Patent Publication Number: US-2022235194-A1

Title: Formulations for additive manufacturing of three-dimensional objects containing sinterable materials

Description:
FIELD AND BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention, in some embodiments thereof, relates to additive manufacturing, and, more particularly, but not exclusively, to formulations containing sinterable materials such as metal and ceramic powders, which are usable in additive manufacturing and in other processes for providing objects containing sinterable materials and in the subsequent provision of products containing sintered materials. 
     Additive manufacturing (AM), or solid freeform fabrication (SFF), is generally a process in which a three-dimensional (3D) object is manufactured utilizing a computer model of the objects. The basic operation of any AM system consists of slicing a three-dimensional computer model into thin cross sections, translating the result into two-dimensional position data and feeding the data to control equipment which manufacture a three-dimensional structure in a layerwise manner. 
     Various AM technologies exist, amongst which are stereolithography, digital light processing (DLP), and three-dimensional (3D) printing. Such techniques are generally performed by layer by layer deposition and solidification of one or more building materials. 
     In three-dimensional printing processes, for example, a building material is dispensed from a printing head having a set of nozzles to deposit layers on a supporting structure. Depending on the building material, the layers may then solidify, harden or be cure, optionally using a suitable device. 
     Generally, in AM, three-dimensional objects are fabricated based on computer object data in a layerwise manner by forming a plurality of layers in a configured pattern corresponding to the shape of the objects. The computer object data can be in any known format, including, without limitation, a Standard Tessellation Language (STL) or a StereoLithography Contour (SLC) format, Virtual Reality Modeling Language (VRML), Additive Manufacturing File (AMF) format, Drawing Exchange Format (DXF), Polygon File Format (PLY) or any other format suitable for Computer-Aided Design (CAD). 
     Each layer is formed by additive manufacturing apparatus which scans a two-dimensional surface and patterns it. While scanning, the apparatus visits a plurality of target locations on the two-dimensional layer or surface, and decides, for each target location or a group of target locations, whether or not the target location or group of target locations is to be occupied by the building material, and which type of building material is to be delivered thereto. The decision is made according to a computer image of the surface. 
     Additive Manufacturing, or 3D printing, is widely used today to make prototype parts and for small-scale manufacturing. A widely used technique is fused deposition modeling (FDM) in which a plastic filament is unwound from a coil, fused and passed through a nozzle to be laid down as flattened strings to form layers from which a 3D object eventually emerges. 
     Another technique that is used is stereolithography. Stereolithography is an additive manufacturing process that works by focusing an ultraviolet (UV) laser on to a vat of photopolymer resin. With the help of computer aided manufacturing or computer aided design software (CAM/CAD), the UV laser is used to draw a pre-programmed design or shape on to the surface of the photopolymer vat. Because photopolymers are photosensitive under ultraviolet light, the resin is solidified and forms a single layer of the desired 3D object. The process is repeated for each layer of the design until the 3D object is complete. 
     Selective Laser Sintering SLS is another additive manufacturing layer technology, and involves the use of a high power laser, for example, a carbon dioxide laser, to fuse small particles of plastic into a mass that has a desired three-dimensional shape. The laser selectively fuses powdered material by scanning cross-sections generated from a 3-D digital description of the part (for example from a CAD file or scan data) on the surface of a powder bed. After each cross-section is scanned, the powder bed is lowered by one layer thickness, a new layer of material is applied on top, and the process is repeated until the part is completed. 
     Due to their relatively high melting temperatures, metal and ceramic materials are more difficult to use in additive manufacturing procedures. 
     Additive Manufacturing technologies are in general slow compared to conventional production processes such as machining etc. due to the building process of forming the part layer by layer. 
     Furthermore, there are certain shapes that cannot be achieved by straightforward Additive Manufacturing. Some of these shapes can be achieved by printing out support areas that are later removed. 
     A metal printing technique which is widely used is the DMLS—Direct Metal Sintering Laser. A very thin layer of metal powder is spread across the surface that is to be printed. A laser is slowly and steadily moved across the surface to sinter the powder. Additional layers of powder are then applied and sintered, thus “printing” the object one cross-section at a time. In this way, DMLS gradually builds up a 3D object through a series of very thin layers. 
     Another method of 3D metal printing is selective laser melting (SLM), in which a high-powered laser fully melts each layer of metal powder rather than just sintering it. Selective laser melting produces printed objects that are extremely dense and strong. Selective laser melting can only be used with certain metals. The technique can be used for the additive manufacturing of stainless steel, tool steel, titanium, cobalt, chrome, and aluminum parts. Selective laser melting is a very high-energy process, as each layer of metal powder must be heated above the melting point of the metal. The high temperature gradients that occur during SLM manufacturing can also lead to stresses and dislocations inside the final product, which can compromise its physical properties. 
     Electron beam melting (EBM) is an additive manufacturing process that is very similar to selective laser melting. Like SLM, it produces models that are very dense. The difference between the two techniques is that EBM uses an electron beam rather than a laser to melt the metal powder. Currently, electron beam melting can only be used with a limited number of metals. Titanium alloys are the main starting material for this process, although cobalt chrome can also be used. 
     The above-described metal printing technologies are expensive, very slow, and limited by build size and materials that can be used. 
     Binder Jet 3D-Printing is widely used to print sand molds for castings or to generate complex ceramic parts. It is also known as a Metal Additive Manufacturing technology. Instead of melting the material, as is done in Selective Laser Melting (SLM) or Electron Beam Melting (EBM), the metal powders are selectively joined by an adhesive ink. The “green” part is afterwards going through thermal processes—debinding and sintering and in some cases also infiltration of additional materials. 
     A technique for printing of ceramics is disclosed in Ceramics 3D Printing by Selective Inhibition Sintering—Khoshnevis et al., in which, as with metal, an inhibition material forms a boundary defining edges around a ceramic powder layer which is then sintered. The inhibition layer is subsequently removed. 
     US Patent Publication No. 2014/0339745A1 to Stuart Uram, discloses a method of making an object using mold casting comprising applying a slip mixture into a mold fabricated using Additive Manufacturing and then firing the mold with the mixture inside. The disclosure discusses a composition of 10-60% by weight of calcium aluminate and a filler. 
     Powder Injection Molding (PIM) is a process by which finely-powdered metal (in MIM—Metal Injection Molding) or ceramic (in CIM—Ceramic Injection Molding) is mixed with a measured amount of binder material to comprise a feedstock capable of being handled by injection molding. The molding process allows dilated complex parts, which are oversized due to the presence of binder agent in the feedstock, to be shaped in a single step and in high volume. 
     After molding, the powder-binder mixture is subjected to debinding steps that remove mold and the binder, and sintering, to densify the powders. End products are small components used in various industries and applications. The nature of the PIM feedstock flow is defined using rheology. Current equipment capability requires processing to stay limited to products that can be molded using typical volumes of 100 grams or less per shot into the mold. The variety of materials capable of implementation within PIM feedstock is broad. Subsequent conditioning operations are performed on the molded shape, where the binder material is removed and the metal or ceramic particles are diffusion bonded and densified into the desired state with typically 15% shrinkage in each dimension. Since PIM parts are made in precision injection molds, similar to those used with plastic, the tooling can be quite expensive. As a result, PIM is usually used only for higher-volume parts. 
     A use of a printable mass containing a paste made of a metal powder and a binder in 3D-screen printing has been practiced by the Fraunhofer Institute for Manufacturing Technology and Advanced Materials. See, for example, www(dot)ifam-dd(dot)fraunhofer(dot)de. 
     3D metal printing using solvent-free water-based metal, ceramic or support paste is described in www(dot)rapidia(dot)com. Printed objects are transferred directly to a furnace for sintering and polymeric support materials evaporate during sintering. 
     Additional background art includes PCT International Patent Application Publication No. WO2018/203331, U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/724,120, filed Aug. 29, 2018, and having Attorney&#39;s Docket No. 74484 and U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/780,273, filed Dec. 16, 2018, and having Attorney&#39;s Docket No. 75727, all by the present assignee, and all being incorporated by reference as if fully set forth herein. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     According to an aspect of some embodiments of the present invention there is provided a sinterable paste formulation usable as cast material in a cast-mold process in combination with a mold material formulation, the sinterable paste formulation comprising a power of a sinterable material, a binder and an aqueous solution, wherein an amount of the powder is at least 85% by weight of the total weight of the formulation, and wherein the aqueous solution comprises water and a water-miscible organic solvent, wherein the organic solvent has an evaporation rate in a range of from 0.3 to 0.8 on an n-butyl acetate scale. 
     According to some of any of the embodiments described herein, a total amount of the aqueous solution ranges from 6 to 10% by weight of the total weight of the formulation. 
