Patent Publication Number: US-2023156543-A1

Title: Inter-rat measurement gap configuration

Description:
TECHNICAL FIELD 
     Aspects of the technology discussed below relate generally to wireless communication systems, and more particularly, to inter-radio access technologies and measurement gap configuration. The discussed techniques can enable and provide increased reliability in cell addition for different wireless technologies and synchronization of different wireless technologies. 
     INTRODUCTION 
     Wireless communication networks are widely deployed to provide various communication services such as voice, video, packet data, messaging, broadcast, and the like. These wireless networks may be multiple-access networks capable of supporting multiple users by sharing the available network resources. Such networks, which are usually multiple access networks, support communications for multiple users by sharing the available network resources. 
     A wireless communication network may include a number of base stations or node Bs that can support communication for a number of user equipments (UEs). A UE may communicate with a base station via downlink and uplink. The downlink (or forward link) refers to the communication link from the base station to the UE, and the uplink (or reverse link) refers to the communication link from the UE to the base station. 
     A base station may transmit data and control information on the downlink to a UE and/or may receive data and control information on the uplink from the UE. On the downlink, a transmission from the base station may encounter interference due to transmissions from neighbor base stations or from other wireless radio frequency (RF) transmitters. On the uplink, a transmission from the UE may encounter interference from uplink transmissions of other UEs communicating with the neighbor base stations or from other wireless RF transmitters. This interference may degrade performance on both the downlink and uplink. 
     As the demand for mobile broadband access continues to increase, the possibilities of interference and congested networks grows with more UEs accessing the long-range wireless communication networks and more short-range wireless systems being deployed in communities. Research and development continue to advance wireless technologies not only to meet the growing demand for mobile broadband access, but to advance and enhance the user experience with mobile communications. 
     BRIEF SUMMARY OF SOME EMBODIMENTS 
     The following summarizes some aspects of the present disclosure to provide a basic understanding of the discussed technology. This summary is not an extensive overview of all contemplated features of the disclosure, and is intended neither to identify key or critical elements of all aspects of the disclosure nor to delineate the scope of any or all aspects of the disclosure. Its sole purpose is to present some concepts of one or more aspects of the disclosure in summary form as a prelude to the more detailed description that is presented later. 
     The described techniques relate to improved methods, systems, devices, and apparatuses that support enhanced inter-radio access technology (inter-RAT) management procedures, including device based measurement gap configuration operations. For example, a user equipment (UE), may generate customized (e.g., local or device specific) measurement gap parameters and a customized measurement gap, extend measurement gap windows, or shift measurement gap windows to align particular control messages or windows of different radio technologies. To illustrate, a UE may “fake” a control window for a network or network device that does not support control windows or may be operating in a windowless mode by creating a local window to align control windows of different networks. For example, a UE may generate a customized or local LTE measurement gap to align a synchronization signal block (SSB) based measurement timing configuration (SMTC) window of a 5G cell and a measurement gap of an LTE cell. 
     As another illustration, a UE may extend or shift a network control window. For example, a UE may extend or shift a network measurement gap to align an SMTC window of a 5G cell and the measurement gap of an LTE cell. Such enhanced inter-RAT and measurement gap operations may enable enhanced operation in dual wireless modes, such as improved reliability in cell addition. For example, a device may more quickly and more successfully join a secondary cell group or account for timing drift or time shifting while connected. Accordingly, such techniques may increase reliability and throughput. 
     In one aspect of the disclosure, a method of wireless communication includes determining, by a user equipment (UE), a customized measurement gap repetition period for at least one inter-radio access technology (inter-RAT) cell; determining, by the UE, a customized measurement gap offset for the at least one inter-RAT cell; determining, by the UE, a customized measurement gap length for the at least one inter-RAT cell; and performing, by the UE, at least one inter-RAT cell measurement based on the customized measurement gap repetition period, the customized measurement gap offset, and the customized measurement gap length. 
     In an additional aspect of the disclosure, an apparatus configured for wireless communication is disclosed. The apparatus includes means for determining, by a user equipment (UE), a customized measurement gap repetition period for at least one inter-radio access technology (inter-RAT) cell; means for determining, by the UE, a customized measurement gap offset for the at least one inter-RAT cell; means for determining, by the UE, a customized measurement gap length for the at least one inter-RAT cell; and means for performing, by the UE, at least one inter-RAT cell measurement based on the customized measurement gap repetition period, the customized measurement gap offset, and the customized measurement gap length. 
     In an additional aspect of the disclosure, a non-transitory computer-readable medium having program code recorded thereon. The program code further includes executable code for causing the computer to determine, by a user equipment (UE), a customized measurement gap repetition period for at least one inter-radio access technology (inter-RAT) cell; to determine, by the UE, a customized measurement gap offset for the at least one inter-RAT cell; to determine, by the UE, a customized measurement gap length for the at least one inter-RAT cell; and to perform, by the UE, at least one inter-RAT cell measurement based on the customized measurement gap repetition period, the customized measurement gap offset, and the customized measurement gap length. 
     In an additional aspect of the disclosure, an apparatus configured for wireless communication is disclosed. The apparatus includes at least one processor; and a memory coupled to the processor. The processor is configured: to determine, by a user equipment (UE), a customized measurement gap repetition period for at least one inter-radio access technology (inter-RAT) cell; to determine, by the UE, a customized measurement gap offset for the at least one inter-RAT cell; to determine, by the UE, a customized measurement gap length for the at least one inter-RAT cell; and to perform, by the UE, at least one inter-RAT cell measurement based on the customized measurement gap repetition period, the customized measurement gap offset, and the customized measurement gap length. 
     In another aspect of the disclosure, a method of wireless communication includes determining, by a user equipment (UE), a measurement configuration for at least one inter-RAT cell; determining, by the UE, whether a condition for a synchronization signal block (SSB) detection is satisfied based on the measurement configuration; adjusting, by the UE, a SSB measurement gap parameter based on determining that the condition for SSB detection has been satisfied; and monitoring, by the UE, for SSB signals based on the adjusted SSB measurement gap parameter. 
     In an additional aspect of the disclosure, an apparatus configured for wireless communication is disclosed. The apparatus includes means for determining, by a user equipment (UE), a measurement configuration for at least one inter-RAT cell; means for determining, by the UE, whether a condition for a synchronization signal block (SSB) detection is satisfied based on the measurement configuration; means for adjusting, by the UE, a SSB measurement gap parameter based on determining that the condition for SSB detection has been satisfied; and means for monitoring, by the UE, for SSB signals based on the adjusted SSB measurement gap parameter. 
     In an additional aspect of the disclosure, a non-transitory computer-readable medium having program code recorded thereon. The program code further includes executable code for causing the computer to determine, by a user equipment (UE), a measurement configuration for at least one inter-RAT cell; to determine, by the UE, whether a condition for a synchronization signal block (SSB) detection is satisfied based on the measurement configuration; to adjust, by the UE, a SSB measurement gap parameter based on determining that the condition for SSB detection has been satisfied; and to monitor, by the UE, for SSB signals based on the adjusted SSB measurement gap parameter. 
     In an additional aspect of the disclosure, an apparatus configured for wireless communication is disclosed. The apparatus includes at least one processor; and a memory coupled to the processor. The processor is configured: to determine, by a user equipment (UE), a measurement configuration for at least one inter-RAT cell; to determine, by the UE, whether a condition for a synchronization signal block (SSB) detection is satisfied based on the measurement configuration; to adjust, by the UE, a SSB measurement gap parameter based on determining that the condition for SSB detection has been satisfied; and to monitor, by the UE, for SSB signals based on the adjusted SSB measurement gap parameter. 
     In another aspect of the disclosure, a method of wireless communication includes determining, by a user equipment (UE), a measurement configuration for a serving cell; determining, by the UE, whether a condition for synchronization signal block (SSB) detection is satisfied based on the measurement configuration; extending, by the UE, a SSB measurement gap parameter based on determining that the condition for SSB detection has been satisfied; and monitoring, by the UE, for SSB signals based on the adjusted SSB measurement gap parameter. 
     In yet another aspect of the disclosure, a method of wireless communication includes determining, by a user equipment (UE), a measurement configuration for a serving cell; determining, by the UE, whether a condition for synchronization signal block (SSB) detection is satisfied based on the measurement configuration; determine, by the UE, an amount of shifted windows for SSB detection; shifting, by the UE, a SSB measurement gap parameter based on determining that the condition for SSB detection has been satisfied and based on the amount of shifted windows for SSB detection; and monitoring, by the UE, for SSB signals based on the adjusted SSB measurement gap parameter. 
     Other aspects, features, and embodiments of the present invention will become apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art, upon reviewing the following description of specific, exemplary embodiments of the present invention in conjunction with the accompanying figures. While features of the present invention may be discussed relative to certain embodiments and figures below, all embodiments of the present invention can include one or more of the advantageous features discussed herein. In other words, while one or more embodiments may be discussed as having certain advantageous features, one or more of such features may also be used in accordance with the various embodiments of the invention discussed herein. In similar fashion, while exemplary embodiments may be discussed below as device, system, or method embodiments the exemplary embodiments can be implemented in various devices, systems, and methods. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       A further understanding of the nature and advantages of the present disclosure may be realized by reference to the following drawings. In the appended figures, similar components or features may have the same reference label. Further, various components of the same type may be distinguished by following the reference label by a dash and a second label that distinguishes among the similar components. If just the first reference label is used in the specification, the description is applicable to any one of the similar components having the same first reference label irrespective of the second reference label. 
