Patent Publication Number: US-9426713-B2

Title: Apparatus and method of inter-radio access technology measurement scheduling based on an undetected frequency

Description:
CLAIM OF PRIORITY UNDER 35 U.S.C §119 
     The present application for patent claims priority to U.S. Provisional Application No. 61/611,356 entitled “APPARATUS AND METHOD OF INTER-RADIO ACCESS TECHNOLOGY MEASUREMENT SCHEDULING BASED ON UNDETECTED FREQUENCY”, and filed Mar. 15, 2012, and assigned to the assignee hereof and hereby expressly incorporated by reference. 
    
    
     BACKGROUND 
     1. Field 
     Aspects of the present disclosure relate generally to wireless communication systems, and more particularly, to methods and apparatus of monitoring radio channels. 
     2. Background 
     Wireless communication networks are widely deployed to provide various communication services such as telephony, video, data, messaging, broadcasts, and so on. Such networks, which are usually multiple access networks, support communications for multiple users by sharing the available network resources. One example of such a network is the UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network (UTRAN). The UTRAN is the radio access network (RAN) defined as a part of the Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS), a third generation (3G) mobile phone technology supported by the 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP). The UMTS, which is the successor to Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) technologies, currently supports various air interface standards, such as Wideband-Code Division Multiple Access (W-CDMA), Time Division-Code Division Multiple Access (TD-CDMA), and Time Division-Synchronous Code Division Multiple Access (TD-SCDMA). The UMTS also supports enhanced 3G data communications protocols, such as High Speed Packet Access (HSPA), which provides higher data transfer speeds and capacity to associated UMTS networks. 
     Another, more advanced network is the evolved UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network, also referred to as the Long Term Evolution (LTE) network. As LTE network deployments largely overlaps with W-CDMA deployments, when a suitable LTE cell becomes available, typically it is preferable for a user equipment (UE) operating on a W-CDMA cell to reselect to the LTE cell as soon as the reselection conditions are met. Current cell reselection mechanisms, however, may be relatively slow in performing the reselection to the LTE cell. This may be especially true when the reselection conditions include maintaining a reselection criterion for a certain time period. 
     Therefore, improved cell reselection mechanisms are desired. 
     SUMMARY 
     The following presents a simplified summary of one or more aspects in order to provide a basic understanding of such aspects. This summary is not an extensive overview of all contemplated aspects, and is intended to neither identify key or critical elements of all aspects nor delineate the scope of any or all aspects. Its sole purpose is to present some concepts of one or more aspects in a simplified form as a prelude to the more detailed description that is presented later. A method of improving cell reselection is offered. The method includes operating a wireless device on a first wireless communication technology. Further, the method includes detecting a first cell in first frequency of a second wireless communication technology, wherein the second wireless communication technology is preferred relative to the first wireless communication technology. Additionally, the method includes determining the detected cell of the second wireless communication technology satisfies a first reselection criterion based on a first measurement. Still further the method includes identifying a second frequency of the second wireless communication technology as an undetected frequency based on monitoring the second frequency without detecting a second cell. The method includes expediting a determination of whether to perform cell reselection to the second wireless communication technology based on the undetected frequency and the detected cell of the second wireless communication technology satisfying the first reselection criterion, wherein the expediting the determination of whether to perform cell reselection comprises increasing a frequency of measuring the detected cell. The method also includes determining to reselect to the detected cell of the second wireless communication technology when at least one new measurement satisfies a second reselection criterion. 
     In another aspect, an apparatus of improving cell reselection includes a processor configured to operate a wireless device on a first wireless communication technology. Further, the processor is configured to detect a first cell in first frequency of a second wireless communication technology, wherein the second wireless communication technology is preferred relative to the first wireless communication technology. Additionally, the processor is configured to determine the detected cell of the second wireless communication technology satisfies a first reselection criterion based on a first measurement. Still further, the processor is configured to identify a second frequency of the second wireless communication technology as an undetected frequency based on monitoring the second frequency without detecting a second cell. The processor is configured to expedite a determination of whether to perform cell reselection to the second wireless communication technology based on the undetected frequency and the detected cell of the second wireless communication technology satisfying the first reselection criterion, wherein the at least one processor configured to expedite the determination of whether to perform cell reselection is further configured to increase a frequency of measuring the detected cell. The processor is also configured to determine to reselect to the detected cell of the second wireless communication technology when at least one new measurement satisfies a second reselection criterion. 
     In another aspect, an apparatus for improving cell reselection is offered that includes means for operating a wireless device on a first wireless communication technology. Further, the apparatus includes means for detecting a first cell in first frequency of a second wireless communication technology, wherein the second wireless communication technology is preferred relative to the first wireless communication technology. Additionally, the apparatus includes means for determining the detected cell of the second wireless communication technology satisfies a first reselection criterion based on a first measurement. Still further, the apparatus includes means for identifying a second frequency of the second wireless communication technology as an undetected frequency based on monitoring the second frequency without detecting a second cell. The apparatus includes means for expediting a determination of whether to perform cell reselection to the second wireless communication technology based on the undetected frequency and the detected cell of the second wireless communication technology satisfying the first reselection criterion, wherein the means for expediting the determination of whether to perform cell reselection comprises means for increasing a frequency of measuring the detected cell. The apparatus also includes means for determining to reselect to the detected cell of the second wireless communication technology when at least one new measurement satisfies a second reselection criterion. 
     In addition, a computer readable media of improving cell reselection is offered that may include machine-executable cod for operating a wireless device on a first wireless communication technology. Further, the code may be executable for detecting a first cell in first frequency of a second wireless communication technology, wherein the second wireless communication technology is preferred relative to the first wireless communication technology. Additionally, the code may be executable for determining the detected cell of the second wireless communication technology satisfies a first reselection criterion based on a first measurement. Still further, the code may be executable for identifying a second frequency of the second wireless communication technology as an undetected frequency based on monitoring the second frequency without detecting a second cell. the code may be executable for expediting a determination of whether to perform cell reselection to the second wireless communication technology based on the undetected frequency and the detected cell of the second wireless communication technology satisfying the first reselection criterion, wherein the expediting the determination of whether to perform cell reselection comprises increasing a frequency of measuring the detected cell. The code may also be executable for determining to reselect to the detected cell of the second wireless communication technology when at least one new measurement satisfies a second reselection criterion. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         FIG. 1  is schematic diagram of an aspect of a wireless device for monitoring radio channels; 
         FIG. 2  is another schematic diagram of an aspect of a wireless device for monitoring radio channels; 
         FIG. 3  is a block diagram of an aspect of the wireless device of  FIG. 1  and  FIG. 2 ; 
         FIG. 4  is a timeline of an example use case according to the present aspects; 
         FIG. 5  is a timeline of another example use case according to the present aspects; 
         FIG. 6  is a timeline of a further example use case according to the present aspects; 
         FIG. 7  is a flowchart of an aspect of a method of monitoring radio channels; 
         FIG. 8  is a flowchart of an another aspect of a method of monitoring radio channels; 
         FIG. 9  is a timeline of an example use case according to the present aspects; 
         FIG. 10  is a timeline of another example use case according to the present aspects; 
         FIG. 11  is a block diagram illustrating an example of a hardware implementation for an apparatus employing a processing system and configured to perform the functions described herein; 
         FIG. 12  is a block diagram conceptually illustrating an example of a telecommunications system including a user equipment configured to perform the functions described herein; 
         FIG. 13  is a conceptual diagram illustrating an example of an access network for use with user equipment configured to perform the functions described herein; 
         FIG. 14  is a conceptual diagram illustrating an example of a radio protocol architecture for the user and control planes for a base station and/or a user equipment configured to perform the functions described herein; and 
         FIG. 15  is a block diagram conceptually illustrating an example of a telecommunications system including a Node B in communication with a user equipment configured to perform the functions described herein. 
     
    
    
