Patent Publication Number: US-2004058710-A1

Title: Technique for synchronizing data in user devices through an information service

Description:
[0001] The present application is a continuation-in-part of application Ser. No. 10/403,130 filed on Mar. 31, 2003, which is a continuation-in-part of application Ser. No. 09/865,230 filed on May 25, 2001 and application Ser. No. 10/323,287 filed on Dec. 19, 2002.  
       FIELD OF THE INVENTION  
       [0002] The invention relates to a communication system and method, and more particularly to an information system and method for facilitating synchronization of data in user devices.  
       BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION  
       [0003] In this information age, people need to be well informed and organized to effectively carry out day-to-day activities, especially when they are traveling and away from their “home” base where they normally conduct their business. As a result, use of mobile devices which facilitate mobile communications such as personal digital assistants (PDAs), and wireless phones and devices is ubiquitous. For example, PDAs of the PALM type allow users to store and organize their appointments, to-do lists and contacts information. Some PDAs also allow the users to access the Internet to upload and download information, and communicate with other people and information sources via email.  
       [0004] Similarly, wireless phones conveniently allow users while traveling to call and communicate with other people. In case the users cannot remember the telephone number of a contact or it is not handy, or the users want to obtain directions and other information concerning, e.g., restaurants, theaters, etc., they can call operators for assistance. To that end, an expansive network of communication call centers has been established which provides users with nationwide assistance.  
       SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION  
       [0005] In order to effectively utilize the prior art operator assistance service, the service needs to be improved and, more particularly, personalized to the extent comparable to the personal assistance afforded by a user&#39;s personal aide or secretary. Some desirable personalized information assistance service features have been described, e.g., in copending commonly assigned application Ser. No. 09/865,230 (“the &#39;230 Application”) filed on May 25, 2001, hereby incorporated by reference. In particular, the &#39;230 Application discloses an information assistance service which as part of the service maintains, for the user, contacts folders (also known as “private directories”), appointments folders, to-do lists, etc. The user may access, through the information assistance service, contact information, appointment information or a to-do list item in the respective folders associated with the user. In particular, a contacts folder contains contact information, such as a telephone number(s), an address(es), and e-mail address(es), for people and/or organizations. A user may have separate contacts folders for different purposes, such as a personal contacts folder, business contacts folder, etc. An appointments folder contains a user&#39;s appointment and/or calendar information, and a user may similarly have separate appointments folders for different purposes.  
       [0006] In accordance with the invention, an information service maintains databases containing, e.g., the aforementioned appointments and contacts folders for users. The database associated with a user is accessible to multiple user devices, e.g., a first personal information manager (PIM) device at work and a second PIM device at home. Each of the user devices, when in possession of a token, may synchronize its data, e.g., contact and appointment data, with the other user devices through the information service. Specifically, in accordance with the invention, each user device may perform bidirectional data synchronization with (i.e., transmit and listen to) the information service, provided that it possess the token. Otherwise, without the token, the user device may only download data from (i.e., only listen to) the information service. When a user device requests modifying a data source (e.g., a folder) therein, the information service temporarily assigns the token to the requesting device, thereby according the requesting device a temporary master (“tmaster”) status. As a result, all other user devices, without the token, are accorded a temporary slave (“t-slave”) status. Modifications of the data source in the t-master device are incorporated into the corresponding data sources in the t-slave devices, but not the other way around. To that end, t-master and t-slave devices are allowed to download information from the database associated with the user through the information service to modify data sources therein. However, only the t-master device is allowed to upload information to the information management service to update the database. 
     
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING  
     [0007] Further objects, features and advantages of the invention will become apparent from the following detailed description taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawing showing an illustrative embodiment of the invention, in which:  
     [0008]FIG. 1 illustrates a communications system including information/call centers in accordance with the invention;  
     [0009]FIGS. 2A and 2B are block diagrams of components of the communications system of FIG. 1;  
     [0010]FIG. 3 illustrates an arrangement whereby an information/call center obtains a user profile record;  
     [0011]FIG. 4 is a flow chart depicting a routine for specifying user preferences concerning information assistance call handling;  
     [0012]FIG. 5 is a flow chart depicting a routine for routing an information assistance call based on a user&#39;s preferred information/call center(s);  
     [0013]FIG. 6 is a table for tracking the user&#39;s rating of information/call centers in determining the user&#39;s preferred center(s);  
     [0014]FIG. 7 illustrates a user profile record;  
     [0015]FIG. 8 illustrates a Login graphical user interface (GUI);  
     [0016]FIG. 9 illustrates a Home GUI;  
     [0017]FIG. 10 illustrates an Edit GUI;  
     [0018]FIG. 11 illustrates a GUI containing contact information;  
     [0019]FIG. 12 illustrates a View GUI;  
     [0020]FIG. 13 illustrates a first example of caller identification (CID) data to be transmitted to a called station;  
     [0021]FIG. 14 illustrates a second example of CID data to be transmitted to a called station;  
     [0022]FIG. 15 illustrates a third example of CID data to be transmitted to a called station;  
     [0023]FIG. 16 illustrates a fourth example of CID data to be transmitted to a called station;  
     [0024]FIG. 17 illustrates a GUI particularly useful for an operator to search for directory information concerning a desired party;  
     [0025]FIG. 18 illustrates a transaction web page for an entry of confidential information;  
     [0026]FIG. 19 illustrates a computer having a programmed personal information manager (PIM) function, in accordance with the invention;  
     [0027]FIG. 20A illustrates data fields in a contacts recovery record;  
     [0028]FIG. 20B illustrates data fields in a calendar recovery record;  
     [0029]FIG. 21 is a flow chart depicting a routine for performing a token-based data synchronization in accordance with the invention; and  
     [0030]FIG. 22 illustrates an alternative information/call center configuration. 
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION  
     [0031] The invention is directed to providing personalized information and communications services to users, e.g., telephone and mobile device users, especially when they are away from their “home” base where they normally conduct their business. An objective of the invention is to provide the users with personalized services comparable to those which are offered by the users&#39; personal aides or secretaries. To that end, an information assistance service in accordance with the invention utilizes such information management tools as contacts folders (also known as private directories), appointments folders, to-do lists, user profiles, etc. to effectively communicate dynamic information to the users. The information assistance service in question provides not only traditional directory assistance, but also concierge-type services such as a restaurant guide and reservation service, event ticketing and reservation service, hotel reservation and availability service, travel or flight reservation and ticketing service, ordering specific items such as flowers or food delivery, arranging transportation, and accessing entertainment guides; geo/direction services such as providing directions to various places; sending invitations; administering appointments calendars; and conducting other transactions for the users.  
     [0032] To facilitate tailoring the information assistance service to individuals&#39; specifications, one or more user profiles are maintained for a user, based on which the service is rendered to the user. For example, a user profile may specify the preferred method of handling his/her information assistance call, e.g., use of a special skilled operator, such as a Spanish speaking operator, to answer one such call. It may also define options of various assistance service features, e.g., the methods of delivery (e.g., e-mail, paging, SMS, etc.) of a confirmation of a reservation or purchase, a listing number, directions to the user, etc. In addition, in accordance with an aspect of the invention, the user may specify in the user profile a favorite information/call center(s) handling his/her information assistance calls. In that case, each information assistance call from the user is automatically routed to his/her favorite information/call center which may otherwise have been routed to some other center because of the call origination location or the call routing algorithm employed by the information assistance service.  
     [0033] For example, a user profile(s) in this instance may be maintained by the inventive information assistance service in association with an identifier of the user, e.g., the user&#39;s telephone number. When an information assistance call is received, the subject service locates any profiles of the caller&#39;s, e.g., based on an automatic number identification (ANI) associated with the call, which in a well known manner identifies the telephone number of the communications device from which the call originates. In an alternative embodiment, the caller&#39;s profile(s) may be determined by recognizing and identifying the caller&#39;s voice, with his/her “voice prints” stored in association with the profile(s).  
     [0034] It should be noted that the preferences in a profile may vary with time, and may be adjustable depending on different conditions. For example, preferences applicable to the daytime may be turned off in the evening, at which time another set of preferences may control. Similarly, preferences applicable to weekdays may be turned off on weekends in favor of a second set of preferences selected for weekends. Thus, by using the profile, the user is automatically provided with a personalized service, without the need of otherwise repeating the preferences, e.g., each time when calling an operator to obtain information and assistance. It should be pointed out that the term “operator” used herein broadly encompasses entities that are capable of providing assistance in a telecommunication environment, including without limitation human operators, voice response/recognition capabilities, web-enabled operator services, and other automated and electronic access.  
     [0035] In accordance with an aspect of the invention, a user may also specify in a user profile a selected period in which the telephone number associated with the user profile is “not in use,” thereby achieving a temporary service disablement effect. In that case, any call originates from the telephone associated with the telephone number to the instant information assistance service would be turned away during the selected period. According to a further aspect of the invention, the selected period may correspond to an appointment or an activity, e.g., vacation, specified in a user appointments folder managed by the instance information assistance service. Thus, the inventive service disablement feature provides the user with the security of preventing others from using a particular telephone, e.g., a home telephone, to access the information assistance service, e.g., during his/her vacation.  