     According to some of any of the embodiments described herein, an amount of the water-miscible organic solvent in the aqueous solution ranges from 20 to 80, or from 20 to 60, or from 20 to 40, weight percents of the total weight of the aqueous solution. 
     According to some of any of the embodiments described herein, the water-miscible organic solvent and the binder are selected such that the binder is dissolvable and/or dispersible in the organic solvent. 
     According to some of any of the embodiments described herein, the water-miscible organic solvent and the binder are selected as chemically inert to one another. 
     According to some of any of the embodiments described herein, the organic solvent is or comprises an alkylene glycol. 
     According to some of any of the embodiments described herein, an amount of the binder is no more than 10%, or no more than 5%, by weight of the total weight of the formulation. 
     According to some of any of the embodiments described herein, an amount of the binder ranges from 0.8 to 2% by weight of the total weight of the formulation. 
     According to some of any of the embodiments described herein, the binder is thermolizable at a temperature lower by at least 100° C. than a sintering temperature of the sinterable material. 
     According to some of any of the embodiments described herein, the binder remains intact when subjected to a condition under which the mold material is removed. 
     According to some of any of the embodiments described herein, the binder has a Tg of at least 30° C. 
     According to some of any of the embodiments described herein, the binder is characterized by a film forming temperature (TMF) of at least 0, or of at least 5, or of at least 10° C. 
     According to some of any of the embodiments described herein, the formulation features a pH in a range of at least 8, or from 8 to 10. 
     According to some of any of the embodiments described herein, the formulation features a viscosity of in a range of from 10000 to 50000 centipoises. 
     According to some of any of the embodiments described herein, the formulation features no shear-thinning behavior under reduced pressure of 5 mBar or of 10 mBar. 
     According to some of any of the embodiments described herein, the mold material formulation comprises a hydrocarbon of at least 20 carbon atoms. 
     According to some of any of the embodiments described herein, the mold material formulation comprises a mineral wax, for example, a mineral wax as described herein. 
     According to some of any of the embodiments described herein, the formulation comprises: 
     from 85 to 95% by weight of the powder of the sinterable material; from 6 to 10% by weight of an aqueous solution which comprises water and at least 20% of the organic solvent; and from 1 to 2% by weight of the binder. 
     According to some of any of the embodiments described herein, the formulation further comprises a pH adjusting agent, a dispersing agent, an anti-foaming agent, and any combination thereof. 
     According to some of any of the embodiments described herein, the sinterable material is or comprises a metal. 
     According to some of any of the embodiments described herein, the formulation comprises or consists of the materials presented in Table 1, 2 or 3. 
     According to an aspect of some embodiments of the present invention there is provided a process of preparing the formulation as described herein in any of the respective embodiments, the process comprising mixing the binder, the aqueous solution and the powder at room temperature. 
     According to an aspect of some embodiments of the present invention there is provided a method of forming a three-dimensional object which comprises a sintered material, the method comprising: 
     forming a mold according to a shape of the object, using a mold material formulation; filling the mold with a sinterable formulation as described herein in any of the respective embodiments, to thereby obtain a mold-cast product; removing the mold from the mold-cast product, to thereby obtain a green body; removing the binder from the green body to thereby obtain a brown body; and subjecting the brown body to a sintering condition, thereby forming the object. 
     According to some of any of the embodiments described herein, the filling comprises pouring the sinterable paste formulation (as a cast material formulation) into the mold. 
     According to some of any of the embodiments described herein, the filling comprises injection molding of the sinterable paste formulation (as a cast material formulation) into the mold. 
     According to some of any of the embodiments described herein, the filling comprises using a squeegee pressed against the mold to spread the sinterable formulation into the mold, or wherein the filling comprises using a blade spaced from the mold surface to spread the sinterable formulation into the mold. 
     According to some of any of the embodiments described herein, removing the mold comprises at least one of applying heat and contacting the mold with an organic solvent. 
     According to some of any of the embodiments described herein, the method further comprises, prior to removing the mold, hardening the mold-cast object. 
     According to some of any of the embodiments described herein, forming the mold comprises forming a layered mold by dispensing a plurality of layers of the mold material formulation in a configured pattern corresponding to the shape of the object. 
     According to some of any of the embodiments described herein, the method comprises: 
     printing a first layer of the mold material to define one layer of the layered mold; filling the first mold with the sinterable formulation, thereby forming a first mold-cast layer; printing a second layer of the mold on top of the first mold-cast layer to define a second layer of the layered mold; and filling the second layer, over the first layer, with the sinterable formulation. 
     According to some of any of the embodiments described herein, the method further comprises finishing the first layer after forming and prior to printing the second mold; thereby to form the second layer on the finished surface of the first layer. 
     According to some of any of the embodiments described herein, the method further comprises, subsequent to the filling, hardening the mold-cast layer. 
     According to some of any of the embodiments described herein, the hardening comprises subjecting the mold-cast layer to a reduced pressure for a pre-determined time period. 
     According to some of any of the embodiments described herein, the method further comprises, prior to subjecting to a reduced pressure, applying hot air to the mold-cast layer. 
     According to some of any of the embodiments described herein, the reduced pressure ranges from 0.01 millibar to 100 milliBar, or from 0.1 millibar to 25 millibar, or from 1 to 10 millibar. 
     According to some of any of the embodiments described herein, the pre-determined time period ranges from 10 to 150 seconds, or is about thirty seconds. 
     According to an aspect of some embodiments of the present invention there is provided a product object comprising a sintered material, obtained by a method as described herein in any of the respective embodiments. 
     According to an aspect of some embodiments of the present invention there is provided an article-of-manufacturing comprising the product as described herein. 
     Unless otherwise defined, all technical and/or scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which the invention pertains. Although methods and materials similar or equivalent to those described herein can be used in the practice or testing of embodiments of the invention, exemplary methods and/or materials are described below. In case of conflict, the patent specification, including definitions, will control. In addition, the materials, methods, and examples are illustrative only and are not intended to be necessarily limiting. 
     Operation of the 3D printing device of embodiments of the invention can involve performing or completing selected tasks manually, automatically, or a combination thereof. Moreover, according to actual instrumentation and equipment of embodiments of the method and/or system of the invention, several selected tasks could be implemented by hardware, by software or by firmware or by a combination thereof using an operating system. 
     For example, hardware for performing selected tasks according to embodiments of the invention could be implemented as a chip or a circuit. As software, selected tasks according to embodiments of the invention could be implemented as a plurality of software instructions being executed by a computer using any suitable operating system. In an exemplary embodiment of the invention, one or more tasks according to exemplary embodiments of method and/or system as described herein are performed by a data processor, such as a computing platform for executing a plurality of instructions. Optionally, the data processor includes a volatile memory for storing instructions and/or data and/or a non-volatile storage, for example, a magnetic hard-disk and/or removable media, for storing instructions and/or data. Optionally, a network connection is provided as well. A display and/or a user input device such as a keyboard or mouse are optionally provided as well. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE SEVERAL VIEWS OF THE DRAWINGS 
       Some embodiments of the invention are herein described, by way of example only, with reference to the accompanying drawings. With specific reference now to the drawings in detail, it is stressed that the particulars shown are by way of example and for purposes of illustrative discussion of embodiments of the invention. In this regard, the description taken with the drawings makes apparent to those skilled in the art how embodiments of the invention may be practiced. 
       In the drawings: 
         FIG. 1A  is a simplified flow chart illustrating a procedure for producing a layered molded product or part according to some embodiments of the present invention; 
         FIG. 1B  is a simplified flow chart showing a more detailed embodiment of the procedure of  FIG. 1A ; 
         FIG. 2  is a simplified flow chart illustrating a procedure for hardening a layer formed from a paste spread into a mold according to an exemplary embodiment of the present invention; 
         FIG. 3  is a simplified flow chart showing a variation of the procedure of  FIGS. 1A-B  in which certain hardening phases are repeated for individual layers; 
         FIG. 4  is a simplified flow chart illustrating a procedure for producing a layered molded product or part according to some embodiments of the present invention; 
         FIG. 5  is a simplified diagram showing a phase characteristic for water; 
         FIGS. 6A-H  present SEM images of the powder of the sinterable material during various stages of the process as described herein; and 
         FIG. 7  presents photographs a dog bone shape prepared using an exemplary formulation as described herein, with the upper photograph being of the green body upon subjecting it to a Tensile strength test and the lower photograph being of the final sintered product. 
     
