Patent Publication Number: US-2015073879-A1

Title: Near field communications based referendum system

Description:
PRIORITY CLAIM AND RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This application claims the benefit of priority from provisional applications U.S. Ser. No. 61/606,539 filed Mar. 5, 2012, U.S. Ser. No. 61/655,537 filed Jun. 5, 2012, U.S. Ser. No. 61/700,752 filed Sep. 13, 2012 and PCT/US2013/027890, a PCT application filed Feb. 27, 2013. Each of said applications is incorporated by reference in its entirety. 
    
    
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     1. The Field of the Invention 
     The present invention is directed generally to a system for conducting a Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) referendum system. More specifically, the present invention is directed to a system for conducting referendums using Near Field Communications (NFC) technology. 
     2. Background Art 
     Various efforts have been made to increase the rate at which referendum data is collected. There are several major factors affecting referendum data collection: (1) The ease with which a referendum is presented and to which it can be responded. The easier it is for a referendum to be presented to a user and for the user to respond to the referendum, the more likely it is for the user to respond to the referendum; (2) The expectation of a user that his or her response to the referendum will create significant impact to the referendum result; and (3) The expectation of a user for a reward if the user responded to the referendum. The following patent disclosures demonstrate some uses of NFC. However, none of disclosures demonstrates the use of NFC to conduct referendums. 
     NFC is a very short range contactless data transfer technology related to RFID. NFC has experienced increasingly widespread uses in a variety of applications such as point-of-sale purchases and product inventorying using mobile devices with NFC built-in NFC interfaces. Another NFC application that has been proposed and deployed is to store Universal Resource Identifiers (URI) in NFC tags attached to various products. Users with NFC-equipped mobile devices can scan the NFC tag on a product to automatically call up web content associated with the product on their mobile devices. 
     This eliminates the need to manually enter a URI on a device with limited keypad usability. What are not considered are: (1) the use of NFC as an answer to a referendum; (2) the use of NFC to retrieve referendums; and (3) the use of NFC on washable materials to retrieve referendums. 
     U.S. Pat. Pub. No. 20080162141 to Lortz discloses a method for combining speech recognition with NFC to enable a user to enter, store, and use web addresses on portable devices. A user of a portable device having a NFC reader, a voice input interface, a speech recognition system, and memory enables the NFC reader of the portable device to touch an NFC tag or reader found on an object. The object contains information of interest to a user of the portable device. When the NFC reader and the NFC tag or reader touch, the portable device receives a URI and default keywords associated with the URI. The portable device stores the URI in a persistent storage of the portable device based on the default keywords, and date, time, and location of when and where the URI was obtained. The user of the portable device can then retrieve and use the URI at a later time using the voice input interface and the speech recognition system. The user speaks the default keywords into the voice input interface and the speech recognition system, and the speech recognition system to retrieves the URI. 
     Similarly, Quick Response (QR) code has also seen widespread uses ranging from product and event labeling to storing Universal Resource Identifiers (URI) to solve similar problems of accessing web content using limited keypad usability. There are several drawbacks associated with using QR codes for purposes of voting. A QR code involves using a camera to first capture an image of the QR code and then using a QR code reader to decipher the QR code. The two step process can cause significant delays especially when the QR code is not appropriately lit. Dimly lit QR codes can be impossible to capture as a sharp image with sufficient resolution is required. Further, it may be impractical to provide QR codes in obscure places such as the bottom of a shoe which is designed to come in rubbing contact with floors or grounds. 
     Given the foregoing, what is needed is a system which facilitates voting with RFID or more specifically NFC which reduces the number of steps required to vote, thereby promoting participation in referendums. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention meets the above-identified needs by providing an NFC voting system comprising: 
     (a) a pair of NFC tags, each of the pair of tags is configured to emit a signal corresponding to an answer; 
     (b) an NFC reader configured to receive a signal from the pair of NFC tags; 
     (c) a display; 
     (d) a server adapted to store a plurality of referendums and their corresponding statistics; and 
     (e) an application configured for retrieving a referendum from the server, displaying the referendum on the display, 
     wherein the application is configured to associate a signal received from the pair of NFC tags to the referendum and update the statistics of the referendum in the server. 
     In one embodiment, each of the pair of NFC tags is affixed to a shoe. In another embodiment, each of the pair of NFC tags is affixed to a sleeve of a shirt. 
     The display can be any device capable of conveying a referendum and its choices of answer to a user. The display can be a mobile device, computer screen, projection screen or television (TV). In one embodiment, the display is operably coupled to an audio device configured to verbally express the referendum presented on the display. 
     In one embodiment, the answers represented by the pair of NFC tags are “Yes” and “No.” 
     In one embodiment, the voting system further comprises a transmitter-receiver pair configured for transmitting a signal from received by an NFC reader from an NFC tag to the application, thereby enabling wireless connection between the signal and the application. 
     The NFC reader is embedded in a protective case having an indicator that the case is to be stepped upon. 
     In another embodiment, the NFC voting system comprises: 
     (a) an NFC tag configured to emit a signal corresponding to a Universal Resource Identifier (URI); and 
     (b) a mobile device having an NFC reader configured to receive the signal and a means for operably connecting the NFC reader to an application configured to retrieve a Universal Resource Locator (URL) corresponding to the URI upon receiving the signal. 
     In one embodiment, the NFC voting system further comprises an article of clothing wherein an NFC tag is affixed to a non-conspicuous location of the article of clothing. 
     In one embodiment, the URL comprises an interaction area in a mobile device, the interaction area is configured for receiving at least one referendum question and at least two corresponding answer choices and the at least one referendum question is created by entering the at least one referendum question and its corresponding answer choices in the interaction area. 
     In one embodiment, the NFC voting system further comprises a geolocation data configured to be combined with the URI to render the NFC tag unique. 
     In one embodiment, the geolocation data comprises Global Positioning System (GPS) data. In another embodiment, the geolocation data comprises Domain Name Systems (DNS) data. 
     In one embodiment, the interaction area is accessed controlled. 
