Patent Publication Number: US-2021181376-A1

Title: Secure reconstruction of geospatial data

Description:
FIELD 
     The present description generally relates to predicting the occurrence of subterranean natural resources by reconstructing the paleogeographic position of subterranean portions of Earth&#39;s surface. 
     BACKGROUND 
     To produce natural resources like hydrocarbons (e.g., oil, gas, etc.) from a subterranean formation, wellbores may be drilled that penetrate hydrocarbon-containing portions of the subterranean formation. The portion of the subterranean formation from which hydrocarbons may be produced is commonly referred to as a “production zone.” In some instances, a given subterranean formation may have multiple production zones at various locations along the wellbore. 
     It may be desirable to determine with improved certainty the presence, quality, and composition of various petroleum systems elements (e.g. source rocks and reservoirs) in the one or more production zones prior to excavation. One way of determining the presence, quality, and composition of the subterranean formation is using maps visualizing geoscience data at their location on Earth as it looked millions of years ago (also referred to as paleogeography), before continents drifted to their present-day arrangement. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         FIG. 1  illustrates an example subterranean formation that is to be reconstructed for determining a composition thereof in accordance with one or more implementations. 
         FIG. 2  illustrates an example network environment in which a system for secure reconstruction of geospatial data may be implemented in accordance with one or more implementations. 
         FIG. 3  conceptually illustrates a workflow of a system for secure reconstruction of geospatial data in accordance with one or more implementations. 
         FIG. 4  illustrates a flow diagram of an example process of an electronic device in a system for secure reconstruction of geospatial data in accordance with one or more implementations. 
         FIG. 5  illustrates a flow diagram of an example process of a server in a system for secure reconstruction of geospatial data in accordance with one or more implementations. 
         FIG. 6  is a schematic diagram of an example drilling system that may employ the principles of the present disclosure in accordance with one or more implementations. 
         FIG. 7  is a schematic diagram of an example wireline system that may employ the principles of the present disclosure in accordance with one or more implementations. 
         FIG. 8  illustrates a schematic diagram of a set of general components of an example computing device. 
     
    
    
     In one or more implementations, not all of the depicted components in each figure may be required, and one or more implementations may include additional components not shown in a figure. Variations in the arrangement and type of the components may be made without departing from the scope of the subject disclosure. Additional components, different components, or fewer components may be utilized within the scope of the subject disclosure. 
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     The present disclosure relates to a plate tectonic reconstruction application that enables a user to reconstruct geospatial data (e.g., data representing a subterranean formation) from present day to another geological age (in millions of years) using one or more plate tectonic models. By reconstructing the geospatial data, risks involved in hydrocarbon exploration and production may be mitigated, and production efficiency may be increased, as the reconstruction provides better understanding of past geological context of the subterranean formation and make informed geological predictions. According to one or more embodiments described herein, geodynamic units (GDUs) and Euler rotation poles are obtained from the one or more plate tectonic models stored at a remote location (e.g., a remote server) and are processed locally (e.g., on the user&#39;s computing device). The user&#39;s geospatial data may be considered confidential and therefore it may not be desirable to transmit this data to remote, potentially unsecure facilities for processing. By performing the reconstruction of the geospatial data locally, the confidentiality and security of the user&#39;s geospatial data may be maintained. 
     The reconstruction of geological data to their paleogeographic position is achieved using plate tectonic models which divide the Earth&#39;s crust into individual polygons, also referred to as geodynamic units (GDUs), that are linked to Euler rotation poles and allow the GDUs to be reconstructed using mathematical formulae that compute the movement of the GDUs in a spherical coordinate system. The plate tectonic models may also reconstruct user provided geospatial data (points, lines, polygons, raster, and the like) using the GDUs. 
     As used herein, “reconstructing geospatial data,” or variations thereof, refers to a geographical (or geometrical) transformation where geospatial data in the present day is reconstructed (or relocated) to its paleogeographic position using a plate model. Paleogeographic position of geospatial features is calculated using the mathematical formulas of Euler&#39;s Theorem that describes the motion of a rigid body (e.g., tectonic plates, in this case) on the surface of a sphere (e.g., Earth, in this case) using Euler rotation poles (including latitude, longitude) and an angle of rotation for a given age. 
     As used herein, a “Geodynamic Unit (GDU),” or variations thereof, refers to individual geometries (e.g., polygons, data points, lines) that represent individual areas of the Earth&#39;s surface. Each GDU is defined by its geometry, and each GDU is assigned an identifier (e.g., a number). Each GDU may have a different geometry (and thus a different identifier) depending on the shape of the Earth&#39;s surface that the GDU represents. 
