Patent Publication Number: US-2015076470-A1

Title: Luminescent Cyclometallated Iridium (III) Complexes Having Acetylide Ligands

Description:
REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This application claims priority to U.S. Provisional Application No. 61/359,118, filed Jun. 28, 2010, the content of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. 
    
    
     GOVERNMENT RIGHTS 
     The present invention was made under Department of Energy Grant No. DE-FC26-08NT01585. The government may have certain rights to the subject invention. 
    
    
     RESEARCH AGREEMENTS 
     The claimed invention was made by, on behalf of, and/or in connection with one or more of the following parties to a joint university corporation research agreement: Regents of the University of Michigan, Princeton University, the University of Southern California, and the Universal Display Corporation. The agreement was in effect on and before the date the claimed invention was made, and the claimed invention was made as a result of activities undertaken within the scope of the agreement. 
     FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention relates to phosphorescent (triplet-emitting) organometallic materials. The phosphorescent materials of the present invention comprise Ir(III)cyclometallated alkynyl systems for use as triplet emitting dopants in organic light emitting diodes (OLEDs), contrast agent, oxygen sensing and related applications. 
     BACKGROUND 
     Opto-electronic devices that make use of organic materials are becoming increasingly desirable for a number of reasons. Many of the materials used to make such devices are relatively inexpensive, so organic opto-electronic devices have the potential for cost advantages over inorganic devices. In addition, the inherent properties of organic materials, such as their flexibility, may make them well suited for particular applications such as fabrication on a flexible substrate. Examples of organic opto-electronic devices include organic light emitting devices (OLEDs), organic phototransistors, organic photovoltaic cells, and organic photodetectors. For OLEDs, the organic materials may have performance advantages over conventional materials. For example, the wavelength at which an organic emissive layer emits light may generally be readily tuned with appropriate dopants. 
     OLEDs make use of thin organic films that emit light when voltage is applied across the device. OLEDs are becoming an increasingly interesting technology for use in applications such as flat panel displays, illumination, and backlighting. Several OLED materials and configurations are described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,844,363, 6,303,238, and 5,707,745, which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. 
     One application for phosphorescent emissive molecules is a full color display. Industry standards for such a display call for pixels adapted to emit particular colors, referred to as “saturated” colors. In particular, these standards call for saturated red, green, and blue pixels. Color may be measured using CIE coordinates, which are well known to the art. 
     One example of a green emissive molecule is tris(2-phenylpyridine) iridium, denoted Ir(ppy) 3 , which has the structure: 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     In this, and later figures herein, we depict the dative bond from nitrogen to metal (here, Ir) as a straight line. 
     As used herein, the term “organic” includes polymeric materials as well as small molecule organic materials that may be used to fabricate organic opto-electronic devices. “Small molecule” refers to any organic material or organometallic material that is not a polymer, and “small molecules” may actually be quite large. Small molecules may include repeat units in some circumstances. For example, using a long chain alkyl group as a substituent does not remove a molecule from the “small molecule” class. Small molecules may also be incorporated into polymers, for example as a pendent group on a polymer backbone or as a part of the backbone. Small molecules may also serve as the core moiety of a dendrimer, which consists of a series of chemical shells built on the core moiety. A dendrimer may be a “small molecule,” and it is believed that all dendrimers currently used in the field of OLEDs are small molecules. 
     As used herein, “top” means furthest away from the substrate, while “bottom” means closest to the substrate. Where a first layer is described as “disposed over” a second layer, the first layer is disposed further away from substrate. There may be other layers between the first and second layer, unless it is specified that the first layer is “in contact with” the second layer. For example, a cathode may be described as “disposed over” an anode, even though there are various organic layers in between. 
     As used herein, “solution processible” means capable of being dissolved, dispersed, or transported in and/or deposited from a liquid medium, either in solution or suspension form. 
     A ligand may be referred to as “photoactive” when it is believed that the ligand directly contributes to the photoactive properties of an emissive material. A ligand may be referred to as “ancillary” when it is believed that the ligand does not contribute to the photoactive properties of an emissive material, although an ancillary ligand may alter the properties of a photoactive ligand. 
     As used herein, and as would be generally understood by one skilled in the art, a first “Highest Occupied Molecular Orbital” (HOMO) or “Lowest Unoccupied Molecular Orbital” (LUMO) energy level is “greater than” or “higher than” a second HOMO or LUMO energy level if the first energy level is closer to the vacuum energy level. Since ionization potentials (IP) are measured as a negative energy relative to a vacuum level, a higher HOMO energy level corresponds to an IP having a smaller absolute value (an IP that is less negative). Similarly, a higher LUMO energy level corresponds to an electron affinity (EA) having a smaller absolute value (an EA that is less negative). On a conventional energy level diagram, with the vacuum level at the top, the LUMO energy level of a material is higher than the HOMO energy level of the same material. A “higher” HOMO or LUMO energy level appears closer to the top of such a diagram than a “lower” HOMO or LUMO energy level. 
     As used herein, and as would be generally understood by one skilled in the art, a first work function is “greater than” or “higher than” a second work function if the first work function has a higher absolute value. Because work functions are generally measured as negative numbers relative to vacuum level, this means that a “higher” work function is more negative. On a conventional energy level diagram, with the vacuum level at the top, a “higher” work function is illustrated as further away from the vacuum level in the downward direction. Thus, the definitions of HOMO and LUMO energy levels follow a different convention than work functions. 
     More details on OLEDs, and the definitions described above, can be found in U.S. Pat. No. 7,279,704, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     Phosphorescent (triplet-emitting) organometallic materials are provided. The phosphorescent materials of the present invention comprise Ir(III)cyclometallated alkynyl systems for use as triplet emitting dopants in organic light emitting diodes (OLEDs), contrast agent, oxygen sensing and related applications. 
     In preferred aspects of the invention, the triplet-emitting material is a compound having the formula I: 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     wherein:
 
X 1 ̂X 2  is a substituted or unsubstituted bidentate cyclometallated aromatic ligand;
 
X 1  and X 2  are independently selected from C and N;
 
Z is an acetylide ligand having the structure:
         —C≡C—R 1 , —C≡C—(C≡C) x —R 1 , —C≡C-(A-C≡C) y —R 1 ,
 
each R 1  is independently selected from the group consisting of H, alkyl, cycloalkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkenyl, aryl, heteroaryl, Si(R 2 ) 3 , M(L) z , and a heterocyclic group, each of which may be substituted or unsubstituted;
 
each x is independently selected from 0-5;
 
each y is independently selected from 0-5;
 
each R 2  is independently selected from H, alkyl, cycloalkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkenyl, aryl, heteroaryl, and a heterocyclic group;
 
M is a metal atom;
 
L is a mono-, bi- or tridentate ligand;
 
z is 0-5;
 
A is aryl or heteroaryl;
 
Y is a monodentate ancillary ligand;
 
additionally or alternatively, X and Y, two X ligands, and/or two Y ligands may be connected by a bridging moiety;
 
a is 1, 2, 3, or 4;
 
b is 0, 1, 2, or 3;
 
n is 1 or 2;
 
the sum of a+b+n is 4 or 5; and
 
Cat is an optional cation the charge of which provides a net neutral charge for formula I.
       