     In another embodiment, a multi-NFC voting system is disclosed. The voting system comprises: 
     (a) a first NFC device configured to emit a signal corresponding to an entry location of a venue; 
     (b) a second NFC device configured to emit a signal corresponding to an exit location of the venue; 
     (c) a third NFC device configured for complementary operation with the first and second NFC devices, wherein the third NFC device is configured for complementary operation with the first NFC device to form a first event and the third NFC device is configured for complementary operation with the second NFC device to form a second event; 
     (d) a display; 
     (e) a server adapted to store a plurality of activities and a plurality of referendums and their corresponding statistics; 
     (f) an activity application configured for retrieving at least one of the plurality of activities from the server, displaying at least one of the plurality of activities on the display and receiving a first set of user inputs; and 
     (g) a referendum application configured for retrieving at least one of the plurality of referendums from the server, displaying the at least one of the plurality of referendums on the display and receiving a second set of user inputs, 
     wherein upon receiving the first event, the activity application is invoked and upon receiving the second event, the referendum application is invoked based on the first set of user inputs and the statistics of the at least one of the plurality of referendums are updated based on the second set of user inputs. 
     In one embodiment of the multi-NFC voting system, the first and second NFC devices are NFC tags and the third NFC device is an NFC reader. 
     In another embodiment of the multi-NFC voting system, the first and second NFC devices are NFC readers and the third NFC device is an NFC tag. 
     In another embodiment, the NFC voting system comprises: 
     (a) an NFC device configured to emit a signal corresponding to a first designator; 
     (b) a second designator; and 
     (c) a referendum creator comprising a means for retrieving at least one referendum corresponding to the first and second designators. 
     The means for retrieving at least one referendum can be any one of the following steps: 
     (a) retrieving one or more relevant readily available referendums that are based on the first designator and the second designator; 
     (b) retrieving one or more relevant readily available referendums from a specific URL; or 
     (c) creating one or more new referendums that are based on the first designator and the second designator that are stored at a specific URL. 
     In one instance, the second designator is derived from Domain Name Systems (DNS) data. In another instance, the second designator is derived from Global Positioning System (GPS) data. 
     In another embodiment, a method for facilitating creation of a voting system having related referendums grouped in their respective referendum families, is provided. The method comprises: 
     (a) facilitating creation of a seed referendum having at least two answers and collection of statistics associated with the seed referendum; 
     (b) facilitating creation of a new referendum having at least two answers based on the seed referendum and collection of statistics associated with the new referendum; and 
     (c) facilitating display of statistics of the seed referendum and the new referendum, relationship between the seed and new referendums and time stamps associated with statistics of the seed and new referendums. 
     In one embodiment, the answers of the seed and new referendums are collected to form an aggregate of items. In one embodiment, an advertisement is configured to be displayed alongside a member of the aggregate of items. In one instance, the creation of a seed referendum or a new referendum is initiated by the detection of an NFC tag. 
     In another embodiment, an NFC voting method for soliciting an opinion of a user is provided. The voting method comprises: 
     (a) aggregating a description for each of at least two NFC items at a location; 
     (b) creating at least one referendum based on the description of each of the at least two NFC items; 
     (c) presenting the referendums to the user such that the user may choose to respond to any one of the referendums at one time. 
     In another embodiment, a voting system is configured for its intended audience based on the time period in which the voting system is presented. The voting system comprises: 
     (a) a first referendum having a media and at least one first referendum question corresponding to the media in a first time period; and 
     (b) a second referendum having the media and at least one second referendum question corresponding to the media in a second time period, wherein the at least one second referendum question differs from that of the at least one first referendum question. 
     The at least one first referendum question is intended to engage a first group of audience and the at least one second referendum question is intended to engage a second group of audience, thereby increasing the viewership of the media. In one instance, the creation of a first or second referendum is initiated by the detection of an NFC tag. 
     In another embodiment, a first or second referendum further comprises: 
     the date on which the first and second referendums are created; 
     the location at which the first and second referendums are created; and/or 
     the author of each of the first and second referendums and the category to which each of the first and second referendums belongs to. 
     Accordingly, it is a primary object of the present invention to provide a voting system which reduces the number of steps required to access and respond to a referendum such that participation in the referendum is encouraged. 
     It is another object of the present invention to provide a voting system which requires few or inexpensive tools from voters to vote while providing easily accessible referendums. 
     It is another object of the present invention to provide a voting system that can be used in public areas while concealing users&#39; votes from spectators. 
     It is another object of the present invention to provide a voting system that does not require NFC tags to be specifically programmed, thereby enabling the use of generically programmed NFC tags. 
     It is another object of the present invention to allow a user to aggregate referendums before the user is required to respond to one or more aggregated referendums. 
     It is another object of the present invention to enable the creation of referendum families where multiple related referendums within each such family are linked and their statistics preserved and where the answer choices of such families may be collected and presented to users as collections of choices more specifically targeted to the categories to which the referendum families belong. 
     It is another object of the present invention to provide a media having different referendums associated with the media at different time frames such that suitable referendums may be presented to a user of the media within a specific time frame. 
     Whereas there may be many embodiments of the present invention, each embodiment may meet one or more of the foregoing recited objects in any combination. It is not intended that each embodiment will necessarily meet each objective. Thus, having broadly outlined the more important features of the present invention in order that the detailed description thereof may be better understood, and that the present contribution to the art may be better appreciated, there are, of course, additional features of the present invention that will be described herein and will form a part of the subject matter of this specification. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       In order that the manner in which the above-recited and other advantages and objects of the invention are obtained, a more particular description of the invention briefly described above will be rendered by reference to specific embodiments thereof which are illustrated in the appended drawings. Understanding that these drawings depict only typical embodiments of the invention and are not therefore to be considered to be limiting of its scope, the invention will be described and explained with additional specificity and detail through the use of the accompanying drawings in which: 
         FIG. 1  depicts one embodiment according to the present NFC based voting system. 
         FIG. 2  is a bottom orthogonal view of a pair of shoes, each of the pair of shoes having an NFC affixed to its sole. 
         FIG. 2A  is a top orthogonal view of another embodiment of the present display. 
         FIG. 2B  is a top orthogonal view of a display having an embedded NFC reader. 
         FIG. 3  is a block diagram of the embodiment of  FIG. 1 . 
         FIG. 4  depicts another embodiment according to the present NFC based voting system. 
         FIG. 5  is a block diagram of the embodiment of  FIG. 4 . 
         FIG. 6  is a flow diagram describing an exemplary method for receiving and tallying an answer stored on an NFC tag according to one embodiment of the present invention. 
         FIG. 7  is another example of an object where the present invention can be suitably applied. 
