Patent Publication Number: US-11661365-B2

Title: Composition and method for inhibiting corrosion

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION 
     This application is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 15/273,158, which claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 62/322,616 filed on Apr. 14, 2016 and U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 62/363,574 filed on Jul. 18, 2016. 
    
    
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     1. Field of the Invention 
     This invention relates to a treatment composition and method for inhibiting corrosion or white rust on metal components in water systems. This invention is particularly useful in the corrosive environments found in low LSI (Langelier Saturation Index) water systems, such as open recirculating systems, closed loop cooling or heating systems, and boilers. 
     2. Description of Related Art 
     Various water treatment compositions are used to reduce corrosion, mineral scale, and white rust formation on metal components in contact with an aqueous solution in water systems such as open recirculating systems, closed loop cooling or heating systems, cooling towers and boilers, and help protect the metal components of these systems. The metals typically used in these water systems include ferrous metals, including galvanized steel, aluminum and its alloys, copper and its alloys, lead, and solder. Many known corrosion inhibitors contain regulated toxic metals, such as zinc, chromate, and molybdate, which are harmful to the environment and increase the costs. Zinc is typically used as corrosion inhibitor in water systems with highly corrosive water (low LSI). However its usage is undesirable due to toxicity issues and its use faces regulations in some locations. Tin has also been used as a non-toxic alternative to zinc, but it is more expensive. 
     The performance of many known corrosion inhibitors is also negatively impacted by the use of biocides, which are frequently used in water systems to control the growth of microorganisms. The use of polyaspartic acid and a single phosphonic acid are disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,523,023 as effective in inhibiting corrosion, even in the presence of a biocide when the phosphonic acid is 2-phosphonobutane-1,2,4-tricarboxylic acid (PBTC). The preferred phosphonic acid in the &#39;023 patent is PBTC, but other phosphonic acids, including 1-hydroxyethane 1,1-disphosphonic acid and hydroxyphosphonoacetic acid (HPA) are also mentioned as suitable. The corrosion rate results shown in the &#39;023 patent based on the use of polyaspartic acid and PBTC are better than other corrosion inhibitors, but there is still a need for even greater corrosion inhibition, particularly in the presence of biocides. 
     Currently utilized solutions for white rust prevention include passivating the metal surfaces with zinc carbonate and control of water chemistry to reduce potential for white rust formation. Known treatments include the use of inorganic phosphates, thiocarbamates, organo-phosphorous compounds and tannins. For example, U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,407,597 and 6,468,470 disclose compositions comprising organophosphorus compounds (including PBTC), an alkali metal salt of molybdenum, titanium, tungsten, or vanadium, and either a carbamate compound or a tannin compound. U.S. Pat. No. 6,183,649 discloses a white-rust treatment composition comprising PBTC, sodium polyacrylate, sodium tolytriazole, an alkali metal molybdate, and an alkali metal bromide for treating circulating water systems. The &#39;649 patent also discloses the addition of a 1.5% aqueous solution of decyl thioethyletheramine (DTEA) at a rate of 25 lb/1,000 gallons of water/week to the circulating water system prior to adding the white rust treatment composition at a rate of 600 ppm per cycle for ten cycles of recirculation after addition of the DTEA. 
     There is a need for an effective corrosion inhibitor and an effective white rust inhibitor composition and method that are more environmentally friendly and capable of adequately performing in conjunction with biocides. There is also a need for a single treatment composition and method that will address both corrosion and white rust without the need for separate treatments, which may negatively interact with each other. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     According to one preferred embodiment of the invention, an improved corrosion inhibitor and white rust inhibitor composition comprises an amino-acid based polymer (AAP), hydroxyphosphonoacetic acid (HPA) or its water soluble salt, and another phosphonic acid or its water soluble salt. Hydroxyphosphonoacetic acid has the following general structure: 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     Most preferably, the amino-acid based polymer is polyaspartic acid or its water soluble salt, but other compounds such as polyglycine acid, polyglutamic acid and their salts may also be used. Most preferably, the amino acid based polymer has the following formula: 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     where R1=H, R2=OH, and R3=COOH and x=1 for polyaspartic acid. Most preferably, the other phosphonic acid is a phosphonocarboxylic acid or any organic phosphonate may also be used. Most preferably, the phosphonocarboxylic acid is 1-hydroxyethane-1,1-diphosphonic acid (HEDP) or 2-phosphonobutene-1,2,4-tricarboxylic acid (PBTC) or phosphonosuccinic acid. Preferably the weight ratio of AAP to HPA in the inhibitor composition is 90:10 to 10:90 and the ratio of combined AAP and HPA to other phosphonic acid is in the range of 90:10 to 60:40. More preferably, the weight ratio range of AAP to HPA in the inhibitor composition is 80:20 to 80:20 and the ratio of combined AAP and HPA to other phosphonic acid is 80:20 to 70:30. 
     Most preferably, a composition according to a preferred embodiment of the invention is all organic and does not contain regulated metals such as zinc, chromate, and molybdate and its performance is not affected by addition of biocides. Most preferably, a composition according to a preferred embodiment of the invention does not contain tin. 