     [0036] The user profile may further specify the user&#39;s preferred types of events, areas of interest, food, goods, services, manufacturers, merchants and other personal preferences, e.g., preferred music, fashion, sports, restaurants, seating on a plane, sizes of jackets, etc. Based on such user profile information, the user may be targeted to receive certain advertising or promotional information. For example, before or after an information assistance call, such targeted promotional information may be “pushed” to the user, subject to any requirements in the profile. Alternatively, the inventive service may leave the user a message (e.g., voicemail, e-mail, etc.) containing the targeted promotional information at an address (e.g., voicemail access number, e-mail address, etc.) provided in the user profile, or may provide the user with information concerning an access to the same (e.g., WAP or web access with a specified uniform resource locator (URL)) on, say, the user&#39;s bill for the information assistance service. Of course, the user is allowed to opt out one or more of the above targeted advertising service features.  
     [0037] Other information may also be uploaded to the user profile such as account information, statuses of data synchronization between the aforementioned information management tools and user devices, statuses concerning orders and sales conducted through the instant information assistance service, etc. In addition, based on the sales and orders history, the user profile may keep track of the user&#39;s likes and dislikes, which help customize promotional information to be communicated to the user. The manner in which the information assistance service helps the user to consummate an order or sales, and the manner in which the user profile is revised from time to time to update the user criteria in selecting goods or services are described, e.g., in copending, commonly assigned U.S. application Ser. No. 10/318,847 (“the &#39;847 Application”) filed on Dec. 13, 2003, incorporated herein by reference.  
     [0038] In accordance with another aspect of the invention, services/menus offered to a user in the course of providing information assistance may be a function of the service device(s) (e.g., a wireless telephone with or without SMS or WAP capability) which the user is operating or has access to. The data concerning the capability of each service device or its service class may be specified in the user profile as well, which may be submitted by the carrier (e.g., AT&amp;T Wireless) to which the user subscribes, volunteered by the user, or volunteered through the service device. For example, with the knowledge that the user&#39;s telephone is SMS enabled, an SMS coupon service may be provided to the user. With the knowledge that the user&#39;s telephone has graphics capability, an image of a street map may be transmitted thereto when the user requests directions from the information assistance service. As a result, the type of service offered to the user may vary with the type of service device. In accordance with a further aspect of the invention, the user may be charged for different services or features associated with the type of the service device used to communicate with the information assistance service. The service charges may vary with the different services or features offered. The user may be charged at a discount/premium rate depending on the actual service capability, class of service, and/or preferential status of the user. The services may also be bundled according to the device type.  
     [0039] In accordance with another aspect of the invention, security measures, e.g., a password, PIN, mother&#39;s maiden name, voice print and/or other biometric measure, are instituted to ensure that only an authorized user can access select services or groups of services associated, e.g., with the user&#39;s telephone number. For example, a user may specify a password in the user profile that if someone other than the user tries to access a select service, e.g., restaurant reservation, using the user&#39;s telephone, the password in the user profile needs to be verified.  
     [0040]FIG. 1 illustrates a communications system embodying the principles of the invention for providing, inter alia, a personalized information assistance service. This communication system includes wide area network (WAN)  30  covering an extensive area. WAN  30  may be an Internet-based network such as the World Wide Web or a private intranet based network. WAN  30  connects operators dispersed throughout a wide coverage area in information/call centers  21  through  27 . One or more information hubs  10  are also included in WAN  30 . An information hub  10  includes one or more personalized information servers  28  which are accessible by the operators in the system, and one or more databases  20  in which subscribers&#39; information, and contacts, appointments, and other folders (e.g., to-do lists) may be stored and maintained. Such information and folders may also be stored locally at one or more of the information/call centers.  
     [0041] A user of the personalized information assistance service may want to create multiple contacts (appointments) folders for different purposes. For example, they may include a personal contacts (appointments) folder containing personal directory (calendar) information, and a business contacts (appointments) folder containing business directory (calendar) information. With the personalized information service, a contacts (appointments) folder may be created and maintained (1) through the Internet or other network or communications means directly, (2) through an operator indirectly, and/or (3) using a personal information manager (PIM). Well known PIMs include, e.g., hand-held devices such as personal digital assistants (PDAs) and wireless communicators; and computer devices such as notebook, laptop and desktop computers running software applications such as Microsoft Outlook, Outlook Express, Goldmine, Symantec Act!, Lotus Organizer and Lotus Notes. Other PIMs may include proprietary PIM systems and applications.  
     [0042] In case (3), by running a synchronization engine, the user may update any directory information which has been changed (added, edited or deleted) in a PIM data source in the corresponding contacts (appointments) folder, and vice versa. In case (2), the user may access a contacts (appointments) folder through communications with an operator at an information/call center via telecommunication media, e.g., wireless telephone, wireline telephone, voice over Internet protocol (VoIP), PDA, VPN, etc. The operator, as explained in more detail below, is generally provided with web browsing capabilities, telephone facilities as well as fully-featured operator user interface applications which facilitate the searching, retrieval and administering of database  20  through server  28 .  
     [0043] Referring to FIGS. 2A and 2B, information/call center  200  (which generically represents one of aforementioned information/call centers  21  through  27 ) is attended by operators, which includes information assistance service provider  205  and servicing platform  210 . It should be noted that even though both provider  205  and servicing platform  210  appear in the same figure, they may or may not be located in the same geographic area. Servicing platform  210  comprises switching matrix host computer  228 , and switching matrix platform  203  which is connected via TI communication links  214  to, among others, voice server  230  and channel bank  216  in provider  205 .  
     [0044] Channel bank  216  is used to couple multiple operator telephones  218  to platform  203 . The operators in center  200  are further equipped with operator terminals  220 , each of which includes a video display unit and a keyboard with associated dialing pad. Operator terminals  220  are connected over data network  224  to one or more database server(s)  226  (although only one is shown here). Database server  226  provides access to, among others, directory information from multiple sources. Database server  226  enables the operator to search directory information not just by name and address (sometimes city or area code) of a desired party, but also by type of goods/services and/or geographical region of a desired entity. Data network  224  further connects to voice server  230 , user profile gateway  231 , and switching matrix host computer  228 , which in turn is connected to switching matrix platform  203  via a data link. Data network  224  includes, but is not limited to, local area network (LAN)  227 , best seen in FIG. 2B. LAN  227  may connect to other similar remote LANs  229  to form WAN  30  in FIG. 1. LANs  227  and  229  are connected to one another and to Internet  221  via routers  225 .  
     [0045] A user&#39;s telephone, computer, PDA or other telecommunication device  244  communicates via communications network  246  which is connected to carrier network node  242  and carrier switching center  240 . T1 voice links  212  provide connection between the information/call center&#39;s switching matrix platform  203  and carrier&#39;s switching center  240 , through which incoming information service calls are received. T1 voice links  212  further provide connection to the carrier switching center  240  through which outgoing calls are placed over communications network  246  (which network may be different than that used for incoming calls). Similarly, T1 data links  213  provide a signaling connection between the information/call center&#39;s node (not shown) and carrier network node  242 , through which incoming and outgoing signaling messages are transported. The information/call center node is contained within switching matrix platform  203 , but one with skill in the art will appreciate that the information/call center node could also be a physically distinct component. If the outgoing call is being placed over a different network than that on which the incoming call was received, a second data connection to the outgoing network will be established. The operation of switching matrix platform  203  is governed by computer-readable instructions stored and executed on switch matrix host computer  228 . In this illustrative embodiment, platform  203  includes, inter alia, arrays of digital signal processors (DSPs). These DSPs can be programmed and reprogrammed to function as, among other things, call progress analyzers (CPAs), call progress generators (CPGs), multi-frequency (MF) tone generators/detectors, dual-tone multi-frequency (DTMF) generators/detectors, or conference units, depending on the demand placed on center  200  and platform  203  for each corresponding function.  
     [0046] Voice server  230  is connected via data network  224  to computer  228  (to which it acts as a slave processor) and via one or more T1 links to switching matrix platform  203 . Each voice server  230  when more than one is employed in information/call center  200 , connects to switching matrix platform  203  via a separate TI link. Voice server  230  comprises a general purpose computer incorporating one or more voice cards, which serve as the interface between server  230  and the T1 span to switching matrix platform  203 . One such voice card in server  230  monitors and controls communications over the T1 span. Its capabilities include telephone tone (e.g., DTMF or MF) detection and generation, voice recording and playback, and call progress analysis. Voice server  230  in this instance also contains a voice recognition device for receiving verbal input from a party connected thereto. Voice server  230  is employed to play the constantly repeated parts of an operator&#39;s speech, namely, the various greetings and signoffs (or closings), the caller&#39;s desired telephone number where requested, and possibly other information. At appropriate stages in a call progression, switch matrix host computer  228  initiates a voice path connection between voice server  30  and switching matrix platform  203  such that the user, or the user and the operator, are able to hear whatever pre-recorded speech is played on that connection by voice server  230 . Computer  228  then instructs voice server  230 , via data network  224 , what type of message to play, and passes data parameters that enable voice server  230  to locate the message appropriate to the call state.  
     [0047] Users of a particular telephone carrier may dial, speak or otherwise communicate predetermined access digits, access codes or retail numbers, or input a predetermined address or a URL established for information assistance by that company. The instant example assumes that the user dials, e.g., “411 ,” “*555,” “555-1212,” “1-800-555-1212,” “00,” or other designated access numbers. The participating telephone company&#39;s own switching system will then reroute the call to information/call center  200  (via a T1 channel), where it appears as an incoming call.  
     [0048] Automatic call distribution (ACD) logic is used to queue (if necessary) and distribute calls to operators in the order in which they are received, and such that the call traffic is distributed evenly among the operators. In other embodiments, other distribution logic schemes may be utilized, such as skills-based routing based on, e.g., a preferred call handling method specified by a user profile, or a priority scheme for preferred callers. The queue is maintained by switching matrix host computer  228 .  
