Patent Publication Number: US-2010117112-A1

Title: Light-emitting element and device

Description:
FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention relates to a light-emitting element and device used in a display device and an illuminating device. 
     BACKGROUND ART 
     Various display devices characterized by its thin and flat structure such as a liquid-crystal display and a plasma display are prevailing widely as a display device in place of a cathode-ray tube. Also, a display using an organic EL expected to be a main stream of the next-generation display is being studied. Since the organic EL converts electricity into light using electroluminescence, it hardly generates heat and uses less power. Also, it has a characteristic that a sharp image can be displayed regardless of the viewing angle, unlike the liquid-crystal display. 
       FIGS. 9(   a ) and ( b ) are a sectional view and a corresponding circuit diagram of a light-emitting element comprising a light-emitting region using a conventional organic EL and SIT for driving when formed on a rigid substrate. On a glass substrate  100 , a source region  101 , a channel region  102 , a light-emitting region  104  and a drain region  105  are sequentially laminated and formed. As the source region  101 , a transparent electrode material such as ITO is used. As a material for the light-emitting region  104 , an inorganic material such as ZnS and SrS, a low molecular organic EL such as Alq a  and NPB or a high molecular organic EL such as PPV and poly (3-alkylthiophene) is used. The SIT for driving is comprised by the source region  101 , a semiconductor region  102  made of a P-type conductive polymer, a gate electrode  103  made of an N-type conductive polymer formed in the comb-tooth state and the drain region  105  in parallel with the source region  101  and the light-emitting region  104  within the semiconductor region  102 . For example, the source region  101  is set to grounding potential, a negative bias voltage is applied to the drain region  105  and a positive control voltage is applied to the gate electrode  103 . A positive hole injected from the source region  101  is re-bonded with an electron injected from the drain region  105  within the light-emitting region  104  to cause the light-emitting region  104  to emit light. The light-emitting intensity is controlled by the control voltage applied to the gate electrode  103 . 
       FIG. 10  shows a sectional view of the light-emitting element comprised by the light-emitting region using a conventional organic EL and SIT for driving when formed on a flexible substrate. A source region  107 , a semiconductor region  108 , a light-emitting region  110  and a drain region  111  are sequentially laminated and formed on a plastic substrate  106 . Also, a gate electrode  109  is formed in the comb-tooth state within the semiconductor region  108 . In the conventional light-emitting element shown in  FIG. 10 , as with the conventional light-emitting element shown in  FIG. 9 , when the positive hole injected from the source region  107  and the electron injected from the drain region  111  are re-bonded within the light-emitting region  110 , the light-emitting region  110  emits light. The light-emitting intensity of the light-emitting layer  110  is controlled by control voltage applied to the gate electrode  109 . 
     As a method for driving control to display an image or to control illumination by arranging the light-emitting elements in the array state, a passive matrix method with a driving circuit provided outside and an active matrix method in which each of the light-emitting elements has a driving element are known. The active matrix method has the structure of the light-emitting element more complicated than the passive matrix method but is characterized by ability to be driven with a lower voltage, the life of light-emitting element is longer with lower power consumption and an external driving circuit is not needed. 
       FIG. 20  is a sectional view of an organic EL light-emitting element with a conventional SIT as its driving element. The conventional light-emitting element shown in  FIG. 20  is comprised by a drain electrode  1202 , a semiconductor layer  1204 , a gate electrode  1203 , a light-emitting layer  1205  and a source electrode  1206  sequentially laminated and formed on a glass substrate  1201 . When a negative bias voltage is applied to the drain electrode  1202 , an electron is injected from the source electrode  1206 , an electron is injected from the source electrode  1206 , a positive hole is injected from the drain electrode  1202 , the injected electron and positive hole are re-bonded in the light-emitting layer  1205  and the light-emitting layer  1205  emits light. The light-emitting intensity is controlled by controlling the injecting amount of the positive hole through positive control voltage applied to the gate electrode  1203 . 
       FIG. 21  is a sectional view of an organic EL light-emitting element having a control part in the conventional MOS structure. A cathode  1219  is arranged above a light-emitting layer  1220  with an anode  1218  under it, and gate electrodes  1214 ,  1215  are arranged on sides through gate insulating films  1216 ,  1217 . When a negative bias voltage is applied to a cathode  219  and an anode  218 , a positive hole is injected from the anode  218 , an electron is injected from the cathode  1219 , the injected electron and positive hole are bonded together again in the light-emitting layer  1220 , and the light-emitting layer  1220  emits light. When a negative control voltage is applied to the gate electrode  1214  and a positive control voltage to the gate electrode  1215 , a part of the electrons injected into the light-emitting layer  1220  are captured by the gate insulating film  1217 , and a part of the injected positive holes are captured by the gate insulating film  1216  so that the number of the positive holes and electrons re-bonded in the light-emitting layer  1220  is reduced and the light-emitting intensity can be controlled. 
     In the conventional light-emitting element with SIT as the driving element shown in  FIG. 20 , the comb-tooth state gate electrode  1203  is formed by printing or deposition of a conductive organic film, and an interval L 3  of the gate electrode  1203  can not be fully reduced. And since the controllability of the injected positive holes is low, it was necessary to apply a relatively high voltage to drive the light-emitting element. 
     On the other hand, with the conventional light-emitting element having a control part in the MOS structure shown in  FIG. 21 , the channel length, which is the interval between the cathode  1219  and the anode  1218  depends on the film thickness T 2  of the light-emitting layer, and the channel length can be made not more than 1 μm and the light-emitting element can be made to emit light with a low voltage without using a fine process and with. However, it is necessary to form an insulating film on the side wall of the light-emitting layer and apply positive and negative control voltages to the gate electrodes formed on both the side faces, which led to a problem that manufacturing processes and control method are made complicated. 
     DISCLOSURE OF THE INVENTION 
     Problems to be Solved by the Invention 
     The conventional light-emitting elements are formed on a rigid flat-plane state substrate such as a glass substrate or a flexible but flat-plane state substrate such as a plastic substrate. When using a rigid substrate, there is a problem that the shape is not flexible and applications are limited since the substrate is heavy. Even if a flexible substrate such as a plastic one is used for formation, since a plurality of light-emitting elements are continuously formed on a plane, if at least any one of the light-emitting elements becomes defective, replacement of only the defective portion is not possible but the entire applied device becomes defective. Therefore, it is necessary to conduct an extremely strict process control including improvement of cleanness of the process, which is accompanied by a problem that difficulty in improvement of yield is accelerated as the size of light-emitting device to be produced is increased. 
     The present invention has an object to realize a light-emitting element having an organic thin-film transistor for driving with the channel length of not more than 0.5 μm in a simple process without using fine processing and to enable low-voltage driving of the light-emitting element. 
     Means for Solving the Problems 
     The light-emitting element according to the present invention is characterized by a linear light-emitting element in which a light-emitting region and a light-emitting control region are continuously or intermittently formed in the longitudinal direction. 
     Also, in the structure of a light-emitting element in which a gate electrode layer and a gate insulating layer are sequentially laminated on a substrate, a first electrode is arranged on the gate insulating layer, a light-emitting film is arranged on the gate insulating layer and the first electrode and a second electrode is arranged on the light-emitting film, the second electrode is arranged diagonally above the first electrode or arranged while being separated in the lateral direction with respect to the first electrode. 
     Effect of the Invention 
     1. A flexible linear light-emitting element is formed by combining a light-emitting region and a light-emitting control region. The formed linear light-emitting element is woven or knitted in the cloth state to enable fabrication of a plane-state light-emitting device. Therefore, the effects described in the following 1) to 6) can be obtained.
 
