Patent Publication Number: US-2023158237-A1

Title: Devices and methods for overfilling drug containers

Description:
FIELD OF THE DISCLOSURE 
     Various embodiments of the present disclosure relate to devices and methods for overfilling primary packaging components. More specifically, particular embodiments of the present disclosure relate to devices and methods for overfilling syringes, including prefillable syringes. 
     INTRODUCTION 
     Primary packaging components, such as syringes, intravenous fluid containers, vials, and other drug containers, are specified to hold a maximum volume of formulated drug product or other fluid. For example, a syringe may be manufactured and sold with a nominal volume, or a maximum volume that the syringe has been tested to hold while still ensuring proper functioning of the syringe&#39;s stopper, plunger, and other parts, without compromising the contents or integrity of the stoppered syringe. In particular, a nominal volume of a prefillable syringe may be specified so as to ensure that the syringe, once filled, retains its integrity through various post-filling processes, such as packaging and shipment. In some situations, however, the nominal volume of a primary packaging component may be less than a desired volume of formulated drug substance for inclusion in the primary packaging component, due to, for example, a disparity between the nominal volume of the packaging and a desired dosage volume, or a lack of suitable larger packaging. 
     SUMMARY 
     The present disclosure relates to drug products, and methods of their preparation. In particular, the present disclosure relates to overfilling primary packaging components with formulated drug substances. 
     In an aspect of the present disclosure, there is provided a method of preparing a drug product, comprising introducing a volume of a formulated drug substance into a primary packaging component, wherein the volume of the formulated drug substance is greater than a nominal volume of the primary packaging component, and positioning a stopper within the primary packaging component, wherein positioning the stopper comprises applying a vacuum to the stopper. 
     In an embodiment, the primary packaging component is a syringe. In a further embodiment, the primary packaging component is a prefillable syringe. In a further embodiment, the primary packaging component is a prefillable syringe having a nominal volume of at least 1 mL. In yet another embodiment, the primary packaging component is a prefillable syringe, the nominal volume is 1 mL, and positioning the stopper within the primary packaging component includes inserting the stopper into a body of the syringe such that an end of the stopper closest to a flange of the syringe is between about 2.5 mm and about 5.0 mm away from the flange of the syringe. In another embodiment, applying the vacuum to the part of the primary packaging component includes subjecting the part of the primary packaging component to a pressure of between 70 and 75 mBar. 
     In one embodiment, the volume of the formulated drug substance is between 1.05 mL and 1.30 mL. In a further embodiment, the volume of the formulated drug substance is between about 110% and about 140% of the nominal volume of the primary packaging component. In another embodiment, the formulated drug substance is at least 0.05 mL greater than the nominal volume of the primary packaging component. In a further embodiment, the formulated drug substance comprises one of a protein, a nucleic acid, or a gene therapy medicament. In yet another embodiment, the formulated drug substance comprises an antibody and at least one excipient. In another embodiment, the formulated drug substance comprises an antibody solution, wherein the antibody is present in the solution at a concentration of at least 100 mg/mL. In a further embodiment, the formulated drug substances comprises an antibody, and has a viscosity of at least 5 cPoise. 
     In one embodiment, the method includes placing the primary packaging component into additional packaging. In another embodiment, the method may be repeated for each of a plurality of primary packaging components in a batch. For example, a batch of primary packaging components may comprise 80 prefilled syringes. 
     In a further aspect of the present disclosure, a drug product is prepared by one of the above-described methods. 
     In another aspect of the present disclosure, there is provided a method of preparing a drug product, comprising introducing a volume of a formulated drug substance into a prefillable syringe, the formulated drug substance comprising an antibody, wherein the volume of the formulated drug substance is greater than a nominal volume of the prefillable syringe, and stoppering the prefillable syringe using one of a vacuum stoppering process or a vacuum-assisted stoppering process. 
     In another aspect, there is provided a drug product, comprising a primary packaging component having a nominal volume, a volume of formulated drug substance in the primary packaging component, wherein the volume of formulated drug substance is greater than the nominal volume, and a stopper. In an embodiment of this aspect, the primary packaging component is a prefillable syringe. In a further embodiment, the prefillable syringe has a body and a flange surrounding an opening in the body, and a minimum distance between the flange and the stopper is at least 2.5 mm. In yet another embodiment, the nominal volume is 1 mL, and the volume of formulated drug substance is at least 1.05 mL. In another embodiment, the formulated drug substance comprises a protein, a nucleic acid, a blood component, a vaccine, an anti-allergenic, a gene therapy medicament, an antibiotic, a pain management medication, an anesthetic, and/or a hormone. In a further embodiment, the formulated drug substance comprises an antibody. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       The accompanying drawings, which are incorporated into and constitute a part of this specification, illustrate various exemplary embodiments and, together with the description, serve to explain the principles of the disclosed embodiments. The drawings show different aspects of the present disclosure and, where appropriate, reference numerals illustrating like structures, components, materials and/or elements in different figures are labeled similarly. It is understood that various combinations of the structures, components, and/or elements, other than those specifically shown, are contemplated and are within the scope of the present disclosure. 
       There are many inventions described and illustrated herein. The described inventions are neither limited to any single aspect nor embodiment thereof, nor to any combinations and/or permutations of such aspects and/or embodiments. Moreover, each of the aspects of the described inventions, and/or embodiments thereof, may be employed alone or in combination with one or more of the other aspects of the described inventions and/or embodiments thereof. For the sake of brevity, certain permutations and combinations are not discussed and/or illustrated separately herein. Notably, an embodiment or implementation described herein as “exemplary” is not to be construed as preferred or advantageous, for example, over other embodiments or implementations; rather, it is intended reflect or indicate the embodiment(s) is/are “example” embodiment(s). 
         FIGS.  1 A and  1 B  are graphs showing viscosities of exemplary antibody solutions as a function of antibody concentration, formulation, and temperature. 
         FIGS.  2 A and  2 B  are schematic drawings of components of an exemplary primary packaging component suitable for overfilling, according to the present disclosure. 
         FIG.  3 A  is a schematic drawing of an exemplary overfilled and stoppered primary packaging component, according to the present disclosure. 
         FIG.  3 B  is another schematic drawing of an exemplary overfilled and stoppered primary packaging component, according to the present disclosure. 
         FIGS.  3 C and  3 D  are partial schematic drawings of stoppered primary packaging components, according to the present disclosure. 
         FIG.  4    is a flow diagram of an exemplary method for overfilling a primary packaging component, according to the present disclosure. 
         FIGS.  5 A- 5 D  are schematic drawings of steps in an exemplary process of stoppering an overfilled primary packaging component. 
         FIGS.  6 A- 6 E  are schematic drawings of steps in another exemplary process of stoppering an overfilled primary packaging component. 
     
    
    