     As used herein, “plate model,” or variations thereof, refers to a geodatabase containing GDUs (including the geometries and identifiers (IDs) thereof) and associated Euler rotation poles (IDs, age, latitude, longitude, angle) table allowing the geographical reconstruction of spatially enabled data through geological age. Euler rotation poles and GDUs are related to each other by a unique GDU identifier (ID). Because more than one Euler rotation pole may be associated with a single GDU for different geological age, multiple Euler rotation poles may have the same identifier (which is the same as the identifier of the associated GDU). It should be noted that, although example embodiments discussed herein are directed to hydrocarbon exploration and production, the inventive principle discussed herein are equally applicable for exploring and producing other subterranean natural resources such as precious metals, metal ores, and the like. 
     The workflow for reconstructing the geospatial data may generally include selecting user data and input parameters using a local electronic device, obtaining contents of one or more plate models including GDUs and Euler rotation poles from a remote server and storing the obtained contents locally on the electronic device, and performing the plate tectonic reconstruction locally using the electronic device based on one or more desired algorithms. 
       FIG. 1  illustrates an example subterranean formation  106  that is reconstructed for determining a composition thereof using the principles of the present disclosure in accordance with one or more implementations. The subterranean formation  106  may be an example of a geological region to be reconstructed. The subterranean formation is located a certain distance from the Earth&#39;s surface  104  and includes one or more (two shown) production zones  112   a  and  112   b  containing hydrocarbons that are to be produced. 
     During the production planning phase and/or drilling operations, it may be desirable to create accurate and predictive subsurface geological models to determine the location, distribution and the likely composition of the production zones  112   a  and  112   b.  This may reduce the risks involved during exploration, production and drilling operations, and improve the efficiency of these operations by increasing the likelihood of obtaining the desired hydrocarbons and also maximizing hydrocarbon production. The principles disclosed herein may enable wellbore operators to determine the location, distribution and the likely composition of the production zones  112   a  and  112   b  by reconstructing the subterranean formation  106  to its paleogeographic position. 
     As discussed herein, different approaches can be implemented in various environments in accordance with the described embodiments. For example,  FIG. 2  illustrates an example network environment  200  in which a system for secure reconstruction of geospatial data may be implemented in accordance with one or more implementations. As will be appreciated, although a client-server based network environment is used for purposes of explanation, different network environments may be used, as appropriate, to implement various embodiments. The network environment  200  includes a client device, which can be an electronic device  202  and which can include any appropriate device operable to send and receive requests, messages or information over an appropriate network  204  and convey information back to a user of the electronic device  202 . Examples of such an electronic device  202  may include, for example, a personal computer, a mobile device, a tablet device, a laptop computer, and the like. 
     The network  204  can include any appropriate network, including an intranet, the Internet, a cellular network, a local area network, a public network, a private network, or any other such network or combination thereof. The network  204  could be a “push” network, a “pull” network, or a combination thereof. In a “push” network, one or more of the servers push out data to the client device. In a “pull” network, one or more of the servers send data to the client device upon request for the data by the client device. Components used for such a system can depend at least in part upon the type of network and/or environment selected. Computing over the network  204  can be enabled via wired or wireless connections and combinations thereof. In this example, the network includes the Internet, as the environment includes a server  206  representing off-site computing facilities for receiving requests and serving content in response thereto, although for other networks, an alternative device serving a similar purpose could be used. 
     The server  206  typically will include an operating system that provides executable program instructions for the general administration and operation of that server and typically will include computer-readable medium storing instructions that, when executed by a processor of the server, allow the server to perform its intended functions. The network environment  200  in one or more implementations is a distributed computing environment utilizing several computer systems and components that are interconnected via computing links, using one or more computer networks or direct connections. However, the depiction of the network environment  200  in  FIG. 1  should be taken as being illustrative in nature and not limiting to the scope of the disclosure. 
     Storage media and other non-transitory computer readable media for containing code, or portions of code, can include any appropriate storage media used in the art, such as but not limited to volatile and non-volatile, removable and non-removable media implemented in any method or technology for storage of information such as computer readable instructions, data structures, program modules, or other data, including RAM, ROM, EEPROM, flash memory or other memory technology, CD-ROM, digital versatile disk (DVD) or other optical storage, magnetic cassettes, magnetic tape, magnetic disk storage or other magnetic storage devices, or any other medium which can be used to store the desired information and which can be accessed by the electronic device  202  and/or the server  206 . 