1) Since the light-emitting region and the light-emitting control region can be incorporated in a single linear body, there are such effects that external driving circuit is not required any more, and driving with a lower voltage becomes possible.
 
2) Since the plane-state light-emitting device fabricated by weaving or knitting the linear light-emitting element is flexible and light, it can be used in a wide variety of applications including thin-type TV sets, screen of personal computers, display on a cell phone, electronic paper, etc. It has a characteristic that no shade is generated even if it is used as lighting of a wall portion of the complicated shape.
 
3) Since a plane-state light-emitting device can be fabricated by combining linear light-emitting elements, a large-sized display or illuminating device not relying on the scale of manufacturing equipment can be produced. Illumination for a dome-type building or display can be produced, for example.
 
4) A plane-state display device or illuminating device can be produced by inspecting linear light-emitting elements and using only selected non-defective products. Or, since inspection can be conducted and defective linear light-emitting elements can be replaced after a plane-state light-emitting device has been produced, yield of the light-emitting device can be improved even without strict process control when the size of the light-emitting device is increased. This effect is particularly advantageous in the case of a light-emitting device of the active matrix type provided with a light-emitting control region in each light-emitting region.
 
5) Full-color display can be realized with a single linear light-emitting element by arranging light-emitting layers in red, green and blue or light transmitting filters in red, green and blue in a single linear light-emitting element and by independently controlling the control elements corresponding to the respective light-emitting layers or filters. Therefore, color display with high resolution is made possible.
 
6) By using alkali-metal including fullerene or an organic material doped with alkali-metal including fullerene as an electron injection layer or electron transport layer of a linear light-emitting element, process control of a process for manufacturing light-emitting elements is facilitated. Also, since a sealing structure in the simplified form can be used to seal the light-emitting element or light-emitting device, it is particularly advantageous in manufacture of a linear light-emitting element. Also, there is an effect that the life of the light-emitting element can be prolonged.
 
2. A light-emitting element having an organic EL film as a light-emitting film and an element for driving can be made in a simple process at a normal temperature and a normal pressure such as printing or deposition technique.
 
3. The channel length of an organic thin-film transistor can be made not more than 0.5 μm without using fine processing technology, and improvement of light-emitting efficiency and driving with a low voltage can be made possible.
 
4. A light-emitting device in the active matrix method with low power consumption and a longer life of light-emitting element can be produced in a process with reduced costs.
 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         FIGS. 1(   a ), ( b ) and ( c ) are a sectional view, a circuit diagram and a perspective view, respectively, of a linear light-emitting element according to a first preferred embodiment of the present invention; 
         FIGS. 2(   a ) and ( b ) are a sectional view and a circuit diagram of a linear light-emitting element according to a second preferred embodiment of the present invention; 
         FIG. 3  is a sectional view of a linear light-emitting element according to a third preferred embodiment of the present invention; 
         FIG. 4  is a sectional view of a linear light-emitting element according to a fourth preferred embodiment of the present invention; 
         FIG. 5  is a sectional view of a linear light-emitting element according to a fifth preferred embodiment of the present invention; 
         FIG. 6  is a sectional view of a linear light-emitting element according to a sixth preferred embodiment of the present invention; 
         FIG. 7  is a sectional view of a linear light-emitting element according to a seventh preferred embodiment of the present invention; 
         FIGS. 8(   a ) and ( b ) are a sectional view and a circuit diagram, respectively, of a linear light-emitting element of an eighth preferred embodiment of the present invention; 
         FIGS. 9(   a ) and ( b ) are a sectional view and a circuit diagram, respectively, of a conventional light-emitting element; 
         FIG. 10  is a sectional view of a conventional light-emitting element; 
         FIG. 11  is a conceptual front view showing an example of a manufacturing device of a linear light-emitting element; 
         FIG. 12  is a front view showing an extruding device used in manufacture of a linear light-emitting element and a plan view of a die; 
         FIGS. 13(   a ) to ( d ) are perspective views showing a manufacturing process of a linear light-emitting element according to the present invention; 
         FIGS. 14(   a ) and ( b ) are a perspective view and a circuit diagram of a light-emitting device produced with a linear light-emitting element of the present invention; 
         FIG. 15  is a sectional view of a light-emitting element according to a ninth preferred embodiment of the present invention; 
         FIG. 16  is a sectional view of a light-emitting element according to a tenth preferred embodiment of the present invention; 
         FIG. 17  is a sectional view of a light-emitting element according to an eleventh preferred embodiment of the present invention; 
         FIG. 18  is a sectional view of a light-emitting element according to a twelfth preferred embodiment of the present invention; 
         FIGS. 19(   a ) to ( g ) are sectional views for explaining a manufacturing process of a light-emitting element according to the twelfth preferred embodiment of the present invention; 
         FIG. 20  is a sectional view of a conventional light-emitting element; 
         FIG. 21  is a sectional view of a conventional light-emitting element; and 
         FIGS. 22(   a ) and ( b ) are sectional views for explaining operation principle of a light-emitting element of the present invention. 
     
    
    
     DESCRIPTION OF REFERENCE NUMERALS 
       1 ,  10 ,  11 ,  16 ,  25 ,  39 ,  49 : Source region
   2 ,  7 ,  12 ,  17 ,  26 ,  40 ,  53 : Semiconductor region
   3 ,  8 ,  13 : Gate electrode
   4 ,  9 ,  14 ,  54 : Light-emitting region
   5 ,  6 ,  15 ,  24 ,  48 ,  55 : Drain region
   18 ,  27 ,  41 ,  50 : First gate electrode
   19 ,  28 ,  42 ,  51 : Second gate electrode
   20 ,  29 ,  43 ,  52 : Third gate electrode
   21 ,  30 ,  45 : Red light-emitting region
   22 ,  31 ,  46 : Green light-emitting region  23 ,  32 ,  47 : Blue light-emitting region
   33 : First drain region
   34 : Second drain region
   35 : Third drain region
   36 ,  37 ,  38 : Insulating region
   44 : Reflection region
   56 : Red light transmitting filter
   57 : Green light transmitting filter
   58 : Blue light transmitting filter
   59 : Linear intermediate body
   62 : Linear secondary intermediate body
   60 : Separation region
   61 : Element region
   63 : Ion irradiation
   64 : Heating part
   65 : Gate electrode
   66 : Gate insulating film
 
