Patent Publication Number: US-2005119694-A1

Title: Remotely anchored tissue fixation device and method

Description:
This application is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/831,755, filed Apr. 23, 2004, which is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/246,174, filed Sep. 17, 2002, which is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/816,641 filed Mar. 22, 2001, which is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/788,118 filed Feb. 16, 2001, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,485,503, which is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/574,603, filed May 19, 2000, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,645,226, each of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. 
    
    
     FIELD OF THE INVENTION  
      This invention is in the field of surgery. More particularly, it relates to a tissue approximation device. By “approximation” we mean to include variously the specific movement of two regions of tissue towards each other, the movement of one or more selected tissue regions or areas, the maintenance and/or fixation of one or more selected tissue regions in a selected position, and the maintenance and/or fixation of a selected area of tissue against shape variation due to tissue “springiness.” We will also refer to these functions as “stabilization” of a tissue region. For instance, the inventive device may be used to facilitate wound healing by holding soft tissue together under improved distribution of tension and with minimal disruption of the wound interface and its nutrient supplies. Generally, the device has multiple sites for grasping said tissue using tines or prongs or other generally sharp, projecting points, extending from and preferably affixed to a single, supportive backing. Various processes of using the inventive device are also a portion of the invention.  
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION  
      The inventive device is preferably used for the approximation, mobilization, or fixation of tissue. As noted above, these terms are meant variously to include the specific movement of two regions of tissue towards each other, the movement of one or more selected tissue regions or areas, the maintenance of one or more selected tissue regions in a selected position, and the maintenance of a selected area of tissue against shape variation due to tissue “springiness.” Using our inventive device, a variety of approximation procedures may be achieved, variously from the movement of two tissue areas towards each other at a common wound margin to the maintenance of an area of tissue in a specific position during or after a surgical procedure, e.g. soft tissue in the middle and lower regions of the face or in the neck.  
      For instance, our inventive device allows healing of soft tissue due to its maintenance of tissue position. The surgically induced healing of soft tissue wounds involves two phases, the mechanical phase of wound closure followed by the biochemical phase which involves protein bridging and scarring. In the mechanical phase, the edges of soft tissue are held in contact by essentially two components: 1) The physical properties and device-tissue interactions of the materials holding the tissue edges in contact, e.g. sutures or staples; and 2) An early deposition of proteinaceous material that has adhesive characteristics, e.g. fibrin glue.  
      Only in the biochemical phase, which occurs after the mechanical phase, do tissue components replace the mechanical components adhering the displaced or wounded soft-tissue surfaces. During the biochemical phase, the inflammatory cascade generates signals which induce fibroblasts to migrate into the site or sites of wound healing and synthesize collagen fibers.  
      Collagen is the primary constituent of connective tissue and ultimately determines the pliability and tensile strength of the healing wound. Tensile strength is gradually recovered; 60% of ultimate wound strength is achieved after approximately 3 months. However, this process is successful only if the previous mechanical phase has proceeded normally.  
      The surgeon&#39;s goal is to optimize the strength and often the cosmetic appearance of a wound closure or tissue coaptation. For this to happen, tissue is mechanically approximated until the wound has healed enough to withstand stress without artificial support. Optimal healing requires the application of appropriate tissue tension on the closure to minimize or eliminate dead space but not create ischemia within the tissue. Both of these circumstances increase the risk of wound infection and wound dehiscence.  
      Although the biomaterial composition of sutures has progressed considerably, the sophistication of manual suture placement in wounds has advanced relatively little since the original use of fabrics several thousand years ago to tie wound edges together. The wide tolerance ranges for suture placement, tension, and configurations, both amongst different surgeons and for different implementations by the same surgeon, result in a significant component of sub-optimal technique. Yet, the technique used for wound closure forms the foundation for all subsequent events in the healing process. It is during this mechanical phase that tissue tension is high, edema and inflammation are intense, ischemia around the detached or wounded soft tissue is greatest, and that one can already observe the complication of optimal healing and fixation.  
      Soft tissue is well known for its inability to hold tension. Even when optimally placed, sutures gradually tear through soft tissue, producing gaps in wounds and possibly leading to the eventual failure or sub-optimization of wound healing. Furthermore, since sutures require the implementation of high levels of tension to counteract the forces acting to separate tissues, they may strangulate the blood supply of the tissues through which they are placed, thus inhibiting the delivery of nutrients and oxygen necessary for healing at and near the site of tissue fixation and repair.  
      There have been many attempts to construct wound closure devices that decrease closure time and improve cosmesis. U.S. Pat. Nos. 2,421,193 and 2,472,009 to Gardner; U.S. Pat. No. 4,430,998 to Harvey et al.; U.S. Pat. No. 4,535,772 to Sheehan; U.S. Pat. No. 4,865,026 to Barrett; U.S. Pat. No. 5,179,964 to Cook; and U.S. Pat. No. 5,531,760 to Alwafaie suggest such devices. However, these devices are not useful in surgical or deeper wounds. They only approximate the skin surface, joining skin edges variously through external approaches, using adhesives or nonabsorbable attachment points that penetrate tissue. The devices minimally improve the biomechanics of wound closure, and do not adequately approximate the deeper layers of the closure, i.e. fascia or dermis. Externally placed attachment points that puncture the skin lateral to the wound also interfere with long-term cosmesis and provide a possible conduit for infecting micro-organisms.  
      U.S. Pat. No. 5,176,692 to Wilk et al., discloses a device for hernia repair that utilizes mesh with pin-like projections to cover hernia defects. This device, however, is used in a laparoscopic hernia repair in conjunction with an inflatable balloon. Closure devices for deeper tissues are described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,610,250 to Green; U.S. Pat. No. 5,584,859 to Brozt et al.; and U.S. Pat. No. 4,259,959 to Walker. However, these devices either work in conjunction with sutures, are made of materials that do not suggest biodegradability, or are designed in such a way as not to impart uniform tension on the closure, increasing the risk of wound separation and failure of wound healing.  
      The present invention is a biodegradable tissue approximation device. The device includes a plurality of attachment points, e.g. tines, prongs, or other generally sharp or blunt parts, connected to one or more backings that can be manipulated to close wounds, join soft tissue or bone, approximate regions of soft tissue or create anastomoses. This multi-point tension distribution system device may be placed with minimal tissue trauma. Approximation from the internal aspect of the wound minimizes the potential for dead space in the closure, thus decreasing the risk of sub-optimal healing. Moreover, because the device is absorbed, a second procedure is not typically needed to remove the device.  
      Thus, the present invention improves the mechanical phase of healing and tissue approximation by facilitating the coaptation of tissues prior to initiation of the biochemical phase of biological healing. Placement of the device maximizes the chance for a good cosmetic result and is not heavily dependent on surgeon skill.  
      A variation of the present invention is well suited for inferior orbital rim, craniofacial, and maxillofacial reconstructive procedures.  
      Current orbital rim, craniofacial, and maxillofacial reconstructive procedures have a number of problems to overcome. The problems to be overcome arise from elevating the soft tissue or skin off the bone repair site. Elevating the soft tissue is generally necessary to access and repair the bone site. Typically, the fractured bones are set using a fracture fixation device such as a biocompatible or biodegradable plate which is attached to the underlying fractured bones using screws.  
      After the bone site is repaired, however, the soft tissue which was elevated must be re-anchored. Failure to re-anchor the soft tissue results in undesirable sagging or drooping.  
      Conventional techniques to reduce the sagging and drooping of soft tissue in these regions utilize sutures. Sutures are typically attached to screws or anchors or the bone itself via a drill hole. The soft tissue is then attached to the suture. This conventional technique is undesirable for the reasons set forth above in connection with the use of sutures.  
      The present invention overcomes the above noted problems by providing the inventive features herein described. In particular, the present invention provides one or more attachment points to hang soft tissue in the orbital, craniofacial, and maxillofacial regions to prevent sagging without the use of sutures. Furthermore, use of the present invention provides a one-step procedure for orbital fracture fixation and tissue approximation or fixation.  
      Other advantages of the present invention will become apparent from the following disclosure.  
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION  
      The present invention is a device that allows the approximation of soft tissue during minimally invasive surgery while providing the surgeon a means to calibrate the degree of approximation necessary to achieve a specific result.  
      One aspect of the present invention is an implantable tissue approximation device attachable to supporting tissue or bone that includes a supportive backing, a plurality of attachment points extending from the backing and an elongated member extending from the backing, wherein the elongated member is configured to receive a tissue or bone attachment device at one of a plurality of selectable locations along the elongated member.  
      Another aspect of the present invention is a method of approximating tissue relative to support tissue or bone that includes setting tissue on a tissue approximation device that comprises a supportive backing, a plurality of attachment points extending from the backing, and an elongated member extending from the backing, wherein the elongated member is configured to receive a tissue or bone attachment device at one of a plurality of selectable locations along the elongated member, pulling on the tissue approximation device to position the tissue set on the tissue approximation device, and inserting the attachment device through at least one of the plurality of selectable locations and attaching the attachment device to support tissue or bone.  
      Other objects and features of the present invention will become apparent by a review of the specification, claims and appended figures. 
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS  
       FIGS. 1A-1D  are plan, perspective views of various devices.  
       FIGS. 2A-2E  are side views of various attachment point shapes and orientations.  
       FIGS. 3A-3D  and  3 F- 3 G are side views of various attachment points.  
       FIG. 3E  is a side view of a two-sided device.  
       FIG. 3H  is a plan, reverse perspective view of nubs on the inferior surface of a device.  
       FIG. 4A  is a side, cross-sectional view of attachment points that run through the width of a backing.  
       FIG. 4B  is a side view of attachment points on a strip of backing material.  
       FIG. 4C  is a plan, perspective view of the embodiment in  4 B on a backing.  
       FIG. 4D  is a plan, perspective view of attachment points on a solid backing.  
       FIG. 5A  is a plan, perspective view of attachment points canted in one direction.  
       FIGS. 5B-5D  are plan, perspective views of attachment points with various orientations on a backing.  
       FIG. 5E  is a side view of attachment points becoming progressively shorter the closer they are to the center of the device.  
       FIG. 5F  is a side view of attachment points becoming progressively shorter the farther they are from the center of the device.  
       FIGS. 6A-6B  are schematic views of a skin wound and wound repair using the device.  
       FIG. 7  is a schematic view of an abdominal wound closure using devices.  
       FIGS. 8A-8B  are schematic views of an abdominal hernia and hernia repair using the device.  
       FIGS. 8C-8D  are side and schematic views, respectively, of a device with attachment points on the edges of the backing and a central area without attachment points.  
       FIGS. 9A-9B  are schematic views of a ruptured tendon and tendon to bone repair using the device.  
       FIG. 10A  is an axial view of a cross-section of a vessel repaired with the device.  
       FIGS. 10B-10C  are side, schematic views of vessel free ends and a vascular anastomosis using the device.  
      FIGS.  11 A and  11 B- 11 C are schematic, side, and cross-sectional side views, respectively, of a transected tendon and a tendon to tendon repair using the device.  
       FIG. 11D  is an axial, cross-sectional view of the tendon to tendon  
       FIG. 11E  is a side view of a vascular anastomosis using the device on the external surface of a vessel.  
