Patent Publication Number: US-7583427-B2

Title: Components and methods for use in electro-optic displays

Description:
REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
   This application claims benefit of copending Application Ser. No. 60/826,258, filed Sep. 20, 2006. This application is also a continuation-in-part of application Ser. No. 11/426,077, filed Jun. 23, 2006 (Publication No. 2006/0291034), which claims benefit of Application Ser. No. 60/595,332, filed Jun. 23, 2005, and of Application Ser. No. 60/595,957, filed Aug. 19, 2005. This application is also a continuation-in-part of copending application Ser. No. 11/747,546, filed May 11, 2007 (now U.S. Pat. No. 7,443,571), which is a continuation of application Ser. No. 10/907,065, filed Mar. 18, 2005 (now U.S. Pat. No. 7,236,292), which is a divisional of application Ser. No. 10/249,957, filed May 22, 2003 (now U.S. Pat. No. 6,982,178), which claims benefit of Application Ser. No. 60/319,300, filed Jun. 10, 2002, and Application Ser. No. 60/320,186, filed May 12, 2003. 
   This application is also related to:
         (a) copending application Ser. No. 10/605,024, filed Sep. 2, 2003 (Publication No. 2004/0155857);   (b) application Ser. No. 10/904,063, filed Oct. 21, 2004 (now U.S. Pat. No. 7,110,164), which is a continuation-in-part of the aforementioned application Ser. No. 10/605,024;   (c) application Ser. No. 11/307,297, filed Jan. 31, 2006 (Publication No. 2008/0299859), which is a divisional of the aforementioned application Ser. No. 10/904,063;   (d) copending application Ser. No. 11/550,114, filed Oct. 17, 2006 (Publication No. 2007/0109219) and claiming benefit of Application Ser. No. 60/596,743, filed Oct. 18, 2005 and of Application Ser. No. 60/596,799, filed Oct. 21, 2005;   (e) copending application Ser. No. 11/612,732, filed Dec. 19, 2006 (Publication No. 2007/0152956) and claiming benefit of Application Ser. No. 60/597,801, filed Dec. 20, 2005;   (f) copending application Ser. No. 11/682,409, filed Mar. 6, 2007 (Publication No. 2007/0211331) and claiming benefit of Application Ser. No. 60/767,171, filed Mar. 8, 2006; and   (g) copending application Ser. No. 11/561,536, filed Nov. 20, 2006 (Publication No. 2007/0153361) and claiming benefit of Application Ser. No. 60/597,279, filed Nov. 21, 2005, and of Application Ser. No. 60/744,022, filed Mar. 31, 2006.       

   The entire contents of these copending applications, and of all other U.S. patents and published and copending applications mentioned below, are herein incorporated by reference. For convenience, the foregoing applications and patents may hereinafter be referred to as the “electro-optic display manufacturing” or “EODM” patents and applications. 

   BACKGROUND OF INVENTION 
   This invention relates to components and methods for use in electro-optic displays. More specifically, this invention relates to methods for the manufacture of electro-optic displays, and to certain sub-assemblies produced during such methods. This invention primarily relates to such methods and sub-assemblies for forming electro-optic displays containing an electro-optic medium which is a solid (such displays may hereinafter for convenience be referred to as “solid electro-optic displays”), in the sense that the electro-optic medium has solid external surfaces, although the medium may, and often does, have internal liquid- or gas-filled spaces, and to methods for assembling displays using such an electro-optic medium. Thus, the term “solid electro-optic displays” includes encapsulated electrophoretic displays, encapsulated liquid crystal displays, and other types of displays discussed below. 
   The term “electro-optic”, as applied to a material or a display, is used herein in its conventional meaning in the imaging art to refer to a material having first and second display states differing in at least one optical property, the material being changed from its first to its second display state by application of an electric field to the material. Although the optical property is typically color perceptible to the human eye, it may be another optical property, such as optical transmission, reflectance, luminescence or, in the case of displays intended for machine reading, pseudo-color in the sense of a change in reflectance of electromagnetic wavelengths outside the visible range. 
   The terms “bistable” and “bistability” are used herein in their conventional meaning in the art to refer to displays comprising display elements having first and second display states differing in at least one optical property, and such that after any given element has been driven, by means of an addressing pulse of finite duration, to assume either its first or second display state, after the addressing pulse has terminated, that state will persist for at least several times, for example at least four times, the minimum duration of the addressing pulse required to change the state of the display element. It is shown in U.S. Pat. No. 7,170,670 that some particle-based electrophoretic displays capable of gray scale are stable not only in their extreme black and white states but also in their intermediate gray states, and the same is true of some other types of electro-optic displays. This type of display is properly called “multi-stable” rather than bistable, although for convenience the term “bistable” may be used herein to cover both bistable and multi-stable displays. 
   Several types of electro-optic displays are known. One type of electro-optic display is a rotating bichromal member type as described, for example, in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,808,783; 5,777,782; 5,760,761; 6,054,071 6,055,091; 6,097,531; 6,128,124; 6,137,467; and 6,147,791 (although this type of display is often referred to as a “rotating bichromal ball” display, the term “rotating bichromal member” is preferred as more accurate since in some of the patents mentioned above the rotating members are not spherical). Such a display uses a large number of small bodies (typically spherical or cylindrical) which have two or more sections with differing optical characteristics, and an internal dipole. These bodies are suspended within liquid-filled vacuoles within a matrix, the vacuoles being filled with liquid so that the bodies are free to rotate. The appearance of the display is changed by applying an electric field thereto, thus rotating the bodies to various positions and varying which of the sections of the bodies is seen through a viewing surface. This type of electro-optic medium is typically bistable. 
   Another type of electro-optic display uses an electrochromic medium, for example an electrochromic medium in the form of a nanochromic film comprising an electrode formed at least in part from a semi-conducting metal oxide and a plurality of dye molecules capable of reversible color change attached to the electrode; see, for example O&#39;Regan, B., et al., Nature 1991, 353, 737; and Wood, D., Information Display, 18(3), 24 (March 2002). See also Bach, U., et al., Adv. Mater., 2002, 14(11), 845. Nanochromic films of this type are also described, for example, in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,301,038; 6,870.657; and 6,950,220. This type of medium is also typically bistable. 
   Another type of electro-optic display is an electro-wetting display developed by Philips and described in an article in the Sep. 25, 2003 issue of the Journal “Nature” and entitled “Performing Pixels: Moving Images on Electronic Paper”, Hayes, R. A., et al., “Video-Speed Electronic Paper Based on Electrowetting”, Nature, 425, 383-385 (2003). It is shown in copending application Ser. No. 10/711,802, filed Oct. 6, 2004 (Publication No. 2005/0151709), that such electro-wetting displays can be made bistable. 
   One type of electro-optic display, which has been the subject of intense research and development for a number of years, is the particle-based electrophoretic display, in which a plurality of charged particles move through a fluid under the influence of an electric field. Electrophoretic displays can have attributes of good brightness and contrast, wide viewing angles, state bistability, and low power consumption when compared with liquid crystal displays. Nevertheless, problems with the long-term image quality of these displays have prevented their widespread usage. For example, particles that make up electrophoretic displays tend to settle, resulting in inadequate service-life for these displays. 
