Patent Publication Number: US-10315999-B2

Title: Processes for the preparation of pesticidal compounds

Description:
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This Application is a divisional of U.S. application Ser. No. 15/715,813 filed on Sep. 26, 2017, which is a divisional of U.S. application Ser. No. 15/370,524 filed on Dec. 6, 2016, which is a divisional of U.S. application Ser. No. 14/989,295 filed on Jan. 6, 2016, which is a divisional of U.S. application Ser. No. 14/717,296 filed on May 20, 2015, which is a divisional of U.S. application Ser. No. 14/517,600 filed on Oct. 17, 2014, which claims the benefit of the following U.S. Provisional Patent Applications: Ser. No. 62/041,943, filed Aug. 26, 2014; Ser. No. 62/001,923, filed May 22, 2014; and Ser. No. 61/892,113, filed Oct. 17, 2013; the entire disclosures of these applications are hereby expressly incorporated by reference into this Application. 
    
    
     TECHNICAL FIELD 
     This application relates to efficient and economical synthetic chemical processes for the preparation of pesticidal thioether and pesticidal sulfoxides. Further, the present application relates to certain novel compounds necessary for their synthesis. It would be advantageous to produce pesticidal thioether and pesticidal sulfoxides efficiently and in high yield from commercially available starting materials. 
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     The following definitions apply to the terms as used throughout this specification, unless otherwise limited in specific instances. 
     As used herein, the term “alkyl” denotes branched or unbranched hydrocarbon chains. 
     Unless otherwise indicated, the term “cycloalkyl” as employed herein alone is a saturated cyclic hydrocarbon group, such as cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl. 
     The term “thio” as used herein as part of another group refers to a sulfur atom serving as a linker between two groups. 
     The term “halogen” or “halo” as used herein alone or as part of another group refers to chlorine, bromine, fluorine, and iodine. 
     The compounds and process of the present application are described in detail below. 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     In step a of Scheme 1, 4-nitropyrazole is halogenated and reduced to yield 3-chloro-1H-pyrazol-4-amine hydrochloride (1a). The halogenation occurs at the 3-carbon through the use of concentrated (37 weight percent) hydrochloric acid (HCl). The reduction occurs with triethylsilane (Et 3 SiH) and palladium on alumina (Pd/Al 2 O 3  preferably about 1 to 10 weight percent palladium on alumina, more preferably about 5 weight percent). This reaction may be conducted at a temperature from about 0° C. to about 40° C., preferably about 10° C. to about 20° C. This reaction may be conducted in a polar protic solvent, such as methanol (MeOH) or ethanol (EtOH), preferably ethanol. It was surprisingly discovered, that by utilizing about 1 equivalent to about 4 equivalents, preferably, about 2.5 equivalents to about 3.5 equivalents of triethylsilane in this step, while conducting the reaction between about 10° C. and about 20° C., gives about a 10:1 molar ratio of the desired halogenated product, 3-chloro-1H-pyrazol-4-amine hydrochloride (1a) 
                         