       FIG. 3  conceptually illustrates a workflow  300  of a system for secure reconstruction of geospatial data in accordance with one or more implementations. Although  FIG. 3 , as well as other process illustrations contained in this disclosure may depict functional steps in a particular sequence, the processes are not necessarily limited to the particular order or steps illustrated. The various steps portrayed in this or other figures can be changed, rearranged, performed in parallel or adapted in various ways. Furthermore, it is to be understood that certain steps or sequences of steps can be added to or omitted from the process, without departing from the scope of the various implementations. 
     The workflow  300  may be implemented by one or more (one shown) electronic devices  202  and/or a server  206  communicating with each other over network  204 . The electronic device  202  may execute a plate tectonic reconstruction application for reconstructing a subterranean formation. The plate tectonic reconstruction application may be installed locally on the electronic device  202  or may be an internet-based application, such as a web application or a mobile application, and a user may access/interact with the plate tectonic reconstruction application via a user interface provided by the electronic device  202 , such as a web browser. 
     As illustrated, the workflow  300  may include selecting user data stored on the electronic device  202  at  302  and  304 . For example, the user data may include user-defined geospatial data (e.g., points, lines, polygons, raster, and the like) to be reconstructed, which may be geospatial data representing a desired geological region (e.g., the subterranean formation  106  ( FIG. 1 )). The user data may be selected using the user-interface provided by the plate tectonic reconstruction application on the electronic device  202 . For example, the user-interface may be provided on a display of the electronic device  202  or on a display device communicably coupled to the electronic device  202 . In an example, the user data may be included in a static file such as a geographic information system (GIS) file, and the like, stored ( 302 ) on the electronic device  202 . In other examples, the user data may be stored ( 302 ) in a relational database. 
     Once the user data has been selected ( 304 ), the user data (or more specifically, the user geometry) may be validated, at  306 . The user-defined geospatial data may be different from the geometry in the GDUs. Validating the user-defined geospatial data may ensure that the geometry is correctly defined (e.g., ensuring that the polygons are not defined by less than 3 points, or the co-ordinates of the polygon vertices do not overlap). Validating the user-defined geospatial data, at  306 , may also include determining whether the reference coordinate system used in the user-defined geospatial data is correct, performing geospatial checks (e.g., ensuring that latitude and longitude values are valid), and the like. 
     In an example, the validation process may be performed via a program or subroutine (e.g., a JavaScript program code) of the reconstruction application executing on the electronic device  202 . If the validation process determines that the user-defined geometry is acceptable (YES at  306 ), the validated user-defined geospatial data may be stored in a memory of the electronic device  202 , at  108 . If the validation process determines that the user-defined. geospatial data is unacceptable (NO at  306 ), the user may be provided with the reason(s) the user-defined geospatial data is unacceptable, for example, via a message on the user interface, and a new (or revised) user-defined geospatial data may be selected. 
     The workflow  300  may also include requesting a desired plate model from the server  206 , at  310 . When requesting the plate model, a user may send a request to the server  206 , at  311 , and a plate model stored on the server  206  may be provided based on the user selection. The plate model may be one of multiple plate models that are stored on the server  206 . The multiple plate models may be provided by different plate model vendors. The plate models may include the present day GDUs (including the respective geometries and identifiers). In response ( 313 ), the selected plate model may then be received, at  312 , and stored in the electronic device  202 . 
     Using the received plate model and the user-defined geospatial data, an intersection operation may be performed at  314  between the user-defined geospatial data and present day GDUs (geometry and ID) obtained from the plate model. As an example, and used herein, an intersection operation may include selecting geological features that represent the user-defined geospatial data and the present day GDUs. Based on the intersection operation, the user-defined geospatial data are assigned the corresponding GDU identifier, at  316 . The assigned GDU identifier may be then provided to the server  206 , at  317 . 
     The user may then specify a desired geological age of reconstruction (in millions of years), at  318 , using the user-interface provided by the plate tectonic reconstruction application on electronic device  202 . The user-specified geological age may be provided to the server  206 , at  319 . Using the desired geological age obtained at  319 , Euler rotation poles may be obtained, at  320 . Specifically, based on the geological age, only the relevant Euler rotation poles for that specific geological age are downloaded from the server  206  to the electronic device  202 . 
