Patent Publication Number: US-2002007497-A1

Title: Food product and process

Description:
FIELD OF THE INVENTION  
       [0001] This invention relates to the removal, or the production of immunoglobulins against, immunosuppressant substances present, or, produced from the milk of animals of the genus Bos, and more particularly the domestic dairy species of the group  Bos taurus  and their crosses with the group  Bos Indicus , which are used for milk production, and which contain specific casein alleles.  
       BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION  
       Description of the Background Art  
       [0002] It has long been understood that the early lactation mammary secretions of certain species, known as colostrum, contains substances that prevent disease, whilst the immune system of the young of the species is developing. This is particularly true of the ruminants, such as the Bos family. However the ingestion of colostrum is not essential in the human. These substances were identified as proteins (globulins) with immuno-properties which became known as immunoglobulins, (B L Larsen Immunoglobulins of Mammary Secretions in Advanced Dairy Chemistry Volume 1 Proteins. Ed. P F Fox Elsevier, 1992).  
       [0003] Immunoglobulins are present in the serum and mammary secretions of all mammalian species as part of the immune defence system of the animal. The immunoglobulins are also known as antibodies and are produced by the body&#39;s immune system in response to the presence of substances called antigens, including a wide range of molecules, bacteria, viruses, cells and particles that do not express specific markers of ‘self’ called histocompatibility antigens. Molecular antigens are largely peptides, proteins and carbohydrates. The classic immune response involves the production of antibodies capable of neutralising these antigens.  
       [0004] The term antigen is now widely used to indicate any molecule that can be specifically recognised by the adaptive elements of the immune system, that is by both B cells, which produce immunoglobulins and T cells which release substances such as cytokines, (Immunology, 3rd Edition, Ed. I Roitt, J Brostoff, D Male, Mosby, London, 1993).  
       [0005] There are five classes, or isotypes, of immunoglobulins all of which have a similar basic structure, but have differences in their organisational structure as well as the amino acid sequences present and carbohydrate groups present. In addition to the immunoglobulins there are present related immune system proteins. These are known as complement and they are a complex group of proteins which assist the function of antibodies. Their properties are described in the above texts. There are at least 11 proteins in the complement group some of which are expected to be present in milk at the milligram per 100 milliliter level.  
       [0006] There are numerous patents that have been filed which seek to:  
       [0007] 1. isolate the immunoglobulins present in mammary secretions, particularly colostrum but also including milk and products derived from milk such as whey. Generally the species involved is the domestic cow, Bos taurus, but it may include sheep or goats.  
       [0008] 2. produce an “immune milk” or “health food” incorporating the immunoglobulin proteins, either as a result of stimulating the milk producer&#39;s immune system by the addition or injection of substances into the animal&#39;s body, either once or systematically, which result in an immune response, or by concentrating the small amounts of immunoglobulins that are naturally present in milk-derived products. In the former case the immunoglobulins may be specific responses to the injection of pathogenic bacteria into the milk-producing animals.  
       [0009] Examples of these patents include:  
       [0010] Japanese patent (1988) JP 63-133941, Hori T, Nishimoto K, Kimura M, Yommazaki N, describes a process in which immunoglobulins are collected by ultrafiltration from whey, the by-product of cheese or casein manufacture. The immunoglobulin content of powder derived from this process was found to contain about ten times the immunoglobulin content of dried human milk.  
       [0011] UK Patent Application (1987) GB 2 179 947 Monsan P F E, Thibault P A, Brossad C, Bruvier C S J describes a process for the extraction of proteins, preferably lactoferrin or immunoglobulins from whey comprising concentration of the whey using ultrafiltration with a polysulphone membrane (with MW cut-off 25,000-50,000) followed by diafiltration. The retentate is then subject to adsorption of the retained proteins by ion exchange treatment using a weak cationic carboxymethyl resin at pH 5-8.5 and preferably at 7-8; and elution at the same pH.  
       [0012] European Patent Application (1984) EP 0 102 831 A 1 , Linggood M A, Porter P, Powell J R describes the immunisation of host animals with a range of  E. Coli  implicated in human gastroenteric disease and the production of immunoglobulins, and a synthetic milk containing the immunoglobulins that are specific responses to the inoculation of the host.  
