Patent Publication Number: US-7904147-B2

Title: Substantially planar article and methods of manufacture

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION 
     The present application is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/061,235, filed Feb. 18, 2005, now U.S. Pat. No. 7,672,719, issued Mar. 2, 2010, which is a continuation-in part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/784,088, filed Feb. 19, 2004, now U.S. Pat. No. 7,457,667, issued Nov. 25, 2008, which applications are hereby incorporated by reference. 
    
    
     BACKGROUND 
     Articles of clothing commonly are exposed to various contaminants, including bacteria, viruses, fungi, and other organisms, organic matter or inorganic matter. These contaminants may originate from the environment (e.g., exposures to airborne or surface-borne contaminants) or may originate from a person, animal or other object that contacts the clothing. Contaminant exposures may lead to unsanitary conditions within the clothing, which could make the clothing hazardous to wear. Further, in medical settings, types of clothing used and/or the cleanliness of clothing may have an effect on whether contaminants may be transferred from patient to patient or whether certain medical conditions improve or deteriorate. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         FIG. 1  is a top view of a portion of a clothing material having a first configuration of dissimilar reservoirs, in accordance with an example embodiment; 
         FIG. 2  is a top view of a portion of a clothing material, illustrating current flow between dissimilar reservoirs, in accordance with an example embodiment; 
         FIG. 3  is a cross-sectional, side view of a portion of the clothing material of  FIG. 2  along section line  3 - 3 , in accordance with an example embodiment; 
         FIG. 4  is a top view of a portion of a clothing material, which includes at least one composite reservoir, in accordance with an example embodiment; 
         FIG. 5  is a cross-sectional, side view of a portion of the clothing material of  FIG. 4  along section line  5 - 5 , in accordance with an example embodiment; 
         FIG. 6  is a top view of a portion of a clothing material having a second configuration of dissimilar reservoirs, in accordance with an example embodiment; 
         FIG. 7  is a top view of a portion of a clothing material having a third configuration of dissimilar reservoirs, in accordance with an example embodiment; 
         FIG. 8  is a top view of a portion of a clothing material having a fourth configuration of dissimilar reservoirs, in accordance with an example embodiment; 
         FIG. 9  is a top view of a portion of a clothing material having a fifth configuration of dissimilar reservoirs, in accordance with an example embodiment; 
         FIG. 10  is a top view of a portion of a clothing material having a sixth configuration of dissimilar reservoirs, in accordance with an example embodiment; 
         FIG. 11  is a top view of a portion of a clothing material having a seventh configuration of dissimilar reservoirs, in accordance with an example embodiment; 
         FIG. 12  is a top view of a portion of a clothing material having an eighth configuration of dissimilar reservoirs, in accordance with an example embodiment; 
         FIG. 13  is a top view of a portion of a clothing material having an ninth configuration of dissimilar reservoirs, in accordance with an example embodiment; 
         FIG. 14  is a cross-sectional, side view of a portion of a clothing material having multiple first reservoirs and multiple second reservoirs joined to a surface of a substrate, in accordance with an example embodiment; 
         FIG. 15  is a cross-sectional, side view of a portion of a clothing material having multiple first reservoirs and multiple second reservoirs adhered to a surface of a substrate, in accordance with an example embodiment; 
         FIG. 16  is a cross-sectional, side view of a portion of a clothing material having depressions in a surface, within which multiple first reservoirs and multiple second reservoirs are joined, in accordance with an example embodiment; 
         FIG. 17  is a cross-sectional, side view of a portion of a clothing material having holes in a surface, within which multiple first reservoirs and multiple second reservoirs are deposited, in accordance with an example embodiment; 
         FIG. 18  is a cross-sectional, side view of a portion of a clothing material having multiple first reservoirs and multiple second reservoirs embroidered to the substrate, in accordance with an example embodiment; 
         FIG. 19  is a top view of a portion of a clothing material having a woven configuration of dissimilar reservoirs, in accordance with an example embodiment; 
         FIG. 20  is an exterior view of a first clothing assembly, which includes multiple clothing articles, in accordance with an example embodiment; 
         FIG. 21  is an exterior view of a second clothing assembly, which includes multiple clothing articles, in accordance with an example embodiment; 
         FIG. 22  is an exterior view of a third clothing assembly, which includes multiple clothing articles, in accordance with an example embodiment; 
         FIG. 23  is an exterior view of a fourth clothing assembly, which includes multiple clothing articles, in accordance with an example embodiment; 
         FIG. 24  is an exterior view of a fifth clothing assembly, which includes multiple clothing articles, in accordance with an example embodiment; 
         FIG. 25  is an exterior view of a sixth clothing assembly, which includes multiple clothing articles, in accordance with an example embodiment; 
         FIG. 26  is a flowchart of a method for manufacturing a portion of a clothing article, in accordance with an example embodiment; and 
         FIG. 27  is a flowchart of a method for using a clothing article, in accordance with an example embodiment. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     Various embodiments, which may be referred to as “clothing materials” and “clothing articles,” are described herein. In addition, various embodiments of methods for manufacturing clothing materials, clothing articles, and methods for using clothing articles are described herein. The term “clothing material” may be defined, in some embodiments, as a material suitable for conversion into a clothing article. The term “article” may be used interchangeably with the term “apparatus” herein. The term “clothing article” may be defined, in some embodiments, as article of manufacture and/or an apparatus that may worn by a human. The term “clothing article” may include, but is not limited to, one or more articles selected from a group of articles that includes underwear, an athletic supporter, a brazier, a shirt, a sweater, a jacket, a pair of shorts, a pair of pants, insulated pants, a headband, a hat, gloves, mittens, socks, swimwear, a gown, surgical scrubs, a mask, a medical cap, and shoe covers. A clothing article may, in some embodiments, be specially adapted to be used by medical personnel, military personnel, and/or other specialized personnel. Embodiments also include materials that may be converted into clothing articles. 
     Various embodiments include materials and clothing articles that may, under certain circumstances, produce an electrical stimulus, and/or may electromotivate, electroconduct, elecrtroinduct, electrotransport, and/or electrophorese one or more therapeutic materials in areas of target tissue (e.g., iontophoresis), and/or may cause one or more biologic or other materials in proximity to, on or within target tissue to be affected (e.g., attract, repel, kill, neutralize, or alter cellular growth/viability/mobility, etc.). “Target tissue” may include healthy or compromised biologic tissue, including parts of the body (e.g., feet, legs, torso, arms, hands, head, etc.). In various embodiments, a material and/or clothing article may include “discrete reservoirs,” which may be joined with one or more substrates. The term “discrete reservoir” may be defined, in some embodiments, as a mass of material, which has a boundary. A “mass of material” may include a bounded collection of one or more bulk materials, one or more material layers, and/or one or more threads or wires. The shape of a reservoir boundary may vary significantly, in various embodiments. Accordingly, although illustrated embodiments include reservoirs having various boundary configurations and cross-sectional shapes, it is to be understood that the inventive subject matter includes embodiments with reservoirs having other boundary configurations and cross-sectional shapes, as well. The term “substrate” may be used herein to mean any component or layer of a material and/or clothing article. Further, although the term “substrate” may be used herein in a singular tense, it is to be understood that, in various embodiments, an apparatus may include a substrate having multiple interconnected or disjointed substrate surfaces. Accordingly, embodiments having multiple substrate surfaces are intended to be included within the scope of the inventive subject matter. Additionally, although various substrates are discussed herein, in some embodiments, a substrate may be an area of target tissue (e.g., reservoirs may be printed, tattooed, painted or otherwise directly applied to a bodily area). 
     Embodiments described herein include, but are not limited to, materials and/or clothing articles having two types of dissimilar reservoirs, where a reservoir of a first type may establish a first portion of a battery cell, and a reservoir of a second type may establish a second portion of a battery cell. In various embodiments, one or more reservoirs of a first type are configured with (e.g., positioned in spaced relation with) one or more reservoirs of a second, dissimilar type. The term “spaced relation” may be defined, in some embodiments, as having an orientation with respect to each other in space, which orientation may be touching or not touching. The term “co-planar spaced relation” may be defined, in some embodiments, as having an orientation with respect to each other substantially across a same plane. It is to be understood that a “plane” may be a substantially flat surface, or a surface that is curved or bent. The term “spaced apart relation” may be defined, in some embodiments, as having a non-touching orientation with respect to each other in space. The term “co-planar spaced apart relation” may be defined, in some embodiments, as having a non-touching orientation with respect to each other substantially across a same plane. The terms “dissimilar type” and “dissimilar reservoirs” may be defined, in some embodiments, as reservoirs having material compositions that differ in the materials included in the reservoirs and/or the proportions of materials included in the reservoirs. The terms “similar type” and “similar reservoirs” may be defined, in some embodiments, as reservoirs having material compositions that are substantially the same in the materials included in the reservoirs and/or the proportions of materials included in the reservoirs. 
     It is to be understood that, in other embodiments, a material and/or clothing article may include reservoirs of only one type, or a material and/or clothing article may include reservoirs of more than two dissimilar types. For example, in an embodiment where one or more reservoirs of only one similar type are included in an apparatus, and dissimilar reservoirs are not included, selected ones of the one or more similar reservoirs each may form one portion of a cell, and an area of target tissue in proximity to the apparatus may itself form a second portion of the cell. In addition, it is to be understood that the illustrated embodiments are for example purposes, and accordingly materials and/or clothing articles having different configurations of reservoirs from those illustrated herein are intended to be included within the scope of the inventive subject matter. Accordingly, it is to be understood that the illustrated embodiments are for the purpose of example, and should not be construed to limit the scope of the inventive subject matter to those illustrated embodiments. 
     It is to be understood that the use of oppositely-oriented cross-hatching in the Figures, in conjunction with first and second reservoirs, is not meant to imply that the first and second reservoirs are formed from or include conductive metals, although either or both may be formed from or include conductive metals. Instead, the use of oppositely-oriented cross-hatching in the Figures is used to indicate that the reservoirs are dissimilar. 
       FIG. 1  is a top view of a portion of a clothing material  100  having a first configuration of dissimilar reservoirs, in accordance with an example embodiment. In particular, clothing material  100  includes multiple first discrete reservoirs  102  and multiple second discrete reservoirs  104  joined with a substrate  106 . Various materials that may be used to form first discrete reservoirs, second discrete reservoirs, a substrate, and other portions of a clothing material are described later. 
     As illustrated in  FIG. 1 , first reservoirs  102  and second reservoirs  104  may have substantially circular, solid shapes (e.g., when viewed from above, as shown). In other embodiments, either or both of first and second reservoirs may have alternative shapes, including but not limited to square, rectangular, elliptical, hexagonal, substantially linear, substantially planar, spiral, disc-like, open-centered, cross, letters, numbers, symbols, irregular shapes, and/or other shapes. 
     In an embodiment, first reservoirs  102  may have diameters  108  (or widths) in a range of approximately 0.5 millimeters (mm) to 4 mm (approximately 2 mm in a particular embodiment), and second reservoirs  104  may have diameters  110  (or widths) in a range of approximately 0.5 mm to 4 mm (approximately 1 mm in a particular embodiment). In other embodiments, either or both first reservoirs  102  and/or second reservoirs  104  may have one or more dimensions (e.g., height, diameter, width, length) that are greater or smaller than the above-given range values. Reservoirs dimensions may, in various embodiments, be significantly larger or smaller than the above-given values. For example, an apparatus may include “nano-reservoirs,” which may have dimensions measurable on a nanometer (nm) scale (e.g., from approximately 1 nm to approximately 10,000 nm or more). Further, first reservoirs  102  and second reservoirs  104  may be of a similar size and shape, or their sizes and/or shapes may be substantially different from each other. 
     The material concentrations or quantities within and/or the relative sizes (e.g., dimensions or surface area) of the first and second reservoirs may be selected deliberately to achieve various characteristics of the apparatus&#39; operational behavior. For example, the quantities of material within a first and second reservoir may be selected to provide an apparatus having an operational behavior that depletes at approximately a desired rate and/or that “dies” after an approximate period of time after activation. In an embodiment, the one or more first reservoirs and the one or more second reservoirs are configured to sustain one or more currents for an approximate pre-determined period of time, after activation. It is to be understood, however, that the amount of time that currents are sustained may depend on external conditions and factors (e.g., the quantity and type of activation material), and currents may occur intermittently depending on the presence or absence of activation material. 
