Patent Publication Number: US-8115634-B2

Title: System and method for detecting access to an article or opening of a package

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/649,442, filed Jan. 3, 2007, which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/931,773, filed Aug. 31, 2004, now U.S. Pat. No. 7,183,920. This application claims priority to said applications under 35 U.S.C. §120. The entire contents of the original disclosures of said applications are expressly incorporated herein in their entirety by reference thereto. 
    
    
     A portion of the disclosure of this patent document contains material which is subject to copyright protection. The copyright owner has no objection to the facsimile reproduction by anyone of the patent document or patent disclosure as it appears in the Patent and Trademark Office patent file or records, but otherwise reserves all copyright rights whatsoever. 
     BACKGROUND INFORMATION 
     A substantial expenditure of time and resources is associated with restocking and resupplying operations, for example, the loading of articles into a vending machine. In a typical restocking procedure, a package containing an article is brought close to the machine to be resupplied, the package is opened, and the article is loaded into the machine. In many situations it is necessary to keep track of the origin of the articles being loaded, at what time the resupplying occurs, etc. This can be motivated by accounting and billing considerations; or to prevent fraud, unauthorized stock transfer, and the like; or it may be required to allow the operation of the article and/or the vending machine itself. The manual recording of the resupplying event has associated costs, and entails the possibility of errors and delays. 
     Game ticket vending machines are a good example of the need for tracking such articles in real time. Instant lottery tickets, such as “scratch-off” or “pull-tab” tickets, if valid or activated, may be equivalent to cash. Accordingly, their handling requires extensive safeguarding and careful control, similarly to the handling of currency. To prevent errors and abuse, some types of game tickets must be activated at the time they are loaded into a game ticket vending machine. These tickets are often wholesaled to retailers on a consignment basis; The retailers may be charged for tickets only when they are activated. At the time of loading a set (or “book”) of tickets into a vending machine, an operator or retailer may need to transmit the ticket information to a central service or host computer in order to validate the tickets for play. Depending on the particular application and on the level of technical sophistication, the level of detail of the transmitted information may range from a single identifier for an entire “book” of game tickets to detailed information on individual game tickets. 
     Radio frequency identification (RFID) technology offers an economical way for tracking small items during transportation and storage. An RFID tag is essentially a transmitter that can be embedded in the packaging of an article or in the article itself, and transmit information about the location of the article, its date of manufacture, its origin and destination, etc. The signal transmitted from the RFID tag is received by a reader, usually a larger, fixed radio receiver that in turn may be part of a larger wired or wireless data network. An RFID tag can also receive information from the reader or from other sources (built-in sensors, wired and wireless networks, etc) and store this information in a built-in memory, for example recording events such as shipping, usage, and even tampering. 
     An RFID tag can be passive, receiving power from the reader through electromagnetic radiation, or active, having its own source of power, for example a battery. Semi-passive RFID tags comprise a source of power for the internal circuitry, but draw power from the reader for radio transmission. In the following, by ‘passive RFID tag’ we will also denote semi-passive tags. 
     Possible applications proposed for RFID technology include tracking of containers and rail cars, retail-level packaging, personnel identification and access control. A host of RFID products and applications are being introduced by major semiconductor, computer and software companies. Standards for RFID equipment and communication protocols have been published by ISO (International Standards Organization), IEC (International Electro-Technical Commission) and AIM (Association for Automatic Identification and Mobility). 
     RFID tags may be used to track articles as they move along the supply chain, by placing readers at key locations, for example in handling and storage facilities. However, accidental transmission may occur during transportation and storage if the RFID tag is for any reason brought too close to a reader which is located at a different stage along the supply chain. For example, an article could be stored in the same location where the article is intended to be used, so that a reader designed to detect the usage of the article could incorrectly detect RFID tags attached to articles being stored, and vice versa. The exact range of communication for RFID technology depends on the power of the RFID tag transmitter and the sensitivity of the reader, as well as on environmental conditions such as bodies causing signal reflections and sources of interference. Therefore, it may be impractical to rely on the RFID tag being in or out of the range of a specific reader. 
