Patent Publication Number: US-2009235980-A1

Title: Solar cell manufacturing method and solar cell

Description:
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This application claims priority based on 35 USC 119 from prior Japanese Patent Application No. P2008-072500 filed on Mar. 19, 2008, entitled “Solar cell manufacturing method and solar cell”, the entire contents of which are incorporated herein by reference. 
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     1. Field of the Invention 
     The present invention relates to a manufacturing method of a solar cell including a plurality of fine line-shaped electrodes provided on a photoelectric conversion body and to the solar cell. 
     2. Description of Related Art 
     Solar cells directly convert solar energy, which is non-polluting and unlimited in supply, to electric energy, and are therefore attractive as a new energy source. 
     In general, a solar cell includes a photoelectric conversion body, which generates carriers upon absorption of light, and a plurality of fine line-shaped electrodes, which collect the photo-generated carriers from the photoelectric conversion body. For example, Japanese Patent Application Publication No. 2005-116786 discloses formation of fine line-shaped electrodes on a photoelectric conversion body by disposing a conductive paste onto the converter surface using a printing method or other application methods. 
     In order to increase the light-absorbing area of the photoelectric conversion body, it is preferable to form the line-shaped electrode as narrow as possible. In order to minimize the electric resistance of the fine line-shaped electrode, it is preferable to form the line-shaped electrode as thick as possible. 
     A low viscosity conductive paste needs to be used for forming a fine line-shaped electrode using a printing method or other application method. However such a low viscosity conductive paste tends to spread on the photoelectric conversion body, thereby making it difficult to form a thicker, more conductive, line-shaped electrode. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     One embodiment of the invention provides a solar cell manufacturing method that comprises the steps of: forming a porous layer, having a plurality of pores, on a photoelectric conversion body configured to produce photo-generated carriers upon absorption of light; and forming on the porous layer an electrode by disposing a conductive material on the porous layer, the conductive material infiltrating the porous layer to thereby make contact with the photoelectric conversion body. The pores of the porous layer may be predominately in the direction through the porous layer as opposed to lateral to the layer. The conducting material deposited on the porous layer in a narrow line therefore infiltrates the porous layer to contact the photoelectric conversion body without significant lateral spread. 
     This minimizes spread of the low viscosity conducting material on the porous layer, thereby minimizing the width of the electrode. Since the conductive material infiltrates the porous layer, the thickness of the electrode and therefore its conductivity can be maximized. Hence, a conductive material having a low viscosity can be used to form an electrode with a narrow width and low electric resistance. 
     Another embodiment of the invention provides a solar cell that comprises a photoelectric conversion body configured to generate photo-generated carriers upon absorption of light; a porous layer provided on the photoelectric conversion body and including a plurality of pores; and an electrode provided on the photoelectric conversion body, wherein the electrode makes contact with the photoelectric conversion body through the pores in the porous layer. 
     Another embodiment of the invention provides a solar cell that comprises a photoelectric conversion body configured to generate photo-generated carriers upon absorption of light; and an electrode provided on the photoelectric conversion body, wherein the electrode includes a plurality of pores. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING 
         FIG. 1  is a plan view of the light receiving surface of solar cell  10  according to a first embodiment. 
         FIG. 2  is an enlarged cross-sectional view cut along the line A-A of  FIG. 1 . 
         FIG. 3  is an enlarged cross-sectional view of solar cell  10  according to modification 1 of the first embodiment. 
         FIG. 4  is an enlarged cross-sectional view of solar cell  10  according to modification 2 of the first embodiment 
         FIG. 5  is a plan view of the light receiving surface of solar cell  20  according to a second embodiment. 
         FIG. 6  is an enlarged cross-sectional view cut along the line B-B of  FIG. 5 . 
         FIGS. 7A and 7B  illustrate a process of manufacturing solar cell  20  according to the second embodiment. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF EMBODIMENTS 
     The present invention is described below in more detail on the basis of embodiments. However, the invention is not limited to the embodiments to be described below and can be implemented by being changed, as needed, without deviating from the gist of the invention. 
