Patent Publication Number: US-2007104731-A1

Title: Helicobacter proteins and vaccines

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS  
      This is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 11/335,903 filed Jan. 18, 2006, which is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 11/122,766, filed May 5, 2005, which is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 10/913,014, filed Aug. 6, 2004, which is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 10/638,132, filed Aug. 8, 2003, which is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 10/290,428, filed Nov. 7, 2002, which is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 08/775,765, filed Dec. 31, 1996, which is a continuation of PCT/IE95/00036, filed Jul. 3, 1995 and claims the benefit of priority under 35 U.S.C. §119(a)-(d) of Irish Application No. 950249, filed Apr. 6, 1995, and of Irish Application No. 940538, filed Jul. 1, 1994. Each of these applications is incorporated herein by reference. 
    
    
     FIELD OF THE INVENTION  
      The invention relates to a vaccine or therapeutic composition for the treatment or prophylaxis of  Helicobacter pylori  associated disease and protein used in the vaccine.  
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION  
       Helicobacter pylori  is a widely prevalent organism found on gastric biopsy in approximately 30% of the population less than 40 years old with increasing incidence thereafter. The organism is a causative agent of chronic gastritis in humans (e.g. Marshall &amp; Warren 1984 1 ; Blaser, 1990 2 ). Epidemiological studies have shown that  H. pylori  is most commonly found in association with gastritis. Serological investigations have demonstrated that evidence of a current or prior infection can be found in 30-50% of a randomly chosen population of blood donors. No direct causal relationship has been conclusively proven for duodenal ulcer disease. However, the organism is found in 95% of patients with duodenal ulcer. Furthermore, eradication of the organism results in rapid ulcer healing (e.g. Rauws &amp; Tytgat, 1990 3 ). These data provide strong evidence that  H. pylori  is a dominant factor in the development of duodenal ulcer. Additional evidence for the pathogenic involvement of  H. pylori  in these conditions has been provided by studies with gnotobiotic piglets (Lambert et al., 1987 4 ) and the fulfilment of Koch&#39;s postulates with human volunteers (Marshall et al., 1985 5 ; Morris &amp; Nicholson, 1987 6 ).  
      In addition, there is now strong circumstantial evidence implicating  H. pylori , in the pathogenesis of gastric carcinoma (e.g. Jiang et al., 1987 7 ; Lambert et al., 1986 8 ; Crabtree et al., 1992 9 ; 1993 10 ; Forman et al., 1990 11 , 1991 2 ; Nomura et al., 1991 13 ; Parsonnet et al., 1991 14 ). Most recently, the Eurogast Study Group, led by Forman (1993 15 ), demonstrated a significant relationship between  H. pylori  seropositivity and gastric cancer mortality and incidence. Indeed, there is now a convincing body of literature implying infection with  H. pylori  in a considerable proportion of upper gastrointestinal morbidity. A number of hypotheses have been suggested for the pathogenic mechanisms of  H. pylori  induced gastroduodenal disease, including the production of cytotoxins and mechanical disruption of the epithelium (e.g. Blaser, 1992 16 ). Interestingly, however, many infected persons remain asymptomatic despite the persistent presence of the pathogen (Taylor &amp; Blaser, 1991 17 ).  
     STATEMENTS OF INVENTION  
      According to the invention, there is provided a vaccine including at least one  Helicobacter  protein or derivative or fragment or precursor or mutant thereof to which immunoreactivity is detected in  H. pylori  negative individuals. Preferably the immunoreactivity is antibody based.  
      In a preferred embodiment of the invention, the protein is a  Helicobacter pylori  protein.  
      In a preferred embodiment of the invention the protein has a molecular weight of less than 30 kDa, especially less than 29 kDa, particularly less than 28 kDa and ideally less than 27 kDa.  
      In a particularly preferred embodiment of the invention, the vaccines includes a 24 to 25 kDa protein or a derivative or fragment or precursor or mutant thereof.  
      The 24 to 25 kDa protein is further characterised in that it has a N-terminal amino acid sequence listed in SEQ ID NO:1, or a portion thereof.  
      The 24 to 25 kDa protein is further characterised in that it has an internal amino acid sequence listed in SEQ ID NO:4, or a portion thereof.  
      In a particularly preferred embodiment of the invention, the vaccine includes an 18 to 19 kDa protein, or a derivative, fragment or precursor or mutant thereof.  
      Most preferably the 18 to 19 kDa protein has a N-terminal amino acid sequence listed in SEQ ID NO:2, or a portion thereof.  
      The 18 to 19 kDa protein also includes an internal amino acid sequence listed in SEQ ID NO:3, or a portion thereof.  
      In a particularly preferred embodiment of the invention, the 18 to 19 kDa protein has an N-terminal sequence listed in SEQ ID NO:6, or a portion thereof.  
      The vaccine may include a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.  
      The vaccine may be combined with a suitable adjuvant such as interleukin 12 or a heat shock protein or both.  
      The vaccine may include at least one other pharmaceutical product such as an antibiotic and/or antibacterial agent such as bismuth salts. Typically the antibiotic is selected from one or more of metronidazole, amoxycillin, tetracycline, erythromycin, clarithromycin or tinidazole.  
      The vaccine may be in a form fororral, intranasal, intravenous or intramuscular administration.  
