Patent Publication Number: US-2023145607-A1

Title: Fastening systems, fastening system installation apparatus, and methods for fastening

Description:
FIELD OF USE 
     The present disclosure relates to fastening systems, fastening system installation apparatus, and methods for fastening. 
     BACKGROUND 
     Vehicle frames, storage racks, solar panel sub-structures, aircraft components, and other structures can include numerous mechanical fasteners. For example, a pin of a fastener (e.g., a bolt, a structural fastener) can be installed in a bore of a structural component and secured by a fastening collar, such as, for example, a bolt collar and/or a nut. Securely installing a fastening collar onto a pin of a fastener can present challenges. 
     SUMMARY 
     In one aspect according to the present disclosure, a fastening system installation apparatus is provided. The fastening system installation apparatus comprises a sleeve and an anvil. The sleeve comprises a first sleeve end and a second sleeve end. A sleeve cavity extends into the sleeve from the first sleeve end. The anvil is slidably received by the sleeve cavity. The anvil comprises a first anvil end, a second anvil end, and at least two portions formed by at least two channels extending from the first anvil end. In an open configuration of the anvil, each of the at least two portions comprises an outward taper relative to a longitudinal axis of the anvil and an inner surface facing inwardly relative to the longitudinal axis of the anvil. The at least two portions define an anvil cavity configured to receive a fastening collar and each of the inner surfaces is configured to deform the fastening collar. The sleeve is configured to radially displace the at least two portions inward relative to the longitudinal axis responsive to forcible contact between the first anvil end and the first sleeve end. 
     In another aspect according to the present disclosure, a fastening system comprising a fastening collar and a pin is provided. The fastening collar comprises a first collar end, a second collar end, and an elongate portion disposed intermediate the first collar end and the second collar end. A collar cavity extends from the first collar end to the second collar end. The elongate portion is configured to have a rib formed thereon responsive to a radial force applied thereto. The pin is configured to be at least partially received by the collar cavity. The pin comprises a first pin end, a second pin end, and a shank extending intermediate the first pin end and the second pin end. The fastening collar is configured to be deformed onto the shank responsive to the radial force. 
     In yet another aspect according to the present disclosure, a method for installing a fastener system is provided. The method comprises positioning a first anvil end of an anvil of a fastening system installation apparatus in contact with a fastening collar of the fastening system. A first force is applied to the fastening collar in a direction substantially aligned with a longitudinal axis of the fastening collar utilizing the first anvil end. A second force is applied to the fastening collar in a direction substantially perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the fastening collar utilizing the first anvil end. The second force applies radial contact pressure that exceeds a yield strength of the fastening collar. The fastening collar is deformed onto a pin of the fastener system. 
     In yet another aspect according to the present disclosure, a method for fastening is provided. The method comprises inserting a second pin end of a fastening system into a bore in a structure. The fastening system comprises a fastening collar and a pin. The fastening collar comprises a first collar end, a second collar end, and an elongate portion disposed intermediate the first collar end and the second collar end. A collar cavity extends from the first collar end to the second collar end the elongate portion configured to form a rib thereon responsive to a radial force. The pin is configured to be at least partially received by the collar cavity. The pin comprises a first pin end, a second pin end, and a shank extending intermediate the first pin end and the second pin end. The fastening collar is configured to be deformed onto the shank responsive to the radial force. The method comprises passing at least a portion of the second pin end through the collar cavity. A first force is applied to the fastening collar in a direction substantially aligned with a longitudinal axis of the fastening collar utilizing an anvil of a fastening system installation apparatus. A second force is applied to the fastening collar in a direction substantially perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the fastening collar utilizing the anvil. The second force applies radial contact pressure that exceeds a yield strength of the fastening collar. The fastening collar is deformed onto the pin and at least a portion of the fastening system is secured to the structure. A clamping force between the fastening collar and the pin is at least 400 pounds. 
     It will be understood that the inventions disclosed and described in this specification are not limited to the aspects summarized in this Summary. The reader will appreciate the foregoing details, as well as others, upon considering the following detailed description of various non-limiting and non-exhaustive aspects according to this specification. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       The features and advantages of the examples, and the manner of attaining them, will become more apparent, and the examples will be better understood, by reference to the following description taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, wherein: 
         FIG.  1 A  is a perspective view of a non-limiting embodiment of a fastening system installation apparatus according to the present disclosure, shown in an open configuration; 
         FIG.  1 B  is a cross-sectional side view of the fastening system installation apparatus of  FIG.  1 A  taken along line  1 B- 1 B in  FIG.  1 A ; 
         FIG.  1 C  is a cross-sectional side view of the fastening system installation apparatus of  FIG.  1 B , shown in a closed configuration; 
         FIG.  2    is a perspective view of a non-limiting embodiment of a fastening system according to the present disclosure; 
         FIG.  3 A  is a perspective view of a non-limiting embodiment of a fastening system installation apparatus and a non-limiting embodiment of a fastening system according to the present disclosure, shown prior to installation of the fastening system in a structure also illustrated in the figure; 
         FIG.  3 B  is a perspective view of the fastening system installation apparatus and fastening system of  FIG.  3 A , shown after installation of the fastening system into the structure; 
         FIG.  4 A  is a perspective view of a non-limiting embodiment of a fastening system installation apparatus according to the present disclosure; 
         FIG.  4 B  is a cross-sectional side view of the fastening system installation apparatus of  FIG.  4 A  taken along line  4 B- 4 B in  FIG.  4 A ; 
         FIG.  5    is a perspective view of the fastening system installation apparatus of  FIG.  4 A , shown operatively coupled to an installation tool; 
         FIG.  6 A  is a cross-sectional side view of a non-limiting embodiment of a fastening system installation apparatus shown in an open configuration, a non-limiting embodiment of a fastening system according to the present disclosure, and a structure; 
         FIG.  6 B  is a cross-sectional side view of the fastening system installation apparatus and fastening system of  FIG.  6 A , shown after the fastening system has been received by an anvil cavity of the fastening system installation apparatus; 
         FIG.  6 C  is a cross-sectional side view of the fastening system installation apparatus and fastening system of  FIG.  6 B , shown after installation of the fastening system into the structure-; 
         FIG.  7 A  is a cross-sectional side view of a non-limiting embodiment of a fastening system according to the present disclosure, a non-limiting embodiment of a fastening system installation apparatus shown in a resting configuration, and a structure; 
         FIG.  7 B  is a cross-sectional side view of the fastening system installation apparatus and the fastening system of  FIG.  7 A , shown with the fastening system installation apparatus in a compressed configuration and the fastening system aligned with an anvil cavity of the fastening system installation apparatus; 
         FIG.  7 C  is a cross-sectional side view of the fastening system installation apparatus and the fastening system of  FIG.  7 B , shown in a configuration after a compressive force has been released from a first handle region and a second handle region; 
         FIG.  7 D  is a cross-sectional side view of the fastening system installation apparatus and the fastening system of  FIG.  7 C , shown in a configuration after the fastening system has been received by the anvil cavity of the fastening system installation apparatus and a radial force has been applied to the fastening collar; and 
         FIG.  7 E  is a cross-sectional side view of the fastening system installation apparatus and the fastening system of  FIG.  7 D , shown in a configuration after installation of the fastening system into the structure. 
     
