Patent Publication Number: US-6222788-B1

Title: Vertical gate transistors in pass transistor logic decode circuits

Description:
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This application is related to the following co-pending, commonly assigned U.S. patent application: entitled “Static Pass Transistor Logic with Transistors with Multiple Vertical Gates,” Ser. No. 09/580,901, which is filed on even date herewith and which disclosure is herein incorporated by reference. 
    
    
     TECHNICAL FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
     This invention relates generally to integrated circuits and in particular to vertical gate transistors in pass transistor logic decode circuits. 
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     Many decode circuits include multiple transistors arrayed such that a combination of activated transistors produce a logical function. Such transistors in the array are activated, in the case of MOSFET devices, by either applying or not applying a potential to the gate of the MOSFET. This action either turns on the transistor or turns off the transistor. Conventionally, each logical input to the decode circuit is applied to an independent MOSFET gate. Thus, according to the prior art, a full MOSFET is required for each input to the decode circuit. Requiring a full MOSFET for each logic input consumes a significant amount of chip surface area. Conventionally, the size of each full MOSFET, e.g. the space it occupies, is determined by the minimum lithographic feature dimension. Thus, the number of logical functions that can be performed by a given decode circuit is dependent upon the number of logical inputs which is dependent upon the available space to in which to fabricate an independent MOSFET for each logic input. In other words, the minimum lithographic feature size and available surface determine the functionality limits of the decode circuit. 
     Pass transistor logic is one of the oldest logic techniques and has been described and used in NMOS technology long before the advent of the CMOS technology currently employed in integrated circuits. A representative article by L. A. Glasser and D. W. Dobberpuhl, entitled “The design and analysis of VLSI circuits,” Addison-Wesley, Reading Mass., 1985, pp. 16-20, describes the same. Pass transistor logic was later described for use in complementary pass transistor circuits in CMOS technology. Articles which outline such use include articles by J. M. Rabaey, entitled “Digital Integrated Circuits; A design perspective,” Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, N.J., pp. 210-222, 1996, and an article by K. Bernstein et al., entitled “High-speed design styles leverage IBM technology prowess,” MicroNews, vol. 4, no. 3, 1998. What more, there have been a number of recent applications of complementary pass transistor logic in microprocessors. Articles which describe such applications include articles by T. Fuse et al., entitled “A 0.5V 200 mhz 1-stage  32 b ALU using body bias controlled SOI pass-gate logic,” Dig. IEEE Int. Solid-State Circuits Conf., San Francisco, pp. 286-287, 1997, an article by K. Yano et al., entitled “Top-down pass-transistor logic design,” IEEE J. Solid-State Circuits, Vol. 31, no. 6, pp. 792-803, June 1996, and an article by K. H. Cheng et al., entitled “A 1.2V CMOS multiplier using low-power current-sensing complementary pass-transistor logic”, Proc. Third Int. Conf. On Electronics, Circuits and Systems, Rodos, Greece, 13-16 Oct., vol. 2, pp. 1037-40, 1996. 
     In another approach, differential pass transistor logic has been developed to overcome concerns about low noise margins in pass transistor logic. This has been described in an article by S. I. Kayed et al., entitled “CMOS differential pass-transistor logic (CMOS DPTL) predischarge buffer design,” 13th National Radio Science Conf., Cairo, Egypt, pp. 527-34, 1996, as well as in an article by V. G. Oklobdzija, entitled “Differential and pass-transistor CMOS logic for high performance systems,” Microelectronic J., vol. 29, no. 10, pp. 679-688, 1998. Combinations of pass-transistor and CMOS logic have also been described. S. Yamashita et al., “Pass-transistor? CMOS collaborated logic: the best of both worlds,” Dig. Symp. On VLSI Circuits, Kyoto, Japan, 12-14 June, pp. 31-32, 1997. Also, a number of comparisons of pass transistor logic and standard CMOS logic have been made for a variety of different applications and power supply voltages. These studies are described in an article by R. Zimmerman et al., entitled “Low-power logic styles: CMOS versus pass transistor logic,” IEEE J. Solid-State Circuits, vol. 32, no. 7, pp. 1079-1790, July 1997, and in an article by C. Tretz et al., “Performance comparison of differential static CMOS circuit topologies in SOI technology,” Proc. IEEE Int. SOI Conference, Oct. 5-8, FL, pp. 123-4, 1998. 
     However, all of these studies and articles on pass transistor logic have not provided a solution to the constraints placed on decode circuits by the limits of the minimum lithographic feature size and the deficit in the available chip surface space. 
     An approach which touches upon overcoming the limits of the minimum lithographic feature size and the deficit in the available chip surface space, is disclosed in the following co-pending, commonly assigned U.S. patent applications by Len Forbes and Kie Y. Ahn, entitled: “Programmable Logic Arrays with Transistors with Vertical Gates,” attorney docket no. 303.683US1, serial number 09/583,584, “Horizontal Memory Devices with Vertical Gates,” Ser. No. 09/584,566, and “Programmable Memory Decode Circuits with Vertical Gates,” Ser. No. 09/584,564. Those disclosures are all directed toward a non volatile memory cell structure having vertical floating gates and vertical control gates above a horizontal enhancement mode channel region. In those disclosures one or more of the vertical floating gates is charged by the application of potentials to an adjacent vertical gate. The devices of those disclosures can be used as flash memory, EAPROM, EEPROM devices, programmable memory address and decode circuits, and/or programmable logic arrays. Those applications, however, are not framed to address overcoming the limits of the minimum lithographic feature size and the deficit in the available chip surface space for purposes of pass transistor logic in decode circuits. 
     Therefore, there is a need in the art to provide improved transistor decode circuit logic which overcomes these barriers. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     The above mentioned problems with transistor decode circuit logic and other problems are addressed by the present invention and will be understood by reading and studying the following specification. Systems and methods are provided for transistor decode circuit logic having transistors with multiple vertical gates. The multiple vertical gates are edge defined such that only a single transistor is required for multiple logic inputs. Thus a minimal surface area is required for each logic input. 
     In one embodiment of the present invention, a novel decode circuit is provided. The decode circuit includes a number of address lines and a number of output lines. The address lines and the output lines form an array. A number logic cells that disposed at the intersections of output lines and address lines. According to the teachings of the present invention each logic cell includes a source region and a drain region in a horizontal substrate. A depletion mode channel region separates the source and the drain regions. A number of vertical gates are located above different portions of the depletion mode channel region. At least one of the vertical gates is located above a first portion of the depletion mode channel region and is separated from the channel region by a first thickness insulator material. At least one of the vertical gates is located above a second portion of the channel region and is separated from the channel region by a second thickness insulator material. According to the present invention, there is no source nor drain region associated with each input and the gates have sub-lithographic horizontal dimensions by virtue of being edge defined vertical gates. 
     These and other embodiments, aspects, advantages, and features of the present invention will be set forth in part in the description which follows, and in part will become apparent to those skilled in the art by reference to the following description of the invention and referenced drawings or by practice of the invention. The aspects, advantages, and features of the invention are realized and attained by means of the instrumentalities, procedures, and combinations particularly pointed out in the appended claims. 
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
     FIG. 1A illustrates a novel static pass transistor according to the teachings of the present invention. 
     FIG. 1B is a schematic illustration of the novel static pass transistor shown in FIG.  1 A. 
     FIG. 1C is an illustration of the operation of the novel static pass transistor described in connection with FIGS. 1A and 1B. 
     FIG. 1D is another characterization of the novel static pass transistor of FIG.  1 C. 
     FIG. 1E is a further illustration showing that depletion mode n-channel MOSFETs are “on” with zero gate voltage and that a negative applied gate voltage turns “off” the depletion mode n-channel. 
