Patent Publication Number: US-2023159418-A1

Title: Process and Apparatus for distillation

Description:
FIELD OF APPLICATION 
     The present invention refers to a process, apparatus and plant for distillation of methanol. This method and apparatus may also be used to distillate other products such as ethanol. 
     BACKGROUND ART 
     It is known that the product of plants for synthesizing methanol, commonly defined as crude methanol, is an aqueous solution of methanol containing by-products of the synthesis reaction including ethanol, ketones, higher alcohols, and some dissolved gases including mainly H 2 , C 0 , CO 2 , N 2 , CH 4 . 
     The crude methanol is distilled to meet the purity specifications required on the market. For example, the grade AA specification requires a minimum methanol concentration of 99.85% by weight, wherein ethanol should not exceed 10 ppm by weight. 
     Known distillation processes are based substantially on one or more distillation columns, where typically at least one column is able to separate light products (for example gas) recovered at the top of the column from methanol, and at least one column is able to separate the heavier product (e.g. aqueous solution) recovered at the bottom of the column from methanol. 
     A specific process which is widely used for e.g. distillation of methanol, comprises two columns that operate at atmospheric pressure or close to atmospheric pressure. More specifically, said process uses a preliminary treatment column known as stabilizing column or pre-run column and a second distillation column. The first column substantially has the purpose of separating the more volatile components contained in the crude methanol, where it receives the crude methanol and separates the light components at the top and an aqueous solution at the bottom. The second column known as concentration column carries out the actual distillation, obtaining (i) refined methanol at the top, (ii) a prevalently aqueous stream at the bottom (“bottom water”), (iii) a side stream known as “fusel oil” mainly containing water, residual methanol (ca. 1% of the total) and most of the by-products of the synthesis reaction. Said fusel oil has a certain heat value and is usually used as a fuel or feed in for synthesis gas generation. 
     Each column comprises a reboiler that heats the bottom of the column and maintains heat input to the distillation process. Each column comprises also a condenser, which condenses the top product and recycles it (at least partially) to said column. The heat is provided to the concentration (or distillation) column by steam, or by a process gas—when available—of suitable thermal level. The cooling medium for the condenser is normally water or air. Said configuration with two columns is simple in terms of a plant (e.g., a methanol distillation plant), but it has the major drawback of consuming a substantial amount of energy, both due to the heat supplied to the bottom reboilers, and due to the consumption of cooling water and/or electricity of the top condensers. Moreover, the columns have a relatively large diameter in relation to the production capacity and the plant cost is consequently high. 
     The order of magnitude of the heat consumption for the two bottom reboilers of about 3.35×10 9  J (0.8 Gcal) per ton of refined methanol. Since the energy consumption necessary to produce a ton of crude methanol is about 25.10-33.47×10 9  J (6-8 Gcal), the order of magnitude of the energy consumption of the distillation is estimated to be 10% of the total consumption of the plant. The heat to be disposed of in the condensers is comparable with the heat exchanged in the reboilers. In the theoretical case, for example, of removing said heat exclusively with cooling water, the flow rate circulating is relevant, i.e. about 80 m 3  per ton of methanol, and consequently there are high costs for pumping, etc. 
     There are other known distillation plants and processes that attempt to at least partially reduce these drawbacks. 
     U.S. Pat. No. 4,210,495 describes a process with three distillation columns, i.e. a preliminary treatment or stabilizing column and two concentration columns, a column operating at a medium pressure of about 7-8 bar and a final concentration column, respectively. The stabilizing and final concentration columns operate substantially at atmospheric pressure or slightly higher pressure (e.g. 1.5 bar). Such a configuration makes it possible to condense the top vapors of the medium pressure column in the bottom reboiler of the final column at atmospheric pressure, recovering heat, and this concept is known as “staggered columns” or “cascaded columns”. The staggered column concept may be used several times, for example by letting a high pressure concentration column deliver heat to a concentration column operating at intermediate pressure, which in turn delivers heat to a column operating at low pressure. However, both the stabilizing column and the concentration column operating at highest pressure must be heated and consequently the specific consumption, whilst being lower than a plant with just two columns, is still high. 
     A further development of this idea was disclosed in WO2013110369, which describes a process in which the final distillation column is operating at the highest pressure thereby enabling the condensing of top vapors from the final concentration column to deliver heat to the reboiler for the stabilizing column. This configuration makes it possible to reduce the energy compared to the process configuration described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,210,495, but this configuration has the significant drawback that all concentration columns will be operating at higher pressure than otherwise necessary and a further drawback of this configuration is that there is a mismatch between the stabilizer condenser duty and the final concentration column reboiler duty as the amount of heat required for the stabilizing column is much (˜30-70%) lower than the amount of heat required for the final concentration column. 
     The implication of the mismatch between the stabilizer condenser duty and final concentration column reboiler duty is that either will part of the condensing duty for the final concentration column by supplied by a separate condenser cooled by air or water (extra cost and energy consumption) or the stabilizing column will become unnecessarily large (in diameter). 
     The drawback of the increased pressure in the concentration columns is two-fold. In the first place, increasing the concentration column pressures puts more severe specifications on the heat source so that a heat source, which is acceptable for heating up two staggered concentration columns may not be acceptable to heat up the three staggered columns that results from this configuration. A further drawback is that the separation efficiency in the concentration columns is reduced with increasing pressure. This in turn translates into an increased energy consumption for a given distillation column, as shown in Tables 1 and 2. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 1 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Column feedstock, design and results achieved with the 
               