   As noted above, electrophoretic media require the presence of a fluid. In most prior art electrophoretic media, this fluid is a liquid, but electrophoretic media can be produced using gaseous fluids; see, for example, Kitamura, T., et al., “Electrical toner movement for electronic paper-like display”, IDW Japan, 2001, Paper HCS1-1, and Yamaguchi, Y., et al., “Toner display using insulative particles charged triboelectrically”, IDW Japan, 2001, Paper AMD4-4). See also U.S. Patent Publication No. 2005/0001810; European Patent Applications 1,462,847; 1,482,354; 1,484,635; 1,500,971; 1,501,194; 1,536,271; 1,542,067; 1,577,702; 1,577,703; and 1,598,694; and International Applications WO 2004/090626; WO 2004/079442; and WO 2004/001498. Such gas-based electrophoretic media appear to be susceptible to the same types of problems due to particle settling as liquid-based electrophoretic media, when the media are used in an orientation which permits such settling, for example in a sign where the medium is disposed in a vertical plane. Indeed, particle settling appears to be a more serious problem in gas-based electrophoretic media than in liquid-based ones, since the lower viscosity of gaseous suspending fluids as compared with liquid ones allows more rapid settling of the electrophoretic particles. 
   Numerous patents and applications assigned to or in the names of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and E Ink Corporation have recently been published describing encapsulated electrophoretic media. Such encapsulated media comprise numerous small capsules, each of which itself comprises an internal phase containing electrophoretically-mobile particles suspended in a liquid suspending medium, and a capsule wall surrounding the internal phase. Typically, the capsules are themselves held within a polymeric binder to form a coherent layer positioned between two electrodes. Encapsulated media of this type are described, for example, in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,930,026; 5,961,804; 6,017,584; 6,067,185; 6,118,426; 6,120,588; 6,120,839; 6,124,851; 6,130,773; 6,130,774; 6,172,798; 6,177,921; 6,232,950; 6,249,271; 6,252,564; 6,262,706; 6,262,833; 6,300,932; 6,312,304; 6,312,971; 6,323,989; 6,327,072; 6,376,828; 6,377,387; 6,392,785; 6,392,786; 6,413,790; 6,422,687; 6,445,374; 6,445,489; 6,459,418; 6,473,072; 6,480,182; 6,498,114; 6,504,524; 6,506,438; 6,512,354; 6,515,649; 6,518,949; 6,521,489; 6,531,997; 6,535,197; 6,538,801; 6,545,291; 6,580,545; 6,639,578; 6,652,075; 6,657,772; 6,664,944; 6,680,725; 6,683,333; 6,704,133; 6,710,540; 6,721,083; 6,724,519; 6,727,881; 6,738,050; 6,750,473; 6,753,999; 6,816,147; 6,819,471; 6,822,782; 6,825,068; 6,825,829; 6,825,970; 6,831,769; 6,839,158; 6,842,167; 6,842,279; 6,842,657; 6,864,875; 6,865,010; 6,866,760; 6,870,661; 6,900,851; 6,922,276; 6,950,200; 6,958,848; 6,967,640; 6,982,178; 6,987,603; 6,995,550; 7,002,728; 7,012,600; 7,012,735; 7,023,420; 7,030,412; 7,030,854; 7,034,783; 7,038,655; 7,061,663; 7,071,913; 7,075,502; 7,075,703; 7,079,305; 7,106,296; 7,109,968; 7,110,163; 7,110,164; 7,116,318; 7,116,466; 7,119,759; 7,119,772; 7,148,128; 7,167,155; 7,170,670; 7,173,752; 7,176,880; 7,180,649; 7,190,008; 7,193,625; 7,202,847; 7,202,991; 7,206,119; 7,223,672; 7,230,750; 7,230,751; 7,236,790; and 7,236,792; and U.S. Patent Applications Publication Nos. 2002/0060321; 2002/0090980; 2003/0011560; 2003/0102858; 2003/0151702; 2003/0222315; 2004/0094422; 2004/0105036; 2004/0112750; 2004/0119681; 2004/0136048; 2004/0155857; 2004/0180476; 2004/0190114; 2004/0196215; 2004/0226820; 2004/0257635; 2004/0263947; 2005/0000813; 2005/0007336; 2005/0012980; 2005/0017944; 2005/0018273; 2005/0024353; 2005/0062714; 2005/0067656; 2005/0099672; 2005/0122284; 2005/0122306; 2005/0122563; 2005/0134554; 2005/0151709; 2005/0152018; 2005/0156340; 2005/0179642; 2005/0190137; 2005/0212747; 2005/0213191; 2005/0219184; 2005/0253777; 2005/0280626; 2006/0007527; 2006/0024437; 2006/0038772; 2006/0139308; 2006/0139310; 2006/0139311; 2006/0176267; 2006/0181492; 2006/0181504; 2006/0194619; 2006/0197736; 2006/0197737; 2006/0197738; 2006/0202949; 2006/0223282; 2006/0232531; 2006/0245038; 2006/0256425; 2006/0262060; 2006/0279527; 2006/0291034; 2007/0035532; 2007/0035808; 2007/0052757; 2007/0057908; 2007/0069247; 2007/0085818; 2007/0091417; 2007/0091418; 2007/0097489; 2007/0109219; 2007/0128352; and 2007/0146310; and International Applications Publication Nos. WO 00/38000; WO 00/36560; WO 00/67110; and WO 01/07961; and European Patents Nos. 1,099,207 B1; and 1,145,072 B1. 
   Many of the aforementioned patents and applications recognize that the walls surrounding the discrete microcapsules in an encapsulated electrophoretic medium could be replaced by a continuous phase, thus producing a so-called polymer-dispersed electrophoretic display, in which the electrophoretic medium comprises a plurality of discrete droplets of an electrophoretic fluid and a continuous phase of a polymeric material, and that the discrete droplets of electrophoretic fluid within such a polymer-dispersed electrophoretic display may be regarded as capsules or microcapsules even though no discrete capsule membrane is associated with each individual droplet; see for example, the aforementioned U.S. Pat. No. 6,866,760. Accordingly, for purposes of the present application, such polymer-dispersed electrophoretic media are regarded as sub-species of encapsulated electrophoretic media. 
   A related type of electrophoretic display is a so-called “microcell electrophoretic display”. In a microcell electrophoretic display, the charged particles and the fluid are not encapsulated within microcapsules but instead are retained within a plurality of cavities formed within a carrier medium, typically a polymeric film. See, for example, U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,672,921 and 6,788,449, both assigned to Sipix Imaging, Inc. 
   Although electrophoretic media are often opaque (since, for example, in many electrophoretic media, the particles substantially block transmission of visible light through the display) and operate in a reflective mode, many electrophoretic displays can be made to operate in a so-called “shutter mode” in which one display state is substantially opaque and one is light-transmissive. See, for example, the aforementioned U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,130,774 and 6,172,798, and U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,872,552; 6,144,361; 6,271,823; 6,225,971; and 6,184,856. Dielectrophoretic displays, which are similar to electrophoretic displays but rely upon variations in electric field strength, can operate in a similar mode; see U.S. Pat. No. 4,418,346. Other types of electro-optic displays may also be capable of operating in shutter mode. 