     In various embodiments, materials within the first reservoirs and/or the second reservoirs may gradually deplete, after activation of the apparatus. For example, in an embodiment, a first reservoir may include silver and a second reservoir may include zinc. After activation of the apparatus, some or all of the silver and/or the zinc may gradually be expelled from its respective reservoir via electromotive force (e.g., iontophoresis), reservoir degradation, dissipation of the reservoir material, or otherwise. Alternatively or in addition, a voltage potential between the first and second reservoir may gradually decrease to near zero. When at least one of the galvanic materials has been depleted and/or the potential decreases significantly, reduction-oxidation (or “redox”) reactions between the first and second reservoirs may eventually diminish and cease. 
     Certain reservoir materials may reduce, eliminate, kill, incapacitate, inactivate or prevent infection from one or more contaminants, and/or may have therapeutic effects on an area of target tissue, and/or may result in other biologic activity, as will be described later. In some cases, it may be desirable to maintain therapeutic or other effects of one or more reservoir materials even after cessation of redox reactions between dissimilar reservoirs. Accordingly, a relative size of or material concentration within a first reservoir with respect to a second, dissimilar reservoir, may be selected so that the effects of the materials within the first reservoir continue beyond cessation of redox reactions. For example, a first reservoir may contain an amount of zinc and a second reservoir may contain an amount of silver. The amount of silver may be selected so that the silver is not completely depleted when redox reactions between the reservoirs have ceased, and accordingly therapeutic effects of the silver (e.g., anti-microbial effects) may continue. The reverse may also be the case (e.g., the zinc may not be completely depleted when the redox reactions have ceased). 
     In an embodiment, substrate  106  includes a top surface  112 . Selected ones of the multiple first discrete reservoirs  102  are physically separated, across surface  112  of substrate  106 , from selected ones of the multiple second discrete reservoirs  104 , in an embodiment. Substrate  106  may form part of a substantially two-dimensional apparatus (e.g., an apparatus having width and height dimensions that are significantly greater than a depth dimension) or may form part of a substantially three-dimensional apparatus (e.g., an apparatus having width and height dimensions that are not significantly greater than a depth dimension), in various embodiments. In various embodiments, surface  112  may be substantially planar (e.g., flat). In other embodiments, substrate  106  may include a contoured and/or non-planar top surface. Substrate  106  and/or surface  112  may be rigid, or they may be moldable, bendable, and/or substantially conformable, in various embodiments. 
     In an embodiment, first discrete reservoirs  102  include first discrete reservoir surfaces “proximate to” top surface  112 , and second discrete reservoirs  104  include second discrete reservoir surfaces proximate to top surface  112 . The term “proximate to a surface” may be defined, in some embodiments, as having a positional relationship with respect to a surface, including positions above or slightly above, on, substantially flush with, below, or slightly below the surface. The term “proximate to a surface” may be defined, in other embodiments, as being located with respect to a surface so that electrical communication and/or ionic communication may be possible, for example, between dissimilar reservoirs. For example, but not by way of limitation, either or both of the first and second discrete reservoir surfaces may have a dome-like or puck-like shape, which extends above top surface  112 . Alternatively, for example, but not by way of limitation, either or both of the first and second discrete reservoir surfaces may be exposed below the top surface  112  in depressions, holes or other openings. 
     Top surface  112  may be referred to herein as an “active surface.”The term “active surface” may be defined, in some embodiments, as a substrate surface proximate to which electrical currents may be generated between dissimilar reservoirs in the presence of an electrically conductive material between the reservoirs. The term “current” includes a flow of charge per unit time (e.g., I=dQ/dt, where I is current, Q is charge, and t is time). 
     An active surface may or may not be a “tissue contacting surface,” in various embodiments. A “tissue contacting surface” may be defined, in some embodiments, as a material surface, which during use, contacts an area of target tissue. For example, in an embodiment, top surface  112  may directly contact an area of target tissue during use of the apparatus, and accordingly, top surface  112  may function as both an active surface and a tissue contacting surface. In another embodiment, one or more additional materials may be included above top surface  112 , and during use of the apparatus, a surface of one or more of the additional materials may function as a tissue contacting surface. Accordingly, in such an embodiment, the active surface and the tissue contacting surface may be different surfaces. A tissue contacting surface may include, for example but not by way of limitation, a layer of material and/or a solid, semi-solid, plastic, elastic, liquid, or gaseous conductive material. An active surface also may produce effects through one or more intermediate layers between the active surface and the target tissue (e.g., a garment, another clothing article or other layer). 
     The multiple first reservoirs  102  may form a portion of a first reservoir pattern, and the multiple second reservoirs  104  may form a portion of a second reservoir pattern, in an embodiment. In various embodiments, the term “pattern” means a collection of items (e.g., reservoirs) having a repetitious arrangement. In various embodiments, the term “pattern” means multiple copies of an arrangement of one or more items (e.g., reservoirs), which is repeated across a surface. 
     The terms “reservoir pattern” and “pattern of reservoirs” may be used interchangeably herein, and have the same meaning or meanings. In various embodiments, the term “reservoir pattern” means a set of multiple reservoirs of a substantially similar type. In various embodiments, the term “reservoir pattern” means multiple reservoirs of a substantially similar type, which are arranged in spaced relation, co-planar spaced relation, spaced apart relation, and/or co-planar spaced apart relation with respect to each other. In various embodiments, the term “reservoir pattern” means a substantially repeating arrangement of reservoirs. In various embodiments, the term “reservoir pattern” means multiple sets of substantially similar reservoirs arranged across a planar surface. In an embodiment, the reservoirs in a set are arranged in a particular spaced relation with respect to other reservoirs in the set. 
     A first reservoir pattern may be interleaved with a second reservoir pattern, in various embodiments, where the first reservoir pattern includes one or more reservoirs of a first type, and the second reservoir pattern includes one or more reservoirs of a second type, which is dissimilar to the first type. In various embodiments, the term “interleaved” means that reservoirs of a first reservoir pattern are arranged in alternating positions, across a surface, with respect to reservoirs of a second reservoir pattern. The alternation of the first and second reservoirs may be 1:1, or other alternation ratios may be present. For example, but not by way of limitation, traveling along a line from a first point on the surface of a substrate to a second point on the surface, the alternation of reservoirs may be from a first reservoir to a second reservoir to a first reservoir to a second reservoir, and so on (i.e., a 1:1 alternation ratio). As another example, but not by way of limitation, the alternation of reservoirs along a line may be from a first reservoir to a second reservoir to a second reservoir to a first reservoir to a second reservoir to a second reservoir, and so on (i.e., a 1:2 alternation ratio). In addition, for a given embodiment, the alternation ratio along one line may be different from or the same as the alternation ratio along a different line. 
     In various embodiments, the term “interleaved” means that, across a surface, at least a portion of a boundary of a first reservoir pattern is positioned within at least a portion of a boundary of a second reservoir pattern, such that one or more first reservoirs of the first reservoir pattern are adjacent to one or more second reservoirs of the second reservoir pattern. In various embodiments, the term “interleaved” means that multiple selected reservoirs of a first reservoir pattern each have one or more nearest adjacent neighbor reservoirs, where a nearest adjacent neighbor reservoir is a reservoir of a second reservoir pattern. In various embodiments, the term “interleaved” means that selected reservoirs of a first reservoir pattern each are at least partially surrounded by reservoirs of a second reservoir pattern, and vice versa. 
     Either or both the first reservoir pattern and the second reservoir pattern may be consistent across a surface of substrate  106 , as shown, or may have varying pattern densities. A pattern “density” may be defined, in some embodiments, as the number of reservoirs present per unit surface area. For example, but not by way of limitation, an apparatus may have variable pattern density (e.g., one or more relatively high pattern density areas and/or low pattern density areas). In  FIG. 1 , a pattern of twenty-one first reservoirs  102  and twenty-one second reservoirs  104  are illustrated. In alternative embodiments, more or fewer first and/or second reservoirs may be included in an apparatus. 
     In an embodiment, a first discrete reservoir  102  may be “adjacent to” one or more second discrete reservoirs  104 , and vice versa. “Adjacent” reservoirs may be defined, in some embodiments, as dissimilar reservoirs, which are in physical proximity to each other such that, in the presence of an electrically conductive material between and in contact with the dissimilar reservoirs, an electrical current may be produced between the reservoirs. For example, in a subset  120  of reservoirs shown in  FIG. 1 , reservoirs  111 ,  112 ,  113  and  114  may be considered adjacent to reservoir  116 . Other reservoirs beyond subset  120  also may be considered adjacent to reservoir  116 , based on the above definition of “adjacent.” “Adjacent” reservoirs may be defined, in various embodiments, as a set of selected reservoirs capable of creating, contributing or having electrical communication and/or ionic communication. 
     Substantially uniform or varying lateral spacings  130  may exist between the perimeters of adjacent reservoirs (e.g., reservoirs  111  and  116 ). In various embodiments, spacings  130  may be in a range of approximately 0.5 mm to 2.0 mm. In other embodiments, spacings  130  may be larger or smaller than the above-given range values. Lateral spacings  130  may be, in various embodiments, significantly smaller than the above-given values. For example, an apparatus may include very small reservoirs (e.g., “nano-reservoirs”). In such embodiments, lateral spacings  130  may be in a range from approximately 1 nm to approximately 10,000 nm or more. In an embodiment, the physical separation between adjacent dissimilar reservoirs provides for substantial electrical isolation between the adjacent dissimilar reservoirs, absent an electrically conductive material provided between them. 
     In various embodiments, selected ones of the multiple first discrete reservoirs  102  include a reducing agent, and selected ones of the multiple second discrete reservoirs  104  include an oxidizing agent, or vice versa. In the presence of an electrically conductive material between the first reservoirs and the second reservoirs, redox reactions may be produced between the first and second reservoirs. Although the electrically conductive material may physically contact the reservoirs to facilitate redox reactions, it may be that the redox reactions occur when the conductive material does not physically contact the reservoirs. 
     Selected ones of the second reservoir surfaces may be positioned in spaced relation to selected ones of the first reservoir surfaces to produce redox reactions between the surfaces, in the presence of an electrically conductive material facilitating electrical and/or ionic communication between the second reservoir surfaces and the first reservoir surfaces. In an embodiment, the redox reactions may occur spontaneously when a conductive material is brought in proximity to first and second dissimilar reservoirs, such that the conductive material provides a medium for electrical communication and/or ionic communication between the first and second dissimilar reservoirs. In other words, in an embodiment, electrical currents may be produced between first and second dissimilar reservoirs without the use of an external battery or other power source (e.g., a direct current (DC) or an alternating current (AC) power source). Accordingly, in various embodiments, an apparatus is provided, which is “electrically self contained,” and yet the apparatus may be activated to produce electrical currents. The term “electrically self contained” may be defined, in some embodiments, as being capable of producing electricity (e.g., producing currents) without an external battery or power source. In other embodiments, an apparatus may be provided which includes an external battery or power source. 
     The terms “reduction-oxidation reaction” or “redox reaction” may be defined, in some embodiments, as a reaction involving the transfer of one or more electrons from a reducing agent to an oxidizing agent. The term “reducing agent” may be defined, in some embodiments, as a reactant in a redox reaction, which donates electrons to a reduced species. A “reducing agent” is thereby oxidized in the reaction. The term “oxidizing agent” may be defined, in some embodiments, as a reactant in a redox reaction, which accepts electrons from the oxidized species. An “oxidizing agent” is thereby reduced in the reaction. In various embodiments, a redox reaction produced between a first and second reservoir provides a current between the dissimilar reservoirs. 