       67 : Anode 
       68 : Light-emitting region 
       69 : Cathode 
       100 : Glass substrate
   106 : Plastic substrate
   101 ,  107 : Source region
   102 ,  108 : Semiconductor region
   103 ,  109 : Gate electrode
   104 ,  110 : Light-emitting region
   105 ,  111 : Drain region
   120 : Extruding device
   121 : Material 1 container
   122 : Material 2 container
   123 : Material 3 container
 
       124 : Die 
       125 : Roller 
       126 : Linear body
   1001 ,  1015 ,  1026 ,  1101 ,  1301 ,  1311 : Glass substrate
   1002 ,  1009 ,  1016 ,  1027 ,  1102 ,  1302 ,  1312 : Gate electrode
   1003 ,  1010 ,  1017 ,  1028 ,  1103 ,  1303 ,  1313 : Gate insulating film
   1004 ,  1011 ,  1020 ,  1029 ,  1106 ,  1305 ,  1315 : Light-emitting layer
   1005 ,  1012 ,  1023 ,  1032 : Protective insulating layer
 
       1006 ,  1113 ,  1024 ,  1030 ,  1104 ,  1308 ,  1317 : Anode 
       1007 ,  1014 ,  1025 ,  1031 ,  1105 ,  1307 ,  1318 : Cathode 
       1008 : Plastic substrate
   1018 : Hole injection layer
   1019 ,  1306 ,  1314 : Hole transport layer
   1021 ,  1304 ,  1316 : Electron transport layer
   1022 : Electron injection layer
 
       1105 ,  1106 : Mask 
       1201 : Glass substrate
   1202 : Drain electrode
   1203 : Gate electrode
   1204 : Semiconductor layer
   1205 : Light-emitting layer
   1206 : Source electrode
   1211 : Glass substrate
   1212 ,  1213 : separation region
   1214 ,  1215 : Gate electrode
   1216 ,  1217 : Gate insulating film
 