     It was previously known to use both HPA and AAP, such as polyaspartic acid, separately as corrosion inhibitors. It was also disclosed in the &#39;023 patent that AAP could be used together with phosphonocarboxylic acid to inhibit corrosion, but it was not previously known to use AAP and HPA together along with another phosphonic acid, preferably a phosphonocarboxylic acid, or an organic phosphonate to inhibit corrosion. 
     When added to the water in the water system being treated, a preferred composition according to the invention yields at least 3 ppm active AAP, at least 3 ppm active HPA, and at least 2 ppm of the other phosphonic acid. More preferably, when added to the water in the water system being treated, a preferred composition yields 3 ppm-50 ppm AAP, 3 ppm-50 ppm HPA, and 2 ppm-20 ppm of the other phosphonic acid and most preferably between 5 ppm-30 ppm AAP, 3 ppm-20 ppm HPA, and 2 ppm-10 ppm of the other phosphonic acid. Additionally, the combined total of the three components of a preferred composition yields at least 8 ppm active corrosion inhibitors when added to the water being treated. These ingredients have the unexpected synergistic effect of improved corrosion inhibition without requiring the use of toxic metals and without being adversely impacted by biocides. 
     In addition to unexpected and synergistic effect of the inhibitor composition on ferrous metal corrosion inhibition in low LSI water, the same composition also has a positive effect on preventing formation of white rust on galvanized steel. Galvanized steel consists of a thin coating of zinc fused to a steel substrate. White rust is a rapid, localized corrosion attack on zinc that usually appears as a voluminous white deposit. This rapid corrosion can completely remove zinc in a localized area with the resultant reduction in equipment life. Neither hydroxyphosphonoacetic acid nor amino-acid based polymers, such as polyaspartic acid, alone or in combination, has been previously utilized in commercial products for white rust prevention. Without being bound by theory, it is believed that the compositions according to the invention may be forming a protective layer on the surface of galvanized steel and reduce white rust formation. For treating white rust according to the invention, it is preferred to use hydroxyphosphonoacetic acid, an amino-acid based polymer, and another phosphonic acid in the amounts indicated above for inhibiting corrosion (both weight ratios and concentrations when added to the water in the water system being treated), but it has also been found that the use of an amino-acid based polymer without hydroxyphosphonoacetic or the other phosphonic acid is beneficial at inhibiting white rust. According to another preferred embodiment, a composition for treating white rust comprises an amino-acid based polymer and hydroxyphosphonoacetic acid, without another phosphonic acid. According to yet another preferred embodiment, a composition for treating white rust comprises an amino-acid based polymer, without any hydroxyphosphonoacetic acid. 
     According to other preferred embodiments, compositions for inhibiting corrosion or white rust also comprise one or more of the following ingredients: a neutralizing amine, chlorine stabilizer, such as monoethanol amine (MEA); a scale inhibitor and dispersion agent, such as polycarboxylate polymer and/or carboxylate/sulfonate functional copolymers (typical examples: polyacryclic acid (PAA), polymethacrylic acid (PMAA), polymaleic acid (PMA), and copolymers of acrylic acid sulfonated monomers, such as AA/AMPS); other scale and corrosion inhibitors, chelant agents; azole corrosion inhibitors, such as benzotriazole, alkylbenzotriazole (tolyltriazole); and/or a fluorescent dye tracer, such as 1,3,6,8-Pyrenetetrasulfonic acid tetrasodium salt (PTSA). The overall composition preferably comprises around 2%-15% (by weight) of an amino-acid based polymer (such as polyaspartic acid), around 2% to 10% (by weight) of hydroxyphosphonoacetic acid, and around 2% to 10% (by weight) of another phosphonic acid. 
     According to one preferred method of preventing corrosion of metal components and/or white rust on galvanized steel components in a water system, a treatment composition according to the preferred embodiments of invention as described above is added to the water system. For a composition combining one or more of the AAP, HPA, and another phosphonic acid as described above, a preferred method comprises feeding the composition into the water at an effective feed rate of 20 ppm-600 ppm, or more preferably 100-300 ppm, of treatment composition, depending on the treated water chemistry and the amount of optional components in the treatment composition. Preferably, a sufficient amount of treatment composition is added to the water system to provide effective active amounts of one or more of the three treatment components (depending on whether corrosion or white rust is being treated or both) of at least 3 ppm AAP, at least 3 ppm HPA, and at least 2 ppm of another phosphonic acid, each as concentrations when added to the volume of water in the water system being treated. More preferably, the treatment composition is added in a sufficient amount to provide effective active amounts one or more of the components of between 3 ppm-50 ppm AAP, between 3 pm-50 ppm HPA, and between 2 ppm-20 ppm of another phosphonic acid when added to the water in the water system. Most preferably, these effective active amounts are 5 ppm-30 ppm AAP, 3 ppm-20 ppm HPA, and 2 ppm-10 ppm other phosphonic acid when added to the water in the water system. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       The composition and method of the invention are further described and explained in relation to the following figures wherein: 
         FIG.  1    contains photographs showing corrosion levels on steel coupons after spinner tests at flow rates of 3 ft/sec and 5 ft/sec; 
         FIG.  2    contains photographs showing corrosion levels on steel coupons after spinner tests run in presence of biocide at flow rates of 3 ft/sec and 5 ft/sec; 
         FIG.  3    contains photographs showing corrosion levels on steel coupons after spinner tests at a flow rate of 3 ft/sec; and 
         FIG.  4    contains photographs showing white rust levels on galvanized coupons after spinner tests. 
     