     It should be noted, a component in any figure represented within dashed lines may be an optional component. 
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     The detailed description set forth below in connection with the appended drawings is intended as a description of various configurations and is not intended to represent the only configurations in which the concepts described herein may be practiced. The detailed description includes specific details for the purpose of providing a thorough understanding of various concepts. However, it will be apparent to those skilled in the art that these concepts may be practiced without these specific details. In some instances, well known structures and components are shown in block diagram form in order to avoid obscuring such concepts. 
     The described apparatus and methods improve a cell reselection procedure by considering monitored frequencies as a group. For example, upon camping on a cell, a user equipment (UE) may receive a list of frequencies to be monitored for reselection purposes. As such, during the monitoring for and measuring of signals in the list of frequencies in the group, the UE decides whether a reselection criterion has been satisfied for any cell in all frequencies in the group. 
     In an aspect, if the reselection criterion has been satisfied for at least one cell in at least one frequency of the group, then according to the present apparatus and methods the UE will use a fast measurement periodicity, e.g. a periodicity shorter than a normal measurement periodicity, to schedule the next measurement for the group. 
     In another aspect, if the reselection criterion has been satisfied for at least one cell in at least one frequency of the group, then according to the present apparatus and methods the UE will identify if any frequency in the group is an undetected frequency when a cell is not detected on the frequency. In this case, then the UE will use a fast measurement periodicity that is based on the number of detected frequencies in the group (e.g., the number in the group of frequencies minus the number of undetected frequencies) to schedule the next measurement for the group. It should be noted that in this aspect, the fast measurement periodicity equally may be based on the number of undetected frequencies relative to the number of frequencies in the group. 
     In a further aspect, the two above-noted aspects may be combined such that the fast measurement periodicity is shorter than the normal measurement periodicity based on a first factor corresponding to the reselection criterion being satisfied for at least one cell in at least one frequency of the group, and additionally based on a second factor corresponding to the number of detected frequencies in the group (or, e.g., a ratio of the number of undetected frequencies relative to the number of frequencies in the group). 
     Additionally, in a further aspect, the present apparatus and methods configure a value for the fast measurement periodicity that enables a cell reselection to occur as soon as a reselection time period is met for a cell that satisfies the reselection criterion. The reselection time period is a time period over which the reselection criterion needs to be satisfied, e.g. where measurements of characteristics of signals from a cell meet the reselection criteria, in order for the UE to reselect to the cell. For example, in some cases, the UE needs to ensure that the measurement of the new cell (e.g., the candidate for reselection) is achieves one or more thresholds and/or is better ranked than the serving cell at least during a time interval, e.g. the reselection time period. In contrast to prior art solutions where measurements are not expedited, the present apparatus and methods thereby allow a UE to perform cell reselection faster, e.g. upon expiration of the reselection time period. 
     Thus, the present apparatus and methods speed-up a cell reselection determination, thereby allowing the UE to more quickly reselect from one cell to another cell. Accordingly, the present apparatus and methods may be especially useful when one technology type network is preferred over another technology type network. For example, the present apparatus and methods may be useful in order to expedite a cell reselection from a WCDMA technology cell to an LTE technology cell, as when a suitable LTE cells becomes available, it may be preferable for a UE to reselect to LTE cell as soon as the reselection conditions are met. 
       FIG. 1  illustrates a representation of wireless device  10 , also referred to herein as a user equipment (UE), having improved cell reselection performance. As illustrated, the wireless device  10  of  FIG. 1  includes a cell monitoring component  12  configured to manage frequency searches to detect cells to consider for reselection. In the representation of  FIG. 1 , cell monitoring component  12  is illustrated as storing a plurality of values including, as shown, information regarding a group of frequencies  13 , information regarding one or more reselection criteria  26 , information regarding a detected cell  32 , information regarding one or more undetected frequencies  40 , information regarding a detected frequency  42 , information regarding a first technology mode  30  and information regarding a second technology mode  34 . Each of these values will be discussed in more detail below. Cell monitoring component  12 , as shown, also includes a reselection expeditor component  14  configured to speed-up a determination as to whether cell reselection should be performed. 
     Cell monitoring component  12  may, for example, perform a cell measurement and monitoring procedure, such as a cell reselection procedure, to identify cell reselection candidates based on signal measurements (e.g., power). It should be noted that measuring a detected cell may comprise measuring signals on a frequency associated with the cell and may also comprise measuring signals on one or more frequencies of the group of frequencies  13  to identify cells for reselection. In some implementations, cell monitoring component  12  may perform a WCDMA to LTE cell reselection procedure, although reselections between other radio access technologies and within a given radio access technology are also contemplated by the present aspects. As noted above, cell monitoring component may store information regarding a group of frequencies  13 . This stored information, may include, for example, the carrier frequency for each frequency in the group of frequencies  13  used by cells of a particular radio access technology (e.g., the second wireless technology). In operation, cell monitoring component  12  initiates periodic monitoring of the group of frequencies  13  to identify cells for reselection. This may include, for example, measuring characteristics (e.g., power) of any detected signals, such as signals  16  and  18 , on any of the frequencies in the group of frequencies  13 . 
     In an exemplary aspect, the group of frequencies  13  may be provided to wireless device  10  by the network, such as in a system information broadcast message, e.g. a SIB19 message, received from serving base station  24 . Signals  16  and  18  may be, for example, pilot signals broadcast by neighbor base stations  22  and  26  adjacent to serving base station  24 , which supports a serving cell  15  where wireless device  10  is currently camped (also referred to herein as “connected”). Signals  16  and  18  respectively advertise cells  17  and  19  supported by the respective base stations  22  and  26 . In one example, serving cell  15  may operate on or otherwise communicate according to a first wireless communication technology, such as WCDMA, and cells  17  and  19  may operate on or otherwise communicate according to a second wireless communication technology, such as LTE. As such, the periodic monitoring and measuring of signals may include, but are not limited to, inter-radio access technology measurements. 
     Further, for example, the cell measurement and monitoring procedure performed by the cell monitoring component  12  allows wireless device  10  to determine, among other things, a signal power such as a received signal code power (RSCP) and/or a ratio of received energy per chip to a received overall energy (Ec/Io) at the current instant, which can be used in determining to reselect a new cell. For example, wireless device  10  may reselect and camp on or connect to a new cell when a power level of the new cell, such as one of cells  17  or  19 , meets a cell reselection criteria  26  relative to a power level of serving cell  15  for a cell reselection time period  28 . In other words, cell reselection criteria  26  may include one or more thresholds, such as a power level threshold that should be achieved and maintained for cell reselection time period  28 . As noted above, the cell reselection criteria  26  and cell reselection time period  28  may be stored by cell monitoring component  12 . 
     Wireless device  10  may operate in discontinuous reception (DRX) to improve its stand-by time. It should be noted that idle mode procedures may be specified in, for example, 3GPP TS 25.304, “User Equipment (UE) procedures in idle mode and procedures for cells reselection in connected mode,” 3GPP TS 25.133, “Requirements for support of radio resource management (FDD),” and 3GPP TS 25.123, “Requirements for Support of Radio Resource Management (TDD),” hereby incorporated by reference herein. Moreover, additional procedures, such as handover and inter-RAT procedures may be specified in, for example, 3GPP TS 25.331, “Radio Resource Control (RRC); Protocol specification.” In an aspect, at the beginning of each DRX cycle, wireless device  10  wakes up, re-acquires the camping cell, measures the Common Pilot Indicator CHannel (CPICH) Echo and/or CPICH RSCP level of the camping cell and evaluates cell measurement criterion, which may be defined by the network and/or by a wireless communication specification, e.g. an “S” or selection threshold. Depending on a value of the measured CPICH Echo and/or CPICH RSCP level of the camping cell relative to the cell measurement criterion, wireless device  10  (e.g., cell monitory component  12 ) may trigger measurements of the group of frequencies  13  and evaluate detected cells relative to cell reselection criterion  26  and reselection time period  28  stored by cell monitoring component  12 . 
     According to the described aspects, cell monitoring component  12  may execute reselection expeditor component  14  to enable wireless device  10  to speed-up the searching and measuring of frequencies for making a cell reselection determination. Reselection expeditor component  14  may store, for example, a normal measurement periodicity  36  and a fast measurement periodicity  38 , wherein the fast measurement periodicity  38  has a smaller value relative to the normal measurement periodicity  36 . As such, the wireless device  10  operating according to the fast measurement periodicity  38  makes more measurements in a same amount of time as compared to operation according to the normal measurement periodicity  36 . The normal measurement periodicity  36  may specify the periodicity that is used by the wireless device  10  in performing measurements of the frequencies in the group of frequencies  13  during normal operations. The fast measurement periodicity  38  may specify the periodicity that is used by the wireless device  10  in performing measurements of the frequencies in the group of frequencies when the reselection expeditor component  14  decides to expedite measurements. 
     Additionally, wireless device  10  may store procedures for operation according to a first technology mode  30  and a second technology mode  34 . In an aspect, for example, the first technology mode  30  may correspond to the wireless communications technology of the base station  24  to which the wireless device  10  is camped on (e.g., WCDMA), while the second wireless technology mode  34  may correspond to the second wireless communication technology (e.g., LTE) that the wireless device  10  may be able to select based upon the reselection determination. 
     As such, in an aspect of the present apparatus and methods, when wireless device  10  is operating in first wireless communication technology mode  30 , cell monitoring component  12  may initiate monitoring the group of frequencies  13 , which may include frequencies corresponding to a different, a second wireless communication technology. As a result of the monitoring, cell monitoring component  12  may detect a cell of the second wireless communication technology, e.g. one of cells  17  or  19  referred to as detected cell  32 , and store information regarding the detected cell  32 . For example, the stored information may include characteristics of the measured signal from detected cell  32 , where the characteristics may include, for example, a received power level. Further, cell monitoring component  12  may determine that the detected cell  32  of the second wireless communication technology satisfies reselection criteria  26 , such as a first reselection criterion (e.g. a power level threshold) based on a first measurement. Moreover, cell monitoring component  12  may determine that the second wireless communication technology associated with detected cell  32  may be preferred relative to the first wireless communication technology of serving cell  15 , such as when the second wireless communication technology provides an improved quality of service or other improved or different characteristic relative to the first wireless communication technology. 
     For example, the cell monitoring component  12  may prefer a second wireless communication technology over the first communication technology based on a technology preference scheme  31  or list, which can be manually set by a user or obtained by the UE from a network operator or during manufacture of the UE. For example, but not limited hereto, preference scheme  31  may include a prioritized or ordered list of wireless communication technology identifiers, wherein an ordering in the list corresponds to a preference of one technology relative to another technology. In another aspect, for example, preference scheme  31  may include wireless communication technology identifiers and corresponding preference values, where a relative value of each preference value indicates a relative preference. The cell monitoring component  12  may be triggered to a choose the second wireless technology as preferred over the first wireless technology when a preference order or value of the second wireless technology relative to the first wireless technology based on the preference scheme  31  is determined to be the superior preference order or value. In addition, the preference list  31  may also indicate that when the first wireless technology is identical to the second wireless communication technology, the wireless device continues communication on the first wireless technology. However, the preference list  31  may indicate preferences of certain aspects within the wireless technology, e.g. a preference of one frequency over another. As such, wireless device  10  may be configured with preference scheme  31  that triggers expediting an evaluation of whether to reselect to detected cell  32  of the second wireless communication technology in order to operate in a corresponding second wireless communication technology mode  34 . 
     Moreover, cell monitoring component  12  may also be configured to execute reselection expeditor component  14 , which may include a specially-programmed algorithm to expedite a determination of whether to perform cell reselection to the second wireless communication technology based on the undetected frequency and detecting the cell of the second wireless communication technology, e.g. detected cell  32 . In other words, reselection expeditor component  14  may expedite a determination of whether to perform cell reselection to detected cell  32  of the second wireless communication technology based on the detected cell  32  satisfying reselection criteria  26 , which may include a first reselection criterion such as a first threshold (e.g., a received power threshold) associated with a first measurement of the signal of detected cell  32 , wherein expediting the determination of whether to perform cell reselection comprises increasing a frequency of measuring the signal of the detected cell  32  so that at least one new measurement occurs prior to an expiration of reselection time period  28 . 
     For example, reselection expeditor component  14  is configured to expedite the determination of whether to perform cell reselection in order to allow wireless device  10  to reselect to the second technology network as soon as possible according to the reselection specifications or standards. In other words, reselection expeditor component  14  insures that wireless device  10  performs a cell reselection in a minimum allowable time period in order to more quickly establish communications with a preferred communication technology type, e.g. so that wireless device  10  can achieve a desired quality of service or achieve an increased throughput, etc., when a connection is desired. 