               
                 method and apparatus of the present invention. 
               
               
                 Column feed, mole % 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 MeOH 
                 66.61 
               
               
                   
                 H2O 
                 33.00 
               
               
                   
                 EtOH 
                 0.25 
               
               
                   
                 Higher alcohols 
                 0.14 
               
               
                   
                 Number of equillibrium stages 
                 49 
               
               
                   
                 Pressure drop across column, bar 
                 0.9 
               
               
                   
                 MeOH recovery 
                 98% 
               
               
                   
                 MeOH purity 
                 99.999%    
               
               
                   
                 Water recovery 
                 93% 
               
               
                   
                 Water purity 
                 99.998%    
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 2 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Required reboiler duty (J/h and Gcal/h) at different pressure to 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Pressure, barg 
                 Reboiler duty, J/h (Gcal/h) 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 0.1 
                 260.66 × 10 9  J 
                 (62.3) 
               
               
                   
                 0.6 
                 304.39 × 10 9  J 
                 (72.75) 
               
               
                   
                 1.1 
                 349.78 × 10 9  J 
                 (83.6) 
               
               
                   
                 2.1 
                 453.13 × 10 9  J 
                 (108.3) 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Document WO2013110369 addresses the problem of consuming a substantial amount of energy, both due to the heat supplied to the bottom reboilers, and due to the consumption of cooling water and/or electricity of the top condensers. It does not, however provide (or suggest) a solution to efficiently solve this problem when having more than 2 concentration columns for distillation of methanol, allowing for comparable savings of energy. 
     This document suggests that the adoption of a substantially higher bottoming pressure (i.e., at the final distillation column which would correspond to column V 3  of the present invention) allows an energy saving and makes it possible to optimize the heat flows and that by increasing the bottoming pressure (which would correspond to P 3  in the present invention), the distilled methanol in gaseous state, produced in the bottoming stage, has a substantially higher temperature than the temperature in the topping stage (which would correspond to stabilizing column V 0  of the present invention) and sufficient to ensure that a stream of said distilled methanol can be used as a heat source for the preliminary topping step. This document claims to make it possible to reduce or eliminate the consumption of heat (for example from condensing steam) for the heating of the topping stage. It discloses that pressure p 4 , in the bottoming stage, is substantially higher than the topping pressure p 1 , so that the temperature of gaseous methanol, distilled in column  400 , is substantially greater than the temperature of the liquid in the bottom of column  100 . It also discloses that such temperature difference is at least 10° C., i.e., the temperature of the gaseous methanol at the top of column  400  is at least 10 degrees Celsius higher than the temperature of the liquid in the bottom of column  100 . This is what allows that at least part of said gaseous methanol can be used to heat, at least partially, the topping column  100 . 