     FIG. 2A illustrates one embodiment for the variance between the first oxide thickness (t1) and the second oxide thickness (t2) in the novel static pass transistor of the present invention. 
     FIG. 2B is an energy band diagram illustrating the effect on the conduction in the depletion mode channel beneath the first oxide thickness (t1) when a zero Volts gate potential (Vg) is applied above according to one embodiment of the present invention. 
     FIG. 2C is an energy band diagram illustrating the effect on the conduction in the depletion mode channel beneath the first oxide thickness (t1) with a negative applied gate potential (Vg) of approximately −0.6 Volts. 
     FIG. 3A is an illustration of another embodiment configuration for the novel static pass transistor of the present invention. 
     FIG. 3B is another characterization of the novel static pass transistor of FIG.  3 A. 
     FIG. 4A is an illustration of another operational state for the novel static pass transistor shown in FIGS. 3A and 3B. 
     FIG. 4B is another characterization of the novel static pass transistor of FIG.  4 A. 
     FIG. 5 illustrates a decode circuit according to the teachings of the prior art. 
     FIG. 6A illustrates an embodiment for a novel decode circuit according to the teachings of the present invention. 
     FIG. 6B illustrates an embodiment of a truth table for the novel decode circuit shown in FIG.  6 A. 
     FIGS. 7A-7F illustrate one method for forming the novel static pass transistors of the present invention. 
     FIG. 8A-8D illustrate an embodiment of a variation on the fabrication process shown in FIGS. 7A-7F. 
     FIGS. 9A-9C illustrate another embodiment of a variation on the fabrication process to make all of the gates over thin gate oxides. 
     FIGS. 10A-10D illustrate another embodiment of a variation on the fabrication process to allow the fabrication of different gate oxide thicknesses under various gates to make some lines active and others as passing lines. 
     FIGS. 11A and 11B are an illustration of an embodiment in which a number of input lines which collectively pass over multiple MOSFET logic cells is a logic circuit block, can be contacted at the edge of a logic circuit according to the teachings of the present invention. 
     FIG. 12 illustrates a block diagram of an embodiment of an electronic system according to the teachings of the present invention. 
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
     In the following detailed description of the invention, reference is made to the accompanying drawings which form a part hereof, and in which is shown, by way of illustration, specific embodiments in which the invention may be practiced. In the drawings, like numerals describe substantially similar components throughout the several views. These embodiments are described in sufficient detail to enable those skilled in the art to practice the invention. Other embodiments may be utilized and structural, logical, and electrical changes may be made without departing from the scope of the present invention. The terms wafer and substrate used in the following description include any structure having an exposed surface with which to form the integrated circuit (IC) structure of the invention. The term substrate is understood to include semiconductor wafers. The term substrate is also used to refer to semiconductor structures during processing, and may include other layers that have been fabricated thereupon. Both wafer and substrate include doped and undoped semiconductors, epitaxial semiconductor layers supported by a base semiconductor or insulator, as well as other semiconductor structures well known to one skilled in the art. The term conductor is understood to include semiconductors, and the term insulator is defined to include any material that is less electrically conductive than the materials referred to as conductors. The following detailed description is, therefore, not to be taken in a limiting sense, and the scope of the present invention is defined only by the appended claims, along with the full scope of equivalents to which such claims are entitled. 
     According to the teachings of the present invention, a pass transistor logic is described where transistors with multiple vertical gates are employed in static CMOS combinational logic circuits. The pass transistors are similar to a regular series connection of individual transistors except here because of the close proximity of the gates of address lines separate and individual source/drain regions are not required between the gates. An implanted depletion mode channel serves to form the conductive region not only under each gate region but also between different gate regions. 
     FIG. 1A illustrates a novel static pass transistor  101  according to the teachings of the present invention. As shown in FIG. 1A, the static pass transistor  101  includes a source region  110  and a drain region  112  in a horizontal substrate  100 . A depletion mode channel region  106  separates the source region  110  and the drain region  112 . A number of vertical gates  104 - 1 ,  104 - 2 , . . . ,  104 -N, are located above different portions of the depletion mode channel region  106 . According to the teachings of the present invention, the number of vertical gates  104 - 1 ,  104 - 2 , . . . ,  104 -N, are edge defined vertical gates such that each of the number of vertical gates  104 - 1 ,  104 - 2 , . . . ,  104 -N, has a horizontal width (W) which is sub-lithographic in dimension. In one embodiment, each of the number of vertical gates  104 - 1 ,  104 - 2 , . . . ,  104 -N, has a horizontal width of approximately 100 nanometers (nm). According to one embodiment of the present invention, the number of vertical gates  104 - 1 ,  104 - 2 , . . . ,  104 -N, includes a number of polysilicon vertical gates  104 - 1 ,  104 - 2 , . . . ,  104 -N. At least one of the vertical gates, e. g. vertical gate  104 - 3 , is located above a first portion  108  of the depletion mode channel region  106  and is separated from the depletion mode channel region  106  by a first thickness insulator material (t1). In one embodiment, the first thickness insulator material (t1) includes a first oxide thickness (t1). At least one of the vertical gates, e. g. vertical gate  104 -N, is located above a second portion  109  of the depletion mode channel region  106  and is separated from the depletion mode channel region  106  by a second thickness insulator material (t2). In one embodiment, the second thickness insulator material (t2) includes a second oxide thickness (t2). As shown in FIG. 1A, the second oxide thickness (t2) is greater than the first oxide thickness (t1). In one embodiment, the first oxide thickness (t1) is less than 50 Angstroms (Å) and the second oxide thickness (t2) is less than 150 Angstroms (Å). In one embodiment, the first oxide thickness (t1) is approximately 33 Å and the second oxide thickness (t2) is approximately 100 Å. 
     As shown in FIG. 1A, the number of vertical gates  104 - 1 ,  104 - 2 , . . . ,  104 -N, are parallel and opposing one another. The number of vertical gates  104 - 1 ,  104 - 2 , . . . ,  104 -N, are separated from one another by an intergate dielectric  114 . In one embodiment, the intergate dielectric  114  includes silicon dioxide (SiO 2 ). In one embodiment, the number of vertical gates  104 - 1 ,  104 - 2 , . . . ,  104 -N, have a vertical height of approximately 500 nanometers (nm). Also, in one embodiment of the present invention, the horizontal depletion mode channel has a depth (tsi) in the horizontal substrate of approximately 400 Å. According to the teachings of the present invention, the number of vertical gates  104 - 1 ,  104 - 2 , . . . ,  104 -N, serve as logic inputs  104 - 1 ,  104 - 2 , . . . ,  104 -N, for the static pass transistor  101 . 
     FIG. 1B is a schematic illustration of the novel static pass transistor shown in FIG.  1 A. The schematic of FIG. 1B shows the number of vertical gates  104 - 1 ,  104 - 2 , . . . ,  104 -N, as multiple conductive nodes A, B, C, and D above the horizontal depletion mode channel. An independent potential can be applied to each of the conductive nodes A, B, C, and D. Conductive nodes A and C are represented as gates since they are separated from the depletion mode channel by the first oxide thickness. Conductive nodes B and D are shown just as nodes since they are separated from the depletion mode channel by the second oxide thickness. The static pass transistor  101  is further shown coupled to a buffer mode amplifier  102  to provide gain. The channel is uniformly depletion mode or normally “on” and can conduct with zero potential applied to the conductive nodes A, B, C, and D. In operation, the conductive nodes A and C serve as multiple logic inputs, or active inputs, and can effect conduction in the depletion mode channel. Conductive nodes B and D, on the other hand cannot effect conduction in the depletion mode channel because they are further distanced from the depletion mode channel by the second oxide thickness. In other words, conductive nodes B and D have no control over the depletion mode channel and can not turn the depletion mode channel “off.” Conductive nodes B and D thus function as passing lines over the depletion mode channel. In one operation embodiment, if a negative potential is applied to either of the conductive nodes A and C this negative potential works to turn “off” a portion of the depletion mode channel beneath that particular conductive node or gate. In one operation embodiment, a negative potential of approximately −0.6 Volts applied to either conductive node A or C will block conduction in the depletion mode channel. On the other hand, if conductive nodes A and C both have an applied potential of approximately zero Volts then the novel static pass transistor  101  conducts. Thus, in this embodiment, the novel static pass transistor  101  operates as a two input positive logic NAND gate. The conductive nodes A, B, C, and D make up a logic chain. And, the novel static pass transistor can function with an operating voltage range of approximately +/−0.5 Volts. 