    
    
     DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
     Several lab tests were run to test the effectiveness of various compositions according to the invention. Compositions according to the invention were evaluated using spinner tests to simulate flowing water over metal components in a water system. Each spinner test set-up comprises a stainless steel container of water with four metal coupons (mild steel coupons (C1010) and copper coupons (CDA 11) were used) suspended in the water in each container from holders hanging from a rotating shaft. The shaft rotates the coupons in the water in the stainless steel container at 147 rotations/min, representing a flow rate of 3-5 ft/s, depending on coupon distance from center of the rotating shaft. The initial volume of water used in each spinner test was characteristic of corrosive, low hardness water typically found in water systems. The water used had the characteristics shown in Table 1 below. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 1 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Low hardness, corrosive water used in Spinner test experiments 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Characteristic 
                 Value 
                 Unit 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 pH 
                 8 to 8.5 
                   
               
               
                   
                 Conductivity 
                 220 
                 cP 
               
               
                   
                 Ca Hardness 
                 30 
                 ppm, (as CaCO3) 
               
               
                   
                 Mg Hardness 
                 10 
                 ppm, (as CaCO3) 
               
               
                   
                 Chlorides, Total 
                 25 
                 ppm Cl 
               
               
                   
                 M Alkalinity 
                 30 
                 ppm, (as CaCO3) 
               
               
                   
                 Sulfate, Total 
                 28 
                 ppm, as SO4 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     During each spinner test the water is aerated and maintained at constant temperature of 120 F and constant volume (any evaporation is compensated with automatic addition of deionized water when water level drops below sensor level). Standard test duration is 48 hours. 
     Using the spinner test set-up, compositions according to preferred embodiments of the invention (Example Nos. 1-3 including AAP, HPA, and another phosphonic acid—HEDP) without any added zinc or tin (as shown in Table 2) were compared to compositions using only zinc (Comp. Ex. 4), only tin (Comp. Ex. 5), only AAP (Comp. Ex. 6), only HPA (Comp. Ex. 7), HPA combined with tin (Comp. Ex. 8), and AAP combined with tin (Comp. Ex. 9) (all as shown in Table 3) as the primary inhibitor(s). The ppm concentrations of the various treatments are concentrations when added to the volume of water in the spinner test container. The compositions with zinc or tin were for comparison to those without. Zinc is typically used as corrosion inhibitor in water systems with highly corrosive water (low LSI). However its usage is undesirable due to toxicity issues and its use face regulations in some locations. Tin has been promoted and patented as a non-toxic alternative to zinc, but it is more expensive. In addition to the primary corrosion inhibitor components listed in Tables 2 and 3, all of the tests were carried out in the presence 4 ppm active AA/AMPS copolymer and 4 ppm active TTA. These ingredients were added to the water in each spinner test set-up to provide those concentration levels. The corrosion and pitting level for mild steel coupons after spinner tests in presence of different inhibitors are presented in  FIG.  1   . 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 2 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Corrosion inhibitor compositions according to the invention 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Inhibitor 
                 Unit 
                 Example 1 
                 Example 2 
                 Example 3 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 AAP (amino acid based 
                 ppm 
                 7.5 
                 5.2 
                 5.2 
               
               
                 polymer - such as a 
                 active* 
               
               
                 commercially available 
               
               
                 water solution containing 
               
               
                 about 40% of sodium salt 
               
               
                 of polyaspartic acid) 
               
               
                 HPA 
                 ppm 
                 2.5 
                 5.0 
                 5.0 
               
               
                 (hydroxyphosphonoacetic 
                 active 
               
               
                 acid) 
               
               
                 HEDP 
                 ppm 
                 3 
                 3 
                 3 
               
               
                   
                 active 
               
               
                 MEA 
                 ppm 
                 0.25 
                 1.0 
               
               
                 Zn (zinc) 
                 ppm 
                 N/A 
                 N/A 
                 N/A 
               
               
                   
                 active 
               
               
                 Sn (tin) 
                 ppm 
                 N/A 
                 N/a 
                 N/A 
               
               
                   
                 active 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 *ppm active refers to the amount of active raw material, in contrast to ppm which refers to the weight of raw material in mg/L. For example, HPA is commercially available as a 50% water solution, so adding 10 ppm raw material will provide 5 ppm active HPA. 
               
            
           
         
       
     
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 3 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Corrosion inhibitor compositions - Comparative Examples 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                   
                 Comp. 
                 Comp. 
                 Comp. 
                 Comp 
                 Comp. 
                   
               
               
                 Inhibitor 
                 Unit 
                 Ex 4 
                 Ex 5 
                 Ex 6 
                 Ex 7 
                 Ex 8 
                 Comp. Ex 9 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 AAP 
                 ppm active 
                   
                   
                 15 
                   
                   
                 7.5 
               
               
                 HPA 
                 ppm active 
                   
                   
                   
                 5 
                 5 
               
               
                 HEDP 
                 ppm active 
                 3 
                 3 
                 3 
                 3 
                 3 
                 3 
               
