Patent Publication Number: US-2022221548-A1

Title: Assistance Data for RAT-Dependent Positioning

Description:
RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     The present application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/842,477, filed May 2, 2019, and U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/842,520, filed May 2, 2019, both of which are incorporated by reference herein in their entirety. 
    
    
     TECHNICAL FIELD 
     The present application relates generally to a wireless communication network, and relates more specifically to radio access technology (RAT) dependent positioning in such a network. 
     BACKGROUND 
     Positioning has been a topic in Long Term Evolution (LTE) standardization since 3GPP Release 9. The primary objective is to fulfill regulatory requirements for emergency call positioning. Positioning in New Radio (NR) is proposed to be supported by the architecture shown in  FIG. 1 , which shows the NG-RAN Rel-15 Location Services (LCS) Protocols. The Location Management Function (LMF) is the location node in NR. There are also interactions between the location node and the gNodeB via the NRPPa protocol. The interactions between the gNodeB and the device is supported via the Radio Resource Control (RRC) protocol. The gNB and ng-eNB may not always both be present. When both the gNB and ng-eNB are present, the NG-C interface is only present for one of them. 
     In the legacy LTE standards, the following techniques are supported. In Enhanced Cell ID, cell ID information associates the device to the serving area of a serving cell, and then additional information may be used to determine a finer granularity position. In Assisted Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS), GNSS information is retrieved by the device, supported by assistance information provided to the device from the Evolved Serving Mobile Location Center (E-SMLC). In OTDOA (Observed Time Difference of Arrival), the device estimates the time difference of reference signals from different base stations and sends to the E-SMLC for multilateration. In UTDOA (Uplink Time Difference Of Arrival, TDOA), the device is requested to transmit a specific waveform that is detected by multiple location measurement units (e.g. an eNB) at known positions. These measurements are forwarded to E-SMLC for multilateration. Sensor methods such as Biometric pressure sensor provide a vertical position of the device and an Inertial Motion Unit (IMU) provides displacement. 
     The positioning modes can be categorized in the below three areas. In UE-Assisted mode, the UE performs measurements with or without assistance from the network and sends these measurements to the E-SMLC where the position calculation may take place. In UE-Based mode, the UE performs measurements and calculates its own position with assistance from the network. In standalone mode, the UE performs measurements and calculates its own position without network assistance. 
     Challenges exist in specifying system level aspects of downlink (DL)-only user equipment (UE) based positioning. RAT-dependent procedures such as DL OTDOA have heretofore not been supported as UE-based. It has only been supported for the UE-assisted case. Moreover, there has heretofore been a provision in the Long Term Evolution (LTE) Positioning Protocol (LPP) (3GPP TS 36.355) to provide periodical reports. However, this requires the UE to be in Radio Resource Control (RRC) connected mode. 
     SUMMARY 
     Certain aspects of the present disclosure and their embodiments may provide solutions to these or other challenges. Some embodiments herein include methods to support DL RAT-dependent UE-based positioning methods. 
     More particularly, embodiments herein include a method performed by a wireless device for radio access technology, RAT, dependent positioning in a wireless communication network. The method in some embodiments includes receiving, from a network node, assistance data that assists the wireless device with RAT-dependent positioning, e.g., downlink OTDOA. In some embodiments, the assistance data is based on device-specific information. The device-specific information may for example include a subscription associated with the wireless device. 
     In some embodiments, the assistance data includes cell-specific information for one or more cells. For example, in some embodiments, for each of the one or more cells, the cell-specific information includes one or more of: an identity of the cell; a location of the cell; a real-time difference between the cell and each of one or more others of the one or more cells; or a drift rate between the cell and each of one or more others of the one or more cells. Regardless, in some embodiments, for which one or more cells, clusters of cells, or zones of clusters the assistance data includes cell-specific information is based on the device-specific information; that is, which cell(s), cluster(s), or zone(s) the assistance data relates to is based on the device-specific information. In one or more embodiments, for instance, the device-specific information also includes location or path information of the wireless device, and the one or more cells, clusters of cells, or zones of clusters for which the assistance data includes cell-specific information comprise one or more cells, clusters of cells, or zones of clusters in or near a path that the wireless device is or is expected to move according to the location or path information of the wireless device. 
     Alternatively or additionally, in some embodiments, for how many cells, clusters of cells, or zones of clusters the assistance data includes cell-specific information is based on the device-specific information. In one embodiment, a number of cells for which the assistance data includes cell-specific information increases with increases in a level of the subscription associated with the wireless device. In another embodiment, a number of cells for which the assistance data includes cell-specific information increases with increases in at least one of any one or more of: a positioning quality of service required by one or more positioning requirements of the wireless device; and a memory capability and/or processing capability of the wireless device. 
     Alternatively or additionally, which one or more types of cell-specific information the assistance data includes is based on the device-specific information. In one embodiment, whether the cell-specific information includes real-time difference information for each of the one or more cells depends on a level of the subscription associated with the wireless device. For example, whether the cell-specific information includes real-time difference information for each of the one or more cells also depends on a positioning quality of service required by one or more positioning requirements of the wireless device, where the device-specific information also includes the one or more positioning requirements of the wireless device. 
     In some embodiments, the device-specific information also includes at least one of any one or more of: one or more capabilities of the wireless device; one or more positioning requirements of the wireless device; one or more reasons that the wireless device needs the assistance data; and location or path information of the wireless device. In one such embodiment, the method further comprises transmitting, from the wireless device to the network node, control signaling that indicates at least one of any one or more of: the one or more capabilities of the wireless device; the one or more positioning requirements of the wireless device; the one or more reasons that the wireless device needs the assistance data; or the location or path information of the wireless device. 
     In some embodiments, the method further comprises receiving validity information from the network node indicating for how long the assistance data will be valid, and requesting updated assistance data responsive to the assistance data becoming invalid. 
     In some embodiments, the network node is a location server or is configured to perform mobility management. 
     In some embodiments, the RAT-dependent positioning comprises downlink observed time difference of arrival. 
     In some embodiments, the method further comprises receiving, from the wireless communication network, configuration signaling that configures the wireless device to, while the wireless device is in an idle mode or an inactive mode, obtain device-based positioning information using the assistance data and either: store the device-based positioning information at the wireless device at least until the wireless device reports the device-based positioning information in a connected mode; or report the device-based positioning information in a connected mode when a reporting condition is met. In one such embodiment, the configuration signaling indicates one or more events whose occurrence is to trigger the wireless device to obtain and/or store the device-based positioning information while the wireless device is in an idle mode or an inactive mode, where the one or more events include: the wireless device switching from being served by a cell belonging to one cluster of cells to being served by a cell belonging to a different cluster of cells; or fluctuation of a parameter by at least a defined fluctuation threshold. 
     The method in some embodiments may alternatively or additionally include transmitting, from the wireless device to the network node, control signaling that indicates at least some of the device-specific information. The control signaling may for instance be included in a mobile originated location request message. 
     The method may alternatively or additionally include, transmitting from the wireless device to the network node, a request for the assistance data. 
     The method in any event may finally include performing the RAT-dependent positioning based on assistance from the assistance data. 
     Embodiments herein further include a method performed by a network node for assisting with radio access technology, RAT, dependent positioning. The method comprises transmitting, to a wireless device, assistance data that assists the wireless device with RAT-dependent positioning, where the assistance data is based on device-specific information that includes a subscription associated with the wireless device. 
     In some embodiments, the assistance data includes cell-specific information for one or more cells. For example, in some embodiments, for each of the one or more cells, the cell-specific information includes one or more of: an identity of the cell; a location of the cell; a real-time difference between the cell and each of one or more others of the one or more cells; or a drift rate between the cell and each of one or more others of the one or more cells. Regardless, in some embodiments, for which one or more cells, clusters of cells, or zones of clusters the assistance data includes cell-specific information is based on the device-specific information; that is, which cell(s), cluster(s), or zone(s) the assistance data relates to is based on the device-specific information. In one or more embodiments, for instance, the device-specific information also includes location or path information of the wireless device, and the one or more cells, clusters of cells, or zones of clusters for which the assistance data includes cell-specific information comprise one or more cells, clusters of cells, or zones of clusters in or near a path that the wireless device is or is expected to move according to the location or path information of the wireless device. 
     Alternatively or additionally, in some embodiments, for how many cells, clusters of cells, or zones of clusters the assistance data includes cell-specific information is based on the device-specific information. In one embodiment, a number of cells for which the assistance data includes cell-specific information increases with increases in a level of the subscription associated with the wireless device. In another embodiment, a number of cells for which the assistance data includes cell-specific information increases with increases in at least one of any one or more of: a positioning quality of service required by one or more positioning requirements of the wireless device; and a memory capability and/or processing capability of the wireless device. 
     Alternatively or additionally, which one or more types of cell-specific information the assistance data includes is based on the device-specific information. In one embodiment, whether the cell-specific information includes real-time difference information for each of the one or more cells depends on a level of the subscription associated with the wireless device. For example, whether the cell-specific information includes real-time difference information for each of the one or more cells also depends on a positioning quality of service required by one or more positioning requirements of the wireless device, where the device-specific information also includes the one or more positioning requirements of the wireless device. 
     In some embodiments, the device-specific information also includes at least one of any one or more of: one or more capabilities of the wireless device; one or more positioning requirements of the wireless device; one or more reasons that the wireless device needs the assistance data; and location or path information of the wireless device. In one such embodiment, the method further comprises transmitting, from the wireless device to the network node, control signaling that indicates at least one of any one or more of: the one or more capabilities of the wireless device; the one or more positioning requirements of the wireless device; the one or more reasons that the wireless device needs the assistance data; or the location or path information of the wireless device. 
     In some embodiments, the method further comprises determining the assistance data based on the device-specific information. For example, in one embodiment, such determining comprises determining, based on the device-specific information, at least one of any one or more of: for which one or more cells, one or more clusters of cells, and/or one or more zones of cell clusters the assistance data is to include cell-specific information; for how many cells, clusters of cells, and/or zones of cell clusters the assistance data is to include cell-specific information; and which one or more types of cell-specific information the assistance data is to include for each of one or more cells, one or more clusters of cells, or one or more zones of cell clusters. 
     In some embodiments, the device-specific information also includes at least one of any one or more of: one or more capabilities of the wireless device; one or more positioning requirements of the wireless device; one or more reasons that the wireless device needs the assistance data; and location or path information of the wireless device. 
     In some embodiments, the method further comprises receiving, from the wireless device, control signaling that indicates at least one of any one or more of: the one or more capabilities of the wireless device; the one or more positioning requirements of the wireless device; the one or more reasons that the wireless device needs the assistance data; and the location or path information of the wireless device. 
     In some embodiments, the method further comprises transmitting validity information to the wireless device indicating for how long the assistance data will be valid. 
     In some embodiments, the network node is a location server or is configured to perform mobility management. 
     In some embodiments, the RAT-dependent positioning comprises downlink observed time difference of arrival. 
     In some embodiments, the method further comprises transmitting, to the wireless device, configuration signaling that configures the wireless device to, while the wireless device is in an idle mode or an inactive mode, obtain device-based positioning information using the assistance data and either: store the device-based positioning information at the wireless device at least until the wireless device reports the device-based positioning information in a connected mode; or report the device-based positioning information in a connected mode when a reporting condition is met. In one such embodiment, the configuration signaling indicates one or more events whose occurrence is to trigger the wireless device to obtain and/or store the device-based positioning information while the wireless device is in an idle mode or an inactive mode, where the one or more events include: the wireless device switching from being served by a cell belonging to one cluster of cells to being served by a cell belonging to a different cluster of cells; or fluctuation of a parameter by at least a defined fluctuation threshold. 
     Embodiments herein also include corresponding apparatus, computer programs, and carriers of those computer programs. For example, embodiments herein include a wireless device, e.g., comprising communication circuitry and processing circuitry. The wireless device is configured for radio access technology, RAT, dependent positioning in a wireless communication network. The wireless device in some embodiments is configured to receive, from a network node, assistance data that assists the wireless device with RAT-dependent positioning, e.g., downlink OTDOA. In some embodiments, the assistance data is based on device-specific information. The device-specific information may for example include a subscription associated with the wireless device. 
     Embodiments herein further include a network node, e.g., comprising communication circuitry and processing circuitry. The network node is configured for assisting with radio access technology, RAT, dependent positioning. The network node is configured to transmit, to a wireless device, assistance data that assists the wireless device with RAT-dependent positioning, where the assistance data is based on device-specific information that includes a subscription associated with the wireless device. 
     Alternatively or additionally, some embodiments provide methods for supporting RRC Inactive and/or Idle mode measurement configuration and reporting for positioning. The network in such embodiments advantageously may have the possibility to obtain positioning results performed by the wireless device in RRC idle state or RRC Inactive state. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         FIG. 1  is a block diagram of an architecture which supports positioning in New Radio (NR) according to some embodiments. 
         FIG. 2  is a block diagram of a wireless communication network according to some embodiments. 
         FIG. 3  is a logic flow diagram of a method performed by a wireless device according to some embodiments. 
         FIG. 4  is a logic flow diagram of a method performed by a network node according to some embodiments. 
         FIG. 5  is a block diagram of a wireless communication network according to other embodiments. 
         FIG. 6  is a logic flow diagram of a method performed by a wireless device according to other embodiments. 
         FIG. 7  is a logic flow diagram of a method performed by a network node according to other embodiments. 
         FIG. 8  is a block diagram of a wireless device according to some embodiments. 
         FIG. 9  is a block diagram of a network node according to some embodiments. 
         FIG. 10  is a logic flow diagram of a method performed by a wireless device according to other embodiments. 
         FIG. 11  is a logic flow diagram of a method performed by a location server according to some embodiments. 
         FIG. 12  is a logic flow diagram of a method performed by a location server according to other embodiments. 
         FIG. 13  is a call flow diagram for delivering assistance data for UE-based positioning according to some embodiments. 
         FIG. 14  is a call flow diagram for delivering assistance data for UE-based positioning according to other embodiments. 
         FIG. 15  is a block diagram of clusters of cells according to some embodiments. 
         FIG. 16  is a logic flow diagram of a method performed by a wireless device according to still other embodiments. 
         FIG. 17  is a logic flow diagram of a method performed by a wireless communication network according to still other embodiments. 
         FIG. 18  is a call flow diagram for configuring measurement reporting for UE-based RAT-dependent positioning according to some embodiments. 
         FIG. 19  is a call flow diagram of a procedure for obtaining an offline report for positioning according to some embodiments. 
         FIG. 20  is a call flow diagram for using UE-based positioning together with Minimization of Drive Tests (MDT) according to some embodiments. 
         FIG. 21  is a block diagram of a framework to support a unicast based assistance data delivery solution for positioning according to some embodiments. 
         FIG. 22  is a block diagram of a wireless communication network according to some embodiments. 
         FIG. 23  is a block diagram of a user equipment according to some embodiments. 
         FIG. 24  is a block diagram of a virtualization environment according to some embodiments. 
         FIG. 25  is a block diagram of a communication network with a host computer according to some embodiments. 
         FIG. 26  is a block diagram of a host computer according to some embodiments. 
         FIG. 27  is a flowchart illustrating a method implemented in a communication system, in accordance with one embodiment. 
         FIG. 28  is a flowchart illustrating a method implemented in a communication system, in accordance with one embodiment. 
         FIG. 29  is a flowchart illustrating a method implemented in a communication system, in accordance with one embodiment. 
         FIG. 30  is a flowchart illustrating a method implemented in a communication system, in accordance with one embodiment. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
       FIG. 2  shows a wireless communication network  10  according to some embodiments. The network  10  in some embodiments is a 5G network. The network  10  may include a radio access network  10 A and a core network  10 B. The radio access network  10 A is shown as providing radio access to a wireless device  12 , e.g., a user equipment (UE), via a radio network node  14 . The radio access network  10 A in turn provides access to the core network  10 B, which may connect the wireless device  12  to one or more other networks or systems such as the Internet. 
       FIG. 2  illustrates a network node  18 , shown as being in the core network  10 B for instance. The network node  18  may for instance be a location server, e.g., implementing a Location Management Function (LMF), or may be configured to perform mobility management such as an access and mobility function (AMF). Regardless, the network node  18  provides assistance data  20  to the wireless device  12 . The assistance data  20  assists the wireless device  12  with radio access technology dependent (RAT-dependent) positioning, i.e., so that the wireless device  12  itself can determine its position using RAT-dependent positioning. RAT-dependent positioning is any type of positioning that is dependent on the RAT(s) used by the radio access network  10 A of the network  10 . RAT-dependent positioning may include for instance downlink observed time difference of arrival (OTDOA) or Enhanced Cell ID (E-CID). RAT-dependent positioning contrasts with RAT-independent positioning which is independent of the RAT(s) used by the radio access network  10 A. RAT-independent positioning may include, for example, Assisted Global Navigation Satellite System (A-GNSS), Real-Time Kinematics (RTK), Precision Point Positioning (PPP), Differential A-GNSS, Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN) positioning, Bluetooth Sensor positioning, or the like. 
     Regardless, in some embodiments, the assistance data  20  is based on, e.g., as determined by the network node  18 , device-specific information. The device-specific information may be stored at the network node  18 , received at the network node  18  from the wireless device  12 , generated or derived by the network node  18 , or obtained by the network node  18  in any other way. The device-specific information includes any type of information that is specific to the wireless device  12 . For example, this device-specific information may include one or more of: a subscription associated with the wireless device  12 ; one or more capabilities of the wireless device  12 ; one or more positioning requirements of the wireless device  12 ; one or more reasons that the wireless device  12  needs the assistance data  20 ; or location or path information of the wireless device  12 . Regardless, that the assistance data  20  is based on the device-specific information means that the assistance data  20  is a function of or is otherwise dependent on the device-specific information. 
     Consider, for example, embodiments where the device-specific information includes a subscription associated with the wireless device  12 . The subscription associated with the wireless device  12  is the subscription according to which the wireless device  12 , or a subscriber operating the wireless device, is authorized to access the wireless communication network  10 . In some embodiments, subscriptions to the wireless communication network  10  may have different possible levels. A relatively higher level subscription (e.g., gold subscription) may confer greater benefit than a relatively lower level subscription (e.g., bronze subscription), e.g., at a correspondingly greater monetary cost to the subscriber. In one such embodiment, the assistance data  20  provided to the wireless device  12  may be based on the subscription associated with the wireless device  12  in the sense that the assistance data  20  is based on a level of that subscription. For instance, the assistance data  20  may provide a relatively greater level of positioning assistance to a wireless device associated with a subscription of a relatively greater level (e.g., gold), and provide a relatively lesser level of positioning assistance to a wireless device associated with a subscription of a relatively lower level (e.g., bronze). In one example where the assistance data  20  provided to the wireless device  12  includes cell-specific information for one or more cells, how many cells for which the assistance data  20  includes cell-specific information may be based on the level of the subscription associated with the wireless device  12 . The higher the level of the subscription, the more cells for which the assistance data  20  will include cell-specific information. The more cells for which the assistance data  20  includes cell-specific information, the greater the level of positioning assistance the assistance data  20  provides, e.g., the greater the positioning quality of service (QoS) attainable from the RAT-dependent positioning with assistance from the assistance data  20 . Alternatively or additionally, which one or more types of cell-specific information the assistance data  20  includes may be based on the level of the subscription associated with the wireless device  12 . 
     In these and other embodiments, for example, the assistance data  20  may include cell-specific information in the form of, for each of one or more cells, an identity of the cell, a location of the cell, a real-time difference between the cell and each of one or more others of the one or more cells, and/or a drift rate between the cell and each of one or more others of the one or more cells. In some embodiments, the cell-specific information may also include other configuration information to enable timing related measurements, e.g., downlink time difference of arrival. Regardless, the location, real-time difference, and/or drift rate may enable the wireless device  12  to determine its position to a greater level of accuracy the more cells for which the assistance data  20  includes that location, real-time difference, and/or drift rate. According to some embodiments, then, how many cells for which the assistance data  20  includes location, real-time difference, and/or drift rate is based on the subscription associated with the wireless device  12 . Alternatively or additionally, which one or more types of the cell-specific information the assistance data  20  includes (e.g., which of the location, real-time difference, and/or drift rate the assistance data  20  includes) is based on the subscription associated with the wireless device  12 . For example, whether the real-time difference information for each of the one or more cells is included in the assistance data  20  may depend on a level of the subscription associated with the wireless device  12 . In one case, for instance, the assistance data  20  may only include real-time difference information if the level of the subscription is higher than a threshold level, e.g., the real-time difference information is included in the assistance data  20  for a gold subscription level but not a bronze subscription level. In these and other embodiments, then, the assistance data  20  provides greater positioning assistance via more cell-specific information and/or more helpful types of cell-specific information for higher subscription levels. 
