Patent Publication Number: US-2021188570-A1

Title: Stacking ring for chair bases

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION 
     This application is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 16/553,634, filed Aug. 28, 2019, which is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 15/848,448, filed Dec. 20, 2017, which is continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 15/172,719, filed Jun. 3, 2016, which is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 14/307,843 filed Jun. 18, 2014, which claims priority under 35 U.S.C. § 119 to U.S. to Provisional Patent Applications, which are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety: U.S. Application No. 61/838,089 filed Jun. 21, 2013, titled, “STACKING RING FOR CHAIR BASES”; and U.S. Ser. No. 62/004,351 filed May 29, 2014, titled, “STACKING RING FOR CHAIR BASES.” 
    
    
     BACKGROUND 
     Field of the Invention 
     The invention generally relates to features on a chair that allow certain shipping configurations. 
     Description of the Related Art 
     The bases of chairs (“chair bases”) are often made from a plastic or metal material, and are frequently manufactured in one location and shipped to a second location to be assembled with the other parts of the chair. The chair bases must arrive to the assembly location in a presentable condition and not be damaged in transport. Chair bases that have been damaged may not be used in the assembly process and are often discarded as unusable. Therefore, it is important for the chair bases to be transported in a sufficiently safe and stable environment that prevents damage. 
     Chair bases often have multiple arms that extend from a central location, with many chair bases having five extending arms. The arms often extend radially outward from the central location, but also angle downward. This configuration is also aesthetically pleasing to the user. 
     In the past, in order to protect the chair base during shipping, companies typically put a single chair base in a single box. Shipping chair bases in a box is advantageous because it takes an unusually shaped object and hides it in a rectangular box that can be easily stacked. These boxes are often stacked on pallets and shipped via trucks. Boxes also offer a measure of protection to the chair bases because they are relatively stable and rarely shift to a point where the boxes fall over. However, this method of shipping chair bases has at least three distinct disadvantages. First, there is a lot of empty space within a box that is not being taken up by its contents. In this case, the unusual shape of the chair base, which often includes 5 arms, is very different from the rectangular box leaving unused space. Second, the boxes add extra weight to the shipment. The shipper is only concerned about shipping the chair bases and only ships the boxes as a means for protecting the chair bases. Finally, the boxes add unnecessary waste. After the chair bases arrive at their target destination the boxes are either discarded or recycled. The boxes add unnecessary waste to the local landfill or at the very minimum, add extra cost to the shipment. 
     Thus, there is a need for a method of shipping chair bases that adequately protects the bases from surface and structural wear, but that also does not add unnecessary cost and weight to the process. 
     SUMMARY 
     The systems, methods and devices described herein have innovative aspects, no single one of which is indispensable or solely responsible for their desirable attributes. Without limiting the scope of the claims, some of the advantageous features will now be summarized. 
     In various embodiments, a chair base may be modified to facilitate a new and improved shipping configuration such that there is a reduced or no need for cardboard or cardboard boxes. In some embodiments, a chair base comprises a hub and a plurality of arms extending at least radially from the hub. The hub may be generally cylindrical or frustoconical shaped. The top of the hub may comprise an orifice and may be configured to accept a component of the chair, such as a vertical shaft that is attached to the seat portion. The bottom of the hub of the chair base may comprise a ring and be configured such that at least part of the ring of a first chair base may be disposed within at least part of the top of the hub of a second chair base. 
     In some embodiments, the bottom of the hub of the second chair base may be disposed within at least part of the top of the hub of a third chair base. This system may be continued until a sufficient number of chair bases have been engaged. A plurality of chair bases may be serially stacked such that the hub of a first chair base engages the hub of a second chair base. The chair bases within the stack may be arranged such that the arms of the first chair base are generally lined up with the arms of the second chair base. Plastic wrap or other flexible material, may be wrapped around the top of an arm of the first chair base and down around the bottom of an arm of the last chair base, such that the plastic wrap encloses at least part of all of the arms of the stack that are generally in line with each other. The result may be a chair base stack that is movable as a unit and comprises two or more chair bases whose arms are generally in line with each other. 