versus the undesired product.
 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     In step b of Scheme 1, 3-chloro-1H-pyrazol-4-amine hydrochloride (1a) is acylated with acetic anhydride (Ac 2 O) in the presence of a base, preferably an inorganic base, such as, sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO 3 ), at about 0° C. to about 10° C., preferably about 5° C. to yield N-(3-chloro-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)acetamide (1b). It was surprisingly discovered that a chloro substituent must be present at the 3-position for this reaction to proceed to completion and to also avoid over acylation. Described herein is a comparative example without a halogen at the 3-position that yielded the double acylated product (see “CE-1”). Further, a comparative example with a bromo group at the 3-position afforded the product in a surprisingly low yield compared to the yield with the chloro group (see “CE-2”). 
     In step c of Scheme 1, N-(3-chloro-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)acetamide (1b) is reacted with a halopyridine such as 3-bromopyridine or 3-iodopyridine in the presence of a copper salt (such as copper(I) chloride (CuCl), copper(II) chloride (CuCl 2 ), and copper(I) iodide (CuI)), an inorganic base such as potassium phosphate (K 3 PO 4 ), and an amine such as N,N′-dimethylethane-1,2-diamine to yield N-(3-chloro-1-(pyridin-3-yl)-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)acetamide (1c). The process may be conducted in a polar solvent, such as, acetonitrile (MeCN) dioxane, or N,N-dimethylformamide at a temperature between about 50° C. and about 110° C. It was surprisingly discovered that the addition of water during the work-up of this step maximized the yield. Furthermore, this synthetic method is simpler and reduces the costs of starting materials over known heteroarylation methods. 
     In step d of Scheme 1, N-(3-chloro-1-(pyridin-3-yl)-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)acetamide (1c) is reduced in the presence of a hydride source, preferably, sodium borohydride (NaBH 4 ) and an acid source, such as a Brønsted acid or a Lewis acid, preferably a Lewis acid, preferably borontrifluoride etherate (BF 3 .Et 2 O) to yield 3-chloro-N-ethyl-1-(pyridin-3-yl)-1H-pyrazol-amine (1d). It has been surprisingly discovered that the yield of the reaction is greatly affected by the quality of the borontrifluoride etherate (purchased from different suppliers, currently, Sigma Aldrich product number 175501 being preferred). 
     In step e of Scheme 1, 3-chloro-N-ethyl-1-(pyridin-3-yl)-1H-pyrazol-amine (1d) is reacted with an acyl chloride, indicated as ClC(═O)C 1 -C 4 -alkyl-S—R 1 , to produce pesticidal thioether (1e). R 1  is selected from the group consisting of C 1 -C 4 -haloalkyl and C 1 -C 4 -alkyl-C 3 -C 6 -halocycloalkyl, preferably, R 1  is selected from CH 2 CH 2 CF 3  or CH 2 (2,2-difluorocyclopropyl). The reaction may be conducted in a polar aprotic solvent such as ethyl acetate (EtOAc). The reaction may be optionally conducted in the presence of a base such as NaHCO 3 , to yield pesticidal thioether (1e). 
     In step f of Scheme 1, thioether (1e) is oxidized with an oxidant such as hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ) to yield pesticidal sulfoxides (1f). The oxidation is conducted in a polar protic solvent such as a primary C 1 -C 4  alcohol, especially in methanol. 
     Alternatively, N-(3-chloro-1-(pyridin-3-yl)-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)acetamide (1c) may be prepared by the heteroarylation of N-(3-chloro-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)acetamide (1b) disclosed in Scheme 2, providing further cost savings of this process. 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     Furthermore, as disclosed in Scheme 3, pesticidal thioether (1e) may alternatively be prepared by reacting 3-chloro-N-ethyl-1-(pyridin-3-yl)-1H-pyrazol-amine (1d) with an activated carbonyl thioether, indicated as X 1 C(═O)C 1 -C 4 -alkyl-S—R 1 , to produce pesticidal thioether (1e). R 1  is selected from the group consisting of C 1 -C 4 -haloalkyl and C 1 -C 4 -alkyl-C 3 -C 6 -halocycloalkyl, preferably, R 1  is selected from CH 2 CH 2 CF 3  or CH 2 (2,2-difluoro-cyclopropyl). When X 1  is OC(═O)C 1 -C 4  alkyl, the reaction may be conducted in the presence of a base preferably, sodium bicarbonate, to yield pesticidal thioether (1e). Alternatively, the reaction may be accomplished when X 1  forms an activated carboxylic acid activated by such reagents as 2,4,6-tripropyl-trioxatriphosphinane-2,4,-trioxide (T 3 P), carbonyldiimidazole (CDI), dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (DCC) or 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethyl-aminopropyl)carbodiimide (EDC), preferably 2,4,6-tripropyl-trioxatriphosphinane-2,4,-trioxide and carbonyldiimidazole at temperatures from about 0° C. to about 80° C.; this reaction may also be facilitated with uronium or phosphonium activating groups such as O-(7-azabenzotriazol-1-yl)-N,N,N′,N′-tetramethyluronium hexafluorophosphate (HATU) or benzotriazol-1-yl-oxytripyrrolidinophosphonium hexafluorophosphate (PyBOP), in the presence of an amine base such as diisopropylethylamine (DIPEA) or triethylamine (TEA) in an polar aprotic solvent such as N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF), tetrahydrofuran (THF), or dichloromethane (CH 2 Cl 2 ), at temperatures from about −10° C. to about 30° C. to form pesticidal thioether (1e). Activated carbonyl thioethers may be prepared from X 1 C(═O)C 1 -C 4 -alkyl-S—R 1 , wherein X 1  is OH, which may be prepared by reacting the corresponding ester thioether, indicated as X 1 C(═O)C 1 -C 4 -alkyl-S—R 1  wherein X 1  is OC 1 -C 4 -alkyl, with a metal hydroxide such as lithium hydroxide in a polar solvent such as MeOH or THF. Alternatively, X 1 C(═O)C 1 -C 4 -alkyl-S—R 1 , wherein X 1  is OH or OC 1 -C 4 -alkyl may be prepared by the photochemical free-radical coupling of 3-mercaptopropionic acid and esters thereof with 3,3,3-trifluoropropene in the presence of 2,2-dimethoxy-2-phenylacetophenone initiator and long wavelength UV light in an inert organic solvent. Furthermore, X 1 C(═O)C 1 -C 4 -alkyl-S—R 1 , wherein X 1  is OH or OC 1 -C 4 -alkyl may also be prepared by the low temperature free radical initiated coupling of 3-mercaptopropionic acid and esters thereof with 3,3,3-trifluoropropene in the presence of 2,2′-azobis(4-methoxy-2,4-dimethyl)valeronitrile (V-70) initiator at temperatures of about −50° C. to about 40° C. in an inert organic solvent. 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     Additionally, as disclosed in Scheme 4, 3-chloro-1H-pyrazol-4-amine hydrochloride (1a) may be prepared from 4-nitropyrazole. The 4-nitropyrazole is halogenated at the 3-carbon through the use of concentrated hydrochloric acid at about 10° C. to about 20° C. during the reduction with palladium on alumina and hydrogen (H 2 ) to provide the described product (1a). 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     3-Chloro-N-ethyl-1-(pyridin-3-yl)-1H-pyrazol-amine (1d) may be prepared through the reaction pathway sequence disclosed in Scheme 5. In step d1, N-(3-chloro-1-(pyridin-3-yl)-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)acetamide (1c) may be alkylated with ethyl bromide (EtBr) in the presence of a base, such as sodium hydride (NaH), sodium tert-butoxide (NaOt-Bu), potassium tert-butoxide (KOt-Bu), or potassium tert-amyloxide in a polar aprotic solvent, such as tetrahydrofuran, at temperatures from about 20° C. to about 40° C., over a period of time of about 60 hours to about 168 hours, to yield N-(3-chloro-1-(pyridin-3-yl)-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)-N-ethylacetamide (1c′). It has been discovered that use of an additive, such as potassium iodide (KI) or tetrabutylammonium iodide (TBAI) decreases the time necessary for the reaction to complete to about 24 hours. It was also discovered that heating the reaction at about 50° C. to about 70° C. in a sealed reactor (to prevent loss of ethyl bromide) decreases the reaction time to about 24 hours. In step d2, N-(3-chloro-1-(pyridin-3-yl)-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)-N-ethylacetamide (1c′) may be treated with hydrochloric acid in water at temperatures from about 70° C. to about 90° C., to yield 3-chloro-N-ethyl-1-(pyridin-3-yl)-1H-pyrazolamine (1d). The reaction pathway sequence disclosed in Scheme 5 may also be performed without the isolation of N-(3-chloro-1-(pyridin-3-yl)-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)-N-ethylacetamide (1c′). 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     EXAMPLES 
     The following examples are presented to better illustrate the processes of the present application. 
     Compound Examples 
     Example 1 