    
    
     Corresponding reference characters indicate corresponding parts throughout the several views. The exemplifications set out herein illustrate certain non-limiting embodiments, in one form, and such exemplifications are not to be construed as limiting the scope of the appended claims in any manner. 
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF NON-LIMITING EMBODIMENTS 
     Various examples are described and illustrated herein to provide an overall understanding of the structure, function, and use of the disclosed apparatus and methods. The various examples described and illustrated herein are non-limiting and non-exhaustive. Thus, the invention is not limited by the description of the various non-limiting and non-exhaustive examples disclosed herein. Rather, the invention is defined solely by the claims. The features and characteristics illustrated and/or described in connection with various examples may be combined with the features and characteristics of other examples. Such modifications and variations are intended to be included within the scope of the present disclosure. As such, the claims may be amended to recite any features or characteristics expressly or inherently described in, or otherwise expressly or inherently supported by, the present disclosure. Further, Applicant reserves the right to amend the claims to affirmatively disclaim features or characteristics that may be present in the prior art. The various non-limiting embodiments disclosed and described in the present disclosure can comprise, consist of, or consist essentially of the features and characteristics as variously described herein. 
     Any references herein to “various embodiments,” “some embodiments,” “one embodiment,” “an embodiment,” or like phrases mean that a particular feature, structure, or characteristic described in connection with the example is included in at least one embodiment. Thus, appearances of the phrases “in various embodiments,” “in some embodiments,” “in one embodiment,” “in an embodiment,” or like phrases in the specification do not necessarily refer to the same non-limiting embodiment. Furthermore, the particular described features, structures, or characteristics may be combined in any suitable manner in one or more non-limiting embodiments. Thus, the particular features, structures, or characteristics illustrated or described in connection with one non-limiting embodiment may be combined, in whole or in part, with the features, structures, or characteristics of one or more other non-limiting embodiments without limitation. Such modifications and variations are intended to be included within the scope of the present non-limiting embodiments. 
     In the present disclosure, unless otherwise indicated, all numerical parameters are to be understood as being prefaced and modified in all instances by the term “about,” in which the numerical parameters possess the inherent variability characteristic of the underlying measurement techniques used to determine the numerical value of the parameter. At the very least, and not as an attempt to limit the application of the doctrine of equivalents to the scope of the claims, each numerical parameter described herein should at least be construed in light of the number of reported significant digits and by applying ordinary rounding techniques. 
     Also, any numerical range recited herein includes all sub-ranges subsumed within the recited range. For example, a range of “1 to 10” includes all sub-ranges between (and including) the recited minimum value of 1 and the recited maximum value of 10, that is, having a minimum value equal to or greater than 1 and a maximum value equal to or less than 10. Any maximum numerical limitation recited in this specification is intended to include all lower numerical limitations subsumed therein, and any minimum numerical limitation recited in the present disclosure is intended to include all higher numerical limitations subsumed therein. Accordingly, Applicant reserves the right to amend the present disclosure, including the claims, to expressly recite any sub-range subsumed within the ranges expressly recited. All such ranges are inherently described in the present disclosure. 
     The grammatical articles “a,” “an,” and “the,” as used herein, are intended to include “at least one” or “one or more,” unless otherwise indicated, even if “at least one” or “one or more” is expressly used in certain instances. Thus, the foregoing grammatical articles are used herein to refer to one or more than one (i.e., to “at least one”) of the particular identified elements. Further, the use of a singular noun includes the plural, and the use of a plural noun includes the singular, unless the context of the usage requires otherwise. 
     As used herein, “intermediate” means that the referenced element is disposed between two elements but is not necessarily in contact with those elements. Accordingly, unless stated otherwise herein, an element that is “intermediate” a first element and a second element may or may not be adjacent to or in contact with the first and/or second elements, and other elements may be disposed between the intermediate element and the first and/or second elements. 
     Lockbolt fastening systems typically have a predetermined pin height and a predetermined fastening collar height such that a desired engagement length between a fastening system installation tool and the lockbolt can be achieved. Additionally, the amount of force applied to the lockbolt fastening system can affect the clamp force achieved during installation of the lockbolt fastening systems into a structure. For example, typically a pull section of a pin of a lockbolt fastening system can be engaged by a collet of a fastening system installation tool. Retracting the collet of the fastening system installation tool can urge the fastening collar of the lockbolt fastening system to contact a fixed shaped anvil of the fastening system installation tool. The contact can deform the fastening collar onto the pin. The amount of deformation can affect the clamp force achieved during installation, and the amount of deformation can be dependent on the amount of force applied to the pull section of the lockbolt fastening system. In various non-limiting embodiments, the amount of force that needs to be applied to achieve sufficient deformation may require a larger pin height and/or fastening collar height than desired. 
     Additionally, stump type lockbolt fastening systems are installed by solely applying an axial force to the fastening collar of the stump type lockbolt fastening system by a fixed shaped anvil. The axial force applied to the stump type lockbolt may not deform the lockbolt to a desired level and/or achieve a desired clamp force. 
     Thus, the present disclosure provides non-limiting embodiments of fastening systems, fastening system installation apparatus, and methods of fastening that may reduce the pin height and fastening collar height while allowing the installation apparatus to exert a sufficient clamping force upon installation of the fastening system into the structure. 
       FIGS.  1 A and  1 B  illustrate a non-limiting embodiment of fastening system installation apparatus  100  according to the present disclosure. The fastening system installation apparatus  100  can engage at least a portion of a fastening system (e.g., a fastening collar) and deform a portion of the fastening system (e.g., deform the fastening collar). The fastening system installation apparatus  100  can be configured with various components in order to engage the fastening system&#39;s fastening collar and deform the fastening collar. For example, the fastening system installation apparatus  100  can comprise an anvil  102  and a sleeve  104 . 
     The sleeve  104  can be configured to receive and/or retain various components. For example, the sleeve  104  can comprise a first sleeve end  104   a , a second sleeve end  104   b , and a sleeve cavity  104   c  extending along a longitudinal axis, A s , of the sleeve  104  from the first sleeve end  104   a  to the second sleeve end  104   b . In various non-limiting embodiments, the sleeve  104  can be substantially cylindrical and the sleeve cavity  104   c  can be substantially cylindrical. In other non-limiting embodiments, the sleeve  104  and the sleeve cavity  104   c  can comprise a different shape, as desired. In various non-limiting embodiments, the sleeve cavity  104   c  can comprise a keyway. 
     The sleeve cavity  104   c  can be configured to slidably receive the anvil  102 . The anvil  102  can comprise a first anvil end  102   a , a second anvil end  102   b , and an anvil cavity  102   c  extending from the first anvil end  102   a  along the longitudinal axis, A a . The anvil cavity  102   c  can be sized and/or configured to receive at least a portion of a fastening collar, such as, for example, a bolt collar and/or a nut. In various examples, the anvil cavity  102   c  can be sized and/or configured to receive a pin of a fastener to which a fastening collar will be secured and can enable the pin of the fastener to traverse through the anvil cavity  102   c . The anvil cavity  102   c  can be a continuous cavity that can extend from the first anvil end  102   a  to the second anvil end  102   b.    
     The anvil  102  can be configured to engage and/or deform a fastening collar of a fastening system, such as, for example, fastening collar  220  described below and illustrated in  FIG.  2   . For example, again referring to  FIGS.  1 A and  1 B , the anvil  102  can exert a radial and an axial force on a fastening collar of the fastening system. Applying a radial force to the fastening collar can enable a larger clamping force to be achieved when the fastening collar is installed in a structure and also may allow for a reduction in the length of the fastening collar and/or a pin of the fastening system. 
     The sleeve  102  can comprise a tapered inner surface  108  on the first sleeve end  102   a . The tapered inner surface  108  can be configured to forcibly contact the anvil  102  and change a configuration of the anvil  102  from an open configuration, as illustrated in  FIGS.  1 A- 1 B , to a closed configuration, as illustrated in  FIG.  1 C . The change in configuration can facilitate application of the radial force by the anvil  102  to the fastening collar. 
     The anvil  102  can comprise at least two portions formed by at least two axial channels in the anvil  102 . For example, the anvil  102  can comprise portions  110   a - 110   f  formed by axial channels  112   a - 112   f  extending from the first anvil end  102   a . The axial channels  112   a - 112   f  can be substantially parallel to the longitudinal axis, A a , of the anvil  102 . The portions  110   a - 110   f  can extend from the second anvil end  102   b . In various embodiments, when the anvil  102  is received by the sleeve  104 , the longitudinal axis, A a , is aligned with the longitudinal axis, A s . The portions  110   a - 110   f  can be circumferentially spaced about the longitudinal axis, A a , of the anvil  102 , and in various non-limiting embodiments, the portions  110   a - 110   c  can be substantially equally circumferentially spaced about the longitudinal axis, A a , of the anvil  102 . Equally spacing the portions  110   a - 110   f  circumferentially about the longitudinal axis, A a , of the anvil  102  can facilitate centering of a fastening collar within the anvil cavity  104   c  when the fastening system installation apparatus  100  is in use. Additionally, equally spacing the portions  110   a - 110   f  circumferentially about the longitudinal axis, A a , can facilitate a substantially equal application of radial force to a fastening collar within the anvil cavity  102   c  such that a desired deformation of the fastening collar can be achieved. 
