Patent Publication Number: US-2023148190-A1

Title: Piston for deploying a projectile of a conducted electrical weapon

Description:
FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
     Embodiments of the present disclosure relate to a conducted electrical weapon (“CEW”). 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       The subject matter of the present disclosure is particularly pointed out and distinctly claimed in the concluding portion of the specification. A more complete understanding of the present disclosure, however, may best be obtained by referring to the detailed description and claims when considered in connection with the following illustrative figures. In the following figures, like reference numbers refer to similar elements and steps throughout the figures. 
         FIG.  1    is a perspective view of a conducted electrical weapon (“CEW”), in accordance with various embodiments; 
         FIG.  2    is a schematic view of a CEW, in accordance with various embodiments; 
         FIG.  3 A  is a front perspective view of a magazine for a CEW, in accordance with various embodiments; 
         FIG.  3 B  is a rear perspective view of a magazine for a CEW, in accordance with various embodiments; 
         FIG.  4 A  is a perspective view of a cartridge, in accordance with various embodiments; 
         FIG.  4 B  is a cross-sectional view of a cartridge, in accordance with various embodiments; 
         FIGS.  5 A- 5 C  are perspective views of a cartridge inner assembly, in accordance with various embodiments; 
         FIGS.  6 A- 6 C  are cross-sectional and perspective views of a piston, in accordance with various embodiments; 
         FIGS.  7 A- 7 C  are perspective and cross-sectional views of an electrode, in accordance with various embodiments; and 
         FIGS.  8 A and  8 B  are perspective and cross-sectional views of a training electrode, in accordance with various embodiments. 
     
    
    
     Elements and steps in the figures are illustrated for simplicity and clarity and have not necessarily been rendered according to any particular sequence. For example, steps that may be performed concurrently or in different order are illustrated in the figures to help to improve understanding of embodiments of the present disclosure. 
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     The detailed description of exemplary embodiments herein makes reference to the accompanying drawings, which show exemplary embodiments by way of illustration. While these embodiments are described in sufficient detail to enable those skilled in the art to practice the disclosures, it should be understood that other embodiments may be realized and that logical changes and adaptations in design and construction may be made in accordance with this disclosure and the teachings herein. Thus, the detailed description herein is presented for purposes of illustration only and not of limitation. 
     The scope of the disclosure is defined by the appended claims and their legal equivalents rather than by merely the examples described. For example, the steps recited in any of the method or process descriptions may be executed in any order and are not necessarily limited to the order presented. Furthermore, any reference to singular includes plural embodiments, and any reference to more than one component or step may include a singular embodiment or step. Also, any reference to attached, fixed, coupled, connected, or the like may include permanent, removable, temporary, partial, full, and/or any other possible attachment option. Surface shading lines may be used throughout the figures to denote different parts but not necessarily to denote the same or different materials. 
     Systems, methods, and apparatuses may be used to interfere with voluntary locomotion (e.g., walking, running, moving, etc.) of a target. For example, a CEW may be used to deliver a current (e.g., stimulus signal, pulses of current, pulses of charge, etc.) through tissue of a human or animal target. Although typically referred to as a conducted electrical weapon, as described herein a “CEW” may refer to a conducted electrical weapon, a conducted energy weapon, an electronic control device, and/or any other similar device or apparatus configured to provide a stimulus signal through one or more deployed projectiles (e.g., electrodes). 
     A stimulus signal carries a charge into target tissue. The stimulus signal may interfere with voluntary locomotion of the target. The stimulus signal may cause pain. The pain may also function to encourage the target to stop moving. The stimulus signal may cause skeletal muscles of the target to become stiff (e.g., lock up, freeze, etc.). The stiffening of the muscles in response to a stimulus signal may be referred to as neuromuscular incapacitation (“NMI”). NMI disrupts voluntary control of the muscles of the target. The inability of the target to control its muscles interferes with locomotion of the target. 
     A stimulus signal may be delivered through the target via terminals coupled to the CEW. Delivery via terminals may be referred to as a local delivery (e.g., a local stun, a drive stun, etc.). During local delivery, the terminals are brought close to the target by positioning the CEW proximate to the target. The stimulus signal is delivered through the target’s tissue via the terminals. To provide local delivery, the user of the CEW is generally within arm’s reach of the target and brings the terminals of the CEW into contact with or proximate to the target. 
     A stimulus signal may be delivered through the target via one or more (typically at least two) wire-tethered electrodes. Delivery via wire-tethered electrodes may be referred to as a remote delivery (e.g., a remote stun). During a remote delivery, the CEW may be separated from the target up to the length (e.g., 15 feet, 20 feet, 30 feet, etc.) of the wire tether. The CEW launches the electrodes towards the target. As the electrodes travel toward the target, the respective wire tethers deploy behind the electrodes. The wire tether electrically couples the CEW to the electrode. The electrode may electrically couple to the target thereby coupling the CEW to the target. In response to the electrodes connecting with, impacting on, or being positioned proximate to the target’s tissue, the current may be provided through the target via the electrodes (e.g., a circuit is formed through the first tether and the first electrode, the target’s tissue, and the second electrode and the second tether). 
     Terminals or electrodes that contact or are proximate to the target’s tissue deliver the stimulus signal through the target. Contact of a terminal or electrode with the target’s tissue establishes an electrical coupling (e.g., circuit) with the target’s tissue. Electrodes may include a spear that may pierce the target’s tissue to contact the target. A terminal or electrode that is proximate to the target’s tissue may use ionization to establish an electrical coupling with the target’s tissue. Ionization may also be referred to as arcing. 
     In use (e.g., during deployment), a terminal or electrode may be separated from the target’s tissue by the target’s clothing or a gap of air. In various embodiments, a signal generator of the CEW may provide the stimulus signal (e.g., current, pulses of current, etc.) at a high voltage (e.g., in the range of 40,000 to 100,000 volts) to ionize the air in the clothing or the air in the gap that separates the terminal or electrode from the target’s tissue. Ionizing the air establishes a low impedance ionization path from the terminal or electrode to the target’s tissue that may be used to deliver the stimulus signal into the target’s tissue via the ionization path. The ionization path persists (e.g., remains in existence, lasts, etc.) as long as the current of a pulse of the stimulus signal is provided via the ionization path. When the current ceases or is reduced below a threshold (e.g., amperage, voltage), the ionization path collapses (e.g., ceases to exist) and the terminal or electrode is no longer electrically coupled to the target’s tissue. Lacking the ionization path, the impedance between the terminal or electrode and target tissue is high. A high voltage in the range of about 50,000 volts can ionize air in a gap of up to about one inch. 
     A CEW may provide a stimulus signal as a series of current pulses. Each current pulse may include a high voltage portion (e.g., 40,000 - 100,000 volts) and a low voltage portion (e.g., 500 - 6,000 volts). The high voltage portion of a pulse of a stimulus signal may ionize air in a gap between an electrode or terminal and a target to electrically couple the electrode or terminal to the target. In response to the electrode or terminal being electrically coupled to the target, the low voltage portion of the pulse delivers an amount of charge into the target’s tissue via the ionization path. In response to the electrode or terminal being electrically coupled to the target by contact (e.g., touching, spear embedded into tissue, etc.), the high portion of the pulse and the low portion of the pulse both deliver charge to the target’s tissue. Generally, the low voltage portion of the pulse delivers a majority of the charge of the pulse into the target’s tissue. In various embodiments, the high voltage portion of a pulse of the stimulus signal may be referred to as the spark or ionization portion. The low voltage portion of a pulse may be referred to as the muscle portion. 
     In various embodiments, a signal generator of the CEW may provide the stimulus signal (e.g., current, pulses of current, etc.) at only a low voltage (e.g., less than 2,000 volts). The low voltage stimulus signal may not ionize the air in the clothing or the air in the gap that separates the terminal or electrode from the target’s tissue. A CEW having a signal generator providing stimulus signals at only a low voltage (e.g., a low voltage signal generator) may require deployed electrodes to be electrically coupled to the target by contact (e.g., touching, spear embedded into tissue, etc.). 
     A CEW may include at least two terminals at the face of the CEW. A CEW may include two terminals for each bay that accepts a magazine. The terminals are spaced apart from each other. In response to the electrodes of the magazine in the bay having not been deployed, the high voltage impressed across the terminals will result in ionization of the air between the terminals. The arc between the terminals may be visible to the naked eye. In response to a launched electrode not electrically coupling to a target, the current that would have been provided via the electrodes may arc across the face of the CEW via the terminals. 
     The likelihood that the stimulus signal will cause NMI increases when the electrodes that deliver the stimulus signal are spaced apart at least 6 inches (15.24 centimeters) so that the current from the stimulus signal flows through the at least 6 inches of the target’s tissue. In various embodiments, the electrodes preferably should be spaced apart at least 12 inches (30.48 centimeters) on the target. Because the terminals on a CEW are typically less than 6 inches apart, a stimulus signal delivered through the target’s tissue via terminals likely will not cause NMI, only pain. 
     A series of pulses may include two or more pulses separated in time. Each pulse delivers an amount of charge into the target’s tissue. In response to the electrodes being appropriately spaced (as discussed above), the likelihood of inducing NMI increases as each pulse delivers an amount of charge in the range of 55 microcoulombs to 71 microcoulombs per pulse. The likelihood of inducing NMI increases when the rate of pulse delivery (e.g., rate, pulse rate, repetition rate, etc.) is between 11 pulses per second (“pps”) and 50 pps. Pulses delivered at a higher rate may provide less charge per pulse to induce NMI. Pulses that deliver more charge per pulse may be delivered at a lesser rate to induce NMI. In various embodiments, a CEW may be hand-held and use batteries to provide the pulses of the stimulus signal. In response to the amount of charge per pulse being high and the pulse rate being high, the CEW may use more energy than is needed to induce NMI. Using more energy than is needed depletes batteries more quickly. 
     Empirical testing has shown that the power of the battery may be conserved with a high likelihood of causing NMI in response to the pulse rate being less than 44 pps and the charge per a pulse being about 63 microcoulombs. Empirical testing has shown that a pulse rate of 22 pps and 63 microcoulombs per a pulse via a pair of electrodes will induce NMI when the electrode spacing is at least 12 inches (30.48 centimeters). 
     In various embodiments, a CEW may include a handle and one or more magazines. The handle may include one or more bays for receiving the magazine(s). Each magazine may be removably positioned in (e.g., inserted into, coupled to, etc.) a bay. Each magazine may releasably electrically, electronically, and/or mechanically couple to a bay. A deployment of the CEW may launch one or more electrodes from the magazine and toward a target to remotely deliver the stimulus signal through the target. 
     In various embodiments, a magazine may include two or more electrodes (e.g., projectiles, etc.) that are launched at the same time. In various embodiments, a magazine may include two or more electrodes that may each be launched individually at separate times. In various embodiments, a magazine may include a single electrode configured to be launched from the magazine. Launching the electrodes may be referred to as activating (e.g., firing) a magazine or electrode. In some embodiments, after use (e.g., activation, firing), a magazine may be removed from the bay and the used electrodes may be removed from the magazine and replaced with unused (e.g., not fired, not activated) electrodes. The magazine may be inserted into the bay again to permit launch of additional electrodes. In some embodiments, after use (e.g., activation, firing), a magazine may be removed from the bay and replaced with an unused (e.g., not fired, not activated) magazine to permit launch of additional electrodes. 
     In various embodiments, and with reference to  FIGS.  1  and  2   , a CEW  1  is disclosed. CEW  1  may be similar to, or have similar aspects and/or components with, any CEW discussed herein. CEW  1  may comprise a housing  10  and a magazine  12 . It should be understood by one skilled in the art that  FIG.  2    is a schematic representation of CEW  1 , and one or more of the components of CEW  1  may be located in any suitable position within, or external to, housing  10 . 
     Housing  10  may be configured to house various components of CEW  1  that are configured to enable deployment of magazine  12 , provide an electrical current to magazine  12 , and otherwise aid in the operation of CEW  1 , as discussed further herein. Although depicted as a firearm in  FIG.  1   , housing  10  may comprise any suitable shape and/or size. Housing  10  may comprise a handle end opposite a deployment end. A deployment end may be configured, and sized and shaped, to receive one or more magazine  12 . A handle end may be sized and shaped to be held in a hand of a user. For example, a handle end may be shaped as a handle to enable hand-operation of CEW  1  by the user. In various embodiments, a handle end may also comprise contours shaped to fit the hand of a user, for example, an ergonomic grip. A handle end may include a surface coating, such as, for example, a non-slip surface, a grip pad, a rubber texture, and/or the like. As a further example, a handle end may be wrapped in leather, a colored print, and/or any other suitable material, as desired. 
     In various embodiments, housing  10  may comprise various mechanical, electronic, and/or electrical components configured to aid in performing the functions of CEW  1 . For example, housing  10  may comprise one or more triggers  15 , control interfaces  17 , processing circuits  35 , power supplies  40 , and/or signal generators  45 . Housing  10  may include a guard (e.g., trigger guard). A guard may define an opening formed in housing  10 . A guard may be located on a center region of housing  10  (e.g., as depicted in  FIG.  1   ), and/or in any other suitable location on housing  10 . Trigger  15  may be disposed within a guard. A guard may be configured to protect trigger  15  from unintentional physical contact (e.g., an unintentional activation of trigger  15 ). A guard may surround trigger  15  within housing  10 . 
     In various embodiments, trigger  15  be coupled to an outer surface of housing  10 , and may be configured to move, slide, rotate, or otherwise become physically depressed or moved upon application of physical contact. For example, trigger  15  may be actuated by physical contact applied to trigger  15  from within a guard. Trigger  15  may comprise a mechanical or electromechanical switch, button, trigger, or the like. For example, trigger  15  may comprise a switch, a pushbutton, and/or any other suitable type of trigger. Trigger  15  may be mechanically and/or electronically coupled to processing circuit  35 . In response to trigger  15  being activated (e.g., depressed, pushed, etc. by the user), processing circuit  35  may enable deployment of (or cause deployment of) one or more magazine  12  from CEW  1 , as discussed further herein. 
     In various embodiments, power supply  40  may be configured to provide power to various components of CEW  1 . For example, power supply  40  may provide energy for operating the electronic and/or electrical components (e.g., parts, subsystems, circuits, etc.) of CEW  1  and/or one or more magazine  12 . Power supply  40  may provide electrical power. Providing electrical power may include providing a current at a voltage. Power supply  40  may be electrically coupled to processing circuit  35  and/or signal generator  45 . In various embodiments, in response to a control interface comprising electronic properties and/or components, power supply  40  may be electrically coupled to the control interface. In various embodiments, in response to trigger  15   comprising electronic properties or components, power supply  40  may be electrically coupled to trigger  15 . Power supply  40  may provide an electrical current at a voltage. Electrical power from power supply  40  may be provided as a direct current (“DC”). Electrical power from power supply  40  may be provided as an alternating current (“AC”). Power supply  40  may include a battery. The energy of power supply  40  may be renewable or exhaustible, and/or replaceable. For example, power supply  40  may comprise one or more rechargeable or disposable batteries. In various embodiments, the energy from power supply  40  may be converted from one form (e.g., electrical, magnetic, thermal) to another form to perform the functions of a system. 
     Power supply  40  may provide energy for performing the functions of CEW  1 . For example, power supply  40  may provide the electrical current to signal generator  45  that is provided through a target to impede locomotion of the target (e.g., via magazine  12 ). Power supply  40  may provide the energy for a stimulus signal. Power supply  40  may provide the energy for other signals, including an ignition signal, as discussed further herein. 
     In various embodiments, processing circuit  35  may comprise any circuitry, electrical components, electronic components, software, and/or the like configured to perform various operations and functions discussed herein. For example, processing circuit  35  may comprise a processing circuit, a processor, a digital signal processor, a microcontroller, a microprocessor, an application specific integrated circuit (ASIC), a programmable logic device, logic circuitry, state machines, MEMS devices, signal conditioning circuitry, communication circuitry, a computer, a computer-based system, a radio, a network appliance, a data bus, an address bus, and/or any combination thereof. In various embodiments, processing circuit  35  may include passive electronic devices (e.g., resistors, capacitors, inductors, etc.) and/or active electronic devices (e.g., op amps, comparators, analog-to-digital converters, digital-to-analog converters, programmable logic, SRCs, transistors, etc.). In various embodiments, processing circuit  35  may include data buses, output ports, input ports, timers, memory, arithmetic units, and/or the like. 