     Prepositions, such as “on”, “over” and “above” may be defined with respect to a surface, for example a layer surface, regardless of that surface&#39;s orientation in space. The preposition “above” may be used in the specification and claims even if a layer is in contact with another layer. The preposition “on” may be used in the specification and claims when a layer is not in contact with another layer, for example, when there is an intervening layer between them. 
     First Embodiment  
     &lt;Construction of Solar Cell&gt; 
     A schematic construction of solar cell  10  according to a first embodiment will be described below with reference to  FIGS. 1 and 2 .  FIG. 1  is a plan view of the light receiving surface of solar cell  10 .  FIG. 2  is an enlarged cross-sectional view cut along the line A-A of  FIG. 1 . 
     Solar cell  10  includes photoelectric conversion body  11 , porous layer  12 , electrode  13  and connecting electrodes  14  as shown in  FIGS. 1 and 2 . 
     Photoelectric conversion body  11  has a light receiving surface (upper surface in  FIG. 2 ) and a back surface (not shown) provided on the opposite side to the light receiving surface. The light receiving surface and the back surface are the major surfaces of solar cell  10 . 
     When light is absorbed at the light receiving surface and the back surface of photoelectric conversion body  11 , photo-generated carriers are generated in the form of hole electron pairs. Photoelectric conversion body  11  has a p type region and an n type region therein (not shown). A semiconductor junction is formed at an interface between the p type region and the n type region in photoelectric conversion body  11 . Photoelectric conversion body  11  can be formed by using a semiconductor substrate made of a semiconductor material including: a crystalline semiconductor material such as single crystal Si and polycrystalline Si; a compound semiconductor material such as GaAs and InP; and the like. Photoelectric conversion body  11  may have a structure in which a substantially intrinsic amorphous silicon layer is sandwiched between single crystal silicon substrate and an amorphous silicon layer to improve the characteristics of a heterojunction interface, i.e., a so-called HIT structure. 
     Porous layer  12  is provided on the light receiving surface of photoelectric conversion body  11 . Porous layer  12  has plurality of pores  12   a.  Porous layer  12  is made of, for example, a particulate metal oxide. A plurality of pores  12   a  are formed among the particles of the metal oxide. As such a metal oxide, a translucent conductive material such as indium oxide (In 2 O 3 ), zinc oxide (ZnO), tin oxide (SnO 2 ) and titanium oxide (TiO 2 ) can be used. However, the metal oxide is not limited to these materials. These translucent conductive materials may be doped with a dopant such as fluorine (F), aluminum (Al), titanium (Ti), iron (F), zinc (Zn), gallium (Ga), niobium (Nb), tin (Sn), antimony (Sb), and tungsten (W). Porous layer  12  may have a thickness of approximately 10 μm to 100 μm. Each pore  12   a  may have a diameter of approximately 0.1 μm to 100 μm, preferably, a diameter of approximately 1 μm to 100 μm. In the first embodiment, porous layer  12  is preferably formed to have a thickness smaller than the width of electrode  13  so that a conductive paste disposed on porous layer  12  can reach the light receiving surface of photoelectric conversion body  11 . When electrode  13  is to be formed to have a width of, for example, 30 μm, porous layer  12  can be formed to have a thickness of 20 μm. Note that the width of electrode  13  refers to the maximum value of the width of electrode  13  in the second direction as indicated in  FIG. 1 . 
     Electrode  13  is a collecting electrode for collecting photo-generated carriers from photoelectric conversion body  11 . Electrode  13  may be a fine line-shaped electrode. In this embodiment, solar cell  10  includes a plurality of fine line-shaped electrodes  13  as shown in  FIG. 1 . Fine line-shaped electrode  13  is formed, on the light receiving surface of photoelectric conversion body  11 , along a first direction substantially parallel to one side of photoelectric conversion body  11  as shown in  FIGS. 1 and 2 . A plurality of fine line-shaped electrodes  13  are disposed in parallel with one another in the second direction that is substantially perpendicular to the first direction. 