     The anvil  102  can be moveable with respect to the sleeve  104 , such that the anvil  102  can change position with respect to the sleeve  104  as described with reference to  FIGS.  1 A- 1 C . The portions  110   a - 110   f  can each have inner surfaces  114   a - 114   f , respectively, facing inwardly relative to the longitudinal axis, A a . The inner surfaces  114   a - 114   f  can define the anvil cavity  102   c . The inner surfaces  114   a - 114   f  can be substantially smooth such that the inner surfaces  114   a - 114   f  apply a substantially even pressure to the fastening collar. The substantially even pressure can evenly deform the fastening collar while avoiding weakening the structure of the fastening collar (e.g., cutting the fastening collar). 
     The portions  110   a - 110   f  can be flexible and can enable movement of each of the inner surfaces  114   a - 114   f  relative to one another. Additionally, the portions  110   a - 110   f  can flex towards and away from the longitudinal axis, A a , of the anvil  102 . For example, each portion  110   a - 110   f  can be configured in an open configuration as illustrated in  FIG.  1 A- 1 B  and upon retraction of the anvil  102  into the sleeve  104 , the portions  110   a - 110   f  can forcibly contact the inner surface  108  of the sleeve  104  and move to a closed configuration, as illustrated in  FIG.  1 C . When the anvil  102  is extended, each portion  110   a - 110   f  can move to the open configuration, as illustrated in  FIGS.  1 A- 1 B . For example, each portion  110   a - 110   f  can be configured as a resilient member (e.g., a leaf spring) such that the open configuration can be a resting configuration of the resilient member. In various non-limiting embodiments, each portion  110   a - 110   f  can independently move relative to one another. 
     In various non-limiting embodiments, a spring (not shown) can be disposed in the sleeve cavity  104   c  intermediate the second anvil end  102   b  and the second sleeve end  104   b . The spring can be configured to urge the second anvil end  102   b  towards the first sleeve end  104   a , such that the anvil  102  is in the open configuration. The force generated by the spring may have to be overcome before the anvil  102  can retract within the sleeve cavity  104   c.    
     Referring to  FIGS.  1 A- 1 B , in an open configuration of the anvil  102 , including the open configuration of the portions  110   a - 110   f , each surface  114   a - 114   f  can be a first distance from the longitudinal axis, A a , of the anvil  102 . The surfaces  114   a - 114   f  can define an open diameter when the portions  110   a - 110   f  are in the open configuration. The open diameter can be configured to allow a fastening collar to be received in the anvil cavity  104   c . Thereafter, the portions  110   a - 110   f  can be moved to the closed configuration, as illustrated in  FIG.  1 C , which can change (e.g., decrease) the open diameter to a closed diameter. 
     The movement of the surfaces  114   a - 114   f  between the open and closed configurations can forcibly contact and deform the fastening collar positioned within the anvil cavity  102   c . For example, the surfaces  114   a - 114   f  can move towards the longitudinal axis, A a , of the anvil  102  and can apply a radial force to a fastening collar positioned in the anvil cavity  104   c , to at least partially deform the fastening collar positioned in by the anvil cavity  104   c . For example, the radial force can apply radial contact pressure to the fastening collar by the surfaces  114   a - f  that exceeds the yield strength of the fastening collar, the fastening collar can deform on a pin of the fastening system and into the axial channels  112   a - f  of the anvil  102 . The closed diameter of the anvil  102  can be configured to impart a desired level of deformation to the fastening collar. Enabling the sleeve  104  to receive and forcibly contact the anvil  102  to change the configuration of the anvil  102  can enable a single linear force to be applied to the sleeve  104 , which in turn can apply an axial force and a radial force to the fastening collar via the anvil  102 . Thus, a desired level of clamping force can be achieved, while maintaining a desired installed height of the fastening system. 
     Referring again to  FIGS.  1 A- 1 B , the fastening system installation apparatus  100  can comprise tapered outer surfaces  116   a - 116   f  disposed on each of the portions  110   a - 110   f , respectively, of the anvil  102 , and on the first end  102   a  of the anvil  102 . The tapered outer surfaces  116   a - 116   f  define an outward taper of each of the portions  110   a - 110   f  relative to the longitudinal axis, A a , of the anvil  102  and, collectively, the tapered outer surfaces  116   a - 116   f  define an outward taper of the first anvil end  102   a  relative to the longitudinal axis, A a , of the anvil  102 . 
     The tapered outer surfaces  116   a - 116   f  of the first anvil end  102   a  can be configured to forcibly contact the tapered inner surface  108  of the first sleeve end  104   a . The forcible contact can move the portions  110   a - 110   f  and change the location of the surfaces  114   a - 114   f  relative to one another. For example, the sleeve  104 , including the inner surface  108 , can be configured to radially displace the portions  110   a - 110   f  inward relative to the longitudinal axis, A a , of the anvil  102  responsive to forcible contact between the first anvil end  102   a  and the first sleeve end  104   a . The forcible contact on the tapered outer surfaces  116   a - 116   f  can move the portions  110   a - 110   f  toward the longitudinal axis, A a , of the anvil  102  and can change the configuration of the anvil  102  from the open configuration, as illustrated in  FIGS.  1 A- 1 B , to the closed configuration, as illustrated in  FIG.  1 C . In various non-limiting embodiments, the tapered outer surfaces  116   a - 116   f  can be tapered at an angle in a range of 2 degrees to 40 degrees relative to the longitudinal axis, A a , of the anvil  102 , such as, for example, in a range of 3 degrees to 40 degrees, in a range of 8 degrees to 40 degrees, 10 degrees to 40 degrees, or 20 degrees to 40 degrees, all relative to the longitudinal axis, A a , of the anvil  102 . 
     In various examples, the fastening system installation apparatus  100  may not comprise a collet or other feature configured to engage a pin of the fastening system. The first anvil end  102   a  can be configured to axially apply force to a fastening collar of the fastening system to urge the fastening collar towards a head of a pin and/or a structure and radially apply a force to the fastening collar to deform the fastening collar onto the pin. 
     In various non-limiting embodiments, the fastening system installation apparatus  100  can comprise at least one of a metal, a metal alloy, and a composite material. In various non-limiting embodiments, the metal or metal alloy can comprise at least one of aluminum, an aluminum alloy, titanium, a titanium alloy, nickel, a nickel alloy, iron, and an iron alloy. The composite material can comprise, for example, a carbon fiber composite material. 
     The fastening system installation apparatus can be manufactured by various processes, such as, for example, at least one of machining, casting, molding, and additive manufacturing. For example, the anvil  102  can be machined and then subjected to a secondary process such as, for example, heat treating, in order to configure the anvil  102  in the open configuration. In various other non-limiting embodiments, the anvil  102  can be cast in the open configuration. The anvil  102  can be a single, continuous piece or can include two or more pieces operatively joined together. For example, each portion  110   a - 110   f  can be a separate piece and can be operatively joined together to form the anvil  102  by a secondary process. 
       FIG.  2    illustrates a non-limiting embodiment of a fastening system  200  according to the present disclosure. The fastening system  200  can be adapted to be installed in a bore in a structure (e.g., as illustrated in  FIGS.  3 A- 3 B  and discussed below). The fastening system  200  can comprise at least two components, such as, for example, a fastening collar  220  and a pin  222  as illustrated in  FIG.  2   , or in some non-limiting embodiments, at least three components (not shown). In various non-limiting embodiments, the fastening system  200  can comprise a two-piece assembly, including the fastening collar  220  and the pin  222 . In some non-limiting embodiments, the fastening system  200  can comprise a lockbolt. For example, the lockbolt can be a structural lockbolt fastener, such as, for example, a structural rivet, a structural bolt, or a structural stud. 
     The fastening collar  220  can comprise a first collar end  220   a , a second collar end  220   b , an elongate portion  224  disposed intermediate the first collar end  220   a  and the second collar end  220   b , and a collar cavity  220   c  extending through the elongate portion  224  from the first collar end  220   a  to the second collar end  220   b . The elongate portion  224  can define a longitudinal axis, A c , of the fastening collar  220  and/or the fastening system  200 . An inner surface  226  of the elongate portion  224  defining the collar cavity  220   c  can comprise a substantially cylindrical region, a threaded region, an annular shoulder, a groove, other feature, or a combination thereof depending on the desired application. The fastening collar  220  can be sized and configured to engage with a fastening system installation apparatus, such as, for example, fastening system installation apparatus  100 . 
     The pin  222  can comprise a first pin end  222   a , a second pin end  222   b , and a shank  228 . The shank  228  can comprise a shape and size suitable to be received by the collar cavity  220   c  of the fastening collar  220 . For example, the shank  228  can comprise a generally cylindrical shape. The shank  228  can extend intermediate the first pin end  222   a  and the second pin end  222   b  and can be dimensioned so that the shank  228  can be disposed at least partially through the collar cavity  220   c . When the shank  228  is inserted in the collar cavity  220   c , the second pin end  222   b  can be disposed adjacent to the second collar end  220   b , and the first pin end  222   a  can be disposed adjacent to, or beyond, the first collar end  222   a . The second pin end  222   b  can comprise a head portion  230  configured to inhibit the pin  222  from traversing completely through a bore in a structure. For example, a bore in a structure can comprise a bore diameter less than a head diameter of the head portion  230  so that the head portion  230  cannot pass through the bore. 
     In certain non-limiting embodiments, the shank  228  can be generally cylindrical and smooth. For example, the shank  228  can be free of an annular shoulder, grooves, threads, or other features prior to forcible contact with a fastening system installation apparatus. In various non-limiting embodiments, the shank  228  can comprise an annular shoulder, a groove, a thread, other feature, or a combination thereof. 
     The shank  228  can define the longitudinal axis, A p , of the pin  222  and/or the fastening system  200 . The shank  228  can be configured to engage the fastening collar  220  upon installation in order to secure the shank  228  to the fastening collar  220 . In various non-limiting embodiments, upon engagement of the pin  222  and the fastening collar  220  when the components are installed, the longitudinal axis, A p , of the pin  222  and the longitudinal axis, A c , of the fastening collar  220  can be substantially aligned and form the longitudinal axis of the fastening system  200 . 
     In various non-limiting embodiment, a shank diameter of the shank  228  can be at least 0.06 inches, such as, for example, at least 0.1 inch, at least 0.5 inches, or at least 1 inch. In various non-limiting embodiments, the shank diameter can be no greater than 4 inches, such as, for example, no greater than 1 inch, no greater than 0.5 inches, or no greater than 0.1 inch. In various non-limiting embodiments, the shank diameter can be in a range of 0.06 inches to 4 inches, such as, for example, 0.06 inches to 1 inch, or 0.06 inches to 0.5 inches. 
