Patent Publication Number: US-7904302-B2

Title: Method and system for business process management

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This application claims the benefit of Canadian Patent Application No. 2,576,791, filed Jan. 31, 2007. The disclosure of the above application is incorporated herein by reference. 
     FIELD 
     The present disclosure relates to a method and system for business process management, especially relates to a method and system for modeling business management processes and automating management of business management processes. 
     BACKGROUND 
     The statements in this section merely provide background information related to the present disclosure and may not constitute prior art. 
     Organizations use business intelligence (BI) as part of a business process. A business process is a set of linked activities that create value by transforming an input information into an output information that is more valuable to the organization. In most organizations this process is very informal. It is not documented and it is performed manually. Although it is possible to document and provide automation aids for the use of business intelligence within a process, it is not cost effective to do this using current technology. 
     Business processes are typically categorized into operational processes and management processes. Operational processes create the primary value stream of the business of the organization. Typical operational processes relate to transaction activities, such as purchasing, manufacturing, marketing, and sales. Management processes are the processes that govern the operation of the organization, such as corporate governance and strategic management. 
     Operational processes are often automated using a custom developed applications or pre-packaged enterprise applications. Custom developed applications are created using a general purpose programming language or special purpose Business Process Management software. 
     Some management processes have been automated in the same way, but these methods are not well suited to the automation of management processes. Management processes tend to be more volatile than operational processes. These processes often involve exception management. Although it is a lot faster to automate processes using special purpose Business Process Management software than using a traditional programming language, it still takes too long to automate processes and once implemented, the automated processes take too long to change. 
     It is therefore desirable to provide a mechanism that can provide efficient management for business management processes that can be easily changed. 
     SUMMARY 
     It is an object of the invention to provide an improved method and system for business process management that obviates or mitigates at least one of the disadvantages of existing systems. 
     The invention uses a process model that contains predefined configurable process components. 
     In accordance with an aspect of the present invention, there is provided a process management system comprising a process model, a process engine and a process user interface. The process model is provided for storing predefined process metadata components of one or more business management processes, the process metadata components having configurability. The process engine is provided for configuring the process metadata components, and for generating user interface contents for a specific management process based on a set of the process metadata components relevant to the specific management process. The process user interface is provided for presenting the user interface contents for configuration of the process metadata components, and for conducting the specific management process using the generated user interface contents. 
     In accordance with another aspect of the invention, there is provided a method of automating a management process. The method comprises the steps of providing a process model storing predefined process metadata components of one or more business management processes, configuring a set of the process metadata components for processing a specific management process, detecting the specific management process, reading the set of the process metadata components, generating user interface contents for the specific management process based on the set of the process metadata components, and presenting the user interface contents for a user action for conducting the specific management process. 
     In accordance with another aspect of the invention, there is provided a computer readable medium storing instructions or statements for use in the execution in a computer of a method of automating a management process. The method comprises the steps of providing a process model storing predefined process metadata components of one or more business management processes, configuring a set of the process metadata components for processing a specific management process, detecting the specific management process, reading the set of the process metadata components, generating user interface contents for the specific management process based on the set of the process metadata components, and presenting the user interface contents for a user action for conducting the specific management process. 
     This summary of the invention does not necessarily describe all features of the invention. 
     Further areas of applicability will become apparent from the description provided herein. It should be understood that the description and specific examples are intended for purposes of illustration only and are not intended to limit the scope of the present disclosure. 
    
    
     
