Patent Publication Number: US-10333213-B2

Title: Apparatus with improved antenna isolation and associated methods

Description:
TECHNICAL FIELD 
     The disclosure relates generally to communication apparatus and processes and, more particularly, to communication apparatus with multiple antennas with improved isolation, and associated methods. 
     BACKGROUND 
     With the increasing proliferation of wireless technology, such as Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, and mobile or wireless Internet of things (IoT) devices, more devices or systems incorporate radio frequency (RF) circuitry, such as receivers and/or transmitters. A variety of types and circuitry for transmitters and receivers are used. Transmitters send or transmit information via a medium, such as air, using RF signals. Receivers at another point or location receive the RF signals from the medium, and retrieve the information. 
     The RF circuitry typically uses antennas to receive (in the case of receivers) or transmit (in the case of transmitters) RF signals. To increase performance, such as throughput, bandwidth, speed, etc., the RF circuitry may use multiple antennas. The multiple antennas may be used in a variety of schemes, such as beam-forming, antenna diversity, multiple-input and multiple-output (MIMO), etc. For example, some wireless communication standards, such as IEEE 802.11n, IEEE 802.11ac, HSPA+, WiMAX, and Long Term Evolution (LTE) use MIMO techniques. Modulation techniques are used to address problems in a MIMO setting, such as multi-path communication channels. 
     The description in this section and any corresponding figure(s) are included as background information materials. The materials in this section should not be considered as an admission that such materials constitute prior art to the present patent application. 
     SUMMARY 
     A variety of communication apparatus with multiple antennas having improved isolation and associated methods are contemplated. According to one exemplary embodiment, an apparatus includes a first antenna coupled to a first radio frequency (RF) circuit to receive or transmit RF signals, and a second antenna coupled to a second RF circuit to receive or transmit RF signals. The apparatus further includes a first RF current blocker disposed between the first and second antennas, and a second RF current blocker disposed between the first and second antennas. The first and second RF current blockers increase isolation between the first and second antennas. 
     According to another exemplary embodiment, an apparatus includes a first antenna disposed along a first edge of a substrate, and a second antenna disposed along a second edge of the substrate. The apparatus further includes a first RF current blocker disposed along a third edge of the substrate, and a second RF current blocker disposed along a fourth edge of the substrate. 
     According to another exemplary embodiment, a method of increasing antenna isolation between first and second antennas in a multi-antenna apparatus includes fabricating the first antenna, the first antenna being coupled to a first radio frequency (RF) circuit to receive or transmit RF signals, and fabricating the first antenna, the second antenna being coupled to a second RF circuit to receive or transmit RF signals. The method further includes fabricating a first RF current blocker disposed between the first and second antennas, fabricating a second RF current blocker disposed between the first and second antennas. The first and second RF current blockers increase isolation between the first and second antennas. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       The appended drawings illustrate only exemplary embodiments and therefore should not be considered as limiting the scope of the application or the claims. Persons of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that the disclosed concepts lend themselves to other equally effective embodiments. In the drawings, the same numeral designators used in more than one drawing denote the same, similar, or equivalent functionality, components, or blocks. 
         FIG. 1  illustrates an apparatus with a multi-antenna configuration. 
         FIG. 2  depicts the flow of ground-plane currents in a multi-antenna apparatus. 
         FIG. 3  shows the flow of undesired ground-plane currents in a multi-antenna apparatus. 
         FIG. 4  depicts a multi-antenna apparatus with RF current blockers added to increase antenna isolation. 
         FIG. 5  illustrates an apparatus with a multi-antenna configuration. 
         FIG. 6  depicts the flow of undesired ground-plane currents in a multi-antenna apparatus. 
         FIG. 7  illustrates a multi-antenna apparatus with RF current blockers added to increase antenna isolation. 
         FIG. 8  shows a flow diagram for a process of fabricating an RF apparatus with improved antenna isolation. 