     3-Chloro-1H-pyrazol-4-amine hydrochloride (1a) 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     A 1000-mL, multi-neck cylindrical jacketed reactor, fitted with a mechanical stirrer, temperature probe and nitrogen (N 2 ) inlet, was charged with 4-nitropyrazole (50.0 g, 429 mmol) and palladium on alumina (5 wt %, 2.5 g). Ethanol (150 mL) was added, followed by a slow addition of concentrated hydrochloric acid (37 wt %, 180 mL). The reaction was cooled to 15° C., and triethylsilane (171 mL, 1072 mmol) was added slowly via addition funnel over 1 hour, while maintaining the internal temperature at 15° C. The reaction was stirred at 15° C. for 72 hours, after which the reaction mixture was filtered through a Celite® pad and the pad was rinsed with warm ethanol (40° C., 2×100 mL). The combined filtrates were separated and the aqueous layer (bottom layer) was concentrated to ˜100 mL. Acetonitrile (200 mL) was added and the resulting suspension was concentrated to ˜100 mL. Acetonitrile (200 mL) was added a second time and the resulting suspension was concentrated to ˜100 mL. Acetonitrile (200 mL) was added a third time and the resulting suspension was stirred at 20° C. for 1 hour and filtered. The filter cake was rinsed with Acetonitrile (2×100 mL) and dried under vacuum at 20° C. to afford a white solid (˜10:1 mixture of 1a and 1H-pyrazol-4-amine, 65.5 g, 99%):  1 H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d 6 ) δ 10.52 (bs, 3H), 8.03 (s, 1H); EIMS m/z 117 ([M] + ). 
     Example 2 
     N-(3-Chloro-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)acetamide (1b) 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     A 100-mL 3-neck round bottom flask was charged with 3-chloro-1H-pyrazol-4-amine hydrochloride (5.00 g, 32.5 mmol) and water (25 mL). Sodium bicarbonate (10.9 g, 130 mmol) was added slowly over 10 minutes (off-gassing during addition), followed by tetrahydrofuran (25 mL). The mixture was cooled to 5° C. and acetic anhydride (3.48 g, 34.1 mmol) was added over 30 minutes while maintaining the internal temperature at &lt;10° C. The reaction was stirred at 5° C. for 1 hour, at which point thin layer chromatography (TLC) analysis [Eluent: ethyl acetate] indicated that the starting material had disappeared and a major product was exclusively formed. The reaction mixture was diluted with ethyl acetate (25 mL) and water (25 mL). The layers were separated and the aqueous layer was extracted with ethyl acetate (3×25 mL). The combined organic layers were concentrated to afford an off-white solid, which was suspended in methyl tert-butylether (20 mL), stirred for 1 hour, and filtered. The solid was rinsed with methyl tert-butylether (20 mL) and further dried under vacuum at room temperature (about 22° C.) for 4 hours to give a white solid (4.28 g, 83%): mp 162-164° C.;  1 H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d 6 ) δ 12.90 (bs, 1H), 9.49 (s, 1H), 7.97 (s, 1H), 2.02 (s, 3H);  13 C NMR (101 MHz, DMSO-d 6 ) δ 167.81, 130.07, 123.72, 116.73, 22.58; EIMS m/z 159 ([M] + ). 
     Example 3 
     N-(3-Chloro-1-(pyridin-3-yl)-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)acetamide (1c) 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     A 250-mL, 3-neck round bottom flask was charged with N-(3-chloro-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)acetamide (4.8 g, 30.1 mmol), copper(II) chloride (0.404 g, 3.01 mmol), 3-iodopyridine (7.40 g, 36.1 mmol), potassium phosphate (7.66 g, 36.1 mmol) and acetonitrile (100 mL). N,N′-Dimethylethane-1,2-diamine (1.33 g, 15.0 mmol) was added and the mixture was heated at 80° C. for 18 hours, at which point thin layer chromatography analysis [Eluent: ethyl acetate] indicated that a trace amount of starting material remained and a major product formed. It was filtered through a pad of Celite® and the Celite® pad rinsed with acetonitrile (50 mL). Water (300 mL) was added to the filtrate and the resulting suspension was stirred for 2 hours and filtered. The resulting solid was rinsed with water (2×20 mL) and dried under vacuum at room temperature to afford a white solid (4.60 g, 65%): mp 169-172° C.;  1 H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d 6 ) δ 9.84 (s, 1H), 9.05 (dd, J=2.8, 0.8 Hz, 1H), 8.82 (s, 1H), 8.54 (dd, J=4.7, 1.4 Hz, 1H), 8.20 (ddd, J=8.4, 2.8, 1.4 Hz, 1H), 7.54, (ddd, J=8.3, 4.7, 0.8 Hz, 1H), 2.11 (s, 3H);  13 C NMR (101 MHz, DMSO-d 6 ) δ 168.12, 147.46, 139.42, 135.46, 133.60, 125.47, 124.21, 122.21, 120.16, 22.62; EIMS m/z 236 ([M] + ). 
     Alternate Synthetic Route to Example 3: N-(3-Chloro-1-(pyridin-3-yl)-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)acetamide 
     A 100-mL, 3-neck round bottom flask was charged with copper(I) chloride (59.6 mg, 0.602 mmol) and acetonitrile (10 mL), N,N′-dimethyethane-1,2-diamine (106 mg, 1.203 mmol) was added and the mixture was stirred under nitrogen to afford a solution. N-(3-Chloro-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)acetamide (480 mg, 3.01 mmol) and potassium carbonate (831 mg, 6.02 mmol) were added, followed by 3-bromopyridine (570 mg, 3.61 mmol). The mixture was purged with nitrogen three times and heated at 80° C. for 18 hours. Thin layer chromatography analysis [Eluent: ethyl acetate], SM R f =0.5, Product R f =0.3] indicated that a trace of starting material remained and a major product formed. It was filtered through a pad of Celite® and the Celite® pad rinsed with acetonitrile (10 mL). The combined filtrates were concentrated to about 5 mL and water (10 mL) was added to the resulting suspension. The suspension was stirred for 1 hour and filtered. The solid was rinsed with water (2×5 mL) and dried under vacuum at room temperature to afford a white solid (458 mg, 64%). Characterization matched sample prepared by previous method. 
     Alternate Synthetic Route to Example 3: N-(3-Chloro-1-(pyridin-3-yl)-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)acetamide 
     A 4-neck round bottom flask was charged with N,N-dimethylformamide (250 mL) and then degassed 2-3 times. Copper(I) iodide (17.9 g, 94.0 mmol) was added, followed by N,N′-dimethylethane-1,2-diamine (16.2 g, 188 mmol) at 25-30° C. The mixture was purged with nitrogen for 30 minutes. 3-Bromopyridine (59.4 g, 376 mmol) was added, followed by N-(3-chloro-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)acetamide (50.0 g, 313 mmol) and potassium carbonate (87.0 g, 188 mmol) at 25-30° C. The reaction mixture was purged with nitrogen for 30 minutes and heated at 95-100° C. for 3 hours, at which point HPLC analysis indicated that the reaction was complete. It was cooled to 25-30° C. and water (1 L) was added over 30-45 minutes. The resulting suspension was stirred at 25-30° C. for 30 minutes and cooled to 0-10° C. It was stirred for 12 hours at 0-10° C. and then filtered. The filter cake was rinsed with water (2×250 mL) and dried to afford an off-white solid (55 g, 74%). Characterization matched sample prepared by previous method. 
     Example 4 
     3-Chloro-N-ethyl-1-(pyridin-3-yl)-1H-pyrazol-amine (1d) 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     A 100-mL, 3-neck round bottom flask was charged with N-(3-chloro-1-(pyridin-3-yl)-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)acetamide (475 mg, 2.01 mmol) and tetrahydrofuran (10 mL). Borontrifluoride etherate (0.63 mL, 5.02 mmol) was added and the mixture was stirred for 15 minutes to give a suspension. Sodium borohydride (228 mg, 6.02 mmol) was added and the reaction was heated at 60° C. for 4 hours, at which point thin layer chromatography analysis [Eluent: ethyl acetate, sample was prepared by treatment of reaction mixture with hydrochloric acid, followed by sodium bicarbonate basification and ethyl acetate extraction) indicated that the reaction was complete. Water (10 mL) and concentrated hydrochloric acid (1 mL) were added and the reaction was heated at 60° C. for 1 hour. The reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature and distilled to remove tetrahydrofuran. The reaction mixture was neutralized with saturated sodium bicarbonate solution to pH 8 to afford a suspension, which was stirred for 1 hour and filtered. The filter cake was rinsed with water (10 mL) and dried under vacuum to give a white solid (352 mg, 79%): mp 93-96° C.;  1 H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d 6 ) δ 8.99 (d, J=2.7 Hz, 1H), 8.44 (dd, J=4.6, 1.4 Hz, 1H), 8.10 (ddd, J=8.4, 2.7, 1.4 Hz, 1H), 8.06 (s, 1H), 7.50 (dd, J=0.4, 4.7 Hz, 1H), 4.63 (t, J=6.0 Hz, 1H), 3.06-2.92 (m, 2H), 1.18 (t, J=7.1 Hz, 3H);  13 C NMR (101 MHz, DMSO-d 6 ) δ 146.17, 138.31, 135.81, 132.82, 130.84, 124.10, 123.96, 112.23, 40.51, 14.28; EIMS m/z 222 ([M + ]). 
     Alternate Synthetic Route to Example 4: 3-Chloro-N-ethyl-1-(pyridin-3-yl)-1H-pyrazolamine 
     Step 1. N-(3-Chloro-1-(pyridin-3-yl)-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)-N-ethylacetamide (1c′) 