     FIG. 1C is an illustration of the operation of the novel static pass transistor described in connection with FIGS. 1A and 1B. FIG. 1C shows four vertical gates  104 - 1 ,  104 - 2 ,  104 - 3 , and  104 - 4  formed of heavily doped n+ type polysilicon. The four vertical gates  104 - 1 ,  104 - 2 ,  104 - 3 , and  104 - 4  are located above a horizontal depletion mode channel  106  which separates heavily doped n+ type source and drain regions,  110  and  112  respectively. The horizontal depletion mode channel includes a lightly doped n type channel. In FIG. 1C, a independent potential of −0.6 Volts is applied to each of the four vertical gates  104 - 1 ,  104 - 2 ,  104 - 3 , and  104 - 4 . Vertical gates  104 - 1  and  104 - 3  are separated by a first oxide thickness (t1) from the depletion mode channel which is less than a second oxide thickness (t2) separating vertical gates  104 - 2  and  104 - 4  from the depletion mode channel. Thus, the negative potential on vertical gates  104 - 1  and  104 - 3  turns off conduction in that portion of the depletion mode channel beneath those vertical gates as shown in FIG.  1 C. By contrast, the negative potential on vertical gates  104 - 2  and  104 - 4  does not control or effect conduction in the depletion mode channel. 
     FIG. 1D is another characterization of the novel static pass transistor of FIG.  1 C. Conductive nodes A, B, C, and D represent the four vertical gates  104 - 1 ,  104 - 2 ,  104 - 3 , and  104 - 4 . The regions beneath conductive nodes A and C with their negative applied potentials can be characterized as “gated,” but “off.” The regions beneath conductive nodes B and D with their negative applied potentials can be characterized as “not gated,” or “on” since these conductive nodes are separated from the depletion mode channel by the thicker second oxide thickness. Conductive node B and D thus function as passing lines. FIG. 1E is a further illustration showing that depletion mode n-channel MOSFETs are “on” with zero gate voltage and that a negative applied gate voltage turns “off” the depletion mode n-channel. In one embodiment, the threshold voltage (Vt) required to turn “off” the depletion mode n-channel is approximately −0.6 Volts. 
     FIGS. 2A-2C illustrate an operating voltage range for the novel static pass transistor of the present invention for certain values of a first oxide thickness (t1) and a second oxide thickness (t2). FIG. 2A illustrates one embodiment for the variance between the first oxide thickness (t1) and the second oxide thickness (t2). As shown in FIG. 2A, the first oxide thickness (t1) and the second oxide thickness (t2) are located above a horizontal depletion mode channel  206 . In the embodiment shown in FIG. 2A, first oxide thickness (t1) is less than the second oxide thickness (t2). In one embodiment, the first oxide thickness (t1) is approximately 33 Å and the second oxide thickness is approximately 100 Å. As shown in FIG. 2A, the depletion mode channel extends a thickness (tsi) into the horizontal substrate. In one embodiment, the thickness (tsi) is between 100 to 1000 Å. In one embodiment, the thickness (tsi) is approximately 400 Å. For purposes of illustration, the doping concentration (Nd) in this embodiment is approximately 6.25×10 17  atoms/cm 3 . The capacitance of the oxide (Cox) can be calculated as by dividing the electric permittivity of oxide (approximately 0.353×10 12  Farads/cm) by the thickness of the oxide. An oxide capacitance (Cox) for the thin or first oxide thickness (t1) of 33 Å is approximately (0.353×10 −12  Farads/cm)/(33×10 −8  cm) or approximately 10 −6  Farads/cm. The charge Qb in the horizontal depletion mode channel is (q)×(Nd)×(tsi), or approximately 0.4×10 −6  Coulombs/cm 2 . The bulk charge over the oxide capacitance for the thin or first thickness oxide (t1) can be stated as V=Qb/Cox or approximately 0.4 Volts. On the other hand the bulk charge over the oxide capacitance for the thicker or second oxide thickness (t2) of approximately 100 Å will be significantly greater. 
     FIG. 2B is an energy band diagram illustrating the effect on the conduction in the depletion mode channel beneath the first oxide thickness (t1) when a zero Volts gate potential (Vg) is applied above. As shown in FIG. 2B, when zero (0.0) Volts are applied to a gate (Vg) above the first oxide thickness (t1) the Fermi level (Ef) in the silicon channel will be approximately 0.4 Volts, above the intrinsic level (Ei). In other words, since the horizontal depletion mode channel is doped the Fermi level (Ef) in the channel is above that for intrinsic silicon (Ei), e.g. 0.35 Volts, and closer to the conduction band (Ec). From the illustrative calculations provided above in connection with FIG. 2A the Fermi level (Ef) in the channel is approximately 0.4 Volts. Thus, for a zero Volts gate potential (Vg) the Fermi levels (Ef) in the polysilicon gate and the channel are approximately aligned and conduction will occur in the horizontal depletion mode channel. 
     FIG. 2C is an energy band diagram illustrating the effect on the conduction in the depletion mode channel beneath the first oxide thickness (t1) when a negative gate potential (Vg) of approximately −0.6 Volts is applied above. As shown in FIG. 2C, an applied gate potential (Vg) of a negative −0.6 Volts will raise the Fermi level in a polysilicon vertical gate and suppress the Fermi level in the doped channel beneath the first oxide thickness (t1) to even with or below the Fermi level value for intrinsic silicon such that the Fermi level in the channel is then closer to the valence band (Ev) in the channel. In this state no conduction will occur in this portion of the channel and the channel is turned “off.” Thus, an applied potential of approximately a negative −0.6 Volts, accounting for a work function difference of approximately a negative −0.2 Volts and other variables involved such as an oxide charge if any, will be sufficient to overcome the bulk charge over the oxide capacitance (e.g. 0.4 V) across the thin or first thickness oxide (t1) of approximately 33 Å. The negative −0.6 Volts gate potential can thus turn “off” the normally “on” depletion mode channel. In other words, according to the teachings of the present invention, the novel static pass transistor can operate with an operating voltage range of approximately half a Volt (0.6 V) 
     FIG. 3A is an illustration of another embodiment configuration for the novel static pass transistor of the present invention. In other words, FIG. 3A shows a different “input” configuration and the conductivity or resistance of the depletion mode channel with different input voltages. FIG. 3A shows four vertical gates  304 - 1 ,  304 - 2 ,  304 - 3 , and  304 - 4  formed of heavily doped n+ type polysilicon. The four vertical gates  304 - 1 ,  304 - 2 ,  304 - 3 , and  304 - 4  are located above a horizontal depletion mode channel  306  which separates heavily doped n+ type source and drain regions,  310  and  312  respectively. The horizontal depletion mode channel includes a lightly doped n type channel. In the operational embodiment of FIG. 3A, an independent potential of zero Volts is applied to vertical gates  304 - 1 ,  304 - 2 , and  304 - 3 . An independent potential of −0.6 Volts is applied to vertical gate  304 - 4 . Vertical gates  304 - 1 ,  304 - 2 , and  304 - 3  are separated by a first oxide thickness (t1) from the depletion mode channel  306  which is less than a second oxide thickness (t2) separating vertical gate  304 - 4  from the depletion mode channel. As explained and described in detail above, potential applied to vertical gate  304 - 4  does not control the conduction in the horizontal depletion mode channel due to its separation therefrom by the thicker second oxide thickness. Thus, the negative potential on vertical gates  304 - 4  does not turn off conduction in that portion of the depletion mode channel beneath it. Further, since an independent potential of zero Volts is applied to vertical gates  304 - 1 ,  304 - 2 , and  304 - 3 , there is no reduction in the conduction of the depletion mode channel beneath these vertical gates or active inputs either. However, since vertical gates  304 - 1 ,  304 - 2 , and  304 - 3  are active inputs a negative potential applied independently to any one of these gates would turn “off” conduction in that portion of the depletion mode channel beneath it. In other words, these active inputs  304 - 1 ,  304 - 2 , and  304 - 3  can control or effect conduction in the depletion mode channel. 
