Patent Publication Number: US-8525960-B2

Title: Electro-optical device

Description:
This is a Division of application Ser. No. 09/809,207 filed Mar. 16, 2001. The entire disclosure of the prior application is hereby incorporated by reference herein in its entirety. 
    
    
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     1. Field of Invention 
     The present invention relates to an electro-optical device using an active matrix addressing method. More particularly, the present invention relates to an electro-optical device including an intermediate conductive layer which serves to provide a good electrical connection between a pixel electrode and a pixel switching thin film transistor (hereinafter also referred to as a TFT), and which is formed as one of layer of a multilayer structure formed on a substrate. 
     2. Description of Related Art 
     In a conventional electro-optical device using TFTs as active matrix addressing elements, when a scanning signal is applied to the gate electrode of a TFT via a scanning line, the TFT is turned on, and an image signal applied via a data line to the source region of the semiconductor layer is supplied to a pixel electrode via that TFT. Because the period during which an image signal is supplied to each pixel electrode via a TFT is very short, a storage capacitor is generally added to each pixel electrode to retain an image signal supplied to each pixel electrode over a period of time much longer than the period of time during which the TFT is in the ON state. 
     In this type of electro-optical device, various conductive films serving as scanning lines, data lines and the like and a gate insulating film and an interlayer insulating film for electrically isolating the conductive films from each other are formed in a multilayer between a conductive film such as an ITO film serving as a pixel electrode and a semiconductor layer of a TFT serving as a pixel switching element. Thus, the distance between the pixel electrode and the semiconductor layer is as large as about 1000 nm. This makes it difficult to electrically connect the pixel electrode and the semiconductor layer with each other via only a single contact hole. One known technique of solving the above problem is to form an intermediate conductive layer between interlayer insulating films so that the pixel electrode and the semiconductor layer are electrically connected to each other via this intermediate conductive layer. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     In the above-described type of electro-optical device, there is a strong need for improving the quality of a displayed image. To meet such a need, it is very important to reduce the pixel pitch and increase the aperture ratio (that is, increase the aperture area through which light passes relative to the light-shielding area through which light cannot pass, in each pixel). 
     The use of the intermediate conductive layer described above results in not only an increase in the number of production processing steps, but also increases in the number of layers formed in the multilayer structure and the number of contact holes. As a result, the multilayer structure becomes more complicated. Thus, as the pixel pitch is reduced, it becomes more difficult to form the above-described storage capacitor and to find areas in which to form contact holes. Another problem due to the increase in the number of contact holes as a result of the formation of the intermediate conductive layer is that the contact holes create steps in an interlayer insulating film above the contact holes, and thus create steps in the pixel electrode and in an alignment film formed on the pixel electrode. The steps formed in the alignment film, in the vicinity of the pixel electrode, can make it impossible to correctly orient an electro-optical material such as a liquid crystal, which can cause an operational failure. As a result, a reduction in contrast and thus a great reduction in image quality occur. 
     An object of the present invention is to provide an electro-optical device which has an increased pixel aperture ratio and has reduced steps at the surface of an alignment film, near pixel electrodes, and which is thus capable of displaying a high-quality image. 
     (1) One exemplary embodiment of the present invention provides an electro-optical device which may include: a thin film transistor formed on a substrate; a pixel electrode electrically connected to a drain region of a semiconductor layer of the thin film transistor; a plurality of interconnection lines disposed between the semiconductor layer of the thin film transistor and the pixel electrode via an insulating film; an intermediate conductive layer for electrically connecting the drain region of the semiconductor layer of the thin film transistor and the pixel electrode; and a first contact hole formed in an area under at least one of the plurality of interconnection lines, the first contact hole serving to electrically connect to the drain region of the semiconductor layer of the thin film transistor to the intermediate conductive layer. 
     In the electro-optical device according to this exemplary embodiment of the present invention, because the drain region of the semiconductor layer and the pixel electrode are electrically connected to each other via the intermediate conductive layer, it is possible to achieve a good electrical connection between them via two contact holes with small diameters, even when there is a thick film between them. Because the respective contact holes can be formed in small areas, the pixel aperture ratio can be increased. 
     Furthermore, because the first contact hole is formed in an area in which at least one interconnection line is formed, the presence of the first contact hole does not cause formation of an irregular step in the aperture area of each pixel. This makes it possible to uniformly perform rubbing in the area in which pixel electrode is formed, and it also becomes possible to obtain good uniformity in the thickness of the electro-optical material. As a result, the operation failure due to the orientation failure of the electro-optical material such as a liquid crystal is reduced. 
     In the electro-optical device according to the present invention, as described above, an increase in the pixel aperture ratio is achieved, and degradation in the quality of a displayed image due to irregular steps on the surface of the alignment film near the pixel electrode is minimized, and thus it is possible to display a high-quality image with high brightness and high contrast. 
     (2) In one exemplary aspect of the electro-optical device according to the present invention, the diameter of the first contact hole is smaller than the diameter of a second contact hole serving to electrically connect the intermediate conductive layer to the pixel electrode. 
     In this aspect, the intermediate conductive layer serves to prevent over etching from occurring during the etching process for forming the second contact hole. Furthermore, because the diameter of the second contact hole is smaller than that of the first contact hole, it is possible to reduce the non-aperture pixel area. 
     (3) In another exemplary aspect of the electro-optical device according to the present invention, at least one of the plurality of interconnection lines serves as a data line electrically connected to a source region of the semiconductor layer of the thin film transistor, and the first contact hole is located in an area under the data line. 
     In this aspect, because the first contact hole is disposed in the non-aperture pixel area, it is possible to reduce the steps on the surface of the alignment film. 
     (4) In still another exemplary aspect, the first contact hole is preferably disposed near a location where the data line and the scanning line cross each other. 
     In this aspect, because the first contact hole is disposed near the location where the data line and the scanning line cross each other, the steps on the surface of the alignment film can be reduced over a large area. This makes it possible to uniformly perform rubbing in the area in which pixel electrode is formed, and thus it becomes possible to reduce the orientation failure of the liquid crystal layer. 
     (5) In still another exemplary aspect, at least one of the plurality of interconnection lines serves as a scanning line extending in a direction crossing the data line, and the intermediate conductive layer extends along the scanning line from an area of the data line. 
     In this aspect, because the intermediate conductive layer extends along the scanning line from the data line area, the first contact hole and the second contact hole can be formed in areas along the data line and the scanning line, and thus it becomes possible to reduce the pixel pitch. 
     (6) In still another exemplary aspect, a second contact hole, via which the intermediate conductive layer and the pixel electrode are electrically connected to each other, is preferably formed in an area where the intermediate conductive layer extends along the scanning line. 
     In this aspect, the second contact hole is formed in the area where the intermediate conductive layer extends along the scanning line, and the second contact hole has a smaller diameter than that of a conventional contact hole via which the drain region and the pixel electrode are connected to each other. This makes it possible to reduce the steps formed on the surface of the alignment film while reducing the non-aperture pixel area near the scanning line. 
     (7) In still another exemplary aspect, the second contact hole is preferably formed at a substantially middle location between adjacent data lines. 
     In this aspect, the influence of the steps of the alignment film above the second contact hole becomes symmetric about the location of the second contact hole for each pixel, and thus nonuniformity of the respective pixels in terms of the displaying characteristic is averaged when all pixels are seen in a macroscopic fashion. 
     (8) In still another exemplary aspect, the intermediate conductive layer extends along the data line. 
     In this aspect, the area where the first contact hole is formed under the data line can be covered with the intermediate conductive layer without expanding the non-aperture pixel area. 
     (9) In still another exemplary aspect of the electro-optical device according to the present invention, at least one of the plurality of interconnection lines serves as a capacitance line which extends under the intermediate conductive layer while avoiding the area where the first contact hole is formed. 
     In this aspect, because the capacitance line is extended while avoiding the first contact hole with the smaller diameter than the diameter of the convention contact hole via which the drain region and the pixel electrode are connected to each other, the area needed to form the capacitor can be obtained without creating steps on the surface of the alignment film. 
     (10) In still another exemplary aspect of the electro-optical device according to the present invention, the depth of the first contact hole is smaller than that of the second contact hole formed between the intermediate conductive layer and the pixel electrode. 
     In this aspect, steps on the surface of the alignment film in the area where the first contact hole is formed are reduced. 
     (11) In still another exemplary aspect of the electro-optical device according to the present invention, the intermediate conductive layer faces, via an interlayer insulating film and at least partially, a capacitor electrode formed of the same film as the film forming the scanning line. 
     In this aspect, because the intermediate conductive layer faces, via an interlayer insulating film, the capacitor electrode formed of the same film as the film forming the scanning line, it is possible to form an additional storage capacitor connected to the pixel electrode. That is, the storage capacitor can be formed not only below the capacitor electrode but also above the capacitor electrode, and thus it is possible to increase the capacitance of the storage capacitor efficiently using a limited light-shielding area. 
     (12) In still another exemplary aspect, the second contact hole is formed at a location which overlaps, in plan view, with the capacitor electrode. 
     In this aspect, the part, at the location where the second contact hole is formed, of the intermediate conductive layer also overlaps, in plan view, with the capacitor electrode, that is, the part faces the capacitor electrode via an insulating film, so that the storage capacitor is also formed in the area where the second contact hole is formed. 
     (13) In still another exemplary aspect, the capacitor electrode includes a part extending along the scanning line and a part extending along the data line from a location where the capacitor electrode and the data line cross each other, in plan view, and the intermediate conductive layer overlaps, at least partially, with the capacitance electrode via an interlayer insulating film. 
     In this aspect, in the light-shielding area along the data line, the electrode formed by extending the drain region of the semiconductor layer and the capacitance electrode are disposed such that they face each other, and the capacitance electrode and the intermediate conductive layer are disposed such that they face each other. Thus, the storage capacitor having a vertically stacked form can be built also in the light-shielding area along the data line. 
     (14) In still another exemplary aspect of the electro-optical device according to the present invention, the intermediate conductive layer includes a conductive film having an ability to block light. 
     In this aspect, the intermediate conductive layer including the light-shielding conductive film serves to prevent the channel region of the thin film transistor and its adjacent area from being illuminated with light. In general, if the channel region of the semiconductor layer of the thin film transistor or its adjacent area is illuminated with light, a leakage current is generated by excitation of light. The leakage current can cause a change in the characteristic of the thin film transistor in the off-state. In the present invention, the intermediate conductive layer prevents the characteristic of the transistor from changing due to illumination of light. 