       FIG. 2  is a top view of a portion of a clothing material  200 , illustrating current flow between dissimilar reservoirs, in accordance with an example embodiment. First reservoirs  201 ,  202 ,  203 ,  204 , and  205  may include one or more oxidizing agents, and second reservoirs  206 ,  207 ,  208 , and  209  may include one or more reducing agents, or vice versa. An electrically conductive material (not illustrated) may be dispersed between some or all of the first reservoirs  201 - 205  and the second reservoirs  206 - 209 . In the presence of an electrically conductive material between adjacent dissimilar reservoirs, redox reactions may take place, and thus currents may be produced between the adjacent dissimilar reservoirs. Current flows  210  are indicated by arrows between reservoirs  201 - 205  and reservoirs  206 - 209 . As  FIG. 2  illustrates, currents  210  may be produced between each set of adjacent first reservoirs  201 - 205  and second reservoirs  206 - 209 , in the presence of a conductive material. Accordingly, a field of multiple currents  210  may be produced across a surface of a substrate, creating a planar surface current that includes multiple sub-currents. A current  210  between a set of two adjacent, dissimilar reservoirs may be referred to herein as a “single-cell current,” and an aggregate of multiple currents  210  between multiple sets of adjacent, dissimilar reservoirs may be referred to herein as a “multiple-cell current.” Accordingly, some embodiments may provide, in the presence of an electrically conductive material, a substantially planar matrix or multiplicity of electrically active cells, wherein a cell includes a first reservoir and a second reservoir (i.e., adjacent dissimilar reservoirs), and any given reservoir may form a portion of one or more cells. In some embodiments, the first and second reservoirs may be of a structure, orientation, and composition to produce current levels within cells, which may approximate current levels that may naturally be produced by a human or animal and present in an area of healthy healing tissue. Currents  210  may be substantially uniform across an active surface, or a varying current density may be present across an active surface. 
     Each set of adjacent, dissimilar reservoirs (e.g., reservoirs  201  and  206 ) may form a “galvanic cell,” in an embodiment. When a particular reservoir is adjacent to multiple dissimilar reservoirs, then the particular reservoir may form portions of multiple galvanic cells. For example, reservoir  203  may form portions of four or more galvanic cells (e.g., cell A includes reservoirs  203  and  206 , cell B includes reservoirs  203  and  207 , cell C includes reservoirs  203  and  208 , and cell D includes reservoirs  203  and  209 ). 
     A “galvanic cell” may be defined, in some embodiments, as an electrochemical cell with a positive cell potential, which may allow chemical energy to be converted into electrical energy. More particularly, a galvanic cell may include a first reservoir serving as an anode and a second, dissimilar reservoir serving as a cathode. Each galvanic cell may store energy in the form of chemical potential energy. When a conductive material is located proximate to a cell such that the material may provide electrical and/or ionic communication between the cell elements, the chemical potential energy may be released as electrical energy. Accordingly, each set of adjacent, dissimilar reservoirs may function as a single-cell battery, and the distribution of multiple sets of adjacent, dissimilar reservoirs within the apparatus may function as a field of single-cell batteries, which in the aggregate forms a multiple-cell battery distributed across a surface. 
     When a first reservoir includes a reducing agent, and a second reservoir includes an oxidizing agent, or vice versa, a potential difference may exist between the first reservoir and the second reservoir. In a first state, an apparatus is electrically quiescent (e.g., current flow between reservoirs is substantially zero). In an embodiment, an apparatus may be “activated” when a conductive material is brought into proximity with the first reservoir and the second reservoir, enabling a current flow to occur between the reservoirs, via electrical communication and/or ionic communication. Such a conductive material may be referred to herein as an “activation material.” A magnitude of the current, I, substantially is a function of the potential difference, V, between the reservoirs, and the conductance or resistance, R, of the conductive material. In other words, the current I between the reservoirs approximately equals the voltage potential, V, between reservoirs divided by the resistance, R, of the conductive material, or I=V/R. 
     Said another way, the magnitudes of currents  210  producible between adjacent, dissimilar reservoirs may be affected by one or more factors, including but not limited to, the distance between adjacent dissimilar reservoirs, the potential difference between the reservoirs (e.g., the quantity of electrons that a reducing agent may have available to donate to an oxidizing agent, the quantity of electrons that an oxidizing agent may be able to accept), resistance of the conductive material, and other factors. In addition, a current between reservoirs may change as a function of time, as the above factors change. Voltage potential differences in a range from approximately 0.05 Volts (V) to approximately 5.0 V may be present between dissimilar reservoirs, in an embodiment. In other embodiments, higher and/or lower voltage differences between dissimilar reservoirs may be present. Further, currents in a range from approximately 1 microampere (mA) to approximately 100 mA may be producible between dissimilar reservoirs, in an embodiment. In other embodiments, higher and/or lower currents may be producible. Currents may be affected by the resistance of the conductive material present between reservoirs. Resistances of conductive materials may vary significantly from near zero resistance to near infinite resistance. 
     When an apparatus is applied to an area of tissue and activated (or activated and then applied), a total current, I TOTAL , between dissimilar reservoirs may be described as I TISSUE +I (CONDUCTIVE MATERIAL) . When the resistance of the tissue is greater than the resistance of the conductive material, then proportionally more current may flow through the conductive material than through the tissue. Accordingly, in various embodiments, a conductive material may be selected, which has a resistance that may be greater or less than the anticipated resistance of a type of target tissue, depending on whether more or less current is desired to flow through the target tissue. 
     In various embodiments, an apparatus may be used to apply electricity to tissue (e.g., skin or other tissue) in need of treatment. The electricity may be generated by a first reservoir (e.g., a first conductive electrode) in electrical communication with a second, dissimilar reservoir (e.g., a second conductive electrode), and the first reservoir and the second reservoir may be in ionic communication with the tissue. The term “electrical communication” may be defined, in some embodiments, as passage of electrons between elements (e.g., first and second reservoirs) through direct contact and/or through one or more conductive materials. The term “ionic communication” may be defined, in some embodiments, as passage of electrons between elements (e.g., first and second reservoirs, a conductive material, and/or tissue) through migration of ions as “electron movers” in contact with the elements (e.g., electrons may pass between a reservoir and tissue via ionic transport of electrolytes in contact with a reservoir and the tissue). 
     In various embodiments, the difference of the standard potentials of the first and second reservoirs may be in a range from 0.05 V to approximately 5.0 V. In a particular embodiment, the difference of the standard potentials of the first and second reservoirs may be at least 0.2 V. In embodiments that include very small reservoirs (e.g., on the nanometer scale), the difference of the standard potentials may be substantially less. The electrons that pass between the first reservoir and the second reservoir may be generated as a result of the difference of the standard potentials. 
       FIG. 3  is a cross-sectional, side view of a portion of the clothing material of  FIG. 2  along lines  3 - 3 , in accordance with an example embodiment. The illustrated portion includes a first reservoir  209  and a second reservoir  205  joined with a substrate  302 . In the illustrated embodiment, a first reservoir surface  304  and a second reservoir surface  306  extend above a top surface  308  of substrate  302 . In other embodiments, either or both reservoir surfaces  304 ,  306  may be substantially flush with top surface  308  and/or below top surface  308 . Further, in the illustrated embodiment, first reservoir surface  304  and second reservoir surface  306  are shown to have a rounded or dome-like shape. In other embodiments, the shape of either or both reservoir surfaces  304 ,  306  may be substantially flat, disk-like, cylindrical, conical, concave, or otherwise shaped. 
     In an embodiment, a reservoir may have a height or thickness (e.g., height  309 ) in a range from approximately 1000 Angstroms to approximately 5 millimeters. In other embodiments, a reservoir may have a height or thickness that is greater than or smaller than the above-given range. In particular embodiments, reservoirs may be “post-like” structures, which are significantly higher than 5 millimeters. 
     In an embodiment, a current  314  may be produced when a conductive material  316  (e.g., an activation material) is brought into proximity to all or portions of both the first reservoir surface  304  and the second reservoir surface  306 , thus enabling electrical communication and/or ionic communication between the surfaces  304 ,  306 . The conductive material  316  may include, but is not limited to, one or more liquid, solid, semi-solid, or gaseous materials, as will be described in more detail later. 
     In an embodiment, a current  314  may penetrate into the conductive material  316  by a penetration height  318  above the top surface  308  of the substrate. Accordingly, in certain circumstances, current  314  may penetrate into an area of target tissue. 
     The penetration height  318  of a current may be a function of one or more of various factors, including but not limited to, the spacing  320  between reservoir surfaces  304 ,  306  and other factors. Penetration heights  318  may be substantially uniform across an active surface, or may vary. Currents having penetration heights in a range from approximately 0.05 mm to approximately 2.0 mm are producible, in an embodiment. In other embodiments, currents having higher and/or lower penetration heights may be producible. 
     In various embodiments, a reservoir may be formed from a single material or a relatively homogenous combination of materials. In other embodiments, a reservoir may be formed from two or more material compositions. Such a reservoir may be referred to herein as a “composite” reservoir. 
       FIG. 4  is a top view of a portion of a clothing material  400 , which includes at least one “composite” reservoir, in accordance with an example embodiment. First reservoirs  401 ,  402 ,  403 ,  404 , and  405  may function as first portions of galvanic cells, and second reservoirs  406 ,  407 ,  408 , and  409  may function as second portions of galvanic cells. An electrically conductive material (e.g., an activation material, not illustrated) may be dispersed between some or all of the first reservoirs  401 - 405  and the second reservoirs  406 - 409 , providing for the production of currents between the first and second reservoirs. 
     In an embodiment, selected ones of first and/or second reservoirs may be formed from two or more material compositions. For purposes of example, a composite reservoir  409  is shown as being formed from a first composition  410  and a second composition  412 . Although certain reservoirs in  FIG. 4  are illustrated as being composite reservoirs, it is to be understood that other reservoirs also or alternatively could be composite reservoirs. 
     First composition  410 , in an embodiment, may form a peripheral or outer portion of reservoir  409 , and second composition  412  may form an interior or central portion of reservoir  409 . In alternative embodiments, a first composition and a second composition may be alternatively arranged, with respect to each other. For example, but not by way of limitation, a first and second composition may be adjacent to each other, layered such that they form a multiple-layer (e.g., two or more), stacked reservoir, or otherwise combined together. 
       FIG. 5  is a cross-sectional, side view of a portion of the clothing material of  FIG. 4  along lines  5 - 5 , in accordance with an example embodiment. In an embodiment, reservoir  409  may function as a first portion of a galvanic cell, and reservoir  405  may form a second portion of the galvanic cell. More particularly, first composition  410  may include a reducing agent, and reservoir  405  may include an oxidizing agent, or vice versa. Accordingly, in the presence of a conductive material  502  between reservoir  405  and first composition  410 , a current  504  may be produced between reservoir  405  and first composition  410 . 
     In an embodiment, second composition  412  may include a material which disperses outward (e.g., by iontophoresis, dissolution, or otherwise) from reservoir  409 , as indicated by arrows  506 . Second composition  412  may, for example, include a material that produces a biological response when it contacts an area of target tissue. In alternative embodiments, first composition  410  and second combination  412  may be oppositely arranged. For example, but not by way of limitation, an inner portion of reservoir  409  may include a reducing (or oxidizing) agent, and an outer portion of reservoir  409  may include a material, which disperses outward from reservoir  409 , or vice versa. 
     As discussed previously, multiple first discrete reservoirs and second, dissimilar discrete reservoirs may be arranged in interleaved patterns, in various embodiments. For example, referring again to  FIG. 1 , first discrete reservoirs  102  are arranged in rows, and each successive row is offset from the previous row by approximately one-half the distance between the first reservoirs  102 . Second discrete reservoirs  104  are interleaved with the first discrete reservoirs  102 , and are similarly arranged in rows. In addition, in  FIG. 1 , selected ones of the first discrete reservoirs  102  may be considered to be adjacent to four or more second discrete reservoirs  104 , and vice versa. Accordingly, a correlation of approximately 1:1 may exist between the number of first discrete reservoirs  102  and the number of second discrete reservoirs  104 . According to the above-described characteristics of clothing material  100 , interleaved patterns of first and second discrete reservoirs may be defined. In the illustrated embodiment, the patterns are uniformly distributed across the substrate surface. In other embodiments, non-uniform pattern distributions may be present. 
     In alternative embodiments, a clothing material may be formed using other configurations of patterns and/or reservoir shapes.  FIGS. 6-19  illustrate various alternative embodiments. The illustrated embodiments are not meant to limit the inventive subject matter or the scope of the claims only to the illustrated embodiments. Instead, other configurations of patterns and/or reservoir shapes are contemplated to fall within the scope of the inventive subject matter. In addition, certain cross-hatching is used to differentiate first reservoirs from second, dissimilar reservoirs. It is to be understood that the use of the cross-hatching is not intended to correlate the materials used within those reservoirs to either a reducing agent or an oxidizing agent, as they may have been correlated in the description associated with previously-described figures. 