     Consider, as another example, embodiments where the device-specific information includes one or more capabilities of the wireless device  12 , and/or one or more positioning requirements of the wireless device  12 . In one such embodiment, the assistance data  20  may provide a relatively greater level of positioning assistance to a wireless device that requires a relatively higher positioning QoS and/or that has greater memory and/or processing capabilities, and provide a relatively lesser level of positioning assistance to a wireless device that requires a relatively lower positioning QoS and/or that has lower memory and/or processing capabilities. In one example where the assistance data  20  provided to the wireless device  12  includes cell-specific information for one or more cells, how many cells for which the assistance data  20  includes cell-specific information may be based on the one or more capabilities of the wireless device  12  and/or the one or more positioning requirements of the wireless device  12 , e.g., with the assistance data  20  including cell-specific information for a greater number of cells the greater the one or more positioning requirements and/or the one or more capabilities of the wireless device  12 . Alternatively or additionally, which one or more types of cell-specific information the assistance data  20  includes may be based on the one or more positioning requirements and/or the one or more capabilities of the wireless device  12 . In these and other embodiments, then, the assistance data  20  provides greater positioning assistance via more cell-specific information and/or more helpful types of cell-specific information for wireless devices with more demanding positioning requirements and/or higher capabilities. 
     Consider, as yet another example, embodiments where the device-specific information includes location or path information of the wireless device  12 . In one such embodiment, the assistance data  20  may provide assistance that is tailored to the particular location or path information of the wireless device  12 . In one example where the assistance data  20  provided to the wireless device  12  includes cell-specific information for one or more cells, for which one or more cells the assistance data  20  includes cell-specific information is based on the location or path information of the wireless device  12 . The one or more cells for which the assistance data  20  includes cell-specific information may for instance comprise one or more cells in or near a path that the wireless device  12  is or is expected to move according to the location or path information of the wireless device  20 . 
     Note that while the above embodiments have been described with respect to one or more cells, the embodiments may be equally applied to one or more so-called clusters of cells. A cluster of cells may refer to any group of multiple cells that provide coverage over respective areas that are geographically contiguous with one another. In one embodiment, different clusters of cells may be deployed in different types of radio environments (e.g., urban vs. rural) and/or may provide different levels of capacity (e.g., high vs. low). Alternatively or additionally, different clusters of cells may correspond different respective Radio Network Areas (RNAs), also referred to as RAN-based Notification Areas, where such RNAs represent the granularity with which the wireless device&#39;s position is known to the network  10  while the wireless device is in a Radio Resource Control (RRC) Inactive state. Regardless of the particular nature of a cluster of cells, in some embodiments, which one or more clusters of cells the assistance data  20  includes cell-specific information is based on the device-specific information. Alternatively or additionally, for how many clusters of cells the assistance data  20  includes cell-specific information is based on the device-specific information. 
     Similarly, the embodiments may be equally applied to one or more so-called zones of clusters. A zone of clusters may refer to any group of multiple clusters of cells whose cells provide coverage over respective areas that are geographically contiguous with one another. In this case, as examples, which one or more zones of clusters the assistance data  20  includes cell-specific information is based on the device-specific information. Alternatively or additionally, for how many zones of clusters the assistance data  20  includes cell-specific information is based on the device-specific information. 
     In view of the above modifications and variations,  FIG. 3  in this regard depicts a method performed by a wireless device  12  for radio access technology, RAT, dependent positioning in accordance with particular embodiments. The method in some embodiments includes receiving, from a network node  18  such as a location server, assistance data  20  that assists the wireless device  12  with RAT-dependent positioning, e.g., downlink OTDOA (Block  320 ). In some embodiments, the assistance data  20  is based on device-specific information. The device-specific information may for example include one or more of: a subscription associated with the wireless device  12 ; one or more capabilities of the wireless device  12 ; one or more positioning requirements of the wireless device  12 ; one or more reasons that the wireless device  12  needs the assistance data  20 ; or location or path information of the wireless device  20 . 
     In some embodiments, the assistance data  20  includes cell-specific information for one or more cells. For example, in some embodiments, for each of the one or more cells, the cell-specific information includes one or more of: an identity of the cell; a location of the cell; a real-time difference between the cell and each of one or more others of the one or more cells; or a drift rate between the cell and each of one or more others of the one or more cells. Regardless, in some embodiments, for which one or more cells the assistance data  20  includes cell-specific information is based on the device-specific information; that is, which cell(s) the assistance data  20  relates to is based on the device-specific information. Alternatively or additionally, in some embodiments, for how many cells the assistance data  20  includes cell-specific information is based on the device-specific information. Alternatively or additionally, which one or more types of cell-specific information the assistance data  20  includes is based on the device-specific information. 
     In any event, the method in some embodiments may alternatively or additionally include transmitting, from the wireless device  12  to the network node  18 , control signaling that indicates at least some of the device-specific information (Block  300 ). The control signaling may for instance be included in a mobile originated location request message. 
     The method may alternatively or additionally include, transmitting from the wireless device  12  to the network node  18 , a request for the assistance data  20  (Block  310 ). 
     The method in any event may finally include performing the RAT-dependent positioning based on assistance from the assistance data  20  (Block  330 ). 
       FIG. 4  depicts a method performed by a network node  18 , e.g., a location server, for assisting with radio access technology, RAT, dependent positioning in accordance with other particular embodiments. The method in some embodiments includes transmitting, from the network node  18  to a wireless device  12 , assistance data  20  that assists the wireless device with RAT-dependent positioning, e.g., downlink OTDOA (Block  420 ). In some embodiments, the assistance data  20  is based on device-specific information. The device-specific information may for example include one or more of: a subscription associated with the wireless device  12 ; one or more capabilities of the wireless device  12 ; one or more positioning requirements of the wireless device  12 ; one or more reasons that the wireless device  12  needs the assistance data  20 ; or location or path information of the wireless device  12 . 
     In some embodiments, the assistance data  20  includes cell-specific information for one or more cells. For example, in some embodiments, for each of the one or more cells, the cell-specific information includes one or more of: an identity of the cell; a location of the cell; a real-time difference between the cell and each of one or more others of the one or more cells; or a drift rate between the cell and each of one or more others of the one or more cells. Regardless, in some embodiments, for which one or more cells the assistance data  20  includes cell-specific information is based on the device-specific information; that is, which cell(s) the assistance data  20  relates to is based on the device-specific information. Alternatively or additionally, in some embodiments, for how many cells the assistance data  20  includes cell-specific information is based on the device-specific information. Alternatively or additionally, which one or more types of cell-specific information the assistance data  20  includes is based on the device-specific information. 
     In some embodiments, the method may further include determining the assistance data  20  based on the device-specific information (Block  410 ). For example, the determining may comprise determining, based on the device-specific information, one or more of: (i) for which one or more cells, one or more clusters of cells, and/or one or more zones of cell clusters the assistance data  20  is to include cell-specific information; (ii) for how many cells, clusters of cells, and/or zones of cell clusters the assistance data  20  is to include cell-specific information; or (iii) which one or more types of cell-specific information the assistance data  20  is to include for each of one or more cells, one or more clusters of cells, or one or more zones of cell clusters. 
     The method may alternatively or additionally include receiving, from the wireless device  12 , control signaling that indicates at least some of the device-specific information. The control signaling may for instance be included in a mobile originated location request message. 
       FIG. 5  shows the wireless communication network  10  according to alternative or additional embodiments. Unless otherwise indicated, like-numbered components in the network  10  are as described above with respect to  FIG. 2 . The network node  18  in some embodiments provides assistance data  30  to the wireless device  12  that may be the same as or different than the assistance data  20  described above with respect to Figure ZO. The assistance data  30  similarly assists the wireless device  12  with device-based (e.g., UE-based) positioning, e.g., downlink observed time difference of arrival (OTDOA). Device-based positioning in this regard refers to the wireless device  12  determining its own position with assistance from the network  10 . This contrasts with device-assisted positioning in which the wireless device would send measurements to the network for the network to determine the device&#39;s position, and contrasts with standalone positioning in which the wireless device would determine its own position without assistance from the network. 
       FIG. 5  illustrates the network node  18  as alternatively or additionally transmitting configuration signaling  22  to the wireless device  12 . In some embodiments, the configuration signaling  22  configures the wireless device  12  to, while the wireless device  12  is in an idle mode or an inactive mode (e.g., an RRC Idle mode or an RRC Inactive mode), obtain device-based positioning information using the assistance data  30 . In some embodiments, the configuration signaling  22  alternatively or additionally configures the wireless device  12  to store the device-based positioning information at the wireless device  12  at least until the wireless device  12  reports the device-based positioning information in a connected mode (e.g., an RRC Connected mode). The configuration signaling  22  in other embodiments alternatively or additionally configures the wireless device  12  to report the device-based positioning information in the connected mode when a reporting condition is met. Such reporting condition may include for instance expiry of a response time indicated by the configuration signaling  22 ; termination of a positioning session; or a need for the wireless communication network  10  to verify a positioning estimate determined by the wireless device  12 . 
       FIG. 6  in this regard depicts a method performed by a wireless device  12  for device-based positioning in a wireless communication network  10  in accordance with particular embodiments. The method may includes receiving, from the wireless communication network  10 , assistance data  30  for device-based positioning (Block  600 ). In some embodiments, the method further includes receiving configuration signaling  22  from the wireless communication network  10  (Block  610 ). In one or more embodiments, the configuration signaling  22  configures the wireless device  12  to, while the wireless device  12  is in an idle mode or an inactive mode, obtain device-based positioning information using the assistance data  30 . 
     In some embodiments, the configuration signaling  22  configures the wireless device  12  to store the device-based positioning information at the wireless device  12  at least until the wireless device  12  reports the device-based positioning information in a connected mode. The configuration signaling  22  in other embodiments alternatively or additionally configures the wireless device  12  to report the device-based positioning information in the connected mode when a reporting condition is met. Such reporting condition may include for instance expiry of a response time indicated by the configuration signaling; termination of a positioning session; or a need for the wireless communication network  10  to verify a positioning estimate determined by the wireless device  12 . 
     In any event, the method as shown may further include, based on the configuration signaling  22  and while the wireless device  12  is in the idle mode or the inactive mode, obtaining the device-based positioning information using the assistance data  30  (Block  620 ). The method may alternatively or additionally include, based on the configuration signaling  22  and while the wireless device  12  is in the idle mode or the inactive mode, storing the device-based positioning information at the wireless device  12  (Block  630 ). Finally, the method in some embodiments includes based on the configuration signaling  22 , reporting the device-based positioning information in the connected mode (Block  640 ). 
       FIG. 7  depicts a method performed by a network node  18  in a wireless communication network  10  for configuring device-based positioning in accordance with other particular embodiments. The method may include transmitting, to a wireless device  12 , assistance data  30  for device-based positioning (Block  700 ). In some embodiments, the method also includes transmitting configuration signaling  22  from the network node  18  to the wireless device  12  (Block  710 ). In one or more embodiments, the configuration signaling  22  configures the wireless device  12  to, while the wireless device  12  is in an idle mode or an inactive mode, obtain device-based positioning information using the assistance data  30 . 
     In some embodiments, the configuration signaling  22  configures the wireless device  12  to store the device-based positioning information at the wireless device  12  at least until the wireless device  12  reports the device-based positioning information in a connected mode. The configuration signaling  22  in other embodiments alternatively or additionally configures the wireless device  12  to report the device-based positioning information in the connected mode when a reporting condition is met. Such reporting condition may include for instance expiry of a response time indicated by the configuration signaling; termination of a positioning session; or a need for the wireless communication network  10  to verify a positioning estimate determined by the wireless device  12 . 
     In any event, the method as shown may further include, in accordance with the configuration signaling  22 , receiving a report of the device-based positioning information while the wireless device  12  is in the connected mode (Block  720 ). 
     In some embodiments, the method may comprise verifying a position of the wireless device  12  based on the device-based positioning information as reported to the network node  18  while the wireless device  12  is in the connected mode (Block  730 ). 
     Note that the apparatuses described above may perform the methods herein and any other processing by implementing any functional means, modules, units, or circuitry. In one embodiment, for example, the apparatuses comprise respective circuits or circuitry configured to perform the steps shown in the method figures. The circuits or circuitry in this regard may comprise circuits dedicated to performing certain functional processing and/or one or more microprocessors in conjunction with memory. For instance, the circuitry may include one or more microprocessor or microcontrollers, as well as other digital hardware, which may include digital signal processors (DSPs), special-purpose digital logic, and the like. The processing circuitry may be configured to execute program code stored in memory, which may include one or several types of memory such as read-only memory (ROM), random-access memory, cache memory, flash memory devices, optical storage devices, etc. Program code stored in memory may include program instructions for executing one or more telecommunications and/or data communications protocols as well as instructions for carrying out one or more of the techniques described herein, in several embodiments. In embodiments that employ memory, the memory stores program code that, when executed by the one or more processors, carries out the techniques described herein. 
       FIG. 8  for example illustrates a wireless device  800 , e.g., wireless device  12 , as implemented in accordance with one or more embodiments. As shown, the wireless device  800  includes processing circuitry  810  and communication circuitry  820 . The communication circuitry  820  (e.g., radio circuitry) is configured to transmit and/or receive information to and/or from one or more other nodes, e.g., via any communication technology. Such communication may occur via one or more antennas that are either internal or external to the wireless device  800 . The processing circuitry  810  is configured to perform processing described above, e.g., in  FIG. 3  and/or  FIG. 16 , such as by executing instructions stored in memory  830 . The processing circuitry  810  in this regard may implement certain functional means, units, or modules. 
       FIG. 9  illustrates a network node  900 , e.g., network node  18 , as implemented in accordance with one or more embodiments. As shown, the network node  900  includes processing circuitry  910  and communication circuitry  920 . The communication circuitry  920  is configured to transmit and/or receive information to and/or from one or more other nodes, e.g., via any communication technology. The processing circuitry  910  is configured to perform processing described above, e.g., in  FIG. 4  and/or  FIG. 17 , such as by executing instructions stored in memory  930 . The processing circuitry  910  in this regard may implement certain functional means, units, or modules. 
     Those skilled in the art will also appreciate that embodiments herein further include corresponding computer programs. 
     A computer program comprises instructions which, when executed on at least one processor of an apparatus, cause the apparatus to carry out any of the respective processing described above. A computer program in this regard may comprise one or more code modules corresponding to the means or units described above. 
     Embodiments further include a carrier containing such a computer program. This carrier may comprise one of an electronic signal, optical signal, radio signal, or computer readable storage medium. 
     In this regard, embodiments herein also include a computer program product stored on a non-transitory computer readable (storage or recording) medium and comprising instructions that, when executed by a processor of an apparatus, cause the apparatus to perform as described above. 
     Embodiments further include a computer program product comprising program code portions for performing the steps of any of the embodiments herein when the computer program product is executed by a computing device. This computer program product may be stored on a computer readable recording medium. 
     Additional embodiments will now be described. At least some of these embodiments may be described as applicable in certain contexts and/or wireless network types for illustrative purposes, but the embodiments are similarly applicable in other contexts and/or wireless network types not explicitly described. 
       FIG. 10  illustrates some embodiments from the perspective of a wireless device. As shown, the wireless device provides a network node with the capability of UE-based RAT-dependent positioning method (Block  1000 ). The wireless device then requests network assistance data (Block  1010 ). The wireless device thereafter obtains network assistance data based upon its subscription (Block  1020 ). 
     UE.  FIG. 11  illustrates some embodiments from the perspective of a location server, e.g., location management function, LMF. As shown, the location server categorizes the geographical area (cells/cluster/zone) (Block  1100 ). The location server also provides one cluster/zone, subset of zone, or full zone list based upon the UE subscription (Block  1110 ). 
       FIG. 12  illustrates other embodiments from the perspective of a location server, e.g., location management function, LMF. As shown, the location server obtains UE information (capability in terms of processing capacity and/or memory) (Block  1200 ). The location server also obtains UE route and/or reason for obtaining assistance data (pedestrian, low mobility or verifying GNSS based solution, etc.) (Block  1210 ). The location server furthermore prepares the list of cells accordingly (Block  1230 ). 
     Generally, then, some embodiments provide a simplified Positioning Architect and RAN procedure to cater NG-RAN to be (e.g., act as or embed) Location Services (LCS) and Location Management Component (LMC). 
     Certain embodiments may provide one or more of the following technical advantage(s). Some embodiments make it easier to maintain the subscription hierarchy and provide means for charging for the operators from the customer. 
     In more detail, for RAT dependent DL OTDOA Based positioning method, the Location Management Function (LMF) according to some embodiments may provide the below Assistance Data so that the UE may compute its location. 
     a) List of Cell IDs and its Location (Transmission Point co-ordinates) 
     b) Real Time Difference (RTD) between the Cells 
     c) Any known drift rate between the cells 
       FIGS. 13 and 14  illustrate options to support the UE based Positioning method Assistance Data Delivery. As shown in  FIG. 13 , the UE transmits a mobile originated (MO) location request (LR) request for assistance data (AD) to the Access and Mobility Function (AMF) (Step 1). The AMF then performs authorization and subscription validity (Step 2). The AMF next provides subscription information to the Location Management Function (LMF) Step 3). The LMF correspondingly prepares the AD based upon the subscription (Step 4) and provides the AD to the UE via the LTE Positioning Protocol (LPP) (Step 5). 
     As shown in  FIG. 14 , the LMF prepares AD based upon a subscription (Step 1). The LMF then provides the AD to the AMF (Step 2). The UE thereafter sends a MO-LR request for AD to the AMF (Step 3). The AMF performs authorization and subscription validity (Step 4), and provides the AD to the UE in a MO-LR service response (Step 5). 
     In some embodiments, the LMF prepares one or more clusters (group of cells) with respect to each cell. The group of cells (cluster) may comprise immediate neighbor cells and the cells in outer vicinity where the UE can be expected to traverse. In some embodiments, the LMF prepares a cluster based upon previously known path of UE or based upon a machine learning technique as where the UEs mostly traverses. 
     In some embodiments, the LMF may categorize clusters into Zones. A zone is made of one or more clusters. 
     In some embodiments, the LMF provides one or more zones to the UE based upon the subscription and/or current location of the UE (location based upon cell id, beam id). LMF may obtain the cell id and/or beam id information from AMF via MO-LR message or from E-CID procedure if the UE already has an ongoing LPP session. 
     In one of the embodiments as shown in  FIG. 14 , one or more of the procedures may be performed by AMF. 
     In one of the embodiments, the core network entity (e.g., LMF or AMF) considers the UE capability in terms of memory and processing capability before providing the Assistance Data or basically in determining in providing the number of cells (cell, cluster, multiple cluster, zones). 
     In one of the embodiments, the core network entity (e.g., LMF or AMF) considers the QoS of the location estimation required and depending upon that decides how many numbers of cells (cell, cluster, multiple cluster, zones) to provide. Further for a low QoS or for a lower subscription level, the CN may skip the RTD, e.g., so as not to include it in the assistance data. 
     In one of the embodiments, the UE provides its positioning capability via mobile originated location request (MO-LR) message. Such capability is used by network to determine the scope of Assistance data. For instance, depending upon the memory capacity of the UE, the network may decide how many clusters/zones to provide to the UE. 
     In one embodiment, the LMF provides information about validity time of the assistance data. After expiration of the validity time, the UE needs to again request assistance data to get valid assistance data. 
     In one of the embodiments, the UE provides routing path; the input can be simplified such that it can be distance and direction, such as 100 km North. 
     In one of the embodiments, the UE provides the reason for obtaining the assistance data (AD). The reason can be specified in MO-LR message. The reasons can be, for example, (i) Pedestrian Navigation; (ii) Low Mobility Vehicular Navigation (City, Urban area); (iii) High Speed Mobility (Highway); or (iv) to verify location obtained from other source such as GNSS or for location based upon hybrid solution. 
     In one of the embodiments, the Location server prepares the cell list for DL OTDOA based upon Radio Network Area (RNA). 
       FIG. 15  shows each Hexagon as representing a cell. Cells with the same pattern belong to a cluster. It is possible to configure the cluster in a group. Cluster 2 and cluster 4 for instance could belong to the same zone (zone 1) whereas cluster 1 and 3 could belong to different zones; zone 2 and zone 3 respectively. 
     Consider now other embodiments herein that alternatively or additionally support RRC Inactive and/or Idle mode measurement configuration and reporting for positioning. 
       FIG. 16  shows some embodiments from the perspective of the wireless device, e.g., UE. As shown in  FIG. 16 , the wireless device provides a network node with the capability of positioning measurements and whether it supports a UE-based positioning method (Block  1600 ). The wireless device also receives configuration and positioning measurement reporting mechanism from the network (Block  1610 ). The wireless device furthermore provides measurement results and location estimation that can be used for verifying location determination in the network and for other post-processing purposes (Block  1630 ). 
       FIG. 17  shows some embodiments from the perspective of the network. As shown in  FIG. 17 , the network obtains the capability from the UE if the UE is capable of performing UE-based positioning measurements (Block  1700 ). The network also configures measurement reporting for RRC inactive and idle mode (Block  1710 ). The network furthermore verifies user location based upon the received measurements (Block  1730 ). 
     In more detail,  FIG. 18  shows Measurement Reporting Configuration for UE based RAT Dependent Positioning Method. As shown in  FIG. 18 , the UE sends a MO-LR Request for AD to the AMF (Step 1). The AMF performs authorization and subscription validity (Step 2), and provides the Request for AD and subscription information to the LMF (Step 3). The LMF prepares the AD based upon the subscription (Step 4) and provides the AD to the UE via LPP (Step 5). The LMF also provides a measurement reporting configuration via LPP to the UE (Step 6). The connection is released after inactivity (Step 7). The UE then sends a MO-LR measurement report to the AMF (Step 8), whereupon the AMF relays the measurement report to the LMF (Step 9). 
     Accordingly, in one embodiment, a new message (shown in  FIG. 18  as an LPP Measurement Reporting Configuration) is signaled to the UE to configure the idle and RRC Inactive mode measurement configuration. This new message is one example of configuration signaling  22  in  FIG. 5 . In some embodiments, this message can be also be piggy backed in or on another DL message from the LMF such as provide assistance data. 
     In some embodiments, the measurement configuration (e.g., as indicated by configuration signaling  22  such as the new message in this example) comprises one or more of:
         a) Events when the UE should store the measurement results and location information. For example, an event can be when the UE switches to use cells from cluster 1 to cluster 2 (see  FIG. 15 ). In some cases, when the network has mapped the cluster with respect to Radio Network area (RNA), the UE logs the measurement when switching from one RNA to another RNA.   b) Criteria for when the UE should perform measurement. For example, based upon UE perceived geometric dilution of precision (GDOP) and/or reference signal received power (RSRP); if there is fluctuation in the value of GDOP and/or RSRP and that fluctuation exceeds a threshold, the UE should store the measurement results and location.   c) Response Time
 