     U.S. Pat. No. 6,628,764 to Petite and U.S. Pat. No. 6,658,248 to Lee describe vending machines using radio communication to interact with the users and/or with the service provider. 
     U.S. Pat. No. 6,121,544 to Petsinger describes a holder with shielding properties, that may prevent surreptitious access to contactless smartcards. 
     U.S. Pat. No. 5,617,812 to Balderson et al. and U.S. Pat. No. 4,793,489 to Israel describe the use of diffusion of various types of gas to detect the opening of a container of perishable goods such as food. 
     Two pending U.S. patent application (application Ser. No. 10/392,618, filed on Mar. 19, 2003, to Meehan; application Ser. No. 10/723,410, filed on Nov. 24, 2003, to Meehan et al.) describe the use of RFID technology in game tickets. These applications are assigned to the owner of the present application. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         FIG. 1  illustrates an example network-based vending machine system, according to an example embodiment of the present invention. 
         FIG. 2  illustrates an example interaction between a reader and several RFID tags, according to an example embodiment of the present invention. 
         FIG. 3  illustrates an example of communication between an RFID tag and a reader, according to an example embodiment of the present invention. 
         FIG. 4  illustrates an example of physical construction of the system, according to an example embodiment of the present invention. 
         FIG. 5  illustrates an example of physical construction of the system, according to an alternative embodiment of the present invention. 
         FIG. 6  illustrates an example embodiment of a sealing element. 
         FIG. 7  illustrates an example internal detection feature, according to an example embodiment of the present invention. 
         FIG. 8  illustrates an example procedure, according to an example embodiment of the present invention. 
         FIG. 9  illustrates an example data structure employed to track articles, according to an example embodiment of the present invention. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF EXAMPLE EMBODIMENTS 
     In one aspect, the invention provides a system for detecting access to an article, including an RFID tag, a reader detecting the RFID tag via wireless communication, and a container including conductive material, the container enclosing the article, the conductive material surrounding the RFID tag and substantially preventing wireless communication between the RFID tag and the reader unless the container is opened. In an example embodiment, the system may also include a memory in the RFID tag, the memory containing information associated with the article, and a memory in the reader, the memory receiving the information associated with the article via wireless communication. In another embodiment, the system may also include a host computer in communication with the reader, the host computer receiving the information associated with the article from the memory in the reader. 
     The reader may be located in the proximity of a vending machine, for example, outside the vending machine, attached to the vending machine, or inside the vending machine. In another embodiment, the system may include a second reader located inside the vending machine, the second reader detecting the RFID tag only if the RFID tag is placed inside the vending machine. 
     In an embodiment of the present invention, the article may be a game ticket, for example an instant lottery ticket, and the reader may be located in the proximity of a game ticket vending machine. The information associated with the article may identify the game ticket as being part of a pack of game tickets. In another embodiment, the article may be a pack of game tickets. 
     The container may include a lining including the conductive material and enclosing both the article and the RFID tag. In different embodiments of the present invention, the lining may include a metal foil, a metallized plastic sheet, or a conductive mesh. In another embodiment, the container may include a package and a sealing element, the package enclosing the article, the sealing element including the conductive material, the sealing element preventing opening of the package unless the sealing element is opened. The sealing element may include two layers of tape containing the conductive material, the RFID tag being positioned between the two layers of tape. 
     In another example embodiment of the present invention, the container may include a second RFID tag located outside the conductive material, the wireless communication between the second RFID tag and the reader being substantially unaffected by the container being closed or open. The system may also include a memory, the memory storing an indication that the RFID tag has been detected by the reader. The memory may be located in the RFID tag or in the reader. 
     In another embodiment, the system may also include a host computer in communication with the reader, the host computer being notified by the reader of the detection of the RFID tag by the reader. The system may also include an indicator in communication with the reader to signal the detection of the RFID tag by the reader. 
