Patent Publication Number: US-2023133152-A1

Title: Automatic Object Detection and Changeover for Quality Assurance Inspection

Description:
TECHNICAL FIELD 
     The subject matter described herein relates to advanced quality assurance techniques for more computationally efficiently characterizing different types of objects passing in front of one or more inspection camera modules such as on a production line. 
     BACKGROUND 
     Manufacturing and supply chain processes are becoming increasingly sophisticated through the adoption of advanced, high-speed automation systems. Given the high throughput of objects through these systems, frequent changeover of parts, as well as increased manufacturing and logistics demands, quality assurance activities can be difficult to implement. It is important to make the processes of procurement, setup and monitoring as easy as possible in order to drive up adoption of automated camera-based quality inspection systems. Techniques such as minimizing hardware configurations, moving solutions from hardware to software domains, and providing insights and explainability around algorithm performance are examples of ways in which the process of implementing automated camera-based quality assurance systems can be made more simple. 
     SUMMARY 
     In a first aspect, data is received that includes a feed of images of a plurality of objects passing in front of an inspection camera module forming part of a quality assurance inspection system. Thereafter, a machine learning model is used to generate a representation of each image. These representations are analyzed to determine a type of object captured in the corresponding image. This analysis can be provided to a consuming application or process for quality assurance analysis. 
     The representation can take various forms including, for example, an embedding or modified version of the corresponding image (i.e., annotated, labeled, visually modified, etc.). 
     The consuming application can be one or more image analysis inspection tools. In some cases, there are numerous available image analysis inspection tools that can be executed. In such variations, the type of object can be used to identify a subset of available image analysis inspection tools which are associated with the type of object. Thereafter, the representation and/or the corresponding image for the object can be analyzed using the identified subset of available image analysis inspection tools. In such cases, available image analysis inspection tools that do not form part of the subset are not used to analyze the corresponding image. The subset of available image analysis inspection tools can be identified using an inspection routine configuration corresponding to the type of object. 
     One or more of the image analysis inspection tools can utilize a second machine learning model different than the machine learning model used to generate the representations. At least one of the image inspection analysis tools can detect and quantify a value in a barcode on an outer surface of the corresponding object. At least one of the image inspection analysis tools can utilize optical character recognition (OCR) to detect and quantify text on an outer surface of the corresponding object. At least one of the image inspection analysis tools can analyze colors of the corresponding object in order to determine whether such object has defective coloring. 
     The objects can be products being transported on a conveyance mechanism. In some variations, at least a portion of the types of products have a same or similar housing (e.g., beverage container, etc.) with different visual elements. 
     A tally for a total number of each type of object passing in front of the inspection camera module can be generated based on the generated representations. 
     The machine learning model can take various forms including a vision transformer. 
     The vision transformer can be trained using self-supervised learning that provides self-distillation with no labels (DINO). 
     At least a portion of the one or more second machine learning models can comprise neural networks. The neural networks can be compact in nature (e.g., have five or fewer layers, have three layers, etc.). The neural networks can include a multilayer perceptron. 
     The representations can each be constrained within a region of interest of each image. 
     The one or more second machine learning models can include an ensemble of different image analysis inspection tools each trained to characterize a different aspect of the objects. 
     The representation can be selectively provided to a subset of the ensemble of different image analysis inspection tools based on an attribute of the representation. In other variations, the one or more second machine learning models comprise an ensemble of different image analysis inspection tools each trained to characterize a same aspect of the objects. 
     The generation of the representation by the first machine learning model is more computationally expensive than the analysis by the one or more second machine learning models. 
     In some variations, the machine learning model comprises a computer vision algorithm (which can characterize attributes of the images) and/or a classifier (which can associate one or more labels with the images). 
     In an interrelated aspect, data is received that includes a feed of images of a plurality of objects passing in front of an inspection camera module forming part of a quality assurance inspection system. Thereafter, a representation of each image is generated using a computer vision algorithm. Each representation can be analyzed to determine a type of object captured in the corresponding image. The analyses can be provided to a consuming application or process for quality assurance analysis. 
     The computer vision algorithm can characterize one or more attributes of the corresponding image when generating the representation. Example attributes include one or more of edges, pixels, or color values. 
     In a further interrelated aspect, data is received that includes a feed of images of a plurality of products passing in front of an inspection camera module forming part of a quality assurance inspection system. The products have differing types (e.g., size, contents, visual indicators, etc.). A machine learning model then generates a representation of each image. These representations are analyzed in order to determine a type of product captured in the corresponding image. An inspection routine configuration associated with the product type is then accessed. Thereafter, the representations and/or the images are provided to one or more image analysis inspection tools that are specified in the inspection routine configuration. Subsequently, results from the one or more image analysis inspection tools can be provided to a consuming application or process for quality assurance analysis. 
     In yet a further interrelated aspect, data is provided which comprises a feed of images of a plurality of products passing in front of an inspection camera module forming part of a quality assurance inspection system, the products having differing types. The products have differing types (e.g., size, contents, visual indicators, etc.). A machine learning model then generates a representation of each image. These representations are analyzed in order to determine a type of product captured in the corresponding image. Upon determining that a first type of product is captured in an image, a first inspection routine configuration associated with the first type of product is accessed. Thereafter, the representations and/or the images of the product having a first type are provided to one or more first image analysis inspection tools specified in the first inspection routine configuration. Upon detecting that a second type of product is captured in an image (indicating a product changeover), a second inspection routine configuration associated with the second type of product is accessed. The representations or the imagse of the products having the second type are provided to one or more second image analysis inspection tools specified in the second inspection routine configuration. The first image analysis inspection tools are different from the second image analysis inspection tools. Results from the image analysis inspection tools can be provided to a consuming application or process for quality assurance analysis. 
     Non-transitory computer program products (i.e., physically embodied computer program products) are also described that store instructions, which when executed by one or more data processors of one or more computing systems, cause at least one data processor to perform operations herein. Similarly, computer systems are also described that may include one or more data processors and memory coupled to the one or more data processors. The memory may temporarily or permanently store instructions that cause at least one processor to perform one or more of the operations described herein. In addition, methods can be implemented by one or more data processors either within a single computing system or distributed among two or more computing systems. Such computing systems can be connected and can exchange data and/or commands or other instructions or the like via one or more connections, including but not limited to a connection over a network (e.g., the Internet, a wireless wide area network, a local area network, a wide area network, a wired network, or the like), via a direct connection between one or more of the multiple computing systems, etc. 
     The subject matter described herein provides many technical advantages. For example, the current subject matter simplifies manufacturing, procurement and configuration of the hardware and software components required to install and obtain value from a camera-based quality assurance inspection system. In addition, the current techniques provide more rapid classifications while consuming fewer computing resources. 
     The details of one or more variations of the subject matter described herein are set forth in the accompanying drawings and the description below. Other features and advantages of the subject matter described herein will be apparent from the description and drawings, and from the claims. 
    
    
     
       DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS 
         FIG.  1    is a diagram illustrating a production line system providing object anomaly visualizations. 
         FIG.  2    is a diagram illustrating a first image processing workflow; 
         FIG.  3    is a diagram illustrating a second image processing workflow; 
         FIG.  4    is a diagram illustrating a third image processing workflow; 
         FIG.  5    is a diagram illustrating a sample raw image; 
         FIG.  6    is a diagram illustrating a first overlay for the raw image of  FIG.  5   ; 
         FIG.  7    is a diagram illustrating a second overlay for the raw image of  FIG.  5   ; 
         FIG.  8    is a diagram illustrating a composite object image of the overlays of  FIGS.  6  and  7    as applied to the raw image of  FIG.  5   ; 
         FIG.  9    is a diagram illustrating the composite object image in  FIG.  8    as part of a dashboard rendered by a visualization system; 
         FIG.  10    is a process flow diagram for providing object analysis and visualization for quality assurance purposes; 
         FIG.  11    is a diagram illustrating an architecture with multiple detail camera modules and a software-based switch; 
         FIG.  12    is a diagram illustrating an architecture with multiple detail camera modules and a software-based switch; 
         FIG.  13    is a diagram illustrating a fourth image processing workflow; 
         FIG.  14    is a diagram illustrating an architecture in which an output of a first machine learning model is used by one or more second machine learning models; 
         FIG.  15    is a diagram illustrating an example vision transformer; 
         FIG.  16    is a process flow diagram illustrating explainability and complementary information for video-based quality assurance inspection processes; 
         FIG.  17    is a process flow diagram illustrating aspects relating to an intelligent quality assurance and inspection device having multiple camera modules; 
         FIG.  18    is a process flow diagram illustrating machine-learning based camera image triggering for quality assurance inspection processes; 
         FIG.  19    is a process flow diagram illustrating machine-learning based continuous camera image triggering for quality assurance inspection processes; 
         FIG.  20    is a process flow diagram illustrating computationally efficient quality assurance inspection processes using machine learning; 
         FIG.  21    is a process flow diagram illustrating automatic object detection and changeover for quality assurance inspection; and 
         FIG.  22    is a diagram illustrating a computing device for implementing aspects of the current subject matter. 