         FIG.  1    is a block diagram illustrating details of a wireless communication system according to some embodiments of the present disclosure. 
         FIG.  2    is a block diagram conceptually illustrating a design of a base station and a UE configured according to some embodiments of the present disclosure. 
         FIG.  3    is a block diagram illustrating an example of a wireless communications system (with a UE and base station) with communications that enable enhanced inter-RAT measurement and configuration operations in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure. 
         FIG.  4    is a diagram of an example of a measurement gap misalignment between two networks. 
         FIG.  5    is a diagram of another example of a measurement gap misalignment between two networks. 
         FIG.  6    is a diagram of an example of measurement gap configuration operations. 
         FIG.  7    is a diagram of another example of measurement gap configuration operations. 
         FIG.  8    is a diagram of yet another example of measurement gap configuration operations. 
         FIG.  9    is a diagram of another example of measurement gap configuration operations. 
         FIG.  10    is a flow diagram illustrating example blocks executed by a UE configured according to an aspect of the present disclosure. 
         FIG.  11    is a flow diagram illustrating example blocks executed by a UE configured according to another aspect of the present disclosure. 
         FIG.  12    is a block diagram conceptually illustrating a design of a UE configured to perform measurement gap configuration operations according to some embodiments of the present disclosure. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     The detailed description set forth below, in connection with the appended drawings, is intended as a description of various configurations and is not intended to limit the scope of the disclosure. Rather, the detailed description includes specific details for the purpose of providing a thorough understanding of the inventive subject matter. It will be apparent to those skilled in the art that these specific details are not required in every case and that, in some instances, well-known structures and components are shown in block diagram form for clarity of presentation. 
     The present disclosure is related to inter-radio access technology (inter-RAT) operations for wireless communications. Conventionally, inter-RAT measurement operations may be based on a network measurement gap configuration. For example, a network may specify a network measurement gap (i.e., a network generated or network wide measurement gap) or network measurement gap parameters (i.e., network generated or network wide parameters) that can be used by devices (e.g., UEs) to determine the network measurement gap. The devices can then use the network measurement gap to align control messaging and/or windows of different RATs. For example, a UE may align a measurement gap of an LTE cell with an SMTC window of a 5G cell in order to add the 5G cell as a secondary cell group (SCG). However, when performing such conventional inter-RAT operations and measurement, a network or networks (e.g., LTE, 5G, or both) may not support measurement gaps or measurement gap alignment. Additionally, or alternatively, even when a network supports measurement gaps or alignment thereof, the measurement gap or parameters thereof may be incorrect for one or more reasons. For example, the timings of the different networks may not be synchronized or may be synchronized but drift from each other. As another example, a timing parameter (e.g., offset value) between the two networks may be incorrect, which results in an incorrect measurement gap determination or unaligned measurement windows. 
     Moreover, some UEs may have limitation that reduce or prevent some inter-RAT operations. For example, a UE may not support gapless measurement operations, such as may not support concurrent or sequential measurement operations. To illustrate, a UE may not be able to track signals of two different networks at the same time, either concurrently or alternatively. Accordingly, a UE may not be able to successfully add a network and/or operate in a multiple network mode, such as a dual connectivity mode. Such procedures may not achieve high throughput and/or reliability. 
     The described techniques relate to improved methods, systems, devices, and apparatuses that support enhanced inter-RAT operations, including local measurement gap operations. For example, a UE can generate a customized (e.g., local or device specific) measurement gap to add a network and enable operation in the network. To illustrate, when a first network does not support measurement gaps, a UE device may fake a gap to align a measurement/control window of the first network with a measurement/control window of a second network to add the second network. That is a UE can generate a local measurement gap to align measurement and control windows of two different networks. As another example, a UE can modify a network measurement gap. To illustrate, a UE can extend or shift a network measurement gap by generating one or more local network measurement gap parameters. The UE can modify a network measurement gap during cell addition and/or can modify a network parameter during network operation. Thus, a UE can account for drift or shift in timings of networks when the networks are not time aligned or when an alignment parameter (e.g., GPS timing) is incorrect or unavailable. Such enhanced inter-RAT and measurement gap configuration operations may enable enhanced operation in multiple network modes, such as dual connectivity. Accordingly, such techniques may increase reliability and throughput and reduce latency. 
     This disclosure relates generally to providing or participating in communication as between two or more wireless devices in one or more wireless communications systems, also referred to as wireless communications networks. In various embodiments, the techniques and apparatus may be used for wireless communication networks such as code division multiple access (CDMA) networks, time division multiple access (TDMA) networks, frequency division multiple access (FDMA) networks, orthogonal FDMA (OFDMA) networks, single-carrier FDMA (SC-FDMA) networks, LTE networks, GSM networks, 5th Generation (5G) or new radio (NR) networks (sometimes referred to as “5G NR” networks/systems/devices), as well as other communications networks. As described herein, the terms “networks” and “systems” may be used interchangeably. 
     A CDMA network, for example, may implement a radio technology such as universal terrestrial radio access (UTRA), cdma2000, and the like. UTRA includes wideband-CDMA (W-CDMA) and low chip rate (LCR). CDMA2000 covers IS-2000, IS-95, and IS-856 standards. 
     A TDMA network may, for example implement a radio technology such as GSM. 3GPP defines standards for the GSM EDGE (enhanced data rates for GSM evolution) radio access network (RAN), also denoted as GERAN. GERAN is the radio component of GSM/EDGE, together with the network that joins the base stations (for example, the Ater and Abis interfaces) and the base station controllers (A interfaces, etc.). The radio access network represents a component of a GSM network, through which phone calls and packet data are routed from and to the public switched telephone network (PSTN) and Internet to and from subscriber handsets, also known as user terminals or user equipments (UEs). A mobile phone operator&#39;s network may comprise one or more GERANs, which may be coupled with Universal Terrestrial Radio Access Networks (UTRANs) in the case of a UMTS/GSM network. An operator network may also include one or more LTE networks, and/or one or more other networks. The various different network types may use different radio access technologies (RATs) and radio access networks (RANs). 
     An OFDMA network may implement a radio technology such as evolved UTRA (E-UTRA), IEEE 802.11, IEEE 802.16, IEEE 802.20, flash-OFDM and the like. UTRA, E-UTRA, and Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) are part of universal mobile telecommunication system (UMTS). In particular, long term evolution (LTE) is a release of UMTS that uses E-UTRA. UTRA, E-UTRA, GSM, UMTS and LTE are described in documents provided from an organization named “3rd Generation Partnership Project” (3GPP), and cdma2000 is described in documents from an organization named “3rd Generation Partnership Project 2” (3GPP2). These various radio technologies and standards are known or are being developed. For example, the 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) is a collaboration between groups of telecommunications associations that aims to define a globally applicable third generation (3G) mobile phone specification. 3GPP long term evolution (LTE) is a 3GPP project which was aimed at improving the universal mobile telecommunications system (UMTS) mobile phone standard. The 3GPP may define specifications for the next generation of mobile networks, mobile systems, and mobile devices. The present disclosure is concerned with the evolution of wireless technologies from LTE, 4G, 5G, NR, and beyond with shared access to wireless spectrum between networks using a collection of new and different radio access technologies or radio air interfaces. 
     5G networks contemplate diverse deployments, diverse spectrum, and diverse services and devices that may be implemented using an OFDM-based unified, air interface. To achieve these goals, further enhancements to LTE and LTE-A are considered in addition to development of the new radio technology for 5G NR networks. The 5G NR will be capable of scaling to provide coverage (1) to a massive Internet of things (IoTs) with an ultra-high density (e.g., ˜1M nodes/km 2 ), ultra-low complexity (e.g., ˜10s of bits/sec), ultra-low energy (e.g., ˜10+ years of battery life), and deep coverage with the capability to reach challenging locations; (2) including mission-critical control with strong security to safeguard sensitive personal, financial, or classified information, ultra-high reliability (e.g., ˜99.9999% reliability), ultra-low latency (e.g., ˜1 ms), and users with wide ranges of mobility or lack thereof; and (3) with enhanced mobile broadband including extreme high capacity (e.g., ˜10 Tbps/km 2 ), extreme data rates (e.g., multi-Gbps rate, 100+ Mbps user experienced rates), and deep awareness with advanced discovery and optimizations. 
