Patent Publication Number: US-2010124550-A1

Title: Amide inhibitors of renin

Description:
This application claims the benefit of priority of U.S. provisional application No. 61/116,348, filed Nov. 20, 2008, the disclosure of which is hereby incorporated by reference as if written herein in its entirety. 
    
    
     Disclosed herein are new amide compounds, pharmaceutical compositions made thereof, and methods to inhibit renin activity in a subject are also provided for the treatment of disorders such as hypertension, atherosclerosis, cardiac disease, cardiac hypertrophy, cardiac failure, renal disease, renal failure, stroke, and myocardial infarction. 
     Aliskiren (aliskiren fumarate, Rasilez, Tekturna, SPP-100, CGP-60536, CGP-60536B, CGP-62198, CGP-62198A, CAS#173334-57-1, and CAS#173334-58-2), (2S,4S,5S,75)-5-amino-N-(3-amino-2,2-dimethyl-3-oxopropyl)-4-hydroxy-2-isopropyl-7-(4-methoxy-3-(3-methoxypropoxy)benzyl)-8-methylnonanamide, is a renin inhibitor. Aliskiren is commonly prescribed for the treatment of hypertension, atherosclerosis, cardiac disease, cardiac hypertrophy, cardiac failure, and renal failure. ( Drug Report for Aliskiren , Thomson Investigational Drug Database (Sep. 15, 2008)); and Jensen et al.,  Nature Rev.  2008, 7, 399-410). Aliskiren has also shown promise in treating stroke and myocardial infarction (Van Tassell et al.,  Ann. Pharmacother.  2007, 41, 456-464). 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     Aliskiren is subject to CYP3A4-mediated oxidative metabolism via O-demethylation of the aromatic methoxy group, O-demethylation at the 3-methoxy-propoxy side chain (followed by oxidation to the carboxylic acid), and complete dealkylation of the 3-methoxy-propoxy side chain to the phenol (Waldmeier et al.,  Drug Metab. Disp.  2007, 35, 1418-28). Adverse effects associated with aliskiren administration include: elevated uric acid, gout, renal stones, rash, gastroesophageal reflux, dyspepsia, abdominal pain, diarrhea, dizziness, edema, angioedema, hypotension, headache, fatigue and nasopharyngitis ( Drug Report for Aliskiren , Thomson Investigational Drug Database (Sep. 15, 2008)). 
     Deuterium Kinetic Isotope Effect 
     In order to eliminate foreign substances such as therapeutic agents, the animal body expresses various enzymes, such as the cytochrome P 450  enzymes (CYPs), esterases, proteases, reductases, dehydrogenases, and monoamine oxidases, to react with and convert these foreign substances to more polar intermediates or metabolites for renal excretion. Such metabolic reactions frequently involve the oxidation of a carbon-hydrogen (C—H) bond to either a carbon-oxygen (C—O) or a carbon-carbon (C—C) π-bond. The resultant metabolites may be stable or unstable under physiological conditions, and can have substantially different pharmacokinetic, pharmacodynamic, and acute and long-term toxicity profiles relative to the parent compounds. For most drugs, such oxidations are generally rapid and ultimately lead to administration of multiple or high daily doses. 
     The relationship between the activation energy and the rate of reaction may be quantified by the Arrhenius equation, k=Ae −Eact/RT . The Arrhenius equation states that, at a given temperature, the rate of a chemical reaction depends exponentially on the activation energy (E act ). 
     The transition state in a reaction is a short lived state along the reaction pathway during which the original bonds have stretched to their limit. By definition, the activation energy E act  for a reaction is the energy required to reach the transition state of that reaction. Once the transition state is reached, the molecules can either revert to the original reactants, or form new bonds giving rise to reaction products. A catalyst facilitates a reaction process by lowering the activation energy leading to a transition state. Enzymes are examples of biological catalysts. 
     Carbon-hydrogen bond strength is directly proportional to the absolute value of the ground-state vibrational energy of the bond. This vibrational energy depends on the mass of the atoms that form the bond, and increases as the mass of one or both of the atoms making the bond increases. Since deuterium (D) has twice the mass of protium ( 1 H), a C-D bond is stronger than the corresponding C- 1 H bond. If a C- 1 H bond is broken during a rate-determining step in a chemical reaction (i.e. the step with the highest transition state energy), then substituting a deuterium for that protium will cause a decrease in the reaction rate. This phenomenon is known as the Deuterium Kinetic Isotope Effect (DKIE). The magnitude of the DKIE can be expressed as the ratio between the rates of a given reaction in which a C- 1 H bond is broken, and the same reaction where deuterium is substituted for protium. The DKIE can range from about 1 (no isotope effect) to very large numbers, such as 50 or more. Substitution of tritium for hydrogen results in yet a stronger bond than deuterium and gives numerically larger isotope effects. 
     Deuterium ( 2 H or D) is a stable and non-radioactive isotope of hydrogen which has approximately twice the mass of protium ( 1 H), the most common isotope of hydrogen. Deuterium oxide (D 2 O or “heavy water”) looks and tastes like H 2 O, but has different physical properties. 
     When pure D 2 O is given to rodents, it is readily absorbed. The quantity of deuterium required to induce toxicity is extremely high. When about 0-15% of the body water has been replaced by D 2 O, animals are healthy but are unable to gain weight as fast as the control (untreated) group. When about 15-20% of the body water has been replaced with D 2 O, the animals become excitable. When about 20-25% of the body water has been replaced with D 2 O, the animals become so excitable that they go into frequent convulsions when stimulated. Skin lesions, ulcers on the paws and muzzles, and necrosis of the tails appear. The animals also become very aggressive. When about 30% of the body water has been replaced with D 2 O, the animals refuse to eat and become comatose. Their body weight drops sharply and their metabolic rates drop far below normal, with death occurring at about 30 to about 35% replacement with D 2 O. The effects are reversible unless more than thirty percent of the previous body weight has been lost due to D 2 O, Studies have also shown that the use of D 2 O can delay the growth of cancer cells and enhance the cytotoxicity of certain antineoplastic agents. 
     Deuteration of pharmaceuticals to improve pharmacokinetics (PK), pharmacodynamics (PD), and toxicity profiles has been demonstrated previously with some classes of drugs. For example, the DKIE was used to decrease the hepatotoxicity of halothane, presumably by limiting the production of reactive species such as trifluoroacetyl chloride. However, this method may not be applicable to all drug classes. For example, deuterium incorporation can lead to metabolic switching. Metabolic switching occurs when xenogens, sequestered by Phase I enzymes, bind transiently and re-bind in a variety of conformations prior to the chemical reaction (e.g., oxidation). Metabolic switching is enabled by the relatively vast size of binding pockets in many Phase I enzymes and the promiscuous nature of many metabolic reactions. Metabolic switching can lead to different proportions of known metabolites as well as altogether new metabolites. This new metabolic profile may impart more or less toxicity. Such pitfalls are non-obvious and are not predictable a priori for any drug class. 
     Aliskiren is a renin inhibitor. The carbon-hydrogen bonds of aliskiren contain a naturally occurring distribution of hydrogen isotopes, namely  1 H or protium (about 99.9844%),  2 H or deuterium (about 0.0156%), and  3 H or tritium (in the range between about 0.5 and 67 tritium atoms per 10 18  protium atoms). Increased levels of deuterium incorporation may produce a detectable Deuterium Kinetic Isotope Effect (DKIE) that could effect the pharmacokinetic, pharmacologic and/or toxicologic profiles of aliskiren in comparison with aliskiren having naturally occurring levels of deuterium. 
     Based on discoveries made in our laboratory, as well as considering the literature, aliskiren is metabolized in humans at the O-methyl groups and the O-methylene groups of the 3-methoxy-propoxy group. The current approach has the potential to prevent metabolism at these sites. Other sites on the molecule may also undergo transformations leading to metabolites with as-yet-unknown pharmacology/toxicology. Limiting the production of these metabolites has the potential to decrease the danger of the administration of such drugs and may even allow increased dosage and/or increased efficacy. All of these transformations can occur through polymorphically-expressed enzymes, exacerbating interpatient variability. Further, some disorders are best treated when the subject is medicated around the clock or for an extended period of time. For all of the foregoing reasons, a medicine with a longer half-life may result in greater efficacy and cost savings. Various deuteration patterns can be used to (a) reduce or eliminate unwanted metabolites, (b) increase the half-life of the parent drug, (c) decrease the number of doses needed to achieve a desired effect, (d) decrease the amount of a dose needed to achieve a desired effect, (e) increase the formation of active metabolites, if any are formed, (f) decrease the production of deleterious metabolites in specific tissues, and/or (g) create a more effective drug and/or a safer drug for polypharmacy, whether the polypharmacy be intentional or not. The deuteration approach has the strong potential to slow the metabolism of aliskiren and attenuate interpatient variability. 
     Novel compounds and pharmaceutical compositions, certain of which have been found to inhibit renin have been discovered, together with methods of synthesizing and using the compounds, including methods for the treatment of renin-mediated disorders in a patient by administering the compounds as disclosed herein. 
     In certain embodiments of the present invention, compounds have structural Formula I: 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     or a salt, solvate, or prodrug thereof, wherein: 
     R 1 -R 53  are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and deuterium; and 
     at least one of R 1 -R 53  is deuterium. 
     In further embodiments of the present invention, said salt is a hemifumarate salt. 
     Certain compounds disclosed herein may possess useful renin inhibiting activity, and may be used in the treatment or prophylaxis of a disorder in which renin plays an active role. Thus, certain embodiments also provide pharmaceutical compositions comprising one or more compounds disclosed herein together with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, as well as methods of making and using the compounds and compositions. Certain embodiments provide methods for inhibiting renin activity. Other embodiments provide methods for treating a renin-mediated disorder in a patient in need of such treatment, comprising administering to said patient a therapeutically effective amount of a compound or composition according to the present invention. Also provided is the use of certain compounds disclosed herein for use in the manufacture of a medicament for the prevention or treatment of a disorder ameliorated by inhibiting renin activity. 
     The compounds as disclosed herein may also contain less prevalent isotopes for other elements, including, but not limited to,  13 C or  14 C for carbon,  33 S,  34 S, or  36 S for sulfur,  15 N for nitrogen, and  17 O or  18 O for oxygen. 
     In certain embodiments, the compound disclosed herein may expose a patient to a maximum of about 0.000005% D 2 O or about 0.00001% DHO, assuming that all of the C-D bonds in the compound as disclosed herein are metabolized and released as D 2 O or DHO. In certain embodiments, the levels of D 2 O shown to cause toxicity in animals is much greater than even the maximum limit of exposure caused by administration of the deuterium enriched compound as disclosed herein. Thus, in certain embodiments, the deuterium-enriched compound disclosed herein should not cause any additional toxicity due to the formation of D 2 O or DHO upon drug metabolism. 
     In certain embodiments, the deuterated compounds disclosed herein maintain the beneficial aspects of the corresponding non-isotopically enriched molecules while substantially increasing the maximum tolerated dose, decreasing toxicity, increasing the half-life (T 1/2 ), lowering the maximum plasma concentration (C max ) of the minimum efficacious dose (MED), lowering the efficacious dose and thus decreasing the non-mechanism-related toxicity, and/or lowering the probability of drug-drug interactions. 
     In certain embodiments, disclosed herein is a deuterium-enriched compound, an isolated deuterium-enriched compound, or a mixture of deuterium-enriched compounds of formula I, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     wherein R 1 -R 53  are independently selected from the group consisting of H and D; and the abundance of deuterium in R 1 -R 53  is at least 2%. 
     In further embodiments, the abundance of deuterium in R 1 -R 53  is selected from the group consisting of: at least 2%, at least 4%, at least 9%, at least 15%, at least 21%, at least 26%, at least 32%, at least 38%, at least 43%, at least 49%, at least 55%, at least 60%, at least 66%, at least 72%, at least 77%, at least 83%, at least 89%, at least 94%, and 100%. 
     In further embodiments, the abundance of deuterium in R 29 -R 30 , R 32 , R 43 , and R 52 -R 53  is selected from the group consisting of: at least 17%, at least 33%, at least 50%, at least 67%, at least 83%, and 100%. 
     In further embodiments, the abundance of deuterium in R 1 -R 3  is selected from the group consisting of: at least 33%, at least 67%, and 100%. 
     In further embodiments, the abundance of deuterium in R 4 -R 9  is selected from the group consisting of: at least 17%, at least 33%, at least 50%, at least 67%, at least 83%, and 100%. 
     In further embodiments, the abundance of deuterium in R 11 -R 13  is selected from the group consisting of: at least 33%, at least 67%, and 100%. 
     In further embodiments, the abundance of deuterium in R 10 , and R 14 -R 15  is selected from the group consisting of: at least 33%, at least 67%, and 100%. 
     In further embodiments, the abundance of deuterium in R 16 -R 28 , R 31 , and R 33 -R 42  is selected from the group consisting of: at least 4%, at least 8%, at least 13%, at least 17%, at least 21%, at least 25%, at least 29%, at least 33%, at least 38%, at least 42%, at least 46%, at least 50%, at least 54%, at least 58%, at least 63%, at least 67%, at least 71%, at least 75%, at least 79%, at least 83%, at least 88%, at least 92%, at least 96%, and 100%. 
     In further embodiments, the abundance of deuterium in R 44 -R 51  is selected from the group consisting of: at least 11%, at least 22%, at least 33%, at least 44%, at least 56%, at least 67%, at least 78%, 100%. 
     In further embodiments, the compound is selected from the group consisting of compounds 1-8: 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     In further embodiments, the compound is selected from the group consisting of compounds 9-16: 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     In further embodiments, disclosed herein is a pharmaceutical composition, comprising: a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier and a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt form thereof. 
     In further embodiments, disclosed herein is a method for treating hypertension comprising: administering, to a patient in need thereof, a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt form thereof. 
     All publications and references cited herein are expressly incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. However, with respect to any similar or identical terms found in both the incorporated publications or references and those explicitly put forth or defined in this document, then those terms definitions or meanings explicitly put forth in this document shall control in all respects. 
     As used herein, the terms below have the meanings indicated. 
     The singular forms “a”, “an”, and “the” may refer to plural articles unless specifically stated otherwise. 
     The term “about”, as used herein, is intended to qualify the numerical values which it modifies, denoting such a value as variable within a margin of error. When no particular margin of error, such as a standard deviation to a mean value given in a chart or table of data, is recited, the term “about” should be understood to mean that range which would encompass the recited value and the range which would be included by rounding up or down to that figure as well, taking into account significant figures. 
     When ranges of values are disclosed, and the notation “from n 1  . . . to n 2 ” or “n 1 -n 2 ” is used, where n 1  and n 2  are the numbers, then unless otherwise specified, this notation is intended to include the numbers themselves and the range between them. This range may be integral or continuous between and including the end values. 
     The term “deuterium enrichment” refers to the percentage of incorporation of deuterium at a given position in a molecule in the place of hydrogen. For example, deuterium enrichment of 1% at a given position means that 1% of molecules in a given sample contain deuterium at the specified position. Because the naturally occurring distribution of deuterium is about 0.0156%, deuterium enrichment at any position in a compound synthesized using non-enriched starting materials is about 0.0156%. The deuterium enrichment can be determined using conventional analytical methods known to one of ordinary skill in the art, including mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. 
     The term “is/are deuterium”, when used to describe a given position in a molecule such as R 1 -R 53  or the symbol “D”, when used to represent a given position in a drawing of a molecular structure, means that the specified position is enriched with deuterium above the naturally occurring distribution of deuterium. In one embodiment deuterium enrichment is no less than about 1%, in another no less than about 5%, in another no less than about 10%, in another no less than about 20%, in another no less than about 50%, in another no less than about 70%, in another no less than about 80%, in another no less than about 90%, or in another no less than about 98% of deuterium at the specified position. 
     The term “isotopic enrichment” refers to the percentage of incorporation of a less prevalent isotope of an element at a given position in a molecule in the place of the more prevalent isotope of the element. 
     The term “non-isotopically enriched” refers to a molecule in which the percentages of the various isotopes are substantially the same as the naturally occurring percentages. 