   An encapsulated electrophoretic display typically does not suffer from the clustering and settling failure mode of traditional electrophoretic devices and provides further advantages, such as the ability to print or coat the display on a wide variety of flexible and rigid substrates. (Use of the word “printing” is intended to include all forms of printing and coating, including, but without limitation: pre-metered coatings such as patch die coating, slot or extrusion coating, slide or cascade coating, curtain coating; roll coating such as knife over roll coating, forward and reverse roll coating; gravure coating; dip coating; spray coating; meniscus coating; spin coating; brush coating; air knife coating; silk screen printing processes; electrostatic printing processes; thermal printing processes; ink jet printing processes; electrophoretic deposition (see U.S. Patent Publication No. 2004/0226820); and other similar techniques.) Thus, the resulting display can be flexible. Further, because the display medium can be printed (using a variety of methods), the display itself can be made inexpensively. 
   Other types of electro-optic media, for example encapsulated liquid crystal media, may also be used in the methods of the present invention. 
   An electrophoretic display normally comprises a layer of electrophoretic material and at least two other layers disposed on opposed sides of the electrophoretic material, one of these two layers being an electrode layer. In most such displays both the layers are electrode layers, and one or both of the electrode layers are patterned to define the pixels of the display. For example, one electrode layer may be patterned into elongate row electrodes and the other into elongate column electrodes running at right angles to the row electrodes, the pixels being defined by the intersections of the row and column electrodes. Alternatively, and more commonly, one electrode layer has the form of a single continuous electrode and the other electrode layer is patterned into a matrix of pixel electrodes, each of which defines one pixel of the display. In another type of electrophoretic display, which is intended for use with a stylus, print head or similar movable electrode separate from the display, only one of the layers adjacent the electrophoretic layer comprises an electrode, the layer on the opposed side of the electrophoretic layer typically being a protective layer intended to prevent the movable electrode damaging the electrophoretic layer. 
   The manufacture of a three-layer electro-optic display normally involves at least one lamination operation. For example, in several of the aforementioned MIT and E Ink patents and applications, there is described a process for manufacturing an encapsulated electrophoretic display in which an encapsulated electrophoretic medium comprising capsules in a binder is coated on to a flexible substrate comprising indium-tin-oxide (ITO) or a similar conductive coating (which acts as an one electrode of the final display) on a plastic film, the capsules/binder coating being dried to form a coherent layer of the electrophoretic medium firmly adhered to the substrate. Separately, a backplane, containing an array of pixel electrodes and an appropriate arrangement of conductors to connect the pixel electrodes to drive circuitry, is prepared. To form the final display, the substrate having the capsule/binder layer thereon is laminated to the backplane using a lamination adhesive. (A very similar process can be used to prepare an electrophoretic display usable with a stylus or similar movable electrode by replacing the backplane with a simple protective layer, such as a plastic film, over which the stylus or other movable electrode can slide.) In one preferred form of such a process, the backplane is itself flexible and is prepared by printing the pixel electrodes and conductors on a plastic film or other flexible substrate. The obvious lamination technique for mass production of displays by this process is roll lamination using a lamination adhesive. Similar manufacturing techniques can be used with other types of electro-optic displays. For example, a microcell electrophoretic medium or a rotating bichromal member medium may be laminated to a backplane in substantially the same manner as an encapsulated electrophoretic medium. 
   As discussed in the aforementioned U.S. Pat. No. 6,982,178, (see column 3, lines 63 to column 5, line 46) many of the components used in electrophoretic displays, and the methods used to manufacture such displays, are derived from technology used in liquid crystal displays (LCD&#39;s). For example, electrophoretic displays may make use of an active matrix backplane comprising an array of transistors or diodes and a corresponding array of pixel electrodes, and a “continuous” front electrode (in the sense of an electrode which extends over multiple pixels and typically the whole display) on a transparent substrate, these components being essentially the same as in LCD&#39;s. However, the methods used for assembling LCD&#39;s cannot be used with encapsulated electrophoretic displays. LCD&#39;s are normally assembled by forming the backplane and front electrode on separate glass substrates, then adhesively securing these components together leaving a small aperture between them, placing the resultant assembly under vacuum, and immersing the assembly in a bath of the liquid crystal, so that the liquid crystal flows through the aperture between the backplane and the front electrode. Finally, with the liquid crystal in place, the aperture is sealed to provide the final display. 
   This LCD assembly process cannot readily be transferred to solid electro-optic displays. Because the electro-optic material is solid, it must be present between the backplane and the front electrode before these two integers are secured to each other. Furthermore, in contrast to a liquid crystal material, which is simply placed between the front electrode and the backplane without being attached to either, a solid electro-optic medium normally needs to be secured to both; in most cases the solid electro-optic medium is formed on the front electrode, since this is generally easier than forming the medium on the circuitry-containing backplane, and the front electrode/electro-optic medium combination is then laminated to the backplane, typically by covering the entire surface of the electro-optic medium with an adhesive and laminating under heat, pressure and possibly vacuum. 
   As discussed in the aforementioned U.S. Pat. No. 6,312,304, the manufacture of solid electro-optic displays also presents problems in that the optical components (the electro-optic medium) and the electronic components (in the backplane) have differing performance criteria. For example, it is desirable for the optical components to optimize reflectivity, contrast ratio and response time, while it is desirable for the electronic components to optimize conductivity, voltage-current relationship, and capacitance, or to possess memory, logic, or other higher-order electronic device capabilities. Therefore, a process for manufacturing an optical component may not be ideal for manufacturing an electronic component, and vice versa. For example, a process for manufacturing an electronic component can involve processing under high temperatures. The processing temperature can be in the range from about 300° C. to about 600° C. Subjecting many optical components to such high temperatures, however, can be harmful to the optical components by degrading the electro-optic medium chemically or by causing mechanical damage. 
   This U.S. Pat. No. 6,312,304 describes a method of manufacturing an electro-optic display comprising providing a modulating layer including a first substrate and an electro-optic material provided adjacent the first substrate, the modulating layer being capable of changing a visual state upon application of an electric field; providing a pixel layer comprising a second substrate, a plurality of pixel electrodes provided on a front surface of the second substrate and a plurality of contact pads provided on a rear surface of the second substrate, each pixel electrode being connected to a contact pad through a via extending through the second substrate; providing a circuit layer including a third substrate and at least one circuit element; and laminating the modulating layer, the pixel layer, and the circuit layer to form the electro-optic display. 
   Electro-optic displays are often costly; for example, the cost of the color LCD found in a portable computer is typically a substantial fraction of the entire cost of the computer. As the use of electro-optic displays spreads to devices, such as cellular telephones and personal digital assistants (PDA&#39;s), much less costly than portable computers, there is great pressure to reduce the costs of such displays. The ability to form layers of some solid electro-optic media by printing techniques on flexible substrates, as discussed above, opens up the possibility of reducing the cost of electro-optic components of displays by using mass production techniques such as roll-to-roll coating using commercial equipment used for the production of coated papers, polymeric films and similar media. However, such equipment is costly and the areas of electro-optic media presently sold may be insufficient to justify dedicated equipment, so that it may typically be necessary to transport the coated medium from a commercial coating plant to the plant used for final assembly of electro-optic displays without damage to the relatively fragile layer of electro-optic medium. 