     In various embodiments, processing circuit  35  may include signal conditioning circuity. Signal conditioning circuitry may include level shifters to change (e.g., increase, decrease) the magnitude of a voltage (e.g., of a signal) before receipt by processing circuit  35  or to shift the magnitude of a voltage provided by processing circuit  35 . 
     In various embodiments, processing circuit  35  may be configured to control and/or coordinate operation of some or all aspects of CEW  1 . For example, processing circuit  35  may include (or be in communication with) memory configured to store data, programs, and/or instructions. The memory may comprise a tangible non-transitory computer-readable memory. Instructions stored on the tangible non-transitory memory may allow processing circuit  35  to perform various operations, functions, and/or steps, as described herein. 
     In various embodiments, the memory may comprise any hardware, software, and/or database component capable of storing and maintaining data. For example, a memory unit may comprise a database, data structure, memory component, or the like. A memory unit may comprise any suitable non-transitory memory known in the art, such as, an internal memory (e.g., random access memory (RAM), read-only memory (ROM), solid state drive (SSD), etc.), removable memory (e.g., an SD card, an xD card, a CompactFlash card, etc.), or the like. 
     Processing circuit  35  may be configured to provide and/or receive electrical signals whether digital and/or analog in form. Processing circuit  35  may provide and/or receive digital information via a data bus using any protocol. Processing circuit  35  may receive information, manipulate the received information, and provide the manipulated information. Processing circuit  35  may store information and retrieve stored information. Information received, stored, and/or manipulated by processing circuit  35  may be used to perform a function, control a function, and/or to perform an operation or execute a stored program. 
     Processing circuit  35  may control the operation and/or function of other circuits and/or components of CEW  1 . Processing circuit  35  may receive status information regarding the operation of other components, perform calculations with respect to the status information, and provide commands (e.g., instructions) to one or more other components. Processing circuit  35  may command another component to start operation, continue operation, alter operation, suspend operation, cease operation, or the like. Commands and/or status may be communicated between processing circuit  35  and other circuits and/or components via any type of bus (e.g., SPI bus) including any type of data/address bus. 
     In various embodiments, processing circuit  35  may be mechanically and/or electronically coupled to trigger  15 . Processing circuit  35  may be configured to detect an activation, actuation, depression, input, etc. (collectively, an “activation event”) of trigger  15 . In response to detecting the activation event, processing circuit  35  may be configured to perform various operations and/or functions, as discussed further herein. Processing circuit  35  may also include a sensor (e.g., a trigger sensor) attached to trigger  15  and configured to detect an activation event of trigger  15 . The sensor may comprise any suitable sensor, such as a mechanical and/or electronic sensor capable of detecting an activation event in trigger  15  and reporting the activation event to processing circuit  35 . 
     In various embodiments, processing circuit  35  may be mechanically and/or electronically coupled to control interface  17 . Processing circuit  35  may be configured to detect an activation, actuation, depression, input, etc. (collectively, a “control event”) of control interface  17 . In response to detecting the control event, processing circuit  35  may be configured to perform various operations and/or functions, as discussed further herein. Processing circuit  35  may also include a sensor (e.g., a control sensor) attached to control interface  17  and configured to detect a control event of control interface  17 . The sensor may comprise any suitable mechanical and/or electronic sensor capable of detecting a control event in control interface  17  and reporting the control event to processing circuit  35 . 
     In various embodiments, processing circuit  35  may be electrically and/or electronically coupled to power supply  40 . Processing circuit  35  may receive power from power supply  40 . The power received from power supply  40  may be used by processing circuit  35  to receive signals, process signals, and transmit signals to various other components in CEW  1 . Processing circuit  35  may use power from power supply  40  to detect an activation event of trigger  15 , a control event of control interface  17 , or the like, and generate one or more control signals in response to the detected events. The control signal may be based on the control event and the activation event. The control signal may be an electrical signal. 
     In various embodiments, processing circuit  35  may be electrically and/or electronically coupled to signal generator  45 . Processing circuit  35  may be configured to transmit or provide control signals to signal generator  45  in response to detecting an activation event of trigger  15 . Multiple control signals may be provided from processing circuit  35  to signal generator  45  in series. In response to receiving the control signal, signal generator  45  may be configured to perform various functions and/or operations, as discussed further herein. 
     In various embodiments, signal generator  45  may be configured to receive one or more control signals from processing circuit  35 . Signal generator  45  may provide an ignition signal to magazine  12  based on the control signals. Signal generator  45  may be electrically and/or electronically coupled to processing circuit  35  and/or magazine  12 . Signal generator  45  may be electrically coupled to power supply  40 . Signal generator  45  may use power received from power supply  40  to generate an ignition signal. For example, signal generator  45  may receive an electrical signal from power supply  40  that has first current and voltage values. Signal generator  45  may transform the electrical signal into an ignition signal having second current and voltage values. The transformed second current and/or the transformed second voltage values may be different from the first current and/or voltage values. The transformed second current and/or the transformed second voltage values may be the same as the first current and/or voltage values. Signal generator  45  may temporarily store power from power supply  40  and rely on the stored power entirely or in part to provide the ignition signal. Signal generator  45  may also rely on received power from power supply  40  entirely or in part to provide the ignition signal, without needing to temporarily store power. 
     Signal generator  45  may be controlled entirely or in part by processing circuit  35 . In various embodiments, signal generator  45  and processing circuit  35  may be separate components (e.g., physically distinct and/or logically discrete). Signal generator  45  and processing circuit  35  may be a single component. For example, a control circuit within housing  10  may at least include signal generator  45  and processing circuit  35 . The control circuit may also include other components and/or arrangements, including those that further integrate corresponding function of these elements into a single component or circuit, as well as those that further separate certain functions into separate components or circuits. 
     Signal generator  45  may be controlled by the control signals to generate an ignition signal having a predetermined current value or values. For example, signal generator  45  may include a current source. The control signal may be received by signal generator  45  to activate the current source at a current value of the current source. An additional control signal may be received to decrease a current of the current source. For example, signal generator  45  may include a pulse width modification circuit coupled between a current source and an output of the control circuit. A second control signal may be received by signal generator  45  to activate the pulse width modification circuit, thereby decreasing a non-zero period of a signal generated by the current source and an overall current of an ignition signal subsequently output by the control circuit. The pulse width modification circuit may be separate from a circuit of the current source or, alternatively, integrated within a circuit of the current source. Various other forms of signal generators  45  may alternatively or additionally be employed, including those that apply a voltage over one or more different resistances to generate signals with different currents. In various embodiments, signal generator  45  may include a high-voltage module configured to deliver an electrical current having a high voltage. In various embodiments, signal generator  45  may include a low-voltage module configured to deliver an electrical current having a lower voltage, such as, for example, 2,000 volts. 
     Responsive to receipt of a signal indicating activation of trigger  15  (e.g., an activation event), a control circuit provides an ignition signal to magazine  12  (or an electrode in magazine  12 ). For example, signal generator  45  may provide an electrical signal as an ignition signal to magazine  12  in response to receiving a control signal from processing circuit  35 . In various embodiments, the ignition signal may be separate and distinct from a stimulus signal. For example, a stimulus signal in CEW  1  may be provided to a different circuit within magazine  12 , relative to a circuit to which an ignition signal is provided. Signal generator  45  may be configured to generate a stimulus signal. In various embodiments, a second, separate signal generator, component, or circuit (not shown) within housing  10  may be configured to generate the stimulus signal. Signal generator  45  may also provide a ground signal path for magazine  12 , thereby completing a circuit for an electrical signal provided to magazine  12  by signal generator  45 . The ground signal path may also be provided to magazine  12  by other elements in housing  10 , including power supply  40 . 
     In various embodiments, a bay  11  of housing  10  may be configured (to receive one or more magazine  12 . Bay  11  may comprise an opening in an end of housing  10  sized and shaped to receive one or more magazine  12 . Bay  11  may include one or more mechanical features configured to removably couple one or more magazine  12  within bay  11 . Bay  11  of housing  10  may be configured to receive a single magazine, two magazines, three magazines, nine magazines, or any other number of magazines. 
     Magazine  12  may comprise one or more propulsion modules  25  and one or more electrodes E. For example, a magazine  12  may comprise a single propulsion module  25  configured to deploy a single electrode E. As a further example, a magazine  12  may comprise a single propulsion module  25  configured to deploy a plurality of electrodes E. As a further example, a magazine  12  may comprise a plurality of propulsion modules  25  and a plurality of electrodes E, with each propulsion module  25  configured to deploy one or more electrodes E. In various embodiments, and as depicted in  FIG.  2   , magazine  12  may comprise a first propulsion module  25 - 1  configured to deploy a first electrode E 0 , a second propulsion module  25 - 2  configured to deploy a second electrode E 1 , a third propulsion module  25 - 3  configured to deploy a third electrode E 2 , and a fourth propulsion module  25 - 4  configured to deploy a fourth electrode En. Each series of propulsion modules and electrodes may be contained in the same and/or separate magazines. As referred to herein, electrodes E 0 , E 1 , E 2 , En may be generally referred to individually as an “electrode E” or collectively as “electrodes E.” As referred to herein, propulsion modules  25 - 1 ,  25 - 2 ,  25 - 3 ,  25 - n  may be referred to individually as a “propulsion module  25 ” or collectively as “propulsion modules  25 .” 
     In various embodiments, a propulsion module  25  may be coupled to, or in communication with one or more electrodes E in magazine  12 . In various embodiments, magazine  12  may comprise a plurality of propulsion modules  25 , with each propulsion module  25  coupled to, or in communication with, one or more electrodes E. A propulsion module  25  may comprise any device, propellant (e.g., air, gas, etc.), primer, or the like capable of providing a propulsion force in magazine  12 . The propulsion force may include an increase in pressure caused by rapidly expanding gas within an area or chamber. The propulsion force may be applied to one or more electrodes E in magazine  12  to cause the deployment of the one or more electrodes E. A propulsion module  25  may provide the propulsion force in response to magazine  12  receiving an ignition signal, as previously discussed. 
     In various embodiments, the propulsion force may be directly applied to one or more electrodes E. For example, a propulsion force from propulsion module  25 - 1  may be provided directly to first electrode E 0 . A propulsion module  25  may be in fluid communication with one or more electrodes E to provide the propulsion force. For example, a propulsion force from propulsion module  25 - 1  may travel within a housing or channel of magazine  12  to first electrode E 0 . The propulsion force may travel via a manifold in magazine  12 . 
     In various embodiments, the propulsion force may be provided indirectly to one or more electrodes E. For example, the propulsion force may be provided to a secondary source of propellant within propulsion system  125 . The propulsion force may launch the secondary source of propellant within propulsion system  125 , causing the secondary source of propellant to release propellant. A force associated with the released propellant may in turn provide a force to one or more electrodes E. A force generated by a secondary source of propellant may cause the one or more electrodes E to be deployed from the magazine  12  and CEW  1 . 
     In various embodiments, an electrode E may comprise any suitable type of projectile. For example, one or more electrodes E may be or include a projectile, a probe, an electrode (e.g., an electrode dart), an entangling projectile (e.g., a tether-based entangling projectile, a net, etc.), a payload projectile (e.g., comprising a liquid or gas substance), or the like. An electrode may include a spear portion, designed to pierce or attach proximate a tissue of a target in order to provide a conductive electrical path between the electrode and the tissue, as previously discussed herein. 
     In various embodiments, magazine  12  may be configured to receive one or more cartridges. For example, magazine  12  may define one or more bores. A bore may comprise an axial opening through magazine  12 . Each bore may be configured to receive a cartridge. Each bore may be sized and shaped accordingly to receive and house the cartridge. Each bore may comprise any suitable deployment angle. One or more bores may comprise similar deployment angles. One or more bores may comprise different deployment angles. Magazine  12  may comprise any suitable or desired number of bores, such as, for example, two bores, five bores, nine bores, ten bores, and/or the like. 
     A cartridge may comprise a body (e.g., a cartridge body) housing an electrode E and one or more components necessary to deploy the electrode E from the body. For example, a cartridge may comprise an electrode E and a propulsion module. The propulsion module may be similar to any other propulsion module, primer, or the like disclosed herein. 
     In various embodiments, a cartridge may comprise a cylindrical outer body defining a hollow inner portion. The hollow inner portion may house an electrode E (e.g., an electrode E, a spear, filament wire, etc.). The hollow inner portion may house a propulsion module configured to deploy the electrode E from a first end of the cylindrical outer body. The cartridge may include a piston positioned adjacent a second end of the electrode E. The cartridge may have the propulsion module positioned such that the piston is located between the electrode E and the propulsion module. The cartridge may also have a wad positioned adj acent the piston, where the wad is located between the propulsion module and the piston. 
     In various embodiments, a cartridge may comprise a contact on an end of the body. The contact may be configured to allow the cartridge to receive an electrical signal from a CEW handle. For example, the contact may comprise an electrical contact configured to enable the completion of an electrical circuit between the cartridge and a signal generator of the CEW handle. In that regard, the contact may be configured to transmit (or provide) a stimulus signal from the CEW handle to the electrode E. As a further example, the contact may be configured to transmit (or provide) an electrical signal (e.g., an ignition signal) from the CEW handle to a propulsion module within the cartridge. For example, the contact may be configured to transmit (or provide) the electrical signal to a conductor of the propulsion module, thereby causing the conductor to heat up and ignite a pyrotechnic material inside the propulsion module. Ignition of the pyrotechnic material may cause the propulsion module to deploy (e.g., directly or indirectly) the electrode E from the cartridge. 
     In operation, a cartridge may be inserted into a bore of magazine  12 . Magazine  12  may be inserted into the bay of a CEW handle. The CEW may be operated to deploy an electrode E from the cartridge in magazine  12 . Magazine  12  may be removed from the bay of the CEW handle. The cartridge (e.g., a used cartridge, a spent cartridge, etc.) may be removed from the bore of magazine  12 . A new cartridge may then be inserted into the same bore of magazine  12  for additional deployments. The number of cartridges that magazine  12  is capable of receiving may be dependent on a number of bores in magazine  12 . For example, in response to magazine  12  comprising ten bores, magazine  12  may be configured to receive at most ten cartridges at the same time. As a further example, in response to magazine  12  comprising two bores, magazine  312  may be configured to receive at most two cartridges at the same time. 
     Control interface  17  of CEW  1  may comprise, or be similar to, any control interface disclosed herein. In various embodiments, control interface  17  may be configured to control selection of firing modes in CEW  1 . Controlling selection of firing modes in CEW  1  may include disabling firing of CEW  1  (e.g., a safety mode, etc.), enabling firing of CEW  1  (e.g., an active mode, a firing mode, an escalation mode, etc.), controlling deployment of magazine  12 , and/or similar operations, as discussed further herein. In various embodiments, control interface  17  may also be configured to perform (or cause performance of) one or more operations that do not include the selection of firing modes. For example, control interface  17  may be configured to enable the selection of operating modes of CEW  1 , selection of options within an operating mode of CEW  1 , or similar selection or scrolling operations, as discussed further herein. 
     Control interface  17  may be located in any suitable location on or in housing  10 . For example, control interface  17  may be coupled to an outer surface of housing  10 . Control interface  17  may be coupled to an outer surface of housing  10  proximate trigger  15  and/or a guard of housing  10 . Control interface  17  may be electrically, mechanically, and/or electronically coupled to processing circuit  35 . In various embodiments, in response to control interface  17  comprising electronic properties or components, control interface  17  may be electrically coupled to power supply  40 . Control interface  17  may receive power (e.g., electrical current) from power supply  40  to power the electronic properties or components. 
     Control interface  17  may be electronically or mechanically coupled to trigger  15 . For example, and as discussed further herein, control interface  17  may function as a safety mechanism. In response to control interface  17  being set to a “safety mode,” CEW  1  may be unable to launch electrodes from magazine  12 . For example, control interface  17  may provide a signal (e.g., a control signal) to processing circuit  35  instructing processing circuit  35  to disable deployment of electrodes from magazine  12 . As a further example, control interface  17  may electronically or mechanically prohibit trigger  15  from activating (e.g., prevent or disable a user from depressing trigger  15 ; prevent trigger  15  from launching an electrode; etc.). 
