Patent Publication Number: US-2010108616-A1

Title: Chemical composition and process for treating geotechnical slurries

Description:
The invention relates to the area of handling/treating dispersions, in particular in view of separating undesirable fractions of dispersed materials from such dispersions. 
     Such separation techniques are particularly useful, as for instance in the case of soil stabilization slurries (geotechnical slurries). 
     When performing soil drilling, such as for foundations, including piles, for supporting a building, bridge or port, and more generally when a bored hole is drilled through soil, these bored holes need to be stabilized during the process of excavation, until the proper depth is achieved. In soft soils, a soil stabilizer prevents sloughing or even total collapse of the excavation. There are several stabilizers that can be used, such as drilling fluids, casings (steel tube), etc. 
     When the bored hole reaches the intended depth, a rebar cage is set in place. Concrete is than poured, and the drilling fluid is recovered and reused for subsequent excavation operations. 
     A similar process is used for diaphragm wall constructions, amongst others for tunneling purposes or just for construction of building basements in poor soils. 
     Also the drilling of holes for the oil industry requires slurry fluids, for side wall containment. 
     In the process of drilling a hole in the ground to a given diameter and depth, of placing rebar cages and of afterward pouring concrete, one can thus use stabilizing fluids while drilling. One of the common stabilizing/drilling fluids generally used is bentonite (i.e. a mineral, processed clay, treated with chemical components). While the drilling progresses there is a tendency for solids to become suspended by the bentonite fluid. These solids do not settle easily through time. When the desired depth is achieved the bentonite fluid must be cleaned and a part of the solids must be removed. Generally no more than 5% of particles (sand) are allowed to contaminate the fluid prior to placing concrete. 
     Depending on the volume of bentonite to be treated and depth this process either requires a down hole pump or airlifting to recuperate the fluid to be cleaned while recycled cleaned bentonite is being fed to the hole. The procedure up to now includes a complex device (de-sanding unit) that mechanically removes solids in suspension. This process generally requires 30 minutes to 3 hours but it can take up to 5 hours and more, depending on the soil. 
     For the state of the art in this respect reference can for instance be given to patent documents GB 1 399 938 and WO 2002/092259. 
     To understand the stabilizing mechanism of bentonite, one may visualize it as a set of magnetized bricks with a positive and a negative charge on the opposite side. These platelets, with the initial bleeding, tend to accumulate on the interface of the excavation&#39;s walls in an organized way, forming a barrier known as “cake”. This barrier is created due to the dual charged platelets referred to above, which allows them to connect to each other and also because they are bigger than the soil particles. These platelets also work as a fluid loss reduction mechanism by covering the voids in the soil of the excavation. The cake is also the “vehicle” for hydrostatic pressure transfer to the interface of the excavation&#39;s walls. From this point on, the excavation is stabilized. 
     The devices used in industry to clean the bentonite are either hydrocyclones or shakers with screens or a combination of both. 
     Shakers remove suspended particles (residual solids that remain in suspension from the cuttings while drilling) and separate the liquid (fine clayey particles and water) by use of the screens. These devices require electric power and for huge jobs some of these high powered equipments use a lot of energy that keep adding up to the job cost. 
     Hydrocyclones basically centrifuge the liquid forcing the solids (heavier particles than bentonite itself) to separate. Some jobs or contractors may choose a combination of both methods. 
     Whatever method practiced, the removal of contaminating solids from stabilizing/drilling fluids, is currently a time consuming and costly process. 
     The objective of the present invention is to provide alternative methods for separating undesirable contaminants from drilling fluids, which alternative methods avoid capital intensive separation installations and allow a more easy and otherwise more convenient separation. 
     In view of this objective the invention provides a new process for treating liquid slurries of bentonite particles, optionally comprising contaminating solids, in order to remove contaminating solids and/or the bentonite particles, wherein a dispersing agent composition is added to said slurry causing contaminating solids and/or the bentonite particles to settle. 
     In the state of the art various methods are know in which long chain polymer additives are used to cause the separation of solids from waste waters and aqueous suspensions by flocculation techniques. 
     Thus, Japanese Patent Abstract JP 56 076293 discloses the use of polyacrylic acid or polyacrylamide, admixed with Ca or Mg, as long chain polymer flocculant. 