         FIG. 8  depicts yet another embodiment according to the present NFC based voting system. 
         FIG. 8A  depicts an interaction area through which a referendum can be created. 
         FIG. 8B  depicts an interaction area through which a referendum can be created and where the interaction area is located in a mobile device having detected an NFC tag that has a different identifier than the NFC tag of  FIG. 8A . 
         FIG. 8C  depicts an interaction area through which a referendum is created and where the interaction area is located in a mobile device having detected an NFC tag that has an identifier that is identical to the NFC tag of  FIG. 8A . 
         FIG. 9  is a block diagram of the embodiment of  FIG. 8 . 
         FIG. 10  is a flow diagram describing an exemplary method for retrieving and using a URI stored on an NFC tag according to an embodiment of the present invention. 
         FIG. 11  is yet another example of an object where the present invention can be suitably applied. 
         FIG. 12  depicts yet another embodiment according to the present NFC based voting system. 
         FIG. 13  is a flow diagram describing an exemplary method of the present invention for conducting a referendum by incorporating more than one NFC tag. 
         FIG. 14  is yet another embodiment according to the present NFC based voting system depicting the use of three possible NFC communication points. 
         FIG. 15  is yet another embodiment according to the present NFC based voting system, depicting the use of an additional designator in combination with an NFC to more specifically define a URL. 
         FIG. 16  is yet another embodiment according to the present NFC based voting system, depicting the use of yet another additional designator in combination with an NFC to more specifically define a URL. 
         FIG. 17  depicts a series of steps, which when repeated, can be used to build a hierarchy of items. 
         FIG. 18  depicts a hierarchy of items built by submissions of NFC tag detections. 
         FIG. 19  depicts a seed referendum. 
         FIG. 20  depicts a referendum family created based on the seed referendum of  FIG. 19 . 
         FIG. 21  depicts an aggregate of answers collected from the referendum family of  FIG. 20 . 
         FIG. 22  is a block diagram depicting an aggregation of items at a location. 
         FIG. 23  is a block diagram depicting aggregated items at a location and a referendum associated with each of the items. 
         FIG. 24  is a diagram depicting a video-type survey construction and survey taking interface at a first time stamp. 
         FIG. 25  is a diagram depicting a video-type survey construction and survey taking interface at a second time stamp that is different time from the time stamp shown in  FIG. 24 . 
     
    
    
     PARTS LIST 
     
         
           2 —Near Field Communication (NFC) reader 
           4 —transmitter for relaying received signal from NFC tag 
           6 —controller 
           8 —display 
           10 —display stand 
           12 —floor 
           14 —NFC tag 
           16 —footwear 
           17 —shoe sole 
           18 —voter 
           20 —table 
           22 —protective case 
           24 —mobile device 
           26 —receiver 
           28 —central processing unit (CPU) 
           30 —internet 
           32 —referendum pool server 
           34 —touchscreen input receiver 
           36 —website 
           38 —NFC tag 
           40 —shirt 
           42 —sleeve 
           43 —cuff 
           44 —step of presenting referendum to display 
           46 —step of detecting NFC tag by NFC reader 
           48 —step of deciphering signal associated with NFC tag 
           50 —step of associating result to referendum 
           52 —step of notifying referendum pool server 
           54 —indicator 
           56 —step of touching NFC tag upon NFC reader 
           58 —step of receiving Universal Resource Identifiers (URI) from an NFC tag 
           60 —step of retrieving Universal Resource Locator (URL) based on URI and displaying the website associated with the URL on mobile device 
           62 —step of providing answers to referendum 
           64 —referendum 
           66 —entry location of a venue or locale 
           68 —exit location of a venue or locale 
           70 —entry location NFC 
           72 —exit location NFC 
           74 —step of marking the starting point of data collection at website on mobile device 
           76 —step of presenting activity website on mobile device 
           78 —step of collecting data provided to activity website on mobile device 
           80 —step of marking the stopping point of data collection at website on mobile device 
           82 —step of presenting referendum website on mobile device 
           84 —step of collecting data provided to referendum website on mobile device 
           86 —Domain Name Systems (DNS) data 
           88 —URL 
           90 —Global Positioning System (GPS) data 
           92 —step of detecting NFC tag associated with an item 
           94 —step of presenting referendum on an item 
           96 —step of receiving answer on an item 
           98 —location 
           100 —product category 
           102 —product subcategory 
           104 —product brand 
           106 —seed referendum 
           108 ,  110 —new referendum created based on seed referendum 
           112 —starting point of clip of interest 
           114 —ending point of clip of interest 
           116 —survey question stub 
           118 —survey question 
           120 —item to be aggregated 
           122 —video entity 
           124 —play button 
           126 —slider track 
           128 —progress button 
           130 —referendum family 
           132 —items aggregated from a family of referendums 
           134 —category representing items aggregated from a family of referendums 
           136 —referendum question stub 
           138 —input device 
       
    
     PARTICULAR ADVANTAGES OF THE INVENTION 
     The choice of a voter is non-conspicuous. When a voter votes, it is unclear to spectators whether the answer was “Yes” or “No.” The voter can procure shoes with answers of any combinations. For instance, each of the left and right shoes can represent “Yes” or “No.” It is also possible that both left and right shoes can take on the same answer, i.e., “Yes” or “No.” In this case, the voter may refrain from voting if none of his answers corresponds to his voting intention. 
     Each NFC tag-reader pair has a range of operation of about 4 cm. By horizontally disposing an NFC centrally about a shoe sole, the Applicant discovered that the horizontal distance between each NFC tags pair disposed on two complementing shoes is sufficient to mitigate potential false readings taken by the NFC reader while ensuring that the intended NFC tag is sufficiently close to the NFC reader for detection of the NFC tag. 
