Patent Publication Number: US-2023144169-A1

Title: Game access device with time varying signal

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 17/332,985 filed May 27, 2021, which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 16/723,580 filed Dec. 20, 2019 (now U.S. Pat. No. 11,024,120 issued Jun. 1, 2021), which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/604,842 filed on Jan. 26, 2015 (now U.S. Pat. No. 10,535,223 issued Jan. 14, 2020), which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/686,354 filed Mar. 15, 2007 (now U.S. Pat. No. 8,939,359 issued Jan. 27, 2015), which is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/418,939 filed May 5, 2006 (now U.S. Pat. No. 7,549,576 issued Jun. 23, 2009), each of which is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety. 
    
    
     FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention relates generally to the field of gaming and, more particularly, to a gaming system and method incorporating a wireless network and systems and methods for providing access thereto. 
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     Virtual casinos are accessible via communications networks such as the Internet. For example, on-line casinos present a graphical representation of games, such as casino games, to a user on the screen of a computer in communication with the Internet. The user may place wagers, participate in the gaming, and win or lose money. Receipt of winnings, or payment of losses is typically handled through a credit account. 
     Participants may use gaming devices, some of which may be wireless, to access such on-line casinos. However, security of wireless gaming devices (e.g., handhelds such as the Blackberry™ handheld device) may be sub-optimal as it is typically accomplished through soft checks. For example, a user may be merely asked to enter a valid username and associated password to be provided access to a particular gaming device. 
     It would therefore be desirable to provide mechanisms that better guarantee secure access to wireless gaming devices and gaming systems. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     Therefore, it is an object of the invention to provide mechanisms that better guarantee secure access to wireless gaming devices and gaming systems. 
     This and other objects are accomplished in accordance with the principles of the invention by providing gaming networks with one or more levels of security checks, such as a hard security check, instead of, or in addition to, a soft security check before access to a gaming device is granted. In a hard security check, the user employs an apparatus such as a card or other physical token that can be used to access the gaming device. Such an apparatus may communicate information that identifies the user to the device or may be used to produce a signal without which the device is locked. 
     In some embodiments of the present invention, a device capable of detecting or reproducing a signal from an apparatus is provided. Access to the device is provided when the signal is detected. Alternatively or additionally, the signal may include identifying information that needs to be verified in order to provide access to the device. The apparatus may include a medium for storing identifying information as well as an emitter for communicating the identifying information to the device such that access to the device is provided when the identifying information is associated with a user that is authorized to operate the device. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       For a more complete understanding of the present invention and for further features and advantages, reference is now made to the following description, taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, in which: 
         FIG.  1    illustrates a convenience gaming system according to certain embodiments of the present invention; 
         FIG.  2    illustrates a convenience gaming system with a wireless network according to certain embodiments of the present invention; 
         FIG.  3    is a block diagram of a convenience gaming system illustrating various gaming activities in accordance with certain embodiments of the present invention; 
         FIG.  4    illustrates a convenience gaming system showing coverage areas in accordance with certain embodiments of the present invention; 
         FIG.  5    illustrates a convenience gaming system with a wireless network showing triangulation location determination in accordance with certain embodiments of the present invention; 
         FIG.  6    is a flow chart depicting steps in a convenience gaming method according to certain embodiments of the present invention; 
         FIG.  7    depicts a convenience gaming system showing a communication path in accordance with certain embodiments of the present invention; 
         FIG.  8    illustrates a ship-based convenience gaming system in accordance with certain embodiments of the present invention 
         FIG.  9    illustrates a convenience gaming device and apparatus for use in accordance with certain embodiments of the present invention; 
         FIG.  10    illustrates a convenience gaming device and apparatus in accordance with certain embodiments of the present invention; and 
         FIG.  11    illustrates another convenience gaming device in accordance with certain embodiments of the present invention. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
     A convenience gaming system enables participants to engage in gaming activities from remote and/or mobile locations. The possible gaming activities include gambling, such as that provided by casinos. Gambling activities may include any casino-type gambling activities including, but not limited to, slot machines, video poker, table games (e.g., craps, roulette, blackjack, pai gow poker, Caribbean stud poker, baccarat, etc.), the wheel of fortune game, keno, sports betting, horse racing, dog racing, jai alai, and other gambling activities. The gaming activities can also include wagering on any type of event. Events can include, for example, sporting events, such as horse or auto racing, and athletic competitions such as football, basketball, baseball, golf, etc. Events can also include such things that do not normally involve wagering. Such events may include, without limitation, political elections, entertainment industry awards, and box office performance of movies. Gaming can also include non-wagering games and events. Gaming can also include lotteries or lottery-type activities such as state and interstate lotteries. These can include all forms of number-selection lotteries, “scratch-off” lotteries, and other lottery contests. The convenience gaming system may be implemented over a communications network such as a cellular network or a private wireless and/or wireline network. Examples of the latter include Wi-Fi and WiMAX networks. In some embodiments, the convenience gaming system communications network is entirely independent of the Internet. In other embodiments, the convenience gaming system operation makes minimal use of the Internet, such that only information for which there is no security issues is transmitted via the Internet and/or information may be encrypted. Preferably, the communications network enables players to participate in gaming from remote locations (e.g., outside of the gaming area of a casino). Also, the system may enable players to be mobile during participation in the convenience gaming activities. Preferably, the system has a location verification or determination feature, which is operable to permit or disallow gaming from the remote location depending upon whether or not the location meets one or more criteria. The criterion may be, for example, whether the location is within a pre-defined area in which gaming is permitted by law. 
     As shown n  FIG.  1   , for example, convenience gaming system  10  includes at least one user  12 . The system may include additional users such that there is at least a first user  12  and a second user  14 . Multiple users may access a first convenience gaming system  10 , while other multiple users access a second convenience gaming system (not shown) in communication with first gaming system  10 . Users  12  and  14  preferably access system  10  by way of a gaming communication device  13 . Gaming communication device  13  may comprise any suitable device for transmitting and receiving electronic communications. Examples of such devices include, without limitation, mobile phones, PDAs, computers, minicomputers, etc. Gaming communication devices  13  transmit and receive gaming information to and from communications network  16 . Gaming information is also transmitted between network  16  and a computer  18 , such as a server, which may reside within the domain of a gaming service provider  20 . The location of computer  18  is not critical, however, and computer  18  may reside adjacent to or remote from the domain of gaming service provider  20 . Moreover, in certain embodiments, a gaming service provider is not required. The computer  18  and/or gaming service provider  20  may reside within, adjacent to, or remote from a gaming provider (not shown in  FIG.  1   ). The gaming provider may be an actual controller of games, such as a casino. As an example, a gaming service provider may be located on the grounds of a casino and the computer  18  may be physically within the geographic boundaries of the gaming service provider. As discussed, however, either possibility exists for remote location of the computer  18  and the gaming service provider  20 . Computer  18  may function as a gaming server. Additional computers (not expressly shown) may function as database management computers and redundant servers, for example. 
     Preferably, software resides on both the gaming communication device  13  and the computer  18 . Software resident on gaming communication device  13  is preferably operable to present information corresponding to gaming activities (including gambling and non-gambling activities discussed herein) to the user. The information includes, without limitation, graphical representations of objects associated with the activities, and presentation of options related to the activities and selectable by the user. The gaming communication device software is also preferably operable to receive data from the computer and data input by the user or information communicated through another device or apparatus. Software resident on the computer is preferably able to exchange data with the gaming communication device, access additional computers and data storage devices, and perform all of the functions described herein as well as functions common to known electronic gaming systems. 
     Gaming information transmitted across network  16  may include any information, in any format, which is necessary or desirable in the operation of the gaming experience in which the user participates. The information may be transmitted in whole, or in combination, in any format including digital or analog, text or voice, and according to any known or future transport technologies, which may include, for example, wireline or wireless technologies. Wireless technologies may include, for example, licensed or license-exempt technologies. Some specific technologies which may be used include, without limitation, Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA), Global System for Mobile Communication (GSM), General Packet Radio Service (GPRS), Wi-Fi (802.11x), WiMAX (802.16x), Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN), Digital Subscriber Line (DSL), Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN), or cable modem technologies. These are examples only and one of ordinary skill will understand that other types of communication techniques are within the scope of the present invention. Further, it will be understood that additional components may be used in the communication of information between the users and the gaming server. Such additional components may include, without limitation, lines, trunks, antennas, switches, cables, transmitters, receivers, computers, routers, servers, fiber optical transmission equipment, repeaters, amplifiers, etc. 
     In at least one embodiment, the communication of gaming information may take place through the Internet or without involvement of the Internet. In certain embodiments, a portion of the gaming information may be transmitted over the Internet. Also, some or all of the gaming information may be transmitted partially over an Internet communications path. In certain embodiments, some information is transmitted entirely or partially over the Internet, but the information is either not gaming information or is gaming information that does or does not need to be maintained secretly. For instance, data that causes a graphical representation of a table game on the user&#39;s gaming communication device might be transmitted at least partially over the Internet, while wagering information transmitted by the user might be transmitted entirely over a non-Internet communications network. As another example, identifying information associated with a hard check apparatus (e.g., a bracelet as discussed below) may or may not be transmitted from the gaming communication device to a server over the Internet. 
     According to some embodiments of the invention, as shown in  FIG.  2    for example, the communications network comprises a cellular network  22 . Cellular network  22  comprises a plurality of base stations  23 , each of which has a corresponding coverage area  25 . Base station technology is generally known, and the base stations may be of any type found in a typical cellular network. The base stations may have coverage areas that overlap. Further, the coverage areas may be sectorized or non-sectorized. The network also includes mobile stations  24 , which function as the gaming communication devices used by users to access the convenience gaming system and participate in the activities available on the convenience gaming system. Users are connected to the network of base stations via transmission and reception of radio signals. The communications network also includes at least one voice/data switch, which is preferably connected to the wireless portion) of the network via a dedicated, secure landline. The communications network also includes a gaming service provider, which is likewise connected to the voice/data switch via a dedicated, secure landline. The voice/data switch may be connected to the wireless network of base stations via a mobile switching center (MSC), for example and the landline may be provided between the voice/data switch and the MSC. 
     Users access the convenience gaming system by way of mobile stations which are in communication with, and thus part of, the communications network. The mobile station may be any electronic communication device that is operable in connection with the network as described. For example, in this particular embodiment, the mobile station may comprise a cellular telephone. 
     Preferably, in the case of a cellular network for example, the convenience gaming system is enabled through the use of a private label carrier network. Each base station is programmed by the cellular carrier to send and receive private secure voice and/or data transmissions to and from mobile station handsets. The handsets are preferably preprogrammed with both gaming software and the carrier&#39;s authentication software. The base stations communicate via Private T-1 lines to a switch. A gaming service provider leases a private T-1 (or T-3 line, which routes the calls back to gaming servers controlled by the gaming service provider. Encryption can be installed on the telephones if required by a gaming regulation authority, such as a gaming commission. 
     The cellular network is preferably a private, closed system. Mobile stations communicate with base stations and base stations are connected to a centralized switch located within a gaming jurisdiction. At the switch, voice calls are transported either locally or via long distance. Specific service provider gaming traffic is transported from the central switch to a gaming server at a host location, which can be a casino or other location. 