         FIG. 9  illustrates a multi-antenna apparatus that includes an integrated circuit (IC) or RF module. 
         FIG. 10  depicts a system for radio communication using multi-antenna configurations with improved antenna isolation. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     The disclosed concepts relate generally to communication apparatus, such as transmitters, receivers, and transceivers, with multiple antennas. More specifically, the disclosed concepts relate to multi-antenna communication apparatus with improved antenna isolation and associated methods. 
     In multi-antenna (or multiple-antenna) apparatus, the antennas co-exist, i.e., they are situated in relative close proximity to one another. Typically, the antennas operate in the same or close bands. In other words, the antennas send or receive RF frequencies that fall in the same band of frequencies (e.g., for a given or specified wireless communication standard or protocol, such as the 2.4-GHz band for Wi-Fi) or are relatively close to one another (e.g., the frequencies differ by a relatively small percentage, say 1-10%). 
     In such situations, various mechanisms cause interference among the antennas. In other words, interference between the antennas results in degradations in the received or transmitted RF signals. As a consequence, the performance of the RF apparatus, such as receiver, transmitter, or transceiver and, hence, the overall communication apparatus or system suffers or is degraded. 
     In multi-antenna situations such as those described above, antenna isolation may be considered as a figure of merit for a given implementation. Antenna isolation refers to the electrical isolation of the antennas in a multi-antenna configuration that reduces electrical interference among the antennas. 
     Multi-antenna co-existence configurations may be managed or unmanaged. In managed co-existence operation, a scheme, such as a communication protocol, standard, circuit, or device is used to synchronize and arrange the operation of the respective antennas. The aim of arranging the operation of the antennas is to reduce or avoid interference. 
     The degree to which such arrangements are effective in reducing interference varies depending on various factors, such the effectiveness of the measures taken, the closeness (both electrically (e.g., frequency) and physically) of the antennas to one another, etc., as persons of ordinary skill in the art will understand. Antenna isolation is one indication or characterization of the degree to which the measures taken succeed or are effective in combating electrical interference among the antennas and the electrical signals that they transmit or receive. 
     In unmanaged co-existence operation, typically no measures are taken to synchronize the operation of the multiple antennas. In other words, no measures are taken to coordinate the operation of the various antennas (e.g., in time, in frequency, or both) in such a configuration. As a result, electrical interference typically occurs randomly in such situations. 
     Several mechanisms for electrical interference among antennas exist. Coupling can occur because of far fields. In such a situation, a passive (not transmitting) antenna receives the far field transmission of an active (transmitting) antenna. Far field radiation coupling becomes a dominant interference mechanism in situations where the distance among the antennas in a multi-antenna configuration is equal to or larger than two wavelengths (2λ) of the RF signals that are transmitted or received. 
     In the case of small substrates (e.g., printed circuit board (PCB), circuit carrier, RF module, etc.), the distance between adjacent antennas in a multi-antenna configuration might be smaller than two wavelengths (2λ) of the RF signals that are transmitted or received. In such a configuration, relatively strong coupling among the antennas because of near fields exists. As a result of the relatively strong coupling, the interference among the antennas is also relatively strong. 
     In addition, in multi-antenna configurations, undesired (or parasitic or unintended or unwanted) ground currents may also give rise to interference. In multi-antenna configurations where the distance between adjacent antennas is smaller than two wavelengths (2λ) of the RF signals that are transmitted or received, relatively large undesired ground currents exist. As a result of the ground currents, the interference among the antennas is also relatively strong. Thus, in situations where the distance among the antennas in a multi-antenna configuration is less than two wavelengths (2λ), near field coupling and undesired ground currents are the dominant interference mechanisms. 
     In exemplary embodiments, measures are taken to reduce the undesired ground currents in a multi-antenna configuration, as described below in detail. As a result, interference among antennas because of undesired ground currents is reduced. Consequently, antenna isolation among the antennas is increased or improved. 
