Patent Publication Number: US-9853227-B2

Title: Organic electroluminescent materials and devices

Description:
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This application is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 13/006,016, filed Jan. 13, 2011, now U.S. Pat. No. 9,130,177. This application is also a continuation-in-part of U.S. application Ser. No. 12/044,234, filed Mar. 7, 2008, now U.S. Pat. No. 8,431,243, which claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/905,758, filed Mar. 8, 2007. Each of the aforementioned related patent applications is expressly incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. 
    
    
     PARTIES TO A JOINT RESEARCH AGREEMENT 
     The claimed invention was made by, on behalf of, and/or in connection with one or more of the following parties to a joint university corporation research agreement: Regents of the University of Michigan, Princeton University, The University of Southern California, and the Universal Display Corporation. The agreement was in effect on and before the date the claimed invention was made, and the claimed invention was made as a result of activities undertaken within the scope of the agreement. 
     FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention relates to organic light emitting devices (OLEDs). More specifically, the present invention is related to phosphorescent materials comprising a ligand having a 5-substituted 2-phenylquinoline. These materials may be used in OLEDs to provide devices having improved performance. 
     BACKGROUND 
     Opto-electronic devices that make use of organic materials are becoming increasingly desirable for a number of reasons. Many of the materials used to make such devices are relatively inexpensive, so organic opto-electronic devices have the potential for cost advantages over inorganic devices. In addition, the inherent properties of organic materials, such as their flexibility, may make them well suited for particular applications such as fabrication on a flexible substrate. Examples of organic opto-electronic devices include organic light emitting devices (OLEDs), organic phototransistors, organic photovoltaic cells, and organic photodetectors. For OLEDs, the organic materials may have performance advantages over conventional materials. For example, the wavelength at which an organic emissive layer emits light may generally be readily tuned with appropriate dopants. 
     OLEDs make use of thin organic films that emit light when voltage is applied across the device. OLEDs are becoming an increasingly interesting technology for use in applications such as flat panel displays, illumination, and backlighting. Several OLED materials and configurations are described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,844,363, 6,303,238, and 5,707,745, which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. 
     One application for phosphorescent emissive molecules is a full color display. Industry standards for such a display call for pixels adapted to emit particular colors, referred to as “saturated” colors. In particular, these standards call for saturated red, green, and blue pixels. Color may be measured using CIE coordinates, which are well known to the art. 
     One example of a green emissive molecule is tris(2-phenylpyridine) iridium, denoted Ir(ppy) 3 , which has the structure: 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     In this, and later figures herein, we depict the dative bond from nitrogen to metal (here, Ir) as a straight line. 
     As used herein, the term “organic” includes polymeric materials as well as small molecule organic materials that may be used to fabricate organic opto-electronic devices. “Small molecule” refers to any organic material that is not a polymer, and “small molecules” may actually be quite large. Small molecules may include repeat units in some circumstances. For example, using a long chain alkyl group as a substituent does not remove a molecule from the “small molecule” class. Small molecules may also be incorporated into polymers, for example as a pendent group on a polymer backbone or as a part of the backbone. Small molecules may also serve as the core moiety of a dendrimer, which consists of a series of chemical shells built on the core moiety. The core moiety of a dendrimer may be a fluorescent or phosphorescent small molecule emitter. A dendrimer may be a “small molecule,” and it is believed that all dendrimers currently used in the field of OLEDs are small molecules. 
     As used herein, “top” means furthest away from the substrate, while “bottom” means closest to the substrate. Where a first layer is described as “disposed over” a second layer, the first layer is disposed further away from substrate. There may be other layers between the first and second layer, unless it is specified that the first layer is “in contact with” the second layer. For example, a cathode may be described as “disposed over” an anode, even though there are various organic layers in between. 
     As used herein, “solution processible” means capable of being dissolved, dispersed, or transported in and/or deposited from a liquid medium, either in solution or suspension form. 
     A ligand may be referred to as “photoactive” when it is believed that the ligand directly contributes to the photoactive properties of an emissive material. A ligand may be referred to as “ancillary” when it is believed that the ligand does not contribute to the photoactive properties of an emissive material, although an ancillary ligand may alter the properties of a photoactive ligand. 
     As used herein, and as would be generally understood by one skilled in the art, a first “Highest Occupied Molecular Orbital” (HOMO) or “Lowest Unoccupied Molecular Orbital” (LUMO) energy level is “greater than” or “higher than” a second HOMO or LUMO energy level if the first energy level is closer to the vacuum energy level. Since ionization potentials (IP) are measured as a negative energy relative to a vacuum level, a higher HOMO energy level corresponds to an IP having a smaller absolute value (an IP that is less negative). Similarly, a higher LUMO energy level corresponds to an electron affinity (EA) having a smaller absolute value (an EA that is less negative). On a conventional energy level diagram, with the vacuum level at the top, the LUMO energy level of a material is higher than the HOMO energy level of the same material. A “higher” HOMO or LUMO energy level appears closer to the top of such a diagram than a “lower” HOMO or LUMO energy level. 
     As used herein, and as would be generally understood by one skilled in the art, a first work function is “greater than” or “higher than” a second work function if the first work function has a higher absolute value. Because work functions are generally measured as negative numbers relative to vacuum level, this means that a “higher” work function is more negative. On a conventional energy level diagram, with the vacuum level at the top, a “higher” work function is illustrated as further away from the vacuum level in the downward direction. Thus, the definitions of HOMO and LUMO energy levels follow a different convention than work functions. 
     More details on OLEDs, and the definitions described above, can be found in U.S. Pat. No. 7,279,704, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     Compounds comprising a 5-substituted 2-phenylquinoline containing ligand are provided. The compounds comprise a ligand L having the formula: 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     A is a 5-membered or 6-membered carbocyclic or heterocyclic ring. Preferably, A is phenyl. R A  may represent mono, di, tri, or tetra substitutions. Each of R A  is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, deuterium, alkyl, silyl, alkoxy, amino, alkenyl, alkynyl, arylkyl, aryl and heteroaryl. R B  is selected from the group consisting of alkyl having at least 2 carbon atoms, amino, alkenyl, alkynyl, arylkyl, and silyl. The ligand L is coordinated to a metal M having an atomic number greater than 40. Preferably, M is Ir. 
     In one aspect, the compound has the formula: 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     L′ is an ancillary ligand. m is 1, 2, or 3. 
     In another aspect, L′ is a monoanionic bidentate ligand. In yet another aspect, L′ is 
                         
