Patent Publication Number: US-9849691-B1

Title: Detecting printing ribbon orientation

Description:
FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
     The present disclosure relates to devices, systems, and methods providing a ribbon sensor configured and positioned to ascertain an orientation of a printing ribbon, including devices, systems, and methods configured for detecting an improperly oriented printing ribbon, and for triggering a response in the event of an improperly installed, and/or for confirming proper installation of a printing ribbon. 
     BACKGROUND 
     There are numerous examples of printers and other printing devices which utilize a printing ribbon to transfer ink to a printing media. A printing ribbon typically includes a substrate, and a functional layer which includes a coloring agent or an ink that is applied to printing media during printing. For example, a thermal transfer printer can use a printing ribbon that has a substrate and a functional layer having a thermally sensitive ink that reacts and transfers from the printing ribbon to the media upon exposure to heat from a print head. 
     Printing ribbons are generally removably installed in a printer. As having a finite length, spent printing ribbons need to be replenished with fresh printing ribbons as and when consumed. The task of replenishing a printer with a fresh printing ribbon is typically carried out manually, which introduces the possibility for human error. Thus, sometimes a printing ribbon may be incorrectly installed or improperly oriented in a printer. Additionally, sometimes the wrong printing ribbon might be installed in a printer. Even with an automated system for replenishing a printing ribbon, the possibility for error still exists. Typically, a printing ribbon will be provided as wound upon a spool, with the ribbon unwinding and passing the functional layer facing and in proximity to and between the print head and the printing media during printing. If a printing ribbon happens to be installed with an improper orientation, then the substrate will face the printing media instead of the functional layer, and the printer and printing ribbon will not function as intended to transfer ink from the functional layer to the media. Additionally, a printer and printing ribbon may not function as intended when the printing ribbon installed in the printer happens to be the wrong printing ribbon for the printer or for an intended print job. 
     In some situations, it can be difficult to identify the proper orientation for a printing ribbon when installing the printing ribbon in a printer. For example, some users may struggle to distinguish the functional layer from a substrate of a printing ribbon and then remain mindful of which orientation to install the printing ribbon so that the functional layer faces the printing media when properly installed. This can be an issue particularly in environments with poor lighting or where operators are busy. Additionally, sometimes a printing ribbon may have a configuration such that a user cannot see the functional layer in a fresh spool or cartridge. For example, sometimes a printing ribbon can be wound inside a protective wrapper or casing, and/or a leader of ribbon may be provided which does not contain any coloring agent or ink. Moreover, printing ribbons are available as both an inwound spool, meaning the functional layer faces inward the spool, and as an outwound spool, meaning the functional layer faces outward the spool. Additionally, there are numerous different kinds of printing ribbons many of which can look alike. These various combinations and alternatives add compounding sources of error, further increasing the possibility for a printing ribbon to be installed with an improper orientation or for the wrong printing ribbon to be installed in a printer. Even further, sometimes there will exist a nominal level of errors which tend to happen despite all the best intentions. 
     The cost associated with even periodic improperly oriented or otherwise incorrectly installed printing ribbons can be significant, especially in high-volume production environments. Sometimes a printer may process print jobs with an improperly oriented or incorrect printing ribbon, resulting in wasted ribbon and printing media. There are also costs associated with downtime and rework resulting from an improperly oriented printing ribbon or an incorrect printing ribbon having been installed. Additionally, in some settings these issues may go unnoticed for quite some time, and/or a user may be unable to quickly respond and correct these issues. 
     At least in view of the foregoing issues and shortcomings, there exists a need for improved devices, systems. The present disclosure addresses the foregoing issues and shortcomings, for example, by providing devices, systems, and methods configured for detecting an improperly oriented printing ribbon and/or an incorrect printing ribbon having been installed, including devices, systems, and methods configured to trigger a response in the event of an improperly oriented or incorrect printing ribbon and/or to confirm proper installation of a printing ribbon. Additionally provided are devices, systems, and methods configured to provide proper installation of a printing ribbon and to ascertain an orientation of a printing ribbon and/or to identify a printing ribbon. 
     SUMMARY 
     Accordingly, in one aspect, the present disclosure embraces devices, systems, and methods configured for ascertaining an orientation of a printing ribbon and/or identifying a printing ribbon having been installed. 
     In an exemplary embodiment, a printer is provided with a printing ribbon installed along a printing ribbon path configured to guide the printing ribbon between a print head and a media. The printer includes a ribbon sensor positioned along the printing ribbon path facing a surface of the printing ribbon. The ribbon sensor can be configured to sense any one or more properties of a printing ribbon, and to ascertain whether a functional layer or a substrate of the printing ribbon faces the ribbon sensor, and/or to identify a printing ribbon from among a plurality. A ribbon sensor can sense any property of the printing ribbon by which the functional layer can be distinguished from the substrate, and/or whereby a printing ribbon can be identified from among a plurality of printing ribbons. For example, a ribbon sensor can be configured to sense an optical property of a printing ribbon, an electrical property of a printing ribbon, and/or a magnetic property of a printing ribbon. A ribbon sensor including an LED light source paired with a photodiode or a phototransistor can be configured to ascertain a reflectance value for a printing ribbon. 
     The printing ribbon has a first surface comprising a substantially specular substrate having a first reflectivity and a second surface comprising a substantially diffuse functional layer having a second reflectivity. Typically, the first reflectivity will be greater than the second reflectivity. Exemplary devices, systems, and methods are configured to detect with the ribbon sensor, a reflectance value from the printing ribbon. The reflectance value can be used to ascertain that the first surface faces the ribbon sensor when the reflectance value detected corresponds to a substantially specular reflectance as expected from the first surface, and/or to ascertain that the functional layer faces the ribbon sensor when the reflectance value detected corresponds to a substantially diffuse reflectance as expected from the second surface. The reflectance value can also be used to identify a printing ribbon having been installed in the printer from among a plurality of printing ribbons, based at least in part on the respective printing ribbons from among the plurality exhibiting different reflectance values relative to one another. 
     In some embodiments, exemplary devices, systems, and methods can be configured to ascertain, based at least in part on a reflectance value detected with the ribbon sensor, whether the printing ribbon as installed along the printing ribbon path is properly oriented with a first surface facing the print head and a second surface facing the media as intended. Exemplary devices, systems, and methods can be configured to identify a printing ribbon based at least in part on a reflectance value detected with the ribbon sensor. The reflectance value can be compared to a defined value, a threshold, or a range as appropriate for a given embodiment. In some embodiments, a substantially specular reflectance as expected from a substrate of a printing ribbon may differ from a substantially diffuse reflectance as expected from a functional layer by 10% or more. A response can be triggered upon having ascertained, based at least in part on the reflectance value detected, that the printing ribbon as installed along the printing ribbon path is not properly oriented. The response can include an audible alert, a visual alert, a stop print command, re-routing one or more print jobs to a different printer, and/or requesting a standby printer. 
     In various embodiments, a printer can be configured such that either the ribbon sensor faces the first surface of a properly oriented printing ribbon or such that the ribbon sensor faces the second surface of a properly oriented printing ribbon. A printing ribbon can be wound upon a spool, which may be an inwound spool, in which the functional surface of the printing ribbon faces inwardly the spool, or and outwound spool, in which the functional surface of the printing ribbon faces outwardly the spool. Exemplary devices, systems, and methods can be configured to provide an indication that the printing ribbon as installed along the printing ribbon path is improperly oriented and/or that the printing ribbon as installed along the printing path is properly oriented. In some embodiments, the printing ribbon can be a thermal transfer ribbon, including a substrate made up of a polyester film, a synthetic resin, and/or a silicone coating, and or including a functional layer made up of a thermoplastic resin, an epoxy resin, a wax, and/or a sensible material including a coloring agent or an ink. The present disclosure also embraces various other kinds of printing ribbons. 
