Patent Publication Number: US-2011048929-A1

Title: FIB Process for Selective and Clean Etching of Copper

Description:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     This invention relates generally to focused ion beam etching of copper and copper materials, and more particularly to the chemically-assisted etching of copper over dielectric materials. 
     Copper (Cu) is the primary material used in integrated circuits (ICs) to create electrically conductive interconnects, and the etching of copper in ICs using focused ion beam (FIB) techniques is important in the field of circuit editing (CE) for failure verification and debugging of the ICs. Circuit editing of ICs with a focused-ion-beam (FIB) system requires that copper planes and traces be milled (cut) uniformly and cleanly so as to electrically isolate circuit elements across the separation created. 
     Achieving clean uniform FIB etching of copper for CE is difficult. In spite of significant past efforts to improve the quality of FIB copper etching processes, problems persist and improvements are needed in two main areas. These two areas are reducing electrically conductive re-deposited copper in the FIB etching area, and improving the etching selectivity and removal of copper while protecting the adjacent and underlying dielectric from unwanted etching and removal. Both of these problems arise from the properties of copper. 
     In contrast to aluminum (Al) that that may be removed quickly and cleanly in a FIB operation using an agent such as iodine or an iodine-containing etchant, copper does not create simple volatile compounds with iodine as does aluminum (e.g., AlI 3 ) that can survive under ion bombardment and are easily removed. Rather, copper etching in a FIB process is due substantially exclusively to ion beam sputtering. This can inevitably lead to re-deposition of conductive copper which causes problems as discussed below. 
     In addition, copper has a crystalline structure comprising crystal grains which have different crystallographic orientations. Grains with different orientations exhibit significantly different FIB etching rates, and, therefore, FIB etching of copper is very non-uniform and uneven. It results in a very rough surface on the etched copper, and may perforate the copper layer down to the underlying dielectric. This may lead to significant damage of the underlying dielectric, and may result in electrical short circuiting of IC circuits from re-deposited electrically conductive copper. Past efforts to improving selectivity have focused principally on protecting the dielectric rather than enhancing the removal of copper, since the required selectivity that is achievable for copper etching is low relative to other materials, e.g., aluminum, where volatile etching byproducts are created. 
     The ion beam sputtering process causes copper re-deposition all about the area exposed by the ion beam. This creates significant problems since the milled copper material that is intended to be removed re-deposits in this area, making electrical isolation of a signal difficult or impossible. In addition to affording protection of the adjacent and underlying dielectric against unwanted damage or removal, copper etch-assisting chemical agents must also actively assist in either limiting re-deposition of conductive copper material or converting re-deposited conductive copper to a non-conductive state to prevent unwanted electrical short circuits and ensure disconnection of copper conductors intended to be disconnected.  FIG. 1  shows two comparative examples of FIB operations to cut copper lines using straight sputtering by an ion beam without any etch assisting agent (top trace A), and ion beam sputtering in an atmosphere of NH 4 OH comprising a mixture of oxidizing vapors of ammonia (NH 3 ) and water (H 2 O) (bottom trace B). In the figures, copper appears as the bright areas. The different shades of brightness (gray to white) in the copper lines represent areas of different grain orientations that were etched differently. 
     In the top example A of  FIG. 1 , the re-deposited conductive copper is clearly seen as the thin bright lines  10 ,  11  above and below the severed copper line  12 , demonstrating that electrical disconnection was not complete, i.e. there was no voltage difference between disconnected ends of the copper line. On the other hand, in the bottom example B in the figure, the copper line  14  was successfully cut and the two ends of the line were disconnected electrically. The re-deposited conductive copper was oxidized by the vapors of NH 3  and H 2 O, and a voltage potential difference was present between the disconnected ends of the copper line. This example shows the advantages of using chemical oxidizers, such as electro-negative chemical elements like oxygen and nitrogen, as FIB etching agents for copper. 