     In some embodiments, a chair base stack may be disposed generally horizontally on a pallet such that the line from the hub of the first chair base to the hub of the last chair base is generally horizontal. A second chair base stack may be disposed on the same pallet in generally the same orientation. Stacking of the chair base stacks may continue with additional chair base stacks being added to the pallet in a generally vertical direction with at least part of each chair base stack being disposed over at least part of the pallet. The chair base stacks may be disposed in such a configuration that at least part of a set of arms of a first chair base stack are disposed in the space between a set of arms of a second chair base stack. The process may continue until the chair base stacks on the pallet reach a desired height. 
     In some embodiments, a chair base stack may be disposed generally vertical on a pallet such that the line from the hub of the first chair base to the hub of the last chair base is generally vertical. A second chair base stack may be disposed on the same pallet in generally the same orientation. Stacking of the chair base stacks may continue until the pallet is sufficiently full, resulting in a first layer of chair base stacks. A second layer of chair base stacks may be created by disposing a chair base stack on top of the first layer of chair base stacks, already disposed on the pallet. This stacking may be continued until there is no more room on top of the first layer. Additional layers may be added as desired. Additionally, a separator may be placed between the first and second layers of chair base stacks. 
     In some embodiments, a stack of chair base stacks, which are disposed on a single pallet, may be wrapped in plastic wrap or other flexible material such that the plastic wrap keeps the chair base stacks from shifting during movement of the pallet. The pallet containing the chair base stacks may be loaded on to a truck or other mode of transportation and shipped to a second location. 
     In some embodiments, a stacking ring, separate from the chair base may be disposable between at least two chair bases, such that the two chair bases may not move substantially laterally from one another. The stacking ring may be generally cylindrical or frustoconical shaped and may have a plurality of sections that allow disposal into or around one or more parts of the chair bases. The stacking ring may comprise a top portion configured to insert into a first chair base, a bottom portion configured to insert into a second chair base, and a middle portion that may be configured to prevent the stacking ring from disposed too far into the first or second chair base. The stacking ring may comprise a piece configured to prevent the first chair base from substantially rotating relative to the second chair base. Or, the portions may be configured to go around part of a chair base to generally serve the same or similar function. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       The above-mentioned aspects, as well as other features, aspects, and advantages of the present technology will now be described in connection with various embodiments, with reference to the accompanying drawings. The illustrated embodiments, however, are merely examples and are not intended to be limiting. Like reference numbers and designations in the various drawings indicate like elements. Not all of the elements of the drawings are in to scale relate to other drawings and the comparative size of one element relative to another element in the drawings is not necessarily indicative of the relative sizes of the elements in one or more embodiments. 
         FIG. 1  is a bottom perspective view of a chair base. 
         FIG. 2  is a side view of a plurality of chair bases stacked together. 
         FIG. 3  illustrates a perspective view of a first embodiment of a stacking ring for chair bases. 
         FIG. 4  illustrates a side view of the first embodiment of a stacking ring for chair bases. 
         FIG. 5  illustrates a sectional view of the first embodiment of a stacking ring for chair bases. 
         FIG. 6  illustrates a perspective view of a second embodiment of a stacking ring for chair bases. 
         FIG. 7  is a side view of a plurality of chair bases stacked together on a shipping pallet. 
         FIG. 8  is a side view of a plurality of chair bases stacked together on a shipping pallet and wrapped in plastic wrap. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     In the following detailed description, reference is made to the accompanying drawings, which form a part of the present disclosure. The illustrative embodiments described in the detailed description, drawings, and claims are not meant to be limiting. Other embodiments may be utilized, and other changes may be made, without departing from the spirit or scope of the subject matter presented here. It will be readily understood that the aspects of the present disclosure, as generally described herein, and illustrated in the Figures, can be arranged, substituted, combined, and designed in a wide variety of different configurations, all of which are explicitly contemplated and form part of this disclosure. For example, a system or device may be implemented or a method may be practiced using any number of the aspects set forth herein. In addition, such a system or device may be implemented or such a method may be practiced using other structure, functionality, or structure and functionality in addition to or other than one or more of the aspects set forth herein. Elements that are described as “connected,” “engaged,” “attached,” or similarly described, shall include being directly and/or indirectly connected, engaged, attached, etc. Alterations and further modifications of the inventive features illustrated herein, and additional applications of the principles of the inventions as illustrated herein, which would occur to one skilled in the art and having possession of this disclosure, are to be considered within the scope of the invention. 