     In another embodiment, a printer is provided with a ribbon sensor positioned and configured to face a surface of a printing at least partially installed in the printer. Exemplary devices, systems, and methods can be configured to ascertain that a substrate of the printing ribbon faces the ribbon sensor when the ribbon sensor returns a reflectance value corresponding to a reflectance as expected from a substrate; and/or to ascertain that a thermal transfer layer of the printing ribbon faces the ribbon sensor when the ribbon sensor returns a reflectance value corresponding to a reflectance as expected from a thermal transfer layer. The substrate may have a substantially specular reflectance, and the thermal transfer layer may have a substantially diffuse reflectance. The reflectance as expected from the substrate may differ from the reflectance as expected from the thermal transfer layer by 10% or more. The ribbon sensor may be configured so as to face the substrate when the printing ribbon is properly oriented, or so as to face the thermal transfer layer when the printing ribbon is properly oriented. A response can be triggered when the ribbon sensor returns a reflectance value indicating that that the printing ribbon is improperly oriented. The response can include an audible alert, a visual alert, a stop print command, re-routing one or more print jobs to a different printer, and/or requesting a standby printer. 
     In another embodiment, a printer is provided with a print head configured to transfer an ink from a printing ribbon to a media, and with a ribbon sensor configured to detect a reflectance value from the printing ribbon to be utilized by the printer. Exemplary devices, systems, and methods can be configured to detect with the ribbon sensor, a reflectance value from the printing ribbon when at least partially installed in the printer. The printing ribbon has a substrate and a functional layer comprising the ink; and exemplary devices, systems, and methods can be configured to ascertain that the substrate faces the ribbon sensor when the reflectance value corresponds to a substantially specular reflectance, and/or to ascertain that the thermal transfer layer faces the ribbon sensor when the reflectance value corresponds to a substantially diffuse reflectance. In some embodiments, exemplary devices, systems, and methods can be configured to ascertain based at least in part on the reflectance value detected with the ribbon sensor, whether the at least partially installed printing ribbon is properly oriented such that when having commenced printing, the substrate will face the print head and the thermal transfer layer will face the media. The reflectance value corresponding to a substantially specular reflectance can differ from the reflectance value corresponding to a substantially diffuse reflectance by 10% or more. In some embodiments, a ribbon sensor can be configured to identify a printing ribbon from among a plurality of printing ribbons based at least in part on a reflectance value. 
     In some embodiments, the ribbon sensor faces the substrate when the printing ribbon is properly oriented. An indication can be provided, indicating that the printing ribbon is improperly oriented when having ascertained that the thermal transfer layer improperly faces the ribbon sensor. Additionally or alternatively, an indication can be provided, indicating that the printing ribbon is properly oriented when having ascertained that the substrate properly faces the ribbon sensor. A response can be triggered upon having ascertained, based at least in part on the reflectance value detected with the ribbon sensor, that the at least partially installed printing ribbon is not properly oriented. The response can include an audible alert, a visual alert, a stop print command, re-routing one or more print jobs to a different printer, and/or requesting a standby printer. 
     The foregoing summary is illustrative only, and is not intended to be in any way limiting. In addition to the illustrative features and embodiments described above, further aspects, features, and embodiments will become apparent by references to the drawings, the following detailed description, and the claims. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         FIG. 1A  schematically depicts an exemplary printing device with an inwound printing ribbon properly installed. 
         FIG. 1B  schematically depicts an exemplary printing device with an outwound printing ribbon properly installed. 
         FIG. 2A  schematically depicts an exemplary printing device with a ribbon sensor configured to ascertain an orientation of a printing ribbon, with a properly oriented inwound printing ribbon. 
         FIG. 2B  schematically depicts an exemplary printing device with a ribbon sensor configured to ascertain an orientation of a printing ribbon, with an improperly oriented inwound printing ribbon. 
         FIG. 2C  schematically depicts an exemplary printing device with a ribbon sensor configured to ascertain an orientation of a printing ribbon, with a properly oriented outwound printing ribbon. 
         FIG. 2D  schematically depicts an exemplary printing device with a ribbon sensor configured to ascertain an orientation of a printing ribbon, with an improperly oriented outwound printing ribbon. 
         FIGS. 3A and 3B  schematically depict exemplary locations for a ribbon sensor, respectively showing a properly oriented inwound printing ribbon and a properly oriented outwound printing ribbon. 
         FIG. 4  schematically depicts an exemplary embodiment of an integrated component including a print head and a ribbon sensor. 
         FIGS. 5A through 5F  graphically depict exemplary optical values corresponding to respective functional layers and substrates of exemplary printing ribbons. 
         FIG. 6  shows a flow chart depicting exemplary steps and/or features configured, among other things, to ascertain an orientation of a printing ribbon. 
         FIGS. 7A through 7C  show flow charts depicting additional exemplary steps and/or features configured, among other things, to ascertain an orientation of a printing ribbon. 
         FIG. 8  shows a flow chart depicting exemplary steps and/or features configured, among other things, to identify a printing ribbon from among a plurality of printing ribbons. 
         FIG. 9  schematically depicts an exemplary network environment for implementing the devices, systems, and methods disclosed herein. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     In the following detailed description, various aspects and features are described in greater detail with reference to the accompanying figures, including among other aspects and features, exemplary devices, systems, and methods configured to ascertain an orientation of a printing ribbon, to provide proper installation of a printing ribbon, to trigger a response in the event of an improperly installed printing ribbon and/or to confirm proper installation of a printing ribbon. Additionally described are exemplary devices, systems, and methods configured to identify a printing ribbon from among a plurality of printing ribbons. Numerous specific details are set forth in order to provide a thorough understanding of the present disclosure. It will be apparent, however, to one skilled in the art that the presently disclosed devices, systems, and methods may be performed without some or all of these specific details. In other instances, well known aspects have not been described in detail in order not to unnecessarily obscure the present disclosure. The following detailed description is therefore not to be taken in a limiting sense, and it is intended that other embodiments are within the spirit and scope of the present disclosure. 
     Printer Configurations and Printing Ribbons 
     There are numerous examples of printers and other printing devices which utilize a printing ribbon to transfer a coloring agent or ink to a printing media, some of which are discussed herein. There are also numerous examples of printing ribbons, some of which are discussed herein. A printing ribbon typically includes a substrate, and a functional layer which includes a coloring agent or ink that is applied to printing media during printing. For example, a thermal transfer printer uses a printing ribbon that typically has a substrate, and a functional layer or thermal transfer layer having a thermally sensitive ink that reacts and transfers from the printing ribbon to the media upon exposure to heat from a print head. A dye-sublimation printer uses a similarly configured printing ribbon. Additional exemplary printing ribbons include fabric printing ribbons that contain a liquid ink, and impact printing ribbons for use with impact printers such as dot-matrix printers or typewriters. In some embodiments, a printing ribbon can be transported in parallel with the media. Alternatively, a printing ribbon can be transported perpendicular to the media. Some exemplary printer configurations and printing ribbons and are discussed in further detail below. While the present disclosure discusses only an exemplary selection of the possible kinds of printers and printing ribbons, those skilled in the art will appreciate that numerous other kinds of printers and printing ribbons can be configured in accordance with the devices, systems, and methods disclosed herein, all of which are within the spirit and scope of the present disclosure. 
