Patent Publication Number: US-10327520-B1

Title: Attachment system for watchband

Description:
TECHNICAL FIELD 
     The present description relates generally to securement of wearable devices, and, more particularly, to attachment systems for watchbands. 
     BACKGROUND 
     Some electronic devices may be removably attached to a user. For example, a wristwatch or fitness/health tracking device can be attached to a user&#39;s wrist by joining free ends of a watchband together. In many cases, watchbands may have limited fit adjustment increments available. For example, some bands have an incrementally user-adjustable size (e.g., a buckling clasp, pin and eyelet, etc.) whereas other bands have a substantially fixed size, adjustable only with specialized tools and/or expertise (e.g., folding clasp, deployment clasp, snap-fit clasp, etc.). Other bands may be elasticated expansion-type bands that stretch to fit around a user&#39;s wrist. The degree of comfort and securement of the electronic device to the user can depend on the function and arrangement of the watchband. 
     Consumer products such as watches, cameras, phones, purses, and glasses may include one or more accessories attached thereto. The manner in which they are attached may be widely varied. However, they typically suffer from similar, if not the same, drawbacks. For example, many consumer products typically do not include user-friendly attachment systems. Some may require special tools and others may even require taking the consumer product into a shop in order to remove, fix or replace the accessories. Furthermore, even when products have user oriented attachment mechanisms, they may not provide adequate retention force. Even if the retention force is adequate, the mechanism used may be quite robust and large thereby adversely affecting the elegance of the consumer product. 
     In one example, wristwatches typically include a case and a band. The case carries the components or mechanisms of the wristwatch including the face. The band extends away from the case so that it can wrap around the wrist of a user. The band may be integral with the case. However, in most cases, the band is a separate part that is attached to the case. For example, the case may include a pin that captures the band thereby attaching the band to the case. In order to detach the band from the case, the pin needs to be removed. In some instances, band removal can be accomplished with a special tool. However, in many cases, the user may need to visit a specialty store or have the assistance of technician in order to remove the band. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       Certain features of the subject technology are set forth in the appended claims. However, for purpose of explanation, several embodiments of the subject technology are set forth in the following figures. 
         FIG. 1  shows a perspective view of an exemplary watch. 
         FIG. 2  shows a rear view of an exemplary watch housing of the watch of  FIG. 1 . 
         FIG. 3  shows a perspective view of the watch housing of  FIG. 2 . 
         FIG. 4  shows a perspective view of an exemplary attachment unit of a watchband. 
         FIG. 5  shows a side view of the attachment unit of  FIG. 4 . 
         FIG. 6  shows a perspective view of an exemplary attachment unit of a watchband in a first stage of an engagement process. 
         FIG. 7  shows a perspective view of the attachment unit and watch housing of  FIG. 6  in a second stage of an engagement process. 
         FIG. 8  shows a sectional view of an exemplary attachment unit and watch housing in a first stage of an engagement process. 
         FIG. 9  shows a sectional view of the attachment unit and watch housing of  FIG. 8  in a second stage of an engagement process. 
         FIG. 10  shows a perspective view of an exemplary attachment unit of a watchband in a first stage of a disengagement process. 
         FIG. 11  shows a perspective view of the attachment unit and watch housing of  FIG. 10  in a second stage of a disengagement process. 
         FIG. 12  shows a sectional view of an exemplary attachment unit and watch housing in a first stage of a disengagement process. 
         FIG. 13  shows a sectional view of the attachment unit and watch housing of  FIG. 12  in the first stage of a disengagement process. 
         FIG. 14  shows a sectional view of an exemplary attachment unit and watch housing in a second stage of a disengagement process. 
         FIG. 15  shows a sectional view of the attachment unit and watch housing of  FIG. 14  in the second stage of a disengagement process. 
         FIG. 16  shows a sectional view of an exemplary attachment unit and watch housing in a first or second stage of a disengagement process. 
         FIG. 17  shows a sectional view of the attachment unit and watch housing of  FIG. 16  in a third stage of a disengagement process. 
         FIG. 18  shows a sectional view of an exemplary attachment unit and watch housing in a first or second stage of a disengagement process. 