R 1 , R 2 , and R 3  are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, deuterium, alkyl, alkoxy, amino, alkenyl, alkynyl, arylkyl, aryl and heteroaryl.
 
     In one aspect, the compound has the formula: 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 5 , R 6  and R 7  are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, deuterium, alkyl, silyl, alkoxy, amino, alkenyl, alkynyl, arylkyl, aryl and heteroaryl. R 4  is selected from the group consisting of alkyl having at least 2 carbon atoms, amino, alkenyl, alkynyl, arylkyl, and silyl. m is 1, 2, or 3. Preferably, each of R 1  and R 3  are a branched alkyl with branching at a position further than the α position to the carbonyl group. 
     In one aspect, each of R 5 , R 6  and R 7  are independently selected from methyl and hydrogen, and at least one of R 5 , R 6  and R 7  is methyl. In another aspect, each of R 5  and R 7  are methyl, and R 6  is hydrogen. In yet another aspect, each of R 5  and R 6  are methyl, and R 7  is hydrogen. In a further aspect, each of R 5 , R 6  and R 7  are methyl. 
     In one aspect, R 4  is an alkyl group having at least 4 carbon atoms. In another aspect, R 4  is an alkyl group having at least 3 carbon atoms. 
     Specific, non-limiting examples of the 5-substituted 2-phenylquinoline containing compounds are provided. In one aspect, the compound is selected from the group consisting of Compound 1-Compound 50. 
     Additionally, a first device comprising an organic light emitting device is provided. The organic light emitting device further comprises an anode, a cathode; and an organic layer, disposed between the anode and the cathode. The organic layer comprises a compound comprising a ligand L having Formula I. 
     A is a 5-membered or 6-membered carbocyclic or heterocyclic ring. Preferably, A is phenyl. R A  may represent mono, di, tri, or tetra substitutions. Each of R A  is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, alkoxy, amino, alkenyl, alkynyl, arylkyl, aryl and heteroaryl. R B  is selected from the group consisting of alkyl having at least 2 carbon atoms, amino, alkenyl, alkynyl, arylkyl, and silyl. The ligand L is coordinated to a metal M having an atomic number greater than 40. Preferably, M is Ir. 
     Specific, non-limiting examples of devices comprising the compounds are provided. In one aspect, the compound used in the first device is selected from the group consisting of Compound 1-Compound 50. 
     The various specific aspects discussed above for compounds comprising a ligand L having Formula I are also applicable to a compound comprising a ligand L having Formula I that is used in the first device. In particular, specific aspects of R A , R B , A, L′, M, m, R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , R 6 , and R 7  of the compound comprising a ligand L having Formula I discussed above are also applicable to a compound comprising a ligand L having Formula I that is used in a the first device. 
     In one aspect, the organic layer is an emissive layer and the compound is an emissive dopant. In another aspect, the organic layer further comprises a host. In yet another aspect, the host is a metal 8-hydroxyquinolate. Preferably, the host is: 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     In one aspect, the first device is a consumer product. In another aspect, the first device is an organic light emitting device. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         FIG. 1  shows an organic light emitting device. 
         FIG. 2  shows an inverted organic light emitting device that does not have a separate electron transport layer. 
         FIG. 3  shows an exemplary compound comprising a 5-substituted 2-phenylquinoline ligand (top) and a preferred embodiment of the 5-substituted 2-phenylquinolone compound (bottom). 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     Generally, an OLED comprises at least one organic layer disposed between and electrically connected to an anode and a cathode. When a current is applied, the anode injects holes and the cathode injects electrons into the organic layer(s). The injected holes and electrons each migrate toward the oppositely charged electrode. When an electron and hole localize on the same molecule, an “exciton,” which is a localized electron-hole pair having an excited energy state, is formed. Light is emitted when the exciton relaxes via a photoemissive mechanism. In some cases, the exciton may be localized on an excimer or an exciplex. Non-radiative mechanisms, such as thermal relaxation, may also occur, but are generally considered undesirable. 
     The initial OLEDs used emissive molecules that emitted light from their singlet states (“fluorescence”) as disclosed, for example, in U.S. Pat. No. 4,769,292, which is incorporated by reference in its entirety. Fluorescent emission generally occurs in a time frame of less than 10 nanoseconds. 
     More recently, OLEDs having emissive materials that emit light from triplet states (“phosphorescence”) have been demonstrated. Baldo et al., “Highly Efficient Phosphorescent Emission from Organic Electroluminescent Devices,” Nature, vol. 395, 151-154, 1998; (“Baldo-I”) and Baldo et al., “Very high-efficiency green organic light-emitting devices based on electrophosphorescence,” Appl. Phys. Lett., vol. 75, No. 3, 4-6 (1999) (“Baldo-II”), which are incorporated by reference in their entireties. Phosphorescence is described in more detail in U.S. Pat. No. 7,279,704 at cols. 5-6, which are incorporated by reference. 
       FIG. 1  shows an organic light emitting device  100 . The figures are not necessarily drawn to scale. Device  100  may include a substrate  110 , an anode  115 , a hole injection layer  120 , a hole transport layer  125 , an electron blocking layer  130 , an emissive layer  135 , a hole blocking layer  140 , an electron transport layer  145 , an electron injection layer  150 , a protective layer  155 , and a cathode  160 . Cathode  160  is a compound cathode having a first conductive layer  162  and a second conductive layer  164 . Device  100  may be fabricated by depositing the layers described, in order. The properties and functions of these various layers, as well as example materials, are described in more detail in U.S. Pat. No. 7,279,704 at cols. 6-10, which are incorporated by reference. 
     More examples for each of these layers are available. For example, a flexible and transparent substrate-anode combination is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,844,363, which is incorporated by reference in its entirety. An example of a p-doped hole transport layer is m-MTDATA doped with F.sub.4-TCNQ at a molar ratio of 50:1, as disclosed in U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2003/0230980, which is incorporated by reference in its entirety. Examples of emissive and host materials are disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,303,238 to Thompson et al., which is incorporated by reference in its entirety. An example of an n-doped electron transport layer is BPhen doped with Li at a molar ratio of 1:1, as disclosed in U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2003/0230980, which is incorporated by reference in its entirety. U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,703,436 and 5,707,745, which are incorporated by reference in their entireties, disclose examples of cathodes including compound cathodes having a thin layer of metal such as Mg:Ag with an overlying transparent, electrically-conductive, sputter-deposited ITO layer. The theory and use of blocking layers is described in more detail in U.S. Pat. No. 6,097,147 and U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2003/0230980, which are incorporated by reference in their entireties. Examples of injection layers are provided in U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2004/0174116, which is incorporated by reference in its entirety. A description of protective layers may be found in U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2004/0174116, which is incorporated by reference in its entirety. 