     In one embodiment, various steps are eliminated for voters to vote in public. In conventional voting of a referendum, each referendum is paired with a voter. Therefore, for the presentation of a referendum, only one vote is expected. In the present voting system, one referendum is paired with multiple voters, thereby eliminating the need to individually presenting the referendum to voters. In yet another embodiment, the use of more than one point of NFC tag-reader acknowledgement enables collection of responses to referendums based on user experiences received just prior to the presentation of the referendums, thereby increasing the accuracy and relevance of the referendum data received. In yet another embodiment, the voting system does not require NFC tags to be specifically programmed, thereby enabling the use of generically programmed NFC tags. The URL of referendums is specified by the combination of two designators. In yet another embodiment, the present invention allows a user to aggregate referendums before the user is required to respond to one or more aggregated referendums. In yet another embodiment, the ability to allow creation of linked referendums or families of referendums, is provided. As the statistics of each member for a referendum family is preserved, the sample size for a referendum family as a whole is increased, thereby making statistical data more meaningful. As answer choices of such families may be collected and presented to users as collections of choices, advertisers may choose to use such collections of choices as an avenue to advertise. In yet another embodiment, there is further provided a media having different referendums associated with the media at different time frames such that suitable referendums may be presented to a user of the media within a specific time frame. 
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF A PREFERRED EMBODIMENT 
     Various attempts have been made to gather public opinion via the internet, official voting practices and ad hoc and small scale opinions gathering via pen and paper. These attempts have resulted in varying degrees of success. Conventional referendums may be presented via online means to website targeted audience. For instance, an online search result corresponding to an automobile search inquiry may return a referendum alongside contents relevant to gasoline prices. While this practice may be effective as an additional means for capture public opinion, there lacks a means for capturing opinions of the segment of society not willing to submit their opinions due to the expectation that the original content accessed may be compromised by the act of responding to such referendums or the user may be inadvertently navigating away from the original content. The Applicant has discovered various means for capturing public opinion that are unconventional and effective. Venues of large crowds, such as stadiums, concerts, arenas, fairgrounds, conventions and the like present opportunities for collecting public opinion. Advertisers of such events typically use QR codes to provide URIs to suitably equipped mobile devices for quicker access to URLs of products and services. As used herein, a mobile device includes a cellular phone such as iPhone®, Droid®, electronic touch pad such as iPod®, iPad®, Samsung Galaxy® and the like. 
       FIG. 1  depicts one embodiment according to the present NFC based voting system. This system comprises a pair of NFC tags  14 , each tag represents an answer to a referendum question. In one embodiment, one NFC tag  14  represents “Yes” and the other represents “No.” Examples of near field radio frequency (RF) communicators are defined in various standards for example ISO/IEC 18092 and ISO/IEC 21481 for NFC communicators, and ISO/IEC 14443 and ISO/IEC 15693 for near field RF communicators. The present voting system includes an NFC reader  2  configured to receive a signal from one of the pair of NFC tags  14 , a display  8 , a server (not shown in  FIG. 1 ) adapted to store a plurality of referendums and their corresponding statistics and an application (also not shown in  FIG. 1 ) configured for retrieving a referendum from the server and displaying the referendum on the display  8 . The NFC reader acts as an initiator by generating a radio frequency (RF) field which powers the NFC tag (or passive target). Although being called a tag, an NFC tag can assume various form factors. An NFC tag can be a tag, sticker, card, etc. The present NFC tags  14  are preferably tags capable of embedment in shoe soles without affecting the comfort of the wearer. NFC tags measuring 0.15×0.15 millimeters in size and 7.5 micrometers thick (or the size of a small dot) have been made possible by Hitachi. The application is configured to associate a signal received from the pair of NFC tags to the referendum and update the statistics of the referendum in the server. The display is preferably large and capable of being viewed at a distance to attract attention of those present in its vicinity. Suitable displays include computer, projection, television (TV) screens, printed banners, posters and signs although screens of mobile devices and electronic touch pads may also be used for smaller venues. In the embodiment shown in  FIG. 1 , the present system further comprises a transmitter  4 -receiver  6  pair configured for transmitting the signal from the NFC reader to the application, thereby enabling wireless connection between the signal and the application. 
     In one embodiment, the display is further operably coupled to an audio device configured to verbally express the referendum presented on the display  8 . This is especially useful for the visually impaired or children who have not mastered reading. In one embodiment, the display  8  is disposed at eye level to pedestrians and in the vicinity of a protective case  22  such that a user may more readily associate the display  8  to the protective case  22 . The display  8  may be mounted on a wall or disposed on a stand  10 . In practice, the present system is set up on busy pedestrian walkways, pathways and concourses in venues with large crowds and where it is easily accessible. As pedestrians walk by the display, their attention is hopefully drawn to the display  8 . 
     A referendum is presented on the display  22  at any time for a period of time. A new referendum is presented on the display  22  after the period of time in which the previous referendum was represented has expired. A list of referendums can be programmed to be cycled for an event. Any answers received during the display of a referendum are automatically associated with the referendum. When a user  18  is interested in providing an answer in response to a referendum, he or she steps on the protective case  22 . 
       FIG. 2  is a bottom orthogonal view of a pair of shoes  16 , each of the pair of shoes  16  having an NFC tag  14  affixed to its sole.  FIG. 2A  is a top orthogonal view of a protective case  22  according to the present voting system. For protection from environmental elements, each NFC tag  14  may be embedded in or formed integrally and within a shoe sole  17 . In a preferred embodiment, the NFC reader  2  is embedded in a protective case  22  having an indicator  54  showing the case  22  is to be stepped upon. The indicator  54  on the protective case  22  helps indicate the approximate location where a shoe is expected. This indicator  54  ensures that an answer is properly entered as an NFC tag needs to be positioned within about 4 cm to an NFC reader  2  to successfully detect the NFC tag. The NFC&#39;s effective range also works toward its advantage. As a user stepped on the protective case  22 , only the NFC tag disposed in the shoe  16  positioned atop the protective case  22  is detected and not the NFC tag disposed in the other shoe  16 .  FIG. 2B  is a top orthogonal view of another embodiment of the present display  8 . In this embodiment, an NFC reader  2  is embedded in a display  8  designed to be stepped upon. For example, a referendum  64  “Elect Obama” is displayed along with the silhouette of a shoe as an indicator  54  to indicate that the display  8  is to be stepped upon. Similar to the protective case  22  of  FIG. 2A , the display  8  is configured for placement on a floor. In yet another embodiment (not shown), the display  8  is a passive display such as printed poster or sign. 
     Applicant discovered that NFC tags are suitable for use as votes as the range of operation of the NFC tags-NFC reader is about 4 cm or less. The protective case  22  may be simply disposed on a floor  12  or it may be embedded in the floor  12  such that its top surface stays flush with the floor  12  to avoid tripping hazards. The indicator  54  can be any markings capable of guiding a voter to step upon the indicator  54  with a shoe containing an NFC tag, such as arrows, text, silhouette of a shoe and the like. The NFC tag  14  may alternatively be affixed to another portion of a shoe  16  such as the insole. 