   Also, most prior art methods for final lamination of electrophoretic displays are essentially batch methods in which the electro-optic medium, the lamination adhesive and the backplane are only brought together immediately prior to final assembly, and it is desirable to provide methods better adapted for mass production. 
   The aforementioned U.S. Pat. No. 6,982,178 describes a method of assembling a solid electro-optic display (including a particle-based electrophoretic display) which is well adapted for mass production. Essentially, this patent describes a so-called “front plane laminate” (“FPL”) which comprises, in order, a light-transmissive electrically-conductive layer; a layer of a solid electro-optic medium in electrical contact with the electrically-conductive layer; an adhesive layer; and a release sheet. Typically, the light-transmissive electrically-conductive layer will be carried on a light-transmissive substrate, which is preferably flexible, in the sense that the substrate can be manually wrapped around a drum (say) 10 inches (254 mm) in diameter without permanent deformation. The term “light-transmissive” is used in this patent and herein to mean that the layer thus designated transmits sufficient light to enable an observer, looking through that layer, to observe the change in display states of the electro-optic medium, which will be normally be viewed through the electrically-conductive layer and adjacent substrate (if present). The substrate will be typically be a polymeric film, and will normally have a thickness in the range of about 1 to about 25 mil (25 to 634 μm), preferably about 2 to about 10 mil (51 to 254 μm). The electrically-conductive layer is conveniently a thin metal layer of, for example, aluminum or ITO, or may be a conductive polymer. Poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) films coated with aluminum or ITO are available commercially, for example as “aluminized Mylar” (“Mylar” is a Registered Trade Mark) from E.I. du Pont de Nemours &amp; Company, Wilmington Del., and such commercial materials may be used with good results in the front plane laminate. 
   The aforementioned U.S. Pat. No. 6,982,178 also describes a method for testing the electro-optic medium in a front plane laminate prior to incorporation of the front plane laminate into a display. In this testing method, the release sheet is provided with an electrically conductive layer, and a voltage sufficient to change the optical state of the electro-optic medium is applied between this electrically conductive layer and the electrically conductive layer on the opposed side of the electro-optic medium. Observation of the electro-optic medium will then reveal any faults in the medium, thus avoiding laminating faulty electro-optic medium into a display, with the resultant cost of scrapping the entire display, not merely the faulty front plane laminate. 
   The aforementioned U.S. Pat. No. 6,982,178 also describes a second method for testing the electro-optic medium in a front plane laminate by placing an electrostatic charge on the release sheet, thus forming an image on the electro-optic medium. This image is then observed in the same way as before to detect any faults in the electro-optic medium. 
   Assembly of an electro-optic display using such a front plane laminate may be effected by removing the release sheet from the front plane laminate and contacting the adhesive layer with the backplane under conditions effective to cause the adhesive layer to adhere to the backplane, thereby securing the adhesive layer, layer of electro-optic medium and electrically-conductive layer to the backplane. This process is well-adapted to mass production since the front plane laminate may be mass produced, typically using roll-to-roll coating techniques, and then cut into pieces of any size needed for use with specific backplanes. 
   The aforementioned 2004/0155857 describes a so-called “double release sheet” which is essentially a simplified version of the front plane laminate of the aforementioned U.S. Pat. No. 6,982,178. One form of the double release sheet comprises a layer of a solid electro-optic medium sandwiched between two adhesive layers, one or both of the adhesive layers being covered by a release sheet. Another form of the double release sheet comprises a layer of a solid electro-optic medium sandwiched between two release sheets. Both forms of the double release film are intended for use in a process generally similar to the process for assembling an electro-optic display from a front plane laminate already described, but involving two separate laminations; typically, in a first lamination the double release sheet is laminated to a front electrode to form a front sub-assembly, and then in a second lamination the front sub-assembly is laminated to a backplane to form the final display, although the order of these two laminations could be reversed if desired. 
   Electro-optic displays manufactured using the aforementioned front plane laminates or double release films normally have a layer of lamination adhesive between the electro-optic layer itself and the backplane, and the presence of this lamination adhesive layer affects the electro-optic characteristics of the displays. In particular, the electrical conductivity of the lamination adhesive layer affects both the low temperature performance and the resolution of the display. The low temperature performance of the display can (it has been found empirically) be improved by increasing the conductivity of the lamination adhesive layer, for example by doping the layer with tetrabutylammonium hexafluorophosphate or other materials as described in the aforementioned U.S. Pat. No. 7,012,735 and Publication No. 2005/0122565. However, increasing the conductivity of the lamination adhesive layer in this manner tends to increase pixel blooming (a phenomenon whereby the area of the electro-optic layer which changes optical state in response to change of voltage at a pixel electrode is larger than the pixel electrode itself), and this blooming tends to reduce the resolution of the display. Hence, this type of display apparently intrinsically requires a compromise between low temperature performance and display resolution, and in practice it is usually the low temperature performance which is sacrificed. 
   The aforementioned 2007/0109219 describes a so-called “inverted front plane laminate”, which is a variant of the front plane laminate described in the aforementioned U.S. Pat. No. 6,982,178. This inverted front plane laminate comprises, in order, at least one of a light-transmissive protective layer and a light-transmissive electrically-conductive layer; an adhesive layer; a layer of a solid electro-optic medium; and a release sheet. This inverted front plane laminate is used to form an electro-optic display having a layer of lamination adhesive between the electro-optic layer and the front electrode or front substrate; a second, typically thin layer of adhesive may or may not be present between the electro-optic layer and a backplane. Such electro-optic displays can combine good resolution with good low temperature performance. 
   However, a number of problems remain in the large scale manufacture of electro-optic displays. The lamination processes involved are relatively slow and hence labor intensive, so that in practice, at least for low cost displays, it is necessary to use “multi-up” methods which laminate a plurality of displays in a single operation, with the individual displays being separated from each other at a later stage in the process. To allow for proper separation, gaps (“gutters”) must be left between adjacent displays. If the electro-optic medium is coated as a continuous film over a substrate, the electro-optic medium within the gutters is wasted, since it is not used in any of the final displays. Since the electro-optic medium can be expensive, such waste is a serious problem, especially when the individual displays are small, as for example electro-optic displays used on flash drives. For example, lamination of small displays may result in only about 20 percent of the electro-optic medium being incorporated into the final displays, the remaining 80 percent or so being wasted. If electro-optic medium is not to be wasted in the gutters, it is necessary to hold discrete pieces of electro-optic medium (and any other layers attached thereto prior to the lamination) accurately spaced from one another so that these discrete pieces can be laminated to other components of the final display. 
   The present invention provides methods for the production of electro-optic displays which reduce or eliminate the aforementioned problems. The present invention also provides certain sub-assemblies useful in such methods. 
   SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
   In one aspect, this invention provides a (first) sub-assembly for use in forming an electro-optic display, the sub-assembly comprising:
         a light-transmissive substrate;   a plurality of discrete areas of an electro-optic material disposed on the substrate, the discrete areas being separated from each other by gutter areas essentially free from the electro-optic material; and   on the opposed side of the areas of electro-optic material from the substrate, at least one of an adhesive layer and a release layer peelable from the sub-assembly without substantial damage thereto.       