       FIGS. 11F-11G  are side, schematic views, and  FIG. 11H  is an axial view of the ends of a tubular structure being joined by externally placing strips of a device on approximated tissue.  
       FIG. 11I  is an axial view of a hinge in the backing of a device.  
       FIGS. 11J-11K  are axial views of decreased backing material that are areas of enhanced device flexibility.  
       FIGS. 11L-11M  are side views of a spring or coil-like device being used to approximate tissue.  
       FIG. 12A  is a schematic view of the device being used in a brow-lift procedure.  
       FIG. 12B  is a plan, perspective view of the device used in a brow-lift.  
       FIG. 13A  is a front view of a variation of a device having an integral post or anchor used in a brow-lift.  
       FIGS. 13B-13C  are a top view and a side view, respectively, of the device of  FIG. 13A  showing the attachment points and integral post.  
       FIG. 13D  is a perspective view of the device of  FIG. 13A .  
       FIG. 13E  is a view of cross-section  13 E- 13 E from  FIG. 13B  showing the cavities in the post.  
       FIGS. 14A-14D  show a top view of a patient&#39;s cranium during insertion of the device of  FIG. 13A .  
       FIG. 15  is a cross-sectional side view of the insertion and securing procedure of the device from  FIG. 14C .  
       FIGS. 16A-16D  are various views of an exemplary attachment point from  FIG. 13A .  
       FIG. 17A  is a view from perspective  17 A- 17 A from  FIG. 13C  of the post having a partial collar.  
       FIG. 17B  is a variation of  FIG. 17A  of the post having a full collar.  
       FIG. 17C  is a variation of  FIG. 17A  of the post having several tabs.  
       FIGS. 18A-18C  show back, front, and side views of a post variation missing a distal cavity.  
       FIG. 19A  is a perspective view of the post from  FIG. 18B  showing the proximal cavity within the post.  
       FIG. 19B  is a view of cross-section  19 B- 19 B from  FIG. 18B  showing the proximal cavity.  
       FIG. 20  is a perspective view of a post variation having a beveled latching mechanism.  
       FIG. 21  is a perspective view of another post variation having an integral beveled latching mechanism.  
       FIG. 22A  is a side view of a post variation having a rounded hook.  
       FIG. 22B  is a side view of a post variation having an angled post.  
       FIG. 22C  is a side view of the supportive backing defining a hole to receive a separate fastening device.  
       FIGS. 22D-22E  are side views of a radially expandable post variation.  
       FIG. 23A  is a cross-sectional view of a typical hole in a patient&#39;s cranium for receiving a post.  
       FIG. 23B  is a cross-sectional view of an angled hole variation for receiving a post.  
       FIG. 23C  is a cross-sectional view of a possible keyed hole variation for receiving a post.  
       FIGS. 24A-24C  are top, side, and perspective views of an alternative variation of the device.  
       FIG. 24D  is a view of cross-section  24 D- 24 D from  FIG. 24A .  
       FIGS. 25A-25C  are top, side, and back views of another variation of the device which may receive separatable attachment points.  
       FIGS. 26A-26C  are top, side, and back views of a variation of the device having dual tabs on the post.  
       FIGS. 27A-27C  are top, side, and back views of a variation of the device having a latching mechanism on the post.  
       FIGS. 28A-28C  are top, side, and perspective views of a variation of the device having another latching mechanism on the post.  
       FIG. 28D  is a view of cross-section  28 D- 28 D from  FIG. 28A .  
       FIGS. 29A-29C  are edge, back, and side views of a variation of the device having two adjacent posts.  
       FIGS. 30A-30C  are edge, back, and side views of another variation of the device having two aligned posts.  
       FIG. 31A  is a top view of a variation of the insertion tool showing the channel.  
       FIG. 31B  is a view of cross-section  31 B- 31 B from  FIG. 31A  showing an device and a side view of the support block.  
       FIG. 31C  is a close-up view of the device and support block from  FIG. 31B .  
       FIG. 31D  is a perspective view from the bottom showing the insertion tool of  FIG. 31A .  
       FIG. 31E  is a perspective view from the top showing the insertion tool of  FIG. 31A .  
       FIG. 32A  is a top view of the insertion tool from  FIG. 31A  showing the block assembly.  
       FIG. 32B  is a view of cross-section  32 B- 32 B from  FIG. 32A  showing the device and a side view of the block assembly.  
       FIG. 32C  is a close-up view of the device and block assembly from  FIG. 32B .  
       FIG. 32D  is a perspective view from the bottom showing the insertion tool of  FIG. 32A .  
       FIG. 32E  is a perspective view from the top showing the insertion tool of  FIG. 32A .  
       FIGS. 33A-33D  are front views of another device in accordance with the present invention.  
       FIG. 33E  is a device made in accordance with the present invention shown in an application.  
       FIG. 34A  is another variation of a device in accordance with the present invention.  
       FIG. 34B  is a side view of the device shown in  FIG. 34A .  
       FIG. 35A  is a front view of another variation of a device in accordance with the present invention.  
       FIG. 35B  is a side view of the device shown in  FIG. 35A .  
       FIG. 35C  is a side view of another variation of a device in accordance with the present invention.  
       FIGS. 36A-36C  are front, top, and side views of another variation of the device in accordance with the present invention.  
       FIGS. 37A-37D  are illustrations of another variation of the present invention.  
       FIGS. 38A and 38B  are illustrations of a variation in which a backing is adjustably positioned on a connecting member.  
       FIG. 38C  is an illustration of a bone anchor variation of the device of  FIGS. 38A and 38B .  
       FIG. 38D  is a detail perspective view of the backing having an adjustable latch for attachment to the connecting member.  
       FIGS. 39A-39C  show several views of another adjustable length variation in which an additional backing is used for affixing the device to soft tissue.  
       FIG. 40  is a perspective view illustrating a variation in which the backing is integrally formed with or attached to an elongated leash member.  
       FIGS. 41A and 41B  are perspective views illustrating the delivery device for the tissue approximation device of  FIG. 40 .  
       FIGS. 42A  to  42 G illustrate the implementation of the tissue approximation device of  FIG. 40 , using the delivery device of FIGS.  41 A/ 41 B, to approximate and secure mid-face tissue.  
       FIGS. 43A  to  43 B illustrate the implementation of the tissue approximation device of  FIG. 40 , without using the delivery device of FIGS.  41 A/ 41 B, to approximate mid-face tissue.  
       FIG. 44  is a perspective view of the tissue approximation device of  FIG. 40  with a low profile medical screw.  
       FIGS. 45A and 45B  are side views of the low profile screw of the present invention.  
       FIGS. 46A and 46B  illustrate the clipping off of the head portion of the low profile screw of the present invention.  
       FIG. 47  illustrates the implementation of the tissue approximation device of  FIG. 40  underneath the eye using the low profile screw of the present invention.  
       FIG. 48  is a perspective view illustrating a variation in which the backing and leash member are integrally formed as a unitary elongated band.  
       FIG. 49A  is a perspective view illustrating tines extending from both sides of the backing portion of the unitary elongated band.  
       FIG. 49B  is a perspective view illustrating tines extending from both sides of the backing portion of the unitary elongated band, with tines on one side angled differently from those on the other side.  
       FIG. 49C  is a perspective view illustrating tines extending from the leash member portion of the unitary elongated band.  
       FIG. 49D  is a perspective view illustrating tines extending from both the backing and leash portions of the unitary elongated band.  
       FIG. 49E  is a perspective view illustrating tines extending from side edges of the unitary elongated band. 
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS  
      Our inventive device may be used when working with bone anchors or a variety of soft tissues. The device is of the general configurations shown in  FIGS. 1A-1B  and comprises a plurality of attachment points ( 102 ) emanating from and preferably affixed to a supportive backing ( 100 ) that is a generally porous material that may have the structure of a mesh, net, or lattice. The degree of flexibility of the backing is determined by the material of construction, the shape and dimensions of the device, the type and properties of the approximated tissue, and the area of the body into which the device is placed. For example, a tightly curved or mobile part of the body, e.g., a joint, will require a more flexible backing, as would a tendon or nerve repair due to the amount of bending the device needs for the attachment. Also, depending on the type of material used, the thickness of the backing as well as its width and length may determine the flexibility of the device. Furthermore, the backing may be prefabricated into different shapes as shown by the sharp comers ( 104 ) and rounded corners ( 106 ) in  FIGS. 1C and 1D . The fabricated cross-sectional shape and dimensions of the mesh elements may vary to promote flexibility in regions of the backing. The cross-sectional shape of the mesh elements may be chosen to minimize local compressive stress between the backing and surface it rests upon, or have rounded and filleted edges to be less obtrusive to local circulation. The plurality of attachment points distribute tension over the contact area between the device and the tissue. The tension or forces are generally also distributed in the tissue and in the backing parallel to the interfaces between the tissue and the device.  
      Materials such as biodegradable polymers are preferably used to construct the backing and attachment points. Polymers synthesized from monomers comprising esters, anhydrides, orthoesters, and amides are particularly suitable for biodegradation. Examples of biodegradable polymers are polyglycolide, polylactide, poly-α-caprolactone, polydiaxanone, polyglyconate, polylactide-co-glycolide, and block and random copolymers of these polymers. Copolymers of glycolic, lactic, and other α-hydroxy acids are highly desirable. Although we prefer to use a single polymer or copolymer in a specific device, generally for ease of construction, the invention is not so limited. An example of an inventive device may be made of two or more types of polymers or copolymers (or molecular weights of the same polymer or copolymer). For instance, the backing material might be produced from a more flexible polymer and the points or tines of a stiffer material. The inflammatory response to these polymers is minimal, and they have been safely used in suture materials, stents, drug delivery devices, orthopedic fixation devices, and intestinal anastomotic rings.  
      Generally, we will refer to the soft tissue attachment points as “tines” or “prongs”. These tines will refer both to points which are either sharp, i.e. able to separate tissue in a chosen use, or blunt, i.e. not able to separate tissue in that use. The attachment points may also be referred to as “barbs” when those points have the retaining point shown in several of the Figures discussed below. Generally, the tines, prongs or barbs penetrate into soft tissue and for a short distance. The attachment points preferably do not traumatize tissue in any major way, e.g., by penetration through a selected area of tissue to meet another device on the opposite side of the tissue. The attachment points may be considered to interlock with modulation in the adjacent soft tissue rather than penetrate as by a pin or bolt.  
      As shown in  FIGS. 2A-2E , the shape of the attachment points or barbs may be varied depending, e.g., on the area of the body involved and the type of tissue requiring closure or reapproximation. The tines may be canted, erect, or curvilinear as necessary for a specific procedure. As shown in  FIG. 2A , the tines ( 200 ) may have a wide base ( 202 ) that supports a projection ( 204 ) from the backing ( 206 ) against the degree of tension required to close a wound or approximate tissue. For example, the attachment points may be erect tines ( FIG. 2B-208 ), canted tines ( FIG. 2C-210 ), canted arrowheads ( FIG. 2D-212 ), canted hooks ( FIG. 2E-214 ), or may have a single straight cross-section ( FIG. 3G-311 ) that is nail-like, that does not vary over the length of the prong, for example, similar in shape to a nail or sharpened pencil. Furthermore, the tip of the attachment points may be varied as shown in  FIGS. 3A-3D . The tips may be barbed ( 300  in  FIG. 3A ), arrowhead (double-barb) ( 302  in  FIG. 3B ), or cheese grater ( 304  in  FIG. 3D ). A side view of the cheese grater tips is shown in  FIG. 3D . A faceted tip ( 303  in  FIG. 3F ) is shown. The faceted tip is especially desirable where the force to penetrate tissue is normal to the tissue surface.  