         FIG. 19  shows a sectional view of the attachment unit and watch housing of  FIG. 18  in a third stage of a disengagement process. 
         FIG. 20  shows a sectional view of the attachment unit and watch housing of  FIG. 18  in a fourth stage of a disengagement process. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     The detailed description set forth below is intended as a description of various configurations of the subject technology and is not intended to represent the only configurations in which the subject technology may be practiced. The appended drawings are incorporated herein and constitute a part of the detailed description. The detailed description includes specific details for the purpose of providing a thorough understanding of the subject technology. However, it will be clear and apparent to those skilled in the art that the subject technology is not limited to the specific details set forth herein and may be practiced without these specific details. In some instances, well-known structures and components are shown in block diagram form in order to avoid obscuring the concepts of the subject technology. 
     Wearable electronic devices, such as watches, can be provided with an attachment system for connecting and releasing a removable module that interfaces with some portion of the electronic device. For example, a watch can include watchbands that connect to a watch housing and secure the watch housing to a wrist of a user. The watchbands engage with a related or corresponding module, recess, aperture, or component of the watch housing. Attachment systems for such modules are desired to provide ease of connection, secure retention, ease of release, and aesthetic qualities. For example, an attachment system for a watch is desired to retain and selectively release a watchband without adversely affecting the look and feel of the watch. 
     Some watches are provided with a locking mechanism that requires particular operation to achieve a secure connection. For example, some watches require that a watchband be inserted into and removed from a housing of a watch in a particular direction. The direction of the insertion and removal may be limited to lateral movements. For example, to prevent a watchband from being inadvertently detached from a watch housing, some watches require lateral movement to remove the watchband. Such designs may prevent both insertion and removal of a watchband with movements that are directly toward or away from the watch housing. 
     Embodiments of the present disclosure provide locking mechanisms that allow a user to connect a watchband to a watch housing by moving the watchband directly toward the watch housing. For example, an attachment unit of a watchband can be moved in a direction along its own longitudinal axis to securely engage the watch housing. Connecting the watchband to the watch housing with movement directly toward the watch housing can feel more natural than other movements (e.g., across the housing). Once engaged, one or more locking mechanisms limit longitudinal movement of the attachment unit away from the watch housing. One or more locking mechanisms also limit lateral movement of the attachment unit with respect to the watch housing until a user releases the one or more locking mechanisms and enables the lateral movement. Thus, the attachment unit of the watchband is securely engaged with the watch housing until released by a user. 
     These and other embodiments are discussed below with reference to  FIGS. 1-20 . However, those skilled in the art will readily appreciate that the detailed description given herein with respect to these Figures is for explanatory purposes only and should not be construed as limiting. 
       FIG. 1  illustrates an exemplary electronic device that includes or is useable with an attachment unit of an attachment system. The electronic device can be a wearable electronic device, such as a wrist-worn watch  10 . Additionally or alternatively, the electronic device can be a portable computing device. Examples include cell phones, smart phones, tablet computers, laptop computers, timekeeping devices, computerized glasses and other wearable devices navigation devices, sports devices, accessory devices, health-monitoring devices, medical devices, wristbands, bracelets, jewelry, and/or the like. 
     One of the components included in the watch  10  can be one or more I/O systems. For example, the watch  10  can include a display  20  configured to output various information about the watch  10 . The display  20  of the watch  10  can also be configured to receive input. The watch  10  can also have other input and output mechanisms. For example, the watch  10  can include or interface with one or more buttons, a crown, keys, dials, trackpads, microphones and the like. 
     The watch  10  can include a housing  14  and one or more attachment units  12  capable of being removably coupled to the housing  14 . The housing  14  serves to surround a peripheral region of the watch  10  as well as support the internal components of the watch  10  in their assembled position. For example, the housing  14  encloses and supports various internal components (including for example integrated circuit chips, processors, memory devices and other circuitry) to provide computing and functional operations for the watch  10 . 