     
    
    
     Like reference symbols in the various drawings indicate like elements. 
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     The current subject matter is directed to identifying anomalous or other aberrations on objects within images with particular application to quality assurance applications such as on production lines, inventorying, and other supply chain activities in which product/object inspection is desirable. The techniques herein leverage computer vision, machine learning, and other advanced technologies. The techniques encompass both hardware and software methodologies with a shared primary goal of making camera-based quality inspection systems easier to use. Ease of use can be achieved through methodologies including removing the need for commonly used hardware components, including multiple variants of hardware components and allowing the user to switch between them via a software interface, and visualizing the output and/or decisions of complex algorithmic processes such as machine learning algorithms in order to make the system interface more interpretable to an average user. 
     Camera-based quality assurance inspection systems commonly utilize a hardware trigger input to the image sensor in order to capture consistent images of the product being inspected. As the object activates the hardware trigger, through methods such as but not limited to activating a mechanical switch or passing in front of a laser-based switch, the camera module receives this signal from the trigger and begins the process of capturing an image which is then made available to software such as a vision processing pipeline. While running in this mode, the sensor only produces images when the trigger is activated (i.e. if there is no product which is activating the switch, the sensor is not producing images). One ease-of-use technique provided herein removes the need to install such a hardware-based trigger and instead uses a software pipeline to determine the image which is closest to that which would have been generated if a hardware trigger were being used. The sensor runs in a continuous mode at close to its maximum frame rate and a software algorithm or plurality of algorithms monitors the continuous image feed from the sensor, identifies the optimal image or images that should be used to perform the quality assurance inspection task, and provides those selected images to the vision processing pipeline as if the inspection camera module were being run using a hardware trigger. This technique removes the need to provision, install and configure a hardware trigger. 
     Camera-based quality assurance inspection systems commonly utilize either global shutter or rolling shutter image sensors. Global shutter image sensors allow for all pixels in the image sensor to be exposed simultaneously, while rolling shutter image sensors typically can only expose a region of pixels, such as a row, column or quadrant at a time, scanning through all regions in series in order to obtain the final image. Exposure methodologies become significant when either the image sensor, the subject in the field of view of the image sensor, or both, are in motion for a period of time in which the image sensor is exposing, i.e. generating an image. It is typical in camera-based quality assurance inspection systems for the image sensor to be in a fixed position while the products in the field of view of the image sensor, such as items on a conveyor belt or other type of production line, are in motion. Utilizing a rolling shutter image sensor for typical camera-based quality assurance techniques can often lead to images which are either distorted or blurry compared to those taken from a global shutter image sensor. Global shutter image sensors are therefore typically preferable for camera-based quality assurance inspection systems, however they typically come at a significantly higher cost than rolling shutter image sensors with similar pixel counts and resolutions. Global shutter image sensors are also not commonly available in formats with full color resolution (RGB) and higher pixel densities (greater than  10  megapixels). 
     Camera-based quality assurance inspection systems commonly utilize a single image sensor in conjunction with some amount of computing hardware to process images from the sensor. These systems typically further include a feature which allows a user of the system to install, remove or change the lens being used in conjunction with the image sensor. Lenses typically have either a fixed or adjustable focal distance (a.k.a. zoom lens), where if the focal distance is adjustable, it is adjustable either through physical controls on the lens or through software controls which can be commanded by a user. 
     The lenses discussed above typically have manual focus control. The focus of the lens is typically adjusted by loosening a mechanism on the lens, adjusting a sliding lever or ring on the lens, and then tightening the mechanism that was originally loosened to lock the focus in place. This process is only possible when a user is physically in the same location as the inspection camera module, as the user needs to manually adjust the lens hardware on the inspection camera module. An ease-of-use improvement discussed below is to add a software-programmable focus assembly to the inspection camera module. The software-programmable focus assembly can be mechanically implemented through either a liquid lens assembly or a motorized assembly. In a motorized focus assembly, a linear actuator or motor, typically but not limited to a voice coil, stepper, or other piezoelectric technology, is seated between the image sensor and the lens, whereby software commands can change the displacement of the actuator and thereby change the working distance between the end of the lens and the image sensor. In a liquid lens software-controllable focus assembly, a software-controlled electrical or mechanical force is applied to an optical-grade liquid cell placed atop the end of a fixed-focus lens, which causes the cell&#39;s shape to distort slightly and thereby change the focal length of the overall lens assembly. 
     The focal properties of the lens, either having a fixed focal distance or an adjustable focal distance, where the adjustable focal distance can be controlled either physically or through software commands, and having focus control either through physical adjustment of lens hardware or through software commands, are referred to herein as the lens focal properties. 
     Lenses can be mounted to the image sensor using T-mount, C-mount, S-mount (a.k.a M12), CS-mount, F-mount, or other mounting standards. It is typical to use lenses with longer focal distances, including but not limited to 8 mm, 12 mm, 16 mm, 25 mm and 35 mm, in order to best concentrate the area of interest for inspection on the product on the pixels of the image sensor. 
     It is typically desirable to be able to change the focal distance of the lens being used, in order to be able to obtain the best possible image of the product being inspected, given a range of acceptable mounting locations for the image sensor and lens assembly, in order to maximize the number of pixels on the sensor which can cover the area of interest on the product to be inspected. As such, lens choice and system mounting location typically form a multivariable optimization problem in which the end user must find a decent optimum, where the system is mounted in an acceptable location and the lens chosen allows the system to perform its quality assurance inspections with acceptable performance. This optimization can be tedious and time-consuming for the end user, as they must have, at the time of setting up the system, a set of all possible lens options that can mount to the image sensor provided with the camera-based quality assurance inspection system. The user must then manually experiment with the different lens options, viewing the images produced for each option utilizing the camera-based quality assurance inspection system&#39;s user interface, determining the quality of the images produced for each option, and selecting the best option before configuring the remaining settings of the system. Each time a lens is removed and attached, the user also faces risk of allowing dust or debris to ingress onto the image sensor and/or for other mechanical damage to occur either to the lens or image sensor assemblies. An ease-of-use technique discussed below includes a camera-based inspection system which contains multiple instances of image sensors in which the sensors themselves are typically but not always identical such that each sensor is directly integrated with a lens with a differing lens focal properties. The assembly of a single image sensor and a single lens, with the lens a set of lens focal properties is referred to herein as an inspection camera module. The system contains enough instances, typically two or more, of inspection camera modules, each with differing attributes, with the differing attributes being either a different image sensor or a lens with different lens focal properties, to allow the user to typically find a suitable combination without needing to physically change or experiment with any hardware components of the system such as lenses. The user can perform this experimentation either in the same location as the camera or remotely via an IoT connection, i.e. without having to be in the same location as the system. For remote, i.e. IoT experimentation, the user can use software commands to choose which inspection camera module they wish to be used as input to the vision processing pipeline. The user can also use software commands to adjust the focus of the inspection camera module if the lens focal properties of the inspection camera module support software-controllable focus. The user can further view the images produced by each sensor and lens combination independently, simultaneously, or otherwise via the user interface for the system to allow them to quickly find the optimum combination of sensor, lens and mounting location to allow them to proceed to the remainder of product configuration. 
