Patent Publication Number: US-9427944-B2

Title: Transfer lamination

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION 
     This Application is a Section 371 National Stage Application of International Application No. PCT/US2013/034010, filed Mar. 27, 2013 and published as WO 2014/158146 A1 on Oct. 2, 2014, in English, the contents of which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. 
     BACKGROUND 
     Credentials include identification cards, driver&#39;s licenses, passports, and other documents. Such credentials are formed from credential or card substrates including paper substrates, plastic substrates, cards and other materials. Such credentials generally include printed information, such as a photo, account numbers, identification numbers, and other personal information. Credentials can also include data that is encoded in a smartcard chip, a magnetic stripe, or a barcode, for example. 
     Credential production devices process credential substrates by performing at least one processing step in forming a final credential product. One such process is a transfer or laminating process that transfers a material to a surface of the card substrate using a heated roller. This process can be used to transfer an image to the surface of the card substrate and/or provide protection to the surface of the card substrate from abrasion and environmental conditions, for example. 
     The material transferred to the surface of the card substrate using the heated roller is generally one of two types: a patch laminate, or a fracturable laminate or transfer layer often referred to as a “thin film laminate.” The patch laminate is generally a pre-cut polyester film that has been coated with a thermal adhesive on one side. The pre-cut patch is removably attached to a continuous carrier layer which is generally a coated polyester material. The pre-cut patch is attached to the liner with the thermal adhesive side exposed and available for lamination to the substrate. The heated roller is used to heat the patch to activate the adhesive and press the patch to the surface of the substrate to bond the patch onto the surface. 
     One disadvantage to the use of a patch laminate is that it does not provide edge-to-edge protection to the surface of the card substrate because it must be formed slightly smaller than the surface of the card to ensure that the patch laminate does not extend beyond the card&#39;s edges. Another disadvantage to the use of the patch laminate appears when the surface of the card substrate requiring protection includes a feature over which the patch laminate should not be applied. Such features may include, for example, a magnetic stripe, a signature panel, a surface hologram feature, or electrical contacts of a smartcard module. In order to provide protection of graphics when these features are present, portions of the patch laminate must be removed prior to lamination to expose the feature. Further, it may be desirable to avoid heating some portions of the surface of the card substrate, something which is generally not possible using the heated roller. 
     Transfer layers are generally continuous resinous materials that have been coated onto a continuous carrier layer or backing to form a transfer ribbon. The side of the resin material that is not attached to the continuous carrier layer is generally coated with a thermal adhesive which is used to create a bond between the resin and the surface of the substrate. The heated roller is used to activate the adhesive and press the resinous material against the surface of the substrate to bond the material to the surface. The carrier layer or backing is removed to complete the lamination process. 
     The transfer layer may also be in the form of a print intermediate, on which an image may be printed in a reverse-image printing process. In the reverse-image printing process, an image is printed to the exposed side of the transfer layer. Next, the image on the transfer layer is registered with the card substrate. The heated roller is used to activate the adhesive on the imaged transfer layer causing the imaged transfer layer to bond to the surface of the card substrate. A backing of the overlaminate material is removed from the bonded imaged transfer layer to complete the transfer of the image to the card substrate. 
     The transfer layer provides a degree of protection to the surface of the substrate as well as the image printed on the transfer layer. Some transfer films include a protective layer that is configured to provide an additional level of protection to the surface and image. In general, the protective layer increases abrasion resistance, but can also provide protection from other environmental conditions, such as moisture, ultraviolet light, etc. 
     In most applications, the transfer ribbon is positioned to completely cover the surface of the substrate. Ideally, as the carrier layer is pulled from the portion of the transfer layer bonded to the surface of the substrate, the transfer layer fractures along the edges of the substrate. This results in the entire surface being covered by the transfer layer for full edge-to-edge protection of the surface. Unfortunately, the transfer layer does not always cleanly transfer to the substrate. 
     Edge flash occurs when the transfer film does not fracture properly along an edge of the substrate, such as the trailing edge, during the carrier peeling phase of the transfer lamination or reverse-image printing process. This results in portions of the transfer film remaining adhered to the carrier layer or the substrate that were respectively intended to bond to the substrate or the carrier layer, and defects in the processed substrate. Edge flash tends to be more problematic as the thickness of the transfer layer increases, such as due to a thick protective layer. As a result, the thickness of the transfer layer used in conventional transfer lamination processes and devices is limited to avoid edge flash issues. Unfortunately, this also limits the level of protection may be provided to the surface of the substrate by the transfer layer. 