     As used herein, the terms “comprises,” “comprising,” “includes,” “including,” or any other variation thereof, are intended to cover a non-exclusive inclusion, such that a process, method, article, or apparatus that comprises a list of elements does not include only those elements, but may include other elements not expressly listed or inherent to such process, method, article, or apparatus. The term “exemplary” is used in the sense of “example,” rather than “ideal.” In addition, the terms “first,” “second,” and the like, herein do not denote any order, quantity, or importance, but rather are used to distinguish an element, a structure, a step or a process from another. Moreover, the terms “a” and “an” herein do not denote a limitation of quantity, but rather denote the presence of one or more of the referenced items. 
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     Embodiments of the present disclosure relate to systems and methods for overfilling primary packaging components. For example, embodiments of the present disclosure may relate to systems and methods for overfilling drug containers, such as syringes. More particularly, embodiments of the present disclosure may relate to, e.g., systems and methods for overfilling prefillable syringes (“PFS”) for packaging, sale, and commercial use. “Overfilling” in the context of the present disclosure refers to filling of a container with a larger volume of a substance than the nominal volume of the container, while still maintaining a desired level of safety and/or integrity as to the container and its contents. 
     The “nominal volume” (also called the “specified volume,” or “specified capacity”) of a container refers to the container&#39;s maximum capacity, as identified by the container&#39;s manufacturer or a safety standards organization. A manufacturer or a safety standards organization may specify a container&#39;s nominal volume to indicate that the container can be filled with that volume of fluid (either aseptically or not) and be closed, stoppered, sterilized, packaged, transported, and/or used while maintaining container closure integrity, and while maintaining the safety, sterility, and/or aseptic nature of the fluid contained inside. In determining the nominal volume of a container, a manufacturer or a safety standards organization may also take into account variability that occurs during normal filling, closing, stoppering, packaging, transportation, and administration procedures. As an example, a prefillable syringe may be either hand- or machine-filled with up to its nominal volume of fluid, and may then be either vent tube- or vacuum-stoppered, without the filling and stoppering machinery and tools touching and potentially contaminating the contents of the syringe. 
     Overfilling a container may include filling the container with more than its nominal volume of fluid. For example, overfilling a PFS having a nominal volume of 1 mL of fluid may include filling a barrel of the PFS with more than 1 mL of fluid and stoppering the PFS such that the stopper is unlikely to be moved, dislodged, or otherwise compromised during routine packaging, transport, or administration, as will be discussed in greater detail below. 
     The term “formulated drug substance” refers to a substance including a therapeutic ingredient (e.g., an active pharmaceutical ingredient such as a biologic or a traditional pharmaceutical chemical) and one or more excipients and diluents. The term “drug product,” as used herein, may refer to a volume of a formulated drug substance apportioned into a primary packaging component for packaging, transportation, delivery, and/or administration to a patient. 
     The term “primary packaging component” refers to a packaging component for a drug, such as a drug container, that is designed and manufactured to be in direct physical contact with the formulated drug substance. (See, for example, Guidance for Industry on Container Closure Systems for Packaging Human Drugs and Biologics, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Food and Drug Administration, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, and Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research (May 1999), which is incorporated by reference herein.) Examples of primary packaging components include prefillable syringes, Luer syringes, cartridges, and vials made of glass, plastic, and/or other materials. 
     It is generally desired that a primary packaging component in which a formulated drug substance is packaged (e.g., in an aseptic filling process or a non-aseptic filling process), sterilized, sold, and/or used be able to contain a suitable or desired amount of the formulated drug substance for use (such as, for example, a single dose of the formulated drug substance), while also being able to withstand packaging processes, transportation, and use while remaining secure and closed, maintaining structural integrity and sterility (e.g., aseptic conditions), remaining safe for handling by medical professionals, patients, and others, and protecting the formulated drug substance from risk of damage or unwanted alteration. Often, standardized or mass-produced packaging components may have standard or commonly-used nominal volumes, such as 0.5 mL, 1 mL, 1.5 mL, 2 mL, 2.25 mL, 2.5 mL, 3 mL, 5 mL, etc. The desired or suitable volume of a formulated drug substance, however, may vary beyond these quantities (e.g., volumes between 0.5 mL and 1 mL, 1 mL and 2 mL, or 2 mL and 3 mL), based on factors such as prescribed dosage amount, solubility of an active ingredient in a liquid dosage form, and other factors. For example, increasing the concentration of an active ingredient in a liquid dosage form may impact the short- and long-term stability and solubility of the active ingredient in solution. Increasing the concentration of some active ingredients (e.g., antibodies) may also increase the viscosity of the liquid to an undesirable level, such as a level that cannot easily be administered from a device (such as injection from a syringe) or that is unsuitable for a patient&#39;s body. For example,  FIGS.  1 A and  1 B  depict plots of the viscosity of two exemplary liquid antibody formulations. In particular,  FIG.  1 A  depicts a plot of the viscosities of four different formulations of an Antibody A as a function of antibody concentration.  FIG.  1 B  depicts a plot of the viscosities of a formulation of an Antibody B as a function of antibody concentration, at two different temperatures (20° C. and 25° C.). As shown in  FIGS.  1 A- 1 B , the viscosity of each formulation increases exponentially in relation to increases in antibody concentration. Thus, as demonstrated by these exemplary formulations, even slight increases to the concentration of an antibody in a composition may have a proportionally large effect (e.g., an exponentially larger effect) on the composition&#39;s viscosity and suitability for loading into a delivery device or administering to a patient. 
     In some cases, in order to deliver a desired dose, a volume of a formulated drug substance for inclusion in a drug product may be slightly more than the nominal volume of the drug product&#39;s primary packaging component (e.g., the desired volume of formulated drug substance may be 1.1 mL or 1.2 mL, and a drug product&#39;s primary packaging component may have a nominal volume of only 1 mL). This may occur for a variety of reasons. For example, research on an active ingredient may reveal that a particular dose of the active ingredient may be efficacious or beneficial for treatment of a disease state, but the particular dose may not be deliverable using only the nominal volume of a primary packaging component, because including that particular dose of active ingredient in a volume of liquid equal to the nominal volume of the primary packaging component might increase the viscosity of the drug product to an undesirable level (as described above). As another example, a concentration of a desired dose of active ingredient in a nominal volume of fluid may be too high to be safe or effective in treating a patient (i.e., a lower concentration is needed for safety, efficacy, or regulatory standards). Thus, it may be practicable, desirable, or necessary to add a higher volume of formulated drug substance into a drug product, beyond a nominal volume of the drug product&#39;s primary packaging component, instead of increasing the concentration of the active ingredient in the formulated drug substance and keeping the total volume of formulated drug substance in the drug product lower (i.e., at or below a nominal volume of the primary packaging component). 
     In addition, it may be desirable to fit more formulated drug substance into a primary packaging component with a nominal volume that is close to, but slightly less than, the desired volume of the formulated drug substance, instead of either using a single drug container having a larger nominal volume, or using two smaller drug containers having smaller nominal volumes. For example, it may be desirable to package 1.2 mL of a formulated drug substance in a single primary packaging component having a nominal volume of 1.0 mL, instead of a primary packaging component having a nominal volume of 1.5 mL or 2.0 mL, or splitting the 1.2 mL of formulated drug substance in between two primary packaging components each having a nominal volume of 1.0 mL. This may be for a number of reasons. For example:
         A primary packaging component with a nominal volume that is the exact same as, or larger than, a desired volume of formulated drug substance for inclusion in a drug product may not be readily available. For example, a particular type of syringe, such as a ready-to-fill syringe or a staked needle syringe, may not be available in sizes having nominal volumes equal to or larger than a desired volume of a formulated drug substance. In particular, some types of primary packaging components historically have been produced with limited small nominal volumes. For example, some types of syringes have historically been produced with nominal volumes of 1 mL or less. Manufacturing tooling, packaging, sterilization equipment and processes, and delivery devices (e.g., autoinjectors) for these syringes, likewise may have been be designed for a limited range of syringe sizes.   In some cases, a regulatory administration (such as the U.S. Food and Drug Administration) may clear delivery of a drug in a particular size of primary packaging component, but not in other sizes of primary packaging components.   Using a primary packaging component with a nominal volume larger than the desired volume of the formulated drug substance may result in too much “dead” or empty air space within the packaging, which in turn may result in unwanted exposure of the formulated drug substance to air, unwanted agitation and creation of bubbles in the packaging, and/or other complications;   Using a primary packaging component with a nominal volume larger than the desired volume of the formulated drug substance may result in higher packing and shipment costs;   A drug product designed to be portable may become less portable if it is in a packaging component having a larger size than is necessary;   Patients who self-administer a parenteral drug product may be more averse to injecting themselves with a larger syringe than a smaller one;   Drug products designed to be administered multiple times (e.g., on a twice-daily schedule) may result in lower patient compliance as compared to drug products designed to be administered fewer times, such as once daily;   A primary packaging component designed to function with other devices (e.g., a secondary packaging component, such as an auto-injector, a pen, a needle cover, or a safety device) may be less compatible with those devices if it changes in size; and/or   Primary packaging components with nominal volumes slightly smaller than the desired volume of formulated drug substance may be less expensive or more readily available at the time that filling is taking place.       