     Asymmetric centers exist in the compounds disclosed herein. These centers are designated by the symbols “R” or “S”, depending on the configuration of substituents around the chiral carbon atom. It should be understood that the invention encompasses all stereochemical isomeric forms, including diastereomeric, enantiomeric, and epimeric forms, as well as D-isomers and L-isomers, and mixtures thereof. Individual stereoisomers of compounds can be prepared synthetically from commercially available starting materials which contain chiral centers or by preparation of mixtures of enantiomeric products followed by separation such as conversion to a mixture of diastereomers followed by separation or recrystallization, chromatographic techniques, direct separation of enantiomers on chiral chromatographic columns, or any other appropriate method known in the art. Starting compounds of particular stereochemistry are either commercially available or can be made and resolved by techniques known in the art. Additionally, the compounds disclosed herein may exist as geometric isomers. The present invention includes all cis, trans, syn, anti, entgegen (E), and zusammen (Z) isomers as well as the appropriate mixtures thereof. Additionally, compounds may exist as tautomers; all tautomeric isomers are provided by this invention. Additionally, the compounds disclosed herein can exist in unsolvated as well as solvated forms with pharmaceutically acceptable solvents such as water, ethanol, and the like. In general, the solvated forms are considered equivalent to the unsolvated forms. 
     The term “bond” refers to a covalent linkage between two atoms, or two moieties when the atoms joined by the bond are considered to be part of larger substructure. A bond may be single, double, or triple unless otherwise specified. A dashed line between two atoms in a drawing of a molecule indicates that an additional bond may be present or absent at that position. 
     The term “disorder” as used herein is intended to be generally synonymous, and is used interchangeably with, the terms “disease”, “syndrome”, and “condition” (as in medical condition), in that all reflect an abnormal condition of the human or animal body or of one of its parts that impairs normal functioning, is typically manifested by distinguishing signs and symptoms. 
     The terms “treat”, “treating”, and “treatment” are meant to include alleviating or abrogating a disorder or one or more of the symptoms associated with a disorder; or alleviating or eradicating the cause(s) of the disorder itself. As used herein, reference to “treatment” of a disorder is intended to include prevention. The terms “prevent”, “preventing”, and “prevention” refer to a method of delaying or precluding the onset of a disorder; and/or its attendant symptoms, barring a subject from acquiring a disorder or reducing a subject&#39;s risk of acquiring a disorder. 
     The term “therapeutically effective amount” refers to the amount of a compound that, when administered, is sufficient to prevent development of, or alleviate to some extent, one or more of the symptoms of the disorder being treated. The term “therapeutically effective amount” also refers to the amount of a compound that is sufficient to elicit the biological or medical response of a cell, tissue, system, animal, or human that is being sought by a researcher, veterinarian, medical doctor, or clinician. 
     The term “subject” refers to an animal, including, but not limited to, a primate (e.g., human, monkey, chimpanzee, gorilla, and the like), rodents (e.g., rats, mice, gerbils, hamsters, ferrets, and the like), lagomorphs, swine (e.g., pig, miniature pig), equine, canine, feline, and the like. The terms “subject” and “patient” are used interchangeably herein in reference, for example, to a mammalian subject, such as a human patient. 
     The term “combination therapy” means the administration of two or more therapeutic agents to treat a therapeutic disorder described in the present disclosure. Such administration encompasses co-administration of these therapeutic agents in a substantially simultaneous manner, such as in a single capsule having a fixed ratio of active ingredients or in multiple, separate capsules for each active ingredient. In addition, such administration also encompasses use of each type of therapeutic agent in a sequential manner. In either case, the treatment regimen will provide beneficial effects of the drug combination in treating the disorders described herein. 
     The term “renin” refers to a circulating enzyme that participates in the body&#39;s renin-angiotensin system (RAS). The renin-angiotensin system is one of the key regulators of electrolyte and fluid balance, and blood pressure. Renin initiates the RAS cascade by cleaving angiotensinogen, which is produced by the liver, to yield angiotensin I that is further converted into angiotensin II by angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE), primarily within the capillaries of the lungs. Angiotensin II increases blood pressure, by inducing blood vessels to constrict, increasing the secretion of ADH and aldosterone, and stimulating the hypothalamus to activate the thirst reflex. Renin is secreted from juxtaglomerular cells of the afferent arterioles. Juxtaglomerular cells can be activated by either: prostaglandins, which are released from the macula densa in response to the rate of fluid flow through the distal tubule; by decreases in renal perfusion pressure through stretch receptors in the vascular wall; and by nervous stimulation, mainly through beta-1 receptor activation. Renin&#39;s primary function is therefore to maintain homoestasis by increasing blood pressure, thereby leading to restoration of perfusion pressure in the kidneys. Renin can also bind to ATP6AP2. This renin/ATP6AP2 complex increases the rate of conversion of angiotensinogen to angiotensin I by fourfold over that of soluble renin. An over-active renin-angiotension system leads to vasoconstriction and retention of sodium and water, which in turn leads to hypertension. 
     The term “renin-mediated disorder”, refers to a disorder that is characterized by abnormal renin activity, or normal renin activity that when inhibited leads to the amelioration of other abnormal biological processes. A renin-mediated disorder may be completely or partially mediated by inhibiting renin activity. In particular, a renin-mediated disorder is one in which inhibition of renin results in some effect on the underlying disorder e.g., administration of a renin inhibitor results in some improvement in at least some of the patients being treated. 
     The term “renin inhibitor”, refers to the ability of a compound disclosed herein to alter the function of renin. A renin inhibitor may block or reduce the activity of renin by forming a reversible or irreversible covalent bond between the inhibitor and renin or through formation of a noncovalently bound complex. Such inhibition may be manifest only in particular cell types or may be contingent on a particular biological event. The term “renin inhibitor” also refers to altering the function of renin by decreasing the probability that a complex forms between renin and a natural substrate. In some embodiments, renin inhibition may be assessed using the methods described in Kelly et al.,  Diabetologia  2007, 50(11), 2398-2404. 
     The term “inhibiting renin activity”, or “inhibition of renin activity” refers to altering the activity of renin by administering a renin inhibitor. 
     The term “therapeutically acceptable” refers to those compounds (or salts, prodrugs, tautomers, zwitterionic forms, etc.) which are suitable for use in contact with the tissues of patients without excessive toxicity, irritation, allergic response, immunogenecity, are commensurate with a reasonable benefit/risk ratio, and are effective for their intended use. 
     The term “pharmaceutically acceptable carrier,” “pharmaceutically acceptable excipient”, “physiologically acceptable carrier”, or “physiologically acceptable excipient” refers to a pharmaceutically-acceptable material, composition, or vehicle, such as a liquid or solid filler, diluent, excipient, solvent, or encapsulating material. Each component must be “pharmaceutically acceptable” in the sense of being compatible with the other ingredients of a pharmaceutical formulation. It must also be suitable for use in contact with the tissue or organ of humans and animals without excessive toxicity, irritation, allergic response, immunogenecity, or other problems or complications, commensurate with a reasonable benefit/risk ratio. See,  Remington: The Science and Practice of Pharmacy,  21st Edition; Lippincott Williams &amp; Wilkins: Philadelphia, Pa., 2005 ; Handbook of Pharmaceutical Excipients,  5th Edition; Rowe et al., Eds., The Pharmaceutical Press and the American Pharmaceutical Association: 2005; and  Handbook of Pharmaceutical Additives,  3rd Edition; Ash and Ash Eds., Gower Publishing Company: 2007 ; Pharmaceutical Preformulation and Formulation,  Gibson Ed., CRC Press LLC: Boca Raton, Fla., 2004). 
     The terms “active ingredient”, “active compound”, and “active substance” refer to a compound, which is administered, alone or in combination with one or more pharmaceutically acceptable excipients or carriers, to a subject for treating, preventing, or ameliorating one or more symptoms of a disorder. 
     The terms “drug”, “therapeutic agent”, and “chemotherapeutic agent” refer to a compound, or a pharmaceutical composition thereof, which is administered to a subject for treating, preventing, or ameliorating one or more symptoms of a disorder. 
     The term “release controlling excipient” refers to an excipient whose primary function is to modify the duration or place of release of the active substance from a dosage form as compared with a conventional immediate release dosage form. 
     The term “nonrelease controlling excipient” refers to an excipient whose primary function do not include modifying the duration or place of release of the active substance from a dosage form as compared with a conventional immediate release dosage form. 
     The term “prodrug” refers to a compound functional derivative of the compound as disclosed herein and is readily convertible into the parent compound in vivo. Prodrugs are often useful because, in some situations, they may be easier to administer than the parent compound. They may, for instance, be bioavailable by oral administration whereas the parent compound is not. The prodrug may also have enhanced solubility in pharmaceutical compositions over the parent compound. A prodrug may be converted into the parent drug by various mechanisms, including enzymatic processes and metabolic hydrolysis. See Harper,  Progress in Drug Research  1962, 4, 221-294; Morozowich et al. in “Design of Biopharmaceutical Properties through Prodrugs and Analogs,” Roche Ed., APHA Acad. Pharm. Sci. 1977; “Bioreversible Carriers in Drug in Drug Design, Theory and Application,” Roche Ed., APHA Acad. Pharm. Sci. 1987; “Design of Prodrugs,” Bundgaard, Elsevier, 1985; Wang et al.,  Curr. Pharm. Design  1999, 5, 265-287; Pauletti et al.,  Adv. Drug. Delivery Rev.  1997, 27, 235-256; Mizen et al.,  Pharm. Biotech.  1998, 11, 345-365; Gaignault et al.,  Pract. Med. Chem.  1996, 671-696; Asgharnejad in “Transport Processes in Pharmaceutical Systems,” Amidon et al., Ed., Marcell Dekker, 185-218, 2000; Balant et al.,  Eur. J. Drug Metab. Pharmacokinet.  1990, 15, 143-53; Balimane and Sinko,  Adv. Drug Delivery Rev.  1999, 39, 183-209; Browne,  Clin. Neuropharmacol.  1997, 20, 1-12; Bundgaard,  Arch. Pharm. Chem.  1979, 86, 1-39; Bundgaard,  Controlled Drug Delivery  1987, 17, 179-96; Bundgaard,  Adv. Drug Delivery Rev.  1992, 8, 1-38; Fleisher et al.,  Adv. Drug Delivery Rev.  1996, 19, 115-130; Fleisher et al.,  Methods Enzymol.  1985, 112, 360-381; Farquhar et al.,  J. Pharm. Sci.  1983, 72, 324-325; Freeman et al.,  J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun.  1991, 875-877; Friis and Bundgaard,  Eur. J. Pharm. Sci.  1996, 4, 49-59; Gangwar et al.,  Des. Biopharm. Prop. Prodrugs Analogs,  1977, 409-421; Nathwani and Wood, Drugs 1993, 45, 866-94; Sinhababu and Thakker,  Adv. Drug Delivery Rev.  1996, 19, 241-273; Stella et al.,  Drugs  1985, 29, 455-73; Tan et al.,  Adv. Drug Delivery Rev.  1999, 39, 117-151; Taylor,  Adv. Drug Delivery Rev.  1996, 19, 131-148; Valentino and Borchardt,  Drug Discovery Today  1997, 2, 148-155; Wiebe and Knaus,  Adv. Drug Delivery Rev.  1999, 39, 63-80; Waller et al.,  Br. J. Clin. Pharmac.  1989, 28, 497-507. 
     The compounds disclosed herein can exist as therapeutically acceptable salts. The term “pharmaceutically acceptable salt”, as used herein, represents salts or zwitterionic forms of the compounds disclosed herein which are therapeutically acceptable as defined herein. The salts can be prepared during the final isolation and purification of the compounds or separately by reacting the appropriate compound with a suitable acid or base. Therapeutically acceptable salts include acid and basic addition salts. For a more complete discussion of the preparation and selection of salts, refer to “Handbook of Pharmaceutical Salts, Properties, and Use,” Stah and Wermuth, Ed., (Wiley-VCH and VHCA, Zurich, 2002) and Berge et al.,  J. Pharm. Sci.  1977, 66, 1-19. 
     Suitable acids for use in the preparation of pharmaceutically acceptable salts include, but are not limited to, acetic acid, 2,2-dichloroacetic acid, acylated amino acids, adipic acid, alginic acid, ascorbic acid, L-aspartic acid, benzenesulfonic acid, benzoic acid, 4-acetamidobenzoic acid, boric acid, (+)-camphoric acid, camphorsulfonic acid, (+)-(1S)-camphor-10-sulfonic acid, capric acid, caproic acid, caprylic acid, cinnamic acid, citric acid, cyclamic acid, cyclohexanesulfamic acid, dodecylsulfuric acid, ethane-1,2-disulfonic acid, ethanesulfonic acid, 2-hydroxy-ethanesulfonic acid, formic acid, fumaric acid, galactaric acid, gentisic acid, glucoheptonic acid, D-gluconic acid, D-glucuronic acid, L-glutamic acid, α-oxo-glutaric acid, glycolic acid, hippuric acid, hydrobromic acid, hydrochloric acid, hydroiodic acid, (+)-L-lactic acid, (±)-DL-lactic acid, lactobionic acid, lauric acid, maleic acid, (−)-L-malic acid, malonic acid, (±)-DL-mandelic acid, methanesulfonic acid, naphthalene-2-sulfonic acid, naphthalene-1,5-disulfonic acid, 1-hydroxy-2-naphthoic acid, nicotinic acid, nitric acid, oleic acid, orotic acid, oxalic acid, palmitic acid, pamoic acid, perchloric acid, phosphoric acid, L-pyroglutamic acid, saccharic acid, salicylic acid, 4-amino-salicylic acid, sebacic acid, stearic acid, succinic acid, sulfuric acid, tannic acid, (+)-L-tartaric acid, thiocyanic acid, p-toluenesulfonic acid, undecylenic acid, and valeric acid. 
     Suitable bases for use in the preparation of pharmaceutically acceptable salts, including, but not limited to, inorganic bases, such as magnesium hydroxide, calcium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, zinc hydroxide, or sodium hydroxide; and organic bases, such as primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary, aliphatic and aromatic amines, including L-arginine, benethamine, benzathine, choline, deanol, diethanolamine, diethylamine, dimethylamine, dipropylamine, diisopropylamine, 2-(diethylamino)-ethanol, ethanolamine, ethylamine, ethylenediamine, isopropylamine, N-methyl-glucamine, hydrabamine, 1H-imidazole, L-lysine, morpholine, 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)-morpholine, methylamine, piperidine, piperazine, propylamine, pyrrolidine, 1-(2-hydroxyethyl)-pyrrolidine, pyridine, quinuclidine, quinoline, isoquinoline, secondary amines, triethanolamine, trimethylamine, triethylamine, N-methyl-D-glucamine, 2-amino-2-(hydroxymethyl)-1,3-propanediol, and tromethamine. 
     While it may be possible for the compounds of the subject invention to be administered as the raw chemical, it is also possible to present them as a pharmaceutical composition. Accordingly, provided herein are pharmaceutical compositions which comprise one or more of certain compounds disclosed herein, or one or more pharmaceutically acceptable salts, prodrugs, or solvates thereof, together with one or more pharmaceutically acceptable carriers thereof and optionally one or more other therapeutic ingredients. Proper formulation is dependent upon the route of administration chosen. Any of the well-known techniques, carriers, and excipients may be used as suitable and as understood in the art; e.g., in Remington&#39;s Pharmaceutical Sciences. The pharmaceutical compositions disclosed herein may be manufactured in any manner known in the art, e.g., by means of conventional mixing, dissolving, granulating, dragee-making, levigating, emulsifying, encapsulating, entrapping or compression processes. The pharmaceutical compositions may also be formulated as a modified release dosage form, including delayed-, extended-, prolonged-, sustained-, pulsatile-, controlled-, accelerated- and fast-, targeted-, programmed-release, and gastric retention dosage forms. These dosage forms can be prepared according to conventional methods and techniques known to those skilled in the art (see,  Remington: The Science and Practice of Pharmacy, supra; Modified - Release Drug Deliver Technology , Rathbone et al., Eds., Drugs and the Pharmaceutical Science, Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York, N.Y., 2002; Vol. 126). 
     The compositions include those suitable for oral, parenteral (including subcutaneous, intradermal, intramuscular, intravenous, intraarticular, and intramedullary), intraperitoneal, transmucosal, transdermal, rectal and topical (including dermal, buccal, sublingual and intraocular) administration although the most suitable route may depend upon for example the condition and disorder of the recipient. The compositions may conveniently be presented in unit dosage form and may be prepared by any of the methods well known in the art of pharmacy. Typically, these methods include the step of bringing into association a compound of the subject invention or a pharmaceutically salt, prodrug, or solvate thereof (“active ingredient”) with the carrier which constitutes one or more accessory ingredients. In general, the compositions are prepared by uniformly and intimately bringing into association the active ingredient with liquid carriers or finely divided solid carriers or both and then, if necessary, shaping the product into the desired formulation. 
     Formulations of the compounds disclosed herein suitable for oral administration may be presented as discrete units such as capsules, cachets or tablets each containing a predetermined amount of the active ingredient; as a powder or granules; as a solution or a suspension in an aqueous liquid or a non-aqueous liquid; or as an oil-in-water liquid emulsion or a water-in-oil liquid emulsion. The active ingredient may also be presented as a bolus, electuary or paste. 