     As mentioned above, camera-based quality assurance inspection systems commonly utilize a single image sensor. These systems commonly utilize a hardware trigger mechanism in which the image sensor only produces images when a trigger is activated. In addition, it is typical to use lenses with long focal distances and therefore narrower fields of view, in order to best utilize the entire array of pixels on the image sensor to perform the quality assurance inspection analysis. Due to these factors, it is often difficult for a user, when viewing the sequence of images being produced by the inspection camera module, henceforth referred to herein as the video feed, to determine the overall state or status of the region including and surrounding the area in which the camera is inspecting. There may be multiple challenges, one of which being a faulty or otherwise non-functioning hardware trigger, due to either issues with the trigger itself, cabling, the placement of the product with respect to the trigger, or otherwise, which causes the image sensor to not produce images. Another challenge may be a long focal distance lens which does not provide a wide enough field of view for a user to obtain contextual information about the area surrounding the product or region being inspected so as to allow the user to diagnose issues in their production system that are adjacent to or closely surrounding the field of view of the inspection camera module. Examples of such issues are toppled or fallen products, clogged or otherwise stopped or backed up conveyance systems, or incorrect or missing products. An ease-of-use technique discussed below involves including at least one additional inspection camera module with an inspection system, henceforth referred to herein as the overview inspection camera module, which utilizes a lens with a shorter focal distance, such as  4 mm or less, thereby providing a wider field of view. The field of view of the overview inspection camera module typically encompasses and exceeds that of the non-overview inspection camera module or modules, referred to herein as detail inspection camera module or modules. The user is able to, the system&#39;s user interface, view the video feed from this overview inspection camera module either in replacement of or in parallel to the detail inspection camera module or modules. The overview inspection camera module typically runs in a continuous trigger mode, i.e. producing images and therefore a video feed, at a sufficiently high frame rate such as 30, 60 or 120 frames per second (FPS). A camera-based quality assurance inspection system with this additional overview inspection camera module is thereby able to show to the user the context around the item or product being inspected so that they may either obtain peace-of-mind or troubleshoot issues arising nearby to the inspection camera. 
     The overview inspection camera module can also be used as an input, either in parallel to or as a replacement for the detail inspection camera module or modules, to the vision processing pipeline of the system. This allows a user to define inspection configurations based on the overview inspection camera module and accomplish all of the other functionality of the system using the images generated from the overview inspection camera module in parallel to or replacement of the detail inspection camera module or modules. 
     A camera-based quality inspection system, referred to herein as a camera system, comprises the combination of one or more inspection camera modules, where the inspection camera modules are either detail inspection camera modules and/or overview inspection camera modules, and a computing device, where the computing device can either be a processor, microprocessor, FPGA, and the like. 
     A camera system may utilize one or more inspection camera module or modules, where the inspection camera module or modules are either detail or overview inspection camera modules as previously defined, to produce images which are then input to a vision processing pipeline, where in the vision processing pipeline the images are analyzed by inspection tools which utilize computer vision or machine learning algorithms to determine quality assurance metrics with respect to the images, where these metrics are then utilized by the vision processing pipeline to make pass or fail decisions based on user configurations, where these pass or fail decisions are then optionally reported to any, all or none of (a) the user via the user interface (rendered on a GUI of a display device), where the user and interface are either co-located or remote, (b) a cloud or local database, (c) the factory or production line generating the items being inspected via a Programmable Logic Controller (PLC) or other similar communications equipment and/or interface. The computer vision and/or machine learning algorithms utilized in such a system typically perform complex mathematical processes in order to determine the quality assurance metrics associated with a given image. These mathematical processes typically involve receiving a two-dimensional or three-dimensional image as an input, performing mathematical operations on the image or regions of the image, and then producing a series of quality assurance metrics as output, where one of the metrics is typically a “pass” or “fail” decision for the image being inspected. The process of converting these multi-dimensional image inputs to a “pass” or “fail” output through complex mathematical algorithms, while performant, can leave a user wondering how the algorithm arrived at its conclusions. 
     An ease-of-use technique discussed below involves the computer vision or machine learning algorithm, referred to herein as the inspection tool, to return a multi-dimensional image, referred to herein as an overlay as one of its quality assurance metrics, whereby the image can be overlaid atop or otherwise combined with the original input image, and whereby displaying this image to the user allows the user to better understand the decision-making process or outputs of the inspection tool with respect to the item being inspected. Each pixel in the overlay image can have color (e.g. RGB, HSV) and optional transparency (e.g. alpha) information, so that it can indicate to the user, when combined with the original input image, additional information as to the quality assurance metrics produced by the tool. This overlay may be rendered in real-time atop the inspection camera module&#39;s video feed and shown to the user in a user interface. This overlay may also be stored in a database and shown to the user either immediately after being produced or at a later date and/or time. An example of this overlay may be a “heat map” generated by an anomaly detection machine learning algorithm, where the overlay may contain larger densities of colored pixels, and where the pixels may have transparency (alpha) values which are less transparent and therefore more prominently visible, in regions of the input image which the machine learning algorithm believes to have most contributed to the “pass” or “fail” decision. Another example of this overlay may be a rectangular shape, referred to herein as a bounding box, generated by an algorithm performing optical character recognition (OCR), which encompasses the region in the image which contains text which the algorithm has been able to read or scan. 
       FIG.  1    is a diagram  100  illustrating an example production line  110  in which there are a plurality of objects  120  which pass within the field of view  140  of an inspection camera module  130 . The inspection camera module  130  can be either the detail inspection camera module or modules, or the overview inspection camera module. The production line  110  can, for example, include a conveying mechanism (e.g., belt, etc.) as part of one or more manufacturing and/or quality assurance processes that is configured such that each of the objects  120  pass through the field of view  140  of the inspection camera module  130 . The production line  110  can alternatively include a camera mounted in a fixed location in front of which an operator manually places a product in lieu of a conveying mechanism. A visualization system  150  can comprise one or more computing devices and electronic visual display  160 . The visualization system  150  can either obtain data locally from the inspection camera module  130  or remotely through an IoT connection to the connected inspection camera module  130 . The IoT connection can be facilitated directly in a peer-to-peer fashion or through cloud servers. The electronic visual display  160  can render one or more graphical user interfaces which, as will be described in further detail, can visualize the objects  120  as they pass within the field of view  140  along with an overlay comprising complementary information generated by one or more image analysis inspection tools. The visualization of the object along with the overlay is sometimes referred to herein as a composite object image  170 . The complementary information can take varying forms including, for example, position information (e.g., location of barcodes, location of text, locations of features, locations of components, etc.), defect information (e.g. the location, size, severity, etc. of imperfections identified by the image analysis inspection tools), or variations in aspects of the objects such as dimensions, coloring, and the like which may potentially make the object less desirable according to various quality assurance assessments. The complementary information can be delivered in an image-based format with red, green, blue and alpha channels so that the tool can return a full-color image with optional transparency. While the example of  FIG.  1    illustrates as single inspection camera module  130  and a local visualization system  150 , it will be appreciated that multiple inspection camera modules  130  can be utilized and the graphical user interfaces can be rendered on various local and remote computing devices either in real-time/near-real time as well as on-demand (i.e., historical data can be reviewed, etc.). Historical data can be saved locally on the camera system  130  and/or stored in a cloud database. 
       FIGS.  2 - 4    are diagrams  200 - 400  illustrating example object analysis and visualization workflows. With reference to  FIG.  2   , the inspection camera module, which can be either the detail inspection camera module or the overview inspection camera module,  210  generates a raw image  215  which, in some cases, can be part of a feed of raw images that correspond to objects to be analyzed or otherwise inspected. In some cases, there can be a mechanical (e.g., switch, etc.) and/or electromechanical (e.g., light source and corresponding sensor, etc.) trigger which causes the image sensor  210  to capture an image of a corresponding object as described above. A vision processing pipeline system  220  receives the raw image  215  and selectively (and optionally) crops  225  aspects of the image based on areas of interest (AOIs) to result in two or more AOIs  230   1 ,  230   2 . 
     Aspects which define the boundaries of the AOIs (which can be static or dynamic based on the particular raw image  215 ) can be specified within an inspection routine configuration  235 . An AOI as used herein can be specified as a region (x, y, width, height) within an image that should be further analyzed. In some cases, if there are multiple AOIs, one or more of such AOIs can overlap. 
     The inspection routine configuration  235  can also specify which of image analysis inspection tools  240   1 ,  240   2  is to analyze the corresponding AOI of the raw image  215 . The vision processing pipeline  220  can cause the AOIs  230   1 ,  230   2  to be respectively passed or otherwise transmitted to or consumed by the different image analysis inspection tools  240   1 ,  240   2 . Each of the image analysis inspection tools  240   1 ,  240   2  can generate information complementary to the object within the raw image  215  which can take the form of a respective overlay  245   1 ,  245   2 . Such complementary information can take various forms including, for example, various quality assurance metrics such as dimensions, color, and the like as well as information as to the explainability of the decisions by the image analysis inspection tools  240   1 ,  240   2  (e.g. why a machine learning model believes an item to be defective and/or to the extent of the defective region found on the product, etc.). 
     The vision processing pipeline  220  can generate a composite overlay  250  based on the respective overlays  245   1 ,  245   2 . The weighting and/or transparency in which the overlays  245   1 ,  245   2  can be combined can be pre-specified in some cases. The vision processing pipeline  220  can then combine the composite overlay  250  with the raw image  215  to result in a composite object image  255 . That composite object image  255  can then be compressed or otherwise encoded  260  and then published  265  for access on a user application  270  (e.g., GUI, UI of an application executing on a computer device, etc.). This access can be performed locally, i.e. directly between a computing device and the camera sharing a network or remotely, facilitated through IoT mechanisms. In some cases, the user application  270  can correspond to a product line visualization system such as in  FIG.  1   . 