     (15) In still another exemplary aspect, the intermediate conductive layer defines a part of the light-shielding area. 
     In this aspect, it becomes unnecessary, at least partially, to form a light-shielding film, to define the light-shielding area, on the opposite substrate disposed at a location opposing the substrate on which the pixel electrode and other elements are formed, or to form the data line so as to have an expanded width to define the light-shielding area, or to form an additional dedicated light-shielding film for defining the light-shielding area. Thus, because the light-shielding film for defining the light-shielding area becomes, at least partially, unnecessary, even if an alignment error occurs when the two substrates are adhesively bonded to each other, the alignment error does not result in a reduction in the transmittance of the electro-optical device. As a result, a great reduction in defects of the electro-optical devices can be realized. 
     (16) In still another exemplary aspect, the intermediate conductive layer includes a part extending along the data line, and this part defines a part of the light-shielding area along the data line. 
     In this aspect, in the area in which the light-shielding area is defined by the intermediate conductive layer, it becomes, at least partially, unnecessary to form a light-shielding film, on the opposite substrate, to define the light-shielding area, or to form the data line so as to have an expanded width to define the light-shielding area, or to form an additional dedicated light-shielding film for defining the light-shielding area. This makes it possible to greatly reduce the variation in the transmittance of the electro-optical device. 
     (17) In still another exemplary aspect, the capacitor electrode includes a part extending along the data line, in plan view, and, in an area along the data line, the width Wd of the data line, the width Wc of the capacitor electrode, and the width Wm of the part, extending along the data line, of the intermediate conductive layer are selected so as to satisfy a condition Wd&lt;Wc&lt;Wm. 
     In this aspect, light incident on the opposite substrate of the pair of substrates is doubly blocked by the data line and the intermediate conductive layer. The data line used to supply an image signal needs to have low resistance. Therefore, the data line is generally formed of an aluminum film to achieve low resistance. However, although the aluminum film has the ability to block light, it also has very high reflectance. Therefore, in the case where light is blocked only by the data line formed of an aluminum film, projection light or reflected light incident at an oblique angle on the substrate surface is reflected by the inner surface of the data line (that is, by the surface which faces the thin film transistor), and light can finally reach the channel region or its adjacent regions after multiple reflection in the multilayer structure. In contrast, in the structure according to the present invention, because the intermediate conductive layer located under the data line is formed of a refractive metal film or a polysilicon film having low reflectance, multiple reflection of light is reduced. Besides, it is possible to form a storage capacitor with further greater capacitance using the capacitor electrode and the intermediate conductive layer both having greater widths than the data line. 
     (18) In still another exemplary aspect, an edge portion, extending along the data line, of the pixel electrode overlaps with an edge portion of the intermediate conductive layer. 
     In this aspect, it is possible to further reduce the data line width. This makes it possible to minimize the parasitic capacitance between the data line and the pixel electrode, and, therefore, it is possible to prevent the reduction in contrast, and it is also possible to greatly suppress ghost and crosstalk which cause degradation in the image quality. 
     (19) In still another exemplary aspect of the electro-optical device according to the present invention, the semiconductor layer is formed in an area under the data line. 
     In this aspect, it becomes possible to secure an area in which the semiconductor layer and the pixel electrode are electrically connected to each other, and it also becomes possible to reduce the non-aperture regions along the scanning line. 
     (20) In still another exemplary aspect, the first contact hole is formed at a location symmetrical to the location of a third contact hole via which the source region of the semiconductor layer and the data line are connected to each other, about the channel region of the semiconductor layer. 
     In this aspect, steps arising from the multilayer interconnection lines are formed at locations symmetric about the data line, and thus it is possible to eliminate the difference in loss of light depending upon the rotation direction of the liquid crystal. 
     (21) In still another exemplary aspect, there is further provided a lower light-shielding film which is disposed under the semiconductor layer and which projects, in plan view, from the scanning line, and the second contact hole via which the intermediate conductive layer and the pixel electrode are electrically connected to each other is located in an area into which the lower light-shielding film projects, in plan view, from the scanning line. 
     In this aspect, because the semiconductor layer is not formed along the data line, it is possible to reduce the non-aperture areas along the scanning line, and it is also possible to electrically connect the intermediate conductive layer and the pixel electrode with each other. 
     (22) Another exemplary embodiment of the present invention provides an electro-optical device which may include: a thin film transistor formed on a substrate; a data line electrically connected to a drain region of a semiconductor layer of the thin film transistor; a pixel electrode electrically connected to a drain region of a semiconductor layer of the thin film transistor; an intermediate conductive layer having an ability to block light for electrically connecting the drain region of the semiconductor layer of the thin film transistor and the pixel electrode; a capacitance line which is disposed in the drain region of the semiconductor layer of the thin film transistor and which extends along the data line; a light-shielding film formed of the same film as that of the intermediate conductive layer; and a contact hole via which the capacitance line and the light-shielding film are electrically connected with each other in an area under the data line. 
     In this exemplary embodiment, the contact hole via which the light-shielding film and the capacitance line are connected to each other is covered with the data line, and thus steps formed on the surface of the alignment film near the contact hoe can be reduced. Furthermore, it is also possible to increase the capacitance by using the light-shielding film as the capacitor electrode. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         FIG. 1  is an equivalent circuit diagram of various elements and interconnection lines disposed in a plurality of pixels arranged in a matrix fashion in an image display area of an electro-optical device according to a first exemplary embodiment of the present invention; 
         FIG. 2  is a plan view illustrating some pixels formed at adjacent locations on a TFT array substrate of the liquid crystal device according to the first embodiment, wherein data lines, scanning lines, and pixel electrodes are formed on the TFT array substrate; 
         FIG. 3  is a cross-sectional view taken along line III-III′ of  FIG. 2 ; 
       FIGS.  4 (A)-(B) are plan views partially illustrating, in an enlarged fashion, a capacitance line pattern and a scanning line pattern, wherein comparative examples of a capacitance line pattern and a scanning line pattern are also shown; 
       FIGS.  5 (A)-(E) illustrate a first part of a flow of a production process of the liquid crystal device according to the first embodiment, wherein respective steps of the production process for an image display area are shown; 
       FIGS.  6 (A)-(F) illustrate a second part of the flow of the production process of the liquid crystal device according to the first embodiment, wherein respective steps of the production process for the image display area are shown; 
         FIG. 7  is a plan view illustrating some pixels formed at adjacent locations on a TFT array substrate of a liquid crystal device according to a second exemplary embodiment, wherein data lines, scanning lines, and pixel electrodes are formed on the TFT array substrate; 
         FIG. 8  is a cross-sectional view taken along line VIII-VIII′ of  FIG. 7 ; 
         FIG. 9  is a plan view illustrating some pixels formed at adjacent locations on a TFT array substrate of a liquid crystal device according to a third exemplary embodiment, wherein data lines, scanning lines, and pixel electrodes are formed on the TFT array substrate; 
         FIG. 10  is a cross-sectional view taken along line X-X′ of  FIG. 9 ; 
         FIG. 11  is a plan view illustrating some pixels formed at adjacent locations on a TFT array substrate of a liquid crystal device according to a fourth exemplary embodiment, wherein data lines, scanning lines, and pixel electrodes are formed on the TFT array substrate; 
         FIG. 12  is a cross-sectional view taken along line XII-XII′ of  FIG. 11 ; 
         FIG. 13  is a plan view seen from the side of an opposite substrate, wherein various elements formed on the TFT array substrate of the liquid crystal apparatus according to the exemplary embodiments are shown; 
         FIG. 14  is a cross-sectional view taken along line XIV-XIV′ of  FIG. 13 . 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
     Exemplary embodiments of the present invention are described below with reference to drawings. 
     First Exemplary Embodiment 
     The structure of an electro-optical device in the form of a liquid crystal device according to a first exemplary embodiment of the present invention is described below with reference to  FIGS. 1 to 4(B) .  FIG. 1  illustrates an equivalent circuit of various elements and interconnections of respective pixels arranged in a matrix fashion in an image display area of the electro-optical device.  FIG. 2  is a plan view illustrating some pixels formed at adjacent locations on a TFT array substrate on which data lines, scanning lines, and pixel electrodes are also formed.  FIG. 3  is a cross-sectional view taken along line III-III′ of  FIG. 2 . In  FIG. 3 , in order to provide an easily understandable view, the respective layers and members are displayed in different magnification ratios. FIG.  4 (A)-(B) are plan views illustrating in an enlarged fashion a part of a pattern of a capacitance line and a scanning line according to the present embodiment ( FIG. 4(A) ) wherein a capacitance line and a scanning line according to a conventional technique are also shown for the purpose of comparison ( FIG. 4(B) ). 
     Referring to  FIG. 1 , in each of the pixels arranged in the matrix fashion in the image display area of the electro-optical device according to the present embodiment, a TFT  30  for controlling a pixel electrode  9   a  is formed, and a data line  6   a  supplied with an image signal is electrically connected to the source of the TFT  30 . Image signals S 1 , S 2 , . . . , Sn may be supplied over the data lines  6   a  in a line-by-line fashion in the order of S 1 , S 2 , . . . , Sn, or may be supplied in a group-by-group fashion wherein each group consists of a plurality of adjacent data lines  6   a . Furthermore, the gate of each TFT  30  is electrically connected to a scanning line  3   a  so that scanning signals G 1 , G 2 , . . . , Gm are supplied via the scanning lines  3   a  in a line-by-line fashion with predetermined timings. The drains of the respective TFT  30 s are electrically connected to corresponding pixel electrodes  9   a  so that when the TFTs  30  serving as switching elements are closed for a predetermined period with predetermined timings, the image signals S 1 , S 2 , . . . , Sn supplied via the data lines  6   a  are applied to the pixel electrodes  9   a . The image signals S 1 , S 2 , . . . , Sn with particular signal levels are applied to a liquid crystal via the respective pixel electrodes  9   a , and the image signals are retained between the pixel electrodes  9   a  and corresponding opposite electrodes (which will be described later) formed on an opposite substrate (which will be described later) over a predetermined period of time. The orientation of molecules of the liquid crystal changes depending upon the level of the applied voltage, and thus light is modulated so that a gray scale display is realized. In the case of a normally white mode, the amount of light passing through the liquid crystal decreases with increasing applied voltage. On the other hand, in the case of a normally black mode, the amount of light passing through the liquid crystal increases with increasing applied voltage. In any case, as a whole, light having contrast corresponding to an image signal is output from the electro-optical device. In order to retain the image signal without a loss due to leakage, a storage capacitor  70  is added in parallel with a liquid crystal capacitance formed between each pixel electrode  9   a  and the opposite electrode, wherein the storage capacitor  70  is formed between a capacitor electrode realized using a part of the capacitor line  3   b  and a capacitor electrode electrically connected to the pixel electrode  9   a , these two capacitor electrodes being disposed so as to face each other via a dielectric film. The voltage applied to each pixel electrode  9   a  is retained in the corresponding storage capacitor  70  for a period of time which is, for example, three orders of magnitude longer than the period of time during which the source voltage is applied. This results in an improvement in the retaining characteristic, and thus it becomes possible to realize an electro-optical device with high contrast. 