   This first sub-assembly of the present invention may have an adhesive layer in contact with the areas of electro-optic material and a release layer on the opposed side of the adhesive layer from the electro-optic material. The adhesive layer and/or release layer may or may not extend across the gutter areas. The substrate may comprise a light-transmissive electrically-conductive layer. The first sub-assembly may further comprise a removable masking film disposed on the opposed side of the substrate from the electro-optic material. Alternatively or in addition, the first sub-assembly may further comprise a substrate adhesive layer disposed between the areas of electro-optic material and the substrate, with the gutter areas being essentially free from the substrate adhesive layer. 
   This invention also provides a (second) sub-assembly for use in forming an electro-optic display, the sub-assembly comprising:
         a release sheet;   a plurality of discrete areas of an electro-optic material disposed on the substrate, the discrete areas being separated from each other by gutter areas essentially free from the electro-optic material,   the release sheet being peelable from the electro-optic material without substantial damage thereto; and   on the opposed side of the areas of electro-optic material from the substrate, at least one of an adhesive layer and a release layer, the release layer being peelable from the electro-optic material or adhesive layer with which it is in contact without substantial damage thereto.       

   This second sub-assembly of the present invention may have an adhesive layer in contact with the areas of electro-optic material and a release layer on the opposed side of the adhesive layer from the electro-optic material. The adhesive and the release layer may or may not extend across the gutter areas, although the latter is generally preferred. 
   Both the first and second sub-assemblies of the present invention may make use of any of the types of solid electro-optic materials discussed above. Thus, for example, either type of sub-assembly may comprise a rotating bichromal member or electrochromic material. Alternatively, either type of sub-assembly may comprise an electrophoretic material comprising a plurality of electrically charged particles disposed in a fluid and capable of moving through the fluid under the influence of an electric field. The electrically charged particles and the fluid are confined within a plurality of capsules or microcells. Alternatively, the electrically charged particles and the fluid may be present as a plurality of discrete droplets surrounded by a continuous phase comprising a polymeric material. The fluid may be liquid or gaseous. 
   In another aspect, this invention provides a (first) process for forming a first sub-assembly of the present invention, this first process comprising:
         forming a plurality of components, each component comprising a layer of electro-optic material and a release layer peelable from the layer of electro-optic material without substantial damage thereto;   disposing the plurality of components on a support surface, the components being spaced from each other, with the layer of electro-optic material facing away from the support surface; and   contacting the disposed plurality of components with a light-transmissive substrate under conditions effective to cause the plurality of components to adhere to the substrate.       

   In this first process of the invention, the support surface may comprise a template having a plurality of recesses within which the components are received. Each of the components may further comprise a substrate adhesive layer disposed on the opposed side of the layer of electro-optic material from the at least one of an adhesive layer and a release layer, and the components are disposed on the support surface with the substrate adhesive layer facing the substrate, so that the substrate adhesive layer acts to adhere the components to the substrate. The first process may further comprise: forming a sub-assembly comprising an adhesive layer on a second substrate; and, after adhering the components to the light-transmissive substrate, removing the release layer from the components, and contacting the components with the adhesive layer on the second substrate under conditions effect to cause the components and the light-transmissive substrate to adhere to the adhesive layer. The substrate used in the first process may comprise a light-transmissive electrically-conductive layer. 
   In another aspect, this invention provides a (second) process for forming a first sub-assembly of the present invention, this second process comprising:
         forming a layer of electro-optic material on a release sheet;   severing the layer of electro-optic material on the release sheet to define a plurality of discrete areas separated from each other by gutter areas;   removing the layer of electro-optic material from the gutter areas while leaving the electro-optic material on the release sheet in the plurality of discrete areas; and   after removal of the layer of electro-optic material from the gutter areas, adhering a light-transmissive substrate to the electro-optic material in the plurality of discrete areas.       

   This second process of the present invention may further comprise: forming an adhesive layer overlying the layer of electro-optic material on the release sheet; severing both the layer of electro-optic material and the adhesive layer to define the plurality of discrete areas; removing both the layer of electro-optic material and the adhesive layer from the gutter areas; and after removal of the layer of electro-optic material and the adhesive layer from the gutter areas, contacting the light-transmissive substrate with the adhesive layer in the plurality of discrete areas, thereby causing the light-transmissive substrate to adhere to the adhesive layer. 
   Alternatively or in addition, the second process of the invention may further comprise: providing a release layer overlying the adhesive layer on the release sheet; severing the layer of electro-optic material, the adhesive layer and the release layer to define the plurality of discrete areas; and removing the release layer from both the plurality of discrete areas and the gutter areas prior to contacting the light-transmissive substrate with the adhesive layer. The removal of the release layer may be effected in two stages, with the first stage causing removal of the release layer from the gutter areas, leaving the release layer covering the adhesive layer and the layer of electro-optic material in the plurality of discrete areas, and the second stage causing removal of the release layer from the adhesive layer and the layer of electro-optic material in the plurality of discrete areas. 
   Another form of the second process of the present invention further comprises: forming a sub-assembly comprising an adhesive layer on a second release sheet; and after adhering the light-transmissive substrate to the electro-optic material in the plurality of discrete areas, removing the release sheet from the layer of electro-optic material, and contacting the electro-optic material with the adhesive layer of the sub-assembly, thereby adhering the sub-assembly to the layer of electro-optic material. 
   In the second process of the present invention, the removal of the layer of electro-optic material from the gutter areas may be effected by placing a sheet of material over both the plurality of discrete areas and the gutter areas, and thereafter removing the sheet of material with the portions of the electro-optic material from the gutter areas attached thereto, while leaving the electro-optic material in the plurality of discrete areas. Alternatively after severing the layer of electro-optic material, the adhesive layer and the release layer to define the plurality of discrete areas, the portion of the release layer in the gutter areas may first be removed, and thereafter a sheet of material may be placed over both the plurality of discrete areas and the gutter areas, and the sheet of material thereafter removed with the portions of the adhesive layer and the electro-optic material from the gutter areas attached thereto, while leaving the adhesive layer and the electro-optic material in the plurality of discrete areas. The removal of the sheet of material may also remove the release layer from the plurality of discrete areas. The substrate may comprise a light-transmissive electrically-conductive layer. 

   
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       FIGS. 1A to 1E  of the accompanying drawings are schematic side elevations illustrating various states of one form of the first process of the present invention which produces a first sub-assembly of the invention. 
       FIGS. 2A to 2F  are schematic side elevations illustrating various states of one form of the second process of the present invention, this second process producing both first and second sub-assemblies of the invention. 
       FIGS. 3A to 3D  are schematic side elevations illustrating various states of a modified form of the second process of the invention shown in  FIGS. 2A to 2F , this modified process again producing both first and second sub-assemblies of the invention. 
