweight  2601  is installed into attachment extension counterweight lock  2102 . 
     Referring to  FIG. 27 , in one embodiment, grip twist attachment  2700  optionally comprises grip area  2701  which has a grip area axis of rotation  2702 . Grip area  2701  is held in a position by offset flange  2705 , such that attachment extension port plug axis of rotation  2703  does not intersect grip area axis of rotation  2702 . Optionally attachment extension port plug  2704  is attachable to attachment extension port  1302  (not shown), such that preferably when a person rotates grip twist attachment  2700  around attachment extension port axis of rotation, they rotate resistance force translator  1301  (not shown in  FIG. 27 ). Optionally when a person installs grip twist attachment  2700  onto a multi-function rotational resistance exercise apparatus  1200  they will adjust the rotational resistance assembly  1300  to a height near the height of their shoulder, and direct the attachment extension port axis of rotation  1400  horizontally towards their shoulder, then the user will grasp the grip area  2701  with their hand and rotate their arm internally or externally in order to exercise their various muscles against the resistance of the multi-function rotational resistance exercise apparatus  1200 . 
     In another embodiment of a grip twist attachment, the attachment extension port plug axis of rotation  2703 , does intersect the grip area axis of rotation  2702 . 
     Referring to  FIG. 28 , in one embodiment, main arm  1202  is rotatably mounted to main arm carriage  1208  with main arm pins  1209 . First pulley  54  has first pulley axis of rotation  2004 , and main arm pins  1209  have axis of rotation of main arm pins  2001  and the two axes of rotation are not coincidental. First pulley  54  is preferably mounted to main arm  1202  such that when main arm  1202  rotates around the axis of rotation of main arm pins  2001  first pulley  54  will be moved in circular path around the axis of rotation of main arm pins  2001 . In another embodiment, the two axes of rotation are coincidental. 
     Referring to  FIG. 29 , in one embodiment, attachment point  2901  is secured to main arm  1202  and preferably is providing a location for a person to safely secure, for example, carabiner  2902 , and/or a rope  2903 . In another embodiment, attachment point  2901  is secured to a different part of the invention. Attachment point  2901  allows a person to perform commonly known suspension exercises by pulling or pressing on rope  2903  which is attached to attachment point  2901 . Main arm  1202  is preferably constructed in such a way that it is able to support the weight of a person safely without collapsing thus providing a safe structure from which to attach rope  2903  and then rest their body weight onto rope  2903 . Multi-function rotational resistance exercise apparatus  1200  supports main arm  1202  in such a way that the multi-function rotational resistance exercise apparatus  1200  will not move from its position when a person rests their weight onto or hangs their weight from main arm  1202 . In another embodiment, a user&#39;s body weight can be safely suspended from the attachment point  2901 , without damage to the overall invention, or movement of the overall invention. 
     Referring to  FIG. 30 , attachment point  2901  provides multiple features for a person to utilize. A person could attach a common carabiner onto attachment point  2901 , or thread a rope through attachment point  2901 , or even attach a hook to attachment point  2901 . Attachment point  2901  is preferably a ridged structure designed to accept a plurality of common devices attached to it preferably with the intent of providing a person a secure and stable structure to push or pull on for exercise purposes without the structure moving from its place. 
     Referring to  FIG. 31 , in one embodiment, a rotational resistance exercise apparatus  3100  comprises housing  3101 . Contained within housing  3101  are features such as pulleys  3102 , which are rotatably mounted to housing  3101 , and optionally also within housing  3101  a rotational resistance assembly  1300 , which is rotatably mounted to the housing. Preferably contained within the housing is cable  12 , which preferably attaches to spring  3103  at one end and attaches to rotational resistance assembly  1300  at the other end. Spring  3103  attaches at one end to spring tension adjuster  3104 , such that when spring tension adjuster  3104  it rotated, it will tighten or loosen the tension on spring  3103 . Attachment extension port  1302  extends outside housing  3101 , preferably providing access for a user to attach a type of attachment for exercise. Preferably when attachment extension port  1302  is rotated by a user, cable  12  will be wrapped around the perimeter of rotational resistance assembly  1300 , and spring  3103  will be stretched by the movement of cable  12 , thus giving the user resistance for exercise. In one embodiment a user will secure the rotational resistance exercise apparatus  3100  to a solid structure such as a door frame or a table by means of a mounting system (not shown), such that the rotational resistance exercise apparatus  3100  does not move about, then the user will attach their choice of attachment, such as an attachment extension  2100  to the attachment extension port  1302 , then attach an attachment such as a free spinning pad attachment  2300  to the attachment extension  2100 , then they can work against the resistance provided by the rotational resistance exercise apparatus  3100  by rotating the attachment extension port  1302  clockwise or counterclockwise by moving the various attachments. The adjustable tension on spring  3103  will allow a person to choose how much resistance they want to exercise against. Preferably when a person rotates attachment extension port  1302 , the rotational resistance assembly  1300  will rotate as well causing the cable  12  to wrap around the periphery of rotational resistance assembly  1300 , while simultaneously causing cable  12  to by pulled away from spring  3103 , and preferably cable  12  will elongate spring  3103  which is attached at one end to cable  12 , and at the other end attached to spring tension adjuster  3104 , while spring tension adjuster  3104  is secured by screw threads to the housing  3101 . In another embodiment the rotational resistance exercise apparatus  3100  is a rotational resistance assembly which can optionally be used within a multi-function rotational resistance exercise apparatus  1200 . 
     In another embodiment, the spring  3103  is mounted directly to housing  3101  and optionally spring tension adjuster  3104  is not present. 
     In another embodiment spring  3103  is interchangeable. 
     Referring to  FIG. 32 , a side view of  FIG. 31  is shown with spring tension adjuster  3104  threaded into the side of the housing  3101  such that when it is rotated, it extends or retracts spring  3103 . Bearings  3105  secure the rotational resistance assembly  1300  rotatably to housing  3101 . Attachment extension port  1302  optionally extends outside housing  3101 , and optionally pulley  3102  guides cable  12  around the periphery of rotational resistance assembly  1300 . 
     Referring to  FIG. 33 , in one embodiment, preferably a rotational resistance exercise apparatus  3300  within a housing  3301  comprises spring  3303 , mounted at one end to housing  3301 , and to the rotational resistance assembly  3305  at the other end. In another embodiment rotational resistance exercise apparatus  3300  is a rotational resistance assembly which can optionally be used within a multi-function rotational resistance exercise apparatus  1200 . 
     In another embodiment, optionally spring  3303  is mounted to rotational resistance assembly  3305  at one end, and to a spring tension adjuster (not shown) at the other end. 
     Referring to  FIG. 34 , spring  3303  wraps around the perimeter of rotational resistance assembly  3305  when rotational resistance assembly  3305  is rotated by a user. 
     In another embodiment, flexible material (not shown) is used in place of spring  3103 . 
     Referring to  FIG. 35 , optionally an embodiment of rotational resistance exercise apparatus  3400  comprises a housing  3401 , and friction material  3106 , which provides resistance for a user when they rotate resistance output shaft  3107 . Resistance output shaft  3107  is where a person can attach an attachment of their choice (not shown). Optionally tension adjuster  3109 , when rotated, will press the friction material  3106  sandwiched between friction components  3501 ,  3502 , and  3503  via springs  3504  against resistance output shaft  3107  thus causing resistance to the rotation of resistance output shaft  3107 . Optionally, tension adjuster  3109  is threaded into housing  3101 , and resistance output shaft  3107  is rotatably mounted to housing  3101  with a portion of resistance output shaft  3107  extending outside housing  3101 . A person could optionally secure housing  3401  to a stationary object such as a piece of furniture, or a feature in their home by means of a clamping system, or screws, such that when they exercise by rotating resistance output shaft  3107  by means of an attachment (not shown), the rotational resistance exercise apparatus  3400  will not move as a whole, but the housing  3401  will be held in place, while the internal parts rotate and provide resistance to the user&#39;s effort. In another embodiment the rotational resistance exercise apparatus  3400  is a rotational resistance assembly which can optionally be used within a multi-function rotational resistance exercise apparatus  1200 . 
     Referring to  FIG. 36 , optionally an embodiment of a rotational resistance exercise apparatus  3600  comprises a housing and a flexible material  3601  which is attached to the housing at one end, and attached to wheel  3602  at the other end. When wheel  3602  is rotated about the wheel axis of rotation  3701 , flexible material  3601  is wrapped around the perimeter of wheel  3602 . Wheel  3602  is rotatable mounted to the housing. Wheel  3602  optionally comprises protrusion  3702  which extends outside the housing. In another embodiment the rotational resistance exercise apparatus  3600  is a rotational resistance assembly which can optionally be used within a multi-function rotational resistance exercise apparatus  1200 . 
     Optionally protrusion  3702  provides a place a person can secure an attachment (not shown) to the wheel. 
     Referring to  FIG. 37 , optionally an embodiment of a rotational resistance exercise apparatus  3700  comprising housing  3703  comprises wheel axis of rotation  3701 . Connecting an attachment (not shown) to protrusion  3702  will allow a user to rotate wheel  3602 . Wheel  3602  is preferably connected to flexible material  3601  with connecting link  3704 . Flexible material  3601  is connected to housing  3101  at an opposite end. When a person rotates the attachment (not shown) the rotational resistance experienced will be around the wheel axis of rotation  3701 . In one embodiment, an attachment is attachment extension  2100  (shown in  FIG. 21 ). In another embodiment the rotational resistance exercise apparatus  3700  is a rotational resistance assembly which can optionally be used within a multi-function rotational resistance exercise apparatus  1200 . 
     Referring to  FIG. 38 , in one embodiment, a rotational resistance exercise apparatus  3800  inside housing  3804  comprises tension adjustment screw  3801  threaded into housing  3804 . Preferably friction material  3802  is pressed into rotational resistance output  3803  by a user rotating tension adjustment screw  3801 . Rotational resistance output  3803  is rotatably mounted to housing  3804 . When a user rotates the rotational resistance output  3803 , they will work against the friction of the apparatus. Rotational resistance output  3803  preferably allows a person to attach a choice or exercise attachments. Optionally a person could secure housing  3804  to a stationary object by means of a clamp, screw, or a weld (not shown), then they can attach a mechanism such as is shown in  FIG. 25  to the rotational resistance output  3803  and rotate the attachment around the axis of rotation of rotational resistance output  3803  in order to work against the resistance offered by the rotational resistance exercise apparatus  3800 . By mounting the rotational resistance exercise apparatus  3800  to stationary objects at different angles or heights, such as an overhead door frame, or a table top, a user can achieve a plurality of positions which are advantageous to exercising different parts of the body. In another embodiment the rotational resistance exercise apparatus  3800  is a rotational resistance assembly which can optionally be used within a multi-function rotational resistance exercise apparatus  1200 . 