     Pharmaceutical preparations which can be used orally include tablets, push-fit capsules made of gelatin, as well as soft, sealed capsules made of gelatin and a plasticizer, such as glycerol or sorbitol. Tablets may be made by compression or molding, optionally with one or more accessory ingredients. Compressed tablets may be prepared by compressing in a suitable machine the active ingredient in a free-flowing form such as a powder or granules, optionally mixed with binders, inert diluents, or lubricating, surface active or dispersing agents. Molded tablets may be made by molding in a suitable machine a mixture of the powdered compound moistened with an inert liquid diluent. The tablets may optionally be coated or scored and may be formulated so as to provide slow or controlled release of the active ingredient therein. All formulations for oral administration should be in dosages suitable for such administration. The push-fit capsules can contain the active ingredients in admixture with filler such as lactose, binders such as starches, and/or lubricants such as talc or magnesium stearate and, optionally, stabilizers. In soft capsules, the active compounds may be dissolved or suspended in suitable liquids, such as fatty oils, liquid paraffin, or liquid polyethylene glycols. In addition, stabilizers may be added. Dragee cores are provided with suitable coatings. For this purpose, concentrated sugar solutions may be used, which may optionally contain gum arabic, talc, polyvinyl pyrrolidone, carbopol gel, polyethylene glycol, and/or titanium dioxide, lacquer solutions, and suitable organic solvents or solvent mixtures. Dyestuffs or pigments may be added to the tablets or dragee coatings for identification or to characterize different combinations of active compound doses. 
     The compounds may be formulated for parenteral administration by injection, e.g., by bolus injection or continuous infusion. Formulations for injection may be presented in unit dosage form, e.g., in ampoules or in multi-dose containers, with an added preservative. The compositions may take such forms as suspensions, solutions or emulsions in oily or aqueous vehicles, and may contain formulatory agents such as suspending, stabilizing and/or dispersing agents. The formulations may be presented in unit-dose or multi-dose containers, for example sealed ampoules and vials, and may be stored in powder form or in a freeze-dried (lyophilized) condition requiring only the addition of the sterile liquid carrier, for example, saline or sterile pyrogen-free water, immediately prior to use. Extemporaneous injection solutions and suspensions may be prepared from sterile powders, granules and tablets of the kind previously described. 
     Formulations for parenteral administration include aqueous and non-aqueous (oily) sterile injection solutions of the active compounds which may contain antioxidants, buffers, bacteriostats and solutes which render the formulation isotonic with the blood of the intended recipient; and aqueous and non-aqueous sterile suspensions which may include suspending agents and thickening agents. Suitable lipophilic solvents or vehicles include fatty oils such as sesame oil, or synthetic fatty acid esters, such as ethyl oleate or triglycerides, or liposomes. Aqueous injection suspensions may contain substances which increase the viscosity of the suspension, such as sodium carboxymethyl cellulose, sorbitol, or dextran. Optionally, the suspension may also contain suitable stabilizers or agents which increase the solubility of the compounds to allow for the preparation of highly concentrated solutions. 
     In addition to the formulations described previously, the compounds may also be formulated as a depot preparation. Such long acting formulations may be administered by implantation (for example subcutaneously or intramuscularly) or by intramuscular injection. Thus, for example, the compounds may be formulated with suitable polymeric or hydrophobic materials (for example as an emulsion in an acceptable oil) or ion exchange resins, or as sparingly soluble derivatives, for example, as a sparingly soluble salt. 
     For buccal or sublingual administration, the compositions may take the form of tablets, lozenges, pastilles, or gels formulated in conventional manner. Such compositions may comprise the active ingredient in a flavored basis such as sucrose and acacia or tragacanth. 
     The compounds may also be formulated in rectal compositions such as suppositories or retention enemas, e.g., containing conventional suppository bases such as cocoa butter, polyethylene glycol, or other glycerides. 
     Certain compounds disclosed herein may be administered topically, that is by non-systemic administration. This includes the application of a compound disclosed herein externally to the epidermis or the buccal cavity and the instillation of such a compound into the ear, eye and nose, such that the compound does not significantly enter the blood stream. In contrast, systemic administration refers to oral, intravenous, intraperitoneal and intramuscular administration. 
     Formulations suitable for topical administration include liquid or semi-liquid preparations suitable for penetration through the skin to the site of inflammation such as gels, liniments, lotions, creams, ointments or pastes, and drops suitable for administration to the eye, ear or nose. 
     For administration by inhalation, compounds may be delivered from an insufflator, nebulizer pressurized packs or other convenient means of delivering an aerosol spray. Pressurized packs may comprise a suitable propellant such as dichlorodifluoromethane, trichlorofluoromethane, dichlorotetrafluoroethane, carbon dioxide or other suitable gas. In the case of a pressurized aerosol, the dosage unit may be determined by providing a valve to deliver a metered amount. Alternatively, for administration by inhalation or insufflation, the compounds according to the invention may take the form of a dry powder composition, for example a powder mix of the compound and a suitable powder base such as lactose or starch. The powder composition may be presented in unit dosage form, in for example, capsules, cartridges, gelatin or blister packs from which the powder may be administered with the aid of an inhalator or insufflator. 
     Preferred unit dosage formulations are those containing an effective dose, as herein below recited, or an appropriate fraction thereof, of the active ingredient. 
     Compounds may be administered orally or via injection at a dose of from 0.1 to 500 mg/kg per day. The dose range for adult humans is generally from 5 mg to 2 g/day. Tablets or other forms of presentation provided in discrete units may conveniently contain an amount of one or more compounds which is effective at such dosage or as a multiple of the same, for instance, units containing 5 mg to 500 mg, usually around 10 mg to 200 mg. 
     The amount of active ingredient that may be combined with the carrier materials to produce a single dosage form will vary depending upon the host treated and the particular mode of administration. 
     The compounds can be administered in various modes, e.g. orally, topically, or by injection. The precise amount of compound administered to a patient will be the responsibility of the attendant physician. The specific dose level for any particular patient will depend upon a variety of factors including the activity of the specific compound employed, the age, body weight, general health, sex, diets, time of administration, route of administration, rate of excretion, drug combination, the precise disorder being treated, and the severity of the disorder being treated. Also, the route of administration may vary depending on the disorder and its severity. 
     In the case wherein the patient&#39;s condition does not improve, upon the doctor&#39;s discretion the administration of the compounds may be administered chronically, that is, for an extended period of time, including throughout the duration of the patient&#39;s life in order to ameliorate or otherwise control or limit the symptoms of the patient&#39;s disorder. 
     In the case wherein the patient&#39;s status does improve, upon the doctor&#39;s discretion the administration of the compounds may be given continuously or temporarily suspended for a certain length of time (i.e., a “drug holiday”). 
     Once improvement of the patient&#39;s conditions has occurred, a maintenance dose is administered if necessary. Subsequently, the dosage or the frequency of administration, or both, can be reduced, as a function of the symptoms, to a level at which the improved disorder is retained. Patients can, however, require intermittent treatment on a long-term basis upon any recurrence of symptoms. 
     Disclosed herein are methods of treating a renin-mediated disorder comprising administering to a subject having or suspected of having such a disorder, a therapeutically effective amount of a compound as disclosed herein or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or prodrug thereof. 
     Renin-mediated disorders, include, but are not limited to, hypertension, atherosclerosis, cardiac disorders, cardiac hypertrophy, left ventricular hypertrophy, cardiac failure, renal disorders, renal failure, stroke, and myocardial infarction, and/or any disorder which can lessened, alleviated, or prevented by administering a renin inhibitor. 
     In certain embodiments, a method of treating a renin-mediated disorder comprises administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of a compound as disclosed herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or prodrug thereof, so as to affect: (1) decreased inter-individual variation in plasma levels of the compound or a metabolite thereof; (2) increased average plasma levels of the compound or decreased average plasma levels of at least one metabolite of the compound per dosage unit; (3) decreased inhibition of, and/or metabolism by at least one cytochrome P 450  or monoamine oxidase isoform in the subject; (4) decreased metabolism via at least one polymorphically-expressed cytochrome P 450  isoform in the subject; (5) at least one statistically-significantly improved disorder-control and/or disorder-eradication endpoint; (6) an improved clinical effect during the treatment of the disorder, (7) prevention of recurrence, or delay of decline or appearance, of abnormal alimentary or hepatic parameters as the primary clinical benefit, or (8) reduction or elimination of deleterious changes in any diagnostic hepatobiliary function endpoints, as compared to the corresponding non-isotopically enriched compound. 
     In certain embodiments, inter-individual variation in plasma levels of the compounds as disclosed herein, or metabolites thereof, is decreased; average plasma levels of the compound as disclosed herein are increased; average plasma levels of a metabolite of the compound as disclosed herein are decreased; inhibition of a cytochrome P 450  or monoamine oxidase isoform by a compound as disclosed herein is decreased; or metabolism of the compound as disclosed herein by at least one polymorphically-expressed cytochrome P 450  isoform is decreased; by greater than about 5%, greater than about 10%, greater than about 20%, greater than about 30%, greater than about 40%, or by greater than about 50% as compared to the corresponding non-isotopically enriched compound. 
     Plasma levels of the compound as disclosed herein, or metabolites thereof, may be measured using the methods described by Li et al.,  Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry  2005, 19, 1943-1950; Lefevre et al.,  Journal of Chromatography, B: Biomedical Sciences and Applications  2000, 738(1), 129-136; Vaidyanathan et al.,  Br J Clin Pharmacol  2006, 62(6), 690-698; Vaidyanathan et al.,  The Journal of Clinical Pharmacology  2007, 47(2), 192-200; Waldmeier et al.,  Drug Metabolism  &amp;  Disposition  2007, 35(8), 1418-1428, and any references cited therein and any modifications made thereof. 
     Examples of cytochrome P 450  isoforms in a mammalian subject include, but are not limited to, CYP1A1, CYP1A2, CYP1B1, CYP2A6, CYP2A13, CYP2B6, CYP2C8, CYP2C9, CYP2C18, CYP2C19, CYP2D6, CYP2E1, CYP2G1, CYP2J2, CYP2R1, CYP2S1, CYP3A4, CYP3A5, CYP3A5P1, CYP3A5P2, CYP3A7, CYP4A11, CYP4B1, CYP4F2, CYP4F3, CYP4F8, CYP4F11, CYP4F12, CYP4X1, CYP4Z1, CYP5A1, CYP7A1, CYP7B1, CYP8A1, CYP8B1, CYP11A1, CYP11B1, CYP11B2, CYP17, CYP19, CYP21, CYP24, CYP26A1, CYP26B1, CYP27A1, CYP27B1, CYP39, CYP46, and CYP51. 
     Examples of monoamine oxidase isoforms in a mammalian subject include, but are not limited to, MAO A , and MAO B . 
     The inhibition of the cytochrome P 450  isoform is measured by the method of Ko et al.,  British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology  2000, 49, 343-351. The inhibition of the MAO A  isoform is measured by the method of Weyler et al.,  J. Biol. Chem.  1985, 260, 13199-13207. The inhibition of the MAO B  isoform is measured by the method of Uebelhack et al.,  Pharmacopsychiatry  1998, 31, 187-192. 
     Examples of polymorphically-expressed cytochrome P 450  isoforms in a mammalian subject include, but are not limited to, CYP2C8, CYP2C9, CYP2C19, and CYP2D6. 
     The metabolic activities of liver microsomes, cytochrome P 450  isoforms, and monoamine oxidase isoforms are measured by the methods described herein. 
     Examples of improved disorder-control and/or disorder-eradication endpoints or improved clinical effects include, but are not limited to, left ventricular hypertrophy, reduced mean sitting systolic blood pressure, reduced mean sitting diastolic blood pressure, reduced brain naturietic peptide levels, reduced proteinuria, reduction of blood pressure, reduced mean urinary albumin excretion rate, reduced early morning urinary albumin creatinine ratio, reduced plasma renin activity, and preservation of organ function in diabetic patients. 
     Examples of diagnostic hepatobiliary function endpoints include, but are not limited to, alanine aminotransferase (“ALT”), serum glutamic-pyruvic transaminase (“SGPT”), aspartate aminotransferase (“AST” or “SGOT”), ALT/AST ratios, serum aldolase, alkaline phosphatase (“ALP”), ammonia levels, bilirubin, gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (“GGTP,” “γ-GTP,” or “GGT”), leucine aminopeptidase (“LAP”), liver biopsy, liver ultrasonography, liver nuclear scan, 5′-nucleotidase, and blood protein. Hepatobiliary endpoints are compared to the stated normal levels as given in “Diagnostic and Laboratory Test Reference”, 4 th  edition, Mosby, 1999. These assays are run by accredited laboratories according to standard protocol. 
     Besides being useful for human treatment, certain compounds and formulations disclosed herein may also be useful for veterinary treatment of companion animals, exotic animals and farm animals, including mammals, rodents, and the like. More preferred animals include horses, dogs, and cats. 
     Combination Therapy 
     The compounds disclosed herein may also be combined or used in combination with other agents useful in the treatment of renin-mediated disorders. Or, by way of example only, the therapeutic effectiveness of one of the compounds described herein may be enhanced by administration of an adjuvant (i.e., by itself the adjuvant may only have minimal therapeutic benefit, but in combination with another therapeutic agent, the overall therapeutic benefit to the patient is enhanced). 
     Such other agents, adjuvants, or drugs, may be administered, by a route and in an amount commonly used therefor, simultaneously or sequentially with a compound as disclosed herein. When a compound as disclosed herein is used contemporaneously with one or more other drugs, a pharmaceutical composition containing such other drugs in addition to the compound disclosed herein may be utilized, but is not required. 
     In certain embodiments, the compounds disclosed herein can be combined with one or more adrenergic receptor antagonists, angiotensin II receptor antagonists, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, anti-arrhythmics, anticoagulants, antiplatelet agents, beta-1 adrenergic receptor antagonists, calcium channel blockers, fibrates, platelet aggregation inhibitors, HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors, and diuretics. 
     In certain embodiments, the compounds disclosed herein can be combined with one or more adrenergic receptor antagonists, including, but not limited to, atenolol, metoprolol, nadolol, oxprenolol, pindolol, propranolol, timolol, doxazosin, phentolamine, indoramin, phenoxybenzamine, prazosin, terazosin, tolazoline, bucindolol, carvedilol, and labetalol. 
     In certain embodiments, the compounds disclosed herein can be combined with one or more angiotensin II receptor antagonists, including, but not limited to, candesartan, eprosartan, irbesartan, losartan, olmesartan, tasosartan, telmisartan, valsartan, glyceryl trinitrate, isosorbide dinitrate, isosorbide mononitrate, molsidomin, and pentaerythritol tetranitrate. 
     In certain embodiments, the compounds disclosed herein can be combined with one or more angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, including, but not limited to, captopril, enalapril, lisinopril, perindopril, ramipril, quinapril, benazepril, cilazapril, fosinopril, trandolapril, spirapril, delapril, moexipril, temocapril, zofenopril, and imidapril. 
     In certain embodiments, the compounds disclosed herein can be combined with one or more anti-arrhythmics, including, but not limited to quinidine, procainamide, disopyramide, sparteine, ajmaline, prajmaline, lorajmine, lidocaine, mexiletine, tocamide, aprindine, propafenone, flecamide, lorcamide, encamide, amiodarone, bretylium tosilate, bunaftine, dofetilide, ibutilidem, moracizine, and cibenzoline. 
     In certain embodiments, the compounds provided herein can be combined with one or more anticoagulants, including, but not limited to, acenocoumarol, argatroban, bivalirudin, lepirudin, fondaparinux, heparin, phenindione, warfarin, and ximalagatran. 
     In certain embodiments, the compounds provided herein can be combined with one or more antiplatelet agents, including, but not limited to, abciximab, cilostazol, clopidogrel, dipyridamole, ticlopidine, and tirofibin. 
     In certain embodiments, the compounds disclosed herein can be combined with one or more of beta-1 adrenergic receptor antagonists, including, but not limited to betaxolol, alprenolol, oxprenolol, pindolol, propranolol, timolol, sotalol, nadolol, mepindolol, carteolol, tertatolol, bopindolol, bupranolol, penbutolol, cloranolol, practolol, metoprolol, atenolol, acebutolol, bevantolol, bisoprolol, celiprolol, esmolol, epanolol, s-atenolol, nebivolol, talinolol, labetalol, and carvedilol. 
     In certain embodiments, the compounds disclosed herein can be combined with one or more calcium channel blockers, including, but not limited to amlodipine, felodipine, isradipine, nicardipine, nifedipine, nimodipine, nhisoldipine, nitrendipine, lacidipine, nilvadipine, manidipine, barnidipine, lercanidipine, cilnidipine, benidipine, mibefradil, verapamil, gallopamil, diltiazem, fendiline, bepridil, lidoflazine, and perhexyline. 
     In certain embodiments, the compounds provided herein can be combined with one or more fibrates, including, but not limited to, clofibrate, bezafibrate, aluminium clofibrate, gemfibrozil, fenofibrate, simfibrate, ronifibrate, ciprofibrate, etofibrate, and clofibride. 
     In certain embodiments, the compounds disclosed herein can be combined with one or more platelet aggregation inhibitors, including, but not limited to acetylsalicylic acid/aspirin, aloxiprin, ditazole, carbasalate calcium, cloricromen, dipyridamole, indobufen, picotamide, triflusal, clopidogrel, ticlopidine, prasugrel, beraprost, prostacyclin, iloprost, and treprostinil. 