               
                 MEA 
                 ppm 
               
               
                 Zn 
                 ppm active 
                 1 
               
               
                 Sn 
                 ppm active 
                   
                 1 
                   
                   
                 1 
                 0.5 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Spinner tests were run with each composition at a flow rate equivalent to around 3 ft/second and at a flow rate equivalent to around 5 ft/second. A control test, without any treatment was also carried out for comparison.  FIG.  1    shows photographs of a representative mild steel coupon after each spinner test with the control and with Example Composition Nos. 1-9. The amount of corrosion and pitting on the coupons is shown in the photographs. As can be seen, the control coupons show extensive corrosion (dark areas on photographs). The coupons used with compositions according to preferred embodiments of the invention (Ex. Nos. 2-3) show little, if any, corrosion or pitting (very few dark areas on photographs). The coupons used with Ex. No. 1, which contains all three components according to a preferred embodiment of the invention for corrosion inhibition, but only contains 2.5 ppm HPA (less than the more preferred amount of at least 3 ppm), shows improved results over the control and the comparative examples (Comp. Nos. 4-9), but shows slightly more corrosion than Ex. Nos. 2-3, where 5 ppm of HPA was used. The coupons used with the comparative compositions (Comp. Nos. 4-9) are significantly better than the control, but do show evidence of corrosion and pitting that is greater than with Ex. Nos. 1-3. Based on the results, it appears that the combination of AAP, HPA, and another phosphonic acid (in these examples, HEDP) interact synergistically to provide improved corrosion control, without requiring the use of zinc, tin or other regulated metals. 
     Some prior art water treatment corrosion inhibition compositions do not provide effective protection when oxidizing biocides are used in the same system to prevent biological growth. The most widely used oxidizing biocides are chlorine and stabilized bromine. Additional spinner corrosion tests were carried out using Example compositions Nos. 2 and 3 compared to comparative Example compositions Nos. 4 (zinc only) and 7 (HPA only) in the presence of a stabilized bromine biocide composition (commercially available as Chem-Aqua 42171). Example compositions 4 and 7 were selected because they showed the best results in the spinner tests of the comparative examples. Both Comp. Ex. Nos. 4 and 7 perform fairly well in low LSI water, but as discussed below, significantly worse when biocide is added. Also, Comp. Ex. No. 4 is based on zinc, which is undesirable to use due to toxicity concerns. As with the prior tests, these tests were carried out in presence 4 ppm active AA/AMPS copolymer and 4 ppm active TTA. A slug dose of 40 ppm of biocide was added at the beginning of each spinner test (after the corrosion inhibition composition was added and the test started) to yield about 1 ppm FHR (free halogen residue). 
       FIG.  2    shows photographs of a representative mild steel coupon after each spinner test with the Example Compositions in the presence of biocide. As can be seen, the coupons used with compositions according to preferred embodiments of the invention (Ex. Nos. 2-3) show little, if any, corrosion or pitting, indicating that the functionality of preferred compositions according to the invention is not negatively affected by a biocide. The coupons used with the comparative compositions (Comp. Ex. Nos. 4 and 7) show substantially more corrosion than with Ex. Nos. 2-3. It is noted that Comp. No. 7 was the use of HPA and HEDP, without any AAP, which showed good results without biocide, but significantly more corrosion occurred when a biocide was added. The comparative composition having AAP and HEDP, without any HPA, (Comp. Ex. No. 6) did so poorly without biocide ( FIG.  1    above) that it was not tested with biocide because the results would be expected to be even worse than in  FIG.  1   . Based on the results, it appears that the combination of AAP, HPA, and another phosphonic acid together interact synergistically to provide improved corrosion control even in the presence of a biocide and show improved results over the use of HPA alone. 
     Corrosion rates for the mild steel coupons were also measured and calculated from weight loss of the coupons. The results of both the spinner tests without added biocide and with added biocide are summarized in Table 4. Information on corrosion mode, particularly the presence of pitting (which is important in many applications and some corrosion inhibitors, including HPA used alone, are known to be poor protectors against pitting), is also included in Table 4. Most preferably, corrosion inhibitor compositions according to the embodiments of the invention achieve corrosion rates of 3 MPY or less for corrosion, even in the presence of a biocide. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 4 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Corrosion Rates form spinner test experiments 
               
               
                 Mild Steel Coupon Corrosion Rate, MPY [mil/yr] 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Low Hardness Water 
                 Low Hardness Water + 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                   
                   
                 Pitting 
                 Biocide 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Test 
                 3 ft/sec 
                 5 ft/sec 
                 Scale 
                 3 ft/sec 
                 5 ft/sec 
                 Pitting 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Control 
                 370 
                 243 
                 N/A 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Example 1 
                 2.7 
                 2.5 
                 None 
               
               
                 Example 2 
                 2.9 
                 2.4 
                 None 
                 2.2 
                 2.0 
                 None 
               
               
                 Example 3 
                 2.5 
                 2.5 
                 None 
                 2.7 
                 2.4 
                 None 
               
               
                 Comp. Ex 4 
                 2.7 
                 2.7 
                 Limited 
                 8.0 
                 11 
                 Sever 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 pitting 
               
               
                 Comp. Ex 5 
                 4.0 
                 4.6 
                 Pitting 
               
               
                 Comp. Ex 6 
                 13.6 
                 8.2 
                 Severe 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 pitting 
               
               
                 Comp. Ex 7 
                 2.6 
                 3.2 
                 Limited 
                 6.4 
                 5.7 
                 Severe 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 pitting 
               
               
                 Comp. Ex 8 
                 3.9 
                 5.2 
                 Pitting 
               
               
                 Comp. Ex 9 
                 3.8 
                 3.2 
                 Sever 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 pitting 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Pitting scale description: 
               