     Referring to  FIG. 39 , in one embodiment, a rotational resistance exercise apparatus  3900  comprises flexible material  3901 , which is attached at one end to a base  3902  and optionally attached at the other end to attachment connecting point  3903 . Optionally, flexible material axis of rotation  3904  is the axis around which a person could rotate attachment connecting point  3903  and cause a twisting effect upon flexible material  3901 . The twisting effect preferably gives the user rotational resistance to work against. In one embodiment, base  3902  is held stationary by a frame (not shown). In another embodiment, the frame (not shown) is adjustable to secure it to a fixed object. In another embodiment the rotational resistance exercise apparatus  3900  is a rotational resistance assembly which can optionally be used within a multi-function rotational resistance exercise apparatus  1200 . 
     Referring to  FIG. 40 , in one embodiment, rotational resistance exercise apparatus  3900  optionally comprises flexible material  3901  which becomes deformed when it is rotated counterclockwise as depicted by the directional arrow. 
     Referring to  FIG. 41 , in one embodiment, rotational resistance exercise apparatus  4000  comprises housing  4100 , which comprises resistance output  4101  rotatably mounted on it. Optionally, within the housing is an electrically operated rotational resistance source (not shown). The electrically operated rotational resistance source (not shown) is mounted within housing  4100 . The electrically operated rotational resistance source (not shown) resists the rotation of resistance output  4101 . When a person tries to rotate resistance output  4101 , the electrically operated rotational resistance source (not shown) will resist their rotational effort in an opposing direction. Preferably, the result of attempting to rotate resistance output  4101  results in a beneficial exercise for the user. Preferably, an attachment can be mounted onto resistance output  4101 . The electrically operated rotational resistance source can be any device, such as a stepper motor, a magnetic motor, an electric motor, or a hydraulic motor. Additional programming and hardware are preferably incorporated to the rotational resistance exercise apparatus in order to give the user a desired level of resistance which may be constant or variable. In another embodiment the rotational resistance exercise apparatus  4000  is a rotational resistance assembly which can optionally be used within a multi-function rotational resistance exercise apparatus  1200 . 
     Referring to  FIG. 42 , in one embodiment, rotational resistance exercise apparatus  4203  optionally comprises attachment location  4200  connected to one end of torsion spring  4201 , and optionally torsion spring  4201  is connected at the other end to base  4202 . Rotating attachment location  4200  preferably results in torsion spring  4201  being temporarily deformed, and the torsion spring  4201  exerting a rotational force which opposes the user&#39;s force. Optionally, base  4202  will be held stationary. Optionally, attachment location  4200  secures to an attachment (not shown). Optionally, base  4202  secures to a stationary object by, for example, a clamp (not shown), etc. In another embodiment the rotational resistance exercise apparatus  4203  is a rotational resistance assembly which can optionally be used within a multi-function rotational resistance exercise apparatus  1200 . 
     Referring to  FIG. 43 , in one embodiment, free spinning dish attachment  4300  comprises dish  4301  which is optionally rotatably mounted onto attachment extension receiver  4302  by bearings (not shown) Optionally, attachment extension receiver  4302  is secured to an attachment extension (not shown). In another embodiment, free spinning dish attachment  4300  is mounted to attachment extension receiver  4302  in a non-rotatable fashion. When a person uses the free spinning dish attachment, it will be in a way similar to the free spinning grip attachment  2200 . In other embodiments of the present invention, a user could adjust the rotational resistance assembly  1300 , which is part of the multi-function rotational resistance exercise apparatus  1200 , to a waist level position, and tilt the tilting hub  1211  to be facing the sky, then insert an attachment extension  2100  into the attachment extension port  1302 , and attach a free spinning dish attachment  4300  onto the attachment extension  2100 , preferably resulting in the free spinning dish axis of rotation (not shown) pointing up towards the sky directly in front of the user who then can place their hand inside of the dish  4301  then their hand can rotate the free spinning dish attachment  4300  around the attachment extension port axis of rotation  1400  in order to exercise against the resistance offered by the multi-function rotational resistance exercise apparatus  1200 . Their hand would be able to freely spin the dish  4301  in a manor independent from the rotation of the attachment extension port  1302 . 
     Referring to  FIG. 44 , in one embodiment, adjustable standing platform  4400  preferably comprises frame  4401  which is connectable to a frame (not shown). Preferably, adjustable standing platform  4400  further comprises standing platform  4402 , which is held at an elevation of choice by pins  4404 , with the pins being held up by selection holes  4405 . Standing platform  4400  optionally provides a place for a person to stand, sit or lay down upon at choice of elevation. Optionally the adjustable standing platform  4400  could be combined with any of the inventions mentioned here in order to elevate a person to a height that is desirable for a particular exercise. For instance in a case where parts of an apparatus are constructed in a way that they do not adjust for different elevations, a person could adjust the height of the adjustable standing platform  4400  in order to stand on it at different elevations, effectively changing their own personal elevation in order to exercise a particular part of their body. 
     Referring to  FIG. 45 , in one embodiment, attachment extension orientation ring  1303 , optionally comprises attachment extension orientation ring holes  4500  which are oriented with the hole axis of rotation  4502 , intersecting attachment extension orientation ring axis of rotation  4501 . 
     Referring to  FIG. 46 , in one embodiment, attachment extension orientation ring  4605 , similar to attachment extension orientation ring  1303  previously described, optionally comprises attachment extension orientation ring holes  4600 , which are oriented with hole axis of rotation  4602  not intersecting attachment extension orientation ring axis of rotation  4601 . 
     Referring to  FIG. 47 , in one embodiment, rotational resistance with friction  4700  optionally comprises wheel  4701  which is rotatably mountable around center of rotation  4702 , and further comprises friction material  4703  which presses against wheel  4701 . Friction adjuster  4704  optionally adjusts the amount of force friction material  4703  places upon the wheel  4701 . Wheel  4701  is preferably connectable to an attachment (not shown). When an attachment (not shown) rotates wheel  4701  the attachment will work against the friction produced by the pressure of friction material  4703  against wheel  4701 . Rotational resistance with friction  4700  is similar to a common automobile brake rotor with a caliper and brake pad. Adjusting the pressure exerted by friction material  4703  upon wheel  4701  can be accomplished in many ways, one of which being a simple screw type tensioner (not shown). 
     Referring to  FIG. 48 , in one embodiment, rotational resistance with friction  4800  optionally comprises friction material  4801  which presses against the periphery of wheel  4803 . The amount of pressure friction material  4801  places upon wheel  4803  is adjustable by friction pressure knob  4802 . A person can attach their choice of exercise attachment (not shown) onto the wheel  4803  in a plurality of ways in order to cause wheel  4803  to rotate by the effort of rotating the exercise attachment (not shown), then the person will preferably experience resistance to their efforts caused by friction between the friction material  4801  and wheel  4803 . The rotational resistance with friction  4800  could optionally be incorporated into a multi-function rotational resistance exercise apparatus  1200  in place of the weighted resistance (not shown). 
     Referring to  FIG. 49 , in one embodiment, attachment extension port extension  4900  optionally comprises attachment extension port plug  4903 , which optionally inserts into an attachment extension port (not shown), and optionally is secured to attachment extension sleeve  4901 . Attachment extension port extension  4900  further comprises extension arm  4905  which slides in and out of extension arm sleeve  4901 , and further optionally comprises attachment extension lock  4902 , which is secured to the extension arm sleeve  4901 , and further optionally embodies extension arm selector holes  4904 . Preferably by engaging attachment extension lock  4902  into extension arm selector hole  4904 , extension arm  4905  will be supported in an extended position. Extension arm  4905  is optionally attachable to an attachment (not shown). Optionally a user will use attachment extension port extension  4900  in combination with other attachments in order to mount an attachment in a position which is further away from the attachment extension port than it would be otherwise. This new, further away, position will allow a user to perform exercises which may not be possible otherwise. 
     Referring to  FIG. 50 , in one embodiment, off parallel axis attachment  5000  preferably comprises an attachment which optionally attaches to an attachment extension such as extension  2100  previously described (not shown). Preferably, axis of rotation  5001  is in a direction not parallel to the axis of rotation of the rotational resistance (not shown). 
     Referring to  FIG. 51 , in one embodiment, head clamp attachment  5100  optionally comprises head ring  5101 , which preferably encompasses a person&#39;s head (not shown). Furthermore, head clamp attachment  5100  optionally comprises attachment extension port plug  5102  which is connected to head ring  5101  by, for example, head ring rails  5103 , and is connectable to the rotational resistance exercise apparatus. Head clamp attachment  5100  optionally comprises size adjustment knob  5104  which passes through tab  5105  which is mounted on one side of head ring  5101 , and threads into weld nut  5106  on the other side of head ring  5101 . Preferably, when a person places their head into head ring  5101  and turns size adjustment knob  5104 , they can tighten head ring  5101  onto their head. Preferably a user can secure head clamp attachment  5100  to multi-function rotational resistance exercise apparatus  1200  at the attachment extension port  1302 , then secure head clamp attachment  5100  on their head then rotate their head side to side in order to exercise against the resistance of the apparatus. Optionally when a person secured a head clamp attachment  5100  to their head and connects the head clamp attachment  5100  to the rotational resistance exercise apparatus, they can work against the resistance of the apparatus by turning their head side to side as if they are giving the common gesture for “no” with their head. 
     Referring to  FIG. 52 , in one embodiment, head clamp attachment  5200  optionally comprises attachment extension port plug  5204  which is mounted to head clamp rod  5203 , and head clamp rod  5203  is optionally mounted to head clamp fingers  5201 . Head clamp rod  5203  optionally has threads (not shown) around its exterior. Head clamp adjustment ring  5202  rotates around head clamp rod  5203  and threads along the threads of head clamp rod  5203 . Preferably, when head clamp adjustment ring  5202  comes into contact with head clamp fingers  5201 , head clamp fingers  5201  will come closer together or farther apart. Head clamp fingers  5201  preferably close against a person&#39;s head. When a person wearing the head clamp attachment  5200  upon their head rotates their head, head clamp attachment  5200  will rotate. Preferably a person will attach head clamp attachment  5200  to multi-function rotational resistance exercise apparatus  1200 , then place their head inside of the head clamp fingers  5201  and rotate the head clamp adjustment ring  5202  in order to tighten the head clamp fingers against their head, then turn their head side to side in order to exercise the muscles of their body against the resistance of the multi-function rotational resistance exercise apparatus  1200 . 