     To facilitate presentation of the concepts, the apparatus and techniques for improving antenna isolation are described in this document with reference to a particular type of antenna, namely an Inverted-F Antenna (IFA). Use of IFAs, however, constitutes merely one example of the type antenna that may be used with the disclosed apparatus and techniques. In exemplary embodiments, other types of antenna may be used, as desired. As one example, printed antennas may be used. As additional examples, Inverted L Antenna (ILA), printed monopole, meandered monopole, half loop antennas, spiral antennas, or ceramic antennas may be used. The choice of antenna used depends on a number of factors, such as available technology, cost, performance, design and performance specifications, physical attributes (size, geometry) available or desired, etc., as persons of ordinary skill in the art will understand. 
       FIG. 1  illustrates an apparatus  10  with a multi-antenna configuration. More specifically, apparatus  10  includes two antennas, labeled IFA 1  and IFA 2 , respectively, configured or attached to a substrate  15 . Antenna IFA 1  is coupled to RF circuit  25 - 1  via link  30 - 1  and feed point  35 - 1 . 
     RF circuit  25 - 1  may have a variety of designs or configurations. For example, RF circuit  25 - 1  may be a receiver, a transmitter, or a transceiver. As another example, RF circuit  25 - 1  may be an RF module that is attached to substrate  15 . Similarly, RF circuit  25 - 2  may be a receiver, a transmitter, or a transceiver. In some situations, RF circuit  25 - 2  may be an RF module that is attached to substrate  15 . In yet other situations, substrate  15  may be part of an RF module that includes some or all parts of antenna IFA 1  and antenna IFA 2 . 
     Link  30 - 1  is typically a transmission line, such as a stripline or similar structure. Through link  30 - 1 , RF signals may either be received from antenna IFA 1  (in the case of RF reception) or supplied to antenna IFA 1  (in the case of RF transmission). Feed point  35 - 1  may have a variety of structures, such as a connector, coupling mechanism, etc. 
     Antenna IFA 1 , an inverted-F antenna in the example shown, has radiators  45 - 1  coupled to feed point  35 - 1  and loop  40 - 1 . As noted above, other types of antenna may be used, as desired. 
     Substrate  15  provides a mechanism for attaching and supporting various components of apparatus  10 , such as RF circuit  25 - 1 , RF circuit  25 - 2 , feed point  35 - 1 , feed point  35 - 2 , antenna IFA 1  (or parts of it), and antenna IFA 2  (or parts of it). Generally, substrate  15  may be made from a variety of materials. Examples include PCB materials (such as FR 4 ), or other insulating substrates with a conductive layer attached or adhered to one or more surfaces (e.g., the top surface) of it. 
     Substrate  20  is covered with a conductive material  20 , such as metal, that is electrically common (labeled “Common ground metal  20 ” or common ground plane  20 ) to antenna IFA 1  and antenna IFA 2 . For instance, in the example shown, common ground plane  20  provides a ground connection or coupling point for one or more of antenna IFA 1 , antenna IFA 2 , RF circuit  25 - 1 , and RF circuit  25 - 2 . 
     Depending on the material type and configuration or design of various circuit elements (such as link  30 - 1 , link  30 - 2 , feed point  35 - 1 , feed point  35 - 2 , RF circuit  25 - 1 , RF circuit  25 - 2 ), isolation regions (not shown) may be provided around some of the circuit elements. For example, isolation regions may be provided around link  30 - 1 , link  30 - 2 , feed point  35 - 1 , feed point  35 - 2 , RF circuit  25 - 1 , and/or RF circuit  25 - 2  such that common ground plane  20  extends to those circuit elements, but does not electrically touch or contact them. 
     Isolation regions may be fabricated in a variety of manners. For example, if substrate  15  constitutes a PCB, isolation regions may be fabricated by etching portions of common ground plane  20  (copper layer). The isolation regions would surround the circuit elements so as to isolate the circuit elements from common ground plane  20 . 