     EP 0 545 383 discloses the use of modified amine functional polymers such as polyvinylaminals, in the form of cationic salts, to perform flocculation of wastewater, in particular the flocculation of a suspension of bentonite clay. Japanese Patent Abstract JP 10 076109 discloses the use of a copolymer of acrylamide and sodium acrylate with alkaline earth metallic ions for causing flocculation of waste muddy water. 
     Japanese Patent Abstract JP 11 333209 discloses the use of a copolymer of 2-acrylamide-2-methylpropane sulfonic acid, methacrylic acid and acrylamide for causing flocculation of muddy water containing bentonite, whereas flocks with increased strength are obtained. 
     Japanese Patent Abstract JP 2001 064637 discloses pH adjustment of a stabilizing copolymer of a carboxy containing monomer, a (meth)acrylate based monomer and a comonomer, together with a coagulant to cause solid liquid separation of a water-clay suspension comprising clay such as bentonite, silt, earth, sand and the like. 
     Japanese Patent Abstract JP 2002 102860 discloses the use of a polymer flocculant together with an aluminum compound and an iron compound for treating muddy water containing bentonite. 
     It is an essential feature of the present invention that separation/settlement/sedimentation of solids is not caused by flocculation, but rather by a sedimentation process without flocculation, resulting from the mere addition of a dispersing agent composition, leading to a mere change of surface tension of solid particles in the bentonite suspension. 
     As illustrated by the state of the art referred to above, polymer additives with high molecular weight (including high molecular weight acrylamide and acrylic polymers) are indeed known as flocculation agents for clay slurries (solid separation by flocculation), in the more general context that specific additives and/or conditions (cationic flocculants or long chain anionic additives) are known cause such flocculation. 
     To understand the difference between dispersing and flocculating one can basically indicate that they are in essence opposite phenomena where flocculating is bringing particles together whereas dispersing is separating them from each other. 
     Dispersing can be further explained in the following way with reference to clay slurries : 
     By mixing clay (insoluble mineral powder) into water, one will obtain a dispersion; this dispersion will likely be unstable and/or viscous unless additives are used. The instability happens because small clay particles tend to agglomerate. The particles have charged sites with ions around it. These ions polarize water molecules and form a thin water layer around the particles. As the particles are naturally attracted by each other, agglomeration takes place. In this state the clay particles are said to be flocculated. 
     By the addition of a dispersant (also called de-flocculant), or by properly treating the clay (as is the case for bentonite clays) the particles will become free to move and prevent the flocculation, thus dramatically reducing the viscosity of the slurry. 
     If the slurry was already made up and the dispersant polymer added while mixing, the operation of adding a dispersing agent is called de-flocculation (curative effect). If the dispersing agent is already present in water when the mineral is being added, this is called dispersing (preventive effect). 
     The present invention is based on the totally unexpected finding that the addition of a dispersing agent may, in the presence of bentonites, cause the separation/settlement/sedimentation of suspended/dispersed particles, without involving flocculation/aggregation. 
     In other words also, the invention involves the finding that a dispersing agent (i.e. a de-flocullant) can act, in the presence of bentonites, as a de-dispersant, without being a flocculant. 
     According to a preferred feature of the invention, the used dispersing agent composition more specifically comprises one or more ingredients selected from acrylic acid, succinic acid, succinic acid oligomers, maleic anhydride, aspartic acid, polyaspartates, sulfonated organic compounds, polyacrylic acid (PAA) and their Na, K, NH 4 — and amine salts, polymaleic acid and their salts, polymaleates, polyphosphonates, sodiumhexametaphosphate, tetrasodiumpyrophospate, tetrapotassiumpolyphosphate, phosphoric acid esters and lignin sulfonate, acrylate polymers, amines, amine acetates, carboxymethyl cellulose, EO/PO block copolymers, ethoxylated nonionic compounds, gelatin whey, lecithin, lignite, melamine sulfonate condensates, naphthalene sulfonate condensates, nitrocellulose, polyepoxysuccinic acid, phosphino carboxylic acids, phosphonate compounds, carboxyl and amine dimmer based polyamides, polyvinyl alcohol, sodium maleate, sodium silicates, styrene-acrylic compounds, sulfonated styrene maleic anhydride, (modified) tall oil and terpene-phenolic compounds, as monomers, oligomers, polymers and/or copolymers. 
     According to a further preferred feature of the invention, the used dispersing agent composition specifically comprises one or more oligomers, polymers and/or copolymers having an average mass ranging from 500-300.000 g/mol, of at least one species (A) selected from acrylic acid, succinic acid, succinic acid oligomers, maleic anhydride and sulfonated organic compounds, and/or Na, K, NH 4 — and amine salts of said oligomers, polymers and copolymers. 