     The NFC tag  14  may alternatively be affixed to a surface of the outsole, preferably on an interior surface of a crease to avoid rubbing contact with a floor or grounds. A mark indicating the meaning of a corresponding NFC tag may additionally be made available on a concealed portion of a shoe while it is being worn, such as the insole or the vamp of the shoe. Alternatively, the meaning of an NFC tag is deciphered electronically using an application operably connected to an NFC reader. In practice, any left or right shoe may be manufactured with an NFC tag representing an answer of “Yes” or “No.” Therefore a particular shoe does not necessarily carry a specific meaning and therefore enables one to conceal the answer to spectators. 
       FIG. 3  is a block diagram of the embodiment of  FIG. 1 . An application running in central processing unit (CPU)  28  first retrieves a referendum via the internet  30  from a referendum pool server  32  and displays it on a display  8 . Reference is made to Applicant&#39;s copending U.S. Pat. Pub. No. 2012/0290556 for a referendum pool server  32 , wherein the teachings of a referendum pool server is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. An NFC reader  2  is operably connected to a transmitter  4  which transmits a signal received from NFC tag  38  when NFC tag  38  is disposed in detection vicinity of the NFC reader  2 . The signal is then received by the receiver  26  operably connected to the application running on the CPU  28 . The application then deciphers the signal to yield a result and associates the result to referendum and transmits the result to the referendum pool server  32 . The result can be a “Yes” or a “No.” 
       FIG. 4  depicts another embodiment according to the present voting system. In this embodiment, the NFC reader  2  is connected via hardwire to the CPU  28 , thereby eliminating the need for a transmitter-receiver pair depicted in  FIG. 1 .  FIG. 5  is a block diagram of the embodiment of  FIG. 4 . It shall be noted that the transmitter-receiver pair  4 ,  26  has been replaced with hardwire connection. 
       FIG. 6  is a flow diagram describing an exemplary method for receiving and tallying an answer stored on NFC tags according to an embodiment of the present invention. In step  44 , a referendum is retrieved from a referendum pool server and presented to a display. This is followed by step  46  where an NFC tag is detected by an NFC reader. In step  48 , a signal associated with the NFC tag is deciphered to yield a result. The result can be a “Yes” or a “No.” In step  50 , the result is associated with the referendum during the display of which the signal was received. This is followed by step  52  where the referendum pool server is notified of or updated with the result of the referendum. 
       FIG. 7  is yet another example of an object where the present invention can be suitably applied. One NFC tag  38  is disposed within the cuff  43  of each sleeve  42  of a shirt  40 . Similar to the shoe concept, voting is carried out by bringing an NFC tag close to an NFC reader. In this case, an NFC reader is preferably mounted at a height convenient for a wearer of the shirt  40  to vote using one of the NFC tags in disposed in a cuff. 
       FIG. 8  depicts yet another embodiment according to the present NFC based voting system. Rather than having a user enter the entire URI via keying, the user may simply touch a mobile device  24  against the NFC tag  14 , prompting the retrieval of a referendum website URL based on the URI stored in the NFC tag. In this example, a restaurant patron  18  accesses a referendum by touching the mobile device  24  against the NFC reader  14 . A sample referendum presented at the mobile device  24  may read “Would you visit our restaurant again?” A choice of “Yes” or “No” is presented on the mobile device  24 . The patron can then enter one of the answers. Armed with such referendum results, the restaurant management may focus on areas of improvement. In contrast to a QR code, the use of an NFC tag-reader pair eliminates the need to scan a QR code. Scanning a QR involves turning on a visual capture device such as a camera and appropriate lighting which is not always possible in public locations. Further, it can take several minutes or several trials to successfully read a QR code. An NFC tag-reader therefore eliminates unnecessary steps in capturing a QR code and provides a speedier means to retrieve a website. In addition to providing a website for access to a referendum, the website can alternatively include additional information such as food and drinks menu, special offers, etc. The embodiment disclosed in  FIG. 8  is not limited to restaurant settings. NFC tags may also be attached to stadium seats or other public venues where rapid retrieval of a website URL is critical. For example, in a sporting event, an audience may access a referendum at his seat to weigh in on a penalty call of an official. 
     In another aspect, the use of an NFC tag extends beyond the purpose of referendum data collection. If necessary, a website configured for receiving text, an image or otherwise the identity of a specific NFC reader is used, can be used to provide proof of the presence of the specific NFC reader. For example, a popular tourist spot may be coupled with one or more NFC tags. As proof that a person has been to the tourist spot, the person may use his or her NFC reader-equipped mobile device to detect the presence of the NFC tag or tags. 
       FIG. 8A  depicts an interaction area through which a referendum can be created. In one embodiment, the present NFC based voting system is used as an interface for receiving referendums. If the URL of  FIG. 8  returns no referendums, an interaction area as shown in  FIG. 8A  is used to receive referendums from a user via input device  138 . A referendum question stub  136  is provided to facilitate creation of a referendum question. After a referendum has been created, subsequent engagement of the NFC tag of  FIG. 8  causes the referendum question to be presented. In one embodiment, a referendum question stub  136  is presented regardless of the number of referendums the URL points to such that further creations of referendums are encouraged. In one embodiment, the author of a referendum may control access to the referendum, e.g., by requiring a code or password set by the author. For example, a member of a family may view the choices made by the same family member or another family member in a restaurant in the past by accessing one or more referendums in a group accessible only by providing correct credentials. 
       FIG. 8B  depicts an interaction area through which a referendum can be created and where the interaction area is located in a mobile device having detected an NFC tag that has a different identifier than the NFC tag of  FIG. 8A . Note that the detected NFC tag number is 13574 in  FIG. 8A  and 13586 in  FIG. 8B . It can then be said that the URI shown in  FIG. 8A  is unique in view of the URI shown in  FIG. 8B . In such an example, the unique URI alone is sufficient to distinguish one NFC tag from another. In another example, batches of identical NFC tags (those having identical URIs) may be manufactured at a lower cost as differentiation is not required.  FIG. 8C  depicts an interaction area through which a referendum can be created and where the interaction area is located in a mobile device having detected an NFC tag that has an identifier that is identical to the NFC tag of  FIG. 8A . In this instance, a differentiator indicating a different geolocation is used to indicate that the detected NFC of  FIG. 8C  should be associated with a different URL than the URL of  FIG. 8A . Note that the Global Positioning System (GPS) data of  FIG. 8C  indicates a location that is different than that of  FIG. 8A . For geographically diverse applications, Domain Name Systems (DNS) data may also be used. 