     In another aspect, the present invention provides a method for detecting access to an article, including bringing the article into proximity of a reader, the article being enclosed in a container including conducting material, the conductive material surrounding an RFID tag and substantially preventing wireless communication between the RFID tag and the reader, opening the container, after the container is opened, detecting the RFID tag by the reader, and transmitting an indication that the RFID tag has been detected. The method may also include transmitting information associated with the article from the RFID tag to the reader via wireless communication, notifying a host computer in communication with the reader of the detection of the RFID tag, and transmitting the information associated with the article to the host computer. The method may include loading the article into the vending machine. 
     In one embodiment, the method may include detecting the RFID tag by a second reader located inside the vending machine, the second reader detecting the RFID tag only if the RFID tag is loaded into the vending machine. The method may include detecting a second RFID tag located outside the conductive material, the wireless communication between the second RFID tag and the reader being substantially unaffected by the container being closed or open. The method may also include storing in a memory an indication that the RFID tag has been detected by the reader. 
     In another aspect, the present invention provides a computer readable medium, storing thereon program instructions that, when executed, cause an executing system to detect an RFID tag, the RFID tag being located in proximity of an article, the detection of the RFID tag being substantially prevented by a container surrounding the RFID tag until the container is opened, the container enclosing an article, and transmit an indication that the RFID tag has been detected and the container has been opened. The medium may also store program instructions that, when executed, further cause an executing system to transmit information associated with the article from the RFID tag via wireless communication, transmit the information associated with the article to a host computer, detect a second RFID tag located outside the conductive material, the detection of the second RFID tag being substantially unaffected by the container being closed or open. 
       FIG. 1  illustrates an example network-based vending machine system, according to an example embodiment of the present invention. One or more host computers  101   a - c  may communicate through a network  102 . One or more vending machines  103   a - d  may communicate with the host computers via network  102 , sending and receiving information concerning prices, sales, supply and maintenance operations, etc. Examples of vending machines that may be used or adapted for network operation are the Lottery POS Terminals of the Altura family of products, produced by GTech Corp., West Greenwich, R.I.; Instant Ticket Dispensers manufactured by Schafer Systems Inc., Adair, Iowa, and Take-A-Ticket Inc., Albany, Oreg.; Instant Ticket Vending Machines produced by GTech Corp., West Greenwich, R.I., Pollard Banknote Ltd., Winnipeg, Canada, and Scientific Games Corp., New York, N.Y. 
     Each vending machine  103   a - d  may be in communication with one or more RFID readers, located outside ( 104   a ) or inside ( 104   b ) the vending machine. RFID readers may also be configured as stand-alone elements. Stand-alone reader  104   c  may be connected to a local-area network (LAN)  107 . Vending machines  103   c - d  may also be connected to the LAN  107  and may exchange data with the reader  104   c . The LAN  107  may be connected with network  102  through an interface  108 , for example a router. Examples of RFID readers that could be used for such applications are the RI-STU-MB2A (Series 2000 Standard Low Frequency Reader with RS-232 Interface), RI-STU-251B (Series 2000 Low Frequency Reader S251B), RR-IDISC-MO2AB-B or RR-IDISC-MO2AB-BA Feig Vicinity/Proximity High Frequency Reader Modules, and RR-IDISC-PR100-A or RR-IDISC-PR-USB Feig High Frequency Proximity Readers, all manufactured by Texas Instruments, Dallas, Tex.; and the MP9111 (125 kHz) and MP9112 (134 kHz) Low-Power, Multi-Protocol Readers, manufactured by SAMSys, Richmond Hill, Ontario, Canada. It should be noted that these particular commercial products are listed by way of example, and commercial applications may use modified versions of these or other manufacturers. 
