Patent Publication Number: US-2021181699-A1

Title: Monitoring apparatus and system

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS AND PRIORITY 
     This patent application is Continuation-in-Part of and claims priority from U.S. patent application Ser. No. 16/417,265 filed May 20, 2019, which is a Continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/667,903 filed Mar. 25, 2015, which is a Continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/846,531 filed Mar. 18, 2013, which is a Continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/373,506 filed Jan. 2, 2009, which claims priority from PCT Patent Application No. PCT/AU2007/000958 filed Jul. 12, 2007, which claims priority from Australian Patent Application No. AU 2006903740 filed Jul. 12, 2006 and Australian Patent Application No. AU 2007902358 filed May 4, 2007. Each of these patent applications are incorporated by reference herein. 
    
    
     FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention relates to error and incident reporting apparatus and systems and, more particularly, to a system adapted to monitoring and acting upon status signals emanating from widely diverse and geographically separated installations. 
     BACKGROUND 
     The efficient functioning of modern societies relies on innumerable discrete items of infrastructure. In many cases, particularly where such items are located in remote or difficult to reach or monitor locations, a malfunction or adverse incident may remain undetected for considerable lengths of time causing inconvenience, economic loss or even potentially hazardous situations. 
     Regular inspection of many such items of infrastructure in remote areas, for example irrigation sluices, gates, stock watering troughs etc is usually impractical. Similar impracticality or prohibitive expense is associated with the monitoring for example of such items as tool sheds at building sites, tool boxes on trucks, and equipment and plant remaining on construction sites etc. 
     The need for monitoring is of course not restricted to remote areas. Security and status of equipment, buildings and vehicles and the like is important everywhere. However, setting up a monitoring system is frequently a complicated procedure, often involving complex wiring of hardware installations, site visits by professional personnel. 
     It is an object of the present invention to address or at least ameliorate some of the above disadvantages. 
     Note 
     
         
         1. The term “comprising” (and grammatical variations thereof) is used in this specification in the inclusive sense of “having” or “including”, and not in the exclusive sense of “consisting only of”. 
         2. The terms “owner”, “user”, “registered user” are used interchangeably in this specification for any person authorised to predefine the steps to be executed in response to a signal from an individual signal unit (ISU). 
       
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF INVENTION 
     Accordingly, in one broad form of the invention there is provided an individual signal unit; each said individual signal unit including;
         (a) a transceiver module,   (b) a power supply,   (c) a logic circuit,   (d) at least one of a number of event sensors,
 
and wherein a signal from a said individual signal unit to a central control facility causes said central control facility to execute one or more predefined steps; at least some of said predefined steps configured or reconfigurable by an owner of said individual signal unit; at least some of the predefined steps provided by one or more independent parties; at least some predetermined steps configured or reconfigurable by said independent parties.
       

     In a further broad form of the invention there is provided a monitoring system including an individual signal unit; said individual signal unit communicating with a central control facility when an event sensor activates said individual signal unit; said central control facility executing a number of predefined steps on receipt of a communication from said individual signal unit; at least some of said predefined steps configured or reconfigurable by an owner of said individual signal unit; at least some of the predefined steps provided by one or more independent parties; at least some predetermined steps configured or reconfigurable by said independent parties. 
     Preferably a communication between said individual signal unit and said central control facility is not limited by distance. 
     Preferably said individual signal unit may be located at any location relative said central control facility. 
     Preferably said individual signal unit is mobility independent of said central control facility. 
     Preferably said communication between said individual signal unit and said central control facility is by means of any communication network. 
     Preferably said predefined steps include a communication between said central control facility and a said owner or registered user of said individual signal unit. 
     Preferably said communication between said central control facility and said owner or registered user is by means of any communication network. 
     Preferably said predefined steps may include a first layer and a secondary layer of said predefined steps. 
     Preferably said secondary layer of predefined steps may be executed by said central control facility in accordance with a reply to a said communication between said central control facility and a said owner or registered user. 
     Preferably said individual signal unit is programmable. 
     Preferably said individual signal unit includes a graphic display. 
     Preferably said individual signal unit is configurable to accept signal input from any external sensing device. 
     Preferably said individual signal unit is configurable to allow output signals to any said communication network. 
     Preferably said individual signal unit is adapted for integration into products as an original equipment manufacture (OEM) module. 
     Preferably said central control facility includes a database and a server; said central control facility maintaining an Internet web site on said server. 
     Preferably said system provides a means of asset monitoring; said asset monitoring alerting a said owner or registered user to an incident affecting a said asset. 
     Preferably said predefined steps include activation of an output device connected to a said individual signal unit. 
     Preferably data flow between a tool source and said central control facility is bidirectional. 
     Preferably data flow between said central control facility and an individual signal unit is bidirectional. 
     Preferably data flow between said central control facility and a user computer is bidirectional. 
     Preferably said independent party provides a pre-programmed tool and associated pre-programmed ISU. 
     Preferably said independent party provides follow-on services in response to a particular event detected by an ISU. 
     Preferably the follow-on services are provided by a freelance provider. 
     Preferably the freelance provider advertises their availability on a website controlled by said central control facility. 
     Preferably said independent party engages the services of said freelance provider. 
     Preferably control of event monitoring is passed to said central control facility by said owner. 
     Preferably said independent party advertises on said website in association with tool provision. 
     Accordingly, in one broad form of the invention, there is provided an infrastructure monitoring system; said apparatus including a plurality of geographically disparate individual signal units in communication with a central control facility via at least one communication satellite; said individual signal units adapted to change from a first stand-by state to a second powered up state on the occurrence of a change of status of an item of said infrastructure; each device of said individual signal units transmitting a signal to said central control facility during said powered up state; said signal triggering a programmed predefined sequence of responses; each said device returning to said stand-by state after transmission of a said signal. 
     Preferably, each of said individual signal units is provided with a unique signal unit identification code; said unique identification code comprising said signal transmitted to said central control facility. 
     Preferably, each of said individual signal units is provided with a signal transceiver module. 
     Preferably, each of said individual signal units is provided with a rechargeable power supply. 
     Preferably, said rechargeable power supply is recharged by a solar cell array. 
     Preferably, each said individual signal units is provided with at least one external event sensor. 
     Preferably, said at least one external event sensor is adapted to respond to a change in status of a said item of infrastructure. 
     Preferably, a said individual signal unit receives an input signal from said at least one external event sensor at said change of status. 
     Preferably, each said at least one external event sensor is associated with a unique sequence of repeat transmissions of said unique identification code; said unique sequence of repeat transmissions comprising said signal transmitted to said central control facility. 
     Preferably, each of said individual signal units is provided with an external event sensor interface adapted to monitor signals from at least one remote external event sensor. 
     Preferably, each of said individual signal units is provided with tamper monitoring means; said tamper monitoring means associated with one said unique sequence of repeat transmissions of said unique identification code. 
     Preferably, said central control facility includes a transceiver module in communication with said at least one satellite. 
     Preferably, said transceiver module is linked to server and data storage devices; said server and data storage devices adapted to process signals received from any one of said individual signal units. 
     Preferably, said server and data storage devices are adapted to initiate any of a plurality of pre-programmed outputs; said outputs dependent on said unique identification code and said unique sequence of repeat transmissions of said unique identification code comprising a received said signal. 
     Preferably, said server and data storage devices are adapted to initiate coded data for transmission to said individual signal units. 
     Preferably, said coded data transmitted to a said individual signal unit includes instructions for programmed responses by a said individual signal unit to inputs received from said one or more external event sensors. 
     Preferably, a said individual signal unit is provided with at least one output relay; said at least one output relay adapted to control an external device. 
     Preferably, said server and data storage devices are adapted to initiate predetermined communications to at least one nominated recipient; said communications dependent on signals received from a said individual signal unit. 
     Preferably, said at least one nominated recipient is a registered user of said monitoring system. 
     Preferably, said at least one nominated recipient is a service provider to said monitoring system. 
     Preferably, a said registered user of said monitoring system is enabled to register a said individual signal unit with said central control facility over the Internet. 
     Preferably, registration of said individual signal unit includes provision of data relevant to responses to external sensor events by said individual signal unit and by said central control facility. 
     In a further broad form of the invention there is provided a method for monitoring the status of at least one aspect of geographically disparate items of infrastructure; said method including the steps of:
         (a) installing an individual signal unit at each of said items of infrastructure,   (b) providing said individual signal unit with at least one external event sensor and a signal transceiver,   (c) linking said individual signal unit with a central control facility via a satellite link,   (d) providing said central control facility with server and data storage devices; said devices adapted to execute pre-programmed responses to a signal received from a said individual signalling device.       

     Preferably, each said individual signal unit includes;
         (a) a transceiver module,   (b) a rechargeable power supply and power control module,   (c) a logic circuit,   (d) at least one external event sensor.       

     Preferably, said method includes the further steps of:
         (a) providing each said individual signal unit with a unique individual signal unit identification code,   (b) associating a unique sequence of repeat transmission of said identification code for each said external event sensor,   (c) programming said individual signal unit to transmit a signal comprising said unique sequence of repeat transmission identification code of said individual signal unit to said central control facility on the occurrence of a change of said status of a said item of infrastructure,   (d) executing said pre-programmed responses to a signal received from a said individual signalling device.       

     Accordingly, in a first broad form of the invention, there is provided an apparatus and monitoring system for response to incidents sensed by at least one sensor of an individual signal unit; said response comprising in a first instance, transmission to a central control facility by a said individual signal unit, of at least a unique identifying code for that individual signal unit, over a communication network; said response comprising in a second instance, transmission of data from said central control facility to one or more recipients nominated by a registered owner of said individual signal unit; and wherein registration of a said individual signal unit and configuration of sensing and of said response is via a web-based interface. 
     Preferably, said response in said first instance includes digital or analogue data input to said individual signal unit. 
     Preferably, said digital or analogue data is transmitted to said central control facility in real time. 
     Preferably, said digital or analogue data is stored, prior transmission, on a data storage device of said individual signal unit. 
     Preferably, said at least one sensor is incorporated within said individual signal unit. 
     Preferably, said at least one sensor is an external sensor connected to an input port of said individual signal unit. 
     Preferably, said individual signal unit further includes a rechargeable power supply. 
     Preferably, said rechargeable power supply is recharged by a solar cell array. 
     Preferably, said web-based interface includes at least one web page; said web page provided with at least one data entry field. 
     Preferably, each of said individual signal units is provided with a unique individual signal unit identification code; said unique identification code comprising said signal transmitted to said central control facility. 
     Preferably, each said at least one external event sensor is associated with a unique sequence of repeat transmissions of said unique identification code; said unique sequence of repeat transmissions comprising said signal transmitted to said central control facility. 
     Preferably, of each said individual signal units is provided with at least one external event sensor. 
     Preferably, said at least one external event sensor is adapted to respond to a change in stimulus of said sensor. 
     Preferably, said at least one external event sensor is adapted to respond to a predefined stimulus. 
     Preferably, a said individual signal unit receives an input signal from said at least one external event sensor at said change in stimulus. 
     Preferably, said central control facility includes a transceiver module in communication with said communication network. 
     Preferably, said transceiver module is linked to server and data storage devices; said server and data storage devices adapted to process signals received from any one of said individual signal units. 
     Preferably, said server and data storage devices are adapted to initiate at least one pre-programmed output-a; said output or outputs dependent on said unique identification code 
     Preferably, a said individual signal unit is provided with at least one input; said at least one input adapted to communicate with one said sensor. 
     Preferably, a said individual signal unit is provided with at least one output; said at least one output adapted to control an external device. 
     Preferably, said server and data storage devices are adapted to initiate predetermined communications to at least one nominated recipient; said communications dependent on a signal received from a said individual signal unit. 
     Preferably, said at least one nominated recipient is an owner of a said individual signal unit registered with said monitoring system. 
     Preferably, said at least one nominated recipient is a service provider nominated by said owner of a said individual signal unit. 
     In a further broad form of the invention, there is provided an individual signal unit; each said individual signal unit including;
         (a) a transceiver module,   (b) a rechargeable power supply and power control module,   (c) a logic circuit,   (d) at least one external event sensor,   and wherein a signal from a said individual signal unit to a central control facility causes said central control facility to execute a number of predefined steps; said predefined steps configured by an owner of said individual signal unit.       