     For any or all of these reasons, it may be desirable to deliver an increased volume of a formulated drug substance in a primary packaging component (such as a syringe) with a smaller nominal volume, e.g., to allow for an increase in active ingredient dosage, while maintaining tolerable viscosity levels, without necessitating the use of new manufacturing, tooling, packaging, sterilization, and/or delivery processes and/or devices (or even new regulatory clearances). 
     Several consequences of overfilling primary packaging components may, however, affect the safety, efficacy, efficiency, sterility, and other aspects of the primary packaging components and/or the drug substances contained therein. For example, added volume of formulated drug substance in a primary packaging component (e.g., a syringe) may affect the extent to which the primary packaging component may be securely stoppered and handled during packaging, shipping, delivery, and administration. 
     Systems and methods disclosed herein may advantageously be used to successfully overfill primary packaging components, such that the packaging components are filled with a volume of a formulated drug substance greater than their nominal volume, while maintaining desired closure and integrity of the primary packaging components and their contents. Specifically, systems and methods disclosed herein may advantageously be used in successfully overfilling PFS. For example, systems and methods disclosed herein may be used in successfully overfilling PFS with a variety of liquid or fluid formulated drug substances for parenteral administration, including formulated drug substances having active ingredients such as antibodies, vaccines, antibiotics, pain management medications, anesthetics, hormones, proteins, small molecules, and any other liquid or fluid formulated drug substances. While aspects of the present disclosure are described in terms of overfilling a PFS with a liquid, it is to be understood that the systems and methods disclosed herein may apply to overfilling a variety of primary packaging components with a variety of types of fluids. In addition, though the present disclosure makes reference to overfilling a PFS with a formulated drug substance including a biologic (e.g., an antibody such as a human monoclonal antibody, a glycosylated protein or other protein, a nucleic acid, a gene therapy medicament, or post-translational molecule), those of ordinary skill in the art will readily recognize that aspects of the present disclosure contemplate overfilling a PFS with any formulated drug substance, such as one including any blood component, vaccine, anti-allergenic, antibiotic, pain management medication, anesthetic, hormone, and/or small molecule. 
       FIG.  2 A  depicts in schematic form an exemplary staked syringe  100 , which may be overfilled according to the present disclosure. Parts of syringe  100  are depicted in cross-sectional form. Syringe  100  may include a body  102 , which may have a flange  104  surrounding an opening at a proximal end of the syringe  100  and a passage  106  leading to a needle  110 , at a distal end of the syringe  100 . Needle  110  may be covered by a sheath  108 . Syringe  100  may also include a cap  120 , which may cover the needle  110 . Cap  120  may include a grip  122  and a reinforced tip  124 . 
     Syringe  100  may be any type of syringe having a nominal volume for parenteral administration of a formulated drug substance, such as a standard syringe or a long syringe. For example, syringe  100  may be a PFS suitable for sterilizing, pre-filling, packaging, shipping, and single-use administration. Syringe  100  may be made of any suitable material or combination of materials, such as, for example, glass, plastic, and/or metal. Syringe  100  may have any nominal volume, such as, for example, 0.3 mL, 0.5 mL, 1 mL, 1.5 mL, 2 mL, 2.25 mL, 2.5 mL, 3 mL, 5 mL, or any other nominal volume. For example, syringe  100  may be an Ompi EZ-fill® syringe, a Gerresheimer ready-to-fill syringe, a BD Hypak SCF™ syringe, or other bulk-processed ready-to-fill or prefillable syringe. Syringe  100 , however, may have capacity to physically hold more than its nominal volume in fluid. In some embodiments, syringe  100  may be a multi-use syringe. In some embodiments, syringe  100  may be suitable for loading into an auto-injector. 
     Body  102  of syringe  100  may be configured to hold at least the nominal volume of syringe  100  in fluid. Body  102  may be cylindrical, or may have any other suitable shape, such as an elliptic cylinder or a rectangular prism. Body  102  may be made of any suitable material for holding a formulated drug substance, such as glass, plastic, metal, and/or silicone. Body  102  may also have a wall thickness suitable for maintaining integrity through various handling procedures, such as sterilization, filling, stoppering, packaging, shipment, and/or use. Body  102  may have an opening  101  at its proximal end, through which a fluid and a stopper assembly (e.g., stopper assembly  150  depicted in  FIG.  2 B ) may be introduced into an interior  107  of body  102 . Interior  107  may have a substantially constant cross-sectional size and shape throughout body  102 , such that, for example, a stopper may remain in contact with an interior surface of the walls of body  102  while being moved through interior  107 . In some embodiments, body  102  may be transparent, such that any contents placed within body  102  may be visible through the walls of body  102 . 
     Flange  104  may surround opening  101  at the proximal end of body  102 . Flange  104  may have a proximal side  103  and a distal side  105 . In some embodiments, flange  104  may be configured to allow for grip around distal side  105  (for example, a finger grip or a mechanical grip), and/or for a plunger flange (e.g., plunger flange  154  depicted in  FIG.  2 B ) to rest against proximal side  103  when a plunger is pushed fully into body  102 . Depending on the length of plunger rod  152 , flange  104  may serve to limit an insertion distance of plunger  150  into body  107 . Flange  104  may have an oval profile, a circular profile, or may be a clipped flange. 
     Passage  106  may connect body  102  with needle  110 . In some embodiments, passage  106  may be substantially narrower than interior  107 , so as to reduce the volume or flow of fluid that may be pushed toward needle  110 . Needle  110  may be fluidly connected to passage  106 , such that fluid may pass from body  102 , through passage  106  and through needle  110 . The connection between needle  110  and passage  106  may be any suitable connection known in the art. Needle  110  may have an opening (not pictured) in or near its distal end, through which fluid may be ejected. Needle  110  may be of any suitable biocompatible material for injection into tissue, such as stainless steel, titanium, or any other metal. Sheath  108  may cover needle  110  in order to, for example, protect the tip of needle  110  and/or prevent fluid from leaking out of needle  110 . 
     Cap  120  may be sized and configured to cover needle  110  and secure to body  102  and/or sheath  108 . Cap  120  may be made of any material suitable to protect needle  110 , such as, for example, rubber, glass, plastic, thermoplastic elastomer, other polymer, metal, or combination of such materials. Cap  120  may be securable to body  102  in any known removable manner, such as by a threaded connection, or other interlocking connection. Cap  120  may include, for example, a grip  122  to allow for ease of removal of cap  120 . 
       FIG.  2 B  depicts in schematic form an exemplary stopper assembly  150 . Stopper assembly  150  may include a plunger rod  152  and plunger flange  154 . Stopper assembly  150  may also include a stopper  156  (depicted in cross-sectional form), which may be connected to plunger rod  152  via a connector  158 . Stopper  156  may also include circumferential ribbing  160 , one or more protrusions  162 , and a top  164 . 
     Stopper assembly  150  may be compatible (e.g., appropriately sized) with syringe  100 , such that plunger rod  152  and stopper  156  fit snugly into body  102  of syringe  100 . Plunger rod  152  and stopper  156  may also be compatible with one another, such that stopper  156  may be securely joined to plunger rod  152  via, for example, connector  158 . In some embodiments, plunger rod  152  and stopper  156  may be manufactured specifically to be compatible with one another. For example, if syringe  100  is a 1 mL syringe (e.g., either a standard or long syringe), then plunger rod  152  may be a corresponding 1 mL plunger rod, and stopper  156  may be a corresponding 1 mL stopper, such as a fluoropolymer-coated stopper. In some embodiments, stopper  156  may be manufactured to be insertable into interior  107  of body  102  before being connected to plunger rod  152 , after which plunger rod  152  may be connected into the inserted stopper  156  by connector  158 . In embodiments where connector  158  is a screw connector, for example, stopper  156  may have a cavity that is threaded in a manner complementary to a helical screw shape of connector  158 , into which connector  158  may be screwed. 
     Plunger rod  152  may be sized and configured to pull and push stopper  156  through interior  107  of body  102 , once connected to stopper  156  via connecter  158 . Plunger rod  152  may thus be made of any material suitable to withstand the force necessary to move stopper  156  through interior  107  of body  102 . For example, plunger rod  152  may be made of metal, glass, plastic, other polymer, or a combination thereof. Stopper  156  may likewise be sized and configured to fit snugly within interior  107 . For example, if interior  107  has a substantially constant circular cross section (i.e., if body  102  is cylindrical), stopper  156  may likewise have a circular cross section with a diameter designed to fit snugly within a diameter of interior  107 . Stopper  156  may be made of any suitable material known in the art, such as, for example, rubber, plastic, silicone, or thermoplastic elastomer. In some embodiments, stopper  156  may be coated with a material that reduces interaction between the material of stopper  156  and a formulated drug substance housed within body  102 . For example, stopper  156  may be coated in a Teflon or fluoropolymer film, or in a bonded silicone oil. Additionally, stopper  156  may have circumferential ribbing  160  and/or one or more protrusions  162 , which may be configured to increase a seal between stopper  156  and body  102 , without preventing movability of stopper  156  in body  102 . 
       FIG.  3 A  depicts in schematic form a filled and stoppered syringe assembly  200 , including stopper assembly  150  inserted into syringe  100 , such that stopper  156  and a part of plunger rod  152  are inside body  102  to where top  164  of stopper  156  is inserted past distal side  105  of flange  104  by a distance A. Syringe assembly  200  is filled with a formulated drug substance  202 . 