     In accordance with the present disclosure, printing devices and printing systems are provided which have a ribbon sensor positioned along the printing ribbon path and configured to ascertain an orientation of the printing ribbon and/or to identify a printing ribbon from among a plurality.  FIGS. 1A and 1B  schematically depict an exemplary printing device. In some embodiments, the exemplary printing device can be a thermal transfer printer. Alternatively, the printing device can be a dye-sublimation printer or any other kind of printing device that uses a printing ribbon. As shown in  FIG. 1A , an exemplary printing device  100  is provided. The printing device has a printing ribbon  102  which follows a ribbon path  104  leading from a ribbon supply spool  106  past a print head  108  and to a ribbon take-up spool  110 . A printing media  112  follows a media supply path  114  between a platen roller  116  and the print head  108 . As shown in  FIG. 1A , the printing ribbon is supplied from an inwound spool  118 , which printing ribbon is sometimes referred to herein as an inwound printing ribbon, meaning that the printing ribbon  102  has a functional layer  120  that faces inward the ribbon supply spool  106 , and a substrate  122  that faces outward the spool. The print head  108  is configured to transfer ink from the functional layer  120  to the media  112 . Accordingly, the printing ribbon  102  is properly oriented, with the functional layer  120  facing the media  112  as both pass between the print head  108  and the platen roller  116 . 
       FIG. 1B  shows the same exemplary printing device  100  of  FIG. 1A , except that rather than an inwound spool  118 , the printing ribbon  124  is supplied from an outwound spool  126 , which printing ribbon is sometimes referred to herein as an outwound printing ribbon, meaning that the printing ribbon  124  has a functional layer  128  that faces inward the ribbon supply spool  130 , and a substrate  132  that faces outward the spool. The printing ribbon  124  similarly follows the ribbon path  104  leading from the ribbon supply spool  130  past the print head  108  and to a ribbon take-up spool  110 . The printing media  112  similarly follows the media supply path  114  between the platen roller  116  and the print head  108 . As with the inwound spool in  FIG. 1A , the outwound spool  126  shown in  FIG. 1B  provides the printing ribbon  124  properly oriented with the functional layer  128  facing the media  112  as both pass between the print head  108  and the platen roller  116 , thereby allowing the print head  108  to transfer ink from the functional layer  128  to the media  112 . 
     Thus, as shown in  FIGS. 1A and 1B , the functional layer of a properly installed printing ribbon faces the media  112 , thereby allowing the print head  108  to transfer ink from the functional layer to the media when printing. The inwound spool  118  and the outwound spool  126  are installed with opposite orientations relative to one another, such that they rotate in opposite directions relative to one another when unwinding. With the configuration of the exemplary printing device  100  shown in  FIGS. 1A and 1B , a properly oriented inwound spool  118  rotates counter-clockwise, unwinding from the top, and a properly oriented outwound spool  126  rotates clockwise, unwinding from the bottom. Conversely, with an improperly oriented printing ribbon the functional layer faces away from the media, which would typically prevent the print head from transferring ink from the functional layer to the media. 
     An improperly oriented printing ribbon can be detected by providing a printer equipped with a ribbon sensor in accordance with the present disclosure. As discussed in more detail below, a ribbon sensor can ascertain an orientation of a printing ribbon when the printing ribbon has a functional layer and a substrate that have at least one property that a ribbon sensor can be configured to detect which differs as between the functional layer and the substrate in at least one respect. A response can be triggered when the ribbon sensor detects an improperly oriented printing ribbon and/or an indication can be provided to confirm the proper orientation of a printing ribbon. Accordingly, exemplary printers are provided which have a ribbon sensor configured and positioned to ascertain an orientation of the printing ribbon. For example, as shown in  FIGS. 2A-2D , an exemplary printing device  100  has a ribbon sensor  200  configured and positioned to ascertain an orientation of a printing ribbon. Any suitable configuration and position can be provided. In some embodiments, the ribbon sensor  200  can be positioned at any suitable location along the printing ribbon path  104 . 
       FIG. 2A  shows an exemplary printing device  100  with a properly oriented inwound printing ribbon  202 , and  FIG. 2B  shows the exemplary printing device  100  with an improperly oriented inwound printing ribbon  204 . Conversely,  FIG. 2C  shows the exemplary printing device  100  with a properly oriented outwound printing ribbon  210 , and  FIG. 2D  shows the exemplary printing device  100  with an improperly oriented inwound printing ribbon  216 . As shown in  FIGS. 2A-2D , the ribbon sensor  200  is located on the substrate-side of a properly oriented printing ribbon. Thus, with a properly oriented printing ribbon  202 / 210  in the configuration shown in  FIGS. 2A and 2C , the substrate  206 / 214  faces the ribbon sensor  200 . Conversely, with an improperly oriented printing ribbon  204 / 216  in the configuration shown in  FIGS. 2B and 2D , the functional layer  208 / 220  faces the ribbon sensor  200 . Other configurations also can be provided, several of which are discussed below. 
     As shown in  FIG. 2A  an exemplary printing device  100  has a properly oriented inwound printing ribbon  202 . When properly oriented, an inwound spool  118  rotates counter-clockwise, unwinding from the top. As the inwound printing ribbon  202  proceeds along the ribbon path  114 , the functional layer  208  faces the media  112  at the platen roller  116 , and the substrate  206  faces the ribbon sensor  200  as configured in  FIG. 2A . Thus, a properly oriented inwound printing ribbon  202  can be ascertained when the ribbon sensor  200  as configured in  FIG. 2A  detects the substrate  206  facing the ribbon sensor. By contrast, as shown in  FIG. 2B  the exemplary printing device  100  has an improperly oriented inwound printing ribbon  204 . When improperly oriented, the inwound spool  118  rotates in a clockwise direction, unwinding from the bottom. As the improperly oriented inwound printing ribbon proceeds along the ribbon path  114 , the substrate  206  faces the media  112  at the platen roller  116 , and the functional layer  208  faces the ribbon sensor  200  as configured in  FIG. 2B  and opposite the media  112 . Thus, an improperly oriented inwound printing ribbon  204  can be ascertained when the ribbon sensor  200  as configured in  FIG. 2B  detects the functional layer  208  facing the ribbon sensor. 
     Conversely, as shown in  FIG. 2C , a properly oriented outwound printing ribbon  210  rotates in the opposite direction as the properly oriented inwound printing ribbon  202  shown in  FIG. 2A . Here,  FIG. 2C  again shows the exemplary printing device  100 , but this time with an outwound printing ribbon  210  properly oriented. The outwound spool  126  unwinds from the top, rotating counter-clockwise when properly oriented as shown in  FIG. 2C . As the outwound printing ribbon  210  proceeds along the ribbon path  114 , similar to the properly oriented inwound printing ribbon, the functional layer  212  of the outwound printing ribbon faces the media  112  at the platen roller  116 , and the substrate  214  faces the ribbon sensor  200  as configured in  FIG. 2C . Thus, a properly oriented outwound printing ribbon  210  can be ascertained when the ribbon sensor  200  as configured in  FIG. 2C  detects the substrate  214  facing the ribbon sensor. By contrast,  FIG. 2D  shows the exemplary printing device  100  with an improperly oriented outwound printing ribbon  216 . The outwound spool  126  unwinds from the bottom, rotating in a clockwise direction. As the outwound printing ribbon proceeds along the ribbon path  114 , the substrate  214  faces the media  112  at the platen roller  116 , and the functional layer  212  faces the ribbon sensor  200  as configured in  FIG. 2D . Thus, an improperly oriented outwound printing ribbon  216  can be ascertained when the ribbon sensor  200  as configured in  FIG. 2D  detects the functional layer  212  facing the ribbon sensor. 