     Sometimes full edge-to-edge coverage of the surface of the substrate with the transfer layer is not desired. For instance, it may be necessary to avoid covering certain features that may be present on the surface of the substrate, such as, for example, a magnetic stripe, a signature panel, and other features mentioned above. One technique that is used to prevent the transference of the transfer layer to select portions of the card surface involves the use of an inhibitor panel of a print ribbon. The inhibitor panel is positioned over the imaged transfer layer of the transfer ribbon, and the print head selectively activates portions of the inhibitor panel corresponding to portions of the imaged transfer layer that should be prevented from being transferred to the surface of the substrate. The activation of the selective locations of the inhibitor panel cause those activated portions of the inhibitor panel to adhere to the corresponding portions of the imaged transfer layer through the activation of the adhesive in the transfer layer. As the print ribbon is pulled away from the imaged transfer ribbon, the activated portions of the inhibitor layer remove the corresponding imaged transfer layer portions from the transfer ribbon. The transfer ribbon then includes the remaining imaged transfer layer which was not removed through bonding with the inhibitor layer of the print ribbon. The gaps in the imaged transfer layer on the transfer ribbon that correspond to the removed sections of the imaged transfer adhesive correspond to the locations of the features of the substrate where the transference of the transfer layer is undesired. Accordingly, the sections of the substrate where the transference of the imaged transfer layer is undesired remain free of the transfer layer following the transference of the imaged transfer layer from the transfer ribbon to the surface of the substrate using the heated roller. 
     As with edge flash, the thickness and durability of the transfer layer also affects the success of the above-described transfer layer removal process. For instance, thick transfer layers are subject to tearing during the transfer layer removal process resulting in the undesired removal of non-activated portions of the transfer layer and/or the failure to remove activated portions of the transfer layer. This prevents the substrate from receiving the desired portions of the imaged transfer layer, resulting in defects. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         FIG. 1  is a simplified side view of an exemplary reverse-image transfer printing device in accordance with embodiments of the invention. 
         FIG. 2  is a simplified top plan view of a print ribbon in accordance with embodiments of the invention. 
         FIG. 3  is a simplified side cross-sectional view of a transfer ribbon in accordance with embodiments of the invention. 
         FIGS. 4 and 5  respectively are simplified side and front views of a printing section of the device of  FIG. 1  in accordance with embodiments of the invention. 
         FIG. 6  is a simplified side view of a transfer laminating section of the device of  FIG. 1  in accordance with embodiments of the invention. 
         FIG. 7  is a simplified top view of a transfer ribbon illustrating an exemplary transfer section, transfer portions, and non-transfer portions in accordance with embodiments of the invention. 
         FIG. 8  is a simplified top view of a substrate in accordance with embodiments of the invention. 
         FIG. 9  is a flowchart illustrating a method of laminating a transfer section of a transfer layer to a substrate in accordance with embodiments of the invention. 
         FIG. 10  is a simplified top view of the processed substrate in accordance with embodiments of the invention. 
         FIG. 11  is a flowchart illustrating a method of laminating a transfer section of a transfer layer to a substrate in accordance with embodiments of the invention. 
         FIG. 12  is a simplified top view of a transfer ribbon illustrating exemplary non-transfer portions, and transfer portions in accordance with embodiments of the invention. 
     
    
    
     SUMMARY 
     Embodiments of the invention are directed to methods of laminating a transfer section of a transfer layer to a substrate using a reverse-image transfer printing device. In some embodiments, the device includes a transfer ribbon comprising the transfer layer attached to a carrier layer, a print ribbon, a print head configured to transfer print material from the print ribbon to the transfer layer, and a laminating device. In some embodiments of the method, non-transfer portions of the transfer section are heated to a deactivation temperature using the print head. The transfer section is laminated to a substrate by heating the non-transfer portions and transfer portions of the transfer section using the laminating device, and bonding the transfer portions to the substrate using the laminating device. The carrier layer is then removed from the transfer portions while the non-transfer portions remain attached to the carrier layer. 