     Descriptions of unnecessary parts or elements may be omitted for clarity and conciseness, and like reference numerals refer to like elements throughout. In the drawings, the size and thickness of layers and regions may be exaggerated for clarity and convenience. 
     Features of the present disclosure will become more fully apparent from the following description and appended claims, taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings. It will be understood these drawings depict only certain embodiments in accordance with the disclosure and, therefore, are not to be considered limiting of its scope; the disclosure will be described with additional specificity and detail through use of the accompanying drawings. An apparatus, system or method according to some of the described embodiments can have several aspects, no single one of which necessarily is solely responsible for the desirable attributes of the apparatus, system or method. After considering this discussion, and particularly after reading the section entitled “Detailed Description” one will understand how illustrated features serve to explain certain principles of the present disclosure. 
     In some embodiments, a chair base  100  may comprise a hub  102  and a plurality of arms  104 , as shown in  FIGS. 1 and 2 . Portions of the hub  102  may be generally cylindrical or frustoconical shaped. The center of the hub  102  may comprise an orifice  106  in order to accept other portions of the chair assembly; or, the hub  102  may comprise other structures. A plurality of arms  104  may extend from the hub  102 . The arms  104  may extend radially and to some degree in a downward direction, as depicted in  FIG. 2 . The outward ends of the arms  104  may be configured to accept a foot or a caster that will eventually rest on the ground once the chair is more fully assembled. 
     The hub  102  may be several inches in diameter and several inches in height. In some embodiments, the outside diameter of the hub  102  is between 1 and 8 inches; in some embodiments, the outside diameter of the hub  102  is between approximately 3 and 4 inches. In some embodiments, the height of the hub  102  is between approximately 2 and 8 inches. The arms  104  may be several inches long and may be long enough to adequately support a user once the chair is more fully assembled. The chair base  100  may be made from plastic, metal, or other generally durable material. The base  100  may be formed by various manufacturing means, including injection molding, casting, machining, press-fitting, etc. The hub  102  and arms  104  may be integrally formed, or may be made separately and later assembled. 
     As shown in  FIG. 1 , the bottom of the hub  102  may comprise a ring  110 . The ring  110  on the bottom of a first chair base  100  may be placed in the top of the hub  102  of a second chair base  100 . Additional chair bases  100  may be added such that a plurality of chair bases  100  becomes stacked in a series, as shown in  FIG. 2 . The ring  110  may be integrally formed with the hub  102 , or may be added after the hub  102  has already been formed. The ring  110  may be generally cylindrical or frustoconical shaped with generally vertical walls. The bottom surface of the ring  112  may be generally flat or may comprise another shape. The inside of the hub  102  may comprise a shape that is at least partially conducive to reception of another chair part, such as a vertical tube (not shown) that extends up to the chair&#39;s seat portion. The ring  110  of a first hub  102  may be formed such that when the ring  110  is placed in the top of a second hub  102 , the ring  110  substantially prevents the first hub  102  from being displaced laterally relative to the second hub  102 . In some embodiments, the ring  110  is formed such that two engaged hubs  102  require little force to become disengaged. In another embodiment, the ring  110  is formed such that the two engaged hubs  102  require some force to become disengaged. The bottom of the hub  102  may be formed such that there is a substantially horizontal portion adjacent the ring  110 ; or the portion next to the ring  110  may be angled or slanted. The portion  113  adjacent the ring  110 , may be configured to abut the second hub  1032  and may prevent the first hub  102  from being disposed too far into the second hub  102 . The hub  102 , arms  104 , and ring  110  may be integrally formed, or may be made separately and later assembled. 