      The vaccine may include a peptide delivery system.  
      The vaccine is ideally for the treatment or prophylaxis of  Helicobacter pylori  infection or  Helicobacter pylori  associated disease(s).  
      According to another aspect of the invention there is provided a  Helicobacter  protein or derivative or fragment or precursor or mutant thereof to which immunoreactivity is detected in  H. pylori  negative individuals. Preferably, the immuncreactivity is antibody based.  
      Preferably the  Helicobacter pylori  is a  Helicobacter pylori  protein.  
      In a preferred embodiment of the invention, the protein has a weight of less than 30, especially less than 29, particularly less than 28 and ideally less than 27 kDa.  
      In a particularly preferred embodiment of the invention, the  Helicobacter pylori  protein is a 24 to 25 kDa protein or derivative or fragment or precursor or mutant thereof.  
      The 24 to 25 kDa  Helicobacter pylori  protein is characterised in that it includes the N-terminal amino acid sequence listed in SEQ ID NO:1, or a portion thereof.  
      The 24 to 25 kDa  Helicobacter pylori  protein is further characterised in that it includes an internal amino acid sequence listed in SEQ ID NO:4, or a portion thereof.  
      In another preferred embodiment of the invention, the  Helicobacter pylori  is an 18 to 19 kDa protein or derivative or fragment or precursor or mutant thereof.  
      The 18 to 19 kDa  Helicobactor pylori  protein is characterised in that it includes the N-terminal amino acid sequence listed in SEQ ID NO:2, or a portion thereof.  
      The 18 to 19 kDa  Helicobacter pylori  protein is further characterised in that it includes the internal amino acid sequence listed in SEQ ID NO:3, or a portion thereof.  
      The 18 to 19 kDa  Helicobacter pylori  protein is further characterised in that it includes the N-terminal amino acid sequence listed in SEQ ID NO:6.  
      The invention also provides a method for the treatment or prophylaxis of  Helicobacter pylori  associated disease in a host, comprising administering to the host an immunologically effective amount of one or more of the  Helicobacter  proteins of the invention.  
      Preferably, the  Helicobacter pylori  protein is administered in combination with at least one other pharmaceutical agent.  
      In a preferred embodiment, the pharmaceutical agent is an antibiotic.  
      Ideally, the antibiotic is selected from one or more of metronidazole, amoxycillin, tetracycline or erythromycin, clarithromycin, tinidazole.  
      Typically the pharmaceutical agent includes an antibacterial agent—such as bismuth salts.  
      In a preferred embodiment of the invention an adjuvant is administered in combination with the  Helicobacter  protein. Preferably the adjuvant is interleukin 12 or a heat shock protein or both.  
      The invention also provides the use of one or more  Helicobacter  proteins of the invention for the preparation of a medicament for the treatment or prophylaxis of  Helicobacter pylori  associated disease(s).  
      The invention further provides monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies or fragments thereof, to the proteinaceous material of the invention and purified antibodies or serum obtained by immunisation of an animal with the vaccine according to the invention.  
      The invention also provides the use of such serum and antibodies in the treatment or prophylaxis of Helicobacter associated disease (s) and in particular  Helicobacter pylori  associated disease(s).  
      The invention also provides a vaccine for the treatment or prophylaxis of  Helicobacter pylori  associated disease comprising an immunogenically effective amount of the 24 to 25 kDa  Helicobacter pylori  protein and/or the 18 to 19 kDa  Helicobacter pylori  protein of the invention, an adjuvant such as Interleukin 12, and an antibiotic.  
      The vaccine may include an antibacterial agent such as bismuth salts.  
      The invention also includes the use of interleukin 12 in combination with the 18 to 19 kDa protein, the 24 to 25 kDa or any other  H. pylori  subunit as an adjuvant therapy.  
      Therefore, in another aspect, the invention provides a vaccine against  H. pylori  comprising an immunogenically effective amount of a  Helicobacter  or a subunit, fragment, derivative, precursor or mutant thereof in combination with interleukin 12 as an adjuvant. Preferably the  Helicobacter  is  Helicobacter pylori.    
      In one embodiment of the invention the vaccine includes an antibiotic and may alternatively or additionally include an antibacterial agent. 
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS  
       FIG. 1  shows screening of adult sera (CLO negative) for the presence of anti- X. pylori  IgG antibodies. The figure shows a Western blot of  H. pylori  probed with serum obtained from CLO negative individuals. All sera were diluted 1:100 in PBS containing fat-free dried skimmed milk (5i, w/v). Proteins were transferred from SDS-PAGE gels to PVDF membrane. The antigen-antibody complexes were detected on washed membranes using an enhanced chemi luminescent detection system. Each track represents a different serum sample.  
       FIG. 2  shows absorption of sera. Sera from two individuals negative for  X. pylori  were absorbed with either whole  C. jejuni  (track A),  H. pylori  (track B), or  E. coli  (track C).  
       FIG. 3  shows partial purification of 18 and 25 kDa proteins. Both proteins were purified from whole  Helicobacter pylori  on the basis of molecular weight using preparative continuous-elution SDS-PAGE on a Model 491 10 Prep-Cell (Bio-Rad).  