     Referring to  FIG. 2 , on the TFT array substrate of the electro-optical device, plurality of transparent pixel electrodes  9   a  (whose outlines are represented by broken lines  9   a ′) are formed in a matrix fashion, and data lines  6   a , scanning lines  3   a , and capacitance lines  3   b  are formed along the horizontal and vertical boundaries of the pixel electrodes  9   a . Each pixel electrode  9   a  is electrically connected to a drain region, which will be described later, in a semiconductor layer  1   a , via a first intermediate conductive layer  80  which is an example of the intermediate conductive layer, and also via a first contact hole  8   a  and a second contact hole  8   b . Each data line  6   a  is electrically connected to a drain region, which will be described later, in the semiconductor layer  1   a  made of polysilicon or the like via a contact hole  5 . A scanning line  3   a  is disposed such that it faces the channel region  1   a ′ (shaded with diagonal lines extending from upper left to lower right, in  FIG. 2 ) in the semiconductor layer  1   a  so that the scanning line  3   a  serves as a gate electrode. As described above, TFT  30 s are formed at respective locations where the scanning lines  3   a  and the data lines  6   a  cross each other wherein the scanning lines  3   a  extending in opposition to the channel regions  1   a ′ serve as the gate electrodes of the respective TFTs  30 . 
     The capacitance lines  3   b  are made of the same film as that forming the scanning lines  3   a . Each capacitance line  3   b  includes a part extending substantially linearly in parallel with the scanning lines  3   a  and a part extending along a data line  6   a  from a location where the scanning line  3   a  crosses the data line  6   a  to a location near a contact hole  5  associated with an adjacent pixel. 
     In  FIG. 2 , areas surrounded by thick solid lines  11   a  denote a first light-shielding film. The first light-shielding film includes parts disposed at least in areas under the semiconductor layers  1   a  of respective TFTs  30 . More specifically, in  FIG. 2 , the first light-shielding film  11   a  is formed in strips extending along the respective scanning lines  3   a , and the width of the strips is expanded downward in  FIG. 2  at locations where the first light-shielding film  11   a  and the data lines  6   a  cross each other such that the channel regions  1   a ′ of the respective TFTs and their adjacent areas are covered with the expanded parts when seen from the side of the TFT array substrate. The first light-shielding film  11   a  may be formed by extending the lower part of the scanning line  3   a  into a strip along the scanning line  3   a  as in the present embodiment, or may be formed by extending the lower part of the data line  6   a  into a strip along the data line  6   a . Alternatively, the first light-shielding film  11   a  may be formed by extending the lower parts of the scanning line  3   a  and the data line  6   a  into a lattice along the scanning line  3   a  and the data line  6   a . Preferably, the first light-shielding film  11   a  includes a part formed in an area outside the image display area in which the plurality of pixel electrodes  9   a  are formed in the matrix fashion wherein that part is electrically connected to a most suitable constant voltage selected from the group consisting of negative and positive constant voltages supplied to peripheral circuits, such as a scanning line driver circuit and a data line driver circuit for driving the electro-optical device, a ground voltage, and a constant voltage supplied to the opposite electrode, so as to maintain the first light-shielding film  11   a  at a fixed voltage, thereby preventing the TFTs  30  from operating erroneously. 
     In the present embodiment, first contact holes  8   a , via which the drain regions  1   e  and the first intermediate conductive layer  80  are electrically connected to each other, are formed under the data lines  6   a , and second contact holes  8   b , via which the first intermediate conductive layer  80  and the pixel electrodes  9   a  are electrically connected to each other, are formed above capacitance lines  3   b  at substantially middle locations between adjacent data lines  6   a . Furthermore, a second intermediate conductive layer  180  is formed in islands along the data lines  6   a , using the same film as that of the first intermediate conductive layer  80 . More specifically, the second intermediate layer  180  is formed so as to overlap with each part, which extends along a data line  6   a , of the capacitance line  3   b . The second intermediate conductive layer  180  may be electrically connected to the capacitance lines  3   b  via contact holes  18   a  formed under the data lines  6   a . The electrical connection of the second intermediate conductive layer  180  to the capacitance lines  3   b  allows the second intermediate conductive layer  180  to be maintained at a fixed voltage, thereby preventing an influence upon the image signal supplied via the data lines  6   a . The capacitance line  3   b  is formed so as to have a partially narrowed part formed in a light-shielding area where the first contact hole  8   a  is formed and where the capacitance line  3   b  crosses the data line  6   a , so that the capacitance line  3   b  extends while avoiding the first contact hole  8   a  and such that the capacitance line  3   b  does not have an electrical contact with the first contact holes  8   a.    
     As can be seen from  FIG. 2  and the cross-sectional view shown in  FIG. 3 , the channel regions  1   a ′ are disposed at locations where the scanning lines  3   a  and the data lines  6   a  cross each other, heavily-doped source regions  1   d , lightly-doped source regions  1   b , channel regions  1   a ′, lightly-doped drain regions  1   c , and heavily-doped drain regions  1   e  in the semiconductor layer  1   a  are formed such that they overlap with corresponding data lines  6   a  and such that they are covered with the corresponding data lines  6   a . Furthermore, the heavily-doped source regions  1   d , lightly-doped source regions  1   b , channel regions  1   a ′, lightly-doped drain regions  1   c , and heavily-doped drain regions  1   e  in the semiconductor layer  1   a  are disposed such that the heavily-doped source regions  1   d  and the lightly-doped source regions  1   b  are located under the corresponding data lines  6   a  extending in one direction from the corresponding scanning lines  3   a , and the lightly-doped drain regions  1   c  and the heavily-doped drain regions  1   e  are located under the corresponding data lines  6   a  extending in the opposite direction from the corresponding scanning lines  3   a . Each heavily-doped drain region  1   e  is electrically connected to the first intermediate conductive layer  80  via the corresponding first contact hole  8   a , and the first intermediate conductive layer  80  is connected to the corresponding pixel electrode  9   a  via the corresponding second contact hole  8   b . Each heavily-doped source region  1   d  is electrically connected to the corresponding data line  6   a  via the corresponding third contact hole  5 . Because the first contact holes  8   a  and the third contact holes  5  are formed in areas overlapping with the data lines  6   a  in non-display areas, it is possible to prevent the aperture ratio from being reduced by the contact holes. Furthermore, it is possible to prevent irregular steps from being formed in the aperture areas of the respective pixels by the presence of the contact holes. Furthermore, because the semiconductor layer is formed so as to overlap with the data lines  6   a , the data lines  6   a  act as light-shielding films which block light which would otherwise strike the semiconductor layer  1   a.    
     As shown in the cross-sectional view shown in  FIG. 3 , the electro-optical device includes a transparent TFT array substrate  10  employed as an example of a substrate, and also includes a transparent opposite substrate  20  disposed in opposition to the TFT array substrate  10 . The TFT array substrate  10  may be formed of, for example, quartz, glass, or silicon and the opposite substrate  20  may be formed of, for example, glass or quartz. The TFT array substrate  10  includes the pixel electrodes  9   a  formed thereon. An alignment film  16 , which has been subjected to an aligning process such as a rubbing process, is disposed on the pixel electrodes  9   a . The pixel electrodes  9   a  may be made of a transparent conductive film such as an ITO (Indium Tin Oxide) film. The alignment film  16  may be formed of an organic film such as a polyimide film. 
     On the other hand, an opposite electrode  21  is formed on the entire area of a surface of the opposite substrate  20 , and an alignment film  22  which has been subjected to an aligning process such as a rubbing process is disposed on the opposite electrode  21 . The opposite electrode  21  may be made of a transparent conductive film such as an ITO film. The alignment film  22  may be formed of an organic film such as a polyimide film. 
     Furthermore, on the TFT array substrate  10 , TFTs  30  serving as pixel switching elements for switching connections to the pixel electrodes  9   a  are disposed at locations adjacent to the respective pixel electrodes  9   a.    
     Furthermore, on the opposite substrate  20 , as shown in  FIG. 3 , a second light-shielding film  23  is formed in the light-shielding area of each pixel. As will be described in detail later, the second light-shielding film  23  blocks light incident on the opposite substrate  20 , thereby preventing the channel regions  1   a ′ of the semiconductor layer  1   a  of the respective TFTs  30  serving as the pixel switching elements and also areas, including the lightly-doped source regions  1   b  and the lightly-doped, drain regions  1   c , adjacent to the channel regions  1   a ′ from being illuminated with the light. Furthermore, the second light-shielding film  23  also serves to improve the contrast and prevent different colorants from being mixed when a color filter is formed. 
     Between the TFT array substrate  10  and the opposite substrate  20  which are constructed in the above-described manner and disposed such that the pixel electrodes  9   a  and the opposite electrode  21  face with each other, a liquid crystal which is an example of an electro-optical material is sealed in a space enclosed by a sealing material, which will be described later, so as to form a liquid crystal layer  50 . When no electric field is applied to the liquid crystal layer  50  by the pixel electrodes  9   a , the liquid crystal layer  50  is oriented in a particular direction by the alignment films  16  and  22 . The liquid crystal layer  50  may consist of, for example, one type of nematic liquid crystal or a mixture of two or more types of nematic liquid crystals. The sealing material is an adhesive such as a photosetting or thermosetting resin for adhesively bonding the TFT array substrate  10  and the opposite substrate  20  with each other along their perimeters. The sealing material contains spacer elements such as glass fibers or glass beads, for spacing the two substrates a predetermined distance apart from each other. 