     According to still a further preferred feature of the invention, the used dispersing agent composition comprises one or more copolymers of at least one of said species (A) with at least one species (B) selected from polyacrylic acid (PAA) and their Na, K, NH 4 — and amine salts, polymaleic acid and their salts, polymaleates, polyphosphonates, sodium hexa metaphosphate, tetrasodium pyrophospate, tetrapotassium polyphosphate, phosphoric acid esters and lignin sulfonate, acrylate polymers, amines, amine acetates, carboxymethyl cellulose, EO/PO block copolymers, ethoxylated nonionic compounds, gelatin, whey, lecithin, lignite, maleic anhydrides, melamine sulfonate condensates, naphthalene sulfonate condensates, nitrocellulose, polyepoxysuccinic acid, phosphino carboxylic acids, phosphonate compounds, carboxyl and amine dimmer based polyamides, polyvinyl alcohol, sodium maleate, sodium silicates, styrene-acrylic compounds, sulfonated styrene maleic anhydride, (modified) tall oil, terpene-phenolic compounds. 
     Most preferably the species(B) are/is selected from polyacrylic acid (PAA) and their Na, K, NH 4 — and amine salts, polymaleic acid and their salts, polymaleates, polyphosphonates, succinic acid, succinic acid oligomers, sodium hexa metaphosphate, tetrasodium pyrophospate, tetrapotassium polyphosphate, phosphoric acid esters and lignin sulfonate. 
     According to a further feature of the process according to the invention, the preferred oligomers, polymers and/or copolymers used in the dispersing agent compositions have an average mass ranging from 1000 to 50.000 g/mol (depending on the specific polymers involved). 
     The process may, in accordance with one embodiment of the invention, be applied to separate the contaminating solids from the bentonite slurry. 
     In such an embodiment of the invention, the dispersing agent composition is most appropriately added to a slurry of bentonite particles having a specific weight of 1.01-1.40 g/cm 3 , in a ratio 50 g to 2 kg of oligomer, polymer or copolymer/m 3  of slurry (i.e. a ratio of 0.1 to 4 liter of dispersing agent composition/m 3  of slurry, using a dispersing agent composition with ˜500 g/I total dry matter), whereas the mixture of slurry and dispersing agent composition is submitted to a settling/separation step for a period of 1 minute to 5 days, preferably 5 minutes to 1 day, most preferably 5-60 minutes, so as to separate contaminating solids from said bentonite slurry. 
     According to a preferred feature of this embodiment of the invention, the dispersion most suitably consists of a geotechnical slurries selected from bentonite slurries, polymer slurries, and mixed bentonite/polymer slurries, comprising contaminating solid particles, whereas at least a substantial part said contaminating solid particles are separated from said geotechnical slurry. 
     According to this embodiment of the invention the “separating product” (i.e. the dispersing agent composition) is added to the drilling/stabilization slurry (bentonite), generally in a container or excavation, and the drilling/stabilization slurry is put into agitation for a short period (preferably no longer than 5 minutes). After the fluid has remained static for a period of approximately 5 to 40 minutes the solids and fines in suspension will by means of chemistry and gravity weight settle to the bottom, rendering a clean fluid that is ready to be used again. 
     A second approach is to add the product directly to the stabilizations slurry before the excavation process initiates. Once the drilling or excavation stops all the solids in suspension will settle to the bottom in 5 to 40 minutes, rendering a clean fluid. This fluid may afterwards be recuperated to be used again. 
     With the new process according to the invention for cleaning bentonite using said dispersing agent composition, no special equipment will be needed. 
     The application of the dispersing agent composition will replace the de-sand equipment (hydrocyclones and shakers with screens). 
     The procedure for drilling or excavating a diaphragm wall requires a fluid for soil stabilization and a rig that actually cuts the soil. While drilling cuttings tend to become suspended in the fluid, bentonite has a characteristic called thixotropy that enables itself to easily suspend particles. After the excavation has been successfully achieved the fluid must be cleaned out to meet the contractual specifications. This generally requires down-hole pumps or airlift systems in the excavations in order to retrieve and replace bentonite making it to pass through the hydrocyclones and shakers with screens. Afterwards a reinforcement cage is introduced in the excavation. Once this is completed a “tremmie” (smaller diameter pipe than the excavation itself) is inserted in the column through the fluid all the way to the bottom. Concrete will be poured through this tremmie directly to the bottom. Given the differences between densities of concrete and the slurry the latter will be displaced (this is one of the reasons the fluid must be cleaned out) and may be pumped back to the mixing/storage plant for reconditioning and reuse on the following excavation. 
     The process may also, in accordance with another embodiment of the invention, be applied to separate essentially all solids from the slurry. 