     Referring to  FIG. 53 , in one embodiment, femur rotation attachment  5400  is optionally attached to attachment extension port extension  4900  previously described. Preferably, the height of femur rotation attachment  5400  is adjustable when the height of attachment extension port extension  4900  is adjusted. Femur rotation attachment  5400  preferably comprises pressure surface  5401 , which a person can press their body against causing rotation of femur rotation attachment  5400  about the femur rotation attachment axis of rotation  5403 . Optionally, resting surface  5404  comprises a surface upon which a person can rest a part of their body. Optionally a person will adjust the rotational resistance assembly  1300  of multi-function rotational resistance exercise apparatus  1200  to a low position with rotational resistance assembly  1300  facing up towards the sky, then the person will install attachment extension port plug  4903  into the attachment extension port. The person will then disengage the attachment extension lock  4902  and adjust the height of extension arm  4905  in order to raise or lower the height of the resting surface  5404  preferably to the height of the person&#39;s knee, then the person will preferably engage the attachment extension lock  4902  in order to lock the femur rotation attachment  5400  into place. The person will then optionally place one foot on the floor next to the femur rotation attachment  5400 , and then place their other bent leg in between the pressure surfaces  5401  with their knee resting over the femur rotation attachment axis of rotation  5403 , and their shin resting on the resting surface  5404 . Preferably a person will then rotate their femur internally and externally and press their lower leg against the pressure surfaces  5401  in order to exercise against the resistance of the multi-function rotational resistance exercise apparatus  1200 . 
     Referring to  FIG. 54 , in one embodiment, femur rotation attachment  5400  optionally comprises attachment extension port plug  5405 , which is optionally connectable to an attachment extension port (not shown). 
     Referring to  FIG. 55 , in one embodiment, paddle rotation attachment  5500  optionally comprises resting pad  5501 , pressing paddle  5502 , and attachment extension port plug  5503 . Attachment extension port plug  5503  is preferably connectable to an attachment extension port (not shown). Attachment extension port plug  5503  is preferably connected to resting pad  5501 , and resting pad  5501 , is connected to pressing paddle  5502 . Preferably, when a person presses against pressing paddle  5502 , attachment extension port plug  5503  rotates. Optionally a person could arrange the rotational resistance assembly of an exercise device to a position level with their knee as they stand, the person could then install the paddle rotation attachment  5500  onto the rotational resistance assembly then the person could rest their knee on top of the resting pad  5501  and the side of their ankle against the pressing paddle  5502 . The person could then move their ankle in a path around their knee in order to rotate the attachment extension port plug  5503 , and work against the resistance of the rotational resistance assembly (not shown). 
     Referring to  FIG. 56 , in one embodiment, pedal attachment  5600  optionally comprises crank  5602 , which is optionally mounted at one end to an attachment extension port (not shown), and optionally connectable at the other end to pedal extension  5603 . Pedal extension  5603 , optionally telescopes into and out of crank  5602 . The crank preferably rotates around crank axis of rotation  5601 . Pedal  5605  optionally attaches rotatably to pedal extension  5603 , and rotates around pedal axis of rotation  5606 . Preferably, a user can rotate pedal  5605  around crank axis of rotation  5601 . Pedal extension lock  5604  optionally inserts into crank  5602  and pedal extension hole  5607  thereby locking pedal extension  5603  and crank  5602  together. A person can exercise against the resistance of the exercise apparatus in a motion similar to that of pedaling a bike. Optionally two pedal attachments  5600  could be installed on either side of a rotational resistance assembly  1300  in order to allow a user to place one foot on each of the pedals, and exercise both legs at the same time. 
     Referring to  FIG. 57 , in one embodiment, connectable handle  5700  optionally comprises cable  5701 , connected to ring  5704 . Optionally, ring  5704  is connected to strap  5702 , and optionally, strap  5702  has grip  5703  attached to it. The other end of cable  5701  optionally connects to an attachment (not shown). 
     Referring to  FIG. 58 , in one embodiment, connectable handle  5800  optionally comprises handle  5801  that optionally has connecting point  5802  on its periphery. Optionally, cable  5804  attaches to ring  5803 , and optionally ring  5803  attaches to connecting point  5802 . The other end of cable  5804  optionally connects to an attachment (not shown). 
     Referring to  FIG. 59 , in one embodiment, connectable handle  5900  optionally comprises grip surface  5902  which is connected to attachment extension port plug  5901 . Preferably a person can rotate grip surface  5900  around axis of rotation  5903  thereby causing attachment extension port plug  5901  to rotate around axis of rotation  5903 . Attachment extension port plug  5901  is optionally attachable to an attachment extension port (not shown). Connectable handle  5900  could optionally be connected to an attachment, and then said attachment connected to a rotational resistance assembly. 
     Referring to  FIG. 60 , in one embodiment, perpendicular attachment  6000  optionally comprises attachment extension shaft receiver  6001 , which is optionally attachable to an attachment extension (not shown). Furthermore, perpendicular attachment  6000  optionally comprises grip area  6002 , and attachment extension lock  6003 . Optionally, grip area  6002  is positioned perpendicular to attachment extension shaft receiver  6001 . Optionally a person could position the rotational resistance assembly in an overhead position, and attach an attachment extension to it. Then the person can attach the perpendicular attachment  6000  to the attachment extension and stand directly underneath the axis of rotation of the rotational resistance assembly and grasp the grip area  6002  with one or both hands, they then will experience resistance to their exercise by moving the grip area  6002  in a path around the axis of rotation of the rotational resistance assembly by rotating their spine internally and/or externally, or laterally and/or medially. 
     Referring to  FIG. 61 , in one embodiment, standing platform attachment  6100  optionally comprises platform  6101 , and optionally attachment extension port plug  6102  mounted to platform  6101 . Axis of rotation  6103  is optionally the position that standing platform attachment  6100  rotates around. Preferably, a person rotating platform  6101  around axis of rotation  6103  will also rotate port plug  6102  around axis of rotation  6103 . Optionally standing platform attachment  6100  will be installed by a user onto a multi-function rotational resistance exercise apparatus (not shown) by inserting the attachment extension port plug  6102  into the attachment extension port (not shown), the user will then position the rotational resistance assembly at a low level near the ground with the attachment extension port (not shown) point up to the sky, then they will grasp some safety handles (not shown) which are secured to the frame (not shown), and step up onto the standing platform attachment  6100  with both feet, then the user will position their feet approximately shoulder distance apart on top of the standing platform attachment  6100 , they will then use their torso and legs to rotate the standing platform attachment  6100  around the axis of rotation  6103  while grasping the safety handles (not shown) with their hands, which will cause them to exercise against the resistance of the multi-function rotational resistance exercise apparatus (not shown). The exercise will preferably result in rotational exercise for the spine, and legs. A user could optionally place a short table (not shown) next to the standing platform attachment  6100 , and stand upon it with one foot, while the other foot is standing upon the standing platform attachment  6100 , then the user could rotate the standing platform attachment  6100  with the one foot that standing upon it by rotating their leg internally or externally. 
     Referring to  FIG. 62 , an embodiment of standing platform attachment  6200  optionally comprises pass through hole  6201  going through platform  6202 . Attachment extension port plug  6203  and platform  6202  are optionally secured together and optionally both rotate around axis of rotation  6204 . Optionally a person could install standing platform attachment  6200  onto a multi-function rotational resistance exercise apparatus, then install an attachment (not shown) into pass through hole  6201 , the person could then grasp the attachment and move it in a circumduction motion in order to exercise against the resistance of the multi-function rotational resistance exercise apparatus. 
     Referring to  FIG. 63 , in one embodiment, steering wheel attachment  6300  optionally comprises grip surface  6301  which is optionally mounted to spokes  6302 , and spokes  6302  are optionally mounted to attachment extension port plug  6303 . Optionally steering wheel attachment  6300  rotates around axis of rotation  6304 . Preferably when a person rotates grip surface  6301 , attachment extension port plug  6303  will also rotate. Optionally the steering wheel attachment  6300  is attached to a rotational resistance assembly at the resistance output (not shown), then rotated in a motion similar to that of moving a vehicle&#39;s steering wheel in order to exercise against the resistance of the rotational resistance assembly. 
     Referring to  FIG. 64 , in one embodiment, long curved attachment  6400  optionally comprises grip surface  6401  optionally connected to attachment extension shaft receiver  6402 . Attachment extension shaft receiver  6402  is optionally connectable to an attachment extension (not shown). Attachment extension lock  6403  is preferably secured to the surface of attachment extension shaft receiver  6402 . A person can exercise in a traditional bicep curd motion by attaching the long, curved attachment  6400  to a rotational resistance exercise apparatus and to an attachment extension. 
     Referring to  FIG. 65 , in one embodiment, steering wheel attachment  6500  optionally comprises grip surface  6501 , which is connected to spokes  6502 , and spokes  6502  are optionally connected to attachment extension port plug  6503 . Preferably, rotating steering wheel attachment  6500  around axis of rotation  6504  will cause attachment extension port plug  6503  to rotate. Preferably moving the steering wheel attachment  6500  in a motion similar to that of steering a vehicle, while it is attached to a rotational resistance exercise apparatus, will exercise and/or rehabilitate the person in a way that will be similar to driving a vehicle. 
     Referring to  FIG. 66 , in one embodiment, attachment with adjustable angles  6600 , optionally comprises attachment extension shaft receiver  6601  which is connectable to an attachment extension (not shown). Attachment extension shaft receiver  6601  optionally has mounted upon its surface attachment extension lock  6602  which secures the attachment extension shaft receiver onto an attachment extension (not shown). Attachment part  6604  is rotatably mounted to selector plate  6605  by means of wrist pin  6606 . Optionally, selector plate  6605  is attached to attachment extension shaft receiver  6601 . Attachment part angle lock  6607  optionally passes through selector plate  6605  and attachment part  6604 . By optionally removing attachment part angle lock  6607  then rotating attachment part  6604  around wrist pin  6606 , a user can select the angle attachment part  6604  is in relation to attachment extension shaft receiver  6601 . Optionally, attachment part angle lock  6607  will pass through angle selection hole  6603  which is optionally passing through the surface of selector plate  6605 . 
     Referring to  FIG. 67 , in one embodiment, connectable handle  6700  optionally comprises grip  6701 , which is optionally connected to cable  6702 . Optionally, cable  6702  is connected to ring  6703 . 