       1218 : Anode 
       1219 : Cathode 
       1220 : Light-emitting layer 
     BEST MODE FOR CARRYING OUT THE INVENTION 
     (Formation of Light-Emitting Element) 
     In the present invention, the light-emitting elements are formed in the longitudinal direction continuously or intermittently. That is, a plurality of regions are provided in the perpendicular section in the longitudinal direction, and the plurality of regions are arranged to form a single light-emitting element and the sections continue in the linear state in the longitudinal direction continuously or intermittently. 
     As the arranging method, there can be such a method that each of the regions is formed concentrically and arranged sequentially from the center, for example. That is, a source region, a semiconductor region including a channel region, a gate electrode, a light-emitting region and a drain region may be formed sequentially from the center. Of course other arrangements can be made, and topologically same arrangements may be used as appropriate. 
     Electrodes to be connected to each of the regions may be connected to them from the end face of the linear element. Or, they may be embedded in each of the regions for the first place. That is, when each of the semiconductor regions is arranged concentrically as above, the source electrode may be formed at the center of the source region and the drain electrode on the outer circumference of the drain region continuously in the longitudinal direction as with each of the semiconductor regions. 
     (Continuous Formation, Intermittent Formation) 
     When the light-emitting elements are formed continuously, any cross section takes the same shape. 
     The same light-emitting element may be formed in the linear form continuously in the longitudinal direction or intermittently. 
     (Linear) 
     The outer diameter of the linear light-emitting element in the present invention is preferably not more than 10 mm and more preferably not more than 5 mm. It is preferable to be not more than 1 mm and more preferable to be not more than 10 μm. It is possible to make it not more than 1 μm or further not more than 0.1 μm by using drawing processing. The smaller outer diameter is the better since the linear light-emitting element is woven to be formed into the cloth state. 
     When the fine linear body having the outer diameter of not more than 1 μm is discharged through a hole of a die for formation, the hole might be clogged or the linear body might be broken. In that case, the linear body of each region shall be formed for the first. Then, many islands are formed using this linear body as an island, their peripheries (sea) are surrounded by soluble substance, they are bundled by a funnel-state nozzle and a single linear body may be discharged through a small slot. When the island components are increased and the sea components are reduced, an extremely fine linear element can be made. 
     Another method is such that a somewhat bold linear body element is made first, and it may be drawn in the longitudinal direction afterwards. Or, a molten material may be melt-blown with a jet stream to make it finer. 
     Also, the aspect ratio may be an arbitrary value by extrusion forming. In case of spinning, the ratio of not less than 1000 is preferable as linear. It may be 100000 or more, for example. In the case of use after cutting, it may be a small unit of linear elements with the ratio of 10 to 10000, not more than 10 or not more than 1 or not more than 0.1. 
     (Intermittent Formation) 
     When the same elements are to be formed intermittently, elements adjacent in the longitudinal direction may be different from each other. For example, formation may be made sequentially as light-emitting element (1), inter-element separation layer (1), light-emitting element (2), inter-element separation layer (2) . . . light-emitting element (n), inter-element separation layer (n) in the longitudinal direction. 
     In this case, the length of the light-emitting element (k) (k=1 − n) and that of the other light-emitting elements may be the same or different. That can be selected as appropriate according to the characteristics of the desired circuit element. It also applies to the length of an inter-element separation layer. 
     Of course, another layer may be interposed between the light-emitting element and the inter-element separation layer. 
     (Sectional Shape) 
     The sectional shape of a linear element is not particularly limited. It may be circular, polygonal, star-shaped or any other shape, for example. It may be a polygonal shape with a plurality of acute vertical angles, for example. 
     Also, the section of each region may be arbitrary. That is, in the case of a structure shown in  FIG. 1 , for example, the source region may be in the star-shaped and the outer shape of the linear light-emitting element may be circular. Depending on the element, if a contact area with the adjacent layer is to be made larger, the polygonal shape with acute vertical angles is preferable. 
     A desired sectional shape can be realized easily only by making the shape of an extrusion die in the desired shape. 
     If the section of the outermost layer is a star shape or a shape with acute apex angles, another arbitrary material may be embedded in a space between the vertical angles after extrusion by dipping, for example, and the characteristics of the element can be varied according to the application of the element. 
     If impurities are to be doped into the semiconductor layer, the impurities may be contained in the molten material, or the linear body is made to pass through a vacuum chamber as it is after extrusion, and the impurities may be doped by ion implantation, for example, in the vacuum chamber. If the semiconductor layer is formed inside, not on the outermost layer, ion may be implanted only in the semiconductor layer which is an inner layer by controlling ion irradiation energy. 
       21 (Manufacture example, post-processing formation) 
     The above manufacture example is an example of integral formation of an element having a plurality of layers by extrusion, but the element may be formed by forming a base portion of the element in the linear shape by extrusion and then, by coating the base portion in an appropriate method. 
     (Raw Material) 
     It is preferable to use conductive polymers as a material for electrodes and semiconductor layers. They can be polyacetylene, polyacene (oligoacene), polythiazyl, polythiophene, poly (3-alkilthiophene), oligothiophene, polypyrrole, polyaniline, polyphenylene, etc., for example. Any of them may be chosen as an electrode or a semiconductor layer considering conductivity or the like. 
     As a material for semiconductor, polyparaphenylene, polythiophene, poly (3-methylthiophene), etc., for example, are used preferably. 
     As a material for source and drain, the above semiconductor material mixed with dopant may be used. To have n-type, alkali metal (Na, K, Ca), for example, may be mixed. AsF 5 /AsF 3  or ClO 4  may be used as a dopant in some cases. 
     The light-emitting region may be formed as (1) single-layer film made of a light-emitting layer; (2) 2-layer film in which a light-emitting layer and an electron transport layer are laminated; (3) 3-layer film in which a positive-hole transport layer, a light-emitting layer and an electron transport layer are sequentially laminated; (4) 4-layer film in which a positive-hole injection layer, a positive-hole transport layer, a light-emitting layer and an electron injection layer are sequentially laminated, or (5) 5-layer film in which a positive-hole injection layer, a positive-hole transport layer, a light-emitting layer, an electron transport layer and an electron injection layer are sequentially laminated. In the case of a multilayered film, lamination is made sequentially in the radial direction. The order of lamination is such that, in the case of the 5-layer film, for example, a positive-hole injection layer, a positive-hole transport layer, a light-emitting layer, an electron transport layer and an electron injection layer are laminated sequentially from the center toward the outer circumference when a positive bias voltage is applied to the center of the linear body as compared with the outer circumference side. When a negative bias voltage is applied to the center of the linear body as compared with the outer circumference side, the lamination is made sequentially in the order of an electron injection layer, an electron transport layer, a light-emitting layer, a positive-hole transport layer and a positive-hole injection layer from the center toward the outer circumference. For the multilayered films other than the 5-layer film, that is, for the 3-layer film and 4-layer film, lamination is made as with the 5-layer film. 
     As a material for the light-emitting layer, a low molecular organic EL material such as Alq 3  and NPB or a high molecular organic material such as PPV and poly (3-alkilthiophene), for example, is used. As a material for a positive-hole injection layer, polythiophene such as copper phthalocyanine and PEDOT or an organic material such as polyaniline, for example, is used. As a material for the positive-hole transport layer, an organic material such as TPD and TPAC, for example, is used. As a material for the electron transport layer, fullerene including alkali metal such as Na, K, an organic material doped with alkali-metal including fullerene or an organic material such as BND, PBD, p-EtTAZ and BCP, for example, is used. As a material to dope alkali-metal including fullerene, polyparaphenylene, polythiophene, poly (3-methylthiophene) or the like, for example, is used. As an electron injection layer, fullerene including alkali metal such as Na, K or an organic material doped with alkali-metal including fullerene or an inorganic material such as LiF and Mg, for example, is used. 
     When an organic material doped with alkali metal is used for the electron injection layer or the electron transport layer, a radical anion of an organic molecule is generated, which behaves as an internal carrier when an electric field is applied, driving voltage of the organic EL can be reduced. However, alkali metal has a problem that alkali it has high reactivity and is likely to be formed into a hydroxide, which makes process control difficult. On the other hand, when an alkali-metal including fullerene with which driving voltage can be reduced as with the organic material doped with alkali metal or an organic material doped with alkali-metal including fullerene is used, the alkali-metal including fullerene is a molecule in the structure that alkali metal is confined in the fullerene, which is a spherical carbon cluster, and its reactivity with moisture in the atmosphere or other impurities is lower than the organic material doped with alkali metal. Therefore, it has such effects that the process control is facilitated, a simplified sealing structure can be used for sealing the light-emitting element or the light-emitting device and that the life of the light-emitting element can be prolonged. 
     As an insulating material, a generally used resin material may be used. Or other inorganic materials such as SiO2 may be also used. 
     In the case of a linear element in the structure having a semiconductor region or a conductive region at the center, the center region may be constituted by an amorphous material (metal material such as aluminum and copper; semiconductor material such as silicon). A linear amorphous material is made to penetrate the center of a die to have the linear amorphous material run, and its outer circumference may be coated with other desired regions by injection. When a conductive region made of a high molecular organic material is used as the center region of a linear body, it is preferable to mix fullerene or including fullerene in the conductive region. As fullerene, Cn (n32 60 to 80) is preferable. As an included atom of including fullerene, Na, Li, H, N or F is preferable. 
     EXAMPLE 
     First Preferred Embodiment 