       [0013] UK Patent Application (1987) 8729031, to R C Bottomley claims the production of a whey protein concentrate rich in immunoglobulins by the use of ultra-filtration through a membrane having a cut-off of 500,000 daltons which retains the immunoglobulins, or by subjecting whey to the action of an anion exchange resin which does not remove immunoglobulins so causing an increase in their concentration in the effluent.  
       [0014] European patent application (1989) EP 0 336 694 Beck L R, describes a process for extracting an anti-inflammatory factor from cow or ewe milk, taken from animals that have been previously immunised by the administration of bacterial antigens. The anti-inflammatory factor is then extracted from whey that has been subjected to ion-exchange chromatography and molecular sieve chromatography.  
       [0015] U.S. Pat. No. (1992) 5,106,618 Beck L R, Kotler D P describes the production of a ‘hyperimmune’ milk obtained by inoculating a milk-producing animal with a non-protozoan bacterial antigens, collecting the milk from the animal and the pasteurising and concentrating prior to use.  
       [0016] U.S. Pat. Nos. (1989) 4,879,110 and (1993) 5,194,255 Beck L R, Stolle R J, describe a method for inducing the production of a milk anti-hypertensive factor in an animal such as a cow by injecting bacterial antigens into the animal. The anti-hypertension factor is isolated by (1) removing from the milk molecules having a molecular weight greater than 10,000 daltons; (2) fractionating by ion-exchange chromatography the effluent to obtain a negatively charged fraction; (3) fractionating the negatively charged material eluted from the ion-exchange column using molecular sieve chromatography and isolating the hypertensive fraction from the latter step by isoelectric precipitation.  
       [0017] U.S. Pat. No. (1980) 4,216,236 Mueller H R, Legier C N, Secretin M C, Blonay C N claims the incorporation of soluble proteins obtained from whey using an ultrafiltration step with membranes having a molecular weight cut-off between 1000 and 500,000 incorporating immunoglobulins or to which immunoglobulin powder or concentrate has been added.  
       [0018] U.S. patent (1984) 4,490,290 Ganni M M, May K, Porter P, describes the recovery of one or more milk immunoglobulins by passing the milk through a re-usable immunoadsorbent column comprising an insoluble carrier material to which is bound a low-affinity monoclonal antibody specific to the antibody(ies) but not specific to any other common constituent of milk. The bound immunoglobulin(s) are released by eluting the immunosorbent with 4M MgCl 2 .  
       [0019] Problem  
       [0020] Notwithstanding all these patents and the claimed benefits of their products there is a considerable body of evidence that links milk particularly of the Bos taurus, the domestic cow with allergy problems with young children, asthma, chronic immune disorders such as diabetes mellitis, and atherosclerosis. Recent studies have also linked increased consumption of casein with the formation of hepatic tumours in rats, due it appears to a depressed NK cell cytotoxic activity, Bell R C, et al Nutr Cancr 22:151-162, (1994).  
       [0021] To date it has not been possible to identify any particular fraction or molecule that is responsible for disorders such as atherosclerosis, although the consumption of animal fats and their associated saturated fatty acids have been claimed to either cause, or contribute to, coronary heart disease, hypertension and obesity as is set out in most medical texts on these subjects and the Surgeon-General&#39;s Report on Nutrition and Health, DHHS Publication No 88-50210 (1988).  
       Object  
       [0022] It is an object of this invention to provide an improved food product and/or process or one which will at least provide the public with a useful choice.  
       Definitions  
       [0023] “β-casein A 1  Allele” is a term used herein in reference to one of the variant forms of the β-casein gene. Expression of the A 1  allele results in the production of “β-casein A 1 ”.  
       [0024] Where reference is made to the presence of the β-casein A 1  allele in an individual or population it encompasses both homozygous and heterozygous genotypes with respect to that allele. Similarly, where reference is made to the presence of β-casein A 1  it encompasses phenotypes resulting from either a homozygous or heterozygous state with respect to the β-casein A 1  allele.  
