Patent Publication Number: US-2022212600-A1

Title: Vehicular trailer angle detection system

Description:
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     The present application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 16/949,053, filed Oct. 12, 2020, now U.S. Pat. No. 11,285,875, which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 16/413,698, filed May 16, 2019, now U.S. Pat. No. 10,800,332, which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/793,133, filed Oct. 25, 2017, now U.S. Pat. No. 10,300,855, which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/268,941, filed Sep. 19, 2016, now U.S. Pat. No. 9,802,542, which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/036,723, filed Sep. 25, 2013, now U.S. Pat. No. 9,446,713, which claims the filing benefits of U.S. provisional applications, Ser. No. 61/868,843, filed Aug. 22, 2013, Ser. No. 61/834,128, filed Jun. 12, 2013, Ser. No. 61/758,537, filed Jan. 30, 2013, and Ser. No. 61/705,877, filed Sep. 26, 2012, which are hereby incorporated herein by reference in their entireties. 
    
    
     FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention relates generally to rear vision systems for vehicles and, more particularly, to rear vision systems having a rearward facing camera at a rear portion of a vehicle. 
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     Rear backup cameras and vision systems are known for use in vehicles. Examples of such systems are described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 7,859,565; 6,611,202; 6,222,447; 5,949,331; 5,670,935 and/or 5,550,677, which are hereby incorporated herein by reference in their entireties. Such systems may display images for viewing by the driver of the vehicle that provide a view rearward of the vehicle. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention provides a means for detecting the angle of a trailer being pulled behind a vehicle by using a rear view camera or multi-camera surround view system or the like. A camera is mounted at a rear end or rear portion of the pulling vehicle or on or in the center stop lamp or CHMSL of the vehicle, with the camera having a rearward field of view (such as a wide angle rearward field of view) rearward of the vehicle. A processor, such as a digital processor or FPGA or digital signal processor (DSP) or ASIC or camera imager SOC or other suitable processing means or the like, may process the images or image data (as captured by the rearward facing camera) of the trailer being pulled or towed by the vehicle and may determine the angle of the trailer in relation to the pulling vehicle in real time. Optionally, the control or system may, responsive to processing of the captured images, generate an alert to the driver of the vehicle and/or control or operate one or more accessories or systems of the trailer or vehicle (such as a brake system or steering system or display system or the like), such as in response to the determination of the angle of the trailer. The trailer angle detection system may utilize aspects of the systems described in PCT Application No. PCT/US2012/022517, filed Jan. 25, 2012 and published on Aug. 2, 2012 as International Publication No. WO 2012/103193, which is hereby incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. 
     The present invention provides a dynamic calibration method for calibrating the trailer angle detection system. Responsive to driving the vehicle towing a trailer around curves, the system calculates or determines various parameters relating to the trailer and the vehicle to calibrate the trailer angle detection system for the particular vehicle and trailer that is being towed. The calibration system or method of the present invention provides a dynamic calibration system that calibrates the vehicle&#39;s trailer angle detection system while the vehicle (towing the trailer) is being driven on a road and may obviate the need to manually measure various dimensions of the trailer and vehicle for initial calibration of the trailer angle detection system. 
     The present invention also provides a trailer angle detection system that includes at least one camera disposed at a vehicle and having an exterior field of view rearward of the vehicle. The camera is operable to capture image data. An image processor operable to process captured image data. The trailer includes a device or structure or element that is mounted at the trailer and is viewable by the camera. The trailer angle detection system is operable, responsive to image processing of captured image data, to determine a trailer angle of a trailer that is towed by the vehicle. The trailer angle detection system may be operable to display information for viewing by the driver to assist the driver in driving the vehicle with the trailer, and may display the predicted path that the trailer and vehicle are traveling along and/or the appropriate path to reverse the trailer to a selected location or parking area. 
     The present invention also provides a top-down or bird&#39;s eye or surround view display system that displays a top-down view of a vehicle and trailer to the driver of the vehicle to assist in maneuvering the vehicle with the trailer, such as to assist the driver in reversing the trailer, such as into a parking space or down a boat ramp or the like. 
     The system of the present invention may provide a simple top-down dynamic icon or iconistic view that depicts the vehicle-trailer system behavior in real-time and in a comprehensive manner. The depictions or displayed images may be superimposed over a portion of the mirror camera views so that the driver can see the needed view of the trailer as well as understand the effects of the selected steering wheel positions, such as during a reversing maneuver of the vehicle and trailer. Optionally, the present invention may provide a live top-down 360 degree view or bird&#39;s eye view that includes the vehicle and trailer. One or more cameras would be disposed at the trailer (such as at least at the rear of the trailer and preferably at each side of the trailer as well) and image processing would take the trailer position into account to maintain the stitched displayed image or scene. The dynamic icon may be superimposed over this displayed image or scene. 
     These and other objects, advantages, purposes and features of the present invention will become apparent upon review of the following specification in conjunction with the drawings. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         FIG. 1  is a plan view of a vehicle equipped with the rear vision system and trailer detection system of the present invention, shown towing a trailer; 
         FIG. 2  is a side elevation of a vehicle with a trailer hitched thereto; 
         FIG. 3  is a plan view of the trailer hitching portion of the vehicle and trailer of  FIG. 2 ; 
         FIG. 4  is a plan view of the vehicle and trailer of  FIGS. 1-3 , shown as the vehicle is driven along a curve; 
         FIG. 5  is a schematic of the vehicle and trailer of  FIGS. 1-4 , showing the dimensions and angles that are determined by the calibration system of the present invention; 
         FIG. 6  is a plan view of a vehicle equipped with the rear vision system and trailer detection system of the present invention, shown towing a trailer having a structure or element disposed thereat; 
         FIG. 7  is schematic of the vehicle and trailer of  FIG. 6 , showing the vehicle and trailer traveling in a straight path, with minimal exposure of the side of the structure or element to the rear facing camera; 
         FIG. 8  is schematic of the vehicle and trailer of  FIG. 6 , showing the vehicle and trailer turning in one direction, with the relative angle of trailer and vehicle indicated by a larger amount of the left vertical section of the structure or element being exposed at the right side of the rear facing camera; 
         FIG. 9  is schematic of the vehicle and trailer of  FIG. 8 , showing the vehicle and trailer turning in the other direction, with the relative angle of trailer and vehicle indicated by a larger amount of the right vertical section of the structure or element being exposed at the left side of the rear facing camera; 
         FIG. 10  is a plan view of a vehicle equipped with the rear vision system and trailer detection system of the present invention, shown towing a trailer; 
         FIG. 10A  is a bird&#39;s eye view displayed image of a vehicle and a trailer towed by the vehicle and of the surrounding area exterior to the vehicle and trailer; 
         FIG. 11  is a side view at the side of a vehicle with a trailer, showing graphic overlays in the perspective view; 
         FIG. 12  is a table showing a side elevation and a top view of a vehicle and trailer, showing how the graphic overlays change with variations in the ground plane elevation; 
         FIG. 13  is a table showing a side elevation and a top view of a vehicle and trailer, showing how the graphic overlays change with variations in the load of the towing vehicle; 
         FIG. 14  is a schematic showing the field of view of a side camera at a vehicle and showing how the view is displayed after processing of captured image data; 
         FIG. 15  is a schematic showing a dynamic icon top view of a vehicle and trailer icon and showing the projected path of the trailer icon based on the current steering wheel angle of the equipped vehicle; 
         FIG. 16  is a schematic showing the dynamic icon top view of the vehicle and trailer like in  FIG. 15 , and showing it for both the passenger side and driver side views; 
         FIG. 17  is a view of a dynamic icon view with live top-down view of the vehicle and trailer and showing the projected path of the trailer based on the current steering wheel angle of the equipped vehicle; 
         FIG. 18  shows a rear view image as captured by a sideward and rearward viewing camera of a vehicle; 
         FIG. 19  shows a rear view image as captured by an opposite side sideward and rearward viewing camera of the vehicle, with the trailer angled towards that side, such as during a reversing maneuver of the vehicle and trailer; 
         FIG. 20  shows a combined and corrected image that incorporates the images of  FIGS. 18 and 19 ; 
         FIG. 21  shows another combined and corrected displayed image similar to  FIG. 20 , but with a partial representation of the vehicle displayed therein in accordance with the present invention; and 
         FIG. 22  is another displayed image similar to  FIG. 21 , but with the trailer angled in the opposite direction with respect to the vehicle. 
     
    
    
     DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
     Referring now to the drawings and the illustrative embodiments depicted therein, a rear vision system  10  for a vehicle  12  is operable to detect the angle of a trailer  14  that is pulled behind the vehicle  12  by using rear view camera or multi-camera surround view system. A camera  16  is mounted at the rear end portion of the pulling vehicle  12 . An image processor (such as a digital processor or FPGA or DSP or ASIC or camera imager SOC or other suitable processor or processing means) is operable to process the images of the trailer and determines the angle of the trailer in relation to the pulling vehicle in real time, such as by utilizing aspects of the systems described in PCT Application No. PCT/US2012/022517, filed Jan. 25, 2012 and published on Aug. 2, 2012 as International Publication No. WO 2012/103193, which is hereby incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. The calibration system of the present invention is operable to calibrate the trailer angle detection (TAD) system as the vehicle is driven and turned, such as at corners or the like, along a road, as discussed below. 