     As shown in  FIG. 2 , fine line-shaped electrode  13  is deposited on porous layer  12  and infiltrates the pores  12   a  of porous layer  12  to make contact with the light receiving surface of photoelectric conversion body  11 . 
     Fine line-shaped electrode  13  can be formed by disposing a conductive paste on porous layer  12 . Examples of the conductive paste adaptable herein include: a resin-type conductive paste in which a resin material is used as a binder and conductive particles such as silver particles are used as a filler; and a sintered-type conductive paste (so-called ceramic paste) containing conductive particles such as silver powders, glass frits, an organic vehicle, an organic solvent, or the like. These conductive pastes can be disposed on porous layer  12  by using a printing method such as an inkjet method, a dispensing method, or the like. When the conductive paste is disposed on porous layer  12  by using the printing method such as an inkjet method, the diameter of the conductive particle contained in the conductive paste can be approximately 10 nm to 100 nm. Meanwhile, when the conductive paste is disposed on porous layer  12  by using the dispensing method, the diameter of the conductive particle contained in the conductive paste can be approximately 10 nm to 5 μm. The diameter of the conductive particle is preferably one-tenth or less of the diameter of a plurality of pores  12   a  included in porous layer  12 . The dimension and number of fine line-shaped electrode  13  can suitably be set in consideration of the size of photoelectric conversion body  11 , and so forth. 
     Connecting electrode  14  is an electrode connected to a wire (not shown) electrically connecting a plurality of solar cells  10  in series or in parallel. Connecting electrode  14  is formed along the second direction on the light receiving surface of photoelectric conversion body  11  as shown in  FIG. 1 . Therefore, connecting electrode  14  intersects a plurality of fine line-shaped electrodes  13  and is electrically connected to a plurality of fine line-shaped electrodes  13 . 
     Connecting electrode  14  is deposited on the light receiving surface of photoelectric conversion body  11  by the same process as fine line-shaped electrode  13 . Although not depicted in a figure, connecting electrode  14  makes contact with the light receiving surface of photoelectric conversion body  11  by the same process as fine line-shaped electrodes  13  that is by infiltrating the pores of porous layer. Connecting electrode  14  can be formed by the printing method, the dispensing method, or the like, just as fine line-shaped electrode  13 . The dimension and number of connecting electrode  14  can suitably be set in consideration of the size of photoelectric conversion body  11 , and so forth. 
     Fine line-shaped electrodes  13  and connecting electrodes  14 , which have the same shapes as fine line-shaped electrodes  13 , can also be formed on the back surface of photoelectric conversion body  11 . However, the present invention is not limited to the above configuration. For example, fine line-shaped electrodes  13  may be formed to cover almost the entire back surface of photoelectric conversion body  11 . The present invention is not meant to limit the shape of fine line-shaped electrode  13  and connecting electrode  14  which may be formed on the back surface of photoelectric conversion body  11 . 
     &lt;Manufacturing Method of Solar Cell&gt; 
     Next, a manufacturing method of solar cell  10  according to the first embodiment will be described. 
     First, a 100 mm square n type single crystal silicon substrate is etched to form minute irregularities on the light receiving surface of the n type single crystal silicon substrate. Then, an i type amorphous silicon layer and a p type amorphous silicon layer are sequentially stacked on the light receiving surface of the n type single crystal silicon substrate by using a CVD (Chemical Vapor Deposition) method. Similarly, an i type amorphous silicon layer and an n type amorphous silicon layer are sequentially stacked on the back surface of the n type single crystal silicon substrate. The layered structure just described comprises photoelectric conversion body  11 . Irregularities similar to those formed on the light receiving surface of the n type single crystal silicon substrate are also formed on the light receiving surface of photoelectric conversion body  11 . 