     CN108101748, and other documents, also mention an energy-saving process method and device for methanol purification, which is an energy-saving process and device for producing methanol from crude methanol using four towers and refers to a reduction of the operating energy consumption, however it is not clear or suggested how this is achieved and what are the process conditions. 
     DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention refers to an apparatus and process for distillation of methanol ( FIG.  1   ), however may also be used in distillation of other products such as ethanol. 
     The present invention has the purpose of reducing the consumption of energy and of cooling water and/or electricity in a distillation process of crude intermediate products (e.g., methanol) comprising a pre-treatment stage, known as stabilizing stage, for the removal of the volatile components, and a concentration stage, comprising one or more columns for distillation. 
     Such a purpose is accomplished with a process for refining or distillation of a stream of crude methanol (A) comprising, in a preferred embodiment of the present invention: 
     (i) pre-treatment of a crude stream A of methanol in a stabilizing column V 0  at pressure P 0 , for separation of volatile components, obtaining a stream of light gases L from the upper section of V 0  and a liquid stream B 0  comprising methanol from the lower section of V 0 , 
     (ii) B 0  is then directed towards concentration column V 1 , at pressure P 1 , 
     (iii) gaseous stream T 1  recovered from the upper section of V 1  is condensed in heat exchanger E 2 , supplying energy to concentration column V 2 , 
     (iv) part of the condensed methanol obtained in step (iii) is sent to product C 1 , and the remaining part of the condensed methanol is added to the upper section of V 1  and used as reflux flow, 
     (v) a liquid stream B 1  comprising methanol is recovered from the lower section of V 1  and passed on to V 2 , at pressure P 2 , 
     (vi) gaseous stream T 2  recovered from the upper section of V 2  is split (S) in two separate streams, one stream being condensed in a heat exchanger E 0 , supplying energy to V 0 , and the other stream being condensed in a heat exchanger E 3 , supplying energy to concentration column V 3 , 
     (vii) part of the condensed methanol obtained in step (vi) is sent to product, C 2 , and the remaining part of the condensed methanol is added to the upper section of V 2  and used as reflux flow, 
     (viii) a liquid stream B 2  comprising methanol is recovered from V 2  and passed on to V 3 , at pressure P 3 , 
     (ix) gaseous stream T 3 , recovered from the upper section of V 3 , is condensed, part of the condensed methanol being sent to product, C 3 , and the remaining part being added to the upper section of V 3  and used as reflux flow, 
     (x) one or more side streams H comprising higher alcohols and other minor bi-products is withdrawn from V 3  and a liquid stream B 3 , is drawn from V 3 , wherein:
         Columns V 1 , V 2  and V 3  operate at decreasing pressures, such that P 1 &gt;P 2 &gt;P 3     P 0 &gt;0 barg and P 3 &gt;0 barg   each column V 0 , V 1 , V 2  and V 3  is correspondingly associated to a heat exchanger E 0 , E 1 , E 2  and E 3 , which is a reboiler for the same column,   heat exchangers E 0  and E 3  are condensers for column V 2 ;   heat exchanger E 2  is condenser for column V 1 .       

     characterized in that:
         P 3 &lt;2 barg; and   Heat exchanger E 1  is supplied by an external energy source.       