     In such embodiment of the invention, the dispersing agent composition is most appropriately added to said slurry of bentonite particles having a specific weight of 1.01-1.40 g/cm 3 , in a ratio of at least 2 kg of dispersing agent composition/m 3  of slurry (i.e. a ratio of at least 4 liter of dispersing agent composition/m 3  of slurry, using a dispersing agent composition with ˜50 g/l total dry matter), whereas the mixture of slurry and dispersing agent composition is submitted to a settling/separation step for a period of 1 minute to 5 days, preferably 5 minutes to 1 day, most preferably 5-60 minutes, so as to separate the bentonite particles, and any contaminating solids from the liquid. 
     According to a preferred feature of this embodiment of the invention, the dispersion most suitably consists of a geotechnical slurry, selected from bentonite slurries and mixed bentonite/polymer slurries, comprising contaminating solid particles, whereas at least a substantial part of said contaminating solid particles and bentonite particles are separated from the liquid medium or the polymer dispersion. 
     Bentonite nowadays tends to be considered an hazard for the environment and most countries are adopting legislation for its disposal during and after the works have been completed. During its manufacture some chemicals are added to it. These chemicals together with fact that bentonite produces cake do not allow life to grow once thrown to the environment. Most sites that accept dumping materials refuse bentonite. When bentonite is no longer needed as a fluid to stabilize the soil, it is transported from the job site to a proper place where it can be disposed of. Due to environment restrictions, most places don&#39;t accept bentonite and don&#39;t know how to eliminate it. 
     In accordance with the present embodiment of the invention, the dispersing agent composition will have the effect of settling all the suspending materials on the bottom of the tank or any convenient reservoir. This operation can take from 5 minutes to 5 days, depending on the soil and the formula of the applied dispersing agent composition. At the end of this operation the tank will have a column of common and clean water that can be dumped without any kind of special treatment and a lay of clay will be at the bottom of the tank. This small amount of clay can now be transported to a proper site and be dumped there. 
     This process will reduce dramatically costs of bentonite elimination. The price for bentonite elimination is calculated by its cubic meter. 
     The invention also specifically relates to dispersing agent compositions for treating liquid slurries of bentonite particles, optionally comprising contaminating solids, in order to remove contaminating solids and/or the bentonite particles, wherein said dispersing agent composition comprises one or more oligomers, polymers and/or copolymers, having an average mass ranging from 500-300.000 g/mol, of at least one species (A) selected from acrylic acid, succinic acid, succinic acid oligomers, maleic anhydride and sulfonated organic compounds, and/or Na, K, NH 4 — and amine salts of said oligomers, polymers and copolymers. 
     In a preferred embodiment of the dispersing agent composition according to the invention, the composition comprises one or more copolymers of at least one of said species (A), with at least one species (B) selected from polyacrylic acid (PAA) and their Na, K, NH 4 — and amine salts, polymaleic acid and their salts, polymaleates, polyphosphonates, sodiumhexametaphosphate, tetrasodiumpyrophospate, tetrapotassiumpolyphosphate, phosphoric acid esters and lignin sulfonate, acrylate polymers, amines, amine acetates, carboxymethyl cellulose, EO/PO block copolymers, ethoxylated nonionic compounds, gelatin, whey, lecithin, lignite, maleic anhydrides, melamine sulfonate condensates, naphthalene sulfonate condensates, nitrocellulose, polyepoxysuccinic acid, phosphino carboxylic acids, phosphonate compounds, carboxyl and amine dimmer based polyamides, polyvinyl alcohol, sodium maleate, sodium silicates, styrene-acrylic compounds, sulfonated styrene maleic anhydride, (modified) tall oil, terpene-phenolic compounds. 
     Most preferably species (B) are/is selected from polyacrylic acid (PAA) and their Na, K, NH 4 — and amine salts, polymaleic acid and their salts, polymaleates, polyphosphonates, succinic acid, succinic acid oligomers, sodiumhexametaphosphate, tetrasodiumpyrophospate, tetrapotassiumpolyphosphate, phosphoric acid esters and lignin sulfonate one or more polymers or copolymers of at least one species selected from acrylic acid, succinic acid, succinic acid oligomers, acrylamide, maleic anhydride and sulfonated organic compounds. 
     According to a further feature of the invention, the preferred oligomers, polymers and/or copolymers for the dispersing agent compositions have an average mass ranging from 1000 to 50.000 g/mol (depending on the specific polymers involved). 
     The dispersing agent compositions according to the invention have preferably a total dry matter content ranging from 50-950 g/l, more preferably from 300-800 g/l. 
     It must however be understood that more diluted embodiments of the dispersing agent compositions according to the invention are also possible but will require larger amounts (relative to the treated liquid slurries) for implementing the processes according to the invention. 
     The invention also specifically covers a dispersing agent composition as such when intended for use in a process as disclosed here above and in the claims here below. 
     Further details of the invention will become apparent from the following non limiting examples. 
    