       [0025] The term “Immune milk” is used herein reference to milk obtained from an animal that has been immunised to selectively induce for formation of immunoglobulins and other immune proteins, directed against specific bacterial and/or viral pathogens or other foreign antigens that are known to cause diseases, in its milk, such milk being used to prevent disease, within the milk drinker, by fortifying the body&#39;s natural resistance against specific disease-causing antigens.  
       [0026] This invention is applicable to all products derived from cattle (live or dead) which products are substantially free of β-casein A 1 , or contains immune response proteins (including immunoglobulins) to β-casein A 1 . This includes meat (including offal) blood and blood products (such as black pudding), casein, gelatin, milk and other dairy products, as well as manufactured products containing some or all of the foregoing examples (including whiteners for beverages that include some milk solids).  
       [0027] The term “processed dairy product(s)” is used herein to refer to dairy products derived from a source of bulk milk (ie from milk from more than one animal) and includes, but is not limited to:  
       [0028] (a) bulk milk used to make cheese whether or not the milk has been pasteurised or sterilised prior to cheese making,  
       [0029] (b) milk powder(s),  
       [0030] (c) milk fats,  
       [0031] (d) milk solids,  
       [0032] (e) casein(s), caseinate(s), and casein hydrolysates,  
       [0033] (f) pasteurised, sterilised, preserved milks including microfiltered milks, UHT milks,  
       [0034] (g) low fat milks,  
       [0035] (h) modified or enhanced milks,  
       [0036] (i) ice-cream or other frozen dairy based confections,  
       [0037] (j) fermented milk products such as yoghurt or quark,  
       [0038] (k) cheeses including full fat, partial de-fatted and fat-free processed cheeses,  
       [0039] (l) milk whey,  
       [0040] (m) food products enriched through the addition of milk products such as soups,  
       [0041] (n) milk from which allergenic molecules have been removed,  
       [0042] (o) confections such as chocolate,  
       [0043] (p) carbonated milk products, including those with added phosphate and/or citrate,  
       [0044] (q) infant formulations which may contain full, partially de-fatted or nonfat milk together with a number of additional supplements,  
       [0045] (r) liquid or powdered drink mixtures,  
       [0046] (s) butter, buttermilk, buttermilk powder.  
       STATEMENT OF INVENTION  
       [0047] In one aspect the invention provides a food product derived from animals which product is substantially free of the β-casein A 1  allele, or β-casein A 1  expressed therefrom.  
       [0048] Preferably the food product is meat or meat related, and more preferably is derived from an animal which is substantially free of the β-casein A 1  allele.  
       [0049] In a particularly preferred form of the invention the food product is milk or other dairy product which is substantially free of β-casein A 1 .  
       [0050] In another aspect the invention provides a meat or dairy food product which contains the β-casein A 2  allele in preference to the β-casein A 1  allele.  
       [0051] In another aspect the invention provides a milk or other dairy product capable of minimising the onset of coronary heart disease characterised in that the milk or other dairy product is substantially free of β-casein A 1 , or its proteolytic or heat produced products.  
       [0052] In a further aspect the invention provides a process for producing milk or other dairy products which does not contain β-casein A 1  by testing the individual cows in a herd for the presence of the β-casein A 1  allele, or the presence of β-casein A 1  in their milk, and selectively culling from the herd those cows that test positive for the presence of the β-casein A 1  allele, or β-casein A 1 , until the bulk milk produced by the herd is substantially free of β-casein A 1 .  
       [0053] In a related aspect the invention provides a process for producing milk or other dairy products which does not contain β-casein A 1  by testing the individual cows in that herd for the presence of the β-casein A 1  allele or β-casein A 1  in their milk and subsequently employing breeding programmes which select against individual cows testing positive for the presence of the β-casein A 1  allele or β-casein A 1  until the bulk milk produced by the herd is substantially free of β-casein A 1 .  
       [0054] In a further related aspect the invention provides a process for producing milk or other dairy products which does not contain β-casein A 1  by testing individual cows in a herd for the presence of the β-casein A 1  allele or β-casein A 1  in their milk and utilising genetic engineering procedures to remove the β-casein A 1  allele or inhibit expression of β-casein A 1  therefrom.  