     Also provided is an organic light emitting device comprising an anode, a cathode and an emissive layer between the anode and the cathode, wherein the emissive layer comprises a compound of the formula I. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         FIG. 1  shows an organic light emitting device. 
         FIG. 2  shows an inverted organic light emitting device that does not have a separate electron transport layer. 
         FIG. 3  shows the chemical structures of Iridium (III) complexes with labels. 
         FIG. 4  shows the X-ray crystal structure of Ir(ppy) 2 (CNtBu)(CCPheneatr) (ORTEP view). 
         FIG. 5  shows the X-ray crystal structure of Ir(ppz) 2 (CNtBu)(CCPh) (ORTEP view). 
         FIG. 6  shows the  1 H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl 3 , ppm) for Ir(ppz) 2 (CNtBu)Cl. 
         FIG. 7  shows the  1 H NMR (400 MHz, CD 3 CN, ppm) (A) and the  19 F NMR (376 MHz, CD 3 CN, ppm) (B) for Ir(ppz) 2 (CNtBu)OTf. 
         FIG. 8  shows the  1 H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl 3 , ppm) for Ir(ppy) 2 (CNtBu)Cl. 
         FIG. 9  shows the  1 H NMR (400 MHz, CD 3 CN, ppm) (A) and the  19 F NMR (376 MHz, CD 3 CN, ppm) for Ir(ppy) 2 (CNtBu)OTf. 
         FIG. 10  shows absorption (acetonitrile), excitation and emission (2MeTHF, 77K) spectra of Ir(ppz) 2 (CNtBu)(CCPh). 
         FIG. 11  shows the LCMS (C18, acetonitrile:H 2 O, 80:20 to 90:10; ESI+) for Ir(ppz) 2 (CNtBu)(CCPh). 
         FIG. 12  shows the absorption (acetonitrile) and emission (toluene, room temperature; 2MeTHF, 77K) spectra of Ir(ppz) 2 (CNtBu)(CCPh). 
         FIG. 13  shows the LCMS (C18, acetonitrile:H 2 O, 80:20 to 90:10; ESI+) for Ir(ppy) 2 (CNtBu)(CCPh). 
         FIG. 14  shows absorption (acetonitrile), excitation and emission (2MeTHF, 77K) spectra of Ir(ppy) 2 (CNtBu)(CCPheneatr). 
         FIG. 15  shows the LCMS (C18, acetonitrile:H 2 O, 80:20 to 90:10; ESI+) of Ir(ppy) 2 (CNtBu)(CCPheneatr). 
         FIG. 16  shows the LCMS (C18, acetonitrile:H 2 O, 80:20 to 90:10; ESI+,−) for Ir(ppy) 2 (CCPh) 2 Li. 
         FIG. 17  shows the UV Absorption (Acetonitrile) of Ir(ppy) 2 (CCPh) 2 Li. 
         FIG. 18  shows the absorption (acetonitrile) and emission (2MeTHF, 77K; toluene, room temp.) spectra of Ir(ppz) 2 (CNtBu)(CCPheneatr). 
         FIG. 19  shows the LCMS (C8, acetonitrile:H 2 O, 80:20; ESI+) for Ir(ppz) 2 (CNtBu)(CCPheneatr). 
         FIG. 20  shows the brightness vs. voltage for devices having the structure ITO/PVK/CBP(Ir complex 8% w/w)/BCP(400 Å)/LiF(10 Å)/Al in which the Ir complex is Ir(ppy) 2 (CNtBu)(CCPheneatr), Ir(ppz) 2 (CNtBu)(CCPheneatr) or Ir(ppy) 3 . 
         FIG. 21  shows current density vs. voltage for devices having the structure ITO/PVK/CBP(Ir complex 8% w/w)/BCP(400 Å)/LiF(10 Å)/Al in which the Ir complex is Ir(ppy) 2 (CNtBu)(CCPheneatr), Ir(ppz) 2 (CNtBu)(CCPheneatr) or Ir(ppy) 3 . 
         FIG. 22  shows the quantum efficiency vs. current density for devices having the structure ITO/PVK/CBP(Ir complex 8% w/w)/BCP(400 Å)/LiF(10 Å)/Al in which the Ir complex is Ir(ppy) 2 (CNtBu)(CCPheneatr), Ir(ppz) 2 (CNtBu)(CCPheneatr) or Ir(ppy) 3 . 
         FIG. 23  shows the electroluminescent emission at 30V for devices having the structure ITO/PVK/CBP(Ir complex 8% w/w)/BCP(400 Å)/LiF(10 Å)/Al in which the Ir complex is Ir(ppy) 2 (CNtBu)(CCPheneatr), Ir(ppz) 2 (CNtBu)(CCPheneatr) or Ir(ppy) 3 . 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     Generally, an OLED comprises at least one organic layer disposed between and electrically connected to an anode and a cathode. When a current is applied, the anode injects holes and the cathode injects electrons into the organic layer(s). The injected holes and electrons each migrate toward the oppositely charged electrode. When an electron and hole localize on the same molecule, an “exciton,” which is a localized electron-hole pair having an excited energy state, is formed. Light is emitted when the exciton relaxes via a photoemissive mechanism. In some cases, the exciton may be localized on an excimer or an exciplex. Non-radiative mechanisms, such as thermal relaxation, may also occur, but are generally considered undesirable. 
     The initial OLEDs used emissive molecules that emitted light from their singlet states (“fluorescence”) as disclosed, for example, in U.S. Pat. No. 4,769,292, which is incorporated by reference in its entirety. Fluorescent emission generally occurs in a time frame of less than 10 nanoseconds. 
     More recently, OLEDs having emissive materials that emit light from triplet states (“phosphorescence”) have been demonstrated. Baldo et al., “Highly Efficient Phosphorescent Emission from Organic Electroluminescent Devices,” Nature, vol. 395, 151-154, 1998; (“Baldo-I”) and Baldo et al., “Very high-efficiency green organic light-emitting devices based on electrophosphorescence,” Appl. Phys. Lett., vol. 75, No. 3, 4-6 (1999) (“Baldo-II”), which are incorporated by reference in their entireties. Phosphorescence is described in more detail in U.S. Pat. No. 7,279,704 at cols. 5-6, which are incorporated by reference. 
       FIG. 1  shows an organic light emitting device  100 . The figures are not necessarily drawn to scale. Device  100  may include a substrate  110 , an anode  115 , a hole injection layer  120 , a hole transport layer  125 , an electron blocking layer  130 , an emissive layer  135 , a hole blocking layer  140 , an electron transport layer  145 , an electron injection layer  150 , a protective layer  155 , and a cathode  160 . Cathode  160  is a compound cathode having a first conductive layer  162  and a second conductive layer  164 . Device  100  may be fabricated by depositing the layers described, in order. The properties and functions of these various layers, as well as example materials, are described in more detail in U.S. Pat. No. 7,279,704 at cols. 6-10, which are incorporated by reference. 
     More examples for each of these layers are available. For example, a flexible and transparent substrate-anode combination is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,844,363, which is incorporated by reference in its entirety. An example of a p-doped hole transport layer is m-MTDATA doped with F.sub.4-TCNQ at a molar ratio of 50:1, as disclosed in U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2003/0230980, which is incorporated by reference in its entirety. Examples of emissive and host materials are disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,303,238 to Thompson et al., which is incorporated by reference in its entirety. An example of an n-doped electron transport layer is BPhen doped with Li at a molar ratio of 1:1, as disclosed in U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2003/0230980, which is incorporated by reference in its entirety. U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,703,436 and 5,707,745, which are incorporated by reference in their entireties, disclose examples of cathodes including compound cathodes having a thin layer of metal such as Mg:Ag with an overlying transparent, electrically-conductive, sputter-deposited ITO layer. The theory and use of blocking layers is described in more detail in U.S. Pat. No. 6,097,147 and U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2003/0230980, which are incorporated by reference in their entireties. Examples of injection layers are provided in U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2004/0174116, which is incorporated by reference in its entirety. A description of protective layers may be found in U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2004/0174116, which is incorporated by reference in its entirety. 
       FIG. 2  shows an inverted OLED  200 . The device includes a substrate  210 , a cathode  215 , an emissive layer  220 , a hole transport layer  225 , and an anode  230 . Device  200  may be fabricated by depositing the layers described, in order. Because the most common OLED configuration has a cathode disposed over the anode, and device  200  has cathode  215  disposed under anode  230 , device  200  may be referred to as an “inverted” OLED. Materials similar to those described with respect to device  100  may be used in the corresponding layers of device  200 .  FIG. 2  provides one example of how some layers may be omitted from the structure of device  100 . 
     The simple layered structure illustrated in  FIGS. 1 and 2  is provided by way of non-limiting example, and it is understood that embodiments of the invention may be used in connection with a wide variety of other structures. The specific materials and structures described are exemplary in nature, and other materials and structures may be used. Functional OLEDs may be achieved by combining the various layers described in different ways, or layers may be omitted entirely, based on design, performance, and cost factors. Other layers not specifically described may also be included. Materials other than those specifically described may be used. Although many of the examples provided herein describe various layers as comprising a single material, it is understood that combinations of materials, such as a mixture of host and dopant, or more generally a mixture, may be used. Also, the layers may have various sublayers. The names given to the various layers herein are not intended to be strictly limiting. For example, in device  200 , hole transport layer  225  transports holes and injects holes into emissive layer  220 , and may be described as a hole transport layer or a hole injection layer. In one embodiment, an OLED may be described as having an “organic layer” disposed between a cathode and an anode. This organic layer may comprise a single layer, or may further comprise multiple layers of different organic materials as described, for example, with respect to  FIGS. 1 and 2 . 
     Structures and materials not specifically described may also be used, such as OLEDs comprised of polymeric materials (PLEDs) such as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,247,190 to Friend et al., which is incorporated by reference in its entirety. By way of further example, OLEDs having a single organic layer may be used. OLEDs may be stacked, for example as described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,707,745 to Forrest et al, which is incorporated by reference in its entirety. The OLED structure may deviate from the simple layered structure illustrated in  FIGS. 1 and 2 . For example, the substrate may include an angled reflective surface to improve out-coupling, such as a mesa structure as described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,091,195 to Forrest et al., and/or a pit structure as described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,834,893 to Bulovic et al., which are incorporated by reference in their entireties. 