     However, not all oxidizing agents will work with copper. For example, halogens should not be used as etch-assisting agents. Halogens, with the exception of fluorine, spontaneously react with and corrode copper without any activation by an ion beam, and seriously degrade the conductivity of the copper. Even if halogen agents such as chlorine, bromine and iodine are carefully controlled, they can remain in the FIB vacuum chamber for a long time and continue to corrode any exposed copper. Furthermore, all halogens (including fluorine) are very aggressive to both high-k and low-k dielectrics. 
     When etching copper, there should be reasonably small and controlled over-etching of the dielectric so that performing CE on one metallization layer does not break through to an adjacent or underlying layer and create electrical leakage. Moreover, if cutting a copper line on a plane is not the last operation in the CE process, steps should be taken to ensure that the dielectric floor is flat after copper removal. Otherwise, subsequent operations can be seriously affected. As noted previously, because of its crystalline structure, the sputtering rate of copper is highly dependent on its grain orientation (and the ion beam current density, as well), and the average etching rate can vary significantly, as by a factor of four or more for a given set of FIB operating parameters. This is illustrated in  FIG. 2  that shows the results of straight sputtering of copper  20  without any etch assisting chemistry applied, and clearly demonstrates the very uneven sputtering of copper due to its crystallographic structure. The dimensions of the milled area in the figure are approximately 10 μm×10 μm. As shown, the underlying dielectric is heavily damaged in areas where the copper removal was the greatest, while in other areas significant amounts of copper remain to be removed. From this figure, the difficulties in controlling the etching of copper may be readily appreciated. 
     Since copper removal is due to ion beam sputtering (not volatilization), copper removal occurs relatively slowly in comparison to the dielectric. Thus, any copper etch assisting agent must provide protection of the adjacent or underlying dielectric to prevent unwanted etching of the dielectric. Once an area of dielectric is exposed, the etch assisting agent should either halt or significantly slow down the dielectric sputtering. 
     For silicon dioxide, SiO 2 , dielectric, it has been found that oxygen, water or a mixture of vapors of water and ammonia can slow down dielectric sputtering by up to a factor of ten if the ion beam current density and vapor pressure are adjusted properly. Water and ammonia are good oxidizers and have been found to afford reasonably good protection for conventional dielectrics, and oxygen, water and a mixture of water and ammonia have been used as copper etch assisting chemicals for etching copper over conventional SiO 2  dielectric. However, these compounds have been found to be useless for protecting the new low-k dielectrics being increasingly used in ICs. The main problem is that many low-k dielectrics contain carbon as one of the main components of the dielectric structure, which is why low-k dielectrics are sometimes called “organic” dielectrics. Both water and oxygen easily oxidize carbon in the dielectric structure to produce carbon monoxide (CO) or carbon dioxide (CO 2 ), both of which are gases and are volatilized. Therefore, rather than being protective agents for the dielectric, they accelerate dielectric etching by volatilizing one of the main components of the dielectric structure. 
     There has been and is an increasing tendency in the IC industry to employ dielectrics with even lower k numbers by increasing of the proportion of carbon in their structures. This has led to a demand for new copper etch assisting chemistries that are capable of protecting the dielectric. U.S. Pat. No. 7,060,196 discloses and claims a number of chemicals, mainly nitro-compounds such as Nitro-methane, Nitro-ethane, Nitro-propane, Nitro-ethanol and others, for use as etch assisting agents to protect dielectrics in FIB copper etching applications. Nitro-ethanol presently is one of the most widely used chemical agents for etching copper over organic dielectrics in FIB operations. While Nitro-ethanol has been effective in limiting dielectric etching, it has not been very effective addressing the issue of re-deposition of sputtered conductive copper material on surfaces adjacent to the IC work area. This is shown in  FIG. 3 . 
       FIG. 3  illustrates the results of etching copper over Black Diamond™ dielectric using Nitro-ethanol as an etch assisting agent. As shown, the center of the milled area has a flat bottom with two rows of contacts  30  comprising vias connected to the next lower layer. However, re-deposited copper is clearly present on the vertical walls of the openings, as indicated at  32 . Re-deposited conductive copper material appears as bright areas in the figure as it produces secondary electron emission. The re-deposited material is conductive because it contains copper and some carbon from the copper etch assisting compound (Nitro-ethanol in this case). This re-deposited material may render the IC partially or totally inoperative by electrically short circuiting interconnects or grounding copper power planes. For example, if in the figure the upper milled area  34  were not wider than the lower milled area  36 , the top and bottom power planes would be electrically shorted to each other by the re-deposited conductive copper on the vertical walls of the openings. There is also more re-deposited conductive copper material in the milled areas which is invisible in the figure because it is not grounded and does not produce secondary electron emission. From the figure, it can be concluded that while the Nitro-ethanol copper etch assisting compound functioned well to protect of the underlying dielectric, it is not effective in addressing conductive copper re-deposition. 
     Thus, there is a need for etching methods and etch assisting agents for FIB etching of copper that addresses the foregoing and other problems with known methods and etch assisting agents. In particular, there is a need for etching methods and etch assisting agents for FIB etching of copper that both protect the adjacent and underlying dielectric from unwanted etching, and that avoid the problems caused by re-deposition of conductive copper and copper materials. It is to these ends that the present invention is directed. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     The invention affords FIB copper etching processes and agents that address the foregoing and other known problems of FIB copper etching processes and agents for CE of ICs. In particular, the invention affords FIB copper etch assisting agents that address the two principal problems with known etch assisting agents, i.e., protection of the adjacent dielectric when etching copper, and rendering sputtered and re-deposited conductive copper non-conductive to prevent electrical short circuiting. The etch assisting agents of the invention protect the adjacent dielectric during copper etching by having low volatility which affords high stickiness and long resident time when absorbed on the dielectric surface, and by being formed of compounds that form oxides or nitrides and contribute to the replenishment of dielectric lost by ion beam sputtering. The etch assisting agents additionally afford efficient oxidation of re-deposited copper to convert the sputtered and re-deposited conductive copper to a non-conductive oxide. 
     In one aspect the invention affords a FIB process and etch assisting agent for etching copper in the presence of a dielectric by a focused ion beam, in which the copper and the dielectric are exposed to the etch assisting agent that contains an N—N bonding in its molecules, where N is nitrogen. 
     In a more specific aspect, the agent is hydrazine or a derivative thereof, having a boiling point between about 70° C. and 200° C. And even more particularly, the agent is Hydrazine monohydrate or Nitrosodimethylamine. 
     In yet another aspect the invention affords a FIB process and etch assisting agent for etching copper in the presence of a dielectric by a focused ion beam, in which the copper and dielectric are exposed to the etch assisting agent comprising, in combination, a first compound containing an N—N bonding in its molecules, where N is nitrogen, that protects the dielectric, and a second compound that is a strong oxidizer that renders re-deposited conductive copper non-conductive. 
     More particularly, the first compound is Hydrazine monohydrate or Nitrosodimethylamine, and said second compound comprises Nitrogen Tetroxide. 
     In still a further aspect, the invention affords a FIB process for etching copper in the presence of a dielectric by a focused ion beam, in which the copper and dielectric are cooled to a temperature between about −15° C. to +10° C., and the copper and dielectric are exposed to an etch assisting agent comprising Nitrogen Tetroxide. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         FIG. 1  illustrates the results of milling two copper lines using conventional ion beam etching, the upper copper line in the figure having been etched by straight ion beam sputtering without using any etch assisting agent; and the lower copper line having been milled by ion beam etching in an atmosphere comprising vapors of ammonia, NH 3 , and water, H 2 O; 
         FIG. 2  illustrates the uneven etching of copper by straight ion beam sputtering in an etching agent-free environment; 
         FIG. 3  shows the results of ion beam etching of copper over Black Diamond™ dielectric using Nitro-ethanol as an etch assisting agent; and 
         FIGS. 4A-B  are diagrammatic views respectively illustrating the FIB etching of copper using a gas etch assisting agent on a planar surface, and in a trench. 
     
    
    
     DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
     The invention is particularly well adapted to the FIB etching of copper interconnects, power and ground planes, and the like in ICs for circuit editing (CE), and will be described in that context. However it will be appreciated that this is illustrative of only one utility of the invention, and that the invention has greater applicability. 
     Conventional focused ion beam (FIB) apparatus and operations are well known and will not be described in detail herein, and may be used in practicing the invention as explained below. For instance, U.S. Pat. No. 7,060,196, which is hereby incorporated by reference herein, discloses FIB apparatus for milling copper over organic dielectrics in a context and environment similar to that of the present invention, and such apparatus may be used to practice the invention. 
     As explained above, the invention affords a gaseous etch assisting agent that protects dielectric adjacent to copper against over etching in a FIB etching process, and oxidizes sputtered conductive copper re-deposited in the etching work area to convert it to a non-conductive state.  FIGS. 4A-B  respectively illustrate diagrammatically the FIB etching of a copper line  50  disposed on a planar dielectric surface  52 , and a copper line  60  disposed in a trench  62  having sidewalls  64  and  66 . As shown in the figures, an ion beam  70  is directed to the copper lines  50 ,  60  to be etched, and the copper lines and the adjacent dielectric are exposed to a gaseous etch assisting agent  72  from a gas nozzle  74  located in the FIB chamber adjacent to the ion beam. The gaseous etch assisting agent, as will be described, comprises one or more compounds that are selected both to protect the dielectric and to passivate the sputtered copper through oxidation to render it non-conductive. As used herein, the term “adjacent” in reference to the dielectric means both dielectric that is in the vicinity of the copper as well as dielectric that underlies the copper; and the term “conductive copper” refers both to elemental copper as well as to conductive copper compounds or materials. 
     As may be appreciated from  FIGS. 4A-B , the gas flux delivered to a work area in FIB systems is not very uniform or symmetrical, as the gas nozzle cannot obstruct the ion beam path and must be positioned off to one side.  FIG. 4A  shows that when copper lines  50 ,  80  are located on a planar surface  52 , the etch assisting gas can easily reach any point on the surface in the area between the copper lines and treat that area, for example, to oxidize re-deposited copper. However, when the copper line to be cut is on the bottom of a trench, for example line  60  in  FIG. 4B , which is a very common situation, it may not be possible to achieve direct line of sight from the gas nozzle to the bottom of the trench. There may be shadowed areas (like wall  64  in the figure) where the primary etch assisting gas stream  72  cannot directly impinge. The higher the aspect ratio (depth to width) of the trench, the greater the shadowing problem. The only opportunity for any significant quantity of the etch assisting gas to reach shadowed areas such as walls or the bottom of the trench is to bounce off of other surfaces, such as wall  64 , as indicated at  68  in  FIG. 4B . Moreover, other copper lines  82 ,  84  may be exposed on the vertical walls  64 ,  66  of the trench, and supplying sufficient etch assisting gas flux to the areas around these copper lines is difficult. If the etch assisting gas is too sticky, i.e., has low volatility and a long resident time, it tends to remain on the walls where it impinges and either does not reach the shadowed areas or does so with low flux. In this case, there may be insufficient reflected gas flux in the shadowed areas to afford the desired processing, e.g., oxidation of re-deposited copper in the shadowed area and protection of the dielectric. Accordingly, by selecting a gas with the appropriate stickiness, bouncing the etch assisting gas from surfaces to reach shadowed areas can be an effective mechanism for supplying the etch assisting agent to a shadowed work area, either to protect the dielectric or to effect oxidation of re-deposited conductive copper. 
     Where it is necessary to cut a copper line  60  on the bottom of a trench  62  where other copper lines  82 ,  84  from other metal layers may be exposed at the trench walls  64 ,  66 , as illustrated in  FIG. 4B , copper re-deposition may occur (and very often does) in areas where the etch assisting gas can arrive only indirectly after bouncing from another surface. Sticky etch assisting gases with long residence times on a surface will not be efficient for this purpose as the gas will tend to remain in the spot where it first impinges. On the other hand, the stickier the etch assisting agent, the more efficient it is for protection of the dielectrics against ion beam bombardment. This creates a contradiction. The better the copper etch assisting compound is for protection of the underlying dielectric, the worse it is for oxidation of re-deposited copper, especially in tight (high aspect ratio) holes. 
     To address this contradiction, the invention affords more volatile and more aggressive oxidizing copper etch assisting agents with less carbon atoms per molecule and lower working ion beam current densities in order to maintain reasonable dielectric protection. Additionally, the invention provides a combination of different compounds as copper etch assisting agents, one compound being sticky for good protection of dielectrics and the other compound being more volatile and a more aggressive oxidizer to render the sputtered and re-deposited conductive copper non-conductive. 
     The invention provides etch assisting agents that satisfy both of the two primary requirements of copper etch assisting agents. First, they protect the adjacent dielectric, both conventional and low-k dielectrics, during copper etching. This requires that the etch assisting agent have low volatility, which implies high boiling point, low vapor pressure, high stickiness, and long residence time when adsorbed on a surface, because efficient protection requires collecting significant amount of the agent on the protected surface. Secondly, the etch assisting agents afford efficient and continuous oxidation during sputtering and re-deposition of conductive copper onto surfaces adjacent to the work spot. Since it is difficult and impractical to clean re-deposited copper following etching that is more that a couple of mono-layers deep, the agents oxidize copper both during sputtering and during or immediately following re-deposition as a mono-layer onto adjacent surfaces. This requires that an etch assisting agent be more volatile and be an aggressive and efficient oxidizer, and that the agent be delivered to all adjacent surfaces in sufficient amounts (flux) to oxidize the re-deposited copper. 
     If the etch assisting oxidizing gas is too sticky, i.e., has a low volatility due to a high boiling point and low vapor pressure, it has a long residence time when absorbed on a surface. The gas cannot reach re-deposited copper in the shadowed areas of the trench and will not be effective as an oxidizing agent. An etch assisting agent that is too sticky cannot provide efficient oxidation of the re-deposited copper in holes with a high enough aspect ratio. Yet, if the etch assisting agent is too volatile (low stickiness), it does not remain on the dielectric surface long enough to prevent dielectric etching. 
     In accordance with the invention, it has been found that certain compounds protect all known dielectrics from sputtering by Gallium (Ga + ) ions. The distinguishing feature of these compounds is that they contain an N—N bonding (N being Nitrogen) in their molecules. Due to the presence of N—N fragments in the molecules, when exposed to an ion beam and to the flux of the etch assisting agent, dielectric sputtering is significantly compensated through growing of replacement dielectric by Nitrogen (N) from the etching agent combining with Silicon (Si) from the dielectric or Gallium (Ga + ) from the ion beam to produce Si 3 N 4  or GaN, respectively. Preferred compounds comprise hydrazine or hydrazine derivatives with boiling points between about 70° C. and 200° C. 
     More particularly, preferred compounds that have been found that have reasonably good stickiness for dielectric protection as well as good oxidation efficiency are Nitrosodimethylamine (“NDMA”), C 2 H 6 N 2 O, and Hydrazine monohydrate (“HMH”), N 2 H 4 *H 2 O. In addition, for high aspect ratio areas where the oxidizing compound should be very mobile, a combination of HDMA or HMH with Nitrogen Tetroxide, N 2 O 4 , may be used. Nitrogen Tetroxide is an extremely powerful oxidizer with a very high vapor pressure (boiling point of 21° C.) which makes it an ideal oxidizing agent for deep holes or other high aspect ratio (“HAR”) areas. 
     All the above compounds can be used at reasonably low temperatures of the target IC. Since their volatility decreases with decreasing temperature, their stickiness to the target surface increases, and the temperature of the work area may be controlled to control the etching process, as explained below. In fact, Nitrogen Tetroxide (N 2 O 4 ) has particularly advantageous utility at temperatures in the range, for example, of −20° C. to +10° C., and more particularly in the range −15° C. to +10° C., that are reasonably close to its melting point of −11.2° C. Since N 2 O 4  has a solid phase at this temperature, in a temperature range around this temperature increased amounts of N 2 O 4  can be collected on surfaces of the IC. Therefore, N 2 O 4  can work both for protection of the dielectric (it has an N—N group and is efficiently collected on surface at low temperature) and as an oxidizer for re-deposited copper. 
     The temperature of the IC may be lowered to a desired temperature for FIB copper etching by mounting the IC on a surface of a thermoelectric cooler (Peltier) module in the FIB vacuum chamber to cool the IC. The electrical inputs to the thermoelectric cooler can be controlled to manipulate the temperature of the IC through the Peltier effect to cool the IC to the desired temperature. A thermocouple in the chamber may be used to measure the temperature of the IC. U.S. Patent Publication US 2006/0065853, Mar. 30, 2006, to Chad Rue, which is hereby incorporated by reference herein, discloses such an apparatus and method for manipulating the temperature of a sample in a FIB that may be used for controlling the temperature of the IC during etching. 
     The following Table 1 gives a comparison of the properties of NDMA, HMH and N 2 O 4  as copper etch assisting agents, along with NitroEthanol for reference purposes. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
                   
                 TABLE 1 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 Oxidation 
                 Can Be Used Alone 
                   
               
               
                   
                 Compound 
                 Volatility 
                 efficiency 
                 in a HAR Hole? 
                 Other 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 1 
                 NitrosoDimethylAmine 
                 moderate 
                 good 
                 yes 
                 — 
               
               
                 2 
                 Hydrazine monohydrate 
                 high/moderate 
                 good 
                 yes 
                 — 
               
               
                 3 
                 Nitrogen Tetroxide 
                 high 
                 very high 
                 Only at low 
                 Expected to be very 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 temperatures 
                 efficient below 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 about −11.2° C. 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 (melting point) 
               
               
                 n/a 
                 NitroEthanol 
                 low 
                 good 
                 no 
                 — 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     The following tables present operating parameters and working examples of FIB copper etching processes employing the foregoing gaseous etch assisting agents in accordance with the invention. 
     The gallium, Ga + , ion beam potentials of the FIB are preferably adjusted to be about 30 kV out of the ion column, and the ion beam current is preferably adjusted to a value within the range of the order of about 1 picoAmps (pA) or below to several tens of nanoAmps (nA) so that ion beam current density is in the range of the preferred values for each etch assisting agent, as specified below. The preferred gas pressures and current densities are listed in the following Table 2, which gives specific preferred FIB process parameters for each of the etching agents of the invention. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
               
             
               
                 TABLE 2 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 Preferred Ion  
               
               
                   
                   
                 Preferred Ion 
                 Beam Current  
               
               
                   
                   
                 Beam Current 
                 Density for 
               
               
                   
                 Preferred 
                 Density for 
                 Etching Copper  
               
               
                 Copper Etch 
                 Pressure of 
                 Etching Copper 
                 Over Organic  
               
               
                 Assisting  
                 the Chemistry 
                 over SiO 2   
                 Dielectrics 
               
               
                 Chemistry 
                 (torr) 
                 (pA/μm 2 ) 
                 (pA/μm 2 ) 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                 NDMA 
                 3.0 × 10 −5   
                 8.0 
                 ≦5.0 
               
               
                 HMH 
                 3.0 × 10 −5   
                 5.0 
                 ≦3.0 
               
               
                 N 2 O 4   
                 3.0 × 10 −5   
                 3.0 
                 ≦2.0 
               
               
                 (at an IC Temp. of 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 about −12° C.) 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     The values of the preferred parameters in Table 1 may vary and assume values within a range of ±30% of the preferred values shown. Time is a parameter that will depend upon the thicknesses of the etched layers. 
     The following Table 3 gives preferred working parameters when each of the two main copper etch assisting agents, NDMA and HMH is used in combination with the oxidizing agent N 2 O 4  for both conventional and organic (low-k) dielectrics. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
                 TABLE 3 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 Preferred 
                 Preferred Ion 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 Ion Beam 
                 Beam Current 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 Current 
                 Density for 
               
               
                 Main Copper 
                 Preferred 
                   
                 Density for 
                 Etching 
               
               
                 Etch Assisting  
                 Pressure of 
                   
                 Etching 
                 Copper over 
               
               
                 Chemistry With 
                 the main 
                 Preferred 
                 Copper over 
                 Organic 
               
               
                 N 2 O 4  Oxidizing 
                 Chemistry 
                 Pressure of 
                 SiO 2   
                 Dielectrics 
               
               
                 Agent 
                 (torr) 
                 N 2 O 4  (torr) 
                 (pA/μm 2 ) 
                 (pA/μm 2 ) 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 NDMA + N 2 O 4   
                 3.0 × 10 −5   
                 1.0 × 10 −5   
                 8.0 
                 ≦5.0 
               
               
                 HMH + N 2 O 4   
                 3.0 × 10 −5   
                 1.0 × 10 −5   
                 5.0 
                 ≦3.0 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     The following Tables 4-5 give working examples and representative operating parameters for NDMA and HMH, respectively, when used alone. The sets of parameters in the Tables have been found to produce good results for the different chemistries of the invention when used with both conventional SiO 2  and organic dielectrics. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 4 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Working Examples - NDMA 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Etch Assisting 
                 Etched Area 
                 Ion Beam 
                 Current 
                 Copper 
                   
                 Etching 
               
               
                 Chemistry 
                 Size, 
                 Current, 
                 Density 
                 Thickness 
                 Dielectric 
                 Time 
               
               
                 Pressure (torr) 
                 (um × um) 
                 (pA) 
                 (pA/um 2 ) 
                 (um) 
                 Type 
                 (min:sec) 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 3.0E−5 
                 4 × 2 
                 46 
                 3.8 
                 0.6 
                 Organic 
                 8:25 
               
               
                 2.7E−5 
                 5.5 × 3.0 
                 120 
                 7.3 
                 1.0 
                 SiO 2   
                 13:40  
               
               
                 2.8E−5 
                 1 × 1 
                 3 
                 3.0 
                 0.4 
                 Organic 
                 5:40 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 5 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Working Examples - HMH 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Etch Assisting 
                 Etched Area 
                 Ion Beam 
                 Current 
                 Copper 
                   
                 Etching 
               
               
                 Chemistry 
                 Size, 
                 Current, 
                 Density 
                 Thickness 
                 Dielectric 
                 Time 
               
               
                 Pressure (torr) 
                 (um × um) 
                 (pA) 
                 (pA/um 2 ) 
                 (um) 
                 Type 
                 (min:sec) 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 3.2E−5 
                 5 × 5 
                 242 
                 9.7 
                 1.0 
                 SiO 2   
                 15:25 
               
               
                 3.0E−5 
                 3 × 2 
                 20 
                 3.3 
                 0.6 
                 Organic 
                 11:30 
               
               
                 2.9E−5 
                 2 × 2 
                 10 
                 2.5 
                 0.4 
                 Organic 
                  6:20 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Since the sputtering rate of copper is proportional to the ion current density, the ratio of the current density to the flux of a particular gaseous etch assisting agent influences both the oxidation of the sputtered and re-deposited copper as well as the protection afforded to the dielectric. If the current density is too high, the gas does not have sufficient time to adequately oxidize the sputtered and re-deposited copper, and if the gas flux is too low, it may not adequately protect the dielectric. Generally, it is preferable to select a gas flux, and then adjust the current density to give a desired ratio. The values in the Tables have been found to afford good results. As may be appreciated, these values are representative values and may be adjusted within ranges about the values given for the specifics of a particular etching operation. 
     While the foregoing has been with reference to preferred embodiments of the invention, it may be appreciated that changes may be made in these embodiments without departing from the principles and the spirit of the invention, the scope of which is defined in the appended claims.