       FIG. 4  shows screening of sera obtained from CLO negative children for the presence of anti- H. pylori  IgG antibodies. The figure shows a Western blot of  H. pylori  probed with serum obtained from CLO negative children. All sera were diluted 1:50 in PBS containing fat-free dried skimmed milk (5t, w/v). Each track represents a different serum sample.  
       FIG. 5  shows antigens recognised on  C. jejuni  and  E. coli  by anti- H. pylori  antiserum. The figure shows a Western blot of  H. pylori  (track A),  C. jejuni  (track B) and  E. coli  (track C) probed with rabbit anti- H. pylori  antiserum. Each bacterium (5 μg) was subjected to SDS-PAGE followed by immunoblotting.  
       FIG. 6  shows a Western blot of purified 25 kDa protein developed with serum from an individual negative for  H. pylori . Purified 25 kDa protein was subjected to SDS-PAGE and Western blotting. The blot was probed with serum obtained from a subject uninfected with  H. pylori.    
       FIG. 7  illustrates biotinylation of proteins located on the surface of  Helicobacter pylori . Agar-grown  H. pylori  were harvested in phosphate buffered saline (pH 7.3) and washed twice in this buffer prior to biotinylation of surface exposed proteins. Bacteria. (−2 mg ml) were resuspended in PBS (1 ml) and prewarmed to 37° C. Thereafter, biotin-X-NHS (Sulfosuccinimidyl-4(biotinamido)-hexanoate; Calbiochem) was added to a final concentration of 1 mM and was prepared immediately before use. After mixing to 10 min at 37° C., the labelling reaction was terminated by the addition of 1.5 M Tris-Cl (pH 8) to a final concentration of 10 mM. The suspension was washed three times by centrifugation (10,000 g, 1 min) in icecold PBS: Examination of the bacteria by light microscopy after the labelling and washing procedures demonstrated that the cells were still intact and motile. Biotinylated  X. pylori  was subjected to analytical SDS-PAGE, followed by Western blotting, to identify the biotinylated proteins. The Western blots were developed with Extravidin-peroxidase (Sigma).  
       FIG. 8  illustrates thymidine incorporation of lymphocytes in response to  H. pylori  in the presence and absence of interleukin 12.  
       FIG. 9  illustrates thymidine incorporation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells in the presence or absence of  H. pylori  with or without anti-interleukin 10 or recombinant interleukin 12. 
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF INVENTION  
      We have studied the prevalence of immuno-reactivity to  H. pylori  in both infected and un-infected individuals and found that un-infected individuals have a high response to  H. pylori  both in their B-cell and T-cell systems. Specifically, the T-cell immune response to  H. pylori  seems to be stronger in individuals who are negative for the organism. In this regard, we have examined the secretion of the cytokine-interferon which is extremely important for the killing of microorganism by macrophage. Secretion of interferon by T-cells of patients infected with  H. pylori  was considerably less than secretion by un-infected individuals when their T-cells were, exposed to the organism (Fan et al., 1993 18). Hence, these data suggest that individuals who are  H. pylori  negative have been exposed to the organism and may potentially have cleared the organism. Furthermore, the response to the organism is considerably more potent in this group of individuals than it is in the  H. pylori  positive patients.  
      The term  H. pylori  negative individuals means individuals with immunoreactivity to  H. pylori  who do not have evidence of  H. pylori  gastric colonisation as determined by techniques such as one or more of rapid urease testing, histological examination or culture of gastric biopsies.  
      A second component relates to the antibody response to  H. pylori  in  H. pylori  negative individuals. Briefly, we have demonstrated using a sensitive detection system that the majority of  H. pylori  negative individuals have detectable antibodies to two  H. pylori  proteins. Specifically, these proteins are of MW 18-19 and 24-25 kDa. It is thus proposed that a potent immune response to these antigens results in protective immunity to the organism. Furthermore, we have partially sequenced these proteins.  
      In many cases antibodies to  H. pylori  are detected by ELISA.  
      An inherent constraint in the design of ELISA based detection systems is that of establishing a cut off point such that all samples below this threshold are considered negative. Clearly, many seropositive cases will remain undetected in this situation and a true estimate of the incident of prior contact with the organism will thereby be underestimated. In this approach we use western blotting to investigate antigen specificity of systemic responses to  H. pylori  in both healthy and  H. pylori -infected individuals and shown that the incidence of seropositivity in  H. pylori  negative individuals is much greater than has previously been demonstrated.  
      Furthermore, we have demonstrated that antibodies to a 24 to 25 kDa protein are detectable in the majority of  H. pylori  negative individuals. These were detected using a technique which we have modified called Enhanced Chemi luminescence. Enhanced Chemiluminescence on Western blot analysis reveals that the majority of uninfected individuals have antibodies which are specific for  H. pylori  and recognise antigens which are not present on other micro organisms. Of these antigens the most common one recognised is a 24 to 25 kDa protein which appears to be specific to  H. pylori . Hence, these data suggest that immunization with the 24 to 25 kDa protein or sub-unit thereof could have the potential to confer protective immunity on individuals who are either un-infected with the organism or individuals in whom the organism has been cleared by anti-bacterial treatment. A second protein was also identified at 18 to 19 kDa in a large subgroup of  H. pylori  negative individuals. Similarly, immunization with this protein or subunit thereof could also confer protective immunity.  