     Additionally, reselection expeditor component  14  is configured to determine whether detected cell  32  of the second wireless communication technology satisfies reselection criterion  26  for triggering the cell reselection based on expediting measurements for the group of frequencies  13  associated with detected cell  32 . For instance, the wireless device  10  may receive a signal on one of the group of frequencies  13  associated with the detected cell  32  that has a received signal code power (RSCP) and/or a ratio of received energy per chip to a received overall energy (Ec/Io) at the current instant that meets reselection criterion  26 , such as a measured signal power threshold. If the reselection expeditor component  14  determines that cell meets the reselection criteria (e.g., the signal from the cell exceeds the signal power threshold), the reselection expeditor component  14  determines that the detected cell  32  is a cell reselection candidate. 
     Alternatively, or in addition, reselection criterion  26  may further include or be associated with additional conditions, such as reselection time period  28 , which is an amount of time during which a measured Ec/Io and/or RSCP level is to be maintained, and/or other conditions such as the Ec/Io threshold and/or RSCP threshold including a hysteresis parameter that biases toward the current camped on cell to avoid a cell reselection ping-pong effect. In other words, determining that the detected cell satisfies the first reselection criterion comprises determining the first measurement meets a first threshold and determining to reselect when the at least one new measurement satisfies the second reselection criterion for the reselection time period further comprises determining the at least one new measurement meets a second threshold. 
     Additionally, reselection expeditor component  14  may be configured to trigger cell monitoring component  12  to increase a frequency of measuring detected cell  32 . For example, the cell monitoring component  12  may increase a frequency of measuring detected cell  32  so that at least one new measurement occurs prior to or after an expiration of reselection time period  28 , which may be an additional threshold associated with reselection criterion  26 . Indeed, the reselection expeditor component  14  may be configured to identify a group of frequencies of the second wireless communication technology to be searched for the cell reselection, such as group of frequencies  13 , corresponding to detected cell  32 , e.g. where detected cell  32  is detected on one of group of frequencies  13 . Based on the association between detected cell  32  and group of frequencies  13 , reselection expeditor component  14  may be configured to trigger cell monitoring component  12  to increase a frequency of measuring (e.g. reduce the measurement interval) for each the group of frequencies  13 . 
     In some aspects, based on presence of detected cell  32  and/or based on detected cell  32  satisfying reselection criterion  26 , reselection expeditor component  14  may be configured to trigger a switch from a normal measurement periodicity  36  to a fast measurement periodicity  38  to reduce a measurement periodicity, e.g. to reduce the interval between measurements, of detected cell  32  and/or group of frequencies  13  of the second wireless communication technology. In other cases, measurements according to fast measurement periodicity  38  may occur at least twice as fast as measurements according to normal measurement periodicity  36 , although any reduced value of periodicity that results in reduced intervals between measurements may be utilized as fast measurement periodicity  38 . For example, the value of fast measurement periodicity  38 , e.g. the interval between measurements, may be configured to insure that at least one new measurement of detected cell  32 , or any other detected cells that are candidates for reselection, occurs prior to or after an expiration of reselection time period  28  in order to enable wireless device  10  to reselect to a new cell as quickly as possible within the specification or operator-defined guidelines. 
     As such, reselection expeditor component  14  may be configured to condition the expediting of the determination of whether to perform cell reselection on detected cell  32  satisfying reselection criterion  26 . Also, similar to the above-mentioned aspect, reselection expeditor component  14  may increase a measurement rate for measuring the frequencies of the group of frequencies  13  (e.g., in attempting to detect a cell of the second wireless communication technology). Reselection expeditor component  14  may increase this measurement rate by, for example, switching from a normal measurement periodicity  36  to a fast measurement periodicity  38 . It should be understood, however, that in alternative implementations the increase in measurement rate may use other parameter values besides stored fast measurement periodicity  38 . For example, in certain implementation the wireless device  10  may use different fast periodicity when an undetected frequency  40  is identified, as compared to when detected cell  32  is present and/or when detected cell  32  satisfies reselection criterion  26 . 
     Moreover, in one case according to this aspect that should not be construed as limiting, the increased frequency of measuring (e.g. fast measurement periodicity  38 ) may be a function of a number of detected frequencies  42 , e.g. such as a count of the frequencies of the group of frequencies  13  on which a cell is detected, such as detected cell  32  on a first frequency. Correspondingly, normal measurement periodicity  36  may be a function of the total number of frequencies in the group of frequencies  13 . Alternatively, for example, in one case according to this aspect that should not be construed as limiting, the increased frequency of measuring (e.g. reduced measurement interval) and/or fast measurement periodicity  38  may be a function of a ratio of a number of undetected frequencies  40  to a number of frequencies in the group of frequencies  13 . 
     Moreover, a combined aspect may include a combination of the two above-noted aspects, such that the increased frequency of measuring (e.g. reduced measurement interval) and/or fast measurement periodicity  38  is more frequent than a normal frequency of measurement and/or normal measurement periodicity  36  based on a first factor corresponding to reselection criterion  26  being satisfied for at least one cell in at least one frequency of the group of frequencies  13 , and additionally based on a second factor corresponding to a number of detected frequencies  42  in the group of frequencies  13  (or, e.g., a ratio of a number of undetected frequencies  40  relative to a number of frequencies in the group of frequencies  13 ). 
     As a result of the execution of reselection expeditor component  14 , a measurement procedure or algorithm of cell monitoring component  12  may be modified to measure detected cell  32  or group of frequencies  13  of the second wireless communication technology according to a reduced measurement periodicity. Further, cell monitoring component  12  is configured to determine that the measurement of detected cell  32  (or some other cell that is a candidate for reselection) of the second wireless communication technology during the reduced measurement periodicity satisfies reselection criterion  26 . Accordingly, cell monitoring component  12  is configured to generate a determination that conditions for cell reselection are achieved, and in response initiate a cell reselection to reselect from the first wireless communication technology to detected cell  32  of the second wireless communication technology after expiration of a reselection time period  28 . 
     Consequently, reselection expeditor component  14  may be configured to reselect from the first wireless communication technology to the detected cell  32  of the second wireless communication technology after expiration of a reselection time period  28  and thereby can be configured to operate the wireless device  10  on the second wireless communication technology. In other words, the call monitoring component  12  determines to reselect to the detected cell of the second wireless communication technology when at least one new measurement associated with the expedited measurement satisfies a threshold, such as a received power level threshold, which may also be referred to as a second reselection criterion even though it may be the same received power level threshold associated with the first measurement of detected cell  32 . 
     In an alternative or additional aspect, cell monitoring component  12  may store a plurality of frequencies in the group of frequencies  13 . Cell monitoring component  12  may then attempt to detect a signal on the first frequency of the group of frequencies  13 . For explanatory purposes, this first frequency will be referred to as F 1 . Then after a period of time has expired, referred to herein as a search period, cell monitoring component may then attempt to detect a signal on a second frequency from the group of frequencies  13 . For explanatory purposes, this second frequency is referred to herein as F 2 . Cell monitoring component  12  then waits the search period and then attempts to detect a signal on the next frequency in the group of frequencies  13 . This process then repeats until the cell monitoring component  12  attempts to detect signals on all frequencies in the group  13 ; after which, the cell monitoring component  12  starts over at the F 1  frequency and repeats the process. For ease of explanation, in the present description, it will be assumed that the group of frequencies  13  includes at least two frequencies (F 1  and F 2 ). 
     Thus, the cell monitoring component  12  alternates between attempting to detect signals on the F 1  frequency and the F 2  frequency over the search period. If during any attempt to detect a signal is not detected, the cell monitoring component  12  identifies the frequency (e.g., F 1  or F 2 ) as an undetected frequency and stores information identifying that the frequency was undetected (illustrated in  FIG. 1  as undetected frequency  40 ). 
     In addition to attempting to detect the presence of signals on frequencies in the group of frequencies  13 , cell monitoring component  12  may also take measurements of these signals in the group of frequencies  13 . As discussed above, the rate at which the cell monitoring component  12  attempts to detect the presence of signals on the frequencies is referred to as the search rate or search periodicity. The rate at which the cell monitoring component  12  takes measurements of signals on these frequencies is referred to as the measurement rate of measurement periodicity. The search rate may be different than the measurement rate. For example, in an embodiment, the measurement rate may be faster than the search rate. In one such example, during normal operations, the measurement rate may be twice that of the search rate; and when the cell monitoring component  12  determines to expedite the determination, the measurement rate may be, for example, four times that of the search rate, which may remain constant. 
     In the event cell monitoring component  12  determines that a particular frequency is undetected, cell monitoring component  12  may provide this information to reselection expeditor component  14  for use in determining the rate at which to take measurements on the frequencies of the group  13  as well, as for example which frequencies to take measurements on. For example, in an embodiment, if during the search, a particular frequency is determined to be an undetected frequency  40 , cell monitoring component  12  may determine not to take measurements on the undetected frequency  40 . Additionally, in an example, cell monitoring component  12  may identify a number of undetected frequencies  40 , and reselection expeditor component  14  may dynamically adjusted the rate of the fast measurement periodicity when undetected frequencies  40  are detected and the specific rate is proportional to the number of detected undetected frequencies  40 . In addition to cell monitoring component  12  storing that a frequency is undetected  40 , cell monitoring component  12  may also store that a frequency is detected  42  during the search. 
     Thus, the present apparatus and methods includes a wireless device  10  having a cell monitoring component  12  and reselection expeditor component  14  that speed up a determination of whether a cell reselection should be performed, for example based on a grouping of frequencies corresponding to detected cell that meets a reselection criterion and/or based on a number of detected cells/frequencies (or a ratio of undetected cells/frequencies to a number of the group of frequencies), thereby resulting in improved reselection performance for wireless device  10 . 
     It should be noted the components of wireless device  10  of  FIG. 1  may be implemented, for example, by hardware components specifically configured to carry out the stated processes/algorithm, implemented by a processor configured to perform the stated processes/algorithm, stored within a computer-readable medium for implementation by a processor, or some combination thereof will be discussed in more detail with regards to  FIGS. 12-13 . 
       FIG. 2  provides a functional block diagram of additional and/or more detailed aspects of wireless device  10  of  FIG. 1 . In an aspect, wireless device  10  may further include an operating component  21  capable of operating wireless device  10  in first technology mode  30  on a first wireless communication technology (e.g., WCDMA) or in second technology mode  34  on second wireless communication technology (e.g., LTE). It should be noted that, for ease of explanation, the first wireless technology is described as WCDMA and the second wireless technology as LTE; however, it should be understood that in other implementations, the reselection may occur between other wireless communications technologies, such as, HSPA, EV-DO, etc. 
     Cell monitoring component  12  is further illustrated as including a detecting component  23  capable of detecting a cell, such as detected cell  32 , of a second wireless communication technology (e.g. LTE). For example, detecting component  23  identifies when wireless device  10  receives a signal that is associated with second wireless technology, such as based on monitoring of a frequency associated with a pilot or carrier frequency of a cell of the second communication technology. 
     Cell monitoring component  12  may also include a determining component  25  configured for determining the detected cell of the second wireless communication technology satisfies a first reselection criterion, such as reselection criteria  26 , based on a first measurement. For example, determining component  25  may receive a measured characteristic (e.g., received power level) of the signal of the detected cell  32  of the second wireless communication technology and compare it to reselection criteria  26 , which may include a first threshold value (e.g., received power threshold). 
     Additionally, cell monitoring component  12  may include an identifying component  33  capable of identifying a second frequency of the second wireless communication technology as an undetected frequency  40  based on monitoring the second frequency without detecting a second cell. For instance, the identifying component  33  may be capable of identifying a group of frequencies of the second wireless communication technology where the group of frequencies includes a first frequency (F 1 ) of the detected first cell and a second frequency (F 2 ) identified as the undetected frequency. Identifying a detected group of frequencies may also be performed by removing each undetected frequency from the group of frequencies. For example, by removing all the undetected frequencies in the group of frequencies F 1  to Fn, identified by the identifying component  33 . 
     Still further, the cell monitoring component  12  may include a reselection expeditor component  14  to enable wireless device  10  to speed-up the searching and measuring of frequencies for making a cell reselection determination. The reselection expeditor component  14  may include an expediting component  27  capable of expediting a determination of whether to perform cell reselection to the second wireless communication technology based on the undetected frequency and the detected cell of the second wireless communication technology satisfying the first reselection criterion and being associated with a preferred technology based on preference scheme  31 . For example, the second wireless communication technology may be preferred relative to the first wireless communication technology based on a preference value of a preference scheme  31 . For instance, for a variety of reasons, the second wireless communication technology may be preferred relative to the first wireless communication technology, such as when the second wireless communication technology provides an improved quality of service or other improved or different characteristic(s) relative to the first wireless communication technology. For example, in an exemplary implementation, the first wireless technology is WCDMA and the second wireless technology is LTE, where LTE is preferred over WCDMA because LTE provides improved data capacity and/or data rates over WCDMA. As such, the expediting component  27  operates to increase a frequency of measuring the detected cell or the group of frequencies  13  associated with the detected cell  13 . 