       FIG. 6  is a top view of a portion of a clothing material  600  having a second configuration of dissimilar reservoirs, in accordance with an example embodiment. Clothing material  600  includes multiple first reservoirs  602  and multiple second, dissimilar reservoirs  604 . In the illustrated embodiment, selected ones of the first discrete reservoirs  602  may be considered to be adjacent to eight or more second discrete reservoirs  604 . In addition, selected ones of the second discrete reservoirs  604  may be considered to be adjacent to four or more first discrete reservoirs  602 . Accordingly, a number of first discrete reservoirs may be different from a number of second discrete reservoirs (e.g., the correlation between numbers of first and second discrete reservoirs may be substantially different from a 1:1 correlation). 
       FIG. 7  is a top view of a portion of a clothing material  700  having a third configuration of dissimilar reservoirs, in accordance with an example embodiment. Clothing material  700  includes multiple first reservoirs  702  and multiple second, dissimilar reservoirs  704 . In the illustrated embodiment, selected ones of the first discrete reservoirs  702  may be considered to be adjacent to six or more second discrete reservoirs  704 . In addition, selected ones of the second discrete reservoirs  704  may be considered to be adjacent to three or more first discrete reservoirs  702 . 
       FIG. 8  is a top view of a portion of a clothing material  800  having a fourth configuration of dissimilar reservoirs, in accordance with an example embodiment. Clothing material  800  includes multiple first reservoirs  802  and multiple second, dissimilar reservoirs  804 . In the illustrated embodiment, selected ones of the first discrete reservoirs  802  are “substantially linear” in shape. The term “substantially linear” may be defined, in some embodiments, as including shapes having a length  806 , which is greater than a width  808  by a factor of at least approximately 2:1. A “substantially linear” shape may be substantially straight, or may be curved, coiled or undulating. In the illustrated embodiment, multiple first reservoirs  802  are arranged in a spaced, substantially parallel arrangement to each other, and multiple second discrete reservoirs  804  are arranged in regions between the multiple first reservoirs  802 . 
       FIG. 9  is a top view of a portion of a clothing material  900  having a fifth configuration of dissimilar reservoirs, in accordance with an example embodiment. Clothing material  900  includes multiple first reservoirs  902  and multiple second, dissimilar reservoirs  904 . In the illustrated embodiment, selected ones of the first discrete reservoirs  902  and selected ones of the second discrete reservoirs  904  are substantially linear in shape. In the illustrated embodiment, multiple first reservoirs  902  are arranged in a spaced, substantially parallel arrangement to each other, and multiple second discrete reservoirs  904  are arranged in regions between the multiple first reservoirs  902 , where the multiple second discrete reservoirs  904  are also arranged in a spaced, substantially parallel arrangement to each other. 
       FIG. 10  is a top view of a portion of a clothing material  1000  having a sixth configuration of dissimilar reservoirs, in accordance with an example embodiment. Clothing material  1000  includes multiple first reservoirs  1002  and multiple second, dissimilar reservoirs  1004 , forming multiple galvanic cells. In the illustrated embodiment, a first discrete reservoir  1002  and a second discrete reservoir  1004  are concentrically arranged, with respect to each other, forming a “concentric” galvanic cell. A first discrete reservoir  1002  is shown as having a circular shape of a first diameter  1010 , and a second discrete reservoir  1004  is shown as having a ring shape having an interior diameter  1012  and an exterior diameter  1014 . In an embodiment, the interior diameter  1012  of the second discrete reservoir  1004  is larger than the first diameter  1010  of the first discrete reservoir  1002 , forming a spacing between the reservoirs. Accordingly, the second discrete reservoir  1004  is concentric with and physically separated from the first discrete reservoir  1002 , forming a first galvanic cell. In an embodiment, the materials for adjacent galvanic cells may be reversed, so that additional galvanic cells may be formed from adjacent sets of first and second discrete reservoirs. Alternatively, the materials for adjacent, concentric galvanic cells may be consistently selected. 
       FIG. 11  is a top view of a portion of a clothing material  1100  having a seventh configuration of dissimilar reservoirs, in accordance with an example embodiment. Clothing material  1100  includes multiple first reservoirs  1102 ,  1103 ,  1104  and multiple second, dissimilar reservoirs  1105 ,  1106 . In the illustrated embodiment, selected ones of reservoirs  1102 - 1106  may be concentrically arranged, with respect to each other. Spacings  110  may exist between reservoirs  1102 - 1106  to provide for electrical isolation between adjacent reservoirs, in the absence of a conductive material between the reservoirs. 
     Embodiments previously described include clothing materials and/or clothing articles having multiple first reservoirs and multiple second, dissimilar reservoirs. In other embodiments, a clothing material and/or clothing article may include a single first reservoir and multiple second, dissimilar reservoirs. 
       FIG. 12  is a top view of a portion of a clothing material  1200  having an eighth configuration of dissimilar reservoirs, in accordance with an example embodiment. Clothing material  1200  includes a single first reservoir  1202  and multiple second, dissimilar reservoirs  1204 . In the illustrated embodiment, first discrete reservoir  1202  is “substantially planar,” with multiple openings  1206 . The term “substantially planar” may be defined, in some embodiments, as including areas of material having a length and a width that are greater than a distance between two or more reservoirs of a first type. A “substantially planar” shape may be substantially flat and uninterrupted, or may have openings, divots, or other interruptions therein, and/or may be curved or bent. In an embodiment, openings  1206  have a diameter  1208  that is larger than a diameter  1210  of second discrete reservoirs  1204 . Accordingly, spacings  1212  exist between the second discrete reservoirs  1204  and the first discrete reservoir  1202 . 
     In still other embodiments, a clothing material may include a single first discrete reservoir and a single second discrete reservoir. For example, but not by way of limitation, first and second discrete reservoirs may be coiled around each other, arranged in a tongue-in-groove, toothed or zig-zag configuration, or otherwise arranged to produce multiple currents across a surface, when a conductive material (e.g., an activation material) is provided between the first and second reservoirs. 
     In  FIGS. 1-12 , first discrete reservoirs are shown to be physically separated from second dissimilar reservoirs, thus achieving electrical isolation between the first and second reservoirs, in the absence of a conductive material between the reservoirs. In alternative embodiments, some or all of the dissimilar reservoirs may include areas or points of contact. 
       FIG. 13  is a top view of a portion of a clothing material  1300  having a ninth configuration of dissimilar reservoirs, in accordance with an example embodiment. Clothing material  1300  includes multiple first reservoirs  1302  and multiple second, dissimilar reservoirs  1304 . In addition, clothing material  1300  includes connecting portions  1310 , which may interconnect selected ones or substantially all of the first reservoirs  1302  and the second reservoirs  1304 . 
       FIG. 14  is a cross-sectional, side view of a portion of a clothing material having multiple first reservoirs  1402  and multiple second reservoirs  1404  joined to a surface  1406  of a substrate  1408 , in accordance with an example embodiment. Substrate  1408  may be a single-layer substrate or a multiple-layer substrate, in various embodiments. 
     In various embodiments, first and/or second reservoirs  1402 ,  1404  may be joined to surface  1406  using any of several techniques. For example, but not by way of limitation, first and/or second reservoirs may be joined to surface  1406  using one or more techniques such as adhering reservoir materials onto surface  1406 , painting or printing (e.g., screen printing or ink jet printing) reservoir material onto surface  1406 , tattooing reservoir material onto surface  1406  and/or onto an area of target tissue, depositing reservoir material onto surface  1406  using a deposition process (e.g., chemical deposition, electrochemical deposition, vapor deposition, plating, spray coating, gravure coating, plasma coating, dip coating, nanometer scale deposition, vacuum deposition or sputtering), bonding or fusing reservoir material onto surface  1406 , and or other ways of joining. 
       FIG. 15  is a cross-sectional, side view of a portion of a clothing material having multiple first reservoirs  1502  and multiple second reservoirs  1504  adhered to a surface  1506  of a substrate  1508  using an adhesive material  1510 , in accordance with an example embodiment. In various embodiments, adhesive material  1510  may be deposited onto surface  1506  prior to or consecutively with adherence of the first and/or second reservoirs  1502 ,  1504 . Adhesive material  1510  may be limited in distribution over the surface  1502 , for example as shown in  FIG. 15 . In an alternative embodiment, adhesive material may be applied as a layer covering a substantial portion of surface  1502 . 
       FIG. 16  is a cross-sectional, side view of a portion of a substrate  1602  having depressions in a surface  1606 , within which multiple first reservoirs  1610  and multiple second reservoirs  1612  are joined, in accordance with an example embodiment. Depressions may be formed during manufacture of the substrate  1602  or later, in various embodiments. 
       FIG. 17  is a cross-sectional, side view of a portion of a substrate  1702  having holes  1704  in a surface  1706 , within which multiple first reservoirs  1710  and multiple second reservoirs  1712  are deposited, in accordance with an example embodiment. Holes  1704  may be formed during manufacture of the substrate  1702  or later, in various embodiments. Although holes  1704  are shown to extend completely through substrate  1702 , one or more of the holes may extend only partially through the substrate. 
       FIG. 18  is a top view of a portion of a portion of a clothing material  1800  having one or more embroidered reservoirs, in accordance with an example embodiment. Apparatus  1800  includes multiple first reservoirs  1802  and multiple second, dissimilar reservoirs  1804 . Selected ones of first reservoirs  1802  and/or second reservoirs  1804  may be formed from one or more “threads,” which may be embroidered partially or completely through substrate  1806  and/or one or more layers of substrate  1806 , if substrate  1806  is a multi-layer substrate. Although the term “thread” is used in describing various embodiments, it is to be understood that a “wire” may be substituted for a thread. In various embodiments, the term “embroidered” means sewn or stitched through. 
     Reservoirs  1802  and  1804  are illustrated as having threads  1808 ,  1810 , respectively, embroidered in a substantially parallel arrangement. It is to be understood that the threads of a reservoir may be embroidered in alternate arrangements in order to produce a reservoir. Additionally, although reservoirs  1802 ,  1804  are illustrated as having substantially circular perimeters or boundaries, it is to be understood that either or both types of reservoirs may have differently shaped perimeters or boundaries, including but not limited to shapes such as those illustrated in  FIGS. 1-13 . 
       FIG. 19  is a top view of a portion of a clothing material  1900  having a woven configuration of dissimilar reservoirs, in accordance with an example embodiment. The terms “weave” or “woven” are defined herein to mean any fabric structure that includes intertwined or interconnected threads, wires, yarns, or other elongate pieces, and further includes but is not limited to woven structures, knitted structures, braided structures, and the like. 
     Apparatus  1900  includes at least four elements, in an embodiment, which include parallel insulators  1902 ,  1903 , first reservoirs  1904 , second reservoirs  1906 , and transverse insulators  1908 . Each of parallel insulators  1902 ,  1903 , first reservoirs  1904 , second reservoirs  1906 , and, transverse insulators  1908  may be formed from one or more “threads”. (e.g., first and second parallel insulator threads, first reservoir threads, second reservoir threads, and transverse insulator threads). Although the term “thread” is used in describing various embodiments, it is to be understood that a “thread” may include a “wire,” and a wire may be substituted for a thread. 
     Parallel insulators  1902 ,  1903 , first reservoirs  1904 , and second reservoirs  1906  are arranged substantially parallel to each other, and oriented along a first direction  1910  across a plane  1912 , in an embodiment. Additionally, in an embodiment, transverse insulators  1908  are woven in a second direction  1914  across plane  1912  through parallel insulators  1902 ,  1903 , first reservoirs  1904 , and second reservoirs  1906  in order to produce a woven apparatus  1900 . 
     In an embodiment, parallel insulators  1902 ,  1903 , first reservoirs  1904 , and second reservoirs  1906  are sequentially arranged in a pattern which repeats when traveling in direction  1914 . In an embodiment, a pattern repeat  1920  includes four pattern elements arranged next to and substantially parallel with each other: a) a first parallel insulator  1902 , b) a first reservoir  1904 , c) a second parallel insulator  1903 , and d) a second reservoir  1906 . In the illustrated embodiment, two pattern repeats  1920  are shown. In other embodiments, more or fewer pattern repeats may be included in an apparatus. 
     In an embodiment, a method of manufacturing woven apparatus  1900  may include weaving multiple first reservoirs  1904  together with multiple second reservoirs  1906 , multiple parallel insulators  1902 , and multiple transverse insulators  1908  to produce the pattern repeat discussed above. Selected ones of the multiple first reservoirs  1904  include a reducing agent, and selected ones of the multiple second reservoirs  1906  include an oxidizing agent. 