     Furthermore, as shown in  FIG. 3 , the first light-shielding film  11   a  is formed between the TFT array substrate  10  and each TFT  30  serving as the pixel switching element such that the first light-shielding film  11   a  is disposed at a location opposing each TFT  30  serving as the pixel switching element. Preferably, the first light-shielding film  11   a  is made of an opaque refractory metal such as Ti (titanium), Cr (chromium), W (tungsten), Ta (tantalum), Mo (molybdenum), or Pb (lead), or an alloy or metal silicide containing at least one of the refractory metals described above. The use of such a material for the first light-shielding film  11   a  makes it possible to prevent the first light-shielding film  11   a  from being damaged or melting during a process in which the pixel switching TFTs  30  are formed. The presence of the first light-shielding film  11   a  prevents light such as that reflected by the TFT array substrate  10  from striking the channel region  1   a ′, the lightly-doped source region  1   b , and the lightly-doped drain region  1   c  of each pixel switching TFT  30  sensitive to light, thereby preventing the characteristic of each pixel switching TFT  30  from changing due to a leakage current caused by illumination of light. 
     An underlying insulating film  12  is disposed between the first light-shielding film  11   a  and the respective pixel switching TFTs  30  so that the semiconductor layer  1   a  forming each pixel switching TFT  30  is electrically isolated from the first light-shielding film  11   a  by the underlying insulating film  12 . The underlying insulating film  12  is formed on the entire area of the TFT array substrate  10  so that the underlying insulating film  12  also serves as an underlying film on which each pixel switching TFT  30  is formed. That is, the formation of the underlying insulating film  12  prevents the characteristic of the pixel switching TFTs  30  from being degraded by damage which is created when the surface of the TFT array substrate  10  is polished or by contamination which still remains after a cleaning process. The underlying insulating film  12  may be formed of, for example, high isolation glass such as NSG (non-doped silicate glass, PSG (phosphosilicate glass), BSG (boronsilicate glass), or BPSG (boronphosphosilicate glass), silicon oxide, or silicon nitride. The underlying insulating film  12  also serves as to prevent the pixel switching TFTs  30  from being contaminated by the first light-shielding film  11   a.    
     As shown in  FIGS. 2 and 3 , each capacitance line  3   b  made of the same conductive polysilicon film as that used to form the scanning lines  3   a  has a part serving as a second capacitor electrode which is disposed so as to face, via an insulating thin film  2 , a first capacitor electrode  1   f  which is disposed under the capacitance line  3   b  and which extends from the drain region  1   e  of the semiconductor layer  1   a , thereby forming a storage capacitor  70  having large capacitance using the insulating thin film  2  which is also used as the gate insulating film of the TFTs  30 . A part of each capacitance line  3   b  faces, via a first interlayer insulating film  81 , a part of the first intermediate conductive layer  80  disposed above the capacitance line  3   b . If this first interlayer insulating film  81  is formed so as to have a small thickness, it is possible to further increase the capacitance of the storage capacitor  70 . That is, the capacitance of the storage capacitor  70  is increased by forming the storage capacitor  70  not only under the capacitance line  3   b  but also above the capacitance line  3   b  efficiently using the limited light-shielding area. 
     In the present embodiment, each capacitance line  3   b  is formed by extending the second capacitor electrode made of the same film as that used to form the scanning line  3   a . Therefore, it is not necessary to form an additional interconnection line dedicated for the capacitance line  3   b , and thus no further special processing step is necessary. In the case where the capacitance line  3   b  cannot be formed using the same film as that used to form the scanning line  3   a , the second capacitor electrode may be formed in an island in each pixel, and, for example, the first light-shielding film  11   a  for supplying a constant potential may be employed as the storage capacitor line. In this case, it is desirable that the first light-shielding film  11   a  and the second capacitor electrode be electrically connected to each other in each pixel. Because the second capacitor electrode is connected to the most suitable constant potential selected from the group consisting of negative and positive constant potential sources supplied to peripheral circuits (such as a scanning line driving circuit and a data line driving circuit) for driving the electro-optical device, a ground power source, and a constant potential source supplied to the opposite electrode, the storage capacitor  70  formed between the first capacitor electrode  1   f  and the intermediate conductive layer  80  has high stability. 
     In the present embodiment, as shown in  FIGS. 2 and 3 , the first contact holes  8   a  are formed at locations in areas which overlap, in plan view, with the corresponding data lines  6   a . Therefore, when there is a first contact hole  8   a  via which the semiconductor layer  1   a  and the first intermediate conductive layer  80 , which are respectively located on the lower and upper sides of the electrically conductive polysilicon film forming the scanning line  3   a  and the capacitance line  3   b , are connected to each other, it is possible to easily form the scanning line  3   a  and the capacitance line  3   b  in the light-shielding area extending along the data line  6   a , while avoiding the first contact hole  8   a . This is illustrated in an enlarged fashion in  FIG. 4(A) . 
     If, as in a comparative example shown in  FIG. 4(B) , the first contact hole  8   a ′ is formed in an area in which a part of the scanning line  3   a ′ having no overlap with the data line  6   a ′ and the capacitance line  3   b ′ extend in parallel, it is necessary that the capacitance line  3   b ′ or the scanning line  3   a ′ should be narrowed near the first contact hole  8   a ′ so as to avoid the first contact hole  8   a ′. However, the narrowing of the capacitance line  3   b ′ or the scanning line  3   a ′ results in an increase in interconnection resistance in the locally narrowed part. This can cause a signal delay or crosstalk which results in degradation in the image quality. In this structure, the width W′, measured in the direction along the scanning line  3   a ′, of the light-shielding area becomes greater than the width W, measured in the direction along the scanning line  3   a , of the light-shielding area formed according to the present embodiment shown in  FIG. 4(A)  (that is, W′&gt;W). That is, in the present embodiment, compared with the comparative example, it is possible to increase the pixel aperture region by an amount corresponding to the reduction in the width W, measured in the direction along the scanning line  3   a , of the light-shielding area. 
     Furthermore, by forming the first contact hole  8   a  in the area in which the light-shielding area extending along the data line  6   a  and the light-shielding area extending along the scanning line  3   a  cross each other, as shown in  FIG. 4(A) , it becomes possible to reduce the irregular steps formed (on the surface of the alignment film  16 ) above the first contact hole  8   a  and the capacitance line  3   b  due to the presence of the first contact hole  8   a  and the presence of the capacitance line  3   b  extending in such a manner as to avoid the first contact hole  8   a . The first contact hole  8   a  is located apart from the pixel aperture area. This allows an effective reduction in the influence of the irregular steps arising from the formation of the first contact hole  8   a . Furthermore, the reduction in the steps on the surface of the alignment film  16  near the pixel electrode  9   a  makes it possible to uniformly perform rubbing in the area in which pixel electrode  9   a  is formed, and it also becomes possible to obtain good uniformity in the thickness of the liquid crystal layer  50 . As a result, the orientation failure of the liquid crystal layer  50  is reduced. 
     Furthermore, because it is not necessary to partially narrow the part, extending along the scanning line  3   a , of the capacitance line  3   b , it is possible to increase the area of the second capacitor electrode disposed at the location opposing the first capacitor electrode  1   f . As a result, an increase in the capacitance of the storage capacitor  70  formed by the second capacitor electrode and the first capacitor electrode  1   f  can be achieved. 
     Furthermore, in the present embodiment, as shown in  FIG. 2 , the second contact hole  8   b  is formed at a substantially middle locations, in plan view, between two adjacent data lines  6   a  in the light-shielding area in each pixel. Therefore, the step formed on the alignment film  16  above the second contact hole  8   b  becomes located at a substantially middle point in the light-shielding area along one edge of each pixel aperture area. As a result, the influence of the step of the alignment film  16  above the second contact hole  8   b  becomes symmetric in each pixel, and thus nonuniformity of the respective pixels in terms of the displaying characteristic is averaged when all pixels are seen in a macroscopic fashion. 
     In the present embodiment, as described above, the location of the second contact hole  8   b  can be selected freely as long as the location is on the first intermediate conductive layer  80  and it does not overlap with the data line  6   a.    
     Thus, in the present embodiment, if the second contact hole  8   b  is formed at a location which overlaps with the capacitance line  3   b , it becomes possible to advantageously form the storage capacitor  70  also in the area where the second contact hole  8   b  is formed. 
     In this embodiment, the insulating thin film  2  serving as the dielectric film of the storage capacitor  70  is realized using the gate insulating film itself of the TFT  30  formed on the polysilicon film by means of high temperature oxidation, and thus it is possible to obtain a thin insulating film with a high breakdown voltage, and the first interlayer insulating film  81  serving as the other dielectric film can also be formed as to have a small thickness as with the insulating thin film  2 . Therefore, by employing these thin dielectric films, it is possible to form the storage capacitor  70  having large capacitance in a still smaller area. 
     In the electro-optical device according to the present embodiment, as described above, the capacitance of the storage capacitor  70  can be increased while increasing the pixel aperture ratio at the same time. Besides, the degradation in the quality of the displayed image due to the irregular steps on the surface of the alignment film  16  near the pixel electrode  9   a  can be minimized. Thus it is possible to display a high-quality image with high brightness and high contrast with less flicker, ghost, and crosstalk which cause degradation in the image quality. 
     Referring again to  FIG. 3 , each pixel switching TFT  30  has an LDD (Lightly-doped Drain) structure including a scanning line  3   a , a channel region  1   a ′ in a semiconductor layer  1   a  wherein a channel is formed by an electric field applied by the scanning line  3   a , an insulating thin film  2  for electrically isolating the scanning line  3   a  and the semiconductor layer  1   a  from each other, a data line  6   a , a lightly-doped source region  1   b  and a lightly-doped drain region  1   c  formed in the semiconductor layer  1   a , and a heavily-doped source region  1   d  and a heavily-doped drain region  1   e  formed in the semiconductor layer  1   a . The heavily-doped drain region  1   e  is connected to a corresponding one of a plurality of pixel electrodes  9   a  via a first intermediate conductive layer  80 . In the present embodiment, the data line  6   a  is formed of an opaque and electrically conductive thin film. Specific examples employable as such a thin film include a metal film with low resistance such as an aluminum film and an alloy film such as a metal silicide film. 