     In certain embodiments, the compounds disclosed herein can be combined with one or more HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors, including, but not limited to, atorvastatin, cerivastatin, fluvastatin, lovastatin, mevastatin, pitavastatin, pravastatin, rosuvastatin, and simvastatin. 
     In certain embodiments, the compounds disclosed herein can be combined with one or more diuretics, including, but not limited to, bendroflumethiazide, hydroflumethiazide, hydrochlorothiazide, chlorothiazide, polythiazide, trichlormethiazide, cyclopenthiazide, methyclothiazide, cyclothiazide, mebutizide, quinethazone, clopamide, chlortalidone, mefruside, clofenamide, metolazone, meticrane, xipamide, indapamide, clorexolone, fenquizone, mersalyl, theobromine, cicletanine, furosemide, bumetanide, piretanide, torasemide, etacrynic acid, tienilic acid, muzolimine, etozolin, spironolactone, potassium canrenoate, canrenone, and eplerenone. 
     The compounds disclosed herein can also be administered in combination with other classes of compounds, including, but not limited to, norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (NRIs) such as atomoxetine, dopamine reuptake inhibitors (DARIs), such as methylphenidate; serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs), such as milnacipran; sedatives, such as diazepham; norepinephrine-dopamine reuptake inhibitor (NDRIs), such as bupropion; serotonin-norepinephrine-dopamine-reuptake-inhibitors (SNDRIs), such as venlafaxine; monoamine oxidase inhibitors, such as selegiline; hypothalamic phospholipids; endothelin converting enzyme (ECE) inhibitors, such as phosphoramidon; opioids, such as tramadol; thromboxane receptor antagonists, such as ifetroban; potassium channel openers; thrombin inhibitors, such as hirudin; hypothalamic phospholipids; growth factor inhibitors, such as modulators of PDGF activity; platelet activating factor (PAF) antagonists; Factor VIIa Inhibitors and Factor Xa Inhibitors; renin inhibitors; neutral endopeptidase (NEP) inhibitors; vasopepsidase inhibitors (dual NEP-ACE inhibitors), such as omapatrilat and gemopatrilat; squalene synthetase inhibitors; bile acid sequestrants, such as questran; niacin; anti-atherosclerotic agents, such as ACAT inhibitors; MTP Inhibitors; potassium channel activators; alpha-muscarinic agents; beta-muscarinic agents, such as carvedilol and metoprolol; thrombolytic agents, such as tissue plasminogen activator (tPA), recombinant tPA, streptokinase, urokinase, prourokinase, and anisoylated plasminogen streptokinase activator complex (APSAC); anti-diabetic agents, such as biguanides (e.g. metformin), glucosidase inhibitors (e.g., acarbose), insulins, meglitinides (e.g., repaglinide), sulfonylureas (e.g., glimepiride, glyburide, and glipizide), thiozolidinediones (e.g. troglitazone, rosiglitazone and pioglitazone), and PPAR-gamma agonists; mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists, such as spironolactone and eplerenone; growth hormone secretagogues; aP2 inhibitors; phosphodiesterase inhibitors, such as PDE III inhibitors (e.g., cilostazol) and PDE V inhibitors (e.g., sildenafil, tadalafil, vardenafil); protein tyrosine kinase inhibitors; antiinflammatories; antiproliferatives, such as methotrexate, FK506 (tacrolimus, Prograf), mycophenolate mofetil; chemotherapeutic agents; immunosuppressants; anticancer agents and cytotoxic agents (e.g., alkylating agents, such as nitrogen mustards, alkyl sulfonates, nitrosoureas, ethylenimines, and triazenes); antimetabolites, such as folate antagonists, purine analogues, and pyrridine analogues; antibiotics, such as anthracyclines, bleomycins, mitomycin, dactinomycin, and plicamycin; enzymes, such as L-asparaginase; farnesyl-protein transferase inhibitors; hormonal agents, such as glucocorticoids (e.g., cortisone), estrogens/antiestrogens, androgens/antiandrogens, progestins, and luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone anatagonists, and octreotide acetate; microtubule-disruptor agents, such as ecteinascidins; microtubule-stablizing agents, such as pacitaxel, docetaxel, and epothilones A-F; plant-derived products, such as vinca alkaloids, epipodophyllotoxins, and taxanes; and topoisomerase inhibitors; prenyl-protein transferase inhibitors; and cyclosporins; steroids, such as prednisone and dexamethasone; cytotoxic drugs, such as azathiprine and cyclophosphamide; TNF-alpha inhibitors, such as tenidap; anti-TNF antibodies or soluble TNF receptor, such as etanercept, rapamycin, and leflunimide; and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitors, such as celecoxib and rofecoxib; and miscellaneous agents such as, hydroxyurea, procarbazine, mitotane, hexamethylmelamine, gold compounds, platinum coordination complexes, such as cisplatin, satraplatin, and carboplatin. 
     Thus, in another aspect, certain embodiments provide methods for treating renin-mediated disorders in a human or animal subject in need of such treatment comprising administering to said subject an amount of a compound disclosed herein effective to reduce or prevent said disorder in the subject, in combination with at least one additional agent for the treatment of said disorder. In a related aspect, certain embodiments provide therapeutic compositions comprising at least one compound disclosed herein in combination with one or more additional agents for the treatment of renin-mediated disorders. 
     General Synthetic Methods for Preparing Compounds 
     Isotopic hydrogen can be introduced into a compound as disclosed herein by synthetic techniques that employ deuterated reagents, whereby incorporation rates are pre-determined; and/or by exchange techniques, wherein incorporation rates are determined by equilibrium conditions, and may be highly variable depending on the reaction conditions. Synthetic techniques, where tritium or deuterium is directly and specifically inserted by tritiated or deuterated reagents of known isotopic content, may yield high tritium or deuterium abundance, but can be limited by the chemistry required. Exchange techniques, on the other hand, may yield lower tritium or deuterium incorporation, often with the isotope being distributed over many sites on the molecule. 
     The compounds as disclosed herein can be prepared by methods known to one of skill in the art and routine modifications thereof, and/or following procedures similar to those described in the Example section herein and routine modifications thereof, and/or procedures found in Lindsay et al.,  J. Org. Chem.  2006, 71(13), 4766-77; Dondoni et al.,  Tet. Lett.  2001, 42, 4819-23; Sandham et al.,  Tet. Lett.  2000, 41, 10091-94; Dong et al.,  Tet. Lett.  2005, 46, 6337-40; WO 2006/024501; WO 02/08172; EP 1215201; and EP 0678503, which are hereby incorporated in their entirety, and references cited therein and routine modifications thereof. Compounds as disclosed herein can also be prepared as shown in any of the following schemes and routine modifications thereof. 
     The following schemes can be used to practice the present invention. Any position shown as hydrogen may optionally be replaced with deuterium. 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     Compound 1 is reacted with an appropriate reducing agent, such as hydrogen gas and an appropriate catalyst, such as palladium on carbon, in an appropriate solvent, such as methanol, to give compound 2. Compound 2 is reacted with an appropriate chlorinating agent such as phosgene, in an appropriate solvent, such as N,N-dimethylformamide to give compound 3. Compound 3 is reacted with (+)-pseudoephedrine in the presence of an appropriate base, such as sodium hydroxide, in an appropriate solvent, such as an appropriate mixture of toluene and water, to give compound 4. Compound 4 is reacted with compound 5 in the presence of an appropriate catalyst, such as lithium chloride, in the presence of an appropriate base, such as lithium diisopropylamide, in an appropriate solvent, such as tetrahydrofuran, to give compound 6. Compound 6 is reacted with an appropriate reducing agent, such as an ammonia-borane complex, in the presence of an appropriate base, such as n-butyllithium, in an appropriate solvent, such as tetrahydrofuran, to give compound 7. Compound 7 is reacted with an appropriate chlorinating agent, such as phosphorous oxychloride, in an appropriate solvent, such as an appropriate mixture of N,N-dimethylformamide and toluene, to give compound 8. Compound 8 is reacted with compound 9, in the presence of an appropriate base, such as n-butyllithium, in an appropriate solvent, such as tetrahydrofuran, to give compound 10. Compound 10 is reacted with an appropriate acid, such as hydrochloric acid, in an appropriate solvent, such as an appropriate mixture of water and acetonitrile, to give compound 11. Compound 11 is reacted with an appropriate protecting agent, such as benzyl chloroformate, in the presence of an appropriate base, such as pyridine, in an appropriate solvent, such as dichloromethane, to give compound 12. Compound 12 is reacted with an appropriate base, such as sodium hydroxide, in an appropriate solvent, such as an appropriate mixture of tetrahydrofuran, water, and methanol, to give compound 13. Compound 13 is reacted with 4-mercaptopyridine in the presence of an appropriate coupling agent, such as 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)carbodiimide hydrochloride, in an appropriate solvent, such as dichloromethane, to give compound 14. Compound 14 is reacted with compound 15 in the presence of an appropriate catalyst, such as samarium (II) iodide, in an appropriate solvent, such as tert-butanol, to give compound 16. Compound 16 is reacted with an appropriate reducing agent, such as lithium B-isopinocampheyl-9-borabicyclo[3.3.1]nonyl hydride, in an appropriate solvent, such as tetrahydrofuran, to give compound 17. Compound 17 is reacted with compound 18 in the presence of an appropriate base, such as lithium bis-(trimethylsilyl)amide, in an appropriate solvent, such as tetrahydrofuran, to give compound 19. Compound 19 is reacted with an appropriate dehydrating agent, such as phosphorus pentachloride, in an appropriate solvent, such as dichloromethane, to give compound 20. Compound 20 is reacted with an appropriate reducing agent, such as hydrogen gas and an appropriate catalyst, such as palladium on carbon, in an appropriate solvent, such as ethanol, to give compound 21. Compound 21 is reacted with an appropriate protecting agent, such as di-tert-butyldicarbonate, in the presence of an appropriate base, such as triethylamine, in an appropriate solvent, such as tetrahydrofuran, to give compound 22. Compound 23 is reacted compound 24 (wherein X is an appropriate leaving group, such as iodine), in the presence of an appropriate base, such as sodium ethoxide, in an appropriate solvent, such as NN-dimethylformamide, to give compound 25. Compound 25 is reacted with an appropriate reducing agent, such as lithium aluminium hydride, in an appropriate solvent, such as diethyl ether, to give compound 26. Compound 22 is reacted with compound 26 in the presence of an appropriate catalyst, such as 2-hydroxypyridine, in the presence of an appropriate base, such as triethylamine, to give compound 27. Compound 27 is treated with an appropriate deprotecting reagent, such as a mixture of trimethylsilyl chloride and phenol, in an appropriate solvent, such as dichloromethane, to give compound 28 of Formula I. 
     Deuterium can be incorporated to different positions synthetically, according to the synthetic procedures as shown in Scheme I, by using appropriate deuterated intermediates. For example, to introduce deuterium at one or more positions of R 1 -R 16  and R 18 , compound 1 with the corresponding deuterium substitutions can be used. To introduce deuterium at one or more positions of R 19 -R 25 , compound 5 with the corresponding deuterium substitutions can be used. To introduce deuterium at one or more positions of R 26 -R 27 , trideuteroborane-ammonia complex may used. To introduce deuterium at R 28 , compound 9 with the corresponding deuterium substitutions can be used. To introduce deuterium at R 31 , lithium B-isopinocampheyl-9-borabicyclo[3.3.1]nonyl deuteride can be used. To introduce deuterium at one or more positions of R 33 -R 35 , compound 15 with the corresponding deuterium substitutions can be used. To introduce deuterium at one or more positions of R 17  and R 36 -R 37 , deuterium gas can be used. To introduce deuterium at one or more positions of R 38 -R 42 , compound 18 with the corresponding deuterium substitutions can be used. To introduce deuterium at one or more positions of R 46 -R 51 , compound 24 with the corresponding deuterium substitutions can be used. To introduce deuterium at one or more positions of R 44 -R 45 , lithium aluminum deuteride can be used. 
     Deuterium can be incorporated to various positions having an exchangeable proton, such as the amide N-Hs, the amine N-Hs, and the hydroxy O-Hs, via proton-deuterium equilibrium exchange. For example, to introduce deuterium at R 29 -R 30 , R 32 , R 43 , and R 52 -R 53 , these protons may be replaced with deuterium selectively or non-selectively through a proton-deuterium exchange method known in the art. 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     Compound 29 is reacted with compound 30 (wherein X is an appropriate leaving group, such as iodide) in the presence of an appropriate base, such as potassium carbonate, in an appropriate solvent, such as N,N-dimethylformamide, to give compound 31. Compound 31 is reacted with compound 32 in the presence of an appropriate hydroxyl activating agent, such as a combination of diisopropyl azodicarboxylate and an appropriate phosphine, such as triphenylphosphine, in an appropriate solvent, such as tetrahydrofuran, to afford compound 33. Compound 33 is reacted with compound 34 at an elevated temperature and under an inert atmosphere to give compound 35. Compound 35 is reacted with compound 36 in an appropriate solvent, such as tetrahydrofuran, to afford compound 37. Compound 37 is treated with an appropriate oxidizing agent, such as chromium trioxide, in an appropriate solvent, such as an appropriate mixture of acetic acid and water, to give compound 38. Compound 39 is treated with an appropriate base, such as n-butyllithium, in an appropriate solvent, such as tetrahydrofuran, to give a lithiated intermediate which is then reacted with compound 40 in an appropriate solvent, such as tetrahydrofuran, to afford compound 41. Compound 41 is treated with an appropriate base, such as lithium bis(trimethylsilyl)amine, in an appropriate solvent, such as tetrahydrofuran, to give a lithiated intermediate which is then reacted with compound 42 in an appropriate solvent, such as tetrahydrofuran, to give compound 43. Compound 38 is treated with an appropriate base, such as lithium bis(trimethylsilyl)amine, in an appropriate solvent, such as tetrahydrofuran, to give a lithiated intermediate which is then reacted with compound 43 in an appropriate solvent, such as tetrahydrofuran, to give compound 44. Compound 44 is treated with an appropriate chiral auxiliary removal agent, such as a combination of lithium hydroxide and hydrogen peroxide, in an appropriate solvent, such as an appropriate mixture of tetrahydrofuran and water, to give compound 45. Compound 45 is reacted with compound 46 in the presence of an appropriate peptide coupling reagent, such as a combination of N 1 -((ethylimino)methylene)-N 3 ,N 3 -dimethylpropane-1,3-diamine hydrochloride and 1H-benzo[d][1,2,3]triazol-1-ol, an appropriate base, such as diisopropylethylamine, in an appropriate solvent, such as tetrahydrofuran, to give compound 47. Compound 47 is resolved by using an appropriate resolving method, such as chiral preparative high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), to give compound 48. Compound 48 is treated with an appropriate reducing reagent, such as sodium borohydride, in an appropriate solvent, such as methanol, to give compound 49. Compound 49 is reacted with an appropriate reducing agent, such as triethylsilane, in the presence of an appropriate acid, such as trifluoroacetic acid, in an appropriate solvent, such as 1,2-dichloroethane, to afford compound 50. Compound 50 is reacted with an appropriate brominating reagent, such as N-bromosuccinimide, in the presence of an appropriate acid, such as acetic acid, in an appropriate solvent, such as an appropriate mixture of tetrahydrofuran and water, to give compound 51. Compound 51 is reacted with sodium azide in an appropriate solvent, such as 1,3-dimethyl-3,4,5,6-tetrahydro-2(1H)-pyrimidinone, to afford compound 52. Compound 52 is resolved with an an appropriate resolving method, such as chiral preparative HPLC, to give compound 53. Compound 53 is reacted with an appropriate catalyst, such as pyridine-2-ol, and then reacted with compound 54 in the presence of an appropriate base, such as triethylamine, to give compound 55. Compound 55 is treated with an appropriate reducing agent, such as hydrogen gas, in the presence of an appropriate catalyst, such as palladium on carbon, in an appropriate solvent, such as methanol, to give compound 56 of Formula I. 
     Deuterium can be incorporated to different positions synthetically, according to the synthetic procedures as shown in Scheme II, by using appropriate deuterated intermediates. For example, to introduce deuterium at one or more positions of R 1 -R 3 , compound 34 with the corresponding deuterium substitutions can be used. To introduce deuterium at one or more positions of R 4 -R 9 , compound 32 with the corresponding deuterium substitutions can be used. To introduce deuterium at one or more positions of R 10  and R 14 -R 15 , compound 29 with the corresponding deuterium substitutions can be used. To introduce deuterium at one or more positions of R 11 -R 13 , compound 30 with the corresponding deuterium substitutions can be used. To introduce deuterium at R 16 , sodium borodeuteride can be used. To introduce deuterium at R 17 , triethylsilane with the corresponding deuterium substitutions can be used. To introduce deuterium at one or more positions of R 18 -R 25 , compound 36 with the corresponding deuterium substitutions can be used. To introduce deuterium at one or more positions of R 26 -R 28 , R 31 , and R 33 -R 34 , compound 42 with the corresponding deuterium substitutions can be used. To introduce deuterium at one or more positions of R 35 -R 42 , compound 40 with the corresponding deuterium substitutions can be used. To introduce deuterium at one or more positions of R 44 -R 51 , compound 54 with the corresponding deuterium substitutions can be used. 
     Deuterium can be incorporated to various positions having an exchangeable proton, such as the amide N-Hs, the amine N-Hs, and the hydroxy O-Hs, via proton-deuterium equilibrium exchange. For example, to introduce deuterium at R 29 -R 30 , R 32 , R 43 , and R 52 -R 53 , these protons may be replaced with deuterium selectively or non-selectively through a proton-deuterium exchange method known in the art. 
     The invention is further illustrated by the following examples. All IUPAC names were generated using CambridgeSoft&#39;s ChemDraw 10.0. 
    