In some embodiments, the measurement report from the UE comprises one or more of:
   a) Time stamps (Coordinated Universal Time, UTC, System Frame Number, SFN, etc.)   b) list of cells where the UE performed measurements   c) The respective measurements such as Time of Arrival (TOA), Reference Signal Time Difference (RSTD), Reference Signal Received Power (RSRP) etc. at each time stamp       

     In one embodiment, the UE initiates the connection for example using MO-LR on the expiry of response time or after the positioning session has ended or when the UE wants the network to verify the results of its positioning determination. In all such cases, the UE sends the measurement report as shown in sequence 8 of  FIG. 18 . In an alternate embodiment, the UE flags that it has an offline report and it is up to the network to receive using an LPP message. The fetching can be obtained using new LPP messages shown in  FIG. 19 . In particular,  FIG. 19  shows Positioning Procedure to obtain offline report. As shown, the UE transmits a MO-LR Report Available message to the AMF (Step 1). The AMF performs authorization (Step 2) and provides an MO-LR message to the LMF (Step 3). The LMF transmits an LPP Obtain report message to the UE (Step 5) and the UE responds with an LPP Provide report message (Step 6). 
     In one embodiment, the UE may toggle the capability from UE based to UE assisted or UE assisted to UE based. The UE can notify the switch of capability using a message such as MO-LR. The decision to switch can be based upon criteria such as UE processing capability and memory requirement, and/or QoS (latency/accuracy) requirements. 
     In yet another embodiment, the UE stores the positioning information (positioning measurements, and/or positioning estimates, and/or other information related to the position of the device) in variables associated to logged minimization of drive test (MDT). In one mode of the embodiment, the serving cell indicates as part of a logged MDT configuration while in connected mode that the logged MDT shall include position information (location information) based on UE-based positioning comprising RAT dependent positioning methods if that has been configured via the location server.  FIG. 20  illustrates the signaling of this embodiment. In particular,  FIG. 20  shows UE-based positioning to be used together with MDT. 
     As shown in  FIG. 20 , in Step 1, the UE requests assistance data to support UE-based positioning via one of the discussed mechanisms. In Step 2, the location server, via one of the discussed mechanisms, provides assistance data to the UE for UE-based positioning. In Step 3, NG-RAN configures MDT for the UE. For immediate MDT, the UE will use the UE-based positioning results, perform MDT &amp; measurements and go to step 8. For logged MDT, the UE will await being in idle or inactive before the MDT configuration is applicable. In Step 4, the UE is released to idle or inactive. In Step 5, the UE uses the provided assistance data for UE based positioning. In Step 6, the UE performs MDT measurements (note that steps 5 and 6 can be in alternate order, can be repeated, etc.). In Step 7, the UE transfers to connected mode. In Step 8, the UE reports MDT with UE location info. 
     In yet another embodiment, the capability indication of the UE is combined so that an indicated UE capability combines support for UE-based and UE-assisted. In one embodiment, the support for UE assisted is restricted to one or more causes. One example of such a cause is “network management” or “network maintenance” or “positioning validation” or similar, i.e. where the purpose is associated to network tuning and service improvements on the network side. 
     In an embodiment, the obtained result from the UE is used by the network to further determine the cell list for DL OTDOA UE based procedure. Further, the obtained RSTD, RSRP values can be used for fingerprinting (mapping RSRP values to Positioning vector/space co-ordinates) 
     Consider now additional details of some embodiments. The use case where DL OTDOA can be seen as beneficial are:
         a) Verifying that UE based GNSS location results are accurate   b) Pedestrian or low-mobility Navigations in urban canyon   c) Hybrid Solution combining GNSS results and NR RAT dependent results (less than 3 satellites available but dense NR deployment)       

     In LTE and NR, A-GNSS based positioning method has been already defined as UE based and standalone. TS 36.305 V15.2.0, stage2 functional specification of UE and EUTRAN. Vehicular outdoor navigation is one of the important use cases requiring high accuracy positioning. The cars are inbuilt with multiple sensors and have very high processing capacity. They are equipped with Global Positioning Systems (GPSs) and would be able to further receive real-time kinetic (RTK) Assistance Data (AD) from the Network. It is very relevant that for these use cases and for this sort of devices (cars) a UE based, or standalone, positioning method is realized. 
     Further, a RAT dependent UE based positioning method can augment the GNSS based solution. Accordingly, outdoor Vehicular Navigation where cars are the location consumer is a valid use case for UE based Positioning methods. GNSS based solution and DL OTDOA UE based solution could work in tandem. 
     In order to support UE based positioning method, the network needs to provide at least the below information: Co-ordinates of cells (Antenna/TPs); and Real Time difference between cells. These are static information which are different than the varying satellite correction information. The UE based DL OTDOA positioning method would require the Network to transmit the transmission point (TP) co-ordinates which are sensitive information in some regions. Considering the below aspects, DL OTDOA is suitable for unicast rather than broadcast.
         a) Broadcast is always re-occurring static overhead. Even with on-demand, to provide support to one UE the broadcast needs to be enabled.   b) Unicast already provides integrity protection and security mechanisms   c) Expensive Broadcast ciphering-based solution can be avoided if the information is unicast   d) Network can authenticate the UE and check its subscription and provide the Assistance data needed accordingly. So, NW has more visibility as who gets the sensitive information.   e) Moreover, DL OTDOA UE based Assistance data is static and to save NW energy and resources a unicast approach is more suitable.       