     A 3-neck, 100-mL round bottom flask was charged with N-(3-chloro-1-(pyridin-3-yl)-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)acetamide (5.00 g, 21.1 mmol) and tetrahydrofuran (50 mL). Sodium tert-butoxide (3.05 g, 31.7 mmol) was added (causing a temperature rise from 22° C. to 27.9° C.), followed by bromoethane (4.70 mL, 63.4 mmol). The reaction was stirred at 35° C. for 168 hours, at which point HPLC analysis indicated that only 2.9% (area under the curve, AUC) starting material remained. The reaction mixture was concentrated to give a brown residue, which was diluted with ethyl acetate (50 mL) and water (50 mL). The aqueous layer was extracted with ethyl acetate (4×50 mL) and the combined organics were concentrated to give a brown residue. The residue was dissolved in dichloromethane (2×10 mL) and purified by flash column chromatography using 60-100% ethyl acetate/hexanes as eluent. The fractions containing pure product were combined and concentrated to afford the title product as a yellow solid (4.20 g, 74%):  1 H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ 8.98 (d, J=2.7, 0.8 Hz, 1H), 8.62 (dd, J=4.8, 1.4 Hz, 1H), 8.06 (ddd, J=8.3, 2.7, 1.4 Hz, 1H), 8.00 (s, 1H), 7.47 (dd, J=8.3, 4.7 Hz, 1H), 3.71 (q, J=7.1 Hz, 2H), 1.97 (s, 3H), 1.16 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 3H);  13 C NMR (101 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ 170.69, 148.56, 140.89, 139.95, 135.64, 126.22, 126.08, 124.86, 124.09, 43.77, 22.27, 13.15; mp 87-91° C.; ESIMS m/z 265 ([M+H] + ). 
     Step 1. N-(3-Chloro-1-(pyridin-3-yl)-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)-N-ethylacetamide (1c′) 
     A 3-neck, 100-mL round bottom flask was charged with N-(3-chloro-1-(pyridin-3-yl)-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)acetamide (1.66 g, 7.0 mmol) and tetrahydrofuran (16 mL). Sodium tert-butoxide (0.843 g, 8.77 mmol, 1.25 eq) and ethyl bromide (0.78 mL, 10.52 mmol, 1.5 eq) were added and the reactor was capped with a septa. The reaction was stirred at 58° C. for 24 hours, at which point HPLC analysis indicated that only 1.97% starting material remained. The mixture was concentrated to give a brown residue, which was dissolved in water (20 mL) and ethyl acetate (20 mL). The aqueous layer was extracted with ethyl acetate (2×20 mL) and the combined organics were concentrated to dryness. The residue was passed through a silica gel plug (40 g silica) and eluted with ethyl acetate (200 mL). The filtrates were concentrated to dryness and further dried under vacuum at 20° C. to afford a yellow solid (1.68 g, 89%). Characterization matched sample prepared by previous method. 
     Step 1. N-(3-chloro-1-(pyridin-3-yl)-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)-N-ethylacetamide (1c′) 
     In a 125 mL 3-neck round-bottom flask was added N-(3-chloro-1-(pyridin-3-yl)-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)acetamide (2.57 g, 9.44 mmol), tetrahydrofuran (55 mL), and sodium tert-butoxide (1.81 g, 18.9 mmol). The suspension was stirred for 5 minutes then ethyl bromide (1.41 mL, 18.9 mmol), and tetrabutylammonium iodide (67 mg, 0.2 mmol) were added. The resulting gray colored suspension was then heated to 38° C. The reaction was analyzed after 3 hours and found to have gone to 81% completion, after 24 hours the reaction was found to have gone to completion. The reaction mixture was allowed to cool to ambient temperature and quenched with ammonium hydroxide (NH 4 OH)/formic acid (HCO 2 H) buffer (10 mL). The mixture was then diluted with tetrahydrofuran (40 mL), ethyl acetate (120 mL), and saturated sodium bicarbonate (30 mL). The layers were separated and the aqueous layer was extracted with ethyl acetate (2×30 mL). The organic layers were combined and silica (37 g) was added. The solvent was removed in vacuo to give a solid that was purified using semi-automated silica gel chromatography (RediSep Silica 220 g column; Hexanes (0.2% triethylamine)/ethyl acetate, 40/60 to 0/100 gradient elution system, flow rate 150 mL/minute) to give, after concentration, an orange solid weighing (2.19 g, 88%). 
     Step 2. 3-Chloro-N-ethyl-1-(pyridin-3-yl)-1H-pyrazol-amine (1d) 
     A solution of N-(3-chloro-1-(pyridin-3-yl)-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)-N-ethylacetamide (1.8 g, 6.80 mmol) in hydrochloric acid (1 N, 34 mL) was heated at 80° C. for 18 hours, at which point HPLC analysis indicated that only 1.1% starting material remained. The reaction mixture was cooled to 20° C. and basified with sodium hydroxide (50 weight %, NaOH) to pH&gt;9. The resulting suspension was stirred at 20° C. for 2 hours and filtered. The filter cake was rinsed with water (2×5 mL), conditioned for 30 minutes, and air-dried to afford an off-white solid (1.48 g, 95%):  1 H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d 6 ) δ 9.00 (dd, J=2.8, 0.8 Hz, 1H), 8.45 (dd, J=4.7, 1.4 Hz, 1H), 8.11 (ddd, J=8.4, 2.8, 1.4 Hz, 1H), 8.06 (d, J=0.6 Hz, 1H), 7.49 (ddd, J=8.4, 4.7, 0.8 Hz, 1H), 4.63 (t, J=6.0 Hz, 1H), 3.00 (qd, J=7.1, 5.8 Hz, 2H), 1.19 (t, J=7.1 Hz, 3H);  13 C NMR (101 MHz, DMSO-d 6 ) δ 146.18, 138.31, 135.78, 132.82, 130.84, 124.08, 123.97, 112.23, 40.51, 14.28; ESIMS m/z 223 ([M+H] + ). 
     Alternate Synthetic Route to Example 4: 3-Chloro-N-ethyl-1-(pyridin-3-yl)-1H-pyrazol-amine 
     To a 3-neck, 100-mL round bottom flask was charged N-(3-chloro-1-(pyridin-3-yl)-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)acetamide (5 g, 21.13 mmol) and tetrahydrofuran (50 mL). Sodium tert-butoxide (4.06 g, 42.3 mmol) was added (causing a temperature rise from 22° C. to 27.6° C.), followed by bromoethane (6.26 mL, 85 mmol). The reaction was stirred at 35° C. for 144 hours at which point only 3.2% (AUC) starting material remained. The reaction mixture was concentrated to give a brown residue, which was dissolved in hydrochloric acid (1 N, 106 mL, 106 mmol) and heated at 80° C. for 24 hours, at which point HPLC analysis indicated that the starting material had been consumed. The reaction was cooled to 20° C. and basified with sodium hydroxide (50 wt %) to pH&gt;9. The resulting suspension was stirred at 20° C. for 1 hour and filtered, the filter cake was rinsed with water (25 mL) to afford a brown solid (5.18 g). The resulting crude product was dissolved in ethyl acetate and passed through a silica gel plug (50 g) using ethyl acetate (500 mL) as eluent. The filtrate was concentrated to dryness to afford a white solid (3.8 g, 80%). 
     Example 5 
     N-(3-Chloro-1-(pyridin-3-yl)-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)-N-ethyl-3-((3,3,3-trifluoropropyl)thio)propanamide (Compound 5.1) 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     A 100-mL, 3-neck round bottom flask was charged with 3-chloro-N-ethyl-1-(pyridin-3-yl)-1H-pyrazol-amine (5.00 g, 22.5 mmol) and ethyl acetate (50 mL). Sodium bicarbonate (4.72 g, 56.1 mmol) was added, followed by dropwise addition of 3-((3,3,3-trifluoropropyl)thio)propanoyl chloride (5.95 g, 26.9 mmol) at &lt;20° C. for 2 hours, at which point HPLC analysis indicated that the reaction was complete. The reaction was diluted with water (50 mL) (off-gassing) and the layers separated. The aqueous layer was extracted with ethyl acetate (20 mL) and the combined organic layers were concentrated to dryness to afford a light brown solid (10.1 g, quantitative). A small sample of crude product was purified by flash column chromatography using ethyl acetate as eluent to obtain an analytical reference sample: mp 79-81° C.;  1 H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d 6 ) δ 9.11 (d, J=2.7 Hz, 1 H), 8.97 (s, 1H), 8.60 (dd, J=4.8, 1.4 Hz, 1 H), 8.24 (ddd, J=8.4, 2.8, 1.4 Hz, 1 H), 7.60 (ddd, J=8.4, 4.7, 0.8 Hz, 1 H), 3.62 (q, J=7.2 Hz, 2 H), 2.75 (t, J=7.0 Hz, 2 H), 2.66-2.57 (m, 2 H), 2.57-2.44 (m, 2 H), 2.41 (t, J=7.0 Hz, 2 H), 1.08 (t, J=7.1 Hz, 3 H); ESIMS m/z 407 ([M+H] + ). 
     Alternate Synthetic Route to: N-(3-Chloro-1-(pyridin-3-yl)-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)-N-ethyl-3-((3,3,3-trifluoropropyl)thio)propanamide 
     A 20-mL vial was charged with 3-((3,3,3-trifluoropropyl)thio)propanoic acid (0.999 g, 4.94 mmol) and acetonitrile (5 mL). Carbodiimidazole (0.947 g, 5.84 mmol) (off-gassing) and 1H-imidazole hydrochloride (0.563 g, 5.39 mmol) were added and the reaction was stirred at 20° C. for 4 hours. 3-Chloro-N-ethyl-1-(pyridin-3-yl)-1H-pyrazol-amine (1 g, 4.49 mmol) was added and the reaction was stirred at 75° C. for 42 hours, at which point HPLC analysis indicated that the conversion was 96%. The reaction was cooled to 20° C. and concentrated to dryness. The residue was purified by flash column chromatography using 80% ethyl acetate/hexanes as eluent. Pure fractions were combined and concentrated to afford a light yellow solid (1.58 g, 86%). Characterization matched sample prepared by previous method. 
     Alternate Synthetic Route to: N-(3-Chloro-1-(pyridin-3-yl)-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)-N-ethyl-3-((3,3,3-trifluoropropyl)thio)propanamide 