     5G NR devices, networks, and systems may be implemented to use optimized OFDM-based waveform features. These features may include scalable numerology and transmission time intervals (TTIs); a common, flexible framework to efficiently multiplex services and features with a dynamic, low-latency time division duplex (TDD)/frequency division duplex (FDD) design; and advanced wireless technologies, such as massive multiple input, multiple output (MIMO), robust millimeter wave (mmWave) transmissions, advanced channel coding, and device-centric mobility. Scalability of the numerology in 5G NR, with scaling of subcarrier spacing, may efficiently address operating diverse services across diverse spectrum and diverse deployments. For example, in various outdoor and macro coverage deployments of less than 3 GHz FDD/TDD implementations, subcarrier spacing may occur with 15 kHz, for example over 1, 5, 10, 20 MHz, and the like bandwidth. For other various outdoor and small cell coverage deployments of TDD greater than 3 GHz, subcarrier spacing may occur with 30 kHz over 80/100 MHz bandwidth. For other various indoor wideband implementations, using a TDD over the unlicensed portion of the 5 GHz band, the subcarrier spacing may occur with 60 kHz over a 160 MHz bandwidth. Finally, for various deployments transmitting with mmWave components at a TDD of 28 GHz, subcarrier spacing may occur with 120 kHz over a 500 MHz bandwidth. 
     The scalable numerology of 5G NR facilitates scalable TTI for diverse latency and quality of service (QoS) requirements. For example, shorter TTI may be used for low latency and high reliability, while longer TTI may be used for higher spectral efficiency. The efficient multiplexing of long and short TTIs to allow transmissions to start on symbol boundaries. 5G NR also contemplates a self-contained integrated subframe design with uplink/downlink scheduling information, data, and acknowledgement in the same subframe. The self-contained integrated subframe supports communications in unlicensed or contention-based shared spectrum, adaptive uplink/downlink that may be flexibly configured on a per-cell basis to dynamically switch between uplink and downlink to meet the current traffic needs. 
     For clarity, certain aspects of the apparatus and techniques may be described below with reference to exemplary LTE implementations or in an LTE-centric way, and LTE terminology may be used as illustrative examples in portions of the description below; however, the description is not intended to be limited to LTE applications. Indeed, the present disclosure is concerned with shared access to wireless spectrum between networks using different radio access technologies or radio air interfaces, such as those of 5G NR. 
     Moreover, it should be understood that, in operation, wireless communication networks adapted according to the concepts herein may operate with any combination of licensed or unlicensed spectrum depending on loading and availability. Accordingly, it will be apparent to one of skill in the art that the systems, apparatus and methods described herein may be applied to other communications systems and applications than the particular examples provided. 
     While aspects and embodiments are described in this application by illustration to some examples, those skilled in the art will understand that additional implementations and use cases may come about in many different arrangements and scenarios. Innovations described herein may be implemented across many differing platform types, devices, systems, shapes, sizes, packaging arrangements. For example, embodiments and/or uses may come about via integrated chip embodiments and/or other non-module-component based devices (e.g., end-user devices, vehicles, communication devices, computing devices, industrial equipment, retail/purchasing devices, medical devices, AI-enabled devices, etc.). While some examples may or may not be specifically directed to use cases or applications, a wide assortment of applicability of described innovations may occur. Implementations may range from chip-level or modular components to non-modular, non-chip-level implementations and further to aggregated, distributed, or OEM devices or systems incorporating one or more described aspects. In some practical settings, devices incorporating described aspects and features may also necessarily include additional components and features for implementation and practice of claimed and described embodiments. It is intended that innovations described herein may be practiced in a wide variety of implementations, including both large/small devices, chip-level components, multi-component systems (e.g. RF-chain, communication interface, processor), distributed arrangements, end-user devices, etc. of varying sizes, shapes, and constitution. 
       FIG.  1    shows wireless network  100  for communication according to some embodiments. Wireless network  100  may, for example, comprise a 5G wireless network. As appreciated by those skilled in the art, components appearing in  FIG.  1    are likely to have related counterparts in other network arrangements including, for example, cellular-style network arrangements and non-cellular-style-network arrangements (e.g., device to device or peer to peer or ad hoc network arrangements, etc.). 
     Wireless network  100  illustrated in  FIG.  1    includes a number of base stations  105  and other network entities. A base station may be a station that communicates with the UEs and may also be referred to as an evolved node B (eNB), a next generation eNB (gNB), an access point, and the like. Each base station  105  may provide communication coverage for a particular geographic area. In 3GPP, the term “cell” can refer to this particular geographic coverage area of a base station and/or a base station subsystem serving the coverage area, depending on the context in which the term is used. In implementations of wireless network  100  herein, base stations  105  may be associated with a same operator or different operators (e.g., wireless network  100  may comprise a plurality of operator wireless networks), and may provide wireless communications using one or more of the same frequencies (e.g., one or more frequency bands in licensed spectrum, unlicensed spectrum, or a combination thereof) as a neighboring cell. In some examples, an individual base station  105  or UE  115  may be operated by more than one network operating entity. In other examples, each base station  105  and UE  115  may be operated by a single network operating entity. 
     A base station may provide communication coverage for a macro cell or a small cell, such as a pico cell or a femto cell, and/or other types of cell. A macro cell generally covers a relatively large geographic area (e.g., several kilometers in radius) and may allow unrestricted access by UEs with service subscriptions with the network provider. A small cell, such as a pico cell, would generally cover a relatively smaller geographic area and may allow unrestricted access by UEs with service subscriptions with the network provider. A small cell, such as a femto cell, would also generally cover a relatively small geographic area (e.g., a home) and, in addition to unrestricted access, may also provide restricted access by UEs having an association with the femto cell (e.g., UEs in a closed subscriber group (CSG), UEs for users in the home, and the like). A base station for a macro cell may be referred to as a macro base station. A base station for a small cell may be referred to as a small cell base station, a pico base station, a femto base station or a home base station. In the example shown in  FIG.  1   , base stations  105   d  and  105   e  are regular macro base stations, while base stations  105   a - 105   c  are macro base stations enabled with one of 3 dimension (3D), full dimension (FD), or massive MIMO. Base stations  105   a - 105   c  take advantage of their higher dimension MIMO capabilities to exploit 3D beamforming in both elevation and azimuth beamforming to increase coverage and capacity. Base station  105   f  is a small cell base station which may be a home node or portable access point. A base station may support one or multiple (e.g., two, three, four, and the like) cells. 
     Wireless network  100  may support synchronous or asynchronous operation. For synchronous operation, the base stations may have similar frame timing, and transmissions from different base stations may be approximately aligned in time. For asynchronous operation, the base stations may have different frame timing, and transmissions from different base stations may not be aligned in time. In some scenarios, networks may be enabled or configured to handle dynamic switching between synchronous or asynchronous operations. 
     UEs  115  are dispersed throughout the wireless network  100 , and each UE may be stationary or mobile. It should be appreciated that, although a mobile apparatus is commonly referred to as user equipment (UE) in standards and specifications promulgated by the 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP), such apparatus may also be referred to by those skilled in the art as a mobile station (MS), a subscriber station, a mobile unit, a subscriber unit, a wireless unit, a remote unit, a mobile device, a wireless device, a wireless communications device, a remote device, a mobile subscriber station, an access terminal (AT), a mobile terminal, a wireless terminal, a remote terminal, a handset, a terminal, a user agent, a mobile client, a client, or some other suitable terminology. Within the present document, a “mobile” apparatus or UE need not necessarily have a capability to move, and may be stationary. Some non-limiting examples of a mobile apparatus, such as may comprise embodiments of one or more of UEs  115 , include a mobile, a cellular (cell) phone, a smart phone, a session initiation protocol (SIP) phone, a wireless local loop (WLL) station, a laptop, a personal computer (PC), a notebook, a netbook, a smart book, a tablet, and a personal digital assistant (PDA). A mobile apparatus may additionally be an “Internet of things” (IoT) or “Internet of everything” (IoE) device such as an automotive or other transportation vehicle, a satellite radio, a global positioning system (GPS) device, a logistics controller, a drone, a multi-copter, a quad-copter, a smart energy or security device, a solar panel or solar array, municipal lighting, water, or other infrastructure; industrial automation and enterprise devices; consumer and wearable devices, such as eyewear, a wearable camera, a smart watch, a health or fitness tracker, a mammal implantable device, gesture tracking device, medical device, a digital audio player (e.g., MP3 player), a camera, a game console, etc.; and digital home or smart home devices such as a home audio, video, and multimedia device, an appliance, a sensor, a vending machine, intelligent lighting, a home security system, a smart meter, etc. In one aspect, a UE may be a device that includes a Universal Integrated Circuit Card (UICC). In another aspect, a UE may be a device that does not include a UICC. In some aspects, UEs that do not include UICCs may also be referred to as IoE devices. UEs  115   a - 115   d  of the embodiment illustrated in  FIG.  1    are examples of mobile smart phone-type devices accessing wireless network  100  A UE may also be a machine specifically configured for connected communication, including machine type communication (MTC), enhanced MTC (eMTC), narrowband IoT (NB-IoT) and the like. UEs  115   e - 115   k  illustrated in  FIG.  1    are examples of various machines configured for communication that access wireless network  100 . 
     A mobile apparatus, such as UEs  115 , may be able to communicate with any type of the base stations, whether macro base stations, pico base stations, femto base stations, relays, and the like. In  FIG.  1   , a lightning bolt (e.g., communication link) indicates wireless transmissions between a UE and a serving base station, which is a base station designated to serve the UE on the downlink and/or uplink, or desired transmission between base stations, and backhaul transmissions between base stations. Backhaul communication between base stations of wireless network  100  may occur using wired and/or wireless communication links. 