     In some embodiments, the bottom of the hub  102  is flat or comprises no ring  110  feature. Instead, as shown in  FIGS. 3-5 , in some embodiments, the stacking ring  200  comprises a generally annular shape, comprising a top portion  205 , a middle portion  210 , and a bottom portion  215 , and may be separate from the chair base. The top portion  205 , the middle portion  210 , and the bottom portion  215  may be disposed generally coaxial to one another. The top portion  205  may comprise an annular ring comprising a wall thickness  400 , an inside diameter, and an outside diameter  405 . The top portion  205  may be adjacent the middle portion  210 . The middle portion  210  may comprise an annular ring comprising an inside diameter and an outside diameter. The middle portion  210  may be adjacent the bottom portion  215 . The bottom portion  215  may comprise an annular ring comprising a wall thickness, an inside diameter, and an outside diameter  415 . The top portion  205  may further comprise a height  305 ; the middle portion  210  may further comprise a height  310 ; and the bottom portion  215  may further comprise a height  315 . In some embodiments, the height  305  of the top portion  205  and the height  315  of the bottom portion  215  may be the same or similar, and may be larger than a height  310  of the middle portion  210 . In some embodiments, the outside diameter  405  of the top portion  205  may be smaller than the outside diameter  415  of the bottom portion  215 , which may be smaller than the outside diameter of the middle portion  210 . In some embodiments, the inside diameter of the top portion  205  is the same or similar to the inside diameter of the middle portion  210 , which may be smaller than the inside diameter of the bottom portion  215 . In some embodiments, the wall thickness  400  of the top portion  205  may be the same or similar to the wall thickness of the bottom portion  215 . In some embodiments, the stacking ring  200  defines a hole or aperture  220  that goes substantially or all the way through the stacking ring  200 . In some embodiments (not shown), the stacking ring  200  does not define a hole or aperture  220 . The exact dimensions of the stacking ring  200  may be influenced, at least in part, by the chair bases to which the stacking ring  200  is to be attached, and the scope of the invention is not limited by the absolute or relative sizes of any portions of the stacking ring. 
     In some embodiments, the top portion  205 , middle portion  210 , and bottom portion  215  may be integrally formed, or may be produced in parts and later assembled. The stacking ring  200  may comprise a material such as plastic, nylon, metal, wood, or other material that may adequately form the desired structure. The stacking ring  200  may be produced through casting, machining, forging, or other various production methods. 
     A first stacking ring  200  may be used by being placed in between a first chair base  100  and a second chair base  100  such that the first stacking ring  200  is generally coaxial with a hub  102  of the first chair base  100  and a hub  102  of the second chair base  100 . A second stacking ring  200  may be placed between a hub  102  of the second chair base  100  and a hub  102  of a third chair base  100 . Additional stacking rings  200  and chair bases  100  may be similarly configured. In some embodiments, the top portion  205  of a stacking ring  200  may be configured to be disposed or disposable within an opening  106  of a hub  102  of a chair base  100 . For instance, the outside diameter  405  of the top portion  205  may be the same size as, or smaller than, and inside diameter of a bottom portion of a chair base hub. The outside diameter  415  of a bottom portion  215  of a stacking ring  200  may be the same size as, or smaller than, and inside diameter of a top portion of a chair base hub  102 . In these configurations, the top portion  205  may be disposed within at least part of the bottom portion of the chair base hub  102 ; and the bottom portion  215  may be disposed within at least part of the top portion of the chair base hub  102 . 
     In some embodiments, using a stacking ring  200  that is disposable between two or more chair base hubs  202  may be advantageous. For instance, as a non-limiting example, there may be no need, or minimal need, to redesign the molds used to create chair bases. The stacking rings  200  may be configured to fit in or between a wide variety of chair bases, or multiple sizes of stacking rings  200  may be produced that can fit between different sized chair base hubs. Stacking rings  200  may be manufactured by a third-party and purchased by a chair base manufacturer, alleviating the need for the chair base manufacturer to produce a part necessary for serially assembling chair base hubs for transport. The stacking rings  200  may be configured to be reusable, and may be recovered after the chair bases have reached their destination for assembly. The stacking rings  200  may be gathered and returned to the chair base manufacturer for use in transport with a second batch of chair bases. 
