Patent Publication Number: US-10781115-B2

Title: Apparatus and method for generating metal ions in a fluid stream

Description:
FIELD 
     This invention relates to the field of water treatment and disinfection. More particularly, this invention relates to a module for generating metal ions in a waste water stream to kill bacteria and other infectious agents, and/or to destroy or promote the destruction of pharmaceutical components in the waste water stream, and/or provide metal ions for the catalytic ionization of oxygen in the oxidation process. 
     SUMMARY 
     Various embodiments of the present invention are directed to an apparatus for providing metal ions to a fluid waste stream. In some embodiments, the apparatus includes a housing having an inlet port through which the fluid waste stream enters the housing and an outlet port through which the fluid waste stream exits the housing. Disposed within the housing and between the inlet port and outlet port is an electrode assembly. The electrode assembly includes one or more first electrode assemblies and one or more second electrode assemblies. 
     Each first electrode assembly includes a first tubular section formed of electrically insulative material. The first tubular section has an interior through which flows the fluid waste stream. One or more first electrode plates, formed at least partially of a first metal, span the interior of the first tubular section and contact the fluid waste stream. 
     Each second electrode assembly includes a second tubular section formed of electrically insulative material and has an interior through which flows the fluid waste stream. One or more second electrode plates, formed at least partially of a second metal, span the interior of the second cylindrical section and contact the fluid waste stream. In a preferred embodiment, the interiors of the first tubular sections of the first electrode ring assemblies are in fluid communication with the interiors of the second tubular sections of the second electrode ring assemblies. 
     In some embodiments, the first electrode assemblies are interdigitated with the one or more second electrode assemblies. 
     In some embodiments, the first metal is copper and the second metal is silver. 
     In some embodiments, the first electrode plates within each first electrode ring assembly are disposed substantially parallel to each other, and the second electrode plates within each second electrode ring assembly are disposed substantially parallel to each other. 
     In some embodiments, the first electrode plates of the first electrode ring assemblies are disposed at an angle ranging from about 0 to about 180 degrees relative to the second electrode plates of the second electrode ring assemblies. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       Advantages of the invention are apparent by reference to the figures, wherein elements are not to scale so as to more clearly show the details, wherein like reference numbers indicate like elements throughout the several views, and wherein: 
         FIG. 1  depicts an exploded view of an apparatus for generating metal ions according to a preferred embodiment; 
         FIG. 2A  depicts a copper electrode ring assembly comprising copper electrodes according to a preferred embodiment; 
         FIG. 2B  depicts a silver electrode ring assembly comprising silver electrodes according to a preferred embodiment; 
         FIG. 3  depicts a side perspective view of an electrode assembly of an ion generation module according to a preferred embodiment; 
         FIG. 4  depicts a side perspective view of an electrode assembly of an ion generation module with a wiring harness according to a preferred embodiment; and 
         FIG. 5  depicts an electrical schematic of an apparatus for generating metal ions according to a preferred embodiment. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
       FIGS. 1-4  depict various components of an ion generation module  10  suitable for generating copper and silver ions in a waste water stream flowing through the module when a voltage is applied across copper and silver electrodes as described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 7,794,606 and 7,799,234. Preferred embodiments of the various components of the ion generation module  10  are described in more detail hereinafter. 
     The exploded view of  FIG. 1  depicts an embodiment of a cylindrical housing  12  having inlet and outlet end caps  14   a - 14   b  with flanges  16   a - 16   b  configured for inline attachment in a continuous-flow fluid waste treatment system. In one embodiment, the housing  12  is formed of stainless steel, but in other embodiments the housing  12  may be formed of other non-corrosive metals, extruded plastic such as PVC, thermoformed plastics, blow-molded plastics, fiberglass-reinforced plastics, and the like. The housing  12  preferably has interior threaded portions  18  at each end which are configured to receive outer threaded portions  40  of the end caps  14   a - 14   b . Alternatively, the end caps  14   a - 14   b  may be welded or adhesively bonded to the housing  12 , as appropriate to the materials selected. Each end cap  14   a - 14   b  includes an aperture  15  in the flange  16   a - 16   b  that serves as either an inlet port or outlet port, depending on the orientation of the module  10  with respect to the fluid flow direction. 
