Patent Publication Number: US-2023148752-A1

Title: Table with Floating Perimeter Support

Description:
PRIORITY CLAIM(S) AND RELATED APPLICATION(S) 
     Priority is claimed to U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 63/278,841, filed, Nov. 12, 2021, which is hereby incorporated herein by reference. 
    
    
     BACKGROUND 
     Banquet tables are used in the event and hospitality industry for hosting large gatherings. The banquet tables can be robust for repeatedly handling, movement and storage. For example, the tables can have a wood substrate and/or a wood support frame. As such, the banquet tables can be heavy. In addition, the structure of many banquet tables dictates in-door use and cannot weather adverse conditions, such as sunlight and moisture. Some tables can be round. The manufacture of round tables can be difficult. The development of banquet tables is an ongoing endeavor. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       Features and advantages of the invention will be apparent from the detailed description which follows, taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, which together illustrate, by way of example, features of the invention; and, wherein: 
         FIG.  1    is a perspective view of a circular banquet table in accordance with an embodiment of the invention. 
         FIG.  2    is a detailed partial cross-sectional view of the banquet table of  FIG.  1    taken along line  2  of  FIG.  1   . 
         FIG.  3    is a partial bottom view of the banquet table of  FIG.  1   . 
         FIG.  4    is a partial cross-sectional view of the banquet table of  FIG.  1    taken along line  4  of  FIG.  1   . 
         FIG.  5    is a perspective view of a rectangular banquet table in accordance with an embodiment of the invention. 
         FIG.  6    is a partial bottom perspective view of the banquet table of  FIG.  5   . 
         FIG.  7    is a perspective view of a cutting jig in accordance with an embodiment of the invention capable of being used to fabricate a circular hoop of the circular banquet table of  FIG.  1   , shown with carriages positioned to hold a 72 inch diameter hoop and one carriage positioned inward to demonstrate radial movement. 
         FIG.  8    is a perspective view of a portion of the cutting jig of  FIG.  7   , shown with a supporting frame removed. 
         FIG.  9    is a side view of the jig of  FIG.  7   . 
         FIG.  10    is an end view of the jig of  FIG.  7   . 
         FIG.  11    is a top view of the jig of  FIG.  7   , shown with the supporting frame removed, and shown with carriages positioned to hold a 72 inch diameter hoop. 
         FIG.  12    is a top view of the jig of  FIG.  7   , shown with the supporting frame removed, and shown with a carriage and a saw positioned for cutting a 36 inch diameter circular hoop. 
         FIG.  13    is a partial perspective view of a column and one carriage of the jig of  FIG.  7   . 
         FIG.  14    is a partial perspective view of a column and one carriage of the jig of  FIG.  7   . 
         FIG.  15    is a perspective view of a carriage of the jig of  FIG.  7   . 
         FIG.  16    is a partial top view of the jig of  FIG.  7   , showing a carriage and a saw. 
         FIG.  17    is a perspective view of an assembly jig in accordance with an embodiment of the invention capable of being used to fabricate a circular banquet table of  FIG.  1   . 
         FIG.  18    is a top view of the jig of  FIG.  17   . 
         FIG.  19    is a perspective view of a carriage of the jig of  FIG.  17   . 
         FIG.  20    is a perspective view of an assembly jig in accordance with an embodiment of the invention capable of being used to fabricate a rectangular banquet table of  FIG.  5   . 
         FIG.  21    is a top view of the jig of  FIG.  20   . 
         FIG.  22    is a side view of the jig of  FIG.  20   . 
         FIG.  23    is a cross-sectional side view of the jig of  FIG.  20   . 
         FIG.  24    is a detailed partial cross-sectional view of the jig of  FIG.  20   . 
     
    
    
     Reference will now be made to the exemplary embodiments illustrated, and specific language will be used herein to describe the same. It will nevertheless be understood that no limitation of the scope of the invention is thereby intended. 
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     Before invention embodiments are disclosed and described, it is to be understood that no limitation to the particular structures, process steps, or materials disclosed herein is intended, but also includes equivalents thereof as would be recognized by those ordinarily skilled in the relevant arts. It should also be understood that terminology employed herein is used for the purpose of describing particular examples only and is not intended to be limiting. The same reference numerals in different drawings represent the same element. Numbers provided in flow charts and processes are provided for clarity in illustrating steps and operations and do not necessarily indicate a particular order or sequence. Unless defined otherwise, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this disclosure belongs. 
     The term “banquet table” is used herein, unless otherwise specified, to refer to a commercial grade table. The banquet table can be structured for repeated handling, such as set-up and take down, and repeated movement, such as placement and reconfiguration. The banquet table can also have folding legs so that the table can be stored compactly when not in use. 
     An initial overview of the inventive concepts are provided below and then specific examples are described in further detail later. This initial summary is intended to aid readers in understanding the examples more quickly, but is not intended to identify key features or essential features of the examples, nor is it intended to limit the scope of the claimed subject matter. 
     Banquet Table 
     Banquet tables used in event and hospitality industries are often constructed of heavy duty, and heavy, materials. For example, a banquet table can have a plastic tabletop laminated to and supported by a solid wood substrate. The substrate can be continuous across the entire plastic tabletop. The substrate in turn can be supported by a wood or metal framework. Overall, the tables can be heavy and difficult to handle. In addition, the tables are intended for indoor use due to the use of a wood substrate. Outdoor use of the tables can subject them to moisture, and potential ruin. While lighter, blow molded tables have been proposed with a blow molded table supported by a metal frame, such tables are not seriously considered for use in industry due to their weak and frail materials and construction. 
     The banquet tables of the invention provide a lighter-weight construction by utilizing a thin, high-pressure laminate without a supporting substrate as the tabletop. Separate outer and inner frames can be coupled underneath and directly to the tabletop to support the thin laminate. It has been discovered that the separate outer and inner frames provide sufficient support while eliminating extensive joining or welding operations for forming a unified frame. 