     In another broad form of the invention, there is provided a monitoring system; said apparatus comprising an individual signal unit and at least one owner selectable sensor connected to said individual signal unit; said individual signal unit and said at least one sensor registered by said user with a central control facility; wherein said individual signal unit is programmed to transmit a unique device identification code to said central control facility when said at least one sensor detects an incident; said central control facility responding to a transmitted said unique device identification code according to protocols established at registration of said unit by said owner. 
     In yet a further broad form of the invention, there is provided a monitoring system enabled by the internet and a communication system; said system including a number of individual signal units; each of said devices connected to at least one owner selectable sensor; each of said individual signal units and said at least one sensor registered with a central control facility by said owner over said internet; said central control facility responding to an incident sensed by a said sensor according to protocols established at registration by a said owner. 
     In yet a further broad form of the invention, there is provided a method of monitoring the status of an item of interest; said method including the steps of:
         (a) purchase by an owner of an individual signal unit and at least one user selectable sensor for connection to said device,   (b) registering said individual signal unit and said at least one sensor with a central control facility,   (c) configuring a response executable by said central control facility on receipt by said facility of a signal transmitted by said individual signal unit.       

     Preferably, said signal comprises a unique identifying code of said individual signal unit. 
     Preferably, said registering of a said individual signal unit includes the steps of:
         (d) accessing a web site maintained by said central control facility,   (e) establishing a user name and password with said central control facility,   (f) entering into said web site a registration code of said individual signal unit,   (g) entering a user selected identifier name for said individual signal unit,   (h) entering details of one or more sensors to be connected to said individual signal unit,   (i) entering details of said response executable by said central control facility.       

     In another broad form of the invention, there is provided a method for monitoring the status of at least one aspect of geographically disparate items of infrastructure; said method including the steps of:
         (a) installing an individual signal unit at each of said items of infrastructure,   (b) providing said individual signal unit with at least one external event sensor and a signal transceiver,   (c) linking said individual signal unit with a central control facility via a communication network,   (d) providing said central control facility with server and data storage devices; said devices adapted to execute pre-programmed responses to a signal received from a said individual signalling device.       

     In still another broad form of the invention, there is provided apparatus of an infrastructure monitoring system; said apparatus including a plurality of geographically disparate individual signalling devices in communication with a central control facility via at least one communication satellite; said individual signalling devices adapted to change from a first stand-by state to a second powered up state on the occurrence of a change of status of an item of said infrastructure; each device of said individual signalling devices transmitting a signal to said central control facility during said powered up state; said signal triggering a programmed predefined sequence of responses; each said device returning to said stand-by state after transmission of a said signal. 
     Preferably, each of said individual signalling devices is provided with a unique signalling device identification code; said unique identification code comprising said signal transmitted to said central control facility. 
     Preferably, each of said individual signalling devices is provided with a signal transceiver module. 
     Preferably, each of said individual signalling devices is provided with a rechargeable power supply. 
     Preferably, said rechargeable power supply is recharged by a solar cell array. 
     Preferably, each said individual signalling devices is provided with at least one external event sensor. 
     Preferably, said at least one external event sensor is adapted to respond to a change in status of a said item of infrastructure. 
     Preferably, a said individual signalling device receives an input signal from said at least one external event sensor at said change of status. 
     Preferably, each said at least one external event sensor is associated with a unique sequence of repeat transmissions of said unique identification code; said unique sequence of repeat transmissions comprising said signal transmitted to said central control facility. 
     Preferably, each of said individual signalling devices is provided with an external event sensor interface adapted to monitor signals from at least one remote external event sensor. 
     Preferably, each of said individual signalling devices is provided with tamper monitoring means; said tamper monitoring means associated with one said unique sequence of repeat transmissions of said unique identification code. 
     Preferably, said central control facility includes a transceiver module in communication with said at least one satellite. 
     Preferably, said transceiver module is linked to server and data storage devices; said server and data storage devices adapted to process signals received from any one of said individual signalling devices. 
     Preferably, said server and data storage devices are adapted to initiate any of a plurality of pre-programmed outputs; said outputs dependent on said unique identification code and said unique sequence of repeat transmissions of said unique identification code comprising a received said signal. 
     Preferably, said server and data storage devices are adapted to initiate coded data for transmission to said individual signalling devices. 
     Preferably, said coded data transmitted to a said individual signalling device includes instructions for programmed responses by a said individual signalling device to inputs received from said one or more external event sensors. 
     Preferably, a said individual signalling device is provided with at least one output relay; said at least one output relay adapted to control an external device. 
     Preferably, said server and data storage devices are adapted to initiate predetermined communications to at least one nominated recipient; said communications dependent on signals received from a said individual signalling device. 
     Preferably, said at least one nominated recipient is a registered user of said monitoring system. 
     Preferably, said at least one nominated recipient is a service provider to said monitoring system. 
     Preferably, a said registered user of said monitoring system is enabled to register a said individual signalling device with said central control facility over the Internet. 
     Preferably, registration of said individual signalling device includes provision of data relevant to responses to external sensor events by said individual signalling device and by said central control facility. 
     In a further broad form of the invention there is provided a method for monitoring the status of at least one aspect of geographically disparate items of infrastructure; said method including the steps of:
         (e) installing an individual signalling device at each of said items of infrastructure,   (f) providing said individual signalling device with at least one external event sensor and a signal transceiver,   (g) linking said individual signalling device with a central control facility via a satellite link,   (h) providing said central control facility with server and data storage devices; said devices adapted to execute pre-programmed responses to a signal received from a said individual signalling device.       

     Preferably, each said individual signalling device includes;
         (e) a transceiver module,   (f) a rechargeable power supply and power control module,   (g) a logic circuit,   (h) at least one external event sensor.       

     Preferably, said method includes the further steps of:
         (a) providing each said individual signalling device with a unique signalling device identification code,   (b) associating a unique sequence of repeat transmission of said identification code for each said external event sensor,   (c) programming said individual signalling device to transmit a signal comprising said unique sequence of repeat transmission identification code of said signalling device to said central control facility on the occurrence of a change of said status of a said item of infrastructure,   (d) executing said pre-programmed responses to a signal received from a said individual signalling device.       

     In still another broad form of the invention, there is provided, an individual signal unit; each said individual signal unit including;
         (a) a transceiver module,   (b) a rechargeable power supply and power control module,   (c) a logic circuit,   (d) at least one of a number of selectable external event sensors,   and wherein a signal from a said individual signal unit to a central control facility causes said central control facility to execute a number of predefined steps; said predefined steps configured by an owner of said individual signal unit.       

     In still another broad form of the invention, there is provided a monitoring system including an individual signal unit; said individual signal unit communicating with a central control facility when an event sensor activates said individual signal unit; said central control facility executing a number of predefined steps on receipt of a communication from said individual signal unit; said predefined steps configured by an owner or registered user of said individual signal unit. 
     Preferably, a communication between said individual signal unit and said central control facility is not limited by distance. 
     Preferably, said individual signal unit may be located at any location relative said central control facility. 
     Preferably, said individual signal unit is mobility independent of said central control facility. 
     Preferably, said communication between said individual signal unit and said central control facility is by means of any communication network. 
     Preferably, said predefined steps include a communication between said central control facility and a said owner or registered user of said individual signal unit. 
     Preferably, said communication between said central control facility and said owner or registered user is by means of any communication network. 
     Preferably, said predefined steps may include a first layer and a secondary layer of said predefined steps. 
     Preferably, selected ones of said secondary layer of predefined steps may be executed by said central control facility in accordance with a reply to a said communication between said central control facility and a said owner or registered user. 
     Preferably, said individual signal unit is programmable. 
     Preferably, said individual signal unit includes a graphic display. 
     Preferably, said individual signal unit is configurable to accept signal input from any external sensing device. 
     Preferably, said individual signal unit is configurable to allow output signals to any said communication network. 
     Preferably, said individual signal unit is adapted for integration into products as an original equipment manufacture (OEM) module. 
     Preferably, said central control facility includes a database and a server; said central control facility maintaining an Internet web site on said server. 
     Preferably, said system provides a means of asset monitoring; said asset monitoring alerting a said owner or registered user to an incident affecting a said asset. 
     Preferably, said predefined steps include activation of an output device connected to a said individual signal unit. 
     In another broad form of the invention, there is provided a method of deriving revenue from a monitoring system; said monitoring system including a remotely located individual signal unit in communication with a central control facility; said method including:
         (a) selling said individual signal units   (b) renting said individual signal units   (c) charging periodic registration fees   (d) charging for network services   (e) charging for development, programming and design   (f) charging license fees for custom or retrofitted applications   (g) collecting industry co-operation commissions   (h) charging license fees for monitoring agents and service providers.       