     In some embodiments, the non-transfer portions are heated through the print ribbon using the print head. In some embodiments, print material is not transferred to the non-transfer portions during the heating of the non-transfer portions. In some embodiments, the print ribbon includes a blank panel, and the non-transfer portions are heated through the blank panel. In some embodiments, print material is transferred from the print ribbon to the non-transfer portions during the heating of the non-transfer portions. 
     In some embodiments, an image is printed to the transfer section prior to laminating the transfer section to the substrate. In some embodiments, portions of the print ribbon are heated to a print temperature using the print head. Print material is transferred from the print ribbon to the transfer section in response to heating portions of the print ribbon to the print temperature. In some embodiments, the deactivation temperature is greater than the print temperature. 
     In some embodiments, the non-transfer portions of the transfer section correspond to a feature of the substrate. Embodiments of the feature include embedded circuitry, an electrical contact, a magnetic stripe, a signature panel, and/or a holographic image. In some embodiments, the transfer section laminated to the substrate includes openings over the one or more features of the substrate corresponding to the non-transfer portions. 
     In some embodiments, the substrate includes a leading edge, a trailing edge opposite the leading edge, and first and second opposing side edges extending between the leading and trailing edges. In some embodiments, the non-transfer portions of the transfer section include a leading edge portion of the transfer section corresponding to the leading edge of the substrate, a trailing edge portion of the transfer section corresponding to the trailing edge of the substrate, and/or side edge portions of the transfer section corresponding to the side edges of the substrate. This prevents or reduces the likelihood of edge flash issues. Additionally, a thicker transfer layer may be utilized to improve protection of the portions of the substrate that receive the transfer portions. 
     In another method of laminating a transfer section of a transfer layer to a substrate using a reverse-image transfer printing device, one or more transfer portions of the transfer layer adjoining at least one edge of the transfer section are heated to a deactivation temperature using the print head. The transfer section is laminated to a substrate by heating the transfer section using the laminating device, and bonding transfer portions of the transfer section to the substrate using the laminating device. The carrier layer is removed from the transfer portions, while the non-transfer portions remain attached to the carrier layer. 
     In some embodiments, the transfer section includes a leading edge, a trailing edge opposite the leading edge, and first and second opposing side edges extending between the leading and trailing edges. In some embodiments, the one or more transfer portions include a leading edge portion adjoining the leading edge of the transfer section, a trailing edge portion adjoining the trailing edge of the transfer section, and/or side edge portions each adjoining one of the side edges of the transfer section. 
     In some embodiments, the one or more non-transfer portions of the transfer layer are heated through the print ribbon using the print head. In some embodiments, print material is not transferred to the non-transfer portions in response to heating the non-transfer portions through the print ribbon using the print head. 
     In some embodiments of the method, non-transfer portions of the transfer section are heated to the deactivation temperature using the print head. During the lamination of the transfer section, the non-transfer portions and the transfer portions of the transfer section are heated using the laminating device, and the transfer portions are bonded to the substrate using the laminating device. The non-transfer portions of the transfer section remain attached to the carrier layer following removing the carrier layer from the transfer portions. 
     This Summary is provided to introduce a selection of concepts in a simplified form that are further described below in the Detailed Description. This Summary is not intended to identify key features or essential features of the claimed subject matter, nor is it intended to be used as an aid in determining the scope of the claimed subject matter. The claimed subject matter is not limited to implementations that solve any or all disadvantages noted in the Background. 
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF ILLUSTRATIVE EMBODIMENTS 
     Embodiments of the invention are described more fully hereinafter with reference to the accompanying drawings. The various embodiments of the invention may, however, be embodied in many different forms and should not be construed as limited to the embodiments set forth herein. Rather, these embodiments are provided so that this disclosure will be thorough and complete, and will fully convey the scope of the invention to those skilled in the art. Elements that are identified using the same or similar reference characters refer to the same or similar elements. 
     The terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particular embodiments only and is not intended to be limiting of the invention. As used herein, the singular forms “a”, “an” and “the” are intended to include the plural forms as well, unless the context clearly indicates otherwise. It will be further understood that the terms “comprises” and/or “comprising,” when used in this specification, specify the presence of stated features, integers, steps, operations, elements, and/or components, but do not preclude the presence or addition of one or more other features, integers, steps, operations, elements, components, and/or groups thereof. 