     Each insulator  1902 ,  1903 ,  1908 , first reservoir  1904 , and/or second reservoir  1906  may be formed from one or more substantially parallel, entwined, or braided threads. A thread diameter and/or number of threads within each parallel insulator  1902 ,  1903  may be selected to achieve desired separation distances  1930 ,  1931  between the perimeters of first reservoirs  1904  and the perimeters of second reservoirs  1906 . In addition, a thread diameter and/or number of threads within a first reservoir  1904  and/or second reservoir  1906  may be selected to achieve a desired reservoir width  1932 ,  1934 . 
     In an embodiment, first reservoir width  1932  may be in a range of approximately 0.5 millimeters (mm) to 4 mm (approximately 2 mm in a particular embodiment), and second reservoir width  1934  may be in a range of approximately 0.5 mm to 4 mm (approximately 1 mm in a particular embodiment). In other embodiments, either or both first reservoir width  1932  and/or second reservoir width  1934  may be slightly or significantly greater or smaller than the above-given range values. 
     In an embodiment, separation distances  1930 ,  1931  between first reservoirs  1904  and second reservoirs  1906  may be in a range of approximately 0.5 millimeters (mm) to 2.0 mm. In other embodiments, separation distances  1930 ,  1931  may be larger or smaller than the above-given range. Separation distances  1930 ,  1931  may be, in various embodiments, significantly smaller than the above-given range values. For example, an apparatus may include “nano-reservoirs,” which may have widths measurable on a nanometer (nm) scale (e.g., from approximately 1 nm to approximately 10,000 nm or more). In such embodiments, separation distances  1930 ,  1931  may be in a range from approximately 1 nm to approximately 10,000 nm or more. In an embodiment, the physical separation between adjacent dissimilar reservoirs provides for substantial electrical isolation between the adjacent dissimilar reservoirs, absent an electrically conductive material provided between them. 
     First reservoirs  1904  include a first reservoir material and second reservoirs  1906  include a second reservoir material, in an embodiment. The first reservoir material of first reservoirs  1904  may include one or more first galvanic materials, and the second reservoir material of second reservoirs  1906  may include one or more second galvanic materials, in an embodiment. Various combinations of first and second galvanic materials are described later. 
     The first and/or second galvanic materials may be integrated within the threads of reservoirs  1904 ,  1906  and/or may be coated on the surfaces of the threads of reservoirs  1904 ,  1906 , in various embodiments. In addition, in various embodiments, first and second reservoirs  1904 ,  1906  may include one or more structural materials, which may include, for example, but not by way of limitation, one or more materials selected from a group of materials that includes cotton, acetate, polyester, rayon, nylon, carbons, acrylic, plastics, polyethylene, polypropylene, silks, keratins (e.g., wool and/or camel hair), linen, various fiber blends, cellulosic fibers (e.g., wood pulp fibers, cotton fibers, hemp fibers, jute fibers, and/or flax fibers), ceramic fiber, acetates, cellulose esters, modacrylics, polymers, super-absorbent polymers (e.g., polymers capable of absorbing approximately 10 times their weight or greater), polyamides, polyolefins, polyvinyl alcohols, rubber, latex, and/or other materials, and/or blends of any two or more of these materials. Insulators  1902 ,  1903 ,  1908  also may be formed from one or more of the above materials. 
     In another embodiment, first reservoirs  1904  and/or second reservoirs  1906  may include metal threads, such as purl or bullion threads, metallic passing threads, and/or metallized polyester, for example, but not by way of limitation. A metal thread may include, for example, a wire plated with silver, zinc, gold, tin, copper, nickel, alloys thereof, and/or other metallic plating materials. The wire may be formed of copper, steel, and/or other materials. 
     In an embodiment, insulators  1902 ,  1903 ,  1908  are substantially non-electrically conductive when not exposed to an activation material. In an embodiment, an activation material includes a conductive material. A conductive material may include, for example, a liquid (e.g., a solution, suspension, or emulsion), a semi-solid (e.g., a gel, cream, lotion, microemulsion or hydrogel), a solid, or a gaseous material. 
     The embodiment illustrated in  FIG. 19  is illustrative of a woven embodiment. It is to be understood that various modifications of the pattern repeat, separation distances, sequence of pattern elements, direction of pattern elements, and other modifications could be made without departing from the scope of the inventive subject matter. In addition, in an embodiment, the first galvanic material may be integrated within the threads of an example embodiment, and a surface reservoir (e.g., reservoirs  102 ,  FIG. 1 ) that includes the second galvanic material may be positioned in spaced relation to the first galvanic material containing threads, and vice versa. 
     Embodiments described herein may find application in a number of types of clothing materials and/or clothing articles. For example, but not by way of limitation, embodiments may be incorporated into one or more articles selected from a group of articles that include underwear, an athletic supporter, a brazier, a shirt, a sweater, a jacket, a pair of shorts, a pair of pants, insulated pants, a headband, a hat, gloves, mittens, socks, swimwear, a gown, surgical scrubs, a mask, a medical cap, and shoe covers, for example.  FIGS. 20-25  illustrate a number of clothing articles with which embodiments may be used. These illustrations are for the purpose of example only, as there are numerous other configurations of clothing articles to which embodiments may be applied. A particular clothing article may be formed from a single “piece” of clothing material, or may be formed from multiple pieces of clothing material, which are sewn together, and/or which also may be layered and/or laminated together. 
       FIG. 20  is an exterior view of a first clothing assembly  2000 , which includes multiple clothing articles, in accordance with an example embodiment. Clothing assembly  2000  includes several types of clothing articles. In an embodiment, the clothing articles include underwear  2002  and brazier  2004 . Although certain types of female underwear  2002  and brazier  2004  are illustrated in  FIG. 20 , it is to be understood that embodiments also may be applied to other types of female underwear, to other types of braziers, and to male underwear of various types, including athletic supporters, all of which may be termed “undergarments”. Some or all pieces that comprise clothing articles  2002 ,  2004 , may include embodiments of the inventive subject matter (e.g., discrete, dissimilar reservoirs), such as those embodiments described in conjunction with  FIGS. 1-19 . These reservoirs may be located proximate to and/or on any one or more exterior, interior, and/or inner surfaces and/or portions thereof. 
       FIG. 21  is an exterior view of a second clothing assembly  2100 , which includes multiple clothing articles, in accordance with an example embodiment. Clothing assembly  2100  includes several types of clothing articles. In an embodiment, the clothing articles include a pair of shorts  2102 , shirt  2104 , headband  2106 , and socks  2108 . Although certain types of male shorts  2102 , shirt  2104 , headband  2106 , and socks  2108  are illustrated in  FIG. 21 , it is to be understood that embodiments also may be applied to other types of female and male shorts, shirts, headbands, and socks. For example, but not by way of limitation, other embodiments may be applied to short or long sleeve shirts, and socks that are longer or shorter. Some or all pieces that comprise clothing articles  2102 ,  2104 ,  2106 ,  2108  may include embodiments of the inventive subject matter (e.g., discrete, dissimilar reservoirs), such as those embodiments described in conjunction with  FIGS. 1-19 . These reservoirs may be located proximate to and/or on any one or more exterior, interior, and/or inner surfaces and/or portions thereof. 
       FIG. 22  is an exterior view of a third clothing assembly  2200 , which includes multiple clothing articles, in accordance with an example embodiment. Clothing assembly  2200  includes several types of clothing articles. In an embodiment, the clothing articles include a pair of pants  2202  and sweater  2204 . Although certain types of male pants  2202  and sweater  2204  are illustrated in  FIG. 22 , it is to be understood that embodiments also may be applied to other types of female and male pants and sweaters. Some or all pieces that comprise clothing articles  2202 ,  2204 , may include embodiments of the inventive subject matter (e.g., discrete, dissimilar reservoirs), such as those embodiments described in conjunction with  FIGS. 1-19 . These reservoirs may be located proximate to and/or on any one or more exterior, interior, and/or inner surfaces and/or portions thereof. 
       FIG. 23  is an exterior view of a fourth clothing assembly  2300 , which includes multiple clothing articles, in accordance with an example embodiment. Clothing assembly  2300  includes several types of clothing articles. In an embodiment, the clothing articles include insulated pants  2302 , jacket  2304 , hat  2306 , and mittens  2308 . Although certain types of male insulated pants  2302 , jacket  2304 , hat  2306 , and mittens  2308  are illustrated in  FIG. 23 , it is to be understood that embodiments also may be applied to other types of female and male insulated pants, jackets, hats, and mittens. Some or all pieces that comprise clothing articles  2302 ,  2304 ,  2306 ,  2308  may include embodiments of the inventive subject matter (e.g., discrete, dissimilar reservoirs), such as those embodiments described in conjunction with  FIGS. 1-19 . These reservoirs may be located proximate to and/or on any one or more exterior, interior, and/or inner surfaces and/or portions thereof. 
       FIG. 24  is an exterior view of a fifth clothing assembly  2400 , which includes multiple clothing articles, in accordance with an example embodiment. Clothing assembly  2400  includes several types of clothing articles. In an embodiment, the clothing articles include gown  2402  (e.g., examination, surgical, and/or isolation gowns), surgical scrubs  2404  (e.g., shirts, pants, and warm-up jackets), gloves  2406 , mask  2408 , medical cap  2410 , and shoe covers  2412  (e.g., disposable shoe covers). Although certain types of male gown  2402 , scrubs  2404 , gloves  2406 , mask  2408 , medical cap  2410 , and shoe covers  2412  are illustrated in  FIG. 24 , it is to be understood that embodiments also may be applied to other types of female and male gowns, surgical scrubs, gloves, masks, medical caps, shoe covers, and examination capes or covers. Some or all pieces that comprise clothing articles  2402 ,  2404 ,  2406 ,  2408 ,  2410 ,  2412  may include embodiments of the inventive subject matter (e.g., discrete, dissimilar reservoirs), such as those embodiments described in conjunction with  FIGS. 1-19 . These reservoirs may be located proximate to and/or on any one or more exterior, interior, and/or inner surfaces and/or portions thereof. 
       FIG. 25  is an exterior view of a sixth clothing assembly  2500 , which includes multiple clothing articles, in accordance with an example embodiment. Clothing assembly  2500  includes several types of clothing articles. In an embodiment, the clothing articles include female swimwear bottoms  2502 , female swimwear top  2504 , and male swimwear  2506 . Although certain types of female swimwear bottoms  2502 , female swimwear top  2504 , and male swimwear  2506  are illustrated in  FIG. 25 , it is to be understood that embodiments also may be applied to other types of female and male swimwear bottoms and tops. Some or all pieces that comprise clothing articles  2502 ,  2504 ,  2506 , may include embodiments of the inventive subject matter (e.g., discrete, dissimilar reservoirs), such as those embodiments described in conjunction with  FIGS. 1-19 . These reservoirs may be located proximate to and/or on any one or more exterior, interior, and/or inner surfaces and/or portions thereof. 
     All of the clothing articles  2002 ,  2004 ,  2102 ,  2104 ,  2106 ,  2108 ,  2202 ,  2204 ,  2302 ,  2304 ,  2306 ,  2308 ,  2402 ,  2404 ,  2406 ,  2408 ,  2410 ,  2412 ,  2502 ,  2504 ,  2506  illustrated in  FIGS. 20-25  may be considered “substrates,” and may be formed from the same materials as each other or from different materials. In various embodiments, clothing articles  2002 ,  2004 ,  2102 ,  2104 ,  2106 ,  2108 ,  2202 ,  2204 ,  2302 ,  2304 ,  2306 ,  2308 ,  2402 ,  2404 ,  2406 ,  2408 ,  2410 ,  2412 ,  2502 ,  2504 ,  2506  may include and/or be formed from one or more materials selected from a group of materials that includes cotton, acetate, polyester, rayon, vinyl, nylon, carbons, acrylic, plastics, polyethylene, polypropylene, silks, keratins (e.g., wool and/or camel hair), linen, various fiber blends, cellulosic fibers (e.g., wood pulp fibers, cotton fibers, hemp fibers, jute fibers, and/or flax fibers), ceramic fiber, acetates, cellulose esters, modacrylics, polymers, super-absorbent polymers (e.g., polymers capable of absorbing approximately 10 times their weight or greater), polyamides, polyolefins, polyvinyl alcohols, rubber, latex, down, various polyester and/or other fibers, styrofoam pieces, visco-elastic polyurethane foam, various other foams, other materials, blends of any two or more of these materials, and/or other suitable materials, for example, but not by way of limitation. 