     The laminate of the tabletop can be a high-pressure solid composite of paper impregnated with resin. It has been found that the high-pressure laminate provides sufficient weatherability to both sunlight and moisture while eliminating the weight and poor weatherability of wood. Thus, the banquet table can be utilized outdoors for extended periods and during inclement weather. In addition, it has been found that the high-pressure laminate, without a supporting structural substrate, provides sufficient strength and rigidity, with the separate outer and inner frames. 
     Referring to  FIGS.  1 - 6   , banquet tables  10  and  14  in accordance with examples of the invention are shown. In one aspect, the table  10  can be circular, as shown in  FIGS.  1 - 4   . In another aspect, the table  14  can be rectangular with four sides and four right angles, as shown in  FIGS.  5  and  6   . The circular and rectangular tables  10  and  14  are shown by way of example. In another aspect, the table can be other shapes, such as polygonal, semi-circular, etc. The circular table  10  can have a diameter of approximately: 72 inches in one aspect; 66 inches in another aspect; 60 inches in another aspect; 48 inches in another aspect; 36 inches in another aspect; and 30 inches in another aspect. The rectangular table  14  can have a width of approximately 30 inches in one aspect; and different lengths, such as 72 inches in one aspect. The tables  10  and  14  have legs  18  that can be foldable and lockable. The legs  18  can be paired together so that the pairs fold and lock together. Various aspects of foldable and lockable legs are described in U.S. Pat. No. 8,550,012, which is hereby incorporated herein by reference. The legs  18  can be formed of metal, such as aluminum tubing that is cut and welded together, and powder coated. 
     The tables  10  and  14  have tabletops  22  and  26 , respectively. As described above, the tabletops can be circular tabletops  22 , rectangular tabletops  26 , or other shapes. The tables  10  and  14  and the tabletops  22  and  26  will be described with respect to the circular table  10  and the circular tabletop  22 , with an understanding that the rectangular table  14  and the rectangular tabletop  26  have similar construction. The tabletop  22  can be a laminate tabletop with a high-pressure solid composite laminate of paper impregnated with resin. The composite laminate can comprise decorative surface paper impregnated with melamine resin over kraft paper core sheets impregnated with phenolic resin. The tabletop  22  and the laminate can be thin and can have a thickness no greater than: ⅜ inch (9.5 mm) in one aspect; 5/16 inch (8 mm) in another aspect; ¼ inch (6.3 mm) in another aspect; 3/16 inch (4.8 mm) another aspect; and ⅛ inch (3.2 mm) in another aspect. As described above, the thinness of the tabletop  22  and the laminate can reduce the weight of the table  10 . The solid composite laminate can also provide a strong tabletop  22  without the need for a structural substrate or backing for the laminate, again reducing the weight of the table  10 . Also as described above, banquet tables are frequently reconfigured, stored and retrieved, making weight of the table  10  an issue. The tabletop  22  can have a planar top surface and a planar bottom surface with the thickness being constant across substantially the entire tabletop  22 , such as over a super-majority of greater than 95% thereof. In one aspect, the perimeter edges of the tabletop  22  and the laminate can have a bevel or a chamfer. Thus, the entire tabletop  22 , except for the bevel or chamfer of the perimeter edge, can have a constant thickness. In another aspect, the tabletop  22  and the laminate can comprise an ultraviolent (UV) stabilizer mixed with the resin and the laminate to provide and define an outdoor banquet table  10 . 
     An outer perimeter frame can carry a perimeter of the tabletop. A circular outer perimeter frame  30  can carry the perimeter of the circular tabletop  10  while a rectangular outer perimeter frame  34  can carry the perimeter of the rectangular tabletop  14 . The outer perimeter frames  30  and  34  can comprise a circular hoop  38  or a rectangular hoop  86 , respectively. The tables  10  and  14  and the circular and rectangular outer perimeter frames  30  and  34  will be described with respect to the circular table  10  and the circular outer perimeter frame  30 , with an understanding that the rectangular table  14  and the rectangular outer perimeter frame  34  have a similar construction. 
     The circular outer perimeter frame  30  can have a perimeter with a size and a shape substantially matching a size and a shape of a perimeter of the circular tabletop  22 . In one aspect, the perimeters of the outer perimeter frame  30  and the tabletop  22  can be the same accounting for manufacturing tolerances. In another aspect, the tabletop  22  can be slightly oversized with an overhang of approximately 3/32 inches (1 mm) around the perimeter. The outer perimeter frame  30  and the hoop  38  can comprise an aluminum tube with a rectangular cross-sectional shape (radially therethrough or perpendicular to a length thereof) with a flat upper surface facing an underside of the tabletop  22  and a vertically straight outer surface  42 . The vertical orientation is references to a use configuration of the table  10  with the tabletop  22  in a horizontal orientation. In another aspect, the hoop  38  and the tube can be uncoated to save on manufacturing costs. As described above, the hoop can be circular for the circular table  10 , rectangular for the rectangular table  14 , or another shape matching the shape of other tables and tabletops. 
     The tabletop  22 , the hoop  38  and the outer perimeter frame  34  can be attached together. In one aspect, the tabletop  22  can be attached to the hoop  38  with double-sided tape  46  between the underside of the tabletop  22  and the flat upper surface of the tube of the hoop  38 . In another aspect, an adhesive can be used. The hoop  38  may be characterized as being directly affixed to the underside of the tabletop  22 , even with the intervening double-sided tape  46 , because there is no intervening structure member between the two, such as a substrate. 
     An inner frame  50  carries an interior of the tabletop  22  and  26 . The inner frame  50  can comprise an array of elongated runners  54  spaced-apart across the interior of the tabletop  22  and  26 . In one aspect, the runners  54  can have different lengths for the circular tabletop  22 . In another aspect, the runners  54  can have the same length for the rectangular tabletop  26 . The elongated runners  54  can comprise aluminum tube with a rectangular cross-sectional shape (perpendicular to a length thereof) with a flat upper surface facing the underside of the tabletop  22  and  26 . The tabletop  22  and  26 , the runners  54  and the inner frame  50  can be attached together. In one aspect, the underside of the tabletop  22  and  26  can be attached to the runners  54  with double-sided tape  46  between the underside of the tabletop  22  and  26  and the flat upper surface of the tube of the runners  54 . Again, the runners  54  may be characterized as being directly affixed to the underside of the tabletop  22 , even with the intervening double-sided tape  46 , because there is no intervening structure member between the two, such as a substrate. 