     With reference to diagram  300  of  FIG.  3   , the interrelationship amongst the image analysis inspection tools  240   1 ,  240   2  can vary such that, in some arrangements, the output of a first image analysis inspection tool  2400  is used by one or more other image analysis inspection tools  240   1 ,  240   2 . In particular,  FIG.  3    illustrates a variation in which the raw image is first cropped  222  into various AOIs as specified by the inspection routine configuration  235  resulting in a first AOI  230   0 . Thereafter, an image quality inspection tool  245   0  can perform some operations on the image (e.g., alignment, etc.) to result in a modified image  224 . This modified image  224  can be similar in size to the raw image  215 , and can be used as a substitute for the raw image  215  when cropping AOIs for all image analysis inspection tools  240  which are marked as dependent on another image analysis inspection tool as specified by the inspection routine configuration  235  (i.e., the inspection routine configuration  235  can specify a hierarchical arrangement between the image analysis inspection tools  240  so as a dependency tree). This modified image  224  is then subsequently cropped  225  and the workflow continues in a similar manner to that of  FIG.  2   . Referring still to  FIG.  2   , the image analysis inspection tool  240   0  can perform an alignment in which the raw image  215  is compared to a reference image  215  (corresponding to the same object), specified in the inspection routine configuration  235 . The alignment operation causes the raw image  215  to be corrected through pixel shifts and warps to more closely match the reference picture and therefore allow the AOIs to, when cropped, to match the desired intent of areas to be inspected. 
       FIG.  4    is a diagram  400  that illustrates a variation in which all of the activities of  FIG.  2  or  3    may or may not be performed (not shown), and the publish operation  280  optionally includes saving the complementary information to a database so that it may be queried by lookups including but not limited to item unique identifier, AOI unique identifier, or tool result unique identifier. The database may either be on the same computer as the camera, on the same network, or connected over an IoT or other network in the cloud. Users can then use the UI to query the database when reviewing historical records from the system and view the individual complementary information/overlays on a per-AOI basis. 
       FIG.  5    is a diagram  500  illustrating a sample raw image. The raw image comes either directly from an image sensor (forming part of an inspection camera module) or from a software algorithm or set of algorithms that is monitoring the frames from the image sensor and then re-publishes them either in their original or a modified format. The raw image can contain a single instance of a product per frame or multiple instances of a product per frame. A product may be either well-defined, as in  FIG.  5   , or inconsistently defined, e.g. a volume of granola consisting of multiple composite ingredients (e.g., oats, fruit, nuts) and arranged in a nonuniform fashion. 
       FIG.  6   . is a diagram  600  illustrating three AOIs overlaid on the raw image from  FIG.  5   . When the image processing pipeline inspects an item such as shown in  FIG.  5   . it will first use these AOI bounding boxes to crop out the regions of the raw image which they encompass. Each AOI will then be sent to an inspection tool for analysis.  FIG.  7   . is a diagram  700  showing the cropped AOIs corresponding to  FIG.  6   . 
       FIG.  8    is a diagram  800  illustrating example overlays for the raw image of  FIG.  5   . Overlays  1  and  3 , corresponding to AOIs  1  and  3  in  FIG.  7   , respectively, show a highlighting pattern which identifies to the user areas within the AOI that the inspection tool believes to be of significance. The significance could be to indicate regions which, for example, a machine learning model believes to be defective, thereby allowing the model to explain its prediction. The significance, alternatively, could be to highlight regions of the AOI which the user has requested the model to identify and confirm to be present. The highlighting pattern may be of any color and any transparency in order to convey the intent of the significance to the user. The color red is typically used to indicate regions which the model believes to be defective and the color green typically used to indicate regions which the model believes to be correct. Overlay  2 , corresponding to AOI  2 , shows an outline which encompasses a region within the AOI so as to call the user&#39;s attention to the region. The outline shown is rectangular, but the outline used may be of any shape or size so long as it encompasses a region of the AOI and is fully contained within the AOI. The outline can be any color and any transparency. Red is typically used to indicate failure, while green used to indicate success, but the color is not limited to these options. 
       FIG.  9    is a diagram  900  illustrating a composite object image of the overlays of  FIGS.  6  and  7    as applied to the raw image of  FIG.  5   . When presented in this fashion, it becomes more clear to the user which factors contributed to an inspection tool&#39;s decision to pass or fail an object being inspected. The user can then quickly confirm on the physical product if indeed the regions identified in the overlays are as the model believes them to be. 
       FIG.  10    is a diagram  1000  illustrating the composite object image in  FIG.  9    as part of a dashboard rendered by a visualization system  150  on a display  160 . The dashboard is shown physically close to the inspection camera/image sensor  130 , but the dashboard can also be viewed from any internet-connected device remotely. The objects  150  pass along a conveyance mechanism in front of the inspection camera module  130 . In real-time, as images pass in front of the inspection camera module  130 , the raw images are passed through the vision processing pipeline  220  to the tools and the output composite image is visualized on the display  160 . The views can be shown for each frame/object  120  which is inspected, but may skip objects  120  due to processing or internet bandwidth limitations. The images shown on the display  160  can also be saved to a database, either locally or in the cloud, to allow the user to review the data historically at a later time. 
     The image analysis inspection tools  240  can take various forms including, for example, computer vision or machine learning algorithms whose function is either to modify the raw image for the purpose of allowing other tools to inspect it, or which consume an AOI and provide quality inspection analysis and complementary information back to the vision processing pipeline (such as tools  240   1  and  240   2 ) in  FIG.  3   . Example image analysis inspection tools  240  can include or otherwise execute one or more of an alignment algorithm, either computer vision (CV) or machine learning (ML)-based, which takes the raw image along with a reference image configured in the inspection routine configuration  235  which then applies shift, warp, translate or similar operations to conform the content of the raw image so that it more closely resembles the reference image in the inspection routine configuration  235 ; a color filter algorithm which converts the color space, perhaps using a HSV or RGB filter, to a monochrome image space; or algorithms which sharpen or blur the content of the image. 
     Image analysis inspection tools can be configured by the user. A part of the configuration may be an image or set of images, referred to herein as reference image or images, which the user believes are standard, typical, or otherwise exemplary images of the product with respect to the total corpus of images which may be obtained of the product during the quality assurance inspection application. Further, a part of the configuration may be an image or set of images, referred herein to as the training image or images, which the user labels or otherwise marks, which are to be used in conjunction with an image analysis inspection tool which, as part of its configuration, requires the training of a computer vision or machine learning model. A user label or mark on the training images may be “pass” or “fail” to indicate if the image is that of a product which should be considered to be passing or failing by the image analysis inspection tool. The label or mark may also be that of a particular class, where a class may be a single descriptor that is a member of a set of descriptors which can be used to describe an image of the product being inspected. An example of a class may be “A”, where the set of classes may be [“A”, “B”, “C”], if the image analysis inspection tool is being configured to determine if product variant “A”, “B”, or “C” is present in the image. 
     When an image analysis inspection tool  240 , which has been configured with a reference image or images, a training image or images, or all of the preceding, is producing quality assurance metrics on an image or feed of images  215 , it is optimal for the image or feed of images  215  to be visually similar to the reference image or images and/or the training image or images. The closer the visual similarity between the image  215  and the reference and/or training images, the more likely the image analysis inspection tool will perform its function properly. Machine learning models, in particular, can often perform poorly on “out of sample” images, where “out of sample” images are images on which the model has not been configured or trained. It can be useful to come up with a score, hereafter referred to as the “visual similarity score”, which can be a floating-point or integer number which represents how similar an image  215  is to the set of reference and/or training image or images on which the image analysis inspection tool was configured. The visual similarity score may be measured through a variety of methods. One basic method may be a mathematical algorithm which analyzes the average color value of the pixels of the image  215  and compares this to the average pixel value of the training and/or reference image or images to determine the score. Another more advanced method may utilize a statistical model to generate a probability that the image  215  is a member of the distribution of reference and/or training images on which the image analysis inspection tool has been configured, where this probability or a linearly scaled representation of the probability, may then be used as the visual similarity score. The visual similarity score may be used as an input to the inspection tool  240 , but it may also be used in other areas within the vision processing pipeline, such as software-based trigger module as described below. 