     At  326 , reconstruction of the user-defined geospatial data is performed locally using the Euler rotation poles (obtained at  320 ) and mathematical formulas from Euler&#39;s theorem of geographical movement of a rigid body (tectonic plates, in this case) on the surface of a sphere (in this case, the surface of the Earth). As discussed above, performing the reconstruction locally ensures that the confidentiality of the user&#39;s geospatial data is maintained, and reduces the security risks involved with transmitting the user&#39;s geospatial data to a remote location (server outside the user&#39;s company/organization). 
     At  328 , the reconstructed geometry may be examined to correct geometrical errors that occur due to the +/−180° longitude dateline or Earth&#39;s North/South poles (+/−90° latitude). For example, a polygon geometry that is crossed by the dateline will need to be split into two polygons so that the positive coordinates are displayed on one side and the negative coordinates on the other side of the date line. If that correction is not applied, the orientation of the geometry may be interpreted and an incorrect geometry will be obtained. Rectifying geometries in this way involves inserting vertices along the dateline in order to close the polygons 
     The corrected result may be provided, at  330 . For example, the corrected result may be provided on a display of the electronic device  202  or on a display device communicably coupled to the electronic device  202 . Alternatively, or additionally, the corrected results can be downloaded as a file (e.g. a GIS file), at  332 . For example, the corrected result may be downloaded via an option presented by the plate tectonic reconstruction application on the electronic device  202 . 
     The results of the user&#39;s geospatial data reconstruction provide a modelled paleo-location of the data at a certain geological age. These results can be used to predict with improved certainty the presence of geological resources of interest and paleo-environmental or paleo-climatic factors that had an influence on the quality or quantity of the geological resources (e.g., minerals or hydrocarbon resources). 
     Embodiments disclosed herein provide numerous advantages over the prior art. It allows the user to reconstruct data directly in the web-browser environment of their electronic device by downloading all the elements (Euler formula&#39;s, GDUs, rotation poles for the geological age of interest) necessary to perform a reconstruction of the data, Furthermore, embodiments disclosed provide a secure environment for performing the data reconstruction since the user data is handled locally (e.g., in the electronic device  202 ) and is not transmitted to remote and potentially unsecure locations for processing. This contrasts with existing technologies where user had to upload data to a distant server where they used to be reconstructed, and the results were then downloaded back to the user&#39;s electronic device once processed. In addition, embodiments disclosed include the data validation process ( 306 ) that checks the user data before the user data is reconstructed. Embodiments disclosed also include a correction process ( 328 ) for correcting errors that occur due to the +/−180° longitude dateline or Earth&#39;s North/South poles (+/−90° latitude). The workflow  300 , according to the disclosed embodiments, provides a relatively faster processing since only Euler rotation poles for the identifiers of the GDUs obtained from the geospatial intersection operation ( 314 ) are downloaded from the server  206 . 
       FIG. 4  illustrates a flow diagram of an example process  400  of an electronic device  202  in a system for secure reconstruction of geospatial data in accordance with one or more implementations. The process  400  may be performed by the electronic device  202  ( FIG. 2 ) and begins with the electronic device  202  receiving user-defined geospatial data, at block  402 . The geospatial data is then validated, at block  404 . The user-defined geometries in the user data may be different from the geometries in the GDUs. Validating the user data may ensure that the geometries therein are correctly defined (e.g., ensuring that the polygons are not defined by less than 3 points, or the co-ordinates of the polygon vertices do not overlap). Validating the user data may also include determining whether the reference coordinate system used in the user data is correct, performing geospatial checks (e.g., ensuring that latitude and longitude values are valid), and the like. If the geospatial data is not valid, then new (or revised) user data may be selected. The user may be provided with the reason why the user data is unacceptable, for example. 
     If the geospatial data is valid, then at block  406 , the geospatial data may be stored locally on the electronic device  202 . A plate model including the present day GDUs (including the respective geometries and identifiers) and the Euler rotation poles (including the respective identifiers (IDs), latitudes, longitudes, angles of rotation) is obtained from the server  206  ( FIG. 2 ), at block  408 . 
     At block  410 , an intersection operation may then be performed between the geospatial data and the present day GDU using the electronic device  202 . Based on the intersection operation, a GDU ID included in the plate model may be assigned to the geospatial data, at block  412 . Euler rotation poles are then obtained from the server  206  for a desired geological age (also referred to as reconstruction age) and the assigned GDU ID, at block  414 . For example, the electronic device  202  may prompt the user to input the desired geological age, and responsive to the prompt the electronic device  202  may receive user input indicating the desired geological age. 