    
     EXAMPLES 1-35  
     Examples of Dispersing Agent Compositions 
     Example 1  
     An aqueous solution of 500 g/l diphosphoric acid—tetrapotassium salt, as a clear, homogeneous solution, used in a ratio of 3 l/per m 3  of treated slurry, constituted a suitable settling agent for dispersed solids, in accordance to the invention. 
     Example 2  
     Adding a 50% solution of a chelating/complexing agent selected from nitrilotriacetic acid and dieththylenetriamine pentaacetic acid, to a solution according to example 1 (in an approximately equal amounts) provided another appropriate settling agent for dispersed solids, in accordance to the invention. 
     Example 3  
     130 g of NaOH were added to 500 g of a 50% mixture of “medium molecular weight” polyacrylic acid (SOKALAN CP 10 S from BASF with a ˜4000 g/mol average molar mass) in water. 
     This provided a very good settling for dispersed solids, according to the invention. 
     Example 4-30  
     Replacing the polyacrylic acid (SOKALAN CP 10 S) in the formulation of example 3 here above, by one of the products listed in table I here below, provided further appropriate settling agents for dispersed solids, in accordance to the invention, in their acid form as well as in the form of their Na—, K—, NH4- and TEA-salts. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
             
               
                 TABLE I 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 example n° 
                 polyacrylic acic product 
                 from the company 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                 4 
                 Sokalan PA 20 PN 
                 BASF 
               