     The reselection expeditor component  14  may also include a reselecting component  29  capable of determining to reselect to the detected cell of the second wireless communication technology when that the at least one new measurement satisfies a second reselection criterion. For example, reselecting component  29  may communicate with determining component  25 , which receives at least one new measurement of the signal of the detected cell  32  based on the increased measurement frequency and determines the new measurement meets reselection criteria  26 . In this case, for example, reselection criteria  26  may be a second threshold (e.g., a received power level threshold, which may have a same value as the first received power level threshold) corresponding to reselection time period  26 . In other words, when determining component  25  identifies that detected cell  32  satisfies reselection criteria  26 , then reselecting component  29  may execute reselection procedures to cause wireless device  10  to reselect to detected cell  32 . 
     Thus, as shown, wireless device  10  may include operating component  21 , detecting component  23 , determining component  25 , identifying component  33 , expediting component  27 , and reselecting component  29  configured, for example, to carry out method(s) associated with those components, such as those discussed herein. Additional explanation of the operation of these various components will be provided below. 
     It should be noted that the components (also referred to herein as modules and/or means) of  FIG. 2  may be, for example, hardware components specifically configured to carry out the stated processes/algorithm, software components implemented by a processor configured to perform the stated processes/algorithm, and/or software components stored within a computer-readable medium for implementation by a processor, or some combination. 
     Referring to  FIG. 3 , in one aspect, wireless device  10  ( FIG. 1  and  FIG. 2 ) may additionally include a processor  72  for carrying out processing functions associated with one or more of components and functions described herein. Processor  72  can include a single or multiple set of processors or multi-core processors. Moreover, processor  72  can be implemented as an integrated processing system and/or a distributed processing system. Additionally, processor  72  may be configured or specially-programmed with hardware, software, and/or firmware to perform one or more of the functions described herein with respect to cell monitoring component  12 . 
     Wireless device  10  further includes a memory  74 , such as for storing data used herein and/or local versions of applications or computer-readable instructions being executed by processor  72 , e.g. to perform one or more of the functions described herein with respect to cell monitoring component  12 . Memory  74  can include any type of memory usable by a computer, such as random access memory (RAM), read only memory (ROM), tapes, magnetic discs, optical discs, volatile memory, non-volatile memory, and any combination thereof. 
     Further, wireless device  10  includes a communications component  76  that provides for establishing and maintaining communications with one or more parties utilizing hardware, software, and services as described herein. Communications component  76  may carry communications between components on wireless device  10 , as well as between wireless device  10  and external devices, such as devices located across a wired or wireless communications network and/or devices serially or locally connected to wireless device  10 . For example, communications component  76  may include one or more buses, and may further include transmit chain components and receive chain components associated with a transmitter and receiver, respectively, or a transceiver, operable for interfacing with external devices. In an additional aspect, communications component  76  may include transmitters and receivers, or transceivers, and corresponding transmit and receive chain components, for more communication with more than one technology type network. Further, communications component  76  may be specially configured to perform one or more functions described herein with respect to cell monitoring component  12 . 
     Additionally, wireless device  10  may further include a data store  78 , which can be any suitable combination of hardware and/or software, that provides for mass storage of information, databases, and programs employed in connection with aspects described herein. For example, data store  78  may be a data repository for applications not currently being executed by processor  72 , such as applications associated with cell monitoring component  12 . 
     Wireless device  10  may additionally include a user interface component  80  operable to receive inputs from a user of wireless device  10 , and further operable to generate outputs for presentation to the user. User interface component  80  may include one or more input devices, including but not limited to a keyboard, a number pad, a mouse, a touch-sensitive display, a navigation key, a function key, a microphone, a voice recognition component, any other mechanism capable of receiving an input from a user, or any combination thereof. Further, user interface component  80  may include one or more output devices, including but not limited to a display, a speaker, a haptic feedback mechanism, a printer, any other mechanism capable of presenting an output to a user, or any combination thereof. 
     In the present aspects, wireless device  10  may further include cell monitoring component  12 , for example, as a separate component or within or as part of processor  72 , memory  74 , communications component  76 , or data store  78 , or some combination thereof. For example, cell monitoring component  12  may include specially programmed computer readable instructions or code, firmware, hardware, or some combination thereof, for performing the functions described herein. 
       FIG. 4  illustrates an exemplary timeline  50  for a specific use case of an exemplary method according to one aspect where fast measurement scheduling of a group of frequencies is based on a detected cell satisfying a reselection criterion. In the use case of timeline  50 , a DRX cycle  52  has a length of 2.56 seconds, a number of frequencies to be searched for cell reselection, K_carrier, is two frequencies, F 1  and F 2  (i.e., K_carrier=2), where a search periodicity  54 , e.g. a normal priority detection search periodicity, for each frequency has an interval of 5.12 seconds between frequencies and a measurement periodicity  56  has an interval that varies between a normal measurement periodicity  58  for each frequency and a fast measurement periodicity  60  for the group  62  of frequencies F 1  and F 2 . 
     For example, at DRX  0 , both F 1  and F 2  are detected but neither satisfies a reselection criteria, such as reselection criteria  26  ( FIG. 2 ), and thus measurement periodicity  56  is normal measurement periodicity  58 . However, at DRX  6 , F 1  is determined to satisfy the reselection criteria, as indicated by the bold line of the F 1  box, and thereby triggering a switch to fast measurement periodicity  60  for the group  62  of frequencies F 1  and F 2  until reselection occurs (not represented in  FIG. 4 ) or neither F 1  nor F 2  satisfies the reselection criteria. 
     Though F 1  is determined not to satisfy the reselection criteria at DRX 8 , F 2  at DRX  9  is determined to satisfy the reselection criteria, and thereby a continuation of the fast measurement periodicity  60  for the group  62  of frequencies F 1  and F 2  occurs at DRX  10  and DRX  11 . 
     During the frequency measurements of DRX  10  and  11 , it is determined that neither F 1  nor F 2  satisfies the reselection criteria and therefore the continuation of the fast measurement periodicity  60  for the group  62  of frequencies F 1  and F 2  expires. In other words, after the measurements at DRX  10  and DRX  11 , where neither F 1  nor F 2  satisfies the reselection criteria, the present aspects trigger a switch back to normal measurement periodicity  58  for each of frequencies F 1  and F 2 . 
     Referring to  FIG. 5 , another example of a timeline  64  for a specific use case represents operation of the present apparatus and methods according to one aspect where fast measurement scheduling of one or more frequencies is based on an undetected frequency, or conversely as a factor of a number of detected cells. In the use case of timeline  64 , DRX cycle  52  has a length of 2.56 seconds, a number of frequencies to be searched for cell reselection, K_carrier, is two frequencies, F 1  and F 2 , where search periodicity  54 , e.g. a normal priority detection search periodicity, for each frequency has an interval of 5.12 seconds between frequencies and measurement periodicity  56  has an interval that varies between normal measurement periodicity  58  for each frequency and a fast measurement periodicity  66  for the detected frequency F 1  that includes skipping measurements of undetected frequency F 2  going forward until F 2  is detected in a search period, as represented by  68  at DRX  6 , resulting from failure to detect any cells during monitoring of F 2  during the DRX  6  instance of search periodicity  54 . 
     At DRX  8 , F 1  is determined to satisfy the reselection criteria, as indicated by the bold line of the F 1  box, and thereby triggering a switch to fast measurement periodicity for the group  66  of frequencies F 1  and F 2 . However, since F 2  was not detected during the prior search period (at DRX  6 ), the call monitoring component  12  skips the fast F 2  measurement periodicity at DRX  9 . 
     Since F 1  at DRX  10  is determined to not satisfy the reselection criteria, the reselection expeditor component  14  switches back to a normal measurement periodicity. Again, since F 2  was not detected during the prior search period, the call monitoring component  12  skips the fast F 2  measurement periodicity at DRX  12  until F 2  is detected in a search period. 
     Referring to  FIG. 6 , a further example of a timeline  70  for a specific use case represents operation of the present apparatus and methods according to a combined aspect where fast measurement scheduling of a group of frequencies is based on a first factor corresponding to a detected cell satisfying a reselection criterion and a second factor corresponding to an undetected frequency, or a number of detected cells. In the use case of timeline  70 , DRX cycle  52  has a length of 2.56 seconds, a number of frequencies to be searched for cell reselection, K_carrier, is two frequencies, F 1  and F 2 , where search periodicity  54 , e.g. a normal priority detection search periodicity, for each frequency has an interval of 5.12 seconds between frequencies and measurement periodicity  56  has an interval that varies between normal measurement periodicity  58  for each frequency and a fast measurement periodicity  71  for the group  73  of detected frequencies, only F 1  in this case as F 2  is an undetected frequency  68  as represented at DRX  6 . 
     At DRX  8 , F 1  is determined to satisfy the reselection criteria, as indicated by the bold line of the F 1  box, and thereby triggering a switch to fast measurement periodicity for the group  66  of frequencies F 1  and F 2 . However, since only F 2  was not detected during the prior search period (at DRX  6 ), the call monitoring component  12  searches for F 1  at DRX  9 . 
     Since F 1  at DRX  9  at DRX  10  is determined not satisfy the reselection criteria, the reselection expeditor component  14  switches back to a normal measurement periodicity. Again, since F 2  was not detected during the prior search period, the call monitoring component  12  skips the fast F 2  measurement periodicity at DRX  13  until F 2  is detected in a search period. 
     Referring to  FIG. 7 , in operation, an example method  82  for monitoring wireless signals is provided. While, for purposes of simplicity of explanation, the methodologies are shown and described as a series of acts, it is to be understood and appreciated that the methodologies are not limited by the order of acts, as some acts may, in accordance with one or more embodiments, occur in different orders and/or concurrently with other acts from that shown and described herein. For example, it is to be appreciated that a methodology could alternatively be represented as a series of interrelated states or events, such as in a state diagram. Moreover, not all illustrated acts may be required to implement a methodology in accordance with one or more embodiments. Further, for illustrative purposes,  FIG. 7  will be discussed with reference to  FIG. 1 . 
     In one aspect, at block  84 , method  82  includes operating a wireless device on a first wireless communication technology. For example, wireless device  10  may execute processor  72  to operate operating component  21  according to first technology mode  30 . 
     Further, at block  86 , method  82  includes detecting a cell of a second wireless communication technology. wherein the second wireless communication technology is preferred relative to the first wireless communication technology. For example, cell monitoring component  12  may execute detecting component  23  to monitor one or more frequencies, e.g. one or more of group of frequencies  13 , and detect a cell, e.g. detected cell  32 , on a monitored frequency ( FIG. 1 ). 
     Additionally, at block  88 , method  82  includes determining the detected cell of the second wireless communication technology satisfies a first reselection criterion based on a first measurement. For example, cell monitoring component  12  may execute determining component  25  to determine that detected cell  32 , or another reselection candidate cell detected on group of frequencies  13 , satisfies reselection criterion  26  for cell reselection ( FIG. 1 ). 
     At block  89 , method  82  includes expediting a determination of whether to perform cell reselection to the second wireless communication technology based on the undetected frequency and the detected cell of the second wireless communication technology satisfying the first reselection criterion, wherein the expediting the determination of whether to perform cell reselection comprises increasing a frequency of measuring the detected cell. For example, cell monitoring component  12  may execute reselection expeditor component  14  to speed up the frequency of subsequent measurements for detected cell  32  or group of frequencies  13  based on detected cell  32  satisfying reselection criterion  26  ( FIG. 1 ), such as discussed with reference to  FIGS. 3-6 . 
     At block  90 , method  82  includes determining to reselect to the detected cell of the second wireless communication technology when that the at least one new measurement satisfies a second reselection criterion. For example, cell monitoring component  12  may execute reselecting component  29  to reselect reselected the detected cell  32  of the second technology mode  34  based on the detected cell  32  satisfying reselection criterion  26  ( FIG. 1 ). 
       FIG. 8  illustrates optional blocks  92 - 94  that describe in more detail the actions of blocks  89  and  90  of  FIG. 7 . These optional actions are referred to as method  83 . As shown, optionally, at block  92 , method  83  includes measuring the detected cell of the second wireless communication technology according to the reduced measurement periodicity. For example, cell monitoring component  12  may perform monitoring and measuring of detected cell  32  and/or group of frequencies  13  based on fast measurement periodicity  38  ( FIG. 1 ). 
     Optionally, at block  93 , method  83  may further include determining that the measurement of the detected cell of the second wireless communication technology during the reduced measurement periodicity satisfies the reselection criterion. For example, cell monitoring component  12  may determine that detected cell  32 , or another reselection candidate cell detected on group of frequencies  13 , satisfies reselection criterion  26  based on one or more measurements made according to fast measurement periodicity  38  ( FIG. 1 ). 
     Optionally, at block  94 , method  83  may further include reselecting from the first wireless communication technology to the detected cell of the second wireless communication technology after expiration of a reselection time period. For example, cell monitoring component  12  may determine to reselect to detected cell  32 , or another reselection candidate cell detected on group of frequencies  13 , once reselection criterion  26  is satisfied based on one or more measurements made according to fast measurement periodicity  38  ( FIG. 1 ). Thus, for example, wireless device  10  may switch to operate in second technology mode  32 . 
     A number of example use cases implementing the principles of the present apparatus and methods are described below. These use cases may be carried out, for example, by wireless device  10  executing cell monitoring component  12  of  FIG. 1 , and/or any components thereof such as reselection expediting component  14 . 
     For, example, in an aspect, the reselection to LTE requires UE to first search and measure LTE cells. From 3GPP specification 25.133, Section 4.2.3.5, the E-UTRA layers need to be searched based on the following rules: 
     For high Priority Mode: (SrxlevServingCell&gt;Sprioritysearch 1  and SqualServingCell&gt;Sprioritysearch 2 )
         Search higher priority E-UTRA layers   Search at least every Thigherpriority_search=60*Nlayer where Nlayers is the total number of configured higher priority layers       