     Referring to  FIG. 68 , in one embodiment, connectable handle  6800  optionally comprises flexible material  6801  which is optionally looped around itself and secured by placing a pin (not shown) through adjustment holes  6802 . Flexible material  6801  is optionally connected to ring  6803 . 
     Referring to  FIG. 69 , in one embodiment, connectable handle  6900  optionally comprises curved surface  6901  shaped similar to a football. Optionally the curved surface is connected to link  6903  and link  6903  is connected to ring  6902 . 
     Referring to  FIG. 70 , in one embodiment, connectable handle  7000  optionally comprises grip surface  7001  shaped similarly to a baseball bat. Grip surface  7001  is optionally connected to strap  7002  and strap  7002  is optionally connected to carabiner  7003 . 
     Referring to  FIG. 71 , in one embodiment, connectable handle  7100  optionally comprises grip surface  7101  shaped similarly to a golf club. Grip surface  7101  is optionally connectable to cable  7102  and cable  7102  is optionally connectable to eye  7103 . 
     Referring to  FIG. 72 , in one embodiment, attachment extension  7200  optionally comprises attachment extension port plug  7201  which is connectable to an attachment extension port (not shown). Attachment extension port plug  7201  is optionally connected to attachment extension body  7202 . Attachment extension body  7202  optionally has attachment lock  7203  attached to it. Optionally, attachment lock  7203  secures together the attachment extension  7200  and attachment  7220 , when attachment  7220  is attached to attachment extension  7200 . Optionally, attachment  7220  comprises surface  7221  which inserts into attachment extension  7200 . Optionally, upon surface  7221 , attachment  7220  has holes  7222  which are engaged by attachment lock  7203 . 
     Referring to  FIG. 73 , in one embodiment, adjustable attachment slide  7300  optionally comprises body  7301  with optional loop  7302  attached to it. Optionally, body  7301  comprises opening  7303  located on at least one end. Opening  7303  preferably allows for the installation of an attachment extension (not shown). Optionally, extension lock  7304  is mounted on the surface of body  7301 . Optionally, the extension lock will secure adjustable attachment slide  7300  onto an attachment extension (not shown). Preferably, a person can install an attachment of choice (not shown) to loop  7302 . Optionally a person could attach connectable eye  7103  to loop  7302 , then attach the adjustable attachment slide  7300  onto an attachment extension. The user could then attach the attachment extension onto a rotational resistance assembly, and exercise by moving connectable handle  7100  through a path of motion around the axis of rotation of the rotational resistance assembly resulting in an exercise similar to a golf swing. 
     Referring to  FIG. 74 , in one embodiment, adjustable generic attaching point attachment  7400  optionally comprises adjustable attachment slide  7300 , adjustably attached to frame rail  7401 . Frame rail  7401  optionally has holes  7402  for extension lock  7304  to engage. Disengaging extension lock  7304  preferably allows a person to slide adjustable attachment slide  7300  to a new hole  7402  and re-engage extension lock  7304 . Optionally a person could insert an attachment extension into one of the openings adjacent to extension lock  7404  and engage extension lock  7404  onto one of the holes on the attachment extension. Then the user can install this assembly onto the attachment extension port of an exercise apparatus. The person will then be able to attach a type of attachment onto the loop on adjustable attachment slide  7300  and be able to move their attachment in a path around the axis of rotation of the attachment extension port and exercise against the resistance. 
     Referring to  FIG. 75 , in one embodiment, articulating attachment joint  7500  optionally comprises attachment extension shaft receiver  7501  which optionally has on its surface pin base  7502  with hole  7507 . Attachment arm  7504  is optionally able to articulate freely around pin  7503  when pin  7503  is inserted into hole  7508  and hole  7507 . Attachment arm  7504  is installed onto attachment extension shaft receiver  7501  rotatably around pin  7503 . Preferably, lock pin  7506  secures articulating attachment joint  7500  onto an attachment extension (not shown). The attachment extension inserts into opening  7505 . 
     Referring to  FIG. 76 , in one embodiment, carabiner  7600  preferably attaches one piece of equipment (not shown) to another. 
     Referring to  FIG. 77 , in one embodiment, connectable handle attachment  7700  optionally comprises grip surface  7701  generally shaped like a spherical ball. Grip surface  7701  optionally attaches to rope  7702  and rope  7702  is optionally attached to washer  7703 . A person can then attach the washer to a number of different attachments and then attach those attachments to an exercise apparatus in order to exercise against resistance by griping the grip surface  7701  and moving it through space, preferably in the circular motion of throwing a ball. 
     Referring to  FIG. 78 , in one embodiment, connectable handle  7800  optionally comprises grip area  7801  optionally rotatably mounted on shaft  7802  and preferably shaft  7802  is connected to ring  7803 . Ring  7803  is preferably connected to chain  7804  and chain  7804  is optionally connected at the other end to ring  7805 . A person could optionally attach ring  7805  to an attachment of their choice which is secured onto an exercise apparatus, after which the person can grasp grip area  7801  with one or two of their hands, and move the grip area  7801  through a path which provides them exercise against the resistance of the apparatus. Preferably the path will be the same as swinging a bat as in baseball, or swinging a racquetball racquet. 
     Referring to  FIG. 79 , in one embodiment, free spinning plate attachment  7900  comprises attachment extension shaft receiver  7903  which optionally has attachment lock  7904  attached to its surface. Attachment lock  7904  optionally secures free spinning plate attachment  7900  onto an attachment extension (not shown). Axle  7902  is optionally attached to attachment extension shaft receiver  7903 . Preferably, free spinning plate  7901  is optionally rotatably attached to the axle  7902 . Preferably, when a person rotates free spinning plate  7901  on the axis of rotation  7905 , free spinning plate  7901  will rotate freely. Preferably, when a person presses on free spinning plate  7901  in a motion perpendicular in direction to the axis of rotation  7905 , free spinning plate attachment  7900  will transfer that force into the optionally connected attachment extension (not shown). Optionally a person will attach free spinning plate attachment  7900  onto an attachment extension, and secure the attachment extension  7900  onto a multi-function rotational resistance exercise apparatus, the person will then place their flat hand onto free spinning plate  7901 , and move their hand along with the plate in a motion which circles the axis of rotation of the rotational resistance assembly, thus exercising against resistance. 
     Referring to  FIG. 80 , in one embodiment, free spinning dome attachment  8000  preferably comprises attachment extension shaft receiver  8003  which optionally has attachment lock  8004  attached to its surface. Attachment lock  8004  optionally secures free spinning dome attachment  8000  onto an attachment extension (not shown). Axle  8002  is optionally attached to attachment extension shaft receiver  8003 . Free spinning dome  8001  is optionally rotatably attached to the axle  8002 . Preferably, when a person rotates free spinning dome  8001  on the axis of rotation  8005 , free spinning dome  8001  will rotate freely. Preferably, when a person presses on free spinning dome  8001  in a motion perpendicular in direction to axis of rotation  8005 , free spinning dome attachment  8000  will transfer that force into the optionally connected attachment extension (not shown). 
     Referring to  FIG. 81 , in one embodiment, free spinning knob attachment  8100  preferably comprises attachment extension shaft receiver  8103  which optionally has attachment lock  8104  attached to its surface. Attachment lock  8104  optionally secures free spinning knob attachment  8100  onto an attachment extension (not shown). Axle  8102  is optionally attached to attachment extension shaft receiver  8103 . Free spinning knob  8101  is optionally rotatably attached to axle  8102 . Preferably, when a person rotates free spinning knob  8101  on axis of rotation  8105 , free spinning knob  8101  will rotate freely. Preferably, when a person presses on free spinning knob  8101  in a motion perpendicular in direction to axis of rotation  8105 , free spinning knob attachment  8100  will transfer that force into the optionally connected attachment extension (not shown). 
     Referring to  FIG. 82 , in one embodiment, free spinning articulating joint attachment  8200  preferably comprises attachment extension shaft receiver  8201  which optionally has connected to it attachment extension lock  8202 . Optionally, an attachment extension (not shown) attaches to free spinning articulating joint attachment  8200 . Optionally, attachment extension shaft receiver  8201  also has connected to it joint base  8203 . Joint base  8203  is preferably rotatably connected to joint flange  8204 . Optionally, joint flange  8204  is able to freely rotate around axis of rotation  8207 . Joint Flange  8204  is preferably rotatably connected to wrist pin  8205 . Optionally, wrist pin  8205  rotatably connects joint flange  8204  to attachment arm  8206 . Preferably, attachment arm  8206  will optionally be free to rotate around axis of rotation  8207  and optionally be able to rotate around wrist pin  8205  in a different axis of rotation (not shown) from axis of rotation  8207 . Optionally a person will be able to perform an exercise similar to that of stirring a large pot of stew with a long stick by utilizing the free spinning articulating joint attachment  8200  along with an exercise apparatus and other attachments. Optionally a person will place a rotational resistance assembly down near the floor with it facing up towards the sky, then they will attach an attachment extension to the resistance output. The person will then slide the attachment extension shaft receiver  8201  over the attachment extension and lock it into place with the attachment extension lock  8202 , then they will grasp the attachment arm  8206  with their hands and move it in a circular path around the axis of rotation of the rotational resistance assembly in order to exercise against resistance. The joint base  8203  and the wrist pin  8205  will allow the attachment arm  8206  to remain in the persons grip and articulate freely as the entire assembly rotates around the axis of rotation of the rotational resistance exercise apparatus (not shown). 
     Referring to  FIG. 83 , in one embodiment, universally jointed attachment  8300  preferably comprises attachment extension shaft receiver  8301  which is optionally rotatably attached to a universal joint housing  8303  with bearing  8302  mounted between universal join housing  8303  and attachment extension shaft receiver  8301 . Universal joint housing  8303  is preferably able to rotate on axis of rotation  8310 . Universal joint housing  8303  is preferably rotatably mounted to two portions of universal joint  8304  by both ends of wrist pin  8305 , and universal joint housing  8303  is preferably able to rotate about axis of rotation  8309 . Universal joint  8304  is preferably rotatably connected to attachment arm base  8306  by, for example, connecting to two portions of universal joint  8304  onto attachment arm base  8306 . Preferably attachment arm base  8306  is able to rotate freely about axis of rotation  8308 . Attachment arm  8307  is optionally connected to attachment arm base  8306 . Attachment arm  8307  is preferably able to freely spin around axis of rotation  8310 , and optionally free to spin around axis of rotation  8309 , and optionally free to spin around axis of rotation  8308 . 