               
                 5 
                 Sokalan PA 25 CL PN 
                 ″ 
               
               
                 6 
                 Sokalan PA 13 PN 
                 ″ 
               
               
                 7 
                 Sokalan PA 20 
                 ″ 
               
               
                 8 
                 Sokalan PA 30 CL 
                 ″ 
               
               
                 9 
                 Sokalan PA 15 
                 ″ 
               
               
                 10 
                 Sokalan PA 40 
                 ″ 
               
               
                 11 
                 Sokalan PA 40 Powder 
                 ″ 
               
               
                 12 
                 Sokalan PA 50 
                 ″ 
               
               
                 13 
                 Sokalan PA 70 PN 
                 ″ 
               
               
                 14 
                 Sokalan PA 80 S 
                 ″ 
               
               
                 15 
                 DISPEX R.50 
                 CIBA 
               
               
                 16 
                 DISPEX A.50 
                 ″ 
               
               
                 17 
                 Rheosperse 573 
                 Coatex 
               
               
                 18 
                 Rheosperse DV282 
                 ″ 
               
               
                 19 
                 Rheosperse 1186 
                 ″ 
               
               
                 20 
                 Rheosperse 322 
                 ″ 
               
               
                 21 
                 Degapas 4104 
                 Degussa 
               
               
                 22 
                 POC HS 0010 
                 ″ 
               
               
                 23 
                 Isol dispersant HN 41 
                 Ionic Solutions 
               
               
                 24 
                 Isol dispersant HN 44 
                 ″ 
               
               
                 25 
                 Isol dispersant S 48 
                 ″ 
               
               
                 26 
                 Isol Dispersant HN 47 
                 ″ 
               
               
                 27 
                 Acumer 1100 
                 Rohm &amp; Haas 
               
               
                 28 
                 Acumer 9420 
                 ″ 
               
               
                 29 
                 Acumer 2200 
                 ″ 
               
               
                 30 
                 Acumer 4800 
                 ″ 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Example 31  
     Different quantities of the composition of example 3 were combined to the solution of example 1, all yielding very suitable settling agents for dispersed solids, in accordance to the invention,. 
     Example 32  
     Several commercial phosphonate compositions, in particular those of the DEQUEST 2000-, 20010-, 2050-, 2060-, 2090-, 3000-, 4000-, 7000-, FS-, P-, PB, SPE- and TURPINAL series, were found to constitute convenient settling agents for dispersed solids, in accordance to the invention, 
     Example 33  
     Adding polyvinylpyrolidone or Mg Cloride or Zn Chloride, in amounts of 5-50 g/l, to the composition according to example 3, provided further settling agents for dispersed solids, in accordance to the invention, with ‘boosted’ properties. 
     Example 34  
     Using various polyacrylic acids with average molecular weights in the range from 500-300.000, instead of the polyacrylic acid used in examples 3-30 provided further useful settling agents for dispersed solids, in accordance to the invention, 
     Example 35  
     By replacing, in example 3, the polyacrylic acid by a polyaspartate composition resulting from the heating of aspartic acid at 180° C. (essentially polysuccinimide and water) and its subsequent neutralization with Na OH at 60 ° C., also provided a suitable settling agents for dispersed solids, in accordance to the invention, 
     Example 36  
     Application of a Dispersing Agent Composition to a Contaminated Bentonite Slurry  
     Foundation works were being executed for a building construction on a site at Coimbra. This particular job involved the execution of a diaphragm wall with 400 mm in width and panels (sections of the wall) reaching 30 meters in depth. For the excavation a rig equipped with a mechanical grab removed soil as bentonite was being pumped directly at the excavation for soil stabilization purposes. The slurry supplied to the excavation from a batching plant had the following properties: pH values of 9, viscosity value measurements between (API Marsh funnel) 38 to 45 seconds and specific weights ranging from 1, 04 to 1, 08 grams per cubic 3. After the geometry of the panel was completed the slurry had a content of 10% of sand, resulting from suspended cuttings from the excavation process. This sand content was 7% in excess of what was acceptable by the job specifications. 
     At this stage 3 liters of the dispersing agent composition of example 3, per m 3  of existent slurry volume, were added directly at the mouth of the panel. The grab served as means of agitation of the fluid for rapid distribution. 
     After 5 minutes the grab removed all settlement at the bottom of the panel and immediately after that sand content values were taken from
         the bottom (35 meters)   the middle (20 meters), and   the top (5 meters) of the excavation.
 