       FIG. 9  is a block diagram of the embodiment of  FIG. 8 . An NFC reader  2  is operably connected to a CPU  28  and configured to detect an NFC tag  38  disposed in detection vicinity of the NFC reader  2 . Upon receiving a URI stored in an NFC tag  38 , the NFC reader  2  communicates this signal to an application running in CPU  28  which then uses this URI to retrieve a referendum website  36  via the internet  30  and displays it on a display  8 . In one embodiment, the display  8  is operably coupled to a touchscreen input receiver  34 , wherein an answer of “Yes” or “No” can be entered in response to the referendum. 
       FIG. 10  is a flow diagram describing an exemplary method for retrieving and using a URI stored on an NFC tag according to an embodiment of the present invention. In step  56 , an NFC reader of a mobile device is touched upon an NFC tag attached to an object. In this example, the object is a restaurant table. Such NFC tag  38  may alternatively be attached to other objects easily accessible to potential voters, such as an exit door or payment counter at the restaurant. In step  58 , an application of the mobile device receives a URI stored in the NFC tag. The mobile device then retrieves a 
     URL based on the URI received from the NFC tag in step  60 . This is followed by the user of the mobile device being presented with a referendum associated with the URL. The user can then choose to respond to the referendum in step  62  by selecting an answer “Yes” or “No.” 
       FIG. 11  is yet another example of an object where the present invention can be suitably applied. An NFC tag  38  may be affixed to a shirt to enable swift access of a referendum URL associated with the shirt. Such referendum may be “Would you buy a shirt of this design again?—Yes or No?” 
       FIG. 12  depicts yet another embodiment according to the present NFC based voting system where a pair of NFC tags is used. An NFC tag  72  is provided at an entry location  66  and another  74  at an exit location  68  of a venue. Upon entering a venue, a user may simply touch a mobile device  24  against NFC tag  72 , prompting the retrieval of a website corresponding to the venue and a timestamp is cached. A venue can be a restaurant, checkout counter of any store or any locale where at least a task is to be performed, can only be performed or preferably be performed at the locale. One such task is the order of food items as the food items can only be received or consumed in person. In many occasions, ordering of food from a restaurant is preferably done at the restaurant as a patron may have additional questions about the food items that may not be communicated merely through a website. However, awaiting for services in long lines have been the norm of today&#39;s society. Applicant discovered that there are opportunities to turn waiting time into productive time, such as in providing a tool for the patron to order food while he or she waits in line for service at the counter. In addition, the patron also does not need to first look up the contact information of the appropriate restaurant from which food is to be ordered as in the case where food is ordered remotely. At the time of food ordering, various pieces of information may be cached in a server, such as the types and quantities of food ordered, the timestamp at which an order is placed, etc. This information may be used for statistical analysis at a later time to improve upon the efficiency and speed of the food service. As the patron is already physically present at the restaurant, ordering of food is delayed until about the moment the food item is consumed to ensure just-in-time preparation of food for freshness of the prepared food. During exit from the restaurant, the patron may simply touch a mobile device  24  against the NFC tag  74 , prompting the retrieval of a website which enquires about the experience the patron had in the restaurant and another timestamp is cached. For example, the patron may be asked the following question: 
     “Do you like the food choices you just had? 
     ______ Yes ______ No” 
     In one embodiment, and in an effort to make referendum taking even simpler, the answer choices of “Yes” and “No” may be presented as color coded buttons. For example, the “Yes” button may be green colored and the “No” button may be red colored. Armed with the pieces of information received due to responses of a patron to the websites during entry and exit of the restaurant, a profile can then be deduced. This profile may include information such as the duration of stay at the restaurant (i.e., by subtracting the timestamp at entry from the timestamp at exit), the percentage of patrons using this technology in simplifying food ordering, the time periods over the course of business hours in which this technology is used in food ordering (such that appropriate levels of staffing of personnel can be determined). The act of collecting patrons&#39; opinion immediately after a service has been delivered also increases the relevance and accuracy of such opinion to the service and/or product provider, i.e., the restaurant owner in this case. In contrast to the use of GPS in determining location and temporal appropriateness in serving a referendum, the present invention is superior in that the use of NFC presents a service or product provider with targeted patrons, thereby increasing the value of such service to the patrons. With GPS technology, it is often impossible to determine the intention of a user simply by detecting the user&#39;s presence in an area. In addition, in order for GPS technology to function properly for location tracking, the ability to broadcast location information may be necessary. As such, the use of GPS technology may be a cause for privacy concern with mobile service providers. With the present invention, such concern is considered non-existent as the information considered vulnerable to eavesdropping must be processed before compromising details can be deduced. In addition, unlike GPS systems, the present invention does not require periodic broadcast of GPS signals which can significantly increase power consumption of a mobile device. One additional concern of the use of GPS technology lies in the authenticity of GPS data which can be manipulated or “faked.” Inaccurate GPS data would defeat its use in the present invention. 
       FIG. 13  is a flow diagram describing an exemplary method of the present invention for conducting a referendum by incorporating more than one NFC tag. In step  74 , a starting point of data collection is marked by the detection of a first NFC tag, e.g. NFC tag  70 , by an NFC reader on a mobile device. As a result, an activity website is then presented on the mobile device as shown in step  76 , prompting the user of the mobile device to provide a response. The activity website includes, but not limited to, a food ordering website, a television program, a game program, etc. In step  78 , data, such as food order, is subsequently provided by the user and collected by the activity website in response to the food ordering website and cached in a server. In step  80 , a stopping point of data collection is marked by the detection of a second NFC tag, e.g. NFC tag  72 , by the NFC reader on the mobile device. As a result, a referendum website is then presented on the mobile device as shown in step  82 . A response to the referendum website is then provided by the user in step  84 . 
     In another embodiment, the first and second NFC tags may alternatively be NFC readers and the mobile device may alternatively include an NFC tag provided that an NFC device on each of the entry and exit locations is configured for complementary operation with an NFC device on the mobile device. 
