Patent Publication Number: US-2007121111-A1

Title: Imaging of Biological Samples

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS(S)  
      This application is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/434,027, filed on Nov. 4, 1999, which is incorporated herein by reference. 
    
    
     FIELD OF THE INVENTION  
      The present invention pertains to imaging systems and methods. More particularly, the present invention relates to imaging and/or mapping of biological samples using electronic light detectors.  
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION  
      Various conventional approaches have been used to visualize the surface of a biological sample, e.g., DNA spots of a micro-array such as a DNA chip, protein bands in a one dimensional (1-D) or two dimensional (2-D) gel, etc. For example, a DNA chip is generally a rigid flat surface, typically glass or silicon, that may have short chains of related nucleic acids spotted, e.g., DNA spots, in rows and columns, i.e., an array, thereon. Hybridization between a fluorescently-labeled DNA and specific locations on the chip can be detected and analyzed by computer-based instrumentation. The information derived from the results of hybridization to DNA chips is stimulating advances in drug development, gene discovery, gene therapy, gene expression, genetic counseling, and plant biotechnology.  
      Among the technologies for creating DNA chips are photolithography, “on-chip” synthesis, piezoelectric printing, and direct printing. Chip dimensions, the number of sites of DNA deposition (sometimes termed “addresses”) per chip, and the width of the DNA spot per “address” are dependent upon the technologies employed for deposition. The most commonly used technologies produce spots with diameters of 50-300 μm. Photolithography produces spots that can have diameters as small as, for example, 1 micron. Technologies for making such chips are known to those skilled in the art and are described, for instance, in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,925,525; 5,919,523; 5,837,832; and 5,744,305; which are all incorporated herein by reference.  
      Hybridization to DNA chips can be monitored by fluorescence optics, by radioisotope detection, and by mass spectrometry. The most widely-used method for detection of hybridization employs fluorescently-labeled DNA, and a computerized system featuring a confocal fluorescence microscope (or an epifluorescence microscope), a movable microscope stage, and DNA detection software. Technical characteristics of these microscope systems are described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,293,563; 5,459,325; and 5,552,928, which are all incorporated herein by reference. Further descriptions of imaging fluorescently immobilized biomolecules and analysis of the images are set forth in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,874,219; 5,871,628; 5,834,758; 5,631,734; 5,578,832; 5,552,322; and 5,556,529, which are all incorporated herein by reference.  
      In brief, these conventional approaches to visualizing the surface of a DNA chip involve placing the chip on a stage of a microscope, moving the stage to put the sample into focus with a microscope objective, and triggering a digital camera or similar device to capture an image. The microscope objective is generally a device made of a group of lenses that have a sophisticated design that collects light from the sample, magnifies the image of the sample, and minimizes the unavoidable image and color distortion caused by the passage of the light through the objective. The light collected from the sample may pass through the microscope objective and through a set of mirrors and lenses until it is delivered to an eyepiece or the camera. The light path is the path that the light takes from the point where it leaves the surface of the sample until it reaches an imaging device such as an eyepiece or camera. The microscope generally is associated with a light source that directs light onto the sample.  
      These microscopes also generally have sets of optical filters that allow for viewing of fluorescent images. For example, the DNA that is hybridized to the surface of the DNA chip is typically labeled with fluorescent molecules that absorb light at one wavelength and then emit a different wavelength. The microscope may be equipped with sets of optical filters that block the wavelengths of light from the light source associated with the microscope but which allow the light emitted by the fluorescent molecules to pass therethrough such that the light may reach the eyepiece or camera. The light source is typically integral with the microscope and is an important part of the imaging system.  
      Further, generally, 1-D and 2-D electrophoresis processes are electrophoretic methods for resolving complex mixtures of proteins, e.g., 2-D electrophoresis is a multiple step process for resolving complex mixtures of proteins. For example, in 2-D electrophoresis, the proteins in a sample may first be dissociated into polypeptide subunits by dissolving in an appropriate buffer. The sample may then be applied to the top of a tube gel containing ampholines. Isoelectric focusing (IEF) is then carried out in the first dimension. After the IEF is carried out, the gel which contains the peptides is removed from the gel tube and placed over a slab gel and sealed by overlapping stacking gel; and thereafter, the second dimension of slab gel electrophoresis is carried out (e.g., proteins (negatively charged) run from the top of the slab (held at a negative charge) toward the bottom of the slab (held at a positive charge). Then, staining, e.g., using a stain that binds to proteins so they can be identified, and an optional drying step, is carried out. Thus, the polypeptides are separated according to the independent parameters of isoelectric point in the first dimension and molecular weight in the second dimension (e.g., protein bands). For example, a large number, e.g., 1000, polypeptide spots (e.g., protein bands) may be resolved on a single two dimensional gel. Further, for example, such proteins in a 2-D gel may be labeled with fluorescent or chemi-luminescent markers.  
      Such protein bands in 1-D and 2-D electrophoresis may also be visualized and analyzed. Like DNA chips, such visualization of the protein bands in the 2-D gel is generally performed using the same conventional approaches as used to visualize the surface of a DNA chip, e.g., a microscope with the sample put into focus using a microscope objective, a digital camera, etc.  
      These conventional microscopes are sophisticated and expensive instruments that require training and maintenance. A single microscope objective typically has multiple lenses that are generally very expensive. A lens generally refers to a transparent solid material shaped to magnify, reduce, or redirect light rays, e.g., focus light. A light filter or mirror is distinct from a lens. Furthermore, use of a microscope requires a dedicated workspace that is approximately the size of a typical desk. Conventional microscopes have a light path that is several centimeters long that transmits collected light through air and other assorted optical devices within the light path. One of the challenges in microscopy is making the microscope as efficient as possible in capturing all of the light that leaves the sample surface so that an optimal image can be captured.  
      This costly instrumentation conventionally used to image biological samples, e.g., DNA chips, impedes the broad usage of such technologies. Therefore, an inexpensive, low-maintenance alternative spot detection method and apparatus for biological sample analysis, e.g., DNA chip analysis, that is easy to use and requires a minimum of space and maintenance is needed.  
      Integrated electronic circuit arrays for light-detection (e.g., a member of a group of detectors referred to as electronic light detectors) are readily available. They generally are based on CCD (charge-coupled device) or CMOS (complementary metal oxide semiconductor) technologies. Both CCD and CMOS image detectors are generally two-dimensional arrays of electronic light sensors, although linear imaging detectors (e.g., linear CCD detectors) that include a single line of detector pixels or light sensors, such as, for example, those used for scanning images, are also available. Each array includes a set of known, unique positions that may be referred to as having addresses. Each address in a CCD or CMOS detector is occupied by a sensor that covers an area (e.g., an area typically shaped as a box or a rectangle). This area occupied by a single sensor is generally referred to as a pixel or pixel area. As used herein, a light-detecting sensor located in a pixel area is referred to as a detector pixel. A detector pixel, as generally used herein, may be a CCD sensor, a CMOS sensor, or any other device or sensor that detects or measures light. The sizes of detector pixels vary widely and may have a diameter or length of 0.2 μm, which is also the theoretical limit of resolution of a light microscope. It is noted that some detectors have resolving sizes lower than 0.2 μm, such as for use in microscopes employing light of wavelengths of 180 nm and below.  
      CCD detectors, widely used in consumer and scientific applications such as digital recorders and digital cameras, are sensitive, and may be made with detector pixels that are smaller than those of CMOS devices. CMOS devices are now beginning to be incorporated in recorders and cameras because they are less expensive to produce. CMOS devices also are easier to interface with external control systems than CCD detectors. Some readily-available CMOS devices are integrated with the capabilities to provide acquiring, digitizing, and transmitting an image without additional circuitry, while CCD detectors generally require additional circuit elements to accomplish the same tasks.  
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION  
      A system for use in detecting biological material of a biological sample according to the present invention includes a positioning apparatus for providing a biological sample in a sampling position. The biological sample (e.g., a micro-array or a gel) includes biological material associated with a biological material holding structure with the biological material holding structure having first and second opposing sides. The system further includes an electronic light detector array with the electronic light detector array including a plurality of detector pixels located at particular detector pixel addresses. The plurality of detector pixels face the first side of the biological sample to receive light therefrom. A light source is operable to provide source light. The sampling position is a position that places the biological sample in a defined spatial relationship relative to the electronic light detector array such that the source light impinges on at least one portion of the first side of the biological material holding structure of the biological sample, and further such that, in response to such impinging light, light representative of the biological sample is provided via a light path for detection by one or more of the detector pixels. Control circuitry is operable to acquire at least one frame of image data representative of biological material of the biological sample using the plurality of detector pixels to detect the light representative of the biological sample provided via the light path.  
      In one embodiment, the control circuitry is operable to acquire a plurality of frames of image data representative of biological material of the biological sample using the plurality of detector pixels. Further, the control circuitry may be operable to provide an image for display using the plurality of frames of image data.  
      In another embodiment of the system, the light source provides an excitation light that impinges on the at least one portion of the biological material holding structure of the biological sample, and further such that, in response to such excitation light, fluorescence representative of biological material of the biological sample is provided via the light path for detection by one or more of the plurality of detector pixels. The control circuitry is operable to acquire at least one frame of image data representative of detected fluorescence. In various further embodiments, the light path of the fluorescence to one or more of the detector pixels may not include any portion of the biological material holding structure, the system may further include an emission light filter positioned between the biological sample and the plurality of detector pixels operable to prevent excitation light from impinging on the plurality of detector pixels, the system may further include a focusing lens positioned between the biological sample and the plurality of detector pixels operable to focus the fluorescence onto one or more of the plurality of detector pixels, and the biological material holding structure may be formed of an opaque material.  
      In another embodiment of the system, in response to the impinging light, reflected light representative of the biological sample is provided via the light path for detection by one or more of the plurality of detector pixels. The control circuitry is operable to acquire at least one frame of image data representative of detected reflected light. In various other embodiments thereof, the system may further include a focusing lens positioned between the biological sample and the plurality of detector pixels operable to focus the reflected light onto one or more of the plurality of detector pixels, and further, the biological holding material structure may be formed of an opaque material.  