       FIG. 2  shows an inverted OLED  200 . The device includes a substrate  210 , a cathode  215 , an emissive layer  220 , a hole transport layer  225 , and an anode  230 . Device  200  may be fabricated by depositing the layers described, in order. Because the most common OLED configuration has a cathode disposed over the anode, and device  200  has cathode  215  disposed under anode  230 , device  200  may be referred to as an “inverted” OLED. Materials similar to those described with respect to device  100  may be used in the corresponding layers of device  200 .  FIG. 2  provides one example of how some layers may be omitted from the structure of device  100 . 
     The simple layered structure illustrated in  FIGS. 1 and 2  is provided by way of non-limiting example, and it is understood that embodiments of the invention may be used in connection with a wide variety of other structures. The specific materials and structures described are exemplary in nature, and other materials and structures may be used. Functional OLEDs may be achieved by combining the various layers described in different ways, or layers may be omitted entirely, based on design, performance, and cost factors. Other layers not specifically described may also be included. Materials other than those specifically described may be used. Although many of the examples provided herein describe various layers as comprising a single material, it is understood that combinations of materials, such as a mixture of host and dopant, or more generally a mixture, may be used. Also, the layers may have various sublayers. The names given to the various layers herein are not intended to be strictly limiting. For example, in device  200 , hole transport layer  225  transports holes and injects holes into emissive layer  220 , and may be described as a hole transport layer or a hole injection layer. In one embodiment, an OLED may be described as having an “organic layer” disposed between a cathode and an anode. This organic layer may comprise a single layer, or may further comprise multiple layers of different organic materials as described, for example, with respect to  FIGS. 1 and 2 . 
     Structures and materials not specifically described may also be used, such as OLEDs comprised of polymeric materials (PLEDs) such as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,247,190 to Friend et al., which is incorporated by reference in its entirety. By way of further example, OLEDs having a single organic layer may be used. OLEDs may be stacked, for example as described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,707,745 to Forrest et al, which is incorporated by reference in its entirety. The OLED structure may deviate from the simple layered structure illustrated in  FIGS. 1 and 2 . For example, the substrate may include an angled reflective surface to improve out-coupling, such as a mesa structure as described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,091,195 to Forrest et al., and/or a pit structure as described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,834,893 to Bulovic et al., which are incorporated by reference in their entireties. 
     Unless otherwise specified, any of the layers of the various embodiments may be deposited by any suitable method. For the organic layers, preferred methods include thermal evaporation, ink-jet, such as described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,013,982 and 6,087,196, which are incorporated by reference in their entireties, organic vapor phase deposition (OVPD), such as described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,337,102 to Forrest et al., which is incorporated by reference in its entirety, and deposition by organic vapor jet printing (OVJP), such as described in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/233,470, now U.S. Pat. No. 7,431,968, which is incorporated by reference in its entirety. Other suitable deposition methods include spin coating and other solution based processes. Solution based processes are preferably carried out in nitrogen or an inert atmosphere. For the other layers, preferred methods include thermal evaporation. Preferred patterning methods include deposition through a mask, cold welding such as described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,294,398 and 6,468,819, which are incorporated by reference in their entireties, and patterning associated with some of the deposition methods such as ink jet and OVJD. Other methods may also be used. The materials to be deposited may be modified to make them compatible with a particular deposition method. For example, substituents such as alkyl and aryl groups, branched or unbranched, and preferably containing at least 3 carbons, may be used in small molecules to enhance their ability to undergo solution processing. Substituents having 20 carbons or more may be used, and 3-20 carbons is a preferred range. Materials with asymmetric structures may have better solution processibility than those having symmetric structures, because asymmetric materials may have a lower tendency to recrystallize. Dendrimer substituents may be used to enhance the ability of small molecules to undergo solution processing. 
     Devices fabricated in accordance with embodiments of the invention may be incorporated into a wide variety of consumer products, including flat panel displays, computer monitors, televisions, billboards, lights for interior or exterior illumination and/or signaling, heads up displays, fully transparent displays, flexible displays, laser printers, telephones, cell phones, personal digital assistants (PDAs), laptop computers, digital cameras, camcorders, viewfinders, micro-displays, vehicles, a large area wall, theater or stadium screen, or a sign. Various control mechanisms may be used to control devices fabricated in accordance with the present invention, including passive matrix and active matrix. Many of the devices are intended for use in a temperature range comfortable to humans, such as 18 degrees C. to 30 degrees C., and more preferably at room temperature (20-25 degrees C.). 
     The materials and structures described herein may have applications in devices other than OLEDs. For example, other optoelectronic devices such as organic solar cells and organic photodetectors may employ the materials and structures. More generally, organic devices, such as organic transistors, may employ the materials and structures. 
     The terms halo, halogen, alkyl, cycloalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, arylkyl, heterocyclic group, aryl, aromatic group, and heteroaryl are known to the art, and are defined in U.S. Pat. No. 7,279,704 at cols. 31-32, which are incorporated herein by reference. 
     Novel organometallic 2-phenylquinoline Ir complexes are provided. In particular, the compounds comprise an alkyl having at least 2 carbon atoms. It is believed that compounds containing a bulky alkyl at the 5-position on the phenylquinoline is novel. In addition, it is believed that the presence of a bulky alkyl at the 5-position may increase efficiency by preventing self-quenching. Notably, placing the bulky alkyl at the 5-position on the 2-phenylquinoline does not shift the emission wavelength or change the color. Therefore, these compounds may provide improved efficiency and maintain saturated red emission. These compounds may be useful in organic light emitting devices, in particular as red emitters in the emissive layer of such devices. 
     Compounds comprising a 5-substituted 2-phenylquinoline containing ligand are provided. The compounds comprise a ligand L having the formula: 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     A is a 5-membered or 6-membered carbocyclic or heterocyclic ring. Preferably, A is phenyl. R A  may represent mono, di, tri, or tetra substitutions. Each of R A  is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, deuterium, alkyl, silyl, alkoxy, amino, alkenyl, alkynyl, arylkyl, aryl and heteroaryl. These compounds may be fully or partially deuterated. R B  is selected from the group consisting of alkyl having at least 2 carbon atoms, amino, alkenyl, alkynyl, arylkyl, and silyl. The ligand L is coordinated to a metal M having an atomic number greater than 40. Preferably, M is Ir. 
     In one aspect, the compound has the formula: 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     L′ is an ancillary ligand. m is 1, 2, or 3. 
     In another aspect, L′ is a monoanionic bidentate ligand. In yet another aspect, L′ is 
                         