     A solution of 3-((3,3,3-trifluoropropyl)thio)propanoic acid (2.18 g, 10.78 mmol) and 3-chloro-N-ethyl-1-(pyridin-3-yl)-1H-pyrazol-amine (2.00 g, 8.98 mmol) was cooled to 5° C. diisopropylethylamine (5.15 mL, 29.6 mmol) was added dropwise at 0-5° C. over 30 min, followed by the addition of 2,4,6-tripropyl-trioxatriphosphinane-2,4,-trioxide (4.00 g, 12.6 mmol) over 30 minutes at 0-5° C. The reaction was allowed to warm to 25-30° C. and stirred for 2 hours. Upon reaction completion, the reaction mixture was cooled to 0-5° C. and quenched with water (12 mL). The layers were separated and the aqueous layer was extracted with ethyl acetate (30 mL). The combined organic layers were concentrated to afford the desired product as an oil (3.4 g, 94%). Characterization matched sample prepared by previous method. 
     Alternate Purification Conditions for: N-(3-Chloro-1-(pyridin-3-yl)-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)-N-ethyl-3-((3,3,3-trifluoropropyl)thio)propanamide 
     Crude N-(3-chloro-1-(pyridin-3-yl)-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)-N-ethyl-3-((3,3,3-trifluoropropyl)thio)propanamide (64 g) was suspended in methanol (90 mL) and heated to give a clear brown solution. Water (30 mL) was added, the solution was allowed to cool to 20° C. and seeded with a sample of N-(3-chloro-1-(pyridin-3-yl)-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)-N-ethyl-3-((3,3,3-trifluoropropyl)thio)propanamide solid (50 mg). The resulting suspension was stirred at 20° C. for 18 hours. The suspension was filtered and the filter cake was rinsed with 3:1 methanol/water (2×40 mL) and dried to afford a white solid (49 g, 77%). Characterization matched sample prepared by previous method. 
     Alternate Purification Conditions for: N-(3-Chloro-1-(pyridin-3-yl)-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)-N-ethyl-3-((3,3,3-trifluoropropyl)thio)propanamide 
     Crude N-(3-chloro-1-(pyridin-3-yl)-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)-N-ethyl-3-((3,3,3-trifluoropropyl)thio)propanamide (5.0 g) was suspended in methyl tert-butylether (15 mL) and heated to give a clear brown solution. It was allowed to cool to 20° C. and seeded with a sample of N-(3-chloro-1-(pyridin-3-yl)-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)-N-ethyl-3-((3,3,3-trifluoropropyl)thio)propanamide solid (20 mg). The resulting suspension was stirred at 20° C. for 18 hours. Heptanes (10 mL) was added and the solid remained as a free-flowing suspension. It was stirred at 20° C. for 2 hours and filtered. The filter cake was rinsed with heptanes (2×10 mL) and dried to afford a white solid (3.9 g, 78%). Characterization matched sample prepared by previous method. 
     Example 6 
     3-((3,3,3-Trifluoropropyl)thio)propanoic acid 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     A 100-mL, 3-neck round bottom flask was charged with 3-bromopropanoic acid (500 mg, 3.27 mmol) and methanol (10 mL), potassium hydroxide (KOH, 403 mg, 7.19 mmol) was added, followed by 3,3,3-trifluoropropane-1-thiol (468 mg, 3.60 mmol). The mixture was heated at 50° C. for 4 hours, after which it was acidified with hydrochloric acid (2 N) and extracted with methyl tert-butylether (2×10 mL). The organic layer was concentrated to dryness to afford a light yellow oil (580 mg, 88%):  1 H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ 2.83 (td, j=7.1, 0.9 Hz, 2 H), 2.78-2.64 (m, 4 H), 2.48-2.32 (m, 2 H). 
     Alternate Synthetic Route to: 3-((3,3,3-Trifluoropropyl)thio)propanoic acid 
     A 100-mL stainless steel Parr reactor was charged with azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN, 0.231 g, 1.41 mmol), toluene (45 mL), 3-mercaptopropionic acid (3.40 g, 32.0 mmol), and octanophenone (526.2 mg) as an internal standard and was purged and pressure checked with nitrogen. The reactor was cooled with dry ice and the 3,3,3-trifluoropropene (3.1 g, 32.3 mmol) was condensed into the reactor. The ice bath was removed and the reactor heated to 60° C. and stirred for 27 hours. The internal yield of the reaction was determined to be 80% by use of the octanophenone internal standard. The pressure was released and the crude mixture removed from the reactor. The mixture was concentrated by rotary evaporation and sodium hydroxide (10%, 50 mL) was added. The solution was washed with methyl tert-butylether (50 mL) then acidified to pH˜1 with hydrochloric acid (6 N). The product was extracted with methyl tert-butylether (100 mL), dried over magnesium sulfate (MgSO 4 ), filtered, and concentrated to give the crude titled compound as an oil (5.34 g, 83%):  1 H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ 2.83 (td, J=7.1, 0.9 Hz, 2 H), 2.76-2.64 (m, 4 H), 2.47-2.30 (m, 2 H);  13 C NMR (101 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ 177.68, 125.91 (q, J=277.1 Hz), 34.58 (q, J=28.8 Hz), 34.39, 26.63, 24.09 (q, J=3.3 Hz);  19 F NMR (376 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ−66.49. 
     Alternate Synthetic Route to: 3-((3,3,3-Trifluoropropyl)thio)propanoic acid 
     A 250 mL three-neck round bottom flask was charged with toluene (81 mL) and cooled to &lt;−50° C. with a dry ice/acetone bath. 3,3,3-Trifluoropropene (10.28 g, 107.0 mmol) was bubbled into the solvent and the ice bath was removed. 3-Mercaptopropionic acid (9.200 g, 86.70 mmol) and 2,2-dimethoxy-2-phenylacetophenone (1.070 g, 4.170 mmol) were added and the long wave light (366 nm, 4 watt UVP lamp) was turned on (Starting temperature: −24° C.). The reaction reached a high temperature of 27.5° C. due to heat from the lamp. The reaction was stirred with the black light on for 4 hours. After 4 hours the black light was turned off and the reaction concentrated by rotary evaporation (41° C., 6 mm Hg) giving a pale yellow oil (18.09 g, 51:1 linear:branched isomer, 90 wt % linear isomer by GC internal standard assay, 16.26 g active, 93%). The crude material was dissolved in sodium hydroxide w/w (10%, 37.35 g) and was washed with toluene (30 mL) to remove non-polar impurities. The aqueous layer was acidified to pH˜2-3 with hydrochloric acid (2 N, 47.81 g) and was extracted with toluene (50 mL). The organic layer was washed with water (40 mL) and dried over magnesium sulfate, filtered, and concentrated by rotary evaporation giving a pale yellow oil (14.15 g, 34:1 linear:branched isomer, 94 wt % linear isomer by GC internal standard assay, 13.26 g active, 76%). 
     Alternate Synthetic Route to: 3-((3,3,3-Trifluoropropyl)thio)propanoic acid 
     A 100 mL stainless steel Parr reactor was charged with 3-mercaptopropionic acid (3.67 g, 34.6 mmol), toluene (30.26 g), and 2,2′-azobis(4-methoxy-2,4-dimethyl) valeronitrile (V-70, 0.543 g, 1.76 mmol) and the reactor was cooled with a dry ice/acetone bath, purged with nitrogen, and pressure checked. 3,3,3-Trifluoropropene (3.20 g, 33.3 mmol) was added via transfer cylinder and the reaction was allowed to warm to 20° C. After 24 hours, the reaction was heated to 50° C. for 1 hour to decompose any remaining V-70 initiator. The reaction was allowed to cool to room temperature. The solution was concentrated by rotary evaporation to provide the title compound (6.80 g, 77.5 wt % linear isomer by GC internal standard assay, 5.27 g active, 76%, 200:1 linear:branched by GC, 40:1 linear:branched by fluorine NMR). 
     Example 7 
     Methyl-3-((3,3,3-trifluoropropyl)thio)propionate (Compound 7.1) 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     A 100-mL stainless steel Parr reactor was charged with azobisisobutyronitrile (0.465 g, 2.83 mmol), toluene (60 mL) and methyl-3-mercaptopropionate (7.40 g, 61.6 mmol) and was purged and pressure checked with nitrogen. The reactor was cooled with dry ice and the 3,3,3-trifluopropopene (5.7 g, 59.3 mmol) was condensed into the reactor. The ice bath was removed and the reactor heated to 60° C. and stirred to 24 hours. The heat was turned off and the reaction was allowed to stir at room temperature overnight. The mixture was removed from the reactor and concentrated to give a yellow liquid. The liquid was distilled by vacuum distillation (2 Torr, 85° C.) and three fractions were collected: fraction 1 (1.3 g, 6.01 mmol, 10%, 70.9 area % by GC), fraction 2 (3.7 g, 17.1 mmol, 29%, 87 area % by GC), and fraction 3 (4.9 g, 22.7 mmol, 38%, 90.6 area % by GC):  1 H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ 3.71 (s, 3 H), 2.82, (td, J=7.3, 0.7 Hz, 2 H), 2.75-2.68 (m, 2 H), 2.63 (td, J=7.2, 0.6 Hz, 2 H), 2.47-2.31 (m, 2 H);  13 C NMR (101 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ 172.04, 125.93 (q, J=277.2 Hz), 51.86, 34.68 (q, J=28.6 Hz), 34.39, 27.06, 24.11 (q, J=3.3 Hz);  19 F NMR (376 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ−66.53. 
     Alternate Synthetic Route to: Methyl-3-((3,3,3-trifluoropropyl)thio)propionate 