     In some embodiments, an exemplary printing device  100  can be configured to identify a printing ribbon from among a plurality of printing ribbons by providing a ribbon sensor in accordance with the present disclosure. As discussed in more detail below, a ribbon sensor can be configured to identify a printing ribbon from among a plurality of printing ribbons when the printing ribbons among the plurality have at least one property that a ribbon sensor can be configured to detect which differs as among the plurality of printing ribbons. A response can be triggered when the ribbon sensor detects the wrong printing ribbon being installed and/or an indication can be provided to confirm the proper printing ribbon is installed. 
     In addition to the ribbon sensor location shown in  FIGS. 2A-2D , a ribbon sensor can be located at any suitable position along a ribbon path  104 . Thus, other configurations also can be provided, several of which are discussed below. In an exemplary embodiment, a ribbon sensor can be located on the substrate-side, and configured such that the ribbon sensor can detect the substrate of a properly oriented printing ribbon. Alternatively, a ribbon sensor can be located on the functional layer-side of a properly oriented printing ribbon, such that the ribbon sensor can detect the functional layer of a properly oriented printing ribbon. As examples,  FIGS. 3A and 3B  show several exemplary ribbon sensor locations and configurations.  FIG. 3A  shows an exemplary printing device  100 , with a properly oriented inwound spool  118 , and  FIG. 3B  shows the exemplary printing device  100  with a properly oriented outwound spool  126 . Additional ribbon sensor locations will be apparent to those skilled in the art, all of which are within the spirit and scope of the present disclosure. 
     As shown in  FIGS. 3A and 3B , in some embodiments a ribbon sensor can be situated at a location on the substrate-side along a portion of the ribbon path leading to the print head  108 , for example at a location between a leading tension roller  300  and a trailing tension roller  302 . A ribbon sensor may have improved accuracy when located between the tension rollers because tension provided by the tension rollers can help maintain a uniform distance between the printing ribbon and the ribbon sensor. Conversely, areas where a printing ribbon would be expected to have low tension may be less suitable for locating a ribbon sensor because low tension can cause a varying distance between the printing ribbon and the ribbon sensor, leading to decreased accuracy in the values obtained from the ribbon sensor. The ribbon sensor  200  shown in  FIGS. 2A-2D  (also shown in  FIGS. 3A and 3B ) provides one example of a ribbon sensor located between tension rollers. Any location between the tension rollers  300 / 302  may be suitable in various embodiments. The ribbon sensor may be situated at a location  304  immediately preceding the print head. Alternatively, the ribbon sensor can be situated at a location following the print head  108  but preceding the trailing tension roller  302  (not shown). In some embodiments, a location following a print head may be less suitable because part of the functional layer of a printing ribbon is removed when printing; however, in some situations this may not be of concern, for example, when sensing a property of the printing ribbon before any of the printing ribbon is used, or when sensing a property of the printing ribbon that would not be affected by some of the printing ribbon having been used. In some embodiments, the ribbon sensor and the print head can be provided as an integrated component thereby situating the ribbon sensor at a location  304  immediately preceding the print head. One example of this configuration is shown with the ribbon sensor  200  as located in the exemplary embodiments of  FIGS. 2A and 2C . As another example, a ribbon sensor can be provided together with a print head as an integrated component. As shown in  FIG. 4 , an integrated component  400  includes a print head  108  and a ribbon sensor  402 . Such an integrated component can be used, for example, to retrofit prior printing devices with a ribbon sensor. Additionally, an integrated component such as shown in  FIG. 4  allows for ideal positioning of a ribbon sensor in a small printing devices, for example in which there might not be other space available for a ribbon sensor. 
     Further referring to  FIGS. 3A and 3B , a ribbon sensor can be situated at a location  306  on the functional layer-side of the printing ribbon, between the leading tension roller  300  and a trailing tension roller  302 . In some embodiments, space may be limited on the functional-layer side, particularly as along the media path  114  approaching the impingement of the printing ribbon with the media between the print head  108  and the platen roller  116 . In another exemplary embodiment, a ribbon sensor can be situated between the ribbon supply spool  106 / 130  and the leading tension roller  300 , either at a location  308 / 310  along the substrate-side or at a location  312 / 314  along the functional layer-side. A comparison of these locations as between  FIGS. 3A and 3B  illustrates that in some embodiments, there may exist a differing distance from the printing ribbon and the ribbon sensor as between an inwound spool  118  and an outwound spool  126 , because of the differing tangential angles of the printing ribbon leading from the ribbon supply spool  106 / 130 . This differing distance can be minimized at a location approaching the leading tension roller  300  in contrast with a location approaching the ribbon supply spool  106 / 130 . In another exemplary embodiment, a ribbon sensor can be situated between the trailing tension roller  302  and the ribbon take-up spool  110 , either at a location  316  along the substrate-side or at a location  318  along the functional layer-side. In another exemplary embodiment, a ribbon sensor can be situated at a location  320  along the surface of the ribbon supply spool  106 / 130  or at a location  322  along the surface of the ribbon take-up spool  110 . Typically, a ribbon sensor will be located at about 1 mm to 10 mm away from the printing ribbon path. In some embodiments, the distance between a ribbon sensor and a printing ribbon can be 20 mm or closer, 15 mm or closer, 10 mm or closer, 5 m or closer, or 1 mm or closer. 
     Ribbon Sensors and Properties of Printing Ribbons 
     In general, a functional layer of a printing ribbon will have one or more properties which differ from that of the substrate of the printing ribbon. Given this, a ribbon sensor can be configured to sense one or more properties of a printing ribbon, and the values obtained from the ribbon sensor can be used to ascertain whether the functional layer or the substrate of the printing ribbon faces the ribbon sensor. Additionally, when a plurality of printing ribbons has one or more properties that differ as among the plurality, a ribbon sensor can be configured to sense one or more properties of a printing ribbon, and the values obtained from the ribbon sensor can be used to identify a printing ribbon from among the plurality. 
     In an exemplary embodiment, a thermal transfer printing ribbon may be provided. The functional layer of a thermal transfer printing ribbon typically includes a wax, a sensible material (e.g., a coloring agent, dye, pigment, or magnetic particles), and a resin binder. By contrast, the substrate of a thermal transfer printing ribbon is typically a thin film including a synthetic resin, such as polyethylene terephthalate (PET) polyester, and a protective silicone coating deposited on the outward surface of the substrate to reduce friction such as when passing the print head. Example waxes which can be used in a functional layer include paraffin wax, carnauba wax, and hydrocarbon wax. Example resins which can be used in a functional layer include thermoplastic resins and reactive resins such as epoxy resins. A sensible material can include a coloring agent, such as a dye or pigment, or magnetic particles. Example sensible materials include carbon black and various organic and inorganic pigments and dyes. Some functional layers include reactive dyes such as a leuco dye. Some functional layers include materials that allow encoding a printing media with a signal inducible ink, such as magnetic pigments or particles, charged pigments or particles, or emissive pigments or particles. Other printing ribbons for use in other printing modalities also typically include differing materials as between the functional layer and the substrate. A ribbon sensor can be configured to differentiate between a functional layer of a printing ribbon and a substrate of a printing ribbon based on one or more properties that differ as between the materials used in the functional layer and the substrate. Additionally or alternatively, a ribbon sensor can be configured to differentiate between different printing ribbons from among a plurality based on one or more properties that differ as between the materials used and their relative proportions as among the plurality. 