     In operation at wireless network  100 , base stations  105   a - 105   c  serve UEs  115   a  and  115   b  using 3D beamforming and coordinated spatial techniques, such as coordinated multipoint (CoMP) or multi-connectivity. Macro base station  105   d  performs backhaul communications with base stations  105   a - 105   c , as well as small cell, base station  105   f . Macro base station  105   d  also transmits multicast services which are subscribed to and received by UEs  115   c  and  115   d . Such multicast services may include mobile television or stream video, or may include other services for providing community information, such as weather emergencies or alerts, such as Amber alerts or gray alerts. 
     Wireless network  100  can support mission critical communications with ultra-reliable and redundant links for mission critical devices, such UE  115   e , which is a drone. Redundant communication links with UE  115   e  include from macro base stations  105   d  and  105   e , as well as small cell base station  105   f . Other machine type devices, such as UE  115   f  (thermometer), UE  115   g  (smart meter), and UE  115   h  (wearable device) may communicate through wireless network  100  either directly with base stations, such as small cell base station  105   f , and macro base station  105   e , or in multi-hop configurations by communicating with another user device which relays its information to the network, such as UE  115   f  communicating temperature measurement information to the smart meter, UE  115   g , which is then reported to the network through small cell base station  105   f . Wireless network  100  may also provide additional network efficiency through dynamic, low-latency TDD/FDD communications, such as in a vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) mesh network between UEs  115   i - 115   k  communicating with macro base station  105   e.    
       FIG.  2    shows a block diagram of a design of a base station  105  and a UE  115 , which may be any of the base stations and one of the UEs in  FIG.  1   . For a restricted association scenario (as mentioned above), base station  105  may be small cell base station  105   f  in  FIG.  1   , and UE  115  may be UE  115   c  or  115 D operating in a service area of base station  105   f , which in order to access small cell base station  105   f , would be included in a list of accessible UEs for small cell base station  105   f . Base station  105  may also be a base station of some other type. As shown in  FIG.  2   , base station  105  may be equipped with antennas  234   a  through  234   t , and UE  115  may be equipped with antennas  252   a  through  252   r  for facilitating wireless communications. 
     At the base station  105 , a transmit processor  220  may receive data from a data source  212  and control information from a controller/processor  240 . The control information may be for the physical broadcast channel (PBCH), physical control format indicator channel (PCFICH), physical hybrid-ARQ (automatic repeat request) indicator channel (PHICH), physical downlink control channel (PDCCH), enhanced physical downlink control channel (EPDCCH), MTC physical downlink control channel (MPDCCH), etc. The data may be for the PDSCH, etc. The transmit processor  220  may process (e.g., encode and symbol map) the data and control information to obtain data symbols and control symbols, respectively. The transmit processor  220  may also generate reference symbols, e.g., for the primary synchronization signal (PSS) and secondary synchronization signal (SSS), and cell-specific reference signal. Transmit (TX) multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) processor  230  may perform spatial processing (e.g., precoding) on the data symbols, the control symbols, and/or the reference symbols, if applicable, and may provide output symbol streams to modulators (MODs)  232   a  through  232   t . Each modulator  232  may process a respective output symbol stream (e.g., for OFDM, etc.) to obtain an output sample stream. Each modulator  232  may additionally or alternatively process (e.g., convert to analog, amplify, filter, and upconvert) the output sample stream to obtain a downlink signal. Downlink signals from modulators  232   a  through  232   t  may be transmitted via the antennas  234   a  through  234   t , respectively. 
     At the UE  115 , the antennas  252   a  through  252   r  may receive the downlink signals from the base station  105  and may provide received signals to the demodulators (DEMODs)  254   a  through  254   r , respectively. Each demodulator  254  may condition (e.g., filter, amplify, downconvert, and digitize) a respective received signal to obtain input samples. Each demodulator  254  may further process the input samples (e.g., for OFDM, etc.) to obtain received symbols. MIMO detector  256  may obtain received symbols from demodulators  254   a  through  254   r , perform MIMO detection on the received symbols if applicable, and provide detected symbols. Receive processor  258  may process (e.g., demodulate, deinterleave, and decode) the detected symbols, provide decoded data for the UE  115  to a data sink  260 , and provide decoded control information to a controller/processor  280 . 
     On the uplink, at the UE  115 , a transmit processor  264  may receive and process data (e.g., for the physical uplink shared channel (PUSCH)) from a data source  262  and control information (e.g., for the physical uplink control channel (PUCCH)) from the controller/processor  280 . Transmit processor  264  may also generate reference symbols for a reference signal. The symbols from the transmit processor  264  may be precoded by TX MIMO processor  266  if applicable, further processed by the modulators  254   a  through  254   r  (e.g., for SC-FDM, etc.), and transmitted to the base station  105 . At base station  105 , the uplink signals from UE  115  may be received by antennas  234 , processed by demodulators  232 , detected by MIMO detector  236  if applicable, and further processed by receive processor  238  to obtain decoded data and control information sent by UE  115 . Processor  238  may provide the decoded data to data sink  239  and the decoded control information to controller/processor  240 . 
     Controllers/processors  240  and  280  may direct the operation at base station  105  and UE  115 , respectively. Controller/processor  240  and/or other processors and modules at base station  105  and/or controller/processor  28  and/or other processors and modules at UE  115  may perform or direct the execution of various processes for the techniques described herein, such as to perform or direct the execution illustrated in  FIGS.  10  and  11   , and/or other processes for the techniques described herein. Memories  242  and  282  may store data and program codes for base station  105  and UE  115 , respectively. Scheduler  244  may schedule UEs for data transmission on the downlink and/or uplink. 
     Wireless communications systems operated by different network operating entities (e.g., network operators) may share spectrum. In some instances, a network operating entity may be configured to use an entirety of a designated shared spectrum for at least a period of time before another network operating entity uses the entirety of the designated shared spectrum for a different period of time. Thus, in order to allow network operating entities use of the full designated shared spectrum, and in order to mitigate interfering communications between the different network operating entities, certain resources (e.g., time) may be partitioned and allocated to the different network operating entities for certain types of communication. 
     For example, a network operating entity may be allocated certain time resources reserved for exclusive communication by the network operating entity using the entirety of the shared spectrum. The network operating entity may also be allocated other time resources where the entity is given priority over other network operating entities to communicate using the shared spectrum. These time resources, prioritized for use by the network operating entity, may be utilized by other network operating entities on an opportunistic basis if the prioritized network operating entity does not utilize the resources. Additional time resources may be allocated for any network operator to use on an opportunistic basis. 
     Access to the shared spectrum and the arbitration of time resources among different network operating entities may be centrally controlled by a separate entity, autonomously determined by a predefined arbitration scheme, or dynamically determined based on interactions between wireless nodes of the network operators. 
     In some cases, UE  115  and base station  105  may operate in a shared radio frequency spectrum band, which may include licensed or unlicensed (e.g., contention-based) frequency spectrum. In an unlicensed frequency portion of the shared radio frequency spectrum band, UEs  115  or base stations  105  may traditionally perform a medium-sensing procedure to contend for access to the frequency spectrum. For example, UE  115  or base station  105  may perform a listen before talk (LBT) procedure such as a clear channel assessment (CCA) prior to communicating in order to determine whether the shared channel is available. A CCA may include an energy detection procedure to determine whether there are any other active transmissions. For example, a device may infer that a change in a received signal strength indicator (RSSI) of a power meter indicates that a channel is occupied. Specifically, signal power that is concentrated in a certain bandwidth and exceeds a predetermined noise floor may indicate another wireless transmitter. A CCA also may include detection of specific sequences that indicate use of the channel. For example, another device may transmit a specific preamble prior to transmitting a data sequence. In some cases, an LBT procedure may include a wireless node adjusting its own backoff window based on the amount of energy detected on a channel and/or the acknowledge/negative-acknowledge (ACK/NACK) feedback for its own transmitted packets as a proxy for collisions. 
       FIG.  3    illustrates an example of a wireless communications system  300  that supports enhanced inter-RAT measurement gap operations in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure. In some examples, wireless communications system  300  may implement aspects of wireless communication system  100 . For example, wireless communications system  300  may include UE  115 , network entity  305 , and second network entity  105  (e.g., a second base station). Enhanced inter-RAT measurement gap operations may increase cell add reliability, and thus may increase throughput and reliability. 
     Network entity  305  and UE  115  and/or second network entity  105  and UE  115  may be configured to communicate via frequency bands, such as FR1 having a frequency of 410 to 7125 MHz or FR2 having a frequency of 24250 to 52600 MHz for mm-Wave. It is noted that sub-carrier spacing (SCS) may be equal to 15, 30, 60, or 120 kHz for some data channels. Network entity  305  and UE  115  may be configured to communicate via one or more component carriers (CCs), such as representative first CC  381 , second CC  382 , third CC  383 , and fourth CC  384 . Although four CCs are shown, this is for illustration only, more or fewer than four CCs may be used. One or more CCs may be used to communicate control channel transmissions, data channel transmissions, and/or sidelink channel transmissions. 