       DRAWINGS 
       The drawings described herein are for illustration purposes only and are not intended to limit the scope of the present disclosure in any way. 
       These and other features of the invention will become more apparent from the following description in which reference is made to the appended drawings wherein: 
         FIG. 1  is a block diagram showing a process management system in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention; 
         FIG. 2  is a block diagram showing an embodiment of a process engine; 
         FIG. 3  is a block diagram showing an embodiment of a process modeling unit; 
         FIG. 4  is a block diagram showing an embodiment of a process managing unit; 
         FIG. 5  is a block diagram showing a process management system in accordance with another embodiment of the invention; 
         FIG. 6  is a diagram showing an embodiment of the process management system; 
         FIG. 7  is a flowchart showing an example of a process management; 
         FIG. 8  is a diagram showing a system event; 
         FIGS. 9A to 9F  shows table 1 listing an example of process metadata items; 
         FIG. 10  is a diagram showing an example of a screen map for consumer user interface; 
         FIG. 11  is a diagram showing an example of a screen map for administrator user interface; 
         FIG. 12  is a diagram showing an example of a screen map for event definition administrator user interface; 
         FIG. 13  is a screen shot showing an example of a process user interface screen; 
         FIG. 14  is a screen shot showing another example of the process user interface screen; 
         FIG. 15  is a screen shot showing another example of the process user interface screen; 
         FIG. 16  is a screen shot showing another example of the process user interface screen; 
         FIG. 17  is a screen shot showing another example of the process user interface screen; 
         FIG. 18  is a screen shot showing another example of the process user interface screen; 
         FIG. 19  is a screen shot showing another example of the process user interface screen; 
         FIG. 20  is a screen shot showing another example of the process user interface screen; 
         FIG. 21  is a screen shot showing another example of the process user interface screen; and 
         FIG. 22  is a screen shot showing another example of the process user interface screen. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     The following description is merely exemplary in nature and is not intended to limit the present disclosure, application, or uses. 
       FIG. 1  shows a process management system  100  in accordance with an embodiment of the invention. The process management system  100  is used in a computer system to manage business management processes. The process management system  100  is suitably used to manage organization&#39;s management processes using data in a data warehouse  10  of the organization. In a different embodiment, the process management system  100  may use data in a different data source. 
     The process management system  100  is used to describe and automate management processes that are needed to manage events involving exceptions or other events. The process management system  100  provides a set of capabilities that allows the development of pre-packaged management processes. It includes a configuration environment that makes it possible to quickly reconfigure pre-packaged management processes to fit each organization&#39;s unique requirements. The process management system  100  provides a new approach for modeling and automating management processes. 
     As shown in  FIG. 1 , the process management system  100  has a process model  110 , a process engine  120  and a process user interface (UI)  130 . 
     The process model  110  stores predefined management process components or process metadata. Process components have a high degree of configurability. Process components are expressed by simple declarative specification of processes. The declarative specification of processes is used as a set of reconfigurable process building blocks. Thus, each organization can rapidly alter the configuration of these management processes so that they support highly volatile management processes of the organization. Also, organizations can extend the predefined management processes in the process model  110  and create new management processes rapidly from a set of high level process building blocks. 
     Also, since the process metadata is described in declarative specification, the process management system  100  supports upgrade of the process model  110  including pre-packaged process definition and process building blocks while preserving organization&#39;s extensions and configurations settings. 
     For example, the process model  110  may contain predefined process metadata describing an event detecting and management process. The event detecting and management process may include process metadata representing process building blocks or components that describe an event detecting process, a notification process, a user action handling process, a reminder process, and an escalation process. 
     The process metadata may be a set of extensible markup language (XML) files. 
     The process engine  120  interprets the declarative specification of management processes in the process model  110 , and produces user interface contents for users to conduct management processes. 
       FIG. 2  shows an embodiment of the process engine  120 . The process engine has a process modeling unit  140  and a process managing unit  150 . 
     The process modeling unit  140  manages the management process modeling by an administrator of the process management system  100 .  FIG. 3  shows an embodiment of the process modeling unit  140 . In this embodiment, the process modeling unit  140  has a process metadata interpreter  142 , a process metadata configuration unit  144 , and a process UI contents generator  146 . 
     The process metadata interpreter  142  reads and interprets process metadata, i.e., the declarative specification of processes, in the process model  110 . 
     The process metadata configuration unit  144  configures process metadata in the process model  110  and defines new process metadata. For example, the process metadata configuration unit  142  allows the administrator to set the value of an owner of an event and insert text of notification messages. The process metadata configuration unit  144  writes the configured process metadata and the new process metadata in the process model  110 . 
     The process UI contents generator  146  generates UI contents based on the interpretation of the process metadata for presenting the generated UI contents to users through the process UI  130 . UI contents often include configuration options and metadata items for which the administrator can set the values. The process configuration unit  144  configures existing process metadata and defines new process metadata based on user&#39;s selections of the configuration options and value settings. 
     The process managing unit  150  manages business management processes in run time based on the process model  110 . 
       FIG. 4  shows an embodiment of the process managing unit  150 . In this embodiment, the process managing unit  150  has an event handler  152 , a notification handler  154 , a user action handler  156 , an approval handler  158 , a reminder handler  160 , an escalation handler  162  and a data capture handler  164 . 
     The event handler  152  handles detection of events. For example, when data is read from the data warehouse  10 , exceptions may be found. The event handler  152  determines an event for one or more exceptions that is managed by one of the management processes described by the process metadata stored in the process model  110 . The process metadata of the management process for the event describes, for example, the owner of the event, relevant notifications and the manner of sending the notifications, and other relevant processes. 
     The notification handler  154  handles notifications. For example, when a specific event is detected, the process metadata interpreter  142  reads the process metadata for managing the specific event, and determines the owner of the event based on the process metadata and invokes the notification handler  154 . The notification handler  154  sends a notification to the owner in accordance with the method described in the process metadata for the event. 
     The user action handler  156  handles actions taken by the owner. For example, if the owner of the event changes the data based on the notification, the user action handler  156  effects the correction in the data warehouse  10 . 
     The approval handler  158  handles an approval process. For example, when the owner of the event makes changes to the data, the approval handler  158 , based on the process metadata for the event, determines if an approval of the changes is needed, and if an approval is needed it further determines who is an approver, sends an approval request to the approver, and receives a response from the approver. Depending on the response of the approver, the approval handler  158  processes the changes or returns the response to the owner for further modification. 
     The reminder handler  160  sends reminders based on relevant process metadata. Process metadata describes to whom reminders are to be sent, how the reminders are to be sent, and what text the reminders should include. For example, process metadata for an event describes to send a reminder to the owner of the event in 7 days from the initial notification if the owner does not take appropriate actions. The manner of sending reminders and text of the reminders may be set by the administrator. 
     The escalation handler  162  escalates an event based on relevant process metadata. Process metadata describes to whom the event is to be escalated, how it is to be escalated, and what text the escalation notification should include. For example, process metadata for an event describes to escalate to a supervisor of the owner of the event in 20 days from the initial notification to the owner if the owner does not take appropriate actions. The manner of escalation may be set by the administrator. 
     The data capture handler  164  captures data from end users of the application based on process metadata. Data is captured by users and part of the process. This data is used for subsequent steps of the process, or by other processes or merely for auditability. 
     The process user interface  130  presents the user interface contents to users, and receives users&#39; input for setting the system configuration during the modeling time, and for conducting processes during run time. 
     As shown in  FIG. 5 , the process management system  100  may work with or be incorporated with a data warehouse management system  50 . The data warehouse management system  50  is used for construction, maintenance and use of the data warehouse  10  for an organization. The data warehouse management system  50  builds the data warehouse  10  from one or more data source systems  20 , such as enterprise resource planning (ERP) systems, and delivers information of data in the data warehouse  10  to one or more business intelligence tools  30 , which presents to users the delivered information as reports. 