     The image analysis inspection tools  240  implement a standardized application programming interface (API) for receiving commands and input data, such as AOIs  230 , from the vision processing pipeline  220 , and returning quality assurance metrics and results including overlays  245 . The image analysis inspection tools  240  can each run in their own host process or thread on the camera system compute and the API utilizes inter-process communication methods to be able to transfer the commands and data between the vision processing pipeline  220  and the image analysis inspection tools  240 . Inter-process communication methods include but are not limited to shared memory, pipes, sockets (TCP, UDP or linux), kernel data structures such as message and event queues, and/or files. Any image analysis inspection tools  240  which conforms to and implements the specified API which the vision processing pipeline  220  expects, utilizing the specified inter-process communication mechanism, can be used to analyze the corresponding AOI of the raw image  215  and return quality assurance metrics including overlays  245 . Further, the tools can be fully containerized, in which the tool implementation, referred to herein as software code, runtime requirements and dependencies, and associated metadata for the image analysis inspection tools  240  are developed and downloaded or otherwise loaded onto the camera system fully independently from the remainder of the vision processing pipeline  220 . Containerization of the tool implementation can utilize technologies such as docker, lxc, or other linux containers to package the software code and dependencies. The associated metadata portion of the tool implementation may include a single file or set of files, where the file may be any format but may specifically be a compressed or uncompressed archive format such as .zip, .tar or .7z. When the vision processing pipeline  220  is commanded to begin inspecting raw images  215 , it first checks the inspection routine configuration  235  to determine which tool implementations are required for the image analysis inspection tools  240  specified. If the tool implementations are present on the camera system, as determined by querying a local data store, then the vision processing pipeline begins a new process or thread for each image analysis inspection tools  240 , where the new process or thread runs, as defined in the tool implementation, the software code, utilizes the runtime requirements or dependencies, and may reference and utilize the associated metadata file or files. If the tool implementations are not present on the camera system, the vision processing pipeline  220  can choose to download them from a cloud server if possible, else the vision processing pipeline can return an error and indicate as such to the user. The user interface for the camera system additionally allows a user to download or otherwise load the tool implementation for a given tool which they have configured onto a camera system on which they would like to run the tool. Through this system, it is possible to allow developers (e.g. software engineers, end users, etc.) to create and distribute tools for use in the vision processing pipeline  220  without those application developers needing to also be developers of the vision processing pipeline  220 , employees of the company or team which develops the vision processing pipeline  220 , or otherwise associated at all with any entity which maintains, develops or implements the vision processing pipeline  220 . As long as the image analysis inspection tools  240  are containerized as specified and implement the expected API via the IPC mechanisms, they may be fully used and utilized in the vision processing pipeline  220 . 
     Additional examples of quality inspection tools  240  can include: a machine learning model which uses convolutional neural network (CNN) techniques to provide anomaly detection analysis based on images which the user has labeled (referred to herein as Tool A), a machine learning model which uses CNN techniques to provide pass-fail analysis based on images which the user has labeled (referred to herein as Tool B), a machine learning model which uses CNN techniques to provide class presence/absence determinations based images which a user has labeled and then compare the detected classes to those that the user expects as configured in  235  in order to create a pass/fail determination (referred to herein as Tool C), a machine-learning or computer-vision based optical character recognition (OCR) which is configured to detect text in in image and compare the scanned text to that which the user has specified in the inspection routine configuration  235  to be expected (referred to herein as Tool D); a machine-learning or computer-vision based barcode detection algorithm which is configured to scan barcodes, QR codes, data matrices, or any form of 2-D code and compare the code scanned to that which a user has specified in the inspection routine configuration  235  to be expected (referred to herein as Tool E); a computer-vision based algorithm which has been configured to check for the presence or absence of pixels of a particular color that passes or fails depending on the expected volume as specified by the user in the inspection routine configuration  235  (referred to herein as Tool F). 
     Tool A, in addition to being able to identify anomalies, can indicate the location of the anomalies in the raw image without being trained on pixel-level labels. Pixel-level labels are time consuming to produce as a user must manually mark the pixels in which the defects occur for every image in the dataset. As opposed to most CNN-based approaches that use an encoder architecture that transforms a 2D input image into a 1D embedding, a fully convolutional network can be utilized. A fully convolutional network (sometimes referred to as FCN) is a neural network as used herein can be primarily composed of convolutional layers and no linear layers. This fully convolutional network maintains the natural 2D structure of an image with the output embedding of the network such that when distance comparisons between embeddings and a learned centroid embedding are calculated, the larger elements of the 2D distance array indicate the region in the raw image of the defect. In addition to this architecture, a contrastive loss function can be utilized that allows for training the network on only nominal data, while also leveraging anomalous data when it is available. The contrastive loss function trains the network in a manner where the network is encouraged to place nominal samples near the learned centroid embedding and anomalous samples far away. By using these approaches, an overlay image can be produced that indicates an anomaly score for each pixel in the raw image. 
     Tools B and C can utilize transfer learning and self-supervised learning where a CNN model trained on a separate task is adapted to the task at hand. This allows one to use much less data than if the model has been trained from scratch. Given this pretrained model, earlier layers can be reused and additional linear layers that are designed for the new task can be appended. In order to produce overlay visualizations, the regions in the raw image that contributed most to the prediction of the model can be identified. 
     For tools D and E, the overlay can indicate the region of the image that the text or barcode was found can be indicated using a bounding box. 
     Tool F can produce an overlay visualization based on the regions of the raw image that match the configured color range. 
       FIG.  11    is a diagram  1110  that illustrates a variation in which there are multiple detail inspection camera modules  1105   1 . . . n  that each comprise an image sensor  1110   1 . . . n , an optical element  1120   1 . . . n  (e.g., a lens or series of lenses, etc.), and a control module  1115   1 . . . n  that can, in response to remote commands (either automatic or use-generated), cause a focus attribute of the detail inspection camera module  1105   1 . . . n  to change via software instructions (this can be accomplished, for example, by changing the mounting distance of the corresponding optical element  1120   1 . . . n  with respect to the inspection image sensor), as described above. Each of the image sensors  1110   1 . . . n  can generate a respective raw image  1125   1 . . . n . These raw images  1125   1 . . . n  can be selectively provided to the vision processing pipeline  220  described herein (or other processing module or system, etc.) by way of a software-based switch  1130  (e.g., a software multiplexer, etc.). In use, a user can alter focal distances of the optical elements  1120   1 . . . n  and selectively switch among various available feeds of raw images (for quality assurance purposes and for further processing and/or storage). 
     In some cases, the inspection camera modules  1005   1 . . . n  can be co-located such that the respective field of views (FOVs) overlap. In some cases, the FOVs can each overlap at least 25%, in other cases, at least 50%, or in other cases, at least 75%, and in other cases, at least 95%. In some variations, the image sensors  1110  can be uniform. In addition, in some variations, the image sensors  1110  can be contained within a single housing (e.g., a mobile phone or tablet, etc.). The optical elements  1120  can, in some variations, vary to provide different FOVs. The control modules  1115  can be uniform in some variations across the inspection camera modules  1005 . 
       FIG.  12    is a diagram  1200  that illustrates a variation in which there are multiple detail inspection camera modules  1105   1 . . . n  (such as those illustrated and described in connection with  FIG.  11   ) which are provided in combination with an overview inspection camera module  1205 , as described above. The overview inspection camera module  1205  can also include an image sensor  1210  and an optical element  1215  such as a wide angle lens. The overview inspection camera module  1205  can generate an overview image  1220  that provides additional environmental or contextual information useful for quality assurance or other factory monitoring or maintenance purposes. The overview images  1220  can be provided without further processing  1225  and/or the overview images  1220  can be streamed to a user  1230  (or otherwise stored in a data store for subsequent review or analysis). The overview inspection camera module  1205  can optionally include a control module  1220  that can, in response to remote commands (either automatic or use-generated), cause a focus attribute of the overview inspection camera module  1205  to change via software instructions (this can be accomplished by changing a focal distance of the corresponding optical element  1215 . The FOV of the overview inspection camera module  1205  can be such that it envelops the FOVs of the inspection camera module  1105   1 . . . n . This arrangement can be advantageous in that environmental or otherwise contextual information can be obtained by the overview inspection camera module  1205  which can be useful for quality assurance purposes. The raw image  1225  of the overview inspection camera module can optionally also be provided as another input to the switch  1130  and subsequently be used as the raw image provided to the vision processing pipeline,  215  in  FIG.  11    (not shown). 