     In one aspect, the outer perimeter frame  30  or  34  and the inner frame  50  can be separate and distinct from one another, and uncoupled from one another. For example, distal ends of the runners  54  can be separate and discrete with respect to the hoop  38  and uncoupled from the hoop  38 . In another aspect, the inner frame  50  and the runners  54 , and the outer perimeter frame  30  or  34  and the hoop  38 , can be separated from one another and in a non-contact relationship, with an annular gap  58  (not necessarily circular) between the inner frame  50  and the outer perimeter frame  30  or  34 . Thus, the inner frame  50  and the runners  54  thereof, and the outer perimeter frame  30  or  34  and the hoop  38  or  86  thereof, do not need to be attached or welded together, saving on manufacturing costs. The separate outer perimeter frame  30  or  34  and the hoop  38  can be floating with respect to the inner frame  50  and the runners  54 . The open ends of the tubes of the runners  54  can be closed by plugs  62  that can further separate the inner frame  50  and the runners  54  thereof from the outer perimeter frame  30  or  34  and the hoop  38  thereof. In one aspect, the distal ends of the runners  54  and/or the plugs  62  thereof can abut to the hoop  38 , but without being attached to the hoop  38 . It has been found that the tabletop  22  or  26  is sufficiently strong with the floating hoop  38  or  86  and the separate runners  54  without the added expense and difficulty of attaching or welding the distal ends of the runners  54  to the hoop  38  or  86 . 
     A trim  66  can surround and circumscribe the perimeter of the hoop  38 . The trim  66  can have a vertical height H t  substantially the same as a vertical thickness to of the hoop  38 . The trim  66  can cover the vertically straight outer surface  42  of the hoop  38 . Thus, the trim  66  can cover the lateral side of the hoop  38  and can provide a finished look. In another aspect, the tabletop  22  or  26  can extend above a height of the trim  66  so that the tabletop  22  or  26  has an exposed perimeter edge  70 . In another aspect, the perimeter edge of the tabletop  22  or  26  can overlap the trim  66 , as shown. Thus, the tabletop  22  or  26  resists having a vertical gap that can accumulate crumbs and debris. As described above, the tabletop  22  or  26  can be exposed and flat, and without a turndown. The exposed perimeter edge  70  of can be beveled or chamfered for a finished look and to avoid sharp edges. The trim  66  can have an upper edge  74  and a horizontal thickness t t  extending laterally beyond the tabletop  22  or  26 . The trim  66  can define an outermost diameter of the table  10  or  14  and the tabletop  22  or  26  with a width/diameter greater than a width/diameter of the outer perimeter frame and hoop  38 . Thus, the trim  66  can form a bumper and a rolling or dragging surface to contact the ground or other surfaces to protect the tabletop  22  or  26  when the table  10  or  14  is turned on its side. The trim  66  can formed of a polymer, such as PVC or vinyl, and can be formed by extrusion. In another aspect, the trim  66  can comprise an ultraviolent (UV) stabilizer to provide and define an outdoor banquet table  10 . In another aspect, the trim  66  can be attached to the outer surface  42  of the hoop  38  with double-sided tape  46 . 
     In one aspect, the legs  18  can be coupled to the inner frame  50  and the runners  54 . The legs  18  extend from the inner frame  50  and the runners  54  to elevate the tabletop  22  or  26  thereon. In another aspect, the legs  18  can be pivotally coupled to the inner frame  50  and the runners  54  to define a foldable banquet table  10 . The legs  18  can pivot between: 1) an extended position extending transvers to the inner frame  50  and the runners  54  and elevating the tabletop  22  or  26  for use; and 2) a retracted position proximate to the inner frame  50  and the runners  54  for storage. 
     In one aspect, the inner frame  50  and the legs  18  can comprise a pair of spaced-apart top leg bars  78  coupled to the runners  54  and oriented transverse to the runners  54 . The runners  54  can be sandwiched between the tabletop  22  or  26  and the top leg bars  78 . Thus, the top leg bars  78  can form part of the inner frame  50  to support the interior of the tabletop  22  and  26 . As described above, the tabletop  22  or  26  and the inner frame  50  and the runners  54  are without a structural substrate between the laminate tabletop and the inner frame. The legs  18  can extend from the top leg bars  78 . 
     In another aspect, the inner frame  50  and the legs  18  can further comprise brackets  82  pivotally attaching the pair of top leg bars  78  to the runners  54 . The top leg bars  78  pivot in the brackets  82  and pivot with respect to the runners  54  to define the foldable banquet table  10 . 
     As described above, the banquet table  10  and  14  can be an outdoor banquet table suitable for prolonged outdoor use and in inclement weather. The tabletop  22  and  26 , the outer perimeter frame  30  and the hoop  38 , the inner frame  50  and the runners  54 , the legs  18 , the trim  66  and the double-sided tape  46  can be waterproof. The tabletop  22  and  26  and the trim  66  can comprise an ultraviolet (UV) stabilizer. The UV stabilizer can be a retarder to resist degradation due to sun exposure. 
     As shown in  FIGS.  1 - 4   , the circular table  10  can have a circular tabletop  22  and a circular outer perimeter frame  30  with a circular hoop  38 . As shown in  FIGS.  5  and  6   , the rectangular table  14  can have a rectangular tabletop  26  and a rectangular outer perimeter frame  34  with a rectangular hoop  86 . In one aspect, the rectangular hoop  86  can be separate segments jointed together with corner pieces  90 . The corner pieces  90  can have inserts that insert into the ends of the tubes of the segments of the hoop  86 . In another aspect, the rectangular hoop  86  can be formed of a single tube cut and bent with the opposite ends joined together to form the rectangular hoop  86 . In another aspect, the distal opposite ends of the runners  54  can abut to the hoop  86  without being joined together to save manufacturing costs. 