     It will be understood that when an element is referred to as being “connected” or “coupled” to another element, it can be directly connected or coupled to the other element or intervening elements may be present. In contrast, if an element is referred to as being “directly connected” or “directly coupled” to another element, there are no intervening elements present. 
     It will be understood that, although the terms first, second, etc. may be used herein to describe various elements, these elements should not be limited by these terms. These terms are only used to distinguish one element from another. Thus, a first element could be termed a second element without departing from the teachings of the present invention. 
     Unless otherwise defined, all terms (including technical and scientific terms) used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this invention belongs. It will be further understood that terms, such as those defined in commonly used dictionaries, should be interpreted as having a meaning that is consistent with their meaning in the context of the relevant art and will not be interpreted in an idealized or overly formal sense unless expressly so defined herein. 
     As will further be appreciated by one of skill in the art, the present invention may be embodied as methods, systems, and/or computer program products. Accordingly, the present invention may take the form of an entirely hardware embodiment, an entirely software embodiment or an embodiment combining software and hardware aspects. Furthermore, the present invention may take the form of a computer program product on a computer-usable storage medium having computer-usable program code embodied in the medium. Any suitable computer readable medium may be utilized including hard disks, CD-ROMs, optical storage devices, or magnetic storage devices. 
     The computer-usable or computer-readable medium may be, for example but not limited to, an electronic, magnetic, optical, electromagnetic, infrared, or semiconductor system, apparatus, device, or propagation medium. More specific examples (a non-exhaustive list) of the computer-readable medium would include the following: an electrical connection having one or more wires, a portable computer diskette, a random access memory (RAM), a read-only memory (ROM), an erasable programmable read-only memory (EPROM or Flash memory), an optical fiber, and a portable compact disc read-only memory (CD-ROM). Note that the computer-usable or computer-readable medium could even be paper or another suitable medium upon which the program is printed, as the program can be electronically captured, via, for instance, optical scanning of the paper or other medium, then compiled, interpreted, or otherwise processed in a suitable manner, if necessary, and then stored in a computer memory. 
     The invention is also described using flowchart illustrations and block diagrams. It will be understood that each block (of the flowcharts and block diagrams), and combinations of blocks, can be implemented by computer program instructions. These program instructions may be provided to a processor circuit, such as a microprocessor, microcontroller or other processor, such that the instructions which execute on the processor(s) create means for implementing the functions specified in the block or blocks. The computer program instructions may be executed by the processor(s) to cause a series of operational steps to be performed by the processor(s) to produce a computer implemented process such that the instructions which execute on the processor(s) provide steps for implementing the functions specified in the block or blocks. 
     Accordingly, the blocks support combinations of means for performing the specified functions, combinations of steps for performing the specified functions and program instruction means for performing the specified functions. It will also be understood that each block, and combinations of blocks, can be implemented by special purpose hardware-based systems which perform the specified functions or steps, or combinations of special purpose hardware and computer instructions. 
       FIG. 1  is a simplified side view of an exemplary transfer lamination or reverse-image transfer printing device  100  in accordance with embodiments of the invention. In some embodiments, the device  100  includes a controller  101  representing one or more processors configured to execute program instructions stored in local memory of the device, or other location to control components of the device  100  and perform method steps described herein. 
     In some embodiments, the device  100  includes a printing section  102  and a transfer laminating section  104 . The device  100  also includes a print ribbon  106  and a transfer ribbon  108 . In some embodiments, the print ribbon  106  is supported between a supply spool  110  and a take-up spool  112 . In some embodiments, the transfer ribbon  108  is supported between a supply spool  114  and a take-up spool  116 . 
       FIG. 2  is a simplified top plan view of a print ribbon  106  in accordance with embodiments of the invention. In some embodiments, the print ribbon  106  comprises a plurality of print panels, such as colored dye panels, a black resin panel, and/or other conventional thermal print ribbon print panels. The print panels  118  comprise print material (e.g., dye, ink, resin, etc.) that may be transferred to the transfer ribbon  108  during a printing process performed by the printing section  102 . 