     For all Priority Mode: (SrxlevServingCell&lt;=Sprioritysearch 1  or SqualServingCell&lt;=Sprioritysearch 2 )
         Search higher and lower priority E-UTRA layers   Detect and evaluate detectable cells within Kcarrier*TdetectE-UTRA, where TdetectEUTRA is given in Table 1:       

     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 1 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 T detect , T measure  and T evaluate  for E-UTRA Cells 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                   
                 T measureE-UTRA  [s] 
                 T evaluateEUTRA  [s] 
               
               
                 DRX cycle 
                   
                 (number of 
                 (number of DRX 
               
               
                 length [s] 
                 T detectE-UTRA  [s] 
                 DRX cycles) 
                 cycles) 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 0.08 
                 30 
                 2.56 (32) 
                 7.68 (96) 
               
               
                 0.16 
                   
                 2.56 (16) 
                 7.68 (43) 
               
               
                 0.32 
                   
                 5.12 (16) 
                 15.36 (48)  
               
               
                 0.64 
                   
                 5.12 (8)  
                 15.36 (24)  
               
               
                 1.28 
                   
                 6.4 (5) 
                 19.2 (15) 
               
               
                 2.56 
                 60 
                 7.68 (3)  
                 23.04 (9)  
               
               
                 5.12 
                   
                 10.24 (2)  
                 30.72 (6)  
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     From 3GPP specification 25.133, Section 4.2.3.5, the E-UTRA layers need to be measured based on the following rules: 
     High Priority Mode: (SrxlevServingCell&gt;Sprioritysearch 1  and SqualServingCell&gt;Sprioritysearch 2 )
         All layers measured at least every TmeasureE-UTRA, where TmeasureE-UTRA is given in Table 1.       

     All Priority Mode: (SrxlevServingCell&lt;=Sprioritysearch 1  or SqualServingCell&lt;=Sprioritysearch 2 )
         Measured at least every Kcarrier*Tmeasure,EUTRA, where Kcarrier is the number of EUTRAN carriers.       

     When the specification-required measurement rules are applied and when Treselection is not equal to zero (typically set to 1 or 2 seconds by operator), the UE can be very slow reselecting to E-UTRAN cells. Specifically, in all priority mode, the UE needs to ensure that the measurement of the new E-UTRAN cell is better ranked than the serving cell at least during the time interval Treselection (or Tresel). 
     In high priority mode, the UE needs to ensure that the measured power level of the new EUTRAN cell is greater than Threshx,high (if the E-UTRAN frequency is higher priority than the serving frequency) or Threshx,low (if lower priority) during the time interval Tres election. 
     For example, if DRX=2.56 and Tresel=2 seconds, in high priority mode, from Table 1, the UE needs 7.68 seconds to take two consecutive measurements. If both measurements are above the thresholds, the UE can start the reselection process. The delay of 7.68 seconds prior to reselection is much higher than the 2 seconds Tresel requirement and may be optimized to speed up reselection, such as to reselect from WCDMA to LTE. 
     According, as described with respect to the present apparatus and methods, the measurements of all Kcarrier frequencies may be considered as a group for both high priority and all priority modes. During each cell measurement group, the UE decides whether the reselection criteria have been satisfied for any cell in all frequencies. If so, then the UE will use the fast measurement periodicity to schedule the next measurement group for all layers. As can be seen in Table 2 and Table 3, in one non-limiting example for this use case, the fast measurement periodicity is at least two times faster than the normal measurement periodicity. If the reselection criteria have not been met for any cell, then the UE will use the normal measurement periodicity. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 2 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Cell Measurement Periodicity for W2L Idle (High Priority Mode) 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                   
                   
                 Fast Measurement 
                   
                   
               
               
                 DRX Cycle 
                 Normal Measurement 
                 Normal Measurement 
                 Periodicity (DRX 
                 Fast Measurement 
                 Spec Req 
               
               
                 Length (sec) 
                 Periodicity (DRX cycles) 
                 Periodicity (sec) 
                 cycles) 
                 Periodicity (sec) 
                 (sec) 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 0.08 
                 32 
                 2.56 
                 16 
                 1.28 
                 2.56 
               
               
                 0.16 
                 16 
                 2.56 
                 8 
                 1.28 
                 2.56 
               
               
                 0.32 
                 16 
                 5.12 
                 8 
                 2.56 
                 5.12 
               
               
                 0.64 
                 8 
                 5.12 
                 4 
                 2.56 
                 5.12 
               
               
                 1.28 
                 5 
                 6.4 
                 2 
                 2.56 
                 6.4 
               
               
                 2.56 
                 3 
                 7.68 
                 1 
                 2.56 
                 7.68 
               
               
                 5.12 
                 2 
                 10.24 
                 1 
                 5.12 
                 10.24 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 3 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Cell Measurement Periodicity for W2L Idle (All Priority Mode) 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 DRX Cycle 
                 Normal Measurement 
                 Normal 
                 Fast Measurement 
                   
                   
               
               
                 Length 
                 Periodicity (DRX 
                 Measurement 
                 Periodicity (DRX 
                 Fast Measurement 
               
               
                 (sec) 
                 cycles) 
                 Periodicity (sec) 
                 cycles) 
                 Periodicity (sec) 
                 Spec Req (sec) 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 0.08 
                 32 * K carrier   
                 2.56 * K carrier   
                 16 * K carrier    
                 1.28 * K carrier   
                 2.56 * K carrier   
               
               
                 0.16 
                 16 * K carrier   
                 2.56 * K carrier   
                 8 * K carrier   
                 1.28 * K carrier   
                 2.56 * K carrier   
               
               
                 0.32 
                 16 * K carrie  r 
                 5.12 * K carrier   
                 8 * K carrier   
                 2.56 * K carrier   
                 5.12 * K carrier   
               
               
                 0.64 
                 8 * K carrier   
                 5.12 * K carrier   
                 4 * K carrier   
                 2.56 * K carrier   
                 5.12 * K carrier   
               
               
                 1.28 
                 4 * K carrier   
                 5.12 * K carrier   
                 2 * K carrier   
                 2.56 * K carrier   
                  6.4 * K carrier   
               
               
                 2.56 
                 2 * K carrier   
                 5.12 * K carrier   
                 1 * K carrier   
                 2.56 * K carrier   
                 7.68 * K carrier   
               