    
     EXAMPLE 1 
     (2S,4S,5S,7S)-5-Amino-N-(3-amino-2,2-dimethyl-3-oxopropyl)-4-hydroxy-2-isopropyl-7-(4-methoxy-3-(3-methoxypropoxy)benzyl)-8-methylnonanamide hemifumarate (Aliskiren hemifumarate salt) 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     (S)-4-Benzyl-3-(3-methylbutanoyl)oxazolidin-2-one: Under an atmosphere of nitrogen, triphenylmethane (cat.) was added as a color indicator to a solution of (S)-4-benzyloxazolidin-2-one (89 g, 502 mmol, 1.00 equiv) in tetrahydrofuran (1 L). At about −78° C., n-butyllithium (220 mL, 2.5M, 1.10 equiv) was then added dropwise and the resulting solution was stirred at about −78° C. until the solution turned yellow (about 1 hour). At about −78° C., a solution of 3-methylbutanoyl chloride (72 g, 597 mmol, 1.20 equiv) in tetrahydrofuran (300 mL) was then added dropwise to the mixture. After stirring at about 0° C. for about 1 hour, sodium bicarbonate (200 mL) was added. Following standard extractive workup with dichloromethane (3×500 mL), the crude product was purified by re-crystallization from hexane to give the title product as a white solid (104 g; yield=80%). LC-MS: m/z=261 (MH) + . 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     (S)-4-Benzyl-3-((S,E)-6-bromo-2-isopropylhex-4-enoyl)oxazolidin-2-one: At about −78° C. and under an atmosphere of nitrogen, lithium bis(trimethylsilyl)amide (476 mL, 1M, 1.20 equiv.) was added dropwise to a stirred solution of 1-(4-methoxy-3-(3-methoxypropoxy)-phenyl)-3-methylbutan-1-one (104 g, 397 mmol, 1.00 equiv) in tetrahydrofuran (1000 mL). After stirring the mixture at about −40° C. for about 1 hour, a solution of (E)-1,4-dibromobut-2-ene (169 g, 794 mmol, 2.00 equiv) in tetrahydro-furan (500 mL) was added dropwise. The resulting solution was stirred at ambient temperature for about 16 hours, and then ammonium chloride was added (200 mL). Following standard extractive workup with ethyl acetate (3×1000 mL), the crude residue was purified by silica gel column chromotagraphy (ethyl acetate/petroleum ether (1:2)) to give the title product as a colorless oil (78.2 g; yield=50%).  1 H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ: 7.21-7.36 (m, 5H), 5.75-5.79 (m, 2H), 4.65-4.70 (m, 1H), 4.13 (d, J=4.8 Hz, 2H), 3.91 (d, J=3.6 Hz, 2H), 3.81-3.89 (m, 1H), 3.35 (dd, J=3.3, 13.2 Hz, 1H), 2.68 (dd, J=10.2, 13.5 Hz, 1H), 2.30-2.60 (m, 2H), 1.95-2.02 (m, 1H), 0.95-0.98 (m, 6H). 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     4-Methoxy-3-(3-methoxypropoxy)benzaldehyde: 1-Bromo-3-methoxypropane (105 g, 689 mmol, 1.50 equiv) and potassium carbonate (126 g, 910 mmol, 1.98 equiv) were added to a solution of 3-hydroxy-4-methoxybenzaldehyde (70 g, 460 mmol, 1.00 equiv) in acetonitrile (1000 mL). The resulting solution was stirred at about 80° C. for about 16 hours, and then was concentrated in vacuo. The resulting concentrate was diluted with water (150 mL) and extracted with ethyl acetate (3×1000 mL). The organic layers were combined, dried, and concentrated in vacuo to afford the title product as a yellow oil (98 g, yield=95%). LC-MS: m/z=225 (MH) + . 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     1-(4-Methoxy-3-(3-methoxy-3-(3-methoxypropoxy)phenyl)-3-methylbutan-1-ol: At about −20° C., a solution of isobutylmagnesium bromide (96.3 g, 602 mmol, 1.5 equiv) in tetrahydrofuran (1000 mL) was added dropwise to a stirred solution of 4-methoxy-3-(3-methoxypropoxy)benzaldehyde (90 g, 401 mmol, 1.00 equiv) in tetrahydrofuran (1000 mL). The resulting solution was stirred at ambient temperature for about 16 hours, and then a saturated solution of ammonium chloride (200 mL) was added. Following standard extractive workup with ethyl acetate (3×1000 mL), the crude residue was purified by silica gel column chromotagraphy (ethyl acetate/petroleum ether (1:3)) to give the title product as a white solid (72 g; yield=64%). LC-MS: m/z=265 (MH-H 2 O) + . 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     1-(4-Methoxy-3-(3-methoxypropoxy)phenyl)-3-methylbutan-1-one: At about 0° C., 1-(4-methoxy-3-(3-methoxypropoxy)phenyl)-3-methylbutan-1-ol (56.4 g, 200 mmol, 1.00 equiv) was added dropwise to a stirred solution of chromium trioxide (30 g, 300 mmol, 1.50 equiv) in acetic acid/water (100 mL/1000 mL). The resulting solution was stirred at ambient temperature for about 16 hours, and then was concentrated in vacuo. Following standard extractive workup with ethyl acetate (2×1000 mL), the crude residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography (ethyl acetate/petroleum ether (1:3)) to afford the title product a pale yellow oil (48 g; yield=85%).  1 H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ: 7.55-7.58 (m, 2H), 6.88 (d, J=8.7 Hz, 1H), 4.18 (t, J=6.6 Hz, 2H), 3.92 (s, 3H), 3.57 (t, J=6.6 Hz, 2H), 3.36 (s, 3H), 2.78 (d, J=6.9 Hz, 2H), 2.23-2.32 (m, 1H), 2.14 (penta, J=6.9 Hz, 2H), 1.00 (d, J=6.6 Hz, 6H); LC-MS: m/z=281 (MH) + . 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     (S)-4-Benzyl-3-((S,E)-2-isopropyl-7-(4-methoxy-3-(3-methoxypropoxy)benzoyl)-8-methylnon-4-enoyl)oxazolidin-2-one: At about −78° C., lithium bis(trimethylsilyl)amide (168 mL, 1 M, 1.20 equiv) was added dropwise to a stirred solution of 1-(4-methoxy-3-(3-methoxypropoxy)phenyl)-3-methylbutan-1-one (40 g, 141 mmol, 1.00 equiv) in tetrahydrofuran (1 L). The resulting mixture was stirred at about −40° C. for about 1 hour, and then a solution of (S)-4-benzyl-3-((S,E)-6-bromo-2-isopropylhex-4-enoyl)oxazolidin-2-one (66 g, 168 mmol, 1.20 equiv) in tetrahydrofuran (1000 mL) was added dropwise. The resulting solution was stirred at about −40° C. for about 30 minutes, at ambient temperature for about 16 hours, and then a saturated solution of ammonium chloride (200 mL) was added. Following standard extractive workup with ethyl acetate (2×1000 mL), the resulting crude residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography (ethyl acetate/petroleum ether (1:2)) to give the title product as a color-less oil (58 g; yield=70%). LC-MS: m/z=594 (MH) + . 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     (S,E)-2-Isopropyl-7-(4-methoxy-3-(3-methoxypropoxy)benzoyl)-8-methylnon-4-enoic acid: Lithium hydroxide (3.8 g, 134 mmol, 2.00 equiv) and hydrogen peroxide (100 mL) were sequentially added to a solution of (S)-4-benzyl-3-((S,E)-2-isopropyl-7-(4-methoxy-3-(3-methoxy-propoxy)benzoyl)-8-methylnon-4-enoyl)oxazolidin-2-one (40 g, 67 mmol, 1.00 equiv) in tetrahydrofuran/water (1000/200 mL). The resulting solution was stirred at ambient temperature for about 5 hours, and then a saturated solution of sodium thiosulphate (200 mL) was added. Following standard extractive workup with ethyl acetate (3×500 mL), the resulting crude residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography (ethyl acetate/petroleum ether (1:2)) to give the title product as a colorless oil (22.7 g; yield=78%). LC-MS: m/z=435 (MH) + . 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     (S,E)-2-Isopropyl-7-(4-methoxy-3-(3-methoxypropoxy)benzoyl)-N,N,8-trimethylnon-4-enamide: N 1 -((ethylimino)methylene)-N 3 ,N 3 -dimethylpropane-1,3-diamine hydrochloride (9.7 g, 48 mmol, 1.04 equiv), dimethylamine hydrochloride (4.5 g, 55.0 mmol, 1.20 equiv), 1H-benzo[d][1,2,3]triazol-1-ol (0.6 g, 4.6 mmol, 0.10 equiv) and N-ethyl-N-isopropylpropan-2-amine (23.7 g, 184 mmol, 4.0 equiv) were added to a solution of (S,E)-2-isopropyl-7-(4-methoxy-3-(3-methoxypropoxy)benzoyl)-8-methylnon-4-enoic acid (20 g, 46.1 mmol, 1.00 equiv) in tetrahydrofuran (600 mL). The resulting solution was stirred at ambient temperature for about 16 hours, and then water (50 mL) was added. Following standard extractive workup with ethyl acetate (3×300 mL), the organic layers were combined, washed with 1N hydrochloric acid (2×100), washed with a saturated solution of sodium bicarbonate (2×100 mL), washed with brine (2×200 mL), dried, and concentrated in vacuo. The resulting crude residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography (ethyl acetate/petroleum ether (1:3)) to afford the title product as a colorless oil (18.8 g; yield=85%). LC-MS: m/z=462 (MH) + . 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     (2S,7S,E)-2-Isopropyl-7-(4-methoxy-3-(3-methoxypropoxy)benzoyl)-N,N,8-trimethylnon-4-enamide: (S,E)-2-Isopropyl-7-(4-methoxy-3-(3-methoxypropoxy)benzoyl)-N,N,8-trimethylnon-4-enamide (18.8 g, 40.5 mmol) was resolved by Chiral-Prep-HPLC, using the following conditions (Waters 2767-1): Column, Chiralpak IA, 2×25 cm, 5 um; mobile phase, Hex and IPA-HPLC (hold 10% IPA-HPLC in 12 min); Detector, UV 254 nm. This title product was isolated as a colorless oil (4.6 g; yield=24%) (t R =7.40 min).  1 H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ: 7.49-7.52 (m, 2H), 6.85 (d, J=9.0 Hz, 1H), 5.29-5.33 (m, 2H), 4.15 (t, J=6.3 Hz, 2H), 3.89 (s, 3H), 3.55 (t, J=6.3 Hz, 2H), 3.33 (s, 3H), 3.19-2.23 (m, 1H), 2.85 (s, 3H), 2.71 (s, 3H), 2.40-2.50 (m, 1H), 2.30-2.40 (m, 1H), 2.00-2.30 (m, 5H), 1.90-2.00 (m, 1H), 1.70-1.85 (m, 1H), 0.72-1.02 (m, 12H); LC-MS: m/z=462 (MH) ± . 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     (2S,7S,E)-7-(Hydroxy(4-methoxy-3-(3-methoxypropoxy)phenyl)methyl)-2-isopropyl-N,N,8-trimethylnon-4-enamide: Sodium borohydride (3.6 g, 95.2 mmol, 12.00 equiv) was added in several batches to a solution of (2S,7S,E)-2-isopropyl-7-(4-methoxy-3-(3-methoxypropoxy)benzoyl)-N,N,8-trimethylnon-4-enamide (3.6 g, 7.80 mmol, 1.00 equiv) in methanol (100 mL). The resulting solution was stirred at ambient temperature for about 16 hours, and then a saturated solution of ammonium chloride (50 mL) was added. The resulting mixture was concentrated in vacuo. Standard extractive workup with ethyl acetate (3×100 mL) gave the title product as a colorless oil (3.0 g; yield=85%). LC-MS: m/z=446 (MH-H 2 O) + . 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     (2S,7R,E)-7-(4-Methoxy-3-(3-methoxypropoxy)benzyl)-2-isopropyl-N,N,8-trimethyl-non-4-enamide: Triethylsilane (7.5 g, 65 mmol, 10.0 equiv) and trifluoroacetic acid (7.5 g, 65 mmol, 10.0 equiv) were added to a solution of (2S,7S,E)-7-(hydroxy(4-methoxy-3-(3-methoxypropoxy)phenyl)methyl)-2-isopropyl-N,N,8-trimethylnon-4-enamide (3.0 g, 6.5 mmol, 1.00 equiv) in 1,2-dichloroethane (100 mL). The resulting solution was stirred at about 60° C. for about 16 hours, and then concentrated in vacuo. Following standard extractive workup with ethyl acetate (500 mL), the crude residue was purified by silica gel column chromotography (ethyl acetate/petroleum ether (1:2)) to afford the title product as a colorless oil (2.0 g; yield=70%). LC-MS: m/z=448(MH) + . 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     (3S)-5-((3S)-3-(4-Methoxy-3-(3-methoxypropoxy)benzyl)-1-bromo-4-methylpentyl)-3-isopropyl-dihydrofuran-2(3H)-one: Acetic acid (0.5 g, 8.8 mmol, 2.0 equiv) was added to a solution of (2S,7R,E)-7-(4-methoxy-3-(3-methoxypropoxy)benzyl)-2-isopropyl-N,N,8-trimethylnon-4-enamide (2.0 g, 4.4 mmol, 1.00 equiv) in tetrahydrofuran/water (30 mL/10 mL). After cooling the mixture to about 0° C., N-bromosuccinimide (783 mg, 4.4 mmol, 1.0 equiv) was added in portions. The resulting solution was stirred at ambient temperature for about 4 hours, and then a solution of 40% sodium bicarbonate (20 mL) was added. Following standard extractive workup with ethyl acetate (200 mL), the crude residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography (ethyl acetate/petroleum ether (1:3)) to give the title product as colorless oil (1.3 g; yield=60%). LC-MS: m/z=499/501(MH) + . 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     (3S)-5-((3S)-3-(4-Methoxy-3-(3-methoxypropoxy)benzyl)-1-azido-4-methylpentyl)-3-isopropyl-dihydrofuran-2(3H)-one: Sodium azide (200 mg, 3.08 mmol, 1.55 equiv) was added to a solution of (3S)-5-((3S)-3-(4-methoxy-3-(3-methoxypropoxy)benzyl)-1-bromo-4-methylpentyl)-3-isopropyl-dihydrofuran-2(3H)-one (990 mg, 1.98 mmol, 1.00 equiv) in 1,3-dimethyl-3,4,5,6-tetrahydro-2(1H)-pyrimidinone (20 mL). The resulting solution was stirred at ambient temperature for about 16 hours and then water was added (50 mL). Standard extractive workup with ethyl acetate (3×100 mL) gave the title product as a colorless oil (0.6 g; yield=59%). LC-MS: m/z=462 (MH) + . 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     (3S,5S)-5-((1S,3S)-3-(4-Methoxy-3-(3-methoxypropoxy)benzyl)-1-azido-4-methyl-pentyl)-3-isopropyl-dihydrofuran-2(3H)-one: (3S)-5-((3S)-3-(4-Methoxy-3-(3-methoxypropoxy)benzyl)-1-azido-4-methylpentyl)-3-isopropyl-dihydrofuran-2(3H)-one (600 mg, 1.30 mmol) was resolved by Chiral-Prep-HPLC using the following conditions (Waters 2767-1): Column, Chiralpak IA, 2×25 cm, Sum; mobile phase, Hex and IPA-HPLC (hold 10% IPA-HPLC in 12 min); Detector, UV 254 nm. The title product was isolated as as pale yellow oil (0.38 g, yield=63%) (t R =22.90 min).  1 H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ: 6.70-6.85 (m, 3H), 4.25-4.31 (m, 1H), 4.15 (t, J=6.6 Hz, 2H), 3.85 (s, 3H), 3.60 (t, J=6.6 Hz, 2H), 3.40 (s, 3H), 2.92-2.98 (m, 1H), 2.56-2.65 (m, 2H), 2.43-2.50 (m, 1H), 1.60-2.25 (m, 8H), 1.32-1.42 (m, 1H), 0.85-1.10 (m, 12H); LC-MS: m/z=462 (MH) + . 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     (2S,4S,5S,7S)-7-(4-Methoxy-3-(3-methoxypropoxy)benzyl)-N-(3-amino-2,2-dimethyl-3-oxopropyl)-5-azido-4-hydroxy-2-isopropyl-8-methylnonanamide: 3-Amino-2,2-dimethylpropanamide (440 mg, 3.8 mmol, 5.00 equiv) and pyridin-2-ol (72 mg, 0.76 mmol, 1.00 equiv) were added to a solution of (3S,5S)-5-(1S,3S)-3-(4-methoxy-3-(3-methoxypropoxy)benzyl)-1-azido-4-methylpentyl)-3-isopropyl-dihydrofuran-2(3H)-one (350 mg, 0.76 mmol, 1.00 equiv) and triethylamine (1 mL). The resulting solution was stirred at about 40° C. for about 16 hours. The solution was extracted with ethyl acetate (50 mL), washed with 1N hydrochloric acid (5 mL), washed with a 5% sodium bicarbonate solution (5 mL), washed with brine (5 mL), and then the organic phase was dried and concentrated in vacuo. The resulting residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography (ethyl acetate/petroleum ether (1:1)) to give the title product as a colorless oil (346 mg; yield=79%). LC-MS: m/z=600 (M+Na) + . 