     FIG. 3B is another characterization of the novel static pass transistor of FIG.  3 A. Conductive nodes A, B, C, and D represent the four vertical gates  304 - 1 ,  304 - 2 ,  304 - 3 , and  304 - 4 . The regions beneath conductive nodes A, B and C with their zero applied potential can be characterized as “gated,” but “on.” The regions beneath conductive node D with its negative applied potentials can be characterized as “not gated,” or “on” since this conductive node is separated from the depletion mode channel by the thicker second oxide thickness. Conductive node D thus functions as a passing line in this embodiment. 
     FIG. 4A is an illustration of another operational state for the novel static pass transistor shown in FIGS. 3A and 3B. In effect, FIG. 4A shows operation of the novel static pass transistor shown in FIGS. 3A and 3B with different input voltages. FIG. 4A shows four vertical gates  404 - 1 ,  404 - 2 ,  404 - 3 , and  404 - 4  formed of heavily doped n+ type polysilicon. The four vertical gates  404 - 1 ,  404 - 2 ,  404 - 3 , and  404 - 4  are located above a horizontal depletion mode channel  406  which separates heavily doped n+ type source and drain regions,  410  and  412  respectively. The horizontal depletion mode channel includes a lightly doped n type channel. In the operational embodiment of FIG. 4A, a independent potential of zero Volts is applied to vertical gates  404 - 1  and  404 - 2 . An independent potential of −0.6 Volts is applied to vertical gates  404 - 3  and  404 - 4 . Vertical gates  404 - 1 ,  404 - 2 , and  404 - 3  are separated by a first oxide thickness (t1) from the depletion mode channel  406  which is less than a second oxide thickness (t2) separating vertical gate  404 - 4  from the depletion mode channel. As explained and described in detail above, potential applied to vertical gate  404 - 4  does not control the conduction in the horizontal depletion mode channel due to its separation therefrom by the thicker second oxide thickness. Thus, the negative potential on vertical gate  404 - 4  does not turn off conduction in that portion of the depletion mode channel beneath it. Further, since an independent potential of zero Volts is applied to vertical gates  404 - 1  and  404 - 2  there is no reduction in the conduction of the depletion mode channel beneath these vertical gates, or active inputs either. However, since vertical gate  404 - 3  is an active input, the negative potential of −0.6 Volts applied independently to this gate does turn “off” conduction in that portion of the depletion mode channel beneath it. 
     FIG. 4B is another characterization of the novel static pass transistor of FIG.  4 A. Conductive nodes A, B, C, and D represent the four vertical gates  404 - 1 ,  404 - 2 ,  404 - 3 , and  404 - 4 . The regions beneath conductive nodes A and B with their zero applied potential can be characterized as “gated,” but “on.” The region beneath conductive node C with its negative applied potential can be characterized as “gated,” and “off.” The regions beneath conductive node D with its negative applied potentials can be characterized as “not gated,” or “on” since this conductive node is separated from the depletion mode channel by the thicker second oxide thickness. Conductive node D thus functions as a passing line in this embodiment. 
     FIG. 5 shows a conventional NOR decode array for memory circuits. The address lines are A 1  through A 3  and inverse address lines, {overscore (A)} 1  through {overscore (A)} 3 . The conventional NOR decode array is programmable at the gate mask level by either fabricating a thin oxide gate transistor, e.g. transistors  501 - 1 ,  501 - 2 , . . . ,  501 -N, at the intersection of lines in the array or not fabricating a thin oxide gate transistor, e.g. missing thin oxide transistors,  502 - 1 ,  502 - 2 , . . . ,  502 -N, at such an intersection. As one of ordinary skill in the art will understand upon reading this disclosure, the same technique is conventionally used to form other types of decode arrays not shown. As shown in FIG. 5, a number of depletion mode NMOS transistors,  516 , are used as load devices. 
     In this embodiment, each of the row lines  514  acts as a NOR gate for the address lines A 1  through A 3  and inverse address lines, {overscore (A)} 1  through {overscore (A)} 3  that are connected to the row lines  514  through the thin oxide gate transistor, e.g. transistors  501 - 1 ,  501 - 2 , . . . ,  501 -N, of the array. That is, row line R 1  is maintained at a high potential, +VDD, in the positive logic NMOS decode array shown in FIG. 5, unless one or more of the thin oxide gate transistor, e.g. transistors  501 - 1 ,  501 - 2 , . . . ,  501 -N, that are coupled to row line R 1  are turned on by a high logic level signal, +VDD, on one of the address lines A 1  through A 3  or inverse address lines, {overscore (A)} 1  through {overscore (A)} 3 . When a transistor gate address is activated, by the high logic level signal, +VDD, through address lines A 1  through A 3  or inverse address lines, {overscore (A)} 1  through {overscore (A)} 3 , each thin oxide gate transistor, e.g. transistors  501 - 1 ,  501 - 2 , . . . ,  501 -N, conducts, or is turned “on.” This conduction of the thin oxide gate transistor, e.g. transistors  501 - 1 ,  501 - 2 , . . . ,  501 -N, performs the NOR positive logic circuit function, an inversion of the OR circuit function results from inversion of data onto the row lines  514  through the thin oxide gate transistor, e.g. transistors  501 - 1 ,  501 - 2 , . . . ,  501 -N, of the array, in order to output a low logic level signal on the row lines  514 . Thus, a particular row line  514  is addressed when none of the thin oxide gate transistor, e.g. transistors  501 - 1 ,  501 - 2 , . . . ,  501 -N, coupled to that row line  514  are turned “on.” 
     Again, the incoming address on each line is inverted and the combination of the original address and inverted or complemented values used to drive the gates of transistors in the decode array  500 . The transistors  501 - 1 ,  501 - 2 , . . . ,  501 -N in the array  500  are enhancement mode NMOS devices and depletion mode NMOS transistors are used as load devices  516 . All voltages are positive in a simple NMOS circuit. This is a positive logic NOR decode array, the logic one state, “1” is the most positive voltage, +VDD, and the logic level zero, “0” is the least positive voltage or ground. 
     The transistors used in FIG. 5 are NMOS driver transistors with a depletion mode NMOS load technology. The load device or NMOS load transistor is a depletion mode or normally “on” transistor which acts as a constant current source during the pull up switching transient thus providing high switching speed. The driver transistor is an enhancement mode NMOS transistor which is normally “off” with zero gate bias. 