     The collar cavity  220   c  can be configured to receive the pin  222 . For example, the collar cavity  220   c  can comprise a collar diameter greater than a diameter of the shank  228 . The fastening collar  220  can comprise a flange  232  comprising a flange diameter sized and configured in order to inhibit the flange  232  of the fastening collar  220  from traversing through a bore in a structure. The flange  232  can be configured to receive an axial force from an anvil of a fastening system installation apparatus, such as, for example, anvil  102 . In various non-limiting embodiments, the fastening collar  220  can be generally cylindrical. 
     The pin length, l p , of the pin  222  can affect the height of the fastening system  200  protruding from a structure after installation. Thus, it may be desired to minimize the pin length, l p , while still achieving a desired clamp force after installation of the fastening system  200 . The second pin end  222   b  may not comprise a pull region configured to be engaged by a fastening system installation apparatus. The second pin end  222   b  can extend beyond the second collar end  220   b  a first axial length, may be substantially flush with the second collar end  220   b , or may be recessed with the second collar end  220   b  when installed in a structure. In various non-limiting embodiments, the first axial length can be no greater than two times the second diameter of the shank  228 , such as, for example, no greater than one times the second diameter of the shank  228 . 
     The collar length, l c , of the fastening collar  220  can affect the height of the fastening system  200  protruding from a structure after installation. Thus, it may be desired to minimize the collar length, l c , while still achieving a desired clamp force after installation of the fastening system  200 . The collar length, l c , can be no greater than 1 inch, such as, for example, no greater than 0.75 inch, no greater than 0.5 inch, no greater than 0.25 inch, or no greater than 0.1 inch. The collar length, l c , can be at least 0.05 inch, such as, for example, at least 0.1 inch, at least 0.25 inch, at least 0.5 inch, or at least 0.75 inch. In various non-limiting embodiments, the collar length, l c , can be in a range of 0.05 inch to 1 inch or 0.1 inch to 0.5 inch. 
     The collar cavity  220   c  of the fastening collar  220  can be configured to at least partially receive the shank  228  of the pin  222  therein. For example, the collar cavity  220   c  can comprise a shape suitable to receive the shank  228  of the pin  222 , such as, for example, a generally cylindrical shape. During and/or after introduction of the shank  228  into the collar cavity  220   c , the fastening collar  220   c  can be at least partially radially deformed onto the shank  228  responsive to forcible contact between the fastening collar  220  and a fastening system installation apparatus, as described herein. For example, responsive to engagement between a fastening system installation apparatus, such as fastening system installation apparatus  100 , and the fastening system  200 , the fastening collar  220  can receive a radial force and an axial force. The axial force can urge the fastening collar  220  towards the second pin end  222   b  along the longitudinal axis, A c , and the radial force can deform the elongate portion  224  onto a shank  228  of the pin  222  of the fastening system  200 . The axial and radial forces can provide a desired clamping force between the fastening collar  220  and the pin  222 . 
     The amount of collar length, l c , and the amount of pin length, l p , that engage one another can affect the clamping force achieved after installation of the fastening system  200 . Additionally, the amount of deformation of the fastening collar  220  can affect the clamping force achieved after installation of the fastening system  200 . The fastening system  200  can achieved a desired level of clamping force. For example, upon installation of the fastening system  200  into a structure, the fastening system  200  can achieve a clamping force of at least 400 lbs., such as, for example, at least 500 lbs., at least 1000 lbs., at least 1100 lbs., at least 1300 lbs., at least 1500 lbs., or at least 2000 lbs. In various non-limiting embodiments wherein the fastening system  200  comprises a 3/16 inch shank diameter, a clamping force of at least 400 lbs. can be achieved after installation. In various non-limiting embodiments wherein the fastening system  200  comprises a ¼ inch shank diameter, a clamping force of at least 1000 lbs. can be achieved after installation. Thus, the fastening system  200  can be configured to minimize the height of the fastening system  200  protruding from a structure after installation while achieving a desirable clamping force. 
     The deformation of the fastening collar  220  can secure the fastening collar  220  to the shank  228 . It may be desirable to provide for an indication showing when a fastening collar  220  has been secured to the shank  228 . For example, the elongate portion  224  can be configured to have ribs  336  formed on an outer surface thereof, as illustrated and described with respect to  FIGS.  3 A- 3 B , responsive to application of a radial force. The formed ribs  336  can provide a visual indication that the fastening system  200  has been properly installed. Thus, an operator can rapidly visually inspect each fastening system  200  that was installed in a structure. 
     In various non-limiting embodiments, the shank  228  can comprise at least one of a generally smooth region, an annular shoulder, a groove, a threaded region, and other feature that is adapted to engage the surface  226  of the fastening collar  220  upon installation of the fastening system  200 . For example, the generally smooth region, annular shoulder, groove, threaded region, and/or other feature can be external relative to the shank  228 . In various non-limiting embodiments, all or a portion of the shank  228  includes grooves. For example, as shown in  FIG.  2   , the shank  228  of the pin  222  may include grooves  234 . In other non-limiting embodiments, the shank  228  lacks grooves. In various non-limiting embodiments, a portion of the shank  228  includes an annular shoulder. In other non-limiting embodiments, the shank  228  lacks an annular shoulder. In various non-limiting embodiments, a portion of the shank  228  includes a threaded portion. In other non-limiting embodiments, the shank  228  lacks a threaded portion. 
     In various non-limiting embodiments, the pin  222  may lack a breakneck groove or other feature configured to fracture upon installation of the fastening system  200 . In various other non-limiting embodiments, the pin  222  may comprise a breakneck groove (not shown) or other feature configured to fracture upon installation of the fastening system  200 . 
     The fastening system  200  can comprise at least one of a metal, a metal alloy, a composite material, and other suitable material. For example, in various non-limiting embodiments, the fastening system  200  can comprise at least one of aluminum, an aluminum alloy, titanium, a titanium alloy, nickel, a nickel alloy, iron, an iron alloy, and a carbon fiber composite material. 
     Referring to  FIGS.  3 A- 3 B , the fastening system installation apparatus  100  can engage the fastening collar  220  of the fastening system  200 , urge the fastening collar  220  towards the structure  340 , and deform the fastening collar  220 , thereby joining two or more layers of the structure. In various non-limiting embodiments, the structure  340  can be configured as an aerospace component or structure, an automotive component or structure, a transportation component or structure, a building and construction component or structure, or other component or structure. In various non-limiting embodiments, the structure  340  can comprise at least two layers, such as, for example, a first layer  340   a  and a second layer  340   b.    
     As illustrated in  FIG.  3 A , the fastening collar  220  and the pin  222  can be aligned with bores  342  in the structure  340 . The fastening collar  220  can be proximal to the first layer  340   a , and the pin  222  can be proximal to the second layer  340   b . The first anvil end  102   a  of the anvil  102  can be aligned with the fastening collar  220  when the anvil  102  is in the open configuration. 
     The fastening system  200  can join the layers of the structure  340 , as shown, for example, in  FIG.  3 B , by a method for fastening. The method for fastening can comprise inserting the pin  222  through bores  342  in both layers  340   b ,  340   a  of the structure  340  and positioning the pin  222  within the collar cavity  340   c  of the fastening collar  220 . For example, at least a portion of the pin  222  can be passed through the collar  340   c . The pin  222  can be positioned by positioning the first anvil end  202   a  of the anvil  202  in contact with the fastening collar  220  of the fastening system  200 . A first force (e.g., axial force) can be applied to the fastening collar  220  in a direction substantially aligned with the longitudinal axis, A c , of the fastening collar  220  utilizing the first anvil end  102   a . The first force can be applied by moving the anvil  102  towards the structure  340  and contacting the fastening collar  220  with the first anvil end  102   a . The first force can urge the first layer  340   a  and the second layer  340   b  toward each other and urge the pin  222  to be positioned within the collar cavity  220   c . For example, the first force can urge the first and second layers,  340   a  and  340   b , into contact with one another. 
     In various non-limiting embodiments, a pin force can be applied to the second pin end  222   b  of the pin  222  on a first side  344   a  of the structure  340 . The fastening collar  220  can be positioned in contact with a second side  344   b  of the structure  340 . The second side  344   b  can be disposed opposite the first side  344   a  of the structure. 
     Moving the anvil  102  toward the structure  340  can comprise moving the fastening system installation apparatus  100  toward the structure  340  by applying an axial force to the sleeve  104 . Movement of the sleeve  104  can urge the anvil  102  to change from the open configuration to the closed configuration, including applying a second force (e.g., radial force) to the fastening collar  220 . The second force can be applied to the fastening collar  220  in a direction substantially perpendicular to the longitudinal axis, A c , of the fastening collar  220  utilizing the first anvil end  102   a . The second force can apply radial contact pressure less than the yield strength of the fastening collar  220  such that the fastening collar  220  may not deform, or minimally deforms, during application of the second force. In various non-limiting embodiments, a time during which the first force is being applied to the fastening collar  220  at least partially overlaps with a time during which the second force is being applied to the fastening collar  220 . 
     A third force (e.g., radial force) can be applied to the fastening collar  220  in a direction substantially perpendicular to the longitudinal axis, A c , of the fastening collar  220  utilizing the first anvil end  102   a . The third force can be applied by urging the anvil  102  to change from the open configuration to the closed configuration. The third force can apply radial contact pressure that exceeds a yield strength of the fastening collar  220 . Thus, the fastening collar  220  can be deformed onto the pin  222  of the fastening system  200 , thereby affixing the collar  220  to the pin  222  such securing the layers  340   a ,  340   b  of the structure  340 . In various non-limiting embodiments wherein the shank  228  of the pin  222  comprises a thread, a groove, an annular shoulder, or a combination thereof, the fastening collar  220  can be deformed onto the thread, the groove, the annular shoulder, or the combination thereof. In various non-limiting embodiments, a time during which the first force is being applied to the fastening collar  220  at least partially overlaps with a time during which the third force is being applied to the fastening collar  220 . In various non-limiting embodiments, the third force is applied to the fastening collar  220  after the second force is applied to the fastening collar  220 . 