R 1 , R 2 , and R 3  are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, deuterium, alkyl, alkoxy, amino, alkenyl, alkynyl, arylkyl, aryl and heteroaryl.
 
     In one aspect, the compound has the formula: 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 5 , R 6  and R 7  are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, deuterium, alkyl, silyl, alkoxy, amino, alkenyl, alkynyl, arylkyl, aryl and heteroaryl. R 4  is selected from the group consisting of alkyl having at least 2 carbon atoms, amino, alkenyl, alkynyl, arylkyl, and silyl. m is 1, 2, or 3. 
     Preferably, each of R 1  and R 3  are a branched alkyl with branching at a position further than the α position to the carbonyl group. Without being bound by theory, it is believed that a branched alkyl substituent at R 1  and R 3  may provide high device efficiency and stability, and a very narrow emission spectrum. 
     The placement of substituents on the compound having Formula III may improve efficiency while maintaining a desirable spectrum. In particular, it is believed that substitution on the position ortho to the R 5  next to quinoline with a substituent other than hydrogen, as shown in Formula III, may result in broadening the compound&#39;s spectrum. In addition, alkyl substitution on quinoline at the 3-position may broaden the emission spectrum. Alkyl substitution at the 4, 6, or 7-position may slightly blue shift the emission spectrum, thereby making the emission less saturated. Therefore, the substitution pattern of the 5-substituted 2-phenylquinoline compounds described herein may provide highly desirable compound and device characteristics. 
     In one aspect, each of R 5 , R 6  and R 7  are independently selected from methyl and hydrogen, and at least one of R 5 , R 6  and R 7  is methyl. In another aspect, each of R 5  and R 7  are methyl, and R 6  is hydrogen. In yet another aspect, each of R 5  and R 6  are methyl, and R 7  is hydrogen. In a further aspect, each of R 5 , R 6  and R 7  are methyl. 
     In one aspect, R 4  is an alkyl group having at least 4 carbon atoms. In another aspect, R 4  is an alkyl group having at least 3 carbon atoms. 
     Alkyl substitutions may be particularly important because they offer a wide range of tunability in terms of evaporation temperature, solubility, energy levels, device efficiency and narrowness of the emission spectrum. Additionally, alkyl groups can be stable functional groups chemically and in device operation. 
     Specific, non-limiting examples of the 5-substituted 2-phenylquinoline containing compounds are provided. In one aspect, the compound is selected from the group consisting of: 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     Additionally, a first device comprising an organic light emitting device is provided. The organic light emitting device further comprises an anode, a cathode, and an organic layer, disposed between the anode and the cathode. The organic layer comprises a compound comprising a ligand L having the formula: 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     A is a 5-membered or 6-membered carbocyclic or heterocyclic ring. Preferably, A is phenyl. R A  may represent mono, di, tri, or tetra substitutions. Each of R A  is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, deuterium, alkyl, silyl, alkoxy, amino, alkenyl, alkynyl, arylkyl, aryl and heteroaryl. R B  is selected from the group consisting of alkyl having at least 2 carbon atoms, amino, alkenyl, alkynyl, arylkyl, and silyl. The ligand L is coordinated to a metal M having an atomic number greater than 40. Preferably, M is Ir. 
     In one aspect, the compound has the formula: 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     L′ is an ancillary ligand. m is 1, 2, or 3. 
     In one aspect, L′ is a monoanionic bidentate ligand. In another aspect, L′ is 
                         
R 1 , R 2 , and R 3  are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, deuterium, alkyl, alkoxy, amino, alkenyl, alkynyl, arylkyl, aryl and heteroaryl.
 