     The data warehouse management system  50  may be a data warehouse solution system described in co-pending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/480,009, which is hereby incorporated by reference. 
       FIG. 6  shows a process enabled system or process management system  200  which incorporates the process management system  100  and the data warehouse management system  50 . The process management system  200  manages business processes including management processes and operational processes. The process management system  200  has a content library  220 , a modeling user interface  240  and a system engine  260 . 
     The content library  220  is a predefined set of metadata describing a packaged data warehouse and set of role-based reports. The content library  220  may be a set of XML files. The content library  220  is instantiated into the user&#39;s environment as a relationally stored information model  222  and information needs model  224 . The data information model  222  describes data that is available for building reports and satisfies the information needs indicated in the information needs model  224 , such as star schema models of the data warehouse  10 , mapping of source systems  20  to the star schema models, and data transformation rules. The information needs model  224  includes descriptions of metadata regarding information needs for building reports by users, such as metadata about user roles, measures important to the roles, members of the roles, context filters that apply to the members, display styles and templates, and dimensions used for building reports. 
     The content library  220  also includes predefined process metadata expressed in XML form. The relational metadata store of the content library  220  includes the process metadata, which is instantiated into the user&#39;s environment as a process model  110 . 
     The modeling UI  240  allows viewing and reconfiguration of predefined content as well as authoring of new content in the content library  220 . 
     The system engine  260  generates runtime data warehouse  10  and report artifacts from metadata in the information model  222 . The system engine  260  is also the runtime data management engine. It generates and runs the extract-transform-load (ETL) code that is used to load the data warehouse  10 . The system engine  260  includes functionalities of the process engine  120 . 
     The process management system  200  also has a BI reporting tool  280  as a runtime environment for the system user interface. The BI reporting tool  280  receives user&#39;s requests for data, transforms the requests into system queries in a system language to apply to the data warehouse  10 , receives query results from the data warehouse  10  and generates reports using the information needs model  224 . 
     The process management system  200  also has a business process modeling tool  300  as a modeling environment to cover process configuration and authoring new processes. The process modeling tool  300  provides a modeling user interface and data writing functionality. The process modeling tool  300  also provides database tables which store the process metadata and data relating to inflight processes. These database tables are included in the same database instance as the data warehouse  10  and other metadata tables of the process model  110  as well as the information model  222  and the information needs model  224 . 
     The process modeling tool  300  may be an existing modeling tool that provides functionalities of modeling user interface and modeling configuration. An example of such a modeling tool is TeamWorks of Lombardi Software, Inc. 
     The process modeling tool  300  may be integrated with the BI reporting tool  280  to support various functions, such as single sign-on, embedded BI content and report links in the process modeling tool  300 , launching the process modeling tool  300  from BI reports, triggering the process modeling tool  300  by events in the BI reporting tool  280 , and the process modeling tool  300  getting data using the specification of the BI reporting tool  280 . 
     The system engine  260  manages metadata delivery to the process modeling tool  300  from the process model  110 . Unlike runtime data warehouse objects and reports, it is typically unnecessary to generate processes for the process modeling tool  300  from metadata. The system engine  260  creates in the process modeling tool  300  a single high level master event management process that is dynamic enough to take on different forms based on different configuration metadata. 
     The BI reporting tool  280  provides data warehousing and reporting capabilities. The data warehouse management system extracts data from source systems  20  and writes it to the data warehouse  10 . Processes use data from the data warehouse  10 . Processes also update existing warehouse data and add new data to the warehouse. The business intelligence tool  280  creates reports on this data. 
     The process management system  100 ,  200  manages business management processes. A typical business management process has three high level processes: initiate and monitor exceptions, reminders and escalation. 
       FIG. 7  shows an example of a process  300  of initiating and monitoring exceptions. Data is read from a data warehouse in response to a query ( 302 ). Filter conditions are applied to the query ( 304 ) so that only data that meets predefined exception criteria is returned ( 306 ). Exception results are batched into one or more events ( 308 ). In-flight processes, such as reminders, escalations, and reconciliation, are checked for relevant data changes ( 310 ). An owner is allocated to resolve each event ( 312 ). The title of the event notification, message, business rules and actions available to resolve each event are configurable ( 314 ). The owner takes one or more actions ( 316 ), such as capturing annotations or making a record of actions manual actions performed in response to the event, lunching one or more URLs to BI Reports, updating data, transferring ownership, and approval. 
     The reminders process sends reminders for events that are not acted on within a pre-defined time period. 
     The escalation process escalates events that are not closed within a pre-defined time limit to one or more other participants. 
     In view of the typical business process shown in  FIG. 7 , the process management system  100 ,  200  describes a system event  350  in multiple process building blocks or components, for example, as shown in  FIG. 8 , including processes components of notification  352 , reminder  354 , escalation  356 , delegation  358 , and action  360 . The action process component  360  is further described by process components of approval  362 , trigger process  364  and submit data  366 . The submit data process component  366  includes process components of an approval  368 , a write back  370  and a reconciliation  372 . 
     The process management system  100 ,  200  manages these business processes by using relevant process components or metadata in the process model  110 . The event detection and management process is further described using the process management system  200  hereinafter. 
     Table 1 shown in  FIGS. 9A to 9F  is an example list of process metadata stored in the process model  110 . This process metadata is used to describe a process for event detection and management. The metadata comprises a simple declarative specification of the process. Default values for each metadata item are shown in bold. The numbers in brackets in the list in Table 1 indicate implementation sequence. In this example, Event Type Name, Process template Type, Query, Dataset key Columns, Message [Notification], and Event Owner are mandatory components, and the others are optional components. 
     By defining and configuring a predefined process by means of metadata which is a simple declarative specification of the process, users can easily reconfigure the process and create new process based on the predefined process metadata. It is not necessary for users to modify processes in programming source code, which takes a long time, as in existing systems. Also, in such existing systems, once a user has modified the source code, it is not possible for the vendor to upgrade the process definition without over-writing the user&#39;s modifications. In the process management system  100 ,  200 , user&#39;s configuration settings are preserved by way of the declarative specification when the system is upgraded by the vendor, and thus, it is not necessary for users to redo modifications that they made in the previous version of the system. 
     While Table 1 shows an example set of metadata items for an event detection and management process, a different example may be defined by a different set of metadata items. Also, a different process may be defined by a different set of metadata items. The process model  110  may contain metadata describing multiple business processes. 
     The process management system  200  may allow participants in an event to have access to data shown in a data table with the user interface. In that case, each individual notification may not be validated for data security. When the process allows data writes, the process management system  200  allows any process participant to write data. In a different embodiment, the process management system  200  may limit access to certain data to certain participants. 
     The process management system  200  may support the upload of document attachments when capturing annotations and actions. 
     If the BI query specification that is used to retrieve the dataset does not contain sufficient metadata to perform a write of dimension or fact data to the warehouse, the metadata model  110  is extended to allow automatic update of the data warehouse  10 . These extensions are modeled as part of the process model  110  and captured by the process modeler. The extensions include information such as: allowed domains of values for fields and default values used when inserting data. 
     Some items of process metadata are not known at design or modeling time of the process management system  200 . The process management system  200  infers those items at runtime from data contained within the dataset retrieved by a query defined in the process metadata. For example, the process management system  200  may build titles and messages from columns in the dataset. Other examples of such process metadata that are to be inferred include owner, approver and escalate-to, event due date, and URLs for links and embedded content. 
     The key of the dataset may be lower grained than the key of the event. This means that a situation may arise where the column values are ambiguous. An example is shown in Table 2. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
               