     Unless otherwise specified, any of the layers of the various embodiments may be deposited by any suitable method. For the organic layers, preferred methods include thermal evaporation, ink-jet, such as described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,013,982 and 6,087,196, which are incorporated by reference in their entireties, organic vapor phase deposition (OVPD), such as described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,337,102 to Forrest et al., which is incorporated by reference in its entirety, and deposition by organic vapor jet printing (OVJP), such as described in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/233,470, which is incorporated by reference in its entirety. Other suitable deposition methods include spin coating and other solution based processes. Solution based processes are preferably carried out in nitrogen or an inert atmosphere. For the other layers, preferred methods include thermal evaporation. Preferred patterning methods include deposition through a mask, cold welding such as described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,294,398 and 6,468,819, which are incorporated by reference in their entireties, and patterning associated with some of the deposition methods such as ink-jet and OVJD. Other methods may also be used. The materials to be deposited may be modified to make them compatible with a particular deposition method. For example, substituents such as alkyl and aryl groups, branched or unbranched, and preferably containing at least 3 carbons, may be used in small molecules to enhance their ability to undergo solution processing. Substituents having 20 carbons or more may be used, and 3-20 carbons is a preferred range. Materials with asymmetric structures may have better solution processibility than those having symmetric structures, because asymmetric materials may have a lower tendency to recrystallize. Dendrimer substituents may be used to enhance the ability of small molecules to undergo solution processing. 
     Devices fabricated in accordance with embodiments of the invention may be incorporated into a wide variety of consumer products, including flat panel displays, computer monitors, televisions, billboards, lights for interior or exterior illumination and/or signaling, heads up displays, fully transparent displays, flexible displays, laser printers, telephones, cell phones, personal digital assistants (PDAs), laptop computers, digital cameras, camcorders, viewfinders, micro-displays, vehicles, a large area wall, theater or stadium screen, or a sign. Various control mechanisms may be used to control devices fabricated in accordance with the present invention, including passive matrix and active matrix. Many of the devices are intended for use in a temperature range comfortable to humans, such as 18 degrees C. to 30 degrees C., and more preferably at room temperature (20-25 degrees C.). 
     The materials and structures described herein may have applications in devices other than OLEDs. For example, other optoelectronic devices such as organic solar cells and organic photodetectors may employ the materials and structures. More generally, organic devices, such as organic transistors, may employ the materials and structures. 
     The terms halo, halogen, alkyl, cycloalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aralkyl, heterocyclic group, aryl, aromatic group, and heteroaryl are known to the art, and are defined in U.S. Pat. No. 7,279,704 at cols. 31-32, which are incorporated herein by reference. 
     The devices of the invention have an emissive layer comprising a phosphorescent (triplet-emitting) organometallic material. At least one of the phosphorescent materials in the emissive layer is an Ir(III)cyclometallated alkynyl system. The Ir(III)cyclometallated alkynyl complexes comprise at least one cyclometallating ligand. The cyclometallating ligand is preferably aromatic, with the bonds between the iridium directly to one or more aromatic rings of which the cyclometallating ligand is comprised. The cyclometallating ligand also is preferably bidentate. In preferred embodiments, at least one of the bonds to the cyclometallating ligand is a carbon-iridium bond. The second bond to the cyclometallating ligand may be through a second carbon-iridium bond or through a bond between a heteroatom and the iridium. In particularly preferred embodiments the heteroatom is nitrogen. Thus, in some preferred embodiments, the iridium is bonded to the cyclometallating ligand through a carbon-iridium bond and a nitrogen-iridium bond. The substructure may be represented as: 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     In the above figure, X 1 ̂X 2  is a substituted or unsubstituted bidentate cyclometallating ligand. It is preferred that X 1 , X 2 , or most preferably both, are a member of an aromatic ring. In preferred embodiments, X 1  and X 2  are independently selected from C and N. 
     The bidentate cyclometallating ligand may have the following structure: 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     Rings A and B are independently aromatic rings or a fused aromatic rings that bond to the iridium through X 1  and X 2 . X 1  and X 2  are independently selected from C and N. W is selected from nitrogen and carbon. The dotted lines represent optional double bonds. The rings can be optionally substituted. Optional substituents on the rings include alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aralkyl, CN, CF 3 , NR 2 , NO 2 , OR, halo, and aryl, wherein R is H, alkyl or aryl. 
     In certain embodiments in which the cyclometallating ligand is a bidentate ligand that is bound to the iridium through a carbon-metal bond and a nitrogen-metal bond to form a cyclometallated ring, cyclometallating ligand may have the following structure: 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     Ring A′ is an aromatic heterocyclic ring or a fused aromatic heterocyclic ring with at least one nitrogen atom that coordinates to iridium. W is selected from carbon or nitrogen. Ring B′ is a phenyl group that is bonded to the iridium through a carbon atom, and which may additionally be a member of a fused aromatic ring system. The rings can be optionally substituted. Optional substituents on the rings include alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aralkyl, CN, CF 3 , NR 2 , NO 2 , OR, halo, and aryl, wherein R is H, alkyl or aryl. 
     Representative cyclometallating ligands include: 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     The above cyclometallating ligands may be optionally substituted. Optional substituents on the rings include of alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aralkyl, CN, CF 3 , NR 2 , NO 2 , OR, halo, and aryl. X is NR, SiR 2 , S and O. R is H, alkyl or aryl. 
     The Ir(III)cyclometallated alkynyl complexes also comprise at least one bond to an acetylide ligand. The acetylide ligand is bonded to the iridium in the Ir(III)cyclometallated alkynyl complex through an acetylide carbon to provide the substructure Ir—C≡C—R 1 . 
     The Ir(III)cyclometallated alkynyl complexes may also comprise an ancillary ligand to fill the coordination sphere of the iridium center. These ligands are referred to as “ancillary” because it is believed that they may modify the photoactive properties of the molecule, as opposed to directly contributing to the photoactive properties. The definitions of photoactive and ancillary are intended as non-limiting theories. The ancillary ligands may be selected from those disclosed in the following references: 
     U.S. Pat. Application Publ. No. 2002-0034656 (K&amp;K 10020/15303), FIGS. 11-50, U.S. Pat. Application Publ. No. 2003-0072964 (Thompson et al.), paragraphs 7-132; and FIGS. 1-8; U.S. Pat. Application Publ. No. 2002-0182441 (Lamansky et al.), paragraphs 13-165, including FIGS. 1-9(g); U.S. Pat. No. 6,420,057 B1 (Ueda et al.), col. 1, line 57, through col. 88, line 17, including each compound I-1 through XXIV-12; U.S. Pat. No. 6,383,666 B1 (Kim et al.), col. 2, line 9, through col. 21, lin3 67; U.S. Pat. Application Publ. No. 2001-0015432 A1 (Igarashi et al.), paragraphs 2-57, including compounds (1-1) through (1-30); U.S. Pat. Application Publ. No. 2001-0019782 A1 (Igarashi et al.), paragraphs 13-126, including compounds (1-1) through (1-70), and (2-1) through (2-20); U.S. Pat. Application Publ. No. 2002-0024293 (Igarashi et al.), paragraphs 7-95, including general formulas K-I through K-VI, and example compounds (K-1) through (K-25); U.S. Pat. Application Publ. No. 2002-0048689 A1 (Igarashi et al.), paragraphs 5-134, including compounds 1-81, and example compounds (1-1) through (1-81); U.S. Pat. Application Publ. No. 2002-0063516 (Tsuboyama et al.), paragraphs 31-161, including each compound 1-16; U.S. Pat. Application Publ. No. 2003-0068536 (Tsuboyama et al.), paragraphs 31-168, including each compound in Tables 1-17, corresponds to EP-1-239-526-A2; U.S. Pat. Application Publ. No. 2003-0091862 (Tokito et al.), paragraphs 10-190, including each compound in Tables 1-17, corresponds to EP-1-239-526-A2; U.S. Pat. Application Publ. No. 2003-0096138 (Lecloux et al.), paragraphs 8-124, including FIGS. 1-5; U.S. Pat. Application Publ. No. 2002-0190250 (Grushin et al.), paragraphs 9-191; U.S. Pat. Application Publ. No. 2002-0121638 (Grushin et al.), paragraphs 8-125; U.S. Pat. Application Publ. No. 2003-0068526 (Kamatani et al.), paragraphs 33-572, including each compound in Tables 1-23; U.S. Pat. Application Publ. No. 2003-0141809 (Furugori et al.), paragraphs 29-207; U.S. Pat. Application Publ. No. 2003-0162299 A1 (Hsieh et al.), paragraphs 8-42; WO 03/084972, (Stossel et al.), Examples 1-33; WO 02/02714 A2 ((Petrov et al.), pages 2-30, including each compound in Tables 1-5; EP 1-191-613 A1 (Takiguchi et al.), paragraphs 26-87, including each compound in Tables 1-8, (corresponding to U.S. Pat. Application Publ. No. 2002-0064681); and EP 1-191-614 A2 (Tsuboyama et al.), paragraphs 25-86, including each compound in Tables 1-7; which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. 
     In certain embodiments, the ancillary ligand is selected to have the formula —C≡N—R 3 ; wherein R 3  is selected from the group consisting of alkyl, cycloalkyl, alkenyl, aryl, aralkyl, and heteroaryl. 
     In preferred aspects of the invention, the triplet-emitting material is a compound having the formula I: 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     wherein:
 