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     (2S,4S,5S,7S)-7-(4-methoxy-3-(3-methoxypropoxy)benzyl)-5-amino-N-(3-amino-2,2-dimethyl-3-oxopropyl)-4-hydroxy-2-isopropyl-8-methylnonanamide: Under an atmosphere of nitrogen, palladium on carbon (60 mg) was added to a solution of (2S,4S,5S,7S)-7-(4-methoxy-3-(3-methoxy-propoxy)benzyl)-N-(3-amino-2,2-dimethyl-3-oxopropyl)-5-azido-4-hydroxy-2-isopropyl-8-methylnonanamide (288 mg, 0.5 mmol, 1.00 equiv) in methanol (30 mL). Hydrogen gas was introduced, and the resulting solution was stirred at ambient temperature for about 3 hours. After filtering, the resulting filtrate was used in the next step without any further purification. 1H NMR (300 MHz, d6-DMSO) δ: 7.49 (t, J=6.0 Hz, 1H), 7.13 (brs, 1H), 6.83 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 1H), 6.80 (brs, 1H), 6.77 (d, J=6.3 Hz, 1H), 6.68 (dd, J=2.0, 8.0 Hz, 1H), 6.37 (s, 1H), 3.97 (t, J=6.6 Hz, 2H), 3.74 (s, 3H), 3.47 (t, J=6.6 Hz, 2H), 3.24 (s, 3H), 3.20-3.50 (m, 2H), 3.00-3.10 (m, 2H), 2.42-2.47 (m, 1H), 2.35 (dd, J=8.0, 8.4 Hz, 1H), 2.20-2.25 (m, 1H), 1.90-1.98 (m, 2H), 1.40-1.80 (m, 4H), 1.26-1.40 (m, 3H), 1.04 (s, 6H), 0.70-0.90 (m, 12H); or 1H NMR (300 MHz, CD3OD) δ: 6.74-6.87 (m, 3H), 4.10 (t, J=6.6 Hz, 2H), 3.82 (s, 3H), 3.58 (t, J=6.6 Hz, 2H), 3.25-3.40 (m, 5H), 3.05-3.15 (m, 1H), 2.48-2.52 (m, 2H), 2.36-2.44 (m, 1H), 2.20-2.30 (m, 1H), 2.04 (penta, J=6.3 Hz, 2H), 1.60-1.85 (m, 4H), 1.28-1.50 (m, 3H), 1.18 (s, 6H), 0.88-1.00 (m, 12H); LC-MS: m/z=552 (MH) + . 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     (2S,4S,5S,7S)-5-Amino-N-(3-amino-2,2-dimethyl-3-oxopropyl)-4-hydroxy-2-isopropyl-7-(4-methoxy-3-(3-methoxypropoxy)benzyl)-8-methylnonanamide hemifumarate (Aliskiren hemifumarate salt): Fumaric acid (23.2 mg, 0.2 mmol, 0.50 equiv) was added to the fitrate from Step 16. The resulting mixture was stirred at about 40° C. for about 10 minutes, and then concentrated in vacuo. The resulting crude residue was re-crystallized from acetyl acetate/petroleum ether (1:3). The resulting solid was re-dissolved in water (5 mL) and extracted with ethyl acetate (2×5 mL). Concentrating the aqueous phase in vacuo gave the title product as a white solid (200 mg; yield=64% (2 steps)).  1 H NMR (300 MHz, CD 3 OD) δ: 6.89 (d, J=8.1 Hz, 1H), 6.84 (d, J=1.8 Hz, 1H), 6.78 (dd, J=8.1, 1.8 Hz, 1H), 6.67 (s, 1H), 4.08 (t, J=6.3 Hz, 2H), 3.80 (s, 3H), 3.60 (t, J=6.3 Hz, 2H), 3.28-3.38 (m, 6H), 2.60-2.70 (m, 2H), 2.42-2.54 (m, 1H), 2.22-2.32 (m, 1H), 2.04 (penta, J=6.3 Hz, 2H), 1.65-1.85 (m, 4H), 1.48-1.62 (m, 2H), 1.35-1.48 (m, 1H), 1.21 (s, 3H), 1.20 (s, 3H), 0.88-1.00 (m, 12H); LC-MS: m/z=552 (MH-0.5C 4 H 4 O 4 ) + . 
     EXAMPLE 2 
     (2S,4S,5S,7S)-5-amino-N-(3-amino-2,2-dimethyl-3-oxopropyl)-4-hydroxy-2-isopropyl-7-(4-d 3 -methoxy-3-(3-methoxypropoxy)benzyl)-8-methylnonanamide hemifumarate (Aliskiren-d 3  hemifumarate salt) 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     3-Hydroxy-4-d 3 -methoxybenzaldehyde: At about 0° C., potassium carbonate (207 g, 1.50 mol, 1.00 equiv) was added to a solution of 3,4-dihydroxybenzaldehyde (207 g, 1.50 mol, 1.00 equiv) in N,N-dimethylformamide (3000 mL). After stirring at ambient temperature for about 30 minutes, the mixture was cooled to about 0° C. and methyl iodide (58 mL, 0.91 mol, 0.60 equiv.) was added. After stirring at 0° C. for about 1 hour, another portion of methyl iodide (58 mL, 0.91 mol, 0.60 equiv.) was added. The mixture was then stirred at ambient temperature for about 16 hours, and the solvent was removed in vacuo. The resulting residue was diluted with water (1000 mL) and then extracted with ethyl acetate (5×500 mL). The organic layers were washed with water (2×800 mL), washed with brine (1×800 mL), dried, and concentrated in vacuo. The resulting residue was purified by re-crystallization from ethyl acetate/petroleum to give the title product as a white solid (141 g; yield=61% yield).  1 H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ: 9.86 (s, 1H), 7.44-7.47 (m, 2H), 7.00 (dd, J=6.9, 2.1 Hz, 1H), 5.83 (brs, 1H). LC-MS: m/z=156 (MH) + . 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     4-d 3 -Methoxy-3-(3-methoxypropoxy)benzaldehyde: The procedure of Example 1, Step 3 was followed, but substituting 3-hydroxy-4-d 3 -methoxybenzaldehyde for 3-hydroxy-4-methoxybenzaldehyde. The title product was isolated as a brown oil (52 g).  1 H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ: 9.86 (s, 1H), 7.45-7.49 (m, 2H), 7.00 (d, J=7.8 Hz, 1H), 4.22 (t, J=6.6 Hz, 2H), 3.61 (t, J=6.0 Hz, 2H), 3.37 (s, 3H), 2.19 (penta, J=6.3 Hz, 2H). LC-MS: m/z=228 (MH) + . 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     1-(4-d 3 -Methoxy-3-(3-methoxypropoxy)phenyl)-3-methylbutan-1-ol: The procedure of Example 1, Step 4 was followed, but substituting 4-d 3 -methoxy-3-(3-methoxypropoxy)benzaldehyde for 4-methoxy-3-(3-methoxypropoxy)benzaldehyde. The title product was isolated as a white solid (55 g; yield=84%).  1 H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ: 6.95 (s, 1H), 6.82-6.89 (m, 2H), 4.65-4.69 (m, 1H), 4.15 (t, J=6.6 Hz, 2H), 3.61 (t, J=6.1 Hz, 2H), 3.36 (s, 3H), 2.16 (penta, J=6.3 Hz, 2H), 1.94 (brs, 1H), 1.64-1.78 (m, 2H), 1.44-1.54 (m, 1H), 0.95-0.97 (m, 6H). LC-MS: m/z=268 (M—OH − ) + . 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     1-(4-d 3 -Methoxy-3-(3-methoxypropoxy)phenyl)-3-methylbutan-1-one: The procedure of Example 1, Step 5 was followed, but substituting 1-(4-d 3 -methoxy-3-(3-methoxypropoxy)phenyl)-3-methylbutan-1-ol for 1-(4-methoxy-3-(3-methoxypropoxy)phenyl)-3-methylbutan-1-ol. The title product was isolated as a pale yellow solid (41.6 g; yield=76%).  1 H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ: 7.58-7.60 (m, 2H), 6.91 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 1H), 4.22 (t, J=6.8 Hz, 2H), 3.61 (t, J=6.4 Hz, 2H), 3.39 (s, 3H), 2.81 (d, J=6.8 Hz, 2H), 2.29-2.32 (m, 1H), 2.18 (penta, J=6.4 Hz, 2H), 1.02 (d, J=6.8 Hz, 6H). LC-MS: m/z=284 (MH) + . 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     (S)-4-Benzyl-3-((S,E)-2-isopropyl-7-(4-d 3 -methoxy-3-(3-methoxypropoxy)benzoyl)-8-methylnon-4-enoyl)oxazolidin-2-one: The procedure of Example 1, Step 6 was followed, but substituting 1-(4-d 3 -methoxy-3-(3-methoxypropoxy)phenyl)-3-methylbutan-1-one for 1-(4-methoxy-3-(3-methoxypropoxy)phenyl)-3-methylbutan-1-one. The title product was isolated as a yellow oil (48 g; yield=55%).  1 H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ: 7.50-7.56 (m, 2H), 7.20-7.35 (m, 5H), 6.85 (dd, J=14.4, 8.4 Hz, 1H), 5.41-5.44 (m, 2H), 4.63-4.70 (m, 1H), 4.12-4.20 (m, 4H), 3.71-3.76 (m, 1H), 3.60 (t, J=6.4 Hz, 2H), 3.37 (s, 3H), 3.22-3.33 (m, 2H), 2.44-2.68 (m, 2H), 2.20-2.38 (m, 3H), 2.09-2.17 (m, 2H), 1.99-2.06 (m, 1H), 1.88-1.49 (m, 1H), 0.88-0.93 (m, 12H). LC-MS: m/z=597 (MH) + . 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     (S,E)-2-Isopropyl-7-(4-d 3 -methoxy-3-(3-methoxypropoxy)benzoyl)-8-methylnon-4-enoic acid: The procedure of Example 1, Step 7 was followed, but substituting (S)-4-benzyl-3-((S,E)-2-isopropyl-7-(4-d 3 -methoxy-3-(3-methoxypropoxy)benzoyl)-8-methylnon-4-enoyl)oxazolidin-2-one for (S)-4-benzyl-3-((S,E)-2-isopropyl-7-(4-methoxy-3-(3-methoxypropoxy)benzoyl)-8-methylnon-4-enoyl)oxazolidin-2-one. The title product was isolated as a yellow oil (45.4 g (crude), yield=95%). LC-MS: m/z=438 (MH) + . 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     (S,E)-2-Isopropyl-7-(4-d 3 -methoxy-3-(3-methoxypropoxy)benzoyl)-N,N,8-trimethylnon-4-enamide: The procedure of Example 1, Step 8 was followed, but substituting (S,E)-2-isopropyl-7-(4-d 3 -methoxy-3-(3-methoxypropoxy)benzoyl)-8-methylnon-4-enoic acid for (S,E)-2-isopropyl-7-(4-methoxy-3-(3-methoxypropoxy)benzoyl)-8-methylnon-4-enoic acid. The title product was isolated as a yellow oil (37 g; yield=77%). LC-MS: m/z=465 (MH) + . 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     (2S,E)-7-(Hydroxy(4-d 3 -methoxy-3-(3-methoxypropoxy)phenyl)methyl)-2-isopropyl-N,N,8-trimethylnon-4-enamide: The procedure of Example 1, Step 10 was followed, but substituting (2S,E)-2-isopropyl-7-(4-d 3 -methoxy-3-(3-methoxypropoxy)benzoyl)-N,N,8-trimethylnon-4-enamide for (2S,7S,E)-2-isopropyl-7-(4-methoxy-3-(3-methoxypropoxy)benzoyl)-N,N,8-trimethylnon-4-enamide. The title product was isolated as a yellow oil (30 g (crude)). LC-MS: m/z=449 (M-OH − ) + . 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     (2S,E)-7-(4-d 3 -Methoxy-3-(3-methoxypropoxy)benzyl)-2-isopropyl-N,N,8-trimethyl-non-4-enamide: The procedure of Example 1, Step 11 was followed, but substituting (2S,E)-7-(hydroxy(4-d 3 -methoxy-3-(3-methoxypropoxy)phenyl)methyl)-2-isopropyl-N,N,8-trimethylnon-4-enamide for (2S,7S,E)-7-(hydroxy(4-methoxy-3-(3-methoxypropoxy)phenyl)methyl)-2-isopropyl-N,N,8-trimethylnon-4-enamide. The title product was isolated as a yellow oil (17 g; yield=59%).  1 H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ: 6.76 (d, J=7.8 Hz, 1H), 6.63-6.66 (m, 2H), 5.29-5.35 (m, 2H), 4.10 (t, J=6.3 Hz, 2H), 3.58 (t, J=6.0 Hz, 2H), 3.33 (s, 3H), 2.89-2.97 (m, 6H), 2.38-2.47 (m, 2H), 2.18-2.35 (m, 3H), 2.18 (penta, J=6.3 Hz, 2H), 1.76-1.97 (m, 3H), 1.62-1.72 (m, 1H), 1.41-1.51 (m, 1H), 0.81-0.94 (m, 12H). LC-MS: m/z=451 (MH) + . 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     (2S,7R,E)-7-(4-d 3 -methoxy-3-(3-methoxypropoxy)benzyl)-2-isopropyl-N,N,8-trimethylnon-4-enamide: (2S,E)-7-(4-d 3 -Methoxy-3-(3-methoxypropoxy)benzyl)-2-isopropyl-N,N,8-trimethyl-non-4-enamide (17 g, 37.8 mmol, 1 equiv) was purified by Chiral-Prep-HPLC using the following conditions (Waters 2767-1): Column, Chiralpak IA, 2×25 cm, 5 um; mobile phase, Hex and IPA-HPLC (hold 10% IPA-HPLC in 8 min); Detector, UV 254 nm. The title product was isolated as a yellow oil (4.6 g, yield=27%) (t R =5.35 min).  1 H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ 6.80 (d, J=8.1 Hz, 1H), 6.66-6.69 (m, 2H), 5.33-5.39 (m, 2H), 4.14 (t, J=6.6 Hz, 2H), 3.62 (t, J=6.0 Hz, 2H), 3.38 (s, 3H), 2.98 (bs, 6H), 2.42-2.49 (m, 2H), 2.19-2.38 (m, 3H), 2.16 (penta, J=6.3 Hz, 2H), 1.78-1.97 (m, 3H), 1.64-1.73 (m, 1H), 1.43-1.53 (m, 1H), 0.88-0.98 (m, 12H). LC-MS: m/z=451 (MH) + . 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     (3S)-5-((3S)-3-(4-d 3 -Methoxy-3-(3-methoxypropoxy)benzyl)-1-bromo-4-methylpentyl)-3-isopropyl-dihydrofuran-2(3H)-one: The procedure of Example 1, Step 12 was followed, but substituting (2S,7R,E)-7-(4-d 3 -methoxy-3-(3-methoxypropoxy)benzyl)-2-isopropyl-N,N,8-trimethyl-non-4-enamide for (2S,7R,E)-7-(4-methoxy-3-(3-methoxypropoxy)benzyl)-2-isopropyl-N,N,8-trimethyl-non-4-enamide. The title product was isolated as a yellow oil (3.8 g; yield=74%). LC-MS: m/z=502/504 (MH) + . 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     (3S)-5-((3S)-3-(4-d 3 -Methoxy-3-(3-methoxypropoxy)benzyl)-1-azido-4-methylpentyl)-3-isopropyl-dihydrofuran-2(3H)-one: The procedure of Example 1, Step 13 was followed, but substituting (3S)-5-((3S)-3-(4-d 3 -methoxy-3-(3-methoxypropoxy)benzyl)-1-bromo-4-methylpentyl)-3-isopropyl-dihydrofuran-2(3H)-one for (3S)-5-((3S)-3-(4-methoxy-3-(3-methoxypropoxy)benzyl)-1-bromo-4-methylpentyl)-3-isopropyl-dihydrofuran-2(3H)-one. The title product was isolated as a pale yellow oil (2.4 g; yield=68%). LC-MS: m/z=465 (MH) + . 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     (3S,5S)-5-((1S,3S)-3-(4-d 3 -Methoxy-3-(3-methoxypropoxy)benzyl)-1-azido-4-methyl-pentyl)-3-isopropyl-dihydrofuran-2(3H)-one: The procedure of Example 1, Step 14 was followed, but substituting (3S)-5-((3S)-3-(4-d 3 -methoxy-3-(3-methoxypropoxy)benzyl)-1-azido-4-methylpentyl)-3-isopropyl-dihydrofuran-2(3H)-one for (3S)-5-((3S)-3-(4-methoxy-3-(3-methoxypropoxy)benzyl)-1-azido-4-methylpentyl)-3-isopropyl-dihydrofuran-2(3H)-one. The title product was isolated as a pale yellow oil (0.89 g, yield=81%).  1 H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl 3 ) 6.82 (d, J=7.8 Hz, 1H), 6.75-6.71 (m, 2H), 4.25-4.31 (m, 1H), 4.14 (t, J=6.3 Hz, 2H), 3.62 (t, J=6.3 Hz, 2H), 3.38 (s, 3H), 2.92-2.98 (m, 1H), 2.56-2.65 (m, 2H), 2.43-2.50 (m, 1H), 1.91-2.21 (m, 5H), 1.68-1.86 (m, 3H), 1.32-1.42 (m, 1H), 0.91-1.04 (m, 12H). LC-MS: m/z=465 (MH) + . 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     (2S,4S,5S,7S)-7-(4-d 3 -Methoxy-3-(3-methoxypropoxy)benzyl)-N-(3-amino-2,2-dimethyl-3-oxopropyl)-5-azido-4-hydroxy-2-isopropyl-8-methylnonanamide: The procedure of Example 1, Step 15 was followed, but substituting (3S,5S)-5-((1S,3S)-3-(4-d 3 -methoxy-3-(3-methoxypropoxy)benzyl)-1-azido-4-methyl-pentyl)-3-isopropyl-dihydrofuran-2(3H)-one for (3S,5S)-5-((1S,3S)-3-(4-methoxy-3-(3-methoxypropoxy)benzyl)-1-azido-4-methyl-pentyl)-3-isopropyl-dihydrofuran-2(3H)-one. The title product was isolated as a pale yellow oil (400 mg; yield=80% yield). LC-MS: m/z=603 (M+Na) + . 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     (2S,4S,5S,7S)-7-(4-d 3 -Methoxy-3-(3-methoxypropoxy)benzyl)-5-amino-N-3-amino-2,2-dimethyl-3-oxopropyl)-4-hydroxy-2-isopropyl-8-methylnonanamide: The procedure of Example 1, Step 16 was followed, but substituting (2S,4S,5S,7S)-7-(4-d 3 -methoxy-3-(3-methoxypropoxy)benzyl)-N-(3-amino-2,2-dimethyl-3-oxopropyl)-5-azido-4-hydroxy-2-isopropyl-8-methylnonanamide for (2S,4S,5S,7S)-7-(4-methoxy-3-(3-methoxypropoxy)benzyl)-N-(3-amino-2,2-dimethyl-3-oxopropyl)-5-azido-4-hydroxy-2-isopropyl-8-methylnonanamide. The title product was used directly in the next step. LC-MS: m/z=555 (MH) + . 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     (2S,4S,5S,7S)-5-Amino-N-(3-amino-2,2-dimethyl-3-oxopropyl)-4-hydroxy-2-isopropyl-7-(4-d 3 -methoxy-3-(3-methoxypropoxy)benzyl)-8-methylnonanamide hemifumarate (Aliskiren-d 3  hemifumarate salt): The procedure of Example 1, Step 17 was followed, but substituting (2S,4S,5S,7S)-7-(4-d 3 -methoxy-3-(3-methoxypropoxy)benzyl)-5-amino-N-(3-amino-2,2-dimethyl-3-oxopropyl)-4-hydroxy-2-isopropyl-8-methylnonanamide for (2S,4S,5S,7S)-7-(4-methoxy-3-(3-methoxypropoxy)benzyl)-5-amino-N-(3-amino-2,2-dimethyl-3-oxopropyl)-4-hydroxy-2-isopropyl-8-methylnonanamide. The title product was as a white solid (240 mg; yield=57% (2 steps).  1 H NMR (300 MHz, CD 3 OD) δ: 6.89 (d, J=8.1 Hz, 1H), 6.84 (d, J=1.8 Hz, 1H), 6.78 (dd, J=8.1, 1.8 Hz, 1H), 6.67 (s, 1H), 4.08 (t, J=6.3 Hz, 2H), 3.60 (t, J=6.3 Hz, 2H), 3.28-3.38 (m, 6H), 2.60-2.70 (m, 2H), 2.42-2.54 (m, 1H), 2.22-2.32 (m, 1H), 2.04 (penta, J=6.3 Hz, 2H), 1.65-1.85 (m, 4H), 1.48-1.62 (m, 2H), 1.35-1.48 (m, 1H), 1.21 (s, 3H), 1.20 (s, 3H), 0.88-1.00 (m, 12H); LC-MS: m/z=555 (MH-0.5C 4 H 4 O 4 ) + . 