     The watch  10  can be a wrist-worn device that utilizes a band  18  for attaching the watch  10  to a wrist. For example, as shown in  FIG. 1 , the band  18  can include a first band strap  62  attached to a first attachment unit  12  of the watch  10  and a second band strap  64  attached to a second attachment unit  12  of the watch  10 . In some embodiments, free ends of the first band strap  62  and the second band strap  64  can be configured to be releasably attached or secured to one another using a clasp  66  or other attachment mechanism to form a loop. This loop can then be used to attach the watch  10  to a user&#39;s wrist. 
     Although a single attachment unit  12  is discussed herein, a plurality of attachment units  12  can be coupled to the watch  10 . When multiple attachment units  12  are used, as shown in  FIG. 1 , the watch  10  can have a channel or other such coupling node on a first side of the housing  14  and a second channel or other such coupling node on a second side of the housing  14 , as described further herein. The channel on the first side of the housing  14  of the watch  10  can receive one of the attachment units  12  and the channel on the second side of the housing  14  of the watch  10  can receive another attachment unit  12 . The attachment units  12  can have a same or different size and/or shape, wherein the size and/or shape corresponds to a size and/or shape of the respective channel. The housing  14  includes one or more channels that mechanically engage a corresponding attachment unit  12  as will be described in detail below. 
       FIG. 2  illustrates a bottom view of the watch  10  of  FIG. 1 . A locking member  34  can be disposed on an underside of the housing  14 . Alternatively or additionally, the locking member  34  can be disposed or positioned on a top side of the housing  14 . The locking member  34  can be used to release the attachment unit  12  from the channel, as discussed further herein. Actuation of the locking member  34  releases the attachment unit  12 , which enables the attachment unit  12  to be removed from the channel. 
     As used herein, “longitudinal” and “longitudinally” refer to a direction that is along or parallel to a long axis of the band as it extends away from the housing  14  when connected thereto. For example, “longitudinal” and “longitudinally” can refer to a direction that is away from the housing  14  and through the band or a substantial portion thereof. As used herein, “lateral” and “laterally” refer to a direction that is along or parallel to a long dimension of the channel that extends across a side of the housing  14 . For example, “lateral” and “laterally” can refer to a direction that is through the channel and the attachment unit  12 . By further example, a longitudinal direction and a lateral direction can be orthogonal to each other. 
       FIG. 3  illustrates a perspective view of the housing  14  of an electronic device, such as the watch  10  of  FIG. 1 . The housing  14  includes one or more channels  16  for receiving a corresponding attachment unit of a band. The channel  16  has a size and shape that permits longitudinal and lateral movement of the attachment unit within the channel  16 . 
     Within the channel  16 , the housing  14  can provide one or more recesses  22 . Each recess  22  is configured to receive a corresponding catch member of an attachment unit. The recesses  22  provide secure and stable retention of the attachment unit by limiting a longitudinal movement of the attachment unit out of the channel  16  without limiting a lateral movement of the attachment unit within the channel  16 , as discussed further herein. The recesses  22  can be positioned within regions of the channel  16  that have a greater longitudinal depth. For example, adjacent to one or more recesses  22 , a portion of the housing  14  can protrude into the channel  16  with a housing incline surface  48 . While two recesses  22  are shown in  FIG. 3 , any number of recesses  22  can be provided, such as 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, or more than 8 recesses  22 . 
     The housing  14  can include a locking member  34  configured to releasably engage the attachment unit to limit a lateral movement of the attachment unit within the channel  16 , as discussed further herein. As shown in  FIG. 3 , the locking member  34  can reside and move within a locking chamber  26  of the housing  14 . The locking member  34 , or a portion thereof, can extend into the channel  16 , for example at a location that is laterally between multiple recesses  22 . 
       FIGS. 4 and 5  illustrate perspective and side views of the attachment unit  12  of a band, such as the band  18  of  FIG. 1 . The attachment unit  12  can include a shape that is generally complementary of a shape of the channel  16 . For example, the attachment unit  12  can include an attachment incline surface  42  for contacting the housing incline surface  48  of the housing  14  when the attachment unit  12  is moved laterally within the channel  16 . 