    
    
     DESCRIPTION OF SPECIFIC EMBODIMENTS OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention, in some embodiments thereof, relates to additive manufacturing, and, more particularly, but not exclusively, to formulations containing sinterable materials such as metal and/or ceramic powders, which are usable in additive manufacturing and other processed which provide objects containing sinterable materials and in the subsequent provision of products containing respective sintered materials. The formulations are particularly usable as cast materials in additive manufacturing processes that involve mold-casting methodologies and/or application of reduced pressure. 
     As discussed in the Background section hereinabove, additive manufacturing of three-dimensional objects containing in at least a portion thereof metal and/or ceramic materials is highly advantageous over methodologies such as machining and rapid prototyping manufacturing, yet pose some challenges in rendering the AM process efficient. Some of the currently practiced processes of AM of objects made of metals and/or ceramics employ metal/ceramic powders, possibly in a form of metal/ceramic paste that further comprises a binder. 
     PCT International Patent Application Publication No. WO 2018/203331, by the present assignee, discloses a methodology for Additive Manufacturing of objects made of ceramics and/or metals that is relatively fast, capable of creating complex geometries and compatible with a large variety of materials. The disclosure teaches combining Additive Manufacturing with molding techniques in order to build shapes that have hitherto not been possible with conventional molding or machining technologies or in order to use materials that are difficult or impossible to use with known Additive Manufacturing technologies, or to build shapes faster than is possible with known Additive Manufacturing technologies. In examples, Additive Manufacturing is used to make a mold, using a mold material, and then the mold is filled with the material of the final product (a cast material). The cast material can include a sinterable material, such as, for example, a metal or ceramic powder, and as defined herein. In some variants, layers of the final product are separately constructed with individual molds, where a subsequent layer is made over a previously molded layer. The previously molded layer may in fact support the mold of the new layer, as well as provide the floor for the new layer. 
     In one variant, a printing unit is provided which has a first nozzle for 3D printing material to form the mold, and a second, separate, nozzle to provide the filler (the cast material). The second nozzle may be adjusted to provide different size openings to fill different sized molds efficiently. In other variants two separate applicators are provided, one for printing the mold and having three degrees of freedom as needed for 3D printing, and one for filling the mold after it has been formed with the cast material. 
     One variant comprises the use of inkjet print heads to print the mold using wax or any other hot melt (e.g., as phase transfer ink) or thermosetting material, and the possibility to level the deposited layer of the cast material, when it is in a form of a paste, by use of a self-leveling cast material. An alternative for leveling the cast material is by vibrating the cast material just after molding, and a further alternative comprises using mechanical tools such as squeegee or blade to fill and level the mold material and/or the cast material. 
     In this variant, the cast material, which is, for example, a metal or ceramic paste, is in liquid form, and is applied within the mold by means of a doctor blade or a squeegee and forms a thin layer. A planing process machines the hardened paste using a cutter or planer to form a smooth surface. 
     Prior to planing, the paste may undergo a drying process. In the drying process, part of the liquids in the paste may be removed, and it is desirable that drying is relatively quick so as not to slow down manufacture of the part. 
     Drying can be made by raising the temperate using, for example, hot air. However, when a methodology that involves sequential deposition of mold-cast layers, as in WO2018/203331, is used, care should be taken to perform the drying at a temperature, time period, and other conditions that suit the process requirements. For example, a drying temperature should be lower than the typically already low melting temperature of the mold material, yet be sufficiently fast to render the AM process efficient. Moreover, high temperatures may cause thermal expansion and a resulting deformation, damage and/or other adverse effects of the object&#39;s properties. 
     U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/724,120, filed Aug. 29, 2018, and having Attorney&#39;s Docket No. 74484, by the present assignee, teaches a methodology which solves the problems that may arise from drying the formed layers using elevated temperatures, by teaching a methodology in which vacuum is used to assist drying and more particularly to carry out hardening of the paste or other filling used in the mold to form the layer. More particularly, at each layer the mold is formed and then filled with a paste or other substance, and then the newly filled layer surface is placed in a vacuum so that the pressure quickly falls to change the boiling points of the liquids in the layer. The liquids thus evaporate to harden the layer. After hardening, the vacuum is released, and the volume is vented. 
     The present inventors have designed novel formulations containing sinterable materials, which are usable as cast materials for manufacturing products, or parts thereof, containing materials such as metals, glasses and ceramics, and particularly as cast materials that are usable in additive manufacturing processes such as described in WO 2018/203331, and/or in any other manufacturing processes where cast-mold methodologies are used. 
     The novel formulations are designed so as to meet the (e.g., additive) manufacturing process requirements in terms of dispensability through a selected nozzle or any other dispenser, fast hardening of each layer to allow an efficient process, while at the same time be chemically compatible with process requirements of other manufacturing steps such as removal of the mold material, debinding and sintering. In some embodiments, the novel formulations are designed so as to properly adhere both to the mold material and to the previous cast layer. In some embodiments, the novel formulations are designed so as to undergo drying under reduced pressure without affecting the homogeneity and/or dimensions of the cast material (e.g., without undergoing thermal shrinkage). The novel formulations are also usable in processes such as metal injection molding and any other processes that use sinterable materials. 
     Embodiments of the present invention relate to novel formulations containing sinterable materials, to processes utilizing these formulations as cast materials in, for example, mold-cast methodologies such as mold-cast additive manufacturing of three-dimensional objects containing metal, ceramic and/or glass materials, and to objects made using these formulations. 
     Before explaining at least one embodiment of the invention in detail, it is to be understood that the invention is not necessarily limited in its application to the details of construction and the arrangement of the components and/or methods set forth in the following description and/or illustrated in the drawings and/or the Examples. The invention is capable of other embodiments or of being practiced or carried out in various ways. 
     Herein, and in the art, the phrases “mold-cast process”, “mold casting process”, “mold-cast method”, “mold casting method”, “mold-cast methodology”, “mold casting methodology” and any other phrases that relate to a combination of a mold and a cast, describe a process in which a mold, typically a sacrificial mold, is formed while surrounding at least one free space, and the at least one free space is filled with a dispensable (e.g., flowable, flowing) cast material. Once the cast material is at least partially hardened, such that it is hard enough to be self-supporting and/or maintain its shape, the mold is removed. Typically, mold-cast methodologies further include an additional step of further hardening the cast material. 
     Herein, the phrase “mold material” describes a material used to a form a mold. When the mold material hardens during the process, this phrase relates to the hardened mold material, and the pre-hardened material that is dispensed to provide the mold material is referred to as mold material formulation. In some embodiments, the hardening of a mold material formulation does not change the chemical composition of the material, in which cases, the phrases “mold material formulation” and “mold material” are used interchangeably. 
     The phrase “cast material formulation” or “cast formulation” as used herein describes the material that fills the mold, before it is hardened. The phrase “cast material” describes the hardened form of the cast material formulation (e.g., in a green body, as defined herein). 
     The phrase “green body” as used herein describes an object formed by an additive manufacturing (AM) process that has at least a portion that only been partially hardened or solidified and requires additional hardening to obtain a fully solidified object. Typically, but not obligatory, a green body is a self-supported body that is capable of maintaining its geometrical shape. In the context of the present embodiments, the green body relates to the object prepared by AM using a mold-cast methodology, and upon removal of the mold material. 
     The phrase “brown body” as used herein and in the art describes an object prepared by a mold-cast process, after removal of the mold material and the binder (after debinding). 
     Herein throughout, the term “object” describes a product of an additive manufacturing process or a mold-cast process. The term “product” refers to a final product in which sinterable materials underwent sintering or any other process to fuse the powder materials. The product can be a final article-of-manufacturing or a part thereof. 
     In some of any of the embodiments described herein, in a mold-cast process, the mold is formed by an additive manufacturing process, and in some embodiments, the additive manufacturing is three-dimensional (3D) printing, for example, three-dimensional (3D) inkjet printing. 
     In some of any of the embodiments described herein the mold-cast process comprises a layer-be-layer formation of a mold material wherein each layer of the mold material is filled with a cast material formulation, such as described, for example, in WO2018/203331, and is described in further detail hereinbelow. 
     The cast material formulation described herein can be used in any other mold-cast processes. 
     In some embodiments, the cast material formulation is usable in mold-cast processes in which hardening of the cast material formulation is performed under reduced pressure, as described in further detail hereinafter. 
     According to an aspect of some embodiments of the present invention there is provided a cast material formulation. In some embodiments, the cast material formulation is usable in mold casting processes, for example, mold casting processes as described in exemplary embodiments herein. 
     A formulation according to the present embodiments comprises a powder of a sinterable material and an aqueous solution (also referred to herein as an aqueous carrier). In some embodiments, the formulation comprises a powder of the sinterable material dispersed in an aqueous solution. 
     In some of any of the embodiments described herein, the aqueous solution comprises water and a water-miscible organic solvent. In some embodiments, the water-miscible organic solvent is characterized by an evaporation rate that ranges from 0.3 to 0.8, or from about 0.3 to about 0.65. 
     An evaporation rate, as used herein, refers to n-butyl acetate as the reference material. 
     According to an aspect of some embodiments of the present invention there is provided a sinterable paste formulation usable as cast material in a cast-mold process in combination with a mold material formulation. According to some embodiments of the present invention, the sinterable paste formulation comprises a power of a sinterable material, as described herein in any of the respective embodiments (see, for example, Example 1 hereinafter), a binder, as described herein in any of the respective embodiments (see, for example, Example 1 hereinafter), and an aqueous solution, as described herein in any of the respective embodiments. 
     According to some of any of the embodiments described herein, an amount of the powder is at least 85% by weight of the total weight of the formulation. According to some of any of the embodiments described herein, an amount of the powder is at least 87%, or 88%, or 89%, or at least 90%, at least 91% or at least 92%, by weight, of the total weight of the formulation. According to some of any of the embodiments described herein, an amount of the powder ranges from about 85 to about 95, or from about 88 to about 92, % by weight of the total weight of the formulation, including any intermediate values and subranges therebetween. 
     According to some of any of the embodiments described herein, the aqueous solution comprises water and a water-miscible organic solvent. 
     According to some of any of the embodiments described herein, the organic solvent has an evaporation rate in a range of from 0.3 to 0.8, or from 0.3 to 0.7, or from 0.4 to 0.8, or from 0.4 to 0.7, or from 0.5 to 0.7, on an n-butyl acetate scale. 
     According to some of any of the embodiments described herein, a total amount of the aqueous solution (e.g., of the water and the organic solvent) ranges from 6 to 10, or from 7 to 10, or from 6 to 9, or from 7 to 9, % by weight of the total weight of the formulation, including any intermediate values and subranges therebetween. 
     According to some of any of the embodiments described herein, an amount of the water-miscible organic solvent in the aqueous solution ranges from 20 to 80, or from 20 to 60, or from 20 to 40, % by weight (weight percents) of the total weight of the aqueous solution. 
     According to some of any of the embodiments described herein, the water-miscible organic solvent and the binder are selected such that the binder is dissolvable and/or dispersible in the organic solvent or in the aqueous solution containing same. By “dissolvable or dispersible” it is meant that no more than 30%, or no more than 20%, or no more than 10%, by weight of the binder, precipitate when mixed with the aqueous solution or the organic solvent. 
     According to some of any of the embodiments described herein, the water-miscible organic solvent and the binder are selected as chemically inert to one another, that is, the organic solvent and the binder do not react chemically with one another when in contact, for example, when contacted with one another at room temperature and/or at conditions used in a mold-cast process as described herein (prior to debinding). 
     According to some of any of the embodiments described herein, the organic solvent is an alkylene glycol, for example, an alkylene glycol having the formula: 
       RaO—[(CR′R″) z —O] y —Rb
 