     As subscribers launch their specific gaming application, the handset will only talk to certain base stations with cells or sectors that have been engineered to be wholly within the gaming jurisdiction. For example, if a base station is close enough to pick up or send a signal across state lines, it will not be able to communicate with the device. When a customer uses the device for gaming, the system may prohibit, if desired, the making or receiving voice calls. Moreover, voice can be eliminated entirely if required. Further, the devices are preferably not allowed to “connect” to the Internet. This ensures a high level of certainty that bets/wagers originate and terminate within the boundaries of the gaming jurisdiction and the “private” wireless system cannot be circumvented or bypassed. 
     In certain embodiments, some data and/or voice traffic may be communicated at least partially over the Internet. Tn some embodiments, certain non-gaming information may be transported over a path which includes the Internet, while other information relating to the gaming activities of the system is transported on a path that does not include the Internet. 
     As shown in  FIG.  3   , a gaming communication device  32  is in communication with a gaming service provider over a network  34 . The gaming service provider preferably has one or more servers, on which are resident various gaming and other applications. As shown in  FIG.  3   , some example gaming applications include horse racing and other sports, financial exchange, casino and/or virtual casino, entertainment and other events exchange, and news and real time entertainment. Each of these applications may be embodied in one or more software modules. The applications may be combined in any possible combination. Additionally, it should be understood that these applications are not exhaustive and that other applications may exist to provide an environment to the user that is associated with any of the described or potential convenience activities. 
     In other embodiments of the invention, as shown in  FIG.  4   , for example, the communications network comprises a private wireless network. The private wireless network may include, for example, an 802.11x (Wi-Fi) network technology to cover “Game Spots” or “Entertainment Spots.” In  FIG.  4   , various Wi-Fi networks are indicated as networks  41 . Networks  41  may use other communications protocols to provide a private wireless network including, but not limited to, 802.16x (WiMAX) technology. Further, networks  41  may be interconnected. Also, a convenience gaming system may comprise a combination of networks as depicted in  FIG.  4   . For example, there is shown a combination of private wireless networks  16 , a cellular network comprising a multi-channel access unit or sectorized base station  42 , and a satellite network comprising one or more satellites  46 . 
     With respect to the private wireless network, because the preferable technology covers smaller areas, (e.g., in the range of 100-300 feet) and provides very high-speed throughput, the private wireless network is particularly well-suited for gaming commission needs of location and identity verification for the gaming service provider products. The gaming spots enabled by networks  41  may include a current casino area  48 , new areas such as swimming pools, lakes or other recreational areas  49 , guest rooms and restaurants such as might be found in casino  48  or hotels  45  and  47 , residential areas  40 , and other remote convenience gaming areas  43 . The configuration of the overall convenience gaming system depicted in  FIG.  4    is intended only as an example and may be modified within the scope of the invention. 
     In some embodiments of the invention, the system architecture for the convenience gaming system includes: 
     (1) a wireless LAN (Local Access Network) component, which consists of mostly 802.11x (Wi-Fi) and/or 802.16x WiMAX technologies; robust security and authentication software; gaming software; mobile carrier approved handsets with Windows® or Symbian® operating systems integrated within; and
         (a) CDMA-technology that is secure for over-the-air data protection;   (b) at least two layers of user authentication, (that provided by the mobile carrier and that provided by the gaming service provider);   (c) compulsory tunneling (static routing) to gaming services;   (d) end-to-end encryption at the application layer; and   (e) state-of-the-art firewall and DMZ technologies;       

     (2) an MWAN (Metropolitan Wireless Access Network), which consists of licensed and license-exempt, point-to-point links, as well as licensed and license-exempt, point-to-multi-point technologies; 
     (3) private MAN (Metropolitan Access Network) T-1 and T-3 lines to provide connectivity where wireless services cannot reach; and 
     (4) redundant private-line communications from the mobile switch back to the gaming server. 
     Each of the “Game Spots” or “Entertainment Spots” are preferably connected via the MWAN/MAN back to central and redundant game servers. For accessing the private wireless networks  41 , the gaming communication devices are preferably Wi-Fi- or WiMAX-enabled PDAs or mini-laptops, and do not have to be managed by a third-party partner. 
     Preferably, the convenience gaming system includes a location verification feature, which is operable to permit or disable gaming from a remote location depending upon whether or not the location meets one or more criteria. The criterion may be, for example, whether the location is within a pre-defined area in which gaming is permitted by law. As another example, the criterion may be whether the location is in a no-gaming zone, such as a school. The location verification technology used in the system may include, without limitation, “network-based” and/or “satellite-based” technology. Network-based technology may include such technologies as multilateration, triangulation and geo-fencing, for example. Satellite-based technologies may include global positioning satellite (GPS) technology, for example. 
     As previously discussed, the cellular approach preferably includes the use of at least one cellular, mobile, voice and data network. For gaming in certain jurisdictions, such as Nevada for example, the technology may involve triangulation, global positioning satellite (GPS) technology, and/or geo-fencing to) avoid the potential for bets or wagers to be made outside Nevada state lines. In some embodiments, the network would not cover all of a particular jurisdiction, such as Nevada. For instance, the network would not cover areas in which cellular coverage for a particular base station straddled the state line or other boundary of the jurisdiction. This is done in order to permit the use of location verification to insure against the chance of bets originating or terminating outside of the state. Triangulation may be used as a method for preventing gaming from unapproved locations. Triangulation may be accomplished, for example, by comparing the signal strength from a single mobile station received at multiple base stations, each having GPS coordinates. This technology may be used to pinpoint the location of a mobile station. The location can then be compared to a map or other resource to determine whether the user of the mobile station is in an unapproved area, such as a school. Alternatively, GPS technology may be used for these purposes. 
     As shown in  FIG.  5   , the convenience gaming system includes a plurality of gaming communication devices  54 ,  55 , and  56 . Device  54  is located outside the gaming jurisdiction  58 . Devices  55  and  56  are both located inside gaming jurisdiction  58 . However only device  56  is located within geo-fence  57 , which is established by the coverage areas of a plurality of base station  53 . Thus, geo-fencing may be used to enable gaming via device  56  but disable gaming via devices  54  and  55 . Even though some gaming communication devices that are within the gaming jurisdiction  58 , such as device  55 , are not permitted access to the convenience gaming system, the geo-fence  57  ensures that no gaming communication devices outside jurisdiction  58 , such as device  54 , are permitted access. 
     Geo-fencing does not specify location. Rather, it ensures that a mobile station is within certain boundaries. For instance, geo-fencing may be used to ensure that a mobile station beyond state lines does not access the convenience gaming system. Triangulation on the other hand specifies a pinpoint, or near-pinpoint, location. For example, as shown in  FIG.  5   , device  56  is triangulated between three of the base stations  53  to determine the location of device  56 . 
     Triangulation may be used to identify whether a device, such as a mobile station, is located in a specific spot where gambling is unauthorized (such as, for example, a school). Preferably, the location determination technology utilized in conjunction with the invention meets the Federal Communication Commission&#39;s (FCC&#39;s) Phase 2 E911 requirements. Geological Institute Survey (GIS) mapping may also be utilized to compare identified coordinates of a gaming communication device with GIS map features or elements to determine whether a device is in an area not authorized for gaming. It should be noted that any type of location verification may be used such as triangulation, geo-fencing, global positioning satellite (GPS) technology, or any other type of location determining technology, which can be used to ensure, or provide an acceptable level of confidence, that the user is within an approved gaming area. 
     In other embodiments, location verification is accomplished using channel address checking or location verification using some other identifying number or piece of information indicative of which network or portion of a network is being accessed by the gaming communication device. Assuming the using of an identifying number for this purpose, then according to one method of location checking, as an example, a participant accesses the gaming system via a mobile telephone. The identifying number of the mobile telephone, or of the network component being accessed by the mobile telephone, identifies the caller&#39;s connection to the mobile network. The number is indicative of the fact that the caller is in a defined area and is on a certain mobile network. A server application may be resident on the mobile telephone to communicate this information via the network to the gaming service provider. In related embodiments, the identifying number for information is passed from a first network provider to a second network provider. For example, a caller&#39;s home network may be that provided by the second provider, but the caller is roaming on a network (and in a jurisdiction) provided by the first provider. The first provider passes the identifying information through to the second provider to enable the second provider to determine whether the caller is in a defined area that does or does not allow the relevant gaming activity. Preferably the gaming service provider either maintains, or has access to, a database that maps the various possible worldwide mobile network identifying numbers to geographic areas. The invention contemplates using any number or proxy that indicates a network portion of a network, or network component, which is being connected with a mobile telephone. The identifying number may indicate one or more of a base station or grot p of base stations, a line, a channel, a trunk, a switch, a router, a repeater, etc. 
     In other embodiments of the present invention, when the user connects his telephone to the gaming server, the gaming server draws the network identifying information and communicates that information into the gaming service provider. The software resident on the gaming communication device may incorporate functionality that will, upon login or access by the user, determine the user&#39;s location (based at least in part on the identifying information) and send a message to the gaming service provider. The identifying number or information used to determine location may be country-specific, state-specific, town-specific, or specific to some other definable boundaries. 
     In connection with any of the location determination methods, the gaming system may periodically update the location determination information. This may be done, for example, during a gaming session, at pre-defined time intervals to ensure that movement of the gaming communication device to an unauthorized area is detected during play, and not just upon login or initial access. 
     Thus, depending on the location determination technology being used, the decision whether to permit or prohibit a gaming activity may be made at the gaming communication device, at the gaming server, or at any of the components of the telecommunication network being used to transmit information between the gaming communication device and the gaming server (such as at a base station, for example). 
     An aspect of the private wireless network related to preventing gaming in unauthorized areas is the placement of sensors, such as Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) sensors on the gaming communication devices. The sensors trigger alarms if users take the devices outside the approved gaming areas. Further, the devices may be “tethered” to immovable objects. Users might simply log in to such devices using their ID and password. 
     In connection with  FIG.  6   , an example embodiment of a method according to the invention can be described as follows. As discussed, software is preferably loaded on a gaming communication device and is operable to receive input data for gaming. The input data may originate at associated gaming software resident on the gaming server, or it may be input by the user of the gaming communication device. The software on the device is operable to present a representation of a gaming environment. This can include, among other things, a representation of a table game such as a blackjack table or a slot machine. Other examples of the representation of a gaming environment include graphical representations of any of the other applications described herein. 
     In the example method shown in  FIG.  6   , in a first step  602 , the gaming communication device is activated. This may take place as a function of turning on a phone, PDA, or other communication device as described elsewhere herein. Preferably, activation comprises connecting the gaming communication device to a private data network. Part of the activation includes logging in at a prompt. This may be considered as a first level of authentication of a user of the gaming communication device. A second level of user authentication comprises authentication of the gaming communication device itself. This may occur, for example, by authentication of a mobile station by a mobile carrier. A third level of user identification may comprise biometrics. Various examples of biometrics may include, but are not limited to, fingerprint identification, photo identification, retina scanning, voice print matching, etc. 
     In a next step  604 , the user is presented with the gaming environment. The gaming environment may be presented in various stages. For instance, in a first stage, the gaming environment may comprise a casino lobby where the user is presented with certain gaming options including, for example, table games, slots, sports book, video poker, and a casino cashier. In a subsequent stage, the user may be presented with optional instances of the type of activity selected from the casino lobby. 