     In some embodiments, an outside diameter  405  of the top portion  205  may be between 1.5 inches and 2 inches, or may be approximately 1.75 inches. A height  305  of the top portion  205  may be between approximately 0.1 inches and 2 inches, or may be approximately 0.25 inches. An outside diameter  315  of the bottom portion  115  may be between approximately 1.75 inches and 2.25 inches, or may be approximately 2 inches. A height  215  of the bottom portion  115  may be between approximately 0.1 inches and 2 inches, or may be approximately 0.25 inches. A height  310  of the middle portion  210  may be between approximately 0.01 inches and 0.5 inches, or may be approximately 0.06 inches. In some embodiments, the heights and diameters of the portions of the stacking ring  200  may be sized to be disposable within at least part of a hub  102  of a chair base  100 , and therefore may be larger or smaller than the given dimensions, depending on the dimensions of the chair base  100 . For instance, as a non-limiting example, if an inside diameter of a chair base  100  is 3 inches, one or more of the outside diameters  405 ,  415  of a stacking ring  200  may be approximately 3 inches or less. The heights of the portions of a stacking ring  200  may also be configured to fit within the various sized chair bases  200 , and may deviate from the dimensions given, depending on the dimensions of the chair base  100 . For instance, as a non-limiting example, it may be advantageous for the middle portion  210  to be 1 inch in height or more, depending on the configuration of the chair base  100 . The dimensions of the stacking ring  200  may be scalable for various applications, and the scope of the invention is not limited by the exact dimensions of the stacking ring  200 . Various dimensions of the stacking ring  200  may be larger or smaller than those given without deviating from the scope of the invention. 
     In some embodiments the stacking ring  200  may comprise a feature to help prevent or discourage a first chair base  100  from rotating axially relative to a second chair base  100 . Since the chair bases  100  may be secured to one another using at least plastic wrap or other material, the chair bases  100  may have a tendency to rotate relative to one another. It may be beneficial to generally prevent the chair bases  100  from rotating in order that the arms  104  of the chair bases  100  generally align, creating a more efficient interaction with other stacks of chair bases  100 . See, e.g.,  FIG. 2 . 
     In some embodiments, the feature  225  may be a protrusion, a recess, a male part, a female part, or some other shape or contour that may interact with a portion of a chair base  100 , such that the stacking ring  200  generally prevents rotational movement of the chair base  100 . As shown in  FIG. 6 , the feature may comprise a protrusion  225  that may interact with a corresponding recess on a chair base  100 . When the stacking ring  200  engages a first chair base  100 , the protrusion  225  may engage a recess in the first chair base  100 . Thus, when a rotational force is applied to the first chair base  100 , the force may be at least partially transmitted to the stacking ring  200  via the protrusion  225 , such that when first chair base  100  rotates, the stacking ring  200  may generally rotate at the same rate. In some embodiments, a recess on a chair base  100  may be disposed only partially through the chair base hub  102 . In some embodiments, a recess on a chair base  100  may span the thickness of the chair base hub  102 . 
     The stacking ring  200  may comprise a first protrusion  225  and a second protrusion (not shown). The first protrusion  225  may be disposed on the top of the stacking ring  200 , while the second protrusion may be disposed on the bottom of the stacking ring  200 . When the stacking ring  200  engages a second chair base  100 , the second protrusion may engage a recess in the second chair base  100 . Thus, when the stacking ring  200  engages both a first and second chair base  100 , and a rotational force is applied to the first chair base  100 , the rotational force may be transmitted to the second chair base  100  via the stacking ring  200  and the first  225  and second protrusions. In these configurations, the first and second chair bases  100  may generally be prevented or discouraged from rotating independent of one another. However, a stacking ring  200  need not completely prevent a first chair base  100  from rotating independent of a second chair base  100 , and the scope of the invention is not limited to embodiments where the stacking ring  200  completely prevents the first chair base  100  from rotating relative to the second chair base  100 . 
     In some embodiments, the stacking ring  200  comprises a first and second recess (not shown) configured to interact with protrusions on a first and second chair base  100 . In some embodiments, the stacking ring  200  may comprise one protrusion and one recess that interact with a corresponding recess and protrusion respectively. In some embodiments, the stacking ring  200  may comprise a plurality of protrusions and/or recesses. The protrusion  225  on a stacking ring  200  may comprise various shapes and dimensions and the scope of the invention is not limited by the shape and dimensions of the protrusion  225 . For instance, a protrusion  225  on a stacking ring  200  may engage or connect to the top portion  205  and the middle portion  210 . In some embodiments, the height of the protrusion  225  is approximately the same height as the top portion  205 ; or, the protrusion  225  may be taller or shorter than the top portion  205 . In some embodiments, the protrusion  225  may extend radially from the top portion  205  to approximately the edge of the middle portion  210 ; or, the protrusion  225  may extend farther than or short of the middle portion  210 . In some embodiments, the protrusion  225  may contact the top portion  205  and not contact the middle portion  210 ; or the protrusion  225  may contact the middle portion  210  and not contact the top portion  205 . Other configurations may be possible and a person of ordinary skill in the art would recognize that the scope of the invention is not limited to the configurations described above. 