     For example, data and control channel transmissions  352  and  354  may be transmitted between UE  115  and network entity  305 . Optionally, sidelink channel transmission may be transmitted between UE  115  and network entity  305  or second network entity  105 . Such transmissions may include a Physical Downlink Control Channel (PDCCH), a Physical Downlink Shared Channel (PDSCH), a Physical Uplink Control Channel (PUCCH), a Physical Uplink Shared Channel (PUSCH), a Physical Sidelink Control Channel (PSCCH), a Physical Sidelink Shared Channel (PSSCH), or a Physical Sidelink Feedback Channel (PSFCH). Such transmissions may be scheduled by aperiodic grants and/or periodic grants. 
     Each periodic grant may have a corresponding configuration, such as configuration parameters/settings. The periodic grant configuration may include configured grant (CG) configurations and settings. Additionally, or alternatively, one or more periodic grants (e.g., CGs thereof) may have or be assigned to a CC ID, such as intended CC ID. 
     Each CC may have a corresponding configuration, such as configuration parameters/settings. The configuration may include bandwidth, bandwidth part, HARQ process, TCI state, RS, control channel resources, data channel resources, or a combination thereof. Additionally, or alternatively, one or more CCs may have or be assigned to a Cell ID, a Bandwidth Part (BWP) ID, or both. The Cell ID may include a unique cell ID for the CC, a virtual Cell ID, or a particular Cell ID of a particular CC of the plurality of CCs. Additionally, or alternatively, one or more CCs may have or be assigned to a HARQ ID. Each CC may also have corresponding management functionalities, such as, beam management, BWP switching functionality, or both. In some implementations, two or more CCs are quasi co-located, such that the CCs have the same beam and/or same symbol. 
     In some implementations, control information may be communicated via network entity  305  and UE  115 . For example, the control information may be communicated suing MAC-CE transmissions, RRC transmissions, DCI, transmissions, another transmission, or a combination thereof. 
     UE  115  can include a variety of components (e.g., structural, hardware components) used for carrying out one or more functions described herein. For example, these components can includes processor  302 , memory  304 , transmitter  310 , receiver  312 , encoder,  313 , decoder  314 , inter-RAT manager  315 , measurement gap manager  316  and antennas  252   a - r . Processor  302  may be configured to execute instructions stored at memory  304  to perform the operations described herein. In some implementations, processor  302  includes or corresponds to controller/processor  280 , and memory  304  includes or corresponds to memory  282 . Memory  304  may also be configured to store first cell data  306 , second cell data  308 , network settings data  342 , local settings data  344 , or a combination thereof, as further described herein. 
     The first cell data  306  includes or corresponds to data associated with or corresponding to network entity  305 . The second cell data  308  includes or corresponds to associated with or corresponding to second network entity  105 . The cell data may include cell identifiers, cell type, cell mode, etc. 
     The network settings data  342  includes or corresponds to data associated with network measurement gap parameters and settings. The network settings data  342  may also include to correspond to data associated with a second measurement gap or control window, such as an SMTC window. The local settings data  344  includes or corresponds to data associated with local measurement gap parameters and settings, also referred to a customized measurement gap parameters or modified measurement gap parameters. The local settings data  344  may indicate or include measurement gap parameter data or SSB measurement gap parameter data, such as SMTC parameters. The measurement gap parameters may include or correspond to measurement gap repetition period (MGRP), a measurement gap offset (e.g., gapOffset), a measurement gap length (GPL), or a combination thereof. The measurement gap parameters may be used to determine the local measurement gap and to align the local measurement gap with the SMTC window. 
     Transmitter  310  is configured to transmit data to one or more other devices, and receiver  312  is configured to receive data from one or more other devices. For example, transmitter  310  may transmit data, and receiver  312  may receive data, via a network, such as a wired network, a wireless network, or a combination thereof. For example, UE  115  may be configured to transmit and/or receive data via a direct device-to-device connection, a local area network (LAN), a wide area network (WAN), a modem-to-modem connection, the Internet, intranet, extranet, cable transmission system, cellular communication network, any combination of the above, or any other communications network now known or later developed within which permits two or more electronic devices to communicate. In some implementations, transmitter  310  and receiver  312  may be replaced with a transceiver. Additionally, or alternatively, transmitter  310 , receiver,  312 , or both may include or correspond to one or more components of UE  115  described with reference to  FIG.  2   . 
     Encoder  313  and decoder  314  may be configured to encode and decode data for transmission. Inter-RAT manager  315  may be configured to determine and perform inter-RAT operations. For example, inter-RAT manager  315  is configured to determine inter-RAT settings and/or modes and perform inter-RAT measurement operations. For example, inter-RAT manager  315  may cause UE  115  to monitor for control signals, such as SSBs. Measurement gap manager  316  may be configured to determine and/or evaluate measurements gap parameters and the measurement gap. For example, measurement gap manager  316  is configured to determine local measurement gap parameters and a local measurement gap (e.g., local settings data  344 ) based on the cell data  306 ,  308  and/or network settings data  342 . Additionally, the measurement gap manager  316  may be configured to generate a measurement report which indicates the determined measurement gap parameters and/or measurement gap (e.g., local settings data  344 ). 
     Network entity  305  includes processor  330 , memory  332 , transmitter  334 , receiver  336 , encoder  337 , decoder  338 , measurement gap manager  339 , and antennas  234   a - t . Processor  330  may be configured to execute instructions stores at memory  332  to perform the operations described herein. In some implementations, processor  330  includes or corresponds to controller/processor  240 , and memory  332  includes or corresponds to memory  242 . Memory  332  may be configured to first cell data  306 , second call data  308 , network data  342 , local data  344 , or a combination thereof, similar to the UE  115  and as further described herein. 
     Transmitter  334  is configured to transmit data to one or more other devices, and receiver  336  is configured to receive data from one or more other devices. For example, transmitter  334  may transmit data, and receiver  336  may receive data, via a network, such as a wired network, a wireless network, or a combination thereof. For example, network entity  305  may be configured to transmit and/or receive data via a direct device-to-device connection, a local area network (LAN), a wide area network (WAN), a modem-to-modem connection, the Internet, intranet, extranet, cable transmission system, cellular communication network, any combination of the above, or any other communications network now known or later developed within which permits two or more electronic devices to communicate. In some implementations, transmitter  334  and receiver  336  may be replaced with a transceiver. Additionally, or alternatively, transmitter  334 , receiver,  336 , or both may include or correspond to one or more components of network entity  305  described with reference to  FIG.  2   . Encoder  337 , and decoder  338  may include the same functionality as described with reference to encoder  313  and decoder  314 , respectively. Measurement gap manager  339  may include similar functionality as described with reference to measurement gap manager  316 . Measurement gap manager  339  is configured to receive a measurement report and adjust measurement gap operations based on the measurement report. For example, the measurement gap manager  339  may not schedule/refrain from scheduling data or may reschedule data based on the local measurement gap for a particular device indicated in a received measurement report. As another example, the measurement gap manager  339  may approve a device for joining a network or adding a cell thereof. To illustrate, the measurement gap manager  339  may cause the network entity  305  (or the second network entity  105 ) to send an RRC message to the UE  115  indicating that the request of the UE to add the network entity  305  (or the second network entity  10 ) in the measurement report  364  was approved. 
     During operation of wireless communications system  300 , network entity  305  and/or a second network entity  105  may determine that UE  115  has enhanced inter-RAT and measurement gap management capability. For example, UE  115  may transmit a message  348  that includes an enhanced inter-RAT and measurement gap indicator  392 . Indicator  392  may indicate enhanced inter-RAT and measurement gap management capability or a particular type of enhanced inter-RAT and measurement gap management, such as concurrent measurement capability. In some implementations, network entity  305  sends control information to indicate to UE  115  that enhanced inter-RAT and measurement gap management is to be used. For example, in some implementations, message  348  (or another message, such as configuration transmission  350 ) is transmitted by the network entity  305 . The configuration transmission  350  may include or indicate to use inter-RAT and measurement gap management or to adjust or implement a setting of enhanced inter-RAT and measurement gap management. 
     During operation, devices of wireless communications system  300 , transmit control, data, and/or sidelink channel transmissions to other devices of wireless communications system  300 . For example, UE  115  and a base station (e.g.,  105 ,  305 , or both) may transmit control and data information on control and data channels. Multiple end devices or UEs may transmit control and data information on one or more sidelink channels directly to each other and independent of a base station of wireless communications system  300 . One or more of the end devices or UEs may perform inter-RAT and measurement gap management operations. For example, UE  115  may receive measurement gap information and/or SSB information. Additionally, UE  115  may determine wither to modify the measurement gap or an SSB gap (SMTC window). 
     To illustrate, UE  115  receives a measurement configuration transmission  362  via one or more beams from second network entity  105 . The measurement configuration transmission  362  may include measurement gap parameters, SSB gap (e.g., SMTC parameters), or a combination thereof. UE  115  performs inter-RAT operations responsive to receiving the measurement configuration transmission  362 . For example, UE  115  monitors for SSBs from the second network entity  105  during a control window (e.g., measurement gap window) for the network entity  305 . 