     In a next step  606 , the user selects an activity, such as a particular casino table game. In step  608 , the user is presented with one or more options related to the selected activity. In step  610 , the user selects an option. For instance, at this point, the user might place a wager, draw a card, select a restaurant or restaurant menu item, select a news source or a news story, place a buy or sell order on a financial exchange, place a bet on a certain box office performance over/under amount for a given movie, etc. The options for user input are myriad. In step  612 , the software resident on the gaming communication device accepts the option input by the user and transmits the input data to the software resident at the gaming server. In step  614 , the gaming server software acts on the input data. 
     Actions in this point, may include, without limitation, determining an outcome and/or amount, accessing another server and/or software application, retrieving information, preparing a response to the user, etc. The action of determining an outcome and/or amount might take place, for example, if the user is using the device to place wagers in connection with a gambling activity. For certain gambling activities, such as a table game or slot machine, a random number generator may be incorporated to determine the outcome (i.e., whether the user won or lost) and the gaming server software would also determine an amount won or lost based on the amount wagered and any applicable odds. The action of accessing another server and/or software application might occur, for example, in the event the user is engaging in a services activity such as accessing news services, making reservations and placing food and beverage orders at a restaurant, or making a retail purchase. The action of retrieving information might occur when the gaming server software is prompted to access another server for the purpose of retrieving a certain type of information requested by the user. 
     Preferably, the gaming server software prepares a response to the user&#39;s input data and in step  616 . In step  618 , the user acknowledges the response. For example, in the case of gambling, the user might acknowledge that he won a hand of blackjack because the dealer busted and that his payout was $100 based on a $50 bet at even odds. In step  620 , the user logs out. 
     In the situation where the user is gambling, after the series of steps described in connection with  FIG.  6   , (or a subset or modified series of steps), the user physically enters a casino and goes to a casino cashier for payout and/or settlement (which can include, for example, extensions of credit or advance deposits). In some embodiments, there is a waiting period (e.g., twenty-four hours) before the user can collect winnings. The purpose of the waiting period is to allow time for fraud monitoring. The waiting period may depend on the amount of the balance. For example, if the user is owed less than $5,000 the waiting period may be twelve hours. If the user is owed between $5,000 and $10,000 the waiting period may be twenty-four hours. If the user is owed more than $10,000 the waiting period may be forty-eight hours. 
     Preferably, data is transmitted back and forth during the convenience gaming activities between the gaming communication device and a server controlled by the gaming service provider. An example of the path of communication is shown in  FIG.  7   . Gaming data, such as a wager placed by the user, s transmitted from gaming communication device  701  to a base station  702  (or a transmitter in the case of a private wireless network such as a Wi-Fi or WiMAX network). Base station  702  routes the data through network  703  to a hub or gateway  704 , which in tum routes the data to a gaming server  705  operated by a gaming service provider. Preferably, the communication from gaming communication device  701  to the network  703  comprises wireless communication. This may be any type of known wireless communication, or any type of wireless communication available in the future. Examples of acceptable wireless communication protocols include CDMA, GSM, and GPRS. 
     Preferably, the communication from the network  703  to the gateway  704  and to the server  705  are conducted over secure land line.  FIG.  7    is an example communication network only and the invention should be understood to cover other networks in which data may be transmitted from gaming communication device  701  to server  705 . Preferably, data in response to data being transmitted from gaming communication device  701  to server  705  is transmitted back to gaming communication device  701  along a path essentially opposite to the path of the first transmission. It should be noted that in at least certain embodiments of the methods and systems described herein, a user is not actually playing a game on the gaming communication device. Rather, the user is actually playing the game on the server controlled by the gaming service provider, which may be located within a casino, thereby interacting with the gaming device and the server. In other embodiments, the user may be playing the game on the gaming device itself or interacting solely with the device. 
     With respect to payment and/or receipt of winnings and losses, one possible approach is as follows. Upon check-in at a casino hotel, a hotel representative may query a guest as to whether the guest wants access to a convenience gaming device. If the guest does want such access, the hotel representative may provide the guest with a gaming communication device in exchange for a credit-card type deposit or other deposit. The guest then deposits money into an account for wireless gaming. The guest&#39;s account balance information is loaded onto the guest&#39;s account file, which is preferably maintained on the gaming server. The user may load money into his gaming account by establishing a credit account, for example, at a casino cashier and/or by paying cash to the casino cashier. Many other alternatives exist, and this process is an example only. Guest accounts or gaming communication devices may be preloaded with funds. Funds may be deposited during a convenience gaming session. This may occur, for example, if a user selected a casino cashier activity from the gaming environment and instructed the cashier to add finds to the account. The finance subsystem may also utilize account card technology (such as ATM cards, credit cards, stored value cards, gift cards, etc.) in order to conduct financial transactions associated with a user&#39;s account. Moreover, the user may receive or make payments remotely, by way of inputting instructions via the gaming communication device or by another remote device such as an automatic teller machine (ATM), which is in electronic communication with the gaming server or other server operated by the casino, hotel, gaming service provider or other entity involved in the convenience gaming activities. For example, a user might remotely (via the gaming communication device) place an order at a restaurant. Then, the user might make advance payment for the meal at an ATM-type machine which is operable to receive instructions corresponding to the financial transaction requirements of the convenience gaming activity of ordering food. 
     Electronic records of the gaming transactions undertaken by a user may be established. Preferably, this is accomplished by utilization of a keystroke log, which is an electronic record of all keystrokes made by the user. Utilization of a keystroke log in this context allows for unprecedented monitoring of a user&#39;s gaming activity. In the event of a dispute, one may refer to the keystroke log and readily determine whether, in fact, a user placed a particular wager, for example. 
     An additional possible aspect of the electronic record is to allow a gaming control board or other regulatory authority, access to the electronic record in a direct manner in order to conduct periodic independent monitoring of the convenience gaming activities conducted over the system. Another possible aspect is to allow policing against rigged machines. For instance, it is possible that the gaming control board (or other regulatory authority) could obtain a gaming communication device and compare their test results over time against records in the electronic record database (e.g., by comparing the results shown in the keystroke log). This essentially comprises electronic access for testing. 
     In other embodiments of the invention, as shown in  FIG.  8   , a ship-based convenience gaming system is provided. The system preferably comprises passenger vessel  802 , such as a cruise liner for example. The system includes one or more gaming communication devices  806  connected to a communication network. The network shown in  FIG.  8    comprises a mobile network with base stations  808  connected via a LAN to (a base station controller (BSC)  810 . BSC  810  is connected via a T1 interface to a first Very Small Aperture Terminal (SAT) modem  812 , which is in communication with a first satellite  814 . First satellite  814  is operable to transmit and receive signals from second satellite  814 , which is in communication with second VSAT modem  812 . Second VSAT modem  812  is in communication with a gaming server  818  located at gaming service provider  816 . Gaming server is coupled to gaming database  820 . Again, the network configuration depicted in  FIG.  8    is for example purposes only, and other configurations are within the scope of the invention. An on-board back office  822  is preferably provided. Data is communicated by the on-board VSAT modem and transmitter to the first satellite for relay to the second (preferably land-based) VSAT receiver and modem. The data is then communicated to a server and/or centralized database via a mobile station controller (not shown). 
     A corresponding business model involves the gaming service provider contracting with a cruise line, which agrees to allow the gaming service provider to provide coverage throughout the cruise line&#39;s ship(s), by using repeaters for example. The gaming service provider may provide a private wireless network, in which case any revenue generated from use of or access to the private wireless network, and revenue from gaming activities, may be allocated among all or any subset of the cruise line and the gaming service provider. Alternatively, the gaming service provider may contract with a mobile carrier and a satellite provider, in which case revenue from the mobile calls, and revenue from gaming activities, may be allocated among all or any subset of the cruise line, the mobile carrier and the gaming service provider. 
     There are several scenarios for a user&#39;s activity relative to transactions conducted over the convenience gaming system. In one example scenario the user is in a fixed, but remote, location from the gaming server, which may be located on the premises of a casino. This may include, for instance, a situation in which the gaming communication device is a kiosk or some other communication device which is in a fixed position, or which is tethered to a fixed position so that the gaming communication device cannot be moved beyond a certain area. In another example scenario, the user starts a convenience gaming transaction at a first location and ends the transaction at a second location different from the first location. In another example scenario, the user is mobile during a single convenience gaming transaction. In another example scenario, the user is mobile within a first approved area then (during the convenience gaming transaction) the user moves outside the first approved area, through an unapproved area, to a remote second approved area. 
     In another example embodiment, the convenience gaming system may be used to enable gaming activities involving multiple wireless users who interact with one another. For instance, the system may enable a table game (such as blackjack) in which a first user and a second user are conducting gaming transactions on the same table and in which options selected by the first user directly impact outcomes and options relative to the second user. Preferably, the gaming environment presented on the gaming communication devices of both the first and second users will indicate the existence and activity of the other respective user. Another example of multiple users interacting on the convenience gaming system is the provision of a poker game in which users place bets against one another instead of, or in addition to, placing bets against the house. Another example of interaction between users is when a first user makes restaurant reservations or purchases event tickets, thereby reducing the options available to the second user. 
     Preferably, the gaming service provider provides at least the following functions. First, the gaming service provider provides and controls the one or more gaming servers. These servers may be physically located within the confines of the gaming service provider or may exist at a remote location. As mentioned, the gaming servers may also be located at or near a game&#39;s provider such as a casino, casino hotel, racino, cruise ship, racetrack, etc. The gaming service provider may also provide monitoring services such as transaction monitoring and key stroke logging services. The gaming service provider may also provide data management and security services. These services are not intended to be exhaustive, and the gaming service provider may provide other services which facilitate the convenience gaming process. 
     It should be noted that the invention can be implemented in connection with any gaming environment or an environment for any other activity, which may be conducted electronically. The invention is not limited to Nevada or any other particular gaming jurisdiction. For instance, the invention can be employed in connection with casinos in Atlantic City, N.J., international jurisdictions, Native American gaming facilities, and “racinos” which are racetracks that also have slot machines, video lottery terminals, or other gambling devices. For example, in connection with “racinos,” the invention might be used by participants who wish to play slot machine games while they are viewing racehorses in the paddock area. This might be desirable in the event that the slot machine area does not allow smoking and a participant wishes to gamble from an outdoor smoking area. Alternatively, the slot machine area might permit smoking and the gambler wishes to play the slot machines from an area where he or she can avoid breathing second-hand smoke. Numerous other scenarios can be envisioned in which the gaming participant can use the invention to participate in remote gaming, while enjoying some other primary activity in a location remote from the gaming facility. 
     Further, the invention is not limited to gaming, but can include other applications, such as trading financial instruments, and wagering on other types of events, such as elections, award events, or any other activity. More specifically, although the invention is described in the context of remote and/or mobile gaming, the principles of the invention are applicable to any system or method that uses wireless communications or other portable devices including handheld devices such as personal digital (or data) assistants (PDAs), computers, mini-computers, pagers, wireless terminals, mobile telephones, etc. Such systems may include electronic trading systems such as those used for trading financial instruments or any commodities. 