     The rear vision system or trailer angle detection and viewing system of the present invention may utilize aspects of the trailer angle detection systems described in PCT Application No. PCT/US2012/022517, filed Jan. 25, 2012 and published on Aug. 2, 2012 as International Publication No. WO 2012/103193, and/or U.S. provisional applications, Ser. No. 61/840,542, filed Jun. 28, 2013; Ser. No. 61/823,648, filed May 15, 2013; and/or Ser. No. 61/736,104, filed Dec. 12, 2012, which are hereby incorporated herein by reference in their entireties. 
     The detection of the trailer angle relative to the vehicle is accomplished by detecting a portion of the trailer and determining the location of the detected portion relative to the towing vehicle, whereby the angle can be determined or calculated based on known geometries of the trailer and vehicle and the location of the camera on the vehicle. For example, the system may operate to track and determine a sideward movement of a trailer portion or target and, utilizing the known geometries, such as the distance of the trailer portion or target from the camera and/or the distance of the trailer portion or target from the pivot point or joint at which the trailer tongue attached to the trailer hitch of the vehicle, determine the angular movement of the trailer about the trailer hitch and relative to the vehicle, such as to determine a sway or swing of the trailer relative to the towing vehicle or to determine a rearward trajectory or path of travel of the trailer during a reversing maneuver of the vehicle and trailer, or the like. 
     As discussed in International Publication No. WO 2012/103193, incorporated above, the detection of the trailer portion or target can be achieved with an added target  18  on the trailer  14  or without an added target on the trailer (whereby the camera and processor may operate to detect a particular known or selected portion of the trailer). The target  18  may comprise any suitable shape or icon or indicia or the like. For example, the target may be in the shape of a cross, a triangle, a circle, or any other shape or shapes, or multiples of any suitable shape or shapes, or any suitable combination of shapes (preferably having sharp lines or structure that can be readily detected and identified via image processing). The target may also or otherwise comprise a color or colors that is/are less likely or least likely to occur naturally in the exterior scene at or around a vehicle (to enhance detection and recognition of the target by the system). The target can be mounted on a wall or a surface or a structure or tow bar or tongue  14   a  of the trailer that is near or facing the camera at the rear end of the pulling vehicle. 
     The target (or part of the trailer) may be detected and recognized via any suitable image processing and algorithms. For example, suitable or preferred target detecting algorithms include a regressive 2-D histogram that searches for and detects the center of a pattern (such as a pattern or the like). Another suitable type of algorithm is an edge detection algorithm. Optionally, and desirably, a target with designed high contrast edges may be used. With such an application, the processor can detect and track the trailer angle at the rear of the vehicle by detecting and locating and tracking or monitoring the coordinates of these signature edges. Optionally, the edge detection function or algorithm may comprise a Sobel gradient edge detection algorithm or other edge detection algorithms commercially available, and/or edge detection algorithms of the types described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 7,720,580; 7,038,577; 6,353,392 and/or 6,313,454, which are hereby incorporated herein by reference in their entireties. Another suitable type of algorithm is image pattern matching. 
     In the case of detection without an added target, a part or structure of the trailer may be identified and used as the “target” for image processing. Because an added target (such as described above) can be worn off, blown away by wind, or soiled by dirt, the addition of a separate target may affect or reduce the trailer angle detection accuracy in certain situations. Thus, a trailer angle detection system that does not include an add-on target on the trailer may be preferred. 
     The coordinates of the detected target in a captured image can be further transformed to the angle of trailer by applying a set of formulas. The formula can be implemented in the processor in the form of a set of arithmetic formulas, or may be implemented in the form of a look up table or tables. The formula is formed and determined by the dimensional characteristics of the trailer, the distance between the trailer body (or the location of the target or detected pattern or portion of the trailer) and the pulling vehicle (and/or the distance between the target and the pivoting joint at which the trailer is attached to the vehicle), the camera mounting position and angle, and the camera lens distortion characteristics. 
     The present invention provides a method of calibrating a camera-based trailer angle detection system, such as a trailer angle detection system of the types described in International Publication No. WO 2012/103193, incorporated above. In such a trailer angle detection system, there are several distances that need to be measured manually and entered into the system for constructing a mathematical model for use in converting the trailer angle detected in the camera image to the real world trailer angle. These dimensions and distances and parameters may include: 
     Back of the vehicle bumper  12   a  to the center of the ball  12   b;    
     (ii) Back of bumper  12   a  to center of target  18 ; 
     (iii) Back of bumper  12   a  to center of trailer axle  14   b  (or center of all axles); 
     (iv) Target to ground; and 
     (iv) Horizontal offset. 
     User measurement and manual entering of these parameters is not desirable because of potential user errors that may occur, such as measurement errors and/or input errors or the like. It is desirable to reduce or eliminate the number of user measurements for driver convenience and TAD system accuracy. The present invention provides a method that uses vehicle dimensions and dynamic turning while driving the vehicle forward to calibrate the TAD system without all or most of the user measurements. In other words, most or all of above mentioned parameters can be determined or calibrated using a dynamic turning method (such as shown in  FIG. 4 ), as discussed below. 
     As shown in  FIGS. 2, 3 and 5 , various dimensions and parameters exist relative to the trailer and the vehicle when the trailer is hitched to the tow ball of the vehicle hitch. A set of mathematical formulas that directly or indirectly involve: the distance (A) from bumper  12   a  to tow ball  12   b,  the distance (B) from the bumper to the target  18 , the distance (C) from the bumper to the trailer axle  14   b,  the trailer angle (φ), the distance (D) from the ground plane to the target, the distance (E) from the target to the longitudinal axis  14   c  of the trailer, the steering angle or angle (θ) between front wheels  12   c  and vehicle center line  12   d,  the individual front wheel speed, and time, exist according to the common rules of vehicle dynamics of turning. Additional parameters, or curves that are known already for a certain vehicle (such as, for example, the longitudinal distance (F) between the front wheel axle  12   e  and the bumper  12   a  and the distance (H) from the rear axle  12   f  to the bumper  12   a ) will be used in the formulas and computations of above to-be-calibrated parameters. These known parameters include: camera lens distortion parameters, camera mounting height, camera offset from the center line of vehicle, camera horizontal distance from bumper, and camera mounting angle on vehicle. With these formulas and known parameters, one can numerically solve above mentioned parameters by fitting to time based data that are acquired during turning operations. 
     The calibration process involves pulling a trailer forward and turning on a road (such as shown in  FIG. 4 ). It may also involve turning to opposite directions and making sharp and less sharp turns. The processor of the calibration system processes captured image data during such forward driving maneuvers to determine the above referenced parameters and, after the parameters are determined, utilizes those calculated parameters to calibrate the trailer angle detection system. For example, after the parameters are determined, the system may determine where the trailer target should be when the vehicle is traveling in a generally straight line (or within a threshold angle of straight) and/or a continuous or substantially continuous curved trajectory or path (with the curved path being determined at least in part by the steering angle of the vehicle), and if the target is not where the system expects it to be in the captured images, the calibration system may adjust or calibrate the trailer angle detection system accordingly. The system may calibrate the trailer angle detection system by adjusting the image processing by the processor, by adjusting the rearward field of view of the rearward facing camera and/or by applying an offset correction to the determined angle. 
     Another aspect of the present invention includes a co-validation or complement of the trailer angle measurement between a vehicle dynamic model based trailer angle detection and a camera based trailer angle detection (such as described in International Publication No. WO 2012/103193, incorporated above). For example, the camera based trailer angle detection system may be used or implemented as the primary trailer angle detection system, while the vehicle dynamic model based system may be used or implemented as the secondary trailer angle detection system to complement the primary TAD system. The two systems can be run in parallel, with the camera based TAD system checking for and correcting possible cumulated measurement errors of the secondary system. 
     The vehicle dynamic model based TAD system may inherently accumulate measurement error since it depends more on time integration of wheel speed, and other dynamic parameters for which the error may accumulate over time. With periodic cross checking with the primary TAD system, which provides a real time direct measurement of trailer angle, such cumulative errors of the secondary TAD system can be corrected. On the other hand, the primary TAD system is camera based, and thus may be affected by uncontrolled environmental factors, such as, for example, shadow casting on the target while turning, glare of sun light on the target and/or the like. During such temporal reduction of detection accuracy or even loss of target tracking during these events, the secondary TAD system can operate and temporarily take over before the primary system recovers. The two TAD systems may be operable to run on one hardware platform, such as an ECU or a camera or camera module or the like. The hardware platform may be connected to a vehicle bus (such as a CAN bus or a LIN bus of the vehicle) so that all the needed vehicle dynamic parameter values can be acquired via the bus, and the trailer angle and speed data can be sent through the bus to other needed ECUs/nodes. Optionally, the two TAD systems may run on two separate hardware platforms while they are connected with each other through a vehicle bus or other forms of communication or communication links or systems. The two systems may also acquire data from and send measurement data to other ECU or nodes via a vehicle bus or other communication link or system. 
     The rear view camera-based trailer angle detection can be used in, but is not limited to, several applications, including a trailer sway detection system (that detects a sway or swing of the trailer while the vehicle is towing the trailer in a forward direction along a road or highway), a rearward backup assist system (that detects the angle of the trailer and determines a reversing path or trajectory of the trailer during a reversing maneuver of the vehicle and trailer), and a trailer hitching system (that detects the trailer and guides the driver during backing up of the vehicle towards a trailer so that the trailer hitch of the vehicle is generally aligned with the tongue of the trailer). 