      The connection of the prong to the backing may be rounded or filleted, or the backing built-up around the prong, to reduce structural stress concentrations. The backing or connecting structure may branch out away from the center, with each branch in turn branching to grapple tissue in a distributed fashion. All edges of the device may be smooth except where sharpness is needed at the tip of the prong to pierce into the tissue. Once the prongs pierce into the tissue, the tissue may become supported against the backing to minimize additional piercing or irritation by the prong tip. The device may be molded, stamped, machined, woven, bent, welded or otherwise fabricated to create the desired features and functional properties.  
      The device may also have attachment points both on its front side ( 305 ) and on a back side ( 307 ). As shown in  FIGS. 3B and 3E , the front and back sides have attachment points. The attachment points on the front side ( 309 ) generally approximate tissue. The attachment points on the back side ( 307 ) are auxiliary attachment points that may comprise forms such as round nubs ( 306 ) or pointed nubs ( 308 ). The auxiliary attachment points may be used to secure or promote stable implantation of the device. Soft tissue may be gently pressed into open regions of the backing thereby helping to fix the device in place against both underlying and overlying tissue after the modulation or interlocking of skin.  FIG. 3H  shows a reverse view of the nubs ( 310 ) on the back side of the device ( 312 ). The attachment points on a two-sided device are not limited to the combinations disclosed above, but may comprise any combination of the previously mentioned attachment point shapes and orientations.  
      Structural variations can also be made to the backing of the device. As shown in  FIG. 4A , the attachment points ( 400 ) may be placed through a plurality of openings in the backing ( 402 ) and secured to the backing by a flange ( 404 ) or hub. In  FIGS. 4B and 4C , the points ( 406 ) may also connect to strips ( 408 ) of the same material as the attachment points which are then secured to a backing ( 410 ). The backing may also be comprised of a solid material ( 412 ) instead of a porous material.  
      The extent of porosity, or total surface area may be used to control the absorption rate of the device, and may also be used to optimize the strength-to-mass properties of the device, increasing the section modulus of structural cross-sections per unit mass. The backing structure may comprise partial folds, waves or grooves to help hold tissue against both surfaces of the backing. Regions of the backing may function as suction cups to help hold tissue to the backing.  
      The density, distribution, length, and orientation of attachment points on the backing may be modified depending on the type of wound closure or tissue approximation procedure. Attachment points may be bent or curve gradually, with the tip directed at an optimal angle relative to the backing to aid device penetration and stability within the tissue, and to reduce tissue irritation after device installation. Attachment points may be canted in one direction ( 500 ), such as toward the center of the device as shown in  FIG. 5A . The attachment points may also be variously oriented, such as toward center ( 502 ) and erect ( 504 ), or toward center ( 502 ) and away from center ( 506 ). It is within the scope of this invention to have attachment points extending in any relative direction or orientation on the backing. Or, as shown in  FIG. 5D , the backing is divided into a first area ( 508 ) and a second area ( 510 ). Attachment points in the first area ( 512 ) and second area ( 514 ) are canted toward each other. The inventive device may also be sectioned into a plurality of areas, with each section being variously oriented to another section.  
      In another variation of the invention, attachment points of various lengths emanate from a single backing. For example, in FIG. SE, the attachment points ( 515 ) are progressively shorter the closer they are to the center of the device ( 516 ). The attachment points ( 515 ) may also become progressively shorter the farther they are from the center of the device as shown in  FIG. 5F . The variations shown in  FIGS. 5B and 5C  have regions of attachment points canted toward the center ( 502 ) and with other regions of attachment points with erect points ( 504  in  FIG. 5B ) or canted away from the other end ( 506  in  FIG. 5C ) of the device. These variations are more difficult to dislodge when situated in an area of the body having both to-and-fro movement, e.g., the inside of an elbow or back of the knee, or during placement of the device.  
      Portions of simple wound closures are shown in  FIGS. 6A-6B . These wound closures involve placing the device ( 600 ) at the bottom of the wound, usually at the level of the sub-dermis ( 602 ). The edges of the wound ( 604 ) are approximated and then secured by fixation, e.g., by pressing, to the multiple attachment points ( 606 ). An example of the device placement in a laparotomy closure is shown in  FIG. 7 . The increased length of this incision requires placement of multiple devices ( 700 ).  
      A unique application of this device occurs in hernia repair in which case the biomaterials are not absorbable but rather are more likely to be PTFE and POPU (“Gore-Tex”), polypropylene, or other permanent implant material. Once the hernia ( 801 ) is reduced, a device may be used to close the hernia defect by joining the edges of the separated fascia ( 804 ) as seen in  FIGS. 8A and 8B . However, the device may also be modified to aid repair of a difficult hernia resulting from such circumstances as operating on an obese patient or large hernia, or having a wide fascial debridement where the fascial edges cannot be brought together.  FIGS. 8C and 8D  are variations of the inventive device that may be used in these cases. The attachment points ( 800 ) are secured to the ends of the backing ( 806 ) and are still used to adhere the device to tissue, but the points are spaced so that the central area of the backing is a flat surface without points ( 802 ) that covers the defect. The device in  FIG. 8D  is preferably used in an incisional hernia repair.  
      The device may also be constructed to reattach soft tissue such as tendons and ligaments to bone, as well as other soft tissue such as cartilage and the free ends of vessels or nerves. In  FIG. 9A , the inventive device functions similar to a clamp. Backings with attachment points ( 900 ) are sides of a clamp that has a first end ( 901 ) and a second end ( 904 ). The first end ( 901 ) grasps tissue and the second end ( 904 ) is an anchor for tissue. For example, a ruptured tendon ( 906 ) may be fixed to the attachment points ( 908 ) of the first end of the clamp ( 901 ) and approximated to bone ( 902 ) with an anchor such as a pin or nail at the second end of the clamp ( 904 ), as seen in  FIG. 9B . After mechanical fixation of the tissues, the biochemical phase of the wound healing process will begin, eventually forming a natural union between tendon and bone. Ligament and cartilage to bone unions using the device would undergo the same mechanical and biochemical processes.  
      Vascular anastomoses may also be constructed with the device. In  FIG. 10B , the backing has a tubular shape ( 1000 ) with attachment points ( 1001 ) on the outside surface ( 1002 ). The outside surface ( 1002 ) has a first end ( 1003 ) and a second end ( 1005 ) that opposes the first end ( 1003 ). The free ends of a vessel(s) ( 1004 ) are placed over the device, creating an anastomosis ( 1006 ) that is secured by attachment points fixed into the wall of the vessels ( 1008 ). The attachment points are preferably pointing towards the anastomosis ( 1006 ), with the attachment points on the first end ( 1003 ) being canted toward the second end ( 1005 ) and vice-versa. An axial view of the relationship of the attachment points ( 1010 ) to the vessel wall ( 1012 ) is shown in  FIG. 10A .  
      Vessels and other soft tissue such as nerves, cartilage, tendons, and ligaments may also be joined as seen in  FIGS. 11A and 11B . Two ends of tissue ( 1100 ) are brought and held together by the backing and attachment point construct ( 1102 ) being wrapped around the circumference of the tissue ( 1104 ). The attachment points ( 1106 ) are on the inside surface of the backing ( 1107 ) and secure the union at a central region ( 1108 ) as seen in  FIG. 11C . An axial, cross-sectional view of the relationship between the attachment points ( 1110 ) and tissue ( 1112 ) is shown in  FIG. 11D . The resulting form is, i.e., a tubular structure that has an inside surface ( 1107 ) with a central region ( 1108 ). The attachment points on the inside surface ( 1106 ) may be canted toward the central region ( 1108 ).  FIG. 11E  shows the device with attachment points ( 1101 ) on the inside surface of the backing ( 1103 ) being wrapped around vessel ends to create an anastomosis ( 1105 ). Instead of being wrapped around tissue, edges ( 1113 ) of tubular structures ( 1115 ) can also be joined by externally placing 2 or more strips of backing of a device ( 1114 ) on approximated tissue as shown in the side views of  FIGS. 11F-11G , and the axial view in  FIG. 11H . The attachment points ( 1117 ) also point toward the area of tissue approximation ( 1116 ).  
       FIGS. 11I-11M  are additional variations of the invention which vary the mechanisms used to improve device flexibility. In  FIGS. 11I-11K , the backing has areas of comparatively higher flexibility than other areas of the backing. In an axial view of the variation in  FIG. 11I , the backing is equipped with hinges ( 1118 ) that allow bending of the backing ( 1120 ) around tubular soft tissue structures ( 1115 ). In a second variation, the amount of material in the areas of the device that fold ( 1122 ) is reduced as shown in  FIGS. 11J-11K . Another variation is seen in  FIGS. 11L-11M  where attachment points ( 1124 ) of a device extend from a backing in the form of a coil or spring ( 1126 ). The edges of soft tissue are approximated when the coil or spring is reduced ( 1128 ).  
      Device for Brow and Face Lift Procedures  
      The device may also be used in soft-tissue remodeling, such as a brow-lift, shown in  FIG. 12A . After dissection of the scalp ( 1200 ), the anterior scalp flap ( 1202 ) may be raised over the attachment points ( 1204 ) to lift the brow ( 1206 ). The ends of both the anterior flap ( 1202 ) and posterior flap ( 1208 ) may then be trimmed and fixed onto the attachment points ( 1204 ) to close the wound. The device may be secured to the skull ( 1210 ) by a screw ( 1212 ). The inventive device in this example may have a first end ( 1214 ) and a second end ( 1216 ), the first end having a first area ( 1215 ) and the second end having a second area ( 1217 ). The first area ( 1215 ) and second area ( 1217 ) may have extending attachment points ( 1204 ) or one or more openings ( 1218 ) to accommodate a screw(s) ( 1212 ). The second area attachment points are canted toward the first end of the device as shown in  FIG. 12B .  
       FIGS. 13A-13C  show an alternative variation of the device which may be used in a brow-lift or similar surgical procedure. This device may generally be inserted under a patient&#39;s scalp while securely interlocking a small portion of the scalp to the device preferably via a plurality of attachment points. It may also be designed generally to lay against the cranium in a low profile while secured to the cranium to provide a brow lift. This variation comprises supportive backing ( 1300 ), which is shown substantially as an equilateral triangle, or in a delta shape. Backing ( 1300 ) may be any of a wide variety of triangular shapes, e.g., isosceles, etc. which functions to distribute planar loads equally radiating from a small area, e.g., post ( 1304 ). Various alternative shapes are discussed below in greater detail. Post ( 1304 ) is functionally for the maintenance of the device in place; other sections of the surgical procedure used to support the device in a specific part in the body. Post ( 1304 ) is placed on the side of the body opposite to the tines.  