     Formulated drug substance  202  may be any fluid formulated drug substance suitable for packaging within syringe assembly  200 . For example, formulated drug substance  202  may be any fluid suitable for parenteral administration through needle  110 . Formulated drug substance  202  may be, for example, a liquid, a gel, or a suspension. In some embodiments, formulated drug substance  202  may include an active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) in a liquid or gel solution. Such an API may be any suitable API for therapeutic administration, such as a protein (e.g., an antibody such as a human monoclonal antibody, a glycosylated protein, or other protein), a nucleic acid, a gene therapy medicament, an antibiotic, a pain management medication, an anesthetic, a hormone, or other large- or small-molecule API. 
     In some embodiments, a volume of formulated drug substance  202  introduced into syringe  100  may be greater than a nominal volume of syringe  100 . For example, in some embodiments, a volume of formulated drug substance  202  may be at least about 3% greater than a nominal volume of syringe  100 . In some embodiments, a volume of formulated drug substance  202  may be between about 3% and about 40% greater than a nominal volume of syringe  100 . In some embodiments, a volume of formulated drug substance  202  may be between about 3% and about 30%, between about 12% and about 25%, or between about 14% and about 25% greater than a nominal volume of syringe  100 . In some embodiments, a volume of formulated drug substance  202  may be about 3%, 4%, 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9%, 10%, 11%, 12%, 13%, 14%, 15%, 16%, 17%, 18%, 19%, 20%, 21%, 22%, 23%, 24%, 25%, 26%, 27%, 28%, 29%, or 30% greater than a nominal volume of syringe  100 . In further embodiments, a volume of formulated drug substance  202  may be between about 0.1 mL and 0.3 mL greater than a nominal volume of syringe  100 . For example, in a syringe having a nominal volume of 1 mL, a volume of formulated drug substance  202  may be between about 1.09 mL and 1.30 mL, such as between about 1.10 mL and 1.27 mL, 1.10 mL and 1.25 mL, or 1.10 mL and 1.15 mL, such as 1.09 mL, 1.10 mL, 1.11 mL, 1.12 mL, 1.13 mL, 1.14 mL, 1.15 mL, 1.16 mL, 1.17 mL, 1.18 mL, 1.19 mL, 1.20 mL, 1.21 mL, 1.22 mL, 1.23 mL, 1.24 mL, 1.25 mL, 1.26 mL, or 1.27 mL. As another example, in a syringe having a nominal volume of 2 mL, a volume of formulated drug substance  202  may be between about 2.09 mL and 2.30 mL, such as between about 2.10 mL and 2.25 mL, 2.10 mL and 2.20 mL, or 2.10 mL and 2.15 mL, such as 2.09 mL, 2.10 mL, 2.11 mL, 2.12 mL, 2.13 mL, 2.14 mL, 2.15 mL, 2.16 mL, 2.17 mL, 2.18 mL, 2.19 mL, or 2.20 mL. In some embodiments, a volume of formulated drug substance  202  may be greater than a nominal volume of syringe  100  but less than 140%, 130%, or 120% of the nominal volume of syringe  100 . 
     In some embodiments, the volume of formulated drug substance  202  introduced into syringe  100  may be slightly greater than the volume of formulated drug substance  202  that may be expelled from syringe  100  through needle  110 , due to “dead volume,” e.g., volume that remains trapped in passage  106  (and/or needle  110 ) after stopper assembly  150  has been fully pushed through body  102 . For example, in a syringe having a nominal volume of 1 mL, a fill volume of formulated drug substance  202  may be 1.19 mL, but a potential expulsion volume, or administered volume, of formulated drug substance  202  through needle  110  may be about 1.14 mL. In further embodiments, the volume of formulated drug substance  202  introduced into syringe  100  may be greater than the combination of the target volume of formulated drug substance  202  and the dead volume of syringe  100 . Additionally, in some embodiments, a target volume of formulated drug substance  202  introduced into syringe  100  may be slightly greater than the target volume of formulated drug substance  202  to be expelled through needle  110 , in order to account for variability in filling processes and to guarantee that a minimum amount of formulated drug substance  202  is delivered. 
     In some embodiments, no air space exists in interior  107  of body  102  after formulated drug substance  202  has been added and stopper  156  has been housed within body  102 . In further embodiments, some such air space may exist. For example, in a syringe having a nominal volume of 1 mL, such air space, as measured from any point on the bottom of stopper  156  to any point on a dose line of formulated drug substance  202 , may be between about 0.01 mm and about 1 mm. In some embodiments, the existing air space may be relatively small such that an air bubble only may be visible if body  102  is turned on its side, as shown by air bubble  170  in  FIG.  3 B . In some embodiments, the existing air space may account for between about 5 μL and 250 μL of fluid volume, such as 150 μL of fluid volume. 
     Distance A may be a distance from the distal side  105  of flange  104  to top  164  of stopper  156 , or from opening  101  at the proximal end of body  102 , to top  164  of stopper  156 . In some embodiments, distance A may be greater than 0, such that the entirety of stopper  156  is housed within body  102 . This may ensure that formulated drug substance  202  is fully sealed within body  102 . In further embodiments, distance A may be greater than an experimentally-determined threshold. For example, in some syringes having a nominal volume of 1 mL, distance A may be at least about 1 mm. In some embodiments, distance A may be at least about 1.5 mm, 2 mm, 2.5 mm, at least about 2.56 mm, at least about 2.57 mm, at least about 3 mm, at least about 3.5 mm, at least about 4 mm, at least about 4.5 mm, at least about 5.0 mm, or at least about 5.5 mm. 
     In some embodiments, distance A may be experimentally determined in part based on an extent to which plunger rod  152  may be able to tilt relative to a longitudinal axis of body  102  in syringe assembly  200 . This may be to prevent excess tilting of plunger rod  152  from dislodging stopper  156 , thus breaking a sterile seal between stopper  156  and body  102 , or otherwise compromise integrity of stopper  156 , body  102 , and/or syringe assembly  200  (e.g., during packaging, transportation, unpacking, or use of syringe assembly  200 ). In some embodiments, distance A may be large enough such that any tilting of plunger rod  152  is limited by contact with the wall of body  102 , to less than a given angle relative to a longitudinal axis of body  102 . 
       FIGS.  3 C and  3 D  depict alternative placements of stopper  156  in interior  107  of body  102 . In  FIG.  3 C , distance A is too small, because plunger rod  152  may tilt to such an extent (e.g., angle a) that stopper  156  may pull away from the wall of body  102  or may be dislodged from the syringe, thus compromising the integrity of stopper  156  and sterility of stopper  156 , syringe  102 , and formulated drug substance  202 . In  FIG.  3 D , distance A is adequate, such that tilting of plunger rod  152  is limited by the walls of body  102  (e.g., to an angle b) and is not sufficient to allow stopper  156  to pull away from the wall of body  102  and become dislodged or otherwise compromised. In some embodiments, with certain syringes having a nominal volume of 1 mL, for example, angle b may be no greater than, e.g., 20°, 15°, 12°, or 10°. 
     An overfilled and stoppered primary packaging component, such as an overfilled and stoppered syringe, may be achieved by a variety of methods. Additionally, a variety of methods may be used in order to package an overfilled and stoppered drug container. 
       FIG.  4    depicts a flow diagram of steps in a method  300  for overfilling a primary packaging component, such as a drug container. According to step  302 , a formulated drug substance may be prepared. According to step  304 , a drug container having specifications for holding a nominal volume may be prepared. According to step  306 , the drug container may be filled with a volume of formulated drug substance, where the fill volume is greater than the nominal volume. According to step  308 , the drug container may be stoppered. According to step  310 , the drug container may be packaged. 
     According to step  302 , a formulated drug substance may be prepared. Depending on the formulated drug substance being used (e.g., formulated drug substance  202  depicted in  FIGS.  3 A and  3 B ), a variety of preparations may be appropriate. For example, an API may be prepared in a fluid (e.g., liquid or gel) solution suitable for administration to a patient. In some embodiments, an API may be thus prepared so as to avoid precipitation of the API out of solution. As a further example, a pre-made, frozen, and stored formulated drug substance may be removed from storage and thawed to an appropriate temperature for filling, such as room temperature. As another example, a drug substance may be diluted by various excipients and/or buffers to arrive at a formulated drug substance. As yet a further example, a formulated drug substance may be filtered through a filtration system, e.g., to ensure sterility, prior to filling of the drug container. Filtering the formulated drug substance through a filtration system may include one or more of thawing, pooling, mixing, equilibrating temperature of, filtering, and/or transferring the formulated drug substance. 
     According to step  304 , a drug container having a nominal volume may be prepared. For example, syringe assembly  200  depicted in  FIGS.  3 A and  3 B  may be disassembled such that syringe  100  is separated from stopper assembly  150 . In some embodiments, the drug container may be assembled, removed from packaging, cleaned, or sterilized. In some embodiments, the drug container may be loaded into a filling machine suitable for automatically filling the drug container with a volume of formulated drug substance. As has been previously described with respect to syringe  100  depicted in  FIG.  2 A , the drug container may have any nominal volume. In some embodiments, multiple drug containers may be assembled and sterilized in bulk, e.g., in batches of 80, 100, 160, 200, or more drug containers. 
     According to step  306 , the drug container may be filled with a volume of the formulated drug substance, where the volume is greater than the nominal volume of the drug container. This filling step may be accomplished by, for example, a machine filling process using an automatic filling machine, using a semi-automatic filling machine, or may be accomplished manually. In some embodiments, the drug container may be filled under vacuum, to prevent volume within the drug container from being taken up by air pockets or bubbles. In some embodiments, multiple drug containers may be filled in bulk, using, e.g., an automated fill finish process. For example, batches of 80, 100, 160, 200, or more drug containers may be filled as part of an automated fill process. In some embodiments, the drug container may be filled in aseptic conditions. The volume of prepared formulated drug substance may be any amount that is greater than the nominal volume. For example, the volume of prepared formulated drug substance may be at least about 10% greater than the nominal volume, or may be any other amount greater than the nominal volume, as has been described with respect to formulated drug substance  202  in syringe assembly  200 . 