     A 500 mL three-neck round bottom flask was charged with toluene (200 mL) and cooled to &lt;−50° C. with a dry ice/acetone bath. 3,3,3-Trifluoropropene (21.8 g, 227 mmol) was condensed into the reaction by bubbling the gas through the cooled solvent and the ice bath was removed. Methyl 3-mercaptopropionate (26.8 g, 223 mmol) and 2,2-dimethoxy-2-phenylacetophenone (2.72 g, 10.61 mmol) were added and a UVP lamp (4 watt) that was placed within 2 centimeters of the glass wall was turned on to the long wave function (366 nanometers). The reaction reached 35° C. due to heat from the lamp. After 4 hours, all of the trifluoropropene was either consumed or boiled out of the reaction. The light was turned off and the reaction stirred at room temperature overnight. After 22 hours, more trifluoropropene (3.1 g) was bubbled through the mixture at room temperature and the light was turned on for an additional 2 hours. The reaction had converted 93% so no more trifluoropropene was added. The light was turned off and the mixture concentrated on the rotovap (40° C., 20 torr) giving a yellow liquid (45.7 g, 21.3:1 linear: branched isomer, 75 wt % pure linear isomer determined by a GC internal standard assay, 34.3 g active, 71% in pot yield). 
     Alternate Synthetic Route to: Methyl-3-((3,3,3-trifluoropropyl)thio)propionate 
     A 100 mL stainless steel Parr reactor was charged with methyl 3-mercaptopropionate (4.15 g, 34.5 mmol), toluene (30.3 g), and 2,2′-azobis(4-methoxy-2,4-dimethyl) valeronitrile (V-70, 0.531 g, 1.72 mmol) and the reactor was cooled with a dry ice/acetone bath, purged with nitrogen, and pressure checked. 3,3,3-Trifluoropropene (3.40 g, 35.4 mmol) was added via transfer cylinder and the reaction was allowed to warm to 20° C. After 23 hours the reaction was heated to 50° C. for 1 hour to decompose any remaining V-70 initiator. The reaction was allowed to cool to room temperature. The solution was concentrated to provide the title compound (7.01 g, 66%, 70.3 wt % linear isomer by GC internal standard assay, 4.93 g active, 66%, 24:1 linear:branched by GC, 18:1 linear:branched by fluorine NMR). 
     Example 8 
     N-(3-Chloro-1-(pyridin-3-yl)-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)-N-ethyl-3-((3,3,3-trifluoropropyl)sulfoxo)propanamide (Compound 8.1) 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     N-(3-Chloro-1-(pyridin-3-yl)-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)-N-ethyl-3-((3,3,3-trifluoropropyl)thio)propanamide (57.4 g, 141 mmol) was stirred in methanol (180 mL). To the resulting solution was added hydrogen peroxide (43.2 mL, 423 mmol) dropwise using a syringe. The solution was stirred at room temperature for 6 hours, at which point LCMS analysis indicated that the starting material was consumed. The mixture was poured into dichloromethane (360 mL) and washed with aqueous sodium carbonate (Na 2 CO 3 ). The organic layer was dried over sodium sulfate and concentrated to provide a thick yellow oil. The crude product was purified by flash column chromatography using 0-10% methanol/ethyl acetate as eluent and the pure fractions were combined and concentrated to afford the desired product as an oil (42.6 g, 68%):  1 H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d 6 ) δ 9.09 (dd, J=2.8, 0.7 Hz, 1 H), 8.98 (s, 1H), 8.60 (dd, J=4.7, 1.4 Hz, 1 H), 8.24 (ddd, J=8.4, 2.7, 1.4 Hz, 1 H), 7.60 (ddd, J=8.4, 4.7, 0.8 Hz, 1 H), 3.61 (q, J=7.4, 7.0 Hz, 2 H), 3.20-2.97 (m, 2 H), 2.95-2.78 (m, 2 H), 2.76-2.57 (m, 2 H), 2.58-2.45 (m, 2 H), 1.09 (t, J=7.1 Hz, 3 H); ESIMS m/z 423 ([M+H] + ). 
     Example 9 
     3-((3,3,3-Trifluoropropyl)thio)propanoyl chloride 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     A dry 5 L round bottom flask equipped with magnetic stirrer, nitrogen inlet, reflux condenser, and thermometer, was charged with 3-((3,3,3-trifluoropropyl)thio)propanoic acid (188 g, 883 mmol) in dichloromethane (3 L). Thionyl chloride (525 g, 321 mL, 4.42 mol) was then added dropwise over 50 minutes. The reaction mixture was heated to reflux (about 36° C.) for two hours, then cooled to room temperature. Concentration under vacuum on a rotary evaporator, followed by distillation (40 Torr, product collected from 123-127° C.) gave the title compound as a clear colorless liquid (177.3 g, 86%):  1 H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ 3.20 (t, J=7.1 Hz, 2 H), 2.86 (t, J=7.1 Hz, 2 H), 2.78-2.67 (m, 2 H), 2.48-2.31 (m, 2 H);  19 F NMR (376 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ−66.42, −66.43, −66.44, −66.44. 
     Example 10 
     3-(((2,2-Difluorocyclopropyl)methyl)thio)propanoic acid 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     Powdered potassium hydroxide (423 mg, 7.54 mmol) and 2-(bromomethyl)-1,1-difluorocyclopropane (657 mg, 3.84 mmol) were sequentially added to a stirred solution of 3-mercaptopropanoic acid (400 mg, 3.77 mmol) in methanol (2 mL) at room temperature. The resulting white suspension was stirred at 65° C. for 3 hours and quenched with aqueous hydrochloric acid (1 N) and diluted with ethyl acetate. The organic phase was separated and the aqueous phase extracted with ethyl acetate (2×50 mL). The combined organic extracts were dried over magnesium sulfate, filtered and concentrated in vacuo to give the title molecule as a colorless oil (652 mg, 84%): IR (thin film) 3025, 2927, 2665, 2569, 1696 cm −1 ;  1 H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ 2.85 (t, J=7.0 Hz, 2 H), 2.82-2.56 (m, 4 H), 1.88-1.72 (m, 1 H), 1.53 (dddd, J=12.3, 11.2, 7.8, 4.5 Hz, 1 H), 1.09 (dtd, J=13.1, 7.6, 3.7 Hz, 1 H); ESIMS m/z 195 ([M−H] − ). 
     Example 11 
     3-(((2,2-Difluorocyclopropyl)methyl)thio)propanoyl chloride 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     In a 3 L 3-neck round bottom flask equipped with an overhead stirrer, a temperature probe, and addition funnel and an nitrogen inlet was charged with 3-(((2,2-difluorocyclopropyl)methyl)thio)propanoic acid (90.0 g, 459 mmol) that was immediately taken up in dichloromethane (140 mL) with stirring. At room temperature, thionyl chloride (170 mL, 2293 mmol) in dichloromethane (100 mL) was added drop-wise with stirring. The reaction mixture was heated to 40° C. and heated for 2 hours. The reaction was determined to be complete by  1 H NMR (An aliquot of the reaction mixture was taken, and concentrated down via rotary evaporator). The reaction was allowed to cool to room temperature and the mixture was transferred to a dry 3 L round-bottom and concentrated via the rotary evaporator. This resulted in 95 g of a honey-colored oil. The contents were gravity filtered through paper and the paper rinsed with diethyl ether (10 mL). The rinse was added to the flask. This gave a clear yellow liquid. The liquid was placed on a rotary evaporator to remove the ether. This gave 92.4 g of a yellow oil. The oil was Kugelrohr distilled (bp 100-110° C./0.8-0.9 mm Hg) to provide the title compound as a colorless oil (81.4 g, 81%):  1 H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ 3.27-3.12 (m, 2 H), 2.89 (t, J=7.1 Hz, 2 H), 2.67 (ddd, J=6.8, 2.6, 1.0 Hz, 2 H), 1.78 (ddq, J=13.0, 11.3, 7.4 Hz, 1 H), 1.64-1.46 (m, 1 H), 1.09 (dtd, J=13.2, 7.7, 3.7 Hz, 1 H). 
     Biological Examples 
     Example A 
     Bioassays on Green Peach Aphid (“GPA”) ( Myzus persicae ) (MYZUPE.) 
     GPA is the most significant aphid pest of peach trees, causing decreased growth, shriveling of leaves, and the death of various tissues. It is also hazardous because it acts as a vector for the transport of plant viruses, such as potato virus Y and potato leafroll virus to members of the nightshade/potato family Solanaceae, and various mosaic viruses to many other food crops. GPA attacks such plants as broccoli, burdock, cabbage, carrot, cauliflower, daikon, eggplant, green beans, lettuce, macadamia, papaya, peppers, sweet potatoes, tomatoes, watercress and zucchini, among other plants. GPA also attacks many ornamental crops such as carnations, chrysanthemum, flowering white cabbage, poinsettia and roses. GPA has developed resistance to many pesticides. 
     Several molecules disclosed herein were tested against GPA using procedures described below. 
     Cabbage seedling grown in 3-in pots, with 2-3 small (3-5 cm) true leaves, were used as test substrate. The seedlings were infested with 20-5-GPA (wingless adult and nymph stages) one day prior to chemical application. Four pots with individual seedlings were used for each treatment. Test compounds (2 mg) were dissolved in 2 mL of acetone/MeOH (1:1) solvent, forming stock solutions of 1000 ppm test compound. The stock solutions were diluted 5× with 0.025% Tween 20 in water to obtain the solution at 200 ppm test compound. A hand-held aspirator-type sprayer was used for spraying a solution to both sides of the cabbage leaves until runoff. Reference plants (solvent check) were sprayed with the diluent only containing 20% by volume acetone/MeOH (1:1) solvent. Treated plants were held in a holding room for three days at approximately 25° C. and ambient relative humidity (RH) prior to grading. Evaluation was conducted by counting the number of live aphids per plant under a microscope. Percent Control was measured by using Abbott&#39;s correction formula (W. S. Abbott, “A Method of Computing the Effectiveness of an Insecticide” J. Econ. Entomol 18 (1925), pp. 265-267) as follows.
 
