Patent Publication Number: US-7210907-B2

Title: Centrifugal fan impeller with blades inclined relative to the axis of rotation

Description:
TECHNICAL FIELD 
   The present invention relates to an impeller for a centrifugal fan whose blades are inclined relative to the axis of rotation of the impeller itself. 
   The impeller according to the invention can be used in fans for several different applications, for example, for moving air through a heat exchanger in a motor vehicle heating system. The invention can also be applied to fans for home air conditioning or heating installations. 
   BACKGROUND ART 
   Impellers for fans of this type must meet several requirements, including: low noise; good noise spectrum distribution; high efficiency; dimensional compactness; good pressure head and capacity. 
   Document EP-0 816 687 discloses a centrifugal fan having an impeller with inclined blades. 
   The blades are arranged on an annular surface around the impeller axis. Each blade has a tapering section and is curved outward, that is to say, has edge portions that are curved outward. 
   This constructional design, although it effectively reduces noise, is difficult to make by plastic injection moulding. Thus, document EP-0 816 687 also proposes a specific method for manufacturing the impeller and moulds especially designed for this purpose. 
   The present invention has for an aim to provide an improved, low-noise centrifugal fan impeller with inclined blades which offers top performance in terms of pressure head and capacity and which, at the same time, is easy to construct. 
   DISCLOSURE OF THE INVENTION 
   According to one aspect of it, the present invention provides a centrifugal fan impeller with inclined blades as defined in claim  1 . 
   The dependent claims refer to preferred, advantageous embodiments of the invention. 

   
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
     The accompanying drawings illustrate embodiments of the present invention without limiting the scope of its application, and in which: 
       FIG. 1  is a perspective side view of the impeller according to the present invention; 
       FIG. 2  is a perspective front view of the impeller of  FIG. 1 ; 
       FIG. 3  is a side plan view of a blade forming part of the impeller of  FIG. 1 ; 
       FIGS. 4 and 5  illustrate sections, respectively at the root and at the end of a blade forming part of the impeller of  FIG. 1 ; 
       FIG. 6  is a sound spectrum diagram of a prior art impeller; 
       FIG. 7  is a sound spectrum diagram of the impeller of  FIG. 1 ; and 
       FIG. 8  is a front view of the impeller of  FIG. 1 . 
   

   DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS OF THE INVENTION 
   Below are short definitions of the terms used to describe the impeller according to this invention: 
   the leading edge (A) is the line that delimits the front of the blade, that is to say, the first part of the blade profile to come into contact with the fluid flow; 
   the trailing edge (U) is the line that delimits the back of the blade, that is to say, the last part of the blade profile to come into contact with the fluid flow; 
   the chord (L) is the length of the line joining the ends of the arc extending from the leading edge to the trailing edge for an aerodynamic profile of the blade section at the intersection between the blade and a plane perpendicular to the axis of rotation of the impeller; 
   the centre line (MC) of the blade is the line joining the midpoints of the chords L at the different radiuses; 
   the inclination (α) of the blade is the angle made by the centre line (MC) of the blade and the axis of the impeller; 
   the camber (f) is the longest perpendicular line to the chord (L), measured from the chord (L) to the profile or camber line of the blade; the position of the camber (f) relative to the chord (L) may be expressed as a percentage of the length of the chord itself. 
   With reference to  FIGS. 1 and 2  of the accompanying drawings, the numeral  1  denotes in its entirety the impeller according to the invention. 
   The impeller  1  may consist of two or more modules  2 , each of which comprises a plurality of blades  3  extending between a mounting disc  4  and at least one connecting ring  5 . The blades  3  are connected to these components at an angle a relative to the axis  6  of the impeller  1 . The angle α may range from 5 to 30 (sexagesimal) degrees and is preferably 10 degrees. 
   The blades  3  of two adjacent modules  2  may be inclined in the same direction or in opposite directions. Further, the blades  3  of one module  2  are preferably offset with respect to those of the adjacent module  2 , that is to say, the end of one blade  3  of one module  2  is approximately half way along the space between two blades  3  of the adjacent module  2 . 
   In one preferred embodiment, the impeller  1  is designed to be mounted in a centrifugal fan which sucks fluid in from both sides. 
   In another embodiment which is not illustrated, air is sucked in from only one side of the fan, whilst the blade  3  mounting disc  4  is located on the opposite side to that were air is sucked in. In the latter case, the impeller  1  may comprise two or more modules  2  placed side by side. 
   The geometrical characteristics of each blade  3  are illustrated in  FIGS. 3 to 5 . 
     FIG. 3  illustrates a blade  3  in a straightened plan view. The blade  3  is basically trapezoidal in shape but it might also be rectangular to enhance capacity compared to head. 
   The blade  3  comprises a straight leading edge A, inclined at an angle β relative to the axis  6  of the impeller  1 , a straight trailing edge U, parallel to the axis  6  of the impeller  1 , a root  7  attached to the  4  and an end  8  connected to the ring  5 . 
   The angle β at which the leading edge  4  is inclined may range from 0 degrees, in the case of rectangular blades  3 , to 40 (sexagesimal) degrees. 
   The rectangular or trapezoidal shape of the blades  3  depends on the type of performance required: rectangular blades provide improved capacity, while trapezoidal blades achieve greater head and better acoustic properties. 
   A preferred value for the angle β, which provides excellent performance in terms of capacity, pressure head and acoustic properties is 12.65 degrees. 
   The blade  3  extends for a length L, the profile of the blade  3  has a straightened length W 1 , measured along the centre line of the profile, at the root  7 , and a straightened length W 2  at the end  8 . 
   The lengths W 1 , W 2  of the profiles expressed as ratios of the length L are the following: 
   W 2  between 0.3 and 0.5 of the length L, preferably 0.35; 
   W 1  between 0.3 and 0.8 of the length L, preferably 0.70. 
     FIGS. 4 and 5  illustrate sections of the blade  3  profile at the root  7  and at the end  8 , respectively. 
   The curvature of the centre line  9  of the profile at the root  7  is defined by the equation 
   
     
       
         
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               4 
             
           
         
       
     
     
       
         where 
       
     
     
       
         
           
             
               
                 a 
                 _ 
               
               1 
             
             = 
             
               - 
               
                 1 
                 95.6 
               
             
           
           ; 
           
               
           
           ⁢ 
           
             
               
                 b 
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               1 
             
             = 
             
               1 
               27.9 
             
           
           ; 
           
               
           
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             = 
             
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                 61500 
               
             
           
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                 d 
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                 32300 
               
               . 
             
           
         
       
     
   
   The profile has a chord C 1  of 21.488 mm, a constant thickness S 1  of 1.1 mm and a camber f 1  of 4.20306 mm between the centre line  9  and the chord C 1 . 
   The curvature of the centre line  10  of the profile at the end  8  is also defined by the equation
 
 Y=Y   0   ā   1 ( x−x   0 )+   b     1 ( x−x   0 ) 2   +  c     1 ( x−x   0 ) 3   +  d     1 ( x−x   0 ) 4 
 