     FIG. 6A is a schematic diagram illustrating one embodiment of a decode circuit, or memory address decoder,  600  according to the teachings of the present invention. Analogous to FIG. 5, the address lines in the embodiment of FIG. 6A are A 1  through A 2  and inverse address lines, {overscore (A)} 1  through {overscore (A)} 2 . As shown in FIG. 6A, the decode circuit  600  is programmable at the gate mask level by fabricating a plurality or number of logic cells, e.g. logic cells  601 - 1 ,  601 - 2 , . . . ,  601 -N, at the intersection of lines in the decode circuit array  600  which thus serve as driver transistors. The number of logic cells are formed according to the teachings of the present invention such that each logic cell includes a number of edge defined vertical gates located above a horizontal depletion mode channel separating a single source and a single drain region. As shown in FIG. 6A, the address lines are A 1  through A 2  and inverse address lines, {overscore (A)} 1  through {overscore (A)} 2  couple to the number of vertical gates in each of the number of vertical gates. As one of ordinary skill in the art will understand upon reading this disclosure, some of the vertical gates serve as active inputs, which control conduction in the horizontal depletion mode channel, for a given logic cell and other of the vertical gates serve as passing lines for a given logic cell. The same has been discussed and described in detail in connection with FIGS. 1A-4B. 
     According to the teachings of the present invention, each logic cell is fabricated to include a different arrangement of active inputs, or logic inputs, coupled to the address lines are A 1  through A 2  and inverse address lines, {overscore (A)} 1  through {overscore (A)} 2 . As shown in FIG. 6A, a number of p-channel metal oxide semiconductor (PMOS) load transistors,  616 , are used as load devices and are coupled to the output lines, or row lines,  614 , of the decode circuit  600 . 
     The incoming address on each address line A 1  through A 2  is inverted and the combination of the original address on each address line A 1  through A 2  and inverted or complemented values on inverse address lines, {overscore (A)} 1  through {overscore (A)} 2 , used to operate the number of logic cells  601 - 1 ,  601 - 2 , . . . ,  601 -N in the decode array  600 . Again, the number of logic cells, e.g.  601 - 1 ,  601 - 2 , . . . ,  601 -N in the decode circuit array  600  are have horizontal depletion mode n-type channels beneath a number of edge defined vertical floating gates. Each logic cell  601 - 1 ,  601 - 2 , . . . ,  601 -N thus includes multiple gate inputs, logic gates, or logic inputs. The horizontal depletion mode channels separate a single source and a single drain region for each logic cell  601 - 1 ,  601 - 2 , . . . ,  601 -N. Thus, less than one transistor is required for the multiple logic inputs of the present invention. This results in a minimal area being associated with each logic input and a minimal area being taken up by the memory address and decode circuit according to the teachings of the present invention. 
     In FIG. 6A, each of the row lines  614  acts as a NAND gate for the address lines A 1  through A 2  and inverse address lines, {overscore (A)} 1  through {overscore (A)} 2  that are connected to the row lines  614  through the number of logic cells,  601 - 1 ,  601 - 2 , . . . ,  601 -N, of the decode circuit array  600 . In the embodiment shown in FIG. 6A, each of the number of logic cells  601 - 1 ,  601 - 2 , . . . ,  601 -N includes four vertical gates located above the horizontal depletion mode channel for the cell. In each logic cell, two of the vertical gates serve as active inputs, e.g. are separated by a first oxide thickness from the horizontal depletion mode channel. In each logic cell, two of the vertical gates serve as passing lines, e.g. are separated by a greater, second oxide thickness from the horizontal depletion mode channel. Such a variation in the order and arrangement of the vertical gates for the logic cells  601 - 1 ,  601 - 2 , . . . ,  601 -N is described and discussed in detail in connection with FIGS. 1A-4B. All of the vertical gates are coupled to either address lines A 1  through A 2  or inverse address lines, {overscore (A)} 1  through {overscore (A)} 2 . As one of ordinary skill in the art will understand upon reading this disclosure any number of logic cells  601 - 1 ,  601 - 2 , . . . ,  601 -N can be included in decode circuit array  600 . Further, any number of vertical gates can be included in each logic cell depending on the number of logic inputs desired for the decode circuit array  600 . The invention is not so limited. 
     In one operational embodiment of the present invention, row lines  614 , or R 0 -R 3  as shown in FIG. 6, are maintained high through each clock cycle. In addressing a row line  614 , the row line is pulled low. According to the teachings of the present invention, to pull a row line low requires that each of the active inputs, e.g. vertical gates over first oxide thickness, be signaled high or in one embodiment 0.0 Volts. The horizontal depletion mode channel in each logic cell will be “on” and conduct when all of the active gate inputs are high. Conversely, if any of the active gate inputs for a given logic cell are signaled low or in one embodiment −0.6 Volts those active inputs will act to turn “off” the conduction in the horizontal depletion mode channel. 
     FIG. 6B illustrates a truth table for a combination of logic signals to address any of the row lines shown in the embodiment of FIG.  6 A. As shown in FIG. 6B, a high signal, e.g. 0.0 Volts, on address lines A 1  and A 2  will maintain the normally “on” horizontal depletion mode channel in a conductive state and hold row line R 3  low. As one of ordinary skill in the art will understand upon reading this disclosure and reviewing the truth table of FIG. 6B, any one of the row lines can be addressed using the logic cells of the present invention. One of ordinary skill in the art will understand upon reading this disclosure that FIGS. 6A and 6B are just one embodiment for a novel decode circuit according to the teachings of the present invention. Any number of varieties for decode circuits can be constructed using the novel logic cells of the present invention. The logic cells of the present invention can similarly be used to address redundant row lines as the same will be understood by one of ordinary skill in the art. 
     As one of ordinary skill in the art will further understand upon reading this disclosure, additional inverters can be used as necessary to affect the transition from one logic system, e.g. positive logic system, to a negative logic system while still capitalizing on the utility of the novel logic cells of the present invention. 
     FIGS. 7A-7F illustrate one method for forming the novel static pass transistors of the present invention. FIG. 7A illustrates the structure after the first sequence of processing steps. In FIG. 7A, a thin gate oxide  701  is formed over an active device area  704 , between a pair of field isolation oxides (FOXs)  720 , in a horizontal surface of a substrate  700 . The thin gate oxide  701  is formed to a first oxide thickness (t1). In one embodiment, the thin gate oxide  701  is formed to a thickness (t1) of less than 50 Angstroms (Å). In one embodiment, the thin gate oxide  701  is formed to a thickness (t1) of approximately 33 Angstroms (Å). One of ordinary skill in the art will understand upon reading this disclosure the various suitable manners in which a thin gate oxide  701  can be formed over the active device area  704 . For example, in one embodiment, the thin gate oxide can be formed by thermal oxidation, and the FOXs can be formed using local oxidation of silicon (LOCOS) as the same are known and understood by one of ordinary skill in the art. After growth of the thin gate oxide  701  by thermal oxidation, and the LOCOS isolation  720 , a thick layer of sacrificial oxide  702  is deposited over the surface of the thin gate oxide  701 . In one embodiment, the thick layer of sacrificial oxide  702  is deposited to a thickness of approximately 0.5 micrometers (μm) using a low-pressure chemical vapor deposition (LPCVD) technique. Using a photoresist mask, according to photolithography techniques which are known and understood by one of ordinary skill in the art, this thick oxide  702  is etched. Using a photoresist mask this thick oxide  702  is etched, to a horizontal dimension size which is about, d, where, d, is the minimum process dimension. The dimension, d, is the smallest dimension which can be defined by the applicable photolithography techniques. The desired thin-oxide  701  can be regrown in the areas not covered by the remaining thick sacrificial oxide  702 . According to one embodiment of the present invention, an inductively coupled plasma reactor (ICP) using CHF 3  may be employed for this etching as the same is disclosed in an article by N. R. Rueger et al. , entitled “Selective etching of SiO 2  over polycrystalline silicon using CHF 3  in an inductively couples plasma reactor”, J. Vac. Sci. Technol. , A, 17(5), p. 2492-2502, 1999. Alternatively, a magnetic neutral loop discharge plasma can be used to etch the thick oxide  702  as disclosed in an article by W. Chen et al. , entitled “Very uniform and high aspect ratio anisotropy SiO 2  etching process in magnetic neutral loop discharge plasma”, ibid, p. 2546-2550. The latter is known to increase the selectivity of SiO 2  to photoresist and/or silicon. The structure is now as appears in FIG.  7 A. 