     Control interface  17  may comprise any suitable electronic or mechanical component capable of enabling selection of firing modes. For example, control interface  17  may comprise a fire mode selector switch, a safety switch, a safety catch, a rotating switch, a selection switch, a selective firing mechanism, and/or any other suitable mechanical control. As a further example, control interface  17  may comprise a slide, such as a handgun slide, a reciprocating slide, or the like. As a further example, control interface  17  may comprise a touch screen, user interface or display, or similar electronic visual component. 
     The safety mode may be configured to prohibit deployment of an electrode from magazine  12  in CEW  1 . For example, in response to a user selecting the safety mode, control interface  17  may transmit a safety mode instruction to processing circuit  35 . In response to receiving the safety mode instruction, processing circuit  35  may prohibit deployment of an electrode from magazine  12 . Processing circuit  35  may prohibit deployment until a further instruction is received from control interface  17  (e.g., a firing mode instruction). As previously discussed, control interface  17  may also, or alternatively, interact with trigger  15  to prevent activation of trigger  15 . In various embodiments, the safety mode may also be configured to prohibit deployment of a stimulus signal from signal generator  45 , such as, for example, a local delivery. 
     The firing mode may be configured to enable deployment of one or more electrodes from magazine  12  in CEW  1 . For example, and in accordance with various embodiments, in response to a user selecting the firing mode, control interface  17  may transmit a firing mode instruction to processing circuit  35 . In response to receiving the firing mode instruction, processing circuit  35  may enable deployment of an electrode from magazine  12 . In that regard, in response to trigger  15  being activated, processing circuit  35  may cause the deployment of one or more electrodes. Processing circuit  35  may enable deployment until a further instruction is received from control interface  17  (e.g., a safety mode instruction). As a further example, and in accordance with various embodiments, in response to a user selecting the firing mode, control interface  17  may also mechanically (or electronically) interact with trigger  15  of CEW  1  to enable activation of trigger  15 . 
     In various embodiments, CEW  1  may deliver a stimulus signal via a circuit that includes signal generator  45  positioned in the handle of CEW  1 . An interface (e.g., cartridge interface, magazine interface, etc.) on each magazine  12  inserted into housing  10  electrically couples to an interface (e.g., handle interface, housing interface, etc.) in handle housing  10 . Signal generator  45  couples to each magazine  12 , and thus to the electrodes E, via the handle interface and the magazine interface. A first filament couples to the interface of the magazine  12  and to a first electrode. A second filament couples to the interface of the magazine  12  and to a second electrode. The stimulus signal travels from signal generator  45 , through the first filament and the first electrode, through target tissue, and through the second electrode and second filament back to signal generator  45 . 
     In various embodiments, CEW  1  may further comprise one or more user interfaces  37 . A user interface  37  may be configured to receive an input from a user of CEW  1  and/or transmit an output to the user of CEW  1 . User interface  37  may be located in any suitable location on or in housing  10 . For example, user interface  37  may be coupled to an outer surface of housing  10 , or extend at least partially through the outer surface of housing  10 . User interface  37  may be electrically, mechanically, and/or electronically coupled to processing circuit  35 . In various embodiments, in response to user interface  37  comprising electronic or electrical properties or components, user interface  37  may be electrically coupled to power supply  40 . User interface  37  may receive power (e.g., electrical current) from power supply  40  to power the electronic properties or components. 
     In various embodiments, user interface  37  may comprise one or more components configured to receive an input from a user. For example, user interface  37  may comprise one or more of an audio capturing module (e.g., microphone) configured to receive an audio input, a visual display (e.g., touchscreen, LCD, LED, etc.) configured to receive a manual input, a mechanical interface (e.g., button, switch, etc.) configured to receive a manual input, and/or the like. In various embodiments, user interface  37  may comprise one or more components configured to transmit or produce an output. For example, user interface  37  may comprise one or more of an audio output module (e.g., audio speaker) configured to output audio, a light-emitting component (e.g., flashlight, laser guide, etc.) configured to output light, a visual display (e.g., touchscreen, LCD, LED, etc.) configured to output a visual, and/or the like. 
     In various embodiments, and with reference to  FIGS.  3 A and  3 B , a magazine  312  for a CEW is disclosed. Magazine  312  may be similar to any other magazine or the like disclosed herein. 
     Magazine  312  may comprise a housing  350  sized and shaped to be inserted into the bay of a CEW handle, as previously discussed. Housing  350  may comprise a first end  351  (e.g., a deployment end, a front end, etc.) opposite a second end  352  (e.g., a loading end, a rear end, etc.). Magazine  312  may be configured to permit launch of one or more electrodes from first end  351  (e.g., electrodes are launched through first end  351 ). Magazine  312  may be configured to permit loading of one or more electrodes from second end  351 . Second end  351  may also be configured to permit provision of stimulus signals from the CEW to the one or more electrodes. In some embodiments, magazine  312  may also be configured to permit loading of one or more electrodes from first end  351 . 
     In various embodiments, housing  350  may define one or more bores  353 . A bore  353  may comprise an axial opening through housing  350 , defined and open on first end  351  and/or second end  352 . Each bore  353  may be configured to receive an electrode (or cartridge containing an electrode). Each bore  353  may be sized and shaped accordingly to receive and house an electrode (or cartridge containing an electrode) prior to and during deployment of the electrode from magazine  312 . Each bore  353  may comprise any suitable deployment angle. One or more bores  353  may comprise similar deployment angles. One or more bores  353  may comprise different deployment angles. Housing  350  may comprise any suitable or desired number of bores  353 , such as, for example, two bores, five bores, nine bores, ten bores (e.g., as depicted), and/or the like. 
     In various embodiments, magazine  312  may be configured to receive one or more cartridges  355 . A cartridge  355  may comprise a body  356  housing an electrode and one or more components necessary to deploy the electrode from body  356 . For example, cartridge  355  may comprise an electrode and a propulsion module. The electrode may be similar to any other electrode, projectile, or the like disclosed herein. The propulsion module may be similar to any other propulsion module, primer, or the like disclosed herein. 
     In various embodiments, cartridge  355  may comprise a cylindrical outer body  356  defining a hollow inner portion. The hollow inner portion may house an electrode (e.g., an electrode, a spear, filament wire, etc.), or any other projectile disclosed herein. The hollow inner portion may house a propulsion module configured to deploy the electrode from a first end of the cylindrical outer body  356 . Cartridge  355  may include a piston positioned adjacent a second end of the electrode. Cartridge  355  may have the propulsion module positioned such that the piston is located between the electrode and the propulsion module. Cartridge  355  may also have a wad positioned adjacent the piston, where the wad is located between the propulsion module and the piston. 
     In various embodiments, a cartridge  355  may comprise a contact  357  on an end of body  356 . Contact  357  may be configured to allow cartridge  355  to receive an electrical signal from a CEW handle. For example, contact  357  may comprise an electrical contact configured to enable the completion of an electrical circuit between cartridge  355  and a signal generator of the CEW handle. In that regard, contact  357  may be configured to transmit (or provide) a stimulus signal from the CEW handle to the electrode. As a further example, contact  357  may be configured to transmit (or provide) an electrical signal (e.g., an ignition signal) from the CEW handle to a propulsion module within the cartridge  355 . For example, contact  357  may be configured to transmit (or provide) the electrical signal to a conductor of the propulsion module, thereby causing the conductor to heat up and ignite a pyrotechnic material inside the propulsion module. Ignition of the pyrotechnic material may cause the propulsion module to deploy (e.g., directly or indirectly) the electrode from the cartridge  355 . 
     In operation, a cartridge  355  may be inserted into a bore  353  of a magazine  312 . The magazine  312  may be inserted into the bay of a CEW handle. The CEW may be operated to deploy an electrode from the cartridge  355  in magazine  312 . Magazine  312  may be removed from the bay of the CEW handle. The cartridge  355  (e.g., a used cartridge, a spent cartridge, etc.) may be removed from the bore  353  of magazine  312 . A new cartridge  355  may then be inserted into the same bore  353  of magazine  312  for additional deployments. The number of cartridges  355  that magazine  312  is capable of receiving may be dependent on a number of bores  353  in housing  350 . For example, in response to housing  350  comprising ten bores  353 , magazine  312  may be configured to receive at most ten cartridges  355  at the same time. As a further example, in response to housing  350  comprising two bores  353 , magazine  312  may be configured to receive at most two cartridges  355  at the same time. 
     In various embodiments, and with reference to  FIGS.  4 A and  4 B , a cartridge  455  is disclosed. Cartridge  455  may be similar to any other cartridge disclosed herein. Cartridge  455  may comprise a body  470  (e.g., a cartridge body) having a first end  471  (e.g., a deployment end, a first cartridge end, etc.) opposite a second end  472  (e.g., a contact end, a second cartridge end, etc.). Body  470  may comprise a cylindrical shape. Body  470  may comprise a monolithic structure, or may comprise separate structures coupled together to form a singular body. 
     In various embodiments, body  470  may comprise a wide portion  474  (e.g., a base) and an elongated portion  476  (e.g., a firing tube, bore, etc.). Wide portion  474  may define second end  472 . Elongated portion  476  may define first end  471 . Body  470  may define a step  475  between (and separating) wide portion  474  and elongated portion  476 . Step  475  may define an outer surface of body  470  extending radially inward relative to wide portion  474 . Step  475  may define an outer surface of body  470  extending radially outward relative to elongated body  476 . In that regard, wide portion  474  may define a portion of body  470  from second end  452  to step  475  and elongated portion  476  may define a portion of body  470  from first end  471  to step  475 . 
     Wide portion  474  and elongated portion  476  may comprise different dimensions. For example, wide portion  474  may comprise a first width (e.g., a first cartridge width) and a first length (e.g., a first cartridge length). Elongated portion  476  may comprise a second width (e.g., a second cartridge width) and a second length (e.g., a second cartridge length). The first width may be greater than the second width (e.g., the second width may be less than the first width). The first length may be less than the second length (e.g., the second length may be greater than the first length). 
     Wide portion  474  may comprise a consistent inner diameter from first end  471  to step  475 . Elongated portion  476  may comprise a consistent inner diameter from step  475  to second end  472 . The consistent diameter of wide portion  474  may be greater than the consistent diameter of elongated portion  476 . 
     Elongated portion  476  may comprise a varying outer diameter. For example, a first portion (e.g., a first body portion) of elongated portion  476  proximate first end  471  may comprise a smaller outer diameter than a second portion (e.g., a second body portion) of elongated portion  476  proximate step  475 . For example, the first portion may comprise a first outer diameter and the second portion may comprise a second outer diameter. The second outer diameter may be greater than the first outer diameter. Wide portion  474  may define a third portion (e.g., a third body portion) comprising a third outer diameter. The third outer diameter may be greater than each of the second outer diameter and the first outer diameter. 
     In some embodiments, the first portion may comprise a first inner diameter and the second portion may comprise a second inner diameter. The first inner diameter may be the same, or substantially the same, as the second inner diameter. The third portion may comprise a third inner diameter. The third inner diameter may be greater than each of the first inner diameter and the second inner diameter. 
     In some embodiments, the first portion and the second portion may define equal parts of elongated portion  476 . In some embodiments, the first portion may be smaller in length than the second portion. For example, the first portion may comprise a percentage of the length of the second portion such as 70%, 60%, 50%, 30%, 20%, 10%, and/or the like. 
     The varying outer diameter between the first portion and the second portion of elongated portion  476  may define a step (e.g., a second step, a blast door step, etc.). The step may define a change in outer diameter between different portions of elongated body  476 . 
     In various embodiments, body  470  may comprise an outer surface  478  opposite an inner surface  479 . Outer surface  478  may be configured to contact a bore of a magazine in response to being inserted into the magazine. Inner surface  479  may define an opening (e.g., a bore, a barrel, etc.) through body  470  configured to retain a projectile and one or more components configured to cause deployment of the projectile, such as, for example, a cartridge inner assembly. 
     In various embodiments, inner surface  479  of body  470  may define a piston stop  485  between (and separating) wide portion  474  and elongated portion  476 . Piston stop  485  may define an inner surface of body  470  extending radially inward relative to wide portion  474 . Piston stop  485  may define an inner surface of body  470  extending radially outward relative to elongated body  476 . Piston stop  485  may define an inner surface portion of body  470  opposite step  475 . 
     In various embodiments, cartridge  455  may comprise a blast door  486  configured to at least partially obstruct first end  471  prior to a deployment of a projectile from cartridge  455 . Blast door  486  may be coupled to first end  571 . Blast door  486  may be configured to at least partially obstruct first end  451  prior to deployment of a projectile from cartridge  455 . In response to deployment of the projectile, blast door  486  may decouple from first end  451 . For example, blast door  486  may decouple from first end  471  responsive to contact and a force from the projectile. Blast door  486  may couple to the projectile (e.g., via spear  484  of electrode  480 ) in response to the contact and the force. Blast door  486  may decouple and become dislodged from first end  471  without coupling to the projectile (e.g., blast door  486  may move from the trajectory of the projectile in response to decoupling from first end  471 ). In other embodiments, a force causing deployment of the projectile from cartridge  455  may decouple blast door  486  without contact or a force from the projectile. 
     Blast door  486  may be coupled to elongated portion  476  (e.g., first portion of elongated portion  476 ). Blast door  486  may extend axially aft first end  471  towards a second portion of elongated  476  (e.g., towards step  475 , second end  472 , etc.). Blast door  486  may decouple from elongated portion  476  during a deployment. 
     In various embodiments, a portion of body  470  proximate first end  471  may be sized and shaped to receive blast door  486 . In that regard, the portion of body  470  proximate first end  471  may comprise different dimensions (e.g., varying dimensions) compared to a remainder of elongated portion  476 . For example, the portion of body  470  proximate  471  may comprise an inner diameter substantially similar to the remainder of elongated portion  476 , but an outer diameter smaller than the remainder of elongated portion  476  (e.g., a first outer diameter of elongated portion  476  is greater than a second outer diameter of body  470  proximate first end  471 ). 
     For example, and in accordance with various embodiments, DETAIL A of  FIG.  4 B  depicts associated widths (e.g., thicknesses, wall diameters, etc.) of elongated portion  476 , first end  471 , and blast door  486 . Elongated portion  476  may comprise a first width W1. First end  471  of body  470  may comprise a second width W2. Blast door  486  may comprise a third width W3. In some embodiments, blast door  486  may comprise varying widths (e.g., a third width, a fourth width, etc.). For example, a width of a first portion of blast door  486  obstructing the opening of first end  471  may be different from a width of a second portion (e.g., each end portion of blast door  486 ) coupled to first end  471  of body  470 . As a further example, a width of a first portion of blast door  486  obstructing the opening of first end  471  may be greater than a width of a second portion (e.g., each end portion of blast door  486 ) coupled to first end  471  of body  470 . As a further example, a width of a first portion of blast door  486  obstructing the opening of first end  471  may be less than a width of a second portion (e.g., each end portion of blast door  486 ) coupled to first end  471  of body  470 . 
     First width W1 may be greater than second width W2. First width W1 may be greater than third width W3. First width W1 may be greater than second width W2 together with third width W3. First width W1 may be substantially similar to, or equal to, second width W2 together with third width W3. In some embodiments, elongated portion  476  having a first width W1 greater than, substantially similar to, or equal to second width W2 together with third width W3 ensures that cartridge  455  may be properly received within a bore of a magazine without blast door  486  interfering with (or obstructing) the inner surface of the bore of the magazine. 
     Second width W2 may be greater than third width W3. Third width W3 may be less than second width W2. Second width W2 may be substantially similar to, or equal to, third width W3. 
     In some embodiments, blast door  486  may be configured to hermitically seal cartridge  455  at first end  471 . In some embodiments, blast door  486  may be configured to at least partially seal internal components of cartridge  455  from the environment external body  470 . 