     In an exemplary embodiment, a ribbon sensor can be configured to sense an optical property of a printing ribbon. The optical property can be selected based on a difference as between the functional layer and the substrate of the printing ribbon. For example, a ribbon sensor can include a reflectance sensor configured to sense the reflectance of a printing ribbon. Additionally or alternatively, a ribbon sensor can be configured to sense any other optical property, including hue (or components thereof, such as L* a* b* values), lightness, brightness, luminance, emission (such as fluorescence), radiance, transmittance, attenuation, diffraction, refraction, scattering, absorbance, etc. In various other embodiments, a ribbon sensor can be configured to sense any other property of a printing ribbon which may differ as between the functional layer and the substrate of the printing ribbon, or as among a plurality of different printing ribbons, such as an electric property (e.g., electric charge, etc.) or a magnetic property (e.g., magnetic moment, diamagnetism, etc.). 
     Sensors for measuring various optical or other properties are well known to those skilled in the art and therefore will not be discussed in detail. As a general example, a reflectance sensor typically includes an LED light source such as an infrared LED paired with a photodiode or a phototransistor. A ribbon sensor that includes a reflectance sensor can be configured to obtain a signal corresponding to reflection of light from the printing ribbon and incident upon the phototransistor. The signal can be used to ascertain a reflectance value for the surface of the ribbon facing the reflectance sensor, and because typically a substrate and a functional layer of a printing ribbon will exhibit markedly different reflectance values, the values obtained from such as reflectance sensor can be used to ascertain whether the substrate or the functional layer of a printing ribbon faces the ribbon sensor. Similarly, a plurality of printing ribbons can be differentiated from one another using a reflectance sensor to ascertain a reflectance value of a printing ribbon form among the plurality. 
     Given the materials typically used in a thermal transfer printing ribbon such as those discussed above, the functional layer of a thermal transfer printing ribbon will typically exhibit a substantially diffuse reflectance and the substrate of a thermal transfer printing ribbon will typically exhibit a substantially specular reflectance. In other words, typically a functional layer of a thermal transfer printing ribbon will have a matte appearance and typically a substrate of a thermal transfer printing ribbon will have a gloss appearance. Similarly, printing ribbons for other printing modalities also typically have a functional layer that exhibits a substantially diffuse reflectance and a substrate that exhibits a substantially specular reflectance. 
     In an exemplary embodiment, a reflectance value above a threshold can be characterized as being substantially specular and a reflectance value below the threshold as being substantially diffuse. Similarly, in another exemplary embodiment a substantially specular range can be appropriately defined with reflectance values within the range being substantially specular. Likewise, a substantially diffuse range can be appropriately defined with reflectance values within the range being substantially diffuse. As examples, in some embodiments, a functional layer of a printing ribbon can exhibit a substantially diffuse reflectance of at least less than 50% and a substrate of a printing ribbon exhibit a substantially specular reflectance of at least greater than 50%. Accordingly, a threshold can be defined at 50%, with reflectance values above the threshold being substantially specular and/or reflectance values below the threshold being substantially diffuse. In other embodiments, as examples, a functional layer of a printing ribbon can exhibit a substantially diffuse reflectance of less than 45%, less than 35%, less than 25%, less than 15%, less than 10%, less than 5%, or less than 1%; and a functional layer of a printing ribbon can exhibit a substantially diffuse reflectance of at least 55%, at least 65%, at least 75%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, or at least 99%. Accordingly, as examples, a threshold can be defined at 45%, 35%, 25%, 15%, 10%, 5%, or 1%, with reflectance values below the threshold being substantially diffuse; and/or a threshold can be defined at 55%, 65%, 75%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 99%, with reflectance values above the threshold being substantially specular. 
     In another exemplary embodiment, as examples, a functional layer of a printing ribbon can exhibit a substantially diffuse reflectance in a range between 55% and 45%, between 45% and 35%, between 35% and 25%, between 25% and 15%, between 15% and 5%, between 10% and 1%, or between 5% and 1%; and/or a functional layer of a printing ribbon can exhibit a substantially diffuse reflectance in a range between 45% and 55%, between 55% and 65%, between 65% and 75%, between 75% and 85%, between 85% and 95%, between 90% and 99%, or between 95% and 99%. Accordingly, as examples, a range can be defined between 55% and 45%, between 45% and 35%, between 35% and 25%, between 25% and 15%, between 15% and 5%, between 10% and 1%, or between 5% and 1%, with reflectance values within the range being substantially diffuse; and/or a range can be defined between 45% and 55%, between 55% and 65%, between 65% and 75%, between 75% and 85%, between 85% and 95%, between 90% and 99%, or between 95% and 99%, with reflectance values within the range being substantially specular. Similar thresholds or ranges can be provided for any one or more other properties of a printing ribbon, including other optical properties, electric properties, or magnetic properties. 
     In another exemplary embodiment, as examples, a reflectance as expected from a substrate of a printing ribbon may differ from a reflectance as expected from a functional layer of a printing ribbon by 1% or more, by 5% or more, by 10% or more, by 20% or more, by 30% or more, by 40%, or more, by 50% or more, by 60% or more, by 70% or more, by 80% or more, or by 90% or more. Some printing ribbons may exhibit different reflectance characteristics, however, and those skilled in the art will appreciate that appropriately defined values, thresholds, or ranges can be selected depending on the specific embodiment which those skilled in the art might select from the spirit and scope of the present disclosure. 
     As further examples,  FIGS. 5A through 5F  show exemplary optical values corresponding to functional layers and substrates of exemplary printing ribbons. For example, the optical values shown in  FIGS. 5A through 5F  can be reflectance values; however, these examples are also intended to be illustrative of examples applicable to other properties. Accordingly, in an exemplary embodiment,  FIGS. 5A and 5B  respectively show exemplary optical values for a functional layer and a substrate of an exemplary printing ribbon.  FIG. 5A  shows an optical value  500  for a functional layer of an exemplary printing ribbon. The optical value  500  is below a threshold  502 . In an exemplary embodiment, the optical value  500  is a reflectance value, and as being below the threshold  502  can be characterized as a reflectance value corresponding to a substantially diffuse reflectance.  FIG. 5B  shows an optical value  504  for a substrate of an exemplary printing ribbon. The optical value  504  is above a threshold  506 . In an exemplary embodiment, the optical value  504  is a reflectance value, and as being above the threshold  506  can be characterized as a reflectance value corresponding to a substantially specular reflectance. 
       FIGS. 5C and 5D  respectively show exemplary optical values, which for example can be reflectance values, for a functional layer and a substrate of another exemplary printing ribbon. As shown in  FIG. 5C , an optical value  508  is below a threshold  510 . In an exemplary embodiment, the optical value  508  is a reflectance value, and the reflectance value can be characterized as corresponding to a substantially diffuse reflectance. By comparison, the optical value  508  might exceed the threshold  502  shown in  FIG. 5A ; however, the exemplary embodiment of  FIG. 5C  provides a different threshold  510 , which comparison illustrates that those skilled in the art can select various thresholds as appropriate for the printing ribbon or plurality of printing ribbons of interest.  FIG. 5D  shows an optical value  512  for the substrate of the printing ribbon corresponding to the functional layer shown in  FIG. 5C . As illustrated by the optical value  512 , a value can vary, for example, as between a high value  514  and a low value  516 . In some embodiments, a varying optical value may reflect a difference in properties as the printing ribbon moves past the ribbon sensor. For example, some substrates may contain information such as indicator marks, text, graphs, or the like, which may exhibit a different optical value than that of the native substrate material. 