     Porous layer  12  having a plurality of pores  12   a  is then formed on the light receiving surface of photoelectric conversion body  11 . To be specific, particles made of a translucent conductive material are disposed on the light receiving surface of photoelectric conversion body  11  to thereby form porous layer  12  having pores  12   a.    
     Then, a conductive paste is disposed on porous layer  12  in a predetermined pattern by using a printing method or a dispensing method. The predetermined pattern refers to a shape corresponding to fine line-shaped electrodes  13  extending along a first direction and connecting electrodes  14  extending along a second direction as shown in  FIG. 1 . The conductive paste is a material for forming fine line-shaped electrode  13  and connecting electrode  14 . 
     The conductive paste disposed on porous layer  12  passes through pores  12   a  by a capillary action, infiltrates porous layer  12 , and then contacts the light receiving surface of photoelectric conversion body  11 . Subsequently, the conductive paste is dried to volatilize a solvent remaining in the conductive paste. The conductive paste is then heated to be fixed. Through these processes, fine line-shaped electrodes  13  and connecting electrodes  14 , which are provided on the light receiving surface of photoelectric conversion body  11 , pass through a plurality of pores  12   a  included in porous layer. In this manner, solar cell  10  according to the first embodiment is manufactured. 
     In the manufacturing method of solar cell  10  according to the first embodiment, porous layer  12  is formed on the light receiving surface of photoelectric conversion body  11 , and then the conductive paste for forming fine line-shaped electrode  13  is disposed on porous layer  12 . The conductive paste passes through a plurality of pores  12  included in porous layer  12 , and contacts the light receiving surface of photoelectric conversion body  11 . 
     According to such a manufacturing method of solar cell  10 , the conductive paste disposed on porous layer  12  infiltrates porous layer  12  to contact the light receiving surface of photoelectric conversion body  11  with minimal lateral spreading on porous layer  12 . Accordingly, fine line-shaped electrode  13  can be formed with a very narrow width. Moreover, the conductive paste infiltrates porous layer  12 , whereby fine line-shaped electrode  13  can be formed to be quite thick. Thus, even if fine line-shaped electrode  13  is formed to have a narrow width, the cross-sectional area of fine line-shaped electrode  13  can be maintained to be large. The electric resistance of fine line-shaped electrode  13  can therefore be maintained to be low. According to the present invention, fine line-shaped electrode  13  with a small width and low electric resistance can thus be formed. 
     Moreover, according to the first embodiment manufacturing method of solar cell  10 , the conductive paste can be prevented from spreading laterally on the light receiving surface of photoelectric conversion body  11 . Accordingly, fine line-shaped electrode  13  can be formed with a narrow width despite the irregularities formed on the light receiving surface photoelectric conversion body  11 . 
     Furthermore, use of the translucent conductive material as porous layer  12  eliminates a need to separately form a translucent conductive film, to transport photo-generated carriers generated in photoelectric conversion body  11 , between photoelectric conversion body  11  and fine line-shaped electrode  13 . The manufacturing steps of solar cell  10  can consequently be simplified. 
     Modification 1 of First Embodiment  
     Hereinafter, solar cell  10  according to modification 1 of the first embodiment will be described. Although, in the above-described first embodiment, a particulate metal oxide is used as porous layer  12 , the present invention is not limited to this. For example, an organic material including air bubbles as pores  12 a may be used as porous layer  12 . An example of such an organic material adaptable herein is a resin material such as polyethylene, polydimethylsiloxane, epoxy, styrene-divinylbenzene, polystyrene, and polycarbonate. Air bubbles can be included in these resin materials by stirring the resin materials. Alternatively, air bubbles may be included in the resin materials by impregnating a foaming agent into the resin material and then heating the resin material impregnated with the foaming agent up to a foaming temperature. 
     When such an organic material is used as porous layer  12 , porous layer  12  is pressurized in the process of heating and thus fixing the conductive paste. Thereby, pores  12   a  are removed from the organic material. As a result, organic layer  15  is formed as shown in  FIG. 3 . 