     with Ra, Rb, R′ and R″ being each independently hydrogen, alkyl, cycloalkyl, or aryl, and with z being an integer of from 1 to 10, preferably, 2-6, more preferably 2 or 3, and y being an integer of 1 or more. Preferably R′ and R″ are both hydrogen. Preferably, one or both of Ra and Rb is an alkyl. When z is 2 and y is 1, this group is an ethylene glycol. When z is 3 and y is 1, this group is a propylene glycol. 
     According to exemplary embodiments, the organic solvent is a propylene glycol, and in some embodiments it is propylene glycol methyl ether. 
     Other water-miscible organic solvents having an evaporation rate as defined herein are contemplated. 
     According to some of any of the embodiments described herein, an amount of the binder is no more than 10%, or no more than 5%, or no more than 3%, or no more than 2%, by weight of the total weight of the formulation. 
     In some embodiments, an amount of the binder ranges from 0.8 to 2% by weight of the total weight of the formulation, including any intermediate values and subranges therebetween. 
     According to some of any of the embodiments described herein, the binder is thermolizable at a temperature lower by at least 100° C. than a sintering temperature of the sinterable material, so as to assure complete thermolization of the binder during the debinding stage and/or to assure that no binder remains when the brown body is subjected to sintering. 
     According to some of any of the embodiments described herein, the binder remains intact when subjected to a condition under which the mold material is removed. For example, the binder is non-dissolvable when contacted with an organic solvent that dissolves the mold material and/or at a melting temperature of the mold material. 
     According to some of any of the embodiments described herein, a volume shrinkage of the binder when subjected to reduced pressure of about 5 mbars is less than 1%. 
     According to some of any of the embodiments described herein, the binder has a Tg of at least 30° C., or of at least 40° C. 
     According to some of any of the embodiments described herein, the binder is characterized by a film forming temperature (TMF) of at least 0° C., or at least 5° C. or of at least 10° C. In some embodiments the TMF is in a range of from 0 to 10° C. In some embodiments, the TMF does not exceed the temperature at which the aqueous solution (aqueous carrier) evaporated under reduced pressure. 
     Additional features of the binder, and exemplary suitable binders, are described in the Examples section that follows. 
     In some of any of the embodiments described herein, the binder is or comprises a (meth)acrylic polymer, that is an acrylic and/or methacrylic polymer or co-polymer. An acrylic copolymer can be, for example, a co-polymer comprising acrylic/methacrylic backbone units and aromatic backbone units such as styrene backbone units. 
     According to some of any of the embodiments described herein, the formulation comprises one or more additional materials (also referred to herein as additives). Such materials include, for example, a dispersing agent (a dispersant), a pH adjusting agent, an anti-foaming agent, a rheology modifier, a thickener, a surface active agent, and more. 
     Exemplary such materials are described in the Examples section that follows. 
     According to some of any of the embodiments described herein, the formulation features an alkaline pH, for example, a pH in a range of at least 8, or from 8 to 10. In some embodiments, the pH is selected such that the binder does not harden when intact. 
     According to some of any of the embodiments described herein, the formulation exhibits a viscosity of in a range of from 10000 to 50000, or from 10000 to 30000, centipoises, including any intermediate values and subranges therebetween. 
     According to some of any of the embodiments described herein, the formulation is designed such that is features no shear-thinning behavior under reduced pressure of 5 mBar or 10 mBar. 
     According to some of any of the embodiments described herein, the mold material formulation, or the mold material, comprises a saturated and/or unsaturated hydrocarbon of at least 20 carbon atoms. In some embodiments, the hydrocarbon consists of carbon and hydrogen atoms. In some embodiments, the hydrocarbon is 30, 32, 34, 36, 38, 40, or more carbon atoms in length. An exemplary mold material is a wax, for example, a mineral wax which comprises a polyolefin or a mixture of polyolefines, optionally in combination with oxidized wax and/or micronized wax. Any other wax material that exhibits a melting temperature as described herein, and any of the other desirable/required features as described herein is contemplated. 
     According to some of any of the embodiments described herein, the formulation comprises: 
     from 85 to 95% by weight of the powder of the sinterable material, as described herein in any of the respective embodiments; 
     from 6 to 10% by weight of an aqueous solution which comprises water and the organic solvent, as described herein in any of the respective embodiments; and 
     from 1 to 2% by weight of the binder, as described herein in any of the respective embodiments. 
     According to some embodiments of the present invention there is provided a kit comprising a cast material formulation as described herein in any of the respective embodiments and any combination thereof, and a mold material formulation as described herein in any of the respective embodiments. The cast and model formulations are packaged individually within the kit. 
     According to some embodiments of the present invention there is provided a kit comprising a cast material formulation as described herein in any of the respective embodiments, and instructions to use the formulation in a process as described herein in any of the respective embodiments. In some embodiments, the kit comprises instructions to use the formulation with a mold material formulation as described herein in any of the respective embodiments. 
     According to an aspect of some embodiments of the present invention there is provided a cast material formed of a cast material formulation as described herein. In some embodiments, the cast material is formed upon evaporation of at least a portion of the water and/or organic solvent. 
     By “at least a portion” it is meant at least 20%, or at least 30 5, preferably at least 40%, or at least 50%, or at least 60 5, or at least 70%, or at least 80%, or at least 90%, or even 100% of the water and/or organic solvent. 
     In some of any of the embodiments described herein, the cast material comprises the sinterable material power and the binder and, if present in the formulation, further comprises a dispersant, an anti-foaming agent, a rheology modifying agent and/or a pH-adjusting agent. 
     In some of any of the embodiments described herein, the cast material comprises at least 95%, or at least 97%, by weight, of the sinterable material, e.g., from about 95 5 to about 99%, or from about 97% to about 99%, with the remaining components of the cast material being the binder and one or more of the additional components, if present in the formulation. 
     In some of any of the embodiments described herein, the cast material is obtained upon removal of the solvent under reduced pressure (vacuum) as defined herein. 
     In some of any of the embodiments described herein, the cast material is obtained upon subjecting the formulation to conditions at which at least a portion, as defined herein, of the water and/or organic solvent, is removed from the formulation. 
     According to some embodiments, these conditions comprise application of warm air. According to some embodiments, these conditions comprise subjecting the formulation to reduced pressure. According to some embodiments, these conditions include application of warm air, e.g., as described herein, and subjecting to reduced pressure, preferably but not obligatory subsequent to the warm air application. 
     Conditions at which application of warm air and subjecting to reduced pressure are performed are described in further detail hereinafter. 
     According to some embodiments of the present invention, there is provided a cast material formulation, as described in Example 1 in the Examples section that follows. The cast material formulation is also referred to herein as a sinterable paste formulation. 
     According to some embodiments of the present invention, there is provided a cast material formulation comprising, or consisting of, the materials/components presented in Table 1, 2 or 3 and accompanying description. 
     According to some embodiments of the present invention, there is provided a cast material comprising, or consisting of, the components presented in Table 4 and accompanying description. 
     According to some embodiments of the present invention, there is provided a process of preparing a cast material formulation as described herein in any of the respective embodiments, which comprises mixing the binder, the aqueous solution and the powder at room temperature. An exemplary such process in described in the Examples section that follows. 
     According to an aspect of some embodiments of the present invention, there are provided processes of additive manufacturing an object (e.g., a three-dimensional object) which comprises, or consists of, a sintered material, which utilize a cast material formulation as described herein. 
     According to some embodiments of the present invention, the additive manufacturing is or comprises a mold casting process, as described herein. 
     The General Method Used Involves: 
     a) printing a first mold to define one layer of the object; 
     b) filling the first mold with a cast material formulation as described herein in any of the respective embodiments, and thus forming a first layer of the object; 
     c) printing a second mold on top of the first layer to define a second layer; and 
     d) filling the second mold, over the first layer, with a cast material formulation as described herein in any of the respective embodiments, to form a second layer. 
     The process continues with alternate mold printing and casting until a molded layered object is formed. 
     Hereinafter, whenever a “paste” or a “cast material” is referred to, it includes a cast material formulation according to the present embodiments, and as described herein in any of the respective embodiments. 
     In some embodiments, a sealing hood is provided at the printing location and initially opens to a first position allowing paste to be applied within the mold and then closes to provide an airtight seal around the mold and the paste applied within the mold. Then a vacuum source evacuates air from the sealing hood in its closed position, and thus applies a vacuum to the paste. The vacuum removes liquids from the paste, and thus hardens the paste. 
     Removal of the mold material, to thereby obtain a green body, and thereafter removal of the binder, to thereby obtain the brown body, are then performed. Sintering can then be applied to thereby provide the final object which contains or consists of a sintered material. 
     The final object can be a product per se or a product part. 
     An additional method is provided for dealing with irregular shapes when sintering is required. A support component is printed, having a shape complementary to the product or part, in an associated process, also using additive manufacturing methodology as defined herein. The support component supports the object during sintering by fitting the object into the complementary shape prior to placing in the furnace for sintering. 
       FIG. 1A  is a simplified flow chart showing a method of manufacturing a molded layered object according to some of the present embodiments. A first box  10  indicates printing a first mold to define one layer of the object, by, for example, dispensing a mold material formulation as described herein in a configured pattern according to the final shape of the object. The mold may be printed using known Additive Manufacturing technology, as discussed herein. Box  12  indicates pouring a cast material formulation (e.g., as described herein in any of the respective embodiments) to fill the mold printed in box  10 . The cast material may then form a first layer of the eventual molded layered object. 
     In box  14  a second layer mold is then printed on the first layer and/or on the first molding layer. In some cases the second layer is smaller than the first layer in at least one dimension, so that the second layer mold is deposited on the cast part of the first layer. As will be discussed in greater detail below, the cast layer may be hardened to support the printing, or printing of the second layer mold may wait until the first layer is sufficiently dry, or hardened to support the second layer mold. 
     In box  16  a cast material formulation (e.g., as described herein in any of the respective embodiments) is poured into the second layer mold to form the second layer of the object. As shown in box  18 , the procedure is repeated as often as necessary to form a molded layered object with the requisite number of layers. It will be appreciated that different layers may be of different thicknesses. Different layers may form using same or different cast material formulations. Different cast material formulations can differ from one another by, for example, the type and/or particle size and particle size distribution of the sinterable material, the type of one or more of the binder materials, and/or the type and/or amount of the organic solvent as described herein. 
     After pouring, the new surfaces of the cast layers may optionally be finished or polished with finishing tools as shown in  20  and  22 . 
     The molds may be printed using any standard mold printing material that is strong enough to hold the casting material at casting temperatures and other casting conditions. Any standard 3D printing technique, such as fused deposition modeling (FDM) or Inkjet printing (e.g. 3D inkjet printing), may be used to print the mold. 
     In some embodiments, the mold material has a melting point temperature which is lower than a melting point of the cast material, so that heating can be used to clean away the mold once the printed object is ready. 
     In some embodiments the tendency may be for the process to heat up beyond a desired temperature. Thus cooling processes may be used, such as using air flow. 
     Hardening of the cast material formulation may include evaporation or activation reactions including energy curing, say thermosetting, or UV curing and the like. IR, microwave or UV irradiation may be used as well as blowing with warm/hot air. 
     The layered object obtained by the AM method may then be heated to melt the mold material, or may be immersed in a solvent to dissolve the mold material, and then may be immersed in a solvent to leaching out part of the additives and may be heated to a higher temperature to remove the binders and also may be further sintered to fuse the powder and may even be subjected to other common thermal processes such as HIP (Hot Isotropic Pressure). 
     Thus the present embodiments may provide a way to make molded objects containing sinterable materials. 
     In some embodiments, the mold and cast materials are selected such that the cast material is immiscible in the mold material and vice versa. In exemplary embodiments, the cast material formulation is an aqueous-based formulation as described herein, and the mold material is a hydrophobic material, such as a wax or other long-chain hydrocarbon, as described herein. 
     In some of any of the embodiments described herein, the cast material formulation of the present embodiments (the paste) has rheological properties to able to flow and fill the mold from one side and to properly lay to the deposited mold materials at the mold interface surface. 