       [0055] In another aspect the invention provides milk and other dairy products which are substantially free of β-casein A 1 .  
       [0056] Optionally the dairy product is casein which is substantially free of β-casein A 1 . This may be used as a food for animals or humans.  
       [0057] In another aspect the invention provides a process for producing immunoglobulins and other immune response proteins, in cow&#39;s milk from animals not possessing the β-casein A 1  allele, or other commercial milk producing animals, to this allele, to counteract the immunosuppressant substances present that are produced from it, in commercial milking cows such as Holsteins, together with its blending with non-treated milk or the recovery of such immunoproteins.  
       [0058] In another aspect the invention provides immunoglobulins and other immunoproteins produced as a result of inoculating commercial milk producing animals with β-casein A 1 , its proteolytic hydrolysis products, or fragments thereof produced by other means.  
       [0059] In another aspect the invention provides blended milk obtained from mixing the product of the present invention with milk from animals possessing the β-casein A 1  allele as part of their genetic make-up either at the factory or by running a mixed herd of such animals.  
       [0060] In a related aspect the invention provides an immune milk (as herein described), such immune milk being substantially free of β-casein A 1  and/or produced from cattle or other commercial milking animals lacking the β-casein A 1  allele.  
       [0061] Preferably the immunoglobulins active against β-casein A 1  and its proteolytic products, are recovered by ultrafiltration, ion exchange chromatography or an immunoadsorbent column.  
       [0062] The milk containing immunoglobulins active against β-casein A 1  and its proteolytic products may be in the form of whole milk, whole-milk powder, skim milk, skim milk powder, milk whey, yoghurt, cheese, or any other dairy product, or processed dairy product.  
       [0063] In another aspect the invention provides immunoglobulins produced by treating a homozygous β-casein A 2 , B, or C, or heterozygous mixture of A 2 , B, and C, cow, with any inoculum to produce immunoglobulins in the milk from a cow that does not contain the immunosuppressant β-casein A 1  allele, β-casein A 1 , proteolytic fragments thereof or fragments thereof produced by other means.  
       [0064] In a yet further aspect the invention provides a method of reducing the onset of disease in an individual or a population which derives some of its food intake from milk or other dairy products by reducing or substantially eliminating the presence of β-casein A 1  in the diet of that population. This method is applicable to animals or humans.  
       [0065] It is believed that the invention is applicable to reducing the onset of diseases such as:  
       [0066] coronary heart disease, cerebrovascular diseases, duodenal ulcer, peptic ulcer, respiratory diseases, such as bronchitis, lung cancer, asthma&#39;s and pneumonia, diabetes, polyarthritis, chronica, Psoriasis, renal disease, systemic lupus erythematosus, chronic disorders of the immune system, and any disease where there is a seasonal variation in incidence or death rate.  
       [0067] Preferably the invention provides a method of reducing the onset of coronary heart disease in a human population which derives some of its food intake from milk or other dairy products by reducing or substantially eliminating the presence of β-casein A 1  in the diet of that population.  
       [0068] In a yet further aspect the invention provides a method of enhancing the immune response or decreasing the immune suppression of an individual or a population who or which derives some of his/her/its food intake from milk or other dairy products by reducing or substantially eliminating the presence of β-casein A 1  in the diet of that individual or that population.  
       [0069] The subject of this invention is the identification of the class of proteins responsible for a number of disorders such as coronary heart disease (and others as described above), their neutralisation in cow&#39;s milk and the production of an immunoglobulin capable of partially overcoming some of the deleterious effects they(or it) engender(s) on the human body. This invention is not limited to a specific disease as the molecules concerned appear to act as immunosuppressants to the body&#39;s immune system and their removal can only enhance the general well-being of the individual while at the same time providing specific relief to individual&#39;s whose genetic make-up is such that contact with these proteins or protein will bring about a specific response such as atherosclerosis or other chronic disorders of the immune system.  