     In at least one embodiment, the invention provides jurisdictional controls, which limit gaming to approved geographical areas. The invention may also include an age/identity verification feature. This can be accomplished through any applicable technique including retina scanning, fingerprint identification, voice print matching, or other biometrics. Identity verification can also be accomplished by having a customer take a picture of himself (e.g., by use of a digital picture phone) and transmitting the picture to the gaming service provider for comparison to a stored picture of the pre-approved user. Identity verification can also be accomplished by way of comparison of participant provided data to stored data, and execution of electronic agreements or contracts by the participant. The invention may also provide for the logging of keystrokes. In at least one embodiment, all communications are accomplished without accessing the Internet. 
     Mobile, remote gaming may be desirable for many reasons, some of which have already been described. The invention may allow supplementation of existing in-house gaming revenue by allowing bettors to place bets while enjoying other leisure activities such as golf, swimming, dining and shows. The invention may complement the new coinless wagering environment as bettors can play their favorite games outside the casino. The invention provides a high-speed, reliable, accurate, and secure mobile gaming environment that complies with regulatory requirements for identification and location verification of the bettor with the ability to generate key stroke logs. The invention may restrict unauthorized usage from a geographic perspective and is capable of implementation using location verification technology (e.g., geo fencing) to conform the gaming activities to legal parameters. 
     Consumers may benefit from an increased choice of gaming environments. Consumers will be able to bet in whatever surroundings they prefer, benefiting from the knowledge that the product is regulated, fair and secure while enjoying the gaming experience at the speed they choose without external influences, such as that which might occur within the in-house casino environment. The gaming businesses can use the invention to increase their revenue base through a new, regulated, mobile, remote channel. Customers wanting to be entertained during downtime or outside a casino will be able to play games on their gaming communication device and customers intimidated by a traditional casino environment will be able to play in private. The gaming jurisdictions may benefit from an increase in gaming an ancillary revenue growth because customers will have a more enjoyable experience. 
     The invention may also be used to deliver content at an increased speed compared to traditional telecommunications systems. The content may include, for example, live reports, entertainment, news, promotions and advertising. 
     As mentioned above, the invention provides a mobile gaming environment that complies with regulatory requirements for identification and location verification of the bettor. Moreover, the system is designed to be one hundred percent “clean” from a regulatory perspective. The software is clean in that it has not been and will not be licensed to anyone who does business illegally or otherwise operates in a “gray” area. For example, in a preferred embodiment, the software is not licensed to an entity that will illegally operate the software, or otherwise illegally do business on, the Internet. This may be desirable in that certain gaming jurisdictions will not grant gaming permits or licenses to companies that do business with, or license technology to or from, other entities known to be engaging in illegal operations. 
     Preferably, the system is designed such that the gaming software (or other application software operating on the system) is also one hundred percent clean from a regulatory perspective. For instance, before granting a license, a gaming jurisdiction may require that the software being used is not tainted in that it has not been used by the license applicant in violation of any laws and has not been licensed or otherwise distributed or disseminated to others who have used the software for illegal purposes, or who have been engaging in illegal activity. Therefore, it is preferred that the gaming software be clean and untainted from this perspective. 
     The systems and methods described herein may also be used to deliver and/or access “Rich Media” content such as, for example, sports video (live or nearly live) and audio commentary. Such may often only be distributed within specific jurisdictions. Therefore, the distribution may benefit from the inventive aspects discussed herein, particularly the location verification aspect, such as geofencing. 
     The gaming system and methods described herein may permit, among other things, pari-mutuel wagering, sports betting, and dissemination of news and other content. The invention also enables a casino or other gaming provider to advertise ancillary services such as shows, bars, and restaurants. The invention also enables remote reservations and purchases in connection with such services. 
     According to some embodiments of the invention, the convenience gaming system provides for the dissemination of real-time odds to users accessing the system. 
     In other embodiments, an outcome in one transaction can trigger the presentation to the user of options for a second transaction. For example, if a user wins a predetermined amount of money playing blackjack, the user might be presented with an option to purchase retail items at a casino store or to make reservations for certain services at a club. As another example, if a user uses the system to purchase show tickets, the user might be offered to make reservations at one of several restaurants within a certain proximity to the show. 
     In some embodiments of the invention, access to the gaming device may be restricted unless a soft check and/or a hard check are performed. For example, in a soft check process, a user may be required to enter a valid username and associated password, whereas in a hard check mechanism, the user may employ a physical token such as a card that identifies the user to the gaming device. 
       FIG.  9    illustrates an apparatus  920  to be used in conjunction with a gaming device  910  as part of a hard check mechanism according to the invention. Apparatus  920  may include any of a card which bears a magnetic strip (such as a credit card), a key that includes an RFID transponder, a limited-distance signal emitted or other transponder, a smart card that has a microprocessor or other circuit or “chip”, a bracelet or wristband which includes a signal transmitter such as an RFID signal transmitter, or which includes a magnetically encoded signal, a substrate that bears a bar code or other optically readable identifier, or any combination of the same. 
     For example, in some embodiments of the invention, apparatus  920  may be a magnet or a card bearing a magnetic strip (such as a credit card) or a smart card that has a microprocessor or other circuit or “chip” and which may be read by card reader  1010 , which is part of gaming device  1000 , as depicted in  FIG.  10   . Alternatively, such a card may be read by a contact-less device (e.g., a signal reader which receives and interprets signals transmitted by the card). 
     Apparatus  920  may therefore be capable of producing a signal that is detectable by a gaming communication device such that access to the gaming device is provided when the signal is detected. Access to the gaming device may be provided for a predetermined period of time after the signal is initially detected or so long as the signal continues to be detected. The signal produced by apparatus  920  may additionally or alternatively communicate identifying information stored on the apparatus. Such information may be communicated through a transponder or any other suitable emitter. Access to the gaming device may be provided when the identifying information is associated with a user that is authorized to operate the gaming communication device. Such identifying information may be stored on apparatus  920 . 
     Moreover, the signal produced by apparatus  920  may additionally or alternatively communicate characteristics associated with the authorized user. These characteristics may include the average volume wagered by the user, whether the user is a high-volume, medium-volume or low-volume wagerer, the user&#39;s wagering performance, whether the user is a member of a club affiliated with the organization that distributed the apparatus to the user. User characteristics may be stored and updated on apparatus  920  and/or device  910  as the user enters into more wagers and transactions, thereby enabling the provision of yet another layer of security for the device. For example, even after the initial soft and hard checks are successful, the user may subsequently be denied access to device  910  if the updated information does not fall within a predetermined range of acceptable characteristics or does not substantially match ongoing wagering requirements within a predetermined degree of tolerance. Alternatively or additionally, a certain number of deviation occurrences, which may be communicated by device  910  or merely calculated based on the updated characteristics as communicated by device  910 , may trigger an alarm signal generated at a security center. This signal may lead to increased surveillance of the user or may cause security or gambling facility personnel to take action vis-a-vis the user. 
     Alternatively, the signal produced by apparatus  920  may be compatible with a certain class of devices (e.g., gaming devices associated with a relatively higher limit, if at all, on the amounts allowed to be wagered). Before being provided with the apparatus, a user may be required to provide identifying information (e.g., a user I.D.). Upon receipt of this information, a provider such as a gambling facility, may retrieve a user record or profile containing characteristics associated with the user and the information provided. The user may then be provided with an apparatus that corresponds to the retrieved characteristics. An example of such a verification process relating to wagering is discussed below. 
     In some embodiments of the invention, apparatus  920  does not produce any signal. Instead, apparatus  920  may be a storage device or storage medium such as tape, memory, a disk, etc. and gaming device  910  may have a reader capable of extracting information such as a compact disk or other disk or tape reader, or any other card reader or device capable of extracting information stored on such a storage mechanism. 
     In some embodiments of the invention, apparatus  920  may also serve other functions. In addition to, or as an alternative to, securing access to a wireless gaming device, apparatus  920  may use the same mechanisms described herein to communicate with a gaming station or other interface. For example, apparatus  920  may be associated with information that grants the user access to certain non-mobile gaming devices, certain areas within a casino or a hotel, a particular nightclub or restaurant, a particular room or suite, etc., or serve as a user or player tracking card, e.g., a “comp card”. 
     In other embodiments of the invention, apparatus  920  may be a bracelet or wristband such as bracelet  1100  depicted in  FIG.  11   . Bracelet  1100  can be made of many types of material, such as rubber, plastic, metal or any combination thereof. Bracelet  1100  may be adapted for single-use or multiple uses. The ends of the bracelet may be attachable at point  1111  such that the bracelet can be affixed to or worn on, e.g., the wrist of a user of the game device. For example, bracelet  1100  may have adhesive on one end, allowing that end to be adhered to the other end when the bracelet is formed into a loop around the user&#39;s wrist. 
     The bracelet may include a chip, transmitter or transponder which emits a signal that identifies the user (e.g., by emitting a signal that represents a unique identifier such as a signal that represents a sequence of alphanumeric characters). 
     In such embodiments, the bracelet, when worn by a user of the gaming device, can emit a signal that is received by the gaming device, which in tum informs the gaming device that the wireless gaming device is being used by an authorized user (e.g., the user associated with the unique identifier transmitted by the bracelet). 
     The bracelet may operate only for the period during which it is worn by a user. For example, the bracelet or gaming device may include a device which permits detection of whether the bracelet is in a looped position with its ends adhered to each other. This can be advantageous where it is desirable to determine, after a bracelet has been worn by a user, whether the bracelet has been removed by the user (because the ends of the bracelet are no longer in contact with each other). In some embodiments of the invention, a very low amperage current can be passed through the bracelet through a transmitter or battery in the bracelet. Thus, if the bracelet is worn by a user, the ends of the bracelet will be electrically connected, and a closed circuit will be formed thereby causing current to flow through the circuit. Such a current can be detected by the gaming device. In other embodiments, the magnetic field of the circuit can be detected by the gaming device. If the circuit is broken or otherwise disengaged, indicating that the user has probably removed the bracelet, then the hard check can fail, and the user must pass the hard check in another manner (e.g., by obtaining another bracelet). The bracelet may or may not be permanently disabled upon removal. 
     In various embodiments, an indicator may be associate with the apparatus  920 , or with any device containing the apparatus, such as a bracelet. For example, a bracelet may include an indicator. The indicator may be a light (e.g., a light-emitting diode), a buzzer or other noise maker, a vibrating device, or any other indicator. The indicator may broadcast or project a signal when some aspect of the apparatus  920  or the device containing the apparatus (e.g., the bracelet) is near failing. For example, in various embodiments, a current run through the bracelet so as to allow a determination of whether the bracelet is broken. The current may be powered by a power source, such as by a battery. In various embodiments, an indicator on the bracelet may show when the power source is near expiration. In various embodiments, the device  910  may provide an indication of when one or more functions of the apparatus are near failure. For example, the bracelet may communicate a signal to the device  910  indicating that a power source within the bracelet is near expiration. The device  910  may then display a message to a player of the device which tells the player that he should get a new bracelet because the battery in his current bracelet is about to lose power. 
     The bracelet may have visual or other indicator or indicia associated with user characteristics. Accordingly, different users may be handed out bracelets having different colors, dimensions, sizes, styles, etc. based on their gaming, or other, traits. For example, upon verification of user identity and/or retrieval of user record, a user that wagers or trades in high volumes may be given a bracelet having a different color than that given to a user that wagers or trades in lower volumes. 
