Patent Publication Number: US-2021186910-A1

Title: Medicaments for slowing parkinson&#39;s disease

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This application is a continuation application of U.S. application Ser. No. 16/513,703, filed Jul. 17, 2019, which is a continuation application of U.S. application Ser. No. 15/528,886, filed May 23, 2017, which is U.S. national stage filing under 35 U.S.C. § 371(c), of International Application No. PCT/IB2015/000766, filed May 27, 2015, which claims foreign priority of International Application No. PCT/IB2014/003241, filed Nov. 28, 2014. The entire contents of each of the aforementioned applications are incorporated herein by reference. 
    
    
     FIELD OF INVENTION 
     The present invention relates to the use of medicaments to slow the progression of Parkinson&#39;s Disease (PD). More particularly, this invention relates to the use of opicapone and levodopa (L-DOPA) optionally together with an amino acid decarboxylase inhibitor (AADC inhibitor, AADCi) to slow the progression of PD. 
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     PD is characterised by loss of dopamine-generating cells in a region of the brain known as the substantia nigra. Treatment of PD therefore focuses on increasing dopamine levels in the brain, and the various dopaminergic drugs used in PD treatment aim to either replace dopamine or prevent its degradation. 
     A number of PD symptoms arise from decreased dopamine levels, and can be classified into motor and non-motor symptoms. The group of motor symptoms include i) resting tremor that affects, for example the arms, legs and jaw; ii) a slowness of movement or bradykinesia, and iii) lack of movement/rigidity or akinesia. In addition, the motor symptoms experienced by PD sufferers also include problems with posture (instability thereof) and gait. 
     Non-motor symptoms of PD patients include neuropsychiatric symptoms, sleep disorders and wakefulness, and autonomic symptoms. 
     PD is a heterogeneous disorder with a clinical presentation that varies substantially from patient to patient. Current clinical guidelines (EMA 2012 guideline (EMA/CHMP/330418/2012 rev. 2) provide that the clinical diagnosis of PD requires bradykinesia and at least one of the following: resting tremor, muscular rigidity and postural reflex impairment (core symptoms). 
     PD is characteristically a progressive neurodegenerative disorder. The progress of the disease is apparent from the response of the PD patient to dopaminergic therapy over time. In the initial stages of the disease the principal symptoms such as tremor, bradykinesia, and rigidity can usually be ameliorated by dopaminergic therapies such as dopamine agonists, monoamine oxidase inhibitors or levodopa. None of these conventional treatments are considered to slow the progression of PD but can help patients control at least some motor symptoms. PD patients are said to be in the ON state when they are free, or largely free, of the PD symptoms described above. In contrast, PD patients are said to be in the OFF state when they are not in the ON state, for example when they exhibit PD symptoms. 
     The symptoms of PD may be ameliorated by treatment with dopamine agonists, monoamine oxidase inhibitors or levodopa. None of these conventional treatments are considered to slow the progression of PD but all can help at least some patients control the symptoms of the disease, such as tremor. 
     After this initial disease stage, the efficacy of the dopaminergic therapy reduces and “wearing off” or “end of dose” deterioration (such as motor fluctuations) occurs in most patients, as well as dyskinesia (the phenomenon of drug-induced involuntary movements including chorea and dystonia). Motor fluctuations refer to a situation where the patients fluctuate between being in the ON state and the OFF state, with a tendency, as the PD progresses, to have an increase in time of being in the OFF state (‘OFF time’) and a decrease in time of being in the ON state (‘ON time’). These can be dose-dependent and more predictable, or non-dose-dependent. 
     Because the effectiveness of levodopa can appear to decrease over longer periods of time, certain physicians prefer to commence treatment of PD with a dopamine agonist and/or monoamine oxidase inhibitor, reserving treatment with levodopa until later in the treatment sequence. 
     Levodopa is normally used together with an AADC inhibitor such as carbidopa or benserazide in order to reduce its peripheral metabolism and so reduce the dose required. It may also be used together with a COMT inhibitor, such as entacapone, to further reduce its peripheral metabolism and so further reduce the dose of levodopa required. 
     When evaluating the efficacy of known and candidate therapies for Parkinson&#39;s disease treated patients can be referred to as being in the ON or OFF states. Therapeutic benefit is thus established by an increase in ON time and/or a reduction in OFF time. An increase in ON time provides an increased duration of relief from symptoms. A decrease in OFF time provides for reduced periods of time in which PD patients undergoing therapy exhibit PD symptoms. Measure of ON and OFF time are conventionally established by observation, with the patient and/or physician keeping a diary of symptoms and their timings. The observed ON and OFF times in a treatment group can be compared with those in alternative treatment or placebo treated groups as appropriate to the clinical context. Methods used for these evaluations include the Unified Parkinson&#39;s Disease Rating Scale or UPDRS (see Fahn S. Unified Parkinson&#39;s disease rating scale. In Fahn S, Marsden C D, Goldstein M, and Caine D B (eds) Recent Developments in Parkinson&#39;s Disease. McMillan, 1987, New York) to follow the longitudinal course of PD and the MDS (Movement Disorder Society)-UPDRS (see .Goetz, et al (1 Jan. 2007). “Movement Disorder Society-sponsored revision of the Unified Parkinson&#39;s Disease Rating Scale (MDS-UPDRS): Process, format, and clinimetric testing plan”. Movement Disorders 22 (1): 41-47). As known to those skilled in the art various other approaches can be used as deemed appropriate to establish clinical response, non-limiting examples of the approaches that might be applicable are PDQ-39 (Jenkinson et al, The Parkinson&#39;s disease questionnaire. User manual for the PDQ-39, PDQ-8 and PDQ Summary Index. Oxford: Health Services Research Unit, Department of Public Health, University of Oxford, 1998), NMSS (Chaudhuri et al., “The metric properties of a novel non-motor symptoms scale for Parkinson&#39;s disease: results from an international pilot study,” Movement Disorders, vol. 22, no. 13, pp. 1901-1911, 2007), PDSS (Chaudhuri et al. The Parkinson&#39;s disease sleep scale: A new instrument for assessing sleep and nocturnal disability in Parkinson&#39;s disease. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2002; 73:629-35) Hoehn and Yahr staging and Schwab and England ADL scales http://neurosurgery.mgh.harvard.edu/functional/pdstages.htm). Safety assessments such as mMIDI (Grant J E. Impulse control disorders: A clinician&#39;s guide to understanding and treating behavioral addictions. New York: W.W. Norton &amp; Company; 2008) and C-SSR (Posner et al. Columbia-Suicide Severity Rating Scale.  Am J Psychiatry,  2011 168(12) 1266-1277) can also be used to establish clinical endpoints. 
     As noted above, as well as the symptoms of PD described above, PD patients in the course of their treatment can experience dyskinesia, a state where drug-induced involuntary muscle movements occur. Dyskinesia is not thought to be a symptom of PD itself but instead a side effect of the drugs used for the treatment of PD symptoms. Dyskinesia, for example resulting from high levels of levodopa, can occur during the ON state when the normal PD symptoms are otherwise under control. Levodopa-induced dyskinesia appears in patients who have taken levodopa for a prolonged period of time and generally occurs during the ON state although in late stage PD, dyskinesia can occur in OFF state. 