     In various non-limiting embodiments, the third force forms ribs  336  on the fastening collar  220  of the fastening system  200 . The ribs  336  can be formed by material of the fastening collar  220  protruding into the axial channels  112   a - 112   f  of the anvil  102  as the anvil is changed from the open position to the closed position. The ribs  336  can be substantially aligned with the longitudinal axis, A c , and can be a visible indication that the fastening system  200  has been installed. 
     Application of the third force and deformation of the fastening collar  220  can elongate the pin  222  and further urge the first and second layers  340   a  and  340   b  of the structure  340  into contact with one another, which can achieve a desired clamping force between the first and second layers  340   a  and  340   b . Thus, the application of an axial force to the sleeve  104  can apply an axial force and a radial force to the collar  220  to achieve a desired clamping force. 
     Referring to  FIGS.  4 A- 4 B , a fastening system installation apparatus  400  is provided. The fastening system installation apparatus  400  comprises the anvil  102 , the sleeve  104 , and housing  446 . The housing  446  can comprise a first section  448  and a second section  450 . The first section  448  can be operatively coupled to the anvil  102 . For example, the first section  448  can be operatively coupled to the anvil  102  by attaching the first section  448  of the housing  446  to the sleeve  104  such that the position of the sleeve  104  is fixed with respect to the first section  448  of the housing  446 . For example, the first section  448  can comprise a bore  438  configured to receive the sleeve  104 , and the sleeve  104  can be press fit into the bore  438  of the first section. In various non-limiting embodiments, the sleeve  104  can be attached to the first section  448  of the housing  446  by a different method. 
     The first section  448  can be configured to slidably receive the second section  450  such that the first section  448  and the second section  450  are moveable with respect to each other. The second section  450  can comprise a support  452  defining an axis, A x , which can be substantially aligned with the longitudinal axis, A a , of the anvil  102 . An object positioned between the support  452  and the anvil  102  can be subjected to a clamping force responsive to movement of the first section  448  and/or the second section  450 . In various non-limiting embodiments, the second section  450  can be substantially “J”-shaped. 
     The housing  446  can be configured to change the position of the support  452  relative to the anvil  102 . The first section can comprise a bore  454  configured to receive a shaft portion  458  of the second section  450 . The shaft portion  458  can slide through the bore  454  such that the position of the support  452  can change with respect to the anvil  102 . For example, a linear force can be applied to the second section  450 , and the second section  450  can slide through the bore  454  in the first section  446  such that a distance, d 1 , between the support  452  and the first anvil end  102   a  decreases. Upon release of the linear force and/or application of a linear force in an opposite direction, the second section  450  can slide back through the bore  454  in the first section  446  such that the distance, d 1 , between the support  452  and the first anvil end  102   a  increases. Thus, the second section  450  can move independently of the first section  448 . In various non-limiting embodiments, the shaft portion  458  can comprise a bolt extending through a bore  460  in the second section  450  and through the bore  454 . 
     In various non-limiting embodiments, the first section  448 , the second section  450 , or a combination thereof can be configured to engage a piston of an installation tool. As illustrated in  FIG.  5   , for example, a portion  448   a  of the first section  448  can be operatively coupled to an installation tool  556  in a fixed position relative to the installation tool  556 . A portion  450   a  (shown in  FIG.  4   b   ) of the second section  450  can be operatively coupled to a piston of the installation tool  556  in a slidable position relative to the first section  448 . For example, as the piston of the installation tool  556  retracts, the first section  448  can maintain substantially the same position relative to the installation tool  556 , while the second section  450  can be moved with respect to the first section  448  and urged towards the installation tool  556 . 
     In various non-limiting embodiments, the installation tool  556  can be a battery-powered tool, such as, for example, at least one of a Huck® Range Force™ battery-powered installation tool; a pneumatic tool, such as, for example, a Huck® 254™ pneumatic tool; and a hydraulic tool, such as, for example, a Huck® SF™ hydraulic tool, all available from Howmet Global Fastening Systems, Waco, Tex. 
     Referring to  FIGS.  6 A- 6 C , the fastening system installation apparatus  400  can engage the fastening collar  220  of the fastening system  200 , urge the fastening collar  220  towards the structure  340 , and deform the fastening collar  220 , thereby installing the fastener system  220  in a structure. As illustrated in  FIG.  6 A , the pin  222  can be aligned with and at least partially passed through the bore  342  in the structure  340 . The fastening collar  220  can be aligned with the pin  222 , and the pin  222  can be at least partially passed through the collar cavity  220   c . The fastening collar  220  can be proximal to the first layer  340   a , and the pin  222  can be proximal to the second layer  340   b . The first anvil end  102   a  of the anvil  102  can be aligned with the fastening collar  220  in the open configuration of the anvil  102 . 
     Thereafter, referring to  FIG.  6 B , the first anvil end  102   a  of the anvil  102  can be placed in contact with the fastening collar  220  of the fastening system  200  and a first force (e.g., axial force) can be applied to the fastening collar  220  in a direction substantially aligned with the longitudinal axis, A c , of the fastening collar  220  utilizing the first anvil end  102   a . The first force can be applied by moving the first anvil end  102   a  towards the structure  340  and contacting the fastening collar  220  with the first anvil end  102   a . For example, the support  452  of the second section  450  and the anvil  102  can be urged towards one another to decrease a distance therebetween. In various non-limiting embodiments, a piston of an installation tool attached to the fastening system installation apparatus  400  can retract causing the first and second sections  448 ,  450  to move relative to one another and thereby urging the support  452  and the anvil  102  towards one another. The first force applied to the fastening system  200  can urge the first layer  340   a  towards the second layer  340   b . For example, the first force can urge the first and second layers,  340   a  and  340   b , into contact with one another. 
     Utilizing the support  452  of the second section  450 , a pin force can be applied to the second pin end  222   b  of the pin  222  on a first side  344   a  of the structure  340 . The fastening collar  220  can be positioned in contact with a second side  344   b  of the structure  340 . The second side  344   b  can be disposed opposite the first side  344   a  of the structure. In various non-limiting embodiments, retracting the piston of the installation tool can decrease a distance between the support  452  and the anvil  102 , thereby clamping on the structure  340  and/or the fastening system  200 . Thus, the second pin end  222   b  can be urged toward the second collar end  220   b.    
     Clamping the structure  340  and/or the fastening system  200  together can forcibly contact the first anvil end  102   a  with the fastening collar  220  and can urge the anvil  102  to change from the open configuration to the closed configuration, urging the anvil  102  to apply a second force (e.g., radial force) to the fastening collar  220 . The second force can be applied to the fastening collar  220  in a direction substantially perpendicular to the longitudinal axis, A c , of the fastening collar  220  utilizing the first anvil end  102   a . However, the second force can apply radial contact pressure that is less than the yield strength of the fastening collar  220  such that the fastening collar  220  may not deform, or minimally deforms, during application of the second force. In various non-limiting embodiments, a time during which the first force is being applied to the fastening collar  220  at least partially overlaps with a time during which the second force is being applied to the fastening collar  220 . The overlap in time can enable the first force to reduce gaps between the structure  340  and fastening system  200  prior to deformation of the fastening collar  220  such that a desirable clamping force can be achieved. 
     Continuing the retraction of the piston of the installation tool can apply a third force (e.g., radial force) to the fastening collar  220  in a direction substantially perpendicular to the longitudinal axis, A c , of the fastening collar  220  utilizing the first anvil end  102   a . The third force can apply radial contact pressure that exceeds a yield strength of the fastening collar  220 . Thus, the fastening collar  220  can be deformed onto the pin  222  of the fastening system  200  and secured to the structure  340 . In various non-limiting embodiments wherein the shank  228  of the pin  222  comprises a thread, a groove, an annular shoulder, or a combination thereof, the fastening collar  220  can be deformed onto the thread, the groove, the annular shoulder, or the combination thereof of the shank  228 . Application of the third force can elongate the pin  222  and further urge the first and second layers  340   a  and  340   b  of the structure  340  into contact with one another, which can achieve a desired clamping force between the first and second layers  340   a  and  340   b.    
     The first, second, and third pin forces can be applied by a single stroke of the piston of the installation tool. For example, as the piston initially retracts at a first force level, the first and second pin forces can be applied to the structure  340  and/or fastening system  200 . In various non-limiting embodiments, when gaps between the components of the structure  340  and/or the fastening system  200  decrease, the first force level can increase until the third force can be applied to the fastening collar  220  thereby securing the fastening system  200  to the structure  340 . 
     Referring to  FIG.  6 C , the piston of the installation tool can be extended to thereby expand the distance between the support  452  and the anvil  102  such that the anvil  102  can be removed from the deformed fastening collar  220 . As illustrated, the third force has formed ribs  336  on the fastening collar  220 . 
     Referring to  FIG.  7 A , a fastening system installation apparatus  700  is provided. The fastening system installation apparatus  700  comprises the anvil  102 , the sleeve  104 , and a housing  746 . The housing  746  can comprise a first section  748 , a second section  750 , and a third section  766 . The first section  748  can be operatively coupled to the sleeve  104 . For example, the first section  748  can comprise a bore  738  configured to receive the sleeve  104 , and the sleeve  104  can be attached to the first section  748  of the housing  746  by a press fit. In various non-limiting embodiments, the sleeve  104  can be attached to the first section  748  by a different method. 