     In some embodiments, a varying optical value may be indicative of a substrate, particularly where a functional layer would not be expected to exhibit such a varying optical value. However, in some embodiments a functional layer may also exhibit a varying optical value. For example, a dye sublimation printing ribbon may alternate between colors along the length of the ribbon. As another example, some printing ribbons may have an alternating series of transfer segments of a coloring agent or ink separated by gaps, which can yield a varying optical value as between the gaps and the transfer segments. As shown in  FIG. 5D , the optical value  512  is at times above a threshold  518  and at times below the threshold  518 . In some embodiments, an optical value can be characterized as being below a threshold when the optical value is sometimes below the threshold and/or an optical value can be characterized as being above a threshold when the optical value is sometimes above the threshold. For example, when the optical value  512  is a reflectance value, in some embodiments the reflectance value can be characterized as corresponding to a substantially specular reflectance based on the high value  514  being above the threshold  518 . This may occur, for example, when surface markings on a substrate have a more diffuse reflectance than the reflectance of the native substrate. 
       FIGS. 5E and 5F  respectively show exemplary optical values for a functional layer and a substrate of yet another exemplary printing ribbon.  FIG. 5E  shows an optical value  520  such as a reflectance value for a functional layer of an exemplary printing ribbon. The optical value  520  is within a range  522 . In an exemplary embodiment, the optical value  520  is a reflectance value, and as being within the range  522  can be characterized as a reflectance value corresponding to a substantially diffuse reflectance. In some embodiments, a printer or printing system can be configured to ascertain that a given surface of a printing ribbon faces a ribbon sensor only when the optical values fall within a range. For example, a printer or printing system may be configured to ascertain that the optical value  520  corresponds to the functional layer of a printing ribbon only when the optical value falls within the range  522 . This may be appropriate where a reflectance value or other optical value corresponding to the functional layer of a printing ribbon or plurality of printing ribbons happens to be known within a certain range. In some embodiments, even a reflectance value indicating a more diffuse reflectance value outside the range  522  might be characterized as corresponding to the substrate of the printing ribbon rather than to the functional layer. Here, a more diffuse reflectance value may correspond to surface markings on a substrate or some other distinguishing feature.  FIG. 5F  shows an optical value  524  such as a reflectance value for a substrate of an exemplary printing ribbon. The optical value  524  is outside a range  526 . In some embodiments, the range  526  may be the same as the range  522  shown in  FIG. 5E . In an exemplary embodiment, the optical value  524  is a reflectance value, and as being outside the range  526  can be characterized as a reflectance value corresponding to a substantially specular reflectance. 
     In some embodiments, one or more optical properties or other properties of a printing ribbon can be compared against a combination of defined values, threshold values, and/or ranges. For example, a value obtained from a ribbon sensor can be characterized as corresponding to a substrate of a printing ribbon based on the relation of the value to a threshold, and/or as corresponding to a functional layer of the printing ribbon based on the relation of the value to a range, and vice versa. As another example, a value obtained from a ribbon sensor can be characterized as corresponding to a substrate and/or as corresponding to a functional layer of a printing ribbon, based on a relation of the value to both a threshold and a range. In some embodiments, one or more optical properties or other properties of a printing ribbon can be compared against a defined value, in addition or as an alternative to a threshold value or a range. For example, a defined value can be a known value corresponding to a functional layer of a printing ribbon or a known value corresponding to a substrate of a printing ribbon. 
     In some embodiments, a printer or printing system may utilize a plurality of different printing ribbons, and the printer or printing system can be configured to identify a printing ribbon from among the plurality based on a value obtained from a ribbon sensor. For example, the functional layer and/or the substrate of various printing ribbons may exhibit different values, thereby allowing a printer or printing system to identify a printing ribbon based on the value. Similarly, in some embodiments a printing ribbon can be identified from among a plurality of printing ribbons based on comparison of a value obtained from a ribbon sensor to a threshold value or a range. In some embodiments, a printer or printing system may use a plurality of printing ribbons, each providing a different coloring agent or ink which may be applied to the media during printing. For example, the plurality of printing ribbons may include different colors. Additionally or alternatively, the plurality of printing ribbons may include ribbons with and without certain functional materials, such as reactive dyes, and/or materials that allow encoding a printing media with a signal inducible ink, such as magnetic pigments or particles, charged pigments or particles, or emissive pigments or particles. A ribbon sensor may be configured to distinguish between such different printing ribbons based on a comparison of a value obtained from the ribbon sensor to a defined value, threshold value, or range. 
     Printing Ribbon Installation, Detecting Printing Ribbon Orientation, and Responsive Actions 
     Exemplary methods and features of printing devices and printing systems include methods and features configured for ascertaining an orientation of a printing ribbon, for triggering a response in the event of an improperly oriented printing ribbon, and/or confirming proper orientation of a printing ribbon. Exemplary methods and features of printing devices and printing systems additionally or alternatively include methods and features configured for properly installing a printing ribbon. 
       FIG. 6  shows a flow chart depicting exemplary steps  600  and/or features which can be configured, for example, to ascertain an orientation of a printing ribbon, to provide proper installation of a printing ribbon, to trigger a response in the event of an improperly installed printing ribbon, to confirm proper installation of a printing ribbon, and/or to identify a printing ribbon from among a plurality of printing ribbons. The exemplary steps shown in  FIG. 6A  can be implemented with a ribbon sensor facing the inward surface (i.e., the substrate-side of a properly oriented printing ribbon)  602 , and/or with a ribbon sensor facing the outward surface (i.e., the functional layer-side of a properly oriented printing ribbon)  604 . With a printing ribbon at least partially installed in a printer or printing system, the ribbon sensor detects a value  606  corresponding to a property of the printing ribbon. The property can be any property whereby a functional layer of a printing ribbon can be distinguished from a substrate of the printing ribbon, including an optical property, an electrical property, or a magnetic property as discussed herein. The property can additionally or alternatively be any property whereby a printing ribbon can be identified from among a plurality of printing ribbons. 
     The value of the property is compared against one or more criteria  608  to confirm whether the value corresponds to the one or more criteria. As examples, the criteria can be a defined value, a range, and/or a threshold. For example, a substrate of a printing ribbon or a plurality of printing ribbons of interest may have a property which corresponds to a defined value, a range, or a threshold. A ribbon sensor can be configured to detect the value. The ribbon sensor can detect the value, for example, before starting printing. In some embodiments, a ribbon sensor can be configured to detect the value upon the occurrence of a triggering event. For example, a printing device may have a panel or door used to access and replenish a printing ribbon, and closing the panel or door may trigger a switch thereby prompting the ribbon sensor to detect the value. Additionally or alternatively, the value of the property can be compared against one or more criteria  608  to identify or to confirm the identity of a printing ribbon from among a plurality of printing ribbons. 