     In some embodiments, the gaming device may be configured to provide a recognizable visual, audio and/or other signal when access to the device is provided through the bracelet (i.e., when the hard check is successful) or merely when the device is within a certain distance from the bracelet. For example, an LED on the gaming device may be enabled when access is provided. As another example, the device may produce a blinking light, a beeping sound and/or may vibrate when the device is capable of detecting the bracelet and/or when the user actuates a locator button on the device. Actuation of such a button may also be part of a sequence of steps taken to unlock the device. 
     In some embodiments of the invention, the gaming device may be programmed to recognize one or more particular bracelets at the time the wireless gaming device is registered to be provided to a user. In such embodiments, the gaming device may be selected or determined to match or correspond to the unique identifier of the particular bracelet. For example, a unique identifier may be stored by, coded into, or programmed into the wireless gaming device. 
     In other embodiments of the invention, a unique identifier, and/or user characteristics, are coded into the bracelet at the time the wireless gaming device is registered to be provided to a user. In these embodiments, the identifier of the bracelet would be set to match, correspond to or otherwise be recognized by, the wireless gaming device. 
     In some embodiments of the invention, the identifiers associated with a hard check apparatus (e.g., a bracelet as discussed above) are stored on a server or other device that the wireless gaming device can access. In other embodiments, the wireless gaming device does not store such identifiers. Information conveyed from the apparatus to the wireless gaming device may be checked, compared to predetermined criteria or matched locally (i.e., at the wireless gaming device by, e.g., the device itself) or remotely through, e.g., a server which can authenticate users and communicate back with the device. For example, such information may be transmitted across network  16  of  FIG.  1    and may be processed by computer  18 . 
     In some embodiments of the invention, the identifier associated with a particular apparatus (e.g., bracelet) allows one or more accounts of the user to be recognized and accessed. For example, an account that stores or manages the “comp points” of the user may be determinable by, and accessible from, the wireless gaming device. Thus, the user may wager using the wireless gaming device and also have her comp points manipulated (e.g., added to in accordance with her use of the wireless gaming device). In various embodiments, an apparatus, such as a bracelet, may serve as a player tracking card. An apparatus  920  may be detectable not only by a wireless gaming device, but also by a stationary gaming device, such as by a slot machine. A stationary gaming device may detect the apparatus as a user interacts with the stationary gaming device. For example, as a user presses a button on a slot machine, the user&#39;s arm may come close to the slot machine. The slot machine may then detect a signal from the bracelet that the user is wearing on his arm. The slot machine may determine the user&#39;s identity based on the signal from the bracelet. The slot machine may accordingly cause a comp point account or other account associated with the user to be updated based on the user&#39;s play at the slot machine. 
     The wireless gaming device can be programmed to determine the form of hard check used (e.g., from a bracelet instead of from a comp card with a magnetic stripe). For example, the manner of input may provide such a determination (e.g., an identifier received via an integrated card reader as depicted in  FIG.  10    indicates that the hard check is performed via a card, while an identifier received via an RFID transponder indicates that the hard check is performed via a bracelet as depicted in  FIG.  11   ). Alternatively or additionally, the form of hard check may be coded into the identifier. For example, identifiers that begin with the number “1” may indicate that the hard check is via a card, while identifiers that begin with the number “2” indicate that the hard check is via a bracelet. 
     Although this disclosure has been described in terms of certain embodiments and generally associated methods, alterations and permutations of these embodiments and methods will be apparent to those skilled in the art. 
     Accordingly, the above description of example embodiments does not define or constrain this disclosure. Other changes, substitutions, and alterations are also possible without departing from the spirit and scope of this disclosure. 
     In various embodiments, apparatus  920  may be a ring, necklace, earring, pendant, hairpin, or any other type of accessory or jewelry. In various embodiments, apparatus  920  may be an item used in body piercings. In various embodiments, apparatus  920  may be a belt, shoe, scarf, hat, or other item of clothing. 
     In various embodiments, apparatus  920 , e.g., a bracelet, may emit a time varying signal. The time varying signal may vary according to a predetermined schedule. For example, for a first five-minute period, the bracelet may emit a signal comprising the bit sequence “1010101010”. For a second five-minute period, the bracelet may emit a signal comprising the bit sequence “1111100000”. For a third five-minute period, the bracelet may emit a signal comprising a third bit sequence. As the bit sequences may be predetermined, the device may anticipate certain sequences at certain times. The device may store a table, or some other record of which sequences should be received from apparatus  920  at which times. When the device receives a signal from the apparatus at a particular time, the device may verify that the signal matches an anticipated signal for that period of time. If the signal does not match, the device may not allow the user to play. 
     In various embodiments, a time varying signal emitted from an apparatus may make it difficult for a malfeasant to intercept a signal from the apparatus and subsequently emit the same signal in order to pose as a different person. Further, a malfeasant may find it difficult to track a user because a signal emitted by the user&#39;s bracelet will vary. 
     In various embodiments, an apparatus, such as a bracelet, may store user information. User information may include medical information, such as the names and doses of drugs being taken by the user, the names of drugs to which the user is allergic, the user&#39;s blood type, one or more medical conditions relevant to the user, the name of the user&#39;s physician, the name of the user&#39;s emergency contact, or any other medical information, or any other information. In various embodiments, signals emitted from an apparatus may generally be encrypted. A user&#39;s device (e.g., mobile wireless device) may possess a key for decrypting signals from the user&#39;s own apparatus, but not necessarily for decrypting signals from other users&#39; apparatuses. However, in various embodiments, signals from all user&#39;s apparatus may be decrypted with a single “master key”. Such master key may only be in the possession of medical professionals. Thus, a medical professional, upon finding an unconscious user, may be able to read information from the user&#39;s apparatus using a device in the possession of the medical professional, where such device is in possession of the master key. In various embodiments, medical information may be the only information encrypted in the signal of an apparatus. In various embodiments, the medical information may be encrypted using a different key than is used for encrypting other information. In this way, for example, mobile wireless devices may have access to basic information about a user, such as a username or identifier, but not about a user&#39;s medical information. On the other hand, a medical professional may possess a device which does have the key to accessing medical information about a user. 
     In various embodiments, the apparatus  920  may be physically connectable to the device  910 . For example, a conducting cable or wire may be plugged into both the bracelet and the device. In various embodiments, the player may only be allowed to use the device  910  while the connection is maintained. 
     In various embodiments, the apparatus  920  may interface with an access control system. A player may move apparatus  920  close to reader in order to identify himself to the reader. The reader may then unlock a door (e.g., temporarily unlock the door) so that the player may enter a restricted location. In various embodiments, the apparatus  920  may serve as a room key. The player may move the apparatus near to a reader on his hotel room. The reader on the hotel room door may be configured to unlock the door only upon reading certain signals which correspond to the player, or to other people staying in the room. The apparatus  920  may also allow the player to gain access to restricted lounges, to exclusive restaurants, or to other restricted or private areas. 
     In various embodiments, apparatus  920  may be used to make payments. The apparatus may emit a signal, for example, that represents a financial account identifier. The apparatus may emit a signal which can be tied to a financial account identifier. In various embodiments, the apparatus emits a signal which provides a merchant or other party with a room number of the user. A purchase made by the user can then be charged to the user&#39;s room. In various embodiments, the signal emitted by the apparatus  920  may represent a credit card number. A merchant which receives the signal can then charge the user&#39;s credit card for a purchase. In various embodiments, a casino may store a record which includes a signal (e.g., a bit pattern) that is emitted by a user&#39;s apparatus  920  in association with a financial account identifier (e.g., a debit card number) of the user. Thus, whenever the casino receives a signal from the user&#39;s apparatus  920  in the context of a payment or purchase, the casino may charge the payment or purchase to the associated financial account identifier. 
     In various embodiments, a device  910  may be configured to take a first set of actions upon detection of a signal from a first apparatus  920 . In various embodiments, a device  910  may be configured to permit a first set of activities upon detection of a signal from a first apparatus  920 . For example, as described herein, a device  910  may allow the play of games, may accept wagers, may determine payouts, and may take other actions and permit other activities associated with game play when detecting a signal from a first apparatus. In various embodiments, the same device  910  may be configured to take a second set of actions or permit a second set of activities upon the detection of a signal from a second, different apparatus  920  (i.e., the second apparatus is different from the first apparatus). For example, when the device  910  detects a signal emitted from the second apparatus, the device may display the name of the user with the second apparatus. However, the device may not allow the user with the second apparatus to make wagers using the device. Thus, in various embodiments, a device may respond to different apparatuses, but may respond in different ways. The same device may allow take different actions or permit different activities depending on which apparatus it detects. 
     In various embodiments, a user may be made aware of the proximity of friends or colleagues. A user may be playing on his device. If a friend of the user comes close enough that the device can detect the friend&#39;s apparatus, the device may display the name of the friend. The user may then look up to find his friend. A device may be configured to recognize one or more friends of a user. The device may be configured to recognize a particular signal and to match such signals with the names of the user&#39;s friends. For example, the device may store a lookup table in which names are stored in association with signal patterns. 
     In various embodiments, a device  910  need not directly detect an apparatus  920 . In various embodiments, an apparatus  920  need not directly detect a device  910 . In various embodiments, other methods may be used to determine whether the device  910  and the apparatus  920  are proximate to one another. For example, a detector in the ceiling may detect both the device and the apparatus. If the detector is capable of detecting only nearby devices and apparatuses, it may be inferred that the detected device and that the detected apparatus are near to one another. The detector may report that the two are near to one another to the casino, and the casino may transmit a signal to the device  910  indicating that the apparatus is near. Accordingly, the apparatus  910  may allow gaming activities to take place. 
     Below are described other methods by which one object/thing/device/apparatus may detect another. 
     Detection of One Device by Another 
     Various embodiments described herein may refer to the interaction between a first device and a “nearby” second device. In various embodiments, the first device may take action if the second device is nearby. In various embodiments, the second device may take action if the first device is nearby. When terms such as “nearby”, “near”, “close”, “proximate”, “presence”, or the like are used, it will be understood that the first device may recognize the presence of the second device in various ways, that the second device may recognize the presence of the first device in various ways, that the first device may react to the presence of the second device in various ways, and that the second device may react to the first device in various ways. It may be noted that the first device may react to the presence of the second device without recognizing the presence of the second device if, for example, the first device is instructed to take an action by a third device which recognizes that the second device is near to the first device. In various embodiments, the first device and/or the second device may be in motion. For example, the first device may be moving (e.g., the first device may be carried by a walking person) while the second device may be stationary. 
     Various technologies may allow a first device to recognize and/or to react to the presence of a second device. Various technologies may allow a second device to recognize and/or to react to the presence of a first device. As used herein, the term “beacon” may refer to a device which generates a signal which may be used as a reference signal by another device or person, e.g., so that the other device may determine its own location or position. A beacon may emit a continuous, periodic, sporadic, or other type of signal. A beacon may emit a directed signal (e.g., a signal which is most easily detected by devices at a certain incident angle to the beacon) or the beacon may emit a signal of equal strength in all directions. A beacon may emit a signal when triggered by the presence of another device or may emit a signal independently of other events. A beacon may have, as its sole function, the broadcast of a reference signal. A beacon may serve as a beacon only incidentally. For example, a light bulb may incidentally serve as a beacon even though its primary purpose may be to light a room. A beacon may be natural (e.g., the sun) or man-made. A beacon may emit light, sound, radio waves, microwaves, odors, or any other form of signals. 
     Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) tags or transponders are devices, generally small, that can transmit signals and/or redirect signals, and use such signals as a means for providing identification. The transmitted or redirected signals are generally radio waves. Signals which are transmitted or redirected may contain a unique signature or pattern, which may serve to uniquely identify the RFID tag. If the tag is associated with a device (e.g., by attachment or by incorporation into the device), then the unique identification of the tag can, by association, serve to uniquely identify the device. 
     Near field communication (NFC) is a technology that allows for secure wireless communication over short distances, typically in the range of inches. An exemplary application has been tested by Motorola and Mastercard, in which cellular phones are outfitted with NFC to allow for credit card payments using cellular phones. 
     Bluetooth is a specification for wireless networks which provides a means for devices to use radio waves to communicate over short distances. 
     Wi-Fi is a technology, based on radio waves, for operating wireless local area networks. Wi-Fi can allow a device to access the Internet via hotspots. Wi-Fi can also allow two devices to communicate with one another directly in peer-to-peer mode. 
     Infrared data transmission can be used as a means of communication between two nearby devices. For example, an infrared light-emitting diode (LED) can be used to generate signals. The signal pattern can be created by switching the LED on and off. A receiver may include a silicon photodiode, which may convert incident infrared light into electrical signals. Infrared signals may also be transmitted with lasers. 
     A device may be recognized by means of a captured picture or image of the device. For example, a first device may take a picture of a second device. The first device may use image processing algorithms to detect salient features of the second device. For example, if the second device has a pattern of black and white stripes, then the first device may search for such a pattern within captured images. 
     One or more devices may use positioning technologies to determine their own location. Once the locations of two devices are known, simple algorithms may be used to determine whether the devices are close to one another or not. For example, the distances between two devices with known x and y coordinates can be at least approximated using the Pythagorean Theorem. Various positioning technologies may be used. For example, a device may receive a signal from a beacon or other signal generator of a known location. Particularly if the beacon has a short range, the device&#39;s position may be assumed to approximate the position of the beacon. In various embodiments, a device may receive signals from multiple beacons or signal generators. The signal generators may coordinate to transmit the signals simultaneously. However, depending on the device&#39;s location, the device will not necessarily receive the signals from all the beacons at the same time. For example, if the device is closer to beacon  1  than to beacon  2 , the device will receive the signal from beacon  1  prior to receiving the signal from beacon  2 . Based on the arrival times of signals from the various beacons, the device&#39;s location may be deduced. For example, geometric or trigonometric algorithms may be used to determine the location of the device based on the known locations of the beacons and based on the arrival times of simultaneously transmitted signals from the beacons. In an analogous fashion to systems involving beacons, positioning systems may make use of receivers at known locations (e.g., fixed receivers). The fixed receivers each receive a signal from the device about which a location is desired. The same signal from the device might arrive at the different receivers at different times, or from different angles. Based on the arrival times or angles of arrival of the signal at the various receivers, algorithms may be used to determine the location of the device. Exemplary positioning systems are as follows: 
     The Global Positioning System (GPS) is based on a constellation of satellites which transmit reference signals to locations on earth. GPS receivers can pick up reference signals from multiple satellites and use the signals to determine a position and/or an altitude. 
     Long Range Navigation (LORAN) is a navigation based on earth-based radio transmitters. The location of a device can be estimated based on differences in arrival times at the device of signals from three or more transmitters. 
     Radiolocation using the cellular telephone network is a system whereby cellular base stations serve as fixed receivers. The signal from a cellular phone may be received at multiple base stations. The location of the cellular phone may be determined based on when a signal from the cellular phone was received at each of the base stations, based on the angle with which a signal from the cell phone was received at each of the base stations, and/or based on characteristic distortions in the cell phone signal that would indicate a particular location of origin of the signal. 
     A first device may emit an audio signal. The audio signal may consist of a distinct series of notes or pulses. A second device may pick up the audio signal using a microphone, for example. The second device may recognize the distinctive pattern of the audio signal and may thereby deduce the presence of the first device. In a similar fashion, the second device may emit an audio signal which may allow the first device to identify the second device. 
     A first device may recognize the presence of a second device from physical or electronic contact. For example, a first device may have a port where a second device can be docked. When docked, the second device may come into electrical contact with the first device. The first device may thereby recognize the presence of the second device and/or the second device may thereby recognize the presence of the first device. 
     There are various ways in which one or more devices may detect the presence of one or more other devices. There are various ways in the proximity of two devices may be determined. 
     A first device may detect a signal from a second device. The first device may thereby detect the presence of the second device. 
     A first device may determine its own location. For example, the first device may use a positioning system to determine its own location. The first device may already know the location of the second device. For example, the second device may be at a well-known, fixed location. The first device may have stored in memory the location of the second device. Once the first device knows its own location and that of the second device, the first device may deduce (e.g., using geometric algorithms) when the first device is near to the second device. 
     A third device may detect the position of a first device, e.g., using a positioning system. The third device may know the position of a second device. The third device can then inform the first, second, or both devices of the positions of either or both of the first and second devices. The first device may thereby determine whether it is proximate to the second device. The second device may thereby determine whether it is proximate to the first device. In some embodiments, the third device may inform the first device that the first device is near the second device. In some embodiments, the third device may inform the second device that it is near the first device. In some embodiments, the third device may instruct the first device to take some action based on the fact that the first device is near to the second device, without necessarily informing the first device that the first device is near the second device. In some embodiments, the third device may instruct the second device to take some action based on the fact that the second device is near to the first device, without necessarily informing the second device that the second device is near the first device. 
     A third device may detect the positions of both a first device and a second device. The third device can then inform the first, second, or both devices as above. That is, the third device may inform the first and/or second devices of the first and/or second devices&#39; positions or of the fact that the first and second devices arc near to each other. The third device may also provide instructions to the first and/or to the second device based on the fact that the two devices are near to each other. 
     A third device may detect the position of a first device. A fourth device may detect the position of a second device. The third and fourth devices may then inform the first device of both positions. The third and fourth devices may inform the second device of both positions. The third and fourth devices may inform the first device that the first device is near the second device. The third and fourth devices may inform the second device that the first device is near the second device. The third and/or fourth devices may instruct the first device to take some action based on the fact that the first device is near the second device. The third and/or fourth devices may instruct the second device to take some action based on the fact that the first device is near the second device. The fourth device may inform the third device of the position of the second device. The third device may inform the first device of the positions of the first device and the second device. The third device may inform the first device that the first device is near the second device. The third device may inform the first device to take some action based on the fact that the first device is near the second device. The third device may inform the second device of the positions of the first device and the second device. The third device may inform the second device that the first device is near the second device. The third device may inform the second device to take some action based on the fact that the first device is near the second device. 
     A third device may detect the position of a first device. A fourth device may detect the position of a second device. The third and fourth devices may inform a fifth device of both positions. The fifth device may inform the first and/or second devices of both positions. The fifth device may inform the first device that it is near to the second device. The fifth device may inform the second device that it is near to the first device. The fifth device may instruct the first device to take some action based on the fact that the first device is near the second device. The fifth device may instruct the second device to take some action based on the fact that the second device is near the first device. 
     Detection of a Human by a Device 
     A mobile gaming device may detect the presence of another human being in various ways. The mobile gaming device may include a microphone. The microphone may pick up ambient audio signals. The mobile gaming device may analyze ambient audio signals for tell-tell human sounds, such as the sound of a voice, the sound of breathing, the sound of steps, and so on. For example, the mobile gaming device may use special software which is tuned to recognize voice signals. The mobile gaming device may recognize the presence of humans by other means. For example, the mobile gaming device may include a heat or infrared sensor. The mobile gaming device may use such a sensor to pick up the heat signatures of humans. In various embodiments, the mobile gaming device may include a camera. The camera may periodically snap pictures of its surroundings. The mobile gaming device may include image processing software for analyzing the pictures. The image processing software may have the capability to recognize images associated with humans. In various embodiments, the mobile gaming device may recognize the presence of humans via devices associated with the humans. For example, the mobile gaming device may recognize the signal from a nearby cell phone, e.g., by receiving the signal at an antenna associated with the mobile gaming device. Presumably, the cell phone is being carried by a human. Thus, by recognizing the presence of a cell phone, the mobile gaming device may be indirectly recognizing the presence of a human. Tn various embodiments, the mobile gaming device may recognize the presence of another mobile gaming device. Presumably, the other mobile gaming device is being held or carried by another human. Thus, by recognizing another mobile gaming device, the first mobile gaming device may indirectly recognize the presence of another human. 
     In various embodiments, when an apparatus is said to emit a signal, the apparatus may actively generate and emit the signal (e.g., using its own power source) or may create a signal by passively reflecting an incident signal from another source. 
     The following are embodiments, not claims: 
     A. A method comprising:
         receiving a first signal at a first time; determining a first period based on the first time;   comparing the first signal to a second signal that is associated with the first period;   permitting the placement of a first bet and the generation of a first game outcome if the first signal matches the second signal;   receiving a third signal at a second time, in which the third signal is different from the first signal;   determining a second period based on the second time;   comparing the third signal to a fourth signal that is associated with the second period;   permitting the placement of a second bet and the generation of a second game outcome if the third signal matches the fourth signal.       

     For example, a gaming device may recognize a particular signal identifying a player as legitimate at a first time, but as illegitimate at a second time. At the second time, the gaming device recognizes a different signal as legitimate. The gaming device may permit play only when receiving a legitimate signal. 
     B. The method of embodiment A in which the first signal is received from a bracelet comprising a wristband and an RFID tag. 
     C. The method of embodiment B in which the third signal is received from the bracelet. 
     Thus, an apparatus may be configured to generate a first signal during a first time period and a third signal during a second time period. Signals may be generated according to a predetermined schedule. 
     D. The method of embodiment A in which the second signal is stored in a table in association with the first period, and the fourth signal is stored in the table in association with the second period. For example, the table may contain a schedule of which signals are legitimate at each period of time. 
     E. The method of embodiment D in which the second signal is stored in the table in further association with a player identifier, and in which the fourth signal is stored in the table in further association with the player identifier. For example, a gaming device may recognize a player according to a signal received. The gaming device may be programmed to allow only that player to play games on the gaming device. 
     F. The method of embodiment A in which the first period is a period of time within which the first time falls. For example, the first period of time may comprise a time interval from 9:00:00 to 9:04:59, and the first time may be 9:02:32. 
     G. The method of embodiment A in which the first period is adjacent in time to the second period. For example, the first period may be from 9:00:00 to 9:04:59 and the second period may be from 9:05:00 to 9:09:59. 
     H. An apparatus comprising: a wristband; an emitter operable to emit different signals according to a programmed schedule, wherein each signal is associated with the same player. 
     I. The method of embodiment H in which the emitter is operable to repeatedly emit a first signal during a first five-minute period, and to repeatedly emit a second signal during a second five-minute period. 
     J. An apparatus comprising: a wristband; an emitter operable to emit a first signal which is associated with a first player;
         a receiver operable to detect a second signal which is associated with a second player;   a medium for storing a set of signals, each signal associated with a player; logic operable to use the medium to look up the identity of the second player based on the second signal; and   an output device operable to produce a third signal which is perceptible to humans, the third signal produced based on the identity of the second player.       