      We have developed a novel assay for detection of antibodies to  H. pylori . This assay uses Western blotting and Enhanced Chemi luminescence (ECL). Using this assay we have demonstrated that approximately 75% of individuals who are negative for  H. pylori  by routine testing such as the rapid urease test have in fact got detectable antibodies to  H. pylori  ( FIG. 1 ).  
      Furthermore, these antibodies are not absorbed by  C. jejuni  or by  E. coli  suggesting that this is a specific antibody response ( FIG. 2 ). Of particular note we have performed characterisation of the antigens recognised by these antibodies by molecular weight, using ECL Western blotting. Sera from un-infected individuals recognize a range of antigens on  H. pylori . The most common antigen recognised is a 24 to 25 kDa protein which is recognized in over 70% of individuals who are negative for the organism on Rapid urease testing. Hence this suggests that the 24 to 25 kDa protein may be an immunodominant antigen which evokes a powerful immune response in individuals who are negative for the organism. A second protein was identified at 18 to 19 kDa which elicited significant antibody responses in  H. pylori -negative children. These proteins have been further characterised by N-terminal and internal sequencing as outlined in the Appendix.  
      Finally a. cytokine produced by macrophages called interleukin 12 may significantly enhance γ-interferon production in response to antigen. As stated previously, antigen-specific interferon production is reduced with  H. pylori  positive individuals. The addition of IL-12 to immunisation schedules with a 25 kDa protein would be expected to boost host immunity to  H. pylori  by augmenting the γ-interferon response.  
      Materials. All antibodies were obtained from Dako Ltd., High Wycombe, Bucks, U.K. All other chemicals and solvents were obtained from either the Sigma Chemical Company Ltd.,. Poole, Dorset, United Kingdom or BDH Chemicals Ltd., Poole, Dorset, United Kingdom.  
      SDS-PAGE. Discontinuous SDS-PAGE was-performed essentially as described by Laemmli (1.970) 19 . A total of 5 mg of acetone-precipitated  H. pylori  protein were located into each well. Gels were either stained with Coomassie Blue R-250 or processed for immunoblotting. Broad range molecular weight markers were purchased from Bio-Rad Laboratories, 3300 Regatta Blvd., Richmond, Calif. 94804. The molecular masses are expressed as kDa.  
      Blotting. Proteins from SDS-PAGE gels (30% 35 T/2.67% C) were electroblotted (0.8 mA/cm 2  for 1 h) to PVDF membrane using a semi-dry blotting apparatus (LKB/Pharmacia), essentially as described by Towbin et al, (1979). Primary antibodies (human serum; 1/50-1/100 dilution) were detected using a 1/5,000 dilution of anti-human IgG (horseradish peroxidase-conjugated) in combination with enhanced chemi luminescence. Blots were washed in PES containing fat-free dried skimmed milk (5%, v/ v) and Tween −20 (0.05%, v/v). Blots were exposed to Kodak X-OMAT S film for 1-10 s. Exposed films were developed in Kodak LX-24 developer and fixed in Kodak dental X-ray fixer.  
      Sera. Serum samples were obtained from the Research Centre, Our Ladies Hospital for Sick Childress, Crumlin, Dublin. All subjects were attended for medical conditions other than gastroenterological disorders. In addition, blood samples were obtained from a randomly selected cohort of children (Harcourt Street Childrens Hospital, Dublin) or from adults attending the gastenterology unit at St. James&#39;s Hospital, Dublin. All patients had a rapid urease (CLOtest) performed. Patients were defined as  X. pylori  positive or negative on the basis of positive or negative responses on. Rapid urease test.  
      Anti- H. pylori  antiserum. Anti- H. pylori  antiserum was a kind gift from Prof. B. Drumm and Dr. M. Clyne. The antiserum was raised in New Zealand white rabbits against whole  H. pylori  using conventional immunizing 25 and boosting procedures.  
      Protein Measurements. Protein was measured by the method of Markwell et al. (1978)20 with bovine serum albumin as the protein standard.  
      Absorption of sera. Antisera were absorbed with either  E. coli  or  C. jejuni  by incubating a suspension of the bacteria with patient sera for 2 h at room temperature with gentle mixing. The bacteria were removed from suspension by centrifugation (12,000×g, 3 min).  
      Bacterial strains and growth conditions. The clinical isolates H. pylori used in this study were isolated from antral biopsies obtained from patients attending the gastroenterology clinic at St. James&#39;s Hospital, Dublin.  H. pylori  was grown under microaerophilic conditions for 4 days on 7% lysed horse blood agar at 37° C. Cells were harvested into ice-cold phosphate buffered saline (pH 7.5) containing PMSF (1 mM), EDTA (1 mM), and leupeptin 5 (50 μg/ml). The cells were washed twice by centrifugation (10,000×g, 5 min, 4° C.) in this buffer before use.  C. jejuni  was a clinical isolate from stool in a patient with  C. jejuni  enteritis and was grown for two days exactly as described above with the exception that the incubation temperature was 42° C. The strain of  E. coli  used in this study is commercially available (Gibco) NTCC 11637 and was kindly provided by Dr. Ciaran Cronin, Dpt. Pharmacology, University College Dublin.  
      Methods used in the identification and partial purification of two novel antigens from  Helicobacter pylori.    