     Dyskinesia can be categorised into three main types. The most common form is peak-dose dyskinesia that occurs at peak levodopa levels and can be ameliorated by reducing the levodopa dose. A second form is diphasic dyskinesia occurring when levodopa levels are rising or falling and can also be ameliorated by reducing the levodopa dose. A third form of dyskinesia is OFF-time dystonia, these are sustained muscle contractions that cause, for example, twisting and repetitive movements or abnormal postures. These OFF-time dystonia correlate with akinesia (inability to initiate movement) when levodopa levels are low and are treatable with levodopa. A major challenge in the treatment of PD is to improve the PD patient&#39;s ON time (and/or conversely reduce the OFF time) without increasing the dyskinesia associated with PD therapy. 
     Late stage PD patients, classified as those patients who, after the initiation of levodopa therapy may i) suffer from an insufficient control of PD symptoms despite treatment with levodopa and/or ii) may suffer from motor complications such as motor fluctuations (which can be dose dependent or non-dose dependent) and dyskinesia. Delayed-ON is a prolongation of the time required for an anti-Parkinsonian drug effect to appear. 
     Dose-dependent (or predictable) motor complications are related to the time of dosing e.g. peak dose dyskinesias, end of dose (or wearing off) deterioration and biphasic dyskinesias. For less predictable motor complications (e.g. paroxysmal ON-OFF phenomenon, freezing), therapy intends to reduce the duration and/or intensity of OFF state. Hence, the main efficacy variable can be the decrease in the number, duration and/or intensity of OFF state. It should also be clear to what extent ON-time with dyskinesia and ON-time without dyskinesia is increased. In highly advanced PD, patients may suffer from severe and highly unpredictable and rapid motor fluctuations. 
     Therapies aimed to modify disease progression can either prevent or postpone late motor complications or fluctuations and/or delay disease progression. Ideally treatment should stop, or substantially reduce, further neurodegeneration and delay disease progression. However the mechanisms responsible for the dopaminergic cell loss in PD are unknown. No pharmacotherapy currently exists that has shown a relevant delay in disease progression. 
     For early untreated PD (de novo) patients a clinical goal to be achieved is to slow the progression of motor symptoms by assessing change in UPDRS. 
     For stable treated PD patients a clinical goal to be achieved is to slow further decline of motor impairment, prevent progression of disability, and prevent motor and non-motor complications. Key outcome measurements for this stage could be the emergence of so-called axial symptoms: e.g. freezing of gait, loss of balance or Hoehn and Yahr stage III (“bilateral disease: mild to moderate disability with impaired postural reflexes; physically independent” or “mild to moderate bilateral disease; some postural instability; physically independent”). 
     For patients with advanced PD a clinical goal to be achieved is the prevention of disability. Clinical endpoints in this patent group are wide-ranging and include reductions in autonomic failure or falls, reduction of cognitive symptoms and possibly ‘time to’ dementia and ‘time to’ nursing home placement. 
     Combinations of carbidopa and levodopa are well known in the art, commercial examples of this combination with various release characteristics include Sinemet, Sinemet C R, Duodopa, Apodespan P R and Lecado. 
     Entacapone is a commercially available COMT inhibitor that has been clinically used in combination with carbidopa and levodopa for the treatment of PD. Entacapone is, for example, described in PCT publication nos WO0101984 (A1), WO0015196 (A1), WO2007090923 (A1), WO2006131591 (A2) and WO2011107653 (A2). 
     Recently, an improved COMT inhibitor termed opicapone (5-[3-(2,5-dichloro-4,6-dimethyl-1-oxy-pyridin-3-yl)-[1,2,4]oxadiazol-5-yl]-3-nitrobenzene-1,2-diol) has been employed in clinical trials together with levodopa and an AADC inhibitor such as carbidopa. 
     Opicapone is described inter alia in PCT/PT06/000020, PCT/PT2007/000016, PCT/PT2007/000043, PCT/PT2008/000042, PCT/PT2009/000044, PCT/PT2009/000013, PCT/PT2009/000009, PCT/PT2012/000048, PCT/PT2010/000014, PCT/PT2010/000015, PCT/GB2011/052056. Clinical trials of opicapone are described in Efficacy and Safety of BIA 9-1067 in Idiopathic Parkinson&#39;s Disease Patients; Efficacy and Safety of BIA 9-1067 in Idiopathic Parkinson&#39;s Disease Patients With “Wearing-off” Phenomenon; Pharmacokinetics of BIA 9-1067 and Its Metabolites in Healthy Male Elderly Subjects and in Healthy Male Young Subjects; Effect of Three Multiple-dose Regimens of BIA 9 1067 at Steady-state on the Levodopa Pharmacokinetics; Pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic Interaction Between Three Different Single Doses of BIA 9-1067 and a Single-dose of Immediate-release Levodopa/Benserazide; Pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic Interaction Between Three Different Single Doses of BIA 9-1067 and a Single-dose of Controlled-release 100/25 mg Levodopa/Benserazide; Pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic Interaction Between Each of Three Different Single Doses of BIA 9-1067 and a Single-dose of Controlled-release 100/25 mg Levodopa/Carbidopa; Comparative Bioavailability Study of BIA 9-1067 25 mg Capsules; Pharmacokinetics of BIA 9-1067 in Subjects With Hepatic Impairment; Pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic Interaction Between Each of Three Diferente Single Doses of BIA 9-1067 and a Single-dose of Immediate-release 100/25 mg Levodopa/Carbidopa; Effect of BIA 9-1067 on the Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Warfarin; Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism and Excretion of [14C]-Labeled BIA 9-1067 and Metabolites; Tolerability, Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of BIA 9-1067; Effect of BIA 9-1067 on Rasagiline Pharmacokinetics; Effect of BIA 9-1067 on the Pharmacokinetics of Repaglinide; Effect of Rasagiline on BIA 9-1067 Pharmacokinetics; Pharmacokinetic Interaction Between BIA 9-1067 and Standard-release Levodopa/Carbidopa; Pharmacokinetics of BIA 9-1067 in Healthy Japanese and Caucasian Subjects; Effect of BIA 9-1067 at Steady-state on the Pharmacokinetics of Levodopa/Carbidopa and Levodopa/Benserazide; Effect of BIA 9-1067 on Cardiac Repolarization in Healthy Adult Men and Women; Study of BIA 9-1067 to Investigate Its Effect on Levodopa Pharmacokinetic; A Single Oral Ascending Dose Study of BIA 9-1067 in Healthy Male Subjects; A Study to Investigate the Tolerability and Effect of Three Single-dose Regimens of BIA 9-1067; The Effect of BIA 9-1067 at Steady-state on the Levodopa Pharmacokinetics; An Open-label Study in Healthy Male Subjects to Assess the Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism and Excretion of [14C]-Labelled BIA 9-1067 and Metabolites; Continuation Treatment Protocol for Patient Who Participated in the BIA 9-1067-302 Clinical Trial; Multicentre Study in Four Parallel Groups of Parkinson&#39;s Disease (PD) Patients. Details of these clinical trials can be found at http://clinicaltrials.gov. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         FIG. 1  shows the change from baseline in absolute OFF-time as described in Examples 1A and 1B. 
         FIG. 2  shows the change from baseline in absolute ON-time without troublesome dyskinesia as described in Examples 1A and 1B. 
         FIG. 3  shows study design of the placebo-controlled double-blind (DB) trial as described in Examples 1A and 1B. 
     