               
                 5.12 
                 1 * K carrier   
                 5.12 * K carrier   
                 1 * K carrier   
                 5.12 * K carrier   
                 10.24 * K carrier   
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Referring to  FIGS. 9 and 10 , timelines  96  and  98 , respectively, use examples to illustrate the fast measurement scheduling design. As discussed, the fast measurement periodicity may be used when the reselection criteria is met for at least one cell. In  FIGS. 8 and 9 , the bold line of the F 1 /F 2  box is used to illustrate that the reselection criteria condition is met for a given frequency. If one frequency satisfies the reselection criteria over more than Treselection duration, then UE will reselect to that cell. Additionally, timeline  96  of  FIG. 9  and timeline  98  of  FIG. 10  includes DRX cycle  52 , search periodicity  54 , and measurement periodicity  56  described in  FIGS. 4-6 . 
     Further, for example, timeline  96  of  FIG. 9  represents a high priority mode with normal and fast measurement periodicity searches, where the frequency of F 1  at DRX  0  satisfies the reselection criteria and where the frequency of F 2  at DRX  1  satisfies the reselection criteria. 
     Also, in  FIG. 10 , timeline  98  represents an example of an all priority mode measurement scheduling with normal and fast measurement periodicity. As discussed, the fast measurement periodicity is used when the reselection criteria is met. If one frequency satisfies the reselection criteria over more than Treselection duration, then UE will reselect to that cell. 
     In an alternative or addition aspect, it is possible in practice that some E-UTRAN frequencies are provisioned in the measurement control system information, but the UE does not detect any suitable cells in these frequencies. If the UE follows the specification requirement, then the measurements and reselection performed by the UE are greatly delayed. 
     For example, say DRX=2.56 seconds and Tresel=2 seconds, and four E-UTRAN frequencies (f 1 , f 2 , f 3 , f 4 ) are provisioned by the network, but the UE only detects E-UTRAN cells on frequency f 1 . In all priority mode, since the measurement of all frequencies are run in round-robin, the UE needs to wait 5.12*4=20.48 seconds (with normal measurement periodicity) or 2.56*4=10.24 seconds (with fast measurement scheduling periodicity) before it can re-measure the detected cells in f 1 . This is very slow compared with the 2 second Tresel requirement. 
     According to the described apparatus and methods, in one non-limiting aspect for the all priority mode, the present aspects may replace the K carrier  by K detected  in the fast measurement periodicity columns, where the K detected  indicates the number of E-UTRAN frequencies that the UE successfully detected cells. In this case, the present aspect may not replace K carrier  by K detected  in normal measurement periodicity columns, because speeding up the measurement without a reselection candidate can be a waste of value battery power. The following table provides a proposed measurement periodicity. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 4 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Proposed Cell Measurement Periodicity for W2L Idle (All Priority Mode) 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 DRX 
                 Normal 
                 Normal 
                 Fast 
                   
                   
               
               
                 Cycle 
                 Measurement 
                 Measurement 
                 Measurement 
                 Fast 
               
               
                 Length 
                 Periodicity 
                 Periodicity 
                 Periodicity 
                 Measurement 
                 Spec Req 
               
               
                 (sec) 
                 (DRX cycles) 
                 (sec) 
                 (DRX cycles) 
                 Periodicity (sec) 
                 (sec) 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 0.08 
                 32 * K carrier   
                 2.56 * K carrier   
                 16 * K detected   
                 1.28 * K detected   
                 2.56 * K carrier   
               
               
                 0.16 
                 16 * K carrier   
                 2.56 * K carrier   
                 8 * K detected   
                 1.28 * K detected   
                 2.56 * K carrier   
               
               
                 0.32 
                 16 * K carrier   
                 5.12 * K carrier   
                 8 * K detected   
                 2.56 * K detected   
                 5.12 * K carrier   
               
               
                 0.64 
                 8 * K carrier   
                 5.12 * K carrier   
                 4 * K detected   
                 2.56 * K detected   
                 5.12 * K carrier   
               
               
                 1.28 
                 4 * K carrier   
                 5.12 * K carrier   
                 2 * K detected   
                 2.56 * K detected   
                  6.4 * K carrier   
               
               
                 2.56 
                 2 * K carrier   
                 5.12 * K carrier   
                 1 * K detected   
                 2.56 * K detected   
                 7.68 * K carrier   
               
               
                 5.12 
                 1 * K carrier   
                 5.12 * K carrier   
                 1 * K detected   
                 5.12 * K detected   
                 10.24 * K carrier   
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Additionally, according to the present aspects, in a high priority mode, since the measurement scheduling is independent of K carrier , there is no need to make the changes, as disclosed in Table 5. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 5 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Cell Measurement Periodicity for W2L Idle (High Priority Mode) 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Normal 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Measure- 
                 Normal 
               
               
                 DRX 
                 ment 
                 Measure- 
                 Fast 
                 Fast 
                   
               
               
                 Cycle 
                 Periodicity 
                 ment 
                 Measurement 
                 Measurement 
                 Spec 
               
               
                 Length 
                 (DRX 
                 Periodicity 
                 Periodicity 
                 Periodicity 
                 Req 
               
               
                 (sec) 
                 cycles) 
                 (sec) 
                 (DRX cycles) 
                 (sec) 
                 (sec) 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 0.08 
                 32 
                 2.56 
                 16 
                 1.28 
                 2.56 
               
               
                 0.16 
                 16 
                 2.56 
                 8 
                 1.28 
                 2.56 
               
               
                 0.32 
                 16 
                 5.12 
                 8 
                 2.56 
                 5.12 
               
               
                 0.64 
                 8 
                 5.12 
                 4 
                 2.56 
                 5.12 
               
               
                 1.28 
                 5 
                 6.4 
                 2 
                 2.56 
                 6.4 
               
               
                 2.56 
                 3 
                 7.68 
                 1 
                 2.56 
                 7.68 
               