     According to step  308 , the drug container may be stoppered. Stoppering includes ensuring the proper placement of a stoppering element with respect to the rest of the drug container. For example, with respect to syringe assembly  200 , stoppering may include ensuring that the top  164  of stopper  156  has at least passed the distal side  105  of flange  104  of body  102 , such that stopper  156  is fully within interior  107  of body  102 . In some embodiments, stoppering may include ensuring that the top  164  of stopper  156  is inserted at least a desired distance past distal side  105  of flange  104 , as has been previously described with respect to syringe assembly  200 . 
     Stoppering according to step  308  may include a vacuum stoppering process, as depicted in  FIGS.  5 A- 5 D , or a vacuum-assisted stoppering processes, as depicted in  FIGS.  6 A- 6 E . In such embodiments, a vacuum may be applied during stoppering, to prevent or reduce trapping of air in interior  107  of body  102  and to promote insertion of the stopper as far into interior  107  of body  102  as possible. Vacuum stoppering or vacuum-assisted stoppering may promote overfilling of syringe  100 , because a vacuum may facilitate replacing air that would normally be trapped in interior  107  of body  102  with additional volume of formulated drug substance  202 . A vacuum stoppering process, for example, will allow a stopper to be drawn close to the fluid in the drug container without mechanical stoppering parts coming into contact with the fluid, and without undesirable deformation (e.g., wrinkling or tearing) of a stopper. For these reasons, a vacuum stoppering process or a vacuum-assisted stoppering process may be preferable to, e.g., a mechanical stoppering process, which may not provide these benefits. In other embodiments, stoppering according to step  308  may be accomplished by any other method known in the art. 
       FIGS.  5 A- 5 D  depict one exemplary vacuum stoppering process. In this vacuum stoppering process, a vacuum is applied to the distal side of the drug container, and the stopper is drawn into the container by the vacuum. As depicted in  FIGS.  5 A- 5 D , vacuum housing  502  includes a gasket  504 , which may surround vacuum housing  502 , and a vacuum conduit  506 . Vacuum housing  502  may be sized to hold stopper  156 , and may have a diameter comparable to a diameter of syringe body  102 . Formulated drug substance  202  may have been introduced into syringe body  202 . As depicted in  FIG.  5 A , stopper  156  may be introduced into vacuum housing  502  with the assistance of an insertion rod  508 , which may fit into a cavity  157  of stopper  156 . As depicted in  FIG.  5 B , vacuum housing  502 , holding stopper  156 , may be positioned over syringe body  102 , such that gasket  504  is in contact with flange  104  of syringe body  102 . Gasket  504  may create a seal between vacuum housing  502  and flange  104  of body  102 . A vacuum may be applied to the sealed area beneath stopper  156  (i.e., interior  107  of body  102 ), via vacuum conduit  506 . The vacuum, with the aid of insertion rod  508 , allows stopper  156  to be drawn down out of vacuum housing  502  and into body  102 , as depicted in  FIG.  5 C . The vacuum may aid in ensuring that stopper  156  is placed as close to formulated drug substance  202  as possible. Finally, as depicted in  FIG.  5 D , vacuum housing  502  may be removed. 
       FIGS.  6 A- 6 E  depict one exemplary vacuum-assisted stoppering process. In this vacuum-assisted stoppering process, a vacuum is applied to the drug container, and a stopper insertion tube is used to compress the stopper and insert the stopper into the drug container, assisted by the vacuum-created suction. As depicted in  FIGS.  6 A- 6 E , stopper insertion tube  602  includes a gasket  604 , which may surround stopper insertion tube  602 , and a vacuum conduit  606 . All or part of stopper insertion tube  602  may be sized to hold stopper  156  in a slightly compressed configuration, and may fit within syringe body  102 , into which formulated drug substance  202  has been introduced. As depicted in  FIG.  6 A , stopper  156  may be introduced into stopper insertion tube  602  with the assistance of an insertion rod  608 , which may fit into a cavity  157  of stopper  156 . As depicted in  FIG.  6 B , stopper insertion tube  602 , holding stopper  156 , may be introduced into interior  107  of syringe body  102 . Gasket  604  may create a seal between insertion tube  602  and flange  104  of body  102 . A vacuum may be applied to the sealed area beneath stopper  156 , via vacuum conduit  606 . As depicted in  FIG.  6 C , insertion rod  608  may be used move stopper  156  through insertion tube  602 . The vacuum may assist in further drawing stopper  156  into body  102 , such that it is close to formulated drug substance  202 . As depicted in  FIG.  6 D , insertion tube  602  may be removed. Insertion rod  608  may assist in holding stopper  156  in place, such that stopper  156  remains and expands to fit within body  102 . As shown in  FIG.  6 E , insertion rod  608  may be removed. In some embodiments, insertion rod  608  may be removed prior to removal of insertion tube  602 , and a vacuum may continue to be applied through insertion tube  602  to draw stopper  156  into body  102  after removal of insertion rod  608 . 
     Using a vacuum or vacuum-assisted stoppering process to draw the stopper into the container may reduce the likelihood that mechanical stoppering elements touch the formulated drug substance within the container, thus preserving the sterility of the formulated drug substance. 
     In some embodiments, as depicted in  FIGS.  5 A- 5 D and  6 A- 6 E , the stoppering element (e.g., stopper  156 ) may be inserted or drawn into interior  107  of body  102  using a vacuum or vacuum-assisted stoppering process without having a plunger rod (e.g., plunger rod  152 ) attached. The plunger rod may be connected to the stopper (e.g., via cavity  157 ) after stoppering is complete. 
     According to step  310 , the drug container may be packaged. Packaging may include, for example, enclosing the entire stoppered drug container in a secondary packaging component (i.e., packaging not in direct contact with the formulated drug substance), such as plastic packaging suitable for shipment of the drug container. Step  310  may also or alternately include applying one or more seals and/or labels to the stoppered drug container or its packaging. In some embodiments, little or no packaging (beyond the drug container) may be necessary. 
     The stoppered and packaged drug containers may be stored, shipped, and/or used as desired. In some embodiments, the drug containers may be pre-sterilized and filled and stoppered via an aseptic filling process. In further embodiments, the packaged drug container may be “terminally” sterilized. Terminal sterilization may be performed by any method known in the art that does not negatively affect the stoppered drug container by, for example, moving the stopper of the drug container (e.g., stopper  156  in syringe assembly  200 ) so as to expose the formulated drug substance within the drug container (e.g., formulated drug substance  202  within syringe assembly  200 ) to a non-sterile environment, or cause the formulated drug substance to leak. Additionally, terminal sterilization may be performed by any method known in the art that does not (i) expose the stoppered drug container and its contents to temperatures and/or pressures that may adversely affect the container or the formulated drug substance inside, or (ii) result in leaching of sterilant residuals from the stopper  156 . For example, terminali sterilization may be accomplished by vaporized hydrogen peroxide sterilization processes, such as those disclosed in U.S. Patent Application Nos. 62/477,030, filed on Mar. 27, 2017, and 62/472,067, filed on Mar. 17, 2017, which are incorporated by reference herein. Terminal sterilization may also be accomplished by, for example, other processes using vaporized hydrogen peroxide, ethylene oxide (EO) sterilization, radiation, steam, or nitrogen dioxide (NO 2 ), gamma radiation sterilization, electron beam sterilization, or other processes known in the art. 
     In some embodiments, any or all of the above-described steps and phases may be executed manually, automatically by various preparation, filling, and stoppering machines and methods known in the art, or by a combination of manual and automatic actions. In some embodiments, any or all of the above-described steps and phases may be executed on one or more batches of drug containers. A batch may include, for example, a plurality of the same drug containers that may be prepared, overfilled, stoppered, etc. in a group. For example, a batch of prefillable syringes may include 10, 50, 80, 150, 160, 200, 1,000, 10,000, 20,000, 50,000, 100,000 or more prefillable syringes. In addition, any of the aforementioned steps of method  300  may be omitted or combined with another step. Furthermore, although some of the above-described steps and phases may be described with regard to drug containers or, more specifically, syringes, it is to be understood that the steps disclosed herein may be applied to a variety of primary packaging components. Moreover, one or more of the aforementioned steps may be performed out of the order depicted in  FIG.  4   . 
     EXAMPLES 
     Example 1 
     The theoretical feasibility of overfilling a syringe was determined as follows. A 1 mL BD Hypak Physiolys SCF™ low tungsten syringe (Beckton Dickinson Medical) was analyzed in order to determine if it could be filled with 1.15 mL or 1.10 mL administered drug volume when paired with a 1 mL BD Hypak PS Flurotec plunger stopper and a 1 mL BD Hypak 21510 PR C Plunger Rod (Beckton Dickinson Medical). 
     First, the theoretical fill volumes required to achieve administered drug volumes of 1.15 mL and 1.10 mL were determined. Theoretical lost volumes (e.g., dead volumes, or volumes remaining in the syringe after expulsion of as much volume as possible, and potential negative deviations from desired volumes based on variability in fill processes) were determined based on measurements from drawings of the syringe, calculated fill heights of the desired administered drug volume, and in-process control (IPC) capabilities. These theoretical lost volumes were calculated to be as follows: 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
               