     Accordingly, in one broad form of the invention, there is provided apparatus of an infrastructure monitoring system; said apparatus including a plurality of geographically disparate individual signal units in communication with a central control facility via at least one communication satellite; said individual signal units adapted to change from a first stand-by state to a second powered up state on the occurrence of a change of status of an item of said infrastructure; each device of said individual signal units transmitting a signal to said central control facility during said powered up state; said signal triggering a programmed predefined sequence of responses; each said device returning to said stand-by state after transmission of a said signal. 
     Preferably, each of said individual signal units is provided with a unique signal unit identification code; said unique identification code comprising said signal transmitted to said central control facility. 
     Preferably, each of said individual signal units is provided with a signal transceiver module. 
     Preferably, each of said individual signal units is provided with a rechargeable power supply. 
     Preferably, said rechargeable power supply is recharged by a solar cell array. 
     Preferably, each said individual signal units is provided with at least one external event sensor. 
     Preferably, said at least one external event sensor is adapted to respond to a change in status of a said item of infrastructure. 
     Preferably, a said individual signal unit receives an input signal from said at least one external event sensor at said change of status. 
     Preferably, each said at least one external event sensor is associated with a unique sequence of repeat transmissions of said unique identification code; said unique sequence of repeat transmissions comprising said signal transmitted to said central control facility. 
     Preferably, each of said individual signal units is provided with an external event sensor interface adapted to monitor signals from at least one remote external event sensor. 
     Preferably, each of said individual signal units is provided with tamper monitoring means; said tamper monitoring means associated with one said unique sequence of repeat transmissions of said unique identification code. 
     Preferably, said central control facility includes a transceiver module in communication with said at least one satellite. 
     Preferably, said transceiver module is linked to server and data storage devices; said server and data storage devices adapted to process signals received from any one of said individual signal units. 
     Preferably, said server and data storage devices are adapted to initiate any of a plurality of pre-programmed outputs; said outputs dependent on said unique identification code and said unique sequence of repeat transmissions of said unique identification code comprising a received said signal. 
     Preferably, said server and data storage devices are adapted to initiate coded data for transmission to said individual signal units. 
     Preferably, said coded data transmitted to a said individual signal unit includes instructions for programmed responses by a said individual signal unit to inputs received from said one or more external event sensors. 
     Preferably, a said individual signal unit is provided with at least one output relay; said at least one output relay adapted to control an external device. 
     Preferably, said server and data storage devices are adapted to initiate predetermined communications to at least one nominated recipient; said communications dependent on signals received from a said individual signal unit. 
     Preferably, said at least one nominated recipient is a registered user of said monitoring system. 
     Preferably, said at least one nominated recipient is a service provider to said monitoring system. 
     Preferably, a said registered user of said monitoring system is enabled to register a said individual signal unit with said central control facility over the Internet. 
     Preferably, registration of said individual signal unit includes provision of data relevant to responses to external sensor events by said individual signal unit and by said central control facility. 
     In a further broad form of the invention there is provided a method for monitoring the status of at least one aspect of geographically disparate items of infrastructure; said method including the steps of:
         (i) installing an individual signal unit at each of said items of infrastructure,   (j) providing said individual signal unit with at least one external event sensor and a signal transceiver,   (k) linking said individual signal unit with a central control facility via a satellite link,   (l) providing said central control facility with server and data storage devices; said devices adapted to execute pre-programmed responses to a signal received from a said individual signalling device.       

     Preferably, each said individual signal unit includes;
         (i) a transceiver module,   (j) a rechargeable power supply and power control module,   (k) a logic circuit,   (l) at least one external event sensor.       

     Preferably, said method includes the further steps of:
         (a) providing each said individual signal unit with a unique individual signal unit identification code,   (b) associating a unique sequence of repeat transmission of said identification code for each said external event sensor,   (c) programming said individual signal unit to transmit a signal comprising said unique sequence of repeat transmission identification code of said individual signal unit to said central control facility on the occurrence of a change of said status of a said item of infrastructure,   (d) executing said pre-programmed responses to a signal received from a said individual signalling device.       

     Accordingly, in a first broad form of the invention, there is provided an apparatus and monitoring system for response to incidents sensed by at least one sensor of an individual signal unit; said response comprising in a first instance, transmission to a central control facility by a said individual signal unit, of at least a unique identifying code for that individual signal unit, over a communication network; said response comprising in a second instance, transmission of data from said central control facility to one or more recipients nominated by a registered owner of said individual signal unit; and wherein registration of a said individual signal unit and configuration of sensing and of said response is via a web-based interface. 
     Preferably, said response in said first instance includes digital or analogue data input to said individual signal unit. 
     Preferably, said digital or analogue data is transmitted to said central control facility in real time. 
     Preferably, said digital or analogue data is stored, prior transmission, on a data storage device of said individual signal unit. 
     Preferably, said at least one sensor is incorporated within said individual signal unit. 
     Preferably, said at least one sensor is an external sensor connected to an input port of said individual signal unit. 
     Preferably, said individual signal unit further includes a rechargeable power supply. 
     Preferably, said rechargeable power supply is recharged by a solar cell array. 
     Preferably, said web-based interface includes at least one web page; said web page provided with at least one data entry field. 
     Preferably, each of said individual signal units is provided with a unique individual signal unit identification code; said unique identification code comprising said signal transmitted to said central control facility. 
     Preferably, each said at least one external event sensor is associated with a unique sequence of repeat transmissions of said unique identification code; said unique sequence of repeat transmissions comprising said signal transmitted to said central control facility. 
     Preferably, of each said individual signal units is provided with at least one external event sensor. 
     Preferably, said at least one external event sensor is adapted to respond to a change in stimulus of said sensor. 
     Preferably, said at least one external event sensor is adapted to respond to a predefined stimulus. 
     Preferably, a said individual signal unit receives an input signal from said at least one external event sensor at said change in stimulus. 
     Preferably, said central control facility includes a transceiver module in communication with said communication network. 
     Preferably, said transceiver module is linked to server and data storage devices; said server and data storage devices adapted to process signals received from any one of said individual signal units. 
     Preferably, said server and data storage devices are adapted to initiate at least one pre-programmed output-a; said output or outputs dependent on said unique identification code. 
     Preferably, a said individual signal unit is provided with at least one input; said at least one input adapted to communicate with one said sensor. 
     Preferably, a said individual signal unit is provided with at least one output; said at least one output adapted to control an external device. 
     Preferably, said server and data storage devices are adapted to initiate predetermined communications to at least one nominated recipient; said communications dependent on a signal received from a said individual signal unit. 
     Preferably, said at least one nominated recipient is an owner of a said individual signal unit registered with said monitoring system. 
     Preferably, said at least one nominated recipient is a service provider nominated by said owner of a said individual signal unit. 
     In a further broad form of the invention, there is provided an individual signal unit; each said individual signal unit including;
         (e) a transceiver module,   (f) a rechargeable power supply and power control module,   (g) a logic circuit,   (h) at least one external event sensor,   and wherein a signal from a said individual signal unit to a central control facility causes said central control facility to execute a number of predefined steps; said predefined steps configured by an owner of said individual signal unit.       

     In another broad form of the invention, there is provided a monitoring system; said apparatus comprising an individual signal unit and at least one owner selectable sensor connected to said individual signal unit; said individual signal unit and said at least one sensor registered by said user with a central control facility; wherein said individual signal unit is programmed to transmit a unique device identification code to said central control facility when said at least one sensor detects an incident; said central control facility responding to a transmitted said unique device identification code according to protocols established at registration of said unit by said owner. 
     In yet a further broad form of the invention, there is provided a monitoring system enabled by the internet and a communication system; said system including a number of individual signal units; each of said devices connected to at least one owner selectable sensor; each of said individual signal units and said at least one sensor registered with a central control facility by said owner over said internet; said central control facility responding to an incident sensed by a said sensor according to protocols established at registration by a said owner. 
     In yet a further broad form of the invention, there is provided a method of monitoring the status of an item of interest; said method including the steps of:
         (i) purchase by an owner of an individual signal unit and at least one user selectable sensor for connection to said device,   (j) registering said individual signal unit and said at least one sensor with a central control facility,   (k) configuring a response executable by said central control facility on receipt by said facility of a signal transmitted by said individual signal unit.   Preferably, said signal comprises a unique identifying code of said individual signal unit.   Preferably, said registering of a said individual signal unit includes the steps of:   (l) accessing a web site maintained by said central control facility,   (m) establishing a user name and password with said central control facility,   (n) entering into said web site a registration code of said individual signal unit,   (o) entering a user selected identifier name for said individual signal unit,   (p) entering details of one or more sensors to be connected to said individual signal unit,   (q) entering details of said response executable by said central control facility.   In another broad form of the invention, there is provided a method for monitoring the status of at least one aspect of geographically disparate items of infrastructure; said method including the steps of:   (r) installing an individual signal unit at each of said items of infrastructure,   (s) providing said individual signal unit with at least one external event sensor and a signal transceiver,   (t) linking said individual signal unit with a central control facility via a communication network,   (u) providing said central control facility with server and data storage devices; said devices adapted to execute pre-programmed responses to a signal received from a said individual signalling device.       

     In a further broad from of the invention there is provided a system for monitoring and control of external sensors and output devices, comprising:
         one or more servers, configured to:   communicate over a Wide Area Network with at least one local signaling device;   register said signaling device to utilize functions provided by one or more third party output devices or external event sensors coupled to, or operating on the same Local Area Network as, said local signaling device, said third party output devices or external event sensors selectable by a registering entity from a plurality of third party output devices or external event sensors,   said registration comprising configuring, at least in part, through user data entry into a web-based interface, a set of predefined steps to be taken by said one or more servers in connection with said third party-provided functions;   receive a signal from said signaling device; and   in response to receiving said signal, execute at least some of said predefined steps, wherein said execution includes communicating instructions to said one or more third party output devices.       

     Preferably said communicating instructions to said one or more third party output devices comprises instructions to perform at least one action. 
     Preferably said communicating instructions to said one or more third party output devices comprises instructions to activate at least one feature of said third party output device. 
     Preferably said communicating instructions to said one or more third party output devices comprises instructions to deactivate at least one feature of said third party output device. 
     Preferably said communicating instructions to said one or more third party output devices comprises instructions to cause audio signals to be emitted from said third party output device. 
     Preferably said communicating instructions to said one or more third party output devices comprises instructions to lock or unlock a device. 
     Preferably said communicating instructions to said one or more third party output devices comprises transmitting instructions through said individual signal unit. 
     Preferably said communicating instructions to said one or more third party output devices comprises transmitting instructions other than through said individual signal unit. 
     In a further broad form of the invention there is provided a system for monitoring and control of external sensors and output devices, comprising:
         one or more servers, configured to:   communicate over a Wide Area Network with at least one local signaling device;   register said signaling device to utilize functions provided by one or more third party output devices or external event sensors coupled to, or operating on the same Local Area Network as, said local signaling device, said third party output devices or external event sensors selectable by a registering entity from a plurality of third party output devices or external event sensors,   said registration comprising configuring, at least in part, through user data entry into a web-based interface, a set of predefined steps to be taken by said one or more servers in connection with said third party-provided functions;   receive a signal from said signaling device; and   in response to receiving said signal, execute at least some of said predefined steps, wherein said execution includes communicating to one or more users, as configured by user data entry into said web based interface, in response to events sensed by any one of said external event sensors.       

     Preferably said communicating to one or more users comprises sending an email to said one or more users. 
     Preferably said communicating to one or more users comprises sending a push notification to a mobile device of said one or more users. 
     Preferably said communicating to one or more users comprises sending a text message to a mobile device of said one or more users. 
     Preferably said communicating to one or more users comprises a communication indicating the time of the event. 
     Preferably said communicating to one or more users comprises a communication indicating the nature of a detected event. 
     Preferably said communicating to one or more users comprises a communication indicating a status of an item or a system. 
     In a further broad form of the invention there is provided a system for monitoring and control of external sensors and output devices, said system comprising:
         one or more servers, configured to:   communicate over a Wide Area Network with at least one individual signal unit;   register said individual signal unit to utilize functions provided by one or more third party output devices or external event sensors coupled to, or operating on the same Local Area Network as, said individual signal unit, said third party output devices or external event sensors selectable by a registering entity from a plurality of third party output devices or external event sensors,   said registering entity configuring, at least in part, through user data entry into a web-based interface, a set of predefined steps to be taken by said one or more servers in connection with said third party-provided functions;   receive a signal from said individual signal unit; and   in response to receiving said signal, execute at least some of said predefined steps, wherein said execution includes communicating instructions to said one or more third party output devices, and   wherein a plurality of other service provider can configure said individual signal units to complement the products and/or services of each such other service provider, thereby allowing centralised global access to consumers via said one or more servers.       