    
    
     THE INVENTION 
       FIGS. 1 and 2  disclose the use of opicapone together with levodopa and carbidopa or benserazide in patients not previously treated with the COMT inhibitor, opicapone (i.e. naïve to opicapone). When a comparison is made between patient groups naïve to opicapone and those previously treated with opicapone, it was observed that, for the patients treated with opicapone from an earlier stage, the PD had progressed less. When the results are analysed, it can be observed that PD had progressed less. The protocols by which patients were treated are provided in Example 1 herein and in the schematic in  FIG. 3 . The patients were treated with opicapone once a day. This dose was administered in the evening, at bedtime. 
     This is the first time that a treatment regimen has been shown to slow the progression of PD and so provides a significant development in therapy. As used herein slowing the progression of PD also refers to instances where the progression of PD is delayed by a period of time. For patient treated according to the invention the progression of PD may be delayed by a period of at least one month relative to patients who have not received the treatment of the invention, for example by at least 3 months, at least 4 months, at least 5 months, at least 6 months, at least 7 months, a least 9 months or at least one year. 
     Accordingly, the present invention provides a method of slowing or delaying the progression of PD by administering to a patient not previously treated with opicapone for at least a period of time before starting the administration:
         (i) levodopa;   (ii) an AADC inhibitor such as carbidopa or benserazide; and   (iii) opicapone.       

     The present invention also provides the use of opicapone to slow the progression of PD by administering to a patient not previously treated with opicapone for at least a period of time before starting the administration:
         (i) levodopa;   (ii) an AADC inhibitor such as carbidopa or benserazide; and   (iii) opicapone.       

     Alternative COMT inhibitors (COMTis) include tolcapone and entacapone. 
     Such period of time may be, for example, for 2 weeks, 1 month, 3 months, 6 months, 12 months, 18 months, or 24 months. The patient may never have taken opicapone before starting the treatment of the present invention. Any of the medicaments set forth above in (i), (ii) and (iii) may be present as a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester, if desired. The medicaments may be administered separately (concomitantly or sequentially), or in a fixed dose combination of two or more of (i), (ii) and (iii). When in a fixed-dose combination, the release of one or more of the medicaments may be modified to provide rapid, sustained and/or delayed release of one or more of the medicaments. Such rapid release forms may be immediate release forms. 
     The patient to be treated according to the invention may have previously been experiencing a mean daily OFF time of up to 6 hours prior to treatment according to the invention, for example up to 1 hour, up to 2 hours, up to 3 hours, up to 4 hours, or up to 5 hours per day. Such patients may have had a PD diagnosis for up to 9 years, for example up to 1 month, up to 2 months, up to 3 months, up to 4 months, up to 6 months, up to 12 months, up to 2 years, up to 3 years, up to 4 years, up to 5 years, up to 6 years, up to 7 years or up to 8 years. The patients to be treated according to the invention may have previously been experiencing motor symptoms and/or motor complications such as motor fluctuations with or without dyskinesias for up to 4 years prior to treatment according to the invention, for example up to 1 month, up to 2 months, up to 3 months, up to 4 months, up to 6 months, up to 12 months, up to 2 years, or up to 3 years. The patients to be treated according to the invention may have previously been taking an average daily dose of levodopa of up to 800 mg prior to treatment according to the invention, for example up to 700 mg, up to 600 mg, up to 500 mg, up to 400 mg, up to 300 mg, up to 200 mg, or up to 100 mg. In such patients administered with opicapone according to the invention the OFF time will decrease and the daily dosing of levodopa may decrease, at least initially. 
     The opicapone may be employed by once a day dosing, for example at 5 mg to 100 mg, more usually 25 mg to 75 mg, for example 50 mg per day. Individual doses of 5 mg, 7.5 mg, 10 mg, 12.5 mg, 15 mg, 20 mg, 25 mg, 30 mg, 35 mg, 40 mg, 45 mg, 50 mg, 55 mg, 60 mg, 65 mg, 70 mg, 75 mg, 80 mg, 85 mg, 90 mg, 95 mg, 100 mg or the like may be employed (or such a dose at 10%). 
     The opicapone may be administered at any time but more suitably not at or near mealtime, and/or more suitably not together with levodopa or near administration thereof. Particularly aptly the opicapone is administered in the evening, for example at least an hour before or after a meal and at least an hour before or after the last administration of levodopa, for example before going to bed (at bedtime). Suitable administration is described in PCT/GB2011/052056. 
     The dosage unit for opicapone may be a tablet, a capsule or the like. Administration is usually and preferably oral. 
     The opicapone, levodopa and AADC inhibitor (such as carbidopa or benserazide) will be administered in an amount effective to treat Parkinson&#39;s disease in a patient in need thereof. 
     The levodopa and AADC inhibitor will usually be administered at the same time as each other, for example as a single dosage unit such as a tablet. The single dosage may include a fixed dose combination unit. Alternatively, part or all of the AADC inhibitor may be administered separately if desired. 
     The dose of levodopa will normally be from 50 mg to 250 mg, more usually from 95 mg to 200 mg, for example 100 mg or 150 mg. 
     The dose of AADC inhibitor may conventionally be in a ratio of 1:4 with levodopa, for example 25 mg benserazide or carbidopa together with 100 mg levodopa. Higher doses of AADC inhibitor may be employed if desired, for example co-formulated with the levodopa although additional doses such as tablet(s), for example of 25 mg carbidopa, may be employed. 
     The levodopa may be administered from, for example, 2 to 10 times a day in order to minimise the patients symptoms thereby minimising the patient&#39;s end-of-dose wearing off symptoms and “off-time”. Generally 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 or 8 times a day is employed, for example 3, 4 or 5 times a day. 
     When opicapone is used in combination with levodopa and carbidopa, a daily dose of levodopa from 400 mg to 1600 mg and carbidopa from 100 to 650 mg can used. In this case the daily dose of levodopa and carbidopa is provided in 2 to 10 doses per day, for example, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 or 10 doses a day. 
     When opicapone is used in combination with levodopa and benserazide, a daily dose of levodopa from 400 mg to 1600 mg and benserazide from 100 to 650 mg can be used. In this case the daily dose of levodopa and benserazide is provided in 2 to 10 doses per day, for example, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 or 10 doses a day. 
     Use of opicapone with an agent delivering a pharmacologically equivalent dose of levodopa and/or the AADC inhibitors detailed above is also envisaged. 
     Opicapone may be indicated as adjunctive therapy to preparations of levodopa/benserazide or levodopa/carbidopa in adult patients with Parkinson&#39;s disease and motor fluctuations. Use of opicapone for the treatment of (or method of treating) Parkinson&#39;s disease in adult patients with Parkinson&#39;s disease and motor fluctuations in combination with preparations of levodopa/benserazide or levodopa/carbidopa is therefore also envisaged. 
     Opicapone may be indicated as adjunctive therapy to immediate release or modified release preparations of levodopa/benserazide or levodopa/carbidopa in adult patients with Parkinson&#39;s disease and end-of-dose motor fluctuations who cannot be stabilised on those combinations. Use of opicapone for the treatment of (or method of treating) Parkinson&#39;s disease in adult patients with Parkinson&#39;s disease and end-of-dose motor fluctuations in combination with immediate release or modified release preparations of levodopa/benserazide or levodopa/carbidopa wherein the end-of-dose motor fluctuations cannot be stabilised by the preparations of levodopa/benserazide or levodopa/carbidopa alone is therefore also envisaged. 
     Suitable dosages and combinations are described in Table 1: 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 1 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Combination of opicapone with levodopa/ AADCi, 
               