               
                 None = no pitting observed 
               
               
                 Limited = few (1-5) pitts per coupon, usually very shallow 
               
               
                 Pitting = significant number of pits on coupons (5-50) 
               
               
                 Sever pitting = a large number of pits (&gt;50), usually dipper and larger 
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Compositions according to preferred embodiments of the invention contain organic phosphate from the HPA and from the other phosphonic acid used in these examples (HEDP). In the presence of a biocide, the organic phosphate is often reverted to orthophosphate, which is not as good in preventing corrosion and also may cause issues with forming calcium phosphate scale. When the combination of AAP, HPA, and HEDP (or another phosphonic acid) is used as a corrosion inhibitor according to a preferred embodiment of the invention, virtually no reversion of organic phosphate to orthophosphate was detected. Samples from composition Example Nos. 2 and 3 and comparative Example No. 7 were tested for the presence of orthophosphates upon mixing of the composition and again after 48 hours. The results are listed below in Table 5. Example Nos. 2 and 3, which use AAP, HPA, and HEDP (and contain AA/AMPS and TTA as noted above), showed very little orthophosphate increase over the 48 hour period, but comparative Example No. 7 which contains HPA and HEDP (and contains AA/AMPS and TTA as noted above), but no AAP, showed a substantial increase. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 5 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Orthophosphate levels in low hardness test water in 
               
               
                 presence of biocide during the spinner corrosion test 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Orthophosphate (ppm PO4) 
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Test 
                 Initial 
                 48 hr (End of Test) 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Example 2 
                 0.4 
                 0.5 
               
               
                   
                 Example 3 
                 0.2 
                 0.4 
               
               
                   
                 Comp. Ex -7 
                 0.3 
                 1.6 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     According to another preferred embodiment, a water treatment composition as listed in Table 6 (which is the same as Ex. 2 tested above) is effective at inhibiting corrosion in a water system over a broad range of LSI values and in the presence of a biocide. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
             
               
                 TABLE 6 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 Active %* in 
               
               
                 Component 
                 Wt % 
                 Composition 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                 Sodium polyasparte (AAP) 
                 13.0 
                 5.2% as AAP 
               
               
                 Hydroxy phosphonoacetic Acid (HPA) 
                 10.0 
                 5.0% as HPA 
               
               
                 1-Hydroxyethylidene 1,1- 
                 5.25 
                 3.0% as PO4 
               
               
                 diphosphonic acid (HEDP) 
               
               
                 Monoethanolamine (MEA) 
                 1.0 
                 0.99% 
               
               
                 Copolymer of acrylic acid and sulfonated 
                 8.78 
                 3.9% as 
               
               
                 monomer (AA/AMPS) 
                   
                 AA/AMPS 
               
               
                 Tolyltriazole (TTA) 
                 9.40 
                 4.0% as TTA 
               
               
                 1,3,6,8-Pyrenetetrasulfonic acid tetrasodium salt 
                 1.00 
                 1% as PTSA 
               
               
                 (PTSA) 
               
               
                 NaOH or KOH 
                 15.00 
                 N/A 
               
               
                 Deionized water 
                 36.57 
                 N/A 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 *Active % refers to active weight percent. Wt % is raw material weight percent. Most of the raw materials are aqueous solutions and contain only a certain amount of solids that is the actual chemical component. The amount of active (Active %) is calculated based on raw material weight percent and the amount of the chemical in the solution per the information provided by the supplier. For example, a commercial product may be a 40% solution of AAP in water, so if 13% of of that product is used, the active is calculated as: 0.13*0.40*100% = 5.2% of AAP (actual chemical) in the formula 
               
            
           
         
       
     
     NaOH and/or KOH is preferably also added to the composition according to an embodiment of the invention. These ingredients are typically added to water treatment formulations in order to neutralize acid and to bring the pH of the final composition to the desired level. Most of the compositions will have pH&gt;8, some will have pH&gt;12. In compositions where TTA is used (as with a preferred embodiment of a composition according to the invention) it is desirable to have higher pH (&gt;11) for the composition in order to ensure solubility of TTA, which has very poor solubility at lower pH. 
     Additional spinner tests in low LSI water were carried out in order to test the effectiveness of various concentrations of treatment compositions for inhibiting corrosion according to preferred embodiments of the invention. The same spinner test parameters and low LSI water (Table 1) described above were used for these tests. The concentrations of the ingredients when added to the spinner test water and the results of these tests are shown below in Table 7.  FIG.  3    shows photographs of the test coupons (tested at a flow rate of 3 ft/sec) for each composition after the test was completed. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 7 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Additional Spinner Test Compositions &amp; Results 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                   
                 Comp. 
                   
                   
                 Comp. 
                   
                 Comp. 
                   
                 Comp. 
               