     FIG. 7B illustrates the structure following the next sequence of fabrication steps. In FIG. 7B, a polysilicon layer  706  is deposited to a thickness of approximately ⅓d. A conventional chemical vapor deposition (CVD) reactor may be used to deposit polycrystalline silicon films at substrate temperature in excess of 650° Celsius (C). In an alternative embodiment, a plasma-enhanced CVD process (PECVD) can be employed if a lower thermal budget is desired. In another alternative embodiment, a microwave-excited plasma enhanced CVD of poly-silicon using SiH 4 /Xe at temperature as low as 300° C. can be performed to deposit the polysilicon layer  406  as disclosed by Shindo et al. , ibid. p. 3134-3138. According to this process embodiment, the resulting grain size of the polysilicon film was measured to be approximately 25 nm. Shindo et al. claim that the low-energy (approximately 3 eV), high-flux, ion bombardment utilizing Xe ions on a growing film surface activates the film surface and successfully enhances the surface reaction/migration of silicon, resulting in high quality film formation at low temperatures. In another alternative embodiment, the polysilicon layer  706  can be formed at an even lower temperature, e.g. 150° C., with and without charged species in an electron cyclotron resonance (ECR) plasma-enhanced CVD reactor as disclosed in an article by R. Nozawa et al. , entitled “Low temperature polycrystalline silicon film formation with and without charged species in an electron cyclotron resonance SiH 4  plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition”, ibid, p. 2542-2545. In this article, R. Nozawa et al. describe that in using an atomic force microscope they found that the films formed without charged species were smoother than those films formed with charged species. According to the teachings of the present invention, it is important to keep the smoothness of polysilicon layer  706 . This will be evident from reading the subsequently described process steps in which another polysilicon layer will be fabricated later onto polysilicon layer  706  with a very thin insulation layer between them. The structure is now as appears in FIG.  7 B. 
     FIG. 7C illustrates the structure following the next sequence of processing steps. FIG. 7C shows a cross section of the resulting vertical gate structures,  707 A and  707 B, over the active device area  704  after the polysilicon layer  706  has been anisotropically etched. As shown in FIG. 7C, the polysilicon vertical gate structures,  707 A and  707 B, remain only at the sidewalls of the thick sacrificial oxide  702 . In one embodiment, the polysilicon layer  706  is anisotropically etched such that the vertical gate structures,  707 A and  707 B remaining at the sidewalls of the thick sacrificial oxide  702  have a horizontal width (W 1 ) of approximately 100 nanometers (nm). In one embodiment, the polysilicon layer  706  can be anisotropically etched to form the vertical gate structures,  707 A and  707 B, through the use of a high-density plasma helicon source for anisotropic etching of a dual-layer stack of poly-silicon on Si 1-x  Ge x  as described in an article by Vallon et al., entitled “Poly-silicon-germanium gate patterning studies in a high density plasma helicon source”, J. Vac. Sci. technol. , A, 15(4), p. 1874-80, 1997. The same is incorporated herein by reference. In this article, wafers were described as being etched in a low pressure, high density plasma helicon source using various gas mixtures of C 1   2 , HBr, and O 2 . Also, according to this article, process conditions were optimized to minimize the gate oxide  701  consumption. The structure is now as shown in FIG.  7 C. 
     FIG. 7D illustrates the structure after the next series of process steps. In FIG. 7D, the thick sacrificial oxide  702  is removed. As one of ordinary skill in the art will understand upon reading this disclosure the thick sacrificial oxide layer  702  can be removed using any suitable, oxide selective etching technique. As shown in FIG. 7D, the remaining polysilicon vertical gate structures,  707 A and  707 B, are oxidized to form insulator, intergate dielectric, oxide layer, or silicon dioxide (SiO 2 ) layer  709 . In one embodiment, a conventional thermal oxidation of silicon may be utilized at a high temperature, e.g. greater than 900° C. In an alternative embodiment, for purposes of maintaining a low thermal budget for advanced ULSI technology, a lower temperature process can be used. One such low temperature process includes the formation of high-quality silicon dioxide films by electron cyclotron resonance (ECR) plasma oxidation at temperature as low as 400° C. as described in an article by Landheer, D. et al. , entitled “Formation of high-quality silicon dioxide films by electron cyclotron resonance plasma oxidation and plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition”, Thin Solid Films, vol. 293, no. 1-2, p. 52-62, 1997. The same is incorporated herein by reference. Another such low temperature process includes a low temperature oxidation method using a hollow cathode enhanced plasma oxidation system as described in an article by Usami, K. et al. , entitled “Thin Si oxide films for MIS tunnel emitter by hollow cathode enhanced plasma oxidation”, Thin Solid Films, vol. 281-282, no. 1-2, p. 412-414, 1996. The same is incorporated herein by reference. Yet another low temperature process includes a low temperature VUV enhanced growth of thin silicon dioxide films at low temperatures below 400° C. as described in an article by Patel, P. et al. , entitled “Low temperature VUV enhanced growth of thin silicon dioxide films”, Applied Surface Science, vol. 46, p. 352-6, 1990. The same is incorporated herein by reference. 
     FIG. 7E shows the structure following the next series of steps. In FIG. 7E, another, or second, polysilicon layer  711  is formed over the oxide layer  709  to a thickness of approximately ⅓ d. In one embodiment the second polysilicon layer  711  has a thickness of approximately 100 nm. Forming the second polysilicon layer  711  over the oxide layer  709  can be performed using any similar technique to those used in forming the first polysilicon layer  706  as described in detail in connection with FIG.  7 B. As shown in FIG. 7E, the second polysilicon layer  711  will be separated by a second oxide thickness, or second insulator thickness (t2) from the active device region  704  which is slightly greater than the thin tunnel oxide thickness, e.g. first oxide thickness or first insulator thickness (t1) which separates the vertical gate structures  707 A and  707 B from the substrate  700 . In one embodiment the second oxide thickness, or second insulator material thickness (t2) is less than 150 Å thick. In one embodiment, the second oxide thickness (t2) is approximately 100 Angstroms (Å) thick. The structure is now as appears in FIG.  7 E. 
     FIG. 7F illustrates the structure after the next series of steps. In FIG. 7F, the structure is once again subjected to an anisotropic etch. The anisotropic etch includes the anisotropic etching process used for etching the first polysilicon layer  706  to form the vertical gate structures  707 A and  707 B as described in more detail in connection with FIG.  7 C. FIG. 7F shows one embodiment of the present invention in which the resulting structure is symmetrical, including a group of five free standing vertical polysilicon gates. The group of five free standing vertical gates include the original vertical gate structures  707 A and  707 B, and new vertical gate structures  713 A,  713 B, and  713 C parallel to and on opposing sides of each original vertical gate structures  707 A and  707 B. This structure embodiment is now as appears in FIG.  7 F. This can be followed by oxidation of the exposed polysilicon gates,  713 A,  713 B, and  713 C. In one embodiment, the structure is oxidized to form an oxide layer of approximately 50 mn. The oxidation process of the structure can be performed using any suitable technique as the same has been describe above. An ion implantation is then performed to activate source and drain regions using standard techniques in CMOS process technology. 
     One of ordinary skill in the art will understand that other source and drain region configurations can be activated through various ion implantation techniques. Additionally, in one embodiment, the source and/or drain regions can be fabricated with source and/or drain extensions for facilitating tunneling, by using a masking step and another implantation as the same is known and understood by one of ordinary skill in the art. Also, according to the teachings of the present invention, other arrangements of gates,  707 A,  707 B,  713 A,  713 B, and  713 C and different gate oxide thickness, t 1  and t 2 , under the gates  707 A,  707 B,  713 A,  713 B, and  713 C can be fabricated by variations on this process. The invention is not so limited. 