     And also an apparatus for distillation of methanol, comprising a stabilizing column V 0 , at pressure P 0 , connected in series with at least 3 distillation columns V 1 , V 2  and V 3  at correspondingly decreasing pressure P 1 , P 2  and P 3  wherein each column is associated to a heat exchanger E 0 , E 1 , E 2  and E 3 , said heat exchanger being a reboiler for that column, characterized in that, 
     a) heat exchangers E 0  and E 3  are condensers of column V 2 ; 
     b) heat exchanger E 2  is condenser of column V 1 ; 
     c) E 1  has an incoming heat stream, external to said apparatus; 
     d) P 3 &lt;2 barg, 
     as well as a plant for distillation of methanol, comprising at least one apparatus according to the present invention, wherein the amount of steam required for E 1  is less than 1.3 kg/kg of product methanol and also the use of said apparatus for distillation of methanol. 
     The process of the present invention preferably comprises at least 4 columns, V 0 , V 1 , V 2  and V 3 , but may comprise more concentration columns, from V 1  up to Vn, operating at decreasing pressure, preferably connected in series. 
     Said concentration columns all operate in a manner such that part of the distillated product, C 1 , C 2 , C 3  and so forward, is recovered from the upper section of each of the concentration columns, and the remaining liquid, B 0 , B 1 , B 2 , B 3  and so forward, is passed on to the other column(s) until the final concentration column, e.g. in the preferred embodiment of the present invention said column is V 3 , from which the final fraction of the product C 3  is recovered from the upper section, stream B 3  comprising mainly water is recovered from the bottom and a mixture frequently referred to as fusel oil is recovered from a side stream H from the last concentration column—typically taken out in between the feed tray and the bottom of the column. 
     The heat exchange preferably takes place in a condenser/reboiler E 0 , E 1 , E 2  and E 3 . Said heat exchanger may be a tube bundle or plate exchanger, in which the distilled methanol condenses in the hot side, and the solution evaporates in the cold side. 
     Preferably, the pressure of the condensers for the stabilizing step and low pressure concentration column are both slightly above atmospheric pressure, for example 0.1-0.5 bar thereby typically leading to a pressure in the reboiler for the stabilizing step of 0.5-1.5 bar, and the pressure in the condenser for the concentration column which delivers heat is at least 2 bar. Consequently, the pressure in the reboiler for the column which delivers heat is in the range 2-8 bar; more preferably about 7 bar. 
     Some embodiments comprise more than one concentration columns and several pressure levels but the column with the second lowest pressure level always supplies the heat to the stabilizing step. 
     The described pre-treatment (stabilizing) and concentration stages can be implemented using a single column or many columns in parallel, if necessary. 
     The final concentration column V 3  produces distilled methanol C 3 , a solution B 3  mainly made up of water, and can also produce a side stream H represented by the so-called fusel oil. Side streams of fusel oil can also be extracted, if suitable, from the intermediate distillation stages. 
     The relative volatility between methanol and ethanol is highest at low pressure, so it is an advantage to conduct the separation at a pressure as low as possible. 
     Each time a column  1  receives heat from another column  2 , the temperature level in column  1  increases and therefore also the column  2  pressure needs to be higher than in column  1 . This is necessary to obtain the desirable driving force in the heat exchangers which act as condenser for the warmer column and as reboiler for the colder column. This temperature difference should be preferably be 4-10° C. The temperature level of the external heat source (typically steam) moreover has preferably to be 4-10° C. higher than the temperature level in the bottom of the column with highest temperature level. Some prior art documents show staggering of all the concentration columns on top of the stabilizing column, they will end up with a higher demand for the temperature level of the external heat source than in the present invention, where the final concentration column is working at the same pressure level and therefore also essentially the same temperature level as the stabilizing column. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS 
         FIG.  1    represents a preferred embodiment of the process for distillation of methanol according to the present invention, where three concentration columns V 1 , V 2  and V 3  with decreasing pressures P 1 &gt;P 2 &gt;P 3  are connected to a stabilizing column V 0  at pressure P 0 , wherein:
         a. A: Feed of crude methanol   b. V 0 : Stabilizing column at pressure P 0     c. V 1 , V 2 , V 3 : Concentration columns at pressure P 1 &gt;P 2 &gt;P 3     d. B 0 : Liquid stream comprising methanol, recovered from the lower part of stabilizing column V 0 ,   e. B 1 , B 2 , B 3 : Liquid streams comprising methanol, recovered from the lower part of concentrations columns V 1 , V 2 , V 3 ,   f. C 1 , C 2 , C 3 : Product liquid distilled methanol,   g. E 0 , E 1 , E 2 , E 3 : Heat exchangers,   h. T 0 : Gaseous stream recovered from the upper part of stabilizing column V 0     i. T 1 , T 2 , T 3 : Gaseous streams recovered from the upper part of concentration columns V 1 , V 2 , V 3     j. L: Light gaseous stream from V 0 ,   k. H: Side stream recovered from V 3 ,   l. S: Split of streams.       

     
    