   

   DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
   Reference will be made hereinafter to “loose” and “tight” release sheets. These terms are used in their conventional meaning in the art to indicate the magnitude of the force necessary to peel the relevant release sheet from the layer with which it is in contact, a tight release sheet requiring more force than a loose release sheet. In particular, if a stack of layers has a tight release sheet on one side and a loose release sheet on the other, it is possible to peel the loose release sheet away from the stack without separating the tight release sheet from the stack. 
   As already indicated, some of the sub-assemblies of the present invention contain two separate adhesive layers. When necessary or desirable, the two adhesive layers will be denoted as “front” and “rear” adhesive layers, these terms denoting the position of the relevant adhesive layer in the final display produced by laminating the sub-assembly to a backplane; the front adhesive layer is the adhesive layer lying between the electro-optic medium and the viewing surface of the display (i.e., the surface through which an observer views the display, normally the surface remote from the backplane and regarded as the “front” of the display), while the rear adhesive layer lies on the opposed side of the electro-optic layer from the front adhesive layer, and adjacent the backplane. In the common situation where a display has a single front electrode between the electro-optic layer and the viewing surface and a plurality of pixel electrodes on the backplane and thus on the opposed side of the electro-optic layer, the front adhesive layer lies between the electro-optic layer and the front electrode, while the rear adhesive layer lies between the electro-optic layer and the pixel electrodes. 
   The accompanying drawings are not strictly to scale. In particular, for ease of illustration, the thicknesses of the various layers are greatly exaggerated relative to their lateral dimensions. The present invention is well adapted for the production of thin, flexible electro-optic displays; typically, the sub-assemblies or front plane laminates which are the products of the processes described below will have thicknesses (measured without the remaining release sheet, which is discarded before the final lamination to a backplane) of about 100 μm, and can be laminated to flexible backplanes of similar thickness. 
   As already indicated, the accompanying drawings illustrate various stages of three different processes of the present invention, all of which ultimately produce first sub-assemblies of the present invention; the second process shown in  FIGS. 2A-2F  also produces a second sub-assembly of the present invention. Accordingly, it is considered most convenient to first describe the various sub-assemblies of the invention produced by these processes and thereafter to describe the may in which these sub-assemblies are produced by the multi-step processes of the present invention. 
   The first sub-assemblies of the present invention produced by the illustrated processes are shown in  FIGS. 1D ,  1 E,  2 E and  2 F of the accompanying drawings; as explained below, the third process shown in  FIGS. 3A-3D  ultimately produces first sub-assemblies identical to those shown in  FIGS. 2E and 2F . The first sub-assemblies shown in  FIGS. 1E and 2F  are specialized forms of the inverted front plane laminates described in the aforementioned 2007/0109219; other first sub-assemblies of the present invention (not illustrated) may be specialized forms of the “classic” (i.e., non-inverted) front plane laminates described in the aforementioned U.S. Pat. No. 6,982,178. 
   The first sub-assemblies of the present invention comprise a light-transmissive substrate  120  in each of  FIGS. 1D ,  1 E,  2 E and  2 F. The substrate  120  is typically a multi-layer structure and usually includes a light-transmissive electrode layer, for example an indium-tin-oxide (ITO) layer, which forms the front electrode of the final display; this electrode layer is not shown separately in the drawings. However, substrates  120  lacking electrode layers can be used, for example in electro-optic displays which are intended to be written using a stylus or similar external electrode. 
   The first sub-assemblies of the present invention further comprise a plurality of discrete areas of an electro-optic material ( 104  in  FIGS. 1D and 1E ,  204  in  FIGS. 2E and 2F ) disposed on the substrate  120 . The sub-assemblies illustrated have a substrate (or front) adhesive layer ( 106  in  FIGS. 1D and 1E ,  206  in  FIGS. 2E and 2F ) interposed between the electro-optic material  104  or  204  and the substrate  120  although in some cases this front adhesive layer can be omitted, for example by using an electro-optic material comprising a binder which functions as its own adhesive, as described in the aforementioned U.S. Pat. No. 7,110,164. The discrete areas of electro-optic material  104  or  204  are separated from each other by gutter areas ( 105  in  FIGS. 1D and 1E ,  205  in  FIGS. 2E and 2F ) free from the electro-optic material and the adhesive layer  106  or  206 . Although the drawings each illustrate only two discrete areas of electro-optic material separated by a single gutter area, in practice each sub-assembly would normally have a larger number of discrete areas of electro-optic material; for example, a sub-assembly intended for producing six individual displays might have a 3×2 arrangement of such areas, separated from each other by two parallel gutter areas and a third gutter area extending at right angles to the first two. Indeed, as described in detail below, certain sub-assemblies of the present invention can be in the form of continuous webs of indefinite length, with a large number of areas of electro-optic material arranged in a two dimensional array and separated from each other by two sets of gutter areas extending in perpendicular directions. 
   The first sub-assemblies of the present invention further comprise at least one of an adhesive layer and a release layer on the opposed side of the layer of electro-optic material from the substrate. The first sub-assemblies shown in  FIGS. 1D and 2E  possess only a release layer  102  on the opposed side of the layer of electro-optic material from the substrate, whereas the sub-assemblies shown in  FIGS. 1E and 2F  possess both an adhesive layer  122  in contact with the electro-optic layer  104  or  204  and a release layer  124  on the opposed side of the adhesive layer  122  from the electro-optic layer  104  or  204 . Note that in  FIG. 1D  the release layer  102  is discontinuous, with separate pieces of release layer  102  just covering the adjacent areas of the electro-optic layer  104  and not extending across the gutter areas  105 , whereas in  FIG. 2E  the release layer  102  is continuous and extends across the gutter areas  205 . In both  FIGS. 1E and 2F , both the adhesive layer  122  and the release layer  124  are continuous and extend across the gutter areas  105  or  205 . 
   A second sub-assembly of the present invention is illustrated in  FIG. 2D . This sub-assembly comprises a release sheet  102  bearing a plurality of discrete areas of electro-optic material  204 , the discrete areas  204  being separated from each other by gutter areas  205  free from the electro-optic material. The second sub-assembly further comprises an adhesive layer  206  on the opposed side of the electro-optic layer from the release sheet  102  and a release layer or sheet  208  on the opposed side of adhesive layer  206  from the release sheet  102 . For reasons already explained, in some cases the adhesive layer  206  could be omitted. The release sheet  208  shown in  FIG. 2D  is discontinuous and does not extend across the gutter areas  205 , but second sub-assemblies of the present invention having continuous release sheets similar to  208  can be produced if desired. 
   The methods used to produce the sub-assemblies of the present invention will now be described in detail A first method of the present invention, illustrated in  FIG. 1 , is especially but not exclusively intended for the production of small electro-optic displays. In the first step of the process, an electro-optic medium is coated or otherwise deposited on to a tight release sheet  102  to form a continuous electro-optic layer  104 . Separately, a continuous front adhesive layer  106  is coated on to a loose release sheet  108 . The two resulting sub-assemblies are then laminated to each other with the adhesive layer  106  is contact with the electro-optic layer  104  to produce the structure shown in  FIG. 1A . These steps are as described in the aforementioned U.S. Pat. No. 7,110,164, and resulting assembly is a double release sheet as described in the aforementioned 2004/0155857. 