     Disposed within the cylindrical housing  12  is an electrode assembly  20  as depicted in  FIGS. 3 and 4 . In a preferred embodiment, the electrode assembly  20  comprises a stack of copper electrode ring assemblies  22  alternating with silver electrode ring assemblies  24 . As shown in  FIGS. 2A and 2B , each electrode ring assembly  22  and  24  comprises a cylindrical plastic ring  26  having pairs of parallel slots  32  cut into one end on opposing sides of the ring  26 . In the embodiment depicted in the figures, the rings are cut from PVC pipe stock. Each slot  32  is preferably cut into the ring  26  at an angle of about 22.5 degrees, and is parallel to each other slot  32 . In the copper electrode ring assemblies  22 , each pair of opposing slots  32  receives a copper electrode plate  28  that spans the interior opening of the ring  26 . In the silver electrode ring assemblies  24 , each pair of opposing slots  32  receives a silver electrode plate  30  that spans the interior opening of the ring  26 . As shown in  FIGS. 2A and 2B , one end of each electrode plate  28  and  30  has a connection tab  38   a - 38   b  protruding from the outside surface of the ring  26 . The other end of each electrode plate  28  and  30  is preferably embedded in the ring  26  and does not extend past the outside surface thereof. Preferably, the tabs  38   a - 38   b  extend from every other electrode on each side of the ring in an alternating fashion. 
     In a preferred embodiment, optional end rings  34  are disposed at each end of the assembly  20 . These end rings  34  are essentially “blanks” having no electrodes. The optional end rings  34  may be used to electrically isolate the electrode ring assemblies  24  and  26  from the housing  12 . 
     In some embodiments, each copper electrode ring assembly  22  includes only copper electrode plates  28 , and each silver electrode ring assembly  24  includes only silver electrode plates  30 . In alternative embodiments, each electrode ring assembly includes both copper and silver electrode plates, with the copper electrode plates disposed adjacent each other in one half of the ring, and the silver electrode plates disposed adjacent each other in the other half of the ring. In other alternative embodiments, each electrode ring assembly comprises alternating copper and silver electrode plates. 
     When a voltage is applied between adjacent electrode plates that are immersed in a fluid waste stream flowing through the module  10 , metal ions are released from the plates. As described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 7,794,606 and 7,799,234, these metal ions go into solution in the waste stream and destroy bacterial, protist, fungal, and viral infectious agents present therein. 
       FIG. 4  depicts an embodiment of the electrode assembly  20  to which a wiring harness has been attached to apply the voltage between adjacent electrode plates. The wiring harness includes a first set of wires  36   a  that are electrically connected, such as by soldering, to the tabs  38   a  of the silver electrode plates  30 , and a second set of wires  36   b  that are electrically connected to the tabs  38   b  of the copper electrode plates  28 . To provide a voltage between adjacent silver electrode plates  30  within a silver electrode ring assembly  24 , the voltage is applied across the pair of wires  36   a  connected to the tabs  38   a  on opposing sides of the assembly  24 . To provide a voltage between adjacent copper electrode plates  28  within a copper electrode ring assembly  22 , the voltage is applied across the pair of wires  36   b  connected to the tabs  38   b  on opposing sides of the assembly  22 . The wiring harness comprising the first and second set of wires  36   a - 36   b  preferably passes through an aperture in the housing  12  or in one of the end caps  14   a - 14   b.    
     In a preferred embodiment depicted in  FIG. 5 , the wires  36   a - 36   b  connect to a power controller circuit  42  and power source  40  as described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 7,794,606 and 7,799,234. The power source preferably provides a DC voltage of between about 1 and 24 volts, the specific value of which may be determined based on fluid flow rate through the ion generation module  10  and based on the level of contamination of the fluid stream. The controller  42  of this embodiment controls the on/off state and voltage level on the copper electrode ring assemblies  22  independently of the on/off state and voltage level on the silver electrode ring assemblies  24 . Although  FIG. 5  depicts only four electrode ring assemblies  22  and  24  so as to minimize the complexity of the diagram, it will be appreciated that the controller  42  could control the voltage on any number of electrode assemblies. 