       FIG. 2  illustrates an example interaction between a reader and several RFID tags, according to an example embodiment of the present invention. A vending machine  210  may be in communication with a reader  211 . The reader  211  in this example may be located outside the vending machine  210 . In this example, two internal RFID tags  201   a  and  201   b  may be located in proximity to two articles  202   a  and  202   b , respectively, e.g., attached to the articles or attached to the inside of a package or box containing the articles. Examples of low-cost, passive RFID tags are the RI-I01-110A and RI-I11-110A 
     TagIt HF Inlay products and the RI-TRP-RR2B Glass Transponder, manufactured by Texas Instruments, Dallas, Tex. In this example, for the sake of illustration, two articles are shown. Article  202   a  is still in storage, while article  202   b  is being accessed, for example, in order to be loaded into a vending machine. The internal RFID tag  201   a  and article  202   a  are enclosed in a container  203   a . The container may have electromagnetic shielding properties, substantially blocking electromagnetic radiation at the frequencies of interest for radio communication and preventing the reader from detecting the internal RFID tag. As a secondary effect, in the case of a passive or semi-passive RFID tag the container may also block transmission from the reader to the internal RFID tag, therefore preventing the powering of the RFID tag transmission circuitry. However the container may also be configured to disable an active (fully self-powered) RFID tag by simply blocking transmission coming from the RFID tag. 
     Container  203   a  substantially impairs radio communication, preventing the unintentional detection of the internal RFID tag  201   a , for example during transportation, handling or storage. Even when the article  202   a  is stored well within the reception range of the reader  211 , the presence of the conductive container  203   a  may ensure that the internal RFID tag  201   a  will not be detected as long as the container  203   a  remains closed. 
     As illustrated in  FIG. 2 , a container  203   b  enclosing the internal RFID tag  201   b  and article  202   b  has been opened. Since the shielding properties of the container  203   b  are substantially reduced by its having been opened, a wireless communication link  205   b  may be established between reader  211  and the internal RFID tag  201   b . The detection of the internal RFID tag  201   b  by reader  211  may indicate that the article  202   b  has been accessed. 
     In the example embodiment illustrated in  FIG. 2 , two additional external RFID tags  204   a  and  204   b  may be located outside containers  203   a  and  203   b , respectively. These external RFID tags may be attached to the outer surface of the containers, for example. The external RFID tags are substantially unaffected by the containers  203   a  and  203   b  being closed or open, therefore a wireless communication link  205   a  may be established between the reader  211  and the external RFID tag  204   a  for purposes of tracking the location of the article  202   a  even if the container  203   a  is closed, for example during storage. Likewise, a wireless communication link  205   c  may be established between the reader  211  and the external RFID tag  204   b  before the container  203   b  is opened. The presence of the external RFID tags  204   a  and  204   b  may also provide a check of the integrity of the container. If the reader detects the external RFID tag  201   b  but not the internal RFID tag  204   b , that may be an indication that something is wrong with the container (damage, tampering, etc). 
     The detection of the internal RFID tag  201   b  by the reader  211  may trigger a sequence of events suggested by the particular application. In a simple example embodiment, an indicator  212 , for example a display element, is located in the vicinity of the reader and in communication with the reader, to provide a user  213  with an indication of the opening of the container. As previously illustrated in  FIG. 1 , the vending machine or the reader can also notify a host computer of the detection of the internal or external RFID tag through a network. 
     While the example embodiment in  FIG. 2  only illustrates one reader  211  and two internal RFID tags  201   a - b , it will be appreciated that any number of readers may be deployed, and that any number of RFID tags may be as simultaneously supported by those readers, detecting many possible combinations of closed and open containers. Since typical interactions between readers and RFID tags occur within milliseconds, a large number of articles may be simultaneously tracked in real time. In the example of a game ticket vending machine, an RFID tag may be associated with each single ticket, or with an entire pack or book of tickets, as described in U.S. patent application Ser. Nos. 10/392,618 and 10/723,410. In either case, a container may enclose any number of RFID tags which may be detected almost simultaneously by the reader at the time the container is opened. 