    
     DEFINITIONS 
     “Atmospheric pressure” means 1.01325 bar, i.e., approximately 1 bar. 
     “Concentration column” or “distillation column” or “bottoming column”, Vn where n≠0 (such as V 1 , V 2  or V 3 ), means a column divided into a series of stages. These correspond to a cascade of equilibrium stages. Liquid flows down the column from stage to stage and is contacted by vapor flowing upward. Traditionally, most columns have been built from a set of distinct “trays” or “plates”, so these terms end up being essentially interchangeable with “stages”. Each tray in a distillation column is designed to promote contact between the vapor and liquid on the stage. Distillation can be conducted in a packed column (just as absorption can be done in a trayed column). Stages may be numbered from top down or bottom up. The stream recovered from the upper section of the column is called the overhead product, T, the “overhead”, the “top product”. Distillate product C may be liquid or vapor (or occasionally both) depending on the type of condenser used. The distillate flow rate is herein designated C and the product recovered from the lower section of the column may be called the bottom product and is herein given the symbol B. In some situations, one or more “sidedraw” products H may be removed from the column. The portion of the column above the feed tray is called the rectification section. In this section, the vapor is enriched by contact with the reflux. The portion of the column below the feed tray is called the stripping section. The liquid portion of the feed serves as the reflux for this section. The operating pressure of the column, Pn (such as P 1 , P 2  and P 3 ) is typically controlled by adjusting heat removal in the heat exchanger. The base of the column is typically used as a reservoir to hold liquid leaving the bottom tray. A heat exchanger, e.g. a reboiler, is used to boil this liquid. The vapor which results, the “boilup”, is returned to the bottom of the column. 
     A “Condenser” is required to provide the cooling duty to condense the stream collected from the upper section of the concentration column, which is a gas or vapor. The condensed vapor is partially refluxed back into the top of the column to increase the sharpness of the separation—the greater the reflux ratio the better is the separation. The condenser can be a total condenser or a partial condenser. In a total condenser, all the top vapor product is condensed to liquid, whereas in a partial condenser, only part of the vapor is condensed, and the liquid is refluxed back to the column, the un-condensed vapor is drawn for further processing. In this case, the partial condenser can be viewed as an additional VLE separation stage, whereas in a total condenser the top product of the column has the same composition as the reflux stream. 
     “Crude methanol”, A, means a solution comprising methanol, typically 65 to 95% methanol, water and other components. The crude methanol A contains low-boiling and high-boiling components (light and heavy ends). The light ends L include mainly dissolved gases (e.g., CO2), dimethyl ether, methyl formate, and acetone. The heavy ends H include higher alcohols, long-chain hydrocarbons, higher ketones, and esters of lower alcohols with formic, acetic, and propionic acids. 
     “Distillation” or “fractional distillation” or “fractionation” means a process for separating liquid mixtures into two or more vapor or liquid products with different compositions. Distillation is an equilibrium stage operation. In each stage, a vapor phase is contacted with a liquid phase and mass is from vapor to liquid and from liquid to vapor. The less volatile, “heavy” or “high boiling”, components concentrate in the liquid phase; the more volatile, “light”, components concentrate in the vapor. By using multiple stages in series with recycle, separation can be accomplished. The feed to a distillation column may be liquid, vapor, or a liquid-vapor mixture. It may enter at any point in the column. More than one stream may be fed to the system, and more than one product may be drawn. Vapor leaving the top of the column, such as T 0 , T 1 , T 2  and T 3 , passes through a heat exchanger, where it is partially or totally condensed. The resulting liquid is temporarily held in the “accumulator” or reflux drum. A liquid stream is withdrawn from the drum and returned to the top tray of the column as reflux to promote separation. 
     “Equilibrium stage” or theoretical plate means, in many separation processes such as distillation, a hypothetical zone or stage in which two phases, such as the liquid and vapor phases of a substance, establish an equilibrium with each other. Such equilibrium stages may also be referred to as an ideal stage or a theoretical tray. The performance of many separation processes depends on having series of equilibrium stages and is enhanced by providing more such stages. In other words, having more equilibrium stages increases the efficiency of the separation process. 