       FIG. 13A  shows a front side view of supportive backing ( 1300 ) that may be used for either fixation or anchoring. This variation may incorporate sharp corners at the triangle vertices, but preferably has radiused or rounded corners ( 1322 ) to aid in reducing abrasion and cutting in adjacent tissue. An anchoring post ( 1304 ) may be located at one of the vertices of backing ( 1300 ). This anchoring post ( 1304 ) is shown in this variation as being substantially perpendicular to a plane of backing ( 1300 ), but may be other shapes as discussed below. Moreover, this device may be made of any of the materials discussed herein, and is preferably comprised of a biodegradable or bioabsorbable material but is obviously not limited by material type. For instance, the device may be comprised of certain biological materials as well, e.g., collagen, hydroxyapatite from both natural and synthetic sources, bone graft, or any combination or polymerized version of these materials.  FIG. 13D  shows more clearly a perspective view of a preferred variation of the device shown in  FIGS. 13A-13C .  
      In this variation, supportive backing ( 1300 ) may comprise a triangular form having a first end ( 1324 ) and a second end ( 1326 ). This variation may typically be comprised of a front side, as shown in  FIG. 13A , and a back side, as shown in  FIG. 13B . On the front side, preferably near a vertex of the triangular shape, is an anchoring region. This region may comprise anchoring post ( 1304 ) as seen in  FIGS. 13A-13C , and this anchoring post ( 1304 ) may be a variety of shapes, e.g., a hook or an angled post, etc., but is preferably a perpendicular post having a proximal and a distal end. Moreover, post ( 1304 ) is preferably integral with backing ( 1300 ) so as to be formed from a single piece. This allows the device to be formed entirely into a single integral device by various manufacturing methods, e.g., injection or die molding. Post ( 1304 ) may also be a separate structure fixedly attached to backing ( 1300 ) by any variety of fastening methods, e.g., mechanical fasteners or adhesives. The distal end of post ( 1304 ) may be chamfered ( 1318 ), as shown in  FIGS. 13A and 13C ; this would provide a degree of tolerance to enable the surgeon to easily locate and insert post ( 1304 ) into a receiving hole without sacrificing device integrity.  
      Post ( 1304 ) may preferably further comprise a locking device proximal of chamfer ( 1318 ). This locking device may utilize a variety of locking mechanisms but is shown in this variation as front tab ( 1310 ) and partial collar (or rear tab) ( 1312 ). The locking mechanism is preferably integral with post ( 1304 ) and may have a diameter which is greater than a diameter of post ( 1304 ). In any case, partial collar ( 1312 ) is preferably elastically deformable, but may also be plastically deformable. Such deformability allows front tab ( 1310 ) and partial collar ( 1312 ) to compress upon insertion into a patient&#39;s skull and subsequently be able to spring back upon full insertion to provide a friction-fitted locking or securing feature. The locking device may alternatively be a locking key mechanism or any conventional locking mechanism. However, the locking mechanism may be omitted entirely because the device bases much of its stability, once inserted into a patient&#39;s cranium, upon the downward forces applied by the overlying tissue. Thus, much of the forces acting on the device apply bending loads on post ( 1304 ) rather than axially-oriented tensile loads.  
      As seen in  FIG. 13A , post ( 1304 ) may incorporate a distal channel or cavity ( 1306 ) which may extend partially into the post from the distal end or entirely through the post. This distal cavity ( 1306 ) may have a diameter which is smaller than the diameter of post ( 1304 ) and may be aligned along an axis defined by post ( 1304 ) or may extend at an angle within post ( 1304 ). The cross-section  13 E- 13 E of  FIG. 13B  is shown in  FIG. 13E  and shows more clearly the orientation of distal cavity ( 1306 ) within post ( 1304 ) for this variation. Distal cavity ( 1306 ) may aid in reducing the amount of material used in the manufacture of the device, and is particularly useful in imparting a desirable degree of flexibility to post ( 1304 ) which may facilitate the insertion of post ( 1304 ) into the cranium.  
      Post ( 1304 ) may further define another hole, proximal cavity ( 1308 ), which may be used for tooling purposes as well as further adding to the flexibility of post ( 1304 ). Proximal cavity may extend from chamfered proximal end ( 1320 ), which may also aid in tooling and helping to prevent tissue abrasion. Proximal cavity ( 1308 ) may be non-concentrically located relevant to distal cavity ( 1306 ) and as shown in  FIG. 13E , may extend partially into post ( 1304 ) or may be a through-hole extending entirely through to the distal end of post ( 1304 ). Although proximal cavity ( 1308 ) may not necessarily be required, it may be utilized in a variety of ways. For example, proximal cavity ( 1308 ) may be used for aligning the device for tooling during manufacture, or it may also be used as a location to allow a user or surgeon to manipulate the device using tools for placement of the device within a patient. This proximal cavity ( 1308 ) may have a diameter, e.g., about 1 mm, which is smaller than a diameter of post ( 1304 ).  
      In addition to proximal cavity ( 1308 ), the device may also comprise protrusions, tabs, or “ears” ( 1316 ), as seen in  FIGS. 13A-13D . These protrusions ( 1316 ) are preferably integral with backing ( 1300 ) and may generally be located anywhere on backing ( 1300 ), but is preferably located near first end ( 1324 ).  FIG. 13B  shows protrusions ( 1316 ) located on either side of post ( 1304 ) and may provide a surface for manipulating the device by the doctor or surgeon either during placement into the patient or during removal.  
       FIGS. 13A and 13C  show the front and side views, respectively, of attachment points ( 1302 ). As discussed above, attachments points ( 1302 ), also called “tines” or “prongs” are preferably integrally affixed to backing ( 1300 ) but may also be separately attachable. They are preferably located on the back side of backing ( 1300 ), i.e., the side opposite of post ( 1304 ), and are preferably angled towards first end ( 1324 ). Moreover, individual attachment points ( 1302 ) may be of varying sizes and angles depending upon the desired securing effect. Attachment points ( 1302 ) are discussed in greater detail above. In this variation, individual attachment points ( 1302 ) may vary in density, but are optimally spaced relative to one another. Factors for optimizing attachment point relative placement may comprise the ease of securing tissue to attachment points ( 1302 ) and the distribution of loads generated by the attached tissue over each of attachment points ( 1302 ). For instance, if attachment points ( 1302 ) were located too closely to one another, piercing the tissue would be difficult because of the distribution of stresses on the tissue to be pierced by attachment points ( 1302 ).  
      Another example may include having an increasing number of attachment points ( 1302 ) placed on backing ( 1300 ) the farther they are located from front end ( 1324 ), where the greatest number of attachment points are located in the direction of tensile loads on the device. The spacing between individual points ( 1302 ) may be functional in that the number, density, and placement of points ( 1302 ) are optimized to evenly distribute the loads, e.g., shearing forces and bending moments, generated by the attached scalp in a brow-lift procedure. Moreover, attachment points ( 1302 ) are preferably configured to penetrate partially through the soft tissue. For instance, the sharpness of attachment points ( 1302 ) are such that they allow easy penetration through the periosteum.  
       FIGS. 13B and 13D  show supportive backing ( 1300 ) which may also comprise through-hole ( 1314 ) that is defined within backing ( 1300 ). Through-hole ( 1314 ) may generally be any shaped hole but is shown in this variation as being slotted. Through-hole ( 1314 ) serves several functions which may include reducing the amount of material used in manufacturing the device, it may also add desirably to the flexibility of backing ( 1300 ). Additionally, through-hole ( 1314 ) maybe configured as an alignment aid for tooling purposes. In addition to aligning, through-hole ( 1314 ) may also serve as a surface for a tool to grasp during device placement or removal. Flexibility is preferable because it enables backing ( 1300 ) to bend and conform more closely to the shape of the patient&#39;s cranium against which the device is placed. The degree of flexibility of backing ( 1300 ) may be tuned to a predetermined degree depending upon several factors, e.g., the configuration and size of through-hole ( 1314 ). Although shown as a slot, backing ( 1300 ) may define virtually any through-hole shape which serves the functions discussed above, i.e., increasing backing ( 1300 ) flexibility and aiding in tool alignment.  
      Method of Installing and Securing  
       FIGS. 14A-14D  illustrate a preferable method of installing the device of  FIG. 13A . The top of a patient&#39;s head is shown having a hairline ( 1402 ). As seen in  FIG. 14A , the doctor or surgeon may initially make an incision ( 1404 ) in scalp ( 1414 ) preferably along a sagittal plane defined by cranium ( 1400 ). The incision ( 1404 ) may typically be done in the patient&#39;s hairline, if possible, to minimize any visible scarring which may result. The length of incision ( 1404 ) is typically determined by the length or amount of scalp the patient may desire or the surgeon may determine necessary to be lifted for a successful brow-lift procedure. This incision length may generally range from about 1 to 2 cm but may be more or less depending on the desired results.  
      Once incision ( 1404 ) is made, a hole ( 1410 ) may be drilled within cranium ( 1400 ) at the incision second end ( 1408 ). Hole ( 1410 ) drilled into cranium ( 1400 ) may typically be about 4.0 mm in diameter and may be made by a conventional surgical drill (not shown). As shown in  FIG. 14B , once the incision and hole are made, a device ( 1412 ) may be inserted between cranium ( 1400 ) and scalp ( 1414 ) at the incision first end ( 1406 ) such that post ( 1304 ) faces towards cranium ( 1400 ) and attachment points ( 1302 ) face the underside of scalp ( 1414 ), i.e., subperiosteal.  FIG. 14C  shows an outline of device ( 1412 ) placed at incision first end ( 1406 ) and beneath scalp ( 1414 ). Once device ( 1412 ) has been inserted, the portion of the scalp tissue to be raised ( 1416 ) is set on device ( 1412 ) via attachment points ( 1302 ).  FIG. 15  shows a cross-sectional view of  FIG. 14C  where the tissue to be raised ( 1416 ) has been set on attachment points ( 1302 ). Once tissue ( 1416 ) is set, a force ( 1490 ) may be applied to device ( 1412 ) preferably via post ( 1304 ). Force ( 1490 ) then draws the device ( 1412 ) and tissue ( 1416 ) towards hole ( 1410 ) which is configured to receive post ( 1304 ). As shown in  FIG. 14D , once post ( 1304 ) is secured within hole ( 1410 ), force ( 1490 ) may be removed, thereby leaving the brow desirably lifted. Alternately, the device ( 1412 ) can be secured to the cranium ( 1400 ) before the tissue ( 1416 ) is set on the device ( 1412 ).  
      Once device ( 1412 ) has been installed, attachment points ( 1302 ) and post ( 1304 ) undergo shear and bending loads from the lifted tissue ( 1416 ) pulling on the device ( 1412 ). However, these loads may decrease rapidly and approach zero as scalp ( 1414 ) heals. This decrease in loading may take up to about six weeks, but device ( 1412 ) may stay in place beneath scalp ( 1414 ) for several weeks up to several years, with sufficient strength for about six weeks, to prevent scalp ( 1414 ) from moving excessively during the healing process and thereafter being absorbed by the body, thereby removing the necessity for a second procedure to remove device ( 1412 ).  
