Patent Publication Number: US-11043316-B2

Title: Method of making a mineral-insulated, compacted, bendable cable

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION(S) 
     This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 62/585,861 filed Nov. 14, 2017 for “MINERAL-INSULATED, METAL-SHEATHED, COMPACTED, BENDABLE CABLE WHOSE SHAPE DOES NOT ALLOW THE INTERNAL WIRES TO TWIST OR CHANGE ALIGNMENT DURING PRODUCTION” by Robert Weber and Kenneth Browall. The aforementioned U.S. Provisional Application No. 62/585,861 filed Nov. 14, 2017 is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. 
    
    
     BACKGROUND 
     Mineral-insulated cable (or MI cable) is a variety of electrical cable that features an electrical conductor (or conductors) inside a metallic sheath, insulated by compacted ceramic insulation. MI cables are used as thermocouple cables, electric heater cables, and as conductor cables for carrying signals from sensors and carrying power and critical signals to equipment and facilities. 
     The manufacturing of MI cable typically begins with three components—a metal tube or pipe (which will become the outer metallic sheath), crushable ceramic insulators (which become the compacted insulation and the heat conductor out to the outer metallic sheath), and electrical conductors or wires (which extend the length of the MI cable and are surrounded by the compacted insulation). These three components are assembled with the ceramic insulators and the wires inside the metal tube, and are then subjected to a process that includes swaging one end so that the swaged end can fit through a drawing die. The components are subjected to multiple drawing and annealing (heat treating) steps. With each draw process, the diameter of the drawing passage of the drawing die being used is smaller. As a result, the cross-sectional dimensions of the metal tube get smaller and the length of the metal tube gets longer with each draw. The looseness of the internal structure (the insulation and the wires) decreases as the cross section of the metal tube gets smaller with each draw process. After each draw process, the metal tube turns hard and brittle, and the annealing is used to condition the metal tube to make it soft enough to perform the next drawing process. The series of draw and annealing processes continues until the MI cable has reached its final dimensions. 
     The initial or starting metal tube or pipe typically has a circular cross section and has a larger inner diameter, a larger outer diameter and a larger wall thickness than the resulting metallic sheath of the manufactured MI cable. Various metals and metal alloys can be used for the metal tube, including different grades of stainless steel (such as 304, 310, 316, etc.), high oxidation resistant alloys such as Inconel 600, copper alloys, nickel alloys, and refractory metals such as tantalum and platinum. 
     The crushable ceramic insulators can be pre-formed with holes so that the wires can be fed through the holes. Magnesium oxide (magnesia) is a typical ceramic material used to provide the insulation in MI cables. 
     The electrical conductors (wires) can be as few as one wire to eight or more wires in a single MI cable. The wires are spaced within the MI cable so that they do not contact one another and do not contact the inner wall of the metallic sheath. The composition of the wires will depend on the intended use of the MI cable. For example, different Ohms/foot linear resistance will be required for the wires of an electric heater cable than for a cable being used for signal transmission. Thermocouple cable may require wires that are different than those used for either heater cable or signal transmission cable. 
     During the manufacturing process, the wires within the MI cable become twisted or change alignment as a result of the repeated series of drawing and annealing steps. The wires inside standard circular MI cable twist as they are drawn down through standard circular draw dies. Draw dies for standard circular MI cable have circular bearing regions. Draw die manufacturers normally produce circular bearing regions for their dies. 
     Tubing and insulator for standard circular MI cable do not need be a special shape. Circular tubing and insulators are the normal shape for those respective materials from manufacturers. 
     SUMMARY 
     A mineral-insulated, metal-sheathed, compacted, bendable cable has a non-circular cross-sectional shape that does not allow the internal wires to twist or change alignment during manufacturing of the cable. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         FIG. 1  is a photograph of a bendable compacted MI cable having an ovular shaped cross section that prevents the internal wires from twisting or changing alignment during manufacturing of the MI cable. 
         FIGS. 2A-2C  show end views of the tubing, insulator, and wire components, respectively, used in the manufacture the MI cable of  FIG. 1 . 
         FIG. 3  shows a cross-sectional view of the MI cable of  FIG. 1 . 
         FIG. 4A  is a front view of a draw die used in manufacturing of the MI cable of  FIG. 1 . 
         FIG. 4B  is a sectional view of the draw die of  FIG. 4A  along section  4 B- 4 B. 
         FIG. 4C  is a sectional view of the draw die of  FIG. 4A  along section  4 C- 4 C. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