     The first section  748  can be configured to slidably receive the second section  750  such that the first section  748  and the second section  750  are moveable with respect to each other. The second section  750  can comprise a support  752  moveable along axis, A x , which can be substantially aligned with the longitudinal axis, A a , of the anvil  102 . An object positioned between the support  752  and the anvil  102  can be subjected to a clamping force responsive to movement of the first section  748  and/or the second section  750 . In various non-limiting embodiments, the second section  750  can be substantially “J”-shaped. 
     In various non-limiting embodiments, the first section  748 , the second section  750 , the third section  766 , or a combination thereof can be configured to engage a piston of an installation tool, such as, for example, at least one of a Huck® Range Force™ battery-powered installation tool; a pneumatic tool, such as, for example, a Huck® 254™ pneumatic tool; and a hydraulic tool, such as, for example, a Huck® SF™ hydraulic tool, all available from Howmet Global Fastening Systems, Waco, Tex. 
     The housing  746  can be configured to change the position of the support  752  and the anvil  102  relative to one another. The first section  748  can comprise a bore  754  configured to receive a shaft portion  758  of the second section  750 . The shaft portion  758  can slide within the bore  754  such that the position of the support  752  can change with respect to the anvil  102 . For example, a linear force can be applied to the second section  750 , and the second section  750  can slide within the bore  754  in the first section  746  such that a distance, d 1 , between the support  752  and the first anvil end  102   a  decreases. Upon release of the linear force and/or application of a linear force in an opposite direction, the second section  750  can slide in an opposite direction within the bore  754  in the first section  746  such that the distance, d 1 , between the support  752  and the first anvil end  102   a  increases. Thus, the second section  750  can move independently of the first section  748 . In various non-limiting embodiments, the shaft portion  758  can comprise a bolt extending through a bore  760  in the second section  750  and through the bore  754 . 
     The third section  766  can comprise a bore  768  configured to receive the shaft portion  758  of the second section  750 . The shaft portion  758  can slide through the bore  768 . The third section  766  can move independently of the first section  748  and the second section  750 . A fastener  780  can couple the anvil  102  to the third section  766 , such that the position of the anvil  102  relative to the sleeve  104  can be controlled by the movement of the first section  748  and the third section  766  relative to one another. 
     The first section  748  can comprise a first handle region  764  and the third section  766  can comprise a second handle region  762 . In various non-limiting embodiments, a spring  770  can be disposed intermediate and in mechanical communication with the first handle region  764  and the second handle region  762  to urge the first handle region  764  and the second handle region  762  away from each other. In various other non-limiting embodiments, a piston, an actuator, or other device can be used in place of the spring  770  to urge the first handle region  764  and the second handle region  762  away from each other and/or other control the position of the first handle region  764  and the second handle region  762  relative to one another. 
     The first section  748  can be pivotally coupled to the third section  766  at a pivot  772 . In the resting configuration, the first handle region  764  and the second handle region  762  can be urged away from each other by the spring  770  thereby pivoting a first actuating end  774  of the first section  748  and a second actuating end  776  of the third section  766  towards one another. In the resting configuration, the anvil  102  can be extended from the sleeve  104  in the open configuration, such that the distance, d 1 , is decreased compared to a compressed configuration of the first handle region  764  and the second handle region  762 . 
     When the first handle region  764  and the second handle region  762  are moved towards each other to the compressed configuration shown in  FIG.  7 B , the anvil  102  can be retracted within the sleeve  104  and the distance, d 1 , can increase compared to the resting configuration, which can facilitate positioning of the fastening system installation apparatus  700  to engage a fastening collar  220  of the fastening system  200 . In various non-limiting embodiments, an operator can squeeze together the first handle region  764  and the second handle region  762  together by hand to overcome the force of the spring  770  and urge the first handle region  764  and the second handle region  762  towards one another. In various alternative non-limiting embodiments, a powered device (e.g., an automated powered device) can control the position of the first handle region  764  and the second handle region  762  relative to one another. Thereafter, the first anvil end  102   a  of the anvil  102  can be aligned with the fastening collar  220 . 
     Referring to  FIG.  7 C , after alignment with the fastening collar  220 , the operator and/or powered device can release the force on the first handle region  764  and the second handle region  762 , thereby allowing the spring  770  to urge the first handle region  764  and the second handle region  762  away from one another and into the resting configuration. In  FIG.  7 C , the anvil  102  is shown extended from the sleeve  104  in the open configuration of the anvil  102  and engaged with the fastening collar  220  of the fastening system  200 . For example, the force applied by spring  770  can place the anvil  102  in the open configuration and ensure a desired amount of contact between the fastening collar  202  and anvil  102  is achieved prior to application of an installation force to the fastening collar  202 . 
     As illustrated in  FIG.  7 C , the first section  748  and the second section  750  can be moved relative to one another, thereby urging the support  752  and the sleeve  104  towards one another, and thereby moving the anvil  102  towards the support  752 . In various non-limiting embodiments, the movement of the first section  748  and the second section  750  can be caused by retraction of a piston of an installation tool attached to the fastening system installation apparatus  700 . As illustrated in  FIG.  7 C , the third section  766  can be moved by the fastener  780  due to the movement of the anvil  102 . 
     A first force (e.g., axial force) can be applied to the fastening collar  220  in a direction substantially aligned with the longitudinal axis, A c , of the fastening collar  220  utilizing the first anvil end  102   a . The first force applied to the fastening system  200  can urge the first layer  340   a  towards the second layer  340   b . For example, the first force can urge the first and second layers,  340   a  and  340   b , of a structure  340  into contact with one another. 
     Utilizing the support  752  of the second section  750 , a pin force can be applied to the second pin end  222   b  of the pin  222  on a first side  344   a  of the structure  340 . The fastening collar  220  can be positioned in contact with a second side  344   b  of the structure  340 . The second side  344   b  can be disposed opposite the first side  344   a  of the structure. In various non-limiting embodiments, retracting the piston of the installation tool can decrease the distance, d 1 , between the support  752  and the anvil  102 , thereby clamping on the structure  340  and/or the fastening system  200 . Thus, the second pin end  222   b  can be urged toward the second collar end  220   b.    
     Clamping the structure  340  and/or the fastening system  200  together can forcibly contact the first anvil end  102   a  with the fastening collar  220  and can urge the anvil  102  to change from an open configuration to a closed configuration (as described herein), urging the anvil  102  to apply a second force (e.g., radial force) to the fastening collar  220 , as shown in  FIG.  7 D . As illustrated in  FIG.  7 D , the third section  766  can be moved by the fastener  780  due to the movement of the anvil  102 . The second force can be applied to the fastening collar  220  in a direction substantially perpendicular to the longitudinal axis, A c , of the fastening collar  220  utilizing the first anvil end  102   a . However, the second force can apply radial contact pressure that is less than the yield strength of the fastening collar  220  such that the fastening collar  220  may not deform, or minimally deforms, during application of the second force. In various non-limiting embodiments, a time during which the first force is being applied to the fastening collar  220  at least partially overlaps with a time during which the second force is being applied to the fastening collar  220 . The overlap in time can enable the first force to reduce gaps between the structure  340  and fastening system  200  prior to deformation of the fastening collar  220  such that a desirable clamping force can be achieved. 
     Continuing the retraction of the piston of the installation tool can apply a third force (e.g., radial force) to the fastening collar  220  in a direction substantially perpendicular to the longitudinal axis, A c , of the fastening collar  220  utilizing the first anvil end  102   a . The third force can apply radial contact pressure that exceeds a yield strength of the fastening collar  220 . Thus, the fastening collar  220  can be deformed onto the pin  222  of the fastening system  200  and secured to the structure  340 . In various non-limiting embodiments wherein the shank  228  of the pin  222  comprises a thread, a groove, an annular shoulder, or a combination thereof, the fastening collar  220  can be deformed onto the thread, the groove, the annular shoulder, or the combination thereof of the shank  228 . Application of the third force can elongate the pin  222  and further urge the first and second layers  340   a  and  340   b  of the structure  340  into contact with one another, which can achieve a desired clamping force between the first and second layers  340   a  and  340   b.    
     The first, second, and third pin forces can be applied by a single stroke of the piston of the installation tool. For example, as the piston initially retracts at a first force level, the first and second pin forces can be applied to the structure  340  and/or fastening system  200 . In various non-limiting embodiments, when gaps between the components of the structure  340  and/or the fastening system  200  decrease, the first force level can increase until the third force can be applied to the fastening collar  220  thereby securing the fastening system  200  to the structure  340 . 
     Referring to  FIG.  7 E , the piston of the installation tool can be extended to thereby expand the distance, d 1 , between the support  752  and the anvil  102  such that the anvil  102  can be removed from the deformed fastening collar  220 . The third force can form ribs (not shown in  FIG.  7 E ) on the fastening collar  220 . 
     Various aspects of the invention include, but are not limited to, the aspects listed in the following numbered clauses. 
     1. A fastening system installation apparatus comprising: 
     a sleeve comprising
         a first sleeve end, wherein a sleeve cavity extends into the sleeve from the first sleeve end, and   a second sleeve end; and       