       FIG.  13    is a diagram  1300  illustrating a variation in which there can be software-based triggers as will be described in further detail below. These software-based triggers can be used to obtain an exemplar image for an object (e.g., an image that optimally represents the object) or a set of images (i.e., a set of all unique frames, a set of frames meeting certain predefined object representation parameters, etc.) within a video feed for the object. With regard to the former software-based trigger, the image in which the object is optimally represented reflect aspects such as a most centered representation of the object across all images including the object, a sharpest representation of the object across all images including the object, a representation of the object having image properties closest to a set of reference images on which a quality assurance inspection tool was configured or trained, or other user-defined attributes. With regard to the latter software-based trigger, predefined object representation parameters can reflect aspects such as centeredness, trajectory, minimum object size, maximum object size, sharpness, similarity to preceding images in the feed of images (i.e., duplication /, color space, or other user-defined attributes. In some cases, multiple predefined object representation parameters can be used (e.g., in a logistic regression model or other scoring model) which together are used to identify images for inclusion. Both software-based triggers can use machine learning and/or computer vision algorithms in characterizing each image. 
     These software-triggers can be used in connection with physical triggers utilizing mechanical switches and/or optical components for object detection purposes. A software-based trigger module  1310  is logically represented in  FIG.  13    and can be algorithmically implemented utilizing multiple stages. The first stage can be a detector  1315 , which uses multiple algorithms and user-commanded settings as discussed below to determine which areas of the image may contain objects. The second stage can be a tracker  1320 , which takes the output of the detector  1315  as an input and determines when the detector  1315  is seeing a new item versus another frame of the same item. For each new item, a unique identifier (e.g., a monotonically increasing number, a pseudorandom number, a globally unique identifier (GUID), etc.) can be assigned to the object by the tracker  1320 , which can be utilized to track the object over time throughout the system. The output of the detector  1315  and the tracker  1320  can serve as inputs to the auto-trigger software module  1310 , which, depending on user-commanded settings and the state of the detector  1315  and tracker  1325 , decides which raw images,  215 , will be output as item images,  1355 . The item image output from the auto-trigger software module  1310  is then fed as the raw image input to the vision processing pipeline  220 . 
     The detector can use multiple algorithmic methods to serve the purposes described above. To account for the variations of objects that pass in front of the inspection camera module(s), the detector  1315  can cause an image to be binarized in which the white values indicate the pixels where an object was detected (the converse arrangement can also be implemented in which black values indicate where the object was detected). The detector  1315  can also include a salient object detector that is trained to indicate regions of the image that are more salient. In some variations, the salient object detector utilizes one or more foreground segmentation algorithms. The salient object detector can use a convolutional neural network (CNN) that produces a mask that indicates, via a probability on a per pixel basis, where the foreground objects are likely to be. The CNN can be trained on a dataset of thousands of objects with per pixel labels indicating where in the images the salient objects are located. The output of the model can be thresholded by the magnitude of the probability to go from a per-pixel probability mask to a binarized mask that can be fed into the later stages. The detector may also use a visual similarity score for the image, as discussed above, to determine which image of the item most closely matches the user configuration. 
     If the object that is being imaged has a consistent color and contrasts well with the background, hue saturation value (HSV) filtering can be used by the detector  1315  to set any pixels that fall in the predefined HSV range to white and set the remaining pixels to black. In addition, the detector  1315  can use a dense optical flow algorithm to quantify the motion between subsequent frames in a video sequence. The algorithm can use a CNN that accepts as input two image frames that form a sequence and produces an array indicating the motion between the two frames. The pixels in the output array correspond to a length  2  vector that indicates where the pixel in the first frame ended up moving to in the second frame. During the training procedure, the loss function encourages the neural network to learn a set of weights that minimizes the Euclidean distance between the outputs of the model and the ground truth optical flow. Since it is difficult to hand-label optical flow data, the algorithm is trained on a synthetic dataset of objects moving through space; since the starting and ending position of the synthetic objects are known, there exists ground truth data for where each pixel moved between the frames. In order to end up with a binarized mask, the output of the model is thresholded based on the length of the vector. This arrangement allows the smaller vectors that may have been produced by noise from the camera or optical flow model to be disregarded, and instead only consider significant motion in the scene. In addition to thresholding on vector length, a user supplied direction configuration parameter can be used to filter out any vectors in the model&#39;s output that are large in angular distance. 
     As mentioned above, the tracker  1320  can be used to track unique object instances across different frames. Such triggering is an optional step that depends on the user-commanded trigger mode. For example, the user can specify a “centered” trigger mode in which it is desired to only capture the single most centered frame for each object. The triggering can use the output of the detector and keep track of the centroid of each detected object throughout the frames. The basic logic is as follows: if the centroid in frame i+1 is very close in pixel distance to a centroid in frame i, it can be assumed that the centroids are of the same object instance. In addition to checking pixel distance, the trajectory of the object over time is monitored, rejecting any matches that do not create a smooth trajectory. When the estimated trajectory of an object goes outside of the bounds of the frame and it is no longer detected, and thus, should no longer be tracked. 
     Alternatively, the user can specify a “continuous” trigger mode, in which all frames in which the object appears can be captured and made available. This mode is useful to be able to only send images to the vision processing pipeline in which an object is present, and not provide images to the vision processing pipeline in which the object is not present. This mode can also optionally filter out images of the product which are similar to the previous image sent to the vision processing pipeline so as to reduce duplicate images if the product is not moving or changing. 
     In some variations, the inspection routine configuration  235  can include measures aimed at reducing false positives/negatives. For example, the user can command an inspection routine configuration  235  that can specify minimum/maximum object sizes and filter out any detected objects that fall outside these bounds. The user can also use a graphical user interface (GUI) in order to configure the expected direction in which items are expected to flow through the camera&#39;s field of view (FOV). The user interface (UI) for configuring this, can include an arrow which the user draws on a reference image to indicate the expected flow direction of objects. The software trigger module  1315 , in the triggering stage  1325 , can then read these user-commanded settings and filter out any items which the detector and tracker stages are indicating to not be moving within a delta of the user-commanded expected direction of motion. In addition, the inspection routine configuration  235  can be such that any analyses are constrained to a region of the frame (e.g., a region of interest, or ROI). The region of interest can be specified by the user in a user interface. The method by which the user sets the region of interest may be drawing a rectangle or other polygon on a reference image. Such a setting may allow a user to filter out motion or product in areas of the FOV of the camera which are not relevant to their desired product or inspection. 
     Referring again to  FIG.  13   , the raw image  215  is passed to both the detector  1315  and the trigger  1325 . The detector  1315  can use the raw image  215  to produce the binarized output which indicates where in the image, if at all an object was detected. The trigger  1325  can keep track of the raw image so that it can publish it in the event that the conditions for triggering are met. 
     Based on the detector mode (salient object detector, HSV, optical flow, etc.), a binarized output is produced by the detector  1315  and sent to both the tracker  1320  and the trigger  1325 . 
     The trigger mode determines if a tracker  1320  is required or not. In the case of the centered mode, the tracker  1320  is not needed to associate the coordinates of the objects found in the mask with objects found in previous frames. This data is sent to the trigger  1325 . 
       FIG.  14    is a diagram  1400  illustrating an architecture for characterizing aspects of the objects which utilizes, in combination, a first machine learning model  1410  which generates an output used (either without intermediate processing or, in some cases, with intermediate processing) by one or more image analysis inspection tools  1430 . In some variations, the first machine learning model  1410  can be trained or otherwise configured to create representations (e.g., embeddings, labels, attributes, etc.) of images provided by the vision processing pipeline  220  (and in some variations one or more of the first machine learning model  1410  and the one or more image analysis inspection tools  1430  can form part of the vision processing pipeline  220 ). With this architecture, execution of the first machine learning model  1410  can be more computationally expensive (e.g., 10×, etc.) than execution of the one or more image analysis inspection tools  1430 . This arrangement is due, in part, to the one or more image analysis inspection tools  1430  consuming representations  1420  of each image which are generated by the first machine learning model  1410 . In addition, in some variations, the inspection routine configuration  235  can be omitted. Further, in some variations, the first machine learning model  1410  does not need to be custom trained per use case, but rather, the first machine learning model  1410  can be standardized across multiple use cases. In contrast, the image analysis inspection tools  1430  may need to be trained/re-trained for a particular use case (especially those image analysis inspection tools incorporating machine learning models). 
     In some variations, there can be an ensemble of image analysis inspection tools  1430  which can each characterize a different aspect of the objects that might be relevant to quality assurance purposes as described above. In some cases, the representations are sent to each of the image analysis inspection tools  1430  in parallel (for concurrent characterization) while, in other cases, one or more of the image analysis inspection tools  1430  acts in a sequential manner. 