      A polynucleic acid micro-array according to the present invention is also described. The micro-array includes a biological material holding structure having a sample surface and an opposing surface joined to the sample surface by a body portion. The sample surface has immobilized nucleic acid sequences thereon and further, the biological material holding structure is made of an opaque material.  
      A method for use in detecting biological material according to the present invention includes providing a biological sample in a sampling position. The biological sample includes biological material associated with a biological material holding structure with the biological holding structure having first and second opposing sides. The method further includes positioning an imaging device in proximity to the biological sample with the imaging device having an electronic light detector array. The electronic light detector array includes a plurality of detector pixels located at particular detector pixel addresses and positioned such that the plurality of detector pixels are facing the first side of the biological sample. A source light is provided to impinge on at least a portion of the first side of the biological material holding structure of the biological sample such that, in response to such impinging light, light representative of the biological sample is provided via a light path for detection by one or more of the detector pixels. At least one frame of image data representative of biological material of the biological sample is acquired using the plurality of detector pixels to detect the light representative of the biological sample provided via the light path.  
      In one embodiment of the method, the source light may be an excitation light that impinges on the at least one portion of the first side of the biological material holding structure of the biological sample such that, in response to the excitation light, fluorescence representative of biological material of the biological sample is provided via the light path for detection by one or more of the plurality of detector pixels.  
      In a further embodiment of the method, in response to the impinging light, reflected light representative of the biological sample is provided via the light path for detection by one or more of the plurality of detector pixels.  
      Another system for detecting a pattern of polynucleic acid hybridization to a surface according to the present invention includes positioning structure to provide a polynucleic acid chip at a sampling position with the polynucleic acid chip including a sample surface and an opposing surface. The sample surface has one or more sequences of polynucleic acids immobilized thereto with each sequence being immobilized to a particular chip address. The system further includes an electronic light detector array that includes detector pixels located at particular detector pixel addresses. A light source provides source light. The sampling position is a position that places the sample surface of the polynucleic acid chip in a defined spatial relationship relative to the electronic light detector array such that the source light impinging on at least one chip address on the sample surface is substantially directed onto at least one detector pixel with a detector pixel address that is correlated to the at least one chip address.  
      In various embodiments of the system, light from the sample surface of the polynucleic acid chip passes through a thickness of the polynucleic acid chip before reaching the detector pixels, the polynucleic acid chip is formed of a light-transmissive material, the system may further include an optical filter that selectively transmits light (e.g., an optical filter located between the sample surface and the detector pixels), the system may further include a mapping lens that changes the direction of light rays leaving the sample surface of the polynucleic acid chip (e.g., a mapping lens located between the sample surface and the detector pixels), the polynucleic acid chip may be in direct physical contact with the filter (e.g., either the opposing surface or the sample surface), the filter and the detector pixels of the detector array may be direct physical contact, or the polynucleic acid chip and the electronic light detector array may be in direct physical contact (e.g., either the opposing surface or the sample surface).  
      A polynucleic acid chip according to the present invention is also described. The chip includes a sample surface that has immobilized polynucleic acid sequences attached thereto and an opposed surface. The chip is formed of a light transmitting material.  
      In various embodiments of the chips, the chip may include an optical filter (e.g., an optical coating on the opposed surface of the chip) and/or the chip may include an optical lens.  
      Further, in another embodiment of an imaging system according to the present invention, a fiber optic bundle light source apparatus is used in conjunction with an electronic light detector to perform imaging of a biological sample. For example, the fiber optic bundle light source apparatus may receive light from a cluster of LEDs and is terminated at a linear array of fibers that is scanned across the biological sample. The electronic light detector includes detector pixels that detect light representative of linear portions of the biological sample. Such linear portions may be combined to form an image of at least a portion of the biological sample.  
      The above summary of the present invention is not intended to describe each embodiment or every implementation of the present invention. Advantages, together with a more complete understanding of the invention, will become apparent and appreciated by referring to the following detailed description and claims taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings. 
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS  
       FIG. 1  illustrates the components and general function of an electronic light detector array system according to the present invention for imaging a biological sample;  
       FIG. 2  illustrates the use of direct mapping to acquire and reconstruct light representative of DNA spots of a DNA chip in an electronic light detector array detection system such as that shown in  FIG. 1 ;  
       FIGS. 3A and 3B  illustrate two alternative arrangements of optical components for direct mapping in an electronic light detector array detection system according to the present invention;  
       FIG. 4  is a block diagram of an alternate embodiment of an electronic light detector array detection system according to the present invention;  
       FIG. 5  illustrates an embodiment of an electronic light detector array detection system according to the present invention with a laser-light source;  
       FIG. 6  illustrates an embodiment of an electronic light detector array detection system according to the present invention with a dichroic mirror;  
       FIG. 7  illustrates an embodiment of an electronic light detector array detection system according to the present invention with a dichroic mirror and a mapping lens;  
       FIG. 8A  illustrates a DNA chip with hybridized DNA to be mapped using an electronic light detector array detection system according to the present invention;  
       FIG. 8B  illustrates an embodiment of an electronic light detector array detection system according to the present invention with no optical filter;  
       FIG. 8C  illustrates an embodiment of an electronic light detector array detection system according to the present invention with a cover and no optical filter;  
       FIG. 9A  illustrates an embodiment of an electronic light detector array detection system according to the present invention with a combination mapping lens-filter;  
       FIG. 9B  illustrates an embodiment of an electronic light detector array detection system according to the present invention with a combination chip-filter;  
       FIG. 10  shows another alternate embodiment of an image detection apparatus according to the present invention;  
       FIGS. 11A-11C  provide an illustrative exemplary and more detailed configuration of the image detection apparatus generally shown in  FIG. 10 ;  
       FIG. 12  shows an illustrative diagram of another alternate electronic light detector array detection system according to the present invention;  
       FIG. 13  shows one illustrative exemplary and more detailed configuration of the image detection apparatus of the system generally shown in  FIG. 12 ; and  
       FIG. 14  shows another alternate illustrative exemplary and more detailed configuration of the image detection apparatus of the system generally shown in  FIG. 12 . 
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE EMBODIMENTS  
      The present invention provides inexpensive devices and methods for resolving light (e.g., emitted light by fluorescent labeled nucleic acid spots) representative of biological samples (e.g., nucleic acid spots on a micro-array such as a DNA chip, protein bands of a 1-D or 2-D gel, etc.) for the detection thereof. As used herein, biological samples refers to biological material (proteins, nucleic acids, tissues, etc.) associated with a biological material holding structure (e.g., a micro-array substrate such as a DNA chip substrate a gel, etc.) in a manner that allows for detection of the biological material, or portions thereof (e.g., with the use of markers such as dyes, tags, labels, or stains), such as through the use of imaging (e.g., direct mapping).  
      The term, “biological samples” refers not only to the biological material itself (proteins, nucleic acids, tissues, etc.) but also to other materials associated therewith used for detection of the biological material, or portions thereof (e.g., dyes, labels, stains, or any other marker used in the identification of materials). As used herein, biological material refers to, for example, a sample of tissue or fluid isolated from a subject, including but not limited to, for example, blood, plasma, serum, fecal matter, urine, bone marrow, bile, spinal fluid, lymph tissue and lymph fluid, samples of the skin, external secretions of the skin, respiratory, intestinal, and genitourinary tracts, tears, saliva, milk, blood cells, organs, biopsies and also samples of in vitro cell culture constituents including but not limited to conditioned media resulting from the growth of cells and tissues in culture medium, e.g., recombinant cells, and cell components. A biological sample can include, for instance, a polypeptide or a polynucleotide.  
      “Polypeptide” as used herein refers to a polymer of amino acids and does not refer to a specific length of a polymer of amino acids. Thus, for example, the terms peptide, oligopeptide protein, and enzyme are included within the definition of polypeptide. This term also includes post-expression modifications of the polypeptide, for example, glycosylations, acetylations, phosphorylations and the like.  
      Also, as used herein, the term “polynucleotide” refers to a polymeric form of nucleotides of any length, either ribonucleotides or deoxynucleotides, and includes both double- and single-stranded DNA and RNA. A polynucleotide may include nucleotide sequences having different functions, including for instance coding sequences, and non-coding sequences such as regulatory sequences. A polynucleotide can be obtained directly from a natural source, or can be prepared with the aid of recombinant, enzymatic, or chemical techniques. A polynucleotide can be linear or circular in topology. A polynucleotide can be, for example, a portion of a vector, such as an expression or cloning vector, or a fragment.  
      One or more embodiments of the present invention are operable for use in multiple imaging applications, e.g., imaging of two-dimensional and three-dimensional objects, such as fluorescence imaging, reflective imaging, bar code imaging, densitometry, gel documentation, or in any other application wherein imaging of a biological sample is beneficial. One or more of the systems and methods as described herein may be used for ultra-sensitive sample detection. One or more of the imaging systems and methods of the present invention are flexible (e.g., can image various objects and perform various types of imaging such as fluorescence and reflective imaging) light imaging systems with the ability to produce high-quality images from, for example, various biological sample configurations that use, for example, single color fluorescence, multiple color fluorescence, chemi-luminescence, chemi-fluorescence, calorimetric detection, densitometry, or any other technique detectable through imaging. Such image quality, e.g., spatial resolution, is dependant, at least in part, on the lens and electronic light detector used in such systems. Such imaging provides the ability for filmless detection.  
      At least some of the imaging systems and methods of the present invention provide for the rapid production of single-color and multi-color fluorescence images, e.g., images showing fluorescent positions such as regions, spots, areas, etc., of a biological sample (e.g., fluorescent positions on a micro-array or DNA chip) when such material is caused to fluoresce by a light source. A wide range of samples, including, but not limited to gels, blots, micro-arrays, micro-plates, etc. may be imaged to detect fluorescent positions. Such methods and systems have a high sensitivity for detection of fluorescent dyes and labels, including, but clearly not limited to, ethidium bromide, SYBR® Green, SYBR® Gold, SYPRO®, Radiant Red, fluorescein (FITC), rhodamine, Cy2, Cy3, Texas Red, Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP).  