     EXAMPLE 3 
     (2S,4S,5S,7S)-5-Amino-N-(3-amino-2,2-dimethyl-3-oxopropyl)-4-hydroxy-2-isopropyl-7-(4-d 3 -methoxy-3-(3-d 3 -methoxypropoxy)benzyl)-8-methylnonanamide hemifumarate (Aliskiren-d 6  hemifumarate salt) 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     3-(3-Bromopropoxy)-4-d 3 -methoxybenzaldehyde: At about 0° C. and under an atmosphere of nitrogen, diisopropyl azodicarboxylate (96 mL) was added dropwise to a solution of 3-hydroxy-4-d 3 -methoxybenzaldehyde (74.4 g, 0.48 mol, 1.00 equiv), 3-bromopropan-1-ol (67.2 g, 0.48 mol, 1.00 equiv), triphenylphosphine (125.6 g, 0.48 mol, 1.00 equiv) and tetrahydrofuran (1200 mL). The resulting solution was stirred at about 0° C. for about 16 hours, and water (500 mL) was then added. The volatiles were removed in vacuo. Following standard extractive workup with ethyl acetate (3×1000 mL), the resulting crude residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography (ethyl acetate/petroleum ether (1:7)) to give the title product as a yellow oil (105 g; yield=79%). LC-MS: m/z=276/278 (MH) + . 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     4-d 3 -Methoxy-3-(3-d 3 -methoxypropoxy)benzaldehyde: Under an atmosphere of nitrogen, d 3 -sodium methoxide (42.8 g, 0.75 mol, 1.97 equiv) was added to a solution of 3-(3-bromopropoxy)-4-d 3 -methoxy-benzaldehyde (105.0 g, 0.38 mol, 1.00 equiv) in d 4 -methanol (400 mL). The resulting solution was stirred at about 50° C. for about 2 hours and hydrochloric acid (500 mL) was then added. The pH value of the solution was adjusted to 7. Following standard extractive workup with ethyl acetate (2×2000 mL), the crude residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography (ethyl acetate/petroleum ether (1:8)) to give the title product as yellow oil (63 g; yield=72%). LC-MS: m/z=231 (MH) + . 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     1-(4-d 3 -Methoxy-3-(3-d 3 -methoxypropoxy)phenyl)-3-methylbutan-1-ol: The procedure of Example 1, Step 4 was followed, but substituting 4-d 3 -methoxy-3-(3-d 3 -methoxypropoxy)benzaldehyde for 4 methoxy-3-(3-d 3 -methoxypropoxy)benzaldehyde. The title product was isolated as a pale yellow solid (40.5 g; yield=51%). LC-MS: m/z=271 (MH-H 2 O) ± . 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     1-(4-d 3 -Methoxy-3-(3-d 3 -methoxypropoxy)phenyl)-3-methylbutan-1-one: The procedure of Example 1, Step 5 was followed, but substituting 1-(4-d 3 -methoxy-3-(3-d 3 -methoxypropoxy)phenyl)-3-methylbutan-1-ol for 1-(4-methoxy-3-(3-methoxypropoxy)phenyl)-3-methylbutan-1-ol. The title product was isolated as a pale yellow oil (20 g, yield=51%). LC-MS: m/z=287 (MH) + . 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     (S)-4-Benzyl-3-((2S,E)-2-isopropyl-7-(4-d 3 -methoxy-3-(3-d 3 -methoxypropoxy)benzyl)-8-methylnon-4-enoyl)oxazolidin-2-one: The procedure of Example 1, Step 6 was followed, but substituting 1-(4-d 3 -methoxy-3-(3-d 3 -methoxypropoxy)phenyl)-3-methylbutan-1-one for 1-(4-methoxy-3-(3-methoxypropoxy)phenyl)-3-methylbutan-1-one. The title product was isolated as a pale yellow oil (32.3 g; yield=76%). LC-MS: m/z=622 (M+Na) + . 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     (2S,E)-2-Isopropyl-7-(4-d 3 -methoxy-3-(3-d 3 -methoxypropoxy)benzoyl)-8-methylnon-4-enoic acid: The procedure of Example 1, Step 7 was followed, but substituting 1-(4-d 3 -methoxy-3-(3-d 3 -methoxypropoxy)phenyl)-3-methylbutan-1-one for 1-(4-methoxy-3-(3-methoxypropoxy)phenyl)-3-methylbutan-1-one. The title product was isolated as a colorless oil (28.8 g, crude). LC-MS: m/z=441 (MH) + . 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     (2S,E)-2-Isopropyl-7-(4-d 3 -methoxy-3-(3-d 3 -methoxypropoxy)benzoyl)-N,N,8-trimethylnon-4-enamide: The procedure of Example 1, Step 8 was followed, but substituting 1-(4-d 3 -methoxy-3-(3-d 3 -methoxypropoxy)phenyl)-3-methylbutan-1-one for 1-(4-methoxy-3-(3-methoxypropoxy)phenyl)-3-methylbutan-1-one. The title product was isolated as a yellow oil (17.4 g; yield=69%). LC-MS: m/z=468 (MH) + . 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     (2S,7S,E)-2-Isopropyl-7-(4-d 3 -methoxy-3-(3-d 3 -methoxypropoxy)benzoyl)-N,N,8-trimethylnon-4-enamide: The procedure of Example 1, Step 9 was followed, but substituting (2S,E)-2-isopropyl-7-(4-d 3 -methoxy-3-(3-d 3 -methoxypropoxy)benzoyl)-N,N,8-trimethylnon-4-enamide for (2S,E)-2-isopropyl-7-(4-methoxy-3-(3-methoxypropoxy)benzoyl)-N,N,8-trimethylnon-4-enamide. The title product was isolated as a colorless oil (3.6 g; yield=26%) (t R =7.40 min).  1 H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ: 7.49-7.52 (m, 2H), 6.85 (d, J=9.0 Hz, 1H), 5.29-5.33 (m, 2H), 4.15 (t, J=6.3 Hz, 2H), 3.55 (t, J=6.3 Hz, 2H), 3.19-2.23 (m, 1H), 2.85 (s, 3H), 2.71 (s, 3H), 2.40-2.50 (m, 1H), 2.30-2.40 (m, 1H), 2.00-2.30 (m, 5H), 1.90-2.00 (m, 1H), 1.70-1.85 (m, 1H), 0.72-1.02 (m, 12H); LC-MS: m/z=468 (MH) + . 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     (2S,7S,E)-7-(Hydroxy(4-d 3 -methoxy-3-(3-d 3 -methoxypropoxy)phenyl)methyl)-2-isopropyl-N,N,8-trimethylnon-4-enamide: The procedure of Example 1, Step 10 was followed, but substituting (2S,7S,E)-2-isopropyl-7-(4-d 3 -methoxy-3-(3-d 3 -methoxypropoxy)benzoyl)-N,N,8-trimethylnon-4-enamide for (2S,7S,E)-2-isopropyl-7-(4-methoxy-3-(3-methoxypropoxy)benzoyl)-N,N,8-trimethylnon-4-enamide. The title product was isolated as a colorless oil (3.6 g, crude). LC-MS: m/z=452 (MH-H 2 O) + . 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     (2S,7R,E)-7-(4-d 3 -Methoxy-3-(3-d 3 -methoxypropoxy)benzyl)-2-isopropyl-N,N,8-trimethylnon-4-enamide: The procedure of Example 1, Step 11 was followed, but substituting (2S,7S,E)-2-isopropyl-7-(4-d 3 -methoxy-3-(3-d 3 -methoxypropoxy)benzoyl)-N,N,8-trimethylnon-4-enamide for (2S,7S,E)-2-isopropyl-7-(4-methoxy-3-(3-methoxypropoxy)benzoyl)-N,N,8-trimethylnon-4-enamide. The title product was isolated as a colorless oil (2.2 g; yield=67%). LC-MS: m/z=454 (MH) + . 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     (3S)-5-((3S)-3-(4-d 3 -Methoxy-3-(3-d 3 -methoxypropoxy)benzyl)-1-bromo-4-methyl-pentyl)-3-isopropyl-dihydrofuran-2(3H)-one: The procedure of Example 1, Step 12 was followed, but substituting (2S,7R,E)-7-(4-d 3 -methoxy-3-(3-d 3 -methoxypropoxy)benzyl)-2-isopropyl-N,N,8-trimethylnon-4-enamide for (2S,7R,E)-7-(4-methoxy-3-(3-methoxypropoxy)benzyl)-2-isopropyl-N,N,8-trimethylnon-4-enamide. The title product was isolated as a colorless oil (1.9 g; yield=78%). LC-MS: m/z=505/507 (MH) + . 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     (3S)-5-((3S)-3-(4-d 3 -Methoxy-3-(3-d 3 -methoxypropoxy)benzyl)-1-azido-4-methylpentyl)-3-isopropyl-dihydrofuran-2(3H)-one: The procedure of Example 1, Step 13 was followed, but substituting (3S)-5-((3S)-3-(4-d 3 -methoxy-3-(3-d 3 -methoxypropoxy)benzyl)-1-bromo-4-methyl-pentyl)-3-isopropyl-dihydrofuran-2(3H)-one for (3S)-5-((3S)-3-(4-methoxy-3-(3-methoxypropoxy)benzyl)-1-bromo-4-methyl-pentyl)-3-isopropyl-dihydrofuran-2(3H)-one. The title product was isolated as a colorless oil (0.8 g; yield=44%). LC-MS: m/z=468 (MH) + . 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     (3S,5S)-5-((1S,3S)-3-(4-d 3 -Methoxy-3-(3-d 3 -methoxypropoxy)benzyl)-1-azido-4-methylpentyl)-3-isopropyl-dihydrofuran-2(3H)-one: The procedure of Example 1, Step 14 was followed, but substituting (3S)-5-((3S)-3-(4-d 3 -methoxy-3-(3-d 3 -methoxypropoxy)benzyl)-1-azido-4-methylpentyl)-3-isopropyl-dihydrofuran-2(3H)-one for (3S)-5-((3S)-3-(4-methoxy-3-(3-methoxypropoxy)benzyl)-1-azido-4-methylpentyl)-3-isopropyl-dihydrofuran-2(3H)-one. The title product was isolated as a pale yellow oil (0.5 g; yield=63%) (t R =4.70 min).  1 H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ: 6.70-6.85 (m, 3H), 4.25-4.31 (m, 1H), 4.15 (t, J=6.6 Hz, 2H), 3.60 (t, J=6.6 Hz, 2H), 2.92-2.98 (m, 1H), 2.56-2.65 (m, 2H), 2.43-2.50 (m, 1H), 1.60-2.25 (m, 8H), 1.32-1.42 (m, 1H), 0.85-1.10 (m, 12H); LC-MS: m/z=468 (MH) + . 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     (2S,4S,5S,7S)-7-(4-d 3 -Methoxy-3-(3-d 3 -methoxypropoxy)benzyl)-N-(3-amino-2,2-dimethyl-3-oxopropyl)-5-azido-4-hydroxy-2-isopropyl-8-methylnonanamide: The procedure of Example 1, Step 15 was followed, but substituting (3S,5S)-5-((1S,3S)-3-(4-d 3 -methoxy-3-(3-d 3 -methoxypropoxy)benzyl)-1-azido-4-methylpentyl)-3-isopropyl-dihydrofuran-2(3H)-one for (3S,5S)-5-((1S,3S)-3-(4-methoxy-3-(3-methoxypropoxy)benzyl)-1-azido-4-methylpentyl)-3-isopropyl-dihydrofuran-2(3H)-one. The title product was isolated as a colorless oil (201 mg; yield=60%). LC-MS: m/z=606 (M+Na) + . 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     (2S,4S,5S,7S)-7-(4-d 3 -methoxy-3-(3-d 3 -methoxypropoxy)benzyl)-5-amino-N-3-amino-2,2-dimethyl-3-oxopropyl)-4-hydroxy-2-isopropyl-8-methylnonanamide: The procedure of Example 1, Step 16 was followed, but substituting (2S,4S,5S,7S)-7-(4-d 3 -methoxy-3-(3-d 3 -methoxypropoxy)benzyl)-N-(3-amino-2,2-dimethyl-3-oxopropyl)-5-azido-4-hydroxy-2-isopropyl-8-methylnonanamide for (2S,4S,5S,7S)-7-(4-methoxy-3-(3-methoxypropoxy)benzyl)-N-(3-amino-2,2-dimethyl-3-oxopropyl)-5-azido-4-hydroxy-2-isopropyl-8-methylnonanamide. The title product was used in the next step without any further purification. LC-MS: m/z=558 (MH) + . 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     (2S,4S,5 S,7S)-5-Amino-N-(3-amino-2,2-dimethyl-3-oxopropyl)-4-hydroxy-2-isopropyl-7-(4-d 3 -methoxy-3-(3-d 3 -methoxypropoxy)benzyl)-8-methylnonanamide hemifumarate (Aliskiren-d 6  hemifumarate salt): The procedure of Example 1, Step 17 was followed, but substituting (2S,4S,5S,7S)-7-(4-d 3 -methoxy-3-(3-d 3 -methoxypropoxy)benzyl)-N-(3-amino-2,2-dimethyl-3-oxopropyl)-5-azido-4-hydroxy-2-isopropyl-8-methylnonanamide for (2S,4S,5S,7S)-7-(4-methoxy-3-(3-methoxypropoxy)benzyl)-N-(3-amino-2,2-dimethyl-3-oxopropyl)-5-azido-4-hydroxy-2-isopropyl-8-methylnonanamide. The title product was isolated as a white solid (105 mg; yield=50% (2 steps)).  1 H NMR (300 MHz, CD 3 OD) δ: 6.89 (d, J=8.1 Hz, 1H), 6.84 (d, J=1.8 Hz, 1H), 6.78 (dd, J=8.1, 1.8 Hz, 1H), 6.67 (s, 1H), 4.08 (t, J=6.3 Hz, 2H), 3.60 (t, J=6.3 Hz, 2H), 3.28-3.38 (m, 3H), 2.60-2.70 (m, 2H), 2.42-2.54 (m, 1H), 2.22-2.32 (m, 1H), 2.04 (penta, J=6.3 Hz, 2H), 1.65-1.85 (m, 4H), 1.48-1.62 (m, 2H), 1.35-1.48 (m, 1H), 1.21 (s, 3H), 1.20 (s, 3H), 0.88-1.00 (m, 12H); LC-MS: m/z=558 (MH-0.5C 4 H 4 O 4 ) + . 
     The following compounds can generally be made using the methods described above. It is expected that these compounds when made will have activity similar to those described in the examples above. 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     Changes in the metabolic properties of the compounds disclosed herein as compared to their non-isotopically enriched analogs can be shown using the following assays. Compounds listed above which have not yet been made and/or tested are predicted to have changed metabolic properties as shown by one or more of these assays as well. 
     Biological Activity Assays 
     In Vitro Liver Microsomal Stability Assay 
     Liver microsomal stability assays were conducted at 1 mg per mL liver microsome protein with an NADPH-generating system in 2% NaHCO 3  (2.2 mM NADPH, 25.6 mM glucose 6-phosphate, 6 units per mL glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase and 3.3 mM MgCl 2 ). Test compounds were prepared as solutions in 20% acetonitrile-water (20 μM stock solutions) and added to the assay mixture (final assay concentration 1 μM). Final concentration of acetonitrile in the assay should be &lt;1%. The reactions were incubated at 37° C. Aliquots (50 μL) were taken out at times 0, 15, 30, 45, and 60 minutes, and diluted with ice cold acetonitrile (200 μL) to stop the reactions. Samples are centrifuged at 12,000 RPM for 10 minutes to precipitate proteins. Supernatants are transferred to microcentrifuge tubes and stored for LC/MS/MS analysis of the degradation half-life of the test compounds. It has thus been found that certain isotopically-enriched compounds disclosed herein that have been tested in this assay showed an increased degradation half-life as compared to the non-isotopically enriched drug. In certain embodiments, the increase in degradation half-life is at least 5% or at least 10%. In further embodiments, other isotopically-enriched compounds that have yet to be tested in this assay are expected to have an improvement in degradation half life of at least 15%; at least 20%; at least 30%; at least 40%; at least 50%; at least 60%; at least 70%; at least 80%; at least 90%; at least 100%; at least 150%; or at least 200%. 
     In Vitro Metabolism Using Human Cytochrome P 450  Enzymes 
     The cytochrome P 450  enzymes are expressed from the corresponding human cDNA using a baculovirus expression system (BD Biosciences, San Jose, Calif.). A 0.25 milliliter reaction mixture containing 0.8 milligrams per milliliter protein, 1.3 millimolar NADP + , 3.3 millimolar glucose-6-phosphate, 0.4 U/mL glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, 3.3 millimolar magnesium chloride and 0.2 millimolar of a compound of Formula I, the corresponding non-isotopically enriched compound or standard or control in 100 millimolar potassium phosphate (pH 7.4) is incubated at 37° C. for 20 minutes. After incubation, the reaction is stopped by the addition of an appropriate solvent (e.g., acetonitrile, 20% trichloroacetic acid, 94% acetonitrile/6% glacial acetic acid, 70% perchloric acid, 94% acetonitrile/6% glacial acetic acid) and centrifuged (10,000 g) for 3 minutes. The supernatant is analyzed by HPLC/MS/MS. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
             