     Trailer Sway Detection and Alert/Compensation System. When a trailer is pulled behind a vehicle at a relatively high speed, a lateral swing or sway of trailer can cause instability of the trailer and its pulling vehicle. By detecting the trailer angle in real time, the system of the present invention can detect the onset of lateral swing or sway of the trailer and may, responsive to such a detection, alert the driver of the swing or sway or control one or more vehicle or trailer systems or accessories to compensate for the detected swing or sway of the trailer. For example, the system may, responsive to a detection of a threshold degree of a lateral swing or sway of the trailer relative to the vehicle, be operable to generate an alert signal to the driver of the vehicle (such as an audible alert or visual alert or haptic alert or the like) to alert the driver of a potentially hazardous situation. Optionally, the system may control the brakes and/or steering of the vehicle and/or trailer to control the vehicle and trailer, such as in response to a detection of a threshold degree of sway or swing of the trailer relative to the vehicle. For example, the system may provide a closed loop control of the trailer angle by using individual braking of the pulling vehicle wheels and/or the trailer wheels to control or adjust or correct for the trailer swing or sway. Optionally, a steering wheel angle control (that may control or adjust the steering angle of the vehicle&#39;s wheels) or the like can also be part of closed loop control of trailer sway. 
     The trailer angle detection based on real time target or target-less image processing and/or algorithms can provide high speed and real time reading of the trailer angle of the trailer being towed by the pulling or towing vehicle. This reading can be used in real time trailer sway control. Optionally, the threshold level or degree of sway or swing of the trailer relative to the vehicle may be selected or preset, or may be dynamic, whereby the threshold degree may vary responsive to the speed of the vehicle and/or load of the trailer and/or the like. Optionally, and desirably, the system may only generate the alert and/or control the vehicle/trailer system or systems responsive to the detected swing or sway reaching or exceeding the threshold level and while the vehicle is traveling forwardly along the road. 
     Projection of Trailer Position During Trailer Backing Up. The normal view of a backup camera on a trailer pulling vehicle is typically blocked by the trailer, and thus such a backup camera cannot provide visual backup assistance to the driver when the trailer is attached to the vehicle. However, the camera system of the present invention is operable to detect the angle of the trailer axis with respect to the pulling vehicle, and with the knowledge of the trailer dimensional characteristics (such as wheel position and distance from the vehicle and the like), the processor can calculate and project a trajectory or reversing path of the trailer in the form of graphic overlay on the camera display or video display (typically disposed in the vehicle, such as at or in or near an interior rearview mirror assembly of the vehicle) to indicate to the driver viewing the video display a path or trajectory of where the trailer is backing up to. In addition, when the trailer pulling or towing vehicle is equipped with side view cameras, the added views provided by the side cameras (typically having fields of view directed generally rearwardly and sidewardly with respect to the direction of forward travel of the equipped vehicle) can provide additional scene information of the trailer to assist the driver of the vehicle (viewing the images at a video display of the vehicle) during a reversing or backing up maneuver. The calculated graphical trailer path can be overlaid to the side camera image to further assist the driver of the vehicle during a reversing or backing up maneuver. 
     Optionally, the system may provide an alert (such as an audible alert or visual alert or haptic alert or the like) to alert the driver of a potentially hazardous situation during the reversing maneuver, such as responsive to detection of an object rearward of the trailer and in the path of the trailer (such as via processing of images captured by sideview cameras of the towing vehicle and/or processing of images captured by a rearward viewing camera at the rear of the trailer or the like). The alert may comprise any suitable alert, such as an alarm or tone or audible alert or a visual alert such as a highlighting of the displayed video images or the like in response to a detection of an object rearward of or at or near the rearward path of the trailer. Optionally, the system may control the brakes of the vehicle and/or trailer to slow or stop rearward movement of the vehicle and trailer in response to detection of an object in the rearward path of travel of the trailer and a determination that a collision may occur between the trailer and object. 
     Trailer Hitching. Backing up a vehicle to hitch a trailer is not always intuitive process. If the position of the trailer hitching part is detected by identifying the tongue of the trailer that is to be attached to the vehicle, the processor can calculate a trajectory of the vehicle&#39;s hitch and guide the driver to turn the steering wheel of the vehicle and follow the trajectory to back the vehicle up to and in alignment with the trailer tongue for hitching the trailer to the vehicle. It is also envisioned that the control system may automatically turn the steering wheel of the vehicle to follow the calculated trajectory to position the vehicle&#39;s hitch at the trailer tongue for hitching the trailer to the vehicle. During the backing up process, a real time detection and tracking of a target at or on the trailer provides feedback and adjustment to the turning or control of the steering wheel of the vehicle. 
     Thus, the present invention provides automatic calibration of a trailer angle detection system and/or trailer monitoring system that is operable to detect the angle of a trailer being towed by a vehicle relative to a longitudinal axis of the towing vehicle. The calibration system is operable to determine various dimensions and parameters of the vehicle and trailer and vehicle-trailer interface or connection while the vehicle and trailer are driven along a road, based on capturing image data of the trailer and tow hitch during various forward turning maneuvers by the driver of the vehicle. After calibration of the system, the trailer angle detection and monitoring system can detect and monitor the angle of the trailer relative to the vehicle while the trailer is being towed along a road or highway, and may be operable to adjust or control one or more systems of the vehicle and/or trailer (such as a brake system of the vehicle and/or trailer and/or a steering system of the vehicle or the like) to correct for or adjust responsive to a detected sway or swing of the trailer during forward towing of the trailer. The present invention thus provides for dynamic calibration of a trailer angle detection system so that all or most of the user measurements during trailer setup can be limited or avoided or eliminated. 
     Optionally, the trailer angle detection system may assist the driver in backing up the trailer, such as via providing a graphic overlay at a video display of the vehicle, so as to guide the driver during a reversing maneuver with the trailer rearward of the vehicle. Optionally, the trailer angle detection system may assist the driver in backing up to an unhitched trailer to assist the driver in aligning the vehicle hitch with the tongue of the trailer. 
     Optionally, the trailer angle detection system may provide a trailer straight algorithm to determine when the vehicle and trailer are straight in order to calibrate and apply an offset correction to the angle determination and/or calculation. Such an algorithm or approach combines vehicle dynamics with computer vision techniques. The trailer angle detection system may be on the vehicle network, which allows it to receive vehicle information, such as individual wheel speed, steering wheel angle, and/or the like. When the vehicle pulls trailer and drives in a generally or substantially straight path, the angle of the trailer is at its zero (or substantially zero) degree angle and the system detects an offset angle to perform a calibration of the system. The following describes how the algorithms run and perform the calibration. 
     The first part of the algorithm looks at the average wheel speed for the left and right sides of the vehicle. When the mean speed of both sides is greater than zero and the difference between the two sides is within a given tolerance value, the second part of the algorithm engages. The second part of the algorithm looks at the angular movement of the trailer. This may be done using a target that is affixed to the trailer, but it could be extended to also look at the feature points, such as discussed above. If the angular movement of the trailer is within a tolerance level (in other words, not moving very much), and the first part still holds true (that there is straight or substantially straight movement of the vehicle), the angle calculation is averaged over a given period of time or distance traveled to calculate the offset, which is stored in the system memory and applied to subsequent angle determinations or calculations. 
     An alternative and simpler algorithm may function to read vehicle steering wheel angle through a vehicle network or bus. When the steering wheel angle is within a tolerance range of zero degrees, and vehicle wheel speed is greater than zero over a given period of time or distance traveled, the trailer angle is read and averaged as the offset that is stored in the system memory and applied to subsequent angle determinations or calculations. 
     Thus, the trailer monitoring or trailer angle detection system of the present invention may detect a target on or of a trailer or a portion of the trailer and may, such as via image processing, and may calculate and/or determine the angle of the trailer relative to the vehicle, such as relative to the longitudinal axis of the vehicle, such as via algorithmic processing. 
     Referring now to  FIGS. 6-9 , a vehicle  10 ′ includes an imaging system or vision system or trailer angle viewing and detection system  12 ′ that includes one or more imaging sensors or cameras (such as a rearward facing imaging sensor or camera  14   a ′ and/or a forwardly facing camera  14   b ′ at the front (or at the windshield) of the vehicle, and/or a sidewardly/rearwardly facing camera  14   c ′,  14   d ′ at the sides of the vehicle), which capture images exterior of the vehicle, with the cameras having a lens for focusing images at or onto an imaging array or imaging plane of the camera. The vision system  12 ′ is operable to process image data captured by the cameras and may provide displayed images at a display device  16 ′ for viewing by the driver of the vehicle. In the illustrated embodiment, the vehicle is towing a trailer  18 ′ and the vision system  12 ′ includes a device or element or plate or structure or target element  20 ′ mounted or disposed at the trailer, such as centrally located at a forward portion of the trailer and in the field of view of the rearward facing camera  14   a ′. The system, responsive to processing of image data captured by the camera  14   a ′, is operable to determine the relative angle between the trailer and the vehicle by determining an amount of a side portion of the structure or element  20 ′ that is viewable by the rearward facing camera  14   a ′, as discussed below. 
     The trailer angle viewing and detection system of the present invention may utilize aspects of the trailer angle detection systems described in PCT Application No. PCT/US2012/022517, filed Jan. 25, 2012 and published on Aug. 2, 2012 as International Publication No. WO 2012/103193, and/or U.S. provisional applications, Ser. No. 61/840,542, filed Jun. 28, 2013; Ser. No. 61/823,648, filed May 15, 2013; and/or Ser. No. 61/736,104, filed Dec. 12, 2012, which are hereby incorporated herein by reference in their entireties. Optionally, the system, responsive to processing of image data captured by the camera  14   a ′ (and optionally cameras  14   c ′- d ′ and optionally one or more cameras at the trailer), may be operable to display a bird&#39;s eye view or top down view of the vehicle and trailer to assists the driver in maneuvering the vehicle with the trailer, such as during a reversing maneuver of the vehicle and trailer. Optionally, the vision system may process image data to detect objects, such as objects to the rear of the subject or equipped vehicle during a reversing maneuver, or such as approaching or following vehicles or vehicles at a side lane adjacent to the subject or equipped vehicle or the like. 