     Method and Jigs for Making Banquet Table 
     Method and Jig for Making Circular Hoop 
     As described above, the circular table  10  has the perimeter of the tabletop  22  supported by and carried by the circular hoop  38 . The circular tabletop  22  can be cut from a sheet of the laminate material. The circular hoop  38  can be formed by tubing with a rectangular cross-sectional shape, such as from straight stock aluminum tubing. While the circular tabletop  22  can be cut with relatively good precision in both size and shape, it can be difficult to form a circular hoop  38  with the same precision, particular in larger diameters. A circular hoop  38  that does not match the size and/or shape of the circular tabletop  22  can result in a table  10  that is aesthetically displeasing. For example, mismatched circular tabletop  22  and hoop  38  can have uneven overhang of the tabletop  22 , gaps between trim  66  and the tabletop  22  exposing the hoop  38 , etc. A tabletop  22  that covers the hoop  38 , and with tight tolerances between the two, removes the need to finish or powder coat the hoop  38 , and reduces cost. In addition, a tabletop  22  that covers the hoop  38 , and with tight tolerances between the two, can be aesthetically pleasing without a covering, and can be a linen-less banquet table  10 . 
     Referring to  FIGS.  7 - 16   , a cutting-and-joining jig  100  for forming a component of the table, such as the circular hoop  38 , is shown in one example. The jig  100  can be used to create the circular hoop  38  with sufficient tolerance in both size and shape. A substantial circle  38   b  (FIGS. 11 and 12) can be formed from straight rectangular tube stock with rectangular cross-section with opposite ends  104  (FIGS. 11 and 12) of the substantial circle extending beyond one another and overlapping the substantial circle. The substantial circle  38   b  can be an initial circular hoop with overlapping ends  104 . The substantial circle  38   b  can be formed from the straight tube stock with a roll bender with the rollers set for the desired diameter. Such a roll bender can have three rollers with one of the rollers adjustably positioned with respect to the other two. The tube stock is passed through and between the rollers, imparting a curvature to the tube stock. Such a substantial circle  38   b  can be cut to length, and the ends joined to form a circular hoop; but may lack the desired shape and size tolerance. However, the jig  100  can receive the substantial circle  38   b  to form the circular hoop  38  with the desired shape and size tolerance, and to more closely match the tabletop  22 . 
     The jig  100  can comprise a radial array of chucks  106  or fixtures to receive the component of the table  10 , such as the substantial circle  38   b . The array of chucks  106  can define a circle. The chucks  106  can be radially and selectively displaced to obtain a desired diameter of the circle, based on the size of the table  10 . The chucks  106  can be carried by a radial array of carriages  108  movably carried on a radial array of rails  112 . The carriages  108 , and thus the chucks  106 , can be selectively displaceable radially along the rails  108 . The substantial circle  38   b  can be placed in the chucks  106 , with the carriages  108  and the chucks  106  spaced radially outwardly to receive the substantial circle  38   b.    
     Each chuck  106  can have a horizontal clamp  116  (FIGS. 8 and 15) and an actuator  120  to open and close the clamp  116 , such as horizontally, to grasp and clamp the substantial circle  38   b . The clamp  116  can have a stationary clamp, and a movable actuated clamp. The inner clamps can be positioned to define the circle and can have a convex arcuate face. In addition, a platform can be formed between the clamps  116  to receive a portion of the substantial circle  38   b . The clamps  116  of the chucks  106  can be closed horizontally to grasp and clamp the substantial circle  38   b . In one aspect, the clamps  116  can be sequentially closed from one side  124  of the circle to an opposite side  128  of the circle. The one side  124  of the circle can correspond to an intermediate or middle portion of the substantial circle  38   b  with respect to the opposite ends  104 , while the opposite side  128  of the circle can correspond to the opposite ends  104  of the substantial circle  38   b . Thus, the clamps  116  grasp the substantial circle  38   b  sequentially starting from an intermediate portion with an intermediate clamp to the opposite ends  104  with end clamps to form the substantial circle  38   b  in a desired shape and size without warping the substantial circle  38   b.    
     The carriages  108 , and thus the chucks  106 , can also be simultaneously drawn radially inwardly to the desired diameter of the hoop  38  by the radial displacement mechanism described below. 
     The jig  100  can also hold the substantial circle  38   b  while it is cut to for the hoop  38 , and can cut the substantial circle  38   b . A cutter  132  can be associated with one of the carriages  108   b  to cut the substantial circle  38   b . In one aspect, the cutter  132  can comprise a radial saw blade and an actuator to move the blade with respect to the substantial circle  38   b . The carriage  108   b  can have a chuck  106   b  with a pair of clamps  116   b  ( FIG.  16   ) to grip both of the opposite ends  104  of the substantial circle  38   b . In addition, the carriage  108   b  can comprise an elongated slider to hold the cutter  132 . The substantial circle  38   b  can be cut by the cutter  132  near the opposite ends  104  in a single cut to remove an overlapping portion of the substantial circle  38   b , and to form opposing ends  104   c  ( FIG.  7   ) of a desired circle  38   c  ( FIG.  7   ) without overlapping. The horizontal clamps  116  can be released to release the desired circle  38   c . A center piece  136  ( FIG.  2   ) can be inserted into open ends of the opposing ends  104   c  of the desired circle  38   c . After the center piece  136  is inserted, the horizontal clamps  116  can again be sequentially close from one side  124  of the circle to an opposite side  128  of the circle. 
     Each chuck  106  can have vertical clamp  140  ( FIGS.  8  and  15   ) and an actuator  144  to open and close the clamp  106  vertically to grasp and clamp the desired circle  38   c . The clamp  140  can have a stationary clamp, such as the platform, and a movable actuated clamp. The clamps  140  of the chucks  106  can be closed vertically to grasp and clamp the desired circle  38   c.    
     The carriages  108  and the chucks  106  can be simultaneously drawn inwardly to close the open ends of the opposing ends  104   c  of the desired circle  38   c  with the center piece  136  therein. As described in greater detail below, a torque sensor on a drive of the radial displacement mechanism can sense an increased torque associated with the closing of the desired circle  38   c , and thus achievement of a desired shape and size of the hoop  38 . 