               
                 levodopa/AADCi/COMTi and AADCi preparations. 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Capsules/Tablets/Other 
                   
                   
               
               
                 Combinations 
                 Immediate Release (IR)/ 
                 Dosage(s) 
                 Administration 
               
               
                 with opicapone 
                 Controlled Release (CR) 
                 (mg/mg) 
                 regime(s) 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Levodopa/AADCi 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 preparations 
               
               
                 Levodopa/ 
                 IR 
                   50/12.5 
                 400-1600 mg of L- 
               
               
                 Carbidopa 
                   
                 100/10 
                 DOPA and 
               
               
                   
                   
                 100/25 
                 carbidopa 100- 
               
               
                   
                 Orally 
                 250/25 
                 650 mg daily in 
               
               
                   
                 Disintegrating 
                 100/10 
                 divided doses (2 to 
               
               
                   
                   
                 100/25 
                 10 doses per day, 
               
               
                   
                   
                 250/25 
                 for example, 2, 3, 4, 
               
               
                   
                 CR 
                 200/50 
                 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 or 10 
               
               
                   
                   
                 100/25 
                 doses a day) 
               
               
                   
                 Intestinal Gel 
                 20/5 
               
               
                 Levodopa/ 
                 Capsules/Tablets 
                   50/12.5 
                 400-1600 mg of 
               
               
                 Benserazide 
                   
                 100/25 
                 levodopa and 
               
               
                   