             
               
                 TABLE 2 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 Event Key 
                 Data Set Key 
                 Owner 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
                 A 
                 A1 
                 Jim 
               
               
                   
                 A 
                 A2 
                 Fred 
               
               
                   
                 A 
                 A3 
                 &lt;null&gt; 
               
               
                   
                 B 
                 B1 
                 Mary 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     In this example dataset, the owner for event A is ambiguous. It may either be Jim, Fred or null. In order to select a single owner for the event, the system  200  may select the last non-null value, e.g., in this example, it is “Fred”. 
     The process management system  100 ,  200  provides metadata describing data writes. The process management system  100 ,  200  writes to a write queue within the data warehouse data that is captured by means of an edit to the data table. A post-edit process reads the write queue, processes the contents and then optionally removes processed entries from the write queue. If the data represents data warehouse dimension items or atomic level facts, the process management system  100 ,  200  provides an option available to automatically read from the staging area and load into the data warehouse. The process management system  100 ,  200  generates a special warehouse dataflow for this purpose. This dataflow is a “system” dataflow. It is visible in load management but not in the data warehouse design environment. When automatically loading the data warehouse from the write queue, it is necessary to leave the processed entries in the write queue for re-processing. For example, data is loaded from a source ERP system. This data is inaccurate. It is corrected by means of a management process by the process management system  100 ,  200 . Each reload potentially replaces corrected data with incorrect data from the source system. This means that the process management system  100 ,  200  re-applies corrections after each load. Not all data captured into data tables is automatically written to the data warehouse. The process management system  100 ,  200  determines data that is to be automatically written depending on configuration options in the metadata. In most cases the data is loaded into another system using a custom written process written in the process modeling tool or other technology. Another system is some or other external database, e.g. database used by an ERP system. Data is manually extracted from the process tables and loaded into the external system. 
     The process model  110  may provide process metadata describing closing in-flight processes. Processes remain in-flight until they are closed. The process metadata describes the conditions for closing processes by the process metadata. The process metadata may provide options to close in-flight. The options include that exception conditions no longer found in data (auto-close no exception), after a period of inactivity (auto-close no activity), at a predetermined expiry date (auto-close expiry days), and user actions may close events (close on action). 
     The process model  110  may provide process metadata describing updating the dataset for in-flight processes. While processes are in-flight, the associated dataset may or may not have to be refreshed. This is behaviour that is determined by the “Dataset Update Rule” and the “Dataset Storage Rule” in the process metadata. The process management system  100 ,  200  may store only the key of the dataset along with in-flight data. Other data columns may be read on the fly from the data warehouse. The process metadata may provide an option to store the entire dataset with along with other in-flight data. 
     Data warehouse data is typically updated on a nightly basis. Data changes may impact in-flight processes. The Dataset Update rule determines this behaviour. The rule may include: No update, Dataset key update, and Complete dataset. No update creates a dataset when event is created. When this option is selected, the process management system  100 ,  200  never updates dataset. Dataset key update creates a dataset when event is created. When this option is selected, the process management system  100 ,  200  monitors warehouse data to detect dataset changes for the event key, removes dataset rows that no longer meet exception criteria, and adds new rows that meet exception criteria for event key. Complete dataset refreshes the entire dataset with each update. When this option is selected, the process management system  100 ,  200  removes rows that no longer meet the exception criteria, adds new rows, and updates existing rows. 
     The process model  110  may provide process metadata describing non-replication. The data warehouse typically is polled on a daily basis. Each time this polling takes place, a query is fired off to detect new events. The process management system  100 ,  200  identifies events by an event key that is present in the dataset. It is common that many event management processes are long running. It is likely that sequential executions of a query return the same event key. The Non-Replication rule determines behaviour when encountering an event key that has been previously returned. “No non-replication” creates a new event with the same event key. “Do not replicate events for in-flight processes” ignores event keys if the same key exists for an in-flight process of the same type. “Do not replicate the event ever” never creates a new event with an event key that has been used in a prior event (either in-flight or closed). 
     The process model  110  may provide process metadata describing changed data capture (CDC). It is common that the queries that poll for events read fact tables containing tens of millions of rows. It is inefficient to re-read unchanged rows of data each time the system queries the data warehouse. The metadata specification makes allowance for the existence of one or more “CDC Columns”. When formulating a query, it is necessary to rewrite the query to include filters on the values of these CDC Columns. CDC columns are datetime columns. The value of the CDC filter is set based on the last execution of the query. The value of the CDC filter is set to “ . . . AND&lt;CDC Column&gt;&gt;$LastExecutionDate”. CDC conditions are OR&#39;ed together, e.g. “ . . . AND ((&lt;CDC Column1&gt;&gt;$LastExecutionDate) OR (&lt;CDC Column2&gt;&gt;$LastExecutionDate)). Execution Dates are derived from the data warehouse server and not the process server. 
     The process model  110  may provide process metadata describing changes to process that impacts on in-flight processes. Wherever possible, the system applies changes in process metadata immediately to in-flight processes. In some cases special business rules may be needed. For example, for Close on Action metadata, when adding a new “Close on Action”, the system closes any open in-flight processes that have had the new action take place. There is no need to re-open any close processes on removal. For Reminder Days metadata and Escalate Days metadata, after changing reminder days from, e.g., 30 to 7, the system sends reminders for anything now requiring a reminder. For Owner; Escalate To; Approver metadata, the system transfers activity to another user. For auto-close settings, the system closes the process. 
     There are classes of change that cannot be applied to in-flight processes, e.g., a change to Dataset Key Columns; Event Key Columns; Change to a query where query results are stored as part of the process data and not refreshed. These changes are only take effect for new process instances. 
     The process model  110  may provide process metadata describing delegations. “Delegate” is one of the pre-defined actions available for events. If the “Delegate” action is enabled as part of the event type specification, it means that the owner can carve off parts of the event for resolution by another user. The owner carves off parts of the event by selecting one or more rows of the data-set and then selecting a user to delegate. For the most part, a delegated event is a clone of the original event with fewer rows of data in the dataset. The process metadata provides metadata settings that determine how property values are set for the clone as follows: 
     