      With regard to chemi-luminescence imaging, light emitted by biological samples is detected using one or more imaging systems and methods of the present invention. For example, horse radish peroxidase (HRP) and alkaline phosphatase (AP) activated biological samples may be detected with suitable quality and accurate quantitation. Further, for example, high sensitivity detection of, for example, proteins, using enhanced chemi-luminescence (ECL), e.g., detection of western dot blots and chemi-fluorescent substrates such as AttoPhos and ECL-Plus, may be attained. Further, with respect to densitometry and calorimetric imaging, various calorimetric stains, including, but clearly not limited to, Coomassie Blue, copper, zinc, and silver stain may be detected.  
      Portions of the following description is primarily provided, for simplicity, with reference to use of micro-arrays such as DNA chips. However, one skilled in the art will recognize that the present invention is applicable to any imageable biological sample, e.g., 1-D gels, 2-D gels, blots, substrates having biological material thereon. For example, as previously noted, such systems and/or methods may be used to image two-dimensional gels, e.g., fluorescent labeled protein bands of such gels. Thus, polypeptides separated according to the independent parameters of isoelectric point and molecular weight (e.g., protein bands) can be imaged using the present invention.  
      The smallest diameter DNA spot generally attainable on a micro-array, e.g., a DNA chip, approximates the diameter or length of a detector pixel, e.g., about 10 μm, of a conventional electronic light detector array, e.g., CMOS light detector array. Therefore, if the DNA array on the DNA chip and the detector pixels of the electronic light detector, e.g., CMOS light detector array, are in close proximity to each other, the light emitted by each spot of a DNA array can be directly mapped to a limited number of detector pixels in the electronic light detector array. Such direct mapping would eliminate the expensive optical systems that are conventionally required for DNA chip analysis, and, by lowering the cost, expand the potential applications of DNA chip technology.  
      For example, one embodiment of a system and/or method according to the present invention may include direct mapping of light emitted by a single DNA spot onto one or more corresponding detector pixels of an electronic light detector array. Further, for example, one embodiment of a system and/or method may position the DNA chip in direct physical contact with an electronic light detector array. In a modification of such systems/or methods, a simple optical system, such as a single mapping lens, may be used to map an enlarged or reduced version of the DNA spot array onto an electronic light detector array. Further, for example, a modified bar code reader may be used to image a biological sample for detection of biological material thereof, or portions of such biological material. As described further below, computer software is used to process the data from the electronic light detector array system. For example, the data may be treated as a two-dimensional map, or otherwise processed as an array of data.  
      An imaging system according to the present invention may be used to replace expensive optical detection systems currently employed for DNA chip analysis. In general, one embodiment of such a system may include an electronic light detector array, a filter, and, optionally, a mapping lens apparatus that enables a DNA chip having an array of DNA spots to be mapped onto the electronic light detector array. For example, each position on the DNA chip surface has a corresponding position or set of positions, i.e., detector pixels, on the electronic light detector array. Light associated with the array of DNA spots, e.g., fluorescence, at an address on the DNA chip surface is received or sensed at one or more known addressed detector pixels or set of detector pixels.  
      Such imaging, e.g, mapping of biological sample information to detector pixels, is inexpensive. It eliminates the need for a complicated microscope that requires maintenance and trained personnel. It may capture light directly from a DNA sample. By eliminating many lenses, the disadvantages stemming from use of many lenses are reduced. Further, such mapping may enable direct capture of light so that a maximal amount of light is captured from the sample. Such minimization of the loss of light creates a sensitive imaging system.  
      Electronic light detector direct mapping may be considered analogous to the established photographic method known as contact printing. In contact printing, a photographic negative is placed in direct contact with unexposed photographic paper, and illuminated briefly. When the photographic paper is subsequently developed, its image has a 1:1 correspondence to the negative.  
       FIG. 1  generally illustrates components of and the general function of an electronic light detector array detection system  1 , e.g., a CMOS-based detector array system, which is used to acquire a visual image  2  of a biological sample that includes biological material associated with a biological material holding structure (e.g., a DNA spot array on a DNA chip, protein bands in a 2-D gel, etc.), reconstruct the image, and display a reconstructed visual image  12 . Such image data may then be analyzed as desired, either manually or by appropriate software operable upon such image data.  
      For example, when examining and analyzing DNA arrays on chips, similarities and/or differences between portions of the array and/or similarities and/or differences between arrays of multiple chips may be noted. In other words, for example, using the images provided herein, a user, e.g., a human or a machine, may note certain biological material or spots that are alike when they are conditioned in the same way, or pick out spots that are different than the majority of the other spots of the array. Further, for example, the user may compare two or more arrays to see if they are similar or the same. e.g., 90% the same, identical, etc. Similar examination and analysis may occur for other types of biological samples.  
      The electronic light detector array detection system  1  includes an image detection apparatus  101  that senses light representative of the visual image  2  using detector pixels, e.g., CMOS detector pixels  5 , of an electronic light detector  4 , e.g., a CMOS detector array. The image detection apparatus  101  provides electrical signals generated upon detection of such light representative of image data in a useable form to a computer  8  of the system  1 , such as via a communications cable  9 .  
      An electronic light detector, as used herein, may be any suitable electronic circuit array operable for light-detection. Generally, such detectors  4  are based on CCD (charge-coupled device) or CMOS (complementary metal oxide semiconductor) technologies. Both CCD and CMOS image detectors are generally two-dimensional arrays of electronic light sensors, although linear imaging detectors (e.g., linear CCD detectors) that include a single line of detector pixels or light sensors, such as, for example, those used for scanning images, may also be suitable depending on the embodiment described herein. Each array includes a set of known, unique positions that may be referred to as having addresses. Each address in a CCD or CMOS detector is occupied by a sensor that covers an area (e.g., an area typically shaped as a box or a rectangle). This area occupied by a single sensor is generally referred to as a pixel or pixel area. As used herein, a light-detecting sensor located in a pixel area is referred to as a detector pixel. A detector pixel, as previously described herein, may be a CCD sensor, a CMOS sensor, or any other device or sensor that detects or measures light. The sizes of detector pixels vary widely and may have a diameter or length of 0.2 μm, which is the theoretical limit of resolution of a light microscope. Light, as used herein, refers to any electromagnetic emission of at least 120 nm wavelength and includes ultraviolet, visible, and infrared light.  
      Various other associated equipment or components may be found in association with electronic light detectors, and are known to those skilled in the art. For example, such equipment may include manual or electric filter-switchers, movable mirrors, and motors and controls to raster a laser across a sample. Further, for example, various equipment or components are associated with CCD and CMOS sensors, which are incorporated into a myriad of commercially available cameras and detectors. For instance, various equipment and techniques are known for producing a color image using red, green, and blue (e.g., magenta, green, and cyan) detection. For example, an image may be split into three images, each of which is sent through a red, green, or blue filter to a CCD sensor or CCD sensors may be placed on a chip with different sensitivities to red, green, and blue light. Such equipment components include techniques (e.g., software processes or algorithms) and electronic circuitry for improving an image, and may include, for example, electronic filters (high-pass, low-pass, etc.), time and frame-averaging, image subtraction, and other techniques known to those skilled in the art.  
      In the computer  8 , the image data is stored, e.g., addressed or mapped, in, for example, the computer&#39;s video memory  108 . The image data may be processed to provide data representative of a reconstructed image  12  which may be provided, e.g., passed by a cable  10 , for display on a monitor  11 , e.g., a computer display or any other display apparatus that may display image data representative of the reconstructed image  12 .  
      As shown in  FIG. 1 , in one illustrative embodiment of the image detection apparatus  101 , light representative of the visual image  2  is collected by a mapping lens  3  of the illustrative image detection apparatus  101 , which focuses the light representative of the visual image  2  onto detector pixels  5 , e.g., CMOS detector pixels or CCD detector pixels, of a detector  4 , e.g., a CMOS detector array, a CCD array, or any other light detecting device having detector pixels to which light from the biological sample can be mapped. The light may be any type of light representative of the biological sample, e.g., luminescence from the sample, fluorescence from the sample. etc. The electronic light detector array or detector  4  contains a plurality of detector pixels  5 . The detector array or detector  4  is positioned and/or mounted on a substrate or circuit board  6 , which is associated with and/or contains a power supply  7 , e.g., a direct current power supply, for the detector  4 .  
      The detector array or detector  4  may have electronic circuitry  104  associated therewith or may include electronic circuitry, e.g. analog to digital conversion circuitry, buffer circuitry, amplification circuitry, etc., that converts electrical signals generated upon detection of light by the detector pixels  5  to useable form by computer  8 , e.g., digital form. Such electronic circuitry, e.g., circuitry  104 , may be used to facilitate the transfer of the digitized signal representative of the sensed light to the computer  8  via the communications cable  9 . In the computer  8 , the digital signal is stored as image data, e.g., addressed or mapped, to the computer&#39;s video memory  108 . The image data is processed to provide data representative of a reconstructed image  12  which may be provided e.g., passed by the cable  10 , for display on monitor  11 , e.g., a computer display or any other display apparatus that may display image data representative of the reconstructed image  12 .  
      The electronic light detector  4  may be used in various configurations to image biological samples for the detection of biological material, or portions thereof, associated with holding structure of the biological sample (e.g., holding structure such as gels, DNA chip substrates, microtiter plates, etc.). Generally, such configurations fall into two broad categories: transmissive imaging and reflective imaging.  
      As used herein, transmissive imaging configurations refer to configurations that provide for detection of light from a biological sample, e.g., from the sample surface at which biological material is associated, which requires the use of transmitted light through all, or at least a major portion of, the biological holding structure, e.g., DNA chip substrate, micro-titer plates, gels that may be associated with a substrate or imaged alone, etc. For example, the transmitted light may be an excitation light that travels through the biological material holding structure to excite biological material (e.g., tags thereof) which then emits light that travels in a light path (which as defined herein refers to the path light travels from the point where it leaves the biological sample until it reaches the electronic light detector) and impinges on one or more detector pixels. Alternatively, the transmitted light may be fluorescence emitted by biological material (e.g., biological material excited by an excitation light source) that travels through the biological holding structure (e.g., the biological material holding structure is part of the light path) prior to impinging on the one or more detector pixels.  