     The attachment unit  12  can include one or more catch members  8  that are retractably biased to engage the housing  14 . Each of the catch members  8  is configured to extend into a corresponding recess  22  of the housing  14 . Each of the catch members  8  can be positioned to align with a corresponding one of the recesses  22  when the attachment unit  12  is inserted into the channel  16 . While two catch members  8  are shown in  FIGS. 4 and 5 , any number of catch members  8  can be provided, such as 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, or more than 8 catch members  8 . 
     The attachment unit  12  can include an opening  28  configured to receive the locking member  34  of the housing  14 . The opening  28  can be positioned to align with the locking member  34  when the attachment unit  12  is inserted into the channel  16 . The opening  28  can be positioned at a location that is laterally between catch members  8 . 
     The attachment unit  12  and the housing  14  can include components for wired or wireless communications between the attachment unit  12  of the housing  14 . For example, when the attachment unit  12  is within the channel  16  of the housing  14 , contact electrodes on both the attachment unit  12  and the housing  14  can provide electrical conduction across the interface. Additionally or alternatively, when the attachment unit  12  is within the channel  16  of the housing  14 , components (e.g., coils) can be aligned to be inductively coupled. Electrical contact can be achieved by one or more of the components illustrated herein. For example, the catch members  8  and the recesses  22  can act as a contact electrodes for communication between the attachment unit  12  of the housing  14 . By further example, the locking member  34  and the opening  28  can act as a contact electrodes for communication between the attachment unit  12  of the housing  14 . The housing  14  can include a variety of components at the channel  16 . For example, the housing can provide one or more connectors, sensors, vents, microphones, speakers, and/or interface elements. 
     Referring now to  FIGS. 6-9 , engagement of the attachment unit  12  and the housing  14  is described. As shown in  FIGS. 6 and 7 , the attachment unit  12  can be positioned longitudinally across from the channel  16  of the housing  14 . The attachment unit  12  can be moved in a longitudinal direction to be inserted into the channel  16 . The channel  16  receives the attachment unit  12  through a longitudinal side thereof. Upon entering the channel  16 , the attachment unit  12  can engage the housing  14 . 
     As shown in  FIGS. 8 and 9 , a longitudinal lock mechanism  50  facilitates an engagement between the attachment unit  12  and the housing  14 . The longitudinal lock mechanism  50  can include components of the attachment unit  12 , the housing  14 , or both. For example, the longitudinal lock mechanism  50  can include the catch member  8  and the recess  22 . The components can interact with each other to facilitate a secure and releasable engagement between the attachment unit  12  and the housing  14 . The engagement provided by the longitudinal lock mechanism  50  can limit longitudinal movement of the attachment unit  12  away from the housing  14  (e.g., out of a longitudinal side of the channel  16 ). 
     As further shown in  FIGS. 8 and 9 , the catch member  8  of the attachment unit  12  are retractably biased within a catch chamber  52  of the attachment unit  12 . For example, the spring elements  46  can be provided to bias the catch member  8  in a position that protrudes from a body of the attachment unit  12 . Upon entry of the attachment unit  12  into the channel  16 , the housing  14  can interact with the catch member  8  to cause it to retract and allow passage of the attachment unit  12  into the channel  16 . When the catch member  8  is aligned with the recess  22 , the spring element  46  urges the catch member  8  into the recess  22 . While within the recess  22 , a ledge  24  of the recess  22  can engage the catch member  8 . For example, the ledge  24  can have a shape that does not urge the catch member  8  to retract when a longitudinal (e.g., pulling) force is applied to the attachment unit  12 . As such, once the catch member  8  is within the recess  22 , the catch member  8  must be retracted by another mechanism to exit the recess  22 , as discussed further herein. While the recess  22  engages the catch member  8  to limit a longitudinal movement of the attachment unit  12  out of the channel  16 , the recess  22  does not limit lateral movement of the attachment unit  12  within the channel  16 . 
     While the longitudinal lock mechanism  50  is shown as including a catch member  8  of an attachment unit  12  and a recess  22  of a housing  14 , it will be recognized that the arrangement of parts can be altered to provide the same or similar functionality. For example, a longitudinal lock mechanism  50  can include a catch member positioned on the housing  14  (e.g., within the channel  16 ) and a recess on the attachment unit  12 . Despite the exchange of positions, the catch member and recess can function the same or similarly to the illustrated embodiments to facilitate an engagement between the attachment unit  12  and the housing  14  and to releasably limit longitudinal movement of the attachment unit  12  away from the housing  14  (e.g., out of a longitudinal side of the channel  16 ). 