     In one embodiment, the present NFC based voting system is further coupled with a digital currency or an electronic money and online payment system that is anonymous in nature. Such digital currency includes, but not limited to, any social digital currency, Facebook® credits, gift cards, etc. Upon taking a referendum, a user may be rewarded with digital currency such that further participation of similar referendums is encouraged. Such reward may then be transacted for purchases of real life goods. 
       FIG. 14  is yet another embodiment according to the present NFC based voting system, depicting the use of three possible NFC communication points. In this case, three NFC readers  2  are provided, i.e., one at an entry location  66  and two at an exit location. One NFC reader at exit is labeled “YES” to represent an answer of “Yes” and the other is labeled “NO” to represent an answer of “No.” The entry location preferably includes a first display for displaying an activity website while the exit location preferably includes a second display for displaying a referendum website based on a response to the activity website. Similar to the embodiment disclosed in  FIG. 12 , in this embodiment, two points of NFC communication are effected, i.e., one at the entry point and the other at one of the two NFC readers  2  at the exit point. This setup however allows the use of an NFC tag on the part of a user, thereby simplifying the equipment required on the part of the user for taking a referendum. In selecting an answer to a referendum, the user simply touches an NFC tag against one of the exit location NFC readers depending on the desired answer, prompting the submission of such answer to a server tasked in collecting referendum date. In one embodiment, such NFC tag is embedded in a card for ease, convenience and security in transporting the NFC tag. Such NFC tag may alternatively be embedded in any substrate material that is easily stored and portable. 
       FIG. 15  is yet another embodiment according to the present NFC based voting system, depicting the use of an additional designator in combination with an NFC to more specifically define a URL  88 .  FIG. 16  is yet another embodiment according to the present NFC based voting system, depicting the use of yet another additional designator in combination with an NFC to more specifically define a URL. In previously disclosed embodiments, each NFC tag specifies an exact URL, therefore requiring each NFC to be specifically programmed or constructed for its specific use or retrieval of a specific URL. For example, for a franchise business which has many locations, each location has a specific geographical location, may sell specific items unique to the location, etc., thereby requiring a uniquely programmed NFC for each location. The Applicant discovered several benefits of using an additional designator in combination with a generic NFC to specify a unique URL. Using generic NFC, the purpose of identifying the presence of a reader of an NFC tag in the vicinity of the NFC tag is ensured. For instance, the reader is physically and functionally attached to a mobile device, such as a phone, computer, etc. The presence of a target audience, who is the assumed to be the carrier of such mobile device, can then be ascertained. The identity of the location in which the NFC is used, is determined by an additional designator. An additional designator can be Global Positioning System (GPS) data  90  or Domain Name Systems (DNS) data  86 . The Domain Name Service of the DNS resolves queries for these names into Internet Protocol (IP) addresses for the purpose of locating computer services and devices worldwide. GPS data specifies the geographical information of a location. If either additional designator is used, additional look-up may be required which correlates raw or rudimentary location information with a well established map. The practice of establishing location information based on DNS is not new. Reference is made to U.S. Pat. No. 8,073,972 for a system and method for location discovery based on DNS, the specification for which is incorporated by reference in its entirety herein. When used together in a referendum creator, a generic NFC tag specifies the presence of a reader at a location and the additional designator specifies the geographical details of the location, thereby serving as resources for retrieving and interacting with one or more relevant readily available referendums that are based on the data of the NFC tag and the additional designator, from a specific URL or creating one or more new referendums that are stored at a specific URL. 
       FIG. 17  depicts a series of steps which when repeated can be used to build a hierarchy of items. First, an NFC tag attached to an item is detected as in step  92 . A description of the item is then harvested and used in the construction of a referendum as in step  94 . An answer is then received for the referendum as in step  96 .  FIG. 18  depicts a hierarchy of items built by submissions of NFC tag detections as shown in step  92  of  FIG. 17 . In this example, each item may be classified in the following manner at a location  98 . A broad category  100  of “drink” contains any types of beverages  102  including beer, wine and soda. The drinks B1, B2, W1, W2, S1 and S2 ( 104 ) are therefore subsets of the different types of beverages  102 . Likewise, a broad category  100  of “food” contains any types of food  102  suitable for consumption by humans. The foods F1, F2, Bk1, Bk2, St1 and St2 ( 104 ) are therefore subsets of the different types of food  102 . Although an inventory control system of a business may already include such hierarchy of items, the construction of such hierarchy is initiated by the interaction of local users, thereby representing items that are actually accessed by local users as the users are required to be present to interact with NFC tagged items. Further, the business is not required to provide a list of items for sale, which is often proprietary, to the public or an organization performing statistical data collection or analysis. As demonstrated in  FIGS. 17 and 18 , each item in the hierarchy can potentially be linked to one or more referendums, thereby creating a broad network of items which local users have experienced. The Applicant discovered that the statistical significance of such referendums is weighed more heavily than referendums presented without association to physical items as the former reflects opinions of the users often at or near the point of purchase or consumption. 
       FIG. 19  depicts a seed referendum  106 .  FIG. 20  depicts a referendum family  130  created based on the seed referendum  106  of  FIG. 19 . Upon viewing and/or responding to a seed referendum  106  such as the one shown in  FIG. 19 , a viewer may wish to create a referendum that is slightly altered or referendum answer choices that are slightly different. In order to preserve any statistical data already collected for a seed referendum  106 , one or more referendums may be created from the seed referendum  106 . Details such as the time at which a referendum is created and the time at which a response is received may also be cached and subsequently used for statistical purposes. By the same token, the newly created referendums  108 ,  110  may also serve as seed referendums from which additional or new referendums are derived. Referring to  FIG. 20 , the derived referendums  108 ,  110  are provided as a family  130  or set to a viewer such that the viewer may be shown a family of related referendums instead of a single referendum. The viewer is therefore presented with more choices and more likely to be interested in responding to one or more referendums and/or creating one or more new referendums. For example, a first viewer first created the following seed referendum  106 : 
     “Who would you entrust your health care to? 
     Obama ______ 
     Romney ______” 
     Another viewer who accessed the seed referendum  106  decided that the answer choices are not suitable and that alternative answer choices are desired. Therefore the same referendum question with different answers is created as follows: 
     “Who would you entrust your health care to? 