     [0049] As mentioned before, a user may create, maintain or access one or more contacts folders (or other folders such as a personal or company calendar folders) via the Internet or other network or communications means, or through an operator who in turn may create, maintain or access the folder on behalf of the user. In this illustrative embodiment, two contacts folders associated with the user, e.g., “My Contacts” anid “Company Contacts” folders, are maintained and stored in database  20 .  
     [0050] When the user uses telecommunication device  244 , e.g., a wireless telephone, to call an operator at a designated access number for information assistance, the call is routed to, say, information/call center  200 . After receiving the call, center  200  checks any user profile record associated with the user. In general, a user profile record is identified by a user&#39;s telephone number and maintained by a profile manager described below. Referring back to FIG. 2A, an information assistance call is received by switching matrix platform  203  in center  200 . In a well known manner, platform  203  derives, from the call set-up signals associated with the call, an automatic number identification (ANI) indicating the telephone number of the communication device from which the call originates. Switching matrix host computer  228  then requests any user profile record identified by such an ANI from gateway  231  connected to data network  224 .  
     [0051] Referring also to FIG. 3, gateway  231  receives the profile record request including the ANI from data network  224  through interface  310 . In response to such a request, processor  315  searches memory  319  for the profile record identified by the ANI. It should be noted at this point that all profile data is input and updated through profile manager  305 . Copies of the profile records are distributed by manager  305  to the profile gateways in various information/call centers through WAN  30 . In this illustrative embodiment, a master copy of the profile records is kept at manager  305 . For example, profile gateway  231  initially forwards requests for new profile records to manager  305 , and caches copies of the requested profile records from manager  305  in local memory  319  for rapid, subsequent retrieval of the profile records. Memory  319  here generically includes disks, caches, and volatile and nonvolatile memories. When a particular profile record in gateway  231  is updated at manager  305 , the latter notifies gateway  231  that the particular profile record has expired. Thus, continuing the above example, if processor  315  determines that the requested profile record cannot be found in memory  319  or the requested profile record has expired, processor  315  forwards the profile record request to manager  305  through interface  310 . In response, manager  305  provides to gateway  231  any latest profile record identified by the ANI. Otherwise, processor  315  retrieves from memory  319  any available, unexpired profile record identified by the ANI.  
     [0052] If processor  315  finds no user profile record in memory  319  and the response to the profile record request from manager  305  is negative, processor  315  informs manager  305  of the “profileless” status of the user. Otherwise, if processor  315  locates the latest user profile record, processor  315  reads the profile record to determine whether data about selected aspects of the user preferences in the profile record is missing or deficient, e.g., the preferred method of handling the instant information assistance call. If so, processor  315  informs manager  305  of the “profile data deficient” status of the user.  
     [0053] Upon learning either the “profileless” or “profile data deficient” status of the user, manager  305  causes voice server  230  to seize the instant information assistance call, and elicit from the user data about his/her preferences to establish the user profile record or to supplement the same. For example, an important aspect of the user profile is the preferred method of handling an information assistance call, which is missing in this instance. FIG. 4 illustrates a routine for eliciting from the user data concerning such a call handling method, before the instant call is handled by an operator. At step  403 , server  230  asks the user whether he/she prefers a personal salutation, e.g., Mr. Jay Smith, Dr. Smith, Jay, or simply Sir, or other nickname when an operator answers the call. If not, the routine proceeds to step  417  described below. Otherwise, server  230  at step  406  asks the user to record his/her preferred salutation, and becomes receptive to the user response. The user response is recognized, e.g., by the aforementioned voice recognition device in server  230 , and at step  409  entered by manager  305  in the user profile record, which is newly established if no user profile record has been established for the user. Server  230  at step  412  asks the user whether the personal salutation preference applies to the instant call only or all calls, and becomes receptive to the user response. If such a preference applies to the instant call only, the profile entry is marked “temporary,” as indicated at step  415 , which is to be erased from the user profile record after the termination of the instant call. In that case, server  230  may again elicit from the user the personal salutation preference in a subsequent information assistance call by the user. However, in either case the routine proceeds to step  417 . Otherwise, if the user does not have a personal salutation preference at step  406 , the routine skips to step  417  as well, where server  230  asks the user whether he/she prefers a special skilled operator, e.g., a Spanish speaking operator, an operator who is local to New York City who is familiar with the New York lifestyle and local knowledge, etc. If not, the routine comes to an end. Otherwise, server  230  at step  420  provides choices of operator skills from which the user may select, and becomes receptive to the user selection. At step  423 , the user selection(s) recognized by server  230  is entered in the user profile record. For example, server  230  may announce to the user in an automated voice, “press ‘1’ if it pertains to a language skill; press ‘2’ if it pertains to geographic region; etc. You may return to the menu for further selection by pressing ‘*’.” Let&#39;s say the user presses “1” in this instance. Server  230  may further announce, “state the preferred language.” In response, the user may then utter “Spanish.” Similarly, server  230  at step  426  asks the user whether the special operator skill preference applies to the instant call only or all calls, and becomes receptive to the user response. If such a preference applies to the instant call only, the profile entry is marked “temporary,” as indicated at step  429 . Otherwise, the routine comes to an end.  
     [0054] In accordance with an aspect of the invention, a user may be able to select a preferred call/information center to handle his/her information assistance calls. Typically, an information assistance call is routed to an information/call center close to the call origination. In the case of a wireless communication user (e.g., a wireless telephone user) who travels, he/she may make an information assistance call anywhere within the service coverage, and thus the call origination point varies accordingly. As a result, a wireless communication user most likely experiences different information/call centers handling his/her information assistance call, which are geographically diverse. Even in the case of a wireline telephone user in, say, New York, N.Y., or a user having selected in the user profile record information/call centers in a preferred region, say, New York, N.Y., handling his/her information assistance call, such a call may still be routed to different information/call centers located in metropolitan New York, e.g., Long Island, N.Y.; Secaucus, N.J., etc.  
     [0055] Of course, before a user can identify which information/call center(s) he/she prefers, he/she must have some experience with certain information/call centers. When a user first signs on with the instant information assistance service, he/she will not know which information call center(s) he/she prefers, as he/she will not have had experience with any of the centers. In this event, the user can simply use the service for some period of time without the preferred information/call center feature, and can notify the instant service provider when he/she has identified one or more information/call centers he/she prefers.  
     [0056] In an embodiment of the invention, at the end of each interaction the user has with an information/call center (e.g., after the operator disconnects from the call but before the caller is either transferred to the destination party or the system disconnects from the call), voice server  230  is programed to ask the user to rate the center on a scale from 0 to 9, 9 being the best. The user makes his/her selection by pressing the corresponding key on his telephone keypad, and the system records the center ratings. After the user has been sufficiently exposed to many information/call centers, the service provider can inform the subscriber how he/she has ranked the different centers, and, based on this information, the user can then select which center(s) he/she would like in his/her preferred pool. Of course, the user is free to add or delete a center from his/her preferred pool at any time, or can decide anytime which center(s) he/she would like in his/her preferred pool.  
     [0057] This aspect of the instant invention, which has the additional advantage of allowing the ratings given by different users to each information/call center to be accumulated, saved and used by the provider of the instant service for purposes of evaluating the performance of its centers. The subscriber first advises the service provider that he/she wishes to begin using the preferred call/information center feature. The user can advise the service provider of this fact in a number of ways, including a standard call for service to the service provider, a call to the service provider via a special telephone number provided by the service provider for account status/update calls and the like, or by mail, e-mail, fax, pager or other communications media, all of which are within the scope of the instant invention. The user profile is then updated to indicate that he/she is a new preferred information/call center user.  
     [0058] Thereafter, when the user is connected to the service provider for information assistance service (step  574  in FIG. 5), computer  228  will first check the user profile to determine if the user is an established preferred information/call center user, i.e., a user whose preferred centers have already been determined (step  576 ). In a preferred embodiment, computer  228  identifies the subscriber by his/her telephone number which corresponds to the ANI provided in a call stream to platform  203  in a well known manner when the user&#39;s call is first routed thereto, although other ways of identifying the user are also within the scope of the invention.  
     [0059] There will be times when it will not be possible to automatically identify the user, or when it will otherwise be preferable for the user to provide identity information himself/herself (e.g., for security purposes). In this event, computer  228  will prompt the user, e.g., via voice server  230 , to provide information from which he/she can be identified. Identity information can be provided by the user by pressing the keys of his/her telephone keypad; a user ID, for example. The user may also (or alternatively) be given the option of speaking to provide identity information. For example, computer  228  may use voice print or speaker verification technologies to verify the user&#39;s identity not by what he/she said but rather by the characteristics of his/her voice.  
     [0060] If the user is an established user, computer  228  in step  578  determines whether the current information/call center having received the call is the user&#39;s most preferred center as specified in the user profile. If so, the current center processes the call instantly, as indicated in step  580 . Otherwise, platform  203  in step  582  attempts to route the call to the user&#39;s most preferred center; if such an attempt fails (e.g., the calls at the most preferred information/call center are overflowing and the user has more than one preferred center, platform  203  attempts to route the call to the second most preferred center; so on and so forth until the pool of the preferred centers is exhausted. The current center would also process the call if each attempt to route the call to a preferred center fails.  
     [0061] If the user is not an established user, meaning a user who has expressed the desire to use the preferred center feature but has not yet had his/her preferred center(s) identified, the current information/call center having received the call processes the call in a conventional manner, as indicated in step  584 . At the end of the interaction with the current center, the user is prompted to enter his/her rating of the current center, as indicated in step  586 . The user&#39;s call center utilization history, represented by FIG. 6, is then updated in step  588 .  