     It is generally known that moisture tends to accumulate at the interface between porous layer  12  and photoelectric conversion body  11 . For this reason, in solar cell  10  according to modification 1 of the first embodiment, pores  12   a  are removed from the organic material to prevent moisture from moving into the organic material. Accordingly, moisture can be prevented from accumulating at the interface between porous layer  12  and photoelectric conversion body  11 . Consequently, the light receiving surface of photoelectric conversion body  11  can be prevented from being deteriorated. 
     Modification 2 of First Embodiment  
     Hereinafter, solar cell  10  according to modification 2 of the first embodiment will be described. Although porous layer  12  includes pores  12   a  formed among the metal oxide particles forming porous layer  12  in the above-described first embodiment, the present invention is not limited to this. For example, as shown in  FIG. 4 , porous layer  12  may include a plurality of through-holes, as pore  12   a,  formed in a direction substantially perpendicular to the light receiving surface of photoelectric conversion body  11  by a laser method or the like. 
     The formation of such pores  12   a  in porous layer  12  in the direction substantially perpendicular to the light receiving surface of photoelectric conversion body  11  results in much less lateral spreading compared to, for example, cases where pores  12   a  are gaps formed among the metal oxide particles or where pores  12   a  are air bubbles arranged at random. Therefore, fine line-shaped electrode  13  can be formed with an even narrower width. Furthermore, the width of fine line-shaped electrode  13  can be maintained to be small, even when porous layer  12  is formed to a large thickness. Accordingly, increasing the thickness of porous layer  12  makes it possible to form fine line-shaped electrode  13  to a large thickness and a narrow width. 
     Second Embodiment  
     Hereinafter, solar cell  20  according to a second embodiment will be described. The difference between the foregoing first embodiment and the second embodiment will be mainly described below. 
     &lt;Construction of Solar Cell&gt; 
     A schematic depiction of solar cell  20  according to the second embodiment will be described with reference to  FIGS. 5 and 6 .  FIG. 5  is a plan view of the light receiving surface of solar cell  20 .  FIG. 6  is a cross-sectional view taken along the line A-A of  FIG. 5 . 
     Solar cell  20  includes photoelectric conversion body  21 , fine line-shaped electrodes  23  and connecting electrodes  24  as shown in  FIGS. 5 and 6 . The construction of photoelectric conversion body  21  is almost the same as that of photoelectric conversion body  11  according to the first embodiment described above. Accordingly, the description thereof is here omitted. 
     Fine line-shaped electrode  23  is a collecting electrode for collecting photo-generated carriers from photoelectric conversion body  21 . Fine line-shaped electrode  23  is formed, on the light receiving surface of photoelectric conversion body  21 , along a first direction as shown in  FIGS. 5 and 6 . A plurality of fine line-shaped electrodes  23  are disposed in parallel with one another in a second direction substantially perpendicular to the first direction. 
     As shown in  FIG. 6 , fine line-shaped electrode  23  is provided on the light receiving surface of photoelectric conversion body  21 , and has a plurality of pores  23   a.  Pores  23   a  of fine line-shaped electrode  23  correspond to porous layer  22  (described hereinafter) having a plurality of pores  22   a.    
     Fine line-shaped electrode  23  can be formed by disposing conductive paste  25  (refer to  FIG. 7 ) on porous layer  22  (refer to  FIG. 7 ) to be described later. Examples of conductive paste  25  adaptable herein include: a resin-type conductive paste in which a resin material is used as a binder and conductive particles such as silver particles are used as a filler; and a sintered-type conductive paste (so-called ceramic paste) containing conductive particles such as silver powders, glass frits, an organic vehicle, an organic solvent, or the like. These types of conductive pastes  25  can be disposed on porous layer  22  by using a printing method such as an inkjet method, a dispensing method, or the like. When conductive paste  25  is disposed on porous layer  22  by using the printing method such as an inkjet method, the diameter of the conductive particle contained in conductive paste  25  can be 10 nm to 100 nm. Meanwhile, when conductive paste  25  is disposed on porous layer  22  by using the dispensing method, the diameter of the conductive particle contained in conductive paste  25  can be 10 nm to 5 μm. The diameter of the conductive particle is preferably one-tenth or less of the diameter of a plurality of pores  22   a  included in porous layer  22 . The dimension and number of fine line-shaped electrode  23  can suitably be set in consideration of the size of photoelectric conversion body  21 , and so forth. 