     Referring now to  FIGS. 10-20 , disengagement of the attachment unit  12  and the housing  14  is described. As shown in  FIGS. 10 and 11 , the attachment unit  12  can be moved laterally and then longitudinally with respect to the housing  14 . For example, the attachment unit  12  is initially prevented from moving longitudinally away from the housing  14 . As shown in  FIG. 10 , upon release of the longitudinal lock mechanism  50  by a user, the attachment unit  12  can move laterally. As shown in  FIG. 11 , the attachment unit  12  can move longitudinally to separate from the housing  14 . 
     As shown in  FIGS. 12-15 , a lateral lock mechanism  60  facilitates an engagement between the attachment unit  12  and the housing  14 . The lateral lock mechanism  60  can include components of the attachment unit  12 , the housing  14 , or both. For example, the lateral lock mechanism  60  can include the locking member  34  and the opening  28 . The components can interact with each other to facilitate a secure and releasable engagement between the attachment unit  12  and the housing  14 . The engagement provided by the lateral lock mechanism  60  can limit lateral movement of the attachment unit  12  with respect to the housing  14  (e.g., within or at least partially out of a lateral side of the channel  16 ). 
     As shown in  FIGS. 12 and 13 , upon entry of the attachment unit  12  into the channel  16 , the locking member  34  of the housing  14  can engage the opening  28  of the attachment unit  12 . The locking member  34  can moveably reside within a locking chamber  26  of the housing  14 . The locking member  34  can include an engagement portion  44  and an interface portion  40 . The engagement portion  44  of the locking member  34  can extend at least partially into the channel  16  to engage the opening  28  when the attachment unit  12  is within the channel  16 . The interface portion  40  of the engagement portion  44  can extend to a side of the housing  14  that is accessible to a user. 
     The opening  28  of the attachment unit  12  can include a first portion  30  and a second portion  32 . The second portion  32  can have a lateral width that is greater than a lateral width of the first portion  30 . While the engagement portion  44  is within the first portion  30 , the lateral movement of the attachment unit  12  is limited by the lateral width of the first portion  30 . The locking member  34  can be retractably biased to a position in which the interface portion  40  is flush with the body of the housing  14  and the engagement portion  44  is within the first portion  30  of the opening  28 . The locking member  34  can be biased by a biasing member (not shown) such as a spring in the locking chamber  26 . 
     As shown in  FIGS. 14 and 15 , the locking member  34  can be moved within the locking chamber  26 . For example, a user can press the interface portion  40  of the locking member  34  is to advance the locking member  34 . As the locking member  34  advances, the engagement portion  44  can move from the first portion  30  of the opening  28  to the second portion  32  of the opening  28 . Because the second portion  32  has a lateral width that is greater than a lateral width of the first portion  30 , the lateral movement available to the attachment unit  12  is greater when the engagement portion  44  is within the second portion  32  than it is when the engagement portion  44  is within the first portion  30 . Accordingly, the lateral lock mechanism  60  can be disengaged by operation of the locking member  34 . 
     While the locking member  34  of the housing  14  is shown as moving in a particular direction with respect to the attachment unit  12 , it will be recognized that other arrangements can be provided to achieve the same or similar functionality. For example, a locking member of the housing  14  can extend into an opening of the attachment unit  12  that is located on a top or bottom surface of the attachment unit  12 . 
     While the lateral lock mechanism  60  is shown as including an opening  28  of an attachment unit  12  and a locking member  34  of a housing  14 , it will be recognized that the arrangement of parts can be altered to provide the same or similar functionality. For example, a lateral lock mechanism  60  can include an opening positioned on the housing  14  (e.g., within the channel  16 ) and a locking member on the attachment unit  12 . Despite the exchange of positions, the locking member and opening can function the same or similarly to the illustrated embodiments to facilitate an engagement between the attachment unit  12  and the housing  14  and to releasably limit lateral movement of the attachment unit  12  with respect to the housing  14  (e.g., within or at least partially out of a lateral side of the channel  16 ). Release of the lateral lock mechanism  60  can be achieved by manipulation of the attachment unit  12  and/or the housing  14 . 