       FIG. 1(   a ) is a sectional view of a linear light-emitting element according to a first preferred embodiment of the present invention, and  FIG. 1(   e ) is a perspective view of the linear light-emitting element according to the first preferred embodiment of the present invention. It is formed by sequentially laminating a semiconductor region  2  made of a P-type high molecular material around a source region  1  made of a conductive high molecular material, a light-emitting region  4  and a drain region  5 . Within the semiconductor region  2 , a plurality of gate electrodes  3  made of an N-type high molecular material is arranged surrounding the source region  1 . The light-emitting control region made of the source region  1 , the semiconductor region  2 , the gate electrodes  3  and the drain region  5  surrounds the light-emitting region  4  in the section of the linear body and controls light-emitting intensity of the light-emitting region  4 . 
     Even if the source region  1  further has a hollow region at the center or an insulating region, a semiconductor region or a conductor region made of a material different from the material constituting the source region is provided, it is obvious that the linear element of the present invention shown in  FIG. 1  functions as a light-emitting element and the effect of the present invention can be obtained. 
       FIG. 1(   b ) is a circuit diagram of the linear light-emitting element according to the first preferred embodiment of the present invention. The source region  1  is connected to grounding potential, for example, and a negative bias voltage is applied to the drain region  5 . To the gate electrodes  3 , a positive control voltage is applied. A positive hole is injected from the source region  1 , an electron is injected from the drain region  5 , and the injected positive hole and electron are re-bonded in the light-emitting region  4 , which causes the light-emitting region  4  to emit light. The intensity of emitted light is controlled by controlling the injection amount of the positive hole by the positive control voltage applied to the gate electrodes  3 . 
     In the first preferred embodiment of the present invention, explanation was made such that the semiconductor region  2  is made of a P-type high molecular material and the gate electrode  3  is made of an N-type high molecular material, but even if he semiconductor region  2  is made of an N-type high molecular material and the gate electrode  3  is made of a P-type high molecular material, when the polarities of voltage to be applied to the source region, the drain region and the gate electrodes are selected appropriately, it is obvious that the embodiment operates as a light-emitting element and the effect of the present invention is similarly obtained. 
     (Manufacturing Device, Manufacturing Method) 
       FIG. 11  shows a general construction of an extruding device for forming the linear light-emitting element of the present invention. 
     An extruding device  120  has material containers  121 ,  122 ,  123  for holding a material to constitute the plural regions in the molten state, dissolved state or gel state. In the example shown in  FIG. 11 , three material containers are shown but the number can be chosen as appropriate according to the constitution of the linear element to be manufactured. 
     The material within the material container  123  is fed to a die  124 . The die  124  has an injection nozzle formed according to the section of the linear light-emitting element to be manufactured. The linear body injected through the injection hole is wound by a roller  125  or fed to the next process in the linear state as necessary. 
     When the linear element in the structure shown in  FIG. 1  is to be manufactured, the constitution shown in  FIG. 11  is employed. 
     Within the material containers  121 ,  122 ,  123 , a source, a drain material, a semiconductor material and a gate material are held respectively in the molten, dissolved of gel state. In the meantime, the die  124  has holes formed communicating to each of the material containers. 
     As shown in  FIG. 12 , a plurality of holes are formed for injecting the source material at the center. Around the periphery, a plurality of holes for injecting the semiconductor material and the gate material are formed. And on the periphery, a plurality of holes for injecting the drain material are further formed. 
     When the materials in the molten, dissolved or gel state are sent from each of the material containers to the die  124  and the materials are injected from the die, the materials are injected through each of the holes and solidified. The linear light-emitting element in the continuous linear state is formed by pulling its end. 
     The linear light-emitting element is wound by the roller  125 . Or it is sent to the next process in the linear state as necessary. 
     First, the source region, the semiconductor region and the gate electrodes are extruded to form a linear intermediate body  59  ( FIG. 13(   a )). 
     Next, the outside of the semiconductor region is coated by the light-emitting layer material and the semiconductor material for forming the drain region in the molten, dissolved or gel state to have a secondary intermediate body  62  ( FIG. 13(   b )). This coating can be performed by passing the linear intermediate body in a tank of the semiconductor material in the molten, dissolved or gel state. Or a deposition method can be adopted. 
     Next, while passing the linear secondary intermediate body  62  through a pressure reducing chamber, ion implantation of oxygen or the like is selectively performed by controlling the injection range to provide a separation region  60  made of an insulator on a part of the surface of the linear body  59  ( FIGS. 13  ( c ), ( d )). 
     Then, by passing it through a heat treatment chamber  64  for anneal, impurities in the semiconductor region is activated and the source region and the drain region are formed. 
     By the above processes, the linear body in which the source region and the gate electrodes continue in the longitudinal direction inside and the drain region is formed intermittently is formed ( FIG. 13(   c )). 
     In this way, extrusion and external processing may be combined as appropriate according to arrangement and material of the region to be formed. In this preferred embodiment, explanation was made on the case where only the drain region is formed intermittently, while the source region and the gate electrodes are formed continuously, but not limited to this case, it is obvious that the effect of the linear light-emitting element of the present invention can be also obtained in such cases are possible that the element regions continue in the longitudinal direction or the source region, the gate electrodes and the drain region are all formed intermittently. 
       FIGS. 14(   a ) and ( b ) are a perspective view and a circuit diagram of a light-emitting device fabricated by the linear light-emitting element of the present invention. In  FIG. 14(   a ), a plurality of linear light-emitting elements intermittently forming a light-emitting device is made into a warp, while a conductive linear body to be drain wiring as weft, a plane-state light-emitting device made of the light-emitting elements arranged in the array state is formed as weaving a cloth. The source region of each warp is connected to grounding potential and gate electrodes are connected to an external gate voltage control device for controlling the light-emitting elements arranged in each row, for example. The drain region to which each weft is connected is connected to an external drain voltage control device. The circuit diagram of the corresponding light-emitting device portion is shown in  FIG. 14(   b ). A bias voltage is applied to the drain connected to D 2  wiring at certain timing, while bias voltage of the other drain wiring is off, for example. In this case, only the light-emitting elements arranged on the second line are made controllable by the gate voltage control device. By switching the voltage to be applied to the drain wiring to D 1 , D 2 , D 3  . . . , the light-emitting intensity of the whole array of the light-emitting elements can be controlled. 
     A conventional light-emitting device was formed on a continuous flat substrate. Therefore, there were problems that when the device is to be enlarged, manufacture equipment should be also made large and improvement of yield becomes difficult with increase of the size since only one defect in the light-emitting element constituting the device results in the whole device defective. However, in the light-emitting device constituted by the linear light-emitting element of the present invention, a plane-state light-emitting device can be produced by combining the fabricated linear light-emitting elements, and a large-sized display device or illuminating device can be produced not depending on the scale of the manufacture equipment. Also, a plane-state light-emitting device can be made by choosing only non-defective linear light-emitting elements. Or, a defective part can be replaced by a non-defective one after a plane-state light-emitting device is made, and yield can be improved even if the size of the light-emitting device is increased. 
     Second Preferred Embodiment 
       FIG. 2(   a ) is a sectional view of the linear light-emitting element according to a second preferred embodiment of the present invention. This is formed by sequentially laminating a semiconductor region  7 , a light-emitting region  9  and a source region  10  around a drain region  6  made of a conductive N-type high molecular material. In the semiconductor region  7 , a plurality of gate electrodes  8  made of a P-type high molecular material are arranged surrounding the drain region  6 . 
       FIG. 2(   b ) is a circuit diagram of a linear light-emitting element according to the second preferred embodiment of the present invention. For example, the drain region  6  is connected to the grounding potential and a positive bias voltage is applied to the source region  10 . A negative control voltage is applied to the gate electrode  8 . A positive hole is injected from the source region  10 , an electron is injected from the drain region  6 , and the injected positive hole and electron are re-bonded in the light-emitting region  9 , which causes the light-emitting region  9  to emit light. The light-emitting intensity is controlled by controlling the injection amount of the electrons by the negative control voltage applied to the gate electrode  8 . 
     Third Preferred Embodiment 
       FIG. 3  is a sectional view of the linear light-emitting element according to a third preferred embodiment of the present invention. This is formed by sequentially laminating a semiconductor region  12  made of a P-type high molecular material, a light-emitting region  14  and a drain region  15  around a source region  11  made of a conductive high molecular material. In the semiconductor region  12 , a plurality of gate electrodes  13  made of a conductive material are arranged surrounding the source region  11 . 
     For example the source region  11  is connected to the grounding potential and a negative bias voltage is applied to the drain region  15 . A positive control voltage is applied to the gate electrode  13 . A positive hole is injected from the source region  11 , an electron is injected from the drain region  15 , and the injected positive hole and electron are re-bonded in a light-emitting region  14 , which causes the light-emitting region  14  to emit light. The light-emitting intensity is controlled by controlling the injection amount of the positive holes by the positive control voltage applied to the gate electrode  13 . 