             
               
                   
                 TABLE 1 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Parameter 
                 Nominal case 
                 Worst case 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Volume lost due to needle 
                 0.003 mL 
                 0.005 
                 mL 
               
               
                   
                 droplet 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Volume lost due to syringe 
                 0.006 mL 
                 0.010 
                 mL 
               
               
                   
                 dead volume 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 IPC capabilities 
                 0.008 mL 
                 0.012-0.014 
                 mL 
               
               
                   
                 Filling process capabilities 
                 0.006 mL 
                 0.008 
                 mL 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     By adding these theoretical values to theoretical administered drug volumes of 1.15 mL and 1.10 mL, it was determined that in a nominal case the theoretical fill volume required to achieve an administered drug volume of 1.15 mL was 1.173 mL and the theoretical fill volume required to achieve an administered drug volume of 1.10 mL was 1.123 mL. In a worst case, the theoretical fill volume required to achieve an administered drug volume of 1.15 mL was determined to be 1.187 mL and the theoretical fill volume required to achieve an administered drug volume of 1.10 mL was determined to be 1.137 mL. 
     Next, these volumes were converted to “drug heights” within theoretical filled syringes using the dimensions of the syringes. The drug heights were then combined with the dimensions of the syringes and stopper assemblies to determine theoretical stopper positions in syringes filled with the desired theoretical fill volumes. “Stopper position” refers to the distance between the top of the stopper in a filled syringe and the distal side of the syringe flange (e.g. distance A in  FIGS.  3 A- 3 D  of the present disclosure). A bubble height in each syringe was also taken into consideration. “Bubble height” refers to the distance between the fill line of the formulated drug substance in a filled syringe and the bottom of the stopper. It was first determined that, without overfilling, the stopper height would be 7.65+/−0.4 mm and the bubble height would be at 4 mm+/−1 mm. These values indicated that there would be no undesirable stopper compression, which could result in wrinkling, cracking, and/or failure to pass visual inspection, during insertion of the stopper into the syringe. Stopper heights for the desired overfill administered drug volumes (ADV) of 1.15 mL and 1.10 mL, assuming a fixed bubble height of 4.0 mm, were then calculated assuming nominal and worst case scenarios, and the above determined theoretical fill volumes, as follows: 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
                 TABLE 2 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 Nominal case 
                 Worst case 
                 Nominal case 
                 Worst case 
               
               
                   
                   
                 1.15 mL ADV 
                 1.15 mL ADV 
                 1.10 mL 
                 1.10 mL 
               
               
                 Parameter 
                 Origin 
                 (mm) 
                 (mm) 
                 ADV (mm) 
                 ADV (mm) 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Body interior 
                 Drawing 
                 54.00 
                 53.50 
                 54.00 
                 53.50 
               
               
                 length 
                 of syringe 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Drug height 
                 Calculated 
                 37.04 
                 38.69 
                 35.46 
                 37.06 
               
               
                 Stopper 
                 Calculated 
                 7.85 
                 8.25 
                 7.85 
                 8.25 
               
               
                 height 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Body flange 
                 Drawing 
                 1.90 
                 1.90 
                 1.90 
                 1.90 
               
               
                 thickness 
                 of syringe 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Bubble 
                 Fixed 
                 4.00 
                 4.00 
                 4.00 
                 4.00 
               
               
                 height 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Stopper 
                 Calculated 
                 5.11 
                 2.56 
                 6.69 
                 4.19 
               
               
                 position 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Next, it was determined that, in the filled and stoppered syringe being tested, the stopper was required to be a certain distance below the flange of the syringe in order to restrict the plunger rod of the stopper assembly from tilting far enough to deform the stopper, to an extent that could potentially compromise the integrity of the seal formed by the stopper. It was determined that the stopper would not deform to such an extent if the plunger rod was prevented from tilting at an angle of greater than 12° relative to a longitudinal axis of the syringe body. Based on provided dimensions of the syringe, stopper, and plunger, this length was determined to be 3.0 mm, with a tolerance of +/−0.5 mm. Thus, it was determined that at least a 2.5 mm distance, and more specifically a 3.0 mm+/−0.5 mm minimum distance, should be maintained between the top of the stopper in the filled syringe and the distal side of the syringe flange (e.g., distance A as illustrated in  FIGS.  3 A- 3 D ). 
     Finally, it was determined that because the desired theoretical drug heights and stopper positions were not changeable in order to achieve an overfilled syringe without losing integrity of the stopper within the syringe body, the bubble height of 4.00 mm would theoretically be decreased. Using the worst case scenario drug heights and stopper positions, the bubble height for desired 1.15 mL ADV and 1.10 mL ADV were calculated as follows: 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
               