               
                 Inhibitor 
                 Unit 
                 Ex. 10 
                 Ex. 11 
                 Ex. 12 
                 Ex. 13 
                 Ex. 14 
                 Ex. 15 
                 Ex. 16 
                 Ex. 17 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 AAP 
                 ppm 
                 2.6 
                 5.2 
                 7.8 
                 5.0 
                 10 
                 10 
                 5.0 
                 5.0 
               
               
                   
                 active 
               
               
                 HPA 
                 ppm 
                 2.5 
                 5.0 
                 7.5 
                 2.5 
                 5 
                 2.5 
                 5.0 
                 5.0 
               
               
                   
                 active 
               
               
                 AAP:HPA 
                   
                 51:49 
                 51:49 
                 51:49 
                 67:33 
                 67:33 
                 80:20 
                 51:49 
                 51:49 
               
               
                 Ratio 
               
               
                 HEDP 
                 ppm 
                 1.6 
                 3.26 
                 4.7 
                 3.26 
                 3.26 
                 3.26 
               
               
                   
                 active 
                 (1.5 ppm 
                 (3 ppm 
                 (4.4 ppm 
                 (3 ppm 
                 (3 ppm 
                 (3 ppm 
               
               
                   
                   
                 PO 4 ) 
                 PO 4 ) 
                 PO 4 ) 
                 PO 4 ) 
                 PO 4 ) 
                 PO 4 ) 
               
               
                 PBTC 
                 ppm 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 2.6 
               
               
                   
                 active 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 (0.95 ppm 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 PO 4 ) 
               
               
                 MEA 
                 ppm 
                   
                   
                   
                 0.5 
                 1 
                 0.5 
               
               
                 TTA 
                 ppm TTA 
                 4 
                 4 
                 4 
                 4 
                 4 
                 4 
                 4 
                 4 
               
               
                 AA/AMPS 
                 ppm 
                 4 
                 4 
                 4 
                 4 
                 4 
                 4 
                 4 
                 4 
               
               
                 Copolymer 
                 active 
               
            
           
           
               
            
               
                 Corrosion Results from Spinner Test (low LSI water), mild steel (C1010) coupons at 
               
               
                 3 ft/sec flow rate 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Corrosion 
                 MPY 
                 5.2 
                 2.3 
                 1.5 
                 3.1 
                 2.2 
                 3.5 
                 2.1 
                 3.3 
               
               
                 Rate* 
                 (mil/yr) 
               
               
                 Pitting 
                   
                 Pitting 
                 none 
                 none 
                 none 
                 none 
                 none 
                 none 
                 None 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 *Average for 2 coupons from the same spinner test pot at 3 ft/sec 
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Comparative Examples 10, 13, and 15 use AAP, HPA, and HEDP but in amounts less than the preferred concentrations. These examples show increased corrosion (and Comp. Ex. 10 showed moderate pitting) at low levels of the inhibitors. Example Nos. 11-12, 14, and 16 according to preferred embodiments of the invention show good performance (low corrosion rate and no pitting) for different optional components and varying concentrations and ratios of AAP to HPA. The examples also show that the change from HEDP to PBTC (Ex. 16) and reduction of secondary chelates does not affect the corrosion inhibition performance of compositions according to preferred embodiments of the invention. Example No. 17 used AAP and HPA, without a second phosphonic acid, similar to the composition described in the &#39;023 patent. It shows improved results in controlling corrosion in low LSI water, but the results are not as good as in the examples according to preferred embodiments of the invention. 
     Additional spinner tests were conducted to compare compositions using AAP and PBTC as disclosed in the &#39;023 patent with compositions according to preferred embodiments of the invention. The test set-up was the same as described above using low LSI water, mild steel (C1010) coupons, and a flow rate of 3 ft/sec. The results are shown in Table 8 below. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 8 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Comparing Compositons Using One Phosphonic Acid to 
               
               
                 Compositions Using Two Phosphonic Acids 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                   
                 Comp. 
                 Comp. 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 Example 18 
                 Example 19 
                   
                   
                 Example 12 
               
               
                   
                   
                 80:20 
                 40:60 
                   
                   
                 (same as in 
               
               
                 Inhibitor 
                 Unit 
                 PBTC/AAP 
                 PBTC/AAP 
                 Example 20 
                 Example 21 
                 Table 7) 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 PBTC 
                 ppm 
                 16 
                 8 
                 4.8 
                 8 
                   
               
               
                   
                 active 
               
               
                 HEDP 
                 ppm 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 4.7 
               
               
                   
                 active 
               
               
                 AAP 
                 ppm 
                 4 
                 12 
                 7.8 
                 4 
                 7.8 
               
               
                   
                 active 
               
               
                 HPA 
                 ppm 
                   
                   
                 7.5 
                 8 
                 7.5 
               
               
                   
                 active 
               
               
                 TTA 
                 ppm 
                 4 
                 4 
                 4 
                 4 
                 4 
               
               
                   
                 TTA 
               
               
                 AA/AMPS 
                 ppm 
                 4 
                 4 
                 4 
                 4 
                 4 
               
               
                 Copolymer 
                 active 
               
               
                 Corrosion 
                 MPY 
                 3.1 
                 3.1 
                 1.9 
                 1.7 
                 1.5 
               
               
                 Rate* 
                 (mil/yr) 
               
               
                 Pitting 
                   
                 none 
                 none 
                 none 
                 none 
                 None 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 *Average for 2 coupons from the same pot at 3 ft/sec 
               
            
           
         
       