     Referring to  FIG. 84 , in one embodiment, free spinning attachment  8400  preferably comprises attachment extension shaft receiver  8401  which is optionally connectable to an attachment extension (not shown). Attachment extension shaft receiver  8401  is optionally rotatably connected to bearing  8402  and bearing  8402  is optionally rotatably connected to surface  8403 . Surface  8403  is preferably able to rotate around axis of rotation  8404 . 
     Referring to  FIGS. 85-87 , in one embodiment, rotational resistance assembly  8500  at rest position preferably comprises lever arm  8501  connected to wheel  8502 . Wheel  8502  is preferably rotatable around center of rotation  8503 . Cable  8504  is preferably connected to the periphery of wheel  8502 , such that when wheel  8502  rotates, cable  8504  wraps around the periphery of wheel  8502 . First pulley  8507  is preferably rotatably mounted to arm  8505 , and optionally arm  8505  is rotatably mounted to the center of wheel  8502 . In one embodiment, stopper  8506  is preferably mounted onto the surface of wheel  8502 , and is positioned next to arm  8505 . Cable  8504  extends from wheel  8502  and passes around first pulley  8507 , then passes around second pulley  8508 , then cable  8504  passes around third pulley  8509 , and attaches to weight  8510 . Optionally, an attachment extension (not shown) is connectable to rotational resistance assembly  8500 . Optionally arm  8505  is stopped from rotating one direction by a second stopper (not shown). 
     In one embodiment, weight  8510  is moved by cable  8504  when wheel  8502  is rotated clockwise. Preferably, when wheel  8502  is rotated one direction, second stopper (not shown) stops arm  8505  from rotating the same direction. Optionally, first pulley  5807  remains stationary while wheel  8502  rotates in one direction because of its attachment to arm  8505 . Preferably cable  8504  will wrap around wheel  8502  and preferably cause the motion of wheel  8502  to be resisted. 
     Referring to  FIG. 87 , in another embodiment, weight  8510  is moved by cable  8504  when wheel  8502  is rotated in another direction. Wheel  8502  is shown therein after it has been rotated in an opposite direction. In one embodiment rotational resistance assemblies embodied in  FIG. 85-87  are capable of providing bidirectional rotation resistance. In another embodiment a rotational resistance assembly is capably of attaching an attachment at its center of rotation  8503 . 
     Referring to  FIG. 88 , in one embodiment, rotational resistance assembly  8800  at resting position, preferably comprises wheel  8801  rotatable around center of rotation  8802 . Optionally, wheel  8801  has cable  8803  attached to its periphery. Optionally, first and second pulleys  8804  are rotatably attached nearby on opposing sides of cable  8803 . Optionally, cable  8803  passes over third pulley  8805 . Optionally, cable  8803  is attached to weight  8806  on its other end. Optionally, wheel  8801  is rotatably mounted on an axle (not shown) with the axle axis of rotation (not shown) being coincidental with wheel center of rotation  8802 . Optionally rotational resistance assembly  8800  is attachable to an attachment extension port plug (not shown). 
     Referring to  FIG. 89 , in one embodiment, rotational resistance assembly  8800  is preferably rotated counterclockwise, and comprises weight  8806  that is lifted by the rotation of wheel  8801 . 
     Referring to  FIG. 90 , in one embodiment, rotational resistance assembly  8800  is preferably rotated clockwise, and comprises weight  8806  that is lifted by the rotation of wheel  8801 . 
     Referring to  FIG. 91 , in one embodiment, attachment extension  9100  is preferably attached to rotational resistance assembly  9101 , and attachment  9102  is optionally attached to attachment extension  9100 . Preferably, when attachment  9102  is rotated around axis of rotation  9103 , a user will have rotational resistance. The attachment  9102  is adjustable in position on the attachment extension  9100  by relocating it to a new position and securing it in place. A person optionally will grasp the attachment  9102  with their hand and move it in a path around the axis of rotation  9103 . 
     Referring to  FIG. 92 , in one embodiment, direct carriage assembly  9200  optionally comprises rotational resistance assembly  9201  connected to direct carriage  9203 . Optionally, direct carriage  9203  is connected to direct carriage bearing sleeves  9204 . Optionally, direct carriage bearing sleeves  9204  comprise bearings  9205  which reduce friction between direct carriage bearing sleeves  9204  and frame  9202 . Preferably, the axle (not shown) rotates on axis of rotation  9206 . Optionally, direct carriage  9203  is capable of being positioned on frame  9202  at a number of locations. Optionally frame  9202  is connectable to an exercise apparatus which has framing, weights, and other features commonly known to give the direct carriage assembly  9200  functionality for exercise. Optionally a person could attach one of many different attachments to the rotational resistance assembly  9201  and perform a wide variety of exercises. Depending on the angle set for the frame  9202 , a user could perform a wide variety of exercises, and optionally having the frame  9202  adjustable in angle would allow a user the ability to perform an even wider variety of exercises. 
     Referring to  FIG. 93 , in one embodiment, system  9300  preferably comprises grip twist attachment  9301  connected to rotational resistance assembly  9302 . Optionally, rotational resistance assembly  9302  is rotatably connected to axle  9303  along axis  9308 . Axle  9303  is preferably connected to direct carriage  9309 . Optionally, direct carriage  9309  is adjustable in height on frame  9306 . Preferably, weights  9307  attach to cable  9305  and optionally cable  9305  attaches to rotational resistance assembly  9302 . Preferably, a user can rotate grip twist attachment  9301  and weights  9307  will resist the users rotation. Optionally, a first and a second pulley  9304  are rotatably attached to direct carriage  9309  on opposing sides of cable  9305 . System  9300  optionally is a representation of an assembly comprising a selection of the embodiments described herein. A person optionally stands in front of the system  9300 , facing the direct carriage  9309 , they then raise their hand and grasp the grip twist attachment  9301  with their hand and supinate and/or pronate their wrist in order to exercise against the resistance. 
     Referring to  FIG. 94 , in one embodiment, system  9400  comprises free spinning pad attachment  9401  attached to attachment extension  9403 . Optionally, attachment extension  9403  is attached to rotational resistance assembly  9402 . Optionally, rotational resistance assembly  9402  is attached to an axle (not shown) and the axle (not shown) is attached to direct carriage assembly  9404 . Preferably the direct carriage assembly is adjustable in height along frame  9405 . Frame  9405  is optionally set at an angle other than vertical in order to provide an axis of rotation  9408  that is other than horizontal. Optionally, spring  9406  attaches to cable  9407  and preferably resists the rotation of rotational resistance assembly  9402 . Optionally, frame  9405  holds direct carriage assembly  9404  such that the axis of rotation  9408  of the rotational resistance assembly is positioned at an angle up from horizontal. Optionally a person will stand in front of the rotational resistance assembly  9402  then turn their body 90 degrees so that the axis of rotation  9408  is directed towards their hip joint. The person will then place the pad of pad attachment  9401  onto their thigh and engage the rotational resistance engagement lock so that when the pad attachment  9401  rotates around the axis of rotation  9408 , the resistance of the spring  9406  will resist their efforts through the overall operation of the system  9400 , the person will then raise and lower their leg up and out to their side in order to exercise their body. The person then can optionally place their leg over the pad of pad attachment  9401  in a flexed hip position with the pad resting on their hamstring muscle, then the person can extend their hip and leg downward to an extended position in order to exercise against the resistance of the system  9400 . 
     Referring to  FIG. 95 , in one embodiment, system  9500  comprises free spinning grip attachment  9501  attached to attachment extension  9502 . Optionally, attachment extension  9502  is attached to rotational resistance assembly  9503 . Optionally, rotational resistance assembly  9503  is attached to an axle (not shown). The axle (not shown) is attached to direct carriage assembly  9504 . Optionally, direct carriage assembly  9504  is adjustable in position on frame  9505 . Optionally, frame  9505  is positioned at an angle down from vertical. Optionally, axis of rotation  9506  is perpendicular to frame  9505 . Preferably, a user rotates free spinning grip attachment  9501  around axis of rotation  9506  in order to lift a resistance source (not shown). A user standing with the system to their side, and the axis of rotation  9506  directed towards their shoulder could optionally place the grip area of grip attachment  9501  behind their tricep muscle and move their arm in a motion similar to that of walking or running, in order to exercise their body. The resistance given by the system  9500  when used in this way will challenge a person&#39;s ability to stand stable, while moving their arm through a natural plane of motion. Optionally a person can then place the grip area on the other side of their arm, and exercise the opposite motion. 
     Referring to  FIG. 96 , in one embodiment, system  9600  preferably comprises weights (not shown), and a cable (not shown). Optionally, perpendicular attachment  9601  is attached to attachment extension  9602 . Optionally, attachment extension  9602  is connected to rotational resistance assembly  9603 . Optionally, rotational resistance assembly  9603  is rotationally connected to an axle (not shown). Optionally the axle (not shown) is connected to frame extension  9604 . Optionally, frame extension  9604  is attached to direct carriage assembly  9605 . Preferably, direct carriage assembly  9605  is adjustable in height on frame  9606 . Preferably, when a user rotates perpendicular attachment  9601  around axis of rotation  9607 , the cable (not shown) will lift the weights (not shown), preferably causing a rotational resistance to the user&#39;s effort. Optionally a person will stand underneath the axis of rotation  9607  and grasp the perpendicular attachment  9601  with one or both of their hands, then move their hands around the axis of rotation  9607  by also rotating their spine in a lateral and medial motion in order to work against the resistance of the system  9600 . 
     Referring to  FIG. 97 , in one embodiment, system  9700  comprises weights (not shown), and a cable (not shown). Optionally, femur rotation attachment  9701  is attached to rotational resistance assembly  9703 . Optionally, rotational resistance assembly  9703  is rotationally connected to an axle (not shown). Optionally, the axle (not shown) is connected to frame extension  9704 . Optionally, frame extension  9704  is attached to direct carriage assembly  9705 . Preferably, direct carriage assembly  9705  is adjustable in height on frame  9706 . Preferably, when a user rotates femur rotation attachment  9701  around axis of rotation  9707  with their bent leg, the cable (not shown) will lift the weights (not shown), preferably causing a rotational resistance to the user&#39;s effort. Preferably, a user can adjust the height of frame extension  9704 . 