     [0062] The first column of FIG. 6 contains the identifiers (e.g., alphanumerical) identifying the information/call centers, e.g., NY1011, NY1023, etc., having processed the user&#39;s calls. The second column of FIG. 6 contains the number of times the user&#39;s call has been processed by each center since the user has been a new preferred information/call center user. The third column contains an average of the ratings that the user has given to each center. The history of FIG. 6 may be stored within the user&#39;s profile, although those skilled in the art having the benefit of the instant disclosure will appreciate that there are a number of ways this information can be stored to achieve the advantages of the instant invention, each of which is within the scope of the instant invention.  
     [0063] In the example of FIG. 6, because the user rated center NY1011 as a “0” on two previous interactions with that center, computer  228  (or the user) may decide no further calls from the instant user should be processed by center NY1011, even though the user is still a new preferred center user and has not yet selected his/her preferred centers. In step  590 , computer  228  determines if the user has been sufficiently exposed to different information/call centers. This decision can be made by reviewing the history of FIG. 6 to see if he/she has interacted with different centers for some predetermined number of times, or by any other criteria as determined by the service provider, the user, or both.  
     [0064] If the user has not been sufficiently exposed to different information/call centers, no preferred center is determined (step  591 ) until perhaps the next time the user calls for service. Otherwise, the user is notified in step  592  of the expiration of his/her new preferred center user status, as well as of the rankings that the user has given to the different centers he/she has interacted with. The user is then requested to select his/her preferred center(s) in step  594 . This interaction between the service provider and the user can occur via any of the communications methods described above. Finally, in step  596 , computer  228  updates the user profile to indicate that the user is now a preferred information/call center user, along with the identity of the user&#39;s preferred center(s).  
     [0065]FIG. 7 illustrates profile record  500  associated with the user in this instance. Record  500  contains user preferences including information concerning the user&#39;s subscription to enhanced services or features, e.g., preferred information/call centers feature option  522 , personalized information management service option  512  maintaining the aforementioned contacts, appointments and other folders for the user. Record  500  is updated from time to time when one or more user preferences are changed, and in particular each time when the user subscribes to a new enhanced service or cancels an enhanced service subscription. In addition, record  500  in this instance indicates personal salutation preference  514  and special operator skill preference  516  specified by way of the routine of FIG. 4, and information/call center preference  518  specified by way of the routine of FIG. 5.  
     [0066] For example, knowing from record  500  that the user is a subscriber to the personalized information management service, computer  228  may communicate the received ANI to personalized information server  28  through WAN  30  (or alternatively Internet  121 ). In response, server  28  presents a Login graphical user interface (GUI) on terminal  120 , at which an operator is currently attending to the user&#39;s information assistance call. FIG. 8 illustrates such a GUI where the operator is prompted to enter the user&#39;s phone number or username to identify the user, and a password to verify that the user is authorized to access the personalized information management service. It will be appreciated that other user identifying information, e.g., a PIN, mother&#39;s maiden name, voice print, etc. may be used for verification purposes as well.  
     [0067] It should be noted at this point that the user identification and password are established beforehand through a registration process. For example, to subscribe to the personalized information service, the user can call an operator at the designated access number. As part of the registration, the operator enters in a user data record on server  28  the user identifying information including username, password, and telephone number of the particular telecommunication device, e.g., a wireless telephone in this instance, which the user would use to call the information assistance service in the future. It is particularly advantageous to use such a phone number (also known as a mobile directory number (MDN) in the case of a wireless phone number) to identify the user since, as described before, the calling number would be automatically captured as an ANI at information/call center  200  when the user calls.  
     [0068] Thus, the ANI of the user is automatically provided in entry  501  of the Login GUI by server  28 , thereby obviating the need of the operator&#39;s eliciting from the user, and entering, the required phone number or username. At entry  504 , the operator enters the password provided by the user to complete the login process. In the event that the ANI is not automatically available, or where the user is accessing the subject service from an unknown point or the operator suspects that the user calls from a phone number other than the registered phone number, the operator may verify/obtain the necessary identifying information with/from the user. For that matter, in an alternative embodiment, the user data record may also contain biometric measures for user identification, e.g., voice prints of the user, which may be derived from a recording of the user uttering a pre-selected code(s) (e.g., PIN) or word(s) (e.g., password) during the registration process. In that embodiment, when the user subsequently attempts to access the personalized information service, the user needs to utter the pre-selected code(s) or word(s). Only when his/her utterance corresponds to the stored voice prints, should he/she be allowed the service access.  
     [0069] The login information is transmitted to server  28 , where it checks the aforementioned user data record to verify the received information. After it is verified, server  28  identifies from the user data record all of the folders including contacts folders and appointments folders associated with the login information (e.g., the ANI), and any user&#39;s access rights thereto. For example, for each folder, the user may have the predesignated rights to view, edit, administer, and/or delete the folder. Server  28  presents to terminal  120  a Home GUI, listing all such folders associated with the ANI and thus the user.  
     [0070]FIG. 9 illustrates such a Home GUI, which lists, among others, contacts folders  607  and  609  designated “Company Contacts” and “My Contacts,” respectively. The operator can access each contacts folder, and manage the contacts information in the folder for the user, subject to the user&#39;s access rights thereto. For example, the user in this instance has the predesignated right to view the content of Company Contacts folder  607  only. On the other hand, he/she has the additional right to edit the content of My Contacts folder  609 .  
     [0071]FIG. 10 illustrates a GUI showing the content of My Contacts folder  609  when, say, Edit Contacts option  611  is selected. As shown in FIG. 8, for each contact, e.g., Bob, his/her name, home phone number, business phone number and mobile phone number, if any, although additional information concerning the contact, e.g., his/her postal and electronic mail addresses, may be available but is not displayed for lack of room. For that reason, a More option, e.g., option  705 , is provided for selection to present the additional information on a separate screen.  
     [0072] In addition, for each contact an Edit option, e.g., option  707 , is provided to edit the contact information. For instance, when option  707  is selected, server  28  returns another GUI, which is illustrated in FIG. 11. At this GUI, different fields concerning the contact Bob, e.g., his name, company name, company address, phone numbers, facsimile numbers and pager numbers are presented, and each field may be modified by overwriting any existing information therein.  
     [0073] It should be noted that to protect privacy of certain information about a contact, e.g., his/her home phone number, an owner or administrator of folder  609  is afforded Private options, e.g., option  807 , to designate certain contact information private. Accordingly, server  28  exercises censorship on contact information in a folder based on any privacy protection previously imposed by the owner or administrator of the folder. As shown in FIG.  11 , the privacy protection is on an element by element basis. For example, Private option  807  in this instance is selected to keep Bob&#39;s home phone number private while the Private option for his business number is unselected, which is therefore unprotected from the public. Thus, in this instance, a read-only subscriber to folder  609  who is not privy to Bob&#39;s home phone number may learn his business number. As a result, when a read-only subscriber views a listing of the contacts including Bob in folder  609 , his home phone number is replaced by a “Private” notice.  
     [0074] In accordance with an aspect of the invention, the read-only subscriber to folder  609  may still be connected to Bob&#39;s home phone number by the operator, but will not be provided with the number dialed. To that end, after the read-only subscriber calls an operator and requests to be connected to Bob, the operator goes through the similar Login and Home GUIs which however pertain to the read-only subscriber. By utilizing the search engine described below, the operator uncovers listing  912  in a View GUI illustrated in FIG. 12.  
     [0075] It should be noted that this View GUI which is made available to a read-only subscriber (represented by the operator in this instance) to folder  609  is similar to the Edit GUI of FIG. 10 which is made available to an owner or administrator of the folder. However, the two GUIs differ from each other in that unlike the Edit GUI, the View GUI lacks Edit options since a read-only subscriber to folder  609  does not possess edit rights. In addition, Bob&#39;s home number, designated private, is revealed on the Edit GUI to the owner or administrator of folder  609 , but not on the View GUI. Thus, in this instance, the operator is faced with the same “Private” notice in lieu of Bob&#39;s home phone number on the View GUI as would be the case if the read-only subscriber accesses the View GUI on his/her own. In order to connect the read-only subscriber to Bob&#39;s home number, the operator at terminal  220  signals switching matrix platform  203  to place the read-only subscriber&#39;s call on hold, and selects the “Private” notice. This selection causes an identification (ID) of the subscriber&#39;s connection which is on hold, and a request for Bob&#39;s home number in folder  609  to be sent to server  28 . In response to such a request, server  28  retrieves Bob&#39;s home number in folder  609  from database  20 , and transmits another request for connecting the subscriber to the retrieved phone number to switching matrix host computer  228  via WAN  30 . This request includes the aforementioned subscriber&#39;s connection ID. Under control of computer  228 , platform  203  then calls Bob&#39;s home phone number to establish a connection thereto. Once the new connection is established, computer  228  causes platform  203  to bridge the subscriber&#39;s connection identified by the received ID to the new connection, thereby connecting the subscriber to Bob&#39;s home number, without disclosing the number to the subscriber, or the operator for that matter.  
     [0076] In an alternative embodiment, the operator plays an active role before the subscriber&#39;s connection is bridged to the connection to Bob&#39;s home number. In this embodiment, the operator obtains from the user data record the subscriber&#39;s name as registered. However, the operator may also verify the subscriber&#39;s name with the subscriber verbally before putting the subscriber&#39;s connection on hold. As soon as platform  203  establishes the connection to Bob&#39;s home number, the operator is afforded an option to ask Bob over the newly established connection whether Bob wants to talk to the read-only subscriber. If Bob accepts the call, the operator signals host computer  228  to cause platform  203  to bridge Bob&#39;s connection to the subscriber&#39;s connection, thereby connecting the subscriber to Bob&#39;s home number.  