     Generally, antenna IFA 2  may have the same or a different structure than antenna IFA 1 . In the example shown, antenna IFA 2  has a similar structure to the structure of antenna IFA 1 . More specifically, antenna IFA 2  is coupled to RF circuit  25 - 2  via link  30 - 2  and feed point  35 - 2 . In exemplary embodiments, RF circuit  25 - 2  may be a receiver, a transmitter, or a transceiver. 
     Link  30 - 2  is typically a transmission line, such as a stripline or similar structure. Through link  30 - 2 , RF signals may either be received from antenna IFA 2  (in the case of RF reception) or supplied to antenna IFA 2  (in the case of RF transmission). Feed point  35 - 2  may have a variety of structures, such as a connector, coupling mechanism, etc. 
     Antenna IFA 2 , an inverted-F antenna in the example shown, has radiators  45 - 2  coupled to feed point  35 - 2  and loop  40 - 2 . As noted above, other types of antenna may be used, as desired. As further noted above, antenna IFA 1  and antenna IFA 2  may be the same or different types and/or sizes of antenna, as desired. 
     Operation of RF circuit  25 - 1  and/or RF circuit  25 - 2  gives rise to ground currents. The ground currents flow at least in part in common ground plane  20 .  FIG. 2  depicts the flow of ground-plane currents in multi-antenna apparatus  10 . In the example shown in  FIG. 2 , both antenna IFA 1  and antenna IFA 2  are excited (e.g., transmitting RF signals). 
     Arrows labeled  50 - 1  show the path of current flowing in common ground plane  20  near antenna IFA 2 . The current flowing along path  50 - 1  constitutes the current flowing in common ground plane  20  that is associated with the operation of antenna MAL More specifically, the current flowing along path  50 - 1  results from RF radiation from antenna IFA 1  in order to transmit or radiate the desired RF signal, i.e., the current flowing along path  50 - 1  is a desired current (or conduction current or intended current or useful current (i.e., useful for the transmission of RF signals by antenna IFA 1 )). 
     Similarly, arrows labeled  50 - 2  show the path of current flowing in common ground plane  20  near antenna IFA 2 . The current flowing along path  50 - 2  constitutes the current flowing in common ground plane  20  that is associated with the operation of antenna IFA 2 . Put another way, the current flowing along path  50 - 2  results from RF radiation from antenna IFA 2  in order to transmit or radiate the desired RF signal. Thus, the current flowing along path  50 - 2  is a desired current (or conduction current or intended current or useful current (i.e., useful for the transmission of RF signals by antenna IFA 2 )). 
     The flow of currents shown in  FIG. 2  “completes” the circuit for antennas IFA 1  and IFA 2  so that the antennas properly radiate desired or intended RF signals. In that sense, the designer or manufacturer of apparatus  10  intends for the currents shown to flow along paths  50 - 1  and  50 - 2 , respectively. Accordingly, the currents flowing along paths  50 - 1  and  50 - 2  constitute intended currents, which arise from the intended operation of antenna IFA 1  and antenna IFA 2 , respectively. 
     Operation of antenna IFA 1  and/or antenna IFA 2 , however, also gives rise to undesired ground currents, which can give rise to electrical interference, as described above.  FIG. 3  shows the flow of undesired ground or ground-plane currents in multi-antenna apparatus  10  (some circuit elements or blocks, such as link  30 - 1 , link  30 - 2 , RF circuit  25 - 1 , and RF circuit  25 - 2  have been omitted to facilitate presentation). 
     Undesired ground currents flow along path  60 A and path  60 B in  FIG. 3 . The undesired ground currents typically flow or propagate along the circumference or relatively close to the edges of substrate  15 . The edges of substrate  15  behave as a parasitic waveguide because of the distributed (fringe) capacitance and inductance associated with substrate  15 . 