     Obama ______ 
     Ron Paul ______” 
     Another viewer who accessed this referendum family  130  after the creation of the seed referendum  106  or even after the creation of the later created referendum  108  decided that the referendum question may be clarified by altering the referendum question, therefore creating referendum  110  to more specifically target certain segment of the population, i.e., anyone over the age of 65. 
     “If you are over 65, who would you entrust your health care to? 
     Obama ______ 
     Perot ______” 
     In another embodiment, the concepts revealed in  FIGS. 19 and 20  may be further associated with an NFC trigger, i.e., the link to the referendum family  130  is defined by the URI embedded in an NFC tag. In one embodiment, the answers of each family of referendums may be aggregated and presented to a user such that one or more answers of the aggregate may be used as a basis from which an action is taken. For example,  FIG. 21  displays an aggregate of answers gathered from the referendum family of  FIG. 20  under a category called “Election 2012.” Upon creating or modifying a family of referendums, the user has an option to create a category  134  and an aggregate of answers  132  which is linked to this category  134 . One example for taking advantage of such aggregation of items has to deal with the facilitation of advertisement presentation where such aggregation of items is made available to an advertiser. The advertiser is given an option to select one or more answers from the aggregate with which an advertisement is to be concurrently displayed. For instance, if “(3) Ron Paul” is selected to be associated with an advertisement, the advertisement is displayed when referendum  108  is being viewed. Unlike advertisements which utilize conventional keyword searching to select target URLs with which to display advertisements,  FIG. 21  depicts a grouping of items which is more targeted to a specific category, thereby better able to engage the viewership of the advertisements. For example, a conventional keyword search of “Ron Paul” may return any and all URLs having text including the words “Ron” and “Paul,” which can be numerous. Various other pieces of statistical data of the referendums of the referendum family may also be aggregated to aid an advertiser in selecting an answer as a target for an advertisement. Such pieces of data include, but not limited to, the size of polls received for each referendum, the number of answers in an aggregate and the expanse of a family of referendums or the number of referendums in a referendum family, etc. In yet another embodiment of the present invention, a mechanism for a user to aggregate at least two referendums prior to responding to the previously collected referendum, is provided.  FIG. 22  is a block diagram depicting an aggregation of items at a location.  FIG. 23  is a block diagram depicting aggregated items  120  at a location and a referendum  64  associated with each of the items. In this embodiment, a plurality of referendums  64  may be aggregated by a user, each associated with an item  120  prior to the time at which the user chooses to respond to the referendums  64 . As each item is detected, it is added to a list of referendums. In this example, a template “Do you like blank1 at blank2” is used where a newly detected item is inserted in the space of blank1 and the location information, such as, “location 1” is inserted in the space of blank2. After each referendum is built, the user has a choice to answer one or more referendums presented to the user immediately or until all referendums have been collected or aggregated. Therefore the user has a choice to either respond to one or more referendums at any time or all at once. A new set of referendums is aggregated at a new location  98 , i.e., when the location is no longer “location 1.” 
     In yet another embodiment of the present invention, the concept of time frame is incorporated in a referendum.  FIG. 24  is a diagram depicting a video-type survey construction and survey taking interface at a first time stamp.  FIG. 25  is a diagram depicting a video-type survey construction and survey taking interface at a second time stamp that is different time from the time stamp shown in  FIG. 24 . In one embodiment as shown in  FIGS. 24 and 25 , a referendum system including a video entity  122 , one or more referendum questions  118 , a mechanism for creating new referendums using a stub  116  and a mechanism for selecting one or more referendum questions to be displayed at a particular time frame, is provided. In another embodiment as shown in  FIGS. 24 and 25 , a referendum system is configured such that the user&#39;s attention can be focused only on a segment of a video or audio file, where a means for marking a playback segment is provided. At least a pair of markers including a starting marker  112  and an ending marker  114  is provided to mark a segment of interest within the at least one type of media or movie in this example. This feature is especially useful if the video or audio file is lengthy and there exists at least one point of interest embedded within the file or not easily pinpointed. Referring to  FIG. 24 , as the play button  124  is pressed, the video plays from starting marker  112  to ending marker  114  on the slider marker  126  as indicated by the progress button  128  and the following set of referendums is displayed when this segment is selected at the time frame including 8:40 pm, Aug. 15, 2012. It shall be noted that the author of each referendum, the category in which each referendum belongs, the date on which each referendum was created and the zip code or location at which each referendum was created, are further displayed. For instance, the referendum question “(1) The U.S. should withdraw troops from Afghanistan?” was created or posted on Apr. 5, 2012 at zip code 12345 by a user called “RaymondB” and was categorized in the “Defense Spending” category. A viewer can therefore request to view referendums created by certain individuals or referendums belonging to certain categories. 
     “By RaymondB created 4/5/2012 at zip 12345 
     Category: Defense Spending 
     (1) The U.S. should withdraw troops from Afghanistan? 
     Yes ______ No ______ 
     By USBiker created 5/26/2012 at zip 13245 
     Category: Defense Spending 
     (2) The U.S. should withdraw troops from Iraq? 
     Yes ______ No ______ 
     By JesusA created 11/20/2011 at zip 56789 
     Category: Defense Spending 
     (3) The U.S. should station troops in South China Sea? 
     Yes ______ No ______ Maybe ______” 
     It shall be noted that, for example at another time frame including 3:00 pm, Aug. 15, 2012, the following set of referendums is displayed instead of the set of question displayed at 8:40 pm, Aug. 15, 2012. 
     “By RandyK created 8/1/2012 at zip 23456 
     Category: Defense Spending 
     (1) Washington should cut defense spending by 50%? 
     Yes ______ No ______ 
     By MadonnaJ created 11/10/2011 at zip 76543 
     Category: Defense Spending 
     (2) Washington should cut defense spending but increase healthcare spending? 
     Yes ______ No ______” 
     Such selective display of different referendums at different time frames enables the referendums to be tailored to their intended audience. For example, a typical afternoon audience may be more mature in age and experience and therefore would gravitate towards referendums related to policy making than referendums seeking an emotional response. Therefore, by introducing the time frame concept, the user of a video can selectively present, respond to or create referendums at various time frames. In another embodiment, the concepts revealed in  FIGS. 24 and 25  may be further associated with an NFC trigger, i.e., the link to the video is defined by the URI embedded in an NFC tag.