   In the next step of the process, the sheet shown in  FIG. 1A  is severed into pieces of appropriate size to form individual displays. Although other methods such as die cutting may be used, the cutting of the sheet is conveniently effected by laser cutting, as indicated by lines  110  and  112  in  FIG. 1A  so as to leave a tab  108 A of the loose release sheet  108  extending outwardly beyond the other layers. At this point, cuts may, and typically are, made completely through the sheet to provide any desired apertures or cut-outs in the front adhesive layer  106  and electro-optic layer  104 ; for example, apertures may be cut through the front adhesive and electro-optic layers to provide pre-formed connection apertures as described in the aforementioned application Ser. No. 11/682,409, which will eventually be used (in combination with corresponding apertures in the rear adhesive layer, as described below) to form conductive vias connecting the front electrode to the backplane in the final display. The loose release sheet  108  is then removed from the assembly, conveniently by pulling on the tab  108 A. 
   A plurality of these pieces (designated  114  in  FIG. 1B ) with the loose release sheet  108  removed are then placed, adhesive side up, in a template or jig comprising a thin alignment sheet  116  taped to a laminating tray  118 . The alignment sheet  116  is disposable and is typically discarded after three or four laminations (as described below), whereas the laminating tray is permanent; this arrangement has the advantage that the alignment sheet  116  can rapidly be changed to enable various parts to be laminated in the same laminator without the need for a plurality of expensive metal templates. Also, at least in some cases, the alignment sheet  116 , which is typically formed of a polymeric film, for example poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET), can be laser cut using the same digital file used to laser cut the pieces  114 . The thickness of the alignment sheet  116  should be chosen so that the upper (adhesive) surfaces of the pieces  114  extend slightly (about 1-2 mil, 25-51 μm) above the alignment sheet  116 . 
   As illustrated in  FIG. 1B , the pieces  114  held in the template  116 ,  118 , are then laminated to an oversized (i.e., larger than the alignment sheet  116 ) sheet of a front substrate  120 . The front substrate  120  is a multi-layer structure including an indium-tin-oxide (ITO) layer which forms the front electrode of the final display. The front substrate further comprises a removable masking film, which is removed before the final display is placed in use, as described below. 
   This front substrate structure is designed to provide the front light-transmissive electrode for the final display. The front substrate  120  also provides the necessary mechanical support for this thin and relatively fragile front electrode. In addition, the front substrate preferably provides all necessary water vapor and oxygen barriers, and ultra-violet absorption properties, desirable to protect certain electro-optic layers, especially electrophoretic layers. The front substrate may also provide desirable anti-glare properties to the viewing surface of the final display. The front substrate  120  serves all of these functions while still being thin and flexible enough to enable the formation of a final display sufficiently flexible to be wound around a mandrel of (say) 15 mm diameter. As already noted, the front substrate includes a masking film; this masking film is provided primarily to increase the thickness of the front substrate so as to facilitate handling of this substrate during the laminations. In a preferred process, the total thickness of the front substrate as it remains in the final display (i.e., with the masking film removed) is only about 1 mil (25 μm) and the masking film is used to add about 2 mil (51 μm) to this thickness for ease of handling. The masking film also typically serves to prevent scratching or adhesion of dust or debris to an adjacent anti-glare layer during the laminations. 
   Following the lamination shown in  FIG. 1B , the sheet of front substrate  120  with the pieces  114  secured thereto, is removed as a single unit from the template  116 ,  118 .  FIG. 1D  shows an enlarged view of two of the pieces  114  on the substrate  120 , the pieces  114  and the substrate  120  together forming a first sub-assembly of the present invention, as already described. The substrate  120  bearing the pieces  114  is then placed on a laser cutter with the pieces  114  facing the laser. The laser cutter is then used to cut tooling holes through the front substrate  120  in positions aligned with the positions of the pieces  114 ; these tooling holes will be used to engage the sheet with alignment pins to locate the sheet during a later lamination, as described below. Alternatively, tooling holes could be pre-cut in the front substrate  120  before this front substrate is laminated to the pieces  114 , and if such pre-cut tooling holes are provided, they can be engaged with pins provided on the template  116 ,  118  to align the front substrate during its lamination to the pieces  114 . 
   Separately, a rear adhesive layer  122  ( FIG. 1C ) is coated on to a release sheet  124 , and the exposed surface of the rear adhesive layer is covered by an interleaf (in effect, a further release sheet—not shown in the drawings) which serves to prevent contamination of the surface of the adhesive layer during laser cutting. The release layer/adhesive/interleaf “sandwich” is laser cut, with the interleaf facing the laser, to form tooling holes similar to those previously cut through the front substrate, and intended for the same purpose. The laser cutter may also be used to cut other apertures through the adhesive layer required for specific displays; for example, the laser cutter may cut apertures which, in conjunction with corresponding apertures previously cut in the front adhesive and electro-optic layers, will constitute pre-formed connection apertures as described in the aforementioned application Ser. No. 11/682,409. 
   In the next step of the process, the interleaf is removed from the rear adhesive layer,  122 , which is then placed, together with its adhering release sheet  124 , on the bed of a laminator, with its tooling holes engaged with alignment pins (not shown) on the laminator, as illustrated in  FIG. 1C . The tight release sheet  102  is peeled from the pieces  114  carried on the substrate  120 , and the tooling holes previously cut in the release sheet  120  are also engaged with the alignment pins on the laminator, such that the exposed surface of the electro-optic layer  104  is facing the rear adhesive layer  122 . The two sheets are them laminated together, thus forming an inverted front plane laminate as described in the aforementioned 2007/0109219.  FIG. 1E  is an enlarged view, similar to that of  FIG. 1D  and illustrating a portion of substrate  120  bearing two pieces  114  at the same stage as  FIG. 1C . As already noted, the structure shown in  FIG. 1E  constitutes a first sub-assembly of the present invention. 
   At this point, the masking film is typically removed, since it is convenient to remove this film in one piece before the individual displays are separated from each other; however, removal of the masking film can be effected later if desired. Whether or not the masking film is removed, the next major step is separation of the sheet into a plurality of pieces of inverted front plane laminate. This separation is effected by laser cutting of the laminated sheet which is held on alignment pins to ensure accurate location of the cuts. The cuts sever the third release sheet  124 , rear adhesive layer  122  and front substrate  120  to produce separate pieces of an inverted front plane laminate which are ready, after removal of the third release sheet  124 , for lamination to backplanes to form the final displays. The cutting of the laminated sheet is desirably effected so as to leave a tab of the third release sheet  124  extending beyond the front substrate  120 , adhesive layers  106  and  122  and electro-optic layer  104 ; such a tab facilitates removal of the third release sheet  124  during the production of the final displays. 
   A second process of the invention, illustrated in  FIGS. 2A-2F  of the accompanying drawings, is primarily intended for use in producing larger displays than the first process described above with reference to  FIGS. 1A-1E ; the parts produced by the second process are sufficiently large that loss of the electro-optic material present in gutter areas between adjacent displays can be tolerated. As will be apparent from the detailed description of the second process below, the main difference between the first and second processes is that the second process does not make use of a jig to align separate pieces of electro-optic medium on a front substrate; instead, in the second process, a continuous layer of electro-optic material is severed to produce multiple “islands” of electro-optic material separated by gutter areas free from electro-optic material. 