     The controller  42  is also programmed to initiate an electrode cleaning cycle during which the polarity of the voltage on the electrodes and the current flow is periodically reversed. This provides for removal of contaminating films from the electrodes plates  28  and  30  without having to remove the electrode assemblies  22  and  24  from the housing  12 . Constituent components in the waste stream, such as lipid complexes, have an ionic charge. Due to cationic behavior of the lipid complexes, they tend to agglomerate and form bio-film adherends on the negative electrodes. When the polarity of the electrodes is reversed, these bio-film adherends disassociate with the surface of the negative electrode. Thus, by reversing the polarity of the voltage on the electrodes plates  28  and  30 , the surface condition of the electrodes can be maintained for optimum infusion and an ionic equilibrium can be maintained during the waste treatment process. In one preferred embodiment, the controller  42  reverses the polarity on the electrodes plates  28  and  30  at 15 second intervals (15 seconds at regular polarity, followed by 15 seconds in reverse polarity, and so on) to provide for continuous cleaning of the electrodes to prevent loss of electrode functionality due to insulating adherents. 
     To protect the wiring harness and tabs  38   a - 38   b  from exposure to the waste stream, the entire outer surface of the electrode assembly  20  may be completely covered in a water-proof potting compound. Alternatively, or in addition, the outer surface of the electrode assembly  20  may be sealed off from the interior of the electrode assembly  20  to prevent fluid exposure to the outer surface. This may be accomplished with an O-ring or circular flat gasket compressed between the inside surface of each end cap  14   a - 14   b  and the outer edge of the adjacent end ring  34  of the electrode assembly  20 . The electrode ring assemblies  22  and  24  may be adhesively and/or mechanically joined to form the electrode assembly  20 . Likewise, the end rings  34  may be adhesively and/or mechanically joined to the electrode assembly  20 . 
     In a preferred embodiment, the parallel direction of the copper electrode plates  28  of each copper electrode ring assembly  22  is oriented orthogonally with respect to the parallel direction of the silver electrode plates  30  of each silver electrode ring assembly  24  as shown in  FIG. 1 . In alternative embodiments, other angular orientations between the ring assemblies  22  and  24  may be implemented. 
     In a preferred embodiment, the direction of the 22.5 degree angular slant of the electrode plates is alternated from one ring assembly to the next within the electrode assembly  20 . This arrangement provides for enhanced turbulence within the fluid flowing through the electrode assembly and thus enhanced dispersion of copper and silver ions within the flow. In alternative embodiments, other angular orientations or shapes for the electrodes within the ring assemblies  22  and  24  may be implemented. These could include radial blades, helices, cambered plates or other geometries. 
     In a preferred embodiment, the angular slant of the electrode plates is 22.5 degree. However, one skilled in the art will appreciate that the electrode plates may be disposed at other slant angles, such as 45 degrees or zero degrees, or in combinations of more than one slant angle to promote mixing by fluidic turbulence. 
     In a preferred embodiment, each electrode ring assembly  22  and  24  includes nine electrode plates  28  and  30 . Other embodiments may include more or fewer electrode plates, the number of which may be selected to provide a higher or lower concentration of metal ions in the fluid stream. Also, the total surface area of the combination of electrode plates  28  and  30  within each electrode ring assembly  22  and  24  may be selected to provide a desired concentration of metal ions. 
     In a preferred embodiment, the electrode assembly  20  includes three copper electrode ring assemblies  22  and three silver electrode ring assemblies  24 . Other embodiments may include more or fewer of each type of electrode ring assembly, the number and order of which may be selected to provide a higher or lower concentration of metal ions in the fluid stream. 
     Some embodiments of the electrode assembly include one or more iron electrodes for generating iron ions. The iron ions act as a catalyst for a subsequent oxidation stage in a waste treatment system as described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 7,794,606 and 7,799,234. 
     In a preferred embodiment, the electrode ring assemblies  22  and  24  are cylindrical. In other embodiments, the cross-sectional shape of the electrode ring assemblies  22  and  24  may be oval, elliptical, square, rectangular or any other shape. Thus, the invention is not limited to any particular cross-sectional shape of the electrode ring assemblies  22  and  24 .