       
         
           
               
               
             
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                 Owner 
                 Owner of child process is set by the owner of the parent process 
               
               
                   
                 using a modeling UI. 
               
               
                 Reminders Delegated Event 
                 Suspend Reminders on Originating Event—Clone reminder 
               
               
                   
                 settings. While one or more delegated event is open, suspend 
               
               
                   
                 reminders on the parent task. 
               
               
                   
                 Continue Reminders on Originating Event—Continue to remind 
               
               
                   
                 parent.owner that event is open. 
               
               
                 Delegated Event Approval 
                 No Approval—Delegated task does not have approval even is 
               
               
                   
                 parent task does 
               
               
                   
                 To be approved by user performing delegation—Approval of 
               
               
                   
                 child action/status change to be performed by parent.owner and 
               
               
                   
                 not parent.approver. 
               
               
                   
                 Transfer approval settings from original event to delegated 
               
               
                   
                 event—Copy all approval settings from parent to child. Approval 
               
               
                   
                 of child events to be done out by parent.approver. 
               
               
                 Escalate Delegated Event 
                 No Escalation—Never escalate the child event 
               
               
                   
                 Escalate to user performing delegation—Child.Escalate To = Parent. 
               
               
                   
                 Owner 
               
               
                   
                 Transfer escalation settings from original event to delegated event - 
               
               
                   
                 Child. Escalate To = Parent. Escalate To 
               
               
                 Change Notification Delegation 
                 Continue with change notification on the originating event 
               
               
                   
                 Suspend change notification until all delegated tasks are 
               
               
                   
                 complete 
               
               
                   
                 Perform change notification on originating event each time a 
               
               
                   
                 delegated task is completed 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     The process model  110  may provide process metadata describing process analytics. The process management system  100 ,  200  automatically tracks the following measures: Event Count, Time to Close, Time to First Action, Approval Count, Escalation Count, and Reminder Count. The system  100 ,  200  may optionally track the following measures: &lt;Action&gt; Count, in which actions to be tracked are listed in the metadata under “Analytics Count Actions”, and Time to first &lt;Action&gt;, in which actions to be tracked are listed in the metadata under “Analytics Time Actions”. The system  100 ,  200  automatically tracks the following dimensions: Open date, Close date, Status, Owner User, Approval User, Escalate To User, Action Path, and Time Buckets for “Time to Close” and “Time to First Action”. The system  100 ,  200  may optionally track the other dimensions listed in the metadata under “Analytics Dimensions”, “Analytic Gregorian Time Dim”, and “Analytic Custom Time Dim”. 
     The operation of the process management system  100 ,  200  is further described for examples. 
     In the first example, an organization has a business rule that states that all employee records within the Employee Dimension in a data warehouse should contain a valid gender and date of birth. This business rule is not enforced by the human resource source system from which employee data is loaded into the data warehouse. This means that data can be loaded into the data warehouse with unknown gender and date of birth. An exception management process of the process management system  100  is used to ensure that this invalid data is corrected. 
     The administrator of the process management system  100  configures the exception management process in the process model  110  as follows: 
     
       
         
           
               
               
             
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                 Event Type Name: 
                 Missing or Invalid Employee Data 
               
               
                 Query: 
                 select employee_id, full_name, date_of_birth, gender 
               
               
                   
                 from PERSON 
               
               
                   
                 where (date_of_birth is null or gender is null or date_of_birth &lt;‘1910- 
               
               
                   
                 01-01’) 
               
               
                   
                 order by employee_id 
               
               
                 Display Columns: 
                 Employee Id, Full Name, Date of Birth, Gender 
               
               
                 Message [Notification]: 
                 “Upon a recent load of the data warehouse, Employees with missing 
               
               
                   
                 or invalid data were detected. Your urgent attention is required to 
               
               
                   
                 correct this data. Please make amendments within the human 
               
               
                   
                 resource source system.” 
               