     The opposing ends  104   c  of the desired circle  38   c  can be secured together to form the hoop  38 . In one aspect, the opposing ends  104   c  can be seam welded together. The opposing ends  104   c  can also be secured and welded to the center piece  136 . While the opposing ends  104   c  are secured and welded, the chucks  106  and the clamps  116  and  140  can hold the desired circle  38   c  and the hoop  38 . The clamps  116  and  140  can release the hoop  38 , and the hoop  38  can be removed from the jig  100 . 
     Radial Displacement Mechanism 
     A radial displacement mechanism  200  can selectively move the carriages  108 , and thus the chucks  106 , radially inward and outward along the rails  112 . An upper platform  204  can be elevated above a lower platform  208 . The upper platform  204  can support the rails  112 . The upper and lower platforms  204  and  208  can be spaced-apart and separated by columns. The upper and lower platforms  204  and  208  can define a center of the jig  100  and the mechanism  200 . An elevator  212  is vertically displaceable between the upper and lower platforms  204  and  208 . A drive  216 , such as a screw drive, can be coupled to elevator  212  to vertically displace the elevator  212  relative to the upper and lower platforms  204  and  208 . The drive  216  can comprise an elongated vertical screw extending through a threaded bore in the elevator  212 , and coupled to a motor to turn the screw. The columns can be slidably received in notches of the elevator  212  to keep the elevator  212  from rotating. Opposite ends of the screw can be held by the upper and lower platforms  204  and  208 . 
     The radial array of rails  112  can be coupled to the upper platform  204 , and can extend radially outward with respect to the upper and lower platforms  204  and  208 . The radial array of carriages  108  displace radially along the rails  112  with respect to the upper and lower platforms  204  and  208 . 
     A set of gears can be associated with each carriage  108 , and with the upper and lower platforms  204  and  208 , and the elevator  212 . In one aspect, for each carriage  108 , the gears can comprise at least: 1) an outer gear  220  at an outer end of a respective rail  112 ; 2) at least one upper gear  224  at the upper platform  204 ; 3) a lower gear  228  at the lower platform  208 ; and at least one intermediate elevator gear  232  carried by the elevator  212 . In another aspect, each set of gears can comprise a pair of upper gears  224  and  236 , and a pair of intermediate elevator gears  232  and  240 . 
     In one aspect, at least one chain  244  is associated with each carriage  108  and each set of gears. The chain  244  engages a respective set of gears, and is coupled to a respective carriage  108 . In another aspect, each carriage  108  can have a pair of chains. A first chain  244  can extend between the respective carriage  108  and the lower platform  208 , and through the outer gear  220 , one of the upper gears  224 , the lower gear  228 , and one of the elevator gears  232 . Opposite ends of the first chain  244  can be affixed to the carriage  108  and the lower platform  208 . A second chain  248  can extend between the respective carriage  108  and the upper platform  204 , and through the other upper gear  236  and the other elevator gear  240 . The opposite ends of the second chain  248  can be affixed to the carriage  108  and the upper platform  204 . 
     The elevator  212  and the array of carriages  108  move together and in concert with one another. Vertical movement of the elevator  212  results in radial horizontal movement of the carriages  108  via the set of chains  244  and  248  to vary a diameter of the circle defined by the array of chucks  106 . As the drive  216  moves the elevator  212  vertically upward, the first chain  244  pulls the carriages  108  and the chucks  106  radially outwardly to increase the diameter of the circle. As the drive  216  moves the elevator  212  vertically downward, the second chain  248  pulls the carriages  108  and the chucks  106  radially inwardly to decrease the diameter of the circle. In one aspect, the carriages  108  can move between at least 15 to 36 inches to achieve a diameter of at between at least 30 to 72 inches. 
     In one aspect, the configuration of the gears can provide a chain/gear reduction ratio. For example, the ratio can be 2:1. Thus, one unit of distance moved by the elevator  212  results in two units of distance moved by the carriages  108 . Thus, the carriages  108  can be placed at a working elevation or height (e.g. 36 inches), and the mechanism  200  can be located beneath the carriages  108  and oriented vertically, while still providing horizontal radial movement of the carriages  108  to achieve diameters of up to 72 inches or greater. 
     In one aspect, the drive  216  can include a torque limiting switch  252  ( FIGS.  7 - 9   ). The torque limiting switch  252  can sense the torque applied by the drive to the screw raising and lowering the elevator  212 . Thus, the drive  216  can move the elevator  212  to draw the carriages  108  inward together until an increased torque is sensed by the torque limiting switch  252 . The increased torque can be associated with the desired circle  38   c  being achieved with the desired size and/or shape. 
     The jig  200  can also include a frame  256  to carry and support the components described above. In addition, the jig  200  can include a controller and/or control electronics. The controller can comprise a programmable logic controller (PLC) system  260 . The PLC can be a loop scanner type or a logic-driven type. The controller can also comprise motion control system  264 . The motion control system can comprise amplifiers and drive servers. The actuators can be pneumatic actuators coupled to a compressor. A user interface (not shown) can have an input, such as a touch screen and/or buttons, to control the jig  200 , set the size of the hoop  38 , and run the process steps to form the hoop  38 . 
     Method and Jig for Aligning/Centering and Assembling—Circular 
     As described above, it can be difficult to form a circular hoop  38  with the desired shape and/or dimensional precision, particular in larger diameters. In addition, once a circular hoop  38  with the desired shape/dimensional precision is obtained, it can also be difficult to align the tabletop  22  with the hoop  38 , particularly for larger diameters. For example, if the tabletop  22  and the hoop  38  are joined with double-sided tape  46 , but misaligned or un-centered, then the same issues arise as with a misshaped or mis-dimensioned hoop; namely the table  10  can be aesthetically displeasing, and the hoop can be visible which can require finishing or powder coating. 
     Referring to  FIGS.  17 - 19   , an aligning/centering and assembly jig  300  for centering and aligning two components of the table, such as the circular hoop  38  and the circular tabletop  22 , is shown in one example. The jig  300  can be used to center the tabletop  22  with the jig  300 , center and align the hoop  38  with the tabletop  22  and the jig  300 , and assemble the hoop  38  and the tabletop  22  together. 