X 1 ̂X 2  is a substituted or unsubstituted bidentate cyclometallated aromatic ligand;
 
X 1  and X 2  are independently selected front C and N;
 
Z is an acetylide ligand having the structure:
         —C≡C—R 1 , —C≡C—(C≡C) x —R 1 , —C≡C-(A-C≡C) y —R 1 ,
 
each R 1  is independently selected from the group consisting of H, alkyl, cycloalkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkenyl, aryl, heteroaryl, Si(R 2 ) 3 , M(L) z , and a heterocyclic group, each of which may be substituted or unsubstituted;
 
each x is independently selected from 0-5;
 
each y is independently selected from 0-5;
 
each R 2  is independently selected from H, alkyl, cycloalkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkenyl, aryl, heteroaryl, and a heterocyclic group;
 
M is a metal atom;
 
L is a mono-, bi- or tridentate ligand;
 
z is 0-5;
 
A is aryl or heteroaryl;
 
Y is a monodentate ancillary ligand;
 
a is 1, 2, 3, or 4;
 
b is 0, 1, 2, or 3;
 
n is 1 or 2;
 
the sum of a+b+n is 4 or 5; and
 
Cat is an optional cation the charge of which provides a net neutral charge for formula I.
       

     In certain preferred embodiments, n is 2, a is 1 and b is 1. In other preferred embodiments, n is 2, a is 2, and b is 0. 
     In other aspects of the invention, the triplet-emitting material is a compound having the formula II: 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     wherein
 
ĈN is a substituted or unsubstituted cyclometallated ligand;
 
each R 1  is independently selected from the group consisting of H, alkyl, cycloalkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkenyl, aryl, heteroaryl, Si(R 2 ) 3 , M(L) z , and a heterocyclic group, each of which may be substituted or unsubstituted;
 
each R 2  is independently selected from H, alkyl, cycloalkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkenyl, aryl, heteroaryl, and a heterocyclic group;
 
M is a metal atom;
 
L is a mono-, bi- or tridentate ligand;
 
z is 0-5;
 
Y is a monodentate ancillary ligand; and
 
Cat is an optional cation the charge of which provides a net neutral charge for formula II.
 
     In other aspects of the invention, the triplet-emitting material is a compound having the formula III: 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     wherein
 
ĈN is a substituted or unsubstituted cyclometallated ligand;
 
     R 1a  and R 1b  are independently selected from the group consisting of 
     H, alkyl, cycloalkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkenyl, aryl, heteroaryl, Si(R 2 ) 3 , M(L) z , and a heterocyclic group, each of which may be substituted or unsubstituted;
 
each R 2  is independently selected from H, alkyl, cycloalkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkenyl, aryl, heteroaryl, and a heterocyclic group;
 
M is a metal atom;
 
L is a mono-, bi- or tridentate ligand;
 
z is 0-5;
 
and
 
Cat is an optional cation the charge of which provides a net neutral charge for formula III. In each embodiment that may comprise the cation Cat, the cation may be selected from any appropriate species having a positive charge, including metal cations (such as alkali metal cations) and quaternary ammonium cations.
 
     The acetylide ligand (Z) may accommodate a wide variety of substituent groups (designated R 1 , R 1a  or R 1b  in the above structure). In preferred embodiments, each R 1 , R 1a  or R 1b  is independently selected from: 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     wherein each X is independently selected from C(R′) d , N(R′) e , S, O, SO, SO 2  and Si(R′) d ;
 
d is 1 or 2;
 
e is 0 or 1;
 
n is 1 to 5;
 
each R is independently selected from H, halo, CN, alkyl, cycloalkyl, alkenyl, aryl, aralkyl, heteroaryl; OR′, NR′ 2 , CO 2 R′, COR′, CONR′ 2 , and Si(R′) 3 ;
 
each R′ is independently selected from H, alkyl, cycloalkyl, alkenyl, aryl, aralkyl, and heteroaryl;
 
M is a metal atom; L is a mono-, bi- or tridentate ligand; and
 
j is 0 to 5.
 
Also, each of the above groups depicted as preferred embodiments of R 1 , R 1a  or R 1b  may be further optionally substituted at any available carbon atom by a substituent selected from halo, CN, alkyl, cycloalkyl, alkenyl, aryl, aralkyl, heteroaryl; OR′, NR′ 2 , CO 2 R′, COR′, CONR′ 2 , and Si(R′) 3 .
 
     In certain embodiments of the invention, the relative triplet energy of the acetylide ligands and the cyclometallated ligands, allow the tuning of the emission of the claimed complexes, such as that if the triplet energy of the acetylides is lower than the cyclometallating ligands, the emission may be driven by the former group. 
     An organic light emitting device is also provided. The device may include an anode, a cathode, and an organic emissive layer disposed between the anode and the cathode. The organic emissive layer may include a host and a phosphorescent dopant. 
     Combination with Other Materials 
     The materials described herein as useful for a particular layer in an organic light emitting device may be used in combination with a wide variety of other materials present in the device. For example, emissive dopants disclosed herein may be used in conjunction with a wide variety of hosts, transport layers, blocking layers, injection layers, electrodes and other layers that may be present. The materials described or referred to below are non-limiting examples of materials that may be useful in combination with the compounds disclosed herein, and one of skill in the art can readily consult the literature to identify other materials that may be useful in combination. 
     In addition to and/or in combination with the materials disclosed herein, many hole injection materials, hole transporting materials, host materials, dopant materials, exciton/hole blocking layer materials, electron transporting and electron injecting materials may be used in an OLED. Non-limiting examples of the materials that may be used in an OLED in combination with materials disclosed herein are listed in Table 1 below. Table 1 lists non-limiting classes of materials, non-limiting examples of compounds for each class, and references that disclose the materials. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
             
               
                 TABLE 1 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 MATERIAL 
                 EXAMPLES OF MATERIAL 
                 PUBLICATIONS 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
            
               
                 Hole injection materials 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                 Phthalo- cyanine and porphryin compounds 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 Appl. Phys. Lett. 69, 2160 (1996) 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Starburst triarylamines 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 J. Lumin. 72-74, 985 (1997) 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 CF x  Fluoro- hydrocarbon polymer 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 Appl. Phys. Lett. 78, 673 (2001) 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Conducting polymers (e.g.,  PEDOT:PSS, polyaniline, poly- thiophene) 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 Synth. Met. 87, 171 (1997) WO2007002683 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Phosphonic acid and sliane SAMs 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 US20030162053 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Triaryl- amine or poly- thiophene polymers with conducitivity dopants 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 EA01725079A1 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 and 
                   
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                   
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                   
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Arylamines complexed with metal oxides such as molybdenum and tungsten oxides 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 SID Symposium Digest, 37, 923 (2006) WO2009018009 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 p-type semi- conducting organic complexes 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 US20020158242 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Metal organo- metallic complexes 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 US20060240279 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Cross- linkable compounds 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 US20080220265 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
            
               
                 Hole transporting materials 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                 Triarylamines (e.g., TPD, α-NPD) 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
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                 Appl. Phys. Lett. 90, 183503  (2007) 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Triaylamine on spirofluorene  core 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
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                 Arylamine carbazole compounds 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 Adv. Mater. 6, 677 (1994), US20080124572 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Triarylamine with (di)benzo- thiophene/ (di)- benzofuran 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 US20070278938, US20080106190 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Indolo- carbazoles 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 Synth. Met. 111, 421 (2000) 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Isoindole compounds 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 Chem. Mater. 15, 3148 (2003) 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Metal  carbene complexes 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 US20080018221 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
            