       FIG. 3  illustrates an example of communication between an RFID tag and a reader, according to an example embodiment of the present invention. An RFID tag  310  may include a control logic  301 . The control logic  301  may receive and transmit data via a radio frequency interface  302  and an antenna  303 . The control logic  301  may also read and write information in a memory  304 . Memory  304  may be a semiconductor memory, for example a nonvolatile memory such as a Flash-EEPROM. Elements  301 ,  302 ,  303  and  304  may all be fabricated on a single semiconductor chip, or may be physically separate. Memory  304  may contain information associated with an article (not shown) located in proximity of the RFID tag  310 , e.g., attached to the RFID tag. In the example of a game ticket, the information stored in memory  304  may include an individual ticket number, or the information may simply identify the game ticket as being part of a particular pack of game tickets. The wireless communication link  313  may enable exchange of information between the RFID tag  310  and a reader  311 . Similarly to the RFID tag, the reader  311  may include a control logic  321 , which may receive and transmit data via a radio frequency interface  322  and an antenna  323 . The control logic  321  may also read and write information in a memory  324 . Memory  324  may be a semiconductor memory, for example a DRAM, or a magnetic memory, for example a hard disk. 
     After the wireless communication link  313  has been established, the contents of the RFID tag memory  304  may be transmitted to the reader memory  324 . Additionally, in this example embodiment, the reader  311  may include an interface  325  to a vending machine  312 . As illustrated in  FIG. 1 , the vending machine may forward any information associated with the article to a host computer via a data network: e.g., for inventory, accounting and billing purposes. 
     While the embodiment illustrated in  FIG. 3  refers to a specific arrangement of the elements, the person skilled in the art will understand that other arrangements are possible. In particular, a memory may be included in the system to simply record that the RFID tag has been accessed. This memory may be located for example on the RFID tag itself, or in the reader. Such configuration may provide a simpler way of detecting access to the articles being tracked. 
       FIG. 4  illustrates an example of physical construction of the system, according to an example embodiment of the present invention. A package  404 , for example made of paper, cardboard or plastic, may be accompanied by a lining  403  which includes a conductive material, for example, a metal. The lining may for example take the form of a metal foil, metallized plastic sheet, etc. The lining may enclose both the article  401  and the internal RFID tag  402 . Note that the conductive lining may be placed inside the package, as illustrated in  FIG. 4 , or outside the package. Also note that the lining need not be sealed or continuous, but the lining may take the form of a mesh or grid, as long as the lining can effectively block electromagnetic radiation at the frequencies of interest for RFID transmission. In this example, an external RFID tag  405  may be located outside the lining, but inside the package, in order to protect the tag from damage. 
       FIG. 5  illustrates an example of physical construction of the system, according to an alternative embodiment of the present invention. An article  501  may be enclosed in a package  502 . The package  502  may be made of conventional materials such as paper, cardboard, or plastic. The package  502  may be sealed by a sealing element  503 , which may take the form of an adhesive tape. The sealing element  503  may enclose the internal RFID tag  504 . The sealing element may have electromagnetic shielding properties. The sealing element may be constructed in such a way that the shielding properties are lost when the seal is opened. The external RFID tag  505  may be also positioned anywhere inside or outside to the package  502 , or affixed to the article  501 . 
       FIG. 6  illustrates an example embodiment of a sealing element that may be used as an embodiment of element  503  in  FIG. 5 .  FIG. 6  illustrates a cross-section of the package  502  in  FIG. 5  and the sealing element  503 . In this example, the sealing element  503  may be an adhesive seal joining two walls of the package  502 . It will be appreciated that a metallized or conductive sealing element may be advantageously used. The sealing element  503  may take the form of an outer layer  601  and an inner layer  602 . Both layers  601  and  602  may be two layers of adhesive tape containing a conductive material, the internal RFID tag  504  being sandwiched between the two layers. A padding element  603  may provide mechanical stability for the seal by filling the gap around the internal RFID tag  504 . The container may be opened for example by pulling the layer  601 , thus exposing the internal RFID tag  504 . 