     Connecting electrode  24  is an electrode connected to a wire (not shown) electrically connecting a plurality of solar cells  10  in series or in parallel. Connecting electrode  24  is formed along the second direction on the light receiving surface of photoelectric conversion body  21  as shown in  FIG. 5 . Therefore, connecting electrode  24  intersects a plurality of fine line-shaped electrodes  23  and is electrically connected to a plurality of fine line-shaped electrodes  23 . 
     Connecting electrode  24  is provided on the light receiving surface of photoelectric conversion body  21  by the same process as fine line-shaped electrode  23 . Connecting electrode  24  has a plurality of pores (not shown). The pores of connecting electrode  24  correspond to porous layer  22  (described hereinafter) having a plurality of pores  22   a.  Connecting electrode  24  can be formed by the printing method, the dispensing method, or the like, just as fine line-shaped electrode  23 . The dimension and number of connecting electrode  24  can suitably be set in consideration of the size of photoelectric conversion body  21 , and so forth. 
     &lt;Manufacturing Method of Solar Cell&gt; 
     Next, a manufacturing method of solar cell  20  according to the second embodiment will be described with reference to  FIGS. 7A and 7B . Photoelectric conversion body  21  is first produced in the same manner as in the foregoing first embodiment. 
     Then, porous layer  22  having a plurality of pores  22   a  is formed on the light receiving surface of photoelectric conversion body  21 . To be specific, as shown in  FIG. 7A , an organic material including air bubbles as pores  22   a  is disposed on the light receiving surface of photoelectric conversion body  21 . The organic material is to serve as porous layer  22 . An example of such an organic material adaptable herein is a resin material decomposed by heating such as polyethylene, epoxy, styrene-divinylbenzene, polystyrene, and polycarbonate. Air bubbles can be included in these resin materials by stirring the resin materials. Alternatively, air bubbles may be included in the resin materials by impregnating a foaming agent into the resin material and the heating the resin material impregnated with the foaming agent up to a foaming temperature. 
     Then, conductive paste  25  is disposed on porous layer  22  in a predetermined pattern by a printing method or a dispensing method. The predetermined pattern refers to a shape corresponding to fine line-shaped electrodes  23  extending along a first direction and connecting electrodes  24  extending along a second direction as shown in  FIG. 5 . Conductive paste  25  is a material for forming fine line-shaped electrode  23  and connecting electrode  24 . 
     Conductive paste  25  disposed on porous layer  22  passes through pore  22   a  by a capillary action as shown in  FIG. 7B , infiltrates porous layer  22 , and then contacts the light receiving surface of photoelectric conversion body  21 . Subsequently, conductive paste  25  is dried to volatilize a solvent remaining in conductive paste  25 . Porous layer  22  and conductive paste  25  are then heated to thermally oxidize the organic material for forming porous layer  22  and to fix conductive paste  25 . Thereby, porous layer  22  is removed. Thereby, fine line-shaped electrode  23  having a plurality of pores  23   a  corresponding to porous layer  22  and connecting electrode  24  having a plurality of pores corresponding to porous layer  22  are formed on the light receiving surface of photoelectric conversion body  21  as shown in  FIG. 6 . In this manner, solar cell  20  according to the second embodiment is manufactured. 
     In the manufacturing method of solar cell  20  according to the second embodiment, porous layer  22  is formed on the light receiving surface of photoelectric conversion body  21 , and then conductive paste  25  for forming fine line-shaped electrode  23  is disposed on porous layer  22 . Conductive paste  25  passes through a plurality of pores  22   a  included in porous layer  22 , and reaches the light receiving surface of photoelectric conversion body  21 . Thereby, fine line-shaped electrode  23  with a narrow width and low electric resistance can be formed. 