      Methods  
      Western Blotting. Proteins from SDS-PAGE gels (30% T/2.67% C) were electroblotted (0.8 mA/cm 2  for 1 h) to 20 PVDF membrane using a semi-dry blotting apparatus (LKB/Pharmacia). Primary antibodies (human serum; 1/50-1/100 dilution) were detected using a 1/5,000 dilution of anti-human IgG (horseradish peroxidase-conjugated) in combination with enhanced chemiluminescence (see below). Blots were washed in phosphate buffered saline (pH 7.5) containing fat-free dried skimmed milk (5t, w/v) and Tween-20 (0.05%, v/v). Blots were exposed to Kodak X-OMAT S film for 1-10 s. Exposed films were developed in Kodak LX-24 developer and fixed in Kodak dental X-ray fixer.  
      Enhanced Chemiluminescence (ECL)  
      The use of chemiluminescence to detect antibodies in Western blotting in preference to the conventional procedures of employing chromogenic substrates as detection reagents was adopted primarily because of the reporting gain in the sensitivity of detection (approximately 10-fold) over that found when chromogens are used. Oxidized luminol emits visible light and the intensity of this light emission is increased 1000-fold in the presence of chemical enhancers (e.g. iodophenol). The method is described blow:  
                                                   Substrate   Concentration/Amount                          Luminol   1.2 mM (in 0.1 M-Tris (50 ml), pH 8.8)           4-Iodophenol   0.4 mM (dissolved in DMSO before use)           Hydrogen Peroxide   17 fμl of a 30% (v/v) solution                      
 
      Blots were incubated in. the above mixture for one minute and then exposed to X-ray film as described above.  
      Partial Purification of 18 and 25 kDa Proteins  
      Both proteins were partially purified from whole  Helicobacter pylori  on the basis of molecular weight ( FIG. 2 ) using preparative continuous-elution sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) on a Model 491 Prep-Cell (Sio-Rad). This method enables us to quantitatively purify preparative amounts of proteins in a soluble form.  
      Purification Method  
      25 mg  H. pylori  were precipitated with ice-cold acetone, washed once in acetone and the precipitate then solubilised in 3.8 ml SDS-PAGE sample buffer (62 mM Tris, pH 6.8; glycerol (10%, v/v); SDS (2%, v/v); 2-mercaptoethanol (5%, v/va; bromophenol blue (0.002% v/v). Published electrophoretic procedures, with very minor modifications, were followed throughout sample preparation.  
      Loading: The protein mixture, in sample buffer, was loaded onto a 12.5% polyacrylamide tube gel (30% T/2.671 C). The dimensions of the tube gel were: 28 mm internal diameter; upper surface 3.6 cm 2  ; stacking gel 2 cm; resolving gel 10 cm.  
      Running Conditions: Electrophoresis was performed at 40 mA (constant current) overnight at room temperature. Fractions (1 ml) were collected at 0.1 m/min. Samples of each fraction (5 μl) were subjected to analytical SDS-PAGE to assess the purity and. antigenicity of each protein. Every fraction within the molecular mass region of interest was screened by both SDS-PAGE (to assess purity) and Western blotting (to assess antigenicity) in an attempt to isolate and characterise the individual immunogenic proteins. The resolution of this technique is such that pure preparations-of single proteins may be achieved once optimal electrophoretic conditions have been established. Preliminary optimization protocols entailed electrophoresing mixtures of  X. pylori  proteins under conditions designed to favour high resolution of low molecular weight proteins. The final electrophoretic conditions used to achieve partial purification of-the selected proteins are detailed in the Methods section. Using these exact conditions the 18 kDa proteins eluted between 11-14 ml and the 25 kDa protein eluted within 16-20 ml. The molecular weights of the proteins were determined by analytical SDS-PAGE using a range of low molecular weight marker proteins (range: 14.5 kDa-66 kDa; code: Sigma SDS-7) and Western blotting confirmed that these proteins were the immunogens of interest.  
       FIG. 1  shows Western blot analysis of antibody responses to  H. pylori  in individuals negative. For  H. pylori  on Rapid urease testing. Western blotting was performed as previously described using an enhanced chemiluminescence detection system. Antibodies to a large range of  X. pylori  proteins were seen in individuals who are  X. pylori  negative on Rapid urease testing. The most common antigen to which an antibody was detected with the 25 kDa protein:  FIG. 3  shows a. preparative SDS gel elution profile of the 25 kDa and 18 kDa proteins. These proteins have been further characterised by N-terminal and internal sequencing as outlined in the Appendix.  
     EXAMPLE 1  
      CLO Negative Adults  
      Similarly, a cohort of 19 adult sera was screened for anti- H. pylori  IgG antibodies. Each of these subjects was CLO negative, yet 83% had detectable antibodies (IgG) to  H. pylori  ( FIG. 1 ). Taken together, these data suggest extensive prior contact with  H. pylori . The most common antigen to which an antibody was detected was a 25 kDa species.  
      CLO Negative Children  
      The systemic humoral immune response (IgG) to  H. pylori  was studied in two groups of children also. None of these subjects had received any form of anti- H. pylori  therapy. However, in almost all cases the children had a specific antibody response to  H. pylori . The first cohort studies consisted of twenty children (age range: 4-15 years), negative for  H. pylori  on CLO test. Of these, 75% had detectable IgG antibodies to  H. pylori  ( FIG. 4 ).  