                   
                 200/50 
                 benserazide 100- 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 650 mg daily in 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 divided doses (2 to 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 10 doses per day, 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 for example, 2, 3, 4, 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 or 10 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 doses a day) 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     A particularly apt dosage of levodopa is 100 mg levodopa and 25 mg AADC inhibitor (AADCi) particularly carbidopa. 
     It is a further advantage of this invention that control of dyskinesias may be achieved. This may be due at least in part to the association of the use of opicapone administered, for example, once a day, together with a dose of levodopa such as 100 mg. 
     Favourably the levodopa is present in a rapidly dissolving tablet although sustained release forms may be employed. The levodopa may also be used in delayed or immediate release forms. 
     In one suitable embodiment, the treatment is administered to a patient not previously treated with a COMT inhibitor such as entacapone, tolcapone or opicapone for at least a period of time before starting the treatment of the present invention. Such period of time may be, for example, for 2 weeks, 1 month, 3 months, 6 months, 12 months, 18 months, or 24 months. 
     The patient to be treated according to the invention may never have taken a COMT inhibitor before starting the treatment of the present invention. Such patients to be treated according to the invention may have previously been experiencing a mean daily OFF time of up to 6 hours prior to treatment according to the invention, for example up to 1 hour, up to 2 hours, up to 3 hours, up to 4 hours, or up to 5 hours per day. Such patients to be treated according to the invention may have had a PD diagnosis for up to 9 years prior to treatment according to the invention, for example up to 1 month, up to 2 months, up to 3 months, up to 4 months, up to 6 months, up to 12 months, up to 2 years, up to 3 years, up to 4 years, up to 5 years, up to 6 years, up to 7 years or up to 8 years. The patients to be treated according to the invention may have been experiencing motor symptoms and/or motor complications such as motor fluctuations with or without dyskinesias for up to 4 years prior to treatment according to the invention, for example up to 1 month, up to 2 months, up to 3 months, up to 4 months, up to 6 months, up to 12 months, up to 2 years, or up to 3 years. The patients to be treated according to the invention may be taking an average daily dose of levodopa of up to 800 mg prior to treatment according to the invention, for example up to 700 mg, up to 600 mg, up to 500 mg, up to 400 mg, up to 300 mg, up to 200 mg, or up to 100 mg. 
     In another suitable embodiment, there is provided a method of slowing progression of PD in a patient previously treated with an effective dose of levodopa and an AADC inhibitor which comprises administering an effective dose of opicapone to said patient. In such cases the AADC inhibitor can be carbidopa or benserazide. 
     In another suitable embodiment there is opicapone for use delaying the progression of PD in a patient also treated with levodopa and an AADC inhibitor. In such cases the AADC inhibitor can be carbidopa or benserazide. 
     Such patients to be treated according to the invention may have been experiencing a mean daily OFF time of up to 6 hours prior to treatment according to the invention, for example up to 1 hour, up to 2 hours, up to 3 hours, up to 4 hours, or up to 5 hours per day. Such patients to be treated according to the invention may have had a PD diagnosis for up to 9 years, for example up to 1 month prior to treatment according to the invention, up to 2 months, up to 3 months, up to 4 months, up to 6 months, up to 12 months, up to 2 years, up to 3 years, up to 4 years, up to 5 years, up to 6 years, up to 7 years or up to 8 years. The patients to be treated according to the invention may have been experiencing motor symptoms and/or motor complications such as motor fluctuations with or without dyskinesias for up to 4 years prior to treatment according to the invention, for example up to 1 month, up to 2 months, up to 3 months, up to 4 months, up to 6 months, up to 12 months, up to 2 years, or up to 3 years. The patients to be treated according to the invention may have been taking an average daily dose of levodopa of up to 800 mg prior to treatment according to the invention, for example up to 700 mg, up to 600 mg, up to 500 mg, up to 400 mg, up to 300 mg, up to 200 mg, or up to 100 mg. 
     The opicapone may be employed by once a day dosing, for example at 5 mg to 100 mg, more usually 25 mg to 75 mg, for example 50 mg per day. Individual doses of 5 mg, 7.5 mg, 10 mg, 12.5 mg, 15 mg, 20 mg, 25 mg, 30 mg, 35 mg, 40 mg, 45 mg, 50 mg, 55 mg, 60 mg, 65 mg, 70 mg, 75 mg, 80 mg, 85 mg, 90 mg, 95 mg, 100 mg or the like may be employed (or such a dose at 10%). 
     The opicapone may be administered at any time but more suitably not at or near mealtime, and/or more suitably not together with levodopa or near administration thereof. Particularly aptly the opicapone is administered in the evening, for example at least an hour before or after a meal and at least an hour before or after the last administration of levodopa, for example before going to bed (at bedtime). Suitable administration is described in PCT/GB2011/052056. 
     The dosage unit for opicapone may be a tablet, a capsule or the like. Administration usually and preferably oral. 
     In another suitable embodiment there is provided a method of slowing or delaying progression of PD in a patient diagnosed with, but previously untreated for, Parkinson&#39;s disease which comprises administering an effective dose of opicapone to said patient. The invention also provides the use of opicapone for slowing or delaying progression of PD in a patient diagnosed with, but previously untreated for, Parkinson&#39;s disease which comprises administering an effective dose of opicapone to said patient. For example, use of opicapone in the treatment of the symptoms of idiopathic PD without or in combination with levodopa, i.e. over the course of the disease, including through to late stages when the effect of levodopa wears off or becomes inconsistent and fluctuations of the therapeutic effect occur (end of dose or ON-OFF fluctuations 
     As described herein a patient previously untreated for PD includes those PD patients who have not previously taken medication for treatment of PD. Medication for treatment of PD is described in Table 2 and includes dopamine agonists, dopamine precursors such as levodopa, COMT inhibitors, MAO-B inhibitors, and anti-cholinergics. Before commencing treatment according to the invention such patients may experience a mean daily OFF time of up to 6 hours, for example up to 1 hour, up to 2 hours, up to 3 hours, up to 4 hours, or up to 5 hours per day. Before commencing treatment according to the invention such patients may have had a PD diagnosis for up to 9 years, for example up to 1 month, up to 2 months, up to 3 months, up to 4 months, up to 6 months, up to 12 months, up to 2 years, up to 3 years, up to 4 years, up to 5 years, up to 6 years, up to 7 years or up to 8 years. Before commencing treatment according to the invention the patients may experience motor symptoms and/or motor complications such as motor fluctuations with or without dyskinesias for up to 4 years, for example up to 1 month, up to 2 months, up to 3 months, up to 4 months, up to 6 months, up to 12 months, up to 2 years, or up to 3 years. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 2 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Parkinson&#39;s Disease Medication 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                 Part A 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Capsules/Tablets/Other 
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Immediate Release (IR)/ 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Controlled/Extended 
                 Dosage(s) 
                 Administration 
               
               
                 Drug Type 
                 Release (CR/ER) 
                 (mg) 
                 regime(s) 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Dopamine agonists 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Pramipexole 
                 Conventional tablets 
                 0.125 
                 mg 
                 TID (1.5-4.5 mg daily) 
               
               
                   
                   
                 0.25 
                 mg 
               
               
                   
                   
                 0.5 
                 mg 
               
               
                   
                   
                 0.75 
                 mg 
               
               
                   
                   
                 1 
                 mg 
               
               
                   
                   
                 1.5 
                 mg 
               
               
                   
                 Extended release 
                 0.375 
                 mg 
                 QD (1.5-4.5 mg daily) 
               
               
                   
                   
                 0.75 
                 mg 
               
               
                   
                   
                 1.5 
                 mg 
               
               
                   
                   
                 2.25 
                 mg 
               
               
                   
                   
                 3 
                 mg 
               
               
                   
                   
                 3.75 
                 mg 
               
               
                   
                   
                 4.5 
                 mg 
               
               
                 Ropinirole 
                 Conventional tablets 
                 0.25 
                 mg 
                 TID (2-24 mg daily) 
               
               
                   
                   
                 0.5 
                 mg 
               
               
                   
                   
                 1 
                 mg 
               
               
                   
                   
                 2 
                 mg 
               
               
                   
                   
                 3 
                 mg 
               
               
                   
                   
                 4 
                 mg 
               
               
                   
                   
                 5 
                 mg 
               
               
                   
                 Extended release tablets 
                 2 
                 mg 
                 QD (2-24 mg daily) 
               
               
                   
                   
                 4 
                 mg 
               
               
                   
                   
                 6 
                 mg 
               
               
                   
                   
                 8 
                 mg 
               
               
                   
                   
                 12 
                 mg 
               
               
                 Rotigotine 
                 Transdermal system 
                 1 
                 mg 
                 QD (2-8 mg daily) 
               
               
                   
                   
                 2 
                 mg 
               
               
                   
                   
                 3 
                 mg 
               
               
                   
                   
                 4 
                 mg 
               
               
                   
                   
                 6 
                 mg 
               
               
                   
                   
                 8 
                 mg 
               
               
                 Apomorphine 
                 Ampoules - Solution for 
               
               
                   
                 Injection or Infusion 
               
               
                 Bromocriptine 
                 Pen - Solution for 
                 10 
                 mg/ml 
                 2 mg PRN, up to 20 
               
               
                   
                 Injection 
                   
                   
                 mg/day 
               
               
                   
                 Pre-filled Syringe - 
                 5 
                 mg/ml 
                 Continuous infusion 12- 
               