     The geospatial data is then reconstructed using the Euler rotation poles, at block  416 . The reconstructed data is then examined for correctness, at block  418 , and the corrected reconstructed data is then provided at block  420 . Based on the corrected reconstructed data, a composition of the subterranean formation is determined. 
       FIG. 5  illustrates a flow diagram of an example process  500  of a server  206  in a system for secure reconstruction of geospatial data in accordance with one or more implementations. The process  500  begins at block  502  when the server  206  receives a request for a plate model including present day GDUs from the electronic device  202 . In response, the server  206  transmits the requested plate model including the present day GDUs to the electronic device  202  at block  504 . At block  506 , the server  206  receives a desired geological age and a GDU ID assigned to the user-defined geospatial data from the electronic device  202 . At block  508 , the server  206  transmits Euler rotation poles for the reconstruction age (e.g., the desired geological age) and assigned GDU ID to the electronic device  202 . 
     The following discussion in  FIGS. 6 and 7  relate to examples of a drilling system  600  and wireline system  700  that may be implemented for obtaining hydrocarbons from the production zones  112   a  and  112   b  ( FIG. 1 ) based on the reconstructed geospatial data obtained from the workflow  300  ( FIG. 3 ). 
       FIG. 6  is a schematic diagram of an example drilling system  600  that may employ the principles of the present disclosure in accordance with one or more implementations. In an example, the trajectory of the drill bit  618  may be adjusted in view of the reconstructed geospatial data Obtained using the workflow  300  of  FIG. 3 . As illustrated, the drilling system  600  may include a drilling platform  602  positioned at the surface  104  a wellbore  605  that extends from the drilling platform  602  into a subterranean formation  106  including one or more production zones. 
     The drilling system  600  may include a derrick  608  supported by the drilling platform  602  and having a traveling block  610  for raising and lowering a drill string  612 . A kelly  614  may support the drill string  612  as it is lowered through a rotary table  616 . A drill bit  618  may be coupled to the drill string  612  and driven by a downhole motor and/or by rotation of the drill string  612  by the rotary table  616 . As the drill bit  618  rotates, it creates the wellbore  605 , which penetrates the subterranean formations  106 . A pump  620  may circulate drilling fluid through a feed pipe  622  and the kelly  614 , downhole through the interior of drill string  612 , through orifices in the drill bit  618 , back to the surface via the annulus defined around drill string  612 , and into a retention pit  624 . The drilling fluid cools the drill bit  618  during operation and transports cuttings from the wellbore  604  into the retention pit  624 . 
     The drilling system  600  may further include a bottom hole assembly (BHA) coupled to the drill string  612  near the drill bit  618 . The BHA may comprise various downhole measurement tools such as, but not limited to, measurement-while-drilling (MWD) and logging-while-drilling (LWD) tools, which may be configured to take downhole measurements of drilling conditions. 
     As the drill bit  618  extends the wellbore  605  through the subterranean formation  106 , the various downhole measurement tools may continuously or intermittently collect data from the subterranean formation  106 . 
     At various times during the drilling process, the drill string  612  may be removed from the wellbore  605 , as shown in  FIG. 7 , to conduct measurement/logging operations. More particularly,  FIG. 7  depicts a schematic diagram of an example wireline system  700  that may employ the principles of the present disclosure in accordance with one or more implementations. Like numerals used in  FIGS. 6 and 7  refer to the same components or elements and, therefore, may not be described again in detail. As illustrated, the wireline system  700  may include a wireline instrument sonde  702  that may be suspended in the wellbore  605  on a cable  704 . The sonde  702  may include the various downhole measurement tools described above, which may be communicably coupled to the cable  704 . The cable  704  may include conductors for transporting power to the sonde  702  and also facilitate communication between the surface and the sonde  702 . A logging facility  706 , shown in  FIG. 7  as a truck, may collect measurements from the various downhole measurement tools, and may include computing and data acquisition systems  708  for controlling, processing, storing, and/or visualizing the measurements gathered by the various downhole measurement tools. In an example, the controlling, processing, storing, and/or visualizing of the measurements may be performed in view of the reconstructed geospatial data obtained using the workflow  300  of  FIG. 3 . The computing and data acquisition systems  708  may be communicably coupled to the various downhole measurement tools by way of the cable  704 . 