     
     As can be seen, the examples according to preferred embodiments of the invention (Example Nos. 20, 21, and 12) with AAP, HPA, and a second phosphonic acid (HEDP or PBTC) show much beter corrosion inhibition results than the comparatve examples using only AAP and PBTC (without any HPA). It is also noted that Comp. Ex. Nos. 18-19 resulted in corrosion rates greater than 3 MPY even when using 20 ppm total inhibitor (AAP and PBTC), which is higher than the corrosion rate achievable with preferred compositions according to the invention using substantially less total inhibitor, such as Example No. 11, which had a corrosion rate of 2.3 MPY using only 13.5 ppm total inhibitors (AAP, HPA, HEDP), and Example No. 16, which had a corrosion rate of 2.1 MPY using only 12.6 ppm total inhibitors (AAP, HPA, PBTC). Additionally, the corrosion rates of Comp. Ex. Nos. 18-19 are comparable to those in Comp. Ex. Nos. 13 and 15, which use AAP, HPA, and a second phosphonic acid, but the total amount of inhibitor needed to achieve the results in Comp. Ex. Nos. 18-19 (20 ppm total) is much higher than that needed in Nos. 13 and 15 (10.76 and 15.76 ppm total, respectively). The results of these experiments show that the addition of a second phosphonic acid, in combination with AAP and HPA, provides an unexpected synergistic effect that improves corrosion inhibition even when less total inhibitor is used and even in the presence of a biocide. 
     Those of ordinary skill in the art will understand that other sutiable or equivalent chemical compounds and other treatment compounds, including other corrosion inhibitors, may be substituted for any of the above ingredients or added to any of the above ingredients within the scope of this invention. Compositions according to the embodiments of the invention are effective in inhibiting corrosion on metal components in water systems over a broad range of LSI values, including LSI&lt;0, and without requiring the use of regulated toxic metals. These compositions are also effective at higher pH values (7-9) typically found in water systems, such as cooling towers and boilers, whereas some prior art inhibitors are ineffective or their effectiveness is reduced at such pH levels (for example, a polyaspartic acid/stannous salt treatment is effective only at pH 5-7). These compositions according to the invention also prevent reversion of organic phosphate to orthophosphate to maintain effectiveness in the presence of a biocide. 
     Other experiments using an electrochemical method were conducted to test compositions according to the invention for white rust prevention. The results in Table 9 below show synergistic effect of combining HPA and AAP (without another phosphonic acid) in reducing white rust formation as compared to use of each individual component (HPA alone and AAP alone). The cyclic voltammetry test was conducted in 0.1M sodium carbonate solution using zinc electrode. The measure of oxidation is the area under the oxidation curve peak observed; the lower the area the less oxidation occurs, meaning lower corrosion rate. The results are the averages of 6-10 experiments with standard deviation. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
             
               
                 TABLE 9 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 Concentration 
                 Measure of Oxidation 
               
               
                 Inhibitor 
                 [ppm active] 
                 [Coulombs*10 −3 ] 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                 AAP 
                 50 
                 1.2 ± 0.2 
               
               
                 HPA 
                 50 
                 1.0 ± 0.1 
               
               
                 AAP/HPA (1:1 ratio) 
                 25:25 
                 0.8 ± 0.1 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Additional spinner corrosion tests were carried out in stainless steel containers in high alkalinity water known to form white rust on galvanized surfaces to test the effectiveness of compositions according to preferred embodiments of the invention for the prevention of white rust formation. The water chemistry, characteristic of high alkalinity synthetic water, in these tests is detailed in Table 10 below. Four Hot Dip Galvanized steel coupons (HDG G70) with dimensions 1.0×4.0×0.02 in were installed in each container on the holders hanging from a rotating shaft that rotates at 147 rotations/min that represents flow rate of 3-5 ft/s, depending on coupon distance from center of the rotating shaft. During the tests the water was aerated and maintained at constant temperature of 120 F and constant volume (any evaporation was compensated with automatic addition of DI water when the water level dropped below a sensor level). Standard test duration was 48 hours. The active ingredients used in two comparative examples and three examples of preferred compositions according to the invention, along with corrosion rates, are listed in Table 11. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 10 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 High alkalinity/no hardness water used in Spinner 
               
               
                 test experiments for white rust prevention 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Characteristic 
                 Value 
                 Unit 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 pH 
                 8.7-8.9 
                   
               
               
                   
                 Conductivity 
                 2300 
                 cP 
               
               
                   
                 Ca Hardness 
                 0 
                 ppm, (as CaCO3) 
               
               
                   
                 Mg Hardness 
                 0 
                 ppm, (as CaCO3) 
               
               
                   
                 Chlorides, Total 
                 250 
                 ppm Cl 
               
               
                   
                 M Alkalinity 
                 200 
                 ppm, (as CaCO3) 
               
               
                   
                 Sulfate, Total 
                 500 
                 ppm, as SO4 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 11 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Active Ingredients Composition and Galvanized 
               
               
                 Coupon Corrosion Rate 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                   
                 Comp. Ex. 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 22 - No 
                   
               
               
                 Inhibitor 
                 Unit 
                 Inhibitor 
                 Comp. Ex. 23 
                 Ex. 24 
                 Ex. 25 
                 Ex. 26 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 AAP 
                 ppm 
                 — 
                 — 
                 15 
                 7.5 
                 15 
               
               
                   
                 active 
               
               
                 HPA 
                 ppm 
                 — 
                 7.5 
                 7.5 
                 2.5 
                 — 
               
               
                   
                 active 
               
               
                 HEDP 
                 ppm 
                 — 
                 3.26 
                 3.26 
                 3.26 
                 3.26 
               