      In other words, for the electronic light detector  4  to detect light from the biological sample, light (whether excitation or fluorescence) is passed through the biological material holding structure of the biological sample. In such cases, the biological material holding structure must be light transparent structure, e.g., glass, clear materials, or other materials that permit transmission of suitable or desirable wavelengths of light. For example, such configurations are shown in  FIGS. 2-5  and  8 - 11 .  
      On the other hand, as used herein, reflective imaging configurations generally, although not always, refer to configurations that provide for detection of light from a biological sample, e.g., a sample surface at which biological material is associated which does not require the use of transmitted light through the biological material holding structure, or a major portion thereof, e.g., DNA chip substrate, micro-titer plates, gels that may be associated with a substrate or imaged alone, etc. For example, light reflected from a biological sample may travel in a light path that does not include the biological material holding structure. However, such configurations can be used when light is transmitted through all or a part of the biological material holding structure. For example, such configurations may provide for detection of light from a sample surface at which biological material is associated which requires the use of transmitted light through all, or at least a major portion of, the biological holding structure.  
      In other words, for the electronic light detector  4  to detect light in a reflective imaging configuration from the biological sample, light (whether excitation or fluorescence) may or need not pass through the biological holding structure of the biological sample. Preferably, light does not pass through the biological material holding structure or at least does not pass through a major portion thereof. As used herein, a major portion refers to a portion greater than  50  percent, e.g., 50 percent of the thickness of the substrate. In such cases, the biological holding structure need not be light transparent structure, but rather can be opaque materials, e.g., nitrocellulose, charged nylon, silicon as a substrate for micro-array formation, etc., which have more favorable properties than light transparent structure (e.g., glass). Such reflective imaging configurations are shown in  FIGS. 6-7  and  12 - 14 , where, for example, excitation light excites fluorescent markers of biological material and is reflected from a sample surface along with fluorescence being provided via a light path from the biological sample to the electronic light detector, or, further, for example, where illumination light is reflected from the biological sample via a light path to detector pixels representative of at least absorption characteristics of the biological sample.  
      In many cases, but clearly not in all cases, in the transmissive imaging configurations involving DNA chips, the detector pixels of the electronic light detector are facing an opposing side of a biological material holding structure, e.g., DNA chip substrate. The opposing side is a side opposite of the sample surface upon which biological material is provided. However, the opposing side and the detector pixels are not necessarily directly in contact or directly facing each other as they may be separated by filters, lenses, etc.)  
      Preferably, in many cases, according to the present invention, the detector pixels of the electronic light detector in a reflective imaging configuration (e.g., involving DNA chips) are facing the sample surface upon which biological material is provided. However, the sample surface and the detector pixels are not necessarily directly in contact with one another or directly facing one another as filters, and lenses may be located therebetween.  
      As used herein, surfaces and/or portions of components that are facing one another are not necessarily directly facing each other, e.g., other elements such as filters, lenses, etc. may separate such surfaces and/or portions of components. Further, as used herein, directly facing refers to surfaces and/or portions of components that are immediately next to one another but not necessarily in direct contact. Further, preferably, although not necessarily, facing surfaces and/or portions of components (e.g., detector pixels arrays) are parallel to one another.  
       FIG. 2  illustrates an exemplary embodiment of an image detection apparatus  101  used in a system to acquire and display an image  13  representative of sensed light associated with a biological sample  14 , e.g., light emitted by a DNA chip  14  that is excited with ultraviolet or blue light  105  provided by a light source  15 . A clamping system  19  holds the DNA chip  14 , the electronic light detector array  4 , and an optical filter  17  in contact with each other and in a sampling position.  
      In one embodiment of the image detection apparatus  101 , the DNA chip  14  is loaded into the holding structure, e.g., clamping system  19  or any other type of holder, and the holder is then moved from a loading position into the sampling position. For example, a sliding mechanism may be used to slide the holder from the loading position into the sampling position. Further, any other electrical and mechanical structure may be used to perform such movement features, e.g., a motor may be used to move the DNA chip  14 . For example, with the DNA chip loaded into the holder in a loading position, a switch may be activated to turn a motor on so as to slide the holder to the sampling position. It will be recognized that such loading and positioning structure and methods may be used for any of the embodiments described herein.  
      Further, it will be recognized that to focus the image, the holder may be moved to multiple sampling positions until a sampling distance desired by a user is achieved, e.g., an image is focused. For example, the electronic light detector along with any detection software or imaging software may be used along with, for example, a graphic display, to visualize the sample surface and the holder or part of the imaging apparatus may be moved to focus the image. Alternatively, the focusing may be automatically performed with use of a programmable computer. Movement of one or more components of the detection system is illustratively shown in  FIG. 2  by arrows  123 .  
      In this particular embodiment of  FIG. 2 , the DNA chip  14 , the electronic light detector array  4 , and the optical filter  17  are in direct contact with one another. In other words, one side  124  of the DNA chip  14  is in direct contact with, i.e., touching, one side of the optical filter  17 , and further, the other opposing side of the optical filter  17  is in direct contact with one side of the detector  4  that includes detector pixels  5  for sensing light that impinges thereon.  
      However, one skilled in the art will recognize that although direct contact is preferred in some embodiments, in various other embodiments described herein, the components need not be in direct contact with one another. For example, the present invention may function suitably with the components in close proximity to one another at a distance that is suitable to accomplish mapping of pertinent information from the biological sample to a suitable number of detector pixels, e.g., a DNA spot to a few detector pixels. Generally, a distance of less than 100 mm is a distance less than, and which may provide beneficial advantages over, other microscopic detection systems that employ objective lens type optical systems.  
      Preferably, the sampling distance (or the traveling distance for light emanating from one or more portions of the sample to reach the detector pixels  5 , i.e., the light path) for use in detection of spots of polynucleic acid or other biological material is of a shorter distance, e.g., a shorter light path, than used in such microscopic detection systems employing objective lens type systems as such shorter light paths provide for improved capture of light. Preferably, the light path in one or more embodiments herein is less than one centimeter; more preferably, the light path is less than four millimeters; even more preferably, the light path is less than one millimeter; more preferably, the light path is less than 200 microns; yet more preferably, the light path is less than 75 microns; yet even more preferably, the light path is less than 35 microns; and most preferably, the light path is less than 15 microns. Yet further preferably, the light from the sample surface travels a substantially linear light path to the detector pixels  5 .  
      In at least one embodiment, every point of the light path between where light leaves the biological sample and the detector pixels  5  has an index of refraction that is greater than 1.0. Further, in at least one embodiment, the light path is formed of solid materials. e.g., light travels through components that are in direct contact.  
      A light-tight enclosure  20  is provided to house components of the image detection apparatus  101  as shown in  FIG. 2 . The light  105  is directed through an aperture  16  and impinges on the DNA chip  14 . In this particular embodiment, light  105  causes the emission of light from one more regions or portions of the DNA chip  14  that is excited by the ultraviolet or blue light  105 . This emitted light from the excited regions of the DNA chip  14  passes through the chip substrate and an optical filter  17 . The excitation light, e.g., the ultraviolet and/or blue light, is removed by the optical filter  17 . The emitted light is then allowed to impinge on the detector pixels  5  of the electronic light detector array  4 , e.g., a CMOS detector. For example, a CMOS detector  4  may contain circuitry that converts sensed analog light impulses to digital form, which can then be transmitted to computer  8 , and ultimately after processing be displayed as reconstructed image  18  on a monitor  11 .  
      An optical filter, as used herein, refers to a light filter that blocks or redirects the passage of some wavelengths of light and allows or redirects the passage of other wavelengths of light depending upon the application in which it is used, e.g., selective passage or redirection. Any suitable optical filter capable of performing such filter functions for a particular application may be used according to the present invention. Such optical filters include, for example, edge filters, narrow band filters, dichroic mirrors, and optical filters such as those used in the visualization arts, including optical, ultraviolet, confocal, and two- or multi-photon microscopy.  
      The light sources as used herein may include, for example, those commonly used in the visualization arts, including optical, ultraviolet, confocal, and two-photon or multi-photon microscopy. Further, for example, such light sources may include light lamps, LED cluster arrays, tungsten filaments, and light lasers, such as visible-light lamps, ultraviolet lamps, mercury lamps, and lasers, including argon lasers, helium-cadmium lasers, semiconductor lasers, LED lasers, etc.  
      With reference to the embodiment of the present invention shown in  FIG. 2 , an image detection apparatus  101  and method for detecting a pattern of, for example, polynucleic acid hybridization to a biological sample surface  14 , e.g., a surface of a DNA chip  14 , is further described. For example, the image detection apparatus  101  may include a positioning device, e.g., the clamping structure  19 , for receiving a nucleic acid chip  14  and maintaining the chip  14  in a sampling position. The nucleic acid chip  14  is generally an object with a flat sample surface  114  and an opposed surface  124  that is joined to the sample surface  114  by a thickness. The sample surface  114  has sequences of nucleic acids immobilized thereto, with each sequence being immobilized to a particular chip address. Further, the electronic light detector array  4  includes the detector pixels  5  on side  119  of the electronic light detector  4 . The detector pixels  5  include sensors located at particular detector pixel addresses. The sampling position places the sample surface  114  of the chip  14  at a defined position relative to the electronic light detector array  4  such that light leaving a chip address on the chip  14  is substantially directed through the light path that includes the biological material holding structure, e.g., DNA chip substrate, onto at least one detector pixel  5  with an address that is correlated to the chip address. In such a manner, the nucleic acid spots on the chip  14  are mapped to the detector pixels  5 .  
      In one embodiment, a detection system according to the present invention, such as, for example, the system shown in  FIG. 2 , may be configured to excite, detect, filter, and process fluorescence from conventional fluorophores, for example, fluorophores described in catalogues published by Life Technologies, Inc. (Rockville, Md.), Sigma-Aldrich, Inc. (SIGMA, ALDRICH, and FLUKA brand names; St. Louis, Mo.), Pierce Chemicals (Rockford, Ill.), and other suppliers known to those skilled in the art. Similarly, other DNA visualization techniques are currently known and used, and many examples of these technologies are set forth in these same sources. For instance, colorimetric systems that create a color in the visible light wavelength, for instance those based on a stain or on enzyme activity, may be adapted to visualize DNA. Amplification systems that may be used in combination with a colorimetric or fluorescent system may also be used; for example, avidin-biotin or antibody-based techniques. For example, the target DNA labeled with biotin may be placed on the DNA chip. After a washing protocol is performed, the sample may be exposed to labeled avidin, which makes a strong bond to the biotin. The label on the avidin may be a fluorophore (or an enzyme such as horseradish peroxidase (HRP) that is suitable for colorimetric assay). Additionally, DNA may be marked or labeled using chemi-luminescence or chemi-fluorescence and subsequently detected.  