     In one aspect, the compound has the formula: 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 5 , R 6  and R 7  are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, deuterium, alkyl, silyl, alkoxy, amino, alkenyl, alkynyl, arylkyl, aryl and heteroaryl. R 4  is selected from the group consisting of alkyl having at least 2 carbon atoms, amino, alkenyl, alkynyl, arylkyl, and silyl. m is 1, 2, or 3. 
     Specific, non-limiting examples of devices comprising the compounds are provided. In one aspect, the first device comprises a compound selected from the group consisting of Compound 1-Compound 50. 
     In one aspect, the organic layer is an emissive layer and the compound is an emissive dopant. In another aspect, the organic layer further comprises a host. In yet another aspect, the host is a metal 8-hydroxyquinolate. Preferably, the host is: 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     In one aspect, the first device is a consumer product. In another aspect, the first device is an organic light emitting device. 
     Combination with other Materials 
     The materials described herein as useful for a particular layer in an organic light emitting device may be used in combination with a wide variety of other materials present in the device. For example, emissive dopants disclosed herein may be used in conjunction with a wide variety of hosts, transport layers, blocking layers, injection layers, electrodes and other layers that may be present. The materials described or referred to below are non-limiting examples of materials that may be useful in combination with the compounds disclosed herein, and one of skill in the art can readily consult the literature to identify other materials that may be useful in combination. 
     HIL/HTL: 
     A hole injecting/transporting material to be used in embodiments of the present invention is not particularly limited, and any compound may be used as long as the compound is typically used as a hole injecting/transporting material. Examples of the material include, but are not limited to: a phthalocyanine or porphryin derivative; an aromatic amine derivative; an indolocarbazole derivative; a polymer containing fluorohydrocarbon; a polymer with conductivity dopants; a conducting polymer, such as PEDOT/PSS; a self-assembly monomer derived from compounds such as phosphonic acid and sliane derivatives; a metal oxide derivative, such as MoO x ; a p-type semiconducting organic compound, such as 1,4,5,8,9,12-Hexaazatriphenylenehexacarbonitrile; a metal complex, and a cross-linkable compounds. 
     Examples of aromatic amine derivatives used in the HIL or HTL include, but are not limited to, the following general structures: 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     Each of Ar 1  to Ar 9  is selected from the group consisting aromatic hydrocarbon cyclic compounds such as benzene, biphenyl, triphenyl, triphenylene, naphthalene, anthracene, phenalene, phenanthrene, fluorene, pyrene, chrysene, perylene, azulene; group consisting aromatic heterocyclic compounds such as dibenzothiophene, dibenzofuran, dibenzoselenophene, furan, thiophene, benzofuran, benzothiophene, benzoselenophene, carbazole, indolocarbazole, pyridylindole, pyrrolodipyridine, pyrazole, imidazole, triazole, oxazole, thiazole, oxadiazole, oxatriazole, dioxazole, thiadiazole, pyridine, pyridazine, pyrimidine, pyrazine, triazine, oxazine, oxathiazine, oxadiazine, indole, benzimidazole, indazole, indoxazine, benzoxazole, benzisoxazole, benzothiazole, quinoline, isoquinoline, cinnoline, quinazoline, quinoxaline, naphthyridine, phthalazine, pteridine, xanthene, acridine, phenazine, phenothiazine, phenoxazine, benzofuropyridine, furodipyridine, benzothienopyridine, thienodipyridine, benzoselenophenopyridine, and selenophenodipyridine; and group consisting 2 to 10 cyclic structural units which are groups of the same type or different types selected from the aromatic hydrocarbon cyclic group and the aromatic heterocyclic group and are bonded to each other directly or via at least one of oxygen atom, nitrogen atom, sulfur atom, silicon atom, phosphorus atom, boron atom, chain structural unit and the aliphatic cyclic group. Wherein each Ar is further substituted by a substituent selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, deuterium, alkyl, alkoxy, amino, alkenyl, alkynyl, arylalkyl, heteroalkyl, aryl and heteroaryl. 
     In one aspect, Ar 1  to Ar 9  is independently selected from the group consisting of: 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     k is an integer from 1 to 20; X 1  to X 8  is CH or N; Ar 1  has the same group defined above. 
     Examples of metal complexes used in the HIL or HTL include, but are not limited to, the following general formula: 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     M is a metal, having an atomic weight greater than 40; (Y 1 -Y 2 ) is a bidentate ligand, Y1 and Y 2  are independently selected from C, N, O, P, and S; L is an ancillary ligand; m is an integer value from 1 to the maximum number of ligands that may be attached to the metal; and m+n is the maximum number of ligands that may be attached to the metal. 
     In one aspect, (Y 1 -Y 2 ) is a 2-phenylpyridine derivative. 
     In another aspect, (Y 1 -Y 2 ) is a carbene ligand. 
     In another aspect, M is selected from Ir, Pt, Os, and Zn. 
     In a further aspect, the metal complex has a smallest oxidation potential in solution vs. Fc + /Fc couple less than about 0.6 V. 
     Host: 
     The light emitting layer of the organic EL device in some embodiments the present invention preferably contains at least a metal complex as light emitting material, and may contain a host material using the metal complex as a dopant material. Examples of the host material are not particularly limited, and any metal complexes or organic compounds may be used as long as the triplet energy of the host is larger than that of the dopant. 