      Variations on Attachment Points  
       FIGS. 16A-16D  show a preferred variation for attachment points.  FIG. 16A  shows a top view of a single attachment point ( 1600 ) having a swept face ( 1606 ).  FIG. 16B  is a side view of attachment point ( 1600 ) comprising distal pointed end ( 1602 ) and proximal base end ( 1604 ). Although any variations of attachment points discussed above may be used on the device, this variation is preferable because it is able to readily pierce tissue through the periosteum and simultaneously secure the tissue solidly by resisting any bending moments. In particular, swept face ( 1606 ) may be specifically faceted so that face ( 1606 ) is preferably oriented to be essentially perpendicular to the plane of the tissue or scalp being penetrated, even though the tine axis defined by attachment point ( 1600 ) may not be perpendicular to the plane of the tissue or scalp.  
      Attachment points of this variation may optionally be manufactured individually and separately from the supportive backing and then individually attached via backing attachment ( 1608 ) to the backing by a variety of fastening methods, e.g., friction fitting, adhesives, etc. Optional backing attachment ( 1608 ) is seen in  FIG. 16B , and more clearly in the back view of  FIG. 16C .  FIG. 16D  shows the variation more clearly in a perspective view. Attachment point ( 1600 ), as mentioned, may be manufactured separately and attached, but it is preferably made integral with the device. Integrating the attachment point(s) ( 1600 ) with the backing not only provides uniformity in material type but also eliminates contact interfaces, which in turn may provide superior material strength and resistance to bending.  
      As discussed above and as shown in FIGS.  13 A-C, attachment points ( 1600 ) are preferably manufactured or attached so that they are all substantially canted in parallel towards the post. However, the attachment points are faceted such that the tips of attachment points ( 1600 ) are effectively perpendicular to the tissue to be penetrated. Attachment points ( 1600 ) may also be manufactured or assembled so that they point in different predetermined directions, depending on the desired application. Furthermore, attachment points ( 1600 ) may optionally be made of varying sizes, as discussed in further detail above.  
      Variations on Anchors  
       FIG. 17A  shows perspective  17 A- 17 A from  FIG. 13C  of the distal end of post ( 1304 ). As shown, partial collar ( 1312 ) and front tab ( 1310 ) preferably comprises integral extensions or protrusions which act as a locking device. Both partial collar ( 1312 ) and front tab ( 1310 ) may be plastically deformable but is preferably elastically deformable. The protrusions provide opposing forces upon insertion into the skull to produce a friction fit which secures the device in the patient. Partial collar ( 1312 ) may essentially circumscribe any predetermined percentage of the circumference of post ( 1304 ), provided that a sufficient fit is produced.  
      Aside from partial collar ( 1312 ), post ( 1304 ) may alternatively use locking mechanisms comprising barbs and sub-cortical wings. Moreover, post ( 1304 ) may also be threaded so as to be rotated, or screwed, into a threaded mating hole located within the patient&#39;s cranium.  
       FIG. 17B  shows an alternative locking configuration from  FIG. 17A . Here, partial collar ( 1312 ) is replaced by full collar ( 1700 ), which is preferably integral with post ( 1304 ) and may also be plastically or elastically deformable. A further variation for a locking configuration is shown in  FIG. 17C , in which first, second, and third tabs ( 1702 ), ( 1704 ), ( 1706 ), respectively, replaces partial collar ( 1312 ). Again, tabs ( 1702 ), ( 1704 ), ( 1706 ) are preferably integral and elastically deformable, although they may also be plastically deformable. Essentially any locking configuration may be utilized by a doctor or surgeon depending upon the desired fit of post ( 1304 ).  
      Aside from varying locking mechanisms, the flexibility of the post may be varied as well. As mentioned above, cavities may be disposed within the post to increase the post flexibility.  FIG. 18A  shows a back view of a variation of the cavity from  FIG. 13B . As seen in  FIGS. 18B and 18C , post ( 1800 ) is similar in most respects to the post shown in  FIG. 13B . Post ( 1800 ) is illustrated extending from backing ( 1806 ), which is partially shown merely for clarity, with front tab ( 1802 ) and partial collar ( 1804 ). However,  FIG. 18A  shows a single axial cavity ( 1900 ) disposed within and extending from a proximal end of post ( 1800 ).  FIG. 19A  shows a perspective view of post ( 1800 ) from  FIGS. 18A-18C  where axial cavity ( 1900 ) is axially disposed within post ( 1800 ) and extends partially through. Cavity ( 1900 ) may extend through post ( 1800 ) perpendicularly to backing ( 1806 ) and concentrically along an axis defined by post ( 1800 ), but it may also extend off-axis and at an angle, as shown in  FIG. 13E . Furthermore, cavity ( 1900 ) may also extend entirely through post ( 1800 ) as a through-hole.  FIG. 19B  shows the cross-section  19 B- 19 B taken from  FIG. 18B  clearly showing cavity ( 1900 ) extending partially into post ( 1800 ).  
      Another variation on the post is shown in  FIG. 20 . Latched post ( 2000 ) is shown having beveled latch ( 2002 ) pivotally disposed between post members ( 2006 ). Latched post ( 2000 ) is shown extending from backing ( 2004 ) of which only a portion is shown for clarity. Beveled latch ( 2002 ) is preferably integrally attached at a proximal end so that latch distal end ( 2010 ) is free to move. Beveled latch ( 2002 ) is also preferably beveled to provide a gripping surface once the device is secured in the patient. Because latch distal end ( 2010 ) may be free to move, latch ( 2002 ) may be configured so that latch distal end ( 2010 ) maybe biased to extend angularly away from post members ( 2006 ). As post ( 2000 ) is inserted into a patient&#39;s cranium, latch distal end ( 2010 ) may be urged towards post members ( 2006 ) to facilitate insertion by depressing lever ( 2008 ), located at the proximal end of latch ( 2008 ). Once latched post ( 2000 ) has been positioned in the patient, lever ( 2008 ) may then be released, thus allowing latch distal end ( 2010 ) to protrude angularly against the interior of the hole in the patient&#39;s cranium thereby providing a locking action.  
      A further variation of the post is shown in  FIG. 21 . Here, angled latch post ( 2100 ) is preferably an angled latch ( 2102 ) having a beveled surface and being integral with backing ( 2104 ) of which only a portion is shown for clarity. Angled latch ( 2102 ) may be integral with backing ( 2104 ) at the latch proximal end ( 2110 ) and disposed in-between post members ( 2106 ). Angled latch ( 2102 ) may further be biased so that the latch distal end ( 2112 ) is angled away from backing ( 2104 ) and protrudes from in-between post members ( 2106 ). Accordingly, as angled latch post ( 2100 ) is inserted into the patient&#39;s cranium, latch distal end ( 2112 ) may similarly be urged towards post members ( 2106 ) to likewise facilitate insertion. This movement or urging may be accomplished by depressing latch extension ( 2108 ), which may be integrally attached to both backing ( 2104 ) and angled latch ( 2102 ). Because latch extension ( 2108 ) may be attached in apposition to angled latch ( 2102 ), depressing it would thereby move latch distal end ( 2112 ) accordingly.  
       FIGS. 22A-22B  show alternative variations of the post which may include any of the features discussed herein.  FIG. 22A  shows rounded post ( 2202 ) having a radiused distal end.  FIG. 22B  shows angled post ( 2204 ) which defines a predetermined angle, α, between a plane of backing ( 2200 ) and a longitudinal axis defined by angled post ( 2204 ).  FIG. 22C  shows another variation where a post is not used at all. Rather, a hole may be provided which has a diameter sufficient to receive a separate fastener. In this variation, the fastener may be used to secure backing ( 2200 ) to the patient&#39;s cranium through hole ( 2206 ). Fasteners may comprise any conventional fasteners, e.g., pins, nails, screws, and so forth. Alternatively, rather than securing the device via a fastener through a hole, the hole ( 2206 ) may be omitted entirely and the backing ( 2200 ) may be secured to the cranial surface via an adhesive, e.g., cyanoacrylate. Such an adhesive is preferably biocompatible and provides sufficient bonding strength to support the tissue or scalp when lifted.  
       FIGS. 22D-22E  show an alternative variation where the post comprises radially expandable extensions. Expandable post ( 2208 ) is preferably integral with backing ( 2200 ) to provide a uniform device.  FIG. 22D  shows expandable post ( 2208 ) having a first diameter, d 1 . This device may be inserted into the patient&#39;s cranium and positioned in a desired location and configuration. Once positioned, the diameter may be expanded by inserting expander device ( 2212 ), or using a tool configured to expand radially, which pushes against the inner surfaces of expandable post ( 2208 ). The resulting expanded configuration is shown in  FIG. 22E  where expanded post ( 2210 ) has a second diameter, d 2 , which is larger than first diameter d 1  and thus aids in securing the device in place.  
      Variations on Drilled Holes  
      In anchoring a device within a patient, a hole may be drilled into the cranium or facial bone to receive a securing post of the device. As mentioned above, the hole may be drilled by any number of conventional drills or specialized surgical drills.  FIG. 23A  shows a cross-sectional view of a typical drilled hole ( 2304 ) in cranium ( 2300 ) which extends down into the cranial bone ( 2302 ).  FIG. 23B  shows another variation having angled hole ( 2306 ) which may be used to receive any of the post variations discussed herein. A further variation is shown in  FIG. 23C  where the hole may comprise keyed hole ( 2308 ). This variation shows keyed hole ( 2308 ) having two concentric grooves within the hole; however, any number of grooves or variations thereof may be incorporated depending upon the desired hole profile and the tightness of the fit of the post within the hole.  
      Variations on Supportive Backings  
       FIGS. 24A-24D  show a variation on the device backing.  FIGS. 24A-24B  show a top and side view of a device which is similar in many aspects to the device as shown in  FIGS. 13A-13C . The device comprises supportive backing ( 2400 ), post ( 2406 ), proximal cavity ( 2408 ), and attachment points ( 2402 ). However, this variation also comprises an additional leading attachment point ( 2404 ). This leading attachment point ( 2404 ) may be incorporated as a redundancy to ensure tissue adhesion should the other attachment points ( 2402 ) slip or tear from the scalp tissue.  FIG. 24C  shows a perspective view of the device with leading attachment point ( 2404 ). And  FIG. 24D  shows a view of cross-section  24 D- 24 D from FIG.  24 A. Proximal cavity ( 2408 ) is clearly seen to extend partially into post ( 2406 ); but post ( 2406 ) may incorporate other cavities and configurations as discussed above.  
       FIG. 25A  shows a top view of supportive backing ( 2500 ). This variation is also similar in many aspects to the device as shown in  FIGS. 13A-13C . The device may comprise post ( 2504 ), proximal cavity ( 2508 ), and through-hole ( 2510 ), which may be slotted or may comprise any other shape. Also, as seen in  FIGS. 25B and 25C , the device may also comprise distal cavity ( 2506 ); however, this variation may have separatable attachment points which may be held in attachment point locations ( 2502 ). This variation may allow a doctor or surgeon to attach variously shaped attachment points in a variety of orientations relative to one another depending upon the desired result. Moreover, this variation may allow one to selectively attach attachment points at desired attachment point locations ( 2502 ). Any number of attachments points may be utilized; however, it is preferable that at least three attachment points or tines spaced relatively apart be used to optimize the holding capacity of the device to the tissue.  