               
                   
                 solution for infusion 
                   
                   
                 24 h/day 
               
               
                   
                 Tablets 
                 1 
                 mg 
                 TID (5-30 mg daily) 
               
               
                   
                   
                 2.5 
                 mg 
               
               
                 Lisuride 
                 Capsules 
                 5 
                 mg 
                 BID or TID (0.6-5 mg daily) 
               
               
                   
                 Tablets 
                 10 
                 mg 
               
               
                 Pergolide 
                 Tablets 
                 0.2 
                 mg 
                 TID (0.75-5 mg daily) 
               
               
                   
                   
                 0.05 
                 mg 
               
               
                   
                   
                 0.25 
                 mg 
               
               
                   
                   
                 1 
                 mg 
               
               
                 Cabergoline 
                 Tablets 
                 0.5 
                 mg 
                 QD (2-4 mg daily) 
               
               
                 Budipine 
                 Tablets 
                 10 
                 mg 
               
               
                   
                   
                 20 
                 mg 
               
               
                   
                   
                 30 
                 mg 
               
               
                 Piribedil 
                 Tablets 
                 20 
                 mg 
                 20 mgTID 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 50 mg Retard 
                 50 mgQD 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Talipexole 
                 Tablets 
                 0.4 
                 mg 
                 BID or TID (0.4-3.6 mg 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 daily) 
               
               
                 Dopamine 
               
               
                 precursors 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Levodopa-carbidopa 
                 See Part B 
                 See Part B 
                   
               
               
                 Levodopa- 
                 See Part B 
                 See Part B 
               
               
                 benserazide 
               
               
                 Levodopa- 
                 See Part B 
                 See Part B 
               
               
                 carbidopa- 
               
               
                 entacapone 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 COMT inhibitors 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Entacapone 
                 Tablets 
                 200 
                 mg 
                 200 mg up to ten times 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 daily 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Entacapone- 
                 See Part B 
                 See Part B 
                   
               
               
                 levodopa-carbidopa 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Tolcapone 
                 Tablets 
                 100 
                 mg 
                 TID 
               
               
                   
                   
                 200 
                 mg 
               
               
                 MAO-B inhibitors 
               
               
                 Selegiline 
                 Tablets/Capsules 
                 5 
                 mg 
                 5 mg BID 
               
               
                   
                   
                 10 
                 mg 
                 10 mg QD 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Syrup 
                 10 mg/5 ml 
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Orally Disintegrating 
                 1.25 
                 mg 
                 1.25 QD 
               
               
                   
                 Tablets 
               
               
                 Rasagiline 
                 Tablets 
                 0.5 
                 mg 
                 QD 
               
               
                   
                   
                 1 
                 mg 
               
               
                 Other drugs 
               
               
                 Amantadine 
                 Capsules/Tablets 
                 100 
                 mg 
                 100-400 mg QD 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Syrup 
                 50 mg/5 ml 
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Anticholinergics 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Trihexylphenidyl 
                 Tablets 
                 2 
                 mg 
                 TID (6-8 mg daily) 
               
               
                 (benzhexol) 
                   
                 5 
                 mg 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Elixir 
                  2 mg/5 ml 
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Biperiden 
                 Tablets 
                 2 
                 mg 
                 3-16 mg daily in divided 
               
               
                   
                   
                 4 
                 mg 
                 doses 
               
               
                 Benztropine 
                 Tablets 
                 0.5 
                 mg 
                 4-6 mg daily in divided 
               
               
                   
                   
                 1 
                 mg 
                 doses 
               
               
                   
                   
                 2 
                 mg 
               
               
                   
                 Injection IM IV 
                 2 
                 mg/ml 
               
               
                 Procyclidine 
                 Tablets 
                 5 
                 mg 
                 2.5-5 mg TID 
               
               
                 Orphenadrine 
                 Injection IM 
                 30 
                 mg/ml 
                 60 mg BID 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
            
               
                 Part B 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Capsules/Tablets/Other 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Immediate Release (IR)/ 
                 Dosage(s) 
                 Administration 
               
               
                 Combinations 
                 Controlled Release (CR) 
                 (mg) 
                 regime(s) 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Levodopa/AADCi 
               
               
                 Levodopa-Carbidopa 
                 IR 
                   50/12.5 
                 400-1600 mg of levodopa 
               
               
                   
                   
                 100/10 
                 in divided doses 
               
               
                   
                   
                 100/25 
               
               
                   
                   
                 250/25 
               
               
                   
                 Orally Disintegrating 
                 100/10 
               
               
                   
                   
                 100/25 
               
               
                   
                   
                 250/25 
               
               
                   
                 CR 
                 200/50 
               
               
                   
                   
                 100/25 
               
               
                   
                 Intestinal Gel 
                 20/5 
               
               
                 Levodopa-Benserazide 
                 Capsules/Tablets 
                   50/12.5 
               
               
                   
                   
                 100/25 
               
               
                   
                   
                 200/50 
               
               
                   
                 Dispersible Tablets 
                   50/12.5 
               
               
                   
                   
                 100/25 
               
               
                   
                 Controlled release 
                 100/25 
               
               
                 Levodopa/AADCi/ 
               
               
                 COMTi 
               
               
                 Levodopa-carbidopa- 
                   
                 50/12.5/200 
               
               
                 Entacapone 
                   
                 75/18.75/200 
               
               
                   
                   
                 100/25/200 
               
               
                   
                   
                 125/31.25/200 
               
               
                   
                   
                 150/37.5/200 
               
               
                   
                   
                 200/50/200 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 TID—three times per day 
               
               
                 BID—twice per day 
               
               
                 QD—once per day 
               
            
           
         
       