     Moreover, in the manufacturing method of solar cell  20  according to the second embodiment, after conductive paste  25  passes through a plurality of pores  22   a  included in porous layer  22  and reaches the light receiving surface of photoelectric conversion body  21 , porous layer  22  is removed. 
     As mentioned above, it is generally known that moisture tends to accumulate at the interface between porous layer  22  and photoelectric conversion body  21 . For this reason, in solar cell  20  according to the second embodiment, porous layer  22  is removed, after conductive paste  25  passes through a plurality of pores  22   a  included in porous layer  22  and contacts the light receiving surface of photoelectric conversion body  21 . This prevents moisture from accumulating at the interface between porous layer  22  and photoelectric conversion body  21 . Consequently, the light receiving surface of photoelectric conversion body  21  can be prevented from being deteriorated due to the moisture accumulation. 
     Modification of Second Embodiment  
     Hereinafter, modification of the second embodiment will be described. Although conductive paste  25  infiltrating porous layer  22  is fixed to form fine line-shaped electrode  23  having a plurality of pores  23   a  corresponding to porous layer  22  in the foregoing second embodiment, the present invention is not limited to this. For example, a conductive material may be caused to infiltrate pores  23   a  of fine line-shaped electrode  23  formed by fixing conductive paste  25  to thereby fill pores  23   a  of fine line-shaped electrode  23  with the conductive material. 
     By filling pores  23   a  of fine line-shaped electrode  23  with the conductive material, the electric resistance of fine line-shaped electrode  23  can further be reduced. 
     Other Embodiments  
     Although the present invention has been described on the basis of the aforementioned embodiments, it should be understood that the descriptions and drawings that constitute parts of this disclosure do not limit the present invention. Various alternative embodiments, examples and operation technologies will be apparent from the disclosure to those skilled in the art. 
     For example, in the aforementioned first and second embodiments, formation of irregularities on the light receiving surface of a photoelectric conversion body was described. However, the present invention is limited to this. Irregularities may not be formed on the light receiving surface of a photoelectric conversion body. 
     Moreover, in the aforementioned second embodiment, although the description has been given of the case where an organic material including air bubbles as pores is used as a porous layer, the present invention is not limited to this. An organic material including hollow organic particles in addition to air bubbles may be used as a porous layer. The use of such an organic material including hollow organic particles allows a time required to thermally oxidize the organic material to be reduced. Accordingly, the porous layer can be removed more simply. 
     Furthermore, in the aforementioned first and second embodiments, the present invention is applied to a crystalline solar cell. However, the present invention may also be applied to a thin-film solar cell. To be specific, as in the aforementioned first and second embodiment, it is possible to form a fine line-shaped electrode with a small width and low electric resistance in a manufacturing method of a thin-film solar cell including a substrate, a first conductive film, a photoelectric conversion body and a fine line-shaped electrode sequentially stacked in this order. In this manufacturing method, a second translucent conductive film having a plurality of pores is formed on the photoelectric conversion body, and a conductive material for forming the fine line-shaped electrode is disposed on the second translucent conductive film. Thereby, such a fine line-shaped electrode with a small width and low electric resistance is formed on the photoelectric conversion body. Note that, the photoelectric conversion body in such a thin-film solar cell generates photo-generated carriers by light entering from the fine line-shaped electrode toward the substrate. 
     As have been described above, the aforementioned embodiments can provide: a manufacturing method of a solar cell including a fine line-shaped electrode with a narrow width and low electric resistance; and such a solar cell. 
     The invention includes other embodiments in addition to the above-described embodiments without departing from the spirit of the invention. The embodiments are to be considered in all respects as illustrative, and not restrictive. The scope of the invention is indicated by the appended claims rather than by the foregoing description. Hence, all configurations including the meaning and range within equivalent arrangements of the claims are intended to be embraced in the invention.