     Even though  FIGS. 6 and 7  depict the systems  600  and  700  including vertical wellbores, it should be understood by those skilled in the art that principles of the present disclosure are equally well suited for use in wellbores having other orientations including horizontal wellbores, deviated wellbores, slanted wellbores or the like. Accordingly, it should be understood by those skilled in the art that the use of directional terms such as above, below, upper, lower, upward, downward, uphole, downhole and the like are used in relation to the illustrative embodiments as they are depicted in the figures, the upward direction being toward the top of the corresponding figure and the downward direction being toward the bottom of the corresponding figure, the uphole direction being toward the surface of the well, the downhole direction being toward the toe of the well. Also, even though  FIGS. 6 and 7  depict an onshore operation, it should be understood by those skilled in the art that principles of the present disclosure are equally well suited for use in offshore operations, wherein a volume of water may separate the drilling platform  602  and the wellbore  605 . 
       FIG. 8  illustrates a schematic diagram of a set of general components of an example computing device  800 . In one or more implementations, one or more of the electronic device  202  or the server  206  may include all or part of the computing device  800 . In this example, the computing device  800  includes a processor  802  for executing instructions that can be stored in a memory device or element  804 . The computing device  800  can include many types of memory, data storage, or non-transitory computer-readable storage media, such as a first data storage for program instructions for execution by the processor  802 , a separate storage for images or data, a removable memory for sharing information with other devices, etc. 
     The computing device  800  typically may include some type of display element  806 , such as a touch screen or liquid crystal display (LCD). As discussed, the computing device  800  in many embodiments will include at least one input element  810  able to receive conventional input from a user. This conventional input can include, for example, a push button, touch pad, touch screen, wheel, joystick, keyboard, mouse, keypad, or any other such device or element whereby a user can input a command to the device. In some embodiments, however, such the computing device  800  might not include any buttons at all, and might be controlled only through a combination of visual and audio commands, such that a user can control the computing device  800  without having to be in contact with the computing device  800 . In some embodiments, the computing device  800  of  FIG. 8  can include one or more network interface elements  808  for communicating over various networks, such as a Bluetooth, RF, wired, or wireless communication systems. The computing device  800  in many embodiments can communicate with a network, such as the Internet, and may be able to communicate with other such computing devices. 
     Embodiments disclosed herein include: 
     Embodiment A. A device, comprising: a processor; and a memory device including instructions that, when executed by the processor, cause the processor to: obtain, from a server, a plate model, wherein the plate model includes a plurality of geodynamic units (GDUs) representing a plurality of different geological regions; receive a user-defined geospatial data of a desired geological region; perform an intersection operation between the user-defined geospatial data and the plurality of GDUs of the plate model, to assign user-defined geospatial data a GDU identifier; obtain, from a server, Euler rotation poles based on a user-specified geological age, each Euler rotation pole being associated with a GDU via the GDU identifier; and reconstruct the user-defined geospatial data to the geological age using the Euler rotation pole and thereby obtain a reconstructed paleogeographic position of the user-defined geospatial data 
     Embodiment B. A method, comprising: obtaining, from a server, a plate model, wherein the plate model includes a plurality of geodynamic units (GDUs) representing a plurality of different geological regions; receiving a user-defined geospatial data of a desired geological region; performing an intersection operation between the user-defined geospatial data and the plurality of GDUs of the plate model, to assign the user-defined geospatial data a GDU identifier; obtaining, from a server, a Euler rotation pole based on a user-specified geological age, each Euler rotation pole being associated with a GDU via the GDU identifier; and reconstructing the user-defined geospatial data to the geological age using the Euler rotation pole and thereby obtain a reconstructed paleogeographic position of the user-defined geospatial data. 
     Embodiment C. A non-transitory computer-readable medium including instructions stored therein that, when executed by at least one computing device, cause the at least one computing device to: obtain, from a server, a plate model, wherein the plate model includes a plurality of geodynamic units (GDUs) representing a plurality of different geological regions; receive a user-defined geospatial data of a desired geological region; perform an intersection operation between the user-defined geospatial data and the plurality of GDUs of the plate model, to assign the user-defined geospatial data corresponding GDU identifiers; obtain, from a server, Euler rotation poles based on a user-specified geological age, each Euler rotation pole being associated with a GDU via the GDU identifier; and reconstruct the user-defined geospatial data to the geological age using the Euler rotation pole and thereby obtain a reconstructed paleogeographic position of the user-defined geospatial data. 
     Each of embodiments A, B, and C may have one or more of the following additional elements in any combination. Element 1: wherein the instructions further cause the processor to: provide the reconstructed geometry to facilitate exploration of a desired natural resource. Element 2: wherein each GDU in the plate model represents a geometry of a geological region of the plurality of different geological regions, and each GDU is associated with an identifier, and wherein the instructions further cause the processor to: assign, to the user-defined geospatial data, the identifier of the GDU identified from the intersection operation; and obtain, from the server, the Euler rotation poles based on the user-specified geological age and the identifier assigned to the GDU. Element 3: wherein the instructions further cause the processor to: display the reconstructed geometry for identifying a composition of the reconstructed geological region. Element 4. wherein the instructions further cause the processor to: provide the reconstructed geometry as a geographic information system (GIS) file. Element 5: wherein the instructions further cause the processor to: validate the user-defined geospatial data to determine whether the user-defined geospatial data is correctly defined, to determine whether a reference coordinate system used for user-defined geospatial data is correct, or to ensure that latitude and longitude values in the user-defined geospatial data are valid. Element 6: wherein the instructions further cause the processor to: store the validated user-defined geospatial data and the GDUs obtained from the plate model in the memory device. Element 7: wherein the instructions further cause the processor to: correct geometrical errors in the reconstructed geometry due to the +/−180° longitude dateline or Earth&#39;s North/South poles (+/−90 latitude). 
     Element 8: further comprising: providing the reconstructed geometry to facilitate exploration of a desired natural resource. Element 9: wherein each GDU in the plate model includes a geometry of a geological region of the plurality of different geological regions, each GDU is associated with an identifier, and the method further comprises: assigning, to the user-defined geospatial data, the identifier of the GDU identified from the intersection operation; and obtaining, from the server, the Euler rotation poles based on the user-specified geological age and the identifier assigned to the GDU. Element 10: further comprising: displaying the reconstructed geometry for identifying a composition of the reconstructed geological region. Element 11: further comprising: providing the reconstructed geometry as a geographic information system (GIS) file, Element 12: further comprising: validating the user-defined geospatial data to determine whether the user-defined geospatial data is correctly defined, to determine whether a reference coordinate system used for user-defined geospatial data is correct, or to ensure that latitude and longitude values in the user-defined geospatial data are valid. Element 13: further comprising: storing the validated user-defined geospatial data and the GDUs obtained from the plate model. Element 14: further comprising: correcting geometrical errors in the reconstructed geometry due to the +/−180° longitude dateline or Earth&#39;s North/South poles (+/−90 latitude). 
     Element 15: wherein executing the instructions further causes the at least one computing device to: provide the reconstructed geometry to facilitate exploration of a desired natural resource. Element 16: wherein each GDU in the plate model represents a geometry of a geological region of the plurality of different geological regions, and each GDU is associated with an identifier, and executing the instructions further causes the at least one computing device to: assign, to the user-defined geospatial data, the identifier of the GDU identified from the intersection operation; and obtain, from the server, the Euler rotation poles based on the user-specified geological age and the identifier assigned to the GDU. Element 17: wherein executing the instructions further causes the at least one computing device to: display the reconstructed geometry for identifying a composition of the reconstructed geological region. Element 18: wherein executing the instructions further causes the at least one computing device to: provide the reconstructed geometry as a geographic information system (GIS) file. Element 19: wherein executing the instructions further causes the at least one computing device to: validate the user-defined geospatial data to determine whether the user-defined geospatial data is correctly defined, to determine whether a reference coordinate system used for user-defined geospatial data is correct, or to ensure that latitude and longitude values in the user-defined geospatial data are valid. Element 20: wherein executing the instructions further causes the at least one computing device to: store the validated user-defined geospatial data and the GDUs obtained from the plate model. Element 21: wherein executing the instructions further causes the at least one computing device to: correct geometrical errors in the reconstructed geometry due to the +/−180° longitude dateline or Earth&#39;s North/South poles (+/−90 latitude). 
     A reference to an element in the singular is not intended to mean one and only one unless specifically so stated, but rather one or more. For example, “a” module may refer to one or more modules. An element proceeded by “a,” “an,” “the,” or “said” does not, without further constraints, preclude the existence of additional same elements. 
     By way of non-limiting example, exemplary combinations applicable to A, B, and C include: Element 5 with Element 6; Element 12 with Element 13; and Element 19 with Element 20. 