     “Feed” or “column feed” to a distillation column may be liquid, vapor, or a liquid-vapor mixture. It may enter at any point in the column, although the optimal feed tray location should be determined and used. More than one stream may be fed to the system, and more than one product may be drawn. The thermal condition of the feed determines the column internal flows. If the feed is below its boiling point, heat is needed to raise it to where it can be vaporized. This heat must be obtained by condensing vapor rising through the column, so the liquid flow moving down the column increases by the entire amount of the feed plus the condensed material and the vapor flow upward is decreased. 
     “Gaseous stream, such as T 0 , T 1 , T 2  or T 3 , recovered from the upper part of stabilizing column V 0  and concentration columns, such as V 1 , V 2  or V 3 , is the stream resulting from a distillation process, taken from the upper part of said columns. Such a stream is mainly made up of methanol, with progressively lower content of impurities until the gaseous stream, such as T 3 , recovered from the last concentration column, such as V 3 , has a very low content of impurities. The requirement is that the mixed product streams, C 1 +C 2 +C 3 , shall fulfil the required product specification (e.g. grade AA). 
     “Heat duty” or “Duty” means the amount of heat needed to transfer from a hot side to the cold side over a unit of time. The equation to calculate the heat duty is normally written in two ways: a) one that can be used for sensible heat transferred, which means that the fluid undergoes no phase change; b) the other can be used for latent heat transferred, which means that the fluid undergoes a phase change. i.e. condenses. 
     “Heat exchanger” means a system used to transfer heat between two or more fluids. Heat exchangers are used in both cooling and heating processes. The fluids may be separated by a solid wall to prevent mixing or they may be in direct contact. In particular, “heat exchanger” means a reboiler/condenser, e.g. E 0 , E 1 , E 2  and E 3 , such as a tube bundle exchanger, for example with evaporation of the solution in the shell side and condensation of the distillate in the tube side (or vice-versa). It is also possible to use a plated heat exchanger with heat exchange plates housed inside a shell. 
     “Partial reboiler” means a reboiler where only part of the liquid in the column base is vaporized. The vapor produced is returned to the column, and the liquid stream is removed as product or feed to an additional column. The compositions of these three streams are different. Partial reboilers also provide an ideal separation stage. Side-stream reboilers can be used, which draw liquid off a tray, heat it, and then return the vapor liquid mixture to the same or similar trays. 
     “Heavy by-products” or “side streams”, H, means a stream comprising higher alcohols and other minor bi-products recovered from the last concentration column—typically taken out in between the feed tray and the bottom of the column. It is also known as “fusel oil” and comprises water, residual methanol (ca. 1% of the total) and most of the by-products of the synthesis reaction. Said fusel oil has a certain heat value and is usually used as a fuel or feed to a synthesis gas generation section. Side streams of fusel oil can also be extracted, if suitable, from the intermediate distillation stages. 
     “Intermediate products” mean vapor and liquid streams between columns and exiting columns in a multi column distillation apart from the feed stream A, the product streams C 1 , C 2 , C 3 , L, H and B 3 . 
     “Light by-products” or “Light gases” or “Light ends”, L, mean gaseous stream obtained from stabilizing column V 0 , preferably the upper section of V 0  and includes mainly dissolved gases (e.g., CO2), dimethyl ether, methyl formate, and acetone. 
     “Liquid stream comprising methanol”, such as B 0 , B 1 , B 2  or B 3  means a stream recovered from the lower section of stabilizing column V 0  and concentration columns, such as V 1 , V 2  and V 3 . As the distillation progresses, this stream gradually comprises a lower amount of methanol and a higher amount of water, until the last stream, such as B 3 , recovered from the last concentration column, such as V 3 , comprises mainly water and only residual amounts of methanol, preferably less than 50 ppm. 
     “Lower stream” or “bottom stream” means a stream obtained or recovered from the lower section of a column, such as V 0 , V 1 , V 2  and V 3 . 
     “Pressure”, P, means gauge pressure and is measured in bar(g). Gauge pressure is the pressure relative to atmospheric pressure and it is positive for pressures above atmospheric pressure, and negative for pressures below it. The difference between bar and bar(g) is the difference in the reference considered. Measurement of pressure is always taken against a reference and corresponds to the value obtained in a pressure measuring instrument. If the reference in the pressure measurement is vacuum we obtain absolute pressure and measure it in bar only. If the reference is atmospheric pressure then pressure is cited in bar(g). 
     “Product”, such as C 1 , C 2  or C 3 , is liquid distilled methanol recovered from concentration columns such as V 1 , V 2  and V 3 . 