     FIG. 8A-8D illustrates an embodiment of a variation on the fabrication process shown in FIGS. 7A-7F. FIG. 8A shows the use of adjacent thick CVD oxide structures,  802 A and  802 B, in the beginning steps of the process. As one of ordinary skill in the art will understand upon reading this disclosure, the adjacent thick CVD oxide structures,  802 A and  802 B, are formed according to the same process steps shown and described in detail in FIGS. 7A and 7B for forming a thick oxide layer  702  over thin gate oxide  701 . The remaining process steps illustrated in FIGS. 8B-8D follow the same method shown and described in detail in connection with FIGS. 7C-7F to fabricate a long chain of vertical gates  804 - 1 ,  804 - 2 , . . . ,  804 -N. This embodiment leaves a series of vertical gates  804 - 1 ,  804 - 2 , . . . ,  804 -N with alternating thin (t1) and thick (t2) gate oxides. This structure embodiment is now as appears in FIG.  8 D. Again, this can be followed by oxidation of the exposed polysilicon vertical gates  804 - 1 ,  804 - 3 , . . . ,  804 -N. In one embodiment, the structure is oxidized to form an oxide layer of approximately 50 nm. The oxidation process of the structure can be performed using any suitable technique as the same has been describe above. An ion implantation is then performed to activate source and drain regions using standard techniques in CMOS process technology. As one of ordinary skill in the art will understand upon reading this disclosure, this process can be followed to produce a long chain of vertical gates  804 - 1 ,  804 - 2 , . . . ,  804 -N above a horizontal depletion mode channel region and separating a single source and a single drain region. 
     FIGS. 9A-9C illustrate another embodiment of a variation on the fabrication process to make all of the vertical gates over thin gate oxides. In the embodiment shown in FIG. 9A, the process outlined in FIGS. 7A-7F is changed in the process described in detail in connection with FIG.  7 C. In FIG. 9A, the etch process described in FIG. 7C is performed to etch the polysilicon  706  anisotropically. This produces the structure shown in FIG. 9A with only thick oxide blocks  902 A and  902 B and polysilicon vertical gates  904 - 1 ,  904 - 2 , . . . ,  904 -N separated from the horizontal depletion mode channel by thin gate oxide  901 . Then he process is to etch portions of the gate oxide  701  over the silicon substrate  700  between the blocks of thick oxide  702 . Next, as shown in FIG. 9B, the polysilicon vertical gates  904 - 1 ,  904 - 2 , . . . ,  904 -N and the exposed substrate  900  are both oxidized according to the methods described in connection with FIG. 7D to give a thin gate oxide thickness (tox) on the substrate  900  equivalent to the thin gate oxide thickness (tox) beneath the thick oxides  902 A and  902 B and the polysilicon vertical gates  904 - 1 ,  904 - 2 , . . . ,  904 -N. As one of ordinary skill in the art will understand upon reading this disclosure the process sequence can be completed as subsequently outlined in FIGS. 7E and 7F. The structure then appears as shown in FIG.  9 C. In one embodiment, the structure is oxidized to form an oxide layer of approximately 50 nm. The oxidation process of the structure can be performed using any suitable technique as the same has been described above. An ion implantation is then performed to activate source and drain regions using standard techniques in CMOS process technology. As one of ordinary skill in the art will understand upon reading this disclosure, this process can be followed to produce a long chain of vertical polysilicon vertical gates  904 - 1 ,  904 - 2 , . . . ,  904 -N above a horizontal depletion mode channel region separating a single source and a single drain region. The result in this embodiment is that all of the vertical polysilicon vertical gates  904 - 1 ,  904 - 2 , . . . ,  904 -N will be over a thin gate oxide (tox). In other words, in this embodiment, all of the polysilicon vertical gates  904 - 1  ,  904 - 2 , . . . ,  904 -N will be active gates able to control conduction in the horizontal depletion mode channel beneath the polysilicon vertical gates  904 - 1 ,  904 - 2 , . . . ,  904 -N. 
     FIGS. 10A-10C illustrate another embodiment of a variation on the fabrication process to allow the fabrication of different gate oxide thicknesses under various gates to make some lines active and others as passing lines. In other words, FIGS. 10A-10C outline a technique to make some of the original gates over thin gate oxide (t1) and others over the thicker gate oxide (t2). As shown in FIG. 10A, the thick oxide  1002  is deposited over a step in the gate oxide thickness  1001  which has a thickness of both (t1) and (t2). The process then follows the same as outlined in connection with FIG. 7A and 7B. In FIG. 10C, however, the etching process described in FIG. 7C is performed not only to etch the polysilicon  706  anisotropically, but then to also etch portions of the gate oxide  701  over the silicon substrate  700  outside of the block of thick oxide  702 . This produces the structure shown in FIG.  10 C. Next, the exposed silicon substrate  1000  and the polysilicon gates  1007 A and  1007 B are oxidized to form an oxide layer which has a thickness equivalent to the thin gate oxide thickness (t1). The structure is now as appears in FIG.  10 D. In one embodiment, the thin gate oxide has a thickness (t1) of less than 50 Å. In one embodiment, the thin gate oxide has a thickness (t1) of approximately 33 Å. The oxidation process of the structure can be performed using any suitable technique as the same has been described above. As shown in FIG. 10D, this results in a structure where vertical polysilicon gate  1007 A is over a thin gate oxide (t1) and vertical polysilicon gate  1007 B is over a thick gate oxide (t2). As one of ordinary skill in the art will understand upon reading this disclosure, this process can be followed to produce a long chain of vertical polysilicon vertical gates. In one embodiment, any additional adjacent vertical polysilicon gates can be formed over the thin gate oxide (t1) such that only one vertical gate serves as a passing line. Otherwise, the described process can be repeated in the same fashion such that multiple passing lines are formed. An ion implantation is then performed to activate source and drain regions using standard techniques in CMOS process technology. 
     In still an alternative embodiment of FIG. 10D the exposed silicon substrate  1000  of FIG.  10 C and the polysilicon gates  1007 A and  1007 B can be oxidized to form an oxide layer which has a thickness equivalent to the thick, or second gate oxide thickness (t2). This will result in one vertical polysilicon gate over a thin gate oxide, or first gate oxide, thickness (t1) and one vertical polysilicon gate and any additional vertical polysilicon gates over the thicker, or second gate oxide, thickness (t2). As one of ordinary skill in the art will understand upon reading this disclosure, this process can be followed to produce a long chain of vertical polysilicon vertical gates. In one embodiment, any additional adjacent vertical polysilicon gates can be formed over the thicker, or second gate oxide thickness (t2) such that only one vertical gate serves as a active input. Otherwise, the described process can be repeated in the same fashion such that multiple active inputs are formed. 
     As one of ordinary skill in the art will understand upon reading this disclosure, an ion implantation is then performed to activate source and drain regions using standard techniques in CMOS process technology. This will result in multiple vertical polysilicon gates above a horizontal depletion mode channel region separating a single source and a single drain region according to the teachings of the present invention. In the embodiment, described in FIGS. 10A-10D vertical polysilicon gate  1007 A will be an active gate which is able to control the conduction in the horizontal depletion mode channel and vertical polysilicon gate  1007 B will be a passing line which does not effect conduction in the horizontal depletion mode channel. 
     One of ordinary skill in the art will understand upon reading this disclosure, that by a combination of the process methods described in FIGS. 7-11, and other variations, that a series of vertical polysilicon gates with a wide variety of gate oxide thickness combinations can be formed. Some of the vertical polysilicon gates over a thin, or first, gate oxide thickness (t1) will serve as active gates and others of the vertical polysilicon gates over a thicker, or second, gate oxide thickness all between a single source and drain region will act as passing lines. 