     Preferably said communicating instructions to said one or more third party output devices comprises instructions to perform at least one action. 
     Preferably said communicating instructions to said one or more third party output devices comprises instructions to activate at least one feature of said third party output device. 
     Preferably said communicating instructions to said one or more third party output devices comprises instructions to deactivate at least one feature of said third party output device. 
     Preferably said communicating instructions to said one or more third party output devices comprises instructions to cause audio signals to be emitted from said third party output device. 
     Preferably said communicating instructions to said one or more third party output devices comprises instructions to lock or unlock a device. 
     Preferably said communicating instructions to said one or more third party output devices comprises transmitting instructions through an individual signal unit. 
     Preferably said communicating instructions to said one or more third party output devices comprises transmitting instructions other than through an individual signal unit. 
     In a further broad form of the invention there is provided a system for monitoring and control of external sensors and output devices, comprising:
         one or more servers, configured to:   communicate over a Wide Area Network with at least one individual signal unit;   register said individual signal unit to utilize functions provided by one or more third party output devices or external event sensors coupled to, or operating on the same said at least one Local Area Network as said individual signal unit, said third party output devices or external event sensors selectable by a registering entity from a plurality of third party output devices or external event sensors,   said one or more servers configured to allow registration by being configured, at least in part, through user data entry into a web-based interface, a set of predefined steps to be taken by said one or more servers in connection with said third party output devices or external event sensors;   receive a signal from said individual signal unit; and   in response to receiving said signal, execute at least some of said predefined steps, wherein said execution includes communicating to one or more users, as configured by user data entry into said at least one web based interface, in response to events sensed by any one of said external event sensors; and   wherein the individual signal units are configured to allow at least one other service provider to configure the individual signal units to complement the products and/or services of the at least one other service provider, thereby allowing centralised global access to consumers via said one of more servers.       

     Preferably said communicating to one or more users comprises sending an email to said one or more users. 
     Preferably said communicating to one or more users comprises sending a push notification to a mobile device of said one or more users. 
     Preferably said communicating to one or more users comprises sending a text message to a mobile device of said one or more users. 
     Preferably said communicating to one or more users comprises a communication indicating the time of the event. 
     Preferably said communicating to one or more users comprises a communication indicating the nature of a detected event. 
     Preferably said communicating to one or more users comprises a communication indicating a status of an item or a system. 
     In a further broad form of the invention there is provided an individual signal unit, said individual signal unit comprising: 
     (a) a transceiver module,
 
(b) a power supply and power control module,
 
(c) a logic circuit, and
 
(d) at least one internal sensor;
 
(e) logic to register said individual signal unit with one or more remote servers accessible via a Wide Area Network to utilize functions provided by one or more third party output devices or external event sensors, said third party output devices or external event sensors selectable from a plurality of third party output devices or external event sensors;
         said registration including configuration of a set of protocols for such utilization, and said registration effected, at least in part, through user data entry into a web-based interface to said one or more remote servers;   wherein said third party output devices or external event sensors are one of: directly connected to said individual signal unit; operating on the same Local Area Network as said individual signal unit; or connected to another device directly connected to, or operating on the same Local Area Network as said individual signal unit;   and wherein said individual signal unit is configured to:   detect an event from said internal or external event sensors;   send a signal to said one or more remote servers to cause said one or more remote servers to execute a number of predefined steps in response to said signal; and   wherein said predefined steps include communicating to one or more users, as configured by user data entry into said web based interface, in response to events sensed by any one of said internal or external event sensors.       

     Preferably said communicating to one or more users comprises sending an email to said one or more users. 
     Preferably said communicating to one or more users comprises sending a push notification to a mobile device of said one or more users. 
     Preferably said communicating to one or more users comprises sending a text message to a mobile device of said one or more users. 
     Preferably said communicating to one or more users comprises a communication indicating the time of the event. 
     Preferably said communicating to one or more users comprises a communication indicating the nature of a detected event. 
     Preferably said communicating to one or more users comprises a communication indicating a status of an item or a system. 
     In a further broad form of the invention, there is provided an individual signal unit, said individual signal unit comprising: 
     (a) a transceiver module,
 
(b) a power supply and power control module,
 
(c) a logic circuit, and
 
(d) at least one internal sensor;
 
(e) logic to register said individual signal unit with one or more remote servers accessible via a Wide Area Network to utilize functions provided by one or more third party output devices or external event sensors, said third party output devices or external event sensors selectable from a plurality of third party output devices or external event sensors;
         said registration including configuration of a set of protocols for such utilization, and said registration effected, at least in part, through user data entry into a web-based interface to said one or more remote servers;   wherein said third party output devices or external event sensors are one of: directly connected to said individual signal unit; operating on the same Local Area Network as said individual signal unit; or connected to another device directly connected to, or operating on the same Local Area Network as said individual signal unit;   and wherein said individual signal unit is configured to:   detect an event from said internal or external event sensors;   send a signal to said one or more remote servers to cause said one or more remote servers to execute a number of predefined steps in response to said signal; and   wherein said predefined steps include communicating instructions to said one or more third party output devices.       

     Preferably said communicating instructions to said one or more party output devices comprises instructions to perform at least one action. 
     Preferably said communicating instructions to said one or more party output devices comprises instructions to activate at least one feature of said third party output device. 
     Preferably said communicating instructions to said one or more party output devices comprises instructions to deactivate at least one feature of said third party output device. 
     Preferably said communicating instructions to said one or more party output devices comprises instructions to cause audio signals to be emitted from said third party output device. 
     Preferably said communicating instructions to said one or more party output devices comprises instructions to lock or unlock a device. 
     Preferably said communicating instructions to said one or more party output devices comprises transmitting instructions through said individual signal unit. 
     Preferably said communicating instructions to said one or more party output devices comprises transmitting instructions other than through said individual signal unit. 
     In a further broad form of the invention there is provided a method of controlling third party output devices, said method comprising:
         registering, by an individual signal unit comprising a transceiver module and at least one internal sensor, with one or more remote servers over a Wide Area Network;   connecting, by said individual signal unit, to one or more third party output devices or external event sensors, said third party output devices or external event sensors selectable from a plurality of third party output devices or external event sensors, or to a Local Area Network to which are also connected one or more third party output devices or external event sensors, said third party output devices or external event sensors selectable from a plurality of third party output devices or external event sensors;   detecting, by said individual signal unit, an event from said internal sensor or said external event sensors;   transmitting, by said individual signal unit, a signal to said one or more remote servers to cause said one or more remote servers to execute a number of predefined steps in response to said signal, said predefined steps configured, at least in part, through user data entry into a web-based interface maintained by said central control facility; and wherein said predefined steps include communicating instructions to said one or more third party output devices.       

     Preferably said transmitting causes said one or more remote servers to communicate instructions to said one or more third party output devices to perform at least one action. 
     Preferably said transmitting causes said one or more remote servers to communicate instructions to said one or more third party output devices to activate at least one feature of said third party output device. 
     Preferably said transmitting causes said one or more remote servers to communicate instructions to said one or more third party output devices to activate at least one feature of said third party output device. 
     Preferably said transmitting causes said one or more remote servers to communicate instructions to said one or more third party output devices to cause audio signals to be emitted from said third party output device. 
     Preferably said transmitting causes said one or more remote servers to communicate instructions to said one or more third party output devices to lock or unlock a device. 
     In a further broad form of the invention there is provided a system for monitoring and control of external sensors and output devices, comprising:
         one or more servers, configured to:
           over a Wide Area Network with at least one local signaling device;   
           register said signaling device to utilize functions provided by one or more third party output devices or external event sensors coupled to, or operating on the same Local Area Network as, said local signaling device, said third party output devices or external event sensors selectable by a registering entity from a plurality of third party output devices or external event sensors,   said registration comprising configuring, at least in part, through user data entry into a web-based interface, a set of predefined steps to be taken by said one or more servers in connection with said third party-provided functions;   receive a signal from said signaling device; and   in response to receiving said signal, execute at least some of said predefined steps, wherein said execution includes communicating instructions to said one or more third party output devices.       

     Preferably said communicating instructions to said one or more third party output devices comprises instructions to perform at least one action. 
     Preferably said communicating instructions to said one or more third party output devices comprises instructions to activate at least one feature of said third party output device. 
     Preferably said communicating instructions to said one or more third party output devices comprises instructions to deactivate at least one feature of said third party output device. 
     Preferably said communicating instructions to said one or more third party output devices comprises instructions to cause audio signals to be emitted from said third party output device. 
     Preferably said communicating instructions to said one or more third party output devices comprises instructions to lock or unlock a device. 
     Preferably said communicating instructions to said one or more third party output devices comprises transmitting instructions through said individual signal unit. 
     Preferably said communicating instructions to said one or more third party output devices comprises transmitting instructions other than through said individual signal unit. 
     In a further broad form of the invention there is provided a system for monitoring and control of external sensors and output devices, comprising:
         one or more servers, configured to:   communicate over a Wide Area Network with at least one local signaling device;   register said signaling device to utilize functions provided by one or more third party output devices or external event sensors coupled to, or operating on the same Local Area Network as, said local signaling device, said third party output devices or external event sensors selectable by a registering entity from a plurality of third party output devices or external event sensors,   said registration comprising configuring, at least in part, through user data entry into a web-based interface, a set of predefined steps to be taken by said one or more servers in connection with said third party-provided functions;   receive a signal from said signaling device; and   in response to receiving said signal, execute at least some of said predefined steps, wherein said execution includes communicating to one or more users, as configured by user data entry into said web based interface, in response to events sensed by any one of said external event sensors.       