     “Reboiler” means a heat exchanger typically used to provide heat to the bottom of industrial distillation columns. Reboilers boil the liquid from the bottom of a distillation column to generate vapors which are returned to the column, such as V 0 , V 1 , V 2  and V 3 , to drive the distillation separation. The heat supplied to the column by the reboiler at the bottom of the column is removed by the condenser at the top of the column. Most reboilers are of the shell and tube heat exchanger type and normally steam is used as the heat source in such reboilers. However, other heat transfer fluids like hot synthesis gas, oil or Dowtherm™ may be used. Fuel-fired furnaces may also be used as reboilers in some cases. 
     “Split of streams”, S, means separation of at least one original stream (liquid or gaseous) in two separate streams or sub-streams (liquid or gaseous). Within the context of the present invention, S indicates the location where gaseous stream T 2  recovered from the upper section of V 2  is divided in two deriving streams or sub-streams, one stream or sub-stream being condensed in a heat exchanger E 0 , supplying energy to V 0 , and the other stream or sub-stream being condensed in a heat exchanger E 3 , supplying energy to concentration column V 3 . 
     “Stabilizing column” or Topping column or pre-run column or, V 0 , is for separating the more volatile components from the heavier components, both contained in the crude product, such as crude methanol. 
     “Volatile components” or “volatile substances” means components or substances which vaporize readily at low temperatures. Volatility can also describe the tendency of a vapor to condense into a liquid or solid: less volatile substances will more readily condense from a vapor than highly volatile ones. Vapor pressure is a measurement of how readily a condensed phase forms a vapor at a given temperature. A substance enclosed in a sealed vessel initially at vacuum (no air inside) will quickly fill any empty space with vapor. After the system reaches equilibrium and no more vapor is formed, this vapor pressure can be measured. Increasing the temperature increases the amount of vapor that is formed and thus the vapor pressure. In a mixture, each substance contributes to the overall vapor pressure of the mixture, with more volatile compounds making a larger contribution. Boiling point is the temperature at which the vapor pressure of a liquid is equal to the surrounding pressure, causing the liquid to rapidly evaporate, or boil. It is closely related to vapor pressure, but is dependent on pressure. The normal boiling point is the boiling point at atmospheric pressure, but it can also be reported at higher and lower pressures. 
     “Upper stream” or “Top stream” means a stream obtained or recovered from the upper section of a column, such as V 0 , V 1 , V 2  and V 3 . 
     Preferred Embodiments 
     (1) Process for distillation of methanol, comprising:
         (i) pre-treatment of a crude stream A of methanol in a stabilizing column V 0  at pressure P 0 , for separation of volatile components, obtaining a stream of light gases L from the upper section of V 0  and a liquid stream B 0  comprising methanol from the lower section of V 0 ,   (ii) B 0  is then directed towards concentration column V 1 , at pressure P 1 ,   (iii) gaseous stream T 1  recovered from the upper section of V 1  is condensed in heat exchanger E 2 , supplying energy to concentration column V 2 ,   (iv) part of the condensed methanol obtained in step (iii) is sent to product C 1 , and the remaining part of the condensed methanol is added to the upper section of V 1  and used as reflux flow,   (v) a liquid stream B 1  comprising methanol is recovered from the lower section of V 1  and passed on to V 2 , at pressure P 2 ,   (vi) gaseous stream T 2  recovered from the upper section of V 2  is split (S) in two separate streams, one stream being condensed in a heat exchanger E 0 , supplying energy to V 0 , and the other stream being condensed in a heat ex-changer E 3 , supplying energy to concentration column V 3 ,   (vii) part of the condensed methanol obtained in step (vi) is sent to product, C 2 , and the remaining part of the condensed methanol is added to the upper section of V 2  and used as reflux flow,   (viii) a liquid stream B 2  comprising methanol is recovered from V 2  and passed on to V 3 , at pressure P 3 ,   (ix) gaseous stream T 3 , recovered from the upper section of V 3 , is condensed, part of the condensed methanol being sent to product, C 3 , and the remaining part being added to the upper section of V 3  and used as reflux flow,   (x) one or more side streams H comprising higher alcohols and other minor bi-products is withdrawn from V 3  and a liquid stream B 3 , is drawn from V 3 , wherein:
           Columns V 1 , V 2  and V 3  operate at decreasing pressures, such that P 1 &gt;P 2 &gt;P 3     P 0 &gt;0 barg and P 3 &gt;0 barg   each column V 0 , V 1 , V 2  and V 3  is correspondingly associated to a heat exchanger E 0 , E 1 , E 2  and E 3 , as a reboiler for the same column,   heat exchangers E 0  and E 3  are condensers for column V 2 ;   heat exchanger E 2  is condenser for column V 1 .   
           and wherein:
           P 3 &lt;2 barg; and   Heat exchanger E 1  is supplied by an external energy source.   
               