     As shown in  FIG. 2 , once a first hub  102  has been engaged to a second hub  102 , additional hubs  102  and chair bases  100  may be engaged. The result may be a series of chair bases  114  that are engaged via their hubs.  FIG. 2  depicts four chair bases  100  wherein the hubs  102  are disposed generally coaxially. Some embodiments comprise a ring  110  that has a smaller outer diameter than the hub  102  (shown in  FIG. 1 ). Tnce multiple chair bases  100  have been engaged via the stacking ring  110 , the stacking ring  110  may not be visible from a side profile view of the intersection of a first and second chair base  100  (shown in  FIG. 2 ). In some embodiments, once the hubs  102  are engaged, but before any part of the stack  114  is wrapped in plastic wrap, the chair bases  100  may still be able to rotate about the hub  102 . The arms  104  of the chair bases  100  may be aligned such that one arm  104  of each chair base  100  may be wrapped with a plastic wrap or other flexible material. The second arms  104  of all chair bases  100  in the stack  114  may then be wrapped with the same material. This may be continued until all arms  104  have been wrapped with the arms  104  above or below it. The result may be a chair base “stack”  114  that can be moved and manipulated as a single unit. Since plastic wrap surrounds one set of arms  104  of the chair base stack  114 , the plastic wrap may substantially prevent a first chair base  100  from rotating independently from a second chair base  100 . This chair base stack  114  also includes a space between the wrapped arms  104 . The plastic wrap may function to keep the plurality of chair bases  100  together and prevent them from moving in various directions. The plastic wrap may also help to prevent damage to the surface of the chair bases  100  by protecting the surface. The plastic wrap may also help to prevent damage to the chair bases  100  by creating additional friction between the chair base stacks  114  and substantially preventing them from shifting during transport. 
     Once the chair base stacks  114  have been created, multiple stacks  114  may be placed on a shipping pallet  116 , in preparation for transportation to a different location.  FIG. 7  shows a plurality of stacks  114  positioned on a pallet  116 . In some embodiments, the stacks  114  are placed horizontally on a pallet  116 . The arms  104  of one stack  114  may be placed between the arms  104  of a second stack  114 . Several stacks  114  may be placed on a pallet  116  in a generally vertical fashion. Elongated pieces of wood, cardboard, or other structurally sound material  120  may be placed between the stacks  114  during assembly and/or during transport. The elongated pieces  120  may help the loading and unloading process, or may provide additional structural support or protection to the chair bases  100 . 
     In some embodiments (not shown), the chair base stacks  114  may be placed vertically on the pallet  116  to create a first layer of stacks  114 . Subsequent layers of stacks  114  may be added on top of the first layer of stacks  114 . Cardboard or other similar material  120  may be inserted between the stacks  114  to help add stability or damage resistance. 
     Once the stacks of chair bases  114  have been assembled onto a pallet  116 , the pallet  116  may be wrapped with plastic wrap or otherwise secured such that there is minimal movement of the chair bases  100  during transport, and loaded onto or into a shipping container, as shown in  FIG. 8 . The plastic wrap may also help to prevent damages to the chair bases  100 . The plastic wrap may also help prevent dust and debris from settling on the chair bases  100  during transport as well as loading, unloading, and during storage. 
     The configuration of chair bases  100  and chair base stacks  114  may be advantageous because it reduces or eliminates the need for excessive cardboard during the transportation phase of chair production and assembly. Typically, cardboard boxes have been used to protect the chair bases  100  during transport, and create a uniform shape which is more conducive to stacking. However, cardboard costs money to purchase and dispose. Cardboard also adds unnecessary weight to the shipment. Using a square cardboard box that houses a chair base  100  (which often comprises 5 arms), also creates a lot of unused space within the four-sided box. 
     Various modifications to the implementations described in this disclosure may be readily apparent to those skilled in the art, and the generic principles defined herein may be applied to other implementations without departing from the spirit or scope of this disclosure. Thus, the claims are not intended to be limited to the implementations shown herein, but are to be accorded the widest scope consistent with this disclosure, the principles and the novel features disclosed herein. Additionally, a person having ordinary skill in the art will readily appreciate, the terms “upper” and “lower” are sometimes used for ease of describing the figures, and indicate relative positions corresponding to the orientation of the figure on a properly oriented page, and may not reflect the proper orientation of the device as implemented. 