     
     The patient to be treated for Parkinson&#39;s disease may have been previously treated with L-DOPA. The patient to be treated for Parkinson&#39;s disease may not have been previously treated with L-DOPA. The patient to be treated for Parkinson&#39;s disease may have been previously treated with a dopamine agonist or MAO-B inhibitor such as set out above. The patient to be treated for Parkinson&#39;s disease may not have been previously treated with a dopamine agonist or MAO-B inhibitor. The patient to be treated for Parkinson&#39;s disease may not have been previously treated for Parkinson&#39;s disease. 
     In another suitable embodiment the treatment according to the invention is administered to a patient not previously treated with levodopa for at least a period of time before starting the treatment of the present invention. Such period of time may be, for example, for 2 weeks, 1 month, 3 months, 6 months, 12 months, 18 months, or 24 months. The patient to be treated according to the invention may never have taken levodopa before starting the treatment of the present invention. 
     The opicapone may be employed by once a day dosing, for example at 5 mg to 100 mg, more usually 25 mg to 75 mg, for example 50 mg per day. Individual doses of 5 mg, 7.5 mg, 10 mg, 12.5 mg, 15 mg, 20 mg, 25 mg, 30 mg, 35 mg, 40 mg, 45 mg, 50 mg, 55 mg, 60 mg, 65 mg, 70 mg, 75 mg, 80 mg, 85 mg, 90 mg, 95 mg, 100 mg or the like may be employed (or such a dose at 10%). 
     The opicapone may be administered at any time but more suitably not at or near mealtime, and/or more suitably not together with levodopa or near administration thereof. Particularly aptly the opicapone is administered in the evening, for example at least an hour before or after a meal and at least an hour before or after the last administration of levodopa, for example before going to bed (at bedtime). Suitable administration is described in PCT/GB2011/052056. 
     The dosage unit for opicapone may be a tablet, a capsule or the like. Administration is usually and preferably oral. 
     The progression of Parkinson&#39;s Disease may be determined by noting the change in any PD symptom or commonly used measure of PD symptoms (see Examples 1A and 1B), for example, OFF time and/or ON time, for example a reduction in OFF time compared to starting the treatment of the invention and/or an increase in ON time compared to starting the treatment of the invention. The reduction in OFF time could suitably be of at least 10 minutes. The reduction in OFF time by at least 10 minutes can be for example at least 15 minutes, at least 30 minutes, at least 45 minutes or at least an hour, for example between 15 minutes and 30 minutes, between 30 minutes and an hour. A corresponding relative improvement in ON time may similarly be employed to determine progression of disease. As shown in  FIG. 1 , at least 12 months post commencement of treatment with opicapone, a difference of approximately −2.0 hrs in OFF time is seen. As shown in  FIG. 2 , at least 12 months post commencement of treatment with opicapone a difference of approximately +1.5 hr in ON time without troublesome dyskinesia is seen. 
     Example 1A 
     After completion of the placebo-controlled double-blind (DB) trial—see  FIG. 3 , 367 (97.6%) patients continued to a 1-year open label (OL)-part, in which all subjects were treated with OPC (25 or 50-mg OPC). All subjects began with 25-mg OPC once daily (QD) for 1-week. Then, the investigator freely adjusted the levodopa therapy and/or OPC based on the dopaminergic response and/or associated adverse events. Efficacy variables included the change from baseline in OFF/ON-time, based on patient diaries. Other endpoints include proportion of responders. UPDRS, PD questionnaire (PDQ-39), Non-Motor Symptom Scale (NMSS), PD Sleep Scale (PDSS) and safety assessments (including Columbia Suicide Severity Rating Scale (C-SSRS). Modified Minnesota Impulsive Disorders Interview (mMIDI)) was also employed. 
     Example 1B 
     After completion of the placebo-controlled double-blind (DB) trial—see  FIG. 3 , 495 (92%) patients continued to a 1-year open label (OL)-part, in which all subjects were treated with OPC (5, 25 or 50-mg OPC). All subjects began with 25-mg OPC QD for 1-week. Then, the investigator freely adjusted the levodopa therapy and/or OPC based on the dopaminergic response and/or associated adverse events. Efficacy variables included the change from baseline in OFF/ON-time, based on patient diaries. Other endpoints include proportion of responders. UPDRS, PDQ-39, NMSS, PDSS and safety assessments (including C-SSRS and mMIDI). 
     The data from the trials is shown in  FIGS. 1 and 2 . 
     The demographic details of the patients at baseline of the double blind portion of the study in Example 1A is presented in Table 3 below. The demographic details of the patients at baseline of the open label extension period of the study in Example 1A is presented in Table 4. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 3 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Demographic details of PD patients on entry to the double blind study of Example 1A. 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Placebo 
                 25 mg OPC 
                 50 mg OPC 
               
               
                   
                 (N = 120) 
                 (N = 116) 
                 (N = 115) 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Age (yrs) 
                 Mean (SD) 
                 61.5 
                 (8.9) 
                 62.5 
                 (8.5) 
                 65.5 
                 (8.4) 
               
               
                 Gender 
               
               
                 Male 
                 n (%) 
                 71 
                 (52.6) 
                 82 
                 (65.6) 
                 89 
                 (60.5) 
               
               
                 Female 
                 n (%) 
                 64 
                 (47.4) 
                 43 
                 (34.4) 
                 58 
                 (39.5) 
               
               
                 Race 
               
               
                 Asian 
                 n (%) 
                 42 
                 (31.1) 
                 29 
                 (23.2) 
                 31 
                 (21.1) 
               
               
                 Caucasian 
                 n (%) 
                 89 
                 (65.9) 
                 90 
                 (72.0) 
                 115 
                 (78.2) 
               
               
                 Neither Asian or caucasian 
                 n (%) 
                 3 
                 (2.2) 
                 6 
                 (4.8) 
                 1 
                 (0.7) 
               
               
                 Weight (kg) 
                 Mean (SD) 
                 72 
                 (7.0) 
                 75 
                 (16.8) 
                 72 
                 (15.1) 
               
               
                 Body Mass Index (kg/m 2 ) 
                 Mean (SD) 
                 27 
                 (5.2) 
                 27 
                 (4.9) 
                 26 
                 (4.3) 
               
               
                 Time since: 
               
               
                 PD diagnosis (yrs) 
                 Mean (SD) 
                 7.7 
                 (3.7) 
                 8.5 
                 (4.4) 
                 8.2 
                 (4.6) 
               
               
                 Motor fluctuations (yrs) 
                 Mean (SD) 
                 3.6 
                 (2.7) 
                 3.8 
                 (2.8) 
                 3.6 
                 (3.5) 
               
               
                 L-DOPA treatment (yrs) 
                 Mean (SD) 
                 6.7 
                 (3.6) 
                 7.1 
                 (4.2) 
                 7.0 
                 (4.7) 
               
               
                 OFF-time (hrs) 
                 Mean (SD) 
                 6.1 
                 (2.3) 
                 6.2 
                 (2.2) 
                 6.3 
                 (2.2) 
               
               
                 L-DOPA Daily-dose (mg) 
                 Mean (SD) 
                 714 
                 (337.5) 
                 806 
                 (398.2) 
                 700 
                 (311.9) 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 4 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Demographic details of opicapone (OPC) treated PD Patients on entry 
               
               
                 to the open label extension period of the study of Example 1A. 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                   
                   
                 OPC 
               
               
                   
                 Characteristic 
                 Statistic 
                 (N = 339) 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Age (years) 
                 Mean (SD) 
                 63 
                 (9) 
               
               
                   
                 Gender 
               
               
                   
                 Male 
                 n (%) 
                 201 
                 (59.3%) 
               