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Cytochrome P 450   
                 Standard 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
                 CYP1A2 
                 Phenacetin 
               
               
                   
                 CYP2A6 
                 Coumarin 
               
               
                   
                 CYP2B6 
                 [ 13 C]-(S)-mephenytoin 
               
               
                   
                 CYP2C8 
                 Paclitaxel 
               
               
                   
                 CYP2C9 
                 Diclofenac 
               
               
                   
                 CYP2C19 
                 [ 13 C]-(S)-mephenytoin 
               
               
                   
                 CYP2D6 
                 (+/−)-Bufuralol 
               
               
                   
                 CYP2E1 
                 Chlorzoxazone 
               
               
                   
                 CYP3A4 
                 Testosterone 
               
               
                   
                 CYP4A 
                 [ 13 C]-Lauric acid 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Monoamine Oxidase A Inhibition and Oxidative Turnover 
     The procedure is carried out using the methods described by Weyler et al.,  Journal of Biological Chemistry  1985, 260, 13199-13207, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. Monoamine oxidase A activity is measured spectrophotometrically by monitoring the increase in absorbance at 314 nm on oxidation of kynuramine with formation of 4-hydroxyquinoline. The measurements are carried out, at 30° C., in 50 mM sodium phosphate buffer, pH 7.2, containing 0.2% Triton X-100 (monoamine oxidase assay buffer), plus 1 mM kynuramine, and the desired amount of enzyme in 1 mL total volume. 
     Monooamine Oxidase B Inhibition and Oxidative Turnover 
     The procedure is carried out as described in Uebelhack et al.,  Pharmacopsychiatry  1998, 31(5), 187-192, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. 
     Quantitative Determination of Aliskiren by HPLC 
     The procedure is carried out as described in Lefevre et al.,  Journal of Chromatography, B: Biomedical Sciences and Applications  2000, 738(1), 129-136, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. 
     Measuring Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, and Elimination of Aliskiren in Humans 
     The procedure is carried out as described in Waldmeier et al.,  Drug Metabolism  &amp;  Disposition  2007, 35(8), 1418-1428, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. 
     Detecting Aliskiren b LC-MS 
     The procedure is carried out as described in Vaidyanathan et al.,  The Journal of Clinical Pharmacology  2007, 47(2), 192-200, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. 
     Detecting Aliskiren b LC-MS 
     The procedure is carried out as described in Vaidyanathan et al.,  Br J Clin Pharmacol  2006, 62(6), 690-698, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. 
     Advanced Diabetic Nephropathy Assay 
     The procedure is carried out as described in Kelly et al.,  Diabetologia  2007, 50(11), 2398-2404, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. 
     From the foregoing description, one skilled in the art can ascertain the essential characteristics of this invention, and without departing from the spirit and scope thereof, can make various changes and modifications of the invention to adapt it to various usages and conditions.