      DNA may be attached to biological material holding structures such as substrates, e.g., forming DNA chips, that pass light (e.g., light transparent DNA chips) in a variety of manners known to those skilled in the art. For example, glass or quartz may be treated with silanes to create carboxyl or amine groups that may be used in further chemical reactions for immobilizing DNA. Further, a light transmissive plastic such as polystyrene may be used for the DNA chip substrate. Various techniques known to those skilled in the art are included in the patents incorporated by reference, above, as well as in the following references, which are incorporated herein by reference: Laursen et al., “Solid Phase Methods in Protein Sequence Analysis Methods of Biochemical Analysis,” vol. 26 John Wiley &amp; Sons, Inc. 1980, pp. 202-215; “Immobilization of oligonucleotides onto a glass support via disulfide bonds: A method for preparation of DNA microarrays,” Rogers Y H, Jiang-Baucom P, Huang Z J, Bogdanov V, Anderson S, Boyce-Jacino M T. Anal Biochem 1999 Jan. 1, 266(1):23-30; “Covalent attachment of DNA oligonucleotides to glass,” Cohen G, Deutsch J, Fineberg, J, Levine A, Nucleic Acids Res 1997 Feb. 15, 25(4):911-2; “Hybridization of DNA targets to glass-tethered oligonucleotide probes,” Beattie W G, Meng L, Turner S L, Varma R S, Dao D D, Beattie K L, Mol Biotechnol 1995 Dec., 4(3):213-25; “Preparation of glass plates with cerium oxide for DNA sequencing,” Millard D, de Couet H G, Biotechniques 1995 Oct., 19(4):576; “Biologically Functional Materials,” Allan S. Hoffman, in Biomaterials Science, B. D. Ratner, A. S. Hoffman, F. J. Schoen, and J. E. Lemons, Eds., pp. 124-130.  
      Further, various embodiments of the present invention as described herein (e.g., bar code reader type embodiments) may provide for imaging of DNA chips that are not light transparent. e.g., substrates that do not pass light. For example, such substrates may include various materials generally used to provide DNA chips. As such, depending upon the detection system configuration, a DNA chip may or may not need to be light transparent.  
      The invention may be used with DNA or with other combinations of hybridizable molecules, for instance RNA-DNA or DNA-protein interactions. DNA-DNA hybridization has been used as an example but the invention may be used with all polynucleic acid hybridization techniques, including RNA-RNA hybridization. As described previously herein, polynucleic acid, as used herein, means DNA, RNA, two or more oligonucleotides or oligonucleosides, and all long or short sequences of nucleic acids. A “DNA chip” or “polynucleic acid chip” as used herein is one type of biological sample that is generally classified as a type of micro-array. A DNA chip generally refers not only to DNA sequences immobilized on small solid substrates, but also refers to RNA, etc., and generally to any device, substrate, or other object with biomolecules immobilized thereto. However, a biological sample, as used herein, is clearly not limited to a DNA chip and refers to other types of biological samples such as 1-D and 2-D gels, etc.  
       FIGS. 3A-3B  illustrate two alternative optical configurations for the image detection apparatus  101  for use in direct mapping according to the present invention. In  FIG. 3A , the sampling surface  114  of the DNA chip  14  is in contact with a first side  115  of the optical filter  17 . The second side  117  of the optical filter  17 , i.e., the side opposite the first side  115 , is in direct contact with a surface  119  of the detector  4  upon which the detector pixels  5  are located. As such, for example, excitation light transmitted through the substrate of the chip  14  excites the biological material on the sample surface  114  and any fluorescence is transmitted through the filter  17  to the detector pixels  5  of the detector  4 , e.g., CMOS detector array.  
      One skilled in the art will recognize that the opposing surface  124 , i.e., opposite the sampling surface  114 , of the DNA chip  14  may be in contact with a first side  115  of the optical filter  17 . In the imaging process, light emanating from the sample surface  114  of the chip  14  is then transmitted through the chip substrate to the detector pixels  5  of the detector  4 , e.g., CMOS detector array.  
      In  FIG. 3B , the DNA chip  14  is in sequence with a mapping lens  21 . The sampling surface  114  of the DNA chip  14  is in direct contact with a first side  129  of the mapping lens  21 . The second side  131  of the mapping lens  21 , i.e., the side opposite the first side  129 , is in direct contact with a first side  115  of the optical filter  17 . The second side  117  of the optical filter  17 , i.e. the side opposite the first side  115 , is in direct contact with a surface  119  of the detector  4  upon which the detector pixels  5  are located. In the imaging process, light from the chip  14  is focused by the mapping lens  21  through the filter  17  to the detector pixels  5  of the detector  4 , e.g., CMOS detector array. Preferably, the mapping lens  21  has a focal length suitable for focusing the light emitted by the chip  14  onto the detector pixels  5  of the detector  4 . Yet further, the mappings lens may be a lens configured for collimating light impinging thereon. As in the embodiment of  FIG. 3A , the opposing surface  124  of the DNA chip  14  may be in direct contact with the first side  129  of the mapping lens  21 .  
      The theoretical resolving power of the image detection apparatus and methods described above will be directly related, at least in part, to the spacing between the DNA chip light emitting regions, e.g., the sampling surface  114  on which the nucleic acid spots are positioned, and the surface  119  upon which the imaging detector pixels  5  are located, i.e., the length of the light path. The actual resolving power will also be a function of the emission from the DNA spots and the sophistication of the software used to extract and reconstruct the light therefrom, e.g., the DNA fluorescence.  
      Further, the theoretical resolving power of the configuration including a simple mapping lens  21  or lens system will be limited by the optical quality of the mapping lens  21  and by light diffraction. However, it is not the goal of this system to have high cost resolution imaging optics as part of the present detection apparatus since low cost optics with suitable software will readily map arrays of DNA pixels.  
      The resolving power of direct mapping can be computed as the sum of: the larger of the detector pixel diameter (e.g., roughly 10 μm) or spot diameter; chip  14  thickness (e.g., 10 μm); and filter thickness (10 μm). Thus, the image from a 10 μm DNA spot (assuming the chip thickness and filter thickness are both about 10 μm) would map onto a 30 μm×30 μm area of the detector containing  9  detector pixels, while the image from a 50 μm DNA spot (assuming the chip thickness and filter thickness are both about 10 μm) would map onto a 70 μm×70 μm area containing 49 detector pixels. For example, a CMOS device such as the HDCS-1100 (Hewlett-Packard Components Group; Corvallis, Oreg.) which has a 352×288 detector pixel array, can resolve approximately 1,000 spots that are 10 μm in diameter, and approximately 2,000 spots that are 50 μm in diameter.  
      The detector pixels of suitable electronic light detector arrays may also integrate light emission with time, in much the same way that longer photographic exposure is used to develop faint images. This time integration will permit the detection of any light impulse that can be detected with a computer-assisted confocal microscope so long as the fluorescence signal exceeds detector dark current and background light.  
      Further, the optical system of the invention (for example a single mapping lens) can magnify or reduce the image. A mapping lens would permit the emissions from the DNA chip to be optimally projected onto the detector pixels of a CMOS device. For instance, a reducing mapping lens may be capable of mapping the emission from a 50 μm spot onto an individual detector pixel.  
       FIG. 4  is a block diagram of a system substantially similar to that of  FIG. 2 , wherein light from a biological sample, such as a DNA chip  14  having biological material  13  thereon, is passed through an optical filter  17  and provided to detector pixels  5  of a detector  4 , e.g., a CMOS or CCD detector, where such light is sensed. Signals representative of the sensed light may be digitized, relayed to computer  8 , and subsequently processed and displayed as an image  18  on the computer&#39;s monitor  11 . The image detection apparatus  101  of  FIG. 4  may be modified with various light sources in various configurations thereof.  
      For example, the system shown in  FIG. 4  is compatible with laser-based visualization techniques as shown in  FIG. 5 . In other words the image detection apparatus  101  of  FIG. 4  may be modified to be in the configuration shown in  FIG. 5 . For instance, a laser  40  may be used to generate laser light  41  that may be reflected off of mirror  35  and thereby directed onto labeled DNA  30  hybridized and immobilized on DNA chip  14 . In view of the incorporation of a fluorescent label, the hybridized DNA  30  fluoresces and emits fluorescent light upon excitation by the laser light  41 . The filter  17  selectively passes the fluorescent light but not the laser light  41 . The fluorescent light is directly mapped onto the detector pixels  5  of detector  4 , e.g., a CCD detector array. The laser  40  may be rastered across the biological sample, e.g., the DNA chip  14 , so that only select portions of the sample are illuminated at one time. The laser  40  may be, for example, laser diodes such as green (532 nm), red (635 nm), or far red (670 nm) diodes having a power in the range of 4 mW to 10 mW.  
      The system of  FIG. 4  may also use a lamp-type light source  15  as shown in the dichroic mirror arrangement of  FIG. 6 . As shown therein, the lamp-type source  15  emits light  43  that is reflected off a dichroic mirror  36  onto immobilized, labeled, and hybridized DNA  30 . If the label on the hybridized DNA  30  is a fluorescent label, then the fluorescence emitted in response to excitation by light  43  may pass through dichroic mirror  36  and be mapped directly onto a detector  4 , e.g., CCD detector array. An image representative thereof may be displayed on a computer monitor or stored in a computer memory using the techniques already described.  
      As shown in  FIG. 6 , direct mapping may still be accomplished even though the emitted light from the DNA spots is not provided through a light transparent DNA chip  14 . In this embodiment, the biological material  30  is provided on a sample surface  14  that faces the dichroic mirror  36 . The light from the sample surface  114  including the biological material  30  is filtered by the mirror  36  and impinges on the detector pixels  5  that are also facing the dichroic mirror  36 . In other words, in this configuration, the detector  4  and biological sample, e.g., DNA chip  14 , are separated by a dichroic mirror  36  that performs the filtering function. Further, the DNA chip  14  need not be transparent as the sample surface  114  is facing the detector pixels  5 . In other words, the light path from the sample surface  114  to the detector pixels  5  is not through the substrate or biological material holding structure of the biological sample associated with the biological material.  