               
                   
                 active 
                   
                 (3 ppm 
                 (3 ppm 
                 (3 ppm 
                 (3 ppm 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 PO 4 ) 
                 PO 4 ) 
                 PO 4 ) 
                 PO 4 ) 
               
               
                 TTA 
                 ppm TTA 
                 — 
                 4 
                 4 
                 4 
                 4 
               
               
                 AA/AMPS 
                 ppm 
                 — 
                 4 
                 4 
                 4 
                 4 
               
               
                 Copolymer 
                 active 
               
            
           
           
               
            
               
                 Corrosion Results - Galvanized Coupons (HDG G70) 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Corrosion 
                 MPY 
                 53.7 
                 24.3 
                 9.9 
                 14.0 
                 10.7 
               
               
                 Rate* 
                 (mil/yr) 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 *Average for 4 coupons from the same pot (two at 3 ft/sec and two at 5 ft/sec flow rate) 
               
            
           
         
       
     
     In order to calculate the corrosion rate using the weight loss method, the galvanized coupons from these tests were cleaned according to standard procedure by immersing coupons in concentrated ammonium acetate and rinsing.  FIG.  4    shows photographs of the galvanized coupons after the spinner tests with the compositions described in Table 12, both before and after cleaning. The white deposit visible on the coupons before cleaning is white rust. The damage of the galvanized layer due to corrosion, shown as dark spots, is visible on the coupons after cleaning. The blank (Comp. Ex. 22—No Treatment) coupon was completely covered in white deposit and after cleaning most of the galvanized layer was removed with visible mild steel corrosion. The coupon treated with HPA and HEDP without an amino-acid based polymer (Comp. Ex. 23) showed substantial white rust formation, but was still a great improvement over the control (Comp. Ex. 22). Significantly better results were obtained with compositions in Examples 24-26. The best results were achieved with Ex. 24 using AAP, HPA at greater than 3 ppm, and a second phosphonic acid (HEDP). Although the use of HPA is important in inhibiting mild steel corrosion, its use is optional for white rust treatment. As can be seen from Example 26, the results of using AAP and HEDP without HPA were almost as good as the three combined. Accordingly, a preferred composition for treating white rust according to the invention comprises 2-15% amino-acid based polymer, 0-10% HPA, and 0-10% of a second phosphonic acid. Preferably, the amount of active amino-acid based polymer in a treatment composition according to the invention is at least 3 ppm, more preferably 3 ppm-50 ppm, and most preferably 5 ppm-30 ppm, all as concentrations when added to the volume of water in the water system being treated. More preferably, the AAP is used in conjunction with HPA in an amount of at least 3 ppm, more preferably from 3 ppm-50 ppm, and most preferably from about 3 ppm-20 ppm and/or another phosphonic acid in an amount of at least 2 ppm more preferably from 2 ppm-20 ppm, and most preferably from about 2 ppm-10 ppm. 
     For treating white rust according to the invention, it is preferred to use both hydroxyphosphonoacetic acid and an amino-acid based polymer, and more preferably in conjunction with a second phosphonic acid, in the weight range amounts indicated above, but it has also been found that the use of an amino-acid based polymer or hydroxyphosphonoacetic without the other is beneficial at inhibiting white rust. 
     According to one preferred method of preventing corrosion of metal components and/or white rust on galvanized steel components in a water system, a treatment composition according to the invention as described above is added to the water system at a preferred effective feed rate of 20 ppm-600 ppm, or more preferably 100-300 ppm, of treatment composition depending on the treated water chemistry and the amount of optional components in the treatment composition. Preferably, a sufficient amount of treatment composition is added to the water system to provide effective active amounts of AAP of at least 3 ppm and of HPA of at least 3 ppm, both as concentrations when added to the volume of water in the water system being treated. More preferably, the amount of HPA is at least 3 ppm. More preferably, the treatment composition is added in a sufficient amount to provide effective active amounts of AAP between 3 ppm-50 ppm, HPA between 3 ppm-50 ppm, and a second phosphonic acid between 2 ppm-20 ppm when added to the water in the water system. Most preferably, these effective active amounts are 5 ppm-30 ppm AAP, 3 ppm-20 ppm HPA, and a second phosphonic acid between 2 ppm-10 ppm when added to the water in the water system. For treating white rust, the use of HPA is optional, so the treatment composition used in a preferred method according to the invention may comprise AAP without any HPA and be added in amounts sufficient to provide these same concentration ranges of AAP in the water of the water system being treated. According to another preferred embodiment, the composition added to the water system comprises a fluorescent tracer so that the level of composition in the water system can be measured and monitored. Additional treatment composition is added to the water system as needed, based on the tracer measurements, to maintain an effective amount of treatment within the water system. 
     All ppm concentrations of the various treatments in the example tests described herein are concentrations when added to the water in the spinner test, to correlate to the concentrations when added to the water in the water system being treated. Unless specifically excluded, all references to acids herein and in the claims include water soluble salts of the acid, as will be understood by those of ordinary skill in the art. Those of ordinary skill in the art will also appreciate upon reading this specification, including the examples contained herein, that modifications and alterations to the preferred embodiments of the composition and method for using the composition to treat water may be made within the scope of the invention and it is intended that the scope of the invention disclosed herein be limited only by the broadest interpretation of the appended claims to which the inventor is legally entitled.