     If the UE  115  receives the SSBs, the UE  115  can add the second network entity  105  as a secondary cell group. If the UE  115  does not receive the SSBs, the UE  115  may perform enhanced inter-RAT measurement gap operations, as described further with reference to  FIGS.  5 - 9   . For example, the UE  115  may modify a measurement gap to successfully receive the SSBs. To illustrate, the UE  115  may extend or shift a measurement gap to align the measurement gap with an SMTC window to successfully receive the SSBs. For example, UE  115  modifies a network measurement gap to create a local measurement gap and updates the network entity  305  of the local measurement gap via a measurement report. To illustrate, UE  115  sends measurement report  364  to the network entity  305  which is configured to indicate that the network entity should refrain from scheduling or sending traffic for UE  115  during the local measurement gap. 
     The UE  115  may monitor the local measurement gap for SSBs. For example, the UE  115  receives an SSB or SSBs  368  from the second network entity  105  during the local measurement gap window. The UE  115  may optionally receive measurement gap signals  366  from the network entity  305  during the measurement gap window. Accordingly, the UE  115  may be able to join the second network entity  105  based on the SSB or SSBs  368  and operate in both networks. 
     In other operations, such as when the network entity  305  supports gapless configuration, the UE  115  may generate a local measurement gap, e.g., fake a gap or generate a customized measurement gap. For example, the UE  115  may not be able to dual monitor the network entity  305  and the second network entity  105  at the same time. Accordingly, the UE  115  generates its own measurement gap to monitor for SSBs. After the UE  115  has received an SSB (e.g.,  368 ), the UE  115  may stop enhanced inter-RAT measurement gap operations and send a measurement report  364  to the network entity  305 , the second network entity  105 , or both. 
     Thus,  FIG.  3    describes enhanced inter-RAT and measurement gap operations for multiple network operations. Using enhanced inter-RAT and measurement gap operations may enable improvement when operating in multiple networks. Performing enhanced inter-RAT and measurement gap operations enables a network to improve throughput and reliability. 
       FIGS.  4  and  5    illustrate timing diagrams for 5G and LTE networks. Referring to  FIG.  4   ,  FIG.  4    is a diagram of an example of a measurement gap misalignment between two networks. In  FIG.  4   , a measurement gap of an LTE network and an SMTC of a 5G network are not aligned due to a timing misalignment between the LTE network and the 5G network. To illustrate, a timing difference is caused by period duration mismatch between the two measurement/control windows of the networks. Specifically, a measurement gap repetition period (MGRP) of the LTE measurement gap is different from and mismatched with an SMTC period of the 5G SMTC window. Additionally, other parameters may differ or be mismatched, such as measurement gap length (MGL) and SMTC duration. 
     A UE that is attempting to join a 5G network based on information of the SMTC window (e.g., SSBs thereof) may utilize its radio and hardware to do so. Thus, the radio and hardware may be unavailable to monitor a measurement gap or to operate in the network. A UE that cannot concurrently monitor both the measurement gap (or operate in the network) and the SMTC window may be unable to join the 5G network while operating on the LTE network. Accordingly, the UE may need to modify the management gap to enable operation in both networks, as described in  FIGS.  6 - 9   . 
       FIG.  5    is a diagram of another example of a measurement gap misalignment between two networks. In  FIG.  5   , the measurement gap of the LTE network and the SMTC window of the 5G network are not aligned due to a timing misalignment between the LTE network and the 5G network. To illustrate, a timing difference is caused by frame misalignment between the two networks. Specifically, a frame of the LTE does not share a start time or an end time with a corresponding frame of the 5G. Said another way, a frame (e.g., start and end times thereof) of the LTE network is offset from a corresponding frame of the 5G network. Such a timing difference may be caused by a lack of a synchronization between the two networks or a timing drift between the two networks. A timing drift may occur in some networks, such as frequency division duplexing networks, due to a lack of a timing synchronization, such as the robust or strict timing synchronization present in time division duplexing networks. As described with reference to  FIG.  4   , under such circumstances, a UE may not be able to monitor the SMTC window and operate in the 5G network because the measurement gap may not be aligned with the SMTC window. Accordingly, the UE may need to modify the management gap to enable operation in both networks, as described in  FIGS.  6 - 9   . 
       FIGS.  6 - 9    illustrate timing diagrams for 5G and LTE networks along with a local or device timing diagram for a particular UE. Referring to  FIG.  6   ,  FIG.  6    is a diagram of an example of measurement gap configuration operations. In  FIG.  6   , a network does not support or have a measurement gap. Such a network may be referred to as a gapless network or a network operating in a gapless mode. In such networks or modes, a UE that cannot concurrently monitor multiple (e.g., both) networks may generate a local measurement gap to enable operation in multiple (e.g., both) networks. As illustrated in  FIG.  6   , the LTE network does not include a measurement gap. A UE, such as UE  115 , generates a local measurement gap to align the measurement gap with the SMTC window of the 5G network. The UE  115  may use preset or preconfigured values when determining the local measurement gap (and parameters thereof) and/or may determine the local measurement gap (and parameters thereof) based on the SMTC parameters. For example, an SMTC repetition period may be used to generate a measurement gap repetition period. As illustrated in the example of  FIG.  6   , the measurement gap repetition period (MGRP) is twice the length of the SMTC window period. By generating a local measurement gap, every other SMTC window is aligned with or at least partially overlaps the local measurement gap. 
       FIG.  7    is a diagram of another example of measurement gap configuration operations. In  FIG.  7   , local window extension may be performed. For example, a local SMTC parameter or a local measurement gap parameter may be generated and/or adjusted to extend the corresponding window. As illustrated in  FIG.  7   , a local measurement gap length (MGL local) is twice a measurement gap length (MGL) or network MGL. Accordingly, the local measurement gap length (MGL local) is then aligned with every other SMTC window of the 5G network. Although, the local measurement gap length (MGL local) is aligned with every other SMTC window in the example of  FIG.  7   , in other implementations, the local measurement gap length (MGL local) may be aligned with every SMTC window or every N number of SMTC windows. 
     A UE may perform such local measurement gap length (MGL local) generation/extension responsive to a condition being satisfied. For example, a UE may start a first timer (T1) responsive to receiving a measurement configuration for a serving cell (e.g., an LTE cell or an NR cell) The first timer may be associated with SSB detection for the serving cell. Responsive to receiving a SSB for the serving cell, the UE may reset the first timer. 
     Alternatively, responsive to expiration of the first timer or a value of the first timer satisfying a condition (e.g., not receiving an SSB before the timer expires), the UE may start a local measurement gap length (MGL) configuration process and/or start a second timer. The second timer is associated with inter-RAT operations and the MGL process. 
     During the local measurement gap length (MGL) configuration process, the UE may determine or generate a local measurement gap length based on the network measurement gap. The UE may lengthen or extend the network measurement gap (e.g., detection window) responsive to not receiving an SSB. To illustrate, the UE may extend the network measurement gap (e.g., detection window) by a set value, the UE may add a default or base window length value to the current detection window (e.g., cause additive growth), or the UE may double the current detection window length (e.g., cause exponential growth). The UE may keep extending the detection window until a SSB is detected. Increasing the detection window size and increasing the amount of length added may reduce the time or number of cycles to receive an SSB at the cost of increased overhead or throughput. Thus, a UE or network may adjust the detection window length value or procedures to best accommodate network resources or requirements. For example, in low data rate conditions, the UE may extend the window by a large amount or exponentially to quickly detect a SSB without sacrificing transmissions losses. 
     Alternatively, responsive to receiving a SSB, the second timer may be stopped, reset, or ignored. Additionally, the UE may stop local measurement gap length configuration based on receiving the SSB. In some implementations, the UE may send a measurement report responsive to or based on receiving the SSB. The measurement report may indicate to the network (e.g., LTE base station) to not schedule or send transmissions during the detection window. The measurement report may include or correspond to the measurement report of  FIG.  3   . 
       FIG.  8    is a diagram of yet another example of measurement gap configuration operations. In  FIG.  8   , another example of local window extension is illustrated for timing misalignment, such as described with reference to  FIG.  5   . For example, a local measurement gap parameter may be generated and/or adjusted to extend the local measurement gap window, as described with reference to  FIG.  7   , to accommodate for the timing misalignment or difference shown in  FIG.  8   . Similar to the example of  FIG.  7   , local measurement gap length is generated by extending or lengthening the network measurement gap length to accommodate the timing difference between the 5G and LTE networks. 
       FIG.  9    is a diagram of another example of measurement gap configuration operations. In  FIG.  9   , local window shifting may be performed. For example, a local measurement gap parameter may be generated and/or adjusted to shift the corresponding local measurement gap window. For example, a measurement gap offset may be adjusted (e.g., increased) to shift the placement of the local measurement gap within a measurement gap repetition period (MGRP). 