     In some variations, an attribute of the representations can be identified and used to select which of a subset of the image analysis inspection tools  1430  to utilize. Example image inspection analysis tools  240  can include an anomaly detector, a match classifier, an optical character recognition (OCR) tool and the like. Based on the type of object (e.g., product, etc.) passing in front of the inspection camera modules, the output of the first machine learning model  1410  will change detectably. The system can associate certain image inspection tools or routines with certain objects (i.e., products, etc.). Techniques can be used, such as K-means (or similar) clustering algorithms to characterize which images correspond to which product by in order to create a mapping between outputs of the first machine learning model  1410  (i.e., attributes of the image) and which object the representation corresponds to. Other potential techniques include multi-layer perceptron, logistic regression, K nearest neighbors and similar. Representations having certain attributes can then be selectively routed or otherwise consumed by a subset of the image analysis inspection tools  1430  (e.g., the image analysis inspection tools  1430  that are associated with those objects, etc.). As an example, when the objects are different object types, the image analysis inspection tools  1430  can include anomaly detectors that are trained or otherwise adapted for a different one of the types of objects. The output of the first machine learning model  1410  (i.e., the embedding, label, etc.) can be analyzed in order to determine which type of object was imaged so that the output can be delivered to the appropriate image analysis inspection tools  1430 . 
     The first machine learning model  1410  can take various forms including a vision transformer (sometimes referred to as ViT). The vision transformer can be trained using self-supervised learning on a large amount of visual data such that visually similar images have similar representations (i.e., embeddings, etc.). 
       FIG.  15    is a diagram  1500  that illustrates an example vision transformer in which an image  1510  is decomposed into a series of patches  1520 . This image  1510  may, for example, be subject to other pre-processing or other handling by other components including the vision processing pipeline  220 . The patches are then linearized to result in flattened patches  1530 . The vision transformer  1540  can then generate embeddings based on the flattened patches  1530 . These embeddings can, in some cases, preserve information about the individual patches as well as the location of such patches within the image prior to its decomposition. 
     The embeddings can be consumed by the image analysis inspection tool(s)  1430  which in this case, can include a multilayer perceptron  1540 . In variations in which the image inspection tool  1430  comprises a second machine learning model, such second machine learning model can take various forms including a neural network which can be compact in nature (other types of image analysis inspection tools  1430  can also be compact in nature). The neural network, in some variations, has 10 or fewer layers, while in other variations, the neural network has 5 or fewer layers, while in other variations, has only three layers while, at the same time, being able to generate accurate classification  1560  of the images. In experiments, it was found that the images could be analyzed by a series of image analysis inspection tools  1430  in less time than required by the first machine learning model  1410 . In some variations, the first machine learning model  1410  can be executed in shared code/space. One example of a shared code/space is the vision processing pipeline  220 . The image analysis inspection tool(s)  1430  can be executed by a computing device remote from the computing device executing the first machine learning model  1410 . In some variations, the image analysis inspection tool(s)  1430  form part of one or more of the image analysis inspection tools  240 . 
     The analysis by the image analysis inspection tool(s)  1430  can characterize various aspects of the objects passing in front of an inspection camera module. For example, the image analysis inspection tool(s)  1430  can automatically identify which of several different products are being produced at any given time. As another example, the image analysis inspection tool(s)  1430  can characterize whether the objects are defective (i.e., have a manufacturing defect, etc.). In some variations, the particular type of defect can also be identified (e.g., dented, cracked, poked, etc.). 
       FIG.  16    is a process flow diagram  1600  illustrating explainability and complementary information for video-based quality assurance inspection processes in which, at  1610 , a video processing pipeline receives data derived from a feed of images of a plurality of objects passing in front of an inspection camera module forming part of a quality assurance inspection system. Quality assurance metrics for the object are generated, at  1620 , by one or more containerized image analysis inspection tools forming part of the video processing pipeline using the received data for each object. Overlay images are later generated, at  1630 , that characterize the quality assurance metrics. These overlay images are combined, at  1640 , with the corresponding image of the object to generate an enhanced image of each of the objects. These enhanced images are provided, at  1650 , to a consuming application or process for quality assurance analysis 
       FIG.  17    is a process flow diagram  1700  illustrating an intelligent quality assurance and inspection device having multiple camera modules in which, at  1710 , each of a plurality of co-located inspection camera modules captures raw images of objects passing in front of the co-located inspection camera modules which form part of a quality assurance inspection system. The inspection camera modules have either a different image sensor or lens focal properties and generate different feeds of raw images. The co-located inspection camera modules can be selectively switched amongst, at  1720 , to activate the corresponding feed of raw images. The activated feed of raw images is provided, at  1730 , to a consuming application or process for quality assurance analysis. 
       FIG.  18    is a process flow diagram  1800  illustrating machine-learning based camera image triggering for quality assurance inspection processes in which, at  1810 , data is received that includes a feed of frames of a plurality of objects passing in front of an inspection camera module forming part of a quality assurance inspection system. Within each frame, at  1820 , it is detected whether an object is present within the frame. Later, at  1830 , instance identifiers are assigned to each object. A single frame is identified, at  1840 , in which the object is optimally represented for each object using the corresponding instance identifier. These identified frames are provided, at  1650 , to a consuming application or process for quality assurance analysis. 
       FIG.  19    is a process flow diagram illustrating machine-learning based continuous camera image triggering for quality assurance inspection processes in which, at  1910 , data is received that includes a feed of images of a plurality of objects passing in front of an inspection camera module forming part of a quality assurance inspection system. Thereafter, at  1920 , it is detected whether there is an object within each image. Based on this detection, at  1930 , images in which each object is detected that meet predefined object representation parameters are identified (on an object-by-object basis, etc.). The identified images are, at  1940 , provided to a consuming application or process for quality assurance analysis. 
     With reference to diagram  2000  of  FIG.  20   , data is received, at  2010 , that includes a feed of images of a plurality of objects passing in front of an inspection camera module forming part of a quality assurance inspection system. Thereafter, at  2020 , a representation is generated for each image using a first machine learning model. One or more second machine learning models are then used, at  2030 , to analyze each image using the corresponding representation. The analyses can be provided, at  2040 , to a consuming application or process for quality assurance analysis. 
     The representation can take various forms including one or more of an embedding, one or more labels (e.g., a set of labels characterizing the image), and/or one or more attributes (e.g., a set of attributes characterizing the image). 
     The first machine learning model can take various forms, including, in some variations, a vision transformer. The vision transformer can be trained using self-supervised learning that provides self-distillation with no labels (DINO). 
     At least a portion of the one or more second machine learning models can comprise neural networks. These neural networks can be compact in nature having, for example, five or fewer layers in some implementations, and three layers in other implementations. Various neural networks can be utilized including a multilayer perceptron. 
     The representation can be constrained within a region of interest of each image. 
     The one or more second machine learning models can include an ensemble of different image analysis inspection tools each trained to characterize a different aspect of the objects. In other variations, there can be an ensemble of different image analysis inspection tools each trained to characterize a same aspect of the objects. 
     The representation can be selectively provided to a subset of the ensemble of different image analysis inspection tools based on an attribute of the representation. 
     The generation of the representation by the first machine learning model can be more computationally expensive than the analysis by the one or more second machine learning models. 
     With reference to diagram  2100  of  FIG.  21   , at  2110 , data is received that includes a feed of images of a plurality of objects passing in front of an inspection camera module forming part of a quality assurance inspection system. Thereafter, at  2120 , a machine learning model is used to generate a representation of each image. These representations are analyzed, at  2130 , to determine a type of object captured in the corresponding image. This analysis can be provided, at  2140 , to a consuming application or process for quality assurance analysis. 
     The representation can take various forms including, for example, an embedding or modified version of the corresponding image. 
     The consuming application can be one or more image analysis inspection tools. In some cases, there are numerous available image analysis inspection tools that can be executed. In such variations, the type of object can be used to identify a subset of available image analysis inspection tools which are associated with the type of object. Thereafter, the representation and/or the corresponding image for the object can be analyzed using the identified subset of available image analysis inspection tools. With this arrangement, available image analysis inspection tools that do not form part of the subset are not used to analyze the corresponding image. The subset of available image analysis inspection tools can be identified using an inspection routine configuration corresponding to the type of object. 
     One or more of the image analysis inspection tools can utilize a second machine learning different than the machine learning model used to generate the representations. At least one of the image inspection analysis tools can detect and quantify a value in a barcode on an outer surface of the corresponding object. At least one of the image inspection analysis tools can utilize optical character recognition (OCR) to detect and quantify text on an outer surface of the corresponding object. At least one of the image inspection analysis tools can analyze colors of the corresponding object in order to determine whether such object has defective coloring. 