             
               
                   
                 TABLE 3 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 Worst case 
                 Worst case 
               
               
                   
                   
                 1.15 mL ADV 
                 1.10 mL ADV 
               
               
                   
                 Parameter 
                 (mm) 
                 (mm) 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
                 Body interior 
                 53.50 
                 53.50 
               
               
                   
                 length 
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Drug fill volume 
                 1.173 mL 
                 1.123 mL 
               
               
                   
                 Drug height 
                 38.69 
                 37.06 
               
               
                   
                 Stopper height 
                  8.25 
                  8.25 
               
               
                   
                 Body flange 
                  1.90 
                  1.90 
               
               
                   
                 thickness 
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Stopper position 
                 3.00 +/− 0.5 
                 3.00 +/− 0.5 
               
               
                   
                 Bubble height 
                 1.66 +/− 0.5 
                 3.29 +/− 0.5 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Example 2 
     A plurality of PFS were overfilled by machine as follows. Five formulated substances (87.7 mg/mL of an antibody A, 131.6 mg/mL antibody A, 175 mg/mL antibody A, a placebo solution, and water for injection (WFI)) were prepared and frozen at −80° C. Each formulated substance was removed from frozen storage and thawed for 16 hours. The formulated substances (except for WFI) were mixed, filtered, and transferred to an environment of 2-8° C. as follows: 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
                 TABLE 4 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Total time of 
               
               
                 Formulated 
                 Mixing 
                   
                 Filtration 
                 Filtration 
                 exposure at room 
               
               
                 Substance 
                 Time 
                 pH 
                 Time 
                 Yield 
                 temp, after thawing 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                 Placebo 
                 15 min 
                 6.10 
                 9 min 
                 96% 
                 30 min 
               
               
                 87.7 mg/mL 
                 12 min 
                 6.10 
                 7 min 
                 94% 
                 50 min 
               
               
                 antibody A 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 131.6 mg/mL 
                 11 min 
                 6.07 
                 9 min 
                 91% 
                 71 min 
               
               
                 antibody A 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 175 mg/mL 
                 11 min 
                 6.01 
                 34 min  
                 81% 
                 106 min  
               
               
                 antibody A 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     The redundant filtration lines consisted of two Millipak 20 units and ¼″×⅜″ Pt cured silicone tubing for the product pathway. In the case of 175 mg/mL antibody A, two Millipak 20 units were initially used, and were switched out part of the way through with Millipak 40 units. A peristaltic pump was used as the motive force for filtration. All primary filters were tested and passed filter integrity as per standard EP-024. 
     The PFS filled in this procedure included 1 mL BD Hypak Physiolys SCF™ low tungsten syringes (Beckton Dickinson Medical), having a nominal volume of 1 mL. These syringes were paired with 1 mL BD Hypak PS Flurotec plunger stoppers and 1 mL BD Hypak 21510 PR C Plunger Rods (Beckton Dickinson Medical). The desired placement of the top of the stopper was at least 2.57 mm below the distal side of the syringe flange, and preferably between 5.0 mm and 2.56 mm below the distal side of the syringe flange. Alternatively, the desired placement of the rib of the stopper closest to the top of the stopper was at least 4.9 mm below the distal side of the syringe flange. Filling in this procedure was completed using an INOVA H3-5V commercial scale syringe filler. Stoppering was completed using a Becton Dickson Hypak stoppering unit. Stoppering height (e.g., distance between the top of the stopper and the distal side of the syringe flange) was measured using Vernier calipers. 
     The syringe filler was initially set up for a target fill volume of 1.28 mL. Using WFI, this resulted in an average deliverable volume of 1.27 mL for ten dispensed syringes. A vacuum stoppering tank setting of 70 mBar and 750 ms stoppering dwell time on the stoppering unit was initially used. At this fill volume and stoppering dwell time setting, stoppering was sometimes incomplete and WFI was drawn into the vacuum chamber. 
     The syringe filler was then set up for a target fill volume of 1.19 mL. This was targeted to maintain a minimum deliverable volume of 1.14 mL while providing a larger operating buffer for the vacuum stoppering setting and stopper placement requirement. The vacuum stoppering settings were kept between 70-75 mBar while the stopper dwell time was changed to 250 ms. When tested using WFI, this eliminated the problem of product suction into the vacuum chamber. The stoppering placement requirement (with the top of the stopper at least 3.0 mm below the distal side of the syringe flange) was, however, met on the stoppered syringes. A lower-than-desired stoppering consistency was achieved, but this was determined to be due to the clipped flanges of the syringes. To verify that the clipped flanges were the cause of the stoppering consistency, two tubs of 80 syringes each (160 syringes total) of round-flanged 1 mL-long syringes were used on the syringe filler. This resulted in a marked decrease in stoppering rejections, as compared to the stoppering rejections seen in the run with clipped-flange syringes. 
     The syringe filler set at a target fill volume of 1.19 mL was then used to fill syringes using WFI, the placebo, and the antibody A formulated substance. 160 syringes were filled with each of the five different fluids and at each of three different machine speeds (40%, 65%, and 90%) (with the exception of 87.7 mg/mL antibody A at 40% speed, for which only 35 syringes were filled, and 87.7 mg/mL antibody A at 65% speed, for which none were filled, due to an insufficient amount of product being available). All syringes were stoppered using a Hypak stoppering machine. Deliverable volumes from 20 filled and stoppered syringes from each batch were then measured. Deliverable volumes were measured by expelling volume from each of the 20 syringes, weighing the expelled volume, and converting the weight to volume using the following densities: 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
             
               
                   
                 TABLE 5 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Formulated Substance 
                 Density 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
                 Placebo 
                 1.023 g/mL 
               
               
                   
                 87.7 mg/mL antibody A 
                 1.047 g/mL 
               
               
                   
                 131.6 mg/mL antibody A  
                 1.059 g/mL 
               
               
                   
                  175 mg/mL antibody A 
                 1.072 g/mL 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Deliverable volumes were calculated to be as follows: 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
               
             
               
                 TABLE 6 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 Avg. Vol. 
                 Max. Vol. 
                 Min. Vol. 
               
               
                 Condition 
                 (mL) 
                 (mL) 
                 (mL) 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 WFI - 40% speed 
                 1.18 
                 1.19 
                 1.16 
               
               
                 WFI - 65% speed 
                 1.17 
                 1.18 
                 1.17 
               
               
                 WFI - 90% speed 
                 1.18 
                 1.20 
                 1.15 
               
               
                 Placebo - 40% speed 
                 1.18 
                 1.19 
                 1.18 
               
               
                 Placebo - 65% speed 
                 1.18 
                 1.19 
                 1.18 
               
               
                 Placebo - 90% speed 
                 1.19 
                 1.22 
                 1.18 
               
               
                 87.7 mg/mL antibody A - 40% speed 
                 1.17 
                 1.19 
                 1.15 
               
               
                 87.7 mg/mL antibody A - 65% speed 
                 N/A* 
                 N/A* 
                 N/A* 
               
               
                 87.7 mg/mL antibody A - 90% speed 
                 1.19 
                 1.20 
                 1.17 
               
               
                 131.6 mg/mL antibody A - 40% speed 
                 1.16 
                 1.19 
                 1.14 
               
               
                 131.6 mg/mL antibody A - 65% speed 
                 1.18 
                 1.20 
                 1.16 
               
               
                 131.6 mg/mL antibody A - 90% speed 
                 1.17 
                 1.19 
                 1.15 
               
               
                 175 mg/mL antibody A - 40% speed 
                 1.19 
                 1.20 
                 1.17 
               
               
                 175 mg/mL antibody A - 65% speed 
                 1.18 
                 211.1 
                 1.17 
               
               
                 175 mg/mL antibody A - 90% speed 
                 1.18 
                 1.20 
                 1.15 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 *Insufficient product was available to run this test. 
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Stoppering heights were measured from the top of the stopper to the distal side of the syringe flange, and were measured and calculated to be as follows: 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
               
             
               
                 TABLE 7 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 Avg. 
                 Max. 
                 Min. 
               