Corrected % Control=100*( X−Y )/ X  
         where   X=No. of live aphids on solvent check plants and   Y=No. of live aphids on treated plants       

     The results are indicated in the table entitled “Table 1: GPA (MYZUPE) and sweetpotato whitefly-crawler (BEMITA) Rating Table”. 
     Example B 
     Bioassays on Sweetpotato Whitefly Crawler ( Bemisia tabaci ) (BEMITA.) 
     The sweetpotato whitefly,  Bemisia tabaci  (Gennadius), has been recorded in the United States since the late 1800s. In 1986 in Florida,  Bemisia tabaci  became an extreme economic pest. Whiteflies usually feed on the lower surface of their host plant leaves. From the egg hatches a minute crawler stage that moves about the leaf until it inserts its microscopic, threadlike mouthparts to feed by sucking sap from the phloem. Adults and nymphs excrete honeydew (largely plant sugars from feeding on phloem), a sticky, viscous liquid in which dark sooty molds grow. Heavy infestations of adults and their progeny can cause seedling death, or reduction in vigor and yield of older plants, due simply to sap removal. The honeydew can stick cotton lint together, making it more difficult to gin and therefore reducing its value. Sooty mold grows on honeydew-covered substrates, obscuring the leaf and reducing photosynthesis, and reducing fruit quality grade. It transmitted plant-pathogenic viruses that had never affected cultivated crops and induced plant physiological disorders, such as tomato irregular ripening and squash silverleaf disorder. Whiteflies are resistant to many formerly effective insecticides. 
     Cotton plants grown in 3-inch pots, with 1 small (3-5 cm) true leaf, were used at test substrate. The plants were placed in a room with whitely adults. Adults were allowed to deposit eggs for 2-3 days. After a 2-3 day egg-laying period, plants were taken from the adult whitefly room. Adults were blown off leaves using a hand-held Devilbliss sprayer (23 psi). Plants with egg infestation (100-300 eggs per plant) were placed in a holding room for 5-6 days at 82° F. and 50% RH for egg hatch and crawler stage to develop. Four cotton plants were used for each treatment. Compounds (2 mg) were dissolved in 1 mL of acetone solvent, forming stock solutions of 2000 ppm. The stock solutions were diluted 10× with 0.025% Tween 20 in water to obtain a test solution at 200 ppm. A hand-held Devilbliss sprayer was used for spraying a solution to both sides of cotton leaf until runoff. Reference plants (solvent check) were sprayed with the diluent only. Treated plants were held in a holding room for 8-9 days at approximately 82° F. and 50% RH prior to grading. Evaluation was conducted by counting the number of live nymphs per plant under a microscope. Pesticidal activity was measured by using Abbott&#39;s correction formula (see above) and presented in Table 1. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 1 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 GPA (MYZUPE) and sweetpotato whitefly-crawler (BEMITA) 
               