     In various embodiments, a projectile disposed within cartridge  455  may comprise an electrode  480 . Electrode  480  may comprise any electrode, projectile, or the like disclosed herein. For example, although depicted as an electrode for a CEW, electrode  480  may alternatively comprise a projectile such as a lethal payload, a less-lethal payload, a non-lethal payload, a rubber bullet, a standard electrode, an article penetrating electrode, an entangling projectile (e.g., a tether-based entangling projectile, a net, etc.), a scent-based projectile, a pepper spray projectile (e.g., oleoresin capsicum, OC spray), a tear gas projectile (e.g., 2-chlorobenzalmalononitrile, CS spray), and/or the like. 
     In various embodiments, electrode  480  may comprise a body  481  (e.g., an electrode body). Electrode  480  may comprise a spear  484  coupled to a forward-end of electrode  480 . Electrode  480  may be disposed within body  470  (e.g., cartridge body) and configured to deploy from first end  471 . 
     In various embodiments, electrode  480  may comprise a filament  487  (e.g., a wire-tether) configured to mechanically and/or electrically couple electrode  480  to cartridge  455  before, during, and/or after deployment of electrode  480 . For example, electrode  480  may be in electrical series with filament  487 , body  470 , and/or a signal generator of a CEW handle. Filament  487  may comprise a first end coupled to electrode  480  and a second end  489  coupled to cartridge  455  (or a component of or within cartridge  455 ). 
     In various embodiments, cartridge  455  may comprise a contact  457  disposed proximate (or on) second end  472 . Contact  457  may be similar to any other contact disclosed herein. Contact  457  may be configured to allow cartridge  455  to receive an electrical signal from a CEW handle. For example, contact  457  may comprise an electrical contact configured to enable the completion of an electrical circuit between cartridge  455  and a signal generator of the CEW handle. In that regard, contact  457  may be configured to transmit (or provide) a stimulus signal from the CEW handle to one or more components within cartridge  455 . As a further example, contact  457  may be configured to transmit (or provide) an electrical signal (e.g., an ignition signal) from the CEW handle to a propulsion module within cartridge  455 . For example, contact  457  may be configured to transmit (or provide) the electrical signal to a conductor of the propulsion module, thereby causing the conductor to heat up and ignite a pyrotechnic material inside the propulsion module. Ignition of the pyrotechnic material may cause the propulsion module to deploy (e.g., directly or indirectly) the electrode from the cartridge  455 . 
     In some embodiments, contact  457  may be configured to receive a first electrical signal from the CEW handle and body  470  may be configured to receive a second electrical signal from the CEW handle. For example, in some embodiments, the first electrical signal may comprise an ignition signal configured to cause deployment of a projectile from cartridge  455 . The second electrical signal may comprise a stimulus signal configured to be provided through the projectile, via body  470 . In that regard, body  470  may be in electrical series with the projectile and the CEW handle, as disclosed further herein. As a further example, and in accordance with some embodiments, contact  457  may be configured to interface with a signal pin of a CEW handle and body  470  may be configured to interface with a ground pin of the CEW handle. 
     In various embodiments, cartridge  455  may comprise a cartridge inner assembly. The cartridge inner assembly may comprise one or more components configured to aid in deploying a projectile from cartridge  455 , providing a stimulus signal through the projectile, and/or the like. For example, the cartridge inner assembly may comprise one or more of a propulsion module, a plug, a piston, and/or a retaining clip. In some embodiments, a cartridge inner assembly may further comprise a wad. 
     In various embodiments, cartridge  455  may comprise a propulsion module  425  disposed within body  470 . Propulsion module  425  may be configured to provide a propulsive force to cause deployment of a projectile from cartridge  455 . Propulsion module  425  may be similar to any other propulsion module disclosed herein. In some embodiments, propulsion module  425  may be similar to a propulsion module, propulsion device, and/the like described in U.S. Pat. Application No. 16/153,640 filed on Oct. 5, 2018, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. 
     In various embodiments, propulsion module  425  may comprise any type of device that may be controlled to provide a rapidly expanding gas. Propulsion module  425  may be ignited to launch a projectile from cartridge  455 . For example, propulsion module  425  may comprise a primer. The primer may be ignited in any manner, such as by a striking (e.g., percussion) movement that directly or indirectly contacts the primer or electrically by passing a current through the primer. When electrically ignited, the electrical current may comprise a direct current or an alternating current. In some embodiments, the electrical current for igniting a primer may be a pulsed current or a current provided as a step function. The polarity of the current may be positive or negative. 
     For example, in some embodiments, the primer may be ignited via a mechanical striking force. For example, a mechanical striking force may be applied to contact  457 . The striking force may be transferred by contact  457  to propulsion module  425 . The striking force may pierce (e.g., penetrate) and/or crush (e.g., compress) the primer in propulsion module  425  thereby causing (e.g., initiating) a chemical reaction in the primer that causes the pyrotechnic material of the primer to burn (e.g., ignite). The burning of the primer produces a rapidly expanding gas. The striking force may be provided by any object such as, for example, a firing pin. 
     In other embodiments, propulsion module  425  may be ignited via an electrical current. For example, a current may be provided to contact  457 . Contact  457  may include electrical paths (e.g., conductors) that permit the current to flow through contact  457  to propulsion module  425 . Contact  457  may include mechanical structures that include electrical paths to the primer in propulsion module  425 . Flow of a current to the primer may cause a conductor to heat up thereby igniting the pyrotechnic material inside the primer. An electrical path for the current may include contact  457 , propulsion module  425 , and/or body  470 . For example, body  470  may be grounded and a voltage having a positive or negative polarity may be applied to contact  457  to induce a current to flow through contact  457  to propulsion module  425 . Igniting the pyrotechnic material in the primer of propulsion module  425  produces a rapidly expanding gas configured to deploy the projectile. 
     In various embodiments, cartridge  455  may comprise a piston  420  disposed within body  470 . Piston  420  may be disposed within body  470  forward of propulsion module  425 . Piston  420  may be configured to move in a forward direction (e.g., towards first end  471 ) responsive to the propulsive force from propulsion module  425 . As piston  420  moves in the forward direction, piston  420  contacts piston stop  485  causing piston  420  to cease moving forward. Movement of piston  420  may apply a forward force on a rear-end portion of electrode  480  causing electrode  480  to move in the forward direction. Forward movement of electrode  480  does not cease when piston  420  contacts piston stop  485 . Electrode  480  continues to move in a forward direction to exit body  470  to travel toward a target and provide a stimulus signal through the target. 
     Piston  420  may comprise a body having a forward end (e.g., first end) opposite an aft end (e.g., second end). The aft end may be configured to receive the propulsive force directly or indirectly from propulsion module  425 . The forward end may be configured to transfer or provide the force to electrode  480  to cause deployment of electrode  480  from cartridge  455 . In some embodiments, the forward end may be receivable within body  481  of electrode  480  prior to deployment of electrode  480 . 
     The body of piston  420  may define a piston opening  424  on the forward end and extending through to the aft end. Piston opening  424  may comprise varying dimensions from the forward end to the aft end. For example, piston opening  424  proximate the forward end may comprise a greater diameter compared to piston opening  424  proximate the aft end. Piston opening  424  proximate the forward end may also comprise a chamfered edge. 
     In various embodiments, piston opening  424  may be configured to receive second end  489  of filament  487  from electrode  480 . For example, second end  489  of filament  487  may be inserted through piston opening  424  at the forward end of piston  420 , and couple proximate to, or aft of, the aft end of piston  420 . 
     In some embodiments, piston opening  424  proximate the aft end of piston  420  may be configured to receive a screw  418 . Screw  418  may be configured to couple the second end  489  of filament  487  to piston  424 . For example, screw  418  may be inserted within piston opening  424  and filament  487  may be coupled between screw  418  and a surface of piston opening  424 . In some embodiments, a surface of piston opening  424  may comprise a rubber surface, or similar material, configured to compress against screw  418  (or the threads of screw  418 ) in response to screw  418  being coupled to piston opening  424 . 
     In various embodiments, piston  420  may be configured to provide electrical connectivity between body  470  of cartridge  455  and filament  480  of electrode  480 . For example, a portion of piston  420  may comprise an electrically conductive material. The electrically conductive material may comprise a portion or all of piston  420 . The electrically conductive material may define a channel, passage, or the like through piston  420 . The electrically conductive material may be at least partially covered by a non-conductive material to control passage of an electrical signal through the electrically conductive material. 
     The electrically conductive material may be in contact with inner surface  479  of body  470 . For example, before deployment, the electrically conductive material may be in contact at a first location against inner surface  479  of body  470 . After deployment, piston  420  may be in contact with piston stop  485 . In some embodiments, after deployment the electrically conductive material may be in contact at a first location against inner surface  479  of body  470  and at a second location against piston stop  485 . Ensuring electrically contact against two locations of inner surface  479  of body  470  after a deployment may ensure that piston  420  remains in electrical series with body  470  and a CEW handle (e.g., ensure a stimulus signal from the CEW handle can be provided through body  470  and piston  420 , and into electrode  480 ). 
     The electrically conductive material may be in direct or indirect contact with second end  489  of filament  487 . For example, in some embodiments, the electrically conductive material may be in direct contact with second end  489  of filament  487 , via piston opening  424 . In that regard, an electrical signal may be provided by a CEW handle and through body  470 , the electrically conductive material of piston  420 , filament  487 , and electrode  480 . As a further example, in some embodiments, the electrically conductive material may be in indirect contact with second end  489  of filament  487  via screw  418  or a washer of screw  418 . In that regard, an electrical signal may be provided by a CEW handle and through body  470 , the electrically conductive material of piston  420 , screw  418  and/or a washer of screw  418 , filament  487 , and electrode  480 . 
     In various embodiments, second end  489  of filament  487  may comprise a conductive filament (e.g., non-coated filament wire) to ensure electrical coupling between piston  420 , filament  487 , and electrode  480 . In some embodiments, an entirety of filament  487  may comprise a conductive filament (e.g., non-coated filament wire). 
     In various embodiments, a portion of piston  420  may comprise an electrically non-conductive material configured to at least partially seal again inner surface  479  of body  470 . For example, the electrically non-conductive material be configured to at least partially reduce an amount of the rapidly expanding gas from propulsion module  425  that bypasses piston  420  to exit body  470  with electrode  480 . By reducing an amount of the rapidly expanding gas that bypasses piston  420 , the force applied again piston  420  and electrode  480  may be increased. 
     In various embodiments, cartridge  455  may comprise a plug  441  disposed within body  470 . Plug  441  may be disposed within body  470  forward of propulsion module  425  and aft of piston  420 . Plug  441  may be coupled to, or in contact with, propulsion module  425  at an aft end of plug  441 , prior to a deployment. Plug  441  may be coupled to, or in contact with, piston  420  at a forward end of plug  441 , prior to a deployment. Plug  441  may comprise any suitable material such as, for example, a material configured to compress and/or aid in the transfer of force. In some embodiments, plug  441  may comprise an electrically non-conductive material, such as a rubber, a plastic, or the like. 
     In various embodiments, plug  441  may be configured to transfer force between propulsion module  425  and piston  420 . For example, the aft end of plug  441  may be configured to receive the propulsive force directly or indirectly from propulsion module  425 . The forward end of plug  441  may be configured to transfer or provide the force against piston  420 . In response to the force from plug  441 , piston  441  may provide a force against electrode  480  to cause deployment of electrode  480  from cartridge  455 . Piston  420  may be configured to move in a forward direction (e.g., towards first end  471 ) responsive to the force from plug  441 . As piston  420  moves in the forward direction, piston  420  contacts piston stop  485  causing piston  420  to cease moving forward. Movement of piston  420  may apply a forward force on a rear-end portion of electrode  480  causing electrode  480  to move in the forward direction, exit body  470 , and travel toward a target. In various embodiments, as piston  420  travels forward plug  441  may remain coupled to piston  420  (e.g., as piston  420  travels forward, plug  441  similarly travels forward). 
     In various embodiments, plug  441  may be configured to seal against piston  420 . For example, the forward end of plug  441  may be received into piston  420  proximate screw  418 . In that regard, the forward end of plug  441  may compress and seal against an aft side of piston  420 . A forward end of plug  441  may not contact screw  418  and a gap may exist between plug  441  and screw  418 . 
     In some embodiments, the forward end of plug  441  may contact and seal against screw  418 . In that regard, the forward end of plug  441  may compress and seal against an aft side of piston  420  and against screw  418 . 
     In various embodiments, plug  441  may be configured to transfer force to a portion of piston  420 . For example, piston  420  may comprise an electrically conductive material (such as a metal) and an electrically non-conductive material (such as a rubber). The electrically conductive material may comprise a more robust and rigid material compared to the non-electrically conductive material. Plug  441  may be configured to contact and compress against the electrically conductive material, and transfer force through the electrically conductive material to cause forward movement of piston  420 . 
     In various embodiments, cartridge  455  may comprise a retaining clip  430  disposed within body  470  at least partially between propulsion module  425  and piston  420 . Retaining clip  420  may comprise a body having a first end  432  (e.g., a first retaining end, a forward retaining end, etc.) opposite a second end  433  (e.g., a second retaining end, an aft retaining end, etc.). First end  432  may be coupled to propulsion module  425 . Second end  433  may be coupled to piston  420 . Retaining clip  420  may enclose (e.g., surround) plug  441 . Retaining clip  420  may ensure compression and retention in the cartridge inner assembly between propulsion module  425 , plug  441 , and piston  420 , prior to a deployment from cartridge  455 . 
     In various embodiments, first end  432  may comprise a frangible material configured to break (e.g., release, decouple, etc.) in response to a deployment. For example, first end  432  may comprise one or more mechanical features (e.g., grips, clips, protrusions, etc.) configured to mechanically couple first end  432  to piston  420 . In response to piston  420  travelling forward in body  470  (e.g., during a deployment, responsive to a propulsive force from propulsion module  425 , etc.), the one or more mechanical features may be configured to break to decouple first end  432  from piston  420 . In that regard, piston  420  may travel in a forward direction while retaining clip  430  remains coupled to propulsion module  425 . 
     In other embodiments, first end  432  may be coupled to piston  420  with an adhesive. The adhesive may be configured to unbind responsive to a sufficient force. For example, in response to piston  420  travelling forward in body  470  (e.g., during a deployment, responsive to a propulsive force from propulsion module  425 , etc.), the adhesive may unbind to decouple first end  432  from piston  420 . 
     In various embodiments, second end  433  may comprise a frangible material configured to break (e.g., release, decouple, detach, etc.) in response to a deployment. For example, second end  433  may comprise one or more mechanical features (e.g., grips, clips, protrusions, etc.) configured to mechanically couple second end  433  to propulsion module  425 . In response to piston  420  travelling forward in body  470  (e.g., during a deployment, responsive to a propulsive force from propulsion module  425 , etc.), the one or more mechanical features may be configured to break to decouple second end  433  from propulsion module  425 . In that regard, piston  420  may travel in a forward direction together with retaining clip  430  while propulsion module  425  remains stationary (or at least partially stationary). 
     In other embodiments, second end  433  may be coupled to propulsion module  425  with an adhesive. The adhesive may be configured to unbind responsive to a sufficient force. For example, in response to piston  425  travelling forward in body  470  (e.g., during a deployment, responsive to a propulsive force from propulsion module  425 , etc.), the adhesive may unbind to decouple second end  433  from propulsion module  425 . 
     In various embodiments, each of first end  432  and second end  433  may comprise frangible materials configured to respectively break responsive to a force being applied against (e.g., a pushing force, a pulling force, etc.) retaining clip  430 . 
     In various embodiments, cartridge  455  may comprise a wad. The wad may be positioned between two of propulsion module  425 , piston  420 , and/or plug  441 . During launch of electrode  480 , the force from the rapidly expanding gas of propulsion module  425  may be applied first against the wad. The wad may apply a force on piston  420 , and piston  420  may apply a force on a rear-end portion of electrode  480 . The wad may be configured to at least partially reduce an amount of the rapidly expanding gas that bypasses the wad to exit body  470  with electrode  480 . The wad may retain the rapidly expanding gas so that the gas does not pass, at least initially, forward of the wad. By retaining the expanding gas, the force applied to the wad, piston  420 , and electrode  480  may be increased. Any gas that bypasses the wad may reduce the amount of force that is applied to electrode  480 . 