               
                   
                 Stoppering 
                 Stoppering 
                 Stoppering 
               
               
                 Condition 
                 Height (mm) 
                 Height (mm) 
                 Height (mm) 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                 WFI - 40% speed 
                 5.7 
                 6.0 
                 5.4 
               
               
                 WFI - 65% speed 
                 5.4 
                 5.5 
                 5.4 
               
               
                 WFI - 90% speed 
                 5.5 
                 5.7 
                 5.3 
               
               
                 Placebo - 40% speed 
                 5.4 
                 5.5 
                 5.4 
               
               
                 Placebo - 65% speed 
                 5.5 
                 5.7 
                 5.5 
               
               
                 Placebo - 90% speed 
                 5.8 
                 6.0 
                 5.5 
               
               
                 87.7 mg/mL antibody A - 40% speed 
                 5.5 
                 5.8 
                 5.4 
               
               
                 87.7 mg/mL antibody A - 65% speed 
                 N/A* 
                 N/A* 
                 N/A* 
               
               
                 87.7 mg/mL antibody A - 90% speed 
                 5.5 
                 6.0 
                 5.4 
               
               
                 131.6 mg/mL antibody A - 40% speed 
                 5.5 
                 6.2 
                 5.3 
               
               
                 131.6 mg/mL antibody A - 65% speed 
                 5.5 
                 5.6 
                 5.4 
               
               
                 131.6 mg/mL antibody A - 90% speed 
                 5.5 
                 5.5 
                 5.4 
               
               
                 175 mg/mL antibody A - 40% speed 
                 5.4 
                 5.5 
                 5.2 
               
               
                 175 mg/mL antibody A - 65% speed 
                 5.5 
                 5.7 
                 5.4 
               
               
                 175 mg/mL antibody A - 90% speed 
                 5.5 
                 6.0 
                 5.4 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 *Insufficient product was available to run this test. 
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Example 3 
     A plurality of PFS were overfilled by hand as follows. Three formulated substances (87.7 mg/mL antibody A, 131.6 mg/mL antibody A, 175 mg/mL antibody A) were prepared and frozen at −80° C. Each substance was removed from frozen storage and thawed for 16 hours. The substances were mixed, filtered, and transferred to 2-8° C. as follows: 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
                 TABLE 8 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Total time of 
               
               
                 Formulated 
                 Mixing 
                   
                 Filtration 
                 Filtration 
                 exposure at room 
               
               
                 Substance 
                 Time 
                 pH 
                 Time 
                 Yield 
                 temp, after thawing 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                 87.7 mg/mL 
                 12 min 
                 6.04 
                  7 min 
                 94% 
                 100 min  
               
               
                 antibody A 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 131.6 mg/mL 
                 12 min 
                 6.11 
                 11 min 
                 93% 
                 85 min 
               
               
                 antibody A 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 175 mg/mL 
                 11 min 
                 6.02 
                 21 min 
                 91% 
                 60 min 
               
               
                 antibody A 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     The redundant filtration lines for 87.7 mg/mL antibody A and 131.6 mg/mL antibody A consisted of two Millipak 20s and ¼″×⅜″ Pt cured silicone tubing for the product pathway. The redundant filtration lines for 175 mg/mL antibody A consisted of two Millipak 40s and ¼″×⅜″ Pt cured silicone tubing for the product pathway. A peristaltic pump was used as the motive force for filtration. 
     The PFS filled in this procedure included 1 mL BD Hypak Physiolys SCF™ low tungsten syringes (Beckton Dickinson Medical), paired with 1 mL BD Hypak PS Flurotec plunger stoppers and 1 mL BD Hypak 21510 PR C Plunger Rods (Beckton Dickinson Medical). The desired placement of the top of the stopper was at least 3.0 mm below the distal side of the syringe flange. Filling in this procedure was completed by hand using a Watson-Marlow pump. Stoppering was completed using a Becton Dickson Hypak vacuum stoppering unit. 
     The target fill volume was set at 1.19 mL for this procedure. 160 syringes (in two tubs of 80 syringes each) were filled with each of the three different formulated substances. Deliverable volumes from 10 successfully filled and stoppered syringes from each batch were then measured. Deliverable volumes were measured by expelling volume from each syringe, weighing the expelled volume, and converting the weight to volume using the densities noted in Table 5. Deliverable volumes were calculated to be as follows: 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
               
             
               
                 TABLE 9 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 Avg. Vol. 
                 Max. Vol. 
                 Min. Vol. 
               
               
                 Condition 
                 (mL) 
                 (mL) 
                 (mL) 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                  87.7 mg/mL antibody A (Tub 1 of 2) 
                 1.19 
                 1.23 
                 1.15 
               
               
                  87.7 mg/mL antibody A (Tub 2 of 2) 
                 1.18 
                 1.22 
                 1.17 
               
               
                 131.6 mg/mL antibody A (Tub 1 of 2) 
                 1.18 
                 1.21 
                 1.16 
               
               
                 131.6 mg/mL antibody A (Tub 2 of 2) 
                 1.18 
                 1.18 
                 1.15 
               
               
                   175 mg/mL antibody A (Tub 1 of 2) 
                 1.17 
                 1.20 
                 1.15 
               
               
                   175 mg/mL antibody A (Tub 2 of 2) 
                 1.16 
                 1.17 
                 1.15 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     As can be seen by comparing these volumes to those in Table 6, deliverable volumes of hand-filled syringes were comparable to deliverable volumes of machine-filled syringes. 
     Stoppering heights were measured for 15 hand-filled samples using Vernier calipers, and were taken, from the top of the stopper to the distal side of the syringe flange. Measurements were as follows: 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
               
             
               
                 TABLE 10 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 Avg. 
                 Max. 
                 Min. 
               
               
                   
                 Stoppering 
                 Stoppering 
                 Stoppering 
               
               
                 Condition 
                 Height (mm) 
                 Height (mm) 
                 Height (mm) 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                  87.7 mg/mL antibody A (Tub 1 of 2) 
                 5.7 
                 6.0 
                 5.4 
               
               
                  87.7 mg/mL antibody A (Tub 2 of 2) 
                 5.6 
                 6.2 
                 5.4 
               
               
                 131.6 mg/mL antibody A (Tub 1 of 2) 
                 6.2 
                 6.6 
                 6.0 
               
               
                 131.6 mg/mL antibody A (Tub 2 of 2) 
                 6.0 
                 6.2 
                 5.8 
               
               
                   175 mg/mL antibody A (Tub 1 of 2) 
                 6.2 
                 6.8 
                 6.0 
               
               
                   175 mg/mL antibody A (Tub 2 of 2) 
                 6.3 
                 6.7 
                 6.2 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     As can be seen by comparing these stoppering heights to those in Table 7, stoppering heights of hand-filled syringes were comparable to stoppering heights of machine-filled syringes. 
     The above description and examples are illustrative, and are not intended to be restrictive. One of ordinary skill in the art may make numerous modifications and/or changes without departing from the general scope of the invention. For example, and as has been described, the above-described embodiments (and/or aspects thereof) may be used in combination with each other. Additionally, portions of the above-described embodiments may be removed without departing from the scope of the invention. In addition, modifications may be made to adapt a particular situation or material to the teachings of the various embodiments without departing from their scope. Many other embodiments will also be apparent to those of skill in the art upon reviewing the above description. 
     The term “about” as used herein with respect to a value may refer to a variation of 10% above or below the stated value. Additionally, while a number of objects and advantages of the embodiments disclosed herein (and variations thereof) are described, not necessarily all such objects or advantages may be achieved in accordance with any particular embodiment. Thus, for example, those skilled in the art will recognize that the systems and techniques described herein may be embodied or carried out in a manner that achieves or optimizes one advantage or group of advantages as taught herein without necessarily achieving other objects or advantages as may be taught or suggested herein.