               
                 EventOwner: 
                 Joan Stevens 
               
               
                 EscallateTo: 
                 Mary Bean 
               
               
                 Reminder Days: 
                 7 
               
               
                 Escalate Days: 
                 14 
               
               
                 Non Replication Rule: 
                 Do not replicate events for in-flight processes 
               
               
                 Actions: 
                 Custom actions: Corrected data in the human resource source system 
               
               
                 Schedule Type: 
                 Run after execution of dataflow “Person”. 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Once the data has been loaded into the data warehouse  10  from the human resource source system, the process management system  100  evaluates the data for exceptions. A query to evaluate the data and the located exception data are as follows: 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                 SQL Statement 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 select employee_id, full_name, date_of_birth, gender 
               
               
                   
                 from PERSON 
               
               
                   
                 where (date_of_birth is null or gender is null or date_of_birth 
               
               
                   
                 &lt; ‘1910-01-01’) order by employee_id 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
            
               
                 Exception Data 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 1 
                 Emp1 
                 1905-06-06 17:56:42.000 
                 M 
               
               
                   
                 2 
                 Emp2 
                 1975-01-05 16:12:09.000 
                   
               
               
                   
                 3 
                 Emp3 
                   
                 M 
               
               
                   
                 4 
                 Emp4 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     In this particular example, these four employee data exceptions are managed by means of a single event of the process management system  100 . During configuration, the process management system  100  identifies the event and allocates the owner as per the above configuration, in which the owner of events of this type was predefined as a single user, Joan Stephens. 
     The process management system  100  sends an event notification by email to Joan Stephens who reviews the notification. An example of the contents of the message is as follows: 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Title: Event Notification—Employees with missing or invalid data (2562) 
               
               
                 Message: Upon a recent load of the data warehouse, Employees with 
               
               
                 missing or invalid data were detected. Your urgent attention is required to 
               
               
                 correct this data. Please make amendments within the human resource 
               
               
                 source system. 
               
               
                 Employees with missing or invalid data 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 1 
                 Emp1 
                 1905-06-06 
                 M 
                 Original Notification: 2006/04/27 4:00 am 
               
               
                 2 
                 Emp2 
                 1975-01-05 
                   
                 Original Notification: 2006/04/27 4:00 am 
               
               
                 3 
                 Emp3 
                   
                 M 
                 Original Notification: 2006/04/27 4:00 am 
               
               
                 4 
                 Emp4 
                   
                   
                 Original Notification: 2006/04/27 4:00 am 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Joan makes changes in the human resource source system. She changes employee  2 ,  3  and  4 . She missed the invalid birth date of employee  1 . She takes an action on the event to set the status of the event to “Updated Source Data”. She captures a comment against the event indicating that “Employees had been loaded from an external data feed into the human resource source system incorrectly”. 
     The process management system  100  reload the data warehouse automatically overnight, and re-evaluate the event data. This time there are two queries. The first query checks to see whether the data that has already been flagged as part of the event still meets the exception criteria. The next query checks to see whether there is any other data in the Person table that satisfies the exception criteria 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                 SQL Statement 1—Check existing events 
               
               
                 select employee_id, full_name, date_of_birth, gender 
               
               
                 from PERSON 
               
               
                 where (date_of_birth is null or gender is null or date_of_birth &lt; 
               
               
                 ‘1910-01-01’) and employee_id in (1,2,3,4) 
               
               
                 order by employee_id 
               
               
                 Results returned 
               
               
                 1  Emp1 1905-06-06 17:56:42.000 M 
               
               
                 Query 2—Check all data 
               
               
                 select employee_id, full_name, date_of_birth, gender 
               
               
                 from PERSON 
               
               
                 where (date_of_birth is null or gender is null or date_of_birth &lt; 
               
               
                 ‘1910-01-01’) order by employee_id 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 1.0 
                 Emp1 
                 1975-06-06 17:56:42.000 
                 M 
                 Original Notification: 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 2006/04/27 4:00 am 
               
               
                 5.0 
                 Emp5 
                 1969-02-18 06:33:28.000 
                   
                 Original Notification: 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 2006/04/28 5:00 am 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     The process management system  100  sends an event change notification to Joan Stephens for reviewing the updated event. An example of the contents of the message is as follows: 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Title: Event Change Notification—Employees with missing 
               
               
                 or invalid data (2562) 
               
               
                 Message: The data corresponding with Event 2562 has changed. 
               
               
                 Employees with missing or invalid data 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 1.0 
                 X 
                 Emp1 
                 1975-06-06 17:56:42.000 
                 M 
                 Original Notification 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Date: 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 2006/04/27 4:00 am 
               
               
                 2.0 
                 ✓ 
                 Emp2 
                 1975-01-05 16:12:09.000 
                 M 
                 Original Notification: 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 2006/04/27 4:00 am 
               
               
                 3.0 
                 ✓ 
                 Emp3 
                 1973-03-01 18:34:28.000 
                 M 
                 Original Notification: 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 2006/04/27 4:00 am 
               
               
                 4.0 
                 ✓ 
                 Emp4 
                 1974-06-24 02:13:17.000 
                 F 
                 Original Notification: 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 2006/04/27 4:00 am 
               
               
                 5.0 
                 X 
                 Emp5 
                 1969-02-18 06:33:28.000 
                   
                 Original Notification: 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 2006/04/28 5:00 am 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     After each warehouse load, the process management system  100  re-evaluates the event. Existing event data is checked for changes in status. All employee data is checked for exceptions. If there is no change to the exception status of existing event items and no new exception items, there is no re-notification. 
     In view that Joan Stephens does not take any action, the process management system  100  sends a reminder to her one week after she received an Event Change Notification. An example of the contents of the reminder is as follows: 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Title: Reminder—Employees with missing or invalid data (2562) 
               
               
                 Message: Your response to event 2562 is outstanding. 
               
               
                 Please take urgent action. 
               
               
                 Employees with missing or invalid data 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 1.0 
                 Emp1 
                 1905-06-06 17:56:42.000 
                 M 
                 Original Notification: 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 2006/04/27 4:00 am 
               
               
                 5.0 
                 Emp5 
                 1969-02-18 06:33:28.000 
                   
                 Original Notification: 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 2006/04/28 5:00 am 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     After another week of no change, the process management system  100  escalates the event to Mary Bean as per the configuration and sends an escalation message is as follows: 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Title: Escalation—Employees with missing or invalid data (2562) 
               
               
                 Message: Joan Stephens&#39; response to event 2562 is outstanding. 
               