     In various embodiments, one or more components of the cartridge inner assembly may be replaced after deployment of a projectile from cartridge  455 . For example, after deployment of a projectile, propulsion module  425  may be exhausted, retaining clip  430  may be at least partially broken, piston  420  may be displaced, and/or the like. Replacing the components of the cartridge inner assembly may enable body  470  of cartridge  457  to be reused for a second deployment of a second projectile at a later time. 
     In that regard, one or more components of the cartridge inner assembly may be removable from second end  472 . Second end  472  and body  470  may be sized and shaped to enable the removal of the one or more components. For example, in some embodiments contact  457  may couple to and obstruct second end  472 . In other embodiments, contact  457  may be part of propulsion module  425  and an aft surface of propulsion module  425  may couple to and obstruct second end  472 . Contact  457  and/or propulsion module  425  may be decoupled from second end  472  to remove the one or more components of the cartridge inner assembly from second end  472 . 
     In various embodiments, and with reference to  FIGS.  5 A- 5 C , a cartridge inner assembly  502  is disclosed. Cartridge inner assembly  502  may be similar to any other cartridge inner assembly disclosed herein. Cartridge inner assembly  502  may be configured to be disposed within a cartridge. Cartridge inner assembly  502  may be configured to cause deployment of a projectile from the cartridge. Cartridge inner assembly  502  may be configured to at least partially provide a stimulus signal through the projectile (and via a CEW handle). Cartridge inner assembly  502  may comprise one or more of a propulsion module  525 , a retaining clip  530 , a plug  541 , and/or a piston  520 . 
     In various embodiments, propulsion module  525  may be similar to any other propulsion module disclosed herein (e.g., propulsion module  425 , with brief reference to  FIGS.  4 A and  4 B ). Propulsion module  525  may comprise a propulsion module body having one or more mechanical interfaces. The one or more mechanical interfaces may be configured to engage retaining clip  530 , as discussed further herein. 
     In various embodiments, piston  520  may be similar to any other piston disclosed herein (e.g., piston  420 , with brief reference to  FIGS.  4 A and  4 B ). Piston  520  may comprise a piston body  521  having a first piston end  522  (e.g., a forward piston end) opposite a second piston end  523  (e.g., an aft piston end). Piston body  521  may comprise varying dimensions from first piston end  522  to second piston end  523 . For example, a middle portion of piston body  521  between first piston end  522  and second piston end  523  may comprise a greater diameter than one or more of first piston end  522  and/or second piston end  523 . The middle portion of piston body  521  may contact an inner surface of a cartridge body in response to piston  520  being disposed within a cartridge body. The middle portion of piston body  521  meeting at first piston end  522  may define a shelf configured to contact a piston stop within a cartridge body during a deployment of a projectile from the cartridge body (e.g., an outer surface of first piston end  522  may be radially inward from the outer surface of the middle portion of piston body  521 ). 
     Piston body  521  may define a piston opening  524  on first piston end  522  and extending through to second piston end  523 . Piston opening  524  may comprise varying dimensions from first piston end  522  to second piston end  523 . For example, piston opening  524  may be wider at one or more of first piston end  522  and/or second piston end  523  (e.g., a middle portion of piston opening  524  may comprise a smaller diameter than one or more of first piston end  522  and/or second piston end  523 ). Piston opening  524  at first piston end  522  may be sized and shaped to receive a filament of an electrode, such as, for example, second filament end  589  of filament  587 . Piston opening  524  at first piston end  522  may comprise a chamfered edge. In some embodiments, the chamfered edge at first piston end  522  may be configured to reduce strain on filament  587  in response to, or during, a deployment of an electrode. 
     Piston opening  524  at second piston end  523  may be sized and shaped to receive a screw  518  (and/or a washer for screw  518 ). Screw  518  may be configured to couple and retain second filament end  589  to piston  520 . For example, piston opening  524  may be sized and shaped to enable screw  518  to be recessed within piston opening  524  (e.g., a head of screw  518  does not extend past second piston end  523 ). Screw  518  may be configured to couple the second end  589  of filament  587  to piston  524 . For example, screw  518  may be inserted within piston opening  524  and filament  587  may be coupled between screw  518  and a surface of piston opening  524 . In various embodiments, piston opening  524  at second piston end  523  may also be sized and shaped to receive a portion of plug  541 , as discussed further herein. 
     In various embodiments, piston body  521  may comprise one or more mechanical interfaces. The one or more mechanical interfaces may be configured to engage retaining clip  530 , as discussed further herein. 
     In various embodiments, plug  541  may be similar to any other plug, seal, or the like disclosed herein (e.g., plug  441 , with brief reference to  FIGS.  4 A and  4 B ). Plug  541  may comprise a plug body  542  having a first plug end  543  (e.g., a forward plug end, a piston side end, etc.) opposite a second plug end  544  (e.g., an aft plug end, a propulsion module side end, etc.). Plug  541  may be configured to transfer force from propulsion module  525  to piston  520 . Plug  541  may also be configured to at least partially seal against one or more of propulsion module  525  and/or piston  520 . Plug  541  may comprise any suitable material such as, for example, a material configured to compress, aid in the transfer of force, fluidly seal, and/or the like. In some embodiments, plug  541  may comprise an electrically non-conductive material, such as a rubber, a plastic, or the like. 
     Plug body  542  may comprise any suitable shape. For example, in some embodiments plug body  542  may comprise a shape similar to, or complementary with, a cartridge body (e.g., a cartridge body that plug body  542  is configured to be inserted within). As a further example, in some embodiments plug body  542  may be sized and shaped to be received within a retaining clip. As a further example, in some embodiments plug body  542  may comprise a square shape, a cylindrical shape, a triangular shape, and/or any other suitable shape. 
     First plug end  543  may be configured to contact (e.g., interface, engage, etc.) piston  520 . In some embodiments, first plug end  543  may be sized and shaped such that at least a portion of first plug end  543  is insertable within piston  520 . For example, first plug end  453  may insert within second piston end  523 . First plug end  543  may be adjacent or proximate screw  518 . In some embodiments, first plug end  543  may contact screw  518 . 
     In various embodiments, first plug end  543  may comprise a smaller diameter compared to a remainder of plug body  543  (e.g., a forward portion of plug body  543  may comprise a smaller diameter compared to an aft portion of plug body  543 ). First plug end  543  may comprise a smaller diameter than second plug end  544 . The smaller diameter portion may be sized and shaped to contact (e.g., interface, engage, etc.) second piston end  523 . 
     In various embodiments, first plug end  543  may be coupled to second piston end  523 , such as, for example, via an adhesive, interference, or the like. In that regard, in response to piston  520  moving forward in a cartridge body during a deployment, plug  541  may remain coupled to piston  520  and may travel forward with piston  520 . 
     Second plug end  544  may be configured to contact (e.g., interface, engage, etc.) propulsion module  525 . In some embodiments, second plug end  544  may be sized and shaped such that at least an outer edge of second plug end  544  surrounds a forward end of propulsion module  525 . For example, second plug end  544  may comprise a recessed surface defining a circumferential edge that extends axially aft the recessed surface. The recessed surface may be configured to contact the forward end of propulsion module  525  such that the circumferential edge of second plug end  544  at least partially surrounds the forward end of propulsion module  525   
     In various embodiments, retaining clip  530  may be similar to any other retaining clip disclosed herein (e.g., retaining clip  430 , with brief reference to  FIGS.  4 A and  4 B ). 
     Retaining clip  530  may comprise a clip body  531  having a first clip end  532  (e.g., a forward clip end, a piston side clip end, etc.) opposite a second clip end  533  (e.g., an aft clip end, a propulsion module side clip end, etc.). Retaining clip  530  may be configured to retain one or more components of cartridge inner assembly  502  prior to a deployment. Retaining clip  530  may be configured to decouple or disengage from one or more components of cartridge inner assembly  502  responsive to the deployment. 
     Clip body  531  may comprise any suitable shape. For example, in some embodiments clip body  531  may comprise a shape similar to, or complementary with, a cartridge body (e.g., a cartridge body that clip body  531  is configured to be inserted within). As a further example, in some embodiments clip body  531  may be sized and shaped to receive a plug within clip body  531 . As a further example, in some embodiments clip body  531  may comprise a cylindrical shape and/or any other suitable shape. 
     In various embodiments, clip body  531  may define a retaining clip opening  534  (e.g., a clip body opening, a clip opening, etc.) through clip body  531 . Retaining clip opening  534  may begin on first clip end  532  and extend through second clip end  533 . Retaining clip opening  534  may be sized and shaped to receive one or more components of cartridge inner assembly  502 . Retaining clip opening  534  may be configured to receive plug  541  and at least a portion of piston  520  and/or propulsion module  525 . For example, retaining clip opening  534  may be configured to completely enclose plug  451  and at least partially enclose second piston end  523  and a forward end of propulsion module  525 . 
     First clip end  532  may be configured to couple to piston  520 . For example, first clip end  532  may be configured to couple to piston  520  proximate second piston end  523 . First clip end  532  may couple to piston  520  using any suitable coupling technique, including mechanical, chemical, and/or the like. 
     In various embodiments, first clip end  532  may comprise one or more mechanical interfaces configured to mechanically couple retaining clip  530  to piston  520 . For example, first clip end  532  may comprise one or more piston clips  538 . Piston clip  538  may be configured to mechanically engage a surface of piston  520  to couple retaining clip  530  to piston  520 . Piston clip  538  may comprise a portion of first clip end  532  extending axially forward first clip end  532 . Piston clip  538  may define a grip (or plurality of grips) (e.g., hook, extension, etc.) comprising a portion of piston clip  538  extending radially inward. Piston clip  538  may be configured to engage a shelf, channel, recessed surface, mechanical feature, or the like on piston  520 . The shelf, channel, recessed surface, mechanical feature, or the like may comprise a complimentary surface configured to receive and interface with piston clip  538 . 
     Second clip end  533  may be configured to couple to propulsion module  525 . For example, second clip end  533  may be configured to couple to propulsion module  525  proximate a forward end of propulsion module  525 . Second clip end  533  may couple to propulsion module  525  using any suitable coupling technique, including mechanical, chemical, and/or the like. 
     In various embodiments, second clip end  533  may comprise one or more mechanical interfaces configured to mechanically couple retaining clip  530  to propulsion module  525 . For example, second clip end  533  may comprise one or more propulsion module clips  539 . Propulsion module clip  539  may be configured to mechanically engage a surface of propulsion module  525  to couple retaining clip  530  to propulsion module  525 . Propulsion module clip  539  may comprise a portion of second clip end  533  extending axially aft second clip end  533 . Propulsion module clip  539  may define a grip (or plurality of grips) (e.g., hook, extension, etc.) comprising a portion of propulsion module clip  539  extending radially inward. Propulsion module clip  539  may be configured to engage a shelf, channel, recessed surface, mechanical feature, or the like on propulsion module  525 . The shelf, channel, recessed surface, mechanical feature, or the like may comprise a complimentary surface configured to receive and interface with propulsion module clip  539 . 
     In various embodiments, responsive to a deployment piston clip  538  may be configured to decouple from piston  520  while propulsion module clip  539  remains coupled to propulsion module  525 . In that respect, piston  520  may travel forward while retaining clip  530  remains stationary and/or coupled to propulsion module  529 . 
     In various embodiments, responsive to a deployment propulsion module clip  539  may be configured to decouple from propulsion module  525  while piston clip  538  remains coupled to piston  520 . In that respect, piston  520  may travel forward while retaining clip  530  remains coupled to piston  520  and similarly travels forward. 
     In various embodiments, piston clip  539  and propulsion module clip  539  may comprise matching (or complimentary) dimensions and features. 
     In various embodiments, piston clip  539  and propulsion module clip  539  may each comprise one or more different dimensions and/or features. For example, one of piston clip  539  or propulsion module clip  539  may comprise a smaller grip configured to disengage from the respective mechanical coupling prior to the remaining clip. As a further example, one of piston clip  539  or propulsion module clip  539  may comprise a frangible material configured to break during deployment to disengage from its respective mechanical coupling. In some embodiments, piston clip  539  and propulsion module clip  539  may be coplanar. In other embodiments, piston clip  539  and/or propulsion module clip  539  may be circumferentially offset (e.g., piston clip  539  is circumferentially offset from propulsion module clip  539 ). 
     In various embodiments, the shelf, channel, recessed surface, mechanical feature, or the like on each of piston  520  and propulsion module  525  may comprise matching dimensions and features. 
     In various embodiments, the shelf, channel, recessed surface, mechanical feature, or the like on each of piston  520  and propulsion module  525  may each respective comprise different dimensions and/or features. For example, the shelf, channel, recessed surface, mechanical feature, or the like on piston  520  may be shallower or contain smaller dimensions compared to the shelf, channel, recessed surface, mechanical feature, or the like on propulsion module  525 . As a further example, the shelf, channel, recessed surface, mechanical feature, or the like on propulsion module  525  may be shallower or contain smaller dimensions compared to the shelf, channel, recessed surface, mechanical feature, or the like on piston  520 . A shallower or smaller dimensioned shelf, channel, recessed surface, mechanical feature, or the like may cause the respective clip to disengage during a deployment while the remaining opposite clip remains engaged. 
     In other embodiments, the shelf, channel, recessed surface, mechanical feature, or the like of a respective piston  520  or propulsion module  525  may comprise a less rigid material and/or a surface coating to cause the respective clip to decouple during a deployment. 
     In various embodiments, and with reference to  FIGS.  6 A- 6 C , a piston  620  is disclosed. Piston  620  may be similar to any other piston disclosed herein (e.g., piston  420 , with brief reference to  FIGS.  4 A and  4 B ; piston  520 , with brief reference to  FIGS.  5 A- 5 C ; etc.). Piston  620  may comprise a piston body  621  having a first piston end  622  (e.g., a forward piston end) opposite a second piston end  623  (e.g., an aft piston end). 
     Piston body  621  may define a piston opening  624  beginning at first piston end  622  and extend through to second piston end  623 . 
     Piston opening  624  may comprise varying dimensions from first piston end  622  to second piston end  623 . For example, piston opening  624  may be wider at one or more of first piston end  622  and/or second piston end  623  (e.g., a middle portion of piston opening  624  may comprise a smaller diameter than one or more of first piston end  622  and/or second piston end  623 ). A middle portion of piston opening  624  between first piston end  622  and second piston end  623  may comprise varying dimensions. For example, a first middle portion proximate first piston end  622  may be wider than a second middle portion proximate second piston end  623 . Piston opening  624  at first piston end  622  may be sized and shaped to receive a filament of an electrode. Piston opening  624  at first piston end  622  may comprise a chamfered edge. In some embodiments, the chamfered edge at first piston end  622  may be configured to reduce strain on a filament in response to, or during, a deployment of an electrode. 
     Piston opening  624  at second piston end  623  may be sized and shaped to receive a screw  618  and/or a washer  619 . Screw  618  and/or washer  619  may be configured to couple and retain a second filament end to piston  620 . For example, piston opening  624  at second piston end  623  may be sized and shaped to enable screw  618  and/or washer  619  to be recessed within piston opening  624  (e.g., a head of screw  618  does not extend past second piston end  623 , a body of washer  619  does not extend past second piston end  623 , etc.). 
     Screw  618  and/or washer  619  may be configured to couple the second end of a filament to piston  620 . For example, screw  618  may be inserted within piston opening  624  and the filament may be coupled between screw  618  and a surface of piston opening  624 . In some embodiments, a middle portion of piston opening  624  proximate second piston end  623  (e.g., the second middle portion) may be sized and shaped to couple screw  618  to piston opening  624 . In various embodiments, piston opening  624  at second piston end  623  may also be sized and shaped to receive a portion of a plug, as discussed further herein. 
     Piston body  621  may comprise varying dimensions from first piston end  622  to second piston end  623 . For example, a middle portion of piston body  621  between first piston end  622  and second piston end  623  may comprise a greater diameter than one or both of first piston end  622  and/or second piston end  623 . The middle portion of piston body  621  may contact an inner surface of a cartridge body in response to piston  620  being disposed within a cartridge body. The middle portion of piston body  621  meeting at first piston end  622  may define a shelf configured to contact a piston stop within a cartridge body during a deployment of a projectile from the cartridge body (e.g., an outer surface of first piston end  622  may be radially inward from the outer surface of the middle portion of piston body  621 ). 