     In the third preferred embodiment of the present invention, explanation was made such that the semiconductor region  12  is made of a P-type high molecular material, but even if the semiconductor region  12  is made of an N-type high molecular material, it is obvious that the embodiment operates as a light-emitting element and the effect of the present invention is similarly obtained by appropriately selecting the polarity of voltage to be applied to the source region, the drain region and the gate electrodes. 
     Fourth Preferred Embodiment 
       FIG. 4  is a sectional view of the linear light-emitting element according to a fourth preferred embodiment of the present invention. This is formed by sequentially laminating a semiconductor region  17  made of a P-type high molecular material, light-emitting regions  21 ,  22 ,  23  and a drain region  24  around a source region  16  made of a conductive high molecular material. In the light-emitting region, the red light-emitting region  21 , green light-emitting region  22  and blue light-emitting region  23  are arranged in three equal parts along the circumference. In the semiconductor region  17 , a plurality of first gate electrodes  18 , second gate electrodes  19  and third gate electrodes  20  made of an N-type high molecular semiconductor material are arranged at positions corresponding to the red light-emitting region  21 , green light-emitting region  22  and blue light-emitting region  23 , respectively, surrounding the source region  16 . 
     For example, the source region  16  is connected to the grounding potential, and a negative bias voltage is applied to the drain region  24 . A positive control voltage is applied to the gate electrodes  21 ,  22 ,  23 . A positive hole is injected from the source region  16 , an electron is injected from the drain region  24 , the injected positive hole and electron are re-bonded in the light-emitting regions  21 ,  22 ,  23 , which causes the light-emitting regions  21 ,  22 ,  23  to emit light. The light-emitting intensity of the red, green and blue light-emitting layers is controlled independently by controlling the injection amount of the positive holes by the positive control voltage applied to the corresponding gate electrodes  21 ,  22 ,  23 . 
     Therefore, full-color light-emitting control is made possible by a single linear light-emitting element. 
     Fifth Preferred Embodiment 
       FIG. 5  is a sectional view of the linear light-emitting element according to a fifth preferred embodiment of the present invention. This is formed by sequentially laminating a semiconductor region  26  made of a P-type high molecular material, light-emitting regions  30 ,  31 ,  32  and drain regions  33 ,  34 ,  35  around a source region  25  made of a conductive high molecular material. In the light-emitting region, the red light-emitting region  30 , green light-emitting region  31  and blue light-emitting region  32  are arranged in three equal parts along the circumference. In the semiconductor region  26 , a first gate electrode  27  made of an N-type high molecular semiconductor material, a second gate electrode  28  and a third gate electrode  29  are arranged at positions corresponding to the red light-emitting region  30 , green light-emitting region  31  and blue light-emitting region  32 , respectively, surrounding the source region  25 . Also, the drain regions  33 ,  34 ,  35  are also arranged at positions corresponding to the red light-emitting region  30 , green light-emitting region  31  and blue light-emitting region  32 , respectively, to prevent short circuit between drains, and the drain regions are electrically insulated from each other by insulating regions  36 ,  37 ,  38 . 
     For example, the source region  25  is connected to the grounding potential. When a negative bias voltage is applied to the drain region  33  and a positive control voltage to the gate electrode  27 , the red light-emitting region  30  emits light. When a negative bias voltage is applied to the drain region  34  and a positive control voltage to the gate electrode  28 , the green light-emitting region  31  emits light. When a negative bias voltage is applied to the drain region  35  and a positive control voltage to the gate electrode  29 , the blue light-emitting region  32  emits light. 
     Therefore, full-color light-emitting control is made possible by a single linear light-emitting element. Since the linear light-emitting element according to the fifth preferred embodiment can turn off each of the light-emitting elements by turning off the bias voltage to be applied to the drain region, the structure is more complicated than that of the linear light-emitting element according to the fourth preferred embodiment, but light-emitting control of each light-emitting region is facilitated, and more vivid full-color light emission is made possible. 
     Sixth Preferred Embodiment 
       FIG. 6  is a sectional view of the linear light-emitting element according to a sixth preferred embodiment of the present invention. This is formed by sequentially laminating a semiconductor region  40  made of a P-type high molecular material, light-emitting regions  45 ,  46 ,  47 , a reflection region  44  and a drain region  48  around a source region  39  made of a conductive high molecular material. In the light-emitting region, the red light-emitting region  45 , green light-emitting region  46  and blue light-emitting region  47  are arranged in three equal parts along the half circumference. Along the other half circumference is formed the reflection region made of aluminum or the like. In the semiconductor region  40 , a plurality of first gate electrodes  41 , second gate electrodes  42  and third gate electrodes  43  made of an N-type high molecular material are arranged at positions corresponding to the red light-emitting region  45 , the green light-emitting region  46  and the blue light-emitting region  47 , respectively, surrounding the source region  39 . 
     For example, the source region  39  is connected to the grounding potential, and a negative bias voltage is applied to the drain region  48 . A positive control voltage is applied to the gate electrodes  41 ,  42 ,  43 . A positive hole is injected from the source region  39 , an electron is injected from the drain region  48 , and the injected positive hole and electron are re-bonded in the light-emitting regions  45 ,  46 ,  47 , which causes the light-emitting regions  45 ,  46 ,  47  to emit light. The light-emitting intensity of the red, green and blue light-emitting layers is controlled independently by controlling the injection amount of the positive holes by the positive control voltage applied to the corresponding gate electrodes  41 ,  42 ,  43 . 
     Therefore, full-color light-emitting control is made possible by a single linear light-emitting element. Also, by arranging the linear light-emitting element so that the portion provided with the light-emitting layers comes to the front when the linear light-emitting element is seen from the side, light of each of the red, green and blue light-emitting layers can be seen with a good balance. Since the reflection region is arranged on the back side of the light-emitting layers, the light emitted from the linear light-emitting element can be utilized efficiently. 
     Seventh Preferred Embodiment 
       FIG. 7  is a sectional view of the linear light-emitting element according to a seventh preferred embodiment of the present invention. This is formed by sequentially laminating a semiconductor region  53  made of a P-type high molecular material, a white light-emitting region  54  and a drain region  55  around a source region  49  made of a conductive high molecular material. Moreover, around the drain region  55 , a red transmission filter  56 , a green transmission filter  57  and a blue transmission filter  58  are arranged in three equal parts along the circumference. In the semiconductor region  53 , a plurality of first gate electrodes  50 , second gate electrodes  51  and third gate electrodes  52  made of an N-type high molecular semiconductor material are arranged, respectively, at positions corresponding to the red transmission filter  56 , green transmission filter  57  and blue transmission filter  58  surrounding the source region  49 . 
     For example, the source region  49  is connected to the grounding potential, and a negative bias voltage is applied to the drain region  54 . A positive control voltage is applied to the gate electrodes  50 ,  51 ,  52 . The light-emitting intensity of the red, green and blue light-emitting layers is controlled independently by controlling the injection amount of the positive holes by a positive control voltage applied to the corresponding gate electrodes  50 ,  51 ,  52 . 
     Therefore, full-color light-emitting control can be made possible with a single linear light-emitting element. 
     Eighth Preferred Embodiment 
       FIG. 8(   a ) is a sectional view of the linear light-emitting element according to a eighth preferred embodiment of the present invention. In  FIG. 8(   a ), a gate insulating film  66  is arranged around a linear gate electrode  65 , around which an anode  67  having an opening portion and a light-emitting region  68  are sequentially laminated. Around the light-emitting region  68 , at the position corresponding to the opening of the anode  67 , a cathode  69  is arranged. The light-emitting control region made of the gate electrode  65 , the gate insulating film  66 , the anode  67  and the cathode  69  surrounds the light-emitting region  68  in the section of the linear body so as to control the light-emitting intensity of the light-emitting region  68 . 
     It is obvious that the linear element of the present invention shown in  FIG. 8  functions as a light-emitting element and the effect of the present invention can be also obtained by the case that the gate electrode  65  has a hollow region at the center or an insulator region, semiconductor region or conductor region made of a material different from the material constituting the source region. 
       FIG. 8  ( b ) is a circuit diagram of the linear light-emitting element according to the eighth preferred embodiment of the present invention. The anode  67  is connected to the grounding potential, a negative bias voltage is applied to the cathode  69  and a negative control voltage is applied to the gate electrode  65 . The light-emitting region  68  may be made as a multilayer film, instead of a single-layer film made of the light-emitting layer, by combining the light-emitting layer with a positive-hole injection layer, a positive-hole transport layer, an electron transport layer or an electron injection layer. The positive holes injected from the anode  67  and the electrons injected from the cathode  69  are re-bonded in the light-emitting layer, which causes the light-emitting layer to emit light. When a negative control voltage is applied to the gate electrode  65 , the positive hole injected from the anode  67  are captured by the gate insulating film  66  and the number of re-bonded positive holes is decreased. Therefore, the light-emitting intensity can be controlled by the control voltage applied to the gate electrode  65 . 
     Ninth Preferred Embodiment 
       FIG. 15  is a sectional view of the light-emitting element according to a ninth preferred embodiment of the present invention. This is formed by sequentially laminating a gate electrode  1002 , a gate insulating film  1003  on a glass substrate  1001 . An anode  1006  is formed on the gate insulating film  1003 , and a light-emitting layer  1004  is formed covering the anode  1006  over the gate insulating film  1003 . A cathode  1007  is arranged over the light-emitting layer  1006  as if holding the light-emitting layer  1004  between the anode  1006  and the cathode  1007 . Also, a protective insulating film  1005  is formed covering the light-emitting layer  1004  and the cathode  1007 . A distance L 1  between the cathode  1007  and the anode  1006  is determined by a film thickness T 1  of the light-emitting layer  1004 . With a forming technology of organic thin-film transistor in which photolithography technology can not be used for the fear of alteration of the thin-film material, the channel length can be made not more than 0.5 μm using a technology at a normal temperature or a normal pressure such as normal printing or deposition technology, for example. 