               
                 Phosphorescent OLED host materials 
               
               
                 Red hosts 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                 Aryl- carbazoles 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 Appl. Phys. Lett. 78, 1622 (2001) 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Metal 8- hydroxy- quinolates (e.g., Alq 3 , BAlq) 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
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                 WO2005014551 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 WO2006072002 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Metal phenoxy- benzo- thiazole compounds 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 Appl. Phys. Lett. 90, 123509 (2007) 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Conjugated oligomers and polymers (e.g., poly- fluorene) 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 Org. Electron. 1, 15 (2000) 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Aromatic fused rings 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 WO2009066779, WO2009066778, WO2009063833, US20090045731, US20090045730, WO2009008311, US20090008605, US20090009065 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Zinc complexes 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 WO2009062578 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
            
               
                 Green hosts 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                 Aryl- carbazoles 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 Appl. Phys. Lett. 78, 1622 (2001) 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 US20030175553 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 WO2001039234 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Aryl- triphenylene compounds 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 US20060280965 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 US20060280965 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 WO2009021126 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Donor acceptor type molecules 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 WO2008056746 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Aza- carbazole/ DBT/DBF 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 JP2008074939 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Polymers (e.g., PVK) 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 Appl. Phys. Lett. 77, 2280 (2000) 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Spiro- fluorene compounds 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 WO2004093207 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Metal phenoxy- benzo- oxazole compounds 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 WO2005089025 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 WO2006132173 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 JP200511610 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Spiro- fluorene- carbazole compounds 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 JP2007254297 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 JP2007254297 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Indolo- cabazoles 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 WO2007063796 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 WO2007063754 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 5-member ring electron deficient heterocycles (e.g., triazole, oxadiazole) 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 J. Appl. Phys.  90, 5048 (2001) 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 WO2004107822 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Tetra- phenylene complexes 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 US20050112407 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Metal phenoxy- pyridine compounds 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 WO2005030900 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Metal coordination complexes (e.g., Zn, Al with N{circumflex over ( )}N ligands) 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 US20040137268, US20040137267 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
            
               
                 Blue hosts 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                 Aryl- carbazoles 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 Appl. Phys. Lett, 82, 2422 (2003) 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 US20070190359 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Dibenzo- thiophene/ Dibenzo- furan- carbazole compounds 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 WO2006114966, US20090167162 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 US20090167162 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 WO2009086028 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 US20090030202, US20090017330 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Silicon aryl compounds 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 US20050238919 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 WO2009003898 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Silicon/ Germanium aryl compounds 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 EP2034538A 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Aryl benzoyl ester 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 WO2006100298 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 High triplet metal organo- metallic complex 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 US7154114 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
            
               
                 Phosphorescent dopants 
               
               
                 Red dopants 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                 Heavy metal  porphyrins (e.g., PtOEP) 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
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                 US20060202194 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 US20060202914 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 US20070087321 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
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                 WO2009100991 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 WO2008101842 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Platinum (II) organo- metallic complexes 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
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                 Osminum (III) complexes 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 Chem. Mater. 17, 3532 (2005) 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Ruthenium (II) complexes 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
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                 Rhenium (I), (II), and (III) complexes 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 US20050244673 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
            