     In the first interlayer insulating film  81  formed on the scanning line  3   a  and the capacitance line  3   b , a contact hole  5  and a first contact hole  8   a  are formed such that the contact hole  5  passes therethrough until reaching the heavily-doped source region  1   d , and the first contact hole  8   a  passes therethrough until reaching the heavily-doped drain region  1   e.    
     On the first interlayer insulating film  81 , a first intermediate conductive layer  80  and a second intermediate conductive layer  180  are formed, wherein the first intermediate conductive layer  80  is connected to the heavily-doped drain region  1   e  via the first contact hole  8   a , and the second intermediate conductive layer  180  is connected to the capacitance line  3   b  via the contact hole  18   a.    
     A second interlayer insulating film  4  is formed on the first intermediate conductive layer  80 . The data line  6   a  is formed on the second interlayer insulating film  4 . The data line  6   a  is electrically connected to the heavily-doped source region  1   d  via the contact hole  5  formed in the second interlayer insulating film  4 . 
     Furthermore, a third interlayer insulating film  7  is formed on the data line  6   a  and the second interlayer insulating film  4 , wherein a second contact hole  8   b  is formed through the third interlayer insulating film  7  such that the second contact hole  8   b  reaches the first intermediate conductive layer  80 . The pixel electrode  9   a  is electrically connected to the first intermediate conductive layer  80  via the second contact hole  8   b . The pixel electrode  9   a  is formed on the upper surface of the third interlayer insulating film  7  formed in the above described manner. 
     Although it is preferable that the pixel switching TFT  30  be formed into the LDD structure as described above, the pixel switching TFT  30  may also be formed into an offset structure in which no impurities are implanted into the lightly-doped source region  1   b  and the lightly-doped drain region  1   c . The pixel switching TFT  30  may also be of a self-alignment type in which a heavily-doped of impurity is implanted using a gate electrode realized by a part of the scanning line  3   a  as a mask, thereby forming the heavily-doped source regions  1   d  and the heavily-doped drain region  1   e.    
     Furthermore, although in the present embodiment, the pixel switching TFT  30  is formed into the single gate structure having only one gate electrode which is formed, using a part of the scanning line  3   a , between the heavily-doped source region  1   d  and the heavily-doped drain region  1   e , two or more gate electrodes may be formed therebetween. In the case where the TFT  30  is formed into the dual or triple gate structure, a leakage current between the channel and the source or the drain region and thus an off-current can be reduced. If at least one of these gate electrodes is formed into the LDD or offset structure, a further reduction in the off-current can be achieved, and thus a highly reliable switching device can be obtained. 
     The first intermediate conductive layer  80  is described in further detail below. 
     As shown in  FIGS. 2 and 3 , the first intermediate conductive layer  80  is disposed between the semiconductor layer  1   a  and the pixel electrode  9   a , and is used to electrically connect the heavily-doped drain region  1   e  and the pixel electrode  9   a  via the first contact hole  8   a  and the second contact hole  8   b.    
     In this structure, the diameters of the first contact hole  8   a  and the second contact hole  8   b  can be reduced compared to the structure in which the pixel electrode  9   a  and the semiconductor layer  1   a  are connected via a single hole. That is, when a single contact hole is used, it is necessary to form the contact hole with a large depth. However, if the etching selectivity is low, the etching accuracy becomes worse with increasing depth. Therefore, in order to avoid over etching through the semiconductor layer  1   a  having very small thickness of about 50 nm, it is necessary to use dry etching capable of precisely forming the contact hole with a small diameter, and it is necessary to stop the dry etching before the contact hole is entirely formed. After stopping the dry etching, the remaining part is etched by means of wet etching so that the contact hole finally reaches the semiconductor layer  1   a . Alternatively, it is necessary to dispose an additional film serving as an etching stopper at which the dry etching stops. 
     In contrast, in the present embodiment in which the pixel electrode  9   a  and the heavily-doped drain region  1   e  are connected via a series of two contact holes, that is, the first contact hole  8   a  and the second contact hole  8   b , the first contact hole  8   a  and the second contact hole  8   b  can be formed separately by a dry-etching process. When a mixture of wet and dry etching is employed, the distance of the contact holes etched by wet etching can be reduced. After performing dry etching, wet etching may be performed to obtain a slightly tapered shape in the first contact hole  8   a  and the second contact hole  8   b . In the present embodiment, as described above, it is possible to reduce the diameters of the first contact hole  8   a  and the second contact hole  8   b , and it is also possible to reduce the steps, which are formed on the surface of the first intermediate conductive layer  80 , at a location where the first contact hole  8   a  is formed and thus the pixel electrode  9   a  disposed thereon has a smoother surface. Furthermore, the steps formed on the surface of the pixel electrode  9   a  at a location where the first contact hole  8   a  is formed are minimized, and thus the pixel electrode  9   a  in this area can be planarized in a better fashion. In the present embodiment, by forming the first interlayer insulating film  81  so as to have a small thickness, it is possible to further reduce the diameter of the second contact hole  8   b.    
     Specific examples of the material for the first intermediate conductive layer  80  include, as with the first light-shielding film  11   a , an opaque refractory metal such as Ti, Cr, W, Ta, Mo, or Pb or an alloy or metal silicide containing at least one of the refractory metals described above. The use of such a refractory metal ensures that when the refractory metal and the pixel electrode  9   a  formed of the ITO film come into contact with each other, the refractory metal is not corroded, and thus a good electrical contact can be formed between the first intermediate conductive layer  80  and the pixel electrode  9   a  via the second contact hole  8   b . Alternatively, the first intermediate conductive layer  80  may be formed of a conductive polysilicon film. Also in this case, the first intermediate conductive layer  80  can serve to increase the capacitance of the storage capacitor  70  and can also serve to provide an intermediate electrical connection. In particular, the use of the polysilicon as the first intermediate conductive layer  80  results in a reduction in thermal stress between the first interlayer insulating film  81 , and thus formation of cracks can be prevented. 
     The thickness of the first intermediate conductive layer  80  is preferably set within the range from 50 nm to 500 nm. When the thickness of the first intermediate conductive layer  80  is selected to be about 50 nm, there is a less possibility that over etching occurs during a production process of forming the second contact hole  8   b . On the other hand, when the thickness of the first intermediate conductive layer  80  is selected to be about 500 nm, substantially no problems occur in terms of the steps on the surface of the pixel electrode  9   a , or planarization can be accomplished rather easily. Note that when the first intermediate conductive layer  80  is formed of a refractive metal or an alloy of refractive metals, there is a large difference in etching rate between the first intermediate conductive layer  80  and the interlayer insulating film, and thus there is little possibility that over etching occurs during the dry etching process. 
     Besides, in the present embodiment, the first intermediate conductive layer  80  and the second intermediate conductive layer  180  are formed of a refractive metal film having an ability to block light. Therefore, the channel region  1   a ′ of the TFT  30  and its adjacent areas can be blocked from illumination of light not only by the second light-shielding film  23  on the opposite substrate  20  and the data line  6   a  on the TFT array substrate  10 , but also by the first intermediate conductive layer  80  and the second intermediate conductive layer  180 . This makes it possible to prevent a change in the transistor characteristic even if very high intensity of light is incident on the opposite substrate  20 . Therefore, the electro-optical device according to the present embodiment is particularly useful when it is used in applications, such as a light valve of a projector, in which very high intensity of light is incident. 
     Furthermore, in the present embodiment, the first intermediate conductive layer  80  and the second intermediate conductive layer  180  having the ability to block light are formed so as to have a large width, thereby defining a part of the pixel aperture area. Therefore, in the light-shielding areas in which the first intermediate conductive layer  80  or the second intermediate conductive layer  180  is present, it is not necessary to form the second light-shielding film  23  on the opposite substrate  20 , and it is also not necessary to expand the width of the data line  6   a  to define the aperture area. 
     In particular, in the light-shielding area along the data line  6   a  in each pixel, the data line  6   a , the capacitance line  3   b , and the second intermediate conductive layer  180  are formed in plane view such that the width Wd of the data line  6   a , the width Wc of the projecting part of the capacitance line  3   b , and the width Wm of the intermediate conductive layer  180  satisfy a condition Wd&lt;Wc&lt;Wm. As a result, light incident on the opposite substrate  20  is doubly blocked by the data line  6   a  and the second intermediate conductive layer  180  formed on the TFT array substrate  10 . In the case where light is blocked only by the data line  6   a  formed of an aluminum film having high reflectance, projection light or reflected light incident at an oblique angle on the substrate surface is reflected by the inner surface of the data line  6   a , and light can finally reach the channel region  1   a ′ or its adjacent regions after multiple reflection. In contrast, in the present embodiment in which the first intermediate conductive layer  80  and the second intermediate conductive layer  180  are formed of a refractive metal film or a polysilicon film having low reflectance, and the second intermediate conductive layer  180  has a width greater than the width of the data line  6   a  (Wd&lt;Wm), multiple reflection of light is reduced. Therefore, the structure according to the present embodiment is very useful in applications, such as a light valve of a projector, in which there is incident light or reflected light with very high intensity. 
     Furthermore, in the present embodiment, an edge portion extending along the data line  6   a  of the pixel electrode  9   a  overlaps with an edge portion of the second intermediate conductive layer  180 , but the edge portion extending along the data line  6   a  of the pixel electrode  9   a  does not substantially overlap with the edge portion of the data line  6   a . That is, the light-shielding area is defined by the second intermediate conductive layer  180 , and the overlap between the data line  6   a  and the pixel electrode  9   a  is minimized, thereby greatly reducing the parasitic capacitance between the source and the drain. Thus, it is possible to prevent the reduction in contrast, and it is also possible to greatly suppress ghost and crosstalk which cause degradation in the image quality. 
     In the present embodiment, the thickness of the second interlayer insulating film  4  between the data line  6   a  and the second intermediate conductive layer  180  is preferably selected within the range from 500 to 2000 nm. Because the film thickness is selected within the above range, and, besides, the second intermediate conductive layer  180  is connected to the capacitance line  3   b  via the contact hole  18   a , the parasitic capacitance between the data line  6   a  and the second intermediate conductive layer  180  also becomes negligibly small. The specific film thickness can be determined depending upon the required image quality or specifications, experimentally or on the basis of theoretical calculation or simulation. 