       FIG. 7  illustrates an example internal detection feature, according to an example embodiment of the present invention. A vending machine  703  may be in communication with an external reader  704 . The external reader may be mounted on the exterior of the vending machine, installed as a stand-alone element, or in some other manner. An additional internal reader  705  may also be located inside the vending machine. The internal reader  705  may be configured so that the internal reader will only detect an RFID tag which is located inside the machine, via wireless link  706   b . The detection can be accomplished, for example, by using a reader with a very short reception range (for example, a few centimeters), or by suitable shielding of the vending machine itself. In this example, an RFID tag  702  may be affixed to the article  701 , so that the RFID tag is loaded into the machine along with the article. The detection of the RFID tag  702  by the internal reader  705  may indicate that the article has been loaded into the machine. The vending machine may also transmit information concerning the internal detection to a host computer according to the scheme previously illustrated in  FIG. 1 . The RFID tag  702  may also establish a wireless link  706   a  with the external reader  704 . 
       FIG. 8  illustrates an example procedure, according to an example embodiment of the present invention. For purposes of illustration only, three correlated flowcharts are illustrated, referring to a vending machine operator, an RFID system, and a host computer. In  801 , a container enclosing both an article and an internal RFID tag may be brought into proximity of a reader, for example by an operator. In  811 , the external RFID tag may be detected, for example by the reader. In  802  the container may be then opened. Opening the container may enable the reader to detect the internal RFID tag ( 812 ). After or during detection, an information associated with the article and stored in an internal RFID tag memory may be transmitted, for example from the internal RFID tag to a reader, and stored for example in a reader memory ( 813 ). In  814 , the information may be retransmitted, for example from the reader to a host computer. A record may be made, for example by the host computer, of the fact that the article has been accessed, for example, that a pack of lottery tickets has been opened ( 821 ). In  815 , a user may be notified of the detection of the internal RFID tag via an indication, such as a visual indication. In the exemplary embodiment of the resupplying of a vending machine, the article may be loaded into the vending machine ( 803 ). Loading of the article allows detection of the internal RFID tag, the external RFID tag, or both, for example by an internal reader ( 816 ). In  817 , the internal detection may be transmitted to the host computer. A record may be made, for example by the host computer, of the loading of the ticket pack ( 822 ) and billing or other accounting procedure may be initiated ( 823 ). 
     Although  FIG. 8  illustrates a specific embodiment of the method, the person skilled in the art will understand that other embodiments are possible, wherein the operations are differently arranged and take place in different elements of the system. For example, part of the reader functionality and the host computer functionality illustrated in  FIG. 8  may be implemented in the vending machine itself, if the vending machine is provided with a microprocessor, or in some other piece of equipment in local or remote communication with the other elements Likewise, some of the reader and the host computer functionalities may be exchanged, for example the reader incorporating a database to record access to the articles, and the host computer including visual means to notify a user of the access to the articles. 
       FIG. 9  illustrates an example data structure employed to track articles, according to an example embodiment of the present invention. A data structure  901  may include a number of records  902 , each comprising a number of fields  903 . Fields may include identification information such as the ticket number  911  and pack number  912 , and the corresponding RFID code  913 . To track the access and loading process, the fields may also include boolean fields such as detection of the external tag  914  (signaling handling of the pack in proximity of the vending machine), detection of the internal tag  915  (signaling opening of the container), and detection by the internal reader  916  (signaling loading of the article into the vending machine). In alternative to boolean values, time stamps may be used, with null values denoting events that haven&#39;t occurred, and valid times recording the times of the detection of the external tag, detection of the internal tag, and detection by the internal reader. Other valid data types include numerical counters corresponding to the number of detections, character strings, and all the variants thereof that are known from the art. 
     The exemplary embodiments of the invention shown here relate to articles used as supplies in vending machines, in particular game tickets to be loaded into game ticket vending machines. However it will be appreciated that the possible embodiments of the invention extend to any type of applications wherein it is desirable to determine in real time which articles have been consumed, loaded, or in general physically accessed. Examples include supplies for office equipment such as printers and copiers (paper, toner and ink cartridges, ribbons, etc.); kegs and bottles for beverage fountains and condiment dispensers in restaurants, bars, and other establishments; etc. 
     Although the invention has been described in detail including the preferred embodiments thereof, such description is for illustrative purposes only, and it is to be understood that changes and variations including improvements may be made by those skilled in the art without departing from the spirit or scope of the following claims.