     [0077] Otherwise, if Bob declines to talk to the read-only subscriber, the operator informs the subscriber of the declination and causes platform  203  to terminate (or tear down) both connections with Bob and the subscriber.  
     [0078] In another alternative embodiment, voice server  230  takes the place of the operator in asking Bob whether he wants to answer the subscriber&#39;s call. That is, before the subscriber&#39;s connection is bridged to Bob&#39;s connection, voice server  230  seizes Bob&#39;s connection and announces in an automated voice, over the connection, an arrival of the call from the subscriber who is identified by his/her registered name. After learning the identity of the subscriber, Bob is afforded a choice to accept the call by pressing a first predetermined key on his telephone. The resulting DTMF signal causes platform  203  to bridge the subscriber&#39;s connection to Bob&#39;s connection. Otherwise, Bob may press a second predetermined key to reject the call. The resulting DTMF signal causes (a) voice server  230  to announce to the subscriber, through the subscriber&#39;s connection, Bob&#39;s declination to answer the call, and (b) platform  203  to terminate both Bob&#39;s and the subscriber&#39;s connections.  
     [0079] In yet another alternative embodiment, the screening of the subscriber&#39;s call is achieved by using an improved caller ID (CID) feature in accordance with the invention. Traditionally, by subscribing to a CID service and utilizing a CID receiver, which may be integrated into a telephone, a called party between phone rings may receive display CID information on the receiver which includes the originating telephone number, name associated with that number, date and time of the call. One such receiver for receiving CID information is described, e.g., in U.S. Pat. No. 4,582,956 issued to Doughty on Apr. 15, 1986.  
     [0080] The CID information is transmitted from a switching office connected to the called party&#39;s CID receiver using frequency shift keyed (FSK) modem tones. These FSK modem tones are used to transmit the display message in ASCII character code form. The transmission of the display message takes place between the first and second rings of the called station. The CID data format and transmitter are described, e.g., in U.S. Pat. No. 4,551,581 (“the &#39;581 patent”) issued to Doughty on Nov. 5, 1985. As described in the &#39;581 patent, the data format of each message to be sent to the called station is preceded by the specification of the type and length of the message. For example, for the first message concerning the originating number, the first character sent is the message type which specifies that the ensuing message is an originating number. The second character represents the length of the message. After the message length character are characters which represent the digits of the originating number. Additional messages follow the same data format (i.e., type character, length character and message content in that order). The formatted messages are followed by a checksum or other error detection character which is used to detect errors which may have been introduced in the transmission.  
     [0081] However, we have recognized a few disadvantages of using the traditional CID service. For example, any name which appears in the CID alongside the originating telephone number identifies the telephone service subscriber to that number, and which is registered by a telephone carrier in a directory database, also known as “white pages.” Telephone carriers typically have directory listings of wireline telephone service subscribers but currently lack the listings of wireless telephone service subscribers. As a result, when a caller uses a wireless telephone to call a called station, the CID receiver at the called station typically displays the wireless telephone number, but not the name of the associated telephone service subscriber because of a lack of the white pages information. As such, the traditional CID service is ineffective in screening wireless calls by the callers&#39; name.  
     [0082] Return now to the above example where the caller, who is a read-only subscriber to contacts folder  609 , asks an operator to connect him/her to Bob&#39;s home number which is indicated “Private” in the folder. Not to be confused with a telephone service subscriber, the folder subscriber in this example will now be referred to simply as the “caller.” When the caller calls the operator for connecting him/her to Bob&#39;s home number, the ANI associated with the caller&#39;s call is communicated to center  200  which, as mentioned before, is derived by platform  203  from the call set-up signals. In accordance with an aspect of the invention, the white pages information associated with such an ANI is provided as CID data to Bob for call screening purposes. To that end, host computer  228  provides the ANI to database server  226  to look up the corresponding white pages information. It should be noted that unlike a typical telephone carrier, call/information center  200  in this instance has access to directory listings of both wireline and wireless telephone service subscribers. Thus, based on the received ANI, server  226  locates the directory listing including the name of the telephone service subscriber associated with the ANI. While the connection with the caller is on hold, and the second connection to Bob&#39;s home number is being established, host computer  228  in accordance with the invention communicates, as part of the call set-up procedure, the ANI and associated telephone service subscriber name to the called station (i.e., Bob&#39;s telephone) as the CID data. Specifically, such ANI and associated telephone service subscriber name are formatted in the well known CID data format and communicated, pursuant to an agreed-upon protocol, to the aforementioned data transmitter in the switching office connected to the called station.  
     [0083]FIG. 13 illustrates the ANI and associated telephone service subscriber name in the CID data format. As shown in FIG. 13, type character  715  specifies that the ensuing message contains the telephone number of the calling station from which the caller calls the operator. Length character  718  specifies the length of such a telephone number. Message field  721  contains the actual telephone number of the calling station, i.e., the ANI. In addition, type character  724  specifies that the ensuing message contains the telephone service subscriber name associated with the telephone number in field  721  according to the directory listing. Length character  727  specifies the length of such a name. Message field  730  contains the actual telephone service subscriber name. Following field  730  is checksum field  733  for detection of transmission errors.  
     [0084] In a well known manner, the data transmitter in the switching office transmits the CID data between rings of the called station, which is displayed on the called station or other connected device for receiving such CID data. As soon as the connection to the called station is established, host computer  128  causes platform  114  to bridge the new connection to the caller&#39;s connection which is on hold. Bob may then review the resulting CID display information at the called station before he decides to answer the call or not.  
     [0085] However, we have recognized that in the above example, the caller may not always be the same as the telephone service subscriber to the originating number because the caller may have borrowed another person&#39;s telephone to call. As a result, the CID message indicating the name of the telephone service subscriber may be misleading in identifying whom the caller is. Thus, in accordance with a second aspect of the invention, after obtaining the white pages information based on the ANI in the above example, the operator checks the name associated with the ANI in the directory listing against the caller&#39;s name as registered on the user data record. If they do not match, the operator may assume that the caller&#39;s name from the user data record is valid as the associated password of the caller was verified in the earlier login process. However, the operator may also verify the caller&#39;s name with the caller on the phone. The operator then enters the actual caller&#39;s name on terminal  220 , which replaces the telephone service subscriber name in the CID data to be transmitted to the called station. FIG. 14 illustrates the resulting formatted CID data, which differs from that of FIG. 13 in that type character  741  and length character  743  in FIG. 14 correspond to the caller&#39;s name, as opposed to the telephone service subscriber name. In addition, message field  745  contains such a caller&#39;s name.  
     [0086] We have also recognized that with the caller&#39;s name ascertained in the above example, the calling station number in the CID data serves no additional identification purpose. However, it may provide a means for the called party to return the caller&#39;s call. For instance, upon reviewing the CID display information, Bob may decide not to answer the call immediately as he is unavailable or currently on another call. Bob may try to contact the caller later using the display calling station number. Nevertheless, by the time when Bob calls, the caller may not be at that number, or the caller may want Bob to return his/her call at a different number or by a different method of communications altogether, e.g., facsimile, email or SMS. Thus, in accordance with a third aspect of the invention, the operator may query the caller on the phone for methods of returning his/her call in case Bob does not answer the call immediately. In this instance, let&#39;s say the caller wants Bob to return his/her call using a telephone number different from the current calling number, or via facsimile or email. In that case, the caller provides the operator with his/her desired (1) call-back telephone number, (2) facsimile number and (3) email address. Accordingly, the operator enters on terminal  220  the information concerning the call-return methods, along with the caller&#39;s name, to generate the CID data to be transmitted to the called station. The resulting formatted CID data by host computer  228  is illustrated in FIG. 15, which includes additional type character  751  and length character  753  correspond to the call-back telephone number, which is contained in message field  755 ; type character  757  and length character  759  correspond to the caller&#39;s facsimile number, which is contained in message field  761  and may be preceded with “F-” to be distinguished from a telephone number; type character  763  and length character  765  correspond to the caller&#39;s email address, which is contained in message field  767 . Of course, the time period for which each method of communications is the most convenient to the caller may also be specified in the CID data.  
     [0087] Further, we have recognized that the caller&#39;s name in the CID display may not be sufficient information for the called party to decide to answer the call. The purpose of the call, or the subject of the call may be important as well. For instance, Bob in the above example would answer the call if it concerns a business meeting the next day whereas he would not if it concerns an upcoming social event, even though the caller is the same in each case. Thus, in accordance with a fourth aspect of the invention, the operator, when querying the caller for the call-return methods, may also query the caller for the purpose or subject of the call, or other CID message to be shown to Bob. For example, the caller may want to confirm the meeting with Bob at 10 a.m. tomorrow. In that case, a CID message such as “See you tomorrow at 10” is sufficient to confirm the meeting. In implementation, the CID message may be abbreviated to accommodate the limited number of characters allowed. Thus, upon reviewing such a CID message while the called station is ringing, Bob may choose not to answer the call if he is satisfied with the message, or to pick up the call if he wants to talk to the caller, e.g., to change the meeting schedule or for whatever reasons. Thus, in this illustrative embodiment, the operator also enters on terminal  120  the call-content attribute of the call (e.g., information concerning the call purpose or subject), or any desired message from the caller to generate the CID data to be transmitted to the called station. The resulting formatted CID data is illustrated in FIG. 18, which includes additional type character  771  and length character  773  corresponding to the call-content attribute and/or desired message from the caller, which are contained in message field  775 . By reviewing the display CID information at the called station which includes the call-content attribute and/or caller&#39;s message in this instance, Bob is able to make a better informed decision whether to answer the call.  