     In the example shown in  FIG. 3 , antenna IFA 1  is excited, whereas antenna IFA 2  is not. Undesired ground currents flow along path  60 A from IFA 1  to IFA 2 . In addition, undesired ground currents flow along path  60 B from IFA 1  to IFA 2 . Flow of current along paths  60 A and  60 B gives rise to a potential at or near IFA 2  (e.g., near feed point  35 - 2  (not shown)). In other words, the superposition of opposing currents flowing along path  60 A and path  60 B, respectively, gives rise to a parasitic potential that couples to antenna IFA 2 , and causes electrical interference with the proper or intended operation of antenna IFA 2 . 
     To mitigate or reduce the effects of the undesired ground currents, RF current blockers may be used. The use of the RF current blockers reduces the effect of the undesired ground currents. As a result, the use of RF current blockers increases antenna isolation. 
       FIG. 4  depicts a multi-antenna apparatus  100  with RF current blockers  105 - 1  and  105 - 2  added to increase antenna isolation (RF circuit  25 - 2  and link  30 - 2  are omitted to facilitate presentation). Use of RF current blockers  105 - 1  and  105 - 2  blocks the flow of undesired ground currents propagating along the circumference or edges of substrate  15 . The RF current blockers behave as open circuits, and block or nearly block the flow of undesired currents by acting as open circuits in the path of current flow. As a result, the undesired coupling and resulting interference because of undesired ground currents is reduced, which increases antenna isolation between antenna IFA 1  and antenna IFA 2 . 
     Even though RF current blockers block nearly all of the undesired ground currents, some residual leakage current will flow in common ground plan  20  (i.e., antenna isolation is not perfect, even though improved or increased compared to when the RF current blockers are not used). The residual leakage currents flow along path  115 A and path  115 B towards antenna IFA 2 . 
     RF current blockers  105 - 1  and  105 - 2 , however, also cause phase shifts in the residual leakage currents flowing along paths  115 A and  115 B. The positions of RF current blocker  105 - 1  and RF current blocker  105 - 2  between antenna IFA 1  and antenna IFA 2  along the top and bottom edges of substrate  15  is selected such that the residual leakage current signals have opposite phases. 
     As a result, the superposition of the residual leakage currents at or near antenna IFA 2  causes the residual leakage currents or their effects on the operation of antenna IFA 2  to cancel or nearly cancels (as shown by the presence of potential  110 ). Consequently, interference as a result of coupling from undesired ground currents is reduced or suppressed, which in effect increases antenna isolation. the coupling. 
     Note that RF current blocker  105 - 1  and RF current blocker  105 - 2  are positioned at or along or near the top and bottom edges of substrate  15 , whereas antenna IFA 1  and antenna IFA 2  are positioned at or along or near the left and right edges of substrate  15 . The positioning of RF current blocker  105 - 1  and RF current blocker  105 - 2  in this manner reduces their effect on the impedance and tuning of antenna IFA 1  and antenna IFA 2  (i.e., reduces the effect of RF current blocker  105 - 1  and RF current blocker  105 - 2  on the desired conduction currents of antennas IFA 1  and IFA 2 ). 
     Nevertheless, the use of RF current blocker  105 - 1  and RF current blocker  105 - 2  might cause a change in the impedance and/or tuning of IFA 1  and/or antenna IFA 2 . In other words, the effects of RF current blocker  105 - 1  and RF current blocker  105 - 2  on antenna impedance and/or tuning might not be fully eliminated as in the original substrate (before adding RF current blockers) the undesired currents are also part of the total ground current, and thus influence the antenna impedance). Thus, after positioning and fabrication of RF current blocker  105 - 1  and RF current blocker  105 - 2 , tuning of antenna IFA 1  and/or antenna IFA 2  may be performed in order to correct or compensate for the effects of RF current blocker  105 - 1  and/or RF current blocker  105 - 2 . 