     Examples of metal complexes used as hosts are preferred to have the following general formula: 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     M is a metal; (Y 3 -Y 4 ) is a bidentate ligand, Y 3  and Y 4  are independently selected from C, N, O, P, and S; L is an ancillary ligand; m is an integer value from 1 to the maximum number of ligands that may be attached to the metal; and m+n is the maximum number of ligands that may be attached to the metal. 
     In one aspect, the metal complexes are: 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     (O—N) is a bidentate ligand, having metal coordinated to atoms O and N. 
     In another aspect, M is selected from Ir and Pt. 
     In a further aspect, (Y 3 -Y 4 ) is a carbene ligand. 
     Examples of organic compounds used as hosts are selected from the group consisting aromatic hydrocarbon cyclic compounds such as benzene, biphenyl, triphenyl, triphenylene, naphthalene, anthracene, phenalene, phenanthrene, fluorene, pyrene, chrysene, perylene, azulene; group consisting aromatic heterocyclic compounds such as dibenzothiophene, dibenzofuran, dibenzoselenophene, furan, thiophene, benzofuran, benzothiophene, benzoselenophene, carbazole, indolocarbazole, pyridylindole, pyrrolodipyridine, pyrazole, imidazole, triazole, oxazole, thiazole, oxadiazole, oxatriazole, dioxazole, thiadiazole, pyridine, pyridazine, pyrimidine, pyrazine, triazine, oxazine, oxathiazine, oxadiazine, indole, benzimidazole, indazole, indoxazine, benzoxazole, benzisoxazole, benzothiazole, quinoline, isoquinoline, cinnoline, quinazoline, quinoxaline, naphthyridine, phthalazine, pteridine, xanthene, acridine, phenazine, phenothiazine, phenoxazine, benzofuropyridine, furodipyridine, benzothienopyridine, thienodipyridine, benzoselenophenopyridine, and selenophenodipyridine; and group consisting 2 to 10 cyclic structural units which are groups of the same type or different types selected from the aromatic hydrocarbon cyclic group and the aromatic heterocyclic group and are bonded to each other directly or via at least one of oxygen atom, nitrogen atom, sulfur atom, silicon atom, phosphorus atom, boron atom, chain structural unit and the aliphatic cyclic group. Wherein each group is further substituted by a substituent selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, deuterium, alkyl, alkoxy, amino, alkenyl, alkynyl, arylalkyl, heteroalkyl, aryl and heteroaryl. 
     In one aspect, the host compound contains at least one of the following groups in the molecule: 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     R 1  to R 7  is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, deuterium, alkyl, alkoxy, amino, alkenyl, alkynyl, arylalkyl, heteroalkyl, aryl and heteroaryl, when it is aryl or heteroaryl, it has the similar definition as Ar&#39;s mentioned above. 
     k is an integer from 0 to 20. 
     X 1  to X 8  is selected from CH or N. 
     HBL: 
     A hole blocking layer (HBL) may be used to reduce the number of holes and/or excitons that leave the emissive layer. The presence of such a blocking layer in a device may result in substantially higher efficiencies as compared to a similar device lacking a blocking layer. Also, a blocking layer may be used to confine emission to a desired region of an OLED. 
     In one aspect, the compound used in the HBL contains the same molecule used as host described above. 
     In another aspect, the compound used in the HBL contains at least one of the following groups in the molecule: 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     k is an integer from 0 to 20; L is an ancillary ligand, m is an integer from 1 to 3. 
     ETL: 
     Electron transport layer (ETL) may include a material capable of transporting electrons. Electron transport layer may be intrinsic (undoped), or doped. Doping may be used to enhance conductivity. Examples of the ETL material are not particularly limited, and any metal complexes or organic compounds may be used as long as they are typically used to transport electrons. 
     In one aspect, the compound used in the ETL contains at least one of the following groups in the molecule: 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     R 1  is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, deuterium, alkyl, alkoxy, amino, alkenyl, alkynyl, arylalkyl, heteroalkyl, aryl and heteroaryl, when it is aryl or heteroaryl, it has the similar definition as Ar&#39;s mentioned above. 
     Ar 1  to Ar 3  has the similar definition as Ar&#39;s mentioned above. 
     k is an integer from 0 to 20. 
     X 1  to X 8  is selected from CH or N. 
     In another aspect, the metal complexes used in the ETL contain, but are not limited to, the following general formula: 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     (O—N) or (N—N) is a bidentate ligand, having metal coordinated to atoms O, N or N, N; L is an ancillary ligand; m is an integer value from 1 to the maximum number of ligands that may be attached to the metal. 
     In any above-mentioned compounds used in each layer of OLED device, the hydrogen atoms can be partially or fully deuterated. 
     In addition to and/or in combination with the materials disclosed herein, many hole injection materials, hole transporting materials, host materials, dopant materials, exiton/hole blocking layer materials, electron transporting and electron injecting materials may be used in an OLED. Non-limiting examples of the materials that may be used in an OLED in combination with materials disclosed herein are listed in Table 1 below. Table 1 lists non-limiting classes of materials, non-limiting examples of compounds for each class, and references that disclose the materials. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
             