     In the present embodiment, the first light-shielding film  11   a  preferably includes a part which extends into the peripheral area on the TFT array substrate  10  and which is connected to a constant potential line. Thus, the first light-shielding film  11   a  is maintained at a constant voltage, and the characteristic of the TFT  30  formed on the first light-shielding film  11   a  via the underlying insulating film  12  is not influenced by a change in the potential of the first light-shielding film  11   a . The constant potential source used for the above purpose may be selected from the group consisting of the negative and positive constant potential sources supplied to the scanning line driving circuit and the data line driving circuit, the ground power source, and the constant potential source supplied to the opposite electrode so as to maintain the conductive film  90   a  at a fixed potential. Alternatively, for the above purpose, the first light-shielding film  11   a  may be electrically connected to the capacitance line  3   a . This structure is also advantageous in that the interconnections used to form the storage capacitor can be formed in a redundant fashion. 
     (Production Process of the Electro-Optical Device) 
     Referring to  FIGS. 5(A)-6(F) , a production process of the electro-optical device having the above-described structure according to the first embodiment is described below.  FIGS. 5(A)-6(F)  are cross-sectional views taken, as in  FIG. 3 , along line III-III′ of  FIG. 2 , and illustrating various layers on the TFT array substrate for the respective processing steps. 
     First, as shown in  FIG. 5(A) , a TFT array substrate  10  formed of quartz, glass, or silicon is prepared. It is desirable that the TFT array substrate  10  be subjected to a heat treatment at a temperature in the range from about 900° C. to 1300° C. in an inert gas ambient such as N 2  (nitrogen) so that the TFT array substrate  10  will have less stress during high temperature processes which will be performed later. That is, before the high temperature processes are performed, the TFT array substrate  10  is heat-treated at a temperature equal to or higher than the highest temperature that the TFT array substrate  10  will encounter during the production process. After completion of the heat treatment, metal such as Ti, Cr, W, Ta, Mo, or Pb or an alloy of metals such as a metal silicide is deposited over the entire surface of the TFT array substrate  10  by means of sputtering or the like, thereby forming an opaque conductive film having a thickness of preferably 100 nm to 500 nm, and more preferably about 200 nm. The deposited conductive film is then etched using a photolithography technique so as to form the first light-shielding film  11   a . An anti-reflection film formed of polysilicon or the like may be disposed on the first light-shielding film  11   a  to reduce the reflection at the surface thereof. 
     Thereafter, as shown in  FIG. 5(B) , an underlying insulating film  12  of silicate glass such as NSG, PSG, BSG, or BPSG, silicon nitride, or silicon oxide is formed on the first light-shielding film  11   a  by means of atmospheric pressure or low pressure CVD process using TEOS (tetraethyl orthosilicate) gas, TEB (tetraethyl borate) gas, or TMOP (tetramethyl oxyphosphorate) gas. The thickness of the underlying insulating film  12  is selected to be, for example, within the range of about 500 nm to 2000 nm. 
     Then as shown in  FIG. 5(C) , an amorphous silicon film  1   a  is formed on the underlying insulating film  12  by means of low pressure CVD (at a pressure of about 20 to 40 Pa) using monosilane or disilane gas at a flow rate of about 400 to 600 cc/min at a temperature of about 450° C. to 550° C., and more preferably at about 500° C. Thereafter, heat treatment is performed in a nitrogen ambience at a temperature of about 600 to 700° C. for 1 to 10 hours, and more preferably for 4 to 6 hours, thereby growing the amorphous silicon film to a thickness of about 50 to 200 nm, and more preferably about 100 nm, by means of solid phase growth. Specific examples of the solid phase growth techniques include heat treatment using RTA (Rapid Thermal Anneal) and laser anneal using excimer laser. 
     In the case where the pixel switching TFT  30  is formed into an n-channel type, the channel region may be slightly-doped with an impurity of a group V element such as Sb (antimony), As (arsenic), or P (phosphorus) using ion implantation. When the pixel switching TFT  30  is formed into a p-channel type, the channel region may be slightly-doped with an impurity of a group III element such as B (boron), Ga (gallium), or In (indium) using ion implantation. The polysilicon film may also be formed directly by means of low pressure CVD or the like without forming an amorphous silicon film as an intermediate material. Alternatively, the polysilicon film may be formed by first implanting silicon ions into a polysilicon film deposited by means of low pressure CVD or the like so as to converts it into an amorphous state and then recrystalizing it by means of heat treatment or the like. 
     Thereafter, as shown in  FIG. 5(D) , the semiconductor layer  1   a  of the pixel switching TFT  30  is thermally oxidized at a temperature of about 900 to 1300° C., and more preferable about 1000° C., so as to form an insulating thin film  2  having a structure of a single layer of thermal silicon oxide film with a rather small thickness in the range of about 20 to 150 nm. An additional insulating film of a high-temperature silicon oxide film (HTO film) or silicon nitride film with a rather thin thickness of about 50 nm may be formed by means of low pressure CVD after thinning the thermal silicon oxide film to a thickness equal to or smaller than about 30 nm, thereby forming the insulating thin film  2  in the form of a multilayer including the thermal silicon oxide film and the additional insulating thin film. When a large-sized substrate with a diameter of 200 mm or greater is employed, if the multilayer structure is employed, it is possible to reduce the time of the high temperature oxidation process, and thus it is possible to prevent the large-sized substrate from being bent by heat. 
     Through the above processing steps, the thickness of the semiconductor layer  1   a  becomes about 30 to 150 nm, and more preferably about 35 to 50 nm, and the thickness of the insulating thin film  2  becomes about 20 to 150 nm, and more preferably about 30 to 100 nm. 
     Thereafter, as shown in  FIG. 5(E) , a resist layer  500  may be formed using a photolithography process and an etching process such that the semiconductor layer  1   a  is covered with the resist layer  500  except for areas which will become a first capacitance electrode  1   f , and then, for example, P ions may be doped at a dose of about 3×10 12 /cm 2  thereby reducing the resistance of the first capacitance electrode  1   f.    
     Next, as shown in  FIG. 6(A) , a scanning line  3   a  and a capacitance line  3   b  are formed by means of an etching process using a resist mask formed by a photolithography process. In the case where the pixel switching TFT  30  is formed into the n-channel type, an impurity of a group V element such as P is doped at a low dose (for example, P ions are doped at a dose of 1 to 3×10 13 /cm 2  using a gate electrode realized by a part of the scanning line  3   a  as a mask, thereby forming a lightly-doped source region  1   b  and a lightly-doped drain region  1   c  in the semiconductor layer  1   a ). Through this step, the part of the semiconductor layer  1   a  just under the scanning line  3   a  becomes a channel region  1   a′.    
     Thereafter, as shown in  FIG. 6(B) , after forming a resist layer  600  on the scanning line  3   a  using a mask with a width greater than the width of the scanning line  3   a , an impurity of a group V element such as P is doped at a high dose (for example, P ions are doped at a dose of 1 to 3×10 15 /cm 2  thereby forming a heavily-doped source region  1   d  and a heavily-doped drain region  1   e ). In the case where the pixel switching TFT  30  is formed into the p-channel type, an impurity of a group III element such as B is doped into the semiconductor layer  1   a  in the step of forming the lightly-doped source region  1   b  and the lightly-doped drain region  1   c  and also in the step of forming the heavily-doped source region  1   d  and the heavily-doped drain region  1   e.    
     As shown in  FIG. 6(C) , after removing the resist layer  600 , a high temperature silicon oxide film (HTO) or silicon nitride film with a small thickness equal to or less than 200 nm is deposited on the scanning line  3   a  and the capacitance line  3   b  by means of low pressure CVD or plasma-assisted CVD, thereby forming a first interlayer insulating film  81 . Alternatively, before depositing the above insulating film, a thin oxide film having a high breakdown voltage and having a low density of defects is firstly formed by performing a high temperature process upon the TFT array substrate  10  made of quartz or the like, and then the above-described insulating film may be deposited thereby forming the first interlayer insulating film  81  having a multilayer structure. 
     As shown in  FIG. 6(D) , a first contact hole  8   a , via which the first intermediate conductive layer  80  and the heavily-doped drain region  1   e  will be electrically connected to each other, is formed through the first interlayer insulating film  81  by means of dry etching such as reactive-ion etching or reactive-ion beam etching. The dry etching process has strong anisotropy, and thus it can be used to form the contact hole  8   a  having a small diameter. Alternatively, a combination of dry etching and wet etching may be employed to form the contact hole  8   a . In this case, it becomes easy to precisely form the contact hole  8   a  without resulting in over-etching which could cause the contact hole  8   a  to further extend through semiconductor layer  1   a . Wet etching is also useful to form the contact hole  8   a  so as to have a tapered shape which allows achievement of a better electrical contact. In the present embodiment, a contact hole  18   a , via which the second intermediate conductive layer  180  and the capacitance line  3   b  will be electrically connected to each other, is also formed at the same time as the first contact hole  8   a . The formation of the contact holes  18   a  and  8   a  at the same time prevents an increase in the number of processing steps. 
     Thereafter, as shown in  FIG. 6(E) , as in the step of forming the first light-shielding film  11   a , metal such as Ti, Cr, W, Ta, Mo, or Pb or an alloy of metals such as a metal silicide is deposited on the first interlayer insulating film  81  means of sputtering or the like. The deposited layer is then subjected to a photolithography and etching process thereby forming a first intermediate conductive layer  80 . A second intermediate conductive layer  180  is also formed at the same time in this step. An anti-reflection film formed of polysilicon or the like may be disposed on the first intermediate conductive layer  80  and the second intermediate conductive layer  180  to reduce the reflection at the surface thereof. In order to achieve low contact resistance between the heavily-doped drain region  1   e  and the first intermediate conductive layer  80 , the first intermediate conductive layer  80  and the second intermediate conductive layer  180  may be formed into a two-layer structure consisting of a bottom layer of polysilicon and a top layer of refractive metal. 
     As shown in  FIG. 6(F) , the upper surface, having physical steps, of the multilayer structure consisting of the scanning line  3   a , the capacitance line  3   b , the first interlayer insulating film  81 , and the underlying insulating film  12  is covered with a second interlayer insulating film  4  of silicate glass such as NSG, PSG, BSG, or BPSG, silicon nitride, or silicon oxide formed by means of atmospheric pressure or low pressure CVD using TEOS gas. After forming the second interlayer insulating film  4 , heat treatment may be performed at about 1000° C. to activate the semiconductor layer  1   a.    