     Referring to  FIG. 98 , in one embodiment, system  9800  comprises weights (not shown), and a cable (not shown). Optionally, free spinning grip attachment  9801  is attached to attachment extension  9802 . Optionally, attachment extension  9802  is connected to rotational resistance assembly  9803 . Optionally, rotational resistance assembly  9803  is rotationally connected to an axle (not shown). Optionally, the axle (not shown) is connected to direct carriage assembly  9805 . Preferably, direct carriage assembly  9805  is adjustable in height on frame  9806 . Preferably, when a user rotates perpendicular attachment  9801  around axis of rotation  9807 , the cable (not shown) will lift the weights (not shown), preferably causing a rotational resistance to the user&#39;s effort. Optionally a person will stand with the system  9800  at their side and with the axis of rotation  9807  directed towards their elbow joint, then the person will grasp the handle of the perpendicular attachment  9801  with their hand, and rotate the handle around the axis of rotation  9807  by flexing and extending their elbow joint in a motion similar to that of curling a dumbbell. 
     Referring to  FIG. 99 , in one embodiment, system  9900  comprises weights (not shown), and a cable (not shown). Optionally, connectable handle  9901  is attached to adjustable generic attaching point  9909 . Optionally, adjustable generic attaching point  9909  is connected to attachment extension  9902 . Optionally, attachment extension  9902  is connected to rotational resistance assembly  9903 . Optionally, rotational resistance assembly  9903  is rotationally connected to an axle (not shown). Optionally the axle (not shown) is connected to direct carriage assembly  9905 . Preferably, direct carriage assembly  9905  is adjustable in height on frame  9906 . Preferably, when a user rotates connectable handle  9901  around axis of rotation  9907 , the cable (not shown) will lift the weights (not shown), preferably causing a rotational resistance to the user&#39;s effort. Optionally a person will grasp connectable handle  9901  with their hand, and stand in a position so that the system  9900  is to their side, then they will flex and extend their shoulder in a way similar to that of throwing a ball in order to exercise against the resistance provided by the system  9900 . 
     Referring to  FIG. 100 , in one embodiment, system  10000  comprises weights (not shown), and a cable (not shown). Optionally, connectable handle  10001  is attached to generic attaching point  10009 . Optionally, generic attaching point  10009  is connected to attachment extension  10002 . Optionally, attachment extension  10002  is connected to rotational resistance assembly  10003 . Optionally, rotational resistance assembly  10003  is rotationally connected to an axle (not shown). Optionally, the axle (not shown) is connected to direct carriage assembly  10005 . Optionally, direct carriage assembly  10005  is not adjustable in height on frame  10006 , but is rather secured permanently to frame  10006 . Preferably, when a user rotates connectable handle  10001  around axis of rotation  10007 , the cable (not shown) will lift the weights (not shown), preferably causing a rotational resistance to the user&#39;s effort. Optionally, adjustable standing platform  10008  is connected to frame  10006 . Preferably, a user can adjust adjustable standing platform  10008  to a desired height. A user preferably adjusts the height of adjustable standing platform  10008  to a level that will place the axis of rotation  10007  directed towards their abdomen as they stand on top of the adjustable standing platform  10008 , then the user will stand on the adjustable standing platform  10008 , and grasp with their hands the connectable handle  10001 , the user will then bend their body at the waist in a way that is similar to a golfing stance, and move the connectable handle  10001  in a motion similar to that of a golf swing in order to ultimately rotate the rotational resistance assembly  10003  and exercise against the resistance provided by the system  10000 . The axis of rotation  10007  will preferably be directed coincidental to the user&#39;s spine as they exercise. 
     Referring to  FIG. 101 , in one embodiment, system  10100  comprises weights (not shown), and a cable (not shown). Optionally, head clamp attachment  10101  is attached to rotational resistance assembly  10103 . Optionally, rotational resistance assembly  10103  is rotationally connected to an axle (not shown). Optionally, the axle (not shown) is connected to frame extension  10104 . Optionally, frame extension  10104  is connected to direct carriage assembly  10105 . Optionally, direct carriage assembly  10105  is adjustable in height on frame  10106 . Preferably, when a user rotates head clamp  10101  around axis of rotation  10107 , the cable (not shown) will lift the weights (not shown), preferably causing a rotational resistance to the user&#39;s effort. Optionally a user will adjust the height of the direct carriage assembly  10105  to a position that positions the head clamp  10101  at a place where the user can comfortable stand underneath it, then the user will stand under the axis of rotation  10107 , and place their head inside of the head clamp attachment  10101 , then secure it to their head, the user will then turn their head side to side in a similar fashion to that of gesturing “no” with their head in order to exercise against the resistance provided by the system  10100 . Preferably, when a person is in a position ready to exercise, the axis of rotation  10107  will be coincidental with the axis of rotation of their neck. 
     Referring to  FIG. 102 , in one embodiment, system  10200  comprises weights (not shown), and a cable (not shown). Optionally free spin grip attachment  10201  is attached to attachment extension  10202 . Optionally, attachment extension  10202  is connected to rotational resistance assembly  10203 . Optionally, rotational resistance assembly  10203  is rotationally connected to an axle (not shown). Optionally, the axle (not shown) is connected to frame extension  10204 . Optionally, frame extension  10204  is attached to direct carriage assembly  10205 . Preferably, direct carriage assembly  10205  is adjustable in height on frame  10206 . Preferably, when a user rotates free spin grip attachment  10201  around axis of rotation  10207 , the cable (not shown) will lift the weights (not shown), preferably causing a rotational resistance to the user&#39;s effort. Optionally a person will adjust the height of the direct carriage assembly  10205  to the same height of their waist, then the person will stand with the free spin grip attachment  10201  directly in front of them, and grip the handle surface with their hand, or hands, the person will then force the handle surface of the free spin grip attachment  10201  in a circular path around the axis of rotation  10207  in order to exercise their body against the resistance provided by the system  10200 , preferably the motion will look similar to that of stirring a pot of stew. 
     Referring to  FIG. 103 , in one embodiment, system  10300  comprises frame  10301  optionally supporting direct carriage assembly  10302 . Optionally, direct carriage assembly  10302  has secured upon it rotational resistance assembly  10303 . Preferably, axis of rotation  10304  is perpendicular to the face of the longest side of frame  10301  which direct carriage assembly  10302  is attached to. Optionally, direct carriage assembly  10302  is able to move along frame  10301 . 
     Referring to  FIG. 104 , in one embodiment, system  10400  comprises a direct carriage assembly  10405  optionally comprising direct carriage  10401  with rollers  10402  mounted within direct carriage  10401 . Direct carriage lock  10403  is optionally mounted on the surface of direct carriage  10401 , and optionally passes through the surface of direct carriage  10401 . Frame  10406  is optionally shown for reference as to how rollers  10402  optionally position direct carriage  10401  onto frame  10406 . Direct carriage lock  10403  optionally passes through holes in frame  10406  preferably locking direct carriage  10401  in place on frame  10406 . Rollers  10402  are optionally rotatably secured to direct carriage  10401 . Preferably, when direct carriage assembly  10405  is moved upon frame  10406 , rollers  10402  provide a reduction in friction between frame  10406  and direct carriage  10401 . The direct carriage  10401  preferably will encompass a section of the perimeter of a frame  10406 , and have rollers  10402  located between the direct carriage  10401  and frame  10406  which help the direct carriage  10401  glide easily upon the frame  10406 . 
     Referring to  FIG. 105 , in one embodiment, system  10500  comprises direct carriage assembly  10501 , optionally comprising rollers  10503  rotatably mounted on direct carriage  10502 . Optionally, direct carriage lock  10504  is mounted on the surface of direct carriage  10502  and passes through the surface of direct carriage  10502 . Optionally, direct carriage assembly  10501  has an axle (not shown) attached to its surface. Optionally, direct carriage assembly  10501  has a rotational resistance assembly (not shown) secured to its surface. Optionally, direct carriage assembly  10501  has one end of a cable (not shown) attached to it. Optionally, direct carriage assembly  10501  has a cable (not shown) attached to it, and the other end of the cable (not shown) is attached to a counterweight (not shown). Optionally, direct carriage  10502  is movable on the frame (not shown) by, for example, an electric motor assistance system or the like (not shown). 
     Referring to  FIG. 106 , wheel hub assembly Interface  10600  comprises the wheel  10601  which has groove  10602  on its periphery which allows wheel  10601  to wrap up cable  10603  when it rotates about wheel axis of rotation  10604 . Wheel hub assembly  10605  is mounted to the wheel face  10606  by bolts  10607  such that they rotate together about the wheel axis of rotation  10604 . Wheel hub assembly  10605  has on its sides first pop pin  10608  which extends through the side of wheel hub assembly  10605 , and second pop pin  10609  which also extends through the side of wheel hub assembly  10605 . When attachment extension port plug  10610  is inserted into the wheel hub assembly  10605 , a user must disengage first pop pin  10609  by pulling it away from the wheel axis of rotation  10604 , then slide the attachment extension port plug  10610  partially into the wheel hub assembly  10605 . Then the user must disengage second pop pin  10609  by pulling it away from the wheel axis of rotation  10604 , followed by further inserting the attachment extension port plug  10610  into the wheel hub assembly  10605 , after which both pop pin one  10606  and pop pin two  10609  will automatically engage into slots  10611  and safety catch  10612  by their internal spring tension, which is always trying to re-engage to their resting position. Attachment surface  10613  is where an attachment of some sort (not shown) is temporarily or permanently attached to the attachment extension port plug  10610  such that when a user moves the attachment in a motion around the wheel axis of rotation  10604 , the inserted attachment extension port plug  10610  will ultimately cause the wheel  10601  to wrap up the cable  10603 , and the cable  10603  will pull on the resistance source such as a weight stack (not shown), thereby giving the user a force upon which to exercise different parts of their body. Wheel tilt lock  10614  is similar to an indexing pin found at a local hardware store and is mounted to wheel base  10617 . The engagement portion of the pin (not shown) fits into one of the tilt holes  10616  in tilt receiver  10615 , thereby locking the wheel base  10617  in place at a desired angle. Wheel base  10617  preferably comprises internal bearings (not shown), and races (not shown) which allow the wheel hub assembly  10605  to rotate within the wheel base  10617 , and be supported by wheel base  10617 . Optionally a person can arrange the wheel axis of rotation  10604  to a plurality of positions by repositioning the wheel base  10617  and this is done by grasping the wheel tilt lock  10614  and pull it away from the tilt holes  10616  in order to disengage the wheel tilt lock  10614 , then a person can rotate the wheel base  10617  around the wheel base axis of rotation  10618 , which is coincidental with the path of cable  10603  as it enters between small pulleys  10619 . Then the person re-engages the wheel tilt lock  10614  into one of the tilt holes  10616 . The resulting new position of the wheel face  10606  will move from the upward position as shown to a different position such as facing ninety degrees to the side, or facing downwards towards the ground. Side stand lock  10621  is a feature which allows a person to secure the side stand (not shown) into the main arm  10620 . This will allow a user to stand on top of the side stand (not shown) and have it remain in a stationary position without sliding around on the ground. The main arm  10620  is attached to the multi-function rotational resistance exercise apparatus. 