       FIG. 26A  shows a top view of an alternative variation for supportive backing ( 2600 ) which is configured to be flexible and hold multiple attachment points ( 2602 ). This particular variation may be configured to reduce the amount of material used and simultaneously increase the flexibility to allow backing ( 2600 ) to conform to the patient&#39;s cranium. Flexibility may be achieved via the use of through-holes ( 2608 ) and slot ( 2610 ) which are seen in  FIGS. 26A and 26C . This variation also may incorporate post ( 2604 ) which may comprise anchoring tabs ( 2606 ), as seen in the side view of  FIG. 26B , to aid in securing the device to the cranium.  
       FIG. 27A  shows a top view of another alternative variation for supportive backing ( 2600 ) which is similar in most aspects to the device shown in  FIG. 26A . As seen in  FIGS. 27A-27C , particularly  27 B, this variation incorporates latched post ( 2700 ). Post ( 2700 ) may utilize a latching mechanism similar to the latched posts illustrated in  FIGS. 20-21 . This particular post comprises latch ( 2702 ) which is shown as having a hooked distal end.  
       FIGS. 28A-28C  shows top, side, and perspective views of a further variation for supportive backing ( 2600 ). This variation illustrates latched post ( 2800 ) having beveled latch ( 2802 ) which may be similar to the latching device shown in  FIG. 21 .  FIG. 28D  shows a view of cross-section  28 D- 28 D taken from  FIG. 28A . The latched post ( 2800 ) and the configuration of latch ( 2800 ) may be seen where latch ( 2802 ) is preferably integral with backing ( 2600 ).  
      In addition to alternative backings, variations of devices having multiple anchoring regions may also be utilized.  FIG. 29C  shows a variation also having attachment points ( 2902 ) and through-hole ( 2906 ). As seen further in  FIG. 29B , this variation may comprise a configuration where two posts ( 2904 ) are attached directly to backing ( 2900 ).  
      A further alternative backing having multiple posts is shown in  FIG. 30A . Also seen in this variation are attachment points ( 3002 ) attached to backing ( 3000 ) and through-hole ( 3006 ) defined within backing ( 3000 ). However, this variation comprises two posts ( 3004 ), which are preferably integral with backing ( 3000 ), aligned along a y-axis. The additional post along the y-axis may aid greatly in also increasing the device resistance to rotation about posts ( 2904 ). This variation likewise may allow the device to be inserted at various angles within the cranium depending upon the desired results and the angle of desired lift. Furthermore, this particular variation may be desirable where cranial physiology would prevent two adjacent posts from being secured into the cranium.  
      Placement Tools  
      Many of the variations on the device may be inserted and secured into a patient in a number of ways. One such method involves using an insertion tool of a type shown in  FIG. 31A . This variation shows a top view of such a tool which may serve several functions. This tool comprises manipulation handle ( 3100 ), by which a doctor or surgeon manipulates, for example, the device of  FIGS. 13A-13C . As shown further in  FIG. 31B , cross-section  31 B- 31 B from  FIG. 31A , handle ( 3100 ) may be hinged by any conventional methods but shown here as bolt hinge ( 3104 ). At a distal end of handle ( 3100 ) are grasping members ( 3102 ). These grasping members ( 3102 ) may generally be designed to have opposing members which may be urged together or apart, i.e., to close or open, as handle ( 3100 ) is urged about hinge ( 3104 ).  
      To prevent uncontrolled rotation of handle ( 3100 ) and to provide a way of securely grasping the device, handle ( 3100 ) may also comprise a locking mechanism which may hold handle ( 3100 ) and grasping members ( 3102 ) in a desired position. Grasping members ( 3102 ) are preferably designed or configured to securely hold the supportive backing ( 1300 ) relatively planar with grasping members ( 3102 ) such that attachment points ( 1302 ) face away from the patient during insertion. It is further preferable that grasping members ( 3102 ) securely hold the device via anchoring post ( 1304 ) to allow easy handling and insertion. As seen in  FIG. 31B , grasping members ( 3102 ) are preferably angled relative to a plane defined by handle ( 3100 ) at a predetermined angle, α, to further allow easy insertion of the device.  
       FIG. 31C  shows a close-up cross-sectional view of the distal end of the insertion tool. As shown, also attached to hinge ( 3104 ) is support block ( 3106 ). Support block ( 3106 ) is preferably configured to attach to handle ( 3100 ) at hinge ( 3104 ) yet still allow rotational movement of the tool about hinge ( 3104 ). Support block ( 3106 ) also preferably defines channel ( 3110 ) through a top surface of support block ( 3106 ), as shown in  FIGS. 31A-31C . Channel ( 3110 ) may run substantially parallel relative to a symmetrical axis defined by the insertion tool. Support block ( 3106 ) may be supported by support post ( 3108 ) which may help in preventing rotation of support block ( 3106 ) about hinge ( 3104 ) as well as maintaining a position of the block relative to handle ( 3100 ).  
      Further seen in  FIG. 31C , channel ( 3110 ) in support block ( 3106 ) is preferably angled relative to the plane defined by handle ( 3100 ). While grasping members ( 3102 ) are angled at an angle, α, relative to handle ( 3100 ), channel ( 3110 ) may be angled relative to grasping members ( 3102 ) at a desired angle, β. This angle β is preferably similar to the angle formed by attachment points ( 1302 ) relative to supportive backing ( 1300 ). Angling channel ( 3110 ) may allow a mating block, described below in further detail, to run along channel ( 3110 ) and press against the tissue to be lifted against attachment points ( 1302 ). A block pressing against tissue to be set on attachment points ( 1302 ) allows for optimal piercing of the tissue if the force applied by the block is in the same or similar angle or direction as attachment points ( 1302 ).  
       FIGS. 31D and 31E  show a bottom and a top perspective view, respectively, of the insertion tool from  FIG. 3   1 A grasping an device. As seen in  FIG. 32A , the same insertion tool from  FIG. 31A  is shown with the addition of depressible block ( 3200 ) mated with support block ( 3106 ). Depressible block ( 3200 ) may be mated with support block ( 3106 ) via channel ( 3110 ), into which mating slide ( 3204 ) may be inserted. Slide ( 3204 ) may be an integral extension of depressible block ( 3200 ) and is preferably configured to allow a degree of tolerance relative to channel ( 3110 ) so that depressible block ( 3200 ) may slide freely or when urged via channel ( 3110 ) and mating slide ( 3204 ), as shown by the arrow in  FIG. 32B .  
       FIG. 32B  also shows a cross-section  32 B- 32 B from  FIG. 32A . Depressible block ( 3200 ) further illustrates depression region ( 3202 ), which may be a slight indentation defined in the surface facing away from the patient during insertion. Depression region ( 3202 ) may serve as a locator for the optimal region the physician may depress to force depressible block ( 3200 ) and contact surface ( 3206 ) downward against the tissue and attachment points ( 1302 ) in order to set, or pierce, the tissue.  FIG. 32C  shows a close-up cross-sectional view of the distal end of the insertion tool with depression block ( 3200 ) inserted. Contact surface ( 3206 ) is the surface which ultimately presses the tissue against attachment points ( 1302 ) and is preferably relatively parallel with the plane defined by grasping members ( 3102 ) and supportive backing ( 1300 ) to present the greatest surface area pressing against the tissue. Depressible block ( 3200 ) is further preferably configured to slide or run along the same angle, β, at which support block ( 3106 ) is set to provide a planar contact surface ( 3206 ) to press against the tissue at an optimal angle, which may be at the same or similar angle as attachment points ( 1302 ), as discussed above.  
       FIGS. 32D and 32E  show a bottom and a top perspective view, respectively, of the insertion tool from  FIG. 32A  with depressible block ( 3200 ) set in channel ( 3110 ). Although the placement tool has been described with depressible block ( 3200 ), the tool may also be used without a block for depressing the tissue or scalp against the attachment points ( 1302 ). Rather, affixing or setting the tissue may also be done by hand, i.e., simply depressing the tissue with the hand and fingers against attachment points ( 1302 ).  
      Orbital Fracture Procedures  
      Another variation of the present invention includes approximation of soft tissue in orbital fracture repair and other craniofacial and maxillofacial surgical procedures. One variation of the present invention features a supportive backing which is secured to a fracture site via fasteners such as screws. The supportive backing or plate set fragmented bones. The present invention also includes a plurality of attachment points which extend from the supportive backing such that soft tissue may be conveniently suspended on the attachment points. Examples of attachment points include tines.  
      Notably, the present invention eliminates the use of sutures to fixate soft tissue to the underlying fracture site. Consequently, typical problems associated with suturing soft tissue to the underlying bone are eliminated.  
      The present invention includes various shapes which are useful in approximation of soft tissue in orbital fracture repair and other craniofacial and maxillofacial surgical procedures. A preferred set of shapes is illustrated in  FIGS. 33A  to  33 D.  FIGS. 33A  to  33 D are front views of a tissue approximation device ( 1500 ) in accordance with the present invention and suitable for use in orbital fracture reconstruction procedures. As shown in  FIG. 33A , attachment points ( 1510 ) extend from backing ( 1520 ).  
      The tissue approximation device ( 1500 ) also features a number of through-holes ( 1530 ). The through-holes provide an opening for receiving a fastener such as a pin or screw. The holes ( 1530 ) may be equally spaced or unequally spaced along the backing ( 1520 ). There may be one or more holes ( 1530 ).  
      In addition to the shapes shown in  FIGS. 33A-33D , the plate or supportive backing may be shaped as a character such as but not limited to C, H, I, L, T, U, V, Λ, and ∩ The supportive backing may also be curved away from the direction of the tines or curved in a direction orthogonal to the direction of the tines. The supportive backing may also be convex or concave when viewed from the front or the side (not shown).  
      Except where stated otherwise, the characteristics of the attachment points ( 1510 ) and supportive backing ( 1520 ) are similar to the attachment points and backings described in the variations set forth above. For example, the supportive backing is preferably fabricated from biocompatible materials, biodegradable materials, or materials which are generally absorbable by the patient. The device may also be made from biological materials.  
      The device may further contain bioactive compounds or therapeutic agents. Such agents may be impregnated in the device, coated on the device, sprayed, or otherwise deposited on the device. Multiple coatings may be applied to delay release of such agents. Suitable agents include proteins, pharmaceuticals, genetic material, and other chemicals or compounds which have a useful effect in humans. Other non-limiting examples of agents include hydroxyapatites, tricalcium phosphates, bone growth factors, and bone morphogenic proteins.  
      The device may also be made of a material and thickness such that it may be shaped intra-operatively to the patient&#39;s anatomy by applying heat to the device. Such devices are well suited for orbital reconstruction and suspensions where curves are desirable to accommodate facial bones.  
      An illustration of the present invention in an application is shown in  FIG. 33E .  FIG. 33E  shows a head ( 1535 ) with a tissue approximation device ( 1537 ) secured to an orbitalfacial fracture site ( 1542 ) underneath wound ( 1539 ). The device ( 1537 ) is shown as a rigid plate and is useful in setting fragmented bones.  
      Characteristics of the supportive backing of device ( 1537 ) will depend on its application. In this illustration, where bone setting is required, the backing must be generally rigid and have a sufficient thickness to fasten the bone fragments together. In other applications, however, where the device is used for tissue approximation and no bone setting is required, the backing may be less rigid, less thick, and more conforming.  