     After that, a contact hole  5  used for connection to the data line  6   a  is formed in the second interlayer insulating film  4  and the first interlayer insulating film  81 , and the insulating thin film  2 , by means of etching. The data line  6   a  is then formed thereon by depositing a low-resistance metal film such as Al or metal silicide with a thickness of about 100 to 500 nm by means of sputtering or the like. Furthermore, a third interlayer insulating film  7  is formed thereon by means of CVD or the like. 
     A second contact hole  8   b  is then formed in the third interlayer insulating film  7  and the second interlayer insulating film  4  by means of etching. Finally, a pixel electrode  9   a  of ITO is formed such that it is electrically connected to the first intermediate conductive layer  80  via the second contact hole  8   b . In this step shown in  FIG. 6(F) , it is desirable that other contact holes for connection of the scanning line  3   a  or the capacitance line  3   b  to an interconnection (not shown) in a peripheral area of the substrate be formed as the same time as the contact hole  5 . The thickness of the data line  6   a  is preferably selected within the range of about 100 to 500 nm, and more preferably about 300 nm. The thickness of the third interlayer insulating film  7  is preferably selected within the range of about 500 to 1500 nm. Instead of forming the contact hole  8   b  using dry etching such as reactive-ion etching or reactive-ion beam etching, the contact hole  8   b  may be formed using wet etching so as to obtain a tapered shape. The thickness of the pixel electrode  9   a  is preferably selected within the range of about 50 to 200 nm. In the case where the present electro-optical device is used in a liquid crystal device of the reflective type, the pixel electrode  9   a  may be formed of a material having high reflectance and high ability to block light, such as aluminum. 
     As described above, the production process according to the present embodiment allows the electro-optical device according to the present embodiment to be produced rather easily. Besides, because the semiconductor layer  1   a  of the pixel switching TFT  30  is formed of a polysilicon film, peripheral circuits can be formed at the same time as the pixel switching TFT  30 . 
     In the production process described above, when the pixel electrode  9   a  is formed, the surface of the second interlayer insulating film  4  and the third interlayer insulating film  7  may be planarized by using a CMP method or the like so as to obtain a flat film surface. Alternatively, after etching particular regions of the TFT array substrate  10  so as form recesses, the above-described process may be performed in a similar so that the surface of the third interlayer insulating film  7  eventually becomes flat. Still alternatively, the second interlayer insulating film  4  or the underlying insulating film  12  may be embedded in a recessed region. If the surface of the underlying film has been planarized before forming the pixel electrode  9   a  in the above-described manner, it becomes possible to minimize disclination in the liquid crystal, thereby ensuring that no degradation in the image quality, such as a reduction in contrast, occurs. 
     Second Exemplary Embodiment 
     The structure of an electro-optical device in the form of a liquid crystal device according to a second exemplary embodiment of the present invention is described below with reference to  FIGS. 7 and 8 .  FIG. 7  is a plan view illustrating some pixels formed at adjacent locations on a TFT array substrate on which data lines, scanning lines, and pixel electrodes are also formed.  FIG. 8  is a cross-sectional view taken along line VIII-VIII′ of  FIG. 7 . In  FIG. 8 , in order to provide an easily understandable view, the respective layers and members are displayed in different magnification ratios. 
     As shown in  FIGS. 7 and 8 , the second embodiment is similar to the first embodiment except that the first intermediate layer  80  and the second intermediate layer  180  in the first embodiment are combined into a single layer as an intermediate conductive layer  80 ′ in the form of an L shape for each pixel in the second embodiment, and, correspondingly, the contact hole  18   a  used in the first embodiment to connect the second intermediate conductive layer  180  and the capacitance line  3   b  is not formed in the second embodiment. In  FIGS. 7 and 8 , similar constituent elements to those in the first embodiment described above with reference to  FIGS. 2 and 3  are denoted by similar reference numerals and they are not described in further detail herein. 
     That is, in this second embodiment, the intermediate conductive layer  80 ′ overlaps with a part, extending along the data line  6   a , of the capacitance line  3   b  via the second interlayer insulating film  4 , thereby forming a storage capacitor  70 . That is, in the light-shielding area formed along the data line  6   a , the first capacitor electrode  1   f  extending from the heavily-doped drain region  1   e  of the semiconductor layer  1   a  and the capacitance line  3   b  are disposed such that they face each other, and the capacitance line  3   b  and the intermediate conductive layer  80 ′ are disposed such that they face each other. Thus, in this second embodiment, the storage capacitor  70  is formed vertically stacked also in the light-shielding area along the data line  6   a . This makes it possible to form the storage capacitor with large capacitance in a small area in a highly efficient fashion. This technique is very useful in particular in applications in which a large pixel aperture ratio and a small pixel pitch are required. 
     Third Exemplary Embodiment 
     The structure of an electro-optical device in the form of a liquid crystal device according to a third exemplary embodiment of the present invention is described below with reference to  FIGS. 9 and 10 .  FIG. 9  is a plan view illustrating some pixels formed at adjacent locations on a TFT array substrate on which data lines, scanning lines, and pixel electrodes are also formed.  FIG. 10  is a cross-sectional view taken along line X-X′ of  FIG. 9 . In  FIG. 10 , in order to provide an easily understandable view, the respective layers and members are displayed in different magnification ratios. 
     In  FIGS. 9 and 10 , similar constituent elements to those in the first embodiment described above with reference to  FIGS. 2 and 3  or to those in the second embodiment described above with reference to  FIGS. 7 and 8  are denoted by similar reference numerals and they are not described in further detail herein. 
     In this third embodiment, the intermediate conductive layer  80 ′ is disposed such that it overlaps with a part, extending along the data line  6   a , of the capacitance line  3   b ″ via the second interlayer insulating film  4  so that the storage capacitor  70  is also formed in this area. That is, in the light-shielding area formed along the data line  6   a , the first capacitor electrode  1   f  formed by extending the heavily-doped drain region  1   e  of the semiconductor layer  1   a  and the capacitance line  3   b ″ can be disposed such that they face each other, and the capacitance line  3   b ″ and the intermediate conductive layer  80 ′ can be disposed such that they face each other. Besides, unlike the second embodiment, because the first contact hole  8   a ″ is formed so that the intermediate conductive layer  80 ′ and the semiconductor layer  1   a  are electrically connected to each other via the first contact hole  8   a ″ at a location farther away, in plan view, from the end of the part, extending along the data line  6   a , of the capacitance line  3   b ″, it is not necessary to form a partially narrowed portion in the capacitance line  3   b ″. This allows further increases in the pixel aperture ratio and the capacitance of the storage capacitor  70 . 
     In the respective embodiments described above, the contact holes may be formed to have the shape of circles, rectangles, or other polygons. In particular, the circular shape has the advantage that formation of cracks in the interlayer insulating films or the like, in areas near the contact holes, can be prevented. 
     Fourth Exemplary Embodiment 
     The structure of an electro-optical device in the form of a liquid crystal device according to a fourth exemplary embodiment of the present invention is described below with reference to  FIGS. 11 and 12 .  FIG. 11  is a plan view illustrating some pixels formed at adjacent locations on a TFT array substrate on which data lines, scanning lines, and pixel electrodes are also formed.  FIG. 12  is a cross-sectional view taken along line XII-XII′ of  FIG. 11 . In  FIG. 12 , in order to provide an easily understandable view, the respective layers and members are displayed in different magnification ratios. Similar elements to those in the first embodiment are denoted by similar reference numerals and they are described in further detail herein. 
     In this fourth embodiment, as shown in  FIG. 11 , the scanning line  3   a  and the data line  6   a  are disposed at a substantially central location in the non-display area. The semiconductor layer  1   a  is disposed below the data line  6   a  such that the semiconductor layer  1   a  and the scanning line  3   a  cross each other. As shown in  FIG. 12 , the data line  6   a  and the heavily-doped source region  1   d  of the semiconductor layer  1   a  are electrically connected to each other via the contact hole  5  formed below the data line  6   a . The heavily-doped drain region  1   e  of the semiconductor layer  1   a  and the intermediate conductive layer  80   a  are electrically connected to each other via a first contact hole  8   a ″ formed below the data line  6   a . Because the semiconductor layer  1   a  is disposed below the light-shielding data line  6   a , the semiconductor layer  1   a  is prevented from being directly illuminated with light incident on the side of the opposite substrate  20 . Furthermore, the semiconductor layer  1   a , the contact hole  5 , and the first contact hole  8   a ″ are formed at locations symmetrical about the center line of the non-aperture area extending along the scanning line  3   a  and also about the center line of the non-aperture area extending along the data line  6   a , thereby making the step shapes symmetrical about the data line  6   a . Thus, it is possible to eliminate the difference in loss of light depending upon the rotation direction of the liquid crystal. 
     Below the semiconductor layer  1   a , the first light-shielding film  11   a  is formed via the underlying insulating film  12 . The first light-shielding film  11   a  is formed in a matrix along the data line  6   a  and the scanning line  3   a . The semiconductor layer  1   a  is disposed on an inner side of the first light-shielding film  11   a , and thus the semiconductor layer  1   a  is prevented from being directly illuminated with light reflected by the TFT array substrate  10 . 
     The intermediate conductive layer  80   a  is formed of a conductive film including a polysilicon film or a refractive metal so as to have a T-like shape extending, in the intermediate layer between the semiconductor layer  1   a  and the pixel electrode  9   a , along the scanning line  3   a  and the data line  6   a . The intermediate conductive layer  80   a  serves as a buffer for electrically connecting the semiconductor layer  1   a  and the pixel electrode  9   a  with each other. More specifically, the heavily-doped drain region  1   e  of the semiconductor layer  1   a  and the intermediate conductive layer  80   a  are electrically connected to each other via the first contact hole  8   a ″, and the intermediate conductive film  80   a  and the pixel electrode  9   a  are electrically connected to each other via the second contact hole  8   b . In this structure, the presence of the intermediate conductive layer  80   a  having a large etching selectivity makes it possible to prevent the semiconductor layer  1   a  from being etched during the etching process for forming the contact hole in the interlayer insulating film, even when the depth of the contact hole is large. Similarly, in the contact hole  5  via which the data line  6   a  and the heavily-doped source region  1   d  of the semiconductor layer  1   a  are electrically connected to each other, there may be provided an intermediate conductive layer formed of the same film as the intermediate conductive layer  80   a.    