All values showed that the sand content was less than 0, 25%; viscosity values remained as they were in the batching plant, as well as pH and specific weight.
       

     On this job 12 panels with depths in excess of 25 meter followed this procedure. 
     This process was repeated at eight different sites with radically different geologies, with 5 different types of bentonite. 
     The applicable concentrations of dispersing agent composition to be added to a volume of bentonite slurry to be treated are stated in table II here below 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE II 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Using varying amounts of dispersing agent composition 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                 Amount of dispersing 
                 Waiting time to achieve 
                 Bentonite 
               
               
                 agent composition 
                 sand contents 
                 separation or 
               
               
                 (liters per m 3 ) 
                 less than 1% 
                 degratation 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                 1 
                 15 minutes to 4 hours 
                 doest not occur 
               
               
                 1.5 
                 15 minutes to 3 hours 
                 does not occur 
               
               
                 2 
                 5 minutes to 2 hours 
                 does not occur 
               
               
                 3 
                 5 minutes to 45 minutes 
                 does not occur 
               
               
                 4 
                 less than 30 minutes 
                 does not occur 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     The treated bentonite was submitted to a Filter Press Test before and after treatment to check weather the slurry could still develop a filter cake and maintain operable characteristics to be re-used for a subsequent excavation, still in conditions for soil stabilization. 
     Both tests showed no behavioral changes in the bentonite throughout 10 consecutive iterations before and after treatment. Cake measurements showed the same thickness values and filtration (“bleeding”) measurements showed the same values. 
     Example 36  
     Application of a Dispersing Agent Composition to Contaminated Polymer Based Slurries 
     Application of a dispersing agent composition according to example 3 to polymer based slurries resulted in complete separation of solids from the polymer fluid. The polymer itself was not affected, whatever the chosen concentration. The chains of polymer were not affected. Thus we may conclude that the product can be used to rapid settlement of cuttings in suspension but it does not separate the polymer itself from the water. When bentonite is included in the slurry the effect of the dispersing agent composition will still be maintained as described in the above example and with the same concentrations, leaving the polymer unaffected. 
     Consistent testing has been performed in various types of bentonite fluids with specific weights that ranged from 1, 01 gr/cm3 to 1, gr/cm3. The addition of the dispersing agent composition concentrations of 5 to 10 liters per m3 of volume to be treated allowed to drop down suspended particles immediately and reduce fluid specific weight to half in the following 30 minutes. In 3 to 5 days complete separation of solids from water occurred and settled to the bottom of the reservoir in an extreme compacted fashion. 
     The recovered water was tested in a Portuguese governmental approved institute that proved the water to be non hazard and able to be disposed without environmental concerns. Smaller concentrations of dispersing agent compositions will deliver results, but waiting times will generally be prolonged. 
     Further adaptation of the main formulation of the dispersing agent composition to the specific soil contaminants and the bentonite fluid slurries result in more rapid separation of the fluid (separation times ranging from 5 minutes to 5 days).