     A mold design approach may allow a decrease in the load of the mold material over the slip cast material. Engineering of the design process may ensure that the weight of the deposited mold materials is divided over an area as large as possible so as to support the structure. 
     In embodiments, the mold material may have a viscosity which is higher than the viscosity of the cast material, so that the mold remains intact when the cast material is poured in. The cast material may have good wetting to properly fill the mold. 
     In embodiments, the cast material formulation may have low viscosity at room temperature and good wetting ability of the mold material. The cast material formulation may be capable of being hardened after deposition by exposure to a curing condition, as described herein. 
     Using formation of a layered object as described herein, in AM process, a product may be built with strong layered bonding without mechanical or chemical defects. 
     Casting or pouring may be carried out at an elevated temperature, with tight control of materials to provide the mechanical properties necessary. Pouring may use a liquid dispensing system that consists of a dispensing control unit. The quantity of filling material may be set according to Sub Mold parameters such as volume, overflow factor, etc. Then the cast material may be leveled by mechanical means such as a squeegee or blade or under its own self leveling property with an optional vibrating procedure. 
     Later on, the Sub Molds, that is the molds of the individual layers, may be removed by exposing the assembly to a higher temperature, or using a chemical dissolving process say with an acid or by immersion in solvent to dissolve the mold material or other processes. Suitable temperatures in the case of a wax based mold may be in the range of 50-250° C. 
     A debinding and sintering stage may involve increasing the temperature to allow debinding and sintering of the active part of the cast material, and typical temperatures for de binding and sintering are in the range of 200° C.-1800° C. depending on the exact material and required mechanical properties of the final product. 
     According to a proposed process according to the present embodiments, a paste cast material is cast under high shear force and under controlled temperature. The paste cast material in this embodiment may be deposited over the previous layer of cast material that was cast at high viscosity, hardness and may be at a lower temperature. 
     Drying, debinding and sintering may be carried out in ovens, which may be integrated in a single device or may be provided separately. 
     A process according to  FIG. 1A  is now considered in greater detail. 
     The process may use a cast material formulation and a mold material formulation. The mold material formulation may for example be any material that freezes below 300° C. and has a sharp melting point, such as mineral wax. The molding material may be applied by any controlled additive manufacturing tool such as FDM or Inkjet technology as discussed above, and is therefore selected from materials suitable for such processes. 
     Referring now to  FIG. 1B , and the process comprises as in box  10 , building of the mold, in which 3D printing may use any of: mineral wax featuring a melting temperature of at least 60° C., UV/EB cured acrylic, methacrylic, thermally cured epoxy, polyurethane etc., to form the mold parts. Preferably, the mold material is a wax as described herein. 
     A tray is placed in position and the first layer mold sub part is built on the tray. 
     The mold is then filled  12  with the cast material formulation (e.g., a paste as described herein). The cast material may be poured, or may in embodiments be injected, under a high shear force into the mold to ensure intimate contact with the mold walls, thereby to ensure proper and complete filling of the mold. The mold itself may be mechanically strong enough to cope with the injection forces. 
     The now formed (n-1) layer provides a base for the next, the n th , layer. 
     Solidifying or hardening  23  the cast material slurry or paste may be needed to render the layer capable of bearing the load of the subsequent layer of mold material. In other cases the viscosity of the layer already formed may be sufficient. Solidifying or hardening of the cast material formulation may be achieved by using varying means, depending on the component of the formulation. The following lists exemplary means 
     Subjecting the cast material formulation to a curing condition at which polymerization and/or cross linking of a binder occurs; 
     Subjecting the cast material formulation to a temperature at which at least one of its components solidifies; and/or 
     Evaporating at least a portion of the liquid carrier (e.g., an aqueous solution as described herein) to thereby harden the paste formulation. 
     The process then continues by printing the next mold layer  14 . 
     The second mold layer may be printed on the surface of the previously cast paste material and may also be built over mold material from the previous layer. 
     The next stage is to fill the second mold layer, in a similar manner to that carried out for the first layer— 16 . Solidifying  24  may also be provided as needed. 
     For each additional layer needed in the product, the stages of hardening, printing and filling are repeated— 18 . 
     The hardened casting material paste in the shape of the final object, is now embedded in the Sub Molds. 
     The final object may now be stabilized  25 . While stopping the shear forces, the slurry or paste may start hardening, thus developing green strength to the cast material. Green strength is the mechanical strength which may be imparted to a compacted powder in order for the powder to withstand mechanical operations to which it is subjected before sintering, without damaging its fine details and sharp edges. 
     The mold material may then be removed— 26 . Removal may involve heating the product and mold up to the melting point of the mold so that the mold material liquidizes and can be collected for re-use. Alternatively the mold may be removed by chemical dissolution in a suitable organic solvent that dissolves the mold material, such as described herein. 
     In all mold and sub mold parts production a sink for collecting melted mold material, such as mineral wax, for reuse may be provided. 
     Once the mold has been removed and a green body as defined herein in obtained then sacrificial materials (e.g., binder materials) of the paste are removed— 27 , for example by decomposing the sacrificial materials, by controllably heating to the optimal temp. 
     After the sacrificial materials are removed, the powder of the active material may be fused into solid form (e.g., sintered). A thermal treatment—box  27 —such as sintering, may be applied to obtain the desired final properties for the product. As mentioned above, exemplary temperatures between 400° C. and 1800° C. may be used, and in particular temperatures exceeding 500° C. 
     A variation of the above method is based on applying a vacuum to facilitate hardening of the part during the manufacturing process. 
     Boiling temperature of a substance is a function of the pressure. For example, at a pressure of 1 Bar (1 Atm), the boiling temp of water is about 100° C. On a mountain top at a height of 4500 m, water however boils at just 85° C., due to the lower atmospheric pressure. See, for example,  FIG. 5 . 
     At the much lower near-vacuum pressure of 20 mbar, the boiling point of water is around 25° C., at 10 mbar the boiling point is around 7° C., and a vacuum at the even lower pressure of 1 mbar not only provides an even lower boiling point but may also draw out the liquids that remain in the paste and mold. Hence, the effect of a vacuum on hardening of a paste is not merely actual drying but also the removal of the trapped liquids. 
     Based on the above, an embodiment of the present invention involves firstly forming a layer, for example by printing a mold and then filling the mold with a paste. The building part layer may then be heated with hot air, say for 30 seconds, at 45° C. 
     Following heating, the layer is capped with a vacuum hood that forms a vacuum seal around the layer. The seal may generally extend around the rest of the part insofar as it has been manufactured. The volume within the hood is then pumped to provide a suitable level of vacuum, for example at a pressure level of around 1 mbar and the low pressure is then held for a predetermined amount of time, say 30 seconds. 
     Finally, the volume is vented to atmospheric pressure. 
     The first, heating, stage may excite the part surface to increase the energy of the liquid molecules, generally water or various solvents. 
     In embodiments, cycles of heating followed by vacuum may be used. In further embodiments, the venting to release the vacuum may be carried out using warmed air. 
     A possible apparatus for carrying out the above method for hardening a paste within walls of a mold, may comprise a sealing hood that opens to a first position allowing paste to be applied within the mold and then closes to provide an airtight seal around the mold and the paste applied within the mold. Then a vacuum source evacuates air from the sealing hood in its closed position to apply a vacuum to the paste. The vacuum removes water or other liquids from the paste, and thus hardens the paste. 
       FIG. 2  is a simplified flow chart showing a method of manufacturing a molded layered object. A first layer is formed using a paste—box  200 . As will be explained below, in embodiments a mold may be printed enclosing an area which is to be filled by paste and the paste is spread within the printed mold to form the layer. Other methods to form a layer from a paste may be used. 
     As shown in box  202  there is an optional stage of heating the layer. For example warm air may be blown onto the newly formed layer. Heating is optional because hardening using a vacuum works even without prior heating of the paste. However the use of heating may improve evaporation rate efficiency. The mold is typically made of a low melting point material, or alternatively of an easily soluble material, for easy removal subsequent to printing. Thus heating may be limited to temperatures that are below the mold melting temperature, say kept at 20° Celsius below the melting temperature. Thus for example if the mold melting temperature is 80° Celsius then heating may be limited to 60° C. If warm air is used for heating then the warm air is kept at least slightly below the melting temperature of the mold material. 
     Subsequently the newly formed layer may be sealed into an airtight chamber, for example by closing a vacuum hood over the emerging structure of the part or product being formed—box  204 . 
     A vacuum may then be applied to the layer for a preset amount of time to harden the paste. The vacuum needs to be enough to cause liquid within the paste to boil at the current temperature. 
       FIG. 5  shows the phase diagram for water based on a logarithmic scale and for low pressures such as 10 mbar, the boiling temperature of water is 6.8° C. At the even lower pressure of 1 mbar, the boiling point may cease to be the only mechanism involved, and the low pressure may actually draw residual vapor from the paste. The vacuum may be held for a preset delay chosen to be effective, for example 30 seconds—as per box  208 . It is pointed out that the paste may contain solvents other than water that may have their own phase diagrams. 
     The vacuum may be released and the vacuum hood removed, as per box  210 . 
     The process may be continued  212  with the printing of successive additional layers, each over a preceding layer. For each layer a mold is printed and filled with cast material paste formulation according to the present embodiments. The layer is sealed. The vacuum is applied, held for the required time and then released, and eventually a molded layered product or part may result. 
     As shown in box  20  in  FIG. 4 , smoothing may be carried out of the layer currently being formed. Smoothing may be carried out before hardening by running a spatula, blade or the like over the surface. Alternatively or additionally, smoothing may be carried out after hardening, say by cutting away any unwanted protrusions using a planing process. As a further alternative, smoothing may be carried out before and planing after hardening. In either case a smooth surface may be provided as the base for printing the mold for the following layer. This is to ensure that the next layer is produced on a finished surface of the preceding layer. 
     Reference is now made to  FIG. 3 , which shows a variation of the embodiment shown in  FIG. 2 . Parts that are the same as in  FIG. 2  are given the same reference numerals and are not discussed again except as needed for understanding the present variation. As shown in  FIG. 3 , sealing  204 , applying a vacuum by reducing pressure  206 , holding for a preset time  208 , and releasing the vacuum, are repeated for individual layers, so that the vacuum may be applied twice, three times or more for individual layers. 
     Heating  202  may also be applied twice, three times or more. In an embodiment, the vacuum hood remains over the layer throughout the cycle. The layer is initially heated, then the vacuum hood is applied. The vacuum is applied and held for the requisite time and then released by allowing warmed air into the vacuum hood. The vacuum is then reapplied by evacuating the hood of the warmed air. 
     Planing may be carried out with each layer after hardening. 
     In an embodiment the hardness of the layer is tested after one cycle. If the hardness is below a predetermined level then a further cycle is carried out. 
     In more detail, after printing the mold, applying the paste formulation and filling the mold with the squeegee, the paste is wet. In the next process, the air-drying process, part of the liquids in the paste are removed, however, the layer is not hard enough and cannot survive the planing process. 
     The vacuum stage dries and removes most the liquids trapped in the object during build up. 
     After applying the vacuum process, the layer may be hard enough to withstand the cutting (planing) process, and there is a correlation between hardness and strength—and a hard layer means a strong green strength for the part. Green strength is discussed in greater detail below. 
     There are several methods and scales to measure hardness, and common methods used in engineering and metallurgy fields are Indentation hardness measures. Common indentation hardness scales are Rockwell, Vickers, Shore, and Brinell, amongst others, and in an embodiment, a Shore A hardness test is carried out using a durometer. Layers that achieved a level at or above 90 Shore hardness could be effectively planed. Layers whose hardness was below 90 Shore A could be damaged in the planing process. Thus in an embodiment, if a cycle of vacuum and heat does not harden the layer to 90 Shore A hardness, and then the cycle is repeated. If the required hardness is reached then no further cycles are used. 
     In a further embodiment, the vacuum hood may be placed initially over the layer as soon as it is formed, and the initial heating may also be carried out by inserting warmed air into the hood. The subsequent vacuum may in some embodiments involve warmed air at suitably low pressure. Other methods of heating include using infra-red radiation. Radiation heating may be applied during the vacuum. 