               
                 TABLE 1 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 MATERIAL 
                 EXAMPLES OF MATERIAL 
                 PUBLICATIONS 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
            
               
                 Hole injection materials 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
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                 CF x  Fluorohydrocarbon polymer 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
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                 Conducting polymers (e.g., PEDOT:PSS, polyaniline, polypthiophene) 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
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                 Phosphonic acid and sliane SAMs 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
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                 EA01725079A1 
               
               
                   
               
               
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                 Metal organometallic complexes  
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
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     EXPERIMENTAL 
     Compound Examples 
     Example 1 
     Synthesis of Compound 1 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     Synthesis of (2-amino-6-chlorophenyl)methanol. 2-Amino-6-chlorobenzoic acid (25.0 g, 143 mmol) was dissolved in 120 mL of anhydrous THF in a 500 mL 2 neck round bottom flask. The solution was cooled in an ice-water bath. 215 mL of 1.0 M lithium aluminum hydride (LAH) THF solution was then added dropwise. After all of the LAH was added, the reaction mixture was allowed to warm up to room temperature and then stirred at room temperature overnight. ˜10 mL of water was added to the reaction mixture followed by 7 g 15% NaOH. An additional 20 g of water was added to the reaction mixture. The organic THF phase was decanted and ˜200 mL of ethyl acetate was added to the solid with stirring. Na 2 SO 4  was added as a drying agent to the combined ethyl acetate organic portion and THF portion. The mixture was filtered and evaporated. ˜20 g yellow solid was obtained and taken on to the next step without further purification. 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     Synthesis of 5-chloro-2-(3,5-dimethylphenyl)quinoline. (2-Amino-6-chlorophenyl)methanol (16 g, 102 mmol), 3,5-dimethylacetophenone (22.6 g, 152 mmol), RuCl 2 (PPh 3 ) 3  (0.973 g, 1.015 mmol), and KOH (10.25 g, 183 mmol) were refluxed in 270 mL of toluene for 18 h. Water was collected from the reaction using a Dean-stark trap. The reaction mixture was allowed to cool to room temperature, filtered through a silica gel plug and eluted with 5% ethyl acetate in hexanes. The product was further purified by Kugelrohr distillation to give 23.5 g of crude product, which was crystallized from 60 mL of MeOH to give 8.6 g (32% yield) of the desired product. 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     Synthesis of 2-(3,5-dimethylphenyl)-5-isobutylquinoline. 5-Chloro-2-(3,5-dimethylphenyl)quinoline (4.3 g, 16.06 mmol), isobutylboronic acid (3.2 g, 31.4 mmol), dicyclohexyl(2′,6′-dimethoxy-[1,1′-biphenyl]-2-yl)phosphine (0.538 g, 1.31 mmol), and potassium phosphate monohydrate (18.3 g, 79 mmol) were mixed in 114 mL of toluene. The system was degassed for 20 minutes. Pd 2 (dba) 3  was then added and the system was refluxed overnight. After cooling to room temperature, the reaction mixture was filtered through a Celite® plug and eluted with dichloromethane. The product was further purified by a Kugelrohr distillation and then further purified by column chromatography using 5% ethyl acetate in hexanes. This was followed by another Kugelrohr distillation to give 3.2 g (72% yield) of product. 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     Synthesis of Iridium dimer. A mixture of 2-(3,5-dimethylphenyl)-5-isobutylquinoline (3.2 g, 11.06 mmol), IrCl 3 .4H 2 O (1.79 g, 4.83 mmol), 2-ethoxyethanol (45 mL) and water (105 mL) was refluxed under nitrogen overnight. The reaction mixture was filtered and washed with MeOH (3×10 mL). ˜2.9 g of dimer was obtained after vacuum drying. The dimer was used for the next step without further purification. 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     Synthesis of Compound 1. Dimer (2.9 g, 1.80 mmol), pentane-2,4-dione (1.80 g, 18.02 mmol), K 2 CO 3  (2.49 g, 18.02 mmol) and 2-ethoxyethanol (22 mL) were stirred at room temperature for 24 h. The precipitate was filtered and washed with methanol. The solid was further purified by passing it through a silica gel plug (that was pretreated with 15% triethylamine (TEA) in hexanes and eluted with methylene chloride. 2-Propanol was added to the filtrate. The filtrate was concentrated, but not to dryness. 1.6 g of product was obtained after filtration. The solid was sublimed twice under high vacuum at 240° C. to give 1.0 g (64%) of Compound 1. 
     Device Examples 
     All example devices were fabricated by high vacuum (&lt;10 −7  Torr) thermal evaporation. The anode electrode is 1200 Å of indium tin oxide (ITO). The cathode consisted of 10 Å of LiF followed by 1000 Å of Al. All devices are encapsulated with a glass lid sealed with an epoxy resin in a nitrogen glove box (&lt;1 ppm of H 2 O and O 2 ) immediately after fabrication, and a moisture getter was incorporated inside the package. 
     The stack of the device examples consisted of sequentially, from the 1200 Å ITO surface, 100 Å of Compound A as the hole injection layer (HIL), 400 Å of 4,4′-bis[N-(1 naphthyl)-N-phenylamino]biphenyl (α-NPD) as the hole transporting layer (HTL), 300 Å of the 7 wt % invention compound doped into BAlq host as the emissive layer (EML), 550 Å of Alq 3  (tris-8-hydroxyquinoline aluminum) as the ETL. 
     Comparative Examples were fabricated similarly to the Device Examples except that Compound B, C or D was used as the emitter in the EML. 
     As used herein, the following compounds have the following structures: 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     Particular emissive dopants for the emissive layer of an OLED are provided. These compounds may lead to devices having particularly good properties. 
     The device structures and device data are summarized in Table 2. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
             