       FIG. 1  is a photograph showing MI cable  10 , which includes sheath  12 , insulation  14 , and three wires  16 . MI cable  10 , in this embodiment, has an ovular cross-sectional shape with a major axis and a minor axis, which does not allow turning while being drawn. The objective of the design is to create a mineral-insulated, metal-sheathed, compacted, bendable cable whose shape does not allow the internal wires to twist or change alignment during production. 
       FIGS. 2A-2C  show the starting components used to produce MI cable  10 , with their starting dimensions.  FIG. 2A  shows an end view of starting tube  12   s .  FIG. 2B  shows an end view of starting insulator  14   s , which includes wire holes  18   s .  FIG. 2C  is an end view of starting wires  16   s.    
     Starting tube  12   s  must have a shape that does not allow turning while being drawn (any shape that is not perfectly circular). The tube material can be any material that will withstand the working conditions of the final product and be able to be drawn down through draw die reductions and anneals (i.e. various metals and metal alloys, including different grades of stainless steel (such as 304, 310, 316, etc.), high oxidation resistant alloys such as Inconel 600, copper alloys, nickel alloys, and refractory metals such as tantalum and platinum). 
     Starting insulator  14   s  must have a shape that does not allow turning while being drawn (any shape that is not perfectly circular). The insulator should be made of a ceramic material (e.g. magnesium oxide) that is crushable and will electrically separate the wires from each other and the sheath in the final product at normal operating conditions. In the embodiment shown, the cross-sectional shape of starting insulator  14   s  matches the cross-sectional shape of starting tubing  12   s , but is smaller to allow insertion of starting insulator  14   s  into starting tubing  12   s.    
     Any normal wire material and shape will work for starting wires  16   s . The outer diameter of starting wires  16   s  is smaller than the diameter of the wire holes  18   s  in starting insulator  14   s . The wire material used for starting wires  16   s  can be any material that will withstand the working conditions of the final product and be able to be drawn down through draw die reductions and anneals (i.e. various metals and metal alloys, including different grades of stainless steel (such as 304, 310, 316, etc.), high oxidation resistant alloys such as Inconel 600, copper alloys, nickel alloys, and refractory metals such as tantalum and platinum). 
       FIG. 3  is a cross-sectional view of finished MI cable  10  after the drawing and annealing processes have been completed. The cable shown is in its compacted form where the major and minor O.D.&#39;s have been reduced in size. The final cable has compacted the powder around the wires and provides the electrical insulation with the I.D. of the sheath in full contact with the compacted insulation. 
     The draw dies used in manufacturing of MI cable  10  must have an equivalent shape to that of the tubing and ceramic insulation. The size of the die openings (bearing diameter) is progressively smaller to reduce the material. 
       FIG. 4A  is an end (or front) view of die  20 , which is one of the draw dies used in the drawing process.  FIGS. 4B and 4C  are sectional views that show the minor bearing diameter and the major bearing diameter, respectively, of die  20 . 
     All tubing and wires are cleaned using standard procedures. The tubing has one end pointed for feeding the tubing through the draw die and into a pulling mechanism. The ceramic insulators are cleaned by firing at an elevated temperature using standard procedures. The wires have the special shaped ceramic insulators strung over them. The special shaped tubing is filled with the string of wires and ceramic insulators. The back end of the filled tubing is crimped to ensure the ceramic insulators do not fall out during the first draw procedure. The material is drawn and annealed to the desired size using a series of special shaped dies with successively smaller die openings that match the shape of the starting materials. Care must be taken during each drawing procedure. Operators must line up the material with the draw die opening profile to prevent twisting, tearing, and scratching of the cable. Because the special shaped ceramic insulators have a non-circular outer surface that matches the non-circular inner surface of the tubing, twisting and changes in alignment of the insulators and the wires within the insulators with respect to the tubing is inhibited. 
     While the invention has been described with reference to an exemplary embodiment(s), it will be understood by those skilled in the art that various changes may be made and equivalents may be substituted for elements thereof without departing from the scope of the invention. In addition, many modifications may be made to adapt a particular situation or material to the teachings of the invention without departing from the essential scope thereof. Therefore, it is intended that the invention not be limited to the particular embodiment(s) disclosed, but that the invention will include all embodiments falling within the scope of the appended claims.