     It is noted that successive layers of the object may be made of the same materials, facilitating fusion of the layers. Alternatively, different cast material formulations may be used in different layers, say when the final product requires different mechanical properties in different places. 
     Reference is now made to  FIG. 4 , which is a simplified flow chart showing a method of manufacturing a molded layered object according to the present embodiments. A first box  310  indicates printing a first mold to define one layer of the object. The mold may be printed using known Additive Manufacturing technology (e.g., 3D inkjet printing). Box  312  indicates spreading a cast material formulation (according to the present embodiments) to fill the mold printed in box  310 . A squeegee may spread the cast material formulation across the mold. 
     The cast material formulation, in a form of paste, may then form a first layer of the eventual molded layered object but is currently soft, containing an amount of a liquid (an aqueous solution as described herein), and the procedure outlined in  FIG. 2 or 3  may be applied to harden the layer—box  313 . 
     In box  314  a second layer mold is then printed on the first layer and/or on the first molding layer. In some cases the second layer is smaller than the first layer in at least one dimension, so that the second layer mold is deposited on the cast material portion of the first layer. As will be discussed in greater detail below, the cast material layer has now been hardened to support the printing of the second layer mold. 
     In box  316  more cast material formulation is poured into the second layer mold to form the second layer of the object. As shown in box  317  the hardening procedure of  FIG. 2 or 3  is carried out. As shown in box  318 , further layers are added to form a molded layered product or part with the requisite number of layers. 
     After pouring and optionally before or after hardening or both, the new surfaces of the cast material layers may optionally be smoothed, finished, planed or polished with finishing tools as shown in  320 ,  321 ,  322  and  323 . 
     The molds may be printed using any standard mold material that is strong enough to hold the cast material, as described herein. In embodiments the layer may be cast, and in such cases the mold may be required to hold the cast material at casting temperatures and other casting conditions. 
     Any standard 3D printing technique, such as fused deposition modeling (FDM) or 3D Inkjet printing, may be used to print the mold. 
     In embodiments, the mold printing material has a melting point temperature which is lower than a melting point of the cast material or other filling material, so that heating can be used to clean away the mold once the product is ready. Alternatively, the mold can be removed by dissolving in a suitable solvent. 
     In some embodiments, the final object may then be heated to melt the mold material, or may be immersed in solvent to dissolve the mold material, and then may be immersed in solvent to leaching out part of the additives and/or may be heated to a higher temperature to remove the binders and also may be further sintered to fuse the powder and may even be subjected to other common thermal processes such as HIP (Hot Isotropic Pressure). Thus the present embodiments may provide a way to make molded ceramic or metal or compound products. 
     In some embodiments, the mold material may have a viscosity which is higher than the viscosity of the cast material formulation, so that the mold remains intact when the cast material formulation is spread. The cast material formulation may have good wetting properties to fill the mold. 
     Dispensing the case material formulation (e.g., by spreading and/or pouring) into the mold layer may be carried out at an elevated temperature, with tight control of materials to provide the mechanical properties necessary. Pouring may use a liquid dispensing system that consists of a dispensing control unit. The quantity of the cast material formulation may be set according to supplied sub mold parameters such as volume, overflow factor, etc. Then the cast material formulation may be leveled by mechanical means such as a squeegee, as mentioned above, or a blade or under its own self leveling property with an optional vibrating procedure. 
     Later on, the Sub Molds, that is the molds of the individual layers, may be removed by exposing the assembly to a higher temperature, or using a chemical dissolving process say with an acid or by immersion in solvent to dissolve the mold material or other processes. Suitable temperatures in the case of a wax based mold may be in the range of 100-200° C. 
     A debinding and sintering stage may involve increasing the temperature to allow debinding and sintering of the active part of the cast material, and typical temperatures for de binding and sintering are in the range of 200° C.-1800° C. depending on the exact material and required mechanical properties of the final product. 
     According to a proposed process according to the present embodiments, a cast material paste formulation is dispensed under high shear forces and under controlled temperature. The paste cast material in this embodiment may be deposited over the previous layer of a hardened cast material. 
     When two successive layers are composed of the same material, they may be expected to share properties. Drying and sintering may be carried out in ovens, which may be integrated in a single device or may be provided separately. 
     The process of  FIG. 4  is now considered in greater detail. 
     A paste cast material formulation may be dried and hardened at a temperature higher than the freeze temperature and lower than the mold material melting point. To ensure the stability of the first layer of cast material the cast material formulation is designed to possess rheological properties that cause the still non-flowing material to be hardened and when needed, to include appropriate shear thinning and thixotropy, so that the viscosity may or may not vary. 
     Referring again to  FIG. 4 , and the process comprises as in box  310 , building of the mold, in which 3D printing may use a mineral wax having a melting point of at least 120° C. to form the mold parts. 
     The mold is then filled  312  with the cast material formulation according to the present embodiments. The cast material formulation may be poured, or may in embodiments be injected, under a high shear force into the mold to ensure intimate contact with the mold walls, thereby to ensure proper and complete filling of the mold. The mold itself may be mechanically strong enough to cope with the injection forces. 
     The now formed (n-1) layer provides a base for the next, the n th , layer. 
     Hardening the paste as shown in  FIGS. 2 and 3 , may render the layer capable of bearing the load of the subsequent layer of mold material. 
     The process then continues by printing the next mold layer  314 . 
     The second mold layer may be printed on the surface of the previous layer and may even be built over mold material from the previous layer. 
     The next stage is to fill the second mold layer, in a similar manner to that carried out for the first layer— 316 . Hardening  317  may also be provided separately for the second layer. 
     For each additional layer needed in the object, the stages of printing, filling, optionally heating, and hardening are repeated— 318 . 
     The hardened cast material in the shape of the final object, is now embedded within the Sub Molds, that is the mold produced for each layer. 
     The final object may optionally be stabilized once all the layers have been manufactured. While stopping the shear forces, the cast material formulation may start hardening, thus developing green strength to the cast material 
     The mold material may then be removed. Removal may involve heating the product and mold up to the melting point of the mold so that the mold material liquidizes and can be collected for re-use. Alternatively, and preferably, the mold may be removed by chemical dissolution as described herein. 
     In general the hardening process of  FIGS. 2 and 3  has removed the liquid carrier (the aqueous solution) from the cast material. Other materials such as binder materials may now be removed by controllably heating to an optimal temperature. The mold has already been removed so that heating is no longer limited by the mold melting point. 
     After the sacrificial materials are removed, the powder may be fused into solid form. A thermal treatment such as sintering, may be applied to obtain the desired final properties for the product. Exemplary temperatures as described herein may be used. 
     An exemplary mold casting process which can advantageously utilize the formulation of the present embodiments is described in WO2018/203331, which is incorporated herein by reference as if fully set forth herein. 
     An exemplary mold casting process which can advantageously utilize the formulation of the present embodiments is described in U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/724,120, which is incorporated herein by reference as if fully set forth herein. 
     According to an aspect of some embodiments of the present invention there is provided a product obtained by a method as described herein in any of the respective embodiments and any combination thereof. 
     According to an aspect of some embodiments of the present invention there is provided a 3D mold-cast object obtainable by the mold-cast process as described herein in any of the respective embodiments and any combination thereof. 
     According to an aspect of some embodiments of the present invention there is provided a green body obtainable by the mold-cast process as described herein in any of the respective embodiments and any combination thereof, upon removal of the mold material. 
     According to an aspect of some embodiments of the present invention there is provided a brown body obtainable by the mold-cast process as described herein in any of the respective embodiments and any combination thereof, upon removal of the mold material and the binder material(s) and any other additives. 
     According to an aspect of some embodiments of the present invention there is provided a 3D mold-cast object obtainable by the mold-cast process as described herein in any of the respective embodiments and any combination thereof. 
     According to an aspect of some embodiments of the present invention there is provided an article-of-manufacturing or a part thereof, which comprises the product as described herein (e.g., a product obtained using the sinterable paste formulation as described herein, optionally prepared using a method as described herein). 
     Exemplary articles-of-manufacturing or parts thereof include, but are not limited to, large articles such as cars, trucks, railway cars, airframes, aircraft engines, marine vessels, sailing ship masts, street lighting poles, railway tracks, oil well casings, hydroelectric turbines, nuclear reactor control rods, windows, doors, mirrors, astronomical instruments, etc. Small articles such as car engines, gears, fasteners, watches, cooking utensils, food containers, bicycle components, packaging, outer shells of consumer electronics, heat sinks for electronic appliances, substrates in high brightness light-emitting diode (LED) lighting, hardware tools, and many other metallic articles. 
     It is expected that during the life of a patent maturing from this application many relevant molding, 3D printing and casting technologies will be developed and the scopes of the corresponding terms are intended to include all such new technologies a priori. 
     It is expected that during the life of a patent maturing from this application many relevant mold materials, sinterable materials, binders, and any of the other materials usable in the present embodiments will be developed and the scope of the corresponding terms is intended to include all such new technologies a priori. 
     As used herein the term “about” refers to ±10% or ±5%. 
     The terms “comprises”, “comprising”, “includes”, “including”, “having” and their conjugates mean “including but not limited to”. 
     The term “consisting of” means “including and limited to”. 
     The term “consisting essentially of” means that the composition, method or structure may include additional ingredients, steps and/or parts, but only if the additional ingredients, steps and/or parts do not materially alter the basic and novel characteristics of the claimed composition, method or structure. 
     As used herein, the singular form “a”, “an” and “the” include plural references unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. For example, the term “a compound” or “at least one compound” may include a plurality of compounds, including mixtures thereof. 
     Throughout this application, various embodiments of this invention may be presented in a range format. It should be understood that the description in range format is merely for convenience and brevity and should not be construed as an inflexible limitation on the scope of the invention. Accordingly, the description of a range should be considered to have specifically disclosed all the possible subranges as well as individual numerical values within that range. For example, description of a range such as from 1 to 6 should be considered to have specifically disclosed subranges such as from 1 to 3, from 1 to 4, from 1 to 5, from 2 to 4, from 2 to 6, from 3 to 6 etc., as well as individual numbers within that range, for example, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6. This applies regardless of the breadth of the range. 
     Whenever a numerical range is indicated herein, it is meant to include any cited numeral (fractional or integral) within the indicated range. The phrases “ranging/ranges between” a first indicate number and a second indicate number and “ranging/ranges from” a first indicate number “to” a second indicate number are used herein interchangeably and are meant to include the first and second indicated numbers and all the fractional and integral numerals therebetween. 
     As used herein the term “method” refers to manners, means, techniques and procedures for accomplishing a given task including, but not limited to, those manners, means, techniques and procedures either known to, or readily developed from known manners, means, techniques and procedures by practitioners of the chemical, pharmacological, biological, biochemical and medical arts. 
     It is appreciated that certain features of the invention, which are, for clarity, described in the context of separate embodiments, may also be provided in combination in a single embodiment. Conversely, various features of the invention, which are, for brevity, described in the context of a single embodiment, may also be provided separately or in any suitable subcombination or as suitable in any other described embodiment of the invention. Certain features described in the context of various embodiments are not to be considered essential features of those embodiments, unless the embodiment is inoperative without those elements. 
     Various embodiments and aspects of the present invention as delineated hereinabove and as claimed in the claims section below find experimental support in the following examples. 
     EXAMPLES 
     Reference is now made to the following examples, which together with the above descriptions illustrate some embodiments of the invention in a non limiting fashion. 
     Example 1 
     Exemplary Formulations 
     The materials used to make up an exemplary formulation according to the present embodiments, containing stainless steel powder as the sinterable material, are presented in Table 1 below. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
             