     [0088] The user may subscribe to or opt out the above-described CID) service. The subscription to or opting out the CID) service may be specified in user profile record  500 . For example, referring to FIG. 7, caller-ID) service option  520  in this instance is unselected, indicating its opt-out status.  
     [0089] Referring back to FIG. 11, the above-described concept of protecting privacy of listing information on an element-by-element basis is applicable not only to contacts folders here, but also generally to white pages, wireless telephone directories, enterprise directories and other public directories. In particular, all wireless telephone numbers currently are unpublished. The disclosure of a wireless telephone number may be opted in or out, e.g., by selecting or unselecting Private option  809 .  
     [0090] A selection of one such Private option (associated with wireline, wireless, or other user telephone number) may lead to queries for desired privacy features. For example, the user may choose to disclose the telephone number during certain times (e.g., daytime, weekdays), and no other telephone number or a second telephone number during other times (e.g., nighttime, weekends). In addition, the user may create a “blackout list,” listing those entities (by their names and/or telephone numbers) which are unauthorized to obtain the user telephone number. In that case, for example, the blackout list may be stored in database  20  in association with the user telephone number. When a caller calls the information assistance service to access the user telephone number, the service provider may retrieve the user telephone number, along with the associated blackout list. The service provider may then screen the caller to determine whether the caller is authorized to access the user telephone number. Such screening may, be conducted manually by an operator where the operator may check the ANI associated with the call against the blackout list, or may simply ask for the caller&#39;s name, his/her company name, or other affiliation information, and check the received identity information against the blackout list. The screening may alternatively be conducted by computer  228  in an automated manner where upon learning the ANI associated with the call, computer  228  checks the ANI against the telephone numbers on the blackout list.  
     [0091] In another embodiment, the user may provide the caller a PIN beforehand, which is required to be produced by the caller during an information assistance call to access the user telephone number. Like the aforementioned blackout list, the PIN may be stored in database  20  in association with the user telephone number. The PIN may similarly be verified by the information assistance service provider manually or in an automated manner before the caller can access the user telephone number. Further, the user may have multiple PINs associated with different privacy levels, respectively. Each privacy level is used to qualify the restriction of access to listing information. For example, a first PIN is associated with privacy level  1 , production of which by a caller during an information assistance inquiry may enable the caller to access the user&#39;s business telephone number; a second PIN is associated with privacy level  2 , production of which by a caller during an information assistance inquiry may enable the caller to access the user&#39;s home phone number in addition to his/her business telephone number; a third PIN is associated with privacy level  3 , production of which by a caller during an information assistance inquiry may enable the caller to access the user&#39;s wireless telephone number in addition to his/her business telephone number and home phone number; and so on and so forth. Thus, with the above inventive privacy measures, the information assistance service provider advantageously serves as a clearing house to allow proper parties to access appropriate portions of listing information.  
     [0092] Referring back to FIG. 9, a search engine is provided on a Home GUI to search for a listing of a desired contact. For example, the operator may specify at entry  655  a search term (e.g., Bob), and select at entry  657  the type of folder (e.g., contacts or appointments) in which the search term is to be found. Thus, by using such a search engine, an informal request without much information, such as “I need to reach Bob” and “I want to talk to the sales manager at ABC Corporation” is sufficient for the operator to locate the requested contact information. After initiating the search by clicking on the “Search” button, any listing satisfying the search query is highlighted. In this instance, a search on the name “Bob” in a contacts folder uncovers listing  712  in the Edit GUI of FIG. 10.  
     [0093] It is anticipated that when given more specific data about the desired contact, e.g., Bob&#39;s full name, the operator may also search such other directory databases as public national directory databases, enterprise directory databases (e.g., corporation directory databases, and university directory databases), etc., accessible by database server  226 . To that end, GUI  780  in FIG. 17 is designed for the operator to perform such a combined search. As shown in FIG. 17, section  785  of GUI  780  corresponds to the Home GUI of FIG. 9, which allows the operator to manage contacts and appointments folders for the user as described before. In addition, section  782  provides the interface for the operator to perform the combined search for desired contact information.  
     [0094] Thus, in this example, when a user requests a listing of a desired party, say, Bob, the operator invokes GUI  780  on terminal  220 . The operator enters at search section  782  the name Bob and any other information provided by the user to the best of his/her ability such as Bob&#39;s last name, the name of the company at which Bob works, his or his company&#39;s address, etc. In response to, no, or one or more search results meeting the user&#39;s request are returned from database server  226  accessing a public national directory database and enterprise directory databases in this instance, and/or from personalized information server  28  accessing folders  607  and  609  associated with the user. Each returned listing in this instance includes a source indicator indicating its provider, i.e., database server  226  or personalized information server  28 . If multiple Bob listings are returned, the operator in a conventional manner discusses the listings with the user to ascertain the desired Bob listing. When the desired Bob listing is ascertained and selected by the operator for later possible connection to the listed telephone number for the user, and incorporation into one or more contacts folders associated with the user before the process ends.  
     [0095] Continuing the above example, upon learning the desired Bob listing, the operator offers the user an option to be connected to Bob&#39;s telephone number. If the user exercises such an option, the operator then initiates an outgoing call for the user by seizing an outgoing voice channel from a T1 communication link  214  and outdialing the desired telephone number. Outdialing is a function of platform  203 , whereby platform  203  transmits the desired telephone number after it is entered. Host computer  228  is notified of the outgoing call and automatically instructs platform  203  to apply a CPA therein to the outbound channel and a DTMF receiver to the inbound channel after outdialing. Such a CPA is sensitive to, and capable of identifying, telephone connection status conditions and signals including ring tone, busy, reorder, PBX intercept, system intercept (tri)tone (SIT), vacant code, reorder-SIT, no circuit LEC, reorder-carrier, no circuit-carrier, dial tone, continuous on tone, and silence. Platform  203  afterwards connects the user on the inbound channel to the outgoing call on the outbound channel.  
     [0096] The CPA monitors the outgoing call on the outbound channel for a predetermined number of rings, a predetermined amount of time, or until a specified connection status is detected. A successful call, in which the destination telephone is answered, is recognized by platform  203 . Illustratively, platform  203  identifies a successful call by detecting, on the outbound channel, the bit transition that occurs when the destination telephone converts from an on-hook status to an off-hook status. The detection of a successful call is relayed to host computer  228  by platform  203 .  
     [0097] When an outgoing call is successfully completed, platform  203  remains passively connected to the call. When the destination telephone is disconnected, platform  203  detects another bit transition indicating that the destination telephone changed from off-hook to on-hook. In response, platform  203  removes the application of the CPA on the outbound channel. Voice server  230  then seizes the connection to user telecommunication device  244  to provide additional information and services to the user upon closing of the call, in accordance with another aspect of the invention. However, such additional information and services may alternatively be provided by voice server  230  in the beginning, or at other appropriate stages, of the call. In this instance, upon the call closing, the user is allowed to order new services, modify user profile record or request other actions. To that end, server  230  describes any new service feature which is made available to the user by the information assistance service provider. The description may be followed by a menu, including options selectable by pressing specified keys on device  244 . Alternatively, the user&#39;s selection is spoken into device  244 , which is received and recognized by a voice recognition device in voice server  230 . For example, pressing the “1” key enables the user to adopt the new service feature; pressing the “*” key enables the user to speak to an operator to obtain further information about the new service feature; and pressing the “2” key enables the user to skip to the next service feature description, if any. In this instance, upon detection of a depression of the “1” key by the user, voice server  230  invokes a submenu for the user to enter any necessary information to subscribe to the new service feature. User profile record  500  may then be updated to reflect the new service feature subscription.  
     [0098] After the new service feature description(s) and menu, voice server  230  may invoke an action menu to allow the user to perform or request other actions. For example, pressing the “*” key enables the user to be re-connected to an operator for further information assistance; pressing the “7” key enables the user to modify user profile record  500 , e.g., through the agency of an operator, or a submenu to go through the profile entries item by item and make the necessary changes; pressing the “#” key enables the user to hear a recitation by voice server  230  of the desired destination telephone number just inquired; pressing the “8” key enables the user to incorporate the desired listing just inquired in a contacts folder associated with the user; etc. In this instance, the user&#39;s pressing the “8” key results in incorporating the desired listing into My Contacts folder  609 , stemming from the fact that the user here has the aforementioned rights to edit My Contacts folder  609  only but not Company Contacts folder  607 . Otherwise, if the user has the rights to edit multiple contacts folders, the folder involved in the incorporation needs to be specified by the user, e.g., in profile record  500  or upon request. In general, the incorporation is carried out pursuant to a predetermined protocol whereby the desired listing when incorporated would be properly formatted in folder  609 .  
     [0099] We have recognized that based on information in user profile record  500 , e.g., personal interests  540 , the user may be targeted to receive certain advertising or promotional (e.g., schedules, coupons, discounts, etc.) information. For example, after (or before) an information assistance call, such targeted promotional information may be “pushed” to the user, subject to any opt-out provision in the profile. For example, the user in this instance specifies as part of personal interests  540  preferred music, e.g., Beatles, Rolling Stones, etc.; fashion, e.g., Versace, Donna Karen, etc.; and sports Events, e.g., Knicks basketball games, PGA Golf tournaments, etc., for which the user would like to receive information from time to time. In accordance with an aspect of the invention, based on the profile data, server  28  tailors the content of the promotional information delivered to the user to suit his/her interests as soon as the information becomes available. In particular, at the closing of the information assistance call, voice server  230  provides the targeted promotional information to the user. For example, voice server  230  at such time may inform the user of the schedule of upcoming Knicks games and a sale of Knicks merchandise. Voice server  230  may then prompt the user to reserve tickets for any desired games and purchase any desired merchandise through a concierge-type service also provided by information assistance service provider  205 .  