   where the constants are the same as those stated above. 
   The profile has a chord C 2  of 14.154 mm, a constant thickness S 2  of 1.1 mm and a camber f 2  of 1.5033 mm. 
   The cambers f 1  and f 2  are approximately half way along the respective chords C 1  and C 2 , these positions being specified by the values lf 1 , lf 2  in the table below. 
   The values of thickness S 1 , S 2  and of camber f 1 , f 2  of the profiles expressed in relation to the chords C 1  and C 2  are the following: 
   S 1  between 5% and 8% of the chord length C 1 , preferably 6%; 
   f 1  between 10% and 15% of the chord length C 1 , preferably 12%; 
   S 2  between 6% and 10% of the chord length C 2 , preferably 8%; 
   f 2  between 10% and 15% of the chord length C 2 , preferably 12%. 
   The chord C 1  of the profile at the root  7  makes an angle γ 1  with the radius R 1  measured at the leading edge A. The angle γ 1  may range from 50 to 80 (sexagesimal) degrees and is preferably 65.2 degrees. 
   The chord C 2  of the profile at the end  8  makes an angle γ 2  with the radius R 2  measured at the leading edge A. The angle γ 2  may range from 33 to 63 (sexagesimal) degrees and is preferably 48.2 degrees. 
   The description below refers to a preferred embodiment of an impeller according to the present invention without restricting the scope of the inventive concept. The impeller  1  illustrated in the accompanying drawings is made up of two symmetrical modules  2  with lateral suction. 
   Each module  2  has twenty-eight blades, which are offset with respect to those of the adjacent module  2 , has an outside diameter of approximately 99 mm and is approximately 44 mm wide. 
   The impeller  1  according to the present invention rotates preferably in the direction indicated by the arrow S in  FIG. 8 , that is to say, in the direction such that, when the impeller turns in that direction, the leading edge A of the blades  3 —on the innermost diameter—is behind the trailing edge U—on the outermost diameter. 
   This configuration gives the best results in terms of silent operation and performance of the impeller  1 . 
   All the characteristic values of the proposed preferred embodiment of the fan blade  3  according to the invention are summarised in the table below, where
         C 1 , C 2  indicates the chord length;   f 1 , f 2  indicates the camber;   lf 1 , lf 2  indicates the camber position relative to the chord C 1 , C 2 ;   S 1 , S 2  indicates the profile thickness;   W 1 , W 2  indicates the straightened length of the profile;   α indicates the angle made by the centre line MC of the blade and the axis  6  of the impeller;   β indicates the angle made by the leading edge of the blade  3  and the axis  6  of the impeller;   γ 1 , γ 2  indicate the angle made by the profile of the blade  3 , at the root and end of the blade respectively, with respect to an impeller radius R 1 , R 2  passing through the leading edge of the profile.       

   
     
       
         
             
             
             
             
           
             
                 
                 
             
             
                 
               Position/value 
               Root 
               End 
             
             
                 
                 
             
           
          
             
                 
             
          
         
         
             
             
             
             
             
             
          
             
                 
               C1/C2 
               21.488 
               mm. 
               14.154 
               mm. 
             
             
                 
               F1/f2 
               4.203 
               mm. 
               1.503 
               mm. 
             
             
                 
               Lf1/lf2 
               53.92% 
                 
               41.44% 
             
             
                 
               S1/S2 
               1.1 
               mm. 
               1.1 
               mm. 
             
             
                 
               α 
               10° 
                 
               10° 
             
             
                 
               β 
               12.65° 
                 
               12.65° 
             
             
                 
               γ1, γ2 
               65.2° 
                 
               48.2° 
             
             
                 
                 
             
          
         
       
     
   
     FIGS. 6 and 7  illustrate the results of tests in which a conventional straight-blade impeller ( FIG. 6 ) was compared with an impeller made according to the present invention ( FIG. 7 ), both impellers having the same capacity and pressure head. 
   The tests showed a reduction in sound level of around 1 dB(A) and a significant improvement in terms of acoustic comfort. 
   In this connection, it should be remembered that the sensitivity of the human ear is a function of two main variables: frequency and sound pressure level. 
   The sensitivity of the human ear decreases at low frequencies, increases at medium frequencies and decreases again at high frequencies. It is therefore possible to create graphs of the perceived intensity (loudness) of sound, commonly known as “equal loudness curves”, used, for example, by national and international standard organisations. 
   The impeller according to the present invention makes it possible to shift the sound pressure level towards frequencies that are less disturbing to the human ear, which, in other terms, means that the sound made by the impeller is more “pleasant”. 
   The invention described can be subject to modifications and variations without thereby departing from the scope of the inventive concept, as defined in the claims herein. 
   Moreover, all the details of the invention may be substituted by technically equivalent elements.