     As discussed above, the display system may provide a projection of the trailer&#39;s position during a reversing maneuver. The normal view of a backup camera on a trailer pulling vehicle is typically blocked by the trailer, and thus such a backup camera cannot provide visual backup assistance to the driver when the trailer is attached to the vehicle. However, the camera system of the present invention may be operable to detect the angle of the trailer axis with respect to the pulling vehicle, and with the knowledge of the structure or element dimensional characteristics, the processor can determine the angle between the trailer and vehicle and may calculate and project a trajectory or reversing path of the trailer in the form of graphic overlay on the camera display or video display (typically disposed in the vehicle, such as at or in or near an interior rearview mirror assembly of the vehicle) to indicate to the driver viewing the video display a path or trajectory of where the trailer is backing up to. In addition, when the trailer pulling or towing vehicle is equipped with side view cameras, the added views provided by the side cameras (typically having fields of view directed generally rearwardly and sidewardly with respect to the direction of forward travel of the equipped vehicle) can provide additional scene information of the trailer to assist the driver of the vehicle (viewing the images at a video display of the vehicle) during a reversing or backing up maneuver. The calculated graphical trailer path can be overlaid to the side camera image to further assist the driver of the vehicle during a reversing or backing up maneuver. 
     Most drivers find it challenging to back up a trailer on their vehicle due to the dynamic interaction between the relative positions of the vehicle, trailer and front wheel angles. Most drivers use a trial and error method where they attempt to learn the results of the various stages of the maneuver by making short trial runs. The present invention provides a determination of the trailer angle and may be useful in assisting a driver in parking a trailer at a parking space. 
     When a camera is mounted at the back of a vehicle, particularly a light duty truck, at either a lower position, which would be in the mid-tailgate area or lower, or an upper or higher position, such as at the CHMSL (Center High Mounted Stop Lamp) area, it is difficult to determine through the camera what angle a trailer attached to that vehicle would be relative to the vehicle. The present invention provides a simple device or structure or element which can give indication to the angle of the trailer relative to the vehicle by using a camera and looking at a device or element or plate or structure at the trailer to determine the angle. Preferably, the device or structure or element is compact enough to mount at or on the trailer, does not interfere with the operation of the trailer, is inexpensive, and can give good image quality to a camera (such as by having a contrasting color at its sides so that the sides are readily detectable and discernible by the system) so that image processing of image data captured by the camera can determine the relative angle between the trailer and the vehicle. 
     In the illustrated embodiment, the device or structure or element or target element is mounted at the front of the trailer such that it is in the field of view of the rear facing camera at the vehicle. The camera is mounted at a center region of the vehicle so as to look straight at the structure or element such that the image of the structure or element as viewed by the camera while the trailer is straight (such as shown in  FIG. 7 ) with the vehicle is at a minimum (in other words, the image does not include much or any of the side walls or sides of the structure or element). As the relative angle of the trailer to the vehicle departs from zero degrees (such as shown in  FIGS. 8 and 9 ), the images of the structure or element as viewed by the camera grows in width and to the side opposite the angle between the vehicle and trailer. The image processor is operable to process the captured image data and can determine the relative angle between the vehicle and trailer based on the amount of the structure or element or sidewall of the structure or element that is viewed by the camera, and also based on dimensional characteristics of the structure or element. 
     The device or structure or element may comprise any suitable structure, such as a plate which can be made in numerous shapes and mounted at the trailer, such as at or in line with the center point of the pivot mount. The plate may be in the shape of a “T” or “Y”, such that the section of the plate representing the vertical portion of the “T” or “Y” is co-linear with the centerline of the trailer and intersects with the pivot point of the mounting system. The plate has a height dimension that may protrude above the portion (such as the tongue of the trailer) so that the front end (which may be pointed or angled as shown in  FIGS. 6-9 ) and the side walls or sides or side portions of the plate or structure or element are viewable by the camera. 
     For example, the plate may be approximately 8-10 inches long and 8-10 inches tall and about 4 inches wide. The two opposite sides of the plate may have distinctive coloring such that when a side of the plate is exposed (such as when the relative angle between the vehicle and trailer is not zero), the images of the plate as viewed and captured by the camera changes by exposing a wider colored portion of the plate to the camera as the relative angle between the vehicle and the trailer increases. The colors may be the same on both sides or one side may be one color and the other side may be another color, such as a contrasting color or the like, so that the camera can readily detect the colored sides. The plate may comprise any suitable shape, as long as the camera is centered to the plate and the plate is incidental to the trailer mounting point. 
     Therefore, the present invention provides a trailer angle detection system that includes a rearward facing camera and that, responsive to image processing of image data captured by the camera, is operable to detect the presence of a target or device or element or structure at a trailer and that is operable to detect or determine an amount of a side wall of the target that is exposed to and viewable by the camera as the relative angle between the trailer and towing vehicle changes. When the trailer is towed in a straight path, the camera will not view or detect any or much of the sides of the structure or element, and when the vehicle turns so that the relative angle between the trailer and vehicle is not zero, the camera will view and capture images of a portion of the respective side of the structure or element, with the size of the detected or viewed side portion varying depending on the size of the relative angle between the trailer and vehicle. 
     Referring now to  FIG. 10 , a vehicle  110  includes an imaging system or vision system or trailer angle viewing and/or detection system  112  that includes one or more imaging sensors or cameras (such as a rearward facing imaging sensor or camera  114   a  and/or a forwardly facing camera  114   b  at the front (or at the windshield) of the vehicle, and/or a sidewardly/rearwardly facing camera  114   c,    114   d  at the sides of the vehicle), which capture images exterior of the vehicle, with the cameras having a lens for focusing images at or onto an imaging array or imaging plane of the camera. The vision system  112  is operable to process image data captured by the cameras and may provide displayed images at a display device  116  for viewing by the driver of the vehicle. In the illustrated embodiment, the vehicle is towing a trailer  118  and the vision system  112  includes one or more cameras (or receives and processes image data captured by one or more cameras at the trailer), such as a rearward facing camera  120   a  at the rear of the trailer and sidewardly facing cameras  120   b,    120   c  at the sides of the trailer. The system, responsive to processing of image data captured by the cameras  114   a - d  and  120   a - c,  may be operable to display a bird&#39;s eye view or top down view of the vehicle and trailer to assists the driver in maneuvering the vehicle with the trailer, such as during a reversing maneuver of the vehicle and trailer. 
     The extended bird&#39;s eye view is stitched with views from vehicle and trailer cameras  114   a - d  and  120   a - c.  The camera views can be divided into two groups: a static group which comprise cameras  114   a - d  and a dynamic group which comprise cameras  120   a - c.  The pixel mapping through lookup table or formulas from the individual camera views to the bird&#39;s eye view include fixed mapping with vehicle cameras  114   a - d  and variable mapping with trailer cameras  120   a - c.  The trailer angle which is measured by the method above (and/or such as in the manner described in PCT Application No. PCT/US2012/022517, filed Jan. 25, 2012 and published on Aug. 2, 2012 as International Publication No. WO 2012/103193, and/or U.S. provisional applications, Ser. No. 61/840,542, filed Jun. 28, 2013; Ser. No. 61/823,648, filed May 15, 2013; and/or Ser. No. 61/736,104, filed Dec. 12, 2012, which are hereby incorporated herein by reference in their entireties) determines how the variable pixel mapping is performed. In an illustration of the extended bird&#39;s eye view ( FIG. 10A ), the trailer part of the bird&#39;s eye view rotates in the ground plane by an angle identical to the trailer angle measured. The static areas  200   a - c  at the sides and front of the vehicle  110  are captured by the vehicle cameras  114   b - d  and mostly remain unchanged in camera pixel mapping. The areas  200   d - g  around the trailer  118  are dynamic and change pixel mapping with the trailer angle (relative to the vehicle). The border lines denoted by the dashed lines in  FIG. 10A  represent general overlap areas where adjacent camera views overlap and are stitched directly or with alpha blending. 
     Optionally, the vision system may process image data to detect objects, such as objects to the rear of the subject or equipped vehicle during a reversing maneuver, or such as approaching or following vehicles or vehicles at a side lane adjacent to the subject or equipped vehicle or the like. 
     The trailer angle viewing system of the present invention may utilize aspects of the trailer angle detection systems described in PCT Application No. PCT/US2012/022517, filed Jan. 25, 2012 and published on Aug. 2, 2012 as International Publication No. WO 2012/103193, and/or U.S. provisional applications, Ser. No. 61/840,542, filed Jun. 28, 2013; Ser. No. 61/823,648, filed May 15, 2013; and/or Ser. No. 61/736,104, filed Dec. 12, 2012, which are hereby incorporated herein by reference in their entireties. 