      The second cohort of children (n=20) were asymptomatic and presented in hospital with conditions other than gastrointestinal disorders. Yet 13/18 (72%) had detectable IgG antibodies to several  H. pylori  specific antigens. However, from the intensity of the response the data suggest that the antibody response is most likely due to prior contact with the bacterium, when compared to the considerably stronger response observed with  H. pylori  positive individuals.  
     EXAMPLE 2  
      Cross Reactivity with Other Bacteria  
      As many bacteria share common antigenic determinants, we examined the extent of cross-reactivity between  H. pylori  and the closely related  C. jejuni , in addition to  E. coli , using two complimentary approaches. Firstly, the ability of the anti- H. pylori  polyclonal antiserum to recognise antigens on both  C. jejuni  and  E. coli  was examined by Western blotting ( FIG. 2 ).  
      Anti- H. pylori  antiserum recognized a number of antigenic determinants on both  E. coli  and  C. jejuni . Specifically, the antiserum recognises proteins of molecular mass 72, 50, 40, 36, and 25 kDa on  C. jejuni  and proteins of molecular mass 200, 116, 45, and 38 kDa on  E. coli  ( FIG. 5 ). Of these, only 3 proteins (70, 25 kDa from  C. jejuni  and 200 kDa from  E. coli ) show pronounced cross-reactivity with anti- H. pylori  antiserum. Therefore, the observed cross reactivity is clearly not extensive. Secondly, absorption experiments demonstrated that this cross reactive antigen recognition was of minor significance. Serum samples absorbed with clinical isolates of  H. pylori  and  C. jejuni  in addition to a commercially available strain of  E. coli  demonstrated that seroreactivity could be eliminated by absorbing with  H. pylori  but not with  C. jejuni  or  E. coli  ( FIG. 2 ).  FIG. 2  is a representative experiment. Absorption studies were performed on approximately half of the serum samples screened in this study with similar results to those shown. The 18 and 25 kDa proteins were also detected in  H. pylori  Reference Strains NTCC 11637 and 11638 in addition to all clinical strains tested.  
      Having partially purified the 24-26 kDa protein by preparation continuous-elution electrophoresis as shown, in  FIG. 3 , we confirmed the antigenicity of the 24-26 kDa protein by probing a western blot of purified 24-26 kDa protein with serum from an uninfected individual ( FIG. 6 ). The example shown in  FIG. 6  is a representative experiment where the blot was incubated with the serum from an  H. pylori  un-infected individual. Clearly, this serum sample contains antibodies that specifically recognise the 24-26 kDa protein and furthermore, the results of this experiment demonstrate that the antigen preparation is highly enriched for this protein and that no other immunogenic proteins are present in this preparation. We have obtained similar results with the 18-20 kDa protein.  
     EXAMPLE 3  
      Biotinylation of Whole Intact  Helicobacter pylori.    
      Agar-grown  H. pylori  were harvested in phosphate buffered saline (pH 7.3) and washed twice in this buffer prior to biotinylation of surface exposed proteins. Bacteria (−2 mg ml −1 ) were resuspended in PBS (1 ml) and prewarmed to 37° C. Thereafter, biotin-X-NHS (Sulfosuccinimidyl-6(biotinamido)-hexanoate; Calbiochem) was added to a final concentration of 1 mM and was prepared immediately before use. After mixing for 10 minutes at 37° C., the labelling reaction was terminated by the addition of 1.5 M Tris-Cl (pH 8) to a final concentration of 10 mM; The suspension was washed three times by centrifugation (10,000 g, 1 min) in ice-cold PBS. Examination of the bacteria by light microscopy after the labelling and washing procedures demonstrated that the cells were still intact and motile.  
      Analysis of Biotinylated Proteins  
      Biotinylated  H. pylori  was subjected to both analytical and preparative SDS-PAGE, followed by western blotting, to identify the biotinylated proteins. The western blots were developed with Extravidin-peroxidase (Sigma). Extensive incorporation of the biotin ester into  H. pylori  proteins was observed ( FIG. 7 ). Furthermore, it is clear from this figure that proteins in the 18-24 kDa region are biotinylated as are a number of other proteins (Table 1), indicating that these proteins are present on the surface of the bacterium.  
                           TABLE 1                                   Biotinylated   Apparent molecular           Protein   weight                          1   13,800           2   15,600           3   16,600            4*   17,700           5   20,500            6*   23,500           7   26,400                      
 
 Method Description 
 
      T-Cell Immune Response to  Xelicobacter pylori    
      We examined the T-lymphocyte proliferative responses to  H. pylori  using a thymidine incorporation assay. Briefly, lymphocytes were isolated by density gradient centrifugation on a Ficoll-Hypaque gradient. Lymphocytes were seeded into 96-well microtitre plates at a density of 10 3  cells/well in RPMI 1640 medium containing 10% foetal calf serum. A sonicated irradiated preparation of  H. pylori  was added at a concentration of 3 μg/ml. Medium alone was added to control wells. In addition interleukin 12 (R&amp;D suppliers) was added at a concentration of 500 pg/ml. Cells were then cultured in a 5% CO 2  incubator for 4 days at 37° C. At 4 days tritiated thymidine 1 μCi/ml was added and cultures continued for a further 24 hours before harvesting using a multiple automated sample harvester. In additional experiments, cells were stimulated using OKT3 antibody to the CD3. T-cell receptor associated complex in the presence and absence of the  H. pylori  preparation as above. In these studies, interleukin 12 was similarly added. Antibody to interleukin 10 was added in some experiments.  