     Clothing articles  2002 ,  2004 ,  2102 ,  2104 ,  2106 ,  2108 ,  2202 ,  2204 ,  2302 ,  2304 ,  2306 ,  2308 ,  2402 ,  2404 ,  2406 ,  2408 ,  2410 ,  2412 ,  2502 ,  2504 ,  2506  each may have an exterior surface, an interior surface (e.g., a body-facing surface), and one or more inner surfaces (e.g., in the case of laminated or multi-layer substrates). In various embodiments, substantially all or portions of the exterior surface, the interior surface, one or more inner surfaces, or the various possible combinations of these surfaces may include multiple first reservoirs  2020 ,  2120 ,  2220 ,  2320 ,  2420 ,  2520  and multiple second reservoirs  2022 ,  2122 ,  2222 ,  2322 ,  2422 ,  2522  (e.g., interleaved patterns of first and second reservoirs  2020 ,  2120 ,  2220 ,  2320 ,  2420 ,  2520 ,  2022 ,  2122 ,  2222 ,  2322 ,  2422 ,  2522 ), wherein surfaces of reservoirs  2020 ,  2120 ,  2220 ,  2320 ,  2420 ,  2520 ,  2022 ,  2122 ,  2222 ,  2322 ,  2422 ,  2522  are proximate to the interior surface and/or the exterior surface, as described in conjunction with embodiments illustrated in  FIGS. 1-19 . For illustration purposes only, first reservoirs  2020 ,  2120 ,  2220 ,  2320 ,  2420 ,  2520  and second reservoirs  2022 ,  2122 ,  2222 ,  2322 ,  2422 ,  2522  are illustrated only on exterior surfaces of clothing articles  2002 ,  2004 ,  2102 ,  2104 ,  2106 ,  2108 ,  2202 ,  2204 ,  2302 ,  2304 ,  2306 ,  2308 ,  2402 ,  2404 ,  2406 ,  2408 ,  2410 ,  2412 ,  2502 ,  2504 ,  2506 , and the sizes and separation distances between reservoirs  2020 ,  2120 ,  2220 ,  2320 ,  2420 ,  2520 ,  2022 ,  2122 ,  2222 ,  2322 ,  2422 ,  2522  may not be to scale. It is to be understood that first and second reservoirs may be present also or alternatively on interior surfaces of clothing articles  2002 ,  2004 ,  2102 ,  2104 ,  2106 ,  2108 ,  2202 ,  2204 ,  2302 ,  2304 ,  2306 ,  2308 ,  2402 ,  2404 ,  2406 ,  2408 ,  2410 ,  2412 ,  2502 ,  2504 ,  2506 , in various other embodiments. 
     As described previously, selected ones of the multiple first reservoirs  2020 ,  2120 ,  2220 ,  2320 ,  2420 ,  2520  may include a reducing agent, and selected ones of the multiple second reservoirs  2022 ,  2122 ,  2222 ,  2322 ,  2422 ,  2522  may include an oxidizing agent. Reservoirs  2020 ,  2120 ,  2220 ,  2320 ,  2420 ,  2520 ,  2022 ,  2122 ,  2222 ,  2322 ,  2422 ,  2522  may be located across an entire surface or, in alternate embodiments, may be located only on portions of a surface. In still other embodiments, any one or more of clothing articles  2002 ,  2004 ,  2102 ,  2104 ,  2106 ,  2108 ,  2202 ,  2204 ,  2302 ,  2304 ,  2306 ,  2308 ,  2402 ,  2404 ,  2406 ,  2408 ,  2410 ,  2412 ,  2502 ,  2504 ,  2506  may include embroidered reservoirs, as discussed in conjunction with  FIG. 18 , or they may include a woven configuration of dissimilar reservoirs, as discussed in conjunction with  FIG. 19 . 
     It is to be understood that the illustrated embodiments are for the purpose of example, and that numerous other configurations of clothing assemblies exist. Accordingly, the illustrated and described embodiments are not intended to limit the scope of the inventive subject matter only to those embodiments. It would be apparent to those of skill in the art, based on the description herein, to include discrete reservoirs on various other types of clothing materials and/or clothing apparatus and/or to clothing apparatus having other physical configurations, layers, and/or materials. 
       FIG. 26  is a flowchart of a method for manufacturing a clothing material and/or clothing article, in accordance with an example embodiment. It is to be understood that the processes described in conjunction with the flowchart may be performed in the illustrated order, or may be performed in alternative orders, while achieving substantially the same result. In addition, although the processes are illustrated as occurring consecutively. Some of the processes may be performed concurrently. Furthermore, some of the processes depicted in  FIG. 26  may optionally be performed. 
     In an embodiment, a method for fabricating clothing material and a clothing article may begin by fabricating or obtaining a substrate having a first surface, in block  2602 . A substrate may be formed from a bulk material and/or may include one or more similar or different material layers, sheets or films, in various embodiments. 
     A substrate may be fabricated into various shapes and sizes corresponding to a variety of types of clothing article components. In various embodiments, a substrate may be substantially two-dimensional (e.g., having relatively substantial dimensions in two orthogonal directions) or substantially three-dimensional (e.g., having relatively substantial dimensions in three orthogonal directions). As discussed previously, a substrate may be substantially rigid, semi-rigid, or substantially flexible. In various embodiments, a substrate may include one or more materials, such as the materials discussed previously. 
     In block  2604 , the method continues by joining one or more first discrete reservoirs to the substrate. The method also includes joining one or more second discrete reservoirs to the substrate, in block  2606 . In an embodiment in which the substrate is a multiple-layered substrate, blocks  2604  and  2606  may be performed on one or more layers prior to or after joining the multiple layers. For example, but not by way of limitation, the one or more first discrete reservoirs and the one or more second discrete reservoirs may be joined to a first layer of a multiple-layer substrate prior to joining the first layer to the other substrate layers. The processes associated with blocks  2604  and  2606  may be performed sequentially (in forward or reverse order) or simultaneously. 
     In an embodiment, the one or more first discrete reservoirs and the one or more second discrete reservoirs are joined to the substrate such that selected ones of the first and second reservoirs are physically separated, across a surface of the substrate, by substrate material. In an embodiment, the substrate material may be substantially electrically non-conductive. Accordingly, the physical separations between first and second reservoirs may provide for electrical isolation between the selected reservoirs, in the absence of a conductive material electrically interconnecting the reservoirs. In an alternate embodiment, the substrate material may include electrically conductive characteristics. In another alternate embodiment, one or more connecting elements may be joined to the substrate to interconnect selected ones of the first and second reservoirs. 
     In an embodiment, a pattern of multiple first discrete reservoirs and a pattern of multiple second discrete reservoirs are joined to the substrate in an interleaved configuration. In other embodiments, a single first discrete reservoir and/or a single second discrete reservoir are joined to the substrate. 
     The term “join” may be defined, in various embodiments, as including such processes as joining to a surface, adhering to a surface (e.g., using an adhesive), embedding into a hole or depression in a surface, layering onto a surface, and/or embroidering onto a substrate. In an embodiment that includes a weaved configuration (e.g.,  FIG. 19 ), “joining” may include the weaving process itself. 
     Embodiments of apparatus described herein include two or more types of dissimilar reservoirs, where a set of dissimilar reservoirs may form a galvanic cell. In another embodiment, an apparatus may include a first type of reservoir, and when the apparatus is brought into contact with an area of target tissue, the target tissue itself functions as a second, dissimilar reservoir. In such an embodiment, the apparatus&#39; first reservoirs and the target tissue may form one or more galvanic cells. 
     Various materials may be selected for the first reservoir material and the second reservoir material. The first reservoir material and/or the second reservoir material may substantially include only a single galvanic material, or may include a composite or mixture of multiple galvanic and other materials. 
     In an embodiment, a first galvanic material included within a first reservoir provides for a first cell of a galvanic couple, and a second galvanic material included within a second reservoir provides a second cell of the galvanic couple. Examples of first galvanic material and second galvanic material combinations may include, but are not limited to, the following:
         A) A first galvanic material including, but not limited to, zinc and a second galvanic material including, but not limited to, one or more of: silver, metallic silver, silver oxide, silver chloride, silver bromide, silver iodide, silver fluoride, silver/silver oxide, silver/silver halide, silver/silver chloride, silver/silver bromide, silver/silver iodide, silver/silver fluoride, copper, copper oxide, copper/copper halide, copper/copper oxide, gold, platinum, and conductive carbon;   B) A first galvanic material including, but not limited to, magnesium and a second galvanic material including, but not limited to, one or more of: silver, metallic silver, silver oxide, silver chloride, silver bromide, silver iodide, silver fluoride, silver/silver oxide, silver/silver halide, silver/silver chloride, silver/silver bromide, silver/silver iodide, silver/silver fluoride, copper, copper oxide, copper/copper halide, copper/copper oxide, gold, platinum, and conductive carbon;   C) A first galvanic material including, but not limited to, aluminum and a second galvanic material including, but not limited to, one or more of: silver, metallic silver, silver oxide, silver chloride, silver bromide, silver iodide, silver fluoride, silver/silver oxide, silver/silver halide, silver/silver chloride, silver/silver bromide, silver/silver iodide, silver/silver fluoride, copper, copper oxide, copper/copper halide, copper/copper oxide, gold, platinum, and conductive carbon;   D) A first galvanic material including, but not limited to, iron, and a second galvanic material including, but not limited to, one or more of: silver, metallic silver, silver oxide, silver chloride, silver bromide, silver iodide, silver fluoride, silver/silver oxide, silver/silver halide, silver/silver chloride, silver/silver bromide, silver/silver iodide, silver/silver fluoride, copper, copper oxide, copper/copper halide, copper/copper oxide, gold, platinum, and carbon;   E) A first galvanic material including, but not limited to, copper, and a second galvanic material including, but not limited to, one or more of: silver, metallic silver, silver oxide, silver chloride, silver bromide, silver iodide, silver fluoride, silver/silver oxide, silver/silver halide, silver/silver chloride, silver/silver bromide, silver/silver iodide, silver/silver fluoride, and conductive carbon; and   F) A first galvanic material including, but not limited to, one or more of: zinc, magnesium, aluminum, iron, calcium, tin, copper, and alloys thereof; and a second galvanic material including, but not limited to, one or more of: silver, metallic silver, silver oxide, silver chloride, silver bromide, silver iodide, silver fluoride, silver/silver oxide, silver/silver halide, silver/silver chloride, silver/silver bromide, silver/silver iodide, silver/silver fluoride, copper, copper oxide, copper/copper halide, copper/copper oxide, gold, platinum, carbon, and conductive carbon;   G) A first galvanic material including, but not limited to, one or more alloys of: zinc, magnesium, aluminum, iron, calcium, tin, copper, and alloys thereof; and a second galvanic material including, but not limited to, one or more of: silver, metallic silver, silver oxide, silver chloride, silver bromide, silver iodide, silver fluoride, silver/silver oxide, silver/silver halide, silver/silver chloride, silver/silver bromide, silver/silver iodide, silver/silver fluoride, copper, copper oxide, copper/copper halide, copper/copper oxide, gold, platinum, carbon, and conductive carbon;   H) A first galvanic material including, but not limited to, one or more of: zinc, magnesium, aluminum, iron, calcium, tin, copper, and alloys thereof; and a second galvanic material including, but not limited to, one or more alloys of: silver, metallic silver, silver oxide, silver chloride, silver bromide, silver iodide, silver fluoride, silver/silver oxide, silver/silver halide, silver/silver chloride, silver/silver bromide, silver/silver iodide, silver/silver fluoride, copper, copper oxide, copper/copper halide, copper/copper oxide, gold, platinum, carbon, and conductive carbon;   I) A first galvanic material including, but not limited to, one or more alloys of: transitional metals including but not limited to zinc, manganese, scandium, titanium, vanadium, chromium, iron, cobalt, nickel, copper, cadmium, gold, mercury, platinum, iridium, osmium, tungsten, and rhenium; alkaline earth metals including but not limited to beryllium, magnesium, calcium, strontium, and barium; actinides including but not limited to aluminum, tin, gallium, indium, antimony, and bismuth; iodine, silicon, phosphorus, arsenic, selenium, cerium and alloys thereof; and a second galvanic material including, but not limited to, one or more of: silver, metallic silver, silver oxide, silver chloride, silver bromide, silver iodide, silver fluoride, silver/silver oxide, silver/silver halide, silver/silver chloride, silver/silver bromide, silver/silver iodide, silver/silver fluoride, copper, copper oxide, copper/copper halide, copper/copper oxide, gold, platinum, carbon, and conductive carbon.       