       [0070] The discovery That is the Basis of This Invention  
       [0071] It has been reported that certain groups of peoples are not subject to the diseases described above, notwithstanding the fact that they consume considerable quantities of milk proteins. These people include the Tibetans, rural Gambians, the Masai and Samburu people of Kenya. The latter peoples are also found not to suffer from obesity, even in old age. The only major difference between the milk consumed by the above people is that it is derived from Zebu, Bos Indicus, and Yak, Bos Mutus. Neither milk contains the casein allele described as β-casein A 1 . In addition, people such as the Eskimo do not suffer from diseases such as CHD compared with their dairy product consuming Danish countrymen as is illustrated in Table 1:  
               TABLE 1                          Age-adjusted differences in morbidity from chronic diseases between       Greenland Eskimos and Danes                         Eskimos/Danes                                         Acute myocardial infarction   1/10           Stroke   2/1           Psoriasis   1/20           Diabetes   rare           Bronchial asthma   1/25           Malignant disorders   1/1           Thyrotoxicosis   rare           Multiple sclerosis   0           Polyarthritis chronica   low                                  
 
     
    
    
     [0072] These and other aspects of this invention, which should be considered in all its novel aspects, will become apparent from the following description, which is given by way of example only with reference to the preferred embodiments, and makes reference also to the following graphs:  
     [0073]FIG. 1 is a graph entitled “The effect of food component on Ischaemic Heart Disease during 1985 for males aged 30-69”. This shows the death rate of all ages per 100,000 of population, for a range of countries, based on the consumption of β-casein.  
     [0074]FIG. 2 is a graph showing the effect of dairy protein consumption on Ischaemic Heart Disease for males aged 30-69 for the year 1985.  
     [0075]FIG. 3 is a graph showing the effect of saturated fat consumption on Ischaemic Heart Disease for males aged 30-69 for the year 1985.  
     [0076]FIG. 4 is a graph showing the effect of red meat consumption on Ischaemic Heart Disease for males aged 30-69 for the year 1985. 
    
    
     [0077]FIG. 1 shows a very strong correlation between the consumption of the food component, identified as β-casein A 1  (discussed in more detail below), and the death rate. Whereas the overall dairy protein consumption (FIG. 2) does not provide such a strong correlation nor does the effect of saturated fat consumption (FIG. 3), nor the consumption of red meat (FIG. 4) come anywhere close to the very strong correlation with the inventor has identified in relation to the consumption of β-casein A 1 , both between countries and within countries. In the states of the form West Germany Ischaemic Heart Disease death rates are found to correlate directly with the consumption of β-casein A 1  (Table 1A). In this instance the composition of the state dairy herd have remained virtually constant from the 1950&#39;s through to the 1980&#39;s.  
               TABLE 1A                          CHD nutritional risk factors, Federal Republic of Germany based on       Schleswig-Holstein                                                 Satur-   Chole-   Alco-   Carbo-   En-       Rel           ated Fat   sterol   hol   hydrates   ergy   β-A 1     IHD est.                                                         Schleswig Holstein   1.00   1.00   1.00   1.00   1.00   1.0    1.0        Niedersachsen   0.97   0.96   1.00   0.98   0.99   0.92   0.88       Nordrhein Westfalen   0.99   1.02   0.99   1.00   1.02   0.97   1.00       Hessen   0.95   0.96   0.98   0.98   0.98   0.75   0.74       Rheinland-Pfalz   0.95   0.99   1.00   1.02   1.0    0.87   0.78       Saarland   0.94   0.93   0.98   1.01   0.98   0.90   0.88       Baden Wurttenburg   0.93   1.02   1.02   1.05   1.03   0.50   0.72       Bayern   0.96   0.99   1.22   1.06   1.02   0.50   0.74                  
 
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION  
     [0078] Caseins constitute the majority of the milk proteins. Dairy cattle exhibit genetic polymorphism in their proteins. The heterogeneity of the caseins is further complicated by the fact that they are the products of co-dominant allele autosomal genes. Some indication of their number, and the major product fragments into which they are split by proteolytic action of a variety of enzymes, is illustrated by the β-caseins in Table 2.  