               
                 5.12 
                 2 
                 10.24 
                 1 
                 5.12 
                 10.24 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     In both cases, in an aspect, the present apparatus and methods may not issue a measurement scheduling command for undetected frequencies. If the command is issued, then the modem (RF and baseband), e.g. part of communication component  76  ( FIG. 5 ) has to stay awake for more time, thereby unnecessarily consuming battery power. 
       FIG. 11  is a block diagram illustrating an example of a hardware implementation for an apparatus  100  employing a processing system  114 . Apparatus  100  may be configured to include, for example, wireless device  10  ( FIG. 1  or  FIG. 2 ) and/or cell monitoring component  12  ( FIG. 1 ) as described above. In this example, the processing system  114  may be implemented with a bus architecture, represented generally by the bus  102 . The bus  102  may include any number of interconnecting buses and bridges depending on the specific application of the processing system  114  and the overall design constraints. The bus  102  links together various circuits including one or more processors, represented generally by the processor  104 , and computer-readable media, represented generally by the computer-readable medium  106 . The bus  102  may also link various other circuits such as timing sources, peripherals, voltage regulators, and power management circuits, which are well known in the art, and therefore, will not be described any further. A bus interface  108  provides an interface between the bus  102  and a transceiver  110 . The transceiver  110  provides a means for communicating with various other apparatus over a transmission medium. Depending upon the nature of the apparatus, a user interface  112  (e.g., keypad, display, speaker, microphone, joystick) may also be provided. 
     The processor  104 , as will be described further below, is responsible for managing the bus  102  and general processing, including the execution of software stored on the computer-readable medium  106 . The software, when executed by the processor  104 , causes the processing system  114  to perform the various functions described infra for any particular apparatus. The computer-readable medium  106 , as will be described further below, may comprise volatile and/or non-volatile storage and may also be used for storing data that is manipulated by the processor  104  when executing software. Note, each and every element/component/module/means of  FIGS. 1-2 and 6  may be implemented by processor  104  and computer-readable medium  106 , which causes the processing system  114  to perform the various functions/processes/algorithms described in  FIGS. 1-11 . 
     The various concepts presented throughout this disclosure may be implemented across a broad variety of telecommunication systems, network architectures, and communication standards. 
     Referring to  FIG. 12 , by way of example and without limitation, the aspects of the present disclosure are presented with reference to a UMTS system  200  employing a W-CDMA air interface. A UMTS network includes three interacting domains: a Core Network (CN)  204 , a UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network (UTRAN)  202 , and User Equipment (UE)  210 . UE  210  may be configured to include, for example, wireless device  10  ( FIGS. 1-2, and 6 ) and/or cell monitoring component  12  ( FIGS. 1 and 6 ) as described above. In this example, the UTRAN  202  provides various wireless services including telephony, video, data, messaging, broadcasts, and/or other services. The UTRAN  202  may include a plurality of Radio Network Subsystems (RNSs) such as an RNS  207 , each controlled by a respective Radio Network Controller (RNC) such as an RNC  206 . Here, the UTRAN  202  may include any number of RNCs  206  and RNSs  207  in addition to the RNCs  206  and RNSs  207  illustrated herein. The RNC  206  is an apparatus responsible for, among other things, assigning, reconfiguring and releasing radio resources within the RNS  207 . The RNC  206  may be interconnected to other RNCs (not shown) in the UTRAN  202  through various types of interfaces such as a direct physical connection, a virtual network, or the like, using any suitable transport network. 
     Communication between a UE  210  and a Node B  208  may be considered as including a physical (PHY) layer and a medium access control (MAC) layer. Further, communication between a UE  210  and an RNC  206  by way of a respective Node B  208  may be considered as including a radio resource control (RRC) layer. In the instant specification, the PHY layer may be considered layer  1 ; the MAC layer may be considered layer  2 ; and the RRC layer may be considered layer  3 . Information hereinbelow utilizes terminology introduced in the RRC Protocol Specification, 3GPP TS 25.331, incorporated herein by reference. 
     The geographic region covered by the RNS  207  may be divided into a number of cells, with a radio transceiver apparatus serving each cell. A radio transceiver apparatus is commonly referred to as a Node B in UMTS applications, but may also be referred to by those skilled in the art as a base station (BS), a base transceiver station (BTS), a radio base station, a radio transceiver, a transceiver function, a basic service set (BSS), an extended service set (ESS), an access point (AP), or some other suitable terminology. For clarity, three Node Bs  208  are shown in each RNS  207 ; however, the RNSs  207  may include any number of wireless Node Bs. The Node Bs  208  provide wireless access points to a CN  204  for any number of mobile apparatuses. Examples of a mobile apparatus include a cellular phone, a smart phone, a session initiation protocol (SIP) phone, a laptop, a notebook, a netbook, a smartbook, a personal digital assistant (PDA), a satellite radio, a global positioning system (GPS) device, a multimedia device, a video device, a digital audio player (e.g., MP3 player), a camera, a game console, or any other similar functioning device. The UE  210  may also be referred to by those skilled in the art as a mobile station, a subscriber station, a mobile unit, a subscriber unit, a wireless unit, a remote unit, a mobile device, a wireless device, a wireless communications device, a remote device, a mobile subscriber station, an access terminal, a mobile terminal, a wireless terminal, a remote terminal, a handset, a terminal, a user agent, a mobile client, a client, or some other suitable terminology. In a UMTS system, the UE  210  may further include a universal subscriber identity module (USIM)  211 , which contains a user&#39;s subscription information to a network. For illustrative purposes, one UE  210  is shown in communication with a number of the Node Bs  208 . The DL, also called the forward link, refers to the communication link from a Node B  208  to a UE  210 , and the UL, also called the reverse link, refers to the communication link from a UE  210  to a Node B  208 . 
     The CN  204  interfaces with one or more access networks, such as the UTRAN  202 . As shown, the CN  204  is a GSM core network. However, as those skilled in the art will recognize, the various concepts presented throughout this disclosure may be implemented in a RAN, or other suitable access network, to provide UEs with access to types of CNs other than GSM networks. 
     The CN  204  includes a circuit-switched (CS) domain and a packet-switched (PS) domain. Some of the circuit-switched elements are a Mobile services Switching Centre (MSC), a Visitor location register (VLR) and a Gateway MSC. Packet-switched elements include a Serving GPRS Support Node (SGSN) and a Gateway GPRS Support Node (GGSN). Some network elements, like EIR, HLR, VLR and AuC may be shared by both of the circuit-switched and packet-switched domains. In the illustrated example, the CN  204  supports circuit-switched services with a MSC  212  and a GMSC  214 . In some applications, the GMSC  214  may be referred to as a media gateway (MGW). One or more RNCs, such as the RNC  206 , may be connected to the MSC  212 . The MSC  212  is an apparatus that controls call setup, call routing, and UE mobility functions. The MSC  212  also includes a VLR that contains subscriber-related information for the duration that a UE is in the coverage area of the MSC  212 . The GMSC  214  provides a gateway through the MSC  212  for the UE to access a circuit-switched network  216 . The GMSC  214  includes a home location register (HLR)  215  containing subscriber data, such as the data reflecting the details of the services to which a particular user has subscribed. The HLR is also associated with an authentication center (AuC) that contains subscriber-specific authentication data. When a call is received for a particular UE, the GMSC  214  queries the HLR  215  to determine the UE&#39;s location and forwards the call to the particular MSC serving that location. 
     The CN  204  also supports packet-data services with a serving GPRS support node (SGSN)  218  and a gateway GPRS support node (GGSN)  220 . GPRS, which stands for General Packet Radio Service, is designed to provide packet-data services at speeds higher than those available with standard circuit-switched data services. The GGSN  220  provides a connection for the UTRAN  202  to a packet-based network  222 . The packet-based network  222  may be the Internet, a private data network, or some other suitable packet-based network. The primary function of the GGSN  220  is to provide the UEs  210  with packet-based network connectivity. Data packets may be transferred between the GGSN  220  and the UEs  210  through the SGSN  218 , which performs primarily the same functions in the packet-based domain as the MSC  212  performs in the circuit-switched domain. 
     An air interface for UMTS may utilize a spread spectrum Direct-Sequence Code Division Multiple Access (DS-CDMA) system. The spread spectrum DS-CDMA spreads user data through multiplication by a sequence of pseudorandom bits called chips. The “wideband” W-CDMA air interface for UMTS is based on such direct sequence spread spectrum technology and additionally calls for a frequency division duplexing (FDD). FDD uses a different carrier frequency for the UL and DL between a Node B  208  and a UE  210 . Another air interface for UMTS that utilizes DS-CDMA, and uses time division duplexing (TDD), is the TD-SCDMA air interface. Those skilled in the art will recognize that although various examples described herein may refer to a W-CDMA air interface, the underlying principles may be equally applicable to a TD-SCDMA air interface. 
     An HSPA air interface includes a series of enhancements to the 3G/W-CDMA air interface, facilitating greater throughput and reduced latency. Among other modifications over prior releases, HSPA utilizes hybrid automatic repeat request (HARQ), shared channel transmission, and adaptive modulation and coding. The standards that define HSPA include HSDPA (high speed downlink packet access) and HSUPA (high speed uplink packet access, also referred to as enhanced uplink, or EUL). 
     HSDPA utilizes as its transport channel the high-speed downlink shared channel (HS-DSCH). The HS-DSCH is implemented by three physical channels: the high-speed physical downlink shared channel (HS-PDSCH), the high-speed shared control channel (HS-SCCH), and the high-speed dedicated physical control channel (HS-DPCCH). 
     Among these physical channels, the HS-DPCCH carries the HARQ ACK/NACK signaling on the uplink to indicate whether a corresponding packet transmission was decoded successfully. That is, with respect to the downlink, the UE  210  provides feedback to the node B  208  over the HS-DPCCH to indicate whether it correctly decoded a packet on the downlink. 
     HS-DPCCH further includes feedback signaling from the UE  210  to assist the node B  208  in taking the right decision in terms of modulation and coding scheme and precoding weight selection, this feedback signaling including the CQI and PCI. 
     “HSPA Evolved” or HSPA+ is an evolution of the HSPA standard that includes MIMO and 64-QAM, enabling increased throughput and higher performance. That is, in an aspect of the disclosure, the node B  208  and/or the UE  210  may have multiple antennas supporting MIMO technology. The use of MIMO technology enables the node B  208  to exploit the spatial domain to support spatial multiplexing, beamforming, and transmit diversity. 
     Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) is a term generally used to refer to multi-antenna technology, that is, multiple transmit antennas (multiple inputs to the channel) and multiple receive antennas (multiple outputs from the channel). MIMO systems generally enhance data transmission performance, enabling diversity gains to reduce multipath fading and increase transmission quality, and spatial multiplexing gains to increase data throughput. 
     Spatial multiplexing may be used to transmit different streams of data simultaneously on the same frequency. The data steams may be transmitted to a single UE  210  to increase the data rate, or to multiple UEs  210  to increase the overall system capacity. This is achieved by spatially precoding each data stream and then transmitting each spatially precoded stream through a different transmit antenna on the downlink. The spatially precoded data streams arrive at the UE(s)  210  with different spatial signatures, which enables each of the UE(s)  210  to recover the one or more the data streams destined for that UE  210 . On the uplink, each UE  210  may transmit one or more spatially precoded data streams, which enables the node B  208  to identify the source of each spatially precoded data stream. 
     Spatial multiplexing may be used when channel conditions are good. When channel conditions are less favorable, beamforming may be used to focus the transmission energy in one or more directions, or to improve transmission based on characteristics of the channel. This may be achieved by spatially precoding a data stream for transmission through multiple antennas. To achieve good coverage at the edges of the cell, a single stream beamforming transmission may be used in combination with transmit diversity. 
     Generally, for MIMO systems utilizing n transmit antennas, n transport blocks may be transmitted simultaneously over the same carrier utilizing the same channelization code. Note that the different transport blocks sent over the n transmit antennas may have the same or different modulation and coding schemes from one another. 
     On the other hand, Single Input Multiple Output (SIMO) generally refers to a system utilizing a single transmit antenna (a single input to the channel) and multiple receive antennas (multiple outputs from the channel). Thus, in a SIMO system, a single transport block is sent over the respective carrier. 
     Referring to  FIG. 13 , an access network  300  in a UTRAN architecture is illustrated. The multiple access wireless communication system includes multiple cellular regions (cells), including cells  302 ,  304 , and  306 , each of which may include one or more sectors. The multiple sectors can be formed by groups of antennas with each antenna responsible for communication with UEs in a portion of the cell. For example, in cell  302 , antenna groups  312 ,  314 , and  316  may each correspond to a different sector. In cell  304 , antenna groups  318 ,  320 , and  322  each correspond to a different sector. In cell  306 , antenna groups  324 ,  326 , and  328  each correspond to a different sector. The cells  302 ,  304  and  306  may include several wireless communication devices, e.g., User Equipment or UEs, which may be in communication with one or more sectors of each cell  302 ,  304  or  306 . For example, UEs  330  and  332  may be in communication with Node B  342 , UEs  334  and  336  may be in communication with Node B  344 , and UEs  338  and  340  can be in communication with Node B  346 . Here, each Node B  342 ,  344 ,  346  is configured to provide an access point to a CN  204  (see earlier figure) for all the UEs  330 ,  332 ,  334 ,  336 ,  338 ,  340  in the respective cells  302 ,  304 , and  306 . UEs  330 ,  332 ,  334 ,  336 ,  338 ,  340  may be configured to include, for example, wireless device  10  ( FIG. 1 ) and/or cell monitoring component  12  ( FIG. 1 ) as described above. 