     Preferably said communicating to one or more users comprises sending an email to said one or more users. 
     Preferably said communicating to one or more users comprises sending a push notification to a mobile device of said one or more users. 
     Preferably said communicating to one or more users comprises sending a text message to a mobile device of said one or more users. 
     Preferably said communicating to one or more users comprises a communication indicating the time of the event. 
     Preferably said communicating to one or more users comprises a communication indicating the nature of a detected event. 
     Preferably said communicating to one or more users comprises a communication indicating a status of an item or a system. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS 
       Embodiments of the present invention will now be described with reference to the accompanying drawings wherein: 
         FIG. 1A, 1B , comprise representations of a preferred arrangement of communication between apparatus and users of a monitoring system according to the invention, 
         FIG. 2 , is a schematic of a preferred embodiment of an individual signal unit (ISU) of the arrangement of  FIG. 1 , 
         FIG. 3  is a perspective view of a preferred enclosure for an individual signal unit according to the invention, 
         FIG. 4  is an exploded perspective view of the enclosure of  FIG. 3  showing principle internal components of one embodiment of an individual signal unit, 
         FIGS. 5A-5H  represent a circuit diagram of an embodiment of an individual signal unit, 
         FIGS. 6 to 12  are pages of a possible web site for registering an individual signal unit with a central control facility, 
         FIGS. 13 to 16  are further pages of the web site of  FIGS. 6 to 12 , for configuring of an individual signal unit, 
         FIGS. 17 to 19  are further pages of the web site adapted to allow an owner or authorized person to access data collected by an individual signal unit, 
         FIGS. 20A-20H  represent a diagram indicating examples of the interconnectivity of an individual signal unit (ISU) with a variety of communication systems, input devices, the web site of a central control facility and of that facility&#39;s outputs, 
         FIGS. 21 to 23  show a variety of applications and functions of an ISU installed in a vehicle, including the interfacing of the ISU with the onboard computer of the vehicle, 
         FIGS. 24 and 25  show two pages of a possible web site for registering aspects of a vehicle&#39;s performance monitoring and servicing arrangements, 
         FIG. 26  shows the interactions facilitated by means of an in-vehicle ISU for arranging servicing of the vehicle, 
         FIG. 27  shows a web page provided by a central control facility for registration of vehicle service providers who are willing to provide services to vehicles equipped with an ISU, 
         FIG. 28  shows an example of revenue streams which may be derived from vehicle service providers who register with the central control facility, 
         FIG. 29  is a block diagram of communication links between the major components of a system according to a further embodiment of the present invention, 
         FIGS. 30 to 45  comprise screenshots of a system according to a third embodiment of the present invention. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
     The following detailed description builds on the description given in the applicant&#39;s earlier filed International Patent Application PCT/AU2007/000958. In this instance, the features of note relate to the “community of development” which the basic system as previously described engenders and in respect of which enabling disclosure is provided below. From one view the system provides control over assets via the Internet irrespective of distances involved and the mobility of the controller or the asset and requiring only simple “do-it-yourself” installation. The system is configured by the user via the Internet. The tools available for configuration by the user can be provided in a wiki-style collaboration by a multiplicity of third parties allowing the features available to grow in a collaborative context over time. Specific embodiments of the individual signal units  22  are themselves programmable and re-programmable and configurable and reconfigurable in response to the imagination of the users and the tools provided by the collaborating parties. 
     First Preferred Embodiment 
     With reference to  FIG. 1A  there is shown a reconfigurable, collaboratively expandable monitoring system  200  in accordance with a first preferred embodiment of the present invention. In this instance the system comprises components as described with reference to  FIG. 1B  (see below). The emphasis in this instance revolves around the reconfigurability and collaborative input of the system  200  whereby third party providers  201  (in this instance, labelled P 1 , P 2 , P 3  . . . P N ) provide respective tools  202  (in this instance, respectively nominated T 1 , T 2 , T 3  . . . T N ), which tools are available for the user/owner/nominated recipient  30  of a respective one or more individual signal units  22  to utilise so as to define steps or actions to occur consequence to events detected and reported by the individual signal units  22 . The tools  202  are made available to a user  30  preferably via a web interface screen  203  which will include a tool assembly pane  204  where an individual user  30  can assemble a schedule of predefined steps  205  (step 1, 2, 3 . . . N) to in response to events  206  (event 1, 2, 3 . . . N). The manner of assembly of the predefined steps is described in more detail further in this specification. In this way a user  30  of one or more of the individual signal units  22  can program responses to events detected by the individual signal units  22  using tools  202  selected from an ever-increasing number of tools based on tools supplied by third party providers  201 . 
       FIG. 1  is a diagrammatic representation of the apparatus and connections included in a monitoring system  10  according to a preferred embodiment of the invention. A central control facility  12  includes a data processing server  14  and data storage  16 , linked to a transceiver  18 . Central control facility  12  is in radio communication with a communication network such as a mobile phone network, or for example as shown in  FIG. 1 , with at least one communication satellite  20 , by means of transceiver  18 . 
     In the example of a communication satellite  20 , it in turn, is in telecommunication contact with a number of individual signal units  22 , for example via the Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM), the General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) or a similar communication network  21 . Individual signal units  22  belong to registered users of the system and may be located anywhere within the signal footprint of a communication satellite (or satellites)  20 , or of some other communication network. 
     Individual signal units  22  each are assigned a unique identifying code, and may take a number of physical configurations depending on the environment in which they are to be located.  FIG. 3  shows one preferred form of an individual signal unit, comprising enclosure  50  with various input and output devices. In some preferred forms at least, they will comprise a rugged, moisture and tamper-proof outer casing with internal power supply and a selection of bracketry and other attachment means for affixing the devices to a variety of structures and surfaces. In other preferred forms the device may be incorporated in an item of equipment at manufacture, for example in the lantern structure of street lights. 
     The apparatus of a monitoring system may include a number of standard sensor devices available for purchase along with, or in addition to the individual signal unit  22 . Each sensor device is adapted to respond to a predefined stimulus, and may include sensors for power status, smoke detection, motion detection, door or window opening, button press, fluid level, tampering, location via the GPS system and video camera, for example. These standard sensor devices are provided as a simple plug-in to the individual signal unit  22 , via one of the input connection  64  or USB port shown in  FIG. 4 , or other standard interface ports provided on the device. 
     An individual signal unit  22  may further be provided with internal error monitoring facilities, such as a power supply failure. Preferably also, individual signal units  22  are equipped with interference sensors to alert the central control facility  12  of tampering by unauthorised persons, or disturbance by animals for example. 
     Individual signal units  22  in at least one preferred embodiment, are provided with output relays to activate one or more external devices according to pre-programmed responses to sensor monitored events. Examples may include the activation of audio and/or visual alarms, the switching on of security lighting, closure of fire doors and so forth. 
     The power supply and control module  42  is adapted to maintain individual signal unit  22  in a passive, standby state until receiving a signal from an external event sensor. Such a signal initiates a powering up of the device, enabling it to transmit its unique encrypted identifying code to the central control facility. After transmission of this signal the individual signal unit powers down and returns to its passive standby state. 
     An individual signal unit  20  may also be brought into a powered up state on command from the central control facility  12 . This powering up may be for the purpose of re-programming the individual signal unit  22  to install a new response procedure, for example after the installation of a new, or an additional external event sensor, relocation of the unit, or to modify an existing procedure. 
     Where an individual signal unit  22  is provided with data entry and display facilities, such programming or re-programming of the unit may be performed at the device itself. At the conclusion of such local data input, the new or modified data is transmitted to the central control facility to update its responses to any signals received from the individual signal unit as required. 
     Referring again to  FIG. 1 , during a powered up state, as well as following any pre-programmed procedure for the activation of any local connected devices, individual signal unit  22  will transmit a signal via the network  21  and a satellite  20 , reporting the event to the central control facility  12 . 
     In a first simplest preferred form of the invention, a signal sent by an individual signal unit  22  consists solely of its unique encrypted identifying code. No data is sent with this code. The information as to what a receipt of this code by the central control facility means, is stored in the central processing computers of the facility. This information, which is supplied by and under the control of the registered owner of the individual signal unit, may include instructions as to what actions are to be taken in response to the signal. 
     Although in this preferred form of the invention, the individual signal unit  22  is only enabled to transmit a single encrypted identifying code, it may do so in various ways to indicate various events. Each external event sensor is associated with a unique sequence of repeat transmissions of said unique identification code. For example if an external sensor device is activated, the code may be transmitted a predetermined number of times for that particular sensor at short intervals. However should an error condition develop in the device itself, such as for example a low battery situation, the code may be transmitted singly. The manner of transmission of this single encrypted code is then the determinant of the status of the device and of what action should be taken by the central control facility. 
     According to its pre-programmed instructions, an individual signal unit  22  may continue to transmit its signal at intervals for a pre-defined period as an aid in location of the device by service personnel alerted by the central control facility  12  as described below. 
     Again with reference to  FIG. 1 , a received signal is acted upon by the central control facility  12 , notifying any of a number of nominated recipients  30  according to a pre-established protocol negotiated between the registered user of the individual signal unit  22  and the control facility. Notification of details of a monitored event could be made in the form of an email via the Internet  29  as shown in  FIG. 1 , by facsimile transmission or over the distributed network  21  to any personal communication device. 
     Typically, one nominated recipient  30  will be the registered user or owner of the individual signal unit from which the alerting signal was received. However nominated recipients may also include service providers, who are automatically notified of the occurrence and the nature of the event, the location of the individual signal unit and any other pre-defined details. Service providers may include police, fire and ambulance services, or equipment servicing personnel for example. At registration of an individual signal unit, the owner of the unit may elect that third parties be contacted only on receipt by the central control facility of authorisation from the owner. 
     An applicant user or owner will be required to supply all relevant details of the individual signal unit, its external event sensing faculties, intended location and the procedures to be implemented on receipt of a signal from the device. The central control facility then issues the unique identification code for the individual signal unit. Alternatively, an individual signal unit may be pre-programmed at manufacture with its unique identifying code. As well, the applicant user or owner nominates a service provider of the GSM, GPRS or other communication system, for billing purposes, or alternatively, the central control facility makes this arrangement, with billing for such service included in the overall charge for use of the system. 
     The information thus received is used by the central control facility to program the procedure to be followed by the facility in response to signals received from the individual signal unit. The facility may also transmit data to the individual signal unit prior to its commissioning but subsequent to its installation at the infrastructure item, to set the parameters of signal transmission, such as frequency and interval of repeat transmissions for example. 
     With reference to  FIG. 4  which shows an exploded view of one preferred form of an individual signal unit  22 , enclosure  50  comprises a base portion  52  and cover portion  54 . Housed within enclosure  50  are a communication module  56 , for example using the General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) standard for communication with a communication network, and antenna jack  58 . Also contained within enclosure  50  is a rechargeable battery module  60 , and various input and output connections, including power input/outputs  62 , sensor inputs  64 , device relay connections  66  and a universal serial bus (USB port)  68 . Individual signal unit  22  may also be provided with status indicating light emitting diodes (LEDs)  70 . Enclosure  50  is provided with a space, for example space  72  on cover  54 , for display of a code used in the registration of the unit with the central control facility. 
     Each individual signal unit  22  is adapted to monitor the status of some aspect of an item of infrastructure, such as for example illustrated in  FIG. 1 , a gate  22 , irrigation control sluice  24  or tool shed  26 . 
     As shown in the schematic of  FIG. 2 , individual signal units  22  include at least a transceiver module  40 , a rechargeable power supply and power control module  42 , at least one external event sensor  44  and a logic circuit  46 . For some applications, an individual signal unit may be provided with, or connected to, a magnetic card reader, enabling inspecting personnel to simply swipe an authorising card as confirmation that the individual signal unit is in its proper position and functioning, or that some predefined task has been accomplished. 
     Preferably, the power supply  42  is rechargeable by means of a solar panel  48 , but may also comprise batteries rechargeable from a mains power source, or replaceable battery packs. Where an individual signal unit has been incorporated in some item of infrastructure already provided with a power supply, such as in the street light example, power to the unit may be provided from that external supply. 
     An individual signal unit  22  may be provided with at least one external event sensor  44  incorporated within the device itself, but individual signal units  22  are more preferably provided with a sensor interface allowing the unit to accept signals from a number of external event sensors connected to the interface. Thus for example, an individual signal unit  22  may monitor a number of aspects of a remotely located facility, such as the doors and windows of a building or various items of equipment located on a service vehicle. 
     With reference to  FIG. 5 , the ISU may include the following components. 
     GSM Engine  74 . 
     This is the central core of the device. It includes a GSM transceiver allowing the module to connect to and communicate over the GSM network. The transceiver also makes use of the GPRS capability of the GSM network to connect to a server of the central control facility using IP sockets. The GSM engine also includes a basic Python script interpreter to run application scripts (software) and a battery charger  75  to allowing the charging of a Lilon battery pack (connected via J 5  on the circuit diagram of  FIG. 5 ). 