               TABLE 2                          The β-casein family of proteins                         Former nomen.   recommended nomen.   source of fragment               β-casein A 1     β-CN A 1 -5P   —       β-casein A 2     β-CN A 2 -5P   —       β-casein A 3     β-CN A 3 -5P   —       β-casein B   β-CN B-5P   —       β-casein C   β-CN C-4P   —       β-casein D   β-CN D-4P   —       β-casein E   β-CN E-5P   —       γ1-casein A 1     β-CN A 1 -1P(f29-209)   β-CN A 1 -5P       γ1-casein A 2     β-CN A 2 -1P(f29-209)   β-CN A 2 -5P       γ1-casein A 3     β-CN A 3 -1P(f29-209)   β-CN A 3 -5P       γ1-casein B   β-CN B-1P(f29-209)   β-CN B-5P       γ2-casein A 2     β-CN A 2  (fl06-209)   β-CN A 1 -5P or β-CN A 2 -5P       γ2-casein A 3     β-CN A 3  (fl06-209)   β-CN A 3 -5P       γ3-casein B   β-CN B (fl06-209)   β-CN B-5P       γ3-casein A   β-CN A (fl08-209)   β-CN A 1 -5P, β-CN A 2 -5P or               β-CN A 3 -5P       γ3-casein B   β-CN B (fl08-209)   β-CN B                                          
 
     [0079] Most animals are heterozygous, That is their protein composition contains a mixture of the various alleles inherited from the genes of their sire and dan. It appears that the original cow from which the current domesticated species developed contained only the β-casein A 2  allele. β-casein A 1  differs from A 2  in containing the following amino acid substitution, proline at position 67 is replaced with histidine. The corresponding A 1  allele is a relatively recent modification. However some animals are homozygous, that is their proteins are of one type only; in the case of β-caseins either A 1 , A 2 , A 3 , or B, C, D or E.  
     [0080] Bovine milk is an important source of proteins and other nutrients required by humans &amp;id the common domestic cattle species such as the Holstein have greater quantities of the A 1  allele than any other β-casein allele. Approximately 84 percent of the present American dairy herd is estimated to carry this allele.  
     [0081] In the graph shown in FIG. 1 the consumption of β-casein A 1  (and its derived proteolysis products) are plotted against the incidence of ischaemic heart disease based on FAO Food Balance Sheets 1979-81 and WHO Trends in Mortality for Selected Causes of Death 1985-1989 and other reported CHD data.  
     [0082] In Table 3 the effect of heating milk to 63° C. for 20-30 minutes, known as Holder Pasteurisation, is set out together with the corresponding rate of CHD.  
               TABLE 3                          CHD rates following the Introduction of Holder Pasteurisation                             Angina pectoris (AP1)   Cerebral embolism                             Population   Holder intro.   mort. p mill.   and thrombosis (CET)                                                     group   year   AP1   AP2   AP3   Δ%   CET 1   CET 2   CET 3   Δ%                                                             U.K                                           Edinburgh   1923   1925   67   92   37.3 a     1924   174   236   35.6       Glasgow   1924   1924   56   91   62.5 a     1924    77   101   31.2       Dundee   1924   1925   42   64   52.4 a     1925   162   188   16.0       Aberdeen   1926   1926   91   135   48.4 a     1927   121   227   87.6       Lanarkshire   1935   1937   188   375   99.5 b     1938   153   193   26.1       (excluding   1947   1948   685   1185   73.0   1948   298   518   73.8       Glasgow)   1952   1954   1185   1523   28.5   1954   518   680   31.3       County of   1954   1954   963   1710   77.9   1954   610   823   34.9       Sutherland       County of   1956   1956   1610   2848   76.9   1956   955   1398   46.4       Bute       London Admin.   1925   1925   31   112   261.3 c     1926    90   120   33.3       County                                                 Average increase       81.8               41.6       Norway                                             Oslo   1922   1922   3   43   1333.3 d     not available                                                                                      
 
     [0083] A proteolytic enzyme plasmin, which is naturally present in milk, and which is largely associated with the casein, is both increasingly active at higher temperatures and is quite heat stable. At 60° C. it has been demonstrated to have a relatively high rate of conversion of caseins, preferentially β-caseins to a range of proteolysis products. The increased mortality rate, demonstrated in Table 3, as a result of heating of the milk is presumed to be due to the formation of further proteolysis products, in addition to those naturally present, during the heating phase.  
     [0084] It is possible however that the specific fragment of β-casein A 1  that is entering or effecting the body&#39;s immune system which result from an enzyme contained within a psychotropic bacterium, or spore forming bacterium, present in the milk. Both the ratio of β-casein A 1 /β-casein A 2  and the concentration of psychotropic bacteria vary seasonally in milk. This seasonal fluctuation is thought responsible for part of the seasonal fluctuation in the illnesses that we have noted above.  
     [0085] This work is further supported by the results of Bell Rc, Golemboski K A, Dietert R R, and Campbell T C, Nutrition and Cancer 22;(2),151-162,(1994) who found that when Fischer 344 rats were fed diets containing 6 percent and 22 percent casein after being injected with a liver cancer causing substance, aflatoxin, the percentage of animals developing liver cancer increased directly proportional to the increase in casein in the diet. They interpreted the results to suggest that a low protein diet might result in lower suppression of the natural killer cell cytotoxicity activity. With our knowledge we can re-interpret their data to suggest that based on our own observations on the effect of β-casein A 1  on immunosuppression in humans, its reduction in the rat&#39;s diet reduced cancer formation by a factor of four due to a dose specific effect on the rat&#39;s immune system.  
     [0086] The preferred forms of this invention comprises the elimination from milk of β-casein A 1  or its proteolysis products, or protein fragments formed in any other way, either ‘in vitro’ or ‘in vivo’ and which have immunosuppressant properties, by the use of immunoglobulins raised against β-casein A 1 , the removal of β-casein A 1  and the inactivation of plasmin and other proteolytic enzymes. The preferred forms of the invention represents a significant advance over existing treatments for atherosclerosis, and other generally chronic immunosuppressant diseases in that it will prevent their occurrence in the new-born who, when they are genetically susceptible, will in other circumstances develop the diseases as they age. In addition it is believe it will assist in the restoration of organs and cells in those people where the damage to the bodies&#39; organs is not permanent, by removing the source of chronic immune suppression.  
     [0087] By the term treatment, for the purpose of this invention it is intended that the symptoms of the disorder be ameliorated or completely eliminated or, where genetic typing indicates that an individual is of high risk of developing a disorder, of ensuring that it does not develop.  
     EXAMPLE 1  
     [0088] In its preferred form the treatment consists of inoculating a milk producing animal, that does not possess the β-casein A 1  allele, preferably one that is homozygous for the β-casein A 2  allele, preferably one that produces commercially feasible quantities of milk, such as a cow, sheep, goat, or zebu with β-casein A 1 , or its proteolysis products, or fragments thereof, produced in any other manner, so that antigens to the foreign β-casein A 1  protein are produced. These antigens may be produced either alone, or as part of a wider inoculation programme, to produce a milk with an enhanced antigen concentration as has been described in the Art. This antigen enhanced milk is then added to ‘normal’ milk, or milk, or milk products, whose β-casein A 1  content has been reduced, using techniques known to those skilled in the Art, to counteract the presence of the immune suppressing β-casein A 1  derived material. Alternatively the above antigen(s) may be recovered by one of the processes known to the Art and used as a food supplement in its own right either alone or as a food additive.  
     [0089] Because the immunoglobulins formed as a result of the inoculation programme are somewhat heat sensitive then care has to exercised with the pasteurisation and handling of the final product if a powder is required as is described in the existing Art.  
     [0090] Alternatively, immunoglobulins and other antigens, are recovered from non β-casein A 1  containing milk by ultrafiltration, ion exchange chromatography either singly, or in combination, or by use of a suitable immunoadsorbent column, comprising an insoluble carrier material to which is bound a low-affinity monoclonal antibody specific to one or more milk immunoglobulins but not specific to any other common constituent of milk. Such milk may having been derived from an animal that has been inoculated with a vaccine derived from a bacteria such as  E. coli , for example, or which has been inoculated with ‘bacterial antigens’, as described in the Art. Alternatively, enhanced quantities of antigens are produced as a result of the inoculation, or inoculation programme of β-casein A 1 -free animals, to provide a milk product with all the claims as described in the prior Art. This invention has the advantage over the existing Art that immunosuppressant proteins resulting from the presence of, or, derived from the β-casein A 1  allele are eliminated from the final milk, or milk-derived products.  
     [0091] Another alternative includes the use of a plasmin inhibitor, such as a protein like aprotonin, or other such inhibitors, known to the Art, which are added, either singly or in mixtures, to the milk, as part of the above invention, to suppress the formation of additional β-casein A 1  proteolysis products that would otherwise be formed during processing, and storage, prior to sale.  
     EXAMPLE 2  
     [0092] A milk or other dairy product according to the invention can be produced by testing individual cows in a dairy herd for the presence of the β-casein A 1  allele, or for the presence of β-casein A 1  in milk, and then selectively culling those cows returning a positive result, until the bulk milk produced by the herd is substantially free of β-casein A 1 . Alternatively, homozygous cattle containing the β-casein A 2  allele can be selectively bred so that the β-casein A 1  allele is eliminated from the herd.  
     [0093] An alternative approach to remove β-casein A 1  from bulk milk would involve separating cattle from existing herds which contain the β-casein A 1  allele, allowing the remainder of the herd (which are free of the β-casein A 1  allele) to be used for the production of bulk milk or other dairy products, and those cattle containing the A 1  allele to be used for the production of products for purposes other than human consumption. Such a segregation process within a herd may be facilitated by the use of ear tags or the like to mark individual animals.  
     Industrial Application  
     [0094] The invention provides a useful food product capable of increasing the health of an individual, or the health of a population. In one aspect the invention provides a method of enhancing the immune response of an individual or a population who or which derives some of his/her/its food intake from milk or other diary products, by reducing or substantially eliminating the presence of β-casein A 1  in the diet of that individual or that population.  
     [0095] In a particularly preferred form, the invention applies a method of reducing the onset of coronary heart disease in a human population which derives some of its food intake from milk or other diary products by reducing or substantially eliminating the presence of β-casein A 1  within the diet of that population.  
     Advantages  
     [0096] By reducing or substantially eliminating the presence of β-casein A 1  in the diet of humans, it is believed that the immune response of an individual or a population may be enhanced, or immunosuppression reduced, increasing the general well-being of the individual or the population. It is believed that some individuals may be particularly susceptible to the presence of β-casein A 1 , and it may be possible to develop a test for such susceptible individuals, and to recommend that they reduce or eliminate their consumption of milk or other diary products containing β-casein A 1 .  
     Variations  
     [0097] Recognising that dairy products free of β-casein A 1  are desirable it is preferable to ensure that the animal from which the product is derived has been tested for the presence of the β-casein A 1  allele or β casein A 1  expressed therefrom and subsequent selective breeding programmes (selecting for β-casein A 1  negative animals) carried out to eliminate the presence of the β-casein A 1  from the herd. It will be recognised that such testing may be carried out in a number of ways without departing from the scope of the present invention.  
     [0098] Without departing from the scope of this invention an alternative approach to remove the β-casein A 1  allele from a herd may be carried out. Such an approach may include the screening of sperm to be used for the purpose of artificial insemination for the presence or absence of the β-casein A 1  allele and selecting against those sperm which contain this allele.  
     [0099] In addition to the methods of removing β-casein A 1  (or the β-casein A 1  allele), from meat products, milk and “processed dairy products” that have been disclosed herein it would be within the scope of this invention to use a number of alternative methods. Such alternative methods may involve the removal of β-casein A 1  from milk products via ultrafiltration techniques or by utilising a non-toxic chemical or enzymatic process to remove or inactivate β-casein A 1 .  
     [0100] Finally, it will be appreciated that various other alterations and modifications may be made to the foregoing without departing from the spirit or scope of this invention.