       FIG. 3  is a simplified side cross-sectional view of a transfer ribbon  108  in accordance with embodiments of the invention. In some embodiments, the transfer ribbon  108  includes a transfer layer  122 , which is attached to a backing or carrier layer  124 . In some embodiments, the transfer layer  122  is in the form of a fracturable laminate or thin film laminate. In some embodiments, the transfer layer  122  includes an image receptive layer  126  that is configured to receive print material from the print ribbon  106 . In some embodiments, the image receptive layer  126  comprises a thermal adhesive, which is activated during a transfer lamination process to bond the transfer layer  122  to a substrate. The transfer ribbon  108  may also include a release layer  128  between the transfer layer  122  and the carrier layer  124  that assists in releasing the transfer layer from the carrier layer  124  during a transfer lamination process. Other conventional materials or layers may also be included in the transfer ribbon  108 . 
     In some embodiments, the transfer layer  122  includes a protective layer  130  located between the image receptive layer  126  and the carrier layer  124 . Alternatively, the protective layer  130  may be combined with the image receptive layer  126 . The protective layer  130  operates to provide protection to an image printed on or in the image receptive layer  126  when the transfer layer  122  is laminated to a surface of a substrate. The protective layer  130  can also provide protection to the surface of the substrate on which it is laminated. 
     In some embodiments, the protective layer  130  is a highly durable protective layer that is capable of withstanding 1500 taber cycles. In some embodiments, the protective layer  130  is capable of withstanding 2000-3000 or more taber cycles. In some embodiments, the protective layer  130  includes one or more resins. In some embodiments, the protective layer  130  has a thickness in the range of 12-40 μm. In some embodiments, the protective layer  130  has a thickness of greater than 25 μm. Embodiments of the protective layer also include other configurations. 
     Embodiments of the printing section  102  of the device  100  will be described with reference to  FIGS. 4 and 5 , which respectively are simplified side and front views of the printing section  102  in accordance with embodiments of the invention. The printing section  102  may be formed in accordance with conventional printing sections of reverse-transfer printing devices. In some embodiments, the printing section  102  includes a print head  132  and a print platen or other support  134  (hereinafter “platen  134 ”). In some embodiments, the print head  132  is a thermal print head comprising heating elements  136  that may be individually activated to heat a desired portion of the print ribbon  106  using the controller  101 , as illustrated in  FIG. 5 . During a conventional print operation, the activated heating elements  136  (shaded boxes) each heat an underlying portion of a print panel  118  of the print ribbon  106  to a print temperature, causing print material to transfer from the print panel  118  to the surface  138  ( FIG. 3 ) of the transfer layer  122 . In some embodiments, the print temperature is in the range of 65-150° C. Multiple print panels  118  of the print ribbon  106  may be fed into position using conventional techniques to print the desired image to the transfer layer  122  of the transfer ribbon  108 . 
       FIG. 6  is a simplified side view of a transfer laminating section  104  of the device  100  in accordance with embodiments of the invention. The transfer laminating section  104  may be formed in accordance with conventional laminating sections of reverse-transfer printing devices. In some embodiments, the transfer laminating section  104  includes a laminating device  140 , such as a heated laminating roller, and a platen or other support  142  (hereinafter “platen  142 ”). In some embodiments, the device  100  includes a substrate supply  144 , from which individual substrates  146  are fed along a processing path  148  toward the laminating device  140  using a suitable transport mechanism  150  controlled by the controller  101 . In some embodiments, the transport mechanism  150  comprises one or more motorized feed rollers  152 , or other suitable mechanism. Embodiments of the transfer laminating section  104  include sensors (not shown) that may be used to assist the controller  101  in the feeding of the substrates  146  along the processing path  148 , and aligning the substrates  146  with a transfer section of the transfer layer  122  that is to be laminated to a surface  154  of the substrate  146 . 
     In some embodiments, the transfer ribbon  108  and the substrate  146  are fed between the laminating device  140  and the platen  142 , as shown in  FIG. 6 . As the substrate  146  and the transfer ribbon  108  are fed in the direction indicated by arrow  156 , the controller  101  controls the laminating device  140  to heat the transfer ribbon  108  and presses the transfer layer  122  against the surface  154  of the substrate  146 . The heating of the transfer ribbon  140  generally activates the adhesive within the transfer layer  122 , which bonds the transfer layer  122  to the surface  154  of the substrate  146 . In some embodiments, the carrier layer  124  is pulled from the transfer layer  122  bonded to the substrate  146  at a peel-off roller  158  and is collected by the take-up spool  116 . 