     In some implementations, the UE may start to perform local window shift detection operations responsive to not receiving an SSB prior to expiration of the first timer. For example, the UE may monitor for an SSB during a network measurement gap window and not detect an SSB because the SMTC window is not aligned with the network measurement gap window. Similar to as described above with reference to  FIG.  7   , the UE may start a first timer responsive to receiving a measurement gap and responsive to expiration of the first timer or a value of the first timer satisfying a condition (e.g., not receiving an SSB before the timer expires), the UE may start local window shift detection and a second timer. 
     For example, the UE may determine or generate a shift parameter. To illustrate, the UE may determine a number of possible window locations and use the number of possible window locations to shift the local measurement gap window. For example, if the measurement gap period is 100 ms and the measurement gap length is 10 ms, then 10 possible non-overlapping positions for the measurement gap are present, i.e., 100 ms divided by 10 ms. The UE may try a first window position and increment a shift value to shift or delay the local measurement gap window with respect to a start of a measurement gap repetition period. The UE may keep shifting the window until a SSB is detected. Shifting the window without increasing an amount of length added may reduce the overhead or throughput cost for local measurement gap operations at the cost of increased time or number of cycles to receive an SSB with respect to local measurement gap extension. Thus, a UE or network may adjust the window position value or procedures to best accommodate network resources or requirements. For example, in high data transmission scenarios, the UE may shift the window (rather than extended the window) to not reduce or limit bandwidth. 
     Additionally, or alternatively, the UE may shift an enlarged window in response to not detecting an SSB. Thus, the UE can cover a larger portion and a distinct portion for SSB detection and can cover more different timings more quickly. 
       FIG.  10    is a flow diagram illustrating example blocks executed by a UE configured according to an aspect of the present disclosure. The example blocks will also be described with respect to UE  115  as illustrated in  FIG.  12   .  FIG.  12    is a block diagram illustrating UE  115  configured according to one aspect of the present disclosure. UE  115  includes the structure, hardware, and components as illustrated for UE  115  of  FIG.  2   . For example, UE  115  includes controller/processor  280 , which operates to execute logic or computer instructions stored in memory  282 , as well as controlling the components of UE  115  that provide the features and functionality of UE  115 . UE  115 , under control of controller/processor  280 , transmits and receives signals via wireless radios  1200   a - r  and antennas  252   a - r . Wireless radios  1200   a - r  includes various components and hardware, as illustrated in  FIG.  2    for UE  115 , including modulator/demodulators  254   a - r , MIMO detector  256 , receive processor  258 , transmit processor  264 , and TX MIMO processor  266 . As illustrated in the example of  FIG.  12   , memory  282  stores inter-RAT logic  1202 , measurement logic  1203 , first network settings data  1204 , second network settings data  1205 , measurements data  1206 , and timers  1207 . 
     At block  1000 , a wireless communication device, such as a UE, determines a customized measurement gap repetition period for at least one inter-radio access technology (inter-RAT) cell. A UE, such as UE  115 , may receive a measurement gap configuration (e.g., indicating no measurement gap) using wireless radios  1200   a - r  and antennas  252   a - r . The UE  115  may not be capable of gapless configuration (e.g., may not be able to concurrently or sequentially monitor two networks) and may determine a local MGRP to begin to fake or generate a local measurement gap. 
     The UE  115  may execute, under control of controller/processor  280 , measurement logic  1202 , stored in memory  282 . The execution environment of inter-RAT logic  1202  provides the functionality for UE  115  to define and perform the measurement gap procedures of the inter-RAT operations. Additionally, the UE  115  may execute measurement logic  1203 . The execution environment of the inter-RAT logic  802  (and optionally the measurement logic  803 ) defines the different inter-RAT operations, such as measurement gap mode determination, measurement gap capability indication, local measurement gap creation, measurement gap modification (e.g., local measurement gap extending or shifting), or a combination thereof. 
     At block  1001 , the UE  115  determines a customized measurement gap offset for the at least one inter-RAT cell. For example, the UE  115  generates a local gap offset as in  FIG.  6   . The UE  115  determines the local gap offset under the execution logic of the inter-RAT logic  1202 . 
     At block  1002 , the UE  115  determines a customized measurement gap length for the at least one inter-RAT cell. For example, the UE  115  determines a local measurement gap length, as described with reference to  FIG.  6   . To illustrate, the UE  115  may determine a measurement gap duration or window length to accommodate receiving SSB signals and to align with an SMTC window of a 5G network device. 
     At block  1003 , the UE  115  performs at least one inter-RAT cell measurement based on the customized measurement gap repetition period, the customized measurement gap offset, and the customized measurement gap length. For example, the UE  115  determines a local measurement gap window, that is a time and a duration of the local measurement gap window. The network may not include a measurement gap window and the UE  115  may utilize the measurement gap window to monitor for signals of another network (e.g., SSBs of an SMTC window). The UE  115  may inform the network of the local measurement gap window to prevent the network (e.g., LTE network) from scheduling or sending transmissions during the local measurement gap window of the UE  115 . 
     The UE  115  may execute additional blocks (or the UE  115  may be configured further perform additional operations) in other implementations. For example, the UE  115  may perform one or more operations described above. 
     Accordingly, a UE and a base station may perform enhanced inter-RAT and measurement gap operations for multiple network modes. By performing inter-RAT and measurement gap operations, throughput and reliability may be increased. 
       FIG.  11    is a flow diagram illustrating example blocks executed by wireless communication device configured according to another aspect of the present disclosure. The example blocks will also be described with respect to UE  115  as illustrated in  FIG.  12   . At block  1100 , a wireless communication device, such as a UE, determines a measurement configuration for at least one inter-RAT cell. For example, UE  115  receives a measurement configuration message including data indicating one or more measurement parameters for an LTE measurement gap, a 5G SMTC window, or both. 
     At block  1101 , the UE  115  determines whether a condition for a synchronization signal block (SSB) detection is satisfied based on the measurement configuration. For example, the UE  115  determines a timing of LTE measurement gaps and SMTC windows. If the UE  115  determines that a network LTE measurement gap is not aligned with an SMTC window, the UE may performed device or local measurement gap configuration operations. 
     At block  1102 , the UE  115  adjusts a SSB measurement gap parameter based on determining that the condition for SSB detection has been satisfied. For example, the UE  115  adjusts or modifies a network measurement gap parameter or parameters to generate local measurement gap parameters, as described with reference to  FIGS.  6 - 9   . 
     At block  1103 , the UE  115  monitors for SSB signals based on the adjusted SSB measurement gap parameter. For example, the UE  115  monitors for SSB signals from a 5G cell based on the local measurement gap. The UE  115  may not receive data from the LTE cell during the local measurement gap. 
     The UE  115  may execute additional blocks (or the UE  115  may be configured further perform additional operations) in other implementations. For example, the UE  115  may perform one or more operations described above. 
     Accordingly, a UE and a base station may perform enhanced inter-RAT and measurement gap operations for multiple network modes. By performing inter-RAT and measurement gap operations, throughput and reliability may be increased. 
     Performance of inter-RAT operations, measurement gap configuration, or both may include additional aspects, such as any single aspect or any combination of aspects described below and/or in connection with one or more other processes described elsewhere herein/ 
     In a first aspect, the method further comprising determining a customized measurement gap for the at least one inter-RAT cell based on the customized measurement gap repetition period, the customized measurement gap offset, and the customized measurement gap length, wherein the inter-RAT measurement is performed based on the customized measurement gap. 
     In a second aspect, the at least one inter-RAT cell includes a first serving cell and a second serving cell, wherein, prior to performing the inter-RAT measurement, the UE is connected to the second serving cell, and wherein the second serving cell is a primary serving cell. 
     In a third aspect, the primary serving cell is an LTE serving cell. 
     In a fourth aspect, the method further comprises: determining whether to join the first serving cell based on performing the inter-RAT measurement; responsive to determining to join the first serving cell, sending a measurement report indicating that the UE requests to join the first serving cell; receiving a radio resource control (RRC) message responsive to the measurement report; and joining the first serving cell based on the RRC message. 
     In a fifth aspect, the customized measurement gap repetition period is determined based on one or more UE parameters, one or more network parameters, one or more channel parameters, or a combination thereof. 
     In a sixth aspect, the customized measurement gap repetition period is determined based on a UE capability, an active traffic type, a scheduling rate, or a combination thereof. 
     In a seventh aspect, the customized measurement gap offset is determined based on a synchronization signal block (SSB) measurement timing configuration (SMTC) configuration. 
     In an eighth aspect, the customized measurement gap offset is determined further based on a measurement gap repetition period, overhead, or both, and wherein the SMTC configuration is SMTC offset, period, or both. 
     In a ninth aspect, the customized measurement gap length is determined based on a synchronization signal block (SSB) measurement timing configuration (SMTC) configuration. 
     In a tenth aspect, the SMTC configuration is an SMTC duration. 
     In an eleventh aspect, the gap length is determined based on a maximum SSB length. 
     In twelfth aspect, the method further comprises: determining that there is no measurement gap configuration for at least one serving cell of the at least one inter-RAT cell. 
     In a thirteenth aspect, the method further comprises, prior to determining the customized measurement gap repetition period, transmitting, by the UE, a capabilities message indicating that the UE requests measurement gaps to identify or measure inter-RAT cells. 