     In various embodiments, piston body  621  may comprise a plurality of structures having different materials and dimensions. For example, piston body  621  may comprise a piston body overmold  626  and a piston conductive body  627 . Piston body overmold  626  and piston conductive body  627  may be coupled together using any suitable technique. In some embodiments, piston body overmold  626  may be formed over (and within) piston conductive body  627  using an injection molding process. Piston body overmold  626  may comprise an electrically non-conductive material, such as, for example, a rubber, a plastic, and/or the like. Piston conductive body  627  may comprise an electrically conductive material, such as, for example, a metal, and/or the like. In some embodiments, piston conductive body  627  may comprise a more rigid material compared to piston body overmold  626 . 
     In various embodiments, piston body overmold  626  may be configured to at least partially surround (e.g., cover, obstruct, etc.) piston conductive body  627 . For example, piston body overmold  626  may be configured to at least partially cover an outer surface of piston conductive body  627 . Piston body overmold  626  may be configured to at least partially cover an inner surface of piston conductive body  627 . For example, piston body overmold  626  may at least partially define piston opening  624  (e.g., screw  618  may be configured to couple to piston body overmold  626 ). Piston body overmold  626  may be configured to completely cover piston conductive body  627  at first piston end  622 . Piston body overmold  626  may be configured to expose (e.g., no cover) piston conductive body  627  at second piston end  623 . 
     In various embodiments, piston body overmold  626  may be configured to selectively expose one or more portions of piston conductive body  627 . For example, piston body overmold  626  may be configured to selectively expose an exposed surface  628  of piston conductive body  627 . Exposed surface  628  may comprise a portion, such as a middle portion, of piston conductive body  627  that extends radially outward from piston conductive body  627 . Exposed surface  628  may be configured to contact an inner surface of a cartridge body to electrically couple piston  620  to the cartridge body. Piston conductive body  627  may be electrically coupled to screw  618  and/or washer  619 . For example, in some embodiments, washer  619  may contact an inner surface of piston conductive body  627  to electrically couple washer  619  and screw  618  to piston conductive body. A second end of a filament may be coupled to screw  618  and/or washer  618  such that the filament may be in electrical series with the cartridge body via piston conductive body  627 . As a further example, in some embodiments, washer  619  may not contact the inner surface of piston conductive body  627 , but may position the second end of the filament such that the second end of the filament contacts the inner surface of piston conductive body  627 . In that regard, an electrical signal may be provided though the cartridge body, exposed surface  628 , screw  618  and/or washer  619 , the second end of the filament coupled to screw  618 , and to the electrode coupled to the filament. 
     In some embodiments, exposed surface  628  may include an outer exposed surface (e.g., a first exposed surface, a radially outward surface, etc.) and a forward exposed surface (e.g., a second exposed surface, an axially forward surface, etc.). The outer exposed surface may be configured to contact the inner surface of a cartridge body before, during, and after a deployment. The forward exposed surface may be configured contact a piston stop defined on the inner surface of the cartridge body. In that respect, the forward exposed surface may contact the piston stop in response to piston  620  contacting the piston stop during a deployment (e.g., the forward exposed surface may contact the piston stop during and/or after a deployment). 
     In that regard, before, during, and after a deployment, an electrical signal may be provided though the cartridge body, the outer exposed surface of exposed surface  628 , screw  618  and/or washer  619 , the second end of the filament coupled to screw  618 , and to the electrode coupled to the filament. During and/or after the deployment, the electrical signal may further be provided through the cartridge body, the forward exposed surface of exposed surface  628 , screw  618  and/or washer  619 , the second end of the filament coupled to screw  618 , and to the electrode coupled to the filament. Ensuring two contact points for electrical connectivity during and/or after a deployment may at least partially ensure the cartridge body provides the electrical signal to the electrode throughout the deployment (e.g., before, during, and/or after). 
     As a further example, piston body overmold  626  may be configured to selectively expose a coupling point  629  (e.g., an aft coupling point) of piston conductive body  627 . Coupling point  629  may comprise a portion of piston conductive body  627  extending axially aft piston conductive body  627 . Coupling point  629  may comprise one or more mechanical features configured to couple to a retaining clip, as previously discussed herein. Coupling point  629  may also be configured to provide a contact surface for a plug. For example, the plug may be inserted within the retaining clip. The retaining clip may couple to coupling point  629  as the plug contacts against coupling point  629 . Ensuring contact between the plug and contact point  629  may allow the plug to transfer force during a deployment to a rigid surface of piston  620  (e.g., piston conductive body  627 ). 
     In various embodiments, and with reference to  FIGS.  7 A- 7 C , an electrode  780  is disclosed. Electrode  780  may be similar to any other electrode, projectile, or the like. Electrode  780  may be used in conjunction with any cartridge disclosed herein. Electrode  780  may comprise an electrode body  781  having a first end  782  (e.g., a first electrode end, a forward end, etc.) opposite a second end  783  (e.g., a second electrode end, an aft end, a rearward end, etc.). Electrode body  781  may comprise an outer surface opposite an inner surface. Electrode body  781  may define a cylindrical body. In some embodiments, a shape of electrode body  781  may be complimentary to a cartridge configured to receive electrode  780  (e.g., electrode body  781  may be complimentary with one or more inner surfaces of a cartridge). 
     In various embodiments, electrode  780  may comprise a head  790  (e.g., front head, electrode head, interchangeable head, etc.). Head  790  may comprise a first head end  791  opposite a second head end  792 . 
     Second head end  792  may be coupled to electrode body  781  (e.g., at first end 782). Second head end  792  may be coupled to electrode body  781  such that a portion of head  790  is received within electrode body  781 . The portion of head  790  received within electrode body  781  may be less than half of head  790 . In some embodiments, the portion of head  790  received within electrode body  781  may be 30% of head  790 . In some embodiments, the portion of head  790  received within electrode body  781  may be less than 40% of head  790 ; less than 40%, 30%, or 20% of head  790 ; about 40%, 30%, or 20% of head  790 ; and/or any other similar portion of head  790  (wherein “about” as used in this context refers only to +/- 5%). In some embodiments, the portion of head  790  received within electrode body  781  may be greater than half of head  790 . 
     Head  790  may be configured to receive one or more attachments (e.g., head attachments, accessories, etc.). Head  790  may be configured to receive a single attachment. Head  790  may be configured to receive a plurality of attachments. An attachment may be configured to couple to a front surface (e.g., a radially forward surface) of first head end  791 . An attachment may be configured to couple to an axially outer surface of first head end  791 . An attachment may be configured to couple to head  790  at a middle portion between first head end  791  and second head end  792 . In some embodiments, an attachment may be configured to couple to head  790  at one or more of a front surface, an axially outer surface, and/or a middle portion of head  790 . 
     First head end  791  may be configured to receive a first attachment configured to enable electrode  780  to couple to a target. For example, the first attachment may comprise a spear (e.g., spear  784 ), a hook, a barb, a training attachment, a hook and loop attachment, and/or the like. In some embodiments, the first attachment may comprise an electrically conductive material. 
     First head end  791  may be configured to receive a second attachment configured to provide a property to electrode  780 . The property may comprise a physical property, a physical characteristic, and/or the like. For example, the property may comprise an aerodynamic property. In that regard, the second attachment may be coupled to head  790  and configured to change an aerodynamic property or characteristic of electrode  780  (e.g., lift, drag, etc.). As a further example, the property may comprise a force absorbing property. In that regard, the second attachment may be coupled to head  790  and configured to at least partially reduce an impact force of electrode  780  against a target. The second attachment may at least partially absorb a force of impact with a target thereby reducing potential tissue or skin damage (e.g., bruising, tearing, etc.) to the target. The second attachment may reduce a momentum of electrode  780  after impact with a target, thereby hindering (e.g., preventing) electrode  780  from bouncing off of (e.g., deflecting) the target with enough residual force to decouple electrode  780  from a surface (e.g., clothing, tissue, etc.) of the target. The second attachment may comprise a pad, a shock absorber, a thermoplastic elastomer, a rubber, and/or the like. In various embodiments, the second attachment may comprise an electrically non-conductive material. 
     In various embodiments, a first attachment and a second attachment may couple to head  790  at first head end  791 . In some embodiments, a second attachment may couple to each of head  790  and the first attachment. In various embodiments, head  790  may comprise a first mechanical feature configure to receive the first attachment and a second mechanical feature configured to receive the second attachment. The first mechanical feature may comprise an opening, channel, groove, protrusion, or the like. The second mechanical feature may comprise a shape of head  790 . 
     In various embodiments, first head end  791  may be sized and shaped to receive one or more attachments. For example, first head end  791  may comprise a channel  793  (e.g., head channel, attachment channel, etc.) configured to allow an attachment to couple to head  790 . Channel  793  may define an opening on first head end  791  extending into a body of head  790 . Channel  793  may not extend through to second head end  792 . Channel  793  may be configured to receive a first attachment. 
     In some embodiments, electrode  791  may comprise a spear  784  coupled within channel  793 . For example, spear  784  may be coupled within channel  793  mechanically or chemically. A mechanical coupling may comprise an interference fit, a press fit, a deformation, or the like. A chemical coupling may include an adhesive, and/or the like. Spear  784  may be coupled within channel  793  such that a gap exists between an end of spear  784  and an inner end of channel  793 . In other embodiments, an end of spear  784  may abut against (e.g., contact) an inner end of channel  793 . 
     First head end  791  may comprise a shape configured to receive an attachment. For example, head  790  at first head end  791  may comprise a “T-shape” wherein an outer portion of first head end  791  (e.g., a first portion) comprises a greater diameter than an inner portion of head end  791  (e.g., a second portion). The T-shape may be configured to receive a second attachment. The outer portion and the inner portion of first head end  791  may further at least partially define channel  793 . The outer portion of first head end  791  may be axially forward the inner portion of first head end  791 . 
     In various embodiments, electrode  780  may comprise an absorber  703  (e.g., a shock absorber, an impact absorber, a bumper, etc.). Absorber  703  may be coupled to head  790 . Absorber  703  may be coupled to head  790  using a mechanical coupling, a chemical coupling, and/or the like. Absorber  703  may be coupled to first head end  791 . Absorber  703  may be coupled to head  790  forward second head end  792 . Absorber  703  may be coupled to a T-shape defining first head end  791 . Absorber  703  may comprise an outer surface radially outward an outer surface of head  790 . Absorber  703  may comprise an aft inner surface that is radially inward from first head end  791  and second head end  792 , but radially outward from a middle portion of head  790 . The aft inner surface may be axially aft first head end  791  and axially forward second head end  792 . In some embodiments, absorber  703  may be molded over head  790  such as, for example, using an injection molding process. 
     Absorber  703  may extend forward head  790 . In some embodiments, absorber  703  may define an opening configured to receive spear  784 . In some embodiments, absorber  703  may be coupled to spear  784 . 
     Absorber  703  may be configured to at least partially absorb (or receive) a force of impact with a target thereby reducing potential tissue or skin damage (e.g., bruising, tearing, etc.) to the target. Absorber  703  may reduce a momentum of electrode  780  after impact with a target, thereby hindering (e.g., preventing) electrode  780  from bouncing off of (e.g., deflecting) the target with enough residual force to decouple electrode  780  from a surface (e.g., clothing, tissue, etc.) of the target. Absorber  703  may comprise a pad, a shock absorber, a thermoplastic elastomer, a rubber, and/or the like. In various embodiments, Absorber  703  may comprise an electrically non-conductive material. Spear  784  may comprise an electrically conductive material configured to provide a stimulus signal to the target. 
     In various embodiments, one or more portions of absorber  703  may be formed of a deformable (e.g., flexible, etc.) material. Upon impact with a target, the deformable material may be configured to elastically (e.g., temporarily, etc.) deform, or plastically (e.g., permanently, etc.) deform. The deformable material may include thermoplastic vulcanizates (e.g., SANTOPRENE), silicone rubbers, polyurethanes, polybutadienes, and other materials configured to deform upon impact with a target. The deformable material may include resilient materials (e.g., materials having high yield strengths and low moduli of elasticity, materials exhibiting spring-like properties, etc.). The deformable material may include elastomeric materials. The deformable material may include soft materials. 
     In various embodiments, absorber  703  may comprise one or more features, structures, or the like configured to at least partially aid in absorber  703  absorbing (or receiving) a force of impact with a target. Absorber  703  may be configured to reduce an impact force provided by an impact (e.g., collision) of electrode  780  and the target. A front absorber end of absorber  703  may be configured to minimize blunt impact and/or penetration of the forward portion of electrode  780  with the target by distributing the impact force (e.g., force of impact, etc.) of electrode  780  over a greater impact area (e.g., area of impact, contact area, surface contact area, etc.), distributing the impact force of electrode  780  over a longer duration (e.g., increasing a duration of impact, etc.), and/or absorbing kinetic energy of electrode  780 . The front absorber end may comprise an expandable portion. After a length of spear  784  penetrates a target, the expandable portion of the front absorber end may impact the target and expand (e.g., change shape, deform, etc.) to increase a contact area of electrode  780  with the target. Expansion of the expandable portion of the front absorber end may absorb kinetic energy of an impact of electrode  780  with a target. In other embodiments, deployment of electrode  780  may cause the expandable portion of the front absorber end to expand to increase the contact area of electrode  780  with the target prior to impact. An increase in contact area of electrode  780  with a target may reduce an impact pressure exerted by electrode  780  on the target. The front absorber end of absorber  703  may reduce a likelihood of blunt impact and/or penetration of a body of electrode  780  with a target, thereby enabling electrode  780  to be launched from a CEW and impact a target with greater kinetic energy than an electrode without an absorber. For example, electrode  780  comprising absorber  703  may impact a target with 12 joules of energy without risk of the forward portion of electrode  780  penetrating the target, whereas an electrode without an absorber may only impact a target with 6 joules of energy without risk of the forward portion of the electrode penetrating the target. 
     In various embodiments, the front absorber end absorber  703  may define an expandable portion. For example, the expandable portion may be configured to expand upon impact with a target to increase a contact area between absorber  703  and the target and/or absorb a portion of the impact force imparted on the target by electrode  780 . Prior to impact and/or launch of electrode  780 , the expandable portion may be in a collapsed state. After (or during) impact and/or launch of electrode  780 , the expandable portion may be forced into an expanded state. The expandable portion may comprise one or more members (e.g., fingers). For example, the expandable portion may include members extending in an axially forward direction from the front absorber end of absorber  703 . The members may be arranged at regularly spaced circumferential intervals, such as every 30 degrees, every 60 degrees, every 90 degrees, and/or the like. Each member may be separated from adjacent members by a channel (e.g., slot, void, etc.). A shape of a channel may comprise a V-shape, a U-shape, a C-shape, a square shape, and/or any other suitable or desired shape. For example, the front absorber end may comprise a plurality of channels, wherein each member of a plurality of members is separated from an adjacent member of the plurality of members by a respective channel of the plurality of channels. At least one channel of a plurality of channels may be disposed between pair of adjacent members of a plurality of members of the expandable portion. In various embodiments, the arrangement and shape of the members in combination with the arrangement and shape of the channels may generally comprise a castellated nut (i.e., castle nut, etc.) shape or a slotted inverted (e.g., reversed) frustoconical cup shape. 
     In response to impact and/or launch of electrode  780 , the members of the expandable portion may flex (e.g., deform) radially outward. For example, as absorber  703  impacts a target, the force of the impact may cause each member to deform outward, thereby further increasing the impact area of absorber  703  over the duration of impact. For example, as electrode  780  flies toward a target, momentum of electrode  780  causes spear  784  to pierce the target. Typically, however, the momentum of electrode  780  is not exhausted by penetration of spear  784 . The remaining momentum of electrode  780  is transferred to the target via impact of absorber  703  with the target. Absorber  703  is configured to reduce the impact force in response to the change in momentum, thereby preventing further penetration of at least a portion of electrode  780  (e.g., forward portion, electrode body, etc.) into the target. The expandable portion of the front absorber end of absorber  703  may expand (e.g., deform), thereby extending the impact time of absorber  703  with the target, which in turn reduces the impact force. As the expandable portion expands, the impact area may increase (e.g., by members flaring radially outward), thereby distributing the force of impact over a greater area, which in turn may prevent electrode body  781  from penetrating or further impacting the target. Increasing the impact area while also extending the impact time may have a synergistic effect on reducing blunt impact and preventing penetration of tissue of a target by electrode body  781 . 