     In some embodiments, RF current blockers  105 - 1  and  105 - 2  are implemented as slot line radial stubs. More specifically, RF current blocker  105 - 1  is implemented as one slot line radial stub, whereas RF current blocker  105 - 1  is implemented as another slot line radial stub. The slot line radial stubs behave as open circuits at their inputs. RF current blocker  105 - 1  and RF current blocker  105 - 2  may be implemented in other ways, as desired. The choice of RF current blocker  105 - 1  and RF current blocker  105 - 2  depends on a number of factors, such as design and performance specifications, available technology, material properties, characteristics such as frequency band of operation, type of antenna, etc., as persons of ordinary skill in the art will understand. 
     RF current blockers may be used in multi-antenna apparatus that have more than two antennas. For instance, RF current blockers may be used in apparatus that have four or more antennas. As the number of antennas increases, the number of RF current blockers may also be increased to help block or suppress undesired ground currents, as desired, and as described above. 
     By way of example,  FIG. 5  illustrates an apparatus  120  with a multi-antenna configuration that uses  4  antennas, labeled as IFA 1  through IFA 4 . Antennas IFA 1 -IFA 4  couple to RF circuits  25 - 1  through RF circuits  25 - 4  via links  30 - 1  through  30 - 4  and feed points  35 - 1  through  35 - 4  (not shown), respectively. RF circuits  25 - 1  through RF circuits  25 - 4 , links  30 - 1  through  30 - 4 , and feed points  35 - 1  through  35 - 4  (not shown) may have structures and configurations similar to those described above. 
       FIG. 5  also shows the flow of desired RF currents that arise from the operation of antennas IFA 1 -IFA 4 . More specifically, desired RF current from the operation of antenna IFA 1  flows along path  50 - 1 , whereas desired RF current from the operation of antenna IFA 2  flows along path  50 - 2 . Similarly, desired RF current from the operation of antenna IFA 3  flows along path  50 - 3 , whereas desired RF current from the operation of antenna IFA 4  flows along path  50 - 4 . 
       FIG. 6  depicts the flow of undesired ground-plane currents in multi-antenna apparatus  120 . In the example shown in  FIG. 6 , antenna IFA 1  is excited, whereas antenna IFA 2 , antenna IFA 3 , and antenna IFA 4  are not. Undesired ground currents flow towards each of antennas IFA 2 -IFA 4  along various paths  60 A- 60 D. Similar to the situation described above, the superposition of the undesired ground currents results in parasitic or interference potential sources shown as  65 - 2  through  65 - 4  at or near the positions of antennas IFA 2 -IFA 4 , respectively. 
       FIG. 7  illustrates multi-antenna apparatus  130  with RF current blockers  105 - 1  through  105 - 4  added to increase antenna isolation. Note that RF blockers  105 - 1  through  105 - 4  are positioned between adjacent antennas. For example, RF blocker  105 - 1  is positioned at or near or along an edge between antenna IFA 1  and antenna IFA 2 . As another example, RF blocker  105 - 2  is positioned at or near or along an edge between antenna IFA 2  and antenna IFA 3 . As another example, RF blocker  105 - 3  is positioned at or near or along an edge between antenna IFA 3  and antenna IFA 4 . Finally, RF blocker  105 - 4  is positioned at or near or along an edge between antenna IFA 4  and antenna IFA 1 . 
     In this manner, RF current blockers  105 - 1  through  105 - 4  block or suppress undesired ground currents along paths  60 A- 60 D, i.e., along the circumference or edges of substrate  15 . The RF current blockers behave as open circuits, and block or nearly block the flow of undesired currents by acting as open circuits in the path of current flow. As a result, the undesired coupling and resulting interference because of undesired ground currents is reduced, which increases antenna isolation among antennas IFA 1 -IFA 4 . 