     Accordingly, DL OTDOA UE based Assistance Data are static and suitable for unicast rather than broadcast. Further, the network can have better visibility who obtains the sensitive information. It is proposed, then, that Rel-16 DL OTDOA UE based is supported via only unicast mechanism. 
     A simple framework to support a unicast based solution is depicted in  FIG. 21 . As shown, a UE using a mobile-originated location request (MO-LR) requests the DL OTDOA UE based positioning (Step 1). The Access and Mobility Function (AMF) authenticates and verifies the subscription (Step 2) and accordingly requests the Location Management Function (LMF) to prepare the assistance data (AD) (Step 3). The LMF prepares and provides the AD to the UE (Step 4). 
     Consider now aspects related to providing Measurements to the NW in UE based Mode positioning. Currently, there is a provision in the LTE Positioning Protocol (LPP) (3GPP TS 36.355) to provide a periodical report. However, this requires the UE to be in connected mode. The use cases where UE based positioning method is found useful is mainly for navigation purposes where the UE would also be using the GNSS solution. A UE can obtain DL OTDOA and some other A-GNSS like Almanac information via unicast as they are more suitable for unicast as mentioned above. These data are valid for a longer period of time. The UE after obtaining the necessary unicast data can go to idle mode and can obtain Precise Point Positioning (PPP) RTK (PPP-RTK) related information via broadcast. Thus, in idle mode it may not have the means to provide a periodical report. In such cases, a UE is required to store the measurement results offline and report to the NW when NW requests. It should also be possible that a UE can go to connected mode to ask the NW to verify that the results it obtained are correct. Therefore, the idle mode logging and UE to request to verify the result should be supported for UE based positioning method. 
     Although the subject matter described herein may be implemented in any appropriate type of system using any suitable components, the embodiments disclosed herein are described in relation to a wireless network, such as the example wireless network illustrated in  FIG. 22 . For simplicity, the wireless network of  FIG. 22  only depicts network  2206 , network nodes  2260  and  2260   b , and WDs  2210 ,  2210   b , and  2210   c . In practice, a wireless network may further include any additional elements suitable to support communication between wireless devices or between a wireless device and another communication device, such as a landline telephone, a service provider, or any other network node or end device. Of the illustrated components, network node  2260  and wireless device (WD)  2210  are depicted with additional detail. The wireless network may provide communication and other types of services to one or more wireless devices to facilitate the wireless devices&#39; access to and/or use of the services provided by, or via, the wireless network. 
     The wireless network may comprise and/or interface with any type of communication, telecommunication, data, cellular, and/or radio network or other similar type of system. In some embodiments, the wireless network may be configured to operate according to specific standards or other types of predefined rules or procedures. Thus, particular embodiments of the wireless network may implement communication standards, such as Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM), Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS), Long Term Evolution (LTE), Narrowband Internet of Things (NB-IoT), and/or other suitable 2G, 3G, 4G, or 5G standards; wireless local area network (WLAN) standards, such as the IEEE 802.11 standards; and/or any other appropriate wireless communication standard, such as the Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMax), Bluetooth, Z-Wave and/or ZigBee standards. 
     Network  2206  may comprise one or more backhaul networks, core networks, IP networks, public switched telephone networks (PSTNs), packet data networks, optical networks, wide-area networks (WANs), local area networks (LANs), wireless local area networks (WLANs), wired networks, wireless networks, metropolitan area networks, and other networks to enable communication between devices. 
     Network node  2260  and WD  2210  comprise various components described in more detail below. These components work together in order to provide network node and/or wireless device functionality, such as providing wireless connections in a wireless network. In different embodiments, the wireless network may comprise any number of wired or wireless networks, network nodes, base stations, controllers, wireless devices, relay stations, and/or any other components or systems that may facilitate or participate in the communication of data and/or signals whether via wired or wireless connections. 
     As used herein, network node refers to equipment capable, configured, arranged and/or operable to communicate directly or indirectly with a wireless device and/or with other network nodes or equipment in the wireless network to enable and/or provide wireless access to the wireless device and/or to perform other functions (e.g., administration) in the wireless network. Examples of network nodes include, but are not limited to, access points (APs) (e.g., radio access points), base stations (BSs) (e.g., radio base stations, Node Bs, evolved Node Bs (eNBs) and NR NodeBs (gNBs)). Base stations may be categorized based on the amount of coverage they provide (or, stated differently, their transmit power level) and may then also be referred to as femto base stations, pico base stations, micro base stations, or macro base stations. A base station may be a relay node or a relay donor node controlling a relay. A network node may also include one or more (or all) parts of a distributed radio base station such as centralized digital units and/or remote radio units (RRUs), sometimes referred to as Remote Radio Heads (RRHs). Such remote radio units may or may not be integrated with an antenna as an antenna integrated radio. Parts of a distributed radio base station may also be referred to as nodes in a distributed antenna system (DAS). Yet further examples of network nodes include multi-standard radio (MSR) equipment such as MSR BSs, network controllers such as radio network controllers (RNCs) or base station controllers (BSCs), base transceiver stations (BTSs), transmission points, transmission nodes, multi-cell/multicast coordination entities (MCEs), core network nodes (e.g., MSCs, MMEs), O&amp;M nodes, OSS nodes, SON nodes, positioning nodes (e.g., E-SMLCs), and/or MDTs. As another example, a network node may be a virtual network node as described in more detail below. More generally, however, network nodes may represent any suitable device (or group of devices) capable, configured, arranged, and/or operable to enable and/or provide a wireless device with access to the wireless network or to provide some service to a wireless device that has accessed the wireless network. 
     In  FIG. 22 , network node  2260  includes processing circuitry  2270 , device readable medium  2280 , interface  2290 , auxiliary equipment  2284 , power source  2286 , power circuitry  2287 , and antenna  2262 . Although network node  2260  illustrated in the example wireless network of  FIG. 22  may represent a device that includes the illustrated combination of hardware components, other embodiments may comprise network nodes with different combinations of components. It is to be understood that a network node comprises any suitable combination of hardware and/or software needed to perform the tasks, features, functions and methods disclosed herein. Moreover, while the components of network node  2260  are depicted as single boxes located within a larger box, or nested within multiple boxes, in practice, a network node may comprise multiple different physical components that make up a single illustrated component (e.g., device readable medium  2280  may comprise multiple separate hard drives as well as multiple RAM modules). 
     Similarly, network node  2260  may be composed of multiple physically separate components (e.g., a NodeB component and a RNC component, or a BTS component and a BSC component, etc.), which may each have their own respective components. In certain scenarios in which network node  2260  comprises multiple separate components (e.g., BTS and BSC components), one or more of the separate components may be shared among several network nodes. For example, a single RNC may control multiple NodeB&#39;s. In such a scenario, each unique NodeB and RNC pair, may in some instances be considered a single separate network node. In some embodiments, network node  2260  may be configured to support multiple radio access technologies (RATs). In such embodiments, some components may be duplicated (e.g., separate device readable medium  2280  for the different RATs) and some components may be reused (e.g., the same antenna  2262  may be shared by the RATs). Network node  2260  may also include multiple sets of the various illustrated components for different wireless technologies integrated into network node  2260 , such as, for example, GSM, WCDMA, LTE, NR, WiFi, or Bluetooth wireless technologies. These wireless technologies may be integrated into the same or different chip or set of chips and other components within network node  2260 . 
     Processing circuitry  2270  is configured to perform any determining, calculating, or similar operations (e.g., certain obtaining operations) described herein as being provided by a network node. These operations performed by processing circuitry  2270  may include processing information obtained by processing circuitry  2270  by, for example, converting the obtained information into other information, comparing the obtained information or converted information to information stored in the network node, and/or performing one or more operations based on the obtained information or converted information, and as a result of said processing making a determination. 
     Processing circuitry  2270  may comprise a combination of one or more of a microprocessor, controller, microcontroller, central processing unit, digital signal processor, application-specific integrated circuit, field programmable gate array, or any other suitable computing device, resource, or combination of hardware, software and/or encoded logic operable to provide, either alone or in conjunction with other network node  2260  components, such as device readable medium  2280 , network node  2260  functionality. For example, processing circuitry  2270  may execute instructions stored in device readable medium  2280  or in memory within processing circuitry  2270 . Such functionality may include providing any of the various wireless features, functions, or benefits discussed herein. In some embodiments, processing circuitry  2270  may include a system on a chip (SOC). 
     In some embodiments, processing circuitry  2270  may include one or more of radio frequency (RF) transceiver circuitry  2272  and baseband processing circuitry  2274 . In some embodiments, radio frequency (RF) transceiver circuitry  2272  and baseband processing circuitry  2274  may be on separate chips (or sets of chips), boards, or units, such as radio units and digital units. In alternative embodiments, part or all of RF transceiver circuitry  2272  and baseband processing circuitry  2274  may be on the same chip or set of chips, boards, or units 
     In certain embodiments, some or all of the functionality described herein as being provided by a network node, base station, eNB or other such network device may be performed by processing circuitry  2270  executing instructions stored on device readable medium  2280  or memory within processing circuitry  2270 . In alternative embodiments, some or all of the functionality may be provided by processing circuitry  2270  without executing instructions stored on a separate or discrete device readable medium, such as in a hard-wired manner. In any of those embodiments, whether executing instructions stored on a device readable storage medium or not, processing circuitry  2270  can be configured to perform the described functionality. The benefits provided by such functionality are not limited to processing circuitry  2270  alone or to other components of network node  2260 , but are enjoyed by network node  2260  as a whole, and/or by end users and the wireless network generally. 
     Device readable medium  2280  may comprise any form of volatile or non-volatile computer readable memory including, without limitation, persistent storage, solid-state memory, remotely mounted memory, magnetic media, optical media, random access memory (RAM), read-only memory (ROM), mass storage media (for example, a hard disk), removable storage media (for example, a flash drive, a Compact Disk (CD) or a Digital Video Disk (DVD)), and/or any other volatile or non-volatile, non-transitory device readable and/or computer-executable memory devices that store information, data, and/or instructions that may be used by processing circuitry  2270 . Device readable medium  2280  may store any suitable instructions, data or information, including a computer program, software, an application including one or more of logic, rules, code, tables, etc. and/or other instructions capable of being executed by processing circuitry  2270  and, utilized by network node  2260 . Device readable medium  2280  may be used to store any calculations made by processing circuitry  2270  and/or any data received via interface  2290 . In some embodiments, processing circuitry  2270  and device readable medium  2280  may be considered to be integrated. 
     Interface  2290  is used in the wired or wireless communication of signalling and/or data between network node  2260 , network  2206 , and/or WDs  2210 . As illustrated, interface  2290  comprises port(s)/terminal(s)  2294  to send and receive data, for example to and from network  2206  over a wired connection. Interface  2290  also includes radio front end circuitry  2292  that may be coupled to, or in certain embodiments a part of, antenna  2262 . Radio front end circuitry  2292  comprises filters  2298  and amplifiers  2296 . Radio front end circuitry  2292  may be connected to antenna  2262  and processing circuitry  2270 . Radio front end circuitry may be configured to condition signals communicated between antenna  2262  and processing circuitry  2270 . Radio front end circuitry  2292  may receive digital data that is to be sent out to other network nodes or WDs via a wireless connection. Radio front end circuitry  2292  may convert the digital data into a radio signal having the appropriate channel and bandwidth parameters using a combination of filters  2298  and/or amplifiers  2296 . The radio signal may then be transmitted via antenna  2262 . Similarly, when receiving data, antenna  2262  may collect radio signals which are then converted into digital data by radio front end circuitry  2292 . The digital data may be passed to processing circuitry  2270 . In other embodiments, the interface may comprise different components and/or different combinations of components. 
     In certain alternative embodiments, network node  2260  may not include separate radio front end circuitry  2292 , instead, processing circuitry  2270  may comprise radio front end circuitry and may be connected to antenna  2262  without separate radio front end circuitry  2292 . Similarly, in some embodiments, all or some of RF transceiver circuitry  2272  may be considered a part of interface  2290 . In still other embodiments, interface  2290  may include one or more ports or terminals  2294 , radio front end circuitry  2292 , and RF transceiver circuitry  2272 , as part of a radio unit (not shown), and interface  2290  may communicate with baseband processing circuitry  2274 , which is part of a digital unit (not shown). 
     Antenna  2262  may include one or more antennas, or antenna arrays, configured to send and/or receive wireless signals. Antenna  2262  may be coupled to radio front end circuitry  2290  and may be any type of antenna capable of transmitting and receiving data and/or signals wirelessly. In some embodiments, antenna  2262  may comprise one or more omni-directional, sector or panel antennas operable to transmit/receive radio signals between, for example, 2 GHz and 66 GHz. An omni-directional antenna may be used to transmit/receive radio signals in any direction, a sector antenna may be used to transmit/receive radio signals from devices within a particular area, and a panel antenna may be a line of sight antenna used to transmit/receive radio signals in a relatively straight line. In some instances, the use of more than one antenna may be referred to as MIMO. In certain embodiments, antenna  2262  may be separate from network node  2260  and may be connectable to network node  2260  through an interface or port. 
     Antenna  2262 , interface  2290 , and/or processing circuitry  2270  may be configured to perform any receiving operations and/or certain obtaining operations described herein as being performed by a network node. Any information, data and/or signals may be received from a wireless device, another network node and/or any other network equipment. Similarly, antenna  2262 , interface  2290 , and/or processing circuitry  2270  may be configured to perform any transmitting operations described herein as being performed by a network node. Any information, data and/or signals may be transmitted to a wireless device, another network node and/or any other network equipment. 
     Power circuitry  2287  may comprise, or be coupled to, power management circuitry and is configured to supply the components of network node  2260  with power for performing the functionality described herein. Power circuitry  2287  may receive power from power source  2286 . Power source  2286  and/or power circuitry  2287  may be configured to provide power to the various components of network node  2260  in a form suitable for the respective components (e.g., at a voltage and current level needed for each respective component). Power source  2286  may either be included in, or external to, power circuitry  2287  and/or network node  2260 . For example, network node  2260  may be connectable to an external power source (e.g., an electricity outlet) via an input circuitry or interface such as an electrical cable, whereby the external power source supplies power to power circuitry  2287 . As a further example, power source  2286  may comprise a source of power in the form of a battery or battery pack which is connected to, or integrated in, power circuitry  2287 . The battery may provide backup power should the external power source fail. Other types of power sources, such as photovoltaic devices, may also be used. 
     Alternative embodiments of network node  2260  may include additional components beyond those shown in  FIG. 22  that may be responsible for providing certain aspects of the network node&#39;s functionality, including any of the functionality described herein and/or any functionality necessary to support the subject matter described herein. For example, network node  2260  may include user interface equipment to allow input of information into network node  2260  and to allow output of information from network node  2260 . This may allow a user to perform diagnostic, maintenance, repair, and other administrative functions for network node  2260 . 
     As used herein, wireless device (WD) refers to a device capable, configured, arranged and/or operable to communicate wirelessly with network nodes and/or other wireless devices. Unless otherwise noted, the term WD may be used interchangeably herein with user equipment (UE). Communicating wirelessly may involve transmitting and/or receiving wireless signals using electromagnetic waves, radio waves, infrared waves, and/or other types of signals suitable for conveying information through air. In some embodiments, a WD may be configured to transmit and/or receive information without direct human interaction. For instance, a WD may be designed to transmit information to a network on a predetermined schedule, when triggered by an internal or external event, or in response to requests from the network. Examples of a WD include, but are not limited to, a smart phone, a mobile phone, a cell phone, a voice over IP (VoIP) phone, a wireless local loop phone, a desktop computer, a personal digital assistant (PDA), a wireless cameras, a gaming console or device, a music storage device, a playback appliance, a wearable terminal device, a wireless endpoint, a mobile station, a tablet, a laptop, a laptop-embedded equipment (LEE), a laptop-mounted equipment (LME), a smart device, a wireless customer-premise equipment (CPE). a vehicle-mounted wireless terminal device, etc. A WD may support device-to-device (D2D) communication, for example by implementing a 3GPP standard for sidelink communication, vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V), vehicle-to-infrastructure (V21), vehicle-to-everything (V2X) and may in this case be referred to as a D2D communication device. As yet another specific example, in an Internet of Things (IoT) scenario, a WD may represent a machine or other device that performs monitoring and/or measurements, and transmits the results of such monitoring and/or measurements to another WD and/or a network node. The WD may in this case be a machine-to-machine (M2M) device, which may in a 3GPP context be referred to as an MTC device. As one particular example, the WD may be a UE implementing the 3GPP narrow band internet of things (NB-IoT) standard. Particular examples of such machines or devices are sensors, metering devices such as power meters, industrial machinery, or home or personal appliances (e.g. refrigerators, televisions, etc.) personal wearables (e.g., watches, fitness trackers, etc.). In other scenarios, a WD may represent a vehicle or other equipment that is capable of monitoring and/or reporting on its operational status or other functions associated with its operation. A WD as described above may represent the endpoint of a wireless connection, in which case the device may be referred to as a wireless terminal. Furthermore, a WD as described above may be mobile, in which case it may also be referred to as a mobile device or a mobile terminal. 
     As illustrated, wireless device  2210  includes antenna  2211 , interface  2214 , processing circuitry  2220 , device readable medium  2230 , user interface equipment  2232 , auxiliary equipment  2234 , power source  2236  and power circuitry  2237 . WD  2210  may include multiple sets of one or more of the illustrated components for different wireless technologies supported by WD  2210 , such as, for example, GSM, WCDMA, LTE, NR, WiFi, WiMAX, NB-IoT, or Bluetooth wireless technologies, just to mention a few. These wireless technologies may be integrated into the same or different chips or set of chips as other components within WD  2210 . 