     The jig  300  can utilize substantially the same radial displacement mechanism  200  described above, including a radial array of carriages  108 . A radial array of chucks  304  can be carried by the carriages  108 . A platen  308  is positioned between the carriages  108  and chucks  304  to receive the tabletop  22  thereon. In one aspect, the platen  308  can be defined or formed by flats of chucks  304 . 
     A radial array of retractable tabs  312  is carried by the chucks  304  and surrounds the platen  308 . The tabs  312 , the chucks  304  and/or the platen  308  can define a circle or circular space. The tabs  312  are spaced-above the platen  308  to selectively and sequentially separate and elevate the tabletop  22  and the hoop  38  above the platen  308 . The tabs  312  and the chucks  304  can have actuators  316  to extend and retract the tabs  312 . In one aspect, the tabs  312  can move horizontally. The tabs  312  are movable between: 1) an extended position, and 2) a retracted position. In the extended position, the tabs  312  are located inwardly with respect to the platen  308  and each other to sequentially hold the tabletop  22  above the platen  308 , and the hoop  38  above the tabletop  22 . In the retracted position, the tabs  312  are located outwardly with respect to the platen  308  and each other to sequentially release the tabletop  22  to fall onto the platen  308 , and the hoop  38  to fall onto the tabletop  22 . Thus, the tabs  312  of the chucks  304  sequentially receive and release the tabletop  22  initially and the hoop  38  subsequently. 
     The carriages  108  and the chucks  304  movably carrying the retractable tabs  312 , and move to position the tabs  312  between: 1) a wider position, and 2) narrower position. In the wider position, the retractable tabs  312  are positioned farther from one another to sequentially receive a wider tabletop  22  and a wider hoop  38 . In one aspect, the wider position can define a wider diameter. In the narrower position, the retractable tabs  312  are positioned closer to one another to sequentially receive a narrower tabletop  22  and a narrower hoop  38 . 
     The jig  300  can also have at least one suction cup  320  associated with the platen  308 . The suction cup  320  can hold the tabletop  22  against the platen  308 . The suction cup  320  can comprise a bellows coupled to vacuum source. The suction cup  320  and a top thereof, such as an open top of the bellows, can be positioned substantially flush with the platen  308 . When the tabletop  22  is centered with respect to the platen  308  by the carriages  108  and the radial displacement mechanism  200 , and positioned on the platen  308  by the tabs  312  being retracted, the suction cup  320  can apply a suction force against the downwardly facing top surface of the tabletop  22  to hold the tabletop  22  against the platen  308 . The hoop  38  can then be placed on the tabs  312  of the chucks  304 . The hoop  38  can then be aligned with the tabletop  22  and centered with respect to the platen  308  by the carriages  108  and the radial displacement mechanism  200 . The hoop  38  can then be placed on the tabletop  22  by the tabs  312  being retracted. Double-sided tape  46  can be placed on the hoop  38  and/or the underside of the tabletop  22  before the hoop  38  is placed on the tabs  312  and released by the tabs  312  to contact the tabletop  22 . Thus, the tabletop  22  and the hoop  38  are aligned prior to contact and being fixed together by the tape  46 . 
     The jig  300  and the chucks  304  can also have clamps  324 . The clamps  324  can be positioned to press towards the platen  308  to press the hoop  38  against the tabletop  22 . The clamps  324  are movable between: 1) a raised position, and 2) a lowered position. In the raised position, the clamps  324  are away from the platen  308  and the hoop  38 . In the lowered position, the clamps  324  are closer to the platen  308  and engage the hoop  38  to press the hoop  38  against the tabletop  22 . The clamps  324  have an actuator  328  to open and close, the clamp  324 . 
     The clamps  324  can be swivel clamps that can swivel or pivot into and out of position. The clamps  324  can also have an actuator  332  to swivel or pivot the clamp  324  about an axle  336 . The clamps  324  can be pivotable between: 1) an away position farther from the platen  308  to allow passage of the tabletop  22  and the hoop  38  from the tabs  312  to the platen  308 ; and 2) a closed position closer to the platen  308  and the hoop  38  to allow the clamps  324  to press the hoop  38  against the tabletop  22 . 
     The jig  300  can also have rollers  340  positioned between the rails  112 . The rollers  340  can be movable between: 1) a lowered position, and 2) a raised position. In the lowered position, the rollers  340  are positioned below the platen  308  and out of contact with the tabletop  22 . In the raised position, at least a portion of the rollers  340  is above the platen  308  and in contact with the tabletop  22  so that the tabletop  22  can be rolled out of the circular area. In one aspect, the rollers  340  can raise the tabletop  22  above the chucks  304 . 
     In use, the tabletop  22  can be positioned with the top facing down and the bottom side facing up over and spaced above the platen  308 . A perimeter surface of the top of the tabletop  22  can be placed on the array of tabs  312  around the platen  308 . The tabletop  22  can be centered with respect to the platen  308  and the jig  300  with the radial displacement mechanism  200  by drawing the array of carriages  108  that carry the tabs  312  inward. The carriages  108  are indexed together and move inwardly until stopped by the torque limiting switch  252 . 
     The tabletop  22  can then be placed on the platen  308  so that it is carried by the platen  308 . The array of tabs  312  can be withdrawn to allow the tabletop  22  to drop onto the platen  308 . The tabletop  22  is held against the platen  308 . In one aspect, the tabletop  22  can be held against the platen  308  from underneath by the suction cup  320 . The tabletop  22  can be held either directly against the platen  308  or over the platen  308  with intervening material. 
     Double-sided tape  46  can be adhered to the hoop  38  and/or to a perimeter of the tabletop  22 . The hoop  38  can be suspended over the tabletop  22  so it is spaced-apart and above the tabletop  22  in a non-contacting relationship with respect to the tabletop  22 . The hoop  38  can be placed on the array of tabs  312 . Thus, the tabs  312  can extend after retracting to drop the tabletop  22  on the platen  308  in order to receive the hoop  38 . The hoop  38  is centered over the tabletop  22  and the platen  308 . The hoop  38  can be centered with respect to the tabletop  22  and the platen  308  with the radial displacement mechanism  200  by drawing the array of carriages  108  that carry the tabs  312  inward. Thus, the hoop  38  can match and be aligned with the tabletop  22  to within 1/16 of an inch. 