               
                 Employees with missing or invalid data 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 1.0 
                 Emp1 
                 1905-06-06 17:56:42.000 
                 M 
                 Original Notification: 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 2006/04/27 4:00 am 
               
               
                 5.0 
                 Emp5 
                 1969-02-18 06:33:28.000 
                   
                 Original Notification: 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 2006/04/28 5:00 am 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Mary Bean reassigns the event to Justine Landon. Upon the receipt of the reassignment, the process management system  100  sends a transfer of ownership notification to Justine Landon. Joan Stephens is copied on the message. An example of the contents of the notification is as follows: 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Title: Transfer of Ownership—Employees with missing or 
               
               
                 invalid data (2562) 
               
               
                 Message: Mary Bean has re-assigned event 2562 to you. 
               
               
                 Upon a recent load of the data warehouse, Employees with missing or 
               
               
                 invalid data were detected. Your urgent attention is required to correct this 
               
               
                 data. Please make amendments within the human resource source system. 
               
               
                 Employees with missing or invalid data 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 1.0 
                 Emp1 
                 1905-06-06 17:56:42.000 
                 M 
                 Original Notification: 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 2006/04/27 4:00 am 
               
               
                 5.0 
                 Emp5 
                 1969-02-18 06:33:28.000 
                 F 
                 Original Notification: 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 2006/04/28 5:00 am 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Justine Landon makes changes to data in the human resource source system. She fixes both employee&#39;s data. 
     After the warehouse load and data evaluation, the process management system  100  sends confirmation of the fix to Justine Landon, and closes the event. An example of the contents of the confirmation is as follows: 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Title: Event Closed—Employees with missing or invalid data (2562) 
               
               
                 Message: Event 2562 has been revaluated. All exception conditions 
               
               
                 have now been cleared 
               
               
                 Employees with missing or invalid data 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 1.0 
                 ✓ 
                 Emp1 
                 1975-06-06 17:56:42.000 
                 M 
                 Original Notification: 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 2006/04/27 4:00 am 
               
               
                 5.0 
                 ✓ 
                 Emp5 
                 1969-02-18 06:33:28.000 
                 F 
                 Original Notification: 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 2006/04/28 5:00 am 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     After subsequent warehouse loads, new exceptions may be detected. The next time an exception is detected, a new event is created. 
     In the above example, the data corrections were applied within the human resource source system. In the following example, the administrator reconfigures the process for Employee exceptions to allow corrections from within the process modeling tool  300  in the process management system  200 . 
     The administrator reconfigures the process to allow the capture of corrections within the process modeling tool  300 . A read/write grid is presented in the process modeling tool. The user can make changes to data within the process modeling tool and submit these changes. Changes are not written directly to the human resource source system. The changes are written to a staging table of the data warehouse. The administrator writes a custom process that takes data from the staging table and writes it to the human resource source system. Configuration Settings enabled for writable grid are as follows: 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
             
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
                 Data Update Rule: 
                 Allow Updates 
               
               
                   
                 Update Columns: 
                 Gender; Date of Birth 
               
               
                   
                 Auto-update Warehouse: 
                 N. 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     After consultation with the administrator of the human resource source system, the administrator of the process management system  200  chooses to apply data edits to the warehouse automatically rather than uploading them into the human resource source system, and sets the configuration as follows: 
     Auto-update Warehouse: Y 
     The administrator of the process management system  200  sets event detection to use Change Data Capture, and updates the metadata as follows: 
     
       
         
           
               
               
             
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                 CDC 
                 PERSON.CREATED_DATE; PERSON.CHANGED_DATE 
               
               
                 Columns: 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     The administrator reconfigures Employee exceptions to divide corrections among several owners as follows: 
     
       
         
           
               
               
             
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                 Query: 
                 select employee_id, full_name, date_of_birth, gender, 
               
               
                   
                 CASE 
               
               
                   
                  WHEN EMPLOYEE_ID &lt; 300 THEN ‘Tim Holden’ 
               
               
                   
                  WHEN EMPLOYEE_ID between 300 and 600 
               
               
                   
                  THEN ‘James Crawford’ 
               
               
                   
                  ELSE ‘Justine Landon’ 
               
               
                   
                 END as Owner_ID 
               
               
                   
                 from PERSON 
               
               
                   
                 where (date_of_birth is null or gender is null 
               
               
                   
                 or date_of_birth &lt; ‘1910-01-01’) 
               
               
                   
                 order by employee_id 
               
               
                 EventOwner: 
                 $Owner_Id 
               
               
                 Event Key 
                 Owner_Id 
               
               
                 Columns: 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     According to the business rules of the organization, all managers should carry out a performance review for each employee every year. Managers are sent a reminder after 11 months have elapsed since the last performance review for each employee. After a year has passed, if there is still no record of performance review, a second message is sent to the manager. One month after the second reminder, an escalation is sent out to the manager&#39;s manager. Based on these business rules, the administrator configures Performance Review Due as follows: 
     
       
         
           
               
               
             
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                 Event Type Name: 
                 Performance Review Due 
               
               
                 Query: 
                 select      e.EMPLOYEE_ID,      e.Manager_ID, 
               
               
                   
                 e.ManagerManager_ID,review.PERFORMANCE_REVIEW_SID, 
               
               
                   
                 review.REVIEW_DATE     as     LAST_REVIEW, 
               
               
                   
                 review.NEXT_REVIEW_PLAN, review.NEXT_ACTUAL_REVIEW 
               
               
                   
                 from 
               
               
                   
                  PERSON e 
               
               
                   
                 left outer join 
               
               
                   
                 ((select last.EMPLOYEE_ID,last.PERFORMANCE_REVIEW_SID, 
               
               
                   
                 last.REVIEW_DATE,         last.NEXT_REVIEW_PLAN, 
               
               
                   
                 min(next.REVIEW_DATE) as NEXT_ACTUAL_REVIEW 
               
               
                   
                  from 
               
               
                   
                  (select r.EMPLOYEE_ID, r.PERFORMANCE_REVIEW_SID, 
               
               
                   
                 r.REVIEW_DATE,   dateadd(year,1,r.REVIEW_DATE)   as 
               
               
                   