     A tally for a total number of each type of object passing in front of the inspection camera module can be generated based on the generated representations. 
     The machine learning model can take various forms including a vision transformer. 
     The vision transformer can be trained using self-supervised learning that provides self-distillation with no labels (DINO). 
     At least a portion of the one or more second machine learning models comprise neural networks. The neural networks can be compact in nature (e.g., have five or fewer layers, have three layers, etc.). The neural networks can include a multilayer perceptron. 
     The representations can each be constrained within a region of interest of each image. 
     The one or more second machine learning models can include an ensemble of different image analysis inspection tools each trained to characterize a different aspect of the objects. 
     The representation can be selectively provided to a subset of the ensemble of different image analysis inspection tools based on an attribute of the representation. In other variations, the one or more second machine learning models comprise an ensemble of different image analysis inspection tools each trained to characterize a same aspect of the objects. 
     The generation of the representation by the first machine learning model is more computationally expensive than the analysis by the one or more second machine learning models. 
     In some variations, the machine learning model comprises a computer vision algorithm (which can characterize attributes of the images) and/or a classifier (which can associate one or more labels with the images). 
     In some variations, the representation is generated using a computer vision algorithm (which may not necessarily utilize machine learning). In such a variation, the representations can be analyzed to determine a type of object captured in the corresponding image. The analyses can be provided to a consuming application or process for quality assurance analysis. The computer vision algorithm can characterize one or more attributes of the corresponding image when generating the representation. Example attributes include one or more of edges, pixels, or color values. 
     In some variations, data is received that includes a feed of images of a plurality of products passing in front of an inspection camera module forming part of a quality assurance inspection system. The products have differing types (e.g., size, contents, visual indicators, etc.). A machine learning model then generates a representation of each image. These representations are analyzed in order to determine a type of product captured in the corresponding image. An inspection routine configuration associated with the product type is then accessed. Thereafter, the representations and/or the images are provided to one or more image analysis inspection tools that are specified in the inspection routine configuration. Subsequently, results from the one or more image analysis inspection tools can be provided to a consuming application or process for quality assurance analysis. 
     In other variations, data is provided which comprises a feed of images of a plurality of products passing in front of an inspection camera module forming part of a quality assurance inspection system, the products having differing types. The products have differing types (e.g., size, contents, visual indicators, etc.). A machine learning model then generates a representation of each image. These representations are analyzed in order to determine a type of product captured in the corresponding image. Upon determining that a first type of product is captured in an image, a first inspection routine configuration associated with the first type of product is accessed. Thereafter, the representations and/or the images of the product having a first type are provided to one or more first image analysis inspection tools specified in the first inspection routine configuration. Upon detecting that a second type of product is captured in an image (indicating a product changeover), a second inspection routine configuration associated with the second type of product is accessed. The representations or the images of the products having the second type are provided to one or more second image analysis inspection tools specified in the second inspection routine configuration. The first image analysis inspection tools are different from the second image analysis inspection tools. Results from the image analysis inspection tools can be provided to a consuming application or process for quality assurance analysis. 
       FIG.  22    is a diagram  2200  illustrating a sample computing device architecture for implementing various aspects described herein in which certain components can be omitted depending on the application. A bus  2204  can serve as the information highway interconnecting the other illustrated components of the hardware. A processing system  2208  labeled CPU (central processing unit) (e.g., one or more computer processors/data processors at a given computer or at multiple computers) and/or a GPU-based processing system  2210  can perform calculations and logic operations required to execute a program. A non-transitory processor-readable storage medium, such as read only memory (ROM)  2212  and random access memory (RAM)  2216 , can be in communication with the processing system  2208  and can include one or more programming instructions for the operations specified here. Optionally, program instructions can be stored on a non-transitory computer-readable storage medium such as a magnetic disk, optical disk, recordable memory device, flash memory, or other physical storage medium. 
     In one example, a disk controller  2248  can interface with one or more optional disk drives to the system bus  2204 . These disk drives can be external or internal floppy disk drives such as  2260 , external or internal CD-ROM, CD-R, CD-RW or DVD, or solid state drives such as  2252 , or external or internal hard drives  2256 . As indicated previously, these various disk drives  2252 ,  2256 ,  2260  and disk controllers are optional devices. The system bus  2204  can also include at least one communication port  2220  to allow for communication with external devices either physically connected to the computing system or available externally through a wired or wireless network. In some cases, the at least one communication port  2220  includes or otherwise comprises a network interface. 
     To provide for interaction with a user, the subject matter described herein can be implemented on a computing device having a display device  2240  (e.g., a CRT (cathode ray tube) or LCD (liquid crystal display) monitor) for displaying information obtained from the bus  2204  via a display interface  2214  to the user and an input device  2232  such as keyboard and/or a pointing device (e.g., a mouse or a trackball) and/or a touchscreen by which the user can provide input to the computer. Other kinds of input devices  2232  can be used to provide for interaction with a user as well; for example, feedback provided to the user can be any form of sensory feedback (e.g., visual feedback, auditory feedback by way of a microphone  2236 , or tactile feedback); and input from the user can be received in any form, including acoustic, speech, or tactile input. The input device  2232  and the microphone  2236  can be coupled to and convey information via the bus  2204  by way of an input device interface  2228 . Other computing devices, such as dedicated servers, can omit one or more of the display  2240  and display interface  2214 , the input device  2232 , the microphone  2236 , and input device interface  2228 . 
     One or more aspects or features of the subject matter described herein can be realized in digital electronic circuitry, integrated circuitry, specially designed application specific integrated circuits (ASICs), field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs) computer hardware, firmware, software, and/or combinations thereof. These various aspects or features can include implementation in one or more computer programs that are executable and/or interpretable on a programmable system including at least one programmable processor, which can be special or general purpose, coupled to receive data and instructions from, and to transmit data and instructions to, a storage system, at least one input device, and at least one output device. The programmable system or computing system may include clients and servers. A client and server are generally remote from each other and typically interact through a communication network. The relationship of client and server arises by virtue of computer programs running on the respective computers and having a client-server relationship to each other. 
     These computer programs, which can also be referred to as programs, software, software applications, applications, components, or code, include machine instructions for a programmable processor, and can be implemented in a high-level procedural language, an object-oriented programming language, a functional programming language, a logical programming language, and/or in assembly/machine language. As used herein, the term “machine-readable medium” refers to any computer program product, apparatus and/or device, such as for example magnetic discs, optical disks, memory, and Programmable Logic Devices (PLDs), used to provide machine instructions and/or data to a programmable processor, including a machine-readable medium that receives machine instructions as a machine-readable signal. The term “machine-readable signal” refers to any signal used to provide machine instructions and/or data to a programmable processor. The machine-readable medium can store such machine instructions non-transitorily, such as for example as would a non-transient solid-state memory or a magnetic hard drive or any equivalent storage medium. The machine-readable medium can alternatively or additionally store such machine instructions in a transient manner, such as for example as would a processor cache or other random access memory associated with one or more physical processor cores. 
     In the descriptions above and in the claims, phrases such as “at least one of” or “one or more of” may occur followed by a conjunctive list of elements or features. The term “and/or” may also occur in a list of two or more elements or features. Unless otherwise implicitly or explicitly contradicted by the context in which it is used, such a phrase is intended to mean any of the listed elements or features individually or any of the recited elements or features in combination with any of the other recited elements or features. For example, the phrases “at least one of A and B;” “one or more of A and B;” and “A and/or B” are each intended to mean “A alone, B alone, or A and B together.” A similar interpretation is also intended for lists including three or more items. For example, the phrases “at least one of A, B, and C;” “one or more of A, B, and C;” and “A, B, and/or C” are each intended to mean “A alone, B alone, C alone, A and B together, A and C together, B and C together, or A and B and C together.” In addition, use of the term “based on,” above and in the claims is intended to mean, “based at least in part on,” such that an unrecited feature or element is also permissible. 
     The subject matter described herein can be embodied in systems, apparatus, methods, and/or articles depending on the desired configuration. The implementations set forth in the foregoing description do not represent all implementations consistent with the subject matter described herein. Instead, they are merely some examples consistent with aspects related to the described subject matter. Although a few variations have been described in detail above, other modifications or additions are possible. In particular, further features and/or variations can be provided in addition to those set forth herein. For example, the implementations described above can be directed to various combinations and subcombinations of the disclosed features and/or combinations and subcombinations of several further features disclosed above. In addition, the logic flows depicted in the accompanying figures and/or described herein do not necessarily require the particular order shown, or sequential order, to achieve desirable results. Other implementations may be within the scope of the following claims.