     Certain features that are described in this specification in the context of separate implementations also can be implemented in combination in a single implementation. Conversely, various features that are described in the context of a single implementation also can be implemented in multiple implementations separately or in any suitable sub combination. Moreover, although features may be described above as acting in certain combinations and even initially claimed as such, one or more features from a claimed combination can in some cases be excised from the combination, and the claimed combination may be directed to a sub combination or variation of a sub combination. 
     Similarly, while operations are depicted in the drawings in a particular order, this should not be understood as requiring that such operations be performed in the particular order shown or in sequential order, or that all illustrated operations be performed, to achieve desirable results. Further, the drawings may schematically depict one more example processes in the form of a flow diagram. However, other operations that are not depicted can be incorporated in the example processes that are schematically illustrated. Additionally, other implementations are within the scope of the following claims. In some cases, the actions recited in the claims can be performed in a different order and still achieve desirable results. 
     In describing the present technology, the following terminology may have been used: The singular forms “a,” “an,” and “the” include plural referents unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. Thus, for example, reference to an item includes reference to one or more items. The term “ones” refers to one, two, or more, and generally applies to the selection of some or all of a quantity. The term “plurality” refers to two or more of an item. The term “about” means quantities, dimensions, sizes, formulations, parameters, shapes and other characteristics need not be exact, but may be approximated and/or larger or smaller, as desired, reflecting acceptable tolerances, conversion factors, rounding off, measurement error and the like and other factors known to those of skill in the art. The term “substantially” means that the recited characteristic, parameter, or value need not be achieved exactly, but that deviations or variations, including for example, tolerances, measurement error, measurement accuracy limitations and other factors known to those of skill in the art, may occur in amounts that do not preclude the effect the characteristic was intended to provide. Numerical data may be expressed or presented herein in a range format. It is to be understood that such a range format is used merely for convenience and brevity and thus should be interpreted flexibly to include not only the numerical values explicitly recited as the limits of the range, but also interpreted to include all of the individual numerical values or sub-ranges encompassed within that range as if each numerical value and sub-range is explicitly recited. As an illustration, a numerical range of “about 1 to 5” should be interpreted to include not only the explicitly recited values of about 1 to about 5, but also include individual values and sub-ranges within the indicated range. Thus, included in this numerical range are individual values such as 2, 3 and 4 and sub-ranges such as 1-3, 2-4 and 3-5, etc. This same principle applies to ranges reciting only one numerical value (e.g., “greater than about 1”) and should apply regardless of the breadth of the range or the characteristics being described. A plurality of items may be presented in a common list for convenience. However, these lists should be construed as though each member of the list is individually identified as a separate and unique member. Thus, no individual member of such list should be construed as a de facto equivalent of any other member of the same list solely based on their presentation in a common group without indications to the contrary. Furthermore, where the terms “and” and “or” are used in conjunction with a list of items, they are to be interpreted broadly, in that any one or more of the listed items may be used alone or in combination with other listed items. The term “alternatively” refers to selection of one of two or more alternatives, and is not intended to limit the selection to only those listed alternatives or to only one of the listed alternatives at a time, unless the context clearly indicates otherwise. 
     It should be noted that various changes and modifications to the presently preferred embodiments described herein will be apparent to those skilled in the art. Such changes and modifications may be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention and without diminishing its attendant advantages. For instance, various components may be repositioned as desired. It is therefore intended that such changes and modifications be included within the scope of the invention. Moreover, not all of the features, aspects and advantages are necessarily required to practice the present invention. Accordingly, the scope of the present invention is intended to be defined only by the claims that follow. 
     Conditional language, such as, among others, “can,” “could,” “might,” or “may,” unless specifically stated otherwise, or otherwise understood within the context as used, is generally intended to convey that certain embodiments include, while other embodiments do not include, certain features, elements and/or steps. Thus, such conditional language is not generally intended to imply that features, elements and/or steps are in any way required for one or more embodiments or that one or more embodiments necessarily include logic for deciding, with or without user input or prompting, whether these features, elements and/or steps are included or are to be performed in any particular embodiment. Conjunctions, such as “and,” “or” are used interchangeably and are intended to encompass any one element, combination, or entirety of elements to which the conjunction refers.