      Yet further, in some embodiments described herein, an excitation filter between a light source and the biological sample may be needed to filter out certain light from the light source that may interfere with the detection of certain light wavelength.  
      As shown in  FIG. 7 , a mapping lens  3  may be used to enhance the direct mapping of the system described above with reference to  FIG. 6  incorporating a dichroic mirror  36 . The mapping lens  3  will focus light that passes through dichroic mirror  36  such that DNA chip pixels of the DNA chip  14  are mapped onto one or more of the detector pixels  5  of detector  4 , e.g., a CCD detector  4 .  
      As an alternative arrangement to certain embodiments described herein, creation of a negative image may be performed. Numerous techniques and combinations of components for making negative images will be immediately apparent to those skilled in the art upon reading this disclosure. A few examples are provided herein but are in no way intended to limit the present invention. A negative image could be made by causing DNA to appear as a dark spot on a bright field. For instance, a bright fluorescent field, created by making the substrate of the DNA chip  14  with autofluorescent components, could be used with a label on hybridized DNA  30  that quenches or blocks light. The hybridized DNA would then appear as dark spots on a computer generated image. Compounds that quench fluorescence are known to those skilled in the art.  
      Alternatively, hybridized DNA could be labeled after it is immobilized to the DNA chip  14 . For instance, a stain that blocks transmission of visible light may be used. Further, the DNA could already incorporate a label that could be calorimetrically developed after the DNA is immobilized, e.g., the hybridized DNA might have an enzyme that would cause a colored precipitate to form when the chip was exposed to a suitable substrate, such as, for example, a horse radish peroxidase (HRP) system could be used. Yet further, the immobilized DNA might have a fluorescent molecule that was quenched by elements on the hybridizing DNA.  
      The previous embodiments described may be configured without an optical filter  17  as shown in  FIGS. 8A-8C . For example, a light transmitting DNA chip  14  with hybridized DNA  32  on a biological material holding structure  131  as shown in  FIG. 8A  may be treated so that the hybridized DNA appears as dark spots that fully or partially block light. The DNA chip may then be positioned as shown in  FIGS. 8B  or  8 C. As shown in  FIG. 8B , the sample surface  114  is positioned opposite the detector pixels  5  of detector  4 . In other words, the side  124  of DNA chip  14  opposing the sample surface  114  faces the detector pixels  5 .  
      As shown in  FIG. 8C , the sample surface  114  faces the detector pixels  5  of detector  4 . In other words, the sample surface  114  of the DNA chip  14  is on the side opposite the light source  43 . A cover  52  may be interposed between the sample surface  114  having the DNA spots  32  thereon and the detector pixels  5  so that detector  4  is not degraded by the DNA spots  32 . The cover  52  may be a mere protective film such as a coating, or a coverslip, a plastic wrap such as polyethylene film, or any other material that transmits the wavelength of the light  43 .  
      In the configurations shown in  FIGS. 8B and 8C , light  43  (such as shown in the embodiment of  FIG. 7 ) from a light source passes though DNA chip  14  but is blocked by light-blocking hybridized DNA  32 . The resultant map that is formed on detector  4 , e.g., a CCD detector array, shows the addresses that have hybridized DNA. Many fluorescent and non-fluorescent techniques for labeling DNA before or after its hybridization to DNA or before or after its immobilization to the DNA chip  14  are known to those skilled in these arts. Light  43  may be any wavelength specified herein as light and DNA  32  may be any means for blocking that transmission that is known to those skilled in the art.  
      It is noted that, in  FIGS. 8B and 8C , no optical filter is used in the light path between the sample surface of the DNA chip  14  and the electronic light detector  4 . All wavelengths of the source light  43  are allowed to reach the detector pixels  5  of the detector  4 . However, a neutral density filter may be used in the light path between the sample surface and the detector  4 . The neutral density filter may be used to block some of the source light  43  without filtering out any wavelengths of light.  
      The filters  17 , lenses  3 , and biological samples, e.g., DNA chips  14 , shown in many of the embodiments described above may be used in various combinations as exemplified in  FIGS. 9A and 9B . For example, a lens and filter may be combined into lens-filter  50  that is interposed between the DNA chip  14  and detector  4  as shown in  FIG. 9A . Further, for example, the DNA chip  14  may be made as part of an integral single DNA chip-filter  51  that provides a solid substrate for DNA immobilization and acts to filter the light  43  from the light source or from the immobilized DNA  30  as shown in  FIG. 9B . Materials or coatings used for filters are well-known to those skilled in the optical arts. The optical coating is generally formed on the surface of the chip  14  opposing the sample surface. In one embodiment, the optical coating allows passage of light wavelengths of fluorescence but substantially blocks other light wavelengths in the range of 300 nanometers to 600 nanometers.  
      Further, the DNA chip  51  may include an optical lens along with or in addition to the filter. For example, the surface of the DNA chip opposing the sample surface may be a curved surface that functions as a mapping lens. Preferably, the optical lens has a minimum focal length of 10 microns and more preferably 5 microns. Further, preferably, the optical lens has a maximum focal length of 750 microns; more preferably, 400 microns; yet more preferably, 250 microns; and most preferably, 40 microns. Such focal lengths are applicable to the other embodiments using mapping lenses as described above.  
       FIG. 10  shows another alternate embodiment of an image detection apparatus  201  according to the present invention. The image detection apparatus  201  may be referred to as a lens-free transmission light microscope as no lenses are necessary to perform the desired imaging. For example, the microscope or image detection system  200  may be used to resolve images with features as small as 10 μm in diameter. The image detection apparatus  201  is a transmissive imaging configuration as the configuration provides for detection of light from a biological sample  208  which has biological material  213  on a sample surface  209  thereof, and which requires the use of transmitted light through all, or at least a major portion of, the biological material holding structure  211 , e.g., DNA chip substrate gels that may be associated with a substrate or imaged alone, etc.  
      In other words, at least in the embodiment shown in  FIG. 10 , the transmitted light from a fiber optic bundle  220  illuminates or excites the biological sample  208 , e.g. a light absorbing sample or a fluorescent producing sample. Light from the biological sample  208  then travels through the light path that includes the biological material holding structure  211  of the biological sample  208  to impinge on the electronic light detector  210 . In other words, for the electronic light detector  210  to detect light from the biological sample  209 , light is passed through or transmitted through the biological holding structure of the biological sample  208 . In this embodiment, the biological holding structure of the biological sample  208  must be light transmissive structure, e.g., glass, clear materials, or other materials that permit transmission of suitable or desirable wavelengths of light.  
      The detection system  200  of  FIG. 10  generally includes a light source  202 , polarizing filters  215 - 216 , a fiber optic bundle apparatus  220 , an electronic light detector and associated circuitry  210  (e.g., CCD array or CMOS array), a computer  8  having memory  108  for use in storing any necessary software for carrying out the present invention and/or for analyzing any image data from the image detection apparatus  201 , and a monitor  11  or some other output device for interfacing with a user. In general, parallel light rays are produced that are passed perpendicular to sample surface  209  of the biological sample  208 , e.g., a microscope slide having, for example, light absorbing biological material or fluorescence producing biological material thereon. A transmission pattern of light through the biological material holding structure  211 , e.g., the light transparent slide, is acquired by the electronic light detector  210  and captured by suitable image acquisition software associated with the detector  210  to produce image data. The image data may be provided for display on monitor  11  using computer  8 .  
      In further detail with reference to  FIG. 10 , the light source  202  provides light that impinges on the first polarizing filter  215 . Optionally, the light from the light source  202  may impinge on a receiving end  221  of the fiber optic bundle apparatus  220  as the first polarizing filter  215  may optionally be positioned between the fiber optic array  217  and the biological sample  208  instead of between the light source  202  and the fiber optic bundle apparatus  220 . A second polarizing filter  216  that is orthogonal or 90 degrees rotated from the first polarizing filter  215  is positioned between the biological sample  208  and the electronic light detector  210 . The polarizing filters are linear polarizers that prevent the electronic light detector  210  from oversaturation. Such oversaturation may reduce the dynamic range of the detector  210 . Further, the polarizing filters  215 - 216  provide for the filtering of zero order diffraction in the system. The light source  202  may be any suitable light source such as a clustered white LED light source, a tungsten filament, or any other light source previously described herein.  
      The polarizing filter  215 , if positioned between the light source  202  and the fiber optic bundle apparatus  220 , provide the polarized light onto the receiving end  221  of the fiber optic bundle apparatus  220 . The fiber optic bundle apparatus  220  generally includes the receiving end  221  of a bundle portion  204 . The bundle portion  204  is then fanned out in a fanout bundle portion  222  and terminated at a fiber optic array portion  217 , e.g., a one-dimensional (in-line or linear) array. For example, the fiber optic array portion  217  may include termination fiber ends  207  of individual fibers  205  positioned separately in openings of a fiber optic array holder  227  (shown in further detail in  FIG. 11 ). The fiber optic array portion  217  provides for the illumination of the biological sample  208 .  
      Light transmitted through the biological sample  208 , e.g., the biological sample holding structure  211  associated with biological material  213  thereof, impinges on detector pixels  219  of the electronic light detector  210  and an image is detected representative of the biological material  213  of the biological sample  208 . For example, if the biological sample  208  is a micro-array having fluorescent tagged nucleic acids thereon, then fluorescence would be transmitted through the light transparent micro-array substrate, onto the electronic light detector  210  (in this case, an emission filter may be required to prevent transmission of the excitation light from the fiber bundle from reaching the electronic light detector). Further, for example, if the biological sample  208  is a silver-stained DNA micro-array or chip, then such a light absorbing biological sample will absorb light and a transmission pattern representative of the light absorbed at particular locations will be transmitted through the substrate or holding structure of the DNA chip. The transmitted pattern will then be acquired by the electronic light detector  210 .  