               
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                 Iridium (III) organo- metallic complexes 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
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                 WO2003060956 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
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     It is understood that the various embodiments described herein are by way of example only, and are not intended to limit the scope of the invention. For example, many of the materials and structures described herein may be substituted with other materials and structures without deviating from the spirit of the invention. The present invention as claimed may therefore includes variations from the particular examples and preferred embodiments described herein, as will be apparent to one of skill in the art. It is understood that various theories as to why the invention works are not intended to be limiting. 
     EXPERIMENTAL 
     Iridium Complex Synthesis/Absorption/Emission 
     The general reactions follow the procedure reported in literature by Fornies et al.  Dalton trans.  2003, 822-830; W. Weng, et al.  J. Am. Chem. Soc.  1995, 117, 11922-11931 and modified by disclosed below. The general synthesis was performed as follows: 
     Example 1 
     a) Synthesis of the (ĈN) 2 Ir(CNtBu)OTf (Scheme 1) 
     1 equivalent of ((ĈN) 2 Ir μCl) 2 , synthesized by the Nonoyama&#39;s procedure (M. Nonoyama,  Bull. Chem. Soc. Jap.  1974, 47, 767), is reacted with and 2.05 equivalents of tert-butylisocyanide in CH 2 Cl 2  at room temperature for 1 hour. The mixture is flash chromatographed through Silica with CH 2 Cl 2  to remove less polar impurities; the product is collected using CH 2 Cl 2 /MeOH 95/5; removing the solvent and washing the residue with MeOH to afford the clean (ĈN) 2 Ir (CNtBu)Cl. 
     (ĈN) 2 Ir (CNtBu)Cl is converted in the corresponding trifluoromethanesulfonate (OTf) by reacting its solution in CH 2 Cl 2  with 1.1 equivalent of AgOTf dissolved in MeOH at room temperature for 1 h. (J. Li et al.,  Polyhedron,  2004, 23(2-3), 419-428). The precipitate of AgCl was removed filtering the suspension through celite. The solvent is removed affording the (ĈN) 2 Ir(CNtBu)OTf. 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     b) Synthesis of the (ĈN) 2 Ir(CNtBu)(CCAr) 
     To a solution of (ĈN) 2 Ir (CNtBu)OTf in dry THF at −78° C., a solution of fresh LiC≡CAr (2-4 equivalents) prepared from HC≡CAr (1.1 equivalents) and nBuLi (1 equivalent) in dry THF at −78° C. was added drop wise via cannula. The mixture is reacted for 1 h at −78° C. and the temperature allowed to reach RT over 2 hours. 
     The solvent is removed and the crude crystallized from ethyl acetate/hexane or diethylether/hexane. The clean product is obtained. 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     Example 2 
     c) Synthesis of the (ĈN) 2 Ir(MeOH) 2 OTf 
     1 equivalent of ((ĈN) 2 Ir μCl) 2 , prepared by the Nonoyama&#39;s procedure (M. Nonoyama,  Bull. Chem. Soc. Jap.  1974, 47, 767) is converted in the corresponding trifluoromethanesulfonate (OTf) by treating its solution in CH 2 Cl 2  with 2.2 equivalent of AgOTf dissolved in MeOH at room temperature for 1 h. (J. Li et al.  Polyhedron,  2004, 23(2-3), 419-428). The precipitate of AgCl was removed by filtering the suspension through celite. The solvent is removed affording the (ĈN) 2 Ir(MeOH) 2 OTf 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     d) Synthesis of the [(ĈN) 2 Ir(CCAr) 2 ]Li 
     To a solution of (ĈN) 2 Ir(MeOH) 2 OTf in dry THF at −78° C. a solution of fresh LiC≡CAr (4-6 equivalents) prepared from HC≡CAr (1.1 equivalents) and nBuLi (1 equivalent) in dry THF at −78° C. was added drop wise via cannula. The mixture is reacted for 1 h at −78° C. and the temperature allowed to reach RT over 2 hours. 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     Example 3 
     Synthesis of the Ir(ppz) 2 (CNtBu)OTf 
     1.073 g of ((ppz) 2 IrμCl) 2  (1.043 mmol) dissolved in 20 mL of CH 2 Cl 2  at room temperature was reacted with 0.25 mL of tert-butylisocyanide (2.08 mmol) for 1 hour. The mixture was flash chromatographed through silica with CH 2 Cl 2  to remove the less polar impurities and the product was eluted using CH 2 Cl 2 /MeOH 95/5. Removing the solvent and washing the residue with MeOH afforded 830 mg of clean Ir(ppz) 2 (CNtBu)Cl (71% yield). 
       1 H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl 3 , ppm): 1.40 (9H, s); 6.15 (1H, dd, J=1.6, 7.2 Hz); 6.28 (1H, dd, J=1.2, 7.6 Hz); 6.61 (1H, m); 6.66 (1H, dt, J=1.2, 7.6 Hz); 6.71 (1H, m); 6.74 (1H, dt, J=1.2, 7.2 Hz); 6.85 (2H, m); 7.15 (2H, t, J=7.6 Hz); 7.90 (1H, d, J=2.4 Hz); 8.02 (1H, d, J=2.8 Hz); 8.09 (1H, d, J=2.6 Hz); 8.37 (1H, d, J=2.6 Hz). 
     500 mg of Ir(ppz) 2 (CNtBu)Cl (0.84 mmol), dissolved in 50 mL of CH 2 Cl 2 , and 236 mg of AgOTf (0.92 mmol) dissolved in 25 mL MeOH were added at room temperature. The mixture was reacted for 2 h. The precipitate of AgCl was removed by filtering the suspension through celite. The solvent was removed affording 626 mg Ir(ppz) 2 (CNtBu)OTf (&gt;99% yield). 
       1 H NMR (400 MHz, CD 3 CN, ppm): 1.40 (9H, s); 6.08 (2H, t, J=7.2 Hz); 6.71 (1H, dt, J=1.47, 7.9 Hz); 6.81 (2H, m); 6.87 (1H, t, J=2.64 Hz); 6.95 (1H, dt, J=1.17, 7.63 Hz); 7.00 (1H, dt, J=1.17, 7.63 Hz); 7.38 (1H, dd, J=1.17, 7.63 Hz); 7.41 (1H, dd, J=1.17, 7.92 Hz); 8.06 (1H, d, J=2.1 Hz); 8.11 (1H, d, J=2.3 Hz); 8.41 (1H, d, J=2.93 Hz); 8.43 (1H, d, J=2.93 Hz). 
       19 F NMR (376 MHz, CD 3 CN, ppm): −79.3 (s). 
     Example 4 
     Synthesis of the Ir(ppy) 2 (CNtBu)OTf 
     482 mg of ((ppy) 2 Ir μCl) 2  (0.45 mmol) suspended in 10 mL of CH 2 Cl 2  at room temperature was reacted with 0.11 mL of tertButylisocyanide (0.92 mmol) for 1 hour. The clear solution was flash chromatographed through Silica with CH 2 Cl 2  to remove less polar impurities and the product was eluted using CH 2 Cl 2 /MeOH 95/5. Removing the solvent and washing the residue with MeOH afforded 405 mg of clean Ir(ppy) 2 (CNtBu)Cl (72% yield). 