     Antenna  2211  may include one or more antennas or antenna arrays, configured to send and/or receive wireless signals, and is connected to interface  2214 . In certain alternative embodiments, antenna  2211  may be separate from WD  2210  and be connectable to WD  2210  through an interface or port. Antenna  2211 , interface  2214 , and/or processing circuitry  2220  may be configured to perform any receiving or transmitting operations described herein as being performed by a WD. Any information, data and/or signals may be received from a network node and/or another WD. In some embodiments, radio front end circuitry and/or antenna  2211  may be considered an interface. 
     As illustrated, interface  2214  comprises radio front end circuitry  2212  and antenna  2211 . Radio front end circuitry  2212  comprise one or more filters  2218  and amplifiers  2216 . Radio front end circuitry  2214  is connected to antenna  2211  and processing circuitry  2220 , and is configured to condition signals communicated between antenna  2211  and processing circuitry  2220 . Radio front end circuitry  2212  may be coupled to or a part of antenna  2211 . In some embodiments, WD  2210  may not include separate radio front end circuitry  2212 ; rather, processing circuitry  2220  may comprise radio front end circuitry and may be connected to antenna  2211 . Similarly, in some embodiments, some or all of RF transceiver circuitry  2222  may be considered a part of interface  2214 . Radio front end circuitry  2212  may receive digital data that is to be sent out to other network nodes or WDs via a wireless connection. Radio front end circuitry  2212  may convert the digital data into a radio signal having the appropriate channel and bandwidth parameters using a combination of filters  2218  and/or amplifiers  2216 . The radio signal may then be transmitted via antenna  2211 . Similarly, when receiving data, antenna  2211  may collect radio signals which are then converted into digital data by radio front end circuitry  2212 . The digital data may be passed to processing circuitry  2220 . In other embodiments, the interface may comprise different components and/or different combinations of components. 
     Processing circuitry  2220  may comprise a combination of one or more of a microprocessor, controller, microcontroller, central processing unit, digital signal processor, application-specific integrated circuit, field programmable gate array, or any other suitable computing device, resource, or combination of hardware, software, and/or encoded logic operable to provide, either alone or in conjunction with other WD  2210  components, such as device readable medium  2230 , WD  2210  functionality. Such functionality may include providing any of the various wireless features or benefits discussed herein. For example, processing circuitry  2220  may execute instructions stored in device readable medium  2230  or in memory within processing circuitry  2220  to provide the functionality disclosed herein. 
     As illustrated, processing circuitry  2220  includes one or more of RF transceiver circuitry  2222 , baseband processing circuitry  2224 , and application processing circuitry  2226 . In other embodiments, the processing circuitry may comprise different components and/or different combinations of components. In certain embodiments processing circuitry  2220  of WD  2210  may comprise a SOC. In some embodiments, RF transceiver circuitry  2222 , baseband processing circuitry  2224 , and application processing circuitry  2226  may be on separate chips or sets of chips. In alternative embodiments, part or all of baseband processing circuitry  2224  and application processing circuitry  2226  may be combined into one chip or set of chips, and RF transceiver circuitry  2222  may be on a separate chip or set of chips. In still alternative embodiments, part or all of RF transceiver circuitry  2222  and baseband processing circuitry  2224  may be on the same chip or set of chips, and application processing circuitry  2226  may be on a separate chip or set of chips. In yet other alternative embodiments, part or all of RF transceiver circuitry  2222 , baseband processing circuitry  2224 , and application processing circuitry  2226  may be combined in the same chip or set of chips. In some embodiments, RF transceiver circuitry  2222  may be a part of interface  2214 . RF transceiver circuitry  2222  may condition RF signals for processing circuitry  2220 . 
     In certain embodiments, some or all of the functionality described herein as being performed by a WD may be provided by processing circuitry  2220  executing instructions stored on device readable medium  2230 , which in certain embodiments may be a computer-readable storage medium. In alternative embodiments, some or all of the functionality may be provided by processing circuitry  2220  without executing instructions stored on a separate or discrete device readable storage medium, such as in a hard-wired manner. In any of those particular embodiments, whether executing instructions stored on a device readable storage medium or not, processing circuitry  2220  can be configured to perform the described functionality. The benefits provided by such functionality are not limited to processing circuitry  2220  alone or to other components of WD  2210 , but are enjoyed by WD  2210  as a whole, and/or by end users and the wireless network generally. 
     Processing circuitry  2220  may be configured to perform any determining, calculating, or similar operations (e.g., certain obtaining operations) described herein as being performed by a WD. These operations, as performed by processing circuitry  2220 , may include processing information obtained by processing circuitry  2220  by, for example, converting the obtained information into other information, comparing the obtained information or converted information to information stored by WD  2210 , and/or performing one or more operations based on the obtained information or converted information, and as a result of said processing making a determination. 
     Device readable medium  2230  may be operable to store a computer program, software, an application including one or more of logic, rules, code, tables, etc. and/or other instructions capable of being executed by processing circuitry  2220 . Device readable medium  2230  may include computer memory (e.g., Random Access Memory (RAM) or Read Only Memory (ROM)), mass storage media (e.g., a hard disk), removable storage media (e.g., a Compact Disk (CD) or a Digital Video Disk (DVD)), and/or any other volatile or non-volatile, non-transitory device readable and/or computer executable memory devices that store information, data, and/or instructions that may be used by processing circuitry  2220 . In some embodiments, processing circuitry  2220  and device readable medium  2230  may be considered to be integrated. 
     User interface equipment  2232  may provide components that allow for a human user to interact with WD  2210 . Such interaction may be of many forms, such as visual, audial, tactile, etc. User interface equipment  2232  may be operable to produce output to the user and to allow the user to provide input to WD  2210 . The type of interaction may vary depending on the type of user interface equipment  2232  installed in WD  2210 . For example, if WD  2210  is a smart phone, the interaction may be via a touch screen; if WD  2210  is a smart meter, the interaction may be through a screen that provides usage (e.g., the number of gallons used) or a speaker that provides an audible alert (e.g., if smoke is detected). User interface equipment  2232  may include input interfaces, devices and circuits, and output interfaces, devices and circuits. User interface equipment  2232  is configured to allow input of information into WD  2210 , and is connected to processing circuitry  2220  to allow processing circuitry  2220  to process the input information. User interface equipment  2232  may include, for example, a microphone, a proximity or other sensor, keys/buttons, a touch display, one or more cameras, a USB port, or other input circuitry. User interface equipment  2232  is also configured to allow output of information from WD  2210 , and to allow processing circuitry  2220  to output information from WD  2210 . User interface equipment  2232  may include, for example, a speaker, a display, vibrating circuitry, a USB port, a headphone interface, or other output circuitry. Using one or more input and output interfaces, devices, and circuits, of user interface equipment  2232 , WD  2210  may communicate with end users and/or the wireless network, and allow them to benefit from the functionality described herein. 
     Auxiliary equipment  2234  is operable to provide more specific functionality which may not be generally performed by WDs. This may comprise specialized sensors for doing measurements for various purposes, interfaces for additional types of communication such as wired communications etc. The inclusion and type of components of auxiliary equipment  2234  may vary depending on the embodiment and/or scenario. 
     Power source  2236  may, in some embodiments, be in the form of a battery or battery pack. Other types of power sources, such as an external power source (e.g., an electricity outlet), photovoltaic devices or power cells, may also be used. WD  2210  may further comprise power circuitry  2237  for delivering power from power source  2236  to the various parts of WD  2210  which need power from power source  2236  to carry out any functionality described or indicated herein. Power circuitry  2237  may in certain embodiments comprise power management circuitry. Power circuitry  2237  may additionally or alternatively be operable to receive power from an external power source; in which case WD  2210  may be connectable to the external power source (such as an electricity outlet) via input circuitry or an interface such as an electrical power cable. Power circuitry  2237  may also in certain embodiments be operable to deliver power from an external power source to power source  2236 . This may be, for example, for the charging of power source  2236 . Power circuitry  2237  may perform any formatting, converting, or other modification to the power from power source  2236  to make the power suitable for the respective components of WD  2210  to which power is supplied. 
       FIG. 23  illustrates one embodiment of a UE in accordance with various aspects described herein. As used herein, a user equipment or UE may not necessarily have a user in the sense of a human user who owns and/or operates the relevant device. Instead, a UE may represent a device that is intended for sale to, or operation by, a human user but which may not, or which may not initially, be associated with a specific human user (e.g., a smart sprinkler controller). Alternatively, a UE may represent a device that is not intended for sale to, or operation by, an end user but which may be associated with or operated for the benefit of a user (e.g., a smart power meter). UE  23200  may be any UE identified by the 3 rd  Generation Partnership Project (3GPP), including a NB-IoT UE, a machine type communication (MTC) UE, and/or an enhanced MTC (eMTC) UE. UE  2300 , as illustrated in  FIG. 23 , is one example of a WD configured for communication in accordance with one or more communication standards promulgated by the 3 rd  Generation Partnership Project (3GPP), such as 3GPP&#39;s GSM, UMTS, LTE, and/or 5G standards. As mentioned previously, the term WD and UE may be used interchangeable. Accordingly, although  FIG. 23  is a UE, the components discussed herein are equally applicable to a WD, and vice-versa. 
     In  FIG. 23 , UE  2300  includes processing circuitry  2301  that is operatively coupled to input/output interface  2305 , radio frequency (RF) interface  2309 , network connection interface  2311 , memory  2315  including random access memory (RAM)  2317 , read-only memory (ROM)  2319 , and storage medium  2321  or the like, communication subsystem  2331 , power source  2333 , and/or any other component, or any combination thereof. Storage medium  2321  includes operating system  2323 , application program  2325 , and data  2327 . In other embodiments, storage medium  2321  may include other similar types of information. Certain UEs may utilize all of the components shown in  FIG. 23 , or only a subset of the components. The level of integration between the components may vary from one UE to another UE. Further, certain UEs may contain multiple instances of a component, such as multiple processors, memories, transceivers, transmitters, receivers, etc. 
     In  FIG. 23 , processing circuitry  2301  may be configured to process computer instructions and data. Processing circuitry  2301  may be configured to implement any sequential state machine operative to execute machine instructions stored as machine-readable computer programs in the memory, such as one or more hardware-implemented state machines (e.g., in discrete logic, FPGA, ASIC, etc.); programmable logic together with appropriate firmware; one or more stored program, general-purpose processors, such as a microprocessor or Digital Signal Processor (DSP), together with appropriate software; or any combination of the above. For example, the processing circuitry  2301  may include two central processing units (CPUs). Data may be information in a form suitable for use by a computer. 
     In the depicted embodiment, input/output interface  2305  may be configured to provide a communication interface to an input device, output device, or input and output device. UE  2300  may be configured to use an output device via input/output interface  2305 . An output device may use the same type of interface port as an input device. For example, a USB port may be used to provide input to and output from UE  2300 . The output device may be a speaker, a sound card, a video card, a display, a monitor, a printer, an actuator, an emitter, a smartcard, another output device, or any combination thereof. UE  2300  may be configured to use an input device via input/output interface  2305  to allow a user to capture information into UE  2300 . The input device may include a touch-sensitive or presence-sensitive display, a camera (e.g., a digital camera, a digital video camera, a web camera, etc.), a microphone, a sensor, a mouse, a trackball, a directional pad, a trackpad, a scroll wheel, a smartcard, and the like. The presence-sensitive display may include a capacitive or resistive touch sensor to sense input from a user. A sensor may be, for instance, an accelerometer, a gyroscope, a tilt sensor, a force sensor, a magnetometer, an optical sensor, a proximity sensor, another like sensor, or any combination thereof. For example, the input device may be an accelerometer, a magnetometer, a digital camera, a microphone, and an optical sensor. 
     In  FIG. 23 , RF interface  2309  may be configured to provide a communication interface to RF components such as a transmitter, a receiver, and an antenna. Network connection interface  2311  may be configured to provide a communication interface to network  2343   a . Network  2343   a  may encompass wired and/or wireless networks such as a local-area network (LAN), a wide-area network (WAN), a computer network, a wireless network, a telecommunications network, another like network or any combination thereof. For example, network  2343   a  may comprise a Wi-Fi network. Network connection interface  2311  may be configured to include a receiver and a transmitter interface used to communicate with one or more other devices over a communication network according to one or more communication protocols, such as Ethernet, TCP/IP, SONET, ATM, or the like. Network connection interface  2311  may implement receiver and transmitter functionality appropriate to the communication network links (e.g., optical, electrical, and the like). The transmitter and receiver functions may share circuit components, software or firmware, or alternatively may be implemented separately. 
     RAM  2317  may be configured to interface via bus  2302  to processing circuitry  2301  to provide storage or caching of data or computer instructions during the execution of software programs such as the operating system, application programs, and device drivers. ROM  2319  may be configured to provide computer instructions or data to processing circuitry  2301 . For example, ROM  2319  may be configured to store invariant low-level system code or data for basic system functions such as basic input and output (I/O), startup, or reception of keystrokes from a keyboard that are stored in a non-volatile memory. Storage medium  2321  may be configured to include memory such as RAM, ROM, programmable read-only memory (PROM), erasable programmable read-only memory (EPROM), electrically erasable programmable read-only memory (EEPROM), magnetic disks, optical disks, floppy disks, hard disks, removable cartridges, or flash drives. In one example, storage medium  2321  may be configured to include operating system  2323 , application program  2325  such as a web browser application, a widget or gadget engine or another application, and data file  2327 . Storage medium  2321  may store, for use by UE  2300 , any of a variety of various operating systems or combinations of operating systems. 
     Storage medium  2321  may be configured to include a number of physical drive units, such as redundant array of independent disks (RAID), floppy disk drive, flash memory, USB flash drive, external hard disk drive, thumb drive, pen drive, key drive, high-density digital versatile disc (HD-DVD) optical disc drive, internal hard disk drive, Blu-Ray optical disc drive, holographic digital data storage (HDDS) optical disc drive, external mini-dual in-line memory module (DIMM), synchronous dynamic random access memory (SDRAM), external micro-DIMM SDRAM, smartcard memory such as a subscriber identity module or a removable user identity (SIM/RUIM) module, other memory, or any combination thereof. Storage medium  2321  may allow UE  2300  to access computer-executable instructions, application programs or the like, stored on transitory or non-transitory memory media, to off-load data, or to upload data. An article of manufacture, such as one utilizing a communication system may be tangibly embodied in storage medium  2321 , which may comprise a device readable medium. 
     In  FIG. 23 , processing circuitry  2301  may be configured to communicate with network  2343   b  using communication subsystem  2331 . Network  2343   a  and network  2343   b  may be the same network or networks or different network or networks. Communication subsystem  2331  may be configured to include one or more transceivers used to communicate with network  2343   b . For example, communication subsystem  2331  may be configured to include one or more transceivers used to communicate with one or more remote transceivers of another device capable of wireless communication such as another WD, UE, or base station of a radio access network (RAN) according to one or more communication protocols, such as IEEE 802.23, CDMA, WCDMA, GSM, LTE, UTRAN, WiMax, or the like. Each transceiver may include transmitter  2333  and/or receiver  2335  to implement transmitter or receiver functionality, respectively, appropriate to the RAN links (e.g., frequency allocations and the like). Further, transmitter  2333  and receiver  2335  of each transceiver may share circuit components, software or firmware, or alternatively may be implemented separately. 
     In the illustrated embodiment, the communication functions of communication subsystem  2331  may include data communication, voice communication, multimedia communication, short-range communications such as Bluetooth, near-field communication, location-based communication such as the use of the global positioning system (GPS) to determine a location, another like communication function, or any combination thereof. For example, communication subsystem  2331  may include cellular communication, Wi-Fi communication, Bluetooth communication, and GPS communication. Network  2343   b  may encompass wired and/or wireless networks such as a local-area network (LAN), a wide-area network (WAN), a computer network, a wireless network, a telecommunications network, another like network or any combination thereof. For example, network  2343   b  may be a cellular network, a Wi-Fi network, and/or a near-field network. Power source  2313  may be configured to provide alternating current (AC) or direct current (DC) power to components of UE  2300 . 
     The features, benefits and/or functions described herein may be implemented in one of the components of UE  2300  or partitioned across multiple components of UE  2300 . Further, the features, benefits, and/or functions described herein may be implemented in any combination of hardware, software or firmware. In one example, communication subsystem  2331  may be configured to include any of the components described herein. Further, processing circuitry  2301  may be configured to communicate with any of such components over bus  2302 . In another example, any of such components may be represented by program instructions stored in memory that when executed by processing circuitry  2301  perform the corresponding functions described herein. In another example, the functionality of any of such components may be partitioned between processing circuitry  2301  and communication subsystem  2331 . In another example, the non-computationally intensive functions of any of such components may be implemented in software or firmware and the computationally intensive functions may be implemented in hardware. 
       FIG. 24  is a schematic block diagram illustrating a virtualization environment  2400  in which functions implemented by some embodiments may be virtualized. In the present context, virtualizing means creating virtual versions of apparatuses or devices which may include virtualizing hardware platforms, storage devices and networking resources. As used herein, virtualization can be applied to a node (e.g., a virtualized base station or a virtualized radio access node) or to a device (e.g., a UE, a wireless device or any other type of communication device) or components thereof and relates to an implementation in which at least a portion of the functionality is implemented as one or more virtual components (e.g., via one or more applications, components, functions, virtual machines or containers executing on one or more physical processing nodes in one or more networks). 
     In some embodiments, some or all of the functions described herein may be implemented as virtual components executed by one or more virtual machines implemented in one or more virtual environments  2400  hosted by one or more of hardware nodes  2430 . Further, in embodiments in which the virtual node is not a radio access node or does not require radio connectivity (e.g., a core network node), then the network node may be entirely virtualized. 
     The functions may be implemented by one or more applications  2420  (which may alternatively be called software instances, virtual appliances, network functions, virtual nodes, virtual network functions, etc.) operative to implement some of the features, functions, and/or benefits of some of the embodiments disclosed herein. Applications  2420  are run in virtualization environment  2400  which provides hardware  2430  comprising processing circuitry  2460  and memory  2490 . Memory  2490  contains instructions  2495  executable by processing circuitry  2460  whereby application  2420  is operative to provide one or more of the features, benefits, and/or functions disclosed herein. 