     Next, the operation principle of the light-emitting element of the present invention will be described using  FIGS. 22  ( a ), ( b ). 
       FIG. 22(   a ) is a sectional view of the light-emitting element of the case where the light-emitting film is a 3-layer film with the electron transport layer, the light-emitting layer and the positive hole transport layer are lamented in this order from below. The light-emitting element is constituted by forming a gate electrode  1302 , a gate insulating film  1303 , a cathode  1307 , an electron transport layer  1304 , a light-emitting layer  1305 , a positive-hole transport layer  1306  and an anode  1308  on a glass substrate  1301 . For example, the cathode  1307  is made as grounding potential, a positive bias voltage is applied to the anode  1308 , and a positive control voltage is applied to the gate electrode  1302 . An electron is injected to the electron transport layer  1304  from the cathode  1307 , a positive hole is injected to the positive hole injection layer  1306  from the anode  1308 , the injected electrons and positive holes are re-bonded in the light-emitting layer  1305 , which causes the light-emitting layer  1305  to emit light. A part of the electrons injected from the cathode is captured on the gate insulating film  1303  side by the positive bias voltage applied to the gate electrode, and by increasing the control voltage applied to the gate electrode  1302 , the number of electrons injected to the light-emitting layer  1305  is decreased, the light-emitting intensity is lowered and the control of the light-emitting intensity is made possible. 
       FIG. 22(   b ) is a sectional view of the light-emitting element of the case where the light-emitting film is a 3-layer film of the positive-hole transport layer, the light-emitting layer and the electron transport layer laminated in this order from below. The light-emitting element is constituted by forming a gate electrode  1312 , a gate insulating film  1313 , an anode  1317 , a positive-hole transport layer  1314 , a light-emitting layer  1315 , an electron transport layer  1316  and a cathode  1318  on a glass substrate  1311 . For example, the anode  1317  is made as grounding potential, a negative bias voltage is applied to a cathode  1318 , and a negative control voltage is applied to the gate electrode  1312 . A positive hole is injected to the positive-hole transport layer  1314  from the anode  1317 , an electron is injected to the electron injection layer  1316  from the cathode  1318 , and the injected electrons and the positive holes are re-bonded in the light-emitting layer  1315 , which causes the light-emitting layer  1315  to emit light. Since a part of the positive holes injected from the anode is captured by the gate insulating film  1313  side by the negative bias voltage applied to the gate electrode, by increasing the control voltage applied to the gate electrode  1312 , the number of positive holes injected to the light-emitting layer  1315  is decreased, the light-emitting intensity is lowered and the control of the light-emitting intensity is made possible. 
     In  FIG. 15 , as appropriate relative positional relations between the cathode  1007  and the anode  1006 , the interval between them is preferably −5 um to 10 um. The case where the interval is negative means that there is an overlapping portion between the cathode and the anode, but if the interval is less than −5 μm, that is, the overlapping portion is too large, controllability of the positive-hole current by the control voltage applied to the gate electrode is made poor, the cathode and the anode are separated from each other too much on the contrary, while if the interval is larger than 10 μm, the pixel size of the light-emitting element is increased, and when it is used for a display device, for example, resolution is worsened. Also, the interval between the cathode and the anode is increased and driving by a low voltage becomes difficult. Moreover, as the appropriate relative positional relations between the cathode  7  and the anode  6 , the interval between them is preferably 0.5 μm to 3 μm. If the interval of the vertical line is 0.5 μm to 3 μm, controllability of the light-emitting intensity is high, the pixel size is small and driving by a low voltage becomes easy. 
     Tenth Preferred Embodiment 
       FIG. 16  is a sectional view of the light-emitting element according to a tenth preferred embodiment of the present invention and this is different from the preferred embodiment of the present invention shown in  FIG. 15  in the point that the light-emitting element is formed on a plastic substrate. The light-emitting element according to the tenth preferred embodiment of the present invention is formed by sequentially laminating a gate electrode  1009  and a gate insulating film  1010  on a plastic substrate  1008 . An anode  1013  is formed on the gate insulating film  1010 , a light-emitting layer  1011  is formed covering the anode  1013  over the gate insulating film  1010  and a cathode  1014  is arranged over the light-emitting layer  1011  as if holding the light-emitting layer  1011  between the anode  1013  and the cathode  1014 . Moreover, a protective insulating film  1012  is formed covering the light-emitting layer  1011  and the cathode  1014 . Since the light-emitting element is formed on the plastic substrate, the light-emitting element is flexible and light-weighted and can be used for a wide range of applications such as a mobile phone. 
     Eleventh Preferred Embodiment 
       FIG. 17  is a sectional view of the light-emitting element according to an eleventh preferred embodiment of the present invention and a 5-layer film consisting of a positive-hole injection layer, a positive-hole transport layer, a light-emitting layer, an electron transport layer and an electron injection layer is used as a light-emitting film. This is formed on a glass substrate  1015  by sequentially laminating a gate electrode  1016  and a gate insulating film  1017 . As a material for the gate electrode, a transparent electrode such as ITO (Indium Tin Oxide), for example, is used. As a material for the gate insulating film, an insulating inorganic material made of SiO 2 , TaO 2 , for example, or an insulating organic material is used. On the gate insulating film  1017 , an anode  1024 , a positive-hole injection layer  1018 , a positive-hole transport layer  1019 , a light-emitting layer  1020 , an electron transport layer  1021 , an electron injection layer  1022 , a cathode  1025  and a protective insulating film  1023  are formed. As a material for the anode  1024  and the cathode  1025 , a conductive organic material such as polyacetylene, polyacene, oligoacene, polythiazyl, polythiophene, poly (3-alkilthiophene), oligothiophene, polypyrrole, polyaniline, polyphenylene, etc. or a conductive inorganic material such as aluminum is used. For the positive-hole injection layer  1018 , polythiophene such as copper phthalocyanine and PEDOT or an organic material such as polyaniline is used. For the positive-hole transport layer  1019 , an organic material such as TPD and TPAC is used. For the light-emitting layer  1020 , a low-molecular organic EL material such as Alq 3 , NPB or a high-molecular organic EL material such as PPV, poly (3-alkilthiophene) is used. For the electron transport layer  1021 , an organic material such as BND, PBD, p-EtTAZ and BCP is used. For the electron injection layer  1022 , an inorganic material such as LiF and Mg or an organic material such BND, PBD, p-EtTAZ and BCP is used. 
     In the preferred embodiment shown in  FIG. 17 , the 5-layer film made of the positive-hole injection layer, positive-hole transport layer, light-emitting layer, electron transport layer and electron injection layer is used for the light-emitting film, but not limited to the 5-layer film, it is obvious that a 2-layer film in which the light-emitting layer and the electron transport layer are laminated, a 3-layer film in which the positive-hole transport layer, light-emitting layer and electron transport layer are laminated or a 4-layer film in which the positive-hole injection layer, positive-hole transport layer, light-emitting layer and electron injection layer are laminated can be used to form the light-emitting element of the present invention and the same effect as use of the 5-layer film can be obtained. As explained referring to  FIGS. 22  ( a ), ( b ), even if the vertical relations of the anode, positive-hole injection layer, positive-hole transport layer and the electron transport layer, electron injection layer, cathode are changed, by changing the polarity of the bias voltage and the control voltage applied to the light-emitting element, the resulting element functions as the light-emitting element and the effect of the present invention can be similarly obtained. Also, in the preferred embodiment, the protective insulating film  1023  is arranged on the light-emitting layer and the cathode, but a color filter can be also used instead of the protective insulating film. In this case, by using a white light-emitting material in the light-emitting layer, for example, and by using red, green and blue transmission filters, light emission in red, green and blue, respectively can be performed. 
     Twelfth Preferred Embodiment 
       FIG. 18  is a sectional view of the light-emitting element according to a twelfth preferred embodiment of the present invention, in which the light-emitting element is constituted by arranging a plurality of anodes and a plurality of cathodes laterally while holding the light-emitting film between them. By arranging a plurality of anodes and cathodes, control of the light-emitting element with a wider area can be made possible. 
       FIGS. 19(   a ) to ( g ) show sectional view for explaining manufacturing processes of the light-emitting element according to the twelfth preferred embodiment of the present invention, respectively.  FIG. 19(   a ) is a sectional view of the light-emitting element in which a gate electrode  1102  and a gate insulating film  1103  are laminated on a glass substrate  1101 . Next, an anode  1104  is formed by depositing a conductive material through a mask  1105  ( FIGS. 19(   b ), ( c )). The anode  1104  may be formed not by the deposition method but by other methods such as printing. Next, by a rotating application method or the like, a light-emitting film  1106  is formed on the gate insulating film  1103  and the anode  1104 . ( FIG. 19  ( d )). Next, a cathode  1107  is formed by depositing a conductive material through a mask  1108  ( FIGS. 19(   e ), ( f )). The cathode  1107  may be also formed not by the deposition method but by other methods such as printing. Next, a protective insulating film  108  is formed on the light-emitting layer  1103  and the cathode  1107  by the rotating application method or the like to complete a light-emitting element. 
     INDUSTRIAL APPLICABILITY 
     1. Since the light-emitting region and the light-emitting control region can be incorporated in a single linear body, there are such effects that external driving circuit is not required any more, and driving with a lower voltage becomes possible. 
     2. Since the plane-state light-emitting device fabricated by weaving or knitting the linear light-emitting element is flexible and light, it can be used in a wide variety of applications including thin-type TV sets, screen of personal computers, display on a mobile phone, electronic paper, etc. It has a characteristic that no shade is generated even if it is used as lighting of a wall portion of the complicated shape. 
     3. Since a plane-state light-emitting device can be fabricated by combining linear light-emitting elements, a large-sized display or illuminating device not relying on the scale of manufacturing equipment can be produced. Illumination for a dome-type building or display can be produced.
 