       1 H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl 3 , ppm): 1.323 (9H, s); 6.10 (1H, dd, J=1.6, 6.97 Hz); 6.33 (1H, dd, J=1.6, 7.5 Hz); 6.73 (1H, dt, J=1.6, 7.78 Hz); 6.79 (1H, dt, J=1.3, 7.2 Hz); 6.85 (2H, tt, 1.34, 7.5 Hz); 7.13 (1H, m); 7.24 (1H, m); 7.56 (2H, m); 7.83 (4H, m); 9.08 (1H, d, J=6.35 Hz); 9.91 (1H, d, J=6.35 Hz). 
     400 mg of Ir(ppy) 2 (CNtBu)Cl (0.646 mmol) dissolved in 40 mL of CH 2 Cl 2  and 265 mg of AgOTf (1.03 mmol) dissolved in 20 mL MeOH were added at room temperature, and the mixture was reacted for 2 h. The precipitate of AgCl was removed by filtering the suspension through celite. The solution was diluted with 20 mL of ethyl ether and washed with water. The aqueous phase was back extracted with CH 2 Cl 2  and the organic phases combined. The organic solvent was removed under reduced pressure affording 386 mg Ir(ppy) 2 (CNtBu)OTf (78% yield). 
       1 H NMR (400 MHz, CD 3 CN, ppm): 1.34 (9H, s); 6.05 (1H, d, J=7.63 Hz); 6.13 (1H, d, J=7.63 Hz); 6.78 (1H, t, J=7.05 Hz); 6.85 (1H, t, J=7.05 Hz); 6.95 (2H, m); 7.43 (2H, m); 7.69 (1H, d, J=7.63 Hz); 7.72 (1H, d, J=7.63 Hz); 8.10 (4H, m); 9.03 (1H, d, J=5.57 Hz); 9.08 (1H, d, J=5.87 Hz). 
       19 F NMR (376 MHz, CD 3 CN, ppm): −79.3 (s). 
     Example 5 
     Synthesis of the Ir(ppy) 2 (MeOH) 2  OTf 
     300 mg of ((ppy) 2 Ir μCl) 2  (0.28 mmol) suspended in 30 mL of CH 2 Cl 2  at room temperature and 158 mg of AgOTf (0.61 mmol) dissolved in 10 mL MeOH were added at room temperature, and the mixture was reacted for 2 h. The precipitate of AgCl was removed by filtering the suspension through celite. The solvent was removed under reduced pressure and the crude product was crystallized from CH 2 Cl 2 -hexane affording 420 mg Ir(ppy) 2 (MeOH) 2 OTf (90% yield). 
     Example 6 
     Synthesis of the Ir(ppz) 2 (CNtBu)(CCPh) 
     A solution of fresh LiC≡CPh, prepared by reacting 0.046 mL of phenylacetylene (0.42 mmol) and 0.51 mL of 1.5M hexane nBuLi solution (0.34 mmol) in 20 mL of dry THF at −78° C. for 0.5 hour, was added drop-wise via cannula to a solution of 200 mg of Ir(ppz) 2 (CNtBu)OTf (0.28 mmol) in 15 mL of dry THF at −78° C. The mixture was reacted for 1 h at −78° C. and the temperature was raised to RT over 2 hours. 
     0.5 mL of isopropyl alcohol was added and 90% of the solvent was removed under reduced pressure. The solution was diluted with ethyl acetate and washed with water. The organic phase was dried under reduced pressure. The crude material was dissolved in ethyl acetate, filtered to remove insoluble material, and the water precipitated with ethylic ether affording 60 mg of Ir(ppz) 2 (CNtBu)(CCPh) (32% yield). 
     LCMS, C18, acetonitrile:H 2 O, 80:20 to 90:10; ESI+, [M+H] +  664.4 
     Example 7 
     Synthesis of the Ir(ppy) 2 (CNtBu)(CCPh) 
     A solution of fresh LiC≡LCPh was prepared by reacting 0.057 mL of phenylacetylene (0.525 mmol) and 0.298 mL of 1.5M nBuLi in hexane solution (0.462 mmol) in 15 mL of dry THF at −78° C. for 0.5 hour. The resulting solution was added drop wise via cannula to a solution of 160 mg of Ir(ppy) 2 (CNtBu)OTf (0.22 mmol) in 10 mL of dry THF at −78° C. The mixture was reacted for 1 h at −78° C. and the temperature was raised to RT over 2 hours. The solvent was removed under reduced pressure and the crude was extracted with diethylether. 67.8 mg of Ir(ppy) 2 (CNtBu)(CCPh) is obtained (45% yield). 
     LCMS, C18, acetonitrile:H 2 O, 80:20 to 90:10; ESI+, [M+H] +  686.4. 
     Example 8 
     Synthesis of the Ir(ppy) 2 (CNtBu)(CCPhenantr) 
     A solution of fresh LiC≡CPhenantrene was prepared by reacting 35 mg of 9-ethinyl-phenantrene (0.173 mmol) and 0.125 mL of 1.5M nBuLi hexane solution (0.173 mmol) in 10 mL of dry THF at −78° C. for 0.5 hour. The solution was added drop wise via cannula to a solution of 60 mg of Ir(ppy) 2 (CNtBu)OTf (0.0785 mmol) in 5 mL of dry THF at −78° C. The mixture was reacted for 1 h at −78° C. and the temperature was raised to RT over 2 hours. The solvent was removed under reduced pressure and the crude was dissolved in diethylether and precipitated with hexane affording 77 mg of Ir(ppy) 2 (CNtBu)(CCPheneatr) (77% yield). 
     LCMS, C18, acetonitrile:H 2 O, 80:20 to 90:10; ESI+, [M+H] +  786.5. 
     Example 9 
     Synthesis of the Ir(ppy) 2 (CCPh) 2 Li 
     A solution of fresh LiC≡CPh was prepared by reacting 0.118 mL of phenylacetylene (1.08 mmol) and 0.48 mL of 1.5M hexane nBuLi solution (0.72 mmol) in 50 mL of dry THF at −78° C. for 0.5 hour. The solution was added drop wise via cannula to a solution of 150 mg of Ir(ppy) 2 (MeOH) 2 OTf (0.18 mmol) in 10 mL of dry THF at −78° C. The mixture was reacted for 1 h at −78° C. and the temperature was raised to RT over 2 hours. The solvent was removed under reduced pressure obtaining the Ir(ppy) 2 (CCPh) 2 Li. 
     LCMS, C18, acetonitrile:H 2 O, 80:20 to 90:10; ESI+−, [Ir(ppy) 2 (CCPh) 2 ] − =703 
     Example 10 
     Synthesis of the Ir(ppz) 2 (CNtBu)(CCPhenantr) 
     A solution of fresh LiC≡CPhenantrene prepared by reacting 102.7 mg of 9-Ethinyl-Phenantrene (0.508 mmol) and 0.303 mL of 1.6M hexane nBuLi solution (0.486 mmol) in 10 mL of dry THF at −78° C. for 0.5 hour was added drop wise, via cannula, to a solution of 157 mg of Ir(ppz) 2 (CNtBu)OTf (0.221 mmol) in 20 mL of dry THF at −78° C. The mixture was reacted for 1 h at −78° C. and the temperature raised to RT over 2 hours. 
     The solvent was removed under reduced pressure, the crude was dissolved in ethylacetate and the product precipitated with diethylether. The precipitate was washed 3 times with diethyleter/hexane 1/3 v/v obtaining. The organic solution was dried and the solid was washed 3 times with diethyleter/hexane 1/3 v/v. The two precipitate accounts for 140 mg of Ir(ppz) 2 (CNtBu)(CCPheneatr) (83% yield). 
     LCMS, C8, acetonitrile:H 2 O, 80:20; ESI+: [M+H] +  764.2; [M-(CCPhenantrene)+AcCN] +  603.2. 
     Table 1 provides the photophysical properties at room temperature in toluene (tol) or CH 2 CL 2  (DCM) and at 77K in 2MeTHF (77K). Criteria for the reading of the emissions: peak maxima of the shortest wavelength emission. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
             