     Virtualization environment  2400 , comprises general-purpose or special-purpose network hardware devices  2430  comprising a set of one or more processors or processing circuitry  2460 , which may be commercial off-the-shelf (COTS) processors, dedicated Application Specific Integrated Circuits (ASICs), or any other type of processing circuitry including digital or analog hardware components or special purpose processors. Each hardware device may comprise memory  2490 - 1  which may be non-persistent memory for temporarily storing instructions  2495  or software executed by processing circuitry  2460 . Each hardware device may comprise one or more network interface controllers (NICs)  2470 , also known as network interface cards, which include physical network interface  2480 . Each hardware device may also include non-transitory, persistent, machine-readable storage media  2490 - 2  having stored therein software  2495  and/or instructions executable by processing circuitry  2460 . Software  2495  may include any type of software including software for instantiating one or more virtualization layers  2450  (also referred to as hypervisors), software to execute virtual machines  2440  as well as software allowing it to execute functions, features and/or benefits described in relation with some embodiments described herein. 
     Virtual machines  2440 , comprise virtual processing, virtual memory, virtual networking or interface and virtual storage, and may be run by a corresponding virtualization layer  2450  or hypervisor. Different embodiments of the instance of virtual appliance  2420  may be implemented on one or more of virtual machines  2440 , and the implementations may be made in different ways. 
     During operation, processing circuitry  2460  executes software  2495  to instantiate the hypervisor or virtualization layer  2450 , which may sometimes be referred to as a virtual machine monitor (VMM). Virtualization layer  2450  may present a virtual operating platform that appears like networking hardware to virtual machine  2440 . 
     As shown in  FIG. 24 , hardware  2430  may be a standalone network node with generic or specific components. Hardware  2430  may comprise antenna  24225  and may implement some functions via virtualization. Alternatively, hardware  2430  may be part of a larger cluster of hardware (e.g. such as in a data center or customer premise equipment (CPE)) where many hardware nodes work together and are managed via management and orchestration (MANO)  24100 , which, among others, oversees lifecycle management of applications  2420 . 
     Virtualization of the hardware is in some contexts referred to as network function virtualization (NFV). NFV may be used to consolidate many network equipment types onto industry standard high volume server hardware, physical switches, and physical storage, which can be located in data centers, and customer premise equipment. 
     In the context of NFV, virtual machine  2440  may be a software implementation of a physical machine that runs programs as if they were executing on a physical, non-virtualized machine. Each of virtual machines  2440 , and that part of hardware  2430  that executes that virtual machine, be it hardware dedicated to that virtual machine and/or hardware shared by that virtual machine with others of the virtual machines  2440 , forms a separate virtual network elements (VNE). 
     Still in the context of NFV, Virtual Network Function (VNF) is responsible for handling specific network functions that run in one or more virtual machines  2440  on top of hardware networking infrastructure  2430  and corresponds to application  2420  in  FIG. 24 . 
     In some embodiments, one or more radio units  24200  that each include one or more transmitters  24220  and one or more receivers  24210  may be coupled to one or more antennas  24225 . Radio units  24200  may communicate directly with hardware nodes  2430  via one or more appropriate network interfaces and may be used in combination with the virtual components to provide a virtual node with radio capabilities, such as a radio access node or a base station. 
     In some embodiments, some signalling can be effected with the use of control system  24230  which may alternatively be used for communication between the hardware nodes  2430  and radio units  24200 . 
       FIG. 25  illustrates a telecommunication network connected via an intermediate network to a host computer in accordance with some embodiments. In particular, with reference to  FIG. 25 , in accordance with an embodiment, a communication system includes telecommunication network  2510 , such as a 3GPP-type cellular network, which comprises access network  2511 , such as a radio access network, and core network  2514 . Access network  2511  comprises a plurality of base stations  2512   a ,  2512   b ,  2512   c , such as NBs, eNBs, gNBs or other types of wireless access points, each defining a corresponding coverage area  2513   a ,  2513   b ,  2513   c . Each base station  2512   a ,  2512   b ,  2512   c  is connectable to core network  2514  over a wired or wireless connection  2515 . A first UE  2591  located in coverage area  2513   c  is configured to wirelessly connect to, or be paged by, the corresponding base station  2512   c . A second UE  2592  in coverage area  2513   a  is wirelessly connectable to the corresponding base station  2512   a . While a plurality of UEs  2591 ,  2592  are illustrated in this example, the disclosed embodiments are equally applicable to a situation where a sole UE is in the coverage area or where a sole UE is connecting to the corresponding base station  2512 . 
     Telecommunication network  2510  is itself connected to host computer  2530 , which may be embodied in the hardware and/or software of a standalone server, a cloud-implemented server, a distributed server or as processing resources in a server farm. Host computer  2530  may be under the ownership or control of a service provider, or may be operated by the service provider or on behalf of the service provider. Connections  2521  and  2522  between telecommunication network  2510  and host computer  2530  may extend directly from core network  2514  to host computer  2530  or may go via an optional intermediate network  2520 . Intermediate network  2520  may be one of, or a combination of more than one of, a public, private or hosted network; intermediate network  2520 , if any, may be a backbone network or the Internet; in particular, intermediate network  2520  may comprise two or more sub-networks (not shown). 
     The communication system of  FIG. 25  as a whole enables connectivity between the connected UEs  2591 ,  2592  and host computer  2530 . The connectivity may be described as an over-the-top (OTT) connection  2550 . Host computer  2530  and the connected UEs  2591 ,  2592  are configured to communicate data and/or signaling via OTT connection  2550 , using access network  2511 , core network  2514 , any intermediate network  2520  and possible further infrastructure (not shown) as intermediaries. OTT connection  2550  may be transparent in the sense that the participating communication devices through which OTT connection  2550  passes are unaware of routing of uplink and downlink communications. For example, base station  2512  may not or need not be informed about the past routing of an incoming downlink communication with data originating from host computer  2530  to be forwarded (e.g., handed over) to a connected UE  2591 . Similarly, base station  2512  need not be aware of the future routing of an outgoing uplink communication originating from the UE  2591  towards the host computer  2530 . 
     Example implementations, in accordance with an embodiment, of the UE, base station and host computer discussed in the preceding paragraphs will now be described with reference to  FIG. 26 .  FIG. 26  illustrates host computer communicating via a base station with a user equipment over a partially wireless connection in accordance with some embodiments In communication system  2600 , host computer  2610  comprises hardware  2615  including communication interface  2616  configured to set up and maintain a wired or wireless connection with an interface of a different communication device of communication system  2600 . Host computer  2610  further comprises processing circuitry  2618 , which may have storage and/or processing capabilities. In particular, processing circuitry  2618  may comprise one or more programmable processors, application-specific integrated circuits, field programmable gate arrays or combinations of these (not shown) adapted to execute instructions. Host computer  2610  further comprises software  2611 , which is stored in or accessible by host computer  2610  and executable by processing circuitry  2618 . Software  2611  includes host application  2612 . Host application  2612  may be operable to provide a service to a remote user, such as UE  2630  connecting via OTT connection  2650  terminating at UE  2630  and host computer  2610 . In providing the service to the remote user, host application  2612  may provide user data which is transmitted using OTT connection  2650 . 
     Communication system  2600  further includes base station  2620  provided in a telecommunication system and comprising hardware  2625  enabling it to communicate with host computer  2610  and with UE  2630 . Hardware  2625  may include communication interface  2626  for setting up and maintaining a wired or wireless connection with an interface of a different communication device of communication system  2600 , as well as radio interface  2627  for setting up and maintaining at least wireless connection  2670  with UE  2630  located in a coverage area (not shown in  FIG. 26 ) served by base station  2620 . Communication interface  2626  may be configured to facilitate connection  2660  to host computer  2610 . Connection  2660  may be direct or it may pass through a core network (not shown in  FIG. 26 ) of the telecommunication system and/or through one or more intermediate networks outside the telecommunication system. In the embodiment shown, hardware  2625  of base station  2620  further includes processing circuitry  2628 , which may comprise one or more programmable processors, application-specific integrated circuits, field programmable gate arrays or combinations of these (not shown) adapted to execute instructions. Base station  2620  further has software  2621  stored internally or accessible via an external connection. 
     Communication system  2600  further includes UE  2630  already referred to. Its hardware  2635  may include radio interface  2637  configured to set up and maintain wireless connection  2670  with a base station serving a coverage area in which UE  2630  is currently located. Hardware  2635  of UE  2630  further includes processing circuitry  2638 , which may comprise one or more programmable processors, application-specific integrated circuits, field programmable gate arrays or combinations of these (not shown) adapted to execute instructions. UE  2630  further comprises software  2631 , which is stored in or accessible by UE  2630  and executable by processing circuitry  2638 . Software  2631  includes client application  2632 . Client application  2632  may be operable to provide a service to a human or non-human user via UE  2630 , with the support of host computer  2610 . In host computer  2610 , an executing host application  2612  may communicate with the executing client application  2632  via OTT connection  2650  terminating at UE  2630  and host computer  2610 . In providing the service to the user, client application  2632  may receive request data from host application  2612  and provide user data in response to the request data. OTT connection  2650  may transfer both the request data and the user data. Client application  2632  may interact with the user to generate the user data that it provides. 
     It is noted that host computer  2610 , base station  2620  and UE  2630  illustrated in  FIG. 26  may be similar or identical to host computer  2530 , one of base stations  2512   a ,  2512   b ,  2512   c  and one of UEs  2591 ,  2592  of  FIG. 25 , respectively. This is to say, the inner workings of these entities may be as shown in  FIG. 26  and independently, the surrounding network topology may be that of  FIG. 25 . 
     In  FIG. 26 , OTT connection  2650  has been drawn abstractly to illustrate the communication between host computer  2610  and UE  2630  via base station  2620 , without explicit reference to any intermediary devices and the precise routing of messages via these devices. Network infrastructure may determine the routing, which it may be configured to hide from UE  2630  or from the service provider operating host computer  2610 , or both. While OTT connection  2650  is active, the network infrastructure may further take decisions by which it dynamically changes the routing (e.g., on the basis of load balancing consideration or reconfiguration of the network). 
     Wireless connection  2670  between UE  2630  and base station  2620  is in accordance with the teachings of the embodiments described throughout this disclosure. One or more of the various embodiments improve the performance of OTT services provided to UE  2630  using OTT connection  2650 , in which wireless connection  2670  forms the last segment. 
     A measurement procedure may be provided for the purpose of monitoring data rate, latency and other factors on which the one or more embodiments improve. There may further be an optional network functionality for reconfiguring OTT connection  2650  between host computer  2610  and UE  2630 , in response to variations in the measurement results. The measurement procedure and/or the network functionality for reconfiguring OTT connection  2650  may be implemented in software  2611  and hardware  2615  of host computer  2610  or in software  2631  and hardware  2635  of UE  2630 , or both. In embodiments, sensors (not shown) may be deployed in or in association with communication devices through which OTT connection  2650  passes; the sensors may participate in the measurement procedure by supplying values of the monitored quantities exemplified above, or supplying values of other physical quantities from which software  2611 ,  2631  may compute or estimate the monitored quantities. The reconfiguring of OTT connection  2650  may include message format, retransmission settings, preferred routing etc.; the reconfiguring need not affect base station  2620 , and it may be unknown or imperceptible to base station  2620 . Such procedures and functionalities may be known and practiced in the art. In certain embodiments, measurements may involve proprietary UE signaling facilitating host computer  2610 &#39;s measurements of throughput, propagation times, latency and the like. The measurements may be implemented in that software  2611  and  2631  causes messages to be transmitted, in particular empty or ‘dummy’ messages, using OTT connection  2650  while it monitors propagation times, errors etc. 
       FIG. 27  is a flowchart illustrating a method implemented in a communication system, in accordance with one embodiment. The communication system includes a host computer, a base station and a UE which may be those described with reference to  FIGS. 25 and 26 . For simplicity of the present disclosure, only drawing references to  FIG. 27  will be included in this section. In step  2710 , the host computer provides user data. In substep  2711  (which may be optional) of step  2710 , the host computer provides the user data by executing a host application. In step  2720 , the host computer initiates a transmission carrying the user data to the UE. In step  2730  (which may be optional), the base station transmits to the UE the user data which was carried in the transmission that the host computer initiated, in accordance with the teachings of the embodiments described throughout this disclosure. In step  2740  (which may also be optional), the UE executes a client application associated with the host application executed by the host computer. 
       FIG. 28  is a flowchart illustrating a method implemented in a communication system, in accordance with one embodiment. The communication system includes a host computer, a base station and a UE which may be those described with reference to  FIGS. 25 and 26 . For simplicity of the present disclosure, only drawing references to  FIG. 28  will be included in this section. In step  2810  of the method, the host computer provides user data. In an optional substep (not shown) the host computer provides the user data by executing a host application. In step  2820 , the host computer initiates a transmission carrying the user data to the UE. The transmission may pass via the base station, in accordance with the teachings of the embodiments described throughout this disclosure. In step  2830  (which may be optional), the UE receives the user data carried in the transmission. 
       FIG. 29  is a flowchart illustrating a method implemented in a communication system, in accordance with one embodiment. The communication system includes a host computer, a base station and a UE which may be those described with reference to  FIGS. 25 and 26 . For simplicity of the present disclosure, only drawing references to  FIG. 29  will be included in this section. In step  2910  (which may be optional), the UE receives input data provided by the host computer. Additionally or alternatively, in step  2920 , the UE provides user data. In substep  2921  (which may be optional) of step  2920 , the UE provides the user data by executing a client application. In substep  2911  (which may be optional) of step  2910 , the UE executes a client application which provides the user data in reaction to the received input data provided by the host computer. In providing the user data, the executed client application may further consider user input received from the user. Regardless of the specific manner in which the user data was provided, the UE initiates, in substep  2930  (which may be optional), transmission of the user data to the host computer. In step  2940  of the method, the host computer receives the user data transmitted from the UE, in accordance with the teachings of the embodiments described throughout this disclosure. 
       FIG. 30  is a flowchart illustrating a method implemented in a communication system, in accordance with one embodiment. The communication system includes a host computer, a base station and a UE which may be those described with reference to  FIGS. 25 and 26 . For simplicity of the present disclosure, only drawing references to  FIG. 30  will be included in this section. In step  3010  (which may be optional), in accordance with the teachings of the embodiments described throughout this disclosure, the base station receives user data from the UE. In step  3020  (which may be optional), the base station initiates transmission of the received user data to the host computer. In step  3030  (which may be optional), the host computer receives the user data carried in the transmission initiated by the base station. 
     Any appropriate steps, methods, features, functions, or benefits disclosed herein may be performed through one or more functional units or modules of one or more virtual apparatuses. Each virtual apparatus may comprise a number of these functional units. These functional units may be implemented via processing circuitry, which may include one or more microprocessor or microcontrollers, as well as other digital hardware, which may include digital signal processors (DSPs), special-purpose digital logic, and the like. The processing circuitry may be configured to execute program code stored in memory, which may include one or several types of memory such as read-only memory (ROM), random-access memory (RAM), cache memory, flash memory devices, optical storage devices, etc. Program code stored in memory includes program instructions for executing one or more telecommunications and/or data communications protocols as well as instructions for carrying out one or more of the techniques described herein. In some implementations, the processing circuitry may be used to cause the respective functional unit to perform corresponding functions according one or more embodiments of the present disclosure. 
     Generally, all terms used herein are to be interpreted according to their ordinary meaning in the relevant technical field, unless a different meaning is clearly given and/or is implied from the context in which it is used. All references to a/an/the element, apparatus, component, means, step, etc. are to be interpreted openly as referring to at least one instance of the element, apparatus, component, means, step, etc., unless explicitly stated otherwise. The steps of any methods disclosed herein do not have to be performed in the exact order disclosed, unless a step is explicitly described as following or preceding another step and/or where it is implicit that a step must follow or precede another step. Any feature of any of the embodiments disclosed herein may be applied to any other embodiment, wherever appropriate. Likewise, any advantage of any of the embodiments may apply to any other embodiments, and vice versa. Other objectives, features and advantages of the enclosed embodiments will be apparent from the description. 
     The term unit may have conventional meaning in the field of electronics, electrical devices and/or electronic devices and may include, for example, electrical and/or electronic circuitry, devices, modules, processors, memories, logic solid state and/or discrete devices, computer programs or instructions for carrying out respective tasks, procedures, computations, outputs, and/or displaying functions, and so on, as such as those that are described herein. 
     Some of the embodiments contemplated herein are described more fully with reference to the accompanying drawings. Other embodiments, however, are contained within the scope of the subject matter disclosed herein. The disclosed subject matter should not be construed as limited to only the embodiments set forth herein; rather, these embodiments are provided by way of example to convey the scope of the subject matter to those skilled in the art. 
     Example embodiments of the techniques and apparatus described herein include, but are not limited to, the following enumerated examples: 
     Group A Embodiments 
     A1. A method performed by a wireless device for radio access technology, RAT, dependent positioning, the method comprising:
         receiving, from a network node, assistance data that assists the wireless device with RAT-dependent positioning, wherein the assistance data is based on device-specific information that includes one or more of:
           a subscription associated with the wireless device;   one or more capabilities of the wireless device;   one or more positioning requirements of the wireless device;   one or more reasons that the wireless device needs the assistance data; or location or path information of the wireless device.
 