               
                 Rating Table 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Example Compound 
                 BEMITA 
                 MYZUPE 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 1a 
                 B 
                 B 
               
               
                   
                 1b 
                 B 
                 B 
               
               
                   
                 1c 
                 B 
                 B 
               
               
                   
                 1d 
                 B 
                 B 
               
               
                   
                 Compound 5.1 
                 A 
                 A 
               
               
                   
                 Compound 7.1 
                 C 
                 C 
               
               
                   
                 Compound 8.1 
                 A 
                 A 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
             
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 % Control of Mortality 
                 Rating 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
                 80-100 
                 A 
               
               
                   
                 More than 0-Less than 80 
                 B 
               
               
                   
                 Not Tested 
                 C 
               
               
                   
                 No activity noticed in this bioassay 
                 D 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Comparative Examples 
     Example CE-1 
     N-(1-Acetyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)acetamide 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     A 250-mL 3-neck flask was charged with 1H-pyrazol-4-amine (5 g, 60.2 mmol) and dichloromethane (50 mL). The resulting suspension was cooled to 5° C. and triethylamine (9.13 g, 90.0 mmol) was added, followed by acetic anhydride (7.37 g, 72.2 mmol) at &lt;20° C. The reaction was stirred at room temperature for 18 hours, at which point thin layer chromatography [Eluent: ethyl acetate] analysis indicated that the reaction was incomplete. Additional triethylamine (4.57 g, 45.0 mmol) and acetic anhydride (3.70 g, 36.0 mmol) were added and the reaction was heated at 30° C. for an additional 3 hours to give a dark solution, at which point thin layer chromatography analysis indicated that only a trace amount of starting material remained. The reaction mixture was purified by flash column chromatography using ethyl acetate as eluent. The fractions containing pure product were combined and concentrated to dryness to afford an off-white solid. The solid was dried under vacuum at room temperature for 18 hours (5.55 g, 55%):  1 H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d 6 ) δ 10.30 (s, 1 H), 8.39 (d, J=0.7 Hz, 1 H), 7.83 (d, J=0.7 Hz, 1 H), 2.60 (s, 3 H), 2.03 (s, 3H); EIMS m/z 167 ([M] + ). 
     Example CE-2 
     N-(3-Bromo-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)acetamide 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     A 250-mL 3-neck round bottom flask was charged with 1H-pyrazol-4-amine.hydrobromide (4.00 g, 24.7 mmol) and water (23 mL). To the mixture, sodium bicarbonate (8.30 g, 99.0 mmol) was added slowly over 10 minutes, followed by tetrahydrofuran (23 mL). The mixture was cooled to 5° C. and acetic anhydride (2.60 g, 25.4 mmol) was added over 30 minutes while maintaining the internal temperature at &lt;10° C. The reaction mixture was stirred at ˜5° C. for 20 minutes, at which point  1 H NMR and UPLC analyses indicated that the starting material was consumed and the desired product as well as bis-acetylated byproduct was formed. The reaction was extracted with ethyl acetate (×3) and the combined organic layers were dried over magnesium sulfate, filtered, and concentrated. The crude mixture was triturated with methyl tert-butylether to remove the bisacetylated product to afford ˜1.24 g of a white solid.  1 H NMR analysis showed it was 1:1.1 desired to undesired bisacetylated product. The solid was purified by flash column chromatography using 50-100% ethyl acetate/hexanes as eluent to afford the desired product as a white solid (380 mg, 7.5%) and the bisacetylated product as a white solid (˜800 mg):  1 H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d 6 ) δ 13.01 (s, 1 H), 9.36 (s, 1 H), 7.92 (s, 1 H), 2.03 (s, 3 H);  13 C NMR (101 MHz, DMSO) δ 167.94, 123.93, 119.19, 119.11, 22.63; ESIMS m/z 204 ([M+H] + ). 
     It should be understood that while this invention has been described herein in terms of specific embodiments set forth in detail, such embodiments are presented by way of illustration of the general principles of the invention, and the invention is not necessarily limited thereto. Certain modifications and variations in any given material, process step or chemical formula will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art without departing from the true spirit and scope of the present invention, and all such modifications and variations should be considered within the scope of the claims that follow.