       FIG. 33E  also shows the lower portion of wound ( 1539 ) set or suspended on tines ( 1541 ). In this manner, the soft tissue covering the device ( 1537 ) remains suspended and there is no need for additional sutures to attach the soft tissue to the underlying bone. There is also no need for any additional steps to suspend the soft tissue.  
       FIGS. 34A and 34B  show a variation of the present invention which is also useful in orbital reconstruction procedures. In particular,  FIG. 34A  shows a tissue approximation device ( 1550 ) having a supportive backing ( 1560 ) divided into two discrete regions. The first or plate region ( 1570 ) includes several through-holes and is “tineless.” That is, no tines or attachment points are shown in the plate region ( 1570 ) of  FIG. 34A . The second or tine region ( 1580 ) features two tines ( 1590 ) to serve the function as indicated in the above described variations. The plate region and tine region may be separate structures joined together or they may be integral with one another.  
       FIG. 34B  shows a side view of the tissue approximation device having a variation in thickness. In particular, the tine region ( 1580 ) is thinner than the plate region ( 1570 ). Such a device is suitable for applications requiring a thicker substrate in one bone location. In orbital and maxilla fractures, for example, devices with a varying thickness can be useful. Of course, the invention is not limited to the particular variation shown in  FIGS. 34A and 34B . For example, the tine region may be thicker than the plate region (not shown).  
       FIGS. 35A  to  35 C illustrate another variation of the present invention. In particular,  FIG. 35A  shows a tissue approximation device ( 1609 ) in a horseshoe shape. Arc ( 1610 ) is provided to avoid covering nerves such as the infraorbital nerve in, for example, midface lift procedures. While a horseshoe shape is shown in  FIG. 35A , the invention is not so limited and may include other shapes having arcs, slots, or curves which avoid covering nerves or other anatomical structures which are desirably left uncovered.  
      As shown in  FIG. 35C , backing ( 1620 ) may have an anchoring post ( 1630 ) extending therefrom to secure the device in bone. The anchoring post ( 1630 ) may eliminate the need for separate fasteners.  FIGS. 35A  to  35 C also feature four tines symmetrically disposed on backing ( 1620 ). The tines serve the same function as described in the preceding variations of the present invention.  
       FIGS. 36A  to  36 C illustrate another variation of the present invention useful in orbital rim and orbital floor reconstruction. As shown in  FIGS. 36A  to  36 C, the device ( 1650 ) includes a backing ( 1660 ), tines ( 1670 ), and through-holes ( 1680 ) similar to the variations described above. However, device ( 1650 ) features a floor ( 1690 ) perpendicularly extending from backing ( 1660 ). The floor ( 1690 ) is shown as substantially flat and has a width approximately equal to the width of the plate or backing ( 1660 ). Preferably, the width W of the backing ( 1660 ) is sized equal to or less than the width of the orbit. The thickness t of backing ( 1660 ) is preferably in the range of 0.1 to 5 mm and more preferably between 0.5 to 2.5 mm. The length L of the floor ( 1690 ) is limited also by the depth of the orbit and the thickness of the floor is preferably in the range of 0.3 to 1 mm.  
      The device shown in  FIGS. 36A  to  36 C is particularly suitable in severe orbital fractures that include fractures of the orbital floor where additional support is required. That is to say, a floor ( 1690 ) is suitable in repairing severely damaged sites where the orbit bones are fragmented and fixation is needed in multiple dimensions. The floor is shown having a particular shape however the invention is not so limited. The floor may have other shapes and may be adapted to particular sites and depths as appropriate for the severity and type of fracture.  
       FIGS. 37A  to  37 D illustrate another variation of the present invention.  FIGS. 37A  to  37 D show a tissue approximation device ( 1708 ) with an extension member ( 1710 ) extending from supportive backing ( 1720 ). Similar to the variations described above, backing ( 1720 ) includes one or more tines ( 1730 ) for suspending soft tissue such as cheek tissue in the orbital region. Unlike the previous variations, however, an anchor post ( 1740 ) is separated from backing ( 1720 ) by extension member ( 1710 ).  
      This variation of the present invention is suitable for procedures where the preferred anchoring position is not adjacent the soft tissue to be suspended. The present invention thus provides for the suspension of soft tissue remote or distal to an anchoring position. While only one plate is shown attached to anchor ( 1740 ), the present invention also encompasses multiple plates attached to a single post.  
      Extension member ( 1710 ) may be either solid or flexible (such as a tether) as shown in  FIGS. 37A and 37B  respectively. If solid, a surgeon may be provided with a number of devices having varying lengths. A device having a solid extension member may be used to indirectly suspend soft tissue above or below the anchor post ( 1740 ).  
      Soft or threadlike extension members may be suitable for indirectly suspending soft tissue below the anchoring position. Advantageously, the length of soft or threadlike extension members may be adjusted and varied during a surgical procedure.  
      For example,  FIG. 37C  shows a flexible extension member ( 1710 ) being manipulated by a force F which decreases the distance between the backing ( 1720 ) and post ( 1740 ). In this manner, a post may be secured to a bone site and the backing or plate ( 1   720 ) may be positioned a selected distance from the anchor ( 1740 ).  
      Another variation is shown in  FIG. 37D . In  FIG. 37D , the extension member ( 1710 ) is adjusted by rotating a knob ( 1752 ) to wind the extension member around the knob thereby decreasing the distance between the post ( 1740 ) and the plate or backing ( 1720 ).  
      The extension member may be joined to the plate or backing ( 1720 ) in a number of ways including a suture ( 1750 ), adhesive, a knot, an ultrasonic weld, a pressure fit, or any other suitable joining technique which is in accordance with the present invention.  
      Another variation similar to that above may be seen in  FIGS. 38A and 38B , which show two views of an adjustable tissue approximation device ( 1754 ). This remote anchor variation may have particular mid-face applications. A supportive backing ( 1756 ) is shown with one or more tines ( 1758 ) extending from the backing ( 1756 ) in a manner described above. Backing ( 1756 ) may be slidingly connected by an adjustable leash or extension member ( 1760 ) to an anchor or post ( 1762 ). The adjustable leash ( 1760 ) maybe made with multiple engagement holes ( 1764 ) defined along its length for adjustably engaging backing ( 1756 ) selectively along the length of the leash ( 1760 ). Backing ( 1756 ) and tines ( 1758 ) may be made according to any of the variations as described above. For example, the backing may be triangularly shaped, as shown in this variation. Alternatively, the backing may also be shaped in a variety of other configurations, e.g., rectangles, squares, circles, linear members, or any of the other configurations described above.  
      This particular variation may be used for surgical repositioning and suspension of the infraorbital mid-face of a patient. The device ( 1754 ) may be deployed and positioned beneath the patient&#39;s mid-face through remote incisions, e.g., buccal (oral), eyelid (subciliary or transconjunctival), or temporal incisions. Anchor ( 1   762 ) may be positioned securely within a drilled hole located in the zygomatic bone, e.g., into the infraorbital rim or medial zygomatic arch. Backing ( 1756 ), while attached to anchor ( 1762 ) via leash ( 1760 ), may be positioned below the infraorbital rim of the midface. Depending upon the patient&#39;s physical characteristics and mid-face geometry, the backing ( 1756 ) may be positioned adjustably along leash ( 1760 ) and locked in place by engagement with locking holes ( 1764 ) once desirably placed. Accordingly, the leash ( 1760 ) may have an adjustable length ranging, for example, anywhere between 0.5 to 5 inches in length. The tines ( 1758 ) which extend from backing ( 1756 ) are adapted to protrude into the mid-face tissue and approximate the tissue while optionally adjusting the position of backing ( 1756 ) along the length of leash ( 1760 ).  
       FIG. 38C  shows a side view of a variation of anchor ( 1762 ). As shown, anchor ( 1762 ) may have an enlarged diameter ( 1766 ) distally located along anchor ( 1762 ) to facilitate secure engagement within the bone hole. Anchor ( 1762 ) may also be shaped or configured in any of the other variations described above for the post so long as it provides for a secure attachment to the bone to resist being pulled out, e.g., the post may be configured as an interference post so that it is secured via an interference fit within the bone, the post may also be threaded to allow for threaded engagement within the bone hole, or any of the other post variations described above. Anchor ( 1762 ) may further be positioned to form an acute angle relative to leash ( 1760 ), as shown in the  FIG. 38C , to aid in securing backing ( 1756 ) and anchor ( 1762 ) in position once deployed.  
       FIG. 38D  shows a close-up view of leash ( 1760 ) adjustably secured through backing ( 1756 ). As shown, leash ( 1760 ) may extend through an adjustable latch ( 1768 ) formed on a proximal end of backing ( 1756 ). Latch ( 1768 ) may be formed on either side of backing ( 1756 ), i.e., on the same side as tines ( 1758 ) or on the opposite side of backing ( 1756 ). To securely engage leash ( 1760 ), latch ( 1768 ) may have a pawl ( 1770 ) attached within the latch ( 1768 ) which may be articulated to releasably engage holes ( 1764 ). This configuration allows for the multiple release and tightening of backing ( 1756 ) relative to leash ( 1760 ) during deployment and for post-operative adjustments, if necessary.  
      Pawl ( 1770 ) may also be configured into a uni-directional pawl, such as a zip-tie, which would allow travel of the leash ( 1760 ) only along a single direction relative to the backing ( 1756 ). Furthermore, leash ( 1760 ) is preferably configured to have a low profile against the tissue to remain non-obtrusive. Leash ( 1760 ) is further preferably configured to withstand tensile loads which may be generated by the approximated tissue. For instance, the device ( 1754 ) may be configured to withstand tensile loads along the leash ( 1760 ) of up to, e.g., 7 lbs, and for post-operative tensile loads of, e.g., 3 lbs for about 24 hours, and then, e.g., 1.5 lbs for several more days post deployment.  
      Alternatively, the leash may be configured to engage with the backing in a number of different ways. The leash may also be configured to releasably engage with the backing through the use of protuberances, e.g., nubs, bumps, etc., located along the length of the leash. These protuberances may be adapted to interlock with a corresponding locking arm located on the backing. Moreover, aside from protuberances, other methods such as notches, indentations, etc., may also be defined along the leash. Essentially, any known variety of releasable engagement methods as known in the art may be used accordingly on the leash to accomplish adjustability relative to the backing.  
      Backing ( 1756 ) is preferably configured to be non-obtrusive through the skin of the patient; it may therefore have a thickness ranging from, e.g., 0.5 to 1 mm (about 0.02 to 0.04 in.). The entire device ( 1754 ) or portions of it may also be made entirely of any of the bioabsorbable materials described above provided the structural strength is sufficient to withstand the tensile loads.  
      Yet another variation is seen in  FIGS. 39A  to  39 C, where device ( 1754 ) includes a pair of tined backings ( 1756 ) slidably attached along leash ( 1760 ). Both backings ( 1756 ) can face the same way, or be inverted relative to one another so the tines ( 1758 ) from one backing face in the opposite direction compared to the other (as shown in  FIG. 39C ) for anchoring the device to soft tissue rather than to bone. This variation may be used likewise for surgical repositioning and suspension of the mid-face by affixing the device ( 1754 ) from, e.g., the mid-face, to, e.g., the temporalis fascia. The pair of supportive, tined backings ( 1756 ) can have the same or different size and configuration depending upon the desired results and the particular physiology of the patient.  