A2. The method of embodiment A1, wherein the assistance data includes cell-specific information for one or more cells.
 
A3. The method of embodiment A2, wherein, for each of the one or more cells, the cell-specific information includes one or more of:
   
           an identity of the cell;   a location of the cell;   a real-time difference between the cell and each of one or more others of the one or more cells; or   a drift rate between the cell and each of one or more others of the one or more cells.
 
A4. The method of any of embodiments A2-A3, wherein for which one or more cells the assistance data includes cell-specific information is based on the device-specific information.
 
A5. The method of any of embodiments A2-A4, wherein the one or more cells for which the assistance data includes cell-specific information comprise one or more cells in or near a path that the wireless device is or is expected to move according to the location or path information of the wireless device.
 
A6. The method of embodiment A5, further comprising reporting a path that the wireless device is or is expected to move.
 
A7. The method of any of embodiments A4-A6, wherein:
   for which one or more clusters of cells the assistance data includes cell-specific information is based on the device-specific information; and/or   for which one or more zones of cell clusters the assistance data includes cell-specific information is based on the device-specific information.
 
A8. The method of any of embodiments A2-A7, wherein for how many cells the assistance data includes cell-specific information is based on the device-specific information.
 
A9. The method of any of embodiments A2-A8, wherein a number of cells for which the assistance data includes cell-specific information increases with increases in one or more of:
   a level of the subscription associated with the wireless device;   a positioning quality of service required by the one or more positioning requirements of the wireless device; or   a memory capability and/or processing capability of the wireless device.
 
A10. The method of any of embodiments A8-A9, wherein:
   for how many clusters of cells the assistance data includes cell-specific information is based on the device-specific information;   how many cells are included in one or more clusters of cells for which the assistance data includes cell-specific information is based on the device-specific information;   for how many zones of cell clusters the assistance data includes cell-specific information is based on the device-specific information; and/or   how many cell clusters are included in one or more zones for which the assistance data includes cell-specific information is based on the device-specific information.
 
A11. The method of any of embodiments A2-A10, wherein which one or more types of cell-specific information the assistance data includes is based on the device-specific information.
 
A12. The method of any of embodiments A2-A11, wherein whether the cell-specific information includes real-time difference information for each of the one or more cells depends on a level of the subscription associated with the wireless device and/or depends on a positioning quality of service required by the one or more positioning requirements of the wireless device.
 
A13. The method of any of embodiments A2-A12, wherein the one or more cells for which the assistance data includes cell-specific information include one or more cells that belong to one or more clusters of cells and/or one or more zones of cell clusters.
 
A14. The method of embodiment A13, wherein the one or more clusters of cells correspond to or are mapped to one or more Radio Network Areas.
 
A15. The method of any of embodiments A1-A14, further comprising transmitting, from the wireless device to the network node, a request for the assistance data.
 
A16. The method of any of embodiments A1-A15, wherein the one or more reasons that the wireless device needs the assistance data include:
   pedestrian navigation;   low mobility vehicular navigation;   high speed mobility; and/or   verification of positioning obtained from RAT-independent positioning.
 
A17. The method of any of embodiments A1-A16, further comprising transmitting, from the wireless device to the network node, control signaling that indicates at least some of the device-specific information.
 
A18. The method of embodiment A17, wherein the control signaling comprises or is included in a mobile originated location request message.
 
A19. The method of any of embodiments A17-A18, wherein the at least some of the device-specific information indicated by the control signaling includes at least one or more of:
   the one or more capabilities of the wireless device;   the one or more positioning requirements of the wireless device;   the one or more reasons that the wireless device needs the assistance data; or   the location or path information of the wireless device.
 
A20. The method of any of embodiments A1-A19, further comprising receiving validity information from the network node indicating for how long the assistance data will be valid, and wherein the method further comprises requesting updated assistance data responsive to the assistance data becoming invalid.
 
A21. The method of any of embodiments A1-A20, wherein the network node is a location server.
 
A22. The method of any of embodiments A1-A21, wherein the network node implements a location management function, LMF.
 
A23. The method of any of embodiments A1-A20, wherein the network node is configured to perform mobility management.
 
A24. The method of any of embodiments A1-A20 and A23, wherein the network node implements an access and mobility function, AMF.
 
A25. The method of any of embodiments A1-A24, wherein the RAT-dependent positioning comprises downlink observed time difference of arrival.
 
A26. The method of any of embodiments A1-A25, further comprising performing the RAT-dependent positioning based on assistance from the assistance data.
 
A27. A method performed by a wireless device for radio access technology, RAT, dependent positioning, the method comprising:
   transmitting, from the wireless device to a network node, control signaling that indicates device-specific information, wherein the device-specific information includes one or more of:
           a subscription associated with the wireless device;   one or more capabilities of the wireless device;   one or more positioning requirements of the wireless device;   one or more reasons that the wireless device needs the assistance data; or   location or path information of the wireless device.
 
AA1. A method performed by a wireless device for device-based positioning in a wireless communication network, the method comprising:
   
           receiving, from the wireless communication network, assistance data for device-based positioning; and   receiving, from the wireless communication network, configuration signaling that configures the wireless device to, while the wireless device is in an idle mode or an inactive mode, obtain device-based positioning information using the assistance data and store the device-based positioning information at the wireless device at least until the wireless device reports the device-based positioning information in a connected mode.       

     AA2. A method performed by a wireless device for device-based positioning in a wireless communication network, the method comprising:
         receiving, from the wireless communication network, assistance data for device-based positioning; and   receiving, from the wireless communication network, configuration signaling that configures the wireless device to:
           obtain device-based positioning information using the assistance data while the wireless device is in an idle mode or an inactive mode; and   report the device-based positioning information in a connected mode when a reporting condition is met.
 
AA3. The method of any of embodiments AA1-AA2, wherein the idle mode is radio resource control, RRC, idle mode, and wherein the inactive mode is RRC inactive mode.
 
AA4. The method of any of embodiments AA1-AA3, further comprising, based on the configuration signaling and while the wireless device is in the idle mode or the inactive mode, obtaining the device-based positioning information using the assistance data.
 
AA5. The method of any of embodiments AA1-AA4, further comprising, based on the configuration signaling and while the wireless device is in the idle mode or the inactive mode, storing the device-based positioning information at the wireless device.
 
AA6. The method of any of embodiments AA1-AA5, further comprising, based on the configuration signaling, reporting the device-based positioning information in the connected mode.
 
AA7. The method of any of embodiments AA1-AA6, wherein the device-based positioning information includes one or more of:
   
           positioning measurements performed by the wireless device;   an estimate of a position of the wireless device as determined by the wireless device.
 
AA8. The method of any of embodiments AA1-AA7, wherein the configuration signaling and/or the assistance data is received from a location server in the wireless communication network.
 
AA9. The method of any of embodiments AA1-AA8, wherein the configuration signaling indicates one or more events whose occurrence is to trigger the wireless device to store the device-based positioning information while the wireless device is in an idle mode or an inactive mode.
 
AA10. The method of embodiment AA9, wherein the one or more events include the wireless device switching from being served by a cell belonging to one cluster of cells to being served by a cell belonging to a different cluster of cells.
 
AA11. The method of embodiment AA9, wherein the one or more events include the wireless device switching from being served by a cell belonging to one radio network area (RNA) to being served by a cell belonging to a different RNA.
 
AA12. The method of any of embodiments AA1-AA11, wherein the configuration signaling indicates one or more events whose occurrence is to trigger the wireless device to obtain the device-based positioning information while the wireless device is in an idle mode or an inactive mode.
 
AA13. The method of embodiment AA12, wherein occurrence of the one or more events triggers the wireless device to perform a positioning measurement.
 
AA14. The method of any of embodiments AA12-AA13, wherein the one or more events include fluctuation of a parameter by at least a defined fluctuation threshold.
 
AA15. The method of embodiment AA14, wherein the parameter includes geometric dilution of precision or reference signal received power.
 
AA16. The method of any of embodiments AA1-AA15, wherein the configuration signaling indicates a response time whose expiry is to trigger the wireless device to report the device-based positioning information.
 
AA17. The method of embodiment AA6, wherein reporting the device-based positioning information comprises transmitting a report that includes one or more of:
   timestamps associated with a positioning measurement;   a list of one or more cells in which the wireless device performing a positioning measurement; or   one or more positioning measurements associated with a respective timestamp.
 