               
                   
                 TABLE 1 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Component 
                 % wt. 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
                 Powder of a sinterable material 
                 88-92 
               
               
                   
                 Binder (total amount) 
                 1-2 
               
               
                   
                 Aqueous solvent (total amount) 
                 8-9 
               
               
                   
                 Anti-foaming agent 
                 0.1-1   
               
               
                   
                 Dispersant 
                 0.001-0.01  
               
               
                   
                 Water-miscible organic solvent 
                 20-40% of the total 
               
               
                   
                   
                 amount of the aqueous 
               
               
                   
                   
                 solvent 
               
               
                   
                 pH adjusting agent 
                 0.005-0.015 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     The powder of a sinterable material may include a powder of one or more of a metal, a ceramic and/or a glass. In some embodiments, the sinterable materials are sinterable at a temperature of at least 500° C., or at least 800° C., or at least 1000° C., so as to assure complete thermolization of the binder(s) before sintering. 
     By “sintering” it is meant causing a powder to from a coherent mass without melting it. 
     Exemplary sinterable glass materials include, but are not limited to, soda-lime-silica glasses, sodium borosilicate glasses, fused silica, and alumino-silicate glasses. 
     Exemplary sinterable ceramic materials include, but are not limited to, metal oxides such as titania, silica, zirconia, and alumina. 
     Exemplary sinterable metal materials include, but are not limited to, gold, platinum, copper, silver, zinc, aluminum, antimony, barium, beryllium, bismuth, boron, cadmium, calcium, cerium, cesium, chromium, cobalt, erbium, europium, gadolinium, gallium, germanium, hafnium, holmium, indium, iron, lanthanum, lead, lutetium, lithium, magnesium, manganese, molybdenum, neodymium, nickel, niobium, osmium, palladium, potassium, praseodymium, rhenium, rhodium, rubidium, ruthenium, samarium, scandium, silicon, sodium, strontium, tantalum, tellurium, terbium, thulium, tin, titanium, tungsten, vanadium, yttrium, ytterbium, and zirconium, including alloys containing a combination of two or more metals, such as, for example, brass, steel (e.g., stainless steel), and bronze. 
     In exemplary embodiments, the sinterable material is or comprises a stainless steel powder. 
     In some of any of the embodiments described herein, the powder has an average particles size which is no more than 50% of the thickness of the layer formed during the AM process as described herein. In exemplary embodiments, the average particles size ranges from 1 to about 100 microns, or from 1 to about 50 microns, or from 1 to about 20 microns, e.g., 5-15, or 5-10 microns, including any intermediate values and subranges therebetween. 
     In some of any of the embodiments described herein, the powder is characterized by a high particles size distribution (PSD), for example, higher than commonly used for binder jet or laser beam or electron beam additive manufacturing processes. For example d(50): 10 micron, cutoff: 45 microns. Without being bound by any particular theory, it is assumed that high PSD provides higher tapped density and a more dense packaging of the particles in the printed object. 
     By “binder” it is meant a curable material, which can be cured (hardened) when exposed to heat or other curing energy or to a curing condition such as, for example, pH change. A binder typically comprises a polymerizable material or a polymeric material which can undergo further polymerization (e.g., chain elongation) and/or cross-linking when exposed to a curing condition (e.g., curing energy such as heat) to thereby provide a hardened material. 
     In some embodiments of the present invention, the binder is a polymeric material that undergoes cross-linking when exposed to a curing condition. 
     In some of these embodiments, the binder undergoes self cross-linking. 
     According to the present embodiments, the binder is selected so as to exhibit one or more, preferably two or more, and preferably all, of the following properties: 
     Low volume shrinkage (e.g., lower than 1%) when subjected to reduced pressure; 
     Low tendency to form film, e.g., a film forming temperature (TMF) higher than 5° C. or higher than 10° C., or higher than a temperature used when hardening the cast material is performed (e.g., under vacuum). 
     Tg of at least 30° C. or at least 40° C.; 
     Thermolizability at a temperature lower than a sintering temperature of the sinterable material, e.g., lower than 1000° C., preferably lower than 600° C., or lower than 500° C., but higher than a melting temperature of the mold material; and 
     Low viscosity (e.g., a solution-like behavior at least at high shear rates), for example, a viscosity lower than 10000 centipoises at high shear rate, and optionally a higher viscosity at lower shear rate (e.g., a shear-thinning behavior at ambient temperature). In some embodiments, the binder comprises two or more different materials, each providing to the formulation one or more of the above properties. For example, one binder material can feature a high Tg, one binder material can feature low viscosity, one binder material can feature high TMF, etc., such that the selected combination of binder materials and the relative amounts thereof provide the desired properties as defined herein for a binder. 
     In exemplary embodiments, the binder comprises two binder materials, also referred to herein as “Binder A” and “Binder B”. In some of these embodiments, Binder A is characterized as a Newtonian fluid and features a Tg higher than 30° C. or higher than 40° C. 
     In some of these embodiments, Binder B is characterized by a shear-thinning behavior and functions also as a rheology modifier. 
     In some of any of the embodiments described herein, Binder A and/or B are selected so as to impart to the cast material properties such as stiffness, uniformity, resistance to crack formation during the hardening step and subsequent steps if performed, resistance to solvents used to remove the mold material. 
     In exemplary embodiments, a weight ratio of the binder materials ranges from 1:3 to 3:1 Binder A:Binder B, including any intermediate values and subranges therebetween. 
     In some of any of the embodiments described herein, one or more of the binder materials is, or each independently is, a (meth)acrylic polymer, for example, a self cross-linking poly-(meth)acrylic polymer or a styrene-acrylic copolymer. 
     In some of any of the embodiments described herein, one or more of the binder materials is pre-dispersed in an aqueous solution, as an emulsion. In some of these embodiments, the emulsion comprises 40-60% by weight of the polymeric binder material. 
     Exemplary materials suitable for use as Binder A include, but are not limited to, those included is the emulsions marketed under the trade names Joncryl® 8224, Joncryl® 2178-E, Joncryl® 537-E, Joncryl® 8211, Joncryl® 617, Joncryl® 652, Joncryl® 646, Joncryl® 142E, Joncryl® 1685, Alberdingk® AC 2523. 
     An exemplary material usable as binder A is the polymeric material included in an emulsion marketed under the trade name Joncryl® 8224. Examplary materials suitable for use as Binder B include, but are not limited to, those included is the emulsions marketed under the trade names Joncryl® 661, Rheovis AS 1125, Rheovis AS 1130, Rheovis HS 1303 EB, Rheovis PU 1291, Carbomer 940; and Carboxy Methyl Cellulose (CMC). 
     An exemplary material usable as binder B is Joncryl® 661. 
     Exemplary materials suitable for use as a dispersant (a dispersing agent) include emulsifying agents, but are not limited to, Sodium dodecylbenzensulofonate, sodium lauryl sulfate, Trisodium citrate, Stearic acid, and Citric acid, and those marketed under the trade names Dispex Ultra PX 4483, Dispex Ultra PX 4484, Dispex Ultra PX 4275, Dsipex Ultra PX 4575, DISPERBYK 180, DISPERBYK 192, and DISPERBYK 2060. 
     An exemplary dispersant is Sodium dodecylbenzensulofonate. 
     In an exemplary embodiment, a solution or dispersion of a dispersing agent in an aqueous carrier (e.g., water) is used. In an exemplary embodiment a solution containing 5% by weight Sodium dodecylbenzensulofonate and 95% by weight water is used as a dispersing agent. 
     Exemplary materials suitable as an anti-foaming agent include materials that may act also as plasticizers, and which provide a desired surface tension to the formulation, such as, but not limited to, those of the BYK family, for example, those marketed under the trade names BYK 024, FoamStar SI 2210, FoamStar ST 2438, FoamStar SI 2240, Byk 093, Byk 025, Byk 1640, Byk 3455, BYK 1680, Foamex 810. 
     Exemplary materials suitable as pH-adjusting agents include those that impart to the formulation a pH value at which the sinterable material is chemically stable (e.g., does not undergo oxidation) and/or the binder is chemical stable (e.g., does not undergo cross-linking and/or further polymerization). 
     In some of any of the embodiments described herein, the water-miscible organic solvent is characterized by an evaporation rate, as defined herein, of from 0.3 to 0.9, or from 0.3 to 0.8, or from 0.3 to 0.7. 
     Without being bound by any particular theory, it is assumed that such a relatively low evaporation rate allows using the formulation in a mold-cast AM process as described herein, such that the solvent does not evaporate when the formulation is dispensed, yet, it evaporates quickly upon dispensing the formulation and subjecting it, for example, to hardening under heat and/or reduced pressure as described herein. 
     In some of any of the embodiments described herein, the water-miscible organic solvent is such that does not chemically interact with the binder and/or with the mold material. In some embodiments, the organic solvent does not dissolve the mold material. 
     An exemplary solvent is Propylene Glycol Mono Methyl Ether (PM) CAS No. 107-98-2 (evaporation rate: 0.62). Other exemplary suitable solvents include, but are not limited to, propylene glycol propyl ether (PnP), Dipropylene glycol monomethyl ether (DPM), Propylene Glycol Methyl Ether Acetate (PMA), and Di-acetone Alcohol, and any mixture thereof. 
     It is to be noted that water-miscible solvents featuring higher evaporation rates can be included in the aqueous solvent, in addition to the organic solvent featuring the evaporation rate as described herein, as long as the total evaporation rate of the aqueous solution does not exceed 0.8, 0.9, or 1. 
     Herein throughout, the phrases “aqueous solution” and “aqueous carrier” are used interchangeably. 
     An exemplary formulation according to some embodiments of the present invention comprises: 
     As a powder of sinterable material: Stainless steel 316L powder, featuring average particles size of 8-10 microns, e.g., d50: 9 microns, was obtained from Huarui China 
     As Binder A—Joncryl® 8224—an emulsion containing 45% by weight an acrylic polymer in water. 
     As Binder B—Joncryl® 661—an emulsion containing about 22-23% by weight an acrylic polymer, about 53-54% by weight water, about 20-21% by weight PM solvent. 
     As a Dispersant—5% by weight Sodium dodecylbenzensulofonate in water. 
     As an Anti-foaming agent—BYK 024. As a water-miscible organic solvent—Propylene Glycol Mono Methyl Ether (PM) CAS No. 107-98-2 
     As a pH adjusting agent—Mono Ethanol Amine. 
     As water—reverse osmosis DI water. 
     The formulation of the present embodiments is prepared by mixing the components as described herein, preferably, but not obligatory, at room temperature. 
     In an exemplary procedure, Binder B, water and a pH adjusting agent are mixed in a closed vessel, optionally in a vibrating mill, for 15 minutes. An anti-foaming agent is thereafter added, and the obtained mixture is vibrated for additional 5 minutes. The organic solvent is then added, the obtained mixture is vibrated for additional 5 minutes and then the dispersant is added and further mixing is performed. Binder A is then added, and the mixture is further mixed. At this stage, the powder of the sinterable material is added and the obtained mixture is mixed for a few hours (e.g., 4 hours). All stages are performed at room temperature. 
     Table 2 below presents a chemical composition of a formulation usable for forming a cast material according to some of the present embodiments. The formulation can be prepared using the procedure described hereinafter. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
             