     According to the teachings of the present invention, if all of the multiple vertical gates are input lines then less than one MOSFET transistor would be required per logic input. The vertical gates formed above a thin, first oxide, thickness (t1) will be active inputs such that their gate voltages can control the channel conductivity in the horizontal depletion mode channel. Conversely, the vertical gates formed above a thicker, second oxide, thickness (t2) will be passing lines such that their gate voltages can not control the channel conductivity. In one embodiment, according to the teachings of the present invention, if the active gates are at their most negative potential where VGS is less than VT then this particular region of the channel will not be turned on and will not conduct. The action of the gates, if addressed with the most positive logic input voltage which in one embodiment will be zero volts, is to turn the portion of the channel beneath the vertical gate “on.” Thus, a number of logic circuits, such as a NAND circuit, can be formed according to the teachings of the present invention. Unless all the active inputs are in such a state to allow conduction, their most positive voltage, no signal will propagate through the horizontal depletion mode channel underneath the chain of vertical gates. 
     FIG. 11 is an illustration of an embodiment in which a number of input lines  1101 - 1 ,  1101 - 2 , . . . ,  1101 -N, which collectively pass over multiple MOSFET logic cells in a decode circuit represented by decode circuit block  1101 , can be contacted at the edge of a decode circuit array  1100  according to the teachings of the present invention. As shown in FIG. 11 the input lines, or vertical gate lines  1101 - 1 ,  1101 - 2 , . . . ,  1101 -N run up beside a conductive block of polysilicon or other conductor, shown as  1103 - 1 ,  1103 - 2 , . . . ,  1103 -N, at the edge of a decode circuit array  1100 . The decode circuit array  1100  includes, but is not limited to, the decode circuit described and explained in detail in connection with FIGS. 6A-6B. FIG. 11 thus represents one embodiment in which multiple vertical gate or input lines  1101 - 1 ,  1101 - 2 , . . . ,  1101 -N, which have sub-lithographic dimensions and pass over single MOSFET logic cells can be contacted to independent potential sources to perform a multitude of logic functions. 
     FIG. 12 illustrates a block diagram of an embodiment of an electronic system  1200  according to the teachings of the present invention. In the embodiment shown in FIG. 12, the system  1200  includes a memory device which includes a transistor decode circuit  1201 . The transistor decode circuit has an array of logic cells formed according to the teachings of the present invention. The decode circuit is coupled to a processor  1202  by a bus  1203 . In one embodiment, the processor  1202  and the memory device with its decode circuit  1201  are located on a single chip. 
     It will be understood that the embodiment shown in FIG. 12 illustrates an embodiment for electronic system circuitry in which the novel static pass transistors, or logic cells of the present invention are included. One of ordinary skill in the art will understand upon reading this disclosure that the decode circuit of the present invention can equally be used in applications other than memory decode, the invention is not so limited. The illustration of system  1200 , as shown in FIG. 12, is intended to provide a general understanding of one application for the structure and circuitry of the present invention, and is not intended to serve as a complete description of all the elements and features of an electronic system using the novel logic cell structures. 
     Applications containing the novel decode circuit of the present invention as described in this disclosure include electronic systems for use in memory modules, device drivers, power modules, communication modems, processor modules, and application-specific modules, and may include multilayer, multichip modules. Such circuitry can further be a subcomponent of a variety of electronic systems, such as a clock, a television, a cell phone, a personal computer, an automobile, an industrial control system, an aircraft, and others. 
     The Figures presented and described in detail above are similarly useful in describing the method embodiments of operation for novel memory cell of the present invention. That is one embodiment of the present invention includes a method for operating a decode circuit. The method includes applying a number of address signals to a number of logic cells. Applying a number of address signals to the number of logic cells includes applying a potential to a number of vertical gates located above different portions of a horizontal depletion mode channel. According to the teachings of the present invention, at least one of the vertical gates is separated from the depletion mode channel by a first oxide thickness. Also, at least one of the vertical gates is separated from the depletion mode channel by a second oxide thickness. The method further includes sensing a conduction level through the depletion mode channel for decoding a row line. 
     According to the teachings of the present invention, applying a potential to the number of vertical gates includes applying the potential to a number of active inputs for each logic cell. Applying the potential to the number of active inputs controls conduction in the depletion mode channel such that each logic cell functions as a NAND gate. In one embodiment, applying the potential to the number of active inputs includes applying a negative potential of approximately −0.6 Volts to at least one of the active inputs such that the active input turns off conduction in the depletion mode channel. According to the teachings of the present invention, applying a potential to the number of vertical gates includes applying the potential to a number of passing lines. 
     Another method embodiment according to the teachings of the present invention includes a method for operating a memory decode circuit. The method includes addressing a number of logic cells. Addressing a number of logic cells includes using a number of vertical gates located above a horizontal depletion mode channel between a single source region and a single drain region to provide an applied potential above the depletion mode channel. According to the teachings of the present invention, at least one of the vertical gates is separated from the depletion mode channel by a first oxide thickness. Also, at least one of the vertical gates is separated from the depletion mode channel by a second oxide thickness. The method further includes using at least one of the number of vertical gates as a passing line such that a potential on the passing line does not effect conduction in the depletion mode channel. The method includes using at least two of the number of vertical gates as a number of active inputs such that the active inputs control conduction in the depletion mode channel for decoding a row line. According to the teachings of the present invention, the method further includes independently applying potential values to the number of vertical gates. Independently applying potential values to the number of vertical gates includes performing a logic function. Performing a logic function includes performing a NAND logic function. 
     According to the teachings of the present invention, using at least two of the number of vertical gates as a number of active inputs such that the active inputs control conduction in the depletion mode channel for decoding a row line includes applying a negative potential to the active inputs of approximately −0.6 Volts to turn off conduction in the depletion mode channel region. Further, using at least one of the number of vertical gates as a passing line includes using at least one of the number of vertical gates separated from the depletion mode channel by the second oxide thickness as the passing line. In this embodiment, the second oxide thickness is greater than the first oxide thickness. The method further includes sensing a conduction level through the horizontal depletion mode channel for decoding a redundant row line. Using a number of vertical gates located above a horizontal depletion mode channel between a single source region and a single drain region to provide an applied potential above the depletion mode channel includes using a number of edged defined vertical gates such that the vertical gates have a horizontal width which is sub-lithographic in dimension. And, using a number of edged defined vertical gates such that the vertical gates have a horizontal width which is sub-lithographic in dimension includes using less than one MOSFET for a number of logic inputs in each logic cell of the memory decode circuit. 
     CONCLUSION 
     Thus, the present invention provides novel decode circuits and methods using static pass transistor technology. The novel static pass transistors or logic cells in the decode circuits of the present invention provide logic gates where each logic input is less than one transistor. In a conventional decode circuits each logic input goes to the gate of a separate transistor each with a source, drain and gate. According to the teachings of the present invention, there is no source or drain region associated with each input and the vertical gates, or logic inputs, have sub-lithographic horizontal dimensions by virtue of being edge defined gates. This results in a minimal area being associated with each logic input for the novel decode circuits. 
     Although specific embodiments have been illustrated and described herein, it will be appreciated by those of ordinary skill in the art that any arrangement which is calculated to achieve the same purpose may be substituted for the specific embodiment shown. This application is intended to cover any adaptations or variations of the present invention. It is to be understood that the above description is intended to be illustrative, and not restrictive. Combinations of the above embodiments, and other embodiments will be apparent to those of skill in the art upon reviewing the above description. The scope of the invention includes any other applications in which the above structures and fabrication methods are used. The scope of the invention should be determined with reference to the appended claims, along with the full scope of equivalents to which such claims are entitled.