     Furthermore, in the fourth embodiment, an interlayer insulating film  91  is formed on the intermediate conductive layer  80   a , and a light-shielding conductive film  90   a  is formed on the interlayer insulating film  91 . The light-shielding conductive film  90   a  is disposed such that it extends along the scanning line  3   a  into the outside of the image display area such that the intermediate conductive film  80   a  is covered with the conductive film  90   a  except for the second contact hole  8   b , and the conductive film  90   a  is electrically connected to one of the negative and positive constant potential sources supplied to the scanning line driving circuit and the data line driving circuit, the ground power source, and the constant potential source supplied to the opposite electrode so as to maintain the conductive film  90   a  at a fixed potential. Thus, the storage capacitor  70  shown in  FIG. 1  is formed with the intermediate conductive layer  80   a  serving as one capacitor electrode and the light-shielding conductive film  90   a  serving as the opposite capacitor electrode. Herein, the interlayer insulating film  91  serves as a dielectric film of the storage capacitor  70 . Because the interlayer insulating film  91  is formed for dedicated use as the dielectric film of the storage capacitor  70 , the interlayer insulating film  91  can be thinned to a smallest possible thickness which does not cause a leakage current between the intermediate conductive layer  80   a  and the light-shielding conductive film  90   a , so as to increase the capacitance of the storage capacitor  70 . Furthermore, in the present embodiment, if the interlayer insulating film  81  is formed so as to have a large thickness, it becomes possible to form the intermediate conductive layer  80   a  so as to extend to a location above the TFT  30  or the scanning line  3   a  thereby efficiently increasing the capacitance of the storage capacitor  70 . In the fourth embodiment, the capacitor electrode formed by extending the semiconductor layer  1   a  is not employed. This makes it unnecessary to form the capacitor electrode and the capacitance line to form the storage capacitor using the same film as that used to form the scanning line  3   a . Therefore, as shown in  FIG. 11 , the scanning line  3   a  can be disposed at a substantially middle point in the non-aperture area defined by the light-shielding conductive film  90   a  or the first light-shielding film  11   a . Furthermore, because it is not necessary to reduce the resistance of the polysilicon film serving as the semiconductor layer  1   a , it is not necessary to implant an impurity into the area where the capacitor electrode is formed, and thus the production process is simplified. 
     In the fourth embodiment, the channel region  1   a ′ of the TFT  30  is disposed in the area where the scanning line  3   a  and the data line  6   a  cross each other so that the channel region  1   a ′ is located at a substantially middle point in the non-aperture area along the data line  6   a  and the scanning line  3   a . As a result, the channel region  1   a ′ is disposed at the location which most effectively prevents the channel region  1   a ′ from being illuminated with light incident on the opposite substrate  20  or light reflected from the TFT array substrate  10 , whereby the leak current of the TFT  30  due to light is greatly reduced. 
     Furthermore, in the fourth embodiment, as shown in  FIG. 11 , in an area including the area where the channel region  1   a ′ is formed, the light-shielding conductive film  90   a , the intermediate conductive layer  80   a , and the first light-shielding film  11   a  are formed such that the pattern width decreases in this order, thereby preventing the first light-shielding film  11   a  from being directly illuminated with incident light. Furthermore, because the polysilicon film serving as the intermediate conductive layer  80   a  is present between the light-shielding conductive film  90   a  and the semiconductor layer  1   a , it is possible to advantageously absorb light reflected at the surface of the first light-shielding film  11   a  and light reflected from the TFT array substrate  10 , and thus the light-shielding ability is enhanced. 
     In the fourth embodiment, because the non-aperture area can be formed on the TFT array substrate  10  using the data line  6   a , the conductive film  90   a  having the ability to block light, and the first light-shielding film  11   a , it is not necessary to dispose a light-shielding film on the opposite substrate  20 . Therefore, even if an alignment error occurs when the TFT array substrate  10  and the opposite substrate  20  are mechanically bonded to each other, no change occurs in the area (aperture area) through which light is passed, because no light-shielding film is disposed on the opposite substrate  20 . As a result, good repeatability is obtained in the pixel aperture ratio and the number of defective electro-optical devices is greatly reduced. 
     (General Structure of the Electro-Optical Device) 
     Referring to  FIGS. 13 and 14 , the general structure of the electro-optical device according to one of the embodiments is described below.  FIG. 13  is a plan view seen from the side of the opposite substrate  20 , wherein various elements formed on the TFT array substrate  10  are shown.  FIG. 14  is a cross-sectional view taken along line XIV-XIV′ of  FIG. 13 . 
     As shown in  FIG. 13 , a sealing material  52  is disposed on the TFT array substrate  10  along the periphery thereof. A third light-shielding film  53 , serving as a peripheral partition which defines the edge of the image display area, is formed of the same material as that of the second light-shielding film  23  or a different material is disposed in an inner area along the sealing material  52 . In an area outside the sealing material  52 , a data line driving circuit  101  for driving the data lines  6   a  so as to supply an image signal with predetermined timings and external connection terminals  102  are disposed along one side of the TFT array substrate  10 . Along the two sides immediately adjacent to the above side, a scanning line driving circuit  104  for supplying a scanning signal over the scanning lines  3   a  in accordance with predetermined timing is disposed. In the case where a delay in the propagation of the scanning signal supplied to the scanning line  3   a  is allowed, the scanning line driving circuit  104  may be disposed only on one side. The data line driving circuit  101  may be divided into two parts, and they may be disposed at two sides of the image displaying area. A plurality of interconnections  105  extend along the remaining side on the TFT array substrate  10  so that the two scanning line driving circuits disposed at two sides of the image display area are connected to each other via the interconnections  105 . A vertical conducting member  106  is disposed at least at one corner of the opposite substrate  20  so that the TFT array substrate  10  and the opposite substrate  20  are electrically connected to each other via the conducting member  106 . As shown in  FIG. 14 , the opposite substrate  20  having an outer shape and size similar to those of the sealing material  52  shown in  FIG. 13  is adhesively bonded to the TFT array substrate  10  via the sealing material  52 . In addition to the data line driving circuit  101  and the scanning line driving circuit  104 , a sampling circuit for applying an image signal to a plurality of data lines  6   a  in accordance with predetermined timing and a precharging circuit for supplying a precharging signal with a predetermined voltage level to the plurality of data lines  6   a  before supplying the image signal may also be disposed on the TFT array substrate  10 . Furthermore, there may be provided a test circuit for testing the quality or detecting a defect in the liquid crystal device during the production process or before shipment. 
     Although in the respective embodiments described above with reference to  FIGS. 1 to 14 , the data line driving circuit  101  and the scanning line driving circuit  104  are disposed on the TFT array substrate  10 , the data line driving circuit  101  and the scanning line driving circuit  104  may be formed in a driving LSI mounted on a TAB (tape automated bonding substrate) and electrically and mechanically connected to the TFT array substrate  10  via an anisotropic conducting film. A polarizing film, an optical retardation film, and/or a polarizer are properly disposed on the side of the opposite substrate  20  which is exposed to the projection light ray and also on the side of the TFT array substrate  10  from which the projection light ray emerges, depending on the operation mode such as a TN (twisted nematic) mode, a VA (vertically aligned) mode, a PDLC (polymer dispersed liquid crystal) mode, or normally white mode/normally black mode. 
     When the electro-optical device according to one of the embodiments described above is used in a color liquid crystal projector, three similar electro-optical devices are used as R (red), G (green), and B (blue) light valves, respectively, wherein light rays with different colors created by passing a light ray through RGB color separation dichroic mirrors are passed through the respective liquid crystal apparatus. Therefore, in the embodiments, no color filter is disposed on the opposite substrate  20 . However, an RGB color filter with a protective film may also be formed on the opposite substrate  20 , in proper areas corresponding to the pixel electrodes  9   a  where the second light-shielding film  23  is not formed. Alternatively, a color filter layer may be formed using a color resist or the like on the TFT array substrate  10  at a location below each pixel electrode  9   a . This allows the electro-optical device according to one of the embodiments to be employed in an electro-optical device of a type other than the liquid crystal projector, such as a direct-view-type or reflective-type color electro-optical device. Furthermore, micro lenses may be formed on the opposite substrate  20 , at locations corresponding to the respective pixels so that the incident light is focused in a more efficient fashion thereby achieving a brighter electro-optical device. Still furthermore, an interference film consisting a large number of layers with different refractive index may be deposited on the opposite substrate  20 , thereby forming a dichroic filter for producing an RGB color utilizing interference of light. By adding the dichroic filter to the opposite substrate, a still brighter color electro-optical device can be achieved. 
     Although in the above-described embodiments, light is incident on the electro-optical device from the side of the opposite substrate  20  as in the conventional electro-optical device, light may be incident on the device from the side of the TFT array substrate  10  and may emerge from the side of the opposite substrate  20  without causing a problem because there is provided the first light-shielding film  11   a . That is, when the electro-optical device is mounted on a liquid crystal projector, the channel region  1   a ′ of the semiconductor layer  1   a  and neighboring areas are protected from illumination of light, and thus it is possible to display a high-quality image. It is not necessary to dispose an additional polarizer coated with an AR (anti-reflection) film or it is not necessary to bond an AR film to the TFT array substrate  10 , to prevent light from being reflected at the back surface of the TFT array substrate  10 . Therefore, it is possible to reduce the material cost. Furthermore, because the polarizer is not required, no reduction in the production yield due to dust or defects occurs during the process of bonding the polarizer. Still furthermore, the excellent light-shielding property makes it possible to employ a bright light source or a polarizing beam splitter for achieving an improved light usage efficiency without causing degradation in the image quality such as light crosstalk. 
     In the embodiments, the switching devices are each formed into the structure of a normal stagger type or coplanar type polysilicon TFT. Alternatively, an inverted stagger type TFT, an amorphous silicon TFT, or other types of TFTs may also be employed in the respective embodiments. 
     The electro-optical device according to the present invention is not limited to those described above with reference to particular embodiments, but various modifications and changes are possible without departing from the scope and the spirit of the present invention as defined by the claims and as can be read through the specification. It should be understood that any liquid crystal device with such a modification also falls within the scope of the present invention.