     [0100] The targeted promotional information may also be provided as a message to the user from time to time via SMS, e-mail, voicemail, facsimile, paging, instant messaging, etc. For example, the actual method(s) of delivery of the targeted promotional information may be specified by the user in user profile record  500 , shown as information delivery method preferences  550 . Such information delivery method(s) may be established in the initial service registration by the user in response to such direct questions as “How do you want promotional information to be transmitted to you from an information assistance service?” The answers to such direct questions may make up preferences  550 . The specified delivery methods may be prioritized in accordance with the user&#39;s preferences. Of course, the user is allowed to opt out one or more of the above targeted advertising service features.  
     [0101] Server  28  from time to time sends to profile gateway  231  the targeted promotional information to be delivered to the user. Gateway  231  generates a message containing the promotional information, and data concerning delivery methods ranked in the order of the user&#39;s preferences, as specified in profile record  500 . This message is sent to profile manager  305 , which in response generates an appropriate request to messaging server  307  for delivery of the targeted promotional information.  
     [0102] In this instance, messaging server  307  may be situated at the same location as profile manager  305 . Server  307  serves as a gateway for delivering information to a user, e.g., via voicemail, SMS, e-mail, paging, facsimile, wireless application protocol (WAP), web, etc. When it is determined that the promotional information needs to be delivered via one of these communications, profile manager  305  forwards the necessary content and addressing information (e.g., voicemail access number, wireless telephone number for SMS, e-mail address, pager number, facsimile number, uniform resource locator (URL) of a WAP or web site, etc.) to messaging server  307 . Messaging server  307  attempts a delivery of the promotional information via the appropriate method of delivery, and feeds back to profile manager  305  information about the delivery status. For example, in the event that a first preferred delivery method is not successful, server  307  informs manager  305  of the unsuccessful delivery status. In response, manager  305  may cause server  307  to attempt the delivery via a second preferred delivery method, and so on and so forth.  
     [0103] For example, where the targeted promotional information is delivered to a WAP or web site, the access (e.g., URL) to one such site may be provided, e.g., on the user&#39;s bill for the information assistance service. Similar to the Internet standards, WAP specifies use of a wireless markup language (WML), which is a subset of an extensible markup language (XML), for writing WAP content. WML is designed to make optimum use of a small display which is typical of a mobile device, e.g., wireless telephone, PDA, etc. The resulting WAP content is scalable, e.g., from a two-line text display to a full graphic screen of a larger display. The WAP content can be read by a user using WAP microbrowser software installed in the mobile device. The communications between the mobile device and the Internet is through a WAP gateway, which serves as an interface between a wireless network and the Internet.  
     [0104] The WAP gateway provides the necessary protocol translation (e.g., between WAP and transmission control protocol/Internet protocol (TCP/IP)) and optimization, security, activity tracking and administration. Messages communicated between a mobile device and the WAP gateway are in accordance with a WAP datagram protocol (WDP). For example, when a request from the mobile device which comprises a URL is sent via a wireless network to the WAP gateway, the request includes a device ID identifying the mobile device. In response, a hypertext transfer protocol (HTTP) interface in the gateway retrieves the requested content from the WAP site on the Internet at the URL. The retrieved content is converted into a compressed data format for transmission over the wireless network to the mobile device identified by its device ID. The WAP microbrowser software in the mobile device interprets the compressed data and displays the interactive WAP content. In this instance, the user&#39;s bill may provide the user with the URL of the WAP site for accessing the aforementioned promotional information, expressed in WML.  
     [0105] Similarly, the targeted promotional information may be expressed e.g., in HTML or XML, and placed on a website for the user to access anytime using a device running the necessary web browser software. The particular URL of the website may be designated to the user exclusively for his/her personal consumption.  
     [0106] Continuing with the above example, if the outgoing call to the destination telephone cannot be successfully completed, e.g., the call status condition of the outgoing call identified by the CPA as a busy signal, platform  203  terminates the outgoing call by releasing the outbound channel, with the inbound channel intact. In this case, like the previous successful call completion case, voice server  230  may similarly present the above-described new service feature descriptions, menus and targeted promotional information (collectively “user assistance and service information”) to user telecommunication device  244 . However, the user here may be afforded additional action menu options, e.g., an option to have platform  203  attempt the same destination telephone number again by pressing the “1” key, and another option to record a message for later delivery to the destination party by pressing the “2” key.  
     [0107] Voice server  230  may similarly present the user assistance and service information to user communication device  244  in the event that the call status condition of the outgoing call is detected by the CPA in platform  203  as a ring-no-answer condition. Under that condition, it is desirable to allow sufficient time for the destination party to answer the call, but yet also provide the user with the user assistance and service information, other than simply waiting continuously for an answer. At the same time, the ring tone on the outbound channel may be temporarily muted or its volume is temporarily reduced. In addition, voice server  230  may communicate, through the inbound channel, the user assistance and service information while the user is waiting. If the user chooses to do nothing and wait, the ring tone continues until the destination telephone is answered, or the user disconnects.  
     [0108] In the event that the call status condition of the outgoing call is identified as a communication problem, e.g., reorder, PBX intercept, SIT intercept, vacant code, reorder-SIT, no circuit LEC, reorder-carrier, no circuit-carrier, dial tone, continuous on tone, or silence, voice server  230  informs the user of the communication problem. In addition, voice server  230  may present to user communication device  244  the user assistance and service information described above.  
     [0109] In addition, the user when interacting with the information assistance service may prefer to use certain key or voice commands, over those suggested, e.g., in the menus. This may stem from the fact that it is easier for the user to remember those certain key or voice commands, and to consistently apply the same commands for the same frequently used functions. Thus, the user may be allowed to create his/her own “dictionary,” denoted  560 , in user profile record  500  to customize his/her own “vocabulary” or reconfigure commands for interacting with the information assistance service. System components (e.g., platform  203 , computer  228  and voice server  230 ) of information/call center  200  are programmed to look up the dictionary to understand the user&#39;s customized commands to seamlessly provide the information assistance service. In this particular illustrative embodiment, dictionary  560  is realized as a look-up table, denoted  565 , for translating customized commands to corresponding menu commands recognizable by the system components. In this instance, the menu commands which have been reconfigured include the “*” key command for returning to an operator during an information assistance, and the “#” key command for providing the desired destination telephone number. As illustrated in table  565 , the “*” key command has been replaced by a “0” key command preferred by the user, and the “#” key command has been replaced by a voice command “Number Please” preferred by the user.  
     [0110] Synchronization and Backup  
     [0111] In an illustrative embodiment, a first PIM, e.g., a user computer at work, may synchronize its data, e.g., contacts and appointment data, with a second PIM(s), e.g., a user computer at home, through the aforementioned information management service. The first PIM may be designated a “master” and the second PIM(s) may be designated “slave(s)” in that changes in the master are registered in the slave(s) after their synchronization through the information management service, but not the other way around.  
     [0112] In this example, work computer  803  in FIG. 19 incorporating conventional PIM application  819 , e.g., a Microsoft Outlook, Outlook Express, Goldmine, Symantec Act!, Lotus Organizer and Lotus Notes application, may be the master PIM in accordance with the invention. Synchronization engine  815 , also installed in computer  803 , is used to perform the desirable synchronization function. In the event that the user wants to use engine  815  to synchronize with, say, a Palm-type device, one such device may be connected to computer  803  through external interface  821 . In this illustrative embodiment, engine  815  is designed based on a commercially available Intellisync Connector SDK kit provided by Puma Technology, San Jose, Calif. Engine  815  may be downloaded from server  28  via the Internet and is configured according to PIM application  819  used. In configuring engine  815 , all of the contacts and appointment folders in database  20  associated with the user are identified. However, only those contacts and appointments folders of which the user is either an owner or administrator can be selected to be synchronized with data sources in PIM application  819 , stemming from the requirement that a folder can only be modified by its owner or administrator, but not its read-only subscriber. Thus, in this instance, since the user is the owner of My Contacts folder  609  and My Appointments folder  608 , the user is afforded options to synchronize folder  609  and/or folder  608  with the corresponding PIM data sources (e.g., PIM contacts list and/or PIM calendar) specified by the user.  
     [0113] In this instance, when engine  815  is first downloaded from server  28 , it is a “master” version, which is provided to the user only once as the user can have only one master PIM, i.e., work computer  803  in this example. To that end, server  28  records the master version download event in association with the user&#39;s login (e.g., phone number/username and password) to prevent a second download of the master version of the synchronization engine. Barring any manual intervention, server  28  upon subsequent user request will provide a “slave” version of the synchronization engine for a second PIM of the user&#39;s, presumably a slave PIM. Master synchronization engine  815  differs from a slave synchronization engine in that the former allows a bidirectional synchronization of the data sources in work computer  803  with the corresponding folders maintained by server  28 . On the other hand, a slave synchronization engine only allows a unidirectional synchronization, wherein data in the folders is allowed to be downloaded to a slave PIM to revise those in the corresponding data sources, but not the other way around. That is, any changes in the data sources of the slave PIM have no effect on the folders maintained by server  28 . Except for synchronization engine  815 , a user home computer which is a slave PIM in this instance, may have similar PIM-related software to user work computer  803 .  