     As discussed above, the display system may provide a projection of the trailer&#39;s position during a reversing maneuver. The normal view of a backup camera on a trailer pulling vehicle is typically blocked by the trailer, and thus such a backup camera cannot provide visual backup assistance to the driver when the trailer is attached to the vehicle. However, the camera system of the present invention may be operable to detect the angle of the trailer axis with respect to the pulling vehicle, and with the knowledge of the trailer dimensional characteristics (such as wheel position and distance from the vehicle and the like), the processor can calculate and project a trajectory or reversing path of the trailer in the form of graphic overlay on the camera display or video display (typically disposed in the vehicle, such as at or in or near an interior rearview mirror assembly of the vehicle) to indicate to the driver viewing the video display a path or trajectory of where the trailer is backing up to. In addition, when the trailer pulling or towing vehicle is equipped with side view cameras, the added views provided by the side cameras (typically having fields of view directed generally rearwardly and sidewardly with respect to the direction of forward travel of the equipped vehicle) can provide additional scene information of the trailer to assist the driver of the vehicle (viewing the images at a video display of the vehicle) during a reversing or backing up maneuver. The calculated graphical trailer path can be overlaid to the side camera image to further assist the driver of the vehicle during a reversing or backing up maneuver. 
     Most drivers find it challenging to back up a trailer on their vehicle due to the dynamic interaction between the relative positions of the vehicle, trailer and front wheel angles. Most drivers use a trial and error method where they attempt to learn the results of the various stages of the maneuver by making short trial runs. The present invention provides a dynamic real-time depiction of the vehicle and trailer trajectories so that the driver can immediately see future paths of both the vehicle and the trailer as the vehicle steering wheel is turned, such as when the driver is performing a reversing maneuver of the vehicle and trailer. 
     Some systems provide a display of a side view from the side mirror cameras with dynamic trailer and vehicle tire trajectory overlays. For example, a side and rear viewing camera may capture image data at the side and rear of the vehicle, and the field of view of the camera may encompass a portion of the trailer. Images derived from the captured image data may be displayed, such as shown in  FIG. 11 , and an overlay may be provided showing the path of the vehicle and of the trailer during a reversing maneuver of the vehicle. However, and as can be seen with reference to  FIG. 11 , issues may arise with this approach. For example, the projected position of an overlay at this distance (mirror camera-to-trailer tire) is highly sensitive to slight changes in ground contour and vehicle angle. Approximate effects of variations in ground elevation or contour are shown in  FIG. 12 , and approximate effects of variations in the vehicle angle (such as due to an increased or reduced load in the vehicle or a greater or reduced tongue weight of the trailer) are shown in  FIG. 13 . Another concern may be that the projected view ( FIG. 11 ) may be confusing because of the displayed perspective view for the driver, whereby the inside trailer wheel trajectory overlay appears to be very distant and often has a counter-intuitive shape. 
     The present invention provides a dynamic vehicle and trailer icon overlay that represents a top down view of a vehicle and trailer. As shown in  FIG. 15 , a side view image (such as captured by a camera at the side exterior mirror of the vehicle, and such as may be processed for display as shown in  FIG. 14 ) may have a dynamic icon overlaid thereat. For example, the side view image may be displayed at a display screen at the interior rearview mirror assembly of the vehicle or elsewhere in the cabin of the vehicle for viewing by the driver of the vehicle during the reversing maneuver. Optionally, it is envisioned that the side view image may be the reflected image at the side mirror and a display of the side mirror assembly may provide or display the dynamic icon thereat. As can be seen in  FIG. 15 , the dynamic icon may be overlaid or established at or over a displayed image derived from image data captured by the side view camera or the dynamic icon may be overlaid or established at or on an iconistic or animation display of the vehicle and trailer (based on image data captured by the side view camera). As shown in  FIG. 16 , the dynamic icon or icons may be provided for side image displays at or associated with each side of the vehicle. 
     The dynamic icon comprises a top view representation of a vehicle and trailer with projected paths or trajectories for the vehicle and for the trailer so the driver can readily determine where the trailer will travel when he or she turns the vehicle&#39;s steering wheel. The icon includes a highlighted area (such as the generally triangular area with its apex at or near the side mirror) to indicate to the driver the view at which the icon is overlaid so that the driver can readily discern and understand what he or she is viewing. The dynamic overlay is dynamic and the trailer and the projected paths of the vehicle and of the trailer will be adjusted or varied responsive, at least in part, to the steering wheel angle of the vehicle (and may be based on calculated or determined or input characteristics of the trailer and vehicle, such as trailer angle and trailer length and width and the like). For example, when the driver of the vehicle turns the steering wheel in one direction and begins to back up the vehicle and trailer, the trailer of the dynamic icon may pivot relative to the vehicle of the dynamic icon, and the projected paths of the wheels of the vehicle and trailer may move or track accordingly. As the steering wheel is further turned or is straightened, the trailer and projected paths adjust accordingly, so that, at any time during the reversing maneuver, the driver can readily see how the trailer is angled relative to the vehicle and where it will travel if the vehicle reverses with the steering wheel at that position. The dynamic icon or overlay thus may be adjusted in response to the steering wheel angle or steering angle of the vehicle and a trailer angle relative to the vehicle and/or other vehicle and/or trailer characteristics or parameters. Optionally, the dynamic overlay and side/rear image may be displayed responsive to the vehicle being shifter into reverse to commence a reversing maneuver, and optionally, further responsive to a detection of the presence of the trailer at the rear of the vehicle. 
     Optionally, and such as shown in  FIG. 17 , the dynamic overlay of the vehicle-trailer top down view may comprise a real time display of the vehicle and trailer and ground area surrounding the vehicle based on image data captured by the vehicle cameras  114   a - d  and the trailer cameras  120   a - c  (such as at least a rearward camera at the rear of the trailer and a side camera at each side of either or both of the vehicle and trailer). The dynamic overlay thus provides the driver with an enhanced understanding of what is being displayed and viewed and, by including the surrounding area in the dynamic overlay, the driver can readily view and discern and recognize objects present in the areas surrounding the vehicle. For example, the real time dynamic overlay of the present invention may allow the user to readily view and discern the parking space or boat launch ramp or the like that he or she is backing the trailer towards and the overlay may show the projected path or trajectory of the trailer based on the steering wheel angle. The real time dynamic overlay also may show the driver when the front of the vehicle (that is being turned via the turning of the steering wheels) is approaching an object at the side of the vehicle, such as when reversing the trailer along a relatively narrow road surface or the like. 
     For example, the vision system (utilizing the forward facing camera and a rearward facing camera and other cameras disposed at the vehicle with exterior fields of view) may be part of or may provide a display of a top-down view or birds-eye view system of the vehicle or a surround view at the vehicle, such as by utilizing aspects of the vision systems described in PCT Application No. PCT/US10/25545, filed Feb. 26, 2010 and published on Sep. 2, 2010 as International Publication No. WO 2010/099416, and/or PCT Application No. PCT/US10/47256, filed Aug. 31, 2010 and published Mar. 10, 2011 as International Publication No. WO 2011/028686, and/or PCT Application No. PCT/US2011/062834, filed Dec. 1, 2011 and published Jun. 7, 2012 as International Publication No. WO 2012/075250, and/or PCT Application No. PCT/US2012/048993, filed Jul. 31, 2012 and published on Feb. 7, 2013 as International Publication No. WO 2013/019795, and/or PCT Application No. PCT/US11/62755, filed Dec. 1, 2011 and published Jun. 7, 2012 as International Publication No. WO 2012-075250, and/or PCT Application No. PCT/CA2012/000378, filed Apr. 25, 2012 and published Nov. 1, 2012 as International Publication No. WO 2012/145822, and/or PCT Application No. PCT/US2012/066571, filed Nov. 27, 2012 and published Jun. 6, 2013 as International Publication No. WO 2013/081985, and/or PCT Application No. PCT/US2012/068331, filed Dec. 7, 2012 and published Jun. 13, 2013 as International Publication No. WO 2013/086249, and/or U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/333,337, filed Dec. 21, 2011, now U.S. Pat. No. 9,264,672, which are hereby incorporated herein by reference in their entireties. 
     The present invention thus provides a simple top-down dynamic icon view that depicts the system behavior in real-time and in a comprehensive manner. This depiction can be superimposed over mirror camera views so that the driver can readily see and discern the needed view of the trailer as well as understand the effects of selected steering wheel positions. The present invention also provides a live top-down 360 degree view (or bird&#39;s eye view or the like) that includes the trailer. In such an application, one or more side and rear cameras would be included on the trailer and image processing would process image data captured by the trailer and vehicle cameras to take the trailer position into account to maintain the stitched scene. The dynamic icon is superimposed over the displayed top-down scene. 
     Optionally, and with reference to  FIGS. 18-22 , the raw captured image data (distorted) from the right side camera ( FIG. 18 ) and the left side camera ( FIG. 19 ) may be combined and corrected or undistorted (such as via optical correction or electronic correction) to provide a combined image ( FIG. 20 ). The combined mirror camera view or image can appear as if an observer is looking rearward from in front of the vehicle so that the observer sees the full arc of the trailer&#39;s path in an unbroken manner. However, the viewable sides of the vehicle or too much ground coverage near the cameras can disrupt the appearance. 
     Thus, and as shown in  FIGS. 21 and 22 , the present invention may provide an enhanced view of the trailer and vehicle that is more readily discernible and understandable by the driver of the vehicle, such as during a reversing maneuver of the vehicle and trailer. By keeping the view up and directed straight back or rearward along the vehicle, and by including a vehicle icon or representation (such as shown in  FIGS. 21 and 22 ), such as an overlay or graphic overlay that is generated by the system and electronically superimposed on the displayed image, the display system can provide a more comprehensive appearance that the driver can readily discern and understand. Thus, and such as in a similar manner as with bird&#39;s eye view displays, the driver is provided with an enhanced sense of vehicle positioning with respect to the trailer and surrounding objects within the scene. 