     As the UE  334  moves from the illustrated location in cell  304  into cell  306 , a serving cell change (SCC) or handover may occur in which communication with the UE  334  transitions from the cell  304 , which may be referred to as the source cell, to cell  306 , which may be referred to as the target cell. Management of the handover procedure may take place at the UE  334 , at the Node Bs corresponding to the respective cells, at a radio network controller  206  (see earlier figure), or at another suitable node in the wireless network. For example, during a call with the source cell  304 , or at any other time, the UE  334  may monitor various parameters of the source cell  304  as well as various parameters of neighboring cells such as cells  306  and  302 . Further, depending on the quality of these parameters, the UE  334  may maintain communication with one or more of the neighboring cells. During this time, the UE  334  may maintain an Active Set, that is, a list of cells that the UE  334  is simultaneously connected to (i.e., the UTRA cells that are currently assigning a downlink dedicated physical channel DPCH or fractional downlink dedicated physical channel F-DPCH to the UE  334  may constitute the Active Set). 
     The modulation and multiple access scheme employed by the access network  300  may vary depending on the particular telecommunications standard being deployed. By way of example, the standard may include Evolution-Data Optimized (EV-DO) or Ultra Mobile Broadband (UMB). EV-DO and UMB are air interface standards promulgated by the 3rd Generation Partnership Project 2 (3GPP2) as part of the CDMA2000 family of standards and employs CDMA to provide broadband Internet access to mobile stations. The standard may alternately be Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (UTRA) employing Wideband-CDMA (W-CDMA) and other variants of CDMA, such as TD-SCDMA; Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) employing TDMA; and Evolved UTRA (E-UTRA), Ultra Mobile Broadband (UMB), IEEE 802.11 (Wi-Fi), IEEE 802.16 (WiMAX), IEEE 802.20, and Flash-OFDM employing OFDMA. UTRA, E-UTRA, UMTS, LTE, LTE Advanced, and GSM are described in documents from the 3GPP organization. CDMA2000 and UMB are described in documents from the 3GPP2 organization. The actual wireless communication standard and the multiple access technology employed will depend on the specific application and the overall design constraints imposed on the system. 
     The radio protocol architecture may take on various forms depending on the particular application. An example for an HSPA system will now be presented with reference to  FIG. 14 . 
       FIG. 14  is a conceptual diagram illustrating an example of the radio protocol architecture  400  for the user plane  402  and the control plane  404  of a user equipment (UE) or node B/base station. For example, architecture  400  may be included in a UE such as wireless device  10  ( FIG. 1  or  FIG. 2 ). The radio protocol architecture  400  for the UE and node B is shown with three layers: Layer  1   406 , Layer  2   408 , and Layer  3   410 . Layer  1   406  is the lowest lower and implements various physical layer signal processing functions. As such, Layer  1   406  includes the physical layer  407 . Layer  2  (L2 layer)  408  is above the physical layer  407  and is responsible for the link between the UE and node B over the physical layer  407 . Layer  3  (L3 layer)  410  includes a radio resource control (RRC) sublayer  415 . The RRC sublayer  415  handles the control plane signaling of Layer  3  between the UE and the UTRAN. 
     In the user plane, the L2 layer  408  includes a media access control (MAC) sublayer  409 , a radio link control (RLC) sublayer  411 , and a packet data convergence protocol (PDCP)  413  sublayer, which are terminated at the node B on the network side. Although not shown, the UE may have several upper layers above the L2 layer  408  including a network layer (e.g., IP layer) that is terminated at a PDN gateway on the network side, and an application layer that is terminated at the other end of the connection (e.g., far end UE, server, etc.). 
     The PDCP sublayer  413  provides multiplexing between different radio bearers and logical channels. The PDCP sublayer  413  also provides header compression for upper layer data packets to reduce radio transmission overhead, security by ciphering the data packets, and handover support for UEs between node Bs. The RLC sublayer  411  provides segmentation and reassembly of upper layer data packets, retransmission of lost data packets, and reordering of data packets to compensate for out-of-order reception due to hybrid automatic repeat request (HARQ). The MAC sublayer  409  provides multiplexing between logical and transport channels. The MAC sublayer  409  is also responsible for allocating the various radio resources (e.g., resource blocks) in one cell among the UEs. The MAC sublayer  409  is also responsible for HARQ operations. 
       FIG. 15  is a block diagram of a communication system  500  including a Node B  510  in communication with a UE  550 , where the UE  550  may be wireless device  10  in  FIGS. 1-2, and 6 . In the downlink communication, a transmit processor  520  may receive data from a data source  512  and control signals from a controller/processor  540 . The transmit processor  520  provides various signal processing functions for the data and control signals, as well as reference signals (e.g., pilot signals). For example, the transmit processor  520  may provide cyclic redundancy check (CRC) codes for error detection, coding and interleaving to facilitate forward error correction (FEC), mapping to signal constellations based on various modulation schemes (e.g., binary phase-shift keying (BPSK), quadrature phase-shift keying (QPSK), M-phase-shift keying (M-PSK), M-quadrature amplitude modulation (M-QAM), and the like), spreading with orthogonal variable spreading factors (OVSF), and multiplying with scrambling codes to produce a series of symbols. Channel estimates from a channel processor  544  may be used by a controller/processor  540  to determine the coding, modulation, spreading, and/or scrambling schemes for the transmit processor  520 . These channel estimates may be derived from a reference signal transmitted by the UE  550  or from feedback from the UE  550 . The symbols generated by the transmit processor  520  are provided to a transmit frame processor  530  to create a frame structure. The transmit frame processor  530  creates this frame structure by multiplexing the symbols with information from the controller/processor  540 , resulting in a series of frames. The frames are then provided to a transmitter  532 , which provides various signal conditioning functions including amplifying, filtering, and modulating the frames onto a carrier for downlink transmission over the wireless medium through antenna  534 . The antenna  534  may include one or more antennas, for example, including beam steering bidirectional adaptive antenna arrays or other similar beam technologies. 
     At the UE  550 , a receiver  554  receives the downlink transmission through an antenna  552  and processes the transmission to recover the information modulated onto the carrier. The information recovered by the receiver  554  is provided to a receive frame processor  560 , which parses each frame, and provides information from the frames to a channel processor  594  and the data, control, and reference signals to a receive processor  570 . The receive processor  570  then performs the inverse of the processing performed by the transmit processor  520  in the Node B  510 . More specifically, the receive processor  570  descrambles and despreads the symbols, and then determines the most likely signal constellation points transmitted by the Node B  510  based on the modulation scheme. These soft decisions may be based on channel estimates computed by the channel processor  594 . The soft decisions are then decoded and deinterleaved to recover the data, control, and reference signals. The CRC codes are then checked to determine whether the frames were successfully decoded. The data carried by the successfully decoded frames will then be provided to a data sink  572 , which represents applications running in the UE  550  and/or various user interfaces (e.g., display). Control signals carried by successfully decoded frames will be provided to a controller/processor  590 . When frames are unsuccessfully decoded by the receiver processor  570 , the controller/processor  590  may also use an acknowledgement (ACK) and/or negative acknowledgement (NACK) protocol to support retransmission requests for those frames. 
     In the uplink, data from a data source  578  and control signals from the controller/processor  590  are provided to a transmit processor  580 . The data source  578  may represent applications running in the UE  550  and various user interfaces (e.g., keyboard). Similar to the functionality described in connection with the downlink transmission by the Node B  510 , the transmit processor  580  provides various signal processing functions including CRC codes, coding and interleaving to facilitate FEC, mapping to signal constellations, spreading with OVSFs, and scrambling to produce a series of symbols. Channel estimates, derived by the channel processor  594  from a reference signal transmitted by the Node B  510  or from feedback contained in the midamble transmitted by the Node B  510 , may be used to select the appropriate coding, modulation, spreading, and/or scrambling schemes. The symbols produced by the transmit processor  580  will be provided to a transmit frame processor  582  to create a frame structure. The transmit frame processor  582  creates this frame structure by multiplexing the symbols with information from the controller/processor  590 , resulting in a series of frames. The frames are then provided to a transmitter  556 , which provides various signal conditioning functions including amplification, filtering, and modulating the frames onto a carrier for uplink transmission over the wireless medium through the antenna  552 . 
     The uplink transmission is processed at the Node B  510  in a manner similar to that described in connection with the receiver function at the UE  550 . A receiver  535  receives the uplink transmission through the antenna  534  and processes the transmission to recover the information modulated onto the carrier. The information recovered by the receiver  535  is provided to a receive frame processor  536 , which parses each frame, and provides information from the frames to the channel processor  544  and the data, control, and reference signals to a receive processor  538 . The receive processor  538  performs the inverse of the processing performed by the transmit processor  580  in the UE  550 . The data and control signals carried by the successfully decoded frames may then be provided to a data sink  539  and the controller/processor, respectively. If some of the frames were unsuccessfully decoded by the receive processor, the controller/processor  540  may also use an acknowledgement (ACK) and/or negative acknowledgement (NACK) protocol to support retransmission requests for those frames. 
     The controller/processors  540  and  590  may be used to direct the operation at the Node B  510  and the UE  550 , respectively. For example, the controller/processors  540  and  590  may provide various functions including timing, peripheral interfaces, voltage regulation, power management, and other control functions. The computer readable media of memories  542  and  592  may store data and software for the Node B  510  and the UE  550 , respectively. A scheduler/processor  546  at the Node B  510  may be used to allocate resources to the UEs and schedule downlink and/or uplink transmissions for the UEs. 
     Several aspects of a telecommunications system have been presented with reference to a W-CDMA system. As those skilled in the art will readily appreciate, various aspects described throughout this disclosure may be extended to other telecommunication systems, network architectures and communication standards. 
     By way of example, various aspects may be extended to other UMTS systems such as TD-SCDMA, High Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA), High Speed Uplink Packet Access (HSUPA), High Speed Packet Access Plus (HSPA+) and TD-CDMA. Various aspects may also be extended to systems employing Long Term Evolution (LTE) (in FDD, TDD, or both modes), LTE-Advanced (LTE-A) (in FDD, TDD, or both modes), CDMA2000, Evolution-Data Optimized (EV-DO), Ultra Mobile Broadband (UMB), IEEE 802.11 (Wi-Fi), IEEE 802.16 (WiMAX), IEEE 802.20, Ultra-Wideband (UWB), Bluetooth, and/or other suitable systems. The actual telecommunication standard, network architecture, and/or communication standard employed will depend on the specific application and the overall design constraints imposed on the system. 
     In accordance with various aspects of the disclosure, an element, or any portion of an element, or any combination of elements may be implemented with a “processing system” or processor ( FIG. 11 ) that includes one or more processors. Examples of processors include microprocessors, microcontrollers, digital signal processors (DSPs), field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs), programmable logic devices (PLDs), state machines, gated logic, discrete hardware circuits, and other suitable hardware configured to perform the various functionality described throughout this disclosure. One or more processors in the processing system may execute software. Software shall be construed broadly to mean instructions, instruction sets, code, code segments, program code, programs, subprograms, software modules, applications, software applications, software packages, routines, subroutines, objects, executables, threads of execution, procedures, functions, etc., whether referred to as software, firmware, middleware, microcode, hardware description language, or otherwise. The software may reside on a computer-readable medium  106  ( FIG. 11 ). The computer-readable medium  106  ( FIG. 11 ) may be a non-transitory computer-readable medium. A non-transitory computer-readable medium includes, by way of example, a magnetic storage device (e.g., hard disk, floppy disk, magnetic strip), an optical disk (e.g., compact disk (CD), digital versatile disk (DVD)), a smart card, a flash memory device (e.g., card, stick, key drive), random access memory (RAM), read only memory (ROM), programmable ROM (PROM), erasable PROM (EPROM), electrically erasable PROM (EEPROM), a register, a removable disk, and any other suitable medium for storing software and/or instructions that may be accessed and read by a computer. The computer-readable medium may also include, by way of example, a carrier wave, a transmission line, and any other suitable medium for transmitting software and/or instructions that may be accessed and read by a computer. The computer-readable medium may be resident in the processing system, external to the processing system, or distributed across multiple entities including the processing system. The computer-readable medium may be embodied in a computer-program product. By way of example, a computer-program product may include a computer-readable medium in packaging materials. Those skilled in the art will recognize how best to implement the described functionality presented throughout this disclosure depending on the particular application and the overall design constraints imposed on the overall system. 
     It is to be understood that the specific order or hierarchy of steps in the methods disclosed is an illustration of exemplary processes. Based upon design preferences, it is understood that the specific order or hierarchy of steps in the methods may be rearranged. The accompanying method claims present elements of the various steps in a sample order, and are not meant to be limited to the specific order or hierarchy presented unless specifically recited therein. 
     The previous description is provided to enable any person skilled in the art to practice the various aspects described herein. Various modifications to these aspects will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art, and the generic principles defined herein may be applied to other aspects. Thus, the claims are not intended to be limited to the aspects shown herein, but is to be accorded the full scope consistent with the language of the claims, wherein reference to an element in the singular is not intended to mean “one and only one” unless specifically so stated, but rather “one or more.” Unless specifically stated otherwise, the term “some” refers to one or more. A phrase referring to “at least one of a list of” items refers to any combination of those items, including single members. As an example, “at least one of: a, b, or c” is intended to cover: a; b; c; a and b; a and c; b and c; and a, b and c. All structural and functional equivalents to the elements of the various aspects described throughout this disclosure that are known or later come to be known to those of ordinary skill in the art are expressly incorporated herein by reference and are intended to be encompassed by the claims. Moreover, nothing disclosed herein is intended to be dedicated to the public regardless of whether such disclosure is explicitly recited in the claims. No claim element is to be construed under the provisions of 35 U.S.C. §112, sixth paragraph, unless the element is expressly recited using the phrase “means for” or, in the case of a method claim, the element is recited using the phrase “step for.”