     an anvil slidably received by the sleeve cavity, the anvil comprising
         a first anvil end,   a second anvil end, and   at least two portions formed by at least two channels extending from the first anvil end,       

     wherein in an open configuration of the anvil, each of the at least two portions comprises an outward taper relative to a longitudinal axis of the anvil and an inner surface facing inwardly relative to the longitudinal axis of the anvil, 
     wherein the at least two portions define an anvil cavity configured to receive a fastening collar and each of the inner surfaces is configured to deform the fastening collar; 
     wherein the sleeve is configured to radially displace the at least two portions inward relative to the longitudinal axis responsive to forcible contact between the first anvil end and the first sleeve end. 
     2. The fastening system installation apparatus of clause 1, wherein the anvil comprises at least three portions formed by at least three channels extending from the first anvil end.
 
3. The fastening system installation apparatus of clause 2, wherein the at least three portions are circumferentially spaced around the longitudinal axis of the anvil.
 
4. The fastening system installation apparatus of any one of clauses 1-3, wherein:
 
     the anvil further comprises a tapered outer surface disposed on the first anvil end; 
     the sleeve further comprises a tapered inner surface disposed on the first sleeve end; and 
     the tapered outer surface is configured to forcibly contact the tapered inner surface of the sleeve. 
     5. The fastening system installation apparatus of clause 4, wherein the tapered outer surface defines an angle in a range of 2 degrees to 40 degrees relative to the longitudinal axis of the anvil.
 
6. The fastening system installation apparatus of any one of clauses 1-5, wherein the anvil is a single continuous piece.
 
7. The fastening system installation apparatus of any one of clauses 1-6, wherein each of the portions of the anvil is a separate piece.
 
8. The fastening system installation apparatus of any one of clauses 1-7, further comprising:
 
     a housing comprising
         a first section operatively coupled to the anvil, and   a second section, wherein the first section is configured to slidably receive at least a portion of the second section, the second section comprising a support defining an axis substantially aligned with the longitudinal axis of the anvil,   wherein the housing is configured to change the position of the support relative to the anvil.
 
9. The fastening system installation apparatus of clause 8, wherein the second section is substantially J-shaped.
 
10. The fastening system installation apparatus of any one of clauses 8-9, wherein at least one of the first section and the second section is configured to engage and be driven by a tool.
 
11. The fastening system installation apparatus of any one of clauses 1-10, wherein the inner surfaces of the at least two portions are substantially smooth.
 