               
                   
                 TABLE 2 
               
             
            
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 At 1,000 nits 
                 At 40 mA/cm 2   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 1931 CIE 
                 λ max   
                 FWHM 
                   
                 LE 
                 EQE 
                 PE 
                 cd/A per 
                 L 0   
                 LT 80%  [h] 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Emitter 
                 x 
                 y 
                 [nm] 
                 [nm] 
                 V [V] 
                 [cd/A] 
                 [%] 
                 [lm/W] 
                 EQE 
                 [nits] 
                 RT 
                 70° C. 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Compound 1 
                 0.666 
                 0.331 
                 622 
                 58 
                 7.8 
                 22.2 
                 20.5 
                 9.0 
                 1.08 
                 6,852 
                 600 
                 66 
               
               
                 (Device 
               
               
                 Example) 
               
               
                 Compound B 
                 0.667 
                 0.331 
                 622 
                 62 
                 8.1 
                 19.9 
                 18.8 
                 7.7 
                 1.06 
                 6,447 
                 878 
                 70 
               
               
                 (Comparative 
               
               
                 Example) 
               
               
                 Compound C 
                 0.662 
                 0.335 
                 620 
                 58 
                 7.4 
                 21.9 
                 18.9 
                 9.3 
                 1.16 
                 6,927 
                 565 
                 73 
               
               
                 (Comparative 
               
               
                 Example) 
               
               
                 Compound D 
                 0.664 
                 0.334 
                 620 
                 64 
                 8.1 
                 21.1 
                 19.4 
                 8.1 
                 1.09 
                 6,666 
                 321 
                 44 
               
               
                 (Comparative 
               
               
                 Example) 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     As seen from the Table 2, the EQE of Compound 1 at 1000 nits is up to 10% higher than Compounds B, C, and D. Additionally, the EL spectral full width at half maximum (FWHW) of Compound 1 (58 nm) is also narrower than Compound B (62 nm) and Compound D (64 nm), which is a desirable device property. The FWHM of Compound 1 is the same as the FWHM of Compound C (58 nm). The color saturation (CIE) of Compound 1 and Compound B are also the same. These results indicate that Compound 1 is a more efficient red emitter than Compounds B, C and D with a desirable narrower FWHM. 
     Compound 1 also has almost a double lifetime at room temperature compared to Compound D. The only difference between these two compounds is that Compound 1 has a bulkier group at 5-position. This clearly indicates that a bulkier group than methyl in the 5-position of 2-phenylquinoline may indeed provide a significant improvement in overall device performance. 
     It is understood that the various embodiments described herein are by way of example only, and are not intended to limit the scope of the invention. For example, many of the materials and structures described herein may be substituted with other materials and structures without deviating from the spirit of the invention. The present invention as claimed may therefore include variations from the particular examples and preferred embodiments described herein, as will be apparent to one of skill in the art. It is understood that various theories as to why the invention works are not intended to be limiting.