     The lateral movement of the attachment unit  12  can achieve disengagement of the longitudinal lock mechanism  50 . As shown in  FIGS. 16 and 17 , the recess  22  of the housing  14  can include a ramp  38  on a lateral side of the catch member  8 . In contrast to the ledge  24  (see  FIGS. 8 and 9 ) of the recess  22 , the ramp  38  allows movement of the attachment unit  12  by facilitating retraction of the catch member  8 . In particular, as the attachment unit  12  moves laterally with respect to the housing  14 , the catch member  8  moves up the ramp  38 , which is shaped to cause gradual retraction of the catch member  8  until the catch member  8  is entirely out of the recess  22 . When the catch member  8  is no longer within the recess  22 , the ledge  24  no longer prevents longitudinal movement of the attachment unit  12  out of the channel  16 . Accordingly, the longitudinal lock mechanism  50  can be disengaged by lateral movement of the attachment unit  12  with respect to the housing  14 . 
     Disengagement of the longitudinal lock mechanism  50  and the lateral lock mechanism  60  allows the attachment unit  12  to be removed from the housing  14 . In a disengagement process, the attachment unit  12  can move laterally and then longitudinally out of the channel  16 . As shown in  FIG. 18 , the attachment unit  12  can initially be positioned within the channel  16 . When engaged therein, the attachment incline surface  42  can be positioned across the housing incline surface  48 . A lateral gap can be provided between the attachment incline surface  42  and the housing incline surface  48  so that the attachment unit  12  can move laterally within the channel  16  before contact between the attachment incline surface  42  and the housing incline surface  48  occurs. For example, a maximum lateral distance between opposing attachment incline surfaces  42  of the attachment unit  12  can be greater than a maximum lateral distance between opposing housing incline surfaces  48  of the housing  14 . 
     As shown in  FIG. 19 , when the lateral lock mechanism  60  is disengaged, the attachment unit  12  can move laterally within the channel  16  at least until the attachment incline surface  42  contacts the housing incline surface  48 . As discussed herein, the lateral movement can achieve disengagement of the longitudinal lock mechanism  50 . 
     As shown in  FIG. 20 , when the longitudinal lock mechanism  50  is disengaged, the attachment unit  12  can move longitudinally out of the channel  16 . The longitudinal movement of the attachment unit  12  can be accompanied by a degree of lateral movement. For example, the attachment unit  12  can move diagonally in a direction that has both a longitudinal and lateral component. By further example, the attachment unit  12  can move in a manner that is guided by an interaction between the attachment incline surface  42  and the housing incline surface  48 . At least a portion of the attachment incline surface  42  can be parallel to a least a portion of the housing incline surface  48 . As a lateral force is applied to the attachment unit  12 , an interaction between the attachment incline surface  42  in the housing incline surface  48  can convert the lateral force into diagonal movement in which the attachment incline surface  42  slides across the housing incline surface  48 . 
     Accordingly, the embodiments discussed herein provide locking mechanisms that facilitate engagement with longitudinal movement and disengagement with lateral and/or longitudinal movements. The engagement is therefore intuitive and comfortable for execution by a user. The engagement provides secure attachment that is controllably released with ease by a user. 
     A reference to an element in the singular is not intended to mean one and only one unless specifically so stated, but rather one or more. For example, “a” module may refer to one or more modules. An element proceeded by “a,” “an,” “the,” or “said” does not, without further constraints, preclude the existence of additional same elements. 
     Headings and subheadings, if any, are used for convenience only and do not limit the invention. The word exemplary is used to mean serving as an example or illustration. To the extent that the term include, have, or the like is used, such term is intended to be inclusive in a manner similar to the term comprise as comprise is interpreted when employed as a transitional word in a claim. Relational terms such as first and second and the like may be used to distinguish one entity or action from another without necessarily requiring or implying any actual such relationship or order between such entities or actions. 