                 NEXT_REVIEW_PLAN 
               
               
                   
                  from PERFORMANCE_REVIEW_MEASURES r 
               
               
                   
                  where r.REVIEW_DATE &lt; getdate( )) last -- filter out future reviews from 
               
               
                   
                 test data 
               
               
                   
                  left outer join 
               
               
                   
                  (select r.EMPLOYEE_ID, r.REVIEW_DATE 
               
               
                   
                   from PERFORMANCE_REVIEW_MEASURES r 
               
               
                   
                   where r.REVIEW_DATE &lt; getdate( )) next -- filter out future reviews 
               
               
                   
                 from test data 
               
               
                   
                  on last.EMPLOYEE_ID = next.EMPLOYEE_ID 
               
               
                   
                   and next.REVIEW_DATE &gt; last.REVIEW_DATE 
               
               
                   
                  group  by  last.EMPLOYEE_ID,last.PERFORMANCE_REVIEW_SID, 
               
               
                   
                 last.REVIEW_DATE, last.NEXT_REVIEW_PLAN)) review 
               
               
                   
                 on e.EMPLOYEE_ID = review.EMPLOYEE_ID 
               
               
                   
                 -- should be condition to only show active employees 
               
               
                   
                 -- exception conditions 
               
               
                   
                 -- any planned review that has not been completed 
               
               
                   
                 where review.NEXT_ACTUAL_REVIEW is null 
               
               
                   
                 order by 1,3 
               
               
                 Display Columns: 
                 Employee Id, Last Review Date, Next Review Planned Date 
               
               
                 EventOwner: 
                 $Manager_Id 
               
               
                 Event Due Date: 
                 $Next Review Planned Date 
               
               
                 Event Key Columns: 
                 Employee_ID, Performance Review_SID 
               
               
                 Reminder Days: 
                 −30, 30 
               
               
                 Escalate Days: 
                 60 
               
               
                 Escalate To: 
                 $ManagerManager_Id 
               
               
                 Non Replication Rule: 
                 Don&#39;t replicate events ever 
               
               
                 Notify Owner on Auto-close: 
                 N 
               
               
                 Schedule Type: 
                 Run after execution of dataflow “Performance Review”. 
               
               
                 Suppress Notification: 
                 Y 
               
               
                 Auto-close No Activity: 
                 0 (Do not aut0-close events). 
               
               
                 Owner Notification: 
                 Open; Approval Rejection; Approval; Transfer of ownership; 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     The process management system  200  creates a new event each time a performance review is performed. No notification is sent. The due date for resolution of the event is set as the previous completed review plus one year. Reminders and escalations are based on due date. When a performance review is completed the “future performance review” event is closed. No notification may not be required on close. The above query may be modified to take into account new employees whose first review is scheduled for one year after hiring, and/or filter on only active employees. 
     The administrator adds a URL link to a report showing the performance review history of the employee, as follows: 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
             
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
                 Links: 
                 HR Manager.Employee Reports.Employee Performance 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Review History Employee Id = $EmployeeId 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     The administrator configures an Employee List Confirmation process based on the business rules that each manager is sent a list of employees. The process management system  200  sends a notification to ask Managers to confirm that the employees on the list still report to them. 
     The administrator may also configure a Payroll Data Verification Audit process such that a payroll manager verifies payroll information after each warehouse load. The process management system  200  allows the payroll manager to confirm that he has done this. These confirmations are recorded for audit purposes. 
       FIG. 10  shows an example of a screen map for process user interfaces for consumers of the process management system  100 ,  200 . From the system portal  500 , a user or consumer may select a screen of event display  501 , reminder  502 , change notification  503 , escalation  504  or approval  505 . The event display screen  501  shows items and options for data set, embedded content, external content, annotations and actions, and view comments. From the event display screen  501 , the user can select an actions screen, close  511 , transfer ownership  112 , add comments  513 , edit data  514  or delegation (select user)  515 , or a request approval screen  516 . An example event display screen  501  is shown in  FIG. 13 . An example reminder screen  502  is shown in  FIG. 14 . 
       FIG. 11  shows an example of a screen map for user interfaces for administrator of the process management system  100 ,  200 . From an event console screen  600 , the administrator of the system may select to view a screen of event definition  601 , execution history  602 , test query  603 , view in-flight events, or events sent message  605 . The event definition screen  601  is used for defining processes, i.e., configuring process metadata. 
       FIG. 12  shows an example of a screen map for the vent definition  601  shown in  FIG. 11 . The event definition screen  601  provides various options of screens including event details  611 , actions  612 , event evaluation  613 , exception query details  614 , approval messages  615 , reminder message  616 , escalation  617 , and external content (links)  618 . From the event details screen  611 , the administrator can select a screen of select user/group  606 , select query item  607 , select data flow  621 , or enter schedule  622 . From the actions screen  612 , the administrator can select a screen of select user/group  606 , select action  631 , new configured action  632 , or process extensions  633 . From the exception query details screen  214 , the administrator can select a screen of select report  641 , export to report  642 , or data update details  643 . Example event details screen  611 , actions screen  612 , event evaluation screen  613 , exception query details screen  614 , approval messages screen  615 , reminder message screen  616 , escalation screen  617 , and external content (links) screen  618  are shown in  FIGS. 15 to 22 . 
     From the event definition screen  601 , the administrator may also select a screen of an insert metadata item  608 , or validation results  609 . 
     The process management system of the present invention may be implemented by any hardware, software or a combination of hardware and software having the above described functions. The software code, instructions and/or statements, either in its entirety or a part thereof, may be stored in a computer readable memory. Further, a computer data signal representing the software code, instructions and/or statements may be embedded in a carrier wave may be transmitted via a communication network. Such a computer readable memory and a computer data signal and/or its carrier are also within the scope of the present invention, as well as the hardware, software and the combination thereof. 
     While particular embodiments of the present invention have been shown and described, changes and modifications may be made to such embodiments without departing from the scope of the invention. For example, the elements of the process management system are described separately, however, two or more elements may be provided as a single element, or one or more elements may be shared with other components in one or more computer systems.