     The transfer lamination process is completed after the substrate  146  is fed sufficiently past the laminating device  140 , leaving the substrate with a transfer section of the transfer layer  122  bonded to the surface  154 . An image printed either to the surface  138  of the transfer layer  122 , or to the surface  154  of the substrate  146  prior to the lamination process, is protected by the transfer layer  122 , specifically the protective layer  130 . 
     The substrate  146  may take on many different forms, as understood by those skilled in the art. In some embodiments, the substrate  146  is a credential substrate. As used herein, the term “credential substrate” includes substrates used to form credentials, such as identification cards, membership cards, proximity cards, driver&#39;s licenses, passports, credit and debit cards, and other credentials or similar products. Exemplary card substrates include paper substrates other than traditional paper sheets used in copiers or paper sheet printers, plastic substrates, rigid and semi-rigid card substrates, and other similar substrates. 
     As mentioned above, the transfer laminating section  104  of the device  100  is generally configured to laminate a transfer section of the transfer layer  122  to the surface  154  of a substrate  146 .  FIG. 7  is a simplified top view of a transfer ribbon  108  illustrating an exemplary transfer section  160  in accordance with embodiments of the invention. In some embodiments, it is desirable to cover the entire surface  154  of the substrate  146  with the transfer layer  122 , particularly when the transfer layer  122  is configured to provide protection to the surface  154  of the substrate  146 , or an image printed to the transfer layer  122 . Thus, in some embodiments, the transfer section  160  substantially matches the surface  154  of the substrate  146 . 
     In some embodiments, the substrate  146  includes a leading edge  164  and a trailing edge  166 , as shown in the simplified top view of  FIG. 8 . The leading edge  164  and trailing edge  166  are determined based on the feed direction  156 , in which the substrate  146  is fed along the processing path  148 , as shown in  FIG. 6 . In some embodiments, the substrate  146  also includes opposing side edges  170  extending between the leading and trailing edges  164  and  166 . 
     In some embodiments, the transfer section  160  includes edges corresponding to the edges of the substrate  146 . Accordingly, in some embodiments, the transfer section  160  includes a leading edge  164 ′ corresponding to the leading edge  164  of the substrate  146 , a trailing edge  166 ′ corresponding to the trailing edge  166  of the substrate  146 , and opposing side edges  170 ′ corresponding to the side edges  170  of the substrate  146 , as shown in  FIG. 7 . 
     In some embodiments, the substrate  146  includes one or more features  172  ( FIG. 8 ), to which the transfer layer  122  should not be laminated. Exemplary features  172  include embedded circuitry (e.g., an integrated circuit chip), an electrical contact, a magnetic stripe, a signature panel, a holographic image, or other feature that should not be covered by the transfer layer  122 . 
     As discussed above, it may be desirable to avoid covering the entire surface  154  of the substrate  114  with the transfer section  160  in order to avoid covering various features  172  ( FIG. 8 ) of the substrate  146  with the transfer layer  122 . Some embodiments of the invention operate to selectively remove portions of the transfer section  160  corresponding to the features  172  of the substrate  114 , thereby preventing the lamination of the transfer layer  122  over the features  172  of the substrate  146 . 
     Additionally, it is desirable that the transfer section  160  is cleanly removed (i.e., without edge flash) from the carrier layer  104  of the transfer ribbon  108  while portions of the transfer layer  122  that adjoin the edges of the transfer section  160  remain adhered to the carrier layer  124  following the transfer lamination process. As mentioned above, the more durable the transfer layer  122 , the more difficult it is to get the transfer section  160  to cleanly fracture from the portions of the transfer layer  122  that are to remain adhered to the carrier layer  124 . The durability of the transfer layer  122  may be determined by the type of resin used, the thickness of the transfer layer  122 , the thickness of a protective layer  130 , or other property of the transfer layer  122 . Embodiments of the invention provide a method for reducing tears in the transfer layer  122  during transfer lamination processes. 
       FIG. 9  is a flowchart illustrating a method of laminating a transfer section  160  of a transfer layer  122  to a substrate  146  using embodiments of the reverse-image transfer printing device  100  described above. In some embodiments, the device  100  includes a transfer ribbon  108  comprising the transfer layer  122  attached to a carrier layer  124 , a print ribbon  106 , a print head  132  configured to transfer print material from the print ribbon  106  to the transfer layer  122 , and a laminating device  140 , as described above. 