     The application scripts (software) loaded into the GSM engine  74  allow the module to monitor the external sensors and devices connected to the ISU device and generate messages over the GPRS network to the central control facility server whenever there is a change in the status of these external sensors or devices. The typical operation will be for the GSM engine to connect to a known IP socket on a server at a known IP address. The message passed to the server via this connection will include the identification of the ISU device (typically the ‘phone number associated with the SIM card) and the details of the input status change. 
     The GSM engine has a push button switch (S 1  on the circuit diagram of  FIG. 5 ) which allows the GSM engine to be turned on and off. 
     Network Status Indicator (D 1  on Circuit Diagram) 
     An LED (light emitting diode) is provided to give an indication of the status of the ISU device. When the LED is permanently off, the device is powered down. When the LED is blinking quickly (approximately 1 second period), the GSM engine is searching for the GSM network and attempting to register itself with the network. When the LED is blinking slowly (approximately 3 second period), the GSM engine has registered itself with the GSM network and is in a state that will allow it to make a connection with a server should one of the inputs change state. When the LED is permanently on, there is an active call being made by the device. 
     Battery Status Indicator (D 6  on the Circuit Diagram) 
     A visible indication of the charge status of the battery is provided using an LED (light emitting diode). 
     USB Connection (J 3  on the Circuit Diagram) 
     The ISU device has a USB connection to allow the module to be connected to a Personal Computer. This connection allows the application scripts (software) to be updated in the GSM Engine. Power is also drawn from the Personal Computer to recharge the Lilon battery. The power for the USB interface device (U 6  on the circuit diagram) is taken from the USB connector. This minimises the current drawn from the Lilon battery to extend the operational time between charges. Interface components (U 4  and U 5  on the circuit diagram) isolate the connections between the USB device and the GSM engine when either the USB port is disconnected (USB device powered down) or the GSM engine has been turned off. 
     A protection device (U 7  on the circuit diagram) has been included on the USB port to protect the USB device from electrostatic discharge onto the pins of the USB connector. 
     External Sensor Inputs (IN 1 - 4  Signals on the Circuit Diagram) 
     The prototype ISU device implements 4 external sensor inputs. These connections are available on a dedicated input connector (J 2  on the circuit diagram) and on the special attachment connector (J 4  on the circuit diagram). These inputs have been configured to allow external sensors to simply connect these input signals to a 0 Volt return signal (available on both connectors) using a relay contact closure. This is the typical output from a wide range of sensors. An interface component (U 3  on the circuit diagram) is provided to isolate the input signals from the GSM engine when the GSM engine has been turned off. There are also some protection devices (D 2 - 5  on the circuit diagram) to protect the inputs of the interface component from electrostatic discharge onto the pins of the connectors. 
     Controlled Outputs (OUT 1  and OUT 2  Signals on the Circuit Diagram) 
     The prototype ISU device implements 2 controlled outputs. These outputs allow external devices to be switched by the ISU device. These outputs are implemented using transistors Q 1  and Q 2 . The connections to external devices can be made either by the dedicated output connector (J 1  on the circuit diagram) or the special attachment connector (J 4  on the circuit diagram). 
     Special Attachment Connector (J 4  on the Circuit Diagram) 
     A special attachment connector has been provided on the ISU device to allow it to be plugged into purpose built sensors. These sensors will be engineered to accommodate the ISU device and all of the required connections between the two devices are made through the single attachment connector. This connector supports attachments that are self-powered and are capable of providing current to recharge the battery in the ISU, as well as attachments that do not have their own power supply and require current from the ISU device&#39;s battery to operate. 
     The apparatus of a monitoring system may include a number of standard sensor devices available for purchase along with, or in addition to the individual signal unit  22 . Each sensor device is adapted to respond to a predefined stimulus, and may include sensors for power status, smoke detection, motion detection, door or window opening, button press, fluid level, tampering, location via the GPS system and video camera, for example. These standard sensor devices are provided as a simple plug-in to the individual signal unit  22 , via one of the input connection  64  or USB port shown in  FIG. 4 , or other standard interface ports provided on the device. 
     An individual signal unit  22  may further be provided with internal error monitoring facilities, such as a power supply failure. Preferably also, individual signal units  22  are equipped with interference sensors to alert the central control facility  12  of tampering by unauthorised persons, or disturbance by animals for example. 
     Individual signal units  22  in at least one preferred embodiment, are provided with output relays to activate one or more external devices according to pre-programmed responses to sensor monitored events. Examples may include the activation of audio and/or visual alarms, the switching on of security lighting, closure of fire doors and so forth. 
     The power supply and control module  42  is adapted to maintain individual signal unit  22  in a passive, standby state until receiving a signal from an external event sensor. Such a signal initiates a powering up of the device, enabling it to transmit its unique encrypted identifying code to the central control facility. After transmission of this signal the individual signal unit powers down and returns to its passive standby state. 
     An individual signal unit  20  may also be brought into a powered up state on command from the central control facility  12 . This powering up may be for the purpose of re-programming the individual signal unit  22  to install a new response procedure, for example after the installation of a new, or an additional external event sensor, relocation of the unit, or to modify an existing procedure. 
     Where an individual signal unit  22  is provided with data entry and display facilities, such programming or re-programming of the unit may be performed at the device itself. At the conclusion of such local data input, the new or modified data is transmitted to the central control facility to update its responses to any signals received from the individual signal unit as required. 
     Referring again to  FIG. 1 , during a powered up state, as well as following any pre-programmed procedure for the activation of any local connected devices, individual signal unit  22  will transmit a signal via the network  21  and a satellite  20 , reporting the event to the central control facility  12 . 
     In a first simplest preferred form of the invention, a signal sent by an individual signal unit  22  consists solely of its unique encrypted identifying code. No data is sent with this code. The information as to what a receipt of this code by the central control facility means, is stored in the central processing computers of the facility. This information, which is supplied by and under the control of the registered owner of the individual signal unit, may include instructions as to what actions are to be taken in response to the signal. 
     Although in this preferred form of the invention, the individual signal unit  22  is only enabled to transmit a single encrypted identifying code, it may do so in various ways to indicate various events. Each external event sensor is associated with a unique sequence of repeat transmissions of said unique identification code. For example if an external sensor device is activated, the code may be transmitted a predetermined number of times for that particular sensor at short intervals. However should an error condition develop in the device itself, such as for example a low battery situation, the code may be transmitted singly. The manner of transmission of this single encrypted code is then the determinant of the status of the device and of what action should be taken by the central control facility. 
     According to its pre-programmed instructions, an individual signal unit  22  may continue to transmit its signal at intervals for a pre-defined period as an aid in location of the device by service personnel alerted by the central control facility  12  as described below. 
     Again with reference to  FIG. 1 , a received signal is acted upon by the central control facility  12 , notifying any of a number of nominated recipients  30  according to a pre-established protocol negotiated between the registered user of the individual signal unit  22  and the control facility. Notification of details of a monitored event could be made in the form of an email via the Internet  29  as shown in  FIG. 1 , by facsimile transmission or over the distributed network  21  to any personal communication device. 
     Typically, one nominated recipient  30  will be the registered user or owner of the individual signal unit from which the alerting signal was received. However nominated recipients may also include service providers, who are automatically notified of the occurrence and the nature of the event, the location of the individual signal unit and any other pre-defined details. Service providers may include police, fire and ambulance services, or equipment servicing personnel for example. At registration of an individual signal unit, the owner of the unit may elect that third parties be contacted only on receipt by the central control facility of authorisation from the owner. 
     An applicant user or owner will be required to supply all relevant details of the individual signal unit, its external event sensing faculties, intended location and the procedures to be implemented on receipt of a signal from the device. The central control facility then issues the unique identification code for the individual signal unit. Alternatively, an individual signal unit may be pre-programmed at manufacture with its unique identifying code. As well, the applicant user or owner nominates a service provider of the GSM, GPRS or other communication system, for billing purposes, or alternatively, the central control facility makes this arrangement, with billing for such service included in the overall charge for use of the system. 
     The information thus received is used by the central control facility to program the procedure to be followed by the facility in response to signals received from the individual signal unit. The facility may also transmit data to the individual signal unit prior to its commissioning but subsequent to its installation at the infrastructure item, to set the parameters of signal transmission, such as frequency and interval of repeat transmissions for example. 
     Second Preferred Embodiment 
     In a second preferred embodiment, the individual signal unit of the present invention again includes at least a transceiver module  40 , a rechargeable power supply and power control module  42 , and at least one external event sensor  44  and a logic circuit  46  as shown in  FIG. 1 . In this embodiment however, the unit may further be provided with a data storage device able to record analogue or digital input from a device connected to the individual signal unit. 
     In this embodiment also, the unit is not restricted in its transmission to the central control facility of it unique identifying code but is enabled to transmit the input analogue or digital data, either in real time, or retrieved from its data storage device at predetermined times or on command form the central control facility. 
     Thus in this form, the individual signalling unit may have attached as an input device such equipment as a video camera, sound recording equipment or a Global Positioning System (GPS) module for example. The connection of a GPS module allows the individual signal unit to report its location, either continuously, at predetermined intervals or on command from the central control facility. Similarly, a video camera may send images on a continuous basis, at predetermined intervals or as commanded. Alternatively, data from a camera, GPS module etc may be stored in the data storage device (if so provided) of the individual signal unit for later interrogation and download to the central control facility. 
     In either of the above described preferred embodiments, an individual signal unit may be provided with an on/of facility adapted for local activation. That is a facility whereby a registered user or other authorised person can switch the unit between power off and standby for monitoring. This facility may be a Radio Frequency (RF) responder unit, either incorporated in the individual signal unit itself, or as a connected input device. 
     Connectivity 
     The flexibility of the individual signal unit (ISU) in the many ways it can be interfaced with other devices is illustrated in  FIGS. 20A to 20D . In its simplest form as illustrated in  FIG. 20A , some sensing device, for example a motion detector  140  is connected to an ISU  142  via a standard input/output (I/O) connector  144  provided on the ISU. In this instance the ISU  142  has been configured to send a signal, when activated by input from the motion sensor, via a GSM network  146  to the central control facility (represented in these figures by its web site  148 ). The web site  148  of the central control facility acts on the received signal according to pre-configured instructions received from the user of the ISU  142 . In this example, an SMS message  150  is sent to the user&#39;s mobile phone  152 . 
     As shown in the sequence illustrated by  FIG. 20B , the web site  148  of the central control facility may communicate with the user  154  of the ISU  142  over any one or combination of current or future communication systems  156 . 
     Likewise, as shown in  FIG. 20C , the ISU  142  and central control facility may be configured to send and receive a signal from a sensed event via any form of signal transmission, and as further illustrated in  FIG. 20E , messages to a user or registered owner of an ISU  142  may be transmitted to any type of communication device. 
     These may include SMS messaging, Internet, voice, facsimile transmissions, use of the GPRS system, telephone, pagers and satellite. Thus the central control facility may communicate the occurrence of an incident to the user&#39;s mobile phone, computer, land-line telephone, and facsimile machine. As well, the control facility may where appropriate communicate with another ISU, programmable logic controller (PLC) or transfer data to a designated database. Thus, by connecting an output device, for example a PLC, actuator, or motor and the like, to an ISU, the predefined steps or actions to be executed could include the initiation of processes at the remote location at which the ISU is situated. 
     Also as shown in  FIGS. 20D and 20E , the ISU may be configured with a number of standard input/output connectors  160 , including but not limited to, USB and RF ports, Infra Red, Wi/Fi, Bluetooth and Fire Wire receivers for example. Sensors  162  communicating with any one or more of these connectors may include, motion detectors, switches, telephone, measuring devices, data sources, programmable logic controllers and other attachments. 
     Depending on its configurations, the ISU  142  may communicate with the web site  148  of the central control facility by any of a number of distributed communication systems  158 . These may include, as shown on  FIG. 20E , the GSM or other mobile phone networks, satellite based systems, the Internet, wireless broadband, the copper telephone network and voice. 
     In addition to these communication systems being used to send messages or other forms of communication to the user or registered owner of the ISU, the central control facility may use the same systems for communication with other service providers  162  as shown in  FIG. 20F . Using tracking systems available via the GSM network, an ISU&#39;s signal can be used to determine its location as indicated schematically in  FIG. 20G . 
       FIG. 20H  shows still a further example of how the connectivity of the ISU with sensing equipment may be utilized. Sensors  162  associated with an advertising board may monitor for temperature, crowd sizes or other parameters associated with advertising effectiveness. Based on these measurements and in accordance with the ISU user&#39;s configured instructions, the ISU may provide the most appropriate advertising information, thereby enabling premium charges. 
     Some further features of the monitoring system according to the invention include:
         the ISU and server are programmable and can support a wide range of inputs.   The ISU is not restricted to the above described inputs and outputs. Additional or alternative inputs and outputs can be readily added to the design.   The ISU can support a variety of transport mechanisms including CDMA, 3G and satellite depending on what distributed communication system is available.   The message sever of the central control facility is based on scalable architecture allowing it to be duplicated or upgraded to support increased traffic in the future.   The ISU can support a simple LCD or other graphic display unit, to provide a user with status information.   The ISU can be integrated into products as an OEM (Original Equipment Manufacturer) module. This may be a user upgradeable or factory fitted option.       