               
                   
                 TABLE 2 
               
             
            
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Emission RT 
                 Emission 77 K 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Compound 
                 λ (nm) 
                 Φ PL 
                 τ μs 
                 λ (nm) 
                 τ μs 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Ir(ppz) 2 (CNtBu)(CCPh) 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 420 
                 1460 
               
               
                 Ir(ppz) 2 (CNtBu)(CCPhenantr) 
                 548 
                 0.07(tol) 
                 442 
                 531 
                 1758 
               
               
                 Ir(ppy) 2 (CNtBu)(CCPh) 
                 472 
                 0.26(tol) 
                 0.81(70%) 
                 458 
                 4.3(64%) 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 1.92(30%) 
                   
                 9.06(36%) a    
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                       4.77 b   
               
               
                 Ir(ppy) 2 (CNtBu)(CCPhenantr) 
                 470 
                 0.07(DCM) 
                 0.52 and 
                 530 
                 1515 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 156 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   a lifetime @ 500 nm; 
               
               
                   b lifetime @ 460 nm; 
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Example 11 
     Devices having the following general devices structure were prepared:
         ITO/PVK/CBP(Ir complex 8% w/w)/BCP(400 Å)/LiF(10 Å)/Al       

     The PVK layer was formed by spin coating on a ITO substrate from a 20 mg/mL chlorobenzene solution at 3000 rpm for 40 seconds and annealed at 150° C. for 1 h. The emissive layer was formed using a solution of CBP (with 8% w/w of the Ir complex) spin coated on the PVK layer from a 15 mg/mL chloroform solution (with the proper Ir complex co-dissolved at 8% w/w concentration) at 3000 rpm for 40 sec. No annealing performed was performed for this layer. The BCP, LiF and Al were then vacuum deposited in sequence. 
     The device data for devices prepared using Ir(ppz) 2 (CNtBu)(CCPhenantr), Ir(ppy) 2 (CNtBu)(CCPhenantr), and, as reference, fac-Ir(ppy) 3 , as the Ir complex are presented in  FIGS. 20 to 23 .