     In various embodiments, head  790  may comprise varying dimensions from first head end  791  to second head end  792 . For example, head  790  may comprise an hourglass shape wherein first head end  791  and second head end  792  each comprise a greater diameter than a middle portion of head  790  between first head end  791  and second head end  792 . First head end  791  may comprise a first diameter, second head end  792  may comprise a second diameter, and a middle portion of head  790  may comprise a third diameter (each diameter may also be referred to as a head diameter). The first diameter and the second diameter may each be greater than the third diameter (e.g., a middle portion diameter). The first diameter may be less than the second diameter. The second diameter may be greater than the first diameter and the third diameter. 
     As discussed further herein, head  790  may be configured to receive an attachment. The attachment may be coupled to the middle portion of the head. The attachment may comprise varying thicknesses. For example, the attachment may comprise a first thickness proximate a portion of the attachment contacting first head end  791 . The attachment may comprise a second thickness proximate a portion of the attachment contacting the middle portion. The first thickness and the first diameter may be substantially similar in size to the second thickness and the middle portion diameter. The first thickness and the first diameter may be less than or substantially similar in size to the second diameter. The second thickness and the middle portion diameter may be less than or substantially similar in size to the second diameter. 
     In various embodiments, head  790  may comprise an electrically conductive material. For example, head  790  may comprise a metal material. Head  790  may comprise a metal alloy such as, for example, brass. 
     In various embodiments, electrode  780  may comprise a filament  787  (e.g., a wire-tether, a wire, etc.). Filament  787  may comprise an electrically conductive material configured to electrically couple electrode  780  to a cartridge, a magazine, and/or a CEW handle. In that regard, filament  787  may be configured to provide a stimulus signal and/or an ignition signal to electrode  780  via a signal generator of a CEW handle. 
     Filament  787  may comprise a first filament end  788  opposite a second filament end  789 . First filament end  788  may be coupled to electrode  780 . In some embodiments, first filament end  788  may be coupled to head  790 . For example, first filament end  788  may be welded to head  790 . As a further example, first filament end  788  may be coupled between head  790  and an inner surface of electrode body  781 . For example, first filament end  788  may be inserted between head  790  and electrode body  781 , and electrode body  781  may be press-fit (e.g., deformed) to couple electrode body  781  to head  790 . The press-fit between electrode body  781  and head  790  may couple first filament end  788  between electrode body  781  and head  790 . 
     Second filament end  789  may extend aft electrode  780  and may be configured to couple within a cartridge. For example, and as discussed previously herein, second filament end  789  may be coupled to a piston within a cartridge. In that regard, head  790 , filament  788 , and a cartridge may be in electrical series. 
     In various embodiments, filament  788  may be electrically conductive from first filament end  788  to second filament end  789 . For example, filament  788  may be non-insulated from first filament end  788  to second filament end  789 . 
     In various embodiments, filament  788  may be comprise an insulated outer layer. First filament end  788  may be non-insulated at a location coupling first filament end  788  to head  790 . Second filament end  789  may be non-insulated at a location coupling second filament end  789  to a cartridge (e.g., a piston of a cartridge, as previously discussed herein). 
     In various embodiments, filament  788  may be stored in electrode body  781 . For example, filament  788  may be wound in a winding (e.g., coils, filament winding, etc.). The winding may be stored within electrode body  781 . During a deployment, electrode  780  may travel in a direction forward a cartridge. During travel, filament  788  may unravel (e.g., uncoil, unwind, etc.) from the winding to deploy filament  788  aft electrode  781 . 
     In various embodiments, electrode  780  may comprise a rear nozzle  795 . Rear nozzle  795  may be disposed within electrode body  781 . Rear nozzle  795  may be disposed within electrode body  791  proximate second end  783 . Rear nozzle  795  may be disposed within electrode body  791  forward second end  783 . For example, second end  783  may be configured to receive a portion of a piston in response to electrode  780  being disposed within a cartridge (e.g., as depicted in  FIG.  4 B ). In various embodiments, rear nozzle  795  may be disposed forward second end  783  such that rear nozzle  795  may not contact the piston (e.g., before a deployment of electrode  780  from the cartridge). In various embodiments, rear nozzle  795  may be disposed forward second end  783  such that rear nozzle  795  abuts the piston while electrode  780  is stored within the cartridge. In that regard, rear nozzle  795  may provide a contact surface configured to receive a force from the piston during a deployment. In some embodiments, rear nozzle  795  may be axially offset second end  783 . 
     Rear nozzle  795  may define an opening  796 . Opening  796  may be radially centered within electrode body  781 . Rear nozzle  795  may be configured to position filament  787  as filament  787  unwinds and exits electrode  780 . For example, as filament  787  deploys from electrode  780 , filament  787  moves through opening  796 . Friction between an inner wall of opening  796  and filament  787  applies a force on filament  787 . Applying a force on filament  787  during a deployment provides drag on electrode  780 . Providing drag on electrode  780  increases stability of flight and accuracy of flight of electrode  780  along an intended trajectory. Increasing stability of flight and/or accuracy of flight may improve the repeatability of flight along intended trajectory of electrodes launched from different cartridges. 
     In various embodiments, opening  796  may further define a groove  797 . Groove  797  may comprise an axial groove in opening  796  extending radially inward from opening  796  towards an inner surface of cartridge body  781 . Groove  797  may be sized and shaped to receive filament  787 . 
     In various embodiments, groove  797  may position filament  787  prior to a deployment. During the deployment, filament  787  may unwind and may leave groove  797  (e.g., to contact opening  796 ). In various embodiments, groove  797  may position filament  787  prior to and during a deployment. For example, during the deployment filament  787  may remain within groove  797 . 
     In various embodiments, electrode  780  may be part of a cartridge inner assembly. For example, electrode  780  may be coupled to a cartridge inner assembly and may be inserted together with a cartridge inner assembly into a second end of a cartridge body. Electrode  780  may be coupled to a piston from the cartridge inner assembly. 
     In various embodiments, electrode  780  (e.g., electrode body  781 ) may comprise one or more coupling points. Each coupling point may comprise a mechanical coupling, a chemical coupling, and/or the like. For example, electrode  780  may comprise a first coupling point  705 A, a second coupling point  705 B, and a third coupling point  705 C. 
     First coupling point  705 A may be located proximate first end  782  of electrode body  781 . First coupling point  705 A may comprise a coupling of electrode body  781  to head  790 . For example, first coupling point  705 A may comprise a deformation (e.g., inward protrusion, press fit, staking, etc.) of electrode body  781  to couple head  790  within electrode body  781 . 
     Second coupling point  705 B may be located forward second end  783  of electrode body  781 . Second coupling point  705 B may be between first coupling point  705 A and third coupling point  705 C. Second coupling point  705 B may comprise a coupling of electrode body  781  to rear nozzle  795 . For example, second coupling point  705 B may comprise a deformation (e.g., inward protrusion, press fit, staking, etc.) of electrode body  781  to couple rear nozzle  795  within electrode body  781 . 
     Third coupling point  705 C may be located proximate second end  783  of electrode body  781 . Third coupling point  705 C may be aft second coupling point  705 B. Third coupling point  705 C may comprise a coupling of electrode body  781  to a piston. For example, as previously discussed with reference to  FIGS.  4 A and  4 B , electrode body  781  may be coupled to a piston prior to a deployment. Third coupling point  705 C may comprise a deformation (e.g., inward protrusion, press fit, staking, etc.) of electrode body  781  to couple a piston within electrode body  781 . Third coupling point  705 C may be configured to decouple during a deployment. For example, third coupling point  705 C may decouple responsive to a sufficient force (e.g., in response to a piston contacting a piston stop within the cartridge). 
     In various embodiments, first coupling point  705 A and second coupling point  705 B may remain coupled before, during, and after a deployment. Third coupling point  705 C may remain coupled before the deployment, but decouple during the deployment. 
     In various embodiments, first coupling point  705 A may decouple after a deployment. For example, before and during a deployment first coupling point  705 A may remain coupled. In response to electrode  780  contacting a target after the deployment, a force of impact may cause first coupling point  705 A to decouple to allow electrode body  781  to decouple from head  790 . In that respect, head  790  may remain coupled to the target as electrode body  781  decouples and falls away from the target. Second coupling point  705 B may remain coupled before, during, and after the deployment. Third coupling point  705 C may remain coupled before the deployment, but decouple during the deployment. 
     In various embodiments, and with reference to  FIGS.  8 A and  8 B , a training electrode  880  is disclosed. Training electrode  880  (e.g., electrode  880 ) may be similar to any other electrode, projectile, or the like disclosed herein. For example, training electrode  880  may be substantially similar to electrode  780 , with brief reference to  FIGS.  7 A- 7 C . For example, training electrode  880  may comprise an electrode body  781 , a head  790 , a rear nozzle  795 , a filament  787 , and one or more coupling points  795 , as previously discuss with reference to  FIGS.  7 A- 7 C . Although depicted as comprising filament  787 , in some embodiments a training electrode may not comprise filament  787 . 
     As previously discussed, head  790  may be configured to receive one or more different attachments. Training electrode  880  may comprise a training head  807 . Training head  807  may comprise an attachment configured to couple to head  790 . 
     In various embodiments, training head  807  may comprise a body  808  (e.g., a training head body). Body  808  may be coupled to head  790 . Body  808  may be coupled to head  790  using a mechanical coupling, a chemical coupling, and/or the like. Body  808  may be coupled to first head end  791 . Body  808  may be coupled to head  790  forward second head end  792 . Body  808  may be coupled to a T-shape defining first head end  791 . Body  808  may comprise an outer surface radially outward an outer surface of head  790 . Body  808  may comprise an aft inner surface that is radially inward from an outer surface of first head end  791  and second head end  792 , but radially outward from an outer surface of a middle portion of head  790 . The aft inner surface may be axially aft first head end  791  and axially forward second head end  792 . In some embodiments, body  808  may be molded over head  790  such as, for example, using an injection molding process. 
     In various embodiments, body  808  may comprise an electrically non-conductive material, such as a rubber, a plastic, and/or the like. In that regard, body  808  may not be in electrical series with head  790  and/or filament  787 . 
     In various embodiments, training head  807  may comprise a plurality of hooks  898  on a front surface of body  808 . Each hook  898  may extend forward body  808 . Hooks  898  may be configured to engage a surface of a target, such as, for example, clothing of a target, an article on a target, and/or the like. In some embodiments, hooks  898  may be configured to engage a surface of a target having a complimentary series of loops. Hooks  898  may engage the loops to couple electrode  880  to the target. In some embodiments, hooks  898  may comprise a series of hooks and loops. The series of hooks and loops may be configured to engage a surface of a target having a complimentary series of hooks and loops. 
     In various embodiments, training head  807  may comprise one or more retaining clips  899  (e.g., training retaining clip, accessory retaining clip, etc.) extending aft from body  808 . Each retaining clip  899  may be configured to engage a surface of head  790 . For example, a retaining clip  899  may be configured to engage a middle portion of head  790  between first head end  791  and second head end  792 . As a further example, a retaining clip  899  may be configured to engage the T-shape defining first head end  791 . A retaining clip  899  may comprise an axial extension from body  808 . The axial extension may further comprise a radially inward protrusion. The radially inward protrusion may be configured to engage an inner surface of the T-shape defining first head end  791 . 
     In various embodiments, body  808  may also comprise an axially aft extending portion proximate a centerpoint of body  808 . The axially aft extending portion may be sized and shaped to be received in channel  893 . 
     In various embodiments, a piston for a cartridge configured to deploy a projectile is disclosed. The piston may comprise a piston body having a first end opposite a second end; and a piston opening defined through the piston body from the first end to the second end, wherein the piston opening between the first end and the second comprises a smaller diameter than the piston opening proximate at least one of the first end or the second end. 
     In various embodiments of the above disclosed-piston, the piston opening proximate the first end may comprise a chamfered edge. The piston opening proximate the first end may be sized and shaped to receive a filament wire. The piston opening proximate the second end may be sized and shaped to receive a screw. The piston opening proximate the first end may be configured to receive a filament wire. The piston opening proximate the second end may comprise a recess sized and shaped to receive a screw and a washer. A first middle portion of the piston opening proximate the first end may comprise a greater diameter than a second middle portion of the piston opening proximate the second end. A middle outer diameter of the piston body between the first end and the second end may be greater than an end outer diameter of at least one of the piston body at the first end or the piston body at the second end. 
     In various embodiments, a cartridge is disclosed. The cartridge may comprise a cartridge body defining a piston stop on an inner surface of the cartridge body; a piston disposed within the cartridge body, wherein the piston is configured to travel forward during a deployment to contact the piston stop, wherein the piston is electrically coupled to the cartridge body before, during, and after the deployment; and a projectile disposed within the cartridge body forward the piston, wherein the projectile is electrically coupled to the piston. 
     In various embodiments of the above-disclosed cartridge, the projectile may remain electrically coupled to the piston before, during, and after the deployment. The projectile may comprise a wire-tether having a first end coupled to the projectile and a second end coupled to the piston. Before, during, and after the deployment the piston may be electrically coupled to the cartridge body at a radially outer surface of the piston. An axially forward surface of the radially outer surface of the piston may be configured to contact the piston stop during the deployment. The axially forward surface of the radially outer surface of the piston may be configured to electrically couple the piston to the piston stop. The piston may comprise a piston opening defined through the piston from a first piston end of the piston to a second piston end of the piston. The projectile may comprise a wire-tether having a first end coupled to the projectile and a second end inserted through the piston opening at the first piston end of the piston. A screw may be inserted through the second piston end of the piston, wherein the screw couples the second end of the filament to the piston. A washer may be coupled between the screw and the piston, wherein the washer is configured to electrically couple the second end of the filament to the piston. The washer may contact an inner surface of the piston opening. The washer may be configured to position the second end of the filament such that the second end of the filament contacts an inner surface of the piston opening. 
     In various embodiments, a piston for a cartridge configured to deploy a projectile is disclosed. The piston may comprise a piston body having a first end opposite a second end; a piston conductive body defining a first portion of the piston body, wherein the piston conductive body comprises an electrically conductive material; and a piston body overmold defining a second portion of the piston body, wherein the piston body overmold is configured to selectively expose a surface of the piston conductive body, and wherein the piston body overmold comprises an electrically non-conductive material. 
     In various embodiments of the above-disclosed piston, the piston body overmold may be coupled to an inner surface of the piston conductive body and an outer surface of the piston conductive body. The piston body overmold may surround the piston conductive body at the first end of the piston body. The piston body overmold may selectively expose the piston conductive body at the second end of the piston body. A piston opening may be defined through the piston body from the first end to the second end. The piston opening may be defined through the piston conductive body and the piston body overmold. The piston opening proximate the first end of the piston body may be defined through the piston body overmold, and wherein the piston opening proximate the second end of the piston body may be defined through the piston conductive body. The piston opening defined through the piston body overmold may comprise a smaller diameter than the piston opening defined through the piston conductive body. The piston opening defined through the piston body overmold at the first end of the piston body may comprise a chamfered edge. The piston overmold body may selectively expose an exposed surface of the piston conductive body, and wherein the exposed surface may comprise a portion of piston conductive body extending radially outward from the piston body. The exposed surface of the piston conductive body may comprise at least one of a radially outward surface or an axially forward surface. The piston overmold body may selectively expose a coupling point of the piston conductive body, and wherein the coupling point may comprise a portion of piston conductive body extending axially aft from the piston body. The coupling point may comprise a mechanical feature configured to couple the piston body to a retaining clip. The coupling point may be sized and shaped to receive a force from at least one of a propulsion module or a plug. 