     EXAMPLE 4  
      T-cell Response to  H. pylori  is Significantly Augmented by Interleukin 12  
      In a cohort of patients in whom lymphocyte proliferative responses to  H. pylori  were examined as described in the methodology, interleukin 12 significantly increased the proliferation of the peripheral blood mononuclear cell population to  H. pylori  (n=12, p&lt;0.05) ( FIG. 8 ). These data demonstrate clearly that interleukin 12 has adjuvant properties in respect of  H. pylori  immunogenicity.  
      Interleukin 12 Overcomes the Suppression of T-Cell Responses Induced by  H. pylori    
      The  H. pylori  antigen preparation significantly inhibited the proliferation induced by the T-cell mitogen OKT3. This inhibition could be abolished using antibody to interleukin 10, a cytokine produced by T-helper 2 cells known to suppress the T-helper 1 cell pathways involved in cell proliferation. These data therefore suggest that the suppression of T-cell proliferation induced by  H pylori  is mediated by interleukin 10 through a T-helper 2 pathway. Interleukin 12 also abolished the suppression of T-cell responses induced by  H pylori  and significantly increased proliferative responses over the baseline OKT3-induced response suggesting that this cytokine is capable of overcoming the effects of the  H. pylori  T-helper 2 pathway.  
       FIG. 8  illustrates thymidine incorporation of lymphocytes in response to  H. pylori  in the presence and absence of interleukin 12. Interleukin 12 significantly augmented proliferation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells in response to  H. pylori.    
       FIG. 9  illustrates thymidine incorporation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells in the presence or absence of  H pylori  with or without anti-interleukin 10 or recombinant interleukin 12. Both interleukin 12 and anti-inter leukin 10 significantly abolished  H pylori  induced inhibition of lymphocyte proliferation.  
      It will be appreciated that interleukin 12 may also be used as an adjuvant with any  H. pylori  protein or derivative or fragment thereof. Its application is not limited to the specific 25 kDa or 18 kDa proteins referred to above. The interleukin 12 may be conjugated with the  H. pylori  unit in such a way as to allow the interleukin to be released in vivo, for example by peptic acid and gastric enzymes/or urease.  
      It will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that while we have referred to a molecular mass of 24 to 25 kDa and 18 to 19 kDa the molecular mass may lie in the 24-26 kDa and 17-19 kDa range. Other related organisms such as  H. Felis  or  H. mustelis  may produce gastric diseases in animal models.  
      Cross reactivity between proteins from  Helicobacter  species may mean that antigens from an individual bacterial species could provide protection in an animal which is not its normal host.  
      The dominant antigens to which antibody is detected in  Helicobacter pylori -negative individuals are the 18-19 and 24-25 kDa antigens. Hence, use of an antigenic preparation containing all antigens less than 30 kDa, preferably less than 29, ideally less than 28 and preferably less than 27 kDa and would be enriched in the immunodominant antigens to be used in putative vaccine.  
      It will be apparent that cytokine interleukin 12 acts as an adjuvant to potentiate the immunogenicity of  X. pylori . In particular, it potentiates the immunogenicity of protein fractions of less than 30 kDa, especially the 18 kDa and 25 kDa protein fractions of  H. pylori .  
      It will be appreciated that interleukin 12 may also be used as an adjuvant with any  H. pylori  protein or derivative or fragment thereof. Its application is not limited to the specific 25 kDa or 18 kDa proteins referred to above. The interleukin 12 may be conjugated with the  H. pylori  unit in such a way as to allow the interleukin to be released in vivo, for example by peptic acid and gastric enzymes/or urease.  
      It will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that while we have referred to a molecular mass of 24 to 25 5 kDa and 18 to 19 kDa the molecular mass may lie in the 24-26 kDa and 17-19 kDa range. Other related organisms such as  H. Felis  or  H. mustelis  may produce gastric diseases in animal models.  
      Cross reactivity between proteins from  Helicobacter  species may mean that antigens from an individual bacterial species could provide protection in an animal which is not its normal host.  
      The dominant antigens to which antibody is detected in  Helicobacter pylori -negative individuals are the 18-19 and 24-25 kDa antigens. Hence, use of an antigenic preparation containing all antigens less than 30 kDa, preferably less than 29, ideally less than 28, and preferably less than 27 kDa and would be enriched in the immunodominant antigens to be used in putative vaccine.  
      Partial Sequencing of the Two Antigens from  Helicobacter pylori    
      N-terminal sequence analysis  
      Purified 18 and 24 kDa proteins were electroblotted to PVDF and ProBlott, respectively, from 12.5% 25 polyacrylamide gels. The proteins were located on the membranes by staining with 0.1% amido black (in 1% acetic acid, 40% method) for 15s followed by destaining in several changes of distilled deionized water. The membranes were air-dried thoroughly and submitted for sequence analysis using the Edman degradation procedure as described by Matsudaira (1989 21 ).  
      The N-terminal amino acid sequence of the 25 and 18 kDa protein are given in SEQ ID NO:1 and SEQ ID NO:2 respectively.  