     For example, a bracelet may receive signals emitted by the bracelets of other players. The bracelet may recognize some signals received from other bracelets as signals associated with friends of the person wearing the bracelet. 
     K. The apparatus of embodiment J in which the output device is a display device. For example, the output device may be a liquid crystal display screen attached to the bracelet. 
     L. The apparatus of embodiment J in which the output device is a buzzer. 
     M. The apparatus of embodiment J in which the output device is operable to produce the third signal if the identity of the second player corresponds to a friend of the first player. For example, the output device may display the name of the second player&#39;s friend. 
     The following sections I-X provide a guide to interpreting the present application. 
     I. Determining 
     The term “determining” and grammatical variants thereof (e.g., to determine a price, determining a value, determine an object which meets a certain criterion) is used in an extremely broad sense. The term “determining” encompasses a wide variety of actions and therefore “determining” can include calculating, computing, processing, deriving, investigating, looking up (e.g., looking up in a table, a database or another data structure), ascertaining and the like. Also, “determining” can include receiving (e.g., receiving information), accessing (e.g., accessing data in a memory) and the like. Also, “determining” can include resolving, selecting, choosing, establishing, and the like. 
     The term “determining” does not imply certainty or absolute precision, and therefore “determining” can include estimating, extrapolating, predicting, guessing and the like. 
     The term “determining” does not imply that mathematical processing must be performed and does not imply that numerical methods must be used and does not imply that an algorithm or process is used. 
     The term “determining” does not imply that any particular device must be used. For example, a computer need not necessarily perform the determining. 
     II. Forms of Sentences 
     Where a limitation of a first claim would cover one of a feature as well as more than one of a feature (e.g., a limitation such as “at least one widget” covers one widget as well as more than one widget), and where in a second claim that depends on the first claim, the second claim uses a definite article “the” to refer to the limitation (e.g., “the widget”), this does not imply that the first claim covers only one of the feature, and this does not imply that the second claim covers only one of the feature (e.g., “the widget” can cover both one widget and more than one widget). 
     When an ordinal number (such as “first”, “second”, “third” and so on) is used as an adjective before a term, that ordinal number is used (unless expressly specified otherwise) merely to indicate a particular feature, such as to distinguish that particular feature from another feature that is described by the same term or by a similar term. For example, a “first widget” may be so named merely to distinguish it from, e.g., a “second widget”. Thus, the mere usage of the ordinal numbers “first” and “second” before the term “widget” does not indicate any other relationship between the two widgets, and likewise does not indicate any other characteristics of either or both widgets. For example, the mere usage of the ordinal numbers “first” and “second” before the term “widget” (1) does not indicate that either widget comes before or after any other in order or location; (2) does not indicate that either widget occurs or acts before or after any other in time; and (3) does not indicate that either widget ranks above or below any other, as in importance or quality. In addition, the mere usage of ordinal numbers does not define a numerical limit to the features identified with the ordinal numbers. For example, the mere usage of the ordinal numbers “first” and “second” before the term “widget” does not indicate that there must be no more than two widgets. 
     When a single device, article or other product is described herein, more than one device/article (whether or not they cooperate) may alternatively be used in place of the single device/article that is described. Accordingly, the functionality that is described as being possessed by a device may alternatively be possessed by more than one device/article (whether or not they cooperate). 
     Similarly, where more than one device, article or other product is described herein (whether or not they cooperate), a single device/article may alternatively be used in place of the more than one device or article that is described. For example, a plurality of computer-based devices may be substituted with a single computer-based device. Accordingly, the various functionality that is described as being possessed by more than one device or article may alternatively be possessed by a single device/article. 
     The functionality and/or the features of a single device that is described may be alternatively embodied by one or more other devices which are described but are not explicitly described as having such functionality/features. Thus, other embodiments need not include the described device itself, but rather can include the one or more other devices which would, in those other embodiments, have such functionality/features. 
     III. Terms 
     The term “product” means any machine, manufacture and / or composition of matter, unless expressly specified otherwise. 
     The term “process” means any process, algorithm, method or the like, unless expressly specified otherwise. 
     Each process (whether called a method, algorithm or otherwise) inherently includes one or more steps, and therefore all references to a “step” or “steps” of a process have an inherent antecedent basis in the mere recitation of the term ‘process’ or a like term. Accordingly, any reference in a claim to a ‘step’ or ‘steps’ of a process has sufficient antecedent basis. 
     The term “invention” and the like mean “the one or more inventions disclosed in this application”, unless expressly specified otherwise. 
     The terms “an embodiment”, “embodiment”, “embodiments”, “the embodiment”, “the embodiments”, “one or more embodiments”, “some embodiments”, “certain embodiments”, “one embodiment”, “another embodiment” and the like mean “one or more (but not all) embodiments of the disclosed invention(s)”, unless expressly specified otherwise 
     The term “variation” of an invention means an embodiment of the invention, unless expressly specified otherwise. 
     A reference to “another embodiment” in describing an embodiment does not imply that the referenced embodiment is mutually exclusive with another embodiment (e.g., an embodiment described before the referenced embodiment), unless expressly specified otherwise. 
     The terms “including”, “comprising” and variations thereof mean “including but not limited to”, unless expressly specified otherwise. 
     The terms “a”, “an” and “the” mean “one or more”, unless expressly specified otherwise. 
     The term “plurality” means “two or more”, unless expressly specified otherwise. 
     The term “herein” means “in the present application, including anything which may be incorporated by reference”, unless expressly specified otherwise. 
     The phrase “at least one of”, when such phrase modifies a plurality of things (such as an enumerated list of things) means any combination of one or more of those things, unless expressly specified otherwise. For example, the phrase “at least one of a widget, a car and a wheel” means either (i) a widget, (ii) a car, (iii) a wheel, (iv) a widget and a car, (v) a widget and a wheel, (vi) a car and a wheel, or (vii) a widget, a car and a wheel. The phrase “at least one of”, when such phrase modifies a plurality of things does not mean “one of each of” the plurality of things. 
     Numerical terms such as “one”, “two”, etc. when used as cardinal numbers to indicate quantity of something (e.g., one widget, two widgets), mean the quantity indicated by that numerical term, but do not mean at least the quantity indicated by that numerical term. For example, the phrase “one widget” does not mean “at least one widget”, and therefore the phrase “one widget” does not cover, e.g., two widgets. 
     The phrase “based on” does not mean “based only on”, unless expressly specified otherwise. In other words, the phrase “based on” describes both “based only on” and “based at least on”. The phrase “based at least on” is equivalent to the phrase “based at least in part on”. 
     The term “represent” and like terms are not exclusive, unless expressly specified otherwise. For example, the term “represents” do not mean “represents only”, unless expressly specified otherwise. In other words, the phrase “the data represents a credit card number” describes both “the data represents only a credit card number” and “the data represents a credit card number, and the data also represents something else”. 
     The term “whereby” is used herein only to precede a clause or other set of words that express only the intended result, objective or consequence of something that is previously and explicitly recited. Thus, when the term “whereby” is used in a claim, the clause or other words that the term “whereby” modifies do not establish specific further limitations of the claim or otherwise restricts the meaning or scope of the claim. 
     The term “e.g.” and like terms mean “for example”, and thus does not limit the term or phrase it explains. For example, in the sentence “the computer sends data (e.g., instructions, a data structure) over the Internet”, the term “e.g.” explains that “instructions” are an example of “data” that the computer may send over the Internet, and also explains that “a data structure” is an example of “data” that the computer may send over the Internet. However, both “instructions” and “a data structure” are merely examples of “data”, and other things besides “instructions” and “a data structure” can be “data”. 
     The term “respective” and like terms mean “taken individually”. Thus if two or more things have “respective” characteristics, then each such thing has its own characteristic, and these characteristics can be different from each other but need not be. For example, the phrase “each of two machines has a respective function” means that the first such machine has a function and the second such machine has a function as well. The function of the first machine may or may not be the same as the function of the second machine. 
     The term “i.e.” and like terms mean “that is”, and thus limits the term or phrase it explains. For example, in the sentence “the computer sends data (i.e., instructions) over the Internet”, the term “i.e.” explains that “instructions” are the “data” that the computer sends over the Internet. 
     Any given numerical range shall include whole and fractions of numbers within the range. For example, the range “I to 10” shall be interpreted to specifically include whole numbers between I and 10 (e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, . . . 9) and non-whole numbers (e.g., I.I, 1.2, 1.9). 
     Where two or more terms or phrases are synonymous (e.g., because of an explicit statement that the terms or phrases are synonymous), instances of one such term/phrase does not mean instances of another such term/phrase must have a different meaning. For example, where a statement renders the meaning of “including” to be synonymous with “including but not limited to”, the mere usage of the phrase “including but not limited to” does not mean that the term “including” means something other than “including but not limited to”. 
     IV. Disclosed Examples and Terminology are not Limiting 
     Neither the Title (set forth at the beginning of the first page of the present application) nor the Abstract (set forth at the end of the present application) is to be taken as limiting in any way as the scope of the disclosed invention(s). An Abstract has been included in this application merely because an Abstract of not more than 150 words is required under 37 C.F.R. § 1.72(b). 
     The title of the present application and headings of sections provided in the present application are for convenience only and are not to be taken as limiting the disclosure in any way. 
     Numerous embodiments are described in the present application and are presented for illustrative purposes only. The described embodiments are not, and are not intended to be, limiting in any sense. The presently disclosed invention(s) are widely applicable to numerous embodiments, as is readily apparent from the disclosure. One of ordinary skill in the art will recognize that the disclosed invention(s) may be practiced with various modifications and alterations, such as structural, logical, software, and electrical modifications. Although particular features of the disclosed invention(s) may be described with reference to one or more particular embodiments and/or drawings, it should be understood that such features are not limited to usage in the one or more particular embodiments or drawings with reference to which they are described, unless expressly specified otherwise. 
     No embodiment of method steps or product elements described in the present application constitutes the invention claimed herein, or is essential to the invention claimed herein, or is coextensive with the invention claimed herein, except where it is either expressly stated to be so in this specification or expressly recited in a claim. 
     The preambles of the claims that follow recite purposes, benefits and possible uses of the claimed invention only and do not limit the claimed invention. 
     The present disclosure is not a literal description of all embodiments of the invention(s). Also, the present disclosure is not a listing of features of the invention(s) which must be present in all embodiments. 
     Devices that are described as in communication with each other need not be in continuous communication with each other, unless expressly specified otherwise. On the contrary, such devices need only transmit to each other as necessary or desirable and may actually refrain from exchanging data most of the time. For example, a machine in communication with another machine via the Internet may not transmit data to the other machine for long period of time (e.g. weeks at a time). In addition, devices that are in communication with each other may communicate directly or indirectly through one or more intermediaries. 
     A description of an embodiment with several components or features does not imply that all or even any of such components/features are required. On the contrary, a variety of optional components are described to illustrate the wide variety of possible embodiments of the present invention(s). Unless otherwise specified explicitly, no component/feature is essential or required. 