               
                   
                 TABLE 2 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Component 
                 % wt. 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
                 Powder of a sinterable material 
                 88-92 
               
               
                   
                 A dispersion of Binder A in an aqueous 
                 2.5-3.5 
               
               
                   
                 solution 
                   
               
               
                   
                 A dispersion of Binder B in an aqueous 
                 1.5-2.5 
               
               
                   
                 solution 
                   
               
               
                   
                 Water 
                 2-3 
               
               
                   
                 Anti-foaming agent 
                 0.1-1   
               
               
                   
                 Dispersant in an aqueous solution 
                 0.05-1.5  
               
               
                   
                 Water-miscible organic solvent 
                 1-3 
               
               
                   
                 pH adjusting agent 
                 about 0.01 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Table 3 below presents the chemical components used to make up 100 grams of an exemplary formulation according to some of the present embodiments. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
             
               
                   
                 TABLE 3 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Component 
                 [grams] 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
                 316L Stainless Steel powder (e.g., as 
                 88-92 
               
               
                   
                 described herein) 
                   
               
               
                   
                 Joncryl ® 8224 (Dispersion of Binder A) 
                 1.0-1.1 
               
               
                   
                 Joncryl ® 661 (Dispersion of Binder B) 
                 3-4 
               
               
                   
                 Water 
                 About 3 
               
               
                   
                 Byk-024 (anti-foaming agent) 
                 0.2-0.3 
               
               
                   
                 Sodium dodecylbenzensulofonate 
                 0.1-0.2 
               
               
                   
                 (dispersion in an aqueous solution??) 
                   
               
               
                   
                 Propylene Glycol Mono Methyl Ether as a 
                 1-2 
               
               
                   
                 Water-miscible organic solvent 
                   
               
               
                   
                 Mono Ethanol Amine as a pH adjusting 
                 0.01-0.1  
               
               
                   
                 agent 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     The formulations as presented herein features a paste consistency having a viscosity of about 10000-50000 centipoises (e.g., about 30,000 centipoises), when measured on a Brookfield R/S Rheometer, Spindle P25 at 20 RPM at a temperature of 21° C. 
     Example 2 
     An exemplary formulation according to the present embodiments, as presented in Tables 2 and 3 above, was used in a mold-cast 3D printing method as described herein, while drying the formulation under reduced pressure, as described herein. As a mold material formulation was used a mineral wax, for example, a mixture of Fisher-Tropsch polyolefine wax and micronized wax and some oxidized wax. 
     Once the mold casting process is finalized, the mold material (e.g., a hydrocarbon wax as described herein) is removed by contacting the obtained printed object with an aliphatic organic solvent (e.g., heptanes) at an elevated temperature (e.g., 50-70° C.), to thereby provide a green body made of the cast material. 
     Table 4 below presents the chemical composition of the cast material in the obtained green body. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
             
               
                   
                 TABLE 4 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Component 
                 % WT. 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
                 Sinterable material powder (e.g., of 316L) 
                 97-99 (e.g., 98) 
               
               
                   
                 Binder (e.g., as described below; total 
                 1-2 (e.g., 1.4) 
               
               
                   
                 amount) 
                   
               
               
                   
                 Solvent (e.g., 30% PG in water) 
                 none 
               
               
                   
                 Anti-foaming agent 
                 0.1-0.5 (e.g., 
               
               
                   
                   
                 0.2-0.3) 
               
               
                   
                 Dispersant (e.g., as described below) 
                 0.001-0.01 
               
               
                   
                   
                 (e.g., 0.007- 
               
               
                   
                   
                 0.007) 
               
               
                   
                 pH adjusting agent 
                 0.1-0.5 (e.g., 
               
               
                   
                   
                 0.2-0.3) 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     The obtained green body was then subjected to the following post treatment: 
     The obtained green body was subjected to debinding (removal of the binder material (s0), to thereby provide a “brown body”. Debinding is performed by application of heat, for example, at 250-650° C., 2-10 Torr. 
     The brown body is then subjected to sintering, at a temperature ranging from 1000 to 1400° C., at 2-10 Torr. 
     FIGS. A-H present SEM images, taken using SEM microscope, Manufacturer: FEI model: Inspect with an installed Oxford EDS analyzer with INCA programming, of an exemplary paste formulation at two magnifications ( FIGS. 6A and 6B ), of a green body obtained upon using it in a cast-mold material ( FIG. 6C ), of a respective brown body obtained upon debinding ( FIG. 6D ), and of partially sintered objects made therefrom ( FIGS. 6E-H ). 
       FIG. 7  presents photographs of a dog bone shape prepared using an exemplary formulation as described herein. Upper photograph is of the green body upon subjecting it to a Tensile strength test and lower photograph is of the final sintered product. 
     The final sintered product features tensile strength of 512 MPa, and elongation of 66%, as measured using Instrone 3369 instrument according to ISO 6892-1:2016. 
     Although the invention has been described in conjunction with specific embodiments thereof, it is evident that many alternatives, modifications and variations will be apparent to those skilled in the art. Accordingly, it is intended to embrace all such alternatives, modifications and variations that fall within the spirit and broad scope of the appended claims. 
     All publications, patents and patent applications mentioned in this specification are herein incorporated in their entirety by reference into the specification, to the same extent as if each individual publication, patent or patent application was specifically and individually indicated to be incorporated herein by reference. In addition, citation or identification of any reference in this application shall not be construed as an admission that such reference is available as prior art to the present invention. To the extent that section headings are used, they should not be construed as necessarily limiting. 
     In addition, any priority document(s) of this application is/are hereby incorporated herein by reference in its/their entirety.