     In the above lists of materials, the convention a/b may indicate a halide of “a.” Accordingly, for example, the term “silver/silver chloride” indicates a silver halide Ag/AgCl. When halides are used in a first reservoir, an electrochemical reaction at the surface of a second reservoir may result in conversion of the halide to a pure metal (e.g., metallic silver) and halide ions. The terms “silver” and “metallic silver” may be used interchangeably herein. Use of the term “silver” includes “metallic silver.” 
     The scope of the claimed subject matter is not meant to be limited to the above-listed galvanic material combinations. Further, a particular galvanic material may include multiple of the above-listed and/or other materials. In other embodiments, other materials may be selected for either or both a first galvanic material or a second galvanic material. For example, but not by way of limitation, one or more galvanic materials may include a polymer, fluid, gas or an organic material. 
     The first reservoir and/or the second reservoir may include the first galvanic material and the second galvanic material in the form of a solid bulk material, sheets, foils, crystals, flakes, wires, threads, slugs, pucks, disks, granules, needles, dust, powder, tubes, meshes, wools, rods, and/or shots, in various embodiments. For example, but not by way of limitation, in an embodiment, a first galvanic reservoir material may include silver crystals. In an embodiment, silver crystals may have sizes smaller than approximately 100 microns, although crystals having larger sizes may alternatively be used. In another embodiment, silver crystals may have average sizes of approximately 40 microns, although crystals having larger or smaller average sizes may alternatively be used. In an embodiment, a second galvanic reservoir material may include zinc crystals. In an embodiment, zinc crystals may have sizes smaller than approximately 100 microns, in an embodiment, although crystals having larger sizes may alternatively be used. In another embodiment, zinc crystals may have average sizes of approximately 40 microns, although crystals having larger or smaller average sizes may alternatively be used. In still other embodiments, silver and/or zinc crystals may have sizes in a range of approximately 1 to 10 microns. 
     The first reservoir and/or the second reservoir may include the first galvanic material and the second galvanic material in conjunction with a thread or wire, in various other embodiments. A thread may be coated with a coating that includes a first galvanic reservoir material or a second galvanic reservoir material. A wire may be coated with or include a first galvanic reservoir material or a second galvanic reservoir material. For example, but not by way of limitation, in an embodiment, a first galvanic reservoir material may include silver crystals. In an embodiment, silver crystals may have sizes smaller than approximately 100 microns, although crystals having larger sizes may alternatively be used. In another embodiment, silver crystals may have average sizes of approximately 40 microns, although crystals having larger or smaller average sizes may alternatively be used. In an embodiment, a second galvanic reservoir material may include zinc crystals. In an embodiment, zinc crystals may have sizes smaller than approximately 100 microns, in an embodiment, although crystals having larger sizes may alternatively be used. In another embodiment, zinc crystals may have average sizes of approximately 40 microns, although crystals having larger or smaller average sizes may alternatively be used. 
     According to various embodiments, the first and/or second reservoirs may be “reactive reservoirs” or “inert reservoirs.” The term “inert reservoir” may be defined, in some embodiments, as a reservoir that may not undergo a significant change in its chemical composition during a redox reaction. In an embodiment, a reservoir may include or be coated with an inert material, so that an electrochemical process at the surface of the reservoir may generate oxidizing agents (e.g., nascent oxygen) and/or chlorine-containing oxidizing agents. 
     The term “reactive reservoir” may be defined, in some embodiments, as a reservoir that may undergo changes in its chemical composition during a redox reaction, which changes may occur when the apparatus is activated. In an embodiment, a reactive reservoir may include one or more reactive materials, which include but are not limited to, zinc, aluminum, copper, magnesium, manganese, silver, titanium, tin, iron, and alloys thereof. Upon passage of an electric current through a reactive reservoir, ions such as zinc, copper, magnesium, manganese, and/or aluminum cations may be released from the reservoir into a conductive material and/or into an area of target tissue. Such ions may or may not have therapeutic benefits, which may include, but are not limited to, anti-microbial effects, immunologic modulation, cellular and/or chemical transport properties, enzymatic regulation (including reaction catalysts), cellular induction, modulation of cellular differentiation and/or de-differentiation, modulation of cellular apoptosis, modulation of cellular morphology/genotype/phenotype, modulation of cellular function, modulation of cellular activity, modulation of cellular chemical activity and/or behavior, and/or anti-inflammatory effects. 
     In various embodiments, one or more additional materials may be included with the galvanic materials in the first reservoir material and/or the second reservoir material. In an embodiment, a galvanic material may be mixed with the one or more additional materials to form a reservoir material prior to joining the material with the substrate. 
     For example, but not by way of limitation, one or more soluble and/or insoluble binders may be included within a first reservoir material and/or a second reservoir material. A “binder” may be defined, in some embodiments, as a material that attaches other materials within a reservoir to a substrate. A binder may include, for example but not by way of limitation, a biocompatible liquid, a polymeric binder, a polyethylene binder, an acrylic binder, an ink (e.g., a polyacrylic ink), a paint, a pigment, an adhesive, and/or other materials. In other embodiments, a first reservoir material and/or a second reservoir material may not include a binder. 
     In an embodiment, a binder material may include a material that degrades (e.g., biodegrades, dissipates, breaks down, or is chemically or physically altered) in the presence of an activation material. As a binder material degrades, more galvanic material may be exposed to a reservoir surface. Eventually, substantially all material within a reservoir may degrade or change its structure or effect. 
     A type of binder selected and a ratio of binder material to galvanic material, within a reservoir, may be selected to affect a rate at which galvanic material and/or other materials are released from a reservoir (e.g., a rate at which a reservoir degrades). In an embodiment, a range of galvanic material percentages, by weight, within a reservoir material may be approximately 10% galvanic material to approximately 40% galvanic material. In another embodiment, a range of galvanic material percentages within a reservoir material may be approximately 1% galvanic material to approximately 10% galvanic material. In another embodiment, a range of galvanic material percentages within a reservoir material may be approximately 40% galvanic material to approximately 100% galvanic material. In other embodiments, different galvanic material percentage ranges may be included in a reservoir material. 
     The materials selected for the first and/or second reservoirs may be in a first state at the time they are joined to a substrate, and further processing steps may be performed to transform the materials to a second state. For example, various forming, curing, drying, and/or other processing procedures may be performed. 
     Referring again to  FIG. 26 , the apparatus may optionally be subjected to one or more curing and/or drying processes, in block  2608 . Although a curing/drying process is illustrated to occur after joining one or more second discrete reservoirs to the substrate (block  2606 ), it is to be understood that a curing/drying process also may be performed prior to joining the one or more second reservoirs. In an embodiment, a curing/drying process may be performed after both blocks  2604  and  2606 . 
     A curing or drying process may include exposing the apparatus to a heat source, frequency generator, chemical, wave generator, and/or light source for one or multiple time periods. Curing and/or drying may affect the characteristics of a first reservoir and/or a second reservoir. For example, a reservoir surface may be substantially smooth prior to curing or drying. Upon the performance of one or more curing or drying processes, surface discontinuities (e.g., cracks, holes, etc.) may be introduced. Such discontinuities may function to increase the effective surface area of a reservoir. Accordingly, rates of iontophoresis, reservoir material release, reservoir dissolution, and/or other processes may be affected. 
     Referring again to  FIG. 26 , in block  2610 , a singulation or cutting process may optionally be performed to cut one or more pieces of a clothing article from the substrate. Singulation may include cutting, sawing, tearing, stamping or otherwise separating a substrate into multiple pieces. In another embodiment, one or more lines of perforation or indentation may be imprinted into a substrate surface or stamped through a substrate. 
     In block  2612 , a securing mechanism may optionally be joined to the apparatus. For example, in an embodiment, a securing mechanism may include one or more zippers, snaps, buttons, hook and loop fasteners, hooks, elastic, and/or other types of securing mechanisms. 
     As described previously, when a conductive material is brought in proximity to a galvanic cell, a redox reaction may occur between the cell components (e.g., a first reservoir and a second reservoir). In various embodiments, conductive materials included in a conductive material reservoir may include, but are not limited to, one or more of water, saline, organic or inorganic salts or buffers, electrolyte-active agents, hydrogel, organic solvents, perspiration, respiration, urine, water, saline, joint fluid, cyst fluid, wound exudation fluid, blood, and/or other biologic fluids or materials. In other embodiments, redox reactions may occur when a galvanic cell is brought in proximity to another liquid material, a solid material, a semi-solid material, a gaseous material, and/or other fluids or conductive materials. Accordingly, these materials also may be considered to be activation materials. The term “biologic activation materials” may be defined, in some embodiments, as activation materials that are produced by a biologic entity. 
     An activation material may also include one or more additional materials, such as for example but not by way of limitation, one or more active agents, preservatives, stabilizing agents or antioxidants, pharmaceutical agents, hormones, growth factors, chelating agents, buffers, tonicity adjusting agents, suspending materials, and/or fluid-absorbing materials. 
     Referring back to  FIG. 26 , in block  2614 , one or more active agents may optionally be incorporated into or onto an apparatus element, such as a substrate, one or more reservoirs, an activation material, or another apparatus component. In various embodiments, an active agent may be incorporated in the form of dissolved molecules and/or ions, dispersed solid particles, and/or liquid droplets (e.g., creams, lotions, emulsions, and/or liposome compositions). An “active agent” may include a synthetic compound or a compound isolated from a natural source, which has an effect on biologic tissue or cellular function, including but not limited to, a cosmetic effect, a therapeutic effect, a chemical effect, a morphologic effect, and/or a cellular effect, including but not limited to, cellular induction, modulation of cellular differentiation and/or de-differentiation, modulation of cellular apoptosis, modulation of cellular movement, modulation of cellular and/or chemical transport, modulation of cellular morphology, modulation of cellular function, modulation of cellular activity, modulation of cellular chemical activity and/or behavior. In various embodiments, an amount of active agent incorporated into or onto an apparatus element may be a “safe and effective amount” (e.g., from approximately 0.001% to about 20%, by weight, of the element into or onto which the active agent is incorporated). 
     Active agents may include, for example but not by way of limitation, one or more of a therapeutic drug (e.g., peptides, polypeptides, proteins, nucleic acid materials, hormones, growth factors, mitotic modulators, cytokines, interleukins, chelators, co-factors, trace minerals, fats, carbohydrates, complex molecules, and/or nutrients), wound-healing enhancing agents (e.g., recombinant human platelet-derived growth factor and/or other growth factors), salicylic acid, ketanserin, iloprost, scar-reducing agents, hair growth enhancing agents, hair growth retarding agents, antihypertensives, anticancer agents, endocrine and metabolic medication, neurologic medications, motion sickness reduction agents, protein and peptide drugs, anti-acne agent, anti-rosacea agent, anti-aging agent (e.g., sunscreens, vitamins, vitamin salts, alpha hydroxy acids and their precursors, beta hydroxyl acids, zinc and zinc-containing compounds, botanical extracts, and salts), pigmentation altering agents, plant extracts, metals, anesthetics, analgesics, drugs for treating psychiatric disorders, epilepsies, and migraine, drugs for stopping drug additions, anti-inflammatory agents, drugs to treat hypertension, cardiovascular diseases, gastric acidity and ulcers, drugs for hormone replacement therapies and contraceptives, antibiotics, antibacterial agents, antimold agents, antifungal agents, antiviral agents, antipsoriatic agents, antimicrobial agents, anti-inflammatory agents, antineoplastic agents, immunosuppressive agents, immunostimulants, drugs acting on blood and blood forming organs, vaccines, and/or antivenins. 
     Referring again to  FIG. 26 , in block  2616 , the singulated or cut substrate piece or pieces may optionally be incorporated as part of a clothing article (e.g., sewn together with other pieces) and/or packaged. In the illustrated embodiment, first and second reservoirs are joined with a substrate, and then a clothing article may be fabricated by cutting out pieces of the substrate and sewing them together. In an alternate embodiment, for example, but not by way of limitation, a clothing article may be fabricated (e.g., pieces cut and sewn together) before joining first and second reservoirs to the clothing article. Packaging, if it is performed, may include providing a covering over the material or clothing article, which protects the material or clothing article from environmental or physical damage, prior to use. The method then ends. 