      The biological sample  208 , the polarizing filter  216  and the electronic light detector  210  may be positioned in any suitable manner as previously described herein such as shown in  FIGS. 2-5  and  8 - 9 . For example, as shown in the embodiment of  FIG. 11 , the biological sample  208 , polarizing filter  216 , and the electronic light detector  210  are in direct contact with one another, with the electronic light detector  210  separated from the biological sample only by the thickness of the polarizing filter  216 , which may, for example, have a thickness of about ½ millimeter. Preferably, the biological sample  208  and the detector pixels  219  of the electronic light detector  210  are as near one another as possible, at least in this particular embodiment. However, in no manner is the present invention limited to configurations that have one or more of the above elements, e.g., biological sample  208 , the polarizing filter  216  and the electronic light detector  210 , in direct contact. For example, the present invention may be employed with such elements in close proximity to one another.  
      Generally, in operation, the fiber optic array portion  217 , e.g., a linear array of optical fibers, is scanned across the biological sample  208  using known scanning mechanics  223  generally represented in  FIG. 10 . For example, such scanning mechanics may include mounting structures, stepper motors, piezo-electric actuating elements, etc. Such movement may be controlled by a computer  8  under command of suitable software in memory  108 . The present invention is not limited to any particular movement mechanics  223  as any scanning mechanics, at least in this particular embodiment, that can provide for linear movement will be suitable.  
      In other words, the linear array  217  of fibers is scanned across a stationary biological sample  208  such that the transmitted light from the biological sample  208  resulting from the illumination thereof is provided to one or more detector pixels of the electronic light detector  210 . As such, a corresponding array of detector pixels, e.g., one or more detector pixels per fiber, detect light from the biological sample  208 . A suitable image acquisition software program, such as a stitching program, may then be used to provide for combination of the scanned and detected captured image data to present a composite image data file that may be displayed or otherwise provided as output to the user. For example, image data from multiple arrays of detector pixels representative of portions of the biological sample  208  acquired during a scan of the biological sample  208  by the fiber array  217  may be combined to form a complete image of the biological sample  208 .  
      Alternatively, the biological sample  208  may be moved by movement mechanics  223  such that image data representative thereof can be captured. In other words, with the fiber optic array  217  and the electronic light detector  210  held stationary the biological sample  208  is moved such that the light from the individual fibers  205  of the array  217  impinge sequentially upon different linear portions of the biological sample  208  as it is moved. At each of the linear portions, light is detected, e.g., at an array of detector pixels or on a single linear array of pixels, from the biological sample  208 . Upon capture of all desired linear portions thereof, suitable image acquisition software is used to combine the detected linear portions into a composite image data file representative of the biological sample  208 , or at least a portion thereof.  
      Although use of a linear electronic light detector, e.g., a linear CCD, is possible, preferably, the light from the biological sample impinged upon by light from a single fiber is mapped to more than one detector pixel so as to provide more data for combining detected linear portions of the sample. In other words, with more pixel data available for each corresponding illumination fiber end  207 , a sharper image can be created.  
       FIGS. 11A-11C  provide an illustrative exemplary and more detailed configuration of the image detection apparatus  201  of the detection system  200  generally shown in  FIG. 10 . The detection apparatus  201  generally includes a light source  202 , polarizing filters  215 - 216 , a fiber optic bundle apparatus  220  (shown in two sections in  FIG. 11A  connected by line  260 ), an electronic light detector  210  and associated image acquisition circuitry  211  (e.g., CCD array or CMOS array and associated hardware and software). As shown in  FIG. 11A , the light source  202  includes a clustered white LED array  240  that provides light that impinges on the first polarizing filter  215 . The first polarizing filter  215  is positioned adjacent to a collimator  242 . As such, light polarized by the filter  215  is provided through the collimator  242 . For example, the collimator may be a long tube or any other type of collimator used by those in the art, such as an optical pipe capable of collimating the light.  
      The collimator  242  is attached for provision of light therefrom to the receiving end  221  of a fiber optic bundle portion  204  of the fiber optic bundle apparatus  220  using a coupling  248 , such as a grommet. The bundle portion  204  is then fanned out into a fanout bundle portion  222  or individual fibers  205  with each fiber terminated at a fiber optic array portion  217 , e.g., a one-dimensional (in-line or linear) array. The fiber optic array portion  217  includes termination fiber ends  207  of individual fibers  205  positioned separately in openings of a fiber optic array holder  227  as shown in  FIG. 11B . The fiber optic array portion  217  provides for the illumination of a linear portion of the biological sample  208 .  
      As described above with reference to  FIG. 10 , the biological sample  208 , the second polarizing filter  216 , and the electronic light detector  210  can be provided in numerous configurations. As shown in  FIG. 11A , the biological sample  208 , polarizing filter  216 , and the electronic light detector  210  are in direct contact with one another, with the electronic light detector  210  separated from the biological sample  208  only by the thickness of the polarizing filter  216 . The second polarizing filter  216  is orthogonal or 90 degrees rotated from the first polarizing filter  215  such that suitable filtering of at least zero order diffraction in the system is provided.  
      Light transmitted through the biological sample  208 , e.g., the biological sample holding structure associated with biological material thereof impinges on detector pixels of the electronic light detector  210  and an image is detected representative of the biological material  213  of the biological sample  208 . The image is captured using suitable image acquisition circuitry and software  211  such as described above, e.g., image combining software. For example, such software and/or hardware may include software that can patch together the portions using overlapping information to provide additional resolution, such portions may be pieced together through storage individually in memory, etc.  
      As shown in the plan view of the face  261  of the fiber optic array portion  217  in  FIG. 11B , individual fibers  205  terminate at fiber ends  207 . Each fiber  205  is terminated in a corresponding opening of a fiber optic array holder  227 . The fiber optic array holder  227  is associated with brackets  219  for connection to a stepper motor for movement to be controlled by computer  8  under command of suitable software.  
       FIG. 11C  is a side view of the fiber optic array portion  217  shown in  FIG. 11B . As shown therein, the individual fibers  205  terminate at ends  207  after insertion through openings in the holding structure  227 . As previously described above with reference to  FIG. 10 , the fiber optic array portion  217  is scanned across the biological sample  208  and image data representative thereof is captured. For example, as the fiber optic array portion  217  is scanned across linear portions of the biological sample  208 , the electronic light detector captures light from such linear portions. Thereafter, such detected linear portions may then be combined to form a composite image of the biological sample  208 .  
      As previously described herein, reflective imaging configurations refer to configurations that provide for detection of light from a biological sample, e.g., a sample surface at which biological material is associated, which does not require the use of transmitted light through the biological holding structure of the biological sample, or a major portion thereof, e.g., DNA chip substrate, micro-titer plates, gels that may be associated with a substrate or imaged alone, etc. Preferably, in a reflective imaging configuration, light (whether excitation, fluorescence, or reflected light from a biological sample) does not pass through the biological holding structure of the biological sample, or at least does not pass through a major portion thereof. In such cases, the biological holding structure need not be light transparent structure, but rather can be opaque materials, e.g., nitrocellulose, charged nylon, silicon as a substrate for micro-array formation, etc., which have more favorable properties than light transparent structure (e.g., glass).  
      Such a reflective imaging configuration is shown by the electronic light detector array detection system  300  generally shown in  FIG. 12 . The electronic light detector array detection system  300  generally includes an image detection apparatus  302  for capturing one or more frames of an image, e.g., image data, preferably in digital form, representative of a biological sample  304  held in a stationary location (e.g., sampling position) by positioning structure  321 . The image data is then provided to a computer  310  for reconstruction, storage in memory and/or analysis thereof. For example, the image data may be mapped to the computer memory  108  and processed to provide data representative of a reconstructed image for display on a monitor  11 , e.g., a computer display or any other display apparatus that may display image data representative of the reconstructed image  12 . Such reconstruction may use one or more frames of image data.  
      The positioning structure  321  may be any structure or mechanisms available for maintaining the biological sample  304  in a fixed position. For example, the positioning structure may include clamps, clips, wells, adhesives, etc. Further, such positioning structure may include movement mechanisms for moving the biological sample  304  into multiple sampling positions and locking the sample into the fixed sample position. For example, such movement may be used to focus an image as previously described herein.  
      The image detection apparatus  302  generally comprises a light source  330  located for providing light  306  (e.g., excitation light or illumination light) onto the biological sample  304 , or at least a portion thereof. Further, the image detection apparatus  302  comprises an electronic light detector  324  and a lens  320  for focusing light  308  (e.g., fluorescence or reflected light) from the biological sample  304  onto detector pixels  327  of an electronic light detector  326 . The electronic light detector  324  is operable under control of control circuitry  326 , e.g., a frame grabber. For example, the control circuitry  326  receives the sensed signals from the electronic light detector  324  and captures one or more frames of images to be used for later processing and/or display. Further, optionally, in the situation where the image detection apparatus  302  is used for detecting fluorescence as further described below, the image detection apparatus  302  also includes an interchangeable emission filter  350 .  
      The image data may then be provided by the image detection apparatus  302  to a port of the computer  310 . The image data may then be operated on by graphics manipulation software to, for example, reconstruct the image data and display a visual image on the monitor  312 . Various types of software may be used. For example, QuickView (a Windows® application program) may be used to capture, save and categorize images and ImagePro Plus available from Media Cybernetics may be used for manipulation of graphics; etc.  
      Generally, the image detection apparatus  302  may be provided using a modified bar code reader such as a bar code reader available under the trade designation of WelchAllyn IMAGETEAM 4710HD/HD10 handheld or fixed mount 2D image reader. For example, the light source of the available 2D image reader may be modified to provide a light source as further described below and an emission filter may be added for use in fluorescent marker applications.  
      The image detection apparatus  302  may be used to image fluorescence, e.g., detect fluorescent probes or markers bound to specific locations on DNA chips such as in genomics research or fluorescent labeled proteins separated by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis such as in proteomics research. For example, biological samples  304  of considerable size, such as in the case of 2-D gels which can be relatively large (e.g., 25.4 cm×25.4 cm) can be imaged successfully. For example, preferably, with use of reducing lenses, biological samples  304  as large as 50 cm×50 cm may be imaged.  