     Phrases such as an aspect, the aspect, another aspect, some aspects, one or more aspects, an implementation, the implementation, another implementation, some implementations, one or more implementations, an embodiment, the embodiment, another embodiment, some embodiments, one or more embodiments, a configuration, the configuration, another configuration, some configurations, one or more configurations, the subject technology, the disclosure, the present disclosure, other variations thereof and alike are for convenience and do not imply that a disclosure relating to such phrase(s) is essential to the subject technology or that such disclosure applies to all configurations of the subject technology. A disclosure relating to such phrase(s) may apply to all configurations, or one or more configurations. A disclosure relating to such phrase(s) may provide one or more examples. A phrase such as an aspect or some aspects may refer to one or more aspects and vice versa, and this applies similarly to other foregoing phrases. 
     A phrase “at least one of” preceding a series of items, with the terms “and” or “or” to separate any of the items, modifies the list as a whole, rather than each member of the list. The phrase “at least one of” does not require selection of at least one item; rather, the phrase allows a meaning that includes at least one of any one of the items, and/or at least one of any combination of the items, and/or at least one of each of the items. By way of example, each of the phrases “at least one of A, B, and C” or “at least one of A, B, or C” refers to only A, only B, or only C; any combination of A, B, and C; and/or at least one of each of A, B, and C. 
     It is understood that the specific order or hierarchy of steps, operations, or processes disclosed is an illustration of exemplary approaches. Unless explicitly stated otherwise, it is understood that the specific order or hierarchy of steps, operations, or processes may be performed in different order. Some of the steps, operations, or processes may be performed simultaneously. The accompanying method claims, if any, present elements of the various steps, operations or processes in a sample order, and are not meant to be limited to the specific order or hierarchy presented. These may be performed in serial, linearly, in parallel or in different order. It should be understood that the described instructions, operations, and systems can generally be integrated together in a single software/hardware product or packaged into multiple software/hardware products. 
     In one aspect, a term coupled or the like may refer to being directly coupled. In another aspect, a term coupled or the like may refer to being indirectly coupled. 
     Terms such as top, bottom, front, rear, side, horizontal, vertical, and the like refer to an arbitrary frame of reference, rather than to the ordinary gravitational frame of reference. Thus, such a term may extend upwardly, downwardly, diagonally, or horizontally in a gravitational frame of reference. 
     The disclosure is provided to enable any person skilled in the art to practice the various aspects described herein. In some instances, well-known structures and components are shown in block diagram form in order to avoid obscuring the concepts of the subject technology. The disclosure provides various examples of the subject technology, and the subject technology is not limited to these examples. Various modifications to these aspects will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art, and the principles described herein may be applied to other aspects. 
     All structural and functional equivalents to the elements of the various aspects described throughout the disclosure that are known or later come to be known to those of ordinary skill in the art are expressly incorporated herein by reference and are intended to be encompassed by the claims. Moreover, nothing disclosed herein is intended to be dedicated to the public regardless of whether such disclosure is explicitly recited in the claims. No claim element is to be construed under the provisions of 35 U.S.C. § 112, sixth paragraph, unless the element is expressly recited using the phrase “means for” or, in the case of a method claim, the element is recited using the phrase “step for”. 
     The title, background, brief description of the drawings, abstract, and drawings are hereby incorporated into the disclosure and are provided as illustrative examples of the disclosure, not as restrictive descriptions. It is submitted with the understanding that they will not be used to limit the scope or meaning of the claims. In addition, in the detailed description, it can be seen that the description provides illustrative examples and the various features are grouped together in various implementations for the purpose of streamlining the disclosure. The method of disclosure is not to be interpreted as reflecting an intention that the claimed subject matter requires more features than are expressly recited in each claim. Rather, as the claims reflect, inventive subject matter lies in less than all features of a single disclosed configuration or operation. The claims are hereby incorporated into the detailed description, with each claim standing on its own as a separately claimed subject matter. 
     The claims are not intended to be limited to the aspects described herein, but are to be accorded the full scope consistent with the language claims and to encompass all legal equivalents. Notwithstanding, none of the claims are intended to embrace subject matter that fails to satisfy the requirements of the applicable patent law, nor should they be interpreted in such a way.