AA18. The method of embodiment AA6, wherein reporting the device-based positioning information comprises reporting the device-based positioning information responsive to one or more of:
   expiry of a response time indicated by the configuration signaling;   termination of a positioning session;   a need for the wireless communication network to verify a positioning estimate determined by the wireless device.
 
AA19. The method of embodiment AA6, wherein reporting the device-based positioning information comprises reporting the device-based positioning information responsive to a request received from the wireless communication network for the device-based positioning information.
 
AA20. The method of any of embodiments AA1-AA20, wherein the configuration signaling configures the wireless device to include the device-based positioning information in a logged minimization of drive test.
 
AA. The method of any of the previous embodiments, further comprising:
   providing user data; and   forwarding the user data to a host computer via the transmission to a base station.       

     Group B Embodiments 
     B1. A method performed by a network node for assisting with radio access technology, RAT, dependent positioning, the method comprising:
         transmitting, to a wireless device, assistance data that assists the wireless device with RAT-dependent positioning, wherein the assistance data is based on device-specific information that includes one or more of:
           a subscription associated with the wireless device;   one or more capabilities of the wireless device;   one or more positioning requirements of the wireless device;   one or more reasons that the wireless device needs the assistance data; or location or path information of the wireless device.
 
B2. The method of embodiment B1, wherein the assistance data includes cell-specific information for one or more cells.
 
B3. The method of embodiment B2, wherein, for each of the one or more cells, the cell-specific information includes one or more of:
   
           an identity of the cell;   a location of the cell;   a real-time difference between the cell and each of one or more others of the one or more cells; or   a drift rate between the cell and each of one or more others of the one or more cells.
 
B4. The method of any of embodiments B2-B3, wherein for which one or more cells the assistance data includes cell-specific information is based on the device-specific information.
 
B5. The method of any of embodiments B2-B4, wherein the one or more cells for which the assistance data includes cell-specific information comprise one or more cells in or near a path that the wireless device is or is expected to move according to the location or path information of the wireless device.
 
B6. The method of embodiment B5, wherein the path that the wireless device is or is expected to move is determined based on one or more of:
   a reported path that the wireless device reports as being a path of the wireless device;   a learned path that machine learning predicts as being a path of the wireless device; or   a previously traveled path that the wireless device has traveled in the past.
 
B7. The method of any of embodiments B4-B6, wherein:
   for which one or more clusters of cells the assistance data includes cell-specific information is based on the device-specific information; and/or   for which one or more zones of cell clusters the assistance data includes cell-specific information is based on the device-specific information.
 
B8. The method of any of embodiments B2-B7, wherein for how many cells the assistance data includes cell-specific information is based on the device-specific information.
 
B9. The method of any of embodiments B2-B8, wherein a number of cells for which the assistance data includes cell-specific information increases with increases in one or more of:
   a level of the subscription associated with the wireless device;   a positioning quality of service required by the one or more positioning requirements of the wireless device; or   a memory capability and/or processing capability of the wireless device.
 
B10. The method of any of embodiments B8-B9, wherein:
   for how many clusters of cells the assistance data includes cell-specific information is based on the device-specific information;   how many cells are included in one or more clusters of cells for which the assistance data includes cell-specific information is based on the device-specific information;   for how many zones of cell clusters the assistance data includes cell-specific information is based on the device-specific information; and/or   how many cell clusters are included in one or more zones for which the assistance data includes cell-specific information is based on the device-specific information.
 
B11. The method of any of embodiments B2-B10, wherein which one or more types of cell-specific information the assistance data includes is based on the device-specific information.
 
B12. The method of any of embodiments B2-B11, wherein whether the cell-specific information includes real-time difference information for each of the one or more cells depends on a level of the subscription associated with the wireless device and/or depends on a positioning quality of service required by the one or more positioning requirements of the wireless device.
 
B13. The method of any of embodiments B2-B12, wherein the one or more cells for which the assistance data includes cell-specific information include one or more cells that belong to one or more clusters of cells and/or one or more zones of cell clusters.
 
B14. The method of embodiment B13, wherein the one or more clusters of cells correspond to or are mapped to one or more Radio Network Areas.
 
B15. The method of any of embodiments B1-B14, further comprising determining the assistance data based on the device-specific information.
 
B16. The method of embodiment B15, wherein said determining comprises determining, based on the device-specific information, one or more of:
   for which one or more cells, one or more clusters of cells, and/or one or more zones of cell clusters the assistance data is to include cell-specific information;   for how many cells, clusters of cells, and/or zones of cell clusters the assistance data is to include cell-specific information; or   which one or more types of cell-specific information the assistance data is to include for each of one or more cells, one or more clusters of cells, or one or more zones of cell clusters.
 
B17. The method of any of embodiments B1-B16, wherein the one or more reasons that the wireless device needs the assistance data include:
   pedestrian navigation;   low mobility vehicular navigation;   high speed mobility; and/or   verification of positioning obtained from RAT-independent positioning.
 
B18. The method of any of embodiments B1-B17, further comprising receiving, from the wireless device, control signaling that indicates at least some of the device-specific information.
 
B19. The method of embodiment B18, wherein the control signaling comprises or is included in a mobile originated location request message.
 
B20. The method of any of embodiments B18-B19, wherein the at least some of the device-specific information indicated by the control signaling includes at least one or more of:
   the one or more capabilities of the wireless device;   the one or more positioning requirements of the wireless device;   the one or more reasons that the wireless device needs the assistance data; or   the location or path information of the wireless device.
 
B21. The method of any of embodiments B1-B20, further comprising transmitting validity information to the wireless device indicating for how long the assistance data will be valid.
 
B22. The method of any of embodiments B1-B21, wherein the network node is a location server.
 
B23. The method of any of embodiments B1-B22, wherein the network node implements a location management function, LMF.
 
B24. The method of any of embodiments B1-B21, wherein the network node is configured to perform mobility management.
 
B25. The method of any of embodiments B1-B21 and B24, wherein the network node implements an access and mobility function, AMF.
 
B26. The method of any of embodiments B1-B25, wherein the RAT-dependent positioning comprises downlink observed time difference of arrival.
 
BB1. A method performed by a network node in a wireless communication network for configuring device-based positioning, the method comprising:
   transmitting, to a wireless device, assistance data for device-based positioning; and   transmitting, to the wireless device, configuration signaling that configures the wireless device to, while the wireless device is in an idle mode or an inactive mode, obtain device-based positioning information using the assistance data and store the device-based positioning information at the wireless device at least until the wireless device reports the device-based positioning information in a connected mode.
 
BB2. A method performed by a network node in a wireless communication network for configuring device-based positioning, the method comprising:
   transmitting, to a wireless device, assistance data for device-based positioning; and   transmitting, to the wireless device, configuration signaling that configures the wireless device to:
           obtain device-based positioning information using the assistance data while the wireless device is in an idle mode or an inactive mode; and   report the device-based positioning information in a connected mode when a reporting condition is met.
 
BB3. The method of any of embodiments BB1-BB2, wherein the idle mode is radio resource control, RRC, idle mode, and wherein the inactive mode is RRC inactive mode.
 
BB4. The method of any of embodiments BB1-BB5, further comprising, in accordance with the configuration signaling, receiving a report of the device-based positioning information while the wireless device is in the connected mode.
 
BB5. The method of any of embodiments BB1-BB4, further comprising verifying a position of the wireless device based on the device-based positioning information as reported to the network node while the wireless device is in the connected mode.
 
BB6. The method of any of embodiments BB1-BB5, wherein the device-based positioning information includes one or more of:
   
           positioning measurements performed by the wireless device;   an estimate of a position of the wireless device as determined by the wireless device.
 
BB7. The method of any of embodiments BB1-BB6, wherein the network node a location server in the wireless communication network.
 
BB8. The method of any of embodiments BB1-BB7, wherein the configuration signaling indicates one or more events whose occurrence is to trigger the wireless device to store the device-based positioning information while the wireless device is in an idle mode or an inactive mode.
 
BB9. The method of embodiment BB8, wherein the one or more events include the wireless device switching from being served by a cell belonging to one cluster of cells to being served by a cell belonging to a different cluster of cells.
 
BB10. The method of embodiment BB8, wherein the one or more events include the wireless device switching from being served by a cell belonging to one radio network area (RNA) to being served by a cell belonging to a different RNA.
 
BB11. The method of any of embodiments BB1-BB10, wherein the configuration signaling indicates one or more events whose occurrence is to trigger the wireless device to obtain the device-based positioning information while the wireless device is in an idle mode or an inactive mode.
 
BB12. The method of embodiment BB11, wherein occurrence of the one or more events triggers the wireless device to perform a positioning measurement.
 
BB13. The method of any of embodiments BB11-BB12, wherein the one or more events include fluctuation of a parameter by at least a defined fluctuation threshold.
 
BB14. The method of embodiment BB13, wherein the parameter includes geometric dilution of precision or reference signal received power.
 
BB15. The method of any of embodiments BB1-BB14, wherein the configuration signaling indicates a response time whose expiry is to trigger the wireless device to report the device-based positioning information.
 
BB16. The method of embodiment BB4, wherein the report includes one or more of:
   timestamps associated with a positioning measurement;   a list of one or more cells in which the wireless device performing a positioning measurement; or   one or more positioning measurements associated with a respective timestamp.
 
BB17. The method of embodiment BB4, wherein the report is received responsive to one or more of:
   expiry of a response time indicated by the configuration signaling;   termination of a positioning session;   a need for the wireless communication network to verify a positioning estimate determined by the wireless device.
 
BB18. The method of embodiment BB4, further comprising transmitting a request to the wireless device requesting a report of the device-based positioning information as stored while the wireless device was in an idle mode or an inactive mode, and wherein the report is received responsive to the request.
 
BB19. The method of any of embodiments BB1-BB19, wherein the configuration signaling configures the wireless device to include the device-based positioning information in a logged minimization of drive test.
 
BB. The method of any of the previous embodiments, further comprising:
   obtaining user data; and   forwarding the user data to a host computer or a wireless device.       

     Group C Embodiments 
     C1. A wireless device configured to perform any of the steps of any of the Group A embodiments.
 
C2. A wireless device comprising processing circuitry configured to perform any of the steps of any of the Group A embodiments.
 
C3. A wireless device comprising:
         communication circuitry; and   processing circuitry configured to perform any of the steps of any of the Group A embodiments.
 
C4. A wireless device comprising:
   processing circuitry configured to perform any of the steps of any of the Group A embodiments; and   power supply circuitry configured to supply power to the wireless device.
 
C5. A wireless device comprising:
   processing circuitry and memory, the memory containing instructions executable by the processing circuitry whereby the wireless device is configured to perform any of the steps of any of the Group A embodiments.
 
C6. A user equipment (UE) comprising:
   an antenna configured to send and receive wireless signals;   radio front-end circuitry connected to the antenna and to processing circuitry, and configured to condition signals communicated between the antenna and the processing circuitry;   the processing circuitry being configured to perform any of the steps of any of the Group A embodiments;   an input interface connected to the processing circuitry and configured to allow input of information into the UE to be processed by the processing circuitry;   an output interface connected to the processing circuitry and configured to output information from the UE that has been processed by the processing circuitry; and   a battery connected to the processing circuitry and configured to supply power to the UE.
 
C7. A computer program comprising instructions which, when executed by at least one processor of a wireless device, causes the wireless device to carry out the steps of any of the Group A embodiments.
 
C8. A carrier containing the computer program of embodiment C7, wherein the carrier is one of an electronic signal, optical signal, radio signal, or computer readable storage medium.
 
C9. A network node configured to perform any of the steps of any of the Group B embodiments.
 
C10. A network node comprising processing circuitry configured to perform any of the steps of any of the Group B embodiments.
 
C11. A network node comprising:
   communication circuitry; and   processing circuitry configured to perform any of the steps of any of the Group B embodiments.
 
C12. A network node comprising:
   processing circuitry configured to perform any of the steps of any of the Group B embodiments;   power supply circuitry configured to supply power to the network node.
 
C13. A network node comprising:
       

     processing circuitry and memory, the memory containing instructions executable by the processing circuitry whereby the network node is configured to perform any of the steps of any of the Group B embodiments. 
     C14. The network node of any of embodiments C9-C13, wherein the network node is a location server or is configured to perform mobility management.
 
C15. A computer program comprising instructions which, when executed by at least one processor of a network node, causes the radio network node to carry out the steps of any of the Group B embodiments.
 
C16. The computer program of embodiment C14, wherein the network node is a location server or is configured to perform mobility management.
 
C17. A carrier containing the computer program of any of embodiments C15-C16, wherein the carrier is one of an electronic signal, optical signal, radio signal, or computer readable storage medium.
 
     Group D Embodiments 
     D1-D8. Reserved. 
     D9. A communication system including a host computer comprising:
         processing circuitry configured to provide user data; and   a communication interface configured to forward user data to a cellular network for transmission to a user equipment (UE),   wherein the UE comprises a radio interface and processing circuitry, the UE&#39;s components configured to perform any of the steps of any of the Group A embodiments.
 
D10. The communication system of the previous embodiment, wherein the cellular network further includes a base station configured to communicate with the UE.
 
D11. The communication system of the previous 2 embodiments, wherein:
   the processing circuitry of the host computer is configured to execute a host application, thereby providing the user data; and   the UE&#39;s processing circuitry is configured to execute a client application associated with the host application.
 
D12. A method implemented in a communication system including a host computer, a base station and a user equipment (UE), the method comprising:
   at the host computer, providing user data; and   at the host computer, initiating a transmission carrying the user data to the UE via a cellular network comprising the base station, wherein the UE performs any of the steps of any of the Group A embodiments.
 
D13. The method of the previous embodiment, further comprising at the UE, receiving the user data from the base station.
 
D14. A communication system including a host computer comprising:
   communication interface configured to receive user data originating from a transmission from a user equipment (UE) to a base station,   wherein the UE comprises a radio interface and processing circuitry, the UE&#39;s processing circuitry configured to perform any of the steps of any of the Group A embodiments.
 
D15. The communication system of the previous embodiment, further including the UE.
 
D16. The communication system of the previous 2 embodiments, further including the base station, wherein the base station comprises a radio interface configured to communicate with the UE and a communication interface configured to forward to the host computer the user data carried by a transmission from the UE to the base station.
 
D17. The communication system of the previous 3 embodiments, wherein:
   the processing circuitry of the host computer is configured to execute a host application; and   the UE&#39;s processing circuitry is configured to execute a client application associated with the host application, thereby providing the user data.
 
D18. The communication system of the previous 4 embodiments, wherein:
   the processing circuitry of the host computer is configured to execute a host application, thereby providing request data; and   the UE&#39;s processing circuitry is configured to execute a client application associated with the host application, thereby providing the user data in response to the request data.
 
D19. A method implemented in a communication system including a host computer, a base station and a user equipment (UE), the method comprising:
   at the host computer, receiving user data transmitted to the base station from the UE, wherein the UE performs any of the steps of any of the Group A embodiments.
 
D20. The method of the previous embodiment, further comprising, at the UE, providing the user data to the base station.
 
D21. The method of the previous 2 embodiments, further comprising:
   at the UE, executing a client application, thereby providing the user data to be transmitted; and   at the host computer, executing a host application associated with the client application.
 
D22. The method of the previous 3 embodiments, further comprising:
   at the UE, executing a client application; and   at the UE, receiving input data to the client application, the input data being provided at the host computer by executing a host application associated with the client application,   wherein the user data to be transmitted is provided by the client application in response to the input data.       

     D23-D26. Reserved. 
     D27. A method implemented in a communication system including a host computer, a base station and a user equipment (UE), the method comprising:
         at the host computer, receiving, from the base station, user data originating from a transmission which the base station has received from the UE, wherein the UE performs any of the steps of any of the Group A embodiments.
 
D28. The method of the previous embodiment, further comprising at the base station, receiving the user data from the UE.
 
D29. The method of the previous 2 embodiments, further comprising at the base station, initiating a transmission of the received user data to the host computer.