4. A plane-state display device or illuminating device can be produced by inspecting linear light-emitting elements and using only selected non-defective products. Or, since inspection can be conducted and defective linear light-emitting elements can be replaced after a plane-state light-emitting device has been produced, yield of the light-emitting device can be improved even without strict process control when the size of the light-emitting device is increased. This effect is particularly advantageous in the case of a light-emitting device of the active matrix type provided with a light-emitting control region in each light-emitting region.
 
5. Full-color display can be realized with a single linear light-emitting element by arranging light-emitting layers in red, green and blue or light transmitting filters in red, green and blue in a single linear light-emitting element and by independently controlling the control elements corresponding to the respective light-emitting layers or filters. Therefore, color display with high resolution is made possible.
 
6. By using alkali-metal including fullerene or an organic material doped with alkali-metal including fullerene as an electron injection layer or electron transport layer of a linear light-emitting element, process control of a process for manufacturing light-emitting elements is facilitated. Also, since a sealing structure in the simplified form can be used to seal the light-emitting element or light-emitting device, it is particularly advantageous in manufacture of a linear light-emitting element. Also, there is an effect that the life of the light-emitting element can be prolonged.
 
7. A light-emitting element having an organic EL film as a light-emitting film and an element for driving can be made in a simple process at a normal temperature and a normal pressure such as printing or deposition technique.
 
8. The channel length of an organic thin-film transistor can be made not more than 0.5 μm without using fine processing technology, and improvement of light-emitting efficiency and driving with a low voltage can be made possible.
 
9. A light-emitting device in the active matrix method with low power consumption and a longer life of light-emitting element can be produced in a process with reduced costs.