      With respect to imaging fluorescence and with reference to  FIG. 12 , the biological sample  304  provides biological material including fluorescent markers associated with a biological material holding structure, e.g., a gel or a micro-array such as a DNA chip. For example, such biological material including the markers may be at particular addresses of the micro-array that correspond to addresses of one or more detector pixels. Excitation light  306  is directed onto the sample surface  304  to excite the fluorescent markers or cause excitation events that produce fluorescent light photons of characteristic wavelength. Such fluorescent light  308  is passed through the lens  320 , focused and projected as an image representative of the fluorescence from the excited sample onto the detector pixels  326  of the electronic light detector  324 . The excitation light reflected by the sample surface  311  is prevented from reaching or is blocked from the electronic light detector  324  and lens  320  by the emissions filter  350 . The electronic light detector  324 , e.g., a two-dimensional array detector, under control of circuitry  326 , grabs a frame of the fluorescence image and provides the image data for reconstruction alone, or more preferably in combination with one or more other frames of image data.  
      With respect to imaging reflected light, i.e., representative of the absorption characteristics of the biological sample  304 , and with reference to  FIG. 12 , the biological sample  304  provides biological material that for example, may be stained or otherwise detectable such as with the use of color, density, etc. The biological material is associated with a biological material holding structure, e.g., a gel or a micro-array such as a DNA chip. Illumination light  306  is directed onto the sample surface  311  of the biological sample  304 . Based on the absorption and reflective characteristics of the biological sample  304 , reflected light is passed through lens  320  and is focused and projected as an image representative of the biological sample  304 , e.g., stained or colored portions thereof, onto the detector pixels  326  of electronic light detector  324 . The electronic light detector  324 , e.g., a two-dimensional array detector, under control of circuitry  326 , grabs a frame of the reflected image and provides the image data for reconstruction alone, or more preferably in combination with one or more other frames of image data.  
      Although the image detection apparatus  302  can be used to produce images from various biological sample configurations that use, for example, single color fluorescence, multiple color fluorescence, chemi-luminescence, chemi-fluorescence, colorimetric detection, densitometry, or any other technique detectable through imaging, the present invention is particularly beneficial for fluorescence imaging. As such, the remainder of the description below shall be provided with respect to such fluorescence imaging.  
      For example, the image detection apparatus  302  may be used for rapid production of single-color and multi-color fluorescence images, e.g., images showing fluorescent positions such as regions, spots, areas, etc., of a biological sample (e.g., fluorescent positions on a micro-array or DNA chip) when such material is caused to fluoresce by an excitation light or by chemi-fluorescence. As described previously herein, a wide range of samples, including, but not limited to gels, blots, micro-arrays, micro-plates, etc. may be imaged to detect fluorescent positions. The use of a modified bar code reader as presented herein provides methods and systems that have a high sensitivity for detection of flourescent dyes and labels, including, but clearly not limited to, ethidium bromide, SYBR® Green, SYBR® Gold, SYPRO®, Radiant Red, fluorescein (FITC), rhodamine, Cy2, Cy3, Texas Red, Green Fluorescent Protein.  
      The modified bar code reader or image detection apparatus  302  provides multi-mode imaging with the ability to select multiple wavelength light excitation, epi-illumination, or optionally transmittance illumination. Multiple frames may be grabbed for a single biological sample over time providing for improved image resolution and uniformity. Further, as previously described herein, the imaging area of the biological sample  304  is comparatively large relative to other detection systems.  
      Two illustrative and exemplary image detection apparatus  402 ,  502 , e.g., modified bar code readers, are shown in  FIGS. 13 and 14 , for use in fluorescence imaging. The image detection apparatus  402  differs from the image detection apparatus  502  in that the light source used for excitation is different. Each of the configurations employs a modified WelchAllyn IMAGETEAM 4710HD 2D image reader, although various other bar code readers may be modified as would be readily recognized from the description herein.  
      As shown in  FIG. 13 , the image detection apparatus  402  provides for capturing one or more frames of a fluorescence image, e.g., image data, preferably in digital form, representative of a biological sample  404  held in a stationary location by positioning structure  421 , e.g., any structure or mechanisms available for maintaining the biological sample  404  in a fixed position. The image data may be provided to computer for reconstruction, storage in memory and/or analysis thereof such as, for example, by way of a cable interface  465  to a serial port of a computer, or alternatively to a universal serial bus (USB). Various other manners of transmitting image data, such as with the use of frame grabber techniques, may be used, e.g., wireless techniques, parallel transmission techniques, etc. The image data may be mapped to computer memory and processed to provide data representative of a reconstructed image for display on a monitor, e.g., a computer display or any other display apparatus that may display image data representative of the reconstructed image such as previously described herein.  
      The image detection apparatus  402  includes LEDs  430  for providing excitation light  406  onto the biological sample  404 , or at least a portion thereof, e.g., the sample surface  411 . For example, any number of LEDs may be used for providing any desired and suitable wavelength of light necessary for causing the desired fluorescence from the biological sample  404 . In one preferred embodiment, three different wavelengths of light, e.g., 480 nm, 570 nm, and 660 nm light, are provided from 50 mW LEDs. For example, four LEDs of each wavelength may provide enough excitation light  406  for imaging a DNA chip or a 2-D gel. The wavelengths of light correspond to the particular fluorescent markers used. For example, the 570 nm light provides excitation of Cy3 fluorescent labels and the 660 nm light provides excitation of Cy5 fluorescent labels. One skilled in the art will recognize that various other excitation wavelengths can be incorporated into the detection apparatus depending upon the types of flourescent markers used.  
      Further, the image detection apparatus  402  comprises an electronic light detector  424  and a lens  408  for focusing fluorescence from the biological sample  404  through the light path onto detector pixels  426 . The electronic light detector  424  may be any two dimensional light detector, e.g., CCD detector array or a CMOS array. Preferably, according to this particular illustrative embodiment, the electronic light detector  424  is a black/white CCD having the dimensions of ⅓ inch by ½ inch. The detector pixels  426  of the electronic light detector  424  face the sample surface  411  of the biological sample  404 .  
      The electronic light detector  424  is operable under control of control circuitry  426 , e.g., such as the circuitry provided in a WelchAllyn IMAGETEAM 4710HD 2D image reader. For example, the control circuitry  426  may include a frame grabber for capturing images sensed at a particular time by the CCD array  424 , a DC convertor for providing power to the LEDs  430  and the CCD  424 , as well as other processing circuitry capable of reading bar codes. Such bar code processing capabilities may provide a way of biological sample archiving as described further below.  
      Further, the image detection apparatus  402  also includes an interchangeable emission filter  450 . The emission filter  450  is configured and positioned to filter or block the excitation light or reflected excitation light  406  from the electronic light detector  424 . As such, the excitation light is prevented from reaching the electronic light detector  424 .  
      In operation, for example, with a biological sample  404  that is a gel or DNA chip tagged with the fluorescent markers Cy3 and/or Cy5, excitation light  406  is directed onto the sample surface  404  to excite the fluorescent markers such that fluorescence  408  is produced having certain wavelengths not block from the CCD array  424  by emission filter  450 . Such fluorescence  408  is passed through lens  420  and is focused and projected as an image representative of the fluorescence from the excited sample onto the detector pixels  427  of CCD array  424 . The excitation light reflected by the sample surface  411  is prevented from reaching or is blocked from the CCD array  424  by the emissions filter  450 . The CCD array  424  under control of control circuitry  426  grabs a frame of the fluorescence image and provides the image data for reconstruction alone, or more preferably in combination with one or more other frames of image data representative of the biological sample  404 .  
      The distance of the image detection apparatus  402  from the biological sample  404  is based on the focal point of the lens  420 . For example, preferably the focal point is less than 5 cm for detecting images of a micro-array, corresponding to a light path that is less than about 6 cm. In one particular embodiment, distance from the lens  420  to the biological sample  404  is about 2 inches. Preferably, the closer the lens  420  can be positioned relative to the biological sample  404 , the better, as such positioning provides for better light capture.  
      In more general terms, preferably, the light path between the biological sample and the detector pixels is in the range of 4 cm to 8 cm. One skilled in the art will recognize that as the object being imaged becomes larger, that the light path may be made larger with concurrent modification of the lens system.  
      Further, as the emission filter  450  is interchangeable with other filters for blocking different wavelengths and different wavelengths are used for the source light, multi-fluorescent imaging can be achieved. For example, one filter can be substituted for another during the imaging procedure to provide images of multiple colors that can combined into a single image for a particular biological sample.  
      The image detection apparatus  502  of  FIG. 14  is substantially equivalent to that shown in  FIG. 13  except that the excitation light is provided by a laser based source as opposed to LEDs to provide for higher resolution. As shown in  FIG. 14 , the excitation light is provided by one or more lasers  570 , preferably a plurality of lasers, that provide illumination lines that are reflected by appropriately positioned corresponding mirrors  575 . The reflected light from the mirrors  575  impinges on corresponding dichroic prisms  580  and is passed through corresponding diffusers  585  to provide diffused excitation light  590 . For example, LED lasers having a power in the range of about 4 mW to 10 mW may be used to produce light in the wavelength of 570 nm and 660 nm corresponding to the Cy3 and Cy5 markers. Any number of lasers can be used as would be known to one skilled in the art.  
      In accordance with one embodiment of the present invention, a biological sample archiving method may be employed using an image detection apparatus as shown and described with reference to  FIGS. 12-14 . For example, each imaged biological sample (e.g., a DNA chip  14  as shown in  FIG. 8A ) may include a bar code  590  (as shown in  FIG. 8A ) associated therewith. As conventional bar code readers modified herein typically are configured with the necessary software for reading bar codes, the modified bar code reader can be employed in a bar code reading mode to associate a particular image, e.g., fluorescence image, with a particular imaged bar code. Such samples may then be archived using the read and stored bar codes associated with the corresponding fluorescence images.  
      Several embodiments of the invention are described herein. These embodiments are illustrative of the present invention and are not to be construed as embracing all of its embodiments or as limiting on the scope thereof. It will be recognized that various combinations of features of the present invention may be used together to form various inventive combinations as would be recognized from the description herein. For example, a bar code archiving system may be used with a modified bar code reader imaging detection apparatus, negative images may be read by the modified bar code reader imaging detection apparatus, etc.