      As shown, leash ( 1760 ) may be configured to have multiple locking holes ( 1764 ) defined along the length of the leash ( 1760 ). Moreover, one end of the leash ( 1760 ) may be non-adjustably attached to or integrally formed with one of the backings ( 1756 ), leaving the other backing releasably adjustable along leash ( 1760 ). Alternatively, both backings ( 1756 ) may be adjustably positionable along leash ( 1760 ). Another alternative is to have both backings ( 1756 ) non-adjustably attached at the ends of leash ( 1760 ).  
      When deployed, the tines of either backing may be attached into, e.g., the temporalis fascia, such that the tines protrude into the deep tissue of the temporalis fasica and the muscle rather than into the scalp. The remaining backing may then be secured into the mid-face tissue, preferably in both sub- and supra-periosteal dissections. One or both backings, depending upon the configuration, may be adjusted along the leash before or after placement into the tissue to adjust for the desire amount of tissue suspension.  
       FIG. 40  illustrates approximation device ( 1772 ), a variation of approximation device ( 1754 ), where backing ( 1756 ) is integrally formed with or attached to leash ( 1760 ), with one or more tines ( 1758 ) extending from the backing ( 1756 ) preferably in a non-orthogonal manner (e.g. preferably angled toward leash ( 1760 )). One or more of the engagement holes ( 1764 ) on leash ( 1760 ) are directly used to anchor the tissue approximation device ( 1772 ) in place after deployment using sutures, screws, staples, etc., with any excessive length of leash ( 1760 ) preferably being cut away beyond the anchoring position. Tissue approximation device ( 1772 ) of this configuration is ideal for mid-face tissue approximation, with or without a delivery device, as described next.  
      FIGS.  41 A/B illustrate an optional delivery device ( 1774 ) for the tissue approximation device ( 1772 ) shown in  FIG. 40 . Delivery device ( 1774 ) includes an elongated support member ( 1776 ) that terminates at one end in a protective cup ( 1778 ) and in a shaped handle ( 1780 ) at the other end. Elongated support member ( 1776 ) includes a plurality of slots ( 1777 ) through which the leash ( 1760 ) slides. In its insertion position, the tines ( 1758 ) are contained within cup ( 1778 ), as shown in  FIG. 41A . The delivery device ( 1774 ) also includes an implementation member ( 1782 ) that is disposed underneath and attached to or abutting tissue approximation device ( 1772 ). When a handle portion ( 1784 ) of implementation member ( 1782 ) is pressed toward handle ( 1780 ), the elongated support member ( 1776 ) is slid back to retract cup ( 1778 ) from over backing ( 1756 ) and tines ( 1758 ), leaving tines ( 1758 ) exposed as shown in  FIG. 41B . Elongated support member ( 1776 ) is preferably made of plastic, and implementation member ( 1782 ) is preferably made of stainless steel.  
       FIGS. 42A-42G  illustrate the implementation of tissue approximation device ( 1772 ) for mid-face tissue approximation, utilizing the delivery device ( 1774 ). As illustrated in  FIG. 42A , delivery device ( 1774 ) containing approximation device ( 1772 ) is inserted through a temporal incision ( 1786 ) over the temporal fascia ( 1787 ) until the backing/tines ( 1756 / 1758 ) (inside cup  1778 ) are disposed adjacent the tissue to be approximated. Protective cup ( 1778 ) prevents the tines ( 1758 ) from engaging any tissue during such insertion. Handles ( 1780 / 1784 ) are then pressed together, as shown in  FIG. 42B , to force backing/tines ( 1756 / 1758 ) from cup ( 1778 ), as shown in  FIG. 42C . Prior to and during removal of delivery device ( 1774 ) through the temporal incision ( 1786 ), pressure is exerted against the tissue over tines ( 1758 ) to set (i.e. affix) the tissue on device ( 1772 ) (so that the tines penetrate into and engage with the tissue), as shown in  FIG. 42D . Once the delivery device ( 1774 ) is completely removed (see  FIG. 42E ), the leash ( 1760 ) is pulled to approximate the tissue engaged with tines ( 1758 ) into its desired position. At this point, suture ( 1788 ) is then used to secure the leash ( 1760 ) to the temporal fascia ( 1787 ) using one or more of the engagement holes ( 1764 ), as illustrated in  FIG. 42F . Lastly, any excess amount of leash ( 1760 ) beyond the engagement holes ( 1764 ) used to secure the device ( 1772 ) in place can be severed or cut, as shown in  FIG. 42G .  
      While delivery device ( 1774 ) is an ideal tool for inserting the approximation device ( 1772 ) in a manner where tines ( 1   758 ) do not inadvertently and prematurely engage with tissue, it may be possible to insert approximation device ( 1772 ) without using delivery device ( 1774 ) through temporal incision ( 1786 ). Alternately, a suture ( 1789 ) extending through temporal incision ( 1786 ) can be used to draw approximation device ( 1772 ) up through a buccal incision ( 1790 ) below the tissue to be approximated, as shown in  FIGS. 43A and 43B .  
      It should be noted that other tissue and/or bone attachment devices, such as posts, staples, screws, clips, etc., can be used instead of, or in addition to, suture ( 1788 ), to secure the device ( 1772 ) to the temporal fascia ( 1787 ), the underlying bone or skull, or any other tissue or bone. For example,  FIGS. 44 and 45 A/B illustrates a specially designed low profile medical screw ( 1791 ), which includes a flange ( 1792 ), a threaded shaft ( 1793 ) extending from one side of the flange ( 1792 ), and a screw head ( 1794 ) extending from the other side of the flange ( 1792 ). The screw head ( 1794 ) is configured to allow a rotation tool to engage with, to retain engagement with, and to rotate the screw head ( 1794 ) (for example, wings ( 1795 ) with sloped surfaces ( 1796 ) tapering down to a narrow neck portion ( 1797 ) that is attached to or formed with flange ( 1792 )). The screw head ( 1791 ) is designed to enable a cutting tool ( 1798 ) to accurately engage with and cut off the screw head ( 1794 ) (i.e. cut through the neck portion ( 1797 ) where it meets flange ( 1792 )), leaving a planar flange surface that is almost flush with the leash ( 1760 ), as illustrated in  FIGS. 46A and 46B . In the preferred embodiment, neck portion ( 1797 ) comprises a pair of narrow posts extending between the flange ( 1792 ) and the winged portion ( 1795 ) of head ( 1794 ), where the sloped portions ( 1796 ) of wings ( 1795 ) guide the cutting device to the neck portion ( 1797 ). The extremely low profile of screw ( 1791 ) allows implementation of the tissue approximation device ( 1772 ) in locations where the overlying tissue is quite thin, such as the tissue just below the eye as shown in  FIG. 47 .  
      It should also be noted that engagement holes ( 1764 ) need not be round as shown in the figures, but could be elongated, or even formed as perforations or thin slits, through which the suture can be passed by itself or via the aid of a needle. Alternately, engagement holes ( 1764 ) can be omitted altogether, and instead leash ( 1760 ) can have a thickness thin enough so that a needle carrying suture ( 1778 ) can be passed through the leash material, and therefore any location along leash ( 1760 ) can be selected for suture attachment.  
      Lastly, it should be noted that elongated support member ( 1776 ) need not necessarily terminate at the one end in protective cup ( 1778 ), but can terminate with any protective member (e.g. cup, rail, post, ring, tab, etc.) that lifts the tissue away from the tines ( 1758 ).  
       FIG. 48  illustrates an alternate configuration of approximation device ( 1772 ), where backing ( 1756 ) and leash ( 1760 ) are integrally formed together as a unitary elongated band, preferably but not necessarily having a uniform width and height. The leash portion ( 1760 ) contains the plurality of through-holes ( 1764 ) as described above. However, the backing portion ( 1756 ) contains both the tines ( 1758 ) and through-holes ( 1764 ). The through-holes ( 1764 ) preferably, but not necessarily, are linearly oriented along the length of approximation device ( 1772 ), including in an intermixed manner with the tines ( 1758 ) in the backing portion ( 1756 ). Through-holes ( 1764 ) not only serve as possible anchor points, but also allow for tissue in-growth. Tissue fixation and in-growth can be enhanced by staggering of the tines on alternating sides of the through-holes as shown in  FIG. 48 . The side edges ( 1772 a) of the device ( 1772 ) are preferably non-linear (e.g. scalloped or wavy), which has been found to drastically reduce the ability to see and feel the approximation device after implementation.  
      By having both the backing portion ( 1756 ) and the leash portion ( 1760 ) integrally formed together in a linearly extending manner as shown and described above, each of these portions can be individually cut to size for optimal implantation results, even after partial or complete implantation. For example, the length of fixation backing and thus the number of tines used for tissue fixation, and/or the length of leash portion used for extending the anchor positions to the anchor points, can be reduced in a customized manner by cutting either or both of the backing and leash portions ( 1756 / 1760 ) before, during or even after implantation of the device. Other variations of this embodiment include: forming tines ( 1758 ) on both the front ( 1772   b ) and back ( 1772   c ) sides of the backing portion ( 1756 ) all inclined toward the leash portion as shown in  FIG. 49A  (for fixating tissue on both sides of the approximation device in the same direction) or inclined in opposing directions as shown in  FIG. 49B  (for providing fixation or additional anchoring on both sides but in opposite directions), additionally forming tines ( 1758 ) on the front and/or back side of the leash portion ( 1760 ) as shown in  FIG. 49C  (for engaging tissue near or even on the other side of the anchor point), continuously forming the tines ( 1758 ) along both the backing and leash portions ( 1756 / 1760 ) as shown in  FIG. 49D  (for tissue fixation continuously along the entire length of the approximation device), and forming tines extending from the side edges  1772   a  and through-holes  1764  extending between front and back sides ( 1772   b / 1772   c ) as shown in  FIG. 49E . Any combination of tines on the front and/or back sides of backing portion ( 1756 ), and/or tines on the front and/or back sides of leash portion ( 1760 ), and/or tines on side edges  1772   a  of backing and/or leash portions ( 1756 / 1760 ), are contemplated by the present invention.  
      The present invention also encompasses systems comprising any combination of spacers, fasteners, and supportive backings and plates with and without tines which are useful for fracture fixation and soft tissue suspension. The present invention also encompasses methods and processes for using the above described devices to fix fractured bones and suspend soft tissue therefrom.  
      Further, the present invention is not limited to bone fracture repair sites. The present invention may also be used in applications where no bone fractures are present or where bone fractures have healed. For example, the device may be attached to a healthy bone site to cure or compensate for sagging tissue. Moreover, the device of the present invention may be used to supplement previous surgeries in which the soft tissue was elevated from the underlying bone needs re-anchoring.  
      It is to be understood that the present invention is not limited to the embodiment(s) described above and illustrated herein, but encompasses any and all variations falling within the scope of the appended claims. For example, materials, processes and numerical examples described above are exemplary only, and should not be deemed to limit the claims. Further, as is apparent from the claims and specification, not all method steps need be performed in the exact order illustrated or claimed.