     When a ribbon sensor faces the inward surface of a properly oriented printing ribbon  602 , a value can be confirmed when the value corresponds to the applicably selected defined value, threshold, or range, for the substrate of the printing ribbon or plurality of printing ribbons of interest. Conversely, when the ribbon sensor faces the outward surface of a properly oriented printing ribbon  604 , a value can be confirmed when the value corresponds to the applicably selected defined value, threshold, or range, for the functional layer of the printing ribbon or plurality of printing ribbons of interest. In some embodiments, a value detected by the ribbon sensor will not be confirmed when the value does not correspond to the applicably selected defined value, threshold, or range. This may occur, for example, when a ribbon sensor obtains a value known to correspond to an improperly oriented printing ribbon, and/or when a ribbon sensor obtains a value from which it remains undetermined whether the printing ribbon is properly oriented. In some embodiments, a value is confirmed  608  when the printing ribbon is properly oriented  610 , and a value is not confirmed when the printing ribbon is improperly oriented and/or when it remains undetermined whether the printing ribbon is improperly oriented. 
     With the printing ribbon properly oriented  610 , the printing device or printing system proceeds with printing  612 . Conversely, when the value is not confirmed, a conclusion cannot be made that the printing ribbon is properly oriented, and accordingly in some embodiments a response can be triggered  614 . The response can include an alarm, such as a visual or audible alarm, and/or an error message provided to a user such as through a user interface on a printing device or through a network configured to remotely alert a user. Additionally, the response may include issuing a stop print command to prevent further printing, re-routing print jobs to a different printing device or printing system, and/or requesting a standby printer. 
       FIGS. 7A through 7C  show flow charts depicting additional exemplary embodiments of steps and/or features configured to ascertain an orientation of a printing ribbon, to provide proper installation of a printing ribbon, to trigger a response in the event of an improperly installed printing ribbon and/or to confirm proper installation of a printing ribbon. In an exemplary embodiment, the steps shown in  FIGS. 7A-7C  utilize a ribbon sensor that includes a reflectance sensor configured to sense a reflectance of a printing ribbon and return a reflectance value. In other exemplary embodiments, the steps shown in  FIGS. 7A-7C  can be implemented with a ribbon sensor configured to sense any other property that can be used to distinguish a functional layer of a printing ribbon from a substrate. 
     With reference to  FIG. 7A , exemplary steps or features  700  can be configured to provide a printer or printing system with a reflectance sensor positioned along a surface of a printing ribbon path  706 , and to detect a reflectance value from a printing ribbon  708 . Exemplary steps or features can be configured to ascertain whether the reflectance value corresponds to a defined reflectance value, range, or threshold for the proper surface of a printing ribbon when the printing ribbon is properly oriented  710 , and in turn, to ascertain that the proper surface faces the reflectance sensor  712  when the reflectance value corresponds to the defined reflectance value, range, or threshold and/or to ascertain that the improper surface faces the reflectance sensor  714  when the reflectance value does not corresponds to the defined reflectance value, range, or threshold for the proper surface. Upon having ascertained that the proper surface of the printing ribbon faces the reflectance sensor  712 , exemplary steps and/or features can be configured to ascertain that the printing ribbon is properly oriented  716 , which may include providing an indication that the printing ribbon is properly oriented  718 . A printing device or printing system can be configured to proceed with printing  720  upon having ascertained that the proper surface of the printing ribbon faces the reflectance sensor. Conversely, upon having ascertained that the printing ribbon is not properly oriented  722 , exemplary steps and/or features can be configured to trigger a response which may include providing an indication that the printing ribbon is not properly oriented  724 . The response or indication may include an alarm, such as a visual or audible alarm, and/or an error message provided to a user such as on a user interface or through a network configured to remotely alert a user. Additionally, the response may include issuing a stop print command to prevent further printing, re-routing print jobs to a different printing device or printing system, and/or requesting a standby printer. 
     In another exemplary embodiment shown in  FIG. 7B , steps or features  702  can be configured to provide a printer or printing system with a reflectance sensor positioned along an inward surface of a printing ribbon path  726  and to detect a reflectance value from a printing ribbon  728 . Exemplary steps or features can be configured to ascertain whether the reflectance value corresponds to a substantially specular reflectance  730 , and in turn, to ascertain that a first surface of a printing ribbon comprising a substantially specular substrate faces the reflectance sensor  732  when the reflectance value corresponds to a substantially specular reflectance and/or to ascertain that a second surface comprising a substantially diffuse functional layer faces the reflectance sensor  734  when the reflectance value does not corresponds to a substantially specular reflectance. The reflectance value can be compared to a defined reflectance value, range, or threshold for a substrate of a printing ribbon or for respective substrates of a plurality of printing ribbons of interest. Upon having ascertained that the substrate of the printing ribbon faces the reflectance sensor  732 , exemplary steps and/or features can be configured to ascertain that the printing ribbon is properly oriented  736 , which may include an indication that the printing ribbon is properly oriented  738 . A printing device or printing system can be configured to proceed with printing  740  upon having ascertained that the printing ribbon is properly oriented such that the substrate of the printing ribbon faces the reflectance sensor. Conversely, upon having ascertained that the printing ribbon is not properly oriented  742 , exemplary steps and/or features can be configured to trigger a response which may include providing an indication that the printing ribbon is not properly oriented  744 . The response or indication may include an alarm, such as a visual or audible alarm, and/or an error message provided to a user such as on a user interface or through a network configured to remotely alert a user. Additionally, the response may include issuing a stop print command to prevent further printing, re-routing print jobs to a different printing device or printing system, and/or requesting a standby printer. 
     In yet another exemplary embodiment shown in  FIG. 7C , steps or features  704  can be configured to provide a printer or printing system with a reflectance sensor positioned along an outward surface of a printing ribbon path  746  and to detect a reflectance value from a printing ribbon  748 . Exemplary steps or features can be configured to ascertain whether the reflectance value corresponds to a substantially diffuse reflectance  750 , and in turn, to ascertain that a second surface of a printing ribbon comprising a substantially diffuse functional layer faces the reflectance sensor  752  when the reflectance value corresponds to a substantially diffuse reflectance and/or to ascertain that a first surface comprising a substantially specular substrate faces the reflectance sensor  754  when the reflectance value does not corresponds to a substantially diffuse reflectance. The reflectance value can be compared to a defined reflectance value, range, or threshold for a functional layer of a printing ribbon or for respective functional layers of a selection of printing ribbons of interest. Upon having ascertained that the functional layer of the printing ribbon faces the reflectance sensor  752 , exemplary steps and/or features can be configured to ascertain that the printing ribbon is properly oriented  756 , which may include providing an indication that the printing ribbon is properly oriented  758 . A printing device or printing system can be configured to proceed with printing  760  upon having ascertained that the printing ribbon is properly oriented such that the functional layer of the printing ribbon faces the reflectance sensor. Conversely, upon having ascertained that the printing ribbon is not properly oriented  762 , exemplary steps and/or features can be configured to trigger a response which may include providing an indication that the printing ribbon is not properly oriented  764 . The response or indication may include an alarm, such as a visual or audible alarm, and/or an error message provided to a user such as on a user interface or through a network configured to remotely alert a user. Additionally, the response may include issuing a stop print command to prevent further printing, re-routing print jobs to a different printing device or printing system, and/or requesting a standby printer. 