               
                   
                 Female 
                 n (%) 
                 138 
                 (40.7%) 
               
               
                   
                 Race 
               
               
                   
                 Asian 
                 n (%) 
                 238 
                 (70.2%) 
               
               
                   
                 Caucasian 
                 n (%) 
                 91 
                 (26.8%) 
               
               
                   
                 Neither Asian nor Caucasian 
                 n (%) 
                 10 
                 (2.9%) 
               
               
                   
                 Levodopa daily dose (mg) 
                 Mean (SD) 
                 707.3 
                 (334.3) 
               
               
                   
                 OFF-time (hours) 
                 Mean (SD) 
                 4.5 
                 (3.0) 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 SD = standard deviation 
               
            
           
         
       
     
     The demographic details of the patients at baseline of the double blind portion of the study in Example 1B is presented in Table 5 below. The demographic details of the patients at baseline of the open label extension period of the study in Example 1B is presented in Table 6. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 5 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Demographic details of PD patients on entry to the double blind study of Example 1B. 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Placebo 
                 Entacapone 
                 5 mg OPC 
                 25 mg OPC 
                 50 mg OPC 
               
               
                   
                 (N = 121) 
                 (N = 122) 
                 (N = 122) 
                 (N = 119) 
                 (N = 115) 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Age (yrs) 
                 Mean (SD) 
                 64 
                 (9.3) 
                 64 
                 (8.8) 
                 64 
                 (9.3) 
                 64 
                 (8.9) 
                 64 
                 (9.2) 
               
               
                 Gender 
               
               
                 Male 
                 n (%) 
                 71 
                 (58.7%) 
                 76 
                 (62.3%) 
                 71 
                 (58.2%) 
                 67 
                 (56.3%) 
                 69 
                 (60.0%) 
               
               
                 Female 
                 n (%) 
                 50 
                 (41.3%) 
                 46 
                 (37.7%) 
                 51 
                 (41.8%) 
                 52 
                 (43.7%) 
                 46 
                 (40.0%) 
               
               
                 Race 
               
               
                 Caucasian 
                 n (%) 
                 121 
                 (100) 
                 122 
                 (100) 
                 122 
                 (100) 
                 119 
                 (100) 
                 115 
                 (100) 
               
               
                 Weight (kg) 
                 Mean (SD) 
                 76 
                 (13.3) 
                 77 
                 (15.0) 
                 75 
                 (12.0) 
                 76 
                 (14.1) 
                 76 
                 (14.5) 
               
               
                 Body Mass Index (kg/m 2 ) 
                 Mean (SD) 
                 27 
                 (4.3) 
                 27 
                 (4.6) 
                 26 
                 (4.5) 
                 27 
                 (4.3) 
                 27 
                 (4.6) 
               
               
                 Time since: 
               
               
                 PD diagnosis (yrs) 
                 Mean (SD) 
                 7.7 
                 (4.2) 
                 7.1 
                 (4.1) 
                 7.5 
                 (3.6) 
                 7.2 
                 (4.1) 
                 7.0 
                 (3.8) 
               
               
                 Motor fluctuations (yrs) 
                 Mean (SD) 
                 2.2 
                 (1.9) 
                 2.2 
                 (2.1) 
                 2.3 
                 (2.3) 
                 2.3 
                 (2.5) 
                 2.2 
                 (2.3) 
               
               
                 L-DOPA treatment (yrs) 
                 Mean (SD) 
                 5.8 
                 (3.7) 
                 5.6 
                 (4.1) 
                 5.8 
                 (3.5) 
                 5.9 
                 (3.9) 
                 5.3 
                 (3.8) 
               
               
                 OFF-time (hrs) 
                 Mean (SD) 
                 6.2 
                 (1.8) 
                 6.5 
                 (2.2) 
                 6.7 
                 (2.1) 
                 6.9 
                 (2.2) 
                 6.2 
                 (1.8) 
               
               
                 L-DOPA Daily-dose (mg) 
                 Mean (SD) 
                 675 
                 (302.1) 
                 645 
                 (329.7) 
                 642 
                 (310.3) 
                 654 
                 (324.3) 
                 695 
                 (337.5) 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 SD = standard deviation 
               
            
           
         
       
     
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 6 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Demographic details of opicapone (OPC) treated PD Patients on entry 
               
               
                 to the open label extension period of the study of Example 1B. 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                   
                   
                 OPC 
               
               
                   
                 Characteristic 
                 Statistic 
                 (N = 339) 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Age (years) 
                 Mean (SD) 
                 64 
                 (9) 
               
               
                   
                 Gender 
               
               
                   
                 Male 
                 n (%) 
                 298 
                 (60.3%) 
               
               
                   
                 Female 
                 n (%) 
                 196 
                 (39.7%) 
               
               
                   
                 Race 
               
               
                   
                 Caucasian 
                 n (%) 
                 494 
                 (100%) 
               
               
                   
                 Levodopa daily dose (mg) 
                 Mean (SD) 
                 649.4 
                 (307.5) 
               
               
                   
                 OFF-time (hours) 
                 Mean (SD) 
                 4.9 
                 (2.6) 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 SD = standard deviation 
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Example 2 
     Introduction: Opicapone (OPC) was developed to fulfil the need for more potent, safer and longer acting COMT inhibitors. 
     Objectives: To investigate the effect of a once-daily (QD) OPC (25, 50 and 75 mg) on levodopa pharmacokinetics (PK), in comparison to placebo and 200 mg entacapone (ENT). 
     Methods: This was a single-centre, double-blind, randomized and placebo-controlled study in 4-groups of 20 (10 male and 10 female) subjects each. The study consisted of QD administration of OPC or placebo for 11 days followed by thrice-daily (every 5 h) 100/25 mg levodopa/carbidopa (LC), 200 mg ENT or placebo on Day 12. 
     Results: Levodopa extent of exposure (AUC) was significantly increased up to 78.9% and 73.7% with 75 mg-OPC in comparison to placebo and ENT, respectively. Levodopa-AUCO-24 was higher when LC was administered with any OPC dose than when administered concomitantly with ENT. Peak exposure (Cmax) to levodopa increased (&gt;30%) with 75 mg-OPC following LC administrations. A significantly long-lasting and sustained S-COMT inhibition occurred with OPC. Maximum S-COMT inhibition ranged from 67.1% (200 mg-ENT) to 94.2% (75 mg-OPC) and was higher than ENT for all OPC doses. The 50 and 75 mg-OPC were somehow similar (75 mg was slightly superior); thus, the 75 mg-OPC may not bring a significant advantage to 50 mg-OPC with regard to S-COMT inhibition. The tolerability profile of OPC was favourable.