      Peptide Mapping  
      The N-chlorosuccinimide peptide mapping method of Lischwe and Ochs (1982) 22  was used with minor modifications. Bands of interest were located on .SOS-PAGE gels (12.5% T) by briefly staining the gel with 0.13 Coomassie Blue R250 (in 50% methanol, 10% acetic acid) and then excised with a scalpel blade. The protein present in the gel slices was digested with Nchlorosuccinimide (15 mM) in acetic acid/urea/water (1:1:1, v/w/v) for 30 min at 20° C. The treated gel slices were then washed with several changes of water and equilibrated with SDS-PAGE sample buffer exactly as described by Lischwe and Ochs. Finally, the gel slices were placed in the sample wells of a 15% polyacrylamide SOS-PAGE gel and electrophoresed. Following electrophoresis, the separated peptides were transferred to either PVDF or ProBlott by Western blotting. Peptides were visualized by staining the membrane with 0.11 amido black in acetic acid (1%) and methanol (40%). After extensive washing with water, the peptides were submitted for sequencing without any further modifications.  
      Mercaptoacetic acid (2 mM) was included in the upper electrode buffer during all SDS-PAGE electrophoretic procedures. This mobile thiol behaves as a free radical scavenger and thus prevents N-blocking.  
      Amino acid sequences for internal peptides from the 18 and 25 kDa protein are given in SEQ ID NO:3 and SEQ ID NO:4, respectively.  
      Extraction of  Helicobacter pylori  chromosomal DNA Chromosomal DNA was extracted as described (Silhavy et al., 1984. Experiments with gene fusions. C.S.H. publications).  
      Amplifying the sequence of the 18-19 protein kDa gene of using degenerate primers.  
      Degenerate DNA sequence was deduced from the amino acid sequences listed in SEQ ID NO:2 and SEQ ID NO:3. Four degenerate primers were designed from these sequences, to allow for a two stage, nested, PCR reaction. Eagl restriction enzyme sites were built into each primer, to allow for subsequent cloning of the fragment. Where three or more bases were possible at any site, inosine was incorporated instead of all possible bases, except, where such sites were four bases or less from the primers 3′ (3 prime) terminal, in which case all possible bases were included. Inosine was also avoided at positions immediately adjacent to the Eagl sites.  
      Degenerate primers for gene p18:  
                                  1.   GAARA CGGCC GARAT IYTIA ARCAY   (SEQ ID NO:7)               YTICA RGC               2.   TCYTC GGCCG TYTCY TCIGT NGCY   (SEQ ID NO:8)               3.   RATIY TCGGC CGYYI CARGC IGAYG C   (SEQ ID NO:9)               4.   ATYTC GGCCG TIGCY TTRTG NAC   (SEQ ID NO:10)          
 
      Genomic DNA for the 18-19 kDa protein gene p18 was amplified as follows using the outer set of primers (primers 1 &amp; 2): the samples were heated to 94 degrees C. for 3 minutes to denature the DNA, followed by 35 cycles of 94 degrees C. for 30 seconds, 56 degrees C. for 40 seconds and 72 degrees C. for 30 seconds. 100 pmol of each primer was used, in the presence of 2.5 mm MgCl 2  and 0.2 mM dNTPs, in a reaction volume of 50 ul. 1 ul of this reaction was used as the substrated for the ‘nested’ reaction. This reaction was the same as outlined for the above reaction, except that the inner primers (primers 3 4) were substituted for the external primers, and a concentration of 2.0 mm MgCl 2  was used. Electrophoresis of the products of the reaction resulted in a clearly visible band on a 2% agarose gel, estimated at approximately 120 by in size (as judged by a molecular size ladder).  
      Sequencing the amplified DNA sequence  
      The nested PCR fragment corresponding to the 18-19 kDa protein gene was cloned by digesting the fragment with Eagl and ligating this into the unique Eagl site in the Bluescript vector (Stratagene).  E. coli  cells were transformed (according to standard procedures) and plasmid-DNA was harvested using the alkaline lysis method (Sambrook et al., 1989. Molecular cloning: A laboratory manual 2nd Ed., CSH publications) followed by an RNAase digestion step, phenol/chloroform extraction and precipitation using 2.5M ammonium acetate and 2 volumes of ethanol. Two independent isolates of plasmid DNA were sequenced using forward and reverse universal sequencing primers. The inserted DNA derived from the p18 gene was sequenced in the forward and reverse orientations. Sequencing was performed using an ABI automated sequencer and a Genpak PCR based fluorescent dideoxy chain terminator termini sequencing kit.  
      The sequence of bases between the terminal of the internal PCR primers is  
                          (SEQ ID NO:11)                         GATCGTGTTATTTATGAAAGTGCATAACTTCCATTGGAATGTGAAAGGCA                   CCGATTTTTTCAAT          
 
      This sequence of bases translates into the amino acid sequence listed in SEQ ID NO:5.  
      This sequence (SEQ ID NO:5) overlaps with both the 18 kDa protein N-terminal amino acid sequence listed in SEQ ID NO:2 and the 18 kDa protein internal amino acid sequence listed in SEQ ID NO:3, to give the enlarged N-terminal amino acid sequence listed in SEQ ID NO:6.  
      Many variations on the specific embodiments described will be readily apparent and accordingly the invention is not limited to the embodiments hereinbefore described which may be varied in detail.  
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