       FIG. 8  shows flow charts depicting an exemplary embodiment of steps and/or features configured to identify a printing ribbon from among a plurality of printing ribbons, and to ascertain whether the correct printing ribbon has been installed in the printer. In an exemplary embodiment, the steps shown in  FIG. 8  utilize a ribbon sensor that includes a reflectance sensor configured to sense the reflectance of a printing ribbon and return a reflectance value. In other exemplary embodiments, the steps shown in  FIG. 8  can be implemented with a ribbon sensor configured to sense any other property that can be used to identify a printing ribbon from among a plurality of printing ribbons. Exemplary steps or features  800  can be configured to provide a printer or printing system with a reflectance sensor positioned along a surface of a printing ribbon path  802 , and to detect a reflectance value from a printing ribbon  804 , and to compare the reflectance value to a defined reflectance value, range, or threshold for each of a plurality of printing ribbons  806  to identify the printing ribbon from among the plurality. Following the comparison, exemplary steps or features can be configured to ascertain whether the printing ribbon has been identified  808 , and/or to ascertain whether the correct printing ribbon has been installed in the printer or printing system  810 . A response may be triggered  812  upon having identified the printing ribbon and/or upon having ascertained that the correct printing ribbon is installed. The response can include providing an indication identifying the printing ribbon and/or an indication that the correct printing ribbon is installed oriented  814 . Additionally or alternatively, the response may include executing instructions operable to cause the printer or printing system to proceed with printing according to one or more parameters corresponding to the identified and installed printing ribbon  816 . The one or more parameters may include print commands, or settings for a print head or other configurable settings of a printer or printing system. For example, the printer or printing system may be configured with different settings depending on the printing ribbon installed. A different response may be triggered upon having ascertained that the incorrect printing ribbon is installed  818 , which may include providing an indication that the incorrect printing ribbon is installed  820 . The response or indication may include an alarm, such as a visual or audible alarm, and/or an error message provided to a user such as on a user interface or through a network configured to remotely alert a user. Additionally, the response may include issuing a stop print command to prevent further printing, re-routing print jobs to a different printing device or printing system, and/or requesting a standby printer. 
       FIG. 9  schematically depicts an exemplary network environment  800  within which the devices, systems, and methods disclosed herein can be implemented. In some embodiments, a network environment can include a plurality of workflow environments  802 ,  804 ,  806 , each of which including one or more printers or other printing devices  808 ,  810 . A server  820  and a memory storage  822  can be provided for managing the network environment  800 , which may include managing the devices, systems, and methods disclosed herein at an enterprise level, the workflow environment level, and/or at the device level. 
     To supplement the present disclosure, this application incorporates entirely by reference the following commonly assigned patents, patent application publications, and patent applications:
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     Other Embodiments and Aspects 
     The foregoing detailed description and accompanying figures set forth typical embodiments of the devices, systems, and methods presently disclosed. The present disclosure is not limited to such exemplary embodiments. It will be apparent that numerous other devices, systems, and methods may be provided in accordance with the present disclosure. The present disclosure may utilize any variety of aspects, features, or steps, or combinations thereof which may be within the contemplation of those skilled in the art. 
     Various embodiments have been set forth via the use of block diagrams, flowcharts, and/or examples. Insofar as such block diagrams, flowcharts, and/or examples contain one or more functions and/or operations, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that each function and/or operation within such block diagrams, flowcharts, or examples can be implemented, individually and/or collectively, by a wide range of hardware, software, firmware, or virtually any combination thereof. In one embodiment, several portions of the subject matter described herein may be implemented via Application Specific Integrated Circuits (ASICs), Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs), digital signal processors (DSPs), or other integrated formats. However, those skilled in the art will recognize that some aspects and/or features of the embodiments disclosed herein, in whole or in part, can be equivalently implemented in integrated circuits, as one or more computer programs running on one or more computers (e.g., as one or more programs running on one or more computer systems), as one or more programs running on one or more processors (e.g., as one or more programs running on one or more microprocessors), as firmware, or as virtually any combination thereof, and that designing the circuitry and/or writing the code for the software and or firmware would be well within the skill of one of ordinary skill in the art in light of the present disclosure. 
     In addition, those skilled in the art will appreciate that some mechanisms of the subject matter described herein are capable of being distributed as a program product in a variety of forms, and that an illustrative embodiment of the subject matter described herein applies equally regardless of the signal bearing media used to carry out the distribution. Examples of a signal bearing media include, but are not limited to, the following: recordable type media such as volatile and non-volatile memory devices, floppy and other removable disks, hard disk drives, SSD drives, flash drives, optical discs (e.g., CD ROMs, DVDs, etc.), and computer memory; and transmission type media such as digital and analog communication links using TDM or IP based communication links (e.g., packet links). 
     In a general sense, those skilled in the art will recognize that the various aspects described herein which can be implemented, individually and/or collectively, by a wide range of hardware, software, firmware, or any combination thereof can be viewed as being composed of various types of “electrical circuitry.” Consequently, as used herein “electrical circuitry” includes, but is not limited to, electrical circuitry having at least one discrete electrical circuit, electrical circuitry having at least one integrated circuit, electrical circuitry having at least one application specific integrated circuit, electrical circuitry forming a general purpose computing device configured by a computer program (e.g., a general purpose computer configured by a computer program which at least partially carries out processes and/or devices described herein, or a microprocessor configured by a computer program which at least partially carries out processes and/or devices described herein), electrical circuitry forming a memory device (e.g., forms of random access memory), and/or electrical circuitry forming a communications device (e.g., a modem, communications switch, or optical-electrical equipment). 
     Those skilled in the art will recognize that it is common within the art to describe devices and/or processes in the fashion set forth herein, and thereafter use engineering practices to integrate such described devices and/or processes into data processing systems. That is, at least a portion of the devices and/or processes described herein can be integrated into a data processing system via a reasonable amount of experimentation. Those having skill in the art will recognize that a typical data processing system generally includes one or more of a system unit housing, a video display device, a memory such as volatile and non-volatile memory, processors such as microprocessors and digital signal processors, computational entities such as operating systems, drivers, graphical user interfaces, and applications programs, one or more interaction devices, such as a touch pad or screen, and/or control systems including feedback loops and control elements (e.g., feedback for sensing temperature; control heaters for adjusting temperature). A typical data processing system may be implemented utilizing any suitable commercially available components, such as those typically found in data computing/communication and/or network computing/communication systems. 
     The foregoing described aspects depict different components contained within, or connected with, different other components. It is to be understood that such depicted architectures are merely exemplary, and that in fact many other architectures can be implemented which achieve the same functionality. In a conceptual sense, any arrangement of components to achieve the same functionality is effectively “associated” such that the desired functionality is achieved. Hence, any two components herein combined to achieve a functionality can be seen as “associated with” each other such that the desired functionality is achieved, irrespective of architectures or intermedial components. Likewise, any two components so associated can also be viewed as being “operably connected”, or “operably coupled”, to each other to achieve the desired functionality. Specific examples of operably couplable include but are not limited to physically mateable and/or physically interacting components and/or wirelessly interactable and/or wirelessly interacting components and/or logically interacting and/or logically interactable components. 
     The use of the term “and/or” includes any and all combinations of one or more of the associated listed items. The figures are schematic representations and so are not necessarily drawn to scale. Unless otherwise noted, specific terms have been used in a generic and descriptive sense and not for purposes of limitation. 
     While various aspects, features, and embodiments have been disclosed herein, other aspects, features, and embodiments will be apparent to those skilled in the art. The various aspects, features, and embodiments disclosed herein are for purposes of illustration and are not intended to be limiting. It is intended that the scope of the present invention be defined by the following claims and their equivalents: