Patent Publication Number: US-11656728-B2

Title: PCAP touchscreens with a common connector

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This application claims priority to U.S. Nonprovisional application Ser. No. 16/653,060, filed on Oct. 15, 2019, entitled, PCAP Touchscreens with a Narrow Border Design, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. 
     BACKGROUND 
     Field 
     The present disclosure relates generally to projected capacitive (PCAP) touch sensitive systems, and more specifically to the border design of PCAP touchscreens. 
     Background Art 
     The ability to interact with computer applications via touch with displays is ubiquitous for today&#39;s consumers. While several touch technologies are possible to support touch interactions, each has advantages and disadvantages that tailor each for particular environments, sizes, and applications. Projected capacitive (PCAP) technology is utilized to support characteristics expected from touch interactions in touch/display interface devices. 
     An approach to laying out transmitter and receiver silver traces on a border of a PCAP touchscreen is to avoid overlapping of the transmitter and receiver silver traces. 
     SUMMARY 
     System, method, combination, sub-combination and other embodiments are provided for glass/glass (2GS) or glass/film/film (GFF) projected capacitive (PCAP) touchscreens and their construction. In a 2GS PCAP touchscreen, indium-tin-oxide (ITO) or equivalent on a glass is patterned by printing silver ink, and by ablating both the ITO and silver with a laser. Similarly, in a GFF PCAP touchscreen, the films are coated with ITO or equivalent, patterned by printing silver ink, and both the ITO and silver are ablated with a laser. In some embodiments, any transparent conductive film, such as silver-nanowire coating, that can be laser ablated is considered to be an equivalent to ITO. Accordingly, in the descriptions that follow, it is to be understood that “ITO” is shorthand for “ITO or equivalent”. 
     Some embodiments include fabricating a narrow border of a PCAP touchscreen. The method may include for example, disposing on a cover glass, a first transparent electrode coupled to a first set of silver traces within the narrow border of the PCAP touchscreen. The method includes printing a first insulating black mask (BM) layer on the cover glass, where the first insulating BM layer includes a first opening above an electrode terminus of the first transparent electrode of the one or more vertical electrodes, and printing a portion of a conductive black via (BV) in the first opening, where the portion of the conductive BV may be coupled to the electrode terminus of the vertical electrode and coupled to a first silver trace of the first set of silver traces. Some embodiments include disposing on a sensor glass, a second transparent electrode parallel to the first transparent electrode, where the second transparent electrode may be coupled to a second set of silver traces. Some embodiments include combining the cover glass with the sensor glass, where the first set of silver traces substantially overlaps the second set of silver traces within the narrow border of the PCAP touchscreen, and where the overlapped sets of silver traces are separated by a shield layer. 
     Some embodiments for the cover glass include printing silver paste on the portion of the conductive BV and on the first insulating BM layer where transmitter and receiver silver traces are desired, and using a laser to ablate excess silver paste. Using the laser to ablate excess silver paste may include: leaving a deposit of the silver paste within a boundary of the portion of the conductive BV where the deposit is coupled to the first silver trace, and/or defining remaining silver traces of the first set of silver traces. In some embodiments, the laser ablation of the excess silver paste creates one or more second openings through the silver paste and the first insulating BM layer to the first layer, and some embodiments include printing a second insulating BM layer that fills the one or more second openings. In some embodiments, printing the second insulating BM layer includes printing the second insulating BM layer that covers the first set of silver traces except a third opening that exposes leads of the first set of silver traces that may be coupled with a connector (e.g., a flex cable connector.) 
     Some embodiments for the sensor glass include printing silver paste on the sensor glass where transmitter and receiver silver traces are desired, and using a laser to ablate excess silver paste. Some embodiments further include printing an insulation layer to substantially overlap the second set of silver traces, such that when the sensor glass assembly is combined with cover glass assembly, the insulation layer and the second set of silver traces are located the within the narrow border of the PCAP touchscreen. In some embodiments, the shield layer is printed on the insulation layer. In some embodiments, the printing of the silver paste on the second layer may include printing a ground silver trace, and the insulation layer may be printed around a third opening that exposes the ground silver trace to the shield layer. 
     In some embodiments, assembling or combining of the cover glass and the sensor glass includes applying an adhesive between the cover glass assembly and the sensor glass assembly. The adhesive may be a solid optically clear adhesive (OCA) including but is not limited to an acrylic-based adhesive, a silicone-based adhesive, polyvinyl butyral (PVB), or ethylene-vinyl acetate (EVA). 
     Further embodiments, features, and advantages of the present disclosure, as well as the structure and operation of the various embodiments of the present disclosure, are described in detail below with reference to the accompanying drawings. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS/FIGURES 
       The accompanying drawings, which are incorporated herein and form part of the specification, illustrate the present disclosure and, together with the description, further serve to explain the principles of the disclosure and to enable a person skilled in the relevant art(s) to make and use the disclosure. 
         FIG.  1 A  illustrates a projected capacitive (PCAP) touchscreen with a narrow border, according to an exemplary embodiment of the disclosure; 
         FIG.  1 B  illustrates a PCAP touchscreen on a display device; 
         FIG.  1 C  illustrates a portion of a PCAP touchscreen with a narrow border, according to an exemplary embodiment of the disclosure; 
         FIG.  1 D  illustrates a portion of a PCAP touchscreen; 
         FIG.  2 A  illustrates a cross-section of a glass/glass (2GS) PCAP touchscreen, according to an exemplary embodiment of the disclosure; 
         FIG.  2 B  illustrates a cross-section of a glass/film/film (GFF) PCAP touchscreen, according to an exemplary embodiment of the disclosure; 
         FIG.  3 A  illustrates an example of a cover glass with a transparent electrode layer, according to an exemplary embodiment of the disclosure; 
         FIG.  3 B  illustrates an example of a cover glass with a vertical electrode, according to an exemplary embodiment of the disclosure; 
         FIG.  4 A  illustrates an example of an insulating black mask (BM) printed on the cover glass and around an electrode terminus of a vertical electrode, according to an exemplary embodiment of the disclosure; 
         FIG.  4 B  illustrates an example of a conductive black via (BV) printed on an electrode terminus of a vertical electrode, according to an exemplary embodiment of the disclosure; 
         FIG.  5 A  illustrates an example of a silver paste printed on a portion of a conductive BV and on the insulating BM printed on the cover glass, according to an exemplary embodiment of the disclosure; 
         FIG.  5 B  illustrates an example of an ablation of excess silver paste, according to an exemplary embodiment of the disclosure; 
         FIG.  6    illustrates an example of another insulating BM printed to fill gaps through to the cover glass, according to an exemplary embodiment of the disclosure; 
         FIG.  7 A  illustrates an example of a sensor glass with a transparent electrode layer, according to an exemplary embodiment of the disclosure; 
         FIG.  7 B  illustrates an example of a sensor glass with a horizontal electrode, according to an exemplary embodiment of the disclosure; 
         FIG.  8 A  illustrates an example of silver paste printed on a portion of the sensor glass, according to an exemplary embodiment of the disclosure; 
         FIG.  8 B  illustrates an example of an ablation of excess silver paste, according to an exemplary embodiment of the disclosure; 
         FIG.  9 A  illustrates an example of an insulation layer printed to cover silver traces on the sensor glass, according to an exemplary embodiment of the disclosure; 
         FIG.  9 B  illustrates an example of a shield layer printed on the insulation layer, according to an exemplary embodiment of the disclosure; 
         FIG.  9 C  illustrates an example sensor glass assembly with a shield layer printed on the insulation layer, according to an exemplary embodiment of the disclosure; 
         FIG.  10    illustrates an example of a combination of the cover glass assembly and the sensor glass assembly, according to an exemplary embodiment of the disclosure; 
         FIG.  11    illustrates an example of a method for fabricating a cover glass assembly, according to an exemplary embodiment of the disclosure; 
         FIG.  12    illustrates an example of a method for fabricating a sensor glass assembly, according to an exemplary embodiment of the disclosure; 
         FIG.  13    illustrates an example of a method for combining a cover glass assembly and a sensor glass assembly, according to an exemplary embodiment of the disclosure; and 
         FIG.  14    illustrates an example computer system useful for implementing and/or using various embodiments. 
     
    
    
     The present disclosure will now be described with reference to the accompanying drawings. In the drawings, generally, like reference numbers indicate identical or functionally similar elements. Additionally, generally, the left-most digit(s) of a reference number identifies the drawing in which the reference number first appears. 
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     The following Detailed Description of the present disclosure refers to the accompanying drawings that illustrate exemplary embodiments consistent with this disclosure. The exemplary embodiments will fully reveal the general nature of the disclosure that others can, by applying knowledge of those skilled in relevant art(s), readily modify and/or adapt for various applications such exemplary embodiments, without undue experimentation, without departing from the spirit and scope of the disclosure. Therefore, such adaptations and modifications are intended to be within the meaning and plurality of equivalents of the exemplary embodiments based upon the teaching and guidance presented herein. It is to be understood that the phraseology or terminology herein is for the purpose of description and not of limitation, such that the terminology or phraseology of the present specification is to be interpreted by those skilled in relevant art(s) in light of the teachings herein. Therefore, the detailed description is not meant to limit the present disclosure. 
     The embodiment(s) described, and references in the specification to “one embodiment”, “an embodiment”, “an example embodiment”, etc., indicate that the embodiment(s) described may include a particular feature, structure, or characteristic, but every embodiment may not necessarily include the particular feature, structure, or characteristic. Moreover, such phrases are not necessarily referring to the same embodiment. Further, when a particular feature, structure, or characteristic is described in connection with an embodiment, it is understood that it is within the knowledge of one skilled in the art to effect such feature, structure, or characteristic in connection with other embodiments whether or not explicitly described. 
     Some embodiments include fabricating a narrow border of a PCAP touchscreen.  FIG.  1 A  illustrates a projected capacitive (PCAP) touchscreen  105  with narrow border  130 , according to an exemplary embodiment of the disclosure. PCAP touchscreen  105  may be placed in front of display device  110  such as a monitor, computing device, a computer, a laptop, a tablet, and/or a mobile computing device, to name just some examples. PCAP touchscreen  105  also includes a connector (not shown) that electronically couples PCAP touchscreen  105  to display device  110 . A user can interact with software applications on display device  110  by touching cover sheet touch surface  137  of touchscreen  105 . A portion  150  of touchscreen  105  is described further in  FIG.  1 C . Cross-section  120  of PCAP touchscreen  105  is described further in  FIGS.  2 A and  2 B . 
       FIG.  1 B  illustrates a PCAP touchscreen  107  on display device  110  with a cover glass touch surface  137 . Portion  180  of touchscreen  107  includes wide border  140 . A portion  180  of touchscreen  107  is described further in  FIG.  1 D . 
       FIG.  1 C  illustrates portion  150  of PCAP touchscreen  105  with narrow border  130 , according to an exemplary embodiment of the disclosure. Portion  150  includes view area  152  where the content on display device  110  is visible to a user. First set of silver traces  154  substantially overlaps with second set of silver traces  156  and the substantial overlap occurs within narrow border  130 . In addition, first set of silver traces  154  is separated from overlapping second set of silver traces  156  by shield layer  160 . Shield layer  160  may include an insulation layer. Shield layer  160  and the insulation layer may be similar to shield layer  960  and insulation layer  910  described below.  FIG.  1 D  illustrates a portion  180  of PCAP touchscreen  107 . Portion  180  includes view area  182  where the content on display device  110  is visible to a user. View area  182  is smaller than view area  152 . First set of silver traces  184  do no overlap with second set of silver traces  186  that are within wide border  140 . The overlap of first set of silver traces  154  and second set of silver traces  156  that are separated by at least shield layer  160  enables narrow border  130  to be narrower than wide border  140 . Consequently, height  158  of narrow border  130  is less than height  188  of wide border  140 . The same is true of the width of narrow border  130  being less than the width of wide border  140  (not shown.) 
       FIG.  2 A  illustrates cross-section  120 A of glass/glass (2GS) PCAP touchscreen  105 , according to an exemplary embodiment of the disclosure. For explanation purposes,  FIG.  2 A  may be described with elements from previous figures. Cross-section  120 A may include cover glass  275 , transparent conductor  280 , adhesive  283 , transparent conductor  285 , and sensor glass  290 . A user interacts with touchscreen  105  by touching cover glass touch surface  137 . Information from the touch on cover glass touch surface  137  are collected via transparent conductors  280  and  285 , and conveyed to display device  110  electronically. Other implementations include but are not limited to a three glass (3GS) solution in which the cover glass contains no electrodes and there are two back glasses each with electrodes. 
       FIG.  2 B  illustrates cross-section  120 B of glass/film/film (GFF) PCAP touchscreen  105 , according to an exemplary embodiment of the disclosure. For explanation purposes,  FIG.  2 B  may be described with elements from previous figures. Cross-section  120 B may include cover glass  235 , adhesive  243 , transparent conductor  245 , film  250 , adhesive  253 , transparent conductor  255 , and film  260 . A user interacts with touchscreen  105  by touching cover glass touch surface  237 . Information from the touch on cover glass touch surface  237  is collected via transparent conductors  245  and  255 , and conveyed to display device  110  electronically. 
     Adhesive layers  243 ,  253 , and  283  may be a solid optically clear adhesive (OCA) that can be an acrylic-based adhesive, a silicone-based adhesive, polyvinyl butyral (PVB), ethylene-vinyl acetate (EVA), or any other suitable OCA that will be recognized by those skilled in the relevant art(s). Transparent conductors  245 ,  255 ,  280 , and  285  are circuitry layers that may include electrodes, routing traces, and trace shields of materials such as indium-tin-oxide (ITO), carbon nanotubes, graphene, silver-nanowires, silver, and/or metal mesh. (The transparent conductors  245 ,  255 ,  280 , and  285  are typically microscopically thin, but for clarity they are not drawn to scale in  FIGS.  2 A and  2 B . Furthermore, there is no air gap between adhesives and glasses (e.g., adhesive  283  and cover glass  275 , adhesive  283  and sensor glass  290 , adhesive  243  and cover glass  235 ) or adhesives and a film (e.g., adhesive  253  and film  260 ); adhesive  243  conforms to the inside surface of cover glass  235  and transparent conductor  245  and adhesive  253  to film  250  and transparent conductor  255  which in turn conforms to film  260  with no air gap. 
       FIG.  3 A  illustrates an example  300  of a cover glass  275  with transparent conductor  280 , according to an exemplary embodiment of the disclosure. For explanation purposes,  FIG.  3 A  may be described with elements from previous figures. Example  300   a  is a planar view of portion  150  of PCAP touchscreen  105 , example  300   b  is a cross-section view of planar view  300   a  taken at  302 , example  300   c  is a cross-section view of planar view  300   a  taken at  304 , and example  300   d  is a magnified view of cross-section view  300   c . To fabricate narrow border  130  of PCAP touchscreen  105 , some embodiments include disposing on a first layer, a first transparent electrode. In planar view  300   a , transparent conductor  280  may be disposed on cover glass  275 . Cross-section view  300   b  taken at  302  illustrates cross-section transparent conductor  280 ′ disposed on cross-section cover glass  275 ′. Cross-section view  300   c  taken at  304  illustrates cross-section transparent conductor  280 ″ on cross-section cover glass  275 ″, and cross-section view  300   d  illustrates a magnified view of cross-section view  300   c.    
       FIG.  3 B  illustrates an example  350  of a cover glass  275  with vertical electrodes  360 , according to an exemplary embodiment of the disclosure. For explanation purposes,  FIG.  3 B  may be described with elements from previous figures. Example  350   a  is a planar view of portion  150  of PCAP touchscreen  105 , example  350   b  is a cross-section view of planar view  350   a  taken at  352 , example  350   c  is a cross-section view of planar view  350   a  taken at  354 , and example  350   d  is a magnified view of cross-section view  350   c . In some embodiments, a first transparent electrode comprises a vertical electrode. For example, portions of transparent conductor  280  may be removed to generate parallel electrodes such as vertical or horizontal electrodes. In planar view  350   a , vertical electrodes  360  are created. While 6 and one half vertical electrodes  360  are shown, only 2 are labeled to simplify the drawings. Each end of a vertical electrode  360  is called an electrode terminus. Cross-section view  350   b  taken at  352  illustrates cross-section vertical electrodes  360 ′ disposed on cross-section cover glass  275 ′. Cross-section view  350   c  taken at  354  illustrates cross-section transparent conductor  360 ″ on cross-section cover glass  275 ″, and cross-section view  350   d  illustrates a magnified view of cross-section view  350   c.    
       FIG.  4 A  illustrates example  400  of insulating black mask (BM) layer  410  printed on cover glass  275  and an opening  420 , around each electrode terminus of a vertical electrode  360 , according to an exemplary embodiment of the disclosure. For explanation purposes,  FIG.  4 A  may be described with elements from previous figures. Example  400   a  is a planar view of portion  150  of PCAP touchscreen  105 , example  400   b  is a cross-section view of planar view  400   a  taken at  402 , example  400   c  is a cross-section view of planar view  400   a  taken at  404 , and example  400   d  is a magnified view of cross-section view  400   c . To fabricate narrow border  130  of PCAP touchscreen  105 , some embodiments include printing a first insulating BM layer on the first layer, wherein the first insulating BM layer includes a first opening above an electrode terminus of the vertical electrode. In planar view  400   a , first insulating BM layer  410  may be printed on cover glass  275  that marks narrow border  130  on touchscreen  105 . First insulating BM layer  410  may cover a part of vertical electrodes  360  but include an opening  420  over each electrode terminus. In this example, 6 and one half openings  420  are shown, but only 2 are labeled to simplify the drawings. Cross-section view  400   b  taken at  402  illustrates cross-section vertical electrodes  360 ′ disposed on cross-section cover glass  275 ′. In addition, cross-section first insulating BM layer  410 ′ is shown at the ends of and between cross-section vertical electrodes  360 ′. Cross-section view  400   c  taken at  404  illustrates cross-section transparent conductor  360 ″ on cross-section cover glass  275 ″ with the addition of cross-section first insulation BM layer  410 ″. Note that cross-section opening  420 ″ is an area where cross section cover glass  275 ″ is exposed. Cross-section view  400   d  illustrates a magnified view of cross-section view  400   c.    
       FIG.  4 B  illustrates an example  450  of conductive black via (BV)  460  printed on an electrode terminus of a vertical electrode  360 , according to an exemplary embodiment of the disclosure. For explanation purposes,  FIG.  4 B  may be described with elements from previous figures. Example  450   a  is a planar view of portion  150  of PCAP touchscreen  105 , example  450   b  is a cross-section view of planar view  450   a  taken at  452 , example  450   c  is a cross-section view of planar view  450   a  taken at  454 , and example  450   d  is a magnified view of cross-section view  450   c . To fabricate narrow border  130  of PCAP touchscreen  105 , some embodiments include printing a portion of a conductive BV in the first opening, wherein the portion of the conductive BV is coupled to the electrode terminus. In planar view  450   a , a portion of conductive BV  460  may be printed in each opening  420 , and the portion of conductive BV  460  may be coupled to an electrode terminus of a vertical electrode  360  and first insulation BM layer  410 . 
     Cross-section view  450   b  taken at  452  illustrates cross-section vertical electrodes  360 ′ disposed on cross-section cover glass  275 ′. Openings  420  are filled and cross-sections conductive BV  460 ′ are shown on top of cross-section vertical electrodes  360 ′; cross-section first insulating BM layer  410 ′ is shown at the ends of and between cross-section vertical electrodes  360 ′ and cross-sections of conductive BV  460 ′. Cross-section view  450   c  taken at  454  illustrates cross-section transparent conductor  360 ″ on cross-section cover glass  275 ″ with the addition of cross-section first insulation BM layer  410 ″. Note that cross-section opening  420 ″ has been filled with cross-section of conductive BV  460 ″. Cross-section view  400   d  illustrates a magnified view of cross-section view  400   c.    
       FIG.  5 A  illustrates example  500  of silver paste  510  printed on portions of conductive BV  460  and on first insulating BM layer  410  printed on cover glass  275 , according to an exemplary embodiment of the disclosure. For explanation purposes,  FIG.  5 A  may be described with elements from previous figures. Example  500   a  is a planar view of portion  150  of PCAP touchscreen  105 , example  500   b  is a cross-section view of planar view  500   a  taken at  502 , example  500   c  is a cross-section view of planar view  500   a  taken at  504 , and example  500   d  is a magnified view of cross-section view  500   c . To fabricate narrow border  130  of PCAP touchscreen  105 , some embodiments include printing silver paste on the portion of the conductive BV and on the first insulating BM layer where transmitter or receiver silver traces are desired. For example, silver paste  510  may be printed on portions of conductive BV  460  as well as on areas of first insulating BM layer  410  where transmitter, receiver, and/or ground silver traces are desired. Although the oval label for silver paste  510  includes a narrow portion of silver paste  510 , note that silver paste  510  also includes the unconventional pattern below including portions on conductive BV  460 . 
     Cross-section view  500   b  taken at  502  illustrates cross-section vertical electrodes  360 ′ disposed on cross-section cover glass  275 ′. Cross sections of silver paste  510 ′ are illustrated as printed on cross-sections of portions of conductive BVs  460 ′ that are shown on cross-section vertical electrodes  360 ′. Cross-section first insulating BM layer  410 ′ is shown at the ends of and between cross-section vertical electrodes  360 ′ and cross-sections of conductive BV  460 ′, and below some cross-sections of silver paste  510 ′. Cross-section view  500   c  taken at  504  illustrates cross-section transparent conductor  360 ″ on cross-section cover glass  275 ″, cross-section first insulation BM layer  410 ″, and cross-section of conductive BV  460 ″. Cross-section silver paste  510 ″ is added on top of cross-section conductive BV  460 ″ and cross-section first insulation BM layer  410 ″. Cross-section view  500   d  illustrates a magnified view of cross-section view  500   c.    
       FIG.  5 B  illustrates example  550  of an ablation of silver paste  510  excess, according to an exemplary embodiment of the disclosure. For explanation purposes,  FIG.  5 B  may be described with elements from previous figures. Example  550   a  is a planar view of portion  150  of PCAP touchscreen  105 , example  550   b  is a cross-section view of planar view  550   a  taken at  552 , example  550   c  is a cross-section view of planar view  550   a  taken at  554 , and example  550   d  is a magnified view of cross-section view  550   c . To fabricate narrow border  130  of PCAP touchscreen  105 , some embodiments include using a laser (not shown) to ablate excess silver paste that includes leaving a deposit of the silver paste within a boundary of the portion of the conductive BV where the deposit is coupled to the first silver trace, and defining remaining silver traces of the first set of silver traces. For example, a laser may be used to remove excess silver paste  510  on first insulating BM layer  410  to define first set of silver traces  560 . First set of silver traces  560  may be equivalent to first set of silver traces  154  of  FIG.  1 C . In addition, a laser may be used to remove excess silver paste  510  to leave a silver paste deposit  570  on portions of conductive BV  460 . Silver paste deposits  570  are coupled to first set of silver traces  560 . Although 6 and one half silver paste deposits  570  are shown, only three are labeled to simplify the drawing. 
     Cross-section view  550   b  taken at  552  illustrates cross-section vertical electrodes  360 ′ disposed on cross-section cover glass  275 ′. In some embodiments, laser ablations may remove excess of silver paste  510 ′ as shown in cross-section view  500   b  of  FIG.  5 A , to form cross-sections of silver paste deposits  570 ′ in cross-section view  550   b  of  FIG.  5 B . Cross-sections of silver paste deposits  570 ′ are illustrated on cross-sections of portions of conductive BVs  460 ′ on cross-section vertical electrodes  360 ′. Cross-section first insulating BM layer  410 ′ is shown at the ends of and between cross-section vertical electrodes  360 ′ and cross-sections of conductive BV  460 ′. 
     Cross-section views  550   c  and  550   d  taken at  554  illustrate the following on cross-section cover glass  275 ″: cross-section transparent conductor  360 ″; cross-section first insulation BM layer  410 ″; and cross-section conductive BV  460 ″. Laser ablations of cross-section silver paste  510 ″ create a) cross-sections of first set of silver traces  560 ″ on cross-section first insulation BM layer  410 ″; and b) cross-sections of silver paste deposits  570 ″ on top of cross-section conductive BV  460 ″ and cross section first insulation BM layer  410 ″. 
     Cross-section view  550   d  further illustrates that the laser ablation may remove not only the excess silver paste to create cross-sections of silver paste deposits  570 ″, but the laser ablation may also remove parts of first insulating BM layer down to the cover glass  275 ″. Thus, patterns left due to the laser ablation could be visible within narrow border  130  of  FIG.  1 A . For example, the laser ablations may remove excess cross-section silver paste  510 ″ down to cover glass  275 ″ in creating cross-section first set of silver traces  560 ″, and the exposed portions of cover glass  275 ″ are labeled as gaps  565 ″. Although two gaps  565 ″ are shown and labeled to simplify the drawing, there may be other gaps  565 ″ present that are not represented in the drawing. 
       FIG.  6    illustrates example  600  of another insulating BM layer  610  printed to fill gaps  565 ″ through to cover glass  275 ″, according to an exemplary embodiment of the disclosure. For explanation purposes,  FIG.  6    may be described with elements from previous figures. Example  600   a  is a planar view of portion  150  of PCAP touchscreen  105 , example  600   b  is a cross-section view of planar view  600   a  taken at  602 , example  600   c  is a cross-section view of planar view  600   a  taken at  604 , and example  600   d  is a magnified view of cross-section view  600   c . To fabricate narrow border  130  of PCAP touchscreen  105 , some embodiments include creating a gap through the silver paste and the first insulating BM layer to the first layer, and printing a second insulating BM layer that fills the gap. Further, printing the second insulating BM layer may include printing the second insulating BM layer that covers the first set of silver traces except a second opening that exposes leads of the first set of silver traces to be coupled with a connector. For example, a second insulating BM layer  610  may be printed to: a) cover first set of silver traces  560  (e.g., first set of silver traces  560 ″); b) cover a portion of first insulating BM layer  410  (e.g., shown as  410 ″) except at opening  620  where a connector may be coupled to leads of silver paste  510  (e.g., a connector to a flex cable that couples touchscreen  105  to display device  110  as shown on  FIG.  1 A ); and c) fill gaps  565 ″ that were created by the laser ablation as shown in cross-section views  600   c  and  600   d.    
     Cross-section view  600   b  taken at  602  illustrates cross-section vertical electrodes  360 ′ disposed on cross-section cover glass  275 ′. Cross-section first insulating BM layer  410 ′ is shown at the ends of and between cross-section vertical electrodes  360 ′ and cross-sections of conductive BV  460 ′. Cross-sections of silver paste deposits  570 ′ are illustrated on cross-sections of portions of conductive BVs  460 ′ that are shown on cross-section vertical electrodes  360 ′. 
     Cross-section view  600   d  illustrates that cross-section second insulating BM layer  610 ″ covers cross-sections of first insulating BM layer  410 ″, cross-sections of silver paste deposits  570 ″, cross-sections of first set of silver traces  560 ″, and fills in gaps  565 ″. 
       FIG.  7 A  illustrates example  700  of sensor glass  290  with transparent conductor  285 , according to an exemplary embodiment of the disclosure. For explanation purposes,  FIG.  7 A  may be described with elements from previous figures. Example  700   a  is a planar view of portion  150  of PCAP touchscreen  105 , example  700   b  is a cross-section view of planar view  700   a  taken at  702 , example  700   c  is a cross-section view of planar view  700   a  taken at  704 . To fabricate narrow border  130  of PCAP touchscreen  105 , some embodiments include disposing on a second layer, a second transparent electrode parallel to the first transparent electrode. For example, transparent conductor  285  may be disposed on sensor glass  290 . Cross-section view  700   b  taken at  702  illustrates cross-section transparent conductor  285 ′ disposed on cross-section sensor glass  290 ′. Cross-section view  700   c  taken at  704  illustrates cross-section transparent conductor  285 ″ on cross-section sensor glass  290 ″. 
       FIG.  7 B  illustrates example  750  of sensor glass  290  with horizontal electrode  760 , according to an exemplary embodiment of the disclosure. For explanation purposes,  FIG.  7 B  may be described with elements from previous figures. In some embodiments, a second transparent electrode comprises a horizontal electrode. For example, portions of transparent conductor  285  may be removed to generate parallel electrodes such as vertical or horizontal electrodes. In this example, horizontal electrodes  760  are created. While 4 horizontal electrodes  760  are shown, only 2 are labeled to simplify the drawings. Each end of a horizontal electrode  760  is called an electrode terminus. Example  750   a  is a planar view of portion  150  of PCAP touchscreen  105 , example  750   b  is a cross-section view of planar view  750   a  taken at  752 , example  750   c  is a cross-section view of planar view  750   a  taken at  754 . Cross-section view  750   b  taken at  752  illustrates cross-section horizontal electrodes  760 ′ disposed on cross-section sensor glass  290 ′. Cross-section view  750   c  taken at  754  illustrates cross-section horizontal electrodes  760 ″ disposed on cross-section sensor glass  290 ″. 
       FIG.  8 A  illustrates example  800  of silver paste  810  printed on a portion of sensor glass  290 , according to an exemplary embodiment of the disclosure. For explanation purposes,  FIG.  8 A  may be described with elements from previous figures. Example  800   a  is a planar view of portion  150  of PCAP touchscreen  105 , example  800   b  is a cross-section view of planar view  800   a  taken at  802 , example  800   c  is a cross-section view of planar view  800   a  taken at  804 . To fabricate narrow border  130  of PCAP touchscreen  105 , some embodiments include printing silver paste on the second layer where transmitter or receiver silver traces are desired, where the silver paste is coupled to a second transparent electrode. For example, silver paste  810  may be printed on portions of sensor glass  290  where transmitter, receiver, and/or ground silver traces are desired, and silver paste  810  may be coupled to horizontal electrodes  760 . Although the oval label of silver paste  810  encircles only a part of silver paste  810 , note that silver paste  810  also includes the areas with the same pattern. Cross-section view  800   b  taken at  802  illustrates cross-section horizontal electrodes  760 ′ disposed on cross-section sensor glass  290 ′. Cross sections of silver paste  810 ′ are illustrated as printed on cross-sections of portions of cross-section horizontal electrodes  760 ′ and sensor glass  290 ′. Cross-section view  800   c  taken at  804  illustrates cross-section horizontal electrodes  760 ″ disposed on cross-section sensor glass  290 ″. Cross sections of silver paste  810 ″ are illustrated as printed on sensor glass  290 ″. 
       FIG.  8 B  illustrates example  850  of excess silver paste  810  ablation, according to an exemplary embodiment of the disclosure. For explanation purposes,  FIG.  8 B  may be described with elements from previous figures. Example  850   a  is a planar view of portion  150  of PCAP touchscreen  105 , example  850   b  is a cross-section view of planar view  850   a  taken at  852 , and cross-section view  850   c  is a magnification of cross-section view  850   b . Example  850   d  is a cross-section view of planar view  850   a  taken at  854 , and cross-section view  850   e  is a magnified view of cross-section view  850   d . To fabricate narrow border  130  of PCAP touchscreen  105 , some embodiments include using a laser (not shown) to ablate excess silver paste. For example, a laser may be used to remove some parts of silver paste  810  on sensor glass  290  to define a second set of silver traces  860  (e.g., the laser ablation may remove parts of silver paste  810  that are not needed so that second set of silver traces  860  remains.) In an example, second set of silver traces  860  may be equivalent to second set of silver traces  156  of  FIG.  1 C . Cross-section view  850   b  taken at  852  illustrates cross-section horizontal electrodes  760 ′ disposed on cross-section sensor glass  290 ′. Cross-sections of silver paste  810 ′ are illustrated on cross-sections of portions of cross-section horizontal electrodes  760 ′ and sensor glass  290 ′. Cross-section view  800   c  is a magnified view of cross-section view  850   b  where the spaces between cross-sections of silver paste  810 ′ are visible. 
     Cross-section view  850   d  taken at  854  illustrate cross-section horizontal electrodes  760 ″ disposed on cross-section sensor glass  290 ″ and cross-sections of silver paste  810 ″ are illustrated as printed on cross-section sensor glass  290 ″. Cross-section view  850   e  illustrates a magnification of cross-sections of silver paste  810 ″ on cross-section sensor glass  290 ″ including spaces where cross-sections of silver paste  810 ″ are not printed on cross-section sensor glass  290 ″. 
       FIG.  9 A  illustrates example  900  of insulation layer  910  printed to cover second set of silver traces  860  on the sensor glass, according to an exemplary embodiment of the disclosure. For explanation purposes,  FIG.  9 A  may be described with elements from previous figures. Example  900   a  is a planar view of portion  150  of PCAP touchscreen  105 , example  900   b  is a cross-section view of planar view  900   a  taken at  902 , and cross-section view  900   c  is a magnification of cross-section view  900   b . Example  900   d  is a cross-section view of planar view  900   a  taken at  904 , and cross-section view  900   e  is a magnified view of cross-section view  900   d . Example  900   f  is a cross-section view of planar view  900   a  taken at  906  across insulation layer  910  and opening  915 . 
     To fabricate narrow border  130  of PCAP touchscreen  105 , some embodiments include printing an insulation layer to substantially overlap the second set of silver traces within the narrow border of the PCAP touchscreen. In some embodiments, printing the silver paste on the second layer includes printing a ground silver trace, and printing the insulation layer includes printing the insulation around a second opening that exposes the ground silver trace. For example, insulation layer  910  may be printed to substantially cover second set of silver traces  860 . Portions of second set of silver traces  860  may remain uncovered such as silver trace leads  920  and silver paste  810 . Further, insulation layer  910  may include an opening  915  through which a ground silver trace  930  is left exposed (e.g., not covered by insulation layer  910 .) 
     Cross-section view  900   b  taken at  902  illustrates cross-section horizontal electrodes  760 ′ disposed on cross-section sensor glass  290 ′. Cross-sections of silver paste  810 ′ are illustrated on cross-sections of portions of cross-section horizontal electrodes  760 ′ and sensor glass  290 ′. Cross-section view  900   c  is a magnification of portions of  900   b  and illustrates spaces between cross-sections of silver paste  810 ′. Note that cross-sections of silver paste  810 ′ includes cross-section ground silver trace  930 ′. 
     Cross-section view  900   d  taken at  904  illustrates cross-section insulation layer  910 ″ filling spaces between cross-sections of silver paste  810 ″ on cross-section sensor glass  290 ″ such that the spaces are not visible in narrow border  130  of  FIG.  1 A , for example. Cross-section view  900   e  is a magnification of cross-sections of silver paste  810 ″ that includes cross-section ground silver trace  930 ″, which is covered by cross-section insulation layer  910 ″. 
     Cross-section view  900   f  taken at  906  illustrates cross-section opening  915 ″ shown as spaces on cross-section sensor glass  290 ″ adjacent to cross-section ground silver trace  930 ″, where cross-section ground silver trace  930 ″ is not covered by cross-section insulation layer  910 ″. In contrast, remaining cross-sections of silver paste  810 ″ are covered by cross-section insulation layer  910 ″. 
       FIG.  9 B  illustrates example  950  of shield layer  960  printed on insulation layer  910 , according to an exemplary embodiment of the disclosure. For explanation purposes,  FIG.  9 B  may be described with elements from previous figures. Example  950   a  is a planar view of portion  150  of PCAP touchscreen  105 , example  950   b  is a cross-section view of planar view  950   a  taken at  952 , and cross-section view  950   c  is a magnification of cross-section view  950   b . Example  950   d  is a cross-section view of planar view  950   a  taken at  954 , and cross-section view  950   e  is a magnified view of cross-section view  950   d . Example  950   f  is a cross-section view of planar view  950   a  taken at  956  across insulation layer  910  and opening  915 . 
     To fabricate narrow border  130  of PCAP touchscreen  105 , some embodiments include printing a shield layer on the insulation layer, where the second opening in the insulation layer leaves the ground silver trace exposed to the shield layer. For example, shield layer  960  may be printed to substantially cover insulation layer  910 . Further, shield layer  960  may be coupled with ground silver trace  930  due to opening  915  in insulation layer  910 . Shield layer  960  may be equivalent to shield layer  160  of  FIG.  1 C , for example. 
     Cross-section view  950   b  taken at  952  illustrates cross-section horizontal electrodes  760 ′ disposed on cross-section sensor glass  290 ′. Cross-sections of silver paste  810 ′ are illustrated on cross-sections of portions of cross-section horizontal electrodes  760 ′ and sensor glass  290 ′. Cross-section view  950   c  is a magnification of portions of  950   b  and illustrates spaces between cross-sections of silver paste  810 ′. Note that cross-sections of silver paste  810 ′ includes cross-section ground silver trace  930 ′. 
     Cross-section view  950   d  taken at  954  illustrates cross-section shield layer  960 ″ added to cross-section insulation layer  910 ″ that fills spaces between cross-sections of silver paste  810 ″ on cross-section sensor glass  290 ″ such that the spaces are not visible in narrow border  130  of  FIG.  1 A . Cross-section view  950   e  is a magnification of cross-sections of silver paste  810 ″ that includes cross-section ground silver trace  930 ″, which are covered by cross-section insulation layer  910 ″. Cross-section shield layer  960 ″ is located on top of cross-section insulation layer  910 ″. 
     Cross-section view  950   f  taken at  956  illustrates cross-section opening  915 ″ shown as spaces on cross-section sensor glass  290 ″ adjacent to cross-section ground silver trace  930 ″, where cross-section shield layer  960 ″ fills in the space left by cross-section opening  915 ″ as shown in  900   f  of  FIG.  9 A , around cross-section ground silver trace  930 ″. Thus, cross-section shield layer  960 ″ may be coupled to portions of cross-sections of silver paste  810 ″ such as ground silver trace  930 ″. In contrast, remaining cross-sections of silver paste  810 ″ are coupled to cross-section insulation layer  910 ″. Some portions of cross-section insulation layer  910 ″ that cover remaining cross-sections of silver paste  810 ″ are coupled to cross-section shield layer  960 ″. 
       FIG.  9 C  illustrates an example sensor glass assembly  990  with a shield layer  960   y  printed on insulation layer  910   y , according to an exemplary embodiment of the disclosure. Sensor glass assembly  990  is composed like sensor glass assembly  950 , where the orientation of parts like silver paste  810  are located on a different side (e.g., inverted along the y-axis.) Since the composition is the same but with a different orientation, labels of example  990  are identified with the addition of a “y”. Thus, planar view  990   a  includes but is not limited to: sensor glass  290   y , with horizontal electrodes  760   y , silver paste  810   y , and insulation layer  910   y  coupled to shield layer  960   y , where silver trace leads  920   y  may remain uncovered. Planar view  990   a  can be a portion  150  of PCAP touchscreen  105 , and example  990   b  is a cross-section view of planar view  990   a  taken at  952   y.    
     Cross-section view  990   b  taken at  952   y  illustrates cross-section horizontal electrodes  760   y ′ disposed on cross-section sensor glass  290   y ′. Cross-sections of silver paste  810   y ′ are illustrated on cross-sections of portions of cross-section horizontal electrodes  760   y ′ and sensor glass  290   y ′. Note that cross-sections of silver paste  810   y ′ includes cross-section ground silver trace  930   y′.    
       FIG.  10    illustrates example  1000  of combination of the cover glass assembly  600  of  FIG.  6    and the sensor glass assembly  990  of  FIG.  9 C , according to an exemplary embodiment of the disclosure. For explanation purposes,  FIG.  10    may be described with elements from previous figures. In some embodiments, combination  1000  is equivalent to  150  of  FIG.  1 C , where shield layer  160  is equivalent to shield layer  960   y  of  FIG.  9 C , that is not visible in combination  1000 . 
     To fabricate narrow border  130  of PCAP touchscreen  105 , some embodiments include assembling the first layer with the second layer, where the first set of silver traces substantially overlaps the second set of silver traces within the narrow border of the PCAP touchscreen, and where the overlapped sets of silver traces are separated by a shield layer. Some embodiments further include applying an adhesive between the first layer and the second layer. For example, cover glass assembly  600  may be assembled with sensor glass assembly  990  with adhesive  283  (of  FIG.  2 A ) between them. In other words, adhesive  283  may be sandwiched between cover glass assembly  600  on the bottom and sensor glass assembly  990  on the top as shown in combination  1000 . Vertical electrodes  360  are aligned with horizontal electrodes  760   y  and first set of silver traces  560  (not shown) of cover glass assembly  600  substantially overlap second set of silver traces  860   y  coupled to second insulating BM layer  610 , where the overlapped first set of silver traces  560  and second set of silver traces  860   y  are separated by shield layer  960   y  and insulation layer  910   y . Cross-section view  1000   b  taken at  1002  illustrates a combination of cross-section view  600   b  taken at  602  and cross-section view  990   b  taken at  952   y  with the addition of adhesive  283 . Accordingly, those descriptions are not repeated here. 
       FIG.  11    illustrates an example of a method  1100  for fabricating a cover glass assembly (e.g., cover glass assembly  600 ) for a narrow border  130  of PCAP touchscreen  105 , according to an exemplary embodiment of the disclosure. For explanation purposes,  FIG.  11    may be described with elements from previous figures. 
     At  1110 , method  1100  includes disposing a first transparent electrode on a first layer. For example, method  1100  may include disposing transparent conductor  280  onto cover glass  275 . 
     At  1120 , method  1100  includes removing portions of the first transparent electrode to form parallel directional electrode pads (e.g., vertical electrode pads). For example, method  1100  may include removing portions of transparent conductor  280  to produce one or more vertical electrodes  360  on cover glass  275 . 
     At  1130 , method  1130  includes printing a first insulating black mask (BM) layer to form a narrow border on the perimeter of the first layer, where the first insulating BM layer includes an opening above an electrode terminus of the directional electrode pad (e.g., a rectangular opening within the first insulating BM layer that leaves the end of the electrode terminus exposed). For example, method  1130  may print first insulating BM layer  410  on the perimeter of cover glass  275 , where first insulating BM layer  410  includes opening  420  above an electrode terminus of vertical electrode  360 . 
     At  1140 , method  1100  includes printing a portion of conductive black via (BV) in the opening on the electrode terminus of a directional electrode pad. The portion of the conductive BV may overlap the first insulating BM layer without touching an adjacent portion of conductive BV. For example, method  1100  includes printing a portion of conductive BV  460  in opening  420  so that the portion of conductive BV  460  is coupled with an electrode terminus of vertical electrode  360 . The portion of conductive BV  460  may exceed opening  420  without touching another portion of conductive BV  460 . 
     At  1150 , method  1100  includes printing silver paste on the portion of the conductive BV as well as on the first insulating BM layer where transmitter, receiver, and/or ground silver traces are desired. For example, method  1100  includes printing silver paste  510  on portions of conductive BV  460  as well as on first insulating BM layer  410  where transmitter, receiver, and/or ground silver traces are desired. 
     At  1160 , method  1100  includes using a laser to ablate excess silver paste to: a) define silver traces, and b) optionally leave a deposit of the silver paste within a boundary of a portion of the conductive BV where the deposit is coupled to a silver trace. For example, method  1100  includes using a laser to remove parts of silver paste  510  that are not needed. The laser ablation may remove excess silver paste  510  to define first set of silver traces  560  that may include transmitter, receiver, and/or ground silver traces. In addition, in some embodiments the laser ablation may leave a silver paste deposit  570  on one or more portions of conductive BV  460 , where each silver paste deposit  570  is coupled to a silver trace of first set of silver traces  560 . 
     At  1170 , method  1100  includes printing a second insulating BM layer on the first insulating BM layer along the border where a connector is desired, where the second insulating BM layer includes an opening large enough to leave a portion of the silver traces exposed (e.g., leads of the silver traces to be coupled to a connector. In addition, the second insulating BM layer may leave parts of the silver paste deposit exposed. For example, method  1100  may include printing second insulating BM layer  610  along narrow border  130  where a connector is desired (e.g., a connector to a flex cable that couples touchscreen  105  to display device  110 .) Second insulating BM layer  610  includes opening  620  that leaves a portion of silver paste  510  or first set of silver traces  560  exposed. 
     At  1180 , method  1100  includes printing the second insulating BM layer that fills openings made by the laser ablation such that the second insulating BM layer is adjacent to the cover glass. For example, method  1100  may include printing second insulating BM layer  610  to fill gaps  565 ′ or equivalent. 
       FIG.  12    illustrates an example of a method  1200  for the fabrication of a sensor glass assembly  950  for a narrow border  130  of PCAP touchscreen  105 , according to an exemplary embodiment of the disclosure. For explanation purposes,  FIG.  12    may be described with elements from previous figures. 
     At  1210 , method  1200  includes disposing a second transparent electrode on a second layer. For example, method  1200  may include disposing transparent conductor  285  on sensor glass  290 . 
     At  1220 , method  1200  includes removing portions of the second transparent electrode to form parallel directional electrode pads (e.g., horizontal electrode pads). For example, method  1200  may include removing portions of transparent conductor  285  to form second electrodes or horizontal electrodes  760  on sensor glass  290 . 
     At  1230 , method  1200  includes printing silver paste on the second layer in areas where transmitter, receiver, and/or ground silver traces are desired. For example, method  1200  may include printing silver paste  810  on areas of sensor glass  290  where transmitter, receiver, and/or ground silver traces are desired. 
     At  1240 , method  1200  includes using a laser to ablate excess silver paste to define silver traces. For example, method  1200  may include using a laser to ablate portions of silver paste  810  to define second set of silver traces  860  that may include transmitter, receiver, and/or ground silver traces. 
     At  1250 , method  1200  includes printing an insulation layer on the second layer to substantially cover the silver traces defined, where the insulation layer includes an opening that leaves a portion of the ground silver trace exposed. For example, method  1200  includes printing an insulation layer  910  on sensor glass  290  that substantially covers second set of silver traces  860  that may include transmitter, receiver, and/or ground silver traces. Insulation layer  910  may include opening  915  that leaves ground silver trace  930  of silver paste  810  exposed. 
     At  1260 , method  1200  includes printing a shielding layer on the insulation layer. For example, method  1200  may include printing shielding layer  960  on insulation layer  910  where shielding layer  960  is coupled to ground silver trace  930  due to opening  915 . 
       FIG.  13    illustrates an example of a method  1300  for combining a cover glass assembly and a sensor glass assembly, according to an exemplary embodiment of the disclosure. For explanation purposes,  FIG.  13    may be described with elements from previous figures. 
     At  1310 , method  1300  includes assembling a cover glass with a sensor glass, where the silver traces of the cover glass overlap the silver traces of the sensor glass, where the overlapped silver traces are separated by the shield layer and the insulation layer, and the overlap occurs within a narrow border (e.g., is not in a viewing area). For example, method  1300  may include combining cover glass assembly  600  with sensor glass assembly  990 , where first set of silver traces  560  substantially overlap second set of silver traces  860   y , where the overlapped silver traces are separated by shield layer  960   y  and/or insulation layer  910   y . The overlapped silver traces are: located within second insulating BM layer  610 ; within narrow border  130 ; and not within view area  152  of  FIG.  1 C . 
     At  1320 , method  1300  places the silver traces of the cover glass and the silver traces of the sensor glass in proximity to share a common connector. For example, method  1300  may place first set of silver traces  560  or silver paste  510  in proximity with second set of silver traces  860   y  to share a common connector. 
     At  1330 , method  1300  applies an adhesive layer between the second insulating BM layer of the cover glass and the shield layer of the sensor glass. For example, method  1300  may include applying adhesive  283  between cover glass assembly  600  and sensor glass assembly  990 . In another example, adhesive  283  may be between second insulating BM layer  610  and shield layer  960   y.    
     Various embodiments can be implemented, for example, using one or more well-known computer systems, such as computer system  1400  shown in  FIG.  14   . Computer system  1400  can be any well-known computer capable of performing the functions described herein such as PCAP touchscreen  105  of  FIG.  1    and/or display device  110 . Computer system  1400  may be internal or external to PCAP touchscreen  105  and/or display device  110  as discussed above. For example, portions of computer system  1400  may be included as PCAP touchscreen  105  and/or display device  110 . In addition, PCAP touchscreen  105  may be used in conjunction with another computer system  1400 . In another example, computer system  1440  may be used to perform methods  1100 ,  1200 , and/or  1300  described in  FIGS.  11 - 13   . 
     Computer system  1400  includes one or more processors (also called central processing units, or CPUs), such as a processor  1404 . Processor  1404  is connected to a communication infrastructure or bus  906 . One or more processors  1404  may each be a graphics processing unit (GPU). In an embodiment, a GPU is a processor that is a specialized electronic circuit designed to process mathematically intensive applications. The GPU may have a parallel structure that is efficient for parallel processing of large blocks of data, such as mathematically intensive data common to computer graphics applications, images, videos, etc. Computer system  900  also includes user input/output device(s) such as monitors, keyboards, pointing devices, etc., that communicate with communication infrastructure  1406  through user input/output interface(s)  1402 . 
     Computer system  1400  also includes a main or primary memory  1408 , such as random access memory (RAM). Main memory  908  may include one or more levels of cache. Main memory  1408  has stored therein control logic (i.e., computer software) and/or data. Computer system  1400  may also include one or more secondary storage devices or memory  1410 . Secondary memory  1410  may include, for example, a hard disk drive  1412  and/or a removable storage device or drive  1414 . Removable storage drive  1414  may be a floppy disk drive, a magnetic tape drive, a compact disk drive, an optical storage device, tape backup device, and/or any other storage device/drive. 
     Removable storage drive  1414  may interact with a removable storage unit  1418 . Removable storage unit  1418  includes a computer usable or readable storage device having stored thereon computer software (control logic) and/or data. Removable storage unit  1418  may be a floppy disk, magnetic tape, compact disk, DVD, optical storage disk, and/any other computer data storage device. Removable storage drive  1414  reads from and/or writes to removable storage unit  1418  in a well-known manner. 
     According to an exemplary embodiment, secondary memory  1410  may include other means, instrumentalities or other approaches for allowing computer programs and/or other instructions and/or data to be accessed by computer system  1400 . Such means, instrumentalities or other approaches may include, for example, a removable storage unit  1422  and an interface  1420 . Examples of the removable storage unit  1422  and the interface  1420  may include a program cartridge and cartridge interface (such as that found in video game devices), a removable memory chip (such as an EPROM or PROM) and associated socket, a memory stick and USB port, a memory card and associated memory card slot, and/or any other removable storage unit and associated interface. 
     Computer system  1400  may further include a communication or network interface  1424 . Communication interface  1424  enables computer system  1400  to communicate and interact with any combination of remote devices, remote networks, remote entities, etc. (individually and collectively referenced by reference number  1428 ). For example, communication interface  1424  may allow computer system  1400  to communicate with remote devices  1428  over communications path  1426 , which may be wired, and/or wireless, and which may include any combination of LANs, WANs, the Internet, etc. Control logic and/or data may be transmitted to and from computer system  1400  via communication path  1426 . 
     In an embodiment, a tangible, non-transitory apparatus or article of manufacture comprising a tangible computer useable or readable medium having control logic (software) stored thereon is also referred to herein as a computer program product or program storage device. This includes, but is not limited to, computer system  1400 , main memory  1408 , secondary memory  1410 , and removable storage units  1418  and  1422 , as well as tangible articles of manufacture embodying any combination of the foregoing. Such control logic, when executed by one or more data processing devices (such as computer system  1400 ), causes such data processing devices to operate as described herein. 
     The foregoing description, for purposes of explanation, used specific nomenclature to provide a thorough understanding of the disclosure. However, it will be apparent to one skilled in the art that specific details are not required in order to practice the disclosure. Thus, the foregoing descriptions of specific embodiments of the disclosure are presented for purposes of illustration and description. They are not intended to be exhaustive or to limit the disclosure to the precise forms disclosed; obviously, many modifications and variations are possible in view of the above teachings. The embodiments were chosen and described in order to best explain the principles of the disclosure and its practical applications, they thereby enable others skilled in the art to best utilize the disclosure and various embodiments with various modifications as are suited to the particular use contemplated. It is intended that the following claims and their equivalents define the scope of the disclosure. 
     Based on the teachings contained in this disclosure, it will be apparent to persons skilled in the relevant art(s) how to make and use embodiments of the disclosure using data processing devices, computer systems and/or computer architectures other than that shown in  FIG.  14   . In particular, embodiments may operate with software, hardware, and/or operating system implementations other than those described herein. 
     It is to be appreciated that the Detailed Description section, and not the Abstract section, is intended to be used to interpret the claims. The Abstract section may set forth one or more, but not all exemplary embodiments, of the disclosure, and thus, are not intended to limit the disclosure and the appended claims in any way. 
     The disclosure has been described above with the aid of functional building blocks illustrating the implementation of specified functions and relationships thereof. The boundaries of these functional building blocks have been arbitrarily defined herein for the convenience of the description. Alternate boundaries may be defined so long as the specified functions and relationships thereof are appropriately performed. 
     It will be apparent to those skilled in the relevant art(s) that various changes in form and detail can be made therein without departing from the spirit and scope of the disclosure. Thus the disclosure should not be limited by any of the above-described exemplary embodiments. Further, the claims should be defined only in accordance with their recitations and their equivalents.