     The camera or sensor may comprise any suitable camera or sensor. Optionally, the camera may comprise a “smart camera” that includes the imaging sensor array and associated circuitry and image processing circuitry and electrical connectors and the like as part of a camera module, such as by utilizing aspects of the vision systems described in PCT Application No. PCT/US2012/066570, filed Nov. 27, 2012 and published Jun. 6, 2013 as International Publication No. WO 2013/081984, and/or PCT Application No. PCT/US2012/066571, filed Nov. 27, 2012 and published Jun. 6, 2013 as International Publication No. WO 2013/081985, which are hereby incorporated herein by reference in their entireties. 
     The system includes an image processor operable to process image data captured by the camera or cameras, such as for detecting objects or other vehicles or pedestrians or the like in the field of view of one or more of the cameras. For example, the image processor may comprise an EYEQ2 or EYEQ3 image processing chip available from Mobileye Vision Technologies Ltd. of Jerusalem, Israel, and may include object detection software (such as the types described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 7,855,755; 7,720,580 and/or 7,038,577, which are hereby incorporated herein by reference in their entireties), and may analyze image data to detect vehicles and/or other objects. Responsive to such image processing, and when an object or other vehicle is detected, the system may generate an alert to the driver of the vehicle and/or may generate an overlay at the displayed image to highlight or enhance display of the detected object or vehicle, in order to enhance the driver&#39;s awareness of the detected object or vehicle or hazardous condition during a driving maneuver of the equipped vehicle. 
     The vehicle may include any type of sensor or sensors, such as imaging sensors or radar sensors or lidar sensors or ladar sensors or ultrasonic sensors or the like. The imaging sensor or camera may capture image data for image processing and may comprise any suitable camera or sensing device, such as, for example, an array of a plurality of photosensor elements arranged in at least 640 columns and 480 rows (at least a 640×480 imaging array, such as a megapixel imaging array or the like), with a respective lens focusing images onto respective portions of the array. The photosensor array may comprise a plurality of photosensor elements arranged in a photosensor array having rows and columns. The logic and control circuit of the imaging sensor may function in any known manner, and the image processing and algorithmic processing may comprise any suitable means for processing the images and/or image data. 
     For example, the vision system and/or processing and/or camera and/or circuitry may utilize aspects described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 7,005,974; 5,760,962; 5,877,897; 5,796,094; 5,949,331; 6,222,447; 6,302,545; 6,396,397; 6,498,620; 6,523,964; 6,611,202; 6,201,642; 6,690,268; 6,717,610; 6,757,109; 6,802,617; 6,806,452; 6,822,563; 6,891,563; 6,946,978; 7,859,565; 5,550,677; 5,670,935; 6,636,258; 7,145,519; 7,161,616; 7,230,640; 7,248,283; 7,295,229; 7,301,466; 7,592,928; 7,881,496; 7,720,580; 7,038,577; 6,882,287; 5,929,786 and/or 5,786,772, and/or International Publication Nos. 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No. 13/653,577, filed Oct. 17, 2012, now U.S. Pat. No. 9,174,574; and/or Ser. No. 13/534,657, filed Jun. 27, 2012 and published Jan. 3, 2013 as U.S. Publication No. 2013/002873, and/or U.S. provisional applications, Ser. No. 61/879,837, filed Sep. 19, 2013; Ser. No. 61/879,835, filed Sep. 19, 2013; Ser. No. 61/878,877, filed Sep. 17, 2013; Ser. No. 61/875,351, filed Sep. 9, 2013; Ser. No. 61/869,195, filed. Aug. 23, 2013; Ser. No. 61/864,835, filed Aug. 12, 2013; Ser. No. 61/864,836, filed Aug. 12, 2013; Ser. No. 61/864,834, filed Aug. 12, 2013; Ser. No. 61/864,838, filed Aug. 12, 2013; Ser. No. 61/856,843, filed Jul. 22, 2013, Ser. No. 61/845,061, filed Jul. 11, 2013; Ser. No. 61/844,630, filed Jul. 10, 2013; Ser. No. 61/844,173, filed Jul. 9, 2013; Ser. No. 61/844,171, filed Jul. 9, 2013; Ser. No. 61/840,542; Ser. No. 61/838,619, filed Jun. 24, 2013; Ser. No. 61/838,621, filed Jun. 24, 2013; Ser. No. 61/837,955, filed Jun. 21, 2013; Ser. No. 61/836,900, filed Jun. 19, 2013; Ser. No. 61/836,380, filed Jun. 18, 2013; Ser. No. 61/834,129, filed Jun. 12, 2013; Ser. No. 61/833,080, filed Jun. 10, 2013; Ser. No. 61/830,375, filed Jun. 3, 2013; Ser. No. 61/830,377, filed Jun. 3, 2013; Ser. No. 61/825,752, filed May 21, 2013; Ser. No. 61/825,753, filed May 21, 2013; Ser. No. 61/823,648, filed May 15, 2013; Ser. No. 61/823,644, filed May 15, 2013; Ser. No. 61/821,922, filed May 10, 2013; Ser. No. 61/819,835, filed May 6, 2013; Ser. No. 61/819,033, filed May 3, 2013; Ser. No. 61/16,956, filed Apr. 29, 2013; Ser. No. 61/815,044, filed Apr. 23, 2013; Ser. No. 61/814,533, filed Apr. 22, 2013; Ser. No. 61/813,361, filed Apr. 18, 2013; Ser. No. 61/840,407, filed Apr. 10, 2013; Ser. No. 61/808,930, filed Apr. 5, 2013; Ser. No. 61/807,050, filed Apr. 1, 2013; Ser. No. 61/806,674, filed Mar. 29, 2013; Ser. No. 61/806,673, filed Mar. 29, 2013; Ser. No. 61/804,786, filed Mar. 25, 2013; Ser. No. 61/793,592, filed Mar. 15, 2013; Ser. No. 61/793,614, filed Mar. 15, 2013; Ser. No. 61/772,015, filed Mar. 4, 2013; Ser. No. 61/772,014, filed Mar. 4, 2013; Ser. No. 61/770,051, filed Feb. 27, 2013; Ser. No. 61/770,048, filed Feb. 27, 2013; Ser. No. 61/766,883, filed Feb. 20, 2013; Ser. No. 61/760,366, filed Feb. 4, 2013; Ser. No. 61/760,364, filed Feb. 4, 2013; Ser. No. 61/756,832, filed Jan. 25, 2013; Ser. No. 61/754,804, filed Jan. 21, 2013; Ser. No. 61/745,925, filed Dec. 26, 2012; Ser. No. 61/745,864, filed Dec. 26, 2012; Ser. No. 61/736,104, filed Dec. 12, 2012; Ser. No. 61/736,103, filed Dec. 12, 2012; Ser. No. 61/735,314, filed Dec. 10, 2012; Ser. No. 61/734,457, filed Dec. 7, 2012; Ser. No. 61/733,598, filed Dec. 5, 2012; Ser. No. 61/733,093, filed Dec. 4, 2012; Ser. No. 61/727,912, filed Nov. 19, 2012; Ser. No. 61/727,911, filed Nov. 19, 2012; Ser. No. 61/727,910, filed Nov. 19, 2012; Ser. No. 61/718,382, filed Oct. 25, 2012; Ser. No. 61/713,772, filed Oct. 15, 2012; Ser. No. 61/710,924, filed Oct. 8, 2012; and/or Ser. No. 61/710,247, filed Oct. 2, 2012, which are all hereby incorporated herein by reference in their entireties. The system may communicate with other communication systems via any suitable means, such as by utilizing aspects of the systems described in International Publication No. WO 2013/043661, PCT Application No. PCT/US10/038477, filed Jun. 14, 2010, and/or PCT Application No. PCT/US2012/066571, filed Nov. 27, 2012 and published Jun. 6, 2013 as International Publication No. WO 2013/081985, and/or U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/202,005, filed Aug. 17, 2011, now U.S. Pat. No. 9,126,525, which are hereby incorporated herein by reference in their entireties. 
     Typically, a rearward facing camera for a rear vision system or backup assist system is activated responsive to the driver of the equipped vehicle shifting the gear actuator into a reverse gear position, whereby video images captured by the camera are displayed at the video display screen. When the reversing maneuver is completed, such as when the driver of the vehicle finally shifts the gear actuator out of the reverse gear position (and into either a park or neutral position or a forward gear position), display of the images captured by the camera ceases and the camera is often deactivated. The vision display system may operate to display the rearward images at the video mirror display responsive to the driver of the vehicle shifting the vehicle into a reverse gear such as by utilizing aspects of the vision systems described in U.S. Pat. Nos. U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,550,677; 5,670,935; 6,498,620; 6,222,447 and/or 5,949,331, and/or PCT Application No. PCT/US2011/056295, filed Oct. 14, 2011 and published Apr. 19, 2012 as International Publication No. WO 2012/051500, and/or U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/333,337, filed Dec. 21, 2011, now U.S. Pat. No. 9,264,672, which are hereby incorporated herein by reference in their entireties. 
     During forward travel of the vehicle, such as when the vehicle shifter is shifted to a forward or drive gear position, the rear camera may capture images of the trailer for determining and monitoring the trailer angle, as discussed above. Such operation of the rear camera during forward travel (and associated processing of the captured images and the like) may be responsive to the vehicle speed reaching a threshold level and a signal indicative of the vehicle towing a trailer (such as a signal indicative of a connection of a trailer wiring harness to a vehicle wiring harness or the like), such that the activation of the rear camera and subsequent or corresponding monitoring of the trailer angle only occurs in situations when it is desired or appropriate. 