     The monitoring system of the present invention lends itself to commercial exploitation in a number of ways. Some of these may be summarized as:
         Licensing of complete systems developed by others as ISU certified   Retail of ISUs for ad hoc users   Inviting existing products and services to join user configurable web-based systems   Additional programming and systems service charges   Building custom-designed measurement and control applications   Asset monitoring, for example
           Vehicle care   Security   Innovative equipment hire options   Triangulation   Wildlife and stock tracking   Scheduling   Environmental monitoring   
           Asset control, for example
           Environmental control local government, national parks, defence   Plant control factories, farms, local government   Access control—remote door opening   
               

     Revenue may be derived from a number of activities associated with the ISU based monitoring system, for example:
         Unit sales—ISUs and attachments   Unit rentals   Monthly registration fees—ISU network, optional services   Network services charges (e.g. SMS, GPRS etc)   Development—programming, design   Annul license fees for custom or retrofitted applications   Access to ISU network fees for other service providers   Industry co-operation commissions (e.g. Insurance rebates   License fees from monitoring agents (e.g. Callout providers)       

     With reference now to  FIG. 24 , with an ISU fitted to a vehicle and interfaced with the vehicle&#39;s onboard computer, the vehicle becomes another device for which the registered owner of the ISU can configure various actions associated with aspects of the vehicle. One category of configuration as shown in  FIG. 24  is a listing of preferred or potential servicing facilities for the vehicle from which quotation may be solicited for servicing or repair. Performance and satisfaction ratings may be assigned to these facilities garnered from data collected by third party assessors and supplied to the central control facility. 
     A further configurable option shown in  FIG. 25 , is for the owner or manager of the vehicle to receive data of performance parameters of the vehicle. 
       FIG. 26  shows a possible result of a vehicle management configuration using the ISU in a vehicle to arrange for servicing of the vehicle at a predefined service interval. The ISU, monitoring the vehicle&#39;s onboard computer, signals the central control facility that the vehicle has reached the given odometer reading. This activates the central control facility to obtain quotations for service and possible dates at which the service may be accommodated from the three service nominated by the vehicle&#39;s owner at registration. 
     To provide the above service to purchasers of an ISU for an in-vehicle application, the central control facility may establish a database of service providers willing to offer services and provide quotations to registered users of the ISU monitoring system.  FIG. 27  shows a web based page service providers may use to register, including the provision of details of any specialised services they may wish to nominate. 
     This aspect of the application of the monitoring system of the invention provides for a further revenue stream for the central control facility. An example of a pricing structure for vehicle service providers who wish to promote their services to owners of vehicle based ISUs is shown in  FIG. 28 . 
     Componentry 
     As set out in more detail above, the principle components of the ISU are:
         Network module
           Processor   memory   
           Connectors   Power source   Within these broad component modules, the ISU may be configured in various models with varying attributes:   Network—interchangeable   Connectors—versatility and adaptability focused   Capacity—storage, transmission quantity of data   Durability—weather proofing, water proofing, shock proofing   Power—mains, battery, solar. Achieving long standby periods of 5 years   Compact size       

     As an example of one possible configuration, an ISU could comprise, a GPRS Module GM862; I/O Connector (J 4 ) 2214R-16SG-85; Light Pipe C435815; LED (alarm and network) 0805KRCT; Switch (On/Off) ELTSA-63; USB Connector 5075BMR05SM; 4 Pin Edge Connectors S4B-PH-K-S (output); 8 Pin Edge Connectors S8B-PH-K-S (input); Battery Sanyo UF55344F; Arial Coax 22-SMA-50-0-53. 
     Attachments 
     The ISU may be adapted to accept input from virtually any signal producing device. Some currently known examples include: motion detectors, Bluetooth accessories, alarms, detectors and responders. 
     Other attachable devices include programmable logic controllers, (which may for example be programmed to act on vending machines, dispensers and robots), message boards, remote monitoring devices, RF networks and remote control units. 
     In Use 
     Individual signal units  22  are added to the monitoring system  10  by registration with the central control facility  12 . Such registration may be accomplished by an applicant user or owner over an Internet web site maintained by the central control facility. Data monitored by an individual signal unit can only be accessed by the registered owner or by third parties authorised by the owner, through use of a user name and password established when a unit is first registered. 
     The User 
     A new user of the system may purchase an individual signal unit  22  at any authorised outlet, such as for example a mobile phone retailer. As well he or she may select from a range of standard sensor units compatible with the individual signal unit also available at the authorised outlet or obtainable from an accredited supplier. Preferably, the individual signal unit is adapted to accept as input up to four individual sensor devices via input connector  64 . Thus for example, an individual signal unit may have connected a motion sensor, a video camera, a microphone as well as a smoke alarm (not shown). 
     Preferably also, the individual signal unit  22  is provided with at least two output relays via output connectors  66 , to which may be connected external devices such as security lights or audio alarm for example. 
     To make use of the equipment, a new owner must register with the central control facility, preferably over an internet web site maintained by the facility, or by telephone. With reference to  FIGS. 6 to 12 , the process of registration over the facility web site includes the following steps; 
     1. After logging onto the web site and selecting the option of registering  100  as shown in  FIG. 6 , the owner enters personal details  102  and selects a user name  104  and password  106  for future interaction with the facility, as shown in  FIG. 7 .
 
2. At this point also the owner is required to establish an account with the facility for billing purposes.
 
3. Next, as shown in  FIG. 8 , the owner is invited to enter the identification code number  110  of the purchased individual signal unit. This may be provided on the packaging in which the device was purchased or, preferably printed on a removable sticker attached to the device itself, (for example in the space  72  on cover portion  54  as shown in  FIG. 4 ).
 
4. If the device is provided with a display module, a Confirmation Code is displayed when power is provided to the unit, that is when it is first switched on. This number  112  is then also entered as shown in  FIG. 9 .
 
5. For ease of identification, the owner may nominate a brief description  114 , typically associated with the function or location of the signalling unit and its connected sensor/s, as shown in  FIG. 10 . For a fixed device, that is one that is not expected to, or which should not move from its installed location, the geographic location may be specified at registration, by means of recording the coordinates from a GPS unit.
 
6. The owner is then invited to nominate which sensor unit or units are to be connected to the individual signal unit, either by clicking on an icon  116  as shown in  FIG. 11 , or from a drop-down menu  120  as shown in  FIG. 12 .
 
7. When registration formalities have been completed, the owner is given the opportunity to configure the individual signal unit; that is to establish the protocols to be followed by the central control facility in response to a signal transmitted by the device.
 
8. As shown in  FIG. 13 , monitoring of the unit may be within specified times  122  or be continuous. Clearly, where for example a device is installed in commercial premises, monitoring for security purposes may only be desired outside working hours.
 
9. The inputs of the web site page shown in  FIG. 14  allow the owner to specify some parameters as to the conditions  124  which must obtain for an alert situation to be reported.
 
10. As shown in  FIG. 15 , the owner may then nominate a message  126  which is to be sent to the owner in the case an alert situation arises.
 
11. The input web site page of  FIG. 16  allows the owner to nominate one or more ways  128  in which an alert message is to be sent by the facility. It also allows the owner to nominate a service supplier, for example a security agency which may be instructed to inspect the site of installation of the individual signal unit. In addition, commands can be specified to activate any external device/s which may be connected to the individual signal unit outputs, such as the switching on of a security light.
 