     Note that residual leakage currents flow along paths  115 A- 115 D, which cause interference with antennas IFA 1 -IFA 4 . Nevertheless, because of the blocking or suppressing action of RF current blockers  105 - 1  through  105 - 4 , the coupling to antennas IFA 1 -IFA 4  (as denoted by potential sources  65 - 1  through  65 - 4 ) is weaker or reduced. Assuming that antennas IFA 1 -IFA 4  are all excited, using of RF current blockers  105 - 1  through  105 - 4  improves antenna isolation on the order of 6 to 8 dB. 
     Although the above discussion and accompanying figures describe use of RF current blockers in apparatus that include two or four antennas, use of RF current blockers may be extended to different numbers of antennas, i.e., more than 4, as desired, by making appropriate modifications. Such modifications include use of additional RF current blockers, positioning the RF current blockers to reduce adverse effect on the antennas and yet to increase antenna isolation, etc., as persons of ordinary skill in the art will understand. 
     In general, RF current blockers are disposed between two antennas such that the flow of undesired ground current between the two antennas is reduced or blocked. Where possible, given the geometry of substrate  15  and the antennas, the RF current blockers are disposed far from (in some cases as far as possible) from the antennas such that the effects of the RF current blockers on the antenna impedances and/or tuning is reduced. 
     One aspect of the disclosure relates to techniques and processes for the fabrication or production of communication apparatus.  FIG. 8  shows a flow diagram  150  for a process of fabricating an RF apparatus with improved antenna isolation. 
     At  155 , substrate  15  is fabricated. As part of the fabrication, a ground plane (e.g., common ground plane  20 ) and isolation regions are fabricated. At  160 , the antennas are fabricated. Two, four, or more antennas of a desired or specified type may be fabricated, as desired. 
     At  165 , the RF current blockers are fabricated. Depending on the number of antennas, two, four, or more RF current blockers may be fabricated and used to improve antenna isolation. The RF blockers may be disposed with respect to the antennas as described above. 
     At  170 , the RF circuits, such as receivers, transmitters, and/or transceivers are fabricated, attached, and/or coupled to the antennas. The RF circuits may be fabricated on or using the substrate, as desired. Alternatively, the RF circuits may be fabricated using one or more integrated circuits (ICs) or multi-chip modules (MCMs), as described below, and coupled or attached to the substrate and the antennas. 
     As noted above, using the RF current blockers might change the impedance and/or tuning of the antennas. If that is the case, at  175  the antennas are tuned or retuned so that they have the desired or prescribed characteristics. 
     One aspect of the disclosure relates to antenna modules that include RF current blockers.  FIG. 9  illustrates an apparatus  200  that includes an IC  205  (or RF module  205  or MCM  205 ) coupled to an antenna module  15  with improved antenna isolation. 
     More specifically, antenna module  15  may be fabricated in a number of way, such as using a substrate, as described above. Antenna module  15  includes antenna IFA 1 , antenna IFA 2 , link  30 - 1 , link  30 - 2 , and RF current blockers  105 - 1  and  105 - 2 , as described above. 
     RF circuits  25 - 1  and  25 - 2  reside in IC  205 . In the case of an RF module, RF circuits  25 - 1  and  25 - 2  are fabricated within the module, for instance, using a PCB or other substrate. In the case of an MCM, RF circuits  25 - 1  and  25 - 2  are fabricated using semiconductor die that reside within the MCM. 
     Note that in addition to RF circuits  25 - 1  and  25 - 2 , IC  205  (or RF module  205  or MCM  205 ) may include other circuitry, such as digital circuitry (processors, microcontrollers, memory, input-output circuits, etc.), analog circuitry (amplifiers, signal processing circuitry, etc.), and/or mixed-signal circuitry (e.g., analog to digital converters, digital to analog converters, filters, etc.), as desired. 
     One aspect of the disclosure relates to using multi-antenna apparatus with improved antenna isolation in communication systems.  FIG. 10  depicts a system  250  for radio communication using a multi-antenna configuration with improved antenna isolation. 