     The rearward facing camera or camera module may comprise any suitable camera or imaging sensor, and may utilize aspects of the cameras or sensors described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 7,965,336 and/or 7,480,149, and/or U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/091,359, filed Apr. 24, 2008 and published Oct. 1, 2009 as U.S. Publication No. US-2009-0244361, which are hereby incorporated herein by reference in their entireties. The imaging array sensor may comprise any suitable sensor, and may utilize various imaging sensors or imaging array sensors or cameras or the like, such as a CMOS imaging array sensor, a CCD sensor or other sensors or the like, such as the types described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,550,677; 5,670,935; 5,760,962; 5,715,093; 5,877,897; 6,922,292; 6,757,109; 6,717,610; 6,590,719; 6,201,642; 6,498,620; 5,796,094; 6,097,023; 6,320,176; 6,559,435; 6,831,261; 6,806,452; 6,396,397; 6,822,563; 6,946,978; 7,720,580; 7,965,336; 7,339,149; 7,038,577 and 7,004,606, and/or PCT Application No. PCT/US2008/076022, filed Sep. 11, 2008 and published Mar. 19, 2009 as International Publication No. WO 2009/036176, and/or PCT Application No. PCT/US2008/078700, filed Oct. 3, 2008 and published Apr. 9, 2009 as International Publication No. WO 2009/046268, which are all hereby incorporated herein by reference in their entireties. 
     Optionally, the rearward facing camera may have a wide angle rearward field of view, such as a wide angle rearward field of view that encompasses about 185 degrees (fields of view larger and smaller than this may be contemplated while remaining within the spirit and scope of the present invention). Thus, during a reversing maneuver, the rearward facing camera and video processor and video display screen can operate to display entire images (or substantially entire images) captured by the rearward facing camera (such as, for example, images encompassed by the about 185 degree field of view of the camera), in order to provide video images to the driver of the vehicle of a wide area or region or blind zone immediately rearward of the vehicle to assist the driver of the vehicle in making the reversing maneuver. The rearward facing camera and/or video processor and/or video display screen and/or backup assist system may utilize aspects of the systems described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,550,677; 5,760,962; 5,670,935; 6,201,642; 6,396,397; 6,498,620; 6,717,610; 6,757,109; 7,005,974 and/or 7,265,656, which are hereby incorporated herein by reference in their entireties. 
     The imaging device and control and image processor and any associated illumination source, if applicable, may comprise any suitable components, and may utilize aspects of the cameras and vision systems described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,550,677; 5,877,897; 6,498,620; 5,670,935; 5,796,094; 6,396,397; 6,806,452; 6,690,268; 7,005,974; 7,123,168; 7,004,606; 6,946,978; 7,038,577; 6,353,392; 6,320,176; 6,313,454 and 6,824,281, and/or International Publication No. WO 2010/099416, published Sep. 2, 2010, and/or PCT Application No. PCT/US10/47256, filed Aug. 31, 2010 and published Mar. 10, 2011 as International Publication No. WO 2011/028686, and/or U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/508,840, filed Jul. 24, 2009, and published Jan. 28, 2010 as U.S. Pat. Publication No. US 2010-0020170, and/or PCT Application No. PCT/US2012/048110, filed Jul. 25, 2012 and published Jan. 31, 2013 as International Publication No. WO 2013/016409, and/or U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/534,657, filed Jun. 27, 2012 and published Jan. 3, 2013 as U.S. Publication No. 2013/0002873, which are all hereby incorporated herein by reference in their entireties. The camera or cameras may comprise any suitable cameras or imaging sensors or camera modules, and may utilize aspects of the cameras or sensors described in U.S. patent applications, Ser. No. 12/091,359, filed Apr. 24, 2008 and published Oct. 1, 2009 as U.S. Publication No. US-2009-0244361, and/or Ser. No. 13/260,400, filed Sep. 26, 2011, now U.S. Pat. No. 8,542,451, and/or U.S. Pat. Nos. 7,965,336 and/or 7,480,149, which are hereby incorporated herein by reference in their entireties. The imaging array sensor may comprise any suitable sensor, and may utilize various imaging sensors or imaging array sensors or cameras or the like, such as a CMOS imaging array sensor, a CCD sensor or other sensors or the like, such as the types described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,550,677; 5,670,935; 5,760,962; 5,715,093; 5,877,897; 6,922,292; 6,757,109; 6,717,610; 6,590,719; 6,201,642; 6,498,620; 5,796,094; 6,097,023; 6,320,176; 6,559,435; 6,831,261; 6,806,452; 6,396,397; 6,822,563; 6,946,978; 7,339,149; 7,038,577; 7,004,606 and/or 7,720,580, and/or U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/534,632, filed May 11, 2005, now U.S. Pat. No. 7,965,336; and/or PCT Application No. PCT/US2008/076022, filed Sep. 11, 2008 and published Mar. 19, 2009 as International Publication No. WO 2009/036176, and/or PCT Application No. PCT/US2008/078700, filed Oct. 3, 2008 and published Apr. 9, 2009 as International Publication No. WO 2009/046268, which are all hereby incorporated herein by reference in their entireties. 
     The camera module and circuit chip or board and imaging sensor and processor may be implemented and operated in connection with various vehicular vision-based systems, and/or may be operable utilizing the principles of such other vehicular systems, such as a vehicle headlamp control system, such as the type disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,796,094; 6,097,023; 6,320,176; 6,559,435; 6,831,261; 7,004,606; 7,339,149 and/or 7,526,103, which are all hereby incorporated herein by reference in their entireties, a rain sensor, such as the types disclosed in commonly assigned U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,353,392; 6,313,454; 6,320,176 and/or 7,480,149, which are hereby incorporated herein by reference in their entireties, a vehicle vision system, such as a forwardly, sidewardly or rearwardly directed vehicle vision system utilizing principles disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,550,677; 5,670,935; 5,760,962; 5,877,897; 5,949,331; 6,222,447; 6,302,545; 6,396,397; 6,498,620; 6,523,964; 6,611,202; 6,201,642; 6,690,268; 6,717,610; 6,757,109; 6,802,617; 6,806,452; 6,822,563; 6,891,563; 6,946,978 and/or 7,859,565, which are all hereby incorporated herein by reference in their entireties, a trailer hitching aid or tow check system, such as the type disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 7,005,974, which is hereby incorporated herein by reference in its entirety, a reverse or sideward imaging system, such as for a lane change assistance system or lane departure warning system or for a blind spot or object detection system, such as imaging or detection systems of the types disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 7,881,496; 7,720,580; 7,038,577; 5,929,786 and/or 5,786,772, and/or U.S. provisional application Ser. No. 60/618,686, filed Oct. 14, 2004, which are hereby incorporated herein by reference in their entireties, a video device for internal cabin surveillance and/or video telephone function, such as disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,760,962; 5,877,897; 6,690,268 and/or 7,370,983, and/or U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/538,724, filed Jun. 13, 2005 and published Mar. 9, 2006 as U.S. Publication No. US-2006-0050018, which are hereby incorporated herein by reference in their entireties, a traffic sign recognition system, a system for determining a distance to a leading or trailing vehicle or object, such as a system utilizing the principles disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,396,397 and/or 7,123,168, which are hereby incorporated herein by reference in their entireties, and/or the like. 
     Optionally, the circuit board or chip (such as of the display or camera system or image processor or the like) may include circuitry for the imaging array sensor and or other electronic accessories or features, such as by utilizing compass-on-a-chip or EC driver-on-a-chip technology and aspects such as described in U.S. Pat. No. 7,255,451 and/or U.S. Pat. No. 7,480,149; and/or U.S. patent applications, Ser. No. 11/226,628, filed Sep. 14, 2005 and published Mar. 23, 2006 as U.S. Publication No. US-2006-0061008, and/or Ser. No. 12/578,732, filed Oct. 14, 2009 and published Apr. 22, 2010 as U.S. Publication No. 2010/0097469, which are hereby incorporated herein by reference in their entireties. 
     Optionally, the vision system may include a display for displaying images captured by one or more of the imaging sensors for viewing by the driver of the vehicle while the driver is normally operating the vehicle. Optionally, for example, the vision system may include a video display device disposed at or in the interior rearview mirror assembly of the vehicle, such as by utilizing aspects of the video mirror display systems described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,690,268 and/or U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/333,337, filed Dec. 21, 2011, now U.S. Pat. No. 9,264,672, which are hereby incorporated herein by reference in their entireties. The display is operable to display the captured rearward images and may comprise a video display and may utilize aspects of the video display devices or modules described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,690,268; 7,184,190; 7,274,501; 7,370,983; 7,446,650 and/or 7,855,755, and/or U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/538,724, filed Jun. 13, 2005 and published Mar. 9, 2006 as U.S. Publication No. US-2006-0050018, which are all hereby incorporated herein by reference in their entireties. The video display may be operable to display images captured by one or more imaging sensors or cameras at the vehicle. The imaging device and control and image processor and any associated illumination source, if applicable, may comprise any suitable components, and may utilize aspects of the cameras and vision systems described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,550,677; 5,877,897; 6,498,620; 5,670,935; 5,796,094; 6,396,397; 6,806,452; 6,690,268; 6,198,409; 7,005,974; 7,123,168; 7,004,606; 6,946,978; 7,038,577; 6,353,392; 6,320,176; 6,313,454 and 6,824,281, which are all hereby incorporated herein by reference in their entireties. 