     Headings and subheadings, if any, are used for convenience only and do not limit the disclosure. The word exemplary is used to mean serving as an example or illustration. To the extent that the term include, have, or the like is used, such term is intended to be inclusive in a manner similar to the term comprise as comprise is interpreted when employed as a transitional word in a claim. Relational terms such as first and second and the like may be used to distinguish one entity or action from another without necessarily requiring or implying any actual such relationship or order between such entities or actions. 
     Phrases such as an aspect, the aspect, another aspect, some aspects, one or more aspects, an implementation, the implementation, another implementation, some implementations, one or more implementations, an embodiment, the embodiment, another embodiment, some embodiments, one or more embodiments, a configuration, the configuration, another configuration, some configurations, one or more configurations, the subject technology, the disclosure, the present disclosure, other variations thereof and alike are for convenience and do not imply that a disclosure relating to such phrase(s) is essential to the subject technology or that such disclosure applies to all configurations of the subject technology. A disclosure relating to such phrase(s) may apply to all configurations, or one or more configurations. A disclosure relating to such phrase(s) may provide one or more examples. A phrase such as an aspect or some aspects may refer to one or more aspects and vice versa, and this applies similarly to other foregoing phrases. 
     A phrase “at least one of” preceding a series of items, with the terms “and” or “or” to separate any of the items, modifies the list as a whole, rather than each member of the list. The phrase “at least one of” does not require selection of at least one item; rather, the phrase allows a meaning that includes at least one of any one of the items, and/or at least one of any combination of the items, and/or at least one of each of the items. By way of example, each of the phrases “at least one of A, B, and C” or “at least one of A, B, or C” refers to only A, only B, or only C; any combination of A, B, and C; and/or at least one of each of A, B, and C. 
     It is understood that the specific order or hierarchy of steps, operations, or processes disclosed is an illustration of exemplary approaches. Unless explicitly stated otherwise, it is understood that the specific order or hierarchy of steps, operations, or processes may be performed in different order. Some of the steps, operations, or processes may be performed simultaneously. The accompanying method claims, if any, present elements of the various steps, operations or processes in a sample order, and are not meant to be limited to the specific order or hierarchy presented. These may be performed in serial, linearly, in parallel or in different order. It should be understood that the described instructions, operations, and systems can generally be integrated together in a single software/hardware product or packaged into multiple software/hardware products. 
     In one aspect, a term coupled or the like may refer to being directly coupled. In another aspect, a term coupled or the like may refer to being indirectly coupled. 
     Terms such as top, bottom, front, rear, side, horizontal, vertical, and the like refer to an arbitrary frame of reference, rather than to the ordinary gravitational frame of reference. Thus, such a term may extend upwardly, downwardly, diagonally, or horizontally in a gravitational frame of reference. 
     The disclosure is provided to enable any person skilled in the art to practice the various aspects described herein. In some instances, well-known structures and components are shown in block diagram form in order to avoid obscuring the concepts of the subject technology. The disclosure provides various examples of the subject technology, and the subject technology is not limited to these examples. Various modifications to these aspects will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art, and the principles described herein may be applied to other aspects. 
     All structural and functional equivalents to the elements of the various aspects described throughout the disclosure that are known or later come to be known to those of ordinary skill in the art are expressly incorporated herein by reference and are intended to be encompassed by the claims. Moreover, nothing disclosed herein is intended to be dedicated to the public regardless of whether such disclosure is explicitly recited in the claims. No claim element is to be construed under the provisions of 35 U.S.C. § 112, sixth paragraph, unless the element is expressly recited using the phrase “means for” or, in the case of a method claim, the element is recited using the phrase “step for”. 
     The title, background, brief description of the drawings, abstract, and drawings are hereby incorporated into the disclosure and are provided as illustrative examples of the disclosure, not as restrictive descriptions. It is submitted with the understanding that they will not be used to limit the scope or meaning of the claims. In addition, in the detailed description, it can be seen that the description provides illustrative examples and the various features are grouped together in various implementations for the purpose of streamlining the disclosure. The method of disclosure is not to be interpreted as reflecting an intention that the claimed subject matter requires more features than are expressly recited in each claim. Rather, as the claims reflect, inventive subject matter lies in less than all features of a single disclosed configuration or operation. The claims are hereby incorporated into the detailed description, with each claim standing on its own as a separately claimed subject matter. 
     The claims are not intended to be limited to the aspects described herein, but are to be accorded the full scope consistent with the language claims and to encompass all legal equivalents. Notwithstanding, none of the claims are intended to embrace subject matter that fails to satisfy the requirements of the applicable patent law, nor should they be interpreted in such a way.