     Although process steps, algorithms or the like may be described or claimed in a particular sequential order, such processes may be configured to work in different orders. In other words, any sequence or order of steps that may be explicitly described or claimed does not necessarily indicate a requirement that the steps be performed in that order. The steps of processes described herein may be performed in any order possible. Further, some steps may be performed simultaneously despite being described or implied as occurring non-simultaneously (e.g., because one step is described after the other step). Moreover, the illustration of a process by its depiction in a drawing does not imply that the illustrated process is exclusive of other variations and modifications thereto, does not imply that the illustrated process or any of its steps are necessary to the invention(s), and does not imply that the illustrated process is preferred. 
     Although a process may be described as including a plurality of steps, that does not imply that all or any of the steps are preferred, essential or required. 
     Various other embodiments within the scope of the described invention(s) include other processes that omit some or all of the described steps. Unless otherwise specified explicitly, no step is essential or required. 
     Although a process may be described singly or without reference to other products or methods, in an embodiment the process may interact with other products or methods. For example, such interaction may include linking one business model to another business model. Such interaction may be provided to enhance the flexibility or desirability of the process. 
     Although a product may be described as including a plurality of components, aspects, qualities, characteristics and/or features, that does not indicate that any or all of the plurality are preferred, essential or required. Various other embodiments within the scope of the described invention(s) include other products that omit some or all of the described plurality. 
     An enumerated list of items (which may or may not be numbered) does not imply that any or all of the items are mutually exclusive, unless expressly specified otherwise. Likewise, an enumerated list of items (which may or may not be numbered) does not imply that any or all of the items are comprehensive of any category, unless expressly specified otherwise. For example, the enumerated list “a computer, a laptop, a PDA” does not imply that any or all of the three items of that list are mutually exclusive and does not imply that any or all of the three items of that list are comprehensive of any category. 
     An enumerated list of items (which may or may not be numbered) does not imply that any or all of the items are equivalent to each other or readily substituted for each other. 
     All embodiments are illustrative, and do not imply that the invention or any embodiments were made or performed, as the case may be. 
     V. Computing 
     It will be readily apparent to one of ordinary skill in the art that the various processes described herein may be implemented by, e.g., appropriately programmed general purpose computers, special purpose computers and computing devices. Typically a processor (e.g., one or more microprocessors, one or more microcontrollers, one or more digital signal processors) will receive instructions (e.g., from a memory or like device), and execute those instructions, thereby performing one or more processes defined by those instructions. Instructions may be embodied in, e.g., one or more computer programs, one or more scripts. 
     A “processor” means one or more microprocessors, central processing units (CPUs), computing devices, microcontrollers, digital signal processors, or like devices or any combination thereof, regardless of the architecture (e.g., chip-level multiprocessing/multi-core, RISC, CISC, Microprocessor without Interlocked Pipeline Stages, pipelining configuration, simultaneous multithreading). 
     Thus a description of a process is likewise a description of an apparatus for performing the process. The apparatus that performs the process can include, e.g., a processor and those input devices and output devices that are appropriate to perform the process. 
     Further, programs that implement such methods (as well as other types of data) may be stored and transmitted using a variety of media (e.g., computer readable media) in a number of manners. In some embodiments, hard-wired circuitry or custom hardware may be used in place of, or in combination with, some or all of the software instructions that can implement the processes of various embodiments. Thus, various combinations of hardware and software may be used instead of software only. 
     The term “computer-readable medium” refers to any medium, a plurality of the same, or a combination of different media, that participate in providing data (e.g., instructions, data structures) which may be read by a computer, a processor or a like device. Such a medium may take many forms, including but not limited to, non-volatile media, volatile media, and transmission media. Non-volatile media include, for example, optical or magnetic disks and other persistent memory. Volatile media include dynamic random access memory (DRAM), which typically constitutes the main memory. Transmission media include coaxial cables, copper wire and fiber optics, including the wires that comprise a system bus coupled to the processor. Transmission media may include or convey acoustic waves, light waves and electromagnetic emissions, such as those generated during radio frequency (RF) and infrared (IR) data communications. Common forms of computer-readable media include, for example, a floppy disk, a flexible disk, hard disk, magnetic tape, any other magnetic medium, a CD-ROM, DVD, any other optical medium, punch cards, paper tape, any other physical medium with patterns of holes, a RAM, a PROM, an EPROM, a FLASH-EEPROM, any other memory chip or cartridge, a carrier wave as described hereinafter, or any other medium from which a computer can read. 
     Various forms of computer readable media may be involved in carrying data (e.g. sequences of instructions) to a processor. For example, data may be (i) delivered from RAM to a processor; (ii) carried over a wireless transmission medium; (iii) formatted and/or transmitted according to numerous formats, standards or protocols, such as Ethernet (or IEEE 802.3), SAP, ATP, Bluetooth□, and TCP/IP, TDMA, CDMA, and 3G; and/ or (iv) encrypted to ensure privacy or prevent fraud in any of a variety of ways well known in the art. 
     Thus a description of a process is likewise a description of a computer-readable medium storing a program for performing the process. The computer-readable medium can store (in any appropriate format) those program elements which are appropriate to perform the method. 
     Just as the description of various steps in a process does not indicate that all the described steps are required, embodiments of an apparatus include a computer/computing device operable to perform some (but not necessarily all) of the described process. 
     Likewise, just as the description of various steps in a process does not indicate that all the described steps are required, embodiments of a computer- readable medium storing a program or data structure include a computer-readable medium storing a program that, when executed, can cause a processor to perform some (but not necessarily all) of the described process. 
     Where databases are described, it will be understood by one of ordinary skill in the art that (i) alternative database structures to those described may be readily employed, and (ii) other memory structures besides databases may be readily employed. Any illustrations or descriptions of any sample databases presented herein are illustrative arrangements for stored representations of information. Any number of other arrangements may be employed besides those suggested by, e.g., tables illustrated in drawings or elsewhere. Similarly, any illustrated entries of the databases represent exemplary information only; one of ordinary skill in the art will understand that the number and content of the entries can be different from those described herein. Further, despite any depiction of the databases as tables, other formats (including relational databases, object-based models and/or distributed databases) could be used to store and manipulate the data types described herein. Likewise, object methods or behaviors of a database can be used to implement various processes, such as the described herein. In addition, the databases may, in a known manner, be stored locally or remotely from a device which accesses data in such a database. 
     Various embodiments can be configured to work in a network environment including a computer that is in communication (e.g., via a communications network) with one or more devices. The computer may communicate with the devices directly or indirectly, via any wired or wireless medium (e.g. the Internet, LAN, WAN or Ethernet, Token Ring, a telephone line, a cable line, a radio channel, an optical communications line, commercial on-line service providers, bulletin board systems, a satellite communications link, a combination of any of the above). Each of the devices may themselves comprise computers or other computing devices, such as those based on the Intel® Pentium® or Centrino™ processor, that are adapted to communicate with the computer. Any number and type of devices may be in communication with the computer. 
     In an embodiment, a server computer or centralized authority may not be necessary or desirable. For example, the present invention may, in an embodiment, be practiced on one or more devices without a central authority. In such an embodiment, any functions described herein as performed by the server computer or data described as stored on the server computer may instead be performed by or stored on one or more such devices. 
     Where a process is described, in an embodiment the process may operate without any user intervention. In another embodiment, the process includes some human intervention (e.g., a step is performed by or with the assistance of a human). 
     VI. Continuing Applications 
     The present disclosure provides, to one of ordinary skill in the art, an enabling description of several embodiments and/or inventions. Some of these embodiments and/or inventions may not be claimed in the present application but may nevertheless be claimed in one or more continuing applications that claim the benefit of priority of the present application. 
     Applicants intend to file additional applications to pursue patents for subject matter that has been disclosed and enabled but not claimed in the present application. 
     VII. 35 U.S.C. § 112, Paragraph 6 
     In a claim, a limitation of the claim which includes the phrase “means for” or the phrase “step for” means that 35 U.S.C. § 112, paragraph 6, applies to that limitation. 
     In a claim, a limitation of the claim which does not include the phrase “means for” or the phrase “step for” means that 35 U.S.C. § 112, paragraph 6 does not apply to that limitation, regardless of whether that limitation recites a function without recitation of structure, material or acts for performing that function. For example, in a claim, the mere use of the phrase “step of” or the phrase “steps of” in referring to one or more steps of the claim or of another claim does not mean that 35 U.S.C. § 112, paragraph 6, applies to that step(s). 
     With respect to a means or a step for performing a specified function in accordance with 35 U.S.C. § 112, paragraph 6, the corresponding structure, material or acts described in the specification, and equivalents thereof, may perform additional functions as well as the specified function. 
     Computers, processors, computing devices and like products are structures that can perform a wide variety of functions. Such products can be operable to perform a specified function by executing one or more programs, such as a program stored in a memory device of that product or in a memory device which that product accesses. Unless expressly specified otherwise, such a program need not be based on any particular algorithm, such as any particular algorithm that might be disclosed in the present application. It is well known to one of ordinary skill in the art that a specified function may be implemented via different algorithms, and any of a number of different algorithms would be a mere design choice for carrying out the specified function. 
     Therefore, with respect to a means or a step for performing a specified function in accordance with 35 U.S.C. § 112, paragraph 6, structure corresponding to a specified function includes any product programmed to perform the specified function. Such structure includes programmed products which perform the function, regardless of whether such product is programmed with (i) a disclosed algorithm for performing the function, (ii) an algorithm that is similar to a disclosed algorithm, or (iii) a different algorithm for performing the function. 
     Where there is recited a means for performing a function hat is a method, one structure for performing this method includes a computing device (e.g., a general purpose computer) that is programmed and/or configured with appropriate hardware to perform that function. Also includes a computing device (e.g., a general purpose computer) that is programmed and/or configured with appropriate hardware to perform that function via other algorithms as would be understood by one of ordinary skill in the art. 
     VIII. Disclaimer 
     Numerous references to a particular embodiment does not indicate a disclaimer or disavowal of additional, different embodiments, and similarly references to the description of embodiments which all include a particular feature does not indicate a disclaimer or disavowal of embodiments which do not include that particular feature. A clear disclaimer or disavowal in the present application shall be prefaced by the phrase “does not include” or by the phrase “cannot perform”. 
     IX. Incorporation By Reference 
     Any patent, patent application or other document referred to herein is incorporated by reference into this patent application as part of the present disclosure, but only for purposes of written description in accordance with 35 U.S.C. § 112, paragraph 1 and enablement in accordance with 35 U.S.C. § 112, paragraph 1, and should in no way be used to limit, define, or otherwise construe any term of the present application where the present application, without such incorporation by reference, would not have failed to provide an ascertainable meaning, but rather would have allowed an ascertainable meaning for such term to be provided. Thus, the person of ordinary skill in the art need not have been in any way limited by any embodiments provided in the reference. 
     Any incorporation by reference does not, in and of itself, imply any endorsement of, ratification of, or acquiescence in any statements, opinions, arguments or characterizations contained in any incorporated patent, patent application or other document, unless explicitly specified otherwise in this patent application. 
     X. Prosecution History 
     In interpreting the present application (which includes the claims), one of ordinary skill in the art shall refer to the prosecution history of the present application, but not to the prosecution history of any other patent or patent application, regardless of whether there are other patent applications that are considered related to the present application, and regardless of whether there are other patent applications that share a claim of priority with the present application.