     (2) Process according to embodiment 1, wherein the temperature in the coldest part of V 2  is higher than the temperature in the warmest part of V 3  and V 0  and the temperature in the coldest part of V 1  is higher than the temperature in the warmest part of V 2 . 
     (3) Process according to the previous embodiments, wherein the temperature in the coldest part of V 2  is preferably 4° C. higher than the temperature in the warmest part of V 3  and V 0  and the temperature in the coldest part of V 1  is preferably 4° C. higher than the temperature in the warmest part of V 2 . 
     (4) Process according to the previous embodiments wherein the difference between P 1  and P 0  is greater than or equal to 7.7 bar. 
     (5) Process according to the previous embodiments, wherein P 1  is higher than 9.7 bar(g), P 2  is comprised between 6.9 and 13 bar(g). 
     (6) Process according to the previous embodiments, wherein P 1  is preferably 17 bar(g), P 2  is preferably 9 bar(g) and P 3  is preferably 0.98 bar(g). 
     (7) Process according to the previous embodiments, wherein the heat duty of E 0  is at least 30% less than the duty of E 1 . 
     (8) Process according to the previous embodiments, wherein B 3  comprises the water removed from circulating streams and is recovered from the lower section of V 3 . 
     (9) Process according to the previous embodiments, wherein the crude product to be distilled is ethanol or other suitable product. 
     (10) Apparatus for distillation of methanol, comprising a stabilizing column V 0 , at pressure P 0 , connected in series with at least 3 distillation columns V 1 , V 2  and V 3  at correspondingly decreasing pressure P 1 , P 2  and P 3  wherein each column is associated to a heat exchanger E 0 , E 1 , E 2  and E 3 , said heat exchanger being a reboiler for that column, wherein: 
     a) heat exchangers E 0  and E 3  are condensers of column V 2 ; 
     b) heat exchanger E 2  is condenser of column V 1 ; 
     c) E 1  has an incoming heat stream, external to said apparatus; 
     d) P 3 &lt;2 barg. 
     (11) Apparatus according to embodiment 10, wherein the external heat stream to E 1  is steam or a synthesis gas containing sensible heat. 
     (12) Apparatus according to embodiments 10 and 11, wherein the crude product to be distilled is ethanol or other suitable product. 
     (13) Plant for distillation of methanol according to embodiments 1 to 9, comprising at least one apparatus according to embodiments 10-11, wherein the amount of steam required for E 1  is less than 1.3 kg/kg of product methanol. 
     (14) Use of apparatus according to embodiments 10-11 in a plant according to embodiment 13, for distillation of methanol according to embodiments 1-9. 
     (15) Use of the process, apparatus and plant according to embodiments 1-13 comprising N concentration columns V 1 , V 2 , V 3  and up to Vn, with decreasing pressures P 1 &gt;P 2 &gt;P 3  and down to Pn, connected to a stabilizing column V 0  at pressure P 0 , wherein: 
     A: Feed of crude methanol; 
     B 0  to Bn: Liquid streams comprising methanol, recovered from the lower section of columns V 0  to Vn; 
     C 1  to Cn: Product, such as liquid distilled methanol; 
     E 0  to En: Energy streams, in particular heat exchangers; 
     T 0  to Tn: Gaseous streams recovered from the upper section of columns V 0  to Vn; 
     L: Light gaseous stream from Stabilizer; 
     H: Heavy side stream recovered from the final concentration column Vn; 
     S: Split of stream Tn−1 in two separate sub-streams, one sub-stream being condensed in heat exchanger E 0 , supplying energy to V 0 , and the other sub-stream being condensed in heat ex-changer En, supplying energy to concentration column Vn, 
     V 0 : Stabilizing column; 
     V 1  to Vn: Concentration columns, 
     Wherein
         Columns V 1 , V 2  and up to Vn operate at decreasing pressures, such that P 1 &gt;P 2  and down to Pn,   P 0 &gt;0 barg and Pn&gt;0 barg   each column V 0 , V 1 , V 2  and up to Vn is correspondingly associated to a heat exchanger E 0 , E 1 , E 2  and up to En, which a reboiler for the same column,   heat exchangers E 0  and En are condensers for column Vn−1;   heat exchanger E 2  is condenser for column V 1 .       

     and wherein:
         Pn&lt;2 barg; and   Heat exchanger E 1  is supplied by an external energy source.