     [0114] Information concerning the association of a folder with the PIM data source to be synchronized with the folder is stored in configuration file  827 . After the initial set-up of engine  815  and file  827 , each time when the user creates a folder or becomes an administrator of a folder, the user is afforded the option to associate the folder with the corresponding PIM data source.  
     [0115] The bidirectional synchronization may be initiated by the user or automated by synchronization engine  815  to synchronize the specified folders with the corresponding PIM data sources from time to time through a communications connection with server  28 . For example, engine  815  may be programmed to perform unattended synchronizations at specified times, after computer  803  has been idle for a specified period, or when the user logs on/off computer  803 . In addition, engine  815  may be programmed to suspend any automated synchronization while computer  803  is running on battery power. Similarly, the unidirectional synchronization in a slave PIM may be performed under the control of a slave synchronization engine. Thus, with the above-described arrangement, any revised data in data sources in the master PIM, given time, will flow to the corresponding data sources in the slave PIM(s) through server  28 , thereby synchronizing the master PIM data sources with those of slave PIM(s).  
     [0116] In addition, synchronization engine  815  provides for recovery records in case the user makes a mistake in a synchronization with server  28 . The recovery records may be in an ASCII format, delimited (such as pipe delimited) and stored in computer  803  in a packed file (e.g., pkzip) to efficiently utilize the capacity of memory  812 . The recovery records contain essential fields. For example, as shown in FIG. 20A, a contacts recovery record in this instance contains First Name field  2203 , Last Name field  2205 , Job Title field  2207 , Company field  2209 , Business Address field  2211 , Business Phone Number field  2213 , Mobile Phone Number field  2215 , Home Phone Number field  2217 , E-Mail Address field  2219 , and Web Address field  2221 . As shown in FIG. 20B, a calendar (or appointments) recovery record in this instance contains Subject field  2251 , Location field  2253 , Attendees field  2255 , Start Time and Date field  2257 , End Time and Date field  2259 , and Note field  2261  which may contain first 100 characters of a message. Recovery records are generated each time when a synchronization takes place to record the last version of the PIM data in their respective fields before the synchronization.  
     [0117] The user may specify to synchronization engine  815  how many days&#39; worth of recovery records are stored. Utility on computer  803  deletes unwanted or expired recovery records. Engine  815  also provides a “recovery” option, which allows the user to select desired recovery records from storage. In recovery mode, the user may select to replace the current calendar and/or contacts list, add new data or update the differences, or both add and update.  
     [0118] Token-Based Synchronization  
     [0119] In a second illustrative embodiment of the invention, each of a user&#39;s PIMs, when in possession of a token, may synchronize its data, e.g., contact and appointment data, with the user&#39;s other PIMs through the aforementioned information management service. In other words, data revisions (at least those data for which the user is an owner or administrator) in the PIM in possession of the token will be registered in the other PIMs after their synchronization (downloading the revised data) through the information management service. In this second embodiment, unlike the previous embodiment, the synchronization engine (e.g., engine  815  in FIG. 19) of each of the user&#39;s PIMs comprises a combination the above-described master and slave versions of the synchronization engine. Each PIM may run the master version of the synchronization engine to perform bidirectional synchronization with (i.e., transmit and listen to) the information management service, provided that it possess the token. Otherwise, without the token, the PIM may only run the slave version of the synchronization engine to download data from (i.e., only listen to) the information management service. The token may be assigned to a PICA on a temporary basis. Thus, a PIM currently in possession of the token may be considered a temporary master (“t-master”) and is allowed to perform bidirectional synchronization of the data sources in the PIM with the corresponding folders maintained by server  28  (i.e., to listen to server  28  for the latest data and/or transmit any revised data to server  28 ). On the other hand, a PIM currently not in possession of the token may be considered a temporary slave (“t-slave”) and is allowed to perform a unidirectional synchronization (i.e., to listen to server  28  for the latest data only), wherein folders maintained by server  28  can be downloaded to a the PIM to update its data sources, but not the other way around.  
     [0120] In this illustrative embodiment, the token, which may have a particular bit pattern, is administered and assigned by server  28  to a PIM which has a need to revise its data sources. Server  28  by default may assign the token to a particular one of the user&#39;s PIMs when no other PIM requests the token.  
     [0121] In this instance, each folder (e.g., appointments or contacts folder) is indexed with a generation or version number. Each time when the folder is revised, server  28  assigns a new version number to the revised folder, indicating that it is the latest version. Depending on the synchronization schedule of a PIM, the PIM may not have the latest folder version until a scheduled synchronization takes place. During a scheduled synchronization, server  28  checks the version numbers of the folders maintained thereby against the respective version numbers of the corresponding folders (or data sources) in the PIM. Server  28  downloads only those folders having version numbers different than those of the corresponding folders for their replacement.  
     [0122] When a user at one of the PIMs, e.g., user&#39;s work computer  803 , which does not possess the token desires to revise data in a folder, he/she initiates a request for revising data of a selected folder. Accordingly, engine  815  establishes a communication connection with server  28 , and the request is communicated to server  28  through the communication connection. After server  28  receives the data revision request from the PIM, as indicated at step  2105  in FIG. 21, server  28  at step  2108  assigns the aforementioned token to the PIM, thereby according the PIM a “t-master” status. For fear the t-master PIM does not have the latest version of the selected folder from which the user is revising, server  28  at step  2111  polls the t-master PIM for the version number of the selected folder maintained in the PIM. Server  28  at step  2114  determines whether the version number received from the t-master PIM matches the version number of the corresponding folder currently maintained in database  20 . If so, server  28  proceeds to perform step  2117  described below. Otherwise, server  28  at step  2116  causes synchronization engine  815  to download the latest version of the selected folder from database  20  to replace its outdated version in the t-master PIM, and server  28  proceeds to perform step  2117  where it allows the user to revise the latest version of the selected folder in the t-master PIM.  
     [0123] After revising the selected folder, the user causes the t-master PIM to save the revised folder, which accords a new version number (e.g., previous version number+1) to the revised folder. At the same time, recognizing that the token, having a particular bit pattern, is in its possession, engine  815  causes the revised folder, along with its new version number, to be transmitted to server  28 . After server  28  at step  2120  receives from the t-master PIM the revised folder, along with its new version number, server  28  at step  2123  substitutes the revised folder and its new version number for the corresponding folder and its version number in database  20 . Unless the t-master PIM transmits to server  28  a request for revision of another folder, server  28  may reassign the token to another PIM. When every other PIM performs a scheduled synchronization with server  28 , server  28  causes the PIM to download the revised folder (and its version number), replacing the corresponding folder (and its version number) therein.  
     [0124] The token may be assigned to PIMs based on a time stamp of their request therefor on a first-come, first-served basis. A contention for the token may arise when, e.g., the user at one PIM and his/her secretary at another PIM wants to revise folders in the respective PIMs at substantially the same time. Server  28  may employ a scheme for resolving one such token contention. For example, the PIMs may be accorded priority, which may be dynamically assigned. Server  28  may assign the token to a PIM having a relatively high priority ahead of one having a relatively low priority.  
     [0125] In addition, to reduce the number of possible token contentions, the token may be folder specific. That is, for each folder, there is a token associated therewith. A token associated with a first folder may be granted to a first PIM to revise the first folder while another token associated with a second folder may be granted to a second PIM to revise the second folder as along as the first and second folders are different. Otherwise, server  28  needs to resolve the contention for the token associated with the same folder.  
     [0126] The foregoing merely illustrates the principles of the invention. It will thus be appreciated that those skilled in the art will be able to devise numerous other arrangements which embody the principles of the invention and are thus within its spirit and scope.  
     [0127] For example, the invention equally applies regardless of whether feature group D (FGD) type signaling, SS7 out-of-band signaling or other signaling is used for communications between carrier switches and switching matrix platform  203  of FIG. 2A.  
     [0128] In addition, information/call center  200  may be configured differently from the above-described configuration. FIG. 22 illustrates an alternative information/call center configuration. As shown in FIG. 22, the alternative system has call interface  1405  in information assistance service provider, which is no longer connected to servicing platform  210 . The functionality of platform  210  principally is carried out in carrier network  1410  in the alternative system. In fact, control device  1413  in network  1410  performs similar functions to host computer  228 , and carrier switch  1415  performs not only its conventional carrier switching functions, but also those of switching matrix platform  203  described before, under control of device  1413 . In this alternative system, an information assistance call is recognized by control device  1413  when it is routed through carrier switch  1415 . Device  1413  causes the information assistance call to be connected through one of pre-designated direct inward dial (DID) connections  1421  to provider  1403 , which is received by call interface  1405  therein. Interface  1405 , connected to operator telephones  218 , includes the aforementioned ACD logic for distributing the call to an operator at one of telephones  218  in a conventional manner. In the event that the information assistance call needs to be connected to a desired destination number, the operator causes the destination number and a “call completion” command to be transmitted to control device  1413  via Internet connection  1423 . In response, control device  1413  instructs switch  1415  to connect the instant information assistance call to the received destination number. As per the instructions, switch  1415  completes the call to the destination number.  
     [0129] Finally, information/call center  200  is disclosed herein in a form in which various functions are performed by discrete functional blocks. However, any one or more of these functions could equally well be embodied in an arrangement in which the functions of any one or more of those blocks or indeed, all of the functions thereof, are realized, for example, by one or more appropriately programmed processors.