     System  250  includes a transmitter  265 , coupled to antennas IFA 1 -IFA 2 . Via antennas IFA 1 -IFA 2 , transmitter  265  transmits RF signals. Transmitter  265  includes RF current blockers (not shown) to improve isolation between antennas IFA 1 -IFA 2 . Note that rather than using two antennas, other numbers of antennas, such as four, may be used, as desired, by making appropriate modifications, as persons of ordinary skill in the art will understand. 
     The RF signals from transmitter  265  may be received by receiver  260 . Receiver  260  is coupled to antennas IFA 1 -IFA 2 . Via antennas IFA 1 -IFA 2 , receiver  260  receives RF signals. Receiver  260  includes RF current blockers (not shown) to improve isolation between antennas IFA 1 -IFA 2 . Note that rather than using two antennas, other numbers of antennas, such as four, may be used, as desired, by making appropriate modifications, as persons of ordinary skill in the art will understand. 
     In addition to transmitter  265  and/or receiver  260 , or alternatively, transceiver  270 A and/or transceiver  270 B might receive (via receiver  260 ) the transmitted RF signals using antennas IFA 1 -IFA 2 . Transceiver  270 A includes RF current blockers (not shown) to improve isolation between antennas IFA 1 -IFA 2 . 
     Transceiver  270 A uses two antennas, IFA 1  and IFA 2 . Note that rather than using two antennas, other numbers of antennas, such as four, may be used, as desired, by making appropriate modifications, as persons of ordinary skill in the art will understand. 
     Transceiver  270 B uses four antennas, IFA 1 -IFA 4 . Note that rather than using two antennas, other numbers of antennas, such as two or more than four, may be used, as desired, by making appropriate modifications, as persons of ordinary skill in the art will understand. 
     In addition to receive capability, transceiver  270 A and transceiver  270 B can also transmit RF signals. The transmitted RF signals might be received by receiver  260  as a stand-alone receiver, or via the receiver circuitry of the non-transmitting transceiver. 
     Other systems or sub-systems with varying configuration and/or capabilities, such as the number of antennas and the corresponding number of RF current blockers to improve antenna isolation, are also contemplated. For example, in some exemplary embodiments, two or more transceivers (e.g., transceiver  270 A and transceiver  270 B) might form a network, such as an ad-hoc network. As another example, in some exemplary embodiments, transceiver  270 A and transceiver  270 B might form part of a network, for example, in conjunction with transmitter  265 . Regardless of the system configuration, RF current blockers may be used to improve antenna isolation, as described above in detail. 
     Referring to the figures, persons of ordinary skill in the art will note that the various blocks shown might depict mainly the conceptual functions and signal flow. The actual circuit implementation might or might not contain separately identifiable hardware for the various functional blocks and might or might not use the particular circuitry shown. For example, one may combine the functionality of various blocks into one circuit block, as desired. Furthermore, one may realize the functionality of a single block in several circuit blocks, as desired. The choice of circuit implementation depends on various factors, such as particular design and performance specifications for a given implementation. Other modifications and alternative embodiments in addition to the embodiments in the disclosure will be apparent to persons of ordinary skill in the art. Accordingly, the disclosure teaches those skilled in the art the manner of carrying out the disclosed concepts according to exemplary embodiments, and is to be construed as illustrative only. Where applicable, the figures might or might not be drawn to scale, as persons of ordinary skill in the art will understand. 
     The particular forms and embodiments shown and described constitute merely exemplary embodiments. Persons skilled in the art may make various changes in the shape, size and arrangement of parts without departing from the scope of the disclosure. For example, persons skilled in the art may substitute equivalent elements for the elements illustrated and described. Moreover, persons skilled in the art may use certain features of the disclosed concepts independently of the use of other features, without departing from the scope of the disclosure.