     The apparatus illustrated in  FIGS. 1-25  may be “activated” in one or more of several ways. In an embodiment, activation occurs when a conductive material is located between the reservoirs such that electrical communication and/or ionic communication may occur between the reservoirs through the conductive material. When a conductive material is between the dissimilar galvanic reservoirs, currents may be produced proximate to a surface of a substrate. In various embodiments, these currents may have therapeutic effects, as will be described later. 
     The conductive material may be proximate to the target tissue area, and/or the conductive material may be applied to the clothing article. For example, in an embodiment, perspiration, respiration, urine, water, saline, joint fluid, cyst fluid, wound exudation fluid, blood, and/or other biologic fluids or materials proximate to the area of target tissue may function as an activation material when it is proximate to the reservoirs. In other embodiments, an activation material may be provided with the clothing article. For example, an activation material may be included within an activation material reservoir, which may be selectively opened or broken to release an activation material onto the clothing article and/or onto a surface of the target tissue area. Alternatively, an activation material may be provided as a solid, semi-solid, liquid, or gaseous material that may otherwise be applied to the dressing and/or an area of target tissue. 
       FIG. 27  is a flowchart of a method for using a clothing article, in accordance with an example embodiment. In block  2702 , a clothing article may be obtained, which includes an embodiment of the inventive subject matter. 
     In block  2704 , an area of target tissue optionally may be prepared for application of the clothing article. Preparation of the target tissue may include one or more processes such as cleaning the area of target tissue, making one or more incisions to expose the area of target tissue, resurfacing the area of target tissue, and/or any of a number of other processes. In an alternate embodiment, no target tissue preparation may be performed. 
     In block  2706 , the clothing article optionally may be prepared for application to a target tissue area. For example, but not by way of limitation, the clothing article may be removed from protective packaging, and/or the clothing article may be cut or torn to size. 
     In block  2708 , the clothing article may be applied proximate to the target tissue area or the target tissue area may be brought in proximity to the clothing article (e.g., the clothing article may be put on). In an embodiment, this may result in currents between dissimilar reservoirs contacting (e.g., penetrating or contacting the surface of) the target tissue area. Alternatively or in addition, this may result in currents electromotivating therapeutic materials toward the target tissue area. Application of the clothing article may result in additional or different effects, in other embodiments. 
     In block  2710 , an activation material optionally may be applied to the clothing article and/or to the target tissue area. For example, but not by way of limitation, a conductive material may be released from an activation material reservoir associated with the clothing article, or another type of activation material associated with the clothing article may be placed in contact with the clothing article and/or the area of target tissue. In alternate embodiments, an activation material may not be applied, and the clothing article may be activated when it comes into contact with activation material proximate to the target tissue area (e.g., perspiration, respiration, blood, etc.). 
     In block  2712 , the clothing article optionally may be allowed to remain in proximity to the target tissue area for a period of time, referred to as a “period of application.” A period of application of a clothing article may be shorter than, approximately equal to, or longer than a clothing article&#39;s “period of effectiveness.” A “period of effectiveness” may be defined, in some embodiments, as a period of time during which a clothing article may or may not perform a beneficial activity (e.g., production of currents, iontophoresis, supply of anti-bacterial or other therapeutic materials, etc.). A period of effectiveness may depend on one or more of several factors, including the materials, material concentrations, and material orientations within the clothing article, the conductive material, ambient conditions (e.g., temperature, target tissue characteristics, etc.), and other factors. In an embodiment, a clothing article may have a period of effectiveness in a range from approximately 1-14 days, although a clothing article may have a period of effectiveness that is longer or shorter than this range, in other embodiments. In an embodiment, the first reservoirs and the second reservoirs are configured to sustain the one or more currents for approximately a pre-determined period of time (e.g., a pre-determined period of effectiveness). 
     In block  2714 , a clothing article optionally may be removed and/or replaced, in an embodiment. In an alternative embodiment, a clothing article may remain in proximity to an area of target tissue indefinitely. The method then ends. 
     Applications or uses for embodiments of the inventive subject matter may include any one or more of several types of methods of use. For example, but not by way of limitation, the terms “methods of application” or “methods of applying” may include, but are not limited to, one or more of the following: 
     1) methods of treatment to enhance healing of breached or compromised biologic tissue and/or tissue disorders; 
     2) methods to apply electricity to an area of biologic tissue to provide therapeutic results; 
     3) methods to alter the appearance of a tissue condition; 
     4) methods to provide or enhance the delivery of therapeutic materials to an area of biologic tissue and/or to a biologic system through an area of biologic tissue; 
     5) methods to reduce or eliminate infections (e.g., bacterial, mycobacterial, yeast, mold, viral, and/or fungal infections) within an area of biologic tissue and/or within a biologic system; 
     6) methods to reduce a likelihood for infections (e.g., bacterial, mycobacterial, yeast, mold, viral, and/or fungal infections) within an area of biologic tissue and/or within a biologic system; 
     7) methods to alter the cellular activity of an area of biologic tissue and/or within a biologic system (e.g., cellular induction, modulation of cellular differentiation and/or de-differentiation, modulation of cellular apoptosis, modulation of cellular morphology, modulation of cellular function, modulation of cellular activity, modulation of cellular movement/migration, modulation of cellular transport, modulation of cellular chemical activity and/or behavior); 
     8) methods to reduce pain and/or other irritation (e.g., itching) at an area of biologic tissue; and/or 
     9) methods to reduce, eliminate or prevent the presence of potentially infectious agents (e.g., bacteria, mycobacteria, yeast, mold, virus, and/or fungus) within a physical structure (e.g., a clothing article, clothing assembly or other apparatus). 
     In various embodiments, methods of achieving various affects on biologic tissue and/or biologic systems may include bringing the biologic tissue and/or biologic system in proximity to the clothing article. Embodiments may be applied to biologic tissue and/or fluids selected from a group of tissue types that includes, but is not limited to, skin tissue, epithelial tissue, optic tissue, otic tissue, mucous membrane tissue, connective tissue, muscle tissue, nerve tissue, cerebrospinal fluid, abdominal cavity fluid, and/or other biologic tissue and/or fluids (e.g., bone, organ tissue, etc.). An area of biologic tissue selected for application of an embodiment may include biologic tissue selected from a group that includes, but is not limited to, damaged biologic tissue, inflamed biologic tissue, diseased biologic tissue, infected biologic tissue, healthy biologic tissue, and combinations thereof. 
     The terms “treat,” “treating,” and “treatment” may be defined, in some embodiments, as the treatment (e.g., alleviation or elimination of symptoms and/or cure) and/or prevention or inhibition of a condition or disorder of tissue or a biologic system. The terms “condition” and “disorder,” may be defined, in some embodiments, as diseases, disorders, and/or characteristics of tissue. The term “enhance healing of” may be defined, in some embodiments, as improve results of healing, reduce scarring during healing, accelerate healing, induce healing, and/or expedite healing. 
     In various embodiments, methods of application (e.g., embodiments of  FIG. 28 ) may include methods to treat and/or to enhance healing of breached or compromised biologic tissue, where the tissue may include one or more conditions selected from a group that includes, but is not limited to, an infected traumatic lesion, a surgical incision, a lesion, a wound, a cut, a puncture, a rupture, an abrasion, a laceration, a biopsy site, a skin tear, actinic keratosis, kaposi&#39;s sarcoma, pigmented lesions, melanomas (e.g., malignant melanoma), diabetic dermopathy, diabetic neuropathy, bromhidrosis, gangrene, abscesses, hyperhidrosis, erythromelalgia, peripheral nerve compression, neuroma, plantar fasciitis, tumors, ganglion, an insect bite and/or sting, a snake bite, a human bite, and an animal bite. 
     In various embodiments, methods of application (e.g., embodiments of  FIG. 28 ) may include methods to treat and/or to enhance healing of breached or ulcerated biologic tissue, where the tissue may include one or more conditions selected from a group that includes, but is not limited to, venous stasis ulcers, diabetic ulcers, ischemia ulcers, pressure ulcers, and decubitus ulcers. 
     In various embodiments, methods of application (e.g., embodiments of  FIG. 28 ) may include methods to treat and/or to enhance healing of skin, hair, and nail conditions, where the conditions may include one or more conditions selected from a group that includes, but is not limited to, a bacterial infection, a mycobacterial infection, a yeast infection, a fungal infection, a mold infection, a viral infection, a burn, sunburn, frostbite, post-laser treated skin, post-chemical peeled skin, a scar, acne, blisters, a corn, a callus, hypertrophic skin disorders, proliferative skin disorders, dermatographia, hives, angioedema, psoriasis, rosacea, scabies, vitiligo, dysplasia, a rash, dermatitis, contact dermatitis (e.g., from poison ivy/poison oak exposure), atopic dermatitis, cercarial dermatitis, eczema, ecthyma, psoriasis, dyshidrosis, neurodermatitis, a boil, carbuncles, fissures (e.g., cracking of the skin), cellulitis, a cold sore, folliculitis, furunculosis, impetigo, jock itch, molluscum conagiosum, herpes, Mucha-Havermann disease, ringworm, shingles, chickenpox, tinea versicolor, tenia pedis (athlete&#39;s foot), actinic keratosis, a wart (e.g., verruca vulgaris), freckles, a mole, unusual pigmentation, lipoma, melanoma, scalp cancer, skin cancer, acanthosis nigricans, bullous pemphigoid, epidermolysis bullosa, icthyosis, pityriasis rosea, granuloma annulare, hidradenitis, lichen nitidus, lichen planus, morphea, scleroderma, pilonidial cysts, pyoderma gangrene, Stevens-Johnson syndrome, hemangioma, sweating, body odor, foot odor, ingrown toenails, and/or a nail fungal infection. 
     In various embodiments, methods of application (e.g., embodiments of  FIG. 28 ) may include methods to reduce or to reverse the appearance of various skin characteristics, including but not limited to, reducing or reversing skin pigmentation, scars, hair loss, hair growth, uneven skin texture, non-optimal skin firmness, non-optimal skin elasticity, apparent skin vasculature, dark eye circles, cellulite, non-optimal skin shine, tumors, and wrinkles. The term “to reduce” may be defined, in some embodiments, as to make less apparent to the eye. The term “to reverse” may be defined, in some embodiments, as to transform to a previous condition. 
     Application of an embodiment of the inventive subject matter to an area of target tissue may or may not produce one or more beneficial results, including but not limited to: 
     a) stimulation of fibroplasia (e.g., regeneration of connective tissue); 
     b) stimulation of epithelialization (e.g., regeneration of skin); 
     c) collagen remodeling (e.g., reforming of collagen fibrils); 
     d) stimulation of neoangiogenesis (e.g., regenerating blood supply to tissue); 
     e) anti-microbial action (e.g., attraction of microbes toward a reservoir, and neutralization or elimination of the microbes through contact with reservoir material); 
     f) providing an electromotive force to drive one or more materials (e.g., silver and/or zinc) toward and/or into an area of target tissue (e.g., iontophoresis), which may or may not have an effect of killing microbes, and/or moving or attracting electrically charged healing cells; 
     g) electrically attracting microbes proximate to or within an area of target tissue to a reservoir, and when the reservoir includes anti-microbial materials, killing the attracted microbes; 
     h) stimulating, augmenting, or simulating biologic currents normally produced and present at acute tissue injury sites; 
     i) wound contraction; 
     j) providing wound healing stimulus across an entire wound surface by providing current over the wound surface (e.g., simulating a current of injury usually found around a periphery of a wound to an entire wound surface); 
     k) alteration of capillary permeability; 
     l) cellular migration and transport; 
     m) changing cellular activity from hypoactive or hyperactive to normal (e.g., in a state of homeostasis); 
     n) modifying cellular induction, modulation of cellular differentiation and/or de-differentiation, modulation of cellular apoptosis, modulation of cellular morphology, modulation of cellular function, modulation of cellular activity, modulation of cellular chemical activity and/or behavior, modulation or cellular transport, modulation of cellular migration; and/or 
     o) pain reduction. 
     Thus, various embodiments of clothing materials, clothing articles and methods of use and manufacture have been described. The foregoing description of specific embodiments reveals the general nature of the inventive subject matter sufficiently that others can, by applying current knowledge, readily modify and/or adapt it for various applications without departing from the general concept. Therefore, such adaptations and modifications are within the meaning and range of equivalents of the disclosed embodiments. 
     The phraseology or terminology employed herein is for the purpose of description and not of limitation. Accordingly, the inventive subject matter embraces all such alternatives, modifications, equivalents and variations as fall within the spirit and broad scope of the appended claims.