     This sequence of steps completes the registration and configuration of the individual signal unit, the attached sensor and any output device/s and the response steps to be taken by the central control facility if a signal from the registered individual signal unit is received. 
     In addition to registration and configuration, the central control facility web site may be accessed at any time by the owner (or other authorised person) of a registered individual signal unit, by entering security user name and password, for example. Several options  130  are then presented to the owner of the individual signal unit as shown in  FIG. 17 . 
     One of the available options is the facility of locating an individual signal unit. When this option is selected, but the individual signal unit is not fitted with a GPS module, the central control facility can command the individual signal unit to transmit its unique identifying code for a sufficient length of time to enable triangulation of its location from three or more stations of the distributed communication network. This location is then superposed on a map  132  and the map and marked detected location relayed to the owner of the individual signal unit as shown in  FIG. 18 . 
     Another option available to a registered owner is the ability to reconfigure the registered individual signal unit. This may be desirable if the device is to be moved to another location, used for a different application, or sensors added or removed from the device for example. 
     A third option available to the registered owner, is that of checking the current status of the device and its event history. As shown in  FIG. 19 , this information may be displayed to the owner in tabular form. In the example shown, this owner has four devices  134  registered with the central control facility, and can see at a glance the current status as well as a record of detected incidents reported by each sensing device. 
     For example “Toolbox 1”, may be a toolbox fitted with an individual signal unit, located on an item of earth moving plant left unattended at a work site. The tabulated history shows it has been interfered with at the time and on the date shown  136 . Depending on the pre-programmed procedure associated with the individual signal unit, the owner or personnel responsible for the equipment may be alerted within minutes. Alerting messages may be transmitted via any preferred or multiple media, for example by telephone, mobile phone text messages, facsimile or by email. 
     “Grandma” may be an individual signal unit incorporated in a personal security module in which the sensor is a push button, providing an elderly (or incapacitated) person with a means of alerting someone to a distress situation. 
     The Commercial User 
     The individual signal unit of the present invention may be incorporated at manufacture (or be retro-fitted) to an item of infrastructure or instrumentation. Individual signal units so incorporated are registered with the central control facility in a similar way to that described for the public user above. In the example given earlier of streetlight fittings, streetlights under the control of a local authority are fitted, preferably at manufacture, with a sensor and individual signal unit. The individual signal unit for each streetlight is assigned a unique encrypted code which is associated with data maintained in the central control facility&#39;s computers. This data may include the type of bulb fitted and the location of the particular streetlight. The data may further include an instruction set as to what action to take when an encrypted code signal is received by the control facility. This could include a message to the maintenance department and even a requisition on a supplier of the required bulb so that a check of bulb stock and possible resupply will automatically follow. 
     Similarly, smoke alarms may incorporate an individual signal unit, with the smoke detector circuit providing an input to the signalling unit when smoke is detected. In this example power for the signalling unit may be provided in common with the smoke detector power supply. 
     In another example, individual signal units may be incorporated in parking meters, with sensing for example of coin full, out of paper or tampering conditions. 
     In a further example, as alluded to above, individual signal units provided with magnetic card readers as input attachments may be incorporated or attached at a number of locations within or on the outside of various buildings. Security personnel or cleaners may then swipe an appropriate card through the reader to trigger a signal to the central control facility, which then forwards notification to an appropriate nominated recipient that the building is secure or has been cleaned. 
     An individual signal unit may be installed in plant and commercial vehicles, monitoring for example power up and power down of an engine so as to track duty cycles, servicing intervals and improper use for example. In this example, the owner of the plant or vehicle can access the central control facility and obtain a record of the times the plant was in operation and log the hours of service. 
     In yet a further example, individual signal units with appropriate sensors may be located along rivers and streams to give early warning of changes in water levels. 
     Other areas of use include the monitoring of vending machines as to status of stock and tampering for example. Items of utility infrastructure, such as water and gas supply equipment also may be conveniently monitored for usage and error conditions. 
     In at least one embodiment of the invention, the action taken by the control facility may be predicated on a secondary layer of instructions received from the owner of the individual signal unit and the sensor or sensors attached to it. For example, the registration of the unit may include a number of optional actions for the control facility to implement after a first notification to the owner (or an authorized recipient designated by the registered owner) of an event. 
     For example, where the individual signal unit is monitoring the security of a site office or container at a building site, the possible actions to be taken by the central control facility may include:
         1. to ignore   2. to call a contracted security firm   3. to call the site foreman   4. to call a neighbour   5. to call the police       

     The primary instructions on record at the control facility to be followed on receipt of a signal from the individual signal unit installed at the building site, is to send an SMS message to the owner or authorized recipient. He or she may respond for example with “34”. The control facility will then carry out actions 3 and 4 of the possible actions of the secondary layer of instructions by notifying the site foreman (3) and the neighbour (4) of the event. 
     In a further example of use, as summarised in  FIGS. 21 to 23 , the ISU may be interfaced with the management computer of a private or commercial vehicle. This allows the management of many aspects of the vehicle, its running costs, performance as will as the scheduling of servicing and even the acquisition of service availability and quotations for service. 
     This application of the ISU is of particular use for operators of hire cars for example with an ISU as described above to provide any of the data transferable from a car&#39;s onboard computer. These may include the status of the vehicle&#39;s door locks at any given time, for example to indicate if it has been left unlocked while not in use. 
     In the case of loss of keys of any vehicle, the ISU could be instructed to lock and keep locked the doors of the vehicle until this command was reversed. 
     An in-vehicle ISU could be used to augment the entertainment system of the vehicle by accessing the internet via wireless broadband for downloading music and videos, accessing a remote computer and using the internet for surfing. 
     Still with reference to  FIG. 22 , the addition of suitable devices to the ISU could allow the remote immobilisation of a stolen vehicle, and activate various alarm and indicators that a the vehicle is being interfered with. 
     Information extracted from the vehicle&#39;s onboard computer, if relayed to a designated repair centre when the vehicle suffers malfunction at some remote location, could be used by the repair centre to issue instructions for repairs. 
       FIG. 23  provides an overview of potential uses of an ISU installed in a vehicle and the actions which may follow on from the monitoring of the status, or measurement of various parameters associated with the vehicle&#39;s use and its equipment. 
     It will be appreciated that the individual signal unit and monitoring system described above provides an extremely flexible and effective way of disseminating an alert of an alarm generated by any of a range of events at widely dispersed locations to owners of the device and/or those service providers best able to deal effectively with the cause of the alarm, and allows a unit owner to specify the circumstances under which the owner is to be contacted actions taken. 
     The system provides:
         Global machine to machine communication   Distance independence   Location independence   Mobility independence   5 minute DIY installation   An extraordinary number of marketable products.   The individual signal unit (ISU) system of the present invention provides a missing link people products and services.
           With unlimited scope and versatility the ISU platform can receive information via any network and initiate a user-configured chain of events, anywhere in the world to any one.   It is capable of bringing world-wide products and services to a centralised system for multiple uses and applications.   The small compact ISU (similar in size and appearance of a small MP3 player may be adapted to access advanced programming and resources with little or no setup.   
               

     Data Flow 
     With reference to  FIG. 29  the data flow for the reconfigurable, collaboratively expandable monitoring system  200  is described in block diagram form. Like components are numbered as for earlier embodiments except in the  200  series. For example, central control facility  12  becomes central control facility  212  comprising a main server and database. In this instance the main server and database  212  are in bidirectional communication with one or more individual signal units  222 . The main server and database  212  are also in bidirectional communication with the third party tool source  201 . In addition, main server and database  212  are also in bidirectional communication with a user computer  230 . In use, main server and database  212  is loaded with a plurality of tools  202 , at least some of which are supplied over bidirectional tool link  280 . Specified ones of the tools  202  are selected and set to trigger in response to event data supplied over ISU bidirectional link  281 . The selection of tools and programming of tools to respond to event data transmitted from bidirectional link  281  is provided by control data input from user computer  230  and transmitted on user bidirectional link  282  to the main server and database  212 . Bidirectional link  281  is also utilised to send data from main server and database  212  to the individual signal unit  222  for the purposes of reprogramming and amending its local capabilities. 
     As events occur, the main server and database  212  responds to the event data transmitted over bidirectional link  281  in accordance with the event response sequence programmed via control data previously supplied via bidirectional link  282 . At least some of the responses resulting may result in data being transferred over bidirectional link  280  to the tool source  201 . 
     Third Embodiment 
     With reference to  FIGS. 30, 31, 32  that is illustrated screenshots defining a third embodiment of the present application for which incorporates the data flow characteristics of  FIG. 29 . The scenarios that this data flow capability provides include the following: 
     Third Party Tool Sources 
     A third party can provide a pre-prepared tool, for example based on a home security package. The package can be accessed as a link on the web accessible menu whereby a visitor can cite and purchase the “home security package” which will result in delivery of one or more ISU units as part of the package for installation by the user (or expert installation by an additional third party). Any security events reported by the ISU units, once installed, can then be pre-configured either by the user or by the third party tool provider. In preferred forms, some aspects will be able to be configured by the user whilst other aspects will be configured by the tool provider. For example, the tool provider might mandate that in the event of an intrusional the event a specific telephone number is rung or other specific notification of event is made which links in with a security provider mandated by the third party tool provider. 
     A further capability which arises from the third party tool provision which, in turn, in response to specific events, raises the need for a further service provision relates to the opening up of a market to provide that flow on or consequential service. So, for example, at first instance, the third party tool provider may offer a particular flow on or consequential service provider. However the web accessible database can accommodate other service providers bidding to fulfil the relevant flow on service. This might, for example, be as simple as the provision of a security guard to be called out to the site when an intrusion event is detected by the ISU and reported to the database. Such flow on security services may be provided either directly by the third party tool provider or by an alternative “freelance” service provider who may be able to provide the service at a cheaper rate. The possibility is also open that the freelance service provider is in fact engaged by the third party tool provider in substitute for the in-house security service flow on provider normally used because the “freelance” provider can provide the service openly at a cheaper rate, resulting in benefit both to the user of the ISU and also the third party tool provider. 
     Events Monitored by Database 
     Earlier embodiments envisaged the user who performs the programming of event sequencing also being the person who monitors the occurrences of events. However, a user of an ISU may elect a “premium service” whereby programming of responses to events is performed by the database system itself rather than by the user who purchased the ISU. In its simplest form this can be again performed by the purchasing of predefined packages as illustrated in the screenshots. For example, a user may elect to purchase a car monitoring package. At the “premium service” level the package, once purchased would result in delivery of one or more ISU units for installation in the vehicle which the user could either perform themselves or arrange for expert assistance. The responses to any events generated by the ISU in the vehicle can be designed by the database which, in many scenarios, will in fact be a definition provided by a third party tool provider. As for the scenario provided immediately above, the flow on consequential services (for example, replacing a flat battery in a vehicle or a punctured tyre) can be provided “in-house” by the third party tool provider or could, in turn, be sold to the most cost-effective “freelance” provider. 
     Freelance Providers 
     The above described system allows the possibility for freelance service providers to provide, in particular but not exclusively, one of the termed above flow on services. The freelance service providers may register on the website of the database. They may pay for positioning in order to have a better chance of being engaged to provide their services either directly by the users of the ISUs or by the third party tool providers. 
     Profile Export 
     A particular user profile, for example, associated in a particular package, can be exported to a new user whereby, the new user will become the entity to whom events are reported and who can program or reprogram the event responses. 
     Advertising Placement 
     The website of  FIGS. 30 to 45  also illustrates the possibility of the third party tool providers actually advertising in association with the tool provision. So, for example, a third party tool provider, for example a provider of insurance, might advertise that its insurance rates will be halved if a user purchases and installs a security ISU (either directly themselves or via one of the predefined packages). In exchange the tool provider gets access to client data and the ability to program or reprogram the ISU at least in part in order to define and channel services and, particularly, cost-effective services to events flagged by the ISU. ( FIG. 20H  of previous embodiments emphasises the control signal flow available under this scenario). 
     The ISU site shows solution fields which are a start to defining the versatility of the users requirements. This is defined by either view of the site sections or searching for an item. All products are defined by the search item and the advertising and third parties are linked to the applications searched. 
     In each field there will be multiple bundles that are a pre configured options which will allow the user to plug and play with no setup. 
     Each option will have the associated third party providers linked and different level of services and functionality available to both the user and the third party. 
     The user will select their application and drop into their cart or profile page and through registration can either plug and play or reconfigure the device having total control or providing third party providers with the control they require. 
     The search field will define the packages suitable to the person linking the relevant local providers to the new ISU application and to the potential business opportunities created by the new data available. 
     The user will define the content and structure of their own page to suit their applications either in a business or personality defined way. The site will cater as self designed or via a existing third party methodologies and allow third party influencing. 
     The registration will define the users information and preferences to their ISU solution. 
     With multiple levels of user interaction and third party involvement the configurability will allow a sharing type system so that tasks can be easily shared or allocated and groups/solutions to be created. The user concept of community development starts here, providing a core from which opportunities are created having imagination as the only limit. 
     The user configure page and the solution developer allow individuals to create new applications with the help from ISU programmers as well as provide a platform for which programmers can developer applications for the ISU site. 
     The above describes only some embodiments of the present invention and modifications, obvious to those skilled in the art, can be made thereto without departing from the scope and spirit of the present invention.