     At  180  of the method, non-transfer portions  182  of the transfer section  160  are heated to a deactivation temperature using the print head  132 . Thus, the transfer section  160  of the transfer layer  122  includes one or more heated non-transfer portions  182  following the heating step  180 , as shown in  FIG. 7 . Each pixel of area of the transfer section  160  heated during step  180  to the deactivation temperature constitutes one non-transfer portion  182 . Accordingly, several non-transfer portions  182  are contained within each of the boxes in  FIG. 7  identified as non-transfer portions  182 . 
     In some embodiments, the heating step  180  is performed by selectively activating individual heating elements  136  of the print head  132  in accordance with conventional printing techniques, as illustrated in  FIG. 5 . In some embodiments, the deactivation temperature to which the non-transfer portions  182  of the transfer section  160  reach in response to step  180  is greater than the temperature reached by portions of the transfer section  160  in response to the heating of the print ribbon  106  to the print temperature during a process of printing an image to the transfer layer  122 . In some embodiments, the deactivation temperature is in the range of 160-300° C. 
     In some embodiments, the heating step  180  involves positioning the heating elements  136  over the non-transfer portions  182  for a longer duration as compared to when performing a print operation. In some embodiments, this allows the non-transfer portions to reach the desired deactivation temperature. 
     In some embodiments, this heating of the non-transfer portions  182  operates to either bond the non-transfer portions to the carrier layer  124 , or deactivate the adhesive in the transfer layer  122  in such a manner that the non-transfer portions do not bond to the surface  154  of the substrate  146  during a transfer lamination process. In some embodiments, the heating step  180  modifies or deactivates the release layer  128  ( FIG. 3 ) between the transfer layer  122  and the carrier layer  124 , which allows the transfer layer  122  to bond to the carrier layer  124 . 
     Thus, while the non-transfer portions  182  of the transfer layer  122  may be heated in accordance with conventional printing techniques using the print head  132 , the heating elements  136  that are activated during the heating step  180  are energized to a greater degree than during a printing process in order to heat the non-transfer portions  182  to the deactivation temperature. In some embodiments, the heating elements  136  are heated to a higher temperature through the supply of more energy (i.e., current), as compared to the energy supplied to the active heating elements  136  necessary to heat the print ribbon  106  to the print temperature for a printing process. The additional energy to the activated heating elements  136  increases the heat generated by the heating elements  136  to provide the desired heating of the non-transfer portions  182  to the deactivation temperature. 
     In some embodiments, the duration the activated heating elements  136  are maintained over the non-transfer portions  182  during the heating step  180  is longer than the duration that the activated heating elements  136  are maintained over the transfer layer  122  during a printing process. This allows the heating elements  136  to transfer more heat to the non-transfer portions  182  than would normally be transferred during a printing process. 
     At  184  of the method, the transfer section  160  is laminated to a substrate  146  using the laminating device  140 , which bonds transfer portions  186  to the substrate  146 . In some embodiments of the laminating step  184 , both the non-transfer portions  182  and the transfer portions  186  are heated using the laminating device  140 , as shown in  FIG. 6 . In some embodiments, the transfer portions  186  correspond to the entire transfer section  160  less the non-transfer portions  182 , as shown in  FIG. 7 . 
     At  188  of the method, the carrier layer  124  is removed from the transfer portions  186  bonded to the substrate  146 , and the non-transfer portions  182  remain attached to the carrier layer  124 , as shown in  FIG. 6 . Thus, only the transfer portions  186  of the transfer section  160  are bonded to the surface  154  of the substrate  146  following step  188 . 
     In some embodiments, openings  190  are formed in the bonded transfer section  160  that correspond to the non-transfer portions  182  that remain attached to the carrier layer  124  following step  188 . In some embodiments, the openings  190  correspond to the features  172  of the substrate  146 , such as those discussed above with reference to  FIG. 8 , as shown in the simplified top view of the processed substrate  146  provided in  FIG. 10 . As a result, embodiments of the method operate to remove select portions of the transfer section  160  of the transfer layer  122  to create openings in the transfer section  160  bonded to the substrate  146 . 
     In some embodiments, the non-transfer portions  182  adjoin and extend along an edge of the transfer section  160 , such as the leading edge  164 ′, the trailing edge  166 ′, and/or one or both of the side edges  170 ′, as shown in  FIG. 7 . In some embodiments, these non-transfer portions  182  assist in ensuring a clean transfer of the transfer section  160  to the substrate during steps  184  and  188 . 
     In some embodiments, step  180  involves heating the non-transfer portions  182  through the print ribbon  106  using the print head  132 , as shown in  FIG. 4 . In some embodiments, print material is not transferred from the print ribbon  106  to the non-transfer portions  182  during step  180 . In some embodiments, the print ribbon  106  includes a blank panel  192 , as shown in  FIG. 2 . The blank panel  192  does not contain print material that is transferable to the non-transfer portions  182  of the transfer layer  122  in response to heating the blank panel  192  during the heating step  180 . Accordingly, in some embodiments, the blank panel  192  is moved between the print head  132  and the platen  134 , and the non-transfer portions  182  are heated by the print head  132  through the blank panel  192  during the heating step  180 . 
     In accordance with other embodiments, print material is transferred from the print ribbon  106  to the non-transfer portions  182  during the heating step  180 . In accordance with this embodiment, one of the print panels  118  ( FIG. 2 ) of the print ribbon  106  may be positioned between the print head  132  and the platen  134  during the heating step  180 . 
     In some embodiments, an image is printed on the transfer portions  186  using the print head  182 , prior to steps  184  and  188  of the method. In some embodiments, the image is printed to the transfer section  160  before the heating step  180 . In some embodiments, the image is printed in accordance with conventional techniques, such as those described above. 
       FIG. 11  is a flowchart illustrating embodiments of a method of laminating a transfer section  160  of a transfer layer  122  to a substrate  146  using a reverse-image transfer printing device  100  formed in accordance with one or more embodiments described above. At  194  of the method, one or more non-transfer portions  182  of the transfer layer  122  adjoining at least one edge of the transfer section  160  are heated to a deactivation temperature using the print head  132 . Thus, embodiments of step  194  include heating a non-transfer portion  182  adjoining the leading edge  164 ′ of the transfer section  160 , a non-transfer portion  182  adjoining the trailing edge  166 ′ of the transfer section  160 , and/or a non-transfer portion  182  adjoining one or both of the side edges  170 ′ of the transfer section  160 , as shown in  FIG. 12 , which is a simplified top view of a transfer ribbon  108  in accordance with embodiments of the invention. 
     Techniques used to perform the heating step  194  are in accordance with those described above regarding the heating step  180 . In general, the controller  101  of the device  100  controls the print head  132  to activate the heating elements  136  corresponding to the desired non-transfer portion  182  to heat the desired non-transfer portions  182  to the deactivation temperature. 
     At  196  of the method, the transfer section  160  is laminated to a substrate  146  to bond transfer portions  186  to the substrate  146 , as shown in  FIG. 6 . In some embodiments of the laminating step  196 , both the non-transfer portions  182  and the transfer portions  186  are heated using the laminating device  140 , as shown in  FIG. 6 . 
     In some embodiments, the transfer portions  186  may comprise the entire transfer section  160 . In other embodiments, non-transfer portions  182  are formed in the transfer section  160  in accordance with step  180  of the method of  FIG. 9 , prior to the lamination step  196 . The non-transfer portions  182  within the transfer section are not bonded to the substrate  146  during the laminating step  196 . Thus, in some embodiments, the method of  FIG. 11  includes performing the heating step  180  prior to the laminating step  196 . Likewise, embodiments of the method of  FIG. 9  include performing the heating step  194  prior to the laminating step  184 . 
     At  198  of the method, the carrier layer  124  is removed from the transfer portions  186 , as shown in  FIG. 6 . The one or more non-transfer portions  182  formed in step  194  that adjoin one of the edges of the transfer section  160  remain adhered to the carrier layer  124  following step  198 . In some embodiments, the formation of such non-transfer portions  182  assists in preventing or reducing tearing of the transfer layer  122 , particularly when the transfer layer  122  includes a relatively thick or highly durable protective layer  130 , as discussed above. As a result, substrates  146  processed in accordance with the method of  FIG. 11  are less prone to defects caused by tearing of the transfer layer  122  at one of the edges of the transfer section  160  during the removing step  198 . 
     In some embodiments, the heating step  194  involves heating the non-transfer portions  182  through the print ribbon  106  in accordance with the techniques described above with regard to the heating step  180 . 
     Although the present invention has been described with reference to preferred embodiments, workers skilled in the art will recognize that changes may be made in form and detail without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. 
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