12. The fastening system installation apparatus of clause 3, wherein the channels are aligned with the longitudinal axis of the anvil.
 
13. A method for installing a fastener system, the method comprising:
       

     positioning a first anvil end of an anvil of a fastening system installation apparatus in contact with a fastening collar of the fastening system; 
     applying a first force to the fastening collar in a direction substantially aligned with a longitudinal axis of the fastening collar utilizing the first anvil end; 
     applying a second force to the fastening collar in a direction substantially perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the fastening collar utilizing the first anvil end, wherein the second force applies radial contact pressure that exceeds a yield strength of the fastening collar; and 
     deforming the fastening collar onto a pin of the fastener system. 
     14. The method of clause 13, further comprising: 
     applying a third force to the fastening collar in the direction substantially perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the fastening collar utilizing the first anvil end, wherein the third force is less than the yield force, and wherein a time during which the first force is being applied to the fastening collar at least partially overlaps with a time during which the third force is being applied to the fastening collar. 
     15. The method of any one of clauses 13-14, further comprising inserting the pin through a hole in a structure and positioning the pin within a collar cavity of the fastening collar.
 
16. The method of clause 15, wherein the structure comprises at least two layers, and wherein prior to applying the second force to the fastening collar, applying the first force to the fastening collar urges the at least two layers into contact with one another.
 
17. The method of any one of clauses 15-16, further comprising applying a third force to the pin on a first side of the structure, wherein the fastening collar is positioned in contact with a second side of the structure disposed opposite the first side.
 
18. The method of any one of clauses 15-17, further comprising elongating the pin and urging the at least two layers into contact with one another.
 
19. The method of any one of clauses 15-18, wherein a clamping force between the at least two layers is at least 400 pounds.
 
20. The method of any one of clauses 13-19, wherein deforming the fastening collar onto the pin comprises forming ribs on the fastening collar.
 
21. The method of any one of clauses 13-20, wherein the pin comprises a generally smooth region, a thread, a groove, an annular shoulder, or a combination thereof, and wherein deforming the fastening collar onto the pin comprises deforming the fastening collar onto the generally smooth region, the thread, the groove, the annular shoulder, or the combination thereof.
 
22. A fastening system comprising:
 
     a fastening collar comprising
         a first collar end,   a second collar end, wherein a collar cavity extends from the first collar end to the second collar end; and   an elongate portion disposed intermediate the first collar end and the second collar end, the elongate portion configured to have a rib formed thereon responsive to a radial force applied thereto; and       

     a pin configured to be at least partially received by the collar cavity, the pin comprising
         a first pin end,   a second pin end, and   a shank extending intermediate the first pin end and the second pin end,       

     wherein the fastening collar is configured to be deformed onto the shank responsive to the radial force. 
     23. The fastening system of clause 22, wherein, when installed in a structure, the shank extends beyond the second collar end a first axial length no greater than 2 times a diameter of the shank.
 
24. The fastening system of any one of clauses 22-23, wherein the shank comprises at least one of a generally smooth region, an annular shoulder, a groove, and a threaded region.
 
25. The fastening system of any one of clauses 22-24, wherein the fastening collar is generally cylindrical.
 
26. The fastening system of any one of clauses 22-25, wherein the fastening collar comprises a flange.
 
27. The fastening system of any one of clauses 22-26, wherein the fastening system is adapted to be installed in a bore in a structure.
 
28. The fastening system of clause 27, wherein the structure is configured as an aerospace part or component, an automotive part or component, a transportation part or component, a building and construction part or component, or a combination thereof.
 
29. The fastening system of any one of clauses 22-28, wherein the fastening collar, the pin, or a combination thereof comprises a metal, a metal alloy, a composite, or a combination thereof.
 
30. The fastening system of any one of clauses 22-29, wherein a diameter of the shank is in a range of 0.06 inches to 4 inches.
 
31. The fastening system of any one of clauses 22-30, wherein a diameter of the shank is in a range of 0.06 inches to 1 inch.
 
32. The fastening system of any one of clauses 22-31, wherein a diameter of the shank is in a range of 0.06 inches to 0.5 inches.
 
33. The fastening system of any one of clauses 22-32, wherein the collar comprises a collar length in a range of 0.05 inches to 1 inch.
 
34. The fastening system of any one of clauses 22-33, wherein the collar comprises a collar length in a range of 0.1 inches to 0.5 inches.
 
35. The fastening system of any one of clauses 22-34, wherein when the fastening system is installed in a structure, a clamping force between at least two layers of the structure is at least 400 pounds.
 
36. A method for fastening, the method comprising:
 
     inserting a second pin end of a fastening system into a bore in a structure, the fastening system comprising
         a fastening collar comprising
           a first collar end,   a second collar end, wherein a collar cavity extends from the first collar end to the second collar end,   an elongate portion disposed intermediate the first collar end and the second collar end, the elongate portion configured to have a rib formed thereon responsive to a radial force; and   
           a pin configured to be at least partially received by the collar cavity, the pin comprising
           a first pin end,   a second pin end, and   a shank extending intermediate the first pin end and the second pin end, wherein the fastening collar is configured to be deformed onto the shank responsive to the radial force;   
               

     passing at least a portion of the second pin end through the collar cavity; 
     applying a first force to the fastening collar in a direction substantially aligned with a longitudinal axis of the fastening collar utilizing an anvil of a fastening system installation apparatus; 
     applying a second force to the fastening collar in a direction substantially perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the fastening collar utilizing the anvil, wherein the second force applies radial contact pressure that exceeds a yield strength of the fastening collar; and 
     deforming the fastening collar onto the pin and securing at least a portion of the fastening system to the structure, wherein a clamping between the fastening collar and the pin is at least 400 pounds. 
     37. The method of clause 36, wherein the clamping force between the fastening collar and the pin is at least 1100 pounds.
 
38. The method of any one of clauses 36-37, further comprising applying a third force to the fastening collar in the direction substantially perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the fastening collar utilizing the first anvil end, wherein the third force is less than the yield force, and wherein a time during which the first force is being applied to the fastening collar at least partially overlaps with a time during which the third force is being applied to the fastening collar.
 
39. The method of any one of clauses 36-38, further comprising applying a third force to the first pin end on a first side of the structure, wherein the fastening collar is positioned in contact with a second side of the structure disposed opposite the first side.
 
40. The method of any one of clauses 36-39, further comprising elongating the pin.
 
41. The method of any one of clauses 36-40, wherein deforming the fastening collar onto the pin comprises forming a rib thereon.
 
42. The fastening system installation apparatus of any one of clauses 1-7, further comprising
 
     a housing comprising:
         a first section operatively coupled to the sleeve and comprising a first handle region;   a second section, wherein the first section is configured to receive at least a portion of the second section, the second section comprising a support moveable along an axis substantially aligned with the longitudinal axis of the anvil; and   a third section operatively coupled to the anvil, coupled to the first section, and comprising a second handle region, wherein the third section is configured to receive at least a portion of the second section;   wherein the housing is configured to selectively alter a position of the support relative to the anvil and a position of the anvil relative to the sleeve.
 
43. The fastening system installation apparatus of clause 42, further comprising a spring positioned intermediate the first handle region and the second handle region.
 
44. The fastening system installation apparatus of any of clauses 42-43 wherein the first section is configured to slidably receive the at least a portion of the second section.
 
45. The fastening system installation apparatus of any of clauses 42-44 wherein the third section is pivotally coupled to the first section.
 
46. The fastening system installation apparatus of any of clauses 42-45 wherein the third section is configured to slidably receive the at least a portion of the second section.
       

     One skilled in the art will recognize that the herein described fasteners, fastening systems, structures, methods, operations/actions, and objects, and the discussion accompanying them, are used as examples for the sake of conceptual clarity and that various configuration modifications are contemplated. Consequently, as used herein, the specific examples/embodiments set forth and the accompanying discussion are intended to be representative of their more general classes. In general, use of any specific exemplar is intended to be representative of its class and the non-inclusion of specific components, devices, apparatus, operations/actions, and objects should not be taken as limiting. While the present disclosure provides descriptions of various specific aspects for the purpose of illustrating various aspects of the present disclosure and/or its potential applications, it is understood that variations and modifications will occur to those skilled in the art. Accordingly, the invention or inventions described herein should be understood to be at least as broad as they are claimed and not as more narrowly defined by particular illustrative aspects provided herein.