     Referring to  FIG. 107 , main arm  10701  is preferably placed into its lowest position resting on the ground, and comprises twin free spin foot plate attachment  10702  mounted onto the wheel hub assembly (not shown). Two side stands  10703  are preferably attached to main arm  10701  by one or more side stand locks (not shown). When in operation the side stands  10703  have the side stand gate  10704  in the locked position where the peg (not shown) on one side stand  10703  is inserted into a hole  10705  on one end of the side stand gate  10704 , and the other end of the side stand gate is mounted rotatably to the other side stand  10703  at hinge point  10706 . Any other means of closure may be used. This side stand gate allows a user to temporarily link the two side stands  10703  together creating a more stable platform to stand upon. A user can stand with one or two feet upon the side stands  10703  while then placing one or both feet upon the free spin foot plate attachment  10702 . With one or both feet upon the free plates  10707 , a user can then rotate the entire free spin foot plate attachment  10702  around the wheel axis of rotation  10708 . The free plates  10707  are mounted to the main surface  10709  with a common shaft and bearing system (not shown) in such a way that the free plates can each freely spin on its own free axis of rotation  10710 , each of which is independent of the wheel axis of rotation  10708 . The main surface  10709  is connected to the attachment extension port plug (not shown). Preferably a person will with their hands or feet rotate the free plates  10707  in a path around the wheel axis of rotation  10708 , and their hands or feet will be able to spin on the free axis of rotation  10710  while simultaneously creating a force to exercise against the resistance provided by the rotation of the attachment extension port plug which is connected to the multi-function rotational resistance exercise apparatus. 
     Referring to  FIG. 108 , a transparent view, a twin free spin foot plate attachment  10801  comprises two free plates  10602  mounted to axles  10603  which are surrounded on the periphery by bearings (not shown). The bearings are mounted within the housings  10804 , and the housings  10804  are secured to the main surface  10809  by bolts  10610 . The main surface  10809  is also mounted to the attachment extension port plug  10811  with bolts  10810 . The free plates  10802  rotate freely upon the bearings around the free axis of rotation  10812 , and the entire twin free spin foot plate attachment rotates around the wheel axis of rotation  10613 . The attachment extension port plug  10811  can optionally be inserted into a wheel hub assembly (not shown) or into an attachment extension port (not shown). 
     Referring to  FIG. 109 , side stand assembly  10900  comprises side stands  10903  which lock into main arm  10905  keeping the side stands  10903  from sliding around on the floor when a person is standing on them. The side stands  10903  preferably comprise side stand stabilizers  10901  that have features  10902  which easily slide into feature receivers  10904  on main arm  10905 . Side stands  10903  preferably comprise rollers  10906  mounted on them in such a way that the rollers  10906  can support the under-side of an attachment such as a twin free spin foot plate, described above. The rollers  10906  allow a person to rotate the attachment without the attachment becoming unstable. The arm  10905  is shown in an elevated position above the side stands  10903 , and preferably a person would lower the arm  10905  to a position resting on the floor, then the person would lift the side stands  10903  and set the features  10902  down into the feature receivers  10904 , thereby securing the side stands in place on the floor but also temporarily attached to the arm  10905 . The person would then proceed to optionally insert the attachment into the wheel hub assembly  10907  and simultaneously rest the twin free spin foot plate, for example, on top of the rollers  10906 . 
     Referring to  FIG. 110 , in one embodiment a multi-function rotational resistance exercise apparatus  11000  comprises safety handles  11001  that can safely support the weight of a person. A person could change the height of the safety handles  11001  by disengaging first pop pin  11002  and rotating the safety handle  11001  around hinge  11003  then re-engaging first pop pin  11002  into one of the height holes  11004 . A person can also change the overall length of the safety handles  11001  by disengaging second pop pin  11005  and sliding the safety handle  11001  further inside of or further outside of receiver  11006  then re-engaging second pop pin  11005  back into one of the holes  11007 . The height holes  11004  are part of the base plate  11006  which is bolted to the frame  11010  by bolts  11009 . Hinge  11003  hinges on base plate  11008 . Grips  11011  are secured to safety handles  11001  and provide a place for a person to grasp with their hand or rest a part of their body. A person for instance could set the safety handles  11001  to a desired height, or even differing heights, then do pull-up exercises, or dip exercises on the grips  11011 . Optionally range of motion indicator  11012  is secured to the first weight  11013 . First weight  11013  moves up and down when a person rotates the attachment extension port (not shown) or the wheel hub assembly (not shown), thus moving the range of motion indicator  11012  up and down. A simple sticker (not shown) could be placed on a part of the multifunction rotational resistance exercise apparatus  11000 , which could have hash marks on it representing the corresponding degrees in which a person is rotating the attachment extension port (not shown). This would be beneficial to a user by showing them how many degrees their range of motion is when performing a particular exercise. 
     Referring to  FIG. 111 , in one embodiment a cross sectional view of the main arm carriage assembly  11103  comprises main arm lock cog  11100  comprising protrusions  11101  that fit inside slots  11102  which are in main post  11104 . Cog box  11105  is a feature of main arm carriage  11107  and houses within it the lock cog  11100  along with springs  11108 , such that lock cog  11100  rests inside of and slides smoothly within cog box  11105 . Lock cog  11100  is attached to pull handle  11106 , such that when pull handle  11106  is moved in a direction away from the main post  11104 , the main arm lock cog  11100  will be pulled out of the slots  11102  in the main post  11104 , and then the person will be able to move the main arm carriage  11107  along the main post  11104 . The lock cog  11100  engages several slots  11102  in main post  11104  at one time in order to be able to support the weight of a person. Rollers  11109  roll on axles  11110  and axles  11110  are mounted to the main arm carriage  11107 . The rollers touch the main post  11104  such that when a person is moving the main arm carriage  11107  along the main post  11104 , the rollers  11104  reduce the friction of the motion while also keeping alignment of the motion. 
     Referring to  FIG. 112 , a transparent view of the main arm carriage assembly  11200  shows some of the optional internal features of the main arm carriage assembly  11200 . Rollers  11201  are mounted with bearings (not shown) between themselves and shoulder bolts  11202 . Set screws  11203  are used to adjust the distance between the rollers  11201  and the main post  11204  by pressing against the shoulder bolts  11202  and moving them closer to the main post  11204 . The shoulder bolts  11202  pass through holes in the main arm carriage  11206  which is shown in an outlined transparent view. The weight, movement and stresses placed upon the main arm  11207  and the main arm carriage  11206  are partially transferred to the rollers  11201 , and the lock cog (not shown) and from the rollers  11201 , and the lock cog (not shown) to the main post  11204 . The main post  11204  is capable of accepting the stresses placed upon it by the ordinary use of a person exercising on the apparatus without breaking the main post  11204 . Slots  11205  in main post  11204  provide features for the lock cog (not shown) to engage and keep the main arm carriage assembly  11200  in a stationary position upon the main post  11204 . 
     Referring to  FIG. 113 , in one embodiment a wheel rotation limiter  11300  comprises a gate  11307 , shown in its starting or resting position. The purpose of the wheel rotation limiter  11300  is to keep a person from rotating an attached attachment (not shown) up to one full rotation around the axis of rotation  11306  in either the clockwise or counterclockwise direction, but no more than one full rotation in either direction. The hub  11301  is mounted by bolts  11303  to the wheel  11302 . The hub  11301  has a peg  11304  attached to it and the peg  11304  is protruding. When the combined hub  11301  and wheel  11302  rotate around the axis of rotation  11306 , the peg  11304  will encompass a path around the axis of rotation  11306  as well, and in doing so the peg  11304  will move the gate  11307 , which is made out of steel, around its own gate axis of rotation  11306 , then the gate  11307  will touch a portion of gate stopper  11305  and be held in place by a magnet (not shown). While the gate  11307  is held in position by the magnet, a user can continue rotating the hub  11301  in the same direction around the axis of rotation  11306  until the peg  11304  makes a full rotation around the axis of rotation  11306  and then collides with a protrusion of the gate  11307  that is now in the path of the peg  11304 . When a person rotates the hub in the clockwise direction for instance, and the peg  11304  pushes against the gate  11307  and the gate  11307  will rotate counterclockwise a small amount then will be held by a magnet (not shown) in a position of being rotated counterclockwise around the gate axis of rotation  11308 , and the peg  11304  will then be able to move along its path undisturbed by the gate  11307 , until the peg  11304  makes a full circle around the axis of rotation  11306  and comes into contact with the gate  11307  for the second time. Now the gate  11307  cannot rotate counter clockwise around the gate axis of rotation  11308  any further because it is resting against the gate stopper  11305 , so the peg  11304  collides with the side of the gate  11307 , and the peg  11304  cannot continue rotating around the axis of rotation  11306 , thereby effectively the motion of the hub  11301  has been stopped from going further than one full rotation clockwise. When the peg  11304  returns back to its starting position by rotating back counterclockwise, around the axis of rotation  11306  and in doing so the peg  11304  will come back into contact with the gate  11307  which is still being held by a magnet (not shown) in the position of being rotated somewhat counterclockwise around the gate axis of rotation  11308 . The peg  11304  will slide into the opening of the gate  11307 , and pull the gate  11304  from the hold of the magnet and return the gate  11307  to its original starting position. From its starting position, the wheel  11302  and hub  11301  together will be able to make one full turn around the axis of rotation  11306  in the clockwise direction, and no more, then return to the starting position, then optionally make one full turn around the axis of rotation  11306  in the counterclockwise direction, and no more, and then return to its starting position. 