     The hoop  38  is placed onto and against the tabletop  22 . The array of tabs  312  can be withdrawn to allow the hoop  38  to drop onto the tabletop  22 . The hoop  38  can be fastened to the tabletop  22  by the double-sided tape  46  and by pressing the hoop  38  against the tabletop  22 . The clamps  324  can be pivoted from the away position to the close position over the hoop  38 , and moved from the raised position to the lowered position against the hoop  38  to press the hoop  38  against the tabletop  22  and press the double-sided tape  46  therebetween. The clamps  324  can then be moved to the raised position and pivoted to the away position. 
     The suction cup  320  can be released to release the tabletop  22  with the hoop  22  thereon from the platen  308 . The rollers  340  can be moved from the lowered position to the raised position to lift the tabletop  22  with the hoop  22  thereon from the platen  308 . The tabletop  22  with the hoop  38  attached thereto can be rolled off the platen  308  on the rollers  340 . The inner frame  50  and the runners  54  can be secured to the underside of the tabletop  22 . The legs  18  can be secured to an underside of the tabletop  22 , such as to the inner frame  50  and the runners  54 . 
     Method and Jig for Aligning/Centering and Assembling—Rectangular 
     As described above with respect to the circular table  10 , it can be difficult to align the rectangular tabletop  26  and the rectangular hoop  86 , particularly with larger tables. For example, if the tabletop  26  and the hoop  86  are joined with double-sided tape  46 , but misaligned or un-centered, then the same issues with respect to the circular table  10  can occur, namely the rectangular table  14  being aesthetically displeasing, and the hoop  86  being visible which can require finishing or powder coating. The jig  400  for the rectangular table  14  can be similar in many respect to the jig  300  for the circular table  10 ; and thus the above description is incorporated herein by reference. 
     Referring to  FIGS.  20 - 24   , an aligning/centering and assembly jig  400  for centering and aligning two components of the table, such as the rectangular hoop  86  and the rectangular tabletop  26 , is shown in one example. The jig  400  can be used to center the tabletop  26  with the jig  400 , center and align the hoop  86  with the tabletop  26  and the jig  300 , and assemble the hoop  86  and the tabletop  26  together. 
     The jig  400  can have a pair of fixed and perpendicular edges  404  and  408  corresponding to long and short sides of the table  26 , respectively. The jig  400  can also have a movable edge  412  opposing the fixed edge  404 , and movable towards and away from the fixed edge  404  to accommodate tables  26  with different widths. The movable edge  412  can define a carriage and/or a chuck as described above. A platen  416  is positioned between the edges  404 ,  408  and  412  to receive the tabletop  26  thereon. In one aspect, the platen  416  can be defined or formed by rollers  420 . 
     An array of retractable tabs  424  ( FIG.  24   ) is carried by the edges  404  and  412  and surrounds at least opposite sides of the platen  416 , and the tabletop  26  and the hoop  86 . Thus, the tabs  424  can form linear arrays including a stationary linear array of tabs  424  on the fixed edge  404  and a movable linear array of tabs  424  on the movable edge  412 . The tabs  424  can be carried by the opposing edges  404  and  412 . The tabs  424 , the edges  404 ,  408  and  412  and/or the platen  416  can define a rectangular space. As described above, the tabs  424  are spaced-above the platen  416  to selectively and sequentially separate and elevate the tabletop  26  and the hoop  86  above the platen  416 . The tabs  424  can have actuators  428  to extend and retract the tabs  424 . The tabs  424  can move horizontally between: 1) the extended position, and 2) the retracted position. The tabs  424  sequentially receive and release the tabletop  26  initially and the hoop  86  subsequently. The movable edge  412  or carriage carries some retractable tabs  424 , and moves to position the tabs  424  between: 1) the wider position, and 2) the narrower position. In the wider position, at least two tabs  424  are positioned farther from one another to receive a wider tabletop and a wider hoop. In the narrower position, the at least two tabs  424  are positioned closer to one another to receive a narrower tabletop and a narrower hoop. 
     The jig  400  can also have at least one suction cup  432  associated with the platen  416 . When the tabletop  26  is centered/aligned with respect to the platen  416  by the movable edge  412 , and positioned on the platen  416  by the tabs  424  being retracted, the suction cup  432  can apply a suction force against the downwardly facing top surface of the tabletop  26  to hold the tabletop  26  against the platen  416 . The hoop  86  can then be placed on the tabs  424 . The hoop  86  can then be aligned with the tabletop  26  and the platen  416  by the movable edge  412 . The hoop  86  can then be placed on the tabletop  26  by the tabs  424  being retracted. Double-sided tape  46  can be placed on the hoop  86  and/or the underside of the tabletop  26  before the hoop  86  is placed on the tabs  424  and released by the tabs  424  to contact the tabletop  26 . Thus, the tabletop  26  and the hoop  86  are aligned prior to contact and being fixed together by the tape  46 . 
     In use, the tabletop  26  can be positioned with the top facing down and the bottom side facing up over and spaced above the platen  416 . A perimeter surface of the top of the tabletop  26  can be placed on the array of tabs  424  around the platen  416 . The tabletop  26  can be aligned with respect to the platen  416  and the jig  400  with movable edge  412  by drawing the movable edge  412  inward. 
     The tabletop  26  can then be placed on the platen  416  so that it is carried by the platen  416 . The array of tabs  424  can be withdrawn to allow the tabletop  26  to drop onto the platen  416 . The tabletop  26  is held against the platen  416  by the suction cup  432 . 