     The video display screen may disposed at an interior rearview mirror assembly of the vehicle (such as in a mirror casing and behind a reflective element of a mirror assembly such that displayed information is viewable through the reflective element of the mirror assembly). The interior mirror assembly may comprise an electro-optic reflective element, such as an electrochromic reflective element, having a transflective mirror reflector (such as one or more thin metallic films or coatings disposed on a surface of a substrate of the reflective element, such as disposed on the front surface of the rear substrate, commonly referred to as the third surface of the mirror reflective element) that is partially transmissive of visible light therethrough and partially reflectant of visible light incident thereon, such as a mirror reflective element of the types described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 7,274,501; 7,255,451; 7,195,381; 7,184,190; 5,668,663; 5,724,187 and/or 6,690,268, which are all hereby incorporated herein by reference in their entireties). Thus, the video display screen, when operating to display video images or the like, is viewable through the transflective mirror reflector and the mirror reflective element by the driver of the vehicle and, when the video display screen is not operating to display video images or the like, the video display screen is not readily viewable or observable or discernible to the driver of the vehicle, such that the presence of the video display screen is rendered covert by the transflective mirror reflector and the driver of the vehicle normally views the mirror reflector and reflective element to view the reflected rearward image at the mirror reflective element. Optionally, the video display screen may be disposed elsewhere in the vehicle, such as at or in an accessory module or windshield electronics module or overhead console or center stack region of the instrument panel or elsewhere at the instrument panel or other areas of the vehicle, while remaining within the spirit and scope of the present invention. 
     Optionally, the vision system (utilizing the forward facing camera and a rearward facing camera and other cameras disposed at the vehicle with exterior fields of view) may be part of or may provide a display of a top-down view or birds-eye view system of the vehicle or a surround view at the vehicle, such as by utilizing aspects of the vision systems described International Publication Nos. WO 2010/099416; WO 2011/028686; WO 2012/075250; WO 2013/019795; WO 2012-075250; WO 2012/154919; WO 2012/0116043; WO 2012/0145501 and/or WO 2012/0145313, and/or PCT Application No. PCT/CA2012/000378, filed Apr. 25, 2012 and published Nov. 1, 2012 as International Publication No. WO 2012/145822, and/or PCT Application No. PCT/US2012/066571, filed Nov. 27, 2012 and published Jun. 6, 2013 as International Publication No. WO 2013/081985, and/or PCT Application No. PCT/US2012/068331, filed Dec. 7, 2012 and published Jun. 13, 2013 as International Publication No. WO 2013/086249, and/or PCT Application No. PCT/US2013/022119, filed Jan. 18, 2013 and published Jul. 25, 2013 as International Publication No. WO 2013/109869, and/or U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/333,337, filed Dec. 21, 2011, now U.S. Pat. No. 9,264,672, which are hereby incorporated herein by reference in their entireties. 
     Optionally, the mirror assembly may include one or more displays, such as the types disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,530,240 and/or 6,329,925, which are hereby incorporated herein by reference in their entireties, and/or display-on-demand transflective type displays, such as the types disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 7,855,755; 7,626,749; 7,581,859; 7,338,177; 7,274,501; 7,255,451; 7,195,381; 7,184,190; 5,668,663; 5,724,187 and/or 6,690,268, and/or in U.S. patent applications, Ser. No. 11/226,628, filed Sep. 14, 2005 and published Mar. 23, 2006 as U.S. Publication No. US-2006-0061008; and/or Ser. No. 10/538,724, filed Jun. 13, 2005 and published Mar. 9, 2006 as U.S. Publication No. US-2006-0050018, which are all hereby incorporated herein by reference in their entireties, so that the displays are viewable through the reflective element, while the display area still functions to substantially reflect light, in order to provide a generally uniform prismatic reflective element even in the areas that have display elements positioned behind the reflective element. The thicknesses and materials of the coatings on the substrates, such as on the third surface of the reflective element assembly, may be selected to provide a desired color or tint to the mirror reflective element, such as a blue colored reflector, such as is known in the art and such as described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,910,854; 6,420,036 and/or 7,274,501, which are all hereby incorporated herein by reference in their entireties. 
     Optionally, the vehicle may include one or more other accessories at or within the mirror assembly or otherwise associated with or near the mirror assembly, such as one or more electrical or electronic devices or accessories, such as a blind spot detection system, such as disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,929,786; 8,058,977; 5,786,772; 7,720,580; 7,492,281; 7,038,577 and 6,882,287, a communication module, such as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,798,688, a voice recorder, microphones, such as disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 7,657,052; 6,243,003; 6,278,377 and/or 6,420,975, speakers, antennas, including global positioning system (GPS) or cellular phone antennas, such as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,971,552, transmitters and/or receivers, such as a garage door opener or the like or a vehicle door unlocking system or the like (such as a remote keyless entry system), a digital network, such as described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,798,575, a high/low headlamp controller, such as a camera-based headlamp control, such as disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,796,094 and/or 5,715,093 and/or U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/781,119, filed May 17, 2010 and published Nov. 17, 2011 as U.S. Publication No. US 2011-0280026, a memory mirror system, such as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,796,176, a hands-free phone attachment, a video device for internal cabin surveillance and/or video telephone function, such as disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,760,962 and/or 5,877,897, a remote keyless entry receiver, lights, such as map reading lights or one or more other lights or illumination sources, such as disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,690,268; 5,938,321; 5,813,745; 5,820,245; 5,673,994; 5,649,756; 5,178,448; 5,671,996; 4,646,210; 4,733,336; 4,807,096; 6,042,253; 5,669,698; 7,195,381; 6,971,775 and/or 7,249,860, an imaging system or components or circuitry or display thereof, such as an imaging and/or display system of the types described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 7,881,496; 7,526,103; 7,400,435; 6,690,268 and 6,847,487, and/or U.S. patent applications Ser. No. 12/578,732, filed Oct. 14, 2009 and published Apr. 22, 2010 as U.S. Publication No. 2010/0097469; and/or Ser. No. 12/508,840, filed Jul. 24, 2009 and published Jan. 28, 2010 as U.S. Publication No. 2010/0020170, an alert system, such as an alert system of the types described in PCT Application No. PCT/US2010/25545, filed Feb. 26, 2010 and published Sep. 2, 2010 as International Publication No. WO 2010/099416, a video device for internal cabin surveillance (such as for sleep detection or driver drowsiness detection or the like) and/or video telephone function, such as disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,760,962 and/or 5,877,897, a remote keyless entry receiver, a seat occupancy detector, a remote starter control, a yaw sensor, a clock, a carbon monoxide detector, status displays, such as displays that display a status of a door of the vehicle, a transmission selection ( 4 wd/ 2 wd or traction control (TCS) or the like), an antilock braking system, a road condition (that may warn the driver of icy road conditions) and/or the like, a trip computer, a tire pressure monitoring system (TPMS) receiver (such as described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,124,647; 6,294,989; 6,445,287; 6,472,979; 6,731,205 and/or 7,423,522), and/or an ONSTAR® system, a compass, such as disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,924,212; 4,862,594; 4,937,945; 5,131,154; 5,255,442 and/or 5,632,092, a control system, such as a control system of the types described in PCT Application No. PCT/US10/38477, filed Jun. 14, 2010 and published Dec. 16, 2010 as International Publication No. WO 2010/144900, and/or any other accessory or circuitry or the like (with the disclosures of the above-referenced patents and patent applications and PCT applications being hereby incorporated herein by reference in their entireties). 
     The accessory or accessories may be positioned at or within a mirror casing of the interior rearview mirror assembly and may be included on or integrated in the printed circuit board positioned within the mirror casing, such as along a rear surface of the reflective element or elsewhere within a cavity defined by the casing, without affecting the scope of the present invention. The user actuatable inputs described above may be actuatable to control and/or adjust the accessories of the mirror assembly/system and/or an overhead console and/or an accessory module/windshield electronics module and/or the vehicle. The connection or link between the controls and the systems or accessories may be provided via vehicle electronic or communication systems and the like, and may be connected via various protocols or nodes, such as BLUETOOTH®, SCP, UBP, J1850, CAN J2284, Fire Wire 1394, MOST, LIN, FLEXRAY™, Byte Flight and/or the like, or other vehicle-based or in-vehicle communication links or systems (such as WIFI and/or IRDA) and/or the like, depending on the particular application of the mirror/accessory system and the vehicle. Optionally, the connections or links may be provided via wireless connectivity or links, such as via a wireless communication network or system, such as described in U.S. Pat. No. 7,004,593, which is hereby incorporated herein by reference in its entirety, without affecting the scope of the present invention. 
     Optionally, a display and any associated user inputs may be associated with various accessories or systems, such as, for example, a tire pressure monitoring system or a passenger air bag status or a garage door opening system or a telematics system or any other accessory or system of the mirror assembly or of the vehicle or of an accessory module or console of the vehicle, such as an accessory module or console of the types described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 7,289,037; 6,877,888; 6,824,281; 6,690,268; 6,672,744; 6,386,742 and 6,124,886, and/or U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/538,724, filed Jun. 13, 2005 and published Mar. 9, 2006 as U.S. Publication No. US-2006-0050018, which are hereby incorporated herein by reference in their entireties. 
     Changes and modifications in the specifically described embodiments may be carried out without departing from the principles of the present invention, which is intended to be limited only by the scope of the appended claims as interpreted according to the principles of patent law.