     In various embodiments, a retaining clip for a cartridge inner assembly is disclosed. The retaining clip may comprise a clip body; a first clip end of the clip body configured to couple to a piston of the cartridge inner assembly; and a second clip end of the clip body configured to couple to a propulsion module of the cartridge inner assembly, wherein at least one of the first clip end or the second clip end are configured to decouple during a deployment of the cartridge inner assembly. 
     In various embodiments of the above-disclosed retaining clip, a retaining clip opening may be defined from the first clip end through to the second clip end. The retaining clip opening may be configured to enclose one or more components of the cartridge inner assembly before the deployment of the cartridge inner assembly. The retaining clip opening may be configured to at least partially enclose at least one of the piston or the propulsion module before the deployment of the cartridge inner assembly. The deployment the retaining clip opening may be configured to enclose a component of the cartridge inner assembly and at least partially enclose the piston and the propulsion module. The first clip end may be configured to mechanically or chemically decouple from the piston during the deployment. The second clip end may be configured to mechanically or chemically decouple from the propulsion module during the deployment. 
     In various embodiments, a cartridge inner assembly is disclosed. The cartridge inner assembly may comprise a piston; a propulsion module; and a retaining clip. The retaining clip may comprise a retaining clip body; a first clip end of the retaining clip body, wherein the first clip end is coupled to the piston; and a second clip end of the retaining clip body, wherein the second clip end is coupled to the propulsion module. 
     In various embodiments of the above-disclosed cartridge inner assembly, the piston may be at least partially enclosed by the retaining clip body at the first clip end. The propulsion module may be at least partially enclosed by the retaining clip body at the second clip end. A plug may be enclosed within the retaining clip body between the piston and the propulsion module. The first clip end of the retaining clip body may be configured to decouple from the piston in response to a deployment of the propulsion module. The second clip end of the retaining clip body may be configured to decouple from the propulsion module in response to a deployment of the propulsion module. 
     In various embodiments, a retaining clip for a cartridge is disclosed. The retaining clip may comprise a retaining clip body disposed within the cartridge, wherein retaining clip body comprise a first clip end opposite a second clip end; a piston clip defined on the first clip end, wherein the piston clip is configured to mechanically engage a piston disposed within the cartridge; and a propulsion module clip defined on the second clip end, wherein the propulsion module clip is configured to mechanically engage a propulsion module disposed within the cartridge. 
     In various embodiments of the above-disclosed retaining clip, at least one of the piston clip or the propulsion module clip may comprise a plurality of mechanical grips. The piston clip may comprise a portion of the first clip end extending at least one of axially forward the retaining clip body or radially inward the retaining clip body. The propulsion module clip may comprise a portion of the second clip end extending at least one of axially aft the retaining clip body or radially inward the retaining clip body. The piston clip may be circumferentially offset from the propulsion module clip. At least one of the piston clip or the propulsion module clip may comprise a frangible material configured to break during a deployment of the propulsion module. At least one of the piston clip or the propulsion module clip may comprise a plurality of circumferentially offset mechanical grips. 
     In various embodiments, a cartridge inner assembly is disclosed. The cartridge inner assembly may comprise a propulsion module configured to provide a propulsive force during a deployment; a piston configured to travel forward during the deployment; and a plug configured to transfer the propulsive force from the propulsion module to the piston. The plug may comprise a plug body; a first plug end of the plug body, wherein the first plug end is configured to insert within the piston; and a second plug end of the plug body, wherein the second plug end is configured to at least partially enclose the propulsion module. 
     In various embodiments of the above-disclosed cartridge inner assembly, the first plug end may comprise a smaller diameter than the second plug end. The piston may comprise a piston body having a first end opposite a second end; a piston opening defined through the piston body from the first end to the second end; and a screw coupled within the piston body. The first plug end of the plug body may be configured to insert within the piston opening. The first plug end of the plug body may be positioned within the piston opening proximate the screw. The first plug end of the plug body may be configured to transfer the propulsive force to a shoulder of the second end of the piston body circumferentially defining the piston opening. The second plug end of the plug body may comprise a recessed surface defining a circumferential edge extending axially aft the recessed surface. The recessed surface may be configured to contact the propulsion module while the circumferential edge is configured to at least partially enclose the propulsion module. The plug may comprise an electrically non-conductive material. 
     In various embodiments, a plug for a cartridge of a conducted electrical weapon is disclosed. The plug may comprise a plug body; a first end of the plug body; and a second end of the plug body, wherein the first end of the plug body comprises a smaller diameter than the second end of the plug body, and wherein the second end of the plug body comprises a recessed surface defining a circumferential edge extending axially aft the recessed surface. 
     In various embodiments of the above-disclosed plug, the plug may comprise a cylindrical shape. The plug may comprise an electrically non-conductive material. The plug may comprise a rubber material. The first end of the plug body may be sized and shaped to be received within a piston. The second end of the plug body may be sized and shaped to at least partially enclose a propulsion module. 
     In various embodiments, a cartridge for a less-lethal weapon may comprise a cartridge body defining a piston stop on an inner surface of the cartridge body; a propulsion module configured to provide a propulsive force during a deployment; a piston disposed within the cartridge body, wherein the piston is configured to travel forward during the deployment to contact the piston stop; and a plug configured to transfer the propulsive force from the propulsion module to the piston. The plug may comprise a plug body; a first plug end of the plug body, wherein the first plug end is configured to insert within the piston; and a second plug end of the plug body, wherein the second plug end is configured to contact the propulsion module. 
     In various embodiments of the above-disclosed cartridge, the plug may be coupled to the piston and configured to travel forward with the piston during the deployment. The plug may be coupled to the propulsion module and configured to remain with the propulsion module during the deployment. The plug may comprise a shape complimentary with the cartridge body. A retaining clip may be coupled to the piston and the propulsion module, wherein the retaining clip may enclose the plug. 
     In various embodiments, a cartridge body may comprise a first end opposite a second end; an elongated portion defined at the first end; a wide portion defined at the second end; a first step defined between the elongated portion and the wide portion; and a second step defined on the elongated portion between the first end and the first step. 
     In various embodiments of the above-disclosed cartridge body, the wide portion may comprise a greater diameter than the elongated portion. A first portion of the elongated portion from the first step to the second step may comprise a greater outer diameter than a second portion of the elongated portion from the second step to the first end. A first diameter of the wide portion may be greater than a second diameter of the first portion of the elongated portion and a third diameter of the second portion of the elongated portion. An inner diameter of the elongated portion may remain consistent from the first end to the first step. An inner diameter of the wide portion may remain consistent from the first step to the second end. The wide portion at the second end may be sized and shaped to removably receive a cartridge inner assembly. 
     In various embodiments, a cartridge for a less-lethal weapon is disclosed. The cartridge may comprise a cartridge body having a first end opposite a second end; a cartridge inner assembly removably disposed within the cartridge body proximate the second end of the cartridge body; a projectile disposed forward the cartridge inner assembly within the cartridge body; and a blast door coupled to the second body portion of the cartridge body. The cartridge body may comprise a first body portion comprising a first outer diameter; and a second body portion comprising a second outer diameter, wherein the first outer diameter is smaller than the second outer diameter. 
     In various embodiments of the above-disclosed cartridge, the cartridge body may comprise an elongated portion and a wide portion, wherein the elongated portion may be defined by the first body portion and the second body portion, and wherein the wide portion may be defined by a third body portion. The third body portion may comprise a third outer diameter, and wherein the third outer diameter may be greater than the first outer diameter and the second outer diameter. The first body portion may comprise a first inner diameter, the second body portion may comprise a second inner diameter, and the third body portion comprises a third inner diameter, and wherein the third inner diameter may be greater than each of the first inner diameter and the second inner diameter. The first inner diameter may be substantially similar to the second inner diameter. The blast door may comprise a blast door width, the first body portion may comprise a first width, and the second body portion may comprise a second width, and wherein the second width may be greater than each of the first width and the blast door width. The blast door width and the first width together may be substantially similar to the second width. The blast door width and the first width together may be smaller than the second width. The cartridge body may comprise an opening defined from the first end through the second end, wherein the blast door may obstruct the opening at the first end. The blast door may be coupled to the first body portion and may extend axially aft towards the second body portion. The blast door may be configured to decouple from the first body portion during a deployment. 
     In various embodiments, a cartridge body may comprise a first body portion comprising a first outer diameter; a second body portion comprising a second outer diameter; and a third body portion comprising a third outer diameter, and wherein each of the first outer diameter, the second outer diameter, and the third outer diameter are different. 
     In various embodiments of the above-disclosed cartridge body, the third outer diameter may be greater than the first outer diameter and the second outer diameter. The first outer diameter may be smaller than the second outer diameter. The first body portion may comprise a first inner diameter, the second body portion may comprise a second inner diameter, and the third body portion may comprise a third inner diameter, and wherein the third inner diameter may be greater than the first inner diameter and the second inner diameter. The first inner diameter may be the same as the second inner diameter. The first body portion and the second body portion may define an elongated body, and wherein the third body portion may define a wide body. The elongated body between the first body portion and the second body portion may define a step. A step may be defined between the elongated body and the wide body. Each of the first body portion, the second body portion, and the third body portion may be cylindrically shaped. 
     In various embodiments, an electrode for a conducted electrical weapon may comprise an electrode body having a first body end opposite a second body end; and an electrode head comprising a first head end opposite a second head end, wherein the electrode head defines a middle portion between the first head end and the second head end, wherein the second head end is coupled to and disposed within the first body end, wherein the middle portion is forward the first body end, and wherein the middle portion comprises a middle portion diameter less than a first diameter of the first head end and a second diameter of the second head end. 
     In various embodiments of the above-disclosed electrode, the first diameter may be less than the second diameter. An attachment may be coupled to the middle portion of the electrode head. A thickness of the attachment and the middle portion diameter together may be less than the second diameter. A thickness of the attachment and the middle portion diameter together may be substantially similar to the second diameter. The attachment may contact the first head end and the middle portion, and wherein the attachment may comprise a first thickness proximate the first head end and a second thickness proximate the middle portion. The first thickness and the first diameter may be substantially similar in size to the second thickness and the middle portion diameter. At least one of the first thickness and the first diameter or the second thickness and the middle portion diameter may be smaller in size than the second diameter. At least one of the first thickness and the first diameter or the second thickness and the middle portion diameter may be substantially similar in size to the second diameter. The electrode head may comprise an hourglass shape. 
     In various embodiments, an electrode for a conducted electrical weapon may comprise an electrode body having a first body end opposite a second body end; an electrode head coupled to the first body end; a rear nozzle disposed within the electrode body forward the second body end; and a plurality of coupling points defined on the electrode body, the plurality of coupling points comprising a first coupling point coupling the electrode body to the electrode head, a second coupling point coupling the electrode body to the rear nozzle, and a third coupling point configured to couple the electrode body to a piston. 
     In various embodiments of the above-disclosed electrode, the first coupling point may be proximate the first body end, the third coupling point may be proximate the second body end, and the second coupling point may be between the first body end and the second body end. The second coupling point may be closer to the third coupling point than the first coupling point. Each of the electrode head, the rear nozzle, and the piston may be at least partially disposed within the electrode body. The third coupling point may be configured to decouple during a deployment. The first coupling point and the second coupling point may be configured to remain coupled before, during, and after a deployment. The first coupling point may be configured to decouple in response to a force of impact. One or more of the plurality of coupling points may comprise a press fit coupling. One or more of the plurality of coupling points may comprise a portion of the electrode body deformed radially inward. One or more of the plurality of coupling points may comprise a protrusion extending radially inward from an inner surface of the electrode body. 
     In various embodiments, an electrode for a conducted electrical weapon may comprise an electrode body having a first body end opposite a second body end; an electrode head coupled to the first body end, wherein the electrode head comprises a first head end opposite a second head end; and an attachment coupled to a radially outer surface of the electrode head between the first head end and the second head end. 
     In various embodiments of the above-disclosed electrode, the attachment may be further coupled to the first head end. The attachment may comprise an absorber configured to at least partially receive a force of impact. The attachment may further comprise a spear. The electrode head may comprise varying diameters across the radially outer surface, and wherein the attachment may be coupled to the electrode head across the varying diameters. The first head end may comprise a first diameter, the second head end may comprise a second diameter, and a middle portion between the first head end and the second head end may comprise a middle diameter, and wherein the middle diameter may be smaller than each of the first diameter and the second diameter. The attachment may comprise an aft inner surface that is radially inward from the first head end. The aft inner surface of the attachment may be radially outward from the middle portion. The aft inner surface of the attachment may be axially forward the second head end. The attachment may comprise a training head. The training head may comprise a plurality of hooks on a front surface of the training head. The training head may comprise a retaining clip configured to engage a middle portion of the electrode head between the first head end and the second head end. The electrode head may comprise a channel defined at the first head end, and wherein the attachment may cover the channel. The attachment may comprise a first attachment and a second attachment. The first attachment may be coupled to a forward surface of the first head end, and wherein the second attachment may be coupled to the radially outer surface of the electrode head between the first head end and the second head end. The first attachment may comprise an electrically conductive material, and wherein the second attachment may comprise an electrically non-conductive material. The first attachment may comprise a spear, and wherein the second attachment may comprise an absorber. 
     In various embodiments, a cartridge for a conducted electrical weapon may comprise a cartridge body; a piston disposed within the cartridge body; and an electrode disposed within the cartridge body forward the piston. The electrode may comprise an electrode body having a first end opposite a second end; and an electrode head coupled to the first end, wherein a portion of the piston is disposed within the second end, and wherein the second end of the electrode body is coupled to the piston. 
     In various embodiments of the above-disclosed cartridge, the cartridge body may comprise a piston stop, wherein the piston may be configured to contact the piston stop during a deployment, and wherein in response to the piston contacting the piston stop the electrode body may be configured to decouple from the piston. The electrode may comprise a filament comprising a first filament end opposite a second filament end, wherein the first filament end may be coupled to the electrode head, and wherein the second filament end may be coupled to the piston. The second filament end may remain coupled to the piston before, during, and after a deployment. The electrode head, the filament, the piston, and the cartridge body may be in electrical series. 
     Benefits, other advantages, and solutions to problems have been described herein with regard to specific embodiments. Furthermore, the connecting lines shown in the various figures contained herein are intended to represent exemplary functional relationships and/or physical couplings between the various elements. It should be noted that many alternative or additional functional relationships or physical connections may be present in a practical system. However, the benefits, advantages, solutions to problems, and any elements that may cause any benefit, advantage, or solution to occur or become more pronounced are not to be construed as critical, required, or essential features or elements of the disclosures. The scope of the disclosure is accordingly to be limited by nothing other than the appended claims and their legal equivalents, in which reference to an element in the singular is not intended to mean “one and only one” unless explicitly so stated, but rather “one or more.” Moreover, where a phrase similar to “at least one of A, B, or C” is used in the claims, it is intended that the phrase be interpreted to mean that A alone may be present in an embodiment, B alone may be present in an embodiment, C alone may be present in an embodiment, or that any combination of the elements A, B, and C may be present in a single embodiment; for example, A and B, A and C, B and C, or A and B and C. 
     Systems, methods, and apparatus are provided herein. In the detailed description herein, references to “various embodiments,” “one embodiment,” “an embodiment,” “an example embodiment,” etc., indicate that the embodiment described may include a particular feature, structure, or characteristic, but every embodiment may not necessarily include the particular feature, structure, or characteristic. Moreover, such phrases are not necessarily referring to the same embodiment. Further, when a particular feature, structure, or characteristic is described in connection with an embodiment, it is submitted that it is within the knowledge of one skilled in the art to affect such feature, structure, or characteristic in connection with other embodiments whether or not explicitly described. After reading the description, it will be apparent to one skilled in the relevant art(s) how to implement the disclosure in alternative embodiments. Furthermore, no element, component, or method step in the present disclosure is intended to be dedicated to the public regardless of whether the element, component, or method step is explicitly recited in the claims. No claim element is intended to invoke 35 U.S.C. 112(f) unless the element is expressly recited using the phrase “means for.” As used herein, the terms “comprises,” “comprising,” or any other variation thereof, are intended to cover a non-exclusive inclusion, such that a process, method, article, or apparatus that comprises a list of elements does not include only those elements but may include other elements not expressly listed or inherent to such process, method, article, or apparatus.