     Double-sided tape  46  can be adhered to the hoop  86  and/or to a perimeter of the tabletop  26 . The hoop  86  can be suspended over the tabletop  26  so it is spaced-apart and above the tabletop  26  in a non-contacting relationship with respect to the tabletop  26 . The hoop  86  can be placed on the array of tabs  424 . The hoop  86  is centered/aligned over the tabletop  26  and the platen  416 . The hoop  86  can be centered/aligned with respect to the tabletop  26  and the platen  416  with the movable edge  412  by drawing the movable edge  412  that carries the tabs  424  inward. Thus, the hoop  86  can match and be aligned with the tabletop  26  to within 1/16 of an inch. 
     The hoop  86  is placed onto and against the tabletop  26 . The array of tabs  424  can be withdrawn to allow the hoop  86  to drop onto the tabletop  26 . The hoop  86  can be fastened to the tabletop  26  by the double-sided tape  46  and by pressing the hoop  86  against the tabletop  26 . 
     The suction cup  432  can be released to release the tabletop  26  with the hoop  86  thereon from the platen  416 . The tabletop  26  with the hoop  86  attached thereto can be rolled off the jig  400  on the rollers  432 . The inner frame  50  and the runners  54  can be secured to the underside of the tabletop  26 . The legs  18  can be secured to an underside of the tabletop  22 , such as to the inner frame  50  and the runners  54 . 
     As used in this specification and the appended claims, the singular forms “a,” “an” and “the” include plural referents unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. Thus, for example, reference to “a layer” includes a plurality of such layers. 
     In this disclosure, “comprises,” “comprising,” “containing” and “having” and the like can have the meaning ascribed to them in U.S. Patent law and can mean “includes,” “including,” and the like, and are generally interpreted to be open ended terms. The terms “consisting of” or “consists of” are closed terms, and include only the components, structures, steps, or the like specifically listed in conjunction with such terms, as well as that which is in accordance with U.S. Patent law. “Consisting essentially of” or “consists essentially of” have the meaning generally ascribed to them by U.S. Patent law. In particular, such terms are generally closed terms, with the exception of allowing inclusion of additional items, materials, components, steps, or elements, that do not materially affect the basic and novel characteristics or function of the item(s) used in connection therewith. For example, trace elements present in a composition, but not affecting the composition&#39;s nature or characteristics would be permissible if present under the “consisting essentially of” language, even though not expressly recited in a list of items following such terminology. When using an open ended term in the specification, like “comprising” or “including,” it is understood that direct support should be afforded also to “consisting essentially of” language as well as “consisting of” language as if stated explicitly and vice versa. 
     The terms “first,” “second,” “third,” “fourth,” and the like in the description and in the claims, if any, are used for distinguishing between similar elements and not necessarily for describing a particular sequential or chronological order. It is to be understood that the terms so used are interchangeable under appropriate circumstances such that the embodiments described herein are, for example, capable of operation in sequences other than those illustrated or otherwise described herein. Similarly, if a method is described herein as comprising a series of steps, the order of such steps as presented herein is not necessarily the only order in which such steps may be performed, and certain of the stated steps may possibly be omitted and/or certain other steps not described herein may possibly be added to the method. 
     The terms “left,” “right,” “front,” “back,” “top,” “bottom,” “over,” “under,” and the like in the description and in the claims, if any, are used for descriptive purposes and not necessarily for describing permanent relative positions. It is to be understood that the terms so used are interchangeable under appropriate circumstances such that the embodiments described herein are, for example, capable of operation in other orientations than those illustrated or otherwise described herein. 
     The term “coupled,” as used herein, is defined as directly or indirectly connected in an electrical or nonelectrical manner. Objects described herein as being “adjacent to” each other may be in physical contact with each other, in close proximity to each other, or in the same general region or area as each other, as appropriate for the context in which the phrase is used. Occurrences of the phrase “in one embodiment,” or “in one aspect,” herein do not necessarily all refer to the same embodiment or aspect. 
     As used herein, the term “substantially” refers to the complete or nearly complete extent or degree of an action, characteristic, property, state, structure, item, or result. For example, an object that is “substantially” enclosed would mean that the object is either completely enclosed or nearly completely enclosed. The exact allowable degree of deviation from absolute completeness may in some cases depend on the specific context. However, generally speaking the nearness of completion will be so as to have the same overall result as if absolute and total completion were obtained. The use of “substantially” is equally applicable when used in a negative connotation to refer to the complete or near complete lack of an action, characteristic, property, state, structure, item, or result. For example, a composition that is “substantially free of” particles would either completely lack particles, or so nearly completely lack particles that the effect would be the same as if it completely lacked particles. In other words, a composition that is “substantially free of” an ingredient or element may still actually contain such item as long as there is no measurable effect thereof. 
     As used herein, “adjacent” refers to the proximity of two structures or elements. Particularly, elements that are identified as being “adjacent” may be either abutting or connected. Such elements may also be near or close to each other without necessarily contacting each other. The exact degree of proximity may in some cases depend on the specific context. 
     As used herein, the term “about” is used to provide flexibility to a numerical range endpoint by providing that a given value may be “a little above” or “a little below” the endpoint. It is understood that express support is intended for exact numerical values in this specification, even when the term “about” is used in connection therewith. 
     It is to be understood that the examples set forth herein are not limited to the particular structures, process steps, or materials disclosed, but are extended to equivalents thereof as would be recognized by those ordinarily skilled in the relevant arts. It should also be understood that terminology employed herein is used for the purpose of describing particular examples only and is not intended to be limiting. 
     Furthermore, the described features, structures, or characteristics may be combined in any suitable manner in one or more examples. In the description, numerous specific details are provided, such as examples of lengths, widths, shapes, etc., to provide a thorough understanding of the technology being described. One skilled in the relevant art will recognize, however, that the invention can be practiced without one or more of the specific details, or with other methods, components, materials, etc. In other instances, well-known structures, materials, or operations are not shown or described in detail to avoid obscuring aspects of the invention. 
     While the foregoing examples are illustrative of the principles of the invention in one or more particular applications, it will be apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art that numerous modifications in form, usage and details of implementation can be made without the exercise of inventive faculty, and without departing from the principles and concepts described herein. Accordingly, it is not intended that the invention be limited, except as by the claims set forth below.