     In a fourteenth aspect, the method further comprises, prior to determining the customized measurement gap repetition period, receiving, by the UE, a configuration message from a networking entity indicating a gapless measurement mode. 
     In a fifteenth aspect, the method further comprises, prior to determining the customized measurement gap repetition period, receiving, by the UE, a second configuration message from a networking entity indicating a particular gap modification mode. 
     In a sixteenth aspect, adjusting, by the UE, the SSB measurement gap parameter includes extending the SSB measurement gap parameter, wherein the SSB measurement gap parameter includes a measurement gap length. 
     In a seventeenth aspect adjusting, by the UE, the SSB measurement gap parameter includes increasing the SSB measurement gap parameter, and wherein the SSB measurement gap parameter includes a measurement gap offset. 
     In an eighteenth aspect, the at least one inter-RAT cell includes a first serving cell and a second serving cell, wherein the UE is connected the second serving cell, and wherein the first serving cell and a second serving cell are not time aligned. 
     In a nineteenth aspect, the at least one inter-RAT cell includes a first serving cell and a second serving cell, wherein the UE is connected the second serving cell, wherein a first timing of the first serving cell and a second timing of the second serving cell drift after an alignment of the first serving cell and the second serving cell. 
     In a twentieth aspect, the at least one inter-RAT cell includes a first serving cell and a second serving cell, and further comprising starting a first timer (T1) responsive to receiving a measurement configuration for the first serving cell. 
     In a twenty-first aspect, the method further comprises resetting the first timer based on receiving a SSB for the first serving cell. 
     In a twenty-second aspect, the method further comprises starting a second timer (T2) responsive to receiving a measurement configuration for the first serving cell responsive to expiration of the first timer, wherein the first timer is associated with SSB detection for the first serving cell. 
     In a twenty-third aspect, the method further comprises starting customized measurement gap length configuration responsive to not detecting a SSB for the first serving cell prior to expiration of the first timer. 
     In a twenty-fourth aspect, the method further comprises: stopping, by the UE, the second timer based on receiving a SSB for the first serving cell; stopping, by the UE, customized measurement gap length configuration based on receiving the SSB; and sending, by the UE, a measurement report based on receiving the SSB. 
     In a twenty-fifth aspect, the method further comprises starting customized shift detection responsive to not detecting a SSB for the first serving cell prior to expiration of the first timer. 
     In a twenty-sixth aspect, the method further comprises: stopping, by the UE, the second timer based on receiving a SSB for the first serving cell; stopping, by the UE, customized shift detection based on receiving the SSB; and sending, by the UE, a measurement report based on receiving the SSB. 
     In a twenty-seventh aspect, the SSB measurement gap parameter includes a customized measurement gap repartition period, a customized measurement gap offset, a customized measurement gap length, or a combination thereof. 
     In a twenty-eighth aspect, the customized measurement gap offset comprises a local or device specific measurement gap offset and is different from a network measurement gap offset. 
     In a twenty-ninth aspect, the method further comprises: responsive to monitoring for the SSBs, performing, by the UE, an inter-RAT measurement; and determining, by the UE, a measurement report based on the measurement configuration and the inter-RAT measurement. 
     In a thirtieth aspect, the method further comprises: determining, by the UE, a measurement result based on the measurement configuration and the inter-RAT measurement; determining, by the UE, whether one or more measurement reporting conditions are satisfied; and transmitting, by the UE, the measurement report and the measurement result based on determining that the one or more measurement reporting conditions are satisfied. 
     In a thirty-first aspect, the method further comprises: receiving, by the UE, a radio resource control message indicating synchronization signal block (SSB) measurement timing configuration (SMTC) information; and determining an SMTC period based on the SMTC information. 
     In a thirty-second aspect, the measurement configuration includes or corresponds to a measurement gap configuration, a synchronization signal block (SSB) measurement timing configuration (SMTC) window configuration, or a combination thereof. 
     In a thirty-third aspect, determining the measurement configuration includes receiving, by the UE, the measurement configuration from the at least one inter-RAT cell. One or more of the above aspects may be combined with one or more of the other above aspects. 
     Those of skill in the art would understand that information and signals may be represented using any of a variety of different technologies and techniques. For example, data, instructions, commands, information, signals, bits, symbols, and chips that may be referenced throughout the above description may be represented by voltages, currents, electromagnetic waves, magnetic fields or particles, optical fields or particles, or any combination thereof. 
     The functional blocks and modules described herein (e.g., the functional blocks and modules in  FIG.  2   ) may comprise processors, electronics devices, hardware devices, electronics components, logical circuits, memories, software codes, firmware codes, etc., or any combination thereof. In addition, features discussed herein relating to inter-RAT and measurement gap operations may be implemented via specialized processor circuitry, via executable instructions, and/or combinations thereof. 
     Those of skill would further appreciate that the various illustrative logical blocks, modules, circuits, and algorithm steps (e.g., the logical blocks in  FIGS.  10  and  11   ) described in connection with the disclosure herein may be implemented as electronic hardware, computer software, or combinations of both. To clearly illustrate this interchangeability of hardware and software, various illustrative components, blocks, modules, circuits, and steps have been described above generally in terms of their functionality. Whether such functionality is implemented as hardware or software depends upon the particular application and design constraints imposed on the overall system. Skilled artisans may implement the described functionality in varying ways for each particular application, but such implementation decisions should not be interpreted as causing a departure from the scope of the present disclosure. Skilled artisans will also readily recognize that the order or combination of components, methods, or interactions that are described herein are merely examples and that the components, methods, or interactions of the various aspects of the present disclosure may be combined or performed in ways other than those illustrated and described herein. 
     The various illustrative logical blocks, modules, and circuits described in connection with the disclosure herein may be implemented or performed with a general-purpose processor, a digital signal processor (DSP), an application specific integrated circuit (ASIC), a field programmable gate array (FPGA) or other programmable logic device, discrete gate or transistor logic, discrete hardware components, or any combination thereof designed to perform the functions described herein. A general-purpose processor may be a microprocessor, but in the alternative, the processor may be any conventional processor, controller, microcontroller, or state machine. A processor may also be implemented as a combination of computing devices, e.g., a combination of a DSP and a microprocessor, a plurality of microprocessors, one or more microprocessors in conjunction with a DSP core, or any other such configuration. 
     The steps of a method or algorithm described in connection with the disclosure herein may be embodied directly in hardware, in a software module executed by a processor, or in a combination of the two. A software module may reside in RAM memory, flash memory, ROM memory, EPROM memory, EEPROM memory, registers, hard disk, a removable disk, a CD-ROM, or any other form of storage medium known in the art. An exemplary storage medium is coupled to the processor such that the processor can read information from, and write information to, the storage medium. In the alternative, the storage medium may be integral to the processor. The processor and the storage medium may reside in an ASIC. The ASIC may reside in a user terminal. In the alternative, the processor and the storage medium may reside as discrete components in a user terminal. 
     In one or more exemplary designs, the functions described may be implemented in hardware, software, firmware, or any combination thereof. If implemented in software, the functions may be stored on or transmitted over as one or more instructions or code on a computer-readable medium. Computer-readable media includes both computer storage media and communication media including any medium that facilitates transfer of a computer program from one place to another. Computer-readable storage media may be any available media that can be accessed by a general purpose or special purpose computer. By way of example, and not limitation, such computer-readable media can comprise RAM, ROM, EEPROM, CD-ROM or other optical disk storage, magnetic disk storage or other magnetic storage devices, or any other medium that can be used to carry or store desired program code means in the form of instructions or data structures and that can be accessed by a general-purpose or special-purpose computer, or a general-purpose or special-purpose processor. Also, a connection may be properly termed a computer-readable medium. For example, if the software is transmitted from a website, server, or other remote source using a coaxial cable, fiber optic cable, twisted pair, or digital subscriber line (DSL), then the coaxial cable, fiber optic cable, twisted pair, or DSL, are included in the definition of medium. Disk and disc, as used herein, includes compact disc (CD), laser disc, optical disc, digital versatile disc (DVD), hard disk, solid state disk, and blu-ray disc where disks usually reproduce data magnetically, while discs reproduce data optically with lasers. Combinations of the above should also be included within the scope of computer-readable media. 
     As used herein, including in the claims, the term “and/or,” when used in a list of two or more items, means that any one of the listed items can be employed by itself, or any combination of two or more of the listed items can be employed. For example, if a composition is described as containing components A, B, and/or C, the composition can contain A alone; B alone; C alone; A and B in combination; A and C in combination; B and C in combination; or A, B, and C in combination. Also, as used herein, including in the claims, “or” as used in a list of items prefaced by “at least one of” indicates a disjunctive list such that, for example, a list of “at least one of A, B, or C” means A or B or C or AB or AC or BC or ABC (i.e., A and B and C) or any of these in any combination thereof. 
     The previous description of the disclosure is provided to enable any person skilled in the art to make or use the disclosure. Various modifications to the disclosure will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art, and the generic principles defined herein may be applied to other variations without departing from the spirit or scope of the disclosure. Thus, the disclosure is not intended to be limited to the examples and designs described herein but is to be accorded the widest scope consistent with the principles and novel features disclosed herein.