   The second process of the present invention is identical to the first process up to the point shown in  FIG. 2A , which is identical to  FIG. 1A . However, as may be seen by comparing  FIGS. 1B and 2B , the next cutting step differs. The cutting step of the second process is effected with the loose release sheet  108  facing the laser cutter and with kiss cutting such that the loose release sheet  108 , the front adhesive layer  106  and the electro-optic layer  104  are severed but the tight release sheet  102  is not. Also in this step, as in the first process, any through apertures needed for alignment holes, pre-formed connection apertures or other purposes may be cut (although this can also be done later, as described below). Since it may in some cases be possible to carry out the entire second process on a roll-to-roll basis, the through apertures formed in this step may include tractor feed holes formed along the side edges of a web of material and serving as alignment holes for later stages of the process. 
   The continuous portion of the loose release sheet  108  (i.e., the portion of this release sheet covering what will become the gutter areas at later stages of the process) is then removed, either manually or mechanically, thus leaving the structure shown in  FIG. 2B , in which “islands”  208  of loose release sheet corresponding to the final displays remain above continuous but severed layers of front adhesive layer  106  and electro-optic layer  104 . The next step of the process is removal of the unwanted parts of the front adhesive and electro-optic layers  106  and  104  respectively. This removal can be effected manually, since the front adhesive and electro-optic layers possess sufficient mechanical cohesion that they can be manually rolled up on themselves and removed in large pieces from the underlying tight release sheet  102 . However, as illustrated in  FIG. 2C , in the preferred method for removal of the unwanted parts of the front adhesive and electro-optic layers, a sacrificial sheet  210  (which does not need to be tacky) is cold rolled over the islands  208  and the exposed portions of the front adhesive layer  106 . The sacrificial sheet  210  is then removed, thus removing the portions of the front adhesive layer  106  and electro-optic layer  104  not covered by the islands  208 , and leaving the structure shown in  FIG. 2D . As described above, this structure comprises a second sub-assembly of the present invention, in which there extend upwardly from the tight release sheet  102  multiple “mesas” comprising the islands  208  of the loose release sheet and similarly sized underlying areas  206  and  204  of the front adhesive layer and electro-optic layer respectively, with the mesas being separated from each other by gutter areas  205 . As in the first process of the present invention described above, in some cases it may be possible to omit the front adhesive layer  206 , for example when the electro-optic material can act as its own adhesive. Also, as should readily be apparent, each of these mesas will eventually form a separate display. (In some cases, it may be possible to recycle the portions of the front adhesive layer and electro-optic layer removed on the throwaway sheet  210  in other small displays.) 
   In the next step, the remaining portions  208  of the loose release sheet are peeled from the structure shown in  FIG. 2D  and the remaining layers of the structure are laminated to a sheet of the front substrate  120 , which can be identical to that used in the first process of the invention as described above, and which can have previously been provided with any apertures needed for engagement with alignment pins etc. during later stages of the process. The first sub-assembly of the invention resulting from this lamination is shown in  FIG. 2E  and has already been described in detail above. 
   Although produced by a very different route, the sub-assembly shown in  FIG. 2E  is very similar to that produced in the first process of the invention following the lamination shown in  FIG. 1B  and the subsequent laser cutting, the only difference being that in the structure of  FIG. 2E  the tight release sheet  102  is continuous. Accordingly, the remaining steps of the second process are essentially identical to those of the first. Again, a rear adhesive layer  122  is coated on to a third release sheet  124 , an interleaf is applied over the adhesive layer  122  and any necessary apertures are cut in the resulting structure. The interleaf is then removed, the tight release sheet  102  is removed from the structure of  FIG. 2E , and the two resulting films are laminated together to produce the final inverted front plane laminate or sub-assembly shown in  FIG. 2F , which is identical to that produced by the first process of the invention. 
   The third process of the present invention shown in  FIGS. 3A-3D  is essentially a variant of the second process described above. As shown in  FIGS. 3A and 3B , which are identical to  FIGS. 2A and 2B  respectively, the third process is identical to the second up to the point shown in  FIG. 3B . However, in the next step of the process, instead of the throwaway sheet  210 , a tacky film  310  ( FIG. 3C ) is rolled over, and adheres to, the exposed surfaces of both the loose release sheet  108  and the front adhesive layer  106 . Accordingly, when the tacky film  310  is removed, the remaining loose release sheet  108 , and the unwanted portions of the front adhesive layer  106  and electro-optic  104  are removed therewith, thus producing the structure shown in  FIG. 3D ; in effect, the use of the tacky film  310  enables the step from  FIG. 2B  to  FIG. 2C  and the subsequent removal of the loose release sheet prior to lamination to the front substrate  120 , to be combined into a single operation. Once the structure shown in  FIG. 3D  has been produced, the remaining steps of the third process are identical to those of the second. 
   It should be noted that, in this third process of the invention, all removal of unwanted material is effected in sheet form, or in continuous web form if the process is carried out using continuous webs of material. Accordingly, the third process of the invention is very suitable for use on a continuous, roll-to-roll basis. 
   If, however, the process shown in  FIGS. 3A-3D  and the subsequent laminations to form the final electro-optic displays are to be carried out on continuous webs, care must be taken to maintain correct alignment throughout the various steps of the process. At the point shown in  FIG. 3D , the “mesas”  204 ,  206  are produced at known locations on the release sheet  102 . If the structure shown in  FIG. 3D  is to be subjected to a lamination similar to that shown in  FIG. 1B  so as to attach the mesas to a front substrate, and thereafter to laminate the mesas on the front substrate first to backplanes (with or without intervening lamination of an adhesive layer to the electro-optic layer  204 ) carried on a web, it is obviously necessary ensure that the mesas end up aligned with the backplanes. Since the initial alignment is between the mesas and the release sheet  102 , removal of this release sheet can destroy the alignment. To ensure that the mesas end up aligned with the backplanes, it is necessary to first transfer the mesas to known positions relative to some fixed marker on the front substrate, and then to bring the front substrate bearing the mesas into contact with the backplanes so that the fixed marker on the front substrate is in a known alignment with the backplanes. The necessary alignments are most readily achieved by providing all the webs with tractor feed holes and ensuring that the webs are driven by common tractor feed devices so that they automatically remain in the desired alignment with each other. 
   It will be apparent from the preceding discussion that the methods of the present invention can be carried out with any electro-optic layer which has solid external surfaces to which adhesive layers and release sheets can adhere and sufficient mechanical cohesion to permit the necessary manipulation of films containing the electro-optic layer. Accordingly, the present methods can be carried out using any of the types of electro-optic media described above. For example, the present methods can make use of rotating bichromal member, electrochromic or electrophoretic media, and in the last case the electrophoretic media may be of the encapsulated, polymer-dispersed or microcell types. 
   Numerous changes and modifications can be made in the preferred embodiments of the present invention already described without departing from the scope of the invention. For example, the present invention may be useful with non-electrophoretic electro-optic media which exhibit behavior similar to electrophoretic media. Accordingly, the foregoing description is to be construed in an illustrative and not in a limitative sense.