     Referring to  FIG. 114 , a head clamp attachment  11400  comprises an outer band  11401 , with optional padding  11402  glued to its inside surface similar to padding found on common helmets. A person can secure the head clamp attachment  11400  to their head by pulling it downward (as indicated by the direction arrow) upon the crown of their head with their forehead facing the outer sleeve  11404 . Then the person will turn knob  11403  in a direction that draws the outer sleeve  11404  and the inner sleeve  11405  further inside of one another. By turning knob  11403 , a person can effectively tighten or loosen the head clamp attachment  11400  onto their head in order to secure it to their head or remove it from their head. The surface or outer sleeve  11404  is optionally welded to the person&#39;s right side of outer band  11401 , and the inner sleeve  11405  is optionally welded to the person&#39;s left side of outer band  11401 . Padding  11402  makes the head clamp attachment  11400  comfortable for a person to wear, and provides a surface upon which they can press parts of their head in order to rotate attachment extension port plug  11406  when it is inserted into a multi-function rotational resistance exercise apparatus (not shown). Optionally sliding spoke  11407  is attached at one end to the attachment extension port plug  11406 , and the other end slides through slot  11408  and is bent partially in order to keep it in slot  11408 . Spoke  11409  is optionally permanently attached at one end to the attachment extension port plug  11406 , and at the other end to the outer band  11401 . When a person is wearing the head clamp  11400  on their head, and it is installed into the wheel hub assembly of a multi-function rotational resistance exercise apparatus, they will rotate their neck side to side, as if saying “no” with their head, in order to exercise against the resistance provided by the apparatus. 
     Referring to  FIG. 115 , knee cradle exercise apparatus  11500  comprises a knee cradle  11501  with padding  11502  secured to its inner surfaces. Knee cradle  11501  is attached to inner slide  11503 , which has holes  11504  down at least one side of it. Inner slide  11503  can slide into and out of outer slide  11506 , which is shown transparent, and inner slide  11503  can be held in a particular vertical position by engagement through one of holes  11504  by pin  11505  which is mounted on the surface of and passes through the side of outer slide  11506 . Outer slide  11506  is secured onto the top surface  11507  of wheel  11508 , and top surface pin  11509  is also secured to and passes through top surface  11507 . Top surface pin  11509  protrudes through top surface  11507 , and fits into one of the holes (not shown) which are located around the surface of wheel  11508 . Wheel  11508  has on its periphery a groove (not shown), and the groove (not shown) attaches to one end of the cable  11514 . The cable  11514  passes between two pulleys  11510 , then passes through a series of other pulleys  11540 , and the other end of cable  11514  terminates on weight rod  11515 . Optionally when a person stands facing safety handle  11513 , they can place one foot on the ground next to knee cradle  11501  and bend their other leg and place their knee inside of knee cradle  11501  and rest their knee and shin on the padding  11502 . The person can then rotate their leg that is in the knee cradle  11501  internally and/or externally in order to lift the weight stack  11511 . The lifting of the weight stack  11511  will occur when the cable  11514  is drawn around the wheel  11508 , by the rotating of the wheel  11506 . The wheel  11508  will rotate when a person rotates the knee cradle around the axis of rotation  11516 . If a person desires a different rotational position for knee cradle  11501 , they can simply disengage top surface pin  11509  from one of the holes in wheel  11508 , then rotate the top surface  11507  to a position over a different hole in wheel  11508 , then re-engage top surface pin  11509  into a new hole (not shown). This will position the knee cradle  11501  in a different position than shown in  FIG. 115  around the axis of rotation  11516 , which will be advantageous for a user to be able to exercise a different range of motion for the internal and external rotation of their hip and/or leg. Frame  11512  is a secure structure upon which other parts are attached. 
     Referring to  FIG. 116 , standing platform exercise apparatus  11600  comprises rotating platform  11601  and stationary platform  11602 . When rotating platform  11601  rotates around axis of rotation  11603 , it will lift weights  11604  by retracting a cable which is connected by a series of pulleys to weights  11604 . A person can step up onto the stationary platform  11602  and place one or both of their feet onto the rotating platform  11601 , then the person can grasp the safety handle  11605  with their hands. Next the person can rotate the rotating platform  11601  with the exercise of their body in order to lift the weights  11604 . Leg internal and/or external rotation, and/or spine lateral and/or medial rotation will be exercises when a person rotates the rotating platform  11601  with one or both of their feet. 
     Referring to  FIG. 117  in one embodiment overhead spine rotation exercise apparatus  11700  is shown in a perspective view from below and comprises grip  11701  which is connected to outer sleeve  11702 . Outer sleeve  11702  has passing through its surface pop pin  11703 . Pop pin  11703  secures outer sleeve to the inner sleeve  11705  by engaging one of the holes  11704  that are in inner sleeve  11705 . Inner sleeve  11705  has a bend in it such that the other end of it can slide into wheel sleeve  11706 . Wheel sleeve  11706  has pin  11707  passing through it and into a hole  11708  on inner sleeve  11705  in order to secure the wheel sleeve  11706  and the inner sleeve  11708  together. Wheel sleeve  11706  is secured to wheel plate  11709  at the axis of rotation  11714 . Wheel plate  11709  has peg  11710  passing through it and into a hole (not shown) in wheel  11711 , such that when the peg  11710  is engaged, the wheel  11711 , and the wheel plate  11709  will move together. The wheel  11711  has a groove (not shown) on its periphery which captures one end of the cable  11713 . The other end of cable  11713  it secured to the weight stack rod  11715 . The cable  11713  passes through a series of pulleys  11712  such that when the cable  11713  is wrapped around the wheel  11711 , the cable  11713  will raise and lower the weight stack rod  11715 . The weight stack rod  11715  will lift one or more weights  11716  when weight pin  11717  is engaged into the weight  11716  and the weight stack rod  11715 . Preferably a person will stand with their spine directly under and coincidental with the axis of rotation  11714 , they then will grasp the grip  11701  with one or both of their hands. If the person needs to make adjustments to the height of the grip  11701 , or the distance the grip  11701  is from their body, they will do so by disengaging the pop pin  11703  and/or disengaging the pin  11707  and sliding the outer sleeve to a new position then re-engaging the pop pin  11703  and/or sliding the inner sleeve  11705  to a new position within the wheel sleeve  11706  and reengaging pin  11707 . If the person desires a new position for the grip  11701  around axis of rotation  11714 , they will disengage peg  11710  and rotate the wheel plate  11709  to a new position around axis of rotation  11714 , and then reengage peg  11710  into a different hole in wheel  11711 . Once the grip  11701  is in a desirable position by making the various adjustments to its position in space, a person is ready to rotate the grip  11701  in a path around the axis of rotation  11714  in order to lift the weights  11716 . Spine medial and/or lateral rotation is exercised along with other muscles that a person incorporates in order to accomplish the exercise. 
     Referring to  FIG. 118 , shoulder Proprioceptive Neuromuscular Facilitation (PNF) exercise apparatus  11800  comprises a free spinning grip attachment  11801  which is adjustably mounted on an attachment extension  11802 . The attachment extension  11802  is secured to a rotational resistance assembly  11803  which in effect will lift the weights  11804  when the rotational resistance assembly  11803  is rotated around the axis of rotation  11806 , and this will be done when a person stands with the axis of rotation  11805  at their side, and directed into their shoulder joint. The person will then grasp the handle  11806  of the free spin grip attachment  11801  and move it in a path around the axis of rotation  11805 . The person will exercise against resistance in the proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation pattern when doing this exercise. A combination of shoulder flexion and/or extension along with a combination of shoulder adduction and abduction is exercised when a person performs this exercise. In order to adjust the height of the rotational resistance assembly  11803  and cause it to be directed towards the shoulder joint of people with differing heights, the carriage  11807  is able to slide up and down on the guide rods  11808 . The carriage  11807  has the rotational resistance assembly  11803  mounted to its surface so that when the carriage  11807  moves up and down on the guide rods  11808 , the rotational resistance assembly  11803  will also move up and down, but when the rotational resistance assembly rotates on the axis of rotation  11805 , the carriage  11807  will remain stationary, because there is a bearing and hub mechanism (not shown) which mates the two together. Pop pin  11810  is secured to carriage  11807  and engages in holes (not shown) in frame  11809  in order to hold the carriage  11807  at a chosen elevation. The weights  11804  will not move when a person is adjusting the elevation of the carriage due to the routing pattern of the cable  11811  through pulleys  11812 . 
     Referring to  FIG. 119 , stir pot rotational resistance exercise apparatus  11900  comprises handle  11901  which is free to spin within a hole (not shown) in inner sleeve  11902 . Inner sleeve  11902  is bent in such a way that it slides down into outer sleeve  11903 , which is shown transparent. Inner sleeve  11902  has holes  11905  on one side of it. Outer sleeve  11903  has pin  11904  passing through its surface and into a hole  11905  on inner sleeve  11902  such that the two will no longer slide in and out of each other. The outer sleeve  11903  is mounted to top plate  11907  and top plate  11907  has pop pin  11906  passing through its surface and into holes (not shown) in wheel  11908 . Wheel  11908  has a groove (not shown) on its periphery which holds one end of cable  11910 , and the other end of cable  11910  is attached to the weights  11911 . When a person rotates the handle  11901  in a path around the axis of rotation  11909 , they will be also be rotating the wheel around the axis of rotation  11909  because the forces exerted on the handle  11901  ultimately end up being translated through the various parts of the stir pot resistance exercise apparatus  11900 . A person will stand and face the handle  11901  and pull pin  11904  out of hole  11905  then raise or lower the handle  11901  to a position about their belly, then the person will reinsert pull pin  11904  into a hole  11905 . The person will then grasp the handle  11901  with their hand and move it in a path around the axis of rotation  11909  in order to lift the weight  11911 . Many muscles that cause a person to stand straight up are exercised when using the stir pot rotational exercise apparatus, along with muscles of the arms, shoulders, and core muscles. 
     INDUSTRIAL APPLICABILITY 
     The invention is further illustrated by the following non-limiting examples. 
     Example 1 
     An exercising apparatus was built out of metal and plastic, significantly similar to the one shown in  FIG. 1 . When tested to strengthen the body&#39;s joints and muscles in a supination, and/or pronation and/or rotational motion, the counteracting force from the machine directly opposed the user&#39;s supination, pronation, and rotational forces. The various attachments allowed the user to supinate or pronate particular body parts freely, without an opposing force applied to that particular supination or pronation, while pronating and/or supinating and/or rotating other body parts. 
     The preceding example can be repeated with similar success by substituting the generically or specifically described components and/or operating parameters of this invention for those used in the preceding examples. Note that in the specification and claims, “about” or “approximately” means within twenty percent (20%) of the numerical amount cited. Although the invention has been described in detail with particular reference to these preferred embodiments, other embodiments can achieve the same results. Variations and modifications of the present invention will be obvious to those skilled in the art and it is intended to cover in the appended claims all such modifications and equivalents. The entire disclosures of all references, applications, patents, and publications cited above are hereby incorporated by reference.